Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Case of Year Round Education in Two Georgia Elementary Schools

s International, 65(11), 4263. (AAT No. 3154833). Prohm, B. , & Baenen, N. (1996). Are year-round, multi-track elementary schools effective? An analysis of schools in Wake County, North Carolina. ERS Spectrum, 14(2), 42-47.
Phosphorylation of Tyr-176 of the Yeast MAPK Hog1/p38 Is Not Vital for Hog1 Biological Activity* 210

Mitogen-activated protein kinases are crucial components in the life of eukaryotic cells. The current dogma for MAPK activation is that dual phosphorylation of neighboring Thr and Tyr residues at the phosphorylation lip is an absolute requirement for their catalytic and biological activity. In this study we addressed the role of Tyr and Thr phosphorylation in the yeast MAPK Hog1/p38. Taking advantage of the recently isolated hyperactive mutants, whose intrinsic basal activity is independent of upstream regulation, we demonstrate that Tyr-176 is not required for basal catalytic and biological activity but is essential for the salt-induced amplification of Hog1 catalysis. We show that intact Thr-174 is absolutely essential for biology and catalysis of the mutants but is mainly required for structural reasons and not as a phosphoacceptor. The roles of Thr-174 and Tyr-176 in wild type Hog1 molecules were also tested. Unexpectedly we found that Hog1Y176F is biologically active, capable of induction of Hog1 target genes and of rescuinghog1Δ cells from osmotic stress. Hog1Y176Fwas not able, however, to mediate growth arrest induced by constitutively active MAPK kinase/Pbs2. We propose that Thr-174 is essential for stabilizing the basal active conformation, whereas Tyr-176 is not. Tyr-176 serves as a regulatory element required for stimuli-induced amplification of kinase activity.
Multiple Time Scales and the Exponential Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Stochastic Volatility Model

We study the exponential Ornstein-Uhlenbeck stochastic volatility model and observe that the model shows a multiscale behavior in the volatility autocorrelation. It also exhibits a leverage correlation and a probability profile for the stationary volatility which are consistent with market observations. All these features make the model quite appealing since it appears to be more complete than other stochastic volatility models also based on a two-dimensional diffusion. We finally present an approximate solution for the return probability density designed to capture the kurtosis and skewness effects.
Diurnal rhythms in plasma melatonin concentrations in the fetal sheep and pregnant ewe during late gestation.

We have measured plasma melatonin (MT) concentrations in the pregnant ewe and fetal sheep during 24-h periods between 114 and 142 days gestation. There was a clear diurnal rhythm in the plasma MT concentrations in both the ewe and fetus from 114 days gestation. Blood samples were also collected from the pregnant ewe and fetus during the day every 2-3 days from 112 days gestation to term. There was no gestational age trend in maternal or fetal day time plasma MT concentrations during late pregnancy. To establish whether there was transplacental transfer of MT, pregnant ewes were injected with [3H]MT, and total radioactivity (disintegrations per min) was measured in maternal and fetal arterial plasma and in amniotic fluid collected before and for 1 h after the [3H]MT injection. Two minutes after [3H]MT injection, radioactivity was detected in both maternal and fetal sheep plasma. Extraction of fetal plasma with chloroform indicated that [3H]MT accounted for 48.0 +/- 7.2 (SE) % of total radioactivity at 2 min after the injection. In one pregnant ewe infused with unlabeled MT (0.3 microgram/ml saline.min for 20 min) maternal and fetal plasma MT concentrations increased within 6 min after the start of the MT infusion. We conclude that there is a diurnal rhythm in the plasma concentrations of MT in the fetal lamb and pregnant ewe between 114 and 142 days gestation, and that MT crosses the ovine placenta from the maternal to the fetal circulation. Therefore, the MT present in the fetal sheep circulation may be solely of maternal origin or it may be derived from both fetal and maternal sources.
An analysis of Australian company carbon emission disclosures

Purpose – This study aims to report the extent of voluntary carbon emission disclosures by major Australian companies during the years 2006 to 2008. This paper provides contemporary data and explanations about carbon emissions reporting in Australia. Additionally, the paper aims to determine the variables that explain the extent of carbon disclosures.Design/methodology/approach – The carbon disclosure score is measured directly from individual companies' annual reports and sustainability reports. A checklist is established to determine the breadth and depth of the information related to climate change and carbon emissions incorporated in these publicly available reports.Findings – The overall carbon disclosure score has increased significantly over the authors' research period. Furthermore, regression results show that larger firms with higher visibility tend to make more comprehensive carbon disclosures. Overall, the authors' results indicate that the legislation of the National Greenhouse and Energy Rep.
Barriers to small business growth in Canada

Purpose – The paper seeks to extend the findings of Okpara and Wynn and Robson and Obeng related to “barriers to small business growth” by using Canadian data.Design/methodology/approach – The study utilized survey research (a non‐experimental field study design). Small business owners from Western Canada were surveyed to gather information. Subjects were asked about their beliefs and feelings regarding barriers to growth of their small businesses. To test the hypotheses, p < 0.05 significance level was used to accept or reject a null hypothesis.Findings – The findings of this paper indicate that lack of financing, market challenges, and regulatory issues are perceived as barriers to small business growth in Canada. The results also show that sales level of small firms (“past success”) has positive impact on small business growth in Canada.Research limitations/implications – This is an exploratory study to determine perceived barriers to small business growth in Canada, so the findings do not necessarily .
Sequential Auctions and Auction Design

Often an auction designer has the option of selling, or purchasing, those lots available in one auction or a sequence of auctions. In addition, bidder opportunities will not be static, in part due to arrival of information, but also because bidders can face deadlines for making decisions. This paper examines the optimal decision about how to divide what is available over time.
Industry Concentration and Corporate Disclosure Policy

This study examines the association between U.S. Census industry concentration measures and the informativeness of corporate disclosure policy. We find that in more concentrated industries firms׳ management earnings forecasts are less frequent and have shorter horizons, their disclosure ratings by analysts are lower, and they have more opaque information environments, as measured by the properties of analysts׳ earnings forecasts. Also, when these firms raise funds they prefer private placements, which have minimal SEC-mandated disclosure requirements, over seasoned equity offerings. Overall, our findings suggest that firms in more concentrated industries disclose less and avoid certain financing decisions that have non-trivial disclosure implications, presumably due to proprietary costs of disclosure.
The price puzzle and monetary policy transmission mechanism in Pakistan: Structural vector autoregressive approach

This paper addresses the issue of monetary policy effectiveness, the price puzzle, and the positive response of prices to monetary tightening in Pakistan. The study examines the effects of the monetary policy shock on the price level and other macroeconomic variables such as output, exchange rate, and money supply within the structural VAR framework over the period 1992: M1 to 2010:M08. We find that a contractionary monetary policy shock has a positive effect on prices and the output increase over some horizon following the monetary tightening, but continuously falls after initial rise. The results also indicate that monetary contractions in Pakistan, over the period reviewed, are associated with the persistent depreciation of domestic currency value relative to the US dollar
A Solution Looking for a Problem: Factors Associated with the Non-Adoption of XBRL

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the factors influencing the non‐adoption of Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) technology.Design/methodology/approach – This exploratory study analyses interview data obtained from key XBRL stakeholders on the relative importance of environmental, organisational and technological context factors to ascertain why adoption has not occurred.Findings – The research finds three reasons for XBRL non‐adoption. First, the lack of a government “push” for XBRL technology results in organisational ignorance. Second, it appears that organisations do not believe that XBRL will beneficially reduce compliance costs. Third, complexity in developing the structured language (taxonomy) for XBRL use has significant budgetary implications.Research limitations/implications – As qualitative research, this study does not claim to be generalisable or objective. However, the rich data were analysed from a diverse group of interviewees experienced and knowledgeable in res.
Stereological Investigation of the Age‐Related Changes of the Myelinated Fibers in the Hippocampus of Male Rats

The decline of hippocampus‐dependent learning and memory during normal aging is not associated with neuron death and synapse loss. Until now, age‐related changes in the myelinated fibers of the hippocampus have not been investigated. Therefore, in this study, the myelinated fibers in the hippocampi of young (6 months), middle‐aged (18 months), and old‐aged (28 months) male Sprague‐Dawley rats were studied with transmission electron microscope and stereological methods, following spatial learning tests in a Morris water maze. The results showed that hippocampus‐dependent spatial learning was impaired in old‐aged rats but that the total volume, length, and mean diameter of the myelinated fibers in the hippocampus, as well as the hippocampal volume, remained constant during the normal aging process. Our results suggest that the age‐related decline in hippocampus‐dependent spatial learning is not attributable to myelinated fiber changes in the hippocampus and that other, undetermined factors are responsible. Anat Rec, 297:1490–1497, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strategy Formulation in Small Business: The Hong Kong Experience

SHUI-YING CHAN IS WTITH THE CITY LTniversitx of Hong Kong and M. J. Foster is associate dean of the Faculty of B1usiness at Kingston University, England. This paper describes the results of a stuidv examining the strategy formulation process in small businesses in Hong Kong in th-le i-iid-1990s. It is believed to be the first stuch study. A sample of some 42 businesses were examined to determine how their actual planning behavioutr comipared with that predicted fromii a suin ple, three-stage imodel of the strategy f'or-niitulationi process based on the literature in both strategy and small business. The imnpact of elenrienits of owner-managers' backgrouni-ds o01 tlhc process xras also examninled. The samiiple ol companies coveret a witle rangc of buisillesses with the bulk being in the sel-xite segmeints of variolus sorts, tlhis being i-epresentative of tlhe Hong Konig econoiny. The 'westernised Chinese' niatuire of most of Hong Kong's resideints was seen to be an iinportant contexttal factor to observed behaviour. The paper concludes with some brief suggestions for ftuttire behaviour bv such small firms.
Exchange rate determination in Jamaica: A market microstructures and macroeconomic fundamentals approach

This paper uses hybrid models that combine economic fundamentals and micro-market variables to investigate the behaviour of US/Jamaica exchange rate. The co-integration analysis applied to post 2000 monthly data indicates, in contrast to previous studies done on Jamaica that these models give a better fit, produce parameter estimates with sensible signs and sizes and allow for long run relationships which are not present when the micro-based variables are excluded.
Modeling Dependence Structure and Forecasting Portfolio Value-at-Risk with Dynamic Copulas

We study the asymmetric and dynamic dependence between financial assets and demonstrate, from the perspective of risk management, the economic significance of dynamic copula models. First, we construct stock and currency portfolios sorted on different characteristics (ex ante beta, coskewness, cokurtosis and order flows), and find substantial evidence of dynamic evolution between the high beta (respectively, coskewness, cokurtosis and order flow) portfolios and the low beta (coskewness, cokurtosis and order flow) portfolios. Second, using three different dependence measures, we show the presence of asymmetric dependence between these characteristic-sorted portfolios. Third, we use a dynamic copula framework based on Creal et al. (2013) and Patton (2012) to forecast the portfolio Value-at-Risk of long-short (high minus low) equity and FX portfolios. We use several widely used univariate and multivariate VaR models for the purpose of comparison. Backtesting our methodology, we find that the asymmetric dynamic copula models provide more accurate forecasts, in general, and, in particular, perform much better during the recent financial crises, indicating the economic significance of incorporating dynamic and asymmetric dependence in risk management.
Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes? Civilian Control Over the Military

The question of who guards the guards is intimately connected with broader questions of state capacity and the establishment of a monopoly of violence in society, something which is often viewed as the defining feature of the modern state. But to establish such a monopoly, civilian rulers need not only to build an effective military, but also to control it. In this paper we study how governments may solve this problem when they recognize that their decisions to build a strong army may have ramifications for subsequent coups. (JEL: H11, H56) (c) 2010 by the European Economic Association.
Uptake of postabortion care services and acceptance of postabortion contraception in Puntland, Somalia

Abstract Unsafe abortion is responsible for at least 9% of all maternal deaths worldwide; however, in humanitarian emergencies where health systems are weak and reproductive health services are often unavailable or disrupted, this figure is higher. In Puntland, Somalia, Save the Children International (SCI) implemented postabortion care (PAC) services to address the issue of high maternal morbidity and mortality due to unsafe abortion. Abortion is explicitly permitted by Somali law to save the life of a woman, but remains a sensitive topic due to religious and social conservatism that exists in the region. Using a multipronged approach focusing on capacity building, assurance of supplies and infrastructure, and community collaboration and mobilisation, the demand for PAC services increased as did the proportion of women who adopted a method of family planning post-abortion. From January 2013 to December 2015, a total of 1111 clients received PAC services at the four SCI-supported health facilities. The number of PAC clients increased from a monthly average of 20 in 2013 to 38 in 2015. During the same period, 98% (1090) of PAC clients were counselled for postabortion contraception, of which 955 (88%) accepted a contraceptive method before leaving the facility, with 30% opting for long-acting reversible contraception. These results show that comprehensive PAC services can be implemented in politically unstable, culturally conservative settings where abortion and modern contraception are sensitive and stigmatised matters among communities, health workers, and policy makers. However, like all humanitarian settings, large unmet needs exist for PAC services in Somalia.
Inconsistencies in International Product Strategies and Performance of High-Tech Firms

This article explores two unresolved issues in the international business literature. First, it is not clear why high-tech firms should standardize their product strategies across countries. Second, the rationale for high-tech firms to forge international strategic alliances (ISAs) is unknown. Drawing on organizational ecology and structural inertia theories, this study proposes that the interactions between a firm's structural inertia and environmental hostility are hazardous to firm performance and that ISAs weaken their impacts. Using data from 167 Canadian high-tech firms, this study supports that hypothesis and uncovers important implications for research and practice. Firms’ structural inertia makes inconsistency in international product strategies destructive. When structural inertia interacts with the environmental hostility associated with high-tech industries, the impacts can be stronger. High-tech firms resort to ISAs, using their partners to implement different product strategies to avoid adverse outcomes. Thus, ISAs are mechanisms that high-tech firms use to reduce the strategy inconsistencies across countries.
The Burden of Unemployment on Family Units: An Overview

This article proposes several measures of the burden of unemployment on family units. It is shown that one in 13 couple families had at least the husband or wife unemployed in 1994. Almost one-quarter of the total unemployment among couple families in 1994 was in families where both husband and wife were unemployed. The analyses presented show that the burden of unemployment on family units differs according to the characteristics of the family. It is particularly intense in couple families with young dependents and among immigrants from non-English-speaking countries. Of particular concern is the finding that there are many families where there are multiple family members unemployed and no member employed. This will have major implications where knowledge of employment opportunities is obtained primarily through family contacts.
Does best practice HRM only work for intrinsically motivated employees?

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between perception of multiple best practice HRM and employee outcomes. Four cross-sectional surveys from different Norwegian service organizations of a total of 838 employees showed that several relationships between perceived empowerment and perceived information sharing and employee outcomes were moderated by intrinsic motivation. Implications for practice and directions for future research are discussed.
Do Differences in Financial Development Explain the Global Pattern of Current Account Imbalances?

Building on the panel-regression approach of Chinn and Prasad (2003) and Gruber and Kamin (2007), we assess whether differences in financial development can explain the large developing-country surpluses or large US deficits. We find little evidence to support these hypotheses. We also assess whether differences in asset returns, an alternative measure of the attractiveness of financial assets, can explain the international pattern of capital flows. Lower bond yields have been generally associated with larger current account deficits in industrial countries. However, US bond yields have not been significantly lower than those in other industrial economies, suggesting that US financial assets have not been unusually attractive. We consider an alternative hypothesis that spending in the United States was uniquely responsive to lower costs of capital. However, we found this hypothesis also to be weak, as household saving rates have declined throughout the industrial economies.
GTP‐binding protein involvement in membrane currents evoked by carbachol and histamine in guinea‐pig ileal muscle.

1. Single smooth muscle cells obtained by enzymic dispersion of the longitudinal muscle layer of guinea‐pig ileum were used for recording membrane currents under whole‐cell voltage clamp in response to carbachol (100 microM, unless otherwise stated) or histamine (100 microM) applied extracellularly. 2. At a holding potential of 0 mV, a transient outward current was evoked by carbachol and histamine. Responses to the two agonists were very similar in size and time course to the current response to caffeine (10 mM). The response to carbachol was virtually absent in the presence of histamine, and vice versa. Caffeine was without effect in the presence of either of these agonists. Inclusion of EGTA (10 or 20 mM) in the pipette abolished the responses to carbachol, histamine and caffeine. Thus, the outward current responses were considered to represent opening of Ca(2+)‐activated K+ channels in response to a massive release of Ca2+ from the same stores by these three agents. 3. An inward current was evoked by carbachol and histamine, but not by caffeine at a holding potential of ‐40 mV, which was considered to represent opening of cationic channels. The carbachol‐induced inward current was much longer in duration and larger in size than the histamine‐induced inward current. 4. Inclusion of GDP beta S (2 mM) in the pipette abolished the inward and outward current responses to histamine, but inhibited only part of those to carbachol. 5. When the holding potential was held at 0 mV with inclusion of GTP gamma S (0.1‐1 mM) in the pipette, spontaneous transient outward currents appeared immediately after break‐through but disappeared a few minutes later. Under these conditions, caffeine (10 mM) was almost without effect, suggesting that GTP gamma S had released Ca2+ stores. When the holding potential was held at ‐40 mV and GTP gamma S (0.1 or 0.2 mM) was present in the pipette, an inward current developed a few minutes after break‐through. During the GTP gamma S‐induced inward current, application of carbachol or histamine produced no further inward current. However, when 0.01 mM‐GTP gamma S was included in the pipette solution, carbachol‐ and histamine‐induced inward currents were potentiated. 6. Pretreated with 2‐5 micrograms/ml pertussis toxin (PTX) did not change noticeably the outward current responses to carbachol and histamine, but abolished or markedly reduced the inward current responses. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Hiring Policies, Labor Market Institutions, and Labor Market Flows

We develop a matching model to account for the fact that worker turnover in Europe is much less than in the United States, whereas job turnover is roughly the same. The model assumes that the quality of worker‐firm matches is both an inspection good and an experience good. Both parties have limited information at the time of meeting about the match’s quality, which is completely revealed only by engaging in production. Hiring practices play a key allocational role in this economy. We show how labor policies distort hiring practices and assess the consequences for labor market dynamics and welfare.
The European Employment Strategy: Existing Research and Remaining Questions

The European Employment Strategy (EES) has sparked lively debates in political and academic circles. These have been particularly pronounced since the EES was identified as the flagship for the Open Method of Coordination (OMC). The aim of this article is to review the blossoming academic literature on the EES. We begin by reviewing the strategy itself, before assessing three broader debates that have emerged in the literature on the EES: policy learning, democracy and the European social model. In conclusion, we point to the eminently political nature of the strategy, reflected in the absence of political consensus on an independent status for the OMC in the future constitution.