Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Probing CO and N2 Snow Surfaces in Protoplanetary Disks with N2H+ Emission

Snowlines of major volatiles regulate the gas and solid C/N/O ratios in the planet-forming midplanes of protoplanetary disks. Snow surfaces are the 2D extensions of snowlines in the outer disk regions, where radiative heating results in an increasing temperature with disk height. CO and N2 are two of the most abundant carriers of C, N, and O. N2H+ can be used to probe the snow surfaces of both molecules, because it is destroyed by CO and formed from N2. Here we present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of N2H+ at ∼0. ″2–0. ″4 resolution in the disks around LkCa 15, GM Aur, DM Tau, V4046 Sgr, AS 209, and IM Lup. We find two distinctive emission morphologies: N2H+ is either present in a bright, narrow ring surrounded by extended tenuous emission, or in a broad ring. These emission patterns can be explained by two different kinds of vertical temperature structures. Bright, narrow N2H+ rings are expected in disks with a thick Vertically Isothermal Region above the Midplane (VIRaM) layer (LkCa 15, GM Aur, DM Tau) where the N2H+ emission peaks between the CO and N2 snowlines. Broad N2H+ rings come from disks with a thin VIRaM layer (V4046 Sgr, AS 209, IM Lup). We use a simple model to extract the first sets of CO and N2 snowline pairs and corresponding freeze-out temperatures toward the disks with a thick VIRaM layer. The results reveal a range of N2 and CO snowline radii toward stars of similar spectral type, demonstrating the need for empirically determined snowlines in disks.
Research in milking intervals on practice farm using automated milking systems

The aim of the research is to state how the voluntary milking principle is implemented on the practice farm milking cows using automated milking systems (AMS). For the research the following tasks were set: to state the distribution and dispersion of the milking intervals as well as to determine the correlation between the yield per milking and the milking intervals. The research was performed on a good practice farm where 110 cows are milked with two DeLaval AMS. The selectively guided cow traffic to the AMS “first feeding, after milking” is used. The cows with milking permission but not milked yet are guided to the AMS in the morning and in the evening. Besides, a couple of times per day also the cows that are not milked, but for which milking is planned 3 to 4 times per day, are also guided to the AMS. The research was performed in 10 days with all 110 cows included. The input data necessary for the research were obtained from the AMS control system. pIt was stated in the research that the average yield per milking was 12.74 kg, but the average number of milking times per day for the group of the cows – 2.6 times. Besides, such parameters milking with the AMS correspond to good practice indicators. It has been stated that in 13 % of the cases of all milking times the milking intervals have been longer than 14 hours, but in 14.3 % of the cases the cows have been milked more often than the set 6 hour interval. The average relative milking interval standard error for the whole group of the cows was 5.52 %, but the average correlation coefficient for the group of the cows between the yield per milking and the milking interval – 0.24.
Realisations of single-resistance-controlled quadrature oscillators using a generalised current follower transconductance amplifier and a unity-gain voltage-follower

This article presents realisations of single-resistance-controlled-oscillators (SRCOs) using the recently proposed modern active building block (ABB), namely the generalised current follower transconductance amplifier (GCFTA) and unity-gain voltage-follower (UGVF). The SRCO is made using reduced number of components: one GCFTA and one UGVF as the ABBs, two resistors and two grounded capacitors. The circuit offers the advantage of non-interactive control of condition of oscillation and frequency of oscillation and enjoys low active and passive sensitivities. The circuit is also capable of providing two quadrature voltage outputs. PSPICE simulations have been carried out using the bipolar implementation of the circuits. The simulation results validate the theoretical analysis.
Time-Invariant Feedback Strategies Do Not Increase Capacity of AGN Channels Driven by Stable and Certain Unstable Autoregressive Noise

The capacity of additive Gaussian noise (AGN) channels with feedback, when the noise is described by, stable and unstable, autoregressive models, is characterized, under the condition that, channel input feedback strategies are time-invariant and induce asymptotic stationarity, and ergodicity of the channel output process. This condition is more relaxed than imposing stationarity or asymptotic stationarity of the joint input and output process, as done in [1]. Based on this characterization, new closed form capacity formulas, and lower bounds are derived, for the stable and unstable AR$(c)$ noise, $V_t=cV_{t-1}+ W_t, V_0=v_0, t=1, \ldots, n$, where $c\in (-\infty,\infty)$, $W_t, t=1,\ldots, n$, is a zero mean, variance $K_W$, independent Gaussian sequence, independent of $V_0$. Our capacity formulas are fundamentally different from existing formulas found in the literature. The new formulas illustrate multiple regimes of capacity, as a function of the parameters $(c,K_W,\kappa)$, where $\kappa$ is the total average power allocated to the transmitter. In particular, 1) feedback increases capacity for the regime, $c^2 \in (1, \infty),$ for $\kappa > \frac{K_W}{\big(c^2-1\big)^2}$, 2) feedback does not increase capacity for the regime $c^2 \in (1, \infty)$, for $\kappa \leq \frac{K_W}{\big(c^2-1\big)^2}$, and 3) feedback does not increase capacity for the regime $c \in [-1,1]$, for $ \kappa \in [0,\infty)$. We show that our disagreement with [1] is mainly attributed to the use of necessary and sufficient conditions for convergence of generalized difference Riccati equations (DREs) to analogous generalized algebraic Riccati equations (AREs), of Gaussian estimation problems, known as detectability and stabilizability conditions, to ensure asymptotic stationarity and ergodicity of the channel output process.
GR-MHD Disk Winds and Jets from Black Holes and Resistive Accretion Disks

We perform GR-MHD simulations of outflow launching from thin accretion disks. As in the nonrelativistic case, resistivity is essential for the mass loading of the disk wind. We implemented resistivity in the ideal GR-MHD code HARM3D, extending previous works for larger physical grids, higher spatial resolution, and longer simulation time. We consider an initially thin, resistive disk orbiting the black hole, threaded by a large-scale magnetic flux. As the system evolves, outflows are launched from the black hole magnetosphere and the disk surface. We mainly focus on disk outflows, investigating their MHD structure and energy output in comparison with the Poynting-dominated black hole jet. The disk wind encloses two components—a fast component dominated by the toroidal magnetic field and a slower component dominated by the poloidal field. The disk wind transitions from sub- to super-Alfvénic speed, reaching velocities ≃0.1c. We provide parameter studies varying spin parameter and resistivity level and measure the respective mass and energy fluxes. A higher spin strengthens the Bϕ-dominated disk wind along the inner jet. We disentangle a critical resistivity level that leads to a maximum matter and energy output for both, resulting from the interplay between reconnection and diffusion, which in combination govern the magnetic flux and the mass loading. For counterrotating black holes the outflow structure shows a magnetic field reversal. We estimate the opacity of the innermost accretion stream and the outflow structure around it. This stream may be critically opaque for a lensed signal, while the axial jet funnel remains optically thin.
Ação de anestésicos gerais em canais iônicos

General anesthetics are daily used in a myriad of surgical procedures worldwide. Nevertheless their molecular mechanism of action remains elusive. An accredited hypothesis suggests that anesthetics modulate distinct ion channels in neural tissue by interacting in multiple binding sites in these membrane proteins. New in vitro studies show that halogenated anesthetics modifies the conductance/voltage relation of voltage gated potassium channels by binding to multiple cavities with different affinities in a conformationdependent fashion. Within this context, the present investigation is focused not only on searching the putative binding sites, but also on discovering the manner by which the binding could modify the conformation energy landscape, since the binding of the anesthetic can be a necessary but not sufficient condition to have a modulatory effect. The mammal Kv1.2 channel stands as a potential target of inhalation anesthetics. Sevoflurane, a halogenated anesthetic, potentiates this channel, shifting the conductance/voltage relation leftward and increasing the maximum conductance. Recently, the G329 point mutation in this channel has been associated with an augmentation of the sensitivity to the general anesthetic sevoflurane. To explore this issue, molecular dynamics simulations of the Kv1.2 wild type and Kv1.2 G329T inserted in a phospholipidic membrane with explicit water treatment were performed. The sampling was performed to both open and closed conformations. A slightly reduction of fluctuation near the linker S4-S5 was noticed on the mutant by analysis of RMSF through the simulated trajectory. From these simulations, 120 frames were selected from each construction for running docking calculation. These approach was used in order to account for molecular flexibility of the protein. From the molecular docking applying AutoDock Vina, nearly 2400 binding modes were obtained. After clustering and analysis of solutions, four putative independent binding cavities were selected to construct the anesthetic/channel complex and then ligand site-specific affinities were estimated by free energy calculations based on molecular dynamics simulations. By employing the LIE (Linear Interaction Energy) method, a relative strong affinity by the site near the selectivity filter was noted. The interaction with this site could favor the stabilization of the conductive state, hence increasing the conductance of the channel. Since the G329T mutation is associated with an increased equilibrium constant of the
Impacts of the intrinsic charm content of the proton on the 
Ξcc
 hadroproduction at a fixed target experiment at the LHC

In the present paper, we present detailed discussions on the hadronic production of $\Xi_{cc}$ at a fixed target experiment at the LHC (After@LHC). The charm quarks in hadron could be either extrinsic or intrinsic. By using the BHPS model as the intrinsic charm distribution function in proton, we observe that even if by setting the proportion of finding the intrinsic charm in a proton as $A_{\rm in}=1\%$, total cross sections for the $g+c$ and $c+c$ production mechanisms shall be enhanced by nearly two times. Thus the number of $\Xi_{cc}$ events to be generated at the After@LHC can be greatly enhanced. Since the total cross sections and differential distributions for the $\Xi_{cc}$ production at the After@LHC are sensitive to the value of $A_{\rm in}$, the After@LHC could be a good platform for testing the idea of intrinsic charm.
Object Perception and Grasping in Open-Ended Domains

Nowadays service robots are leaving the structured and completely known environments and entering human-centric settings. For these robots, object perception and grasping are two challenging tasks due to the high demand for accurate and real-time responses. Although many problems have already been understood and solved successfully, many challenges still remain. Open-ended learning is one of these challenges waiting for many improvements. Cognitive science revealed that humans learn to recognize object categories and grasp affordances ceaselessly over time. This ability allows adapting to new environments by enhancing their knowledge from the accumulation of experiences and the conceptualization of new object categories. Inspired by this, an autonomous robot must have the ability to process visual information and conduct learning and recognition tasks in an open-ended fashion. In this context, "open-ended" implies that the set of object categories to be learned is not known in advance, and the training instances are extracted from online experiences of a robot, and become gradually available over time, rather than being completely available at the beginning of the learning process. In my research, I mainly focus on interactive open-ended learning approaches to recognize multiple objects and their grasp affordances concurrently. In particular, I try to address the following research questions: (i) What is the importance of open-ended learning for autonomous robots? (ii) How robots could learn incrementally from their own experiences as well as from interaction with humans? (iii) What are the limitations of Deep Learning approaches to be used in an open-ended manner? (iv) How to evaluate open-ended learning approaches and what are the right metrics to do so?
Evolution of Complex Predicates with Cuenta Expressing Semantic Events of Cognition in Spanish

This research offers insight into the way linguistic constructions develop new meanings by examining a group of semantically and structurally related form-meaning pairings in Spanish, all of which contain a verb and the word cuenta ‘count/account’. Five constructions which now all have cognitive/mental meanings, dar(se) cuenta ‘realize’, caer en la cuenta ‘realize’, hacer (de) cuenta ‘pretend’, tener en cuenta ‘consider’, and tomar (en) cuenta ‘consider’, are examined from the 1200s to the 1900s. The data come from the Historical Corpus del Español (Davies 2002). Over 5,000 examples of these constructions were coded for factors based on two pilot studies (Healey 2012, 2016) and then analyzed using a Random Forests machine-learning algorithm and variable rule analysis. The results indicate that darse cuenta, hacer (de) cuenta, tener en cuenta, and tomar (en) cuenta have followed Traugott’s (1989) first tendency of semantic change whereby meanings based in the external world increasingly become based in the Dissertation Aubrey Nicole Healey v speaker’s internal world (their mind). In this case, these four constructions began with more concrete, external meanings: dar cuenta ‘to give payment’, hacer (de) cuenta ‘to settle the account/to do a count/inventory’, tener en cuenta ‘have in account/inventory’, and tomar (en) cuenta ‘give/take payment’/take a count’. A close study of these constructions shows that these individual constructions have undergone semantic change through the mechanism of metaphorization. Constructions which in their most basic senses referred to ‘counting’, ‘listing’ or ‘giving payment’ came to have cognitive meanings (‘realizing’, ‘pretending’, ‘considering’). On the other hand, the fifth construction being studied, caer en la cuenta, is a case of analogization (analogy over time) from darse cuenta since they both mean ‘realize’ and caer en la cuenta appeared after darse cuenta had already developed the cognitive meaning, never having had an earlier stage with a more literal, concrete meaning. Another conclusion of this research is that a fuzzy Verb + cuenta exemplar cluster exists in the speaker’s mind based on the semantic and syntactic relatedness of these constructions. This exemplar cluster evolved to include the new cognitive meanings as well as the old transactional/inventory meanings, and expanded to include caer en la cuenta after the other constructions developed their mental meanings. If we examine a construction’s history with enough depth, we can see how form-meaning pairings evolve at different levels of abstraction. The methods used in this study are replicable, and the results conform with a usage-based, exemplar network understanding of constructional change and human cognition. Dissertation Aubrey Nicole Healey vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements . iii Abstract . iv. iv Table of
Noise-Aware Unsupervised Deep Lidar-Stereo Fusion – Supplementary Material –

In this supplementary material, we provide our detailed network structure, qualitative comparison of hard and soft slanted plane constraint, qualitative and quantitative comparison to stereo matching algorithms and qualitative results on the Synthia dataset. 1. Detailed Network Structure The core architecture of our LidarStereoNet contains three blocks: 1) Feature extraction and fusion; 2) Feature matching, and 3) Disparity computing. We provide the detailed structure of the feature extraction and fusion block in Table 1. The feature matching block and disparity computing block share the same structures with PSMnet [1]. 2. Hard versus Soft Plane Fitting There are two kinds of plane fitting constraints. Conventional CRF based methods use one slanted plane model to describe all disparities in one segment, i.e., disparities insides one segment exactly obeys one slanted plane model. We term it as “Hard” plane fitting constraint. Our method, on the other hand, only applies this term as part of the whole optimization target. In other words, we only require the recovered disparities to fit a plane in a segment if possible but it can still be balanced by other loss terms. Fig. 1 illustrates the difference between our soft constraint and the CRF-style hard constraint in a recovered disparity map. As can be seen in Fig. 1, strictly applying the slanted plane model in recovered disparity map decreases its performance from 3.27% to 3.97% and it is very sensitive to segments as well. By switching segments from Stereo SLIC to SLIC, its performance further decreases from 3.97% to 4.52%. ∗These authors contributed equally in this work. Table 1. Feature extraction and fusion block architecture, where k, s, chns represent the kernel size, stride and the number of the input and the output channels. We use “+” to represent feature concatenation. Lidar feature extraction layer k , s chns input conv s1 11×11, 1 1/16 disparity conv s2 7×7, 2 16/16 conv s1 conv s3 5×5, 1 16/16 conv s2 conv s4 3×3, 2 16/16 conv s3 conv s5 3×3, 1 16/16 conv s4 conv mask 1×1, 1 17/16 conv s5+mask Stereo feature extraction layer k , s chns input conv0 1 3×3, 2 3/32 image conv0 2 3×3, 1 32/32 conv0 1 conv0 3 3×3, 1 32/32 conv0 2 conv1 n [ 3×3, 1 3×3, 1 ] ×3 32/32 conv0 3 conv2 1 [ 3×3, 2 3×3, 1 ] [ 32/64 64/64 ]
Participation as citizenship or payment? A case study of rural drinking water governance in Mali

Community participation in water governance in developing countries is considered important for increasing sustainable access to drinking water and improving broader local governance. The promotion of participation has therefore become a key aim of non-governmental organisations (NGOs). This paper explores community participation in water governance in the rural municipality of Yélékébougou, Mali, and how it is influenced by 'capacity-development' initiatives of the international NGO WaterAid. WaterAid supports communities by helping to set up new institutions intended to manage water supplies and to promote 'participation as citizenship', the idea that community members are empowered to take part in decisions made on water access. However, the paper finds that the institutions created to promote 'participation as citizenship' focus more on promoting paying for water i.e. 'participation as payment', because lack of payment for maintenance of handpumps appears to be the critical obstacle to sustainable water access. However, 'participation as payment' as a means of pursuing cost recovery from communities is not working, and also detracts from the possibility of promoting 'participation as citizenship' and the associated potential longerterm benefits to water access and democratisation. The immediate outcome is that access to drinking water is neither sustainable nor equitable.
The Effects of Explicitly Teaching a Component of Self-regulated Strategy Development on Bilingual Kindergartners

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a modified version of a selfregulated strategy development model on the writing of bilingual kindergarten students. This was an important study because kindergarten bilingual children are falling behind in writing as they try to master two languages. The procedures for this study involved choosing eight students to take part in the study. The eight students were separated into an intervention group and a nonintervention group. The intervention group received small group instruction using a modified version of the self-regulated strategy development model. Data was collected by giving the eight students a picture prompt one time per week and rating their writing based on a rubric. Findings demonstrated that the intervention group made more progress using more story components and number of words in their writing than the non-intervention group. This study showed that the writing of bilingual kindergartners can be improved by explicit instruction, teacher modeling, and clear expectations. Recommendations for teachers of bilingual kindergarten children include explicit teaching of story elements, teacher modeling of language and writing, peer cooperation in writing, and providing clear expectations for students’ writing (such as a rubric). As a result of this study, the researcher hopes that bilingual kindergarten students are able to write more advanced stories and therefore be able to express themselves better. Self-regulation is important because it gives the students a foundation to start their writing. Students are taught strategies to make sure they are following the steps of a good writer. Being a stronger writer will help students in their future academic careers. Effects of Explicitly Teaching a Component of Self-regulated Strategy Development 4 Table of
Volitional Modulation of Cortical Neuronal Activity to Control a Closed-Loop Brain-Machine Interface

Brain-machine interfaces transform neural activity from the brain into output commands. Current BMI technology employs extensive computational neuronal modeling to extract relevant information pertinent to motor output or motor imagery. We developed an invasive closed-loop BMI system that uses simple transforms from single neurons in the cortex of rats to control one degree of freedom. The BMI task consisted in up-regulation of the neural activity and we trained one rat to modulate 5 different neurons during 7 sessions. We found that the brain can learn to control the BMI system by modifying the tuning properties of individual neurons in the cortex through neuroplasticity, a process that can take place within single training sessions and produce movement of a mechanical object that does not emulate a physical output. This volitional control can potentially feel naturalistic to the user, ultimately assisting individuals with severe disabilities to facilitate their activities of daily living.
The Use of Accounting Information in Decision Making for Sustainable Development in Nigeria : A Study of Selected Tertiary

management of the selected tertiary institutions, s. The purpose of this research work is to find he selected tertiary s. This paper also considered Government incentives, grants and encouragement to that the required computerized system should introduce policies that every personnel should , management nts should be selected to be among the governing , sustainable development, , 7(2), 167-175. the