Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular chaperone Hsp110 rescues a vesicle transport defect produced by an ALS-associated mutant SOD1 protein in squid axoplasm

Mutant human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is associated with motor neuron toxicity and death in an inherited form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig disease). One aspect of toxicity in motor neurons involves diminished fast axonal transport, observed both in transgenic mice and, more recently, in axoplasm isolated from squid giant axons. The latter effect appears to be directly mediated by misfolded SOD1, whose addition activates phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and phosphorylation of kinesin. Here, we observe that several different oligomeric states of a fusion protein, comprising ALS-associated human G85R SOD1 joined with yellow fluorescent protein (G85R SOD1YFP), which produces ALS in transgenic mice, inhibited anterograde transport when added to squid axoplasm. Inhibition was blocked both by an apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1; MAPKKK) inhibitor and by a p38 inhibitor, indicating the transport defect is mediated through the MAPK cascade. In further incubations, we observed that addition of the mammalian molecular chaperone Hsc70, abundantly associated with G85R SOD1YFP in spinal cord of transgenic mice, exerted partial correction of the transport defect, associated with diminished phosphorylation of p38. Most striking, the addition of the molecular chaperone Hsp110, in a concentration substoichiometric to the mutant SOD1 protein, completely rescued both the transport defect and the phosphorylation of p38. Hsp110 has been demonstrated to act as a nucleotide exchange factor for Hsc70 and, more recently, to be able to cooperate with it to mediate protein disaggregation. We speculate that it can cooperate with endogenous squid Hsp(c)70 to mediate binding and/or disaggregation of mutant SOD1 protein, abrogating toxicity.
The Integrity of Corrupt States: Graft as an Informal State Institution

This article argues that corrupt practices such as bribery and embezzlement, which scholars have previously assumed to be evidence of the breakdown of the state, may reinforce the state's administrative hierarchies under certain conditions. Drawing on a cross-national analysis of 132 countries and a detailed examination of the informal institutions of official graft in Ukraine, the article finds that where graft is systematically tracked, monitored, and granted by state leaders as an informal payment in exchange for compliance, it provides both an added incentive to obey leaders' directives and the potent sanction of criminal prosecution in the event of disobedience. Where graft is informally institutionalized in this way, it provides the basis for state organizations that are effective at collecting taxes, maintaining public order, and repressing political opposition but that may undermine the development of liberal politics.
Cop Confidential: Police Supervision and Sub-Culture

6 CHAPTER I – WHAT’S TO COME 7 Understanding the World of the Police Sergeant 7 Study’s Approach to Understanding Police Supervision 8 A Note on Police Culture & Leaving the Flock 10 CHAPTER II – POLICE SUPERVISION-WHERE IT’S BEEN AND 12 WHERE IT’S AT Police Supervision in Context 12 Police Leadership, Management, and Bureaucracy 12 Law Enforcement and Bureaucracy 15 Policing, Bureaucracy, and the Military Myth 16 Police Management and the Individual 19 The Culture of Policing 25 On Organizational Separation and Bullshit 27 Police Agencies and Institutional Theory 29 The Senior Management of Law Enforcement 32 First-Line Supervisors and Subordinates 34 The First-Line Supervisor and the Community 36 First-Line Supervisors and Their Peers 38 The First-Line Supervisor and “Self as Cop” 39 Moral Claims and Leadership Models 40 A Backward Looking Glance and Moving Forward 44 CHAPTER THREE – HOW I DID RESEARCH 45 Interviewees-Description of the Sergeants 50 The Development of the Question 51 The Development of the Interviews 52 Hermeneutical Reinforcements 55 CHAPTER FOUR – WHAT WAS IN THERE 56 Foundations for Findings 56 The Response 56 Caring’s Cruel Edge 59 Caring and Bitching Upward 60 Working on the Street 62 Responsibility and Its Abdication 65 Peers in the Agency 67 Relationships with Senior Management 69 The Role of Policy 74 Community and the Supervisor 79 Summary of Findings 80 CHAPTER FIVE – THROUGH THE ANALYTICAL LENS 82 Self as Cop 83 Subordinates 85 The Idealized Supervisor 87 Of Attitude, Actions, and Accountability 87
Neural organization of the masseter muscle in the pig

The neural organization of the pig masseter, an architecturally and functionally compartmentalized muscle, was investigated by using dissection, glycogen depletion, evoked electromyography, and counts of axon numbers at various levels along the masseteric nerve. The masseteric nerve enters the muscle as two rostral branches, which also supply the zygomatico‐mandibularis, and a more caudal main branch, which soon divides into four terminal nerves with variable distributions. Stimulation of filaments containing roughly 50 extrafusal motor axons resulted in glycogen depletion of 5–20% of the muscle fibers in very small subvolumes of the masseter; the affected subvolumes were delimited by perimysium. Electromyography after stimulation of various branches of the nerve confirmed the distributions deduced from anatomy and further indicated that axons do not branch between the rostral and main nerve branches but may occasionally do so among the more distal terminal branches of the main branch. The proximal trunk of the masseteric nerve contains about 3,500 myelinated fibers with a bimodal size distribution. Approximately 1,000 of the larger fibers were estimated to be extrafusal motor axons. Along the proximal trunk of the nerve, fibers were constantly rearranged; coupled with the observation that the locations of motor unit territories were usually not related to the position of the stimulated axons within the nerve, this suggests that the nerve trunk is not strictly ordered somatotopically.
Customers’ Assessment of Destination Advertisements with Incomplete Information Interactions among Inferences, Attitudes, and Purchase Intentions

Potential visitors are often required to make judgments about destinations on the basis of limited or incomplete information. Since decision-making rules may change when information is missing, it is instrumental to understand how potential visitors respond to incomplete information. The present research explores how marketing communication containing incomplete information (in)directly affects consumers’ inferences, attitudes, and purchase intentions. The results have shown that when information is limited, consumers are unlikely to develop strong attitudes that will guide their purchase intentions. However, when exposed to the incomplete information, the involved consumers are likely to infer service quality by complementing the incompleteness with their own input, and hence they are likely to develop favorable intent toward the destination. Implications for destination advertising are discussed.
The employees' attitudes and their connections with the organisational culture in the process of change in the Estonian organisations

Purpose – Estonian companies have been in a continuous state of change for the past 15 years, and there is still a lot to be done to achieve welfare levels comparable with developed countries in the European Union. The crucial question is how to achieve employee commitment to organisational change. The aim of this research is to highlight employee attitudes toward organisational change and how organisational culture can influence these attitudes in a rapidly changing environment.Design/methodology/approach – A model showing the connections between organisational culture and employee attitudes in the organisational change process has been developed as the theoretical conceptual frame for the study. The empirical study was conducted by the authors in 26 Estonian organisations with 412 respondents. A tool for measuring employee attitudes in the process of organisational change and a questionnaire for measuring organisational culture were developed by the authors.Findings – Under the conditions of economic tr.
Education and Ethnicity in Canada: An Intergenerational Perspective

Ethnic and intergenerational aspects of human capital investment are explored. Levels of, and (cross-sectional) returns to, education across ethnic groups in Canada are estimated and large differences observed. For men, a positive correlation exists between ethnic group average years of education and its return. We also find large negative correlations between ethnic group average educational outcomes and the previous generation's fertility, suggesting a role for home production as a complement to formal education and supporting models of child quantity-quality trade-offs. Very slow intergenerational convergence in ethnic group level educational and labor market outcomes is also observed.
Neurogenic vasodilator control of rabbit ear blood flow.

Ear blood flow subserves thermoregulation in the rabbit. The purpose of this study was to determine if the increase in rabbit ear blood flow, in response to increases in internal temperature (Ti) of approximately 2 degrees C (38.0-40.0 degrees C), is due to an active vasodilation or a withdrawal of adrenergic vasoconstrictor activity. New Zealand White rabbits were chronically instrumented with a pulse Doppler flow probe on the central ear artery of the left and right ear for the measurement of ear blood flow velocity (EBF, kHz). Catheters were also positioned in one occipital artery for selective administration of an alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist to one ear, while the contralateral ear served as a control. During hyperthermia (H) (increase in rectal temperature) alpha 1-adrenergic blockade had no effect on the maximum EBF (5.95 +/- 0.87 before vs. 6.11 +/- 1.04 kHz after). However, alpha 1-adrenergic blockade increased resting EBF during normothermia from 0.18 +/- 0.04 to 1.23 +/- 0.27 kHz (P less than 0.05), suggesting that a decrease in alpha 1-adrenergic tone may account for approximately 20% of the increase in EBF during heating. The second protocol was designed to determine if blockade of the auricular nerve would alter EBF response to H. During maximum EBF during H, saline or procainamide was injected in the tissue surrounding the auricular nerve. Injection of procainamide decreased EBF from 5.99 +/- 0.87 to 0.48 +/- 0.19 kHz, while injection of saline had no effect on EBF of the contralateral ear (4.33 +/- 1.16 before vs. 3.97 +/- 1.04 kHz after). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
JOB SPRAWL AND THE SPATIAL MISMATCH BETWEEN BLACKS AND JOBS

blacks. ” ■ Metropolitan areas with higher levels of employment decentralization exhibit greater spatial mismatch between the relative locations of jobs and black residents. Detroit, for example, has one of the highest levels of job sprawl among the 102 largest metropolitan areas, and blacks are extremely physically isolated from jobs there. Conversely, Greenville, SC, and other southern and western metropolitan areas rank low on both job sprawl and spatial mismatch for blacks.
Enabling intrapreneurship: the case of a knowledge‐intensive industrial company

Purpose – The aim of the paper is to provide anunderstanding of the various factors that enable intrapreneurship inestablished firms. The paper reports on a case study of intrapreneurship in alarge knowledge-intensive industrial firm. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the existing literature, it issuggested that the use of different factors can either enable or inhibitintrapreneurship and five enabling factors that are identified. Based oninterviews, on-site observations and documents and reports the five factorswith a potential influence on intrapreneurship are examined and alternativefactors considered. Findings – The five enabling factors that are identified in the literatureare not sufficient to enable intrapreneurship in knowledge-intensive companies,and it is concluded that three additional factors enabling intrapreneurship inestablished firms should also be taken into account. Practical implications – The knowledge of what makes factors either enablersor inhibitors are incomplete and to enhance the intrapreneurial ability of anorganisation, managers must learn which factors to use in differentsituations. Originality/value – Only very few papers have studied intrapreneurship inspecific organisations. This paper contributes with a synthesis of theliterature in the area and with a suggestion of a model that is used in theempirical analysis and augmented based on that. The paper furthermorecontributes to the body of literature on the factors enabling intrapreneurshipin general. (Publication abstract)
Fund Flow Volatility and Performance

Abstract This paper provides a detailed analysis of the impact of daily mutual fund flow volatility on fund performance. I document a significant negative relationship between the volatility of daily fund flows and cross-sectional differences in risk-adjusted performance. This relationship is driven by domestic equity funds, as well as small funds, well-performing funds, and funds that experience inflows over the sample period. My results are consistent with performance differences arising from the transaction costs of nondiscretionary trading driven by daily fund flows, but not with performance differences arising from the suboptimal cash holdings that arise from fund flows.
Combining a New Vehicle Fuel Economy Standard with a Cap-and-Trade Policy: Energy and Economic Impact in the United States

The United States has adopted fuel economy standards that require increases in the on-road efficiency of new passenger vehicles, with the goal of reducing petroleum use, as well as (more recently) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Understanding the cost and effectiveness of this policy, alone and in combination with economy-wide policies that constrain GHG emissions, is essential to inform coordinated design of future climate and energy policy. In this work we use a computable general equilibrium model, the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model, to investigate the effect of combining a fuel economy standard with an economy-wide GHG emissions constraint in the United States. First, a fuel economy standard is shown to be at least five to fourteen times less cost effective than a price instrument (fuel tax) when targeting an identical reduction in cumulative gasoline use. Second, when combined with a cap-and-trade (CAT) policy, the fuel economy standard increases the cost of meeting the GHG emissions constraint by forcing expensive reductions in passenger vehicle gasoline use, displacing more cost-effective abatement opportunities. Third, the impact of adding a fuel economy standard to the CAT policy depends on the availability and cost of abatement opportunities in transport—if advanced biofuels provide a cost-competitive, low carbon alternative to gasoline, the fuel economy standard does not bind and the use of low carbon fuels in passenger vehicles makes a significantly larger contribution to GHG emissions abatement relative to the case when biofuels are not available. This analysis underscores the potentially large costs of a fuel economy standard relative to alternative policies aimed at reducing petroleum use and GHG emissions. It also demonstrates the importance of jointly considering the effects of multiple policies aimed at reducing petroleum use and GHG emissions, and the associated economic costs.
Maximum Sequence Length MASH Digital Delta–Sigma Modulators

This paper presents a modified structure for the first-order digital delta-sigma modulator (DDSM) which yields the maximum sequence length (N) for all constant digital inputs and for all initial conditions. Using this structure, MultistAge noise-SHaping (MASH) DDSMs are developed which, for a constant input, always have a sequence length of Nl regardless of the initial conditions and input value, where N is the sequence length of each stage and l is the number of the first-order stages used in the MASH. The performance is confirmed mathematically, by simulation, and experimentally.
Farming Cattle, Cultivating Relationships: Cattle Ownership and Cultural Politics in Peddie District, Eastern Cape

Abstract For many rural people in South Africa, the period 1994 to 2004 has been fraught with economic uncertainty. Households in former Bantustan areas have sought wherever possible to retain high levels of rural-urban mobility, and to maximise their use of government-provided welfare transfers and services and of local natural resources. This paper explores the role of cattle ownership in the fragile, contested livelihoods and the cultural politics of households in rural Peddie District. It first briefly reviews the Eastern Cape provincial government's efforts to commercialise agriculture, and finds these efforts to be conceptually and operationally weak. Secondly, it provides insights from the rich anthropological literature on the meanings and motives that link people with cattle in rural Africa. It then presents case-histories that illustrate how people, helped or hindered by cattle, negotiate the social, economic and cultural changes that affect relations both within households and between the rural and the urban sectors in the Eastern Cape. The paper concludes with some thoughts on the role of cattle-linked livelihoods in affording people a measure of economic and social autonomy at the household level, given the uneven penetration of the market.
Assets Distribution Potential with Islamic Financial Planning Method

The purpose of this paper is to see the potential of Islamic Financial Planning to break out from budget deficit which is caused by the unhealthy patt the )slamic shariǯah as a guideline in their economic activities and goal of the islamic financial planning is to make a balance in the economics all of us. This paper begins with a general Islamic view towards wealth and the ways to manage it and combine with the financial planning convensional. The study cases that are frequent these days are the occurrence of many individuals who have high incomes but still fail to enjoy the fruit of their efforts gracefully. Hence, in this research the author tries to provide a healthy solution in financial planning which is in accordance with Islamic teachings. Finding that authors get with this method is that the solutions to personal finance has been a common problem, especially for those middle and upper economic groups. The application of islamic financial planning model, will give a pretty good effect for the life of this world and the hereafter. because with this method, there will be a balance between the needs of the world and the hereafter. The originality of this paper is purely the authorǯs, which is also supported by field research and scholarly process of available literatures so as to fit with Islamic values and to provide answers to the need of financial planning for a muslim individual.
Immunocytochemical and quantitative study of actin, desmin and vimentin in the peritubular cells of the testes from elderly men.

A quantitative immunohistochemical study using light and electron microscopy was carried out to evaluate the morphological and quantitative distribution of the peritubular cells that immunoreact with actin, vimentin and desmin, alone or in combinations, in normal adult testes and the changes in these cells in elderly men. Seminiferous tubules in ageing testes were classified in three groups according to the degree of lamina propria thickening due to tubular sclerosis: group I, < 8 microns; group II, 8.1-12 microns; and group III, > 12.1 microns. The number of peritubular cells per cross-sectioned tubule increased from group I to group III tubules. However, no significant differences between ageing men and controls were found in the total number of peritubular cells per testis. Most peritubular cells of control testes and of group I and group II tubules displayed immunoreactivity to actin. The peritubular cells in the outermost layers of group III tubules showed no or scanty reaction. The number of actin-immunostained cells per cross-sectioned tubule decreased (P < 0.05) with tubular sclerosis. The total number of these cells per testis was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in elderly men. A narrow band around the seminiferous epithelium immunostained for desmin in control testes and group I tubules. These cells also immunoreacted to actin and vimentin. In group II and, principally, in group III tubules, only isolated peritubular cells were immunostained for desmin. The number of desmin-immunostained cells per cross-sectioned tubule decreased with tubular sclerosis and the total number per testis was also lower in elderly men. Vimentin immunostaining was observed in most peritubular cells in all tubule groups; these cells also immunoreacted to actin. Vimentin and desmin co-localized only in the inner peritubular cell layers. The number of vimentin-immunostained cells per cross-sectioned tubule increased with the degree of tubular sclerosis but the total number of these cells per testis did not differ significantly between control and ageing testes.
Tumor markers in fine-needle aspiration washout for cervical lymphadenopathy in patients with known malignancy: preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE The purposes of our study were to assess whether tumor marker concentration in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) washout from cervical lymph nodes (LNs) differs between metastatic and nonmetastatic LNs and whether tumor marker concentrations in FNA washout can contribute to the diagnosis of metastatic LNs. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ultrasound-guided FNA was performed for 157 neck nodes in 157 patients, including 136 patients with known malignancy (28 breast, 34 lung, 41 head and neck, seven esophagus, nine cervix, 10 gastrointestinal [GI] tract, and seven ovary cancers) and 21 patients without known malignancy (control group). Immediately after an FNA cytology specimen was obtained, the needle was rinsed with 1 mL of normal saline solution, and variable tumor marker concentrations were measured in the washout: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen (CA) 15-3 for breast; CEA and cytokeratin 19 fragment for lung; squamous cell antigen for head and neck, esophagus, and cervix; CEA and CA 19-9 for GI; CA 125 for ovarian cancer; and all the tumor marker concentrations for the control group. The tumor marker concentration was compared between the metastatic and nonmetastatic LNs in the control group and between the metastatic and nonmetastatic LNs in the known malignancy group, according to the known malignancy. RESULTS At final diagnosis, 104 LNs were metastatic and 53 were nonmetastatic (including 21 LNs in the control group). The tumor marker concentrations of cases with negative or nondiagnostic cytologic results were evaluated. The sensitivity of FNA cytology alone was compared with the combined sensitivity of FNA cytology and tumor marker concentration. Metastatic LNs had higher corresponding FNA tumor marker concentrations than did nonmetastatic LNs in both the control and known malignancy groups (p < 0.05), except for CA 19-9 in GI cancer. Eight of 10 cases (80%) with negative or nondiagnostic cytologic results but metastatic LNs at final diagnosis showed elevated tumor marker concentrations. The sensitivity of FNA cytology (90.4%) increased to 98.1% when combined with tumor marker concentration (p < 0.05). Tumor marker concentrations in FNA washout with cervical metastatic LNs were elevated in comparison with those of nonmetastatic LNs. CONCLUSION Evaluation of tumor marker concentrations in FNA washout could improve the detection of metastatic LNs in patients with known malignancy.