Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Disconnect Between Restoration Goals and Practices: A Case Study of Watershed Restoration in the Russian River Basin, California

Over the past two decades, watershed restoration has dramatically increased internationally. California has been at the forefront, allocating billions of dollars to restoration activities through legislation and voter‐approved bonds. Yet, the implications of restoration remain ambiguous because there has been little examination of restoration accomplishments and almost no analysis of the political context of restoration. This article addresses these gaps, utilizing a case study of the Russian River basin in Northern California. We identify trends that shed light on both the ecological and the political implications of restoration at a basin scale by examining a database of 787 restoration projects implemented in the Russian River basin since the early 1980s. Although a total of over $47 million has been spent on restoration in the basin, dominant forms of restoration are limited in scope to small‐scale projects that focus on technical solutions to site‐specific problems. The majority of restoration efforts are devoted to road repair, riparian stabilization, and in‐stream structures, accounting for 62% of all projects. These types of projects do not address the broader social drivers of watershed change such as land and water uses. We suggest that restoration can become more effective by addressing the entire watershed as a combination of social and ecological forces that interact to produce watershed conditions.
Developing family practice research: recommendations for young researchers from a resource-limited country

the importance of research in family practice is widely acknowledged by leading international organizations and is recognized as a fundamental element for improving the quality of health care provision. early-career family practice researchers often face significant difficulties related to lack of training, resources and capacity. the aim of this paper is to present the experiences gained from a country of limited resources and to provide practical guidance for young researchers to strengthen their research competencies by expanding their professional networks, utilizing funding sources and effectively presenting their research findings to the public and the international scientific community. Young family practice researchers, in particular those working in low-resource settings, may encounter many diverse obstacles from the start of their career, and actions to strengthen research capacity is needed around the world to assist in mitigating these barriers. there is, however, a great deal young researchers can achieve, despite the potential difficulties. Based on our research experience and knowledge gained in building a successful family practice research network in a low-resource country, we have attempted to offer some practical recommendations to enhance the personal competitiveness and capacity of young family practice researchers. Not to be forgotten, however, is that passion and enthusiasm will always be key factors in improving health care globally.
The information content of market liquidity: An empirical analysis of liquidity at the Oslo Stock Exchange?

We investigate the information content of aggregate stock market liquidity and ask whether it may be a useful realtime indicator, both for financial stress, and real economic activity in Norway. We describe the development in a set of liquidity proxies at the Oslo Stock Exchange (OSE) for the period 1980-2008, with particular focus on crisis period 2007 through 2008, showing how market liquidity and trading activity changed for the whole market as well as for individual industry sectors. We also evaluate the predictive power of market liquidity for economic growth both in-sample and out-of-sample.
Use of Paleoflood Deposits to Determine the Contribution of Anthropogenic Trace Metals to Alluvial Sediments in the Hyperarid Rio Loa Basin, Chile

Toxic trace metals are a common and significant contaminant in riverine ecosystems, and are derived from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Determining the contributions of metals from these sources has proven difficult, in part, because physical and biogeochemical processes alter the nature (e.g., grain size, mineral composition, organic matter content) of the source materials as they are transported through the drainage network. This study examined the use of paleoflood deposits located along the hyperarid Rio Salado, a tributary to the Rio Loa of northern Chile, to construct local background functions and enrichment factors (LEFs) to differentiate between natural and anthropogenic metal sources. Significant variations in metal content occurred between river reaches and flood deposits of a given reach; these variations were primarily related to changes in sediment source that may reflect differences in El Niño and La Niña precipitation patterns. Three conservative elements (Al, Fe, Co) were examined to construct background functions for seven trace metals. Cobalt yielded the most effective background functions for As, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn; Fe was selected for Cr, and Al for Cu. The resulting LEFs approximated 1, illustrating that paleoflood deposits produced effective background functions, and could be applied to downstream sites contaminated by mining activity.
Dissecting Short-Sale Performance: Evidence from Large Position Disclosures

Short sellers are perceived as informed, sophisticated investors. Yet little is known about their actual performance and trading strategies. Using a novel, hand-collected data set of daily position disclosures in Europe, we identify the entry, change, and exit dates of large short-sale positions for a wide cross section of stocks and investors. We find that hedge funds, the predominant investor group, generate an annualized Fama and French (1993) risk-adjusted return of about 5.5%, outperforming other investors. Evidence indicates that hedge funds act as arbitrageurs, generating their returns by trading on the mispricing-related factors, e.g. momentum, betting-against-beta, and quality-minus-junk. In the cross section of hedge funds, local, diversified, and active funds outperform their counterparts. On the position level, we document a first-mover advantage. The profitability of short sales also varies significantly with investors' holding period, location, and industry experience.
Changes in the composition and fatty acid profile of Najdi ewes’ milk before and after weaning

This trial aimed to study the changes in the yield, composition, and fatty acid (FA) profile of ewes’ milk during suckling and milking periods. Nineteen multiparous Najdi ewes were kept under identical management and feeding conditions during a 12-week trial that was divided into two periods. Milk samples were collected on each sampling day from the total yield during the suckling (3rd, 6th, and 9th week) and milking (12th week) periods. The milk yield and the total solids, fat, protein, and lactose contents of the milk remained constant throughout the suckling weeks, but the protein content increased and milk yield and lactose content decreased after weaning. There were no differences in milk saturated FA (SFA), unsaturated FA (UFA), and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) contents during the suckling and milking periods, whereas the polyunsaturated FA content increased during the milking period. There were no differences in the individual milk SFA during the weeks of suckling, but the contents of caproic acid (C6:0), caprylic acid (C8:0), margaric acid (C17:0), and stearic acid (C18:0) decreased. However, myristic acid (C14:0), lauric acid (C12:0), and isomers of pentadecanoic (C15:0) acid increased during the milking period. The percentage of vaccenic acid (C18:1 △ 11 t ), rumenic acid (C18:2 △ 9 c ,11 t ; conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)), ω-3 FA group, and the atherogenicity index did not differ during the suckling period, but increased after weaning in the 12th week of lactation. This study demonstrated that weaning lambs in Najdi ewes is probably a factor that strongly affects milk traits by changing yield, composition, and FA profile. Keywords: CLA, dairy ewes, milk fat, milk yield, stage of lactation
QUALITY ANALYSIS AND CHARACTER ASSOCIATION STUDIES OF RICE UNDER SRI BASED CULTIVATION PRACTICES

The present investigation is carried out to study the correlation and path analysis in scented long duration variety of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Character association of the yield attributing traits revealed significantly positive association of grain yield exhibited significant positive correlation with root dry weight (0.657), number of tillers hill -1 (0.636), test weight (0.601), panicle length (0.594), panicle weight (0.537) and dry weight (0.535). Hence, selection for the traits can improve yield. Whereas in quality analysis the highest length breadth ratio (3.29) found in treatment having 20cm x 20cm spacing with two seedlings per hill. Based on the result of the study, the treatment with spacing 25 cm from row to row and 25 cm from plant to plant with two seedlings per hill, have good cooking and eating quality, hence selection for improvement based on these parameters will be a right step in the right direction for obtaining good quality grains.
Localized Density/Drag Prediction for Improved Onboard Orbit Propagation

Abstract : The objectives of localized density modeling is presented and compared to existing global models currently in use. Localized models are primarily concerned with the density profiles observed by a specific spacecraft in a slow varying orbit regime. The CHAMP density and derived temperature data are presented and discussed as relating to localized modeling and truth values. Temperature perturbations due to geomagnetic storms are discussed and the basis of a new model that applies local information is discussed. Output based models are developed based on the autoregressive filters, that use previous density measurements to make predictions of future density values. Future work of combining simplified local density models with perturbation corrections is also discussed.
A PHONETICS-PHONOLOGY INTERFACE VIEW OF CASUAL ENGLISH CONSONANT LENITION : Alveolar Taps

Phonetically, the existence of the English alveolar oral tap, [R] , is well-established compared with its nasal counterpart, [R)] (see Hagiwara, 2006; Akmajian et al., 2001; de Jong, 1998; Carmell, et al. , 1997 among others). Phonologically, the lenition of the alveolar nasal /n/ to a tap of [R )] in English is not wellestablished either (see Akmajian et al., 2001; Fromkin et al., 2000; Giegerich, 1992 among others)3. However, we suggest that in fact a nasal tap occurs in the casual speech of English, both word-internally and across morpheme and word boundaries, and that therefore this tap should be considered a nasal allophone, alongside the traditional three usually noted, including [m], [n], and [N]. To this end, we provide phonetic evidence obtained by using two different systems of phonetic analysis, including the Praat speech digitizing program, and the Kay-Pentax Nasometer II-Model 6400, followed by phonological arguments and analyses for both the alveolar oral tap lenition and the alveolar nasal tap lenition, suggesting an ambisyllabicity-oriented tap rule.
Interactive comment on “ Subglacial hydrology indicates a major shift in dynamics of the West Antarctic Ross Ice Streams within the next two centuries ”

This manuscript presents results of a simple model which uses data constraining ice sheet geometry in the region draining the West Antarctic ice sheet into Ross Ice Shelf to estimate subglacial water routing and subglacial drainage basins. The authors assume that the drainage area is a proxy of subglacial water flux by assuming that the basal melting rate is spatially uniform in the study area, in spite of prior modeling results inconsistent with such an assumption (Beem et al., 2010; Joughin et al., 2003). Finally, they use the modern rates of ice surface elevation changes to estimate evolution of subglacial water routing and subglacial drainage basins 200 yeears into the future.
Large Cardinals and the Iterative Conception of Set

The independence phenomenon in set theory, while pervasive, can be partially addressed through the use of large cardinal axioms. A commonly assumed idea is that large cardinal axioms are species of maximality principles for the iterative conception, and assert that the length of the iterative stages is as long as possible. In this paper, we argue that whether or not large cardinal principles count as maximality principles depends on prior commitments concerning the richness of the subset forming operation. In particular we argue that there is a conception of maximality through absoluteness, that when given certain technical formulations, supports the idea that large cardinals are consistent, but false. On this picture, large cardinals are instead true in inner models and serve to restrict the subsets formed at successor stages.
Efficacy of Lamivudine Treatment in Thai Chronic Hepatitis B Patients

Background: Lamivudine is an effective agent for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). One year lamivudine treatment significantly suppresses hepatitis B viral replication, improves hepatic necroinflammatory activity and prevents progression of fibrosis. However, there are limited data on the extended lamivudine treatment for CHB patients in Thailand. Objective: To evaluated therapeutic efficacy of lamivudine and determined factors that related to complete response at 12 months. Patients and Methods: Retrospectively, we collected data of CHB patients treated with lamivudine and followed in Hepatitis Clinic, Siriraj Hospital during 1998-2002. Overall, there were 93 patients included in the study. All received lamivudine 100 mg once daily for at least 6 months to 2 years. We defined the responses to treatment into biochemical, serological, virological and complete response. Results: Of 93 patients, 75 were men and 18 were female. Fifty-two cases (55.9%) were HBeAg positive. Mean age was 45.7 (17-68) years. All patients continued lamivudine with safety. Biochemical response among HBeAg positive patients was not significantly different from those with HBeAg negative at 6, 12, 18 ,24 months. In HBeAg positive group, HBeAg seroconversion was 36.4% and 41.7% and complete response was 42.4% and 30% at 12 and 24 months, respectively. More than 90% of HBeAg negative patients had virological response with 63.6% and 50% had complete response at 12 and 24 months, respectively. No significant predictive factor for complete response at 12 months was found in both HBeAg positive and negative groups. Thirteen patients (14%) had flare ALT during lamivudine treatment but most of then had normalization of ALT after continue lamivudine treatment. Conclusion: Lamivudine treatment in Thai CHB patients is effective in terms of biochemical, virological, serological and complete response in both HBeAg positive and HBeAg negative patients.
The Effect of ATM Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction: Evidences from Customers of Ethiopian Commercial Banks in Debremarkos Town, 2016

The paper studied the effect of ATM service quality on customer satisfaction in Ethiopian commercial Banks, using proportional stratified and simple random sampling technique and cross-sectional data collected from 190 customers of Ethiopian commercial banks, in Debre Markos town. The data collected were analyzed using Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, correlation, and multiple regression model. The results indicated that except assurance, tangibility, reliability, responsiveness and empathy have positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction and the customers were mostly satisfied with the responsiveness dimensions of ATM service quality. Furthermore, the tangibility, reliability, responsiveness and empathy significantly explained 79.2% of the variations on customer’s satisfaction level. It was suggested to the management of the bank to pay attention for training and developing staffs’ skill in using ATM services in addition to installing the ATM in appropriate and accessible places. Key words: - ATM, Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, Commercial Banks
Towards automatic glossarization: automatically constructing and administering vocabulary assistance factoids and multiple-choice assessment

We address an important problem with a novel approach: helping children learn words during computer-assisted oral reading. We build on Project LISTEN's Reading Tutor, which is a computer program that adapts automatic speech recognition to listen to children read aloud, and helps them learn to read (http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~listen). In this paper, we focus on the problem of vocabulary acquisition. To learn a word from reading with the Reading Tutor, students must first encounter the word and then learn the meaning of the word from context. This paper describes how we modified the Reading Tutor to help students learn the meanings of new words by augmenting stories with WordNet-derived comparisons to other words - "factoids". Furthermore, we report results from an embedded experiment designed to evaluate the effectiveness of including factoids in stories that children read with the Reading Tutor. Factoids helped - not for all students and all words, but for third graders seeing rare words, and for single-sense rare words tested one or two days later. We also discuss further steps towards automatic construction of explanations of words.
THE IMPACT OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION ON BALANCE OF PAYMENTS OF ETHIOPIA

−This study examines the impact of trade liberalization on the Ethiopia’s balance of Payment using the data over the period from 1981to 2012.In order to capture the partial effects of trade liberalization on the balance of payments different variables were included into the model and long run and short run relationships were analyzed with the use of ordinary least square (OLS) method and Error Correction Method (ECM) respectively. The results of the study show that the trade liberalization dummy variable and terms of trade variable is statistically significant and negative, implying that the trade liberalization deteriorates the balance of payments. Therefore in order to mitigate this negative impact and to ensure that trade liberalization will increase both the growth of exports and imports and consequently improve welfare, the government should complement the trade liberalization with a well designed macroeconomic reforms along with specific conditionalities. JEL CLASSIFICATIONS:C22,C51,E20,F13,F43
Prognostic Factors in RTA Type IV – Yousefichaijan P et al

Students Research Committee, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. E-mail: sharafkhah@arakmu.ac. ir Introduction: Hyperkalemia renal tubular acidosis (type IV) occurs secondary to impaired renal responsiveness to aldosterone. This can occur chronically in infants and children with a history of obstructive uropathy. The aim of this study was to assess of prognostic factors in children RTA type IV overwhelmed by bilateral obstructive uropathy. Materials and Methods: In this study, we recruited and observed 48 male patients with both bilateral obstructive uropathy at the urinary bladder outlet and RTA type IV for two years. In this period, we registered patients’ demographic data; also, children’s growth, sonographic data, renal function tests and serum electrolytes underwent serial assessment and in if clinically indicated, the patients were treated with drugs like citrate sodium and Kay oxalate. Results: Frequent urinary tract infection (p=0.0011), abnormal <20 weeks gestation sonography results like bilateral hydronephrosis (p=0.00001), birth weight below 2500 gr (LBW) (p=0.0014), preterm delivery (p=0.001), maternal age at birth below 20 years (p=0.0018), pregnancy more than 2 times (p=0.004), admission due to respiratory problems during infancy (p=0.003) and gestational diabetes (P=0.001) were significantly associated with a poor prognosis. Conclusions: Considering the results of this study, it seems logical to consider abortion in case of renal hydronephrosis and dysplasia in gestational age below 20 weeks.
Modeling Price Dynamics in eBay Auctions Using Differential Equations

Empirical research of online auctions has grown dramatically in recent years. Studies using publicly available bid data from such websites as eBay.com have found many divergences of bidding behavior and auction outcomes compared with ordinary offline auctions and auction theory. Among the main differences between online and offline auctions are the former's longer duration, anonymity of bidders and sellers, and low barriers of entry. All of these factors lead to dynamics in the bid arrival and price process that change throughout the auction. In this work we examine the price process in a large and diverse set of eBay auctions, for both low-and high-valued items, in terms of item, auction, bidder, and seller characteristics. We propose a family of differential equation models that captures online auction dynamics. In particular, we show that a second-order linear differential equation well approximates the dynamics that occur in our diverse set of auctions. We also introduce a multiple-comparisons test for comparing dynamic models of auction subpopulations, which we use to compare subpopulations of auctions grouped by characteristics of the auction, item, seller, and bidders. We find that price dynamics change throughout the auction and are influenced mostly by factors that affect the level of uncertainty about the outcome (e.g., seller rating, item condition) and the level of competitiveness (e.g., early bidding, number of bids). We accomplish the modeling tasks within the framework of principal differential analysis and functional data models.
VASCULAR AND ASSOCIATED TISSUE OF 'HASS' AVOCADO (PERSEA AMERICANA MILL.) FRUIT

In the avocado fruit mesocarp (flesh), the lipid or oil levels are found in greatest concentrations below the pedicel and near the micropyle, with a distinct gradient between these two regions. These lipid levels closely parallel vascular distribution, with the highest lipid levels associated with the highest densities of vascular tissue. Semi-mature Hass avocado fruit were passively infused with 1% Eosin red, which permeated the vascular tracts of the fruit. Hand-cut sections of these fruit revealed numerous vascular traces arranged in two concentric rings. TEM and SEM techniques were applied to semi-mature and mature fruit and adapted until good fixation was achieved. It was found that annular and helicular ringed xylem vessels were concentrated in the mesocarp, while pitted and latticed vessels were found only in the micropylar and pedicel regions of all the fruit examined. This is probably because the nature of the ringed vessels allows some elasticity. Consequently these vessels are not likely to rupture with the massive expansion of the mesocarp during fruit growth. The micropylar and pedicel regions of the fruit do not expand to the same extent as the mesocarp and elasticity is thus not essential. In ultramature fruit and those with degenerate testas, large concentrations of phenolics were found concentrated at the micropylar region indicating possible degeneration of the vascular traces at the micropyle.