Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Optimal Multi-Row Detailed Placement for Neighbor Diffusion Effect Mitigation in Sub-10 nm VLSI

Layout-dependent effect causes variation in device performance as well as mismatch in model-hardware correlation in sub-10 nm nodes. In order to effectively explore the power-performance envelope for IC design, cell libraries must provide cells with different diffusion heights, leading to neighbor diffusion effect (NDE) due to inter-cell diffusion height change (diffusion <italic>steps</italic>). Special filler cells can protect against <italic>steps</italic> to functional cells, but with nontrivial area overhead. In this paper, we develop dynamic programming (DP)-based single-row and multi-row (MR) detailed placement optimizations that optimally<xref rid="fn1" ref-type="fn"><sup>1</sup></xref> reduce inter-cell diffusion <italic>steps</italic> to mitigate the impacts of NDE. Compared to previous works, our algorithms are capable of exploring richer solution spaces as they support cell flipping, relocating, and reordering across cell rows; we also consider cell displacement, flipping, and wirelength costs. Notably, to our knowledge, our MR DP-based optimization algorithm is the first to optimally handle inter-row cell relocating and reordering. We also explore various metaheuristic configurations to further improve the solution quality. Last, we develop a timing-aware approach, which is capable of creating intentional <italic>steps</italic> that can potentially improve the drive strength of critical cells. <fn id="fn1"><label><sup>1</sup></label><p>The optimality is in terms of maximum diffusion <italic>step</italic> reduction, for given displacement range, reordering range and cell variants. Additionally, the above range definitions, including the definition of the ordering of cells, depend on assumptions described in <xref rid="sec4" ref-type="sec">Sections IV</xref> and <xref rid="sec5" ref-type="sec">V</xref>. </p></fn>
Injury-Free Children and Adolescents: Towards Better Practice in Swedish Football (FIT project)

This interdisciplinary research project will produce evidence-based recommendations on how injuries in Swedish youth football (soccer) can be prevented. Fewer injuries will positively impact athlete health, performance and career longevity and have the potential to promote life-long physical activity and wellbeing. Injury pattern research demonstrates that injuries are a significant problem in (Swedish) youth sport. Football has a higher traumatic and overuse injury rate than many contact/collision sports (e.g., field hockey, basketball). In research on youth football, the incidence of overuse training injuries was measured as high as 15.4 injuries per 1000 training hours, and the incidence of traumatic and overuse match injuries was 47.5 injuries per 1000 match hours. The injury frequency is alarming and applies to the 54% of children aged 7-14 and the 39% of youths aged 15-19 years who participate in Swedish organised sports. A large body of research identifies injury risk factors and preventative strategies; however, as the recent IOC consensus statement on youth athletic development points out, the existing, mostly bio-medical knowledge does not provide effective evidence-based injury prevention strategies. To address this deficit, interdisciplinary and context-driven knowledge on injury development in youth sport is needed. The proposed project will produce scientific evidence through four consecutive studies: a) Questionnaire to register the types, frequency and management of injuries; b) Laboratory testing of biomechanical, clinical and training-specific parameters to establish individual physical and sport-specific dispositions; c) Observation of sporting contexts to understand sporting cultures, coaching methods and coach-athlete relationships; and d) Interviews with coaches and players to recognize knowledge that shapes coaching and training. The sample of youth players will be recruited from Sweden’s most popular and injury-prone sport: football. Each of the four studies will conduct its own data production and analyses, and a collective analysis will produce integrated evidence. Concrete recommendations for best sporting practice will be developed, which will serve sporting federations, sport education institutions, coaches, sport support staff and players.
Comparative Analysis of Disruption Tolerant Network Routing Simulations in the One and NS-3

This thesis studies the performance of Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) routing protocols, and the effect of simulator selection. Research into the Geo-location Assisted Predictive Routing (GAPR), and GAPR2 protocols at NPS used the ONE Simulator. The ONE abstracts everything below the routing layer to simplify the development of DTN protocols. In contrast, Network Simulator 3 (ns-3) simulates the entire network stack. ns-3 includes packet headers and existing link-layer protocols that the ONE abstracts away. The inclusion of link-layer overhead and packet headers reduces message delivery by 31% and increases average latency by 119%. Packets used to share routing information consume up to 33% of all transmitted data. Effective throughput between connected nodes decreases by 40%-70% of the equivalent ONE bandwidth. These penalties vary significantly depending on routing protocol design choices. This thesis implements Epidemic, Vector, Centroid, GAPR, and GAPR2 protocols in ns-3. It also combines Centroid with GAPR to create a new protocol called GAPR2a. The protocols are extensively simulated in three mobility scenarios in ns-3 and the ONE: one urban scenario and two military scenarios. GAPR2a provides the best overall performance in the urban scenario, and Vector provides the best overall performance in the military scenarios. Future DTN protocol development should continue in ns-3 because the ONE’s abstractions may not reflect real-world performance.
Investigating The Effect of Exposure-Control Strategies on Item Selection Methods in MCAT

This study aims to investigate the effect of different item exposure controlling strategies on item selection methods in the context of multidimensional computerized adaptive testing (MCAT). Additionally, this study aims to examine to what extend the restrictive threshold (RT) and the restrictive progressive (RPG) exposure methods suppress the item exposure rates and increase the exposure rates of underexposed items without losing psychometric precision in MCAT. For this purpose, the performance of four item selection methods with and without exposure controls are evaluated and compared so as to determine how results differ when item exposure controlling strategies are applied with Monte-Carlo simulation method. The four item selection methods employed in this study are D-optimality, Kullback–Leibler information (KLP), the minimized error variance of linear combination score with equal weight (V1), the composite score with optimized weight (V2). On the other hand, the maximum priority index (MPI) method proposed for unidimensional CAT and two other item exposure control methods, that are RT and RPG methods proposed for cognitive diagnostic CAT, are adopted. The results show that: (1) KLP, D-optimality, and V1 performed better in recovering domain scores, and all outperformed V2 with respect to precision; (2) although V1 and V2 offer improved item bank usage rates, KLP, D-optimality, V1, and V2 produced an unbalanced distribution of item exposure rates; (3) all exposure control strategies improve the exposure uniformity greatly and with very little loss in psychometric precision; (4) RPG and MPI perform similarly in exposure control, and outperformed RT exposure control method.
ACTIVITY SCHEDULE AND AFFECTIVE CONTROL OF COMPONENT BASED PROJECT

Abstract The overall performance of any organizations depends on the way the project is managed and scheduled. The successful implementation of one or two big or complex project does not indicate that this organization will perform In the same way in future. Component based implementation of software development projects in the automotive industry have to face the rapid strategies for the use of the latest technologies that would provide the success of this type of projects, namely the frequency of change requirements during the life cycle. The cost and time for software testing was analyzed and to avoid delays in the project and more to cope with disturbances caused by changing requirements in the each phase of the project life cycle. Using of Component Based Software Engineering(CBSE) in software company, the implementation of any software project has become easy but the integration of available component or their use is the not only skill of project manager but the delivery of project in time is a required. The project manager ensure the success of their project as a competitive advantage and establish such a system which will work with limited resources and available time. The project management tools and techniques i.e. Critical Path Methods(CPM) or Program Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT) are used in reality as the most valuable and are planned to be used in the component based software testing system. This research result point out that there is a huge difference between planned and unplanned testing project. It also shows that the time of testing can be reduced with increase of cost of failure as a result the company may decide the benefit from that project. Analysis of the results allows to determine dependencies between level of company's maturity level in project management, used project management tools and techniques, and values gained by the company from project management time to time with measured risk factor.
Interaction of Spinosad and Bacillus thuringiensis on Certain Toxicological, Biochemical and Molecular Aspects in the Egyptian Cotton Leaf Worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis, is one of the most injurious agricultural pests in Egypt. In the present study, the interaction between spinosad and Bacillus thuringiensis, using different pairings, in third and fifth instar larvae was determined. Activities of α- and β-non-specific esterases and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were also determined. Additionally, AChE transcript abundance using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was detected. The cumulative percentage mortality of S. littoralis, third and fifth instar larvae, to spinosad and B. thuringiensis were increased gradually by increasing the concentrations. Spinosad was more potent than B. thuringiensis. Sequential application of these bio-insecticides, on the LC25 level on third and fifth instar larvae, when spinosad was first applied, showed synergistic interaction and additive effect, respectively. On the other hand, when B. thuringiensis was first applied, using the same timing of application, additive interaction was observed for both third and fifth instars. Individual, simultaneous and sequential applications of these bio-insecticides induced variable changes in α- and β-esterases and AChE activities. Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed an increase in transcript abundance up to 2.0-fold in third instar larvae in case of sequential and simultaneous applications. Based on the results herein, integrated pest management programme using spinosad and B. thuringiensis can be successfully developed for the control of S. littoralis.
Brain Damage Associated with Impaired Sentence Processing in Acute Aphasia

Left-hemisphere brain damage commonly affects patients' abilities to produce and comprehend syntactic structures, a condition typically referred to as “agrammatism. ” The neural correlates of agrammatism remain disputed in the literature, and distributed areas have been implicated as important predictors of performance, for example, Broca's area, anterior temporal areas, and temporo-parietal areas. We examined the association between damage to specific language-related ROIs and impaired syntactic processing in acute aphasia. We hypothesized that damage to the posterior middle temporal gyrus, and not Broca's area, would predict syntactic processing abilities. One hundred four individuals with acute aphasia (<20 days poststroke) were included in the study. Structural MRI scans were obtained, and all participants completed a 45-item sentence–picture matching task. We performed an ROI-based stepwise regression analyses to examine the relation between cortical brain damage and impaired comprehension of canonical and noncanonical sentences. Damage to the posterior middle temporal gyrus was the strongest predictor for overall task performance and performance on noncanonical sentences. Damage to the angular gyrus was the strongest predictor for performance on canonical sentences, and damage to the posterior superior temporal gyrus predicted noncanonical scores when performance on canonical sentences was included as a cofactor. Overall, our models showed that damage to temporo-parietal and posterior temporal areas was associated with impaired syntactic comprehension. Our results indicate that the temporo-parietal area is crucially implicated in complex syntactic processing, whereas the role of Broca's area may be complementary.
Inherited Deleterious Effects and Protein Response of Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) to Gamma Irradiation

The present study aimed to evaluate the inherited deleterious effects and protein response of Musca domestica to LD50 of gamma irradiation through three generations at different cross combinations (irradiated female (IF) × irradiated male (IM), unirradiated female (UIF) × irradiated male, and irradiated female × unirradiated male (UIM)). Gamma radiation induced a significant effect on the reproductive potential of M. domestica through the first three generations, where the sterility index was higher than those of the untreated control, especially in F1 and F2 generations. The great inherited deleterious effects occurred when IM × IF and when IM × UIF indicating that the male of M. domestica is more radiosensitive than the female. The electrophoretic separation of protein bands in the third larval instar of M. domestica resulted from different matings (irradiated and unirradiated males and females) vs control was investigated in the present study. The control larvae recorded the highest number of protein bands (27), while the larvae resulted from crossing of UIF × IM (LD50 = 5 Gy) contained the lowest number of protein bands (14). However, the number of protein bands in larvae resulted from crossing of IF × UIM (LD50 = 7 Gy) was 24 bands also the number of bands resulted from crossing IF × IM (LD50 = 4 Gy) was 21 bands. In addition, the results showed that the type of mating affects the distribution of protein bands, where some protein bands appeared and others disappeared in third larval instar resulted from the different irradiated and unirradiated males and females. These results may indicate that males of M. domestica are more radio sensitive than females where the lowest number of bands was separated in larvae resulted from IM × UIF. Consequently, these radiation doses are recommended for the establishment of Male Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) programmes against M. domestica.
Syntactic and Semantic Specialization and Integration in 5- to 6-Year-Old Children during Auditory Sentence Processing

Previous studies have found specialized syntactic and semantic processes in the adult brain during language comprehension. Young children have sophisticated semantic and syntactic aspects of language, yet many previous fMRI studies failed to detect this specialization, possibly due to experimental design and analytical methods. In this current study, 5- to 6-year-old children completed a syntactic task and a semantic task to dissociate these two processes. Multivoxel pattern analysis was used to examine the correlation of patterns within a task (between runs) or across tasks. We found that the left middle temporal gyrus showed more similar patterns within the semantic task compared with across tasks, whereas there was no difference in the correlation within the syntactic task compared with across tasks, suggesting its specialization in semantic processing. Moreover, the left superior temporal gyrus showed more similar patterns within both the semantic task and the syntactic task as compared with across tasks, suggesting its role in integration of semantic and syntactic information. In contrast to the temporal lobe, we did not find specialization or integration effects in either the opercular or triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus. Overall, our study showed that 5- to 6-year-old children have already developed specialization and integration in the temporal lobe, but not in the frontal lobe, consistent with developmental neurocognitive models of language comprehension in typically developing young children.
Three-dimensional evaluation of alveolar changes induced by nasoalveolar molding in infants with unilateral cleft lip and palate: A case-control study

Objective The objectives of this study were to evaluate linear and volumetric alveolar changes induced by nasoalveolar molding (NAM) in infants with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and compare the maxillary dimensions after NAM with the normal dimensions in infants without clefts. Methods A total of 26 infants with UCLP treated by NAM (mean age before and after NAM: 14.20 ± 8.09 days and 118.16 ± 10.06 days, respectively) comprised the treatment group, while 26 infants without clefts (mean age: 115.81 ± 8.71 days) comprised the control group. Changes in the maxillary dimensions following NAM were measured on three-dimensional models using Mimics software, version 17.0. Results During NAM, there was a decrease in the cleft widths, maxillary arch depths, and rotation of the greater segment. While the anterior alveolar arch width exhibited a significant decrease, the posterior arch width was mostly maintained. There were no changes in the anterior vertical deviations of the alveolar segments. The alveolar crest lengths, arch circumference, and bilateral posterior volumetric measures exhibited an increase. After NAM, the anterior arch width was comparable between the treatment and control groups, whereas the posterior arch width and anterior vertical deviations were greater in the treatment group than in the control group. The maxillary arch depths, alveolar crest lengths, and maxillary volumes were smaller in the NAM group than in the control group. Conclusions During NAM in infants with UCLP, the cleft width and anteroposterior and transverse alveolar dimensions exhibited a decrease while the vertical dimensions were maintained. Compared with infants without clefts, those with UCLP treated by NAM exhibited sagittal and vertical alveolar growth deficiencies and tissue insufficiency.
Intraocular Lens Calculation after Refractive Surgery: A Long-Term Retrospective Comparison of Eight Formulas

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of 8 IOL power calculation formulas for eyes post-refractive surgery. In this Retrospective study, a chart review and data analysis of post-corneal refractive surgery patients who subsequently underwent cataract surgery with IOL implantation in Tertiary surgical center, Draper, UT, USA. The surgery was done in a single surgical center in Draper, UT by one surgeon. The study was approved by the organization’s ethics board. The IOL power formulas used were Barrett True K (BTK), Average Pupil Power (APP), Shammas, Haigis, Galilei, Potvin-Hill Pentacam (PVP), OCT and Barrett True K No History (BTKNH). The percent of time each formula was within ±0.5 D and ±0.75 D of refractive prediction error was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed comparing these 8 methodologies at four post-operative follow-up time points and on the summative time points. Mean follow-up time periods were: 4 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. A total of 64 eyes were included in the study. All IOL formulas showed a myopic trend except APP and Shammas, which showed a hyperopic trend. All tests showed a statistically significant mean absolute value difference from zero. OCT, BTKNH, and BTK had consistently high percentages within ±0.5D and ±0.75 D of refractive error. Linear mixed model analysis showed a statistically significant change in predictive value over time for all formulas. Linear mixed model analysis suggests that it is inadequate to evaluate the performance of IOL power formulae in the short term. Longer-term follow-up is needed to determine accuracy as several factors can result in refractive changes greater than 3 months postoperatively. Our analysis did not demonstrate any formula that was clearly superior to the other methods for predicting IOL power at any time point.
Human intervention in automated decision-making: Toward the construction of contestable systems

Concerns about "black box" machine learning algorithms have influenced why modern data protection laws and regulations on their establishment of a right to human intervention on decision-making supported by artificial intelligence. Such interventions provide data subjects with means to protect their rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests, either as a bare minimum requirement for data processing or as a central norm governing decision-aiding artificial intelligence. In this paper, I present contestability by design as an approach to two kinds of issues with current legal implementations of the right to human intervention. The first kind is the uncertainty about what kind of decision should be covered by this right: should intervention be restricted to those decisions with no human involvement, or should it be interpreted in a broader sense, encompassing all decisions that are effectively shaped by automated processing? The second class of issues ensues from practical limitations of this right to intervention: even within a clear conceptual framework, data subjects might still lack the information they need to the concrete exercise of their right, or the human intervention itself might introduce biases and limitations that result in undesirable outcomes. After discussing how those effects can be identified and measured, I then advance the thesis that proper protection of the rights of data subjects is feasible only if there are means for contesting decisions based solely on automated processing is not an afterthought, but instead a requirement at each stage of an artificial intelligence system's lifecycle.