Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
[Review of the guidelines of the Brazilian Medical Association for the treatment of depression (Complete version)].

OBJECTIVE Depression is a frequent, recurrent and chronic condition with high levels of functional disability. The Brazilian Medical Association Guidelines project proposed guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of the most common medical disorders. The objective of this paper is to present a review of the Guidelines Published in 2003 incorporating new evidence and recommendations. METHOD This review was based on guidelines developed in other countries and systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials and when absent, observational studies and recommendations from experts. The Brazilian Medical Association proposed this methodology for the whole project. The review was developed from new international guidelines published since 2003. RESULTS The following aspects are presented: prevalence, demographics, disability, diagnostics and sub-diagnosis, efficacy of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment, costs and side-effects of different classes of available drugs in Brazil. Strategies for different phases of treatment are also discussed. CONCLUSION The Guidelines are an important tool for clinical decisions and a reference for orientation based on the available evidence in the literature.
Adolescents with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa: Parents’ experience of recognition and deciding to seek help

Background: Adolescents with anorexia nervosa rarely present themselves as having a problem and are usually reliant on parents to recognise the problem and facilitate help-seeking. This study aimed to investigate parents’ experiences of recognising that their child had an eating problem and deciding to seek help. Methods: A qualitative study with interpretative phenomenological analysis applied to semi-structured interviews with eight parents of adolescents with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. Results: Parents commonly attributed early signs of anorexia nervosa to normal adolescent development and they expected weight loss to be short-lived. As parents’ suspicions grew, close monitoring exposing their child’s secretive attempts to lose weight and the use of internet searches aided parental recognition of the problem. They avoided using the term anorexia as it made the problem seem ‘real’. Following serial unsuccessful attempts to effect change, parental fear for their child’s life triggered a desire for professional help. Conclusions: Parents require early advice and support to confirm their suspicions that their child might have anorexia nervosa. Since parents commonly approach the internet for guidance, improving awareness of useful and accurate websites could reduce delays in help-seeking.
Cisplatin Rapidly Down-regulates Its Own Influx Transporter hCTR1 in Cultured Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells

Purpose: Cisplatin (DDP)-resistant cells commonly exhibit reduced drug accumulation. Previous studies have shown that the major copper (Cu) influx transporter CTR1 controls the uptake of DDP in yeast and mammalian cells. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of Cu and DDP on the level and subcellular localization of hCTR1 protein in human ovarian carcinoma cells. Experimental Design: Cultured human ovarian carcinoma A2780 cells were exposed to DDP and Cu, and the effect on hCTR1 was determined using Western blot analysis and confocal digital deconvolution microscopy. Results: Loss of hCTR1 was triggered by DDP exposure in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Exposure to 0.5 μmol/L DDP for 5 minutes reduced hCTR1 levels and exposure to DDP concentrations ≥2 μmol/L caused almost complete disappearance. The loss of hCTR1 was observed within 1 minute of the start of exposure to 2 μmol/L DDP. Treatment of cells with 100 μmol/L Cu for 5 minutes produced a smaller effect. Pretreatment of cells with 2 μmol/L DDP for 5 minutes resulted in a 50% decrease in 64Cu uptake, demonstrating that the DDP-induced loss of hCTR1 detected by Western blot analysis and imaging was functionally significant. Conclusions: DDP down-regulated the amount of its major influx transporter in cultured human ovarian carcinoma cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The effect was observed at DDP concentrations within the range found in the plasma of patients being treated with DDP, and it occurred very quickly relative to the half-life of the drug.
Psychological distress and unmet mental health needs among urban taxi drivers: A cross-sectional survey

Objectives: The taxi industry relies on a male-dominated, predominately immigrant workforce who face multiple risk factors for poor mental health including shift work, low pay and threats of violence. Despite these risk factors, no previous study has documented the prevalence of psychological distress in the taxi industry. We investigated psychological distress among urban taxi drivers and explored the factors associated with high levels of distress. Method: A total of 380 taxi drivers were surveyed at the Melbourne Airport holding yard between September 2016 and March 2017. Psychological distress was measured using the K10. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between high levels of psychological distress and migration, work patterns, potentially traumatic events, health care use and social connectedness. Results: A third (33%) of drivers had very high (K10 ⩾ 30) levels of distress and 28% had high (K10 = 22–29) levels of distress. Trauma was significantly associated with high levels of psychological distress, and rates of trauma were much higher among drivers than among the Australian population. Despite high levels of distress, drivers were no more likely than other Australian men to visit a health professional. Conclusion: Urban taxi drivers are at very high risk for mental health problems, yet the mental health needs of this largely immigrant workforce has gone largely unnoticed. Interventions tailored to the unique characteristics of the job and the demographic composition of the workforce are urgently needed.
Extracellular Polymeric Substance Production and Aggregated Bacteria Colonization Influence the Competition of Microbes in Biofilms

The production of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) is important for the survival of biofilms. However, EPS production is costly for bacteria and the bacterial strains that produce EPS (EPS+) grow in the same environment as non-producers (EPS−) leading to competition between these strains for nutrients and space. The outcome of this competition is likely to be dependent on factors such as initial attachment, EPS production rate, ambient nutrient levels and quorum sensing. We use an Individual-based Model (IbM) to study the competition between EPS+ and EPS− strains by varying the nature of initial colonizers which can either be in the form of single cells or multicellular aggregates. The microbes with EPS+ characteristics obtain a competitive advantage if they initially colonize the surface as smaller aggregates and are widely spread-out between the cells of EPS−, when both are deposited on the substratum. Furthermore, the results show that quorum sensing-regulated EPS production may significantly reduce the fitness of EPS producers when they initially deposit as aggregates. The results provide insights into how the distribution of bacterial aggregates during initial colonization could be a deciding factor in the competition among different strains in biofilms.
Increased locomotor response to amphetamine induced by the repeated administration of the selective kappa‐opioid receptor agonist U‐69593

Acute administration of kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists decreases both dopamine (DA) extracellular levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and locomotor activity. Opposing to its acute effects, recent studies show that chronic administration of KOR agonists potentiates both stimulated DA release and induced locomotor activity. Since KOR agonists have been considered as potential treatment for stimulant dependence, the effects of their repeated administration on psychostimulant actions are of major concern. The present study was undertaken to investigate the in vivo effect of repeated administration of the KOR agonist U‐69593 on DA extracellular levels in the NAc and on the locomotor activity challenged with amphetamine. Rats were injected once daily with the selective KOR agonist U‐69593 or vehicle for four consecutive days. One‐day after the last U‐69593 injection, microdialysis studies assessing extracellular DA levels in the NAc and locomotor activity challenged with amphetamine were conducted. Microdialysis studies revealed that preexposure to U‐69593 had no effect on basal DA levels but significantly augmented amphetamine‐induced DA extracellular levels. Accordingly, amphetamine‐induced locomotor activity was also significantly potentiated in U‐69593 preexposed rats. These results suggest that long‐term effect of KOR activation results in facilitation of amphetamine‐induced DA extracellular levels in the NAc accompanied by sensitization of amphetamine‐induced increase in locomotor activity. Synapse 61:771–777, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exogenous Nitric Oxide Stress on Endothelial Cells and Macrophages

Summary: Bovine endothelial cells (ECs, P1) and lipopolysaccharide/&ggr;‐interferon‐induced mouse macrophages (MMs) were incubated in the presence of SIN‐1 and C 3754 (1 μM to 1 mM), sydnonimine metabolites of the antianginal predrugs molsidomine and pirsidomine, respectively up to 48 h. No change of the endogenous nitric oxide output from MMs and A23187‐ or adenosine triphosphate‐stimulated ECs was found by means of the methemoglobin method. Data indicate that downregulation of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase is not obvious within the intact cells under exogenous NO stress supplied by high concentrations of the spontaneous NO donors. Cytosolic MM NO synthase extracts, however, revealed reduction in the enzymic [3H]arginine turnover to [3H]citrulline by SIN‐1, but not by C 3786, the pharmacologically active metabolite of pirsidomine.
An in vitro comparison between the apical sealing abilities of resilon with Epiphany sealer and gutta-percha with AH plus sealer.

CONTEXT The study assesses the apical sealing ability of two obturating materials (resilon and gutta-percha) with their sealants by means of the dye penetration method using India ink. AIMS To compare the resistance to apical dye penetration between resilon (with Epiphany sealer; Epiphany, Pentron clinical technologies, USA) and gutta-percha (with AH Plus sealer; Dentsply, Maillefer, Germany). It was hypothesized that there would be no difference between the two groups with regard to apical dye penetration. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Hundred mandibular first premolars from individuals aged between 20 to 25 years were selected after their lengths were standardized. MATERIALS AND METHODS Instrumentation was performed with NiTi hand protaper files (Dentsply, Maillefer) using EDTA paste and copious irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Experimental group 1 consisted of roots that were treated with Epiphany primer and obturated with resilon (with Epiphany sealer). Experimental group 2 consisted of those obturated with gutta-percha using AH Plus sealer. The samples were immersed in blue India Ink and cleared using 5% nitric acid. Dye penetration was assessed under a stereomicroscope. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Roots obturated with resilon core material and Epiphany sealer exhibited lesser mean apical dye penetration (1.281 mm; SD: 0.742) in comparison to those obturated with gutta-percha and AH plus sealer (2.154 mm; SD: 0.814). The difference was found to be highly significant (P<0.0025). CONCLUSION Resilon (with Epiphany sealer) provided better radicular apical sealing in comparison to gutta percha (with AH Plus sealer).
Characterization of Polymyxin B Biodistribution and Disposition in an Animal Model

ABSTRACT Despite dose-limiting nephrotoxicity concerns, polymyxin B has resurged as the treatment of last resort for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. However, the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and nephrotoxic properties of polymyxin B still are not thoroughly understood. The objective of this study was to provide additional insights into the overall biodistribution and disposition of polymyxin B in an animal model. Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with intravenous polymyxin B (3 mg/kg of body weight). Drug concentrations in the serum, urine, bile, and tissue (brain, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, and skeletal muscle) samples over time were assayed by a validated methodology. Among all the organs evaluated, polymyxin B distribution was highest in the kidneys. The mean renal tissue/serum polymyxin B concentration ratios were 7.45 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.63 to 10.27) at 3 h and 19.62 (95% CI, 5.02 to 34.22) at 6 h postdose. Intrarenal drug distribution was examined by immunostaining. Using a ratiometric analysis, proximal tubular cells showed the highest accumulation of polymyxin B (Mander's overlap coefficient, 0.998) among all cell types evaluated. Less than 5% of the administered dose was recovered in urine over 48 h, but all 4 major polymyxin B components were detected in the bile over 4 h. These findings corroborate previous results that polymyxin B is highly accumulated in the kidneys, but the elimination likely is via a nonrenal route. Biliary excretion could be one of the routes of polymyxin B elimination, and this should be further explored. The elucidation of mechanism(s) of drug uptake in proximal tubular cells is ongoing.
Structural changes of the airway wall impair respiratory function, even in mild asthma.

STUDY OBJECTIVES To clarify whether structural changes of the airway wall impair respiratory function in patients with mild asthma, and to determine whether mild asthma should be treated with inhaled steroids. SETTING Showa University Hospital in Tokyo. PATIENTS Thirteen healthy nonatopic volunteers (control subjects), 26 patients with mild asthma treated with a bronchodilator alone without oral or inhaled corticosteroids or antiallergic agents, and 10 patients with mild-to-moderate asthma treated with inhaled corticosteroids. MEASUREMENTS We measured the thickness of the epithelial reticular basement membrane (Rbm) of the airway wall in bronchial biopsy specimens from patients with asthma and from healthy control subjects. We also performed spirometry and histamine challenge tests to evaluate airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness. RESULTS The thickness of the Rbm in patients with mild asthma was significantly greater than that in healthy control subjects and was negatively correlated with the FEV(1) as a percentage of FVC and the provocative concentration of histamine that caused a 20% decrease in FEV(1) from the post-saline solution baseline value. Moreover, the Rbm was thicker in patients with mild asthma not treated with inhaled steroids than in patients with mild-to-moderate asthma treated with inhaled steroids. CONCLUSIONS The thickness of the Rbm is increased even in mild asthma and is correlated with airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness. Our results suggests that anti-inflammatory treatment with inhaled steroids should be started in the early stage of bronchial asthma to prevent structural changes from occurring in the airway wall.
Demonstration of separate genetic loci encoding distinct membrane-bound respiratory NADH dehydrogenases in Escherichia coli

The nature of the Escherichia coli membrane-bound NADH dehydrogenases and their role in the generation of the proton motive force has been controversial. One E. coli NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase has previously been purified to homogeneity, and its corresponding gene (ndh) has been isolated. However, two biochemically distinct E. coli NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activities have been identified by others (K. Matsushita, T. Ohnishi, and H. R. Kaback, Biochemistry 26:7732-7737, 1987). An insertional mutation in the ndh gene has been introduced into the E. coli chromosome, and the resulting strain maintains membrane-bound NADH dehydrogenase activity, demonstrating that a second genetically distinct NADH dehydrogenase must be present. By standard genetic mapping techniques, the map position of a second locus (nuo) involved in the oxidation of NADH has been determined. The enzyme encoded by this locus probably translocates protons across the inner membrane, contributing to the proton motive force.
Cervical, Uterine Corpus, and Ovarian Cancer Mortality in Greece During 1980 to 2005: a Trend Analysis

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to analyze cervical, uterine corpus, and ovarian cancer mortality, between 1980 and 2005, in Greece. Methods: Mortality data and population age distribution were provided by the National Statistical Service of Greece. Time trends of mortality were calculated for each tumor type per 100,000 women in the whole female population of Greece, and 2 different age groups, that is, women aged 49 years and younger and those 50 years and older. Joinpoint regression was used for further analysis of mortality trends. Results: Overall, cervical and uterine corpus cancer mortality in the whole female population of Greece had a slightly decreasing trend between 1980 and 2005, whereas ovarian cancer mortality rates increased steadily throughout the period studied. Subgroup analyses according to age showed that cervical cancer mortality decreased very slightly only in women older than 50 years, whereas it remained steady in younger women. Uterine corpus cancer mortality decreased slightly in both age groups, but increased during the last years of the study period in the older age group. Ovarian cancer mortality increased in women older than 50 years, whereas it remained steady in the younger age group. Joinpoint regression analysis showed that only the increase after 1997 in the mortality trend for uterine corpus cancer in women 50 years and older was statistically significant (P = 0.0044). Conclusions: Although our findings regarding cervical cancer mortality in Greece are encouraging, still more efforts are needed, particularly in preventing cervical cancer in younger women. The increasing trend of uterine corpus and ovarian cancer mortality in older women suggests that development of well-organized tertiary centers for the implementation of modern therapeutic modalities is urgently needed.
Translocation of Magnaporthe oryzae Effectors into Rice Cells and Their Subsequent Cell-to-Cell Movement[W][OA]

The authors imaged fungal transformants secreting fluorescent effector fusion proteins in first-invaded rice cells. Two effectors that accumulated in biotrophic interfacial complexes were translocated into the invaded cell's cytoplasm. Depending on rice cell type and effector size, the translocated effectors moved into adjoining uninvaded rice cells, potentially preparing them for fungal entry. Knowledge remains limited about how fungal pathogens that colonize living plant cells translocate effector proteins inside host cells to regulate cellular processes and neutralize defense responses. To cause the globally important rice blast disease, specialized invasive hyphae (IH) invade successive living rice (Oryza sativa) cells while enclosed in host-derived extrainvasive hyphal membrane. Using live-cell imaging, we identified a highly localized structure, the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC), which accumulates fluorescently labeled effectors secreted by IH. In each newly entered rice cell, effectors were first secreted into BICs at the tips of the initially filamentous hyphae in the cell. These tip BICs were left behind beside the first-differentiated bulbous IH cells as the fungus continued to colonize the host cell. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments showed that the effector protein PWL2 (for prevents pathogenicity toward weeping lovegrass [Eragrostis curvula]) continued to accumulate in BICs after IH were growing elsewhere. PWL2 and BAS1 (for biotrophy-associated secreted protein 1), BIC-localized secreted proteins, were translocated into the rice cytoplasm. By contrast, BAS4, which uniformly outlines the IH, was not translocated into the host cytoplasm. Fluorescent PWL2 and BAS1 proteins that reached the rice cytoplasm moved into uninvaded neighbors, presumably preparing host cells before invasion. We report robust assays for elucidating the molecular mechanisms that underpin effector secretion into BICs, translocation to the rice cytoplasm, and cell-to-cell movement in rice.
Conflicting conceptions of the state: Siam, France and Vietnam in the late nineteenth century

The first advance of French imperialism in Indochina had by 1867 gained for France the colony of Cochinchina and a protectorate over some two-thirds of present-day Cambodia. The Franco-Prussian war and events in Europe briefly distracted French attention from the Far East, but not for long. Once the expedition of Doudart de Lagree and Francis Garnier had shown conclusively that the Mekong could never serve as "a river road to China," interest shifted to the Red River. Hanoi was seized in November 1873. Attempts by Vietnamese Emperor Tu Due to reactivate Vietnam's tributary dependence on China (1879) only provided an excuse for further French encroachments. Tonkin was occupied and brought under French control (1883-1885), though resistance of one form or another continued well into the 1890s. The seizure of Tonkin and imposition of French protection over the Court of Hue (Annam) marked the second phase in the advance of French imperialism in mainland Southeast Asia, a phase which included the seizure of Lao territories east of the Mekong in 1893 plus later extensions in 1904 and 1907 comprising two Lao areas west of the Mekong plus the western provinces of Cambodia. The territories that came to constitute French Laos were surrendered to France through a series of treaties with Siam, which implicitly at least recognized prior Siamese suzerainty. Moreover they were claimed in the name of Vietnam, on the basis that these territories had at some time in the past paid tribute to the court of Hue. What is interesting about these developments is that the actors involved-rulers and statesmen of Siam, France, and Vietnam-held very different notions of sovereignty, territoriality, the nature of the state, and interstate relations. Most of the maneuverings and misunderstandings occurred because these different conceptions-Siamese, deriving ultimately from India; European; and Vietnamese derived from China-came into contention and were manipulated by the parties involved, either deliberately in order to gain advantage, or through igno-