Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Milk and Xanthan as Egg Replacement on the Physical Properties of Mayonnaise

The milk along with xanthan at levels 0, 1.9, 3.9, 5.9, 7.9, 9.9 and 0.1 and 0.2 % (No 1 (control) to 11 respectively) as egg replacement were used for preparation of mayonnaise. Creaming index, heat stability, physical stability and rheological properties of samples over a were investigated. Also flow behavior of samples were fitted to Power law, Herschel-Bulkley and Casson models. It was found that addition milk along with xanthan to mayonnaise protected from phase separation in comparison to control sample. All the samples had stability higher than 99% except samples 1, 4, 5 and 6. The highest stability was recorded for sample No 11 (99.98%) and the lowest for 5 (74.95%) that compared with control sample had significant differences (p> 0.05). All the samples except No 1 and 5 showed heat stability higher than 99 % and the highest stability recorded for No 11 ( 99.72%) and the lowest for No 5 (67.42 %) and in comparison with control were significantly different (p> 0.05). Apparent viscosity decreased with increase the egg replacement from 40% to 80%, as the highest and lowest viscosity observed in samples contain 100% and 80% replacement respectively. All samples showed shear-thinning behavior and the high coefficients of determination for Power law and Herschel-Bulkley models (0.99) revealed the adequacy of these rheological models to describe flow behavior of mayonnaise.
City Air and City Markets

Higher nominal wages in urban areas are well-documented phenomena which imply higher productivity of urban workers. Yankow and Wheeler show that these gains come through a variety of sources including static agglomeration economies and dynamic learning and matching efficiencies in cities. Yet, earlier articles offer little evidence of how the effects of learning and matching on urban wage differentials vary by city size. This article allows for the relative importance of these productivity advantages to differ according to the size of the city and finds significant differences between small, medium, and large cities. We find that learning efficiencies are most important in medium-sized cities, while a mix of learning and matching efficiencies are important in the largest and smallest cities.
Tipping points among social learners: Tools from varied disciplines

There is a long and rich tradition in the social sciences of using models of collective behavior in animals as jump- ing-off points for the study of human behavior, including collective human behavior. Here, we come at the problem in a slightly different fashion. We ask whether models of collective human behavior have anything to offer those who study animal behavior. Our brief example of tipping points, a model first developed in the physical sciences and later used in the social sciences, suggests that the analysis of human collective behavior does indeed have considerable to offer (Current Zoology 58 (2): 298306, 2012).
Quantitative Stability of Two-stage Stochastic Linear Programs with Full Random Recourse

In this paper, we use the parametric programming technique and pseudo metrics to study the quantitative stability of the two-stage stochastic linear programming problem with full random recourse. Under the simultaneous perturbation of the cost vector, coefficient matrix and right-hand side vector, we first establish the locally Lipschitz continuity of the optimal value function and the boundedness of optimal solutions of parametric linear programs. On the basis of these results, we deduce the locally Lipschitz continuity and the upper bound estimation of the objective function of the two-stage stochastic linear programming problem with full random recourse. Then under moderate assumptions and different pseudo metrics, we obtain the quantitative stability results of two-stage stochastic linear programs with full random recourse, which improve the current results in terms of tractability and the necessary assumptions. Finally, we consider the empirical approximation of the two-stage stochastic programming model and derive the rate of convergence of the corresponding SAA method.
High resolution 2D-spectroscopy of granular dynamics

Spectroscopic data with high spatial resolution are used to study the granular dynamics of the Sun. The observations were obtained with the “Gottingen” two-dimensional (2D) Fabry-Perot interferometer in the Vacuum Tower Telescope at the Observatorio del Teide/Tenerife. Time sequences of spectral scans across the nonmagnetic Fe i 5576 A line were taken from disc center. The 2D spectroscopic images were reconstructed with speckle methods, from which a spatial resolution of 0. ′′4–0. ′′5 was achieved. A power and coherence analysis of intensity and velocity maps from different photospheric heights has been carried out. The coherence between intensity and velocity fluctuations stays high for structural scales >0. ′′5, which underlines the high spatial resolution of the data. Furthermore, the vertical flow field and its time evolution within exploding granules have been analyzed. We find fast downflows in the dark centers of exploding granules with velocities up to 1.2 km s−1. Additionally, we estimated the flow velocities of so-called “dark dots”. We discuss indications that these structures represent a new type of downflow within the centers of bright granules.
A Discontinuous Differential Equation

This paper explores a system of discontinuous differential equations involving floor functions1. Such equations don’t make sense in terms of general theorem concerning existence and uniqueness of solutions of ordinary differential equations. The focus of this paper is on possible methods to regularize this system of “odd” equations. Two types of regularizations are discussed and the behavior of corresponding solutions is investigated.
Antimicrobial efficacy of 980 nm diode laser on Enterococcus feacalis in conjunction with various irrigation regimes in infected root canals: An in vitro study

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficiency of different irrigating solutions against Enterococcus faecalis with or without the use of 980 nm diode laser in infected root canals. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 freshly extracted human single-rooted teeth were divided into three experimental groups (n = 30) and one control group (n = 10). Experimental group was subdivided into two subgroups A and B (n = 15), whereas control group was subdivided into positive and negative controls (n = 5). After access cavity preparation, the root canals were prepared using ProTaper rotary instruments. A volume of 5 ml of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1.2 ml of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, and 2 ml of neem solution was used for irrigation in Group I, II, and III, respectively. E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) was inoculated into each canal of experimental groups and incubated for 2 weeks under aerobic conditions at 37°C. In all the subgroups B, laser irradiation was performed, whereas, in subgroup A, no laser irradiation was done. In negative control, E. faecalis was not inoculated in samples, but in positive control, E. faecalis inoculation and incubation procedure was followed. With circumferential filing using #40 reamer, dentinal chips were collected using sterile paper points, vortexed in sterile saline, was then applied to UTI Hicrome agar culture plates and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. The cfu/ml for each plate was calculated using a bacterial colony counter. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software version 20.0. Results: The study showed that the least number of bacterial cfu/ml was observed in Group IB. The order of bacterial colony count (cfu/ml) was observed as Group IB
The impact of single positive surgical margin features on biochemical recurrence after robotic radical prostatectomy

ABSTRACT Objective: Parameters predictive of biochemical or clinical recurrence after Radical Prostatectomy (RP) were determined as pre-treatment PSA value, pathologic tumor stage, tumor grade and presence of Positive Surgical Margin (PSM), extracapsular extension and seminal vesicle invasion and the status of pelvic lymph nodes. The aim of our study is to evaluate the effect of additional features in patients undergoing RP in our clinic. Materials and Methods: We studied 556 RP operations performed between 2009 and 2016 for prostate cancer at this clinic. Preoperative and postoperative data of the patients were retrospectively reviewed. RP specimens were examined by two pathologists specialized in this subject. Of these patients, 78 (14.02%) patients with PSM were included in the study. The pathology slides of these patients were reassessed. The length of PSM (mm), localization (apex, basis and posterolateral) and Gleason pattern at this margin was determined and statistical correlations with BCR were calculated. Results: The mean follow-up after the RP of 41 patients included in the study was 37.4 ± 13.2 months. During the follow-up period of the patients, BCR was observed in 16 patients (39.02%). No statistically significant difference was observed in age and prostate volume between the groups with and without BCR development (p > 0.05). Preoperative PSA level was found to be statistically significantly higher in the group with BCR development compared to the group without recurrence (p = 0.004). In-group comparisons in each aforementioned Gleason score groups were performed in terms of BCR development and the preoperative Gleason score in the group with development of recurrence was found to be statistically significantly higher compared to the group without recurrence (p = 0.007). The length of the surgical margin was measured as 7.4 ± 4.4 mm in the BCR-developing group and 4.7 ± 3.8 mm in the no-BCR- developing group; it was statistically significantly higher in the group with development of recurrence (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Length and location of the PSM and the Gleason score detected in the PSM region could not predict biochemical recurrence according to the results of this present study. However high preoperative PSA value is an independent prognostic factor for biochemical recurrence.
The Skin Microbiota in Patients Hospitalized for Cellulitis and Association With Outcome

BACKGROUND The skin microbiota plays a key role in the pathogenesis of several skin diseases, but its role in cellulitis remains unknown. We investigated the skin microbiota in patients with cellulitis, studied whether its analysis could help determine the causative pathogen, and explored whether skin microbiota composition was associated with clinical outcomes. METHODS We prospectively included 58 patients hospitalized for cellulitis. Skin swabs obtained from the lesion sites were compared with swabs from identical sites on the contralateral unaffected limbs and with swabs obtained from 19 age- and sex-matched control subjects without cellulitis. Bacterial profiling of the skin microbiota was performed by interspacer profiling (IS-pro). RESULTS A large interpersonal variation in the skin microbiota composition of patients hospitalized with cellulitis was observed. Firmicutes were the dominant phylum, and Staphylococcus and Streptococcus the dominant genera. In most patients, a strong correlation between the microbiota of the affected lesion and the microbiota of the unaffected, contralateral limb was seen. Overall, the composition of the cellulitis microbiota could not be distinguished from the skin microbiota of controls. No consistent association could be found between traditional culture results and skin microbiota signatures in patients with cellulitis. Lastly, we found that neither microbiota composition nor diversity were associated with clinical parameters and outcomes in patients with cellulitis. CONCLUSIONS In this exploratory study on the skin microbiota in patients hospitalized with cellulitis, we were unable to identify a typical cellulitis microbiota. The diagnostic and prognostic information that could be derived from skin microbiota profiling in this patient cohort was limited. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02032654.
Exemplar Guided Unsupervised Image-to-Image Translation

Image-to-image translation has recently received significant attention due to advances in deep learning. Most works focus on learning either a one-to-one mapping in an unsupervised way or a many-to-many mapping in a supervised way. However, a more practical setting is many-to-many mapping in an unsupervised way, which is harder due to the lack of supervision and the complex inner- and cross-domain variations. To alleviate these issues, we propose the Exemplar Guided & Semantically Consistent Image-to-image Translation (EGSC-IT) network which conditions the translation process on an exemplar image in the target domain. We assume that an image comprises of a content component which is shared across domains, and a style component specific to each domain. Under the guidance of an exemplar from the target domain we apply Adaptive Instance Normalization to the shared content component, which allows us to transfer the style information of the target domain to the source domain. To avoid semantic inconsistencies during translation that naturally appear due to the large inner- and cross-domain variations, we introduce the concept of feature masks that provide coarse semantic guidance without requiring the use of any semantic labels. Experimental results on various datasets show that EGSC-IT does not only translate the source image to diverse instances in the target domain, but also preserves the semantic consistency during the process.
The Association of Television Viewing in Childhood With Overweight and Obesity Throughout the Life Course

Abstract Few studies have addressed the association between television viewing time in childhood and overweight/obesity across the life course. Among 30,921 mother-daughter dyads from the Nurses’ Mothers’ Cohort (2001) and the Nurses’ Health Study II (1989 and 1991), the following information was collected: daughter’s television viewing time and physical activity (PA) level at ages 3–5 and 5–10 years, somatotype at ages 5 and 10 years, and body mass index at age 18 years and in adulthood (ages 26–45 years). According to multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models, television viewing at least 4 hours/day versus no television at ages 3–5 years was associated with odds ratios of overweight/obesity of 1.61 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20, 2.17) at age 5 years, 1.46 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.86) at age 10 years, 1.31 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.70) at age 18 years, and 1.32 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.59) in adulthood. A composite variable of high television viewing time/low PA level versus low television viewing time/high PA level at ages 3–5 years was associated with odds ratios of overweight/obesity ranging from 3.22 (95% CI: 2.23, 4.65) at age 5 years to 1.82 (95% CI: 1.36, 2.45) in adulthood. Findings were similar at ages 5–10 years. Long hours of television viewing in childhood alone and in combination with low PA levels were consistently associated with overweight/obesity throughout life.
Cortical Balance Between ON and OFF Visual Responses Is Modulated by the Spatial Properties of the Visual Stimulus

Abstract The primary visual cortex of carnivores and primates is dominated by the OFF visual pathway and responds more strongly to dark than light stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that this cortical OFF dominance is modulated by the size and spatial frequency of the stimulus in awake primates and we uncover a main neuronal mechanism underlying this modulation. We show that large grating patterns with low spatial frequencies drive five times more OFF-dominated than ON-dominated neurons, but this pronounced cortical OFF dominance is strongly reduced when the grating size decreases and the spatial frequency increases, as when the stimulus moves away from the observer. We demonstrate that the reduction in cortical OFF dominance is not caused by a selective reduction of visual responses in OFF-dominated neurons but by a change in the ON/OFF response balance of neurons with diverse receptive field properties that can be ON or OFF dominated, simple, or complex. We conclude that cortical OFF dominance is continuously adjusted by a neuronal mechanism that modulates ON/OFF response balance in multiple cortical neurons when the spatial properties of the visual stimulus change with viewing distance and/or optical blur.
Long-term follow-up of camouflage effects following resin infiltration of post orthodontic white-spot lesions in vivo.

OBJECTIVES: To reassess the long-term camouflage effects of resin infiltration (Icon, DMG, Hamburg, Germany) of white spot lesions (WSL) and sound adjacent enamel (SAE) achieved in a previous trial. The null hypothesis was tested that there were no significantly different CIE-L*a*b*-ΔE-values between WSL and SAE areas of assessment after at least 24 months (T24) compared to those at baseline (T0). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of twenty subjects who received previous resin infiltration treatment of nteeth = 111 nonrestored, noncavitated postorthodontic WSL after multibracket treatment during a randomized controlled trial and were contacted 20 months after baseline, eight subjects (trial teeth nteeth = 40; m/f ratio 1/7; age range (mean; SD) 12-17 [15.25; 2.12] years); response rate: 40%) were available for follow-up after at least 24 months (T24). CIE-L*a*b* differences between summarized color and lightness values (ΔEWSL/SAE) of WSL and SAE were assessed using a spectrophotometer and compared to baseline data assessed prior to infiltration (T0), and those after 6 (T6), and 12 (T12) months using paired t tests at a significance level of α = 5%. RESULTS: T24 assessments were performed after a mean 33.86 (SD: 8.64; Min: 24; Max: 45) months following T0. Mean (SD) ΔEWSL/SAE units of available teeth were 8.76 (5.33) at baseline; 5.5 (2.75) at T6; 5.2 (2.41) at T12; and 5.57 (2.6) at T24. Comparisons of T6, T12, and T24 with T0 yielded highly significant differences, whereas T6-T24 and T12-T24 differences were found to be not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Assimilation of infiltrated WSL to the color of adjacent enamel by resin infiltration is considered to be suitable for the long-term improvement in the esthetic appearance of postorthodontic WSL.
Perspectives on patients and carers in leading teaching roles in interprofessional education

ABSTRACT The involvement of patients and carers is central to the values of interprofessional education (IPE) which aims to improve the experience of care and care delivery. Partnership arrangements with service users and carers within Higher Education Institutions face the same barriers relating to status, power, and resources, as the implementation of IPE. The complexity of these alignments can be explained by Activity Theory (AT). Using a qualitative research methodology we set out to consider the stakeholder perspectives on whether patients should progress from telling their stories to taking on a leading teaching role, within a well-established IPE workshop. Following the principles of Participatory Action Research, data were collected cyclically, using consultation meetings, interviews (with tutors and patients) and focus groups (with students). The work was overseen by a steering group who reviewed and clarified the analysis, informed by AT. All stakeholders endorsed the validity of patients as teachers. Two new leadership roles were proposed; patients as Co-Tutors and as Mentors supporting the workshop. Service users and carers were realistic about the support required for progression. Students were more ambivalent, recognizing the right of patients to tell their stories but having concerns about their competence and potential bias when in leading roles. There is overall support for the development of a progressive route for patients to move beyond telling stories into leading teaching roles in IPE, but this brings added complexity and requires a supportive infrastructure, careful preparation of students and further research.
“It’s not just about prostate cancer, it’s about being a gay man”: A qualitative study of gay men’s experiences of healthcare provision in the UK

Following a diagnosis of prostate cancer, men require information and support from healthcare providers which is tailored to their individual needs. Studies reporting on the needs of gay men with prostate cancer, and their experiences of healthcare provision, are lacking. This study highlights the issues affecting this group of men and the implications for healthcare delivery in the United Kingdom. In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 gay men who had been diagnosed with prostate cancer. A phenomenological approach was used to collect and analyse data. Participants wanted, and expected, candid discussions with healthcare professionals, about how prostate cancer could affect their lives, sexual function, and how to access culturally relevant support before and after treatment. Participants perceived that their healthcare team had little knowledge about their needs, and if, or how, their experience differed due to their sexual orientation. Information provided was perceived as being misplaced or informed by heteronormative assumptions. Consideration should be given to requesting sexual orientation when recording patient information, if patients are willing to disclose. Training should be provided for healthcare professionals to enable them to provide information and support that is culturally relevant at all stages of the consultation.
Characterization of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol and Its Induction of Oxidative Stress Response in Oral Keratinocytes

In this study, we have generated and characterized Electronic Cigarette (EC) aerosols using a combination of advanced technologies. In the gas phase, the particle number concentration (PNC) of EC aerosols was found to be positively correlated with puff duration whereas the PNC and size distribution may vary with different flavors and nicotine strength. In the liquid phase (water or cell culture media), the size of EC nanoparticles appeared to be significantly larger than those in the gas phase, which might be due to aggregation of nanoparticles in the liquid phase. By using in vitro high-throughput cytotoxicity assays, we have demonstrated that EC aerosols significantly decrease intracellular levels of glutathione in NHOKs in a dose-dependent fashion resulting in cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that EC aerosols cause cytotoxicity to oral epithelial cells in vitro, and the underlying molecular mechanisms may be or at least partially due to oxidative stress induced by toxic substances (e.g., nanoparticles and chemicals) present in EC aerosols.
Developmental Changes and Individual Differences in Trust and Reciprocity in Adolescence

A Trust Game was used to examine trust and reciprocity development in 12–18‐year‐old‐adolescents (N = 496), as findings have been conflicting and transitions in adolescence remain elusive. Furthermore, this study tested the roles of gender, risk, and individual differences in empathy, impulsivity, and antisocial tendencies in trust and reciprocity. Results indicate stability in trust and a decrease in reciprocity across adolescence, but also show that trust and reciprocity choices were influenced by risk, and that empathy mediated the age‐related decrease in reciprocity. Males trusted more than females, but there were no gender differences in reciprocity. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual differences and adolescents’ sensitivities to varying contexts in explaining trust and reciprocity development in adolescence.