Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The response of CO 2 emissions to the business cycle : New evidence for the U .

This paper investigates the response of CO2 emissions to the business cycle for the U.S. on a monthly basis between 1973-2015. Using a rolling-regression approach, we find that the emissions elasticity with respect to GDP is not constant over time, irrespective which filtering method, such as the Hodrick-Prescott, the Baxter-King, the Christiano-Fitzgerald or the Butterworth filter has been employed. In order to check whether or not emissions react differently during normal and recession times, next, we employ a Markov-switching approach. We find, first, that emissions are significantly more elastic during recessions than in normal times. Second, depending on the filtering method, we also obtain parameter estimates of the emissions elasticity above one in recession times and below one in normal times. The results are also robust against including monetary policy also in times of the zero lower bound. Thus, environmental policy instruments not turning out to be sub-optimal should account for this asymmetric response of emissions due to changes in GDP.
Influenzal Meningitis The Relation of Age Incidence to the Bactericidal Power of Blood Against the Causal Organism

Summary 1.Influenzal meningitis is rarely seen under two months of age or beyond six years of age. About 80 per cent of the cases occur between the ages of two months and three years. 2.The bactericidal power of whole defibrinated blood in various age groups for a meningitic strain of B. influenzae has been studied. 3.Cord blood and the blood of infants under two months of age has considerable bactericidal power. 4.With rare exceptions the blood of children between the ages of two months and three years has practically no bactericidal power. 5.After three years the bactericidal power gradually rises and appears to be permanent in adult life.
Embedding non-restrictive relative clauses

Schlenker (2010) recently provided data from English and French suggesting that, contrary to standard assumptions (McCawley, 1982; Potts, 2005; Arnold, 2007; AnderBois et al., 2011), non-restrictive relative clauses (NRCs) can take narrow scope under operators of the sentence within which they are embedded. This paper presents three experiments in German confirming this claim. The results show that embedded readings are available with NRCs in German and give first insights into the puzzle under which conditions these embedded readings do or do not show up.
The Effects of IPO Herding on the Initial Returns and Subsequent IPO Timing

This study addresses two puzzles in the IPO markets in Korea: whether underpricing in the IPO market is affected by earlier market information, especially the volume and number of IPOs in the prior period, and whether underpricing in the previous period leads to a subsequent hot period in the IPO markets in Korea. Multivariate regressions are conducted using all the IPOs of firms listed on the KOSDAQ and KOSPI exchanges from 2005 to 2016. We also introduce some unique methodologies and models. Most importantly, we apply herding models developed for this study. Our findings can be summarized as follows: First, while that the herding behaviors of IPO firms in the past have a positive effect on the magnitude of IPO returns in the future, the IPO volume itself has a negative effect on the magnitude of IPO returns in the future, consistent with the expectations based on the theoretical viewpoint of the herding theory. Second, the magnitude of weighted herding in IPO markets in the past has a positive effect on the magnitude of IPO returns, while simultaneously reflecting the effects of both time-span and magnitude in returns and volume for most of the information used in Lowry and Schwert (2002) Keyword: IPO, Herding Behavior, Initial Returns, IPO Timing, Korea
Enrichment of wheat flour bread to enhance physicochemical and sensory attributes using broccoli powder

Enrichment of wheat flour with dehydrated broccoli powder has positive effects on the nutritional value of bread. In present study, broccoli powder was prepared by dehydrating the broccoli and then added in wheat flour in variable proportions (1%, 3%, 5% and 7%) to check its impact on physico-chemical, rheological and sensory attributes of enriched bread. Results from this study showed that there was significant increase in fiber, protein and total phenolic contents by adding dehydrated broccoli powder. While moisture, ash and crude fat contents showed non-significant effects. Nitrogen free extract showed decreasing trend by increasing broccoli powder in wheat flour. Physical analysis such as loaf volume, specific volume, weight loss, texture showed significantly decreasing effect with the exception of loaf weight. Color analysis and rheological analysis of enriched bread also showed significant effect. The scores assigned to the sensory attributes of broccoli bread including loaf volume, color of crust, color of crumb, grain size, taste, aroma and texture firstly increased upto a level (1% addition), then decreased significantly by increasing concentration of broccoli powder while, scores regarding overall acceptability of bread prepared from composite flour enriched with broccoli powder were 7.08, 7.41, 6.41,5.16 and 3.33(out of 9) for T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 (out of 9). Result concluded that adding broccoli powder higher than 1% resulted in unacceptable textural and sensory properties of bread.
STUDY OF AC ELECTROOSMOTIC FLOW DEVELOPED BY COPLANAR MICROELECTRODE ARRAY IN A SLIT MICROCHANNEL

Under the influence of an AC electric field, electrolytes on a planar microelectrodes exhibit steady fluid flow, termed as AC electro-osmosis. A numerical model using finite element scheme has been developed to solve the electrokinetic flow parameters of the AC electroosmosis in a slit microchannel. The solution was obtained using Poisson–Navier–Stokes–Nernst–Planck approach known as non equilibrium model. A thin-layer, low-frequency, nonlinear analysis of the system is performed including Faradaic currents from electrochemical reactions at the electrodes. Net flow velocity is observed for different geometric parameters of electrodes. Flow and field characteristic are observed for the maximum velocity attained in the investigated range of frequency. The interesting consequences of shape and field asymmetries, which generally lead to electro-osmotic pumping or electrophoretic motion in AC fields gives some basic issues for the microfluidic devices.
Effects of Smoking on Serum Lipid Levels in Nascent Young Indian Smokers

AIM: Mortality due to cardiovascular disorders is highest among all non-communicable diseases. Smoking is one of the modifiable risk factors for the development of this condition. Total Cholesterol (TC) and Triglycerides (TG) in serum being independent biomarkers of CVD, this study was designed to analyze and compare their levels between smokers and non-smokers. MATERIALS and METHODS: The study included 15 smokers who smoked continuously 5-7 cigarettes per day for around 5 years and five non-smokers as controls who were believed to be void of other CVD risk factors. Venous blood was collected from the selected individuals and sera was aspirated after centrifugation. The obtained sera were freeze stored and used later to estimate the total cholesterol and triglycerides by standard protocols. RESULTS and DISCUSSION: The study found that the mean value of TC among smokers and nonsmokers were not different from each other. This may be because the screened populations were nascent smokers and also due to the fact that they were of young age. In case of TG, slightly lower mean value was noticed when compared to that of controls. The reason for this is not clear and requires further studies on more number of smokers in this age group. CONCLUSION: This study is unique as there are very few literature reports on lipid values among the population in the age group of 20-25 years with approximate 5 years of smoking history. It is inferred here that in this age group, smoking around 5-6 cigarettes does not alter the blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels significantly. However to validate these results it is proposed in future to extend the analysis to more number of samples.
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy for Malignant Brain Tumors Using Epithermal Neutron

METHODS: The patients were administered 500 mg/kg of BPA intravenously for 3 hours before the irradiation. The neutron irradiation time was determined not to exceed 15 Gy-Eq to the normal brain. 20 HGMs were composed of 12 anaplastic, 4 atypical, 2 papillary, and 1 rhabdoid meningioma and 1 sarcoma that began as an anaplastic meningioma. All cases were recurrent after repetitive surgeries and radiotherapies.
Generalized Disappointment Aversion , Learning , and Asset Prices 9

Contrary to leading asset pricing theories, recent empirical evidence indicates that it was costless to hedge long-term volatility in aggregate stock market returns over the last two decades, whereas investors paid large premia for insurance against the unexpected realized variance. This paper offers a generalized disappointment aversion explanation that can also account for the variance and skew risk premiums in equity returns and the implied volatility skew of index options. The model captures other puzzling features of the data including the low risk-free rate, the high equity premium, excess stock market volatility, and return predictability patterns.
INFLUENCE OF WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON CROP GROWTH, NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND YIELD OF GROUNDNUT UNDER IRRIGATION CONDITION

Groundnut is an important oilseed cum leguminous crop in India, but its yield is unpredictable (Bhan and Sing 1993) and it has indeterminate growth habit, hence growth and development of reproductive and vegetative organs overlap, this causes low fruiting efficiency due to inter-organ competition for photoassimilation and other metabolites (Pushp Sharma and Virender Sardana, 2012). One of the major factors responsible for low productivity of groundnut is the improper management of weeds. Groundnut is grown extensively during Kharif season under rainfed condition, where it encounters severe weed infestation especially in the early stages. Weeds the essential component of agro-ecosystems, interfere with crops and lead to enormous crop losses (vaid et al., 2010). The critical period of weed competition is found to be the first four to eight weeks after sowing (Subbaiah et al., 1997, Jat et al., 2011). Groundnut crop is highly susceptible to weed infestation because of its slow growth in the initial stages up to 40 days (Senthil Kumar, 2004), short plant height and underground pod bearing habit. Uncontrolled weed growth reduce groundnut yield to the tune of 76% (Gnanamurthy and Balasubramaniyan, 1998). Less weed population and dry weight provided ample space for root growth, nodulation, optimum expansion of leaves and branches of plant as early as possible in groundnut (Jayarama Reddy, 1995) and weed management practices results in better growth attributes such as plant height, number of nodules per plant aided better total dry matter production, nutrient accumulation and yield components and consequently higher seed yield in groundnut (Chaitanya, 2009 and Bandiwaddar et al., 1999). Thus, adoption of suitable weed management through hand weeding or use of herbicides improved the yield and growth components. At present, many farmers demand good herbicides for managing weeds, and to get better crop establishment and yield. Hence, the present study was, initiated during Kharif 2011 at Hebbal, Bengaluru to evaluate the performance of different herbicides on crop growth, yield and nutrient uptake pattern of groundnut.
WP / 10 / xx The Culture of Corruption , Tax Evasion , and Optimal Tax Policy

This paper studies the effects of corruption and tax evasion on the determination of fiscal policy in a general equilibrium growth model. In particular, we focus on how corruption and tax evasion affects the determination of tax rates and the fraction of tax revenue that is invested in public capital rather than diverted for private use by public officials—an example of “grand” or political corruption. Our quantitative theory also introduces a “culture-ofcorruption” effect where the level of corruption among public officials directly affects the private sector’s willingness to evade taxation. We show that this effect is needed to match the estimated level of evasion in developing countries and the estimated correlation between corruption and tax revenue. The presence of corruption and evasion is shown to have large positive effects on tax rates and large negative effects on economic growth and tax revenue. The model implies that cracking down on tax evasion before addressing corruption is a bad idea and that higher wages for public officials is a good idea. JEL Classification Numbers:
How Does Capital Destruction Impact Economic Activity? Evidence from the 1975 Frost∗

Does physical capital anchor the spatial distribution of economic activity? If so, how does capital destruction affect local economic activity in the short and the long term? I investigate these questions by examining the 1975 frost that damaged coffee trees in the Brazilian state of Paraná. I find that capital destruction can have persistent effects on the spatial distribution of labor. I identify the effects of capital destruction by comparing the evolution of local economies that had different coffee tree densities before the frost. The frost resulted in a large and persistent displacement of agricultural workers. Local labor markets adjusted through outmigration instead of through wages or sectoral reallocation, which is consistent with the high labor mobility in the Brazilian economy at the time. There was a permanent decline of the local coffee industry after the one-time shock, which reduced labor demand as coffee requires more labor than alternative land uses. Agglomeration economies within the coffee sector are a plausible explanation for the persistence of the effects.
Delivery of polymeric nanostars for molecular imaging and endoradiotherapy through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect

Expression levels of biomarkers are generally unknown at initial diagnosis. The development of theranostic probes that do not rely on biomarker availability would expand therapy options for cancer patients, improve patient selection for nanomedicine and facilitate treatment of inoperable patients or patients with acquired therapy resistance. Herein, we report the development of star polymers, also known as nanostars, that allow for molecular imaging and/or endoradiotherapy based on passive targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Methods: We synthesised a star copolymer, consisting of 7-8 centre-cross-linked arms that were modified with Gd3+ for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and functionalised either with 89Zr for in vivo quantification and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, or with 177Lu for endoradiotherapy. 1H longitudinal relaxivities were determined over a continuum of magnetic field strengths ranging from 0.24 mT - 0.94 T at 37 °C (nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profile) and T1-weighted MRI contrast enhancement was visualized at 3 T and 7 T. PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution studies were performed in mice bearing tumours with high EPR (CT26) or low EPR (BxPC3) characteristics. Therapy studies were performed in mice with high EPR tumours and mean absorbed organ doses were estimated for a standard human model. Results: The star copolymer with Gd3+ displayed a significantly superior contrast enhancement ability (T1 = 0.60 s) compared to the standard clinical contrast agent Gadovist (T1 = 1.0 s). Quantification of tumour accumulation using the radiolabelled nanostars in tumour-bearing mice demonstrated an exceptionally high uptake in tumours with high EPR characteristics (14.8 - 21.7 %ID/g). Uptake of the star polymers in tumours with low EPR characteristics was significantly lower (P<0.001), suggesting passive tumour accumulation of the nanostars via the EPR effect. Survival of mice treated with high dose 177Lu-labelled star polymers was significantly higher than survival of mice treated with lower therapy doses or control mice (P=0.001), demonstrating the utility of the 177Lu-labelled star polymers as platforms for endoradiotherapy. Conclusion: Our work highlights the potential of star polymers as probes for the molecular imaging of cancer tissue or for the passive delivery of radionuclides for endoradiotherapy. Their high functionalisability and high tumour accumulation emphasises their versatility as powerful tools for nanomedicine.
Study of water barrier properties of starch-based films from steady-state and transient methods

The use of biodegradable materials from renewable resources is an alternative to minimize environmental problems caused by oil-based polymers. Starches from different sources are able to form films and are available at low cost. However, the application of such films for manufacturing packaging materials is limited by their poor mechanical and water vapor barrier properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of both, steady and transient states methods to determine the diffusion coefficients of water through such films. Since mathematical models of mass transfer consider that water concentration at the surface of solid matrix is the equilibrium moisture with the surrounding atmosphere, it is very important to understand how this surface behaves when exposed to different relative humidities (RH). So, the influence of air relative humidity on the topology of films’ surfaces was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Starch films and composite-films prepared with the addition of cellulose fibers were prepared by casting. The starch films were prepared with 3% of cassava starch and 0.3 g glycerol/g dry starch, while composites-films were prepared in the same manner, but with the addition of 0.3 g of cellulose/g dry starch. Mass transfer properties were evaluated by the determination of both, film permeability to water using diffusion cells at steady-state condition, and the diffusion coefficient of water through the films at transient state. Different ranges of RH were used in the experiments. The water vapor permeability and the diffusion coefficient of water through the films showed strong dependence on the RH range to which the films were submitted. The AFM allowed observing that the films roughness increased from a few nanometers to about 45 nanometers on approximately 1.5 hours, when submitted to saturated air. These results indicate that transient methods should not consider equilibrium moisture at films surfaces. Further studies are important for better understanding of this boundary condition, where the use of AFM could be a helpful tool.
Joint and double coboundaries of commuting contractions

Let $T$ and $S$ be commuting contractions on a Banach space $X$. The elements of $(I-T)(I-S)X$ are called {\it double coboundaries}, and the elements of $(I-T)X \cap (I-S)X$ are called {\it joint cobundaries}. For $U$ and $V$ the unitary operators induced on $L_2$ by commuting invertible measure preserving transformations which generate an aperiodic $\mathbb Z^2$-action, we show that there are joint coboundaries in $L_2$ which are not double coboundaries. We prove that if $\alpha$,$\beta \in (0,1)$ are irrational, with $T_\alpha$ and $T_\beta$ induced on $L_1(\mathbb T)$ by the corresponding rotations, then there are joint coboundaries in $C(\mathbb T)$ which are not measurable double cobundaries (hence not double coboundaries in $L_1(\mathbb T)$).
The Influence of Employee Self-efficacy, Outcome Expectation and Firm Resources on Intrapreneurial Behaviour: Insight from Ghana

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of employee perceived selfefficacy on intrapreneurial behaviour among Small and Medium size Enterprises (SMEs). We surveyed 234 employees from SMEs in the fresh fruit juice processing industry in Ghana using a structured questionnaire to obtain data. A statistical data analysis was performed. Our findings show that employeesâ€™ perceived self-efficacy relates positively to their intrapreneurial behaviour. However, we observed also that self-efficacy was not a sufficient condition for intrapreneurial behaviour to occur. Firm characteristics play a crucial role in the practice of such behaviour. That is, while employeesâ€™ self-efficacy is a principal determinant of employeesâ€™ intrapreneurial behaviour, the strength of self-efficacy is enhanced by firm resource. These results have policy implications for the promotion of SMEs in Ghana and similar contexts. The study contributes to knowledge on intrapreneurship in SMEs by pointing out that individual characteristics are not always linear in relation to intrapreneurship. Other factors that enhance these characteristics need to be taken account of. We provide recommendations for policy makers and researchers. (JEL H32, J20, O15)
Interrupção da gestação após o diagnóstico de malformação fetal letal: aspectos emocionais

OBJETIVOS: descrever os processos emocionais vivenciados com a interrupcao da gestacao apos o diagnostico de malformacao fetal letal. METODOS: foram entrevistadas 35 gestantes cujo feto era portador de malformacao letal e que realizaram a interrupcao da gestacao apos solicitacao de autorizacao judicial. A malformacao fetal mais frequente foi a anencefalia (71,5%). As pacientes foram submetidas a entrevista psicologica aberta logo apos o diagnostico da malformacao fetal para que pudessem expressar os sentimentos desencadeados e para promover reflexao sobre a solicitacao da interrupcao da gravidez. O tempo medio de espera pelo deferimento do pedido judicial foi de 16,6 dias. As que solicitaram e tiveram o aborto realizado foram convidadas a retornar para a segunda entrevista psicologica 30 a 60 dias apos o procedimento, quando foi aplicado questionario semidirigido para identificar os aspectos emocionais vivenciados e descrever os sentimentos despertados. RESULTADOS: trinta e cinco pacientes foram entrevistadas apos o aborto. Quanto aos sentimentos vivenciados na decisao pela interrupcao, 60% relataram como negativos, 51,4% afirmaram que nao tiveram duvidas quanto a decisao tomada e 65,7% informaram que a propria opiniao foi a que mais pesou na decisao. A maioria das mulheres (89%) afirmou apresentar lembrancas do que viveram com certa frequencia, 91% afirmou que adotariam a mesma atitude em outra situacao semelhante e 60% diriam para interromper a gestacao caso alguem perguntasse seu conselho, numa mesma situacao. CONCLUSOES: as angustias vivenciadas demonstram que o processo de reflexao e de fundamental importância para decisao consciente e posterior satisfacao com a atitude tomada. O acompanhamento psicologico permite revisao dos valores morais e culturais para auxiliar a tomada de decisoes visando minimizar o sofrimento vivido.