Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dissecting Human Pre-Editing toward Better Use of Off-the-Shelf Machine Translation Systems

Machine translation (MT) systems are not able to always produce translations of human-level quality. As a practical means of such MT systems, we investigated the potential of pre-editing strategy, by collecting actual pre-edit instances using a human-in-the-loop protocol. In our study, targeting Japanese-to-English translation on four different datasets and using an offthe-shelf MT system, we collected a total of 12,287 pre-edit instances for 400 source sentences and showed promising results; more than 85% of source sentences turned out to be accurately translated by the MT system. We also found that the pre-edited Japanese source sentences were better translated into Chinese and Korean, confirming the usefulness of pre-editing strategy in a multilingual setting. Through decomposing the collected pre-edit instances, we built a typology of primitive edit operations comprising 53 types, which unveils the subjects for further research.
Starch block electrophoretic studies of human hemoglobin solutions. II. Results in cord blood, thalassemia and other hematologic disorders: comparison with Tiselius electrophoresis.

The results of starch block electrophoresis of normal adult hemoglobin in the various disease states has been reported. The slow-moving fraction, A2, is elevated in all patients so far studied with thalassemia. Some patients with Addisonian pernicious anemia also show an increase in this fraction. Cord blood contains very little A2. The A2 fraction has no correlation with the severity of the disease. The A2 fraction found on starch seems to be identical with the small, fast-moving component noted in the Tiselius apparatus at acid pH. Iron deficiency anemia of the acquired type tends to have a lower amount of A2 than normal, with an increase to average normal values after therapy.
Validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey on a Representative Sample of Dominican Teachers: Normative Data

Abstract Burnout is characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of personal accomplishment (Bakke, Demerouti, & Sanz-Vergel, 2014). Several instruments for its measurement exist, but the most widely used scale for measuring its dimensions, by far, is the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) in its different versions. Among the available versions of the scale, the MBI-General Survey was developed to measure three dimensions of burnout (cynicism, personal accomplishment, and emotional exhaustion) regardless of the type of work. The aim of this research is to offer evidence on the psychometric properties of the MBI-GS for its use in the Dominican Republic and other Caribbean Spanish-speaking countries, using representative sample of Dominican teachers. The factorial validity was studied through confirmatory factor analysis. Several competing models were proved in order to test the dimensionality of the scale. The confirmatory analyses shown that the original three-factor structure had a superior fit, but item eleven was removed in order to get an excellent fit χ2(87) = 211.19, p < . 001, CFI = . 98, RMSEA = . 038 90% CI [. 032–. 045]. Regarding internal consistency, the CRI´s are well above the cut-off criteria of . 7 (CRI’s ranged from .74 to .86). Concerning criterion-related validity, the three factors were correlated in the expected direction. Professional efficacy, a dimension of burnout measured in the opposite direction, was positively correlated with the three factors of work engagement, also as expected. This version was found to be a psychometrically sound measure of the three core dimensions of burnout.
LEFT ANTERIOR SMALL THORACOTOMY VERSUS CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT FOR SINGLE-VESSEL OCCLUSION

Objectives: Single-vessel bypass can often be accomplished through less invasive techniques than conventional coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) at substantially lower cost. We undertook a study to empirically determine the cost savings associated with one such technique, left anterior small thoracotomy (LAST). Methods: Reviewing medical and billing records, we measured the difference in hospitalization costs between two methods of coronary bypass surgery. The study groups consisted of 50 patients who underwent LAST and 28 who underwent single-vessel conventional CABG during 1995 and 1996. A subsequent validation sample of 50 patients who underwent LAST was also analyzed. Hospitalization costs were estimated using a relative value unit methodology and were risk-adjusted for both perioperative risk factors and changes in operating room technology. Results: Risk-adjusted hospitalization costs for those undergoing LAST were $9,510 and $12,546 for the CABG control subjects (p < .01), with differences in surgical costs reflecting over 62% of this overall difference. Differences in average length of stay were under a half-day (10.0 for LAST vs. 10.46 for CABG). Only one inpatient fatality was reported; therefore, no inference regarding mortality differences could be made. Conclusions: LAST is substantially less costly than conventional surgery, and the savings are potentially greater if hospital length of stay is reduced to a clinically recommended time of 2 days.
Effect of Morphological Structure on Electroluminescence and Breakdown in Polyethylene

Electrical degradation of insulation in power cables can sometimes be associated with defects at the interface between the semiconductive shield and the dielectric insulation. The interfacial region between the semiconductive shield and insulation is a special region, which would be influenced by an evolution of the local morphological characteristics. In this study, we investigated the pre-breakdown of various polyethylenes under divergent electric fields, by semicon needles, utilizing electroluminescence behavior. The effect of polyethylene insulation morphology was also correlated to dielectric breakdown.
Effects of LIDAR DEM resolution in hydrodynamic modelling: model sensitivity for cross-sections

Abstract With the development of science and technology the entire Earth, together with all of its phenomena, is gradually becoming an object of computer digitisation. For several years, this process has also affected water components, which are essential for the development of humans and economies on Earth. Therefore, monitoring of its resources and movement across the Earth's surface is the main object of investigation of several research institutions. In recent years, hydraulic modelling has experienced significant development that meets water and computer connection conditions. This study consequently dealt with hydraulic modelling and uncertainties in the data that may affect the resulting flood zone. We analysed the effect of cross-sections generated and the subsequent inundation areas in Digital Elevation Models of different resolutions. The basic DEM was constructed from data obtained by the LIDAR method. Hydraulic results were obtained using a one-dimensional (1-D) model, HEC-RAS, and its extension, HEC-GeoRAS. The Olše and Stonávka river junction, located in the northeast region of the Czech Republic, was selected for investigation. The resolutions selected for the study to generate cross-sections and the subsequent inundation areas were 1 m, 5 m and 10 m. The resulting cross-sections were confronted with the actual surveyed cross-sections.
Development and Use of Personalized Bacteriophage-Based Therapeutic Cocktails To Treat a Patient with a Disseminated Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infection

ABSTRACT Widespread antibiotic use in clinical medicine and the livestock industry has contributed to the global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens, including Acinetobacter baumannii. We report on a method used to produce a personalized bacteriophage-based therapeutic treatment for a 68-year-old diabetic patient with necrotizing pancreatitis complicated by an MDR A. baumannii infection. Despite multiple antibiotic courses and efforts at percutaneous drainage of a pancreatic pseudocyst, the patient deteriorated over a 4-month period. In the absence of effective antibiotics, two laboratories identified nine different bacteriophages with lytic activity for an A. baumannii isolate from the patient. Administration of these bacteriophages intravenously and percutaneously into the abscess cavities was associated with reversal of the patient's downward clinical trajectory, clearance of the A. baumannii infection, and a return to health. The outcome of this case suggests that the methods described here for the production of bacteriophage therapeutics could be applied to similar cases and that more concerted efforts to investigate the use of therapeutic bacteriophages for MDR bacterial infections are warranted.
Regional Integration and Trade Costs in South Asia

This presentation discusses the current state of regional trade in South Asia, specifically the South Asia Association for Economic Cooperation (SAARC). It then discusses the main obstacles for expansion of regional trade in South Asia, specifically poor infrastructure and trade costs resulting from onerous documentation requirements. It concludes with a set of recommendations to facilitate trade in the region. It was presented at the Latin America/Caribbean and Asia/Pacific Economics and Business Association (LAEBA)'s 4th Annual Meeting held in Lima, Peru on June 17th, 2008.
Perceived Close Relationships With Parents, Teachers, and Peers

This study examined the role of adolescents’ perceived close relationships with significant others (attachment relationships with mothers/fathers, appraisal of homeroom teacher as secure base, and quality of peer friendship) in explaining differences in their socioemotional and behavioral functioning (peer-network/peer-dyadic loneliness, positive/negative affect, and externalizing/internalizing problems), among adolescents with learning disabilities (LD), with comorbid LD and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or with typical development (TD). Participants were 280 adolescents in Grades 10 through 11 in three groups: LD (n = 90), comorbid LD and ADHD (n = 91), and TD (n = 98). Preliminary analyses yielded significant group differences on most socioemotional and behavioral measures. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis indicated high fit between the theoretical model and empirical findings and partially different patterns of relationships among the model’s components for the three populations. The discussion focuses on the possible unique value of close relationships with each significant attachment figure for adolescents with LD, comorbid LD–ADHD, and TD.
The Sustainable Value Model: Comparative Analysis Romania and EU

For Romania, the fulfilment of the obligations undertaken as a member state of the European Union in accordance with the Treaty of Accession requires the effective implementation of sustainable development principles and practices, this being the only reasonable development option, which adequately draws in on the economic, social and environment resources. Achieving this objective is based on a profound analysis of the realities in the Romanian economy, which will reflect the existent situation and the action directions for the future. The paper presents an analysis of the Romanian economic performances compared to the EU economy, based on the sustainable value (SV) model. The analysis highlighted the considerable gap between Romania and the EU regarding the sustainable capitalization of resources, the provided information being useful to justify strategic development decisions at a micro and macro levels. Keywords—Sustainable value, sustainable development, opportunity cost, economic performance.
Working Hard or Hardly Working: Comparing Relationship Self-Regulation Levels of Cohabiting, Married, and Remarried Individuals

The concept of relationship self-regulation (RSR) has been shown to be related to relationship satisfaction, yet the differences in RSR ability based on couple type have yet to be examined. This study compared first married, remarried, and cohabiting individuals on their self-reported ability to implement RSR in their relationship, along with their report of satisfaction, positive communication, and negative communication in their relationships. Data was derived from 6,591 participants who were part of the RELATionship Evaluation (RELATE) questionnaire data set. Multiple Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) statistics were used, and results showed that while mean differences in RSR were small across couple types, remarrieds reported significantly lower RSR levels than any other group, while first marrieds reported significantly higher RSR levels than any other group. Implications for relationship education programs and couple therapy are discussed with particular emphasis placed on ensuring that RSR related programs are being delivered to remarried individuals and couples.
Variation in the tumour necrosis factor gene is not associated with susceptibility to COPD

To the Editors: In a recent issue of the European Respiratory Journal , Tanaka et al. 1 studied polymorphisms in the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin A genes with respect to their effect on lung function of smokers, and failed to find any association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) phenotypes. Tanaka et al. 1 acknowledge that their work is not a true case–control study, but that it would be better described as an investigation of genetic contribution to disease severity. There have been several studies of variation in TNF with respect to susceptibility to COPD, although many of these have used relatively small sample sizes and are therefore underpowered, and so are likely to lead to results that cannot be replicated. As part of a European Union collaborative project, we have …
Inhibition of N‐type calcium currents by lamotrigine in rat amygdalar neurones

LAMOTRIGINE (LAG) is a new anticonvulsant drug for the treatment of partial and secondarily generalized seizures. The present study was aimed at elucidating the possible involvement of Ca2+ channels in the action of LAG using whole-cell patch clamp recordings in acutely dissociated amygdalar neurones. Whole-cell Ca2+ currents (ICa) were elicited by 200 ms step commands from −70 mV to −10 mV. Application of LAG reduced the ICa by an average of 40.3 ± 3.2%. The inhibition of ICa by LAG was markedly reduced or eliminated in the presence of the N-type Ca2+ channel blocker ω-cono-toxin-GVIA (1 μM). These results suggest that LAG may exert its anticonvulsant effect through inhibition of presynaptic N-type Ca2+ channels, thereby reducing glutamate release.
Adverse events in randomized trials: neglected, restricted, distorted, and silenced.

A CCURATE INFORMATION ON HARMS OF medical interventions is essential for evidence-based practice. Most newly introduced treatments usually have small, incremental benefits, if any, against already available interventions, and differences in the profile of harms should play a key role on treatment choice. Randomized trials offer an excellent opportunity to evaluate harms of interventions using the most robust experimental design available in clinical research. However, several empirical evaluations (Table) have shown that many trials do not report harms or report them in a fragmented or suboptimal way. In this issue, an excellent study by Pitrou et al adds more evidence on this issue.
Morphometric Parameters of Extraocular Rectus Muscles Evaluated by Dynamic-Multipositional Magnetic Resonance

Purpose To establish normal values of morphologic parameters of extraocular rectus muscles visualized in different gaze positions by means of an accessible method of dynamic-multipositional magnetic resonance imaging (dmMRI). Methods Twenty eyes of 10 healthy, orthotropic subjects were examined. A 1.5T scanner (Avanto) with standard head coil was used. The protocol of dmMRI included 6 gaze positions in 10° intervals in which 13-second, orbital, T2 sequences were performed in quasi-coronal plane. The measurements of extraocular rectus muscles shape, sectional area, and volume were obtained with use of ImageJ 1.38x (NIH) software. Results Relative change in cross-sectional area between position of rest and gaze of action of each muscle appears to be significant just in the medial and posterior parts of their belly. The maximal cross-section area increases significantly when the muscle contracts (21% to 32% depending on the muscle). The superior rectus must be assessed along with levator palpebrae as the distinction between their bellies is difficult. Relative change in partial muscle volume on contraction ranged from 12.3% to 21.6% depending on the muscle. Muscle contraction results in more circular shape of its belly while relaxation is more of an ellipse. Conclusions Dynamic-multipositional MRI performed in the proposed manner is an accessible and repeatable method for visualization of extraocular rectus muscles. Assessment of morphometric parameters such as muscle shape, maximal cross-section area, and partial muscle volume is easy with digital imaging software.
Social media text normalization for Turkish

Abstract Text normalization is an indispensable stage in processing noncanonical language from natural sources, such as speech, social media or short text messages. Research in this field is very recent and mostly on English. As is known from different areas of natural language processing, morphologically rich languages (MRLs) pose many different challenges when compared to English. Turkish is a strong representative of MRLs and has particular normalization problems that may not be easily solved by a single-stage pure statistical model. This article introduces the first work on the social media text normalization of an MRL and presents the first complete social media text normalization system for Turkish. The article conducts an in-depth analysis of the error types encountered in Web 2.0 Turkish texts, categorizes them into seven groups and provides solutions for each of them by dividing the candidate generation task into separate modules working in a cascaded architecture. For the first time in the literature, two manually normalized Web 2.0 datasets are introduced for Turkish normalization studies. The exact match scores of the overall system on the provided datasets are 70.40 per cent and 67.37 per cent (77.07 per cent with a case insensitive evaluation).
pH and other effects on the antifungal activity of cilofungin (LY121019)

We investigated the effects of various test conditions on broth macro- and microdilution susceptibility test results for several species of yeasts with a new antifungal agent, cilofungin. As the pH decreased from 7.4 to 3.0, 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC1/2) increased up to 64-fold. This effect was unrelated to yeast growth rate, solvent concentration, or choice of buffer. Broth microdilution results for 42 Candida albicans isolates at pH 7.4 in synthetic amino acid medium, fungal (SAAMF), showed IC1/2 results from 0.08 to 2.5 micrograms/ml, whereas at pH 3.0 the results were 5.0 or 10.0 micrograms/ml. Fungicidal concentrations were closer to MIC results at the lower pH, i.e., an average of 16-fold above the MIC at pH 3.0, compared with an average 256-fold difference at pH 7.4. Two strains that had very different IC1/2 results at pH 7.4 and identical IC1/2 results at pH 3.0 were found to be equally susceptible to cilofungin therapy in rats. In additional studies, other medium effects were demonstrable, with yeast nitrogen broth and minimal essential medium generally yielding higher results than two other synthetic media (SAAMF and RPMI 1640 medium). However, susceptibility results did not change with inoculum between 10(2) and 10(5) yeast cells per ml or temperature between 30 and 37 degrees C. These studies indicate that pH is an important influence on in vitro rank order susceptibility of pathogenic yeasts to cilofungin.
Fusarium poae: a pathogen that needs more attention.

SUMMARY Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease principally attacking wheat, barley and other grains worldwide. Among the Fusarium species causing this disease, the most common is Fusarium graminearum. F. avenaceum, F. culmorum and F. poae are also responsible for FHB, but are less often implicated. F. poae is a fungus of increasingly recognized importance, which has been associated with human and animal toxicoses as its strains produce aurofusarin, beauvericin, butenolide, culmorin, cyclonerodiol, enniatins, fusarin, moniliformin, and trichothecenes of types A and B. The extensive range of mycotoxin production of this fungus requires particular attention because of the toxicological problems it may elicit. Moreover, as the profiles of grain contaminants caused by FHB seem to be related to different environmental conditions, multiple evaluations using data collected from a large range of sites with different climatic conditions, would be extremely useful. The aim of the present review is to highlight the importance of F. poae in the FHB complex.
Alternating numbers of torus knots with small braid index

We calculate the alternating number of torus knots with braid index 4 and less. For the lower bound, we use the upsilon-invariant recently introduced by Ozsv\'ath, Stipsicz, and Szab\'o. For the upper bound, we use a known bound for braid index $3$ and a new bound for braid index $4$. Both bounds coincide, so that we obtain a sharp result.