Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
In vitro and In vivo Assessment of the Pulmonary Toxicity of Cellulose

The lung‐damaging effect of intratracheally administered cellulose was studied by biochemical and histological methods. Cell count, protein, phospholipid, lactate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 1, 3 and 7 days after intratracheal instillation. Histological tests were performed after days 1, 3 and 30. In vitro, cellulose did not damage the macrophage cells. In vivo, interstitial oedema as well as the initial signs of inflammation could be detected in the lung after the first day. Inflammation after 1 week could be noted, partly interstitial and partly intra‐alveolar and intrabronchial. In the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, protein, lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, phospholipid and cell count were enhanced after days 1 and 3. After 1 month, the developing bronchioalveolitis is fibrous in character. Contrary to the in vivo study, cellulose did not damage rat peritoneal macrophages. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foreign institutional investors and security returns: evidence from Indian stock exchanges

India liberalized its financial markets by opening its doors to foreign institutional investors in September, 1992. We study this landmark event, by examining the impact of trading of Foreign Institutional Investors on the major stock indices of India. First, we find that unexpected flows have a greater impact than expected flows on stock indices. Second, we find strong evidence consistent with the base-broadening hypothesis. Third, we do not find any evidence that foreign institutional investors employ either momentum or contrarian strategies. Fourth, our findings support the price pressure hypothesis. Finally, the claim that foreigners’ destabilize the market is not substantiated. Keywords:
Minorities in Hospitality Management: The State of Diversity in Hospitality Education

There is a shortage of minorities in hospitality leadership positions. Minority employees mainly fill lower, hourly jobs in the hospitality industry. The literature identifies that the lack of a hospitality education degree may disqualify these employees from upper level management positions; however, few researchers have examined this phenomenon. The current study suggests that hospitality education programs are inadequately recruiting and retaining minority students who are qualified to fill leadership positions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate top hospitality programs’ current enrollment levels of minority students. Using the university academic ledgers of these top hospitality programs, enrollment data for minority students from 2007 to 2011 were examined. These data were then compared to the historical minority enrollment data of these same institutions. Findings indicate that the number of minorities enrolled in hospitality education is increasing but not in proportion to the number of minorities enrolled at the university. Theoretical and practical implications for both hospitality education and industry as well as future research directions are discussed.
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) promote neurorepair in the ischemic brain

Despite the fact that ischemic stroke has been considered a leading cause of mortality in the world, recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the ischemic injury and the treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients have led to a sharp decrease in the number of stroke deaths. However, this decrease in stroke mortality has also led to an increase in the number of patients that survive the acute ischemic injury with different degrees of disability. Unfortunately, to this date we do not have an effective therapeutic strategy to promote neurological recovery in these growing population of stroke survivors. Cerebral ischemia not only causes the destruction of a large number of axons and synapses but also activates endogenous mechanisms that promote the recovery of those neurons that survive its harmful effects. Here we review experimental evidence indicating that one of these mechanisms of repair is the binding of the serine proteinase urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) to its receptor (uPAR) in the growth cones of injured axons. Indeed, the binding of uPA to uPAR in the periphery of growth cones of injured axons induces the recruitment of β1-integrin to the plasma membrane, β1-integrin-mediated activation of the small Rho GTPase Rac1, and Rac1-induced axonal regeneration. Furthermore, we found that this process is modulated by the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1). The data reviewed here indicate that the uPA-uPAR-LRP1 system is a potential target for the development of therapeutic strategies to promote neurological recovery in acute ischemic stroke patients.
Transient regulation of transport by pericytes in venular microvessels via trapped microdomains

A phenomenon that has defied explanation for two decades is the time scale for transient reabsorption in the classic experiments of Michel and Phillips on individually perfused frog mesentery microvessels. One finds that transient reabsorption lasts <2 min before a new steady state of low filtration is established when the lumen pressure is abruptly dropped from a high to a low value. Our experiments in frog and rat venular microvessels under a variety of conditions revealed the same time trend for new steady states to be established as in Michel and Phillips' experiments. In contrast, one theoretically predicts herein that the time required for the tissue albumin concentration to increase to values for a new steady state to be achieved through reabsorption is in the order of several hours. In this paper we propose a new hypothesis and theoretical model for this rapid regulation, namely that pericytes covering the interendothelial cleft exits create small trapped microdomains outside the cleft exits which regulate this transient behavior. Our electron microscopy studies on rat mesenteric venular microvessels reveal an average pericyte coverage of ≈85%. The theoretical model based on this ultrastructural study predicts an equilibration time on the order of 1 min when the lumen pressure is abruptly lowered. The basic concept of a trapped microdomain can also be extended to microdomains in the interstitial space surrounding skeletal muscle capillaries.
Building Strong Banks Through Surveillance and Resolution

Since the mid-1990s, economic observers have kept a watchful eye on the financial sector because of its potential to spark economic crises. Banks in particular have come under close scrutiny. Building Strong Banks through Surveillance and Resolution offers guidance on setting up regulatory and supervisory regimes that can help to prevent crises, and on dealing with turmoil, should a crisis erupt. The book contains a collection of essays--drawn from practical experience--on a wide range of issues germane to bolstering the banking and financial sector, including developing adequate standards for loan classification, and provisioning and promoting deep and liquid money markets. The government's lender-of-last-resort function, resolution and recapitalization of failed banks, organizing an effective regulatory framework, and moral hazard are all covered in this volume, whose strong practical flavor grows out of the authors' close involvement with these issues.
Developing a Multidimensional, Equal-Weighted Scale of Brand Equity for the Smartphone Segment

The objective of this research is to perform a unique comparative analysis of the strength of top five brands in the smartphone segment. It also aims at providing a reliable and parsimonious quantitative alternative to qualitative approaches of understanding brand perception. The major challenge in this field is not only the definition of appropriate measures and their mutual relationships, but also the creation of measures that can be used across different product classes. In order to address these issues, we employed the Aaker’s Brand Equity Ten Model (Aaker 1996). This model defines ten dimensions that yield quantitative results across product classes. In addition, it allows for vertical specialization of dimensions, which can be useful in analyzing product-specific issues.The final results present the brand equity of each compared brand and their position in two ranking approaches, one based on equal-weighted average and another on a point based system. In both rankings, the brands’ positions, at the level of individual consumer level, remained unchanged. The iPhone brand led all 8 dimensions measured at the consumer level, followed by BlackBerry and Android (technically equalized), Nokia and Windows Mobile. The Brand Equity Ten demonstrated to be a relevant tool to measure brand strength, consistently track brand equity development and to gain useful insights on brand positioning.
Enabling Versus Controlling

We study the choice a firm makes between an employment mode, in which the firm controls service provision by employing professionals, sales representatives or other types of agents, and a platform mode, in which these agents take control over the provision of their services to customers. The choice of mode is determined by the need to balance two-sided moral hazard problems arising from investments that only the agents can make and investments that only the firm can make, while at the same time minimizing distortions in decisions that either party could control (e.g. promotion of agents’ services, training, equipment choices, and price setting). JEL classification: D4, L1, L5
Total disc replacement in the treatment of lumbar discogenic pain with disc herniation: a prospective clinical study.

BACKGROUND Biomechanical benefits of Total Disc Replacement (TDR) including both the restoration of normal segmental range of motion and the prevention of physiological lumbar lordosis encourage spine surgeons to perform TDR for lumbar disc disease. METHODS A total of twenty patients (mean age: 39.5) who had degenerative disc disease with unilateral disc herniation were operated on between 2003 and 2006. Microscopic anterior lumbar discectomy with TDR placement via a transperitoneal approach were performed. Each patient was evaluated using a VAS and the Oswestry index. RESULTS Mean ODI improved from 73.3 preoperatively to 35.0 and 20.4 at 3 and 12 months of follow-up respectively (P < 0.001). The mean VAS score improved from 8.65 preoperatively to 2.6 and 1.9 at 3 and 12 months respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Results from this series are promising and indicate that placement of TDR for degenerative disc disease with lumbar disc herniation is a valuable alternative to conventional techniques. The main advantages of this application are preservation of spinal stability, early mobilization, restoration of normal segmental range of motion and elimination of problems related to intervertebral disc tissue such as discogenic pain and recurrence of disc herniation.
Viral entry route determines how human plasmacytoid dendritic cells produce type I interferons

A population of dendritic cells can mount an antiviral response when exposed to virally infected cells or when infected themselves with RNA virus. Antiviral backup plan RNA viruses are sensed by two distinct pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that bind to RNA. The transmembrane Toll-like receptor TLR7 detects RNA-infected cells and viruses that are phagocytosed, whereas the cytosolic RIG-I–like receptor (RLR) detects viruses replicating within cells. Activation of either PRR leads to the production of type I interferons (IFNs), the main antiviral components of the immune system. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the main producers of type I IFN. Although these cells detect RNA viruses and infected cells through the TLR pathway, Bruni et al. found that infected pDCs also detected replicating RNA viruses in the cytosol through RLRs, suggesting that the PRR used to detect RNA viruses depends on their route of entry. RLR-mediated detection of viral RNA was inhibited by kinases that are thought to act solely downstream of TLR7, suggesting feedback between the two pathways. Together, these results may explain why patients with defective TLR7 signaling still exhibit antiviral responses. Although plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) represent a rare immune cell type, they are the most important source of type I interferons (IFNs) upon viral infection. Phagocytosed RNA viruses and RNA virus–infected cells are detected by pDCs with the endosomal pattern recognition receptor (PRR) toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7). We showed that replication of the yellow fever live vaccine YF-17D in human pDCs and pDC-like cell lines stimulated type I IFN production through RIG-I (retinoic acid–inducible gene I), a member of the RIG-I–like receptor (RLR) family of cytosolic PRRs. Thus, human pDCs sense replicative viral RNA. In contrast, direct contact between pDCs and YF-17D–infected cells stimulated a TLR7-dependent, viral replication–independent production of type I IFN. We also showed that the RLR pathway was dampened by the activities of interleukin-1 receptor–associated kinases 1 and 4 (IRAK1 and IRAK4), which are downstream effectors of the TLR7 pathway, suggesting that both kinases play opposing roles downstream of specific PRRs. Together, these data suggest that a virus can stimulate either TLR or RLR signaling in the same cell, depending on how its nucleic acid content is delivered.
Discriminating between essential thrombocythemia and masked polycythemia vera in JAK2 mutated patients

In patients not meeting the required hematocrit (HCT) or hemoglobin (Hb) thresholds according to BCSH and the WHO diagnostic criteria, the diagnosis of masked polycythemia vera (mPV) has been proposed. A comparison of HCT or Hb values with the expression of JAK2V617F, JAK2 exon 12, and CALR mutations in strictly WHO‐defined 257 overt PV and 140 mPV (59 mPV according to BCSH) and 397 patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) was performed. Hb and HCT thresholds of mPV patients were significantly higher than JAK2V617F ET (P < 0.0001). The best cut‐off for Hb to discriminate JAK2‐mutated ET from PV was 16.5 g/dL for males and 16.0 g/dL for females. For HCT, this was 49% in males and 48% in females. The proportion of patients correctly classified as ET or PV when regarding Hb or HCT levels was 95% in males and 93% in females and 94% in both males and females, respectively. Am. J. Hematol. 89:588–590, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Socially Responsible Investing: The Eco-Efficiency Premium Puzzle

There exists a widespread consensus among mainstream academics and investors that socially responsible investing (SRI) leads to inferior, rather than superior, portfolio performance. Using Innovest's well-established corporate eco-efficiency scores, we provide evidence to the contrary. We compose two equity portfolios that differ in eco-efficiency characteristics and find that our high-ranked portfolio provided substantially higher average returns compared to its low-ranked counterpart over the period 1995-2003. Using a wide range of performance attribution techniques to address common methodological concerns, we show that this performance differential cannot be explained by differences in market sensitivity, investment style, or industry-specific components. We finally investigate whether this eco-efficiency premium puzzle withstands the inclusion of transaction costs scenarios, and evaluate how excess returns can be earned in a practical setting via a best-in-class stock selection strategy. The results remain significant under all levels of transactions costs, thus suggesting that the incremental benefits of SRI can be substantial.
Thioguanine used in maintenance therapy of chronic myeloid leukaemia causes non‐cirrhotic portal hypertension. RESULTS FROM MRC CML II TRIAL COMPARING BUSULPHAN WITH BUSULPHAN AND THIOGUANINE

Summary Portal hypertension with varices developed in 18/675 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) in a randomized trial comparing busulphan with busulphan and thioguanine. All 18 had received the drug combination and none busulphan alone (P<0.0001). Ascites was also seen significantly more often in the combination arm (P>0.05). These results strongly suggest that the addition of thioguanine was responsible for the development of portal hypertension. The histological features were predominantly those of non‐cirrhotic portal hypertension—either idiopathic portal hypertension with minimal morphological abnormalities, nodular regenerative hyperplasia or in two cases leukaemic infiltration only was noted. Cirrhosis was present in 3/16 cases studied.
PENGARUH CORPORATE GOVERNANCE TERHADAP LUAS PENGUNGKAPAN TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL PERUSAHAANDI DALAM SUSTAINABILITY REPORT

The aim of this research is to examines the effects of certain Corporate Governance characteristics on the extent of corporate social responsibility disclosure in sustainability report. Disclosure of sustainability report by using the GRI indicators (Global Reporting Initiatives), which consists of six categories: economic, environmental, labor practices and decent work, human rights, society and product responsibility. The characteristics of Corporate Governance that was applied in this research are size of the Board of Commissioners, number of Board Commisssioner meetings, proportion of independent Commissioners, Audit Committee size, and number of Audit Committee meetings. The population of this research are listed companies in Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX). The selection of this sample using purposive sampling method, that are companies which publishing sustainability report. Based on purposive sampling method, total sample in this research are 16 companies and using poolled data method there are 35 observations. The analysis tool to test the hypothesis is multiple regression analysis by using SPSS 17.0. Results of this research indicate that Corporate Governance had no significant effect to sustainability disclosure. This research indicates that leverage variable had a negative significant effect to sustainability disclosure.
Does Information Traffic Matter to Accounting Information Usefulness? Evidence from Internet Search Data

Accounting information can generate economic and social welfare effects through its various impacts on the investor community and the function of the capital market. How to improve the usefulness of the information has long been one of the major concerns of accounting policy makers. This study initiates the concept of information traffic to capture investors’ online keyword information search frequency and explore whether such search frequency contains any ability to predict the usefulness of accounting information. The investigation of information traffic on 59 accounting and accounting-derived information items reveals that information items with more traffic (i.e., higher online users’ search frequency) are associated with higher observed usefulness. Further analysis yields results that indicate varying traffics associated with different information categories, which provides explanations for the cross-category variation in observed usefulness. The proposed integrated measure of information traffic and usefulness suggests an order in importance of the 10 information categories we investigate from standard setting’s point of view. Dynamics analysis of information traffic sheds light on the understanding of changes in investor information interest and need. This study suggests a new angle for accounting policy makers and researchers to understand and further improve the usefulness of accounting information.
Stealing from Thieves: Firm Governance and Performance when States are Predatory

We investigate how predatory government policies (expropriation, lack of property rights protection, corruption, crime) interact with managerial incentives in shaping firm governance structure. Our model shows that owners have lower incentives to encourage valuemaximization by managers if the government is likely to expropriate firm profits. This result emerges because it is more difficult for governments to seize firm profits that managers have already stolen and hidden from the owners. The model also demonstrates that the positive valuation effect of stronger firm governance is lower in states with more predatory governments. We test these predictions using several distinct data sets on firm governance and disclosure practices, and the business and financing obstacles firms face due to government intervention. The empirical results are consistent with the model's predictions. Specifically, we find that firms located in countries with more predatory governments practice weaker governance and disclose less information. Further, the previously documented positive relation between firm governance and firm performance is weaker or disappears altogether when governments pursue predatory policies. Finally, in countries with more predatory governments, firm-specific characteristics are less important in explaining variation in governance and firms have more similar governance structures.
Dopamine receptors, antipsychotic action and schizophrenia

benzodiazepines. However, these observations are theoretical rather than evidence based. It is noteworthy that many of Dr Silva's statements are not referenced. What clinical evidence is there that i.v. administration 'is associated with extra risk of adverse effects' or that only i.v. benzodiazepines (and presumably not other routes) 'can result in serious respiratory depression'? The i.v. route of administration is preferred by many clinicians in certain circumstances. Administration i.v. gives a rapid, easily evaluated response. Effective tranquillisation may be achieved in seconds rather than many minutes, as with i.m. administration. Moreover, the danger of accumulation is probably greater after i.m. administration because of the possibility of incomplete absorption. Successive doses may be given before previous doses have been completely absorbed, so causing inadvertent overdosing. We do not believe that either i.v. or i.m. administration should be prohibited. Certainly i.m. administration should be adequate for most situations, but the i.v. route should certainly be considered where a very rapid effect is required, or wherc im. administration has proved ineffective.
Brain lesions that produce delta waves in the EEG

Localized delta activity appears in cortex overlying a circumscribed white matter lesion. Less commonly, localized delta activity may result from a localized thalamic lesion. Unilateral diffuse delta activity appears on the side of thalamic or hypothalamic lesions. Bilateral delta activity results from bilateral lesions of the midbrain tegmentum. Localized lesions of the cerebral cortex, unilateral mesencephalic tegmental lesions, and vasogenic edema of the cerebral white matter do not produce delta activity. Marked edema of a cerebral hemisphere when no surgical decompression is provided may produce unilateral delta activity by pressure on or displacement of the brain stem or diencephalon.