Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High supersaturation and modes of ice nucleation in thin tropopause cirrus: Simulation of the 13 July 2002 Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers case

[1] A unique and extensive data set of cirrus properties collected on 13 July 2002 during CRYSTAL-FACE provides the framework for simulations using cloud models to interpret the observations and to develop recommendations for microphysical parameterizations in large-scale models. Several outstanding issues in the simulations of cirrus clouds are addressed using detailed bin-resolving and bulk microphysics models. A new heterogeneous ice nucleation formulation based on extended classical theory with simultaneous dependence on temperature and saturation ratio is applied for the first time to thin tropopause cirrus. The simulated cloud microphysical properties are similar to observations, suggesting that tropopause cirrus may potentially form as a result of heterogeneous immersion freezing of internally mixed aerosols serving as ice nuclei (IN). The potential for mixed aerosols to serve as IN in tropopause cirrus is consistent with measurements of comparable amounts of soluble and insoluble material in cirrus residues and aerosols during CRYSTAL-FACE. Simulations using homogeneous nucleation theory are also able to produce comparable microphysical properties if the heterogeneous mode is turned off; hence the homogeneous mode cannot be excluded if insoluble material capable of serving as IN is not available. The calculated critical ice supersaturation for the onset of heterogeneous nucleation at these cold temperatures (∼200 K) was 70–80% (for the assumed aerosol nucleation parameters) and 15–20% higher for homogeneous nucleation. The calculated supersaturation relaxation time ranged from ∼1–2 hours in the center of the cloud to 3–6 hours near the boundaries, which may explain the high values of ice supersaturation (30–80%) observed in this cloud. Analysis of the supersaturation budget showed that supersaturation was generally nonequilibrium, and relaxation from the initial critical values to near equilibrium occurred only after several hours. The bulk model was able to simulate this case and in particular the slow crystal growth and large supersaturation because of its detailed treatment of ice nucleation and supersaturation. The fraction of condensed ice relative to excess vapor predicted by both models was 40–60% for several hours, indicating that bulk models with zero supersaturation (instantaneous condensation of all excess vapor) would substantially overpredict the ice water path and optical thickness.
Scatterometer wind fields: A new release over the decade 1991‐2001

The global surface wind fields calculated from scatterometer observations have been updated to cover the decade 1991‐2001. This involves an enhancement of the remotely sensed wind retrievals, quality control, and objective method. This paper presents the improvements with respect to the first release and provides the main characteristics of the surface parameter fields. The accuracy of the resulting weekly and monthly surface wind fields is studied through comparisons with buoy and numerical model averaged wind estimates.
“Panta Rhei—Everything Flows”: Change in hydrology and society—The IAHS Scientific Decade 2013–2022

Abstract The new Scientific Decade 2013–2022 of IAHS, entitled “Panta Rhei—Everything Flows”, is dedicated to research activities on change in hydrology and society. The purpose of Panta Rhei is to reach an improved interpretation of the processes governing the water cycle by focusing on their changing dynamics in connection with rapidly changing human systems. The practical aim is to improve our capability to make predictions of water resources dynamics to support sustainable societal development in a changing environment. The concept implies a focus on hydrological systems as a changing interface between environment and society, whose dynamics are essential to determine water security, human safety and development, and to set priorities for environmental management. The Scientific Decade 2013–2022 will devise innovative theoretical blueprints for the representation of processes including change and will focus on advanced monitoring and data analysis techniques. Interdisciplinarity will be sought by increased efforts to connect with the socio-economic sciences and geosciences in general. This paper presents a summary of the Science Plan of Panta Rhei, its targets, research questions and expected outcomes. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz Citation Montanari, A. , Young, G. , Savenije, H.H. G. , Hughes, D. , Wagener, T. , Ren, L.L. , Koutsoyiannis, D. , Cudennec, C. , Toth, E. , Grimaldi, S. , Blöschl, G. , Sivapalan, M. , Beven, K. , Gupta, H. , Hipsey, M. , Schaefli, B. , Arheimer, B. , Boegh, E. , Schymanski, S.J., Di Baldassarre, G. , Yu, B. , Hubert, P., Huang, Y. , Schumann, A. , Post, D. , Srinivasan, V. , Harman, C. , Thompson, S. , Rogger, M. , Viglione, A. , McMillan, H. , Characklis, G. , Pang, Z. , and Belyaev, V. , 2013. “Panta Rhei—Everything Flows”: Change in hydrology and society—The IAHS Scientific Decade 2013–2022. Hydrological Sciences Journal. 58 (6) 1256–1275.
Atmospheric Circulation of Exoplanets

We survey the basic principles of atmospheric dynamics relevant to explaining existing and future observations of exoplanets, both gas giant and terrestrial. Given the paucity of data on exoplanet atmospheres, our approach is to emphasize fundamental principles and insights gained from Solar-System studies that are likely to be generalizable to exoplanets. We begin by presenting the hierarchy of basic equations used in atmospheric dynamics, including the Navier-Stokes, primitive, shallow-water, and two-dimensional nondivergent models. We then survey key concepts in atmospheric dynamics, including the importance of planetary rotation, the concept of balance, and scaling arguments to show how turbulent interactions generally produce large-scale east-west banding on rotating planets. We next turn to issues specific to giant planets, including their expected interior and atmospheric thermal structures, the implications for their wind patterns, and mechanisms to pump their east-west jets. Hot Jupiter atmospheric dynamics are given particular attention, as these close-in planets have been the subject of most of the concrete developments in the study of exoplanetary atmospheres. We then turn to the basic elements of circulation on terrestrial planets as inferred from Solar-System studies, including Hadley cells, jet streams, processes that govern the large-scale horizontal temperature contrasts, and climate, and we discuss how these insights may apply to terrestrial exoplanets. Although exoplanets surely possess a greater diversity of circulation regimes than seen on the planets in our Solar System, our guiding philosophy is that the multi-decade study of Solar-System planets reviewed here provides a foundation upon which our understanding of more exotic exoplanetary meteorology must build.
On the Measurement of Polarization

Suppose that the authors are interested in the distribution of a set of characteristics over a population. They study a precise sense in which this distribution can be said to be polarized and provide a theory of measurement. Polarization, as conceptualized here, is closely related to the generation of social tensions, to the possibilities of revolution and revolt, and to the existence of social unrest in general. The authors take special care to distinguish their theory from the theory of inequality measurement. They derive measures of polarization that are easily applicable to distributions of characteristics such as income and wealth. Copyright 1994 by The Econometric Society.
Sustainable clothing: challenges, barriers and interventions for encouraging more sustainable consumer behaviour

Research with consumers has revealed limited awareness of the sustainability impact of clothing (Goworek et al., 2012). Semi-structured interviews conducted with a range of experts in sustainable clothing to increase understanding of the challenges for sustainable clothing revealed that a focus on sustainability alone will not drive the necessary changes in consumers’ clothing purchase, care and disposal behaviour for three reasons: (i) clothing sustainability is too complex; (ii) consumers are too diverse in their ethical concerns; and (iii) clothing is not an altruistic purchase. The findings identify the challenges that need to be addressed and the associated barriers for sustainable clothing. Interventions targeting consumers, suppliers, buyers and retailers are proposed that encourage more sustainable clothing production, purchase, care and disposal behaviour. These interventions range from normalising the design of sustainable clothing and increasing the ease of purchase, to shifting clothes washing norms and increasing upcycling, recycling and repair.
Private Monetary Transfers and Altruism: An Empirical Investigation on Italian Families

The aim of this paper is to explore the motivation of monetary transfers received by Italian household heads. The financial transfers may be motivated by altruism or by the expectation of future services. For this reason, we select a sample of Italian families from the 2006 European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) dataset. First, we consider the transfer decision and try to account for the factors that affect the probability that the household head will receive a transfer. Next, we restrict our analysis to those families who did receive a positive transfer and examine the factors that affect the size of the transfer. The positive relationship between recipient’s income and transfer amount received is consistent with exchange theory: recipients with higher income ask for higher payments in exchange for services provided. We also explore the relationship between private and public financial transfers. In particular, we choose Italy for its peculiar institutional features. The results imply that the hypothesis about a crowding-out process cannot be rejected. The main contribution of the paper to the existing literature is to investigate the social motivation of private transfers and their implications in terms of policy in a unified framework.
Determining the Effects of Hospital Consolidation: An Examination of the Impact of Hospital M&A on Financial and Quality Metrics

PERRY, HAILEY M. Determining the Effects of Hospital Consolidation: An Examination of the Impact of Hospital M&A on Financial and Quality Metrics. Department of Economics, June 2018. ADVISOR: PROFESSOR YOUNGHWAN SONG ! The modern explosion of M&A activity in the United States has generated significant controversy and advocates both for and against hospital consolidation have been quite vocal in presenting their cases. Using mergers and acquisitions reports from Irving Levin Associates as well as financial and quality metrics from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the American Hospital Directory, this study examines the differences between consolidated and unconsolidated hospitals in terms of overall revenue and quality, in addition to prices and costs for specified diagnoses. Consolidated hospitals undergo significant changes during their transition and often times operate in a manner different than that of an unconsolidated hospital, suggesting that these figures will be different on a comparison basis. To asses the differences between consolidated and unconsolidated hospitals, this paper uses Ordinary Least Squares regressions and three propensity score matching methods: nearest neighbor, kernel, and stratification matching. These matching methods are used to mitigate for the potential endogeneity associated with hospital M&A analysis. This study finds that hospitals which underwent M&A between 2012 and 2014 have higher revenues but lower quality, while they charge lower prices and cost less to payers for several of the presented diagnoses. To make hospital mergers and acquisitions
Comparison of energy-wood and pulpwood thinning systems in young birch stands

Abstract In early thinnings, a profitable alternative to pulpwood could be to harvest whole trees as energy-wood. In theoretical analyses, we compared the extractible volumes of energy-wood and pulpwood, and their respective gross values in differently aged stands of early birch thinnings at varying intensities of removal. In a parallel field experiment, we compared the productivity at harvest of either pulpwood or energy-wood, and the profitability when the costs of harvesting and forwarding were included. The theoretical analyses showed that the proportion of the total tree biomass removed as pulpwood increased with increasing thinning intensity and stem size. The biomass volume was 1.5–1.7 times larger than the pulpwood volume for a 13.9 diameter at breast height stand and 2.0–3.5 times larger for a 10.4 diameter at breast height stand. In the field experiment, the harvested volume per hectare of energy-wood was almost twice as high as the harvest of pulpwood. The harvesting productivity (trees Productive harvesting Work Time-hour−1) was 205 in the energy-wood and 120 in the pulpwood treatment. The pulpwood treatment generated a net loss, whereas the energy-wood treatment generated a net income, the average difference being €595 ha−1. We conclude that in birch-dominated early thinning stands, at current market prices, harvesting energy-wood is more profitable than harvesting pulpwood.
Immunohistochemical expression of D2-40, VEGF and PCNA as biological markers of lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis and proliferation in pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland origin

Background: Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland tumor and shows a pronounced morphological complexity and diversity; for this The immunoprofiles and clinical course of PA differed according to cellular differentiation. Therefore, it is important to assess potential biomarkers in diagnostic and therapeutic trials. This study evaluates the immunohistochemical expression of D2-40, VEGF and PCNA as markers of lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis and proliferation of PA and their correlation with clinicpathological parameters and with each other. Materials and Methods: Twenty five formalin – fixed, paraffin – embedded tissue blocks were included in this study. After histopathological reassessment of haematoxylin & eosin stained sections for each block, an immunohistochemical staining was performed using anti D2-40, anti VEGF and anti PCNA monoclonal antibodies. Results: Positive immunohistochemical of D2-40, VEGF and PCNA was found in (100%), (92%) and (88%) of the cases respectively. No statistically significant correlation neither among the markers immunoexpression nor with the clinicopathological finding, except a statistical significant correlation was found between (D2-40andVEGF) expression with the histopathological presentation of the cases. Conclusion: D2-40, VEGF and PCNA immunoexpression showed significant correlation with respect to the histopathological presentation of the cases. While no significant correlation seen regarding the expression of aforementioned markers with each other, suggests that each marker might affect on tumor behavior independently.
First record of ectoparasitic ciliates, of genus Trichodina (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) parasiting cultured Oranda Gold Fish ( Carassius auratus auratus L.) in India

Ornamental fish culture is considered as one of the most important source of home entertainment, because of its diversity and beauty of picturesque colors. Trichodiniasis of fishes causing harm and economic losses in this fish industry. There are many records of trichodinids ectoparasites infesting fish have been found throughout the World, but no such attempt has been made to study the parasitic group infesting ornamental fish, preferably oranda goldfish ( Carassius auratus auratus L.) in India. A parasitological search in some ornamental fish farms have been revealed for the first time the occurrence of trichodinid species previously described so far from the oranda goldfish in India. They are Trichodina reticulata , Trichodina mutabilis, Trichodina acuta, Trichodina ngoma, Trichodina nandusi and Trichodina domergui . These parasites have not been reported earlier from the oranda goldfish in India. The paper deals with the diversity, distribution and taxonomic descriptions of these six trichodinid species based on the wet silver nitrate impregnated observations along with new host, locality and prevalence of infestation.
A New Exploration of Optimal IPR Protection and International Policy Cooperation

In this paper, a variety-expanding growth model has been constructed in the classical North-South framework. Optimal degree of IPR protection has been explicitly computed both for the North and the South in the sense of welfare maximizing, in the short run and non-short run of the economies. Endogenous innovation growth rate and the policy of innovation subsidy for the Southern government have been introduced into our model. The relationship between IPR protection and long-term growth rate has also been thoroughly investigated. Finally, the issue about international policy cooperation has been explored and we show that it is possible that an optimal degree of Southern IPR protection would also be globally efficient in some comparatively weak conditions.
Uncovering Heterogeneity in the Resolution of Bank Failures

This article studies the FDIC’s problem of resolving failed banks over the period 19841992 as an amalgam of two distinct decision rules. The results show that bank failures that were accompanied by regional economic distress were administered by a decision rule that favored less severe resolution methods such as the provision of financial assistance. This decision rule showed greater sensitivity to bank fundamentals than the rule applied to banks that failed in normal economic conditions. These results are based on an efficient collapsed Gibbs sampler developed in this paper to estimate Bayesian latent class models to detect unobserved heterogeneity in bank resolution. JEL Classification: C11, C38, G21, G33, G38
A Generalization of Fibonacci Far-Difference Representations and Gaussian Behavior

A natural generalization of base B expansions is Zeckendorf's Theorem: every integer can be uniquely written as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}$, with $F_{n+1} = F_n + F_{n-1}$ and $F_1=1, F_2=2$. If instead we allow the coefficients of the Fibonacci numbers in the decomposition to be zero or $\pm 1$, the resulting expression is known as the far-difference representation. Alpert proved that a far-difference representation exists and is unique under certain restraints that generalize non-consecutiveness, specifically that two adjacent summands of the same sign must be at least 4 indices apart and those of opposite signs must be at least 3 indices apart. We prove that a far-difference representation can be created using sets of Skipponacci numbers, which are generated by recurrence relations of the form $S^{(k)}_{n+1} = S^{(k)}_{n} + S^{(k)}_{n-k}$ for $k \ge 0$. Every integer can be written uniquely as a sum of the $\pm S^{(k)}_n $'s such that every two terms of the same sign differ in index by at least 2k+2, and every two terms of opposite signs differ in index by at least k+2. Additionally, we prove that the number of positive and negative terms in given Skipponacci decompositions converges to a Gaussian, with a computable correlation coefficient that is a rational function of the smallest root of the characteristic polynomial of the recurrence. The proof uses recursion to obtain the generating function for having a fixed number of summands, which we prove converges to the generating function of a Gaussian. We next explore the distribution of gaps between summands, and show that for any k the probability of finding a gap of length $j \ge 2k+2$ decays geometrically, with decay ratio equal to the largest root of the given k-Skipponacci recurrence. We conclude by finding sequences that have an (s,d) far-difference representation for any positive integers s,d.
Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Techniques Applied to Ku-Band Multilayer Corporate Waveguide Antennas

In this letter, additive manufacturing technologies have been evaluated for waveguide antenna array prototyping at Ku band. Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and stereolithography have been assessed in terms of manufacturing limitations, electrical performance, accuracy, cost and weight, compared with traditional manufacturing methods. This assessment is performed on a corporate-fed waveguide array antenna for end-user digital broadcast satellite communications at Ku band. The objective is to manufacture this intricate multilayer structure as a single block, in order to prevent contact and leakage issues in the interface between antenna layers. This monolithic implementation is unfeasible with conventional milling in aluminum, renowned in the literature for its reliability in waveguide antenna implementation. A prototype has been machined with such technique as a reference for experimental results. A single block fabrication has been possible by DMLS, presenting a similar performance to the reference prototype. Experimental results, including impedance matching, realized the gain and axial ratio have been performed on the antenna prototypes. A 14.7% effective bandwidth has been obtained for the DMLS antenna.
Laboratory synthesis of goethite and ferrihydrite of controlled particle sizes

Iron oxyhydroxides, such as goethite and ferrihydrite, are highly abundant and ubiquitous minerals in geochemical environments. Because of their small particle sizes, their surface reactivity is high towards adsorption of anions and cations of environmental relevance. For this reason these minerals are extensively studied in environmental geochemistry, and also are very important for environmental and industrial applications. In the present work, we report the synthesis and characterization of goethite and ferrihydrite of controlled particle sizes. It has been shown that surface reactivity of these minerals is highly dependent on crystal sizes, even after normalizing by specific surface area. In order to investigate the reasons for this changing reactivity it is necessary to work with reproducible particle sizes of these minerals. We investigated here the experimental conditions to synthesize goethite samples of four different specific surface areas: ca. 40, 60, 80 and 100 m2 g-1, through the controlled speed of hydroxide addition during hydrolysis of acid Fe(III) solutions. In the case of 2-line ferrihydrite, samples with two different particle sizes were prepared by changing the aging time under the pH conditions of synthesis (pH = 7.5). The synthesized minerals were identified and characterized by: X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption BET specific surface area, transmission electron microscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and maximum Cr(VI) adsorption.