Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GUT and Flavor Models for Neutrino Masses and Mixing

In the recent years neutrino experiments have studied in detail the phenomenon of neutrino oscillations and most of the oscillation parameters have been measured with a good accuracy. However, in spite of many interesting ideas, the problem of flavor in the lepton sector remains an open issue. In this review, we discuss the state of the art of models for neutrino masses and mixings formulated in the context of flavor symmetries, with particular emphasis on the role played by grand unified gauge groups.
INFLUENCE OF SUPPLIER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT ON PERFORMANCE OF GRAIN MILLING FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA

The main purpose of the study was to explore the influence of supplier relationship management on performance of grain milling firms in Nairobi City County Kenya. Descriptive research design was employed and the targeted populations of the study were the 165 employees of the grain milling firms in Nairobi City County . The study showed that there was a positive relationship among variables. The study portrayed a strong positive relationship with Supplier Collaboration, Supplier Contracting, Supplier Relationship, Supplier Development. The study found that 71% of the effects in the performance of the Grain Miller firms in Nairobi County were explained in the model through the factors under consideration leaving 29% of the effects unexplained. This implied that there could be other factors/forms of supplier relationship management influencing the performance of Grain Miller firms in Nairobi other than the ones already investigated on. The study indicated that increasing Supplier Collaboration with a unit, holding other factors constant increase in performance of the Grain miller firms by 0 . 284. Similarly, a unit increase in Supplier Contracting holding other factors constant would lead to a decrease in performance of the Grain miller firms in Nairobi by -0. 256. The study therefore recommended further studies on other forms of supplier relationship management apart from the ones already, that influence the performance of the Grain miller Firms in Nairobi. The firms top level management role in the Grain milling firms was also recommended to be researched on to find out how they influence the production performance of firms in Nairobi. The researcher also recommended a further researcher on the factors influencing the market sector as a result of the fluctuations encountered in profit, market share as well as in the sales of products in Nairobi Grain miller firms. Key words: Supplier Contracting, Supplier Collaboration, Supplier Relationship, Supplier Development, Grain Milling Firms
Measurement and characterisation of distortions in the digital terrestrial television channel

This paper presents a measurement campaign for the development of suitable RF channel models for digital terrestrial television. These are necessary for the development of demodulator devices that are optimised for high performance at low cost, since the performance of synchronisation and equalisation subsystems are critically dependent on the distortions in the channel.
Does strategy formalization foster innovation? Evidence from a French sample of small to medium-sized enterprises

Despite abundant research, the relationship between strategy formalization and innovation remains unclear. Some acknowledge a positive impact of strategy formalization on innovation while others consider it an impediment to novelty and creation. Going beyond the conflicting views over the influence of formalization, we combine open innovation and socio-material perspectives. This study aims to contribute to the debate by considering the possibility that formalization is a means of benefiting from openness with respect to innovation. Therefore, we predict that formalization might positively moderate the impact of openness on innovation. Relying on a unique sample of 555 SMEs, we investigate the effects of strategy formalization and openness—according to their various facets and interactions—on new product innovation. We find a positive influence of formalization (whether it is approached as a process or as a strategic tool) on product innovation. Our findings also support the idea that formalization increases the effectiveness of openness on innovation performance. Implications are discussed, and future research directions are outlined at the end.
How valuable are animal models in defining antidepressant activity?

Animal models of depression have been utilised to screen novel compounds with antidepressant potential although uncertainty lingers concerning their clinical relevance. In order for a model to be considered of any value, it must possess predictive validity (does drug action in the model correspond to that in the clinic? ), face validity (are there phenomenological similarities between the model and the clinic? ) and construct validity (does the model possess a strong theoretical rationale? ). On the one hand, there are models based on stress such as the learned helplessness model, the forced swimming test and the chronic mild stress model and, on the other hand, models based on neuronal deficits such as the olfactory bulbectomy model. To date, among models more frequently used in depression, none of them meet all these criteria. Moreover, improvements to tests are often poorly validated and estimating time of onset of action of antidepressants remains a major challenge in animal model research. Finally, reproducing the tests outside the laboratory of origin continues to be problematic and leads to variability in results. Although animal models of depression fail to be unequivocally valid, they represent the best tool to define potential antidepressant activity of drugs, to investigate their mechanism of action and, to a greater extent, explore this complex heterogeneous illness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unheard Voices Community Organizations and Ser vice Learning

Every year, tens of thousands of college students make their way into the community in the name of ser vice learning. They tutor, paint, serve soup, build databases, conduct surveys, or ga nize meetings, run errands, and all manner of other things. Many of them, maybe even the majority, do it to meet a college or university graduation requirement, to receive course credit, or both. Ser vice learning has now become an institutionalized practice in higher education. From small community colleges to the most prestigious PhDgranting institutions, the practice of sending students into communities that are defi ned as disadvantaged has become a part of the curriculum and even the requirements of an increasing number of higher education institutions. A lot of institutional hype accompanies these students, and much research promotes the positive impact the practice has on student grades, attitudes, and sensitivities (Lansverk, 2004; Ender et al., 2000; Mooney and Edwards, 2001; MyersLipton, 1998; ParkerGwin and Mabry, 1998; Krain and Nurse, 2004). There are also claims of the positive impact that ser vice learning has on communities but, as we fi nd, there is much less research to back up those claims (Cruz and Giles, 2000). Consequently, making ser vice 1 Unheard Voices
Clinical course of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an assessment of severity, progression, and outcomes

Purpose To identify the characteristics and initial disease severity of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and assess incidence and risk factors for disease progression in a retrospective study. Methods Patients ≥18 years of age without alcoholism or other liver diseases (eg, hepatitis B/C) were selected from Geisinger Health System electronic medical record data from 2004 to 2015. Initial disease stage was stratified into uncomplicated NAFLD, advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver transplant using clinical biomarkers, diagnosis, and procedure codes. Disease progression was defined as stage progression or death and analyzed via Kaplan–Meier plots and multistate models. Results In the NAFLD cohort (N=18,754), 61.5% were women, 39.0% had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the mean body mass index was 38.2±10.2 kg/m2. At index, 69.9% had uncomplicated NAFLD, 11.7% had advanced fibrosis, and 17.8% had cirrhosis. Of 18,718 patients assessed for progression, 17.3% progressed (11.0% had stage progression, 6.3% died without evidence of stage progression) during follow-up (median=842 days). Among subgroups, 12.3% of those without diabetes mellitus progressed vs 24.7% of those with T2DM. One-year mortality increased from 0.5% in uncomplicated NAFLD to 22.7% in HCC. After liver transplant, mortality decreased to 5.6% per year. Conclusions In 2.3 years of follow-up, approximately 17% of patients progressed or died without evidence of stage progression. T2DM was associated with approximately twice the risk of disease progression, and mortality risk increased with disease stage. Early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression, especially in patients with T2DM, is warranted.
Caste and Ethnic Diversity in Private Enterprise Development

1 . T H E ISSU E The Indian growth story, particularly after the advent of the economic reforms of the 1990s, has been widely studied in the development literature. It has been argued that the high-growth trajectory could not create income opportunities for a large segment of the Indian population, thereby leading to ever-rising income inequalities (Planning Commission, 2013). The economic growth also benefited marginalised groups such as the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) but not to the desired extent, leading to an increase in income inequalities (Thorat & Dubey, 2012; Suryanarayana, Agrawal & Prabhu, 2011). Their participation in rising business opportunities remained abysmally low. The available statistics from the Economic Census 2005 show that out of 41.83 million enterprises (other than those involving crop cultivation and plantation) in India providing employment to 100.9 million workers, SCs and STs account for disproportionately low shares (of 8.8 per cent and 3.6 per cent, respectively) in enterprise ownership as compared to their shares in the population (about 16 per cent and 8 per cent, respectively). Moreover, a large majority (over three-fourths) of the enterprises owned by SCs and STs are single-worker enterprises, whereas the proportion of such enterprises is much less, at 55.9 per cent, among those belonging to the other caste categories (GoIMoSPI, 2008). Almost a similar pattern of ownership of enterprises has been observed in the latest census of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises1 (MSMEs) in 2006-07 (GoIMSME, 2011; 2012a). A substantial percentage of micro and small enterprises have been rendered sick, largely due to the lack of demand for their products, insufficient working capital and lack of marketing facilities (NCEUS, 2009). This phenomenon is observed more among the SC/ST owned enterprises. Consequently, there is a high incidence of poverty among such self-employed SC/ST households in comparison to the households belonging to the Other Castes (OCs) (Thorat & Dubey, 2012).
The Impact of Audit Committee and Internal Audit towards Financial Statement Quality: External Audit and Corporate Governance as Intervening Variables

A financial statement is a crucial matter since its quality is declining. This research developed and tested a theoretical model which identified factors directly or indirectly contributing to the financial statement quality, namely audit committee and internal audit; meanwhile, external audit and corporate governance were considered as antecedent factors having impact on the report. The objective of the research is to gain insight on such factors. The objective of the research is to gain insights on factors that affect such reports. The findings showed consistent evidence supporting the theoretical model. They also showed how AC and IA simultaneously and partially impacted the quality of financial statements (QFS). AC and IA directly or indirectly affect the quality of the financial statement. They also have indirect effects through CG and EA in enhancing the quality to 77%.
Does the Threat of a PCAOB Inspection Mitigate U.S. Institutional Investors’ Home Bias?

We exploit the staggered introduction of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board’s (PCAOB) international inspection program to examine the role that exogenous shocks to the stringency of public audit oversight plays in shaping U.S. institutional investors’ home bias. Analyzing a sample of foreign firms listed in the U.S., we evaluate whether U.S. institutional investors hold larger equity stakes in these firms if their auditors are exposed to the threat of a PCAOB inspection. In a differences-in-differences framework, we find that U.S. listed foreign firms enjoy an increase in the number and percentage share ownership of U.S. institutional investors after their auditors become subject to PCAOB inspection access. Cross-sectional analysis implies that the benefit of the PCAOB inspection threat in mitigating U.S. institutional investors’ home bias is concentrated in foreign countries without a strict local audit oversight system. In another series of results, our evidence suggests that the presence of strong institutions governing investor protection and disclosure standards are necessary conditions for U.S. institutional investors to value PCAOB inspection access.
Memory Speed Analysis of Optical RAM and Optical Flip-Flop Circuits Based on Coupled SOA-MZI Gates

We demonstrate analytical frequency-domain transfer function expressions for an optical random access memory (RAM) cell that employs two SOA-based ON/OFF switches and two coupled SOA-MZI gates forming an optical flip-flop. Our theoretical model relies on first-order perturbation theory approximations applied for the first time to coupled optical switching structures, resulting to an optical RAM cell frequency response that allows for a qualitative and quantitative analysis of optical RAM memory speed and performance characteristics and their dependence on certain RAM cell device parameters. We show that the transfer function of an optical RAM cell and its incorporated flip-flop device exhibits periodic resonance frequencies resembling the behavior of optical ring resonator configurations. Its free spectral range is mainly dictated by the length of the waveguide that enables the coupling of the two SOA-MZI gates, yielding this coupling length as the dominant memory speed determining factor. The obtained results are in close agreement with experimental observations, demonstrating that optimized RAM cell designs with waveguide coupling lengths lower than 5 mm can enable RAM operation at memory speeds well beyond 40 GHz.
DNA Repair Factor MRE11/RAD50 Cleaves 3′-Phosphotyrosyl Bonds and Resects DNA to Repair Damage Caused by Topoisomerase 1 Poisons*

Background: The DNA repair factor MRE11-RAD50 is a multifunctional DNA complex with nuclease, DNA binding, and ATPase activity. Results: MRE11-RAD50 cleaves 3′-phosphotyrosyl bonds, such as those in trapped topoisomerase 1-DNA complexes, and then resects, generating a DNA end that can prime repair synthesis. Conclusion: MRE11-RAD50 is involved in the repair of trapped topoisomerase 1-DNA complexes. Significance: MRE11-RAD50 may be a useful biomarker for tumor sensitivity to topoisomerase 1 poisons. MRE11-RAD50 is a highly conserved multifunctional DNA repair factor. Here, we show that MRE11-RAD50 cleaves the covalent 3′-phosphotyrosyl-DNA bonds that join topoisomerase 1 (Top1) to the DNA backbone and that are the hallmark of damage caused by Top1 poisons such as camptothecin. Cleavage generates a 3′-phosphate DNA end that MRE11-RAD50 can resect in an ATP-regulated reaction, to produce a 3′-hydroxyl that can prime repair synthesis. The 3′-phosphotyrosyl cleavage activity maps to the MRE11 active site. These results define a new activity of MRE11 and distinguish MRE11-RAD50 functions in repair of Top1-DNA complexes and double-strand breaks.
On the validity of the Carman-Kozeny equation in random fibrous media

The transverse permeability for creeping flow through unidirectional random arrays of fibers/cylinders has been studied numerically using the finite element method (FEM). A modified Carman-Kozeny (CK) relation is presented which takes into account the tortuosity (flow path) and the lubrication effect of the narrow channels. The proposed relation is valid in a wide range of porosities compared to the classical CK equation. The proposed general relationship for the permeability can be utilized for composite manufacturing and also for validation of advanced coarse models for particle-fluid interactions.
Effect of clindamycin prophylaxis on the colonic microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery

Clindamycin was given intravenously to 15 patients undergoing colorectal surgery in an initial dose of 600 mg, given at induction of anesthesia followed by 6 doses of 600 mg at 8-h intervals. Series of serum samples and fecal specimens were taken for analysis of clindamycin concentrations. Tissue samples from the gut wall were taken at surgery. The highest serum concentrations observed occurred 30 min after administration of clindamycin and varied between 6.8 and 37.9 microgram/ml (mean, 14.8 +/- 2.0 [standard error] microgram/ml). The clindamycin concentrations in the tissue samples were between 1.8 and 13.0 microgram/g. Clindamycin concentration in the fecal samples varied between 2.1 and 460 microgram/g. Fecal samples were also collected during the investigation period for cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Among the aerobic bacteria, enterococci and streptococci decreased during the prophylaxis period. Anaerobic bacteria also decreased significantly during the same period. After the clindamycin administration period, enterococci, streptococci and anaerobic bacteria proliferated. No anaerobic strains resistant to clindamycin were isolated. Postoperative infections due to Streptococcus faecalis and different enterobacteria such as Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, and Klebsiella occurred in five patients.
The Impact of Delay in Going Public: Evidence from China

⇤ Will Cong, Sabrina T. Howell, and Ran Zhang† Abstract Chinese securities regulators have suspended IPO activity on numerous occasions, often as a response to bearish markets. The suspensions were unexpected and of uncertain duration, lasting up to fifteen months. We examine the effect of indeterminate listing delay among firms already approved to IPO. We find that suspension-induced delay has strong, immediate negative effects on patent applications and fixed tangible investment. After listing, these effects endure and are accompanied by a lower market-to-book ratio, higher stock price volatility, and larger increases in CEO pay. The results suggest that by increasing uncertainty and reducing access to capital, disruptions to the IPO process chill investment in innovative and risky projects. ⇤
Lessons learnt in the management of Wegener's Granulomatosis: long-term follow-up of 60 patients.

OBJECTIVE To assess all patients with Wegener's Granulomatosis treated in Nottingham, with particular focus on relapse rate and the useful predictors of relapse. We evaluated how well the findings of nasal examination correlated with disease relapse compared to other parameters such as c-ANCA, ESR and CRP. Presenting features, diagnosis, adverse effects of treatment and mortality rate, were also studied. DESIGN Retrospective examination of 60 patient notes, diagnosed and treated for Wegener's granulomatosis at Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham. The mean follow up period was 8.7 years. Relapse was defined as per the European Vasculitis Study criteria. RESULTS cANCA is a useful test at presentation for diagnosis but a negative result does not rule out the disease. Those presenting with ENT symptoms alone may have less raised inflammatory markers but similar cANCA titres as patients with multi-system disease. However, at relapse, patients with ENT disease alone have similar levels of inflammatory markers as those with multi-system relapse. Nasal examination was useful at monitoring the presence of disease activity where the nasal lining is affected. CONCLUSIONS Signs of intranasal disease in the form of granular tissue, erythema and bleeding to light touch and crusting over granulation tissue are good predictors of disease activity. A raised cANCA, ESR or CRP provide supporting information about disease activity but if they are negative this does not exclude active disease. cANCA levels were as elevated at relapse in patients who had isolated nasal symptoms and signs as in those with evidence of systemic disease. Low relapse rates were found possibly due to prompt and rigorous initial immunosuppression even in limited disease. This seemed to lead to less progression of patients to multi-system disease and hence a low mortality rate of 5%.
Investigation of amplitude of accommodation among Ghanaian school children

Background: Deficient amplitude of accommodation is the most frequently used criteria in an optometric practice in diagnosing whether a patient has accommodative insufficiency. This deficiency is determined based on an age‐related expected finding calculated using Hofstetter's equation derived from Donder's and Duane's data. The aim of the present study was to investigate the amplitude of accommodation among Ghanaian school children and to compare the findings with age‐expected norms predicted by Hofstetter's equation.
Health Maintenance Deficits in a Fully Insured Population of Adolescents With Chronic Medical Conditions

The current national monitoring of routine wellness care and vaccine uptake does not provide data on health maintenance among pediatric populations with chronic medical conditions. In this case-control study that analyzes wellness visits and vaccine uptake among adolescents, ages 16 to 18 years, we identified 938 without (controls) and 74 with (cases) 1 of 12 specific chronic medical conditions. The PPSV23 (23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine) is recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for these 12 conditions and served as a measure of uptake for medically indicated vaccines. Our controls were twice as likely as cases to have a documented well visit in the past year, and there was a significantly higher proportion of controls than cases vaccinated with Tdap (tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, acellular pertussis), MCV-4 (quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate), and HPV (human papillomavirus), all P < . 05. More than 60% of cases failed to receive PPSV23. Adolescents with chronic medical conditions are at high risk of neglecting routine health maintenance.
Simple methods for the correction of T2 maps of phantoms

Two simple methodologies for correcting the errors in T2 maps for phantom measurements are presented; they both give accurate MRI maps with a low coefficient of variation (CV). The rate correction method is based on an equation relating the true T2 (T2,t) and that determined experimentally (T2,exp) for homogenous phantoms. The response matrix method is a phenomenological analysis of the difference between T2,exp and T2,t, from which correction factors are computed for a range of T2 values and for every pixel of an image. The factors were obtained from phantoms filled with a homogeneous gelatin gel and having different T2,t values. The CV in homogeneous phantom measurements were reduced from 2.5–4.0% to approximately 0.6–2.0% for T2,t values ranging from 180–600 ms. Examples are shown for the correction of T2 maps of phantoms filled with polymer dosimeter gel irradiated with photon beams from a linear accelerator. The methodologies presented can easily be implemented on a clinical MRI scanner. Magn Reson Med 46:1123–1129, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.