Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The physical principles of Doppler and spectral analysis

The Doppler effect provides an ultrasonic method for the detection of echoes from moving structures, particularly flowing blood. In its most simple form, the continuous wave Doppler offers velocity information without depth resolution and is therefore used mainly for the examination of superficial structures. The pulsed Doppler, in combination with real‐time imaging, provides a more flexible tool for the interrogation of selected sites in an ultrasound image for motion and flow. The recent development of Doppler flow imaging, in which limited Doppler information is displayed over an entire ultrasound image, usually in color and in real‐time, promises to secure the association between Doppler and conventional ultrasound imaging techniques.
Genetic and functional interaction between Ryh1 and Ypt3: two Rab GTPases that function in S. pombe secretory pathway

We have previously isolated ypt3‐i5 mutant and showed that Ypt3 GTPase functions in the fission yeast secretory pathway. Here, the same genetic screen led to the isolation of ryh1‐i6, a mutant allele of the ryh1+ gene encoding a homolog of Rab6. The ryh1‐i6 mutant showed phenotypes that support its role in retrograde traffic from endosome to the Golgi. Interestingly, ryh1+ gene deletion was synthetically lethal with ypt3‐i5 mutation. Consistently, the over‐expression of the GDP‐conformational mutant, Ryh1T25 N, inhibited the growth of ypt3‐i5 mutant but had no effect on that of wild‐type cells. Furthermore, the over‐expression of the Ryh1T25N mutant inhibited the acid phosphatase glycosylation and exacerbated the cell wall integrity of ypt3‐i5 mutant, but had no effect on those of wild‐type cells. GFP‐Ryh1 and GFP‐Ypt3 both localized at the Golgi/endosome, but showed distinct subcellular localizations. The localization of GFP‐Ryh1 in ypt3‐i5 mutant and that of GFP‐Ypt3 in ryh1‐i6 mutant were distinct from those in wild‐type cells. In addition, Ryh1 as well as Ypt3 were shown to be involved in acid phosphatase secretion. These results suggest that Ryh1 is involved in the secretory pathway and may have a potential overlapping function with Ypt3 in addition to its role in recycling.
Why Overcoming Prejudice is Not Enough: A Rejoinder to Richard Rorty

Abstract Misrecognition, taken seriously as unjust social subordination, cannot be remedied by eliminating prejudice alone. In this rejoinder to Richard Rorty, it is argued that a politics of recognition and a politics of redistribution can and should be combined. However, an identity politics that displaces redistribution and reifies group differences is deeply flawed. Here, instead, an alternative ‘status’ model of recognition politics is offered that encourages struggles to overcome status subordination and fosters parity of participation. Integrating this politics of recognition with redistribution enables a coherent Left vision that could redress injustices of culture and of political economy simultaneously.
Multimedia instructions and cognitive load theory: effects of modality and cueing.

BACKGROUND Recent research on the influence of presentation format on the effectiveness of multimedia instructions has yielded some interesting results. According to cognitive load theory (Sweller, Van Merriënboer, & Paas, 1998) and Mayer's theory of multimedia learning (Mayer, 2001), replacing visual text with spoken text (the modality effect) and adding visual cues relating elements of a picture to the text (the cueing effect) both increase the effectiveness of multimedia instructions in terms of better learning results or less mental effort spent. AIMS The aim of this study was to test the generalisability of the modality and cueing effect in a classroom setting. SAMPLE The participants were 111 second-year students from the Department of Education at the University of Gent in Belgium (age between 19 and 25 years). METHOD The participants studied a web-based multimedia lesson on instructional design for about one hour. Afterwards they completed a retention and a transfer test. During both the instruction and the tests, self-report measures of mental effort were administered. RESULTS Adding visual cues to the pictures resulted in higher retention scores, while replacing visual text with spoken text resulted in lower retention and transfer scores. CONCLUSIONS Only a weak cueing effect and even a reverse modality effect have been found, indicating that both effects do not easily generalise to non-laboratory settings. A possible explanation for the reversed modality effect is that the multimedia instructions in this study were learner-paced, as opposed to the system-paced instructions used in earlier research.
An Upper Limit on the Functional Fraction of the Human Genome

Abstract For the human population to maintain a constant size from generation to generation, an increase in fertility must compensate for the reduction in the mean fitness of the population caused, among others, by deleterious mutations. The required increase in fertility due to this mutational load depends on the number of sites in the genome that are functional, the mutation rate, and the fraction of deleterious mutations among all mutations in functional regions. These dependencies and the fact that there exists a maximum tolerable replacement level fertility can be used to put an upper limit on the fraction of the human genome that can be functional. Mutational load considerations lead to the conclusion that the functional fraction within the human genome cannot exceed 15%.
Tumour necrosis factor-α (−308) gene polymorphism in obstructive sleep apnoea–hypopnoea syndrome

Patients with obstructive sleep apnoea–hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS) have elevated circulating levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The hypothesis in this study was that OSAHS might be associated with the TNF-α (−308A) gene polymorphism, which results in increased TNF-α production. This hypothesis was examined in OSAHS patients, their siblings and population controls. A total of 206 subjects were recruited. All underwent sleep studies and clinical review, and were subsequently classified as having OSAHS or not depending on apnoea–hypopnoea frequency, sex, age and symptoms. All subjects had blood collected and genotyping was performed on DNA extracted from peripheral leukocytes. Some 192 random UK blood donors were used as population controls. The results demonstrated a significant association for TNF-α (−308A) allele carriage with OSAHS (OR = 1.8; 95% Confidence interval: 1.18–2.75) when compared with population controls. Siblings with OSAHS were significantly more likely to carry the TNF-α (−308A) allele. In addition, 21 pairs of male siblings discordant for carriage of the −308A allele showed a significant level of discordance for the OSAHS phenotype. In conclusion, this study demonstrates an association of tumour necrosis factor-α (−308A) carriage with obstructive sleep apnoea–hypopnoea syndrome, suggesting that inflammation may be implicated in the pathogenesis of this condition.
A system LSI memory redundancy technique using an ie-Flash (inverse-gate-electrode flash) programming circuit

A new memory redundancy technique using ie-flash (inverse-gate-electrode flash) memory cells was developed. Ie-flash can be fabricated by the conventional logic CMOS process, so no additional processes are necessary to use it in system LSIs, and it can be programmed by logic tester. This new redundancy technique was successfully implemented in the cache memories of a 32-bit RISC microprocessor.
On the Efficiency of Particle Swarm Optimizer when Applied to Antenna Optimization

This paper presents the results for three different antenna optimization problems that are found using the particle swarm optimizer (PSO). The outcomes found with PSO are compared to the outcomes found with other optimization algorithms to estimate the efficiency of PSO. The first problem is finding the optimal position of the feeding probe in a radiating rectangular waveguide. The second problem is finding the maximal forward gain of a Yagi antenna. The third problem is finding the optimal feeding of a broadside antenna array. The optimization problems have 2, 6, and 20 optimization variables respectively
Impact of systematic HIV testing on case finding and retention in care at a primary care clinic in South Africa

Systematic, opt‐out HIV counselling and testing (HCT) may diagnose individuals at lower levels of immunodeficiency but may impact loss to follow‐up (LTFU) if healthier people are less motivated to engage and remain in HIV care. We explored LTFU and patient clinical outcomes under two different HIV testing strategies.
Reversal and convergence in marsupial chromosome evolution

The karyotypes of marsupial species are characterized by their relatively low number of chromosomes, and their conservation. Most species have diploid numbers lying between the two modes, 2n = 14 and 2n = 22, but the karyotype of Aepyprymnus rufescens is exceptional in containing 2n = 32 chromosomes. Many differences in diploid number between marsupial species can be accounted for by particular fissions and fusions, which are easy to detect because of the low numbers of chromosomes in each karyotype. This should be a system in which it is possible to detect reversals and repeated chromosome rearrangements. We have used chromosome-specific paints derived from A. rufescens to compare the karyotypes of eight marsupial species, representing closely and distantly related taxa, to trace chromosome change during evolution, and especially to detect reversals and convergence. From these and other painting comparisons, we conclude that there have been at least three reversals of fusions by fissions, and at least three fusions or fissions that have occurred independently in different lineages.
Methylmercury-Dependent Increases in Fluo4 Fluorescence in Neonatal Rat Cerebellar Slices Depend on Granule Cell Migrational Stage and GABAA Receptor Modulation

Methylmercury (MeHg) disrupts cerebellar function, especially during development. Cerebellar granule cells (CGC), which are particularly susceptible to MeHg by unknown mechanisms, migrate during this process. Transient changes in intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) are crucial to proper migration, and MeHg is well known to disrupt CGC Ca2+i regulation. Acutely prepared slices of neonatal rat cerebellum in conjunction with confocal microscopy and fluo4 epifluorescence were used to track changes induced by MeHg in CGC Ca2+i regulation in the external (EGL) and internal granule cell layers (IGL) as well as the molecular layer (ML). MeHg caused no cytotoxicity but did cause a time-dependent increase in fluo4 fluorescence that depended on the stage of CGC development. CGCs in the EGL were most susceptible to MeHg-induced increases in fluo4 fluorescence. MeHg increased fluorescence in CGC processes but only diffusely; Purkinje cells rarely fluoresced in these slices. Neither muscimol nor bicuculline alone altered baseline fluo4 fluorescence in any CGC layer, but each delayed the onset and reduced the magnitude of effect of MeHg on fluo4 fluorescence in the EGL and ML. In the IGL, both muscimol and bicuculline delayed the onset of MeHg-induced increases in fluo4 fluorescence but did not affect fluorescence magnitude. Thus, acute exposure to MeHg causes developmental stage-dependent increases in Ca2+i in CGCs. Effects are most prominent in CGCs during development or early stages of migration. GABAA receptors participate in an as yet unclear manner to MeHg-induced Ca2+i dysregulation of CGCs.
Exploring spatiotemporal characteristics of intra-urban trips using metro smartcard records

Understanding the characteristics of intra-urban trips is essential to get a deep insight of the dynamic aspects of urban system and to make urban planning. We explore the spatiotemporal patterns of human intra-urban trips using metro smartcard records of Shenzhen city. Through statistics of millions of smartcard records, we found that the intra-urban trips: (a) have two significant peak hours over day; (b) are different between weekday and weekend; and (c) have significant periodicity. The temporal patterns owe to the living and working habit of the inhabitants. The result also shows that passengers' volumes, as well as the spatiotemporal patterns, are various for different stations, due to the land uses around stations. The method shows that metro smartcard records provide a powerful approach to understanding the dynamic of urban system.
Flow dynamics in bioreactors containing tissue engineering scaffolds

Bioreactors are widely used in tissue engineering as a way to distribute nutrients within porous materials and provide physical stimulus required by many tissues. However, the fluid dynamics within the large porous structure are not well understood. In this study, we explored the effect of reactor geometry by using rectangular and circular reactors with three different inlet and outlet patterns. Geometries were simulated with and without the porous structure using the computational fluid dynamics software Comsol Multiphysics 3.4 and/or ANSYS CFX 11 respectively. Residence time distribution analysis using a step change of a tracer within the reactor revealed non‐ideal fluid distribution characteristics within the reactors. The Brinkman equation was used to model the permeability characteristics with in the chitosan porous structure. Pore size was varied from 10 to 200 µm and the number of pores per unit area was varied from 15 to 1,500 pores/mm2. Effect of cellular growth and tissue remodeling on flow distribution was also assessed by changing the pore size (85–10 µm) while keeping the number of pores per unit area constant. These results showed significant increase in pressure with reduction in pore size, which could limit the fluid flow and nutrient transport. However, measured pressure drop was marginally higher than the simulation results. Maximum shear stress was similar in both reactors and ranged ∼0.2–0.3 dynes/cm2. The simulations were validated experimentally using both a rectangular and circular bioreactor, constructed in‐house. Porous structures for the experiments were formed using 0.5% chitosan solution freeze‐dried at −80°C, and the pressure drop across the reactor was monitored. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 102: 935–947. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Left ventricular response to severe exertion in untethered dogs.

The left ventricular response to severe exercise was studied by telemetering direct measurements of left ventricular diameter (D) and pressure (P) and aortic blood flow from healthy dogs running at speeds up to 30 mph in the field. Severe exercise increased cardiac output from 101 to 478 ml/kg per min, heart rate from 95 to 297 beats/min, stroke volume from 31 to 44 ml, left ventricular isolength (iso) systolic pressure from 120 to 186 mm Hg, left ventricular end diastolic pressure from 6 to 18 mm Hg, and left ventricular end diastolic diameter from 58.9 to 60.1 mm, while end systolic diameter decreased from 53.0 to 52.2 mm. Two indices of myocardial contractility, (dP/dt)/P increased from 37 to 92 sec(-1), while dD/dt, the velocity of myocardial fiber shortening at isolength, rose from 54 to 119 mm/sec. All of these changes were statistically significant. When, in resting dogs, heart rate was first raised to exercise levels by electrical stimulation, severe exercise subsequently increased left ventricular end diastolic diameter more profoundly, from 55.7 to 59.7 mm, while end systolic diameter remained constant and the increases in left ventricular pressure, (dP/dt)/P and velocity(iso) were roughly comparable to those occurring during exercise in spontaneous rhythm. After propranolol, 1.0 mg/kg, severe exercise resulted in significantly smaller increases in cardiac output (from 82 to 240 ml/kg), in heart rate (from 87 to 186 beats/min), in left ventricular pressure(iso) (from 122 to 150 mm Hg), in (dP/dt)/P (from 32 to 44 sec(-1)), in velocity(iso) (from 47 to 59 mm/sec), and in slightly greater increases in end diastolic diameter, from 59.8 to 62.0 mm and pressure from 8 to 22 mm Hg, while end systolic diameter did not change significantly.Thus, the left ventricle responds to severe exercise with near maximal increases in heart rate and contractility, while significant increases in end diastolic diameter (Frank-Starling mechanism) and stroke volume occur as well. When heart rate was held constant severe exercise produced similar increases in contractility but end systolic size failed to diminish and the increases in end diastolic size were greater. Beta adrenergic receptor blockade interfered with the chronotropic and particularly the inotropic response to severe exercise and while the participation of the Frank-Starling mechanism was somewhat greater, the latter was not sufficient to increase cardiac output normally.
Different responses of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells and Golgi cells evoked by widespread convergent sensory inputs

While the synaptic properties of Golgi cell‐mediated inhibition of granule cells are well studied, less is known of the afferent inputs to Golgi cells so their role in information processing remains unclear. We investigated the responses of cerebellar cortical Golgi cells and Purkinje cells in Crus I and II of the posterior lobe cerebellar hemisphere to activation of peripheral afferents in vivo, using anaesthetized rats. Recordings were made from 70 Golgi cells and 76 Purkinje cells. Purkinje cells were identified by the presence of climbing fibre responses. Golgi cells were identified by both spontaneous firing pattern and response properties, and identification was confirmed using juxtacellular labelling of single neurones (n= 16). Purkinje cells in Crus II showed continuous firing at relatively high rates (25–60 Hz) and stimulation of peripheral afferents rarely evoked substantial responses. The most common response was a modest, long‐latency, long‐lasting increase in simple spike output. By comparison, the most common response evoked in Golgi cells by the same stimuli was a long‐latency, long‐lasting depression of firing, found in ∼70% of the Golgi cells tested. The onsets of Golgi cell depressions had shorter latencies than the Purkinje cell excitations. Brief, short‐latency excitations and reductions in firing were also evoked in some Golgi cells, and rarely in Purkinje cells, but in most cases long‐lasting depressions were the only significant change in spike firing. Golgi cell responses could be evoked using air puff or tactile stimuli and under four different anaesthetic regimens. Long‐lasting responses in both neurone types could be evoked from wide receptive fields, in many cases including distal afferents from all four limbs, as well as from trigeminal afferents. These Golgi cell responses are not consistent with the conventional feedback inhibition or ‘gain control’ models of Golgi cell function. They suggest instead that cerebellar cortical activity can be powerfully modulated by the general level of peripheral afferent activation from much of the body. On this basis, Golgi cells may act as a context‐specific gate on transmission through the mossy fibre–granule cell pathway.
Early and late seizures after cryptogenic ischemic stroke in young adults

Objectives: To assess the incidence and predictive factors of early and late seizures after ischemic stroke in young adults. Methods: A total of 581 patients (aged 18 to 55 years) with recent cryptogenic ischemic stroke were prospectively enrolled at 30 neurology departments and followed for 37.8 ± 9.7 months. Early seizures (occurring within 7 days of stroke) were assessed by chart review and late seizures were prospectively recorded at each follow-up visit. Clinical and brain imaging findings were reviewed by two neurologists and two neuroradiologists who were blinded to the occurrence of seizures. Results: Fourteen of the 581 patients (2.4%) developed early seizures, 71% of which occurred within the first 24 hours. Rankin scale ≥3 (odds ratio [OR] 3.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 12.7) and cortical involvement (OR 7.7, 95% CI 1.0 to 61.1) were independently associated with early seizures. Late seizures occurred only in patients with hemispheric stroke (n = 20). The risk of first late seizure was 3.1% (95% CI 1.4 to 4.8) within 1 year and 5.5% (95% CI 3.1 to 7.9) within 3 years. The mean delay between stroke and first late seizure was 12.9 months (0.3 to 33.9). Late seizures were associated with early seizure (hazard ratio [HR] 5.1, 95% CI 1.8 to 14.8), cortical signs (HR 4.5, 95% CI 1.6 to 13.1), and size of infarct superior to one-half hemisphere (HR 9.7, 95% CI 3.1 to 30.8). Eleven of the 20 patients with late seizure experienced recurrences (multiple in eight) on antiepileptic drug treatment. Most of them were seizure free at the end of the follow-up. Conclusion: Epilepsy is rarely a major problem in young cryptogenic ischemic stroke survivors. Early seizures are associated with stroke disability and cortical involvement. Early seizures, cortical signs, and large infarct are independent risk factors for late seizures.
Widely Divergent Biochemical Properties of the Complete Set of Mouse DC-SIGN-related Proteins*

The mouse genome sequence has been examined to identify the complete set of proteins related to the human glycanbinding receptor, DC-SIGN. In addition to five SIGNR proteins previously described, a pseudogene, encoding a hypothetical SIGNR6, and a further two expressed proteins, SIGNR7 and SIGNR8, have been identified. The ligand-binding properties of these novel proteins and of the previously described mouse SIGNs have been systematically investigated in order to define the mouse proteins that most resemble human DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR. Results from screening of a glycan array demonstrate that only mouse SIGNR3 shares with human DC-SIGN the ability to bind both high mannose and fucose-terminated glycans in this format and to mediate endocytosis. The finding that neither SIGNR1 nor SIGNR5 binds with high affinity to specific ligands in a large panel of mammalian glycans is consistent with the suggestion that these receptors bind surface polysaccharides on bacterial and fungal pathogens in a manner analogous to serum mannose-binding protein. The data also reveal that two of the mouse SIGNs have unusual binding specificities that have not been previously described for members of the C-type lectin family; the newly identified SIGNR7 binds preferentially to the 6-sulfo-sialyl Lewisx oligosaccharide, whereas SIGNR2 binds almost exclusively to glycans that bear terminal GlcNAc residues. The results presented demonstrate that the mouse homologs of DC-SIGN have a diverse set of ligand-binding and intracellular trafficking properties, some of which are distinct from the properties of any of the human receptors.