Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The changing status of school sport and physical education: explaining policy change

This paper examines the changing political salience of school sport and physical education (PE) over the last 15 years. A brief survey of the recent history of school sport and PE based on an analysis of a range of policy documents published by professional bodies and government departments and agencies is followed by a discussion of two theoretical frameworks for explaining policy change, namely the advocacy coalition framework and multiple streams. The empirical section of the paper uses a series of interviews conducted during the summer of 2004 with a range of senior policy actors and analysts to explore the significance of four possible sources of policy change: changing values, beliefs and ideas; interest group lobbying; changes in organizational infrastructure and patterns of resource dependency; the impact of key individuals. It is argued that while individuals are an important explanatory factor their influence needs to be seen in the context of the institutional weakness of interest groups and the generalized, but largely unfocused, sympathy among politicians towards school sport and PE. It is further suggested that multiple streams is a more illuminating analytical framework than the advocacy coalition framework for understanding policy change in school sport and PE.
Characterization and Expansion of Autologous GMP-ready Regulatory T Cells for TREG-based Cell Therapy in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis

Background: A local imbalance between regulatory (Treg) and effector T cells is believed to play a major role in gut-specific inflammation, including ulcerative colitis (UC). Restoration of this balance through an adoptive Treg transfer is an attractive new treatment approach in patients who are refractory to current standard therapies. It was our goal to develop a Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)-conform protocol for expansion of UC Treg cells as a rational backbone for future studies on Treg therapy in UC. Methods: CD25+ blood T cells derived from patients with UC were ex vivo expanded in the presence of IL-2, rapamycin, and anti-CD3/anti-CD28 expander beads using a GMP-conform protocol. Cells were subsequently assessed for stability and function. Results: Patient-derived ex vivo rapamycin-expanded GMP-ready CD25+ cells were polyclonal, hypomethylated at intron 1 of the FoxP3 locus, and suppressive in carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester–dilution assays against autologous peripheral blood-derived and allogeneic colon-derived responder cells. Function was mediated by soluble factors, including toxic granules. In addition to CD4+ T cells, suppressive hypermethylated CD8+ T-cell subsets were also induced during the expansion process. Conclusions: Patient-derived rapamycin-expanded CD25+ cells are stable and functional, and as such, ready to serve in a phase I dose-escalation safety study in UC.
Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Predicting Pathological Response After the First Cycle of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine whether multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI), obtained before and after the first cycle of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), is superior to single-parameter measurements for predicting pathologic complete response (pCR) in patients with breast cancer. Materials and MethodsPatients with stage II/III breast cancer were enrolled in an institutional review board–approved study in which 3-T DCE-MRI and DWI data were acquired before (n = 42) and after 1 cycle (n = 36) of NAC. Estimates of the volume transfer rate (Ktrans), extravascular extracellular volume fraction (ve), blood plasma volume fraction (vp), and the efflux rate constant (kep = Ktrans/ve) were generated from the DCE-MRI data using the Extended Tofts-Kety model. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was estimated from the DWI data. The derived parameter kep/ADC was compared with single-parameter measurements for its ability to predict pCR after the first cycle of NAC. ResultsThe kep/ADC after the first cycle of NAC discriminated patients who went on to achieve a pCR (P < 0.001) and achieved a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) of 0.92, 0.78, 0.69, and 0.88, respectively. These values were superior to the single parameters kep (AUC, 0.76) and ADC (AUC, 0.82). The AUCs between kep/ADC and kep were significantly different on the basis of the bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals (0.018–0.23), whereas the AUCs between kep/ADC and ADC trended toward significance (−0.11 to 0.24). ConclusionsThe multiparametric analysis of DCE-MRI and DWI was superior to the single-parameter measurements for predicting pCR after the first cycle of NAC.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 enhances rat skeletal muscle charge movement and L‐type Ca2+ channel gene expression

1 We investigated whether insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), an endogenous potent activator of skeletal muscle proliferation and differentiation, enhances L‐type Ca2+ channel gene expression resulting in increased functional voltage sensors in single skeletal muscle cells. 2 Charge movement and inward Ca2+ current were recorded in primary cultured rat myoballs using the whole‐cell configuration of the patch‐clamp technique. Ca2+ current and maximum charge movement (Qmax) were potentiated in cells treated with IGF‐1 without significant changes in their voltage dependence. Peak Ca2+ current in control and IGF‐1‐treated cells was ‐7·8 ± 0·44 and ‐10·5 ± 0·37 pA pF−1, respectively (P < 0·01), whilst Qmax was 12·9 ± 0·4 and 22·0 ± 0·3 nC μF−1, respectively (P < 0·01). 3 The number of L‐type Ca2+ channels was found to increase in the same preparation. The maximum binding capacity (Bmax) of the high‐affinity radioligand [3H]PN200‐110 in control and IGF‐1‐treated cells was 1·21 ± 0·25 and 3·15 ± 0·5 pmol (mg protein)−1, respectively (P < 0·01). No significant change in the dissociation constant for [3H]PN200‐110 was found. 4 Antisense RNA amplification showed a significant increase in the level of mRNA encoding the L‐type Ca2+ channel α1‐subunit in IGF‐1‐treated cells. 5 This study demonstrates that IGF‐1 regulates charge movement and the level of L‐type Ca2+ channel α1‐subunits through activation of gene expression in skeletal muscle cells.
A Primary Care Panel Size of 2500 Is neither Accurate nor Reasonable

Primary care panel sizes are an important component of primary care practices. Determining the appropriate panel size has implications for patient access, physician workload, and care comprehensiveness and will have an impact on quality of care. An often quoted standard panel size is 2500. However, this number seems to arise in the literature anecdotally, without a basis in research. Subsequently, multiple studies observed that a panel size of 2500 is not feasible because of time constraints and results in incomplete preventive care and health care screening services. In this article we review the origins of a panel size of 2500, review the subsequent work examining this number and effectively debunking it as a feasible panel size, and discuss the importance of primary care physicians setting an appropriate panel size.
Comparative study of remineralization potential of three different remineralizing agents on demineralized enamel using light fluorescence and confocal fluorescence microscope: An in vitro study

Aim and Objective: The main objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the comparative analysis of remineralization potential of three different materials – casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride (CPP-ACPF), calcium sucrose phosphate (CaSP), and bioactive glass on demineralized enamel using light fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 single-rooted maxillary and mandibular premolars were selected; 4 mm × 4 mm window was prepared on the buccal surfaces of the teeth, which was then subjected to demineralization for 96 h at 37°C. Teeth were randomly selected and divided into four study groups of 10 teeth each: Group 1 (artificial saliva), Group 2 (CPP-ACPF), Group 3 (bioactive glass), and Group 4 (CaSP). Each group was treated with respective remineralizing agents and sectioned with Struers Minitom diamond saw. Each section obtained was visualized under light fluorescence microscope for detection of remineralized and demineralized zones and also was visualized under confocal laser scanning fluorescent microscope for the quantification of demineralized and remineralized zones. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was done using paired t-test, followed by one-way ANOVA, where P ≤ 0.05. Results: All the groups showed better statistically significant remineralization potential when compared to the control group, but among them Group 4, that is, Toothmin group showed the highest mean remineralized value, followed by Groups 3, 2, and 1, though the values were not statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Light fluorescence microscopy was an efficient diagnostic aid in detecting remineralization and demineralization. Conclusion: CaSP (Toothmin) has got the best remineralization potential when compared to other groups.
Comprehensive Examination of Charged Intramembrane Residues in a Nucleoside Transporter*

Permeases of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter family mediate the uptake of nucleosides and/or nucleobases in a diverse array of eukaryotes and transport a host of drugs used for treatment of cancer, heart disease, AIDS, and parasitic infections. To identify residues that play central roles in transport function, we have systematically substituted by site-directed mutagenesis all the charged residues located within predicted transmembrane domains of the Leishmania donovani nucleoside transporter 1.1, LdNT1.1, which transports adenosine and the pyrimidine nucleosides. Substitution of three of these ten residues by uncharged amino acids resulted in loss of >95% transport activity, and we hence designated them “key” residues. These amino acids were Glu94, Lys153, and Arg404 located in transmembrane domains 2, 4, and 9, respectively. In addition, previous studies on the related LdNT2 inosine/guanosine transporter identified the highly conserved Asp389 and Arg393 (equivalent to Asp374 and Arg378 in LdNT1.1) in transmembrane domain 8 as key residues. Among these residues, the mutants in Arg393 (LdNT2) and Arg404 were strongly impaired in trafficking to the plasma membrane, but the other mutants were expressed with high to moderate efficiency at the cell surface, indicating that their mutation impaired transport activity per se. A conservative K153R substitution exhibited a change in substrate specificity, acquiring the ability to transport inosine, a nucleoside that is not a substrate for the wild-type LdNT1.1 permease. These results imply that the Glu94, Lys153, and Asp374 residues may play central roles in the mechanism of substrate translocation in LdNT1.1.
The current status of autotitrating continuous positive airway pressure systems in the management of obstructive sleep apnea.

BACKGROUND Autotitrating continuous positive airway pressure (APAP) devices have the potential to address some of the disadvantages of titration and treatment with conventional continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Information on the performance of APAP in clinical use is still comparatively limited. OBJECTIVE To assess the status of APAP devices in the management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by reviewing evidence of their efficacy, effectiveness and costs. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases and a review of selected comparative studies on the use of APAP in the diagnosis, titration and treatment of OSA was undertaken. Cost analysis using data applicable to the management of OSA in Edmonton, Alberta was performed. RESULTS Thirty-three studies met the selection criteria: three on the use of APAP in diagnosing OSA; six on APAP for titration; 14 that considered short-term treatment outcomes; and 10 that addressed longer-term treatment of OSA. In most studies, patients suffering from cardiac, pulmonary and other medical conditions were excluded. Available data suggested some potential for the use of APAP in the diagnosis of OSA, but further validation is needed. In titration, estimated treatment pressures tended to be lower with APAP than with the manual titration of CPAP. Although lower treatment pressures were achieved with APAP, there was no significant difference in clinical outcome measures between APAP and CPAP. Estimates of costs suggested that APAP may provide savings in some scenarios. CONCLUSIONS APAP shows promise in the management of OSA; however, given the exclusion of some categories of patients from trials of this technology, caution is still required in its use.
Effects of a growth hormone receptor antagonist on bone markers in acromegaly

objective Excess GH secretion, as occurs in acromegaly, is associated with abnormalities in bone turnover markers and bone mineral density (BMD). GH administration in GH deficient patients causes an increase in bone turnover. IGF‐I mediates many of the metabolic actions of GH, although GH may have direct effects upon bone. In patients with acromegaly who are treated with a GH receptor antagonist, selective blockade of the GH receptor results in a decrease in circulating IGF‐I levels in the majority of cases. We hypothesized that, in acromegaly, antagonism of GH receptors would result in a decrease in serum markers of bone turnover, including serum procollagen I carboxy‐terminal propeptide (PICP), osteocalcin and N‐telopeptide (NTx).
Cellular aging leads to functional heterogeneity of hematopoietic stem cells: a modeling perspective

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the source for the life‐long supply of functional cells in peripheral blood while they simultaneously maintain their own reserve pool. However, there is accumulating evidence that HSCs are themselves subject to quantitative and qualitative exhaustion. Although several processes linked to mitotic activity can potentially account for the observed aging phenomena (e.g., DNA damage, telomere shortening, epigenetic modification), a precise understanding of HSC exhaustion is still missing. It is particularly unclear how individual aging processes on the single‐cell level translate on the phenotypic level of the overall tissue and whether there is a functional implication of an age‐structured HSC population. We address these issues by applying a novel mathematical model of HSC organization in which division‐specific, cumulative alterations of stem cell quality determine the phenotypic and functional appearance of the overall cell population. Adapting the model to a number of basic experimental findings, we quantify the level of additional heterogeneity that is introduced by a population of individually aging cells. Based on this model, we are able to conclude that division‐dependent processes of cellular aging explain a wide range of phenomena on HSC exhaustion and that HSC aging needs to be considered as a highly heterogeneous process. We furthermore report that functional heterogeneity between young and old HSCs appears closely similar to the phenomena described for long‐ and short‐term repopulating cells. We speculate whether differential, division‐coupled stem cell aging introduces an intra‐animal variability that also accounts for heterogeneity with respect to the repopulation ability of HSCs.
Comparisons of Post-Exercise Chocolate Milk and a Commercial Recovery Beverage following Cycling Training on Recovery and Performance

Pritchett KL, Pritchett RC, Green JM, Katica C, Combs B, Eldridge M, Bishop P. Comparisons of Post-Exercise Chocolate Milk and a Commercial Recovery Beverage following Cycling Training on Recovery and Performance. JEPonline 2011;14(6):29-39. A recovery beverage that enhances recovery and either maintains or improves the athlete’s workout is highly desired. This study compared low-fat chocolate milk (CHOC) to a commercial recovery beverage (Endurox, CRB) ingested daily over a one-week period in 10 trained cyclists. Cyclists twice maintained their training regimen over a three-week period in which they received either the CHOC or the CRB treatment post workout in a counterbalanced design. Cycling performance at 85% of VO2 max was compared between the two beverages. CK (creatine kinase) levels were assessed at baseline and before the performance trial. A repeated measures ANOVA indicated that CKpre significantly increased (P<0.05) by 64% (+220 UL) to CKpost for both trials. However, there was no significant difference (P = .95) for CKpost between the two trials (CHOC 570 ± 336 UL , CRB 579 + 383 UL). There was no significant difference (P = .73) between trials for cycling time to exhaustion at 85% of VO2 max (CHOC 17.4 ± 13.1 min, CRB 15.5 ± 9.9 min). As a recovery beverage, this study suggests that chocolate milk is just as effective as CRB.
Beyond the Randomized Clinical Trial: Citrate for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Clinical Practice

Background: Premature circuit clotting is a major problem during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Six randomized controlled trials confirmed that regional anticoagulation with citrate is superior to heparin. Our objective was to compare circuit patency with citrate, heparin and epoprostenol in routine clinical practice. Methods: We retrospectively analysed data on circuit patency of all circuits used in a single centre between September 2008 and August 2009. We differentiated between premature filter clotting, elective discontinuation and waste. Results: 309 patients were treated with CRRT (n = 2,059 circuits). The mean age was 65.7; 63.8% were male. The methods to maintain circuit patency were unfractionated heparin (42.3%), epoprostenol (23.0%), citrate (14.7%), combinations of different anticoagulants (14.6%) and no anticoagulation (4.7%). Premature clotting was the most common reason for circuit discontinuation among circuits anticoagulated with heparin, epoprostenol or combinations of different anticoagulants (59-62%). Among circuits anticoagulated with citrate the main reason for discontinuation was elective (61%). Hazard regression analysis confirmed significantly better circuit survival with citrate. Changing from heparin to citrate decreased the risk of premature circuit clotting by 75.8%. Conclusion: In routine clinical practice, regional anticoagulation with citrate is associated with significantly better circuit patency than heparin or epoprostenol.
Effect of preparation program on maternal anxiety of mothers fertilized through in vitro fertilization

Objective: To determine the effect of preparation to play a maternal role in mothers fertilized through in vitro fertilization on maternal anxiety. Methods: A total of 60 mothers undergoing in vitro fertilization were assigned into intervention group and control group. Pregnancy concerns and stress questionnaires were research tools. Questionnaires were completed in both groups before organizing preparation program. Then, the preparation program was held for four sessions for the mothers in the intervention group, and the subjects in both groups were immediately investigated again after completion of preparation program and one month later. Data analyses about pregnancy stress and concerns of mothers and its dimensions were performed by repeated measure (analysis of variance), Mann-Whitney, Friedman and Wilcoxon tests. Analysis of demographic variables was performed by using independent t-test and Chi-square test in SPSS 21. Results: The score of pregnancy stress and concerns before the intervention was not significantly different between the two groups. There was a significant difference in the intervention group in the score of pregnancy stress and concerns before and after the intervention (P<0.001), before and one month after the intervention (P<0.001), immediately after and one month after the intervention (P<0.001) which was not significant in the control group. Conclusions: Maternal preparation program can be effective in reducing maternal stress and concerns.
SILENCING OF SOME NUCLEAR rDNA UNITS IN V . UNGUICULATA SUBSPECIES TENUIS

Transcriptional status of two intra-genomic ITS variants (Type-I and Type-II) identified in Vigna unguiculata ssp. tenuis (NI 1637) was analysed by RT-PCR. Total RNA was isolated from leaves, stem and roots of 15-day old seedlings and was reverse transcribed using specific primers for amplifying ITS-1 and ITS-2. Gel electrophoresis on a high-resolution agarose revealed that only Type-II variant was transcriptionally active in all the tissues analysed, while Type-I variant has been silenced. Sequence analysis revealed that Type-I variant in NI 1637 was of ssp. pubescens origin, whereas Type-II variant was of ssp. tenuis origin. These results indicate that NI 1637 is a hybrid between ssp. tenuis and ssp. pubescens; and further showed that either the hybridization is of recent origin or subspecies tenuis has a slow rate of homogenization. Our results suggest that although the rRNA genes of ssp. pubescens origin are present in NI 1637 genome, they have been rendered transcriptionally silent probably by epigenetic mechanisms.
Harmonic Scalpel Tonsillectomy in Children: A Randomized Prospective Study

OBJECTIVE: In this randomized prospective study, we evaluated postoperative morbidity after use of the Harmonic Scalpel (HS), an ultrasonic dissector coagulator (Ethicon Endo-Surgery Inc, Cincinnati, OH), or conventional electrocautery (EC) during tonsillectomy. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGS: Pediatric subjects at 2 sites were randomized and underwent tonsillectomy. Intraoperative blood loss and operation duration were recorded. Postoperative parameters and complications were recorded. RESULTS: One hundred seventeen subjects completed the study. For the HS group, mean operative time was significantly longer (P < 0.001), but intraoperative blood loss was equivalent (P = 1.000). HS subjects slept soundly on postoperative days 1, 2, 3, and 14 (P = 0.041, 0.013, 0.022, and 0.038, respectively, compared with EC group). Mean postoperative pain scores trended lower for HS subjects on postoperative days 2, 3, and 4. CONCLUSION: The use of the HS in pediatric tonsillectomy showed no increase in intraoperative or postoperative blood loss compared with the use of EC, and HS provided possible clinical advantages over EC in patient comfort. SIGNIFICANCE: Tonsillectomy subjects in the HS group showed a statistically significant ability to sleep soundly, suggesting that the subjects experienced less pain. These data correlate with the observed decrease in pain scores.
Intrusion and anomaly detection in trusted systems

A real-time network and host security monitor that allows both interactive and automatic audit trail analysis is described. Audit records, i.e. tokens of actual user behavior, are examined in the context of user profiles, i.e. measures of expected behavior. This system combines a set of statistical tools for both interactive and automatic analysis of audit data, an expert system that works in conjunction with the statistical tools, and a hierarchical set of audit indicators which are based on an indications and warning model. The application of the model makes it possible both to collect audit events at a fine level of granularity and to effectively direct intrusion anomaly detection by defining levels of concern. A set of discrete tools, capabilities, and components is implemented in a hybrid design utilizing control concepts from operating systems theory and problem-solving concepts from blackboard artificial-intelligence systems. <<ETX>>