Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An investigation of factors determining cycling experience and frequency

A bicycle tourism destination is composed of complexes of different attributes that are crucial for the determination of tourist satisfaction levels. However, the relative impact of sector-specific destination attributes on bicycle touring and leisure cycling experience and frequency has been both poorly understood and studied. This study is an attempt to fill this literature gap by exploring a demand-side perspective on the important contributors of overall satisfaction with cycling experience and the key determinants of cycling frequency. The 28 sector-specific destination attributes were drawn from the relevant literature, and then modified by a panel of industry experts. Using exploratory factor analysis, three destination-specific attribute-level satisfaction factors were identified in descending order of satisfaction degree: ‘provision of signage services,’ ‘provision of safety and emergency services,’ and ‘quality of bicycle routes. ’ Among these factors, ‘provision of safety and security services’ and ‘provision of signage services’ were found to be the most important contributors to overall satisfaction. Finally, ‘monthly income’ was proven to be a significant predictor of cycling frequency. This study is of great importance as there is a growing body of evidence that the use of bicycle for leisure, recreation, and tourism is undergoing a resurgence worldwide. The findings of this study may be of interest to scholars in Western countries where bicycle tourism is mature and highly developed and in Asian countries where the sector is at an early stage of development. Since bicycle touring and leisure cycling experience and frequency can be increased by modifying destination marketing and management practices, the government and industry sectors should focus more attention on ensuring the provision of multi-functional grocery and convenience stores along designated bicycle routes, developing an informative and visible signage system for designated bicycle routes, and targeting middle- to high-income bicyclists with diverse bicycle touring and leisure cycling experience options.
Quasi‐market Transformation: An Institutionalist Approach to Change in UK Hospitals

Quasi-market transformation (QMT) refers to the process by which the dominant organizational form in a field is replaced, following the introduction of a quasimarket. In this article, analysis of comparative case-study data reveals that, until the early 1990s, a common interpretive scheme, or set of values and norms, underpinned a set of structures and systems in many UK hospitals. These similarities of form are represented as the directly managed (DM) hospital archetype. When change initiatives challenged this archetype, the outcomes were negotiated and the interpretive scheme remained largely unscathed. Following the introduction of a quasi-market in 1991, a new trust hospital interpretive scheme has emerged. For the first time, UK hospitals have experienced transformation and now display an alternative set of structures and systems. This article explains how the trust hospital archetype has become legitimized through different tracks of change within individual hospitals.
The Greek crisis in focus: austerity, recession and paths to recovery

The severe economic crisis affecting Greece is widely expected to have a significant social impact in terms of greater inequality and increased poverty. We provide an early assessment of whether (and to what extent) this is the case. More specifically, we distinguish between two inter-related factors: on the one hand, the austerity measures taken to reduce fiscal deficits; on the other hand, the wider recession. Using the European tax-benefit model EUROMOD we attempt to quantify the distributional implications of both. With respect to the austerity measures, we focus on the changes introduced in spring 2010 affecting income tax, pension benefits and public sector pay. With respect to the wider recession, we model the effects of rising unemployment and inflation, as well as of lower earnings for self-employed workers and for employees of private firms. In simulating the impact of these changes on the distribution of incomes (and in estimating how the total burden of the crisis is shared across income groups), we take into account tax evasion and benefit non take up. We end by discussing the methodological pitfalls and policy implications of our research.
Teaching the Presidential Debates: Helping Students to Understand and Overcome Biases during Presidential Election Campaigns

In this paper, we propose ideas for teaching presid ential debates within the university classroom setting. In particular, we explore methods for he lping students to break through partisan and ideological barriers that might inhibit their under standing of and ability to analyze candidates’ messages. If debates are to fulfill their origina l purpose of creating a more informed and responsible electorate, it is first essential that viewers give each nominee a full and fair hearing. We begin our discussion with a brief history of pre sidential debates, emphasizing both the presentations of the candidates and how those prese ntations have been distorted by media analysis, particularly the general emphasis on styl e and trivia over substance. We then address the cognitive filters that all viewers—including st udents—bring to these events. Next, we introduce several ideas for disarming these filters . Finally, we conclude by addressing the potential of debates to help political science prof essors create better prepared voters.
Small-Scale Privatisation in Eastern Europe and Russia: A Historical and Comparative Perspective

Small-scale privatisation (SSP) of shops, restaurants, and other consumer services was the first stage of the complex process of privatisation in Eastern Europe and the Russian Federation. It was a giant social and economic experiment to assess the demand for previously state-owned property and people's attitudes towards private ownership. It was also an in-depth examination verifying different techniques of privatisation. Recent experiences of SSP in Eastern European countries and the Russian Federation, although broadly publicised by the mass media, were barely analysed in a comparative perspective. Since the majority of the former communist economies are already undertaking full-scale privatisation, or at least elaborating the programs for it, the time has come for the analysis of experiences already accumulated during the first stage. This paper is one of the first serious attempts to focus on SSP from a comparative point of view. The authors have meticulously documented recent developments in SSP in the former Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, former Eastern Germany, Hungary, Poland, and the Russian Federation. This report examines the characteristics of each stage of the privatisation processes and compares them across the nations, beginning with the emergence of the idea of SSP, through legislation, and the rise of unexpected tensions during the implementation phase. The characteristic features of the newly privatised retail and service businesses are also reviewed.
Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology CLDN 9 ( claudin 9 )

Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology is a reissue of the original articles published in collaboration with the Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (INstitut de l’Information Scientifique et Techniqu e INIST) of the French National Center for Scient ific Research (CNRS) on its electronic publishing platform I-Revu s. Online and PDF versions of the Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology are hosted by INIST-CNRS. Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
Robust Hedging of Longevity Risk

We consider situations where a pension plan has opted to hedge its longevity risk using an index‐based longevity hedging instrument such as a q‐forward or deferred longevity swap. The use of index‐based hedges gives rise to basis risk, but benefits, potentially, from lower costs to the hedger and greater liquidity. We focus on quantification of optimal hedge ratios and hedge effectiveness and investigate how robust these quantities are relative to inclusion of recalibration risk, parameter uncertainty, and Poisson risk. We find that strategies are robust relative to the inclusion of parameter uncertainty and Poisson risk. In contrast, single‐instrument hedging strategies are found to lack robustness relative to the inclusion of recalibration risk at the future valuation date, although we also demonstrate that some hedging instruments are more robust than others. To address this problem, we develop multi‐instrument hedging strategies that are robust relative to recalibration risk.
Critical analysis and comparison of the side-effect and safety profiles of the new antipsychotics*

The conventional antipsychotic drugs are associated with a wide range of unwanted effects (Barnes & Guy Edwards, 1993; Guy Edwards & Barnes, 1993). These side-effects represent part of the burden of patients given antipsychotic medication, affect compliance with treatment, and contribute to the prescribing clinician's weigh-ing-up of the risks and benefits of a particular antipsychotic in an individual case. The conventional drugs show differences in their side-effect profiles, particularly with regard to sedation and extrapyramidal problems, and it is probably a reasonable generalisation to state that these have largely governed clinicians' choice. The newer ‘atypical’ antipsychotics (such as clozapine, risperidone, sertindole, olanzapine, quetiapine and amisulpride) are less liable to cause extrapyramidal symptoms than the conventional antipsychotics. However, this advantage is greater for some of the new drugs than for others, and their safety profiles also differ in other key respects. Thus, in terms of side-effects and safety, each of these newer drugs must be evaluated individually.
Returns to Equity Before and After Holidays: Australian Evidence and Tests of Plausible Hypotheses

There is evidence that mean equity returns in Australia (as in the U.S.) are positive before and after holidays. Two distinctively Australian features are used to examine this regularity. First, the Australian market is dominated by two exchanges of approximately equal importance. Returns on each exchange before and after days on which only one of the exchanges was closed were examined. Returns preceding the closure were significantly higher on the closed exchange. Second, Australian holidays vary from one to five days. A positive association was found between returns before and after holidays, and holiday duration. These findings support settlement procedure and calendar time hypotheses.
Parkinson disease neuropathology: later-developing dementia and loss of the levodopa response.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the neuropathologic substrate for dementia occurring late in Parkinson disease (PD). DESIGN We identified 13 patients with a clinical diagnosis of PD who experienced dementia at least 4 years after parkinsonism onset (mean, 10.5 years) and subsequently underwent postmortem examination. Despite levodopa therapy, 9 patients later became severely impaired and nonambulatory, requiring total or near-total care; this included 4 patients treated with 1200 mg/d or more of levodopa (with carbidopa), which was consistent with loss of the levodopa response. These 13 patients were compared with 9 patients clinically diagnosed as having PD, but without dementia, who had undergone autopsies. RESULTS Twelve of 13 PD patients with dementia had findings of diffuse or transitional Lewy body disease as the primary pathologic substrate for dementia; 1 had progressive supranuclear palsy. This pathology also apparently accounted for the levodopa refractory state. Among the 12 PD patients with dementia, mean and median Lewy body counts were increased nearly 10-fold in neocortex and limbic areas compared with PD patients without dementia (P< or =.002). Alzheimer pathology was modest. Only one patient met the criteria defined by the National Institute on Aging and the Reagan Institute Working Group on the Diagnostic Criteria for the Neuropathologic Assessment of Alzheimer's Disease for "intermediate probability of Alzheimer's disease. " There were, however, significant correlations between neocortical Lewy body counts and senile plaques as well as neurofibrillary tangles. Senile plaque counts did not significantly correlate with tangle counts in any of the analyzed nuclei. Arteriolar disease may have contributed to the clinical picture in 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS Diffuse or transitional Lewy body disease is the primary pathologic substrate for dementia developing later in PD. This same pathologic substrate seemed to account for end-stage, levodopa refractory parkinsonism. The occurrence of Alzheimer pathology was modest, but was highly correlated with Lewy body pathology, suggesting common origins or one triggering the other.
Characterization of DsbD in Neisseria meningitidis

Proper periplasmic disulfide bond formation is important for folding and stability of many secreted and membrane proteins, and is catalysed by three DsbA oxidoreductases in Neisseria meningitidis. DsbD provides reducing power to DsbC that shuffles incorrect disulfide bond in misfolded proteins as well as to the periplasmic enzymes that reduce apo‐cytochrome c (CcsX) or repair oxidative protein damages (MrsAB). The expression of dsbD, but not other dsb genes, is positively regulated by the MisR/S two‐component system. Quantitative real‐time PCR analyses showed significantly reduced dsbD expression in all misR/S mutants, which was rescued by genetic complementation. The direct and specific interaction of MisR with the upstream region of the dsbD promoter was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and the MisR binding sequences were mapped. Further, the expression of dsbD was found to be induced by dithiothrietol (DTT), through the MisR/S regulatory system. Surprisingly, we revealed that inactivation of dsbD can only be achieved in a strain carrying an ectopically located dsbD, in the dsbA1A2 double mutant or in the dsbA1A2A3 triple mutant, thus DsbD is indispensable for DsbA‐catalysed oxidative protein folding in N. meningitidis. The defects of the meningococcal dsbA1A2 mutant in transformation and resistance to oxidative stress were more severe in the absence of dsbD.
Nursing in Sudden-Onset Disasters: Factors and Information that Affect Participation

Abstract Introduction: Little has been reported regarding the minimum conditions, information, and knowledge essential for dispatching nurses to join in sudden-onset disaster events from the viewpoint of nurses. This paper explores the issues and concerns that nurses faced when asked to respond to the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake event in Japan. Methods: A standardized written survey tool was developed using input from four nurses who had responded to the disaster event. Questionnaires that included both “yes” and “no” answers and multiple-choice answers were developed and sent to 823 nurses who worked in four hospitals. Results: A total of 477/823(58.0%) questionnaires were completed and returned. Of the respondents to the questionnaire, 309 (62.1%) were qualified nurses, and 148 (37.9%) were students. Sixty-nine (15%) of the total 477 respondents participated in the disaster response to the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. Primary among respondents' concerns were that they should wait for their superiors or institutions to direct them to go “somewhere” and to do “something” and how far away from home would they be required to travel. Home responsibilities conflicting with disaster response were a common concern for respondents. Conclusion: Managers should consider including the following conditions in disaster dispatch plans: (1) the dispatches should be made part of nursing duties; (2) the disaster plan should be constructed with organizations near disaster sites; and (3) clear directions regarding destination and expected activities should be provided to nurses.
Endogenous DNA double-strand breaks: Production, fidelity of repair, and induction of cancer

This article extends our previous quantitative analysis of the relationship between the dynamics of the primary structure of DNA and mutagenesis associated with single-strand lesions to an analysis of the production and processing of endogenous double-strand breaks (EDSBs) and to their implications for oncogenesis. We estimate that in normal human cells ≈1% of single-strand lesions are converted to ≈50 EDSBs per cell per cell cycle. This number is similar to that for EDSBs produced by 1.5–2.0 Gy of sparsely ionizing radiation. Although EDSBs are usually repaired with high fidelity, errors in their repair contribute significantly to the rate of cancer in humans. The doubling dose for induced DSBs is similar to doubling doses for mutation and for the induction of carcinomas by ionizing radiation. We conclude that rates of production of EDSBs and of ensuing spontaneous mitotic recombination events can account for a substantial fraction of the earliest oncogenic events in human carcinomas.
The new pattern of regional unemployment: causes and policy significance

In common with most OECD countries, unemployment in Britain has differed significantly between regions, but the persistence of relative regional unemployment rates in Britain has been, until recently, particularly striking. However, during the I990-93 recession, the relative regional unemployment pattern changed significantly for the first time in seventy years. Our primary purpose here is to understand these recent changes and to examine what might be learned about the contribution of economic policies to the amelioration of both regional unemployment rate differentials and the amplitude of regional unemployment cycles. Finally we ask whether there are any policy lessons to be drawn from the recent cycles in regional unemployment patterns which might provide insight into the amplitude of macro-economic cycles.
The Remuneration Of Non‐Owner Managers In Small And Medium‐Sized Uk Enterprises

Virtually all prior research on small and medium sized enterprise (SME) management has focused on owner managers. This article, however, empirically examines the determinants of managerial remuneration for a sample of 97 UK SME non‐owning managerial employees. the empirical analysis, based upon data obtained from interviews with middle (i.e. non‐director level) managers and the published financial records of their employing firms lodged at Companies House, first examines the influence of firm size and performance and then augments the empirical model to include pay composition, industrial sector, external labour market and human capital variables. The empirical results indicate that the average profitability of the employing firms is not a significant determinant of managerial remuneration. However, composition of pay appears to have a significant effect upon total remuneration since, even after controlling for other influences, managers in receipt of annual bonuses and/or profit‐sharing bonuses are estimated to earn an additional £6,600. the managers’age and qualifications, and the asset size, industry and location of their employing firms are also significant factors and collectively are able to explain a large proportion of the cross‐sectional variance in remuneration. Though there is a lack of previous empirical research on SME managerial pay.
The Relationship between Firm Growth, Size, and Age: Estimates for 100 Manufacturing Industries.

This study uses a sample of all firms operating in 100 manufacturing industries to examine some aspects of firm dynamics. It finds that firm growth, the variability of firm growth, and the probability that a firm will fail decrease with firm age. It also finds that firm growth decreases at a diminishing rate with firm size even after controlling for the exit of slow-growing firms from the sample. Gibrat's Law therefore fails, although the severity of the failure decreases with firm size. Copyright 1987 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
The role of the anterior border of the hip bone in sexual dimorphism: a morphometric study in the North Indian population

Understanding sexual dimorphism is very important in studies of human evolution and skeletal biology. The ability to determine sex from unknown skeletal remains is vital and methods to do this on the various bones of the human skeleton have been researched extensively especially in the studies related to forensic anthropology. The distinctive morphology and clear sexual dimorphism of the hip bone makes it an ideal bone for sex determination. Whereas the roles of the parameters of its posterior border (including the greater sciatic notch) are well established, those of the anterior border are not much explored. The present study was designed to establish the morphometric pattern of the anterior border of the hip bone and its role in sexual dimorphism. Material for the current investigation comprised 100 hip bones belonging to 50 cadavers ([M:F = 80:20] and [R:L = 50:50]) obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India. Sixteen parameters of the anterior border were taken and three indices were calculated. Eight parameters were significantly greater in males: (i) straight distance anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)–symphyseal surface (SS); (ii) straight distance ASIS–pubic tubercle (PT); (iii) straight distance anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)–SS; (iv) straight distance AIIS–PT; (v) arch of anterior interspinous notch (ASIS–AIIS); (vi) arch between AIIS and ilio-pubic (IP); (vii) depth of notch between AIIS and IP; (viii) arch of anterior border (ASIS–SS). The results of the present study could be helpful in pronouncing an opinion, for a single specimen, about its origin in general terms or sex.
On the Search for Talent in Academic Labor Markets: Easily Observable Later‐Graduate Study Outcomes as Predictors of Early‐Career Publishing, Placement, and Tenure

Three easily observed later‐graduate study outcomes, working with a prominent advisor, publishing while in graduate school, and coauthoring with the advisor are demonstrated to be significant determinants of early‐career publishing success for a sample of nearly 3,000 Ph.D. recipients from more than 100 domestic programs between 1990 and 1993. Out‐of‐sample predictions for 681 Ph.D. recipients from the class of 1994 indicate that these easily observed later‐graduate study signals dramatically improve our ability to forecast which students become prolific and which students fail to publish more than one article. Analyzing initial domestic tenure‐track economics placements indicates that hiring departments placed far more emphasis on Ph.D. program pedigree, leading to an initial tenure rate of less than 50% but eventually nearly three‐fourths currently hold tenured positions in the United States.
Renewing Assets with Uncertain Revenues and Operating Costs

We study optimal replacement and abandonment decisions for real assets, when both revenues and costs are uncertain and deteriorate with age. We develop an implicit representation of the renewal boundary as the solution to a set of simultaneous equations. This quasi-analytical method has the merit of computational ease and transparency. We show that the correlation between revenues and operating costs has a significant influence on the renewal boundary, and that the increase in revenue immediately following a renewal has a greater relative influence on the boundary than either operating cost or renewal cost. The quasi-analytical method is sufficiently flexible to deal with other real option models involving 2 variables.