Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Option Market Liquidity-An empirical study of option market bid-ask spreads

In this thesis we review existing literature on option market liquidity and give an overview of the current state of research. We also examine the impact of macroeconomic shocks and low-liquidity market conditions on bid-ask spreads of stock and ETF options. The core of the paper is a multi-angle analysis of option bid-ask spreads in times of high liquidity and liquidity squeezes, as well as across sectors, maturities, and moneyness. The empirical results show rapidly widening bid-ask spreads as the option sinks deeper into the out-of-the-money space. Large volatility of spreads and differences between sectors, along with correlation numbers with established fear indices improve general understanding of option market spreads behavior. Impact of macroeconomic shocks and liquidity conditions in the market are clearly recognizable on the time series plots of bid-ask spreads. We also examine options on exchange traded funds to compare and contrast their spreads with simple equity options. In order to provide a practical guide to estimate how bid-ask spreads react to changes of exogenous and endogenous variables, we set up an illustrative regression model.
Sokrates’ Spott über Geheimhaltung. Zum Bild des φιλόσοφος in Platons «Euthydemos»

Trotz den bekannten, wie es scheint unaufhebbaren methodischen Differenzen in der Platonerklärung besteht doch Einigkeit über einen Punkt bei sozusagen allen Interpreten: der platonische Dialog spricht nicht alles aus, was zur Sache gehört, und das Fehlende ist stets mit vollem Bedacht weggelassen. Die Einigkeit in diesem Punkt ermöglicht freilich noch keine einheitliche Platondeutung: sie kann allenfalls als Ausgangspunkt dienen für eine Klassifizierung der konkurrierenden Ansätze. Denn diese lassen sich als unterschiedliche Antworten auf die Frage verstehen: Welcher Art ist das Fehlende, und wie könnte es ergänzt werden? Im wesentlichen gibt es hierauf drei Antworten: (1) Das Fehlende steht als die «einzig mögliche Lösung» (Schleiermacher) hinter der unvollständigen Beweisführung. Es ist also eigentlich im Dialog vorhanden, nur nicht in der Form der direkten Mitteilung: es ist ausgespart, damit es der Leser selbst ergänze, und es ist so ausgespart, daß es der verständige Leser auch ergänzen kann. (2) Das Fehlende ist in anderen Dialogen nachgeholt, oder die Nachholung war geplant. Das Fehlende ist also ganz von der Art des Vorhandenen, es ist ein Projekt oder Programm von der gleichen Art, und in so und so vielen Fällen blieb es eben beim Programm, oder gar bei der bloßen Zukunftsvision. (3) Das Fehlende hat Platon nur mündlich entwickelt; es war von anderer Art als das, was die Dialoge bieten, bestand aus einer Theorie der Prinzipien. Diese läßt sich von den Äiabgeir m Ar ifernySBir && € , drer mit umreitender ßeutlidlteit und Vollständigkeit ergänzen. Zu diesen drei Ansichten über die Beschaffenheit des Fehlenden gehören drei Ansichten über die Motivation für das Auslassen. (1) Nach der ersten Ansicht, der Theorie der indirekten Mitteilung, ging es Platon darum, beim Leser totes Scheinwissen, das sich bei direkter Mitteilung leicht einstellt, zu vermeiden und sein eigenständiges, lebendiges Denken zu stimulieren.
Plant and soil microfaunal biodiversity across the borders between arable and forest ecosystems in a Mediterranean landscape

The distribution of organisms across ecosystem borders can be indicative of trophic interactions, food-web dynamics, and the potential for recovery after disturbance. Yet relatively little is known regarding patterns and ecology of belowground organisms across borders. Our hypothesis was that incremental zonation of vegetation and soil properties at the interface between cultivated fields and forests may facilitate the recolonization of a more complex soil faunal assemblage after disturbance ceases. Vegetation, soil characteristics, and soil nematodes (indicators of disturbance) were studied at the interface between arable and natural ecosystems (oak forest and maquis shrubland) in southwestern France. Sampling was along 23-m long transects, at six positions (center and edge of grain fields, both sides of field borders, and bands of shrub and forest vegetation) at four sites. Plant functional groups changed more markedly than species richness. Total soil carbon (C) and nematode biomass were 3.5 and 6 times higher in the forest than in the center of the cultivated fields. The nematode Structure Index gradually increased from fields to forests, along with higher total and labile soil C pools, litter, root C, and root C:N, and more negative root δ15N. Microbivore nematodes were related to labile and total soil C. Structural equation modeling indicated that nematode predators and prey were both affected by total soil C, but proximity to the forest was important for predators, whereas plant community complexity was important for prey (i.e., microbivorous nematodes). The forested borders had minor effects on zonation of nematode assemblages and soil ecosystem services within the fields, yet woody vegetation may have facilitated recolonization by plants and soil fauna after tillage ceased and probably provided benefits for production of livestock (i.e., shade and erosion reduction) that were not measured. During plant succession, litter C and N apparently decomposed slowly into active forms in the soil, creating habitats for more K-selected, larger-bodied nematodes. Due to less cultivation and higher C inputs during the past 50 years, the more homogeneous landscape may promote more complex soil food webs, but less total agrobiodiversity, compared to the mosaic of diverse ecosystems that occurred in the ancient cultural landscape of the past.
Assessment of Toxic and Repellent Effect of Natural Bio Pesticides on Rice Weevil ( Sitophilus Oryzae L . )

With a wider view to maintaining sound ecology and health, the study was designed to assess the toxic and repellent effect of natural bio pesticides named Neem (Azadirachta indica), Mahogoni (Swietenia mahagoni) and their mixtures at 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% concentrations on rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L using factorial CRD with 2 factors. The results showed that the highest toxic and repellent effects were observed in Neem followed by mixture and Mahogoni, while insect mortality percentage was found to be directly proportional not only to the time after treatment but also to the level of concentration of the botanicals, and the repellent effect increases proportionally to the level of concentration of botanicals. Moreover, the results showed that 3% concentration of the botanicals had the highest toxicity and repellency against rice weevil followed by 2% and the lowest was found in control (0%) preceded by 1% concentration.
Chapter 1 FINANCIAL FORECASTING USING THE KOLMOGOROV-FELLER EQUATION

An approach to analysing a financial time series using the KolmogorovFeller Equation is considered, in particular, the Generalised KolmogorovFeller Equation (GKFE), subject to variations in the Stochastic Volatility. Using the Mittag-Leffler memory function, we derive an expression for the Impulse Response Function associated with a short time window of data which is then used to derive an algorithm for computing a new index using a standard moving window process. It is shown that application of this index to financial time series, subject to a low volatility condition, correlates with the start, direction and end of a trend depending on the sampling rate of the time series and the look-back window or ‘period’ that is used. An example of this is provided in the paper using MetaTrader4.
A CRITICAL REVIEW ON DIFFERENT PHARMACEUTICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID DISPERSION TECHNIQUE FOR SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT

Solid dispersion is the prerequisite technique for increasing the dissolution and bioavailability of the hydrophobic drugs. The technique generally provides more significant enhancement in solubility or dissolution rate as compared to other techniques which mainly relies only on the reduction of particle size. The factor of re-crystallization associated with reduction of particle size has great negative impact of further reduction of solubility but in more generalized view along with reduction of particle size the factor which increases the wettability by reducing the contact angle between particle and water is mainly important and solid dispersed particles are formulated with this approach only as they composed of matrix dispersion of hydrophobic drug and hydrophilic polymer which increases the wettability of drug molecules and also reduces the size to form molecular dispersion. The recent research in the field of polymerization has also made it possible to make available those polymers which allows intermolecular hydrogen bonding with drug molecules in the solid dispersed particles, these bondings have significant effect over the prevention of precipitation during solubilization of particles. Thorough knowledge regarding the physicochemical properties of the solid dispersed particles are very essential for understanding the relation or mechanism of wetting of particle and the release mechanism of drug. However, in this review the current researches are highlighted with their modifications over the conventional methods.
A Case Series on Surgical Outcome of Craniophayrngiomas Dr B

Introduction: Debate continues as to the optimum treatment for craniopharyngioma; radical surgical resection or partial resection followed by radiotherapy. Radical surgical resection may be complicated by intraoperative injury to surrounding structures and stormy postoperative hormonal problem. This study aims to examine the result of safe maximal surgical resection. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study of all histopathologically proven craniopharyngiomas who had undergone surgical resection over an almost 4 year period was included. Data were collected reviewing demography, clinical presentation, hormonal dysfunction, extent of resection and visual deterioration. Outcome was measured in terms of Glasgow outcome scale and recurrence. Results: Of 25 patients, 68% were male, and 32% were female. Age of patients ranged from 7 to 58 years with a mean of 30.12 ± 16.42 years. Patients presented with visual deterioration were 76% and with a headache were 68%. Mean duration of symptoms was 10.64 ± 14.28 months. Gross total resection was done in 21 (84%), while subtotal resection in 4 (16%) who also received subsequent adjuvant radiotherapy. During the postoperative period, diabetes insipidus developed in 84% patients, but none had it permanently. Favorable outcome was found in 88% patients. However, there were 4% operative mortality with overall mortality of 8% and tumor recurrence in 8% patients. Conclusion: Gross total excision if judiciously decided intraoperatively has a favorable outcome with acceptable morbidity.
KARYOMORPHOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE GENUS BELLEVALIA ( ASPARAGACEAE ) IN TURKEY

As part of the karyological studies of the Asparagaceae grow in the Kahramanmaraş province, chromosome number and chromosomes morphology of three Bellevalia species have been determined: B. macrobotrys 2n= 8; B. gracilis 2n= 8, 16, B. tauri 2n= 8. This is the first karyotype reconstruction for B. macrobotrys. B. tauri is an endemic species to Turkey. Photographs of the mitotic metaphase plates and drawings with the idiograms are given. Additionally, idiograms and karyotypes of the species were performed by the use of Cameram© software.
Acquisition and Processing of Mass Nouns in L 2-English by L 2 Learners from Generalized Classifier Languages : Evidence for the Role of Atomicity

The count/mass distinction is a grammatical distinction encoded in the morphosyntax, but it is also related to the conceptual object/substance contrast. While objects (e.g., table) have boundaries are counted, substances (e.g., water) do not have boundaries and are not counted (e.g., Soja et al. 1992). It has been proposed that the object/substance contrast relates to the notion of atomicity: a noun is atomic iff it cannot be divided into smaller parts which still bear the property denoted by the NP (a part of a table is not a table); otherwise, it is nonatomic (any part of water is still water) (Landman 1989; Chierchia 2010). This paper examines how atomicity affects the acquisition and processing of count and mass nouns by L2-English learners whose L1s (Korean and Chinese) are Generalized Classifier languages (GCLs) that do not have a fully grammaticized count/mass distinction. In particular, we examine whether such learners have difficulty with the indirect mapping between atomicity and count/mass morphosyntax, and whether the difficulty extends to online processing.
Automated Identification of Verbally Abusive Behaviors in Online Discussions

Discussion forum participation represents one of the crucial factors for learning and often the only way of supporting social interactions in online settings. However, as much as sharing new ideas or asking thoughtful questions contributes learning, verbally abusive behaviors, such as expressing negative emotions in online discussions, could have disproportionate detrimental effects. To provide means for mitigating the potential negative effects on course participation and learning, we developed an automated classifier for identifying communication that show linguistic patterns associated with hostility in online forums. In so doing, we employ several well-established automated text analysis tools and build on the common practices for handling highly imbalanced datasets and reducing the sensitivity to overfitting. Although still in its infancy, our approach shows promising results (ROC AUC .73) towards establishing a robust detector of abusive behaviors. We further provide an overview of the classification (linguistic and contextual) features most indicative of online aggression.
Differences Between Hispanic and White Texas Community College Students in their Graduation Rates : A Statewide , Multiyear Investigation

In this multiyear, statewide investigation, the graduation rates of Hispanic students and White students in Texas community colleges were analyzed for the 2008-2009 through the 2014-2015 academic years. Of particular interest was whether graduation rates differed for Hispanic and White students in these academic years. Inferential statistical analyses revealed statistically significant differences in the 2008-2009, 2009-2010, 20102011, 2011-2012, and the 2012-2013 academic years. The average graduation rates of Hispanic students were lower than the average graduation rates of White students. Of note, however, is that both Hispanic and White students had low graduation rates from Texas community colleges. Implications for practice and recommendations for future research were provided.
Circulating Plasma Cells in Monoclonal

Background: Monoclonal gammopathies are characterized by presence of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow, although peripheral blood circulating plasma cells can be found in a signifi­ cant proportion of patients. The number of circulating plasma cells is an independent prognostic marker associated with shorter survival, but it can also help to predict early relapse. The reason and mechanism of plasma cell expansion from the bone marrow to enter peripheral blood is still not entirely clear, but possible changes in the expression of adhesion molecules are probably involved. Multiparametric flow cytometry allows simple and exact enumeration of circulating plasma cells in different types of cell suspensions, even in their low quantity. The phenotype profile and confirmation of clonality regarding to their bone marrow clonal counterparts should be verified as well. There is no uniform method used in clinical laboratories for circulating plasma cells analyses at this moment. Aim: Review is focused on use of multiparametric flow cytometry for circulating plasma cells analysis in peripheral blood. It is comparing possibilities of their de­ tection by different methods and on clinical relevance of that assessment. The standardization of analyses is the main goal. Conclusion: Multiparametric flow cytometry is a very sensitive method for detection of circulating plasma cells, so using a standardized approach can lead to determi­ nation and implementation of the flow cytometry dia gnostic threshold in plasma cell leukemia suspicious cases as well as in prognostication of monoclonal gammopathies patients. Moreover, analysis of plasma cells phenotypic profile could probably clarify their future behaviour.
Monkey Bars and Ladders: The Importance of Lateral and Vertical Movements in Internal Labor Market Careers

This paper compares results from the empirical literature on internal labor markets with outcomes from analyzing personnel data of the Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker. It sheds light on differences in the functioning of internal labor markets between periods of workforce growth and decline. Despite substantial variation in individual wages, careers are important as wages are strongly related to job levels. Promotion rates fall and demotion rates rise when the firm enters the stage of demise. Vertical and lateral job mobility are important in internal labor market careers as they stimulate wage growth and reduce the lay-off risk. JEL classification: M51, J31, J41
AEROELASTIC PREDICTION FOR MISSILE FINS IN SUPERSONIC FLOWS

The development of a zero-order aeroelastic prediction method for plate-like structures in supersonic flows is outlined. Local piston theory used with computationally inexpensive aerodynamic methods is strongly coupled to a simple finite element code for plates to produce a partitioned-solver aeroelastic prediction tool. The application of the prediction tool to the flutter of a cantilevered plate in supersonic flow is validated by computational fluid dynamics and by experimental data in literature. The zero-order prediction method is shown to produce accurate results for a fraction of the computational cost of high-fidelity analysis. A brief review of piston theory is also given.
Antibacterial activity of four marine seaweeds collected from the coast of Gaza Strip, Palestine

Four commonly occurring marine seaweeds; Ulva lactuca, Enteromorpha compressa (Chlorophyta), Padina pavonica (Phaeophyta) and Jania rubens (Rhodophyta) were collected from the coast of Gaza strip, Palestine. Crude extracts were prepared using the solvent methanol and evaluated for antibacterial activity by well diffusion method against both Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis). The crude methanolic extract of U. lactuca inhibited the growth of all the test organisms except E. coli. Seaweed extract of E. compressa was found to be effective against two of the examined bacteria. Algae belonging to Chlorophyta showed higher antibacterial activity than other members of the algae tested in the present investigation. The methanol extracts of brown and red algae did not show any significant effect on the growth of tested bacteria. E. coli was resistant to all the extracts. Results of the present study confirmed the potential use of seaweed extracts as a source of antibacterial compounds.
CONTENT WITH K-MEANS CLUSTERING FOR PROFILING ON POSTFIX SERVER 1

Clustering email content is a way of categorization of email content based on specific criteria to obtain the category types of emails that can be used for content profiling email. There are several types and content of the email on a mail server that is not desired by the client so that if this occurs continuously will result in performance mail server will be disrupted. Email content profiling was conducted to determine patterns and behavior in the Postfix SMTP email delivery server using the K-means algorithm to know the type of email that can disrupt the performance of the mail server. The profiling process begins with taking the log file content stored on the Postfix Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) email server and then analyze the log file using Clustering techniques with K-means algorithm for Profiling email content on Postfix-based mail server using three criteria, namely: message_id, access from and content. Email content analysis was conducted using K-Means Clustering until the 3rd iteration. The clustering results obtained from four categories of e-mail stored in the postfix mail server, that is a true email, fraud, advertising, and emails which do not have a clear purpose. The step profiling using the deductive method to the content of the email that will be obtained information about the type and characteristics of e-mail stored in the Postfix SMTP server. Using the deductive method for the profiling is the solution to assign profiles based on data obtained from the scene, in this case, is the content of the email on the SMTP Mail Server. There are 3 main things done in this deductive technique, namely: analysis of the operation mode refers to the clustering process, as a characteristic signature in email delivery and victimology identified as a victim in email delivery.
OF TOMATO MARKETING IN ASHANTI REGION , GHANA

The perishable nature of most agricultural produce and the concomitant need for effective marketing outlets carries along huge economic consequences, especially in developing countries like Ghana. This study examines the determinants of profit in tomato marketing in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Cross-sectional data collected from a random sample of 200 tomato marketers consisting of 100 wholesalers and 100 retailers were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the multiple linear regression technique of the ordinary least squares. The results show that wholesalers have a higher margin of 99.7 percent, while the retailers have a margin of 75.4 percent. Labour cost, purchase price, transportation cost and selling price run through all the estimated regressions as determinants of marketing profit. The effects of these variables on marketing profit could raise public concern since they have implications on prices received by tomato producers and those paid by final consumers and therefore there is the need for the government to devise policies aimed at stabilizing the local currency.The results also call for policy efforts to completely eliminate illiteracy among tomato traders in Ghana especially in the Ashanti Region. Policies that could enable the retailers to increase their scale of operations are also advocated. Future researchers may also estimate the exact point in the age variable at which retail profit declines and possible antecedents.