Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Auxins on the Rooting of Fig ( Ficus carica L.) Hardwood and Semi Hardwood Cuttings

The investigation was carried out to study the effect of auxins on the rooting of hardwood and semi hardwood cuttings of fig. The highest percentage of rooting, maximum number of roots, longest root length per cutting and maximum survival percentage of rooted cuttings was obtained with IBA 2500 ppm + NAA 2500 ppm followed by IBA 2500 ppm in both hardwood and semi hardwood cuttings. NAA 5000 ppm recorded highest percentage of rooting and other root characters. Among different type of cuttings, hardwood cuttings recorded maximum percentage of rooting, survival percentage and other root characters over semi hardwood cuttings. Thus, fig can be propagated by hardwood cuttings treated with IBA 2500 ppm + NAA 2500 ppm.
College students success in reading as a function of their preparatory school achievements

The purpose of the study was to examine first year college students’ success in reading as a function of their academic achievement in preparatory schools. To this end, data were collected from 138 year first students taking communicative English skills. Then, both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the data. The results revealed that all of the variables were found to be correlates of students’ reading performance. It was also indicated that students’ college entrance English exam result was found to be a strong determinant of students’ reading performance. In sum, the independent variables together accounted for 37% of the variances in students reading performance, and hence, it could be concluded that students’ academic achievements in preparatory schools strongly influence college students’ success in reading. Key words: Success in reading, preparatory school achievement, reading performance.
Forest Resources in the Performance of Mexican Community Forest Enterprises in a Vertical Integration System

The objective of the research was to analyze the relationship between the use and control of forest resources as measured by volume sold (m3/year), volume harvested (m3/ha), and timber production area under forest management (ha) and the performance as measured by profits ($/m3) of community forest enterprises in Mexico under a vertical integration system, from perspectives theory of the firm and new institutional economics. The study is based on an analysis of data from a sampling of 30 enterprises in 12 states in the country in 2011. The research hypothesis states that the use and control of forest resources is positively associated with the profits of the enterprises. The study used linear regression to test the hypothesis. The study concludes that for the sample, the volume harvested m3/ha, was associated positively and significantly with harvesting profits $/m3. Whereas, the timber production area (ha) and volume sold m3/year were associated positively, but not significantly with profits $/m3 of enterprises. At the group level, the volume harvested m3/ha was positively associated with harvesting profits ($/m3) of type III (timber growing and harvesting) enterprises, while volume sold (m3/year) was associated positively with harvesting profits ($/m3) of type IV (vertically integrated timber growing through sawmilling) enterprises. The statistical results were not significant. This suggests no definite conclusions can be made on the general and by size, use and control of forest resources regression results. However, the results are a first approach to understanding the performance of enterprises vertically integrated under a structure of communal government.
Replacing Summer Fallow with a Summer Grazed Legume Crop in Rotation with Wheat or Wheat-Sunflower-Millet

Profitability and risk, 19882001, are examined for lambgrazed field pea as a fallow replacement with a wheat-fallow rotation, or extended wheatsunflower-millet wheat-sunflowermillet-pea rotations. Switching from a conventional wheatfallow to an extended rotation with grazed-peas increases the rate of return to farmland (2.3% to 7.3%), and reduces downside risk with losses in only two versus seven of fourteen years).
Study of prostatic pathology and its correlation with prostate specific antigen level

Background: Diseases primarily inflicting prostate gland are inflammation, benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer. Prostate specific antigen is a protein produced by the cells of prostate gland. It has been widely used in the diagnosis and management of patients with prostatic cancer. The aim this study was to determine the correlation between serum prostate specific antigen level and histological findings in biopsy specimens of men with prostatic disease. Materials and methods: This study was carried out at Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital, department of Pathology over a period of 2 years. One hundred and twenty eight cases with prostatic lesions were included in this study. Prostate specific antigen values of these cases were recorded before the surgical process. Histology of the tissue samples collected after transurethral resection of prostate was studied and relationship with prostate specific antigen level were analyzed. Results: Benign prostatic hyperplasia was the most common histological lesion encountered (n=95; 74.22%). Prostatic adenocarcinomas were seen a decade older than those with benign lesions. Maximum number of the benign cases had the Prostate specific antigen range of 0-7ng/ml. Most of the prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions were seen within the PSA range of 0-7ng/ml and adenocarcinoma in the range of >20ng/ml. Conclusion: Prostate specific antigen is specific for the prostate but not for prostate cancer. Both benign and malignant lesions in prostate can cause increase in serum prostate specific antigen levels, but the chances of malignancy it rising level.
and EU support Mapping EU attitudes : Conceptual and empirical dimensions of

Public attitudes towards the European Union (EU) are at the heart of a growing body of research. The nature, structure and antecedents of these attitudes, however, are in need of conceptual and empirical refinement. With growing diversification of the policies of the Union, a one-dimensional approach to attitudes towards the EU may be insufficient. This study reviews existing approaches towards theorizing EU public opinion. Based on this inventory, originally collected public opinion survey data (n1⁄4 1394) indicate the presence of five dimensions of EU attitudes: performance, identity, affection, utilitarianism and strengthening. The study furthermore shows that different predictors of EU public opinion matter to differing extents when explaining these dimensions. In light of these findings, we suggest tightening the link, conceptually and empirically, between attitudinal dimensions and their antecedents.
Sugar Variation in Soybean Seed Assessed with a Rapid Extraction and Quantification Method

Sugar content in soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr. ] seed is an important quality attribute for soyfood and feed. Rapid extraction and quantification of soluble sugars in soybean seed are essential for large-scale breeding selections. In this study, using water as extractant combined with a high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) system, variability and repeatability of sugar content were tested in 20 diverse soybean genotypes. Individual sugars were clearly resolved and identified, including sucrose, stachyose, raffinose, glucose, fructose, and verbascose. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a highly reproducible estimation of sucrose, stachyose, and raffinose. PI 243545 was confirmed as a unique germplasm with the highest sucrose (105.48 mg/g) and total sugar (148.76 mg/g) content. Two low-oligosaccharide accessions, PI 200508 and 03CB-14, were confirmed with extremely low concentrations of raffinose and stachyose. PI 417559 was identified as a high glucose and fructose germplasm. The identified germplasm with unique sugar profiles will be valuable in breeding specialty soybeans for improved sugar content. The sugar testing method will facilitate the screening of seed sugar profiles in a large-scale soybean breeding program.
Rogue waves in nonlinear hyperbolic systems (shallow-water framework)

The formation of rogue waves is studied in the framework of nonlinear hyperbolic systems with an application to nonlinear shallow-water waves. It is shown that the nonlinearity in the random Riemann (travelling) wave, which manifests in the steeping of the face-front of the wave, does not lead to extreme wave formation. At the same time, the strongly nonlinear Riemann wave cannot be described by the Gaussian statistics for all components of the wave field. It is shown that rogue waves can appear in nonlinear hyperbolic systems only in the result of nonlinear wave–wave or/and wave–bottom interaction. Two special cases of wave interaction with a vertical wall (interaction of two Riemann waves propagating in opposite directions) and wave transformation in the basin of variable depth are studied in detail. Open problems of the rogue wave occurrence in nonlinear hyperbolic systems are discussed.
Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of Ordovician brachiopods from northeastern Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen

We describe Early and Middle Ordovician brachiopod faunas from northeastern Spitsbergen and discuss their biostratigraphical and palaeoecological implications. We recognise 60 species and 41 genera representing both linguliform and rhynchonelliform brachiopods. These include one new genus, the obolid Lenticulella with the type species Lenticulella amphora (Krause & Rowell, 1975), and 23 new species: Ectenoglossa? oviforma, Elliptoglossa vulgaris, Rosobolus? elongatus, Broeggeria obscura, Mirilingula? svalbardensis, Schizotreta marginalis, Conotreta convexa, Cyrtonotreta profilbekkiensis, Cyrtonotreta spinosa, Eurytreta subtriangularis, Hisingerella maniformis, Semitreta basisslettaensis, Semitreta pustulosa, Semitreta spitsbergensis, Numericoma? proclina, Eoconulus subquadratus, Dictyonites mugilis, Pelonomia sulcata, Leptella (Leptella) inequicostellata, Protosken-idioides promontorium, Anomalorthis rossi, Nothorthis subpyramidalis and Phragmorthis noda. The Ordovician succession contains both intertidal and deep-sea deposits with brachiopod faunas from nearly the whole range of environments. The Tremadocian is represented by a succession of low-diversity, rhynchonelliform-dominated assemblages occupying shallow-marine environments. With the abrupt and large-scale drowning during the Floian, these faunas were replaced by a sparse slope fauna of micromorphic linguliforms. The outer shelf environments established in the latest Floian were occupied by a highly diverse brachiopod fauna dominated by micromorphic linguliform taxa. As the environment shifted toward the mid-shelf during the Darriwilian, however, the composition of the fauna changed to an Orthidiella-dominated assemblage of mostly rhynchonelliform taxa. The very late occurrence of the Orthidiella assemblage suggests that the Dapingian Orthidiella Zone found in America is probably diachronic. Although it includes many endemic species, the Middle Ordovician fauna shows a strong resemblance to the brachiopod fauna of Nevada. This study is based on approximately 16 500 brachiopod specimens obtained from both crack-out samples and acetic-acid-treated bulk samples.
The Effects of Backscattered Radiation into Beam Monitor Chamber: Study of 6 and 18 MV Conventional and Removed Flattening Filter Clinical Accelerator

In some linear accelerators (Linac), the collected charges in beam monitor chamber (BMC) is partly caused by the backscattered particles from the accelerator components downstream the BMC that influence the Linac output factors. In the intensity modulated radiation therapy technique, the desired dose distribution can be achieved through an unflattened beam. Although removing the flattening filter provides some advantages, the amount of backscatter radiation into BMC can be changed. In this study, contribution of backscattered particles into the BMC response of a Varian 2300 C/D Linac with and without a flattening filter was determined for 6, 18 MV photon beams. The experimental procedure included telescopic method and calculation procedure consisted of Monte Carlo simulation (MCNPX, version 2.4.0), were used to investigate the contribution of backscattered particles into the BMC performance. Our results showed a 2.3 and 3 increase in backscatter for a 0.5 x 0.5 cm2 field compared to a 40 x 40 cm2 field for 6 MV and 18 MV, respectively. The energy deposition from backscattered radiation is mainly caused by backscattered electrons. Removing the flattening filter did not change the BMC performance for a conventional Linac with a flattening filter. However, this result was not valid for small fields (e.g. 0.5 x 0.5 cm2, 18 MV). The corrected backscatter factors is necessary to taking into account the contribution of backscattered radiation in the monitor chamber response for small fields in the case of the free flattening filter Linacs (18 MV). © 2015, Oriental Scientific Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
Interactive comment on “ Studying catchment storm response using event and pre-event water volumes as fractions of precipitation rather than discharge ” by Jana

General comment I read the manuscript by von Freyberg and colleagues with keen interest. They use high-resolution stable isotope data of stream water and precipitation collected during 24 rainfall-runoff events in a small Swiss catchment to test the usefulness of an alternative metric for studying runoff generation processes at the catchment scale. They argue that the commonly adopted tracer-based estimates of event and
Turbulent intensity and scales of turbulence after hydraulic jump in rectangular channel

Abstract Turbulent intensity and scales of turbulence after hydraulic jump in rectangular channel. Experimental research was undertaken to investigate the changes in spatial turbulence intensity and scales of turbulent eddies (macroeddies) in a rectangular channel and the influence of the hydraulic jump on vertical, lateral and streamwise distributions of relative turbulence intensity and scales of turbulent eddies. The results of three tests for different discharges are presented. An intensive turbulent mixing that arises as a result of a hydraulic jump has a significant effect on instantaneous velocity, turbulent intensities and sizes of eddies, as well as their vertical and longitudinal distributions. In the analysed case the most noticeable changes appeared up to 0.5 m downstream the hydraulic jump. In the vertical dimension such an effect was especially seen near the surface. The smallest streamwise sizes of macroeddies were present near the surface, maximum at the depth of z/h = 0.6 and from that point sizes were decreasing towards the bottom. The intensive turbulent mixing within the hydraulic jump generates macroeddies of small sizes.
Is there an association between body composition, basal metabolic rate, and sleep in elderly patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea?

Study carried out at Departamento de Psicobiologia Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo SP. Brazil. 1 Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil 2 Faculdade de Ciencias Aplicadas Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil 3 Universidade Federal de Goias Campus Jatai, Brazil Corresponding author: Marco Tulio de Mello. Departamento de Psicobiologia Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo. Rua Professor Francisco de Castro, no 93. Vila Clementino. Sao Paulo SP. Brazil. CEP: 04020-050. Phone/Fax: 55 (11) 5572-0177. E-mail: tmello@demello.net. br Received: June 27, 2013; Accepted: January 23, 2014. ABSTRACT
Nutritional diversity in spring wheat with chronological perspective and its association with grain yield.

The population of world is accelerating fast with increased number of malnourished people having deficiency of micronutrients, particularly in developing countries. Mineral malnutrition is considered to be the most serious among the global challenges for humans. Biofortification of wheat grain through genetics is a powerful methodology for altering the balance of nutrients in the human food on a large scale. In this study, concentration of mineral nutrients, protein and grain yield were studied to find out potential source of minerals in historical and present spring wheat varieties of Pakistan with the objective to strengthen the hybridization programme and to develop high nutritive wheat. Fifty eight genotypes were sown according to randomized complete block design with three replications. Total nitrogen in wheat grain samples was determined by the Kjeldahl method and grain nitrogen value in percentage was multiplied by 6.25 to get grain protein concentration. Potassium was measured with the help of Jenway Flame Photometer and phosphorus was determined colorimetrically using spectrophotometer. Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Cu 2+ and Mn 2+ were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A wide range of diversity was observed among the studied varieties for grain yield, protein and seven mineral in wheat grain. The grain yield was increased and nitrogen concentration in the endosperm diluted over time of green revolution. While mineral concentration of Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Cu 2+ , NO3 - and protein was significantly low in present local varieties as compared to the mean of pre-green revolution local varieties. Fe 2+ concentration was significantly increased in present local varieties than the local varieties of green revolution period. The mean of grain yield, Zn 2+ , Mn 2+ and H2 PO4 - concentration of present International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) varieties (GA-2002, Seher-2006, Chakwal-50 and FSD2008) were significantly increased (33.8%, 22.8%, 60% and 30.8 %, respectively) than CIMMYT varieties of green revolution era (Mexipak-65, Blue Silver, Arz, Sandal, Lyallpur-73, Pari-73, Pothowar-73, Noori, Pavon, WL-711 and Bahawalpur-79). The present (local & CIMMYT) varieties have a significant edge for yield, Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , H2 PO4 - and K + over varieties of all other groups. Grain yield had positive and significant phenotypic correlation with Mn 2+ , H2 PO4 - and K + (0.247, 0.364 and 0.140, respectively). Nitrogen had negative genotypic/ phenotypic correlations with the minerals (Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , H2 PO4 - and K + ) and the yield. Therefore, variation of mineral concentration and grain yield present in studied genotypes can be utilized to develop high yielding wheat varieties without affecting the nutritional quality of grain.
Computed capstan laws of motion in funicular railways

The paper follows studies about an algorithm to compute suitable laws of motion for the capstan of funicular railways, in order to reduce the car oscillations that occur during the start stop transients. To one of the cars is imposed a law of motion during the stop transient and, by a mathematical model of the funicular railway, the laws of motion that has to be given to the capstan are computed. Then the law of motion of the other car is hence computed. Linear decreasing and sinusoidal decreasing acceleration laws have been considered. An example is given by considering the data of an existing funicular railway. The computed results show a reduction, even significant, of the railroad cars oscillations that occur during the start and stop transients.
Approaching the Mesolithic through taskscapes:a case study from western Ireland

Positioning landscapes and taskscapes The use of the concept of the ‘landscape’ as an analytical tool by archaeologists began in the mid-20th century, following the gradual move away from a focus on artefacts and sites to a more regional one on networks between sites. A driving force for this new regional perspective was the resources available so archaeologists could aff ord grander projects (Sherratt 1996). In a pre-Celtic Tiger Ireland context it is apposite that some regional projects folded partly due to fi nancial issues (Woodman and Johnson 1996), and that the fi rst two large prehistoric projects in Ireland – the Carrowmore project (Burenhult 1984) and the Ballylough project (Zvelebil et al. 1987) – were both funded by institutions from outside of Ireland. Sherratt has argued that the divergent paths of archaeology, between studying the landscape as a signature of settlement patterns on the one hand, and studying the landscape for the sake of the landscape, can be rooted back to the beginnings of archaeology as a discipline and the tensions between the Enlightenment and Romanticism:
Local Government Systems and Decentralization: Evidence from Pakistan's Devolution Plan

The discourse of governance and development practitioners continues to embrace community participation and community empowerment as an elementary means of building local capacity for poverty reduction, development and change at the local level. This article is a review of the decentralization initiatives of local government systems after the announcement of the devolution plan in Pakistan. It evaluates the initiatives’ participatory methods to ascertain the extent to which they have improved the process of community development at the local level. This article also measures the impact of community empowerment on the sustainability of community-driven projects implemented under the decentralization initiative through community-based organizations known as Citizen Community Boards (CCBs). Document analysis and literature review methodologies were employed to gain further insight into the decentralization phenomenon in Pakistan. The results describe human development, improvements in community empowerment and the sustainability of local projects; however, the sense of community has yet to be translated into shared benefits for rural communities. The fundamental goal of decentralization seems to be elusive because only power was transferred to the local level, whereas there is little support for community capacity building and community access to resources and the elites still control the electoral process. It is argued that community development initiatives in Pakistan require continuous support from local governments to boost local rural economies. Likewise, community-local government participatory development strategies can lead to strong local ownership and empowerment in rural communities.