Retrograde Amnesia and the " Reminder Effect "

I D. H. Hubel and T. N. Wiesel, J. Physiol. (Lond.) 160, 106 (1962); J. Neutrophysiol. 28, 229 (1965). 2. , J. Physiol. (Lond.) 195, 215 (1968). 3. J. D. Pettigrew, T. Nikara, P. 0. Bishop, Exp. Brain Res. 6, 373 (1968). 4. F. W. Campbell, B. G. Cleland, G. F. Cooper, C. Enroth-Cugell, J. Physiol. (Lond.) 198, 237 (1968). 5. For review of evidence, see G. F. Poggio, in Handbook of Medical Physiology, V. B. Mountcastle, Ed. (Mosby, St. Louis, ed. 12, 1968), vol. 2, p. 1592. 6. E. Marg, J. E. Adams, B. Rutkin, Experientia 24, 348 (1968). 7. M. M. Taylor, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 53, 763 (1963); S. Appelle, Psychol. Blull. 78, 266 (1972); F. Attneave and R. K. Olson, J. Exp. Psychol. 74, 149 (1967). 8. F. W. Campbell, J. J. Kulikowski, J. Levinson, J. Physiol. (Lond.) 187, 427 (1966); D. E. Mitchell, R. D. Freeman, G. Westheimer, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57, 246 (1967). 9. L. Maffei and F. W. Campbell, Science 167, 386 (1970); F. W. Campbell and L. Maffei, J. Physiol. (Lond.) 207, 635 (1970). 10. The monkeys were feral, mature, female animals imported directly from India. 11. V. B. Mountcastle, W. H. Talbot, H. Sakata, J. Hyvarinen, J. Neurophysiol. 32, 452 (1969); G. F. Poggio, F. H. Baker, Y. Lamarre, E. Riva Sanseverino, ibid., p. 892. 12. The optimal crientation was determined by auditory monitoring of the unit's discharge and varying the orientation of the target stimulus, typically a black cr white bar of high contrast relative to the uniformly illuminated tangent screen, until the maximum discharge was produced. Independent repeated determinations were uised to assess the acctiracy of the procedtire 13. The locations were estiniated by comparing the penetration sites with the known retinotopic projection onto the rhesus striate cortex [G. F. Poggio, Invest. Ophihalmol. 11, 368 (1972); B. M. Dow and P. Gouras, J. Neurophysiol. 36, 79 (1973); G. F. Poggio, F. H. Baker, P. Grigg, R. J. W. Mansfield, A. Sillito, in preparation]. 14. C. Blakemore and G. F. Cooper, Natture (Lond.) 228, 447 (1970); H. V. B. Hirsch and D. N. Spinelli, Science 168, 869 (1970). 15. R. D. Freeman and J. D. Pettigrew, Natiure (Lond.) 246, 359 (1973). 16. D. W. Muir and D. E. Mitchell, Science 180, 420 (1973). 17. D. E. Mitchell, R. D. Freeman, M. Millodot, G. Haegerstrom, Vision Res. 13, 535 (1973). 18. R. D. Freeman and L. N. Thibos, Science 180, 876 (1973). 19. F. W. Campbell and J. G. Robson, J. PhYsiol. (Lond.) 197, 551 (1968); C. Blakemore and F. W. Campbell, ibid. 203, 237 (1969); C. Blakemore, J. Nachmias, P. Sutton, ibid. 210, 727 (1970); N. Graham and J. Nachmias, Vision Res. 11, 251 (1971); M. B. Sachs, J. Nachmias, J. G. Robson, J. Opt. Soc. An,. 61, 1176 (1971); L. Maffei and A. Fiorentini Nature (Lond.) 240, 479 (1972). 20. L. Maffei and A. Fiorentini, Vision Res. 13, 1255 (1973); D. A. Pollen, J. R. Lee, J. H. Taylor, Science 173, 74 (1971). 21. A. P. Ginsburg, Proc. IEEE 1973 NAECON, Dayton, Ohio (1973), p. 309. 22. 1 gratefully acknowledge many helpful discussions with G. F. Poggio and V. B. Mouintcastle, and thank D. B. Yntema, D. G. Green, and M. Alpern for valuiable suiggestions and comments. This research was supported by the William F. Milton Fund (Harvard University) and PHS grant NS-02974.