Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Title Ephrin-A 2 and ephrin-A 5 guide contralateral targeting but not topographic mapping of ventral cochlear nucleus axons

Background: In the auditory brainstem, ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) axons project to the contralateral, but not ipsilateral, medial nucleus of trapezoid body (MNTB), terminating in the calyx of Held. Dorsal VCN neurons, representing high frequencies, synapse with medial MNTB neurons, while low frequency-coding ventral VCN neurons synapse with lateral MNTB neurons, reflecting tonotopic organization. The mechanisms that ensure strictly contralateral targeting and topographic ordering are incompletely understood. Here we examined the roles of ephrin-A signaling in both types of targeting. Results: Ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5 are expressed in VCN cells during late embryonic and early postnatal development. At these ages ephrin-A2 is expressed in axons surrounding MNTB and ephrin-A5 is expressed in MNTB principal neurons. Ephrin-A2/A5 double knockout mice displayed axon targeting errors in which VCN axons project to MNTB on both sides of the brainstem, where they terminate in calyceal endings. Ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5 single knockout mice showed a similar phenotype. In contrast to effects on contralateral targeting, ephrin-A2/A5 double knockout mice showed no defects in formation of tonotopically ordered projections from VCN to MNTB. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that distinct mechanisms regulate targeting of VCN axons to the contralateral MNTB and targeting to appropriate tonotopic locations. Ephrin-A signaling plays a similar role to ephrin-B signaling in the VCN-MNTB pathway, where both classes normally prevent formation of calyceal projections to ipsilateral MNTB. These classes may rely in part on common signaling pathways.
Fine Tuned Income Approach in Real Estate Valuation in Emerging Europe: The Case of Bulgaria

The Chamber of Independent Appraisers in Bulgaria adopted the International Valuations Standards of IVSC. The income approach is one of the three approaches for valuation adopted by International Valuation Standards Council (IVS, 2011). It prescribes three methods of the approach: (1) capitalization; (2) discounted cash flows (DCF), and (3) various option valuation models. The DCF application in real estate valuation is illustrated in TIP 1 Discounted Cash Flows of IVS. One of the key input variables in the DCF method is the discount rate. IVS in paragraph 21 in TP 1 presents the capital asset pricing model as a method for estimation of the cost of equity. The CAPM could be adjusted for country risk and other specific firm risks. The focus of our study is on the main considerations behind the appropriate determination of the discount rate when performing real estate valuations throughout the Income Approach. We propose a model, which is a modification of the Salomon Smith Barney model for cost of capital determination. The model reflects the following characteristics: (1) the degree of diversification of the particular investor (imperfectly diversified); (2) country risk; (3) firm specific risks; and (4) time varying risk nature. The first assumption of the model is that the Bulgarian financial market is partially integrated into the Global market. Our second assumption is that the purchase parity holds in the long run. The lack of size effect is the third assumption. The inputs of the model have as a source only publicly available data. The systematic country risk indicator is the Index of Economic Freedom of the Heritage Foundation. The Global equity risk premium is obtained from the Credit Suisse Global Investment Returns Yearbook. The equity risk premium is adjusted with the ratio between the unconditional long run standard deviation of the company and the unconditional long run standard deviation of the global portfolio. The unconditional long run standard deviation is a square root of the unconditional long run variance, which is derived from the AR(1)-GARCH (1,1) model with non-normal distributed residuals. The econometric model incorporates the non-synchronous effect and time varying risk. An illustration of the proposed model is the case of U.S. investor who considers an investment in a couple of Bulgarian REITs.
Inappropriate restriction of dietary gluten and associated bone acquisition and bone density in Egyptian children with coeliac disease.

Introduction: Early onset osteoporosis is a serious complication for coeliac disease (CD). Adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) has been shown to restore bone density. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between inappropriate dietary restriction of gluten and bone density in children with CD. Material and methods: Twenty-one children with CD were diagnosed according to guidelines of the North American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN). All patients had persistent high level of anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA antibody (IgA-tTG). Ten males and 11 females, mean age 7.52 ±4.19 years. Thirty healthy children were included as controls. Laboratory investigation included serum osteocalcin, carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (CICP), osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANKL) and urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD). Bone mineral density and content (BMD and BMC) were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in spinal lumbar and femoral neck regions. Results: Spinal lumbar BMD and BMC, and femoral BMD and BMC were significantly lower in patients than controls ( p = 0.007, 0.003 respectively) (p = 0.002, 0.006 respectively). There were statistically significant decreases in serum calcium, osteocalcin, CICP and osteoprotegerin levels in patients compared to controls ( p = 0.0002, 0.0001, 0.01 and 0.0001 respectively). Conclusions: Egyptian children with CD not adherent to GFD had BMD and BMC values significantly lower than in controls. These results emphasize that compliance to GFD is the main challenge for the patients and physicians.
Analysis of spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity at field scale

Gupta, N. , Rudra, R.P. and Parkin, G. 2006. Analysis of spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity at field scale. Canadian Biosystems Engineering/Le genie des biosystemes au Canada 48: 1.55 1.62. Hydraulic conductivity, a vital input parameter in physically based rainfall-runoff modeling approaches, determined by double ring infiltrometer and Guelph permeameter along and across the slope of a field, was analyzed using conventional statistical techniques and geostatistical techniques such as auto-correlation, variogram, and kriging. The results confirmed that geo-statistical techniques better describe spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity than conventional statistical techniques. The hydraulic conductivity shows more spatial variability along the field slope than across the field slope. Therefore, more samples were required along the field slope than across the field slope to obtain a truly representative value of hydraulic conductivity. The results indicated that kriging produces a convenient smooth hydraulic conductivity surface, which may be helpful in the quantification of dominant runoff generation mechanisms and identification of runoff generation areas.
Effects of transparent exopolymer Particles and muddy terrigenous sediments on the survival of hard coral recruits

Sedimentation is a major cause of mortality in scleractinian coral recruits. In this study, we compared the effects of muddy coastal sediments, with and without enrichment by marine snow , on the survivorship of recruits of the hard coral Acropora willisae. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) were measured as characteristic components of marine snow using a staining method (Passow & Alldredge, Limnol. Oceangr. 40 (1995) 1326). Four-week-old recruits were exposed to: (1) muddy coastal sediments; (2) TEP; (3) TEP-enriched muddy coastal sediments; and (4) unfiltered sea water, for 43 h in aerated flow chambers. Thirty-three percent ( 5 SE) of coral recruits died after 43-h exposure to TEP-enriched muddy coastal sediments ( 14mg cm 2 sediments enriched with 3.8 0.2lg cm 2 gum xanthan equivalents (GX) TEP). In contrast, no or minimal mortality was observed in the other three treatments. Mortality increased to >80% when the amount of deposited TEP was almost tripled (10.9 1.3 lg cm 2 GX) and sediment increased by 50%. Thus, coral recruits survived short-term exposure to low levels of TEP and low levels of muddy sediments, but sediments enriched with TEP at concentrations recorded at some of the inshore stations proved to be detrimental. Concentrations of TEP were measured in the central Great Barrier Reef (latitude 16–18 S) in summer, the season of coral spawning and recruitment. Within <10 km off the coast, TEP concentrations were high (mean1⁄4 291 49 SE lgGX l , range1⁄4 152–791 lgGX l ). Concentrations declined with increasing distance from the coast, and averaged 83 ( 26 SE) lgGX l 1 around oceanic reefs >40 km off the coast. Our study suggests that both sediment composition and short-term (43 h) sediment deposition affect survival of coral juveniles, which has implications for the capacity of inshore reefs to be recolonised by corals to recover from acute disturbance events. 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Postharvest nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical oxisol as influenced by summer crop residues and their management

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the most important non-CO2 greenhouse gas and soil management systems should be evaluated for their N2O mitigation potential. This research evaluated a long-term (22 years) experiment testing the effect of soil management systems on N2O emissions in the postharvest period (autumn) from a subtropical Rhodic Hapludox at the research center FUNDACEP, in Cruz Alta, state of Rio Grande do Sul. Three treatments were evaluated, one under conventional tillage with soybean residues (CTsoybean) and two under no-tillage with soybean (NTsoybean) and maize residues (NTmaize). N2O emissions were measured eight times within 24 days (May 2007) using closed static chambers. Gas flows were obtained based on the relations between gas concentrations in the chamber at regular intervals (0, 15, 30, 45 min) analyzed by gas chromatography. After soybean harvest, accumulated N2O emissions in the period were approximately three times higher in the untilled soil (164 mg m-2 N) than under CT (51 mg m-2 N), with a short-lived N2O peak of 670 mg m-2 h-1 N. In contrast, soil N2O emissions in NT were lower after maize than after soybean, with a N2O peak of 127 g m-2 h-1 N. The multivariate analysis of N2O fluxes and soil variables, which were determined simultaneously with air sampling, demonstrated that the main driving variables of soil N2O emissions were soil microbial activity, temperature, water-filled pore space, and NO3- content. To replace soybean monoculture, crop rotation including maize must be considered as a strategy to decrease soil N2O emissions from NT soils in Southern Brazil in a Autumn.
Efficiency and Equity Aspects of Alternative Social Security Rules

This paper studies human-capital formation, labor-supply, and retirement decisions associated with four alternative regimes of social security. We implement a theoretical model with overlapping generations of households and two different ability types within each generation. We find that with a given social security contribution rate, it is better to transfer income to the elderly as old-age benefits, paid independently of labor-market status. This holds with both Bismarckian and Beveridgean benefits. With sufficiently small ability differences, a Bismarckian system of old-age benefits is likely to offer the highest level of utility to all citizens.
Topological surface Fermi arcs in the magnetic Weyl semimetal 
Co3Sn2S2

Very recently, the half-metallic compound Co3Sn2S2 was proposed to be a magnetic Weyl semimetal (WSM) with Weyl points only 60 meV above the Fermi level E-F. Owing to the low charge carrier density and large Berry curvature induced, Co3Sn2S2 possesses both a large anomalous Hall conductivity and a large anomalous Hall angle, which provide strong evidence for the existence of Weyl points in Co3Sn2S2. In this work, we theoretically study the surface topological feature of Co3Sn2S2 and its counterpart Co3Sn2Se2. By cleaving the sample at the weak Sn-S/Se bonds, one can achieve two different surfaces terminated with Sn and S/Se atoms, respectively. The resulting Fermi-arc-related states can range from the energy of the Weyl points to E-F - 0.1 eV in the Sn-terminated surface. Therefore, it should be possible to observe the Fermi arcs in angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements. Furthermore, in order to simulate quasiparticle interference in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements, we also calculate the joint density of states for both terminals. This work should be helpful for a comprehensive understanding of the topological properties of these two magnetic WSMs and further ARPES and STM measurements.
Factor State in Innovative Ecosystems: a comparison between Brazil and Germany

Innovation is an extensively used term in modern management jargon, especially due to its capacity of giving competitive advantage to whoever is able to develop it. Consequently, due to this “special power”, innovation has been pursued by organizations worldwide, especially in the private sector. The strengths of innovation were also perceived by governments, as they began developing public policies oriented to foster innovation. In order to understand this phenomenon, this research studies the experience of two cities located in two different countries, Brazil and Germany, that are recognized nationally as having well succeeded public policies aimed on developing innovation. The paper is based on an in depth qualitative research and its main theoretical foundations are based on the contributions of Isenberg (2010) on innovation, Dye (1972) and Sebatier (1986) on public policy and Cantwell and Mudambi (2000), Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000) and Etzkowitz (2008) on innovative public policies. Despite all political, social and economic differences between Brazil and Germany, the strategies implemented in both cities followed a similar pattern and were successful in fostering an ecosystem that enabled the development of companies that generated innovations in products, services and processes. The outcomes, in both regions, were related to economic development, and creation of strong cluster of highly innovative and competitive organizations .
Long term characterization of voltage references

We report here the characterization (tem- perature coefficients and noise level) of selected voltage references in the frequency range from 10 5 to 10 Hz. The goal of this work is to update previous studies, with a characterization at lower frequencies, and find voltage references that may be suitable for the space-based interfer- ometry mission eLISA. The requirements of relative output stability of 1 ppm/ p Hz down to 0.1 mHz were not met by any of the tested devices, but 4 references approaches the objective : the AD587UQ, the MAX6126AASA50, the LT1021-BCN8-5 and the LT6655BHM. While the first three were already identified as potential devices in previous studies, the later is a new promising candidate using a different technology (bandgap).
Movement ecology of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Romanian Eastern Carpathians

Brown bear movement patterns are driven by their opportunistic feeding behaviour, with their complex life history and seasonality playing an important role in habitat selection. Within a large unfragmented forest habitats persisting over decades in the Romanian Carpathians and a prohibitive hunting management during 40 years of communist centralised game management, information about brown bear movements and spatial ecology is lacking. Using data obtained from 13 brown bears fitted with GPS telemetry collars, we estimated home ranges and core activity areas and we investigated the daily, seasonal and altitudinal movements of brown bears in the Eastern Romanian Carpathians and surrounding high hills. The median MCP95% home ranges of brown bears was 629.92 km2 and the median size of core activity areas (estimated as 50% kernel density) was 36.37 km2, with no significant differences between males and females. The mean daily distance travelled, measured as daily displacement length, was 1818 m and an analysis of seasonal movements indicated significant differences between seasons (greatest movements during the Hyperphagia season). The GPS-collared brown bears travelled between a minimum altitude measured at ~234 m and a maximum at ~1634 m. Analysing the spatial overlap between the estimated home range and the game management units (GMU) limits, we obtained a median number of 8 GMUs overlapping totally or partially with estimated home range polygons. Our study, using GPS telemetry, highlights the Nature Conservation 26: 15–31 (2018) doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.26. 22955 http://natureconservation.pensoft. net Copyright Ioan Mihai Pop et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. RESEARCH ARTICLE Launched to accelerate biodiversity conservation A peer-reviewed open-access journal
The economic and mathematical analysis of migration of employable population as a factor of national modernization in crisis

The methodical approach presented in the article allows for an unbiased analysis of the complex migratory processes that take place in Ukraine due to the influence of social, economic and financial indicators. The article offers a reliable analysis of the migratory processes, applying the differential logistic population model in order to clarify the effect of labour migration on the productive ability of the economy. The authors investigate the factors that induce a human person to migrate, and show that globalization affects international mobility.
Quasi-symmetric invariance of S-multimodal maps

The Collet-Eckmann condition is crucial in the study of maps with negative Schwarzian derivatives. Therefore, we provided a geometrical characterization of Collet-Eckmann condition of the S-multimodal maps and use it proved that Collet-Eckmann condition is a quasi-symmetric (topological) invariant of S-multimodal maps: if an S-multimodal map f is quasisymmetrically conjugate to another S-multimodal map g then f satisfies the Collet-Eckmann condition if and only if g satisfies the Collet-Eckmann condition.
Environmental Impact of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Production under Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilization

A field experiment was conducted in Astaneh-ye Ashrafieh of Guilan Province in northern Iran to evaluate the environmental impact of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production under three levels of nitrogen (N) use (0, 30, and 60 kg ha−1) applied in the form of urea fertilizer. Six categories of environmental impact (i.e., global warming potential, acidification potential, terrestrial eutrophication potential, depletion of fossil resources, potassium resources, and phosphate resources) were determined. The functional unit was assumed the production of one ton of peanut pod yield. Peanut pod yield increased by 48.8% with N rate 30 kg ha−1 and by 108.6% with N rate 60 kg ha−1, compared with control (without N fertilization). The environmental index (EcoX) values with regard to global warming, acidification, and terrestrial eutrophication potential were 0.18, 0.52, and 0.66 for N rates of 0, 30, and 60 kg ha−1, respectively. Increase in N rate aggravated the emission of NH3 and N2O, resulting in more harmful effect of peanut growth on the environment at higher N rates than control (without N fertilization). The resources depletion index (RDI) values with regard to depletion of fossil resources, potassium resources, and phosphate resources were 0.80, 0.53, and 0.30 for N rates of 0, 30, and 60 kg ha−1, respectively. Increase in N rate and the resultant higher peanut yield mitigated the environmental effects of fertilization mainly by reducing the depletion of phosphate resources. Proper N input is a major consideration for mitigating environmental impacts of N fertilization in crop production and producers should be informed to use the least rate that will give them an economic optimum return over the long run.
Safe storage guidelines for canola as the seeds slowly dry

Sathya, G. , D.S. Jayas and N.D. G. 2009. Safe storage guidelines for canola as the seeds slowly dry. Canadian Biosystems Engineering/Le genie des biosystemes au Canada 51: 3.29 3.38. Safe storage guidelines based on canola seed moisture content and storage temperature are needed to know how long seed can be held in storage without deterioration. Canola samples with 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 and 15.0% initial moisture content (m.c.) (wet basis) were stored at 10, 20, 30 and 40C for 16 wk. The seeds retained initial moisture levels at 10C, while, at 20, 30, and 40C, the seeds dried during the several weeks of this study. Seed germination, moisture content, appearance of visible mould, free fatty acid value (FAV) and invisible microflora were monitored at regular intervals. Germination of the 7.5 and 10.0% moisture content samples stored at 10 and 20C remained above 80% throughout the study, whereas that of the other samples dropped over time with higher initial moisture contents and with higher storage temperature. The samples stored at 30 and 40C lost moisture more rapidly than at 20C. Visible mould appeared in all the 15.0% moisture content samples and in all the samples stored at 40C in the early stages of storage. The FAV increased with increasing moisture content, temperature and storage time. Safe storage guidelines were developed for canola with respect to initial moisture content and storage temperature using the measured quality parameters. Canola with B10.0% moisture content stored at B20C will not deteriorate for at least 15 wk, whereas the 12.5 and 15.0% moisture content seeds stored at 25C need to be dried within a week to avoid spoilage.
Chilling stress-induced changes of antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of cucumber : in gel enzyme activity assays

To investigate the antioxidant defense system, chilling stress-induced changes of antioxidant enzymes were examined in the leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sati6us L.). Chilling stress preferentially enhanced the activities of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and peroxidase specific to guaiacol, whereas it induced the decrease of catalase activity. In order to analyze the changes of antioxidant enzyme isoforms against chilling stress, foliar extracts were subjected to native PAGE. Leaves of cucumber had four isoforms of Mn-SOD and two isoforms of Cu/Zn-SOD. Fe-SOD isoform was not observed in this plant. Expression of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD was preferentially enhanced by chilling stress. Expression of Mn-SOD-2 and -4 was enhanced after 48 h of the poststress period. Five APX isoforms were presented in the leaves of cucumber. The intensities of APX-4 and -5 were enhanced by chilling stress, whereas that of APX-3 was significantly increased in the poststress periods after chilling stress. Gel stained for GR activity revealed six isoforms in the plant. Activation levels for most of GR isoforms were higher in the stressed-plants than the control and poststressed-plants, but that of GR-1 isoform was significantly higher in the poststressed-plants than chilling stressed-plants. These results collectively suggest that chilling stress activates the enzymes of an SOD/ascorbate-glutathione cycle under catalase deactivation in the leaves of cucumber, but the response timing of enzyme isoforms against various environmental stresses is not the same for all isoforms of antioxidant enzymes. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.