Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When is a linguistic metaphor a conceptual metaphor

Volume 24 New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics Edited by Vyvyan Evans and Stéphanie Pourcel Editorial Advisory Board Melissa F. Bowerman Nijmegen Wallace Chafe Santa Barbara, CA Philip R. Cohen Portland, OR Antonio Damasio Iowa City, IA Morton Ann Gernsbacher Madison, WI David McNeill Chicago, IL Eric Pederson Eugene, OR François Recanati Paris Sally Rice Edmonton, Alberta Benny Shanon Jerusalem Lokendra Shastri Berkeley, CA Paul ! agard Waterloo, Ontario Human Cognitive Processing (HCP)
Indexing consistency in Information Science Abstracts

Duplicate entries in Information Science Abstracts allowed for a study of the consistency of the indexing of this file. The results showed a bipolar distribution: indexing matched completely almost half of the time and did not match at all almost half of the time. The indexing policies of ISA require one mainheading and one or two subheadings per document. This restriction in the number of terms and the fact that ISA has a very small vocabulary from which to draw these terms may be the reason for this bipolar distribution. The indexing consistency was highest for the descriptors, drawn from a small controlled vocabulary, and lowest for identifiers, drawn from natural language or the controlled vocabulary. The data suggested that as the number of terms assigned per article increased indexing consistency decreased. © 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Resillence and Dynamic Capabilities: The Role of Governance

Theories of dynamic capabilities emphasise the ability of organisations to sense opportunities, seize them, and reconfigure resources to transform the organisation around them. However, attempts to sense, seize and reconfigure increase the risk of major organisational failure. Organisations are more likely to fail, in major or minor ways, when they attempt to do new things. Consequently, a dynamically-capable organisation also needs resilience – the ability to mitigate threats created by its sensing, seizing and reconfiguration efforts. This article examines how Infosys, an NYSE-listed IT services company, created resilience, and finds that it did so through its corporate governance system. In particular, it finds that the Board, through its actions, the systems it put in place, and its delegates (principally the risk, finance, quality, and internal audit organisations) provided resilience by constructing knowledge. That knowledge allowed the organisation to mitigate known problems and find new ones. These knowledge construction processes formed two logical systems. One simplified and decentralised the governance of known problems. The other identified and solved novel problems.
Detection of congenital heart defects throughout pregnancy; impact of first trimester ultrasound screening for cardiac abnormalities

Objective: To evaluate prospectively the efficacy to screen for congenital heart defects (CHD) during the first trimester nuchal translucency (NT) ultrasound examination by assessing the four chambers’ view of fetal heart. Methods: Pregnancies that were examined prospectively by ultrasound in the first trimester (11th–14th week), the second (19th–24th week) and third trimester were included in the study. 3774 fetuses were examined and fetal heart was assessed during the NT scan by examining the four chambers view. Detailed echocardiography was performed during the anomaly and growth scans. Diagnosis of congenital heart defects (CHD) was further confirmed by a fetal cardiologist. Results: The four chambers view was obtained in 99.52% of the cases. CHD were diagnosed in 29 fetuses (0.77%). Thirteen cases (44.8%) were detected during the 11–13 weeks’ scan, 14 cases (48.3%) during the anomaly scan, 1 CHD (3.5%) during the third trimester scan and 1 case (3.5%) postpartum. Conclusion: Assessment of the four chambers of fetal heart early in pregnancy was feasible and allowed the detection of 45% of CHD. Additional parameters of fetal cardiac anatomy during the NT scan may further improve the detection rate providing pregnancy management information early in the first trimester.
Plasma viscosity and mean platelet volume in patients undergoing coronary angiography.

BACKGROUND Markers of platelet activation and haemorrheological indices have been demonstrated to play a role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. In this study, we aimed at investigate the association between plasma viscosity and platelet indices in patients undergoing coronary angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three hundred and eighty four consecutive patients scheduled to undergo coronary angiography were included in the study. Prior to coronary angiography, blood samples were withdrawn to determine routine biochemical markers, blood cell analyses and viscosity measurements. According to the results of coronary angiography, patients were classified either in a subgroup with coronary artery disease (CAD; 1 or more stenoses >50%) or normal coronary arteries (NCA; no stenoses or <50%). RESULTS There was a statistically significant correlation between plasma viscosity and mean platelet volume levels in all patients undergoing coronary angiography (r=0.199, p<0.001). Additionally, when correlation analysis was performed within each group, plasma viscosity significantly correlated with MPV both in patients with CAD (r=0.18, p=0.004) and in patients with NCAs (r=0.272, p=0.002). Linear regression analysis revealed that plasma viscosity was positively associated with MPV while platelet number was inversely but significantly associated with MPV. CONCLUSION We have shown for the first time that MPV correlates with plasma viscosity in patients undergoing coronary angiography, suggesting a relation with plasma proteins and activation of circulating platelets or peripheral consumption of platelets. To evaluate this relation further controlled studies also in patients with acute coronary syndromes are warranted.
The in fl uence of allosteric modulators and transmembrane mutations on desensitisation and activation of a 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Acetylcholine activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) by binding at an extracellular orthosteric site. Previous studies have described several positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) that are selective for homomeric a7 nAChRs. These include type I PAMs, which exert little or no effect on the rate of receptor desensitisation, and type II PAMs, which cause a dramatic loss of agonist-induced desensitisation. Here we report evidence that transmembrane mutations in a7 nAChRs have diverse effects on receptor activation and desensitisation by allosteric ligands. It has been reported previously that the L247T mutation, located toward the middle of the second transmembrane domain (at the 90 position), confers reduced levels of desensitisation. In contrast, the M260L mutation, located higher up in the TM2 domain (at the 220 position), does not show any difference in desensitisation compared to wild-type receptors. We have found that in receptors containing the L247T mutation, both type I PAMs and type II PAMs are converted into non-desensitising agonists. In contrast, in receptors containing the M260L mutation, this effect is seen only with type II PAMs. These findings, indicating that the M260L mutation has a selective effect on type II PAMs, have been confirmed both with previously described PAMs and also with a series of novel a7-selective PAMs. The novel PAMs examined in this study have close chemical similarity but diverse pharmacological properties. For example, they include compounds displaying effects on receptor desensitisation that are typical of classical type I and type II PAMs but, in addition, they include compounds with intermediate properties. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3Hcaconitine; nAChR, nicotinic droxy-phenyl)-3-(2-chloro-5c modulator; TBS-345, 4-(3enesulfonamide; TBS-346, 4riazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonaH-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)benzene-propyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) henyl)-5-phenethyl-1H-1,2,4pthalen-1-yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrance, Physiology & PharmaLondon, WC1E 6BT, United r Ltd. This is an open access article
Burkholderia cenocepacia infection

Phagocytosis is an important component of innate immunity that contributes to the eradication of infectious microorganisms; however, successful bacterial pathogens often evade different aspects of host immune responses. A common bacterial evasion strategy entails the production of toxins and/or effectors that disrupt normal host cell processes and because of their importance Rho-family GTPases are often targeted. Burkholderia cenocepacia, an opportunistic pathogen that has a propensity to infect cystic fibrosis patients, is an example of a pathogenic bacterium that has only recently been shown to disrupt Rho GTPase function in professional phagocytes. More specifically, B. cenocepacia disrupts Rac and Cdc42 seemingly through perturbation of guanine nucleotide exchange factor function. Inactivation of Rac, Cdc42 and conceivably other Rho GTPases seriously compromises phagocyte function.
Place of upper endoscopy before and after bariatric surgery: A multicenter experience with 3219 patients.

AIM To study the preoperative and postoperative role of upper esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in morbidly obese patients. METHODS This is a multicenter retrospective study by reviewing the database of patients who underwent bariatric surgery (laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, laparoscopic Roux en Y gastric bypass, or laparoscopic minigastric bypass) in the period between 2001 June and 2015 August (Jahra Hospital-Kuwait, Hafr Elbatin Hospital and King Saud Medical City-KSA, and Mansoura University Hospital - Egypt). Patients with age 18-65 years, body mass index (BMI) > 40, or > 35 with comorbidities after failure of many dietetic regimen and acceptable levels of surgical risk were included in the study after having an informed signed consent. We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of all morbidly obese patients. The patients' preoperative data included clinical history including upper digestive symptoms and preoperative full workup including EGD. Only patients whose charts revealed weather they were symptomatic or not were studied. We categorized patients accordingly into two groups; with (group A) or without (group B) upper digestive symptoms. The endoscopic findings were categorized into 4 groups based on predetermined criteria. The medical record of patients who developed stricture, leak or bleeding after bariatric surgery was reviewed. Logestic regression analysis was used to identify preoperative predictors that might be associated with abnormal endoscopic findings. RESULTS Three thousand, two hundred and nineteen patients in the study period underwent bariatric surgery (75% LSG, 10% LRYDB, and 15% MGB). Mean BMI was 43 ± 13, mean age 37 ± 9 years, 79% were female. Twenty eight percent had presented with upper digestive symptoms (group A). EGD was considered normal in 2414 (75%) patients (9% group A vs 66% group B, P = 0.001). The abnormal endoscopic findings were found high in those patients with upper digestive symptoms. Abnormal findings (one or more) were found in 805 (25%) patients (19% group A vs 6% group B, P = 0.001). Seven patients had critical events during conscious sedation due to severe hypoxemia (< 60%). Rate of stricture in our study was 2.6%. Success rate of endoscopic dilation was 100%. One point nine percent patients with gastric leak were identified with 75% success rate of endoscopic therapy. Three point seven percent patients developed acute upper bleeding. Seventy-eight point two percent patients were treated by conservative therapy and EGD was performed in 21.8% with 100% success and 0% complications. CONCLUSION Our results support the performance of EGD only in patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Endoscopy also offers safe effective tool for anastomotic complications after bariatric surgery.
Human Resource Systems, Employee Creativity, and Firm Innovation: The Moderating Role of Firm Ownership

This inter-human resource (HR) systems research investigates whether, how, and when different types of employee-experienced HR systems jointly influence employee creativity. We hypothesize and find that employee-experienced performance-oriented HR systems were more positively related to employee domain-relevant skills when employees experienced stronger maintenance-oriented HR systems. In addition, employee-experienced maintenance-oriented HR systems more strongly augmented the positive relationship between employee-experienced performance-oriented HR systems and domain-relevant skills in privately owned enterprises (POEs) than in state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Employee domain-relevant skills mediated the three-way interactive effect of employee-experienced performance-oriented HR systems, maintenance-oriented HR systems, and firm ownership (POEs vs. SOEs) on employee creativity. Finally, aggregated employee creativity had a stronger positive relationship with firm innovation in POEs than in SOEs. As suc.
Follow-up on Programmed Cell Death 1 Inhibitor for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Author Contributions: Dr Guy and Ms Berkowitz had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: All authors. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors. Drafting of the manuscript: Guy, Watson. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Statistical analysis: Guy, Berkowitz. Administrative, technical, or material support: Guy, Watson.
Diverse forms of activity in the somata of spontaneous and integrating ganglion cells

With the introduction of the lobster cardiac ganglion into the service of physiology by Welsh and Maynard (1951) and Maynard (1953a—c, 1954, 1955), an extremely valuable preparation for the analysis of the properties and mechanisms of organized groups of neurones became available. Maynard has studied particularly the organization of the normal burst which initiates each heart beat and the consequences of stimulation of the extrinsic inhibitor nerve from the central nervous system, which he found to contain a single inhibitory axon on each side. These studies with extracellular macro-electrodes, partly confirmed by Matsui (1955), have shown: (a) that the ganglion, consisting of nine cells of complex form (Fig. 1 and Alexandrowicz, 1932), is capable of initiating at regular intervals complex bursts consisting of several to many impulses in each cell; (b) that there is a distinct pattern in the whole complex as well as in the bursts of impulses in each unit; and (c) that there is a division of labour among the ganglion cells. Certain of the cells apparently normally initiate the burst which represents one heart beat, others, although capable of spontaneous firing, apparently normally follow. These latter certainly, and possibly also the former, are motoneurones to the myocardium. Both are probably sensitive, but to different degrees, to stretch or inflation of the heart, in the wall of which the ganglion lies (Bullock, Cohen & Maynard, 1954), and to the effects of the extrinsic inhibitor axon and the accelerator axons, of which Maynard (1954) reported there are two. The followers are integrative as indicated by the fact that their pattern of discharge is not the same as that of any antecedent cell.
Synthesis of a Potent Antimalarial Agent through Natural Products Conjugation

Au naturel! (+)-Usnic acid (green) is a weak antimalarial agent, however, in conjugation with known antimalarial scaffolds and drugs, such as dihydroartemisinin (blue), potent activity against the blood-stage parasite can be seen both in vitro and in vivo. The compound shown exhibits an IC(50) value of 1.4 nM against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and proved nearly as efficacious as artesunate in a mouse model of infection.
A randomized controlled study examining the effect of exercise on inflammatory cytokine levels in post-menopausal women

Background Elevated plasma levels of inflammatory cytokine are associated with body mass index, percent body fat and increased morbidity. Evidence suggests that higher levels of physical activity result in beneficial anti-inflammatory effects compared to a more sedentary lifestyle. Further, reproductive hormones are associated with inflammaotry cytokines. This study examined the effect of a 16-week low-moderate intensity exercise (EX) programme on reproductive hormones and inflammatory cytokines. Methods Twenty-eight healthy, sedentary post-menopausal women were randomly assigned to EX (n = 14) or control (Con, n = 14) groups. The EX group completed low-moderate intensity treadmill training 25–30 min/day, up to 55% of HRmax, 3–4 days/week, for 16-weeks. Con maintained current physical activity level. Baseline and week-16 serum samples evaluated interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein, estradiol, luteinizing hormone and follicular stimulating hormone. Results Post-intervention, the EX group showed a significant decrease in interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, estradiol, follicular stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels compared to baseline values. No significant changes were observed in Con. Significant correlations were observed between IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and reproductive hormones, both before and after the exercise intervention. Conclusion Findings suggest that a low-moderate intensity EX programme decreases cytokines in relation to reproductive hormones in post-menopausal women. These findings support the role of EX in reducing inflammatory markers and improved reproductive hormones in post-menopausal women.
INVESTMENT ANALYSTS’ USAGE AND PERCEIVED USEFULNESS OF CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORTS

This paper reports a study of the perceptions and beliefs of external users (investment analysts) of corporate annual reports in one of major international financial centres – Hong Kong. It was found that analyst users (1) view annual reports as having high information value particularly in terms of relevancy, (2) have a relatively high usage of annual reports and read the income statement and balance sheet most often, (3) consider the most important voluntary disclosure items to be discussions of factors affecting future financial results, future prospects of the company, main product market share, acquisition and disposal activities, and China business review, and (4) feel annual reports are somewhat useful, but the amount of information disclosed remains inadequate. Only a small percentage of users felt that the current disclosure requirements are either effective or very effective in serving investors’ needs and that much improvement is still needed. The implications of these findings for management, investors, regulatory bodies and researchers are discussed.
Strengthening systems for integrated early childhood development services: a cross‐national analysis of governance

While there has been substantial growth in early childhood development (ECD) services in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), there is considerable inequity in their distribution and quality. Evidence‐based governance strategies are necessary, but currently they are insufficient for widespread, quality implementation. In particular, there is a limited understanding of the use of systems approaches for the analysis of ECD services as they go to scale. The aim of this paper is to present findings from four countries, using a cross‐national case study approach to explore governance mechanisms required to strengthen national systems of ECD services. While different sets of governance strategies and challenges were identified in each country, overarching themes also emerged with implications for systems strengthening. Study results focus on local, mid‐level and central governance, with recommendations for effective coordination and the integration of ECD services in LMICs.
Destination Quality Perception in the Context of Different Behavioural Characteristics of Visitors

Abstract Visitors’ perceptions of the quality of a tourism destination are fundamental for effective destination management and marketing. This paper deals with the topic of destination quality from the viewpoint of demand, i.e. from the viewpoint of a destination visitor. The results of perceiving the destination quality partial factors in the context of different behavioural characteristics of a visitor are presented, particularly, the way how spending and organizing a holiday influences the perception of destination quality factors (Kruskal-Wallis test). The research nineteen factors were designed on the basis of contemporary theories and on qualitative research. Some important quality aspects related to tourism were identified and assessed for the Czech population. The primary data were obtained through a questionnaire survey with quota sampling (n = 1097). The dependence of destination quality perception on the way of spending the holiday was revealed in the case of 8 factors (e.g., Availability of transportation to the destination, Availability and quality of information; Additional infrastructure, Sense of security, Destination cleanliness, Uniqueness of destination, Price level in the destination, Cultural monuments). The significant differences identified among various groups of respondents are described in detail in this study. The research findings contribute to better understanding of the behavioural mechanism and can be used by destination managers to design communication strategies for different segments of consumers for individual destinations to improve their competiveness.
Network Delivery of Information Goods: Optimal Pricing of Articles and Subscriptions

This chapter contains sections titled: 1. Introduction, 2. Economics of Bundling, 3. N-Good Bundling Model, 4. Modeling Heterogeneity in Consumer Preferences, 5. Production Costs and Economies of Scale, 6. Analysis and Empirical Results, 7. Conclusions, Notes, References
Individual Directors and Firm Performance: Evidence from the Two-Tiered Board System

I examine the role of unobserved heterogeneities of directors as a determinant of firm performance. Based on a panel data set of 898 German firms covering the period 1992-2011, I find director fixed effects are almost as important in explaining firm performance as executive fixed effects and a large set of observable board, firm, and executive/director characteristics. Models without directors’ fixed effects may suffer from an omitted variable bias and may lead to misleading interpretations regarding board structure characteristics. My evidence suggests that the selection of directors is an important policy choice and affects firm performance.
Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: Electroclinical Picture

Summary: Purpose: Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is a disorder that is difficult to diagnose because its clinical presentation is often limited to motor behavior during sleep. For this reason, a misleading diagnosis of benign nocturnal parasomnias might be possible. Recently, an inherited form of nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy was described in some families. The aim of our work was to describe the electroclinical pattern of a sample of familial cases with this syndrome.