Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Addressing the Elephant in the Room: Disentangling Family Heterogeneity to Advance Family Business Research

Over the years, thoughtful scholars have left us compelling reminders that differences among families shape family business goals, behaviors, and outcomes (Aldrich & Cliff, 2003; Dyer, 2006; Olson et al., 2003; Rogoff & Heck, 2003). Yet the integration of prevalent family differences in theory building and empirical testing in the context of family business is still in its infancy (Combs et al., in press; Danes, 2014; James, Jennings, & Breitkreuz, 2012; Martinez & Aldrich, 2003; Powell et al., in press). One reason for the status quo is that many scholars commonly apply management theories that include neither the family nor its heterogeneity as an element. With the growing heterogeneity of family patterns within and across societies around the world, in this essay we highlight different dimensions and approaches to capture family heterogeneity and discuss how researchers might begin to build and test richer theory to extend and refine our knowledge of family firms. The discipline of “family science,” which draws from anthropology, sociology, psychology, and education, among others, provides us with abundant theories that include and illuminate families (Jaskiewicz, Combs, Shanine, & Kacmar, 2016). Pioneering studies have already highlighted the relevance of family structures (Aldrich & Cliff, 2003) and the family system (Olson et al., 2003) for family business behavior and outcomes, and one recent study discussed the implications of family science theories for family business research (Jennings, Breitkreuz, & James, 2013). However, we still lack a comprehensive overview that ties together dimensions of family heterogeneity that are relevant for family business research and the prominent family science theories (Jaskiewicz et al., 2016) that might help us theorize how these family dimensions affect family business behaviors and outcomes. With this essay, we aim to fill this gap. Ignoring differences among families in family business research is problematic because the results of our work may be misleading. Therefore, while reading this essay, we encourage researchers to reflect on the sources of family heterogeneity, the ways to account for them in future research, and their potential impact on family business outcomes.
Patients’ anxiety and expectations How they inﬂ uence family physicians’ decisions to order cancer screening tests

OBJECTIVE To compare the inﬂ uence of physicians’ recommendations and patients’ anxiety or expectations on the decision to order four cancer screening tests in clinical situations where guidelines were equivocal: screening for prostate cancer with prostate-speciﬁ c antigen for men older than 50; breast cancer screening with mammography for women 40 to 49; colorectal cancer screening with fecal occult blood testing; and colorectal cancer screening with colonoscopy for patients older than 40. DESIGN Cross-sectional mailed survey with clinical vignettes. PARTICIPANTS Of 600 randomly selected family physicians in active practice approached, 351 responded, but 35 respondents were ineligible (response rate 62%). RESULTS For all screening situations, physicians most likely to order the tests believed that routine screening with the test was recommended; physicians least likely to order tests believed routine screening was not. Patients’ expectations or anxiety, however, markedly increased screening by physicians who did not believe that routine screening was recommended. In regression models, the interaction between physicians’ recommendations and patients’ anxiety or expectation was signiﬁ cant for all four screening tests. When patients had no anxiety or expectations, physicians’ beliefs about screening strongly predicted test ordering. Physicians who believed routine screening was recommended ordered the test in most cases regardless of patient characteristics. But patients’ anxiety or expectations markedly increased the probability that the test would be ordered. The probability of test ordering went from 0.28 to 0.54 for prostate-speciﬁ c antigen (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9), from 0.15 to 0.44 for mammography (OR = 2.8), from 0.33 to 0.79 for fecal occult blood testing (OR
Topographical variations in the morphology and biochemistry of adult canine tibial plateau articular cartilage

Topographically, there are both morphological and biochemical differences in the articular cartilage of the tibial plateau of normal adult dogs when the cartilage covered by the meniscus is compared with that more centrally placed and not covered by meniscus. Histologically, differences are present in the surface morphology, in intra‐ and extracellular lipid content, and in the morphology of the mineralization front. Electron microscopy shows, in the covered cartilage, variability in collagen fiber size, with evenly spaced fibers apparently randomly distributed and an orderly relationship between the proteoglycans and collagen, whereas in the uncovered area, the collagen is aggregated into bundles and appears to be dissociated in large part from the proteoglycans. The most striking feature in the biochemistry of the two regions is an increased water content in the uncovered cartilage, as compared with the covered. In addition, there is an increased amount of proteoglycans that can be extracted in the uncovered cartilage. The heterogeneity of the cartilage on the tibial plateau should be taken into account when considering both the histologic and biochemical variations found in osteoarthritic cartilage; and when reflecting on the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.
Virulence Determinants and Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance mcr Genes in Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated From Bovine Milk

A major increase of bacterial resistance to colistin, a last-resort treatment for severe infections, was observed globally. Using colistin in livestock rearing is believed to be the ground of mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) gene circulation and is of crucial concern to public health. This study aimed to determine the frequency and virulence characteristics of colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from the milk of mastitic cows and raw unpasteurized milk in Egypt. One hundred and seventeen strains belonging to Enterobacteriaceae (n = 90), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 10), and Aeromonas hydrophila (n = 17) were screened for colistin resistance by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The genetic characteristics of colistin-resistant strains were investigated for mcr-1–9 genes, phylogenetic groups, and virulence genes. Moreover, we evaluated four commonly used biocides in dairy farms for teat disinfection toward colistin-resistant strains. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) phenotypes were detected in 82.91% (97/117) and 3.42% (4/117) of the isolates, respectively. Of the 117 tested isolates, 61 (52.14%) were colistin resistant (MIC >2 mg/L), distributed as 24/70 (34.29%) from clinical mastitis, 10/11 (90.91%) from subclinical mastitis, and 27/36 (75%) from raw milk. Of these 61 colistin-resistant isolates, 47 (19 from clinical mastitis, 8 from subclinical mastitis, and 20 from raw milk) harbored plasmid-borne mcr genes. The mcr-1 gene was identified in 31.91%, mcr-2 in 29.79%, mcr-3 in 34.04%, and each of mcr-4 and mcr-7 in 2.13% of the colistin-resistant isolates. Among these isolates, 42.55% (20/47) were E. coli, 21.28% (10/47) A. hydrophila, 19.12% (9/47) K. pneumoniae, and 17.02% (8/47) P. aeruginosa. This is the first report of mcr-3 and mcr-7 in P. aeruginosa. Conjugation experiments using the broth-mating technique showed successful transfer of colistin resistance to E. coli J53-recipient strain. Different combinations of virulence genes were observed among colistin-resistant isolates with almost all isolates harboring genes. Hydrogen peroxide has the best efficiency against all bacterial isolates even at a low concentration (10%). In conclusion, the dissemination of mobile colistin resistance mcr gene and its variants between MDR- and XDR-virulent Gram-negative isolates from dairy cattle confirms the spread of mcr genes at all levels; animals, humans, and environmental, and heralds the penetration of the last-resort antimicrobial against MDR bacteria. Consequently, a decision to ban colistin in food animals is urgently required to fight XDR and MDR bacteria.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Anterior Spinal Instrumentation Systems for Scoliosis: In Vitro Fatigue Simulation

Study Design. A biomechanical study was designed to assess the bone–screw interface fixation strength among five anterior spinal instrumentation systems for scoliosis before and after a fatigue simulation. Objectives. The objectives of the current study were twofold: 1) evaluate the static (initial) strength at the bone–screw interface and 2) evaluate dynamic (post fatigue) strength of the bone–screw interface after a fatigue simulation to investigate a possible mechanism for postoperative loss of correction. Summary of Background Data. Although the recent advancement of anterior instrumentation for scoliosis has permitted shorter fusion segments and improved surgical correction, the loss of correction over the instrumented segments still has been reported in one-rod systems. Little is known about the mechanism for loss of correction. Methods. Twenty-five fresh-frozen calf spines (T6–L6) were used. A total of five instrumentation systems included the following: Anterior ISOLA (ISOLA), Bad Wildungen Metz (BWM), Texas Scottish Rite Hospital system (TSRH), Cotrel–Dubousset Hoph (CDH), and Kaneda Anterior Scoliosis System (KASS). Screw pullout and rotational tests in the sagittal plane using a single vertebra were performed to investigate bone–screw interface fixation strength before and after a fatigue simulation. To simulate cyclic loading that the spine could undergo in vivo, a fatigue simulation using compressive–flexion loading up to 24,000 cycles was carried out. Results. Mean maximum tensile pullout force decreased in the following order: KASS > CDH > BWM > TSRH > ISOLA (F = 29.91, P < 0.0001). KASS blunt tip screw was 26% stronger in pullout force than KASS sharp tip screw (P < 0.05). The one-rod system demonstrated a positive correlation between pullout force and both bone mineral density and screw insertional torque. For fatigue analysis the rotational strength at the most cephalad and caudal segments significantly decreased after a fatigue simulation in the one-rod system (P < 0.05). The two-rod system showed no significant decrease after a fatigue simulation. Conclusions. Simulating the cyclic loading to the construct, screw loosening at the bone–screw interface was produced in the one-rod system. This screw loosening may elucidate one mechanism for loss of correction in the one-rod system. The two-rod system may have the potential to minimize the risk of loss of correction.
Social Value Creation in Inter‐Organizational Collaborations in the Not‐For‐Profit Sector – Give and Take from a Dyadic Perspective

Organizations in the not-for-profit (NFP) sector are increasingly collaborating with other organizations to mutually raise overall joint value created. However, literature on interorganizational collaborations in the NFP sector lacks a clear, empirically proven understanding about which factors drive such joint value creation and whether and how these factors and their effects differ for the two parties involved. Based on the relational view and an analysis of 121 partnership dyads, we identify that some factors governing the successful creation of joint value differ for the two partners while others are relevant to both parties. Those latter factors, in turn, differ in their effects on the respective outcome. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
MEMBANGUN LEARNING COMMUNITY DAN PENINGKATKAN KOMPETENSI MELALUI LESSON STUDY

Development of a sustainable human resources is imperative to be able to overcome all the problems facing every nation in the midst of the current global competition. The passage of the Asian Economic Community (AEC), besides a new hope for the Asian countries, also have consequences on various aspects of national life. Currently produced human resource education in Indonesia has not been able to properly prepared for these conditions. College graduates still have not been able to compete well with foreign labor. Foreign workers far better prepared to compete in terms of capabilities (skills) and the mastery of the English language compared to Indonesian workers. Kompas.com, 27 April 2015 mentions college graduates Indonesia is experiencing a dilemma, because higher education diploma degree they achieved no longer so easy to get a job guarantee. The difficulty of obtaining employment of university graduates seen from Indonesia educated unemployment rate is increasing every year. Central Statistics Agency (BPS) in August 2014, in Indonesia there are 9.5 percent (688 660 people) of the total unemployed who are alumni of the college. To prepare human resources through education, offered a solution to increase the competence of human resources (graduates of educational institutions) through the establishment of community learning (learning community) and the ongoing collaboration with various parties through the lesson Study.
Tolerance induction using the Malmö treatment model 1982–1995

The ultimate goal in the treatment of haemophilia patients with inhibitors is to eradicate permanently the inhibitor and induce tolerance. Here we summarize our experience at the Malmö centre regarding tolerance induction according to the Malmö Treatment Model. The protocol includes immunoadsorption if needed, neutralization of inhibitor and replacement with factor concentrates, cyclophosphamide intravenously for 2 days (12–15 mg kg−1 bw) and then orally (2–3 mg kg−1 bw) for an additional 8–10 days and intravenous gammaglobulin daily at dosages of 0.4 g kg−1 bw for 5 days. This protocol has been applied in 23 haemophilia patients with inhibitors, 16 haemophilia A patients and seven haemophilia B patients. Altogether 36 attempts have been made to induce tolerance. Ten of the 16 haemophilia A (62.5%) and 6/7 patients with haemophilia B (86%) became tolerant after the treatment. The chances of success or failure are roughly equal, if the series is considered in a historical perspective. The data showed that the chances of success in tolerance induction with the Malmö protocol were best in those patients with low inhibitor titres, with relatively low historical inhibitory peak and with a long interval since the previous replacement therapy. This was especially true where no inflammatory state was present at the start or during tolerance induction. The advantage with this method compared to the high‐dose regimen is that in the successful cases tolerance can be achieved within 3–4 weeks.
Memory for labor pain: a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND Women's ability and accuracy in recalling labor pain are widely debated, even though clinicians commonly use such retrospective information in their practice. The objectives of this paper are to review the literature to establish if labor pain is forgotten, if recall is accurate, factors that affect the accuracy of recall, and consequences of recall. METHODS An electronic search of Medscape, Psychlit, Bath Information and Data Services, and CINAHL between 1990 and 1999 was undertaken using the key words "labor" and "labour," "pain," and "memory. " Each key word produced thousands of hits, but the combination of all three was surprisingly unsuccessful. This review, therefore, used a manual and print search and a detailed knowledge of work in this and related fields. RESULTS The literature was relatively limited, and many studies demonstrated methodological problems. Inductive and deductive analysis suggested that women do not completely forget labor pain, and recall is often vivid but not always entirely accurate. CONCLUSIONS Memories of labor pain can evoke intense negative reactions in a few women, but are more likely to give rise to positive consequences related to coping, self-efficacy, and self-esteem.
Effect of mild head injury on event-related potential correlates of Stroop task performance

The effect of mild head injury on event-related potential (ERP) correlates of Stroop task performance was explored with the aim of further elucidating the basis of processing impairments after mild head injury. Computer- and card-based Stroop tasks were employed to assess attention function. A sequence of incongruent color words were presented followed by a sequence of congruent color words (printed in congruent colors). Control performance was equivalent on computer- and card-based versions of the incongruent task and faster on the congruent card task than the preceding congruent computer task. The mild head injury group were as fast as controls on the computer-based task but made more errors. However, they were relatively slower on both the congruent and incongruent parts of the card-based task and made more errors in the incongruent task. ERP correlates of computer-based Stroop task performance suggested a greater allocation of attention resources in the incongruent condition in both groups in the form of relatively greater negativity in the latency range 350 to 450 ms with a distribution consistent with the activation of the anterior cingulate gyrus. In addition the mild head injured group showed relatively greater enhancement than the control group in this latency range in both congruent and incongruent conditions. There was, however no evidence of reduced amplitude P1, N1, N2, or P3b deflections. Trails, digit symbol, digit span and auditory verbal learning tests (AVLT) were also administered. Mild head injured participants were impaired only on the AVLT. The finding of greater ERP negativity in the mild head injured group is consistent with greater allocation of attention resources to achieve equivalent performance in the computer-based Stroop task. (JINS, 2002, 8, 828–837.)
Improving Ebola infection prevention and control in primary healthcare facilities in Sierra Leone: a single-group pretest post-test, mixed-methods study

Background Accomplishing infection prevention and control (IPC) in health facilities in Sub-Saharan Africa is challenging. Owing to poor IPC, healthcare workers (HCWs) were frequently infected during Sierra Leone's Ebola epidemic. In late 2014, IPC was rapidly and nationally scaled up. We carried out workshops in sampled facilities to further improve adherence to IPC. We investigated HCW experiences and observed practice gaps, before and after the workshops. Methods We conducted an uncontrolled, before and after, mixed-methods study in eight health facilities in Bo and Kenema Districts during December 2014 and January 2015. Quantitative methods administered to HCWs at baseline and follow-up included a survey on attitudes and self-efficacy towards IPC, and structured observations of behaviours. The intervention involved a workshop for HCWs to develop improvement plans for their facility. We analysed the changes between rounds in survey responses and behaviours. We used interviews to explore attitudes and self-efficacy throughout the study period. Results HCWs described IPC as ‘life-saving’ and personal protective equipment (PPE) as uncomfortable for providers and frightening for patients. At baseline, self-efficacy was high (median=4/strongly agree). Responses reflecting unfavourable attitudes were low for glove use (median=1/strongly disagree, IQR, 1–2) and PPE use with ill family members (median=1, IQR, 1–2), and mixed for PPE use with ill HCWs (median=2/disagree, IQR, 1–4). Observations demonstrated consistent glove reuse and poor HCW handwashing. The maintenance of distance (RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.16) and patient handwashing (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.3 to 1.25) improved to >90%. Conclusions We found favourable attitudes towards IPC and gaps in practice. Risk perceptions of HCWs and tendencies to ration PPE where chronic supply chain issues normally lead to PPE stock-outs may affect practice. As Sierra Leone's Ebola Recovery Strategy aims to make all facilities IPC compliant, socio-behavioural improvements and a secure supply chain are essential.
Understanding the dynamics of Nigeria’s urban transition: A refutation of the ‘stalled urbanisation’ hypothesis

Nigeria contains some of Africa’s oldest and newest cities, hosts five of the 30 largest urban settlements on the continent, and is estimated to have the biggest urban population on the continent. Yet many of the basic ‘facts’ about spatial-demographic trends in Nigeria have been contested. Most recently, an article published in World Development in 2012 claimed that urbanisation had stalled in Nigeria. In an effort to establish and explain the stylised facts of Nigeria’s urban transition we analyse demographic and spatial trends drawing on diverse sources, including censuses, household surveys, remotely sensed data and migration studies conducted over the past three decades. The evidence does not support the claim of stalled urbanisation: Nigeria’s urban population is growing rapidly in absolute terms and will continue to increase as a share of the national population because of both rural–urban migration and rural transformation. These drivers of urbanisation are a product of persistently high fertility in a context of declining mortality in both rural and urban areas. Robust economic growth over the past decade likely accelerated urbanisation, but even as the economy slows demographic fundamentals will continue to drive rapid urban growth and urbanisation.
Systemic Neosporosis in a California Black-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus)

to Neospora infection develop a parasite-specific antibody response that may provide valuable information on the exposure status of the cow. At this point, however, neither fetal nor maternal serology is a satisfactory substitute for histologic examination of brain for the diagnosis of Neosporainduced abortion. Eleven cows aborted during this abortion storm. Neospora was confirmed in all 7 of the fetuses in which brain was available and suitable for examination. This report illustrates the emerging importance of this disease in areas other than the West Coast and Southwest. Because Neospora has been reported from every region of the United States, it should be included on the list of agents capable of causing abortion storms in dairy cattle irrespective of the geographic location of the herd.
Knowledge, attitude and practice of standard precautions of infection control by hospital workers in two tertiary hospitals in Nigeria

Background: Standard precautions are recommended to prevent transmission of infection in hospitals. However, their implementation is dependent on the knowledge and attitudes of healthcare workers (HCW). This study describes the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of standard precautions of infection control among HCW of two tertiary hospitals in Nigeria is described. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 2011/2012 among HCW in two tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. Data was collected via a structured self-administered questionnaire assessing core elements of KAP of standard precautions. Percentage KAP scores were calculated and professional differences in median percentage KAP scores were ascertained. Results: A total of 290 HCW participated in the study (76% response rate), including 111 (38.3%) doctors, 147 (50.7%) nurses and 32 (11%) laboratory scientists. Overall median knowledge and attitude scores toward standard precautions were above 90%, but median practice score was 50.8%. The majority of the HCW had poor knowledge of injection safety and complained of inadequate resources to practise standard precautions. House officers, laboratory scientists and junior cadres of nurses had lower knowledge and compliance with standard precautions than more experienced doctors and nurses. Conclusion: Our results suggest generally poor compliance with standard precautions of infection control among HCW in Nigeria. Policies that foster training of HCW in standard precautions and guarantee regular provision of infection control and prevention resources in health facilities are required in Nigeria.