Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Much do Gastroenterology Fellows Know About Nutrition?

Background Many people are afflicted with chronic diseases, in which nutrition plays a key role. The need for greater nutrition training among physicians, particularly gastroenterologists, is becoming increasingly evident. Objectives To determine the nutritional knowledge and perceived nutrition knowledge of gastroenterology fellows. Methods Thirty-two gastrointestinal (GI) fellows currently enrolled in a GI fellowship program completed a needs assessment evaluating perceived nutrition knowledge and interest in the areas of nutrition support, assessment, obesity, micro/macronutrients, and nutrition in GI diseases. Additionally, an examination evaluating nutrition knowledge specific to gastroenterology fellows was administered. Results Thirty-two GI fellows completed the needs assessment. Cronbach α of the needs assessment instrument was 0.72, indicating satisfactory internal consistency reliability. GI fellows perceived themselves to have the least knowledge in obesity and micro/macronutrients. They indicated a perceived greater knowledge base in nutrition assessment. The mean total test score was 50.04% (SD=7.84%). Fellows had the highest score in the subscale of nutrition assessment (80.64%; SD=19.05%), which was significantly higher than scores obtained in nutrition support (49.45%; SD=11.98%; P<0.05), micro/macronutrients (37.84%; SD=16.94%; P<0.05), obesity (40.11%; SD=20.00%; P<0.05), and nutrition in GI diseases (65.05%; SD=22.09%; P<0.05). A backward linear regression including hours of nutrition education received during GI fellowship, hours of nutrition education received during medical school, and year of GI fellowship accounted for 22.7% of the variance in test performance (multiple R=0.477). Conclusions Gastroenterology fellows think their knowledge of nutrition is suboptimal; objective evaluation of nutrition knowledge in this cohort confirmed this belief. A formal component of nutrition education could be developed in the context of GI fellowship education and continuing medical education as necessary.
Harmful algae and toxis in paranaguá bay , Brazil: bases for monitoring

The estuarine complex of Paranagua - ECP (South Brazil, 25o30'S, 48o30'W) is a large subtropical system, where pristine mangrove forests are still present, and fishery and aquaculture are important economic activities. This work investigated the occurrence of harmful algae in Paranagua Bay, as well as the presence of toxins in the filter feeding mussel Mytella guyanensis, a local fishery resource. Samples along the Paranagua sub-system were collected almost monthly from August 2002 to October 2003. Besides physical and chemical variables, cell densities of harmful species and presence of toxins in the mussel by mouse bioassay (DSP, PSP) and HPLC (ASP) were performed. HAB species included Pseudo-nitzschia spp. , Dinophysis acuminata,Prorocentrum minimum,Gymnodinium catenatum,Phaeocystis spp. , Chattonella spp. and Heterosigma akashiwo.Trichodesmium erythraeum and Coscinodiscus wailesii were also included in this study due to their potential for harmful bloom formation. Toxin results showed the occurrence of DSP (December 2002) in shellfish related to the presence of D. acuminata (max. 4,566 cells.l-1). Additionally, cultivated strains produced paralytic and amnesic toxins in laboratory. Spring (October to December, Southern Hemisphere) and late summer (February to April) were the periods of higher abundance of harmful algae, mainly in euhaline and inner polyhaline sectors of the ECP.
Neuropathological changes in transgenic mice carrying copies of a transcriptionally activated Mos protooncogene

Independent transgenic mouse lines carrying the mouse Mos protooncogene linked to a retroviral transcriptional control sequence display behavioral abnormalities including circling, head tilting, and head bobbing. This dominant phenotype shows various degrees of penetrance in different transgenic founder animals and lines. Neuronal and axonal degeneration, gliosis, and inflammatory infiltrates are found in all transgenic mouse lines in which behavioral traits are present. Recordings of auditory-evoked potentials in mice of one of these lines demonstrate that transgenic mice are deaf; in these mice spiral ganglia degenerate and most of the cochlear hair cells are absent. By using an S1 nuclease protection assay, we have detected RNA expression of the transgene in all tissues examined and, in particular, at high levels in brain. In situ hybridization experiments show that Mos expression can be detected in specific areas of the central nervous system. Lesions are present in areas with demonstrable overexpression of Mos.
Understanding users' perceived needs and concerns toward mobile application integration in primary science education in Korea

This research aims to examine how students, teachers and parents in Korea perceive the needs and concerns about integrating mobile applications to support science learning in schools. The sample includes 632 students, 68 teachers and 141 parents from 11 primary schools. Results reveal some important implications regarding users' acceptance of mobile applications for teaching and learning. First, the majority of students did not frequently access and use mobile devices, which might be associated with the school policy to ban or limit the use of mobile devices in the classroom. Second, the teacher group was the most conservative in their perceptions toward integrating mobile applications in science education. Lastly, there was a clear pattern observed in users' perceptions about science topics that are relevant or irrelevant in integrating mobile applications. This study provides important insights about how the three distinctive groups perceive the role of mobile applications in science education.
Cultural capital and social inequality in health

Economic and social resources are known to contribute to the unequal distribution of health outcomes. Culture-related factors such as normative beliefs, knowledge and behaviours have also been shown to be associated with health status. The role and function of cultural resources in the unequal distribution of health is addressed. Drawing on the work of French Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, the concept of cultural capital for its contribution to the current understanding of social inequalities in health is explored. It is suggested that class related cultural resources interact with economic and social capital in the social structuring of people’s health chances and choices. It is concluded that cultural capital is a key element in the behavioural transformation of social inequality into health inequality. New directions for empirical research on the interplay between economic, social and cultural capital are outlined.
The Impact of Monetary Policy on Economic Activity - Evidence from a Meta-Analysis

This paper presents the findings a meta-analysis identifying the causes of variation in the impact of monetary policies on economic development. The sample of observations included in our meta-analysis is drawn from primary studies that uniformly employ Vector Autoregressive (VAR) models. Our findings reveal that capital intensity, financial deepening, the inflation rate, and economic size are important in explaining the variation in outcomes across regions and over time. Differences in the type of models used in the primary studies also significantly contribute to the explanation of the variation in study outcomes.
The impact of aging on associative memory for preexisting unitized associations

ABSTRACT Aging is accompanied by a decline in associative memory that can, however, be attenuated when associations are unitized at encoding, that is, when they form an integrated entity. Unitization is thought to promote familiarity-based recognition memory, which is preserved in aging. We examined whether preexperimentally unitized associations (compound words (CWs)) do indeed reduce age differences in memory, and whether preexperimental unitization promotes familiarity. In Experiment 1, we assessed the memory of 20 young and 20 older participants for compound versus unrelated word pairs using a yes/no recognition test with Remember/Know/Guess judgments. In Experiment 2, we tested 20 young and 20 older participants using the same procedure, except for the use of a two-alternative forced-choice recognition paradigm, which is thought to enhance the contribution of familiarity. The results of both experiments corroborated the greater contribution of familiarity to recognition of unitized associations. In Experiment 1, however, the use of CWs did not attenuate the age-related associative decline. We suggest that preexisting knowledge associated with recombined compounds induced high absolute familiarity and illusory recollection, leading to high false-recognition rates for the older adults. By contrast, the two groups performed similarly across both conditions in Experiment 2. Thus, the forced-choice procedure facilitates the use of familiarity in such a way that it improves older adults’ associative memory to the level of young participants. These results suggest that the modulation of associative memory in aging by preexisting unitization varies according to methodological parameters, such as the nature of the lures and the test format.
4 Eye Movement Abnormalities in Spinocerebellar Ataxias

SCAs are associated with at least 31 different genetic loci, but the responsible gene is known in only 19 of them. Causative mutations include coding CAG expansions leading to a long polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the respective proteins (SCA1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 17), non-coding trinucleotide or pentanucleotide expansions (SCA8, 10, 12 and 31), as well as conventional mutations (SCA5, 11, 13, 14, 15/16, 20, 27 and 28) (Durr, 2010). The worldwide prevalence of SCAs is estimated near to 5-7 cases per 100 000 inhabitants but it can be higher in some regions due to foundational effects such as SCA2 in Holguín, Cuba (Velazquez-Pérez et al., 2009a) and SCA3 in Azores islands, Portugal (Vale et al., 2010).
Moderate hypothermia prevents cerebral hyperemia and increase in intracranial pressure in patients undergoing liver transplantation for acute liver failure

Background. During orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for acute liver failure (ALF), some patients develop acute increases in intracranial pressure (ICP). The authors tested the hypothesis that increases in ICP during OLT for ALF can be prevented by moderate hypothermia. Methods. Sixteen patients with ALF undergoing OLT were studied. Depending on the measured ICP before OLT, the patients were divided into three groups as follows: group I (n=6), did not require treatment for increased ICP (ICP <15 mm Hg); group II (n=5), had episodes of increased ICP that were controlled by conventional treatment (group I and group II patients were maintained normothermic during OLT); and group III (n=5), had uncontrolled increased ICP before OLT for which they had been cooled and underwent OLT with the median core temperature of 33.4°C (92.1°F) (range, 31.9°–33.8°C [89.4°–92.8°F]) Results. There was a significant increase in ICP during the dissection and reperfusion phases in the patients in groups I and II (P =0.004 and P =0.006, respectively). Patients in group III had no significant increase in ICP during the OLT. The increase in ICP in groups I and II was associated with an increase in cerebral blood flow, which was not observed in group III. The increase in ICP was corrected during the anhepatic phase of the operation. There was no difference in the requirement of transfusions or incidence of postoperative infection between the groups. Conclusions. Moderate hypothermia is safe and successfully prevents increases in ICP during OLT for ALF.
Rapid Bacterial Detection during Endodontic Treatment

Bacteria present in the root canal (RC) space following an RC treatment (RCT) can lead to persistent infections, resulting in treatment failure and the need for reintervention or extraction. Currently, there are no standardized methods in use to clinically detect bacterial presence within RC spaces. The use of paper point sampling and fluorescence staining was shown to be a rapid method, able to detect residual bacteria following treatment. The study demonstrated that Calcein acetoxymethyl (AM) proved to be a suitable dye for detecting vital bacteria within mature endodontic biofilms, with an improved sensitivity over colony-forming unit counting in a stressed biofilm model. Furthermore, in a clinical trial with primary RCTs, 53 infected teeth were sampled in vivo, and increased detection of vital cells was found when compared with colony-forming unit counting, highlighting the sensitivity of the technique in detecting low cell numbers. By combining fluorescent staining and microspectroscopy with software-based spectral analysis, successful detection of vital cells from RCs was possible after 5 min of Calcein AM incubation. Application of this technology during RCT has the potential to reduce persistent infections through vital cell detection and additional treatment. Furthermore, this technique could be applied to antimicrobial research and disinfection control in clinical settings (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03055975).
Open Access book publisher

pit stability product first reported by Galvele. This quantity is defined as i.r where r is the depth of the pit and i is the current density. This quantity must be greater than 10 -2 Acm -1 for a nascent pit to be able to grow rapidly enough to establish a long enough diffusion path for an oxygen gradient to be established. This results in oxygen and stable pitting. The subsurface attack at these sites was almost exclusively intergranular, penetrating as much as 60 μ m in 120 minutes exposure to 0.1M NaCl. The substantial intergranular attack extending deep into the AA2024-T3 and preceded the development of open pits, suggesting that intergranular attack proceeds prior to any substantial grain etchout, even at the surface. These results suggest that trenching is either a secondary corrosion process or that there are different mechanisms of corrosion initiation which contribute to stable pitting. To further complicate the picture, Zhou, Thompson and co-workers observed that in some alloys there were large S/ (cid:457) composite particles and that stable pits were established by direct penetration through the composite particle into the subsurface region of the alloy. This type of attack may be responsible for the widely accepted view that severe pitting can start at S-phase particles. Clearly there may be several avenues to the establishment of stable pits and this is still an area of active research.
Cardiac Sarcoidosis

Cardiac involvement is undeniably one of the most challenging issues in sarcoidosis. Although autopsy studies reveal heart lesions in 20 to 30% of sarcoid patients, fewer than 5% suffer from clinical disease. Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) has a predilection for the myocardium, but the pericardium and endocardium may also be affected. CS manifestations are various and most frequently include the following: (1) aberrations of atrioventricular or intraventricular conduction, either silent or symptomatic; (2) ventricular arrhythmias; (3) subacute congestive heart failure; and (4) sudden death. CS must be detected in all sarcoid patients by means of detailed medical history, physical examination, and resting electrocardiogram (ECG) at first evaluation and during follow-up. In patients with suspected CS, further investigations are aimed at evaluating diagnosis and cardiac consequences. Unfortunately, no gold standard exists that would allow CS diagnosis with a level of confidence. Endomyocardial biopsy is an invasive procedure that lacks sensitivity. Patients need, at a minimum, specialized cardiologic advice, echocardiography, and 24-hour ambulatory ECG. Other diagnostic tools include thallium, technetium, and gallium scintigraphy, and more recently, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). The respective role of these new imaging tools in the diagnostic approach remains to be defined. CMR has the advantage of not exposing patients to radiation, but it is not feasible in those with cardiac devices. In Western countries, heart involvement accounts for 13 to 25% of sarcoidosis-related deaths, and it is the leading cause of mortality in Japan. The main prognostic indicators are New York Heart Association functional class, left ventricular enlargement, and sustained ventricular tachycardia. Treatment is based on systemic corticosteroids with an initial dose between 30 mg/day and 1 mg/kg/day (which is usually maintained for at least 24 months), specific cardiologic agents, and the placement of a pacemaker or implantable cardiac defibrillator in case of an atrioventricular block or severe intractable ventricular arrhythmias. Cardiac transplantation is exceptionally required.
Prevalence of odontogenic lesions among the Kanpur population: an institutional study.

BACKGROUND The frequency and incidence of odontogenic cysts and tumors are controversial and depends in the geographic location. These lesions have great clinical and histopathological diversity, and reflect a need for epidemiological profile to be considered when these lesions are studied. AIM The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of odontogenic cysts and tumors over a period of 10 years and to compare with other data reported around the world. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data for the study were obtained from the archives of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, diagnosed as the cases of Odontogenic cysts and tumors histopathologically, reported from January 2007 to March 2016. Case records of the patients that fit the histological classification of the World Health Organization (2005) were included in the study and the variables analyzed were: Age, sex, anatomical location, and histological type. RESULTS In a total of 1319 biopsies reported, 112 were odontogenic in nature. Of these 112 odontogenic lesions reported, Odontogenic Cysts accounted for 54.4% and odontogenic tumors of 45.53%. Of them 61.60% of the patients were males. Common age of occurrence was 21-50 years and mandibular posterior was the most common site of occurrence. Most common odontogenic cyst and tumor reported was dentigerous cyst and ameloblastoma respectively. CONCLUSION This study provides epidemiological information on odontogenic cyst and tumors at an institutional level. The relative frequency of these cysts and tumors can be analyzed at a global level to understand their prevalence, incidence, biological behaviour, and distribution.
Deviations from Chargaff's second parity rule correlate with direction of transcription.

The distribution of deviations from Chargaff's second parity rule was examined for overlapping sequence windows of a length (1 kb) predicted to be suitable for detecting correlations with functional features of DNA. For long genomic segments from E. coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Vaccinia virus, Chargaff differences for the W bases and/or for the S bases correlate with transcription direction and gene location. For W-rich genomes, the mRNA-synonymous strand contains regions which, if extruded from negatively supercoiled DNA, would fold to generate stem-loop structures with A-rich loops. Similarly, for S-rich genomes the loops would be G-rich. We suggest that the disposition of genes in nucleic acid sequences arises from their having to adapt to a preexisting mosaic of genomic regions, each distinguished by its potential to extrude single-strand loops enriched for a particular base (or two non-Watson-Crick pairing bases). The mosaic would have facilitated the intrastrand and interstrand accounting required for correction of mutations, and would have evolved in the early RNA world before the emergence of protein-encoding capacity. The preexisting mosaic would have determined transcription direction since there is pressure for all mRNAs of a cell to have purine-rich loops, thus decreasing loop-loop interactions which might lead to formation of "self" sense-antisense RNA duplexes.
Munchausen syndrome by adult proxy: a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP), more formally known as factitious disorder imposed on another, is a form of abuse in which a caregiver deliberately produces or feigns illness in a person under his or her care so that the proxy will receive medical care that gratifies the caregiver. Although well documented in the pediatric literature, few cases of MSBP with adult proxies (MSB-AP) have been reported. This study reviews existing literature on MSB-AP to provide a framework for clinicians to recognize this disorder. METHODS We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and PsychINFO, supplemented by bibliographic examination. RESULTS We identified 13 cases of MSB-AP. Perpetrators were caregivers, most (62%) were women, and many worked in healthcare. The age range of the victims was 21 to 82 years. Most were unaware of the abuse, although in 2 cases the victim may have colluded with the perpetrator. Disease fabrication most often resulted from poisoning. CONCLUSIONS MSB-AP should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with a complex constellation of symptoms without a unifying etiology and an overly involved caregiver with suspected psychological gain. Early identification is necessary so that healthcare providers do not unknowingly perpetuate harm through treatments that satisfy the perpetrator's psychological needs at the proxy's expense.
Vascular Progenitor Cells Isolated From Human Embryonic Stem Cells Give Rise to Endothelial and Smooth Muscle–Like Cells and Form Vascular Networks In Vivo

We report that human embryonic stem cells contain a population of vascular progenitor cells that have the ability to differentiate into endothelial-like and smooth muscle (SM)-like cells. Vascular progenitor cells were isolated from EBs grown in suspension for 10 days and were characterized by expression of the endothelial/hematopoietic marker CD34 (CD34+ cells). When these cells are subsequently cultured in EGM-2 (endothelial growth medium) supplemented with vascular endothelial growth factor-165 (50 ng/mL), they give rise to endothelial-like cells characterized by a cobblestone cell morphology, expression of endothelial markers (platelet endothelial cell-adhesion molecule-1, CD34, KDR/Flk-1, vascular endothelial cadherin, von Willebrand factor), incorporation of acetylated low-density lipoprotein, and formation of capillary-like structures when placed in Matrigel. In contrast, when CD34+ cells are cultured in EGM-2 supplemented with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (50 ng/mL), they give rise to SM-like cells characterized by spindle-shape morphology, expression of SM cell markers (&agr;-SM actin, SM myosin heavy chain, calponin, caldesmon, SM &agr;-22), and the ability to contract and relax in response to common pharmacological agents such as carbachol and atropine but rarely form capillary-like structures when placed in Matrigel. Implantation studies in nude mice show that both cell types contribute to the formation of human microvasculature. Some microvessels contained mouse blood cells, which indicates functional integration with host vasculature. Therefore, the vascular progenitors isolated from human embryonic stem cells using methods established in the present study could provide a means to examine the mechanisms of endothelial and SM cell development, and they could also provide a potential source of cells for vascular tissue engineering.