Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hunting-related injuries and deaths in Montana: the scope of the problem and a framework for prevention

The objective of this study was to examine hunting-related morbidity and mortality, define high risk hunting groups and activities, and outline prevention strategies. A statewide prospective case study was conducted from September 1990 to January 1991 involving all emergency departments in Montana accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations. Participants included hunters who sustained an acute injury or illness resulting from hunting or a hunting related activity. The main outcome measures were the incidence of hunting morbidity and mortality during a defined hunting season and hunting activities and weapons associated with hunting morbidity and mortality. There were six hunting-related fatalities during the five month study period. The fatality rate was 2.7 per 100 000 hunters. Four of the deaths were secondary to gunshot wounds. There were 134 non-fatal hunting injuries. The non-fatal hunter injury rate was 61 per 100 000 hunters. The most common injured area of the body was the upper extremity (n=64; 51%). The most common type of injury was a laceration (n=64; 48%). Twenty-five (19%) of the patients with non-fatal injuries were hospitalized. Post-hunting activities were associated with the most fatalities, three (50%), and the highest number of non-fatal injuries, 63 (48%). Post-hunting related activities were associated with the highest hunter morbidity and mortality. Data on hunting-related injuries have traditionally excluded events occurring while preparing to hunt or after the hunt has been completed (e.g. cleaning game). Injury prevention strategies and hunter safety courses should include all phases of hunting activity with special emphasis on post-hunting injuries.
Population and evolutionary dynamics of Shiga‐toxin producing Escherichia coli O157 in a beef herd: A longitudinal study

Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC O157) is naturally found in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle and can cause severe disease in humans. There is limited understanding of the population dynamics and microevolution of STEC O157 at herd level. In this study, isolates from a closed beef herd of 23 cows were used to examine the population turnover in the herd. Of the nine STEC O157 clades previously described, clade 7 was found in 162 of the 169 isolates typed. Multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) differentiated 169 isolates into 33 unique MLVA types. Five predominant MLVA types were evident with most of the remaining types containing only a single isolate. MLVA data suggest that over time clonal replacement occurred within the herd. Genome sequencing of 18 selected isolates found that the isolates were divided into four lineages, representing four different 'clones' in the herd. Genome data confirmed clonal replacement over time and provided evidence of cross transmission of strains between cows. The findings enhanced our understanding of the population dynamics of STEC O157 in its natural host that will help developing effective control measures to prevent the spread of the pathogen to the human population.
Contribution of different bacterial dispersal sources to lakes: Population and community effects in different seasons

Summary The diversity and composition of lake bacterial communities are driven by the interplay between local contemporary environmental conditions and dispersal of cells from the surroundings, i.e. the metacommunity. Still, a conceptual understanding of the relative importance of the two types of factors is lacking. For instance, it is unknown which sources of dispersal are most important and under which circumstances. Here, we investigated the seasonal variation in the importance of dispersal from different sources (mixing, precipitation, surface runoff and sediment resuspension) for lake bacterioplankton community and population dynamics. For that purpose, two small forest lakes and their dispersal sources were sampled over a period of 10 months. The influence of dispersal on communities and populations was determined by 454 sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and SourceTracker analysis. On the community level direct effects of dispersal were questionable from all sources. Instead we found that the community of the preceding sampling occasion, representing growth of resident bacteria, was of great importance. On the population level, however, dispersal of individual taxa from the inlet could be occasionally important even under low water flow. The effect of sediment resuspension and precipitation appeared small.
Mixing of water masses caused by a drifting iceberg affects bacterial activity, community composition and substrate utilization capability in the Southern Ocean

Summary The number of icebergs produced from ice‐shelf disintegration has increased over the past decade in Antarctica. These drifting icebergs mix the water column, influence stratification and nutrient condition, and can affect local productivity and food web composition. Data on whether icebergs affect bacterioplankton function and composition are scarce, however. We assessed the influence of iceberg drift on bacterial community composition and on their ability to exploit carbon substrates during summer in the coastal Southern Ocean. An elevated bacterial production and a different community composition were observed in iceberg‐influenced waters relative to the undisturbed water column nearby. These major differences were confirmed in short‐term incubations with bromodeoxyuridine followed by CARD‐FISH. Furthermore, one‐week bottle incubations amended with inorganic nutrients and carbon substrates (a mix of substrates, glutamine, N‐acetylglucosamine, or pyruvate) revealed contrasting capacity of bacterioplankton to utilize specific carbon substrates in the iceberg‐influenced waters compared with the undisturbed site. Our study demonstrates that the hydrographical perturbations introduced by a drifting iceberg can affect activity, composition, and substrate utilization capability of marine bacterioplankton. Consequently, in a context of global warming, increased frequency of drifting icebergs in polar regions holds the potential to affect carbon and nutrient biogeochemistry at local and possibly regional scales.
Investigation of Pelvic Floor Muscle Strength of the Women Admitted to the Gynecology Clinics and the Evaluation of Affecting Factors (Malatya İl Merkezinde Jinekoloji Polikliniklerine Başvuran Kadinlarin Pelvik Taban Kas Kuvvetinin Değerlendirilmesi ve Etkileyen Faktörlerin İncelenmesi)

The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting pelvic floor muscle strength of the women admitted to the gynecology clinics in Malatya by evaluating their pelvic floor muscle strengths with perineometry device. This study is of a cross-sectional type. In the sample selection, stratified cluster sampling method was used. 430 women between the ages of 20-50 were included in the study. In the analysis process; Chi-square and logistic regression were used. In our study, the mean value of pelvic floor muscle strength has been found to be 31.4±9.6 cmH2O. According to results of this research, it has been found out that there are primary relational factors between having a normal or mixed births (OR=5.546, CI=2.58611.895), being at the age of 40 years and older (OR=3.484, CI=1.982-6.125) and pelvic floor muscle strength weakness (p<0.05). Conclusion: Pelvic floor muscle strength values have been found to be quite low. According to the results of this study, it can be suggested that primary health care staff should make informative studies to the individuals about risk factors negatively affecting pelvic floor muscle strength and exercise programs about pelvic floor muscles strength.
Immunohistochemical assessment of E-cadherin, β-catenin, CEACAM-1 and PTEN: tumor progression markers in melanoma

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is the immunohistochemical assessment of tumor progression markers (E-cadherin, β-catenin, CEACAM-1 and PTEN) in primary cutaneous melanomas and their correlation with prognostic factors. METHOD: Primary lesions in patients with cutaneous melanoma were recorded as to clinical data (age, gender, location and metastases) and anatomopathologic data (Breslow, Clark level, margins, histological type, mitosis, ulceration, regression, satellitosis and TIL type). It was made a comparison between immunohistochemical expression of the markers and prognostic and anatomopathologic factors. RESULTS: Breslow thickness was > 1 mm (thick) in 21 patients (48.83%) and < 1 mm (thin) in 22 (51.16%). There was a higher CEACAM-1 positive expression in thick melanomas than in thin ones (p = 0.002). There was a more frequent E-cadherin (p = 0.008), b-catenin (p = 0.001) and PTEN (p = 0.005) positive expression in thin melanomas than in thick ones. There was a more frequent CEACAM-1 positive expression in superficial (p = 0.003) and deep (p = 0.002) samples of thick melanomas than in thin ones. No statistically significant differences between clinical and histopathological data were found when comparing patients with (n = 6) and without metastasis (n = 15). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There was a higher positivity for E-cadherin, b-catenin and PTEN in thin melanomas, whereas there was a higher positivity for CEACAM-1 in thick melanomas.
Improving healthcare access for people with visual impairment and blindness

#### Summary points Worldwide, visual impairment is increasing in prevalence: current data indicate that 284 million people have impaired vision,1 10% of whom live in the developed world. In the UK sight loss affects about two million people,2 including an estimated 80 000 of working age and 25 000 children. The prevalence of visual impairment is higher among those with multiple disability and older people.3 According to estimates from the UK’s Royal National Institute for the Blind (RNIB) one in 30 people of any age, one in five aged 75 or over, and half of those over age 90 years in the UK are living with sight loss.4 Older people with vision impairment report greater difficulty performing activities of everyday living than those with other or no sensory impairments.5 Individuals with impaired vision may have great difficulty in accessing and negotiating healthcare services. We discuss the difficulties that visually impaired patients encounter in the healthcare environment and ways in which problems may be overcome. #### Sources and selection criteria The material for this article was based on discussion between an optometrist, an ophthalmologist, and a general practitioner, who were engaged in research exploring the needs …
Experimental evolution of Bacillus subtilis

The endospore-forming bacteria have persisted on earth perhaps 3Ga, leveraging the flexibility of their distinctive lifestyle to adapt to a remarkably wide range of environments. This process of adaptation can be investigated through the simple but powerful technique of laboratory evolution. Evolved strains can be analyzed by whole genome sequencing and an array of omics technologies. The intensively studied, genetically tractable endospore-former, Bacillus subtilis, is an ideal subject for laboratory evolution experiments. Here, we describe the use of the B. subtilis model system to study the adaptation of these bacteria to reduced and stringent selection for endospore formation, as well as to novel environmental challenges of low atmospheric pressure, high ultraviolet radiation, and unfavourable growth temperatures. In combination with other approaches, including comparative genomics and environmental field work, laboratory evolution may help elucidate how these bacteria have so successfully adapted to life on earth, and perhaps beyond.
Qualidade de vida em pacientes com vertigem posicional paroxística benigna e/ou doença de Ménière

Patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and/or Meniere's disease relate damages in quality of life. AIM: To compare the impact of dizziness on quality of life, in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and/or Meniere's disease, in crisis and out of crisis, and to evaluate the influence of gender, age and impaired semicircular canal. STUDY DESIGN: clinical with transversal cohort. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The prospective study was realized in 2003/04 at Federal University of Sao Paulo. The Dizziness Handicap Inventory was applied in seventy patients with positional vertigo, seventy with Meniere's disease and fifteen with both. Two-proportion equality test and the Analysis of variance were employed in this study. RESULTS: When comparing the groups, Dizziness Handicap Inventory results evidenced higher averages in crisis and out of crisis for Meniere's disease group than for positional vertigo group. The same occurred only during the crisis period in the group when comparing with both disorders (p<0,05). No significant statistical differences were observed, when comparing the results considering age, gender and, in the group with positional vertigo, affection of posterior semicircular canal as variables. CONCLUSIONS: Meniere's disease patients presented worse quality of life when compared to BPPV patients, in and out of crisis, and during the crisis when regarding the patients with association of both disorders. The damage on quality of life was independent of gender, age and in the BPPV cases it was independent of posterior canal affection.
The host genomic environment of the provirus determines the abundance of HTLV-1–infected T-cell clones

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) persists by driving clonal proliferation of infected T lymphocytes. A high proviral load predisposes to HTLV-1–associated diseases. Yet the reasons for the variation within and between persons in the abundance of HTLV-1–infected clones remain unknown. We devised a high-throughput protocol to map the genomic location and quantify the abundance of > 91 000 unique insertion sites of the provirus from 61 HTLV-1+ persons and > 2100 sites from in vitro infection. We show that a typical HTLV-1–infected host carries between 500 and 5000 unique insertion sites. We demonstrate that negative selection dominates during chronic infection, favoring establishment of proviruses integrated in transcriptionally silenced DNA: this selection is significantly stronger in asymptomatic carriers. We define a parameter, the oligoclonality index, to quantify clonality. The high proviral load characteristic of HTLV-1–associated inflammatory disease results from a larger number of unique insertion sites than in asymptomatic carriers and not, as previously thought, from a difference in clonality. The abundance of established HTLV-1 clones is determined by genomic features of the host DNA flanking the provirus. HTLV-1 clonal expansion in vivo is favored by orientation of the provirus in the same sense as the nearest host gene.
Flow cytometric monitoring of bacterioplankton phenotypic diversity predicts high population‐specific feeding rates by invasive dreissenid mussels

Species invasion is an important disturbance to ecosystems worldwide, yet knowledge about the impacts of invasive species on bacterial communities remains sparse. Using a novel approach, we simultaneously detected phenotypic and derived taxonomic change in a natural bacterioplankton community when subjected to feeding pressure by quagga mussels, a widespread aquatic invasive species. We detected a significant decrease in diversity within 1 h of feeding and a total diversity loss of 11.6 ± 4.1% after 3 h. This loss of microbial diversity was caused by the selective removal of high nucleic acid populations (29 ± 5% after 3 h). We were able to track the community diversity at high temporal resolution by calculating phenotypic diversity estimates from flow cytometry (FCM) data of minute amounts of sample. Through parallel FCM and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing analysis of environments spanning a broad diversity range, we showed that the two approaches resulted in highly correlated diversity measures and captured the same seasonal and lake-specific patterns in community composition. Based on our results, we predict that selective feeding by invasive dreissenid mussels directly impacts the microbial component of the carbon cycle, as it may drive bacterioplankton communities toward less diverse and potentially less productive states.
Geohelminth eggs in the soil and stool of pupils of some primary schools in Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria

Samples of soil from yards and stool from pupils in six public and private primary schools in Samaru, Zaria were examined for geohelminh eggs towards highlighting the public health significance of contaminating soil with faeces. Of the 1,120 soil and 800 stool sample examined using the ZnSO4 centrifugal floatation technique and microscopy, 12.0% and 52.0% were positive, respectively. Eggs of Ascaris sp (4.6%), Trichuris sp (4.0%) hookworm (2.8%,) Toxocara sp (0.4%), and Strongyloides sp (0.2%) were recovered from he soil. The stool samples contained eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides (9.3%) and eggs/larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis (1.5%). The prevalence in soil was not influenced by the apparent cleanliness of the environment of the private schools in contrast to the environment of the private schools in contrast to the very dirty state of the public schools (p>0.05), nor was the prevalence in the public influenced by heir sex or age (p>0.05). The wide and unrestricted spread of the prevalence/ infection is attributable to indiscriminate disposal of faeces in and around the school the yards and Samaru in general. Intervention by way of education on poor hygiene habits and coupled with legislation against indiscriminate disposal of faeces and is enforcement, is recommended. The Nigerian Journal of Parasitology Vol. 24 2003: 115-122
SIZE AND SHAPE OF OCULAR IMAGES: III. VISUAL SENSITIVITY TO DIFFERENCES IN THE RELATIVE SIZE OF THE OCULAR IMAGES OF THE TWO EYES

The difference in the relative sizes of the ocular images of the two eyes that is found in marked anisometropia and in cases of aphakia is easily demonstrated and its physiologic importance has long been recognized. Such a difference may be considerable, varying from conditions in which one ocular image is 5 per cent larger in overall size than the other, in the anisometropic cases, to differences of 30 per cent in patients operated on for aphakia. A difference of less than 5 per cent in the relative size of the ocular images, however, has been generally assumed to be too small to have any physiologic importance and hence could be neglected. There would appear to be two grounds for this assumption. First, the ocular resolving power decreases so rapidly in peripheral vision that small differences in the size of the ocular images are below the threshold of discrimination.
Nitric Oxide and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Elevated Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Their Implications

OBJECTIVENitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neuronal injury after brain ischemia, and decreased levels of NO have been implicated in the pathogenesis of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In this study, we measured the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NO levels in patients with SAH and correlated the levels with clinical grade and middle cerebral artery velocities measured with transcranial Doppler ultrasound. METHODSAll patients with spontaneous SAH documented on computed tomography and with an external ventricular drain inserted within 24 hours of hemorrhage were included in the study. A total of 16 patients were studied between August 1999 and August 2000. CSF was collected serially at the time of surgery and subsequently at daily intervals. It was collected during the time that the external ventricular drain remained patent and in situ. NO levels were measured by photometric analysis by using a nitrite/nitrate assay kit (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI). RESULTSThe peak NO level in patients with SAH ranged from 9.96 to 168.16 &mgr;mol, with a median of 36.93 &mgr;mol. The levels were significantly elevated as compared with the control group (5.16 &mgr;mol, P < 0.05). The median NO level in patients with poor-grade SAH was 67.14 &mgr;mol as compared with 27.42 &mgr;mol in patients with good-grade hemorrhage (P < 0.05). No correlation was seen between CSF NO levels and middle cerebral artery velocities. The median NO level was 33.2 &mgr;mol in patients with a poor outcome as compared with 30.25 &mgr;mol in patients with a good outcome (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONThis study showed that NO levels are elevated after spontaneous SAH, and the degree of elevation is higher in patients with poor-grade SAH.
Viable but non‐culturable and persistence describe the same bacterial stress state

Bacteria are often thought of as having two dormant phenotypes: the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state and the persister state. Here we investigate the relatedness of the two stress-induced phenotypes at the single-cell level and examine cell morphology and quantify cell resuscitation. Using the classic starvation conditions to create VBNC cells, we found that the majority of the remaining Escherichia coli population are spherical, have empty cytosol and fail to resuscitate; however, some of the spherical cells resuscitate immediately (most probably those with dense cytosol). Critically, all the culturable cells in this starved population became persister cells within 14 days of starvation. We found that the persister cells initially are rod-like, have clear but limited membrane damage, can resuscitate immediately and gradually become spherical by aging. After 24 h, only rod-shaped persister cells survive, and all the spherical cells lyse. Both cell populations formed under the VBNC-inducing conditions and the persister conditions are metabolically inactive. Therefore, the bacterial population consists of dead cells and persister cells in the VBNC-inducing conditions; that is, the non-lysed particles that do not resuscitate are dead, and the dormant cells that resuscitate are persister cells. Hence, 'VBNC' and 'persister' describe the same dormant phenotype.
A Comparison of Effects of Rapid and Gradual Weight Loss Methods on Body Composition, Aerobic Capacity, and Anaerobic Power in Trained Wrestlers

ABSTRACT Introduction: Weight loss in many sports particularly in weight category sports is very important, since it can play a major role in the success of athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of rapid and gradual weight loss protocols on body composition, aerobic capacity, and anaerobic power in trained wrestlers. Methods: 22 trained wrestlers (mean age: 20 to 25 y) volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned into two rapid (group 1) and gradual (group 2) groups. Participants in group 1 lost their weight during 48 hours using traditional methods, while subjects in group 2 did it according to a well-designed diet over a span of 12 days. All subjects were asked to reduce approximately 4% of their body weight. Prior and after the weight loss interventions, body composition, aerobic capacity, and anaerobic power were measured via Bruce and Wingate tests. Results: Results showed that rapid weight loss caused to a significant reduction in aerobic capacity, and anaerobic power (p<0.05), while there was no significant reduction in body fat percentage. Significant reduction in body fat percentage and anaerobic power were observed in the gradual weight loss group (p<0.05); however, there was not any significant reduction in aerobic capacity. Discussion – Conclusions: In comparison of these two weight loss protocols, gradual weight loss leads to a lesser decrease in wrestlers' fitness and performance compared to the rapid methods.