Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Consumer Learning by Analogy: A Model of Internal Knowledge Transfer

Although knowledge transfer has been found to be an important learning mechanism in several consumer behavior domains, our understanding of the nature and scope of the transfer process is still in its infancy. In this article, we develop a conceptual model to explain how previously acquired knowledge is transferred in the process of consumer learning. Augmenting analogical learning theory with research on expertise effects and conceptual development, our model details the underlying stages in the process of knowledge transfer and identifies key factors influencing the nature and outcome of each stage. Applying our model to several consumer behavior contexts, we demonstrate its utility both as a tool for enhancing our understanding of knowledge transfer and as a productive guide to future research on consumer learning. Copyright 1997 by the University of Chicago.
Spanning the gap: an examination of the factors leading to the green gap

Purpose – This research aims to explore the factors that lead to the prevalence of the green gap. Currently, an overwhelming majority of consumers voice concern about the state of the environment; however, only a select few mirror their intentions with actual green behaviors. Design/methodology/approach – A critical incident technique is utilized in the first study, followed by a quantitative study analyzed via cluster analysis for the second study. Findings – Results suggest the green gap exists for several reasons, of which price is most commonly noted. However, factors such as poor perceptions of quality, lack of green product availability and brand loyalty to conventional products appear to be important issues leading to the gap as well. Additionally, the type of product sought for purchase appears to impact the prevalence of the green gap. Research limitations/implications – Future research should seek to extend the present study by monitoring actual usage rather than intentions, as well as an examin.
Intake of vitamins B6 and C and the risk of kidney stones in women.

Urinary oxalate is an important determinant of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation. High doses of vitamin B6 may decrease oxalate production, whereas vitamin C can be metabolized to oxalate. This study was conducted to examine the association between the intakes of vitamins B6 and C and risk of kidney stone formation in women. The relation between the intake of vitamins B6 and C and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones were prospectively studied in a cohort of 85,557 women with no history of kidney stones. Semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaires were used to assess vitamin consumption from both foods and supplements. A total of 1078 incident cases of kidney stones was documented during the 14-yr follow-up period. A high intake of vitamin B6 was inversely associated with risk of stone formation. After adjusting for other dietary factors, the relative risk of incident stone formation for women in the highest category of B6 intake (> or =40 mg/d) compared with the lowest category (<3 mg/d) was 0.66 (95% confidence interval, 0.44 to 0.98). In contrast, vitamin C intake was not associated with risk. The multivariate relative risk for women in the highest category of vitamin C intake (> or =1500 mg/d) compared with the lowest category (<250 mg/d) was 1.06 (95% confidence interval, 0.69 to 1.64). Large doses of vitamin B6 may reduce the risk of kidney stone formation in women. Routine restriction of vitamin C to prevent stone formation appears unwarranted.
Managing Corporate Venturing: Multi-level Studies on Project Autonomy, Integration, Knowledge Relatedness, and Phases in the New Business Development Process

textabstractDeveloping new businesses is a critical factor for strategically renewing firms in today’s dynamic environments. Although autonomy has frequently been addressed as a major factor in successfully managing corporate ventures, several critical contingencies remain unexplored. The results of our multilevel study show that at firm level autonomy should be combined with integration mechanisms to enhance corporate venturing. When managing new business development projects the degree of autonomy should be matched with the extent to which these projects are related to the knowledge base of the parent firm. Our findings from case and survey research show that an important distinction should be made between technological and market knowledge. These types of knowledge have different effects on project management characteristics such as project autonomy and project completion criteria. Our results demonstrate that the relation between autonomy and technological and market knowledge relatedness and their effects on project performance are different in the development and commercialization phase of the new business development process. These findings enhance corporate venturing efforts by showing how firms should manage autonomy and knowledge relatedness over the different phases of the new business development process.
General practice research. Problems and solutions in participant recruitment and retention.

BACKGROUND Increasing interest in general practice research, especially postal surveys, has been met with decreasing response rates. Prospective, longitudinal surveys pose additional concerns for general practice researchers, one of the major problems being sample attrition after project commencement. OBJECTIVE This article draws on the authors' experiences from seven studies conducted by them to identify useful strategies for researchers who need to recruit general practitioners and/or their patients, with particular reference to retaining participants across time. A list of issues, lessons learned and possible strategies was developed which, although not exhaustive, probably reflects those commonly encountered in many general practice studies. DISCUSSION The issues identified here are not necessarily new, but it is useful to revisit such issues and to review and reiterate methods and processes, as even experienced researchers encounter problems from time to time. Studies involving prolonged participation especially, require diligent consideration of likely recruitment/retention problems.
Redefining Entrepreneurial Learning Paradigms in Developing Countries

In a rapidly changing world of knowledge exchange, innovation and technological advancements, entrepreneurship continues to fuel economic growth in both developed and developing countries. In the developed world, an increased influx of graduate entrepreneurs sustains economic growth whilst, in contrast, developing countries continue to suffer from a dearth of entrepreneurial learning mechanisms. To remedy this situation in Ghana a collaborative and interdisciplinary venture, involving the Business School of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology and an international panel of experts, has developed the Kite Vision Actualization Laboratory (KVAL). The raison d'être of the KVAL is to support and nurture talent, develop and implement business solutions and innovations, encourage the development of entrepreneurial undergraduate and postgraduate programmes and stimulate graduate business start-ups. The KVAL integrates four development stages of entrepreneurial learning: knowledge transfer and exchange; innovations and inventions; technology and enterprise development; and panel review, assessment and final approval protocols. The innovative KVAL framework mirrors demand-led transformation and self-actualization processes that represent a departure from traditional offerings in entrepreneurship education.
Australian corporate responses to climate change: the Carbon Disclosure Project

Climate change issues have increasingly attracted government, business and professional attention in recent years. More specifically, there is mounting evidence that indicates that human induced carbon emissions are a major cause of climate change. The objective of the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) is to ensure that investors are better informed about the risks and opportunities facing the largest quoted companies worldwide due to climate change (CDP 2007). This thesis investigates the factors that influence a company's decision to participate in and disclose corporate carbon emissions information via the CDP. The relationship between the extent of "solicited disclosure", corporate governance and total carbon emissions are also investigated. Factors influencing the degree of "solicited disclosure" are furthered examined as an additional analysis of the study. Company size, equity offerings and regulation regimes are found to be the significant determinants of corporate responses to the CDP. However a company's decision to reply to the CDP questionnaire is found not to be influenced by leverage. Companies representing the Utilities, Energy, and Industrials sectors are more likely to respond to the "solicited" CDP information request compared to other sectors, namely Consumer, Materials, Finance and Health Care sectors. Managerial ownership and total carbon emissions are found to be negatively related to the level of carbon disclosure, while the relationship between proportion of non-executive directors and disclosure is significantly positive. The results are consistent with the prediction of agency theory. Size, Equity Offerings, Utilities Sector and the companies' last year's CDP response are found to be the significant variables in explaining the variability of the degree of "solicited disclosure".
Determinants of innovation performance of Portuguese companies: an econometric analysis by type of innovation and sector with a particular focus on Services

The acknowledged importance of innovation and the increasingly decisive role played by the service sector make innovation an issue of major relevance to the economy. Using a sample of 6593 companies that answered the Community Innovation Survey 2008, we assessed the determinants of innovation of Portuguese companies by comparing the service sector and other sectors of activity (specifically, manufacturing industry, utilities and construction). Among the main results obtained, we highlighted: 1) the non-linear impact of human capital on the innovation performance of companies – Master degree emerges as a critical factor in corporate innovation, whereas the PhD level is negatively related to companies innovation performance; 2) knowledge-sourcing activities (systematic RD 3) although university-company relationships are weak and have a neglible impact on the generality of companies’ propensity to innovate, they tend to be rather important for the innovation performance of services companies; 4) participation in innovation activities in cooperation with foreign partners appears as a key factor in the innovative performance; 5) companies in the service sector in general, and in Knowledge-Intensive Business Services in particular, that effectively and continuously invest in R&D activities are most innovative.
Internal relationship marketing: a strategy for knowledge renewal

A retail banking case study published in this journal ten years ago described a method for inviting staff involvement in customer service improvement. In this article, the author has reinterpreted the case as an archetypal example of internal marketing for generating and circulating staff knowledge through a network of voluntary internal relationships. First, a typology for making sense of conflicting concepts in the internal marketing literature is provided. Second, the author returns to the case data to suggest an integrated theoretical framework for internal marketing that links the parallel but distinctive traditions of relationship marketing and the markets‐as‐networks approach of the International Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) Group. Third, internal marketing is defined as a relationship development strategy for the purpose of knowledge renewal. Finally, the implications for management are examined.
Mammalian epidermal barrier layer lipids: composition and influence on structure.

The outer layers of the mammalian epidermis protect the organism from water loss and external injury. The bather as visualized with tracers has been shown to develop initially in the stratum granulosum concurrent with the intercellular deposition of extruded lamellar-body contents. This lamellar material greatly expands the intercellular compartment, and following cornification appears to form broad sheets which freeze fracture like lipids, deviating the fracture-plane from the hydrophobic interior of the membrane to the apparently more hydrophobic material in the intercellular space. Isolated upper epidermal sheets were first obtained from neonatal mice with staphylococcal exfoliatin, and then were treated with lipid solvents in order both to identify membrane structures formerly obscured by intercellular lipid and to characterize lipids contributing to barrier function. Histochemical stains were also used to localize phospholipid and neutral lipid deposits in barrier layers. After solvent treatment, the fracture plane reverted from the intercellular space to the plasma membrane, revealing sparse membrane particles low in the stratum corneum and particle-free fracture faces in mid-to-upper regions. Extracted upper epidermal sheets contained 3-4% lipid, almost equally distributed between polar and nonpolar substances, with unexpectedly large quantities of glycolipid, hydrocarbons, and free fatty acids. Gas liquid chromatography demonstrated unusually large quantities of long-chain fatty acids (C24:0 and C26:0) in all polar lipid fractions and in free fatty acids. Histochemical stains demonstrated neutral lipids in stratum corneum intercellular spaces, phospholipids within granular cells, and PAS-positive material both within and between granular cells. These combined histochemical and biochemical studies confirm earlier reports demonstrating a shift from polar to neutral lipid during cornification. They also indicate that within the stratum corneum lipids are segregated in the intercellular spaces, a pattern consistent with electron microscopic images. Furthermore, they suggest that granular layer polar lipid, through as yet undefined mechanisms, may be transformed into the neutral lipids of the cornified layer. Finally, the observed admixture of lipids with long-chain, highly saturated fatty acid chains, as well as the sterols are ideally suited (and situated) to function as the epidermal permeability barrier.
Neuropeptide Y and alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone: interaction in obesity and possible role in the development of hypertension

Aim: Obesity and hypertension frequently coexist and both represent important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms implicated in the regulation of food intake have not been completely elucidated. Recent data suggests that peripheral and central neuropeptides play an important role in the maintenance of energy balance. More specifically, leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (a‐MSH) appear to be implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and also contribute to the development of hypertension in obesity.
Porcine partial liver transplantation: A novel model of the “small‐for‐size” liver graft

Increasing shortage of cadaveric grafts demands the utilization of living donor and split liver grafts. The purpose of this study was to 1) define the “small‐for‐size” graft in a pig liver transplant model 2) evaluate pathological changes associated with small‐for‐size liver transplantation. Pigs were divided into four groups based on the volume of transplanted liver: (a) control group (n=4), 100% liver volume (LV) (b) group I (n=8), 60% LV (c) group II (n=8), 30% LV (d) group III (n=15), 20% LV. Tacrolimus and methyl prednisone were administered as immunosuppression. Animals were followed for 5 days with daily serum biochemistry, liver biopsies on day 3 and 5 for light microscopy, and tissue levels of thymidine kinase (TK) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Liver grafts were weighed pretransplant and at sacrifice. All the recipients of 100%, 60%, and 30% grafts survived. Transplantation of 20% grafts (group III) resulted in a 47% mortality rate. Group III animals showed significantly prolonged prothrombin times (p<0.05), elevated bilirubin levels (p<0.05), and ascites. The rate of regeneration, as indicated by TK activity and graft weight was inversely proportional to the size of the transplanted graft. The severity of the microvascular injury was inversely proportional to graft size and appeared to be the survival‐limiting injury. Frank rupture of the sinusoidal lining, parenchymal hemorrhage, and portal vein injury were prominent in group III animals 1 hour following reperfusion. This study established a reproducible large animal model of partial liver grafting; it defined the small‐for‐size syndrome in this model and described the associated microvascular injury. (Liver Transpl 2004;10:253–263.)
Adult intussusception

In their study of adult intussusception, Sarma et al reported that, over a 6-year period, 15 patients with the disease were identified in a tertiary hospital in South India [1]. It would be of interest to know the total number of admissions or patients in the same hospital during the study period to be reported by the authors, so that estimates of the frequency rates of the disease could have been calculated. A cross-sectional study from Glasgow, UK, estimated the annual incidence of the disease to be 2-3 cases/106 population (accounted for <0.1% of hospital admissions) [2]. In a study from Switzerland, over a 17-year period, 10 adults with intussusception were recorded in three hospitals [3]. In this study, only 3 patients were diagnosed as ileocolic intussusceptions and 2 of them suffered from lymphoma. In another recently published study of 20 adult patients from Turkey, conducted over 8 years, 5 cases of jejunojejunal intussuception were identified, most of them due to PeutzJeghers hamartomatous polyps. In the same case-series study, rectal bleeding was reported only in 1 patient (5%) and acute symptoms (<4 days) in 6 patients (30%) [4]. These numbers are slightly different than those reported by Sarma et al and may indicate the diversity of the disease in different source populations. Finally, in the study of Sarma et al, no case of small bowel adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 12 patients who underwent laparotomy, indicating the rarity of this type of tumor in the adult intussusception population. This finding is in accordance with the results of another retrospective review of 41 cases from China [5].
The Role of Openness of R&D, Manufacturing and Marketing in Product and Process Innovation

We build on and extend the literature in open innovation and absorptive capacity by showing that a firm’s functional areas are an important locus of innovation and learning, in contrast to most existing literature, which takes the firm as the unit of analysis. In particular, we argue that the innovative contribution of R&D, manufacturing and marketing all rely on external sources of knowledge, while we also expect important differences between these functional areas and across product and process innovation. By using unique survey data and multi-equation regression, we show that there exists an inverted U-shaped relationship between external search breadth and the functional areas’ contribution to product and process innovation, and that firms rely on more external knowledge sources for product innovation than for process innovation. More specifically, when considering seven distinct external knowledge sources, we find that the optimal amount of sources is four for product innovation, while this is limited to three for process innovation. As also expected, we find that, while R&D’s contribution to innovation is generally mostly driven by external sources of knowledge, they are more important in driving marketing’s contribution to product innovation and manufacturing’s contribution to process innovation.
Lipoxin A4 metabolism by differentiated HL-60 cells and human monocytes: conversion to novel 15-oxo and dihydro products.

Lipoxins are tetraene-containing eicosanoids that possess biological activity in several organ systems. To determine their route of further metabolism, [11,12-3H]lipoxin A4 was prepared and incubated with human neutrophils, promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells, and adherent monocytes. Intact neutrophils and undifferentiated HL-60 cells did not significantly metabolize [11,12-3H]LXA4, while HL-60 cells differentiated with PMA to monocyte/macrophage lineage rapidly (< 15 s) transformed this eicosanoid. The major radiolabeled LXA4-derived metabolites were characterized by physical methods and were shown to be 15-oxo-LXA4, 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-LXA4, and 13,14-dihydro-LXA4. Substrate competition with cell-free supernatants from differentiated HL-60 cells suggests that lipoxins compete for 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity or an equivalent enzyme system. In addition, adherent monocytes exposed to [11,12-3H]LXA4 rapidly metabolized (> 60% within 30 s) the label to its oxo and dihydro derivatives. These results indicate that, unlike leukotrienes, LXA4 is subject to dehydrogenation and reduction of its conjugated tetraene to form triene-containing products. Moreover, they suggest that monocytes participate in lipoxin metabolism in their local milieu.
Millennial consumers’ status consumption of handbags

Purpose – This paper aims to examine a consumer segment, Millennial, and its status and conspicuous consumption tendencies. The current research was conducted to determine if handbags can be used as a symbolic representation of status.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 598 females participated in this study through an electronically administered questionnaire. Eastman, Goldsmith, and Flynn's Status Consumption Scale was altered with permission and used to test and measure the status consumption of handbags.Findings – The research findings indicated that handbags are being used in the process of status consumption and suggested characteristics of female Millennial consumers who are likely to use this process.Research limitations/implications – The findings are limited to 18‐25 year old females in the United States, at a Midwestern university and cannot be generalized to other nationalities or age cohorts. The findings in this study are valuable in adding to the literature on status consumption by exa.
Incorporation of cis-9,trans-11 or trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid into plasma and cellular lipids in healthy men Published, JLR Papers in Press, February 1, 2004. DOI 10.1194/jlr.M300447-JLR200

This study investigated the incorporation of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (c9,t11 CLA) and trans-10,cis-12-CLA (t10,c12 CLA) into plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) lipids when consumed as supplements highly enriched in these isomers. Healthy men (n = 49, age 31 ± 8 years) consumed one, two, and four capsules containing ∼600 mg of either c9,t11 CLA or t10,c12 CLA per capsule for sequential 8 week periods followed by a 6 week washout before consuming the alternative isomer. Both isomers were incorporated in a dose-dependent manner into plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) (c9,t11 CLA r = 0.779, t10,c12 CLA r = 0.738; P < 0.0001) and cholesteryl ester (CE) (c9,t11 CLA r = 0.706, t10,c12 CLA r = 0.788; P < 0.0001). Only t10,c12 CLA was enriched in plasma nonesterified fatty acids. Both c9,t11 CLA and t10,c12 CLA were incorporated linearly into PBMC total lipids (r = 0.285 and r = 0.273, respectively; P < 0.0005). The highest concentrations of c9,t11 CLA and t10,c12 CLA in PBMC lipids were 3- to 4-fold lower than those in plasma PC and CE. These data suggest that the level of intake is a major determinant of plasma and PBMC CLA content, although PBMCs appear to incorporate both CLA isomers less readily.