Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
UOUS AND DISCRETE ADDRESSING SCHEMES

In this paper, we extend neural Turing machine (NTM) into a dynamic neural Turing machine (D-NTM) by introducing a trainable memory addressing scheme. This addressing scheme maintains for each memory cell two separate vectors, content and address vectors. This allows the D-NTM to learn a wide variety of location-based addressing strategies including both linear and nonlinear ones. We implement the D-NTM with both continuous, differentiable and discrete, non-differentiable read/write mechanisms. We investigate the mechanisms and effects for learning to read and write to a memory through experiments on Facebook bAbI tasks using both a feedforward and GRU-controller. The D-NTM is evaluated on a set of Facebook bAbI tasks and shown to outperform NTM and LSTM baselines. We also provide further experimental results on sequential MNIST, associative recall and copy tasks.
INFLUENCE OF PRENATAL REPRESENTATIONS ON PARENTING | C. J. DAYTON, ET AL NOTICE IN COMPLIANCE WITH PUBLISHER POLICY: This is the peer reviewed version of the follow-

Using a longitudinal design, this study examined the relationship of a mother’s prenatal representation of her child and her parenting behavior with that child at one-year-of-age in a sample of women who were either exposed or not exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) (n = 164; mean child age = 1.1 years, sd = .11 years; 52% male). Controlling for prenatal IPV, a MANCOVA analysis revealed that prenatal representational typology was significantly related to parenting behavior one year post-partum. Mothers whose representations were affectively deactivated (disengaged) were more behaviorally controlling with their children. Mothers whose representations were affectively overactivated (distorted) were more hostile with their children. Mothers with balanced representations demonstrated more positive parenting. Exposure to IPV did not moderate this relationship. There was no direct association between pre-natal or postnatal IPV and parenting behavior. These findings suggest that prenatal representations influence postnatal parenting behavior in significant and theoretically consistent ways and that this relationship functions similarly for both abused and non-abused women. Results add to the growing literature that internal representations serve to guide behavior throughout development and suggest that maternal working models may be one important link in the intergenerational transmission of attachment relationships.
UNIFORM CONGRUENCE COUNTING FOR SCHOTTKY SEMIGROUPS

Let Γ be a Schottky semigroup in SL2(Z), and for q ∈ N, let Γ(q) := {γ ∈ Γ : γ = e (mod q)} be its congruence subsemigroup of level q. Let δ denote the Hausdorff dimension of the limit set of Γ. We prove the following uniform congruence counting theorem with respect to the family of Euclidean norm balls BR in M2(R) of radius R: for all positive integer q with no small prime factors, #(Γ(q) ∩BR) = cΓ R #(SL2(Z/qZ)) +O(qR ) as R → ∞ for some cΓ > 0, C > 0, > 0 which are independent of q. Our technique also applies to give a similar counting result for the continued fractions semigroup of SL2(Z), which arises in the study of Zaremba’s conjecture on continued fractions.
RUNNING HEAD: RELATIONS AND ATTITUDE FORMATION 1 The Effect of Opposition Relations on Evaluation

We examined the moderating role of the type of relation between target objects and affective stimuli on attitude formation. We focused on the difference between opposition relations – relations that link the target object to stimuli of one valence but outcomes of the opposite valence (e.g., Bob prevented war) and similarity relations (link the target to stimuli and outcomes of the same valence; e.g., Bob brought peace). Experiments 1-4 suggested that opposition relations create less extreme evaluations than similarity relations. Experiment 5 failed to find support for the hypothesis that opposition relations induce less extreme evaluations because they are more difficult to process. Experiment 6 provided evidence that opposition relations induce less extreme evaluations because they form associations between the target object and the opposite valence. Because opposition relations are common in the social environment (e.g., doctors cure cancer, policemen stop crime), these findings have broad practical and theoretical implications.
Jamming and geometry of two-dimensional foams

We experimentally probe the vicinity of the jamming point J, located at a density ϕ corresponding to random close packing (ϕrcp=0.842), in two dimensional, bidisperse packings of foam bubbles. We vary the density of the foam layer and extract geometrical measures by image analysis. We confirm the predicted scaling of the average contact number Z with ϕ and compare the distribution of local contact numbers to a simple model. We further establish that the distribution of areas p(A) strongly depends on ϕ. Finally, we find that the distribution of contact forces p(f) systematically varies with density.
Best Practice Life Expectancy : An Extreme Value Theory Approach

Whereas the rise in human life expectancy has been extensively studied, the evolution of maximum life expectancies i.e the rise in best practice life expectancy in a group of populations has not been examined to the same extent. Extreme Value Theory has been used previously to examine the potential maximum human life span by studying ages at death. However, it has not yet been applied to the analysis of life expectancies. This paper examines best practice life expectancies directly through Extreme Value Statistics. This well established framework enables the fitting of extreme value distributions to time series of maximum life expectancies and facilitates projections and probabilistic inferences based on the fitted distributions. We also explore the potential of using Extreme Value Distributions as the innovations distribution in classical time series models.
Threshold phenomena for symmetric-decreasing radial solutions of reaction-diffusion equations

We study the long time behavior of positive solutions of the Cauchy problem for nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations in \begin{document}$\mathbb{R}^N$\end{document} with bistable, ignition or monostable nonlinearities that exhibit threshold behavior. For \begin{document}$L^2$\end{document} initial data that are radial and non-increasing as a function of the distance to the origin, we characterize the ignition behavior in terms of the long time behavior of the energy associated with the solution. We then use this characterization to establish existence of a sharp threshold for monotone families of initial data in the considered class under various assumptions on the nonlinearities and spatial dimension. We also prove that for more general initial data that are sufficiently localized the solutions that exhibit ignition behavior propagate in all directions with the asymptotic speed equal to that of the unique one-dimensional variational traveling wave.
The Diversity of Extremely Red Objects

We present the results from a sensitive multiwavelength analysis of the properties of extremely red objects (EROs). Our analysis employs deep RIzJHK photometry of an 8. ′5 × 8. ′5 region to select a sample of 68 EROs with (R-K) ≥ 5.3 and brighter than K = 20.5 (5 σ). We combine this photometric data set with an extremely deep 1.4 GHz radio map of the field obtained from the VLA. This map reaches a 1 σ limiting flux density of 3.5 μJy, making it the deepest 1.4 GHz map taken, and is sensitive enough to detect an active galaxy with L1.4 ≳ 1023 W Hz-1 at z > 1. If powered by a starburst, this radio luminosity is equivalent to a star formation rate of ≳25 M☉ yr-1 for stars more massive than 5 M☉. We identify radio counterparts to 21 of the EROs in this field with radio fluxes above 12.6 μJy and resolve one-third of these with our 1. ″6 FWHM beam. The spectral energy distributions of the majority of these galaxies are consistent with those expected for dust-reddened starbursts at z ~ 1. At these redshifts the radio luminosities of these galaxies indicate a median far-infrared luminosity of this population of LFIR ≳ 1012 L☉, meaning that half of the radio-detected sample are ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs). We conclude that ≳16% ± 5% of the ERO population brighter than K = 20.5 are luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) at z ~ 1. We also use photometric classification of the colors of the EROs to investigate the mix of dusty active and evolved passive systems in the remaining ERO population that is undetected in our radio map. Based on this we suggest that at least 30% and possibly up to ~60% of all EROs with (R-K) ≥ 5.3 and K ≤ 20.5 are dusty, star-forming systems at z ≳ 1. Our best estimate of the star formation density in this highly obscured and optically faint (R ≳ 26) population is *(0.1-100 M☉) = 0.11 ± 0.03 M☉ yr-1 Mpc-3, comparable to estimates of that in Hα-emitting galaxies at z ~ 1 and greater than the estimates from UV-selected samples at these epochs. This lends support to the claims of a strong increase in the contribution from obscured systems to the star formation density at high redshifts. Using the observed counts of the radio-detected ERO population, we model the apparent break in the K-band number counts of the whole ERO population at K ~ 19-20 and propose that the passive ERO class dominates the total population in a relatively narrow magnitude range around K ≲ 20, with dusty, active EROs making up the bulk of the population at fainter limits.
Formation and Device Application of Ge Nanowire Heterostructures via Rapid Thermal Annealing

We reviewed the formation of Ge nanowire heterostructure and its field-effect characteristics by a controlled reaction between a single-crystalline Ge nanowire and Ni contact pads using a facile rapid thermal annealing process. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated a wide temperature range of 400~500°C to convert the Ge nanowire to a single-crystalline Ni2Ge/Ge/Ni2Ge nanowire heterostructure with atomically sharp interfaces. More importantly, we studied the effect of oxide confinement during the formation of nickel germanides in a Ge nanowire. In contrast to the formation of Ni2Ge/Ge/Ni2Ge nanowire heterostructures, a segment of high-quality epitaxial NiGe was formed between Ni2Ge with the confinement of Al2O3 during annealing. A twisted epitaxial growth mode was observed in both two Ge nanowire heterostructures to accommodate the large lattice mismatch in the NixGe/Ge interface. Moreover, we have demonstrated field-effect transistors using the nickel germanide regions as source/drain contacts to the Ge nanowire channel. Our Ge nanowire transistors have shown a high-performance p-type behavior with a high on/off ratio of 105 and a field-effect hole mobility of 210 cm2/Vs, which showed a significant improvement compared with that from unreacted Ge nanowire transistors.
International Journal of Biopharmaceutics

Free radicals and related species have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Oxidative stress has been considered a major contributory factor to the diseases. They are mainly derived from oxygen (Reactive Oxygen Species/ROS) and nitrogen (Reactive Nitrogen Species/RNS), and are generated in our body by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physicochemical conditions or pathophysiological states. Free radical damage to protein can result in loss of enzyme activity. There are epidemiological evidences correlating higher intake of components/ foods with antioxidant abilities to lower incidence of various human morbidities or mortalities. The sources and origin of antioxidants which include fruits and vegetables, meats, poultry and fish were treated in this study. The classification and characteristics of antioxidant; its measurements and level in food and free radicals were also documented. The Chemistry of antioxidants which include chain reactions, molecular structures, food antioxidants and reaction mechanisms, biochemical activity, therapeutic properties and future choice of antioxidants were reported in this review.
AN OVERVIEW ON HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 AND THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE DISEASE CAUSED

Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are one of the disease which is found all over the world which may lead to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It causes cold sore or watery blisters on the skin and the mucous membrane of mouth or genitals, which are contagious and ubiquitous. It can spread with the contact of the saliva of the infected person. After the primary infection the virus undergoes in latent phase in the cell bodies of neurons which may reactivate if favorable condition is provided. There are many antiviral drugs present for the treatment or the disease but till now no vaccine has been made in case of HSV-1.
co-wives in Rwanda Sex-ratio biasing towards daughters among lower-ranking

References #ref-list-1 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/early/2009/07/07/rsbl.2009. 0394.full. html This article cites 29 articles, 8 of which can be accessed free P<P Published online 8 July 2009 in advance of the print journal. Subject collections (814 articles) evolution  (576 articles) behaviour  Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections Email alerting service here right-hand corner of the article or click Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article sign up in the box at the top
International Cross-Listing, Firm Performance and Top Management Turnover: A Test of the Bonding Hypothesis

We examine a primary outcome of corporate governance, the ability to identify and terminate poorly performing CEOs, to test the effectiveness of U.S. investor protections in improving the corporate governance of cross-listed firms. We find that firms from weak investor protection regimes that are cross-listed on a major U.S. exchange are more likely to terminate poorly performing CEOs than non-cross-listed firms. Cross-listings on exchanges that do not require the adoption of the most stringent investor protections (OTC, private placements and London listings) are not associated with a higher propensity to shed poorly performing CEOs.
04. Major patterns of population differentiation in the Iberian Schreiber's green lizard ( Lacerta schreiberi ) inferred from protein polymorphism

The genetic characteristics ofthe Iberian Schreiber's green lizard (Lacerta schreiberi) remain largely unknown. We investigated the population structure of this species using conventional electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing to screen 24 protein loci from 11 representative populations of the Iberian Peninsula. Thirteen polymorphic loci displaying a total of 30 alleles revealed significant partitioning of genetic variation among populations (F S T =0.448). Analysis of standard genetic variability measures and allelic distribution profiles indicated that the most variable populations are located in the main distribution area of the species: the north-western corner of the Iberian Peninsula and the Spanish Central System. In contrast, southern isolated populations showed depleted levels of genetic diversity, indicating that severe restrictions to gene flow together with small population sizes are promoting genetic uniformity. We suggest that present-day patterns of genetic diversity in L. schreiberi populations are concordant with the biogeographical hypothesis of a recent expansion to the south followed by a history of contraction and fragmentation resulting in today's isolated southern populations.
Cytoskeletal Mechanics: The cytoskeleton as a soft glassy material

Using a novel method that was both quantitative and reproducible, Francis Crick and Arthur Hughes (Crick and Hughes, 1950) were the first to measure the mechanical properties inside single, living cells. They concluded their groundbreaking work with the words: If we were compelled to suggest a model (of cell mechanics) we would propose Mother’s Work Basket – a jumble of beads and buttons of all shapes and sizes, with pins and threads for good measure, all jostling about and held together by colloidal forces. Thanks to advances in biochemistry and biophysics, we can now name and to a large degree characterize many of the beads and buttons, pins and threads. These are the scores of cytoskeletal proteins, motor proteins, and their regulatory molecules. But the traditional reductionist approach to study one molecule at a time in isolation has so far not led to a comprehensive understanding of how cells are able to perform such exceptionally complex mechanical feats as division, locomotion, contraction, spreading, or remodeling. The question then arises, even if all of the cytoskeletal and signaling molecules were known and fully characterized, would this information be sufficient to understand how the cell orchestrates complex and highly specific mechanical functions? Or put another way, do molecular events playing out at the nanometer scale necessarily add up in a straightforward manner to account for mechanical events at the micrometer scale? We argue here that the answer to these questions may be 'No'. In the following chapter, we present a point of view that does not rely on a detailed knowledge of specific molecular functions and interactions, but instead focuses attention on dynamics of the microstructural arrangements between cytoskeletal proteins. Our thinking has been guided by recent advances in the physics of soft glassy materials. One of the more surprising findings that come out of this approach is the discovery that, independent of molecular details, a single, measurable quantity (called the 'noise temperature') seems to account for transitions between fluid-like and solid-like states of the cytoskeleton. Although the interpretation and precise meaning of this noise temperature is still emerging, it appears to give a measure of the 'jostling' and the 'colloidal forces' that act within the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton as a soft glassy material (Fredberg & Fabry) 2
Recurrent Hidden Semi-Markov Model

Segmentation and labeling of high dimensional time series data has wide applications in behavior understanding and medical diagnosis. Due to the difficulty of obtaining a large amount the label information, realizing this objective in an unsupervised way is highly desirable. Hidden Semi-Markov Model (HSMM) is a classical tool for this problem. However, existing HSMM and its variants typically make strong generative assumptions on the observations within each segment, thus their ability to capture the nonlinear and complex dynamics within each segment is limited. To address this limitation, we propose to incorporate the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) as the generative process of each segment, resulting the Recurrent HSMM (R-HSMM). To accelerate the inference while preserving accuracy, we designed a structure encoding function to mimic the exact inference. By generalizing the penalty method to distribution space, we are able to train the model and the encoding function simultaneously. We also demonstrate that the R-HSMM significantly outperforms the previous state-of-the-art on both the synthetic and real-world datasets.
Self-assessed health and its aspects in the case of Mongolia

Self health assessment is a simple indicator that is widely used for measuring an individual’s perception of his or her overall health. Many studies have been conducted by way of showing which particular aspects should be included in health self assessment, especially in developed world. In the developing world, however, very few studies have examined self health assessment. The aim of this study was to identify particular aspects and associations in self health assessment and differences between subgroups in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The area sampling approach and Kish tables were used for selecting respondents. Total 500 respondents were surveyed by paper-based questionnaires. Spearman’s analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to show relations between variables. Sociodemographic status, such as age and gender, proved to be important in self health assessment. Other factors affecting self health assessment included the number of family members, daily life and lifestyles, social environment, community motivation, and utilization of health services. Women, the elderly, or people with less-than- normal access to information suffer from poor self-assessed health. People who are socially inactive and who have poor living conditions are less likely to use health care services and are likely to assess their health as “poor. ” In order to reduce the poor self-assessed health status it is important to address disparities in socioeconomic factors, such as age, gender, employment, and residential area. In addition, more attention should be paid to community and health services, as well as to health promotion and empowerment activities, including income-generation activities. Further research is also needed, however, for better understanding of about the local people and their health-related issues.
SocialDNA : A Novel Approach for Distinguishing Notable Articles and Authors through Social Events

With the rapid development of online social networks, increasing amounts of usergenerated content are posted online. While information is overwhelming a site, readers actually prefer fully reading some influential articles or information rather than glancing sequentially at every article on a forum. In this paper, we propose techniques for forecasting public responses to articles shortly after they articles are published. Our proposal identifies the important articles from two perspectives: frequent discussion and extreme acceptance or rejection by the online public. We also discuss approaches for distinguishing influential authors who are popular and receive consistently high ratings from online users. To verify our methodologies, we analyzed a popular social forum in Taiwan during three large-scale social events, a social movement and two national election campaigns. Our results demonstrate that our methodologies achieve high accuracy with significant time reduction and outperform previous methodologies in distinguishing notable articles and authors on social forums.
Antarctic sub-shelf melt rates via PICO

Abstract. Ocean-induced melting below ice shelves is one of the dominant drivers for mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet at present. An appropriate representation of sub-shelf melt rates is therefore essential for model simulations of marine-based ice sheet evolution. Continental-scale ice sheet models often rely on simple melt-parameterizations, in particular for long-term simulations, when fully coupled ice–ocean interaction becomes computationally too expensive. Such parameterizations can account for the influence of the local depth of the ice-shelf draft or its slope on melting. However, they do not capture the effect of ocean circulation underneath the ice shelf. Here we present the Potsdam Ice-shelf Cavity mOdel (PICO), which simulates the vertical overturning circulation in ice-shelf cavities and thus enables the computation of sub-shelf melt rates consistent with this circulation. PICO is based on an ocean box model that coarsely resolves ice shelf cavities and uses a boundary layer melt formulation. We implement it as a module of the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) and evaluate its performance under present-day conditions of the Southern Ocean. We identify a set of parameters that yield two-dimensional melt rate fields that qualitatively reproduce the typical pattern of comparably high melting near the grounding line and lower melting or refreezing towards the calving front. PICO captures the wide range of melt rates observed for Antarctic ice shelves, with an average of about 0.1 m a−1 for cold sub-shelf cavities, for example, underneath Ross or Ronne ice shelves, to 16 m a−1 for warm cavities such as in the Amundsen Sea region. This makes PICO a computationally feasible and more physical alternative to melt parameterizations purely based on ice draft geometry.