Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FURTHER PERSPECTIVES ON THE HAIDA GWAII GLACIAL REFUGIUM

Byun et al. (1997) reported molecular evidence supporting a purported, long-term Pleistocene glacial refugium for black bears (Ursus americanus) located on or near the Haida Gwaii Archipelago (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia. They examined sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and uncovered two lineages, which differed by an average of 3.6%. The lineages were characterized as "coastal" (Washington to Haida Gwaii) and "continental" (Pennsylvania to central Alaska). The geographically restricted coastal lineage led them to conclude that "black bear persisted in the Hecate refugium and during early stages of deglaciation recolonized Haida Gwaii, the coastal mainland, Vancouver Island, and eventually the Olympic Peninsula" (Byun et al. 1997, p. 1651). In support of this hypothesis, they cited several lines of evidence for a coastal refugium (summarized in Scudder and Gessler 1989) and other recent molecular studies (Soltis et al. 1991; O'Reilly et al. 1993; Talbot and Shields 1996). Our commentary does not reject the possibility of a Haida Gwaii or Hecate refugium for U. arnericanus, but we argue that the conclusions reached by Byun et al. (1997) may be premature and an artifact of limited sampling of the coastal lineage. Wooding and Ward (1997) also reported two lineages (clade A = continental, lade B = coastal) of U. arnericanus based on sequence and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the mitochondrial control region. When results from both studies are combined with earlier studies (Cronin et al. 1991; Paetkau and Strobeck 1996), widespread north-south distributions for the continental and coastal lineages of U. americanus are observed, including areas of potential secondary contact. We present sequence variation from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for the American pine marten (Martes americana) and dusky shrew (Sorex monticolus) that may support an alternative biogeographic hypothesis. These mammals, like U. arnericanus, have extensive distributions (Fig. 1) associated with forested habitats in North America. Our analysis uncovered two distinctive lineages in both species that overlap the coastal and continental lineages of U. arnericanus. In light of phylogeographic work on other codistributed mammals (e.g., Cronin 1992; Hogan et al. 1993; Carr and Hicks 1997; Arbogast 1999), amphibians (Good 1989; Green et al. 1996), birds (Zink 1996), and plants (Soltis et al. 1997),
Risk factors for depression among older adults with dual sensory loss

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors that are associated with depression among older adults with dual sensory loss, evaluating variables typically associated with depression in an elderly population and variables related to sensory loss. Method: Survey data was collected from a sample of 203 adults aged 55 years and older with significant hearing and vision loss. Independent variables included demographics (as control variables), sensory loss-related factors, activity factors, and social factors. Correlation and hierarchical linear regression were used to analyze the data. Results: A large proportion of participants experienced depression. Risk factors typically associated with depression in the elderly were also significant for this group, with the exception of functional disability, but only one variable directly related to sensory loss was significant in the final model. The block of variables with the greatest relationship to depression was the social factor. Discussion: Receipt of rehabilitation services and use of assistive devices are two strategies that could be used to address the issue of depression with this population. Interventions could target some of the variables found to be associated with depression in this study: communication problems, loss of activity, and physical activity.
THE ROLES OF FLUCTUATING SELECTION AND LONG‐TERM DIAPAUSE IN MICROEVOLUTION OF DIAPAUSE TIMING IN A FRESHWATER COPEPOD

Direct observations of selection response in natural, unmanipulated populations in the wild are rare. Those that exist have resulted from major changes in environment during an ongoing study. Selection response should be more common and more readily observable in short‐lived organisms where the direction of selection changes from year to year. We examined how the interaction of fluctuating selection, and emergence from long‐term diapause, caused ongoing microevolutionary change over eight years in an important life‐history trait (diapause timing) in the freshwater calanoid copepod Diaptomus sanguineus. Emergence from long‐term diapause releases into the population lineages that did not experience the most recent bout of selection, thereby promoting the maintenance of the heritable trait variation that allows continual selection response. A mechanistic selection model was created on the basis of field and laboratory studies to predict how interannual variations in predation intensity generate year‐to‐year changes in mean diapause timing and in net reproductive success for alternate trait values. The predicted selection response and the estimated effect of emergence from diapause were both significantly correlated with observed changes in trait mean. A linear model combining selection response and emergence from diapause explained 59% of the variance in year‐to‐year changes in trait mean. According to this model, strong selection occurred in about half of the years studied, and the average annual contributions to changes in trait mean from selection and emergence were roughly equal. Thus, both fluctuating natural selection and emergence from prolonged diapause affect the expression of diapause timing by D. sanguineus. Fluctuating selection is ubiquitous in nature and may provide opportunities in other populations to witness ongoing natural selection without directional trends in mean phenotype.
Antidementia drugs: Prescription by level of cognitive impairment or by socio-economic group?

Objectives: We aimed to investigate for the first time whether cholinesterase inhibitor prescription was associated with economic status in a population of people with dementia. Method: We recruited 215 people with dementia, living independently, who were consecutively referred to five Community Mental Health Teams in London and Essex. We tested our hypothesis that home owners were more likely to be prescribed cholinesterase inhibitors than those who rented their accommodation. Results: People who owned their home were four times more likely to be prescribed cholinesterase inhibitors (OR 4.2, 1.8–9.8; p = 0.001). Younger age, fewer neuropsychiatric symptoms, having a dementia diagnosis for which cholinesterase inhibitors were recommended and longer time since diagnosis also predicted prescription, but severity of cognitive impairment did not. Conclusion: Despite high-profile guidelines that NHS cholinesterase prescribing should be restricted to people with moderate dementia, being a home owner was a strong predictor of prescription, while dementia severity was not. We recommend that health services should be audited to ensure that access to treatment increases in those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged.
CHASE‐AWAY SEXUAL SELECTION AS NOISY RELIABLE SIGNALING

rental invesment in polygynous species: the demise of the "sexy son. " Am. Nat. 125:788-810. ---. 1988. Consistency in genetic models of the sexy son: reply to Curtsinger and Heisler. Am. Nat. 132:609-610. KODRIC-BROWN, A. 1985. Female preference and sexual selection for male coloration in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 17:199-205. KODRIC-BROWN, A. , AND J. H. BROWN. 1984. Truth in advertising: the kinds of traits favored by sexual selection. Am. Nat. 124: 309-323. KROODSMA, D. E. 1976. Reproductive development in a female songbird: differential stimulation by quality of male song. Science. 192:574-575. LIGON, J. D. , AND P.W. ZWARTJES. 1995a. Ornate plumage of male red junglefowl does not influence mate choice by females. Anim. Behav.49:117-125. ---. 1995b. Female red jung1efow1 choose to mate with multiple males. Anim. Behav. 49:127-135. MCCLINTOCK, W. J., AND G. W. UETZ. 1996. Female choice and pre-existing bias: visual cues during courtship in two Schizocosa wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Anim. Behav. 52:167-181. MORRIS, M. R. , W. E. WAGNER JR., AND M. J. RYAN. 1996. A negative correlation between trait and mate preference in Xiphophorus pygmaeus. Anim. Behav. 52:1193-1203.
SEXUAL SELECTION AGAINST HYBRIDS BETWEEN SYMPATRIC STICKLEBACK SPECIES: EVIDENCE FROM A FIELD EXPERIMENT

Sexual selection against viable, fertile hybrids may contribute to reproductive isolation between recently diverged species. If so, then sexual selection may be implicated in the speciation process. Laboratory measures of the mating success of hybrids may underestimate the amount of sexual selection against them if selection pressures are habitat specific. Male F1 hybrids between sympatric benthic and limnetic sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus complex) do not suffer a mating disadvantage when tested in the laboratory. However, in the wild males choose different microhabitats and parental females tend to be found in the same habitats as conspecific males. This sets up the opportunity for sexual selection against male hybrids because they must compete with parental males for access to parental females. To test for sexual selection against adult F1 hybrid males, we examined their mating success in enclosures in their preferred habitat (open, unvegetated substrate) where limnetic males and females also predominate. We found significantly reduced mating success in F1 hybrid males compared with limnetic males. Thus, sexual selection, like other mechanisms of postzygotic isolation between young sister species, may be stronger in a wild setting than in the laboratory because of habitat‐specific selection pressures. Our results are consistent with, but do not confirm, a role for sexual selection in stickleback speciation.
DENSITY DEPENDENCE AND UNPREDICTABLE SELECTION IN A HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENT: COMPROMISE AND POLYMORPHISM IN THE ESS REACTION NORM

In quantitative genetic models of the evolution of reaction norms, an individual is selected in the habitat in which it develops; as a consequence, selection leads to the optimum phenotype in each habitat. Here, individuals are assumed to experience unpredictable habitat change between development and selection, so that the environment in which an individual is selected may differ from the environment in which it developed. The model reveals that unpredictability of the selection an individual actually faces leads to the evolutionarily stable bet‐hedging reaction norm constituting a compromise between the phenotypic optima in the different patches. We also examine the effect of local density regulation before selection, in the patches in which the individuals develop, and after selection, in the patches in which they are selected. Density regulation before selection has a much lower influence on the evolution of the reaction norm than density regulation after selection. The source‐sink structure of the environment caused by differential productivity of patches strongly affects how the compromise bet‐hedging strategy weighs the different phenotypic optima and might compromise the local evolutionary stability of the evolved reaction norm. If the strength and variability among patches of density regulation after selection is sufficiently large, no single reaction norm is evolutionary stable: Polymorphic reaction norms constitute the evolutionarily stable population. We also show that a polymorphic reaction norm is more likely to be observed in a less productive habitat. The relations between the present model and the Dempster and the Levene models are discussed.
RAPID AND REPEATED INVASIONS OF FRESH WATER BY THE COPEPOD EURYTEMORA AFFINIS

Invasions of fresh water by marine organisms have been of great interest to evolutionary biologists and paleontologists because they typically constitute major evolutionary transitions. Recent (< 200 years) invasions of fresh water by brackish or marine species offer an opportunity to understand mechanisms underlying these events, but pathways of invasion from salt water have not been confirmed using genetic data. This study employed mitochondrial DNA sequences (652 base pairs from the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene) to reconstruct the geographic and evolutionary history of freshwater invasion by the common estuarine and saltmarsh crustacean Eurytemora affinis (Copepoda; Poppe 1880). Phylogenetic analysis of populations from North America, Europe, and Asia revealed at least eight independent invasions of fresh water from genetically distinct lineages. At least five of these freshwater invasions most likely arose independently in different river drainages, recently from saltwater sources within each river drainage. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed at three geographic scales (among continents, among drainages, and within drainages) to assess the hierarchical distribution of genetic variance. Results indicated that 52% of the genetic variance was explained by differences among drainages, 43% by differences among continents, but only 5% by differences within drainages, thus supporting geographic patterns of invasions inferred from the phylogeny. Physiological experiments were performed to determine whether adults and larvae from saltwater populations could tolerate freshwater conditions. Transfer to zero salinity resulted in high mortalities, but with some survival to the second generation in one population. This study provides genetic evidence and physiological support for rapid transitions from a saline life history into fresh water, with repeated invasions on a global scale.
Tight glucose control in intensive care units: an update with an emphasis on nutritional issues

Purpose of reviewTight glucose control in ICU patients is now regarded as a goal of successful care. Some challenge this on the basis that it produces no benefit and may cause harm. We review the recent literature with an emphasis on nutritional aspects. Recent findingsSince 2001, several randomized controlled trials have examined the effect of tight glucose control in ICU patients, but only one showed an overall survival benefit. Glucose potassium insulin infusions have also produced variable results, and sometimes cause falls in plasma phosphate with potential consequences. Several studies have shown tight glucose control is labour-intensive and increases the incidence of hypoglycaemia, which could have profound effects, especially if cerebral perfusion is poor. Nutritional intake during tight glucose control has generally been poorly defined. Unintentional cessation of nutrition has been identified as a risk factor for hypoglycaemia. No difference in glucose control has been found between parenteral and enteral feeding. SummaryWithout knowledge of nutrition provision in terms of carbohydrate, total energy intake and route of administration, some studies are difficult to interpret. It is currently difficult to recommend routine use of tight glucose control in the ICU. Many clinicians have adopted regimes to control glucose between 5.0–9.0 mmol/l.
Engaging nursing home residents with dementia in activities: The effects of modeling, presentation order, time of day, and setting characteristics

We examined the impact of setting characteristics and presentation effects on engagement with stimuli in a group of 193 nursing home residents with dementia (recruited from a total of seven nursing homes). Engagement was assessed through systematic observations using the Observational Measurement of Engagement (OME), and data pertaining to setting characteristics (background noise, light, and number of persons in proximity) were recorded via the environmental portion of the Agitation Behavior Mapping Inventory (ABMI; Cohen-Mansfield, Werner, & Marx, (1989). An observational study of agitation in agitated nursing home residents. International Psychogeriatrics, 1, 153–165). Results revealed that study participants were engaged more often with moderate levels of sound and in the presence of a small group of people (from four to nine people). As to the presentation effects, multiple presentations of the same stimulus were found to be appropriate for the severely impaired as well as the moderately cognitively impaired. Moreover, modeling of the appropriate behavior significantly increased engagement, with the severely cognitively impaired residents receiving the greatest benefit from modeling. These findings have direct implications for the way in which caregivers could structure the environment in the nursing home and how they could present stimuli to residents in order to optimize engagement in persons with dementia.
Caregiving, residence, race, and depressive symptoms

The objective of this study is to evaluate the psychological responses to caregiving between black and white dementia caregivers measured by self-reports of depressive symptoms evaluating the impact of sub-components of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and residential arrangements of the caregiving dyad. The method included 87 intergenerational family caregivers enrolled in the Duke Caregiver Study (50 white and 37 black). Total CES-D and the four sub-components were modeled as dependent measures in separate linear regressions. Three models were examined. The first model tested race, living arrangements, and their interaction. The second model adjusted for age, gender, education, income, health status, cultural justification for caregiving, crime concerns, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and glycosylated hemoglobin. A third model added adjustment for caregiver burden. The results showed that there was a significant race by residence interaction for CES-D, somatic symptoms and depressive affect such that when the dyads are living apart–with the care recipient in their own home or in an institutional setting–whites reported more depressive symptoms than blacks. When the dyads lived together, this was reversed, and blacks reported higher depressive symptoms than whites. To conclude, all the parameters such as race, living arrangements, and the components of depression need to be taken into account to understand the impact of caregiving on the emotional health of caregivers.
Molecular Demographic History Oo the Annual Sunflowers Helianthus Annuus and H. Petiolaris—Large Effective Population Sizes and Rates of Long-Term Gene Flow

Abstract Hybridization between distinct species may lead to introgression of genes across species boundaries, and this pattern can potentially persist for extended periods as long as selection at some loci or genomic regions prevents thorough mixing of gene pools. However, very few reliable estimates of long-term levels of effective migration are available between hybridizing species throughout their history. Accurate estimates of divergence dates and levels of gene flow require data from multiple unlinked loci as well as an analytical framework that can distinguish between lineage sorting and gene flow and incorporate the effects of demographic changes within each species. Here we use sequence data from 18 anonymous nuclear loci in two broadly sympatric sunflower species, Helianthus annuus and H. petiolaris, analyzed within an “isolation with migration” framework to make genome-wide estimates of the ages of these two species, long-term rates of gene flow between them, and effective population sizes and historical patterns of population growth. Our results indicate that H. annuus and H. petiolaris are approximately one million years old and have exchanged genes at a surprisingly high rate (long-term Nefm estimates of approximately 0.5 in each direction), with somewhat higher rates of introgression from H. annuus into H. petiolaris than vice versa. In addition, each species has undergone dramatic population expansion since divergence, and both species have among the highest levels of genetic diversity reported for flowering plants. Our results provide the most comprehensive estimate to date of long-term patterns of gene flow and historical demography in a nonmodel plant system, and they indicate that species integrity can be maintained even in the face of extensive gene flow over a prolonged period.
Renal effects of the angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction

Increases in serum creatinine with renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors can lead to unnecessary discontinuation of these agents. The dual‐acting angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 improves clinical outcome patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and pilot data suggest potential benefit in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The effects of LCZ696 on renal function have not been assessed.
Sociodemographic predictors of elderly's psychological well-being in Malaysia

Background and objective: Psychological well-being as one of the most important indicators of successful aging has received substantial attention in the gerontological literature. Prior studies show that sociodemographic factors influencing elderly's psychological well-being are multiple and differ across cultures. The aim of this study was to identify significant sociodemographic predictors of psychological well-being among Malay elders. Methodology: The study included 1415 older Malays (60–100 years, 722 women), randomly selected through a multistage stratified random method from Peninsular Malaysia. WHO-Five well-being index was used to measure psychological well-being. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13.0. Results: Using multiple regression analysis a significant model emerged (F(7, 1407) = 20.14, p ≤ 0.001), where age, sex, marital status, and household income were significant predictor variables of psychological well-being among Malay elders. However, level of education, employment status, and place of residence failed to predict psychological well-being. Conclusion: This study showed that the oldest old, elderly women, unmarried, and the poor elderly people are at risk for experiencing low psychological well-being. Therefore, they need special attention from family, policy makers, and those who work with elderly people.
Specialization and Geographic Isolation Among Wolbachia Symbionts from Ants and Lycaenid Butterflies

Wolbachia are the most prevalent and influential bacteria described among the insects to date. But despite their significance, we lack an understanding of their evolutionary histories. To describe the evolution of symbioses between Wolbachia and their hosts, we surveyed global collections of two diverse families of insects, the ants and lycaenid butterflies. In total, 54 Wolbachia isolates were typed using a Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) approach, in which five unlinked loci were sequenced and analyzed to decipher evolutionary patterns. AMOVA and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that related Wolbachia commonly infect related hosts, revealing a pattern of host association that was strongest among strains from the ants. A review of the literature indicated that horizontal transfer is most successful when Wolbachia move between related hosts, suggesting that patterns of host association are driven by specialization on a common physiological background. Aside from providing the broadest and strongest evidence to date for Wolbachia specialization, our findings also reveal that strains from New World ants differ markedly from those in ants from other locations. We, therefore, conclude that both geographic and phylogenetic barriers have promoted evolutionary divergence among these influential symbionts.