Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Study of the antibiotic resistance pattern among the bacterial isolated from the hospital environment of Azzahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran

Hospital surfaces play an important role in nosocomial infection (NI), in that the health-care environment contains a diverse population of microorganisms. Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a micro-organism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic, which is a specific type of drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance evolves naturally from a natural selection through random mutation, but could also be engineered by other selections. The research was performed with laboratory method in Esfahan City and the study as a whole comprised 194 strains obtained from hospital surfaces’ samples. These strains were randomly selected from different wards of the hospital with sterile swab and NB medium. According to the results, Staphylococcus spp. (54.7%), Bacillus spp. (25%) and Enterobacteriaceae (10.7%) consist of isolated bacteria. The results of this study show high frequency of antibiotic resistant strain on hospital surfaces. Establishing systems for monitoring antimicrobial resistance in hospitals and the community, and linking these findings to resistance and disease surveillance data is fundamental to developing treatment guidelines accurately and to assessing the effectiveness of interventions appropriately. Key words: Antibiotic resistance, nosocomial infection, hospital surfaces.
Presynaptic inhibition at the crayfish neuromuscular junction

There are three possible ways in which synaptic inhibition may reduce excitation. (1) Inhibition may reduce the amount of excitatory transmitter that is released from nerve terminals when they are activated by a nerve impulse; this is presynaptic inhibition. (2) The reaction of the postsynaptic receptors to a constant amount of released transmitter may be reduced, for instance by competition. (3) The post-synaptic membrane may be altered in such a way that the depolarizing action of the excitatory transmitter is opposed. There exists good evidence for the last alternative only, namely, that the membrane conductance of the post-synaptic region is increased, with the membrane potential staying near the resting potential. This inhibitory mechanism of a specific post-synaptic permeability increase (to K+ and/or Cl-) seems to be widespread in different species and has been demonstrated in the vertebrate heart, the mammalian central nervous system, in crustacea at neuromuscular junctions and nerve cell synapses, as well as in various other preparations (Fatt & Katz, 1953; Coombs, Eccles & Fatt, 1955; Kuffler & Eyzaguirre, 1955; Trautwein & Dudel, 1958; for a recent review see Kuffler, 1960). In this study on the crayfish neuromuscular junction we present evidence for a presynaptic mechanism. The inhibitory nerve impulse acts on the excitatory nerve terminals and decreases the probability of release of quanta of excitatory transmitter. A prelimiInary report has appeared (Dudel & Kuffler, 1960).
Equine laminitis: cleavage of laminin 5 associated with basement membrane dysadhesion.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The key lesion of laminitis is separation at the hoof lamellar dermal-epidermal interface. For this to happen the structural and adhesion proteins of the basement membrane zone must be altered. Which proteins and how damage to them leads to the lamellar separation of laminitis is unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate lamellar hemidesmosome and cytoskeleton damage and basement membrane dysadhesion using light microscopy (LM) and immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM). METHODS Cryostat sections of lamellar tissues from 2 control and 6 Standardbred horses with oligofructose induced laminitis were studied using LM and IFM. Plectin, integrin alpha6 and BP230 antibody was used to label hemidesmosome intracellular plaque proteins and anti-BP180 and anti-laminin 5 (L5) was used to label anchoring filament (AF) proteins. Cytoskeleton intermediate filaments were labelled using anti-cytokeratin 14. The primary antibodies of selected sections were double labelled to show protein co-localisation. RESULTS Laminitis caused reduction of transmembrane integrin alpha6, the AF proteins BP180 and L5, and failure of co-localisation of BP180 and L5. Proteins of the inner hemidesmosomal plaque, plectin and BP230, were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Loss of co-localisation of L5 and BP180 suggests that, during the acute phase of laminitis, L5 is cleaved and therefore, the AFs connecting the epidermis to the dermis, fail. Without a full complement of AFs separation at the lamellar dermo-epidermal junction occurs. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Suppressing or inhibiting metalloproteinase activity may prevent L5 cleavage and therefore the lamellar dermo-epidermal separation of laminitis.
The relationship between aging, performance, and the neural correlates of successful memory encoding.

The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated whether age-related differences in the neural correlates of successful memory encoding are modulated by memory performance. Young (mean age 22 years; N = 16) and older (mean age 69 years; N = 32) subjects were scanned while making animacy decisions on visually presented words. Memory for the words was later assessed in a recognition test, allowing fMRI activity elicited by study words to be contrasted according to subsequent memory performance. Young and older adults exhibited equivalent subsequent memory effects (enhanced activity for later remembered items) in an extensive network that included left inferior prefrontal cortex and anterior hippocampus. In posterior cingulate cortex, reversed subsequent memory effects (greater activity for later forgotten items) were of greater magnitude in young subjects. A voxel-of-interest analysis conducted on left and right prefrontal subsequent memory effects revealed that the effects were distributed more bilaterally in older than in young subjects, replicating previous findings. This age-related difference was confined to older subjects with relatively poor recognition performance, who were also the only group to demonstrate statistically significant right prefrontal subsequent memory effects. The findings suggest that relative preservation of memory performance with increasing age does not depend upon right prefrontal "over-recruitment. "
Electronically-Controllable Floating inductor Using Operational Mirrored amplifier

The operational mirrored amplifiers (OMA) were introduced as useful building blocks for facilitating an easy realization of floating impedances (in conjunction with RC elements) as compared to other approaches of floating impedance simulation. In this paper, we present a new formulation, for realizing a floating inductance (FI) using an OMA which takes into account the dominant pole of the op-amp employed in the OMA and hence, does not require any external capacitor. Moreover, when the only external resistor employed is replaced by an electronically-controlled resistance, the resulting circuit permits an electronically controllable floating inductance. The workability of the proposed FI has been demonstrated by PSPICE simulations.
Cytokeratins in normal thymus and thymic epithelial tumors

Background. Thymus consists of some distinct epithelial cells that contain different sets of cytokeratins (CK). Epithelium‐derived tumors maintain the expression of some of the CK of the specific nontransformed cells. Therefore, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that thymic epithelial tumors may differentiate toward distinct subsets of intrathymic epithelial cells in terms of CK expression.
Immediate implants at fresh extraction sockets: bone healing in four different implant systems.

OBJECTIVES To describe the differences in bone healing, when placing four different implant systems in fresh extraction sockets. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eight beagle dogs received implants randomly installed into the distal socket of three P3 and four P4. Four-implant systems were evaluated. Each animal provided four test implant sites. All animals were sacrificed at 6 weeks after implant placement, providing specimens for histo-morphometric analysis of bone to implant contact (BIC), bone area, new bone formation, as well as histometric measurements of the ridge alterations. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was observed among the four-implant systems. The mean BIC % ranged between 58.5% and 72.1%. Bone modelling of the buccal plate was marked and amounted approximately to 2.5 mm, independently of the system used. CONCLUSION This study failed to demonstrate differences in the healing pattern after 6 weeks when placing four different implant systems in fresh extraction sockets. In spite of achieving predictable osteointegration with the four implants studied, the occurrence of buccal bone resorption may limit the use of this surgical approach.
Peanut oil in vitamin A and D preparations: Reactions to skin test and manifestation of symptoms

The aim of this study was to establish whether there is a link between sensitisation to peanut and exposure to peanut oil in vitamin A and D preparations. Forty‐one children with a positive in vivo or in vitro test towards peanut were included. Twenty‐one children had consumed vitamins A and D in oil solution, 14 in water solution, and 6 both types. Refined and unrefined peanut oils were obtained and skin prick test extracts were prepared. None of the children exhibited a positive SPT in response to the refined peanut extract. In contrast, 15 children exhibited a positive SPT to the unrefined extract. There was no significant difference in the number of children reacting clinically to peanut exposure who had received vitamins A and D in oil‐based or water‐based formulations. However, children with clinical allergy to peanut and who had exclusively consumed vitamin A and D in peanut oil, exhibited a greater number of different allergic symptoms upon consumption of peanut compared with clinical allergic children who had consumed the vitamins in water solution or both types (p < 0.01). This study indicates that sensitisation to peanut during childhood through consumption of vitamins A and D in oil‐based solution seems unlikely, but its consumption may contribute to the development of a wider range of clinical symptoms due to peanut exposure.
Early lymphopenia after cytotoxic chemotherapy as a risk factor for febrile neutropenia.

PURPOSE Febrile grade four (ie, < or = 500/microL) neutropenia (FN) is a frequent life-threatening complication of cancer chemotherapy. Although its incidence correlates to the dose of chemotherapy, FN may occur after almost any cytotoxic regimen. At present, there is no predictive method to identify patients who will experience FN. PATIENTS AND METHODS Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors for FN were performed on a retrospective cohort of 112 consecutive patients treated with various chemotherapy regimens. Two independent risk factors were identified by the logistic regression and used to create a risk model for FN. The validity of the model was tested in three distinct groups of patients: two prospective groups of patients treated in two institutions (Centre Léon Berard [CLB] and Institut G. Roussy [IGR]) and the group of patients with intermediate- or high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) treated with the doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vindesine, bleomycin, and prednisone (ACVBP) regimen between 1988 and 1992 at CLB. RESULTS Within the retrospective group, 23 of 47 (49%) patients with lymphocyte counts < or = 700/microL at day 5 after chemotherapy experienced FN compared with seven of 65 (11%) of other patients (P = .00002). The type of chemotherapy (high dose v others) was also significantly correlated to FN (48% v 11%, P = .0003). Age, performance status, the number of previous chemotherapy cycles, or polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) counts, were not significantly correlated to the incidence of FN in univariate analyses. Two independent risk factors were identified in the logistic regression: day 5 lymphocyte counts (beta = 1.97 +/- 0.53) and the type of chemotherapy regimen (beta = 1.91 +/- 0.53). The calculated probability to experience FN in patients with none, one, and both of these risk factors was 4.3%, 24.0%, and 68.8%, respectively. The validity of this model was tested in the three groups of patients used as validation samples. The observed incidences of FN in the above defined risk subgroups were 3%, 19%, and 67%, respectively, within the CLB prospective series and 6%, 19%, and 75% within the IGR prospective series. In the ACVBP group, the incidence of FN was 33% and 72%, respectively, in patients from the intermediate- and high-risk groups. In the two prospective groups and in the ACVBP series, the observed numbers of FN in the different risk groups did not differ significantly from those calculated by the model (P = .89, P = .86, and P = .72 for these three groups, respectively). CONCLUSION Day 5 lymphocyte counts < or = 700/microL and the type of chemotherapy regimen enable oncologists to define subgroups of patients treated with chemotherapy as those with a high intermediate, and low risk of FN. These criteria could be used to select subjects in whom prophylactic measures for FN, in particular hematopoietic growth factors, should be proposed.
Evaluation of the Contribution of Major T Cell Subsets to IFN-γ Production in TB Infection by ELISPOT

Interferon gamma remains a key effector molecule that is still widely used as the most informative biomarker for screening human immune responses against tuberculosis, particularly in ELISPOT assays. We investigated the participation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the PBMC responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) specific antigens in 33 TB cases and 49 contacts. Responses to ESAT-6 were higher than CFP-10. There was no significant difference in responses to both Mtb antigens between cases and contacts. PBMCs response to ESAT-6 but not CFP-10 in cases was significantly reduced by depletion of CD4+ cells whereas CD8+ cell depletion had no impact. In conclusion, ESAT-6 is a more recognized antigen in this population, and CD4+ lymphocytes are the main participants in IFN-γ response by ELISPOT. Thus, a decline of CD4+ T lymphocytes below a critical level might affect the sensitivity of IFN-γ release assays for detecting Mtb infection.
Qualitative methods in a randomised controlled trial: the role of an integrated qualitative process evaluation in providing evidence to discontinue the intervention in one arm of a trial of a decision support tool

Objective: To understand participants’ experiences and understandings of the interventions in the trial of a computerised decision support tool in patients with atrial fibrillation being considered for anti-coagulation treatment. Design: Qualitative process evaluation carried out alongside the trial: non-participant observation and semistructured interviews. Participants: 30 participants aged >60 years taking part in the trial of a computerised decision support tool. Results: Qualitative evidence provided the rationale to undertake a decision to discontinue one arm of the trial on the basis that the intervention in that arm, a standard gamble values elicitation exercise was causing confusion and was unlikely to produce valid data on participant values. Conclusions: Qualitative methods used alongside a trial allow an understanding of the process and progress of a trial, and provide evidence to intervene in the trial if necessary, including evidence for the rationale to discontinue an intervention arm of the trial.
The Cost of Human Capital Depreciation During Unemployment

This paper argues that human capital depreciation during unemployment generates an externality in job creation: firms ignore how their hiring decisions affect the skill composition of the future unemployment pool, and hence the output produced by new hires. As a consequence, job creation is too low from a social point of view. But the extent to which it is too low varies over the cycle. The reason is that the increase in the expected productivity of a new hire from next period’s unemployment pool caused by hiring an additional worker today, depends on the pool’s composition, which varies over the cycle.
Myocardial ischemic post-conditioning protects the lung against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-induced damage by activating GSK-3β.

Purpose: To investigate whether modulating GSK-3β could attenuate myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) induced acute lung injury (ALI) and analyze the underlying mechanism. Methods: Male SD rats were subjected to MIRI with or without myocardial ischemic post-conditioning in the presence or absence of GSK-3β inhibitor. GSK-3β inhibitor was injected peritoneally 10min before MIRI. Lung W/D weight ratio, MPO, PMNs, histopathological changes, TUNEL, Bax, Bcl-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, GSK-3β, and caspase-3 were evaluated in the lung tissues of all rats. Results: After MIRI, lung injury was significantly increased manifested as significant morphological changes and increased leukocytes in the interstitial capillaries, Lung W/D ratio, MPO, and PMN in BALF, which was associated with enhanced inflammation evidenced by increased expressions of IL-6, IL-8 and reduced expression of IL-10. MIRI significantly increased cell apoptosis in the lung as increased levels of apoptotosis, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and reduced expression of Bcl-2 was observed, which was concomitant with reduced p-GSK-3β. All these changes were reversed/prevented by ischemic post-conditioning, while these beneficial effects of ischemic post-conditioning were abolished by GSK-3β inhibition. Conclusion: Myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury induces acute lung injury by induction of inflammation and cell apoptosis. Ischemic post-conditioning protects the lung from ALI following MIRI by increasing p-GSK-3β.
Epithelial markers in primary sinonasal mucosal melanoma

spindle cells (Figure 1C) with fusiform nuclei and illdefined cytoplasmic borders. Mitotic figures were not seen. Focal nuclear palisading, reminiscent of Antoni A growth pattern, was noted. Immunohistochemically, the spindle cells were positive for vimentin and S100 protein (Figure 1D) and negative for keratin, desmin, smooth muscle actin, CD34, CD35, CD68 and CD45 leucocyte common antigen (LCA). These findings were consistent with a diagnosis of primary schwannoma of the lymph node. Schwannoma arising in a lymph node is very rare. Only two cases of primary intranodal schwannoma have been reported. The first was an intranodal schwannoma arising in the area of the left scapula in a 2-year-old male infant. Piana et al. reported an additional case of intranodal schwannoma in a 79-year-old woman. The tumour was located in a pericolic lymph node. It is important to avoid confusion between intranodal schwannoma and metastatic spindle-cell tumours, such as spindle-cell carcinoma, melanoma or sarcoma, as well as primary malignant spindle-cell tumours such as Kaposi’s sarcoma, spindle-cell follicular dendritic cell sarcoma and interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma. Metastatic spindle-cell tumours, including nodal localization of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour, show malignant mitotically active spindle cells that are different from the cytologically bland-looking spindle cells of schwannoma. Intranodal Kaposi’s sarcoma may show relatively bland-looking spindle cells, reminiscent of schwannoma, but the presence of slits containing erythrocytes, haemosiderin pigment and the typical immunohistochemical profile enables the correct diagnosis. Neoplastic cells in dendritic cell sarcoma (both follicular and interdigitating) are generally plumper than schwannoma cells. Unlike schwannoma, they often form nests and whorls. It should be emphasized that both interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma and schwannoma express S100 protein, but the former is also immunoreactive for LCA and CD68, which were negative in the present case. The differential diagnosis also includes benign spindlecell tumours of lymph nodes. These tumours are quite uncommon and most of them are represented by the palisaded myofibroblastoma. Palisaded myofibroblastoma is virtually always found in an inguinal lymph node, often accompanied by a haemorrhagic rim and formation of amianthoid fibres, and does not express S100 protein. Uncommon benign metastasizing leiomyoma in a lymph node may resemble an intranodal schwannoma. The more conventional appearance of the smooth muscle cells, along with immunohistochemical features, is helpful in rendering the correct diagnosis. In conclusion, we have reported a rare case of intranodal schwannoma with unusual clinical presentation as an adrenal tumour. Schwannoma arising in a lymph node must be considered in the differential diagnosis of intranodal spindle-cell tumours.
The effect of training during treatment with chemotherapy on muscle strength and endurance capacity: A systematic review

Abstract Background Treatment of cancer with chemotherapy decreases endurance capacity and muscle strength. Training during chemotherapy might prevent this. There are no clear guidelines concerning which type of training and which training dose are effective. This review aims to gain insight into the different training modalities during chemotherapy and the effects of such training to improve endurance capacity and muscle strength in order to obtain the knowledge to compose a future training program which trains cancer patients in the most effective way. Material and methods A systematic search of PubMed was carried out. In total, 809 studies of randomized controlled trials studying the effects of training during chemotherapy on endurance capacity and muscle strength were considered. Only 14 studies met all the inclusion criteria. The studies were assessed on methodological quality by using Cochrane criteria for randomized controlled trials. Results The quality of the studies was generally poor and the study populations varied considerably as the training programs were very heterogeneous. Variables of endurance capacity reported beneficial effects in 10 groups (59%). Increases due to training ranged from 8% to 31%. Endurance capacity decreased in nine of 13 control groups (69%), which ranged from 1% to 32%. Muscle strength improved significantly in 17 of 18 intervention groups (94%), ranging from 2% to 38%. Muscle strength also improved in 11 of 14 control groups (79%), but this increase was only minimal, ranging from 1.3% to 6.5%. Conclusions This review indicates that training during chemotherapy may help in preventing the decrease in muscle strength and endurance capacity. It is important to know which training intensity and duration is the most effective in training cancer patients, to provide a training program suitable for every cancer patient. Training should be based on good research and should be implemented into international guidelines and daily practice. More research is needed.