Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Offsetting Debt of inside Money

The traditional view that there is not a price induced macro-economic wealth effect on inside money has been challenged by Boris Pesek and Thomas Saving (6). In their book, Pesek and Sav ing assert that what they call bank money (inside money) along with commodity money and fiat money is part of the net wealth of a community and, therefore, has a wealth effect on a macro economic level (6, p. 79, 102)7 Their assertion is based on their belief that so-called bank money is a bank asset instead of a liability. Don Patinkin, in a reply to Pesek and Saving, convincingly demonstrates as invalid their attempts to show bank money an asset of a bank, and further takes them to task for ignoring much of the contributing literature on the wealth effect (5). Although Patinkin clearly disproves Pesek and Saving's con tentions, there is still a great deal of confusion con cerning money and wealth. This paper is an attempt to draw together some of the existing thoughts and to introduce some of my own thoughts on the topics. In Part I, it is shown that Pesek and Saving utilize the debt of the issuer rather than the debt of the private sector in discussing the off-setting debt leading to a rejection of Pesek and Saving's positions that bank money is an asset of the bank. I shall also review the concept of the two categories of money, inside and outside, and show how the costs of producing and maintaining the supply of these monies vary. Part II analyzes the implications of Part I as to the wealth effect of in side money.
A 380 ps, 9.5 mW Josephson 4-Kbit RAM operated at a high bit yield

We have developed a Josephson 4-Kbit RAM with improved component circuits and a device structure having two Nb wiring layers. A resistor coupled driver and sense circuit are improved to have wide operating margins. The fabrication process is simplified using bias sputtering, as a result, its reliability is increased. The RAM is composed of approximately 21000 Nb/AlO/sub x//Nb Josephson junctions, Mo resistors, Nb wirings, and SiO/sub 2/ insulators. Experimental results show a minimum access time of 380 ps and power dissipation of 9.5 mW. Maximum bit yield of 84% is obtained in minimum magnetic field of about 20 /spl mu/G. We confirm that most of fail bits are caused by trapped magnetic flux, and the RAM functions properly for 98% of the memory cells after measuring fail bit map several times. <<ETX>>
Effect of Topically Applied Sulphur Mustard on Antioxidant Enzymes in Blood Cells and Body Tissues of Rats

The effect of sulphur mustard (0.5 LD50, percutaneous) on antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px)) in blood cells (erythrocytes (RBC), leucocytes (WBC) and platelets) and body tissues (liver, kidney, spleen and brain) of rats has been investigated 24 h post exposure. The SOD activity was significantly decreased in WBC, platelets, spleen and brain as compared to control. The CAT activity was significantly inhibited in RBC, WBC and spleen as compared to control. The GSH‐Px activity was significantly depressed in WBC, spleen and liver as compared to control. It is concluded that sulphur mustard at a sublethal dose inhibited antioxidant enzyme activities in WBC and spleen. Thus, antioxidant enzymes in lymphatic tissues may be used as suitable models for assessing mustard toxicity. The study suggests the formation of reactive oxygen species in sulphur mustard intoxication.
Association between HIV infection and attenuated diurnal blood pressure rhythm in untreated hypertensive individuals *

Hypertensive cardiovascular complications are more closely associated with ambulatory blood pressure (ABP), particularly the attenuated diurnal blood pressure (BP) rhythm (i.e. a fall in systolic blood pressure <10% during the night compared with the day), than with casual BP. The aim of the study was to assess the ABP pattern in an HIV‐infected cohort in which hypertension was newly diagnosed.
Substrate Specificity of the Dolichol Phosphate Mannose: Glucosaminyl Phosphatidylinositol 14-Mannosyltranferase of the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Biosynthetic Pathway of African Trypanosomes (*)

The biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) precursors in Trypanosoma brucei involves the D-mannosylation of D-GlcNα1-6-D-myo-inositol-1-PO4-sn-1,2-diacylglycerol (GlcN-PI). An assay for the first mannosyltransferase of the pathway, Dol-P-Man:GlcN-PI α1-4-mannosyltransferase, is described. Analysis of the acceptor specificity revealed (a) that the enzyme requires the myo-inositol residue of the GlcN-PI substrate have the D configuration; (b) that the enzyme requires the presence of the NH2 group of the D-GlcN residue; (c) that GlcNAc-PI is more efficiently presented to the enzyme than GlcN-PI, suggesting a degree of substrate channelling via the preceding GlcNAc-PI de-N-acetylase enzyme; (d) that the fatty acid and phosphoglycerol components of the phosphatidyl moiety are important for enhancing substrate presentation and substrate recognition, respectively; and (e) that D-GlcNα1-6-D-myo-inositol is the minimum structure that can support detectable acceptor activity. Analysis of the donor specificity revealed that short chain (C5 and C) analogues of dolichol phosphate can act as substrates for the trypanosomal dolichol-phosphomannose synthetase, whereas the corresponding mannopyranosides cannot act as donors for the Dol-P-Man:GlcN-PI α1-4-mannosyltransferase.
Are ICT, Workplace Organization, and Human Capital Relevant for Innovation? A Comparative Swiss/Greek Study

Abstract This paper investigates and compares the relationships for Swiss and Greek firms between indicators for the intensity of use of modern information and communications technologies (ICT), several forms of workplace organization, and human capital, on the one hand, and several measures of innovation performance at firm level, on the other hand. For the Swiss firms, we find that ICT contribute to innovation activities (a) as enablers of process innovation (but not of product innovation) and (b) as means for increasing the efficiency of the R&D process. The organizational variables for “work design” and “employee voice” show significant positive correlations for most innovation indicators. Human capital matters primarily for R&D activities. The findings for the Greek firms indicate positive correlations of ICT with product and process innovation and of new “work design” with product innovation and R&D. No correlation of human capital with innovation could be found. No complementarities for the three factors with respect to innovation performance could be detected in either country.
The Reconstruction of Economics: Is There Still a Place for Neoclassical Theory?

Neoclassical theory, which assumes maximizing behavior and focuses on mechanical equilibria, is currently the dominant paradigm in economics. Although an abundance of critiques have been written about neoclassical theory, there is still disagreement over the outlines of a viable new or alternative economics. Clearly, no single essay on this ambitious topic can do any more than point in the appropriate direction. Where should we explore for new ideas and frameworks? This question raises yet another: assuming it is possible to build a superior framework for economic theory, would it subsume neoclassical theory within itself as a special or limiting case? In other words, would the superior framework be broader, richer, and multidimensioned, but preserve the neoclassical construction internally as a subset? Or would we reach a different result with the clash of two different theoretical structures or paradigms, one being incompatible with the other? These broad questions are approached from the starting point of Amitai Etzioni's [1988] major attempt to lay down the foundations of a new economics. In the past, social science has relied on
[Prevalence and characteristic of overweight and obesity among adults in China, 2010].

OBJECTIVE To study the prevalence and characteristics of overweight and obesity among Chinese adults aged 18 and above, in year 2010. METHODS A total of 98 271 adults aged 18 and above, who were sampled from 162 surveillance points of 31 provinces of China mainland, were enrolled in the study. Weight and height of each subject were measured, and then body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Overweight was defined as 24 kg/m² ≤ BMI < 28 kg/m², while obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 28 kg/m². After complex weighting, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among total population and specified rates among different populations by gender and districts and age were calculated. RESULTS Prevalence rate of overweight among Chinese adults was 30.6%, separately at 31.5% and 29.7% among males and females (χ² = 16.05, P < 0.01); 27.1%, 37.2% and 32.3% in groups of population aged 18 - 44, 45 - 59 and over 60 year-old, respectively (χ² = 482.00, P < 0.01); separately at 33.9% and 29.1% in urban and rural areas (χ² = 21.14, P < 0.01); 32.0%, 31.1% and 28.0% in eastern, central and western regions, respectively (χ² = 8.72, P < 0.05). Prevalence rate of obesity among Chinese adults was 12.0%, separately at 11.9% and 12.1% among males and females (χ² = 0.33, P > 0.05); and 10.6%, 14.7% and 12.6% in groups of populations aged 18 - 44, 45 - 59 and over 60 year-old, respectively (χ² = 111.25, P < 0.01); separately at 14.2% and 11.0% in urban and rural areas (χ² = 12.11, P < 0.01); and 13.5%, 11.9% and 9.9% in eastern, central and western regions, respectively (χ² = 10.05, P < 0.01). The total prevalence rate of overweight and obesity among Chinese adults was 42.6%. It appeared that the total prevalence rate of overweight and obesity among urban populations (48.1%) were higher than rural populations (40.1%) (χ² = 20.37, P < 0.01); while the total rate showed a gradual decreasing trend from eastern (45.5%) to central (43.0%) and western (37.9%) regions (χ ²= 10.46, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The prevalence of overweight and obesity were comparatively high among Chinese adults aged 18 and above in year 2010, and significant differences could be found among gender, age, urban or rural areas and eastern, central or western districts.
Aerobic interval training increases peak oxygen uptake more than usual care exercise training in myocardial infarction patients: a randomized controlled study

Objective: Exercise capacity strongly predicts survival and aerobic interval training (AIT) increases peak oxygen uptake effectively in cardiac patients. Usual care in Norway provides exercise training at the hospitals following myocardial infarction (MI), but the effect and actual intensity of these rehabilitation programmes are unknown. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Hospital cardiac rehabilitation. Subjects: One hundred and seven patients, recruited two to 12 weeks after MI, were randomized to usual care rehabilitation or treadmill AIT. Interventions: Usual care aerobic group exercise training or treadmill AIT as 4 × 4 minutes intervals at 85–95% of peak heart rate. Twice weekly exercise training for 12 weeks. Main measures: The primary outcome measure was peak oxygen uptake. Secondary outcome measures were endothelial function, blood markers of cardiovascular disease, quality of life, resting heart rate, and heart rate recovery. Results: Eighty-nine patients (74 men, 15 women, 57.4 ± 9.5 years) completed the programme. Peak oxygen uptake increased more (P = 0.002) after AIT (from 31.6 ± 5.8 to 36.2 ± 8.6 mL·kg−1·min−1, P < 0.001) than after usual care rehabilitation (from 32.2 ± 6.7 to 34.7 ± 7.9 mL·kg−1·min−1, P < 0.001). The AIT group exercised with significantly higher intensity in the intervals compared to the highest intensity in the usual care group (87.3 ± 3.9% versus 78.7 ± 7.2% of peak heart rate, respectively, P < 0.001). Both programmes increased endothelial function, serum adiponectin, and quality of life, and reduced serum ferritin and resting heart rate. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased only after AIT. Conclusions: AIT increased peak oxygen uptake more than the usual care rehabilitation provided to MI patients by Norwegian hospitals.
Explore, Exploit or Listen: Combining Human Feedback and Policy Model to Speed up Deep Reinforcement Learning in 3D Worlds

We describe a method to use discrete human feedback to enhance the performance of deep learning agents in virtual three-dimensional environments by extending deep-reinforcement learning to model the confidence and consistency of human feedback. This enables deep reinforcement learning algorithms to determine the most appropriate time to listen to the human feedback, exploit the current policy model, or explore the agent's environment. Managing the trade-off between these three strategies allows DRL agents to be robust to inconsistent or intermittent human feedback. Through experimentation using a synthetic oracle, we show that our technique improves the training speed and overall performance of deep reinforcement learning in navigating three-dimensional environments using Minecraft. We further show that our technique is robust to highly innacurate human feedback and can also operate when no human feedback is given.
On Alternative Measures of Accruals

SYNOPSIS: This paper investigates the difference between two widely used measures of accruals and their differential impact on accrual strategy returns. The two measures are accruals computed using consecutive changes in the balance sheet items and accruals computed as earnings minus cash flows from operating activities, both from the cash flow statement. Our investigations reveal that the difference between the two measures is caused by four items and non-articulations in changes in working capital accounts and depreciation expenses, in addition to non-articulation events as identified by Hribar and Collins (2002). We find that the non-articulation in working capital accounts and depreciation expenses between the cash flow statement and other financial statements is surprisingly prevalent and economically significant, and it can be attributed to special events, errors made by Compustat, firms' inconsistent definitions, and non-standard classifications of assets/liabilities. We show that, after excluding .
Cytoprotective effect of honey against chromosomal breakage in fanconi anemia patients in vitro

BACKGROUND: Natural honey is widely used all over the world as a complementary and alternative medicine in various disorders including Fanconi anemia (FA). FA is a rare genetic chromosomal instability syndrome caused by impairment of DNA repair and reactive oxygen species (ROS) imbalance. This disease is also related to bone marrow failure and cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytoprotective effect of honey on mitomycin C (MMC-) induced chromosomal damage in peripheral lymphocytes from FA patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Treatment of these complications with alkylation agents MMC may enhance chromosomal breakage. We have evaluated the effect of honey on MMC- induced chromosomal breakage in FA blood cells using chromosomal breakage assay. The basal chromosomal breakage count was higher among FA patients than healthy subjects. RESULTS: The addition of MMC alone gave a significantly higher of chromosomal breakage in FA patients than control group (P < 0.0001). Pre- treatment with honey significantly inhibited breakage induced by MMC in FA patients by its antioxidant effect. CONCLUSION: Honey can prevent MMC- induced chromosomal breakage by its antioxidant effect.
Liraglutide, a long‐acting human glucagon‐like peptide 1 analogue, improves human islet survival in culture

The culture of human islets is associated with approximately 10–20% islet loss, occasionally preventing transplantation. Preconditioning of the islets to improve postculture yields would be of immediate benefit, with the potential to increase both the number of transplanted patients and their metabolic reserve. In this study, the effect of liraglutide, a long‐acting human glucagon‐like peptide 1 analogue, on cultured human islets was examined. Culture with liraglutide (1 μmol/l) was associated with a preservation of islet mass (significantly more islets at 24 and 48 h, compared to control; P ≤ 0.05 at 24 and 48 h) and with the presence of larger islets (P ≤ 0.05 at 48 h). These observations were supported by reduced apoptosis rates after 24 h of treatment. We also demonstrated that human islet engraftment is improved in C57Bl/6‐RAG−/− mice treated with liraglutide 200 μg/kg sc twice daily (P ≤ 0.05), suggesting that liraglutide should be continued after transplantation. Overall, these data demonstrate the beneficial effect of liraglutide on cultured human islets, preserving islet mass. They support the design of clinical studies looking at the effect of liraglutide in clinical islet transplantation.
Predictive value of color Doppler imaging in an evaluation of retrobulbar blood flow perturbation in young type-1 diabetic patients with regard to dyslipidemia.

BACKGROUND The aim was to examine blood flow velocity and vascular resistance in retrobulbar arteries in young type-1 diabetes (DM-1) patients. Statistical relationships between blood flow parameters and serum lipid levels (TCH, HDL, LDL, TG, ApoB) were also determined. MATERIAL/METHODS Fifty-two eyes with diabetic angiopathy were examined (average age: 18.54 years). Color Doppler imaging (CDI) was performed in the ophthalmic (OA), central retinal (CRA), and temporal posterior ciliary (TPCA) arteries. The parameters PSV, EDV, MV, PI, and RI were compared with those of a control group (46 eyes). The Student's t, Shapiro-Wilk, and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests were used (p< or =0.01 and p< or =0.05 were considered significant). RESULTS Significant decreases in PSV, MV, PI, and RI in the OA, CRA, and TPCA and negative correlations between TCH, LDL, and ApoB and decreased PI and RI in the OA as well as positive correlations between these parameters and EDV in the OA were found. Increased ApoB correlated with decreased PI and RI in the TPCA. There were no significant relationships between TG and HDL and the blood flow parameters. Elevated levels of HbA1c and dyslipidemia were confirmed. CONCLUSIONS CDI is an effective method for detecting retinochoroidal circulation disorders in the early stage of diabetic angiopathy. The alterations in retrobulbar blood flow were characterized by significant decreases in PSV, MV, and RI in the CRA and PSV, MV, PI, and RI in the TPCA. Dysregulation of TCH, LDL, and ApoB was associated with vascular resistance fluctuation, mainly in the OA.
Calcium Channel Blockers as Initial Therapeutic Agents in Hypertension

Blood pressure (BP) control is central to health promotion and maintenance across the health care continuum. Optimal control has been associated with improved microvascular end organ outcomes, reduced morbidity and mortality, and improved quality of life. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are a frequently utilized first-line antihypertensive agent, either as a monotherapy or in combination, as advocated by the 2003 Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VII). However, despite their ability to achieve BP parameters comparable to alternative agents, CCBs may be inducing heart failure (HF) pathology by a mechanism other than the well-known negative inotropic effects of nondihydropyridine CCBs and thus may be responsible for more incident HF than was previously thought. Review of current literature indicates that there is a strong association between all types of CCBs and incident HF, that this association is found in persons with and without preexisting myocardial dysfunction, that BP measurement alone is an insufficient measure of end organ preservation with CCB use, and that CCB-induced HF is more problematic with comorbid coronary disease, renal disease, and diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, current research suggests that these outcomes are a result of CCB-induced neurohormonal sympathetic activation, sustained CCB-generated nitric oxide production leading to inflammation and tissue destruction, and/or increased systemic calcification secondary to concurrent calcium supplementation. These findings suggest the pressing need for reevaluation of CCBs as first-line agents in treating hypertension and for possible revision of JNC VII hypertension guidelines.
Effect of propranolol on verbal problem solving in autism spectrum disorder

The noradrenergic system modulates performance on tasks dependent on semantic and associative network flexibility (NF) in individuals without neurodevelopmental diagnoses in experiments using a beta-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol. Some studies suggest drugs decreasing noradrenergic activity are beneficial in ASD. In individuals without neurodevelopmental diagnoses, propranolol is beneficial only for difficult NF-dependent problems. However, in populations with altered noradrenergic regulation, propranolol also benefits performance for simple problems. Due to decreased flexibility of access to networks in ASD, we wished to examine the effect of propranolol on NF in ASD. ASD subjects benefited from propranolol on simple anagrams, whereas control subjects were impaired by propranolol. Further study will be necessary to confirm this finding in a larger sample and to compare clinical response with cognitive response to propranolol.
Crystal structure of heat‐labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli with increased thermostability introduced by an engineered disulfide bond in the A subunit

Cholera toxin (CT) produced by Vibrio cholerae and heat‐labile enterotoxin (LT‐I), produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, are AB5 heterohexamers with an ADP‐ribosylating A subunit and a GM1 receptor binding B pentamer. These toxins are among the most potent mucosal adjuvants known and, hence, are of interest both for the development of anti‐diarrheal vaccines against cholera or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea and also for vaccines in general. However, the A subunits of CT and LT‐I are known to be relatively temperature sensitive. To improve the thermostability of LT‐I an additional disulfide bond was introduced in the A1 subunit by means of the double mutation N40C and G166C. The crystal structure of this double mutant of LT‐I has been determined to 2.0 Å resolution. The protein structure of the N40C/G166C double mutant is very similar to the native structure except for a few local shifts near the new disulfide bond. The introduction of this additional disulfide bond increases the thermal stability of the A subunit of LT‐I by 6°C. The enhancement in thermostability could make this disulfide bond variant of LT‐I of considerable interest for the design of enterotoxin‐based vaccines.