Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dolphin Imitation: Who, What, When, and Why?

The imitative ability of nonhuman animals has intrigued a number of scholars and, in doing so, has generated a considerable amount of controversy. Although it is clear that many species can learn via observational learning, there is a lack of consensus concerning both what sorts of things can be learned by watching others and what types of observational learning should count as imitation. These disputes have led to disagreements about the extent to which various nonhuman species engage in imitation, based in large part on different definitions of imitation. An animal’s imitative success also depends on the context. For example, dolphins can be taught to imitate on demand, and studies using such elicited imitation tasks have yielded mixed results. Dolphins can imitate behaviors produced by other dolphins and other animals (including humans) and are capable of deferred imitation. When dolphins are asked to imitate, it seems easier for them to reproduce familiar behaviors than novel ones. Adult dolphins appear to be more successful than juveniles at imitating on demand; however, young dolphins appear more likely than adults to spontaneously imitate behaviors. Young dolphins frequently spontaneously imitate the play behaviors of their peers, and sometimes acquire novel play behaviors in the process. Following Kuczaj et al. (2005), we suggest that the distinction between elicited and spontaneous imitation is important, and that understanding both types of imitation is essential. In addition to learning more about the factors that are influential when animals imitate, it is also imperative to understand the types of models and behaviors that are most likely to be imitated, the types of animals that are most likely to imitate others, and ontogenetic changes that occur in imitation.
Wheat aleurone fractions and plasma n−3 fatty acids in rats

Abstract The main aim of this study was to compare the effects of two wheat aleurone (WA) fractions on circulating n−3 fatty acids in rats. We demonstrated that only the fraction able to induce the highest urinary excretion of polyphenol metabolites (>1µmol) resulted in a significant increase in plasma level of Eicosapentanoic acid (+22%, p < 0.05). While other constituents of whole wheat can be involved in this response, our data suggest that cereals containing high levels of phenolic compounds can increase blood n−3 without affecting n−6 fatty acids. Further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis and explore the underlying biological mechanisms.
The Gödel and the Splitting Translations

When the new research area of logic programming and non-monotonic reasoning emerged at the end of the 1980s, it focused notably on the study of mathematical relations between different non-monotonic formalisms, especially between the semantics of stable models and various non-monotonic modal logics. Given the many and varied embeddings of stable models into systems of modal logic, the modal interpretation of logic programming connectives and rules became the dominant view until well into the new century. Recently, modal interpretations are once again receiving attention in the context of hybrid theories that combine reasoning with non-monotonic rules and ontologies or external knowledge bases. In this talk I explain how familiar embeddings of stable models into modal logics can be seen as special cases of two translations that are very well-known in non-classical logic. They are, ﬁrst, the translation used by Godel in 1933 to em- ¨ bed Heyting’s intuitionistic logic H into a modal provability logic equivalent to Lewis’s S4; second, the splitting translation, known since the mid-1970s, that allows one to embed extensions of S4 into extensions of the non-reﬂexive logic, K4. By composing the two translations one can obtain (Goldblatt, 1978) an adequate provability interpretation of H within the Goedel-Loeb logic GL, the system shown by Solovay (1976) to capture precisely the provability predicate of Peano Arithmetic. These two translations and their composition not only apply to monotonic logics extending H and S4, they also apply in several relevant cases to non-monotonic logics built upon such extensions, including equilibrium logic, non-monotonic S4F and autoepistemic logic. The embeddings obtained are not merely faithful and modular, they are based on fully recursive translations applicable to arbitrary logical formulas. Besides providing a uniform picture of some older results in LPNMR, the translations yield a perspective from which some new logics of belief emerge in a natural way
Fluvastatin Inhibits Basal and Stimulated Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1, but Induces Tissue Type Plasminogen Activator in Cultured Human Endothelial Cells

Summary The effects of fluvastatin, a synthetic hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) inhibitor, on the biosynthesis of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and of its major physiological inhibitor (plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, PAI-1) were investigated in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Fluvastatin (0.1 to 2.5 µM), concentration-dependently reduced the release of PAI-1 antigen by unstimulated HUVEC, subsequent to a reduction in PAI-1 steady-state mRNA levels and de novo protein synthesis. In contrast, it increased t-PA secretion. The drug also reduced PAI-1 antigen secreted in response to 10 µg/ml bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 100 U/ml tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) or 0.1 µM phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Mevalonate (100 µM), a precursor of isoprenoids, added to cells simultaneously with fluvastatin, suppressed the effect of the drug on PAI-1 both in unstimulated and stimulated cells as well as on t-PA antigen. Among intermediates of the isoprenoid pathway, all-trans-geranylgeraniol (5 µM) but not farnesol (10 µM) prevented the effect of 2.5 µM fluvastatin on PAI-1 antigen, which suggests that the former intermediate of the isoprenoid synthesis is responsible for the observed effects.
Mother to Child Transmission of Tuberculosis, a Problem in Resource Limited Settings under Reported or Undiagnosed - A Case Report

V.M was a previously well 16 day old female child who presented to the emergency department at Harare Central Children’s Hospital with a one day’s history of fever and hot body of concurrent onset. Delivered institutionally through the normal vaginal route (cephalic presentation) and near term, she had no apparent risk factors for neonatal sepsis. Her birth weight was 2800 g and APGAR scores were 8/10 to 9/10 at 1 and 5 minutes respectively. The rest of the systems review was otherwise non-contributory and she had received the BCG vaccine at birth. She was being exclusively breastfed on demand and tolerating feeds.
Genotype determination of hepatitis C virus from Northern India: Identification of a new subtype

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) shows substantial nucleotide sequence diversity distributed throughout the viral genome, with many variants showing only 68–79% overall sequence homology. This has led to problems in diagnosis of HCV using commercial immunoassays. Based on clustering of homologous sequences, various genotypes and subtypes of HCV have been described from different geographical regions. In the present study, 11 isolates from India were genotyped using sequence comparison for part of the nonstructural (NS5) and structural (core) regions. Parts of the genome covering 451 bp (nt 9‐459) of the core gene and a 249 bp fragment (nt 7959‐8207) of the NS5 gene were reverse transcribed and amplified using nested polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The amplified fragments were cloned and sequenced. The classification into genotypes was done on the basis of phylogenetic analysis. Four isolates showed sequence homology to type 1b. Two of the isolates were classified as type 3a. One isolate was classified as type 3b and the remaining four isolates were found to be variants of type 3 but did not belong to any designated subtype. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis two of the unclassified isolates were put into a new subtype of 3 named as 3g. In one of these variants, parts of a 5′‐noncoding (5′ NCR; 204 bp), envelope‐E1 (435 bp), and NS3 (502 bp) regions were also amplified, cloned, and sequenced. This study demonstrates the type 3 variants including a new subtype (3g) to be the major cause of HCV infection in India. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analyzing equivalences of UML statechart diagrams by structural congruence and open bisimulations

We illustrate how UML statechart diagrams as distinct from statecharts are formalized in the /spl pi/-calculus as a number of processes which communicate via a channel-passing interaction paradigm. Different types of equivalences of statechart diagrams, including isomorphism, strong behavioural equivalence and weak behavioural equivalence are defined in terms of structural congruence, strong open bisimulation and weak open bisimulation of the /spl pi/-calculus. Checking equivalence of any two statechart diagrams is transformed to a problem of verifying whether the corresponding /spl pi/-calculus process expressions are equivalent.
The quantal secretion of catecholamines is impaired by the accumulation of β‐adrenoceptor antagonists into chromaffin cell vesicles

Background and purpose: The delayed onset of certain effects of antagonists of β‐adrenoceptors (β‐blockers), such as lowering arterial blood pressure (several days), cannot be explained solely by their effects on β‐adrenoceptors, an action that occurs within minutes. Although several mechanisms have been proposed, none of them explain this temporal delay. This work aimed at providing a new explanation based on the interference of these drugs with the functional accumulation of catecholamines within neurosecretory vesicles.
Relational aggression, overt aggression, and friendship.

This study (n = 315 9-12-year-olds) was conducted to assess whether the social problems that relationally and overtly aggressive children typically experience in the peer group context are also exhibited in the dyadic, friendship context. The qualities of children's friendships (e.g., levels of intimacy) and of the importance of those qualities (e.g., the importance of intimacy) were assessed with self-report instruments adapted from past research. Results indicated that the friendships of relationally aggressive children were characterized by relatively high levels of intimacy, exclusivity/jealousy, and relational aggression within the friendship context. In contrast, the friendships of overtly aggressive children were characterized by engaging together in aggressive acts toward those outside the friendship. In addition, overtly aggressive children placed relatively high importance on these coalitional acts and on companionship with their friends. Implications for our understanding of aggressive children and for our knowledge of children's friendships are discussed.
Different Levels of Immunogenicity of Two Strains of Fowlpox Virus as Recombinant Vaccine Vectors Eliciting T-Cell Responses in Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination Strategies

ABSTRACT The FP9 strain of Fowlpox virus has been described as a more immunogenic recombinant vaccine vector than the Webster FPV-M (FPW) strain (R. J. Anderson et al., J. Immunol. 172:3094-3100, 2004). This study expands the comparison to include two separate recombinant antigens and multiple, rather than single, independent viral clones derived from the two strains. Dual-poxvirus heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimens using individual clones of recombinant FP9 or FPW in combination with recombinant modified Vaccinia virus Ankara expressing the same antigen were evaluated for their ability to elicit T-cell responses against recombinant antigens from Plasmodium berghei (circumsporozoite protein) or human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (a Gag-Pol-Nef fusion protein). Gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting assays of the responses to specific epitopes confirmed the approximately twofold-greater cellular immunogenicity of FP9 compared to FPW, when given as the priming or boosting immunization. Equality of transgene expression in mouse cells infected with the two strains in vitro was verified by Western blotting. Directed partial sequence analysis and PCR analysis of FPW and comparison to available whole-genome sequences revealed that many loci that are mutated in the highly attenuated and culture-adapted FP9 strain are wild type in FPW, including the seven multikilobase deletions. These “passage-specific” alterations are hypothesized to be involved in determining the immunogenicity of Fowlpox virus as a recombinant vaccine vector.
Physical association of two nuclear antigens and mutual occurrence of their antibodies: the relationship of the SM and RNAprotein (MO) systems in SLE sera.

An unexpected immunologic relationship was encountered when sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus directed against two different nuclear antigens in calf thymus extract were found to give a reaction of partial identity when reacted with a mixture of the antigens in agar diffusion experiments. Analysis of this antigenic mixture by absorption of the antigenic activity by monospecific antisera to such antigens has led to the conclusion that these two nuclear antigens designated Sm and Mo exist in calf thymus extract as a molecular complex. In addition to this physical association, human systemic lupus erythematosus sera containing anti-Sm were found to have an inordinately high concurrence of anti-Mo (17 of 19 sera).
Periphlebitis retinae and multiple sclerosis

It is generally accepted that many of the early lesions of disseminated sclerosis are centred around small veins in the central nervous system. Reports, therefore, that periphlebitis retinae is a not infrequent accompaniment of the disease (Rucker, 1945; Haarr, 1953; Orban, 1955; Loewe, 1958; Ardouin, Feuvrier, and Catros, 1960; Scott, 1961) seem to offer an opportunity of observing changes which might well be a mirror of what may be presumed to happen in the depths of the nervous tissues. The availability of a large number of well-documented cases of disseminated sclerosis of varying acuteness and severity has enabled us to re-investigate the alleged occurrence of retinal periphlebitis, of which the frequency recorded by different workers varies considerably (see below).
Bacteria-Phage Interactions across Time and Space: Merging Local Adaptation and Time-Shift Experiments to Understand Phage Evolution*

The study of parasite local adaptation to host populations offers important insight into the spatial scale of host-parasite interactions. For parasites adapting to local hosts, the process is continually driven by change in the host population, in response to either the parasite or alternative selection pressures. In the case of reciprocal coevolutionary change, this adaptation should generate a pattern whereby parasites are most fit against hosts from the recent past (which have not yet responded to parasite-mediated selection) and least fit against future host populations (with increased resistance). I argue that combining data on local adaptation across space with data on evolutionary responses over time can offer novel insight into the process of adaptation. Using bacteriophages from horse chestnut trees, I compare infectivity on bacterial hosts isolated from either the same tree or different trees over multiple months of the growing season and find that phage adaptation to local hosts is most pronounced on bacterial hosts from the recent past. These results confirm that phages are well adapted to bacterial populations living within eukaryotes and more broadly suggest that local adaptation studies may underestimate the magnitude of parasite evolution, as host and parasite adaptation are confounded within contemporary time points.
High-Energy Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy as a Treatment for Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy

Background Results of high-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of insertional Achilles tendinopathy are not determined. It is unclear how local anesthesia alters the outcome of this procedure. Hypothesis Extracorporeal shock wave therapy is an effective treatment for insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Local anesthesia field block adversely affects outcome. Study Design Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Thirty-five patients with chronic insertional Achilles tendinopathy were treated with 1 dose of high-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT group; 3000 shocks; 0.21 mJ/mm2; total energy flux density, 604 mJ/mm2), and 33 were treated with nonoperative therapy (control group). All extracorporeal shock wave therapy procedures were performed using a local anesthesia field block (LA subgroup, 12 patients) or a nonlocal anesthesia (NLA subgroup, 23 patients). Evaluation was by visual analog score and by Roles and Maudsley score. Results One month, 3 months, and 12 months after treatment, the mean visual analog score for the control and ESWT groups were 8.2 and 4.2 (P < .001), 7.2 and 2.9 (P < .001), and 7.0 and 2.8 (P < .001), respectively. Twelve months after treatment, the number of patients with successful Roles and Maudsley scores was statistically greater in the ESWT group compared with the control group (P > .0002), with 83% of ESWT group patients having a successful result, and the mean improvement in visual analog score for the LA subgroup was significantly less than that in the NLA subgroup (F = 16.77 vs F = 53.95, P < .001). The percentage of patients with successful Roles and Maudsley scores did not differ among the LA and NLA subgroups. Conclusion Extracorporeal shock wave therapy is an effective treatment for chronic insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Local field block anesthesia may decrease the effectiveness of this procedure.
Personality Correlates of Physical Activity in College Women.

UNLABELLED Commonly reported relationships of the broad personality traits of extraversion and neuroticism with self-reports of physical activity (PA) have not been elaborated within motivational theory that posits how functioning of the behavioral inhibition (BIS) and activation (BAS) systems can explain or modify the influence of personality on PA. Whether personality predicts physical activity when it is measured objectively has not been established. PURPOSE The study was aimed to test direct, indirect, and interactive relations between extraversion, neuroticism, BIS and BAS, and PA measured by validated self-report and accelerometry. METHODS Two samples of female undergraduates completed personality questionnaires. Sample 2 also completed three PA self-reports and wore an accelerometer for 7 d. Factor structure and measurement equivalence of personality measures, structural equivalence of relationships between personality factors, and multivariate prediction of self-reported and objectively measured PA by personality were tested using structural equation modeling. RESULTS Equivalence between samples for personality models was confirmed. Behavioral activation system predicted self-reported PA. Neuroticism and BIS predicted objectively measured PA. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between personality and PA may differ according to method used to measure PA. Behavioral inhibition system seems to protect against inactivity among young women high in neuroticism.
Arbitration and Renegotiation in Trade Agreements

What can parties to a trade agreement achieve by institutionalizing a rules-based dispute settlement procedure? What role can third-party arbitration play in dispute settlement? I study these questions within a mechanism design framework. The model generates predictions regarding the pattern of pre-trial and post-trial settlement negotiations, non-compliance with the arbitrator’s ruling, and retaliations under an optimal trade agreement. It is shown that an Arbitrated-Liability Regime, under which a defecting party is liable for damages only to the extent that an arbitrator specifies, could implement the optimal direct mechanism. Moreover, property rule is not an optimal "escape" provision as it induces too much retaliations. (JEL F13, K33)
Effects of a glycogen synthase kinase‐3β inhibitor (LiCl) on c‐myc protein in intervertebral disc cells

Wnt/β‐catenin (hereafter called Wnt) signaling is a key inducer and regulator of joint development, and is involved in the formation of bone and cartilage. We previously reported that Wnt signaling plays an essential role in the control of cell proliferation and cell senescence in intervertebral disc cells. In the present study, we provide evidence that the expression of c‐myc, a key protein required for cell proliferation, is regulated by Wnt signaling. Our data also show that activation of Wnt signaling by LiCl, a Wnt signaling activator, leads to the suppression of c‐myc promoter activity and expression. To ascertain whether Wnt signaling regulates the expression of c‐myc, we measured both its transcript and protein expression. Following treatment with LiCl, c‐myc expression was suppressed at both the mRNA and protein levels. In nucleus pulposus cells treated with c‐myc, cell viability increased significantly, whereas treatment with a c‐myc inhibitor decreased cell viability. Taken together, these results suggest that c‐myc is an important factor that promotes the proliferation of nucleus pulposus cells. These findings provide new insight into the regulation and maintenance of cell proliferation in nucleus pulposus cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 2974–2986, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
H2 Filter Design for Linear Parameter-Varying Systems using Higher-Order Parameter-Dependent Lyapunov Functions

This paper considers full-order robust gain-scheduled H2 filters for linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems, and proposes a method for their design using high-order parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions (PDLFs) via parametrically affine linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The state-space matrices of LPV systems and PDLFs are both parameter-dependent in negative as well as positive power series of parameters. Although our method has great computational complexity compared to existing methods, it encompasses some of them and is more effective than those, which is demonstrated with a numerical example