Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fruits, vegetables and lung cancer: A pooled analysis of cohort studies

Inverse associations between fruit and vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk have been consistently reported. However, identifying the specific fruits and vegetables associated with lung cancer is difficult because the food groups and foods evaluated have varied across studies. We analyzed fruit and vegetable groups using standardized exposure and covariate definitions in 8 prospective studies. We combined study‐specific relative risks (RRs) using a random effects model. In the pooled database, 3,206 incident lung cancer cases occurred among 430,281 women and men followed for up to 6–16 years across studies. Controlling for smoking habits and other lung cancer risk factors, a 16–23% reduction in lung cancer risk was observed for quintiles 2 through 5 vs. the lowest quintile of consumption for total fruits (RR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.67–0.87 for quintile 5; p‐value, test for trend < 0.001) and for total fruits and vegetables (RR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.69–0.90; p‐value, test for trend = 0.001). For the same comparison, the association was weaker for total vegetable consumption (RR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.78–1.00; p‐value, test for trend = 0.12). Associations were similar between never, past, and current smokers. These results suggest that elevated fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with a modest reduction in lung cancer risk, which is mostly attributable to fruit, not vegetable, intake. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that our results are due to residual confounding by smoking. The primary focus for reducing lung cancer incidence should continue to be smoking prevention and cessation. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Teouma Lapita site and the early human settlement of the Pacific Islands

The Teouma site, on Efate in central Vanuatu, was uncovered during quarrying in 2003 and has proved to be one of the most significant discoveries to date for the colonisation of Remote Oceania. Not only did it bring to light a fine assemblage of the famously diagnostic Lapita ceramics, but a cemetery of more than 25 individuals along with the pots. The skeletons offer an opportunity to investigate the origins of the ‘Lapita people’ who first appeared in the Bismarck archipelago around 3300 years ago and rapidly moved through island Melanesia and Western Polynesia over the next few centuries.
The Rho GTPase Effector Protein, mDia, Inhibits the DNA Binding Ability of the Transcription Factor Pax6 and Changes the Pattern of Neurite Extension in Cerebellar Granule Cells through Its Binding to Pax6*

mDia, one of the target proteins of the GTPase Rho, is known to be involved in cytoskeletal reorganization and cytokinesis. Here, we report that mDia enters the nucleus and binds to the transcription factor, Pax6. In cultured non-neuronal cells, overexpression of mDia with Pax6 causes redistribution of some Pax6 molecules from the nucleus to the cytosol and decreases Pax6 transcriptional activity. Because Pax6 functions in the early central nervous system morphogenesis, we also examined the effects of mDia on endogenous Pax6 localization and neurite extension in cerebellar granule cells. Here too, Pax6 was partially mislocalized to the cytosol, and its expression level was decreased by mDia overexpression. In addition, mDia overexpression in these cells led to increased neurite branching and length. These results strongly suggest that mDia influences Pax6-induced transcriptional activity and axonal pathfinding in a way opposite from ROCK (Rho kinase) and that it may act via Pax6 to modulate early neuronal development.
Optimized Quantification of Translocator Protein Radioligand 18F-DPA-714 Uptake in the Brain of Genotyped Healthy Volunteers

Translocator protein (TSPO) is expressed at a low level in healthy brain and is upregulated during inflammatory processes that may occur in neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, TSPO may be a suitable in vivo indicator of neurodegeneration. Here, we quantified the 18F-DPA-714 radioligand in healthy TSPO-genotyped volunteers and developed a method to eliminate the need for invasive arterial blood sampling. Methods: Ten controls (7 high-affinity binders [HABs] and 3 mixed-affinity binders [MABs]) underwent 18F-DPA-714 PET with arterial and venous sampling. 18F-DPA-714 binding was quantified with a metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input function, using the 1- and 2-tissue-compartment models (TCMs) as well as the Logan analysis to estimate total volume distribution (VT) in the regions of interest. Alternative quantification methods were tested, including tissue-to-plasma ratio or population-based input function approaches normalized by late time points of arterial or venous samples. Results: The distribution pattern of 18F-DPA-714 was consistent with the known distribution of TSPO in humans, with the thalamus displaying the highest binding and the cerebellum the lowest. The 2-TCM best described the regional kinetics of 18F-DPA-714 in the brain, with good identifiability (percentage coefficient of variation < 5%). For each region of interest, VT was 47.6% ± 6.3% higher in HABs than in MABs, and estimates from the 2-TCM and the Logan analyses were highly correlated. Equilibrium was reached at 60 min after injection. VT calculated with alternative methods using arterial samples was strongly and significantly correlated with that calculated by the 2-TCM. Replacement of arterial with venous sampling in these methods led to a significant but lower correlation. Conclusion: Genotyping of subjects is a prerequisite for a reliable quantification of 18F-DPA-714 PET images. The 2-TCM and the Logan analyses are accurate methods to estimate 18F-DPA-714 VT in the human brain of both HAB and MAB individuals. Population-based input function and tissue-to-plasma ratio with a single arterial sample are promising alternatives to classic arterial plasma input function. Substitution with venous samples is promising but still requires methodologic improvements.
Materially Poor But Socially Rich: How Community Trust Can Protect Low-Income Groups Against Myopic Decisions

Why do the poor make shortsighted choices in decisions that involve delayed payoffs? Foregoing immediate rewards for larger, later rewards requires decision-makers to believe that future payoffs will occur. But low-income individuals may be less likely to believe that future payoffs will occur due to adverse past experiences and resulting low levels of generalized trust in the world; they may thus discount the future more heavily. We propose that trust in one’s immediate community – which, unlike generalized trust, we find does not covary with levels of income – may buffer against the deleterious effects of lower generalized trust. Specifically, we hypothesize that low-income individuals with higher levels of community trust have less myopic temporal preferences because they trust their community to mitigate counterparty risk, i.e., to absorb the fallout of promised future outcomes that do not materialize. In archival data and lab studies, we find that higher levels of community trust among low-income individuals can compensate for lower levels of generalized trust, and lead to a higher likelihood of choosing delayed, larger payoffs. We also test our predictions with a two-year community trust intervention in rural Bangladesh involving 121 union councils (the smallest rural administrative and local government unit in Bangladesh) and find that individuals in treated union councils have less myopic intertemporal preferences than those in control union councils, an outcome that is the result of differential levels of community trust. We discuss the implications of these results to design interventions that help the poor make decisions that alleviate poverty.
Imidafenacin for the treatment of overactive bladder

Introduction: Imidafenacin (KRP-197/ONO-8025) is the latest antimuscarinic (AM) developed for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) and, at the moment, it is marketed only in Japan. This compound has been developed to improve the tolerability of AM therapy by binding specifically the M3 receptor subtype, thus limiting undesirable adverse events (AEs). Areas covered: This systematic review offers a brief explanation of the mechanism of action and of the pharmacokinetics of imidafenacin and helps readers to understand the clinical efficacy, tolerability, and safety of the compound in the setting of OAB therapy. Expert opinion: Imidafenacin is an AM drug with excellent efficacy, tolerability, and safety. It is indicated for patients with nocturia, nocturnal polyuria, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. This compound, due to its pharmacokinetic properties, gives the opportunity to be easily adjusted in its dosages. Further studies should assess the pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of imidafenacin in Caucasian and African populations because this AM agent, at the moment, has been evaluated just in Asian populations. More studies should evaluate and compare efficacy, safety, and tolerability of imidafenacin also with other largely utilized AMs, such as oxybutynin, tolterodine, and fesoterodine, or with the other M3 selective compound, darifenacin.
Krukenberg Carcinoma of the Ovary with Bone Marrow Involvement: REPORT OF 2 CASES AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Krukenberg carcinoma of the ovary accounts for 1 to 3% of ovarian neoplasms. The nature and behavior of this particularly virulent tumor remain unclear. In this paper, 2 cases are presented of Krukenberg carcinoma metastatic from the gastrointestinal tract; in both bone marrow involvement was detected early in the course of the disease. The histopathology of the tumor is described. A comprehensive review of the literature in English is provided, and therapeutic approaches to the disease are discussed.
The Role of Trehalose in the Activation of Dormant Ascospores of Neurospora

Dormant ascospores of Neurospora remain quiescent and metabolize at a slow rate unless activated by exposure to high temperatures or to chemicals, including certain furans, pyrroles, thiophenes, or organic solvents. As a result of this treatment, a step-wise series of changes is initiated, resultingin in a greatly increased respiratory rate, a loss in thermal resistance, and a rise in the respiratory quotient. Up to 30 minutes after dormancy is broken, deactivation by incubation at 4⚬ C is possible, but after this time the process is irreversible. The locus of the metabolic activation has been shown not to reside in the cytochrome system and probably not in terminal oxidation. Moreover, pyruvate carboxylase, as well as the steps leading to oxygen, are probably not directly affected by the activation reaction, although there is evidence for an increase in the amount of cytochrome c available to the respiratory apparatus after activation. A study of the endogenous substrates of ascospores reveals that the Carbohydrate fraction that is soluble in 80% ethanol is not utilized until immediately after heat-activation, and its gradual disappearance can be correlated with the respiratory changes which accompany the germination process. This fraction consists mainly of trehalose, which has been identified on the basis of an of crystalline material obtained from dormant ascospores. A hypothesis is proposed suggesting that the activation process in Neurospora ascospores consists in the induction of an enzyme system through which trehalose is metabolized, whereas the dormant cell is restricted to a diet of endogenous lipids.
Research Article Orthodontic Treatment Needs of Children Living in Orphanage According to the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI)

The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of orthodontic treatment needs among orphan children as the prevalence malocclusion is common among this population due to high occurrence of malnourishment. The sample consisted of 158 orphans with the age group ranging from 11 to 13 years form different orphanage Institutes using simple random sampling technique. Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) was used to record orthodontic treatment needs. The Statistical software namely SPSS version 15.0 was used for the analysis different parameters at p value <0.05. Overall DAI was found to be very high i.e. 23.92±5.568 and was more seen in girls. 79.7% orphans had crowding and 42.2% subjects were having diastema between incisors. Maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth irregularity was observed among 67.2% and 78.4% orphans respectively and 41.1% had a normal anterior posterior molar. The severity of malocclusion and orthodontic needs were more among this group of population due to different factors. Hence careful planning based on feasibility is essential for the creation of appropriate solutions.
Fast blind equalization with two-stage single/multilevel modulus and DD algorithm for high order QAM cable systems

In this paper, a fast blind equalization with two-stage single/multilevel modulus and decision-directed (DD) algorithm is proposed for high-order QAM (256/1024QAM) systems on the downstream wired cable channel. The proposed blind equalization algorithm applies the two-stage convergence scheme, which results from the modified constant modulus algorithm (MCMA) method and the DD least mean square (LMS)-like method. In the first convergence stage, the joint MCMA and DD LMS-like equalization is applied for the purpose of fast convergence. When the convergence process reaches the enough steady state, the convergence detector will switch the equalization process into the second stage. In the second convergence stage, the MCMA with multiple modulus, called the generalized MCMA (GMCMA) method and the DD LMS-like method, is applied to reduce the mean square error (MSE) further. On the cable channel with the 256/1024QAM schemes, the proposed algorithm performs faster convergence speed than the previous well-know blind methods do. Simultaneously, the proposed algorithm also provides better MSE performance than the other methods at the same signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
[Post-prandial plasma glucose test as screening tool for gestational diabetes: A prospective randomized trial].

OBJECTIVE To compare one hour postprandial glucose measurements with the one hour 50gm plasma glucose test as predictors of gestational diabetes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS One hundred women at 24-28 weeks' gestation were prospectively randomized for both screening methods: one hour postprandial and one hour 50gm plasma glucose test with a one-week-interval between tests. A week later a formal 2-hour 75gm glucose tolerance test was done in each case. RESULTS Of the 95 patients who completed the study 13 had gestational diabetes (13.6%). For a threshold of 7.1mmol/l the sensitivity of 1-hour postprandial plasma glucose screening test was 84.6% with a specificity of 87.8%. These values were respectively 84.6% and 81.7% for 1-hour 50 gm plasma glucose test screening test. A threshold of 7.7mmol/l yielded a sensitivity of 60.5% with a specificity of 91.4% for the 1-hour postprandial plasma glucose screening test (69.2% and 86.5% for 1-hour 50gm plasma glucose test) CONCLUSION In our study the 1-hour postprandial plasma glucose screening test was as effective as the 1-hour 50 gm plasma glucose test screening test for gestational diabetes.
The Opaque Nascent Starburst in NGC 1377: Spitzer SINGS Observations

We analyze extensive data on NGC 1377 from the Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey (SINGS). Within the category of nascent starbursts that we previously selected as having infrared-to-radio continuum ratios in large excess of the average and containing hot dust, NGC 1377 has the largest infrared excess yet measured. Optical imaging reveals a morphological distortion suggestive of a recent accretion event. Infrared spectroscopy reveals a compact and opaque source dominated by a hot, self-absorbed continuum (τ ~ 20 in the 10 μm silicate band). We provide physical evidence against nonstellar activity being the heating source. H II regions are detected through the single [Ne II] line, probing <1% of the ionizing radiation. Not only is the optical depth in different gas and dust phases very high, but >85% of ionizing photons are suppressed by dust. The only other detected emission features are molecular hydrogen lines, arguably excited mainly by shocks, besides photodissociation regions, and weak aromatic bands. The new observations support our interpretation in terms of an extremely young starburst (<1 Myr). More generally, galaxies deficient in radio synchrotron emission are likely observed within a few Myr of the onset of a starburst and after a long quiescence, prior to the replenishment of the interstellar medium with cosmic rays. The similar infrared-radio properties of NGC 1377 and some infrared-luminous galaxies suggest that NGC 1377 constitutes an archetype that will be useful to better understand starburst evolution. Although rare locally because observed in a brief evolutionary stage, nascent starbursts may represent a nonnegligible fraction of merger-induced starbursts that dominate deep infrared counts. Since they differ dramatically from usual starburst templates, they have important consequences for the interpretation of deep surveys.
Reexamining the Relative Agreement Model of Opinion Dynamics

We present a brief history of models of opinion dynamics in groups of agents, and summarise work from the creation of the Bounded Confidence model (Krause 2000; Hegselmann and Krause 2002) through to the more recent development of the Relative Agreement (RA) model (Deffuant et al. 2002; Deffuant 2006). In the RA model, randomly-selected pairs of agents interact, expressing their opinions and their confidence in those opinions; and each agent then updates their own opinion on the basis of the new information. The two seminal RA papers (Deffuant et al. 2002, Deffuant 2006), both published in JASSS, each present simulation results from the RA model that we have attempted to independently replicate. We have surveyed over 150 papers that cite Deffuant et al. 2002, yet have found no prior independent replications of the key empirical results for the RA model presented in the 2002 paper. We have each written a separate implementation of the RA model (one in Java, one in Python, both published in full as appendices to this paper) which we therefore believe to be the first independent replications of the RA model as published in the 2002 JASSS paper. We find that both our implementations of the RA model generate results that are in good agreement with each other, but both of which differ very significantly from those presented by Deffuant et al. Our results are presented along with an analysis and discussion where we argue from first principles that our results are more plausible than those published in the 2002 JASSS paper. We close with discussion of the relevance of this model, along with future applicability.
Automatic Radiographic Position Recognition from Image Frequency and Intensity

Purpose With the development of digital X-ray imaging and processing methods, the categorization and analysis of massive digital radiographic images need to be automatically finished. What is crucial in this processing is the automatic retrieval and recognition of radiographic position. To address these concerns, we developed an automatic method to identify a patient's position and body region using only frequency curve classification and gray matching. Methods Our new method is combined with frequency analysis and gray image matching. The radiographic position was determined from frequency similarity and amplitude classification. The body region recognition was performed by image matching in the whole-body phantom image with prior knowledge of templates. The whole-body phantom image was stitched by radiological images of different parts. Results The proposed method can automatically retrieve and recognize the radiographic position and body region using frequency and intensity information. It replaces 2D image retrieval with 1D frequency curve classification, with higher speed and accuracy up to 93.78%. Conclusion The proposed method is able to outperform the digital X-ray image's position recognition with a limited time cost and a simple algorithm. The frequency information of radiography can make image classification quicker and more accurate.
Cutting Edge: STAT6-Deficient Mice Have Enhanced Tumor Immunity to Primary and Metastatic Mammary Carcinoma1

STAT4 and STAT6 are essential for the development of CD4+ Th1 and Th2 development, respectively. Tumor immunologists have hypothesized that Th1 cells are critical in tumor immunity because they facilitate differentiation of CD8+ T cells, which are potent anti-tumor effectors. We have used STAT4−/− and STAT6−/− mice to test this hypothesis. BALB/c and knockout mice were challenged in the mammary gland with the highly malignant and spontaneously metastatic BALB/c-derived 4T1 mammary carcinoma. Primary tumor growth and metastatic disease are reduced in STAT6−/− mice relative to BALB/c and STAT4−/− mice. Ab depletions demonstrate that the effect is mediated by CD8+ T cells, and immunized STAT6−/− mice have higher levels of 4T1-specific CTL than BALB/c or STAT4−/− mice. Surprisingly, Th1 or Th2 cells are not involved, because CD4 depletion does not diminish the anti-tumor effect. Therefore, deletion of the STAT6 gene facilitates development of potent anti-tumor immunity via a CD4+-independent pathway.
Mission Possible: Successful Careers in Adult Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology-What I Wish I Had Known in the First 5 Years After Fellowship.

From the *Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC; †Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; ‡Physicians Anesthesia Service, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA; §Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and ║Department of Anesthesiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX. Conflicts of Interest: None Financial Support: Institutional Address reprint requests to John G. T. Augoustides MD, FASE, FAHA, Professor, Cardiothoracic Section, Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Dulles 680, HUP, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 191044283. E-mail: yiandoc@hotmail.com © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1053-0770/2601-0001$36.00/0 http://dx.doi. org/10.1053/j.jvca. 2016.10. 013
Analysis of the impact of cross-border balancing arrangements for Northern Europe

This paper presents an agent-based analysis of the impact of different cross-border balancing arrangements on balancing market performance for the case of Northern Europe, i.e. the Netherlands, Germany and the Nordic region, taking into account the change in behaviour of Balance Responsible Parties (BRPs). The four compared arrangements are separate markets, Area Control Error (ACE) netting, balancing energy trading, and a common merit order list. It is found that ACE netting reduces the total Dutch imbalance costs by 25%, but that the more advanced arrangements have the potential to reduce those costs for the Netherlands and Germany by as much as 50%. However, in case of the common merit order list the imbalance risks for Nordic BRPs increase largely because of the regional marginal pricing, and the system balance states of Germany and the Nordic region are largely affected due to changes in BRP behaviour. The large imbalance costs reductions in Germany and the Netherlands are the result of the import of more than half of the balancing energy from the Nordic region, which is possible because of the high availability of cross-border capacity between the areas.