Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diel cycles of isoprenoids in the emissions of Norway spruce, four Scots pine chemotypes, and in Boreal forest ambient air during HUMPPA-COPEC-2010

Abstract. Branch enclosure based emission rates of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes from four Scots pines ( Pinus sylvestris ) and one Norway spruce ( Picea abies ), as well as the ambient mixing ratios of monoterpenes were determined during the HUMPPA-COPEC 2010 summer campaign. Differences in chemical composition and in emission strength were observed between the different trees, which confirmed that they represented different chemotypes. The chemotypes of Scots pine can be classified according to species with high, no and intermediate content of Δ-3-carene. The "non-Δ-3-carene" chemotype was found to be the strongest emitter of monoterpenes. From this chemotype, β-myrcene, a very reactive monoterpene, was the dominant species accounting for more than 32 % of the total emission rates of isoprenoids followed by β-phellandrene (~27%). Myrcene fluxes ranged from 0.8 to 24 μg g −1 (dw) h −1 . α-Farnesene was the dominant sesquiterpene species, with average emission rates of 318 ng g −1 (dw) h −1 . In the high Δ-3-carene chemotype, more than 48% of the total monoterpene emission was Δ-3-carene. The average Δ-3-carene emission rate (from chemotype 3), circa 609 ng g −1 (dw) h −1 reported here is consistent with the previously reported summer season value. Daily maximum temperatures varied between 20 and 35 °C during the measurements. The monoterpene emissions from spruce were dominated by limonene (35%), β-phellandrene (15%), α-pinene (14%) and eucalyptol (9%). Total spruce monoterpene emissions ranged from 0.55 up to 12.2 μg g −1 (dw) h −1 . Overall the total terpene flux (monoterpenes + sesquiterpenes) from all studied tree species varied from 230 ng g −1 (dw) h −1 up to 66 μg g −1 (dw) h −1 . Total ambient monoterpenes (including α-pinene, Δ-3-carene, β-pinene and β-myrcene) measured during the campaign varied in mixing ratio from a few pptv to over one ppbv. The most abundant biogenic VOC measured above the canopy were α-pinene and Δ-3-carene, and these two compounds together contributed more than 50% of the total monoterpenes. The ambient data reflect the emission rate, atmospheric reactivity and tree type abundance. The diel cycles of isoprenoid mixing ratios showed high levels during the night-time which is consistent with continued low nocturnal emission and a low and stable boundary layer. The chirality of α-pinene was dominated by (+)-enantiomers both in the direct emission and in the atmosphere. The two highest emitters showed no enantiomeric preference for α-pinene emissions, whereas the two lowest emitting pines emitted more (+)-enantiomer. The spruce emissions were dominated by (−)-enantiomer. The exceptionally hot temperatures in the summer of 2010 led to relatively strong emissions of monoterpenes, greater diversity in chemical composition and high ambient mixing ratios.
Photosynthetic efficiency and quantitative reaction of bread winter wheat to mild short-term drought conditions

Josip KOVAČEVIĆ*, Maja KOVAČEVIĆ, Vera CESAR, Georg DREZNER, Alojzije LALIĆ, Hrvoje LEPEDUŠ, Zvonimir ZDUNIĆ, Zorica JURKOVIĆ, Krešimir DVOJKOVIĆ, Zorana KATANIĆ, Vlado KOVAČEVIĆ Agricultural Institute Osijek, Osijek, Croatia Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
Financialisation and the sub-prime crisis: a stock-flow consistent model

Our opinion is that the so-called sub-prime mortgage crisis has been a structural crisis of the US's financial capitalism. In analysing the complex combination of factors that led to those events, we try not to focus on the most contingent aspects but to clarify the underlying structure that made the crisis endogenously emerge from the US's economic system. To reach this goal, we base our analysis on existing economic theories. In particular, the combination of the Financial Instability Hypothesis by Hyman Minsky, the theory of Capital Market Inflation by Jan Toporowski, and the post-Keynesian literature on financialisation represent the foundation of our analysis. The results of our analysis will then be reproduced through a simulated stock-flow consistent model to test their logical coherence.
Allelopathy prevents competitive exclusion and promotes phytoplankton biodiversity

It has been hypothesized that allelopathy can prevent competitive exclusion and promote phytoplankton diversity in aquatic ecosystems, where numerous species coexist on a limited number of resources. However, no experimental proof-of-principle is available to support this hypothesis. Here we present the first experimental evidence supporting this hypothesis by demonstrating that allelopathy promotes the coexistence of two phytoplankton species (Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Oscillatoria sp.) competing on a single limiting nutrient. By performing long-term competition experiments in nitrate-limited continuous cultures, and describing the population dynamics using a mechanistic model, we demonstrate that when allelopathy comes into play, one of the following outcomes is possible depending on the relative initial abundances of the species: dominance of the stronger competitor for nitrate (the non-allelopathic species), oscillatory coexistence, or dominance of the weaker competitor (the allelopathic species). Our model analysis reveals that sustained oscillatory coexistence of the two-species coexistence would be a common outcome of this experiment. Our study confirms for the first time, based on laboratory experiments combined with mechanistic models, that allelopathy can alter the predicted outcome of inter-specific competition in a nutrient-limited environment and increase the potential of coexistence of more species than resources, thereby contributing to find endogenous mechanisms explaining the extreme diversity of phytoplankton communities.
V1647 Orionis: The X-Ray Evolution of a Pre-Main-Sequence Accretion Burst

We present Chandra X-Ray Observatory monitoring observations of the recent accretion outburst displayed by the pre-main-sequence (pre-MS) star V1647 Ori. The X-ray observations were obtained over a period beginning prior to outburst onset in late 2003 and continuing through its apparent cessation in late 2005, and demonstrate that the mean flux of the spatially coincident X-ray source closely tracked the near-infrared luminosity of V1647 Ori throughout its eruption. We find negligible likelihood that the correspondence between X-ray and infrared light curves over this period was the result of multiple X-ray flares unrelated to the accretion burst. The recent Chandra data confirm that the X-ray spectrum of V1647 Ori hardened during outburst, relative both to its preoutburst state and to the X-ray spectra of nearby pre-MS stars in the L1630 cloud. We conclude that the observed changes in the X-ray emission from V1647 Ori over the course of its 2003-2005 eruption were generated by a sudden increase and subsequent decline in its accretion rate. These results for V1647 Ori indicate that the flux of hard X-ray emission from erupting low-mass, pre-MS stars, and the duration and intensity of such eruptions, reflect the degree to which star-disk magnetic fields are reorganized before and during major accretion events.
PERMAFROST OCCURRENCE IN THE ALPINE ZONE OF THE TATRA MOUNTAINS, POLAND

At an altitude of 1990 m a.s. l. , the mean annual air temperature in the Tatra Mountains of southern Poland is -1iC. The values of the freezing and thawing indices suggest that, at such an altitude, the depth of ground thaw ought to be smaller than that of ground freezing. Geophysical methods were used to try to confirm that permafrost is present. The most common result for electroresistivity soundings is about 300 kOhm-m. Seismic soundings indicate velocities from 2260 to 2670 m/s at the depths of 9 m or so. Several hundred BTS measurements have also been made in the study area and temperatures from 0 to -4.8iC have been recorded. The results strongly suggest the presence of discontinuous permafrost in the Tatra Mountains and it appears that it underlies an area of the order of 100 km2 .
Homeopathy as A Misnomer for Activation of the Alternative Cellular Energy Pathway: Evidence for the Therapeutic Benefits of Enercel® in a Diverse Range of Clinical Illnesses

This paper reports on the favorable results obtained in patients with differing illnesses who were treated with Enercel® homeopathic formulations. The range of treatable illnesses does not support the homeopathic “Laws of Similars,” with the implied specificity of action of each homeopathic remedy. As summarized in this paper, Enercel can provide clinical improvements to cancer patients as well as to patients with various infectious, allergic and neurological illnesses. Each of these illnesses is explainable as an insufficiency of cellular energy (ICE) required for normal biological functioning. In addition to cellular energy obtained from food metabolism, an environmental force termed KELEA (kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction) provides an alternative cellular energy (ACE) to the body. This energy is expressed as a dynamic (kinetic) energy of the body fluids in support of various biological activities. Enercel is prepared by progressively diluting various herbal compounds in water plus ethanol, using facilities approved for Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). Enercel attracts KELEA from the environment, as can other formulations of KELEA activated water. Upon administration to humans, these solutions can potentially transfer the energy to the body and, thereby, enhance the ACE pathway. Continuing clinical experience gained from using Enercel will help in the evaluation of other KELEA activated water-based products, as well as in the assessment of various ACE pathway enhancing technologies.
Collateral and Lending to Rural Households in Emerging Markets

Due to opaque information and weak enforcement in emerging loan markets, the need for collateral is expected to be high. However, rural households usually lack adequate assets to pledge as collateral. How is this puzzle solved? Using data from Thailand, we find that indeed most loans are provided without any tangible assets as collateral. Lenders can enforce collateral-free loans through third party guarantees and borrower-lender relationships, but also through reducing loan size, reducing duration or increasing the interest rate. We do not find a significant impact of borrowers’ wealth and default risk on the use of collateral.
Adequação de doses de nitrogênio em milho com base em indicadores de solo e de planta

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar uma metodologia para determinar doses otimas de N a serem aplicadas em cobertura, no estadio V6 do milho, com base em caracteristicas de solo e de planta, e verificar quais os indicadores mais precisos para a predicao da dose de N a ser aplicada. O experimento foi conduzido em Eldorado do Sul, RS, em dois anos agricolas. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco doses de N, aplicadas em duas epocas. Alem do rendimento de graos, determinaram-se, no estadio V6, o teor relativo de clorofila na folha, as massas de materia seca da folha e da planta, o teor e a quantidade de N acumulados na folha e na planta, teores de nitrato, amonio e N mineral no solo. As caracteristicas de planta foram mais eficientes para a predicao da dose de N em cobertura no milho, nos dois anos agricolas, do que as caracteristicas de solo, com destaque para massa de materia seca e N acumulado na planta, seguidas pelo teor relativo de clorofila na folha. E possivel desenvolver ou adaptar a metodologia testada, para predicao de doses otimas de N em cobertura em milho, a partir de caracteristicas de planta e de solo, desde que se possua uma rede de ensaios com uma curva de reposta a esse nutriente.
Kinetic and Isotherm Studies of Cu(II) Removal from Aqueous Solution Using Gigartina Acicularis Biomass

The biosorption characteristics of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution using the red alga ( Gigartina acicularis ) biomass were investigated as a function of pH, biomass dosage, contact time and metal concentrations at room temperature (20? 23°C). The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to describe the equilibrium data and the isotherm constants were determined. The experimental adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity was 14.77 mg/g. Experimental data were also tested in terms of biosorption kinetics using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The results showed that the biosorption processes of both metal ions followed well pseudo-second-order kinetic. The sorption mechanisms were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Energy dispersive X-ray emission (EDX). The Gigartina acicularis biomass investigated in this study exhibited a high potential for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution. Keywords: Gigartina acicularis ; Cooper; Biosorption; Isotherm studies; Kinetics
Clinical measures for investigating hidden hearing loss

The present study compared clinical measures of auditory function in two listener groups prone to hidden hearing loss relative to a control group: a) listeners with tinnitus, and b) listeners with a history of noise-exposure. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave I, III and V were measured in response to a 4-kHz tone burst to quantify the level-growth of wave I and the amplitude difference between waves I-III and I-V. In addition, speech-in-noise performance using “Dantale I” and the Danish hearing in noise test (HINT) were assessed. The ABR wave-I level growth showed no difference between the tinnitus-, noise-exposed- and control group. The listeners with tinnitus had, however, significantly larger wave I-III differences indicating a gain at brainstem level. While the ABR results support that the wave I-III difference can be used as a physiological indicator of tinnitus, none of the applied audiological methods show signs of a noise-induced hidden hearing loss in the tested listener groups.
Copepod egg production rates in the Pomeranian Bay (Southern Baltic Sea) as a function of phytoplankton abundance and taxonomic composition

The copepod community of the Pomeranlan Bay, in the outer part of the Oder Estuary (Southern Baltic Sea), 1s dominated by Acartia bifilosa Glesbrecht In winter and spring and by A. tonsa Dana In autumn. During summer both species CO-occur. The egg production of these species was studled in 1994/1995. Rates (eggs female-' d-l) were found to vary both seasonally and spatially. In winter, egg production rates of A bifilosa were low, but showed a posltive response to increasing chlorophyll a concentrations. During the late phase of the spnng bloom (dominated by the diatom Skeletonema costatum), egg production of A. blfilosa was clearly higher than in winter, while water temperature r ema~ned at a low level. Phytoplankton concentrations dunng the spnng bloom varied, but egg production rates were uniform all over the bay, suggesting production was not food limited. Length-specific weight and l i p ~ d content indicate that females were in good physiological condition. Dunng summer and autumn, both high and very low egg production rates were observed for both species. The relation between egg production rate dnd chlorophyll a concentration was negative. The analysis of the phytoplankton composltlon in summer suggested that a hlgh proportion of dinoflagellates was beneficial for egg production whereas high proportions of cyanobactenal colonies and filaments had negatlve effects Except dunng the spnng bloom penod, the egg production of Acartia spp, in the Pomeranian Bay was llrnited by the amount and quality of phytoplankton.
Learning from the past : genetic analyses of ancient and contemporary samples identify how historic and pre-historic events have shaped modern whale populations

i Acknowledgements ii List of Figures iv List of Tables v Chapter 1: General Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Genetic Species Identification of Bones from Traditional Whaling 19 Sites on Vancouver Island Abstract 20 Introduction 20 Materials and Methods 24 Results 32 Discussion 33 Chapter 3: Genetic analyses of ancient and contemporary samples infer how 48 historic and pre-historic events have shaped modern whale populations Abstract 49 Introduction 49 Materials and Methods 54 Results 66 Discussion 69 Chapter 4: General Discussion 87
Assimilating XBT Data into HYCOM

A scheme is presented for assimilating expendable bathythermographic data into HYCOM, an oceanic circulation model featuring a hybrid vertical coordinate. The scheme is fully multivariate, using observations of temperature to correct density, pressure, salinity, and momentum, in addition to temperature. Central to the scheme is the estimation of companion profiles of salinity and potential density. The potential density profiles are used to estimate the thicknesses of the model’s layers, so that layer-averaged values of potential density and potential temperature can be computed. These derived data and the derived layer thicknesses are assimilated via optimal interpolation. Salinity corresponding to the corrected potential density and potential temperature fields is determined by the equation of state of seawater, and corrections to the momentum field are computed geostrophically from the corrections to the pressure field. The scheme is illustrated using data from March 1995 in the Atlantic Ocean.
Application of QTL mapping for early selection on growth and latex yield traits in rubber breeding

The objective of this study was to apply the QTL mapping by Markers-Assisted Selection approach for early selection on growth and latex yield in rubber breeding. The plant material consisted of 196 progenies derived from the F1 family RRIM 600 x PB 217. A genetic linkage map was built for this family with 229 SSR markers (microsatellites) and 198 AFLP markers. Phenotyping was carried out over a 6 years period on a field trial of 5 hectares, with around 2,400 trees measured individual. The two major QTLs were detected repeatedly. The QTL g16-6 was associated with latex yield near the position of marker a131. This QTL explained up to 66% of the phenotypic variance. It was also associated to other traits that were strongly correlated to production such as inorganic phosphorus and dry rubber content (latex diagnostic), as well as plugging index. This finding indicates the existence of one major gene (or a cluster of genes) located on linkage group g16 and involved in the intensity of metabolic activity of latex cell. A second important QTL associated with girth of the trunk (growth) was detected (QTL g3-60) at the position of marker a312. It explained up to 31% of the phenotypic variance. The discovery of the two major QTLs g3-60 and g16-6 suggest that two major genes act as limiting factors in the genetic determinism of the growth in girth during favorable condition and of rubber production in low-intensive tapping systems. These loci should become privileged targets for the identification of key-genes in rubber. The possible use of their neighboring markers for developing Markers-Assisted Selection (MAS) in the short run appears very reasonable. It should contribute to improve the accuracy of the first selection stage which is the weakest point of the rubber clonal selection scheme. (Resume d'auteur)
Cirrus clouds physical and spatiotemporal features in the Wider Caribbean

Studies on cirrus clouds, their occurrence frequency and the physical characteristics are an actual research topic for the scientific community. Cirrus clouds influence on the radiation budget of the surface-atmosphere system and thus the climate. Moreover, cirrus clouds play a determinant role in the regulation of the water vapor quantity in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The lack of information and studies about
Genetic diversity of the Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus and the development of RT-LAMP assay for its detection

To analyse the genetic diversity of the Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) population in Poland and to establish the phylogenetic relationships between the Polish and other isolates described to date, 91 isolates were collected from cucumber plants. The analysis, based on coat protein (CP) gene, revealed the presence of two phylogenetic groups: one consisting of the Polish isolates collected in 2017 and those originated mainly from Asia region and the second including the Polish isolates collected in 2016 and the others from European countries. The sensitive, specific, and rapid one-step loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay was developed for the early detection of genetically diverse CGMMV isolates in seeds and plant material.
Quantifying Feedback from Narrow Line Region Outflows in Nearby Active Galaxies. I. Spatially Resolved Mass Outflow Rates for the Seyfert 2 Galaxy Markarian 573

We present the first spatially resolved mass outflow rate measurements ( ) of the optical emission line gas in the narrow line region (NLR) of a Seyfert 2 galaxy, Markarian 573. Using long slit spectra and [O iii] imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope and Apache Point Observatory in conjunction with emission line diagnostics and Cloudy photoionization models, we find a peak outflow rate of at a distance of 210 pc from the central supermassive black hole (SMBH). The outflow extends to distances of 600 pc from the nucleus with a total mass and kinetic energy of M ≈ 2.2 × 106 M⊙ and E ≈ 5.1 × 1054 erg, revealing the outflows to be more energetic than those in the lower luminosity Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4151. The peak outflow rate is an order of magnitude larger than the mass accretion and nuclear outflow rates, indicating local in situ acceleration of the circumnuclear NLR gas. We compare these results to global techniques that quantify an average outflow rate across the NLR, and find the latter are subject to larger uncertainties. These results indicate that spatially resolved observations are critical for probing AGN feedback on scales where circumnuclear star formation occurs.
Family affluence and health among schoolchildren

Inequalities in social circumstances can have profound effects on health and well-being. The impact of social inequalities on the health of young children and adults is well documented but less is understood about the adolescent population. While some studies have found there to be social inequalities in adolescent behavioural problems and psychological and emotional well-being (Starfield, 2002; McMunn et al, 2001; Ford et al, 1994), others have suggested little or no evidence for health inequalities during adolescence (West, 1997). This Briefing Paper examines one source of inequalities in young people’s lives – that of family material affluence. It presents research findings for 11-15 year-olds from the 2002 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children: WHO Collaborative Cross-National Study (HBSC) in Scotland and compares findings from Europe and North America. A map and HBSC countries list are presented in the Technical Appendix where the survey methodology is also described. Socioeconomic inequalities are prevalent and increasing throughout the industrialised nations of the world (Vleminckx and Smeeding, 2001). The HBSC study gives a unique opportunity to examine the impact of this on young people’s health across Europe and North America. This eleventh briefing paper in the series brings a focus to the Scottish data using a comparative perspective and summarises key parts of the International Report1 from the 2002 HBSC Survey (Currie et al, 2004). This paper examines associations between family affluence and aspects of adolescent health and well-being, including eating habits, physical activity, reported health and life satisfaction. The purpose of the paper is to increase knowledge and understanding of health inequalities among young people in Scotland; to provide evidence of inequalities for policy makers and practitioners; and to inform actions aimed at health improvement among adolescents.