Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
VERY HIGH ENERGY γ-RAYS FROM THE UNIVERSE’S MIDDLE AGE: DETECTION OF THE z = 0.940 BLAZAR PKS 1441+25 WITH MAGIC

The flat-spectrum radio quasar PKS 1441+25 at a redshift of z = 0.940 is detected between 40 and 250 GeV with a significance of 25. 5σ using the MAGIC telescopes. Together with the gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 (z = 0.944), PKS 1441+25 is the most distant very high energy (VHE) blazar detected to date. The observations were triggered by an outburst in 2015 April seen at GeV energies with the Large Area Telescope on board Fermi. Multi-wavelength observations suggest a subdivision of the high state into two distinct flux states. In the band covered by MAGIC, the variability timescale is estimated to be 6.4 ± 1.9 days. Modeling the broadband spectral energy distribution with an external Compton model, the location of the emitting region is understood as originating in the jet outside the broad-line region (BLR) during the period of high activity, while being partially within the BLR during the period of low (typical) activity. The observed VHE spectrum during the highest activity is used to probe the extragalactic background light at an unprecedented distance scale for ground-based gamma-ray astronomy.
Role assigning and taking in cloud computing

The widespread use of cloud computing (CC) has brought to the forefront information technology (IT) governance issues, rendering the lack of expertise in handling CC-based IT controls a major challenge for business enterprises and other societal organizations. In the cloud-computing context, this study identifies and ranks the determinants of role assigning and taking by IT people. The study’s integrative research links CC and IT governance to humane arrangements, as it validates and ranks role assigning and taking components through in-depth interviews with twelve IT decision-makers and forty-four Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA) members, engaged as panelists in a Delphi technique implementation. The empirical results recognize skills and competencies as prioritized determinants of IT controls, while IT security, risk and compliance emerge as capabilities crucial to evaluate and manage CC service providers. Despite the study’s generalizability limitations, its findings highlight future research paths and provide practical guidelines toward the high technology of open-market IT self-governance. The latter entails the humane flows of collegial control and responsibility, as opposed to the inhumane flows of authority and power, under the sequestered technique of the bureaucratically-hierarchized IT hetero-governance
A novel regulator controls Clostridium difficile sporulation, motility and toxin production

Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic pathogen that forms spores which promote survival in the environment and transmission to new hosts. The regulatory pathways by which C. difficile initiates spore formation are poorly understood. We identified two factors with limited similarity to the Rap sporulation proteins of other spore‐forming bacteria. In this study, we show that disruption of the gene CD3668 reduces sporulation and increases toxin production and motility. This mutant was more virulent and exhibited increased toxin gene expression in the hamster model of infection. Based on these phenotypes, we have renamed this locus rstA, for regulator of sporulation and toxins. Our data demonstrate that RstA is a bifunctional protein that upregulates sporulation through an unidentified pathway and represses motility and toxin production by influencing sigD transcription. Conserved RstA orthologs are present in other pathogenic and industrial Clostridium species and may represent a key regulatory protein controlling clostridial sporulation.
The Efficiency of Information Transmission of Sign and Spoken Language

The study compares sign and oral language in terms of information transmission efficiency. The sample consisted of 36 hearing people with no knowledge of sign language and 36 deaf people reasonably fluent in sign language. (The deaf participants' level of hearing loss ranged from severe to profound.) Oral and sign language comprehension was assessed by means of texts at three different difficulty levels. After being exposed to the texts, the study participants had to tell what they had understood about them, answer a set of related questions, and offer a title for each text. When the hearing group's comprehension of oral versions of the texts was compared to the deaf group's comprehension of signed versions, the deaf group showed better comprehension of the explicit content of the texts but added more invented content and made more errors.
Risk Management in Complex Organisations

The aim of the chapter is to examine thoroughly the aspects connected with risk manage- ment in complex organisations; it starts with the consideration of theoretical models of accident’s analysis in which the accident is attributable not so much to a single worker’s malpractice, but rather to deficiencies in the whole organisational structure for the devel opment and control of processes, and concludes with the concept of the ‘resilient sys- tem’, i.e. dynamic organisations in which the very idea of safety and its applications in the objective context evolve and adapt to the changes in situation by learning from their mistakes. With this in mind, the chapter aims to emphasize that actions, practices, procedures and controls, as well as human relationships, communication, managerial and organisational policies, incentives, disincentives and reward and penalization system, are all determining factors in the reduction of risk and should consequently all be taken into account in the logical process of continuous improvement which is fundamental to any virtuous system.
Framing in Healthcare Advertising: The Moderating Effects of Regulatory Focus and Product Category on Advertising Attitudes

This research explores the moderating roles of regulatory focus and product category in the impact of advertising framing on consumers’ advertising attitudes toward healthcare products. 236 persons participated in a 2 (framing: negative vs. positive) × 2 (regulatory focus: prevention-focused vs. promotion-focused) × 2 (product category: informational vs. transformational) factorial design. Results indicate that for informational healthcare products, prevention-focused (no-loss seeking) individuals hold more favorable advertising attitudes toward negatively framed advertisements than positively framed advertisements; in contrast, promotion-focused (gain-seeking) individuals do not express differentially favorable advertising attitudes toward negatively framed advertisements over positively framed advertisements. In addition, for transformational healthcare products, promotion-focused individuals hold more favorable advertising attitudes toward positively framed advertisements than negatively framed advertisements; in contrast, prevention-focused individuals do not express differentially favorable advertising attitudes toward negatively framed advertisements over positively framed advertisements.
Islamic Banks in Indonesia: Analysis of Efficiency

Abstract Purpose – The purpose of the research is to analyze the efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia. The data used in this research are panel data observed from 2012 until 2016. The sampling of this research is conducted on five Sharia banks in Indonesia, that is, Bank Muamalat, Bank SyariahMandiri, BukopinSyariah, BRI Syariah, and Bank Mega Syariah. Design/Methodology/Approach – The study uses a quantitative method to analyze the efficiency of Sharia banking with formulation of comparison of operating expenses to operating revenues (BOPO). Finding – The result of this research concludes that Sharia banking in Indonesia has not been efficient during the last five years, that is, 2012–2016. This can be seen from the range of banking efficiency ratio. The average level of Islamic banking efficiency ranges between 89.73% and 94.16%. Bank Muamalat whose range is 94.16% shows the highest average efficiency ratio compared to other Sharia banks. Meanwhile, Bank Mega Syariah maintains the lowest average efficiency ratio that is 89.37%. The five Sharia banks have a high efficiency ratio of over 80%. This shows that Sharia banking in Indonesia is inefficient Originality/Value – The bank should be able to balance between cost (cost) and revenue. Sharia banks must also be able to create good product innovation in order to increase the collection of funds from the community, such as for competitive outcomes, prizes, or other programs that raise public interest to use the services of Sharia banking. Research Limitations/Implications – This inefficiency is due to the high bank operating costs compared to the bank’s operating income.
Relationship Between Margin Width and Recurrence of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Breast-conserving Surgery for 30 Years Analysis of 2996 Women Treated With

Objective: Our goal was to investigate, in a large population of women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and long follow-up, the relationship between margin width and recurrence, controlling for other characteristics. Background: Although DCIS has minimal mortality, recurrence rates after breast-conserving surgery are significant, and half are invasive. Positive margins are associated with increased risk of local recurrence, but there is no consensus regarding optimal negative margin width. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed a prospective database of DCIS patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery from 1978 to 2010. Univariate and Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the association between margin width and recurrence. Results: In this review, 2996 cases were identified, of which 363 recurred. Median follow-up for women without recurrence was 75 months (range 0–30 years); 732 were studied for 10 years. Controlling for age, family history, presentation, nuclear grade, number of excisions, radiotherapy (RT), endocrine therapy, and year of surgery, margin width was significantly associated with recurrence in the entire population. Larger negative margins were associated with a lower hazard ratio compared with positive margins. An interaction between RT and margin width was significant (P< 0.03); the association of recurrence with margin width was significant in those without RT (P< 0.0001), but not in those with RT (P1⁄4 0.95). Conclusions: In women not receiving RT, wider margins are significantly associated with a lower rate of recurrence. Obtaining wider negative margins may be important in reducing the risk of recurrence in women who choose not to undergo RT and may not be necessary in those who receive RT.
Successful Employee Empowerment: Major Determinants in the Jordanian Context

Being the most important asset, the human resource represents today the source of the organizations’ sustainable competitive advantage. This focus on the employee as the organizations’ core of human capital management drives the current interest in empowerment. This paper explores the concept of employee empowerment and the main influential factors in implementing an empowerment initiative: job design, transformational leadership, decision-making authority, continuous training and development, sharing information, and self-managed teams. Using a hypotheses testing approach, this correlational cross-sectional field study investigates the influence of the six factors on the adoption of employee empowerment. Using a questionnaire method, data was collected from Jordanian commercial banks. The results of a multiple linear regression analysis revealed that sharing information, job design, transformational leadership and decision making authority have a positive effect on employee empowerment. Sharing information and adopting the appropriate job design inside the organization have the strongest influence in that fostering these initiatives would certainly make banks’ employees’ empowerment successful. The research provides insights into the perception of employee empowerment in the Jordanian context, specifically in the banking industry, a high service- oriented sector where empowering employees become a must for a better customer service.
Diagnostic Value of a Panel of Tumor Markers as a Part of a Diagnostic Work-Up for Ascites of Unknown Etiology

Background & objectives: Data regarding tumor marker usefulness in diagnosing ascites of unknown etiology and determining its malignant nature are conflicting. We aim to assess the diagnostic value of ascitic and serum tumor markers in ascites of unknown etiology and to evaluate their usefulness besides other laboratory tests in a diagnostic work-up in those patients. Design & setting: A prospective case-control study conducted at Assiut University hospital and oncology institute. Patients & Methods: Three groups were included; Group I: 41 patients with ascites of unknown etiology Group II: 7 Patients with TB ascites and Group III:14 patients with cirrhotic ascites. We assessed the CEA, CEA mRNA, CA15-3, CA19.9, CA125, AFP and PSA in serum and ascetic fluid. A diagnostic work-up for group I included: IPD test, ultrasound, CT, ascetic fluid cytology, SAAG, Laparotomy and biopsy. Results: Ascetic fluid and serum levels of CA15-3 and CA125 were significantly increased in group I and were significantly increased in histopathologically proved malignant ascites compared to TB and cirrhotic ascites. In group I, CA 125 was significantly higher in ascites than serum. With the exception of PSA, all tumor markers significantly correlated in serum and ascetic fluid. No significant difference in the level of ascetic CEA messenger RNA was detected between the 3 groups. Cytology had 53% sensitivity, 94% specificity and CA 125 & CA15-3 had 81% sensitivity and 75% specificity in detection of malignant ascites repectively. Laparotomy and biopsy: diagnosed malignnancy in 53.3% and TB in 13.3%. Conclusions: A diagnostic work-up including SAAG, tumor markers in the serum and ascetic fluid may help in adjunct with ascetic fluid cytology, laparotomy and biopsy, imag- ing and other laboratory tests in diagnosing ascites of unknown etiology.
Active ion transport pathways in the bovine retinal pigment epithelium.

1. Radioactive tracer flux measurements demonstrate that active ion transport across the isolated bovine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)‐choroid preparation can be maintained for hours after the eye is enucleated and the tissue removed from the eye. 2. It has been shown that 86Rb tracer fluxes can be used to monitor potassium (K+) transport across bull‐frog RPE. In bovine RPE, net 86Rb (K+) absorption is zero. Apical barium (Ba2+) elevated active K+ absorption from zero to approximately 0.3 mu equiv cm‐2 h‐1. This Ba2(+)‐induced increase in active K+ absorption was inhibited either by ouabain or bumetanide in the apical bath. 3. In control Ringer solution, buffered with bicarbonate and CO2, the RPE‐choroid actively absorbs chloride (Cl‐) at a rate of approximately 0.5 mu equiv cm‐2 h‐1. In contrast, sodium (Na+) is secreted at a rate of approximately 0.5 mu equiv cm‐2 h‐1. Chloride absorption was inhibited by apical bumetanide, and Na+ secretion was inhibited by apical ouabain. These drugs were only effective when placed in the solution bathing the apical or retinal side of the tissue. 4. Net Cl‐ absorption requires an exit mechanism at the basolateral membrane. DIDS (4,4'‐diisothiocyanostilbene‐2,2'‐disulphonic acid) in the basal bath completely inhibited net Cl‐ absorption in bicarbonate‐free Ringer solution. 5. These experiments show that the chloride transport pathway contains at least two components: (1) a bumetanide‐sensitive uptake mechanism at the apical membrane; and (2) an efflux mechanism at the basolateral membrane that is blocked by DIDS. 6. Three apical membrane mechanisms were identified that could help modulate [K+]o in the subretinal or extracellular space that separates the distal retina and the RPE apical membrane. They are: (1) an ouabain‐sensitive Na(+)‐K+ pump; (2) a bumetanide‐sensitive mechanism, the putative Na(+)‐K(+)‐Cl‐ co‐transporter; (3) a barium‐sensitive K+ channel that recycles, to the apical bath, most or all of the potassium that is actively taken up by the Na(+)‐K+ pump and the co‐transporter. 7. These data suggest that light‐induced alterations in subretinal potassium that occur in vivo can activate the chloride transport pathway and help modulate RPE intracellular Cl‐ during transitions between the light and dark.
AIS Electronic

This paper uses time-series analysis to study the relationship between Bitcoin prices and fundamental economic variables, technological factors and measurements of collective mood derived from Twitter feeds. Sentiment analysis has been performed on a daily basis through the utilization of a state-of-the-art machine learning algorithm, namely Support Vector Machines (SVMs). A series of short-run regressions shows that the Twitter sentiment ratio is positively correlated with Bitcoin prices. The short-run analysis also reveals that the number of Wikipedia search queries (showing the degree of public interest in Bitcoins) and the hash rate (measuring the mining difficulty) have a positive effect on the price of Bitcoins. On the contrary, the value of Bitcoins is negatively affected by the exchange rate between the USD and the euro (which represents the general level of prices). A vector error-correction model is used to investigate the existence of long-term relationships between cointegrated variables. This kind of long-run analysis reveals that the Bitcoin price is positively associated with the number of Bitcoins in circulation (representing the total stock of money supply) and negatively associated with the Standard and Poor’s 500 stock market index (which indicates the general state of the global economy).
Co-evolution, sustainable tourism and protected areas.

This paper explores the concept of co-evolution and its role in achieving a greater understanding of sustainable tourism in the context of protected areas. Adopting a co-evolutionary perspective has potential to be a fertile ground for studying governance and policy of Sustainable Development. In the context of protected areas where social and ecological systems run parallel with each other, and where Sustainable Development has become a key objective, co-evolutionary development may be expected. Therefore, this exploration of sustainable tourism policy and governance in a protected area through a co-evolutionary lens uncovers a wide range of linkages and relationships to other policies, internal and external influences and the protected area’s historical context. The paper reveals how sustainable tourism policies in the Lake District National Park, England, developed incrementally and gradually over a period of 20 years and were often reformulated and reframed during this time scale. Similarly, the paper also discusses findings from research within the Peak District National Park Authority, England which reveal how drivers for sustainable tourism increased greater partnership working and how policies for sustainable development and sustainable tourism “co-evolved” during the studied period. The paper draws attention to the value of adopting a co-evolutionary approach to sustainable tourism research, particularly if institutions are operating in an environment where the ability to learn and understand the complexity of sustainable tourism and can contribute to their wider goals of Sustainable Development.
B-Chromosome-Stimulated Crossing over in Maize.

ACCESSORY, supernumerary, or B-chromosomes are present in numerous species of plants and animals. Usually individuals possessing them exhibit little physiological evidence of their presence. If the B-chromosomes alter the normal phenotype, the effect is most commonly unfavorable to the host (BATTAGLIA 1964). These chromosomes, which are usually smaller than the normal “A” chromosomes often exhibit a numerical variability in different cells, tissues, individuals, or populations due to abnormal behavior at mitosis and/or meiosis. In many species of plants the number of B-chromosomes increases in the progeny ( BATTAGLIA 1964). RANDOLPH (1941), LONGLEY (1927), ROMAN (1947, 1948), and BLACKWOOD (1956) have described the behavior of the R-chromosomes in maize throughout the life cycle and noted that the progenies of individuals with B-chromosomes tend to have higher numbers of B’s than the parents. ROMAN’S studies showed that nondisjunction of the B-chromosomes at the second pollen grain mitosis could result in one sperm nucleus containing no B’s while the other might have two or more B-chromosomes. This, followed by preferential fertilization of the egg by the hyperploid sperm nucleus would yield offspring with increased numbers of B-chromosomes as observed by ROMAN (1948a). The accumulation of B’s in maize brought about by nondisjunction and preferential fertilization is compensated in nature by the decreased fertility and vigor of plants possessing large numbers of B’s (RANDOLPH 1941). The two opposing mechanisms interact to maintain B-chromosomes at a relatively low level in the maize population. This study constitutes an investigation of the relationship between B-chromosomes and crossing over in the standard or A-chromosomes of maize and is an extension of preliminary reports ( HANSON 1961,1962). MATERIALS AND METHODS Two sublines of maize were extracted by RHOADES (personal communication) from a highly inbred strain of Black Mexican sweet corn originally produced by E. W. LINDSTROM. The two sublines, one carrying accessory chromosomes and the other with no B’s, have been maintained separately for many years and apparently differ only by the presence or absence of B-chrome somes. These two strains were used as male parents in crosses with chromosome tester stocks. Root tips from F, hybrids were prepared by the method of RANDOLPH (1940) and the number of B-chromosomes possessed by each plant ascertained. The hybrids were then backcrossed to their respective testers and the crossover frequencies studied. Two segments of the maize genome ’ Supported in part by Public Health Service training grant 2g82(c2), a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship, and by a Floyd Memorial Fellowship from Indiana University.
Shareholder Litigation and Insider Trading: Evidence from Derivative Litigation

We examine whether shareholder litigation deters informed insider trading, utilizing the staggered adoptions of Universal Demand (UD) laws by different states. The UD laws substantially raise the hurdle for shareholders to file derivative litigation. We find that corporate insiders significantly increase opportunistic trades, including both insider purchases and sales, after the passage of UD laws, suggesting derivative litigation serves a disciplinary role in curbing insider trading. The deterrence effect of derivative litigation complements that of federal securities litigation, as it is effective in constraining informed insider trading activities unaccompanied by investor losses such as insider purchases. The deterrence effect on insider trading is more pronounced for firms with limited media coverage and firms with block-holders who have the resources and incentives to initiate shareholder litigation. Overall, our evidence suggests that shareholder litigation in the form of derivative litigation plays a unique governance role.