Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interactive Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation and Temperature on Cotton Physiology, Growth, Development and Hyperspectral Reflectance¶

Abstract Current conditions of 2–11 kJ m−2 day−1 of UV-B radiation and temperatures of >30°C during flowering in cotton cultivated regions are projected to increase in the future. A controlled environment study was conducted in sunlit growth chambers to determine the effects of UV-B radiation and temperature on physiology, growth, development and leaf hyperspectral reflectance of cotton. Plants were grown in the growth chambers at three day/night temperatures (24/16°C, 30/22°C and 36/28°C) and three levels of UV-B radiation (0, 7 and 14 kJ m−2 day−1) at each temperature from emergence to 79 days under optimum nutrient and water conditions. Increases in main stem node number and the node of first fruiting branch and decrease in duration to first flower bud (square) and flower were recorded with increase in temperature. Main effects of temperature and UV-B radiation were significant for net photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, total chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations of uppermost, fully expanded leaves during squaring and flowering. A significant interaction between temperature and UV-B radiation was detected for total biomass and its components. The UV-B radiation of 7 kJ m−2 day−1 reduced boll yield by 68% and 97% at 30/22°C and 36/28°C, respectively, compared with yield at 0 kJ m−2 day−1 and 30/22°C. No bolls were produced in the three temperature treatments under 14 kJ m−2 day−1 UV-B radiation. The first-order interactions between temperature, UV-B radiation and leaf age were significant for leaf reflectance. This study suggests a growth- and process-related temperature dependence of sensitivity to UV-B radiation.
Linking microtopography with post-fire succession in bogs

Abstract Questions: Does post-fire plant succession in boreal bogs vary microtopographically and are successional patterns reproducible among similar microtopographic features? Does succession preserve microtopography post-fire? Location: Boreal bog peatlands near Sinkhole Lake and Athabasca, Alberta, Canada. Methods: We assessed microtopographic variation in post-fire plant community succession through stratigraphic macrofossil analysis of bog soil cores collected from high (hummock) and low (hollow) positions. We conducted vegetation surveys and collected soil cores from ten hummocks and hollows in each bog. Pre-fire microtopographic status was inferred based on floral composition and compared to current microtopography. Results: Hollow vegetation was more variable than hummocks, both in present composition and post-fire succession. The successional trajectory of current hummocks was relatively uniform, showing relatively rapid shifts to Sphagnum fuscum dominance, but varied greatly in hollows. Hollows, although compositionally variable, were typically perpetuated following fire, while hummocks had an approximately equal chance of being perpetuated or becoming hollows. Conclusions: Greater compositional variability at lower microtopographic positions, both spatially and temporally, is most likely due to the ability of hollows to support a wider range of species and greater susceptibility to severe disturbance. Likewise, spatial variability in fire severity appears to be responsible for perpetuation or change in microtopographic status, favouring the creation of hollows over maintenance of hummocks. Abbreviations: Ath = Athabasca; DSE = Distance from set elevation; Hol = Hollow; Hum = Hummock; MTF = Microtopographic feature; NMDS = Non-metric dimensional scaling; RCD = Relative charcoal distance; R = ANOSIM test statistic; SL = Sinkhole Lake.
Improving Cluster Formulation to ReduceOutliers in Data Mining

Existing studies in data mining focus on Outlier detection on data with single clustering algorithm mostly. There are lots of methods available in data mining to detect the outlier by making the clusters of data and then detect the outlier from them . Where outlier is the data item whose value falls outside the bounds in the sample data may indicate anomalous data. Outlier can be reduced if we improve the clustering . In this paper we proposed a hybrid algorithm that work not only on numeric data but also on text data. Our focus is to improve the cluster making so that the number of outliers can be reduce for that we can combine the clustering and classification techniques of data mining i.e. weighted k-mean and neural networks.
Corpus pattern analysis

Evidence from large corpora shows striking patterns of word use in nataral language, the details of which are only now beginning to be adequately recognized and studied. These patterns of usage can be analysed and applied in lexicography as a way ofdeciding what counts as a lexical meaning distinction and ofshowing how different meanings are associated with different uses ofaword. This has major implications for dictionaries, as well as for lexicons used in computational natural language processing, but lexicography has been slow to respond to the challenges presented by the data. After a discussion of afferent kinds of corpus evidence and analytic procedures in corpus lexicography, the paper presents a new project of corpus-driven lexicographic analysis ofEnglish.
The discovery and naming of Papaver orientale s.l. (Papaveraceae) with notes on its nomenclature and early cultivation

Abstract Lack, H.W. (2019). The discovery and naming of Papaver orientale s.l. (Papaveraceae) with notes on its nomenclature and early cultivation. Candollea 74: 47–64. In English, English abstract. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.15553/c2019v741a7 Papaver sect. Macrantha Elkan is a widespread and common polyploid complex comprising the diploid Papaver bracteatum Lindl. , the tetraploid Papaver orientale L. and the hexaploid Papaver pseudo-orientale (Fedde) Medw. All three species are restricted in their distribution to the Caucasus area in the wide sense including north-eastern Turkey and north-western Iran. Papaver orientale and Papaver pseudo-orientale were first collected by one of the members of the expedition headed by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) and introduced into cultivation in the Jardin du Roi in Paris as early as 1702. From there living material of both taxa was quickly distributed to other botanical gardens in Amsterdam, Leiden and the Chelsea Physic Garden in London. For decades both species were known only from cultivated specimens. Due to hybridisation both in the field and in cultivation the relationships between the two taxa remained unclear and were further blurred by the introduction of Papaver bracteatum into cultivation which began in Gorenki near Moscow, Berlin and Chelsea around 1800. Based on ample evidence never studied before like unpublished illustrations kept in Paris and Vienna, Tournefort's unpublished field book, and seed lists this paper unravels this complex historical and taxonomic story. In addition, it presents an updated taxonomy including typifications and nomenclatural notes on all three species involved. The very late rediscovery of Papaver orientale and Papaver pseudo-orientale in the wild is seen in the context of the difficulties in access to the Ottoman Empire and the regions east and northeast of it in the eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth century. Received: January 14, 2019. Accepted: February 15, 2019. First published online: March 28, 2019.
Woody population distribution and environmental heterogeneity in a Chaco forest, Argentina

Abstract In southern humid Chaco forests dominated by Schinopsis balansae, woody plants are clumped and species composition varies spatially over short distances. We examined how these spatial patterns are associated with local environmental heterogeneity for three size classes of woody individuals: adults, saplings, and seedlings. Our study was based on the detailed description of two forest plots (3200 m2 in total) in which we mapped all individuals of woody species, and delimited patches with different microrelief, soil moisture, and ground cover of terrestrial bromeliads. Our results showed that woody-individual distribution is related to local environmental heterogeneity. For all size classes, density of woody individuals was highest on convex patches. These convex patches were dominated by both tree (Acacia praecox and Achatocarpus praecox) and shrub species (Celtis pallida, Capparis retusa and Grabowskia duplicata), while level patches were dominated only by tree species (Schinopsis balansae, Prosopis spp. and Geoffroea decorticans). Drier patches contained all the woody species present in the forest, while wetter patches contained only a subset of them. Within convex patches, trees are likely to occur in places with bromeliad colonies and shrubs in patches without bromeliads. The results suggest forest structure is controlled by environmental heterogeneity associated with microrelief and soil moisture. Nomenclature: Burkart (1969–1987); Digilio (1971–1974); Pérez Moreau (1994). Abbreviation: MRPP = Multiple Response Permutation Procedure.
Responses of subalpine dwarf-shrub heath to irrigation and fertilization

Question: Our study aimed at testing to what extent water and/or nutrients affect community composition in sub-alpine heath. We hypothesized that nutrient addition will have an overall positive effect on heath vegetation but water addition will have greater effects and will probably reinforce the effects of fertilization in drier habitat conditions. Location: Monte Rondinaio, northern Apennines, Italy (44°08' N; 10°35' E, ca. 1850-1930 m a.s.l.). Methods: Nutrients and water were added during five growing seasons in two communities (HV community, moister; EV community, drier) and the biomass of all species was estimated non-destructively by the point-quadrat method. Results: Total above-ground biomass increased in both communities with fertilization due to increased graminoid biomass and decreased moss biomass, but was unaffected by irrigation. In the HV community species richness decreased as an effect of fertilization while in the EV community species richness was raised by irrigation. Conclusions: Our study partly supported our hypothesis since water addition had a stronger effect in the drier community. However, this effect was not revealed by changes in aboveground biomass but rather by differing responses of individual species in the two communities.
DISTURBANCE INDUCES THE CONTRASTING EVOLUTION OF REINFORCEMENT AND DISPERSIVENESS IN DIRECTED AND RANDOM MOVERS

Spatial models commonly assume that dispersal rates are constant across individuals and environments and that movement directions are unbiased. These random-movement assumptions are inadequate to capture the range of dispersal behaviors revealed in diverse case studies. We examine an alternative assumption of directed movement, in which dispersal is a conditional and directional response by individuals to varying environmental conditions. Specifically, we assume individuals bias their movements to climb spatial fitness gradients. We compare the consequences of random and directed movement for local adaptation, the evolution of dispersal, and the reinforcement process. The implications of each movement strategy depend on the nature of environmental disturbance, and we examine the outcomes for undisturbed environments and with uncorrelated and autocorrelated disturbances. Both movement strategies offer advantages over sedentary life histories by allowing colonization of suitable habitats. However, random movement eventually becomes costly in stable environments because it inhibits local adaptation. In contrast, directed movement accelerates local adaptation. In disturbed environments, random movement offers bet-spreading advantages by distributing offspring across habitats. Despite being a more targeted strategy, an intermediate amount of directed movement provides similar bet-spreading benefits. These fitness consequences have implications for the evolution of dispersal. Dispersiveness is lost by random movers in undisturbed environments, is maintained in polymorphism with infrequent disturbances, and evolves when disturbances are uncorrelated. Directed movement becomes selectively neutral in the absence of disturbance, evolves when disturbances are autocorrelated, and is maintained in polymorphism with uncorrelated disturbances. Disturbance also determines the outcome of the reinforcement process for each strategy. For example, directed movers show no progress toward reinforcement in undisturbed environments, evolve random mating with uncorrelated disturbances, and can evolve assortative mating in infrequently disturbed environments.
Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Cytolethal Distending Toxin Genes in Laying Hens

Significance of Findings Although Campylobacter spp. have been frequently isolated from laying hens, little is known about the presence of the genes encoding cdt (i.e., an important virulence factor) carried by the Campylobacter spp. isolated in this avian species. To address this lack of information, the present study was undertaken with the aim to evaluate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in laying hens and the related cdt genes in 1680 laying hens from four different farms. This is believed to be the first report of cdt genes carried by Campylobacter spp. in laying hens.
Land-use history and fragmentation of traditionally managed grasslands in Scandinavia

Abstract Plants associated with traditional agricultural landscapes in northern Europe and Scandinavia are subjected to drastic habitat fragmentation. In this paper we discuss species response to fragmentation, against a background of vegetation and land-use history. Recent evidence suggests that grassland-forest mosaics have been prevalent long before the onset of human agriculture. We suggest that the creation of infield meadows and outland grazing (during the Iron Age) increased the amount and spatial predictability of grasslands, resulting in plant communities with exceptionally high species densities. Thus, distribution of plant species in the present-day landscape reflects historical land-use. This holds also when traditional management has ceased, due to a slow response by many species to abandonment and fragmentation. The distribution patterns are thus not in equilibrium with the present habitat distribution. Fragmentation influences remaining semi-natural grasslands such that species density is likely to decline as a result of local extinctions and invasion by habitat generalists. However, species that for a long time have been subjected to changing mosaic landscapes may be more resistant to fragmentation than is usually believed. Conservation should focus not only on ‘hot-spots’ with high species richness, but also consider species dynamics in a landscape context.
PHARMACOKINETICS OF SINGLE-DOSE ORALLY ADMINISTERED CIPROFLOXACIN IN CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS ( ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS )

Ciprofloxacin is commonly selected for clinical use due to its broad-spectrum efficacy and is a frequently administered antibiotic at The Marine Mammal Center, a marine mammal rehabilitation facility. Ciprofloxacin is used for treatment of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) suffering from a variety of bacterial infections at doses extrapolated from other mammalian species. However, as oral absorption is variable both within and across species, a more accurate determination of appropriate dosage is needed to ensure effective treatment and avoid emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains. A pharmacokinetic study was performed to assess plasma concentrations of ciprofloxacin in California sea lions after a single oral dose. Twenty healthy California sea lions received a single 10-mg/kg oral dose of ciprofloxacin administered in a herring fish. Blood was then collected at two of the following times from each individual: 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 18, and 24 hr postingestion. Plasma ciprofloxacin concentration was assessed via high-performance liquid chromatography. A population pharmacokinetics model demonstrated that an oral ciprofloxacin dose of 10 mg/kg achieved an area under the concentration vs. time curve of 6.01 lg hr/ml. Absorption was rapid, with ciprofloxacin detectable in plasma 0.54 hr after drug administration; absorption half-life was 0.09 hr. A maximum plasma concentration of 1.21 lg/ml was observed at 1.01 hr, with an elimination half-life of 3.09 hr. Ciprofloxacin administered orally at 10 mg/kg produced therapeutic antibacterial exposure for only some of the most susceptible bacterial organisms commonly isolated from California sea lions.
COMPARISON OF SELECT HEMATOLOGY AND SERUM CHEMISTRY ANALTYES BETWEEN WILD-CAUGHT AND AQUARIUM-HOUSED LAKE STURGEON (ACIPENSER FULVESCENS)

Hematology and serum chemistry analytes were compared between wild-caught and aquariumhoused lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) to potentially improve understanding of medical issues in lake sturgeon. Blood samples were taken from 30 lake sturgeon exhibited in 11 institutions in the United States and from 23 experimentally stocked lake sturgeon caught in gill nets in the lower Genesee River in Rochester, New York, USA. For hematology, only segmented neutrophil count was significantly different, with wild-caught fish having a higher number of circulating neutrophils. For clinical chemistry analytes, chloride, uric acid, calcium, phosphate, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, triglycerides, and creatine kinase were significantly different between the two cohorts. These differences are likely not clinically significant and are attributable to handling stress, variability in environmental parameters, or differences in nutritional status. This is the first report of hematology and serum chemistry values in aquarium-housed lake sturgeon and provides useful reference intervals for clinicians.
DIFFERENTIAL REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS AND HERITABILITY OF ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS IN WILD ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR L)

Abstract A critical step in understanding the evolution and maintenance of alternative reproductive tactics is to obtain accurate comparisons of their fitness and to determine factors influencing individual status. In this study, we first used individual multilocus genotypic information to compare reproductive success between two alternative reproductive tactics of anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in their natural environments. We also documented the effects of the quality of the rearing environment and of paternal reproductive tactics on heritability of juvenile growth, which is an important component of individual status. Results showed that large dominant salmon (multisea winter) had higher reproductive success than smaller satellite individuals (grilse). Also, there was a status difference associated with both habitat and male tactic. Overall, offspring produced in streams were bigger than those produced in the main river stretch. Grilse also produced bigger offspring than those fathered by multisea winter males. Heritability of juvenile growth was significant but varied according to quality of habitat: higher heritability estimates were observed in higher quality habitats (streams) than in lower quality habitats (main river stretch). Heritability estimates for juvenile growth varied as well, depending on male tactic, with progeny fathered by multisea winter males having higher values than those fathered by grilse. Together, these results indicate that a combination of additive genetic effects, parental life history and habitat quality will ultimately shape juvenile growth rate, which is the main determinant of status and of subsequent choice of life-history tactics.
Multi-Year Seasonal Sex-Allocation Patterns in Red-Winged Blackbirds (Agelaius Phoeniceus)

ABSTRACT. — A previous study reported that climate-mediated increases in the length of the breeding season produced increasingly female-biased fledging sex ratios in Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). Using those same data plus one additional year (11 years in total), I found that this phenomenon was not a result of greater production of females early and late in the season, contrary to what had been proposed. Instead, seasonal sex-allocation patterns interacted with season length. Early and midseason sex ratios became more female-biased as breeding seasons became longer, whereas late-season sex ratios tended to vary in the opposite manner, albeit weakly. Thus, the discrepancy between sex ratios late in the season and those earlier (early plus midseason) was a strong function of season length. Because fledging sex ratios did not vary with nestling mortality, these patterns appear to be a consequence of nonrandom sex-allocation rather than sex-biased survival. It is unclear whether these sex-allocation patterns are adaptive. Because the climatic factor (the North Atlantic Oscillation) associated with longer breeding seasons is also associated with higher winter mortality, however, it is possible that female Red-winged Blackbirds change how they allocate sex in response to changes in the breeding sex ratio. If climate change continues to alter these patterns, documenting how individuals and populations respond will be informative, from both basic and applied perspectives.
BLOOD VITAMINS AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN NORTHERN-EAST AFRICAN CHEETAHS (ACINONYX JUBATUS SOEMMERINGII) IN CAPTIVITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST

There are few published data regarding the endangered Northern-East African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii), held in captivity in the Middle East and Europe. Studies have demonstrated a high incidence of disease in captive cheetahs, in which vitamin and trace element imbalances have often been implicated. Blood vitamin and trace element reference values in cheetahs merit further investigation. In this study, blood samples were opportunistically collected from apparently healthy A. j. soemmeringii from two collections (A and B) with successful breeding programs in the United Arab Emirates. The cheetahs were fed whole prey of mixed species (and, in Collection B, goat muscle and bone as well) dusted with vitamin and mineral supplements. Mean serum vitamin and trace element values (for cheetahs . 4 mo in age) were as follows: vitamin A (retinol), 2.20 lM/L (n1⁄4 27); vitamin B1, 0.0818 lM/L (n1⁄4 45); vitamin C, 28.6 lM/L (n1⁄4 10); vitamin E (a-tocopherol), 35.6 lM/L (n1⁄4 27); copper (Cu), 12.53 lM/L (n 1⁄4 27); selenium (Se), 3.10 lM/L (n 1⁄4 27); and zinc (Zn), 10.87 lM/L (n 1⁄4 27). Mean values of vitamin A, vitamin E, Cu, and Zn fell within ranges of published cheetah mean values, and mean Se was lower than range values for cheetahs presented in one previous study; blood vitamin B1 and vitamin C values of cheetahs have not previously been published. The values were taken to indicate that the cheetahs’ nutritional status was adequate with regard to those nutrients analyzed. Serum vitamin E was particularly high in cheetahs fed fresh whole prey, and on this basis vitamin E supplementation of fresh whole prey appeared to have been unnecessary. There were differences (P , 0.05) between collections in serum vitamin B1, vitamin E, Cu, and 10 other hematologic and biochemical parameters. Nine hematologic and blood biochemical parameters differed among age categories.