Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global Working Group The Formation of Prosociality: Causal Evidence on the Role of Social Environment

This study presents descriptive and causal evidence on the role of social environment for the formation of prosociality. In a ﬁrst step, we show that socio-economic status (SES) as well as the intensity of mother-child interaction and mothers’ prosocial attitudes are systematically related to elementary school children’s prosociality. In a second step, we present evidence on a randomly assigned variation of the social environment, providing children with a mentor for the duration of one year. Our data include a two-year follow-up and reveal a signiﬁcant and persistent increase in prosociality in the treatment relative to the control group. Moreover, enriching the social environment bears the potential to close the observed developmental gap in prosociality between low and high SES children. Our ﬁndings suggest that the program serves as a substitute for prosocial stimuli in the family environment.
Child Visitation Policy and Practice for Maternity Units

Purpose:To examine policies and practices related to sibling and child visitation within southeastern U.S. hospital-based maternity units. Methods:This descriptive telephone survey includes data from 69 hospitals about their intrapartum and postpartum sibling and child visitation policies. Data were collected from nurse representatives from each of these institutions. Frequency distributions were used to analyze the data. Results:Visitation during labor was restricted to siblings only in 62.3% of the hospitals; in this sample, only 28.9% allowed open visitation by children during labor and four hospitals prohibited all children from visiting during labor. Postpartum visitation was less restrictive: The majority (82.6%) of the hospitals had open child visitation policies; only four hospitals physically assessed or observed children for signs of illness prior to visiting on the postpartum unit. In most cases, even if restrictive child visitation policies were in place, they were not routinely enforced. Clinical Implications:Nurses should examine current sibling and child visitation policies in their institutions to determine the need for revision, elimination, or creation of new policies. Moreover, continued research study on child and sibling visitation and related issues is warranted to generate updated evidence to support policies.
Internet and Digital Economics: Network cooperation and incentives within online communities

The aim of this paper is to understand the rationale of cooperation within online sharing communities. How can we explain the extent of cooperative interactions between anonymous distant Internet users ? We build a game theoretic framework to study the exchange of services within virtual community like in a peer-to-peer network. We show that the coexistence of contributors and free-riders is often a stable situation. We also examine the optimal incentive mechanisms to stimulate contributions by community members.
DRINK: Discrete Robust Invariant Keypoints

Computing descriptors for image features is a crucial task in many applications. A good feature descriptor is capable of providing invariance to geometric and lightning transformations while consuming as few memory as possible. Recently, there were proposed new approaches to compute a feature descriptor that rely on pixel intensity comparisons in order to generate a binary string, generating binary descriptors. However, binary descriptors only store a single bit per pixel comparison, and an useful portion of information, about how large the difference of intensity is, is lost due to this quantization. This work proposes a generalization of the binary descriptor idea: the discrete descriptor called DRINK. Using this idea, we are able to use more information related to the intensity difference while preserving the speed of the original binary descriptor. Our experiments show that the results produced by DRINK have similar or better precision level than other widely used binary descriptors and it is more than 3 times faster than ORB and about 20% faster than FREAK, while spending half of its bits to store a descriptor.
Diphtheria toxin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We developed a selection procedure based on the observation that diphtheria toxin kills spheroplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Murakami et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:588-592, 1982); this procedure yielded mutants resistant to the in vitro action of the toxin. Spheroplasts of mutagenized S. cerevisiae were transformed in the presence of diphtheria toxin, and the transformed survivors were screened in vitro for toxin-resistant elongation factor 2. Thirty-one haploid ADP ribosylation-negative mutants comprising five complementation groups were obtained by this procedure. The mutants grew normally and were stable to prolonged storage. Heterozygous diploids produced by mating wild-type sensitive cells with the mutants revealed that in each case the resistant phenotype was recessive to the sensitive phenotype. Sporulation of these diploids yielded tetrads in which the resistant phenotype segregated as a single Mendelian character. From these observations, we concluded that these mutants are defective in the enzymatic steps responsible for the posttranslational modification of elongation factor 2 which is necessary for recognition by diphtheria toxin.
Analysis of Feature Fusion Based on HIK SVM and Its Application for Pedestrian Detection

This work presents the fusion of integral channel features to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of pedestrian detection. The proposed method combines the histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) and local binary pattern (LBP) features by a concatenated fusion method. Although neural network (NN) is an efficient tool for classification, the time complexity is heavy. Hence, we choose support vector machine (SVM) with the histogram intersection kernel (HIK) as a classifier. On the other hand, although many datasets have been collected for pedestrian detection, few are designed to detect pedestrians in low-resolution visual images and at night time. This work collects two new pedestrian datasets—one for low-resolution visual images and one for near-infrared images—to evaluate detection performance on various image types and at different times. The proposed fusion method uses only images from the INRIA dataset for training but works on the two newly collected datasets, thereby avoiding the training overhead for cross-datasets. The experimental results verify that the proposed method has high detection accuracies even in the variations of image types and time slots.
Avoiding Allograft Length Mismatch during Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background Given the increasing use of allografts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, selection of appropriate-sized grafts may help individual surgeons as well as the efficiency of the overall system for graft distribution. Hypothesis Recipient patient height can predict the desired length for the tendinous portion of a patellar bone-tendon-bone allograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Study Design Cohort study (Prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods A series of 414 knees in 392 consecutive patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of knee pain were enrolled in the study. Data collected from magnetic resonance imaging included patella and patellar tendon length and intra-articular length of the anterior cruciate ligament. Patient age, height, weight, and gender were recorded. Linear regression analysis assessed the correlation between patient height and intra-articular length of the anterior cruciate ligament as well as patellar tendon length. The effect of variance in age, weight, and gender on anterior cruciate ligament intra-articular length was also measured. Results A strong positive correlation was found between intra-articular length of the anterior cruciate ligament and patient height (Pearson r = 0.73; P < .001). Anterior cruciate ligament length (y, in millimeters) as a function of height (x, in inches) can be expressed as y = 1.17x — 41.29. As a function of height (x, in centimeters), anterior cruciate ligament length (y, in millimeters) can be expressed as y = 0.4606x — 41.29. Age, gender, and weight did not significantly influence this relationship. A weak positive association was found between patient height and patellar tendon length. Conclusion Patient height can predict the desired length of the tendinous portion of a patellar bone-tendon-bone allograft. An addition of 10 mm is made to the predicted anterior cruciate ligament length to allow for aperture tibial and femoral fixation. Patellar bone-tendon-bone allografts can be requested based on recipient patient height as follows: 5 ft, 0 in to 5 ft, 6 in: tendinous length/total length, 45 mm/95 mm; 5 ft, 7 in to 6 ft, 1 in: 50 mm/100 mm; >6 ft, 1 in: 55 mm/105 mm.
Analysis of Building Coalitions and Savings Sharing - Application to Forest Transportation

Transportation is an important part of the forestry supply chain. Typically, several forest companies operate in the same region. However, coordination of the wood flows between two or more companies is rare. The recent identification of important potential savings has raised interest in collaborative transportation planning to support coordination. Even though substantial savings can be realised, two key questions exist: (i) how should the potential savings be divided among a group of collaborating companies and (ii) among the potential collaborating companies, how should the collaborating group(s) be formed? In this paper, the two questions are studied in a specific context: among the potential collaborating companies, a subset, denoted the leadings companies, performs the collaborative transportation planning on behalf of the others. We use the concept of a business model to detail such context. Based on the literature on network formation where potential savings are modelled by a cooperative game, four business models in four different scenarios of leading companies are thus explored. We propose a longest path model as a new method to determine the stable and credible group(s) in each computation. A case study including eight forest companies is described and analysed.
A Maximum Likelihood Surface Normal Estimation Algorithm for Helmholtz Stereopsis

Helmholtz stereopsis is a relatively recent reconstruction technique which is able to reconstruct scenes with arbitrary and unknown surface reflectance properties. Conventional implementations of the method estimate surface normal direction at each surface point via an eigenanalysis, thereby optimising an algebraic distance. We develop a more physically meaningful radiometric distance whose minimisation is shown to yield a Maximum Likelihood surface normal estimate. The proposed method produces more accurate results than algebraic methods on synthetic imagery and yields excellent reconstruction results on real data. Our analysis explains why, for some imaging configurations, a sub-optimal algebraic distance can yield good results.
Aggressive Reporting and Probabilistic Auditing in a Principles-Based Environment

We analyze the reporting strategies of firms and the investigation strategies of auditors in an archetype principles-based financial reporting system. To this end, we add a verification stage to a standard cheap-talk game, and apply the resulting game to financial reporting. We show that for a principles-based system to work properly, firms should bear a sufficient share of the cost of a thorough investigation. Furthermore, we find that a principles-based system is a mixed blessing. On the one hand, it leads to a plausible investigation strategy of the auditor, in which "suspected" reports receive most attention. On the other hand, a principles-based system only indirectly weakens firms' incentives to report aggressively.
The Geography of Knowledge Relatedness and Technological Diversification in U.S. Cities

U.S. patent data and patent citations are used to build a measure of knowledge relatedness between all pairs of 438 major patent classes in the USPTO. The knowledge relatedness measures, constructed as the probability that a patent in class j will cite a patent in class i, form the links of a patent network. Changes in this U.S. knowledge network are examined for the period 1975 to 2005. Combining the knowledge network with patent data for each of the CBSAs in the United States permits analysis of the evolution of the patent knowledge base within metropolitan areas. Measures of knowledge relatedness are employed to explain technological diversification and abandonment in U.S. cities.
Groundwater arsenic contamination and its health effects in the Ganga-Meghna-Brahmaputra plain.

School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India Department of Neurology, Medical College, Kolkata, India Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, S.S. K.M. Hospital, Kolkata, India Retired Professor of Dermatology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata Department of Dermatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, S.S. K.M. Hospital, Kolkata, India Dhaka Community Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
The Use of Ospolot in the Treatment of Epilepsy

Details are given of the effect of Ospolot on the control of seizures in 50 patients with intractable epilepsy. Reports on its use in the treatment of epilepsy are reviewed. In none of these studies were control groups of patients used so that the results must be interprétéd with caution. The earlier papers suggested that Ospolot was a very successful addition to current anti‐convulsant therapy but the more recent ones have been more cautious, the consensus of opinion being that it was no better than other drugs but might be helpful in the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy and possibly of myoclonic seizures when alternative therapy had failed. This was supported by the present trial, there being no evidence that Opsolot was superior to other anticonvulsants in the treatment of chronic epilepsy. When the Ospolot was given in combination with other drugs improvement occasionally occurred, particularly if the epilepsy was the result of an acquired cérébral lesion as in temporal lobe seizures.
Distinctive sociodemographic, clinical and temperament characteristics of bipolar-I, bipolar-II and major depressive disorders.

INTRODUCTION Mood disorders are one of the significant mental disorders that decrease the quality of human life and disrupt the psychosocial functionality and interpersonal relationships. Recently, studies have suggested that affective temperaments are factors that determine the emergence and characteristics of mood disorders. METHODS 150 patients total were enrolled in the study, which aimed to compare the temperament, clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of 50 BD-I, 46 BD-II and 54 MDD patients. In order to determine clinical and sociodemographic features, we administered the SKIP-TURK structured follow-up questionnaire, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the TEMPS-A temperament rating scale for all patients. RESULTS The following clinical, sociodemographic and temperament characteristics were evaluated: such as history of psychiatric disorder of first and second degree relatives, comorbid hypothyroidism, age of onset of the mood disorder symptoms, the nature of the first episode of the mood disorder, seasonal course, mean duration of the episode, total number of episodes, severity of the mood episodes, and total number of hospitalizations. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that some sociodemographic, clinical and affective temperament characteristics may be good predictors for early diagnoses and treatment of BD and MDD.
Crow Deaths Caused by West Nile Virus during Winter

In New York, an epizootic of American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) deaths from West Nile virus (WNV) infection occurred during winter 2004–2005, a cold season when mosquitoes are not active. Detection of WNV in feces collected at the roost suggests lateral transmission through contact or fecal contamination.
Compensating for alcohol-induced impairment: alcohol expectancies and behavioral disinhibition.

OBJECTIVE Studies have shown that expectations of alcohol-induced impairment can produce adaptive responses to alcohol that serve to reduce the degree of behavioral impairment displayed. The present research examined how an expectancy-induced adaptive response could reduce the impairing effects of alcohol on response activation, while at the same time increase its impairing effect on response inhibition. METHOD Social drinkers (N = 48) practiced a stop-signal choice reaction time (RT) task that measured their speed of responding and their ability to inhibit responses to stop signals. Subjects then received 0.65 g/kg of alcohol, a placebo beverage, or no beverage. Prior to performing the task again, one-half of the sample was given information to expect that alcohol would slow (i.e., impair) their RT. The others received no expectancy treatment. RESULTS Subjects led to expect slowed RT displayed faster RTs but fewer inhibitions under alcohol, compared with those who received no such expectancy The same pattern of results was observed under the placebo condition. In the "no beverage" condition, the expectancy treatment had no significant effect on subjects' RT or inhibitions. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate that an alcohol expectancy can reduce impairment of one aspect of performance under the drug while increasing its impairing effect on another. The study contributes to a growing body of research that highlights the importance of understanding interactions between the expected and pharmacological effects of alcohol.
Mergers and risk

This paper examines the impact of mergers on default risk, finding that, on average, a merger increases the default risk of the acquiring firm. This is surprising for two reasons: risk reduction is among the reasons commonly cited for mergers, and asset diversification should reduce default risk unless the newly-merged firm takes some action to increase risk. We associate the risk increase with mergers satisfying one of a trifecta of conditions related to agency problems: mergers financed with stock, acquirers with a high market- to-book ratio, and acquirers with poor stock price performance prior to a merger announcement. We also demonstrate higher levels of default risk are not accompanied by higher post- merger returns.
Trapeziometacarpal arthrodesis: is bone union necessary for a good outcome?

We present a retrospective study of 107 cases of thumb carpometacarpl joint arthrodesis. The aim of our study was to analyse our population and to compare the outcomes of patients who obtained bone union with the patients who did not. There were no statistical differences in most of the clinical outcomes (DASH score, visual analogue scale, Kapandji test, grip, and key pinch) between the two groups of patients; there were fewer cases of scaphotrapeziotrapezoid arthritis in the group that did not obtain bone union. We conclude that the bone union is not necessary for a good outcome. Level IV of evidence
Self-Actualization and Value Structure: An Empirical Investigation

The present study investigated Maslow's assertion that there exists a cluster of values characteristic of self-actualizing persons. A total of 84 college students, 35 male and 49 female, completed the Personal Orientation Inventory and the Rokeach Value Survey. Based on the former profile, Ss were designated as reflecting one of 4 levels of self-actualization. Differential rank ordering of each value for the four groups was assessed via extensions of the median test. Results lend partial support to Maslow's assertion. The value of “social recognition” was negatively correlated with self-actualization. Significant recursive rankings in which self-actualizing persons ranked values similarly to severely nonactualizing persons but unlike normal individuals were observed for “a comfortable life,” and “a world at peace. ” Findings were interpreted in terms of the self-actualizing person's definition of values and his perception of realistic limitations on his abilities.
Strategic Management: Creating Competitive Advantages

Strategic Management: Text and Cases, 3rd Edition, byDess/Lumpkin/Eisner is both readable and rigorous- written for today'sstudent. A rocket-ship in its first editions, this revision continues toprovide solid treatment of traditional topics in strategic management, aswell as contemporary topics like entrepreneurship, innovation, knowledge management, and internet strategies. The prestigious authorteam understands the importance of thorough, modern conceptsillustrated by rich, relevant, and teachable cases
Adaptive Strategies in Response to the Economic Crisis: A Cross-Cultural Study in Austria and Slovenia

This study builds on prior research on culture-specific differences in strategic decision-making and strategic issue analysis, and extends it to the field of strategic crisis adaptation. Taking an upper echelons perspective, it is investigated whether the cultural dimension of uncertainty avoidance had an effect on strategic directions that managers chose in response to the 2008–2009 global financial and economic crisis. Building on a framework of strategic crisis responses and a quantitative survey conducted among 257 managers in Austria and Slovenia, the findings suggest that strategic issue interpretations of the economic crisis as well as country differences influence whether firms are using externally versus internally-directed strategic responses, and pro-active versus retrenchment strategies. The differences in strategy deployment between the two countries, however, could not be consistently traced to differences in the cultural dimension of uncertainty avoidance, thus suggesting that other country-specific factors like institutional or social differences also play an important role.
Separate amygdala subregions signal surprise and predictiveness during associative fear learning in humans

It has recently been suggested that learning signals in the amygdala might be best characterized by attentional theories of associative learning [such as Pearce–Hall (PH)] and more recent hybrid variants that combine Rescorla–Wagner and PH learning models. In these models, unsigned prediction errors (PEs) determine the associability of a cue, which is used in turn to control learning of outcome expectations dynamically and reflects a function of the reliability of prior outcome predictions. Here, we employed an aversive Pavlovian reversal‐learning task to investigate computational signals derived from such a hybrid model. Unlike previous accounts, our paradigm allowed for the separate assessment of associability at the time of cue presentation and PEs at the time of outcome. We combined this approach with high‐resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging to understand how different subregions of the human amygdala contribute to associative learning. Signal changes in the corticomedial amygdala and in the midbrain represented unsigned PEs at the time of outcome showing increased responses irrespective of whether a shock was unexpectedly administered or omitted. In contrast, activity in basolateral amygdala regions correlated negatively with associability at the time of cue presentation. Thus, whereas the corticomedial amygdala and the midbrain reflected immediate surprise, the basolateral amygdala represented predictiveness and displayed increased responses when outcome predictions became more reliable. These results extend previous findings on PH‐like mechanisms in the amygdala and provide unique insights into human amygdala circuits during associative learning.