Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Women Midshipmen in Sports

This is a study of the physical performance and injury rate for seven classes of women midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy. Women comprise only 6.2% of the brigade of midshipmen, but men and women live in the same dormitory, undergo the same physical training and fitness tests, study the same academic curriculum, and live in an environment where performance and activities can be constantly moni tored. The required number of hours of physical edu cation are the same for men and women. The conclusions from this study are: (1) women midshipmen continue to improve their fitness level more rapidly than men; (2) while some disparities in perform ance are correctly attributed to physiological differ ences, many of the present disparities should be attrib uted to societal conditions; (3) should physical perform ance requirements ever become the same, women will have to work harder than men to achieve the same standards because of the physiological differences; (4) women continue to seek medical attention for stress- related problems (i.e., shin splints, stress fractures) more often than men, but do so less often as they become acclimated to the active life of the Naval Acad emy ; (5) women midshipmen have the same number of serious injuries as men, and in some sports are more susceptible to certain types of injuries.
Trajectory planning for visual servoing with some constraints

Visual servo comes up against difficulties when the initial and desired pose of robot is distant. In this paper, a novel approach to solve these difficulties by coupling trajectory planning and image-based control. Some main constraints such as visibility, joint range limits, kinematic singularities, and joint velocity limits are taken into account. The main difference from the existing results is that a trajectory not a path is designed in the image space, and the trajectory can be used for the image-based visual control directly, meanwhile, the kinematic singularities and joint velocity limits are considered which have never been dealt with by other researchers. A trajectory under the mentioned constraints in image space is generated. The planned image trajectory is then followed by using an IBVS controller. Simulations and Experiments using an eye-in-hand robotic system on a 6-dof robot manipulator are carried out to confirm the validity of our approach.
Adolescent patients' experience with the Carriere distalizer appliance.

AIM To examine adolescent patients' experience with the Carriere Distalizer Appliance (CDA) and compare it with that of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FFRD). MATERIALS AND METHODS A survey was administered to 42 patients treated with the CDA and 70 patients treated with the FFRD. Amount of time required to become accustomed to the appliance, how many patients experienced side effects as well as the degree of discomfort were explored. RESULTS The overall experience with the device was significantly better for the CDA group than for the FFRD group. Both groups felt that delivery and removal of the appliance was quick and easy, the appliance was noticeable to some extent, and the majority became accustomed to it within two weeks with a maximum of one month. In general, associated discomfort and effects on daily life and activities were less for the CDA group than for the FFRD group. Side effects decreased over time for both groups, often more so for the CDA group. The major side effects experienced by the CDA group were difficulty eating and sore teeth, and these improved significantly over time. Soreness from the appliance rubbing on the cheek or lip was significantly less for the CDA group. CONCLUSION The CDA appears to be more comfortable, offers a more positive overall experience, and has fewer negative comfort-related side effects compared to FFRD.
Evolution and comparative assessment of ambient air quality standards in China

Abstract Ambient air pollution has become one of the key issues in China because it is highly associated with economic development, energy consumption, the atmospheric environment, and public health. Ambient air quality standards are guidelines of environmental management and fundamentals of air pollution emission control. To adapt to the changing environmental situation, China’s ambient air quality standard GB 3095 was established in 1982, amended in 1996, again in 2000, and most recently in 2012. This article presents a historical analysis on the evolution of China’s ambient air quality standards focusing on the critical pollutants and their concentration thresholds, as well as a comparative analysis that illustrates the differences to important developed countries and international organizations. The results show that the ambient air quality standard in China features a progressive update in pollutant items, more stringent concentration thresholds, and more scientific planning. Although there are differences in the economic, technological, and environmental development levels, China’s latest ambient air quality standard GB 3095-2012 is found to be comparable with other important standards. However, the support of macro policies and technical measures are necessary to ensure the standard is implemented more effectively.
How Maps Work - Representation, Visualization, and Design

Part 1 How meaning is derived from maps: taking a scientific approach in improving map representation and design an information processing view of vision and visual cognition - cartographic implications how maps are seen how maps are understood. Part 2 How maps are imbued with meaning: a Primer On Semiotics For Understanding Map Representation A Functional approach to map representation - semantics and syntactics of map signs a lexical approach to map representation - map pragmatics. Part 3 How maps are used - applications in geographical visualization: GVIS - facilitating visual thinking GVIS - relationship in space and time GVIS - should we believe what we see.
The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 DNA Polymerase Processivity Factor Increases Fidelity without Altering Pre-steady-state Rate Constants for Polymerization or Excision*

Pre-steady-state and steady-state kinetics of nucleotide incorporation and excision were used to assess potential mechanisms by which the fidelity of the herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA polymerase catalytic subunit (Pol) is enhanced by its processivity factor, UL42. UL42 had no effect on the pre-steady-state rate constant for correct nucleotide incorporation (150 s−1) nor on the primary rate-limiting conformational step. However, the equilibrium dissociation constant for the enzyme in a stable complex with primer-template was 44 nm for Pol and 7.0 nm for Pol/UL42. The catalytic subunit and holoenzyme both selected against incorrect nucleotide incorporation predominantly at the level of nucleotide affinity, although UL42 slowed by 4-fold the maximum rate of incorporation of incorrect, compared with correct, nucleotide. Pol, with or without UL42, cleaved matched termini at a slower rate than mismatched ones, but UL42 did not significantly alter the pre-steady-state rate constant for mismatch excision (∼16 s−1). The steady-state rate constant for nucleotide addition was 0.09 s−1 and 0.03 s−1 for Pol and Pol/UL42, respectively, and enzyme dissociation was the rate-limiting step. The longer half-life for DNA complexes with Pol/UL42 (23 s) compared with that with Pol (8 s) affords a greater probability for excision when a misincorporation event does occur, accounting predominantly for the failure of Pol/UL42 to accumulate mismatched product at moderate nucleotide concentrations.
Inflammatory bowel disease patients who leave hospital against medical advice: Predictors and temporal trends

Background: Leaving hospital against medical advice (AMA) may have consequences with respect to health‐related outcomes; however, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients have been inadequately studied. Thus, we determined the prevalence of self‐discharge, assessed predictors of AMA status, and evaluated time trends. Methods: We analyzed the 1995–2005 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) to identify 93,678 discharges with a primary diagnosis of IBD admitted to the hospital emergently and did not undergo surgery. We described the proportion of IBD patients who left AMA. Predictors of AMA status were evaluated using a multivariate logistic regression model and temporal trend analyses were performed with Poisson regression models. Results: Between 1995 and 2005, 1.31% of IBD patients left hospitals AMA. Crohn's disease (CD) patients were more likely to leave AMA (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.53; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.30–1.79). Characteristics associated with leaving AMA included: ages 18–34 (aOR, 7.77, 95% CI: 4.34–13.89); male (aOR, 1.75; 95% CI: 1.55–1.99); Medicaid (aOR, 4.55; 95% CI: 3.81–5.43) compared to private insurance; African Americans (aOR, 1.34; 95% CI: 1.09–1.64) compared to white; substance abuse (aOR, 2.75; 95% CI: 2.14–3.54); and psychosis (aOR, 1.55; 95% CI: 1.13–2.14). The incidence rates of self‐discharge for CD patients were stable (P > 0.05) between 1995 and 1999, while they significantly (P < 0.0001) increased after 1999. In contrast, AMA rates for UC patients remained stable during the study period. Conclusions: Approximately 1 in 76 IBD patients admitted emergently for medical management leave the hospital AMA. These were primarily disenfranchised patients who may lack adequate outpatient follow‐up.
Cascaded Microresonator-Based Matrix Switch for Silicon On-Chip Optical Interconnection

This paper reviews developments in cascaded microresonator-based matrix switches for silicon photonic interconnection networks in many-core computing applications. Specifically, we emphasize our recently proposed 5 times 5 matrix switch comprising two-dimensionally cascaded microring resonator-based electrooptic switches coupled to a waveguide cross-grid on a silicon chip. The cross-grid adopts low-loss low-crosstalk multimode-interference-based waveguide crossings. Such a microresonator-based matrix switch offers nonblocking interconnections among multiple inputs and multiple outputs, with the key merits of i) a tens to hundreds of micrometers-scale footprint, ii) gigabit/second-scale data transmission, iii) nanosecond-speed circuit-switching, iv) 100-muW-scale DC power consumption per link, and v) large-scale integration for networks-on-chips applications. We analyze in detail the microring resonator-based cross-grid switch design for high-data-rate signal transmission in the context of our proposed 5 times 5 matrix switch. We also study the feasibility of large-scale integration of the matrix switch. We report proof-of-concept experiments of a single cross-grid switch element and a 2 times 2 matrix switch, propose design guidelines, and discuss future engineering challenges.
Pharmacologic activation of estrogen receptor α increases mitochondrial function, energy expenditure, and brown adipose tissue

Most satiety‐inducing obesity therapeutics, despitemodest efficacy, have safety concerns that underscore the need for effective peripherally acting drugs. An attractive therapeutic approach for obesity is to optimize/ maximize energy expenditure by increasing energy‐utilizing thermogenic brown adipose tissue. We used in vivo and in vitro models to determine the role of estrogen receptor β (ER‐β) and its ligands on adipose biology. RNA sequencing and metabolomics were used to determine the mechanism of action of ER‐β and its ligands. Estrogen receptor b (ER‐β) and its selective ligand reprogrammed preadipocytes and precursor stemcells into brown adipose tissue and increased mitochondrial respiration. An ER‐β‐selective ligand increased markers of tricarboxylic acid– dependent and–independent energybiogenesis andoxygen consumption inmicewithout a concomitant increase in physical activity or food consumption, all culminating in significantly reduced weight gain and adiposity. The antiobesity effects of ER‐β ligand were not observed in ER‐β‐knockout mice. Serum metabolite profiles of adult lean and juvenile micewere comparable, while that of adult obesemicewas distinct, indicating a possible impact of obesity on age‐dependentmetabolism. This phenotypewas partially reversed by ER‐β‐selective ligand. These data highlight a new role for ER‐β in adipose biology and its potential to be a safer alternative peripheral therapeutic target for obesity. —Ponnusamy, S. , Tran, Q.T. , Harvey, I. , Smallwood, H. S. , Thiyagarajan, T. , Banerjee, S. , Johnson, D. L. , Dalton, J. T. , Sullivan, R. D. , Miller, D. D. , Bridges, D. , Narayanan, R. Pharmacologic activation of estrogen receptor α increases mitochondrial function, energy expenditure, and brown adipose tissue. FASEB J. 31, 266–281 (2017) www.fasebj. org
The role of a single aspartate residue in ionic selectivity and block of a murine inward rectifier K+ channel Kir2.1.

1. The effects of Rb+ and Cs+ as blocking ions were investigated on wild‐type and mutant forms of the inward rectifier K+ channel, IRK1 (Kir2.1). 2. In wild‐type channels, Rb+ blockage was voltage dependent, increasing and then falling with increasing hyperpolarization. 3. Rb+ blockage was abolished by replacing Asp172 in the M2 domain of the pore‐forming subunit by Asn, but was re‐established by a change to Gln, narrowing the pore. Blocking affinity was reduced in D172Q, and was also reduced by replacing Gly168 in M2 by Ala. 4. Cs+ blockage was also abolished in D172N but was re‐established in D172Q. 5. There appears to be a balance between charge and pore size in determining whether ions block or permeate. A major part of the selectivity of Kir2.1 is associated with Asp172 in the M2 domain.
Alternatively activated dendritic cells regulate CD4+ T-cell polarization in vitro and in vivo

Interleukin-4 is a cytokine widely known for its role in CD4+ T cell polarization and its ability to alternatively activate macrophage populations. In contrast, the impact of IL-4 on the activation and function of dendritic cells (DCs) is poorly understood. We report here that DCs respond to IL-4 both in vitro and in vivo by expression of multiple alternative activation markers with a different expression pattern to that of macrophages. We further demonstrate a central role for DC IL-4Rα expression in the optimal induction of IFNγ responses in vivo in both Th1 and Th2 settings, through a feedback loop in which IL-4 promotes DC secretion of IL-12. Finally, we reveal a central role for RELMα during T-cell priming, establishing that its expression by DCs is critical for optimal IL-10 and IL-13 promotion in vitro and in vivo. Together, these data highlight the significant impact that IL-4 and RELMα can have on DC activation and function in the context of either bacterial or helminth pathogens.
Quantifying temporal glucose variability in diabetes via continuous glucose monitoring: mathematical methods and clinical application.

BACKGROUND Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) collect detailed blood glucose (BG) time series, which carry significant information about the dynamics of BG fluctuations. In contrast, the methods for analysis of CGM data remain those developed for infrequent BG self-monitoring. As a result, important information about the temporal structure of the data is lost during the translation of raw sensor readings into clinically interpretable statistics and images. METHODS The following mathematical methods are introduced into the field of CGM data interpretation: (1) analysis of BG rate of change; (2) risk analysis using previously reported Low/High BG Indices and Poincare (lag) plot of risk associated with temporal BG variability; and (3) spatial aggregation of the process of BG fluctuations and its Markov chain visualization. The clinical application of these methods is illustrated by analysis of data of a patient with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who underwent islet transplantation and with data from clinical trials. RESULTS Normative data [12,025 reference (YSI device, Yellow Springs Instruments, Yellow Springs, OH) BG determinations] in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who underwent insulin and glucose challenges suggest that the 90%, 95%, and 99% confidence intervals of BG rate of change that could be maximally sustained over 15-30 min are [-2,2], [-3,3], and [-4,4] mg/dL/min, respectively. BG dynamics and risk parameters clearly differentiated the stages of transplantation and the effects of medication. Aspects of treatment were clearly visualized by graphs of BG rate of change and Low/High BG Indices, by a Poincare plot of risk for rapid BG fluctuations, and by a plot of the aggregated Markov process. CONCLUSIONS Advanced analysis and visualization of CGM data allow for evaluation of dynamical characteristics of diabetes and reveal clinical information that is inaccessible via standard statistics, which do not take into account the temporal structure of the data. The use of such methods improves the assessment of patients' glycemic control.
Oncoplastic Mammoplasty as a Strategy for Reducing Reconstructive Complications Associated with Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy

Given the high complication rates in patients who require radiation therapy (XRT) after mastectomy and immediate reconstruction, and the low local recurrence rates following neo‐adjuvant chemotherapy and breast conservation therapy, we sought to determine if using neo‐adjuvant chemotherapy and oncoplastic mammoplasty as an alternative to mastectomy and immediate reconstruction is an effective strategy for reducing complication rates in the setting of XRT. A prospectively maintained data base was queried for patients who received neo‐adjuvant chemotherapy and XRT between 2001 and 2010 and underwent either oncoplastic mammoplasty or mastectomy with immediate reconstruction. Rates of postoperative complications between groups were compared using Fisher's exact test. Outcomes from 37 patients who underwent oncoplastic mammoplasty were compared to 64 patients who underwent mastectomy with immediate reconstruction. Mean follow‐up was 33 months (range 4–116 months). Rates of postoperative complications, including unplanned operative intervention for a reconstructive complication (2.7% versus 37.5%, p < 0.001), skin flap necrosis (10.8% versus 29.7%, p = 0.05), and infection (16.2% versus 35.9, p = 0.04) were significantly higher in the mastectomy group. Overall, 45.3% of patients who underwent mastectomy developed at least one breast complication, compared to 18.9% of patients who underwent oncoplastic mammoplasty (p = 0.01). If XRT is indicated after mastectomy, attempts should be made to achieve breast conservation through the use of neo‐adjuvant therapy and oncoplastic surgery in order to optimize surgical outcomes. Breast conservation with oncoplastic reconstruction does not compromise oncologic outcome, but significantly reduces complications compared to postmastectomy reconstruction followed by XRT.
Supplemental Appendix To: The Cost of Unconventional Gas Extraction: A Hedonic Analysis

This appendix contains detailed results and discussion from all models estimated for this paper: 1. Additional details on the balance metrics used in the matching models; 2. Some additional descriptive statistics; 3. Log-linear regression estimates across a multitude of samples and specifications; 4. Propensity score and multivariate matching treatment effect estimates; 5. Quasi difference-in-differences results; 6. Discussion and conclusion of results (within each section). ∗Michael S. Delgado, Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 479072056. Phone: 765-494-4211, Fax: 765-494-9176, E-mail: delgado2@purdue.edu. †Correspondence to: Todd Guilfoos, Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881. Phone: 401-874-4398, Email: guilfoos@mail.uri. edu. ‡Andrew Boslett, Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881.
Low serum insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 is associated with an unfavourable cardiovascular risk profile in elderly men

Serum insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) is regulated by insulin and has been suggested to be a marker of the insulin resistance syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate whether serum IGFBP-1 is associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I and IGFBP-3 were also determined. 331 men aged 70-89 years were examined from the Finnish cohort of the Seven Countries Study. Serum IGFBP-1 concentrations were measured by immunofluorometric assay, and the results were analysed with respect to markers of cardiovascular risk, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion that were determined by using the homeostasis model assessment. Fasting serum IGFBP-1 correlated inversely with fasting serum insulin, serum insulin 2 h after oral glucose challenge test, body mass index, and serum triglycerides, and it correlated positively with age and serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. After adjustment for age, fasting serum IGFBP-1 correlated positively with HDL cholesterol and inversely with fasting serum insulin and triglycerides. Serum IGFBP-1 correlated positively with insulin sensitivity and negatively with P-cell function. In conclusion, low serum IGFBP-1 levels in elderly men are associated with a number of cardiovascular risk factors.
Constant Low Rate of Fungemia in Norway, 1991 to 1996

ABSTRACT Since 1991 information on yeast isolates from blood cultures has been recorded prospectively from all microbiological laboratories (5 university and 16 county or local hospital laboratories) in Norway (population, 4.3 million). From 1991 to 1996 a total of 571 episodes of fungemia in 552 patients occurred (1991, 109 episodes; 1992, 81 episodes; 1993, 93 episodes; 1994, 89 episodes; 1995, 98 episodes; and 1996, 101 episodes). The fungemia rates per 10,000 patient days were 0.29 in 1991 and 0.27 in 1996. The average rates for the years 1991 to 1996 were 0.37 for the university laboratories and 0.20 for the other laboratories. These rates are low compared to the rate (0.76) in five Dutch university hospitals in 1995 and the rate (2.0) in Iowa in 1991. The four most frequently isolated species wereCandida albicans (66%), Candida glabrata(12.5%), Candida parapsilosis (7.6%), and Candida tropicalis (6.4%). The incidences of both C. albicans (range, 63 to 73%) and C. glabrata (range, 8.4 to 15.7%) varied somewhat throughout this period, but no significant increase or decrease was noted. MICs of amphotericin B, flucytosine, and fluconazole were determined for 89% of the isolates. All were susceptible to amphotericin B, and only 29 (5.6%) strains had decreased susceptibility to flucytosine. All C. albicansisolates were susceptible to fluconazole. The percentage of yeast isolates with decreased susceptibility to fluconazole (MICs, ≥16 μg/ml) did increase, from 9.6% in 1991 and 1992 to 12.2% in 1994, 16.1% in 1995, and 18.6% in 1996. This was largely due to increases in the percentages of resistant C. glabrata andCandida krusei strains in the last 2 years. Compared to the incidence in other countries, it is remarkable that Norway has such a low and constant incidence of fungemia. A possible reason for this difference might be a restricted antibiotic use policy in Norway.