Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigations of round vertical turbulent buoyant jets

The axial and radial velocity components w and u, and the concentration c of a Rhodamine 6G dye were measured simultaneously in a turbulent buoyant jet, using laser-Doppler anemometry combined with a recently developed laser-induced-fluorescence concentration measurement technique. These non-intrusive techniques enable measurements in a region of plume motion where conventional probe-based techniques have had difficulties. The results of the study show that the asymptotic decay laws for velocity and concentration of a tracer transported by the flow are verified experimentally in both jets and plumes. The momentum and volume fluxes and the mean dilution factor are determined in dimensionless form as a function of the normalized distance from the flow source. Contradictory results from earlier experimental plume investigations concerning the decay laws of w and c and the plume width ratio bc/bw are discussed. The turbulence properties and the transition from momentum-driven jets to buoyancy-driven plumes are presented. The turbulence is found to scale with the mean flow as predicted by dimensional analysis and self-similarity. Buoyancy-produced turbulence is found to transport twice as much tracer as jet turbulence. Although velocity statistics in jets and plumes are found to be highly self-similar there is a strong disparity in the distribution of tracer concentration in the two flows. This occurs in the time-average mean flows as well as the r.m.s. turbulent quantities. Instantaneous concentration fluctuations are found to exceed time averages by as much as a factor of 3. The experimental results should provide a reasonable basis for validation of computer models of axisymmetric plumes.
Extended Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg inequalities, and remainders, stability, and superweights for ^{}-weighted Hardy inequalities

In this paper we give an extension of the classical Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg inequalities: we show that for $1<p,q<\infty$, $0<r<\infty$ with $p+q\geq r$, $\delta\in[0,1]\cap\left[\frac{r-q}{r},\frac{p}{r}\right]$ with $\frac{\delta r}{p}+\frac{(1-\delta)r}{q}=1$ and $a$, $b$, $c\in\mathbb{R}$ with $c=\delta(a-1)+b(1-\delta)$, and for all functions $f\in C_{0}^{\infty}(\mathbb{R}^{n}\backslash\{0\})$ we have $$ \||x|^{c}f\|_{L^{r}(\mathbb{R}^{n})} \leq \left|\frac{p}{n-p(1-a)}\right|^{\delta} \left\||x|^{a}\nabla f\right\|^{\delta}_{L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})} \left\||x|^{b}f\right\|^{1-\delta}_{L^{q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})} $$ for $n\neq p(1-a)$, where the constant $\left|\frac{p}{n-p(1-a)}\right|^{\delta}$ is sharp for $p=q$ with $a-b=1$ or $p\neq q$ with $p(1-a)+bq\neq0$. In the critical case $n=p(1-a)$ we have $$ \left\||x|^{c}f\right\|_{L^{r}(\mathbb{R}^{n})} \leq p^{\delta} \left\||x|^{a}\log|x|\nabla f\right\|^{\delta}_{L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})} \left\||x|^{b}f\right\|^{1-\delta}_{L^{q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}. $$ Moreover, we also obtain anisotropic versions of these inequalities which can be conveniently formulated in the language of Folland and Stein's homogeneous groups. Consequently, we obtain remainder estimates for $L^{p}$-weighted Hardy inequalities on homogeneous groups, which are also new in the Euclidean setting of $\mathbb{R}^{n}$. The critical Hardy inequalities of logarithmic type and uncertainty type principles on homogeneous groups are obtained. Moreover, we investigate another improved version of $L^{p}$-weighted Hardy inequalities involving a distance and stability estimates. We also establish sharp Hardy type inequalities in $L^{p}$, $1<p<\infty$, with superweights, i.e. with the weights of the form $\frac{(a+b|x|^{\alpha})^{\frac{\beta}{p}}}{|x|^{m}}$ allowing for different choices of $\alpha$ and $\beta$.
Reading is Fundamental in Predicting Math Achievement in 10th Graders?

Achieving proficiency in mathematics appears to be a particular area of challenge for students in the United States. The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) recently released results for 2003 testing, and revealed that eighth graders in the United States rank 15th among 46 participating countries (Snell, 2005). Although these results are a significant improvement from the 1995 performance, the United States students still rank near the bottom when compared to other students from industrialized nations. Research in the area of mathematics achievement has examined a number of explanations as to why some students will test proficient and many will not (e.g., Hyde, Fennema, & Lamon, 1990; Mason, & Scrivani, 2004; Mevarech, Silber, & Fine, 1991; Rangappa, 1993, 1994). Using data extracted from the Education Longitudinal Study (ELS, 2004), the present study investigated the impact of student reading ability, student math self-efficacy, teacher expectations, and the use of computers in the teaching of mathematics in predicting student math achievement. Findings reveal that 56% of the variance in student math achievement can be explained by students’ reading ability. The results of the final regression model also revealed that higher levels of math-self-efficacy and higher levels of teachers’ expectations were associated with higher math achievement scores. However, a negative association between computer-assisted instruction and student math achievement scores was found.
Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi prevalence and diversity in Zimbabwean soils

The prevalence and population levels of VAM fungi in a range of field soil environments in Zimbabwe were determined. The main VAM genera Acaulospora, Scutellospora, Gigaspora, Glomus, Sclerocystis and Entrophospora were represented in the study sites. The relative abundance was Glomus>Scutellospora>Sclerocytis>Gigaspora>Entrophospora at all sites except at Chabwino (fallow soil) and Thorn Park (sorghum) where Acaulospora>Scutellospora and Sclerocytis>Scutellospora = Acaulospora. Relative proportions of different VAM genera were similar across soils but population sizes varied with soil management. There was no clear relationship between VAM spore numbers and cropping history although among the cultivated plots, soils that had legumes as the previous or current crop generally had higher VAM populations than under sorghum. Of the soil parameters measured, only percent organic carbon was significantly correlated with VAM numbers and infective propagules. Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa Vol.5, No.1 pp. 35-46
Postpartum depression and child development in first year of life

The aim of the study was to investigate the characteristics of infant development at four, eight and twelve months of age, as result of postpartum depression. The prevalence of Postpartum Depression - measured by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale - at four months after delivery was 30.3%; at eight months, 26.4%; and at 12 months, 25.0%. Chi-square tests were used to compare children of mothers with and without Postpartum Depression in relation to developmental milestones. It was found developmental delay in infants of mothers with Postpartum Depression in: two interactional indicators at four months, two motor indicators at eight months and one gross motor indicator at twelve months. However, children of mothers with Postpartum Depression showed better results in one fine motor and in two language items at 12 months. The results point to the necessity of considering external and internal factors of mother and infant in the study of the effects of maternal depression on child development.
Deany , Mark ; Ortolevaz , Pietro Working Paper Allais , Ellsberg , and preferences for Hedging

We study the relation between ambiguity aversion and the Allais paradox. To this end, we introduce a novel definition of hedging which applies to objective lotteries as well as to uncertain acts, and we use it to define a novel axiom that captures a preference for hedging which generalizes the one of Schmeidler (1989). We argue how this generalized axiom captures both aversion to ambiguity, and attraction towards certainty for objective lotteries. We show that this axiom, together with other standard ones, is equivalent to to two representations both of which generalize the MaxMin Expected Utility model of Gilboa and Schmeidler (1989). In both, the agent reacts to ambiguity using multiple priors, but does not use expected utility to evaluate objective lotteries. In our first representation, the agent treats objective lotteries as ‘ambiguous objects,’ and use a set of priors to evaluate them. In the second, equivalent representation, lotteries are evaluated by distorting probabilities as in the Rank-Dependent Utility model, but using the worst from a set of such distortions. Finally, we show how a preference for hedging is not sufficient to guarantee an Ellsberg-like behavior if the agent violate expected utility for objective lotteries. We then provide an axiom that guarantees that this is the case, and find an associated representation in which the agent first maps acts to an objective lottery using the worst of the priors in a set; then evaluates this lottery using the worst distortion from a set of concave Rank-Dependent Utility functionals. JEL: D81
ROTATIONAL VELOCITIES OF INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS IN VERY LOW MASS BINARIES

We present rotational velocities for individual components of 11 very low mass (VLM) binaries with spectral types between M7 and L7.5. These results are based on observations taken with the near-infrared spectrograph, NIRSPEC, and the Keck II laser guide star adaptive optics system. We find that the observed sources tend to be rapid rotators (v sin i > 10 km s−1), consistent with previous seeing-limited measurements of VLM objects. The two sources with the largest v sin i, LP 349−25B and HD 130948C, are rotating at ∼30% of their break-up speed, and are among the most rapidly rotating VLM objects known. Furthermore, five binary systems, all with orbital semimajor axes ≲3.5 AU, have component v sin i values that differ by greater than 3σ. To bring the binary components with discrepant rotational velocities into agreement would require the rotational axes to be inclined with respect to each other, and that at least one component is inclined with respect to the orbital plane. Alternatively, each component could be rotating at a different rate, even though they have similar spectral types. Both differing rotational velocities and inclinations have implications for binary star formation and evolution. We also investigate possible dynamical evolution in the triple system HD 130948A−BC. The close binary brown dwarfs B and C have significantly different v sin i values. We demonstrate that components B and C could have been torqued into misalignment by the primary star, A, via orbital precession. Such a scenario can also be applied to another triple system in our sample, GJ 569A−Bab. Interactions such as these may play an important role in the dynamical evolution of VLM binaries. Finally, we note that two of the binaries with large differences in component v sin i, LP 349−25AB and 2MASS 0746+20AB, are also known radio sources.
Memory interference and the benefits and costs of testing

Testing often enhances memory, but memory can be harmed by interference from similar or competing items. This thesis examines two situations in which it has been proposed that testing can be harmful to memory because the test itself increases susceptibility to interference. Experiments 1-8 investigate the effect of generating errors during new learning. Participants learned definitions for unfamiliar English words, or translations for foreign vocabulary, either by generating a response and being given corrective feedback, by reading the word and its definition, or by selecting from a choice of definitions followed by feedback. In a final test of all words, generating errors followed by feedback led to significantly better memory for the correct definition than either reading or making incorrect choices, suggesting that the benefits of generation are not restricted to correctly generated items. Even when information to be learned is novel, errorful generation may play a powerful role in potentiating encoding of corrective feedback. Metacognitive judgments of learning revealed that participants were strikingly unaware of this benefit, judging errorful generation to be a less effective encoding method than reading or incorrect choosing, when in fact it was better. Predictions reflected participants’ subjective experience during learning. A second series of experiments (Experiments 9-10) examines the claim that reactivating a consolidated memory destabilizes it, making it more susceptible to interference from new learning. Participants learned English-Swahili word pairs (List 1) on Day 1 with a final test on Day 3. When memory of List 1 was reactivated in the form of a reminder test immediately before learning Finnish words (List 2) on Day 2, testing, far from impairing List 1 memory, enhanced it, revealing a testing effect. Furthermore, List 2 learning disrupted List 1 memory when there was no reminder test, but reminder testing immunized the memory against interference.
Analysis of Linear and Monoclinal River Wave Solutions

Linear dynamic wave and diffusion wave analytical solutions are obtained for a small, abrupt flow increase from an initial to a higher steady flow. Equations for the celerities of points along the wave profiles are developed from the solutions and are related to the kinematic wave and dynamic wave celerities. The linear solutions are compared systematically in a series of case studies to evaluate the differences caused by inertia. These comparisons use the celerities of selected profile points, the paths of these points on the \ix-\it plane, and complete profiles at selected times, and indicate general agreement between the solutions. Initial diffusion wave inaccuracies persist over relatively short time and distance scales that increase with the wave diffusion coefficient and Froude number. The nonlinear monoclinal wave solution parallels that of the linear dynamic wave, but is applicable to arbitrarily large flow increases. As wave amplitude increases, the monoclinal rating curve diverges from that for a linear wave, and the maximum Froude number and energy gradient along the profile increase and move toward the leading edge. A monoclinal diffusion solution for the diffusion wave equations is developed and dynamic wave-diffusion wave comparisons are made over a range of amplitudes with the same case studies used for linear waves. General dimensionless monoclinal-diffusion profiles exist for each depth ratio across the wave, whereas corresponding monoclinal wave profiles exhibit minor, case-specific Froude number dependence. Inertial effects on the monoclinal profiles occur near the leading edge, increase with the wave amplitude and Froude number, and are responsible for the differences between the dimensionless profiles.
New Definitions and Applications of Year-Based h-indices

In this contribution we extend the notion of year-based h-indices and the corresponding h-cores. Real-life examples using the career of the Bangladeshi scientist Firdausi Qadri are provided. Moreover, year-based h-indices of h-indices are calculated for all Bangladeshi publications.
Phased Array Antenna Handbook

Phased Arrays in Radar and Communication Systems. Pattern Characteristics and Synthesis of Linear and Planar Arrays. Patterns of Nonplanar Arrays. Elements, Transmission Lines, and Feed Architectures for Phased Arrays. Summary of Element Pattern and Mutual Impedance Effects. Array Error Effects. Special Array Feeds for Limited Field of View and Wideband Arrays.
Automation of the guiding center expansion

We report on the use of the recently developed Mathematica package VEST (Vector Einstein Summation Tools) to automatically derive the guiding center transformation. Our Mathematica code employs a recursive procedure to derive the transformation order-by-order. This procedure has several novel features. (1) It is designed to allow the user to easily explore the guiding center transformation's numerous non-unique forms or representations. (2) The procedure proceeds entirely in cartesian position and velocity coordinates, thereby producing manifestly gyrogauge invariant results; the commonly used perpendicular unit vector fields e1,e2 are never even introduced. (3) It is easy to apply in the derivation of higher-order contributions to the guiding center transformation without fear of human error. Our code therefore stands as a useful tool for exploring subtle issues related to the physics of toroidal momentum conservation in tokamaks.
Use of a Three‐Dimensional Detailed Modeling Approach for Predicting Root Water Uptake

We studied water uptake variability at the plant scale using a three‐dimensional detailed model. Specifically, we investigated the sensitivity of the R‐SWMS model under different plant collar conditions by comparing computed water fluxes, flow variability, and soil water distributions for different case scenarios and different parameterizations. The relative radial root conductivity and soil hydraulic conductivity were shown to control the plant water extraction distribution. Highly conductive soils promote water uptake but at the same time decrease the variability of the soil water content. A large radial root conductivity increases the amount of water extracted by the root and generates very heterogeneous water extraction profiles. Increasing the xylem conductivity has less impact because the xylem is generally the most conductive part of the system. It was also determined that, due to the different magnitudes of soil and root conductivities, similar one‐dimensional sink‐term profiles can result in very different water content and flux distributions at the plant scale. Furthermore, an analysis based on soil texture showed that the ability of a soil to sustain high plant transpiration demand cannot be predicted a priori from the soil hydraulic properties only, as it depends on the evaporative demand and on the three‐dimensional distributions of the soil/root conductivity ratio and soil capacity, which continuously evolve with time. Combining soil and root hydraulic properties led to very complex one‐dimensional sink functions that are quite different from the simple reduction functions usually found in the literature. The R‐SWMS model could be used to develop more realistic one‐dimensional reduction functions.
The Interplay of Cardiovascular Burden with Cognition and Mortality Tuomas Kerola The Interplay of Cardiovascular Burden with Cognition and Mortality

Traditional cardiovascular risk markers in mid-life are harbingers of cognitive decline, Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia later in life. Normal aging, co-morbidities and other changes connected to cognitive decline make the interpretation of the risk markers assessed in the elderly clearly more challenging. This is the incentive for finding new cardiovascular markers with a more consistent risk stratification capacity for cognitive decline. The aim of the present study was to evaluate B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and echocardiographical measures together with established cardiovascular risk factors for their impact on cognitive decline and mortality in the elderly general population. The thesis is based on the Kuopio 75+ health study, a prospective population-based stratified cohort study with 601 individuals, aged more than 75 years, from Kuopio, Eastern Finland. The participants were examined at baseline and a follow-up visit at 5 years. Cognitive function, cardiovascular history and cardiovascular risk markers, including BNP, were recorded for all participants, and echocardiography was carried out in a sub-population of 355 individuals. The mortality data is based on a follow-up of a median of 7.9 years. Of the echocardiographical measures, left ventricular (LV) mass, ejection fraction (EF) and mitral inflow pattern (E/A) were all connected to mortality. LV mass and EF moderately predicted cardiovascular mortality. Interestingly, an E/A < 0.75 was more connected to non-cardiovascular than cardiovascular mortality. The presence of dementive illness was more common among individuals with an E/A < 0.75. High-density lipoprotein was associated with EF, while BNP showed no connection to EF. Among individuals with no dementive illness at baseline, cardiovascular markers were evaluated for their predictive power over mortality, cognitive decline and dementia during the follow-up. While traditional cardiovascular risk-markers and illnesses failed to predict cognitive dysfunction, BNP was a strong predictor of all cognitive end-points. In this sub-group an MMSE score of 18–23 together with BNP were both independent predictors of mortality; the latter also predicted cardiovascular mortality. The present study supports the notion that cognitive function and cardiovascular risk are closely connected also among the elderly. BNP, a direct marker of left ventricular stress, is a superior predictor of cognitive decline and mortality when compared to traditional risk-factors. The connection of BNP with future dementia and cognitive decline serves as a basis for testing the impact of antihypertensive treatment in the prevention of cognitive impairment in those with elevated BNP. National Library of Medicine Classification: WG 100, WM220, WT120, WT116, WG 141 Medical Subject Headings: Cardiology, Cognitive function, Aged, Echocardiography, Mortality, B-type natriuretic peptide
Nevi and cutaneous hamartomas in dogs: retrospective clinical and epidemiologic study of 81 cases

In a period of eight years, nevic lesions were diagnosed in 81 cases. Fibroadnexal hamartoma (FH) occurred in 53 animals (65.4%), and it was clinically characterized by firm nodules located mainly on the limbs and digits. No sexual predisposition was present. Mongrels, Boxers and Cocker Spaniels were the breeds most affected by FH. The average age at which lesions appeared was 6.3 years. The collagenous nevi was the second most prevalent lesion, occurring in 18 dogs (22.2%). The lesions were usually single, alopecic and hyperpigmented. The main affected places were the dorso and limbs. The average age at which lesions appeared was 4.7 years. Mongrels, Rottweilers and Labradors were the breeds most affected by the collagenous nevi. Nodular dermatofibrosis was diagnosed in one dog. In this dog, multiple collagenous nevi were present alongside unilateral papillary renal cystadenoma. Sebaceous, follicule-apocrine and fibrolipomatous nevi were less frequently found (10 cases - 12.3%).
Understanding idea advancement efforts in innovation through proactive behavior

Purpose – Innovations lie at the heart of both entrepreneurship and marketing. While research has long focused on the idea generation phase at the beginning of the innovation process, ideas need to subsequently be realized through efforts in idea development and implementation. This paper aims to study the antecedents and practices of idea advancement behavior. Design/methodology/approach – Seven product developers of an international company were interviewed in-depth based on a critical incident technique. Findings – Idea advancement behavior was found to be distributed in time and between people, pervasive in the development process. Antecedents for efforts were identified at personal, interpersonal and work organization levels. Although personal antecedents were most numerous, interpersonal and work organization antecedents distinguished successful and unsuccessful efforts. Key idea advancement behaviors were centered on the inclusion of others and communication channel choices. Research limitations/im.