Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Engineered hapten‐binding antibody derivatives for modulation of pharmacokinetic properties of small molecules and targeted payload delivery

Hapten‐binding antibodies have for more than 50 years played a pivotal role in immunology, paving the way to antibody generation (as haptens are very important and robust immunogens), to antibody characterization (as the first structures generated more than 40 years ago were those of hapten binders), and enabled and expanded antibody engineering technologies. The latter field of engineered antibodies evolved over many years and many steps resulting in recombinant humanized or human‐derived antibody derivatives in multiple formats. Today, hapten‐binding antibodies are applied not only as reagents and tools (where they still play an important part) but evolved also to engineered targeting and pretargeting vehicles for disease diagnosis and therapy. Here we describe recent applications of hapten‐binding antibodies and of engineered mono‐ and bispecific hapten‐binding antibody derivatives. We have designed and applied these molecules for the modulation of the pharmacokinetic properties of small compounds or peptides. They are also integrated as additional binding entities into bispecific antibody formats. Here they serve as non‐covalent or covalent coupling modules to haptenylated compounds, to enable targeted payload delivery to disease tissues or cells.
A Scenario of Street Children in Ludhiana City

Children live and work on the street because their parents are poor, they are orphans, or they have run away from home, often to escape abuse. They are invariably malnourished, receive scant education and medical treatment, and are involved in child labour from an early age. The term street children refer to children for whom the street has become their real home. They are not necessarily being homeless or without families, but live in situations without protection, supervision, or direction from responsible adults. Street children face difficulties in providing themselves with good sources of food, clean drinking water, health care services, toilets and bath facilities, and adequate shelter. They also suffer from absence of parental protection and security; there is a lack of any kind of moral and emotional support. There are a number of factors that lead children to living on the street. One root cause that has been identified is poverty. Problems faced by street children are overwhelming. In addition to living and working in environments that are generally harmful to their well-being, street children face problems such as hunger, lack of adequate shelter, clothes, and other basic needs, as well as lack of (or limited) educational opportunities, health care, and other social services. Observing the present scenario of street children in Ludhiana city, the study aims to determine the working hours of street children spending in street activities. The study was based on 160 street children aged 9-12 years equally distributed over gender by administering a self-structured Interview Schedule. The study was conducted in different locations of Ludhiana city viz, railway station, bus stand, traffic lights, nearby markets etc. Home based street children was purposively selected by using snowball sampling technique. The result of the study highlighted that that boys usually work for longer duration as compared to girls. Major proportion (46.25%) of street children work for 1-6 hours a day in street whereas 28.75 per cent children work for 6-9 hours and 25.00 per cent spent 9-12 hours a day to earn their day to day living. Majority of the children (56.25) were hit by motorbike whereas 18.75 per cent of them were hit by car and 12.50 per cent of the respondent were hit by bicycle and fell down from bus respectively. Information regarding children attending school revealed that out of the 160 street children, 54 respondents were attending school. All of the 54 respondents were reported to be attending government school.
Invasive Aspergillosis in Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplant Recipients

Invasive mycoses represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with malignancy or undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Recently it has been shown that the Toll-like receptor system could play an important role in the development of invasive aspergillosis in patients receiving chemotherapy or after HSCT, and there is evidence suggesting that the involvement of Toll-like receptors during Aspergillus fumigatus infection is influenced by the immunological status of the host. The upper and lower respiratory tracts represent the most frequent locations of A. fumigatus infection in all patient categories and age groups. Among echinocandins, caspofungin has been approved for salvage therapy in patients with invasive aspergillosis, since it has been demonstrated to be well-tolerated and with a 39% response in patients with refractory infections. However, in this study as in other salvage therapy trials, the need for salvage therapy was established in the presence of progression of disease or failure to improve clinically despite receiving at least 7 days of “standard therapy” (mainly amphotericin B deoxycholate, liposomal amphotericin B, or itraconazole). The degree of immunosuppression and the status of the underlying disease could represent very important factors acting upon a patient’s survival. For example, in the voriconazole study, success was observed in 63% of neutropenic patients receiving chemotherapy but in only 32% of recipients of allogeneic HSCT.
Development and developmental potential of cortical thymic epithelial cells

The thymic cortex provides a microenvironment for the development and positive selection of immature T cells. Cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs), which structurally and functionally support the thymic cortical microenvironment, originate from endodermal epithelial progenitors that arise in the third pharyngeal pouch. Recent studies have revealed that thymic epithelial progenitors pass through a stage where the cells express cTEC‐associated molecules prior to lineage separation into cTECs and medullary TECs (mTECs). Here, we review the molecular signatures of cTECs and highlight the development and developmental potential of cTECs.
Streptococcus pyogenes adhesion and colonization

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus, GAS) is a human‐adapted pathogen responsible for a wide spectrum of disease. GAS can cause relatively mild illnesses, such as strep throat or impetigo, and less frequent but severe life‐threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. GAS is an important public health problem causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The main route of GAS transmission between humans is through close or direct physical contact, and particularly via respiratory droplets. The upper respiratory tract and skin are major reservoirs for GAS infections. The ability of GAS to establish an infection in the new host at these anatomical sites primarily results from two distinct physiological processes, namely bacterial adhesion and colonization. These fundamental aspects of pathogenesis rely upon a variety of GAS virulence factors, which are usually under strict transcriptional regulation. Considerable progress has been made in better understanding these initial infection steps. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of GAS adhesion and colonization.
Nuclear β-catenin expression as a prognostic factor in advanced colorectal carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the changing pattern of β-catenin expression and its prognostic value in advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: Archival tumor samples were analyzed for β-catenin using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 95 patients with advanced CRC. RESULTS: Membranous β-catenin expression was found in the normal colorectal epithelium. Almost 100% of CRC cases showed membranous and cytoplasmic expression, and 55 (58%) cases showed nuclear expression. In univariate (Kaplan-Meier) survival analysis, only the nuclear index (NI) was a significant predictor of disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.023; n = 35), with a NI above the median associated with longer DFS (34.2 mo) than those with a NI below the median (15.5 mo) (P = 0.045, ANOVA). The other indices were not significant predictors of DFS, and none of the three tested indices (for membranous, cytoplasmic, or nuclear expression) predicted disease-specific survival (DSS). However, when dichotomized as positive or negative nuclear expression, the former was a significant predictor of more favorable DFS (P = 0.041) and DSS (P = 0.046). CONCLUSION: Nuclear β-catenin expression provides additional information in predicting patient outcome in advanced CRC.
Diet And Breast Cancer: Experiences From The Malmö Diet Cancer Cohort

Abstract The Malmö Diet Cancer (MDC) group is a population-based cohort (n = 28 098) among Malmö inhabitants, aged 45-73 years at the time of baseline examinations in 1991-1996. Data collection regarding socio-demography, anthropometry and lifestyle was extensive, and included nonfasting blood samples. A high validity diet history was used to determine the usual diet. Information regarding cancer morbidity and mortality from the Swedish Cancer Registry is assessed yearly. Findings support the accepted hypotheses that a lifetime overexposure to sex hormones (modern reproductive patterns) and obesity promote postmenopausal breast cancer. Also, women with high intakes (compared to low intakes) of fibre, folic acid and fermented milk products have lower risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. High intakes of alcohol and energyadjusted fat are associated with increased risk. Also, high intakes of dried soup-sauce-powders and of fried potatoes are associated with increased breast cancer risk. The MDC has two unique assets: the high validity dietary data and the well maintained bio bank. Since a multitude and diverse processes likely contribute to chronic disease the active use of biomarkers has become increasingly important to nutrition epidemiology. Clear information about the diet-breast cancer link is important to many women, because unlike reproductive factors diet is changeable throughout the lifecycle.
Serum interleukin-10 levels as a prognostic factor in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients

Introduction : IL-10 serum levels were measured before chemotherapy, on completion of therapy, and at follow-up by means of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassay. Methods : Sixty consecutive patients,stage III or IV NSCLC undergoing conventional platinum-based regimens. Results : Elevated levels of serum IL-10 were found in cancer patients with respect to healthy control subjects (15.2 vs 7.2 pg/mL; p Conclusions : In conclusion, this study shows that the measurement of pretreatment IL-10 serum levels is of independent prognostic utility in patients with NSCLC and may be useful for detection of disease progression.
The atopic march: current insights into skin barrier dysfunction and epithelial cell‐derived cytokines

Atopic dermatitis often precedes the development of other atopic diseases. The atopic march describes this temporal relationship in the natural history of atopic diseases. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie this relationship are poorly understood, epidemiological and genetic data have suggested that the skin might be an important route of sensitization to allergens. Animal models have begun to elucidate how skin barrier defects can lead to systemic allergen sensitization. Emerging data now suggest that epithelial cell‐derived cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL‐33, and IL‐25 may drive the progression from atopic dermatitis to asthma and food allergy. This review focuses on current concepts of the role of skin barrier defects and epithelial cell‐derived cytokines in the initiation and maintenance of allergic inflammation and the atopic march.
Development of allergic immunity in early life

The growth and maturity of the peripheral immune system and subsequent development of pulmonary immunity in early life is dictated by host, environmental and microbial factors. Dysregulation during the critical window of immune development in the postnatal years results in disease which impacts on lifelong lung health. Asthma is a common disease in childhood and is often preceded by wheezing illnesses during the preschool years. However, the mechanisms underlying development of wheeze and how and why only some children progress to asthma is unknown. Human studies to date have generally focused on peripheral immune development, with little assessment of local tissue pathology in young children. Moreover, mechanisms underlying the interactions between inflammation and tissue repair at mucosal surfaces in early life remain unknown. Disappointingly, mechanistic studies in mice have predominantly used adult models. This review will consider the aspects of the neonatal immune system which might contribute to the development of early life wheezing disorders and asthma, and discuss the external environmental factors which may influence this process.
Alarmins and immunity

More than a decade has passed since the conceptualization of the “alarmin” hypothesis. The alarmin family has been expanding in terms of both number and the concept. It has recently become clear that alarmins play important roles as initiators and participants in a diverse range of physiological and pathophysiological processes such as host defense, regulation of gene expression, cellular homeostasis, wound healing, inflammation, allergy, autoimmunity, and oncogenesis. Here, we provide a general view on the participation of alarmins in the induction of innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as their contribution to tumor immunity.
An unusual case of an inverted and impacted maxillary third molar

Inverted and impacted maxillary third molars are an uncommon dental anomaly. The purpose of this case report is to present a rare case of an inverted maxillary third molar whose anatomical position was localised by a panoramic radiograph near the alveolar lobe of the maxillary sinus and the zygomatic process of the maxilla.
Indoor exposure to particulate matter and the incidence of acute lower respiratory infections among children: a birth cohort study in urban Bangladesh.

Approximately half of all children under two years of age in Bangladesh suffer from an acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) each year. Exposure to indoor biomass smoke has been consistently associated with an increased risk of ALRI in young children. Our aim was to estimate the effect of indoor exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5 ) on the incidence of ALRI among children in a low-income, urban community in Bangladesh. We followed 257 children through two years of age to determine their frequency of ALRI and measured the PM2.5 concentrations in their sleeping space. Poisson regression was used to estimate the association between ALRI and the number of hours per day that PM2.5 concentrations exceeded 100 μg/m(3) , adjusting for known confounders. Each hour that PM2.5 concentrations exceeded 100 μg/m(3) was associated with a 7% increase in incidence of ALRI among children aged 0-11 months (adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.14), but not in children 12-23 months old (adjusted IRR 1.00, 95% CI 0.92-1.09). Results from this study suggest that reducing indoor PM2.5 exposure could decrease the frequency of ALRI among infants, the children at highest risk of death from these infections.
Prdx1‐encoded peroxiredoxin is important for vascular development in zebrafish

Genetic signaling and redox homeostasis are required for proper growth of blood vessels. Here, we report a novel function of peroxiredoxin1 (Prdx1) in vascular development in zebrafish. Knockdown of prdx1 impairs the growth of intersegmental vessel and caudal vein plexus (CVP), and reduces the expression of vascular markers, thus suggesting a role for prdx1 in vasculature and indicating that the antioxidant function of prdx1 is important. We found that H2O2‐treated embryos also have CVP defects and observed synergistic effects when prdx1 knockdown was combined with H2O2 treatment. Moreover, N‐acetyl‐cysteine treatment rescues the vascular defects in prdx1 morphants. These results suggest that oxidative stress disturbs vascularization. Furthermore, we show that the regulation of prdx1 is mediated by Notch and BMP signals.
Perception towards No Scalpel Vasectomy (NSV): A Community Based Study among Married Males in a Rural Area of West Bengal. -

Introduction: Though no scalpel vasectomy (NSV) technique was introduced in India in 1992 to increase male participation in family planning, it has failed to get adequate momentum to achieve its goal. The acceptance rate of male sterilization namely - No-Scalpel Vasectomy (NSV) is abnormally low in India in spite of best efforts made from time to time by the Government of India. Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional community based study to get insight into apathy of men towards NSV. The study included 100 respondents. Results: Most of the respondents (88%) were aware of NSV as a method for permanent male sterilization. The majority (85%) knew that NSV is done without any charge and cash incentive (63%) is given to the NSV client after the procedure. Fear of surgical procedure (48%), Beliefs (family planning is not responsibility of males) (22%) were the common reasons for unwillingness to adopt NSV. Conclusions: There is a need to design and develop need-based information, education and communication (IEC) strategy to fill in the existing information gap regarding NSV to improve its adoption. Involvement of community leaders, satisfied clients and utilization of television and radio to spread the correct message would enhance the uptake NSV as a popular family planning method.
Why not nursing research? Reply to Rafferty, A.M. et al. Research in Nursing, Midwifery, and the allied health professions: Quantum leap required for quality research

It was heartening to read Rafferty, Traynor et al supporting the case for more research in nursing, midwifery and the allied health professions. (1) A recent survey of lead R&D nursing roles highlighted the gap between the expectations placed on these individuals, and the resources available to them to conduct meaningful research 'in the real world. ' Achieving an evidence-led health service will rely on the availability of a new generation of researchers, from all diciplines, who can focus on the needs of the service as well as clinical science. The best medicine in the world is meaningless without innovative nursing and supportive care. Talented individuals need to be recruited into nursing and the allied professions in the knowledge that a career in health care research is a realistic option for them. At present this is not the case. Whilst the PPP Foundation and other benefactors are to be applauded for their current support, should not the Government be matching such funds? This would effectively double the number of trained researchers who understand the service and the needs of those using it, as well as the barriers facing those trying to improve it.
Factors controlling volatile organic compounds in dwellings in Melbourne, Australia.

This study characterized indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and investigated the effects of the dwelling characteristics, building materials, occupant activities, and environmental conditions on indoor VOC concentrations in 40 dwellings located in Melbourne, Australia, in 2008 and 2009. A total of 97 VOCs were identified. Nine VOCs, n-butane, 2-methylbutane, toluene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, d-limonene, ethanol, 2-propanol, and acetic acid, accounted for 68% of the sum of all VOCs. The median indoor concentrations of all VOCs were greater than those measured outdoors. The occupant density was positively associated with indoor VOC concentrations via occupant activities, including respiration and combustion. Terpenes were associated with the use of household cleaning and laundry products. A petroleum-like indoor VOC signature of alkanes and aromatics was associated with the proximity of major roads. The indoor VOC concentrations were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with ventilation. Levels of VOCs in these Australian dwellings were lower than those from previous studies in North America and Europe, probably due to a combination of an ongoing temporal decrease in indoor VOC concentrations and the leakier nature of Australian dwellings.
Organophosphate and phthalate esters in settled dust from apartment buildings in Stockholm.

In this study, the occurrence of nine phthalate diesters (phthalates) and 14 organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) was investigated in 62 house dust samples collected from 19 buildings in Stockholm area during the year 2008. Eight phthalates were detected in almost all samples, with median concentrations ranging from 0.47 μg/g to 449 μg/g with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate being the most abundant compound. Twelve PFRs were detected with median concentrations ranging from 0.19 μg/g to 11 μg/g. Within this class of compounds, the most abundant were tris(2-chloroisopropyl) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate. Both classes of compounds were also measured in the air of the apartments, but no correlation between air and dust concentrations could be found. Based on these measurements, exposure, via house dust ingestion and air inhalation, was calculated for adults and toddlers, and compared to published limit values in order to estimate potential health risks. In an extreme exposure scenario for toddlers, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, and tributyl phosphate were close to the reference dose for chronic oral exposure or the tolerable daily intake. Standard Reference Material SRM 2585 was used as a quality control sample, and the levels of diisononyl and diisodecyl phthalates were determined in this material.
Exposure to organophosphate and polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants via indoor dust and childhood asthma.

Although the ubiquitous detection of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in indoor dust has raised health concerns, only very few epidemiological studies have assessed their impact on human health. Inhalation of dust is one of the exposure routes of FRs, especially in children and can be hazardous for the respiratory health. Moreover, PFRs are structurally similar to organophosphate pesticides, which have been associated with allergic asthma. Thus, we investigated whether the concentrations of PFRs and PBDEs in indoor dust are associated with the development of childhood asthma. We selected 110 children who developed asthma at 4 or at 8 years old and 110 matched controls from a large prospective birth cohort (BAMSE - Barn, Allergy, Milieu Stockholm Epidemiology). We analyzed the concentrations of 7 PFRs and 21 PBDEs in dust collected around 2 months after birth from the mother's mattress. The abundance rank in dust was as follows: TBOEP⪢TPHP>mmp-TMPP>EHDPHP~TDCIPP>TCEP~TCIPP~BDE-209⪢BDE-99>BDE-47>BDE-153>BDE-183>BDE-100. There was no positive association between the FRs in mattress dust and the development of childhood asthma. In contrast, dust collected from mattresses of the mothers of children who would develop asthma contained significant lower levels of TPHP and mmp-TMPP. This study provides data on a wide range of PFRs and PBDEs in dust samples and development of asthma in children.