Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Real Effects of Bank Capital Requirements

We measure the impact of bank capital requirements on corporate borrowing and investment using loan-level data. The Basel II regulatory framework makes capital requirements vary across both banks and across firms, which allows us to control for firm-level credit demand shocks and bank-level credit supply shocks. We find that a 1 percentage point increase in capital requirements reduces lending by 10%. Firms can attenuate this reduction by substituting borrowing across banks, but only partially. The resulting reduction in borrowing capacity impacts investment, but not working capital: Fixed assets are reduced by 2.6%, but lending to customers is unaffected.
Recovering from mental health problems: Perceived positive and negative effects of medication on reconnecting with life

Background: At present there is no coherent theory of mental health recovery capable of guiding clinical practice. Materials: On the basis of 32 interviews with those recovering in Ireland, a grounded theory study generated a theory of recovery as reconnecting with life. This paper reports extended findings on the perceived roles of medication in recovery. Results: Medication combined with other strategies was viewed as both a facilitator and a barrier of reconnecting with life. Reduction and change of medication were reported as facilitating reconnection. Conclusions: Use of medication may need to be constantly revised to match self-perceived progress of reconnecting with life.
Resilience across Cultures

Findings from a 14 site mixed methods study of over 1500 youth globally support four propositions that underlie a more culturally and contextually embedded understanding of resilience: 1) there are global, as well as culturally and contextually specific aspects to young people’s lives that contribute to their resilience; 2) aspects of resilience exert differing amounts of influence on a child’s life depending on the specific culture and context in which resilience is realized; 3) aspects of children’s lives that contribute to resilience are related to one another in patterns that reflect a child’s culture and context; 4) tensions between individuals and their cultures and contexts are resolved in ways that reflect highly specific relationships between aspects of resilience. The implications of this cultural and contextual understanding of resilience to interventions with at-risk populations are discussed.
Sell-Order Illiquidity and the Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns

We estimate buy- and sell-order illiquidity measures (lambdas) for a comprehensive sample of NYSE stocks. We show that sell-order liquidity is priced more strongly than buy-order liquidity in the cross-section of equity returns. Indeed, our analysis indicates that the liquidity premium in equities emanates predominantly from the sell-order side. We also find that the average difference between sell and buy lambdas is generally positive throughout our sample period. Both buy and sell lambdas are significantly positively correlated with measures of funding liquidity such as the TED spread as well option implied volatility.
Antioxidant Activity of Puha (Sonchus oleraceus L.) as Assessed by the Cellular Antioxidant Activity (CAA) Assay

There is considerable interest in antioxidant dietary components that can be protective against degenerative diseases in humans. Puha (Sonchus oleraceus L.) is a rich source of polyphenols, and exhibits strong antioxidant activity as measured by the 2,2‐diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. However, the potential of puha to protect against degenerative diseases requires that low molecular weight antioxidants (LMWA) are absorbed by, and active in, human cells. The cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay was used to investigate the antioxidant activity of puha leaf extracts. Preparation methods of freezing and freeze‐drying reduced the total polyphenolic content compared with fresh puha, but did not affect the LMWA potential as determined by the DPPH assay. The IC50 values were 0.012 ± 0.003 mg/mL and 0.010 ± 0.005 mg/mL for freeze‐dried and fresh puha leaves, respectively. Using the CAA assay, it was shown that LMWAs from foliar extracts of puha were effectively absorbed into HepG2 cells, and exerted antioxidant activity at levels comparable to those of extracts from blueberry fruits, the much‐touted antioxidant superfood. Methylene blue staining of HepG2 cells indicated that puha extracts were not cytotoxic at concentrations below 100 mg DW/mL. The data indicate the potential of puha as a nutraceutical supplement for human health. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Astroglial vesicular network: evolutionary trends, physiology and pathophysiology

Intracellular organelles, including secretory vesicles, emerged when eukaryotic cells evolved some 3 billion years ago. The primordial organelles that evolved in Archaea were similar to endolysosomes, which developed, arguably, for specific metabolic tasks, including uptake, metabolic processing, storage and disposal of molecules. In comparison with prokaryotes, cell volume of eukaryotes increased by several orders of magnitude and vesicle traffic emerged to allow for communication between distant intracellular locations. Lysosomes, first described in 1955, a prominent intermediate of endo‐ and exocytotic pathways, operate virtually in all eukaryotic cells including astroglia, the most heterogeneous type of homeostatic glia in the central nervous system. Astrocytes support neuronal network activity in particular through elaborated secretion, based on a complex intracellular vesicle network dynamics. Deranged homeostasis underlies disease and astroglial vesicle traffic contributes to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease), neurodevelopmental diseases (intellectual deficiency, Rett's disease) and neuroinfectious (Zika virus) disorders. This review addresses astroglial cell‐autonomous vesicular traffic network, as well as its into primary and secondary vesicular network defects in diseases, and considers this network as a target for developing new therapies for neurological conditions.
Industrial dynamics : technological, organizational, and structural changes in industries and firms

1 Industrial Dynamics: An Overview. - 2 The Dynamics of Supply and Economic Growth. - 3 The Supply Side: Technology and History. - 4 Economic Change and the Boundaries of the Firm. - 5 'Development Blocks' in Industrial Economics. - 6 Evolution of Japan's Corporate and Industrial Networks. - 7 Cooperation Between Rivals: Informal Know-how Trading. - 8 Capitalism as an Engine of Progress. - 9 Rent and Technological Change in the Extractive Industries. - 10 The U.S.-Japan Semiconductor Trade Agreement in the Globalization of Imperfect and Dynamic Competition. - 11 Adjustment to International Disturbances in Imperfectly Competitive Markets: Canadian Manufacturing in the 1970s. - 12 Free versus Controlled Competition. - About the Contributors. - Author Index.
Percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy: a useful and necessary treatment for the western population.

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Analysts' forecast revisions and errors around executive turnover: do Japanese firms manage earnings around turnovers?

Existing literature about earnings management examine the accounting variables to find the earnings management in U. S. firms. Pourciau (1993) finds some inconclusive evidence. Murphy and Zimmerman (1993) conclude that turnover-related changes in several accrual and expenditure accounts are due mostly to poor performance. Since CEO turnovers are typically preceded by poor performance (Warner et al. 1988, Weisbach, 1988), it is difficult to distinguish the earnings effect due to poor performance and management discretion. It is unlikely to be fruitful to use more elaborate accrual estimation model such as model used in Jones (1991), because Dechow et al. (1995) show that discretionary accruals estimated from such models are also correlated with firm performance. In this paper, we take an indirect approach by examining the earnings expectation change around CEO turnover for Japanese firms. An advantage of this approach is that such an analysis effectively controls the confounding effects of firm performance. Analyst earnings forecasts prior to the turnover announcements should have already incorporated the poor firm performance over a relatively long period. Thus, any systematic abnormal forecast revisions during the short window around turnover announcements can be attributed to the expected discretionary behavior of the new manager. An assumption in the above discussion is that analysts rationally expect any possible earnings management related to CEO turnovers and incorporate such information in their earnings forecast revisions in a timely fashion. The validity of the analyst rationality assumption is itself of interest and subject to empirical testing. Past studies have found evidence of systematic forecast errors inconsistent with rational expectations. Although various rationality-based explanations have been proposed (Francis, 1997; Gu and Wu, 2002), no single factor, or factors, has been able to fully explain the systematic forecast errors. An advantage of our event approach is that it is relatively easy to isolate the turnover-related effects, and any systematic patterns of forecast revisions or forecast errors around turnovers can be used to draw
Polarizing news? Representations of threat and efficacy in leading US newspapers’ coverage of climate change

This study examines non-editorial news coverage in leading US newspapers as a source of ideological differences on climate change. A quantitative content analysis compared how the threat of climate change and efficacy for actions to address it were represented in climate change coverage across The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, and USA Today between 2006 and 2011. Results show that The Wall Street Journal was least likely to discuss the impacts of and threat posed by climate change and most likely to include negative efficacy information and use conflict and negative economic framing when discussing actions to address climate change. The inclusion of positive efficacy information was similar across newspapers. Also, across all newspapers, climate impacts and actions to address climate change were more likely to be discussed separately than together in the same article. Implications for public engagement and ideological polarization are discussed.
From Cell to Beak: In-Vitro and In-Vivo Characterization of Chicken Bitter Taste Thresholds

Bitter taste elicits an aversive reaction, and is believed to protect against consuming poisons. Bitter molecules are detected by the Tas2r family of G-protein-coupled receptors, with a species-dependent number of subtypes. Chickens demonstrate bitter taste sensitivity despite having only three bitter taste receptors—ggTas2r1, ggTas2r2 and ggTas2r7. This minimalistic bitter taste system in chickens was used to determine relationships between in-vitro (measured in heterologous systems) and in-vivo (behavioral) detection thresholds. ggTas2r-selective ligands, nicotine (ggTas2r1), caffeine (ggTas2r2), erythromycin and (+)-catechin (ggTas2r7), and the Tas2r-promiscuous ligand quinine (all three ggTas2rs) were studied. Ligands of the same receptor had different in-vivo:in-vitro ratios, and the ggTas2r-promiscuous ligand did not exhibit lower in-vivo:in-vitro ratios than ggTas2r-selective ligands. In-vivo thresholds were similar or up to two orders of magnitude higher than the in-vitro ones.
Meta-Analysis of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Blockade for Heart Failure in Presence of Preserved Left Ventricular Function

Background: Heart failure (HF) with a preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) is the leading cause of hospitalization after 65 years of age. Individual randomized trials have not shown benefits conferred by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARB) in these patients. To overcome this limitation, we performed a meta-analysis of the randomized trials of ACE inhibitors or ARB in patients with HF and preserved LVEF. Methods: Our search identified 4 randomized trials, comprising a total of 8152 patients, that investigated the effects of ACE inhibitors (n = 1), ARB (n = 2), or both treatments (n = 1). Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a fixed-effect estimate method in the randomised trials. Results: Compared with placebo or no treatment, treatment with ACE inhibition or ARB was associated with lower rates of hospitalization for HF (RR 0.90; 95% CI 0.81-0.99, P = .032), though not cardiovascular mortality (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.90-1.13, P = 0.858). In 3 studies where these endpoints were combined, the 1-year incidence of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for HF was lowered by ACE inhibition or ARB (RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.58-0.94, P = .014). Conclusion: Compared with placebo, ACE inhibition or ARB significantly lowered risks of (a) hospitalization for HF and (b) the combined endpoint of cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization for HF at 1 year, in patients with HF and preserved LVEF. However, they have no significant effect on mortality during more prolonged follow-up; the width of the 95% confidence limits is compatible with a benefit as big as 10% or a hazard as large as 13%.
Growth and accounting choice

We investigate for a positive relation between growth and the aggressiveness of accounting choices. The motivation is that this relation is an unexamined and very general implication from most existing theories and types of accounting choice. Note that the firms’ decision to use aggressive choices is determined by the joint presence of two factors: specific incentives to increase earnings such as maximizing compensation and also the ability to increase earnings. Growth captures the ability to increase income because an “aggressive” accounting choice will only increase earnings for growing firms and will have no effect or even decrease earnings for no-growth or negative growth firms. Thus, a ranking on growth can be potentially used as a powerful large-sample lens that summarizes the economic importance of many disparate accounting theories and settings of aggressive choice. The empirical tests use a sample of 260,000 observations over the last 50 years and a wide set of nine accounting choices to provide a comprehensive investigation of the hypothesized relation. Our main finding is that there is essentially no reliable relation between growth and aggressive accounting choice. A number of specifications and sensitivity analyses confirm this main finding. In additional tests unrelated to the growth argument, we find no reliable positive correlation between the aggressiveness of individual accounting choices, which implies that companies make no concerted efforts to increase income over the available set of accounting choices. Finally, changes in accounting choice are rare, which implies that accounting choice is a blunt and unwieldy instrument for most aggressive earnings objectives. The conclusion is that visible and long-term accounting choices are seldom used for achieving income-increasing objectives.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for transurethral prostatic resection in men with preoperative urine containing less than 100,000 bacteria per ml: a systematic review.

PURPOSE We determined whether antibiotic prophylaxis can reduce the risk of postoperative infective complications in men undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) who have preoperative urine with less than 100,000 bacteria per ml. MATERIALS AND METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE (Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and the Cochrane Library were searched for randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials that compared the effects of antibiotic prophylaxis with placebo or active controls for men undergoing TURP with preoperative sterile urine. Two reviewers independently extracted patient characteristic and outcomes data based on a prospectively developed protocol. RESULTS A total of 28 trials, 10 placebo controlled and 18 no treatment controlled, involving 4,694 patients, met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the subjects was 69 years and the majority underwent TURP for prostatic hyperplasia (85%). Antibiotic prophylaxis was significantly more effective than placebo in reducing postoperative TURP complications. The risk differences for post-TURP bacteriuria, high degree fever, bacteremia and use of additional antibiotic treatment were -0.17 (95% CI 0.20, -0.15), -0.11 (-0.15, -0.06), -0.02 (-0.04, 0.00) and -0.20 (-0.28, -0.11), respectively. The results were observed consistently across all classes of antibiotics assessed. There was no difference in the duration of postoperative catheterization or hospitalization. Adverse events were rare, generally mild, and included allergic reactions, pyrexia and abdominal complaints. CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic antibiotics decrease the incidence of post-TURP bacteriuria, high fever, bacteremia and additional antibiotic treatment. Additional research should evaluate the optimal antibiotic regimen, and whether the cost and possibility of the development of resistant strains of organisms justify the routine use of prophylactic antibiotics.
Treatment of chronic hepatitis D virus infection with low and high doses of interferon‐α2a: Utility of polymerase chain reaction in monitoring antiviral response

We examined the efficacy of decreasing high doses (beginning at 18 MU/day) of interferon‐α2a vs. that of daily low doses (3 MU) in the treatment of chronic hepatitis delta virus infection. Patients treated with 18 MU had a somewhat higher frequency of normalization of serum ALT levels than patients treated with low doses (31% and 12%, respectively, on an intention‐to‐treat basis). A decrease in the percentage of hepatitis D virus RNA positivity was observed in both groups at the end of treatment. Thus, whereas in baseline samples 10 (62%) of the patients in each group were positive for hepatitis D virus RNA in serum on slot‐blot hybridization, these numbers decreased to 5 (31%) and 4 (25%) patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively, at the end of therapy. However, hepatitis D virus RNA, detected by means of nested polymerase chain reaction, remained in all but two (one in each group) patients who completed the treatment. Finally, during posttreatment follow‐up, hepatitis D virus RNA levels returned to baseline values, and only one patient remained negative for this marker. The beneficial effect of inter‐feron‐a was only transient. Only two patients (one from each treatment group) had persistently normal serum ALT levels after 18 mo of follow‐up. Finally, the presence of serum hepatitis D virus RNA at the end of therapy, detected with nested polymerase chain reaction, might be a good marker for the prediction of viral replication relapse. (HEPATOLOGY 1994;19:1331–1336.)
The Impact of Special Dividend and Redemption Announcements on the Swedish Stock Market

The aim with this study is to investigate the market reactions to announcements of special dividends and redemptions in Sweden and thus if these announcements can signal information. This study is an event study, where the event is the day of the announcement of a suggestion regarding issuance of special dividends or redemptions. The abnormal returns were estimated for two samples with the market adjusted returns model, one including special dividend announcing firms and the other redemption announcing firms. The signalling hypothesis and the hypothesis of a tax induced clientele effect are the most important hypotheses for this study. The efficient market hypothesis is another theoretical base that may explain the market reactions to the studied announcements, especially the pre-announcement activities that may occur. The empirical findings show that there is a statistically significant abnormal return upon special dividends announcements. There is however no statistically significant abnormal return for the redemption announcements. According to the results of the special dividend sample, it is possible that these announcements may be used as conveyors of information from the managers to the Swedish stock market. The evidence is especially strong with a significant abnormal return of 3.94 % at the 0.1 % level during the two days surrounding the actual announcement day. The study also shows that there are some sort of positive preannouncement activity that is statistically significant. There was however no statistically significant abnormal return upon the announcement of redemption programmes and therefore no evidence have been found supporting the signalling hypothesis regarding redemption announcements.
In situ hybridization of immunoglobulin light chain mRNA in paraffin sections using biotinylated or hapten‐labelled oligonucleotide probes

An in situ hybridization technique has been developed for the detection of immunoglobulin light chain mRNA in routine pathology specimens. The method detects k or λ constant region sequences using a cocktail of synthetic oligonucleotide probes labelled with biotin or fluorescein 5‐isothiocyanate (FITC) reporter molecules. The probes were labelled at flanking sites chemically by primary amine directed acylation and by ‘homopolymer tailing’ with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase using non‐radioactive nucleotide analogues. The mRNA was unmasked in the formalin‐fixed tissue sections by digestion with varying concentrations of proteinase K, and the hybrids were demonstrated using alkaline phosphatase with either a streptavidin/biotin based four‐stage system or an anti‐FITC antibody based detection system. Alkaline phosphatase was visualized using a Fast Red naphthol‐capture method and the sections were counterstained with haematoxylin.