Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The impact of CEO option grants on firm value: determinants of the effectiveness of option grants

The Impact of CEO Option Grants on Firm Value: Determinants of the Effectiveness of Option Grants. (December 2006) Catherine Krueger Weber, B.A., University of Richmond; M.B.A., Duke University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Robert H. Strawser Dr. K. Sivaramakrishnan The significance of stock options as a component of executive compensation has fluctuated dramatically over the past decade. The purpose of this study is to investigate determinants of the effectiveness of stock option grants. These option grants are considered to be effective if they accomplish their intended role of enhancing firm value by inducing risk-taking behavior. Using data from 2,349 firms that granted stock options to their Chief Executive Officer (CEO) between 1992 and 2001, the relationship between the options granted and subsequent firm value was examined. This study found no universal positive association between option grants and firm value. However, CEO incentive equilibrium, defined as stability in the CEO’s stock and option portfolio sensitivity to stock price, was found to influence the association between stock option grants and firm value. The positive association between grants and firm value was evidenced for the sub-sample of firms that demonstrate disequilibrium in CEO incentives. This was not the case, however, for the CEO incentive equilibrium sub-sample. This finding indicates that the
Komparasi Kinerja Keuangan Bank Nasional dan Bank Asing Tahun 2010-2014

The purpose of this research was to know the profile of the financial performance of national banks and foreign banks and better financial performance between national bank with foreign banks. Analysis tool used was the test of normality and independent sample t-test. Research results showed that foreign banks are better than CAR aspect ratio, ROA and BOPO whereas national bank better than KAP and aspect ratio LDR. Then you coould take the conclusion that financial performance was better than foreign banks on the financial performance of national bank. Significant differences between the foreign banks and the national bank were at the ratio of CAR, ROA, and LDR, BOPO. Then that there was no significant difference in the ratio was KAP. Based on the determination of the level of health of the banks, both foreign and National Banks were are on health predicate.
Recent Trends in the Marketing Strategies of Life Insurance Corporation of India

Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) is a monolithic company from last few decades. After the successful implementation of economic reforms in life insurance sector in India, LIC of India has made several positive efforts to triumph the hearts of the people. To achieve that LIC of India have adopted a number of new trends in marketing strategies for introducing innovative technologies. This study is an attempt to know about the recent trends followed by LIC of India in order to make their products available to each and every forthcoming customer in the life insurance market. The present research paper is a comprehensive study to know whether the implemented strategies have truly helped LIC of India in the changing trends of the society and will also suggest how these recent trends have helped LIC of India as a whole to manage the existing leading position in the life insurance market
Opaque Auditor Dismissal Disclosures: What Does Timing Reveal that Disclosures Do Not?

Motivated by the ambiguity of auditor dismissals and dismissal disclosures, this study informs about an alternative signal – the timing of the dismissal – for inferring the causes and implications of dismissals. Dividing the reporting year into four periods when dismissals can occur, we find that the probabilities of future restatements and material weaknesses generally increase across the four dismissal periods. Analyses suggest that the timing patterns are caused by burgeoning but undisclosed conflicts between the client and the outgoing auditor, rather than by transition difficulties involving the new auditor. We find that the most common time of year to dismiss an auditor is in the 30 days following the 10-K filing date. Dismissals that occur even shortly after this period significantly increase the probability that the firm will later reveal a material weakness in internal controls; dismissals occurring after the second fiscal quarter significantly increase the probability that the firm will later reveal a restatement; and dismissals that occur during the fourth quarter or year-end audit fieldwork period increase the likelihood of future delistings. This predictive ability of dismissal timing is incremental to information in the dismissal disclosure and other predictors. Furthermore, we find that the negative circumstances discussed in dismissal disclosures have no incremental predictive power for future restatements and delistings, suggesting that dismissal timing represents a more reliable signal about the motivation behind the dismissal than does the dismissal disclosure itself.
Does Earnings Guidance Invite Earnings Management?

In the wake of Enron-era scandals, practitioners warn that earnings guidance invites earnings management as executives scramble to achieve previously announced targets. Concurrent academic studies show that company executives manage earnings to achieve benchmark targets. This study attempts to connect these two bodies of work by developing a model of earnings management behavior. Hypothesis testing uses structural equation modeling of responses to a survey completed by 344 financial executives. The primary finding is that general guidance activities appear to constrain earnings management. However, earnings per share guidance given in the context of an active investor relations program is associated with a higher propensity to structure business transactions to manage reported income.
Relation Extraction with Deep Reinforcement Learning

In recent years, deep learning has been widely applied in relation extraction task. The method uses only word embeddings as network input, and can model relations between target named entity pairs. It equally deals with each relation mention, so it cannot effectively extract relations from the corpus with an enormous number of non-relations, which is the main reason why the performance of relation extraction is significantly lower than that of relation classification. This paper designs a deep reinforcement learning framework for relation extraction, which considers relation extraction task as a two-step decision-making game. The method models relation mentions with CNN and Tree-LSTM, which can calculate initial state and transition state for the game respectively. In addition, we can tackle the problem of unbalanced corpus by designing penalty function which can increase the penalties for first-step decision-making errors. Finally, we use Q-Learning algorithm with value function approximation to learn control policy π for the game. This paper sets up a series of experiments in ACE2005 corpus, which show that the deep reinforcement learning framework can achieve state-of-the-art performance in relation extraction task. key words: relation extraction, deep reinforcement learning, CNN, TreeLSTM
Polymorphism of the glycogen synthase gene in hypertensive and normotensive subjects.

Hypertension and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) are characterized by a strong genetic component and impaired ability to store glucose as glycogen in skeletal muscle. Impaired insulin activation and altered genetic control of muscle glycogen synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme for glucose storage in skeletal muscle, could provide an explanation for this insulin resistance. We examined whether there is an association between the glycogen synthase gene (Xba I polymorphism) and hypertension in 304 nondiabetic subjects. We examined glucose tolerance with an oral glucose tolerance test and glucose storage in skeletal muscle with the euglycemic insulin clamp technique in combination with indirect calorimetry. The Xba I A2 allele of the glycogen synthase gene was enriched in subjects with hypertension and a family history of NIDDM (48%) compared with normotensive subjects without a family history of NIDDM (6%, P < .0001). The presence of the A2 versus the A1 allele was associated with decreased rates of insulin-stimulated glucose storage in hypertensive subjects (11.2 +/- 2.3 versus 16.9 +/- 2.6 mumol/kg lean body mass per minute, P = .029) but not in normotensive subjects (28.0 +/- 4.6 versus 29.6 +/- 3.7 mumol/kg lean body mass per minute). In conclusion, Xba I polymorphism of the glycogen synthase gene identifies a subgroup of hypertensive subjects with a family history of NIDDM. The data suggest that a locus in the glycogen synthase gene region on chromosome 19 may serve as a "thrifty gene," increasing susceptibility for insulin resistance when exposed to other environmental or genetic factors.
Condition of Barbus sclateri from semi‐arid aquatic systems: effects of habitat quality disturbances

This study investigated the relationships between fish condition and environmental variables in Barbus sclateri from semi-arid freshwater ecosystems in the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula. Two main habitats were studied: semi-arid streams characterized by strong seasonal fluctuations in flow level (droughts and floods) and reservoirs (artificial ecosystems characterised by waters of high conductivity). The mass–length relationships were used to test differences in fish condition between nine stream populations and five reservoir populations of B. sclateri from the Segura River basin. The relationships between seven ecosystem variables (conductivity, oxygen concentration, water temperature, pH, seasonal water flow, submerged vegetation and sub-basin location) and fish condition were analysed. The ecological variables that accounted for most of the variation in fish condition were seasonal water fluctuation and water conductivity. The condition of B. sclateri populations may be a good indicator of fish habitat quality in Mediterranean semi-arid freshwater ecosystems and should be considered when such populations are subjected to sports fishing regulations, recovery plans or any other management programme.
Enjoying Work or Burdened by it? How Personal Assistants Experience and Handle Stress at Work

A personal assistant has to promote equality in living conditions for persons with severe disabilities. The aim of this study was to explore how personal assistants experience their work and what strategies they employ to alleviate work-related stress. Thirty personal assistants were interviewed and latent content analysis was performed. The findings regarding the experiences of work-related stress could be brought together under the theme of “difficulties of being in a subordinate position,” and those regarding management strategies could be brought together under the theme of “coming to terms with the work situation. ” There is a need to empower personal assistants through training programs including tailored education, working communities, and coaching.
Evaluation of Selected Websites at the U.S. Department of Education: Increasing Access to Web-Based Resources.

The Department of Education's Web site (http://www.ed.gov) is a rich information and service resource that is widely used both within the Department of Education and by a variety of users external to the Department. It provides extensive information about the Department and its programs and services, enables users to interact efficiently with some programs, and serves diverse audiences. As the Web site has grown and developed, a number of issues have arisen that require attention. This document presents results of an evaluation of the site from four perspectives: management assessment, policy analysis, log and transaction analysis, and usability testing. The full report is presented in five major sections and capped by an Executive Summary. Following Section I: "Introduction" in which the study objectives and methods are outlined, each of the four assessment techniques and associated findings are represented as individual sections--Section II: "Management Assessment"; Section III: "Policy Assessment"; Section IV: "Technical Assessment"; and Section V: "User Assessment. " Within each section, the methodology is detailed, findings presented, and recommendations suggested. Appendices include details of data collection instruments and other background information. (Author/AEF) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. 4r4 EVALUATION OF SELECTED WEBSITES AT THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION: INCREASING ACCESS TO WEB-BASED RESOURCES
Who Cares About Demands–Abilities Fit? Moderating Effects of Goal Orientation on Recruitment and Organizational Entry Outcomes

The authors conduct three studies to systematically examine how avoiding and learning goal orientation (AGO and LGO) influence relationships between perceived demands-abilities (DA) fit and critical outcomes during three organizational entry stages. Study 1, a multilevel study using a series of mock job advertisements, shows that participant likelihood of applying for jobs for which they perceive higher DA fit increases when AGO is stronger. Study 2 finds a stronger positive relationship between perceived DA fit and internship satisfaction among interns with a stronger AGO. Study 3 finds a stronger positive relationship between perceived DA fit and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among new organizational entrants with a stronger AGO. Implications and future research directions regarding the importance of goal orientation during job search and organizational entry are discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Female Consumers' Attitudes and Purchase Intentions toward Intimate Apparel Brand

The purpose of this study was to examine female consumers’ attitudes and purchase intentions toward intimate apparel brands. To understand female consumers’ shopping behaviors for intimate apparel products, this study examined interrelationships among brand familiarity, perceived risk, attitudes, and purchase intentions toward intimate apparel brands. A conceptual model was developed by adopting perceived risk theory (Cox, 1967) and theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980). A pre-survey using a paper and pencil was conducted to identify the most familiar intimate apparel brand to young female consumers. The majority of pre-survey respondents (66 female college students) indicated Victoria’s Secret as the most prominent intimate apparel brand. Therefore, Victoria’s Secret was used to examine possible effects of brand familiarity on perceived risk and attitudinal and behavioral responses toward the brand. Using a web-based survey, 384 complete responses were collected from young female college students between the ages of 18-29 at a Mid-southern U.S. university. A structural equation modeling was employed to test the proposed research model and hypotheses. Results showed positive, statistically significant associations among the four variables (e.g., brand familiarity, perceived risk, attitudes, and purchase intentions). The findings suggested that young female consumers who are familiar with a particular intimate apparel brand are likely to perceive a low level of risk, leading to positive, strong attitudes with purchase intentions toward that particular intimate apparel brand. This suggests establishing brand familiarity through integrated marketing communication is crucial for risk reduction strategy in intimate apparel shopping.
A comprehensive hierarchical model of retail banking

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a comprehensive hierarchical model of behavioural intentions in the Malaysian retail banking industry. Design/methodology/approach The data were analysed using EFA, CFA and structural modelling. Findings The findings illustrate that customer satisfaction is the most important determinant of behavioural intentions, followed by switching costs, corporate image and perceived value. Service quality is indirectly related to behavioural intentions and customer satisfaction mediates the relationship between the two constructs. Customer satisfaction is strongly influenced by service quality, corporate image and perceived value. Service quality is also an antecedent of perceived value, corporate image and switching costs. The empirical results also support a hierarchical and multidimensional approach for conceptualising and measuring customers’ perceptions of service quality. Research limitations/implications The comprehensive hierarchical model developed in this research can be used as framework for additional studies on the banking industry. Practical implications The findings provide Malaysian bank managers with empirically-based insights into behavioural intentions and offer guidelines for assessing and improving service quality. Originality/value This is the first study that uses comprehensive hierarchical modelling to synthesise the effects of service quality, customer satisfaction, perceived value, corporate image and switching costs on the behavioural intentions of retail bank customers.
Information Sharing and Spillovers: Evidence from Financial Analysts

We study how information sharing within an organization affects individual performance. We look at situations in which the same analyst, while working at the same broker, covers multiple mergers and acquisitions (M&As), in particular the acquirer prior to the M&A and the merged firm thereafter. We find that earnings forecasts for the merged firm are significantly more accurate when the analyst has a colleague (working at the same broker) covering the target prior to the M&A. This holds particularly true if acquirer analysts and target analysts reside in the same locale, if they are part of a smaller team, and if the target analyst is of higher quality. Our findings highlight the importance of information spillovers on individual performance in knowledge-based industries. This paper was accepted by Amit Seru, finance.
GLP-1R Agonists and Endothelial Dysfunction: More Than Just Glucose Lowering?

The treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) focuses on glycemic control to reduce microvascular and macrovascular complications. Unfortunately, while pivotal studies using conventional therapies have demonstrated that intensive glycemic control positively impacts microvascular complications, effects on cardiovascular benefit are less robust (1). There is therefore intense interest in newer antidiabetes agents, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, which lower blood glucose and modify cardiovascular risk factors (lipids, adiposity, blood pressure) without increasing hypoglycemic risk (2). Whether GLP-1R agonists improve endothelial dysfunction is less clear, but this potential effect is important as endothelial dysfunction increases the risk for cardiovascular events in T2D (3). While acute GLP-1(7-36) infusion consistently improves forearm vasodilation (a measurement of endothelial function) (4–7), effects with GLP-1R agonists are inconsistent. In a 16-week study of 20 patients with T2D, exenatide improved brachial artery flow-mediated dilation compared with glimepiride (8). In contrast, exenatide therapy for 3 months did not increase vasoreactivity by digital plethysmography compared with metformin in 50 obese, glucose-intolerant patients (9). Similarly, in a separate study involving 49 T2D participants, liraglutide did not improve forearm blood flow measured by venous occlusion plethysmography in response to graded infusions of acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside relative to placebo or glimepiride (10). The effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition on endothelial function is also inconsistent, with some indicating beneficial (11,12), neutral (13,14), or even detrimental (15) effects. Possible explanations for differing …
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections : role of daptomycin / β-lactams combination infezioni da staphylococcus aureus meticillino-resistente : ruolo

M Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is at present the most commonly identified antibiotic-resistant pathogen in many parts of the world [1, 2]. Methicillin was introduced in 1959 to treat infections caused by penicillin-resistant S. aureus. In 1961 there were reports from the UK of S. aureus isolates that had acquired resistance to methicillin, and apart from a period during the early 1970s, the incidence of this resistance has steadily increased [3]. Hospital-acquired MRSA strains are no longer limited to hospitals, but have now spread to other healthcare settings such as long-term care facilities [4]. As with other multi-resistant infections, MRSA infections are associated with high costs and extended hospital stay [5, 6]. On this point, Engemann et al. observed that patients with surgical site infections (SSIs) due to MRSA had a greater 90-day mortality rate than patients infected with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) (OR 3.4, 95%CI 1.5-7.2). Patients infected with MRSA had a greater duration of hospitalization after infection (median additional days=5; p<0.001), although this was not significant on multivariate analysis (p=0.11). Median hospital charges were US$ 29.455 for control subjects, US$ 52.791 for patients with MSSA SSIs, and US$ 92.363 for patients with MRSA SSIs (p<0.001 for all group comparisons). Patients with MRSA SSIs had a 1.19-fold increase in hospital charges (p=0.03) and had mean attributable excess charges of US$ 13.901 per SSI compared with patients who had MSSA SSIs [7]. In another study, Kopp et al. showed that patients with MRSA infections had a trend toward longer hospital length of stay (15.5 vs. 11 days; p=0.05) and longer antibiotic-related hospital length of stay (10 vs. 7 days; p=0.003). The median hospital cost associated with treatment of patients with MRSA infections was higher compared with patients with MSSA infections [8]. Cosgrove found that both the median length of hospitalization after S. aureus bacteraemia for patients who survived and the median hospital charges after S. aureus bacteraemia were significantly increased in MRSA patients. After multivariable analysis, compared with MSSA bacteraemia, MRSA bacteraemia remained associated with increased length of hospitalization (1.29-fold; p=0.016) and hospital charges (1.36-fold; p=0.017). MRSA bacteraemia had a median attributable length of stay of 2 days and a median attributable hospital charge of US$ 6916 [9]. There is some evidence suggesting that MRSA infection increases morbidity, risk of mortality, and costs [10, 11]. Cosgrove et al. performed a meta-analysis to summarize the impact of methicillin resistance on mortality in S. aureus bacteraemia. The authors described 31 studies on a total of 3963 patients with S. aureus bacteraemia. Analysis showed a significant increase in mortalMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: role of daptomycin/ β-lactams combination
Comparative Study of a Novel Biochemical Assay, the Rapidec Carba NP Test, for Detecting Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae

ABSTRACT The novel biochemical test, the Rapidec Carba NP (RCNP), was evaluated using carbapenemase- and non-carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates. The RCNP test was compared with the Carba NP test (CNP) and the modified Hodge test. Compared to the CNP test, the RCNP test had identical sensitivity (96%) and lower specificity (93% versus 100%). The medium used to culture the isolates significantly affected test sensitivity and specificity. The RCNP test was quicker and easier to perform than the other tests.