Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A preliminary investigation into the use of fixed formulaic sequences as a marker of authorship

This research unites the theory of formulaic language—prefabricated sequences of words believed to be stored as holistic units—and the practice of forensic authorship attribution with a view to developing a new marker of authorship. It stands to reason that since formulaic sequences are holistically processed as single lexical items, they are likely to elude a writer’s attempts to disguise their style. Furthermore, evidence suggests that individuals have different stores of formulaic sequences. Therefore, research into differences in formulaic language usage may assist in the development of new tools for authorship attribution. In order to test this assertion, a reference list containing 13,412 formulaic sequences was compiled from multiple online sources. This was then used to identify formulaic sequences in a 20 author corpus containing 100 personal narratives. After exploring the types of formulaic sequences used by authors, statistical tests were used to determine whether the count of formulaic words was sufficient to establish variation between authors and to attribute a Questioned Text to its author.
The Demand and Supply of Protection:A Reinterpretation of the Emergence of a Weberian/Olsonian State through the Lens of Modern China

Abstract The study of institutions and economic history was much influenced by Ronald Coase and Douglass North, in particular with Douglas North’s notion of government as an endogenous outcome of institution competition. Although Max Weber articulated a concept of government as a monopoly of violence in 1919, much subsequent modeling work on governments was built around the banditry notion of governments of Mancur Olson (1993, “Democracy, Dictatorship and Development.” The American Political Science Review 87(3) (September): 567–576). Examples are Usher (1989, “The Dynastic Cycle and the Stationary State.” American Economic Review 79: 1031–1044), Moselle and Polak (2001, “A Model of a Predatory State.” Journal of Law, Economics & Organization 17(N1)), and the like. A good summary is found in Dixit (2004, Lawlessness and Economics: Alternative Modes of Governance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press). We called this collectively a Weberian/Olsonian view of governments. Building on the notion that a State is a monopoly of violence, these models are in line with the banditry idea of Olson, which, among many country historical studies, he used the Chinese example that governments are essentially stationary/roving bandits. Taking Olson’s ideas as a lead, this paper uses the counter-example of Feng Yu-hsiang (馮玉祥 1882–1948) (Feng), a Chinese “warlord”, to present an alternative analytical framework in terms of a supply-demand model for the emergence of governments. The level of generalization for a framework of such societal order is necessarily heuristic, and can be compared to such economic simplification of social reality by Hayek, Schumpeter and North. However, it should help constellate facts that can be gathered to evaluate refutable hypotheses that are of interest to political theorists and historians. The model formulated for this paper is not intended to justify violence, which the authors deplore, but is recognized as merely a statement about realpolitik.
EOR Pilot Tests With Modified Enzyme—Dagang Oilfield, China

Summary Micro- and macroevaluations were conducted to understand modified-enzyme enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) mechanisms using various fluids. Huff’n’puff and flooding tests were carried out with variable modified-enzymes concentrations in several reservoirs. The resulting production performances were improved considerably. At reservoir temperature 50 to 80C, laboratory experiments indicated that the modified enzyme solution was adaptable to both light and heavy oil and was not sensitive to minerals, water with bivalent cation (1000 mg/L), or high salinity (10%). The enzyme working performances were enhanced further with microorganism occurrence in the solution. The micromodeling experiment reveals that spontaneous emulsification and solubilization can take place between the modified enzyme and crude with emulsion particles of 2–6 mm in diameter, which are produced through stripping as a result of solubilization. Core desorption and flooding experiments suggest that desorbed crude volume and displacement efficiency are related to modified-enzyme concentrations that usually ranged from 5 to 10%, with the optimum being 8%. In optimal conditions, recovery can, on average, be increased by 16.9%. Experiments also proved that the modified enzyme and crude oil could form an emulsion, but the emulsion was not stable. One specific pilot test with modified enzyme had achieved additional oil production of 22,869 bbl.
Flow of endogenous and exogenous nitrogen in different segments of the small intestine in pigs fed diets with soyabean concentrate, soyabean meal or rapeseed cake.

Six barrows of an average initial BW 27.5±1.2 kg were used. Each pig was fitted with two cannulas in different segments of the small intestine: pig 1 in the duodenum (C1) and upper jejunum (C2), pig 2 in C2 and the lower jejunum (C3), pig 3 in C2 and C3, pig 4 in C1 and the terminal ileum (C4), pig 5 in C3 and C4, pig 6 in C1 and C4. Pigs were also fitted with one catheter in the vena jugularis for blood sampling and with a second one in the arteria carotis for continuous infusion of 15N-leucine (4.2 mg/kg0.75 BW/d). Pigs were used in a crossover design experiment with three treatments and three periods of digesta collection (36 h) and blood sampling (36 h). Maize starch-based diets that contained: soyabean concentrate (SC), a mixture of toasted and untoasted soyabean meal (mSBM) of a high trypsin inhibitor activity, or rapeseed cake (RC) of a high NDF content were used in the experiment. The flow of endogenous and exogenous N along the small intestine and the net reabsorption rate of endogenous N were estimated. In the C1 digesta of pigs fed on the SC, mSBM and RC diets, total N was 138, 127 and 126% of the ingested N, respectively. Sixteen, 15 and 10% of the ingested N was absorbed up to C1, and 11.1, 11.6 and 9.4 g of endogenous N (Ed-N) per kg DM intake was secreted, respectively. For corresponding diets in the C2 digesta, total N was 126, 117 and 111% of the ingested N. Thirty four, 11 and 31% of the exogenous N (Ex-N) inflow and -32, 1 and -39% of the Ed-N inflow was absorbed. In the C3 digesta, total N was 44, 47 and 43% of the ingested N, while 81, 71 and 71% of the Ex-N inflow and 54, 38 and 49% of the Ed-N inflow was absorbed, respectively. Accordingly, in the C4 digesta total N was 24, 33 and 33% of the ingested N, and 45, 43 and 4% of the Ex-N inflow was absorbed. True N digestibility at the terminal ileum was 94, 88 and 82% for the SC, mSBM and RC diets. The reabsorption rate of endogenous N before the terminal ileum was estimated as 75, 51 and 69%, respectively. It was concluded that regardless of the dietary protein source, the middle segment of the small intestine is the site of the most intense absorption of endogenous and exogenous N. Reabsorption rather than secretion of endogenous nitrogen along the pig's small intestine seems to be influenced by dietary factors.
Drought-induced tree mortality: ecological consequences, causes, and modeling

Drought-induced tree mortality, which rapidly alters forest ecosystem composition, structure, and function, as well as the feedbacks between the biosphere and climate, has occurred worldwide over the past few decades, and is expected to increase pervasively as climate change progresses. The objectives of this review are to (1) highlight the likely ecological consequences of drought-induced tree mortality, (2) synthesize the hypotheses related to drought-induced tree mortality, (3) discuss the implications of current knowledge for modeling tree mortality processes under climate change, and (4) highlight future research needs. First, we emphasize the likely ecological consequences of tree mortality from ecosystem to biome to continental scales. We then document and criticize multiple non-exclusive tree mortality hypotheses (e.g., carbon starvation — carbon supply is less than carbon demand; and hydraulic failure — desiccation from failed water transport) from a more comprehensive ecological perspective. Next, we extend a forest decline concept model, Manion's framework, by considering new emerging environmental conditions, for a more thorough understanding of the effects of climate change on forest de- cline. We find that an increase in drought frequency and (or) climate-change-type droughts may trigger increased back- ground tree mortality rates and severe forest dieback events, accelerating species turnover and ecological regime shifts. The contribution of CO2 fertilization, rising temperature within the optimal growth range, and increased nitrogen deposition may defer or reduce this trend in tree mortality, but such contributions will vary between locations, species, and tree sizes. Multi- ple hypotheses proposed for drought-induced tree mortality are discussed, but coupling carbon and water cycles could help resolve the debate. The absence of a physiological understanding of tree mortality mechanisms limits the predictive ability of current models from stand-level process-based models to dynamic global vegetation models. We thus suggest that long- term observations, experiments, and models should be tightly interwoven during the research process to better forecast future climate changes and evaluate their impacts on forests.
Performance of magnesium cathode in the S-band RF gun

In this paper, we present the preliminary results of the performance of the magnesium cathode in a high frequency RF gun. The quantum efficiency of Mg showed a dramatic improvement upon laser cleaning, increasing from 10/sup -5/ to 4/spl times/10/sup -4/ after two hours of cleaning, and to 2/spl times/10/sup -3/ after systematic cleaning. The cleaning procedure for this increase is described in detail. Charge measured as a function of the laser injection phase relative to the RF phase indicates that the temporal variation of the field on the cathode both due to the RF and the shielding effect of the emitted electrons play a critical role in the emission and extraction of electrons. A model that includes this variation is numerically fitted to the measured charge and the results are presented. The unexpected outcome of the fit was the low field enhancement factor (0.1) predicted by the model for the photoemission. The physical origin of this is still under investigation.
Low seismic resolution cannot explain S/P decorrelation in the lower mantle

Inverted models of the deep mantle show a decorrelation between maps of shear VS and compressional VP wave velocities, an anti‐correlation between the bulk sound velocity Vϕ and VS and a much larger variability of VS with respect to VP, expressed by large values of the ratio of their relative lateral variations. We carried out synthetic tests to verify if these features could be artifacts, explained by limits in tomographic resolution: synthetic data are calculated for an “input” model, and linearly inverted, as in tomography, to find an “output” model. Comparing the values of the aforementioned parameters for two different chemically homogeneous input models with the associated reconstructed output ones, we found that artifacts caused by realistic data noise and the nonuniform distribution of seismic sources and stations over the globe are not sufficient to introduce the features previously described. We confirm that compositional effects are required to explain them.
Forest owners' associations in a changing society

In recent decades structural changes in the forestry sector have changed forest owners’ characteristics and thus the member base of forest owners’ associations. More general social trends have also changed how individuals and organizations interact with each other. A major challenge for the forest owners’ associations is thus to adapt their service offers and organizational structures to fit the needs of current and future members. The objective of the project this thesis is based upon was to examine processes that are shaping the future membership of forest owners’ associations in Sweden and identify elements that are likely to affect their relationships with members and (hence) their cooperative nature. To meet this objective, the issue was addressed from different angles and organizational levels in studies reported in four appended papers. Paper I showed that renewal of district councils is a slow process in which election committees play a central role. However, they were found to act passively and select candidates from narrow pools, which restrict the councils’ representativeness and raises risks of strategic misalignment with members’ interests as it severely limits inputs from several user groups in decision-making processes. Paper II showed that in order to meet the changing member needs the organizations are currently focusing their strategic efforts on developing new services to support members’ management activities and ownership issues, improve education offers, and become strong political actors. Paper III showed that members who had traded timber with the association displayed significantly higher affective commitment, but not calculative commitment, than both non-members and members who had traded with other organizations. Thus, the findings suggest that the associations should focus on communicating their core values and strengthening members’ identification with the organization, as this will have stronger effects on their loyalty than fostering calculative relationships. Paper IV provides support for the findings in Paper II, showing that young adults generally have limited familiarity with forestry activities. Further they rarely discussed forest issues with their parents. Thus they did not feel comfortable in discussing their own future as potential forest owners since they lacked understanding of the personal implications for them in practice. A key highlighted finding is that the main challenges for the organizations are connected to their democratic governance processes.
How Sustainable is Pupil Self-Esteem as an Educational Objective for Religious Minorities?

Abstract Although the importance of self-esteem in educational achievement is contested, it remains a significant touchstone of multicultural religious education. This study set out to establish differences in demographics and attitudes between high self-esteem and low self-esteem Buddhist teenagers who are a small religious minority in Britain. Low self-esteem teens expressed less well-being, more worry in relationships with their family and friends, low motivation in school, more supernatural beliefs, more introversion, felt Buddhism irrelevant and used the internet more. Self-esteem was not linked to religious values or environmental concern. Narrow focus on self-esteem as an educational aim risks the known weaknesses of multiculturalism that have since been overcome in pluralist education. The limited usefulness of the self-esteem concept does however reveal ways forward for teachers of minority education, introverts and sustainability.
REPONSE TO SELECTION FOR OVULATION RATE OR PRENATAL SURVIVAL IN LARGE WHITE PIGS

Effects of selection for ovulation rate or prenatal survival were examined using data from three pigs lines derived from the same base Large White population. Two lines were selected for seven generation on either high ovulation rate at puberty (OR line) or high prenatal survival corrected for ovulation rate in the first two parities (PS line). The third line was an unselected control (C) line. Genetic parameters for ovulation rate on the left, right and both ovaries at puberty (ORPL, ORPR and ORP, respectively) and at fertilization (ORFL, ORFR and ORF, respectively), prenatal survival (PS), total number of piglets born (TNB) and number of piglets born alive (NBA) per litter were estimated using REML methodology. Responses to selection were estimated by computing differences between OR or PS and C lines at each generation using both least-squares and mixed model methodology. Average genetic trends were computed by regressing line differences on generation number. Realized heritabilities were estimated using standard procedures. Heritabilities estimates were, respectively 0.17, 0.11, 0.34, 0.13, 0.09, 0.33, 0.14, 0.17 and 0.16 (s.e. 0.01 to 0.03) for ORPL, ORPR, ORFL, ORFR, ORF, PS, TNB and NBA respectively. Realized heritability were 0.39 and 0.10 for ORP and PS, respectively. The different measures of ovulation rate had strong genetic correlations (rg > 0.7). ORP and ORF had moderately negative genetic correlations (-0.26 and -0.45, respectively) with PS. Litter size at birth was moderately correlated with ORP (rg = 0.41 and 0.42, respectively, with TNB and NBA) and ORF (0.41 with TNB, 0.29 with NBA). Average genetic trends in OR and PS lines were, respectively, 0.38±0.08 and 0.13±0.09 for ORP; 0.34±0.08 and 0.08±0.09 for ORM. Responses to selection were slightly superior in the left than in the right ovary. No significant difference was found for PS, CPS and TNB in the two lines.
From the National-Bourgeoisie to the Dependency Interpretation of Latin America

In the 1960s and 1970s Latin America experienced a series of modernizing military coups and the shift of its intellectuals from a nationalist to an associated-dependency interpretation of their societies and economies. In the 1950s two groups of public intellectuals, organized around the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, in Santiago, Chile, and the Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, had pioneered thinking about Latin American societies and economies (including Brazil’s) from a nationalist standpoint. The idea of a national bourgeoisie was key to this interpretation. The Cuban Revolution, the economic crisis of the 1960s, and the military coups in the Southern Cone, however, opened the way for criticism of these ideas from a new perspective—that of dependency. By rejecting the possibility of a national bourgeoisie, two versions of the dependency interpretation (the “associated” and the “overexploitation”) also rejected the possibility of a national-development strategy. Only a third version, the “national-dependent” interpretation, asserted the need for and the possibility of a national bourgeoisie and a national strategy. Yet, it was the associated-dependency interpretation that was dominant in Latin America in the 1970s and 1980s, and this may explain the subordination of Latin America to the Washington consensus since the late 1980s and the ensuing low rates of growth.
The Effect of Electronic Commerce in Business Value and Supply Chain Process: Evidence from Iran

This paper aims to develop and test a model to analyze the relationships between three aspects of technical electronic commerce (EC)-based information system (IS) resources and, the supply chain process integration, and business value. The paper is consistent with the perspective on IS-enabled organizational capabilities and resource based view of the firm. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to collect data from 204 supply chain, logistics, or procurement/ purchasing managers of manufacturing firms. Findings show that supply chain process integration, a key EC-enabled organizational capability, can enhance business value. Additionally, the capability serve as a catalyst in transforming technical EC-based IS resources (technical quality of EC applications, EC advancements, EC alignment and E-branding) into higher value for a firm. Our results suggest that supply chain process integration is an important intermediate organizational capability through which value of EC-based IS resources can be materialized. However, the technical aspects of EC-based IS resources needs to developed to effectively form supply chain capabilities. Key words: Supply chain integration; Business value; Electronic commerce; Business performance; Resource-based view; Information system; E-branding
Perceived inequity: does it explain burnout among medical specialists?

This study investigated, among medical specialists (N = 2,400), the association between perceived inequity in relationships at work (patients, colleagues, organization) and burnout, and the moderating role of communal orientation. Intrapersonal inequity, involving an internal standard of reference, and interpersonal inequity, taking colleagues as the standard of reference, were assessed. The adjusted response rate was 63%. Intrapersonal inequity affected all burnout dimensions: emotional exhaustion in all relationships at work, depersonalization in the relationship with patients, and reduced personal accomplishment in relationships with colleagues and the organization. Intrapersonal inequity explained more variance in burnout than did interpersonal inequity. Communal orientation did not moderate these associations. Hence, medical specialists are more vulnerable to burnout if they perceive their relationships at work to be inequitable, regardless of their tendency to help others. Organizations might, therefore, prevent burnout by creating a working environment that is supportive and appreciative.
Analysis of coupled vibration modes in piezoelectric disks

Piezoelements of disk shape are widely used in simple ultrasonic transducers. Despite simplicity of shape, vibration of a piezoelectric disk is a complex process. There are many different types of vibration excited in a piezodisk. These types of vibration are called modes. Each mode has unique distribution of displacements. Modes are classified into pure and coupled. This classification is based on one-dimensional approach of vibration. The pure modes are widely used due the simplicity of piezoelements and good theoretical background of piezoelements’ design [1]. Resonant frequencies and efficiency of such transducers are well predicted using transmission line theory [2]. On the other hand, some pure modes, e.g., edge mode [3], are not useable for transducers purposes, but have significant influence to the other modes, e.g., radial. The coupled mode is type of vibration, which is the product of interaction of a few pure modes. Some coupled modes in rectangular piezoelements have a larger electromechanical coupling factor, comparing to the pure modes. Therefore, efficiency of vibrations can be higher and these modes are widely used in modern piezotransducers. Pure and coupled modes in piezoelectric disks can be analyzed using analytical [2, 4, 5] or computational [6]-[8] models and also experimentally [4, 9]. Therefore, behaviour of piezoelectric disks is well analysed. On the other hand, most of existing analyses are performed with only one type of piezoceramic or they cover only electrical aspects of vibrations. There is a lack of studies where electrical and mechanical characteristics of coupled modes in a piezodisk are discussed. The use of the coupled modes for increasing of electromechanical coupling require a more detailed analysis.
Analysis of Vibrations of Bucket Wheel Excavator Schrs1320 During Mining Process

Presented paper deals with an evaluation of measuring of vibrations on a bucket wheel excavator (BWE) SchRs 1320 during mining. Vibrations were measured on the BWE’s upper steel structure by using 28 accelerometers. Measured signals were associated with operating data from the BWE’s central control computer. By connecting these two signal groups a complete set of valuable data was obtained. This data set was analyzed by time-frequency transforms. This paper shows results for three selected time periods. Results proved frequency changes in vibrations of upper steel structure of the BWE during moving in mining process.