Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Word Stress and Phrase Accent in Georgian

This paper investigates the properties of stress in Georgian (Kartvelian). There is no agreement in the literature as to the existence or location of stress in Georgian; initial, penultimate or antepenultimate syllables are often quoted as possible stress loci, with potentially more than one of these carrying stress in longer words. It has also been noted that the F0 contour of a word/phrase plays an important role in Georgian, leading to hypotheses that pitch might be the primary cue for stress in Georgian. This paper reports on a pilot study that contributes to disentangling these issues. It concludes Georgian has fixed initial stress, which is primarily duration-based and is easiest to detect in shorter words, while in longer words its durational effect is obscured by polysyllabic shortening. There is no evidence, however, for a similar duration-based stress-like target on the antepenultimate/ penultimate syllable. Instead, it is a pitch target that is part of the prosodic makeup of a phrase. The high importance of this pitch target for the prosodic felicity of an utterance, and the insignificant role that stress plays in the overall phonological make-up of Georgian, raise questions about the typological properties of the loci of word-level and phrase-level prominence.
Responses of ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes to soil moisture fluctuations in a moist Kenyan savanna

Abstract: Measurements were conducted within a fence-exclosure between February 2008 and July 2009 to investigate the influence of soil moisture on ecosystem CO2 fluxes in a Themeda triandra-dominated grassland of a humid Kenyan savanna. Rainout shelters were constructed to reduce ambient rainfall by 0%, 10% and 20% respectively to attain variable soil water content (SWC) during plant growth. SWC within the top 30 cm layer, above-ground biomass, soil and plant nitrogen (N) concentrations were assessed monthly alongside CO2 fluxes. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) were measured with closed chambers while carbon (C) partitioning during the wet and dry seasons were assessed through pulse 13C labelling. There were significant seasonal and between plot differences in SWC, above-ground biomass, canopy light utilization efficiency (α), CO2 fluxes and C allocation pattern resulting from differences in SWC. The ecosystem was a net C sink during the wet and C neutral during the dry seasons. The study showed strong seasonal fluctuations in ecosystem CO2 fluxes and underscores the significant role of the savanna grasslands in regional C balance due to its expansive nature. The savanna grassland is however vulnerable to low soil moisture, with significant reduction in CO2 uptake during drought.
Impact of diet-index selection and the digestion of prey hard remains on determining the diet of the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus)

Nine prey species (n = 7431) were fed to four captive female Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)) in 11 feeding trials over 75 days to investigate the effectiveness of different methods used to determine diet from prey hard remains. Trials aimed to replicate short (1–2 days) and long feeding bouts, and consisted of single species and mixed daily diets. Overall, 25.2% ± 22.2% (mean ± SD, range 0%–83%) otoliths were recovered, but recovery rates varied by species (ANOVA, P = 0.01) and were linearly related to otolith robustness (R2 = 0.88). Squid beaks were recovered at higher frequencies (mean 96%) than the otoliths of all species. Enumerating both non-otolith skeletal structures and otoliths (together termed bones) increased species recovery rates by twofold, on average (P < 0.001), with increases up to 2.5 times for Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847) and 3–4 times for salmonids. Using bones reduced interspecific differences (P = 0.08), but r.
Parametric decadal climate forecast recalibration (DeFoReSt 1.0)

Abstract. Near-term climate predictions such as decadal climate forecasts are increasingly being used to guide adaptation measures. For near-term probabilistic predictions to be useful, systematic errors of the forecasting systems have to be corrected. While methods for the calibration of probabilistic forecasts are readily available, these have to be adapted to the specifics of decadal climate forecasts including the long time horizon of decadal climate forecasts, lead-time-dependent systematic errors (drift) and the errors in the representation of long-term changes and variability. These features are compounded by small ensemble sizes to describe forecast uncertainty and a relatively short period for which typically pairs of reforecasts and observations are available to estimate calibration parameters. We introduce the Decadal Climate Forecast Recalibration Strategy (DeFoReSt), a parametric approach to recalibrate decadal ensemble forecasts that takes the above specifics into account. DeFoReSt optimizes forecast quality as measured by the continuous ranked probability score (CRPS). Using a toy model to generate synthetic forecast observation pairs, we demonstrate the positive effect on forecast quality in situations with pronounced and limited predictability. Finally, we apply DeFoReSt to decadal surface temperature forecasts from the MiKlip prototype system and find consistent, and sometimes considerable, improvements in forecast quality compared with a simple calibration of the lead-time-dependent systematic errors.
The prevalence and intensity rate of Dicrocoelium dendriticum infection in ruminants of 3 provinces in coastal regions of the Caspian Sea

: BACKGROUND: Dicrocoeliasis is caused by digenean trematode of Dicrocoelium dendriticum , small liver fluke, a hepatic parasitic disease in ruminants and human, throughout the world. D. dendriticum infection has been considered to be correlated with the economic and veterinary aspects. OB-JECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of infection with D. dendriticum in sheep and cattle in Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces from Caspian Sea Littoral, Northern part of Iran. METHODS: For this purpose, 4 cities in every province, 4 villages in each city, and 4 districts in each village were chosen for sampling. Totally, 1344 faecal samples of sheep and cattle were examined. It should be taken into consideration that the number of eggs per gram of feces (E.P.G) was determined by flotation technique. RESULTS: The results sug-gested that sheep were infected 4-5 times more than cattle in all three provinces. The average prevalence of D. dendriticum infection in sheep and cattle was 36.21% and 9.37%, respectively in Guilan province. The average prevalence in Mazandaran province was determined to be 21.35% and 4.16% in sheep and cattle, respectively. It is worth noting that the highest infection rates occurred in Chalus and Noor from Mazandaran province. The average of D. dendriticum infection was determined to be 6.87% in sheep and 1.87% in cattle from Golestan province. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that not only the prevalence but also the intensity of infection was higher in sheep compared to cattle Furthermore, the rate of infection was about two-fold higher in both hosts from Guilan province. Therefore, according to the higher prevalence of infection in two provinces of Guilan and Mazandaran and the importance of sheep in distribution of infection, sever control programs are required by provid-ing comprehensive plans.
0320. Behavioral aspects and predation of seeds of Cardiospermum grandiflorum Swartz (Sapindaceae) by Cissoanthonomus tuberculipennis Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

For the first time in Brazil, the weevil Cissoanthonomus tuberculipennis Hustache, 1939 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are reported preying on seeds of Cardiospermum grandiflorum Swartz (Sapindaceae). Observations are presented on oviposition and larval behavior, pupation site, and adult emergence. Photos of host plant, egg, larva, pupa and adult are provided.
Hepatoma and trematode infestation: a short review

63 ABSTRACT Hepatoma is a common cancer that can be seen around the world and clinical correlation between infection and hepatoma is evident. Hepatitis virus infection is proved for its relationship with hepatoma. However, the knowledge of other infections is still limited. In this short review, the relationship between hepatoma and some trematode infestation including echinococcosis fascioliasis, opisthorchiasis, clonorchiasis and schistosomiasis are described and discussed. Opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis are confi rmed for cholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis but still lack evidence for hepatoma carcinogenesis. Schistosomiasis can increase the severity of hepatoma.
Effects of Scriptaid on Cell Cycle and Histone Acetylation of Ovine Nuclear Donor Cumulus Cells and their Ability to Support the Development of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos

Compelling evidence suggests that histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) influences the development of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. The current study was conducted to determine the effect of pretreatment of donor cumulus cells with Scriptaid (a novel HDACi) on cell cycle, histone acetylation and cloning embryos development in ovine. First, we optimized the efficiency of Scriptaid in a dose (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 μmol/L) and time-dependent (0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h) manner on the developmental capacity of these embryos. Then, we quantitatively assessed the alterations of acetylation levels in histone H3 lysine 9 (acH3K9) and histone H4 lysine 12 (acH4K12) of cumulus cells and SCNT embryos by immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, we detected the proportion of G0/G1 phase cells in cumulus cells. We found a significantly improved blastocyst development rates of cloning embryos derived from donor cumulus cells pretreated with a mild dose (0.2 μmol/L) of Scriptaid for 24 hours (21/86 [24.39%] vs. 11/85 [12.91%]; P<0.05). Meanwhile, the levels of acH3K9 and acH4K12 were also improved significantly in cumulus cells and SCNT embryos (P<0.05). Moreover, more cumulus cells pretreated with Scriptaid were in G0/G1 phase compared with control group (84.22% vs. 75.96%, P<0.05). In conclusion, donor cumulus cells treated with Scriptaid is beneficial to early development of SCNT embryos, ascending acH3K9/ acH4K12 and G0/G1 phase cells proportion of cumulus cell. Scriptaid can be used to improve the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer in ovine.
Employer branding constrains applicants' job seeking behaviour?

espanolLos investigadores han sido consistentes en el asesoramiento a los directivos de que inviertan en la marca del empleador de la organizacion, con base en el argumento de que se beneficiara la practica del reclutamiento. Sin embargo, esta premisa ha sido mayormente sostenida siguiendo un punto de vista organizativo. Como tal, los efectos de marca del empleador sobre el comportamiento de busqueda de empleo de los candidatos que solicitan una vacante siguen siendo indeterminados. El objetivo principal de este estudio es conocer si la marca del empleador limita la conducta de busqueda de los solicitantes. Nosotros proponemos que los solicitantes desarrollan el deseo de solicitar a una vacante a traves de un proceso que tiene los atributos de la organizacion como predictor y el atractivo como su mediador. A continuacion, investigamos si y como la marca del empleador restringe este proceso, mediante la evaluacion de su efecto moderador. Utilizando la metodologia de analisis confirmatorio, encontramos que la marca del empleador modera el proceso de busqueda de trabajo propuesto. Una marca de empleador positiva ha fortalecido el proceso conducente a la intencion de solicitar una vacante, en comparacion con marcas de empleador neutrales o negativas. Esto explica el deseo de los candidatos de solicitar a una vacante. En base a nuestros resultados, sugerimos recomendaciones a los profesionales, relativas a la eficacia del reclutamiento. EnglishResearchers have been consistent in advising managers to invest on the organization? s employer brand, based on the argument that it will benefit recruitment practice. However, this premise has been majorly sustained following an organizational point of view. As such, the employer branding effects on applicants? job search behavior of applying to a vacancy remains undetermined. Main purpose of this study is to understand if employer branding constrains applicants? job seeking behavior. We propose that applicants develop the desire of submitting to a vacancy through a process having the organizational attributes as its predictor and attractiveness as its mediator. We then investigate if and how employer branding constrains this process, by evaluating its moderating effect. Using confirmatory analysis methodology, we found that employer branding moderates the proposed job seeking process. A positive employer branding has strengthened the process leading to the intention to apply to a vacancy, when compared with neutral or negative employer brandings. This explains applicants? desire of submitting to a vacancy. Based on our results, we suggest directions for practitioners concerning recruitment efficacy.
Job analysis: a strategic human resource management practice

This study examined the impact of job analysis on organizational performance among 148 companies based in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), a Gulf-region country. Survey results indicated that a practice of proactive job analysis was strongly related to organizational performance. This relationship was strongest to the extent that companies maintained HR information systems, accorded HR greater involvement in strategic planning and emphasized competency-based characteristics of employees in the job analysis approaches they used. The findings suggest that a company-wide policy of job analysis is an important source of competitive advantage in its own right, and merits due attention of HR professionals, line managers and top management. The study extends the findings of the HR–performance research pursued in Western countries to a non-Western context.
Genetic parameter estimates of pre-weaning weight of Horro (Zebu) and their crosses with Holstein Friesian and Jersey cattle breeds in Ethiopia

0.53 ± 0.097 for WW and 0.29 ± 0.08 for DG, respectively. Direct maternal heritability estimates were BW (0.12 ± 0.10), WW (0.21 ± 0.08) and DG (0.21 ± 0.07), respectively. The ratio of permanent maternal environment was 0.17 to 0.18 for BW, 0.018 to 0.03 for WW, 0.016 to 0.023 for DG, respectively. Directmaternal genetic correlations were: -0.76, -0.71 and -0.89, for BW, WW and DG, respectively. High direct heritability estimates observed for birth weight indicated that in Horro and their crosses faster genetic improvement through selection is possible for this trait. However, the results suggested that both the direct and maternal effect should be taken into account simultaneously during selection because of the high negative direct and maternal genetic correlation. From this study, it was suggested that estimation of genetic parameters for pre-weaning growth traits should be carried out separately for Horro and their crosses.
A rule-based firing model for neural networks

Full multi-compartment multi-channel neu- ron models are state of the art for single neuron modeling but are CPU intensive. This makes them unsuitable for network modeling, where simulation of 10,000 or more neurons is desirable. For this reason, most network mod- els utilize highly simplified models such as single state- variable integrate-and-fire units. This compromise has the disadvantage of eliminating most biological detail, much of which can be expected to lead to interesting and important network behavior. To reconcile these opposing computational and biological demands, we developed a rule-based firing (RBF) model incorporating a number of synaptic and cellular responses which are activated as needed. The rules produce effects that include adaptation, bursting, depolarization blockade, Mg-sensitive NMDA conductance, and post-inhibitory rebound. By utilizing pre-calculated waveforms and avoiding linked differential equations, network simulations are entirely event-driven, with no integration overhead. The model has been further optimized by use of table look-ups in lieu of run-time calculation.
Establishment of Dose Reference Levels for Nuclear Medicine in Sudan

In this study, a national survey for establishment of Nuclear Medicine (NM) Dose Reference Levels (DRLs) for adult patients was carried out. The Administrated Activity (AAs) (MBq) was collected from six nuclear medicine departments. Factors influencing the image quality were also observed. The established Sudan National DRLs represent the AA value corresponding to 75th percentile of the AA frequency distribution. Generally, Sudan National DRLs and average AAs are comparable with the papers published in the international literature. All Sudanese DRLs values were found within the international range. While it is noted that the Sudanese DRLs is higher than the values of ARSA except for the MIBI pharmaceuticals that used in both parathyroid and myocardial perfusion scan and for 99mTcDTPA that used for Dynamic Renal scan study the DRLs values were decreased. In compared with UNSCEAR 2008 data, the average dose (MBq) for Sudanese we note that the bone scan falls within the average values while it’s lower in all other scans except for parathyroid scan in which the AAAs increase more than twice. When compared to BSS 1996, it showed variation in increased and decreased AAAs. There may be potential for reducing the higher values of AAs, in co-operation with Nuclear Medicine staff.
A Cross Sectional Assessment of Health Literacy among Cardiovascular Patients in Karachi, Pakistan

Background: An adequate level of health literacy is related to positive treatment outcomes. The current study is aimed to examine factors associated with health literacy among cardiovascular patients in Karachi city, Pakistan. Method: The study was designed as a cross sectional, descriptive survey. A pre-validated questionnaire was used for data collection. One hundred and sixty three patients attending the Cardiology Outdoor Patients Department of a tertiary care hospital in Karachi were recruited for the study. Descriptive statistics were used for data elaboration. SPSS v 21.0 was used for data analysis. Results: Out of 163 patients, the cohort was almost equal in term of gender distribution. Sixty-one percent had urban residency of Karachi city and 62 (38.04%) were categorized as elderly patients. Overall, poor health literacy status was reported among the study respondents. Health literacy was evident with patient’s knowledge about medications; knowledge of adverse effects; language barriers and perception about role of exercise in improving quality of life. Conclusion: Poor health literacy was associated with multiple factors that adversely affect patient’s pharmacotherapy plans. Urgent measures by using a collaborative approach of physicians, pharmacist and nurses are required to improve health literacy of Pakistani population.
The Influence of Additions in the Use of Glass Fibre Reinforced Cement as a Construction Material

Although in recent years glass fibre reinforced cement (GRC) has been used in buildings and infrastructure, its application in structural elements has been somewhat restricted due to the worsening of its mechanical properties with ageing and the limited data available related with its fracture energy. With the aim of developing existing knowledge of GRC, the fracture energy in an in-plane and out-of-plane direction of the panel has been obtained. Three types of GRC with different formulations have been tested. The results showed that the fracture energy of a GRC with a 25% addition of a pozzolanic admixture is 40% and 8% higher than a standard GRC in, respectively, in-plane and out-of-plane directions. Similarly, an addition of 25% of thermal-treated kaolin to a standard GRC increases its fracture energy up to 490% and 400%, to the corresponding orientation. The use of digital image correlation (DIC) in the fracture test analysis has permitted a description of the damaging patterns and explanation of the behaviours identified in the fracture tests performed. The multi-cracking process that appears explains the higher fracture energy found in the GRC with an addition of 25% of the aforementioned thermal-treated kaolin. The analysis performed by means of DIC and the results obtained showed GRC with an addition of 25% of thermal-treated kaolin to be the most suitable formulation for possible future structural applications with a short life span in horizontal and vertical elements.
Antral follicle count in cattle: advantages, challenges, and controversy

The antral follicle count (AFC) represents the number of follicles visualized by ultrasonography in the ovaries. Antral follicle count tends to be variable among cows but with high repeatability within the same individual. In the last decade, AFC has been considered a biological marker of fertility with many positive aspects of reproductive efficiency for those animals with high AFC. For instance, a larger number and better-quality embryos, better pregnancy rates, increased concentrations of circulating progesterone, in addition to other characteristics linked to fertility, are all responses observed in individuals with high compared with those with low AFC in Bos taurus cattle. However, the positive association between AFC and fertility did not follow the same pattern for Bos indicus. Recent articles showed no connection between fertility and number of antral follicles or better reproductive efficiency for high AFC group in Zebu cows. Thus, the aim of this review is to discuss the various data concerning AFC between indicus and taurus cattle. Additionally, we consider AFC to be a possible tool to improve cattle performance in reproductive biotechnology.
Differentiating Cantonese preschoolers with SLI 1 Running Head: Differentiating Cantonese preschoolers with SLI Research note Differentiating Cantonese-speaking pre-school children with and without SLI using MLU and lexical diversity (D)

Purpose: This study examined the diagnostic accuracy of a composite clinical assessment measure based on mean length of utterance (MLU), lexical diversity (D) and age (Klee, Stokes, Wong, Fletcher, & Gavin, 2004) in a second, independent sample of 4year-old Cantonese-speaking children with and without Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Method: The composite measure was calculated from play-based, conversational language samples of 15 children with and 14 children without SLI. Scores were dichotomized and compared to diagnostic outcomes using a reference standard based on clinical judgment supported by test scores. Results: Eleven of 15 children with SLI and 8 of 14 children with typical language skills were correctly classified by the dichotomized composite measure. The measure’s sensitivity in this second sample was 73.3% (95% CI 48% to 89%); specificity was 57.1% (95% CI 33% to 79%); positive likelihood ratio was 1.71 (95% CI 0.87 to 3.37); and negative likelihood ratio was 0.47 (95% CI 0.18 to 1.21). Conclusions: The diagnostic accuracy of the composite measure was substantially lower than in the original study, suggesting that it is unlikely to be informative for clinical use in its present form. The value of replication studies is discussed.