Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of White Layers Formed in Conventional and Cryogenic Hard Turning of Steels

Although hard turning of steels has become an accepted industrial practice reducing the extent of grinding, many surface integrity aspects of hard turning require clarification. The striking result of hard turning is the tendency for forming white (non-etching) and dark (overtempered) layers at machined surface. White layers are often associated with residual tensile stresses leading to reduced fatigue strength and poor wear resistance. It has been reported that certain steel compositions, machining conditions, and tools enhance white layers, but no consensus was reached on the nature of white layer and the role of environmental factors. This study examines the impact of cryogenic, liquid nitrogen spray cooling, tool and work materials, as well as machining speed on white layer formation. Results are evaluated using XRD, SEM, EDS, AES, residual stress measurement and microhardness profiling. It is concluded that white layers are a purely thermomechanical phenomenon involving dissolution of lowalloy carbides into austenitic matrix, and catastrophic flow of that 1phase material resulting in its nano-scale refinement. The depth and extent of the refinement are controlled by cooling, with the cryogenic nitrogen reducing white layer thickness, loss of hardness, and improving residual stress distribution.
Genetic Variation in Past and Current Landscapes: Conservation Implications Based on Six Endemic Florida Scrub Plants

If genetic variation is often positively correlated with population sizes and the presence of nearby populations and suitable habitats, landscape proxies could inform conservation decisions without genetic analyses. For six Florida scrub endemic plants (Dicerandra frutescens, Eryngium cuneifolium, Hypericum cumulicola, Liatris ohlingerae, Nolina brittoniana, and Warea carteri), we relate two measures of genetic variation, expected heterozygosity and alleles per polymorphic locus (APL), to population size and landscape variables. Presettlement areas were estimated based on soil preferences and GIS soils maps. Four species showed no genetic patterns related to population or landscape factors. The other two species showed significant but inconsistent patterns. For Liatris ohlingerae, APL was negatively related to population density and weakly, positively related to remaining presettlement habitat within 32 km. For Nolina brittoniana, APL increased with population size. The rather weak effects of population area/size and both past and current landscape structures suggest that genetic variation needs to be directly measured and not inferred for conservation planning.
Response Documents with Tracked Manuscript Changes

Aerosol properties are transformed by atmospheric processes during long-range transport and play a key role in the Earth’s radiative balance. To understand the molecular and physical characteristics of free tropospheric aerosol, we studied samples collected at the Pico Mountain Observatory in the North Atlantic. The observatory is located in the marine free troposphere at 2225 m above sea level, on Pico Island in the Azores archipelago. The site is ideal for the study of long-range transported free tropospheric aerosol with minimal local influence. Three aerosol samples with elevated organic carbon 5 concentrations were selected for detailed analysis. FLEXPART retroplumes indicated that two of the samples were influenced by North American wildfire emissions transported in the free troposphere and one by North American outflow mainly transported within the marine boundary layer. To determine the detailed molecular composition of the samples, we used ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Thousands of molecular formulas were assigned to each of the individual samples. On average ~60 % of the molecular formulas contained only carbon, hydrogen, 10 and oxygen atoms (CHO), ~30 % contained nitrogen (CHNO), and ~10 % contained sulfur (CHOS). The molecular formula compositions of the two wildfire influenced aerosol samples transported mainly in the free troposphere had relatively low average O/C ratios (0.48 ± 0.13 and 0.45 ± 0.11) despite the 7 10 days of transport time according to FLEXPART. In contrast, the molecular composition of North American outflow transported mainly in the boundary layer had a higher average O/C ratio (0.57 ± 0.17) with 3 days of transport time. Thus, aerosol oxidation appears to be related to environmental factors during 15 transport and not simply aging time. We used meteorological conditions extracted from the Global Forecast System analysis for model grids along the FLEXPART simulated transport pathways and the observed molecular chemistry to predict the relative humidity dependent glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the aerosol components. Comparisons of the Tg to the ambient temperature, indicated that a majority of the organic aerosol components transported in the free troposphere were more viscous and therefore less oxidized than the organic aerosol components transported in the boundary layer. This suggests that biomass 20 burning organic aerosol injected into the free troposphere are more persistent than those in the boundary layer having broader implications for aerosol aging.
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Relation to Diabetic Women Attending Hawassa University Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia

The aim of the current study was to investigate the association between diabetes and ASB in women, identify the bacteria involved and determine their antimicrobial resistance. Diabetic (n=100) and non-diabetic (n=100) nonpregnant women, with no abnormalities of the urinary tract were involved in the study. Clean-catch midstream urine samples were collected for bacterial isolation and identification. Questionnaire was used to collect demographic and clinical information of the patient. ASB was diagnosed in 22(22%) diabetic and 15(15%) nondiabetic women. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus species were isolated from both groups of study subjects. There was no statistically significant difference in the relative frequency of isolated bacteria species among the two groups of patients (P>0.05). Most of the isolated bacteria were resistant to amoxicillin (96%), penicillin (92%) and vancomycin (70%), but susceptible to ceftriaxone (60%), norfloxacin (62%) and gentamicin (62%). Occurrence of ASB was not associated with diabetic status in women attending Hawassa University Referral Teaching Hospital.
Trend analysis of greenhouse gases over Europe measured by a network of ground-based remote FTIR instruments

This paper describes the statistical analysis of annual trends in long term datasets of greenhouse gas measurements taken over ten or more years. The analysis technique employs a bootstrap resampling method to determine both the long-term and intra-annual variability of the datasets, together with the uncertainties on the trend values. The method has been applied to data from a European network of ground-based solar FTIR instruments to determine the trends in the tropospheric, stratospheric and total columns of ozone, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ethane and HCFC-22. The suitability of the method has been demonstrated through statistical validation of the technique, and comparison with ground-based in-situ measurements and 3-D atmospheric models.
Influence of Brand Experience and Personality on Loyalty Dimensions: Evidence from Successful Malaysian SME Brands.

Brand loyalty is vital for any business, be it large enterprises or Small and medium enterprises (SME), to sustain in the competitive food-service industry. Branding researchers had claimed that both attitudinal and behavioral loyalty has their own unique influences on business performance. There has been little studies examining brand experience and brand personality on loyalty dimensions from SME brand perspective. Studies had claimed that factors tested on big brand may yield different result for SME brand. Therefore, this study will investigate the direct influence of brand experience and brand personality on both attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty which yet to be investigated in any empirical research from the perspective of SME brands. Data was obtained through intercept survey of 200 diners prior analyze using SmartPLS 2.0 software. Results showed brand experience significantly influence attitudinal and behavioral loyalty. However, this study found that only behavioral loyalty is influenced by brand personality.
The Effects of Learning Strategies on Mathematical Literacy: A Comparison between Lower and Higher Achieving Countries

The purpose of the current study is to explore the effects of learning strategies on Mathematical Literacy (ML) of students in higher and lower achieving countries. To address this issue, the study utilizes PISA2002 data to conduct a multi-level analysis (HLM) of Hong Kong and Israel students. In PISA2002, Israel was rated 31st in Mathematics, while Hong Kong was rated at the top of the list. The HLM analysis was implemented at the student level, as well as at the school level. The results show that controlling for other variables, in Israel, memorization strategies had the most significant negative contribution for the prediction of ML achievements, whereas in Hong Kong the control strategies had the highest contribution. These results suggest that overemphasis on memorization does not necessarily contribute to ML achievement. Yet, the efficient use of control strategies may contribute to higher achievements. The theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.
Exploring motives to pay for sexual services from opinions about prostitution

This study explores the opinions of Spanish men about prostitution, especially of those men who have paid for sexual services. It is based on a random study of 1048 men resident in Spain and aged from 18 to 70, carried out via a telephone survey, using a questionnaire made up of 37 questions. Of the men interviewed, 20.3% have paid for sexual services at some time in their lives, and 15% within the last year. From the results a typology of prostitution clients can be extracted depending on their motivation for buying sexual services: Funners (24.1%) who are seeking leisure and entertainment; Thingers (21.7%) who want sex with no involvement or commitment; another 21.7%, the Couple Seekers , who are trying to find a partner; the Riskers , (19.8%) who, as well as sex, are attracted by the associated risk behaviours; and the Personalizers (12.6%) who are those who want sex with intimacy and companionship. These groups differ in their sexual satisfaction and in their opinions or beliefs about the reasons women have for providing sexual services. In function of these different groups, recommendations are made for increasing prostitution clients’ sensitivity and awareness about human trafficking.
Phase dependence in winter physiological condition of cyclic voles

Lack of food resources has been suggested as a factor which limits the growth of cyclic vole populations. During peak phases of the cycle, vole population growth typically ceases during late autumn or early winter, and is followed by a decrease in density over the winter. To investigate whether this decrease is due to increased mortality induced by a depletion of food resources, we studied overwinter food consumption and physiological condition of field voles (Microtus agrestis) in western Finland in both an increase and a decrease phase of a three-year population cycle. The growth rate of vole populations was negatively related both to prevailing vole densities and to densities six months earlier. The condition index of voles, as well as their blood levels of haematocrit, proteins, free fatty acids and immunoglobulin G, were positively related to population growth rate when populations were declining. When populations were increasing, these parameters tended to be negatively related to population growth rate. The overall physiological condition of voles was lower in the winter of the decrease phase as compared to the increase phase. The return rate of voles, a proxy of survival, was also lower in the decrease than in the increase phase of the cycle and positively related to haematocrit levels. Almost 90% of all green vegetation shoots were consumed by voles during the winter of the decrease phase while only two thirds were eaten in the increase phase. Our results suggest that the winter decrease phase of cyclic vole populations is associated with both a deterioration in the physiological condition of voles and a significant depletion of winter food resources. This implies that malnutrition induces poor physiological condition in voles, which in turn may increase mortality either directly through starvation or indirectly through increased susceptibility to predators and pathogens.
Investigation of new particle formation at the summit of Mt. Tai, China

Abstract. To date, few comprehensive field observations of new particle formation (NPF) have been carried out at mountaintop sites in China. In this study, simultaneous measurements of particle size distribution, trace gases, meteorological parameters, and mass concentration and chemical composition of PM 2.5 were performed at the summit of Mt. Tai (1534 m a.s.l.) from 25 July to 24 August 2014 (Phase I), 21 September to 9 December 2014 (Phase II), and 16 June to 7 August 2015 (Phase III) to investigate characteristics and favorable conditions of NPF in a relatively clean mountaintop environment. The NPF events were identified based on particle size distribution measured by the neutral cluster and air ion spectrometer (NAIS), and 66 such events were observed during a period of 164 days – corresponding to an occurrence frequency of 40 %. The formation rates of 3 nm particles ( J3 ) and growth rates were in the ranges of 0.82–25.04 cm −3 s −1 and 0.58–7.76 nm h −1 , respectively. On average, the condensation sink (CS), O 3 concentration, air temperature, and relative humidity were lower, whereas the SO 2 concentration was higher on NPF days than that on non-NPF days. The CS on Mt. Tai was at a low level and lower CS was critical for NPF. NPF events were common when wind came from the east-southeast and west-southwest, which was probably associated with relatively lower CS in the east-southeast and higher SO 2 concentration in the west-southwest. O 3 was not a governing factor for NPF in this study, and a high level of NO x concentration might be responsible for the decreased O 3 concentration on NPF days. Three categories of backward trajectories were classified, among which the continental air mass was the majority. The continental air mass passing through more polluted areas (denoted as Type I) favored NPF because of enhanced SO 2 concentration and potential ammonia with it. An in-depth analysis of SO 2 indicated that sulfuric acid was a dominant precursor on Mt. Tai; meanwhile, biogenic organics released from ambient forests in warm seasons and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds emitted from domestic heating in cold seasons also promoted NPF.
A Second Endemic Land Mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: A New Genus and Species of Fossil Bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

ABSTRACT Located over 3800 km from the nearest continent, the Hawaiian Islands have previously been thought to support only one endemic land mammal, the extant Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus), a taxon that apparently initially dispersed from mainland North America between 10,000 and 7000 years ago. Some uncertainty exists regarding the status of this taxon (i.e., whether or not populations representing more recent invasions of L. cinereus from North America are exchanging genes with the older lineage, and whether or not semotus represents a distinct species), but all researchers agree that hoary bats are the only endemic land mammals extant in the islands today. However, fossil evidence indicates that the Hawaiian Islands once supported another quite different endemic bat species that is now extinct. Skeletal remains of a new genus and species of vespertilionid bat are herein described from various Late Pleistocene and Holocene/Recent deposits on the five largest Hawaiian Islands. The new taxon is diagnosed by a mosaic of features including dental formula, molar morphology, skull shape, and metacarpal formula. This new taxon, which is smaller than Hawaiian hoary bat, was apparently present in the Hawaiian Islands by 320,000 years b.p. and survived until at least 1100 years ago and possibly much later. Accordingly, two species of bats coexisted on the Hawaiian Islands for several thousand years. As with numerous extinct endemic bird species, the extinction of the new bat taxon described here may have resulted either directly or indirectly from human colonization of the islands and the invasive nonnative species that came with human explorers and settlers.
Trophic Relationships of Fishes Occurring Within a Surf Zone Habitat in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

We studied trophic relationships of Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus), gulf kingfish (Menticirrhus littoralis), scaled sardine (Harengu/a jaguana~ striped anchovy (Anchoa hepsetus) and dusky anchovy (A. /yo/epis) during their spring residency in the Horn Island, Mississippi, surf zone. Harengu/a jaguana, A. /yo/epis and A. hepsetus were zooplanktivores, utilizing primarily calanoid copepods, mysids and various decapod larvae. Menticirrhus /ittoralis and T. caro/inus utilized benthic prey including Donax, Emerita and polychaetes; however, small pompano also fed on zooplankton. Menticirrhus littoralis, T. carolinus, H. jaguana and A. lyo/epis also showed distinct dietary changes with increasing fish size. Three species, A. lyolepis, H. jaguana and M. littoralis fed at least partially at night, while T. carolinus and A. hepsetus were primarily diurnal predators. Cluster analysis of size intervals of all species based on presence or absence of prey taxa formed groups consistent with taxonomic relationships, thus indicating considerable interspecific resource separation.
Cassini VIMS observations of the Galilean satellites including the VIMS calibration procedure

The Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) observe d the Galilean satellites during the Cassini spacecraft’s 2000/2001 flyb of Jupiter, providing compositional and thermal information about their surfaces. The Cassini spacecraft approached the jovian closer than about 126 Jupiter radii, about 9 million kilometers, at a phase angle of < 90◦, resulting in only sub-pixel observations by VIM of the Galilean satellites. Nevertheless, most of the spectral features discovered by the Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIM the Galileo spacecraft during more than four years of observations have been identified in the VIMS data analyzed so far, in possible13C absorption. In addition, VIMS made observations in the visible part of the spectrum and at several new phase angles Galilean satellites and the calculated phase functions are presented. In the process of analyzing these data, the VIMS radiometric calibrations were better determined in preparation for entry into the Saturn system. Treatment of these data is presented as an the VIMS data reduction, calibration and analysis process and a detailed explanation is given of the calibration process applied to data.  2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Utilization Pattern of Pesticides by Nigerian Farm Households

A study on pesticide utilization and training needs for Nigerian farm households was conducted in Akwa Ibom State. Two hundred and seventy two randomly selected farmers from a population of 14,640 took part in the study. Questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The study reveals that the level of adherence to correct utilization of pesticides is significantly dependent on its determinant socioeconomic characteristics, knowledge level, information communication source and constraints. Besides, 34.2% and 32.8% respondents often and always respectively purchase pesticides from AKADEP, which is an authentic source. The study further reveals that some banned pesticides are still found in circulation and used by farmers. Training of farmers on pesticide use is necessary especially in handling of pesticides by respondents during and after utilization.
Microarray analysis of gene expression patterns in Arabidopsis seedlings under trehalose, sucrose and sorbitol treatment

Trehalose is the non-reducing alpha-alpha-1, 1-linked glucose disaccharide. The biosynthesis precursor of trehalose, trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P), is essential for plant development, growth, carbon utilization and alters photosynthetic capacity but its mode of action is not understood. In the current research, 6 days old seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana (Columbia ecotype) were grown in liquid culture containing 100 mM trehalose, sorbitol or sucrose for 24 hours. Changes in the genes expression patterns were studied by cDNA microarray analysis. In sucrose treatment expression of 1745 genes was significantly changed. But trehalose changed significantly the expression of only 162 genes compared to sorbitol after 24h treatment. Gene expressions profiles revealed that 100 mM trehalose altered 5% of the genes which are changed by 100 mM sucrose. Statistical analysis showed that only 4 genes which are induced by trehalose repressed by sucrose. Exogenous trehalose treatment did not down-regulate the expression of carbon catabolite genes, but up-regulates a specific combination of genes known from biotic stress responses. Trehalose induced gene expression responses related to ROS and secondary metabolism activation. The expression profile shows particularly up-regulation (8-fold) of a glutathione transferase (GST22) under trehalose but not sucrose. Also, trehalose treatment induced expression of the JA and ethylene signaling pathways factors. These findings revealed that trehalose or its precursor, T6P, are important in gene expression regulation of plants.
The Clinical Profile of Stroke: A Yemeni Experience

Objective: to study the pattern of brain strokes, the major risk factor, and the medical problems associated with cerebrovascular accidents in Yemeni patients. Patients and Methods: Retrospective hospital-based study conducted in Kuwait teaching hospital in Sana’a, over a four-year period (1999-2003). All cases admitted with stroke were diagnosed by history and clinical examination, and were then confirmed by investigation including CT scan as included in the study. Results: The mean age of stroke patients was 59.6 years with a 62.6% male-to-female predominance. Among patients in the group aged above 45years, the most common stroke pattern was ischemic in 72%, hemorrhagic in 25 %and was undetermined in 2.5%. The most common age for stroke was the middle age group (15-44) years as the stroke was seen in 51.7% of them. The major associated medical conditions were hypertension (HTN) in (68.3%), cardiac diseases that account for 42.4% and diabetes mellitus (DM) in (24.4%). Hypertension was more common in the hemorrhagic stroke presents; 82.6%, versus 61.6% in the ischemic group. Assessing the known risk factors, smoking history was positive in 42% and hyperlipidemia in13.9%. QAT chewing habit was positive in 43.4% of the patients. QAT chewing is known to be associated with hypertension. The fatality rate was (24.2%) and it was higher in hemorrhagic stroke (28.8%), than ischemic stroke (19.7%). Conclusion: This is the first study about strokes in Yemeni population highlighting that younger age sustained stroke when compared to other countries that have a predominance of ischemic over hemorrhagic type. Hypertension is the most common associated factor observed and it was more common in the hemorrhagic type. The ratio of associated diabetes and hyperlipidemia is low compared elsewhere. Whether this is related to QAT chewing or not, the issue needs to be further studied.