Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Keeping It in the Family

SUMMARY Family-based caregiving refers to the daily provision of help to a co-resident family relative with the usual activities of daily living, custody and protection of a dependent relative at risk of self-injury, and support of a person with physical, developmental and/or mental disability or frailty due to ageing. Many reports from western studies refer to the caregiving burdens, stress and strains. A common view of migrant peoples is that they ‘look after their own’ to a greater extent than do English-speaking groups and that their closer connections with ethno-spe-cific community organisations and with their extended family networks provides more opportunities for assistance and support so that caregiving is shared and the burdens are reduced. A study was carried out with 300 Australian-Greek families in Melbourne where 150 were providing family-based caregiving, and these were age and gender matched with friends or acquaintances who had no such duties. Most care was provided bywomen, although almost 20%ofcarers were men. A wide range of disabilities and illnesses were receiving help and care in the caregiving families among care recipients aged from childhood to advanced old age. Distinct evidence of caregiving burden was found to a significant degree. Gender differences were apparent in the type of disorders managed, in the perceived severity of caregiving duties provided and in the total range of activities engaged in. The ethno-specific community organisations and extended family networks played little part in providing assistance to caregivers which challenges the myths of a close-knit migrant community looking after its own. Qualitative reports of concerns for future caregiving were expressed and the implications for future service needs are discussed.
Clear Cell Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Distinct Histopathologic and Molecular Genetic Entity

A group of renal tumors composed mainly of cells with clear cytoplasm arranged in papillary patterns and arising in end-stage kidneys has recently been identified. The aim of our study is to investigate the cytogenetic and immunohistochemical phenotypes of these unusual renal tumors, and of morphologically similar tumors arising in kidneys unaffected by end-stage renal disease. Seven tumors from 5 patients (age range: 53 to 64 y, mean: 60 y; 3 men and 2 women) were identified. Sections were obtained from paraffin blocks, including the tumors and adjacent non-neoplastic renal parenchyma. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed with centromeric probes for chromosomes 3, 7, 17, Y, and with a subtelomeric probe for 3p25. Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies against cytokeratin 7, carbonic anhydrase IX, α-methylacyl-CoA racemase, CD10, and transcription factor E3. Four of the tumors were from patients who did not have end-stage renal disease. One patient had end-stage renal disease and presented with 3 morphologically identical tumors, composed of clear cells arranged in a mixture of cystic and papillary structures. Follow-up data were available from all patients and none showed recurrence or metastasis (mean follow-up: 24 mo). All 7 tumors (ranging from 4 to 50 mm in diameter) were stage pT1. All tumors lacked the gains of chromosome 7 and losses of chromosome Y that are typical of papillary renal cell carcinoma. Only 1 tumor showed gain of chromosome 17. Deletion of 3p, usually seen in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, was not detected. All tumors showed strongly positive immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin 7 and carbonic anhydrase IX and negative immunostaining with antibodies against α-methylacyl-CoA racemase, CD10, and transcription factor E3. In conclusion, clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma can arise in otherwise normal kidneys and in kidneys with end-stage renal disease. This tumor has immunophenotypic and genetic profiles distinct from those of either classic papillary or clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and should be considered a distinct entity in the spectrum of renal cell neoplasia.
Demodicosis in the golden hamster.

A large number of both Demodex criceti and D aurati (Acarina: Demodicidae) were isolated from scrapings of the skin lesion of an aged golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) sent to a pet clinic, Takikawa, Hokkaido in December, 1976.
Central memory CD4 T cells are the predominant cell subset resistant to anergy in SIV disease resistant sooty mangabeys

Objective:HIV infection in humans and experimental SIV infection in rhesus macaques leads to the loss of recall antigen responses, immunological anergy in CD4 T cells and AIDS. In contrast, natural infection in sooty mangabeys with SIV does not lead to disease despite high viral loads accompanied by resistance of their CD4 T cells to undergo immunological anergy. The objective of the study was to further elucidate the mechanisms that contribute to anergy resistance in CD4 T cells from sooty mangabeys and identify whether the anergy resistance is a function of a specific subset or the entire cell population. Materials and methods:Susceptibility or resistance to anergy was analyzed in antigen specific and defined CD4 T cell subsets from peripheral blood of sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques by using an in vitro anergy inducing protocol; expression of the anergy associated gene GRAIL was measured. Results:Antigen specific CD4 T cells from SIV disease resistant sooty mangabey are relatively resistant to the development of anergy. This resistance is associated with a lack of an upregulation of GRAIL. Conversely, rhesus macaque CD4 T cells are sensitive to anergy induction associated with upregulation of GRAIL. Furthermore the anergy resistant phenotype of sooty mangabey CD4 T cells predominantly resides in central memory cells defined either as CD4+CD45RA−CD62L+ or CD4+CD28+CD95+CCR7+. Conclusions:The maintenance of recall responses in sooty mangabeys is associated with the resistance of central memory CD4 T cells to the induction of anergy which may represent an important mechanism underlying SIV disease resistance in this species.
Semi-supervised Conditional GANs

We introduce a new model for building conditional generative models in a semi-supervised setting to conditionally generate data given attributes by adapting the GAN framework. The proposed semi-supervised GAN (SS-GAN) model uses a pair of stacked discriminators to learn the marginal distribution of the data, and the conditional distribution of the attributes given the data respectively. In the semi-supervised setting, the marginal distribution (which is often harder to learn) is learned from the labeled + unlabeled data, and the conditional distribution is learned purely from the labeled data. Our experimental results demonstrate that this model performs significantly better compared to existing semi-supervised conditional GAN models.
Transforming Growth Factor-1 Decreases Expression of the Epithelial Sodium Channel ENaC and Alveolar Epithelial Vectorial Sodium and Fluid Transport via an ERK 1 / 2-dependent Mechanism *

From the §Laboratory of Surgical Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Lung Biology Center, Departments of Anesthesia, Surgery, and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94110, the **Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, and ¶Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal and Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1T7, Canada
A minimal regulatory region maintains constitutive expression of the max gene

Max is a basic helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper protein that forms heterodimers with the Myc family of proteins to promote cell growth and with the Mad/Mxi1 family of proteins to inhibit cell growth. The role of Max as the obligate binding partner for these two protein families necessitates the observed constitutive expression and relatively long half-life of the max mRNA under a variety of growth conditions. In this study, we have used the chicken max gene to map DNA elements maintaining max gene expression in vertebrate cells. We have identified a minimal regulatory region (MRR) that resides within 115 bp of the max translation initiation site and that possesses an overall structure typical of TATA-less promoters. Within the MRR are two consensus binding sites for Sp1, a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor that plays a role in the expression of many constitutive genes. Interestingly, we show that direct binding by Sp1 to these sites is not required for MRR-mediated transcription. Instead, the integrity of a 20-bp DNA element in the MRR is required for transcriptional activity, as is the interaction of this DNA element with a 90-kDa cellular protein. Our data suggest that it is the persistence of this 90-kDa protein in vertebrate cells which drives max gene expression, insulates the max promoter from the dramatic changes in transcription that accompany cell growth and development, and ensures that adequate levels of Max will be available to facilitate the function of the Myc, Mad, and Mxi1 families of proteins.
An antiinflammatory and reactive oxygen species suppressive effects of an extract of Polygonum cuspidatum containing resveratrol.

BACKGROUND Resveratrol have been shown to exert an antiinflammatory and antiaging effects in vitro and in animal models. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of a Polygonum cuspidatum extract (PCE) containing resveratrol on oxidative and inflammatory stress in normal subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Two groups (10 each) of normal-weight healthy subjects were randomized to placebo or PCE containing 40 mg resveratrol daily for 6 wk. Fasting blood samples were obtained prior to and after treatment at 1, 3, and 6 wk. Mononuclear cells were prepared for reactive oxygen species generation, RNA isolation, nuclear extract, and total cell homogenate preparation. Indices of oxidative and inflammatory stress, suppressor of cytokine signaling-3, phosphotyrosine phosphatase-1B, jun-N-terminal kinase-1, and inhibitor of kappaB-kinase-beta were measured by RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS The extract induced a significant reduction in reactive oxygen species generation, the expression of p47(phox), intranuclear nuclear factor-kappaB binding, and the expression of jun-N-terminal kinase-1, inhibitor of kappaB-kinase-beta, phosphotyrosine phosphatase-1B, and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in mononuclear cells when compared with the baseline and the placebo. PCE intake also suppressed plasma concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and C-reactive protein. There was no change in these indices in the control group given placebo. CONCLUSIONS The PCE-containing resveratrol has a comprehensive suppressive effect on oxidative and inflammatory stress.
Abnormalities of Insulin Responses After Ambient and Previous Exposure to Glucose in Streptozocin-diabetic and Dexamethasone-treated Rats: Role of Hyperglycemia and Increased B-Cell Demands

In NIDDM, B-cells are insensitive to glucose. We studied the specificity and evolution of this abnormality in 6–10-wk-old neonatally streptozocin-diabetic (STZ) and in dexamethasone-treated (DMT) rats. Not only the effect of ambient but also that of previous glucose (priming effect) was characterized in the perfused pancreas. In fed STZ, blood glucose was elevated to 9.2 ± 0.8 versus 5.3 ± 0.2 mM in control (C) rats. Ambient glucose (27 mM) in the perfusate induced a significant but reduced total response (11% of C) that was predominantly monophasic. Secretion was promptly induced (in <20 s) both in STZ and C. Other nutrients, i.e., glyceraldehyde (10 mM) and α-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) (5 mM) also induced reduced and monophasic responses, whereas, in contrast, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) induced an enhanced response that was 3.8-fold larger than in C. In DMT, blood glucose was normal (5.4 ± 0.3 mM). Ambient glucose (27 mM) in the perfusate induced a normal first phase and a moderately reduced second phase (52% of untreated rats). DMT rats were hyperresponsive to IBMX, this agent inducing 2.5-fold higher release than in untreated rats. Previous perfusion with 27 mM glucose enhanced twofold the effect of a second stimulation period with glucose in C. This induction of priming by glucose could not be demonstrated in fed STZ or in DMT. However, when STZ were fasted or insulin treated for 36 h, induction of priming reappeared, i.e., the second pulse of glucose evoked 2–3-fold more insulin release than the first pulse. We conclude that partial B-cell insensitivity to glucose in STZ alters time dynamics of the insulin response, includes loss of a priming effect, is influenced by hyperglycemia, and is nutrient but not glucose specific. Results in DMT indicate that increased demands on B-cell secretion can lead to hyperresponsiveness to nonmetabolic secretagogues as well as loss of induction of priming by glucose without concomitant loss of sensitivity to ambient glucose.
Influence of multiple use of Timedur-titanium cannon drills: thermal response and scanning electron microscopic findings.

Multiple use of dental drills is known to raise drilling temperatures. Therefore, to minimize surgical trauma, well sharpened drills are recommended. In order to evaluate surgical trauma due to multiple use, 20 Timedur cannon drills (ZL-Duraplant-Implant-System) were used 51 times in an in vitro experimental setting using pigs' mandibles. Preparations of implant sites were performed with cannon drills at a maximum rotational speed of 1200 r.p.m. with low pressure and water irrigation. Drills were divided randomly into 3 groups and were treated differently after each preparation: 10 cannon drills were cleaned only with distilled water (group 1), 5 cannon drills were disinfected with Secudrill and autoclaved (group 2) and 5 cannon drills were cleaned with Instrument Detergent MIS 027 and autoclaved (group 3). Temperature measurements were performed with a NiCrNi thermocouple placed 0.5 mm from the drilling site. The width of the cutting edge of the cannon drills was repeatedly examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results revealed that temperatures measured at all times were below the bone injuring level. Drills reused more than 40 times stood out with an increased number of higher temperatures. Only autoclaved drills showed an increased width of the cutting edges. From the present investigation it can be concluded that cannon drills of the ZL-Duraplant System should not be re-used more than 40 times.
Intra- and Intercellular Trafficking of the Foamy Virus Auxiliary Bet Protein

ABSTRACT The Bet protein of foamy viruses (FVs) is an auxiliary protein encoded by the 3′ end of the viral genome. Although its function during the viral replication cycle is still unknown, Bet seems to play a key role in the establishment and/or maintenance of viral persistence, representing the predominant viral protein detected during chronic infection. To clarify the function of this viral protein, the subcellular distribution of Bet from the prototypic human foamy virus (HFV) was examined. We report here that this protein is distributed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of HFV-infected or Bet-transfected cells. The nuclear targeting results from the presence of a bipartite nuclear localization signal at the C-terminal region, sufficient to direct heterologous reporter proteins to the nucleus. Since HFV Bet spreads between cells, we show here that the secreted protein targets the nuclei of recipient cells. HFV Bet follows an unconventional route to exit the cell since its secretion is not affected by brefeldin A, a drug which disrupts the trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. Finally, these inter- and intracellular movements were also observed for the equine foamy virus Bet protein, strongly suggesting that these remarkable features are conserved among FVs.
Effect of temporary food or water deprivation on milk secretion and milk composition in the goat

Summary When four goats were subjected to total water deprivation for 48 h once in early lactation and once in mid lactation and their voluntary food intake and effects on milk secretion were observed, milk volume decreased and lactose and fat concentration increased during both periods. However, when the goats were then fed the mean of their own food intake at the two previous water deprivation experiments, and were left free access to water, it was found that decreased food consumption had only a minor influence on milk secretion. When six goats were subjected to 48 h of food deprivation and six to 48 h of water deprivation, milk secretion decreased, but the reduction was delayed and of smaller magnitude during water deprivation. During food deprivation lactose concentration decreased and the milk protein and fat increased; the fatty acid composition changed from a greater proportion of short-chain to more long-chain fatty acids. During water deprivation milk fat and lactose concentrations increased, and only after 44 h did a change from short-chain to a larger proportion of long-chain fatty acids become evident. These experiments indicate that not only food intake, but also water intake are concerned with milk production.
Differential Modulation of the Human Liver Conjugate Transporters MRP2 and MRP3 by Bile Acids and Organic Anions*

The multidrug resistance proteins MRP2 (ABCC2) and MRP3 (ABCC3) are key primary active transporters involved in anionic conjugate and drug extrusion from the human liver. The major physiological role of MRP2 is to transport conjugated metabolites into the bile canaliculus, whereas MRP3 is localized in the basolateral membrane of the hepatocytes and transports similar metabolites back to the bloodstream. Both proteins were shown to interact with a large variety of transported substrates, and earlier studies suggested that MRPs may work as co-transporters for different molecules. In the present study we expressed the human MRP2 and MRP3 proteins in insect cells and examined their transport and ATPase characteristics in isolated, inside-out membrane vesicles. We found that the primary active transport of estradiol-17-β-d-glucuronide (E217βG), a major product of human steroid metabolism, was differently modulated by bile acids and organic anions in the case of human MRP2 and MRP3. Active E217βG transport by MRP2 was significantly stimulated by the organic anions indomethacin, furosemide, and probenecid and by several conjugated bile acids. In contrast, all of these agents inhibited E217βG transport by MRP3. We found that in the case of MRP2, ATP-dependent vesicular bile acid transport was increased by E217βG, and the results indicated an allosteric cross-stimulation, probably a co-transport of bile acids and glucuronate conjugates through this protein. There was no such stimulation of bile acid transport by MRP3. In conclusion, the different transport modulation of MRPs by bile acids and anionic drugs could play a major role in regulating physiological and pathological metabolite fluxes in the human liver.
Correction for Droog et al., Estrogen receptor α wields treatment-specific enhancers between morphologically similar endometrial tumors

Department of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Gynecological Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics, and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
Telephone versus postal surveys of general practitioners: methodological considerations.

BACKGROUND High response rates to surveys help to maintain the representativeness of the sample. AIM In the course of a wider investigation into counselling services within general practice it was decided to assess the feasibility of increasing the response rate by telephone follow up of non-respondents to a postal survey. METHOD A postal survey was undertaken of a random sample of 1732 general practitioners followed by telephone administration of the questionnaire to non-respondents. The identical questionnaire was administered by telephone to a separate random sample of 206 general practitioners. RESULTS Of 1732 general practitioners first approached by mail, 1683 were still in post of whom 881 (52%) completed the postal questionnaire and a further 494 (29%) the telephone interview. Of 206 general practitioners first contacted by telephone, 197 were still in post of whom 167 (85%) completed interviews. Compared with doctors first approached by mail, those first approached by telephone were significantly more likely to report having a partner with a special interest in psychiatry (P < 0.01); and a general practitioner, practice nurse or health visitor who worked as a counsellor (P < 0.01 in each case). A comparison of doctors first approached by telephone with those who completed telephone interviews after failing to respond to the postal questionnaire showed that postal non-respondents were significantly less likely to report having a general practitioner, practice nurse, health visitor or community psychiatric nurse who worked as a counsellor (P < 0.01 in each case). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that non-response to the postal survey was associated with lack of activity in the study area. Telephone administration of questionnaires to postal non-respondents increased response rates to above 80% but, as telephone administration enhanced the reporting of counsellors, a social desirability bias may have been introduced.
How does childhood poverty affect future outcomes of children

Hundreds of studies have focused on the measurement of poverty, developed poverty indices and made policy evaluations. However, truly understanding the nature of poverty and developing policies that aim to reduce poverty mostly depend on uncovering the intergenerational linkages of poverty. Using a cross section data obtained from SILC-2011 with a module on intergenerational transmission of disadvantages, we examine whether poverty is transmitted from parents to children. In addition, we analyze the effects of experiencing poverty during childhood on certain future outcomes of children that are closely related to poverty status in the adulthood (such as wage, age for starting work, informality, household size and health status) in Turkey. We find that children growing up in poor economic conditions are more likely to become income poor in the adulthood. This finding shows that there is low intergenerational mobility in income levels in Turkey. Those children start to work at their early ages and earn less, are living in large households. They are also more likely to involve in informal jobs or have a chronicle health problem in the adulthood.