Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of a new front-of-pack nutrition label in France : the five-colour Nutri-Score

Globally, the burden of non-communicable diseases is growing and nutrition has been identified as one of the key risk factors impacting that trend. Consequently, “it is clear that nutrition represents a key lever to public health policies as it corresponds to a modifiable determinant of health that could be addressed through primary prevention interventions. ” Among the different interventions, front-of-pack nutrition labelling is receiving increasing attention both from governments as well as other organisations. One of the reasons for this gain in popularity is that front-of-pack nutrition labelling is “considered helpful guidance for consumers towards healthier food choices at the point of purchase, as it delivers at-a-glance nutritional information. ” Across Europe, a number of different front-of-pack labelling schemes co-exist. Nutri-Score, adopted by France in 2017, is one of them. The objective of this paper is to present “the various studies conducted in France prior to the selection of the Nutri-Score as its front-of-pack nutrition label to provide policy-makers with a framework for informed decisions. ”
Urban Transport Pollution: Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve

An inverted-U relationship between GDP per capita and three urban transport-related emissions is tested (using data from 84 cities). Per capita urban transport-related emissions of CO, VHC, and NOx increase and then decline at observed income levels—a result driven by a similar inverted-U relationship between income and emissions technology (i.e., emissions per passenger-km). However, for urban transport energy consumed, the estimated turning point was well beyond the sample bounds. Passenger-km per capita and car ownership both rise, and public transport’s share of those passenger-km falls monotonically with income.
Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Arabidopsis Bifunctional Enzyme Dethiobiotin Synthetase–Diaminopelargonic Acid Aminotransferase: Evidence for Substrate Channeling in Biotin Synthesis[C][W]

This article presents biochemical, kinetic, and structural characterizations of a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes both the antepenultimate and the penultimate steps of biotin (vitamin B8) synthesis in Arabidopsis. This work shows that the intermediate substrate of the overall reaction is channeled between both distant active sites, probably through a polar trench at the surface of the enzyme. Diaminopelargonic acid aminotransferase (DAPA-AT) and dethiobiotin synthetase (DTBS) catalyze the antepenultimate and the penultimate steps, respectively, of biotin synthesis. Whereas DAPA-AT and DTBS are encoded by distinct genes in bacteria, in biotin-synthesizing eukaryotes (plants and most fungi), both activities are carried out by a single enzyme encoded by a bifunctional gene originating from the fusion of prokaryotic monofunctional ancestor genes. In few angiosperms, including Arabidopsis thaliana, this chimeric gene (named BIO3-BIO1) also produces a bicistronic transcript potentially encoding separate monofunctional proteins that can be produced following an alternative splicing mechanism. The functional significance of the occurrence of a bifunctional enzyme in biotin synthesis pathway in eukaryotes and the relative implication of each of the potential enzyme forms (bifunctional versus monofunctional) in the plant biotin pathway are unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that the BIO3-BIO1 fusion protein is the sole protein form produced by the BIO3-BIO1 locus in Arabidopsis. The enzyme catalyzes both DAPA-AT and DTBS reactions in vitro and is targeted to mitochondria in vivo. Our biochemical and kinetic characterizations of the pure recombinant enzyme show that in the course of the reaction, the DAPA intermediate is directly transferred from the DAPA-AT active site to the DTBS active site. Analysis of several structures of the enzyme crystallized in complex with and without its ligands reveals key structural elements involved for acquisition of bifunctionality and brings, together with mutagenesis experiments, additional evidences for substrate channeling.
Reoperations of patients with low-grade gliomas in eloquent or near eloquent brain areas.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Reoperations of patients with recurrent low-grade gliomas (LGG) are not always recommended due to a higher risk of neurological deficits when compared to initial surgery. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate surgical outcomes of patients operated on for recurrent LGG. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixteen patients who had surgery for recurrent LGG out of 68 LGG patients who underwent surgery at the Department of Neurosurgery in Sosnowiec, Poland between 2005 and 2011 were enrolled in the study. RESULTS A large tumour volume prior to the initial surgery was the most significant parameter influencing LGG progression (96.6 cm³ vs. 47.9 cm3, p = 0.01). Increased incidence of epileptic seizures and decreased mental ability according to Karnofsky score were the most common symptoms associated with tumour recurrence. In the group of patients with malignant transformation, the relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) was considerably increased (1.21 vs. 2.41, p < 0.01). No statistically significant difference was found in terms of the extent of resection between initial surgery and reoperation. Similarly, no significant difference was found in the number of patients with a permanent neurological deficit after initial surgery and reoperation. CONCLUSIONS Reoperations of the patients with recurrent LGG are not burdened with a higher risk of neurological sequelae when compared to initial surgery. The extent of resection during the surgery for LGG recurrence is comparable to initial surgery. The increase of rCBV seems to be a significant biomarker that indicates malignant transformation.
Persistence of a Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability complex in the upper troposphere

[1] During the period of 7–14 September 1998 a multiple instrument campaign was conducted at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) near Lima, Peru, using a 50-MHz VHF radar and radiosondes. In this paper we discuss the radar and in situ observations and interpret them with insight gained from high-resolution numerical simulations of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI). Evidence is presented that a large-scale shear in the upper troposphere on 8 September 1998 becomes locally unstable due to ambient gravity wave activity. Isolated KHI events result and subsequently grow and merge to form a large 3-km mixing layer. A 3-km-deep potential-temperature step is observed at the same altitude at least a full day after the initial observations. Analysis indicates that neither turbulent mixing nor radiative cooling is capable of destroying the fully developed temperature step in the 21 hours available, which lends credence to the hypothesis that the structure persisted for this period of time. Alternately, the structure could be continuously generated by a standing wave associated with mountain wave forcing.
Genes Influencing Resistance to Coccidioides immitisand the Interleukin-10 Response Map to Chromosomes 4 and 6 in Mice

ABSTRACT Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection that is endemic in the southwestern United States. Infection is more severe in blacks and Filipinos, which suggests that there is a genetic basis for susceptibility to this infection in humans. We found that there is also a difference in resistance to Coccidioides immitisinfection among inbred mouse strains: B6 mice are susceptible, while DBA/2 mice are resistant (T. N. Kirkland and J. Fierer, Infect. Immun. 40:912–916, 1983). In this paper we report the results of our efforts to map the genes responsible for resistance to this infection in mice. Mice were infected by intraperitoneal inoculation, and 15 days later the numbers of viable fungi in their lungs and spleens were enumerated. We also determined the amounts of interleukin-10 mRNA made in the infected lungs. These three phenotypes were mapped as quantitative traits by using the 26 available lines of recombinant inbred mice derived from a cross between B6 and DBA/2 mice. The best associations were those between the regions near the Lv locus on chromosome 4 and the Tnfr1 locus on chromosome 6. We then infected backcross mice [(B6 × DBA/2) × B6] and confirmed these associations; 14 of 16 (87%) mice that were heterozygous at bothLv and Tnfr1 were resistant to infection, whereas only 4 of 16 (25%) mice that were homozygous B6 at both loci were resistant. These are the first genetic loci to be associated with susceptibility to C. immitis, but there may be additional genes involved in murine resistance to this infection.
Galileo goes to jail and other myths about science and religion

* Contents * Acknowledgments * Introduction Ronald L. Numbers * Myth 1. That the Rise of Christianity Was Responsible for the Demise of Ancient Science David C. Lindberg * Myth 2. That the Medieval Christian Church Suppressed the Growth of Science Michael H. Shank * Myth 3. That Medieval Christians Taught That the Earth Was Flat Lesley B. Cormack * Myth 4. That Medieval Islamic Culture Was Inhospitable to Science S. Nomanul Haq * Myth 5. That the Medieval Church Prohibited Human Dissection Katharine Park * Myth 6. That the Copernican System Demoted Humans from the Center of the Cosmos Dennis R. Danielson * Myth 7. That Giordano Bruno Was the First Martyr of Modern Science Jole Shackelford * Myth 8. That Galileo Was Imprisoned and Tortured for Advocating Copernicanism Maurice A. Finocchiaro * Myth 9. That Christianity Gave Birth to Modern Science Noah Efron * Myth 10. That the Scientific Revolution Liberated Science from Religion Margaret J. Osler * Myth 11. That Catholics Did Not Contribute to the Scientific Revolution Lawrence Principe * Myth 12. That Rene Descartes Originated the Mind-Body Distinction Peter Harrison * Myth 13. That Isaac Newton's Mechanistic Cosmology Eliminated the Need for God Edward Davis * Myth 14. That the Church Denounced Anesthesia in Childbirth on Biblical Grounds Rennie B. Schoepflin * Myth 15. That the Theory of Organic Evolution Is Based on Circular Reasoning Nicolaas A. Rupke * Myth 16. That Evolution Destroyed Charles Darwin's Faith in Christianity--until He Reconverted on His Deathbed James Moore * Myth 17. That Huxley Defeated Wilberforce in Their Debate over Evolution and Religion David N. Livingstone * Myth 18. That Darwin Destroyed Natural Theology Jon H. Roberts * Myth 19. That Darwin and Haeckel Were Complicit in Nazi Biology Robert J. Richards * Myth 20. That the Scopes Trial Ended in Defeat for Antievolutionism Edward J. Larson * Myth 21. That Einstein Believed in a Personal God Matthew Stanley * Myth 22. That Quantum Physics Demonstrated the Doctrine of Free Will Daniel P. Thurs * Myth 23. That "Intelligent Design" Represents a Scientific Challenge to Evolution Michael Ruse * Myth 24. That Creationism Is a Uniquely American Phenomenon Ronald L. Numbers * Myth 25. That Modern Science Has Secularized Western Culture John Hedley Brooke * Notes * List of Contributors * Index
Subthreshold membrane potential oscillations in inferior olive neurons are dynamically regulated by P/Q‐ and T‐type calcium channels: a study in mutant mice

The role of P/Q‐ and T‐type calcium channels in the rhythmic oscillatory behaviour of inferior olive (IO) neurons was investigated in mutant mice. Mice lacking either the CaV2.1 gene of the pore‐forming α1A subunit for P/Q‐type calcium channel, or the CaV3.1 gene of the pore‐forming α1G subunit for T‐type calcium channel were used. In vitro intracellular recording from IO neurons reveals that the amplitude and frequency of sinusoidal subthreshold oscillations (SSTOs) were reduced in the CaV2.1−/− mice. In the CaV3.1−/− mice, IO neurons also showed altered patterns of SSTOs and the probability of SSTO generation was significantly lower (15%, 5 of 34 neurons) than that of wild‐type (78%, 31 of 40 neurons) or CaV2.1−/− mice (73%, 22 of 30 neurons). In addition, the low‐threshold calcium spike and the sustained endogenous oscillation following rebound potentials were absent in IO neurons from CaV3.1−/− mice. Moreover, the phase‐reset dynamics of oscillatory properties of single neurons and neuronal clusters in IO were remarkably altered in both CaV2.1−/− and CaV3.1−/− mice. These results suggest that both α1A P/Q‐ and α1G T‐type calcium channels are required for the dynamic control of neuronal oscillations in the IO. These findings were supported by results from a mathematical IO neuronal model that incorporated T and P/Q channel kinetics.
Theory of the Flower Micelle Formation of Amphiphilic Random and Periodic Copolymers in Solution

The mixing Gibbs energy Δgm for the flower-micelle phase of amphiphilic random and periodic (including alternating) copolymers was formulated on the basis of the lattice model. The formulated Δgm predicts (1) the inverse proportionality of the aggregation number to the degree of polymerization of the copolymer, (2) the increase of the critical micelle concentration with decreasing the hydrophobe content, and (3) the crossover from the micellization to the liquid–liquid phase separation as the hydrophobe content increases. The transition from the uni-core flower micelle to the multi-core flower necklace as the degree of polymerization increases was also implicitly indicated by the theory. These theoretical results were compared with experimental results for amphiphilic random and alternating copolymers reported so far.
Intermediately virulent Rhodococcus equi isolates from pigs in Slovenia: discovery of new plasmid types and assessment of genetic diversity by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

The presence of large plasmids in 30 Rhodococcus equi strains isolated from pig lymph nodes with granulomatous changes was investigated. Plasmid DNAs were isolated and digested with the restriction endonu- cleases BamHI, EcoRI, EcoT22I and HindIII for detailed comparison and estimation of plasmid sizes. A total of nine isolates were identified as intermediately virulent (VapB-positive), harbouring large plasmids of type 5 (n = 5) and four new variants that we tentatively designated as type 19 (n = 1), 20 (n = 1), 21 (n = 1) and 24 (n = 1). All isolates were subjected to genotyping with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). High genetic diversity was observed: 21 distinct genotypes were detected; five were found in multiple isolates and the others were unique. Isolates of the same plasmid type exhibited different PFGE profiles and vice versa. In a few cases, multiple strains from certain farms were analysed, the majority of which exhibited diverse PFGE profiles. Our findings demonstrate the presence of a wide variety of R. equi strains even in small confined environments such as farms. This is the first molecular epidemiology study of intermediately virulent R. equi isolates from Slovenian pigs.
Hsf1p and Msn2/4p cooperate in the expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes HSP26 and HSP104 in a gene‐ and stress type‐dependent manner

Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses several transcription factors involved in the transcriptional activation of stress‐induced genes. Among them, the heat shock factor (Hsf1p) and the zinc finger proteins of the general stress response (Msn2p and Msn4p) have been shown to play a major role in stress protection. Some heat shock protein (HSP) genes contain both heat shock elements (HSEs) and stress response elements (STREs), suggesting the involvement of both transcription factors in their regulation. Analysis of the stress‐induced expression of two of these genes, HSP26 and HSP104, reveals that the contribution of Hsf1p and Msn2/4p is different depending on the gene and the stress condition.
Lup-20(29)-en-28-ol-3-one (betulone)

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C30H48O2, contains two independent molecules, the main difference between them being that the isopropenyl group is rotated by approximately 180°. In each molecule, the fused six-membered rings have chair–chair–chair–chair conformations and the cyclopentane ring adopts an envelope conformation with the C atom bearing the hydroxymethyl group as the flap. All ring junctions are trans-fused. With the exception of one of the methyl groups adjacent to the C=O group, all the methyl groups are in axial positions. The isopropenyl group is equatorial and the hydroxymethyl group is in an axial orientation. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯O interactions link the molecules into chains along [010]. Weak intramolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are also observed but the hydroxy groups are not involved in hydrogen bonds.
Methodology Series Module 2: Case-control Studies

Case-Control study design is a type of observational study. In this design, participants are selected for the study based on their outcome status. Thus, some participants have the outcome of interest (referred to as cases), whereas others do not have the outcome of interest (referred to as controls). The investigator then assesses the exposure in both these groups. The investigator should define the cases as specifically as possible. Sometimes, definition of a disease may be based on multiple criteria; thus, all these points should be explicitly stated in case definition. An important aspect of selecting a control is that they should be from the same ‘study base’ as that of the cases. We can select controls from a variety of groups. Some of them are: General population; relatives or friends; and hospital patients. Matching is often used in case-control control studies to ensure that the cases and controls are similar in certain characteristics, and it is a useful technique to increase the efficiency of the study. Case-Control studies can usually be conducted relatively faster and are inexpensive – particularly when compared with cohort studies (prospective). It is useful to study rare outcomes and outcomes with long latent periods. This design is not very useful to study rare exposures. Furthermore, they may also be prone to certain biases – selection bias and recall bias.
The Development of Electrical Discharges in Simulated "Tree" Channels

The development of spark discharges in 5 x 10-3 cm diameter cylindrical tubules of 0.5 cm length bounded by solid dielectric has been studied by making the conventional electric strength measurements and by using a self-triggered high speed camera which possesses a temporal resolution of 5 ns and a spatial resolution of about 50 line-pairs per mm to obtain sequential photographs of the prebreakdown luminescence accompanying voltage collapse. The photographs verify the deductions made from the information obtained from the electric strength measurements: the walls of the tubules interfere with the breakdown processes in the confined gas and collect considerable charge. This results in an electrostatic field which appreciably distorts the applied field. It is evident that the electric strength of tree channels under unidirectional voltage waveforms can be very high, approaching that of the solid insulation. It is concluded that the mechanisms of trapping and decay of charge in a solid insulation are important factors in assessing its resistance to tree penetration, and that the channels of electrical trees cannot be an effective extension of the electrodes into the insulation as is almost universally assumed.
Association of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha −308 G/A promoter polymorphism with susceptibility and disease profile of rheumatoid arthritis

The objective was to analyze the possible involvement of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) −308 G/A promoter polymorphism in the susceptibility and/or the disease profile of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Egyptian patients. TNF‐α−308 G/promoter polymorphism detection by amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) technique was carried out for 122 RA patients and 120 healthy controls. TNF‐α−308 G allele/GG homozygous genotype were higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than those in control group (P < 0.001, respectively). A statistically significant association was found between the frequency of the A allele and presence of erosion (OR = 3.42, P = 0.015). No associations were found between the distribution of TNF‐α−308 G/A alleles/genotypes and age of patients, disease duration, absence of remission, presence of deformity, clinical manifestations of the disease and presence or absence of rheumatoid factor. The positivity of rheumatoid factor was associated with occurrence of erosion (OR = 25.0, P < 0.001). The results of this study demonstrate the association of the TNF‐α−308 G allele and GG homozygous genotype with susceptibility to RA and the A allele with the presence of erosion in the Egyptian patients.
The costs and consequences of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection treatments in Canada.

BACKGROUND A multinational randomized controlled trial has shown a trend toward early discharge of patients taking oral linezolid versus intravenous vancomycin (IV) in the treatment of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Infection treatments resulting in shorter hospitalization durations are associated with cost savings from the hospital perspective. OBJECTIVE To determine whether similar economic advantages are associated with oral linezolid, the costs and consequences of linezolid use following vancomycin IV versus the existing practice in the treatment of infections caused by MRSA were compared. METHODS The charts of all patients admitted to one of three tertiary care teaching hospitals between January 1, 1997 and August 31, 2000 and treated with vancomycin IV for an active MRSA infection (skin and soft tissue only) were reviewed. Based on the vancomycin IV chart review data set and a simulated linezolid data set, the clinical consequences and the associated costs of MRSA treatment with vancomycin IV, and oral and IV forms of linezolid were quantified and compared within the framework of a cost-consequence analysis. RESULTS Patients treated with oral and IV forms of linezolid compared with the existing practice had a shorter length of stay and required fewer home IV care services, which resulted in a cost savings of $750 (2001 values) to the Canadian health care perspective. CONCLUSIONS The estimated cost savings associated with linezolid use not only offset the higher acquisition cost of the anti-infective, but may be substantial to health care systems across Canada, especially as the incidence of MRSA continues to rise.
Effect of vacuum freeze-drying on quality of lemon balm leaves (Melissa officinalis, L.).

This research focuses on the analysis of the chemical component of essential oil of lemon balm. The essential oil of leaves was obtained by extraction. The chemical components of the essential oil of lemon balm were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS and 8 substances were identified. The quality of the final product depends mainly on the operation of freeze dryer (FD). It was found that essential oil content was more influenced by chamber pressure (high and low). The higher chamber pressure causes a longer drying period but results better quality volatile compounds of lemon balm. Comparative determinations of the essential oil in fresh and dried material at high pressure showed slightly higher content of the oil in the fresh one. The drying data were fitted to thin-layer mathematical model (third-degree polynomial). The performance of this model was investigated by comparing the determination of coefficient (R) and root mean square error (RMSE) between the observed and predicted moisture ratios. The effect of freeze drying method on peltate glandular hairs structure was observed by electro-microscopy.