Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Significance of Wave-Particle Interaction Analyzer for direct measurements of nonlinear wave-particle interactions

Abstract. In the upcoming JAXA/ERG satellite mission, Wave Particle Interaction Analyzer (WPIA) will be installed as an onboard software function. We study the statistical significance of the WPIA for measurement of the energy transfer process between energetic electrons and whistler-mode chorus emissions in the Earth's inner magnetosphere. The WPIA measures a relative phase angle between the wave vector E and velocity vector v of each electron and computes their inner product W, where W is the time variation of the kinetic energy of energetic electrons interacting with plasma waves. We evaluate the feasibility by applying the WPIA analysis to the simulation results of whistler-mode chorus generation. We compute W using both a wave electric field vector observed at a fixed point in the simulation system and a velocity vector of each energetic electron passing through this point. By summing up Wi of an individual particle i to give Wint, we obtain significant values of Wint as expected from the evolution of chorus emissions in the simulation result. We can discuss the efficiency of the energy exchange through wave-particle interactions by selecting the range of the kinetic energy and pitch angle of the electrons used in the computation of Wint. The statistical significance of the obtained Wint is evaluated by calculating the standard deviation σW of Wint. In the results of the analysis, positive or negative Wint is obtained at the different regions of velocity phase space, while at the specific regions the obtained Wint values are significantly greater than σW, indicating efficient wave-particle interactions. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of using the WPIA, which will be on board the upcoming ERG satellite, for direct measurement of wave-particle interactions.
Do successive climate extremes weaken the resistance of plant communities? An experimental study using plant assemblages

The probability that plant communities undergo successive climate extremes increases under climate change. Exposure to an extreme event might elicit acclimatory re- sponses and thereby greater resistance to a subsequent event, but might also reduce resistance if the recovery period is too short or resilience too low. Using experimental herbaceous plant assemblages, we compared the effects of two succes- sive extremes occurring in one growing season (either two drought extremes, two heat extremes or two drought + heat extremes) to those of assemblages being exposed only to the second extreme. Additionally, the recovery period between the successive extremes was varied (2, 3.5 or 6 weeks). Among the different types of climate extremes, combined heat + drought extremes induced substantial leaf mortality and plant senescence, while the effects of drought and heat extremes were smaller. Preceding drought + heat extremes lowered the resistance in terms of leaf survival to a subse- quent drought + heat extreme if the recovery period was two weeks, even though the leaves had completely recov- ered during that interval. No reduced resistance to subsequent extremes was recorded with longer recovery times or with drought or heat extremes. Despite the substantial mortality on the short term, the drought + heat and the heat extremes increased the end-of-season aboveground biomass indepen- dent of the number of extreme events or the duration of the recovery period. These results show that recurrent climate extremes with short time intervals can weaken the resistance of herbaceous plant assemblages. This negative effect in the short term can, however, be compensated in the longer term through rapid recovery and secondary positive effects.
Aerosol flux measurements above a mixed forest at Borden, Ontario

Abstract. Aerosol fluxes were measured above a mixed forest by Eddy Covariance (EC) with a Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS) at the Borden Forest Research Station in Ontario, Canada between 13 July and 12 August 2009. Chemically speciated flux measurements were made at a height of 29 m at the same location between 19 July and 2 August, 2006 using a Quadrupole Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Q-AMS). The Q-AMS measured an average sulphate deposition velocity of 0.3 mm s−1 and an average nitrate deposition velocity of 4.8 mm s−1. The FMPS, mounted at a height of 33 m (approximately 10 m above the canopy top) and housed in a temperature controlled enclosure, measured size-resolved particle concentrations from 3 to 410 nm diameter at a rate of 1 Hz. For the size range 18
Analysis of Safety Effects of Traffic, Geometric, and Access Parameters on Truck Arterial Corridors

According to NHTSA, more than 400,000 truck-related crashes occurred in 2009; approximately 7,800 of those were fatal. Truck-related crashes undermine the truck's remarkable contribution to the U.S. economy. Truck safety research on arterial streets is considerably disproportionate when compared with the extensive studies of truck safety on freeways. Identifying critical factors that contribute to truck-related crashes and developing remedial and preventive strategies to reduce truck-related crashes and their consequences on arterials are imperative. Truck-related crashes can be mitigated through careful planning of the location, design, and operation of driveways, median openings, and street connections. In this study, access-related data were collected manually in addition to roadway geometric characteristics. The augmented data offered more explanation and prediction power for truck crashes. The standard deviation of commercial driveway throat width, commercial driveway throat width with flare and its standard deviation, and the proportion of divided commercial driveway, signal density, and shoulder width were significant factors for crash frequency prediction. A generalized negative binomial model was used to identify sources of data overdispersion. This study found that some previously significant variables were no longer significant after access parameters were added; this finding demonstrated the impact of access parameters on truck-related crashes on arterials. This noticeable change in the statistical models composed of different variables is a reminder that a spurious relationship can form if a causal relationship is nonexistent.
Hemispherical micro-resonators from atomic layer deposition

Hemispherical shell micro-resonators may be used as gyroscopes to potentially enable precision inertial navigation and guidance at low cost and size. Such devices require a high degree of symmetry and large quality factors (Q). Fabricating the devices from atomic layer deposition (ALD) facilitates symmetry through ALD’s high conformality and low surface roughness. To maximize Q, the shells’ geometry is optimized using finite element method (FEM) studies to reduce thermoelastic dissipation and anchor loss. The shells are fabricated by etching hemispherical molds in Si (1 1 1) substrates with a 2:7:1 volumetric ratio of hydrofluoric:nitric:acetic acids, and conformally coating and patterning the molds with ALD Al2O3. The Al2O3 shells are then released from the surrounding Si substrate with an SF6 plasma. The resulting shells typically have radii around 50 µm and thicknesses close to 50 nm. The shells are highly symmetric, with radial deviations between 0.22 and 0.49%, and robust enough to be driven on resonance at amplitudes 10 × their thickness, sufficient to visualize the resonance mode shapes in an SEM. Resonance frequencies are around 60 kHz, with Q values between 1000 and 2000. This Q is lower than the 106 predicted by FEM, implying that Q is being limited by unmodeled sources of energy loss, most likely from surface effects or material defects.
In vitro organogenesis of zucchini squash cv. Caserta

A protocol for the in vitro culture of Cucurbita pepo cv. Caserta was studied, using a cotyledon segment with an attached hypocotyl fragment as an explant. First, to determine the optimal seedling age, explants were collected from 4 to 6-day-old in vitro germinated seedlings and cultured in MS basal medium supplemented with benzylaminopurine (BAP, 4.5 µM), under a 16-h photoperiod at 27oC. Based on the results obtained, the explants collected from the 4-day-old seedlings were then cultured in MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (0, 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.5, or 5.5 µM) and incubated under a 16-h photoperiod at 27oC. In vitro organogenesis was most efficient with explants collected from 4-day-old seedlings cultured in medium supplemented with 4.5 µM of BAP. After 4 weeks of incubation the development of adventitious buds at the cotyledon/hypocotyl junction could be observed. These buds were transferred to elongation and rooting medium and the developed plants were acclimatized to greenhouse conditions. The morphogenic process was characterized using light and scanning electron microscopy analyses to confirm the organogenesis. The results showed that this alternate explant is efficient for in vitro culture of zucchini squash cv. Caserta. The protocol will be further examined for future use in genetic transformation experiments in this species.
Eidesstattliche Versicherung Statutory Declaration in Lieu of an Oath

selbstständig und ohne unzulässige fremde Hilfe erbracht habe. Ich habe keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt. Für den Fall, dass die Arbeit zusätzlich auf einem Datenträger eingereicht wird, erkläre ich, dass die schriftliche und die elektronische Form vollständig übereinstimmen. Die Arbeit hat in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch keiner Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegen. independently and without illegitimate assistance from third parties. I have used no other than the specified sources and aids. In case that the thesis is additionally submitted in an electronic format, I declare that the written and electronic versions are fully identical. The thesis has not been submitted to any examination body in this, or similar, form.
A One-Year Clinical, Radiographic and RFA Study of Neoss Implants Used in Two-Stage Procedures

e use of implant-supported bridges is a routine treatment modality for the edentulous patient with documented good long-term results (Albrektsson & Sennerby 1991, Esposito et al. 1998). From initially a rather complicated and restricted procedure, the techniques of implant-supported dentistry have improved and simplifi ed, at least from a surgical point of view. e introduction of self-tapping and surface modifi ed implants, surgical guides, shortened healing periods and immediate loading are some examples. However, improvements could still be made in dental laboratory and prosthetic techniques in order to reduce further treatment times and the overall cost of the treatment.
Local to Continental-Scale Variation in the Richness and Composition of an Aquatic Food Web

Aim We investigated patterns of species richness and composition of the aquatic food web found in the liquid-filled leaves of the North American purple pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea (Sarraceniaceae), from local to continental scales. Location We sampled 20 pitcher-plant communities at each of 39 sites spanning the geographic range of S. purpurea – from northern Florida to Newfoundland and westward to eastern British Columbia. Methods Environmental predictors of variation in species composition and species richness were measured at two different spatial scales: among pitchers within sites and among sites. Hierarchical Bayesian models were used to examine correlates and similarities of species richness and abundance within and among sites. Results Ninety-two taxa of arthropods, protozoa and bacteria were identified in the 780 pitcher samples. The variation in the species composition of this multitrophic level community across the broad geographic range of the host plant was lower than the variation among pitchers within host-plant populations. Variation among food webs in richness and composition was related to climate, pore-water chemistry, pitcher-plant morphology and leaf age. Variation in the abundance of the five most common invertebrates was also strongly related to pitcher morphology and site-specific climatic and other environmental variables. Main conclusions The surprising result that these communities are more variable within their host-plant populations than across North America suggests that the food web inS.purpurea leaves consists of two groups of species: (1) a core group of mostly obligate pitcher-plant residents that have evolved strong requirements for the host plant and that co-occur consistently across North America, and (2) a larger set of relatively uncommon, generalist taxa that co-occur patchily.
French Firms Penetrating Asian Markets : Role of Export Spillovers

In this study, we explore the role of export spillovers on the capacity of French firms to penetrate Asian markets. We confirm previous results, that is, the presence of other exporters raises the probability that firms start exporting a given product to a given country in the case of France. We find that export spillovers are more important for exports to Asia than to other destinations. Moreover, the presence of other exporters appears particularly beneficial to small and less productive firms. More intense benefits for start-up companies are observed in tough Asian markets characterized by low GDP per capita and tough administrative procedures on imports.
Ethnomedicinal plants of Farouj district, North Khorasan province, Iran

Background & Aim: Medicinal plants are one of the most valuable resources in Iran, having a scientific knowledge and proper use; they can play an important role in community health. Some of the significant aims of ethnobotany project are to indicate the most common medicinal species, finding out the exact application of the plant species from various population of the area, and proving the knowledge of ethnobotany among human beings. Experimental: To achieve these goals, the project has been conducted in Farouj, North Khorasan province, Iran in 2014-2015. To acquire ethnobotanical data of the studied area, several steps were taken such as the accumulation of plants, interviews with native people, and distribution of the questionnaires. Some important indices such as the relative frequency of citation (RFC), informant agreement ratio (IAR), and cultural important index (CI) were estimated. Furthermore, a traditional null hypothesis testing was adopted. Results & Discussion: A total of 91 taxa belonging to 29 families were identified, 73 of which are grown naturally in the studied area. Asteraceae and Brassicaceae were the most detected families with 16 and 9 genera, respectively. Other diseases and digestive ones are the most curable ailments in Farouj County. Most of the parts of the plants that were collected consist of leaves (22%), whole plants (18%) and seeds (14%), orderly. Vitis vinifera L. has the maximum relative frequency of citation and cultural importance indices. Farouj area has a great potential in the growing of pharmaceutical plants. This research has been done for the first time in this area. Industrial and practical recommendations: Plant extracts can be used as
Title Deficits in Voice-Identity Processing : Acquired and Developmental

The voice contains elementary social communication cues, conveying speech, as well as paralinguistic information pertaining to the emotional state and the identity of the speaker. In contrast to vocal-speech and vocal-emotion processing, voice-identity processing has been less explored. This seems surprising, given the day-to-day significance of person recognition by voice. A valuable approach to unravel how voice-identity processing is accomplished is to investigate people who have a selective deficit in recognising voices. Such a deficit has been termed phonagnosia. In the present chapter, we provide a systematic overview of studies on phonagnosia and how they relate to current neurocognitive models of person recognition. We review studies that have characterised people who suffer from phonagnosia following brain damage (i.e. acquired phonagnosia) and also studies, which have examined phonagnosia cases without apparent brain lesion (i.e. developmental phonagnosia). Based on the reviewed literature, we emphasise the need for a careful behavioural characterisation of phonagnosia cases by taking into consideration the multistage nature of voice-identity processing and the resulting behavioural phonagnosia subtypes.
QUANTIFYING THE EVOLVING MAGNETIC STRUCTURE OF ACTIVE REGIONS

The topical and controversial issue of parameterizing the magnetic structure of solar active regions has vital implications in the understanding of how these structures form, evolve, produce solar flares, and decay. This interdisciplinary and ill-constrained problem of quantifying complexity is addressed by using a two-dimensional wavelet transform modulus maxima (WTMM) method to study the multifractal properties of active region photospheric magnetic fields. The WTMM method provides an adaptive space-scale partition of a fractal distribution, from which one can extract the multifractal spectra. The use of a novel segmentation procedure allows us to remove the quiet Sun component and reliably study the evolution of active region multifractal parameters. It is shown that prior to the onset of solar flares, the magnetic field undergoes restructuring as Dirac-like features (with a Hölder exponent, h = −1) coalesce to form step functions (where h = 0). The resulting configuration has a higher concentration of gradients along neutral line features. We propose that when sufficient flux is present in an active region for a period of time, it must be structured with a fractal dimension greater than 1.2, and a Hölder exponent greater than −0.7, in order to produce M- and X-class flares. This result has immediate applications in the study of the underlying physics of active region evolution and space weather forecasting.
Application of voltammetry to determine vitamin C in apple juices

The cyclic voltammetric method, which is based on the redox properties of ascorbic acid, was adopted to determine the concentration of vitamin C in apple juices. Recorded on voltammograms, the oxidation current of ascorbic acid was linearly depend- ent on the ascorbic acid concentration (a linear calibration curve was found in the range of up to 150 mg ascorbic acid/100 cm 3 solution). The standard addition technique was used to determine the ascorbic acid concentration. To verify results, the titrimetric method was used. Differences between concentrations of vitamin C determined using the cyclic volt- ammetric and titrimetric methods are lower than 1 mg (in comparison to concentrations of ascorbic acid about 50 mg/100 cm 3 of juice). The method - easy for automation - can be used directly without special preparation of studied apple juices samples before measure- ment of the vitamin C concentration.
Orchid in vitro growth as affected by nitrogen levels in the culture medium

In vitro cultivation is the main propagation method for the family Orchidaceae, whereas nitrogen is the most important nutrient in the culture media. This work was carried out to study the influence of different nitrogen concentrations on the in vitro growth of the orchid Phalaenopsis amabilis. Nitrogen concentrations varied by altering the ionic balance of the Murashige & Skoog (MS) culture medium. Plants, 360 days old, were cultivated in liquid MS, modified with 7.5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mM N. After 180 days, we assessed plant and root length, number of leaves and roots, and fresh and dry weight of leaves, roots and plants. Treatments were assigned to completely randomized plots, with four replications. Plots consisted of five three-plant flasks. The lowest nitrogen level (7.5 mM) in the medium induced root development in length, number, and fresh and dry weight. The concentration 30 mM N stimulated both emission and dry weight accumulation of leaves. The original nitrogen concentration in the MS medium (60 mM) was excessive for the in vitro growth of P. amabilis.
Management of comorbidities in ambulatory anesthesia: a review

: Advances in medical science now allow people with significant medical issues to live at home. As the outpatient population ages and surgical techniques advance, the ambulatory anesthesiologist has to be prepared to handle these “walking wounded”. The days of restricting ambulatory surgery procedures to American Society of Anesthesiologists class 1 and 2 patients are rapidly fading into the past. To remain competitive and economically viable, the modern ambulatory surgery center needs to expand its practice to include patients with medical comorbidities. In an environment where production and economic pressures exist, maintaining safety and good outcomes in high-risk patients for ambulatory surgery can be arduous. Adding to the complexity of this challenge is the rapid evolution of the therapeutic approaches to a variety of medical issues. For example, there has been a significant increase in the number and types of insulin a diabetic patient might be prescribed in recent years. In the case of the patient with coronary artery disease, the variety of both drug and nondrug eluding stents or new anti-thrombotic agents has also increased the complexity of perioperative management. Complex patients need careful, timely, and team-based preoperative evaluation by an anesthesia provider who is knowledgeable of outpatient care. Optimizing comorbidities preoperatively is a crucial initial step in minimizing risk. This paper will examine a number of common medical issues and explore their impact on managing outpatient surgical procedures.
The Effect of Oxygen and Turbulence on Elongation of Coleoptiles of Submergence-Tolerant and -Intolerant Rice Cultivars

Coleoptiles of rice (Oryza saliva L.) elongated more rapidly in stagnant solution than in water-saturated air: elongation rates in aerated solution were intermediate. Elongation was stimulated between 170% to 390% in stagnant solution in 17 cultivars screened. On this basis, a relatively submergence-intolerant cultivar and two submergence-tolerant cultivars were studied further. When seedlings were grown in a range of oxygen concentrations imposed by bubbling solutions rapidly with gas, germination and early coleoptile growth (up to 5-0 mm) were inhibited at low oxygen concentrations, particularly in the submergence-intolerant cultivar. Weight per unit length declined with time in this cultivar, even in mild oxygen deficits. However, later stages of coleoptile elongation were unaffected by low oxygen supply: elongation proceeded at control rates even in anoxia. It is concluded that processes unique to germination and early stages of coleoptile elongation (possibly cell division) have greater oxygen requirements than cell extension. Rates of elongation in stagnant solution were much faster than those in any other treatment, including bubbled solutions at similar oxygen concentrations (0-125 mmol O 2 I" 1 )- Therefore, elongation appears to be stimulated by accumulation of endogenous compounds which are dispersed in bubbled solutions and in air. The principal volatile compound was almost certainly ethylene, since Ag + (an antagonist of ethylene) reduced the rate of elongation in stagnant solution by 53%. Differences in turgor pressure were only partly responsible for rapid coleoptile elongation observed in stagnant solution: there must have also been differences in cell wall properties between coleoptiles grown in stagnant and bubbled solution. The rapid elongation in stagnant solution hastens coleoptile emergence from the solution, thus establishing an adequate oxygen supply for the seedling. Leaf and root growth then proceeds.