Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inverse Cooking: Recipe Generation From Food Images

People enjoy food photography because they appreciate food. Behind each meal there is a story described in a complex recipe and, unfortunately, by simply looking at a food image we do not have access to its preparation process. Therefore, in this paper we introduce an inverse cooking system that recreates cooking recipes given food images. Our system predicts ingredients as sets by means of a novel architecture, modeling their dependencies without imposing any order, and then generates cooking instructions by attending to both image and its inferred ingredients simultaneously. We extensively evaluate the whole system on the large-scale Recipe1M dataset and show that (1) we improve performance w.r. t. previous baselines for ingredient prediction; (2) we are able to obtain high quality recipes by leveraging both image and ingredients; (3) our system is able to produce more compelling recipes than retrieval-based approaches according to human judgment. We make code and models publicly available.
Shrinkage at the Urban Fringe: Crisis or Opportunity?

Shrinkage in suburbia has not been widely researched yet. This paper examines communities and towns in Berlin’s suburbs undergoing processes of shrinkage and regeneration after the fall of the Wall. The communities which experienced population decline in 1992- 2008 were concentrated in the eastern suburbs. In two thirds of 63 communities, employment declined (1994-2006). Selective population in- and out-migration, lack of land demand and investments, increasing competition, accompanying shock-like transformation and globalisation, plus disadvantageous location factors all tend to cause shrinkage. The Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region is a unique urban laboratory where growth and shrinkage occur side by side and de-centralization and centralisation occur simultaneously, all in a heterogeneous, polycentric urban region. Hence, a patchwork pattern appears on every scale. The paper concludes that shrinkage is not “abnormal” nor is it always negative and needing to be concealed. Rather, suburban shrinkage is an integral, indeed inevitable, part of every city’s life, and it often presents interesting and valuable positive planning opportunities. A major future challenge for urban studies is to discuss how to shift paradigms from “perpetual linear growth” to “cycles that include shrinkage”.
Sexual Selection for Male Sacrifice in the Australian Redback Spider

During copulation, male redback spiders (Latrodectus hasselti: Theridiidae) position themselves above the female's jaws. This apparent male complicity in sexual cannibalism is favored by sexual selection because cannibalized spiders receive two paternity advantages. First, cannibalized males copulated longer and fertilized more eggs than those that survived copulation. Second, females were more likely to reject subsequent suitors after consuming their first mate. These results represent empirical evidence for male copulatory suicide as an adaptive behavior.
Microstructural Characterization of Custom Age 625 Plus Alloy

Metallographic procedures and microstructural characterization results for Carpenter’s Custom Age 625 PLUS@ alloy, an age-hardenable, highly corrosion resistant Ni-base alloy, are presented. Characterization was performed by light and electron microscopy techniques as a function of solution annealing and aging temperatures and times. The extremely high corrosion resistance of the alloy makes good etch delineation difficult to obtain. Gamma double prime is the main strengthening phase and it is liner in size than in alloy 718. Dark field TEM imaging is required to observe and identify gamma double prime. Observation of coarse gamma double prime is possible with a field emission scanning electron microscope.
Effect of foliar application of macro and micro nutrients on production of green chilies (Capsicum annuum L.)

A commercial foliar fertilizer, HiGrow is a composition of various macro and micronutrients was applied on chilies at the concentrations 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 ml/L water in addition to soil applied NPK fertilizers at 50-50-25 kg ha to investigate their associative effect on production of green chilies. HiGrow at 8 ml/L water resulted 68 cm plant height, 6.93 branches plant, 118.86 fruits plant, 4.19 cm fruit length, 395 g fresh chilies fruit weight plant and 14977 kg fresh chilies yield ha; while decreasing concentration to 7 ml/L water produced 67.86 cm plant height, 6.53 branches plant, 117.20 fruits plant, 4.14 cm fruit length, 391.33 g fresh chilies weight plant and 14562.33 kg fresh chilies yield ha. HiGrow at 6 ml/L water formed 66.46 cm plant height, 5.80 branches plant, 112.36 fruits plant, 3.89 cm fruit length, 351.66 g fresh chilies weight plant and 12696.33 kg fresh chilies yield ha. Similarly, the reduced HiGrow concentration to 5 ml/L and 4 ml/L water caused significant negative effect on all the growth and yield components of chilies. However, the control plots produced 63.46 cm plant height, 4.20 branches plant, 93.06 fruits plant, 2.87 cm fruit length, 388.33 g fresh chilies weight plant and 10525.00 kg fresh chilies yield ha which were significantly lesser than foliar fed plots. There was a consecutive improvement in growth and yield components of chilies with increase in HiGrow concentration, but such increase beyond 7 ml/L water was not so pronounced and hence 7 ml/L water was considered to be an optimum HiGrow concentration for commercial production of chilies.
Predictors of Time Volunteering, Religious Giving, and Secular Giving: Implications for Nonprofit Organizations

Using data from the survey Midlife Development in the United States, 2004–2006, the present study examined characteristics associated with time volunteering, religious giving, and secular giving. Multivariate analysis, guided by the theory of volunteering, showed that education and income predicted time volunteering and both religious and secular charitable giving. Generative qualities (e.g., confidence in one’s skills, desire to assist others) were significant predictors of time spent volunteering and secular giving, while religious identification was the strongest predictor of religious giving. Perceived social integration was a significant predictor of time volunteering and religious giving. Implications for nonprofit organizations that need to recruit more volunteers and donors, especially during economic downturns, are discussed, including personal invitations to volunteer based on knowledge of an individual’s skills and talents, encouraging meeting attendance and promoting social embeddedness, and secular organizations’ appeals to religious donors based on their religious motivations.
Application of Fire Safety Engineering to Rolling Stock

The work presented in this document is related to the development, validation and limitations of a Fire Safety Engineering methodology in railways. It is issued from work performed during the European Research program TRANSFEU. As a fi rst step of Fire Safety Engineering methodology, risk analysis has identifi ed the most critical scenarios to be studied, considering actual exploitation conditions and rules in European railway network. The study of one such scenario has been performed to quantify fi re safety performance level of a given train using advanced numerical tools and a multi-scale approach. This predictive method shows a good capability to reproduce properly fi re growth, heat release rate, temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations in a real-scale scenario. Nevertheless, this study highlights also a lack of prediction for carbon monoxide and other toxic species.
Comparative study of intra vaginal misoprostol (PGE1) with intracervical dinoprostone (PGE2) gel for induction of labour

Background: Labour is a final consequence of Pregnancy and is inevitable. The timing of labour may vary widely but it will happen sooner or later. The aim of the present research was to study the safety, efficacy and effect of intra vaginal Misoprostol and intra cervical Dinoprostone gel for induction of labour.Methods: 100 patients who required labour of induction were included in this prospective cross-sectional study from September 2017- March 2018. 50 patients of them received 25mcg tablet misoprostol intravaginal and 50 patients of them required 0.5mg intracervical dinoprostone gel and doses were repeated every 6 hourly for up to maximum 6 doses for Misoprostol and 3 doses for Dinoprostone gel.Results: The majority of patients had gestational age above 40 weeks and between 37-40 weeks in PGE2 and PGE1 group respectively. The mean time taken for the onset of labour was less in Misoprostol than in Dinoprostone group (43.22min v/s 1 hr40 min). The mean time taken for induction to active phase of labour (1hr 42min v/s 4hr 10min) and active phase to delivery (3hr 6min v/s 4hr54min) was less in Misoprostol than Dinoprostone group. The mean time required for induction to delivery was less in Misoprostol group (5hr 2min v/s 11hrs). Requirement of oxytocin for augmentation of labour was almost equal in both groups. Caesarean section rate was less in Misoprostol group (10% v/s 22%). Maternal side effects were minimal in either groups and neonatal outcome was good in both the groups.Conclusions: Both Misoprostol and Dinoprostone gel are safe, effective for cervical ripening and induction but Misoprostol is more cost effective and stable at room temperature.
Changes in certain organic metabolites during seedling growth of chickpea under salt stress and alongwith exogenous proline

Salt tolerant (BG-372, KWR-108) and susceptible (C-235, H-208) chickpea genotypes were subjected to varied levels of salt stress (0.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 12.0 dS/m) to investigate certain biochemical parameters in 8-day old seedling under different level of salt stress alone and alongwith exogenous proline of 10−5M concentration. The salt stress decreased the total sugar, reducing and non-reducing sugar but increased starch, and proline content. The exogenous proline when applied with saIt stress reduced the adverse effect of salt stress. Lower soluble protein content was noticed in tolerant genotypes.
A review of multivariate social vulnerability methodologies: A case study of the River Parrett catchment, UK

Abstract. In the field of disaster risk reduction (DRR), there exists a proliferation of research into different ways to measure, represent, and ultimately quantify a population's differential social vulnerability to natural hazards. Empirical decisions such as the choice of source data, variable selection, and weighting methodology can lead to large differences in the classification and understanding of the "at risk" population. This study demonstrates how three different quantitative methodologies (based on Cutter et al., 2003; Rygel et al., 2006; Willis et al., 2010) applied to the same England and Wales 2011 census data variables in the geographical setting of the 2013/2014 floods of the River Parrett catchment, UK, lead to notable differences in vulnerability classification. Both the quantification of multivariate census data and resultant spatial patterns of vulnerability are shown to be highly sensitive to the weighting techniques employed in each method. The findings of such research highlight the complexity of quantifying social vulnerability to natural hazards as well as the large uncertainty around communicating such findings to stakeholders in flood risk management and DRR practitioners.
r-Relatively Prime Sets and r-Generalization of Phi Functions for Subsets of {1,2,…,n}

A non-empty subset A of positive integers {1,2,. , n} is said to be relatively prime if ( ) gcd 1 A = . Let r be a positive integer 1. ≥ A nonempty subset { } 1,2,. , A n ⊆ is r-relatively prime if greatest th r power common divisor of elements of A is 1. In this case we write ( ) gcd 1. r A = Note that ( ) gcd 1 A = implies ( ) gcd 1 r A = but the converse need not be true. Let ( ) ( ) r f n denotes the number of rrelatively prime subsets of { } 1, 2, . , n and ( ) ( ) r k f n denotes the number of r-relatively prime subsets of { } 1, 2, . , n of Cardinality k. ( ) n Φ denotes the number of non empty subsets A of { } 1, 2, . , n such that ( ) gcd A is relatively prime to n. ( ) k n Φ denotes the number of non-empty subsets A of Cardinality k of {1,2,. ,n} such that ( ) gcd A is relatively prime to n. We define ( ) ( ) r n Φ to be the number of non-empty subsets A of { } 1, 2, . , n such that greatest th r power common divisor of elements of A and n is 1. ( ) ( ) r k n Φ is defined as the number of subsets A of { } 1, 2, . , n such that ( ) Card A k = and ( ) gcdr A is r-relatively to n. ( ) ( ) r n Φ and ( ) ( ) r k n Φ are r-generalizations of ( ) n Φ and ( ) k n Φ defined by Nathanson [2]. Exact formulas and asymp totic estimates are obtained for these functions. These results are ex t nsions of results of Nathanson [2]. Some of our proofs use the r-Generalization of Mobi us inversion formula.
The character variety of a class of rational links

Let Gn be the fundamental group of the exterior of the rational link C(2n) in Conway's normal form, see (7). A presentation for Gn is given bya, b | (ab) n =( ba) n � (3, Thm. 2.2). We study the character variety in SL(2, ) of the group Gn . In particular, we give the defining polynomial of the character variety of Gn . As an application, we show a well-known result that Gn and Gm are isomorphic only when n = m . A lso as a consequence of the main theorem of this paper, we give a basis of the Kauffman bracket skein module of the exterior of the rational link C(2n) modulo its (A +1 ) -torsion.
Biodiversity-productivity relationship in ponds: Community and metacommunity patterns along time and environmental gradients

Primary production correlates with diversity in various ways. These patterns may result from the interaction of various mechanisms related to the environmental context and the spatial and temporal scale of analysis. However, empirical evidence on diversity-productivity patterns typically considers single temporal and spatial scales, and does not include the effect of environmental variables. In a metacommunity of macrophytes in ephemeral ponds, we analysed the diversity-productivity relationship patterns in the field, the importance of the environmental variables of pond size and heterogeneity on such relationship, and the variation of these patterns at local (community level) and landscape scales (metacommunity level) across 52 ponds on twelve occasions, over five years (2005-2009). Combining all sampling dates, there were 377 ponds and 1954 sample-unit observations. Vegetation biomass was used as a proxy for productivity, and biodiversity was represented by species richness, evenness, and their interaction. Environmental variables comprised pond area, depth and internal heterogeneity. Productivity and species richness were not directly related at the metacommunity level, and were positively related at the community level.Taking environmental variables into account revealed positive species richness-productivity relationships at the metacommunity level and positive quadratic relationships at the community level. Productivity showed both positive and negative linear and nonlinear relationships with the size and heterogeneity of ponds. We found a weak relationship between productivity and evenness.The identity of variables associated with productivity changed between spatial scales and through time. The pattern of relationships between productivity and diversity depends on spatial scale and environmental context, and changes idiosyncratically through time within the same ecosystem. Thus, the diversity-productivity relationship is not only a property of the study system, but also a consequence of environmental variations and the temporal and spatial scale of analysis.
NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF WORKING-MEMORY CAPACITY ON ORGANIC-SYNTHESIS PROBLEM SOLVING

This work examines the role of working memory capacity in problem solving in chemistry, and in particular it re-examines the validity of the Johnstone-El Banna predictive model, by employing non-linear methods. The study correlates the students’ information-processing capacity with their performance, by using fractal geometry adapted for treating problem-solving data. The rank order of the subjects’ achievement scores and their working-memory capacities were treated as dynamic flows and found to possess different geometric characteristics depending on the complexity of the problem and the method of marking. The classification and interpretation of these characteristics were made using concepts from complexity theory, such as correlation exponents, fractal dimensions and entropy. The findings support the hypothesis that long-range correlations exist between the rank order of the subjects’ achievement scores and their working-memory capacity, and are in agreement with the Johnstone-El Banna model. [Chem. Educ. Res. Pract. Eur. : 2000, 1, 375-380]
The Effect of Technology on Students Opinions about Authentic Learning Activities in Science Courses

Today, most of the researchers have agreed on the importance of classroom environment where students responsible of their own learning. It is important to use modern learning methods with technology to reach this aim in courses. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of using Technology in science courses to investigate 7th grade students’ opinions about Authentic Learning and using technology in science courses. In order to achieve that, a qualitative study was administered with a total of 32 students been in 7th grade. The study was conducted at a public secondary school during the spring term of the 2014-2015 education years in Turkey. At the beginning of the study we implemented Authentic Learning Activities that supported by technology (ALAST) in 7th grade science course for 9 weeks. These activities were "Publishing a Newspaper", "Filming a Short Movie" and "Preparing a Mini-Symposium" After implementation, semi-structured interviews were performed with small group of participants. The obtained data was evaluated by considering the context analysis of interview forms. Results of the study showed that, with ALASTs, students' opinions about authentic learning and technology usage in science class change through to a positive perspective. Students wanted to attend lesson more actively, they realized what authentic learning is and stated out that they can use technology for learning science. Also their opinions developed through using technology in school and out of school life for learning science.
Model of sustainable development of tourism industry in Kazakhstan (regional perspective)

The given article reveals the essence and content of the concept of sustainable development of tourism. The concept is based on three main principles: environmental sustainability, social sustainability and economic efficiency. The authors presented the methodology and the study of the principles of modeling on the basis of available statistical data on indicators of sustainable development of tourism in Kazakhstan, which allowed creating a model of sustainable development of the tourist industry of Kazakhstan. This problem is actualized by the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the development of the tourism industry. Nevertheless, there is a lack of sufficient experience in the management of the development tourism industry under the market conditions in today’s Kazakhstan. Therefore, by studying this problem the authors provided a model of sustainable development of tourism in the region with a developed tourist sector.
THE CORRESPONDENCE OF ATTACHMENT DIMENSIONS TO PRAYER STYLES AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

Despite the fact that prayer is a daily practice for many Americans, and is considered by some the heart and soul of spirituality, relatively little research has been conducted to understand the individual differences of people’s prayer styles. A previous study found that people who have higher levels of avoidance attachment are less likely to engage in prayers that are designed to facilitate a closer relationship with God (e.g., Meditative and Colloquial). It also found that people who have higher levels of anxious attachment are more likely to engage in help seeking types of prayers (e.g., Petitionary). Since the study, two additional prayer models have been developed making it beneficial to reexamine this relationship. One-hundred and ninety nine undergraduate students in psychology courses at Indiana State University received the three prayer style measures (Prayer Questionnaire, Inward Outward Upward Prayer Model, and Multidimensional Prayer Inventory), the Relationship Scale Questionnaire (RSQ), and other related variables (e.g., demographics, student stress scale, and early religious involvement). A hierarchal regression analysis found that none of the four prayer styles that were believed to facilitate a relationship with God showed a negative relationship with avoidance attachment. Two of the three help seeking prayer styles positively correlated with anxious attachment, with the magnitude of the relationship being small. Both prayer styles that significantly correlated dealt with asking for material things, with non-significant prayer style dealing with more impersonal issues. Overall, the results showed only adequate support that attachment and prayer style relate in a meaningful way. Age and race appear to be moderating variables for many of the prayer styles. Implications of the results will be discussed.
Effects of Plant Density on Plant Growth before and after Recurrent Selection in Maize

Breeding for higher grain yield in maize (Zea mays L.) using increased selection densities has produced varieties that are adapted to grow at higher population densities. While the effects of density on final grain yield and plant phenotypes are well known, how density affects the early-season growth of the plant has been less studied. The objective of this experiment was to examine the effects of high planting density on the growth of stalk, tassel, and ear shoots in unselected Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS) and Iowa Synthetic Corn Borer No. 1 (BSCB1) and in populations that have been selected for high grain yield via a reciprocal recurrent selection program. The selected and unselected populations were planted at four densities ranging from 3.23 to 12.92 plant m−2 in six environments near Ames, IA, over 3 yr. Increased planting density affected plant organ growth timing differently in BSSS and BSCB1. High-density delayed stalk biomass accumulation in BSCB1 but not BSSS and delayed ear shoot and tassel biomass accumulation in BSSS but not BSCB1. Differences in biomass accumulation and partitioning between unselected populations were generally not observed between selected populations, suggesting that selection caused a convergence in growth patterns between the populations. Increased density lowered maximum growth rates for all plant organs, but reduction in growth rate as a result of density occurred at higher density in selected populations than unselected populations. M. Stein and F. Miguez, Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011; J. Edwards, USDA–ARS Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit (CICGRU), Ames, IA 50011. Received 30 Sept. 2015. Accepted 4 June 2016. *Corresponding author (jode.edwards@ars.usda.gov). Abbreviations: BSCB1, Iowa Synthetic Corn Borer No. 1; BSCB1(R) C17, 17th cycle of a reciprocal recurrent selection program with the BSSS population used as the tester; BSSS, Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic; BSSS(R)C17, 17th cycle of a reciprocal recurrent selection program with the BSCB1 population used as the tester. Published in Crop Sci. 56:2882–2894 (2016). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2015.09. 0599 © Crop Science Society of America | 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Published September 22, 2016