Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Previously Undescribed Intron and Extensive 5′ Upstream Sequence, but Not Phox2a-mediated Transactivation, Are Necessary for High Level Cell Type-specific Expression of the Human Norepinephrine Transporter Gene*

The synaptic action of norepinephrine is terminated by NaCl-dependent uptake into presynaptic noradrenergic nerve endings, mediated by the norepinephrine transporter (NET). NET is expressed only in neuronal tissues that synthesize and secrete norepinephrine and in most cases is co-expressed with the norepinephrine-synthetic enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH). To understand the molecular mechanisms regulating human NET (hNET) gene expression, we isolated and characterized an hNET genomic clone encompassing approximately 9.5 kilobase pairs of the 5′ upstream promoter region. Here we demonstrate that the hNET gene contains an as-yet-unidentified intron of 476 base pairs within the 5′-untranslated region. Furthermore, both primer extension and 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends analyses identified multiple transcription start sites from mRNAs expressed only in NET-expressing cell lines. The start sites clustered in two subdomains, each preceded by a TATA-like sequence motif. As expected for mature mRNAs, transcripts from most of these sites each contained an additional G residue at the 5′ position. Together, the data strongly support the authenticity of these sites as the transcriptional start sites of hNET. We assembled hNET-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter constructs containing different lengths of hNET 5′ sequence in the presence or the absence of the first intron. Transient transfection assays indicated that the combination of the 5′ upstream sequence and the first intron supported the highest level of noradrenergic cell-specific transcription. Forced expression of the paired-like homeodomain transcription factor Phox2a did not affect hNET promoter activity in NET-negative cell lines, in marked contrast to its effect on a DBH-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter construct. Together with our previous studies suggesting a critical role of Phox2a for noradrenergic-specific expression of the DBH gene, these data support a model in which distinct, or partially distinct, molecular mechanisms regulate cell-specific expression of the NET and DBH genes.
Stem Cell Therapy for Hearing Loss: Math1 Overexpression in VOT-E36 Cells

Hypothesis: VOT-E36 cells acquire mechanosensitivity after mammalian atonal homolog 1 (Math1) overexpression. Background: VOT-E36 cells are derived from a population of epithelial cells in the ventral region of the otocyst at embryonic Day 10.5, before hair cell differentiation. These cells express a number of specific molecular markers for hair cells under both proliferation and differentiation states. Overexpression of Math1 can convert nonsensory epithelial cells into hair cells in the cochlea. Based on this information, we tested whether VOT-E36 cells can be converted into hair cells by Math1 overexpression. Methods: Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-based analysis, we first compared the expression patterns of various molecular markers for hair cell development in VOT-E36 cells between proliferation and differentiation states, and also before and after overexpression of Math1. Subsequently, with a standard calcium imaging method, we examined whether VOT-E36 cells overexpressing Math1 could detect mechanical vibrations and activate spiral ganglion neurons in a coculture model. In addition, using confocal and scanning electron microscopes, we examined morphologic changes of VOT-E36 cells after Math1 overexpression. Results: Consistent with previous reports, this study has shown that VOT-E36 cells express a number of specific molecular markers for hair cells in both proliferation and differentiation states. Under appropriate culture conditions, Math1 is transiently expressed in this cell line during conditional differentiation. In VOT-E36 cells overexpressing Math1, the normal expression pattern of certain molecular markers for mature hair cells is partially restored. Interestingly, after coculture with spiral ganglion neurons, VOT-E36 cells overexpressing Math1 are able to respond to mechanical vibrations and activate spiral ganglion neurons. Possible molecular mechanisms underlying this novel finding have been explored. Conclusion: Math1 overexpression can partially restore presumably downstream signaling cascades for normal hair cell differentiation in VOT-E36 cells, which are able to detect mechanical vibrations after being cocultured with spiral ganglion neurons.
isual saliency detection via multiple background estimation and patial distribution

Generating saliency maps with full resolution or pixel-level in linear computation time and low probability of falsely marking background as salient regions are still challenging in visual saliency. Concentrating on it, we propose a simple and efficient saliency detection approach. In detail, this is mainly contributed by estimating multiple robust background maps for each image. Once background maps are eywords: aliency Detection ackground estimation ultiple background maps patial distribution generated, salient objects can be easily obtained only by measuring the differences between the original images and their corresponding background maps, which is similar with background subtraction in video applications. To further improve performance, spatial distribution is incorporated as a high-level factor. Evaluation on public dataset indicates the proposed scheme achieves superior results in both accuracy and efficiency, which suggest the potential application such as image segmentation in large image collections.
Investigating Effects of Monetary Reward on Information Disclosure by Online Social Networks Users

Given the strategic value of social networking sites (SNSs), we investigate how the offer of a monetary reward (MR) in exchange for information can increase users' willingness to disclose, and thus help maintain stability of the SNS business model. We analyze results from a questionnaire administered to over 300 Chinese participants belonging to varying age, gender and occupational groups. Our results show that the level of willingness to share personal information (WTSPI) depends on the type of information being requested, and that WTSPI is higher when users are offered a MR than not. We also showed that the offer of a MR promoted willingness to share existing information and add new information more than willingness to share false data. Furthermore, users' willingness to disclose various elements of personal information was found to be affected by different factors in each case, including demographic characteristics, SNS usage habits, and attitudes towards privacy.
Assessing the antibacterial activity of morula ( Sclerocarya birrea ) stem bark and leaf extracts against some selected bacterial isolates in Kano , Nigeria

Antibacterial evaluation of the methanolic extract and aqueous fraction of leaf and stem bark of the morula tree, Sclerocarya birrea was carried out using the agar-well diffusion method. They were tested against two gram positive organism; Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one gram negative organism Staphylococcus aureus. Result obtained confirmed a broad Spectrum of activity, as all the organisms were inhibited by the extract. The stem bark extract exhibited antimicrobial activities with zones of inhibition ranging from 8 17 and 0 8 mm for methanol and water extracts respectively while extracts of leaves exhibited antimicrobial activity of 6 16 mm and 5-8 mm for methanol and water respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] of methanol extract of stem bark was 5 mg ml -1 . The minimum bactericidal concentration [MBC] was 10 mg ml -1 . The results of phytochemcial screening have demonstrated the presence of alkaloid, Flavonoid and tannins in some, or all the extract. Therefore, this study further confirms the traditional use of stem bark and leaf extracts of S. birrea in some parts of Northern Nigeria as a remedy against infectious diseases caused by most of the organism studied.
The nonlinear relationship between albedo and cloud fraction on near-global , monthly mean scale in observations and in the CMIP 5 model ensemble

We study the relation between monthly mean albedo and cloud fraction over ocean, 60∘S–60∘N. Satellite observations indicate that these clouds all fall on the same near-exponential curve, with a monotonic distribution over the ranges of cloud fractions and albedo. Using these observational data as a reference, we examine the degree to which 26 climate models capture this feature of the near-global marine cloud population. Models show a general increase in albedo with increasing cloud fraction, but none of them display a relation that is as well defined as that characterizing the observations. Models typically display larger albedo variability at a given cloud fraction, larger sensitivity in albedo to changes in cloud fraction, and lower cloud fractions. Several models also show branched distributions, contrasting with the smooth observational relation. In the models the present-day cloud scenes are more reflective than the preindustrial, demonstrating the simulated impact of anthropogenic aerosols on planetary albedo.
Spread of a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST80-IV Clone in a Danish Community

Abstract Objective: We report a community cluster of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Denmark with emphasis on routes of transmission and infection control measures. The objective is to extend knowledge of MRSA in a community setting where a nosocomial link could effectively be ruled out. Design: Population-based observational study from November 1997 until June 2003. Setting: North Jutland County, with approximately 495,000 inhabitants. Subjects: The cluster encompassed 46 individuals and 26 households. Interventions: Infection control measures included repeated visits to affected households by an infection control nurse who undertook screening for carriage among all household members and provided a program for decolonization. Results: The causal strain was identical to a newly described international clone, ST80; SSCmec type IV; and Panton–Valentine leukocidin positive. Plausible routes of transmission included household contact and contact at work, kindergarten, and school. We did not detect a nosocomial source or any secondary cases in hospitals. Transmission by healthcare contact outside the hospital was plausible for three cases. We found evidence that the clone was introduced on more than one occasion to immigrant families from the Middle East. A 5-day decolonization program was successful at first attempt in 15 of 16 households that could be evaluated. Conclusions: Despite the described infection control measures, we continued to see new cases, underlining a need for a national policy to contain MRSA in the community.
Laboratory investigation on the mechanics of soft-rigid soil mixtures

Rubber particles derived from recycled tyres are used as a practical materials in construction industry, including geotechnical systems. Drained triaxial compression tests are conducted to investigate the mechanical behavior of Leighton Buzzard and rubber particles mixtures, bot materials with identical particle size distributions. Distribution of constituents throughout the sample is also explored through x-ray CT testing.
Trisomy 18: Experience of a reference hospital from the south of Brazil

Trisomy 18 is a chromosomal syndrome characterized by a broad clinical picture, as well as a very reserved prognosis. The aim of our study was to verify the clinical characteristics and survival of patients diagnosed in a referral hospital in southern Brazil. Our sample consisted of 31 patients, 22 were female (71%), ages ranging from 1 to 1,395 days (median 14 days). The majority had a single cell lineage with full trisomy of chromosome 18 (94%). Concerning pregnancy complications, pre‐eclampsia was the main abnormality described (17%). Fetal ultrasound was performed in 23 cases, and the most frequent abnormalities were polyhydramnios (41%) and intrauterine growth retardation (27%). There were no reports of prenatal identification of the syndrome. Most patients were born by cesarean due to pregnancy and fetal complications and about half of the cases were premature. Congenital heart defects represented the main major malformation observed (94%). Thirty patients (97%) progressed to death (survival ranged from 2 to 780 days, and 87% died within the first 6 months of life). Trisomy 18 is a serious chromosomal disorder with limited survival. Abnormalities of pregnancy appear to be frequent, which can lead to complications for both fetus and mother. The prenatal identification of these patients in our country is still inadequate, resulting in important implications for genetic counseling and management of these patients and their families. And this makes the possibility of interruption of pregnancy, regardless of ethical factors involved, an unlikely option. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Reflectivity in Practice Teaching of Visual Arts *

This research aimed to reveal how three sub-dimensions of reflective thinking, (that is, being aware of the problem, thinking of solutions, and making a conscious decision) appear in visual arts practice teaching. A qualitative study was conducted with data analysis of logs, notes, and interviews with nine prospective visual arts teachers. According to descriptive analysis findings, interviewees encountered difficulties in classroom management, student behavior, activity planning and teaching methods. The participants usually put their university level knowledge to use in decision making. In visual arts practice teaching, reflective learning occurred in-action and onaction, and prospective teachers also reflected art acquisitions and student experiences from primary and secondary school. In conclusion, art education can bring alternative solutions in reflective thinking due to its practical and cumulative structure that promotes creative thinking. Special teaching methods knowledge has also been used inaction while referring to educational sciences knowledge.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN MANGROVE AREAS OF KRISHNA RIVER BASIN , ANDHRA PRADESH

CH.S. R.G. KALYANI Lecturer in chemistry SVRM College (Autonomous) Nagaram ABSTRACT Overlying water, sediment and mangrove seedlings in the Krishna river basin mangrove forest were analyzed for heavy metals and organic pollution. Polluted marine waters, surface waters joining the marine waters will be identified that leave the contamination into the ground water, sediment, aquatic biota will be identified. A radial distance of 0.5 to 1 km from the focused polluted surface water point in different directions covering the geographical area will be identified.The results showed that mangrove plant acidified sediment and increased organic matter contents. These findings provide actual heavy metal accumulations in sediment-plant ecosystems in mangrove forest, being important in designing the long-term management and conservation policies for managers of mangrove forest.Water and soil samples were taken from these mangroves in duplicates and analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Heavy metal levels in the mangroves were then obtained. Within the seven location in the study area especially reserve forest mangroves studied, levels of heavy metals in water samples were similar, as there are no clear trends of any mangroves having elevated levels of an element and being more contaminated. Levels of heavy metals were not found to be consistently high. According to our results for the sediment sample analysis, Lankivanidibba sample has the highest level of Cu, Pb, Fe and Cr levels. In general, the whole Lankivanidibba mangrove has a higher level of Cu, Pb, Fe and Cr compared to the Kottapalem, RF, Molagunta RF, Adavuladivi RF mangroves and Yelichetladibba RF. However, Sorlagondi Reserve Forest (RF), has a higher level of Zn compared to the Nachugunta RFmangrove has the lowest level of all the heavy metals tested. ©KY Publications
The Automaticity of Affordance of Dangerous Object

Abstract Objects observation automatically elicits the activation of a reach-to-grasp response specifically directed to interact with the object, which is termed affordance. Murphy, van Velzen, and de Fockert (2012) found that only when an irrelevant object receives sufficient attention, it can potentiate an action. However, it remains unclear whether the dangerous object would afford an action when it receives insufficient attention. In this study, we manipulated the perceptual load in a letter identification task. Participants were required to identify a target letter with the right or left hand while ignoring a neutral or dangerous graspable object. The target letter was presented either on its own (low perceptual load), alongside five non-target letters (high load), or alongside eight non-target letters (super high load). Under the low perceptual load, for both neutral and dangerous object, responses were faster when the action afforded by the ignored object was congruent (vs. incongruent) with the current target response (t(27) = 4.44, p < . 001; t(27) = 7.99, p < . 001, respectively). However, during the high perceptual load, for dangerous object, responses were slower when the action afforded by the ignored object was congruent (vs. incongruent) with the current target response (t(27) = 4.97, p < . 001). There was not any effect for both neutral object and dangerous object under super high perceptual load. These results suggest the affordance of dangerous object is also sensitive to the perceptual load. An irrelevant dangerous object can’t potentiate an action if it receives insufficient attention.
Scattering from a cylindrically conformal slotted-waveguide array antenna

Slotted-waveguide array antennas are widely used on modern airborne radar. However, conventional planar slotted-waveguide antennas have a significant contribution to the overall radar cross section (RCS) of the host vehicle. Reduction of the antenna's RCS is one of important aspects for the stealth technology. It is well known, the RCS of a flat plate is generally higher than that of a smooth curved surface. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the RCS by replacing a planar slot array with a curved slot array. Because of a large number of slots and the mutual coupling between slots and between slots and the waveguide, the analysis of the scattering from a slotted waveguide array is very difficult. As a result, only planar slot antennas have been considered in the past. Fan (see Ph.D. thesis, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 1995) presented the theory of analysis and design of cylindrically-conformal slotted-waveguide array antenna with a curved waveguide as the main guide and sectoral guides as the branch guides. We analyse its scattering properties, and to simplify the analysis, we neglect the coupling between the main guide and the branch guides.
Inhibition Efficiency of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract on the Corrosion of Reinforced Steel Bar in HCl Solution

The inhibiting effect of Moringa Oleifera leaf extract on the corrosion of a reinforced steel bar in 2M solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) was studied using gravimetric, gasometric and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The study revealed that as the concentration of the extract increases, the inhibition efficiency increases in all three investigation scenarios. 1.0 g/l attained the efficiency of 92.31 % after 120 hours exposure during gravimetric measurement. The volume of the hydrogen gas evolved reduces with an increase in the exposure time during the gasometric test. It was noted that the extract slowed down the corrosion rate and the rate at which the hydrogen gas evolved. The formation of an adsorption layer on the surface of the metal reduces the rate at which hydrogen gas is evolved, which is a function of the concentration of the extract. Potentiodynamic polarization results revealed that the Moringa Oleifera leaf extract modifies the mechanism of anodic dissolution and cathodic hydrogen evolution. It was also observed that the corrosion current density decreases with the increase in the concentration of the extract. This decrease in corrosion is due to increased blocking of the metal surface by adsorption of the leaf extract. From the results, it can be concluded that Moringa Oleifera leaf extract can be used as a green inhibitor to slow corrosion of metals in aggressive media.
Self-concept and Academic Motivation of Chinese Students in Hong Kong Kit

Kit-Tai Hau, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; SELF Research Centre, University of Western Sydney, Australia Herbert W. Marsh, SELF Research Centre, University of Western Sydney, Australia Irene T. Ho, The University of Hong Kong Xiaoxu Li, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, SELF Research Centre, University of Western Sydney, Australia and Marjorie Seaton, SELF Research Centre, University of Western Sydney, Australia
Estrogen-replacement therapy and Alzheimer's disease in the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging

Objective: To study the association of estrogen-replacement therapy and other estrogen-related variables with Alzheimer's disease in postmenopausal women. Background: Postmenopausal estrogen use has been reported to lower the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Design: A population-based, multicenter survey was carried out in eight Italian municipalities. The sample of 2,816 women, aged 65 to 84 years, was randomly selected from the population register of each municipality and stratified in 5-year age groups. All women were screened using the Mini-Mental State Examination and interviewed concerning risk factors. Those who screened positive underwent a clinical assessment. Dementia syndrome was diagnosed according to DSM-III-R criteria, and Alzheimer's disease was diagnosed according to NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for possible and probable Alzheimer's disease. Results: The estimated prevalence of postmenopausal estrogen use adjusted to the 1991 Italian female population was 12.3%. The frequency of estrogen use was higher among nonpatients compared with Alzheimer's disease patients (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.07 to 0.77). The inverse association between estrogen therapy and Alzheimer's disease remained significant after adjustment for age, education, age at menarche, age at menopause, smoking and alcohol habits, body weight at the age of 50 years, and number of children(odds ratio, 0.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.08 to 0.98). Conclusions: Our data from a population-based study support the hypothesis that estrogen-replacement therapy is associated with a reduced prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in postmenopausal women. Prospective clinical trials are required to enable women and their physicians to weigh risks and benefits of estrogen-replacement therapy for the prevention of dementia.