Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stewardship Value of Income Statement Classifications: An Empirical Examination

This study investigates the use of earnings components in setting CEO compensation and explores how persistence and controllability affect it. The results indicate that compensation committees do accord differential treatment to earnings components based on their persistence and controllability. Among above the line items, income from continuing items, the most persistent item, also receives the most weight, followed by special items, which have smaller persistence. Furthermore, these weights vary across firms in different stages of life cycle in a manner that mirrors variations in their informativeness and persistence. Weights on special items also exhibit contextual sensitivity based on their type and frequency. Among below the line items, discontinued items, which are at least under partial control of the CEO, receive a positive weight. Except extraordinary items, which are largely uncontrollable, we find no evidence that CEOs are shielded from the income-decreasing effects of any of the earnings components.
Industry evolution, submarket dynamics and strategic behaviour among firms in offshore wind energy

This paper contributes to the understanding of competition and industry evolution by analysing how submarket dynamics and agency influence the development of the emerging industrial field of Danish offshore wind energy. We argue that industry evolution is sensitive to the balance between integration, overlap and disintegration across submarkets. This balance depends on how strategic intent and behaviour influence submarket dynamics, leading to the conclusion that effects of agency and managerial intent should play a more prominent role in studies of industry evolution.
Proposal for a New Histopathological Classification of the Carcinomas of the Nasopharynx

A new classification scheme for malignant tumors of the nasopharynx is proposed in which the undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal types as a prominent position. This term replaces the previous obsolete term lymphoepithelioma on the basis of its clinicopathologic identity, its separation from squamous cell carcinoma, and its potential origin from anatomical areas other than the nasopharynx.
Another look at contrast in multiple schedules.

Recent research on multiple schedule interactions is reviewed. Contrary to formulations that view contrast as the result of elicited behavior controlled by the stimulus-reinforcer contingency (e.g., additivity theory), the major controlling variable is the relative rate of reinforcement, which cannot be reduced to some combination of stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforcer effects. Other recent theoretical formulations are also reviewed and all are found to face serious counterevidence. The best description of the available data continues to be in terms of the "context of reinforcement," but Herrnstein's (1970) formulation of the basis of such context effects appears to be inadequate. An alternative conception is provided by Catania's concept of "inhibition by reinforcement," by which rate of responding is inversely related to the average rate of reinforcement in the situation. Such a conception is related to Gibbon's recent scalar-expectancy account of autoshaping and Fantino's delay-reduction model of conditioned reinforcement, suggesting that a common set of principles determines several diverse conditioning phenomena. However, the empirical status of such a description remains uncertain, because recent evidence shows that schedule interactions are temporally asymmetric, depending primarily upon the conditions of reinforcement that follow a schedule component.
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in a Transgender Male on Hormone Therapy

Headaches are a frequent presenting complaint in the Emergency Department (ED), making up approximately 3.2% of visits annually. Emergency medicine physicians must be adept at differentiating the benign headache from the life-threatening headache associated with critical secondary causes such as an intracranial hemorrhage, mass, or infection. Most headaches are self-limited and arise from primary headache syndromes, but many patients may suffer recurrent headaches with no clear etiology. The first step at determining a headache’s cause is a careful history and thorough physical exam, which is often adapted based on the differential diagnosis. A patient’s gender, for example, may tempt clinicians to overlook certain causes of headache, potentially leading to a missed diagnosis and lack of appropriate treatment for particular groups of patients. This case report describes the presentation and treatment of headache and visual disturbances secondary to idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in a female-to-male transgender (FTM TG) patient and discusses the need for increased knowledge of transgender health concerns among healthcare providers.
Radiologic evaluation of emphysema in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest radiography versus high resolution computed tomography.

To objectively reappraise the role of the chest radiograph (CXR) in the clinical assessment of emphysema, we compared a standardized reading of CXR with both a visual scoring and a quantitative analysis of high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest in 46 consecutive patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and fixed expiratory airflow limitation. CXR were scored for signs of overinflation and pulmonary vascular deficiency by three independent observers. HRCT scans were independently scored for extent of emphysema and for both severity and extent of emphysema. In 28 of 46 patients, inspiratory and expiratory HRCT scans were analyzed quantitatively by measuring the mean CT number in Hounsfield Units (HU) and the percentage of lung area with CT numbers < -900 HU. Quantitative CT data were compared with reference values obtained in seven normal nonsmokers. The CXR score of emphysema showed a highly significant interobserver reproducibility and correlated linearly (p < 0.001) with HRCT visual scores and quantitative data from both inspiratory and expiratory CT scan. CXR score correlated with functional indices of airflow obstruction, overinflation, and impaired lung diffusing capacity in a way comparable to that obtained by using qualitative and quantitative CT data. Patients with no signs of emphysema on CXR had mean expiratory CT numbers within normal range and a fraction of lung area with CT numbers < -900 HU on expiratory scan not exceeding 15% of total cross-sectional area. The latter value was consistently greater than 15% in patients with CXR score > 0. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Renal replacement therapy in infants with chronic renal failure in the first year of life.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although results of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in small children have improved during recent years, data about RRT in neonates are scarce. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS In a retrospective study, we analyzed the outcome of infants who had chronic kidney disease and started RRT within their first year of life. Between 1997 and 2008, all 29 infants who were younger than 1 yr, had end-stage renal failure, and underwent RRT (dialysis or transplantation) at Hannover Medical School were analyzed for up to 12 yr. RESULTS Twenty-seven of 29 infants with chronic kidney disease received peritoneal dialysis, starting at a mean age of 112 d; two children received preemptive renal transplantation (RTx). During follow-up, 21 of 29 children survived with RTx. The 5-yr patient and graft survival rate after RTx was 95.5%. Six of 29 children died, one with a functioning graft and five while on peritoneal dialysis. The main causes of death were severe cardiovascular and cerebral comorbidities. The mean GFR at last follow-up of patients who underwent RTx (mean time after RTx 5.1 yr) was 63.2 ml/min per 1.73 m(2). CONCLUSIONS RRT in infants who are younger than 1 year offers excellent chances of survival and should be offered to all infants who do not have severe, life-limiting extrarenal comorbidity. Contrary to previous observations, the long-term outcome of infants may be comparable to that of older children who undergo RRT.
Dissociation of Hemopoietic Chimerism and Allograft Tolerance After Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation1

Creation of stable hemopoietic chimerism has been considered to be a prerequisite for allograft tolerance after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In this study, we demonstrated that allogeneic BMT with bone marrow cells (BMC) prepared from either knockout mice deficient in both CD4 and CD8 T cells or CD3E-transgenic mice lacking both T cells and NK cells maintained a high degree of chimerism, but failed to induce tolerance to donor-specific wild-type skin grafts. Lymphocytes from mice reconstituted with T cell-deficient BMC proliferated when they were injected into irradiated donor strain mice, whereas lymphocytes from mice reconstituted with wild-type BMC were unresponsive to donor alloantigens. Donor-specific allograft tolerance was restored when donor-type T cells were adoptively transferred to recipient mice given T cell-deficient BMC. These results show that donor T cell engraftment is required for induction of allograft tolerance, but not for creation of continuous hemopoietic chimerism after allogeneic BMT, and that a high degree of chimerism is not necessarily associated with specific allograft tolerance.
Tax Uncertainty and Dividend Payouts

I examine whether and to what extent tax uncertainty affects a firm's dividend payouts. Based on the argument that tax uncertainty impairs the persistence and predictability of after-tax cash flows, I hypothesize and find that firms with greater tax uncertainty exhibit a lower probability of dividend payouts. The effect of tax uncertainty is stronger in the presence of financial constraints and weaker for firms that distribute dividends to alleviate agency conflicts. Furthermore, I find a negative effect of tax uncertainty on dividend levels, which is moderated by the costs of dividend reductions. These results are economically meaningful as a one standard deviation higher tax uncertainty leads to a 9.9 percentage point lower probability and a $23.6 million reduction in dividend payouts. Taken together, my findings document a real effect of tax avoidance and contribute to the understanding of interactions between uncertain tax avoidance and a firm's financial ecosystem.
Comparison of subsarcolemmal and bulk calcium concentration during spontaneous calcium release in rat ventricular myocytes.

1. The aim of these experiments was to compare the time course of changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) measured in the bulk cytoplasm with those estimated to occur near the sarcolemma. Sarcolemmal Na(+)‐Ca2+ exchange current and [Ca2+]i were measured in single, voltage‐clamped ventricular myocytes. 2. Spontaneous Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) resulted in a transient inward current. This current developed and decayed more quickly than the accompanying changes in [Ca2+]i (measured with indo‐1) resulting in a hysteresis between [Ca2+]i and current. A similar hysteresis was also observed if [Ca2+]i was elevated with caffeine and was removed if the current was low pass filtered with a time constant of 132 ms. 3. Digital video imaging (using fluo‐3 or calcium green‐1 to measure [Ca2+]i) allowed measurement of [Ca2+]i at all points in the cell during the wave of spontaneous Ca2+ release. The hysteresis between [Ca2+]i and current remained, even after allowing for the spatial and temporal properties of this wave. 4. The hysteresis can be accounted for if there is a barrier to diffusion of Ca2+ ions separating the bulk cytoplasm from the space under the sarcolemma (into which Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum). The calculated subsarcolemmal [Ca2+] rises and falls more quickly (and reaches a higher peak) than does the bulk [Ca2+]. The delay introduced by this barrier is equivalent to a time constant of 133 ms. 5. The subsarcolemmal space described in this paper may be equivalent to the ‘fuzzy space’ previously suggested to be important in controlling SR Ca2+ release.
Activation of adenosine triphosphate‐sensitive potassium channels confers protection against rotenone‐induced cell death: Therapeutic implications for Parkinson's disease

It is anticipated that further understanding of the protective mechanism induced by ischemic preconditioning will improve prognosis for patients of ischemic injury. It is not known whether preconditioning exerts beneficial actions in neurodegenerative diseases, in which ischemic injury plays a causative role. Here we show that transient activation of ATP‐sensitive potassium channels, a trigger in ischemic preconditioning signaling, confers protection in PC12 cells and SH‐SY5Y cells against neurotoxic effect of rotenone and MPTP, mitochondrial complex I inhibitors that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. The degree of protection is in proportion to the bouts of exposure to an ATP‐sensitive potassium channel opener, a feature reminiscent of ischemic tolerance in vivo. Protection is sensitive to a protein synthesis inhibitor, indicating the involvement of de novo protein synthesis in the protective processes. Pretreatment of PC12 cells with preconditioning stimuli FeSO4 or xanthine/xanthine oxidase also confers protection against rotenone‐induced cell death. Our results demonstrate for the first time the protective role of ATP‐sensitive potassium channels in a dopaminergic neuronal cell line against rotenone‐induced neurotoxicity and conceptually support the view that ischemic preconditioning‐derived therapeutic strategies may have potential and feasibility in therapy for Parkinson's disease. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A retrospective comparison of programmed intermittent epidural bolus with continuous epidural infusion for maintenance of labor analgesia

Abstract Objective: To assess whether maintenance of labor epidural analgesia using programmed intermittent epidural bolus (PIEB) is associated with reduced local anesthetic (LA) consumption, patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) use, and rescue analgesia requirements compared to continuous epidural infusion (CEI). Research design and methods: This is a retrospective study at an academic university medical center. Women receiving epidural labor analgesia from March to July of 2015 were identified and categorized into three groups: 1) CEI 5 mL/hr, 2) PIEB 5 mL/60 minutes, 3) PIEB 3 mL/30 minutes. The LA consisted of bupivacaine 0.125 mg/mL and fentanyl 2 μg/mL. All patients had similar PCEA settings. Data were collected on pattern of LA usage, obstetric outcomes and Bromage scores. Main outcome measures: The primary endpoint was total volume of LA consumed per hour. Secondary outcomes included need for clinician boluses, pattern of PCEA use, degree of motor blockade and delivery mode. Results: We included 528 patients (262 had CEI, 162 had PIEB 5 mL/60 minutes, and 104 had PIEB 3 mL/30 minutes). Median LA consumed was 10.3, 9.5, and 9.7 mL/hr, respectively (p = 0.10). There were no differences in PCEA attempts or rescue clinician boluses, but PCEA volume (p = 0.03) and ratio of PCEA attempts/given (p < 0.01) were significantly different among the groups. Patients receiving PIEB 3 mL/30 minutes used lower PCEA volume than patients receiving CEI (p = 0.04). Patients with PIEB 5 mL/60 minutes and PIEB 3 mL/30 minutes had a higher ratio of PCEA attempts/given than CEI patients (p = 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). There were no differences in Bromage scores (p = 0.14) or delivery mode (p = 0.55) among the groups. Conclusions: The epidural maintenance regimen used (CEI vs. PIEB) was not associated with differences in LA consumption, motor blockade or delivery mode. Main limitations of the study include its single center retrospective design and the fact that patients were not randomized to treatment groups.
Treatment of Multiple Actinic Keratosis and Field of Cancerization with Topical Piroxicam 0.8% and Sunscreen 50+ in Organ Transplant Recipients: A Series of 10 Cases

Organ transplant recipient (OTR) subjects are at high risk of skin cancer such as squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. Actinic keratosis (AK) is considered the precursor of these non-melanoma skin cancers. Sun protection is mandatory in subjects with AK and this preventive strategy is very important in OTR. Treatment of the field of cancerization is also crucial to reduce the risk of recurrence of skin lesions in AK and non-melanoma skin cancer patients. Activation of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 enzymes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of skin cancers. Topical application of cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as diclofenac and, more recently, piroxicam has shown to reduce AK lesions in immunocompetent subjects. A medical device containing piroxicam and SPF 50+ sunscreen filters (P+SS) has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing AK lesions and improving the field of cancerization. We report the effect of P+SS, applied for 16 weeks, in a case series of 10 OTR subjects with multiple AK lesions. P+SS treatment was associated with a relevant AK lesion reduction (>75%) in 7 patients (with a complete clearance in 3 subjects) with an improvement in the field of cancerization. This medical device could be considered a promising long-term curative and preventive treatment in OTR patients at high risk of non-melanoma skin cancers.
Does the Use of a Flap during Abdominoperineal Resection Decrease Pelvic Wound Morbidity?

We hypothesized that the use of muscle flaps, known as tissue transfer (TT), at the time of abdominoperineal resection (APR) reduces perineal wound complications. A restrospective review of patients undergoing an APR at the University of Washington (1984–2003) was conducted. Perineal wound complications and eventual wound healing were compared in patients with and without TT. Ninety-two patients (mean age, 56.6 years) underwent APR; 23.9 per cent (n = 22) had concurrent TT. Patients undergoing TT were more likely to have cancer (91% vs. 77%, P = 0.05) and radiation therapy (86% vs. 52%, P < 0.01). Operative times were nearly 2 hours longer in patients having TT (7.4 hours ± 2.5 hours vs. 5.6 hours ± 1.8 hours, P = 0.03), but lengths of stay were similar (13 ± 5.9 days vs. 12 ± 7.6 days, P = 0.5). Patients undergoing TT had a higher rate of all wound-healing complications (59% vs. 40%, P = 0.1) and major wound-healing complications (32% vs. 26%, P = 0.6). However, these differences were not statistically significant. No differences in major complications were identified in patients with and without preoperative radiation therapy (26% vs. 28%, P = 0.8). Fifteen per cent (n = 14) of all patients failed to heal wounds at 6 months, but only 9 per cent (n = 2) of patients undergoing TT failed to heal their wounds at 6 months compared with 17 per cent (n = 12) in the non-TT group (P = 0.3). After controlling for important covariates, patients undergoing TT during an APR did not have a significantly lower rate of wound complications. The impact of TT on wound healing in patients with recurrent cancer and preoperative radiation therapy is suggestive of a benefit but requires prospective investigation.
Syphilis Among HIV-Infected Mothers and Their Infants in Texas From 1988 to 1994

Background Syphilis was investigated in a group of HIV-infected women and their infants. Goal To assess syphilis morbidity among HIV-infected women and their infants. Among women with syphilis during pregnancy, the risks for delivering an infant with congenital syphilis were assessed. Study Design Through the Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease project, Texas infants born to HIV-infected women were identified. After the infants were matched with their mothers, it was determined which had been reported as syphilis cases. Results In this study 18% of the HIV-infected mothers were reported as syphilis cases, most during pregnancy. Half of these mothers delivered infants (n = 49) with congenital syphilis. Inadequate prenatal care was the only significant risk for delivering an infant with congenital syphilis. The congenital syphilis rate among Texas infants of HIV-infected mothers was 48.8 per 1000 live births. Conclusion The congenital syphilis rate among Texas infants born to HIV-infected mothers was almost 50 times that of the general population.
Technology Trade with Asymmetric Tax Regimes and Heterogeneous Labor Markets: Implications for Macro Quantities and Asset Prices

The international diffusion of technology plays a key role in stimulating global growth and explaining co-movements of international equity returns. Existing empirical evidence suggests that countries are heterogeneous in their attitude toward innovation: Some countries rely more on technology adoption while other countries rely more on internal technology production. European countries that rely more on adoption are also typically characterized by lower fiscal policy exibility and higher labor market rigidity. We develop a two-country model – where both countries rely on R&D and adoption – to study the short-run and long-run effects of aggregate technology and adoption probability shocks on economic growth in the presence of the aforementioned asymmetries. Our framework suggests that an increase in the ability to adopt technology from abroad stimulates economic growth in the country that benefits from higher adoption rates but the beneficial effects also spread to the foreign country. Moreover, it helps explaining the differences in macro quantities and equity returns observed in the international data.
Dehydroepiandrosterone in systemic lupus erythematosus. Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE To determine if dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is beneficial in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, 28 female patients with mild to moderate SLE were given DHEA 200 mg/day or placebo for 3 months. Outcomes included the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score, patient's and physician's overall assessments of disease activity, and concurrent corticosteroid dosages (which were adjusted as clinically indicated). RESULTS In the patients who were receiving DHEA, the SLEDAI score, patient's and physician's overall assessment of disease activity, and concurrent prednisone dosage decreased, while in the patients taking placebo, small increases were seen. The difference in patient's assessment between the groups was statistically significant (P = 0.022, adjusted). Lupus flares occurred more frequently in the placebo group (P = 0.053). Mild acne was a frequent side effect of DHEA. CONCLUSION DHEA may be useful as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of mild to moderate SLE. Further studies of DHEA in the treatment of SLE are warranted.