Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotopic fractionation in captive juvenile hooded seal (Cystophora cristata): Application for diet analysis.

RATIONALE Intrinsic biogeochemical markers, such as stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, are increasingly used to trace the trophic ecology of marine top predators. However, insufficient knowledge of fractionation processes in tissues continues to hamper the use of these markers. METHODS We performed a controlled feeding experiment with eight juvenile hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) that were held on a herring-based diet (Clupea harengus) for two years. Stable isotope ratios were measured via isotope ratio mass spectrometry in three of their tissues and related to values of these markers in their diet. RESULTS Diet-tissue isotope enrichment (trophic enrichment factor, TEF) values between dietary herring and seal tissues for carbon (Δ13 C) were +0.7 ‰ for red blood cells, +1.9 ‰ for hair and +1.1 ‰ for muscle. The TEFs for nitrogen trophic (Δ15 N) were +3.3 ‰ for red blood cells, +3.6 ‰ for hair and +4.3 ‰ for muscle. For sulphur, the Δ34 S values were +1.1 ‰ for red blood cells, +1.0 ‰ for hair and +0.9 ‰ for muscle. CONCLUSIONS These enrichment values were greater than those previously measured in adult seals. This increase may be related to the higher rate of protein synthesis and catabolism in growing animals. This study is the first report on sulphur isotope enrichment values for a marine mammal species.
Distinctive Facial Cues Predict Leadership Rank and Selection

Facial appearance correlates with leadership, both in terms of who is chosen (leader selection) and how they do (leader success). Leadership theories suggest that exceptional individuals acquire positions as leaders. Exceptional traits can differ between domains, however, and so the qualities valued in leaders in one occupation may not match those valued among leaders in another. To test this, we compared the relationship between facial appearance and leadership across two domains: law firms and mafia families. Perceptions of power correlated with leadership among law executives whereas social skill correlated with leadership in organized crime. Critically, these traits were distinctive within their respective groups. Furthermore, an experimental test showed that the relative frequency of facial traits in a group can render them either an asset or liability. Perceived leadership ability is therefore enhanced by characteristics that appear unique among individuals who satisfy the basic criteria for their group.
The Role of Conscious Attention in How Weight Serves as an Embodiment of Importance

Inconsistency among findings in the embodied cognition literature suggests a need for theoretical boundary conditions. The current research proposes that conscious attention of a bodily state can moderate its influence on social judgment. Three studies tested this possibility in the case of the demonstrated effect of weight sensations on judgments of an abstract idea’s importance. Studies 1 and 2 showed that participants rated a topic as more important when holding a moderately heavy, compared with light, clipboard. However, when the clipboard was very heavy, participants rated the survey topic as less important compared with when the clipboard was moderately heavy. The differences in importance ratings were not caused by derogation of the topic or the activation of a different metaphor. In Study 3, the importance rating difference between light and moderately heavy clipboards was eliminated by explicitly drawing perceiver’s attention to the clipboard’s weight. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Stable isotope discrimination factors and between-tissue isotope comparisons for bone and skin from captive and wild green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas).

RATIONALE The ecological application of stable isotope analysis (SIA) relies on taxa- and tissue-specific stable carbon (Δ13 C) and nitrogen (Δ15 N) isotope discrimination factors, determined with captive animals reared on known diets for sufficient time to reflect dietary isotope ratios. However, captive studies often prohibit lethal sampling, are difficult with endangered species, and reflect conditions not experienced in the wild. METHODS We overcame these constraints and determined the Δ13 C and Δ15 N values for skin and cortical bone from green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) that died in captivity and evaluated the utility of a mathematical approach to predict discrimination factors. Using stable carbon (δ13 C values) and nitrogen (δ15 N values) isotope ratios from captive and wild turtles, we established relationships between bone stable isotope (SI) ratios and those from skin, a non-lethally sampled tissue, to facilitate comparisons of SI ratios among studies using multiple tissues. RESULTS The mean (±SD) Δ13 C and Δ15 N values (‰) between skin and bone from captive turtles and their diet (non-lipid-extracted) were 2.3 ± 0.3 and 4.1 ± 0.4 and 2.1 ± 0.6 and 5.1 ± 1.1, respectively. The mathematically predicted Δ13 C and Δ15 N values were similar (to within 1‰) to the experimentally derived values. The mean δ15 N values from bone were higher than those from skin for captive (+1.0 ± 0.9‰) and wild (+0.8 ± 1.0‰) turtles; the mean δ13 C values from bone were lower than those from skin for wild turtles (-0.6 ± 0.9‰), but the same as for captive turtles. We used linear regression equations to describe bone vs skin relationships and create bone-to-skin isotope conversion equations. CONCLUSIONS For sea turtles, we provide the first (a) bone-diet SI discrimination factors, (b) comparison of SI ratios from individual-specific bone and skin, and (c) evaluation of the application of a mathematical approach to predict stable isotope discrimination factors. Our approach opens the door for future studies comparing different tissues, and relating SI ratios of captive to wild animals.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, in press Attitude accessibility as a function of emotionality

Despite the centrality of both attitude accessibility and attitude basis to the last 30 years of theoretical and empirical work concerning attitudes, little work has systematically investigated their relation. The research that does exist provides conflicting results and is not at all conclusive given the methodology that has been used. The current research uses recent advances in statistical modeling and attitude measurement to provide the most systematic examination of the relation between attitude accessibility and basis to date. Specifically, we use mixed-effects modeling which accounts for variation across individuals and attitude objects in conjunction with the Evaluative Lexicon (EL) – a linguistic approach that allows for the simultaneous measurement of an attitude’s valence, extremity, and emotionality. We demonstrate across four studies, over 10,000 attitudes, and nearly 50 attitude objects that attitudes based on emotion tend to be more accessible in memory, particularly if the attitude is positive.
Optical imaging of the rat brain suggests a previously missing link between top-down and bottom-up nervous system function

Abstract. Optical imaging with voltage-sensitive dyes enables the visualization of extensive yet highly transient coalitions of neurons (assemblies) operating throughout the brain on a subsecond time scale. We suggest that operating at the mesoscale level of brain organization, neuronal assemblies may provide a functional link between “bottom-up” cellular mechanisms and “top-down” cognitive ones within anatomically defined regions. We demonstrate in ex vivo rat brain slices how varying spatiotemporal dynamics of assemblies reveal differences not previously appreciated between: different stages of development in cortical versus subcortical brain areas, different sensory modalities (hearing versus vision), different classes of psychoactive drugs (anesthetics versus analgesics), different effects of anesthesia linked to hyperbaric conditions and, in vivo, depths of anesthesia. The strategy of voltage-sensitive dye imaging is therefore as powerful as it is versatile and as such can now be applied to the evaluation of neurochemical signaling systems and the screening of related new drugs, as well as to mathematical modeling and, eventually, even theories of consciousness.
Transformational Leaders: Measurement of Personality Attributes and Work Group Performance

The relationship between personality attributes and transformational leadership and the effects of transformational leadership on subordinate satisfaction and performance were examined. High scores on transformational leadership were associated with a distinct personality pattern characterized by higher levels of pragmatism, nurturance, and feminine attributes and lower levels of criticalness and aggression. This enabling pattern formed the core of transformational leadership. Although leader scores on transformational leadership correlated significantly with subordinate satisfaction, no performance effects of transformational leadership were found for six different objective measures of performance. Implications for models of transformational leadership are discussed.
Choice of Delivery Facility among Expectant Mothers in Ghana

This article examines the effect of health insurance ownership among expectant mothers on facility-based delivery, having controlled for a host of socio-economic and demographic characteristics. Home deliveries often endanger the health of women, where complications are often referred to appropriate health facilities only when the condition has already deteriorated. Consequently, this study examines the extent to which expectant mothers’ access to health insurance influence their choice of delivery facilities broadly categorized into public health facilities, private health facilities and home delivery. Methodologically, the multinomial logistic regression is employed in the empirical estimation. Using the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, we found at both the bivariate and multivariate level that women with access to health insurance are more likely to deliver in modern health facilities namely public and private allopathic health facilities relative to home delivery. In particular, women with access to health insurance are approximately 18 percentage points more likely to deliver in a public health facility as compared to home delivery. Also, the propensity to deliver in private health facilities relative to home delivery increases by one percentage point for women with health insurance. Thus, for expectant mothers with health insurance, the utilization of public health facilities predominates. Some of the control variables that were found to significantly influence the choice of delivery facilities include age, educational attainment, wealth quintile, area of residence, religion and region of residence. The study makes a case for scaling up access to health insurance among expectant mothers due to its positive effect on the choice of appropriate delivery facilities.
Cerebral Malaria: Presentation and Outcome in Children in Sokoto

Malaria remains a major cause of high mortality in African Children. A high percentage of these deaths are caused by cerebral malaria (CM). Therefore, this study sought to determine prospectively, the clinical pattern and outcome of CM in children aged 6months to l2years admitted consecutively into the Emergency Paediatrics Unit (EPU), Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto, over a one-year period. (1” June 1999 and 31st May 2000). The level of consciousness was assessed using the Blantyre coma scale for children. Intravenous Quinine dihydrochloride was the antimalarial drug of choice. A total of 971 children were admitted into EPU over the study period. Seventy eight (8.0%) of them had CM. fifty (64%) of the patients were aged 1-5 years. The principal presenting clinical features were fever in seventy eight (100%), loss of consciousness, 78 (100%), and convulsions, 66 (85%). Signs of decerebration, retinal haemorrhages and papilloedema occurred in 23 (30%), 7 (9%), and 5 (6.4%) patients, respectively. Fifty-eight (74%) patients survived, while 20 (26%) died. In conclusion, the hospital prevalence of CM in this series was 8% and ages I to 5 years were the ages of greatest susceptibility. Age less than 3 years, Blantyre coma score of 0, signs of decerebrate rigidity, acidotic (Kussmaul's) respiration, retinal haemorrhages, papilloedema, hypoglycaemia, and raised plasma urea concentrations were indicators, on admission, of poor outcome/prognosis. The case fatality rate of 26%, though within the range reported in literature, remains significantly high. Therefore, skilled, meticulous, and appropriate medical and good nursing care of these patients is strongly advocated. Nigerian Medical Practitioner Vol. 50 (3&4) 2006: pp. 55-61
The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil

אובמ : דובכו הטילש ש םירמוא תיחשמ חוכה ש רמולכ , ה תלוזב הטילש לש תירסומה ותורישכ תא תרערעמ טילשה בו , טלשנל שחור אוהש דובכה ןמ תערוג הז ללכ . לע בתכנ דואמ טעמ הנבותה זה תיביטיאוטניאה ו ב יסחי לש רשקה םדא היח ךא , ששאמ רקחמה התוא ךרדב ללכ ב סחי ל ידיקפת הטילש ינב ןיב םדא . םיגיהנמ םייטילופ , ,םילהנמ ,םידיקפ םירהוס הלאב אצויכו – םלוכ חתפל םיטונ ,םהל םיפופכב לוזלז תזרפומ תימצע הכרעה ו םתויעבטב הנומא ו ב םתקדצ הטילשה יסחי לש . 2 המוד העפות יכ םא , תנסורמ רתוי , ידיקפתב םג התהוז הטילש םתרטמש ילופיט ת וא תיכוניח , לשמל האופרב דועיסב , הארוהבו . 3 הבוגתב רבודמ תישונא ל חוכ תדמע ב היולת הניאש ,טלשנה לש ותוהז ןכלו ש חינהל ריבס איה םג תנייפאמ ינב לש הטילש תויחב םדא . ה עקר לע החנה וזה ןחבא דובכה חותיפ תא ל תויח תויובש ו תא וכופיה חותיפ – לוזלזה . רוקסא ןהיפלש תוירקחמו תוידסומ תורהצה םידימלת ןיב שגפמה םידימלתב דובכ ישחר חותיפל יעצמא אוה תויובש תויחל תא ןחבא , "דובכ" גשומה תורדגה ,הלא םיטסקטב דובכה יאשומ םה ימ קודבא ב ,םייכוניחה םימזימ ו תא גיצא תונקסמ י י מה תומילש ךא ה תויולת יתלב ז :וזב ו ( )א דובכ חותיפ רבדב תונעטה יפלכ תויובשה תויחה תופקת ןניא ; ו ( )ב האצותה תרעושמה לש תויובש תויח םע שגפמה חותיפ איה ב לוזלז ה ן .
Reactivation of Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus-6 by Telomeric Circle Formation

More than 95% of the human population is infected with human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) during early childhood and maintains latent HHV-6 genomes either in an extra-chromosomal form or as a chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (ciHHV-6). In addition, approximately 1% of humans are born with an inheritable form of ciHHV-6 integrated into the telomeres of chromosomes. Immunosuppression and stress conditions can reactivate latent HHV-6 replication, which is associated with clinical complications and even death. We have previously shown that Chlamydia trachomatis infection reactivates ciHHV-6 and induces the formation of extra-chromosomal viral DNA in ciHHV-6 cells. Here, we propose a model and provide experimental evidence for the mechanism of ciHHV-6 reactivation. Infection with Chlamydia induced a transient shortening of telomeric ends, which subsequently led to increased telomeric circle (t-circle) formation and incomplete reconstitution of circular viral genomes containing single viral direct repeat (DR). Correspondingly, short t-circles containing parts of the HHV-6 DR were detected in cells from individuals with genetically inherited ciHHV-6. Furthermore, telomere shortening induced in the absence of Chlamydia infection also caused circularization of ciHHV-6, supporting a t-circle based mechanism for ciHHV-6 reactivation.
Implicit admission control

Internet protocols currently use packet-level mechanisms to detect and react to congestion. Although these controls are essential to ensure fair sharing of the available resource between multiple flows, in some cases they are insufficient to ensure overall network stability. We believe that it is also necessary to take account of higher level concepts, such as connections, flows, and sessions when controlling network congestion. This becomes of increasing importance as more real-time traffic is carried on the Internet, since this traffic is less elastic in nature than traditional Web traffic. We argue that, in order to achieve better utility of the network as a whole, higher level congestion controls are required. By way of example, we present a simple connection admission control (CAC) scheme which can significantly improve the overall performance. This paper discusses our motivation for the use of admission control in the Internet, focusing specifically on control for TCP flows. The technique is not TCP specific, and can be applied to any type of flow in a modern IP infrastructure. Simulation results are used to show that it can drastically improve the performance of TCP over bottleneck links. We go on to describe an implementation of our algorithm for a router running the Linux 2.2. 9 operating system. We show that by giving routers at bottlenecks the ability to intelligently deny admission to TCP connections, the goodput of existing connections can be significantly increased. Furthermore, the fairness of the resource allocation achieved by TCP is improved.
Determining the cost of a stop-test decision (software reliability)

An approach to determining the consequences of a stop-test decision that combines software reliability engineering and economic analysis is described. The approach develops a model to quantify the economic consequences associated with terminating testing at a reliability achieved with a specified number of units of test-program execution, collects data on failures and program-execution time during system test, analyzes reliability data by selecting a reliability-growth model and fitting the model to these data at several points during system test, and applies the reliability model's estimated values to the economic model to determine the optimal system-release time. The benefits-to-cost ratio of the approach is shown to be very favorable. <<ETX>>
Enteral nutrition practice recommendations.

Enteral Nutrition Practice Recommendations Task Force: Robin Bankhead, CRNP, MS, CNSN, Chair; Joseph Boullata, PharmD, BCNSP; Susan Brantley, MS, RD, LDN, CNSD; Mark Corkins, MD, CNSP; Peggi Guenter, PhD, RN, CNSN; Joseph Krenitsky, MS, RD; Beth Lyman, RN, MSN; Norma A. Metheny, PhD, RN, FAAN; Charles Mueller, PhD, RD, CNSD; Sandra Robbins, RD, CSP, LD; Jacqueline Wessel, MEd, RD, CSP, CNSD, CLE; and the A.S. P.E. N. Board of Directors.
Reuse in Command-and-Control Systems

Rockwell International's Command-and-Control Systems Division, assisted by the Software Productivity Consortium, initiated a pilot project to evaluate the applicability of SPC's Synthesis methodology. Synthesis is an approach based on domain-specific reuse, by which an organization can standardize its perceptions of customers' needs and effective solutions. We present CCSD's experience to date using Synthesis. Our application of Synthesis has resulted in a partially automated environment that supports the specification of a communications-control and -management system and the generation of corresponding software requirements, design, and code. A domain-specific notation, created by the project, lets an engineer describe one of these systems in terms of high-level requirements and engineering decisions. The engineer can then generate a product by mechanically selecting, adapting, and composing the relevant reusable components based on those decisions. We have used this environment to create parts of two products, and we are now using it on a CCSD project. <<ETX>>
The Slippery Path to Productivity Improvement

Productivity tools simply aren't delivering increased productivity even when a project is managed "by the book". It is demonstrated that there may be more systemic, albeit counterintuitive, causes for the "productivity paradox". Specifically, the productivity potential of software engineering tools may be squandered not because organizations fail to institute the necessary managerial practices but because the software development environment is a complex social system that causes such practices to have unintended consequences. To support this view, the author uses a system dynamics microworld of the software development process to simulate the long term productivity trend in a a hypothetical project environment managed "by-the-book". The microworld lets the project team examine possible causes one by one through controlled experimentation and hence allows them to discern true causal relationships in a failed project. The results indicate productivity erosion was unintentionally accelerated by perfectly "good" planning and control practices.
An Industrial-Strength Description-Logics-Based Configurator Platform

Modern communications equipment is highly modular and can scale to a wide range of applications. Usually, the equipment's cost and complexity requires that it be manufactured to order, or at least assembled-to-order. In this context, orders double as specifications, describing what should be manufactured as well as how the product should be installed. Producing a correct and complete order for such equipment can be challenging when requirements are incomplete, inconsistent, or when the final product is large and complicated. A good order is technically correct and meets customer requirements for network capacity and growth without over-engineering. Incomplete configurations can lead to cost overruns if the missing elements are discovered during manufacturing. If they are not, faulty products can result. Either way, the customers are unhappy. We have tackled the configuration problem for a number of large telecommunications products. Our Prose configurators are based on CLASSIC, a description logic-based knowledge representation system. We have found it to be well suited to our configurator needs. Because it attempts to provide predictable performance in all cases, CLASSIC is less expressive than many description logic systems, but it has been widely used in both industrial applications and academic systems. Some of our configurators have been in use since 1990. They have processed more than $4.5 billion in orders and have documented many benefits, including reduced order processing time, reduced staffing, and product-knowledge consistency checking.