Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The use of diet to lower plasma cholesterol levels.

The basic principle of a lipid lowering diet is restriction of saturated fat intake. This can be achieved by reducing the consumption of dairy products and fats of animal origin. To keep energy intake constant (in normal weight individuals) complex carbohydrate or unsaturated fat is substituted for saturated fat. Diets with various proportions of complex carbohydrate, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids have been proposed. In theory, the latter should be the best substitute for saturated fatty acids in a lipid lowering diet. Polyunsaturated fat has cholesterol lowering activity that is additive to the effect obtained by reducing the amount of dietary saturated fat. In practice, either polyunsaturated fatty acids or monounsaturated fatty acids or complex carbohydrate exert very similar effects on plasma cholesterol levels when substituted for saturated fatty acids in a lipid lowering diet. Their effects on plasma triglyceride are, however, dissimilar. Increased consumption of polyunsaturated fat leads to pronounced reduction in plasma triglyceride concentrations. Conversely, a high carbohydrate diet has a hypertriglyceridemic effect that is more pronounced in individuals with diabetes or preexisting hypertriglyceridemia. Dietary cholesterol should also be reduced in order to lower plasma cholesterol levels. However, the hypocholesterolemic effect of this measure has a large interindividual variation which is further influenced by the fat composition of the diet. Dietary fibre has received attention in more recent years for its ability to reduce plasma cholesterol levels. Fibre rich foods are not equally effective in this respect, the most active being legumes, fruit and vegetables. When high carbohydrate-high fibre diets are consumed, the hypertriglyceridaemic effect of carbohydrate is counteracted by dietary fibre. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Chimeric Pre‐ubiquitinated EGF Receptor is Constitutively Endocytosed in a Clathrin‐Dependent, but Kinase‐Independent Manner

The roles of EGF receptor (EGFR) kinase activity and ubiquitination in EGFR endocytosis have been controversial. The adaptor protein and ubiquitin ligase Cbl has reportedly been required. Consistently, we now report that siRNA‐mediated knock‐down of c‐Cbl and Cbl‐b significantly slowed clathrin‐dependent internalization of activated wild‐type (wt) EGFR by inhibiting recruitment of the EGFR to clathrin‐coated pits. However, a chimeric protein consisting of wt‐EGFR, a C‐terminal linker and four linearly connected ubiquitins was found to interact with Eps15 and epsin 1 and to be constitutively endocytosed in a clathrin‐dependent manner. Interestingly, endocytosis of this fusion protein did not require binding of EGF. Nor was kinase activity required, and the fusion protein was endocytosed in the presence of an EGFR kinase inhibitor, which efficiently counteracted tyrosine phosphorylation. This demonstrates that ubiquitination over‐rides the requirement for kinase activity in recruitment of the EGFR to clathrin‐coated pits.
The Detection and Localization of Frost Protein in Drosophila

In response to cold stress, Drosophila Melanogaster increase their expression of Frost, a candidate gene involved in cold response. The direct role of Frost in cold tolerance is yet to be determined, and its importance for survival in cold environments has been questioned. In this study, I attempt to better understand the molecular machinery of Frost by selecting for its protein in fly lysate knowing only its RNA has been found. Detection of Frost expression and subsequently studying its protein will hopefully lead to enhanced comprehension of cold responses in insects, which is the long-term goal of this research. I predict that Frost will be expressed in flies that undergo cold stress at 0oC for 2 hours before recovering at 220C for 3 hours before lysing. Two Western blots were executed using fly lysate that underwent the above treatment, whose antibodies were specific to Frost. No bands were seen in any of the lanes containing treated samples in either of the Immunoblots, indicating that Frost was either not expressed or not detected in fly lysate.
The Influence of Gender, Race, and Marital Status on Survival in Lung Cancer Patients: Analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Trials

Objective: A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the influence of gender, race, and marital status on overall survival (OS) in Radiation Therapy Oncology Group nonoperative non-small cell lung cancer trials. Materials and Methods: Data from 1365 patients treated on nine prospective Radiation Therapy Oncology Group studies activated during the 1990s were analyzed. Impact of gender, marital status, and race was considered in the Cox proportional hazards models. Age, Karnofsky performance status, weight loss, stage, histology, location of primary tumor, biologic equivalent dose, deviation from protocol dose, and education level were adjusted in the model. A two-sided p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Males had significantly higher mortality than females adjusted for other covariates (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.22, 95% confidence interval = 1.08–1.38). Race and marital status were not independently predictive for OS. Single females had significantly better OS than single males (HR = 0.72), and married males had lower OS than single females (HR = 1.36). Conclusions: These results suggest that although certain subgroups of gender, race, and/or marital status have better outcomes with respect to OS; gender seems to be the most significant factor influencing survival results among nonoperative non-small cell lung cancer patients.
Unexplained Physical Symptoms: Medicine’s “Dirty Little Secret” and the Need for Prospective Studies that Start in Childhood

Medical notions of unexplained physical symptoms remain strikingly nai've in spite of empirical research in both children and adults suggesting that unexplained symptoms are common in the general population (Egger, Costello, Erkanli, and Angold 1999; Kroenke and Price 1993) and appear with particular frequency in primary care settings (Campo et al. 1999; Kroenke et al. 1994; McKelvey, Davies, Pfaff, Acres, and Edwards 1998). In youth we learn that physical problems manifest physical symptoms for which we seek help from the pediatrician or family doctor; we also
ECNU at SemEval-2017 Task 1: Leverage Kernel-based Traditional NLP features and Neural Networks to Build a Universal Model for Multilingual and Cross-lingual Semantic Textual Similarity

To address semantic similarity on multilingual and cross-lingual sentences, we firstly translate other foreign languages into English, and then feed our monolingual English system with various interactive features. Our system is further supported by combining with deep learning semantic similarity and our best run achieves the mean Pearson correlation 73.16% in primary track.
Effects of genotype and mating weight on ovulation rate, litter size, and uterine efficiency of Coopworth, Polypay, and crossbred ewes.

Six genotypes were produced by mating Coopworth (C), Polypay (P), and Suffolk (S) rams to Coopworth-type and Polypay ewes. In 1989, BW and ovulation rate (OR) were recorded for 188 naturally ovulating 5- and 6-yr-old ewes representing all six genotypes, and litter size (LS) was recorded for 174 ewes (93%) lambing to the ovulation observed by laparoscopy. Overall OR and LS averaged 1.85 and 1.71, respectively. Mean OR and LS did not differ (P greater than .40) among daughters of the various sire breeds; however, daughters of Polypay dams exhibited both higher OR (P less than .05) and LS (P less than .01) than daughters of Coopworth-type ewes. Heterosis estimates for OR and LS were 6 and 7%, respectively. Overall uterine efficiency (UE) of ewes conceiving to twin ovulations was . 83. Polypay-derived ewes exhibited higher UE than other genotypes (P less than .05). Premating BW had significant but small effects on both OR and LS. Overall estimates of OR and LS response to a 10% increase in BW were 5 and 3%, respectively. Only Polypay-sired ewes showed a significant relationship between BW and reproductive performance; the estimated responses to a 10% BW increase were 9% for OR and 6% for LS. Variation in BW had no effect on UE of ewes conceiving to twin ovulations (P greater than .50).
Transobturator Tape in Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence: It is Time for a New Gold Standard

Background: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) can significantly impair the quality of life. A variety of treatments, both medical and surgical, have been used to manage it. The transobturator sling, which is a subfascial sling, is relatively a new surgical technique with minimal access. Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of transobturator tape (TOT) in the treatment of female SUI and to analyze functional results. Materials and Methods: A total of 59 patients were applied TOT by outside-in technique and various outcome parameters recorded. These patients were followed up 6 months after surgery. Results: Success rate of TOT was 93.2% (95% CI: 86.4–99.5). A total of 51 patients (86.4%) were completely satisfied, whereas 4 (6.8%) were partially satisfied and 4 were unsatisfied with surgical outcome. The procedure-related complications were few and could be managed in the same sitting. Conclusion: The transobturator approach is an effective treatment of SUI with low morbidity, and it has all the potential to be the new Gold Standard in the treatment of female SUI.
An Overview of the Integration of Problem Based Learning into an existing Computer Science Programming Module

In this paper we present an overview of the use of Problem Based Learning (PBL) in a first year Computer Science programming module.PBL was not employed in any of the programmong modules within the Department of Computer Science and assessment and learning for this module was on an individual student basis. We outline the problems that we encountered with our previous approach for teaching this module and our rationale for enhancing our approach through PBL.
Ultrasound guidance for neuraxial analgesia and anesthesia in obstetrics: a quantitative systematic review.

PURPOSE The aim of this quantitative systematic review was to assess the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided neuraxial blocks in obstetric analgesia and anesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search for clinical trials investigating the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-assisted neuraxial blocks in comparison to any other technique was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and CENTRAL. Relative risks (RR) were calculated for dichotomous data (e. g. number of patients with vascular punctures), and mean differences (MD) were calculated for continuous outcomes (e. g. number puncture attempts), along with the respective 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). RESULTS Six clinical trials (published between 2001 and 2009) including the data of 659 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. Ultrasound-facilitated neuraxial blocks required a lower number of puncture attempts (MD: -0.92; 95 % CI: -1.11 to -0.74; p < 0.00001) and fewer puncture levels (MD: -0.2; 95 % CI: -0.31 to -0.1; p = 0.0002) in comparison with the more conventional loss of resistance. The success rate with the first attempt under ultrasound guidance in supposedly difficult patients was 71 % in comparison to 20 % using a conventional technique. Patients receiving ultrasound-assisted neuraxial blocks had a lower rate of procedure-related complications (post-dural puncture headache, spinal or vascular puncture). CONCLUSION There is some evidence that ultrasound guidance may improve the efficacy and safety of neuraxial blocks in obstetrics. If technical difficulties are anticipated, ultrasound may lower the rate of procedure-related adverse events.
Coping assessment from the perspective of the person-situation interaction: Development and validation of the Situated Coping Questionnaire for Adults (SCQA).

BACKGROUND Although coping strategies are considered to contribute to resilience to adversity, their use is not stable, but varies depending on the specific adversity. However, to date, most of the questionnaires assessing coping do not consider its situational character. The objective of this study is to develop and validate the Situated Coping Questionnaire for Adults (SCQA), which assesses coping in the face of five different kinds of adverse contexts to take into account its situational dimension. METHODS A total of 430 Spanish adults (256 from the general population, 77 people suffering from cancer or HIV, and 97 parents of children with cancer or developmental problems) completed the SCQA and two resilience questionnaires (the Brief Resilience Scale and the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale) for validation purposes. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analyses showed the superiority of the person-situation model; the situation influences the degree to which people use specific coping strategies; however, coping is also stable to some extent. Regression analyses showed that coping strategies contribute to predict resilience, supporting the validity of the SCQA. The questionnaire and its sub-scales showed adequate reliability. CONCLUSION The SCQA is deemed a reliable and valid means of situated coping assessment for use in several populations.
Comparison between human and rat TMJ: anatomic and histopathologic features.

PURPOSE To describe and evaluate normal rat temporomandibular joints from anatomic and histopathologic point of view and make a comparison between this joint in rats and humans. METHODS Twelve male adult Wistar rats (12 same side joints) were used in this procedure. The following anatomical structures were histologically evaluated in a qualitative fashion: condyle, disc, temporal bone, retrodiscal tissue and synovia. The macroscopical and microscopic study of the human TMJ was based on the current literature. RESULTS The TMJ is surrounded by a thin capsule, consisting of fibrous tissue, and a synovial lining. The mandibular angle has a prominent shape. The glenoid fossa is flat, with no eminences. Histologically, the TMJ is composed of different tissues that comprise the mandibular head, mandibular fossa and fibrocartilaginous disc. A layer of hyaline cartilage covers the articulating cortical condyle and temporal bone. CONCLUSION Morphologically and histologically, the articular structure of rats is, on the whole, similar to that of humans. In these animals there is no articular eminence.
Symptoms as predictors of response in depression

Sertraline, a novel selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, has been proven as effective as amitriptyline and imipramine, and more effective than placebo, in double-blind controlled studies in patients with major depressive disorder. The question 'Do symptoms predict response to treatment? ' is an important one in clinical practice. In order to try and answer this question, four double-blind clinical trials in major depressive disorder have been examined for clinically important symptoms and subgroups at entry to the studies. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D, 17-item) was used throughout and the data for sertraline-treated patients were split in several different ways. The response to treatment was defined as the percentage of patients achieving a CGI-improvement score of 1 or 2 at the end of treatment. Patients with severe depression at entry had a response rate of > 80%, which was comparable to that of patients with moderate depression. A similar response rate was seen in the presence of DSM-III-defined melancholia, high anxiety, insomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation. Finally, in order to examine the effect of old age on the response to treatment, one of the four studies, which included only patients aged 65 or older, was examined separately. In this study responders were defined as those with >50% reduction in baseline HAM-D at the end of treatment. Approximately 70% were found to be responders in both the moderate and severe depression subgroups.
Systematic analysis on the GSTM1 null phenotype and prostate cancer risk in Chinese people.

OBJECTIVE Glutathione S-transferase M 1 (GSTM1) is implicated as a risk factor for prostate cancer. However, this issue is not clear in Chinese population. This systemic analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of GSTM1 null genotypes on prostate cancer risk in Chinese. METHODS Published studies investigating the associations between GSTM1 null genotypes and the risk of prostate cancer in China were identified by using a predefined search strategy. Main statisticals were pooled and estimated according to the primarily reported data. RESULTS The prevalence of the GSTM1 null genotype was higher in prostate cancer patients than in controls, with significance. CONCLUSION The GSTM1 null genotypes is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer in Chinese.
Asymmetries in oriented-line detection indicate two orthogonal filters in early vision

Visual detection of a line target differing in orientation from a background of lines may be achieved speedily and effortlessly. Such performance is assumed to occur early in vision and to involve filter mechanisms acting in parallel over the visual field. This study establishes orientational limits on this performance and analytically derives some generic properties of the underlying filters. It was found that, in brief displays, target orientation detection thresholds increased approximately linearly with background orientation, from minima at 0° (vertical) and 90°, whereas background orientation detection thresholds decreased approximately linearly with target orientation, from maxima at 0° and 90°. Target and background threshold functions were exactly antisymmetric. These data are shown to indicate a model of early line processing dominated by two classes of orientation-sensitive filter with axes close to the vertical and horizontal and orientation-tuning half-widths each of approximately 30° at half-height.
MAP kinase activator from insulin‐stimulated skeletal muscle is a protein threonine/tyrosine kinase.

A ‘MAP kinase activator’ was purified several thousand‐fold from insulin‐stimulated rabbit skeletal muscle, which resembled the ‘activator’ from nerve growth factor‐stimulated PC12 cells in that it could be inactivated by incubation with protein phosphatase 2A, but not by protein tyrosine phosphatases and its apparent molecular mass was 45–50 kDa. In the presence of MgATP, ‘MAP kinase activator’ converted the normal ‘wild‐type’ 42 kDa MAP kinase from an inactive dephosphorylated form to the fully active diphosphorylated species. Phosphorylation occurred on the same threonine and tyrosine residues which are phosphorylated in vivo in response to growth factors or phorbol esters. A mutant MAP kinase produced by changing a lysine at the active centre to arginine was phosphorylated in an identical manner by the ‘MAP kinase activator’, but no activity was generated. The results demonstrate that ‘MAP kinase activator’ is a protein kinase (MAP kinase kinase) and not a protein that stimulates the autophosphorylation of MAP kinase. MAP kinase kinase is the first established example of a protein kinase that can phosphorylate an exogenous protein on threonine as well as tyrosine residues.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Sepsis, and Cognitive Decline: A Review and Case Study

The objective of this investigation is to review existing research pertaining to cognitive impairment and decline following critical illness and describe a case involving a 49-year-old female with sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with no prior neurologic history who, compared to baseline neuropsychological test data, experienced dramatic cognitive decline and brain atrophy following treatment in the medical intensive care unit (ICU) at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. The patient participated in detailed clinical interviews and underwent comprehensive neuropsychological testing and neurological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at approximately 8 months and 3.5 years after ICU discharge. Compared to pre-ICU baseline test data, her intellectual function declined approximately 2 standard deviations from 139 to 106 (from the 99th to the 61st percentile) on a standardized intelligence test 8 months post-discharge, with little subsequent improvement. Initial diffusion tensor brain magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) at the end of ICU hospitalization showed diffuse abnormal hyperintense areas involving predominately white matter in both hemispheres and the left cerebellum. A brain MRI nearly 4 years after ICU discharge demonstrated interval development of profound and generalized atrophy with sulcal widening and ventricular enlargement. The magnitude of cognitive decline experienced by ICU survivors is difficult to quantify due to the unavailability of pre-morbid neuropsychological data. The current case, conducted on a patient with baseline neuropsychological data, illustrates the trajectory of decline occurring after critical illness and ICU-associated brain injury with marked atrophy and concomitant cognitive impairments.
On the MHD boundary of Kelvin-Helmholtz stability diagram at large wavelengths

Working within the domain of inviscid incompressible MHD theory, we found that a tangential discontinuity (TD) separating two uniform regions of different density, velocity and magnetic field may be Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) stable and yet a study of a transition between the same constant regions given by a continuous velocity profile shows the presence of the instability with significant growth rates. Since the cause of the instability stems from the velocity gradient, and since a TD may be considered as the ultimate limit of such gradient, the statement comes as a surprise. In fact, a long wavelength (‚) boundary for the KH instability does not exist in ordinary liquids being instead a consequence of the presence of magnetic shear, a possibility that has passed unnoticed in the literature. It is shown that KH modes of a magnetic field configuration with constant direction do not have the long ‚ boundary. A theoretical explanation of this feature and examples of the violation of the TD stability condition are given using a model that can be solved in closed form. Stability diagrams in the (kd, MA) plane are given (where kd = 2…d=‚, 2d is the velocity gradient length scale, and MA is the Alfv´ Mach number) that show both the well-known limit at small ‚s and the boundary for large but finite ‚s noted here. Consequences of this issue are relevant for stability studies of the dayside magnetopause as the stability condition for a TD should be used with care in data analysis work.