Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aalborg Universitet The Danish National Health Survey 2010

Aims: In 2010 the five Danish regions and the National Institute of Public Health at the University of Southern Denmark conducted a national representative health survey among the adult population in Denmark. This paper describes the study design and the sample and study population as well as the content of the questionnaire. Methods: The survey was based on five regional stratified random samples and one national random sample. The samples were mutually exclusive. A total of 298,550 individuals (16 years or older) were invited to participate. Information was collected using a mixed mode approach (paper and web questionnaires). A questionnaire with a minimum of 52 core questions was used in all six subsamples. Calibrated weights were computed in order to take account of the complex survey design and reduce non-response bias. Results: In all, 177,639 individuals completed the questionnaire (59.5%). The response rate varied from 52.3% in the Capital Region of Denmark sample to 65.5% in the North Denmark Region sample. The response rate was particularly low among young men, unmarried people and among individuals with a different ethnic background than Danish. Conclusions: The survey was a result of extensive national cooperation across sectors, which makes it unique in its field of application, e.g. health surveillance, planning and prioritizing public health initiatives and research. However, the low response rate in some subgroups of the study population can pose problems in generalizing data, and efforts to increase the response rate will be important in the forthcoming surveys.
Capitalising the Value of Free Schools: The Impact of Supply Characteristics and Uncertainty

This paper explores the sources and impact of variations of a given school quality at either primary or secondary level as capitalised into the price of houses. The results provide new evidence on the complex and subtle ways in which housing markets capitalise the value of local public goods such as school quality and suggest that this is highly nonlinear. We expect variation in the capitalised price according to the elasticity of supply of 'school quality' in the local market, the certainty with which that quality can be expected to be maintained and the suitability of the dwelling to accommodate children. Copyright 2004 Royal Economic Society.
Marketing Communications Role in Shaping Consumer Awareness of Cause-Related Marketing Campaigns

Cause-related Marketing (C-RM) has received an increasing interest worldwide due to its positive impacts on companies’ revenues and reputation. This study investigates the role of marketing communications in shaping consumer awareness of C-RM campaigns. A sample of 397 subscribers who use the services of three mobile service provider in Jordan was used to examine the relationships between consumer awareness of C-RM on the one hand and advertising, public relation, and direct digital marketing on the other. The results indicated that the dominant factor was public relation, including event sponsorships. Additional information about methodology, results and implications are discussed.
Stabilizing the Benjamin–Feir instability

The Benjamin–Feir instability is a modulational instability in which a uniform train of oscillatory waves of moderate amplitude loses energy to a small perturbation of other waves with nearly the same frequency and direction. The concept is well established in water waves, in plasmas and in optics. In each of these applications, the nonlinear Schrödinger equation is also well established as an approximate model based on the same assumptions as required for the derivation of the Benjamin–Feir theory: a narrow-banded spectrum of waves of moderate amplitude, propagating primarily in one direction in a dispersive medium with little or no dissipation. In this paper, we show that for waves with narrow bandwidth and moderate amplitude, any amount of dissipation (of a certain type) stabilizes the instability. We arrive at this stability result first by proving it rigorously for a damped version of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, and then by confirming our theoretical predictions with laboratory experiments on waves of moderate amplitude in deep water. The Benjamin–Feir instability is often cited as the first step in a nonlinear process that spreads energy from an initially narrow bandwidth to a broader bandwidth. In this process, sidebands grow exponentially until nonlinear interactions eventually bound their growth. In the presence of damping, this process might still occur, but our work identifies another possibility: damping can stop the growth of perturbations before nonlinear interactions become important. In this case, if the perturbations are small enough initially, then they never grow large enough for nonlinear interactions to become important.
Return to Sport after ACL Reconstruction using Hamstring Tendon: Analyzing 51 Cases from Maltas Hospital in Dakar

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a frequent lesion in athletes. It is incompatible with the practice of high-level sport, especially pivot and contact-pivot ones. The purpose of the ACL reconstruction is to allow the athlete to resume the practice of same sport at the same level. The study involved 51 sports patients operated for ACL reconstruction at the Order of Malta’s Hospital center in Dakar during the period from 1 January 2011 to 31 May 2014. The average age of patients was 26.3 years with a male predominance (92.15%). These were professional athletes in 37.25%, amateur in 31.37%, and leisure in 31.37% of the cases. The sport was contact-pivot in 96.6% of the cases, mainly football. The objective functional evaluation was performed using the Lysholm-Tegner scale and laximetry using the GNRB arthrometer. The overall sporting recovery rate was 96% with 54.9% recovery in the same sport at the same level. Professional athletes were 42 times more likely to resume the same sport at the same level as amateurs. Recovery times were 4.7 months for line sports, 9.2 months for pivot / contact-pivot and 11.3 months for the resumption of competition. These delays were shorter for professionals with a return to pivot sport at 8 months. Apprehension and fear of a new injury were the main reason for sport's downtime or decline. Functional and anatomical results were good with a mean Lysholm score of 91% and a GNRB differential of 2.87. No independent factor was predictive of returning to sport at the same level. Returning to sports activity is very likely after an ACL ligamentoplasty, but the return to the same sport at the same level is more uncertain, in the order of 55% despite satisfactory anatomical and functional results, confirming the important role of other factors such as psychological coaching and sport-specific rehabilitation.
Uncertainty of calculated noise levels and its influence on exposure-response-relationship in the NORAH-project

In the discussion of noise exposure-response relationships, it is usual to show the scattering of the response variables whereas the uncertainty of the noise levels usually is neglected. In the NORAH project, the uncertainties of the calculated noise levels were estimated for each noise source in order to show its influence on the exposure-response-relationship. The uncertainty of the relevant calculation parameters were estimated for the noise source, the transmissions path and the receiver point for each traffic noise source for different distance classes between source and receiver and then summarized. In a second step, for aircraft noise, the influence of both uncertainties (exposure and response) on the exposure-responserelationship were examined for the response variable annoyance (%HA). The uncertainty of the level values determined is between 3 and 5 dB, depending on the traffic noise. The influence of the uncertainty of the acoustic level values on the position of the lines of regression of the exposure-response relationship in the cases examined is only slight. However, the enhanced confidence intervals when considering the calculation uncertainty are relevant when comparing exposure-response relationships. MOTIVATION AND REASON In noise impact studies, exposure-response relationships are often only depicted with an indication of the uncertainties in the response effect. Basically, uncertainties also exist in the determination of exposure. The exposure value, considered to be independent, is determined either by measurement or by calculation. Each acoustic measurement is subject to uncertainty and can only approximately approach the true value of the variable to be measured. This applies for calculations to the same extent, because the calculations depend on the quality of the model and the quality of the input data. Uncertainty in the determination of exposure is therefore unavoidable. This uncertainty of exposure can affect the relationship between exposure and response, and, thus, influence the result of the study. In the context of the NORAH [2] noise impact study on noise from air traffic and road and rail transport, the uncertainty of the acoustic level values
Dark matter in disc galaxies – II. Density profiles as constraints on feedback scenarios

The disparity between the density profiles of galactic dark matter haloes predicted by dark matter only cosmological simulations and those inferred from rotation curve decomposition, the so-called cusp-core problem, suggests that baryonic physics has an impact on dark matter density in the central regions of galaxies. Feedback from black holes, supernovae and massive stars may each play a role by removing matter from the centre of the galaxy on shorter timescales than the dynamical time of the dark matter halo. Our goal in this paper is to determine constraints on such feedback scenarios based on the observed properties of a set of nearby galaxies. Using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis of galactic rotation curves, via a method developed in a previous paper, we constrain density profiles and an estimated minimum radius for baryon influence, $r_1$, which we couple with a feedback model to give an estimate of the fraction of matter within that radius that must be expelled to produce the presently observed halo profile. We show that in the case of the gas rich dwarf irregular galaxy DDO 154, an outflow from a central source (e.g. a black hole or star forming region) could produce sufficient feedback on the halo without removing the disk gas. We examine the rotation curves of 8 galaxies taken from the THINGS data set and determine constraints on the radial density profiles of their dark matter haloes. For some of the galaxies, both cored haloes and cosmological $\rho \propto r^{-1}$ cusps are excluded. These intermediate central slopes require baryonic feedback to be finely tuned. We also find for galaxies which exhibit extended cores in their haloes (e.g. NGC 925), the use of a split power-law halo profile yields models without the unphysical, sharp features seen in models based on the Einasto profile.
Impact of Death-Related Television Programming on Advertising Evaluation

Programming that depicts or implies death constitutes a vital component of daily television broadcasts, yet the impact of such programming on the evaluation of embedded advertising remains unexplored. Using terror management theory, we propose that exposure to routine and commonplace death-related television programming will lead to the differential evaluation of ensuing advertisements depending on whether they are perceived to be of domestic or foreign origin, and that this effect is contingent on the nature of the death-related cognitions at play at the time of ad exposure. Further, the death-related program context effects on embedded advertising are unique—ads at the end, not the beginning, of the embedded pod are affected by programming content. Based on the empirical findings from four studies we identify the cognitive processes underlying consumers' ad evaluation, isolate the pod positions when context effects are observed, and suggest a framework for television commercial scheduling.
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: recent theoretical advances

The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has emerged as a major scientific issue today. As experiments progress, there is a growing need for adequate theories and models to provide robust interpretations and generalisations of experimental results, and to formulate new hypotheses. This paper provides an overview of recent theoretical advances that have been made on the two major questions in this area: (1) How does biodiversity affect the magnitude of ecosystem processes (short-term effects of biodiversity)? (2) How does biodiversity contribute to the stability and maintenance of ecosystem processes in the face of perturbations (long-term effects of biodiversity)? Positive short-term effects of species diversity on ecosystem processes, such as primary productivity and nutrient retention, have been explained by two major types of mechanisms: (1) functional niche complementarity (the complementarity effect), and (2) selection of extreme trait values (the selection effect). In both cases, biodiversity provides a range of phenotypic trait variation. In the complementarity effect, trait variation then forms the basis for a permanent association of species that enhances collective performance. In the selection effect, trait variation comes into play only as an initial condition, and a selective process then promotes dominance by species with extreme trait values. Major differences between within-site effects of biodiversity and across-site productivity–diversity patterns have also been clarified. The local effects of diversity on ecosystem processes are expected to be masked by the effects of varying environmental parameters in across-site comparisons. A major reappraisal of the paradigm that has dominated during the last decades seems necessary if we are to account for long-term effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning. The classical deterministic, equilibrium approaches to stability do not explain the reduced temporal variability of aggregate ecosystem properties that has been observed in more diverse systems. On the other hand, stochastic, nonequilibrium approaches do show two types of biodiversity effects on ecosystem productivity in a fluctuating environment: (1) a buffering effect, i.e., a reduction in the temporal variance; and (2) a performance-enhancing effect, i.e., an increase in the temporal mean. The basic mechanisms involved in these long-term insurance effects are very similar to those that operate in short-term biodiversity effects: temporal niche complementarity, and selection of extreme trait values. The ability of species diversity to provide an insurance against environmental fluctuations and a reservoir of variation allowing adaptation to changing conditions may be critical in a long-term perspective. These recent theoretical developments in the area of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning suggest that linking community and ecosystem ecology is a fruitful avenue, which paves the way for a new ecological synthesis.
Genetic trends for mature body weight, visual scores, and growth traits in Nellore cattle

Mature weight (MW) of cows is related to the costs of their production. Usually, cows with moderate MW are more efficient in challenging environments, such as those available in the production systems in Brazil. In the present study, the selection index comprises the following traits: conformation, finishing precocity, musculature at weaning (WC, WP, WM) yearling (YC, YP and YM), scrotal circumference at yearling (SC), days to gain 160kg from birth to weaning (D160) and 240kg after weaning (D240). This are related to birth weight gain at weaning (WG) and from weaning to yearling (YG). The mature (MW) and birth weight (BW) traits were not considered in the selection index. The aim of this study was to estimate the values for the genetic trends (GT) of some important selection (MW) and economic traits (BW). A bi-character analysis of MW and other characteristics was performed to estimate the (co)variance components and genetic parameters. The GT results obtained for MW were null (0.0065% or 0.02718kg per year) in the period 1990-2007. The GT values were determined for BW (-0.0650% or -0.02017kg), WG (0.0758% or 0.0865kg), YG (0.1051% or 0.11377kg), and MW (0.0393% or 0.11276kg) per year. The visual score values (in score units) were also determined for GTat weaning [WC (0.2310%; 0.00707), WP (0.3624%; 0.3623%),aWM (0.01149; 0.01087)] yearling [YC (0.3256%; 0.00990), YP (0.4795%; 0.01496),YM (0.5041%; 0.01457)] per year. Index-based selection was effective to promote genetic progress in WG, WC, WP, WM, YG, YC, YP, and YM characteristics keeping BW and MW constant.
Dynamic Environmental Policy in Developing Countries with a Dual Economy

We analyze a dynamic model of environmental policy in a stylized developing country (DC) with a dual economy. This DC's economy is distorted in part because the government subsidizes the exports of the non-polluting sector of the economy. We analyze the employment and output effects of three different pollution taxes. These taxes incorporate alternate assumptions about the DC government's ability to commit to its announced course of action. We describe the taxes, we examine the dependence of these taxes on the extant distortion, and we stipulate the conditions which call for an activist policy, irrespective of the length of time to which the government can commit to its announced policy. Inter alia, our analysis shows why some DC governments may not be serious about environmental protection.
Tocotrienols and Acute Myeloid Leukaemia

Tocotrienols are superior antioxidants that can combat free radicals in the human body, and have shown many biological functions such as having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, maintaining fertility and regulating the immune system, associated with lowering tumour formation, having enhanced anti-cancer properties, as well as controlling tumour growth in certain types of cancer (Yam et al., 2009; Abd Hafid et al., 2010; Inoue & Zhang, 2011; Wong et al., 2012; Abdul Hafid et al., 2013). Some studies have shown that tocotrienols induce cell death in various cancers, such as breast, prostate, cervix and pancreas. Delta-tocotrienols (δ-T3) are believed to be more effective than other forms of tocotrienols in causing apoptosis or cell death in both oestrogen-nonresponsive and oestrogenresponsive breast cancer cells (Ahn et al., 2007; Inoue and Zhang, 2011; Wong et al., 2012). Since, tocotrienols as antioxidants have the ability in lowering oxidative stress, neutralise free radicals which functions as a chainbreaking antioxidant that prevents propagation of free radical reactions in all cell membranes (Devasagayam et al., 2004); it may be suggested as an alternative compound in treating and managing leukaemia diseases. There are only few reports on the effects of tocotrienols in leukaemic cells (Ahn et al., 2007; Al-Tonbary et al., 2008; Inoue and Zhang, 2011; Wong et al., 2012).
Confocal Raman microscope mapping as a tool to describe different mineral and organic phases at high spatial resolution within marine biogenic carbonates: case study on Nerita undata (Gastropoda, Neritopsina)

Abstract. Marine biogenic carbonates formed by invertebrates (e.g. corals and mollusks) represent complex composites of one or more mineral phases and organic molecules. This complexity ranges from the macroscopic structures observed with the naked eye down to sub micrometric structures only revealed by micro analytical techniques. Understanding to what extent and how organisms can control the formation of these structures requires that the mineral and organic phases can be identified and their spatial distribution related. Here we demonstrate the capability of confocal Raman microscopy applied to cross sections of a shell of Nerita undata to describe the distribution of calcite and aragonite including their crystallographic orientation with high lateral resolution (~300 nm). Moreover, spatial distribution of functional groups of organic compounds can be simultaneously acquired, allowing to specifically relate them to the observed microstructures. The data presented in this case study highlights the possible new contributions of this method to the description of modalities of Nerita undata shell formation, and what could be expected of its application to other marine biogenic carbonates. Localization of areas of interest would also allow further investigations using more localized methods, such as TEM that would provide complementary information on the relation between organic molecules and crystal lattice.
IN SILICO COMPARISON OF MOLECULAR TYPING METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Staphylococcus aureus, especially methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA), is considered the most important bacterial pathogen. There are increasing cases of nosocomial and community-associated infections, which pose a clinical risk especially to the immunocompromised . Varieties of serious clinical syndromes such as pneumonia, bacteremia and endocarditis, caused by high virulent strains of S. aureus often have a fatal outcome . The high antibiotic resistance, ability to disseminate quickly and as well as carriage without any clinical manifestations of MRSA strains is posing a major clinical problem within hospitals leading to a significant risk to patients and a substantial financial burden on healthcare resources 6). Therefore, adequate and precise bacterial strain typing systems are required for both Acta Medica Mediterranea, 2016, 32: 1651
Automatic Glossing in a Low-Resource Setting for Language Documentation

Morphological analysis of morphologically rich and low-resource languages is important to both descriptive linguistics and natural language processing. Field documentary efforts usually procure analyzed data in cooperation with native speakers who are capable of providing some level of linguistic information. Manually annotating such data is very expensive and the traditional process is arguably too slow in the face of language endangerment and loss. We report on a case study of learning to automatically gloss a Nakh-Daghestanian language, Lezgi, from a very small amount of seed data. We compare a conditional random field based sequence labeler and a neural encoder-decoder model and show that a nearly 0.9 F1-score on labeled accuracy of morphemes can be achieved with 3,000 words of transcribed oral text. Errors are mostly limited to morphemes with high allomorphy. These results are potentially useful for developing rapid annotation and fieldwork tools to support documentation of morphologically rich, endangered languages.
Metamaterials at the University of Southampton and beyond

At the University of Southampton, research on metamaterials started in 2000 with a paper describing a metallic microstructure, comprising an ensemble of fully metallic ‘molecules’. In the years since then, metamaterials have evolved from an approach for designing unusual electromagnetic properties by structuring matter at the sub-wavelength scale to become a universal paradigm for active functional media with optical properties on demand at any given point in time and space. Metamaterials are now recognized as a promising enabling technology and one of the most buoyant and exciting research disciplines at the crossroads between photonics and nanoscience. Many ‘made in Southampton’ concepts have influenced the global research community, and we are now working in collaboration with our sister research centre in Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. In this article, I provide a historical overview of the metamaterials research field, from early studies to recent developments through the lens of the Southampton group, and discuss promising future directions.