Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Explicit grammar rules and L2 acquisition

This article reports an empirical study that examines to what extent learners can identify and understand the grammatical structures they produce when they speak spontaneously. In the study, 20 upper-intermediate Polish learners of English were interviewed in English by the researchers. The structures used accurately by each learner were isolated and each of the participants was then administered a separate test. The task in the test was first to identify correct sentences and then to provide relevant grammar rules. The results show that in most cases, the learners were able to identify and explain the grammar rules that accounted for their own accurate L2 performance. In terms of second language acquisition (SLA) theory, this means that there were few grammatical structures or categories that the learners knew only implicitly. For teachers, the study indicates that explicit grammar rules can, in an indirect way, contribute to SLA.
Space-based measurements of air quality during the World Expo 2010 in Shanghai

During the World Exposition 2010 (Expo, from May to October), emission control measures were implemented in Shanghai and surrounding areas to improve the air quality. To evaluate the effect of these measures, we use the tropospheric NO2 column, aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and CO concentration observations from the satellite instruments GOME-2, MODIS and MOPITT, respectively. The analysis shows about 8% and 14% reductions of tropospheric NO2 columns and AOT respectively over Shanghai during the Expo period, compared to the past three years. A 12% reduction of CO concentration at 700 hPa over Shanghai and surrounding areas is found during the Expo period. On the other hand, the satellite measurements show increases of NO2 by 20% and AOT by 23% over Shanghai urban areas after the Expo (November 2010–April 2011), when the short-term emission control measures were lifted. Our study indicates that the air quality measures were effective in Shanghai and surrounding provinces during the Expo period.
Impact of various organic sources of nitrogen on growth, yield attribbutes and yield of scented rice (Oryza sativa L.) under irrigated conditions of Chhattisgarh plains

A field experiment was conducted at Research cum Instructional Farm, IGKV, Raipur during kharif 2014 and 2015 to evaluate the impact of different organic sources of nitrogen on growth yield attributes and yield of scented rice. The six (6) treatments of nitrogen of organic sour viz. 100% N through 1/3 vermicompost+1/3 FYM+1/3 poultry manure at basal (T1), 100% N through vermicompost at basal (T2), 100% N through poultry manure at basal (T3), 100% N through 1/2 poultry manure as basal + 1/2 vermicompost at 30 DAT (T4), 100% N through 1/2 vermicompost as basal+ 1/2 vermicompost at 30 DAT (T5) and Control - No application of any nutrients (T6) were tested in randomized block design with four replications. The growth, yield attributing characters and yield of scented rice was significantly highest noted under treatment 100% N through 1/3 Vermicompost+1/3 FYM+1/3 Poultry manure at basal (T1), which was at par to treatment 100% N through 1/2 poultry manure as basal + 1/2 vermicompost at 30 DAT (T4).
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RISK BASED AUDIT AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE OF STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA BY KIPNGETICH DAVID D61/75246/2009 A RESEARCH PROJECT PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

The emergence of new business risks has compelled many organizations to reformulate strategies and to elevate the status of internal auditing. Thus, risk-based internal auditing has emerged as an important contributor to effective risk management and improvement of Corporate Governance of state corporation. The Corporate Governance effectiveness requires appropriate risk based audit practices hence effective and efficient internal audit. For the purpose of this study, the researcher sought to find out how Risk Based Auditing relate with Corporate Governance of state corporations in Kenya. This study adopted descriptive research design. Simple random sampling technique was adapted to select sample size o f 40 respondents from 40 selected state corporations. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation and frequency distribution were used to analyze the data. Data presentation was done by the use of percentages and frequency tables for easy of understanding and interpretation. The study found that there is a strong positive relationship between Corporate Governance and Risk Based Audit Practices such as Risk Assessment, Risk Management, Annual Risk Based Planning, Internal Auditing Standards and Internal Auditing Staffing. These practices should be enhanced to be able to detect risks on time and concentrate on high risk areas leading to increased transparency and accountability. From the findings, the study recommends that management in state corporations should adopts effective risk based audit practices to enhance effective and efficient Corporate Governance in State Corporation.
Error Estimates for a Multidimensional Meshfree Galerkin Method with Diffuse Derivatives and Stabilization

A meshfree method with diffuse derivatives and a penalty stabilization is developed. An error analysis for the approximation of the solution of a general elliptic differential equation, in several dimensions, with Neumann boundary conditions is provided. Theoretical and numerical results show that the approximation error and the convergence rate are better than the diffuse element method.
USING AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES AS A BIOMASS BRIQUETTING: AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF ENERGY

Every year millions of tons of agricultural wastes are generated which are either destroyed or burnt inefficiently in loose form causing air pollution. These wastes can be recycled & can provide a renewable source of energy by converting biomass waste into high density - fuel briquettes without addition of any binder. This recycled fuel is beneficial for the environment as it conserves natural resources. For this the biomass briquetting is the main renewable energy resource. In this paper the raw material including rice husk, coffee husk, saw dust, ground nutshell and cotton stalks etc. were densified into briquettes at high temperature and pressure using different technologies. We discuss the various advantages, factors that affecting the biomass briquetting and comparison between coal and biomass briquetting. The details of the study were highlighted in this paper. Keywords- Biomass, Briquetting, Potential, Process, Technologies
Thermogenesis in Syngonium (Araceae)

Floral cycles and spadix temperatures were recorded for two species of Syngonium: Syngonium schottianum Wendl. ex Schott (section Cordatum) and Syngonium angustatum Schott (section Syngonium). Both species exhibited a 3-day flowering cycle, beginning with stigma receptivity and opening of the spathe the first day, the female phase continues over the second day, and the male phase continues over the third day. These species displayed two distinct patterns of heat production during flowering. In S. schottianum, the spadix warmed up twice during the beginning of the second and third nights, but in S. angustatum, the spadix warmed up twice the second day, once the second night, and once the third day. These different thermogenic cycles are discussed in regard to other genera that are phylogenetically close or sharing similar flowering and thermogenic cycles.
Women’s Leadership Experiences: A Study of Ivorian Women Primary School Principals

Concerns about women educational leaders, their performance within primary schools, their approaches to leadership, including the hindrances experienced in the school headship have received few if any attention in Côte d’Ivoire. This paper analyses how women principals lead their schools and contributed to schools’ advancement in challenging situations that stand in their ways. The authors used a qualitative approach to collect data through in-depth semi-structural interviews with five female principals in Ivorian elementary schools. Findings showed that women influence directly teachers’ commitment and indirectly students’ learning process as well, particularly those who have learning difficulties. Data also revealed that these female used to create an environment and academic support that gives attention to children, as these learning conditions are similar to that of their actual life at home. Based on the findings, we assumed that women leadership could be a significant contribution to students’ learning course, which in turn positively influence the school improvement. That is even consistent with the literature, which remains constant in the assertion that women leaders own some abilities, such as being caring, attentive, patient. In this regard, educational practitioners, policy makers and stakeholders should pay more attention to women primary school principals for empowering them to display their know-how, expertise and talent useful for the students’ learning process. That seems a possible backup for Ivorian education system to reduce the low academic achievement and enhance schools’ performance.
The Indirect Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Trade: A Network Perspective

The relationship between international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) is one of the main features of globalisation. In this paper, we investigate the effects of FDI on trade from a network perspective, since FDI takes not only direct but also indirect channels from origin to destination countries because of firms’ incentive to reduce tax burden, to minimise coordination costs and to break barriers to market entry. We use a unique data set of international corporate control as a measure of stock FDI to construct a corporate control network (CCN), where the nodes are the countries and the edges are the corporate control relationships. Network measures, as the shortest path length and the communicability, are then computed on the CCN to capture the indirect channel of FDI. Empirically, we find that corporate control has a positive effect on trade both directly and indirectly. The result is robust with different specifications and estimation strategies. Hence, our paper provides strong empirical evidence of the indirect effects of FDI on trade. Moreover, we identify a number of interplaying factors such as regional trade agreements and the region of Asia. We also find that the indirect effects are more pronounced for the manufacturing sector than for primary sectors such as oil extraction and agriculture.
The Benefits of Costly Voting

We present a costly voting model in which each voter has a private valuation for their preferred outcome of a vote. When there is a zero cost to voting, all voters vote and hence all values are counted equally regardless of how high they may be. By having a cost to voting, only those with high enough values would choose to incur this cost. Hence, the outcome will be determined by voters with higher valuations. We show that in such a case welfare may be
Standardized ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract as a treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: efficacy, safety and feasibility.

III Declaration VII List of relevant publications and prizes . IX Relevant Peer-reviewed Publications . IX Publications submitted or in preparation . X Relevant Conference Abstracts and Presentations . XI Relevant Prizes and Awards . XII Acknowledgments . XIII List of figures XXV List of tables XXIX List of abbreviations . XXX
Adoption Intensity of Inorganic Fertilizers in Maize Production: Empirical Evidence from Smallholder Farmers in Eastern Ethiopia

Evidences suggested that use levels of inorganic fertilizers are below the recommended rates in maize production. It is, therefore, necessary to investigate the reasons behind the failure to adopt the recommended rates of these fertilizers on maize production. This study analyzed determinants of intensity of adoption using a survey data collected from 383 randomly selected maize producing households. For this purpose, a two-limit Tobit model was applied. The econometric result revealed that variation in districts, family size, membership to cooperatives, distance to FTC, and livestock holding significantly affected smallholders’ intensity of adoption of DAP in maize production. On the other side, variation in district, farming experience, farm size, membership to cooperatives, dependency ratio, and annual income significantly determined intensity of adoption of Urea. It is, therefore, necessary to give due emphasis to the indicated determinants in order to assist maize producing farmers by boosting maize productivity.
Antibiotic s Use and Misuse among University Students in Jordan

Inappropriate use of antibiotics is one of the main determinants of development of antimicrobial resistance. Health education and promotion at universities can have an important impact on students and the community. There are few published studies in the world covering the area of antibiotic use and misuse amongst university students. The aim of the present stud y was to evaluate the current knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding antibiotic use among university students in Jordan. The study was based on a cross - sectional research design and was conducted using a self administered questionnaire in three of the largest public universities in Jordan. In total, 1158 students were surveyed. Around two - thirds of our sample stated that the goal of antibiotic use was to overcome pain (66.4%), decrease fever (65.7%), or overcome weakness or malaise (55.3%). Nearly hal f (45.5%) of the students thought antibiotics could be used to treat a viral infection. Slightly more than half our sample (50.8%) reported they always used antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription. Although three - quarters (75.8%) of the students though t frequent and unnecessary use of antibiotics had negative consequences , only 48.2% of them correctly answered an open - ended question concerning the possible health outcomes of antibiotic misuse. Students at Jordanian universities have limited knowledge an d poor perspectives on antibiotic use and misuse and practice inappropriate behaviors in antibiotic use. There is an urgent need for educational programs about antibiotic use and misuse in Jordan targeted at university students, specifically, and to the co mmunity in Jordan, in general.
Statistics of the polarized submillimetre emission maps from thermal dust in the turbulent, magnetized, diffuse ISM

Context. The interstellar medium (ISM) is now widely acknowledged to display features ascribable to magnetized turbulence. With the public release of Planck data and the current balloon-borne and ground-based experiments, the growing amount of data tracing the polarized thermal emission from Galactic dust in the submillimetre provides choice diagnostics to constrain the properties of this magnetized turbulence. Aims. We aim to constrain these properties in a statistical way, focussing in particular on the power spectral index βB of the turbulent component of the interstellar magnetic field in a diffuse molecular cloud, the Polaris Flare. Methods. We present an analysis framework based on simulating polarized thermal dust emission maps using model dust density (proportional to gas density nH) and magnetic field cubes, integrated along the line of sight (LOS), and comparing these statistically to actual data. The model fields are derived from fractional Brownian motion (fBm) processes, which allows a precise control of their one- and two-point statistics. The parameters controlling the model are (1)–(2) the spectral indices of the density and magnetic field cubes, (3)–(4) the RMS-to-mean ratios for both fields, (5) the mean gas density, (6) the orientation of the mean magnetic field in the plane of the sky (POS), (7) the dust temperature, (8) the dust polarization fraction, and (9) the depth of the simulated cubes. We explore the nine-dimensional parameter space through a Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis, which yields best-fitting parameters and associated uncertainties. Results. We find that the power spectrum of the turbulent component of the magnetic field in the Polaris Flare molecular cloud scales with wavenumber as k−βB with a spectral index βB = 2.8 ± 0.2. It complements a uniform field whose norm in the POS is approximately twice the norm of the fluctuations of the turbulent component, and whose position angle with respect to the north-south direction is χ0 ≈−69°. The density field nH is well represented by a log-normally distributed field with a mean gas density 〈nH〉≈40 cm−3, a fluctuation ratio σnH/〈nH〉≈1.6, and a power spectrum with an index βn=1.7−0.3+0.4. We also constrain the depth of the cloud to be d ≈ 13 pc, and the polarization fraction p0 ≈ 0.12. The agreement between the Planck data and the simulated maps for these best-fitting parameters is quantified by a χ2 value that is only slightly larger than unity. Conclusions. We conclude that our fBm-based model is a reasonable description of the diffuse, turbulent, magnetized ISM in the Polaris Flare molecular cloud, and that our analysis framework is able to yield quantitative estimates of the statistical properties of the dust density and magnetic field in this cloud.
Road Safety in Delhi: A Critical Analysis of the Role of Public Institutions

Road accident is one of the major man made tragedies, killing millions of people across the world every year. The situation is quite alarming in the developing countries, experiencing increasing motorisation, without adequate institutional mechanism to combat the problem. Even within these developing countries, the vulnerable road users comprising pedestrians, bicyclists and two-wheeler riders are the worst affected. Experiences of some of the successful countries in improving road safety have shown that the road accidents are preventable to an extent, subject to concerted efforts by the government at the highest level. It is also necessary to bring all stakeholders on board to carry out the task effectively. Situation in case of India is quite grim, where more than 100,000 people are killed and many more get seriously injured in these accidents every year. In Delhi, the Capital city of India, though there has been some declining trend in the number of fatalities on account of these accidents during the last three years, the situation is far from satisfactory. There is an urgent need to take necessary steps for improving road safety environment of the city. For this purpose, necessary institutional mechanisms need to be evolved by bringing major stakeholders on board so that right policies are framed to save the lives of thousands of people. There is enough scope to learn from the experiences of the developed countries in this field.
Avian Mobbing Response is Restricted by Territory Boundaries: Experimental Evidence from Two Species of Forest Warblers

Predator mobbing has been viewed as an adaptation to reduce the risk of predation, however, factors influencing mobbing behaviour are still debated. We report on the results of an experiment with Dendroica caerulescens and Dendroica virens designed to determine (1) whether mobbing response by forest songbirds during the breeding season is restricted by territory boundaries, (2) the distance songbirds will move in response to anti-predator mobbing calls, and (3) whether reproductive status, age, and time of the breeding season determine the distance moved to mob. We did not detect an effect of reproductive status, age, or time of breeding season on the distance moved by birds to mob. All birds responded to the mobbing playback within their territory (defined by territorial defence in relation to specific song playbacks). The maximum distance moved within a territory to engage in mobbing ranged from 25 to 175 m ( x ¼ 72 ± 6 m). Three of 37 birds responded to playbacks outside their territory boundaries. In all three cases, maximum movement distances outside territories were short (25 m). Thus, for two species of warblers, mobbing is highly constrained by territory boundaries during the breeding season. This finding is congruent with arguments that mobbing is primarily a selfish behaviour, at least with respect to conspecifics. Our results also provide support for the move-on hypothesis.
Sources of Economic Growth in Zambia: An Empirical Investigation

In this article, the key macroeconomic determinants of economic growth in Zambia are investigated using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach. The study has been motivated by the unsustainable growth trends that Zambia has been experiencing in recent years. Our study finds that the key macroeconomic determinants that are significantly associated with economic growth in Zambia include, amongst others, investment, human capital development, government consumption, international trade and foreign aid. The study’s results reveal that in the short run, investment and human capital development are positively associated with economic growth, while government consumption, international trade and foreign aid are negatively associated with economic growth. However, in the long run, the study finds investment and human capital development to be positively associated with economic growth, while only foreign aid is negatively associated with economic growth. These results have significant policy implications. They imply that short–run economic policies should focus on creating incentives that attract investment and increase the quality of education, the effectiveness of government institutions, the promotion of international trade reforms and the effectiveness of development aid. In the long run, development strategies should focus on attracting the accumulation of long-term investment, improving the quality of education and the effectiveness of development aid.
Character association and path coefficient analysis in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Forty nine genotypes of wheat were evaluated for 12 quantitative and one quality traits during 2010-11. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications at Crop Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut. The mean, range, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability in broad sense, genetic advance correlation and path analysis were analyzed. Plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, spike length, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index were significant and positive correlated with grain yield per plant. The phenotypic and genotypic path coefficients exhibited high positive direct contribution of number of productive tillers per plant, plant height, harvest index and 1000-grain weight towards grain yield.The positive indirect effect of plant height on grain yield was registered via days to maturity, number of spikelets per spike, 1000-grain weight and biological yield per plant. Number of productive tillers per plant revealed contribution on grain yield via number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index revealing that indirect selection of these characters would be effective in improving grain yield per plant. Higher genotypic coefficient of variance along with high heritability and genetic advance for grain yield per plant, plant height, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight would also be of great use for indirect selection for improvement in yield per plant.