Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nominalization and voice in Kwak'wala

ii Preface . iv Table of Contents . v List of Tables . vii List of Figures . viii Index of Glosses . ix Acknowledgements . x 1. INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Language Setting . 2 1.2 Methodology . 4 2. LANGUAGE OVERVIEW . 6 2.1 Phonology . 6 2.2 Morphology . 8 2.2.1 Structure of the DP . 9 2.2.2 Case Marking . 13 2.2.3 Visibility Clitics . 15 2.3 Syntax . 17 2.3.1 Clausal Word Order . 17 2.3.2 Prepositional La . 18 2.3.3 Possession and -nuk . 19 2.3. 4 Defining Subjects and Non-Subjects . 20 2.4 Role of Subjects and Voice Morphology . 22 2.4.1 Relative Clauses . 25 2.4.2 WH-Questions . 26 2.4.3 Focus . 27 2.4. 4 Indefinite Readings . 28 2.4. 4.1 Indefinite Subjects . 28 2.4. 4.2 Indefinite Objects . 29 2.4. 5 Possessives . 29 2.4. 5.1 Possessives and Subject Types . 31 2.4. 6 Implicit Subjects . 33 3. VOICE MORPHEMES . 35 3.1 Instrument: -ayu and -əm . 38 3.1.1 Lexicalization of Instruments . 44 3.1.2 Indentifying -əm . 46 3.2 Location: -ʔas . 47 3.3 Obtained: -ənəm . 51 5.3.1 Homophonous Morphemes . 54 5.3.1.1 Full Homophony . 54 5.3.1.2 Partial Homophony . 55 5.4 Result: -ək . 55 5.5 Senses: -ɬ . 58 5.6 Motive: -giɬ . 60 vi 3.6.1 Possible Analyses for -giɬ . 67 3.6.2 Extraction of Other Non-Case-Marked Constituents . 68 4. REASONS FOR A NOMINALIZATION ANALYSIS . 71 4.1 Lexicalization . 71 4.1.1 Speaker Interpretation . 72 4.2 Adjective Distribution . 74 4.3 Relation of Functions of -nuk . 75 4.3 Oblique Possessive Markers . 79 5. POSSIBLE STRUCTURES OF VOICE-MARKING . 81 5.1 Voice and Existential Closure . 81 5.2 Previous Passive Analyses . 86 5.2.1 Passive Morphology as an External Argument . 87 4.2.2 Derivation of Passives through Smuggling . 89 5.3 Lexicalization of Voice-Marking . 94 5.4 Motivation for Extraction Restrictions . 97 6. IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS . 100 6.1 Implications for Kwak ̓wala . 100 6.2 Subject Status in Austronesian Languages . 100 6.2.1 Nominalization in Tagalog . 102 6.3 Conclusion . 106 References . 108
NMDA and AMPA receptors contribute similarly to temporal processing in mammalian retinal ganglion cells

In most areas of the brain, NMDA‐type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) exhibit slower kinetics than do AMPA‐type receptors (AMPARs). Most retinal ganglion cells express a combination of AMPARs and NMDARs, but whether NMDAR kinetics limit temporal encoding of light stimulation is not well understood. In this study, we measured AMPAR‐ and NMDAR‐mediated conductances evoked by visual stimulation in two types of guinea pig retinal ganglion cell. In both cell types, AMPAR‐ and NMDAR‐mediated responses encoded rapidly varying contrast modulation within the physiological range (up to 18 temporal cycles s–1). In retinal ganglion cells, NMDARs and AMPARs act together to encode a wide range of temporal frequencies, suggesting that NMDARs in some sensory neurons have relatively fast kinetics.
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2 Surgical robots are gaining favor in part due to their capacity to reach remote locations within the body. Continuum robots are especially well suited for accessing deep spaces such as cerebral ventricles within the brain. Due to the entry point constraints and complicated structure, current techniques do not allow surgeons to access the full volume of the ventricles. The ability to access the ventricles with a dexterous robot would have significant clinical implications. This paper presents a concentric tube manipulator mated to a robotically controlled flexible endoscope. The device adds three degrees of freedom to the standard neuroendoscope and roboticizes the entire package allowing the operator to conveniently manipulate the device. To demonstrate the improved functionality, we use an in-silica virtual model as well as an ex-vivo anatomic model of a patient with a treatable form of hydrocephalus. In these experiments we demonstrate that the augmented and roboticized endoscope can efficiently reach critical regions that a manual scope cannot.
Interleukin-18 and Host Defense Against Infectious Pathogens

Host defense to infectious pathogens is largely mediated by neutrophil-, cellular, or humoral immunity or eosinophil-dependent mechanism. Each mechanism preferentially acts against extracellular or intracellular microbial pathogens, viruses, or helminthes. These host defense responses are strictly regulated by two different categories of cytokines, T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cytokines. Interleukin-18, originally found as interferon-&ggr;-inducing factor, has now been identified to be involved in the development of Th1 and Th2 cells, which suggests the considerable involvement of this cytokine in the protective immune responses against infection. This review focuses on the role of interleukin-18 in the development and regulation of host resistance to infectious pathogens, with an emphasis on the infection with Cryptococcus neoformans, an intracellular fungal pathogen, as determined by recent studies from our laboratory.
Thrombotic microangiopathy and digital necrosis: two unrecognized toxicities of gemcitabine

We report one new case of hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS) and one case of digital necrosis after treatment with gemcitabine (Gemzar). Case 1, a 34-year-old man, was given first-line metastatic treatment with gemcitabine for a adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. After a cumulative dose of 10 000 mg/m2 gemcitabine, the onset of subacute renal failure associated with hemolytic anemia of mechanical origin was observed. A diagnosis of probable gemcitabine-induced thrombotic microangiopathy was arrived at. Symptoms resolved after stopping the chemotherapy, in spite of the progression of the disease. Case 2, a 61-year-old man, was administered a combination of gemcitabine and a platinum salt as first-line metastatic treatment for carcinoma of the bladder urothelium. Following a cumulative dose of 10 000 mg/m2 of gemcitabine, the patient suffered from bilateral peripheral vascular disease of somewhat acute onset with hemorrhagic lesions of the finger pads that became necrotic. The work-up was negative and a causal relationship was attributed to gemcitabine. The patient made good progress when given an i.v. infusion of Ilomedine (iloprost trometamol) and chemotherapy was withdrawn. We conclude that gemcitabine must be added to the list of drugs that cause HUS and necrotizing vasculitis.
Outcome after pathologic complete eradication of cytologically proven breast cancer axillary node metastases following primary chemotherapy.

PURPOSE Pathologic complete remission (pCR) of primary breast tumors after primary chemotherapy (PCT) is associated with higher relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) rates. The purpose of this study was to determine long-term outcome in patients achieving pCR of cytologically proven axillary lymph node (ALN) metastases. METHODS Patients with cytologically documented ALN metastases were treated in five prospective PCT trials. After surgery, patients were subdivided into those with and without residual ALN carcinoma. Survival was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Of 925 patients treated, 403 patients had cytologically confirmed ALN metastases. Eighty-nine patients (22%) achieved ALN pCR after PCT. Compared with the group without ALN pCR, 5-year OS and RFS were improved in patients achieving ALN pCR (93% [95% CI, 87.5 to 98.5] and 87% [95% CI, 79.7 to 94.3] v 72% [95% CI, 66.5 to 77.5] and 60% [95% CI, 54.1 to 65.9], respectively; P < .0001). Residual primary tumor did not affect outcome of those with ALN pCR. Combination anthracycline/taxane-based PCT resulted in significantly more ALN pCRs, although outcome after ALN pCR was not improved by taxanes. We constructed a nomogram demonstrating that patients who do not benefit from neoadjuvant anthracyclines are unlikely to benefit from subsequent taxanes. CONCLUSION ALN pCR is associated with an excellent prognosis, even with a residual primary tumor, pointing to biologic differences between primary and metastatic cells. ALN pCR represents an early surrogate marker of long-term outcome. Response to initial PCT has important potential as a guide to subsequent therapy.
Self-Assembly and Type III Protein Export of the Bacterial Flagellum

The bacterial flagellum is a supramolecular structure consisting of a basal body, a hook and a filament. Most of the flagellar components are translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane by the flagellar type III protein export apparatus in the vicinity of the flagellar base, diffuse down the narrow channel through the nascent structure and self-assemble at its distal end with the help of a cap structure. Flagellar proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm are targeted to the export apparatus with the help of flagellum-specific chaperones and pushed into the channel by an ATPase, whose activity is controlled by its regulator to enable the energy of ATP hydrolysis to be efficiently coupled to the translocation reaction. The export apparatus switches its substrate specificity by monitoring the state of flagellar assembly in the cell exterior, allowing this huge and complex macromolecular assembly to be built efficiently by a highly ordered and well-regulated assembly process.
Triple-negative breast cancer: investigating potential molecular therapeutic target

Introduction: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) makes up about 10 – 20% of all breast cancers and the lack of hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2/Neu expression is responsible for poor prognosis, no targeted therapies and trouble in the clinical management. Tumor heterogeneity, also within the same tumor, is a major cause for this difficulty. Based on the introduction of new biological drugs against different kinds of tumor, many efforts have been made for classification of genetic alterations present in TNBC, leading to the identification of several oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes involved in breast cancer carcinogenesis. Areas covered: In this review we investigated the molecular alteration present in TNBC which could lead to the creation of new targeted therapies in the future, with the aim to counteract this disease in the most effective way. Expert opinion: In this context some hormone receptors like G-protein-coupled receptor 30 and androgen receptors may be a fascinating area to investigate; also, angiogenesis, represented not only by the classical VEGF/VEGFR relationship, but also by other molecules, like semaphorins, fibroblast growth factor and heparin-binding-EGF-like, is a mechanism in which new developments are expected. In this perspective, one technique that may show promise is the gene therapy; in particular the gene transfer could correct abnormal genetic function in cancer cells.
Analysis of airport/airline operations using simulation

Facilities and procedures at large &ports must be modified to maintain a quality level of service to passengers as the demand for air travel grows. Simulation modeling has been used extensively by American Airlines Dwision Technologies to determine the changes in facilities and operational polici= required to maintain a quality level of service. This paper discusses specific areaa of airline operations such as baggage handling, passenger flow, and customs operations that have been evaluated using simulation methods.
Visually discernible [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a potential new risk factor.

CONTEXT A significant number of papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMCs), despite excellent prognosis, show aggressive features such as extrathyroidal extension (EE) and lymph node metastasis (LNM) that may not always be detected preoperatively or intraoperatively. The relapse rate appears also substantial. OBJECTIVE To assess the value of [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in PTMC as a potential risk factor for preoperative risk stratification. METHODS This retrospective study included 87 patients (17 males and 70 females; mean age = 51.2 yr, range 29-74 yr) with a unifocal PTMC who underwent preoperative FDG-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT)and total thyroidectomy and central lymph node dissection. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the gender, age, tumor size, and FDG uptake in PTMC with the presence of histopathologically proven EE and central LNM (cLNM). RESULTS Of the 87 patients, 44 (51%) had EE, and 27 (31%) had cLNM. PET/CT showed visually discernible FDG uptake in 46 PTMCs (53%). FDG positivity of PTMCs was the only significant variable correlated with both EE and cLNM; there was a significant difference in the prevalence of both EE (70 vs. 29%) and cLNM (41 vs. 19.5%) between the FDG-positive and FDG-negative groups. In contrast, other already known risk factors, i.e. gender, age, and size, showed a correlation with only one or neither of EE and cLNM. CONCLUSION The results indicate that visual FDG positivity in PTMCs is a potential risk factor that can be useful for preoperative risk stratification. Prospective studies would be warranted to assess the long-term benefit and cost effectiveness of preoperative FDG-PET/CT.
Lessons Learned Searching for a HRQoL Instrument to Assess the Results of Treatment in Persons With Lumbar Disorders

s of all relevant articles were read in search of original instruments or adaptations. The article was included in the list if authors stated that they had used some type of patient-administered questionnaire in the evaluation of results. Questionnaires developed for epidemiologic or occupational purposes were excluded, other questionnaires (such as pain or psychological assessment instruments) were included if they were used to evaluate results of low back pain (LBP) treatment in clinical settings. Outcome scores that included patientcentered items were also included. Instruments for which only gray literature (literature not formally published, such as research reports, policy documents, dissertations, theses, internal reports, nonpeer reviewed journals, pharmaceutical industry files, and conference abstracts) data were available were excluded from this report. Whenever possible and relevant, original articles were obtained to confirm the originality of the questionnaire or to find the original source. References of retrieved articles were searched to identify previous versions or additional instruments.
Comparison of high voltage devices for power integrated circuits

A variety of lateral high voltage devices has been investigated for applications in power ICs, including RESURFed LDMOS transistors, merged bipolar-MOS transistors (LBMOS) and insulated gate rectifiers (LIGR). The devices are described and compared on the basis of current handling capability and switching speed. It is shown that for low load currents, the LDMOS exhibits superior performance, while for high load currents, the LIGR is advantageous, and the LBMOS shows only marginal improvement over the LDMOS at current gain of 5. In terms of switching, the LBMOS switches in 1-3 µsec, the LIGR in 3-10 µsec, and the LDMOS in tens of nsec. depending on the bias condition. The role of the substrate in lateral devices is also discussed.
A 0.2-W Heterostructure Barrier Varactor Frequency Tripler at 113 GHz

We present a high-power InAlAs/InGaAs/InP heterostructure barrier varactor (HBV) frequency tripler. The HBV device topology was designed for efficient thermal dissipation and high efficiency. To verify simulations, the device was flip-chip soldered onto embedding microstrip circuitry on an aluminum nitride substrate. This hybrid circuit was then mounted in a waveguide block without any movable tuners. From the resulting RF measurements, the maximum output power was 195 mW at 113 GHz, with a conversion efficiency of 15%. The measured 3-dB bandwidth was 1.5%
High incidence and characterization of glucocorticoid receptors in human malignant melanoma.

The glucocorticoid receptor was characterized in biopsy samples from patients with recurrent malignant melanoma. Glucocorticoid receptors were measured by the charcoal-adsorption technique. Tumor cytosol from approximately 86% (25/29) of the patients contained large quantities of receptors (20-324 fmol/mg protein). The dissociation constant of this cytoplasmic receptor was determined to be 2-22 nM. This binding component sedimented at 7.1S on sucrose gradients of low ionic strength and dissociated into lower molecular weight components that sedimented at 4.4S on sucrose gradients of high ionic strength. Receptor binding was specific for glucocorticoids. Although progestins competed well for the binding that is typical for glycocorticoid receptor as reported in the literature, other steroids, e.g., 17 beta-estradiol and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, were only weak competitors. These results demonstrated that this neoplasm contains large quantities of glucocorticoid receptors that are similar in their physicochemical characteristics to those found in normal tissues. This finding in human melanoma biopsy specimens may be of therapeutic value in the management of patients with malignant melanoma.
Structure of the Palate and Pharynx in the House Musk Shrew (Suncus murinus)

Anatomical features of the palates and pharynges in Suncus murinus were examined through a dissecting microscope. The palatopharyngei (PP) on both sides join at the caudal, median line of the palatine velum and converge in an area immediately caudal to a mucosal notch, the pharyngeal torus before radiating into the dorsal wall of the esophagus. Some muscle bundles of the PP are attached to the veli palatini cartilage. The nasopharyngeal cartilage is situated rostral to curved mucosal plicae of the palatine velum. The pharyngeal torus interlocks with the rostrally lying corniculate tubercles. The structural relationships of the corniculate tubercles, pharyngeal torus and PP suggest that muscular tension of the PP sustains the epiglottis and retains it in the nasopharynx, i.e. the PP acts as a circumscribed sphincter around the epiglottis and establishes a short, secure air passageway to the larynx. The nasopharyngeal and veli palatini cartilages could keep the passageway in shape.
Understanding Determinants of Consumer Mobile Health Usage Intentions, Assimilation, and Channel Preferences

Background Consumer use of mobile devices as health service delivery aids (mHealth) is growing, especially as smartphones become ubiquitous. However, questions remain as to how consumer traits, health perceptions, situational characteristics, and demographics may affect consumer mHealth usage intentions, assimilation, and channel preferences. Objective We examine how consumers’ personal innovativeness toward mobile services (PIMS), perceived health conditions, health care availability, health care utilization, demographics, and socioeconomic status affect their (1) mHealth usage intentions and extent of mHealth assimilation, and (2) preference for mHealth as a complement or substitute for in-person doctor visits. Methods Leveraging constructs from research in technology acceptance, technology assimilation, consumer behavior, and health informatics, we developed a cross-sectional online survey to study determinants of consumers’ mHealth usage intentions, assimilation, and channel preferences. Data were collected from 1132 nationally representative US consumers and analyzed by using moderated multivariate regressions and ANOVA. Results The results indicate that (1) 430 of 1132 consumers in our sample (37.99%) have started using mHealth, (2) a larger quantity of consumers are favorable to using mHealth as a complement to in-person doctor visits (758/1132, 66.96%) than as a substitute (532/1132, 47.00%), and (3) consumers’ PIMS and perceived health conditions have significant positive direct influences on mHealth usage intentions, assimilation, and channel preferences, and significant positive interactive influences on assimilation and channel preferences. The independent variables within the moderated regressions collectively explained 59.70% variance in mHealth usage intentions, 60.41% in mHealth assimilation, 34.29% in preference for complementary use of mHealth, and 45.30% in preference for substitutive use of mHealth. In a follow-up ANOVA examination, we found that those who were more favorable toward using mHealth as a substitute for in-person doctor visits than as a complement indicated stronger intentions to use mHealth (F 1,702=20.14, P<.001) and stronger assimilation of mHealth (F 1,702=41.866, P<.001). Conclusions Multiple predictors are shown to have significant associations with mHealth usage intentions, assimilation, and channel preferences. We suggest that future initiatives to promote mHealth should shift targeting of consumers from coarse demographics to nuanced considerations of individual dispositions toward mobile service innovations, complementary or substitutive channel use preferences, perceived health conditions, health services availability and utilization, demographics, and socioeconomic characteristics.
Steroidal pure antioestrogens.

The effects of some novel 7 alpha-alkyl amide analogues of oestradiol on the rat and mouse uterus have been measured. The compound ICI 164,384 [N-n-butyl-N-methyl-11-(3,17 beta-dihydroxyoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-7 alpha-yl) undecamide] was entirely devoid of oestrogenic activity in the rat and mouse uterus but completely blocked the uterine stimulatory effects of oestradiol and of tamoxifen. Biological activity was confined to 7 alpha-isomers. The affinity of ICI 164,384 for the rat uterus oestrogen receptor (0.19) was substantially greater than that of tamoxifen (0.025 c.f. oestradiol = 1). The compound inhibited oestradiol-induced growth of ZR-71-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. ICI 164,384 thus has the characteristics of a pure antagonist of oestrogen action.
Interference management using cognitive base-stations for UMTS LTE

In this article we demonstrate the benefits of developing cognitive base-stations in a UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. Two types of cognitive base-stations are considered: the macro-cell evolved-NodeB (eNB) and the femtocell Home evolved NodeBs (HeNB). In the context of an isolated cell or a multi-cell LTE network, the insufficiency of traditional interference management schemes is shown. Implementation of cognitive tasks such as radio scene analysis and dynamic resource access are then introduced. We argue that such cognitive basestations can exploit their knowledge of the radio scene to intelligently allocate resources and to mitigate prohibitive Co-Channel Interference (CCI). Given the distributed architecture of LTE networks, we will elaborate on cognitive interference mitigation solutions and further propose two different Game Theoretical mechanisms to achieve CCI mitigation in a distributed manner.