Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
VALIDATION OF AN OPTICAL ENCODER DURING FREE WEIGHT RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS AND ANALYSIS OF BENCH PRESS STICKING POINT POWER DURING FATIGUE

During the concentric movement of the bench press, there is an initial high-power push after chest contact, immediately followed by a characteristic area of low power, the so-called “sticking region. ” During high-intensity lifting, a decline in power can result in a failed lift attempt. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of an optical encoder to measure power and then employ this device to determine power changes during the initial acceleration and sticking region during fatiguing repeated bench press training. Twelve subjects performed a free weight bench press, a Smith Machine back squat, and a Smith Machine 40-kg bench press throw for power validation measures. All barbell movements were simultaneously monitored using cinematography and an optical encoder. Eccentric and concentric mean and peak power were calculated using time and position data derived from each method. Validity of power measures between the video (criterion) and optical encoder scores were evaluated by standard error of the estimate (SEE) and coefficient of variation (CV). Seven subjects then performed 4 sets of 6 free weight bench press repetitions progressively increasing from 85 to 95% of their 6 repetition maximum, with each repetition continually monitored by an optical encoder. The SEE for power ranged from 3.6 to 14.4 W (CV, 1.0–3.0%; correlation, 0.97–1.00). During the free weight bench press training, peak power declined by ∼55% (p < 0.01) during the initial acceleration phase of the final 2 repetitions of the final set. Although decreases in power of the sticking point were significant (p < 0.01), as early as repetition 5 (−40%) they reached critically low levels in the final 2 repetitions (> −95%). In conclusion, the optical encoder provided valid measures of kinetics during free weight resistance training movements. The decline in power during the initial acceleration phase appears a factor in a failed lift attempt at the sticking point.
Physical‐layer intrusion detection system for smart jamming attacks

In modern electronic warfare, physical‐layer security threats have evolved from traditional jammers to smart jammers. Smart jammers, due to their stealthy nature, make wireless communication systems vulnerable. They can easily deceive a detection system. In this paper, a physical‐layer intrusion detection system (PLIDS) for direct‐sequence spread‐spectrum systems is developed against smart jammers, which is efficient due to its high detection rates, usability, and accuracy. Smart jamming noise is modeled as wide‐sense stationary, additive, and colored. This random process is decomposed into a series expansion of independent and uncorrelated random variables. The decomposition helps in designing a signal processing algorithm for PLIDS. The algorithm is easily implemented via correlators. PLIDS is evaluated using a simulated electronic warfare environment, and its performance is measured in terms of detection capability, precision, and accuracy. It performs error‐free detection by adjusting its tuning parameter. Moreover, different performance tradeoffs are observed for different values of the tuning parameter. Finally, comparisons of PLIDS are done with competitive intrusion detection systems.
Mental Disordera Offspring Outcome Parental Mental Disorder Exposure Both Parents SMD 1 Parent SMD ; 1 Other Mental Disorder 1 Parent Nonaffective Psychosis 1 Parent Affective Psychosis Both Parents

Main Outcome Measures: Incidence rates, incidence rate ratios, and cumulative incidences for offspring psychiatric outcomes. Results: Parental serious mental disorder (SMD) (nonaffectiveoraffectivepsychosis)was found tobepositivelyassociated with virtually all offspring psychiatric outcomes, including those not hitherto regarded as clinically related. OffspringofparentswithoutSMDbutwithahistoryof“other mental disorder” were also found to be at increased risk of developing a range of mental disorders. The strongest associations were found where both parents had a history of mental disorder (eg, offspring of 2 parents with SMD were 13timesmorelikelytodevelopschizophrenia). Elevatedrisks werenotconfinedtoconcordantparent/offspringdisorders (eg,offspringof2parentswithSMDwere8timesmorelikely to develop substance misuse disorders).
Temporal bone microdissection for anatomic study of cochlear implant electrodes

Abstract Objective This report describes a temporal bone microdissection method for laboratory evaluation of cochlear implant electrodes. Design Anatomic study of human temporal bones. Methods Implant electrodes from three manufacturers were inserted into temporal bones which were processed and dissected so as to visualize spatial relationships between the electrodes and sensorineural structures of the cochlea. Results and conclusion Images are presented illustrating perimodiolar and lateral wall electrode arrays after insertion into the human cochlea and functional characteristics of the two electrode types are discussed. Temporal bone microdissection permits direct, three-dimensional study of inner ear structures and is an effective method for evaluation of the insertional properties of cochlear implant electrodes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interference of Gemfibrozil with Roche TesTcup.

As part of a workplace drug-testing policy, a coal-mining company implemented random on-site preliminary urine testing using the OnTrak TesTcup (Roche Diagnostic Systems, Inc.). Presumptive positives were sent to our laboratory for confirmation. A potentially embarrassing situation arose when the mining manager underwent a random test and produced a positive reaction to cannabinoids. He denied using any illicit drugs and claimed to be taking Gemfibrozil (Lopid) for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Upon receipt at the laboratory, the TesTcup still showed a positive reaction to cannabinoids. The urine specimen was analyzed for cannabinoids using EMIT TM (Behring Diagnostics) at the 50-1Jg/L cutoff and was found to be negative. The urine specimen was then analyzed for the presence of carboxy-THC using pentafluoropropyl derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). No carboxy-THC was detected. The same sample was tested for cannabinoids using the Syva RapidTest (Behring Diagnostics). The test was negative. Gemfibrozil was added to drug-free urine and subjected to the same tests. No false positives were obtained. Urine was later obtained from a healthy subject taking only Gemfibrozil medication. The urine was subjected to the TesTcup (positive), EMIT (negative), and Syva RapidTest (negative). The urine was subjected to a comprehensive drug analysis including EMIT, high-performance thin-layer chromatography, and GC-MS. No drugs other than gemfibrozil were detected. Gemfibrozil is metabolized to hydroxymethyl and carboxyl products. It i~ suggested that one of these metabolites is responsible for the false-positive result of the Roche TesTcup test for cannabinoids in urine.
CANCER CAREGIVERS' DISCRIMINATION AND ITS IMPACT TO QUALITY OF LIFE

Family caregivers can face many challenges in their caregiving role like employment discrimination, making accomodations to work, low average monthly income etc. This is also the case for the cancer caregivers in the albanian context. The aim of this study is to explore the impact that caregiving has in cancer caregiver’s Quality of Life, mediated by the socio – economic status. The participants of this study (N=377) were cancer caregivers for at least one month for an hour/per day. They were contacted at the University Hospital “Nene Tereza” in Tirana, at the Oncology Section. The research instrument consisted in socio – economic questions and the Flanagan Quality of Life Scale (1982). Results indicated that cancer caregivers had low family monthly income and were mostly unenmployed which correlated positively to Quality of Life.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO VARIABILITY IN DRUG PHARMACOKINETICS. III. METABOLISM

I N T R O D U C T I O N In the series we have already seen how different factors affect drug absorption and distribution: this review considers metabolism. Drugs can be transformed in the body by a number of tissues and organs, the liver being the most important. Within this organ the endoplasmic reticulum is the major site of metabolism, though some transformations can also take place in the cytosol and mitochondria. Pathways can be conveniently classified as Phase I and Phase I1 metabolism, the former being oxidative, reductive and hydrolytic in nature while the latter is synthetic leading to the formation of a more water-soluble conjugate. Individual drugs may undergo either type of transformation or even Phase I followed by Phase 11. As a rough guide, the more lipid-soluble drugs tend to undergo a Phase I transformation first while the more water-soluble drugs may be conjugated or excreted unchanged. On oral dosing, drugs absorbed from the small intestine pass directly to the liver via the portal vein and some may be metabolized in the gut or during passage through the liver. This 'first-pass' loss can be very small for some drugs and almost complete for others. In the case of glyceryl trinitrate, for example, its first-pass metabolism is so complete that the drug is ineffective orally and for many other drugs only a small fraction reaches the systemic circulation. Drugs with a large first-pass effect are said to be subject to a high extraction while those with a small first-pass loss have a low extraction. Examples of both are given in Table 1. The magnitude of the first-pass effect can be measured by comparing the area under the plasma concentration-time profile following intravenous and oral dosing providing the fraction of the oral dose absorbed is known. A number of methods are available to identify the site of first-pass loss (1). The metabolism of highly extracted drugs is very sensitive to changes in liver blood flow, while poorly extracted drugs are more dependent on the activity of the liver microsomal enzyme systems. Drugs with a very high first-pass loss are more likely to exhibit a large inter-subject variability than drugs with a low first-pass loss. For example, if 96Ol0 of the absorbed dose is metabolized during passage through the liver, only 4"" reaches the systemic circulation. Only a small change in liver blood flow may reduce the first-pass loss to 92%, hence 8% 'survives', doubling the amount reaching the circulation. For poorly extracted drugs, depending on the activity of the liver enzymes, a very large reduction in activity would be needed to substantially increase the systemic concentration. Such
Improvement of retroviral retargeting by using amino acid spacers between an additional binding domain and the N terminus of Moloney murine leukemia virus SU

We previously reported a strategy to redirect the retroviral host range by expressing single-chain antibodies (S. J. Russell, R. E. Hawkins, and G. Winter, Nucleic Acids Res. 21:1081-1085, 1993) or ligands (F.-L. Cosset, F. J Morling, Y. Takeuchi, R. A. Weiss, M. K. L. Collins, and S. J. Russell, J. Virol. 69:6314-6322, 1995) at the N terminus of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) surface proteins (SU). Although such chimeric envelopes were able to bind the new receptors, the transduction efficiency of retargeted viruses was generally low. We hypothesized that conformational rearrangements of envelope glycoproteins were not optimally triggered following binding, and to overcome these postbinding blocks, we have generated here a set of chimeric MoMLV-derived envelopes targeted to the Ram-1 phosphate transporter in which we have varied the spacing between the Ram-1-binding domain and the MoMLV SU. All of the recombinant envelopes were correctly expressed on virions, and all bound efficiently to Ram-1. However, the interdomain spacing greatly affected the efficiency of gene transfer by retroviral vectors that had bound to Ram-1 via their chimeric envelopes. Optimal interdomain spacing allowed a 100-fold-increased viral transduction via Ram-1 compared to our previous results.
Enterobius vermicularis as a probable vector of Dientamoeba fragilis.

Summary and Conclusions 1. As Dientamoeba fragilis and Enterobius vermicularis occurred together in 20 times as many appendices as theoretically expected, it indicated some connection between the two species. 2. Sections of pinworms from a Dientamoeba-harboring appendix revealed the presence in many eggs of small, ameboid, uninucleate organisms, whose nuclei greatly resembled those found in uni- and binucleate D. fragilis from the lumen of formalin-fixed appendices. These bodies were not found in pinworm eggs from cases not known to harbor D. fragilis. Therefore, the pinworm appears to be a vector of D. fragilis. 3. Indirect evidence of transmission of D. fragilis in pinworm eggs is presented, but efforts to culture the ameba from eggs have not yet been successful. 4. Further evidence linking Dientamoeba with Histomonas meleagridis, the flagellate which causes blackhead in turkeys, is presented. This tends to confirm Dobell's hypothesis that D. fragilis is actually an aberrant flagellate rather than a true ameba and that its present classification is an error.
Contrasting gene expression programs correspond with predator‐induced phenotypic plasticity within and across generations in Daphnia

Research has shown that a change in environmental conditions can alter the expression of traits during development (i.e., “within‐generation phenotypic plasticity”) as well as induce heritable phenotypic responses that persist for multiple generations (i.e., “transgenerational plasticity”, TGP). It has long been assumed that shifts in gene expression are tightly linked to observed trait responses at the phenotypic level. Yet, the manner in which organisms couple within‐ and TGP at the molecular level is unclear. Here we tested the influence of fish predator chemical cues on patterns of gene expression within‐ and across generations using a clone of Daphnia ambigua that is known to exhibit strong TGP but weak within‐generation plasticity. Daphnia were reared in the presence of predator cues in generation 1, and shifts in gene expression were tracked across two additional asexual experimental generations that lacked exposure to predator cues. Initial exposure to predator cues in generation 1 was linked to ~50 responsive genes, but such shifts were 3–4× larger in later generations. Differentially expressed genes included those involved in reproduction, exoskeleton structure and digestion; major shifts in expression of genes encoding ribosomal proteins were also identified. Furthermore, shifts within the first‐generation and transgenerational shifts in gene expression were largely distinct in terms of the genes that were differentially expressed. Such results argue that the gene expression programmes involved in within‐ vs. transgeneration plasticity are fundamentally different. Our study provides new key insights into the plasticity of gene expression and how it relates to phenotypic plasticity in nature.
Helminth Immunomodulation in Autoimmune Disease

Helminths have evolved to become experts at subverting immune surveillance. Through potent and persistent immune tempering, helminths can remain undetected in human tissues for decades. Redirecting the immunomodulating “talents” of helminths to treat inflammatory human diseases is receiving intensive interest. Here, we review therapies using live parasitic worms, worm secretions, and worm-derived synthetic molecules to treat autoimmune disease. We review helminth therapy in both mouse models and clinical trials and discuss what is known on mechanisms of action. We also highlight current progress in characterizing promising new immunomodulatory molecules found in excretory/secretory products of helminths and their potential use as immunotherapies for acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
Hypertensive anal cushions as a cause of the high anal canal pressures in patients with haemorrhoids

Anorectal manometry and electrophysiology studies were conducted in 25 men with non‐prolapsing haemorrhoids, ten men with prolapsing haemorrhoids, and 20 age‐matched normal men. Mean(s.e.m.) minimum basal pressures were significantly higher in patients with non‐prolapsing haemorrhoids than in normals (61(5) versus 43(7) cmH2O; P<0·05) or patients with prolapsing haemorrhoids (55(4) cmH2O; P<0·05). There were no significant differences in maximum basal pressures and maximum squeeze pressures. During rectal distension, all normal subjects showed relaxation in all anal channels. However, 92 per cent of patients with non‐prolapsing haemorrhoids and 40 per cent of patients with prolapsing haemorrhoids showed no relaxation in the outer anal channels, even when relaxation occurred in the inner anal channels; internal sphincter electrical slow waves were suppressed and the integrated electrical activity of the external sphincter had returned to predistension values. Maximum residual anal pressures during balloon distension were significantly higher in patients with non‐prolapsing haemorrhoids than normals (75(7) versus 45(7) cmH2O; P<0·01), or patients with prolapsing haemorrhoids (53(3) cmH2O; P<0·05). When subjects increased intra‐abdominal pressure rectal pressure was significantly higher in patients with non‐prolapsing haemorrhoids than in normal subjects (157(10) versus 105(15) cmH2O; P<0·05), but not in patients with prolapsing haemorrhoids (126(14) cmH2O). Resting anal cushion pressures in patients with non‐prolapsing or prolapsing haemorrhoids were much higher than normal capillary or venous pressure and significantly higher than those recorded in normals (median 35, 35 versus 10 cmH2O; P<0·0001). Pressures recorded during coughing (60, 60 versus 30 cmH2O) and straining (78, 80 versus 55 cmH2O) were also significantly higher (P<0–0001) in patients than in normals. Pressures after straining were higher than those recorded before (38 versus 29 cmH2O; P<0·05) in 60 per cent of patients but no normal subjects and took 18·36 s to return to baseline. This study suggests that the abnormally high pressures in the anal canal in patients with haemorrhoids may be related to an increased vascular pressure in the anal cushions.
Genetics of quantitative and qualitative aspects of lung tumorigenesis in the mouse: multiple interacting Susceptibility to lung cancer (Sluc) genes with large effects.

Inbred strains of mice exhibit large differences in their susceptibility to various complex quantitative genetic traits, among which is the susceptibility to lung cancer. These differences are caused by the combined effects of multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Due to their multiplicity, it is relatively difficult and laborious to study the effects of individual QTLs. To dissect complex genetic traits the authors make use of recombinant congenic strains (RCS), a system of mouse inbred strains in which the genetic complexity is reduced. The susceptibility to lung cancer is studied by using the series of O20-congenic-B10.O20 (OcB) RC strains. They are derived from the parental background strain O20 and the parental donor strain B10.O20, two mouse inbred strains that differ from each other in both quantitative and qualitative aspects of lung tumorigenesis. This study describes the segregation of lung tumor number, size, and histology among the OcB RC strains, and indicates that these traits are influenced by multiple interacting QTLs with considerable individual effects. The results suggest that some of the susceptibility loci to lung cancer affect the susceptibility to other types of cancer as well, possibly by functioning systematically.
Tn-Seq reveals hidden complexity in the utilization of host-derived glutathione in Francisella tularensis

Host-derived glutathione (GSH) is an essential source of cysteine for the intracellular pathogen Francisella tularensis. In a comprehensive transposon insertion sequencing screen, we identified several F. tularensis genes that play central and previously unappreciated roles in the utilization of GSH during the growth of the bacterium in macrophages. We show that one of these, a gene we named dptA, encodes a proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter that enables growth of the organism on the dipeptide Cys-Gly, a key breakdown product of GSH generated by the enzyme γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT). Although GGT was thought to be the principal enzyme involved in GSH breakdown in F. tularensis, our screen identified a second enzyme, referred to as ChaC, that is also involved in the utilization of exogenous GSH. However, unlike GGT and DptA, we show that the importance of ChaC in supporting intramacrophage growth extends beyond cysteine acquisition. Taken together, our findings provide a compendium of F. tularensis genes required for intracellular growth and identify new players in the metabolism of GSH that could be attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
Dysphoric Disorders and Paroxysmal Affects: Recognition and Treatment of Epilepsy‐Related Psychiatric Disorders

&NA; Interictal dysphoric disorder is an intermittent and pleiomorphic affective‐somatoform disorder that presumably occurs as a result of inhibitory mechanisms in chronic mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Treatment with antidepressant medication, enhanced if necessary with small doses of an atypical antipsychotic, tends to be highly effective. The dysphoric disorder also occurs in the absence of epilepsy in a subictal variation, particularly in patients with brain lesions and as premenstrual dysphoric disorder. The paroxysmal affects, ranging from irritability through anger to rage, play a major role in interictal dysphoric disorder. Their manifestation among patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is counterbalanced by the fact that these individuals tend to be highly ethical and religious. The paroxysmal affects that may emerge with vehemence during episodes of interictal dysphoric disorder play a role in all people, differing in prominence among individuals. For a comprehensive view of the psychiatric aspects of epilepsy, the important premodern findings are reviewed together with recent ones.
Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5

Background DSM-IV-TR suggests that clinicians should assess clinically relevant personality traits that do not necessarily constitute a formal personality disorder (PD), and should note these traits on Axis II, but DSM-IV-TR does not provide a trait model to guide the clinician. Our goal was to provide a provisional trait model and a preliminary corresponding assessment instrument, in our roles as members of the DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorders Workgroup and workgroup advisors. Method An initial list of specific traits and domains (broader groups of traits) was derived from DSM-5 literature reviews and workgroup deliberations, with a focus on capturing maladaptive personality characteristics deemed clinically salient, including those related to the criteria for DSM-IV-TR PDs. The model and instrument were then developed iteratively using data from community samples of treatment-seeking participants. The analytic approach relied on tools of modern psychometrics (e.g. item response theory models). Results A total of 25 reliably measured core elements of personality description emerged that, together, delineate five broad domains of maladaptive personality variation: negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism. Conclusions We developed a maladaptive personality trait model and corresponding instrument as a step on the path toward helping users of DSM-5 assess traits that may or may not constitute a formal PD. The inventory we developed is reprinted in its entirety in the Supplementary online material, with the goal of encouraging additional refinement and development by other investigators prior to the finalization of DSM-5. Continuing discussion should focus on various options for integrating personality traits into DSM-5.