Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical parsing of noun phrase structure

Noun phrases (NPs) are a crucial part of natural language, exhibiting in many cases an extremely complex structure. However, NP structure is largely ignored by the statistical parsing field, as the most widely-used corpus is not annotated with it. This lack of gold-standard data has restricted all previous efforts to parse NPs, making it impossible to perform the supervised experiments that have achieved high performance in so many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. We comprehensively solve this problem by manually annotating NP structure for the entire Wall Street Journal section of the Penn Treebank. The inter-annotator agreement scores that we attain refute the belief that the task is too difficult, and demonstrate that consistent NP annotation is possible. Our gold-standard NP data is now available and will be useful for all parsers. We present three statistical methods for parsing NP structure. Firstly, we apply the Collins (2003) model, and find that its recovery of NP structure is significantly worse than its overall performance. Through much experimentation, we determine that this is not a result of the special base-NP model used by the parser, but primarily caused by a lack of lexical information. Secondly, we construct a wide-coverage, large-scale NP Bracketing system, applying a supervised model to achieve excellent results. Our Penn Treebank data set, which is orders of magnitude larger than those used previously, makes this possible for the first time. We then implement and experiment with a wide variety of features in order to determine an optimal model. Having achieved this, we use the NP Bracketing system to reanalyse NPs outputted by the Collins (2003) parser. Our post-processor outperforms this state-of-the-art parser. For our third model, we convert the NP data to CCGbank (Hockenmaier and Steedman, 2007), a corpus that uses the Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) formalism. We experiment with a CCG parser and again, implement features that improve performance. We also evaluate the CCG parser against the Briscoe and Carroll (2006) reannotation of DepBank (King et al., 2003), another corpus that annotates NP structure. This supplies further evidence that parser performance is increased by improving the representation of NP structure. Finally, the error analysis we carry out on the CCG data shows that again, a lack of lexicalisation causes difficulties for the parser. We find that NPs are particularly reliant on this lexical information, due to their exceptional productivity and the reduced explicitness present in modifier sequences. Our results show that NP parsing is a significantly harder task than parsing in general. This thesis comprehensively analyses the NP parsing task. Our contributions allow widecoverage, large-scale NP parsers to be constructed for the first time, and motivate further NP parsing
Recommendations for Measurement of and Conventions for Reporting Sodium and Potassium by Ion-Selective Electrodes in Undiluted Serum, Plasma or Whole Blood

Abstract Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) respond to ion-activity and therefore do not sense substance concentration directly. However, it is recognized that sodium and potassium in plasma will continue to be expressed for clinical purposes in terms of substance concentration (mmol/l). A convention is proposed whereby for routine clinical purposes results of ISE measurements of sodium and potassium in undiluted plasma should be reported in terms of substance concentration (mmol/l). In specimens with normal concentrations of plasma water, total CO2, lipids, protein and pH, the values will concur with the total substance concentration as determined for example by flame atomic emission spectrometry (FAES) or ISE measurements on diluted samples. In specimens with abnormal concentrations of plasma water, the results will differ. However, under these circumstances, measurements of sodium and potassium by ISE in the undiluted sample will more appropriately reflect the activity of sodium and potassium and are therefore clinically more relevant than the determination in diluted samples. Detailed recommendations are made about practical procedures to achieve this. The recommended name for this quantity is the substance concentration of ionized sodium or ionized potassium in plasma, as opposed to total sodium or total potassium determined by, e.g. FAES, or ISE measurements on diluted samples.
A Physiological Model of a Circannual Oscillator

Recent evidence based on studies in hypothalamo-pituitary disconnected Soay sheep suggests that the generation of circannual rhythms may be localizable to specific tissues or physiological systems. Now, the authors present a physiological model of a circannual rhythm generator centered in the pituitary gland based on the interaction between melatonin-responsive cells in the pars tuberalis that act to decode photoperiod, and lactotroph cells of the adjacent pars distalis that secrete prolactin. The model produces a self-sustained, circannual rhythm in endocrine output that the authors explore by mathematical modeling. The circannual oscillation requires a delayed negative feedback mechanism. The authors highlight specific features of the pituitary dynamics as a guide to future research on circannual rhythms.
Effects of Charge and Charge Distribution on the Cellular Uptake of Multivalent Arginine‐Containing Peptide–Polymer Conjugates

Copolymers of N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) and N‐methacryloyl‐β‐alaninyl‐S‐benzyl thioester were prepared by employing free radical or RAFT conditions and denominated as “NCL polymers”. The copolymer with a polydispersity index of 1.2–1.3 was used for the direct conjugation of unprotected peptides and peptide mixtures bearing differentially loaded side chains by native chemical ligation reactions conducted in aqueous buffer. Uptake into human HeLa cells was correlated with the overall surface charge and the ζ potentials of the peptide–polymer conjugates. Most notable were the differential effects found for various multivalent peptide–polymer conjugates containing arginine residues. Although positive ζ potentials were required for cellular uptake of the peptide–polymer conjugates, this sole charge effect was strongly dominated by the effect exerted by the relative distribution of arginine residues. Polymers conjugated with nona‐arginine peptides were over‐proportionally taken up, relative to their surface charge, compared to polymers with random distribution of single arginine residues. In view of these findings, peptide–polymer compositions suitable for efficient cellular uptake with negligible toxicity at polymer concentrations relevant for intracellular functional studies were determined.
Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and susceptibility to AD and dementia with Lewy bodies

Article abstract The authors analyzed the relationship between nuclear genetic risk factors (apolipoprotein E genotype) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variants in pathologically proved cases of AD (n = 185), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB; n = 84), and control subjects (n = 179). Specific European mtDNA haplogroups and the A4336G mutation were not associated with an increased risk of AD. mtDNA haplogroup H was overrepresented in the DLB patients when compared with control subjects. Additional studies are needed to clarify the significance of the association.
Nonlinear Stochastic Differential Games Involving a Major Player and a Large Number of Collectively Acting Minor Agents

The purpose of this paper is to study two-person zero-sum stochastic differential games, in which one player is a major one and the other player is a group of $N$ minor agents which are collectively playing, are statistically identical, and have the same cost functional. The game is studied in a weak formulation; this means in particular that we can study it as a game of the type “feedback control against feedback control. " The payoff/cost functional is defined through a controlled backward stochastic differential equation, for which the driving coefficient is assumed to satisfy strict concavity-convexity with respect to the control parameters. This ensures the existence of saddle point feedback controls for the game with $N$ minor agents. We study the limit behavior of these saddle point controls and of the associated Hamiltonian, and we characterize the limit of the saddle point controls as the unique saddle point control of the limit mean-field stochastic differential game.
Too much covariates in a multivariable model may cause the problem of overfitting.

Many thanks for the thoughtful insights into our work by Prof. Zhang and coworkers. We strongly agree with the reader that red blood cell distribution width (RDW) can be influenced by varieties of medical conditions including but not limited to anemia, renal dysfunction, hepatic dysfunction, thyroid disease, transfusion, acute or chronic inflammation, neurohumoral activation, malnutrition (i.e., iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid), ethnicity, bone marrow depression, and use of some medications (1-4).
A proximal subgradient projection algorithm for linearly constrained strictly convex problems

We propose a new algorithm for linearly constrained strictly convex problems. This algorithm follows the characterization of saddle points introduced earlier in ref. [Ouorou, A. , 2000, A primal-dual algorithm for monotropic programming and its application to network optimization. Computational Optimization and Applications, 15(2), 125–143. ], using two different augmented Lagrangian functions defined for the primal problem and its dual. The saddle points may be computed in a variety of ways. We propose a scheme that results in a special implementation of Martinet's proximal algorithm ref. [Martinet, B. 1970, Régularisation d'inéquations variationnelles par approximations successives. Revue Franç'Informatique et de Recherche Opérationnelle, 3, 154–179. ]. In the primal space, the resulting algorithm appears as a nonsmooth version of the projection algorithm by Rosen ref. [Rosen, J.B. , 1960, The gradient projected method for nonlinear programming, part I: Linear Constraints. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 8, 181–217. ]. The dual iterates are generated through an unconstrained subproblem which can be solved efficiently by L-BFGS refs. [Byrd, R. , Lu, P., Nocedal, J. and Zhu, C. 1995, A limited memory algorithm for bound constrained optimization. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computation, 16(5), 1190–1208. ; Liu, D. and Nocedal, J., 1989, On the limited memory BFGS method for large scale optimization. Mathematical Programming B 45, 503–528. ]. We establish convergence with no use of the concept of resolvent of maximal monotone operators. To assess the numerical behaviour of the algorithm, we use some randomly generated quadratic network flow problems and compare it with PPRN, a specialized code for linear and nonlinear cost network flow problems.
Pengaruh sikap, minat, pengajaran guru dan rakan sebaya terhadap pencapaian matematik pelajar

Mata pelajaran matematik atau dahulunya dikenali sebagai ilmu hisab menikmati kedudukan istimewa dalam pendidikan di Malaysia. Keadaan ini berlaku kerana matematik telah menjadi salah satu subjek yang wajib diambil oleh semua pelajar dalam sistem persekolahan negara bermula daripada Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah (UPSR), Penilaian Menengah Rendah (PMR), Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM), dan sebahagian pada Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia (STPM). Laporan kajian ini merujuk kepada penilaian tentang pengaruh sikap, minat, pengajaran guru, dan rakan sebaya terhadap pencapaian pelajar dalam mata pelajaran matematik. Pengkajian tentang pengaruh ini dinilai sebagai kesinambungan daripada kajian-kajian terdahulu yang melihat pelbagai faktor serta hubungannya dengan pencapaian pelajar dalam persekolahan mereka. Justeru kajian ini akan hanya memfokuskan kepada pencapaian pelajar dalam matematik di tingkatan empat. Pada bahagian pertama beberapa perbincangan tentang kajian-kajian dan laporan-laporan lepas dipaparkan dengan tujuan untuk melihat perkembangan semasa proses pembelajaran pelajar di sekolah. Melalui cara ini proses perbandingan dapat dilakukan. Seterusnya akan dikemukakan beberapa objektif dan persoalan kajian yang ingin dicapai. Penentuan objektif dan persoalan ini telah didapati menjadi panduan dan batasan kepada kajian yang dijalankan. Setelah itu perbincangan diteruskan dengan melaporkan pendekatan dan metodologi yang digunakan dalam menjalankan kajian ini. Ianya meliputi rekabentuk kajian, populasi dan responden kajian, instrumen yang digunakan, serta bagaimana data dianalisis dan dibincangkan. Selanjutnya, perbincangan difokuskan kepada laporan hasil kajian berupa data-data yang telah diperolehi. Pada bahagian akhir dapatan kajian dibincangkan dengan cara membanding dan menilai perkaitannya dengan kajian dan laporan-laporan yang lepas. Bahagian ini banyak tertumpu kepada menjelaskan bagaimana dan mengapa proses sedemikian terjadi. Beberapa cadangan dan usulan juga dikemukakan sama ada berkaitan dengan kajian yang dijalankan dan juga dapatan kajian yang diperolehi.
First Record of the Omura’s Whale(Balaenoptera omurai) in Korean Waters

To confirm the genetic identification and phylogenetic relationships of unidentified 6 baleen whales by-caught from 2002 to 2016, a partial sequence of approximately 500 base pair (bp) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region was analyzed and compared to published sequence from Genbank. Our results indicated that the two individuals among 6 specimens are clustered with Omura’s whale clade through phylogenetic analysis, which had only a single haplotype. Omura’s whale was reclassified as a new species in 2003 and they had not been previously reported in Korean waters. This study firstly revealed existence of Omura’s whale in Korean waters by molecular analysis based on mtDNA control region.
A framework for delineating biogeographical regions based on species distributions

Aim Biogeographical regionalizations, such as zoogeographical regions, floristic kingdoms or ecoregions, represent categorizations central to many basic and applied questions in biogeography, ecology, evolution and conservation. Traditionally established by experts based on qualitative evidence, the lack of transparency and quantitative support has set constraints on their utility. The recent availability of global species range maps, novel multivariate techniques and enhanced computational power now enable a quantitative scrutiny and extension of biogeographical regionalizations that will facilitate new and more rigorous uses. In this paper we develop and illustrate a methodological roadmap for species‐level biogeographical regionalizations at the global scale and apply it to mammals.
Construction of a Normalized cDNA Library for the Trypanosoma cruzi Genome Project

Sequencing of the Trypanosoma cruzi genome is underway. Expressed sequence tags, obtained from cDNA libraries, facilitate mapping and gene discovery. The efficiency of large‐scale generation of such tags is increased when using normalized cDNA libraries, where the frequency of individual clones is brought within a narrow range. Repetitive sequencing of abundant clones is therefore minimized. We constructed a normalized cDNA library from epimastigotes of clone CL Brener, and the efficiency of normalization of representative clones was assessed and shown to be adequate. The normalized cDNA library has been distributed to several groups and large‐scale sequencing is currently in progress.
Minute negative superhelicity is sufficient to induce the B-Z transition in the presence of low tension

Left-handed Z-DNA has fascinated biological scientists for decades by its extraordinary structure and potential involvement in biological phenomena. Despite its instability relative to B-DNA, Z-DNA is stabilized in vivo by negative supercoiling. A detailed understanding of Z-DNA formation is, however, still lacking. In this study, we have examined the B-Z transition in a short guanine/cytosine (GC) repeat in the presence of controlled tension and superhelicity via a hybrid technique of single-molecule FRET and magnetic tweezers. The hybrid scheme enabled us to identify the states of the specific GC region under mechanical control and trace conformational changes synchronously at local and global scales. Intriguingly, minute negative superhelicity can facilitate the B-Z transition at low tension, indicating that tension, as well as torsion, plays a pivotal role in the transition. Dynamic interconversions between the states at elevated temperatures yielded thermodynamic and kinetic constants of the transition. Our single-molecule studies shed light on the understanding of Z-DNA formation by highlighting the highly cooperative and dynamic nature of the B-Z transition.
Choices: Anger and Anger Management in Rehabilitative Care

Background and Purpose Violent acts are on rise and rehabilitation providers as caregivers may encounter anger on a daily basis. The purpose of this article is to discuss anger and describe anger management strategies based on behavioral interventions grounded in Choice Theory. Choice Theory Applying choice theory to anger is the belief that people are internally, not externally motivated, and that outside events do not make people do anything. Thus, what drives people's anger behaviors are internally developed notions of what is important and satisfying for them. Clinical Relevance and Conclusion Anger becomes a choice along with its management. Choosing strategies to manage anger are key to reducing the potential for angry emotions to escalate to the point of aggressive and violent acts that threaten caregivers and clients safety. Anger‐free environments promote mental/physical health and establish elements of safe living and working environments in a variety of rehabilitative care settings.
Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effects on Hepatocytes of Secondary Metabolites Obtained from Lichens

There are a large number of species of Antarctic lichens, and several studies describing the secondary metabolites present in these lichens, as well as the advances in understanding the chemistry of these metabolites, have been reported. In addition, some derivatives displaying interesting antibacterial effects have been described. The cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of 15 secondary metabolites (depsides, depsidones and usnic acid) obtained from Continental (Chilean) and Antarctic lichens were evaluated in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Intracellular lactate dehydrogenase release, caspase 3 activation and DNA fragmentation were measured. In this study, we have evaluated a set of markers associated with pivotal steps in the execution phase of apoptosis, in order to detect compounds with apoptotic effects on hepatocytes before significant necrosis takes place. Flow cytometric analysis of DNA fragmentation revealed an increase in apoptotic nuclei with sub-diploid DNA content after the exposure of hepatocytes to sub-cytotoxic concentrations of the compounds. Among these, salazinic acid, stictic acid and psoromic acid displayed significant apoptotic activities. Divaricatic acid showed only moderate apoptotic effects at sub-cytotoxic concentrations.
Comparative assessment on chemical compositions and feeding values of leaves of Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera using in vitro gas production method

Evaluating the nutritional value of indigenous shrubs, trees and browse plants is important in Ethiopian situation where availability and quality of forages severely limited during long and dry seasons. A comparative assessment was thus conducted to investigate the nutrient compositions and feeding values of M. stenopetala and M. oleifera leaves. Feed samples were analyzed for proximate nutrients, minerals and amino acid profiles using official methods. In addition, the metabolizable energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were predicated using the Hohenheim in vitro gas test method. M. stenopetala had 26.6% crude protein (CP), 3.36% fat, 17.9 KJ/kg DM gross energy, 45% nitrogen free extract (NFE), and 38.4% non fiber carbohydrate (NFC). In M. oleifera, the contents of CP, fat, NFE, NFC and gross energy were 28.9%, 6.73%, 45%, 38.4% and 17.9 MJ/kg DM, respectively. M. stenopetala leaves contained significantly higher crude fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose than those of M. oleifera. However, the acid detergent lignin (ADL) and hemicelluloses contents of M. oleifera were significantly higher than those of M. stenopetala. The contents of calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium and sodium in M. stenopetala were 2.47%, 0.57%, 0.76%, 2.45% and 0.11%, respectively. The values of the corresponding minerals in M. oleifera were 2.62%, 0.43%, 0.56%, 2.0% and 0.03%. The concentrations of essential amino acids were significantly higher in M. oleifera than those of M. stenopetala and were generally comparable with the contents of soybean meal. The highest in vitro gas production of 47.9 ml was recorded for M. stenopetala, being significantly higher than for M. oleifera (40.6 ml). Similarly, values of ME (9.83 MJ/kg DM), OMD (76.4%) and SCFA (101 mmol) in M. stenopetala were significantly higher than those of M. oleifera. Although not significant, organic matter, CP, fat, ADF and cellulose contents were positively correlated with in vitro gas production while DM, NFE, neutral detergent fiber, ADL and hemicelluloses contents were negatively correlated with gas production. The chemical compositions showed the potential of leaves of both Moringa species to be used as a protein supplement in ruminant and non-ruminant feeding during the dry season. Moreover, the enhanced values of ME, OMD and SCFA in leaf suggest its ability to meet the energy requirements of tropical livestock.
Comparison of (2'-5') oligo-adenylate synthetase and interferon blood-levels in mice early after viral infection.

The level of the IFN-induced enzyme (2'-5') oligo A synthetase in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was determined in mice at different times following virus infection. There was a significant increase (4-7-fold) of the enzyme level within less than 12 h after i.p. injection of either VSV (10(7) pfu) or Sindbis virus (2.10(4) pfu). The elevated level was maintained for about a week and then the activity returned to normal. There was, however, a marked difference in the pattern of serum level of IFN during infection by the two viruses; while in the mice infected by VSV, serum IFN was very high on the first day and declined to an undetectable level by the fourth day, in the mice infected with Sindbis virus, serum IFN was barely detectable at the first day and then increased towards the fourth day of infection. Antiviral antibodies could be detected in the serum only about a week after infection. We conclude that viral infection can result in a rapid elevation of (2'-5') oligo A synthetase in the PBMC, even when serum IFN remains low. Thus, quantitation of the enzyme level can be a useful diagnostic aid in viral infection particularly in the early stages and in cases in which antiviral antibodies and IFN can not be detected.