Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global well-posedness and symmetries for dissipative active scalar equations with positive-order couplings

We consider a family of dissipative active scalar equations outside the $L^{2}$-space. This was introduced in [D. Chae, P. Constantin, J. Wu, to appear in IUMJ (2014)] and its velocity fields are coupled with the active scalar via a class of multiplier operators which morally behave as derivatives of positive order. We prove global well-posedness and time decay of solutions, without smallness assumptions, for initial data belonging to the critical Lebesgue space $L^{\frac{n}{\gamma-\beta}}(\mathbb{R}^{n})$ which is a class larger than that of the above reference. Symmetry properties of solutions are investigated depending on the symmetry of initial data and coupling operators.
Inflation Convergence after the Introduction of the Euro

Using the Johansen test for cointegration, we examine to which extent inflation rates in the Euro area have converged after the introduction of a single currency. Since the assumption of non-stationary variables represents the pivotal point in cointegration analyses we pay special attention to the appropriate identification of non-stationary inflation rates by the application of six different unit root tests. We compare two periods, the first ranging from 1993 to 1998 and the second from 1993 to 2002 with monthly observations. The Johansen test only finds partial convergence for the former period and no convergence for the latter.
The key role of causal explanation in the climate change issue

In the context of climate change, the adoption of pro-environment behaviour is favoured by the under- standing of causal passages within climate science. The understanding of the causes of climate change is necessary in order to be able to take mitigation actions (the subject needs to be aware of its role as a causal agent). Conversely, the understanding of the consequences of climate change is essential for rationally managing the risks, especially in cases where adaptation is needed rather than simple mitigation. The case of ozone depletion confirms this view: the understanding of its causal dynamics played a major role in peo- ple's behavioural response.
Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence and xanthophyll cycle responses after excess PAR and UVR in Chaetoceros brevis, Phaeocystis antarctica and coastal Antarctic phytoplankton

Sensitivity to photoinhibition from near-surface irradiance was determined in coastal phytoplankton from Potter Cove (King George Island, Antarctica) in relation to hydrographic conditions shaped by summertime meltwater influx. Slow (indicative for PSII damage) and fast (indicative for xanthophyll cycle activity) relaxing non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ) was measured during recovery from excess photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and PAR + ultraviolet radiation (UVR) for 3 stations differentially affected by sediment influx. Additionally, assemblages were incubated outside to study xanthophyll cycle activity during PAR and PAR+UVR exposure. For comparison, NPQ and xanthophyll cycle activity were determined for high (125 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)) and low (20 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)) light acclimated Chaetoceros brevis (Bacillariophyceae) and Phaeocystis antarctica (Haptophyceae) cultures. Pigment analysis (CHEMTAX) revealed diatom dominance (average 74%) at all locations, with haptophytes being of minor importance (average 13%). All stations were stratified by a vertical density gradient, whereas sediment influx was significantly higher at the innermost station. Taxonomic composition, NPQ characteristics, and photoprotective pigment ratios were not different among stations. At the chlorophyll maximum, phytoplankton showed high light acclimation at all locations, and fast relaxing NPQ dominated after excess PAR and PAR+UVR. Samples from below the chlorophyll maximum were enriched in haptophytes, showed lower photoprotective pigment ratios, reduced capacity for NPQ, and increased contribution of slow relaxing NPQ. The photoprotective capacity of high and low light acclimated C. brevis and P. antarctica differed significantly. P. antarctica induced less NPQ and there was a stronger slow relaxing NPQ component than in the diatom, particularly after low light acclimation. Although total NPQ decreased and slow relaxing NPQ increased after UVR in field samples, NPQ and the xanthophyll cycle de-epoxidation state of cultures were not affected by UVR. A higher photoprotective capacity of diatoms over haptophytes may explain their dominance in stratified meltwater-affected coastal Antarctic waters.
NGC 4314. IV. Photometry of Star Clusters with the Hubble Space Telescope: History of Star Formation in the Vicinity of a Nuclear Ring

Using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) WFPC2 images, we have obtained U, B, V, I, and Hα photometry for 76 star clusters in the nuclear star-forming ring of the barred spiral galaxy NGC 4314. These clusters are likely associated with an inner inner Lindblad resonance (IILR). The blue colors and Hα emission for most of these clusters imply very young ages of 1–15 Myr. Age estimates based on several reddening-free parameters indicate that the present epoch of star formation has lasted at least 30 Myr. By estimating the masses of stars in the clusters and comparing with the Hα luminosity, we conclude that a significant fraction of ongoing star formation in the nuclear ring of NGC 4314 occurs in clusters. The cluster masses identify these as young open clusters, not young globular clusters. Farther out in the galaxy, just exterior to the ring of young stars, previous ground-based observations revealed two symmetric stellar spiral arms that may be associated with an outer inner Lindblad resonance (OILR). With our HST data, we have revealed part of this structure and its colors in more detail. The spiral arm colors are consistent with stellar ages between 40 and 200 Myr. The age difference between the inner ring of young stars (IILR) and the larger oval-like feature containing the blue arms (OILR) supports an interpretation of the morphology of the nuclear region of NGC 4314 that requires a reservoir of gas that becomes more compact over time. We speculate that as the gas distribution becomes more centrally concentrated, it interacts with these two resonances. Each resonance triggers star formation, resulting in two distinct epochs of star formation.
Ultrastructure, morphology and flux of microzooplankton faecal pellets in an east Antarctic fjord

Small copepods and protozoa are major contributors to heterotrophic biomass in Antarc- tic waters. They produce small (<300 µm) faecal pellets, the fates of which are largely unknown. We examined the distribution and abundance of microzooplankton and small faecal pellets in Ellis Fjord, east Antarctica. We determined statistical relationships between the abundance of microzooplankton and pellets, and examined pellet morphology and ultrastructure using light and scanning electron microscopy. Our results indicate species-specific differences in the morphology and fate of pellets produced by small copepods: Oithona similis and harpacticoid pellets were retained in upper waters, while Oncaea curvata and Paralabidocera antarctica pellets sank to depth. Protozoan pellets did not sink to depth irrespective of their source or morphology and despite the fact they can be larger than those produced by small copepods. The majority of microzooplankton pellets, composed of phyto- plankton that otherwise may have directly sedimented to depth, was retained in near surface waters and probably recycled and remineralised. Despite producing faecal aggregates, heterotrophic activ- ity of most microzooplankton do not contribute to vertical flux but instead support respiration of mat- ter in upper waters. This may reduce the vertical flux of particulate matter to depth, thereby reduc- ing the capacity of Antarctic waters to act as a carbon sink, with implications for global climate.
Generalized Weak Weyl Relation and Decay of Quantum Dynamics

Let $H$ be a self-adjoint operator on a Hilbert space ${\cal H}$, $T$ be a symmetric operator on ${\cal H}$ and $K(t)$ ($t\in \R$) be a bounded self-adjoint operator on ${\cal H}$. We say that $(T,H,K)$ obeys the {\it generalized weak Weyl relation} (GWWR) if $e^{-itH}D(T) \subset D(T)$ for all $t \in \R$ and $Te^{-itH}\psi=e^{-itH}(T+K(t))\psi, \forall \psi \in D(T)$ ( $D(T)$ denotes the domain of $T$). In the context of quantum mechanics where $H$ is the Hamiltonian of a quantum system, we call $T$ a {\it generalized time opeartor} of $H$. We first investigate, in an abstract framework, mathematical structures and properties of triples $(T,H,K)$ obeying the GWWR. These include the absolute continuity of the spectrum of $H$ restricted to a closed subspace of ${\cal H}$, an uncertainty relation between $H$ and $T$ (a \lq\lq{time-energy uncertainty relation}"), the decay property of transition probabilities $\left|\lang \psi,e^{-itH}\phi\rang \right|^2$ as $|t| \to \infty$ for all vectors $\psi$ and $\phi$ in a subspace of ${\cal H}$. We describe methods to construct various examples of triples $(T,H,K)$ obeying the GWWR. In particular we show that there exist generalized time operators of second quantization operators on Fock spaces (full Fock spaces, boson Fock spaces, fermion Fock spaces) which may have applications to quantum field models with interactions.
A statistical study into the spatial distribution and dawn‐dusk asymmetry of dayside magnetosheath ion temperatures as a function of upstream solar wind conditions

The magnetosheath contains the shocked solar wind and behaves as a natural filter to the solar wind plasma before it reaches the magnetosphere. The redistribution of kinetic energy at the bow shock results in significant thermalization of the solar wind plasma, resulting in a magnetosheath temperature profile which is highly nonhomogeneous and nonisotropic and differs between the dawn and dusk flanks. The present study attempts to study the spatial distribution of magnetosheath ion temperature as a function of upstream solar wind conditions. We pay particular attention to the dawn/dusk asymmetry in which we attempt to quantify using experimental data collected over a 7 year period. We also compare these data to simulated data from both the Block‐Adaptive‐Tree‐Solarwind‐Roe‐Upwind‐Scheme (BATS‐R‐US) MHD code and a kinetic hybrid model. We present evidence that the dawn flank is consistently hotter than the dusk flank for a variety of upstream conditions. Our statistical data also suggest a dependency on solar wind speed such that the level of asymmetry increases with faster speeds. We conclude that the dawn‐favored asymmetry of the magnetosheath seed population is insufficient to explain the dawn asymmetry (30–40%) of cold component ions in the cold, dense plasma sheet, and therefore, other mechanisms are likely required.
On the future contract quality option: a new look

This article provides a new method for replicating and pricing the quality options usually embedded in many future contracts. The replicating strategies may draw on both the future contract as well as its related calls and puts. They also yield the quality option theoretical price in perfect markets, as well as upper and lower bounds for its bid or ask prices if frictions are incorporated. With respect to previous literature, this new approach seems to reflect five contributions: First, the analysis does not depend on any dynamic assumption concerning the Term Structure of Interest Rates (TSIR) behaviour; second, it incorporates the information contained in calls and puts on the future contract; third, it allows us to use real market perfectly synchronized prices; fourth, transaction costs can be considered and, finally, this article shows that the quality option may be a useful security in the portfolio of many traders. These traders will make the future contract more effective as a hedging instrument. This article also presents an empirical test involving the German market.
Intrasentential Codeswitching: Bilingual Lemmas in Contact

This paper studies intrasentential codeswitching (ICS) in terms of the nature and activity of the bilingual mental lexicon. It claims that the mental lexicon does not simply contain lexemes but also ”lemmas”, 0which are abstract entries in the mental lexicon that support the surface realization of actual lexemes because they contain semantic, syntactic, pragmatic, and morphological information about lexemes. It further claims that lemmas in the bilingual mental lexicon are language-specific and are in contact during a discourse involving ICS at three levels of abstract lexical structure: lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and morphological realization patterns. Activation of such lemmas at any level of abstract lexical structure motivates ICS. The ICS instances provide evidence that there is differential activation of participating languages in terms of language-specific lemma activation for morphemes and morphosyntactic procedures, and activated lemmas from the Embedded Language (EL) must be congruent with the counterparts of the Matrix Language (ML) (Myers-Scotton 1993a [1997]) for permissible ICS realizations.
Satellite monitoring of summer heat waves in the Paris metropolitan area

Summer warming trends in Western Europe are increasing the incidence, intensity and duration of heat waves. They are especially deadly in large cities owing to population density, physical surface properties, anthropogenic heat and pollutants. In August 2003, for 9 consecutive days, the Paris metropolitan area experienced an extreme heat wave that caused 4867 estimated heat‐related deaths. A set of 61 NOAA‐AVHRR (advanced very high‐resolution radiometer) images and one SPOT‐high resolution visible (HRV) image were used to analyse the spatial variations of land surface temperature (LST) over the diurnal cycle during the heat wave. The LST patterns were markedly different between daytime and night‐time. A heat island was centred downtown at night, whereas multiple temperature anomalies were scattered in the industrial suburbs during the day. The heat wave corresponded to elevated nocturnal LST compared to normal summers. The highest mortality ratios matched the spatial distribution of the highest night‐time LSTs, but were not related to the highest daytime LSTs. LSTs were sampled from images at the addresses of 482 elderly people (half were deceased persons and half were control ones) to produce daily and cumulative minimal, maximal and mean thermal indicators, over various periods of time. These indicators were integrated into a conditional logistic regression model to test their use as heat exposure indicators, based on risk factors. Over the period 1–13 August, thermal indicators taking into account minimum nocturnal temperatures averaged over 7 days or over the whole period were significantly linked to mortality. These results show the extent of the spatial variability in urban climate variables and the impact of night‐time temperatures on excess mortality. These results should be used to inform policy and contingency planning in relation to heat waves, and highlight the role that satellite remote sensing can play in documenting and preventing heat‐related mortality. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Likelihood approach for marginal proportional hazards regression in the presence of dependent censoring

In many public health problems, an important goal is to identify the effect of some treatment/intervention on the risk of failure for the whole population. A marginal proportional hazards regression model is often used to analyze such an effect. When dependent censoring is explained by many auxiliary covariates, we utilize two working models to condense high-dimensional covariates to achieve dimension reduction. Then the estimator of the treatment effect is obtained by maximizing a pseudo-likelihood function over a sieve space. Such an estimator is shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal when either ofthe two working models is correct; additionally, when both working models are correct, its asymptotic variance is the same as the semiparametric efficiency bound.
Sovereign Risk, Interbank Freezes, and Aggregate Fluctuations

This paper studies the bank-sovereign link in a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium set-up with strategic default on public debt. Heterogeneous banks give rise to an interbank market where government bonds are used as collateral. A default penalty arises from a breakdown of interbank intermediation that induces a credit crunch. Government borrowing under limited commitment is costly ex ante as bank funding conditions tighten when the quality of collateral drops. This lowers the penalty from an interbank freeze and feeds back into default risk. The arising amplification mechanism propagates aggregate shocks to the macroeconomy. The model is calibrated using Spanish data and is capable of reproducing key business cycle statistics alongside stylized facts during the European sovereign debt crisis.
Influence of Reduced Ownership on the Environmental Benefits of the Circular Economy

The circular economy has become a popular concept, suggesting economic growth with fewer emissions and reduced ownership as one of its key parameters. Based on the literature, however, it appears that the concept has not been sufficiently contested empirically. This study evaluates the carbon and material footprint implications of reduced ownership in the context of household consumption. We found that the reduced ownership does not automatically reduce the environmental impact of the production–consumption system in the context of households. Reduced ownership in the study did not have any noticeable influence on material footprint, and in the case of carbon footprint, it only had a mild positive influence in low-income households. The result is surprising, since both intuitively as well as based on the literature, moving from ownership to services should increase resource efficiency and reduce environmental impact. In the context of households, actual consumption and investment behavior seem to override the theoretical benefits of reduced ownership. In our study, the circular economy rebound and the willingness to invest in green products seems to explain quite well why the environmental impact of consumption is not reduced when households move from ownership to services. Households appear to spend the money saved from reduced ownership on carbon-intensive services; when they own the products themselves, they invest a more-than-average amount in the life cycle performance of the products. The paper’s implications for the circular economy as a concept for decoupling economic growth from environmental pressure is that one of its primary qualities, sharing and renting services instead of owning things, seems to offer only a partial solution for the dilemma. In order to fully benefit from reduced ownership, the circular economy should emphasize simultaneous change in both the production and consumption of services, as it seems that simply offering products for rent does not automatically reduce the environmental impact of the final demand.
Measurements in wrinkled flame by laser Doppler velocimetry and laser tomography

This paper deals with the application of laser Doppler velocimetry when associated with laser tomography to weakly stretched propagating downwards flames. Its main objective is the determination of the Markstein number representing sensitivity to strain and curvature of the premixed wrinkled flames. The measured quantities are the flow field velocity of the unburned gas, the normal flame velocity and the amplitude of the flame front. The experimental data are obtained for methane and propane laminar flames stabilized in a sinusoidally (spatially) modulated steady flow. An original method, using the tomography laser technique is developed to stabilize intrinsically the flame. The results obtained are in good agreements with those found in the literature, confirming the dependence of Markstein number values on value of Lewis number.
The Zagros core: Deformation of the continental lithospheric mantle

The Zagros of Iran form one of the youngest collisional orogenic belts on Earth. At shallow depths, shortening across the Zagros is accommodated by folding in the sediments, high‐angle thrust faulting in the basement and thickening of the lower crust, but how shortening is accommodated by the lithospheric mantle has been uncertain largely because the upper mantle seismic structure has been poorly known. We map the lateral variations in upper mantle shear wave speed beneath this region using a large, multimode surface wave data set. The upper mantle is slow for most of the Middle East, but a high shear wave speed lid extending to ∼225 km depth exists beneath the Zagros. We use aT(Vs, z) relation to convert the shear wave speed profiles to temperature profiles and fit these with geotherms to identify the base of the lithosphere. The upper mantle temperatures from the seismic model are consistent with temperatures derived from geochemical modeling. The lithosphere is less than ∼120 km thick over the region except for a thick lithospheric root beneath the Zagros, implying that shortening in the mantle is accommodated by lithospheric thickening. The composition of the volcanic rocks from above the area of the thickened lithosphere has depleted magma source regions with densities ∼60 kg m−3 less than the MORB source. Elsewhere in the Middle East the volcanic source regions have compositions and densities similar to that of MORB. The shortening across the Zagros is accommodated by lithospheric thickening but the cool thickened lithosphere has been stabilized from delamination by depletion.
Temperature dependence of global precipitation extremes

Data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) covering the period 1979–2007 are examined for changes of precipitation extremes as a function of global mean temperature by using a new method which focuses on interannual differences rather than time series. We find that the top 10% bin of precipitation intensity increases by about 95% for each degree Kelvin (K) increase in global mean temperature, while 30%–60% bins decrease by about 20% K−1. The global average precipitation intensity increases by about 23% K−1, substantially greater than the increase of about 7% K−1 in atmospheric water‐holding capacity estimated by the Clausius‐Clapeyron equation. The large increase of precipitation intensity is qualitatively consistent with the hypothesis that the precipitation intensity should increase by more than 7% K−1 because of the additional latent heat released from the increased moisture. Our results also provide an independent evidence in support for significant increases in the number and/or size of strong global tropical cyclones. However an ensemble of 17 latest generation climate models estimates an increase of only about 2% K−1 in precipitation intensity, about one order of magnitude smaller than our value, suggesting that the risk of extreme precipitation events due to global warming is substantially greater than that estimated by the climate models.