Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predator-specific inducible morphological changes in two Japanese anuran tadpoles

Many organisms exhibit changes in morphology as a response to predation risk (e.g. development of shells in snails, longer spines in dragonfly nymphs, and deeper bodies in fishes, Brönmark and Miner, 1992; Johansson and Samuelsson, 1994; Hoverman, Auld and Relyea, 2005). These inducible morphological changes have been suggested to represent an adaptive response in order to reduce prey vulnerability. Anuran tadpoles also exhibit inducible morphological defence characters, which are sometimes specific to the types of their predators (Teplitsky, Plénet and Joly, 2004; Kishida and Nishimura, 2005; Wilson, Kraft and Van Damme, 2005; Touchon and Warkentin, 2008). Morphological responses of tadpoles are mainly induced by predatory fish and large insects. For example, tadpoles raised together with fish possess shallower tails and deeper tail muscles than tadpoles raised in a nonpredator environment (Wilson, Kraft and Van Damme, 2005; Touchon and Warkentin, 2008). Morphological adaptation in this sense can have a survival benefit for tadpoles due to an increase in swimming speed during predation events. On the contrary, tadpoles faced by large predatory insects (e.g. dragonfly nymphs) often develop deeper tail heights and shallower tail muscles than tadpoles raised in a non-predator environment (Wilson, Kraft and Van Damme, 2005; Touchon and Warkentin, 2008). Dragonfly nymphs, which are ambush foragers, are often the dominant predators in fishless ponds (Wellborn, Skelly and Werner, 1996). Such changes in tail morphology can attract strikes by these nymphs to the more expendable tail region and away from the more vulnerable head and body (Van Buskirk et al., 2003). Characteristics of morphological adaptation in tadpoles are thought to be associated with the balance among other defence strategies. For example, a tadpole species characterized by chemical defences appears not to exhibit defensive behaviour against fish predators (Kats, Petranka and Sih, 1988). Here, we hypothesize that the characteristics of morphological adaptation as a response to predators differ among tadpole species with different defensive traits. In Japan, the Japanese tree frog (Hyla japonica) and the wrinkled frog Glandirana (Rana) rugosa have been observed together in both temporary and permanent water bodies inhabited by both fish and dragonfly nymph predators. Glandirana rugosa is known to employ chemical defences against fish predators, as chemicals on the skin improve survival during and after attacks Herpetology Notes, volume 5: 43-47 (2012) (published online on 4 March 2012)
Sukuk and their Contemporary Applications

To bring about mutual conformity or approximation between the conceptualizations and the practical applications of Shariah supervisory boards of Islamic financial institutions so as to avoid inconsistencies and contradictions between the fatawa and the implementations of these institutions in ways that lead to the effectiveness of the role of Shariah supervisory boards in Islamic financial institutions and central banks.
Fast food intake among saudi population : Alarming fact

Saudi Arabia is experiencing an epidemiological and demographic transition and considered as a country with advanced nutrition transition based on the WHO classification. As the rest of the Gulf countries, it underwent deep and rapid changes in dietary pattern as a consequence of lifestyle related to the economic situation. Because of time constrains, convenience and life style, with more mothers employed outside the home, the growth of fast food industry, traditional foods are replaced by fast foods. The aim of the present study is to review existing data on fast food intake among Saudi population and provide an insight view on the frequency of intake among the different age groups, by gender and in the different regions of the country.
Nonneutralizing HIV-1 gp41 Envelope Cluster II Human Monoclonal Antibodies Show Polyreactivity for Binding to Phospholipids and Protein Autoantigens

ABSTRACT HIV-1 gp41 envelope antibodies, which are frequently induced in HIV-1-infected individuals, are predominantly nonneutralizing. The rare and difficult-to-induce neutralizing antibodies (2F5 and 4E10) that target gp41 membrane-proximal epitopes (MPER) are polyspecific and require lipid binding for HIV-1 neutralization. These results raise the questions of how prevalent polyreactivity is among gp41 antibodies and how the binding properties of gp41-nonneutralizing antibodies differ from those of antibodies that are broadly neutralizing. In this study, we have characterized a panel of human gp41 antibodies with binding specificities within the immunodominant cluster I (gp41 amino acids [aa] 579 to 613) or cluster II (gp41 aa 644 to 667) for reactivity to autoantigens, to the gp140 protein, and with MPER peptide-lipid conjugates. We report that while none of the gp41 cluster I antibodies studied were polyspecific, all three gp41 cluster II antibodies bound either to lipids or autoantigens, thus showing the propensity of cluster II antibodies to manifest polyreactivity. All cluster II gp41 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), including those that were lipid reactive, failed to bind to gp41 MPER peptide-lipid complexes. Cluster II antibodies bound strongly with nanomolar binding affinity (dissociation constant [Kd ]) to oligomeric gp140 proteins, and thus, they recognize conformational epitopes on gp41 that are distinct from those of neutralizing gp41 antibodies. These results demonstrate that lipid-reactive gp41 cluster II antibodies are nonneutralizing due to their inability to bind to the relevant neutralizing epitopes on gp41.
Risk Management in CoalMines – Methodical Proposal for Polish and Czech Hard Coal Mining Industry

Effective risk management in coal mining companies may be achieved by adopting an integrated approach, i.e. IERM, which allows them to manage their risk exposure in a complete and complementary way. Risk needs to be properly identified, before it may be estimated, and later responded to adequately. This is a prerequisite for effective risk management in coal mining companies conducting their activities in Poland and the Czech Republic, as well as other countries all over the world. In both countries, i.e. Poland and the Czech Republic, coal mines operate within the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, which means that their operating conditions are almost identical. It may then be possible to standardise risk management procedures and implement them in companies’ operations. This may be ensured by using the integrated risk management formula, outlined in this paper. Therefore, the paper aims to give an overview of the risk management problems experienced by coal mines, with the focus on the integrated enterprise risk management (IERM) concept, as well as proposing that the concept should be implemented in coal mines operating in Poland and the Czech Republic. In particular, it proposes that the traditional approach to the risk management process, i.e. Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) should be modified and transformed into an integrated process. The paper uses the method of synthesis. It also contains a review of scientific literature on the subject.
Using Twitter to communicate conservation science from a professional conference

Scientists are increasingly using Twitter as a tool for communicating science. Twitter can promote scholarly discussion, disseminate research rapidly, and extend and diversify the scope of audiences reached. However, scientists also caution that if Twitter does not accurately convey science due to the inherent brevity of this media, misinformation could cascade quickly through social media. Data on whether Twitter effectively communicates conservation science and the types of user groups receiving these tweets are lacking. To address these knowledge gaps, we examined live tweeting as a means of communicating conservation science at the 2013 International Congress for Conservation Biology (ICCB). We quantified and compared the user groups sending and reading live tweets. We also surveyed presenters to determine their intended audiences, which we compared with the actual audiences reached through live tweeting. We also asked presenters how effectively tweets conveyed their research findings. Twitter reached 14 more professional audience categories relative to those attending and live tweeting at ICCB. However, the groups often reached through live tweeting were not the presenters’ intended audiences. Policy makers and government and non‐governmental organizations were rarely reached (0%, 4%, and 6% of audience, respectively), despite the intent of the presenters. Plenary talks were tweeted about 6.9 times more than all other oral or poster presentations combined. Over half the presenters believed the tweets about their talks were effective. Ineffective tweets were perceived as vague or missing the presenters’ main message. We recommend that presenters who want their science to be communicated accurately and broadly through Twitter should provide Twitter‐friendly summaries that incorporate relevant hashtags and usernames. Our results suggest that Twitter can be used to effectively communicate speakers’ findings to diverse audiences beyond conference walls.
The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Dunscombe Mudstone Formation THE STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY OF THE DUNSCOMBE MUDSTONE FORMATION ( LATE TRIASSIC ) OF SOUTH-WEST ENGLAND R

The mid to late Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group in southwest England crops out on the east Devon coast, in the floors of the deeper valleys in east Devon beneath an unconformable cover of Cretaceous rocks, and over a broad area of south Somerset (Figure 1). It is divided into four formations in this region, in ascending order the Sidmouth Mudstone, Dunscombe Mudstone, Branscombe Mudstone and Blue Anchor formations (Gallois, 2001). About 380 m of the group total of c. 450 m exposed on the east Devon coast between Sidmouth and Seaton consists of relatively structureless red mudstones (Sidmouth and Branscombe Mudstone formations) that were deposited in low-relief sabkha environments in hot deserts. In contrast, the intervening Dunscombe Mudstone Formation consists of up to 43 m of interbedded and interlaminated green, purple and grey mudstones, breccias, limestones, siltstones and sandstones that were deposited in a wetter, possibly cooler climate. In the east Devon cliffs, the most prominent Dunscombe Mudstone Formation lithology is a friable-weathering green mudstone, that contrast with the red-brown mudstones of the underlying and overlying formations. Woodward and Ussher (1911) referred to this as a conspicuous “hard greenish band”, and Warrington and Scrivener (1980, figure 3) incorrectly identified it as a 20 m-thick sandstone. This was formally named the Weston Mouth Sandstone Member by Warrington et al., (1980). Lenticular beds of siltstone and fine-grained sandstone are present in the lower part of the Dunscombe Mudstone Formation at several localities in south-west England, but they represent only a small percentage by volume of the formation. At outcrop on the Devon coast, the thickest of these units has Gallois, R.W. and Porter, R.J. 2006. The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Dunscombe Mudstone Formation (late Triassic) of south-west England. Geoscience in south-west England, 11, 174-182.
Justice judgments in school 1 Running head : Justice Judgments in School Justice Judgments Concerning Grading in School

This article investigates justice judgments concerning grading. In two studies with secondary students (N1 = 350 academic-track students; N2 = 225 intermediate [n = 81] and academictrack students [n = 144]) attending the 7 to the 12 grade level, participants were presented with vignettes describing three different grading systems: criterion-referenced grading, normreferenced grading, and individual-referenced grading. The subjects graded and other situational characteristics were varied. In both studies, factor analyses consistently revealed that students' justice judgments were contingent on the comparison standard applied, but independent of other situational characteristics. Criterion-referenced grading was rated as the most just practice, individual-referenced grading as almost just, and norm-referenced grading as almost unjust. The better the grades received the more the students evaluated criterionreferenced grading to be just. Students attending intermediate-track schools did not object to norm-referenced grading as strongly as their peers at academic-track schools did. Consequences for teachers' grading practices are discussed.
CHARACTERIZING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF ELEPHANTS IN MPALA , KENYA

Scientific problem added: and the statement rephrased Ground observation data method replaced with ground count data Ecological interpretations replaced with ecological variables Biophysical and anthropogenic replaced with environmental factors Statistical reports corrected as advised by Dr. Ignas Steep slopes changed to high slopes and low lands changed to gentle slopes Laikipia deleted from the keywords Chapter one 1.1. towards the end of paragraph 1. The word maximum deleted 1.1: Colonize replaced with, were not found Strategic location at the core of elephant migration corridor "referenced" Conservation and management decisions explained 1.6: Large/small scales, corrected to larger/smaller spatial extends Rephrased the specific objective 5 Deleted research questions Reformulated the hypotheses Figure of the study area replaced with one of the corrected legend Chapter two Rephrased the beginning of the paragraph Rephrased the beginning of the second paragraph 2.3. 3. Added the word GPS which was missing 2.4/2.5: subtitles rephrased 2.6 The legend of the elevation image changed by replacing the low, medium and high legend with the actual elevation values 2.71: Plot sizes changed from 2500m to 50mx50m 2.8: subtitle rephrased Chapter three 3.1 change in statistical mean and std dev. reports as advised by Dr. Ignas 3.2 change in statistical mean and std dev. reports as advised by Dr. Ignas 3.4: Pie chart deleted Changed the graphical representation of the results as advised by Dr. Ignas Chapter four 4.1 First paragraph first line due to. Changed to "relative to". The following statement has been deleted as well. "Elephants in Mpala were found to have higher ranging mean with higher variation in the wet season. This was contrary to the expectations as well as previous findings" 2 paragraph, is rephrased 3rd paragraph, this statement is deleted "higher rainfall fed south of Mpala was observed to have high woody cover as opposed to the north which had low rainfall. Paragraph 3: is rephrased as well. Paragraph 5 rephrased 4.2 rephrased paragraph 1 4.3 last sentence of paragraph 4 removed 4.5: Subtitle rephrased 4.5: Deleted the last part of paragraph 5 Chapter 5 Rephrased the conclusions, corrected the statistical results' reporting and writing
Validation of Nedap Smarttag Leg and Neck to assess behavioural activity level in dairy cattle

The last decades, the number of dairy cows per farm has increased and the time spent on individual cows by the farmer has been reduced. To help the farmer detect changes in activity of cows associated with health issues, activity monitoring systems are being developed. The systems can help with daily farm management decisions, thus increasing farm profitability. Besides this economic benefit there is a social benefit: farmers highly value the herd being under continuous surveillance. Nedap Livestock Management (the Netherlands) introduced a leg activity meter and a neck activity collar: Smarttag Leg and Smarttag Neck. By registering activity of individual cows, the Smarttags help the farmer to detect oestrus and give alerts when activity deviates from normal patterns. The objective of this study was to validate results from the Smarttag Leg and Smarttag Neck, by comparing them with results from live observations and video recordings. Eight lactating dairy cows were observed for 22.5 hours each and video recordings were made of six dry dairy cows for 5.5 hours each. Lying, standing, walking, eating, standing up and ruminating were recorded. Data were compared with results from the Smarttag Leg and Smarttag Neck by calculating Cohen’s Kappa, univariate linear regression analysis, Pearson’s correlation and concordance correlation coefficient. Visual observations and video observations show correlation coefficients of >0.85 with the results of the Smarttags for all behaviours except walking. Correlations between visual and video observations and Smarttag results for walking were 0.45 and 0.50 respectively, possibly due to low incidence and difficulties in observing this behaviour. These results provide strong evidence that the Smarttag Leg and Smarttag Neck can reliably be used to monitor specific behaviours. With this system, the farmer can monitor behaviour and detect behavioural changes.
Estimating Carbon Sequestration Rates and Total Carbon Stockpile in Degraded and Non-Degraded Sites of Oak and Pine Forest of Kumaun Central Himalaya

We calculated the rates at which CO2 is being sequestered in two different forest types of Himalaya. For our comparative study we took the degraded and non-degraded sites of pine and oak forests in Kumaun Central Himalaya. The Van Panchayats (VPs) or Community Forests are managing the nondegraded forest sites for centuries, and from this research we have come to know that the sequestration of CO2 in these non-degraded forests is significantly greater than the degraded forests. The paper recommends the significance of community forests in both Uttarakhand and the world, and advocates that if we want to fight against global warming, we must encourage the community forests and that the people living in severe poverty in these forest areas who become the unsung heroes in the war against global warming, must be paid in lieu of saving their forests, which ultimately become the sink for increased CO2 worldwide. This business or ‘carbon trading’ will indeed evolve as the panacea against the war against global warming.
Penetration of iron and some organic substances through isolated cuticular membranes.

Cuticular membranes were isolated enzymically from tomato fruits and from the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the leaves of Euonymus japonicus. Penetration of Fe from FeSO(4) and FeEDDHA (ferric ethylenediamine di(o-hydroxyphenylacetate) in the absence and presence of urea through the isolated cuticular membranes was studied. Fe from FeSO(4) penetrated more rapidly through the cuticles than Fe from FeEDDHA. Urea reduced the penetration of Fe from FeSO(4) and FeEDDHA. Binding of Fe on the inner surfaces of tomato fruit cuticles was also reduced by EDDHA.The results on the rates of penetration of (14)C-labeled organic substances suggest a possible relationship with their molecular weights. Permeability coefficients for these solutes have been derived for the 3 types of cuticles, using Fick's equation. The penetration rates of all substances through stomatous cuticles far exceeded those through astomatous cutioles.
AN ENERGY-BASED SEISMIC RESPONSE EVALUATION OF SIMPLE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS WITH SIMULATED GROUND MOTIONS

In recent years, there has been a strong interest on energy-based design and assessment methods for structural systems. The underlying research has been mostly performed using real ground motion records taken from existing earthquakes worldwide. Results may involve bias due to lack of homogeneity of the available ground motion dataset in terms of magnitudes, source to site distances or soil conditions. In this study a large set of ground motion records is simulated within a parametric exercise to investigate the effect of different intensity measures on the energy-based response of simple SDOF structures. To generate simulated records, the stochastic finite-fault methodology which is effective in simulating a wide range of frequencies including those that influence the built environment is used. The simulations are performed on active faults around Duzce city center located on the western segments of North Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey. The simulated records cover a wide range of moment magnitude, source-to-site distances and soil conditions. To assess the response statistics on SDOF models, time history analyses with simulated records are performed. Input energy, damping energy and hysteretic energy are considered as the main output parameters. The results of this study reveal that energy is a more stable parameter than the other response parameters such as displacement and force. However, it is important to dissipate the estimated input energy through damping and inelastic action. Finally, it is believed that conducting parametric seismic analysis based on simulated records yield realistic results since these records provide variability in seismic demand. Post-Doctoral Researcher, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Turkey, Ankara (email: shaghkn@gmail.com) Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Turkey, Ankara, 06800 Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Turkey, Ankara, 06800 Karimzadeh S, Ozsarac V, Askan A, Erberik MA. Proceedings of the 11th National Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA. 2018. Eleventh U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering Integrating Science, Engineering & Policy June 25-29, 2018 Los Angeles, California An Energy-Based Seismic Response Evaluation of Simple Structural Systems with Simulated Ground Motions S. Karimzadeh, V. Ozsarac, A. Askan and M.A. Erberik
A 3 D numerical study of detonation wave propagation in various angled bending tubes

This paper conducts a numerical study of detonation wave propagations in 30 m and 73 m long straight/varying angle bending detonation tubes with inner diameters of 0.5 m and 1.05 m, respectively, which are filled with varying stoichiometric methane-air mixtures. In the study a 3D numerical model was established by combining a compressible one-step global reaction hot model with the k-ω shear-stress transport (SST) turbulent model. In order to resolve the thin detonation wave front, a dynamically refined mesh near the high pressure gradient is adopted. The initial conditions of the model are obtained from the 1D detonation model. The present model was first verified by comparing the numerical results against the published measurements. The pressure distributions and detonation wave speeds across the tubes and bends were then predicted by using this 3D model.