Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pragmatic Policy in Brazil : the political economy of incomplete market reform

Os ultimos 20 anos foram, como se sabe, um periodo de grandes transformacoeseconomicas, politicas, institucionais e sociais no Brasil. Desde a primeira metade dosanos 1990 a economia foi progressivamente aberta, tanto ao comercio quanto aoinvestimento estrangeiro, diversas grandes empresas produtivas foram privatizadas,regulacoes de precos foram revogadas e um novo marco regulatorio foi sendogradualmente erigido. Exceto pela liberalizacao comercial, que ja estava praticamentefinalizada nos moldes originalmente propostos ja em meados dos anos 1990, asdemais reformas foram aceleradas apos o Plano Real.A consolidacao da estabilidade de precos e as reformas orientadas para omercado, por sua vez, requeriam mudancas institucionais. Entre essas se incluem ofortalecimento da concorrencia e a criacao de agencias reguladoras, bem como aaprovacao de nova legislacao para promover a disciplina fiscal, melhorar a regulacaodo mercado financeiro e proteger os consumidores.Este trabalho focaliza esse processo gradual e fracamente coordenado de reducaoda presenca do Estado na economia. Detem-se, em especial, na analise dos papeis daideologia, do policy packaging e do pragmatismo na implementacao das reformas; nograu em que elas avancaram; em quao bem elas foram implementadas; e em se oprocesso de reducao da intervencao estatal veio para ficar.Argumenta que o pragmatismo ? entendido como uma conduta que enfatiza amotivacao e as consequencias praticas como guias para a acao ? foi a principal forcaimpulsionadora das reformas. Em contraste com outros paises da America Latina, aideologia e a politica jogaram um papel relativamente menor nas reformas no Brasil.Em particular, embora as reformas fossem frequentemente apresentadas junto comoutras, mais urgentes e populares, para facilitar sua aprovacao, elas nao foramimplementadas como uma mudanca coerente na estrategia de desenvolvimento.Foram, antes, o resultado de um processo flexivel, gradual, episodico e formado porpecas desconectadas umas das outras.O pragmatismo levou a reformas que ficaram incompletas e pouco coordenadasentre si. Embora essas caracteristicas as vezes facilitassem a politica das reformas,abrindo janelas de oportunidade e diminuindo a oposicao, elas tambem reduziram aeficacia das reformas. Em particular, o pragmatismo nao foi suficiente para gerar aschamadas reformas de segunda geracao.Ate o presente, o impacto das reformas nao foi muito significativo no Brasil, semedido pela aceleracao da taxa de crescimento do PIB. O pouco que ocorreu foidecorrente do aumento da produtividade, nao se observando uma recuperacao dosniveis de investimento. Na medida em que o pragmatismo reflete uma abordagem emque o resultado final e a principal justificativa para a reforma, a falta de umaaceleracao significativa do crescimento pode colocar a sustentabilidade das reformasem risco.
Effect of bio-fertilizers application on microbial diversity and physiological profiling of microorganisms in arable soil.

In laboratory assay, the diversity of bacteria and microscopic fungi and the community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) of microorganisms were observed after the addition of bio-sludge (40 t.ha -1 ) from a biogas station and addition of bio-fertlizers - AZOTER (10 dm -3 .ha -1 ) to the arable soil with PCR-DGGE and BIOLOG ® method (Eco Plates). The differences were recorded in the microbial diversity (bacteria and microscopic fungi) among variants according to the Shannon index. The differences in community of microscopic fungi were markedly higher among the soil samples with the additions of both bio-fertilizers compared to control soil samples. The occurrence of individual OTUs (operational taxonomic units) bacteria and microscopic fungi were different after 105 days of incubation from the status after the 1 st day of incubation. The community metabolic diversity (CMD) was influenced by the incubation time (105 days) as well, but not by application of bio-fertilizers. We observed a significant decrease (LSD test, P <0.05) in community metabolic diversity (CMD) and average metabolic response (AMR) of microorganisms in samples collected on the 105 th day of the experiment compared to samples collected on the 1 st day of the experiment in all tested samples.
Post-buckling and Snap-Through Behavior of Inclined Slender Beams

Based on the geometrical nonlinear theory of large deflection elastic beams, the governing differential equations of post-buckling behavior of clamped-clamped inclined beams subjected to combined forces are established. By using the implicit compatibility conditions to solve the nonlinear statically indeterminate problems of elastic beams, the strongly nonlinear equations formulated in terms of elliptic integrals are directly solved in the numerical sense. When the applied force exceeds the critical value, the numerical simulation shows that the inclined beam snaps to the other equilibrium position automatically. It is in the snap-through process that the accurate configurations of the post-buckling inclined beam with different angles are presented, and it is found that the nonlinear stiffness decreases as the midpoint displacement is increased according to our systematical analysis of the inward relations of different buckling modes. The numerical results are in good agreement with those obtained in the experiments.
Drug utilization study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending diabetes clinic of a tertiary care hospital in rural Bengal

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common and important health problem affecting the citizens of developed as well as developing nations. Not only does it require long term therapy, it is also crippling in terms of cost of management. Drug utilization studies help to determine rational drug use especially in poorer and rural populations. The objective of this study was to evaluate drug utilization pattern in type-2 diabetes patients in a diabetic clinic of a tertiary care teaching hospital in rural Bengal. Methods: This was a prospective observational study including 181 patients for a period of 6 months in Bankura Sammilani Medical College. Patients diagnosed as type 2 diabetes mellitus were included in the study. The demographic data, disease data and utilization of different classes of oral hypoglycaemic agents and insulin as well as other individual drugs were analysed using the World Health Organization (WHO) indicators for drug utilization studies. Results: The study population was predominantly male (61.33%) and nearly a third (30.9%) belonged to the age group of 50-59 years. Co-morbid conditions were found in 74% patients, among which hypertension (51.1%) was the most common co-morbid condition. The average number of drugs per prescription was 4.22 and the average number of antidiabetic drugs per prescription was 2.18. Metformin was the most commonly prescribed drug (79.6%), followed by sulfonylurea class of drugs (66.9%). Nearly 17.7% patients were on insulin preparations. Glimepiride and metformin was the most common combinations used (45.5%). Antibiotics were included in 15.5% prescriptions and proton pump inhibitors were prescribed in 32% cases. All the medicines were prescribed as generics and injections were prescribed in 17.7% cases. Conclusions: This study gives a picture of the pattern of drug use among diabetes patients in our set up. While metformin was the commonest drug used, glimepiride and metformin combination was the commonest combination therapy.
A time dependent Stokes interface problem: well-posedness and space-time finite element discretization

In this paper a time dependent Stokes problem that is motivated by a standard sharp interface model for the fluid dynamics of two-phase flows is studied. This Stokes interface problem has discontinuous density and viscosity coefficients and a pressure solution that is discontinuous across an evolving interface. This strongly simplified two-phase Stokes equation is considered to be a good model problem for the development and analysis of finite element discretization methods for two-phase flow problems. In view of theunfitted finite element methods that are often used for two-phase flow simulations, we are particularly interested in a well-posed variational formulation of this Stokes interface problem in a Euclidean setting. Such well-posed weak formulations, which are not known in the literature, are the main results of this paper. Different variants are considered, namely one with suitable spaces of divergence free functions, a discrete-in-time version of it, and variants in which the divergence free constraint in the solution space is treated by a pressure Lagrange multiplier. The discrete-in-time variational formulation involving the pressure variable for the divergence free constraint is a natural starting point for a space-time finite element discretization. Such a method is introduced and results of numerical experiments with this method are presented.
Sample quantiles of additive renewal reward processes

The distribution of the sample quantiles of random processes is important for the pricing of some of the so-called financial ‘look-back' options. In this paper a representation of the distribution of the α-quantile of an additive renewal reward process is obtained as the sum of the supremum and the infimum of two rescaled independent copies of the process. This representation has already been proved for processes with stationary and independent increments. As an example, the distribution of the α-quantile of a randomly observed Brownian motion is obtained.
University-industry interactions and innovation in India : patterns, determinants, and effects in select industries

Studies on innovation using innovation system perspective have assigned an important role for university industry interaction. However, most of these studies have been undertaken in the developed countries. In this context the present study, drawing data from a primary survey of firms covering different manufacturing industries and universities in four states of India, attempts at throwing light on a number of issues relating to the status of interaction, inducing factors and the innovative outcomes of interaction. Low levels of university industry interaction notwithstanding, the study suggests that firms that collaborated with universities achieved a higher level of innovative ability.
Miracles, Science, and Testimony in Post-Tridentine Saint-Making

Argument Seeing a prodigious cure happen and then testifying about it certainly differs from attending an air pump experiment in order to bear witness to it. Yet early-modern saint-making and the “new” or “experimental philosophy” shared juridical roots, and thereby an understanding of the role of testimony for the establishment of “matters of fact” and for the production of legitimate knowledge. The reforms carried out after the Council of Trent, especially during Urban VIII's pontificate (1623–1644), of the juridical procedures for saint-making in the Catholic Church implied a new attitude towards the examination of proposed miracles. Most of these miracles were healings. While the appeal to medical expertise had long been common, and skepticism had often manifested itself regarding cures or extraordinary bodily phenomena, both were now given formal status. Miracle inquests henceforth leaned towards refuting miraculousness by means of natural explanations. The procedure was systematized in a treatise published in the 1730s by Prospero Lambertini (later pope Benedict XIV). The combination of Lambertini's work with the canonization causes in which he acted as the “devil's advocate” in charge of disputing arguments favorable to a sainthood candidate allows for a reconstruction of the interplay between the juridical and scientific economies of saint-making, and of the role of testimony in the production of trust and evidence.
Comparison of beam simulations with measurements for a 1.25-MeV, CW RFQ

The Low-Energy Demonstration Accelerator (LEDA) injector is tested using the Chalk River Injector Test Stand (CRITS) radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) as a diagnostic instrument. Fifty-keV, dc proton beams are injected into the 1.25-MeV, CW RFQ and transported to a beamstop. Computer-simulation-code predictions of the expected beam performance are compared with the measured beam currents and beam profiles. Good agreement is obtained between the measurements and the simulations at the 75-mA design RFQ output current.
Tolerance of aluminium toxicity in annual Medicago species and lucerne

A rapid (7 day) solution-based screening test was developed using 15 annual Medicago cultivars and one M. sativa. Based on a relative root regrowth after exposures to aluminium (Al), Zodiac (M. murex), Orion (M. sphaerocarpos) and the M. polymorha cultivars Santiago, Cavalier and Serena had the greatest Al tolerance. Herald (M. littoralis) and Rivoli (M. tornata) were most sensitive. Ranking for Al tolerance from the solution culture correlated well (r = 0.80) with ranking for tolerance of the 16 genotypes grown in an acidic soil (unlimed pHCa 4.1). We screened 17 Australian populations of lucerne (M. sativa) using a 24 h ‘pulse’ of 75 µmol/L Al, and a three day ‘recovery’ of 10 µmol/L Al. We identified and recovered plants with a root regrowth of ≥5 mm in all 17 populations with selection intensities of 2 to 4%. Four of these selected populations (Aurora, UQL-1, A513 and TO2-011) were polycrossed within each population to produce four populations of seed from the cycle 1 selections. The length of root regrowth under Al stress was improved for all four populations of cycle 1 selection (P ≤ 0.001; from 2.6 mm for the original populations to 6.3 mm for the cycle 1 selections). In a subsequent experiment the cycle 2 selections from Aurora, UQL-1 and TO2-011 had significantly greater root regrowth than both the cycle 1 selections (P ≤ 0.001; 8.3 cf. 6.6 mm) and the unselected populations (3.0 mm). The selections from TO2-011 appeared to have greater improvement in the average length of root regrowth after 2 cycles of selection. Selected germplasm was more tolerant than GAAT in our evaluation. Based on estimation of realised heritability, it seemed likely that higher selection intensities would give more rapid improvements in tolerance. Our studies have not investigated the physiological basis of any tolerance of Al which we observed.
Melanin production from marine Streptomyces

Melanin pigments are frequently used in medicine, food and cosmetic preparations. In this study, three strains among 21 Actinomycetes sp isolates produced a diffusible dark pigment on starch casein an agar medium which was water soluble. The pigment production was estimated using L-tyrosine as substrate. Among the strains, 3 (F1, F2, F3) were used for further analysis. Optimized culture condition for melanin production were; 1% of starch- best carbon source, 0.2% of soyabean- best nitrogen source, salinity- 15 ppt, temperature- 35°C, pH-7.0 and incubation time- 168 h. Sugarcane waste was found to be the cheaper and best source for melanin production. Melanin also showed activity against potential pathogens. The maximum antimicrobial activity was observed with Escherichia coli (20 mm) and Lactobacilus vulgaris (20 mm). F1 strain producing melanin was taken for FT-IR analysis. The FT-IR result confirmed that it was melanin pigment. Therefore, this study proved that sugarcane waste can be used for the production of melanin and it (melanin) has potential anti-bacterial activity. Key words: Melanin, sugarcane waste, antibacterial, FT-IR.
Revisiting the health-income nexus in Malaysia: ARDL cointegration and Rao's F-test for causality

This study re-visits the health-income nexus for Malaysia using alternative econometric techniques which addressed on the small sample problem. This study covers the annual sample period of 1970 to 2009. Based on the appealing small sample properties, we applied the bounds testing approach to cointegration and the system-wise Rao’s F-test with bootstrap simulation procedure in this study. The bounds test suggests that health care expenditure and real income are moving together in the long-run. In addition, the long-run income elasticity is also estimate using four long-run estimators, namely OLS, DOLS, FMOLS, and ARDL. Interestingly, the entire long-run estimators suggest that the long-run income elasticity is more than unity. Therefore, our findings support the health care luxury hypothesis in Malaysia. From policy view point, the system-wise Rao’s F-test reveals strong unilateral causality running from real income to health care expenditure in Malaysia.
THE COSMIC BPT DIAGRAM: CONFRONTING THEORY WITH OBSERVATIONS

We compare a large sample of galaxies between 0.5 < z < 2.6 with theoretical predictions for how the optical diagnostic line ratios in galaxy ensembles change as a function of cosmic time. We show that star-forming galaxies at high redshift (z > 1.5) are consistent with a model in which the interstellar medium conditions are more extreme at high redshift than seen in the global spectra of local galaxies. We speculate that global spectra of our high-redshift galaxies may be dominated by H ii regions similar to the extreme clumpy, dense star-forming complexes in the Antennae and M82. The transition to local-type conditions occurs between 0.8 < z < 1.5. We conclude that classification schemes developed for local samples should not be applied at high redshift (z ⩾ 1.5). We use our theoretical models to derive a new redshift-dependent classification line that utilizes the standard optical diagnostic line ratios [O iii]/Hβ and [N ii]/Hα. Our new line can be used to separate star-forming galaxies from active galactic nuclei (AGN) between z = 0 to z ∼ 3.5. We anticipate that our redshift-dependent optical classification line will be useful for future large surveys with near-infrared multi-object spectrographs. We apply our classification line to a sample of gravitationally lensed galaxies at z ∼ 2.5. Although limited by small numbers, we show that our classification line is consistent with the position of AGN that have been independently confirmed via other methods.
Delving into Flipping EFL Classroom: A Mixed Method Study.

This pre-test post-test quasi-experimental study was grounded in a mixed method embedded design to delve into the quality and efficiency of flipped classroom model in enhancing university prep students’ overall academic performance in EFL and that in its sub-skills in addition to the durability of that performance. The study has also pioneered to reveal the impact of gender on flipped classroom EFL learners’ post-test scores. Quantitative data was gathered through the administration of EFL Achievement Test to 41 EFL students enrolled at Foreign Language School, Gebze Technical University in two different classrooms randomly assigned as experimental (N= 21) and control group (N=20). The intervention lasted during the whole 2016-2017 fall term. On the other hand, qualitative data was collected through follow-up semi-controlled interviews with 9 experiment group students from different achievement groups. All the quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) 21 for Windows and ITEMAN4 while qualitative data was analyzed manually by employing content analysis procedures. The results of the study revealed flipped classroom model as a significant facilitator of EFL performance and long-term retention of this performance at universities in Turkey. More specifically, students in flipped classroom significantly outperformed those in the traditional lecture based classroom in all skill areas except for listening. Furthermore, qualitative results supported this impact of flipped classroom model on EFL performance. As a unique aspect of the study, EFL students’ performance in the flipped classroom was explored to be independent of their gender. To conclude, he present study has promised a bulk of valuable results that set flipping EFL classrooms as an efficient way of dealing with failure in EFL in Turkey. Article visualizations:
An X-ray absorption method for the identification of calcium phosphate species using peak height ratios

X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) studies on calcium phosphate species (Ca-P) deal with marginal differences among subtle spectral features despite a hitherto missing systematic breakdown of these differences. Related fingerprinting approaches depend, therefore, on spectral libraries that are not validated against each other, incomplete and scattered among publications. This study compiled a comprehensive spectral library from published reference compound libraries in order to establish more clear-cut criteria for Ca-P determination by distinctive phosphorus K-edge XANES features. A specifically developed normalization method identified diagnostic spectral features in the compiled library, e.g. by uniform calculation of ratios between white-line and secondary peak heights. Postprocessing of the spectra ( n = 81) verified distinguishability among most but not all phases, which included hydroxylapatite (HAP), poorly crystalline HAP, amorphous HAP, fluorapatite, carbonate fluorapatite (CFAP), carbonate hydroxylapatite,β-tricalcium phosphate, octacalcium phosphate (OCP), brushite, monetite, monocalcium phosphate, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), anapaite, herderite, scholzite, messelite, whiteite and P on CaCO 3. Particularly, peak-height ratios significantly improved analyte specificity, e.g. by supplementary breakdown into OCP and ACP. The spectral analysis also revealed Ca-P standards that were rarely investigated or inappropriately synthesized, and thus provides a basis for standard selection and synthesis. The method developed and resulting breakdown by species were subsequently tested on Ca-P spectra from studies on bone and sediment. The test indicated that bone material likely comprises only poorly crystalline apatite, which confirms direct nucleation of apatite in bone. This biological apatite formation is likely opposed to that of sedimentary apatite, which apparently forms by both direct nucleation and successive crystallization. Application of the method to μXANES spectra of sediment particles indicated authigenic apatite formation by an OCP precursor.
The Effect of Boat Type on Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Behavior in the Mississippi Sound

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iv DEDICATION . v LIST OF TABLES . ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION . 1 Boat Presence as a Social Issue . 1 Conservation Efforts . 2 Risks . 3 Risk of Physical Injury. 4 Risk of Noise Pollution . 4 Risk of Habitat Displacement . 6 Risk of Disrupting Activity Budget . 7 Replication in a Novel Area . 9 Gaps in the Literature. 10 Hypothesis. 14 CHAPTER II METHODS . 17 Sample Population . 17 vii Sample Strategy . 18 Inclusion Criteria . 20 Analysis. 21 MATLAB Sorting . 22 Research Questions . 23 Mixed Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) . 23 CHAPTER III RESULTS . 25 Research Question 1 . 25 Research Question 2 . 26 CHAPTER IV – DISCUSSION. 32 Research Questions . 32 Behavioral Response Strategies by Boat Type . 32 Recreational Boats: a Quick Departure. 32 Fishing Boats: Trade-Off . 33 Shrimp Boats: Trade-Off and Wait . 34 Tugs, Barges, and Shipping Boats: Do I Stay or Do I Go . 35 Ferry Boats: Fun or Flee Departure . 35 Patrol Boats: Wait . 36 Sailboats: (tentative) Flee . 36 To Mill or Not to Mill: Differential Behavioral Response Strategies . 37 viii Flee . 37 Trade-off . 38 Wait . 38 Hybrid . 39 Future Directions . 40 REFERENCES . 41