Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Colonization State Influences the Hemocyte Proteome in a Beneficial Squid–Vibrio Symbiosis*

The squid Euprymna scolopes and the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri form a highly specific beneficial light organ symbiosis. Not only does the host have to select V. fischeri from the environment, but it must also prevent subsequent colonization by non-symbiotic microorganisms. Host macrophage-like hemocytes are believed to play a role in mediating the symbiosis with V. fischeri. Previous studies have shown that the colonization state of the light organ influences the host's hemocyte response to the symbiont. To further understand the molecular mechanisms behind this process, we used two quantitative mass-spectrometry-based proteomic techniques, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) and label-free spectral counting, to compare and quantify the adult hemocyte proteomes from colonized (sym) and uncolonized (antibiotic-treated/cured) squid. Overall, iTRAQ allowed for the quantification of 1,024 proteins with two or more peptides. Thirty-seven unique proteins were determined to be significantly different between sym and cured hemocytes (p value < 0.05), with 20 more abundant proteins and 17 less abundant in sym hemocytes. The label-free approach resulted in 1,241 proteins that were identified in all replicates. Of 185 unique proteins present at significantly different amounts in sym hemocytes (as determined by spectral counting), 92 were more abundant and 93 were less abundant. Comparisons between iTRAQ and spectral counting revealed that 30 of the 37 proteins quantified via iTRAQ exhibited trends similar to those identified by the label-free method. Both proteomic techniques mutually identified 16 proteins that were significantly different between the two groups of hemocytes (p value < 0.05). The presence of V. fischeri in the host light organ influenced the abundance of proteins associated with the cytoskeleton, adhesion, lysosomes, proteolysis, and the innate immune response. These data provide evidence that colonization by V. fischeri alters the hemocyte proteome and reveals proteins that may be important for maintaining host–symbiont specificity.
Dimension of Subperiosteal Orbital Abscess as an Indication for Surgical Management in Children

Objective. Eyelid edema in children is one of the signs of orbital complications secondary to acute rhinosinusitis, and identifying abscess formation is crucial for management decision. The objective of this study is to determine whether there are different computed tomography scan abscess dimensions and volumes in children requiring medical versus surgical management for subperiosteal orbital abscess (SPOA). Study Design. Case series with chart review. Setting. The study was conducted at Assaf Harofeh Medical Center. Subjects and Methods. Clinical and radiological parameters of 95 children admitted with eyelid edema between January 2005 and December 2007 were studied. Results. Of 95 cases of orbital cellulitis, a total of 48 children with sinogenic orbital complications with a mean (SD) age of 4.03 (3.46) years were included. No significant difference was found between the surgically and medically treated SPOA groups regarding the use of preadmission antibiotic and clinical presentation. Statistically significant larger abscesses in the surgically treated group were noted (mean volume 1.389 vs 0.486 mL in the conservatively treated group; P = .013) and a longer mean anterior-posterior and medial-lateral dimension (P = .001 and .017, respectively). Conclusion.Children presenting with significant or progressing ocular findings or failure to improve after 48 hours of medical therapy, together with an abscess volume of more than 0.5 mL, a length greater than 17 mm, and a width greater than 4.5 mm, should be strongly considered to have surgical drainage.
EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY CONVERSION DURING SINUSOIDAL MOVEMENT OF RED MUSCLE FIBRES FROM THE DOGFISH SCYLIORHINUS CANICULA

Bundles of red myotomal muscle fibres isolated from dogfish were electrically stimulated at 12 sC. Peak twitch force was 54 % of that produced by a brief isometric tetanus. Relaxation was slower than in white fibres, but much faster than would be expected for the tonic fibres found in amphibian muscle. These two results indicate that the red fibres in dogfish are slow, but not tonic, in their behaviour. Net work output and heat production were measured during complete cycles of sinusoidal movement. The following variables were kept constant: peak-to-peak movement, about 7 % of the muscle fibre length; tetanus duration, 33 % of the mechanical cycle time; stimulus frequency, 40 Hz. The frequency of movement and the timing of the stimulation were varied for each preparation to find the conditions optimal for power output and those optimal for efficiency (the ratio of net work output to total energy output as heat+work). To achieve either maximum power or maximum efficiency, the tetanus must start while the muscle fibres are being stretched, before the beginning of the shortening part of the mechanical cycle. The highest power output was produced during movement at 1.02 Hz. The highest efficiency, 0.507+/−0.045 (+/−s.e.m., N=9), was at 0.61-0.95 Hz. The efficiency is higher than that previously measured during sinusoidal movement of white fibres; the difference, 0.095+/− 0.045 (+/−s.e.m. of the difference, d.f. 20), is statistically significant at the 5 % level.
Evolution of imaging for abdominal perforation.

INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal (GI) perforation is a common surgical presentation. In recent years, computed tomography (CT) has been shown to be accurate for predicting the site of GI perforation, and has become the investigation of choice. However the signs may be subtle or only indirectly related to the site or aetiology of perforation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A MEDLINE and PubMed search was performed for journals before June 2009 with MeSH major terms 'CT' and 'perforation'. Non-English speaking literature was excluded. RESULTS Examples of GI perforation of various aetiologies are reviewed (inflammatory, neoplastic, traumatic and iatrogenic) high-lighting characteristic CT appearances as well as pitfalls in diagnosis. Features of perforation include the presence of free gas or fluid within the supra- and/or inframesocolic compartments, segmental bowel wall thickening, bowel wall discontinuity, stranding of the mesenteric fat and abscess formation. CONCLUSIONS These differentiating features facilitate accurate multidisciplinary pre-operative evaluation, necessary to plan patient management and potential surgical approach.
Association of Isolated Single Umbilical Artery With Small for Gestational Age and Preterm Birth

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of an isolated single umbilical artery with small for gestational age (SGA) and preterm birth. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, 219 consecutive women carrying a fetus with an isolated single umbilical artery diagnosed during routine second-trimester anatomic survey were compared with 219 women carrying a fetus with a three-vessel cord. Pregnancies with fetal anomalies or aneuploidy were excluded from the analysis. Outcomes included pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational age at birth, birth weight, SGA, defined as birth weight less than the 10th percentile, and indicated or spontaneous preterm birth, defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation. RESULTS: In univariable analysis, the presence of an isolated single umbilical artery was significantly associated with lower birth weight (3,146 compared with 3,430 g) and with SGA (11.9% compared with 2.7%; P<.001 for each outcome). The rates of pregnancy-induced hypertension (7.3% compared with 1.8%, P=.01) and indicated but not spontaneous preterm delivery (5.5% compared with 0.9%, P=.01 for indicated and 8.2% compared with 4.6%, P=.12 for spontaneous) were also more common in pregnancies with an isolated single umbilical artery. In multivariable analysis controlling for potential confounders, an isolated single umbilical artery remained associated with SGA, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and medically indicated preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.97, confidence interval [CI] 1.55–10.12; adjusted OR 3.50, CI 1.10–11.18; adjusted OR 7.35, CI 1.60–33.77, respectively). CONCLUSION: Pregnancies complicated by isolated single umbilical artery are at increased risk for SGA and pregnancy-induced hypertension but not for spontaneous preterm birth. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II
Curvature sensing by vision and touch

Brain representations of curvature may be formed on the basis of either vision or touch. Experimental and theoretical work by the author and her colleagues has shown that the processing underlying such representations directly depends on specific two-dimensional geometric properties of the curved object, and on the symmetry of curvature. Virtual representations of curves with mirror symmetry were displayed in 2D on a computer screen to sighted observers for visual scaling. For tactile (haptic) scaling, the physical counterparts of these curves were placed in the two hands of sighted observers, who were blindfolded during the sensing experiment, and of congenitally blind observers, who never had any visual experience. All results clearly show that curvature, whether haptically or visually sensed, is statistically linked to the same curve properties. Sensation is expressed psychophysically as a power function of any symmetrical curve's aspect ratio, a scale invariant geometric property of physical objects. The results of the author's work support biologically motivated models of sensory integration for curvature processing. They also promote the idea of a universal power law for adaptive brain control and balancing of motor responses to environmental stimuli across sensory modalities.
Preventing the Development of Metabolic Syndrome in People with Psychotic Disorders—Difficult, but Possible: Experiences of Staff Working in Psychosis Outpatient Care in Sweden

The aim of this study was to explore mental health staffs’ experiences of assisting people with psychotic disorders to implement lifestyle changes in an effort to prevent metabolic syndrome. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 health care professionals working in psychosis outpatient care in Sweden. Data were analysed using a qualitative content analysis. The results illustrate that implementation of lifestyle changes among people with psychotic disorders was experienced as difficult, but possible. The greatest obstacles experienced in this work were difficulties due to the reduction of cognitive functions associated with the disease. Guidelines available to staff in order to help them identify and prevent physical health problems in the group were not always followed and the content was not always relevant. Staff further described feelings of uncertainty about having to motivate people to take anti-psychotic medication while simultaneously being aware of the risks of metabolic deviations. Nursing interventions focusing on organising daily routines before conducting a more active prevention of metabolic syndrome, including information and practical support, were experienced as necessary. The importance of healthy eating and physical activity needs to be communicated in such a way that it is adjusted to the person's cognitive ability, and should be repeated over time, both verbally and in writing. Such efforts, in combination with empathic and seriously committed community-based social support, were experienced as having the best effect over time. Permanent lifestyle changes were experienced as having to be carried out on the patient's terms and in his or her home environment.
Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass‐balance modelling and freshwater flux for 2007, and in a 1995–2007 perspective

The freshwater flux from the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) to the ocean is of considerable importance to the global eustatic sea level rise. A physical modelling approach using SnowModel, a state‐of‐the‐art snow‐evolution modelling system that includes four submodels (MicroMet, EnBal, SnowPack, and SnowTran‐3D), was used to quantify the 1995–2007 GrIS surface mass‐balance (SMB), including freshwater flux. Meteorological observations from 26 meteorological stations located on the GrIS (Greenland Climate Network; GC‐Net stations) and in coastal Greenland (Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) WMO‐stations) were used as model inputs. The GrIS minimum surface melt extent of 29% occurred in 1996, while the greatest extent of 51% was present in 2007. The 2007 melt extent was 20% greater than the average for 1995–2006. The year 2007 had the highest GrIS surface runoff (523 km3 y−1) and the lowest SMB (−3 km3 y−1); the only year with a negative GrIS SMB. Runoff in 2007 was approximately 35% greater than average for 1995–2006. From 1995 through 2007 overall, precipitation decreased while ablation increased, leading to an increased average SMB loss of 127 km3. The modelled GrIS SMB was merged with previous estimates of GrIS subglacial runoff (from geothermal melt) and GrIS calving to quantify GrIS freshwater flux to the ocean, indicating an average negative mass‐balance of 265 ( ±83) km3 y−1. This study further suggests an average GrIS freshwater flux of approximately 786 km3 y−1 to the ocean, of which 45% occurs from iceberg calving and geothermal bottom melting. The average annual GrIS freshwater flux equals 2·1 ± 0·2 mm w.eq. y−1 in eustatic sea level rise, indicating a cumulative flux of 28 mm w.eq. from 1995 through 2007. The average GrIS net loss contributes to a net sea level rise of 0·7 ± 0·2 mm w.eq. y−1, and a cumulative net increase of 10 mm w.eq. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The double-edged sword of recombination in breakthrough innovation

We explore the double-edged sword of recombination in generating breakthrough innovation: recombination of distant or diverse knowledge is needed because knowledge in a narrow domain might trigger myopia, but recombination can be counterproductive when local search is needed to identify anomalies. We take into account how creativity shapes both the cognitive novelty of the idea and the subsequent realization of economic value. We develop a text-based measure of novel ideas in patents using topic modeling to identify those patents that originate new topics in a body of knowledge. We find that, counter to theories of recombination, patents that originate new topics are more likely to be associated with local search, while economic value is the product of broader recombinations as well as novelty.
Learning Rhythmic Hand Movements

Twenty-seven subjects tracked targets moving up and down in a straight-line path formed from the sum of three sine waves. There were nine such tracks varying in average frequency and length of repeating subunit. The latter variable had little effect on performance, but low frequency targets were tracked better than high frequency targets. Only the component frequencies present in the tracks were reproduced to any extent in the subjects' performance. For components in different tracks the highest frequencies were reproduced with the lowest amplitude. However, for components within the track the highest frequency component tended to be reproduced with the highest amplitude. In addition the greatest amount of learning appeared in the highest frequency component within a track.
Bayesian reliability analysis with evolving, insufficient, and subjective data sets

A primary concern in product design is ensuring high system reliability amidst various uncertainties throughout a product life-cycle. To achieve high reliability, uncertainty data for complex product systems must be adequately collected, analyzed, and managed throughout the product life-cycle. However, despite years of research, system reliability assessment is still difficult, mainly due to the challenges of evolving, insufficient, and subjective data sets. Therefore, the objective of this research is to establish a new paradigm of reliability prediction that enables the use of evolving, insufficient, and subjective data sets (from expert knowledge, customer survey, system inspection & testing, and field data) over the entire product life-cycle. This research will integrate probability encoding methods to a Bayesian updating mechanism. It is referred to as Bayesian Information Toolkit (BIT). Likewise, Bayesian Reliability Toolkit (BRT) will be created by incorporating reliability analysis to the Bayesian updating mechanism. In this research, both BIT and BRT will be integrated to predict reliability even with evolving, insufficient, and subjective data sets. It is shown that the proposed Bayesian reliability analysis can predict the reliability of door closing performance in a vehicle body-door subsystem where the relevant data sets availability are limited, subjective, and evolving.Copyright © 2008 by ASME and General Motors Corporation
Finding the right route for insulin delivery – an overview of implantable pump therapy

ABSTRACT Introduction: Implantable pump therapy adopting the intraperitoneal route of insulin delivery has been available for the past three decades. The key rationale for implantable pump therapy is the restoration of the portal-peripheral insulin gradient of the normal physiology. Uptake in clinical practice is limited to specialized centers and selected patient populations. Areas covered: Implantable pump therapy is discussed, including technical aspects, rationale for its use, and glycemic and non-glycemic effects. Target populations, summaries of clinical studies and issues related to implantable pump therapy are highlighted. Limitations of implantable pump therapy and its future outlook in clinical practice are presented. Expert opinion: Although intraperitoneal insulin delivery appears closer to the normal physiology, technical, pharmacological, and costs barriers prevent a wider adoption. Evidence from clinical studies remains scarce and inconclusive. As a consequence, the use of implantable pump therapy will be confined to a small population unless considerable technological progress is made and well-conducted studies can demonstrate glycemic and/or non-glycemic benefits justifying wider application.
CT Virtual Intravascular Endoscopy in the Visualization of Fenestrated Stent-Grafts

Purpose: To report the diagnostic value of computed tomographic (CT) virtual intravascular endoscopy (VIE) in the assessment of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) treated with fenestrated endovascular grafts. Methods: Eight patients (7 men; mean age 76 years, range 70–82) with AAAs unsuitable for open surgery or conventional endovascular repair had fenestrated endovascular grafts implanted. Both pre- and post-fenestration multislice CT data were used to generate VIE images of the visceral artery ostia and the side branch fenestrated stents. CT VIE images were compared with conventional 2-dimensional (2D) axial CT and multiplanar reformatted (MPR) images for the ability to visualize the intraluminal appearance of stents, as well as to measure the length of stents that protruded into the aortic lumen. Results: Various fenestrations were deployed in 27 aortic branches. Scalloped and large fenestrations were implanted in 6 side branch ostia, respectively, and small fenestrations in 15 renal artery ostia. Fewer than half of the stents (37%) were found to be circular on VIE images, while the remaining stents were flared to varying extents at the inferior portion. The majority (96%) of stents protruded into the lumen up to 7.0 mm. Although the configuration of the side branch ostia changed to a variable extent, no significant difference was apparent between the diameters of branch ostia before and after fenestration (p>0.05). Conclusion: Our preliminary study shows that VIE proved superior to conventional 2D or MPR images in visualizing the final configuration of the fenestrated vessels and was comparable to the other techniques in measuring stent protrusion into the aortic lumen. VIE could be a valuable technique to identify any suspected abnormalities associated with fenestrated endovascular grafts by demonstrating the final intraluminal configuration of the stents in the fenestrated vessels.
Complement Is Activated by IgG Hexamers Assembled at the Cell Surface

Hexing Complement Complement activation is an immediate and potent immune defense mechanism, but how immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies activate complement at the molecular level is poorly understood. Using high-resolution crystallography, Diebolder et al. (p. 1260) show that human IgGs form hexameric structures by interacting with neighboring IgG molecules, and the complex then activates complement. Thus, IgG molecules and the complement system can coexist in the blood because complement activation will only be triggered after IgG senses a surface antigen and starts to aggregate. Hexameric platforms of antibodies on the cell surface trigger the complement cascade. Complement activation by antibodies bound to pathogens, tumors, and self antigens is a critical feature of natural immune defense, a number of disease processes, and immunotherapies. How antibodies activate the complement cascade, however, is poorly understood. We found that specific noncovalent interactions between Fc segments of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies resulted in the formation of ordered antibody hexamers after antigen binding on cells. These hexamers recruited and activated C1, the first component of complement, thereby triggering the complement cascade. The interactions between neighboring Fc segments could be manipulated to block, reconstitute, and enhance complement activation and killing of target cells, using all four human IgG subclasses. We offer a general model for understanding antibody-mediated complement activation and the design of antibody therapeutics with enhanced efficacy.
Prisoners ' Experience with Alcohol

The need for comprehensive information on the substance abuse patterns of people coming to prison has been discussed by a number of sources (for example, Krefft & Britain 1983 in the United States; Mott 1986, in the United Kingdom; Northcott et al. 1986 in Western Australia). In Western Australia a series of studies and surveys attempted to provide some indication of the extent of the problem (for example, Johnson & Egan 1985; Indermaur 1986). These short surveys contributed to the formation of a Substance Abuse Working Party set up by the (then) Western Australian Prisons Department to address the question of substance abuse problems amongst the prisoner population and to provide recommendations for future action. Although the Working Party undertook a small survey into the extent of substance abuse problems amongst prisoners it recommended that a comprehensive analysis be completed to provide a firm basis for the development of programs in the identified areas. The main objective of the present study was to measure the extent and nature of substance use and abuse amongst offenders entering Perth metropolitan prisons.