Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Timing of mammalian peripheral trigeminal system development relative to body size: A comparison of metatherians with rodents and monotremes

Abstract Specializations of the trigeminal sensory system are present in all three infraclasses of mammals (metatheria, eutheria, prototheria or monotremata). The trigeminal sensory system has been suggested as a critically important modality for sampling the path to the pouch and detecting the nipple or milk patch, but the degree to which that system may be required to function at birth varies significantly. Archived sections of the snout and brainstem of embryonic and postnatal mammals were used to test the relationship between structural maturity of the two ends of the trigeminal nerve pathway and the body size of mammalian young in metatherians, rodents and monotremes. A system for staging different levels of structural maturity of the vibrissae and trigeminal sensory was applied to embryos, pouch young and hatchlings and correlated with body length. Dasyurids are born at the most immature state with respect to vibrissal and trigeminal sensory nucleus development of any available metatherian, but these components of the trigeminal system are also developmentally advanced relative to body size when dasyurids are compared to other metatherians. Vibrissal and trigeminal sensory nucleus development is at a similar stage of development at birth and for a given body size in non-dasyurid metatherians; and trigeminal sensory nucleus development in monotremes is at a similar stage at birth to metatherians. Rodents reach a far more advanced stage of vibrissal and trigeminal sensory nucleus development at birth than do metatherians, and in the case of the mouse have a more developmentally advanced trigeminal system than all available metatherians at any given body length. Precocious development of the trigeminal sensory pathway relative to body size is evident in dasyurids, as might be expected given the small birth size of those metatherians. Nevertheless, the trigeminal sensory system in metatherians in general is not precocious relative to body size when these species are considered alongside the pace of trigeminal somatosensory development in rodents.
Spoligotype Diversity of Mycobacterium bovis Strains Isolated in France from 1979 to 2000

ABSTRACT The molecular fingerprints of 1,349 isolates ofMycobacterium bovis received between 1979 and August 2000 at Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (Afssa) have been obtained by spoligotyping. The majority of the isolates (1,266) were obtained from cattle living in France. An apparently high level of heterogeneity was observed between isolates. One hundred sixty-one spoligotypes were observed in total, of which 153 were from French isolates. The two predominant spoligotypes, designated BCG-like and GB54, accounted for 26 and 12% of the isolates, respectively. In addition, 84% of the spoligotypes were found fewer than 10 times. Analysis of the results by clustering and parsimony-based algorithms revealed that the majority of the spoligotypes were closely related. The predominant spoligotype was identical to that of the vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG, which was isolated in France at the end of the 19th century. Some spoligotypes were closely associated with restricted geographical areas. Interestingly, some spoligotypes, which were frequently observed in France, were also observed in neighboring countries. Conversely, few spoligotypes were common to France and England, and those that were shared were observed at very different frequencies. This last point illustrates the potential role for an international data bank, which could help trace the spread of M. bovis across national borders.
Changes and Development Subject of Physical Education Policy for Activating Girls Physical Activities in School

학교체육정책의 다각적 변화와 발전 속에서 최근 가장 두드러진 정책은 ‘여학생 체육활동 활성화 정책’이라 할 수 있다. 여성 관련 정책은 사회적으로 열악한 지위에 처해 있는 여성이 감내하고 있는 불평등을 해소하여 보편적인 인간으로서의 삶을 영위할 수 있는 조건을 형성하자는 취지에서 출발한다. 본 연구는 학교체육활동의 교육적 운영의 지침이 되는 학교체육정책에서 여학생과 관련 정책의 수립･시행･변화･발전 과정을 검토하여 학교체육정책에서의 시사점 도출을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 선행연구, 연구보고서 및 교육부가 제시하는 ‘학교체육주요업무계획’, ‘학교체육활성화 방안’등의 문헌자료를 고찰하였다. 연구결과 여학생체육활동 활성화 관련 정책은 태동기, 변화기, 확대기로 변화하고 있었다. 혼성학급 정책운영은 ‘체육수업에서의 여학생’에 대한 문제의식을 일으켰고, 이후 학교체육혁신방안, 이명박 정부의 일반학생 학교체육활성화 방안 등의 정책은 여학생 체육활동에 대한 정책적 관심을 유도하였으며, 2013년 박근혜 정권 내 여학생 체육활동 활성화 정책은 정책의 발전을 가져왔다. 현재 양적으로 확대 된 여학생 체육활동 관련 정책은 면밀한 성과분석을 통한 내실화의 노력이 요구되는 시점이며, 장기적 발전을 위해 정부차원의 정책개발기관에서의 관련정책에 대한 체계적 정책성과분석 및 정책연구를 제안하였다.
Advanced interatrial block is associated with recurrence of atrial fibrillation post pharmacological cardioversion.

INTRODUCTION Management of atrial fibrillation (AF) is hampered by frequent recurrences after restoration of sinus rhythm. Delayed interatrial conduction has been associated with the development of AF in different clinical settings. The aim of our study was to assess whether advanced interatrial block (aIAB) was associated with AF recurrence after pharmacological cardioversion with two different antiarrhythmic drugs. METHODS We included 61 patients with recent onset AF without structural heart disease that underwent successful pharmacological cardioversion. Thirty-one patients received a single oral dose of propafenone, and 30 patients received iv vernakalant. A 12-lead ECG (filter 150 Hz, 25 mm/s, 10 mm/mV) after conversion was evaluated for the presence of interatrial block (IAB); partial (pIAB): P-wave duration > 120 ms, and advanced (aIAB): P-wave > 120 ms and biphasic morphology (±) in inferior leads. Clinical follow-up and electrocardiographic recordings were performed for a 12-month period. RESULTS Age was 58 ± 10.4 years and 50.8% were male. aIAB was present in 11 patients (18%) and pIAB in 10 (16.4%). At 1-year follow-up, 22 patients (36%) had AF recurrence. The recurrence rate with aIAB was 90.9% versus 70% in those with pIAB and 12.5% in normal P-wave duration (P = 0.001). The presence of aIAB was strongly associated with AF recurrence (odds ratio 18.4 in multivariable modeling). Recurrence was not affected by the drug used for cardioversion (P = 0.92). CONCLUSION Advanced interatrial block is associated with higher risk of AF recurrence at 1 year after pharmacological cardioversion, independent of the drug used.
Radiolabeled neurotensin analog, 99mTc-NT-XI, evaluated in ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients.

UNLABELLED The study aim was to assess the safety, biodistribution, tissue kinetics, and tumor uptake of the (99m)Tc-labeled neurotensin (NT) analog NT-XI. METHODS Four patients presenting ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma were studied with (99m)Tc-NT-XI. Patients were followed by scintigraphy up to 4 h and by continued blood and urinary sampling until surgery 18-22 h after injection. Surgical tissue samples were analyzed for radioactivity uptake and NT receptor expression. RESULTS No side effects were observed on injection of (99m)Tc-NT-XI. Blood biologic half-lives alpha and beta were 35 min (range, 17-62 min) and 230 min (range, 107-383 min), respectively. Repeated whole-body scintigraphy performed in 2 patients showed a single exponential decrease of whole-body activity with half-lives of 101 and 232 min. Tracer elimination was mainly renal, with 92% and 98% of activity counted in urine in the first 20 h. Kidney, liver, spleen, and bone marrow activity uptake was observed in all patients. Tumor was not visualized in the first 3 patients but could be localized by tomoscintigraphy in the pancreas head region of patient 4. In vitro tissue analysis showed high expression of NT receptor in the tumor of patient 4, correlated with the highest tumor radioactivity uptake and the highest tumor-to-fat radioactivity ratio. In vitro receptor expression was also positive in a second patient having a tumor characterized by very low cellularity; however, the remaining 2 tumors lacked NT receptor expression. CONCLUSION Injection of (99m)Tc-NT-XI was well tolerated. The in vivo tumor uptake appeared specific as it was observed in the 1 patient with a pancreatic tumor that expressed high amounts of NT receptor. The results are compatible with preclinical animal results and in favor of further development of radiolabeled NT analogs for diagnosis or therapy of cancer.
Adrenergic stimulation‐released 5‐HT stored in adrenergic nerves inhibits CGRPergic nerve‐mediated vasodilatation in rat mesenteric resistance arteries

5‐HT is taken up by and stored in adrenergic nerves and periarterial nerve stimulation (PNS) releases 5‐HT to cause vasoconstriction in rat mesenteric arteries. The present study investigated whether PNS‐released 5‐HT stored in adrenergic nerves affects the function of perivascular calcitonin gene‐related peptide‐containing (CGRPergic) nerves.
Improved renal perfusion measurement with a dual navigator‐gated Q2TIPS fair technique

A dual navigator‐gated, flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) true fast imaging with steady precession (True‐FISP) sequence has been developed for accurate quantification of renal perfusion. FAIR methods typically overestimate renal perfusion when respiratory motion causes the inversion slice to move away from the imaging slice, which then incorporates unlabeled spins from static tissue. To overcome this issue, the dual navigator scheme was introduced to track inversion and imaging slices, and thus to ensure the same position for both slices. Accuracy was further improved by a well‐defined bolus length, which was achieved by a modification version of Q2TIPS (quantitative imaging of perfusion using a single subtraction, second version with interleaved thin‐slice TI1 periodic saturation): a series of saturation pulses was applied to both sides of the imaging slice at a certain time after the inversion. The dual navigator‐gated technique was tested in eight volunteers. The measured renal cortex perfusion rates were between 191 and 378 mL/100 g/min in the renal cortex with a mean of 376 mL/100 g/min. The proposed technique may prove most beneficial for noncontrast‐based renal perfusion quantification in young children and patients who may have difficulty holding their breath for prolonged periods or are sedated/anesthetized. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predicting factors for positive vaginal surgical margin following radical hysterectomy for stage IB1 carcinoma of the cervix.

BACKGROUND To examine the incidence of positive vaginal surgical margins and determine the predicting factors following radical hysterectomy for stage IB1 carcinoma of the cervix. MATERIALS AND METHODS The clinical and histological data of 656 FIGO stage IB1 cervical cancer patients who had radical hysterectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy (RHPL) from January 2003 to December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed and were analyzed for their association with a positive vaginal surgical margin. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Thirty-five patients (5.3%) had positive vaginal surgical margins following RHPL; 24 (3.7%) for intraepithelial lesions and 11 (1.7%) for carcinoma. On multivariate analysis, microscopic vaginal involvement by high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and/or carcinoma (adjusted odd ratio (OR) 186.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 48.5-718.5) and squamous histology (OR 8.7; 95% CI 1.7-44.0), were significantly associated with positive vaginal surgical margin. CONCLUSIONS Microscopic vaginal involvement by HSIL and/ or carcinoma are strong predictors for positive vaginal surgical margins for stage IB1 cervical cancer patients undergoing radical hysterectomy. Preoperative 'mapping' colposcopy or other strategies should be considered to ensure optimal vaginal resection.
ORIGIN OF THE SERPENTINE‐ENDEMIC HERB LAYLA DISCOIDEA FROM THE WIDESPREAD L. LANDULOSA (COMPOSITAE)

Abstract Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear rDNA sequences uphold Gottlieb et al.'s hypothesis that Layia discoidea, a morphologically unusual, serpentine‐endemic herb of narrow distribution in central California, “budded off” recently (less than one million years ago) from a nearby lineage of the widespread L. glandulosa, which occurs on sandy soils across much of far western North America. Although L. discoidea and L. glandulosa retain complete interfertility, nuclear rDNA data for the two species are almost free of evolutionary noise, without evidence of gene flow between them; allopatric divergence of L. discoidea cannot be ruled out. Molecular data are consistent with a hypothesis of accelerated morphological evolution of L. discoidea and Gottlieb et al.'s suggestion that the closest relatives of L. discoidea are populations of L. glandulosa with yellow, rather than white, ray corollas, in accord with Clausen, Keck, and Hiesey's evidence of a gene for yellow ray coloration in the rayless L. discoidea.
Meat allergy associated with galactosyl‐α‐(1,3)‐galactose (α‐Gal)—Closing diagnostic gaps by anti‐α‐Gal IgE immune profiling

Glycoproteins and glycolipids of some mammalian species contain the disaccharide galactosyl‐α‐(1,3)‐galactose (α‐Gal). It is known that α‐Gal is immunogenic in humans and causes glycan‐specific IgG and also IgE responses with clinical relevance. α‐Gal is part of the IgE‐reactive monoclonal therapeutic antibody cetuximab (CTX) and is associated with delayed anaphylaxis to red meat. In this study, different α‐Gal‐containing analytes are examined in singleplex and multiplex assays to resolve individual sensitization patterns with IgE against α‐Gal.
Altered cerebral vasoregulation in hypertension and stroke

Background: Autoregulation of blood flow that maintains steady perfusion over the range of systemic blood pressure is compromised by stroke. Objectives: To determine whether cerebral vasoregulation is impaired in stroke during orthostatic stress. Methods: Subjects included 30 control subjects, 30 with hypertension, and 20 with minor stroke and were studied using transcranial Doppler. Bilateral blood flow velocities (BFVs) from middle cerebral arteries, heart rate, blood pressure (BP), and CO2 were obtained during hyperventilation and CO2 rebreathing during supine rest and tilt at 80°. Side-to-side BFV difference, vasomotor range (VMR), and cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) were calculated during normo-, hypo-, and hypercapnia. Results: Mean BFVs were similar between groups in supine position but differed during tilt. BFV diminished on the stroke side during tilt with hyperventilation and CO2 rebreathing (p < 0.0001). CVR increased (p < 0.0001) and VMR decreased (p < 0.01) on the stroke side. Vasoregulation was preserved on the normal side. BFV asymmetry differentiated patients with stroke from the other groups (p < 0.0001). BFV difference between the normal vs stroke side was the largest in stroke-normotensive (n = 7) compared with stroke-hypertensive (n = 13) patients and the two other groups (p < 0.0001). BFV asymmetry in stroke was associated with lower orthostatic BP (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Cerebral vasoregulation is impaired with minor stroke, and cerebral blood flow depends on blood pressure. Decline of blood flow velocities during orthostatic stress may pose a risk of silent hypoperfusion.
Transient cerebellar alterations during development prior to obvious motor phenotype in a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 6

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is a midlife‐onset neurodegenerative disease caused by a CACNA1A mutation; CACNA1A is also implicated in cerebellar development. We have previously shown that when disease symptoms are present in midlife in SCA684Q/84Q mice, cerebellar Purkinje cells spike with reduced rate and precision. In contrast, we find that during postnatal development (P10–13), SCA684Q/84Q Purkinje cells spike with elevated rate and precision. Although surplus climbing fibres are linked to ataxia in other mouse models, we found surplus climbing fibre inputs on developing (P10–13) SCA684Q/84Q Purkinje cells when motor deficits were not detected. Developmental alterations were transient and were no longer observed in weanling (P21–24) SCA684Q/84Q Purkinje cells. Our results suggest that changes in the developing cerebellar circuit can occur without detectable motor abnormalities, and that changes in cerebellar development may not necessarily persist into adulthood.
Bricolage, collaboration and mission drift in social enterprises

Abstract Increasingly, social enterprises are relying on collaboration with partners to tackle the resource constraints that they face. In this research we focus on the strategy of bricolage to explore whether and how the different types of partner becoming involved may impact on the mission of social enterprises. Grounded in resource dependency and transaction cost theories, we explore how power asymmetry and the nature of involvement may impact on the outcomes of bricolage. Our findings demonstrate that in the more integrated relationships with high power asymmetry, more instances of mission drift might be observed compared to when social enterprises develop the more collaborative or complementary nature of partnerships with symmetrical power dependency, or when the partners’ involvements are mainly transaction-based.
The role of microorganisms in atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, fluctuating skin disease that is often associated with atopic conditions such as asthma and IgE‐mediated food allergy and whose skin lesions are characterized by a Th‐2 cell‐mediated response to environmental antigens. The increasing prevalence and severity of atopic diseases including AD over the last three decades has been attributed to decreased exposure to microorganisms during early life, which may result in an altered Th‐1/Th‐2‐balance and/or reduced T cell regulation of the immune response. Patients with AD exhibit defects in innate and acquired immune responses resulting in a heightened susceptibility to bacterial, fungal and viral infections, most notably colonization by S. aureus. Toxins produced by S. aureus exacerbate disease activity by both the induction of toxin‐specific IgE and the activation of various cell types including Th‐2 cells, eosinophils and keratinocytes. Allergens expressed by the yeast Malazessia furfur, a component of normal skin flora, have also been implicated in disease pathogenesis in a subset of AD patients.
The influence of breeding phenology on the genetic structure of four pond‐breeding salamanders

Abstract Understanding metapopulation dynamics requires knowledge about local population dynamics and movement in both space and time. Most genetic metapopulation studies use one or two study species across the same landscape to infer population dynamics; however, using multiple co‐occurring species allows for testing of hypotheses related to different life history strategies. We used genetic data to study dispersal, as measured by gene flow, in three ambystomatid salamanders (Ambystoma annulatum, A. maculatum, and A. opacum) and the Central Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens louisianensis) on the same landscape in Missouri, USA. While all four salamander species are forest dependent organisms that require fishless ponds to reproduce, they differ in breeding phenology and spatial distribution on the landscape. We use these differences in life history and distribution to address the following questions: (1) Are there species‐level differences in the observed patterns of genetic diversity and genetic structure? and (2) Is dispersal influenced by landscape resistance? We detected two genetic clusters in A. annulatum and A. opacum on our landscape; both species breed in the fall and larvae overwinter in ponds. In contrast, no structure was evident in A. maculatum and N. v. louisianensis, species that breed during the spring. Tests for isolation by distance were significant for the three ambystomatids but not for N. v. louisianensis. Landscape resistance also contributed to genetic differentiation for all four species. Our results suggest species‐level differences in dispersal ability and breeding phenology are driving observed patterns of genetic differentiation. From an evolutionary standpoint, the observed differences in dispersal distances and genetic structure between fall breeding and spring breeding species may be a result of the trade‐off between larval period length and size at metamorphosis which in turn may influence the long‐term viability of the metapopulation. Thus, it is important to consider life history differences among closely related and ecologically similar species when making management decisions.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms coordinating pancreas development

ABSTRACT The pancreas is an endoderm-derived glandular organ that participates in the regulation of systemic glucose metabolism and food digestion through the function of its endocrine and exocrine compartments, respectively. While intensive research has explored the signaling pathways and transcriptional programs that govern pancreas development, much remains to be discovered regarding the cellular processes that orchestrate pancreas morphogenesis. Here, we discuss the developmental mechanisms and principles that are known to underlie pancreas development, from induction and lineage formation to morphogenesis and organogenesis. Elucidating such principles will help to identify novel candidate disease genes and unravel the pathogenesis of pancreas-related diseases, such as diabetes, pancreatitis and cancer. Summary: This Review describes the gene regulatory networks, signaling pathways, morphogenetic movements and cell dynamics underlying organogenesis of the mammalian pancreas.
Low Complexity Encoding Based on Richardson's LDPC Codes

The key weakness of Low-Density Parity Check codes is the complexity of the encoding scheme. The generator matrices can be made by Gaussian elimination of parity check matrices for normal block codes. Richardson succeeded in making parity bits from parity check matrices by the low density computation. In this letter, we focus on the execution of numerical experiments which show that even if the matrix D, which is the part of the Richardson's LDPC matrix, is restricted, proposed LDPC codes is lower complexity than Richardson's LDPC codes. The constraint of D results in reducing complexity from O(n + g 2 ) to 0(n) due to the omission of computing inverse matrices of Φ and T in Richardson's encoding scheme. All the sub-matrices in parity check matrix are composed of Circulant Permutation Matrices based on Galois Fields.
The Treatment of the Restless Legs Syndrome with Clonazepam: A Prospective Controlled Study

ABSTRACT: The effect of clonazepam on the restless legs syndrome was studied in a group of 6 patients. Following a drug-free period, 3 patients received clonazepam for 4 weeks followed by placebo for 4 weeks thereafter and 3 patients received the same medication and for the same length of time but in reverse order. The effectiveness of the medication was evaluated by means of a self-rating system in which patients assigned a score daily to the degree of discomfort experienced in the previous 24 hours. Three patients improved on clonazepam but 2 of these also improved on placebo. Clonazepam was not shown to be significantly more effective than placebo in the treatment of RLS.
Learning Through Narratives About the Impact of International Assignments on Identity

Although foreign assignments have been used as a primary way to develop global leaders, not much is known about the consequences of an assignment on an expatriate manager's identity or identity development. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of international assignments on expatriate managers' identities. The article is based on narratives of expatriates who have been interviewed retrospectively. The study reveals that expatriate managers have reflected on their identities and experienced identity transformations during assignments. For some, identity change has been based mostly on cultural issues; for others, identity change weaved more around managerial competencies and mental maturation.