Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Divergent roles for multiple sexual signals in a polygynous lizard

Summary 1 An unresolved issue in sexual selection concerns the utility of multiple sexual signals that are used simultaneously during displays. We examined male lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) that exhibit two colourful ornaments (throat patch and belly patch) during territorial displays. Populations of Urosaurus ornatus can be polymorphic in throat coloration, and previous studies have shown that the morphs differ in behavioural aggression. We assume that throat coloration correlates with behavioural aggression in our population, as for other populations of U. ornatus. 2 We show that these different morphs do not differ significantly in morphological shape or bite force, a key aspect of fighting capacity. However, by contrast, the size of the belly patch is a significant predictor of maximum bite force, which is a predictor of dominance in other lizards. 3 We suggest that belly patch size and throat patch coloration are largely exclusive in that dominant individuals can exhibit small belly patches and low bite forces, whereas subordinate individuals can have large belly patches and high bite forces. Thus, embedded within the same male lizard display are divergent sexual structures that signal different traits, implying that the possession of multiple sexual signals within animals may be favoured by selection.
THE ∂ PROBLEM ON DOMAINS WITH PIECEWISE SMOOTH BOUNDARIES WITH APPLICATIONS

Let Ω be a bounded domain in Cn such that Ω has piecewise smooth boudnary. We discuss the solvability of the Cauchy-Riemann equation ∂u = α in Ω (0.1) where α is a smooth ∂-closed (p, q) form with coefficients C∞ up to the bundary of Ω, 0 ≤ p ≤ n and 1 ≤ q ≤ n. In particular, Equation (0.1) is solvable with u smooth up to the boundary (for appropriate degree q) if Ω satisfies one of the following conditions: i) Ω is the transversal intersection of bounded smooth pseudoconvex domains. ii) Ω = Ω1 \Ω2 where Ω2 is the union of bounded smooth pseudoconvex domains and Ω1 is a pseudoconvex convex domain with a piecewise smooth boundary. iii) Ω = Ω1 \Ω2 where Ω2 is the intersection of bounded smooth pseudoconvex domains and Ω1 is a pseudoconvex domain with a piecewise smooth boundary. The solvability of Equation (0.1) with solutions smooth up to the boundary can be used to obtain the local solvability for ∂b on domains with piecewise smooth boundaries in a pseudoconvex manifold. Let Ω be a bounded domain in C such that Ω has a piecewise smooth boundary. In this paper we study the solvability of the Cauchy-Riemann equation ∂u = α in Ω, (0.1) where α is a smooth ∂-closed (p, q) form with coefficients C∞ up to the boundary of Ω, 0 ≤ p ≤ n and 1 ≤ q ≤ n. In particular, we prove that Equation (0.1) is solvable with u smooth up to the boundary (for appropriate degree q) if Ω satisfies one of the following conditions: i) Ω is the transversal intersection of bounded smooth pseudoconvex domains. ii) Ω = Ω1\Ω2, where Ω2 is the union of bounded smooth pseudoconvex domains and Ω1 is a pseudoconvex domain with a piecewise smooth boundary. iii) Ω = Ω1 \ Ω2, where Ω2 is the intersection of bounded smooth pseudoconvex domains and Ω1 is a pseudoconvex domain with a piecewise smooth boundary. The boundary regularity problem for ∂ has been studied extensively by two very different methods: by L a priori estimates and by the integral kernel approach. Received by the editors August 11, 1997 and, in revised form, May 7, 1998. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 35N05, 35N10, 32F10.
Reliability-based seismic harzard analysis

This paper presents a new approach to probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. Hazard in this context means the probability of exceeding a measure of earthquake intensity. The main components of the proposed approach are twofold: 1) Reliability methods compute the exceedance probabilities; 2) Multiple probabilistic models compute the earthquake intensity. These two components are presented in details. The proposed methodology is employed in a comprehensive seismic hazard analysis of Iran with an area of nearly 1.65 million square kilometers and 112 sources of seismicity. In this analysis, a grid of 2045 points is chosen to produce a high resolution hazard map. The analysis consists of 861 random variables and 57,615 model instances. The primary results are seismic zonation maps. The results are compared to other studies that employed the conventional seismic hazard analysis for this region. This paper concludes with a discussion on the advantages and practical differences between the results of the reliability-based approach and those of the conventional probabilistic seismic hazard analysis.
3-T Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) forCharacterization of Hepatic Masses

Objective: To evaluate the role of DWI and ADC in differentiating benign from malignant hepaticmasses Materials and methods: Forty-one patients with fifty-two focal hepatic masses were included in our study. MRI was done using coronal T2-weighted single-shot turbo spin-echo, breath hold axial 3-D gradient-echo, breath hold 2- D gradient-echo in and out-of-phase, respiratory-triggered axial turbo spin-echo T2 sequence with fat saturation, followed by free breathing Diffusion-weighted MR imaging using a single-shot spin-echo echo planar imaging sequence and finally triphasic -MRI. Results: Forty-one patients (Fifty-two lesions) were included in our study. Twenty-three lesions were benign; eight of them were cysts (mean ADC values of 3.15 ± 0.34 × 10-3 mm2/s) and fifteen lesions were hemangiomas (mean ADC values of 2.10 ± 0.25 × 10-3 mm2/s). Twenty-nine lesions were malignant; twelve HCC lesions (mean ADC values of 1.10 ± 0.32 × 10-3 mm2/s) and seventeen masses were metastasis (mean ADC values of 0.96 ± 0.23 × 10-3 mm2/s). Sensitivity and specificity of DWI in differentiating malignant from benign hepatic masses were 96.6% and 95.7% respectively. Conclusion: DWI is an easy technique to obtain and to be evaluated. ADC values can differentiate benign from malignant liver masses with high sensitivity and specificity.
Dexmedetomedine-Ketamine versus Propofol-Ketamine as anaesthetic agents in paediatric cardiac catheterization

Introduction: Anaesthesia for these patients undergoing for interventional procedures in paediatric patients with congenital cardiac anomalies remains a challenge for the anaesthesiologist. There are no specific techniques to follow and anaesthetic procedure is modified according to the cardiac anomalies, clinical condition of the patients and the cardiologist’s requirements. Basically the anaesthesiologist can either provide sedation or general anaesthesia. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the sedation level, haemodynamic effects and recovery patterns in paediatric patients undergoing sedation for cardiac catheterization either with dexmedetomidine-ketamine or propofol-ketamine combination. Materials & Methods: Sixty patients between the ages of 1 to 12 years were scheduled for cardiac catheterization at Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory of Narayana Hrudayalaya Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, India for a period of six months (April to September 2012) for evaluation and intervention of congenital heart disease. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups of 30 each. All patients were premedicated with intravenous midazolam (0.05mg/kg upto 2 mg) and glycopyrrolate (10 μg/kg) 5 minutes before the procedure and anaesthesia was induced with ketamine 1mg/kg. The dexmedetomidine-ketamine group (group D, n=30), received dexmedetomidine 1μg/kg over 10 minutes. 19 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 10, No 1 (June) 2014 Propfol-ketamine group (group P, n=30) received 50μg/kg/min of propofol by infusion. Heart rate (HR), Systolic Blood Pressure ( SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), respiratory rate (RR), and modified Steward score of all patients was recorded at baseline, after induction and every 10 minutes thereafter. The time to reach a modified Steward score of >or=6 was recorded. Results: Recovery time was significantly less in group P (mean 39±12.32mins) than in group D (mean 48±15.15mins). Statistical significant difference (p<0.05) was found between group D and P regarding systolic blood pressure (64.48 ± 11.21mmHg vs 56.06 ± 10.13mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (40.08 ± 8.00 mmHg vs 35.05 ± 6.64 mmHg) and mean arterial pressure (48.32 ± 8.34 mmHg vs 42.39 ± 7.98 mmHg). For maintenance less additional ketamine was required in group D (22.76±11.87mg) than group P (25.10±20.73mg) but this was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Clinical outcome of both groups was similar and there was no significant difference in the recovery patterns and haemodynamic status and hence it is concluded that either of the techniques is suitable for children undergoing catheterization and interventional procedures. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/jafmc.v10i1. 22898 Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.10(1) 2014
Positive Affect as Mediator between Emotional Intelligence and Creativity: An Empirical Study from India

Since last two decades, emotional intelligence has drawn much curiosity in different fields. The reason for it can be attributed to many claims that show how emotional intelligence predicts variations in individual behavior and outcomes. Although previous studies have examined the role of emotional intelligence in individual behavior and outcomes, there is a dearth of research investigating the process by which emotional intelligence leads to creativity. The aim of this study was to examine relations among emotional intelligence, positive affect and creativity and the mediating role of positive affect on the relationship between emotional intelligence and creativity. Two hundred participants working in different organizations in India completed measures of emotional intelligence, creativity and positive affect. Results of correlation analysis indicated that emotional intelligence was positively associated with creativity and positive affect and positive affect was also positively associated with creativity. All the four subscales of emotional intelligence were also associated with positive affect and creativity. Results of structural equation modeling indicated that positive affect acted as a partial mediator in the relationship of emotional intelligence and creativity. This study provides an empirical framework by showing how emotional intelligence predicts creativity via positive affect. The study presents important contributions to the literature on emotional intelligence and creativity. Limitations of the study, implications, and future directions concerning possible mediators and moderators are briefly discussed.
CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF FEMALE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT IN RURAL JHANG, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Development of the human capital is of vital importance for the progress of a nation. The high literacy level is a precondition for the development of any country. The rural women of Pakistan are far behind in education. The cultural norms of the society are reported to be major hindrance in the schooling of rural girls. The study identifies the deterrents of the educational attainment of rural females in the cultural milieu of Punjab. A sample of 288 was selected using multistage random sampling technique from rural Jhang, a district of the central Punjab, Pakistan. Descriptive, inferential and multiple regression analysis demonstrate that the higher education of parents, distances of schools, better residential and wealth statuses of the households, gender bias attitude of the heads of the households towards children’s education, innovative attitude of the heads of the households towards female population and perceptions of the heads of the households for higher ideal level of education for females are the significant and positive contributors for the educational attainment of the females living in these rural areas. The study proposed to set up more secondary level schools for girls in these backward rural areas. Government should design long term policies to change the cultural attitude of the society towards the development of human capital of female population of the country.
What Drives the Efficiency of Selected Mena Banks? A Meta-Frontier Analysis

In the past two decades, both developed and developing countries have deregulated their banking and financial systems with the aim of improving the efficiency, productivity and profitability of the sectors and increasing international competitiveness. This study attempts to examine the effect of institutional and financial variables on the banking industry performance of selected Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries. Evaluating bank efficiency in a non-parametric setting (Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA), we then employ a second-stage Tobit regression to investigate the impact of regulatory variables on banks’ efficiency. The first stage indicates that Morocco and Tunisia have more efficient banking systems compared to the other selected MENA countries, although banks in Jordan seem to catch up with best practice from 2003 onwards. The Tobit regressions show a robust association of some environmental measures with cost efficiency. In this context, our results reveal that higher bank efficiency in our sample is influenced by the quality of the legal system, well capitalized and liquid banks. We also find that banking sector development measured by credit to private sector by banks in low regulated environments—like the one in our sample countries—tends to reduce bank efficiency. However, the impact of stock market development is positive and significant in all specification confirming the complementary role of bank and capital market. Besides, a highly concentrated banking sector in our sample reduces significantly the efficiency of banks. Finally, efficiency is improving in our sample thanks to the financial reforms variables not accounted for in our control variables and Egyptian banks display the lowest efficiency in the region for the entire sample period.
The Danish Referendum on the Treaty of Amsterdam Europas? ZEI Discussion Papers: 1998, C 17

[From Introduction]. On May 28, 1998, the Danish people approved the Amsterdam Treaty in a referendum by 55.1 per cent of the vote. This was the fifth referendum on Europe since 1972, and more referenda may be in the offing over the next few years. This raises several questions, which this paper tries to answer: Why do referenda play such a major role in the Danish decision system concerning Europe? What is the particular role of referenda in the formulation of Denmark’s EU policy? And what explains the outcome of the recent referendum?
Numerical simulations of dwarf galaxy merger trees

We investigate the evolution of dwarf galaxies using N-body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations that incorporate their formation histories through merger trees constructed using the extended Press-Schechter formalism. The simulations are computationally cheap and have high spatial resolution. We compare the properties of galaxies with equal final mass but with different merger histories with each other and with those of observed dwarf spheroidals and irregulars. We show that the merger history influences many observable dwarf galaxy properties. We identify two extreme cases that make this influence stand out most clearly: (i) merger trees with one massive progenitor that grows through relatively few mergers and (ii) merger trees with many small progenitors that merge only quite late. At a fixed halo mass, a type (i) tree tends to produce galaxies with larger stellar masses, larger half-light radii, lower central surface brightness and, since fewer potentially angular momentum cancelling mergers are required to build up the final galaxy, a higher specific angular momentum, compared with a type (ii) tree. We do not perform full-fledged cosmological simulations and therefore cannot hope to reproduce all observed properties of dwarf galaxies. However, we show that the simulated dwarfs are similar to real ones.
Context Mover's Distance & Barycenters: Optimal transport of contexts for building representations

We present a framework for building unsupervised representations of entities and their compositions, where each entity is viewed as a probability distribution rather than a vector embedding. In particular, this distribution is supported over the contexts which co-occur with the entity and are embedded in a suitable low-dimensional space. This enables us to consider representation learning from the perspective of Optimal Transport and take advantage of its tools such as Wasserstein distance and barycenters. We elaborate how the method can be applied for obtaining unsupervised representations of text and illustrate the performance (quantitatively as well as qualitatively) on tasks such as measuring sentence similarity, word entailment and similarity, where we empirically observe significant gains (e.g., 4.1% relative improvement over Sent2vec, GenSen). The key benefits of the proposed approach include: (a) capturing uncertainty and polysemy via modeling the entities as distributions, (b) utilizing the underlying geometry of the particular task (with the ground cost), (c) simultaneously providing interpretability with the notion of optimal transport between contexts and (d) easy applicability on top of existing point embedding methods. The code, as well as prebuilt histograms, are available under this https URL.
ADCrowdNet: An Attention-Injective Deformable Convolutional Network for Crowd Understanding

We propose an attention-injective deformable convolutional network called ADCrowdNet for crowd understanding that can address the accuracy degradation problem of highly congested noisy scenes. ADCrowdNet contains two concatenated networks. An attention-aware network called Attention Map Generator (AMG) first detects crowd regions in images and computes the congestion degree of these regions. Based on detected crowd regions and congestion priors, a multi-scale deformable network called Density Map Estimator (DME) then generates high-quality density maps. With the attention-aware training scheme and multi-scale deformable convolutional scheme, the proposed ADCrowdNet achieves the capability of being more effective to capture the crowd features and more resistant to various noises. We have evaluated our method on four popular crowd counting datasets (ShanghaiTech, UCF_CC_50, WorldEXPO'10, and UCSD) and an extra vehicle counting dataset TRANCOS, and our approach beats existing state-of-the-art approaches on all of these datasets.
Interactions between background matching and disruptive colouration: Experiments using human predators and virtual crabs

Interactions between disruptive colouration and the match between prey and background spot size were manipulated in two experiments that used time taken by human 'predators' to find artificial prey (virtual crab morphs) against heterogeneous backgrounds as a measure of the their camouflage. Experiment 1, in which the spots and their placement imitated the arrange- ment on the crab Carcinus maenas, tested whether high and low contrast spots touching the body outline (disruptive 'edge' morphs) made the artificial prey more difficult to detect than when the spots did not touch the outline (non-disruptive 'inner' morphs) against three different backgrounds: 'small', 'middle' and 'large' spot size. In Experiment 2, the range of spot sizes and their positions ('edge' and 'inner') on the crab morphs were varied to determine the most effective combination against the 'mid- dle' background. Altogether, 640 volunteers participated in these computer trials, representing a high degree of independent rep- lication. All patterned morphs were significantly harder to detect than plain morphs, indicating that possessing at least some de- gree of background matching can provide camouflage. Both experiments demonstrated that various morphs, though not having the same spot sizes as the background, had similar or better survivorship as those with matching spot sizes—indicating that opti- mal camouflage did not come from background matching alone. In Experiment 2, edge-disrupted morphs consistently took longer to find than their non-disruptive counterparts. The relative effects of edge disruption, contrast, and background/prey spot size are clearly context-dependent, highlighting the complexity of prey concealment (Current Zoology 61 (4): 718-728, 2015).
Hygroscopicity and volatility of fresh and processed aerosols from different sources

The evolution of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) during (photo-)chemical aging processes was investigated in a smog chamber. Fresh SOA from ozonolysis of 10 to 40 ppb α-pinene was formed followed by aging with OH radicals. The particles’ volatility and hygroscopicity (expressed as volume fraction remaining (VFR) and hygroscopicity parameter κ) were measured in parallel with a volatility and hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (V/H-TDMA). An aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) was used for the chemical characterization of the aerosol. These measurements were used as sensitive parameters to reveal the mechanisms possibly responsible for the changes in the SOA composition during aging. A change of VFR and/or κ during processing of atmospheric aerosols may occur either by addition of SOA mass (by condensation) or by a change of SOA composition leading to different aerosol properties. The latter may occur either by heterogeneous reactions on the surface of the SOA particles, by condensed phase reactions like oligomerization or by an evaporation gas-phase oxidation recondensation cycle. The condensation mechanism showed to be dominant when there is a substantial change in the aerosol mass by addition of new molecules to the aerosol phase with time. Experiments could be divided into four periods based on the temporal evolution (qualitative changes) of VFR, κ and organic mass: O3 induced condensation, ripening, and OH induced chemical aging first with substantial mass gain and then without significant mass gain. During the O3 induced condensation the particles’ volatility decreased (increasing VFR) while the hygroscopicity increased. Thereafter, in the course of ripening volatility continued to decrease, but hygroscopicity stayed roughly constant. After exposing the SOA to OH radicals an OH induced chemical aging with substantial mass gain started resulting in the production of at least 50% more SOA mass. This new SOA mass was highly volatile and oxidized. This period was then followed by further OH induced chemical aging without significant mass gain leading to a decrease of volatility while hygroscopicity and SOA mass stayed roughly constant.
Effect of nano-silver particles on postharvest life of Lilium orientalis cv. ‘Shocking’

Prolongation of vase life of cut lilies (Lilium orientalis cv. ‘Shocking’) was studied in vase containing 5, 15, 25, 35 ppm of nano-silver solutions and deionised water as control under controlled conditions. All nano-silver treatments extended the longevity of cut flowers in comparison to control but the concentration of 35 ppm showed the highest vase solution uptake, initial fresh weight and lowest bacteria colony during first two days of vase life. Plant or bacteria extract did not affect nano-particles stability. The use of nano-silver particles at 35 ppm is recommended to improve postharvest life of Lilium orientalis cv. ‘Shocking’.