Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of the Salivary Retention of Hexetidine In‐vivo by High‐performance Liquid Chromatography

The non‐antibiotic antimicrobial agent hexetidine is widely used at a concentration of 0–1% w/v as an oral rinse to reduce the number of viable microorganisms within the oral cavity. However, following use, the available concentration of hexetidine in the oral cavity declines with time, thus compromising the resultant antimicrobial activity. It is, therefore, desirable to determine the persistence of the agent in the oral cavity by quantification of the drug concentration in saliva, thus enabling prediction of its antimicrobial activity in the oral environment.
Studies on human lymphocytes in vitro. IV. Comparative fine structural features of the established Burkitt lymphoma cell lines AL-1, EB-2 and phytomitogen-transformed lymphocytes.

Summary In a fine-structural study of the immunoglobulin-producing EB-2 and nonimmunoglobulin-producing AL-1 cell lines of Burkitt lymphoma a similar distribution of cell types was observed. Both cell lines contained a spectrum of blast-like cells ranging in type from cells which displayed a well developed Golgi apparatus, nonaggregated ribosomes and sparse endoplasmic reticulum to cells containing numerous aggregated ribosomes and an extensively developed, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum forming large dilated cisternac. In both Burkitt cell lines, cell types were present which resembled, phyto-mitogen-transformed blast cells. There was no consistent association of cytoarchitectural features with the capacity to synthesize immunoglobulin.
Application of BCI systems in neurorehabilitation: a scoping review

Abstract Purpose: To review various types of electroencephalographic activities of the brain and present an overview of brain–computer interface (BCI) systems’ history and their applications in rehabilitation. Methods: A scoping review of published English literature on BCI application in the field of rehabilitation was undertaken. IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Scopus databases were searched since inception up to August 2012. All experimental studies published in English and discussed complete cycle of the BCI process was included in the review. Results and discussion: In total, 90 articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Various approaches that improve the accuracy and performance of BCI systems were discussed. Based on BCI’s clinical application, reviewed articles were categorized into three groups: motion rehabilitation, speech rehabilitation and virtual reality control (VRC). Almost half of the reviewed papers (48%) concentrated on VRC. Speech rehabilitation and motion rehabilitation made up 33% and 19% of the reviewed papers, respectively. Among different types of electroencephalography signals, P300, steady state visual evoked potentials and motor imagery signals were the most common. Conclusions: This review discussed various applications of BCI in rehabilitation and showed how BCI can be used to improve the quality of life for people with neurological disabilities. It will develop and promote new models of communication and finally, will create an accurate, reliable, online communication between human brain and computer and reduces the negative effects of external stimuli on BCI performance. Implications for Rehabilitation The field of brain–computer interfaces (BCI) is rapidly advancing and it is expected to fulfill a critical role in rehabilitation of neurological disorders and in movement restoration in the forthcoming years. In the near future, BCI has notable potential to become a major tool used by people with disabilities to control locomotion and communicate with surrounding environment and, consequently, improve the quality of life for many affected persons. Electrical field recording at the scalp (i.e. electroencephalography) is the most likely method to be of practical value for clinical use as it is simple and non-invasive. However, some aspects need future improvements, such as the ability to separate close imagery signal (motion of extremities and phalanges that are close together).
Interaction of Cortex and Superior Colliculus in Mediation of Visually Guided Behavior in the Cat

Total contralateral hemianopia follows unilateral removal of the entire occipito-temporal neocortex in the cat. This deficit is classically ascribed to interruption of visual radiations serving cortical function ("cortical blindness") and is considered permanent. Return of vision to the hemianopic field after subsequent removal of the superior colliculus contralateral to the cortical lesion demonstrates that neither assumption is correct. The initial hemianopia is apparently due to depression of function of the colliculus ipsilateral to the cortical lesion, a de- pression maintained by influx of inhibition from the crossed colliculus. Thus, removal of the contralateral tectum, or splitting of the collicular commissure, abolishes this inhibition and allows the return of function in the ipsilateral colliculus, and with it the recovery fronm hemianopia. These findings emphasize that visually guided behavior is mediated at both cortical and midbrain levels, and that there is a marked interaction between these sites.
Affect in Text and Speech

As technology and human-computer interaction advances, there is an increased interest in affective computing. One of the current challenges in computational speech and text processing is addressing affective and expressive meaning, an area that has received fairly sparse attention in linguistics. Linguistic investigation in this area is motivated both by the need for scientific study of subjective language phenomena, and by useful applications such as expressive text-to-speech synthesis. The study makes contributions to the study of affect and language, by describing a novel data resource, outlining models and challenges for exploring affect in language, applying computational methods toward this problem with included empirical results, and suggesting paths for further research. After the introduction, followed by a survey of several areas of related work in Chapter 2, Chapter 3 presents a newly developed sentence-annotated corpus resource divided into three parts for large-scale exploration of affect in texts (specifically tales). Besides covering annotation and data set description, the chapter includes a hierarchical affect model and a qualitative-interpretive examination suggesting characteristics of a subset of the data marked by high agreement in affective label assignments. Chapter 4 is devoted to experimental work on automatic affect prediction in text. Different computational methods are explored based on the labeled data set and affect hierarchy outlined in the previous chapter, with an emphasis on supervised machine learning whose results seem particularly interesting when including true affect history in the feature set. Moreover, besides contrasting classification accuracy of methods in isolation, methods’ predictions are combined with weighting approaches into a joint prediction. In addition, classification with the high agreement data is specifically explored, and the impact of access to knowledge about previous affect history is contrasted empirically. Chapter 5 moves on to discuss emotion in speech. It applies interactive evolutionary computation to evolve fundamental parameters of emotional prosody in perceptual experiments with human listeners, indicating both emotion-specific trends and types of variations, and implications at the local word-level. Chapter 6 provides suggestions for continued work in related and novel areas. A concluding chapter summarizes the dissertation and its contributions.
Resting Cysts of the Pigmented Ciliate Blepharisma sinuosum Sawaya, 1940 (Ciliophora: Heterotrichea)

The morphology of Blepharisma sinuosum resting cysts and the dynamics of pigmentation at different stages of encystment are presented for the first time. Cyst morphometrics are similar to other Blepharisma species, with three‐wall layers, bacteria surrounding the ectocyst, a conical plug, and wrinkly surface toward the plug in mature stages. The vegetative moniliform macronucleus changes to a horseshoe shape, and at early stages, the cystic cytoplasm is homogeneously pigmented, comprising a contractile vacuole; later, pigments polarize toward the plug, decorate the cortical layer, and become brownish. This work reinforces the potential role of pigment dynamics on cyst biology.
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING IN HEADACHE: A REVIEW

THE IDEA THAT headache, particularly migraine, is connected with psychological disturbance is not new. It goes back at least 240 years to the writings of a D. Junkerius who said that migraine headaches were caused by anger, tacit and unexpressed.1 The more recent pioneering studies by Wolf (1937), Friedman (1954), and Alvarez (1947) using the psychiatric interview have characterized migraine patients by a constellation of obsessive-compulsive traits including perfectionism, orderliness, moralistic preoccupations and rigidity. These entrenched, often interpersonally successful surface qualities may be understood as reaction formations against a considerable quantity of unexpressed anger. While other traits, such as unexpressed dependency, shyness, sensitivity to criticism, sexual inadequacy and exploitive interpersonal relationships are mentioned, the consensus of the clinical studies has been that unexpressed anger is what is represented in migraine headache. A similar set of dynamics has been postulated by Graham (1970) for cluster headache with perhaps more emphasis on the dynamics of unexpressed dependency than of anger.
Influence of treatment on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder associated with systemic hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, and premature death. Elevated sympathetic tone has been documented previously in OSA and may contribute to the cardiovascular risk. As OSA therapy appears to reduce mortality, we wondered if decreased apnea activity would attenuate the sympathetic hyperactivity of untreated patients. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) was measured during wakefulness via peroneal microneurography in seven patients with documented OSA before and at least 1 mo after compliance-monitored nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. Before institution of CPAP therapy, MSNA was high in all patients and decreased after CPAP therapy (baseline versus CPAP: 69.4 +/- 15.3 versus 53.9 +/- 10.5 bursts/min, mean +/- SD; p<0.01). However, the decrease in MSNA was limited to the four patients with the greatest nightly use of CPAP (> or = 4.5 h/night), whereas it remained unchanged in the three patients who were less compliant. There was a direct linear correlation between the decrease in MSNA (bursts/min) and the average hours of CPAP use per night (r = 0.87, p = 0.01). We conclude that in patients with OSA effective reduction in apnea activity with CPAP therapy diminishes the high sympathetic tone present during resting wakefulness.
Reactions of first-year medical students to cadaver dissection and their perception on learning methods in anatomy.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the reactions of medical students to cadaver dissection and their preferred learning methods in studying anatomy. METHODS Participants were 110 first-year medical students 57 from a pre-medical course and 53 from the graduate entry level. A self-reported questionnaire survey was used to assess students' emotional and physical reactions to their encounters with cadavers in the dissecting room and their preferred teaching and learning methods and materials. Frequency, paired t-test, and cross-sectional analyses were conducted. RESULTS Most students experienced negative physical symptoms, such as eye soreness (72%), mile headache or dizziness (40%), headache (18%), decrease in appetite (17%), nausea (15%), and disgust (10%), in the first encounter with a cadaver in the dissection room. They also experienced adverse emotional responses, such as surprise (38%), depression (37%), sadness (23%), fear (23%) and feelings of guilt (19%), anxiety (17%), and crying (2.7%). However, most of these reactions decreased significantly 8 weeks later, except for nausea. Regarding teaching and learning methods, students reported that lectures and cadaver dissections were the most helpful methods in studying anatomy. CONCLUSION The results shows that initial encounters with a cadaver in the dissecting room caused emotional and physical distress to first-year medical students, but most students adapted gradually to the stressful learning environment. In addition, students regarded cadaver dissection as one of the most helpful learning experiences in studying anatomy.
THE OCCURRENCE OF ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HER-PESVIRUS IN CAPTIVE ASIAN ELEPHANTS (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS): FIRST CASE OF EEHV4 IN ASIA

Abstract: Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) is a type of herpesvirus that causes acute hemorrhagic disease in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and is often fatal, especially in calves. This study describes the postmortem evaluation of two captive-born Asian elephants (2 and 3 yr of age, respectively) diagnosed with EEHV in Thailand. Both elephants presented only mild depression, lethargy, and anorexia before death within 24 hr of symptom onset. Necropsies were performed, and tissue samples were tested for EEHV viral presence using polymerase chain reaction. Molecular and phylogenetic evidence illustrated two types of EEHV, which were closely related to EEHV1A in Case 1 and EEHV4 in Case 2. Pathologic findings differed between the cases. More specific organ tropism was found in Case 1, where mainly the cardiovascular system was affected. In contrast, in Case 2, hemorrhages were noted in most organs, including in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. This report is the first to document EEHV4 in Asia and the second case of this strain to be identified in an elephant worldwide.
A new SVD approach to optimal topic estimation

In the probabilistic topic models, the quantity of interest---a low-rank matrix consisting of topic vectors---is hidden in the text corpus matrix, masked by noise, and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is a potentially useful tool for learning such a matrix. However, different rows and columns of the matrix are usually in very different scales and the connection between this matrix and the singular vectors of the text corpus matrix are usually complicated and hard to spell out, so how to use SVD for learning topic models faces challenges. We overcome the challenges by introducing a proper Pre-SVD normalization of the text corpus matrix and a proper column-wise scaling for the matrix of interest, and by revealing a surprising Post-SVD low-dimensional {\it simplex} structure. The simplex structure, together with the Pre-SVD normalization and column-wise scaling, allows us to conveniently reconstruct the matrix of interest, and motivates a new SVD-based approach to learning topic models. We show that under the popular probabilistic topic model \citep{hofmann1999}, our method has a faster rate of convergence than existing methods in a wide variety of cases. In particular, for cases where documents are long or $n$ is much larger than $p$, our method achieves the optimal rate. At the heart of the proofs is a tight element-wise bound on singular vectors of a multinomially distributed data matrix, which do not exist in literature and we have to derive by ourself. We have applied our method to two data sets, Associated Process (AP) and Statistics Literature Abstract (SLA), with encouraging results. In particular, there is a clear simplex structure associated with the SVD of the data matrices, which largely validates our discovery.
Hormonal pattern of the pheromonal restoration of cyclic activity in aging irregularly cycling and persistent-estrus female rats.

This study reports the hormonal pattern of pheromonal restoration of cyclic activity (PRCA) in irregularly cycling (IC) and in anovulatory persistent-estrus (PE) aging female middle-aged Wistar rats. Hypothalamic content of LHRH and plasma levels of LH, FSH, estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P) were measured by RIA methods, and prolactin (PRL) was examined by ELISA in 1) normal four-day cycling rats, 2) saline-treated IC and PE rats, and 3) IC and PE rats treated with sprays of male urine (50 microliters every 10 min for 1 h on only one day, at a distance of 1 cm from the nostrils). Group 1 showed low levels of LHRH and high levels of LH, FSH, E2, P, and PRL in the afternoon of proestrus (PR). In group 2, the pattern was not cyclical and the levels of the hormones were higher than basal for the cyclic rats, except for P, which was lower. Group 3 showed a depletion of the hypothalamic LHRH and an increase in plasma LH, FSH, E2, Pm, and PRL. FSH, E2, and P showed the strongest rise, leading to an elevated ratio of FSH to LH. Four-day estrous cycles reappeared in urine-treated rats on the succeeding days. The cyclic behavior of the PRCA hormones was, qualitatively, the same as in the normally cycling rats. According to the results, the origin of the PRCA effect is an olfactory input to the hypophysiotropic area of the hypothalamus. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Swedish State Health Technology Board (SBU) report on treatment of alcohol and drug misuse: an economist's view.

The Swedish State Health Technology Board (SBU) has published a Report on the treatment of alcohol and drug misuse (SBU, 2001). This article is a brief Commentary on the economic issues raised in Chapter 9 of the Report, in particular, the question of 'how cost-effective are the different treatment alternatives? ' An outline is given of how the authors approached the economic work, with particular reference to a standard checklist approach to judging the quality of published economic appraisals. A paucity of such appraisals was retrieved and detailed review of just 16 papers was undertaken. The authors are critical of the lack of quality of economic work in the substance misuse area and their main points are summarized here. The main conclusion drawn is that no economic judgements can be made about alternative treatment approaches, and more study and research are needed in this area. Chapter 9 is, on balance, a good attempt at a critical review of the economic appraisal literature. Unfortunately the main Report provides a series of summary judgements on the effectiveness or otherwise of alternative treatments, which, while recognizing the need for further cost-effectiveness work, essentially ignores the conclusion drawn in the economics chapter. This is likely to do a disservice to the cause of appropriate resource allocation in the substance misuse area.
Structure and origin of defective genomes contained in serially passaged herpes simplex virus type 1 (Justin)

Restriction enzyme and hybridization analyses have revealed that high-density DNA prepared from passage 15 of serially passaged herpes simplex virus type 1 (Justin) contains three major classes of modified viral DNA molecules, each composed of distinct but closely related types of repeate units. The DNA sequences within the three types of repeat units are colinear with the DNA sequences located at the right end (between coordinates 0.94 and 1.0) of the parental herpes simplex virus type 1 genome. Thus, the three types of repeat units each contain the entire repeat sequence (ac) (which brackets the unique sequences of the small [S] component of herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA) and differ only with respect to the amount of unique S sequences which they contain. The three classes of high-density DNA molecules were found to be stably propagated between passages 6 and 15 of this series.
Head Size at One Year as a Predictor of Four‐Year IQ

The relationship between head circumference and body length at 50–54 weeks was studied relative to IQ at four years in 9,379 children registered in the Collaborative Project on Cerebral Palsy. All white or Negro children examined within the proper time intervals were included, excepting only those with definite cyanotic congenital heart disease at one year of age. Account was taken of race, sex, and maternal education.
Sex‐related Differences in the Influence of Morphine on Ventilatory Control in Humans

Background Opiate agonists have different analgesic effects in male and female patients. The authors describe the influence of sex on the respiratory pharmacology of the micro‐receptor agonist morphine. Methods The study was placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, and randomized. Steady‐state ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide and responses to a step into hypoxia (duration, 3 min; oxygen saturation, [approximately] 82%; end‐tidal carbon dioxide tension, 45 mmHg) were obtained before and during intravenous morphine or placebo administration (bolus dose of 100 micro gram/kg, followed by a continuous infusion of 30 micro gram [center dot] kg sup ‐1 [center dot] h sup ‐1) in 12 men and 12 women. Results In women, morphine reduced the slope of the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide from 1.8 +/‐ 0.9 to 1.3 +/‐ 0.7 l [center dot] min sup ‐1 [center dot] mmHg sup ‐1 (mean +/‐ SD; P < 0.05), whereas in men there was no significant effect (control = 2.0 +/‐ 0.4 vs. morphine = 1.8 +/‐ 0.4 l [center dot] min sup ‐1 [center dot] mmHg sup ‐1). Morphine had no effect on the apneic threshold in women (control = 33.8 +/‐ 3.8 vs. morphine = 35.3 +/‐ 5.3 mmHg), but caused an increase in men from 34.5 +/‐ 2.3 to 38.3 +/‐ 3 mmHg, P < 0.05). Morphine decreased hypoxic sensitivity in women from 1.0 +/‐ 0.5 l [center dot] min sup ‐1 [center dot] % sup ‐1 to 0.5 +/‐ 0.4 l [center dot] min sup ‐1 [center dot] % sup ‐1 (P < 0.05) but did not cause a decrease in men (control = 1.0 +/‐ 0.5 l [center dot] min sup ‐1 [center dot] % sup ‐1 vs. morphine = 0.9 +/‐ 0.5 l [center dot] min sup ‐1 [center dot] % sup ‐1). Weight, lean body mass, body surface area, and calculated fat mass differed between the sexes, but their inclusion in the analysis as a covariate revealed no influence on the differences between men and women in morphine‐induced changes. Conclusions In both sexes, morphine affects ventilatory control. However, we observed quantitative and qualitative differences between men and women in the way morphine affected the ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide and oxygen. Possible mechanisms for the observed sex differences in the respiratory pharmacology of morphine are discussed.