Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Quick Migration of File Servers

Upgrading file servers is indispensable for improving the performance, reducing the possibility of failures, and reducing the power consumption. To upgrade file servers, files must be migrated from the old to new servers, which poses three challenges: reducing the downtime during migration, reducing the migration overhead, and supporting the migration between heterogeneous servers. Existing technologies are difficult to achieve all of the three challenges. We propose a quick file migration scheme for heterogeneous servers. To reduce the downtime, we exploit the post-copy approach and introduce on-demand migration that allows file access before completing the migration. To reduce the overhead, we introduce background migration that migrates files as soon as possible without affecting the performance and incurs no overhead after the migration. To support heterogeneity, we introduce stub-based file management that requires no internal states of the old server. We implemented our scheme for Linux and supported the NFS and SMB protocols. The experimental results depict that the downtime was a maximum of 23 s in a 4-level 1000-file directory and the migration time was 70 min in NFS and 204 min in SMB with 242 GiB of data.
Hearing Preservation Outcomes After Cochlear Implantation Depending on the Angle of Insertion: Indication for Electric or Electric-Acoustic Stimulation.

OBJECTIVE This study reviewed outcomes of hearing preservation (HP) surgery depending on the angle of insertion (AOI) in a cochlear implant (CI) patient population who used electric stimulation (ES) or combined electric-acoustic stimulation (EAS). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case review. SETTING Tertiary referral university hospital. PATIENTS Ninety-one patients with different degrees of preoperative low-frequency residual hearing who underwent HP surgery with a free-fitting lateral-wall electrode array (MED-EL Flex) with lengths ranging from 20.0 to 31.5 mm. INTERVENTION Cochlear implantation using HP surgery technique and subsequent fitting with CI speech processor for ES, or combined CI and hearing aid speech processor for EAS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Individual AOI were estimated using modified Stenvers' projection. Freiburg monosyllable test in quiet (free-field presentation at 65 dB SPL) and pure-tone averages for low frequencies (125, 250, and 500 Hz; PTAlow) were evaluated during a follow-up period of 12 months after implantation. RESULTS Estimated AOIs showed bimodal distribution: shallow insertion (SI) with mean AOI of 377 degrees and deep insertion (DI) with mean AOI of 608 degrees. Speech test scores after 12 months were comparable between AOI groups, however, they were significantly different between stimulation types with better scores for EAS. Only ES showed a positive correlation (r = 0.293) between speech test score and AOI. When HP was possible, both SI and DI showed significant postoperative PTAlow shifts with mean of 17.8 and 21.6 dB, respectively. These were comparable between AOI groups and no significant shifts were observed in follow-up intervals. Audiometric indication for HP and subsequent EAS is proposed up to 65 dB HL at 500 Hz, and up to 87 dB HL for HP. CONCLUSIONS CI candidates can benefit from HP surgery with deep insertion when only using ES due to insufficient residual hearing. Conversely, candidates with preoperative threshold up to 65 dB HL at 500 Hz could perform significantly better with EAS which requires shallow insertion.
Proliferation and differentiation of rat adipose-derived stem cells are regulated by yes-associated protein

Adipose-derived stem cell (ASC)-based therapy is a promising treatment strategy for diseases of the musculoskeletal system, as ASCs have the potential to differentiate into numerous cell lineages. However, this field has only recently been explored; therefore, a considerable amount of work is required to determine the therapeutic potential of ASCs. The mechanisms and factors associated with ASC proliferation and differentiation remain to be elucidated. In order to determine the biological properties and subsequent clinical applications of ASCs, these molecular mechanisms must be investigated. The transcriptional co-activator yes-associated protein (YAP), which is a major target of the Hippo signaling pathway, has been reported to serve a crucial role in stem cell proliferation and differentiation. To the best of our knowledge, the role of YAP in the proliferation and differentiation of rat ASCs (rASCs) has not yet been reported. The results of an immunofluorescence analysis revealed that subcellular distribution of YAP in rASCs was regulated by cell density and the actin cytoskeleton. Furthermore, western blot analysis demonstrated that YAP protein expression in rASCs was regulated by lysophosphatidic acid and the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, YAP activation promoted the proliferation of rASCs, whereas YAP inactivation promoted osteogenesis and inhibited adipogenesis of rASCs. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that YAP may regulate the proliferation and differentiation of rASCs. Targeted modulation of YAP in rASCs may therefore increase the therapeutic effect of rASCs in musculoskeletal diseases.
Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Single and Multiple Doses of Relebactam, a β-Lactamase Inhibitor, in Combination with Imipenem and Cilastatin in Healthy Participants

Relebactam is a novel class A and C β-lactamase inhibitor that is being developed in combination with imipenem-cilastatin for the treatment of serious infections with Gram-negative bacteria. Here we report on two phase 1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability studies of relebactam administered with or without imipenem-cilastatin to healthy participants: (i) a single-dose (25 to 1,150 mg) and multiple-dose (50 to 625 mg every 6 h [q6h] for 7 to 14 days) escalation study with men and (ii) a single-dose (125 mg) study with women and elderly individuals. ABSTRACT Relebactam is a novel class A and C β-lactamase inhibitor that is being developed in combination with imipenem-cilastatin for the treatment of serious infections with Gram-negative bacteria. Here we report on two phase 1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability studies of relebactam administered with or without imipenem-cilastatin to healthy participants: (i) a single-dose (25 to 1,150 mg) and multiple-dose (50 to 625 mg every 6 h [q6h] for 7 to 14 days) escalation study with men and (ii) a single-dose (125 mg) study with women and elderly individuals. Following single- or multiple-dose intravenous administration over 30 min, plasma relebactam concentrations declined biexponentially, with a terminal half-life (t1/2) ranging from 1.35 to 1.85 h independently of the dose. Exposures increased in a dose-proportional manner across the dose range. No clinically significant differences in pharmacokinetics between men and women, or between adult and elderly participants, were observed. Urine pharmacokinetics demonstrated that urinary excretion is the major route of relebactam elimination. No drug-drug interaction between relebactam and imipenem-cilastatin was observed, and the observed t1/2 values for relebactam, imipenem, and cilastatin were comparable, thus supporting coadministration. Relebactam administered alone or in combination with imipenem-cilastatin was well tolerated across the dose ranges studied. No serious adverse events or deaths were reported. The pharmacokinetic profile and favorable safety results supported q6h dosing of relebactam with imipenem-cilastatin in clinical treatment trials.
The Chlamydia trachomatis PmpD adhesin forms higher order structures through disulphide-mediated covalent interactions

Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen, and the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide. We have recently shown that immunization with the highly conserved antigenic passenger domain of recombinant Ct polymorphic membrane protein D (rPmpD) is protective in the mouse model of Ct genital tract infection, and previously, that ocular anti-rPmpD antibodies are elicited following vaccination. However, the mechanisms governing the assembly and structure-function relationship of PmpD are unknown. Here, we provide a biophysical analysis of this immunogenic 65 kDa passenger domain fragment of PmpD. Using differential cysteine labeling coupled with LC-MS/MS analysis, we show that widespread intra- and intermolecular disulphide interactions play important roles in the preservation of native monomeric secondary structure and the formation of higher-order oligomers. While it has been proposed that FxxN and GGA(I, L,V) repeat motifs in the Pmp21 ortholog in Chlamydia pneumoniae mediate self-interaction, no such role has previously been identified for cysteine residues in chlamydial Pmps. Further characterisation reveals that oligomeric proteoforms and rPmpD monomers adopt β–sheet folds, consistent with previously described Gram-negative bacterial type V secretion systems (T5SSs). We also highlight adhesin-like properties of rPmpD, showing that both soluble rPmpD and anti-rPmpD serum from immunized mice abrogate binding of rPmpD-coated beads to mammalian cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Hence, our study provides further evidence that chlamydial Pmps may function as adhesins, while elucidating yet another important mechanism of self-association of bacterial T5SS virulence factors that may be unique to the Chlamydiaceae.
Breaking Away From the Male Stereotype of a Specialist: Gendered Language Affects Performance in a Thinking Task

This experimental online-survey study investigated if different written language forms in German have an effect on male bias in thinking. We used answers to the specialist riddle as an indicator for male bias in mental representations of expertise. The difficulty of this thinking task lies in the fact that a gender-unspecified specialist is often automatically assumed to be a man due to gender stereotypes. We expected that reading a text in gender-fair language before processing the specialist riddle helps readers achieve control over automatically activated gender stereotypes and thus facilitates the restructuring and reinterpretation of the problem, which is necessary to reach the conclusion that the specialist is a woman. We randomly assigned 517 native German speakers (68% women) to reading a text on expertise written either in gender-fair language or in masculine generics. Subsequently, participants were asked to solve the specialist riddle. The results show that reading a text in gender-fair language before processing the riddle led to higher rates of answers indicating that the specialist is a women compared to reading a text in masculine generics (44% vs. 33%) in women and men regardless of their self-stereotyping concerning agency and communion. The findings indicate that reading even a very short text in gender-fair language can help people break their gender-stereotype habit and thus reduce male bias in thinking. Our research emphasizes the importance of using gender-fair language in German-language texts for reducing gender stereotypes.
Scanning of speechless comics changes spatial biases in mental model construction

The mental representation of both time and number shows lateral spatial biases, which can be affected by habitual reading and writing direction. However, this effect is in place before children begin to read. One potential early cause is the experiences of looking at picture books together with a carer, as those images also follow the directionality of the script. What is the underlying mechanism for this effect? In the present study, we test the possibility that such experiences induce spatial biases in mental model construction, a mechanism which is a good candidate to induce the biases observed with numbers and times. We presented a speechless comic in either standard (left-to-right) or mirror-reversed (right-to-left) form to adult Spanish participants. We then asked them to draw the scene depicted by sentences like ‘the square is between the cross and the circle’. The position of the lateral objects in these drawings reveals the spatial biases at work when building mental models in working memory. Under conditions of highly consistent directionality, the mirror comic changed pre-existing lateral biases. Processes of mental model construction in working memory stand as a potential mechanism for the generation of spatial biases for time and number. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Varieties of abstract concepts: development, use and representation in the brain’.
Polynomial Regression As an Alternative to Neural Nets

Despite the success of neural networks (NNs), there is still a concern among many over their "black box" nature. Why do they work? Here we present a simple analytic argument that NNs are in fact essentially polynomial regression models. This view will have various implications for NNs, e.g. providing an explanation for why convergence problems arise in NNs, and it gives rough guidance on avoiding overfitting. In addition, we use this phenomenon to predict and confirm a multicollinearity property of NNs not previously reported in the literature. Most importantly, given this loose correspondence, one may choose to routinely use polynomial models instead of NNs, thus avoiding some major problems of the latter, such as having to set many tuning parameters and dealing with convergence issues. We present a number of empirical results; in each case, the accuracy of the polynomial approach matches or exceeds that of NN approaches. A many-featured, open-source software package, polyreg, is available.
Assessment of Treatment Response by 99mTc-MIP-1404 SPECT/CT: A Pilot Study in Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Background We investigated the role of 99mTc-MIP-1404 (Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc, New York, NY) SPECT/CT of PSMA expression in the assessment of treatment response in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 99mTc-MIP-1404 SPECT/CT scans from 28 patients with metastatic prostate cancer examined before initiation and after completion of therapy. Eight of these patients had been treated with androgen deprivation therapy, 10 with docetaxel, and another 10 with external beam radiotherapy. On the CT images from SPECT/CT, treatment response was assessed according to RECIST 1.1 criteria; independently from that analysis, maximal standardized uptake values (SUVmax) were quantified in representative tumor lesions and treatment response assumed at differences in SUVmax greater than 30%. Radiographic response assessment was correlated to biochemical response (BR) based on prostate-specific antigen serum levels. Results The concordance rate between SPECT and BR was 75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55–0.89) (Cohen &kgr; = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.29–0.85; P ⩽ 0.01), higher than for that between SPECT and CT with 57% (95% CI, 0.37–0.76) (&kgr; = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.14–0.65; P ⩽ 0.01), as well as that between CT and BR with 50% (95% CI, 0.31–0.69) (&kgr; = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.06–0.57, P ⩽ 0.05). Discordant findings between SPECT and CT were most likely due to limitations of CT in assessing metastases in lymph nodes, as well as bone involvement, which was sometimes not detectable on CT scans. Conclusions The high agreement between treatment response, as assessed by 99mTc-MIP-1404 SPECT/CT and BR, suggests a possible role of that imaging tool for monitoring treatment in metastatic prostate cancer. Larger, ideally prospective trials are needed to help to reveal the full potential of SPECT imaging of PSMA expression in that regard.
Ecology and diversity of freshwater shrimps in Banco National Park, Côte d’Ivoire (Banco River Basin)

Shrimps are an important component of river invertebrate assemblages in tropical freshwater where they are a controlling group in food webs. In order to determine shrimp diversity in the Banco Basin (Cote d’Ivoire, West Africa) and examine whether the patterns of species distribution were related to environmental conditions, six sites were monitored. Sampling was conducted in 2008 during February, May, September and November using a long-handled net (25-cm diameter, 2-mm mesh). For each site, we measured environmental variables (conductivity, pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, current speed, and water depth and width). Three shrimp species, Macrobrachium thysi (Powell 1980), Macrobrachium dux (Lenz 1910) and Desmocaris trispinosa (Aurivillius 1898) were identified. D. trispinosa was the largest distributed (more than 50% of occurrence) and the most abundant (67% of total number of specimens caught). It was followed by M. thysi with 47% and 32% of occurrence and abundance, respectively. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed a spatial distribution of the shrimp community, significantly influenced by width, depth, conductivity, type of substrate, turbidity and dissolved oxygen. Due to the fact that the Banco River hosts an endemic species in Cote d’Ivoire (Macrobrachium thysi ), the conservation of integrity of this basin was recommended.
Wrist malpractice claims in Northern Norway 2005–2014. Lessons to be learned

ABSTRACT Rough weather conditions in the subarctic areas of Norway may influence on the risk of wrist fracture. We implemented data from the Norwegian System of Patient Injury Compensation (NPE). All claims due to wrist surgery, performed at the public hospitals in Northern Norway, during 2005-2014 were analyzed. We employed the ICD-10 classification codes S52.5 (fracture of distal end of radius) and S52.6 (fracture of distal end of radius and ulna). Treatment was defined by NCSP codes. 84 patients (0.3%) complained. Females complained four times more often than males did (P = 0.005) and received five times more frequently a compensation (P < 0.001). NPE accepted 34 claims (40%) for injury compensation (0.1% of patients). The percentage of claims accepted for compensation decreased from 48% to 30% during study period, probably due to delay in filling claims. The main causes of complains were pain, reduced range of motion, malfunction and weakness (35/84). The main causes of compensation were “operative treatment should have been performed” (14/34) and “wrong operative method applied” (13/34). The mean amount per compensation was €14,927 (€0–€52,995). Stonger focus on quality of care, updated guidelines and shared decission-making may reduce the number og complains and compensations.
Erratum

There are two errors in our article “Approximating Minimum-Cost Connectivity Problems via Uncrossable Bifamilies” (ACM Transactions on Algorithms (TALG), 9(1), Article No. 1, 2012). In that article, we consider the (undirected) SURVIVABLE NETWORK problem. The input consists of a graph G=(V,E) with edge-costs, a set T ⊆ V of terminals, and connectivity demands {rst > 0 : st ∈ D ⊆ T × T} . The goal is to find a minimum cost subgraph of G that for all st ∈ D contains rst pairwise internally disjoint st-paths. We claimed ratios O(k ln k) for rooted demands when the set D of demand pairs form a star, where k = maxst∈Drst is the maximum demand. This ratio is correct when the requirements are rst = k for all t ∈ T\{s}, but for general rooted demands our article implies only ratio O(k2) (which, however, is still the currently best-known ratio for the problem). We also obtained various ratios for the node-weighted version of the problem. These results are valid, but the proof needs a correction described here.
The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment from Major Source Countries on Turkish Trade with the European Union

The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment from Major Source Countries on Turkish Trade with the European Union The available literature on the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade has so far shown mixed results. Although traditional trade theory showed that factor movements and trade are a perfect substitute, new trade and FDI theories argue that factor movements and trade can be either a substitute or complementary to each other, depending on the types of investment made by multinational enterprises (MNEs) and macroeconomic policies used by the host countries. This paper attempts to test empirically the existence of a long-run relationship between inward FDI and the trade performance of Turkey over the period 1976-2006 by applying the multivariate cointegration technique of Johansen and Juselius (1990). In particular, the effects of FDI from major source countries (i.e., the US, Japan, and the EU) are examined to see whether they have different impacts on Turkish trade with the EU. The results of the long-run export supply model indicate that both Japanese and EU FDI play a significant role in the level of Turkish exports to the EU market, while US FDI causes a reduction in the level of Turkish exports to the EU. Similarly, the results of the long-run import demand model show that EU FDI contributes the level of Turkish imports from the EU by raising demands for intermediate and capital goods from the home market, while Japanese FDI led to a decrease in the level of Turkish imports from the EU market.
Individualization and the Health Care Mosaic in Assisted Living.

Background and Objectives Assisted living (AL) is a popular residential long-term care option for frail older adults in the United States. Most residents have multiple comorbidities and considerable health care needs, but little is known about their health care arrangements, particularly over time. Our goal is to understand how health care is managed and experienced in AL by residents and their care network members. Research Design and Methods This grounded theory analysis focuses on the delivery of health care in AL. Qualitative data were gathered from 28 residents and 114 of their care network members followed over a 2-year period in 4 diverse settings as part of the larger study, "Convoys of Care: Developing Collaborative Care Partnerships in Assisted Living. " Results Findings show that health care in AL involves routine, acute, rehabilitative, and end-of-life care, is provided by residents, formal and informal caregivers, and occurs on- and off-site. Our conceptual model derived from grounded theory analysis, "individualizing health care," reflects the variability found in care arrangements over time and the multiple, multilevel factors we identified related to residents and caregivers (e.g., age, health), care networks (e.g., size, composition), residences (e.g., ownership), and community and regulatory contexts. This variability leads to individualization and a mosaic of health care among AL residents and communities. Discussion and Implications Our consideration of health care and emphasis on care networks draw attention to the importance of communication and need for collaboration within care networks as key avenues for improving care for this and other frail populations.
Poster: Machine Learning Based Code Smell Detection Through WekaNose

Code smells can be subjectively interpreted, the results provided by detectors are usually different, the agreement in the results is scarce, and a benchmark for the comparison of these results is not yet available. The main approaches used to detect code smells are based on the computation of a set of metrics. However code smell detectors often use different metrics and/or different thresholds, according to their detection rules. As result of this inconsistency the number of detected smells can increase or decrease accordingly, and this makes hard to understand when, for a specific software, a certain characteristic identifies a code smell or not. In this work, we introduce WekaNose, a tool that allows to perform an experiment to study code smell detection through machine learning techniques. The experiment's purpose is to select rules, and/or obtain trained algorithms, that can classify an instance (method or class) as affected or not by a code smell. These rules have the main advantage of being extracted through an example-based approach, rather then a heuristic-based one.