Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Education on Economic Growth: The Case of India

There exists an enormous interest in clarification of the relationship between education and economic growth. Over the past 30 years, there have been conducted studies by economists about the connection between education and economic growth. There are actually many publications which provide strong evidence that suggests a correlation between the two. This paper attempts to build upon previous publications and to introduce a unique insight along with contemporary evidence about the relationship between education and economic growth in India from 1975 to 2016 by foc using on primary, secondary and tertiary levels of education. The relationships are examined by utilization of econometric estimations with the Granger Causality Method and the Cointegration Method. These methods are used to create models that could shed light on the claim that education plays a central and significant role in economic growth of India which could consequently be used as an example for similar countries in Asia or around the world. The findings of this work show that there is compelling evidence proving a positive connection between education levels and economic growth in India which might influence governmental actions and shape the future of India.
Ultrasonography of Uterine Involution in Goats

The purpose of the study was to investigate the uterine involution in goats from a local Bulgarian breed through ultrasonography. Six goats from a local breed, 3 to 7 years of age, weighing 42-60 kg, housed in the Production Animal Farm of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, were included in the experiment. Ultrasonography was performed with Aloka SSD 500 Micrus (Tokyo, Japan) ultrasound and a 5 MHz linear transducer. Goats were examined in standing position for the transabdominal approach, and when the visualisation of studied structures was impossible, the transrectal approach was used. Uterine involution in goats was evaluated by serial ultrasound examinations at days 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 20 and 30 postpartum. The outer and inner diameters of the caruncles, uterine body lumen, and uterine wall thickness were measured. The visualisation of outer and inner caruncular diameters was possible until the 9th day postpartum. The ultrasound measurement of uterine lumen diameter, outer and inner caruncular diameters revealed a statistically significant reduction in their size (P<0.05) as early as the 3rd day compared to the 1st day postpartum. Uterine wall was considerably thinner (P<0.05) by the 9th day after the parturition. The evaluation of results suggested that ultrasonography could be an alternative for monitoring the uterine involution in goats to slaughter.
Climatology of Arctic and Antarctic Polar Vortices Using Elliptical Diagnostics

The climatological structure, and interannual variability, of the Arctic and Antarctic stratospheric polar vortices are examined by analysis of elliptical diagnostics applied to over 19 yr of potential vorticity data. The elliptical diagnostics define the area, center, elongation, and orientation of each vortex and are used to quantify their structure and evolution. The diagnostics offer a novel view of the well-known differences in the climatological structure of the polar vortices. Although both vortices form in autumn to early winter, the Arctic vortex has a shorter life span and breaks down over a month before the Antarctic vortex. There are substantial differences in the distortion of the vortices from zonal symmetry; the Arctic vortex is displaced farther off the pole and is more elongated than the Antarctic vortex. While there is a midwinter minimum in the distortion of the Antarctic vortex, the distortion of the Arctic vortex increases during its life cycle. There are also large differences in the interannual variability of the vortices: the variability of the Antarctic vortex is small except during the spring vortex breakdown, whereas the Arctic vortex is highly variable throughout its life cycle, particularly in late winter. The diagnostics also reveal features not apparent in previous studies. There are periods when there are large zonal shifts (westward then eastward) in the climatological locations of the vortices: early winter for the Arctic vortex, and late winter to spring for the Antarctic vortex. Also, there are two preferred longitudes of the center of the lower-stratospheric Arctic vortex in early winter, and the vortex may move rapidly from one to the other. In the middle and upper stratosphere large displacements off the pole and large elongation of the vortex are both associated with a small vortex area, but there is very little correlation between displacement off the pole and elongation of the vortex.
Job Crafting Revisited: Implications of an Extended Framework for Active Changes at Work

Employees often self-initiate changes to their jobs, a process referred to as job crafting, yet we know little about why and how they initiate such changes. In this paper, we introduce and test an extended framework for job crafting, incorporating individuals’ needs and regulatory focus. Our theoretical model posits that individual needs provide employees with the motivation to engage in distinct job-crafting strategies—task, relationship, skill, and cognitive crafting—and that work-related regulatory focus will be associated with promotion- or prevention-oriented forms of these strategies. Across three independent studies and using distinct research designs (Study 1: N = 421 employees; Study 2: N = 144, using experience sampling data; Study 3: N = 388, using a lagged study design), our findings suggest that distinct job-crafting strategies, and their promotion- and prevention-oriented forms, can be meaningfully distinguished and that individual needs (for autonomy, competence, and relatedness) at work differentially shape job-crafting strategies. We also find that promotion- and prevention-oriented forms of job-crafting vary in their relationship with innovative work performance, and we find partial support for work-related regulatory focus strengthening the indirect effect of individual needs on innovative work performance via corresponding forms of job crafting. Our findings suggest that both individual needs and work-related regulatory focus are related to why and how employees will choose to craft their jobs, as well as to the consequences job crafting will have in organizations.
Galaxy Zoo: the interplay of quenching mechanisms in the group environment

Does the environment of a galaxy directly influence the quenching history of a galaxy? Here, we investigate the detailed morphological structures and star formation histories of a sample of SDSS group galaxies with both classifications from Galaxy Zoo 2 and near ultra-violet (NUV) detections in GALEX. We use the optical and NUV colours to infer the quenching time and rate describing a simple exponentially declining star formation history for each galaxy, along with a control sample of field galaxies. We find that the time since quenching and the rate of quenching do not correlate with the relative velocity of a satellite but are correlated with the group potential. This quenching occurs within an average quenching time-scale of ∼2.5 Gyr from star forming to complete quiescence, during an average infall time (from ∼10 R200 to 0.01 R200) of ∼2.6 Gyr. Our results suggest that the environment does play a direct role in galaxy quenching through quenching mechanisms that are correlated with the group potential, such as harassment, interactions or starvation. Environmental quenching mechanisms that are correlated with satellite velocity, such as ram-pressure stripping, are not the main cause of quenching in the group environment. We find that no single mechanism dominates over another, except in the most extreme environments or masses. Instead, an interplay of mergers, mass and morphological quenching and environment-driven quenching mechanisms dependent on the group potential drive galaxy evolution in groups.
Tropospheric SF6: Age of air from the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude surface

Observations of SF6 are used to quantify the mean time since air was in (“mean age” from) the Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitude surface layer. The mean age is a fundamental property of tropospheric transport that can be used in theoretical studies and used to evaluate transport in comprehensive models. Comparisons of simulated SF6 and an idealized clock tracer confirm that the time lag between the SF6 mixing ratio at a given location and the NH midlatitude surface provides an accurate estimate of the mean age. The ages calculated from surface SF6 measurements show large meridional gradients in the tropics but weak gradients in the extratropics, with near‐zero ages at the surface north of 30°N and ages around 1.4 years south of 30°S. Aircraft measurements show weak vertical age gradients in the lower and middle troposphere, with only slight increases of age with height in the NH and slight decreases with height in the Southern Hemisphere. There are large seasonal variations in the age at tropical stations (annual amplitudes around 0.5–1.0 year), with younger ages during northern winter, but only weak seasonal variations at higher latitudes. The seasonality and interannual variations in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere are related to changes in locations of tropical convection. There is qualitative agreement, in both spatial and temporal variations, between the simulated ages and observations. The model ages tend to be older than observed, with differences of ~0.2 year in the Northern Hemisphere upper troposphere and throughout the Southern Hemisphere troposphere.
Investigation of Manure-Induced Physicochemical Changes of the Claw Horn in Dairy Cattle

The study was conducted on three claw horn areas (walls, soles and heels) in dairy cows. Claw horn samples were collected from cows at first lactation without signs of lameness. The changes in the hardness, the fat content and the swelling under the influence of manure from intensively reared cows were evaluated. The hardness and fat content were determined by the beginning of the experiment and at 7-day intervals for 28 days stay in manure. The swelling of hoof zones was done by placing samples in graduated cylinders filled with manure and distilled water for 48 h. The hardness of claw walls decreased most significantly during the first 14 experimental days (3.75 Shore A units). For the same period, fat content of this claw zone underwent the most significant reduction. In the sole area, the hardness decreased most intensely during the first 14 days – by 8.15 Shore A units which was in agreement with claw fat reduction in this area. A similar trend was observed in heels, where the hardness decreased most considerably until the 7 th day by 3.85 Shore A units and between days 7 and 14 – by 4.45 Shore A units. The respective fat content reduction was by 0.75 and 2.79 mg/g DM. The significant loss of claw horn fat predisposes to water penetration and a strong swelling of keratin. The strongest and most prolonged swelling was detected in the heel area, which enlarged their volume until the 48 th experimental hour up to 8 cm 3 , and where fat content decreased the most compared to other studied claw horn zones.
Does showing poverty affect donations ? An experiment on redistribution and giving in Singapore

This study investigates the relationship between poverty awareness and the willingness to redistribute income, using an incentivised lab experiment with a between‐subjects design. Participants watched one (randomly determined) film out of three possible films for a translation exercise. Those in the treatment condition watched a film about poverty in Singapore; the other two films served as a control condition. I find that the showing the lives of people in poverty affect preferences for redistribution, making the viewer more tolerant towards a government redistribution of income. This effect remains robust even when controlled for emotional or mood states. I find no conclusive evidence of the impact of showing poverty on the viewer’s contributions to charity. Showing poverty appears to have a positive effect on donations, but this effect reduces to close to zero when controlling for emotional and mood states. The heterogeneity analysis indicates that the more the viewer likes the film, the more influence the images have on the donations of the participant. JEL classification: C93, D63, D64, H41
High on Creativity: The Impact of Social Liberalization Policies on Innovation

This study investigates the impact of the social context on the rate and direction of innovation. We propose that social liberal environments increase the rate of innovation of incumbent inventors by lowering the cost of social interactions. We examine the impact of two social liberalization policies (legalization of same-sex civil unions and medical marijuana) and one anti-liberalization policy (passage of abortion restrictions) on patenting. We find that inventors residing in regions that implement social liberal policies are more likely to form new collaborations and increase patenting. Patents filed after social liberal policies are more likely to become breakthrough innovations and be built upon novel technological recombinations. Social liberalization policies increase the rate of entrance into inventorship but do not attract top inventors from other regions.
The Dependence of Rossby Wave Breaking on the Vertical Structure of the Polar Vortex

The three-dimensional structure of wave propagation and breaking on the edge of polar vortices is examined using a multilayer quasigeostrophic model, with piecewise constant potential vorticity (PV) in each layer. The linear propagation of waves up the edge of a vortex is found to be sensitive to vertical variations in the vortex structure, with reduced propagation if the PV or area of the vortex increases with height; this reduction is dramatic for a cylindrical vortex with increasing PV. The characteristics of the nonlinear evolution and wave breaking is examined using high-resolution contour dynamics simulations and is also found to be sensitive to the vertical structure of the vortex. The amplitude of the forcing required for wave breaking to occur is larger for baroclinic vortices (with PV or area increasing with height) than for barotropic vortices. For cylindrical vortices with PV increasing with height the variation of wave breaking with forcing amplitude is qualitatively different from that of a barotropic vortex. Wave breaking occurs in the upper layers for only a limited, intermediate range of forcing amplitudes: there is no wave breaking in upper layers for weak forcing and for large forcing there is only wave breaking at the bottom of the vortex (i.e., the wave breaking is more vertically confined than for a barotropic vortex). For vortices with both PV and area increasing with height there is again a regime with wave breaking in the upper layers for weak amplitude forcing. However, the characteristics of the filaments produced by the wave breaking in upper layers is different from that in the barotropic case, with the filaments rolling up into a series of small vortices.
On the influence of anthropogenic forcings on changes in the stratospheric mean age

[1] A common feature of stratospheric simulations of the past or future is an increase in tropical upwelling and a decrease in mean age. Possible causes of these changes include (1) increases in tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) driven by increases in well-mixed greenhouse gases (WMGHGs), (2) the direct radiative effect of increases in WMGHGs, and (3) changes in ozone. Here we examine a suite of simulations from the Goddard Earth Observing System chemistry-climate model (GEOS CCM) to isolate the relative role of these three factors. Our analysis indicates that all three factors cause changes in the mean age, but the relative impact of each factor depends on the time period analyzed. Over the past 30–40 years ozone depletion is the major factor causing the decrease in mean age, with negligible changes due to direct radiative impact of WMGHGs. However, ozone is predicted to recover back to 1970 levels during the next 50–60 years, and this causes an increase in the mean age, whereas the continued increase in SSTs from increased levels of WMGHGs and the direct radiative impact of WMGHGs will still cause a decrease in the mean age. The net impact of these factors will still result in a decreasing mean age although the rate will be smaller than that of the past. The decreases in mean age are primarily caused by increases in upwelling in the tropical lower stratosphere. The increased upwelling from both increased tropical SSTs and polar ozone loss appears to be related to changes in zonal winds and increases in wave activity propagating into the stratosphere. The different contributions of changes in SSTs, WMGHGs, and ozone to the circulation of the stratosphere may help explain the large spread in the rate of change of tropical upwelling seen in previous studies.
A Generalized Estimating Equations Approach to Model Heterogeneity and Time Dependence in Capture-Recapture Studies

Abstract Individual heterogeneity in capture probabilities and time dependence are fundamentally important for estimating the closed animal population parameters in capture-recapture studies. A generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach accounts for linear correlation among capture-recapture occasions, and individual heterogeneity in capture probabilities in a closed population capture-recapture individual heterogeneity and time variation model. The estimated capture probabilities are used to estimate animal population parameters. Two real data sets are used for illustrative purposes. A simulation study is carried out to assess the performance of the GEE estimator. A Quasi-Likelihood Information Criterion (QIC) is applied for the selection of the best fitting model. This approach performs well when the estimated population parameters depend on the individual heterogeneity and the nature of linear correlation among capture-recapture occasions.
Variables of initial examination and clinical management associated with survival in small ruminants with obstructive urolithiasis

Background Obstructive urolithiasis is a common disease associated with a guarded prognosis in small ruminants. Hypothesis/Objective The results of physical examination, laboratory analyses, and clinical management of male small ruminants presented to 2 referral clinics were investigated to identify variables significantly associated with disease outcome, so as to provide better recommendations to animal owners regarding the management of these patients. Animals Two‐hundred ten small ruminants (130 sheep and 80 goats) with confirmed diagnosis of obstructive urolithiasis. Methods Clinical findings (including diagnostic imaging) and laboratory results of the 210 animals were reviewed, and relevant information regarding clinical and laboratory variables recorded upon admission and clinical management was retrieved. The association of the different variables with nonsurvival was investigated by univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Results Only 39% of all patients considered for treatment and 52% of those undergoing tube cystostomy survived to be released from the clinic. Nonsurvival was strongly associated with a very poor clinical condition upon presentation, obesity, castration, and evidence of uroperitoneum. Among blood variables, abnormal PCV, severely increased serum creatinine concentrations, and increased activity of the creatine kinase were associated with increased risk of nonsurvival. Presence of signs of colic or macroscopic appearance of urine was not significantly associated with outcome. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The prognosis of obstructive urolithiasis was guarded with survival rates of 39% (overall) to 52% (after tube cystostomy). Intact young males with normal body condition presented early in the course of disease had the best chances of survival.
Self-control depletion and sleep duration: the mediating role of television viewing

Abstract Objective: Sleep insufficiency has been related to self-control failure: people fail to go to bed in time and end up sleep deprived. The role of state self-control in predicting bedtime and sleep duration has not yet been investigated. Based on research claiming an overlap between depleted self-control resources and fatigue, self-control depletion may foster earlier bedtimes. Conversely, self-control depletion also increases the propensity to procrastinate bedtime by giving in to the immediate gratification of late night entertainment. This study therefore looked at procrastinatory television viewing and its intermediary role in the association between state self-control and bedtime. The implications for sleep duration are examined. Design: Firstyear students (N = 234) participated in an online survey. Using Day Reconstruction Method, they charted their activities and experiences during the preceding day and subsequent bedtime behavior. Results: Self-control depletion was directly related to earlier bedtimes, which we explained by its similarity to fatigue. This was associated with longer sleep duration. Self-control depletion was indirectly related to later bedtimes because it increased the propensity to procrastinate by watching television. This was associated with shorter sleep duration. Conclusion: This study exposes a dual pathway between self-control depletion and sleep duration, whereby procrastinatory television viewing may reduce sleep duration.
Severe Acute Kidney Injury and Multiple Organ Failure in a 17-Day-Old Newborn: When Pathology Makes the Difference

Rationale: Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) in children is most commonly due to allergic drug reactions. In neonates, diagnosis of ATIN is clinically suspected and a kidney biopsy is not routinely performed. Presenting concern: A 17-day-old newborn presented with vomiting and dehydration, along with anuric acute kidney injury, severe electrolyte disturbances, hypocomplementemia, and thrombocytopenia. Abdominal ultrasound revealed bilateral nephromegaly and hepatosplenomegaly. The patient was promptly started on intravenous (IV) fluid and broad-spectrum antibiotics. His electrolyte disturbances were corrected as per standard guidelines. The rapid progressive clinical deterioration despite maximal treatment and the unclear etiology influenced the decision to proceed to a kidney biopsy. Histopathological findings revealed diffuse interstitial edema with a massive polymorphic cellular infiltrate and destruction of tubular structures, consistent with severe ATIN. Elements of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) were observed. Diagnosis: The clinical presentation combined with imaging and histopathological findings was suggestive of ATIN caused by a severe acute bacterial pyelonephritis. Intervention: Methylprednisolone pulses followed by oral prednisolone were administered. Antibiotics were continued for 10 days. The patient was kept on invasive mechanical ventilation and on peritoneal dialysis for 12 days. Outcome: His condition stabilized following steroid pulses. His renal function progressively improved, and renal replacement therapy was weaned off. His renal ultrasound normalized. He has maintained a normal blood pressure, urinalysis, and renal function over the past 5 years. Novel finding: This case reports a severe presentation of acute bacterial pyelonephritis in a neonate. It highlighted the involvement of complement activation in severe infectious process. Histopathological findings of ATIN and TMA played a crucial role in understanding the physiopathology and severity of the disease.