Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An end-result study of the Keller operation.

1. Arthroplasty of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe by the Keller procedure gave good or excellent results in 93 per cent. of 193 operations in this series. 2. Only five of the 113 patients were dissatisfied, or had complete operative failures. 3. The chief complication has been delayed wound healing, caused by early removal of sutures and by weight-bearing before the fourteenth day after operation. 4. A long period of convalescence is required after this procedure.
On the Estimation of Bid-Ask Spreads: Theory and Evidence

Abstract This paper extends the Roll model for implicit bid-ask spreads by incorporating the possibility of serial correlation in transaction type. The validity of this formula is examined using intra-day transactions and bid-ask spread data for options traded on the Chicago Board Options Exchange. The results indicate that the model derived here closely estimates the effective bid-ask spread in that it explains more than 80 percent of the crosssectional differences in announced bid-ask spreads.
Delineating the Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial University: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Experience

In many universities, heads, administrators and faculty seek to increase the propensity to engage in commercialization of research activity through the spinoff of new companies. The highly complex mechanism of spinoff generation is typically considered the result of either the characteristics of individuals, organizational policies and structures, organizational culture, or the external environment. Explanations of spinoff activity have in the main focused on only one of these dimensions at a time. In this paper we integrate these four dimensions of academic entrepreneurship to develop a more systemic understanding of spinoff activity at the university level. Using the case of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a top spinoff generator in the United States, a systemic analysis is presented. We identify the inter-related factors that have contributed to successful academic entrepreneurship in MIT. We argue that MIT's success is based on the science and engineering resource base at MIT; the quality of research faculty; supporting organizational mechanisms and policies such as MIT's Technology Licensing Office; and the culture within MIT faculty that encourages entrepreneurship. However, to understand why MIT has developed these resources and organizational mechanisms, it is necessary to understand the historical context and emergence of MIT, and in particular the historical mission of the university, the role of key individuals and university leaders in supporting this mission, and the impact of past success at commercialization activity. Finally, we suggest that MIT's success needs to be understood in the context of the local regional environment. We argue that university administrators and academics can learn from the case of MIT, but that efforts at transposing or replicating single elements of MIT's model may only have limited success, given the inter-related nature of the drivers of spinoff activity.
YOUTH-ADULT PARTNERSHIPS: EXAMINING THE PERCEPTIONS OF YOUTH AND ADULT 4-H FOUNDATION BOARD MEMBERS

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of youth-adult partnerships within state 4-H foundation boards by assessing perceptions of youth and adult members toward one another. The intent of this study was to provide youth serving organizations with empirical data pertaining to the youth-adult partnerships within the Western 4-H Foundations included in this study. The population for the study included state 4-H foundations across the United States that included both adults and youth as voting members of the foundation director’s board. The purposive study sample was state 4-H foundation boards from the Western 4-H region with youth and adults in formal decision-making roles. This research was conducted using a modified form of the Involvement and Interaction Rating Scale (IIRS). The IIRS instrument was organized based on three item groups that measured the following constructs: 1) Youth Involvement Indicators, 2) Adult Involvement Indicators, and 3) Youth-Adult Interaction Indicators. Each of the three sections incorporated semantic differential questions. Adult participants consistently had higher means through out each of the three IIRS constructs. Semantic differential questions nine, twelve, and thirteen were repeatedly statistically significant throughout multiple comparisons. Evidence revealed youth with prior youthadult partnership experience held less positive views regarding youth-adult partnerships than did the youth with no experience in a youth-adult partnership. Youth believed adults were over-bearing and did not let the youth excel to their potential. Youth perceived adults were not actively listening to youth and were not taking youths’ ideas seriously.
Toward an animal model of the human tear film: biochemical comparison of the mouse, canine, rabbit, and human meibomian lipidomes.

PURPOSE Secretions that are produced by meibomian glands (also known as meibum) are a major source of lipids for the ocular surface of humans and animals alike. Many animal species have been evaluated for their meibomian lipidomes. However, there have been a very small number of studies in which the animals were compared with humans side by side. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare meibum collected from humans and three typical laboratory animals, canines, mice, and rabbits, for their meibomian lipid composition in order to determine which animal species most resembles humans. METHODS High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) in combination with mass spectrometry were used to evaluate lipidomes of all tested species. RESULTS Among three tested animal species, mice were found to be the closest match to humans in terms of their meibomian lipidomes, while canines were the second closest species. The lipids of these three species were close to each other structurally and, for most lipid classes, quantitatively. The rabbit meibomian lipidome, on the other hand, was vastly different from lipidomes of all other tested species. Interestingly, a previously described class of lipids, acylated omega-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFA), was found to be present in every tested species as the major amphiphilic component of meibum. CONCLUSIONS Our side by side comparison of the rabbit and the human meibum demonstrated their vast differences. Thus, the rabbit seems to be a poor animal model of the human tear film, at least when studying its biochemistry and biophysics.
Role of Parental Literacy in Explaining Gender Difference: Evidence from child Schooling in India

Using the WIDER data-set from rural West Bengal, this article examines gender differences in child schooling, using indicators of school enrolment and attainment at the primary level. Among various factors studied, there is only weak evidence that characteristics of the older siblings and household resource constraint can explain this observed gender difference. There is, however, significant evidence that paternal and maternal education explain gender differences in both school enrolment and attainment: while father's education has a significant impact on both boy's and girl's education at the primary level, mother's literacy has greater impact on the chances of daughters being educated than sons. In other words, when mothers have bargaining power, in this case via education, they are likely to increase collective household welfare rather than to perpetuate discriminatory practices.
MODELING GROWTH (AND LIBERALIZATION) USING SMOOTH TRANSITIONS ANALYSIS

Economic liberalization has been a pervasive phenomenon over the last twenty years. Programs have been initiated on the assumption that liberalization promotes economic growth but the empirical evidence for this is limited. This paper takes a novel approach to modeling growth and structural change as smooth transitions. This allows the authors to model deterministic change without imposing discrete changes. They use smooth transition analysis to reappraise the time-series properties of long-run growth rates in a number of developing countries which have undertaken liberalization. The authors' results challenge conventional wisdom on both methodological and empirical grounds. Copyright 1997 by Oxford University Press.
Thatcherism Delayed? The Irish Crisis and the Paradox of Social Partnership

This article reviews the state of Irish industrial relations in light of the current economic crisis. It argues that social partnership, paradoxically, was rooted in the continuation of a tradition of permissive voluntarism with minimal employment rights with both direct and indirect implications for the current Irish economic crisis. As such, Irish industrial relations cannot be understood in isolation from a broader analysis of the rise and fall of social structures of capitalist accumulation. The discussion considers the prognosis for social partnership post-economic crisis.
WTO Space for National Regulation: Requiem for a Diagonal Vector Test

This article examines the concept of de facto breaches of a national treatment obligation in the context of Articles III:2 (fiscal measures) and III:4 (regulatory measures) of the GATT 1994; and Article 2.1 of the TBT Agreement (technical regulations), particularly following the Appellate Body Reports in the Clove Cigarettes, Tuna, and COOL cases. The same problem of balancing a federal trade interest and local fiscal or regulatory autonomy arises in other tiered jurisdictions. It is not solved by mechanistically comparing the different treatment of one (imported) good and a different (domestic) good, that is, through a diagonal vector of comparison. Rather, it can only be solved by enquiring into what the true objective of the measure is, whether it is legitimate, whether the measure contributes to the objective, and whether there is another equally effective but less trade restrictive measure available. In short, whether the measure is necessary or reasonable. These questions are not part of the analysis of the product (which is competition based) or part of delimiting the like domestic product category (which simply has to be identical), but part of the analysis of less favourable treatment. This has several implications, summarized in the conclusion of this article. In particular, this article identifies the root cause of an earlier drift in WTO jurisprudence away from a balanced approach to regulatory autonomy and towards a diagonal vector of comparison as being a misinterpretation of the Ad Article to Article III:2. This Ad Article does not refer to the relationship between the imported and domestic product categories (which is the true 'like product' issue). Rather, it refers to the question of whether two different goods can be combined as one product on both the import and domestic sides of the comparison (correctly referred to as the 'product' issue) because they are directly competitive or substitutable. This problem only arises in de facto cases, because in de jure cases it is necessary to identify a distinction based exclusively on origin. In the most recent cases the tail (the TBT Agreement) has wagged the dog (the GATT 1994), heralding a further improvement in the previously unsettled balance between the trade interest and national fiscal and regulatory autonomy. The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. , Oxford University Press.
Theory from the South: Or, how Euro-America is Evolving Toward Africa

‘The Global South’ has become a shorthand for the world of non-European, postcolonial peoples. Synonymous with uncertain development, unorthodox economies, failed states, and nations fraught with corruption, poverty, and strife, it is that half of the world about which the ‘Global North’ spins theories. Rarely is it seen as a source of theory and explanation for world historical events. Yet, as many nation-states of the Northern Hemisphere experience increasing fiscal meltdown, state privatization, corruption, and ethnic conflict, it seems as though they are evolving southward, so to speak, in both positive and problematic ways. Is this so? In what measure? What might this mean for the very dualism on which such global oppositions rest? Drawing on recent research, primarily in Africa, this paper touches on a range of familiar themes—law, labor, and the contours of contemporary capitalism—in order to ask how we might understand these things with theory developed from an ‘ex-centric’ vantage. This view renders some key problems of our time at once strange and familiar, giving an ironic twist to the evolutionary pathways long assumed by social scientists.
Modelling International Price Relationships and Interdependencies between the Stock Index and Stock Index Futures Markets of Three EU Countries: A Multivariate Analysis

This paper addresses the important relationship between stock index and stock index futures markets in an international context. By simply examining the spot-futures relationship within a single country as most of the extant literature does and thus ignoring possible market interdependencies between countries, the dynamics of price adjustments may be misspecified and thus findings misleading. The main contribution of the paper is to improve our understanding of the pricing relationship between spot and futures markets in the light of international market interdependencies. Using a multivariate VAR-EGARCH methodology, the paper investigates stock index and stock index futures market interdependence, that is lead-lag relationships and volatility interactions between the stock and futures markets of three main European countries, namely France, Germany and the UK. In addition, the paper explicitly accounts for potential asymmetries that may exist in the volatility transmission mechanism between these markets. The main conclusions of the paper imply that investors need to account for market interactions across countries to fully and correctly exploit the potential for hedging and diversification.
Music Interventions and Child Development: A Critical Review and Further Directions

Research on the impact of music interventions has indicated positive effects on a variety of skills. These findings suggest musical interventions may have further potential to support educational processes and development of children. This paper reviews the latest evidence on the effect of musical interventions on the development of primary school-aged children. Four electronic databases were searched from January 2010 through June 2016 using music, music instruction, music education, music lesson, music training, development, child, student, and pupil as key words for the search. Two reviewers independently evaluated the studies to determine whether they met the stated inclusion criteria. Studies were compared on study setup, methodological quality, intervention components, outcome variables, and efficacy. A review of these selected studies (n = 46) suggestive beneficial effects of music intervention on development of children, although clear conclusions cannot be drawn. Possible influencing factors that might contribute to the outcome of intervention are reviewed and recommendations for further research are made.
How does equity capital cost affect bank performance during a financial crisis?

This article theoretically examines how equity capital cost affects return performance and safety of a bank and how this effect varies across a financial crisis comparing to a normal time when the bank manager’s performance reveals the like of higher equity return and the dislike of higher equity risk. We derive two main results. First, an increase in the bank’s equity capital cost from an increase of the interest rate of the Federal funds results in a reduced loan risk-taking at an increased optimal bank interest margin, implying better bank performance. Second, by ignoring the dislike, we find that the better performance is reinforced during a financial crisis but is reduced during a normal time. Financial crises and the dislike preference as such contribute a relatively low return and the stability of banking activities.
Determinants of the Internationalization Pathways of Family Firms: An Examination of Family Influence

Internationalization is recognized as a valuable strategy for organizations' growth and expansion; however, little is known about the internationalization behavior of family firms. Using stage model theory, the internationalization processes of eight family firms from their foundation to the present time are examined. Three key determinants of the internationalization pathways taken by family firms are identified: the level of commitment toward internationalization, the financial resources available, and the ability to commit and use those financial resources to develop the required capabilities. Furthermore, how the family unit influenced these determinants is explored. The implications for family business practitioners and ideas for future research are discussed.
Trade, Remittances, Institutions, and Economic Growth

This paper empirically investigates the role of trade, remittances, and institutions in economic development in a large sample of developing countries using recently developed instruments for all these variables. Both cross-country (over 30 years) and dynamic panel data (over 5-year periods) regressions of growth rates on instrumented trade, remittances, and institutions provide evidence of a significant impact of trade, institutions, and remittances on growth. While institutions foster growth, remittances hamper it. The effect of trade on growth is positive in cross-sectional regressions but ambiguous in dynamic panel data regressions. These results are indicative of a more important role for trade in explaining growth in the very long run compared with over shorter horizons.
Mature B cells are required for acute splenic infection, but not for establishment of latency, by murine gammaherpesvirus 68

Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gamma HV-68; also referred to as MHV-68) is a gammaherpesvirus which infects murid rodents. Previous studies showed that CD8 T cells are important for controlling gamma HV-68 replication during the first 2 weeks of infection and suggested a role for B cells in latent or persistent gamma HV-68 infection. To further define the importance of B cells and CD8 T cells during acute and chronic gamma HV-68 infection, we examined splenic infection in mice with null mutations in the transmembrane domain of the mu-heavy-chain constant region (MuMT; B-cell and antibody deficient) or in the beta2-microglobulin gene (beta2 -/-; CD8 deficient). Immunocompetent mice infected intraperitoneally with gamma HV-68 demonstrated peak splenic titers 9 to 10 days postinfection, cleared infectious virus 15 to 20 days postinfection, and harbored low levels of latent virus at 6 weeks postinfection. Beta2-/- mice showed peak splenic gamma HV-68 titers similar to those of normal mice but were unable to clear infectious virus completely from the spleen, demonstrating persistent infectious virus 6 weeks postinfection. These data indicate that CD8 T cells are important for clearing infectious gamma HV-68 from the spleen. Infected MuMT mice did not demonstrate detectable infectious gamma HV-68 in the spleen at any time after infection, indicating that mature B lymphocytes are necessary for acute splenic infection by gamma HV-68. Despite the lack of measurable acute infection, MuMT spleen cells harbored latent virus 6 weeks postinfection at a level about 100-fold higher than that in normal mice. These data demonstrate establishment of latency by a herpesvirus in an organ in the absence of acute viral replication in that organ. In addition, they demonstrate that gamma HV-68 can establish latency in a cell type other than mature B lymphocytes.
The Effect of Transport Costs on Housing-related Financial Stress in Australia

Housing-related financial stress or housing stress is usually measured on the basis of income and direct housing costs such as mortgage repayments and rents. One cost that is not included in calculations of housing stress, but which may be important, is the difference made by transport costs. This paper shows how a measure of housing stress that incorporates transport costs can give a different picture of housing stress from a measure that ignores transport costs. The result shows that, in capital cities, bringing transport costs into a housing stress measure particularly affects households with children. It is also found that the impact of transport costs is even greater outside capital cities and that access to public transport may play a role in determining the spatial pattern of housing stress and hence the impact of transport cost on housing stress.
The Increased Frequency and Duration of the Postdoctorate Career Stage

U.S. research universities are increasingly populated by postdoctoral fellows. Two dimensions of the postdoctoral training have led to this increase. One is the increasing number of new Ph.D. s taking a first postdoc position, and the other involves a lengthening of the duration of an individual’s postdoc experience. In this paper, we examine factors contributing to both of these trends. We find that the increased propensity to take a postdoctoral position can be attributed to the increased proportion of Ph.D.s being awarded in the life sciences and the increased proportion of temporary and permanent residents in the graduate population. The increased propensity to take a postdoc position also relates to adverse job market conditions experienced by Ph.D. s during the period. Our postdoc duration results suggest that increased duration can be explained in part by the increasing proportion of Ph.D. s awarded to temporary residents and the increased number of degrees being awarded in the life sciences. Adverse job market conditions also appear to play a role. We also find the duration of the postdoc experience to be positively related to the provision of fringe benefits. We would like to thank Grant Black of the Andrew Young School for his assistance. We also thank Science Resources Statistics, National Science Foundation for providing U.S. access to the Survey of Doctorate Recipients and the Survey of Earned Doctorates. We have benefited from the comments of Robert Clark, Richard Freeman, Bill Amis, Michael Rothchild and participants at the November 2004 NBER Education meeting. Stephan would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the TIAA-CREF Institute for this project and from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation for support of work with the Survey of Earned Doctorates.
Statements of ECB Officials and Their Effect on the Level and Volatility of the Euro-Dollar Exchange Rate

This paper studies the reaction of the mean and volatility of the euro-dollar exchange rate to statements of ECB officials during the first years of EMU. We focus on statements on monetary policy and the (potential) strength of the euro. We find that the Bundesbank has dominated the news coverage. We conclude that ECB statements have mainly influenced volatility. In some cases there are effects of statements on the level of the euro-dollar rate. Efforts to ‘talk up’ the euro have not been successful. There is also evidence of asymmetric reactions to news.