Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Young children's difficulty on the Children's Gambling Task: Complexity or Variability of Losses?

Gambling involves evaluating the gains and losses associated with particular actions. We investigated the extent to which 3-, 4- and 5-year-old children are able to integrate gain and loss values in order to maximize their winnings when selecting cards from two decks. This research employed the Children Gambling Task (CGT), which is a modified 2-deck version of the Iowa Gambling task used with adults. In the CGT, one deck is disadvantageous. Cards in this deck yield high gains, but higher losses and an overall net loss. The other deck is advantageous. Cards in this deck yield low gains, but even lower losses, and an overall net gain. Published research suggests that young children's difficulty with the CGT is due to task complexity. It shows that 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds choose cards from the advantageous deck on less complex versions of the task that require them to consider losses alone (with gains held constant), or to consider gains alone (with losses held constant). However on the standard version of the CGT in which gains and losses must be considered in the same decision, 3-year-olds continue to select from the disadvantageous deck. The 5-year-olds select from the advantageous deck. The performance of 4-year-olds is more variable being above chance level in some but not all studies. An alternative interpretation of 3-year-olds' difficulty is plausible. Loss values in the disadvantageous deck of the standard CGT were more variable (0, 4, 5 or 6) than in the less complex versions (0 or 1) or (0, 5). Therefore 3-year-olds' difficulty might be attributable to variability rather than complexity. Our experiment involved 46, 3- to 5-year-old children. The variability of loss values was equated across the three versions. The findings show that (i) the complexity effect for 3-year-olds was not eliminated, and (ii) an independent measure of the ability to process complex relations significantly predicted performance on the CGT. Thus variability of loss values does not fully account for previous findings, and the complexity explanations were supported.
Analyzing Barriers in e-Government Implementation in Pakistan

This paper presents the e-Government capabilities and thereby identifies barriers within eGovernment implementation in Pakistan. The eGovernment is the use of technology by government for its citizens so as to provide faster and better access to e-services to Pakistani citizens. There is a lot of interaction which takes place between government and citizens in modern world. The eGovernment is an initiative, presented by the government so that it can offer easy and fast services to its citizens online. Other than citizens, businesses and employees are also the key beneficiary of a wellplanned e-Government framework. However the paper looks into the various obstacles faced by Pakistan for implementation of the e-Government services. This study focused on literature, different multi stages models for implementation of the eGovernment and various e-readiness models. A proposed model based on questionnaire which distributed among the citizens and government employees, who are familiar with the e-Government and information technology. The research also presents the analysis of various obstacles such as information technology infrastructure, lack of information technology skills, legal obstacles, security issues and the way citizens are using eservices in Pakistan.
East Asian Monsoon as a Modulator of U.S. Great Plains Heat Waves

Heat waves are the leading weather‐related cause of death in the United States, with the most recent examples occurring in the summers of 2011 and 2012 over the Great Plains. These events are unusual and largely unpredictable beyond the synoptic timescale. Their number and severity have increased and are projected to continue to increase, prompting the need to identify the physical processes that modulate heat waves and, consequently, can lead to improved prediction and future projection. Our results based on observations and model simulations suggest that convective latent heat release from the East Asian Monsoon enhances the likelihood of droughts and heat waves over the United States through an equivalent barotropic wave train along the subtropical jet stream, promoting an anticyclonic circulation pattern over the Great Plains. This anticyclone serves as a blocking pattern for transient synoptic‐scale systems and is supportive of persistent drought and clear sky conditions, promoting high temperatures and heat waves.
Universal family background effects on education across and within societies

Abstract: The extent to which siblings resemble each other measures the total impact of family background in shaping life outcomes. We study sibling similarity in cognitive skills, school grades, and educational attainment in Finland, Germany, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We also compare sibling similarity by parental education and occupation within these societies. The comparison of sibling correlations across and within societies allows us to characterize the omnibus impact of family background on education across social landscapes. We find similar levels of sibling similarity across social groups. Across countries, we find only small differences. In addition, rankings of countries in sibling resemblance differ across the three educational outcomes we study. We conclude that sibling similarity is largely similar across advanced, industrialized countries and across social groups within societies contrary to theories that suggest large cross-national differences and variation of educational mobility across social groups within societies.
Development and Quality Evaluation of Barnyard Millet Bran Incorporated Rusk and Muffin

Introduction: Millets are good sources of energy, protein, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre and polyphenols. Millet bran is therefore a by-product of millet-based food manufacturing. Background: The chemical treatments will decrease the content of anti-nutrients and increase the content of compounds that improve bioavailability. Objectives: The present study with the objectives to study the different method of chemical treatment in barnyard millet bran, and the treated bran and raw bran was analysed for the antinutrional and proximate composition. Materials and Methods: Various pre-treatment done by chemical treatments in Barnyard millet bran, antinutritional and chemical composition and texture analysis were analysed using standard techniques. Results and Conclusion: The various chemical treated bran the calcium hydroxide and hot water treated [treatment-2] barnyard millet bran get decrease the antinutrient factors such as trypsin inhibitor, lipase activity, phytates etc., when compare to raw barnyard millet bran. From the chemical analysis the dietary fibre, protein, ash content was stabilized in [treatment-2] treated bran when compare to other treated bran. The sensorial attributes of rusk at ratio (85:15) and muffin at ratio (75:25) with BMB substitution got highly accept by panel members. Even though BMB slightly increased the hardness of rusk and in muffin increase the strength of muffin.
Effects of Concept Mapping Instructional Strategy on Students’ Academic Performance and Interest in Technical Drawing in Technical Colleges in Edo State, Nigeria

This study was designed to determine the effect of concept mapping strategy on students’ academic performance and interest in technical drawing in technical colleges in Edo State, Nigeria. A pretest, posttest, non equivalent control group, quasi-experimental research design was adopted. Two research questions and two hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance guided the study. 61 students made up the experimental group and 56 students in the control group for the study; giving a total of 117 year II technical students in 2015/2016 academic session drawn from the four Edo State owned technical colleges made up the sample for this study. Two instruments: Technical Drawing Achievement Test (TDAT) and Technical Drawing Interest Inventory (TDII) were used for data collection. Concept mapping approach and conventional lesson plans were prepared by the researcher. The instruments were face and content validated by five experts in Technical Education and Test and measurement. The reliability coefficient of TDAT was found to be 0.78 using Kuder-Richardson’s estimate while that of TDII was 0.85 using Cronbach Alpha statistics. Research questions were answered using Mean while the hypotheses were tested using ANCOVA. The findings revealed among others that students taught technical drawing using concept mapping teaching strategy had higher mean achievement and interest scores than those taught with the conventional teaching method. It was recommended among others that technical teachers should use concept mapping in teaching technical drawing.
On the connection between agent-based simulation and methodological individualism

This paper investigates the relationship between methodological individualism (MI) and agent-based simulation (ABS). We use a thesis defended by Caterina Marchionni and Petri Ylikoski (2013) as the starting point of our approach. According to this thesis, since MI is often considered to be a reductionist orientation, it is confusing and meaningless to assume that ABS, which is a non-reductionist and emergentist explanatory model, is committed to MI. We criticise this view and focus on the problem of the proper definition of MI. We explain that MI is compatible with the ABS strategy because reductionism is only the most simplistic variant of MI and argue that ABS explanations must be regarded as explanations in terms of non-reductionist MI.
Keep Calm and Smile on: The Influence of Leader Affect Combinations on Employee Attitudes, Intentions, and Behaviors

Inconsistencies exist between how affect looks theoretically and how it has been tested. The purpose of this study is to empirically test the influence of various positive and negative trait affect combinations on employee attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. Additionally, this study examines the differential influence of the source of the affect (from a peer vs. from a leader). A laboratory experiment was utilized in order to test the hypotheses. Results show that a combination of high positive affect and low negative affect for both the leader and the peer is associated with the highest outcomes.
Factors Influencing Successful Deployment of Core Banking Application in a Financial Sector: An Application of Technology-Organization-Environment Framework

Core banking diffusion in developing countries has been phenomenal in comparison to the many other technological devices implemented/introduced over the past 20 years. The success of this modality has spurred a lot of studies on consumers’ adoption and usage. The purpose of this research is to understand factors that influence core banking deployments in the financial sector, specifically in the context of a developing country. This study has adopted the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework and a qualitative approach to analyze core banking technology deployments in a financial company in Ghana. Respondents were interviewed to understand mobile banking deployments and thematic analysis was used for the purposes of making conclusions on the data. However, the study found that variables in the TOE framework like the relative advantage of a given technology, the less complex a technology, management support, firm size, competitive pressure and customer expectation were seen to influence core banking deployments. Another finding was that core banking functionality was not just about installing the services for consumers to use, but for the company to perform a trial run before deploying the services to customers. The findings will serve as a guide for financial companies in the deployment of similar technologies in the future.
Nutritional survey among under five children at Tamyia district in Fayoum, Egypt

Background: Malnutrition is involved in half of the deaths of under-five children as in many developing countries. In Egypt, malnutrition remains an important issue as 5.5% of under-five children are underweight, 8.4% are wasted and 21.4% are stunted. The present study was carried out to assess the prevalence and risk factors of malnutrition among sick under five children seeking medical advice at Tamiya District health care facilities in Fayoum. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study included 400 under five children at Tamiya district in Fayoum. It was carried out over a period of 5 months from June to October 2014. All patients were subjected to the following: History taking, anthropometric measurements including weight and length/height. Results: Our study shows that 23.2%, 18.5% and 19.3% of children were underweight, stunted and wasted, respectively. Stunting was more common in females than males. Also, our results reveal that risk factors of malnutrition were 70.6% parasitic infestation and 15.7% for gastroenteritis with statistically significant high prevalence of positive parasitic, helminthic infestation, and gastroenteritis with p-value <0.05 among wasted, stunted, and underweighted children. Conclusions: Prevalence of malnutrition was high among under five sick children. These findings indicate the need for implementing hospital and community-based intervention nutritional program.
EFFECT OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALS.) AND LECANICILLIUM MUSCARIUM (PETCH) ON TRIALEURODES VAPORARIORUM WESTWOOD

The advantage of a combination treatment with two entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillium muscarium was assessed in laboratory bioassays on different nymphal stages of Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Among the fungal isolates, two isolates of each fungus differing in virulence from the highly virulent against T. vaporariorum were chosen. The results showed that there was a significant difference in mortality between the 103 conidia/ml and 106 conidia/ml for both L. muscarium and B. bassiana. The mortality due to the combination were generally higher than that caused by each in 106 conidia/ml. on young nymphs. The pathogenicity in the combination treatments 106 conidia/ml of L. muscarium with B. bassiana, no synergistic effect was observed. The mortality was higher in 103 conidia/ml of L muscarium plus 103 conidia/ml of B. bassiana compared to 103 conidia/ml of B. bassiana alone while there was no significant difference between 103 conidia/ml of L. muscarium and 103 conidia/ml of L muscarium plus 103 conidia/ml of B. bassiana. From these experiments, beneficial effect was observed in using the two fungi together compared compared to the separate application of B. bassiana.
An empirical investigation on the relationship between a high-performance work system and employee performance: measuring a mediation model through partial least squares–structural equation modeling

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a high-performance work system (HPWS) on employee performance and the intervening role of mediators in this relationship. Methods: The study was quantitative in nature and used a questionnaire as its instrument. Two hundred and fifty respondents from the private textile sector, located in Lahore and Faisalabad, Pakistan, were selected using a stratified sampling technique. For statistical analysis and to test the proposed research model, partial least squares–structural equation modeling was applied. Results: HPWS was positively related to employee performance. Furthermore, job satisfaction, perceived organizational support, and employee engagement positively and significantly mediated between HPWS and employee performance. Thus, the study provided evidence for the underpinning models of social exchange theory, and ability, motivation, and opportunity framework. Conclusion: The study emphasizes that practitioners should develop strategies that could foster positive work attitudes and increase perceived organizational support to achieve higher levels of performance. It further describes some limitations and gaps for future research.
Ion velocity distributions at the tokamak edge

This paper compares the form of f(v∥) arising from the warm‐ion, kinetic models of Emmert et al. [Phys. Fluids 23, 803 (1980)] and Bissel and Johnson [Phys. Fluids 30, 779 (1987)] with experimentally measured distributions from the DITE tokamak obtained with a retarding field analyzer (RFA). The results show that the commonly adopted assumption of a distribution accelerated through the sheath potential and approximating to a Maxwellian in the high‐energy tail is reasonable. In this respect, Emmert’s distribution is more appropriate. In addition, the common practice of neglecting the presheath effect on the distribution is generally justified in analyzing the RFA characteristic, but may incur large error under some circumstances. While the comparison also illustrates how differing assumptions regarding the source function can have a reasonably strong influence on the ion velocity distribution at walls and limiters, the integrated distributions required for comparison with RFA data are sufficiently similar .
Sea ice drift variability in Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project models and observations

Drift is a prominent parameter characterizing the Arctic sea ice cover that has a deep impact on the climate system. Hence, it is a key issue to both, the remote sensing as well as the modeling community, to provide reliable sea ice drift fields. This study focuses on the comparison of sea ice drift results from different sea ice-ocean coupled models and the validation with observational data in the period 19792001. The models all take part in the Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (AOMIP) and the observations are mainly based on satellite imagery. According to speed distributions one class of models has a mode at drift speeds around 3 cm/s and a short tail towards higher speeds. Another class shows a more even frequency distribution with large probability of drift speeds of 10 to 20 cm/s. Observations clearly agree better with the first class of model results. Reasons for these differences are manifold and lie in discrepancies of wind stress forcing as well as sea ice model characteristics and sea ice-ocean coupling. Moreover, we investigated the drift patterns of anticyclonic and cyclonic wind-driven regimes. The models are capable of producing realistic drift pattern variability. The winter of 1994/95 stands out because of its maximum in Fram Strait ice export. Although export estimates of some models agree with observations, the corresponding inner Arctic drift pattern is not reproduced. The reason for this is found in the wind forcing as well as in differences in ocean velocities.
Random nodal lengths and Wiener chaos

In this survey we collect some of the recent results on the "nodal geometry" of random eigenfunctions on Riemannian surfaces. We focus on the asymptotic behavior, for high energy levels, of the nodal length of Gaussian Laplace eigenfunctions on the torus (arithmetic random waves) and on the sphere (random spherical harmonics). We give some insight on both Berry's cancellation phenomenon and the nature of nodal length second order fluctuations (non-Gaussian on the torus and Gaussian on the sphere) in terms of chaotic components. Finally we consider the general case of monochromatic random waves, i.e. Gaussian random linear combination of eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on a compact Riemannian surface with frequencies from a short interval, whose scaling limit is Berry's Random Wave Model. For the latter we present some recent results on the asymptotic distribution of its nodal length in the high energy limit (equivalently, for growing domains).
Transitory saturation and the frequency of new product introductions

The goal of this paper is to analyze the eect of transitory satura- tion on the frequency of new product introductions. We focus on those product categories in which a speci…c product is purchased only once but repeat purchases are made in the same product category: like movies, books, concerts, computer games, etc. The model considers in…nitely- lived, forward-looking consumers and …rms. We show that a monopolist may introduce new product too frequently with respect to both the …rst and the second best. We also show that, provided …rms share enough information about their production plans, competition exacerbates the tendency towards excessively frequent introduction of new products. JEL Classi…cation numbers: L12, L13
Nitrogen Deposition Maintains a Positive Effect on Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration in the 21st Century Despite Growing Phosphorus Limitation at Regional Scales

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two dominant nutrients regulating the productivity of most terrestrial ecosystems. The growing imbalance of anthropogenic N and P inputs into the future is estimated to exacerbate P limitation on land and limit the land carbon (C) sink, so that we hypothesized that P limitation will increasingly reduce C sequestered per unit N deposited into the future. Using a global land surface model (CABLE), we simulated the effects of increased N deposition with and without P limitation on land C uptake and the fate of deposited N on land from 1901 to 2100. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that N deposition continued to induce land C sequestration into the future, contributing to 15% of future C sequestration as opposed to 6% over the historical period. P limitation reduced the future land C uptake per unit N deposited only moderately at the global scale but P limitation increasingly caused N deposition to have net negative effects on the land C balance in the temperate zone. P limitation further increased the fraction of deposited N that is lost via leaching to aquatic ecosystems, globally from 38.5% over the historical period to 53% into the future, and up to 75% in tropical ecosystems. Our results suggest continued N demand for plant productivity but also indicate growing adverse N deposition effects in the future biosphere, not fully accounted for in global models, emphasizing the urgent need to elaborate on model representations of N and P dynamics.
The APACHE Project

First, we summarize the four-year long efforts undertaken to build the final setup of the APACHE Project, a photometric transit search for small-size planets orbiting bright, low-mass M dwarfs. Next, we describe the present status of the APACHE survey, officially started in July 2012 at the site of the Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley, in the Western Italian Alps. Finally, we briefly discuss the potentially far-reaching consequences of a multi-technique characterization program of the (potentially planet-bearing) APACHE targets.
Globalization and Virtuality: Analytical Problems Posed by the Contemporary Transformation of African Societies

In response to the need for further conceptual development in the field of anthropological globalization studies, this article concentrates on the concept of virtuality, arguing that this constitutes one of the key concepts for a characterization and understanding of the forms of globalization in Africa. The article first defines virtuality and globalization and provisionally indicates their theoretical relationship. The problematic heritage of a locality-obsessed anthropological tradition (as explored in the article) then provides the analytical framework within which virtuality makes an inspiring topic. The transition from theory to empirical case studies is made by examining the problem of meaning in the African urban environment. Finally, an ethnographic situation is invoked (urban puberty rites in present day Zambia) which illustrates particular forms of virtuality as part of the globalization process.