Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The orange spotted cockroach ( Blaptica dubia , Serville 3 1839 ) is a permissive experimental host for Francisella

10 11 12 1 Russel and Anna Duncan Undergraduate Research Program, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural 13 Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 14 2 Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 15 3 Departemnt of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV 16 4 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 17 5 Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 18 6 Drug Development Division, Southern Research, Frederick, MD 19 20 *To whom correspondence should be addressed: nfisher@southernresearch.org 21 22 3/2/2016 23
Current issues on the safety of non-prescription NSAIDs

There is a continuing need to monitor the safety of non-prescription (OTC) NSAIDs in order to better define known adverse drug reactions; to consider potential drug interactions and to assess the case for further OTC transfers. Recent reviews at the Medical Toxicology Unit have therefore included: (1) the potential of NSAIDs to induce asthma with a view to producing guidelines for safe usage; (2) the possibility of interactions between NSAIDs and alcohol; (3) the safety of COX2 inhibitors in overdosage.
Moving research on resilience into the 21st century: Theoretical and methodological considerations in examining the biological contributors to resilience

Empirical investigations of resilience over the past 30 years have examined a wide range of psychosocial correlates of, and contributors to, this phenomenon. Thus far, theoretical treatments of resilience have focused almost exclusively on psychosocial levels of analysis to derive explanatory models. However, there have been no formal discussions of either theory or research that have examined the biological contributors to, or correlates of, competent functioning despite the experience of adversity. This paper seeks to fill this gap and sets forth a preliminary theoretical framework and outline of empirical strategies for studying the biological underpinnings of resilience. The initial sections of the paper discuss the particular suitability of a transactional organizational theoretical perspective as a conceptual foundation for including a biological level of analysis within the extant theoretical framework of resilience. Subsequently, other important theoretical considerations for the inclusion of a biological perspective on resilience are discussed, including the avoidance of an approach that would reduce resilience to merely a biological process, the application of the constructs of multifinality and equifinality to a biological perspective on resilience, as well as a general discussion of the potential for utilization of brain imaging and other technologies in the study of resilience. The possible relation between the mechanisms of neural plasticity and resilience are examined in some detail, with specific suggestions concerning research questions needed to examine this association. Sections of the paper discuss the likely relation of several areas of brain and biological functioning with resilience, including emotion, cognition, neuroendocrine and immune functioning, and genetics. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of a biological perspective on resilience for preventive interventions.
Response perseveration in adolescent boys with stable and unstable histories of physical aggression: the role of underlying processes.

BACKGROUND It was unclear whether response perseveration and underlying processes, often related to antisocial externalizing disorders, were also related to histories of physical aggression. METHOD Boys of age 13 years were selected on the basis of childhood histories of physical aggression: stable, unstable, and non-aggressive. Performance on a Card Playing Task provided a perseveration index. RESULTS Physical aggression, regardless of history, predicted perseveration in adolescence. However, qualitative differences revealed that Neuroticism increased the risk for perseveration only in the unstable aggressive group relative to the other groups. Perseveration in the stable aggressive group maybe related to a more fundamental information-processing deficit. CONCLUSION The identification of these processes has implications for developmental theories of physical aggression; they may help discriminate those children who show early physical aggression and who will remain aggressive from those who will only show occasional physical aggression during later childhood.
The Three Isoforms of the Light-harvesting Complex II

The major light-harvesting complex (LHC-II) of higher plants plays a crucial role in capturing light energy for photosynthesis and in regulating the flow of energy within the photosynthetic apparatus. Native LHC-II isolated from plant tissue consists of three isoforms, Lhcb1, Lhcb2, and Lhcb3, which form homo- and heterotrimers. All three isoforms are highly conserved among different species, suggesting distinct functional roles. We produced the three LHC-II isoforms by heterologous expression of the polypeptide in Escherichia coli and in vitro refolding with purified pigments. Although Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 are very similar in polypeptide sequence and pigment content, Lhcb3 is clearly different because it lacks an N-terminal phosphorylation site and has a higher chlorophyll a/b ratio, suggesting the absence of one chlorophyll b. Low temperature absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of the pure isoforms revealed small but significant differences in pigment organization. The oligomeric state of the pure isoforms and of their permutations was investigated by native gel electrophoresis, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and SDS-PAGE. Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 formed trimeric complexes by themselves and with one another, but Lhcb3 was able to do so only in combination with one or both of the other isoforms. We conclude that the main role of Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 is in the adaptation of photosynthesis to different light regimes. The most likely role of Lhcb3 is as an intermediary in light energy transfer from the main Lhcb1/Lhcb2 antenna to the photosystem II core.
Clomipramine effectively reduces premenstrual irritability and dysphoria: a placebo‐controlled trial

Forty nondepressed women displaying severe premenstrual irritability and/or dysphoria and fulfilling the DSM‐III‐R criteria of late luteal phase dysphoric disorder were treated daily for 3 menstrual cycles with either the potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor clomipramine (25–75 mg; flexible dosage) (n= 20) or placebo (n= 20). In both treatment groups premenstrual irritability and dysphoria (as rated daily by the patients using a visual analogue scale) were significantly reduced as compared with the rating during 2 pretreatment reference cycles; however, in the placebo group this reduction was only about 40% whereas, in the clomipramine group, the symptom decrease was >80%. At all 3 treatment cycles, patients on clomipramine displayed significantly lower symptom rating than controls. Also with respect to the rating of global improvement, the results obtained with clomipramine were considerably and significantly better than those obtained with placebo. It is concluded that low doses of clomipramine effectively reduce premenstrual irritability and dysphoria with a response rate close to 100%. The possible role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of the premenstrual syndrome is discussed.
Effect of L-Threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (L-DOPS) on Catecholamine Levels in Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) in Anesthetized Rats

Abstract The effect of L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (L-DOPS) on norepinephrine (NE) levels in plasma and CSF was examined in urethane-anesthetized rats. Intravenous injection of L-DOPS (0.5, 1, and 10 mg/100 g body wt) raised plasma NE levels in a dose-related manner whereas CSF NE levels were significantly increased only by the largest dose of L-DOPS. Intracerebroventricular injection of L-DOPS (50 and 250 μg/rat) dose-relatedly raised CSF NE levels whereas plasma NE levels were slightly increased by a larger dose of L-DOPS. These findings may indicate that L-DOPS stimulates central noradrenergic mechanisms in the rat although a large dose of L-DOPS is required for peripheral administration.
5-HT7 receptors modulate peristalsis and accommodation in the guinea pig ileum.

BACKGROUND & AIMS The 5-hydroxytryptamine 7 (5-HT7) receptors mediate intestinal smooth muscle relaxation. In this study, we evaluated the expression of 5-HT7 receptors in the guinea pig ileum and their role in peristalsis and accommodation of the circular muscle. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy with whole tissue and cultured myenteric neurons. Peristalsis was induced by delivering a solution into the oral end of an isolated ileal segment. The effect of the selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB-269970 (100 nmol/L) on peristaltic activity was evaluated at 30, 60, and 90 minutes and compared with control. RESULTS 5-HT7 receptor immunoreactivity was localized to numerous myenteric neurons, a few submucosal neurons, and a few smooth muscle cells of the ileum. In enteric cultured neurons, 5-HT7 receptor immunoreactivity was observed in subpopulations of after hyperpolarizing neurons and descending neurons as identified by neuron-specific nuclear protein or calbindin and neuronal nitric oxide synthase or vasoactive intestinal peptide antibodies, respectively. SB-269970 significantly increased the threshold pressure by 33.3% +/- 2.2% (P < .001) and by 27.2% +/- 1.6% (P < .05) at 60 and 90 minutes, respectively, without modifying the threshold volume. The accommodation significantly decreased by 27.5% both at 60 and 90 minutes (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that endogenous 5-HT is involved in the modulation of circular muscle accommodation during the preparatory phase of peristalsis via the activation of 5-HT7 receptors expressed by neurons in addition to smooth muscle cells. Overstimulation of these receptors leading to an exaggerated accommodation of circular muscle might contribute to abdominal symptoms in functional bowel disorders.
Autophagy and Its Possible Roles in Nervous System Diseases, Damage and Repair

Increased numbers of autophagosomes are seen in a variety of physiological and pathological states in the nervous system. In many cases, it is unclear if this phenomenon is the result of increased autophagic activity or decreased autophagosome-lysosome fusion. The functional significance of autophagy and its relationship to cell death in the nervous system is also poorly understood. In this review, we have considered these issues in the context of acute neuronal injury and a range of chronic neurodegenerative conditions, including the Lurcher mouse, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and prion diseases. While many issues remain unresolved, these conditions raise the possibility that autophagy can have either deleterious or protective effects depending on the specific situation and stage in the pathological process.
Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax-Deregulated Autophagy Pathway and c-FLIP Expression Contribute to Resistance against Death Receptor-Mediated Apoptosis

ABSTRACT The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax protein is considered to play a central role in the process that leads to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 Tax-expressing cells show resistance to apoptosis induced by Fas ligand (FasL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). The regulation of Tax on the autophagy pathway in HeLa cells and peripheral T cells was recently reported, but the function and underlying molecular mechanism of the Tax-regulated autophagy are not yet well defined. Here, we report that HTLV-1 Tax deregulates the autophagy pathway, which plays a protective role during the death receptor (DR)-mediated apoptosis of human U251 astroglioma cells. The cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), which is upregulated by Tax, also contributes to the resistance against DR-mediated apoptosis. Both Tax-induced autophagy and Tax-induced c-FLIP expression require Tax-induced activation of IκB kinases (IKK). Furthermore, Tax-induced c-FLIP expression is regulated through the Tax-IKK-NF-κB signaling pathway, whereas Tax-triggered autophagy depends on the activation of IKK but not the activation of NF-κB. In addition, DR-mediated apoptosis is correlated with the degradation of Tax, which can be facilitated by the inhibitors of autophagy. IMPORTANCE Our study reveals that Tax-deregulated autophagy is a protective mechanism for DR-mediated apoptosis. The molecular mechanism of Tax-induced autophagy is also illuminated, which is different from Tax-increased c-FLIP. Tax can be degraded via manipulation of autophagy and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. These results outline a complex regulatory network between and among apoptosis, autophagy, and Tax and also present evidence that autophagy represents a new possible target for therapeutic intervention for the HTVL-1 related diseases.
Cardiovascular Health and Education as Sources of Individual Variability in Cognitive Aging Among African Americans

Objective: To examine the interrelated effects of cardiovascular health, education, and cognitive functioning in African Americans. Method: The present study utilized data from the Baltimore Study of Black Aging to examine whether (a) cardiovascular health and educational attainment predicted cognitive functioning, after controlling for age, and (b) there was an interaction between cardiovascular health and education in predicting cognitive functioning. Results: Using hierarchical regression analyses, results showed education was significant for all cognitive measures; however, cardiovascular health was significant for only three. Discussion: These findings suggest that although self-reported cardiovascular health contributes to variability in late life cognition in African Americans, education is a more universal predictor that should be further examined.
Uterine defect in a twin pregnancy with a history of hysteroscopic fundal perforation

A woman with a history of hysteroscopic resection of a uterine septum complicated by fundal perforation presented with a term twin pregnancy and spontaneous rupture of membranes. At cesarean, a 7-cm defect was present in the uterine fundus; the edges of the defect were scarred and without bleeding, suggesting a chronic process. Women with a history of fundal perforation during hysteroscopic resection of a uterine septum should be counseled regarding the possibility of a chronic defect and its potential implications. As more uterine septa are resected via the hystero-scope, our understanding of potential long-term complications will increase.
Characteristics of digestion of linted and lint-free cottonseed in diets for feedlot cattle.

Eight Holstein steers (439 kg) with "T" cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used to evaluate the characteristics of digestion of Pima cottonseed. Treatments consisted of a basal growing-finishing diet containing (DM basis) 1) 15% tapioca, 2) 15% whole linted cottonseed (Delta Pine 61, DP); 3) 15% whole lint-free cottonseed (Pima, PW), and 4) 15% ground Pima cottonseed (PG). Substitution of tapioca with cottonseed decreased (P < .05) ruminal and total tract digestion of OM (10.8 and 3.5%, respectively). Net ruminal microbial N synthesis was also lower (20.5%, P < .10) with cottonseed supplementation. The greater reductions occurred with DP and PG. Characteristics of ruminal and total tract digestion of OM and N were similar for DP and PG. Grinding Pima cottonseed increased ruminal digestion of OM (13%; P < .05) and feed N (18.1%; P < .10). Ruminal digestibility of N in DP, PW, and PG averaged 50.0, 49.4, and 59.3%, respectively. Postruminal digestion of lipid was similar (P > .10) across cottonseed treatments, averaging 76.9%. The comparative DE value of DP, PW, and PG were 4.13, 3.20, and 3.80 Mcal/kg, respectively. It is concluded that the energy value of lint-free Pima cottonseed is similar to that of linted varieties provided that it is ground before feeding. However, grinding will increase ruminal N degradability 20%. Furthermore, depending on the level of incorporation in the diet, grinding Pima cottonseed may decrease ruminal microbial growth and net ruminal protein efficiency.
Extracolonic abnormalities discovered incidentally at CT colonography in a male population.

PURPOSE To evaluate prospectively the prevalence of incidental extracolonic findings at computed tomographic (CT) colonography and to estimate the cost of their imaging work-up in male patients with high and those with average risk of colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the institutional review board, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. The study was compliant with requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. CT colonography was performed in 500 men (mean age, 62.5 years). Of these patients, 194 (38.8%) were at average risk for colorectal cancer and presented for routine screening. The other 306 (61.2%) were at high risk for colorectal cancer. Extracolonic findings were recorded and categorized as either clinically important or clinically unimportant. Clinically important findings were defined as those that necessitated further diagnostic studies or medical or surgical follow-up. The cost of additional imaging required to further characterize important lesions was estimated. Chart review was performed (mean length of follow-up, 3.6 years) to determine whether any important findings were missed at CT colonography. The Fisher exact test was used to determine whether there was a difference between the percentages of average- and high-risk patients with extracolonic findings. RESULTS Of the 500 patients in the study, 315 (63.0%) had extracolonic findings, and 45 (9.0%) had clinically important extracolonic findings. Of the 596 extracolonic findings identified, 50 (8.4%) were thought to be clinically important. The mean additional cost to work up important findings was $28.12 per CT colonographic examination. There were no significant differences between average-risk and high-risk patients in the percentages of extracolonic findings (P = .25) or clinically important extracolonic findings (P = .11). CONCLUSION A substantial number of both average- and high-risk patients undergoing CT colonography will be found to have clinically important extracolonic findings. There was no increased morbidity or mortality associated with the additional evaluation of extracolonic findings. The cost of evaluating these lesions is low, given the potential for positive effects on patient care.
First premarital cohabitation in the United States: 2006-2010 National Survey of Family Growth.

OBJECTIVE This report provides an updated description of trends and patterns in first premarital cohabitations among women aged 15-44 in the United States using the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Trends in pregnancies within first premarital cohabiting unions and differences by Hispanic origin and race, and education are also presented. METHODS Data for 2006-2010 were collected through in-person interviews with 22,682 women and men aged 15-44 in the household population of the United States. This report is based primarily on the sample of 12,279 women interviewed in 2006-2010, and is supplemented by data from the 1995 and 2002 NSFGs. RESULTS Forty-eight percent of women interviewed in 2006-2010 cohabited with a partner as a first union, compared with 34% of women in 1995. Between 1995 and 2006-2010, the percentage of women who cohabited as a first union increased for all Hispanic origin and race groups, except for Asian women. In 2006-2010, 70% of women with less than a high school diploma cohabited as a first union, compared with 47% of women with a bachelor's degree or higher. First premarital cohabitations were longest for foreign-born Hispanic women (33 months) and shortest for white women (19 months). In 2006-2010, 40% of first premarital cohabitations among women transitioned to marriage by 3 years, 32% remained intact, and 27% dissolved. Nearly 20% of women experienced a pregnancy in the first year of their first premarital cohabitation.
LEARNING AND TEACHING STYLES OF STUDENT TEACHERS IN THE NORTHWEST

Learning style refers to the predominant and preferred manner in which individuals take-in, retain, process, and recall information. Teaching style is defined as the predilection toward behavior in the teaching-learning exchange that comes from attitudes, aspirations, and, personal and social histories and cultures. The purpose of this descriptive study was to describe the preferred learning style and teaching style of student teachers in agricultural education at the University of Idaho and Montana State University. The Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) and the VanTilburg/Heimlich Teaching Style Preference were administered to students majoring in agricultural education at the University of Idaho and Montana State University, who had student taught during 1992 and 1993. A high percentage of agricultural education majors who had student taught at Montana State University and University of Idaho were 25 years or older. The GEFT findings suggest that female agricultural education student teachers in this study are more fieldindependent than females in the general population. Overall, Montana State University and University of Idaho preservice agricultural education student teachers preferred the field-independent learning style. Montana State University and University of Idaho students prefer student-centered teaching styles.