Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Balancing between coordination, cooperation and competition? A mixed-method approach for assessing the role ambiguity of local sports authorities

ABSTRACT In recent years, the subsidiarity principle has been underlined in Sport-for-All policies in countries such as Germany, Austria and Belgium. According to this organising principle, issues need to be handled by the lowest possible political and administrative level, and as close to the citizens as possible. The 2007 decree concerning Sport-for-All policies at the local level in Flanders (Belgium) clearly referred to this. It emphasised the decentralisation of the Sport for All policy, and highlighted the regulatory and coordinating role of local sports authorities. As a consequence, they may face conflicting roles of being coordinator, regulator and provider of mass sport at the local level. In this paper, a mixed-method approach is used to give a closer insight in the role perceptions of local sports authorities in Flanders, and their position towards private sport providers. The results show that local sports authorities consider the coordination and regulation of mass sport in their municipality as their primary task. Yet, it appears that private sport providers also perceive competition from local sports authorities. Moreover, a considerable number of the local sports authorities believe they can combine the roles of provider and coordinator. As there appears to be considerable goal ambiguity, it is necessary for local sports authorities to formulate clear goals. Referring to the principle of subsidiarity, it is argued that sports authorities should only intervene when (non-)profit sport providers are not able to achieve the desirable outcomes with regard to sport and the welfare agenda.
In vivo antitumor effect of an intracellular single‐chain antibody fragment against the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus 16

Human papillomavirus (HPV)‐associated tumors still represent an urgent problem of public health in spite of the efficacy of the prophylactic HPV vaccines. Specific antibodies in single‐chain format expressed as intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) are valid tools to counteract the activity of target proteins. We previously showed that the M2SD intrabody, specific for the E7 oncoprotein of HPV16 and expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum of the HPV16‐positive SiHa cells, was able to inhibit cell proliferation. Here, we showed by confocal microscopy that M2SD and E7 colocalize in the endoplasmic reticulum of SiHa cells, suggesting that the E7 delocalization mediated by M2SD could account for the anti‐proliferative activity of the intrabody. We then tested the M2SD antitumor activity in two mouse models for HPV tumors based respectively on TC‐1 and C3 cells. The M2SD intrabody was delivered by retroviral vector to tumor cells before cell injection into C57BL/6 mice. In both models, a marked delay of tumor onset with respect to the controls was observed in all the mice injected with the M2SD‐expressing tumor cells and, importantly, a significant percentage of mice remained tumor‐free permanently. This is the first in vivo demonstration of the antitumor activity of an intrabody directed towards an HPV oncoprotein. We consider that these results could contribute to the development of new therapeutic molecules based on antibodies in single‐chain format, to be employed against the HPV‐associated lesions even in combination with other drugs.
Clinical predictors of occult pneumonia in the febrile child.

BACKGROUND The utility of chest radiographs (CXRs) for detecting occult pneumonia (OP) among pediatric patients without lower respiratory tract signs has been previously studied, but no predictors other than white blood cell count (WBC) and height of fever have been investigated. OBJECTIVES To identify predictors of OP in pediatric patients in the postconjugate pneumococcal vaccination era. METHODS This was a retrospective cross sectional study that was conducted in a large urban pediatric hospital. Physician records of emergency department (ED) patients of age 10 years or less who presented with fever (38 degrees C) and had a CXR obtained for suspected pneumonia were reviewed. Patients were classified into two groups: "signs of pneumonia" and "no signs of pneumonia" on the basis of the presence or absence of respiratory distress, tachypnea, or lower respiratory tract findings. Occult pneumonia was defined as radiographic pneumonia in a patient without signs of pneumonia. RESULTS Two thousand one hundred twenty-eight patients were studied. Among patients categorized as having no signs of pneumonia (n = 1,084), 5.3% (95% CI = 4.0% to 6.8%) had OP. Presence of cough and longer duration of cough (greater than 10 days) had positive likelihood ratios (LR+) of 1.24 (95% CI = 1.15 to 1.33) and 2.25 (95% CI = 1.21 to 4.20), respectively. Absence of cough had a negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of 0.19 (95% CI = 0.05 to 0.75). The likelihood of OP increased with increasing duration of fever (LR+ for more than three days and more than five days of fever, respectively: 1.62; 95% CI = 1.13 to 2.31 and 2.24; 95% CI = 1.35 to 3.71). When obtained (56% of patients), WBC was a predictor of OP, with a LR+ of 1.76 (95% CI = 1.40 to 2.22) and 2.17 (95% CI = 1.58 to 2.96) for WBC of >15,000/mm3 and >20,000/mm3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Occult pneumonia was found in 5.3% of patients with fever and no lower respiratory tract findings, tachypnea, or respiratory distress. There is limited utility in obtaining a CXR in febrile children without cough. The likelihood of pneumonia increased with longer duration of cough or fever or in the presence of leukocytosis.
Intra‐abdominal masses: prenatal differential diagnosis and management

Intra‐abdominal masses and cystic lesions are not commonly identified during the routine 20‐week anomaly scan but are not infrequently seen as incidental findings during a third trimester scan assessing fetal growth and well being. This review looks at the potential differential diagnosis of masses and cysts seen prenatally and aims to define a method of assessment that will help limit the differential diagnosis before delivery. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Usage by Intercollegiate Athletes

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and types of provider-delivered complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) used by intercollegiate student athletes attending a Division I NCAA University. Design and SettingSurvey methodology within a group of intercollegiate student athletes at a Division I NCAA university during the fall semester of 2004. ParticipantsAll incoming and returning intercollegiate student athletes were invited to participate. Surveys were completed by 309 (122 women, 187 men) of 482 (64.1%) student athletes representing 20 sports (11 women's, 9 men's teams). Main Outcome MeasurementsA 28-item reliable and valid survey instrument that measured the use of provider delivered CAM and allopathic medical care was administered. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, χ2 tests, and logistic regressions. ResultsFifty-six percent of subjects reported using CAM within the past 12 months, including a significantly higher percentage of women (67%) than men (49%) (P<0.01). Massage was the most commonly used type (38%), followed by chiropractic (29%), Lomilomi (14%), and acupuncture (12%). CAM usage overall did not differ significantly by sport, year in college, nor ethnicity. Hawaiian, Samoan, and Tongan subjects were more likely to use the Hawaiian-originated forms of CAM. Sixty percent of respondents have a regular medical doctor, eighty percent of which are family practitioners. Forty-two percent of subjects were referred to a medical specialist within the previous three years. ConclusionsCAM usage is common among collegiate student athletes and rates are higher than in adults nationwide and within the state of Hawai′i. This study and future investigations will increase the awareness of CAM use patterns by collegiate athletes, and hopefully improve allopathic physicians’ abilities to provide optimal athletic health care.
The in vitro hydrodynamic characteristics of the porcine pulmonary valve and root with regard to the ross procedure.

OBJECTIVE The hydrodynamic parameters and leaflet motion of the porcine pulmonary root and valve and the performance of the pulmonary autograft implanted in subcoronary position or as a free-standing root were investigated at systemic and pulmonary pressures in vitro. METHODS Ten fresh pulmonary and aortic roots (anulus diameter, 20-25 mm) were tested in a pulsatile flow simulator. Five free-sewn pulmonary valves were implanted in aortic roots in the subcoronary position, and 5 pulmonary roots were implanted as free-standing roots. The external diameter of the roots was measured at the sinotubular junction in a pressure range of 0 to 120 mm Hg. The transvalvular gradient and regurgitation were measured, and the effective orifice area was calculated. The leaflet motion was recorded on video tape. RESULTS The fresh pulmonary roots were more compliant than their aortic counterparts (33% +/- 3. 0% vs 7% +/- 1.5% with dilatation at 0-30 mm Hg and 46% +/- 8.4% vs 35% +/- 7.8% with dilatation at 0-120 mm Hg). The pulmonary roots had a lower pressure drop at systemic than at pulmonary pressures. The pressure drops of the pulmonary roots were also lower than those of the aortic roots in the systemic pressure range. The leaflet opening of the pulmonary valve was triangular, with low bending deformation at all pressures. Implanting the free-sewn pulmonary valve in the subcoronary position or the pulmonary root as a free-standing root did not affect the hydrodynamic parameters and leaflet motion adversely. CONCLUSION The pulmonary valve and root could easily withstand aortic pressures in vitro. A biphasic dilatation curve ensures that higher pressures did not overdilate the pulmonary root. Moreover, valve performance was better at systemic pressures.
Earnings Management And The Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax

This study tests whether firms affected by the U.S. corporate alternative minimum tax (AMT) enacted as part of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA 86) managed their 1986 and 1987 earnings to reduce their tax liabilities. One provision of TRA 86 required the inclusion of a variant of financial accounting income (AMT book) in the AMT income tax base for 1987 through 1989. The AMT created an incentive to shift income to 1986 from 1987 to avoid the 20% tax rate on alternative minimum taxable income (AMTI) and an effective marginal rate of 10% on AMT book exposure. On the
Adolescent-to-young adulthood heavy drinking trajectories and their prospective predictors.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate longitudinal trajectories of heavy drinking for males and females from adolescence to young adulthood, across the age span of 16-25 years, and to identify prospective predictors of the trajectory groups identified. METHOD This study used semiparametric group-based mixture modeling to derive adolescent to young adult longitudinal trajectories of heavy drinking separately for 760 participants (430 females and 330 males) who have been participating in a long-term prospective study of risk factors for the development of heavy drinking and alcohol disorders. RESULTS Four trajectory groups were identified for males and five for females; the trajectories indicated both continuity and change in heavy drinking across time for the trajectory groups identified. Major common prospective predictors for the high and very high heavy drinking trajectory groups supported the influences of values and beliefs (e.g., religious commitment), stressful life events and substance use. Additional predictors for males included lower academic functioning and task orientation, and for females, more frequent sexual behavior and general deviance. CONCLUSIONS In this predominantly white, middle-class sample, we identified groups of frequent, heavy drinking teens during the middle-adolescent years. Our findings suggest that the frequency of heavy drinking behavior will further increase for some teens into their young adult years. The potential adverse consequences of heavy drinking among adolescents and young adults suggests that multitargeted, gender-specific, early interventions with these high-risk teens is important.
The role of IFN-gamma in immune responses to viral infections of the central nervous system.

Interferon (IFN)-gamma, is not only a marker of T(H)1 CD4, CD8 and natural killer (NK) cells, it is also a critical antiviral mediator which is central to the elimination of viruses from the CNS. In this review, we describe IFN-gamma, its receptor, signal transduction from receptor engagement, and antiviral downstream mediators. We demonstrate that although neurons are post-mitotic and non-renewing, they respond to IFN-gamma in a fashion similar to peripheral fibroblasts or lymphocytes. We have illustrated this review with details about studies on the role(s) of IFN-gamma in the pathogenesis of measles virus (MV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infections of the CNS. For VSV infection, IFN-gamma signals through Jaks 1 and 2 and STAT1 to activate (interferon regulatory factor) IRF-1; although viral protein synthesis is inhibited, PKR is not a critical mediator in the antiviral response to VSV in murine neurons. In contrast, induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) type 1 and its production of nitric oxide is essential in the elimination of viruses from neurons.
Correlates of adverse childhood experiences among adults with severe mood disorders.

OBJECTIVES Adverse childhood experiences have been found to be associated with poor physical and poor mental health, impaired functioning, and increased substance abuse in the general adult population. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical correlates of these experiences among adults with severe mood disorders. METHODS Adverse childhood experiences (including physical abuse, sexual abuse, parental mental illness, loss of parent, parental separation or divorce, witnessing domestic violence, and placement in foster or kinship care) were assessed retrospectively in a sample of 254 adults with major mood disorders. The relationships between cumulative exposure to these experiences and psychiatric problems, health, substance use disorders, community functioning, trauma exposure in adulthood, and high-risk behaviors were examined. RESULTS Increased exposure to childhood adverse experiences was related to high-risk behaviors, diagnosis of a substance use disorder, exposure to trauma in adulthood, psychiatric problems (younger age at first hospitalization, number of suicide attempts, and diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder), medical service utilization, and homelessness. CONCLUSIONS The findings extend research in the general population by suggesting that adverse childhood experiences contribute to worse mental and physical health and functional outcomes among adults with severe mood disorders.
Mandated Nurse Staffing Ratios in California: A Comparison of Staffing and Nursing-Sensitive Outcomes Pre- and Postregulation

This article examines the impact of mandated nursing ratios in California on key measures of nursing quality among adults in acute care hospitals. This study is a follow-up and extension of our first analysis exploring nurse staffing and nursing-sensitive outcomes comparing 2002 pre-ratios regulation data to 2004 postratios regulation data. For the current study we used postregulation ratios data from 2004 and 2006 to assess trends in staffing and outcomes. Findings for nurse staffing affirmed the trends noted in 2005 and indicated that changes in nurse staffing were consistent with expected increases in the proportion of licensed staff per patient. This report includes an exploratory examination of the relationship between staffing and nursing-sensitive patient outcomes. However anticipated improvements in nursing-sensitive patient outcomes were not observed. This report contributes to the growing understanding of the impacts of regulatory staffing mandates on hospital operations and patient outcomes.
Caffeine Intake Among Adolescents in Delhi

Background: Availability and advertising of caffeinated drinks is on the rise in Indian market. Excess caffeine intake may have deleterious effects on health. Objective: To estimate the daily consumption of caffeine among urban school-going adolescents from Delhi. Materials and Methods: A school-based survey was conducted to determine the amount and pattern of caffeine consumption among students of classes 9-12, using a self-administered questionnaire. Results: Of 300 participants (median age 15 year, 174 boys), 291 (97%) were consuming caffeine [mean (SD): 121.0 (98.2) mg/day]. Nineteen (6%) students were consuming more than 300 mg of caffeine per day. Tea/coffee contributed to more than 50% of the caffeine intake. The rest was derived from cola beverages, chocolates, and energy drinks. Conclusion: Average caffeine consumption among school-going adolescents from Delhi is high. The findings of this preliminary survey need to be confirmed in larger data sets.
Is Anyone Listening? Modeling the Impact of Word-of-Mouth at the Individual Level

Most studies of word-of-mouth (WOM) in marketing have concentrated either on aggregate outcomes (e.g., new product diffusion) or on the transmission process (i.e., “talking” or “sending” information to others). This paper instead focuses on the reception process at the individual level (i.e., “listening” to information from others), and addresses two questions: what makes people listen to WOM, and what are the drivers of the type and extent of WOM impact on recipients’ brand attitudes and purchase intentions? Transmitter, message, and transmitter— recipient relationship characteristics are examined as potential drivers of reception/listening and WOM’s impact on the disposition recipients have toward focal brands and the certainty or confidence with which these dispositions are held. Two studies demonstrate that (1) WOM impacts disposition and certainty differently, (2) changes in both disposition and certainty affect consumers’ intentions to purchase a focal talked-about brand, (3) WOM from strangers in some cases can be as impactful as WOM from friends and acquaintances, and (4) the relatively strong influence of strangers under some conditions seems to be the result of perceptions of the credibility of strangers as sources of information. Overall, the results illustrate that WOM reception is multiply-determined and, above all, the outcome of a complex set of processes.
Clinical evaluation of a continuous oxygen consumption monitor in mechanically ventilated patients

Summary We measured oxygen consumption using a new noninvasive modular metabolic monitor, M‐COVX™, in ventilated critically ill patients. Oxygen consumption was measured continuously as part of routine monitoring for up to 24 h following mechanical ventilation in 27 patients admitted to a general intensive care unit. We explored several possible sources of error. Most errors related to inaccurate tidal volume measurement, which resulted in rejection of a median 14% (interquartile range 8–34%) of data. Water accumulation in the pneumotachograph was responsible and occurred more frequently with water bath humidifiers. After manual removal of erroneous data mean oxygen consumption values were virtually identical to calculated values in 24 of 27 patients. We conclude that in most ventilated patients averaging of continuous oxygen consumption data with the M‐COVX module results in small errors.
A Causality Analysis of Tourism Revenues and Economic Growth on Selected Mediterranean Countries

This study explores the direction of causality between tourism revenues and economic growth in the selected Mediterranean countries for the period 1995-2011. For this purpose, as the research methods the panel causality tests under the cross-section dependency analysis have been applied. According to the econometrics analysis, no causality for France, Italy and Turkey cases was found. A bi-directional causality for Greece and a unidirectional causality from tourism revenues to economic growth for the Spain case have been established. We conclude that the result of a bi-directional causality may play the key role for the Greece development under its current economic crisis. The tourist-led growth hypothesis is valid for Spain and promotes its economic growth. On the other hand, the non-causality result is amazing for France, Italy and Turkey, thus deserving further attention and research.
Emergency visits for sports-related injuries.

STUDY OBJECTIVE We sought to estimate the effect and magnitude of patients with sports-related injuries presenting to hospital emergency departments in the United States and to examine differences in patient and visit characteristics between sports- and nonsports-related injuries. METHODS Data from the 1997 and 1998 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a national probabilistic sample of 496 US hospital EDs, were combined to examine emergency visits for sports-related injuries. Data from 16,997 sample ED encounter records for injuries that included narrative cause of injury text were analyzed. Narrative text entries were coded to 1 of 84 sport and recreational activity codes. Sample weights were applied to provide annual national estimates. Estimates of sports-related injury visits were based on 1,775 records with an assigned sports-related activity code. RESULTS There were an average annual estimated 2.6 million emergency visits for sports-related injuries by persons between the ages of 5 and 24 years. They accounted for over 68% of the total 3.7 million sport injuries presented to the ED by persons of all ages. As a proportion of all kinds of injuries presenting to the ED, sports-related injuries accounted for more than one fifth of the visits by persons 5 to 24 years old. The use rate was 33.9 ED visits per 1,000 persons in this age group (95% confidence interval 30.3 to 37.5). The sports-related injury visit rate for male patients was more than double the rate for female patients (48.2 versus 19.2 per 1,000 persons between 5 and 24 years of age). Visits from sports-related activities for this age group were more frequent for basketball and cycling compared with other categories (eg, baseball, skateboarding, gymnastics). Compared with nonsports-related injuries for this age group, sports-related injuries were more likely to be to the brain or skull and upper and lower extremities. Patients with sports-related injuries were more likely to have a diagnosis of fracture and sprain or strain and less likely to have an open wound. They were also more likely to have diagnostic and therapeutic services provided, especially orthopedic care. CONCLUSION Sports-related activities by school-age children and young adults produce a significant amount of emergency medical use in the United States. The ED is an appropriate venue to target injury prevention counseling.