Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Are existing ancillary service markets adequate with high penetrations of variable generation?

The inherent variability of wind generation may 1) increase the operating costs of the conventional generators used to follow the net load not supplied by wind capacity (i.e. due to additional ramping costs), and 2) increase the amount of reserve conventional generating capacity needed to maintain Operating Reliability. For customers, the higher operating costs for conventional generators caused by additional ramping are largely offset by lower wholesale prices, due to reductions in the total annual generation from fossil fuels. However, the lower wholesale prices ($/MWh) imply lower annual earnings for conventional generators that lead to higher amounts of missing money ($/MW) needed to maintain the Financial Adequacy of installed generating units. In addition, the operating costs for the generating units that provide ramping will be higher, and these costs are not covered in the standard markets that supply regulation. The objective of this paper is to determine how wind variability affects the optimal hour-to-hour dispatch of generating units and the corresponding operating costs and wholesale prices. The results show that incorporating the cost of ramping can have substantial effects on these costs and on the optimum amount of wind capacity dispatched and the amount of reserve generating capacity needed for reliability. The Cornell SuperOPF is used to illustrate how the operating costs and wholesale prices can be determined for a reliable network (the amount of conventional generating capacity needed to maintain Operating Reliability is determined endogenously). In previous research using the SuperOPF, the analyses have been based on optimizing the dispatch and reserves for typical hours. In contrast, the results in this paper use a typical daily pattern of load and capture the cost of ramping by including additions to the operating costs of the generating units associated with the hour-to-hour changes in their optimal dispatch. The calculations for determining endogenous up and down reserves are included, and the wind generation cost is assumed to be zero. Additionally, the maximum and minimum available capacities for all hours in the day are constrained to the optimal capacities for the hours with the highest and the lowest loads. Different scenarios are evaluated for a given hourly realization of wind speeds using specified amounts of installed wind capacity with and without ramping costs. The analysis also evaluates the effects of eliminating network constraints and the daily variability of the wind resource.
Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum in paclitaxel‐induced apoptosis

The participation of the mitochondrial pathway in paclitaxel‐induced apoptosis has been well documented. After addition of paclitaxel to U937 cells, however, we observed an early expression of five endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response genes that preceded the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and the cleavage of the caspases. Involvement of the ER was supported by the following evidence. Paclitaxel treatment not only activated calpain and caspase‐4, but also induced a gradual increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration at 3–6 h. Paclitaxel‐induced apoptosis can be inhibited by the calpain inhibitor calpeptin and IP3 receptor inhibitors. Either buffering of the cytosolic Ca2+ or inhibition of mitochondrial calcium uptake reduced BiP expression. These inhibitors also reduced mitochondrial apoptotic signals, such as mitochondrion membrane potential disruption, cytochrome c release and eventually reduced the death of U937 cells. Paclitaxel‐induced Bax/Bak translocation to the ER and Bax dimerization on the ER membrane occurred within 3 h, which led to a Ca2+ efflux into cytosol. Moreover, we found that cytochrome c translocated to the ER after releasing from mitochondria and then interacted with the IP3 receptor at 12–15 h. This phenomenon has been known to amplify apoptotic signaling. Taken together, ER would seem to contribute to paclitaxel‐induced apoptosis via both the early release of Ca2+ and the late amplification of mitochondria‐mediated apoptotic signals. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 1509–1523, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is Empathic Emotion a Source of Altruistic Motivation

It has been suggested that empathy leads to altruistic rather than egoistic motivation to help. This hypothesis was tested by having subjects watch another female undergraduate receive electric shocks and then giving them a chance to help her by taking the remaining shocks themselves. In each of two experiments, subjects' level of empathic emotion (low versus high) and their ease of escape from continuing to watch the victim suffer if they did not help (easy versus difficult) were manipulated in a 2 X 2 design. We reasoned that if empathy led to altruistic motivation, subjects feeling a high degree of empathy for the victim should be as ready to help when escape without helping was easy as when it was difficult. But if empathy led to egoistic motivation, subjects feeling empathy should be more ready to help when escape was difficult than when it was easy. Results of each experiment followed the former pattern when empathy was high and the latter pattern when empathy was low, supporting the hypothesis that empathy leads to altruistic rather than egoistic motivation to help.
Biliary bypass surgery – Analysis of indications & outcome of different procedures

Objectives: This study reports the indications and outcome of various biliary bypass surgical procedures from a single centre over a period of 10 years. Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted over a period of 10 years (January 2001-december 2010). A total of 1500 patients were included, who underwent pancreatico-biliary surgery due to common bile duct (CBD) stones, congenital anomalies of biliary tree, unoperable pancreatico-biliary malignancies, CBD strictures and cases who developed iatrogenic biliary injuries during cholecystectomy (both open & laproscopic) during this period of time. The patients who required biliary bypass surgery were further analysed for indications and outcome. Results: Out of 1500 patients 83(5.53%) required biliary bypass surgical procedures. The CBD stones were observed as the most common indication (25.3%), followed by CBD injuries after open(10.84%) or laproscopic-cholecystectomy (14.46%), carcinoma head of pancreas (12.05%) and CBD obstruction(14.46%) either due to CBD strictures or unknown distal obstruction. Roux-en-Y-hepatico-jejunostomy (26.51%) was the most frequently performed procedure, followed by choledochoduodenostomy and Roux-en-Y choledocho-jejunostomy (i.e. 25.3% and 12.05% respectively). Roux-en-Y biliary bypass procedure was observed to be associated with better outcome in terms of rate of complications as well duration of hospital stay. Conclusion: Biliary bypass surgical procedures are the better options to restore the continuity of biliary system in patients with iatrogenic biliary tree injuries and un-operable pancreatico-biliary malignancy. Roux-en-Y biliary bypass procedure is safe and problem solving method in these cases.
Substance dependence and substance-related problems: an agenda-setting debate. A further commentary on Li et al. (2007).

A recent paper by Li et al. [1], the comments on that paper [2–6] and the authors’ reply [7] together provide a thoughtful discussion around the idea of dependence and problems as constituting separate dimensions. This journal feature can be seen, in sum, as useful in agendasetting. These are some of the items which one might want to take from the debate as deserving a place in a future research agenda. The questions are relevant to our understanding not only of alcohol, but also of other mind-acting substances.
Alumina gel injections into the temporal lobe of rhesus monkeys cause complex partial seizures and morphological changes found in human temporal lobe epilepsy

The goal of the present study was to determine whether alumina gel injections into temporal lobe structures cause complex partial seizures (CPS) and pathological changes observed in human temporal lobe epilepsy. Rhesus monkeys with alumina gel injections in the amygdala, perirhinal and entorhinal cortices, or Ammon's horn and dentate gyrus all initially displayed focal pathological electroencephalographic (EEG) slowing limited to the site of injection. After clinical seizures developed, they also displayed widespread pathological EEG slowing over both hemispheres, interictal and ictal epileptiform EEG abnormalities limited to the mesial–inferior temporal lobe on the side of injection, and different degrees of spread to other ipsilateral and contralateral structures.
Landing on the moon with type-2 fuzzy logic

In this study, we will present the novel application of Type-2 (T2) fuzzy logic to the popular video game called Lunar Lander. The proposed T2 fuzzy moon landing system structure is composed of the error signal generator and the T2 fuzzy logic control structure which give the opportunity to transform the moon landing problem of the spaceship as a multivariable tracking control problem. The landing problem of the game can be seen as one of the classical multivariable control problems including uncertainties due to the randomization process occurring the game environment. Thus, we will employ T2 fuzzy logic controllers since they are capable of handling a high level of uncertainties. Then, by optimizing the T2 fuzzy moon landing system via the particle swarm optimization, we will show that the resulting T2 fuzzy moon landing system resulted with an adequate control and game performance in the presence of the uncertainties, disturbances and nonlinear system dynamics in comparison with its type-1 and conventional counterparts. We believe that the results of this paper will be an important step for a wider deployment of T2 fuzzy logic in the research area of computer games.
Testing market efficiency in an ex-dividend setting-Could the market be efficient in the presence of inefficiency ?

Market efficiency in an ex-dividend context is still a disputed matter in the world of finance. Even though numerous articles have been published in the area, with several different approaches, this anomaly is still contested. Overall, the consensus is that the stock price falls less than the dividend amount on ex-dividend day, meaning that there is an excess return to be made at this period. In the Swedish market, previous studies are also ambiguous, with results of both efficiency and inefficiency. Because of that fact, this thesis aims to determine the level of efficiency in a Swedish mid-cap, ex-dividend setting, by implementing the methodology of Elton & Gruber (1970). Studying mid-cap listed companies provides an additional approach, since earlier studies have investigated the largeand/or small-cap. Also, the Swedish market provides a useful setting, since there is equal taxation on capital gain and dividend and a large amount of companies that pays dividend to their shareholders. In addition, we explore if investors are compensated for the inefficiency through higher returns per unit of risk, by implementing the Sharpe ratio, Treynor’s performance index and the mean-variance criterion. According to Fama & French (1993), the market is efficient if investors are compensated through higher returns for taking additional risk. Therefore, in order to determine if the market is in fact efficient, we include a variable for risk. The findings are that the market is inefficient for three of the five years studied. However, since the measure for risk, volatility, has an significant impact on the inefficiency, and the Sharpeand Treynor’s ratios are higher for the inefficient years than the non-inefficient, the market may very well be efficient after all.
Effects of Anti-psychotic Medications on Appetite , Weight , and Insulin resistance

Although clozapine, olanzapine, and other atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs) have fewer extrapyramidal side effects, they have serious metabolic side effects such as substantial weight gain, intra-abdominal obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Given that most patients with mental disorders face chronic, even life-long, treatment with APDs, the risks of weight gain/obesity and other metabolic symptoms are major considerations for APD maintenance treatment. This review focuses on the effects of APDs on weight gain, appetite, insulin resistance, and glucose dysregulation, and the relevant underlying mechanisms that may be help to prevent and treat metabolic side effects caused by APD therapy.
Treatment of complex arteriosclerotic lesions with nitinol stents in the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries: a midterm follow-up.

PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness of nitinol stents in patients with short, complex lesions in the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries and to assess midterm results. MATERIALS AND METHODS Self-expandable nitinol stents were implanted in 54 extremities in 44 patients to treat complex stenoses (n = 32) and occlusions (n = 22) in the superficial femoral and popliteal arteries. Follow-up was performed for 5-51 months to evaluate early thrombosis and midterm patency rates. Midterm patency rates were compared between the following: stenoses and occlusions, proximal and distal locations, good and poor runoff, and diabetic patients and nondiabetic patients. All patients underwent clinical investigation and color Doppler sonography after 1 month and 6 months and at 6-month intervals thereafter. If restenosis or stent thrombosis was suspected, intraarterial digital subtraction angiography of the superficial and popliteal arteries was performed. RESULTS Percutaneous stent implantation was successful in all patients. The mean duration of follow-up was 27 months (range, 5-51 months). No thrombotic occlusion occurred within the first 4 weeks after stent implantation. The primary 3-year patency rate was 76%, and the secondary patency rate was 87%. Three-year primary patency rates were 65% for diabetic patients and 82% for nondiabetic patients. CONCLUSION In patients with short, complex stenoses and occlusions, implantation of nitinol stents may have a positive impact on midterm results.
Role of Protein Kinase D in Golgi Exit and Lysosomal Targeting of the Transmembrane Protein, Mcoln1

The targeting of lysosomal transmembrane (TM) proteins from the Golgi apparatus to lysosomes is a complex process that is only beginning to be understood. Here, the lysosomal targeting of mucolipin‐1 (Mcoln1), the TM protein defective in the autosomal recessive disease, mucolipidosis type IV, was studied by overexpressing full‐length and truncated forms of the protein in human cells, followed by detection using immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. We demonstrated that a 53‐amino acid C‐terminal region of Mcoln1 is required for efficient exit from the Golgi. Truncations lacking this region exhibited reduced delivery to lysosomes and decreased proteolytic cleavage of Mcoln1 into characteristic ∼35‐kDa fragments, suggesting that this cleavage occurs in lysosomes. In addition, we found that the co‐expression of full‐length Mcoln1 with kinase‐inactive protein kinase D (PKD) 1 or 2 inhibited Mcoln1 Golgi exit and transport to lysosomes and decreased Mcoln1 cleavage. These studies suggest that PKDs play a role in the delivery of some lysosomal resident TM proteins from the Golgi to the lysosomes.
Hypothalamic lesions in multiple sclerosis

Objectives To determine the frequency of hypothalamic lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) using conventional MRI (cMRI) protocols. Methods Brain cMRI (1.5 Tesla) scans of 105 Caucasian patients with classical MS (50 with stable and 55 with more active disease) and 12 patients with longitudinal extensive myelopathy (LEM) were reviewed retrospectively. NMO-IgG antibody was assayed in patients with hypothalamic lesions. Results Hypothalamic lesions were found in 13.3% of MS patients and in none of the LEM patients. A higher frequency of hypothalamic lesions was found in patients with active MS (18.2%) than in the stable group (8.0%), but this did not reach statistical significance (p=0.13). Patients with hypothalamic lesions also had more lesions in other cerebral structures. None of the LEM patients had hypothalamic lesions. No patients with hypothalamic lesions were positive for NMO-IgG. Conclusions Hypothalamic lesions in MS are more frequent than previously reported and are not associated with NMO-IgG antibody.
Concept for Recycling Waste Biomass from the Sugar Industry for Chemical and Biotechnological Purposes

The objective of this study was to develop a method for the thermally-assisted acidic hydrolysis of waste biomass from the sugar industry (sugar beet pulp and leaves) for chemical and biotechnological purposes. The distillates, containing furfural, can be catalytically reduced directly into furfurayl alcohol or tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. The sugars present in the hydrolysates can be converted by lactic bacteria into lactic acid, which, by catalytic reduction, leads to propylene glycol. The sugars may also be utilized by microorganisms in the process of cell proliferation, and the biomass obtained used as a protein supplement in animal feed. Our study also considered the effects of the mode and length of preservation (fresh, ensilage, and drying) on the yields of furfural and monosaccharides. The yield of furfural in the distillates was measured using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The content of monosaccharides in the hydrolysates was measured spectrophotometrically using enzymatic kits. Biomass preserved under all tested conditions produced high yields of furfural, comparable to those for fresh material. Long-term storage of ensiled waste biomass did not result in loss of furfural productivity. However, there were significant reductions in the amounts of monosaccharides in the hydrolysates.
An Approach to Sentiment Analysis using Artificial Neural Network with Comparative Analysis of Different Techniques

Sentiment Analysis is the process of identifying whether the opinion or reviews expressed in a piece of work is positive, negative or neutral. Sentiment analysis is useful in social media monitoring to automatically characterize the overall feeling or mood of consumers as replicated in social media toward a specific brand or company and determine whether they are viewed positively or negatively on the web Sentiment Analysis has been widely used in classification of review of products and movie review ratings. This paper reviews the machine learning-based approaches to sentiment analysis and brings out the salient features of techniques in place. The prominently used techniques and methods in machine learning-based sentiment analysis include Naïve Bayes, Maximum Entropy and Support Vector Machine, K-nearest neighbour classification. Naïve Bayes has very simple representation but doesn't allow for rich hypotheses. Also the assumption of independence of attributes is too constraining. Maximum Entropy estimates the probability distribution from data, but it performs well with only dependent features. For SVM may provide the right kernel, but lacks the standardized way for dealing with multi-class problems. For improving the performance regarding correlation and dependencies between variables, an approach combining neural networks and fuzzy logic is often used.
New Oral Anticoagulants vs Vitamin K Antagonists: Benefits for Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

New oral anticoagulants (NOAC) have demonstrated their efficacy as an alternative to vitamin K antagonists (VKA) in the prophylaxis of cardioembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, evidence on the benefits of NOAC in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is lacking.We evaluated changes in HRQoL related to oral anticoagulation therapy employing a specific questionnaire in a cohort of 416 patients with AF undergoing electrical cardioversion. In terms of HRQoL, we observed a progressive adaptation to treatment with VKA; satisfaction with NOAC remained constant. Older age, higher left ventricular ejection fraction and NOAC were associated with better HRQoL.
Pharmacokinetics of Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin as a Single‐Agent Treatment of Pediatric Patients With Refractory or Relapsed Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin is currently approved to treat CD33‐positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first relapse in patients older than age 60 years. The objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory AML. The study population comprised 29 subjects younger than age 18 with AML in first relapse. Dosages of 6, 7.5, and 9 mg/m2 were administered during the study. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined following each dose for hP67.6, total calicheamicin derivatives, and unconjugated calicheamicin derivatives. hP67.6 pharmacokinetic parameters had a consistent and statistically significant change between the first and second doses. Increases in AUC and decreases in both CL and Vss from the first dose to the second dose were consistent with those of the adult population. Changes between dose periods for total calicheamicin derivatives and unconjugated calicheamicin derivatives were consistent with those of hP67.6. Changes in pharmacokinetic parameters between dose periods are attributed to saturation of CD33 binding sites and diminished clearance resulting from a lower peripheral blast burden and antigen. Children receiving 9 mg/m2 had the following hP67.6 pharmacokinetic parameters: Cmax, 3.47±1.04 mg/L; AUC, 136 ±107 mg•h/L; CL, 0.12 ±0.15 L/h/m2; Vss, 6.5 ±5.5 L; and t1/2, 64±44 h after their first dose. Mean pharmacokinetic values are similar to values reported in adults. Individual children demonstrated large intersubject variability, similar to adults. The pharmacokinetics of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in pediatric patients closely follow the profile and variability of adult patients.
Rural Health Care Ethics: Is There a Literature?

To better understand the available publications addressing ethical issues in rural health care we sought to identify the ethics literature that specifically focuses on rural America. We wanted to determine the extent to which the rural ethics literature was distributed between general commentaries, descriptive summaries of research, and original research publications. We identified 55 publications that specifically and substantively addressed rural health care ethics, published between 1966 and 2004. Only 7 (13%) of these publications were original research articles while (12) 22% were descriptive summaries of research and 36 (65%) were general commentaries. The majority of publications examined (55%) were clinically focused while 27% addressed organizational ethics and 18% addressed ethical ramifications of rural health care policy at a national or community level. Our findings indicate that there are a limited number of publications focusing on rural health care ethics, suggesting a need for scholars and researchers to more rigorously address rural ethics issues. *This work was supported by Veterans' Rural Health Initiative, White River Junction, Vermont. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or of the United States government.