Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alternative Exposure Parameters and Post Process Noise Reduction Expect Considerable Dose Reduction in Single Mammography Views—Initial Experience on Mastectomy Specimens

Objective: To experimentally indicate a lower limit of dose in mammographic imaging yielding adequate image quality for complementary diagnostic views, by evaluation of image series with different exposure parameters and additional image processing on mastectomy specimens with diverse pathology. Methods: Image series were obtained on seven specimens with different target-filter combinations at different exposure values. Three experienced radiologists assessed the lowest acceptable dose level per specimen using a relative grading technique. With the standard image as reference, fibroglandular tissue and pathological structures, including microcalcifications, were evaluated. Subsequently, a series of pixel binning processes was tested and subjectively assessed on the selected images. Results: The lowest dose level at which image quality was acceptable, and achieved with a W/Ag target-filter combination at 32 kV and 4 mAs. These images can be acquired with 10.4% to 22.4% of the average glandular dose in standard images. Post process pixel binning added to the interpretability of such low dose images. Conclusion: This specimen study suggests that dose level of mammography images might be reduced substantially by general application of a W/Ag spectrum, particularly when combined with post process noise reduction. Future studies should focus on the feasibility of this technique in clinical mammography.
Beneath the Surface: Uncovering the Relationship between Extraversion and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Through a Facet Approach

To date, an empirical link between the broad factor extraversion and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) has not been found. We propose that a facet conceptualization of extraversion including surgency, sociability and positive emotions predict an individual's level of citizenship behaviors in opposing ways, thus masking the predictive ability of a broad factor of extraversion. In study one, we establish the foundation for predictive differences by documenting differential relationships between the facets of extraversion and the type of organizational cultures potential job applicants are attracted to. In study two, analysis of peer rated OCB from 117 individuals working in various organizations supports the superior predictive ability of the facets over that of the broad factor.
Gender differences in the dictator experiment: evidence from the matrilineal Mosuo and the patriarchal Yi

In this study, we report experimental results on the dictator decision collected in two neighboring ethnic minority groups, the matrilineal Mosuo and the patriarchal Yi, in southwestern China. We follow the double-blind protocol as in Eckel and Grossman (in Handbook of experimental economics results, 1998), who find that women in the U.S. donate more than men. We find this pattern reversed in the Mosuo society and find no gender difference in the Yi society. This is highly suggestive that societal factors play an important role in shaping the gender differences in pro-social behavior such as dictator giving.
Extreme swings of the South Pacific Convergence Zone and the different types of El Niño events

There have been three extreme equatorward swings of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) during the satellite era. These zonal SPCZ (zSPCZ) events coincided with an El Niño of different magnitude and spatial pattern, in which strong anomalous warming reduced the off‐equatorial‐to‐equatorial meridional sea surface temperature (SST) gradient near the dateline, enabling convection to shift equatorward. It is not known, given the short observational record, how and whether different types of El Niño are associated with zSPCZ events. Using perturbed physics ensembles experiments in which SST biases are reduced, we find that zSPCZ events are concurrent with notable eastern Pacific (EP) warming. Central Pacific warming alone is rarely able to produce a swing, even as the climate warms under a CO2 increase scenario. Only El Niño events with strong EP warming can shift the convective zone. Such co‐occurring events are found to increase in frequency under greenhouse warming.
Aerodynamic characterization of a soft kite by in situ flow measurement

Abstract. Wind tunnel testing of large deformable soft kites for wind energy conversion is expensive and in many cases practically not feasible. Computational simulation of the coupled fluid–structure interaction problem is scientifically challenging and of limited practical use for aerodynamic characterization. In this paper we present a novel experimental method for aerodynamic characterization of flexible membrane kites by in situ measurement of the relative flow, while performing complex flight maneuvers. We find that the measured aerodynamic coefficients agree well with the values that are currently used for flight simulation of soft kites. For flight operation in crosswind maneuvers during which the traction force is kept constant, the angle of attack is inversely related to the relative flow velocity. For entire pumping cycles, the measurements show considerable variations in the aerodynamic coefficients, while the angle of attack of the kite varies only in a narrow range. This finding questions the commonly used representation of aerodynamic coefficients as sole functions of the angle of attack and stresses the importance of aeroelastic deformation for this type of wing. Considering the effect of the power setting (identical to the trim) solely as a rigid-body pitch rotation does not adequately describe the aero-structural behavior of the kite. We show that the aerodynamic coefficients vary as functions of the power setting (trim) of the kite, the steering commands and the flight direction.
Usage of Whatsapp among Postgraduate Students of Kulliyyah of Education, International Islamic University Malaysia

With the advent of whatsapp, information has been spread worldwide easily. Higher learning insti tutions such as IIUM have been using whatsapp as a mean of communication between the students and their instru ctors. The use of whatsapp at IIUM has been inevitable. De spite the positive impact of whatsapp as social media to the users, it has also negative impacts on student lear ning such as: time consuming for student's study time, exacer bating student's grammar and spelling, distracting student 's concentration during lecture etc. this study explor ed the impact of using of whatsapp among postgraduate stud ents' learning at the Kulliyyah of Education (KOED), at International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Interview which consisted of fourteen (14) question s were employed with two informants. The study found that using whatsapp as learning tool is beneficial to both stu dents and instructors though it was suggested that electronic etiquette should be applied when using whatsapp in learning.
Changes In Lower Extremity Joint Stiffness With Landing After Fatigue

The purpose was to examine the ankle and knee stiffness after fatigue. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected and analyzed on 8 male and 8 female participants. Custom software was used to model the lower extremity joints as rotational springs. Joint stiffness was calculated for pre and post fatigue conditions. Knee stiffness decreased significantly after fatigue while ankle stiffness increased.
Prevalence and etiology of lameness in racing camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Abu Dhabi Emirate.

Lameness in racing camels is considered to be a major welfare issue and an economic problem for camel owners in the Abu Dhabi Emirate. The prevalence of lameness in camels, although assumed to be significant, is not known. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and etiology of lameness in racing camels. A systematic lameness survey was conducted by visiting 340 professional private camel farms (a total of 3600 racing camels) in the Abu Dhabi Emirate. Lameness was diagnosed in 428 racing camels. The overall prevalence of lameness was 9.39% and 2.50% on acute basis and chronic basis, respectively. Lameness was associated with signs of pain, reduced appetite, restlessness, reduced activity in standing up and moving, abnormal movements include limpness and stiffness and reduced flexion of affected leg. Lameness was observed in all ages of racing camels but a higher prevalence was observed in 3-4 years age group (12.19%) and 9-10 years age group (3.54%) for acute and chronic lameness, respectively. Lameness was observed more frequently in forelimbs (67.76%) than hind limbs (32.24%). Traumatic injuries, fractures, soreness and punctures foot were the common causes of lameness in young racing camels while abscesses and muscles spasm were the common causes in adult racing
Uranotaenia novobscura ryukyuana (Diptera: Culicidae) Population Dynamics are Denso-Dependent and Autonomous from Weather Fluctuations

ABSTRACT Larvae of the mosquito Uranotaenia novobscura ryukyuana Tanaka et al., have been reported in tree-holes, bamboo stumps, and artificial water containers. So far, no study has addressed the role that density dependence and weather fluctuations could have played in the abundance of this nonvector mosquito. A year-long study was conducted on the population dynamics of this mosquito using oviposition traps in Okinawa, Japan. Time series analysis and the Ricker population model were used to analyze the association between mosquito density and population growth and fluctuations in relative humidity, temperature, and rainfall. Our results suggest that Ur. novobscura ryukyuana has stable denso-dependent dynamics, which are autonomous from weather fluctuations. Our results were opposite to patterns observed in other subtropical mosquito species, whose population dynamics might be partially driven by weather fluctuations, thus highlighting the diversity of responses that mosquitoes can have to changing environments.
Efficiency, Value Addition and Performance of US Bank Mergers

There is little consensus regarding the overall performance of mergers and acquisitions in the banking industry. The goal of this paper is to investigate the change in operating performance, efficiency, and value addition of US bank mergers and acquisitions after GLBA. We extend the previous research by combining all the previous methodologies used in mergers and acquisitions studies and add a new methodology, namely Expected EVA improvement. We will test whether these performance metrics yield similar results or if the performance of mergers varies depending on the measurements. We will also examine the factors that have significant impact on changes in bank performance. Our empirical results lead to the conclusion that the industry-adjusted operating performance of merged banks increases significantly after a merger. This finding is consistent with the findings of Cornett et al. (2006). We also find that the acquirer expected EVA improvement increases significantly after a merger. Revenue enhancement opportunity appears to be more profitable if there exists more opportunity for cost cutting such as geographically focused and diversified mergers. Product diversification mergers increase the industry adjusted performance more than product focused mergers. The efficiency or profitability of targets have either a positive or no effect on acquirer performance.
Mortality and injuries of haddock, cod and saithe escaping through codend meshes and sorting grids

Mortalities and injuries of the gadoids haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.), cod (Gadus morhua L.) and saithe (Pollachius virens L.) were studied after codend and grid escapement in two full scale trials in 2000 and 2001 in the Barents Sea. The escaped fish were sampled using small meshed cages. Trawl caught controls were sampled by removing the cod end and attaching the cage directly to the cod end extension. In the 2001 trial, control fish were sampled in fish traps in addition. Acoustic closing and releasing devices were used to time the sampling. Survival rates of cod and saithe escaping through codend and sorting grid were 100%. Mortality of haddock were 26.2 to 50.4% (codend escapees), 1.6 to 20% (grid escapees), 4.1 to 26.5% (trawl caught controls) and 0% (trap caught controls). The haddock mortality and injuries decreased with increasing fish length in all groups, with a mortality peek of the mesh escapees with girth approximately the mesh size circumference. Cod and saithe had significantly less skin and fin injuries than haddock, and in general, frequency of skin injuries increased towards the tail. Grid escaped gadoids had significantly less skin and fin damages than the mesh and control groups.
OLDER DRIVER ERRORS ON VICROADS 'REVIEW' TESTS

This study was conducted to obtain information about older driver errors, using information recorded during licence review tests of drivers reported to VicRoads as possibly unsafe. Data were extracted for a 12 month period; 533 road test cases were analysed; average driver age was 76.1 years. Performance scores were derived for intersection negotiation, lane changing, low speed manoeuvres, positioning and speed control, safety margin and car control. Some errors required the Licence Testing Officer (LTO) to intervene, and details of these errors were recorded in terms of type of error, driving manoeuvre attempted and driving context. It was found that test outcome (pass/fail) was primarily determined by whether or not the LTO intervened. Separate logistic regression analysis with driver performance scores and driver age correctly predicted 94 percent of test outcomes. The strongest predictors were intersection score (percent negotiated satisfactorily), position on road score (percent of observations satisfactory), and safety margin score (percent of observations satisfactory). (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E209619.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve the growth of olive trees and their resistance to transplantation stress

Two native Algerian mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) were tested for their effect on the growth of micropropagated olive tree (Olea europaea L.). The effect of inoculation of plantlets with G. mosseae was also compared with chemical fertilization using osmocote. Specific molecular techniques were then used to detect the presence of the two fungi. Highly significant increases in growth were evident for inoculated plants compared with uninoculated ones. For a slightly lower shoot growth, G. mosseae doubled the root growth of the inoculated plantlets, compared to that of the fertilized plants. This change in the root: shoot ratio permitted greater utilization of soil resources and strengthened the plant’s capacity to resist transplantation shock and water stress. The abundance of the two fungi in the roots of wild olives just as in the inoculated olives is indicative of the predominance of G. intraradices when the natural microflora is present.
Impact Of School And Classroom Environment On The Academic Achievement Of Secondary School Students In And Around Delhi Region

Reducing level of academic performance of secondary school students is increasing in recent days, thus induce the present study to do research. School environment plays a vital role in enhancing the academic performace of the students.Further safe and healthy environment saturated with all learning facilities, and favourable climate, where the students must feel comfortable and able to concentrate on studies to attain high academic performance. Hence the present study attempts to find an impact of school and class room environment on academic performance of students. The aim of the study is to examine how school and class room environment influence academic performance of students. This study will analyse this aspect among the secondary school students studying in NCR and Delhi region. The school environment, which include the classrooms, libraries, technical workshops, laboratories, quality of teachers and their teaching methods, school management, peers, etc. are factors that affect academic achievement of students To obtain the objective, the present study used a secondary data source for data collection. Therefore, the study used various databases like different eminent journals were referred to collect the data. After data collection, the study made analysis with respect to collected articles. The study found out favourable school environment is the need to stimulate learning experience to realize better academic achievement. school environment may have negative influence on students’ academic achievement, provided such environment lacks good school climate, instructional materials, discipline, physical facilities and poor teacher quality. Further, negative influence may arise due to poor classroom environment, i.e. small class size and over population of students in classrooms. Otherwise, it could be in the form of poor lighting, inadequate maintenance, and ineffective ventilation system. As a result, with uncomfortable classroom, concentration of the students towards learning might go down leading to poor academic performance. Hence, the study recommends school environment to be well managed to enhance students’ academic performance. Moreover, the educational process of development takes place occurs in physical, social, cultural and psychological environment. Therefore, favourable school environment is the need to stimulate learning experience to realize better academic achievement
Support Needs of Urban and Rural Elders in Kermanshah City, Iran

Methods: The study design was descriptive-comparative. A total of 384 elderly (192 urban and 192 rural elderly) were selected by random cluster sampling method from all healthy elderly referring to health centers in Kermanshah. Data was collected by a demographic form and also the Supportive Care Need Scale to analyses the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. P value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant for all tests.
Lizard burrows association with successional stages of biological soil crusts in an arid sandy region

We study the relationship between the successional stages of biological soil crusts and the distribution of lizards in the ‘Arava Valley (eastern Negev Desert). In the dry sandy habitat, four stages of the biological soil crust succession can be characterized by the degree of soil surface compaction. Both the geckos (Stenodactylus doriae) and the diurnal lizards (Acanthodactylus spp.) strongly preferred the fragile crust, where they dug 80% and 94% of their burrows, respectively. Land conservationists and managers should take these results into consideration when management plans for natural habitats and nature reserves are evaluated.
LABOR REGULATION AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW

The literature aimed at exploring labor regulation and cross-country comparisons has left partly unexplored two major points: the first concerns potential complementarities or substitutions between patterns of shareholder protection and labour regulation. The second point concerns the role of a comprehensive set of labour rules which contemplates not only employment-unemployment provisions and payoff rights, but also rules and institutional devices which influence employee investments in human capital and have the effect of tying the fortunes of the employee together with those of the firm. The paper offers a critical overview of some selected studies that have started at considering labour institutions for their influence on the ‘balance’ of power inside the firm, between owners, management, and employees. JEL Classifications: J53; J83; G30, P50
Galaxy cluster mass reconstruction project – I. Methods and first results on galaxy-based techniques

This paper is the first in a series in which we perform an extensive comparison of various galaxy-based cluster mass estimation techniques that utilize the positions, velocities and colours of galaxies. Our primary aim is to test the performance of these cluster mass estimation techniques on a diverse set of models that will increase in complexity. We begin by providing participating methods with data from a simple model that delivers idealized clusters, enabling us to quantify the underlying scatter intrinsic to these mass estimation techniques. The mock catalogue is based on a Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) model that assumes spherical Navarro, Frenk and White (NFW) haloes truncated at R-200, with no substructure nor colour segregation, and with isotropic, isothermal Maxwellian velocities. We find that, above 10(14)M(aS (TM)), recovered cluster masses are correlated with the true underlying cluster mass with an intrinsic scatter of typically a factor of 2. Below 10(14)M(aS (TM)), the scatter rises as the number of member galaxies drops and rapidly approaches an order of magnitude. We find that richness-based methods deliver the lowest scatter, but it is not clear whether such accuracy may simply be the result of using an over-simplistic model to populate the galaxies in their haloes. Even when given the true cluster membership, large scatter is observed for the majority non-richness-based approaches, suggesting that mass reconstruction with a low number of dynamical tracers is inherently problematic.
Social Tie Strength and Online Victimization: An Analysis of Young People Aged 15–30 Years in Four Nations

Online interaction through the use of social networking sites (SNS) continues to be a significant component of the socialization of young people today, yet little research exists toward linking various relational forms to prevalent and much-studied online risks cross-nationally. This article provides a link between relational dynamics and online risks identified in previous research toward a new perspective on how social tie strength is related to experiences of hate victimization and harassment online. The analysis is based on survey data of Finnish (n = 555), American (n = 1033), German (n = 978), and British (n = 999) young people aged 15–30 years. Variables, including age, gender, main activity, SNS use, quantity, and extent of online and offline social networks including social tie strength and online community identification, were analyzed toward finding their associations with online hate victimization and harassment. Results showed that experiences of hate victimization and harassment were similar cross-nationally and that those who were personally harassed online also reported high SNS activity. Furthermore, no association was found between social network size and negative experiences. Notable cross-national differences were also detected in the results. Findings emphasize the importance of understanding variables fostering online risks for young people while providing a new perspective on what aspects of social life may help negate negative effects online.