Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Unintentional Ingestion of Marijuana in Children Younger Than 6 Years in States With and Without Legalized Marijuana Laws

Objective The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between state marijuana legalization and the rates of unintentional ingestions of marijuana in children younger than 6 years. Methods This was a retrospective review of all marijuana ingestions in the National Poison Data System in children younger than 6 years between January 1, 2000, and July 31, 2017. Data analysis from NPDS included, age, sex, state and year of occurrence, clinical effects, therapies, health care facility utilization, and medical outcome. Population of children younger than 6 years was obtained from the US Census Bureau. Public records search provided state legal status of marijuana and year of state marijuana legalization. Results From 2000 through 2008, there was no significant change in the annual number or rate of ingestions of marijuana in children younger than 6 years across the United States. Following 2009, there was mean annual increase of 27% per year, rising to 742 ingestions per year or 2.98 ingestions per 100,000 population, respectively, in 2017. More than 70% of all cases occurred in states with legalized marijuana. Of all pediatric patients, 54.6% received some form of hospital-based care, of which 7.5% required critical care. Pediatric patients experienced a wide range of symptoms from drowsiness and confusion, to seizures and coma. Medical treatments ranged from hydration therapy to sedation and intubation. Poison centers safely managed 23.4% of these pediatric cases by phone, without the need for hospital evaluation. Conclusion There was a strong association between the legalization of marijuana and ingestions of marijuana by children younger than 6 years.
Prostate cancer in relation to diet, physical activity, and body size in blacks, whites, and Asians in the United States and Canada.

BACKGROUND International and interethnic differences in prostate cancer incidence suggest an environmental, potentially modifiable etiology for the disease. PURPOSE We conducted a population-based case-control study of prostate cancer among blacks (very high risk), whites (high risk), and Asian-Americans (low risk) in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Hawaii, Vancouver, and Toronto. Our aim was to evaluate the roles of diet, physical activity patterns, body size, and migration characteristics on risk in these ethnic groups and to assess how much of the interethnic differences in risk might be attributed to interethnic differences in such lifestyle characteristics. METHODS We used a common protocol and questionnaire to administer personal interviews to 1655 black, white, Chinese-American, and Japanese-American case patients diagnosed during 1987-1991 with histologically confirmed prostate carcinoma and to 1645 population-based control subjects matched to case patients by age, ethnicity, and region of residence. Sera collected from 1127 control subjects were analyzed for levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to permit comparison of case patients with control subjects lacking serological evidence of prostate disease. Odds ratios were estimated using conditional logistic regression. We estimated the proportion of prostate cancer attributable to certain risk factors and the proportion of interethnic risk differences attributable to interethnic differences in risk-factor prevalence. RESULTS A positive statistically significant association of prostate cancer risk and total fat intake was found for all ethnic groups combined. This association was attributable to energy from saturated fats; after adjusting for saturated fat, risk was associated only weakly with monounsaturated fat and was unrelated to protein, carbohydrate, polyunsaturated fat, and total food energy. Saturated fat intake was associated with higher risks for Asian-Americans than for blacks and whites. In all ethnic groups combined, the risk tended to be higher when only case patients with advanced disease were compared with control subjects with normal PSA levels. Among foreign-born Asian-Americans, risk increased independently with years of residence in North America and with saturated fat intake. Crude estimates suggest that differences in saturated fat intake account for about 10% of black-white differences and about 15% of white-Asian-American differences in prostate cancer incidence. Risk was not consistently associated with intake of any micronutrients, body mass, or physical activity patterns. CONCLUSIONS These data support a causal role in prostate cancer for saturated fat intake but suggest that other factors are largely responsible for interethnic differences in risk.
Evaluation of tuberculosis diagnostic criteria in children

The research was performed to review the diagnostic criteria for tuberculosis (TB) in 198 children with confirmed TB. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on a series of 525 children aged 1 to 15 years. Among 525 patients, 198 were diagnosed with TB. Data were collected from patient records, chest radiographs, and laboratory examinations. Demographic and diagnostic characteristics of patients were reviewed using the currently available criteria. In this study, 38.9% of patients were male and 61.1% were female. Among all patients, 34.8% were Iranian and 65.2% were Afghanis. In total, 82.8% of patients reported close contact with a TB case. Among all patients, 13.1% had extrapulmonary tuberculosis, 72.7% had pulmonary tuberculosis, and 14.1% had both pulmonary and extra pulmonary involvement. The frequency of Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), contact, clinical symptoms, radiograph findings, and bacteriology as diagnostic methods was 79.3, 83.8, 83.8, 85.9, and 58.1%, respectively. In our case, 90.4% of patients fulfilled the criteria. A high diagnostic value was determined for smear and culture of gastric aspirates in children. However, this could not be considered as a gold standard for diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. The results of our current diagnostic criteria showed a significant efficacy and accuracy of the mentioned criteria.
Genetic Diversity and Pathogenic Potential of Attaching and Effacing Escherichia coli O26:H11 Strains Recovered from Bovine Feces in the United States

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli O26 has been identified as the most common non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) serogroup to cause human illnesses in the United States and has been implicated in outbreaks around the world. E. coli has high genomic plasticity, which facilitates the loss or acquisition of virulence genes. Attaching and effacing E. coli (AEEC) O26 strains have frequently been isolated from bovine feces, and there is a need to better characterize the relatedness of these strains to defined molecular pathotypes and to describe the extent of their genetic diversity. High-throughput real-time PCR was used to screen 178 E. coli O26 isolates from a single U.S. cattle feedlot, collected from May to July 2011, for the presence or absence of 25 O26 serogroup-specific and virulence-associated markers. The selected markers were capable of distinguishing these strains into molecularly defined groups (yielding 18 unique marker combinations). Analysis of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat 1 (CRISPR1) and CRISPR2a loci further discriminated isolates into 24 CRISPR types. The combination of molecular markers and CRISPR typing provided 20.8% diversity. The recent CRISPR PCR target SP_O26-E, which was previously identified only in stx 2-positive O26:H11 human clinical strains, was identified in 96.4% (161/167 [95% confidence interval, 99.2 to 93.6%]) of the stx-negative AEEC O26:H11 bovine fecal strains. This supports that these stx-negative strains may have previously contained a prophage carrying stx or could acquire this prophage, thus possibly giving them the potential to become pathogenic to humans. These results show that investigation of specific genetic markers may further elucidate our understanding of the genetic diversity of AEEC O26 strains in bovine feces.
First known microdeletion within the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome critical region refines genotype-phenotype correlation.

Deletions within HSA band 4p16.3 cause Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS), which comprises mental retardation and developmental defects. A WHS critical region (WHSCR) of approximately 165 kb has been defined on the basis of 2 atypical interstitial deletions; however, genotype-phenotype correlation remains controversial, due to the large size of deletion usually involving several megabases. We report on the first known patient with a small de novo interstitial deletion restricted to the WHSCR who presented with a partial WHS phenotype consisting only of low body weight for height, speech delay, and minor facial anomalies; shortness of stature, microcephaly, seizures and mental retardation were absent. The deletion was initially demonstrated by FISH analysis, and breakpoints were narrowed with a "mini-FISH" technique using 3-5 kb amplicons. A breakpoint-spanning PCR assay defined the distal breakpoint as disrupting the WHSC1 gene within intron 5, exactly after an AluJb repeat. The proximal breakpoint was not found to be associated with a repeated sequence or a known gene. The deletion encompasses 191.5 kb and includes WHSC2, but not LETM1. Thus, manifestations attributable to this deletion are reduced weight for height, minor facial anomalies, ADHD and some learning and fine motor deficiencies, while seizures may be associated with deletions of LETM1.
HELICOBACTER PYLORI & ORAL CAVITY INFLAMMATION

Nowadays there are multiple studies suggesting that inflammation of the oral cavity caused by bacteria, Microbial and fungi is accompanied by gastric inflammation. Helicobacter pylori infection is considered as one of the most common infectious diseases throughout the world, the carriage rate of Helicobacter pylori is reported to be 20-80% for adults in the developed world, and more than 90% in the developing world . it is also associated with peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma and specially cofactor in the instance of happening again of aphthous ulceration, gastric colonization and mucosal attachment. Current studies indicate that H. pylori is present in dental plaque, although the number of organisms in individual samples is very low, and these numbers appear to vary from one site to another within the mouth. The presence of this organism in plaque may be fitful, perhaps occurring as the result of gastroesophageal reflux. in our study the Most important finding was that patients with recognized inflammation in the oral cavity in the form of stomatitis prothetica hyperplasica.
Quantitative analysis of asbestos burden in women with mesothelioma.

BACKGROUND Lung tissue from 15 women who died from mesothelioma was evaluated for tissue burden of ferruginous bodies and uncoated asbestos fibers. The group contained individuals who had occupational exposure to asbestos and others had family members whose work history included vocations where contact with asbestos containing materials occurred. METHODS Tissue samples from tumor free lung were digested and filtered and then investigated for ferruginous bodies by light microscopy and asbestos and non-asbestos fibers by analytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM). Size and type of fibers were also analyzed. RESULTS Asbestos bodies were found in 13 of the 15 samples and asbestos fibers were found in all cases. The most commonly found uncoated asbestos fiber in these individuals was amosite whereas tremolite was the second most commonly found form. The asbestos fiber burden in these females was often of mixed types. CONCLUSIONS The asbestos body and fiber burden in these cases show variation in tissue burden. Some cases in this study had appreciable burden, which was attributed to secondhand exposure from occupationally exposed family members. Mesothelioma can occur also in individuals with comparatively low tissue burdens of asbestos.
IMMUNOMODULATION, IMMUNOSTIMULATION AND EXTRACORPOREAL BLOOD PURIFICATION IN SEPSIS: POTENTIALLY BENEFICIAL TECHNIQUES IN CARDIAC SURGERY

Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening state caused by an infection and an inadequate, dysregulated host immune response. Focusing on cardiac surgery, the prevalence of sepsis is low, after procedures situated between 0.39% and 2.5%. Nevertheless, the current life-expectancy of septic patients are poor, mortality varying from 65% to 79%. Pathophysiology and immunopathology of sepsis is still unclear. Actually we consider sepsis as a dynamic process with two different sides. Both immune hyperactivity and immune suppression are presented during the progression. Although immunomodulation is not a fresh idea in the treatment of sepsis. Currently the diagnosis of sepsis is based on clinical signs. The biomarkers and molecular diagnostic tools are insufficient.The actual concept of immunopathophysiology in sepsis is based on the idea of a dynamic parallel immune response, both pro- and antiinflammatory processes are presented from the beginning. Equilibrium may be the key in the immune response of sepsis. Immune system tries to maintain the homeostatic environment during sepsis via pro- and antiinflammatory processes. In case of an unbalanced, dysregulated and radical (in both directions) response mortality become frightfully high. Infectional source control, adequate antibiotic therapy and organ support are the three corner stones in the treatment of sepsis since the definition of sepsis born.In our review we would like to add a detailed overview on two promising modalities of immunomodulation: (1) extracorporeal blood purification; (2) immunostimulation.The purposeof present article is to give an up-to-date, comprehensive review on the utilization of extracorporeal blood purification techniques and immunostimulation in septic patient after cardiac surgery.
PSO-Based Multiobjective Optimization With Dynamic Population Size and Adaptive Local Archives

Recently, various multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithms have been developed to efficiently and effectively solve multiobjective optimization problems. How ever, the existing MOPSO designs generally adopt a notion to "estimate" a fixed population size sufficiently to explore the search space without incurring excessive computational complexity. To address the issue, this paper proposes the integration of a dynamic population strategy within the multiple-swarm MOPSO. The proposed algorithm is named dynamic population multiple-swarm MOPSO. An additional feature, adaptive local archives, is designed to improve the diversity within each swarm. Performance metrics and benchmark test functions are used to examine the performance of the proposed algorithm compared with that of five selected MOPSOs and two selected multiobjective evolutionary algorithms. In addition, the computational cost of the proposed algorithm is quantified and compared with that of the selected MOPSOs. The proposed algorithm shows competitive results with improved diversity and convergence and demands less computational cost.
Fisher identifiability analysis for a periodically-excited equivalent-circuit lithium-ion battery model

This paper uses Fisher information to quantify the identifiability of internal resistance and charge capacity for a first-order nonlinear equivalent-circuit model of a lithium-ion battery undergoing periodic cycling. The paper derives analytic Cramér-Rao bounds on the variances with which a maximum-likelihood estimator can determine these parameters in the presence of white and Gaussian voltage measurement noise. This mathematical analysis shows that the challenge of battery parameter identifiability, already recognized in the literature for higher-order electrochemical battery models, is fundamentally present even for much simpler equivalent circuit models. The analysis also quantifies the degree to which the sensitivity of battery open-circuit voltage with respect to state of charge affects parameter identifiability. The paper serves as a first-cut analysis of the accuracy with which one can determine two battery state-of-health metrics - namely, power and capacity fade - from periodic cycling tests.
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE Original Studies Comparison of Drug-Eluting Stents With Bare Metal Stents in Unselected Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the procedural characteristics and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with drug-eluting stents (DES) vs. bare metal stents (BMS). Background: DES have been shown to reduce the incidence of restenosis and target vessel revascularization (TVR) in clinical randomized studies when compared with BMS in patients undergoing elective percutaneous intervention. Limited data are available with the use of DES in patients with acute STsegment elevation myocardial infarction. Methods: Two hundred and sixty-one consecutive patients who presented with myocardial infarction between 7/2001 and 8/2005 were studied. The procedural characteristics, 30-day and 12-month outcomes of 131 patients treated with DES were compared with 130 patients treated with BMS. Results: At 12-months follow-up DES therapy was associated with a substantial decrease in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (HR 0.33; P = 0.002), TVR (HR 0.19; P = 0.002), and recurrent myocardial infarction (HR 0.23; P = 0.051) vs. BMS therapy. Coronary interventions utilizing DES were characterized by a marked increase in the number of stent per target vessel (DES: 1.9 6 0.9 vs. BMS: 1.38 6 0.6, P < 0.0001), treatment of bifurcation (DES: 21% vs. BMS: 5%, P = 0.0004), and multivessel intervention (DES: 22% vs. BMS: 8%, P = 0.003). Conclusion: The routine use of DES in acute myocardial infarction is associated with reduced rates of MACE at 12 months vs BMS, despite a higher rate of complex procedures in the DES treated patients. In addition to its anti-restenosis effect, the improved outcome of patients treated with DES may be linked to a more complete revascularization in association with prolonged clopidogrel therapy. ' 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A semi-balanced section in the northwestern Zagros region: Constraining the structural architecture of the Mountain Front Flexure in the Kirkuk Embayment, Iraq

The Mountain Front Flexure or Fault (MFF) of the Zagros Mountains separates the foreland or foothills area from the morphological apparent mountain belt. Across this feature the regional elevations of Mesozoic to Neogene stratigraphic horizons substantially rise towards the mountain belt. Thin-skinned and thick-skinned structural styles have been proposed for this rise in other parts of the Zagros region. In our study area, in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), we integrated surface and subsurface data and constructed a (semi-) balanced cross-section across the MFF. The section features duplex structures in the deeper subsurface, related to a deeper Palaeozoic and a shallower Triassic decollement horizon. On a smaller scale, layer-parallel shortening and intense deformation is observed in the incompetent lithologies, leading to an incipient disharmonic folding. Restoration of the section reveals a distinct imbalance between shortening in the upper part of the stratigraphic section (approximately 4 km or 16% on top Jurassic level) to the lower part (approximately 20 km or 49% on top Permian level). The imbalance can only be equalised on a regional section if the shortening is transferred from the lower to the higher decollement levels, which is connected to folds and thrusts in the foothills area. Based on observations from the mechanical stratigraphy, geometric relationships in map and cross-section, as well as morphological considerations, we argue that the origin of the MFF in the area of the considered section is related to active roof duplexes rather than basement-involved thrusting.
The Genetic Architecture of Major Depressive Disorder in Han Chinese Women

Importance Despite the moderate, well-demonstrated heritability of major depressive disorder (MDD), there has been limited success in identifying replicable genetic risk loci, suggesting a complex genetic architecture. Research is needed to quantify the relative contribution of classes of genetic variation across the genome to inform future genetic studies of MDD. Objectives To apply aggregate genetic risk methods to clarify the genetic architecture of MDD by estimating and partitioning heritability by chromosome, minor allele frequency, and functional annotations and to test for enrichment of rare deleterious variants. Design, Setting, and Participants The CONVERGE (China, Oxford, and Virginia Commonwealth University Experimental Research on Genetic Epidemiology) study collected data on 5278 patients with recurrent MDD from 58 provincial mental health centers and psychiatric departments of general medical hospitals in 45 cities and 23 provinces of China. Screened controls (n = 5196) were recruited from a range of locations, including general hospitals and local community centers. Data were collected from August 1, 2008, to October 31, 2012. Main Outcomes and Measures Genetic risk for liability to recurrent MDD was partitioned using sparse whole-genome sequencing. Results In aggregate, common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) explained between 20% and 29% of the variance in MDD risk, and the heritability in MDD explained by each chromosome was proportional to its length (r = 0.680; P = .0003), supporting a common polygenic etiology. Partitioning heritability by minor allele frequency indicated that the variance explained was distributed across the allelic frequency spectrum, although relatively common SNPs accounted for a disproportionate fraction of risk. Partitioning by genic annotation indicated a greater contribution of SNPs in protein-coding regions and within 3′-UTR regions of genes. Enrichment of SNPs associated with DNase I-hypersensitive sites was also found in many tissue types, including brain tissue. Examining burden scores from singleton exonic SNPs predicted to be deleterious indicated that cases had significantly more mutations than controls (odds ratio, 1.009; 95% CI, 1.003-1.014; P = .003), including those occurring in genes expressed in the brain (odds ratio, 1.011; 95% CI, 1.003-1.018; P = .004) and within nuclear-encoded genes with mitochondrial gene products (odds ratio, 1.075; 95% CI, 1.018-1.135; P = .009). Conclusions and Relevance Results support a complex etiology for MDD and highlight the value of analyzing components of heritability to clarify genetic architecture.