Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ultimatum Game Bargaining in a Partially Directed Search Market

Abstract We investigate a partially directed search and bargaining market with a laboratory experiment. First, sellers post intervals of possible surplus splits (i.e. the payoffs that would result from posting possible prices) that direct buyers to approach them. Second, after matching occurs, final surpluses are determined by ultimatum game bargaining. We investigate the interaction between bargaining and competition in the preliminary search stage, with a focus on how preferences for fair bargaining outcomes affect search. The main results confirm that behavior in the ultimatum game is consistent with preferences for fair outcomes, and the main effect on search is to drive up the posted buyer surplus lower bounds above the competitive equilibrium towards more equal surplus splits. Our main treatment variable is the number of buyers in the market, and when the number of buyers is increased, lower bounds and ultimatum offers to buyers decrease. This is consistent with fairness perceptions being influenced by competition.
Structural Aspects of Postnatal Lung Development – Alveolar Formation and Growth

The human lung is born with a fraction of the adult complement of alveoli. The postnatal stages of human lung development comprise an alveolar stage, a stage of microvascular maturation, and very likely a stage of late alveolarization. The characteristic structural features of the alveolar stage are well known; they are very alike in human and rat lungs. The bases for alveolar formation are represented by immature interairspace walls with two capillary layers with a central sheet of connective tissue. Interalveolar septa are formed by folding up of one of the two capillary layers. In the alveolar stage, alveolar formation occurs rapidly and is typically very conspicuous in both species; it has therefore been termed ‘bulk alveolarization’. During and after alveolarization the septa with double capillary networks are restructured to the mature form with a single network. This happens in the stage of microvascular maturation. After these steps the lung proceeds to a phase of growth during which capillary growth by intussusception plays an important role in supporting gas exchange. In view of reports that alveoli are added after the stage of microvascular maturation, the question arises whether the present concept of alveolar formation needs revision. On the basis of morphological and experimental findings we can state that mature lungs contain all the features needed for ‘late alveolarization’ by the classical septation process. Because of the high plasticity of the lung tissues, late alveolarization or some forms of compensatory alveolar formation may be considered for the human lung.
Metabolic fate of 18F-FDG in mice bearing either SCCVII squamous cell carcinoma or C3H mammary carcinoma.

UNLABELLED Tumors often have an increased uptake of glucose and can be detected by PET imaging using 18F-FDG. 18F-FDG is converted to 18F-FDG-6-phosphate (18F-FDG-6-P), and the usual assumption is that 18F-FDG-6-P is not a substrate for subsequent enzymatic reactions and that tumor hot spots reflect trapping of 18F-FDG-6-P. We recently found, however, that in the pig liver, 18F-FDG is metabolized not only to 18F-FDG-6-P but also to the subsequent oxygenation product 2-18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-6-phospho-D-glucononate (18F-FD-PG1). We therefore wished to characterize the metabolism of 18F-FDG in experimental tumors in mice. METHODS 18F-FDG was given intravenously to mice with either SCCVII squamous cell carcinoma or C3H mammary carcinoma grown on the back. 18F-Labeled metabolites were determined by radio-high-performance liquid chromatography in tumor tissue biopsies, in a time course of 180 min (12 mice of each tumor type), and in liver tissue biopsies 80 min after tracer injection (2 mice of each type). RESULTS After the tracer injection, not only 18F-FDG and 18F-FDG-6-P but also 18F-FD-PG1 and 2-18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-1,6-biphosphate were detected in both tumors, relatively more in SCCVII carcinoma than in C3H carcinoma. Both tumors accumulated radioactivity throughout the 180-min measurement period, 4-fold more in SCCVII carcinoma than in C3H carcinoma. At 80 min, the radioactivity was approximately 6 and 1.2 times higher in the respective tumors than in liver tissue. CONCLUSION Our results agree with the general finding that most malignant tumor tissues accumulate significantly more 18F-radioactivity than do normal tissues, but our results do not support the concept that this increase is caused solely by accumulation of 18F-FDG-6-P. Furthermore, the rate of 18F-FDG metabolism was higher in SCCVII carcinoma than in C3H carcinoma.
Diastolic Hypotension Is an Unrecognized Risk Factor for &bgr;-Agonist-Associated Myocardial Injury in Children With Asthma

Objectives: Tachycardia and diastolic hypotension have been associated with &bgr;-2 agonist use. In the setting of &bgr;-agonist-induced chronotropy and inotropy, diastolic hypotension may limit myocardial blood flow. We hypothesized that diastolic hypotension is associated with &bgr;-agonist use and that diastolic hypotension and tachycardia are associated with biochemical evidence of myocardial injury in children with asthma. Design: Two patient cohorts were collected. The first, consisting of patients transported for respiratory distress having received at least 10 mg of albuterol, was studied for development of tachycardia and hypotension. The second, consisting of patients who had troponin measured during treatment for status asthmaticus with continuous albuterol, was studied for factors associated with elevated troponin. Exclusion criteria for both cohorts included age younger than 2 years old, sepsis, pneumothorax, cardiac disease, and antihypertensive use. Albuterol dose, other medications, and vital signs were collected. Diastolic and systolic hypotension were defined as an average value below the fifth percentile for age and tachycardia as average heart rate above the 98th percentile for age. Patients: Ninety of 1,390 children transported for respiratory distress and 64 of 767 children with status asthmaticus met inclusion criteria. Measurements and Main Results: Diastolic hypotension occurred in 56% and 98% of the first and second cohorts, respectively; tachycardia occurred in 94% and 95% of the first and second cohorts, respectively. Diastolic hypotension and tachycardia had a weak linear correlation with albuterol dose (p = 0.02 and p = 0.005, respectively). Thirty-six percent had troponin > 0.1 ng/mL (range, 0–12.6). In multivariate analysis, interaction between diastolic hypotension and tachycardia alone was associated with elevated troponin (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Diastolic hypotension and tachycardia are dose-dependent side effects of high-dose albuterol. In high-risk patients with status asthmaticus treated with albuterol, diastolic hypotension and tachycardia are associated with biochemical evidence of myocardial injury. Diastolic hypotension, especially combined with tachycardia, could be a reversible risk factor for myocardial injury related to &bgr;-agonist use.
Detection of myocardial ischaemia by epicardial accelerometers in the pig.

BACKGROUND We describe a novel technique for continuous real-time assessment of myocardial ischaemia using a three-axis accelerometer. METHODS In 14 anaesthetized open-chest pigs, two accelerometers were sutured on the left ventricle (LV) surface in the perfusion areas of the left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex (CX) arteries. Acceleration was measured in the longitudinal, circumferential, and radial directions, and the corresponding epicardial velocities were calculated. Regional LV dysfunction was induced by LAD occlusion for 60 s. Global LV function was altered by nitroprusside, epinephrine, esmolol, and fluid loading. Epicardial velocities were compared with strain by echocardiography during LAD occlusion and with aortic flow and LV dP/dt(max) during interventions on global LV function. RESULTS LAD occlusion induced ischaemia, shown by lengthening in systolic strain in the LV apical anterior region (P<0.01) and concurrent changes in LAD accelerometer circumferential velocities during systole (P<0.01) and during the isovolumic relaxation phase (P<0.01). The changes in accelerometer circumferential velocities during LAD occlusion were greater compared with the changes during the interventions on global function (P<0.01). For the LAD accelerometer circumferential velocities, sensitivity was 94-100% and specificity was 92-94% in detecting ischaemia. CONCLUSIONS Myocardial ischaemia can be detected with epicardial three-axis accelerometers. The accelerometer had the ability to distinguish ischaemia from interventions altering global myocardial function. This novel technique may be used for continuous real-time monitoring of myocardial ischaemia during and after cardiac surgery.
Intracellular sensors of microbes and danger

2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S Immunological Reviews 0105-2896 The editors of this volume of Immunological Reviews respectfully acknowledge the passing of Jurg Tschopp, who died suddenly on March 22, 2011. A towering figure in the field, Jurg made many important contributions to our understanding of cell death and inflammation signaling pathways. His seminal description of the inflammasome has not only had major impact on scientists working in innate immunity but also influenced many interested in related fields. The impact of Jurg’s work was immense, ranging from improving our understanding of basic immunologic principles to providing novel insights leading to new modes of therapy for important human diseases. Jurg was not only a colleague but also a friend of several contributors to this volume. He will be missed.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Children With In-Hospital and Out-of-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Arrest: Multicenter Study From Turkey

Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine the causes, location of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) in children, and demographics of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in Turkish pediatric emergency departments and pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) and to determine survival rates and morbidities for both in-hospital and out-of-hospital CPA. Methods This multicenter descriptive study was conducted prospectively between January 15 and July 15, 2011, at 18 centers (15 PICUs, 3 pediatric emergency departments) in Turkey. Results During the study period, 239 children had received CPR. Patients’ average age was 42.4 (SD, 58.1) months. The most common cause of CPA was respiratory failure (119 patients [49.8%]). The location of CPA was the PICU in 168 (68.6%), hospital wards in 43 (18%), out-of-hospital in 24 (10%), and pediatric emergency department in 8 patients (3.3%). The CPR duration was 30.7 (SD, 23.6) minutes (range, 1–175 minutes) and return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 107 patients (44.8%) after the first CPR. Finally, 58 patients (24.2%) were discharged from hospital; survival rates were 26% and 8% for in-hospital and out-of-hospital CPA, respectively (P = 0.001). Surviving patients’ average length of hospital stay was 27.4 (SD, 39.2) days. In surviving patients, 19 (32.1%) had neurologic disability. Conclusion Pediatric CPA in both the in-hospital and out-of-hospital setting has a poor outcome.
Role of Na+/H+ Exchanger in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Acute Renal Failure in Mice

We evaluated the effects of 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA), a Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) inhibitor, on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced acute renal failure (ARF) in mice. Ischemic ARF was induced by clamping the left renal artery and vein for 40 minutes followed by reperfusion 2 weeks after the contralateral nephrectomy. Preischemic treatment with EIPA attenuated the I/R-induced renal dysfunction. Histopathological examination of the kidney of ARF mice revealed severe renal damage such as tubular necrosis and proteinaceous casts in the tubuli. Histologically evident damage was also improved by preischemic treatment with EIPA. In addition, the I/R-induced increase in renal endothelin-1 (ET-1) content was suppressed by preischemic treatment with EIPA, reflecting the difference in immunohistochemical ET-1 localization in necrotic tubular epithelium. However, the postischemic treatment with EIPA failed to improve the I/R-induced renal dysfunction and ET-1 overproduction. These findings suggest that NHE activation, followed by renal ET-1 overproduction, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of I/R-induced renal injury. The inhibition of NHE by EIPA may be considered as a therapeutic approach to protect the postischemic ARF.
Distribution of Hydrocarbon-Utilizing Microorganisms and Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Potentials in Alaskan Continental Shelf Areas

Hydrocarbon-utilizing microorganisms were enumerated from Alaskan continental shelf areas by using plate counts and a new most-probable-number procedure based on mineralization of 14C-labeled hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon utilizers were ubiquitously distributed, with no significant overall concentration differences between sampling regions or between surface water and sediment samples. There were, however, significant seasonal differences in numbers of hydrocarbon utilizers. Distribution of hydrocarbon utilizers within Cook Inlet was positively correlated with occurrence of hydrocarbons in the environment. Hydrocarbon biodegradation potentials were measured by using 14C-radiolabeled hydrocarbon-spiked crude oil. There was no significant correlation between numbers of hydrocarbon utilizers and hydrocarbon biodegradation potentials. The biodegradation potentials showed large seasonal variations in the Beaufort Sea, probably due to seasonal depletion of available nutrients. Non-nutrient-limited biodegradation potentials followed the order hexadecane > naphthalene ≫ pristane > benzanthracene. In Cook Inlet, biodegradation potentials for hexadecane and naphthalene were dependent on availability of inorganic nutrients. Biodegradation potentials for pristane and benzanthracene were restricted, probably by resistance to attack by available enzymes in the indigenous population.
Do sanctions reduce the military spending in Iran

This study focuses on short and long-term effects of sanctions on military spending in Iran. Utilizing the annual data from 1960 to 2017 and the auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, we show that the increasing intensity of sanctions dampen the military budget of Iran. By separating unilateral sanctions (where only the United States sanctions Iran) and multilateral sanctions (where, the United States acts in conjunction with other countries to sanction Iran), we show that only the latter class of sanctions have a statistically significant and negative impact on military spending of Iran. The negative effects of the multilateral sanctions on military budget are observed in both the short and long run time horizons. The results remain robust when controlling for other determinants of military spending such as gross domestic product (GDP), oil rents, trade openness, population, quality of political institutions, military expenditure of the Middle East region, non-military spending of government and the war period with Iraq.
Effects of dynamic bilevel positive airway pressure support on central sleep apnea in men with heart failure.

BACKGROUND Treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) improves cardiac function in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients with central sleep apnea (CSA)-Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) by stabilizing ventilation, but frequently central apneas and hypopneas persist. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that flow-targeted dynamic bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP) support (BiPAP autoSV; Respironics; Murrysville, PA) effectively suppresses CSR-CSA in CHF patients. METHODS We studied 14 CHF patients with CSR-CSA (and residual CSA on positive airway pressure therapy) during 3 consecutive nights: (1) diagnostic polysomnography, (2) CPAP (n=10) or BPAP (n=4) titration, and (3) dynamic flow-targeted dynamic BPAP support with an expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) set to suppress obstructive respiratory events, and an inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) dynamically ranging between 0 and 15 cm H2O above the EPAP. RESULTS CPAP or BPAP significantly reduced the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) [mean+/-SD, 46+/-4 events/h to 22+/-4 events/h; p=0.001] compared to the first night without treatment. Flow-targeted dynamic BPAP support (mean EPAP, 6.5+/-1.7 cm H2O; maximal IPAP, 21.9+/-2.1 cm H2O) further reduced the AHI to 4+/-1/h of sleep compared to the untreated (p<0.001) and CPAP or BPAP night (p=0.002). After the first night of flow-targeted dynamic BPAP support, patients rated on an analog scale (range, 0 to 10) the treatment as comfortable (6.9+/-0.6), and the sleep quality as improved compared to previous nights (7.4+/-0.6). CONCLUSION Flow-targeted dynamic BPAP support effectively suppresses CSR-CSA in patients with CHF and is well tolerated.
Osteosarcoma and the role of fine‐needle aspiration. A study of 51 cases

Fity‐one patients were evaluated by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) as part of the diagnosis, staging, and management of osteosarcoma. All patients had histologic confirmation of osteosarcoma. Five patients underwent two aspirations each; thus, the total number of aspirates reviewed was 56. Aspirations were performed by interventional radiologists using fluoroscopic guidance. The cytologic features of osteosarcoma were divided into five groups: (1) pleomorphic (malignant fibrous histiocytoma‐like); (2) epithelioid; (3) chondroblastic; (4) small cell; and (5) mixed. Although osteoid‐like material was seen, it could not be distinguished readily from dense collagen. The chondroid matrix of chondroblastic osteosarcoma was recognized as a granular film with scattered clear bubbles. Fine‐needle aspiration was diagnostic of sarcoma in 45 of 56 aspirates (80.4%). In eight aspirates, the cellularity of the smears was insufficient for diagnosis due to extensively osteoblastic tumors (six), necrotic tumor (one), and undetermined causes (one). In three aspirates, failure was attributed to poor cellular preservation due to unknown factors. The authors conclude that FNA is a useful tool in the multidisciplinary diagnosis and management of osteosarcoma. Aspirates should only be evaluated with full knowledge of the clinical and radiographic findings. The most significant limitation of FNA is the inability to detect osteoid.
Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection Results in an Increase in Recombination Frequency and Resistance to Viral, Bacterial, and Fungal Pathogens in the Progeny of Infected Tobacco Plants1[C][W][OA]

Our previous experiments showed that infection of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants with Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) leads to an increase in homologous recombination frequency (HRF). The progeny of infected plants also had an increased rate of rearrangements in resistance gene-like loci. Here, we report that tobacco plants infected with TMV exhibited an increase in HRF in two consecutive generations. Analysis of global genome methylation showed the hypermethylated genome in both generations of plants, whereas analysis of methylation via 5-methyl cytosine antibodies demonstrated both hypomethylation and hypermethylation. Analysis of the response of the progeny of infected plants to TMV, Pseudomonas syringae, or Phytophthora nicotianae revealed a significant delay in symptom development. Infection of these plants with TMV or P. syringae showed higher levels of induction of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENE1 gene expression and higher levels of callose deposition. Our experiments suggest that viral infection triggers specific changes in progeny that promote higher levels of HRF at the transgene and higher resistance to stress as compared with the progeny of unstressed plants. However, data reported in these studies do not establish evidence of a link between recombination frequency and stress resistance.
High-involvement management practices, job control, and employee well-being in the public and private sectors. Evidence from Finland

The connection between high-involvement management (HIM), entailing heavy employee involvement, and employee well-being is a controversial and widely discussed topic. Clarifying how job satisfaction and stress are connected to HIM and job control (the control employees have over their work), this study is based on data from two Finnish sources: an employer survey investigating the extent of HIM within an organisation, and employee assessments of job control, stress and job satisfaction. Logistic regression models were used as the study method. In contrast to previous Finnish studies, our findings show that HIM seems hardly to benefit employee well-being. Especially in the public sector, the correlation between extensive HIM and employee well-being turned out to be negative. However, HIM in the private sector was positively related to job satisfaction. As expected, a high level of job control was regularly associated with greater well-being.
The cowpea mosaic virus M RNA-encoded 48-kilodalton protein is responsible for induction of tubular structures in protoplasts

Tubular structures extending from plasmodesmata in cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV)-infected tissue have been implicated to play an important role in cell-to-cell movement of this virus. Using a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter-based transient expression vector, we show that expression of only the CPMV M RNA-encoded 48-kDa protein (48K protein) in cowpea protoplasts is sufficient to induce these structures. Strikingly, expression of the 48K protein in protoplasts from a number of nonhost plant species, such as barley, Arabidopsis thaliana, and carrot, also resulted in tubular structure formation. Thus, it is not likely that the viral 48K protein, though playing a key role in cell-to-cell movement of CPMV, has a role in determining the host range of CPMV.
Occupational Career Change and Gender Wage Inequality

This article examines the relationship between the changing occupational careers of female wage earners and gender wage inequality. Using Current Population Survey-Merged Outgoing Rotation Group data, it assesses the effect on the gender wage gap of changes in the composition and price both of care-providing occupations that are culturally associated with female labor and of managerial and professional occupations that are not part of the care economy, over the period 1979 to 2015. It finds that the rapid entry of female workers into high-wage managerial occupations, and their exit from low-wage private household work, contributed to gender wage convergence. However, the wage-equalizing effects of occupational shifts and related behavioral changes diminish over time, and wage convergence ceases after 2007. It also finds that female workers continue to be disadvantaged by wage dispersion and that most of the remaining gender wage gap arises within occupations. The concluding sections discuss the findings and their implications for closing the wage gap.