Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Combination of primary tumor location and mismatch repair status guides adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II colon cancer

Background Current opinions on the benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer are divided and reformative election of these patients is required. We examined whether the primary tumor location based on mismatch repair status and other risk factors could better inform the current guideline. Materials and Methods A total of 673 consecutive patients with stage II colon cancer were included in the analysis. Differences in the common clinicopathological factors between left-sided colon cancer and right-sided colon cancer were analyzed using Fisher's exact analysis. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to distinguish the survival difference by primary tumor location and/or MMR status. Results RCC had a shorter overall survival (P = 0.001) and Disease-free survival (P = 0.050) than LCC but was associated with survival benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.001 and P = 0.011 for OS and DFS, respectively). Mismatch repair-proficient had a shorter OS (P = 0.036) and disease free survival (P = 0.034) than mismatch-repair deficient but chemotherapy improved the OS (P = 0.007). When the primary tumor location and MMR status were combined, the PMMR/RCC was the only subgroup that could benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002 for OS and DFS, respectively). Other tumors such as DMMR/RCC, DMMR/LCC, and PMMR/LCC did not benefit. Conclusions The observed survival benefits in PMMR/RCC patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy will allow better selection of patients for chemotherapy who are in stage II.
Changing the lactose permease of Escherichia coli into a galactose-specific symporter

N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) modification of a lactose permease mutant containing a single-Cys in place of Ala-122 (helix IV) abolishes active lactose transport. Moreover, lactose, melibiose, and β,d-galactopyranosyl 1-thio-β,d-galactopyranoside protect against NEM inactivation of lactose transport and/or alkylation of Cys-122 by [14C]NEM. Remarkably, however, d-galactose transport is relatively unaffected by NEM, and the monosaccharide affords no protection against NEM inactivation of lactose transport. Consistently, competitive inhibition of [14C]galactose transport by lactose, melibiose, or β,d-galactopyranosyl 1-thio-β,d-galactopyranoside is drastically reduced after NEM modification, whereas inhibition by unlabeled galactose is unaffected. The results indicate that alkylation of Cys-122 selectively inhibits binding and transport of disaccharides, whereas transport of the monosaccharide galactose remains largely unaffected. In addition, although the conservative mutation Ala-122 → Ser causes only mild inhibition of lactose transport, the mutations Ala-122 → Phe and Ala-122 → Tyr lead to marked inhibition. In contradistinction, none of these replacements has a marked effect on galactose transport. The results demonstrate that Ala-122 is a component of the ligand-binding site and provide a strong indication that the side chain at position 122 abuts on the nongalactosyl moiety of d-galactopyranosides. This is in contrast to Cys-148, a neighboring residue in helix V, that interacts with the hydrophobic face of the galactosyl moiety of d-galactopyranosides.
Hepatic uptake of intact glutathione S-conjugate, inhibition by organic anions, and sinusoidal catabolism.

To identify potential mechanisms for hepatic removal of circulating glutathione (GSH) conjugates, uptake and metabolism of S-2,4-dinitrophenylglutathione (DNP-SG) were examined in isolated perfused livers from rat and guinea pig. Guinea pig livers perfused with 5 mumol of DNP-SG in a recirculating system (50 microM initial concn) rapidly cleared the conjugate from the perfusate (half time 3.7 min), whereas clearance was considerably slower in rat liver (half time 35 min). Disappearance of DNP-SG from the perfusate was accompanied by a simultaneous appearance of DNP-SG and its metabolites in bile. Addition of acivicin, an inhibitor of gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT), to the perfusate resulted in a marked decrease in DNP-SG clearance by guinea pig liver but had no effect in rat liver, suggesting that in the guinea pig this process is largely dependent on sinusoidal gamma-GT activity. However, even in the presence of acivicin, rat and guinea pig livers removed nearly one-half of the administered DNP-SG from the recirculating perfusate over 30 min. High concentrations of DNP-SG were found in bile (up to 3.7 mM), indicating that the liver is capable of transporting the intact conjugate from the circulation. When rat livers were perfused with higher concentrations of DNP-SG (100 and 250 microM), biliary excretion of DNP-SG increased dose dependently, with concentrations in bile reaching 10 mM at the higher dose. This was accompanied by a dose-dependent choleresis. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Loss Aversion in Sequential Auctions: Endogenous Interdependence, Informational Externalities and the "Afternoon Effect"

Empirical evidence from sequential auctions shows that prices of identical goods tend to decline between rounds. In this paper, I show how expectations-based reference-dependent preferences and loss aversion can rationalize this phenomenon. I analyze two-round sealed-bid auctions with symmetric bidders having independent private values and unit demand. Equilibrium bids in the second round are history-dependent and subject to a "discouragement effect": the higher the winning bid in the first auction is, the less aggressive the behavior of the remaining bidders in the second auction. When choosing his strategy in the first round, however, a bidder conditions his bid on being pivotal and hence expects not to be discouraged. Equilibrium behavior, therefore, leads the winner of the first round to overestimate the bid of his highest opponent and hence the next-round price so that equilibrium prices decline. Moreover, sequential and simultaneous auctions are not bidder-payoff equivalent nor revenue equivalent.
The Impact of Social Diversity and Racial Attitudes on Social Welfare Policy

Students of race and politics in the U.S. have long asserted a relationship between the racial composition and public policies of states. A related but distinct line of research demonstrates a strong connection between white attitudes about the perceived recipients of social welfare spending—blacks and members of other minority groups—and support for these programs. This article bridges these lines of scholarship by asking how racial diversity shapes aggregate attitudes about minorities in the American states and how these opinions in turn influence welfare spending. Using public opinion data from the General Social Survey (1974–96), I find that diversity has a direct influence on welfare policy in the states, as well as an indirect influence through shaping majority-group racial attitudes. Diversity and racial attitudes are found to have these effects even when controlling for factors traditionally used to explain variation in state spending levels, such as party competition, lower class mobilization, ideology, and state capacity.
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica: Abnormalities of Fat Metabolism and Integumental Ultrastructures in Infants

• Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a rare disease of childhood, characterized by periorificial and perioral dermatitis, acrodermatitis, diarrhea, and alopecia. Two patients were successfully treated with diiodohydroxyquin (Diodoquin). Lipid concentrations disclosed abnormal distribution of fats that resembled those of less mature infants fed diets low in linoleic acid even though the patients were actually on diets with high linoleic acid levels. Fatty acid distribution showed increased levels of linoleic acid that correlated with clinical improvement in the patient who was more ill. Skin fatty acids showed decreased levels of linoleic acid. Electron micrographs and histochemical staining disclosed increased lipid droplets in epidermal cells. Linoleic acid and zinc may have a role in the origin of the disease, and measurement of both skin and serum linoleic acid is suggested in the evaluation of its progress. ( Arch Dermatol 112:653-660, 1976)
Has the potential for compensating poverty by women’s employment growth been depleted?

Although employment growth is propagated as being crucial to reduce poverty across OECD countries, the actual impact of employment growth on poverty rates is still unclear. This study presents novel estimates of the impact of macro-level trends in female labour force participation on trends in poverty, across 15 OECD countries from 1971 to 2013. It does so based on over 2 million household-level observations from the LIS Database, using Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions. This method allows for disentangling the impact of increasing women’s employment rates from other possible confounders driving poverty outcomes. The results indicate that an increase of 10 percentage points in the female labour force participation rate was associated with a reduction of 1 percentage point of poverty across these countries. The increase in women’s employment has had a significant impact on poverty trends. However, in the Nordic countries no such poverty reducing effect was found, as in these countries womens employment rates were very high and stable throughout the observation period. In countries that initially showed marked increases in women’s employment, such as the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Canada, and the United States, the initial increases in women’s employment rates were typically followed by a period in which these trends levelled off. Hence, our findings suggest that the potential of following an employment strategy to reduce poverty in OECD countries has, to a large extent, been depleted.
Event-Related Potentials During Recognition of Semantic and Pictorial Food Stimuli in Patients With Anorexia Nervosa and Healthy Controls With Varying Internal States of Hunger

Objective To elucidate maladaptive central processing of food cues during recognition tasks in anorexia nervosa (AN), while considering influences of nutritional preload and presentation modality (word versus picture). Methods Event-related potentials to food-related word and pictorial stimuli were assessed during recognition tasks in 16 patients with AN, 16 control participants with food intake before the study, and 16 control participants with a fasting period before the study. Results Patients with AN showed a P3b amplitude reduction especially at the midline parietal site compared with satiated controls (5.7 [standard deviation = 3.3] versus 8.7 [3.1] &mgr;V, p < .03). Subtle recognition deficits in patients with AN were indicated by smaller “old/new” effects compared with satiated (p = .049) and fasting controls (p < .003) for pictorial stimuli. Hunger-modulated enhanced old/new effects for food pictures compared with neutral pictorial stimuli could be observed in fasting controls only (2.7 [2.6] versus 0.8 [2.2] &mgr;V, p < .01). Conclusions The presented data provide evidence for a midline parietal P3b amplitude reduction in patients with AN, which might point to reduced network activation in AN even during satiety. Observed subtle recognition deficits either represent a stable trait characteristic or a “scar” effect of chronic starvation that may play a role in the development and/or persistence of the disorder.
The Utility of High-Fidelity Simulation for Training Critical Care Fellows in the Management of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Emergencies: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective: Although extracorporeal membrane oxygenation volume has increased, proficiency in the technology requires extensive training. We compared traditional water-drill–based extracorporeal membrane oxygenation training with simulation-based extracorporeal membrane oxygenation training with the hypothesis that simulation-based training is superior. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Academic medical center. Subjects: Pulmonary/critical care fellows. Interventions: Participants had a preintervention simulated extracorporeal membrane oxygenation emergency (Sim1—recirculation) then randomized into simulation and traditional groups. Each group participated in three teaching scenarios, via high-fidelity simulation or via water-drills. After 6 weeks and after 1 year, participants returned for two simulated extracorporeal membrane oxygenation emergencies (Sim2—pump failure and Sim3—access insufficiency). Sim2 was a case encountered during teaching, whereas Sim3 was novel. A critical action, necessary for resolution of each scenario, was preidentified for timing. Measurements and Main Results: Primary outcome was time required to perform critical actions. Twenty-one fellows participated in the study (simulation, 10; traditional, 11). Groups had similar scenario scores (p = 0.4) and times to critical action (p = 0.8) on Sim1. At 6 weeks, both groups had similar scenario scores on Sim2 (p = 0.5), but the simulation group scored higher on Sim3 (p = 0.03). Times to critical actions were shorter in the simulation group during Sim2 (127 vs 174 s, p = 0.004) and Sim3 (159 vs 300 s; p = 0.04). These findings persisted at 1 year. Conclusions: In novice critical care fellows, simulation-based extracorporeal membrane oxygenation training is superior to traditional training. Benefits transfer to novel scenarios and are maintained over the long term. Further studies evaluating the utility of simulation in other learner groups and for maintenance of proficiency are required.
Age Differences in Tornado Warning Responses and Emotions

Empowering tornado-prone community residents to effectively prepare for and respond to tornado warnings is a significant challenge for public safety. Although several studies have investigated participant knowledge, response intentions and behavior to different warnings, few studies have evaluated actual responses to tornado warnings from a sufficiently large sample to reveal the greatest challenges and opportunities for increasing compliance. This study examined warning knowledge and tornado experiences of 30 college students and 30 older community residents in two tornado-prone states. Findings corroborated prior research but also highlighted the need to understand how information gathering supports individual judgments of warning relevance at specific times and locations. We also found age differences in the type of information utilized to make these judgments, highlighting the need for focused community education and communication. Analysis of tornado aftermath emotional experiences particularly supports the NWS’s proposal to exploit disaster aftermath priming to increase compliance.
Intraoperative lactate measurements are not predictive of death in high risk surgical patients.

OBJECTIVES An increased lactate level is classically considered a marker for poorer prognosis, however little information is available on intraoperative lactate's kinetics and its connection with prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the time when perioperative lactate is most relevant for prognosis. METHODS This was an observational prospective study conducted in a tertiary hospital. Patients with requested intensive care unit postoperative stay, aged > 18 years, undergoing major surgery were included. Palliative surgery patients and those with heart and/or severe liver failure were excluded. Arterial lactate levels were measured immediately before the surgery start (T0), after anesthesia induction (T1), 3 hours after the surgery start (T2), intensive care unit admission (T3) and 6 hours after the intensive care unit admission (T4). RESULTS Sixty seven patients were included. The mean lactate values for the patients' T0, T1, T2 and T4 were 1.5 ± 0.8 mmol/L, 1.5 ± 0.7 mmol/L, 1.8 ± 1.2 mmol/L, 2.7 ± 1.7 mmol/L and 3.1 ± 2.0 mmol/L, respectively. The hospital mortality rate was 25.8%, and surviving and non-surviving patients lactate values in the intensive care unit were 2.5 ± 1. and 4.8 ± 2.8 mmol/L (P < 0.0001), respectively. The other times measurements showed no statistically significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSIONS In surgical patients, intraoperative arterial lactate levels failed to show a predictive value; however during the postoperative period, this assessment was shown to be useful for hospital mortality prediction.
EFFECTS OF IMPROVED BLOOD GLUCOSE ON INSULIN‐INDUCED HYPOGLYCAEMIA, TRH, GnRH AND EXERCISE TESTS IN INSULIN‐DEPENDENT DIABETES

In order to evaluate effects of metabolic control on pituitary function in insulin‐dependent diabetes exercise, hypoglycaemia (insulin tolerance test), thyrotrophin releasing hormone and gonadotrophin releasing hormone, tests were performed on 25 patients before (Study 1) and after 2 weeks of improved metabolic control (Study 2). Patients were sub‐divided into C‐peptide negative (CpN, 10 patients with no residual C‐peptide secretion) and C‐peptide positive (CpP, 15 patients with residual beta‐cell function) groups for analysis of results. Exercise induced higher growth hormone responses in CpN patients independent of metabolic control (P < 0.001). Thyrotrophin releasing hormone induced higher growth hormone responses in CpN patients; this response was threefold greater after improved control (P < 0.005). Growth hormone and cortisol response to hypoglycaemia and thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin secretion in response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone were unaffected by residual beta‐cell function or metabolic control. Luteinizing hormone response to gonadotrophin releasing hormone in CpN patients was impaired and lower after improved control (P < 0.002). The results indicate an association between residual pancreatic insulin secretory and hypothalamic/pituitary function, possibly reflecting central neurosecretion of insulin.
Induction to delivery interval using transcervical Foley catheter plus oxytocin and vaginal misoprostol: A comparative study at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria

Background: Induction of labor (IOL) is an artificial initiation of labor before its spontaneous onset for the purpose of delivery of the fetoplacental unit. Many factors are associated with its success in postdatism. Objective: To compare the induction delivery intervals using transcervical Foley catheter plus oxytocin and vaginal misoprostol, and to identify the factors associated with successful induction among postdate singleton multiparae. Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective randomized controlled trial of singleton multiparous pregnant women. They were randomized into two groups, one group for intravaginal misoprostol and the other group for transcervical Foley catheter insertion as a method of cervical ripening and IOL. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 17 computer software (SPSS Inc., IL, Chicago, USA). Comparisons of categorical variables were done using Chi-squared test, with P < 0.05 considered as significant. Student's t-test was used for continuous variables. Results: The incidence of postdatism was found to be 136 (13.1%). The mean induction delivery time interval was shorter in the misoprostol group 70 (5.54 ± 1.8 h) than in the Foley catheter oxytocin infusion group 66 (6.65 ± 1.7 h) (P = 0.035). There was, however, no statistically significant difference in the maternal and neonatal outcomes when these two agents were used for cervical ripening and IOL. Higher parity and higher Bishop's score were the factors found to be associated with high success rate of IOL (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Vaginal misoprostol resulted in shorter induction delivery time interval as compared to transcervical Foley catheter. High parity and high Bishop's scores were the factors found to be associated with the success of IOL.
Secrecy Analysis in Wireless Network With Passive Eavesdroppers by Using Partial Cooperation

This paper proposes a new location-based multicasting technique, for dual phase amplify-and-forward (AF) large networks, aiming to improve the security in the presence of non-colluding passive eavesdroppers. These eavesdroppers could also be part of this cooperative network as relays. In order to reduce the impact of these eavesdroppers on the network security, we propose a new transmission strategy where, for the first hop of each transmission time, while the destination is jamming, the source randomly chooses a different subset <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$</tex-math></inline-formula> of the total <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T$</tex-math></inline-formula> relays, to transmit its message toward the destination. For practical implementation, sectoral transmission can be achieved with analog beamforming at the source's side. In the second hop, using the distributed beamforming technique, the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$</tex-math></inline-formula> AF relays retransmit the received signal to the destination. We analytically demonstrated that the proposed technique decreases the probability of choosing the same sector that has certain eavesdroppers again, for each transmission time, to <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K/T$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Moreover, we also show that the secrecy capacity scaling of our technique is still the same as for broadcasting. Hereafter, the lower and upper bounds of the secrecy outage probability are calculated, and it is shown that the security performance is remarkably enhanced, compared to conventional multicasting technique.
Saliva Levels of Oestradiol and Progesterone in Relation to Non-Protein-Bound Concentrations in Blood During Late Pregnancy

Serum and saliva samples were obtained from 25 women in the last eight weeks of pregnancy. The concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay. The proportion of each hormone which was not bound to protein in serum was measured by centrifugal ultrafiltration: for progesterone the unbound fraction was 2.5% (2.13--2.78%) and for oestradiol 1.27% (1--1.83%). There was only a weak relationship between the free hormone concentrations estimated in blood and the levels measured in saliva. We conclude that, for the situation examined here, saliva does not provide a useful measure of unbound, biologically active steroid.
Reference Values for Echocardiography in Middle‐Aged Population: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

Population and sex‐specific reference limits produced with modern ultrasound equipment are needed for accurate clinical echocardiography diagnostics. We report a comprehensive set of reference limits of cardiac function and dimensions in a group of young and middle‐aged Finnish men and women produced by the recommendations of European Society of Echocardiography and American Society of Cardiology.
ections on the Histopathology of Tumor-In fi ltrating Lymphocytes in Melanoma and the Host Immune Response

In the past five decades, the role for lymphocytes in host immune response to tumors has been shown, at least in some patients, to be a critical component in disease prognosis. Also, the heterogeneity of lymphocytes has been documented, including the existence of regulatory T cells that suppress the immune response. As the functions of lymphocytes have become better defined in terms of antitumor immunity, specific targets on lymphocytes have been uncovered. The appreciation of the role of immune checkpoints has also led to therapeutic approaches that illustrate the effectiveness of blocking negative regulators of the antitumor immune response. In this Masters of Immunology article, we trace the evolution of our understanding of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and discuss their role in melanoma prognosis from the very basic observation of their existence to the latest manipulation of their functions with the result of improvement of the host response against the tumor. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(8);