Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reporter Sex and Newspaper Coverage of the Adverse Health Effects of Hormone Therapy

ABSTRACT Women have used hormone therapy (HT) to relieve menopausal symptoms for decades. Major studies published in JAMA in July 2002 demonstrated adverse health effects from hormone therapy, and the National Institutes of Health halted the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial several years early. We conducted a content analysis of 10 U.S. newspapers in July and August 2002 to examine the role of reporter sex on news coverage on HT. We found substantial sex differences in reporting about HT. Female reporters were much more likely than male reporters to include a self-help frame (66.7% vs. 30.8%, p = 0.002). Female reporters were also much more likely to use women in the public as sources in HT-related articles (33.9% vs. 10.0%, p = 0.039). Reporter sex may play a role in the selection and content of health news articles.
A survey of agent-oriented programming from software engineering perspective

Agent-oriented programming (AOP) represents a novel programming paradigm that adopts concepts and technologies of multi-agent system to implement software. It has gained great attentions of researchers and practitioners from both artiﬁcial intelligence ﬁeld and software engineering ﬁeld. Dozens of AOP languages have been proposed in the past two decades. However the acceptance and adoption of AOP in software engineering community remain limited and the current practices of applying AOP do not convince such paradigm has extensively exploited its technical advantages and potentials. The experiences and practices of programming language researches in software engineering ﬁeld can give us some inspirations to get out of the dilemma. The paper aims at providing a survey of AOP from software engineering perspectives, including its research history and the state-of-the-art of researches on agent-oriented programming concepts and models, languages, CASE tools and running manners. We investigate how current AOP studies satisfy design principles of programming language like simplicity, regularity, maintainability, expressiveness, reliability and efﬁciency, discuss several challenges of AOP researches and practices, and point out some directions for future studies.
Impact of Nutrition Education on Knowledge Gain of Mothers and Rural School Going Children of Fatehabad District, Haryana

The present study was conducted to assess the impact of nutrition education on nutritional knowledge of 50 rural school going children (10-12 years) and their mothers for two months at 15 days interval in Fatehabad district, Haryana, India. The nutritional knowledge was studied using pre-tested questionnaire. Pre-scores of nutrition knowledge indicated that most of the mothers had inadequate knowledge about various aspects of nutrition. Post-scores indicated a highly significant (p≤0.01) gain in knowledge scores of mothers. It was found that there was a significant gain in knowledge of mothers regarding importance of balanced diet (3.58), source of nutrients in diet (3.72), importance of green leafy vegetables and fruits in diet (4.22), nutrient deficiency diseases and their prevention (4.16), conservation of nutrients (5.84) and care during illness/diseases and hygiene (6.42). The pre and post knowledge scores obtained before and after imparting nutrition education to the children, indicated that most of the children had inadequate knowledge about various aspects of nutrition before imparting nutrition education. However, post-scores indicated a highly significant (p≤0.01) gain in knowledge scores of children regarding the importance of balanced diet (1.92), nutrient deficiency diseases (3.82), sources of nutrients in diet and importance of green leafy vegetables (4.84) and hygiene & health (4.14).
Insulin signaling as a potential natural killer cell checkpoint in fatty liver disease

Insulin resistance is a key risk factor in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and may lead to liver fibrosis. Natural killer (NK) cells are thought to exert an antifibrotic effect through their killing of activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Here, we investigated how the interplay between NK cells and HSCs are modified by insulin resistance in NAFLD. Fresh peripheral blood NK cells (clusters of differentiation [CD]56dim, CD16+) were collected from 22 healthy adults and 72 patients with NAFLD not currently taking any medications and without signs of metabolic syndrome. NK cells were assessed for insulin receptor expressions and cytotoxic activity when cultured in medium with HSCs. Fibrosis severities in patients with NAFLD were correlated linearly with elevated serum proinflammatory cytokine expression and insulin resistance severity. At the same time, fibrosis severities inversely correlated with insulin receptor expressions on NK cells as well as with their cytotoxic activities determined by CD107a by flow cytometry. NK cells from donors exhibiting severe fibrosis and insulin resistance exhibited significant mammalian target of rapamycin and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase depletion (through NK cell western blot quantitation), increased apoptosis, and failure to attenuate HSC activation in vitro. While exposure to insulin stimulated the cytotoxic activity of healthy NK cells, rapamycin prevented this effect and reduced NK insulin receptor expressions. Conclusion: Elevated insulin levels in F1 and F2 fibrosis enhances NK cell cytotoxic activity toward HSCs and prevents fibrosis progression by insulin receptors and downstream mammalian target of rapamycin and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase pathways. At more advanced stages of insulin resistance (F3 and F4 fibrosis), impaired NK cell activity rooted in low insulin receptor expression and or low serum insulin levels could further deteriorate fibrosis and may likely lead to cirrhosis development. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:285‐298)
Total motile sperm count: a better way to rate the severity of male factor infertility?

Subfertility affects up to 18% of couples, and poor semen quality has been implicated in approximately half of the cases. Semen analysis has been universally used to assess semen quality. In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined new reference values for sperm parameters to discriminate between normal and abnormal semen samples (including oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, and the combinations of these factors) (Cooper et al., 2010). However, reports suggest that the prognostic relevance of the 2010 WHO classification system is poor (Esteves et al., 2012; Hamilton et al., 2015). Semen parameters such as volume, concentration, and motility can be pooled to yield a different manner to express sperm quality: the total motile sperm count (TMSC). The TMSC is obtained by multiplying the volume of the ejaculate by the sperm concentration by the proportion of progressive motile sperm divided by 100% (Ayala et al., 1996), and can be calculated from the neat semen (prewash TMSC) or after semen preparation (postwash TMSC). Several reports have shown that the TMSC has a prognostic value in couples undergoing intrauterine insemination (van Weert et al., 2004; Badawy et al., 2009; Nikbakht & Saharkhiz, 2011) in predicting total fertilization failure after conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) (Rhemrev et al., 2001). Recently, the TMSC was shown to have a stronger correlation with the spontaneous ongoing pregnancy rate than the WHO 2010 classification system (Hamilton et al., 2015). Couples with a TMSC < 5 × 106 had a significantly lower chance of spontaneous ongoing pregnancy than couples with a TMSC > 5 × 106. Hamilton et al. (2015) proposed three prognostic groups of semen quality according to the TMSC: (i) < 5, (ii) between 5 and 20, and (iii) > 20 × 106 spermatozoa (the latter being considered a normal TMSC value). Additionally, it was suggested that the TMSC should be the method of choice to rate male infertility. However, little is known about the prognostic value of the TMSC classification for ICSI outcomes. In a study performed at our center with couples undergoing ICSI due to male factor infertility, the TMSC was the only seminal parameter to affect the formation of high-quality embryos on D2 (OR: 1.18, CI: 1.03–1.35, P=0.013) and D3 (OR: 1.12, CI: 1.07–1.29, P=0.037), the formation of blastocysts (OR: 1.16, CI: 1.04–1.26, P=0.011), and the blastocyst expansion grade (OR: 1.27, CI: 1.01–1.60, P=0.042). The TMSC was also a better predictor for miscarriage (OR: 0.52, CI: 0.28–0.90, P<0.045) than the WHO cutoff values. Additionally, significantly higher fertilization rates (84.9 ± 14.4 vs. 81.1 ± 15.8, P=0.016) and lower miscarriage rates (17.9% vs. 29.5%, P=0.041) were seen in couples with normal versus abnormal TMSC (unpublished results). The reference values established by the WHO in 2010 were determined based on men who had recently fathered a child. Therefore, it is not wise to define fertility or inferJBRA Assisted Reproduction 2016;20(2):47-48 doi: 10.5935/1518-0557.20160012
Biogeochemical response of alpine lakes to a recent increase in dust deposition in the Southwestern, US

Abstract. The deposition of dust has recently increased significantly over some regions of the western US. Here we explore how changes in dust deposition have affected the biogeochemistry of two alpine watersheds in Colorado, US. We first reconstruct recent changes in the mass accumulation rate of sediments and then we use isotopic measurements in conjunction with a Bayesian mixing model to infer that approximately 95% of the inorganic fraction of lake sediments is derived from dust. Elemental analyses of modern dust indicate that dust is enriched in Ca, Cr, Cu, Mg, Ni, and in one watershed, Fe and P relative to bedrock. The increase in dust deposition combined with its enrichment in certain elements has altered the biogeochemisty of these systems. Both lakes showed an increase in primary productivity as evidenced by a decrease in carbon isotopic discrimination; however, the cause of increased primary productivity varies due to differences in watershed characteristic. The lake in the larger watershed experienced greater atmospheric N loading and less P loading from the bedrock leading to a greater N:P flux ratio. In contrast, the lake in the smaller watershed experienced less atmospheric N loading and greater P loading from the bedrock, leading to a reduced N:P flux ratio. As a result, primary productivity was more constrained by N availability in the smaller watershed. N-limited primary productivity in the smaller watershed was partly ameliorated by an increase in nitrogen fixation as indicated by reduced nitrogen isotopic values in more contemporary sediments. This study illustrates that alpine watersheds are excellent integrators of changes in atmospheric deposition, but that the biogeochemical response of these watersheds may be mediated by their physical (i.e. watershed area) and chemical (i.e. underlying geology) properties.
Ecology of soil microarthropods in Gobi Gurvan Saykhan mountains, southern Mongolia

In the present paper, we describe the community structure, species diversity, population density, and the character of distribution of soil microarthropods of the Gobi Gurvan Saykhan mountains. In total 45 species of soil microarthropods belonging to 37 genera and 24 families were identified. 27 species of soil microarthropods belonging to 25 genera and 20 families were found in the Zuun Saykhan, 31 species belonging to 27 genera and 19 families in the Dund Saykhan. Oribatid mites are the dominant group (35 species=77.8% of total species richness), while mesostigmatid mites account for 7 species (15.6%). Other groups are represented only by single species. Population density of soil microarthropods is 3600 ind/m 2 in the Zuun Saykhan, 3350 ind/m 2 in the Dund Saykhan, and 1400 ind/m 2 in the Baruun Saykhan. Species diversity is almost similar in Zuun Saykhan and Dund Saykhan (D=14.36 and D=14.96, respectively), but quite lower in Baruun Saykhan (D=2.94). Faunal similarity between Zuun and Dund Saykhan is 30%, while similarities between Baruun Saykhan and the other two ranges is 0.18% and 0.15%, respectively. Species distribution is clumped in the Zuun and Dund Saykhan (Ip >0), but irregular in the Baruun Saykhan (Ip �0). The fauna of soil microarthropods in the Gobi Gurvan Saykhan mostly consists of species with wide distributions (Holarctic, Palaearctic, and cosmopolitan). However, 24.4% of the species are inhabitants of coniferous forests. Therefore, they might be regarded as indicators for the former presence of coniferous forests in the Gobi Gurvan Saykhan mountains.
Metabolism of Plant Polysaccharides byLeucoagaricus gongylophorus, the Symbiotic Fungus of the Leaf-Cutting Ant Atta sexdens L

ABSTRACT Atta sexdens L. ants feed on the fungus they cultivate on cut leaves inside their nests. The fungus, Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, metabolizes plant polysaccharides, such as xylan, starch, pectin, and cellulose, mediating assimilation of these compounds by the ants. This metabolic integration may be an important part of the ant-fungus symbiosis, and it involves primarily xylan and starch, both of which support rapid fungal growth. Cellulose seems to be less important for symbiont nutrition, since it is poorly degraded and assimilated by the fungus. Pectin is rapidly degraded but slowly assimilated by L. gongylophorus, and its degradation may occur so that the fungus can more easily access other polysaccharides in the leaves.
Why are higher education participation rates in Germany so low? Institutional barriers to higher education expansion

Countries around the world have witnessed educational expansion at all levels, leading to the massification of tertiary education and training. Tertiary education has become a major factor of economic competitiveness in an increasingly science‐based global economy and a key response to shifts in national labour markets. Within the EU, the reform of skill formation systems has been advanced by the Lisbon strategy, with the Bologna and Copenhagen processes in higher education (HE) and vocational education and training (VET) articulating and diffusing overarching goals in European skill formation. If European benchmarks call for at least 40% of all 30‐ to 34‐year‐olds to hold a tertiary‐level certificate, Germany exhibits a relatively low proportion of each cohort entering HE and attaining that qualification level (28%). We analyse this ‘German exceptionalism’, locating a range of factors in the educational system: the institutional logic of segregation, the structure of secondary schooling, the division or schism between the organisational fields of VET and HE, and limited permeability throughout. Regardless of isomorphic pressures that led Germany to quickly implement undergraduate bachelor's (BA) and graduate master's (MA) courses of study, these factors limit the extent of HE expansion visible among other European countries.
The history of dopamine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease

The discoveries of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the brain, its depletion in patients with Parkinson disease, and its replacement with levodopa therapy were major revolutionary events in the rise to effective therapy for patients with this disorder. This review describes these events and the persons who carried out these accomplishments. Their impact went beyond a single clinical entity of parkinsonism, for it opened up the beginning of a much better understanding of the role of dopamine in other neurologic movement disorders and also in many psychiatric diseases. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Comparative assessment of the Vector Competence and transmission of malaria and filariasis in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

Studies on the vector competence and their role in the transmission of malaria and filariasis in Makurdi, Nigeria were carried out over a 6 month period in four localities. A total of 475 adult female mosquitoes were morphologically identified and dissected using standard procedures to determine the parity rates, insemination rates, age structure, oocyst, sporozoite and microfilarial worms. 156(32.84%) were Anopheles gambiae, 79(16.63%) were A. funestus and 240(50.53%) were Culex quinquefasciatus. Of these, 407(85.68%) were parous, while 68(14.32%) were nulliparous. The findings indicate that Makurdi is endemic for malaria with A. gambiae contributing a higher overall transmission potential when compared with A. funestus and C. quinquefasciatus. The occurrence of A. gambiae, A. funestus, and C. quinquefasciatus is suggestive of the prevalence of vector-borne diseases such as malaria and filariasis in the area. Therefore, intensive vector control programmes and public enlightenment especially on human activities that encourage mosquito breeding are recommended.
[BRG1 expression in prostate carcinoma by application of tissue microarray].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of gene BRG1 in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma, and the relationship between gene BRG1 expression and the clinicopathological features of prostate carcinoma. METHODS Gene BRG1 expression was evaluated in 37 cases of human prostate carcinoma, 13 human prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and 14 human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by using immunohistochemistry (EnVision method) and tissue microarray. RESULTS The positive rates of BRG1 protein were 81.08% (30/37), 38.46% (5/13) and 14.28% (2/14) in prostate carcinoma, PIN and BPH, respectively, significantly higher in the first group than in the latter two (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in BRG1 gene expression either between PIN and BPH (P > 0.05) or between the groups of the moderate differentiation (the Gleason histologic grading: 5-7) and the lower one (the Gleason histologic grading: 8-10) (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION BRG1 may play an important role in the development of prostate carcinoma. Tissue microarray technology, with the advantages of high throughput, conciseness, rapidity, high efficiency, low cost, and nice reproducibility, has significant practical value and broad application prospects in pathology.
Prevention and management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section: a survey of practice

Hypotension during obstetric spinal anaesthesia has traditionally been managed by such measures as fluid preloading, positioning of the patient and the use of vasoconstrictors. However, studies and reports have regularly appeared in the literature disputing the value of conventional management, in particular, the fluid preload. With this in mind, we surveyed UK consultant obstetric anaesthetists to determine current practice in this area. Of the 558 respondents, 486 (87.1%) stated that they routinely give a fluid preload. The fluid chosen by 405 (83.3%) of the preloaders was Hartmann's solution and the usual volume, chosen by 194 (39.9%), was 1000 ml. A simple left lateral position was preferred by 221 respondents (39.6%) overall and in the treatment of hypotension, ephedrine was the sole vasoconstrictor selected by 531 (95.2%). Heavy bupivacaine 0.5% was the local anaesthetic chosen by 545 (97.7%) and 407 (72.9%) respondents indicated the use of additional spinal drugs.
Effect of cyproterone acetate on structure and function of rhesus monkey reproductive organs

A low dose of Cyproterone acetate (CPA; 1 mg/kg body weight/day for 70 days) was administered to adult male rhesus monkeys to assess its effects on testicular and epididymal structure and function in a nonhuman primate species. CPA caused extensive degenerative changes in morphology of seminiferous, efferent duct, and epididymal epithelia, including decrease in diameter of seminiferous and epididymal tubules and their lumen, height of epididymal epithelium, and an increase in intertubular connective tissue. The protein profile of spermatozoa showed alterations during their epididymal transit in control and CPA‐treated monkeys. In CPA‐treated animals, 19 polypeptides were acquired and nine were eliminated during epididymal transit in contrast to acquisition of 12 and loss of 14 polypeptides in control animals. Treatment with CPA also resulted in the appearance of 14 new polypeptides in epididymal cytosol and luminal fluid, probably of lysosomal origin. The protein pattern of caput and cauda epididymal tubule cytosol, maintained in organ culture and exposed to 100 μM CPA for 3 days, showed absence of eight polypeptides.
Cephalometric norms from posteroanterior Ricketts' cephalograms from Hispanic Americans Peruvian non adult patients.

AIM The purpose of the present study was to describe the posteroanterior cephalometric norm values from Hispanic Americans Peruvian non adults patients between years 2009 to 2010, identify possible differences between sexes and compare our results with similar studies in the literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data from posteroanterior cephalograms from 318 patients (177 females and 141 males) between 9 and 18 years old were collected from our database; mean and standard deviation were calculated for each gender and age group. RESULTS Independent samples T-test found statistically significant differences between males and females results in the intermolar width, right molar to maxillae distance, nasal width, nasal height, maxillary width, mandibular width and facial width. CONCLUSIONS statistically differences between sexes were found in seven from twelve transversal measurements. The norm values found in this study are similar to those reported by Ricketts'.
The impact of governmental antismoking policy on socioeconomic disparities in cigarette smoking in South Korea.

INTRODUCTION With enactment of the 1995 Health Promotion Act, the Korean government has developed numerous antismoking policies, including smoke-free buildings and zones, a public media campaign, and tobacco taxation. The present study examined whether governmental antismoking policy during the past decade was associated with reduced socioeconomic differentials in cigarette smoking in South Korea. METHODS Data from 99,980 men and 105,193 women aged 25-64 years were analyzed from four rounds of Social Statistical Surveys of Korea between 1995 and 2006. Socioeconomic position (SEP) indicators were education, occupational class, employment status, and household income. Age-adjusted prevalence of smoking was calculated. Prevalence ratios and the relative index of inequality (RII) were estimated using log-binomial regression analysis. RESULTS Absolute socioeconomic differentials in age-adjusted prevalence of smoking increased between 1995 and 2006. Increases were found in both men and women. Prevalence ratios and RIIs also showed widening relative inequalities in smoking in all four SEP indicators in men. For women, increases in RIIs for education and income were statistically significant. The magnitude of change in prevalence ratios and RIIs by SEP indicators between 1999 and 2003 was statistically significant, whereas the difference between 2003 and 2006 was not. DISCUSSION Despite reducing overall cigarette smoking rates in males, the governmental antismoking policies of South Korea did not reduce socioeconomic inequalities in smoking in both genders. However, the recent tobacco taxation policy is likely to dampen the ever-increasing trends in smoking inequalities. More progressive antismoking policies to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in smoking are warranted in South Korea.