Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography With Sparse Undersampling and Iterative Reconstruction: Comparison With Conventional Parallel Imaging for Accelerated Imaging

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical feasibility of accelerated time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography with sparse undersampling and iterative reconstruction (sparse TOF). Materials and MethodsThe local institutional review board approved the study protocols. Twenty healthy volunteers were recruited (mean age, 31.2 years; age range, 22-52 years; 14 men, 6 women). Both sparse TOF and parallel imaging (PI) TOF were obtained on a 3 T scanner. Acceleration factors were 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 for sparse TOF (Sp 3×, Sp 4×, Sp 5×, Sp 6×, and Sp 8×, respectively) and 2, 3, 4, and 6 for PI TOF (PI 2×, PI 3×, PI 4×, and PI 6×, respectively). Images were reconstructed on the scanner, and maximum intensity projection images were subjected to visual evaluation, wherein each segment of the major brain arteries was independently evaluated by 2 radiologists on a 4-point scale (1, poor; 2, limited; 3, moderate/good quality for diagnosis; and 4, excellent). As a quantitative evaluation, the apparent contrast-to-background deviation (apparent CBD) was calculated at the level of the basilar artery and the pons. ResultsA total number of 1800 segments were subjectively evaluated. There was substantial agreement regarding vessel visualization (&kgr; = 0.759). Sparse TOF received scores above 3 (good for diagnosis) at any acceleration factor up to the third segments of major arteries. The middle and distal segments of PI 4× and PI 6× were graded below 3 (limited or poor diagnostic value). Sp 3×, 4×, 5×, and 6× retained diagnostic information (graded above 3), even at distal segments. The apparent CBD of sparse TOF at any acceleration factor was equivalent to that of PI 2×, whereas the apparent CBD of PI 3×, PI 4×, and PI 6× attenuated with the acceleration factor. ConclusionsSparse TOF can achieve better image quality relative to PI TOF at higher acceleration factors. The diagnostic quality of distal branches (A2/3, M4, P4) was maintained with Sp 6×, which achieved a shorter acquisition time less than half of PI 2×.
The total number of white matter interstitial neurons in the human brain

In the adult human brain, the interstitial neurons (WMIN) of the subcortical white matter are the surviving remnants of the fetal subplate zone. It has been suggested that they perform certain important functions and may be involved in the pathogenesis of several neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, many important features of this class of human cortical neurons remain insufficiently explored. In this study, we analyzed the total number, and regional and topological distribution of WMIN in the adult human subcortical white matter, using a combined immunocytochemical (NeuN) and stereological approaches. We found that the average number of WMIN in 1 mm3 of the subcortical white matter is 1.230 ± 549, which translates to the average total number of 593 811 183.6 ± 264 849 443.35 of WMIN in the entire subcortical telencephalic white matter. While there were no significant differences in their regional distribution, the lowest number of WMIN has been consistently observed in the limbic cortex, and the highest number in the frontal cortex. With respect to their topological distribution, the WMIN were consistently more numerous within gyral crowns, less numerous along gyral walls and least numerous at the bottom of cortical sulci (where they occupy a narrow and compact zone below the cortical‐white matter border). The topological location of WMIN is also significantly correlated with their morphology: pyramidal and multipolar forms are the most numerous within gyral crowns, whereas bipolar forms predominate at the bottom of cortical sulci. Our results indicate that WMIN represent substantial neuronal population in the adult human cerebral cortex (e.g. more numerous than thalamic or basal ganglia neurons) and thus deserve more detailed morphological and functional investigations in the future.
How generalised are secondarily “generalised” tonic–clonic seizures?

In clinical practice, epileptic seizures with focal onset and subsequent generalised motor involvement are referred to as secondarily generalised seizures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of electrophysiological generalisation in seizures that are clinically secondarily generalised. Intracranial EEG recordings of secondarily generalised tonic–clonic seizures were visually and quantitatively analysed for the presence of epileptiform activity. In 24 (26%) of 93 seizures recorded from 17 (27%) of 64 patients, intracranial EEG channels were found that never recorded epileptiform activity during secondarily generalised tonic–clonic seizures. Our results demonstrate that seizures that are secondarily generalised clinically are not always generalised electrophysiologically. This may have therapeutic implications.
Sevoflurane alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury via the microRNA-27a-3p/TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a critical syndrome that is associated with a high morbidity and mortality in patients. Sevoflurane has a lung protective effect in ALI as it reportedly has anti-inflammatory and apoptotic-regulating activity. However, the mechanism is still not entirely understood. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of sevoflurane on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice and the possible mechanisms involved. The results revealed that sevoflurane treatment improved LPS-induced lung injury, as evidenced by the reduction in mortality, lung permeability, lung wet/dry ratio and lung histopathological changes in mice. Total cell counts and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6] in bronchoalveolar fluid were also decreased following treatment with sevoflurane. Additionally, LPS-triggered apoptosis in lung tissues, which was eliminated by sevoflurane. Furthermore, a miRCURY™ LNA array was employed to screen for differentially expressed microRNAs (miRs/miRNAs). Among these miRNAs, 6 were differentially expressed and were involved in the inflammatory response, but only miR-27a-3p (miR-27a) was regulated by sevoflurane. Subsequently, the present study investigated whether sevoflurane exerts its function through the modulation of miR-27a. The results demonstrated that the overexpression of miR-27a via an injection with agomiR-27a produced similar protections as sevoflurane, while the inhibition of miR-27a suppressed the lung protective effects of sevoflurane in ALI mice. In addition, the present study identified that miR-27a inhibited Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by binding to its 3′-untranslated region. Western blot analysis demonstrated that sevoflurane may ameliorate the inflammatory response by blocking the miR-27a/TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. The present results indicate that sevoflurane may be a viable therapeutic option in the treatment of patients with ALI.
DYNAMICAL STABILITY OF IMAGED PLANETARY SYSTEMS IN FORMATION: APPLICATION TO HL TAU

A recent Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array image revealed several concentric gaps in the protoplanetary disk surrounding the young star HL Tau. We consider the hypothesis that these gaps are carved by planets, and present a general framework for understanding the dynamical stability of such systems over typical disk lifetimes, providing estimates for the maximum planetary masses. We collect these easily evaluated constraints into a workflow that can help guide the design and interpretation of new observational campaigns and numerical simulations of gap opening in such systems. We argue that the locations of resonances should be significantly shifted in massive disks like HL Tau, and that theoretical uncertainties in the exact offset, together with observational errors, imply a large uncertainty in the dynamical state and stability in such disks. This presents an important barrier to using systems like HL Tau as a proxy for the initial conditions following planet formation. An important observational avenue to breaking this degeneracy is to search for eccentric gaps, which could implicate resonantly interacting planets. Unfortunately, massive disks like HL Tau should induce swift pericenter precession that would smear out any such eccentric features of planetary origin. This motivates pushing toward more typical, less massive disks. For a nominal non-resonant model of the HL Tau system with five planets, we find a maximum mass for the outer three bodies of approximately 2 Neptune masses. In a resonant configuration, these planets can reach at least the mass of Saturn. The inner two planets’ masses are unconstrained by dynamical stability arguments.
Mitochondrial Iron Metabolism and Sideroblastic Anemia

Sideroblastic anemias are a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by mitochondrial iron overload in developing red blood cells. The unifying characteristic of all sideroblastic anemias is the ring sideroblast, which is a pathological erythroid precursor containing excessive deposits of non-heme iron in mitochondria with perinuclear distribution creating a ring appearance. Sideroblastic anemias may be hereditary or acquired. Hereditary sideroblastic anemias are caused by defects in genes present on the X chromosome (mutations in the ALAS2, ABCB7, or GRLX5 gene), genes on autosomal chromosomes, or mitochondrial genes. Acquired sideroblastic anemias are either primary (refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts, RARS, representing one subtype of the myelodysplastic syndrome) or secondary due to some drugs, toxins, copper deficiency, or chronic neoplastic disease. The pathogenesis of mitochondrial iron loading in developing erythroblasts is diverse. Ring sideroblasts can develop as a result of a heme synthesis defect in erythroblasts (ALAS2 mutations), a defect in iron-sulfur cluster assembly, iron-sulfur protein precursor release from mitochondria (ABCB7 mutations), or by a defect in intracellular iron metabolism in erythroid cells (e.g. RARS).
Eligibility criteria for home treatment of DVT vary

EDITOR—Schwarz et al showed that most outpatients (92/117; 79%) with acute deep vein thrombosis do not require hospital admission.1 A colleague and I found a similar proportion eligible for outpatient treatment among adults attending an emergency department who were diagnosed ultrasonographically as having deep vein thrombosis (178/219; 81%). 2 We showed equal effectiveness and safety compared with outcomes in preceding years. Tillman et al have reported comparable eligibility figures for avoiding admission to hospital in adults with deep vein thrombosis …
When Do Punishment Institutions Work

While peer punishment sometimes motivates increased cooperation, it sometimes reduces cooperation. We use a lab experiment to study why punishment sometimes fails. We begin with a gift exchange game with punishment as it has typically been implemented therein since punishment has often backfired in this game. We modify two features of punishment that could increase its efficacy: punishment's strength and its timing (whether the punisher publicly pre-commits to punishment or acts after the punishee). We replicate the result that peer punishment in gift exchange games can reduce cooperation, but show that this bad outcome disappears if punishment is more powerful. This does not seem primarily due to punishment's threat leading to spiteful behavior: we find little evidence of spite, and the same punishment does not perform better when it is chosen after the fact. We find two main reasons that punishment decreases cooperation: lower wages are offered (a stick is substituted for a carrot); and many punishers don't design punishment to properly incentivize high effort, particularly when punishment is weak in power. Punishment that is not publicly pre-committed is not effective in this game, even though this kind of punishment is similar to that used in public good games in the literature where punishment does seem to increase cooperation. The only punishment institution that increases cooperation is high-power punishment that is publicly pre-committed, which works through strong incentives rather than reciprocity. Finally, the existence of a punishment institution often decreases social surplus (when punishment-related losses are considered), although it may eventually increase social surplus if it is powerful and publicly pre-committed.
Galapagos‐OIB signature in southern Central America: Mantle refertilization by arc–hot spot interaction

Although most Central American magmas have a typical arc geochemical signature, magmas in southern Central America (central Costa Rica and Panama) have isotopic and trace element compositions with an ocean island basalt (OIB) affinity, similar to the Galapagos‐OIB lavas (e.g., Ba/La < 40, La/Yb > 10, 206Pb/204Pb > 18.8). Our new data for Costa Rica suggest that this signature, unusual for a convergent margin, has a relatively recent origin (Late Miocene ∼6 Ma). We also show that there was a transition from typical arc magmas (analogous to the modern Nicaraguan volcanic front) to OIB‐like magmas similar to the Galapagos hot spot. The geographic distribution of the Galapagos signature in recent lavas from southern Central America is present landward from the subduction of the Galapagos hot spot tracks (the Seamount Province and the Cocos/Coiba Ridge) at the Middle American Trench. The higher Pb isotopic ratios, relatively lower Sr and Nd isotopic ratios, and enriched incompatible‐element signature of central Costa Rican magmas can be explained by arc–hot spot interaction. The isotopic ratios of central Costa Rican lavas require the subducting Seamount Province (Northern Galapagos Domain) component, whereas the isotopic ratios of the adakites and alkaline basalts from southern Costa Rica and Panama are in the geochemical range of the subducting Cocos/Coiba Ridge (Central Galapagos Domain). Geological and geochemical evidence collectively indicate that the relatively recent Galapagos‐OIB signature in southern Central America represents a geochemical signal from subducting Galapagos hot spot tracks, which started to collide with the margin ∼8 Ma ago. The Galapagos hot spot contribution decreases systematically along the volcanic front from central Costa Rica to NW Nicaragua.
Employment Predictors among Indochinese Refugees

The influx of Indochinese refugees into the United States since 1975 has forced policy development in various resettlement areas. Considerable emphasis has been placed on employment and employment barriers. This article investigates the refugee employment process. A multivariate model is used to distinguish employed from unemployed refugees. Early arrivals, recent arrivals, and each of the four major ethnic groups is investigated separately.
The Novel TORC1/2 Kinase Inhibitor PQR620 Has Anti-Tumor Activity in Lymphomas as a Single Agent and in Combination with Venetoclax

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascade is an important therapeutic target for lymphomas. Rapamycin-derivates as allosteric mTOR complex 1 (TORC1) inhibitors have shown moderate preclinical and clinical anti-lymphoma activity. Here, we assessed the anti-tumor activity of PQR620, a novel brain penetrant dual TORC1/2 inhibitor, in 56 lymphoma cell lines. We observed anti-tumor activity across 56 lymphoma models with a median IC50 value of 250 nM after 72 h of exposure. PQR620 was largely cytostatic, but the combination with the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax led to cytotoxicity. Both the single agent and the combination data were validated in xenograft models. The data support further evaluation of PQR620 as a single agent or in combination with venetoclax.
Quantitative Evaluation of Content and Age Concordance Across Developmental Milestone Checklists.

OBJECTIVE Clinicians and caregivers rely on milestone checklists as tools for tracking a child's development. In addition, medical students and residents use milestone checklists to learn about normal child development. However, there are multiple published milestone checklists that vary qualitatively in structure and content, hindering their effective use in developmental surveillance and medical education. This project systematically evaluated the consistency and variability between commonly used milestone checklists. METHODS A team of child psychologists and developmental pediatricians reviewed a total of 1094 milestones derived from 4 published checklists (2 developed for providers, 2 developed for caregivers) to create a comprehensive set of 728 discrete developmental observations, with each observation mapped to corresponding milestones. This observation-milestone relational database was then used to determine the degree of content overlap and milestone age range concordance across milestone checklists. RESULTS Of the 728 discrete developmental observations, 40 (5.5%) were mapped to milestones in all 4 milestone checklists, and an additional 90 (12.4%) were mapped to 3 checklists. Among these 40 "universal" observations, most (42.5%) were in the motor domain. Of those 130 observations mapped to milestones in at least 3 of the 4 checklists, 26.9% (35/130) were mapped to milestones that were discordant in their associated age range. CONCLUSION Four commonly used developmental milestone checklists were found to have limited overlap in content, and those that overlapped were inconsistent in their associated age ranges. The resulting observation-milestone relational database could be used to further validate age estimates of milestones and facilitate milestone surveillance through the electronic health record.
An Effective Swarm Optimization Based Intrusion Detection Classifier System for Cloud Computing

Most of the swarm optimization techniques are inspired by the characteristics as well as behaviour of flock of birds whereas Artificial Bee Colony is based on the foraging characteristics of the bees. However, certain problems which are solved by ABC do not yield desired results in-terms of performance. ABC is a new devised swarm intelligence algorithm and predominately employed for optimization of numerical problems. The main reason for the success of ABC algorithm is that it consists of feature such as fathomable and flexibility when compared to other swarm optimization algorithms and there are many possible applications of ABC. Cloud computing has their limitation in their application and functionality. The cloud computing environment experiences several security issues such as Dos attack, replay attack, flooding attack. In this paper, an effective classifier is proposed based on Artificial Bee Colony for cloud computing. It is evident in the evaluation results that the proposed classifier achieved a higher accuracy rate.
Long Double-Stranded RNA Produces Specific Gene Downregulation in Giardia lamblia

Abstract In many eukaryotes, the introduction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into cells triggers the degradation of mRNAs through a post-transcriptional gene-silencing mechanism called RNA interference or RNAi. In the present study, we found that endogenous long-dsRNA was substantially more effective at producing interference than endogenous, or exogenous, short-dsRNA expression in Giardia lamblia. The effects of this interference were not evident in the highly expressed protein tubulin or the stage-specific cyst wall protein 2. However, long-dsRNA caused potent and specific interference in the medium subunits of adaptins, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and the exogenous green fluorescence protein. Our results suggest that the ability of dsRNA antisense to inhibit the expression of these specific types of proteins is indicative of a gene-specific mechanism.
Reply to “Phosphorylation of G3BP1-S149 does not influence stress granule assembly”

In this issue, Panas et al. challenge the data published in the 2003 Tourrière et al. JCB paper on the role of G3BP phosphorylation in stress granule (SG) assembly. This reply addresses that letter and suggests that more work is needed to understand the role of this modification in SG formation.
Users' intention to disclose location on location-based social network sites (LBSNS) in mobile environment: privacy calculus and Big Five

Location-based social network sites (LBSNS) are the integrations of social network service and location-based service. In this study, we examine two opposite factors, the benefits and privacy concerns, which affect the disclosure intention of users on LBSNS in a mobile environment. We utilise the privacy calculus perspective framework on the disclosure intention of location information. Also, the Big Five model is used to examine the impacts of dispositional factors, such as personality traits, on the concern for privacy. The privacy control, legislation awareness and privacy invasion are control variables for both disclosure intention and privacy concern. Data were collected from 298 respondents residing in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The results indicate that the legislation awareness does not seem to exert a significant influence on both privacy concerns and disclosure intention; it can be explained by the poor effectiveness of legislation in a developing country like Vietnam. However, we clearly found that the benefits and privacy concerns have the opposite influence on behavioural decisions of social network users, with the former positively affecting disclosure intention and latter negatively. Moreover, findings in the study show that perceived benefits such as connectedness, locatability and personalisation have stronger effects than privacy concerns do.
Tetramethylpyrazine protects retinal ganglion cells against H2O2-induced damage via the microRNA-182/mitochondrial pathway

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide; the apoptosis of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a hallmark of glaucoma. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is the main active component of Ligusticum wallichii Franchat, and has been demonstrated to improve a variety of injuries through its antioxidative and antiapoptotic properties. However, these effects of TMP on glaucoma have not been studied. The present study aimed to investigate the potential role of TMP in glaucoma and to elucidate its possible mechanisms responsible for these effects. An in vitro model was generated, in which primary RGCs (PRGCs) were treated with H2O2. Our study revealed that TMP protected against H2O2-induced injury to PRGCs, as evidenced by enhanced cell viability, reduced caspase 3 activity and decreased cell apoptosis. We also reported that TMP treatment inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and malondialdehyde levels, but upregulated the antioxidative enzyme superoxide dismutase. In particular, TMP significantly increased the expression of microRNA-182-5p (miR-182) in H2O2-treated PRGCs, which was selected as the target miRNA for further research. In addition, our findings suggested that the protective effects of TMP on H2O2-induced injury were attenuated by knockdown of miR-182. The results of a luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that Bcl-2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), an effector of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, was a direct target of miR-182. In addition, TMP treatment significantly decreased the expression of BNIP3, Bax, cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, but increased that of Bcl-2. Also, TMP treatment decreased the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and improved mitochondrial membrane potential in H2O2-treated RGCs. Of note, the inhibitory effects of TMP on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway were suggested to be reversed by knockdown of miR-182. Collectively, our findings provide novel evidence that TMP protects PRGCs against H2O2-induced damage through suppressing apoptosis and oxidative stress via the miR-182/mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.