Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning in anticipation of reward and punishment: perspectives across the human lifespan

Pavlovian biases influence the interaction between action and valence by coupling reward seeking to action invigoration and punishment avoidance to action suppression. In this study we used an orthogonalised go/no-go task to investigate learning in 247 individuals across the human lifespan (7-80 years) to demonstrate that all participants, independently of age, demonstrated an influence of Pavlovian control. Computational modeling revealed peak performance in young adults was attributable to greater sensitivity to both rewards and punishment. However in children and adolescents an increased bias towards action but not reward sensitivity was observed. In contrast, reduced learning in midlife and older adults was accompanied with decreased reward sensitivity and especially punishment sensitivity. These findings reveal distinct learning capabilities across the human lifespan that cannot be probed using conventional go/reward no-go/punishment style paradigms that have important implications in life-long education.
Mobilising Women from a Low Income Community to Attend Cervical Cancer Screening Camps: Insights from a Study in an Urban Slum of Mumbai

Background: To increase the cervical cancer screening rate, various strategies are being conducted in the communities. The present study uses mixed interventional approach aiming to create awareness among couples about cervical cancer and Pap smear and to increase the rate of Pap smear screening. Methods: The study was carried out in collaboration with Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM). The Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Maternity Home under MCGM situated in Vikhroli, Mumbai was selected for the study. The study followed a quasi-experimental design. Women aged between 18 to 49 years and their husbands were randomly selected for the survey. Pre and post intervention survey was conducted to see the impact of intervention on creating awareness and utilization of Pap smear services. Multilevel intervention program was adopted to achieve the objectives. Results: Significant increase in awareness about cervical cancer among couples was observed from pre (5.5%) to post (97.7%) intervention survey. About 32.2% women were found to be infected with HPV. Conclusion: Mixed interventional approach is a good strategy for early diagnosis of cervical cancer.
Otolith Biochemistry—A Review

Abstract Otoliths are bioinorganic minerals within the inner ear of all bony fishes. They grow incrementally, laying down alternating protein-rich and mineral-rich bands daily. Consequently, otoliths are considered natural chronometers, archiving the growth and physico-chemical histories of individual fish, and thus are a powerful resource for fish biologists and fisheries managers. To date, otolith research has focused primarily on the measurement of otolith increments for age and growth studies and to a lesser extent on the analysis of trace-element:calcium ratios for reconstructing past environments. In contrast, little attention has been paid to the proteinaceous constituents of the otolith, their mechanisms of incorporation or their implications for otolith formation, growth and chemical composition. To provide a picture of the current state-of-knowledge, 228 papers relating to otolith biochemistry were reviewed, producing a comprehensive summary of the biochemistry of the endolymph, saccular epithelial tissues, and the otolith. Furthermore, this review presents a discussion of the structure and function of the 28 proteins and 5 proteoglycans identified thus far, provides comments on the appropriateness and utility of trace elements as environmental proxies, and suggests fruitful lines of future research in otolith science.
On the Cause of Recent Variations in Lower Stratospheric Ozone

We use height‐resolved and total column satellite observations and 3‐D chemical transport model simulations to study stratospheric ozone variations during 1998–2017 as ozone‐depleting substances decline. In 2017 extrapolar lower stratospheric ozone displayed a strong positive anomaly following much lower values in 2016. This points to large interannual variability rather than an ongoing downward trend, as reported recently by Ball et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp‐18‐1379‐2018). The observed ozone variations are well captured by the chemical transport model throughout the stratosphere and are largely driven by meteorology. Model sensitivity experiments show that the contribution of past trends in short‐lived chlorine species to the ozone changes is small. Similarly, the potential impact of modest trends in natural brominated short‐lived species is small. These results confirm the important role that atmospheric dynamics plays in controlling ozone in the extrapolar lower stratosphere on multiannual time scales and the continued importance of monitoring ozone profiles as the stratosphere changes.
Cross-species transfer of SSR markers in Setaria sphacelata and Trichloris crinita sp.

Setaria sphacelata and Trichloris crinita are subtropical forage species that are important for livestock breeding in Argentina. Genomic information is scarce for these species, and there are no molecular markers designed for them; this limits the development of genetic improvement programs. We performed a cross-species transfer of SSR markers from several Poaceae species. In S. sphacelata, 8 SSR markers were transferred from Setaria italica (40% transfer rate), exhibiting 83% polymorphism. Kazungula, Splenda and Narok cultivars were genetically differentiated and the experimental material “Selección INTA” was separated from Narok, from which it was derived. For T. crinita, 19 microsatellites were transferred from 5 Poaceae species (7.3% transfer rate), with 69% polymorphism. The results obtained in this study show the potential of the transferred SSR markers for assessing genetic variation and for expanding the genetic resources available for these species.
Towards Reducing Cancer Death: An Exploratory Study Of Physicians Knowledge On Cancer Basic Facts

Objective: To explore the knowledge of basic facts on common female cancers amongst Physicians in active practice. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study among 160 doctors working in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital. Results: Majority of the physicians surveyed (86.2%) were in full time academic practice with 13.8% in combined academic and private practice. The experience (years in practice) of the Physicians varied from 1-22 years, with a majority (57.9%) in category A (1-5 years ), while 40.3% were in category D (>15 years). A large proportion of the Physicians had poor knowledge on basic cancer facts with regards to the prevalence (47.2%), mortality rate (54.1%), available screening tests (65.4%), and association between HPV and cancers of the anogenital region (56.6%). The type of practice did not significantly influence Physicians knowledge on basic cancer facts (P values > 0.05) More Physicians in full academic practice had good knowledge about human papilloma virus compared to those in combined practice (23.3% vs. 5%; fulltime academics vs. combine practice). There was no significant difference in the knowledge of the Physicians on the prevalence, available screening tests and mortality rate of the cancers based on their experience (P values > 0.05) Conclusion: Physicians in active practice have poor knowledge of basic cancer facts irrespective of their number of years in practice. These portend serious setback for health education, policy formulation on prevention and reduction of Cancer related morbidity and mortality. Keywords: Cancer, Human papilloma Virus (HPV), Knowledge, counselling
“Simply Speaking Your Mind, from the Depths of Your Soul”: Therapeutic Factors in Experiential Group Psychotherapy for Sex Offenders

ABSTRACT Sex offenders demonstrate heightened levels of negative emotions, traumatic experiences, mental health issues, and emotion disregulation. This study presents a qualitative analysis of interviews with sex offenders concerning helpful experiences in experiential group psychotherapy. Experiential group psychotherapy aims to increase emotional awareness, emotional expression, and reflection on emotions. The data were thematically coded according to Yalom’s therapeutic factors for group psychotherapy. The results indicate that Cohesion is reported to be most helpful: when clients trust their peers and feel respected by therapists, emotional engagement in treatment is achieved. Clients report being more capable of focusing on and tolerating their own emotions, which also influences the way they relate to other people (Interpersonal Learning). Experiences related to Universality, Instillation of Hope, Altruism, and Existential Learning were also mentioned as helpful in the treatment.
Cainozoic and Recent Deep Sea Cytherurid Ostracoda from the South Western Pacific and Eastern Indian Oceans , Part I : Cytherurinae

From a largely unpublished database the systematics, geographical and stratigraphical distribution of Cainozoic cytherurine Ostracoda found in the deep sea environment of the eastern Indiall and south-western Pacific regions is presented. Eleven new species: ? Eucytherura anoda, Eucytherura batalaria, ? Eucytherura boomeri, Eucytherura elegantula, Eucytherura indianensis, Eucytherura multi tubercula ta, Eucytherura pacifica, Eucytherura parabatalaria, ? Eucytherura polydictyota, Eucytherura tumida and Hemiparacytheridea vanharteni are described. Five species are assigrwd lo previously established taxa and four species are left in open nomenclature due to paucity of material. MICHAEL A. AYRESS, ROBIN WHATLEY, SIAN E. DOWNING & KARIN J. MILLSON, 1995. Cainozoic and Recent deep sea cytherurid Ostracoda from the south western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans, Part I: Cytherurinae. Records of the Australian Museum 47(2): 203-223. Deep sea ostracod studies which have examined the fine fraction (less than 250 micron aperture seive) of samples frequently report species of the Cytheruridae. That this family comprises very small species (less than 0.40 mm in length) explains why they are poorly represented in most published faunal lists of deep sea ostracods. This study indicates that the group is well represented in the deep-sea at least in the Indo-Pacific region and that this has been so throughout the Cainozoic. The present study is concerned with the Cytherurinae. A subsequent paper will describe the Cytheropterinae. Taxonomic knowledge of deep sea forms of the genera considered in this report, is based on material collected mainly from the Atlantic region (Maddocks & Steineck, 1987; Whatley & Coles, 1987; Coles & Whatley, 1989). Material collected from the deep IndoPacific and compiled through comprehensive studies undertaken in the Micropalaeontological Research Unit, Aberystwyth, Wales, is still incorporated in largely unpublished theses. To assimilate the nomenclature contained therein with the present taxonomic study it is considered useful to list all names-unpublished as well as published-that have been applied to these taxa during the course of our work. (Unpublished references are indicated by asterisk *). This valuable source of information, useful for improving our understanding of the systematics and zoogeography of the taxa, is the focus of this report. 204 Records of the Australian Museum (1995) Vo! 47
A Study on Bullying Tendencies among Preadolescents

The amount of bullying escalating in schools in recent years has been approached as an issue that needs to be investigated, whose causes need to be searched and for which preventive efforts should be made. This study is aimed at examining the bullying tendencies among preadolescents. The study was carried out with middle school preadolescents in Konya between the years 2016 and 2017. The voluntary participants were 122 female and 78 male students with an age range of 13 to 14 years. The participants were administered the Bullying Tendency Scale, which was developed and whose validity and reliability was established by Dolek (2002), and the demographic information about the students were collected using a Personal Information Form developed by the researcher. Analysis of the data obtained in the study revealed significant results in favour of male students in negative reflection, lack of emotional sharing, causing distress, use of force and bullying tendency according to the gender of participants. In terms of age factor, significant results were obtained in favour of 14 year-olds in causing distress, use of force and bullying tendency. For negative reflection, no significant difference was found in justification and lack of emotional sharing according to the age of preadolescents. Similarly, no significant difference was found in relation to the socio-economic status of the participants. Recommendations were offered based on the results of the study.
Ab initio studies of O-2 (-) ( H 2 O ) ( n ) and O-3 (-) ( H 2 O ) ( n ) anionic molecular clusters

An ab initio study of gaseous clusters of O −2 and O−3 with water is presented. Based on thorough scans of configurational space, we determine the thermodynamics of cluster growth. The results are in good agreement with benchmark computational methods and existing experimental data. We find that anionic O −2 (H2O)n and O − 3 (H2O)n clusters are thermally stabilized at typical atmospheric conditions for at leastn = 5. The first 4 water molecules are strongly bound to the anion due to delocalization of the excess charge while stabilization of more than 4 H 2O is due to normal hydrogen bonding. Although clustering up to 12 H2O, we find that the O2 and O3 anions retain at least ca. 80 % of the charge and are located at the surface of the cluster. The O−2 and O − 3 speicies are thus accessible for further reactions. We consider the distributions of cluster sizes as function of altitude before finally, the thermodynamics of a few relevant cluster reactions are considered.
the reduction process is paramount for tuning the semiconducting properties in graphene oxide

The transition from semi-metallic to semiconducting states in graphene has ushered in nanostructured materials with novel and enhanced electrical, mechanical, physiochemical and optical properties. The scope of graphene and its potential for novel applications could be substantially impacted by this transition. This article reviews the properties, recent synthesis methodologies and emerging applications of this wonder nanomaterial. The differentiations among the merits and challenges of current techniques are made, aiming to offer evidences to develop scalable and novel synthesis methodologies. The emphasis is on the synthesis, and the possible emerging promising applications arising from these conversion methods, and their overwhelming implications on our current knowledge of graphene and graphene nanostructures. Indexed TermsGraphene, graphene nanostructures, chemical functionalization, substitutional doping
Effect of Varied Soil Moisture Regimes on the Growth and Reproduction of Two Australian Biotypes of Junglerice (Echinochloa colona)

Abstract Junglerice [Echinochloa colona (L.) Link] is a problematic weed in the northern grain region of Australia. Two pot experiments (Experiment 1 and Experiment 2) were conducted in a screen house to evaluate the growth and reproductive behavior of two biotypes (A, collected from a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)–fallow; B, collected from a fence near a water channel) of E. colona in response to water stress (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% water holding capacity [WHC]). Averaged across both biotypes, the plant height, biomass, and seed production of E. colona were reduced at 25% WHC compared with 100% WHC. However, E. colona still produced a considerable amount of seeds at 25% WHC (at least 365 seeds plant–1). Biotype A produced more seeds in the second experiment, while biotype B produced more seeds in the first experiment. In Experiment 2, at 100% WHC, biotype A produced more seeds (17,618 seeds plant–1) than biotype B (4,378 seeds plant–1), and similar observations were noticed for root biomass. Growth and seed production of E. colona at all moisture levels and environmental conditions ensure survival in an unpredictable environment and contribute to the weedy nature of this species. Results indicate that biotype A is more invasive than biotype B under favorable environmental conditions (100% WHC). This study suggests an enhanced competitive ability of some biotypes of E. colona in response to a range of environmental and soil moisture conditions in Australia. Under favorable environmental conditions, biotype A could be more problematic, as it has higher seed production than biotype B. Therefore, it is important to implement sustainable weed control methods for such biotypes in the early stages of crop growth to prevent loss of stored moisture.
The effectiveness of aquatic plants as surrogates for wider biodiversity in standing fresh waters

1. : Freshwaters are among the most globally threatened habitats and their biodiversity is declining at an unparalleled rate. In an attempt to slow this decline, multiple approaches have been used to conserve, restore or enhance waterbodies. However, evaluating their effectiveness is time‐consuming and expensive. Identifying species or assemblages across a range of ecological conditions that can provide a surrogate for wider freshwater biodiversity is therefore of significant value for conservation management and planning. 2. : For lakes and ponds in three contrasting landscapes of Britain (lowland agricultural, eastern England; upland, north‐west England; urban, central Scotland) we examined the link between macrophyte species, macrophyte morpho‐group diversity (an indicator of structural diversity) and the richness of three widespread aquatic macroinvertebrate groups (molluscs, beetles, and odonates) using structural equation modelling. We hypothesised that increased macrophyte richness and, hence, increased vegetation structural complexity, would increase macroinvertebrate richness after accounting for local and landscape conditions. 3. : We found that macrophyte richness, via macrophyte morpho‐group diversity, was an effective surrogate for mollusc, beetle, and odonate richness in ponds after accounting for variation caused by physical variables, water chemistry, and surrounding land use. However, only mollusc richness could be predicted by macrophyte morpho‐group diversity in lakes, with no significant predicted effect on beetles or odonates. 4. : Our results indicate that macrophyte morpho‐group diversity can be viewed as a suitable surrogate of macroinvertebrate biodiversity across diverse landscapes, particularly in ponds and to a lesser extent in lakes. This has important implications for the restoration, conservation, and creation of standing water habitats and for assessing their effectiveness in addressing the decline of global freshwater biodiversity. Management actions prioritising the development of species‐rich and structurally diverse macrophyte assemblages will be likely to benefit wider freshwater biodiversity.
Altered immunity of laboratory mice in the natural environment is associated with fungal colonization

The immune systems of free-living mammals such as humans and wild mice display a heightened degree of activation compared with laboratory mice maintained under artificial conditions. Here, we demonstrate that releasing inbred laboratory mice into an outdoor enclosure to mimic life in a natural environment alters the state of immunity. In addition to enhancing the differentiation of T cell populations previously associated with pathogen exposure, we found that outdoor release of mice led to an increase in circulating granulocytes. However, rewilded mice were not infected by pathogens previously implicated in immune activation. Rather, changes to the immune system were associated with an altered composition of the microbiota, and fungi isolated from rewilded mice were sufficient to increase granulocytes. These findings establish an experimental procedure to investigate the impact of the natural environment on immune development and identify a role for sustained fungal colonization in determining granulocyte numbers. One sentence summary Controlled release of laboratory mice into a natural environment changes the composition of the bacterial and fungal microbiota leading to an altered immune system.
Leachate Characterization and Assessment of Groundwater and Surface Water Qualities Near Municipal Solid Waste Dump Site in Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria

Leachate, groundwater and surface water samples were collected from trenches dug into refuse dump site, hand dug water wells and borehole as well as surface water in the vicinity of the Effurun refuse dump site. Some physico- chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) were determined in-situ. While other such as chloride (Cl - ), sulphate (SO 4 ), nitrates (No 3 ), ammonia-N (NH 3 -N), Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, K, Na, Mg and Ca, COD and BOD were analyzed in the laboratory in accordance with standard laboratory procedures. The ratio of BOD 5 / COD is less than 0.5mg/l for leachates from shallow trenches and 0.1mg/l from deeper trenches, an indication of the impact of depth on the landfill stabilization. The leachate has no significant impact on groundwater quality as all parameters analyzed were below the WHO and Nigerian standard for drinking water quality (NSDWQ), except the concentration of NH 3 - N that is above the WHO standard but less than the NDWWQ, also the influence of landfill leachate on groundwater quality is dependent on the distance and depth of water wells. There was increase in the amount of the parameters analyzed for surface water, a reflection of pollution. The study concludes that in spite of absence of pollution, the Groundwater beneath the landfill has the tendency of being polluted in the distant future except the refuse dump site is upgraded to a well engineered standard landfill which is lacking in the whole of the delta state of Nigeria. Key words : leachate, landfill, groundwater, surface water and pollution
Investigations of foot and mouth disease outbreaks in different districts of Punjab, Pakistan

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic and highly contagious disease of ruminants and its outbreaks had always remained a threatening problem in Pakistan. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of FMD and its serotypes in ruminants of different districts of Punjab. Sampling was performed from outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in different districts of Punjab, Pakistan including Khanewal, Faisalabad and Chakwal. An indirect sandwich Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was employed for the detection and typing of Foot and mouth disease virus. A total of 19 outbreaks in cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats suspected of FMD were attended, investigated and 109 epithelial tissue samples (42 from buffaloes, 54 from cattle, 10 from goats and 3 from sheep) were collected. A total of 77 (70.65%) samples were found positive for FMD virus. Out of these positive samples, 48 were successfully typed into serotype O (62.33%) followed by 26 (33.77%) into Asia I and 3 (3.90%) into serotype A. FMD was more prominent in Faisalabad as compared to Khanewal and Chakwal. The disease and all its three serotypes were predominant in cattle (85.18%) as compared to buffaloes (64.28%) and goats (40%). The results of the present study showed that FMD is very common disease in large as well as small ruminants of Pakistan and a proper vaccination program should be planned and implemented for its control to avoid the losses caused by this devastating disease.