Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetic overexpressing of GPx‐1 attenuates cocaine‐induced renal toxicity via induction of anti‐apoptotic factors

The present study investigates the role of the glutathione peroxidase (GPx)‐1 gene in cocaine‐induced renal damage in mice. Multiple doses of cocaine increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and glutathione oxidation in the kidney of the non‐transgenic mice (non‐TG mice). The enzymatic activities of GPx and glutathione reductase were significantly decreased in non‐TG mice, whereas superoxide dismutase was increased in the early phase of cocaine exposure. Treatment with cocaine resulted in significant decreases in expression of Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xl in the kidney of non‐TG mice, which resulted in significant increases in Bax and cleaved‐caspase 3. Consistently, cocaine‐induced tubular epithelial vacuolization and focal tubular necrosis were mainly observed in the proximal tubules in the kidneys of non‐TG mice. These renal pathologic changes were much less pronounced in GPx‐1 TG than in non‐TG mice. These results suggest that the GPx‐1 gene is a protective factor against nephrotoxicity induced by cocaine via interactive modulations between antioxidant and cell survival signaling processes.
How much do Pseudomonas biofilms contribute to symptoms of pulmonary exacerbation in cystic fibrosis?

Recent studies suggest that chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) involve anaerobic biofilms, and that these biofilms are the reason chronic infections are rarely eradicated by antibiotic therapy, regardless of the in vitro susceptibility of infecting bacteria. These observations led to the development of an in vitro method for testing antibiotic susceptibility of CF clinical isolates in biofilms (Moskowitz et al., J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:1915–1922) and unearthed an apparent paradox. Antibiotics that remain cornerstones of clinical management of CF pulmonary exacerbations (e.g., beta‐lactam antibiotics) appear to have little to no activity at clinically achievable concentrations when tested in vitro against clinical P. aeruginosa isolates growing in biofilms. The proven clinical efficacy of beta‐lactam antibiotics in treating exacerbations, and the selection for beta‐lactam resistance in vivo, suggest that planktonic bacteria play a significant role in pulmonary exacerbations of CF. A model of infection architecture is proposed in which biofilm and planktonic compartments each play a role in infection persistence and pulmonary exacerbation, respectively. Infection architecture may partially account for the observed lack of correlation between in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing and clinical response to antibiotic therapy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nutrition and cancer: the current epidemiological evidence

We have examined the current scientific evidence on the relationship between nutrition and the most frequent tumours in the Spanish population: lung, colorectal, prostate, breast and stomach. Consumption of fruit is negatively associated with cancer of the lung and stomach, possibly with colorectal cancer, but probably not with prostate cancer and breast cancer. Consumption of vegetables probably reduces the risk of colorectal and stomach cancer, but probably is not associated with cancer of the lung, prostate and breast. Consumption of red and processed meat is positively associated with colorectal cancer and probably with stomach cancer. Animal fat is possibly associated with colorectal cancer and probably with prostate and breast cancer. High alcohol intake increases the risk of colorectal and breast cancer, while dairy products and calcium seem to decrease the risk of colorectal cancer. Obesity is a recognised risk factor of colorectal cancer and breast cancer in postmenopausal women, while foods with a high glycaemic index and glycaemic load possibly increase the risk of colorectal and prostate cancer. The relevance of nutrition on the cancer process is evident. Nevertheless important issues remain to be solved and further studies are needed. This accumulative knowledge should be used by public health authorities to develop recommendations and activities to reduce overweight and obesity and to promote healthy dietary habits.
Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating semicircular canals of the squirrel monkey. 3. Variations among units in their discharge properties.

WERSXLL (17) was the first to describe the two kinds of hair cells found in the sensory epi thelium and to demonstrate that they had different nerve supplies. The type I hair cell, peculiar to birds and mammals, is a relatively large, flask-shaped cell and is innervated by a calycoid ending derived from a single, usually thick, afferent fiber. The type II hair cell, common throughout the vertebrate scale, is thin and cylindrically shaped. It receives bud-shaped endings from several afferents. Wersall’s observations were foreshadowed in the classical silver studies of Cajal (2, 3) and of Lorente de No (10) and have been amply confirmed in more recent ultrastructural (1, 4, 9, 11, 15, 18) and light microscopic studies (1, 9). These morphological complexi ties should be reflected in the physiology of mammalian vestibular afferents. On the basis of the two preceding papers (6, s>, it may be concluded that neurons innervating the semicircular canals of mammals do vary from one another in their discharge characteristics. Neurons differ in the regularity of spacing of their action potentials, in the level of their resting activity, in their sensitivity to angular accelerations, and in their dynamic properties. Were these differences a reflection of differences in the i nnerva tion patterns of the parent sensory axons, it might be ex-
The Immune Response Modifier and Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonist S-27609 Selectively Induces IL-12 and TNF-α Production in CD11c+CD11b+CD8− Dendritic Cells 1

IL-12 and TNF-α production by dendritic cells (DCs) is a critical step in the initiation of local inflammation and adaptive immune responses. We show in this study that a small molecule immune response modifier that is a Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist induces IL-12 and TNF-α production from murine CD11c+CD11b+CD8− DCs, a subset not previously known for this activity. Stimulation of these DCs through TLR7 in vivo induces significant cytokine production even 12 h after initial stimulation, as well as migration of the DC into T cell zones of the lymphoid tissue. In contrast, stimulation through TLR4 and TLR9 induced IL-12 production predominantly from CD8+ DCs, consistent with previously published data. All TLR stimuli induced the increase in surface expression of the activation markers B7-1, B7-2, and class II in both CD8+ and CD8− DCs, demonstrating that CD8+ DCs do respond to TLR7-mediated stimuli. To date this is the only known stimuli to induce preferential cytokine production from CD8− DCs. Given the efficacy of TLR7 agonists as antiviral agents, the data collectively indicate that stimulation of CD8− DCs through TLR7 most likely plays a role in the generation of antiviral immune responses.
Aluminum‐26 in H4 chondrites: Implications for its production and its usefulness as a fine‐scale chronometer for early solar system events

Abstract— In order to investigate whether or not 26Al can be used as a fine‐scale chronometer for early solar system events we measured, with an ion microprobe, Mg isotopes and Al/Mg ratios in separated plagioclase, olivine, and pyroxene crystals from the H4 chondrites Ste Marguerite (SM), Forest Vale (FV), Beaver Creek and Quenggouk and compared the results with the canonical 26Al/27Al ratio for calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions (CAIs). For SM and FV, Pb/Pb and Mn‐Cr ages have previously been determined (Göpel et al., 1994; Polnau et al., 2000; Polnau and Lugmair, 2001). Plagioclase grains from these two meteorites show clear excesses of 26Mg. The 26Al/27Al ratios inferred from these excesses and from isotopically normal Mg in pyroxene and olivine are (2.87 ± 0.64) × 10−7 for SM and (1.52 ± 0.52) × 10−7 for FV. The differences between these ratios and the ratio of 5 times 10−5 in CAIs indicate time differences of 5.4 ± 0.1 Ma and 6.1 ± 0.2 Ma for SM and FV, respectively. These differences are in agreement with the absolute Pb/Pb ages for CAIs and SM and FV phosphates but there are large discrepancies between the U‐Pb and Mn‐Cr system for the relative ages for CAIs, SM and FV. For example, Mn‐Cr ages of carbonates from Kaidun are older than the Pb/Pb age of CAIs. However, even if we require that CAIs are older than these carbonates, the time difference between this “adjusted” CAI age and the Mn‐Cr ages of SM and FV require that 26 Al was widely distributed in the early solar system at the time of CAI formation and was not mostly present in CAIs, a feature of the X‐wind model proposed by Shu and collaborators (Gounelle et al., 2001; Shu et al., 2001). From this we conclude that there was enough 26Al to melt small planetary bodies as long as they formed within 2 Ma of CAIs, and that 26Al can serve as a fine‐scale chronometer for early solar system events.
Overview of the TREC 2011 Web Track

The TREC Web Track explores and evaluates Web retrieval technology over large collections of Web data. In its current incarnation, the Web Track has been active since TREC 2009, where it included both a traditional adhoc retrieval task and a new diversity task [4]. The goal of this diversity task is to return a ranked list of pages that together provide complete coverage for a query, while avoiding excessive redundancy in the result list. For TREC 2010 the track introduced a new Web spam task and Web-style, six-level relevance assessment for the adhoc task [5]. For TREC 2011, as recommended by participants at the track planning session held during TREC 2010, we dropped the spam task but continued the other tasks essentially unchanged. As we did for TREC 2009 and TREC 2010, we based our TREC 2011 experiments on the billion-page ClueWeb09 collection created by the Language Technologies Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. The tasks use a common topic set, differing only in their evaluation methodology. Topics are created from the logs of a commercial search engine, with the aid of tools developed at Microsoft Research [9]. Given a target query, these tools extract and analyze groups of related queries, using co-clicks and other information, to identify clusters of queries that highlight different aspects and interpretations of the target query. These clusters are employed by NIST for topic development. Each resulting topic is structured as a representative set of subtopics, each related to a different user need. The selection of subtopics attempts to reflect a mix of genuine user requirements for the topic. For the adhoc task documents are judged with respect to the topic as a whole. Relevance levels are similar in structure to the levels used in commercial Web search, including a spam/junk level. Moreover, the top two levels of the assessment structure are closely related to the homepage finding and topic distillation tasks appearing in older Web Tracks. For the diversity task, documents are judged with respect to the subtopics, as well as with respect to the topic as a whole. For TREC 2011, the topic selection process was modified slightly from previous years. For TREC 2009 and 2010, topics were chosen to be of medium-to-high frequency. TREC 2011 attempts to work with more obscure topics, which may still be underspecified (i.e., faceted) but may be less ambiguous. Search engines have difficulty with queries of this type, since they can rely less on click/anchor information, and popularity signals like PageRank. With these new tough topics we hope to work in an area of Web retrieval that has received relatively little attention. Given the smaller number of pages that may be relevant for these tough topics, we may potentially be able to create a more reusable collection, with sufficiently complete judgments.
ROS Generation in Peroxisomes and its Role in Cell Signaling.

In plant cells, as in most eukaryotic organisms, peroxisomes are probably the major sites of intracellular H2O2 production, as a result of their essentially oxidative type of metabolism. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that peroxisomes carry out essential functions in eukaryotic cells. The generation of the important messenger molecule hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by animal and plant peroxisomes and the presence of catalase in these organelles has been known for many years, but the generation of superoxide radicals (O2·- ) and the occurrence of the metalloenzyme superoxide dismutase was reported for the first time in peroxisomes from plant origin. Further research showed the presence in plant peroxisomes of a complex battery of antioxidant systems apart from catalase. The evidence available of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in peroxisomes is presented, and the different antioxidant systems characterized in these organelles and their possible functions are described. Peroxisomes appear to have a ROS-mediated role in abiotic stress situations induced by the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and the xenobiotic 2,4-D, and also in the oxidative reactions of leaf senescence. The toxicity of Cd and 2,4-D has an effect on the ROS metabolism and speed of movement (dynamics) of peroxisomes. The regulation of ROS production in peroxisomes can take place by post-translational modifications of those proteins involved in their production and/or scavenging. In recent years, different studies have been carried out on the proteome of ROS metabolism in peroxisomes. Diverse evidence obtained indicates that peroxisomes are an important cellular source of different signaling molecules, including ROS, involved in distinct processes of high physiological importance, and might play an important role in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis.
The dilemma of treatments for epileptic patients with depression

Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity. It may occur due to existence of other mental or physical diseases or from the medications for those illnesses. It is one of the leading sources of disability. Among these physical diseases, epilepsy is widely recognized as one of the main causes of depression. Patients with epilepsy are at high risk of developing depressive symptoms, and the suicide rates in patients with epilepsy have been reported to be much higher than in the general population. However, due to fears of lowering seizure threshold and adverse drug interactions between antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs, physician are reluctant to place patients with epilepsy on antidepressant medication. As a result, the question has been raised that what the best managements should be used to treat epileptic patients with depression. In this review, the currently used medications for antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs were summarized by their working targets in order to establish appropriate pharmacological management of depression and epilepsy. Despite the complex relationship between epilepsy and depression, coadministration of antidepressants and AEDs can still be done safely and effectively under the conditions of good clinical management. The ideal antidepressants for people with epilepsy should be efficacious but with few adverse effects, which will not antagonize GABAergic mechanisms or interfere with plasma anticonvulsant concentrations.
High resolution time-to-space imaging of ultra-short pulses at 1.55μm by non-degenerate SFG in PPLN crystal

We demonstrate high resolution and increased efficiency background-free time-to-space conversion using spectrally resolved non-degenerate and collinear SFG in a bulk PPLN crystal. A serial-to-parallel resolution factor of 95 and a time window of 42 ps were achieved. A 60-fold increase in conversion efficiency slope compared with our previous work using a BBO crystal [5] was recorded. Finally the measured 40 GHz narrow linewidth of the output SFG signal implies the possibility to extract phase information by employing coherent detection techniques.
Primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy: a case series and literature review

Abstract Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHP) in pregnancy constitutes a serious danger to mother and fetus. The diagnosis of PHP in pregnancy presents a challenge, and PHP commonly goes unidentified and untreated in pregnancy. We present four case reports about patients having PHP, which is very rare condition in pregnancy and their treatment modalities. Three patients, not to be controlled biochemically, denied the parathyroidectomy operation although they are informed about the details of their disease. They are followed up with medical therapy. The first one had no maternal or fetal complications, the second one acquired nephrolithiasis crisis in the last trimester and the third one gave birth to a premature baby who succumbed to tetany. The fourth patient who underwent parathyroidectomy operation in the second trimester had no maternal or fetal complications. PHP in pregnancy is a preventable cause of fetal and maternal mortality and morbidity. Thus, suspecting from PHP during the pregnancy and early diagnosis is critically important in terms of maternal and fetal wellness.
Neonatal signs after late in utero exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors: literature review and implications for clinical applications.

CONTEXT A neonatal behavioral syndrome linked to in utero serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) exposure during the last trimester of pregnancy has been identified. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and drug manufacturers have recently agreed to a class labeling change for SRIs, which include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), to include information about potential adverse events in neonates exposed in utero. Integration of data about the neonatal behavioral syndrome into the management of pregnancy in women who take SRIs is a current challenge for physicians. OBJECTIVES To review evidence regarding the SRI-related neonatal syndrome and to help clinicians guide their patients in a risk-benefit decision-making process. DATA SOURCES We searched MEDLINE (1966-February 2005) and PsycINFO (1974-February 2005). All articles related to neonatal signs after in utero SRI exposure were acquired, as well as unpublished data on this topic from the FDA advisory committee meeting of June 2004. References cited in case reports and studies were reviewed. Foreign-language literature was included and translated to English. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Studies were included if they had clearly identified maternal SRI exposure for a minimum of the final trimester of pregnancy through delivery and assessed neonatal outcomes. We identified 13 case reports describing a total of 18 cases. Nine cohort studies met criteria. When not included in the published article, relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed from raw data and summary risk ratios and 95% CIs were determined with Mantel-Haenszel estimates. DATA SYNTHESIS Compared with early gestational SRI exposure or no exposure, late SRI exposure carries an overall risk ratio of 3.0 (95% CI, 2.0-4.4) for a neonatal behavioral syndrome. The most SRI-related neonatal case reports involved fluoxetine and paroxetine exposures. Neonates primarily display central nervous system, motor, respiratory, and gastrointestinal signs that are usually mild and disappear by 2 weeks of age. Medical management has consisted primarily of supportive care in special care nurseries. A severe syndrome that consists of seizures, dehydration, excessive weight loss, hyperpyrexia, or intubation is rare in term infants (1/313 quantifiable cases). There have been no reported neonatal deaths attributable to neonatal SRI exposure. CONCLUSIONS Available evidence indicates that in utero exposure to SRIs during the last trimester through delivery may result in a self-limited neonatal behavioral syndrome that can be managed with supportive care. The risks and benefits of discontinuing an SRI during pregnancy need to be carefully weighed for each individual patient. Development and validation of assessment methods and clinical management strategies are critical to advancing this research.
Natriuretic peptides and panic disorder: therapeutic prospects

Natriuretic peptides differentially modulate endocrine and behavioral stress responses in preclinical and human studies. While atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits thehypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis, C-type natriuretic peptide exerts stimulatory activity. In rodents, atrial natriuretic peptide reduces anxiety, whereas C-type natriuretic peptide has anxiogenic effects (mediated via corticotropin-releasing hormone). Patients with panic disorder show lower basal ANP plasma levels but a more pronounced release during experimentally induced panic attacks compared with controls. This could explain the absent pituitary–adrenocortical activation during panic anxiety and its paroxysmal nature. Furthermore, the effects of the panicogen cholecystokinin–tetrapeptide are attenuated by ANP pretreatment in panic patients, while C-type natriuretic peptide demonstrates anxiogenic action in healthy humans. Atrial natriuretic peptide agonists and C-type natriuretic peptide antagonists may have potential as a new class of antipanic and anxiolytic psychotherapeutic medication.
Restoring Stiffness in the Hydroelastic Analysis of Marine Structures

The restoring stiffness, that couples displacements and deformations, plays very important role in hydroelastic analysis of marine structures. The problem of its formulation is quite complex and is still discussed in the relevant literature. In the paper, the recent formulations of restoring stiffness are correlated and analyzed. Due to some equivalent terms of the restoring and geometric stiffness as a result of common load, the unifi ed stiffness is established and compared with the complete restoring stiffness known in the relevant literature. It is found out that the new formula deals with more terms, and, that under some assumptions, it is reduced to the known complete restoring stiffness. The unifi ed stiffness constitution is analyzed through derived analytical formulae for prismatic pontoon. Its consistency is checked for the rigid body displacements. Also, numerical results of the hydroelastic response of segmented barge are correlated with available model test results. Some issues, that are important for practical implementation in the hydroelastic code for fl exible structures, are described.
Effect of varied weight-training loads on the strength of university freshmen.

Abstract This study investigated the effect of the following weight-training loads on the acquisition of strength: three groups of seven maximum repetitions, four groups of five maximum repetitions, and five groups of three maximum repetitions. Fifty-five randomly selected subjects were further randomly assigned to one of the three training programs. All subjects performed two work-outs per week over a 9-week period on the curl, bench press, and squat. Strength was evaluated at the beginning and end of the experiment by ascertaining the maximum poundage which the lifter could handle for the performance of one repetition. The best lifts on each of the curl, bench press, and squat were summed and divided by body weight to give a strength/weight ratio. Within-group t ratios indicated that all groups registered strength gains that were highly significant. An analysis of covariance showed that no one group attained improvements that were significantly different from those of other groups.