Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From Torino to Tychy: The Limits of Offshoring in the Car Industry

This paper estimates the role of country/variety comparative advantage in the decision to offshore assembly of nearly 2000 models of 184 car brands headquartered in 25 countries. While offshoring in the car industry has risen from 2000 to 2013, the top five offshoring brands account for the majority of car assembly relocated to low wage countries. We show that the decision to offshore a particular car model depends on two types of cost (dis)advantage of the home country relative to foreign locations. The first type, the component of assembly costs common to all models, is estimated via a structural triadic gravity equation. The second effect, model-level comparative advantage, is an interaction between proxies for the modelâ€™s skill and capital intensity and the factor abundance of the headquarters country.
Tracking Retail Investor Activity

We provide an easy method to identify purchases and sales initiated by retail investors using recent, widely available U.S. equity transactions data. Individual stocks with net buying by retail investors outperform stocks with negative imbalances by approximately 10 basis points over the following week. Less than half of the predictive power of marketable retail order imbalances is attributable to order flow persistence; contrarian trading (a proxy for liquidity provision) and public news sentiment explain little of the remaining predictability. There is suggestive (but only suggestive) evidence that retail marketable orders contain firm-level information that is not yet incorporated into prices.
IL‐10 expression in pyramidal neurons after neuropathogenic coronaviral infection

The apoptosis of pyramidal neurons in CA2 and CA3 subregions of the hippocampus is induced after infection with Mu‐3 virus (Mu‐3), a neuropathogenic strain of the JHM virus (JHMV), at 4–5 days post‐inoculation (dpi). The viral antigens in the hippocampus are mainly found in the CD11b‐positive cells distributed in the stratum oriens located outside the pyramidal layer, and only a few pyramidal neurons are infected. Furthermore, the apoptotic cells, indicated as showing caspase 3 (Cas3) activation, consist of a high number of uninfected cells. Therefore, it is considered that the apoptotic lesions occur through the indirect effects of infection, and not as a result of direct infection with Mu‐3, similar to the reported neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus after other types of infection. The apoptosis in the pyramidal neurons is accompanied by various types of proinflammatory cytokines depending on the causative agents. Thus, the local expression of proinflammatory cytokines was studied, revealing no correlation in the distribution of cytokine expression with the subregions showing apoptosis. However, the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 was produced by pyramidal neurons of CA2 and CA3 at 3 dpi when there is no destructive change or viral invasion in the hippocampus.
Relating Leverage to Banking Market Structure: The Case of Railroads in Antebellum America

RELATING LEVERAGE TO BANKING MARKET STRUCTURE: THE CASE OF RAILROADS IN ANTEBELLUM AMERICA by Nathan Andrew Klyn The free-banking era provides a unique time period to study bank market structure. Using data from historical maps and the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research Censuses of the United States, I build upon previous research to investigate the relationship between railroads and antebellum banks from 1854-60. I first use simple ordinary least squares models to estimate the equilibrium relationships between railroads and balance sheet composition. I then estimate an endogenous market structure model that relates railroads to unobserved bank profitability through the number of observed banks. I find that railroads increased bank lending but reduced bank leverage (as related to banknotes), suggesting that railroads caused banks to shift their business emphases. My results further indicate that railroads had a net negative effect on banking profitability. I conclude that reduced bank leverage, as opposed to increased banking activity through lending, increased antebellum bank stability. Relating Leverage to Banking Market Structure: The Case of Railroads in Antebellum America
Practical applications of viral fitness in clinical practice

Purpose of review To review recent clinical data regarding viral fitness and its potential utility in clinical practice. Therapeutic failure of antiretroviral regimens is often due to the development of drug resistance. The viral loads achieved by these drug-resistant variants frequently remain suppressed below pretreatment levels. Furthermore, many patients with virologic failure continue to maintain stable CD4 counts and remain clinically well. One possible explanation for these observations is that the resistant virus that emerges during failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy is less fit than its wild-type counterpart as a result of the requirement to maintain resistance mutations that allow it to replicate in the presence of antiretroviral drugs. Since there are many patients with limited treatment options due to extensive resistance or drug toxicities, or both, there is intense interest in exploring the possibility that viral fitness can be exploited for clinical benefit. This review describes the assays that are used to measure fitness and replication capacity, and investigations of their utility in clinical practice. Recent findings A number of methods have been developed to measure viral fitness. Replication kinetic and competitive culture assays are accurate, but labour and time intensive. The availability of a rapid, single-cycle recombinant assay that measures viral replication capacity presents the possibility that assessments of viral fitness could be incorporated into clinical management. The replication capacity assay appears to correlate with more standard measures of viral fitness, and recently accumulated data in both wild-type and drug resistant viral populations suggest that replication capacity describes an intrinsic characteristic of HIV-1. A number of investigations of the clinical utility of fitness and replication capacity assays have established correlations between these measurements and virologic and immunologic outcomes. Summary Much progress has been made in the past year in our understanding of viral fitness and replication capacity. Assays that measure these viral characteristics have the potential to expand the range of clinical strategies employed against HIV-1. Further investigations are needed to firmly establish the clinical utility of these assays.
Strengthening stakeholder involvement in health workforce governance: why we need to talk about power

There is now widespread agreement on the benefits of an integrated, people-centred health workforce, but the implementation of new models is difficult. We argue that we need to think about stakeholders and power, if we want to ensure change in the health workforce. We discuss these issues from a governance perspective and suggest a critical approach to stakeholder involvement as an indicator of good governance. Three models of involving stakeholders in health workforce governance can be identified: corporatist professional involvement either in a continental European model of conservative corporatism or in a Nordic model of public corporatism; managerialist and market-centred involvement of professions as organizational agents; and a more inclusive, network-based involvement of plural professional experts at different levels of governance. The power relations embedded in these models of stakeholder involvement have different effects on capacity building for an integrated health workforce.
Financial Management, Corporate Governance andRisk Management: A Feminist Perspective Using an Optimisation Approach

In recent years, the issue of effective corporate governance has attracted much attention, especially to promote an ethical business environment to ensure corporate accountability and integrity. In the academic sphere, the mainstream research on corporate governance and ethics has been performed using various ethics theories based on the premise of conflict of interest. This thesis uses a feminist perspective to analyse the corporate governance practices at BHP Billiton using the lens of the feminist ethics of care, as well as projecting the financial condition of the company using the same principles.
Production Cost of Functional Restructured Spent Hen Meat Blocks Developed by Using Different Binders and Extenders

The present study was envisaged to determine the production cost of functional restructured spent hen meat blocks prepared by utilizing different binders and extenders viz. potato, texturized soy protein (TSP), barley flour, oat meal and WPC. The production cost of functional restructured spent hen meat blocks was estimated and compared with control. The production cost of the restructured spent hen meat blocks was determined by adding the costs of the raw materials, depreciation cost of machineries, electricity cost, maintenance cost, labor cost and packaging cost. It was found that the production cost of functional restructured spent hen meat blocks was reduced by Rs. 48.38/Kg as compared to control and added value for both producer as well as consumer.
Temporal Assessment of the Impact of Exposure to Cow Feces in Two Watersheds by Multiple Host-Specific PCR Assays

ABSTRACT Exposure to feces in two watersheds with different management histories was assessed by tracking cattle feces bacterial populations using multiple host-specific PCR assays. In addition, environmental factors affecting the occurrence of these markers were identified. Each assay was performed using DNA extracts from water and sediment samples collected from a watershed directly impacted by cattle fecal pollution (WS1) and from a watershed impacted only through runoff (WS2). In WS1, the ruminant-specific Bacteroidales 16S rRNA gene marker CF128F was detected in 65% of the water samples, while the non-16S rRNA gene markers Bac1, Bac2, and Bac5 were found in 32 to 37% of the water samples. In contrast, all source-specific markers were detected in less than 6% of the water samples from WS2. Binary logistic regressions (BLRs) revealed that the occurrence of Bac32F and CF128F was significantly correlated with season as a temporal factor and watershed as a site factor. BLRs also indicated that the dynamics of fecal-source-tracking markers correlated with the density of a traditional fecal indicator (P < 0.001). Overall, our results suggest that a combination of 16S rRNA gene and non-16S rRNA gene markers provides a higher level of confidence for tracking unknown sources of fecal pollution in environmental samples. This study also provided practical insights for implementation of microbial source-tracking practices to determine sources of fecal pollution and the influence of environmental variables on the occurrence of source-specific markers.
Effects of Externalities and Flow on Perceived Usefulness, Satisfaction, and Loyalty in Mobile Instant Messaging Promotion

At its introduction, instant messaging (IM) was predicted to facilitate communication between businesses and customers. Growing numbers of smartphones coupled with internet penetration then led to the development of mobile instant messaging (MIM). Some MIM provides a feature for businesses to communicate to customers, which enables businesses to send promotions and information directly to customers. For this to be effective, loyalty is crucial for continued MIM use, especially MIM that can be used as a promotional tool, or mobile instant messaging promotion (MIMP). This study focuses on the factors that affect loyalty and satisfaction in MIMP. The results suggest that loyalty is affected by satisfaction and perceived usefulness, satisfaction by perceived enjoyment and attention focus, and perceived usefulness by referent network size and attention focus. MIMP should increase the user referent network size by offering rewards for inviting contacts. Perceived enjoyment and attention focus can be strengthened by enhancing the user experience and offering additional features.
Investigation of anthropometric and work-rate profiles of Rugby Sevens players.

BACKGROUND To describe anthropometric and match performance profiles of international Rugby Sevens players and explore correlations between anthropometric characteristics and work-rates in matches. METHODS Profiles were compared by means of multivariate analysis and correlation techniques. SETTINGS measurements were made on players participating in the 1996 International Rugby Sevens tournament in Uruguay. SUBJECTS Thirty male players. MEASURES work-rate analysis during matches (n = 30) and a comprehensive anthropometry profile of 27 of the 30 players. RESULTS Forwards had more mass (whole-body, adipose tissue, muscle) than backs, jogged more frequently and paused more often. High intensity activity was negatively correlated with muscle mass and with mesomorphy. CONCLUSIONS Anthropometric features are related to components of match play in Rugby Sevens but do not necessarily determine whether a game is won or lost.
Do School Ties between Auditors and Client Executives Influence Audit Outcomes?

We identify connected auditors as those who attended the same university as the executives of their clients. Using manually collected data from China, we find that connected auditors are more likely to issue favorable audit opinions, especially for financially distressed clients. Moreover, companies audited by connected auditors report significantly higher discretionary accruals, are more likely to subsequently restate earnings downward, and have lower earnings response coefficients. Lastly, connected auditors earn higher audit fees. Collectively, our evidence suggests the impairment of audit quality when auditors and client executives have school ties and the presence of social reciprocity derived from school ties.
The development of Waqf accounting in enhancing accountability

The resurgence of waqf institutions creates the need to establish good accounting system for these institutions. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the needs for developing accounting standards and Statement of Recommended Practice for Charity (SORP) based on the AAOIFI (Accounting and Auditing of Islamic Financial Institutions) framework. The purpose of waqf is to provide recurring charity that generates continuous income flow to the needy. Waqf accounting may improve transparency and enhance accountability of waqf institutions in Malaysia. The absence of guidelines or standards on accounting for waqf triggers the interest to examine the relevance of waqf accounting so that transparency and accountability of waqf institutions could be assured. Thus, it is suggested that accounting is a useful means to discharge mutawalli’s (trustee) accountability in waqf administration and management. Further study should be undertaken to propose the appropriate accounting standards for waqf institutions.
Stepping on a Rake: Replication and Diagnosis

This paper replicates Sims (2011) “stepping on a rake” model. It derives the model, shows how to solve it, offers some extensions, and boils the paper down to its central ingredient. Sims’ article is important: it is a simple modern economic model that produces a temporary decline in inflation when the central bank persistently raises interest rates. Inflation then rises. The model’s essential feature is long term debt. When interest rates increase, the nominal market value of long-term government debt falls. If fiscal surpluses are unchanged, the price level must fall so that the real value of government debt matches the unchanged real present value of surpluses. The model offers a unified treatment of interest rate targets, quantitative easing and forward guidance that works even in a frictionless setup.
Risk Management in Public Sector: A Literature Review

Public sector today faces a variety of complex and challenging events, and adequate measures are required in order to ensure that the perceived public value is maintained at certain levels. There is a treasure of literature available for the theory of risk and risk management in private sector, mainly with focus in financial and banking sector. Nonetheless, there is a gap in the literature regarding risk management in public sector. There is no well-established theoretical background of strategic risk management in public sector and most of the available literature focus only on the risk estimation and fail to further contribute to how these estimations can be introduced to the decision-making process within public authorities. For this reasons, this paper aims to present a review of the most sound literature on risk management in public sector and a special focus will be given to the identification of current literature gaps and possible future research areas.
Women’s Experiences of Their Violent Behavior in an Intimate Partner Relationship

The purpose of this study was to describe women’s perceptions of their violent behavior in a heterosexual partnership. The study followed the traditions of Husserlian descriptive phenomenology and the philosophy of existential phenomenology. Twenty-four volunteer Finnish women, aged 19 to 58 years, with a history of different manifestations of intimate partner violence (IPV) participated in open-ended interviews. The data were analyzed by the method developed by Colaizzi. The findings revealed that some of the women who opposed all violence on ethical grounds did not label their behavior as violent; some others minimized or justified their violent behavior. The findings offer professional insight into women’s violent behavior and call for a readjustment in approaches to work in the area. Prevention and early identification of IPV require knowledge of the various manifestations and individual meanings of violence. Helping methods should provide women with the opportunity to talk about their abusive behavior and to confront and address their feelings of guilt, disappointment, and shame.
Allograft prolongation with synthetic progestins.

Experimental evidence that medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPG) prolongs survival of rabbit skin allografts and the survival of dogs with renal allografts has been reported previously. Reviewed in this study are additional experience with MPG and evaluation of melengestrol acetate (MGA), a more potent progestin. Skin grafts were exchanged between New Zealand white and California rabbits of both sexes. Recipients were treated with intramuscular injections of MPG, 50 mg/ml; MGA, 50 mg/ml; estradiol cypionate, 2 mg/ml; horse antirabbit thymocyte globulin (ALG); or combinations of these agents. MPG or MGA significantly prolonged survival of rabbit skin allografts. Large doses of MPG also prolonged survival of dogs with renal allografts, but MGA did not. Rabbit skin allografts survival was further enhanced when MPG was combined with estradiol or when suboptimal doses of MPG and MGA were combined with a suboptimal dose of ALG. When MPG or MGA were combined with azathioprine, a marked prolongation on survival of dogs with renal allografts was observed. In a preliminary trial of MPG in humans with intrafamilial renal transplants, chronic slow rejection was not halted by addition of MPG to the immunosuppressive regimen. In patients whose renal function was stable at the time of initiation of MPG therapy, prednisone dosage could be lowered to an average of 37% of the previous dose and the patient's Cushingoid appearance or aseptic necrosis of the hips either did not progress or improved.
A Model for Educational Simulation of Hemodynamic Transitions at Birth

Birth is characterized by swift and complex transitions in hemodynamic and respiratory variables. Unrecognized pathologies or incidents may quickly become fatal or cause permanent damage. This article introduces an essential component of an acute perinatal care simulator, namely a model for educational simulation of normal hemodynamic transitions seen during and shortly after birth. We explicitly formulate educational objectives and adapt a preexisting model for the simulation of neonatal cardiovascular physiology to include essential aspects of fetal hemodynamics. From the scientific literature, we obtain model parameters that characterize these aspects quantitatively. The fetal model is controlled by a time- and event-based script of changes occurring at birth, such as onset of breathing and cord clamping, and the transitory phase up to 24 h after birth. Comparison of simulation results with published target data confirms that realistic simulated hemodynamic vital signs are achieved.
Social Capital and Labor Market Networks

We explore the links between social capital and labor market networks at the neighborhood level. We harness rich data taken from multiple sources, including matched employer-employee data with which we measure the strength of labor market networks, data on behavior such as voting patterns that have previously been tied to social capital, and new data – not previously used in the study of social capital – on the number and location of non-profit sector establishments at the neighborhood level. We use a machine learning algorithm to identify important potential social capital measures that best predict neighborhood-level variation in labor market networks. We find evidence suggesting that smaller and less centralized schools, and schools with fewer poor students, foster social capital that builds labor market networks, as does a larger Republican vote share. The presence of establishments in a number of non-profit oriented industries are identified as predictive of strong labor market networks, likely because they either provide public goods or facilitate social contacts. These industries include, for example, churches and other religious institutions, police departments, fire and rescue services including volunteer fire departments, country clubs, mayors’ offices, chamber music groups, hobby clubs, and museums.
A Memory Clinic at a Geriatric Hospital: A Report on 577 Patients Assessed with the CAMDEX Over 9 Years

Objective: To report 9 years’ experience of an Australian memory clinic using the Cambridge Mental Disorders in the Elderly Examination (CAMDEX) assessment schedule, summarizing patient demographics, diagnoses at presentation and the utility of four instruments used in distinguishing patients with and without dementia. Methods: All patients seen at the clinic between December 1989 and September 1998 were assessed using the CAMDEX. Diagnoses were determined according to criteria of the International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition (ICD-10). Results: The mean age of 577 patients seen was 72.9 years and 60.8% were female. Over 40% fulfilled ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for dementia in Alzheimer's disease. A further 24% had another dementing illness. Only 28 patients were ‘normal’. There was no significant difference in the ability of the 107-item Cambridge cognitive examination, the 30-item mini-mental state examination, the 10-item abbreviated mental test score and the 26-item informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly to differentiate dementia patients from those who were normal or had functional psychiatric disorders. The four cognitive screening tools had high correlations with one another (r = −0.57 to 0.93). Conclusion: Patient demographics and diagnoses were similar to those found in other clinics. Most people who attended the memory clinic had significant cognitive or psychiatric disorders.