Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of P22 bacteriophage on salmonella Enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium DMC4 strain biofilm formation and eradication

Over the last decades, several antimicrobial agents have been made available. Due to increasing antimicrobial resistance, bacteriophages were rediscovered for their potential applications against bacterial infections. In the present study, biofilm inhibition and eradication of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium DMC4 strain (S. Typhimurium) was evaluated with respect to different incubation periods at different P22 phage titrations. The efficacy of P22 phage on biofilm formation and eradication of S. Typhimurium DMC4 strain was screened in vitro on polystyrene and stainless steel surfaces. The biofilm forming capacity of S. Typhimurium was significantly reduced at higher phage titrations (106 pfu/mL ≤). All phage titers (104-108 pfu/mL) were found to be effective at the end of the 24 h-incubation period whereas higher phage titrations were found to be effective at the end of the 48 h and 72 h of incubation. P22 phage has less efficacy on already formed, especially mature biofilms (72 h-old biofilm). Notable results of P22 phage treatment on S. Typhimurium biofilm suggest that P22 phage has potential uses in food systems.
EXTREME VALUE ANALYSIS FOR EVALUATING OZONE

Tropospheric ozone is one of six criteria pollutants regulated by the US EPA, and has been linked to respiratory and cardiovascular endpoints and adverse effects on vegetation and ecosystems. Regional photochemical models have been developed to study the impacts of emission reductions on ozone levels. The standard approach is to run the deterministic model under new emission levels and attribute the change in ozone concentration to the emission control strategy. However, running the deterministic model requires substantial computing time, and this approach does not provide a measure of uncertainty for the change in ozone levels. Recently, a reduced form model (RFM) has been proposed to approximate the complex model as a simple function of a few relevant inputs. In this paper, we develop a new statistical approach to make full use of the RFM to study the effects of various control strategies on the probability and magnitude of extreme ozone events. We fuse the model output with monitoring data to calibrate the RFM by modeling the conditional distribution of monitoring data given the RFM using a combination of flexible semiparametric quantile regression for the center of the distribution where data are abundant and a parametric extreme value distribution for the tail where data are sparse. Selected parameters in the conditional distribution are allowed to vary by the RFM value and the spatial location. Also, due to the simplicity of the RFM, we are able to embed the RFM in our Bayesian hierarchical framework to obtain a full posterior for the model input parameters, and propagate this uncertainty to the estimation of the effects of the control strategies. We use the new framework to evaluate three potential control strategies, and find that reducing mobile-source emissions has a larger impact than reducing point-source emissions or a combination of several emission sources.
Mach reflection of a large-amplitude solitary wave

Reflection of an obliquely incident solitary wave by a vertical wall is studied numerically by applying the ‘high-order spectral method’ developed by Dommermuth & Yue (1987). According to the analysis by Miles (1977a, b) which is valid when ai [Lt ] 1, the regular type of reflection gives way to ‘Mach reflection’ when ai/(3ai)½ ≤ 1, Where ai is the amplitude of the incident wave divided by the quiescent water depth d and ψi is the angle of incidence. In Mach reflection, the apex of the incident and the reflected waves moves away from the wall at a constant angle (ψ*, say), and is joined to the wall by a third solitary wave called ‘Mach stem’. Miles model predicts that the amplitude of Mach stem, and so the run-up at the wall, is 4ai when ψi = (3ai)½. Our numerical results shows, however, that the effect of large amplitude tends to prevent the Mach reflection to occur. Even when the Mach reflection occurs, it is ‘contaminated’ by regular reflection in the sense that all the important quantities that characterize the reflection pattern, such as the stem angle ψ*, the angle of reflection ψr, and the amplitude of the reflected wave ar, are all shifted from the values predicted by Miles’ theory toward those corresponding to the regular reflection, i.e. ψ* = 0, ψr = ψi, and ar = ai. According to our calculations for ai = 0.3, the changeover from Mach reflection to regular reflection happens at ψi ≈ 37.8°, which is much smaller than (3ai)½ = 54.4°, and the highest Mach stem is observed for ψi = 35° (ψi/(3ai)½ = 0.644). Although the ‘four-fold amplification’ is not observed for any value of ψi considered here, it is found that the Mach stem can become higher than the highest two-dimensional steady solitary wave for the prescribed water depth. The numerical result is also compared with the analysis by Johnson (1982) for the oblique interaction between one large and one small solitary wave, which shows much better agreement with the numerical result than the Miles’ analysis does when ψi is sufficiently small and the Mach reflection occurs.
Impacts of urbanisation on hydrological and water quality dynamics, and urban water management: a review

ABSTRACT As urban space continues to expand to accommodate a growing global population, there remains a real need to quantify and qualify the impacts of urban space on natural processes. The expansion of global urban areas has resulted in marked alterations to natural processes, environmental quality and natural resource consumption. The urban landscape influences infiltration and evapotranspiration, complicating our capacity to quantify their dynamics across a heterogeneous landscape at contrasting scales. Impervious surfaces exacerbate runoff processes, whereas runoff from pervious areas remains uncertain owing to variable infiltration dynamics. Increasingly, the link between the natural hydrological cycle and engineered water cycle has been made, realising the contributions from leaky infrastructure to recharge and runoff rates. Urban landscapes are host to a suite of contaminants that impact on water quality, where novel contaminants continue to pose new challenges to monitoring and treatment regimes. This review seeks to assess the major advances and remaining challenges that remain within the growing field of urban hydrology. Editor M.C. Acreman; Associate editor E. Rozos
INFLUENCE OF QUALITY CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS WITH USE OF DIFFERENT LITTER MATERIAL COMBINATIONS ON PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of use of different litter material combinations on performance of broiler and quality characteristics of bedding materials. Four hundred twenty day old, commercial broiler chicks (VenCobb 400 Strain) were divided into seven groups, with three replicates of 20 chicks in each water. The control A had Rice husk, while other treatment groups B, C, D, E, F and G having combinations such as soybean straw with groundnut hulls, wheat straw with soybean straw, saw dust with soybean straw, groundnut hulls with wheat straw, groundnut hulls with saw dust and saw dust with wheat straw, respectively. The highly significant effects were observed for the treatment group C (Soybean straw with wheat straw) for litter nitrogen percent, litter temperature, litter total viable count and litter total coliform count. Therefore it is concluded that the mixture of soybean straw with groundnut hulls used for bedding material of broilers was more economical and profitable.
Indocyanine Green Transferosomal Hydrogel with Enhanced Stability and Skin Permeation for Treatment of Acne Vulgaris (In-vitro and Clinical Study).

Background: Topical Delivery in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a complicated task with often unsatisfactory results. Objective: Developing Indocyanine green (ICG) transfersomal hydrogel to enhance its darkandphotostability, as well as improving its topical delivery as photodynamic sensitizer. Methods: Two transfersomal preparations entrapping ICG either in the lipid membrane or the aqueous core were formulated. Both formulations were studied, for some pharmaceutical properties, entrapment efficiency for ICG as well as ICG darkandphotostability. The formula of higher loading capacity for ICG, longer shelf life time (in dark) as well as photostability, was formulated in topical hydrogel and further studied for in vivo permeation study on dorsal mice skin and evaluated clinically for PDT of acne vulgaris, after irradiation with 820 nm using diode laser. Results: Entrapping ICG in transfersomes enhanced its darkandphotostability. Histological examination of mice dorsal skin demonstrated that topical PDT with transferosomal ICG provided photodamage at deeper regions of mice skin in comparison to aqueous ICG hydrogel. Clinical evaluation revealed marked improvement in the inflammatory lesion (papules and pustules) counts with more than 80% clearance after 3 sessions till the end of follow up period compared to free ICG gel which showed 45 % improvement at the end of the follow up period. Conclusion: Formulating of ICG in transfersomal hydrogel significantly increased its EuropEan Jo nal f Biomedical AND Pharmaceutical sciences http://www.ejbps. com ISSN 2349-8870 Volume: 2 Issue: 1 20-36 Year: 2015 Research Article ejbps, 2015, Volume 2, Issue 1, 20-36. *Correspondence for Author Dr. Nevien Samy Department of Medical Applications of Laser, Dermatology Unit, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (Niles), Cairo University, Egypt.
Knowns and Unknowns

The current work reviews literature on the nature of stalking. Despite its nebulous nature and differing legal and clinical definitions of stalking, researchers and practitioners are referring to the same phenomenon. Stalking is chronic, consisting of a number of nuisance behaviors that appear consistent over countries and samples. Different categorizations of stalkers and their victims exist, but ex-partner stalkers are a distinctive category with respect to their prevalence, violence risk, and attrition rate. Different samples and definitions and false victimization reports obscure reliable lifetime prevalence estimates, but these appear to be around 12%-16% among women and 4%-7% among men. Stalking has deleterious effects on victims but some of the effects may be the result of stalking’s exacerbating of existing vulnerabilities. Future research should focus on subgroups of stalkers and their victims, on cross-cultural investigations, and on the co-occurrence of stalking with other crimes.
Credit Risks and Monetary Policy within Caribbean Economies

Our paper addresses the issue on the interaction between monetary and macroprudential policies in small open economies for different exchange rate regimes. The need for macroprudential policy arises from exacerbated macroeconomic fluctuations due to frictions in the financial system as in Bernanke, Gertler and Gilchrist (1999). Understanding these dynamics in developing nations has been even more important after the most recent events of the Great Recession. Policy makers within the scrutinized economies will see the exact magnitude of shocks caused by changes in financial frictions, monetary andmacroprudential policy. Exchange rate considerations are also brought to the fore, by assessing the effects of these policies on two emerging economies from the Caribbean with differing monetary policy frameworks. Despite differences between flexible and fear of floating exchange rate regimes, macroprudential policies implementation help mitigate the effects of credit supply shocks affecting regional economies.
Resistance of Aedes aegypti (Díptera: Culicidae) to temephos in Paraná State, Brazil

The number of dengue cases has increased drastically the state of Parana since 1995 without a consistent explanation. In order to contribute to this subject, the susceptibility of A. aegypti to the insecticide temephos was evaluated in several municipalities in Parana, along with seasonal variation of oviposition of Aedes spp. in Maringa and Jacarezinho. Comparison of mortality and resistance rates RR95 (CD = 0.0060 mg/L) of the Rockefeller temephos strain (Rock) on individuals from these locales showed that vector populations from Foz do Iguaju (67.5 ± 7.7; RR95 = 3.9), Paranavai (58.1 ± 14; RR95 = 3.4), Maringa (57.8 ± 5.2; RR95 = 6.9), Ibipora (68.75 ± 3.9; rR95 = 6.6), and Jacarezinho (73.3 ± 7.5; RR95 = 3) were resistant; while those from Cambe (81.56 ± 10; RR95 = 2.6) had an incipient change in susceptibility. The vector populations in Maringa and Ibipora displayed average resistances (RR95 > 5 and < 10), while the others showed low resistance (RR95 < 5). In Maringa and Jacarezinho, oviposition fluctuation was lower in winter.
Environmental Factors Affecting Corn Quality for Silage Production

Corn silage is a major ingredient of diets for dairy cattle. Environmental factors can affect the yield and composition of corn silage. Drought and heat are two common environmental factors that affect silage yield and quality. Corn silages with low concentrations of dry matter, high concentrations of protein, high concentrations of fiber, and low concentrations of starch indicate that the crop was harvested too early, that abiotic stresses affected the structure of the plant, or a combination of both. Drought stress during vegetative stages does not affect yield and nutritional composition as much as during reproductive stages. High environmental temperatures (>35 °C) can also induce kernel abortion. The effects of abiotic stresses on cell wall composition are less clear. Drought stress would likely increase fiber digestibility, whereas heat stress would decrease fiber digestibility. These statements are somehow contradictory in the sense that drought stress and heat stress likely occur simultaneously. Management practices, such as hybrid selection and planting date, should be considered to avoid silking and early kernel development during season of very high environmental temperatures.
Utilization of carbohydrates by shrimp

Glucose metabolism was extensively studied in Crustacea during the 60's and 70's with anemphasis on decapods. In decapods juveniles can be described precisely at each step of intermolt cycle whichlast longer than penaeid ones (Aquacop, 1972) and qualified as diecdysis. Consequently metabolic pathwaysfor glucose can be described accurately. This basic approach in decapods can help understand metabolism inshrimp. Comprehension of metabolic pathways lead to draw the outlines for carbohydrate utilization byshrimp: after going through main carbohydrates (CBH) sources, digestibility, glucose tolerance test, utilizationby whole animal, hepatopancreas glycogen, pathways of CBH breakdown such as glycogenolysis, glucolysis,substrate cycle, minor pathways, aerobic breakdown, CBH synthesis and glucose utilisation. The diabetic likeshrimp is under the pervasive influence of the molting process. Shrimp derives energy from CBH. Eventhough protein can easily supply energy too through gluconeogenesis. Related to the balance between proteinand calories, shrimp sustain optimal growth even at high dietary protein. Maximal growth rate of juveniles canbe achieved with high dietary protein level (50-60%) but CBH can play a role in sparing protein for optimalgrowth in practice. CBH under starch form will represent up to 20-30%. A good comprehension of CBHmetabolism will lead to a greater supply of plant protein sources (soybean meal, pea meal, lupin, canola, wheatgluten, rice bran, distillers) in shrimp feed. A recycling of chitin is done with the re-ingestion of exuviae, whichtend to underline the capability for chitin hydrolysis. Can ponds natural productivity help to maintain constantfood supply leading to a high glycemia level compared to tank experiments where a zero food supply during 12hours makes a difference? Keeping that in mind, the formulator will propose diet with as much CBH aspossible, taking into account the potential to digest it, whether under native or pre-cooked form, the structure ofCBH (ratio amylose / amylopectin), the possibility to stimulate enzymes of intermediary metabolism. To acertain extent it will lead to a great respect of the environment when reducing phosphorous output (wastes). Upto which extent CBH can fit with immune response in regular grower feed for shrimp is worth to be addressed.Complex CBH could represent a potential source of stimulants for immune response.
Driver Aggression as a Function of Status Concurrence: An Analysis of Horn-Honking Responses

Various field experiments were conducted to examine the influence of social status on aggression in road traffic. Horn-honking response times of subjects blocked by an experimental car at traffic lights were considered to be an indicator of the degree of aggression. During an initial experiment, the status of the frustrator was varied and an inverse relation was observed between status and aggression towards the frustrator. On the other hand, in a more recent experiment higher status aggressors were found to behave more aggressively. In our study we combined the two designs, i.e., we varied the status of the frustrator and at the same time measured the status of the aggressor. Neither results of the former experiments could be replicated, but we observed a reduction in aggression when frustrator and aggressor were of similar social status.
ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHICAL CLUSTER -BASED ROUTING FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

In this paper we propose an energy efficient routing algorithm based on hierarchical clustering in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This algorithm decreases the energy consumption of nodes and helps to increase the lifetime of sensor networks. To achieve this goal, this research network is divided into 4segments that lead to uniform energy consumption among sensor nodes. We also propose a multi-step clustering method to send and receive data from nodes to the base station. The simulation results show that our algorithm is better than existing algorithms in terms of saving energy, balancing energy dissipation and prolonging network lifetime.
Cross-modal melodic contour similarity

In two experiments participants rated the similarity of melodic contours presented as auditory (melodies) and visual (line drawings) stimuli. Longer melodies were assessed in Experiment 1 (M = 35 notes); shorter melodies were assessed in Experiment 2 (M = 17 notes). Ratings for matched auditory and visual contours exceeded ratings for mismatched contours, confirming cross-modal sensitivity to contour. The degree of overlap of the surface structure (the relative position of peaks and troughs), and the strength and timing of the cyclical information (the amplitude and phase spectra produced by a Fourier analysis) in the contours predicted cross-modal similarity ratings. Factors such as the order of stimulus presentation (auditory-visual or visual-auditory), melody length (long versus short), and musical experience also affected the perceived similarity of contours. Results validate the applicability of existing contour models to cross-modal contexts and reveal additional factors that contribute to cross-modal contour similarity.
Hydrogenation of Graphene and Hydrogen Diffusion Behavior on Graphene/Graphane Interface

Hydrogenation of carbon materials has been attracting a wide range of interests as an application of hydrogen storage materials in hydrogen-powered automobile as well as a methodology to manipulate the electric properties of carbon materials. Graphene with unique electronic, thermal and mechanical properties has been investigated as one of the most promising candidates for the next generation of electronic materials (Geim, 2009). However, several major challenges have to be tackled before the widespread application of graphene. For example, the absence of a band gap in the electronic spectrum of intrinsic graphene and the Klein paradox as a consequence of the Dirac-type nature of the charge carriers (Novoselov et al., 2004; Rao et al., 2009). The most efficient way to overcome these problems is hydrogenation of graphene (Luo et al., 2009). The graphane (Sofo et al., 2007), a fully hydrogenated single layer of graphene, was suggested to possess the promising semiconductor properties with a band gap of around 3.5 eV theoretically. Very recently, Elias et al. (Elias et al, 2009) experimentally demonstrated the formation of graphane through the exposure of a graphene membrane to hydrogen plasma. Subsequently, the rate of hydrogenation process of multilayer graphene was found to strongly depend on the number of layers (Luo et al., 2009; Ryu et al., 2008). These discoveries open important perspectives for the application of graphene-based devices because the electronic gap in those graphanes could be controlled by the degree of hydrogenation (Elias et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2009). The hydrogenation process of graphene in above experiments occurs through the exposure of graphene to the hydrogen plasma, which contains H+, H3+, H atoms and H2 molecules (Elias et al., 2009; Luo et al., 2009). One generally assumes that H atoms form covalent bonds with the carbon atoms in the graphene (Luo et al., 2009). In this chapter, alternative approaches to hydrogenate graphene will be proposed theoretically based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It suggests that the hydrogenation process can be realized through the exposure of graphene to molecular hydrogen gas in the presence of a strong perpendicular electric field. It has been demonstrated that an electric field can modify the chemical activity of materials (Liu et al., 2009). For example, the dissociation activation energy of molecular oxygen on Pt (111) is tunable by an applied electric field (Hyman et al.,
Gap theorems for minimal submanifolds in R

LetM be a compact immersed minimal submanifold of dimensionm in the unit S(1). It was proved by J. Simons in [S] that if kAk < m(n m) 2n 2m 1 , where A is the second fundamental form, then M is totally geodesic. It was also proved by S. S. Chern, M. Do Carmo and S. Kobayashi using the moving frame in [C-D-K] later. For the minimal submanifolds in R it was proved in [Al] that there is a similar theorem for the volume growth. More precisely, Allard showed that ifM, a minimal submanifold of R has Euclidean volume growth and the density function M(x; r) = V ol(M\Br(x)) Vm 0 (1)rm < 1 + Æ, for some small positive number Æ, then M is totally geodesic. On the other hand, it was shown in [An], [F-C] and [Ty] that when M is a minimal submanifold (of dimension m)in R, the total scalar curvature R M kAk m dv is closed related to the topology and the Morse index of M . More recently it was shown in [S-Z] that if M is a stable minimal hypersurface with nite total scalar curvature then M is totally geodesic. In this short note we will show that there are some gap theorems for the total scalar curvature. These may be thought as the analogy of the above mentioned Simons' theorem for the minimal submanifolds in R. More precisely we can show the following result: (We should point out that we do not need the stability assumption, which is essential in the above mentioned Shen-Zhu's result in [S-Z].)