Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase-Inhibiting Activities of the Aqueous and Hydroethanolic Extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus Leaves

Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) leaf is traditionally used in southeastern Europe for the treatment of diabetes. In the present study, the ability of bilberry leaf extracts to inhibit carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes and restore glutathione concentration in Hep G2 cells subjected to glucose-induced oxidative stress was investigated. A comprehensive analysis of the antioxidant activity of two bilberry leaf extracts was performed. The aqueous extract showed excellent total antioxidant and chelating activity. Its antioxidant activity in the β-carotene-linoleic acid assay was very good, reaching the activity of the antioxidant standard BHA (93.4 ± 2.3% vs. 95.1 ± 2.4%, respectively). The hydroethanolic extract (ethanol/H2O, 8:2, v/v), on the other hand, was a better radical scavenger and Fe2+ reducing agent. Furthermore, the aqueous extract was able to efficiently increase glutathione concentration in Hep G2 cells subjected to glucose-induced oxidative stress and restore it to the levels observed in non-hyperglycaemic cells. The hydroethanolic extract strongly inhibited α-glucosidase, with the IC50 statistically equal to the antidiabetic drug acarbose (0.29 ± 0.02 mg/mL vs. 0.50 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of quercetin and kaemferol derivatives, as well as chlorogenic and p-coumaric acid. The study results indicate that V. myrtillus leaf may have promising properties as a supporting therapy for diabetes.
Ambient Air Pollution and Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Beijing, China

Air pollutants are associated with cardiovascular death; however, there is limited evidence of the effects of different pollutants on out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) in Beijing, China. We aimed to investigate the associations of OHCAs with the air pollutants PM2.5–10 (coarse particulate matter), PM2.5 (particles ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) between 2013 and 2015 using a time-stratified case-crossover study design. We obtained health data from the nationwide emergency medical service database; 4720 OHCA cases of cardiac origin were identified. After adjusting for relative humidity and temperature, the highest odds ratios of OHCA for a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 were observed at Lag Day 1 (1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04–1.10), with strong associations with advanced age (aged ≥70 years) (1.09; 95% CI: 1.05–1.13) and stroke history (1.11; 95% CI: 1.06–1.16). PM2.5–10 and NO2 also showed significant associations with OHCAs, whereas SO2, CO, and O3 had no effects. After simultaneously adjusting for NO2 and SO2 in a multi-pollutant model, PM2.5 remained significant. The effects of PM2.5 in the single-pollutant models for cases with hypertension, respiratory disorders, diabetes mellitus, and heart disease were higher than those for cases without these complications; however, the differences were not statistically significant. The results support that elevated PM2.5 exposure contributes to triggering OHCA, especially in those who are advanced in age and have a history of stroke.
Serial electroencephalography in brain tumors and cerebrovascular accidents.

Many electroencephalographers have accepted the dictum that with the passage of time brain tumors produce increasing focal EEG abnormality, while cerebrovascular accidents result in diminishing abnormality; to substantiate this, individual cases have been cited, but there has been a dearth of systematic study of this problem. Roseman et al.13,14wrote on the value of serial EEG's in vascular lesions; Churchill and Gonzales,5in both tumors and cerebrovascular disease, and Daly and Thomas,7in supratentorial tumors. The afore-mentioned thesis was subjected to scrutiny in the present research, and significant variations from the accepted rule were encountered. Method The records of 42 patients with verified braintumors and 42 with cerebrovascular accidents (either verified or corroborated by sufficiently long clinical observation) who had two or more EEG's were reviewed; these 84 patients had a total of 206 EEG's. The clinical records were checked carefully for the sequence of symptoms and signs
The needs of children of depressed mothers in primary care.

BACKGROUND Maternal depression has a number of adverse effects on children. Although most depression is treated in primary care, assessment or support is rarely given to children of depressed mothers on a routine basis. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to examine the needs of children, aged 5-11 years, whose mothers are being treated for depression in primary care. METHODS Mothers being prescribed antidepressants by their GP (n = 30) and mothers not being prescribed antidepressants (n = 30) were interviewed, and comparisons were made between their children (n = 48 and 50). RESULTS The mothers who were prescribed antidepressants were more depressed than the other mothers, and their children had more dysfunctional symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The needs of children must be considered when depressed mothers are being treated in primary care.
Epidemiology of antiretroviral drug resistance in drug-naïve persons

Purpose of review An update is given on the epidemiology of transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance among HIV-1-infected adults. Recent findings Reported prevalence surveys show inter-region and intra-region variability, in part as a result of methodological differences. Temporal trends are difficult to define as rates appear stable or declining in some cohorts but increasing in others. While the highest prevalence continues to be observed in North America, Western Europe and areas of South America, transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance is emerging in countries where access to therapy is being scaled up, including regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Resistance patterns in drug-experienced and drug-naïve persons, transmission efficiency of resistant variants and their ability to persist as dominant species in the absence of drug pressure determine the prevalence of resistance mutations in persons with transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance. The most frequently detected mutations are in reverse transcriptase, especially thymidine analogue mutations, whereas protease mutations other than natural polymorphisms are generally less prevalent. Summary A consensus is required internationally on how transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance should be investigated and reported. Although routine testing methods provide only minimal estimates of the prevalence of transmitted antiretroviral drug resistance, successful treatment outcomes are observed in patients with resistance receiving first-line therapy guided by baseline resistance testing.
Using clinically acquired MRI to construct age‐specific ADC atlases: Quantifying spatiotemporal ADC changes from birth to 6‐year old

Diffusion imaging is critical for detecting acute brain injury. However, normal apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps change rapidly in early childhood, making abnormality detection difficult. In this article, we explored clinical PACS and electronic healthcare records (EHR) to create age‐specific ADC atlases for clinical radiology reference. Using the EHR and three rounds of multiexpert reviews, we found ADC maps from 201 children 0–6 years of age scanned between 2006 and 2013 who had brain MRIs with no reported abnormalities and normal clinical evaluations 2+ years later. These images were grouped in 10 age bins, densely sampling the first 1 year of life (5 bins, including neonates and 4 quarters) and representing the 1–6 year age range (an age bin per year). Unbiased group‐wise registration was used to construct ADC atlases for 10 age bins. We used the atlases to quantify (a) cross‐sectional normative ADC variations; (b) spatiotemporal heterogeneous ADC changes; and (c) spatiotemporal heterogeneous volumetric changes. The quantified age‐specific whole‐brain and region‐wise ADC values were compared to those from age‐matched individual subjects in our study and in multiple existing independent studies. The significance of this study is that we have shown that clinically acquired images can be used to construct normative age‐specific atlases. These first of their kind age‐specific normative ADC atlases quantitatively characterize changes of myelination‐related water diffusion in the first 6 years of life. The quantified voxel‐wise spatiotemporal ADC variations provide standard references to assist radiologists toward more objective interpretation of abnormalities in clinical images. Our atlases are available at https://www.nitrc. org/projects/mgh_adcatlases. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3052–3068, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of cyclic loading on microleakage of silorane based composite compared with low shrinkage methacrylate-based composites

Background: There are many concerns regarding the marginal seal of composite restorations, especially when composite restorations are subjected to cyclic loading. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cyclic loading on the microleakage of silorane based composite compared with low shrinkage methacrylate-based composites in class V cavities. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, class V cavities were prepared on the facial and lingual surfaces of 48 human premolars (96 cavities). The teeth were randomly divided into four groups of 12 teeth (24 cavities) each and restored as follows: Group 1 (Siloran System Adhesive + Filtek P90), Group 2 (All Bond SE + Aelite LS Posterior), Group 3 (Futurabond NR + Grandio), and Group 4 (G-Bond + Kalore-GC). All the specimens were thermocycled for 2000 cycles (5-55°C) and then half of the specimens from each group, were Load cycled. All teeth were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsine dye, sectioned, and observed under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon test, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann–Whitney U-tests. P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: In both unloaded and loaded groups, no statistically significant differences were observed among four composites at the occlusal margin, but a significant difference in gingival microleakage was found between Aelite and silorane. Occlusal and gingival microleakage was not affected by cyclic loading in none of the four restorative materials. Conclusion: Silorane did not provide better marginal seal than the low shrinkage methacrylate-based composites (except Aelite). In addition, cyclic loading did not affect the marginal microleakage of evaluated composite restorations.
Results of the First Randomized Controlled Trial of Deep Brain Stimulation in Treatment-Resistant Depression.

induced phenotype in combination with the prodrug, there was a significant increase in cell death, with up to 80% of cells dead after 48 hours. Lee et al then performed real-time tracking of prodrug activation in cancer cell cultures. Twenty-four hours after treatment with radiation and prodrug, more than half of the doxorubicin had been activated and localized to the nucleus. Without radiation, the prodrug remained in the cytoplasm of the cells. Administration of a caspase inhibitor prevented this translocation of doxorubicin and prevented cell death. The real beauty of RIATC is its use of a targeted inducer of the apoptotic phenotype, SRS, rather than diffuse radiation therapy. One of the many benefits of SRS is that it can provide an apoptosis-inducing radiation dose in a precise, accurate, and selective fashion and limit injury to surrounding tissues. Mice harboring a cancerous tumor in the body had their tumors treated with the Gamma Knife while also receiving the prodrug intravenously. This combination was significantly more effective at controlling tumor growth compared with SRS or prodrug alone. Moreover, the RIATC-treated mice demonstrated none of the systemic toxicity seen with the administration of an equivalent dose of doxorubicin. A real-time fluorescence assay of apoptosis via caspase-3 activity in the mouse tumors demonstrated that RIATC was much more effective at inducing apoptosis compared with the prodrug alone or radiation alone (Figure). Not surprisingly, this was prevented with coadministration of a caspase-3 inhibitor. Immunohistochemical testing of the RIATC tumor tissue triggered a significant increase in caspase-3–positive cells over the control treatments (Figure). Combined, these studies establish proof of the RIATC principle. SRS has become an established treatment for brain metastases and is fast becoming the initial go-to strategy for the majority of patients. RIATC is an opportunity to create a synergy with SRS and potentially improve the already excellent tumor control rates experienced by patients with brain metastases by taking advantage of potential tumor homogenization brought about by SRS. In contrast to the use of radiation sensitizers and protectants that sensitize and protect both tumor and normal tissue, RIATC has the opportunity to synergize with the radiation administered by SRS only at the targeted sites. Its major limitation is that of most systemically administered therapies, an inability to achieve meaningful efficacy in the brain because the blood-brain barrier blocks agents out. As new systemic agents showing efficacy in the brain come online, tremendous opportunities for synergy with SRS should be explored.
N‐Acetylcysteine as an additive to crystalloid cardioplegia increased oxidative stress capacity in CABG patients

Objective—This prospective, randomized study was designed to assess the effects of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients. Design—Thirty‐five consenting CABG patients with normal myocardial function were randomly divided into control (C) patients (N = 20) who received crystalloid (Plegisol®) cardioplegia, and NAC patients receiving NAC in a 0.04 mol/l solution (N = 15) in Plegisol®. Simultaneous coronary sinus and aortic blood samples, and myocardial biopsies were taken 1, 5 and 10 min after declamping. Hemodynamics was measured invasively for 24 h. Results—There were no adverse effects observed. The myocardial glutathione content was significantly better preserved (p = 0.0001) and myeloperoxidase activity was over two times lower in the NAC group than in the C group (p = 0.03). The trap capacity gradient between the aorta and the coronary sinus increased significantly during the first minute of reperfusion in the treatment group (p = 0.001) when compared with the C group. In the first minute after reperfusion there were more leukocytes sequestered in the coronary circulation (p = 0.04) in the C group. The invasive hemodynamic data did not differ significantly between the groups. The incidence of arrhythmias was equal. Conclusion—NAC increased tissue capacity against oxidative stress and decreased inflammatory response in CABG patients with normal ejection fraction.
Mathematical Modeling of Chimeric TCR Triggering Predicts the Magnitude of Target Lysis and Its Impairment by TCR Downmodulation

We investigated relationships among chimeric TCR (cTCR) expression density, target Ag density, and cTCR triggering to predict lysis of target cells by cTCR+ CD8+ T human cells as a function of Ag density. Triggering of cTCR and canonical TCR by Ag could be quantified by the same mathematical equation, but cTCR represented a special case in which serial triggering was abrogated. The magnitude of target lysis could be predicted as a function of cTCR triggering, and the predicted minimum cTCR density required for maximal target lysis by CD20-specific cTCR was experimentally tested. cTCR density below ∼20,000 cTCR/cell impaired target lysis, but increasing cTCR expression above this density did not improve target lysis or Ag sensitivity. cTCR downmodulation to densities below this critical minimum by interaction with Ag-expressing targets limited the sequential lysis of targets in a manner that could be predicted based on the number of cTCRs remaining. In contrast, acute inhibition of lysis of primary, intended targets (e.g., leukemic B cells) due to the presence of an excess of secondary targets (e.g., normal B cells) was dependent on the Ag density of the secondary target but occurred at Ag densities insufficient to promote significant cTCR downmodulation, suggesting a role for functional exhaustion rather than insufficient cTCR density. This suggests increasing cTCR density above a critical threshold may enhance sequential lysis of intended targets in isolation, but will not overcome the functional exhaustion of cTCR+ T cells encountered in the presence of secondary targets with high Ag density.
Inhibition of Irrelevant Information is Not Necessary to Performance of Expert Chess Players

Some studies on expertise have demonstrated that the difference between novices and experts can be partly due to a lack of knowledge about which information is relevant for a given situation. This lack of knowledge seems to be associated with the selection of correct information and with inhibitory processes. However, while the efficiency of inhibitory processes can lead to better performance in the normal population, it seems that experts in chess do not base their performance on this process but rather on an automatic and parallel encoding of information. Two experiments investigated the processes involved in a check detection task. The congruence of the information was manipulated in a Stroop situation similar to Reingold, Charness, Scheltetus, & Stampe (2001). The results showed that the experts did not benefit from cuing with a congruent cue and that they did not show any interference effect by the incongruent cue, contrary to less skilled chess players who benefited from cuing (Exp. 1). An attentional priming procedure confirmed the automatic encoding of chess relations in the more skilled chess players by showing no advantage from the prime in this group (Exp. 2). Taken together, the results indicate that the processing was serial for the less skilled chess players and that it was automatic and parallel for the more expert chess players. The inhibition of irrelevant information does not seem necessary to process information rapidly and efficiently.
NR4A1 Antagonists Inhibit β1-Integrin-Dependent Breast Cancer Cell Migration

ABSTRACT Overexpression of the nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) in breast cancer patients is a prognostic factor for decreased survival and increased metastasis, and this has been linked to NR4A1-dependent regulation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling. Results of RNA interference studies demonstrate that basal migration of aggressive SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells is TGF-β independent and dependent on regulation of β1-integrin gene expression by NR4A1 which can be inhibited by the NR4A1 antagonists 1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane (DIM-C-pPhOH) and a related p-carboxymethylphenyl [1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-carboxymethylphenyl)methane (DIM-C-pPhCO2Me)] analog. The NR4A1 antagonists also inhibited TGF-β-induced migration of MDA-MB-231 cells by blocking nuclear export of NR4A1, which is an essential step in TGF-β-induced cell migration. We also observed that NR4A1 regulates expression of both β1- and β3-integrins, and unlike other β1-integrin inhibitors which induce prometastatic β3-integrin, NR4A1 antagonists inhibit expression of both β1- and β3-integrin, demonstrating a novel mechanism-based approach for targeting integrins and integrin-dependent breast cancer metastasis.
Overdose training and take-home naloxone for opiate users: prospective cohort study of impact on knowledge and attitudes and subsequent management of overdoses.

AIM To examine the impact of training in overdose management and naloxone provision on the knowledge and confidence of current opiate users; and to record subsequent management of overdoses that occur during a 3-month follow-up period. DESIGN Repeated-measures design to examine changes in knowledge and confidence immediately after overdose management training; retention of knowledge and confidence at 3 months; and prospective cohort study design to document actual interventions applied at post-training overdose situations. METHOD A total of 239 opiate users in treatment completed a pre-training questionnaire on overdose management and naloxone administration and were re-assessed immediately post-training, at which point they were provided with the take-home emergency supply of naloxone. Three months later they were re-interviewed. RESULTS Significant improvements were seen in knowledge of risks of overdose, characteristics of overdose and appropriate actions to be taken; and in confidence in the administration of naloxone. A 78% follow-up rate was achieved (186 of 239) among whom knowledge of both the risks and physical/behavioural characteristics of overdose and also of recommended management actions was well retained. Eighteen overdoses (either experienced or witnessed) had occurred during the 3 months between the training and the follow-up. Naloxone was used on 12 occasions (a trained client's own supply on 10 occasions). One death occurred in one of the six overdoses where naloxone was not used. Where naloxone was used, all 12 resulted in successful reversal. CONCLUSIONS With overdose management training, opiate users can be trained to execute appropriate actions to assist the successful reversal of potentially fatal overdose. Wider provision may reduce drug-related deaths further. Future studies should examine whether public policy of wider overdose management training and naloxone provision could reduce the extent of opiate overdose fatalities, particularly at times of recognized increased risk.
NURSES' ROLE IN PATIENTS' DISCHARGE PLANNING AT THE AGA KHAN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, PAKISTAN

&NA; This descriptive cross‐sectional study was designed to assess nurses' knowledge, perceptions, and actual practice with relation to patient discharge. Two separate semistructured questionnaires were used. A convenience sample of 15 nurses and 15 patients was taken from four medical‐surgical units. Fifteen patients' records were also studied. Analysis of the findings revealed that nurses lacked knowledge regarding discharge planning which also had an impact on their current discharge planning practices. Recommendations are provided to improve this knowledge deficit.
Supervised Learning of Universal Sentence Representations from Natural Language Inference Data

Many modern NLP systems rely on word embeddings, previously trained in an unsupervised manner on large corpora, as base features. Efforts to obtain embeddings for larger chunks of text, such as sentences, have however not been so successful. Several attempts at learning unsupervised representations of sentences have not reached satisfactory enough performance to be widely adopted. In this paper, we show how universal sentence representations trained using the supervised data of the Stanford Natural Language Inference datasets can consistently outperform unsupervised methods like SkipThought vectors on a wide range of transfer tasks. Much like how computer vision uses ImageNet to obtain features, which can then be transferred to other tasks, our work tends to indicate the suitability of natural language inference for transfer learning to other NLP tasks. Our encoder is publicly available.