Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determining habitability: which exoEarths should we search for life?

Abstract Within the next few years, the first Earth-mass planets will be discovered around other stars. Some of those worlds will certainly lie within the classical ‘habitable zone’ of their parent stars, and we will quickly move from knowing of no exoEarths to knowing many. For the first time, we will be in a position to carry out a detailed search for the first evidence of life beyond our Solar System. However, such observations will be hugely taxing and time consuming to perform, and it is almost certain that far more potentially habitable worlds will be known than it is possible to study. It is therefore important to catalogue and consider the various effects that make a promising planet more or less suitable for the development of life. In this work, we review the various planetary, dynamical and stellar influences that could influence the habitability of exoEarths. The various influences must be taken in concert when we attempt to decide where to focus our first detailed search for life. While there is no guarantee that any given planet will be inhabited, it is vitally important to ensure that we focus our time and effort on those planets most likely to yield a positive result.
Modelling and Predicting of the Characteristics of a Photovoltaic Generator on a Horizontal and Tilted Surface

In the present paper, we will attempt to predict the I pv -V pv output characteristic of a photovoltaic generator ( PVG ) and consequently the generated electric power. This will be possible through modeling, extracting the electrical parameters of the PVG under study and also, by estimating the global incident solar radiation, on a surface, first horizontally, and then tilted to a given angle. Mathematical models developed in Matlab, to characterize the studied PVG are validated by experimental data of the PVG manufacture. While models associated with global radiation are validated by measurements taken by the meteorological station installed on the laboratory site ERTAIER (Team for Research in Technology and Advanced Engineering of Renewable Energies) of Higher School of Technology Agadir ( ESTA ). Full Text: PDF DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.11591/ijece.v6i6. 11740
Teacher beliefs about the role of visualisation in context-specific tasks : towards a multi-layered and explicit didactical contract

for use in the web index This paper explores secondary teachers’ views on the role of visualisation in the justification of a claim in the mathematics classroom and how these views could influence instruction. We engaged 91 teachers with tasks that invited them to: reflect on/solve a mathematical problem; examine flawed (fictional) student solutions; and, describe, in writing, feedback to students. Eleven teachers were also interviewed. Here we draw on the interviews and the responses to one Task (which involved recognising a line as a tangent to a curve at an inflection point) in order to explore the influence on the teachers’ feedback to students of: persistent images of the tangent line; beliefs about the sufficiency of a visual argument; and, beliefs about the role of visual arguments in student learning. We focus particularly on the influence on the didactical contract regarding mathematical reasoning that teachers with a variation of beliefs about the role of visualisation are likely to offer their students. We conclude with a concise description of a didactical contract which maintains a role for proof in the mathematics classroom that is not disjoint from the creative parts of visually-based classroom activity and that reflects an essential intellectual need. We also conclude with crediting the combination ‘task engagement-followed by-interview’ for the identification of subtle issues regarding the teachers’ pedagogical and epistemological beliefs and for the raising of their awareness of these issues.
Impact of millennial-scale oceanic variability on the Greenland ice-sheet evolution throughout the last glacial period

Abstract. Temperature reconstructions from Greenland ice-sheet (GrIS) ice cores indicate the occurrence of more than 20 abrupt warmings during the last glacial period (LGP) known as Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events. Although their ultimate cause is still debated, evidence from both proxy data and modelling studies robustly links these to reorganisations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). During the LGP, the GrIS expanded as far as the continental shelf break and was thus more directly exposed to oceanic changes than in the present. Therefore oceanic temperature fluctuations on millennial timescales could have had a non-negligible impact on the GrIS. Here we assess the effect of millennial-scale oceanic variability on the GrIS evolution from the last interglacial to the present day. To do so, we use a three-dimensional hybrid ice-sheet–shelf model forced by subsurface oceanic temperature fluctuations, assumed to increase during D-O stadials and decrease during D-O interstadials. Since in our model the atmospheric forcing follows orbital variations only, the increase in total melting at millennial timescales is a direct result of an increase in basal melting. We show that the GrIS evolution during the LGP could have been strongly influenced by oceanic changes on millennial timescales, leading to oceanically induced ice-volume contributions above 1 m sea level equivalent (SLE). Also, our results suggest that the increased flux of GrIS icebergs as inferred from North Atlantic proxy records could have been triggered, or intensified, by peaks in melting at the base of the ice shelves resulting from increasing subsurface oceanic temperatures during D-O stadials. Several regions across the GrIS could thus have been responsible for ice mass discharge during D-O events, opening the possibility of a non-negligible role of the GrIS in oceanic reorganisations throughout the LGP.
A novel method of relieving congestion in hybrid deregulated market utilizing renewable energy sources

This paper presents a congestion management technique in the deregulated power sector by optimally using renewable energy sources (RES). The proposed congestion management problem is formulated to minimize the generator rescheduling cost subjected to the real and reactive power balance, thermal line loading limit, and seasonal and day/night constraints of RES. Optimal selection of conventional and renewable participating generators has been identified by using real and reactive power generator sensitivities and the particle swarm optimization algorithm reduces the alteration of rescheduled values of generator power outputs from base case generation levels. The RES participation along with the seasonal and time variation is the pioneering topic in congestion management that has been studied in this work. The practical Indian Tamil Nadu 106-bus system has been analyzed to illustrate the proposed energy-saving technique. The results confirm the benefits of RES as the number of generators required for rescheduling as well as the rescheduling amount have been reduced predominantly when involving RES for rescheduling.
Managing Human Capital: How to Use Knowledge Management to Transfer Knowledge in Today’s Multi-Generational Workforce

The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine knowledge transfer strategies within the framework of a multi-generational workforce. It is common to consider different generational perspectives in the workplace and its impact on knowledge management and transfer strategy. This research compares differences in workforce generations and examines different methods to pass knowledge cross-generationally. Companies must design knowledge transfer strategies conducive to multi-generational workforce dynamics keeping in mind the generational diversity that exists in the workplace. The present study endeavors to provide insight into this issue.
Streaming potential of a sand column in partial saturation conditions

[1] The understanding of the streaming potential in partial water saturation conditions in porous media is of great interest for the interpretation of spontaneous polarization observations. We built a device which allows us to quantify the streaming potential at various saturation conditions using a sand column of 1-m height and 8-cm diameter. This is the first time that such a quantification has been performed. Different gases such as argon, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide are injected into the sand to decrease its water saturation, and to make the fluid flow within the sand. The measured electrokinetic coupling coefficient in partial saturation is either constant or decreases by a factor ∼3 with decreasing water saturation from 100 to 40%, whereas the sand electrical resistivity is enhanced by a factor of ∼5.
The influence of land cover on surface energy partitioning and evaporative fraction regimes in the U.S. Southern Great Plains

Land‐atmosphere interactions are important to climate prediction, but the underlying effects of surface forcing of the atmosphere are not well understood. In the U.S. Southern Great Plains, grassland/pasture and winter wheat are the dominant land covers but have distinct growing periods that may differently influence land‐atmosphere coupling during spring and summer. Variables that influence surface flux partitioning can change seasonally, depending on the state of local vegetation. Here we use surface observations from multiple sites in the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains Climate Research Facility and statistical modeling at a paired grassland/agricultural site within this facility to quantify land cover influence on surface energy balance and variables controlling evaporative fraction (latent heat flux normalized by the sum of sensible and latent heat fluxes). We demonstrate that the radiative balance and evaporative fraction are closely related to green leaf area at both winter wheat and grassland/pasture sites and that the early summer harvest of winter wheat abruptly shifts the relationship between evaporative fraction and surface state variables. Prior to harvest, evaporative fraction of winter wheat is strongly influenced by leaf area and soil‐atmosphere temperature differences. After harvest, variations in soil moisture have a stronger effect on evaporative fraction. This is in contrast with grassland/pasture sites, where variation in green leaf area has a large influence on evaporative fraction throughout spring and summer, and changes in soil‐atmosphere temperature difference and soil moisture are of relatively minor importance.
IMPACT OF CULTURAL DIMENSIONS ACCORDING TO HOFSTEDE MODEL ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT OF THE MIDDLE MANAGEMENT AT JORDANIAN PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES

his study aimed at identifying the impact of cultural dimensions according to Hofsted Cultural Model (power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism versus collectivism and masculinity versus femininity) on the organizational commitment of the middle management at Jordanian private universities. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to a sample of (182) members, total of (120) completely answered questionnaires were returned back at 66% response rate. Following to data analysis and hypotheses testing the study concluded that there is statistically significant impact (at≤ 0.05) of collective cultural dimensions on organizational commitment, the study also revealed an accepted level of existence of collective cultural dimensions and also an accepted level of organizational commitment of the middle management of Jordanian private universities.
The best estimation for high-dimensional Markowitz mean-variance optimization

The traditional(plug-in) return for the Markowitz mean-variance (MV) optimization has been demonstrated to seriously overestimate the theoretical optimal return, especially when the dimension to sample size ratio $p/n$ is large. The newly developed bootstrap-corrected estimator corrects the overestimation, but it incurs the "under-prediction problem," it does not do well on the estimation of the corresponding allocation, and it has bigger risk. To circumvent these limitations and to improve the optimal return estimation further, this paper develops the theory of spectral-corrected estimation. We first establish a theorem to explain why the plug-in return greatly overestimates the theoretical optimal return. We prove that under some situations the plug-in return is $\sqrt{\gamma}\ $\ times bigger than the theoretical optimal return, while under other situations, the plug-in return is bigger than but may not be $\sqrt{\gamma}\ $\ times larger than its theoretic counterpart where $\gamma = \frac 1{1-y}$ with $y$ being the limit of the ratio $p/n$. Thereafter, we develop the spectral-corrected estimation for the Markowitz MV model which performs much better than both the plug-in estimation and the bootstrap-corrected estimation not only in terms of the return but also in terms of the allocation and the risk. We further develop properties for our proposed estimation and conduct a simulation to examine the performance of our proposed estimation. Our simulation shows that our proposed estimation not only overcomes the problem of "over-prediction," but also circumvents the "under-prediction," "allocation estimation," and "risk" problems. Our simulation also shows that our proposed spectral-corrected estimation is stable for different values of sample size $n$, dimension $p$, and their ratio $p/n$. In addition, we relax the normality assumption in our proposed estimation so that our proposed spectral-corrected estimators could be obtained when the returns of the assets being studied could follow any distribution under the condition of the existence of the fourth moments.
Knowledge, attitude and practice of tooth morphology among dental students

Background: Dental anatomy is one of the basic subjects of dental schools in India while dealt as a specialty on its own abroad. The training imparted to hone the manual skills has paved way to meet the clinical challenges. However, different schools of thought arise whether to retain or ban the dental anatomy subject for future graduates. Aim: To assess the comprehensive skills and application of tooth morphology among dental students. Objectives: (1) To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of tooth morphology in undergraduates (UGs), interns and postgraduates (PGs), (2) to evaluate the differences if any, in the knowledge, attitude and practice of tooth morphology between UGs, interns and PG. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken using an 18 item self-administered questionnaire among UGs, interns and PGs of dental colleges in Bengaluru. A total of 303 student responses were received. Analysis of data was done using SPSS (version 20) software. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the knowledge ( P = 0.005) and practice (P = 0.003) of tooth morphology between the three groups, i.e., PG, interns and UGs. The difference in the knowledge ( P = 0.001) and practice (P = 0.001) of tooth morphology between PGs and UGs was observed. A significant difference was obtained only in the knowledge (P = 0.038) of tooth morphology between interns and UGs. Conclusion: We recommend that tooth morphology should remain as a fundamental subject in the dental curriculum in combination with web-based learning aids to improve the learning experience. The curriculum may be revised incorporating research in the fundamental subject to give broader career options to the young graduates.
Density of classical points in eigenvarieties

In this short note, we study the geometry of the eigenvariety parametrising p-adic automorphic forms for GL(1) over a number field K, as constructed by Buzzard. We show that if K is not totally real and contains no CM subfield, points in this space arising from classical automorphic forms (i.e. algebraic Grossencharacters of K) are not Zariski-dense in the eigenvariety (as a rigid space); but the eigenvariety posesses a natural formal scheme model, and the set of classical points is Zariski-dense in the formal scheme. We also sketch the theory for GL(2) over an imaginary quadratic field, following Calegari and Mazur, emphasising the strong formal similarity with the case of GL(1) over a general number field.
Reaction of Antimony-Uranium Composite Oxide in the Chlorination Treatment of Waste Catalyst - 13521

The effect of oxygen gas concentration on the chlorination treatment of antimony-uranium composite oxide catalyst waste was investigated by adding different concentrations of oxygen at 0-6 vol% to its chlorination agent of 0.6 or 6 vol% hydrogen chloride gas at 1173 K. The addition of oxygen tended to prevent the chlorination of antimony in the oxide. When 6 vol% hydrogen chloride gas was used, the addition of oxygen up to 0.1 vol% could convert the uranium contained in the catalyst to U3O8 without any significant decrease in the reaction rate compared to that of the treatment without oxygen.
A Fractal Model for the Maximum Droplet Diameter in Gas-Liquid Mist Flow

Distribution characteristics of liquid droplet size are described using the fractal theory for liquid droplet size distribution in gas-liquid mist flow. Thereby, the fractal expression of the maximum droplet diameter is derived. The fractal model for maximum droplet diameter is obtained based on the internal relationship between maximum droplet diameter and the droplet fractal dimension, which is obtained by analyzing the balance between total droplet surface energy and total gas turbulent kinetic energy. Fractal model predictions of maximum droplet diameter agree with the experimental data. Maximum droplet diameter and droplet fractal dimension are both found to be related to the superficial velocity of gas and liquid. Maximum droplet diameter decreases with an increase in gas superficial velocity but increases with an increase in liquid superficial velocity. Droplet fractal dimension increases with an increase in gas superficial velocity but decreases with an increase in liquid superficial velocity. These are all consistent with the physical facts.
Regional nitrogen budget of the Lake Victoria Basin, East Africa: syntheses, uncertainties and perspectives

Using the net anthropogenic nitrogen input (NANI) approach we estimated the N budget for the Lake Victoria Basin in East Africa. The NANI of the basin ranged from 887 to 3008 kg N km−2 yr−1 (mean: 1827 kg N km−2 yr−1) for the period 1995–2000. The net nitrogen release at basin level is due primarily to livestock and human consumption of feed and foods, contributing between 69% and 85%. Atmospheric oxidized N deposition contributed approximately 14% to the NANI of the Lake Victoria Basin, while either synthetic N fertilizer imports or biological N fixations only contributed less than 6% to the regional NANI. Due to the low N imports of feed and food products (<20 kg N km−2 yr−1), nitrogen release to the watershed must be derived from the mining of soil N stocks. The fraction of riverine N export to Lake Victoria accounted for 16%, which is much lower than for watersheds located in Europe and USA (25%). A significant reduction of the uncertainty of our N budget estimate for Lake Victoria Basin would be possible if better data on livestock systems and riverine N export were available. Our study indicates that at present soil N mining is the main source of nitrogen in the Lake Victoria Basin. Thus, sustainable N management requires increasing agricultural N inputs to guarantee food security and rehabilitation and protection of soils to minimize environmental costs. Moreover, to reduce N pollution of the lake, improving management of human and animal wastes needs to be carefully considered in future.
Qualitative Research in the Digital Era: Obstacles and Opportunities

Although the many sites and opportunities available to researchers through the development and proliferation of the Internet are well known, little attention has been paid to what digital technologies and the world's developing digital infrastructure can offer qualitative researchers for the actual process of doing research. This article discusses opportunities that now exist that we have experimented with and implemented in our own research, such as viral sampling strategies, wireless interviewing, and voice recognition transcription, as well as impediments we have encountered that stand in their way. Included in the latter are research ethics boards who often lack expertise in issues that arise in computer-assisted research, hardware/software costs and technological expertise for researchers, and university administrations who have not embraced infrastructure for qualitative research to the same extent they have supported quantitative research. The article closes with a look at the implications of emerging issues, such as the trend to cloud computing, the proliferation of mobile devices, and the maturation of voice recognition software.
The Blue Stragglers in M67 and Single-Population Synthesis

Based on the photometry of the classical open cluster M67 and the thorough membership survey, we made a color-magnitude diagram (CMD) of high-membership stars for the cluster. Apart from the stars fitted by a conventional isochrone (single-star evolutionary model) scheme, we noticed a number of features on the CMD that are usually ignored when constructing the corresponding single stellar population (SSP), especially the large number of blue stragglers. As for the study of the integrated properties of SSPs, we argue that the contributions from all ingredients in a single population of stars, such as the luminous blue stragglers, should be included. These bright blue objects may modify remarkably the spectral energy distribution (SED) in the blue and ultraviolet. In this paper we investigate their effects on the integrated light of single stellar populations. We will show in this work that, by using the observation of M67 in a multicolor intermediate-band system, we can assign adequate theoretical spectra to individual stars. The integrated spectrum of this cluster is dramatically different from the SSP built using isochrones only, which shows increasing enhancement toward shorter wavelengths (starting from about 5000 Å) of the spectrum. Taking this as a general case for SSPs, we can expect a considerable amount of modification to the integrated SEDs, which might cast new light on the analysis of the stellar content in the complex stellar systems.
The Value of Creditor Control in Corporate Bonds

This paper introduces a measure that captures the premium in bond prices that is due to the value of creditor control. We estimate the premium as the difference in the bond price and an equivalent synthetic bond without control rights that is constructed using credit default swap (CDS) contracts. We find empirically that this premium increases as firm credit quality decreases and around important credit events such as defaults, bankruptcies, and covenant violations. The increase is greatest for bonds most pivotal to changes in control. Changes in bond and CDS liquidity do not appear to drive increases in the premium.