Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comparison of observed and modeled deviations from the great circle direction for a 4490 km HF propagation path along the midlatitude ionospheric trough

Measurements of the direction‐of‐arrival of signals propagating on a long (4490 km) path along the midlatitude trough show that the azimuth can be deviated by up to 100° from the great circle bearing. In this paper an attempt has been made to model the shift in azimuth through a ray tracing simulation. Two possible mechanisms which lead to changes in azimuth have been investigated: (1) propagation along the density gradients which form the equatorward wall of the trough and (2) side scatter from regions of the sea well to the south of the trough. Of these two mechanisms, sea scatter gives results which are much closer to those observed.
Face Shapes Of Diabetics And Non-Diabetics Described Using Geometric Morphometrics

Introduction: Analysis of the face is not only important for facial recognition, historical research, investigations, telecommunications or even games but also important in many health-related fields. Facial data is commonly obtained by direct anthropometric measurements but in this study we applied new tools in geometric morphometrics (GM) to describe morphological variations in the face of people with diabetes mellitus. Methods: Digital images of the faces of 54 non-diabetic and 63 diabetic patients were taken. For the males, images analyzed were those without moustache, beard, and eyeglasses and with neutral face expression were used in this study. A total of 63 manually positioned anthropomorphic landmarks were collected, the Cartesian coordinates of which were extracted using an image analysis and processing software. The faces were then aligned using Procrustes superimposition of the Cartesian coordinates to eliminate size differences and rotational translation. The size residuals left after the alignment were then used to reconstruct the face’ truss network using thin-plate spline grids. Variations in facial morphology were then explored using the methods of relative warps analysis and partial warps analysis supplemented with various multivariate statistical analyses. Results: While facial asymmetry seems to be a common feature among the individuals surveyed as shown by the first partial warp, relative warps revealed drooping of the brow ridge portion of the face, drooping of the chin and bulging of the cheek surface were observed among the diabetics. Ordination of the samples based on the shape residuals showed differences in face shapes between diabetics and non diabetics although no sexual dimorphism in face shapes was observed. The face shape of diabetics was found to be rounder and less tapered compared to that of non-diabetics. Common features among diabetics include facial asymmetry (elongation towards the right), drooping of the brow ridge, compression of the face towards the center, and downward folding of the skin in the area of the eyes. Conclusion: Geometric morphometrics is effective in describing face shapes between diabetics and non-diabetics and could be used in describing face shapes of other patients with specific health problems.
Mindset Memory: Do Theories of Intelligence Impact the Narrative Content of Autobiographical Memory?

The main aim of the current study was to assess if individuals who hold the theory of intelligence (Tal) that intelligence is fixed (Entity Theorists) and individuals who hold the Tal that intelligence is malleable (Incremental Theorists) differed in the content of their autobiographical memories (AM) about their academic successes and failures. Specifically, based on their experimental condition, participants were either asked to recall any experience of getting a good grade (academic success) or getting a bad grade (academic failure) within the last year. Participants were 168 undergraduate students. Participants' Tal were assessed based on their responses on the Tal scale (Dweck & Henderson, 1988). The AMs were coded for content related to nine dependent variables: overall emotion, positive emotion, negative emotion, overall cognition, mastery-oriented cognition, helpless-oriented cognition, overall behavior, mastery­ oriented behavior, and helpless-oriented behavior. One-way ANOVAs were performed to determine if there was a main effect of type ofmemory recalled (success vs. failure) on the dependent variables. Furthermore, simple linear regressions were performed to explore ifTal scores predicted any of the dependent variables. The results of the ANOV As indicated that there was a main effect of the type of memory recalled on all the dependent variables except overall behavior. The results indicated that failure narratives tended to contain more overall cognitions, helpless-oriented cognitions, negative emotions, and helpless-oriented behaviors than success narratives; while, the success narratives tended to contain more overall emotions, mastery­ oriented cognitions, positive emotions, and mastery-oriented behaviors than failure narratives. The results of the Regression analyses indicated that Entity Theorists' affective content from their success AMs tended to be more positive than Incremental Theorists' affective content, that
Factors Affecting Patients' Preferences in Choosing a Hospital Based on the Mix Marketing Components in Isfahan

Introduction: Health care managers and planners should be able to use resources with the most effective and efficient ways. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting in patients' preferences for choosing a hospital based on the mix marketing components in Isfahan in 2010. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 350 patients were selected from Isfahan's hospitals based on random sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire including the mix marketing components. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. We analyzed the data in the SPSS. Results: The highest score in choosing a hospital belonged to "staff" (doctors and paramedical personnel) (72.2± 18.4) and the lowest score belonged to the "location" (hospital environment) (44.5±19.1). The "cost of services" was the most important factor in choosing a hospital in public hospitals; however, in private hospitals, the "personnel" (doctors and paramedical personnel) was the most important factor. Conclusion: Recent advances in health care have created needs for innovative marketing techniques. Because health care consumers differ from other domains consumers; and the nature of services provided makes different kinds of relationships, it is necessary to notice to marketing principles, especially the mix marketing components in providing services.
Loewner ’ s partial differential equation ∂

We present a new geometric construction of Loewner chains in one and several complex variables which holds on complete hyperbolic complex manifolds and prove that there is essentially a one-to-one correspondence between evolution families of order d and Loewner chains of the same order. As a consequence we obtain an univalent solution (ft : M → N) for any Loewner-Kufarev PDE. The problem of finding solutions given by univalent mappings (ft : M → C) is reduced to investigating whether the complex manifold ∪t≥0ft(M) is biholomorphic to a domain in C. We apply such results to the study of univalent mappings from the unit ball B to C.
Factors Influencing Adoption and Area under Conservation Agriculture : A Mixed Methods Approach Progress

Adoption of conservation agriculture (CA) is quite low in most parts of Africa. However, Zambia has been quite successful in increasing adoption of CA among smallholder farmers. Few studies using both quantitative and qualitative approaches have been conducted in Zambia to determine factors influencing adoption of CA. This study uses mixed methods approach to document factors influencing adoption of CA among smallholder farmers under the Conservation Agriculture Project (CAP) in Zambia. From a random sample of 415 smallholder farmers, results showed that 71% had adopted CA. Quantitative analysis indicated that CA trainings, previous experience in minimum tillage, membership in farmer organisations, and ownership of CA tillage equipment significantly increased the likelihood of CA adoption. Number of CA trainings attended, farm size, number of rippers owned and use of herbicide had a significant positive influence on area under CA. Qualitative approaches showed that good rapport with farmers, trust, reciprocity and altruism, monitoring and evaluations, extension strategy, quality and extent of technical knowledge in CA within CFU, and artificial incentives positively influenced adoption of CA. Traditional leadership was reported to enhance adoption of CA in most cases. Prestige was reported to withhold some men from adopting CA basins. Women were very involved in CA basins while men were mostly involved in ADP ripping. Some worldviews of farmers had negative influence on adoption of CA. Donor support and collaboration with the Zambia National Farmers Union and private sector were other contextual factors for the high adoption of CA among sampled smallholder farmers. In the promotion of CA it is important to pay attention to both quantitative and qualitative factors influencing adoption. A mixed methods approach thus can lead to a better understanding of the adoption of CA than a single research strategy approach.
A CONNECTION BETWEEN OBSCURATION AND STAR FORMATION IN LUMINOUS QUASARS

We present a measurement of the star formation properties of a uniform sample of mid-IR-selected, optically unobscured, and obscured quasars (QSO1s and QSO2s) in the Boötes survey region. We use a spectral energy distribution analysis for photometric data spanning optical to far-IR wavelengths to separate the active galactic nucleus (AGN) and host galaxy components. We find that when compared to a matched sample of QSO1s, the QSO2s have roughly twice the far-IR detection fractions, far-IR fluxes, and infrared star formation luminosities ( L IR SF ? > ). Correspondingly, we show that the AGN obscured fraction rises from 0.3 to 0.7 between (4–40) × 10 11 L ⊙ ? > . We also find evidence associating X-ray absorption with the presence of far-IR-emitting dust. Overall, these results are consistent with galaxy evolution models in which quasar obscuration is associated with dust-enshrouded starburst galaxies.
Weighted Composition Operators from Hardy Spaces into Logarithmic Bloch Spaces

The logarithmic Bloch space B log ⁡ is the Banach space of analytic functions on the open unit disk 𝔻 whose elements f satisfy the condition ∥ f ∥ = sup ⁡ z ∈ 𝔻 ( 1 - | z | 2 ) log ⁡ (2 / ( 1 - | z | 2 )) | f ' ( z ) | ∞ . In this work we characterize the bounded and the compact weighted composition operators from the Hardy space H p (with 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ ) into the logarithmic Bloch space. We also provide boundedness and compactness criteria for the weighted composition operator mapping H p into the little logarithmic Bloch space defined as the subspace of B log ⁡ consisting of the functions f such that lim ⁡ | z | → 1 ( 1 - | z | 2 ) log ⁡ (2 / ( 1 - | z | 2 )) | f ' ( z ) | = 0 .
eff ect of temperature and precipitation on the intra-annual radial growth of Fagus orientalis Lipsky in Artvin , Turkey

In this paper, we present the longest tree-ring chronology of oriental beech from Artvin, identify the most important climate factors aff ecting radial growth, and compare our results with the oriental beech chronology from Belgrad Forest. Stem disks were taken from 10 living oriental beech trees, and earlywood and latewood bands were measured separately in addition to ring width. Th e longest (442-year-long) chronology of earlywood, latewood, and total ring width for oriental beech were built from Artvin, Turkey. All chronologies (earlywood, latewood, and total ring width) were found to be highly sensitive to climate with mean sensitivity values of 0.3034, 0.286, and 0.294, respectively. Pearson correlation coeffi cients were used to identify relationships between tree radial growth and climate. Th e results showed that the most distinctive eff ect of temperature on tree-ring growth occurred with maximum temperature. High mean and minimum temperatures in the period of March to July (especially in May) resulted in growth early in the growing season and wide earlywood, latewood, and total ring formation. Diff erent from Belgrad Forest chronology, precipitation was a limiting factor on tree growth, but only in June. High temperatures had a positive eff ect during the period of March to July and did not cause a drought problem.
Pragmatic Information, Intentionality & Consciousness

It has been sixteen (16) years since Freeman and Nunez wrote their paper, “Restoring to Cognition the Forgotten Primacy of Action, Intention and Emotion” (Freeman & Nunez, 1999) where they rightfully warned us [1] about the limitations and dangers of cognitivism, neo-cognitivism, representationalism and the damage that a reductionist technocratic based science did, and would continue to do if it is left unchecked, to a more systemic approach geared to the understanding of mind, soul, intentionality and values based decision making with the potential for a better and more sound scientific paradigm of consciousness that includes the objective-subjective complementary pair grounded in biology, and particularly the neurobiology of a rich inner spiritual life conducive to inner peace, constructive creativity and intelligence, and social harmony. In this work we briefly explore some of the most innovative paradigms for the study of consciousness that in our view have been developed since 1999 with special emphasis in how the brain creates knowledge and meaning, something critical in human life for deciding courses of action which are spiritually, intellectually and emotionally important and meaningful to each of us. More importantly, this paper explores pragmatic information indices that serve the purpose, as hypothesized in works by Freeman (Freeman, 2008) and other authors (Davis & Kozma, 2013) (Davis, Gillett, & Kozma, 2015), in finding a plausible way to measure and quantify the creation of structure and order as observed in brain signals which are amplitude modulated, showing that the creation of knowledge and meaning requires energy consumption as a consequence of the interaction between the environment (the double, as Vitiello has called it) (Vitiello, 2001) and the brain which is regarded as an open thermodynamical system capable of breaking symmetry and creating coherent structures (Freeman & Vitiello, 2006). [1] Even though I am the only author of this paper, I am writing in plural since I feel this paper comes as a collaborative effort of several people to whom I am very grateful and whom have been acknowledged properly in the acknowledgement section.
Morphometrics of the Tracks of Puma concolor : Is It Possible to Differentiate the Sexes Using Measurements from Captive Animals?

Studies of felines have attempted to identify individuals by their tracks, since this ability would allow obtaining data such as the presence/absence and abundance of these species, which are difficult to obtain because of their secretive habits. Distinguishing between the sexes is important, because it permits estimation of the sex ratio and the relation of this to population dynamics; however, few studies have attempted to determine the sex of Puma concolor using tracks. This study uses linear, angular, area, and geometric morphometrics to correctly classify individuals by sex using tracks from captive animals. The results indicated that males had greater mean values for many variables, except for the area of internal toe, the area of exterior toe, the length of 3rd toe and the length of the 2nd toe. In the geometric analysis, the shape of male tracks was narrower in the middle than that of females. Although no other methods are available that allow identification of individuals by their tracks, this study demonstrates that the use of different tools may provide favorable results. Finally, it will be necessary to increase the sample size of pumas in the wild, which will allow the inference of the population dynamics of this species in Chile and elsewhere.
The development of national prejudice, in-group favouritism and self-stereotypes in British children

This study explores the development of national prejudice, in-group favouritism and self-stereotyping in a sample of 329 British children. The aim was to test the prediction, derived from self-categorization theory (Oakes, Haslam & Turner, 1994; Spears & Haslam, 1997) and in opposition to cognitive±developmental theory (Aboud,1988), that the supposedlimited cognitive ability of youngchildren to engage in individuated perception will not necessarily result in intergroup discrimination and self-stereotyping. The children were presented with a photographevaluation task and some open-ended questioning. It was found that national prejudice, in-group favouritism or self-stereotyping developed only in children aged over 10 years and was not evident in youngchildren. These ®ndings question the validity of the cognitive±developmentalapproachwhich contendsthat intergroupdiscrimination andstereotypingare a productofinformation-processing biases in young children. The apparent contradiction between the ®ndings of this study and previous research on ethnic prejudice developmentis discussed in terms of the potential importance of group norms in determining the willingness of people to express national prejudice and in-group favouritism. The belief that perception of people in terms of social categories is shroudedin error and bias has a longhistory(Lippmann,1922)and is still widespread(Fiske& Taylor, 1991; Hamilton & Trolier, 1986; Hilton & von Hippel, 1996). However, recently self-categorization theory has provided an alternative perspective. This approach contends that perception based on social categories should be regarded as a socially meaningful and appropriate activity structured by the subjective social realities of group life (Asch, 1952; Oakes, Haslam & Turner, 1994; Spears & Haslam, 1997; Yzerbyt, Rocher & Schadron, 1997). For example, Spears & Haslam (1997) presented a detailed review of the literature on stereotyping and cognitive load and concluded that it was appropriateto see stereotypingas the productof a concern to discover social meaning and so enrich social perception of ongoingsocial reality. A studywill be presented in this paper which supportsself-categorization theory. This studywill demonstratethat stereotyping,prejudiceand in-groupfavouritismare not
Are Services Tradable? Evidence from U.S. Microdata

The service sector broadly defined accounts for the majority of global production and employment and a significant share of global trade. However, limitations in official statistics preclude a detailed examination of bilateral service trade flows using standard methods such as the “gravity equation. ” Instead, we develop and implement a new methodology that exploits detailed, highly reliable microdata on U.S. service establishments to identify cross-industry variation in the tradability of services. We develop a general equilibrium model of trade across regions that incorporates service differentiation, increasing returns to scale and trade costs. From this framework, we infer the trade costs consistent with the geographic distribution of supply and demand in service industries. We use these estimates to produce a ranking of service categories from most tradable to non-tradable and to evaluate the share of services that are potentially tradable internationally. To help provide a sense of the relative tradability of service sectors, we produce estimates for manufacturing industries as well.
A Phylogenetic Perspective on Locomotory Strategies in Early Amniotes

SYNOPSIS. Past approaches to understanding the evolution of locomotory strategies among Paleozoic amniotes (‘‘primitive reptiles’’ of previous parlance) have been influenced by preservational bias: early occurrences of some amniote taxa were used to polarize the acquisition or development of locomotory structures among the earliest amniotes. Using a phylogeny representing the current consensus in the literature, we investigate the major locomotory strategies that have been posited for Paleozoic amniotes (basal synapsids on one hand and early reptiles on the other) by optimizing the major locomotory styles identified for these taxa onto the consensus tree, in order to present an overview of the pattern of evolution of locomotory strategies inherited and adopted by various amniote lineages.
Determination of the anisotropic permeability of a carbon cloth gas diffusion layer through X‐ray computer micro‐tomography and single‐phase lattice Boltzmann simulation

An investigation of the anisotropic permeability of a carbon cloth gas diffusion layer (GDL) based on the integration of X‐ray micro‐tomography and lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulation is presented. The method involves the generation of a 3D digital model of a carbon cloth GDL as manufactured using X‐ray shadow images acquired through X‐ray micro‐tomography at a resolution of 1.74 µm. The resulting 3D model is then split into 21 volumes and integrated with a LB single‐phase numerical solver in order to predict three orthogonal permeability tensors when a pressure difference is prescribed in the through‐plane direction. The 21 regions exhibit porosity values in the range of 0.910–0.955, while the average fibre diameter is 4 µm. The results demonstrate that the simulated through‐plane permeability is about four times higher than the in‐plane permeability for the sample imaged and that the corresponding degrees of anisotropy for the two orthogonal off‐principal directions are 0.22 and 0.27. The results reveal that flow channelling can play an important role in gas transport through the GDL structure due to the non‐homogeneous porosity distribution through the material. The simulated results are also applied to generate a parametric coefficient for the Kozeny–Carman (KC) method of determining permeability. The current research reveals that by applying the X‐ray tomography and LB techniques in a complementary manner, there is a strong potential to gain a deeper understanding of the microscopic fluidic phenomenon in representative models of porous fuel cell structures and how this can influence macroscopic transport characteristics which govern fuel cell performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Households Effects of Government Consumption

This paper provides new evidence on the effects of fiscal policy by studying, using household-level data, how households respond to shifts in government spending. Our identification strategy allows us to control for time-specific aggregate effects, such as the stance of monetary policy or the U.S.-wide business cycle. However, it potentially prevents us from estimating the wealth effects associated with a shift in spending. We find significant heterogeneity in households' response to a spending shock; the effects appear vary over time depending, among other factors, on the state of business cycle and, at a lower frequency, on the composition of employment (such as the share of workers in part-time jobs). Shifts in spending could also have important distributional effects that are lost when estimating an aggregate multiplier. Heads of households working relatively few (weekly) hours, for instance, suffer from a spending shock of the type we analyzed: their consumption falls, their hours increase and their real wages fall.