Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From Dust to Planetesimals: Implications for the Solar Protoplanetary Disk from Short-lived Radionuclides

Since the publication of the Protostars and Planets IV volume in 2000, there have been significant advances in our understanding of the potential sources and distributions of short-lived, now extinct, radionuclides in the early Solar System. Based on recent data, there is definitive evidence for the presence of two new short-lived radionuclides (10Be and 36Cl) and a compelling case can be made for revising the estimates of the initial Solar System abundances of several others (e.g., 26Al, 60Fe and 182Hf). The presence of 10Be, which is produced only by spallation reactions, is either the result of irradiation within the solar nebula (a process that possibly also resulted in the production of some of the other short-lived radionuclides) or of trapping of Galactic Cosmic Rays in the protosolar molecular cloud. On the other hand, the latest estimates for the initial Solar System abundance of 60Fe, which is produced only by stellar nucleosynthesis, indicate that this short-lived radionuclide (and possibly significant proportions of others with mean lives ≤10 My) was injected into the solar nebula from a nearby stellar source. As such, at least two distinct sources (e.g., irradiation and stellar nucleosynthesis) are required to account for the abundances of the short-lived radionuclides estimated to be present in the early Solar System. In addition to providing constraints on the sources of material in the Solar System, short-lived radionuclides also have the potential to provide fine-scale chronological information for events that occurred in the solar protoplanetary disk. An increasing number of studies are demonstrating the feasibility of applying at least some of these radionuclides as high-resolution chronometers. From these studies, it can be inferred that the mm to cm-sized refractory calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions in chondritic meteorites are among the earliest solids to form (at 4567.2 ± 0.6 Ma). Formation of chondrules (i.e., sub-mm-sized ferromagnesian silicate spherules in chondrites) is likely to have occurred over a time span of at least ~3 My, with the earliest ones possibly forming contemporaneously with CAIs. Recent work also suggests that the earliest planetesimals began accreting and differentiating within a million years of CAI formation, i.e., essentially contemporaneous with chondrule formation. If so, it is likely that undifferentiated chondrite parent bodies accreted a few million years thereafter, when the short-lived radionuclides that served as the main heat sources for melting planetesimals (26Al and 60Fe) were nearly extinct.
Quantity Manifestation and Mora in West Greenlandic Eskimo: Preliminary Analysis

Acoustic measurements of the quantity contrast in West Greenlandic Eskimo were analysed in relation to the concept of mora as a temporal unit. Results from two experimental settings as well as comparison with other data have shown that: (1) durational behaviour of mora differed depending on the speaking style and depending on whether it is a vowel or consonant, and that (2) such effects as 'mora-timing' may be likely to arise as a result of careful quantity manifestation in slow speech.
Amazing Grace and Powerful Medicine: A Case Study of an Elementary Teacher and the Arts

This case study traces the development of one teacher as she participated in Teachers As Artist, a four-year professional development program for teachers. I have used transformation theory, an articulation of the complex processes involved in life-altering adult learning, to examine her development from early dispirited participation in the arts program to her new stance as ardent advocate for the arts in education. This case study illustrates how institutional, curricular, pedagogical, and personal issues combine to influence the course of teacher change in relationship to the arts. The lasting effects of this teacher's learning on her students, her school, and her own personal and professional life attest to the transformative potential of experiences with the arts.
Impact of storms on beach erosion: Broadbeach (Gold Coast, Australia)

CASTELLE, B. , TURNER, I.L. , RUESSINK, B.G. , AND TOMLINSON, R.B. , 2007. Impact of storms on beach erosion: Broadbeach (Gold Coast, Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, SI 50 (Proceedings of the 9th International Coastal Symposium), 534 – 539. Gold Coast, Australia, ISSN 0749.0208 The 70 km long Queensland Gold Coast has been one of Australia’s premier coastal holiday resort destinations for more than 40 years. Extreme events, particularly tropical cyclones approaching the area, can generate storm waves and surges which have caused widespread episodic damage to the local economy. Broadbeach, located on the Gold Coast, is a double-barred beach which is representative of most of the Gold Coast beaches. The present study aims to quantify Broadbeach response to storm events in order to assess the ability of this beach to withstand extreme events and to recover during periods of lower wave energy. From the 1 of March to the 10 of July, 2006, 35 accurate subaerial beach surveys were undertaken. ARGUS images were used to estimate the location of the nearshore bars. During this period, Broadbeach experienced three storm erosion events. Offshore buoy measurements are used to estimate wave conditions that occurred. The first storm (from the 2 to the 6 of March) was a hybrid-cyclone which generated one of the most energetic wave conditions on the Gold Coast of the past 30 years, with measured offshore significant wave height reaching 5.3 m, and maximum wave height 10.7 m at the Gold Coast Seaway buoy. During the two other storm wave events, wave conditions were much less energetic than during the first storm, with significant wave heights ranging from 2 to 3 m. The early March extreme event resulted in a 48m/m erosion of the subaerial beach and a 70 m seaward migration of the outer bar in just a few days. Abnormally high erosion rates were measured during both the second and third storm wave events. This may be explained by the outer bar decay following the early March extreme event, which did not provide any significant protection during the subsequent two storm wave events. The severe erosion measured in this study suggests that the current average beach width may be too narrow to withstand an extreme event succession similar to the conditions that occurred in 1967. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Subaerial beach, intermediate beach, video imagery, wave buoy
On the Extrapolation with the Denton Proportional Benchmarking Method

Statistical offices have often recourse to benchmarking methods for compiling quarterly national accounts (QNA). Benchmarking methods employ quarterly indicator series (i) to distribute annual, more reliable series of national accounts and (ii) to extrapolate the most recent quarters not yet covered by annual benchmarks. The Proportional First Differences (PFD) benchmarking method proposed by Denton (1971) is a widely used solution for distribution, but in extrapolation it may suffer when the movements in the indicator series do not match consistently the movements in the target annual benchmarks. For this reason, an enhanced formula for extrapolation was recommended by the IMF’s Quarterly National Accounts Manual: Concepts, Data Sources, and Compilation (2001). We discuss the rationale behind this technique, and propose a matrix formulation of it. In addition, we present applications of the enhanced formula to artificial and real-life benchmarking examples showing how the extrapolations for the most recent quarters can be improved.
Factors affecting adult survival and inter-colony movement at the three South African colonies of Cape gannet

Marine systems are under pressure from both climate change and exploitation. While many of these ecosystems are inherently variable and hard to monitor, seabirds can be used as ecological indicators that provide early warning signals of deeper environmental change. The Agulhas-Benguela marine ecosystem around southern Africa has exhibited long-term changes in sea surface temperature, and the distribution of pelagic fish in this system has shifted. The Cape gannet Morus capensis is a seabird endemic as a breeding species to the Agulhas-Benguela eco- system. Cape gannets breed at just 6 locations and are listed by the IUCN as Vulnerable. Knowl- edge of the survival and movements of a species is important for understanding of factors influenc- ing its conservation. A random effects multistate capturerecapture model was used to estimate the annual survival probabilities and movement between colonies for adult birds at the 3 South African colonies of the species. The effects on survival of environmental and fisheries-related covariates were explored. Survival over the 20 yr period did not exhibit any long-term trend at the 2 southern colonies (Malgas and Bird Islands) but decreased at Lambert's Bay between 1996 and 2007. At all 3 colonies, adult birds showed a high degree of site fidelity. It may be that for Cape gannets, the primary effects of climate and fishing are on recruitment rather than on survival. The continued use of sub-optimal conditions by the west coast colonies has been referred to as an 'eco- logical trap' and necessitates the introduction of spatial considerations into fisheries management.
Corporate Governance Practices and Environmental Reporting of Companies

Demonstrating good corporate governance and maintaining sound environmental performance are among the key challenges facing the organisation to ensure its sustainability. In an attempt to investigate the linkage between these two essential aspects, this study scrutinises the annual reports of 243 companies listed on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia. There are six selected corporate governance attributes namely, board independence, CEO duality, management ownership, board size, financial expert and meeting frequency. Overall, it was found that the existence of environmental reporting is low. Only 28% of the companies disclosed environmental information. Furthermore, on average, each company reported 4.7 sentences, while the quality, as measured by the disclosure index shows an average of 3.24. The most significant corporate governance attributes in influencing the extent of environmental reporting are board size and management ownership. The finding provide limited evidence to support that, companies which comply with corporate governance practices have the tendencies to be more environmentally responsible. ABSTRAK Amalan tadbir urus korporat yang baik dan mengekalkan prestasi alam sekitar merupakan antara cabaran utama yang dihadapi oleh organisasi dalam memastikan kelangsungan pembangunan. Kajian ini meneliti 243 laporan tahunan syarikat tersenarai di Papan Utama Bursa Malaysia bagi mengkaji perkaitan antara kedua-dua aspek penting tersebut. Sebanyak enam ciri tadbir urus yang dipilih iaitu kebebasan lembaga pengarah, dwi-jawatan ketua pegawai eksekutif, pemilikan saham, saiz lembaga pengarah, kecekapan kewangan dan kekerapan mesyuarat. Secara keseluruhan, laporan alam sekitar adalah rendah. Hanya 28% syarikat melaporkan maklumat alam sekitar. Di samping itu, secara purata, setiap syarikat melaporkan 4.7 ayat. Manakala bagi kualiti yang diukur dengan indeks pelaporan menunjukkan purata sebanyak 3.24. Ciri tadbir urus yang paling mempengaruhi laporan alam sekitar ialah saiz lembaga pengarah dan pemilikan saham. Keputusan ini tidak dapat menyokong sepenuhnya bahawa syarikat yang memenuhi amalan tadbir urus mempunyai kecenderungan untuk lebih bertanggungjawab terhadap alam sekitar.
Factors influencing adolescents stigmatising attitudes and perception of community reaction towards mental illness in Nigeria

Background: Stigma is one of the major distresses that are experienced by people with mental illness. Stigmatisation results in a reduction in quality of life of those affected. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the stigmatising attitudes of adolescents towards individuals withmental illness, their perception of community reaction and factors influencing it in Nigeria. Method : In school Adolescents (N = 402) participated in the research. They completed self-administered questionnaires regarding socio-demographic details and questions based on a vignette of a young person witha mental disorder using the Standardized Stigmatisation Questionnaire (SSQ1). The study was cross-sectional in nature and employed a multistage sampling technique. Result : The mean age was 14.44years (SD=1.84). There were 265(65.9%) males and 137(34.1%) females. Approximately seventy percent of the adolescents would not be happy to sit next to a man with mental illness in a bus, 58.2% would not want him to teach their children, and an even higher percentage (72.9%) believe that most people in the community would do same. Seventy percent are aware that he did not develop his problems to avoid difficult situations of life and 78.2% also know that it’s not a punishment for bad deeds. Independent predictors of stigma related attitude include age p<0.002, gender p<0.010 and community perception p<0.001. Conclusion : Stigmatisation of mental illness is highly prevalentamong adolescents. Given that a significant percentage of the participants were well informed, formation of stigmatising attitude towards mental illness might be deeper than lack of knowledge. There may be a need to work on societal structure despite traditional education interventions and also encourage their contactwith mentally ill persons. Key words: Stigmatisation Adolescents, community, Mental Illness, Perception, Societal structure
Assessment of Construction Joint Effect in Full-Scale Concrete Beams by Acoustic Emission Activity

In the present paper the mechanical and acoustic emission (AE) behaviors of full-scale reinforced concrete beams are evaluated. One of the beams was constructed in two parts, which were assembled later in order to evaluate the effect of the joints in the structural behavior. The load was applied by means of a four-point-bending configuration. It is revealed that at initial stages of loading, the conventional measurements of strain and deflection, as well as pulse velocity, do not show any discrepancy, although the structural performance of the two beams is eventually proven to be quite different. On the contrary, AE parameters, even from early load steps, indicate that the damage accumulation is much faster in the assembled beam. This is confirmed by the calculated sources of AE events which are close to the construction joints. The results show that the AE technique is suitable to monitor the deterioration process of full-scale structures and yields valuable information that cannot be obtained at the early stages of damage by any other way.
Trends in the recognition of indigenous water needs in Australian water reform: the limitations of ‘cultural’ entitlements in achieving water equity

In this article, we analyze the disparity in access to water resources between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians, the regional differences in the effectiveness of indigenous strategies to assert and negotiate their interests in thi s reform process and the consequent regional disparity in indigenous water rights recognized or contemplated in policy and at law. We provide a case study of New South Wales' (hereafter NSW) on ly Cultural Access Li cence held by the Nari Nari Tribal Council of Hay to exemplify trends in the recognition of indigenous water rights. This case study raises questions not on ly about the effi cacy of 'cultural ' entitlements but also matters of equity, parti cularly the transaction costs that indigenous groups may bear when accessing water under this special measure. In light of these limitations, we ask whether a group like the Nari Nari Tribal Counci l could satisfy their diverse and evolving water management strategies by alternate means or must they and other indigenous groups rely upon an obscure and restrictive form of entitlement that privileges pre-colonia l practices? Two distinct possibilities are environmental water allocations and commercially valuable tradeab le licences. For either to work, governments wou ld need to commit to rea llocating entitlements to indigenous people with direct purchase of entitlements from wi ll ing sellers bei ng the least contentious. Strategies that seek indigenous participation in mainstream environmental water management along w ith substantive water property rights to underpin economic activity are more likely to resu lt in a reallocation of water to meet the needs of indigenous populations than 'cultural' entitlements.
The Third-Order Viscoelastic Acoustic Model Enables an Ice-Detection System for a Smart Deicing of Wind-Turbine Blade Shells

The present work is based on the third-order partial differential equation (PDE) of acoustics of viscoelastic solids for the quasi-equilibrium (QE) component of the average normal stress. This PDE includes the stress-relaxation time (SRT) for the material and is applicable at any value of the SRT. The notion of a smart deicing system (SDS) for blade shells (BSs) of a wind turbine is specified. The work considers the stress in a BS as the one caused by the operational load on the BS. The work develops key design issues of a prospective ice-detection system (IDS) able to supply an array of the heating elements of an SDS with the element-individual spatiotemporal data and procedures for identification of the material parameters of atmospheric-ice (AI) layer accreted on the outer surfaces of the BSs. Both the SDS and IDS flexibly allow for complex, curvilinear and space-time-varying shapes of BSs. The proposed IDS presumes monitoring of the QE components of the normal stresses in BSs. The IDS is supposed to include an array of pressure-sensing resistors, also known as force-sensing resistors (FSRs), and communication hardware, as well as the parameter-identification software package (PISP), which provides the identification on the basis of the aforementioned PDE and the data measured by the FSRs. The IDS does not have hardware components located outside the outer surfaces of, or implanted in, BSs. The FSR array and communication hardware are reliable, and both cost- and energy-efficient. The present work extends methods of structural-health/operational-load monitoring (SH/OL-M) with measurements of the operational-load-caused stress in closed solid shells and, if the prospective PISP is used, endows the methods with identification of material parameters of the shells. The identification algorithms that can underlie the PISP are computationally efficient and suitable for implementation in the real-time mode. The identification model and algorithms can deal with not only the single-layer systems such as the BS layer without the AI layer or two-layer systems but also multi-layer systems. The outcomes can be applied to not only BSs of wind turbines but also non-QE closed single- or multi-layer deformable solid shells of various engineering systems (e.g., the shells of driver or passenger compartments of ships, cars, busses, airplanes, and other vehicles). The proposed monitoring of the normal-stress QE component in the mentioned shells extends the methods of SH/OL-M. The topic for the nearest research is a better adjustment of the settings for the FSR-based measurement of the mentioned components and a calibration of the parameter-identification model and algorithms, as well as the resulting improvement of the PISP.
A synthesis of abrupt changes in the Asian summer monsoon since the last deglaciation

We have compiled 36 previously published palaeoclimate records to determine the timing and spatial pattern of century-scale abrupt changes in Asian monsoon precipitation since the last deglaciation. We identify abrupt events from (1) the interpretations of the authors of these records and (2) the more objective moving t-test calculation. Our results indicate that abrupt climatic changes occurred at ~11.5 cal. ka, 4.5–5.0 cal. ka and ad 1300. At the start of the Holocene (~11.5 cal. ka), Asian monsoon precipitation increased dramatically. This climatic change is synchronous with an abrupt warming in the North Atlantic. During the middle Holocene, there was a time of preferred and widespread weakening in monsoon strength (~4.5–5.0 cal. ka). This result contradicts previous notions of either a gradual trend towards drier conditions or a series of abrupt events that occurred in an unorganized fashion across space and time. The middle-Holocene abrupt event could have been synchronous with an abrupt cooling event in the North Atlantic, as well as a warming and intensification of internannual variability in the tropical Pacific. In contrast to previous periods, precipitation changes at ad 1300 have a heterogeneous spatial pattern. We find no conclusive evidence for a change in the Asian monsoon at ~8.2 cal. ka, as suggested by several previous studies. More high-resolution data may be needed to observe this short-lived event. Overall, our results attest to the potential for rapid and major shifts in Asian monsoon precipitation that may be triggered by variations in other components of the climatic system.
Uncertainty of volumetric fraction estimates using 2-D measurements

This paper presents an analytical solution to quantify the uncertainty of volumetric fraction (Vf) estimates in a heterogeneous material using 2-D probes. The analytical solution was derived based upon the concept of representative volume element (RVE). The results show that the uncertainties of the estimates depend upon the size of blocks, measurement area, and level of Vf. The analytical solution has been verified via numerical simulation. The latter was carried out by first generating spherical blocks to various level of Vf, which was then sampled by 2D probes in obtaining the Vf estimates and the associated uncertainties. Application examples are given at the end. their RVE approach, Tien et al. [14] ran extensive numerical simulation and obtained 69 . 8 ) (log 1 . 10 ) (log 79 . 4 ) (log 925 . 0 2 3 1
Aerosol-cloud-precipitation effects over Germany as simulated by a convective-scale numerical weather prediction model

Abstract. Possible aerosol-cloud-precipitation effects over Germany are investigated using the COSMO model in a convection-permitting configuration close to the operational COSMO-DE. Aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation are modeled by using an advanced two-moment microphysical parameterization taking into account aerosol assumptions for cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) as well as ice nuclei (IN). Simulations of three summer seasons have been performed with various aerosol assumptions, and are analysed regarding surface precipitation, cloud properties, and the indirect aerosol effect on near-surface temperature. We find that the CCN and IN assumptions have a strong effect on cloud properties, like condensate amounts of cloud water, snow and rain as well as on the glaciation of the clouds, but the effects on surface precipitation are – when averaged over space and time – small. This robustness can only be understood by the combined action of microphysical and dynamical processes. On one hand, this shows that clouds can be interpreted as a buffered system where significant changes to environmental parameters, like aerosols, have little effect on the resulting surface precipitation. On the other hand, this buffering is not active for the radiative effects of clouds, and the changes in cloud properties due to aerosol perturbations may have a significant effect on radiation and near-surface temperature.