Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS AND UNBIASED ESTIMATORS OF VARIANCE FOR AUTOCORRELATED DATA − AN OVERVIEW

When observations are autocorrelated, standard formulae for the estimators of variance, s, and variance of the mean, ) ( 2 x s , are no longer adequate. They should be replaced by suitably defined estimators, 2 a s and ) ( 2 x sa , which are unbiased given that the autocorrelation function is known. The formula for 2 a s was given by Bayley and Hammersley in 1946, this work provides its imple derivation. The quantity named effective number of observations neff is thoroughly discussed. It replaces the real number of observations n when describing the relationship between the variance and variance of the mean, and can be used to express 2 a s and ) ( 2 x sa in a simple manner. The dispersion of both estimators depe nds on another effective number called the effective degrees of freedom νeff. Most of the formulae discussed in this paper are scattered throughout the literature and not very well known, this work aims to promote their more widespread use. The presented algorithms represent a natural extension of the GUM formulation of type-A unc ertainty for the case of autocorrelated observations.
Impact of bioturbation by Arenicola marina on the fate of particle-bound fluoranthene

The fate of particle-bound '"Cluoranthene deposited at the sediment-water interface in microcosms with different densities (0 to 300 m-2) of Arenicola marina was followed for 28 d. Worms had a pronounced effect on the degradation rate of fluoranthene. Defecated material quickly buried the surface layer of I4C-fluoranthene into deeper layers of the sediment, where degradation of fluoranthene was much slower than at the more reactive surface sediment in microcosms without A. manna. Only 0.3 and 2.9% of '4C-fluoranthene was mineralised to "CO2 after 28 d i n treatments with and without A. marina, respectively. There was no significant difference between degradation rates among different densities of A. marina, although the mixing of fluoranthene into deeper sediment layers was enhanced at higher worm densities. The D0I4C and PO1'C (particulate and dissolved organic '"C) in the overlying water were negatively related with worm density. The ventilating currents of A. marina may have repositioned 14C-activity from the water into deeper sediment layers, which then acted to filter both dissolved and bound fluoranthene. I4C-activity was high in worms after 28 d, approximately an order of magnitude higher than that mmeralised to 14C02 during this penod. The removal of deposited organic contaminants on sediment surfaces through degradation at the highly reactive sediment-water interface or through local transport by currents or wave action can be reduced as a result of burial of contaminants by bioturbating organisms. Contaminants may thus persist longer in the sediment environment and will be released from the sediment over a prolonged period of time. Enhanced biological transport of contaminants to depth can lead to increased exposure of infauna.
Microalbuminuria in Diabetic Patients in the Bamenda Health District

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD) and it accounts for one third of all patients requiring renal replacement therapy in Africa. Diabetic patients with microalbuminuria (MA) have an increased risk of progression to macroalbuminuria and later to ESRD. So detecting MA which is a marker of DN helps to alert the clinician to intervene at a time when future renal damage is still preventable. The main goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of MA in diabetic patients at the Bamenda Regional Hospital. This study was a prospective cross sectional study involving diabetic patients at the Bamenda Regional Hospital. A random (spot) or first morning urine specimen was collected and MA was measured by a semi quantitative dipstick method using the URS-14H urine test strips. The prevalence of MA in the present study was 34.6%, which is high but similar to the results of other studies done in sub-Saharan Africa. Although MA was more common (50%) in individuals with diabetes more than 16 years, a high proportion (42.85%) of patients with MA had a duration of diabetes of ≤ 5years. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of MA with respect to age, gender and duration of diabetes. This study showed a high prevalence of MA in the diabetic population presenting at the Bamenda Regional Hospital. Consequently, measures of glycemic control should be enhanced in this population to prevent the progression to macroalbuminuria and ESRD.
A Bayesian Generalized Linear Model for the Bornhuetter-Ferguson Method of Claims Reserving

Abstract This paper shows how Bayesian models within the framework of generalized linear models can be applied to claims reserving. The author demonstrates that this approach is closely related to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson technique. Benktander (1976) and Mack (2000) previously studied the Bornhuetter-Ferguson technique and advocated using credibility models. The present paper uses a Bayesian parametric model within the framework of generalized linear models.
Exploring representations of Mäori and smoking in national media Emerald Muriwai

Mäori, the Indigenous peoples of Aotearoa New Zealand, continue to present with disproportionately high smoking prevalence. Investigating the impact of recent media representations of Mäori who smoke may increase understanding of the cumulative pressures that maintain Mäori smoking. This study aimed to explore representations of Mäori and smoking through examining a sample of online media from 2010 to 2015 on this topic. We identifi ed four key themes in reporting: strengthsbased representation, defi citstyle representation, historical recognition, and cultural dissociation. Acknowledging the history of Mäori as a tupeka kore people prior to colonisation, we found that some media representations of Mäori who smoke may pose an obstacle for Mäori aspirations to be smokefree. In contrast, we also found examples of positive representation expressed almost exclusively from Mäori perspectives. Our analysis suggests that separating Mäori tikanga from smoking is imperative in recognising Mäori resilience against tobacco and working towards a future in which Mäori can be smokefree.
Social Entrepreneurship and Societal Transformation

This study provides a comparative analysis of 7 cases of social entrepreneurship that have been widely recognized as successful. The article suggests factors associated with successful social entrepreneurship, particularly with social entrepreneurship that leads to significant changes in the social, political, and economic contexts for poor and marginalized groups. It generates propositions about core innovations, leadership and organization, and scaling up in social entrepreneurship that produces societal transformation. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for social entrepreneurship practice, research, and continued development.
Prepare and prevent rather than repair and repent: Study of maternal mortality in tertiary care hospital

Context: Maternal death signifies the quality of healthcare provided in the population. It is the young, relatively healthy women who die of various reasons. Audit of such mortality would prevent the recurrence by taking appropriate measures. Aims: To find the causes of maternal mortality. Settings and Design: Retrospective observational study. Materials and Methods : All maternal deaths in a tertiary care referral center from January 2007 to September 2012 were studied for their demographic profile and causes of death. Results: All 62 women were referred from other healthcare units. Twenty-nine patients died within 24 h of admission and 33 women died after 24 h of admission. Death of 34 patients was due to direct obstetric causes and of 26 patients due to indirect obstetric causes. There were 2 maternal deaths due to accidental causes. Conclusions: The corrective action to prevent the recurrence of such deaths should be taken. Sepsis was found to be the commonest cause for maternal mortality followed by hemorrhage. It important to note that, in the present study, all mothers received antenatal care, had hospital delivery (none had home delivery), no teenage pregnancy or grand multigravidas, and no obstructed labor or rupture uterus, and yet they died. There is a change in the trend of causes of maternal mortality. Strengthening of the first referral units with equipment, blood bank, and adequately competent staff should be of prime importance. Continued medical education of the medial personnel at the periphery is required. Maternal deaths occur in inspite of atenatal care and hospital delivery which is alarming. Contributing factors may be delay in referral or the travel which should be looked in to inorder to minimize such death of young women.
Impact of a Psycho-Education Intervention on Insight of Hospitalized Schizophrenic Patients

Severely impaired insight is one of the main characteristics of psychotic disorders that present a major obstacle for treatment. Traditionally, insight has often been viewed as a simple or unitary construct. Recently, it is considered as a complex phenomenon with multiple components. A general lack of insight is widespread and very common in many patients with schizophrenia. Psycho-education is a form of mental health intervention which focuses on educating patients about their disorders, emotional responses, and treatments, as well as supporting positive coping mechanisms. The main purpose of this study was to determine the impact of psycho-education intervention on insight development among hospitalized schizophrenic patients. A structured frame of psycho-education intervention was developed by the researchers. The intervention aimed at increasing patients’ awareness about their mental disorder, their symptoms as well as its attribution, the social consequences of mental disorder and the achieved effects of medication. Before the implementation of psycho-education intervention, the total Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD) mean scores for current awareness and attribution were 13.78±2.95 for the intervention group and 15.04±2.73 for the control group (mild to moderate degree lack of insight). These results changed after the implementation of the psycho-education intervention to 7.96±2.81 and 15.67±2.39 respectively, with a statistical significant improvement (t=14.731, P=0.00) on the part of the intervention group. This was also true when comparing the two groups’ SUMD subscale mean scores.
Stoichiometry of synthetic ulvöspinel single crystals

Abstract Spinel single crystals (up to 4 mm in size) of eight compositions along the FeFe2O4-Fe2TiO4 solidsolution join, with more than 75 mol% ulvöspinel, were synthesized by use of a flux-growth method. The crystals were characterized by electron microprobe and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Results demonstrated that these ulvöspinels are statistically stoichiometric. The atomic proportions of Ti4+ and Fe2+ progressively increase from 0.75 to 0.94 and from 1.75 to 1.94 apfu, respectively. Concomitantly the Fe3+ content decreases from 0.49 to 0.13 apfu. Consequently, the cation substitutions are restricted to the ideal classic substitution 2Fe3+ ↔ Fe2+ + Ti4+. An average equilibrium temperature from coexisting spinel-ilmenite pairs of about 950 °C was estimated using the QUILF95 and Ghiorso-Sack models. In contrast to previous studies based on non-stoichiometric samples sintered at higher temperatures, the present stoichiometric ulvöspinel samples were grown from a melt under moderate temperatures. This fact indicates that the formation of vacancies is related to high-equilibration temperatures or growth mechanisms, whereas natural ulvöspinel may very well be stoichiometric under normal magmatic conditions.
The Tax Elasticity of Corporate Debt: A Synthesis of Size and Variations

Although the empirical literature has long struggled to identify the impact of taxes on corporate financial structure, a recent boom in studies offers ample support for the debt bias of taxation. Yet, studies differ considerably in effect size and reveal an equally large variety in methodologies and specifications. This paper sheds light on this variation and assesses the systematic impact on the size of the effects. We find that, typically, a one percentage point higher tax rate increases the debt-asset ratio by between 0.17 and 0.28. Responses are increasing over time, which suggests that debt bias distortions have become more important.
The roles of sketching in design: Mapping the tension between functions in design sketches

This paper examines how the role of sketching in design process has been disseminated previously through a review of prior perspectives into the field. We identify that the studies of design sketching has been dominated by two perspectives: studies into what is known as ‘visual thinking’ (Goldschmidt 1991, Schon & Wiggins 1992, Tversky et al. 1999), which examines the designers reflective conversation with the sketch, and a second perspective on sketching as way of ‘visual communication’ with others in the design process (Lugt 2005, Schutze 2003, Buxton 2010). We raise the question of whether it is reasonable to combine the two different roles of sketching to form a more intertwined relationship - seeing the two as sides of the same coin. Based on the terminology of Olofsson & Sjoflen (2005) four functions are identified as being representative for the different roles sketching can take in the design process: investigative, explorative, communicative, and persuasive. We appropriate these categories into a tension field, reflecting how the role of the same sketch may change over the course of time in the design project, based upon the type of knowledge required to gain from the sketch at a given time.
Analysis of phenotypic plasticity in indeterminate soybean cultivars under different row spacing.

This study aimed to evaluate how branch and stem variables contribute to grain yield per plant of two indeterminate soybean cultivars at varied row spacing. Four experiments were conducted in the 2013/14 and 2014/15 cropping seasons under a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each experiment consisted of one row spacing: 0.2 m (narrow row), 0.5 m (traditional), 0.5 m (crossed rows), and 0.2/0.8 m (twin rows). We evaluated two cultivars (BRS 359 RR and BMX RR Potência) and three seeding rates: 150, 300, and 450 thousand seeds ha -1 . Regarding phenotypic plasticity, grain production per plant was regarded as a dependent variable, while the number of branches per plant, the percentage of grain production from branches, and yield components of branches and stems as independent variables. Data underwent stepwise regression and principal component analysis. The results showed that number of pods per plant from branches is the most determinant variable of plasticity trait, regardless of row spacing. The number of pods per plant from branches and stems, the number of branches per plant, and the percentage of grain production from branches were associated with the plasticity. The number of grains per pod and the thousandgrain mass from branches and stems had no significant contribution to the soybean plasticity.
Microbial Evaluation and Proximate Composition of Kunu zaki, an Indigenous Fermented Food Drink Consumed Predominantly in Northern Nigeria

Microbiological and Proximate analyses of kunun zaki samples from Maiduguri metropolis were analyzed for the presence of some microorganisms frequently implicated in foodborne disease outbreaks and spoilages including E. coli, S. aureus, Shigella and Salmonella sp. The samples had high microbial content in varying percentages. Out of the 25 samples analyzed from each market, S. aureus showed the highest % (68 – 100%) followed by E. coli. (44-72%); Salmonella (28-40%) and Shigella (28-44%) had lower % of occurrence. The mean count of S. aureus was higher than counts of other organisms with mean values between 19.8 x 10 2 – 36.52 x 10 2 CFUml -1 followed by the mean E. coli. Salmonella and Shigella were low in most of the markets. The overall mean of Total Viable Counts (TVC) was 56.536 x 10 2 CFUml -1 . There was statistically significant (p≤0.05) difference between the means of the microbial groups at 95% confidence interval. The pH values ranged from 3.80 - 4.08 with samples from Monday market having the highest and Mairi market the lowest pH. The overall pH value was acidic. The proximate composition of the kunun-zaki from the different locations ranged from 89.8-85.4% moisture content, 4.9- 2.8% protein, 14.0-6.5% fat, 15.0-5.0% fibre, 14.7-12.0% dry matter and 2.0-1.0% total ash content. Recommendations were made on improvement of the product process-line and hygiene during sales and consumption.
El Neógeno de Argentina

Resumen.VERTEBRADOS DEL MIOCENO DE LA PROVINCIA DE ENTRE RÍOS, ARGENTINA. La diversa fauna de antiguos vertebrados que se registra en los acantilados que bordean la margen oriental del río Paraná cerca de la ciudad de Paraná, provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina se conoce científicamente desde la primera mitad del siglo XIX. En esos sedimentos se han colectado numerosos vertebrados de agua dulce, marinos y terrestres. Los fósiles proceden casi exclusivamente de la Formación Paraná (taxones marinos y de agua dulce: elasmobranquios, teleósteos, cetáceos, sirenios y pinnípedos) y en el “Conglomerado osífero” (“Mesopotamiense” auctorum) en la base de la Formación Ituzaingó (taxones marinos, de agua dulce y terrestres: elasmobranquios, teleósteos, cocodrilos, quelonios, aves y diferentes grupos de mamíferos. Los cetáceos sugieren que al menos el tope de la Formación Paraná es Tortoniano (Mioceno Tardío). El término “Piso Mesopotamiense” o “Mesopotamiense” es considerado inválido. El “Conglomerado osífero” parece representar un corto lapso. La fauna terrestre sugiere una edad Huayqueriense (Tortoniano) para el “Conglomerado osífero”. La evidencia de vertebrados y las relaciones estratigráficas confirman la correlación de al menos la base de las capas puelchenses del subsuelo de la región pampeana con la Formación Ituzaingó. De acuerdo a la evidencia que aportan los cetáceos y los peces, las temperaturas marinas durante la depositación de la parte superior de la Formación Paraná eran similares a aquellas presentes en la plataforma atlántica actual a la misma latitud. Tanto la fauna terrestre como la de agua dulce del “Conglomerado osífero” indican un clima más cálido que el actual. Los vertebrados de agua dulce sugieren importantes conexiones entre las cuencas hidrográficas del sur y del norte de América del Sur. Los restos de aves y de mamíferos (y plantas) sugieren la presencia de áreas forestadas a lo largo de las costas de los ríos donde se depositó el “Conglomerado osífero” y áreas abiertas cercanas.
Risk Factors Lead to Bango Abuse Among Drivers and Secondery School Students in Assiut Province

Background: The present study was designed to determine the risk factors that lead to bango abuse among secondary school student and drivers in Assiut province. Methods: Urine samples were taken from 1000 volunteers after filling a questionnaire, 500 students from different secondary schools and 500 drivers in Assiut province. The risk factors that lead to bango abuse among drivers and students were determined through the questionnaire. Screenings of the samples were done by using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and then positive samples confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Prevalence of bango abuse was 12% in drivers of the studied group. Bango abuse concentrated in age group of 21- 31Y/O by 51.7% and in those driving microbus, van and half van by 30%, 28.3% and 23.3% respectively. Abuse was more among cigarette and shisha smokers by 83.3% and 100% respectively. Also it was found that bango abuse is more prevalent in cases with 5 - 15Y work experience (58.3%of cases). In students, it was found that bango abuse was prevalent in 11.6%, concentrated in male students by 100%, and in those with daily fund more than one pound (44.8%). The abused students tend to be more aggressive toward their friends and their family members (by 65.5% and 96.6% respectively). Conclusion: Bango abuse leads to deterioration of the academic achievement, and may be associated with antisocial and violent behavior, which may be a leading cause to develop crime. Keyword: Bango abuse, Driver,Risk factor, Student
On the stability of nonlinear Feynman-Kac semigroups

On s'interesse aux proprietes de stabilite de certains semi-groupes non-lineaires, de type Feynman-Kac renormalises, agissant sur l'ensemble des probabilites d'un espace mesure donne. Cette etude se base notamment sur l'utilisation du coefficient ergodique de Dobrushin dans l'esprit d'articles precedents de A. Guionnet et de l'un des auteurs. La seconde partie de ce travail porte sur des applications des resultats obtenus. Tout d'abord nous donnons des criteres assurant qu'une particule sous-markovienne conditionnee a ne pas mourir oublie exponentiellement vite sa condition initiale. Nous analysons egalement des proprietes de stabilite d'une classe de processus interagissant par le biais de leur intensite de sauts. Enfin, nous etudions des proprietes de stabilite d'equations de filtrage non-lineaire dont les signaux sont des diffusions generales. en examinant le comportement asymptotique de leur solutions robustes.
SHIFTS AND HARVESTING SYSTEMS ON QUALITY OF IMPURITIES SAMPLES IN SUGARCANE

Semi-mechanical and mechanical harvesting methods may influence the content of impurities in harvested sugarcane. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of three mechanical methods of sugarcane harvesting: one semi-mechanical, and two mechanical ones self-performed and outsourced, during three working shifts. As quality indicators, both mineral and vegetal impurities were accounted. About 50 random samples were collected in the studied area during 35 harvest days and in three working shifts, for each harvesting method. Mineral impurities showed similar behavior for both self-performed and outsourced mechanical harvesting, thus displaying a low variability. On the other hand, vegetal impurities showed to be unstable for all three shifts. Additionally, the statistical process control analysis showed that the semi-mechanical method had the greatest variability.
Oxygen and temperature effect on continuous citric acid secretion in Candida oleophila

The influence of air saturation and temperature on continuous citric acid secretion was studied in chemostat cultures of Candida oleophila ATCC 20177 (var.). Simultaneous measurements of intra- and extracellular concentration of glucose, citric and isocitric acid confirmed the involvement of a specific active transport system in citrate secretion, favouring citric acid over isocitrate. An optimum air oxygen saturation of 20% and temperature of 30-31oC were determined for the continuous citric acid secretion. The highest values of citric acid concentration (98 g/L), citrate to isocitrate ratio (33.3:1), volumetric citric productivity (1.8 g/(L x h)), and specific citric acid productivity (0.1 g/(g x h)), were reached at 20% air saturation at a residence time of 54 hrs by the experiment's lowest biomass of 18 g/L. The highest isocitic acid volumetric productivity (55.6 mg/(L x h)) and specific productivity (0.99 mg/(g x h)) were identified at 50%, instead. The fastest citrate excretion rate of the generic product of 0.046 g/(g*h) was found at 30-31oC. A concentration ratio between extra- and intracellular concentration of citrate of up to 9 was identified. The highest extra-/intracellular ratio of citrate and lowest intracellular concentrations of glucose, citric and isocitric acid were determined at optimum air saturation as a consequence of active citrate export.