Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How sensitive is the CWSI to changes in solar radiation?

Cloud cover drastically and instantaneously reduces net radiation and available energy. Appearance of clouds will therefore alter the surface energy balance and elicit response of plant canopy temperature (T C). The attenuated shortwave radiation and altered T C during the presence of clouds may subsequently affect the crop water stress index (CWSI). Therefore, to correctly interpret T C measurements, the effect of clouds must be understood. The objective of this work was to study the effect of abrupt changes in solar radiation due to varying cloudy conditions on T C and CWSI for olive trees. Results from two separate experiments are presented, both comparing different levels of water status of Barnea olive trees. The first experiment was conducted in a commercial orchard where five irrigation levels were applied. Thermal images were acquired simultaneously with stomatal resistance measurements on a day with clear skies. The second experiment was conducted on single trees planted in lysimeters. Irrigation was withheld for five of 15 trees for 6 days until they were severely stressed. Thereafter, irrigation was resumed to levels higher than the transpiration rates. Throughout the stress and recovery periods, water status measurements were conducted daily between 12:00 and 14:00 on all trees. On the day of maximum stress, thermal images of well-watered and stressed trees were acquired every minute throughout a time sequence during which large fluctuations in radiation due to cloud cover were observed. The most pronounced result of this study was the greater response of stressed, compared to well-watered, trees to abrupt changes in radiation intensity. When solar radiation was high, the CWSI of stressed trees reached 0.8, while the CWSI of well-watered trees was near 0. When solar radiation dropped due to clouds, the CWSI of the stressed trees decreased to ∼0.3, while that of well-watered trees continued to fluctuate around 0. This finding implies that application of thermal imagery for water status detection would require very high radiometric resolution and constant reference measurements. For routine monitoring in commercial olive orchards, this could be facilitated by strategic maintenance of a few well-watered trees.
Do Concentrated Institutional Investors Really Reduce Executive Compensation Whilst Raising Incentives?

Hartzell and Starks (HS) (2013) report that firms with more concentrated institutional investors pay executives less, and make this pay more sensitive to performance. In an extended data set covering 1992 to 2010, we find that institutional concentration has no such effects when we control for firm size with a logarithmically transformed market-capitalization instead of HS's raw market-capitalization. This holds both in the long-run time-series and in the panel analysis. Firms that HS consider monitored do not seem to have better control of managerial compensation or performance than their unmonitored counterparts. Our results are, on the whole, inconsistent with any form of concentrated institutional monitoring.
Getting Past the “Entrepreneurial Growth Ceiling”: A Longitudinal Study of IPO Firm Growth Through Solution Driven Strategies

The premise of our paper is that prior to the IPO firms hit an “Entrepreneurial Growth Ceiling” (EGC), and this is part of the impetus for the IPO process. The EGC stems from the fact that entrepreneurial firms have problems associated with (1) managerial/employee capability, (2) product/market development, and (3) risk and uncertainty that cannot be solved without additional resources. With the cash infusion from an IPO, the additional resources are obtained that allows the IPO firm to engage in a growth strategy. Using longitudinal data (1992–1995) from a cohort of firms that went public in 1993, a set of hypotheses are tested. Results show that growth strategies appear to be solution driven strategies, but the relationship is more complex than we may have anticipated.
Family medicine specialty choice and interest in research.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study investigated interest in research related to declining interest in family medicine by US medical school graduates. METHODS Twenty-four schools were selected for study based on American Academy of Family Physicians data on the number of their graduates entering family medicine. Data for all graduates in 1997, 1998, and 1999 were obtained from the Association of American Medical Schools matriculation and graduation questionnaires for 23 of 24 schools. RESULTS Measures of research activity or interest were available on matriculation during medical school and at graduation. All were inversely related to interest in family medicine. Students interested in family medicine were less likely to have selected the field of medicine because of research interests, were less likely to have participated in a research project during medical school, and at graduation were less likely to plan on a career involving research. CONCLUSIONS Given this pervasive negative relationship between interest in research and interest in family medicine, initiatives intended to increase research within the specialty of family medicine should be evaluated for their effects on student career choices. These initiatives may decrease interest in family medicine among students who don't want to do research but who otherwise might have been interested in family medicine. Conversely, they may increase interest in family medicine among students with research interest, or they may do both.
Event‐Free 6 Months of an Octogenarian with an Undeployed Stent in the Left Main Coronary Trunk: Efficacy of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Conflict of Interest: The editor in chief has reviewed the conflict of interest checklist provided by the authors and has determined that the authors have no financial or any other kind of personal conflicts with this letter. Author Contributions: Crystal Obering: provider within clinic and Veterans Affairs Medical Center in which the patient received care; created manuscript content and editorial review of the manuscript. Ahmad Batrash: provider within clinic and Veterans Affairs Medical Center in which the patient received care; provided manuscript content advice and editorial review of the manuscript. Sponsor’s Role: None.
The Specials Market for U.S. Treasury Securities and the Federal Reserve's Securities Lending Program

This paper examines the relationship between the Federal Reserve's securities lending program and the over-the-counter market for special collateral repurchase agreements. The characteristics of dealer borrowings from the Fed suggest that the two markets are fairly well integrated. The incidence and extent of borrowings, and the fees paid to borrow securities, are broadly consistent with expectations based on closely integrated markets. However, there is some evidence that transaction costs, the design of the Fed's program, and other market frictions sometimes lead dealers to borrow securities from the Fed when private sector borrowings are more attractively priced and sometimes deter dealers from exploiting arbitrage opportunities.
Effects of sustained , voluntary attention on amplitude and latency of steady-state visual evoked potential : a costs and benefits analysis

Objective: Steady-state visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded to study the mechanisms that underlie visual attention. Methods: VEPs were recorded from 1 cycle/degree sinusoidal grating contrast reversed at various temporal frequencies (6–10 Hz). This was displayed in one hemifield. A letter search display was flashed at a random rate in the other hemifield. The subject performed a demanding task on the recording stimulus (attended condition) or on the opposite side stimulus (unattended condition). Alternatively, he/ she passively fixated on the fixation point (passive condition). Results: Relative to the passive condition, attended stimuli elicited enhanced-amplitude and shortened-latency VEP (benefits). Costs (i.e. responses to passive vs. unattended stimuli) were more marked for latency. Conclusions: VEP latency may be the key of a priority-based attention mechanism acting at an early level. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
2009 Data Breach Investigations Report

Healthcare Read time: < 4 minutes 4 Almost three quarters of security incidents in healthcare in 2015 involved physical theft and loss, insider and privilege misuse and miscellaneous errors. While breach data was typically compromised in minutes or less, discovery often took months or more. The Verizon 2016 Data Breach Investigations Report (DBIR) shows that the majority of data security incidents can be classified into one of nine patterns. Just three of these categories account for 73% of all healthcare data security incidents. Physical theft and loss made up the largest share of all incidents in healthcare, at 32% of the total. This is a bigger problem for healthcare than for any other sector we analyzed this year. We'll look at these threats in greater depth and at how you can improve your defenses against them. The Data Breach Investigations Report is the most comprehensive report of its kind. For the ninth time, it pulls together incident data from around the world, to reveal what's really happening in cybersecurity. The 2016 DBIR provides insights based on over 100,000 incidents from 82 countries, including 2,260 analyzed data breaches.
An investigation of the antecedents to cooperative marketing strategy implementation

Firms make decisions about the most favourable strategy to implement, given that they face a set of environmental conditions. Interorganisational arrangements (IOAs) are a single strategic response that can potentially contribute to continuing and considerable performance outcomes, although it is recognised that this is not an isolated performance solution. It is, however, important to understand the reasons why firms engage in IOAs and to ascertain the environmental conditions that would be ideal for such arrangements. Specifically, this paper aims to identify the antecedents that motivate firms to engage in a functional form of IOA, namely, cooperative marketing. That is, it seeks to appraise the internal and external contexts under which there is a need for cooperative marketing strategies. The determination of an ‘ideal’ cooperator profile' of respondents entering into cooperative arrangements results in an understanding of ‘who’ cooperates, and the ideal environments under which cooperative marketing is important. This article bases its findings on cooperative marketing in an Australian context and empirical findings along with conclusions and future research directions are presented.
Group theoretic, lie algebraic and Jordan algebraic formulations of the sic existence problem

Although symmetric informationally complete positive operator valued measures (SIC POVMs, or SICs for short) have been constructed in every dimension up to 67, a general existence proof remains elusive. The purpose of this paper is to show that the SIC existence problem is equivalent to three other, on the face of it quite different problems. Although it is still not clear whether these reformulations of the problem will make it more tractable, we believe that the fact that SICs have these connections to other areas of mathematics is of some intrinsic interest. Specifically, we reformulate the SIC problem in terms of (1) Lie groups, (2) Lie algebras and (3) Jordan algebras (the second result being a greatly strengthened version of one previously obtained by Appleby, Flammia and Fuchs). The connection between these three reformulations is non-trivial: It is not easy to demonstrate their equivalence directly, without appealing to their common equivalence to SIC existence. In the course of our analysis we obtain a number of other results which may be of some independent interest.
Comparative cross‐cultural service quality: an assessment of research methodology

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the methodological approaches adopted in cross‐cultural service quality (CCSQ) research and the extent to which these approaches have adhered to the general principles of established cross‐cultural research methodology.Design/methodology/approach – A search was conducted to identify CCSQ papers published between 1995 and 2009. The authors searched four well‐known online databases: ABI Inform (Proquest Direct), Emerald Library, ScienceDirect, and EBSCOhost. This search identified 40 studies, which were examined according to three broad groups of methodological issues: research design, instrumentation and data collection, and data analysis and measurement.Findings – Despite the acknowledged contributions that these selected studies have made to the services‐marketing field, it is evident from this review that researchers have frequently overlooked many important aspects of cross‐cultural research methodology. These methodological deficiencies are discussed a.
Delta and Kappa Opioid Receptors as Suitable Drug Targets for Pain

Similar to μ opioid receptors, κ and δ opioid receptors reside in the periphery, the dorsal root ganglion, the spinal cord, and in supraspinal regions associated with pain modulation. Both δ and κ opioid agonists have been shown to activate pain inhibitory pathways in the central nervous system. Yet, currently there are only a few pharmacologic agents that target κ receptors, and none that target δ receptors. Spurred by the need for an efficacious analgesic without the unwanted side effects associated with the typical clinical profile of μ opioid agonists, new research has provided insight into why the development of effective κ and δ opioid receptor agonists has remained elusive thus far, and importantly, how these obstacles may be overcome. For example, for δ opioid agonists to be effective, a state of inflammation may be required as this induces δ opioid receptors to migrate to the surface of neuronal cells and thereby become accessible to δ opioid agonists. Studies have shown that δ opioid agonists can provide relief of inflammatory pain and malignant bone pain. Meanwhile, peripherally restricted κ opioid agonists have been developed to target κ opioid receptors located on visceral and somatic afferent nerves for relief of inflammatory, visceral, and neuropathic chronic pain. The recently shown efficacy of these analgesics combined with a possible lower abuse potential and side effect burden than μ opioid receptor agonists makes δ and peripherally restricted κ opioid receptor agonists promising targets for treating pain.
How customer knowledge dissemination links to KAM

Purpose – This study aims to identify the organizational antecedents of intra‐organizational customer knowledge dissemination in the context of key account management (KAM). Design/methodology/approach – The data were collected from large industrial companies in Finland by means of a structured survey. Linear hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses.Findings – The findings of the study show that esprit de corps among employees and the formalization of key account management facilitate customer knowledge dissemination in industrial key account organizations. Moreover, the findings show that the intra‐organizational dissemination of customer knowledge is positively related to the supplier's KAM performance and dissemination fully mediates the relationship between esprit de corps and KAM performance.Research limitations/implications – The study contributes to research on key account management in providing quantitative empirical evidence about the antecedents and consequences of the in.
Is "Consumer Orientation" A Dimension of Market Orientation in Consumer Markets?

This study tests the concept that consumer orientation is a dimension of market orientation. A measure of consumer orientation is added to a three-dimensional second-order market orientation model (MKTOR) with customer orientation, competitor orientation, and interfunctional coordination and tested for effects on competitive advantage. Results support consumer orientation as a fourth dimension of market orientation measuring unobservable characteristics unexplained by the other three dimensions. The three-dimensional MKTOR model can be viewed as a subset of the proposed four-dimensional model, maintaining its original properties. These findings add relevance for implementing the marketing concept in consumer markets, particularly firms embedded in consumer-driven supply networks.
Does Employee Body Weight Affect Employers' Behavior?

In this paper, we study the possible segregation of overweight individuals already established in the labor market when firms make decisions on hiring, firing, and promoting. Most existing studies use wage equations to document wage differences, but little is known about the reason for the differences and the sorting of workers. Using an equilibrium search model, search frictions are taken into account. Additionally, sorting is examined using a logit model. We find that wage differences between workers who have a normal weight and workers who are overweight or obese can be explained by differential firm behavior, with respect to both the job-offer arrival rate and the probability of being promoted.
Proposing a model to test smartphone users' intention to use smart applications when ordering food in restaurants

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the use of smartphone apps as tools to promote healthy eating behaviors, especially when ordering food and drinks in restaurants. This paper also aims to develop a conceptual model based on literature to test users' intention to use smartphone apps as tools to promote healthy eating habits. Design/methodology/approach – The article is written based on a synthesis of previous research in this area. Findings – Smartphone apps are innovative channels for delivering individual health behavior changes. They offer a range of services that can improve the daily habits of their users. Smartphone apps allow users to keep up with their diets, exercise routines, and overall health. Based on an extensive review, this paper develops a conceptual model that includes the precursors of actual usage of smartphone apps that may assist in building healthy eating habits. Practical implications – Restaurants are advised to consider developing apps that includes nutritional fac.
Capsid sequence diversity in small round structured viruses from recent UK outbreaks of gastroenteritis

Genetic typing of small round structured viruses (SRSVs) by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and sequencing has been confined to analysis of the RNA polymerase because of the considerable genome variability outside of this region. To provide capsid sequence data for epidemiological studies and outbreak investigations, a broadly reactive capsid PCR was developed using two sets of degenerate, iosine‐containing primers. Primer pairs Capla/Caplb and Caplla/Capllb specifically amplify a 223‐bp region of the SRSV capsid open reading frame from SRSV genetic groups I and II, respectively. The capsid PCR was used to investigate SRSVs from nine UK outbreaks of gastroenteritis occurring between 1992 and 1995. Differential amplification by the primer pairs suggested that three strains belonged to genetic group I and six to genetic group II. The capsid amino acid sequences of the group I strains were 75.9% to 79.3% identical with Sot/91/UK (group I), while those of the group II strains were 75.9% to 98.3% identical with Bri/93/UK (group II). Phylogenetic comparison of the capsid region from the outbreak strains and 13 previously characterised SRSVs revealed clusters of strains closely related to Bri/93/UK and Tor/77/C within genetic group II. With the exception of some Bri/93/UK‐like strains, there was no correlation between capsid sequence and the geographical origin of SRSVs. UK strains were found with greater than 90% capsid sequence identity to SRSVs from various locations worldwide including Australia (Cam/94/A), Canada (Tor/77/C), Hawaii (Haw/71/US), and Saudi Arabia (DSV395/90/SA) together with group I (B447/92/UK) and group II (Yat/94/UK) strains that were genetically distinct from known SRSV capsids. Three SRSVs very closely related to the Bri/93/UK were from recent UK hospital outbreaks. Three Bri/93/UK‐like strains appear to be prevalent in the UK. J. Med. Viol. 52:14–19, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of the Beijing Family Genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Taiwan

ABSTRACT To investigate the distribution of the Beijing family genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Taiwan, we collected 421 M. tuberculosis complex clinical isolates at random from four geographic regions of Taiwan and analyzed them by spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) in 2003. We found 113 resolved spoligotypes, among which we identified 28 (24.8%) clusters. One hundred eighty-seven (44.4%) isolates were Beijing family genotypes and consisted of 172 (40.9%) characteristic Beijing genotypes and 15 (3.6%) Beijing-like ones. We also found that substantially larger proportions of tuberculosis patients were infected with Beijing family genotypes in the northern (51.6%) and eastern (46.2%) regions of Taiwan, while 31.6 and 28.0% of the tuberculosis patients in the central and southern regions, respectively, were infected with these genotypes. The proportion of Beijing genotype isolates was the highest in patients below the age of 24 years (61.5%), the second highest in elderly patients over age 65 years (46.8%), and the lowest in middle-age patients between the ages of 45 and 54 years (34.0%). Geographic location and age were found by multivariate analysis to be associated with Beijing family genotypes. Antituberculosis drug resistance was found more often in Beijing family genotype strains (46.4%) than in non-Beijing family genotype strains (34.3%), with more Beijing family genotype strains being resistant to ethambutol and isoniazid. These findings suggest that M. tuberculosis Beijing family genotypes have been dominant for several decades and that they are the cause of a significant proportion of the recent transmissions of tuberculosis in Taiwan.
Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning

Much of the prior research on interorganizational learning has focused on the role of absorptive capacity, a firm's ability to value, assimilate, and utilize new external knowledge. However, this definition of the construct suggests that a firm has an equal capacity to learn from all other organizations. We reconceptualize the firm-level construct absorptive capacity as a learning dyad-level construct, relative absorptive capacity. One firm's ability to learn from another firm is argued to depend on the similarity of both firms' (1) knowledge bases, (2) organizational structures and compensation policies, and (3) dominant logics. We then test the model using a sample of pharmaceutical–biotechnology R&D alliances. As predicted, the similarity of the partners' basic knowledge, lower management formalization, research centralization, compensation practices, and research communities were positively related to interorganizational learning. The relative absorptive capacity measures are also shown to have greater explanatory power than the established measure of absorptive capacity, R&D spending. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Personal Relationship and Consultative Task Behaviors on Buyer Perceptions of Salesperson Trust, Expertise, and Loyalty

Creating long-lasting business partnerships between buyers and sellers continues to be a major concern of marketing managers and scholars. The effect of salesperson personal relationship and consultative task behaviors on buyer perceptions, however, has not been thoroughly explored. In response, this study investigates the connection between sales behaviors and buyer assessment of salesperson attributes and loyalty. The results support the contention that consultative task and personal relationship behaviors play a vital role in influencing buyer perceptions of expertise, trust, and relationship loyalty.