Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Barriers and Facilitators of Online Patient Portals to Personal Health Records Among Persons Living With HIV: Formative Research

Background Federal meaningful use standards are promoting adoption of online portals to personal health records (PHRs). However, relatively little is known regarding barriers and facilitators for vulnerable groups such as persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). Objective The objective of this study was to assess barriers and facilitators to use of online PHRs among PLWH. Methods We conducted formative research using a written waiting room survey among 120 PLWH regarding barriers and facilitators of portal PHR use. We supplemented findings with data collected from a PLWH focus group, where some members had personal experience with use of a portal. Results The survey had 90 respondents. Eight PLWH participated in the focus group. Most patients (77/90, 86%) reported having at least some experience using the Internet and most expressed interest in features offered by the portal. Notably, 70% (63/90) expressed some interest in being taught how to use it to communicate with their provider. Focus group themes reinforced these findings, but also voiced concern regarding access to private computers. Conclusions Many PLWH in our sample have experience using computers and most are interested in PHR features. However, computer or broadband access and privacy are important barriers.
Absorption characteristics of model compounds from the small intestinal serosal surface and a comparison with other organ surfaces

We examined the absorption of phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextrans (FD‐4, MW 4400; FD‐10, MW 9500; FD‐40, MW 40500) as model compounds through the small intestinal serosal surface. After application to the rat small intestinal serosal surface using a cylindrical diffusion cell, each compound was absorbed at different rates. The absorption ratios in 6 h after PSP, FD‐4, FD‐10 and FD‐40 application were calculated to be 89.2, 34.6, 14.9 and 2.1% of dose, respectively. Elimination profiles of PSP, FD‐4 and FD‐10 from the small intestinal serosal surface obeyed first‐order kinetics. Moreover, we calculated the apparent permeability coefficient Papp for comparison to other organ surfaces. The kidney had the highest absorption efficiency, as shown by having more than 1.5 times significantly higher Papp values of PSP, FD‐4 and FD‐10. Similar to the other organ surfaces, a correlation was observed between the Papp of the small intestine and the molecular weight of these hydrophilic compounds. In addition, the small intestine is likely to contribute largely to hydrophilic compound absorption from the peritoneal cavity, judging from absorption clearance, CLa, calculated using the peritoneal organ surface area.
Regulation of the activity of IFN-gamma promoter elements during Th cell differentiation.

Before they can deliver their effector functions, CD4+ Th cells must differentiate into Th1 or Th2 subsets. We have prepared reporter transgenic mice that express the luciferase gene under the control of proximal (prox.IFN-gamma) and distal (dist.IFN-gamma) regulatory elements from the IFN-gamma promoter to permit investigation of mechanisms that regulate IFN-gamma gene transcription during Th cell differentiation. Precursor Th cells (pTh) contain high levels of cAMP response element binding protein-activation transcription factor-1 (CREB-ATF1) proteins that bind these promoter elements from the IFN-gamma gene, and these cells fail to express promoter activity. Restimulated effector Th (eTh) cells have reduced levels of CREB-ATF1 proteins, their nuclear extracts exhibit reduced CREB-ATF1 binding and greater Jun and Jun-ATF2 binding to dist.IFN-gamma), and eTh cells express promoter activity. CREB directly competes with effector T cell nuclear proteins for dist.IFN-gamma binding, and overexpression of CREB inhibits both prox.IFN-gamma- and dist.IFN-gamma-directed transcription in Jurkat T cells. IL-12-stimulated Thl differentiation increases dist.IFN-gamma activity in restimulated eTh1 cells; eTh1 nuclear extracts form increased levels of Jun-ATF2-dist.IFN-gamma complexes. Taken together, these data suggest that both de-repression and trans-activation contribute to the induction of IFN-gamma gene transcription during Th1 differentiation.
Do Postoperative Biomechanical Changes Induce Heterotopic Ossification After Cervical Arthroplasty?: A 5-Year Follow-up Study

Study Design:Prospective clinical study. Objective:To evaluate the factors that would predispose a patient to heterotopic ossification (HO) formation after cervical arthroplasty. Summary of Background Data:HO after arthroplasty is one of the complications of cervical total disk replacement (TDR). However, the predisposing factors and pathophysiology of HO have not been precisely described. Materials and Methods:We prospectively enrolled and followed up 23 patients, who received single-level arthroplasty with ProDisc-C, for 5 years after the operation. The patients who developed grade 3 or 4 HO were classified into the “high-grade HO group,” whereas the patients with grade 0, 1, or 2 HO were classified into the “low-grade HO group. ” We compared the postoperative changes in the range of motion (ROM) and height of the functional segmental unit (FSU) of the implantation segments between the 2 groups. Results:The mean differences in height and ROM of the FSU were 2.59±1.42 mm and 6.7±3.2 degrees in the high-grade HO group, and 0.87±0.72 mm and 3.1±2.8 degrees in the low-grade HO group. The mean differences in height and ROM of the FSU were significantly higher in the high-grade HO group than in the low-grade HO group (P<0.05). After cervical arthroplasty, the height of the FSU and ROM of the implantation segments were significantly increased in the high-grade HO group compared with the low-grade HO group. Conclusions:Overcorrection of the height of the FSU and increase in the ROM of the implantation segment may influence the formation of HOs after cervical arthroplasty.
Overinterpretation of Research Findings: Evidence of "Spin" in Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies.

BACKGROUND We wished to assess the frequency of overinterpretation in systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy studies. METHODS MEDLINE was searched through PubMed from December 2015 to January 2016. Systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy studies in English were included if they reported one or more metaanalyses of accuracy estimates. We built and piloted a list of 10 items that represent actual overinterpretation in the abstract and/or full-text conclusion, and a list of 9 items that represent potential overinterpretation. Two investigators independently used the items to score each included systematic review, with disagreements resolved by consensus. RESULTS We included 112 systematic reviews. The majority had a positive conclusion regarding the accuracy or clinical usefulness of the investigated test in the abstract (n = 83; 74%) and full-text (n = 83; 74%). Of the 112 reviews, 81 (72%) contained at least 1 actual form of overinterpretation in the abstract, and 77 (69%) in the full-text. This was most often a "positive conclusion, not reflecting the reported summary accuracy estimates," in 55 (49%) abstracts and 56 (50%) full-texts and a "positive conclusion, not taking high risk of bias and/or applicability concerns into account," in 47 abstracts (42%) and 26 full-texts (23%). Of these 112 reviews, 107 (96%) contained a form of potential overinterpretation, most frequently "nonrecommended statistical methods for metaanalysis performed" (n = 57; 51%). CONCLUSIONS Most recent systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy studies present positive conclusions and a majority contain a form of overinterpretation. This may lead to unjustified optimism about test performance and erroneous clinical decisions and recommendations.
Short-Term Reversals, Returns to Liquidity Provision and the Costs of Immediacy

We present evidence that some mutual funds systematically act as contrarian traders, and earn returns in the stock market by providing liquidity to investors, while others systematically demand liquidity and suffer costs of immediacy. On average, the mutual funds’ costs of immediacy exceed their returns from providing liquidity. The funds with outflows, flows that correlate with industry flows, high market beta funds, and funds highly exposed to the momentum strategy suffer the most in costs of immediacy. The mutual funds’ average underperformance can be explained with their costs of immediacy. Finally, the funds’ historical costs of immediacy predict their alphas.
[A case of large basal ganglia AVM totally removed by staged operation].

Large basal ganglia AVMs have been deemed inoperable because of their location in critical structures. Nonetheless, the unfavorable natural history of an untreated ruptured AVM in a young patient induced us to approach these lesions. We presented a case of a large basal ganglia AVM totally removed by a three-staged operation. A 26-year-old man who had twice experienced intracranial hemorrhage was admitted for examination. On admission, mild left hemiparesis, hypesthesia and left hemianopsia were disclosed. CT scan showed the AVM was located in the posterior thalamus with the hematoma cavity laterally. Right carotid and vertebral angiograms demonstrated a large AVM, 5cm in diameter, supplied by the anterior choroidal artery (AchoA), the lateral lenticulostriate arteries (I-LSAs), the lateral posterior choroidal artery (LPchoA) and the thalamo-perforating artery. Drainage was via the internal cerebral vein and the basal vein of Rosenthal. MRI demonstrated more clearly the anatomical relationship of the nidus and surrounding structures. The patient underwent a three staged operation. At the first operation AchoA was interrupted in the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle (IHL) via the hematoma cavity using the trans-sylvian approach. The anterior part of the nidus was dissected with all except one of the I-LSAs being disconnected. At the next operation by occipital interhemispheric approach, some feeders from the posterior cerebral artery were coagulated and disconnected. The medial and posterior part of the nidus was dissected from the thalamus along with the choroid plexus of the trigone of the lateral ventricle. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The international advertising practices of multinational companies

After over three decades of debate, the issue of international advertising standardisation versus adaptation has not resulted in clear conclusions. Previous research indicated that the practice of total standardisation was the exception rather than the rule. Therefore, it became apparent that analytical focus should be placed more firmly on modified forms of standardisation. To this end, a highly sensitive and objective model was developed and used to obtain detailed and precise comparisons between advertisements deployed in different national markets. The results of this study demonstrate that “standardisation” is a flexible policy that can be adapted to a range of circumstances and differing market conditions and not a niche policy that is only suitable for certain types of brands in certain types of market. The study also suggests that rather than focusing on the benefits of total adaptation or total standardisation, the debate should focus more on the benefits applicable to the exact forms of standardisation practiced.
Institutional Trading Frictions

We propose and empirically examine a comprehensive measure of institutional trading frictions to include the dimensions of price impact, quantity of execution, return dynamics, speed of execution or order splitting, and trading commissions. Our empirical analysis reveals that various hidden components of institutional trading frictions such as adverse selection and clean-up costs are persistent and could add significantly to previously measured directly observable components of transaction costs. Our simultaneous system of equations accounts for the endogeniety in institutional order aggressiveness based on potentially superior information as well as order splitting strategies in the implementation stage to reduce transaction costs. Order aggressiveness, market conditions and other stock characteristics are associated with significant variations in trading frictions.
Multinational Firms, Internal Capital Markets, and the Value of Global Diversification

Over the period 1980-2007 multinational firms' investment grew four times faster than worldwide GDP. Yet the evidence on whether global diversification is valuable is inconclusive. This paper uses detailed FDI data for 251 UK multinational firms and 4,676 subsidiaries to show that multinational firms exhibit, on average, a global diversification premium compared with a country-industry matched portfolio of focused firms. I investigate this result and show that the premium is greater for multinational firms with better governance, both in absolute terms and relative to focused firms. Further, the value premium is positively related to "winner-picking" transfers in internal capital markets, and more so for better-governed firms. The results are robust to alternate specifications, endogeneity, and self-selection. The findings help explain why multinational firms' investment and global diversification have significantly increased over the past three decades.
Large-Scale Video Classification with Elastic Streaming Sequential Data Processing System

Videos are dominant on the Internet. Current systems to process large-scale videos are suboptimal due to the following reasons: (1) machine learning modules such as feature extractors and classifiers generate huge intermediate data and place heavy burden to the storage and network, and (2) task scheduling is explicit; manually configuring the machine learning modules on the cluster is tedious and inefficient. In this work, we propose Elastic Streaming Sequential data Processing system (ESSP) that supports automatic task scheduling; multiple machine learning components are automatically parallelized. Further, our system prevents extensive disc I/O by applying the in-memory dataflow scheme. Evaluation on real-world video classification datasets shows many-fold improvements.
Treatment and prevention of malaria in pregnancy and newborn

Abstract Pregnant women are at increased risk for malaria infection. Although important advances have been made in the last years, the mechanisms that explain the increased susceptibility are not yet fully understood. Malaria infection in pregnancy is associated with maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The severity of the disease depends on the level of pre-pregnancy acquired immunity against malaria, and the consequences of infection are more severe in non-immune women. In highly endemic areas, the frequency and severity of the infection is higher in primigravida and decreases with increasing parity. In non-immune women, the risk is similar across the parity and malaria may be an important direct cause of maternal mortality. Malaria infection during pregnancy has important negative effects on infant's health, causing intrauterine growth retardation and prematurity or directly through congenital infection. In this paper, we review the pathology, diagnosis, and current recommendations for treatment and prevention of malaria in the pregnant woman and her infant.
Changing Caesarean Section Rates Experience at a Sydney Obstetric Teaching Hospital

Summary: The Caesarean section rate has been rising in Australia in recent years. This study compares Caesarean section rates and indications for Caesarean section in 2 separate 2‐year periods, 1970–71 and 1980–81, in a Sydney teaching hospital. The Caesarean section rate increased from 6.4% to 16.2% in this decade. Dystocia is now the most frequent indication for Caesarean section and accounted for 33.2% of the increase in rate while fetal distress contributed 23.8% of that increase. Repeat Caesarean section and breech presentation contributed 16.9% and 13.3% of the increase respectively. Caesarean section rates for all birth‐weights increased, but particularly in the very small infant and those above 3,500 g. Caesarean sections for public patients rose from 3.4% to 9.3% while for private patients the rate increased from 12.0% to 20.7%. While there has been some convergence of rates for public and private patients during the decade, private patients were still twice as likely to have a Caesarean section in 1980–81. The contribution of dystocia, as an indication for Caesarean section, to the increase in the rate over this period is consistent with recent international experience and indicates a strong trend towards procedural intervention.
Glucose production in glycogen storage disease I is not associated with increased cycling through hepatic glycogen.

Children with glycogen storage disease type I (GSD I) lack the ability to convert glucose 6-phosphate to glucose and yet are able to produce glucose endogenously. To test the hypothesis that the source of this glucose is increased cycling of glucose moieties through hepatic glycogen, six children with GSD I were studied on two occasions during which they received enteral glucose for 6 h at 35 or 50 mumol.kg-1.min-1 along with [6,6-2H2]glucose to measure plasma glucose flux and [1-13C]galactose to label intrahepatic uridyl diphosphate (UDP)-glucose. After 3 h, acetaminophen was given to estimate UDP-glucose flux (reflecting the rate of glycogen synthesis). Mean steady-state plasma glucose concentrations (4.8 +/- 0.2 vs. 5.8 +/- 0.1 mM) and total flux (34.8 +/- 1.7 vs. 47.5 +/- 2.0 mumol.kg-1.min-1) were increased (P < 0.05 or better) on the high-infusion day. Endogenous glucose production was detectable only on the low-infusion day (2.0 +/- 0.5 mumol.kg-1.min-1). UDP-glucose flux was increased (P < 0.05) on the high-infusion day (25.8 +/- 1.6 vs. 34.7 +/- 4.1), ruling out cycling of glucose moieties through glycogen with release of glucose by debrancher enzyme as the source of glucose production.
A prospective study of heart rate and externalising behaviours in young children.

BACKGROUND Low heart rate predicts externalising and delinquent behaviour in adults, adolescents and school-age children. In younger children the evidence is less clear. Moreover, the specificity of the relation between the autonomic nervous system and different forms of externalising behaviour is uncertain. We investigated the longitudinal relation between resting mean heart rate and different externalising behaviours. METHODS In 412 children of the Generation R Study, we measured resting mean heart rate at 14 months. At 3 years, child problem behaviour was assessed by the mother with the Child Behavior Checklist. In a gift delay task, we observed whether children were compliant and whether they lied about their noncompliance. The association of heart rate with behaviour was contrasted with the effect of harsh parenting. RESULTS In our main analysis, we examined the association between heart rate and reported and observed child behaviour. For comparison, the association of heart rate with behaviour was contrasted with the effect of harsh parenting. Mean heart rate was positively associated with Anxious/Depressed scale scores (β = .1, 95% CI = 0.01; 0.2, p = .04), but not with Aggressive Behaviour (β = .02; 95% CI = −0.1; 0.1, p = .8) nor Attention Problem scale scores (β = .08, 95% CI = −0.3; 0.5, p = .8). We could not demonstrate an association between mean heart rate and noncompliance during the gift delay task (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.9; 1.1, p = .2), but lower heart rate predicted higher odds of the child lying (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.3; 0.9, p = .03). In contrast, harsh parenting was associated with mother-reported Aggressive Behaviour (β = .7, 95% CI = 0.4; 0.9, p < .001) and Attention Problems (β = .2, 95% CI = 0.1; 0.3, p < .001), but not with observed lying (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.8; 1.4, p = .8). CONCLUSIONS Lower resting mean heart rate at age 14 months predicts low anxiety symptoms and higher odds of lying at age 3 years. Low resting mean heart rate may be less an indicator of early childhood aggression than of fearless behaviour.
The Effects of Haemodilution with Hydroxyethyl Starch 130/0.4 Solution on Coagulation as Assessed by Thromboelastography and Platelet Receptor Function Studies in Vitro

This study evaluated the effects of haemodilution with either 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 (Voluven®) or 0.9% normal saline (NS) on blood coagulation in vitro. Haemodilution with 6% HES 130/0.4 impaired coagulation, as indicated by the changes in thromboelastographic parameters k-time, α-angle and maximum amplitude. Light transmission aggregometry and multiple electrode aggregometry demonstrated that impaired platelet receptor function occurred only at high levels of haemodilution (40%) with both fluids, but there was no significant difference between the two fluids (P=0.05). The thromboelastographic functional fibrinogen assay showed that the fibrinogen component of clot strength was significantly impaired with haemodilution with HES 130/0.4 compared with haemodilution with NS (whole blood [14.4±4.6 mm] versus 40% HES dilution [3.7±1.9], [P=0.001]; versus 40% NS dilution [10.4±4.6], [P=0.129]). These findings suggest that there is little difference between HES or NS in relation to coagulation or platelet function during minor or moderate haemodilution, but at high levels of haemodilution with HES, fibrinogen activity is more impaired compared with NS.
Accounting change in central government: the institutionalization of double entry bookkeeping at the Portuguese Royal Treasury (1761-1777)

This Comparative International Accounting History (CIAH) study examines the adoption and institutionalization of double entry bookkeeping (DEB) at the Royal Treasury, Portugal, and the subsequent diffusion of accounting technology to the Portuguese colonies, under the leadership of the Chief Minister, the Marquis of Pombal, dating from 1750 to 1777. The Royal Treasury was the first central government organization in Portugal to adopt double entry bookkeeping and this constituted a crucial first step in the institutionalisation of the technique within Country and Empire. The analysis of the accounting change occurred at the Portuguese Royal Treasury is situated in the context of similar reforms in other European countries. A framework of questions drawn from the International Technology Transfer , as proposed by Jeremy (1991) and first applied to the diffusion of accounting by Carnegie and Parker (1996), is used to structure the broader process of transfer of accounting technology from different European countries to Portugal. A new question is added for the purposes of this study to specifically analyse the transfer of accounting technology to the Portuguese colonies. Set firmly in the archive, this study adopts Institutional Theory, specifically New Institutionalism , as developed by Powell and DiMaggio (1991, within the wider framework of CIAH, with an emphasis on identifying and analysing the institutional pressures affecting the accounting developments in Portugal during the period from 1750 to 1777, especially the adoption of DEB at the Royal Treasury and the subsequent diffusion of accounting technology within the Portuguese Empire, from its establishment in 1761 until 1777. The study identifies key pressures exerted over and by the Royal Treasury which resulted in the adoption of specific accounting practices. In so doing, the study confirms that State actors are more likely to employ coercion in pursuing their ends. It provides further evidence of the importance of accounting as a system of rational beliefs through which the organizational structure is legitimized and of the State as an important agent in the process of institutionalization of accounting practices. It highlights for Portugal the importance of individual actors who, as powerful change agents, made key decisions that influenced the institutionalization of accounting practices.