Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Centralization Versus Delegation and the Value of Communication

Management literature has long debated the comparative advantages of centralized versus decentralized decision making. The usual framework of analysis focuses on an organization that consists of a principal (central management, headquarters) and one or several agents (local managers, divisions). Centralization, it is argued, allows the principal to retain control over important decisions. On the other hand, relevant information is generally dispersed among the members of the organization. To exploit the relevant information for decision making the principal must either elicit information or delegate decision making. Delegation has not played a prominent role in the work on incentive mechanisms. For the most part, this work has focused on revelation mechanisms in which all agents communicate their information to the principal who then makes all the decisions. The Revelation Principle asserts that the maximum performance attainable by some incentive mechanism can be replicated by a revelation mechanism. In particular, any mechanism involving delegation of decision making can, without loss of performance, be replaced by a completely centralized mechanism. The reasoning of the Revelation Principle, however, is valid only in a world of unlimited and costless communication. Firms decentralize, as the management literature points out (see, for example, Kaplan [1982]), precisely because communication is costly and managers have limited abilities to communicate and to process information. These costs and limitations seem essential to explaining the creation of organizational
Open reduction and internal fixation: Screw injury - Retrospective study

Background/Aims: Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is a standard surgical procedure in jaw trauma and in orthognathic surgery. Insertion of screws is a significant risk for accidental tooth root injury with varying outcomes. Contrary evidences are found in literature due to a variety of study designs. This study was undertaken to address the lacunae and possibly estimate the difference in occurrence of tooth damage during or after ORIF between trauma and planned osteotomies. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, the data of ORIF in either trauma or orthognathic surgery fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were collected and analyzed. Results: There were 1632 patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria and formed the study group, of which 663 were in orthognathic surgery, of whom 210 had bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. In the trauma group, 358 patients had fractures involving both jaws whereas 272 had maxilla alone and 339 had mandibular fractures alone. On comparing the outcome, of the 9073 screws studied, 93.40% were not involved in any contact with the teeth, 6.3% were in category of potential hits (near apices or the root surfaces), and only 0.28% had evidence of root damage with the screws. It is observed that molar and premolar had a significant difference in terms of the type of surgery (P ≤ 0.05) whereas canine (P = 0.75) and incisor (P = 0.67) showed no statistical difference. Conclusion: ORIF when used as mentioned is a safe way for the management of fractures. The incidence of root injury is not uncommon but can be avoided with careful planning and execution.
Predictors of positive thallium 201 single photon emission computed tomography in patients of end stage renal disease.

OBJECTIVES To study coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors predicting positive thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) indicating underlying CAD among patients of end stage renal disease. PLACE AND DESIGN: This cross-sectional (analytical) study was done at Department of Cardiology, Punjab Institute of Cardiology, from April 2004 to Dec 2007. METHODS One hundred consecutive patients with ESRD undergoing thallium SPECT as a routine screening test before renal transplant were studied. Dipyridamole thallium SPECT was performed in patients who were unable to exercise. RESULTS Thallium SPECT was positive in 47 (47%) cases. There were significant differences in age, underlying diabetic nephropathy and total cholesterol levels among patients positive and negative on thallium SPECT. Among the risk factors age and underlying diabetic nephropathy were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with a positive thallium SPECT in patients with ESRD. CONCLUSION Positive thallium SPECT indicating underlying CAD was observed in a significant number of patients with ESRD awaiting renal transplant. Presence of advanced age and underlying diabetic nephropathy predict a positive thallium SPECT in this population.
The performance of a family of density functional methods

The results of a systematic study of molecular properties by density functional theory (DFT) are presented and discussed. Equilibrium geometries, dipole moments, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and atomization energies were calculated for a set of 32 small neutral molecules by six different local and gradient‐corrected DFT methods, and also by the ab initio methods Hartree–Fock, second‐order Mo/ller–Plesset, and quadratic configuration interaction with single and double substitutions (QCISD). The standard 6‐31G* basis set was used for orbital expansion, and self‐consistent Kohn–Sham orbitals were obtained by all DFT methods, without employing any auxiliary fitting techniques. Comparison with experimental results shows the density functional geometries and dipole moments to be generally no better than or inferior to those predicted by the conventional ab initio methods with this particular basis set. The density functional vibrational frequencies compare favorably with the ab initio results, while for at.
Effects of a behaviour management technique for nursing staff on behavioural problems after acquired brain injury

ABSTRACT The ABC method is a behaviour management technique for use by nurses. ABC refers to the identification of Antecedent events, target Behaviours, and Consequent events. In this longitudinal intervention study with double baseline measurements we evaluated the effectiveness of the ABC method in patients with behavioural problems after acquired brain injury. Fifty-six patients participated in this study. Outcome was measured in terms of overall neuropsychiatric problem behaviour, aggression, apathy and emotional burden experienced by nurses. A process evaluation was performed to investigate usability and acceptability of the method and identify factors that influenced effectiveness. Friedman’s ANOVA showed a small significant reduction over time in overall neuropsychiatric problem behaviour and aggression. The reduction was most prominent between the first baseline measurement and the post-implementation and follow-up measurements, not between the second baseline measurement and the post-implementation or follow-up measurements. This first group study on the effects of the ABC method could not prove this technique is effective for patients with behavioural problems after acquired brain injury. Nurses indicated that the ABC method was not fully implemented in their daily routines. This may have influenced results and makes it yet premature to draw firm conclusions on the effects of the ABC method.
The Australian Labour Market in the 2000s: The Quiet Decade

The 2000s were a ‘quiet decade’ for the Australian labour market. Outcomes in the labour market were not sufficiently strong to excite great interest or attention, nor sufficiently weak to arouse major concern. No substantial increase in unemployment occurred, there were no big disputes about the appropriate theory for understanding labour market activity, and changes to labour market policy for the most part involved tinkering rather than rebuilding.
The Eyes Are the Windows to the Mind

Eye gaze is a potent source of social information with direct eye gaze signaling the desire to approach and averted eye gaze signaling avoidance. In the current work, we proposed that eye gaze signals whether or not to impute minds into others. Across four studies, we manipulated targets’ eye gaze (i.e., direct vs. averted eye gaze) and measured explicit mind ascriptions (Study 1a, Study 1b, and Study 2) and beliefs about the likelihood of targets having mind (Study 3). In all four studies, we find novel evidence that the ascription of sophisticated humanlike minds to others is signaled by the display of direct eye gaze relative to averted eye gaze. Moreover, we provide evidence suggesting that this differential mentalization is due, at least in part, to beliefs that direct gaze targets are more likely to instigate social interaction. In short, eye contact triggers mind perception.
Lie Back and Think of Judah: The Reproductive Politics of Pillar Figurines

The seemingly ubiquitous anthropomorphic "pillar" figurines of eighth and seventh century Judah have been interpreted variously as fertility goddesses and as objects connected with the domestic cult. Here, the author proposes an additional theory-that the artifacts' distribution, method of manufacture and symbolic fecundity are best understood against the ideological emphasis on social reproduction in Judah following the Assyrian destruction of Samaria and the mass deportations of Sennacherib.
En Bloc Resection of Pulmonary Sulcus Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Invading the Spine: A Systematic Literature Review and Pooled Data Analysis.

OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic literature review and pooled data analysis focusing on outcome after en bloc resection of pulmonary sulcus non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) invading the spine. BACKGROUND This rare type of NSCLC has historically been considered unresectable and fatal. Nowadays, carefully selected patients can be cured when treated surgically within a multimodality concept. METHODS The MEDLINE database was searched using the PubMed engine to retrieve relevant articles. Corresponding authors were contacted, and shared data were pooled and analyzed. RESULTS Search strategy yielded 134 articles. Six were relevant and nonduplicative. Four authors shared updated data on 135 patients. All tumors were resected en bloc with the lung, chest wall, and spine. Induction was administered in 85 patients (63%) and consisted of chemotherapy (n = 32), radiation (n = 1), or concurrent chemoradiation (n = 52). Spine resections included total (n = 23), hemi- (n = 94), and partial (n = 18) vertebrectomies. R0 resection was achieved in 120 patients (89%). Adjuvant treatment was administered to 70 patients (52%) and included chemotherapy (n = 16), radiotherapy (n = 22), or chemoradiation (n = 32). Overall, 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 57%, 43%, and 27%, respectively. Univariate analysis identified the type of resection (R0 vs R1/R2, P < 0.001) as significant prognostic factor among the variables tested (age, histology, pT/pN, type of induction/adjuvant treatment, type of lung/spine resection). CONCLUSIONS Multimodality therapy including en bloc resection for pulmonary sulcus NSCLC invading the spine provides excellent long-term survival in selected patients. This result establishes a benchmark against which the effects of new treatments can be compared in the future.
BLOOMING LEADERS AMONG EQUALS: A CASE OF LEADERSHIP SUCCESSION PLANNING IN MALAYSIAN HIGHER EDUCATION 1

Why certain organizations still look for outside talents albeit the consensus on the importance of leadership development and succession planning? This may happen when significant stakeholders believe that change is more important than continuity; and transformation could only happen with presence of outside talents. We revisit this issue by identifying ways to nurture internal talents to be change navigators while sustaining continuity. In acknowledging the scarcity of leadership talents, we conduct an in-depth study that combine descriptive quantitative analysis and in depth qualitative technique to understand the needed competencies and development programs to nurture vice-chancellors in public higher education in Malaysia. The findings suggest that competencies needed are as comprehensive as those prepared for C-suite due to the current turbulence in higher education. Hence, the programs for nurturing such talents also require an integrative dynamism from critical stakeholders.
The Role of Labeling Processes in Elderly Consumers' Responses to Age Segmentation Cues

This investigation explores labeling processes underlying age segmentation cue effects on discount usage intentions. Depth interviews regarding participants' experiences using senior-citizen-type discounts reveal three levels of responsiveness to consumer offerings promoted with age segmentation cues: rejecting senior citizen discounts to avoid self-devaluation, rejecting senior citizen discounts to avoid stigmatization, and assigning positive meanings to the status that promotes senior citizen discount usage. An experimental investigation, undertaken to assess the sequential ordering of these levels of responsiveness, reveals that self-devaluation and perceived stigma mediate age segmentation cue effects on discount usage intention only for younger-aged elderly. Results lend support for a stage model of consumers' progression through phases of responsiveness to "senior citizen" labeling. Copyright 1994 by the University of Chicago.
Age‐related changes in the glutathione redox system

The effect of aging on the glutathione redox system was evaluated in this study. For this purpose, we determined reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in whole blood, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GSSGR) in erythrocytes and selenium (Se) in plasma in 176 healthy individuals. We also calculated GSH/GSSG molar ratios. These subjects were divided into five groups: group 1 (n = 25; 0.2–1 years old); group 2 (n = 28; 2–11 years old); group 3 (n = 23; 12–24 years old); group 4 (n = 40; 25–40 years old); group 5 (n = 60; 41–69 years old). GSH levels in groups 1 and 5 were significantly lower than the other groups (p< 0.001). Conversely, GSSG levels were significantly high in these periods (p< 0.001). The GSH/GSSG molar ratio was found to be low both in the first year of life and in the oldest group (p< 0.001, respectively). GPx activity in group 5 was increased as compared to the other groups (p< 0.001). GSSGR activity was significantly lower in the oldest groups than in the other groups (p< 0.001). Se levels were found to be low in the oldest group (p< 0.001). Selenium levels of women in group 5 were significantly high as compared to the men (p< 0.01). We found negative correlations between age and GSH levels (r = 0.402; p< 0.001), selenium levels (r = 0.454; p< 0.001), GSH/GSSG molar ratio (r = 0.557; p< 0.001) and GSSGR activity (r = 0.556; p< 0.001). There were positive correlations between age and GPx (r = 0.538; p< 0.001) and GSSG level (r = 0.551; p< 0.001). In conclusion, our findings show that the glutathione redox system is affected by age. Oxidative stress increases during the aging process. There is no effect of aging on the glutathione redox system according to sex except for the Se level. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recognition of Base J in Duplex DNA by J-binding Protein*

β-d-Glucosylhydroxymethyluracil, also called base J, is an unusual modified DNA base conserved among Kinetoplastida. Base J is found predominantly in repetitive DNA and correlates with epigenetic silencing of telomeric variant surface glycoprotein genes. We have previously found a J-binding protein (JBP) in Trypanosoma, Leishmania, andCrithidia. We have now characterized the binding properties of recombinant JBP from Crithidia using synthetic J-DNA substrates that contain the glycosylated base in various DNA sequences. We find that JBP recognizes base J only when presented in double-stranded DNA but not in single-stranded DNA or in an RNA:DNA duplex. It also fails to interact with free glucose or free base J. JBP is unable to recognize nonmodified DNA or intermediates of J synthesis, suggesting that JBP is not directly involved in J biosynthesis. JBP binds J-DNA with high affinity (K d = 40–140 nm) but requires at least 5 bp flanking the glycosylated base for optimal binding. The nature of the flanking sequence affects binding because J in a telomeric sequence binds JBP with higher affinity than J in another sequence known to contain J in trypanosome DNA. We conclude that JBP is a structure-specific DNA-binding protein. The significance of these results in relation to the biological role and mechanism of action of J modification in kinetoplastids is discussed.
Molecular Insights into X;BTA5 Chromosome Rearrangements in the Tribe Antilopini (Bovidae)

For a clade that includes Antilope, Gazella,Nanger and Eudorcas (Antilopinae), X;BTA5 translocation is a synapomorphy. Using a combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes and polymerase chain reaction techniques, we provide (i) the first insight into the X;BTA5 architecture which differs in the species under study: Antilope cervicapra (genus Antilope), Gazella leptoceros (genus Gazella) and Nanger dama ruficollis (genus Nanger), (ii) determination of interstitial satellite DNA at the X;BTA5 junctions, and (iii) determination of repetitive sequences occupying constitutive heterochromatin of Xp arms in the studied species. The distribution of 2 repetitive DNA families in the centromeric regions of all chromosomes has been investigated by FISH with probes representing satellite I and satellite II DNA in all studied species. In this context, we discuss a markedly smaller centromere in the BTA5 (Y2) unfused chromosomes in males in the XY1Y2 determining system in comparison with other acrocentrics. An analysis of karyotypic data described in current published studies revealed a disparity with the data determined by FISH. In this report, we document chromosomal fusions in the 3 species mentioned resulting from FISH with painting probes prepared from cattle (Bos taurus). The number and chromosomal location of nucleolus organizer regions were determined by FISH. In the present study, we emphasize the importance of chromosomal rearrangement verification, particularly, if they are used for phylogenetic analysis.
Hired to Be Fired: The Publicity Value of Managers

Sports teams frequently fire and hire managers when they experience losing. However, determining managerial responsibility for player performance is difficult to measure. This study examines how major-league baseball players perform under different managers and estimates that managers have little effect on performance. The study further investigates whether or not replacing managers serves as a signal to fans that the team is improving, which boosts attendance. The results indicate that new managers were associated with increased attendance in the 2000s; however, such effects were not present in the 1980s and 1990s.
Lack of β3 Integrin Signaling Contributes to Calpain-Mediated Myocardial Cell Loss in Pressure-Overloaded Myocardium

Although cardiac hypertrophy initially ensues as a compensatory mechanism, it often culminates in congestive heart failure. Based on our earlier studies that calpain and β3 integrin play cell death and survival roles, respectively, during pressure-overload (PO) hypertrophy, we investigated if the loss of β3 integrin signaling is a potential mechanism for calpain-mediated cardiomyocyte death during PO. β3 Integrin knockout (β3-/-) and wild-type mice were used to induce either moderate or severe PO in vivo for short-term (72-hour) and long-term (4-week) transverse aortic constriction. Whereas wild-type mice showed no changes during moderate PO at both time points, β3-/- mice exhibited both enrichment of the μ-calpain isoform and programmed cell death of cardiomyocytes after 4-week PO. However, with severe PO that caused increased mortality in both mice groups, cell death was observed in wild-type mice also. To study calpain's role, calpeptin, a specific inhibitor of calpain, was administered through an osmotic mini-pump at 2.5 mg/kg per day beginning 3 days before moderate transverse aortic constriction or sham surgery. Calpeptin administration blocked both calpain enrichment and myocardial cell death in the 4-week PO β3-/- mice. Because β3 integrin contributes to cardioprotective signaling, these studies indicate that the loss of specific integrin function could be a key mechanism for calpain-mediated programmed cell death of cardiomyocytes in PO myocardium.
Long-term outcome of autism spectrum disorder

In most cases, autism spectrum disorder is a life-long condition, often severely affecting the quality of life of the patient and his/her family, but nowadays this diagnosis should not be considered a final sentence without appeal. Although even today the recovery from the autism spectrum is an unlikely possibility, a timely psycho-educational intervention can significantly improve the level of autonomy reached by the individual and therefore favorably modify the outcome. Some predictors of long-term outcome are known, primarily childhood intelligence quotient and early language/communication ability, but today this issue is still open. The lack of studies evaluating the long-term effects of the most important intervention programmes should be filled with adequate research. Community support and social integration may be very important in improving outcomes for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. But a real social integration involves a work activity and this is still a great problem today. An adequate and timely preparation of the working career of these individuals is fundamental for their future, and it should be done by choosing, as far as possible, suitable activities for them. Finally, in creating a dignified future for people with autism, we must never forget to listen to their point of view, whenever possible, in order to meet their particular needs.
Purification and characterization of the membrane adenosine triphosphatase complex from the wild-type and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-resistant strains of Streptococcus faecalis

We have purified the F1-F0 adenosine triphosphatase complex from wild-type Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 and an N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD)-resistant mutant strain, SF-dcc-8. For preliminary purification of the complex, reconstituted F1-F0, prepared from isolated F1 adenosine triphosphatase and depleted membranes, was extracted with sodium deoxycholate and fractionated by salt precipitation. By means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the F1-F0 complex was purified as a single, catalytically active band in the first dimension and then resolved into constituent subunits under denaturing conditions in the second dimension. The electrophoretic purification of F1-F0 removed a delta-less form of F1 as well as other impurities, including lipoteichoic acid. Both the DCCD-sensitive and the DCCD-resistant F1-F0 adenosine triphosphatase appeared to consist of eight proteins, five of which corresponded to the F1 subunits alpha, beta,, gamma, delta, and epsilon. The F0 sector proteins, designated M27, M15, and M6, had Mr values of 27,000, 15,000, and 6,000, respectively. There appear to be multiple copies of M6 in the complex. [14C]DCCD reacted specifically and covalently with M6 in the wild-type F1-F0 but failed to label the M6 protein in the complex from the DCCD-resistant strain. It is suggested that DCCD resistance in the SF-dcc-8 mutant may be due to a modification of the M6 protein which hinders access of DCCD to the reactive site.
External Variables, Institutional Structure & Dissent on State Supreme Courts

State judiciaries have not received their proper share of attention from political scientists. Although there have been signs of change in this situation, it remains true that we know much more about the United States Supreme Court than about any court or group of courts at lower levels. The study of state courts presents many obstacles, so that if the present attempt to find out a little about the rates of dissent and the reasons therefore is not definitive, one can hardly blame the authors. One hopes that they will continue along the present lines.