Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Joint Chinese Word Segmentation and Part-of-speech Tagging via Two-way Attentions of Auto-analyzed Knowledge

Chinese word segmentation (CWS) and part-of-speech (POS) tagging are important fundamental tasks for Chinese language processing, where joint learning of them is an effective one-step solution for both tasks. Previous studies for joint CWS and POS tagging mainly follow the character-based tagging paradigm with introducing contextual information such as n-gram features or sentential representations from recurrent neural models. However, for many cases, the joint tagging needs not only modeling from context features but also knowledge attached to them (e.g., syntactic relations among words); limited efforts have been made by existing research to meet such needs. In this paper, we propose a neural model named TwASP for joint CWS and POS tagging following the character-based sequence labeling paradigm, where a two-way attention mechanism is used to incorporate both context feature and their corresponding syntactic knowledge for each input character. Particularly, we use existing language processing toolkits to obtain the auto-analyzed syntactic knowledge for the context, and the proposed attention module can learn and benefit from them although their quality may not be perfect. Our experiments illustrate the effectiveness of the two-way attentions for joint CWS and POS tagging, where state-of-the-art performance is achieved on five benchmark datasets.
Association and gene–gene interactions study of reelin signaling pathway related genes with autism in the Han Chinese population

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with unclear etiology. Reelin had been proposed to participate in the etiology of autism due to its important role in brain development. The goal of this study was to explore the association and gene–gene interactions of reelin signaling pathway related genes (RELN, VLDLR, LRP8, DAB1, FYN, and CDK5) with autism in Han Chinese population. Genotyping data of the six genes were obtained from a recent genome‐wide association study performed in 430 autistic children who fulfilled the DSM‐IV‐TR criteria for autistic disorder, and 1,074 healthy controls. Single marker case‐control association analysis and haplotype case‐control association analysis were conducted after the data was screened. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was applied to further test gene–gene interactions. Neither the single marker nor the haplotype association tests found any significant difference between the autistic group and the control group after permutation test of 1,000 rounds. The 4‐locus MDR model (comprising rs6143734, rs1858782, rs634500, and rs1924267 which belong to RELN and DAB1) was determined to be the model with the highest cross‐validation consistency (CVC) and testing balanced accuracy. The results indicate that an interaction between RELN and DAB1 may increase the risk of autism in the Han Chinese population. Furthermore, it can also be inferred that the involvement of RELN in the etiology of autism would occur through interaction with DAB1. Autism Res 2016, 9: 436–442. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asymmetry of the hippocampus and amygdala in MRI volumetric measurements of normal adults

Multiple studies have explored the relationship between MRI-based volumetric measurements of the hippocampus and amygdala, the degree of volumetric asymmetry of these structures, and symptom manifestation. However, considerable variability exists with regard to the reported volumetric values of these structures. The present study employed meta-analytic procedures to provide a systematic analysis of the normal population parameters of hippocampal and amygdala volumetric asymmetry as well as the absolute intrahemispheric volumes of these structures in normal adults. A literature review of studies published between 1990 and 2002 resulted in a representative sample of 82 studies (N = 3,564 participants) providing volumetric information of the hippocampus and 51 studies (N = 2,000 participants) providing volumetric information of the amygdala. Results revealed that both the hippocampus and the amygdala are reliably asymmetrical structures in normal adults, with larger right hippocampal (D = 0.21, p < .001) and right amygdala (D = 0.09, p < .01) volumes. Additional analyses indicated that differences in MRI magnet field strength and slice thickness values might differentially contribute to volumetric asymmetry estimates. These results expand on previous volumetric normative studies and may be relevant to investigators studying the clinical correlates of hippocampal and amygdala volumes. (JINS, 2004, 10, 664–678.)
The Challenges of Governing Public-Private Community Health Partnerships

This article identifies key challenges that arise in governing public-private partnerships designed to improve community health status. Using telephone interview and focus group data, we describe how the 25 public private community health partnerships participating in the Community Care Network™ (CCN) Demonstration Program grapple with three interrelated clusters of governance issues: turf, community accountability, and growth and development.
Chronology of Apoptosis in Bovine Embryos Produced In Vivo and In Vitro

Abstract The postimplantation developmental potential of embryos can be affected by various forms of cell death, such as apoptosis, at preimplantation stages. However, correct assessment of apoptosis is needed for adequate inference of the developmental significance of this process. This study is the first to investigate the independent chronological occurrence of apoptotic changes in nuclear morphology and DNA degradation (detected by the TUNEL reaction) and incidences of nuclei displaying these features at various preimplantation stages of bovine embryos produced both in vivo and in vitro. Different elements of apoptosis were observed at various developmental stages and appeared to be differentially affected by in vitro production. Nuclear condensation was observed from the 6-cell stage in vitro and the 8-cell stage in vivo, whereas the TUNEL reaction was first observed at the 6-cell stage in vitro and the 21-cell stage in vivo. Morphological signs of other forms of cell death were also observed in normally developing embryos produced both in vivo and in vitro. The onset of apoptosis seems to be developmentally regulated in a stage-specific manner, but discrete features of the apoptotic process may be differentially regulated and independently modulated by the mode of embryo production. Significant differences in indices of various apoptotic features were not evident between in vivo- and in vitro-produced embryos at the morula stage, but such differences could be observed at the blastocyst stage, where in vitro production was associated with a higher degree of apoptosis in the inner cell mass.
Mental illness and social conditions in Bristol.

1. A study has been made of the distribution of 3,304 cases of mental disorder in Bristol. These were psychiatric cases admitted to mental hospitals or nursing homes during a five-year period, 1949–1953. The inception rate of different diagnostic categories in each of the city wards and in three groups of wards has been determined and correlated with three indices of social and economic level. 2. The distribution of schizophrenia departed very significantly from random, with high rates in the central wards. The distribution of manic-depressive psychosis, of neurosis and of senile dementia did not depart significantly from random. There is a marked association between schizophrenia rates and the number of people living alone; high schizophrenia rates occurred in areas of both high and low population density and of high and low mean rateable value. Rates for manic-depressive psychosis and for neurosis show a slight association with mean rateable value. Rates for senile dementia show no appreciable association with any of the three social indices. 3. The possible explanations of these results are considered and it is concluded that the observed distribution of schizophrenia can be explained by the hypothesis that there is a segregation in certain areas of persons liable to schizophrenia or by the hypothesis that social isolation is a causal factor.
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 and Its Potential As an Antibody Immunotherapy Target across Different Tumor Types

Overexpression of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) has been associated with the pathology of multiple types of such as melanoma, breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, neuroblastoma, adult and pediatric sarcomas, and some hematological cancers. CSPG4 has been reported to exhibit a role in the growth and survival as well as in the spreading and metastasis of tumor cells. CSPG4 is overexpressed in several malignant diseases, while it is thought to have restricted and low expression in normal tissues. Thus, CSPG4 has become the target of numerous anticancer treatment approaches, including monoclonal antibody-based therapies. This study reviews key potential anti-CSPG4 antibody and immune-based therapies and examines their direct antiproliferative/metastatic and immune activating mechanisms of action.
Too Much of a Good Thing

The authors discuss the dangers for organizations of focusing too much on a single organizational goal or constituent, including the potential for service organizations to overemphasize a focus on end user consumer service quality. Several examples of "too much of a good thing" are presented, including examples of too much emphasis on service quality. A multiple-constituency perspective for organizational effectiveness is then introduced. This is followed by a proposal to use employees as sensors of the climates that exist in organizations for the achievement of various goals and the gratification of various constituents. Evidence is presented for the validity of employee perceptions. The authors conclude that it is dangerous for long-term organizational health to over focus on one goal or one constituency and that asking employees about the various climates to which they are responding is a useful way to know which goals the organization is attempting to achieve.
Customer experience management: a critical review of an emerging idea

Purpose – This paper aims to critically assess the conceptual validity of customer experience as a construct and propose a model which integrates inter‐personal relationships, service quality and brands. Design/methodology/approach – A critical review of literature is structured around the key components of brands, relationships, quality, emotions and perceptions, viewed from a consumer's perspective. Findings – Paradoxes in use of the term customer experience are noted. As a verb, experience describes a process of learning, leading to learned response, but as a noun emphasises novelty and the lack of predictable, learned response. By incorporating emotions and perceptual distortion over time, customer experience overcomes many problems associated with static, partial measures of service quality. Research limitations/implications – Academic coverage of the subject of customer experience remains fragmented. Approaches to its measurement are suggested and their limitations noted. The multi‐dimensional, situation‐specific nature of customer experience favours qualitative rather than quantitative measurement approaches. Practical implications – The unique nature of customer experience, which is specific to a customer, at a specific time and location, in the context of a specific event, limits its managerial usefulness for planning and control purposes. Many companies have seen customer experience management (CEM) as a successor to customer relationship management (CRM). However, issues of inter‐functional integration become an even greater challenge. Originality/value – This paper has provided a critical review of an emerging topic and suggested that despite academic interest in the concept, practical application of customer experience management may be difficult to achieve.
Structural characterization and antioxidant activities of 2 water-soluble polysaccharide fractions purified from tea (Camellia sinensis) flower.

UNLABELLED The water-soluble crude polysaccharide tea flower polysaccharide (TFP), obtained from tea (Camellia sinensis) flower by boiling-water extraction and ethanol precipitation, was fractionated by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography, giving 2 polysaccharide fractions termed TFP-1 and TFP-2. The structural features of TFP-1 and TFP-2 were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), rheometer, infrared (IR) spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscope (AFM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results indicated that TFP-1 was composed of glucose: xylose: rhamnose: galactose=1.0:1.2:0.81:0.98 with a molecular weight of 167.5 KDa, while TFP-2 comprised glucose: xylose: rhamnose: arabinose=1.0:0.76:2.3:2.3 with a molecular weight of 10.1 KDa. The 1H NMR revealed that TFP-1 contained α-L-Rhap, α-D-Galp, α-D-GalpNAc, α-D-Xylp, α-D-Glcp, and β-D-Glcp residues, while TFP-2 was illustrated to have α-L-Rhap, α-L-Arap, α-D-Xylp, α-D-Glcp, and α-D-GlcpNAc residues. Antioxidant activities of these fractions were investigated using various in vitro assay systems compared with ascorbic acid. In conclusion, TFP-2 exhibited the higher antioxidant activities and could be explored as a novel potential antioxidant. PRACTICAL APPLICATION At present, commonly low-grade tea is preferred to extract the tea polysaccharide, to take full advantage of tea flower resource to extract polysaccharides can greatly reduce the cost of tea products. Thus, the search for plant-derived biomaterials from this study could generate natural value-added products from underutilized tea plant waste and used as a medicinal agent against chronic health problems, such as cancers, aging, and atherosclerosis caused by reactive free radicals that produced from oxidation.
The Successful Implementation of Supply Chain Management Technology Initiatives: Technological Readiness as a Key Indicator

The emergence of what is modern supply chain management (SCM) can be attributed to the revolutionary advances in information technology over the past three decades. Despite significant investment in supply chain management technology (SCMT) and the implementation process, many companies still experience considerable complications during SCMT implementation. There is a dearth of research concerning the implementation of SCMT. A proven path to supply chain technology implementation has yet to be established. In an effort to address this gap, this dissertation considers the role of technological readiness as a part of a comprehensive model for SCMT implementation. A model is proposed and empirically tested. INDEX WORDS: Supply Chain Management, Logistics, Information Technology, Technological Readiness, Change Management, Fit, Implementation, Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM)
Consumer segmentation based on usage of sales channels in the German wine market

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to test the segmentation based on the usage of sales channels and to compare the segments with each other in terms of socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics. Design/methodology/approach – This study was conducted using representative data collected in Germany through a face-to-face interview. 2,000 German consumers answered questions towards the usage of different sales channels when purchasing wine as well as socio-demographic and other behavioural questions. A hierarchical cluster analysis was run, to classify the respondents into segments. Findings – The results illustrate the usefulness of this kind of segmentation and show significant differences between the six consumer groups: discount-customers, food-retail-customers, supermarket-customers, cellar-door-customers, wine-store-customers and multichannel-customers. These segments differ in their socio-demographic as well as in their behavioural structure. Furthermore, the six segments could be split in.
Why Investor Protection is Not All That Matters in Corporate Law and Economics

The standard approach to the legal foundations of corporate governance is based on the 'law matters' thesis, according to which corporate law promotes separation of ownership and control by protecting minority shareholders from expropriation. This paper takes a broader perspective on the economic and legal determinants of corporate governance. It shows that investor protection is a necessary, but not sufficient, legal condition for efficient separation of ownership and control. Supporting control powers vested in managers or controlling shareholders is at least as important as protecting investors from their abuse. Corporate law does not only matter in the last respect; it matters in both. This result is derived by interpreting corporate governance based on three categories of private benefits of control. Corporate law affects corporate governance depending on its impact on each category of private benefits, and not just on those accounting for shareholder expropriation. Three major areas of corporate law are considered with this view. The first is the legal distribution of corporate powers. The second is the discipline of related-party transactions. The third is regulation of control transactions. The three areas are investigated comparatively in the US, the UK, Italy, Sweden, and the Netherlands. The investigation shows that, when corporate law is analyzed in this fashion, it explains the different patterns and performance of corporate governance. This account of corporate law is not only useful for understanding separation of ownership and control, but also for indicating how to improve its efficiency through legal intervention.
Tao residents' perceptions of social and cultural impacts of tourism in Lan-Yu, Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to investigate residents’ perceptions of the social and cultural impacts of tourism on Lan-Yu (Orchid Island). More specifically, this study examines Lan-Yu’s aboriginal residents’ (The Tao) perceptions of social and cultural impacts of tourism. Systematic sampling and a survey questionnaire procedure was employed in this study. After the factor analysis, three underlying dimensions were found when examining Tao residents’ perceptions of social and cultural impacts of tourism, and they were named: positive cultural effects, negative cultural effects, and negative social effects. The results from the multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the Tao’s perceptions toward social and cultural impacts of tourism were different based on their educational level, employment status, income level, marital status, and length of residence. However, it was concluded that the Tao at this time do not perceive many impacts (either positive or negative) from the development of tourism on Lan-Yu.
Earnings Management Priorities of Private Family Firms

We use a unique database on family relationships between CEOs, board members and owners of private Norwegian firms to examine earnings management priorities of private family firms. Consistent with agency theory we find that private family firms generally manage earnings downward compared with non-family firms. However, tendencies to inflate earnings increase with leverage, and among highly leveraged private firms we find that those that are family controlled manage earnings upward more extensively than others. This result suggests that preservation of control may be more important for family shareholders than for other owners. Having a CEO who is a member of the controlling family amplifies both the general tendency of shrinking earnings and the conditional tendency of inflating them. Conversely, having an independent board member moderates both tendencies. The distinct earnings management tendencies of private family firms tend to weaken as the firm grows older. This result is consistent with the generational effects on family firm characteristics that have been reported in prior family business research.
Internal branding to influence employees' brand promise delivery: a case study in Thailand

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the internal branding process from the perspective of service providers in Thailand. It will reveal the key internal branding mechanisms and empirically assess the relationship between internal branding and employees' brand attitudes and performance. Design/methodology/approach – A case study representing the Thai hotel industry is adopted with mixed methodologies. In-depth interviews are first carried out with 30 customer-interface employees in six major hotels in Thailand. On a census basis, a quantitative survey with 699 respondents from five major hotels in Thailand follows. Findings – Internal branding coordinating marketing with human resource management has a statistically significant impact on attitudinal and behavioural aspects of employees in their delivery of the brand promise. As employees' brand commitment do not have a statistically significant relationship with employees' brand performance, it is not regarded as a mediator in the link between internal branding and employees' brand performance. Practical implications – A number of significant managerial implications are drawn from this study, for example using both internal communication and training to influence employees' brand-supporting attitudes and behaviours. Still, it should be noted that the effect of internal branding on employee behaviours could be dependent on the extent to which it influences their brand attitudes. Originality/value – The paper provides valuable insights, from the key internal audience's perspectives, into an internal branding process. It has empirically shown the relationship between internal branding and the behavioural outcome as well as the partial meditating effects of employees' brand identification, commitment and loyalty.
The effect of GR38032F, novel 5‐HT3‐receptor antagonist on gastric emptying in the guinea‐pig

The effects of GR38032F a novel, selective and potent 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT3)‐receptor antagonist on gastric emptying in the guinea‐pig were investigated and compared to those of metoclopramide and haloperidol. Both GR38032F and metoclopramide increased gastric emptying in a dose‐dependent manner. In contrast, haloperidol was ineffective. GR38032F was about 200 times more potent than metoclopramide in enhancing gastric emptying over the 2 h period studied.