Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Selection of experimental treatments, methods used and evolution of management guidelines for comparing and measuring three grazed farmlet systems

The Cicerone Project was a collaborative effort by livestock producers, researchers and extension specialists, which aimed to explore the profitability and sustainability of grazing enterprises on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. A major part of the Project was the creation of a moderate scale, unreplicated farmlet experiment. The process of selecting the farmlet treatments and the design of the experiment involved considerable negotiation over an extended period in order to achieve ‘ownership’ by all those involved. The farmlets were designed to compare a typical farmlet (B) as the control with a second farmlet (A), which received higher levels of pasture renovation and soil fertility, and a third (C), which employed intensive rotational grazing management with short graze and long rest periods. Management guidelines were developed for all soil, pasture, livestock and grazing management decisions on the three farmlets. Whole-farmlet data are presented for the pastures sown, fertiliser applied, supplement fed, the stocking rates attained and the pattern of graze and rest periods over the experimental period from July 2000 to December 2006. Over the first 4 years of the trial, pastures were renovated on 71% of farmlet A while 8% of each of farmlets B and C were renovated. The rates of fertiliser applied to the three farmlets varied according to soil test values and the different target values for soil phosphorus and sulfur. In the first year of the trial (2000–01), the annual average stocking rates on farmlets A, B and C were 9.5, 7.9 and 9.1 dry sheep eqivalents/ha, respectively, whereas by the fifth year (2005), the stocking rates were 11.2, 7.8 and 7.4 dry sheep equivalents/ha, respectively. This paper provides details of the general methods used in the farmlet trial, of relevance to a series of related papers which explore all aspects of the farmlet experiment and its findings. It also reports on the selection and definition of the farmlet treatments and describes how the guidelines evolved over the duration of the trial in response to the practical realities of conducting this complex, agroecosystem experiment.
The evolving slope of the stellar mass function at 0.6 ≤ z < 4.5 from deep WFC3 data

We used Early Release Science (ERS) observations taken with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) in the GOODS-S field to study the galaxy stellar mass function (GSMF) at 0.6 ≤ z 2. However, we confirm that there appears to be an excess of integrated star formation with respect to the SMD at z < 2, by a factor of ∼2−3. Our comparison of the observations with theoretical predictions shows that the models forecast a greater abundance of low mass galaxies, at least up to z ∼ 3, as well as a dearth of massive galaxies at z ∼ 4 with respect to the data, and that the predicted SMD is generally overestimated at z < 2.
Rational antimicrobial therapy for sepsis in cattle in face of the new legislation on critically important antimicrobials

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition in cattle, as in humans. Successful sepsis treatment requires a fast initiation of antimicrobial therapy with a broad-spectrum, bactericidal drug, administered intravenously. However, the new legislation limits the use of critically important fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins in food animal medicine, drugs which are considered highly effective for sepsis treatment and were previously frequently used for this indication. This article aims at providing an overview of the current knowledge of sepsis in cattle to aid practitioners in adapting their decision making process to treat sepsis. Sepsis incidence in cattle is likely seriously underestimated. This disease is almost unexplored in cattle, which makes it particularly difficult to design species specific guidelines. Sepsis diagnosis by blood culture reaches sufficient accuracy with the current laboratory technology. When adapting this procedure to a field environment, difficulties might arise, and the availability of adapted incubators in veterinary laboratories may be limited. However, these difficulties are likely to be overcome. Severe sepsis and septic shock are likely the only indications where the 'urgency' criterion of the new legislation would apply, but it is important to realize that alternative antimicrobial treatments with possibly similar efficacy are available.
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder: a new diagnosis in ICD-11

SUMMARY The World Health Organization's proposals in ICD-11, released for comment by member states in 2018, introduce for the first time in a major diagnostic system a distinction between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). This article sets the new diagnosis of CPTSD within the context of previous similar formulations, describes its definition and requirements, and reviews the evidence concerning its epidemiology, differential diagnosis, assessment and treatment.
Expression and role of lncRNAs in the regeneration of skeletal muscle following contusion injury

Studies performed previously have indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may be involved in skeletal muscle regeneration; however, the roles of lncRNAs during the repair of skeletal muscle contusion remain unclear. The present study established a mouse skeletal muscle contusion injury model to identify the roles of lncRNAs that are specifically enriched in the skeletal muscle, namely metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (Malat1), H19, myogenesis-associated lnc (lnc-mg), long intergenic non-protein coding RNAs (linc)-muscle differentiation 1 (linc-MD1), linc-yin yang 1 (linc-YY1) and sirtuin 1-antisense (Sirt1-AS). Morphological analyses revealed that fibrotic scars and regenerating myofibers were formed in the muscle following contusion injury. Gene expression was analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The data revealed that the expression of inflammatory cytokines, myogenic regulatory factors and angiogenic factors increased significantly following skeletal muscle contusion. Additionally, various lncRNAs, including Malat1, H19, lnc-mg, linc-MD1, linc-YY1 and Sirt1-AS were also upregulated. Correlation was also observed between lncRNAs and regulatory factors for skeletal muscle regeneration including transforming growth factor-β1, myogenic differentiation, myogenin, myogenic factor 5 (myf5), myf6, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and angiopoietin 1. In conclusion, lncRNAs may serve important roles in the regeneration of skeletal muscle following contusion injury, which provides a promising therapy avenue for muscle injury.
Nucleon structure from mixed action calculations using 2+1 flavors of asqtad sea and domain wall valence fermions

We present high statistics results for the structure of the nucleon from a mixed-action calculation using 2+1 flavors of asqtad sea and domain-wall valence fermions. We perform extrapolations of our data based on different chiral effective field theory schemes and compare our results with available information from phenomenology. We discuss vector and axial form factors of the nucleon, moments of generalized parton distributions, including moments of forward parton distributions, and implications for the decomposition of the nucleon spin.
Between‐clutch interactions affect a benefit of group feeding for pipevine swallowtail larvae

Abstract. 1. In California, early instar larvae of the pipevine swallowtail (Battus philenor) develop at an accelerated rate when feeding in large groups compared with small groups due to a plant‐mediated response to feeding group size. Larvae benefit from accelerated growth because the time larvae remain in early stages, where mortality is highest, is reduced. Occasionally, multiple clutches are laid on the same plant stem. Clutch size modification by females ovipositing on plant with previously laid clutches and the effect of kinship and group size on larval behaviour was examined. The direct and indirect interactions between clutches were investigated to determine if group size and time between clutch establishment affects the performance of early instar larvae.
Long-term chemical characterization of tropical and marine aerosols at the CVAO: field studies (2007 to 2011)

11 The first long-term aerosol sampling and chemical characterization results from measurements at 12 the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO) on the island of São Vicente are presented 13 and are discussed with respect to air mass origin and seasonal trends. In total 671 samples were 14 collected using a high volume PM10 sampler on quartz fiber filters from January 2007 to 15 December 2011. The samples were analyzed for their aerosol chemical composition including 16 their ionic and organic constituents. Back trajectory analyses showed that the aerosol at CVAO 17 was strongly influenced by emissions from Europe and Africa with the later often responsible for 18 high mineral dust loading. Sea salt and mineral dust dominated the aerosol mass and made up in 19 total about 80% of the aerosol mass. The 5 year PM10 mean was 47.1 ± 55.5 μg/m3 while the 20 mineral dust and sea salt means were 27.9 ± 48.7 μg/m3 and 11.1 ± 5.5 μg/m3, respectively. Non21 sea-salt (nss) sulfate made up 62 % of the total sulfate and originated from both long range 22 transport from Africa or Europe and marine sources. Strong seasonal variation was observed for 23 the aerosol components. While nitrate showed no clear seasonal variation with an annual mean of 24 1.1 ± 0.6 μg/m3, the aerosol mass, OC and EC, showed strong winter maxima due to strong 25 influence of African air mass inflow. Additionally during summer, elevated concentrations of 26 OM were observed originating from marine emissions. A summer maximum was observed for 27 non-sea-salt sulfate and was connected to periods when air mass inflow was predominantly of 28 2 marine origin indicating that marine biogenic emissions were a significant source. Ammonium 29 showed a distinct maximum in spring and coincided with ocean surface water chlorophyll a 30 concentrations. Good correlations were also observed between nss-sulfate and oxalate during the 31 summer and winter seasons indicating a likely photochemical in-cloud processing of the marine 32 and anthropogenic precursors of these species. High temporal variability was observed in both 33 chloride and bromide depletion differing significantly within the seasons, air mass history and 34 Saharan dust concentration. Chloride (bromide) depletion varied from 8.8 ± 8.5 % (62 ± 42 %) in 35 Saharan dust dominated air mass to 30 ± 12 % (87 ± 11 %) in polluted Europe air masses. During 36 summer, bromide depletion often reached 100 % in marine as well as in polluted continental 37 samples. In addition to the influence of the aerosol acidic components, photochemistry was one 38 of the main drivers of halogenide depletion during the summer while during dust events, 39 displacement reaction with nitric acid was found to be the dominant mechanism. PMF analysis 40 identified three major aerosol sources including sea salt, aged sea salt and long range transport. 41 The ionic budget was dominated by the first two of these factors while the long range transport 42 factor could only account for about 14 % of the total observed ionic mass. 43
Exploring internal auditor independence motivators: Kenyan perspective

The institute of internal auditors expressed the role of internal audit as that providing objective assurance and consulting services designed to add value and improve an organization’s operations. In performing this role the internal auditors are required by the international standards to exercise professional independence and objectivity. Audit independence means freedom from conditions that threaten mental attitude which is unbiased. The literature suggests several factors which affect the audit independence in Kenya, which are explored in this study. The study collected its data using a self-made questionnaire which was distributed among auditors in Kenya so as to establish the status of internal auditor’s independence in Kenya. The data collected was subjected to multiple regression analysis so as to test hypotheses and make conclusions on internal audit independence and its motivators in Kenya. The study established that that auditor’s involvements in management and audit committee effectiveness, among other factors have significant influence on the internal auditor’s independence in Kenya.
DP 2007 – 03 Piecewise Linear Accrual Models : do they really control for the asymmetric recognition of gains and losses ?

The asymmetric recognition of gains and losses underlying conservative accounting is not taken into account by Jones (1991)-type accrual models. Recently, Moreira (2002) and Ball and Shivakumar (2005a) have proposed piecewise linear accrual models designed to control for this asymmetric impact. Our paper first discusses the sign of the expected measurement error in discretionary accruals (DAC) estimates when models do not control for the asymmetry underlying conservatism. We find that DAC in firms with bad news (BN) are expected to be understated, while those in good news (GN) firms will be overstated. Based on this original result we empirically test, using graphical and statistical tools, whether piecewise linear accrual models correct such a measurement error. The empirical evidence shows mixed results. For GN firms the estimates are corrected downwards, as expected; for BN firms, unexpectedly, part of the estimates is also corrected downwards. The reason for this unexpected result seems to lie in a non-linear relationship between accruals and the proxy for BN that the models are unable to control for. Thus, DAC estimates under piecewise linear models are not deemed to be of better quality than those of traditional accrual models.
IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT BEST PRACTICES ON PROJECT MANAGEMENT CAPABILITY OF THE ORGANIZATIONS

This study has two broad objectives. First, explore and identify the knowledge management best practices (BPs) for one of the developing countries (Pakistan). Second, analyze the impact of the identified BPs on project management capability of the IT organizations in Pakistan and other countries (USA, Canada, UAE) to contrast the applicability of the BPs in different environments. The authors have employed a two-phased mixed-methods approach in this study. In the first phase, detailed qualitative interviews were conducted with IT project managers in Pakistan to identify the BPs for the identification, organization and sharing of knowledge of IT projects. In the second phase, the authors quantitatively analyzed impact of the identified BPs on organizational project management capability in Pakistan and other countries. The results show that adoption of the identified BPs can significantly improve organizational project management capability. Also, the BPs are applicable in different countries/environments. An inter-country validation of the identified KM best practices enhances the applicability of the results.
Wage Fluctuations in Japan after the Bursting of the Bubble Economy: Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity, Payroll, and the Unemployment Rate

In this paper, we investigate the existence and persistence of downward nominal wage rigidity (DNWR) for full-time employees based on the wage fluctuations observed in Japan following the bursting of the bubble economy of the early 1990s. We also examine the extent to which DNWR has boosted firms' real payroll adjusted for labor productivity. We then estimate a version of the Phillips curve with DNWR to measure the impact of DNWR on Japan's unemployment rate. We summarize the results of this paper as follows. First, DNWR measured by the total annual earnings of full-time employees in Japan was observed from 1992 to 1997, but disappeared after 1998. Second, DNWR observed from 1992 to 1997 seemed to have raised firms' real payroll adjusted for labor productivity during a period in which both inflation and labor productivity growth were low. Third, our estimation results suggest that DNWR from 1992 to 1997 raised the unemployment rate by approximately 1 percentage point at the most, although it may overstate the effect of DNWR on unemployment.
Comparing C-tests and Yes/No vocabulary size tests as predictors of receptive language skills

Placement and screening tests serve important functions, not only with regard to placing learners at appropriate levels of language courses but also with a view to maximizing the effectiveness of administering test batteries. We examined two widely reported formats suitable for these purposes, the discrete decontextualized Yes/No vocabulary test and the embedded contextualized C-test format, in order to determine which format can explain more variance in measures of listening and reading comprehension. Our data stem from a large-scale assessment with over 3000 students in the German secondary educational context; the four measures relevant to our study were administered to a subsample of 559 students. Using regression analysis on observed scores and SEM on a latent level, we found that the C-test outperforms the Yes/No format in both methodological approaches. The contextualized nature of the C-test seems to be able to explain large amounts of variance in measures of receptive language skills. The C-test, being a reliable, economical and robust measure, appears to be an ideal candidate for placement and screening purposes. In a side-line of our study, we also explored different scoring approaches for the Yes–No format. We found that using the hit rate and the false-alarm rate as two separate indicators yielded the most reliable results. These indicators can be interpreted as measures for vocabulary breadth and as guessing factors respectively, and they allow controlling for guessing.
Systematic review of anorectal leiomyosarcoma: Current challenges and recent advances

BACKGROUND The anorectal leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is an aggressive malignant neoplasm. Owing to the rarity of LMSs, an optimal treatment modality has yet to be determined. AIM To collect all published data on anorectal LMS characteristics, explore current treatment options, and review recent cases of postradiation LMS. METHODS A literature search of the PubMed electronic database was conducted using the MeSH terms “rectal neoplasms”, “anus neoplasms” and “gastrointestinal neoplasms” combined with “leiomyosarcoma”. The search was limited to English language and human studies. All available case reports and case series of anal or rectal LMSs that were published from the beginning of January 1996 to May 2017 were included if the diagnosis of LMS had been confirmed by histopathologic examination. Data were analyzed using simple statistics (mean, median, and standard deviation). Independent sample t-test was used to compare means for continuous variables. RESULTS A total of 27 articles reporting on 51 cases of anorectal LMS were identified. Among these cases, 11.7% had undergone previous pelvic radiotherapy (developing LMS at 13-35 years afterwards). Anorectal LMS affected the rectum in 92.2% of the cases, and no sex-based predominance was observed. Surgical resection with negative margins remains the mainstay of treatment, which can be accomplished with wide local excision or radical resection. The local recurrence rate was higher among cases who received wide local excision (30%), as compared to radical resection (20%); however, the overall rate of metastasis was 51.61% regardless of the treatment approach. The use of neoadjuvant radiation lowers the risk of local recurrence compared to adjuvant radiotherapy, and facilitates R0 resection of the tumor. Cases treated with adjuvant chemotherapy showed better rates of distant recurrence and overall survival. Nonetheless, multidisciplinary team discussion is necessary to determine the optimal management plan whilst considering patient- and disease-related factors. CONCLUSION A multidisciplinary team approach, considering the underlying patient- and disease- related factors, is necessary for optimal management of these complex tumors.
Observation of nitrate coatings on atmospheric mineral dust particles

Abstract. Nitrate compounds have received much attention because of their ability to alter the hygroscopic properties and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of mineral dust particles in the atmosphere. However, very little is known about specific characteristics of ambient nitrate-coated mineral particles on an individual particle scale. In this study, sample collection was conducted during brown haze and dust episodes between 24 May and 21 June 2007 in Beijing, northern China. Sizes, morphologies, and compositions of 332 mineral dust particles together with their coatings were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalyses. Structures of some mineral particles were verified using selected-area electron diffraction (SAED). TEM observation indicates that approximately 90% of the collected mineral particles are covered by visible coatings in haze samples whereas only 5% are coated in the dust sample. 92% of the analyzed mineral particles are covered with Ca-, Mg-, and Na-rich coatings, and 8% are associated with K- and S-rich coatings. The majority of coatings contain Ca, Mg, O, and N with minor amounts of S and Cl, suggesting that they are possibly nitrates mixed with small amounts of sulfates and chlorides. These nitrate coatings are strongly correlated with the presence of alkaline mineral components (e.g., calcite and dolomite). CaSO4 particles with diameters from 10 to 500 nm were also detected in the coatings including Ca(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2. Our results indicate that mineral particles in brown haze episodes were involved in atmospheric heterogeneous reactions with two or more acidic gases (e.g., SO2, NO2, HCl, and HNO3). Mineral particles that acquire hygroscopic nitrate coatings tend to be more spherical and larger, enhancing their light scattering and CCN activity, both of which have cooling effects on the climate.
Knowledge and management of temporomandibular joint disorders by general dentists in Spain

Background Given the importance of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), we tried to assess general dentists’ knowledge regarding etiology, diagnosis, and treatment in order to understand their attitude. Material and Methods A sample of 130 general dentists answered a 16-item questionnaire on three areas – etiology, diagnosis, and management of common temporomandibular disorders – as well as a question on the need for continuous education regarding TMD management in common clinical practice in Spain. Given that the descriptive statistics achieved reflect significantly different values among means in each area, a variance analysis for repeated measurements was applied in order to contrast differences among etiology, diagnosis, and management knowledge levels. Results The contrast test was based on Wilks’ Lambda, which assumed a value of 0.120 (F = 467.28; p<.001), demonstrating statistically significant differences among knowledge levels in the three dimensions. The effect size for these differences, measured by partial eta squared, was very high (η2p = 0.88). Such parameters were also analyzed to search for potential differences according to professional experience, with differences being exposed as non-significant at the 0.05 level: etiology (T = 1.60; p = 0.113), diagnosis (T = - 0.17; p = 0.868), and treatment (T = 1.10; p = 0.273). Conclusions Our study found that, even though clinicians are generally skilled regarding the knowledge of the etiologic that explain the diagnosis of TMD, they have room for improvement in terms of TMD management compared to the other two areas studied. General dentists could benefit from specific educational programs enhancing TMD management skills. Key words:Temporomandibular disorders (TMD), knowledge and management. Clinical competence, postgraduate, continuing professional development. Surveys, education,orofacial pain.