Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biodiversity and Vegetable Breeding in the Light of Developments in Intellectual Property Rights

Farming and plant breeding have been closely associated since the early days when crops were first domesticated. Plant breeding was built on biodiversity and on the work of 10,000 years of farmers’s selection and some generations of breeders. Without understanding the science behind it, early farmers saved the seed from the best portion of their crop each season. Over the years, they selected the traits that they liked the best, transforming and domesticating the vegetable crops they grew. Every vegetable product we see on the market has benefited from plant breeding in one way or another. New varieties were created by breeders by making use of the total genetic information that was present in a gene pool. Access to that genetic variation, the biodiversity, was required to achieve variety improvement. In the 18th and 19th centuries the Vilmorin-Andrieux family, owner of the first commercial seed company, played an important role in a number of theoretical and technical advances in commercial vegetable breeding, such as producing the first vegetable seed catalog for horticulturists, developing the principles of genealogical breeding programs, improving seed quality through cross-breeding initiatives, and creating disease-resistant and hybrid varieties of vegetables (Gayon & Zallen, 1998). In 1856 Louis Vilmorin published “Note on the creation of a new race of beetroot and considerations on heredity in plants” establishing the theoretical groundwork for the modern vegetable breeding industry. The first suggestion to exploit hybrid vigor or heterosis in vegetables was made by Hayes & Jones (1916) for cucumber. Commercial hybridization of vegetable species began in the United States in the middle 1920s with sweet corn, followed by onions in the 1940s. Since that time, private breeding companies have been placing more and more emphasis on the development of vegetable hybrids, and many species of vegetables have been bred as hybrid varieties for the marketplace. Besides heterosis, hybrids also allow breeders to combine the best horticultural traits and multiple disease and stress resistances. Furthermore, if the parents are homozygous, the hybrids will be uniform, an increasingly important trait in commercial vegetable market production. The creation of vegetable hybrid varieties requires homozygous inbred parental lines, which provide a natural protection of plant breeders’ rights without legal recourse and ensure a market for seed companies.
RE-EVALUATING THE CREDIBILITY OF EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY: THE MISINFORMATION EFFECT AND THE OVERCRITICAL JUROR

ABSTRACT Eyewitnesses are susceptible to recollecting that they experienced an event in a way that is consistent with false information provided to them after the event. The effect is commonly called the misinformation effect. Because jurors tend to find eyewitness testimony compelling and persuasive, it is argued that jurors are likely to give inappropriate credence to eyewitness testimony, judging it to be reliable when it is not. It is argued that jurors should be informed about psychological findings on the misinformation effect, to ensure that they lower the credence that they give to eyewitness testimony to reflect the unreliability of human memory that is demonstrated by the effect. Here I present a new argument, the overcritical juror argument, to support the conclusion that eyewitnesses are likely to make inappropriate credence assignments to eyewitness testimony. Whereas previously authors have argued that jurors will tend to give too much credence to eyewitness testimony, I identify circumstances in which jurors will give too little credence to some pieces of testimony. In my view jurors should be informed by psychological findings relating to the misinformation effect to ensure that they do not lower the credence that they give to eyewitness testimony when they should not.
Eye drop instillation , a skill to be taught ?

Multiple factors influence patients' adherence to topical ophthalmic medications. The method of eye drop administration, including the handling, storing, is an important factor that is often overlooked . This study was conducted to evaluate the practice of eye drop instillation by patients Methodology: 253 cataract surgery patients over the age of 19 years were interviewed during their post operative follow up with a set of questions by junior residents to evaluate the practice of eye drop instillation by patients . Results: Mean age of participants was 61.5 years (SD, 5.1 years) and 59.8% were females. 17% of them relied on others for the administration of drops . 16% reported “rarely” or “never” washing their hands prior to handling eye drops.5% reported “always” or “usually” having the dropper tip touch the eye during administration. Most patients used both hands to apply an eye drop. Conclusion: Although most individuals may have little difficulty with the use, storage, and handling of eye drops, this study demonstrates that there exists a broad variation in the way patients instill eyedrops. This finding suggests that patients need to be taught the skill of eye drop administration to overcome the methodological problems and to improve compliance, and increase efficacy. Key-words: Topical medication, cataract 1 Shantala Arunkumar , 2 3 Bhramaramba Banagar , Chanda 1 2 Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Resident ,Department of ophthalmology Resident ,Department of ophthalmology S. S. Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Davangere, Karnataka [Received: 15/11/2014, Revised: 30/11/2014, Accepted: 10/12/2014]
Diversity Order of Quantized Power Control in Multiple Antenna Systems

In this paper, we analyze the outage probability of a single user system with multiple antenna at the transmitter, single antenna at the receiver, and finite rate feedback power control. A suboptimal power allocation scheme with very low computational complexity is proposed. Using the proposed algorithm, we show that the diversity order can potentially be increased unboundedly by increasing the feedback rate and without increasing number of transmit or receive antennas. As an evidence for the conjectured result, we derive the diversity gain for systems with1, 2, 3 or 4 transmit antennas, and quantizer with 2, 3, or 4 quantization levels; a 4-level quantizer results in a diversity order of 30 for a 2 transmit antenna system. We conjecture that in general for a system with M transmit antennas, single receive antenna, and1 bit of feedback, we can achieve a diversity order ofM(M + 1).
Perceptions, Expectations, and Challenges in Defect Prediction

Defect prediction has been an active research area for over four decades. Despite numerous studies on defect prediction, the potential value of defect prediction in practice remains unclear. To address this issue, we performed a mixed qualitative and quantitative study to investigate what practitioners think, behave and expect in contrast to research findings when it comes to defect prediction. We collected hypotheses from open-ended interviews and a literature review of defect prediction papers that were published at ICSE, ESEC/FSE, ASE, TSE and TOSEM in the last 6 years (2012-2017). We then conducted a validation survey where the hypotheses became statements or options of our survey questions. We received 395 responses from practitioners from over 33 countries across five continents. Some of our key findings include: 1) Over 90 percent of respondents are willing to adopt defect prediction techniques. 2) There exists a disconnect between practitioners’ perceptions and well supported research evidence regarding defect density distribution and the relationship between file size and defectiveness. 3) 7.2 percent of the respondents reveal an inconsistency between their behavior and perception regarding defect prediction. 4) Defect prediction at the feature level is the most preferred level of granularity by practitioners. 5) During bug fixing, more than 40 percent of the respondents acknowledged that they would make a “work-around” fix rather than correct the actual error-causing code. Through a qualitative analysis of free-form text responses, we identified reasons why practitioners are reluctant to adopt defect prediction tools. We also noted features that practitioners expect defect prediction tools to deliver. Based on our findings, we highlight future research directions and provide recommendations for practitioners.
A study on knowledge and prevalence of sexual harassment and abuse among schoolboys in Colombo District

Objectives To determine knowledge of sexual harassment and abuse among schoolboys aged 14 to 19 years, assess prevalence, frequency and severity of various types of sexual harassment and abuse, assess frequency of reporting incidents of sexual harassment and abuse to a trustworthy person, determine reasons for non-reporting and determine characteristics specific to sexually abused schoolboys. Design A descriptive cross sectional study Method Data was collected from 242 schoolboys aged 14-19 years from 2 Colombo district schools using a pre-tested and self-administered questionnaire.
Total lipid accumulation and fatty acid profiles of microalga Spirulina under different nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations

Nutrient limitation in terms of nitrogen and phosphorus increased lipid accumulation under depleted growth in Spirulina strains. Nitrogen limitation was found more effective than phosphorus in accumulating lipid. The fatty acid profile was variable: palmitic (48%), linolenic (21%) and linoleic acids (15%) were the most prevalent types. It was interesting that nitrogen limitation was more effective in increasing total lipid content, whereas phosphorus limitation had more effect on the fatty acid profile. Fatty acid ratios were different under the two conditions of nutrient limitation, with γ -linolenic acid being accumulated in higher quantities under nitrogen than phosphorus limitation.
Production of biodiesel from oleic acid and methanol by reactive distillation.

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel that is produced from vegetable oils and animal fats. Generally, it is formed by transesterification reaction of triglycerides in the vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol. In this work, esterification reaction was carried out using oleic acid, methanol and sulphuric acid as a catalyst by reactive distillation method. In order to determine the best conditions for biodiesel production by reactive distillation, the experiments were carried out at different temperature (100 0 C, 120 0 C, 150 0 C and 180 0 C) using methanol/oleic acid molar ratios (1:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1), catalyst/ oleic acid molar ratios (0.5%wt, 1%wt, 1.5%wt and 2%wt) and reaction times (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 minutes). Results at temperature 180 0 C, methanol/ oleic acid molar ratio of 8:1, amount of catalyst 1% for 90 minute reaction time gives the highest conversion of oleic acid above 0.9571. Biodiesel product from oleic acid was analysed by ASTM (American Standard for Testing Material). The results show that the biodiesel produced has the quality required to be a diesel substitute. © 2010 BCREC UNDIP. All rights reserved. ( Received: 1st January 2010, Revised: 18th March 2010; Accepted: 18th March 2010 ) [How to Cite : K. Kusmiyati, A. Sugiharto. (2010). Production of Biodiesel from Oleic Acid and Methanol by Reactive Distillation. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering and Catalysis , 5(1): 1-6. doi:10.9767/bcrec.5. 1.7103. 1-6 ] [ How to Link/DOI : http://dx.doi. org/10.9767/bcrec.5. 1.7103. 1-6 || or local: http://ejournal.undip. ac.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/7103 ]
Brief training with rhythmic beat gestures helps L2 pronunciation in a reading aloud task

The aim of this study is to assess whether a brief training with rhythmic beat gestures helps L2 pronunciation in a reading aloud task with high school students. In a between-subjects pretest-posttest design, a total of 59 high school students were randomly assigned to one of the following two conditions: the beat gesture group and no-beat gesture group. In the beat gesture condition they were asked to first read two short stories aloud without any gestural instruction (pretest) and in the following two texts they were asked to move their hands (training). Students in the no-beat condition (control condition) were asked to read the four texts aloud (pretest and training) without any gestural instruction. Then, in order to see the benefits of gesture, both groups were asked to read a fifth text aloud (posttest) which was more difficult (more complex syntactic structure and longer) than the ones they read in the pretest or the training. Results showed that speakers who were asked to produce beat gestures during the training had better pronunciation measures (specifically accentedness, comprehensibility, and fluency) in the posttest than the ones that were not asked to produce any specific gesture during the
Properties of the Atlantic derived halocline waters over the Laptev Sea continental margin: Evidence from 2002 to 2009

[1] A series of transects carried out in 2002–2009 across the Laptev Sea continental margin show consistent cross‐slope differences of the lower halocline water (LHW). Over the slope the LHW core is on average warmer and saltier by 0.39°C and 0.26 practical salinity unit, respectively, relative to the off‐slope LHW. Underlying Atlantic water (AW) thermohaline properties exhibit an opposite pattern; it is colder and fresher over the slope and warmer and saltier off the slope. Although on‐slope and off‐slope LHWs have different formation histories, our results suggest that an important part of the heat and salt lost from the AW is gained by the overlying LHW over the continental slope area. This implies the role of enhanced vertical mixing over the sloping topography, which contributes to the difference between the on‐ and off‐slope LHW properties. The distribution of chemical tracers (dissolved oxygen and nutrients) provides further evidence supporting this interpretation and additionally suggests that the LHW may also be influenced by water from the outer shelf.
Low-Cost Implementation Techniques for Interleave Division Multiple Access

We consider a low-cost code shift division multiple-access (CSDMA) scheme, in which user-specific shifting is used to replace user-specific interleaving in interleave division multiple access (IDMA). We also outline a low-cost Gaussian approximation-based linear minimum mean square error message passing detection technique for CSDMA. We show that CSDMA can offer almost the same performance as the original IDMA in low-density parity-check or turbo coded systems, but with considerably lower implementation cost.
The Effect of Textual Enhancement Technique on Incidental Learning of Idiomatic Expressions of Iranian Intermediate Students

One of the techniques affecting incidental learning is using textual enhancement. This study was conducted in order to see whether textual enhancement positively affects incidental learning of idiomatic expressions. To do so, a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest control group design was carried out. The participants were 40 Iranian intermediate learners selected via convenient sampling and were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups, 20 participants in each. Before the treatment, Idiom Knowledge Scale (IKS) test, taken from Wesche and Paribakht's (1996) was administered to both groups, as pretest. Then the experimental group was exposed to idioms presented with four different textual enhancement techniques (color-coded, bolded, Italic and sticky papers). After the treatment, IKS, was again administered to the groups, as posttest. The results of data analysis through ANCOVA indicated that the experimental group outperformed the control group and that the implementation of textual techniques could enhance the incidental idiom learning.
What Drives Fraud in a Credence Goods Market? – Evidence from a Field Study

This paper investigates the impact of competition on an expert firm's incentive to defraud its customers in a credence goods market. Controlling for the competence of car repair shops, their financial situation, and reputational concerns, we use and complement the data set from a nationwide field study conducted by the German Automobile Association that regularly checks the reliability of garages in Germany. We find that more intense competition lowers a firm's incentive to defraud its customers.
Stress and Prosocial Decision Making: The Influence of Acute Stress on Trust Behavior

STRESS AND PROSOCIAL DECISION MAKING: THE INFLUENCE OF ACUTE STRESS ON TRUST BEHAVIOR Stephanie R. Potts, M.S. Marquette University, 2017 While acute stress exposure has been associated with modulation of risk-taking in decision making, the influence of stress on social decision making and trust has not been well-researched. The current study aims to advance scientific understanding of how stress influences trust behavior. Ninety-six participants (49 male and 47 female) engaged in an adapted Trust Game task, randomly assigned between-subjects to either an acute stress (cold pressor test or socially evaluative cold pressor test) or control group. The Trust Game was administered at different time points with respect to stress exposure to examine the potential differential roles of temporally distinct stress pathways (i.e., sympathoadrenomedullary versus hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity). Stress-related sympathetic activation and HPA activation was observed for both acute stress groups compared to the control as well as subjective ratings of stress and affect. Participants exposed to acute stress (with or without a social evaluative component) exhibited reduced trust investing significantly less money in their Trust Game counterparts. No significant difference in investment was observed by timing of stress. Further, across all groups males invested significantly more money than females. Overall, exposure to acute stress elicited lower levels of trust suggesting stress may lead to “socially” risk-averse decision making. This finding replicates observations from a recent study on stress effects on trust decisions, though given limited research strong conclusions are premature. Additionally, lack of significant investment differences between stress groups involving social evaluation (or not) suggests social evaluation is not required to elicit reduced trust.
Addressing Financial Heterogeneity in a Monetary Union

This paper addresses the issue of macroeconomic pol ies in a financially heterogeneous monetary union. Optimized policy rules are used, un der various scenarios of budgetary policies, in a two-country DSGE model. The results indicate that an Euro-wide monetary pol icy strategy based on national information does not offset the c osts associated with the abandonment of national monetary policy. Decentralized budgetary policies need to be more p roactive in countries which are structurally more sensitive to sh cks. For independent common monetary policy, cooperation between governments is comparab le to a coalition, causing losses for every member. The welfare-improvement at the union level on y comes from reducing public expenditures divergences. JEL classification: E44, E58, E63
C 2 H 2 Transcription Factor brlA Regulating Conidiation and Affecting Growth and Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites in Aspergillus clavatus

Aspergillus clavatus is a promising candidate suited for industrial production with its capacity of producing a variety of important metabolites. However, the research of gene functions in A. clavatus is still stagnant. Cloning a 1290 bp brlA gene, sequence analysis revealed that it encoded a C2H2 type transcription factor in A. clavatus. Deletion of the gene by building a brlA-deleted plasmid, numerous significant alterations occurred in growth, colonial morphology, microstructure, and conidiation. The HPLC analysis showed that secondary metabolism was also changed in the brlA-deleted mutant. The results indicated that brlA gene regulated conidiation and it was also involved in the regulation of growth and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in A. clavatus. © 2018 Friends Science Publishers
Breathing Intolerance Index (BIT) and its Relation to Exercise Data: Noninvasive Assessment of Inspiratory Muscle Endurance during Rest and Exercise in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Cardiovascular Disorders

Rationale: Diaphragmatic tension-time index [TTdi = (Pdi/Pdimax)(Ti/ Ttot)] assesses inspiratory muscle endurance during rest and exercise. However, the procedure is invasive and not practical for general use. Recently, Tidal Volume/Vital Capacity (Vt/VC) has been substituted for Pdi/Pdimax, to assess need for assisted ventilation in chronic respiratory disorders. This technique has not been used to assess respiratory muscle endurance in other conditions during rest and exercise. Objective: To compare control of ventilation and BIT in cardiorespiratory disorders and controls and to assess their relation to oxygen uptake (V’O2) and annual acute decompensations. Methods: BIT and V’O2 were assessed in patients with stable CVD (n = 20), RD (n = 20) and C (n = 20) during bicycle ergometry. ANOVA assessed differences in variables amongst cohorts at rest and peak exercise. Results: Resting BIT was [median (25th, 75th percentiles)] 0.06 (0.04, 0.07), 0.06 (0.04, 0.09) and 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) for CVD, COPD and controls, respectively. Compared to resting, BIT increased by 3.0- to 4.6- fold at peak exercise in all cohorts (p < 0.0001). V’O2max exceeded resting values by 7.5-, 4.6-, and 9.4- fold in COPD, CVD and C, respectively (all p < 0.0001). When corrected for BIT (V’O2/BIT), controls exhibited significantly greater (V’O2/BIT) max than CVD and COPD (p < 0.0001). Amongst patients who acutely decompensated, BIT was higher only in resting CVD patients (p < 0.019). Conclusions: BIT is useful for evaluating respiratory muscle effort during rest and exercise in CVD and COPD. Oxygen uptake fails to increase in proportion to BIT in these conditions as much as in controls, reflecting impaired oxygen utilization. Its potential usefulness in predicting acute decompensations should be assessed in larger prospective studies.
Fabella and cyamella of the human knee joint: discovery by dissection and ultrasound examination

Perhaps due to the lack of clinical relevance, several anatomical structures such as the fabella and cyamella of the knee have been overlooked or not included in anatomical textbooks, suggesting that they are not significant enough to be acknowledged. This occurs despite studies that have demonstrated recurrent presence of these particular structures. The purpose of the current study was to characterize the finding of two sesamoid bones from the human knee: the fabella and cyamella. The basis of this study used 111 knees of embalmed cadavers from 74 individuals from the donor bequest programme at The University of Sydney. Of these, 37 were paired knees and 37 were unilateral knees (39 female, 35 male). The mean age of the donors was 84 years (range 45-97 years). Comparative analysis using ultrasound imaging was performed followed by dissection to confirm findings. Overall, 63 fabellae were found, with 60.8% of the cadavers having at least one fabella (65.7% in male and 56.4% in female). Three cyamellae were found in three donors respectively. Considering all cadavers, the incidence of cyamellae was 2.7%, making this an incidental finding rather than an anatomical variant. Due to the low prevalence, imaging diagnostic techniques may be useful in identifying these anatomical structures and characterising their variations in detail.Furthermore, they could provide an insight to these ‘forgotten’ structures and their potential roles in failure correlated with surgical techniques, misdiagnoses or prevalence of chronic pathologies of the knee.