Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Linguistics for Archaeologists: Principles, Methods and the Case of the Incas

Like archaeologists, linguists and geneticists too use the data and methods of their disciplines to open up their own windows onto our past. These disparate visions of human prehistory cry out to be reconciled into a coherent holistic scenario, yet progress has long been frustrated by interdisciplinary disputes and misunderstandings (not least about Indo-European). In this article, a comparative-historical linguist sets out, to his intended audience of archaeologists, the core principles and methods of his discipline that are of relevance to theirs. They are first exemplified for the better-known languages of Europe, before being put into practice in a lesser-known case-study. This turns to the New World, setting its greatest indigenous ‘Empire’, that of the Incas, alongside its greatest surviving language family today, Quechua. Most Andean archaeologists assume a straightforward association between these two. The linguistic evidence, however, exposes this as nothing but a popular myth, and writes instead a wholly new script for the prehistory of the Andes — which now awaits an archaeological story to match.
Effect of Osmotic Stress on the Initial Development of Bean Seedlings

One of the methods to determine the tolerance of plants to water stress is the observation of germination of seeds under stress induced in laboratory conditions. Thus, the aim was to evaluate the response of four common bean cultivars to water deficit simulated under laboratory conditions. Two common landrace genotypes acquired from farmers (FORT 07 and FORT 08) and two commercial cultivars, IAPAR 81 and Serrano were evaluated. The different levels of water deficit were induced with mannitol solution. The experimental design was completely randomized and a factorial scheme 5 × 4 (osmotic potential x genotypes), with four replications. The characteristics: primary root protrusion, seed vigor, normal and abnormal seedling, seedling and root length, fresh and dry weight of seedling and root were evaluated. By reducing the osmotic potential seedling vigor bean was more affected than the primary root protrusion. Regardless of cultivar, there was a significant and progressive reduction in the normal seedlings percentage from potential -0.3 MPa. The IAPAR 81 and FORT 07 cultivars showed higher tolerance to water deficit compared to other cultivars.
Diurnal Effects on Mentha canadensis Oil Concentration and Composition at Two Different Harvests

Japanese cornmint, also known as menthol mint, (Mentha canadensis L. syn M. arvensis var canadensis L.), is an essential oil crop cultivated in several countries in Asia and South America. The plant is currently the only commercially viable source for natural menthol due to the high concentration of menthol in the oil. The hypothesis of this study was that harvesting time within a 24 h period will have an effect on essential oil yield and composition of Japanese cornmint grown at high altitude in Northern Wyoming. Flowering plants were harvested every 2 h on Aug 7th – 8th (Harvest 1) and again on Aug 14th -15th (Harvest 2) and the essential oil was extracted and analyzed on gas chromatograph-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Harvest date (Harvest 1 and Harvest 2) and harvest time (12 times within 24-h period) were significant on the oil yield (content), on the yield of menthol, whereas harvest date alone was significant on the concentration of menthol in the oil. The interaction effect of oil harvest date and harvest time were significant on moisture content, on the concentrations of menthol and menthofuran in the oil, as well as on the yield on limonene, menthol, and menthofuran. Overall, the oil yield in g per 100 g dried material (1.26 and 1.45, respectively), the concentration of menthol in the oil (67.2 and 72.9%, respectively) and menthol yield were higher in plants at Harvest 2 than at Harvest 1. The oil yield in dried Japanese cornmint was higher in plants harvested at 11:00 AM and at 1:00 AM and lower in the plants harvested at 3:00 AM. Menthol yield was the highest in plants harvested at 1:00 PM and lower in the plants harvested at 7:00 AM, 7:00 PM and 3:00 AM. This study demonstrated that harvesting time may affect essential oil yield and composition of Japanese cornmint grown at high altitude in Northern Wyoming.
Language diversity in the mathematics classroom: does a learner companion make a difference?

Language and education are interrelated because all teaching is given through the medium of language. Language is considered to be both a precondition for thought and a bearer of thought and therefore influences the extent to which a child’s intelligence is actualised. In the South African context linguistic diversity is a complex issue. It has increasingly become the task and responsibility of educators to develop strategies in an attempt to facilitate quality education for their learners. In this study, the researchers developed an ‘aid’ that would assist learners to relate mathematics terms and concepts in English with terms in their own languages. The study determined whether a visual multilingual learner companion brought change in learners’ performance in mathematics. Also what the educators’ views were about this. A combination of a quasiexperimental study and an interview schedule was conducted. The quasiexperimental study was conducted among learners while the interview schedule was with their educators. The sample comprised 2,348 learners in Grade 4, Grade 5 and Grade 6 from 20 schools as well as 20 educators from the treatment schools. The results indicated that the mathematics marks of the treatment group improved. Also, the educators were complimentary about the learner companion and indicated that they would utilise this going forward in their teaching. It is recommended that the multilingual visual explanatory mathematics learner companion be used and investigated on a larger scale to corroborate the efficacy reported here.
EFFECT OF WHEAT BRAN SUBSTITUTION FOR CORN AND DEHYDRATED ALFALFA ON FINISHING LAMBS

Two trials with finishing lambs were conducted to study the effect of substituting wheat bran for either dehydrated alfalfa pellets or corn. In trial 1, the basal ration fed to lambs was compared by replacing dehydrated alfalfa (12.5%) with wheat bran. Growth responses to wheat bran or dehydrated alfalfa were not different (P>0.74). In trial 2, thirty-two lambs were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to four treatments consisting of the basal ration plus three different levels of wheat bran (22%, 46% and 68%) substituted for corn. The results indicated that animals on the control diet (without wheat bran) performed better (α = 0.5) than the three wheat bran diets, where the two lowest level of wheat bran diet either maintained or gained weight. Animals on the highest level of wheat bran lost weight. Gain response to the corn diet was higher (P 0.05). DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjas.v38i1-2.9913 BJAS 2009; 38(1-2): 61-66
Endogenous growth theory twenty years after : a critical assessment

Introduction Some years ago I found one ‘key’ of the origins of endogenous growth literature (EGT) in the dissatisfaction that emerged in the late fifties with one result of the neoclassical growth model by Robert Solow (1956), that is the independence of the growth rate of the economy from the saving ratio, the ratio between the (full employment) saving supply and output, a variable subject to policy influence, e.g. by tax treatment favourable to saving and investment (Cesaratto 1999a, 1999b). I pointed out the difficulties met both by the earlier and the new generations of endogenous models in trying to relate the growth and saving rates (see also Serrano & Cesaratto, 2002). In the meanwhile the literature on EGT has been enriched by further models and empirical verifications, that have been endeavoured to face those difficulties. In this paper I will reassess my early conclusions about EGT in the light of the most recent contributions. In this paper I shall distinguish among three generations of EGT models: the old from the sixties; the new from the late eighties; and the most recent from the second half of the nineties. As we shall see, EGT models can be divided in two fields: those who defend the Solowian approach (semi-endogenous models) and those who try to depart from it (full endogenous models). Quite relevant to corroborate the interpretation of EGT put forward in my earlier contributions was a paper by Marving Frankel, published in 1962 six months later than the more well known Arrow’s learning-by-doing model, that I ‘rediscovered’ guided by the key to EGT that had just come to my mind. Frankel observed that in the Harrod-Domar model, where a production function is used (where is the output-capital ratio), the rate of economic growth depends aK Y = a on the saving ratio according to the well known Harrodian formula , where s v s g / = a v / 1 = .
Climate sensitivity of a high-precipitation glacier in New Zealand

Abstract The sensitivity of glaciers to climatic change is key information in assessing the response and sea-level implications of projected future warming. New Zealand glaciers are important globally as an example of how maritime glaciers will contribute to sea-level rise. A spatially distributed energy-balance model is applied to Brewster Glacier, New Zealand, in order to calculate glacier mass balance, run-off and sensitivity to climate change. The model successfully simulates four annual mass-balance cycles. Close to half (52%) of the energy available for melt on the glacier is supplied by turbulent heat fluxes, with radiation less important, except during the winter. Model sensitivity to temperature change is one of the largest reported on Earth, at −2.0 m w.e. a−1 °C−1. In contrast, a 50% change in precipitation is required to offset the mass-balance change resulting from a 1 °C temperature change. Meltwater runoff sensitivity is also very high, increasing 60% with a 1°C warming. The extreme sensitivity of mass balance to temperature change suggests that significant ice loss will occur with even moderate climate warming.
Genome‐Wide Mapping of Spike‐Related and Agronomic Traits in a Common Wheat Population Derived from a Supernumerary Spikelet Parent and an Elite Parent

In wheat, exotic genotypes harbor a broad range of spike‐related traits, and can be used as a source of new genes for germplasm enhancement in wheat breeding programs. In the present study, a population of 163 recombinant inbred lines was derived from a cross between an elite line (WCB414) and an exotic line (WCB617) with branched spike (supernumerary spikelet; SS) head morphology. The population was evaluated over four to six environments to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with nine spike‐related traits and 10 agronomic traits. A genetic map consisting of 939 diversity arrays technology (DArT) markers was constructed. Composite interval mapping identified a total of 143 QTL located on 17 different wheat chromosomes and included 33 consistent and definitive QTL. The amount of phenotype variation explained (PVE) by individual QTL ranged from 0.61 to 91.8%. One major QTL for glume pubescence was located in a QTL‐rich region on the short arm of chromosome 1A, where loci for other traits such as for kernels per spike (KS) and spike length (SL) were also identified. Similarly, a cluster of QTL associated with yield‐related, agronomic and spike‐related traits contributing up to 40.3% of PVE was found on the short arm of chromosome 2D, in the vicinity of a major QTL for SS‐related traits. Consistent and major QTL identified in the present study may be useful in marker‐assisted breeding programs to facilitate transfer of desirable alleles into other germplasm. Desirable QTL alleles were also contributed by the exotic line, suggesting the possibility of enriching the breeding germplasm with alleles from SS genotypes.
Factors Influencing Strategic Information Systems Implementation In Government Parastatals: A Case Of Kenya Forest Service, Mau Forest Conservancy

The operations of parastatals could be greatly enhanced by the wellfocused application of information systems to support improvements in productivity, management effectiveness and ultimately, the quality of services offered to citizens. Assessing the strategies of information systems (ISs) implementation has been identified as one of the most critical issues in IS field. However, studies relating to this issue within the context of kenyan parastatals are few and lack the ability to propose a major set of factors influencing the strategic IS implementation. The study sought to determine the influence of top management support, expertise, infrastructure and enduser training on strategic information systems implementation at Kenya Forest Service. The study adopted descriptive research design using a sample of 262 drawn from a population of 831 staff of the Kenya Forest Service, Head of Conservancy Mau selected using stratified and simple random sampling technique. Data was collected by questionnaires and analysed by descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that the relationship of top management support, expertise, end-user training and infrastructure explain a strong change in strategic information systems implementation. The study concluded that to ensure strategy is implemented as intended, senior executives must endevour to persuade the employees of their ideas and that IT professionals' technical backgrounds is critical both during the selection and acquisition of complex IT system and for the implementation of information system into adopting organizations.
Growth characteristics in Hordeum spontaneum populations from different habitats

Hordeum spontaneum shows a large genetic variation and occupies a wide range of different habitats. The aim of this study was to quantify variation in growth characteristics of H. spontaneum from different sites in Israel and to relate this variation to different environmental conditions. To this end, 84 accessions of 21 populations were grown in a growth chamber in near-optimal conditions and a range of physiological, morphological, allocation- related and chemical characteristics were measured. These parameters included rates of photosynthesis, shoot and root respiration, specific leaf area, biomass allocation and seed mass. Averaged over all traits variation explained by differences between populations was 26%, between accessions 21%, whereas that within accessions was 53%. By contrast with most genetic studies, we found variation between populations larger than between accessions. The largest between-population variation (46%) was for morphological traits. In particular, seed mass, leaf thickness and leaf width differed strongly between populations. Variation in growth characteristics between populations was poorly related to mean annual rainfall, mean humidity or January temperature at the sites of origin. We expect that differences between populations to be larger and correlation with environmental parameters stronger in plants grown in stressful conditions. According to our study, seed mass is more important than relative growth rate in determining variation in early plant biomass in H. spontaneum.
Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa)

This article reports a 3-year (2002-04) survey on limnology and phytoplankton of Lake Kivu, a meromictic lake of the East African Rift, with peculiar geophysical and geochemical features. The phytoplankton survey combined high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of marker pigments, flow cytometry and epifluorescence and electron microscopy. Availability of similar data from a parallel study on Lake Tanganyika allowed a detailed comparison of phytoplankton composition and ecology in these two lakes. Lake Kivu combines a relatively shallow euphotic layer, usually smaller than its mixed layer, with relatively low nutrient content of the mixolimnion and with unstable thermal stratification of the surface waters. With an annual average chlorophyll a (Chl a) in the mixed layer of 2.2 mg m -3 and low nutrient levels in the euphotic zone, the lake is clearly oligotrophic. As in other large African Rift lakes, seasonal variations of algal biomass and composition occurred, with substantial interannual variations, mainly related to variability of wind pattern and water column stability. Contrary to earlier reports that described Lake Kivu phytoplankton as dominated by cyanobacteria and green algae, we found that diatoms were the dominant group in the lake, particularly during the dry season (DS) episodes of deep mixing. During the rainy season (RS), the stratified water column, with high light and lower nutrient availability, favoured dominance of filamentous, of diazotrophic cyanobacteria and of picocyanobacteria, which represented a substantial fraction of auto trophic biomass. Different phytoplankton functional groups were identified in Lake Kivu, which place it in an intermediate position between the oligotrophic lakes Tanganyika and Malawi and the more eutrophic Lake Victoria. However, the dominant diatoms of Lake Kivu (Urosolenia sp. and the needle-like Nitzschia bacata Hust. and Fragilaria danica Lange-Bert.) are known from oligotrophic, P-deficient African lakes, and do not seem to be adequately included in the current functional classifications of freshwater phytoplankton.
International financial reporting standards (IFRS) as a change agent in Ukraine

This paper aims to examine the perception of key actors regarding the costs and benefits that result from adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Ukraine. Authors showed that IFRS implementation impacts on internal reporting quality, the relationship with customers, creditors and shareholders, the access to international markets and external financing. They also indicated that financial managers have serious concerns about implementation costs related to the introduction of IFRS. These costs relate to training, instruction on IFRS adoption and translation of current IFRS, changes in software systems, double purpose accounting and deadlines for IFRS adoption and consulting services.
A Third-Order Semi-Discrete Central Scheme for Conservation Laws and Convection-Diffusion Equations

We present a new third-order, semi-discrete, central method for approximating solutions to multi-dimensional systems of hyperbolic conservation laws, convection-diffusion equations, and related problems. Our method is a high-order extension of the recently proposed second-order, semi-discrete method in [16]. The method is derived independently of the specific piecewise polynomial reconstruction which is based on the previously computed cell-averages. We demonstrate our results, by focusing on the new third-order CWENO reconstruction presented in [21]. The numerical results we present, show the desired accuracy, high resolution and robustness of our method.
‘Just Being Selfish for My Own Sake …’: Balancing the Views of Young Adults with Intellectual Disabilities and Their Carers in Transition Planning

In contrast to other forms of family caregiving, becoming the parent or carer of a child with an intellectual disability (ID) implies an ongoing responsibility beyond the attainment of chronological adulthood (Meyers et al., 1985; Todd and Shearn, 1996). At the same time, a discourse of self-determination pervades policy around transition to adult services in ID in England (Valuing People, 2001). In this paper we present a subset of data from a project which aimed to examine how the process of transition from child to adult services in ID is managed. Using data from 8 tape-recorded meetings in which transitions were planned and discussed, we examine what happens when the views of the parent/carer and the young adult are in apparent conflict. Drawing on the growing body of interactional work in the field (eg Rapley, 2004; Finlay, Antaki and Walton, 2008), we use conversation analysis to examine how professionals manage and negotiate this conflict and how some points of view or courses of action ultimately prevail over others. While the discourse of self-determination may prevail in English policy terms, we show how the fact that parents or carers ultimately have a key role in enabling the choices of the young person has a significant impact on these interactions.
A multinuclear NMR study of clinochlore

Abstract Tetrahedral and octahedral ordering in synthetic clinochlore with compositions (Mg5Al)[Si3Al]O10(OH)8 and (Mg4.56Al1.44)[Si2.58Al1. 42]O10(OH)8 have been studied by 29Si, 27Al, and 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy. The 29Si spectra indicate that Al-O-Al avoidance occurs on tetrahedral sites with considerable short-range order in accordance with the Homogeneous Dispersion of Charges (HOC) model of Herrero et al. (1985a), in which charge imbalance within the tetrahedral sheets is minimized. The 1H MAS NMR spectra indicate that every [6]Al is surrounded by six Mg octahedra.
Super-Chandrasekhar dynamical friction in a constant-density spherical star system

N-body modelling of massive body motion in constant density-cores shows deviations in the dynamical friction force from Chandrasekhar’s formula. When the body orbit falls within the core, the body experiences a stage of enhanced friction after which the friction force becomes very low or zero. This effect takes place for circular as well as radial and elliptic orbits of the massive perturber. Previously developed perturbative treatment of dynamical friction in spherical systems cannot be directly applied to constant density cores because of the importance of non-linear resonant effects in this case. This feature is caused by the full resonance of the moving body with all the stars in the harmonic potential. There has been a successful attempt at semi-analytical treatment of the problem, but there remains a lack of any analytical description of this phenomenon. We study the motion of a massive point-like object in a strictly constant density sphere analytically and obtain a formula for the energy decay rate of the object at the stage of super-Chandrasekhar friction. We show that the dynamical friction force at this stage is half an order in Mobject/Mcore stronger than in Chandrasekhar’s case. Our numerical simulations for both circular and radial orbits of the perturber reveal the stage of enhanced friction and the stalling stage afterwards. Dependence of the decay time at the super-Chandrasekhar stage on the perturber mass confirms our analytical relationship. We compare our analytical formula with N-body results of other authors for the enhanced friction stage and find good agreement.
Attitudes and knowledge of nurse practitioners towards traditional healing, faith healing and complementary medicine in the Northern Province of South Africa

Objective: To investigate the attitudes and knowledge of nurses towards traditional healing, faith healing and complementary therapies in the Northern Province in South Africa. Design: Survey of nurses. Setting: Registered professional nurses at health centres and clinics. Participants: 84 registered professional nurses Results: Nurse’s perceptions were basically positive toward ethnomedical therapy (traditional healing, faith healing and complementary medicine); this also included their integration into the primary health care system. Mean ratings for referral to a faith healer was 2.7, followed by complementary medicine (2.6) and traditional healing (2.2). Although low rates of referrals to ethnomedical therapists were practised, it was done so mainly in the patient’s interest and not as a last resort for chronic or terminal illness. Most did not discuss with a patient benefits of traditional healing but 71% discussed the possible harmful effects. However, the majority discussed the benefits rather than harmful effects of faith healing. With respect to mean ratings on knowledge, faith healing was considered the most important (4.3), followed by complementary medicine (4.2), and traditional healing (4.1). Conclusion: Faith healing was considered as more important than complementary medicine and traditional healing. Implications are relevant for nursing health care and policy.