Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A simplified treatment of surfactant effects on cloud drop activation

Abstract. Dissolved surface active species, or surfactants, have a tendency to partition to solution surface and thereby decrease solution surface tension. Activating cloud droplets have large surface-to-volume ratios, and the amount of surfactant molecules in them is limited. Therefore, unlike with macroscopic solutions, partitioning to the surface can effectively deplete the droplet interior of surfactant molecules. Surfactant partitioning equilibrium for activating cloud droplets has so far been solved numerically from a group of non-linear equations containing the Gibbs adsorption equation coupled with a surface tension model and an optional activity coefficient model. This can be a problem when surfactant effects are examined by using large-scale cloud models. Namely, computing time increases significantly due to the partitioning calculations done in the lowest levels of nested iterations. Our purpose is to reduce the group of non-linear equations to simple polynomial equations with well known analytical solutions. In order to do that, we describe surface tension lowering using the Szyskowski equation, and ignore all droplet solution non-idealities. It is assumed that there is only one surfactant exhibiting bulk-surface partitioning, but the number of non-surfactant solutes is unlimited. It is shown that the simplifications cause only minor errors to predicted bulk solution concentrations and cloud droplet activation. In addition, computing time is decreased at least by an order of magnitude when using the analytical solutions.
Understanding workplace meetings: A qualitative taxonomy of meeting purposes

Purpose - – The purpose of this study is to propose a taxonomy of meeting purpose. Meetings are a workplace activity that deserves increased attention from researchers and practitioners. Previous researchers attempted to develop typologies of meeting purpose with limited success. Through a comparison of classification methodologies, the authors consider a taxonomy as the appropriate classification scheme for meeting purpose. The authors then utilize the developed taxonomy to investigate the frequency with which a representative sample of working adults engaged in meetings of these varying purposes. Their proposed taxonomy provides relevant classifications for future research on meetings as well and serves as a useful tool for managers seeking to use and evaluate the effectiveness of meetings within their organizations. Design/methodology/approach - – This study employs an inductive methodology using discourse analysis of qualitative meeting descriptions to develop a taxonomy of meeting purpose. The authors discourse analysis utilizes open-ended survey responses from a sample of working adults ( Findings - – The authors categorical analysis of open-ended questions resulted in a 16-category taxonomy of meeting purpose. The two most prevalent meeting purpose categories in this sample were “to discuss ongoing projects” at 11.6 per cent and “to routinely discuss the state of the business” at 10.8 per cent. The two least common meeting purpose categories in this sample were “to brainstorm for ideas or solutions” at 3.3 per cent and “to discuss productivity and efficiencies” at 3.7 per cent. The taxonomy was analyzed across organizational type and employee job level to identify differences between those important organizational and employee characteristics. Research limitations/implications - – The data suggested that meetings were institutionalized in organizations, making them useful at identifying differences between organizations as well as differences in employees in terms of scope of responsibility. Researchers and managers should consider the purposes for which they call meetings and how that manifests their overarching organizational focus, structure and goals. Originality/value - – This is the first study to overtly attempt to categorize the various purposes for which meetings are held. Further, this study develops a taxonomy of meeting purposes that will prove useful for investigating the different types of meeting purposes in a broad range of organizational types and structures.
Growth inhibitory effects of bio-and synthetic insecticides on Tuta absoluta ( Meyrick , 1917 ) ( Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae )

The study aimed to found out the potential efficacy of some bioand synthetic insecticides used against Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in tomato greenhouses. Chlorantraniliprole+abamectin, metaflumizone, azadirachtin, emamectin benzoate, spinosad, Bacillus thuringiensis and B. thuringiensis+azadirachtin mixture were applied by spraying method on tomato leaf, which 5 third-stage larvae existed on. Distilled water was used as a control to compare with insecticides. Each of the applications was performed in six replications. The assessments were done at the 1, 3, 5 and 7 DAA (Days After Application) according to the number of live individuals and larval weight.
The range of invariant means on locally compact groups and semigroups

This paper extends the results of Granirer and Chou concerning the range of a left invariant mean on a discrete semigroup to the case when S is any Borel subsemigroup of a locally compact group. 0. Introduction. Granirer has shown in [2] that for an infinite, right cancellation, left amenable discrete semigroup S, other than what he calls an "AB group", there exists a nested family of left almost convergent subsets of S on which any left invariant mean (LIM) attains all values of the closed interval [0, 1]. That is, there exists a family {A(t)|t E [0, 1]} of subsets of S for which (i) s<t implies A(s)c A(t), and (ii) p(%A(t))=t for any LIM q on m(S). Chou, in [1], partially extended this result to the case when S is a group and obtained the following theorem thereby proving a conjecture made in [2]. THEOREM (CHOU). If S is an infinite right cancellation left amenable semigroup then the range of each LIM on m(S) is the whole [0, 1] interval. In this paper we extend these results to locally compact topological groups and obtain the following main theorems: THEOREM A. Let S be an infinite Borel subsemigroup of positive Haar measure in a locally compact group. If q is a LIM on L'(S) then there exists a nested family {A(t)lt E [0, 1 } of Borel subsets of S stuch that cp(A(t))=t for all t E [0, 1]. THEOREM B. Let S be an infinite Borel subsemigroup in a locally compact group and let A denote the algebra of bounded Borel measurable Received by the editors March 7, 1972. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1969). Primary 2875, 2220; Secondary 4250, 4655. 1 The results in this paper constitute a portion of the author's Ph.D. thesis written under the direction of Dr. E. A. Granirer at the University of British Columbia. The author wishes to thank Professor Granirer for his aid and advice and as well the Canada Council for its financial support. American Mathematical Society 1973
The Role of Women in Providing and Improving Household Food Security in Sudan: Implications for Reducing Hunger and Malnutrition

Relevant and consistent with the recent growing interest to assess the contribution of women to economic activities in Sudan, this study seeks to assess women’s contribution to their household food supply and nutrition status in rural Sudan. As for the contribution of the research, the research is expected to contribute to improve the understanding of the important contribution of women to economic activities and in particular in providing and improving household food security in Sudan and thus valuing the potential role of women in reducing hunger and malnutrition. Agricultural production (farm and livestock products) with supplemental resources (processed and preserved food items) and substitute resources (forest trees and wild food products) represent the available resources for the household food consumption in rural Sudan. Income generating activities along with other possible income sources (cash crops, trees products, pension, assets, remittance from migrants, and savings sources) provide household with income to afford foods. The finding of this study implies that in most rural areas in Sudan women are more capable than men in terms of the ability to use and allocate the available resources for the purpose to improve food security for their families. For the purpose of this paper, improvement of the household food security refers to the expanding availability and accessibility of nutritional food on sustainable basis. In this regard this study has indicated that women in rural Sudan play a crucial role in improving their household food security, as they contribute to food production, enhance dietary quality and consumption diversity. Therefore, based on the findings in this paper, the major policy implication is that crucial role of women in this context can greatly be enhanced through adoption of supportive national and local development policy.
Twisted versus braided magnetic flux ropes in coronal geometry - I. Construction and relaxation

We introduce a technique for generating tubular magnetic fields with arbitrary axial geometry and internal topology. As an initial application, this technique is used to construct two magnetic flux ropes that have the same sigmoidal tubular shape, but have different internal structures. One is twisted, the other has a more complex braided magnetic field. The flux ropes are embedded above the photospheric neutral line in a quadrupolar linear force-free background. Using resistive-magnetohydrodynamic simulations, we show that both fields can relax to stable force-free equilibria whilst maintaining their tubular structure. Both end states are nonlinear force-free; the twisted field contains a single sign of alpha (the force-free parameter), indicating a twisted flux rope of a single dominant chirality, the braided field contains both signs of alpha, indicating a flux rope whose internal twisting has both positive and negative chirality. The electric current structures in these final states differ significantly between the braided field, which has a diffuse structure, and the twisted field, which displays a clear sigmoid. This difference might be observable.
Heterogeneous Effects of Child Development Accounts on Savings for Children’s Education

ABSTRACT We examine effects of Child Development Accounts on savings for postsecondary education in a statewide experiment (N = 2,677), which automatically opened state-owned college savings accounts for treatment-group children, and encouraged their caregivers to open and save in participant-owned college savings accounts. The experiment achieves universal participation for children in the treatment group; almost all treatment-group children hold an account with more than $1,000 in college assets. Treatment participants we expect would hold their own participant-owned accounts without the intervention have $395 more in savings than their counterparts in the control group; those who are motivated by the intervention to hold a participant-owned account have mean deposits of $888. Those who are motivated by the intervention to save have mean deposits of $1,826. The intervention reduces the socioeconomic disparity in asset accumulation for children. The program has the potential to promote asset building for children’s education.
Avoiding Collisions Maneuvers Using a Stochastic Approach

The research considered here is related to the problem of orbital maneuvers. A satellite has to perform such maneuver to escape from a possible collision with a cloud of particles. To perform this task, a low thrust control is available. The question of minimizing the fuel consumption is considered and this is the most important goal in the maneuver. For this problem, the hybrid optimal control approach is used, where it is possible to take into account the accuracy in the satisfaction of the constraints. The spacecraft is considered to be traveling in Keplerian orbits perturbed only by the thrusts. These thrusts have a fixed magnitude and operating in an on-off mode. Several results are shown to exemplify the maneuvers simulated.
Division of Labor, Market for Technology and Investment

Division of labor has benefits in addition to the direct productivity increases from specialization: In this paper we study how the development of specialized upstream technology suppliers improves access and lowers investment costs for latecomer downstream firms. Using a simple model, we test this idea using comprehensive data on investments in chemical plants in less developed countries (LDCs) during the 1980s. We find that investments in chemical plants in the LDCs are greater, the greater is the number of technology suppliers that operate in the first world. A major contribution of this paper is that we identify an important and understudied mechanism through which technology is made available, with beneficial effects for investment.
The Classical Approaches to Testing the Unconditional CAPM: UK Evidence

This empirical study attempts to test the unconditional capital asset pricing model. Two-pass regression models are employed using 86 randomly chosen companies of LSE during 1997 to 2015. A two stage approaches have been applied to investigate whether excess returns can be explained by the market risk. Based on empirical results of the first pass regression, among the 86 companies 81 companies are consistent with the prediction of CAPM except five companies. However, the estimated R-square of the sample companies are very low and indicate that market excess return has low explanatory power. In the second pass regression, empirical result shows that beta coefficient is negative and statistically significant which implies that rate of return has no linear positive relationship with beta. Further, coefficient of residual variance is also observed negative and statistically significant which violates the CAPM assumption as unsystematic risks are assumed to have no impact on rate of return. In conclusion, CAPM predictions are not consistent with the findings of this study; hence CAPM is violated and does not hold.
Frontline managers’ contribution to mission achievement: A study of how people management affects thoughtful care

ABSTRACT This study addresses the question to what extent frontline managers’ people management activities contribute to mission achievement through frontline workers’ behaviors. Drawing on the case of elderly care, we contribute to the literature by: (1) providing a compact measure of mission achievement in elderly care and specifying the requisite employee behaviors; and (2) showing that frontline managers’ people management activities impact on employees’ behaviors, and ultimately on mission achievement. In doing so, we also contribute to more knowledge about elderly care, which is an under-researched sector, and about the role of line managers (instead of top managers) in HRM implementation.
Testosterone Levels in Hypertensive Nigerian Men

The mean testosterone levels of hypertensives and non-hypertensives were found as 2.50 ± 1.60, and 9.00 ± 2.80 ng/ml, respectively. The testosterone levels of hypertensives were significantly lower than those of the normotensives (p<0.05). There was also a significant reduction in the testosterone levels of smoking hypertensives than those in non-smoking hypertensives (p<0.05). A significant variation was observed between the testosterone levels and the BMI, along with the finding that the testosterone levels decreased by increasing BMI (P<0.05). No age related decrease was observed in the testosterone levels in all subjects of the study.
Hadron-quark phase transition in dense matter and neutron stars

We study the hadron-quark phase transition in the interior of neutron stars (NS's). We calculate the equation of state (EOS) of hadronic matter using the Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone formalism with realistic two-body and three-body forces, as well as a relativistic mean field model. For quark matter we employ the MIT bag model constraining the bag constant by using the indications coming from the recent experimental results obtained at the CERN SPS on the formation of a quark-gluon plasma. We find it necessary to introduce a density-dependent bag parameter and the corresponding consistent thermodynamical formalism. We calculate the structure of NS interiors with the EOS comprising both phases, and we find that the NS maximum masses fall in a relatively narrow interval, $1.4{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}l~{M}_{\mathrm{max}}l~{1.7M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}. $ The precise value of the maximum mass turns out to be only weakly correlated with the value of the energy density at the assumed transition point in nearly symmetric nuclear matter.
National Centre of Competence in Research Financial Valuation and Risk Management Working Paper No . 50 Syndicated Loan Pricing and the 1988 Basel Capital Accord

This paper systematically analyses the market for syndicated loans over the period from 1982 till 2000. A sub-sample of high-information loans is studied over the period from 1982 until 2000. Aspects such as market credit quality, average spreads, average tenors and other market characteristics like geographic distribution and attribution of market growth are investigated. I find a deteriorating overall market credit quality that comes along with a regressive international diversification. Moreover, there is evidence that the good risks changed their habitat over the sample period and increasingly used the syndicated loan market for short-term financial needs and presumably went to the bond market for their long-term debt. Statistical tests show that the average spreads and maturities are not constant, but experienced a structural break that coincides with the coming into force of the 1988 Basle Capital Accord. Depending on the rating class these characteristics exhibit very diverse patterns. A regression analysis of the spreads on a group of explanatory variables composed of firm specific as well as macro-economic variables reveals that there is a statistically and economically significant discount for loans’ first tranches during the whole period and that in the pre-Basle I period macro-economic variables helped little in explaining the spreads. In the post-Basle I period however, most of these variables were (highly) significant, suggesting that syndicated ∗Financial support by the National Centre of Competence in Research “Financial Valuation and Risk Management” (NCCR FINRISK) is acknowledged. NCCR FINRISK is a research programme of the Swiss National Science Foundation.
An indirect method in the calculus of variations

This article presents a new approach to the issue of the existence of solutions to the basic problem in the calculus of variations. The method is indirect, and applies to certain classes of problems with slow or no growth, in addition to those satisfying the traditional coercivity condition. The proof hinges upon showing with the help of nonsmooth analysis that a certain value function is constant. Examples are given to illustrate the applicability of the results and the necessity of the hypotheses
The Law and Economics of Fluctuating Criminal Tendencies and Incapacitation

Economic analyses of criminal law are frequently and heavily criticized for being unable to explain many criminal law rules and doctrines that people find intuitively just. Existing economic models cannot properly explain, for instance, why criminal law distinguishes between (i) repeat offenders and first-time offenders, (ii) murder and voluntary manslaughter, and (iii) remorseful and non-remorseful offenders. In this Article, I propose a new and richer economic theory of crime that captures the rationales behind these practices, and potentially behind many other important criminal law principles and doctrines. Unlike an overwhelming majority of previous economic analyses, my theory accounts not only for the deterrent effect of criminal punishment, but also for its incapacitative effect. Moreover, and perhaps more importantly, it acknowledges the fact that people have fluctuating, rather than constant, criminal tendencies. That is, it recognizes that some people who ordinarily would rarely if ever consider committing a wrongful act can, in rare circumstances, lapse into committing a crime. Surprisingly, these two simple but critical concepts have never been jointly considered in an economic analysis of crime even though their inclusion appears to be an obvious extension of the standard crime and deterrence model formalized almost half a century ago by Gary Becker.The threat of imprisonment deters crime, but even when deterrence fails and a crime is committed, imprisonment benefits society by preventing the criminal from committing further wrongs outside prison for the duration of the sentence. Because these incapacitative benefits exist only if the offender would commit more crimes if left at large, the more strongly we believe that a criminal is dangerous, the stronger the rationale for imprisonment. But since people have fluctuating criminal tendencies, the mere fact that a person committed a crime reveals imperfect information regarding his likelihood of recidivating. As such, the offender’s criminal history and the circumstances surrounding the crime reveal important pieces of information that can be used to update our beliefs concerning the offender’s expected dangerousness – that is, to distinguish those who have made an uncharacteristic mistake from the dangerous and reckless criminals. Capturing the interaction between the incapacitation function of imprisonment and potential offenders’ fluctuating criminal tendencies allows the model to supply specific, consequentialist justifications for repeat offender laws, voluntary manslaughter laws, and the treatment of remorse in criminal law. Going forward, this more nuanced approach will provide a clearer lens through which to view other pervasive elements of criminal law, such as the mens rea requirement, and to revisit the normative prescriptions of the previous generation of economic analyses.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Individual Development Accounts: Evidence from the ADD Experiment

This report presents findings from the fourth wave of the American Dream Demonstration (ADD) experimental study of Individual Development Accounts (IDAs). The ADD was a set of 14 privately funded local IDA programs initiated in the late 1990s. It was the first large-scale test of IDAs in the United States and used a variety of research methods in order to learn about IDAs. One of these programs, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, was implemented as a random assignment experiment. This report is based on a 10-year follow study of impacts at the Tulsa site.In total, 1,103 low-income participants were surveyed at baseline and randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group. Treatment group members received access to an IDA as well as financial education and case management. The IDA provided matched withdrawals at a 2:1 rate for home purchase and a 1:1 rate for home repair, small business investment, post-secondary education, or retirement savings. Participants who made the maximum matchable deposits throughout the 3 years of the program could accumulate $6,750 (plus interest) for a home purchase or $4,500 (plus interest) for the other qualified uses.In examining the five allowable uses, the study finds some impacts of IDAs on education, especially for males, and on home maintenance and repair 10-years after the program. However, we find no impact on homeownership, businesses, and retirement savings in the follow-up study. The positive findings for education and home maintenance and repair may suggest that IDAs are best suited to support asset purchases that can be accomplished incrementally over a period of time. Targeting IDAs for education and home maintenance and repair may be more effective than applying them to “all-or-nothing” purchases like a house.