Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A study on determinants of underreporting of adverse drug reactions among resident doctors

Background: Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are global problem with significant morbidity and mortality. Health care providers/professionals (HCPs) play a critical role in ADR surveillance. However, only 6% of all ADRs are reported and under-reporting acts as great impedance in exchange of drug information. Thus, spontaneous reporting of suspected adverse drug reactions requires greater commitment from healthcare professionals. The aim was to determine the reasons of underreporting of ADRs among resident doctors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study with self-administered questionnaire assessing the reasons for underreporting of ADRs among resident doctors. Results: Very low level of awareness about ADR reporting was found among doctors. Eighty eight percent of doctors did not know the authority and the procedure for ADR reporting. About 32.8% were not sure with the reaction and the drug, while 46.3% doctors felt that there is no need of reporting the recognized reactions again. Other factors responsible for under reporting were lack of time in 73% and cumbersome procedure in 45% of the participants. Conclusions: A poor level of awareness of pharmacovigilance was seen among doctors. Measure to improve awareness, accessible systems for reporting and effective National Programme are required to improve reporting
Revisiting trust at the later stages of international Joint Ventures : The role of longevity , interdependence and risk of opportunism

In recent years, great numbers of enterprises worldwide form international joint ventures (IJVs) in order to expand internationally and gain global competitiveness. The increasing number of scientific publications worldwide has distinguished the concept of trust as one of the most important elements that affect the success of IJVs. The objective of this paper is to present a number of propositions on the contextual factors that have an impact on the development of trust at the later stages of IJV operations.
ANALYSIS OF FARMER FIELD SCHOOLS AS A TOOL OF CAPACITY BUILDING FOR RESOURCE POOR FARMERS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

The present study was conducted in 2010 to analyze Farmer Field Schools (FFS) as a tool of capacity building for resource poor farmers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. For this purpose, seven districts were selected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province including Peshawar, Charsadda, Nowshera, Mardan, Swabi, Kohat and Hangu. Data regarding capacity building of resource poor farmers were obtained from 280 randomly selected farmers through "survey" method and were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results indicate that the highest capacity building took place in the area of controlling pre-harvest losses by the resource-poor farmers which was ranked 1 st with mean value 3.37 followed by controlling post-harvest losses and timely and balanced use of fertilizers which were ranked 2 nd and 3 rd with mean values 3.23, 3.11, respectively. Under the crop protection issue, the highest capacity building by farmer respondents took place in the areas of insect/ pests' identification which was ranked 1 st with mean value 3.26 followed by recognizing insect/ pests' mode of action and insect/ pests' control by local recipes which were ranked 2 nd and 3 rd with mean values 3.07 and 2.87, respectively. However, farmers highest capacity building occurred in the area of chemical weed control which was ranked 1 st , closely followed by manual and cultural weed control measures which were measures ranked 2 nd and 3 rd with mean values 3.12, 2.95, and 2,67, respectively. Likewise, the highest capacity building by farmer respondents took place in the area of furrow irrigation which ranked at the top with mean value 3.30 followed by boarder and basin irrigation techniques which stood 2 nd , and 3 rd with mean values 2.95, 2.83, respectively. It can be concluded from the study that FFS have highly built up capacity of farming community due to its practical way of training.
Inflation Ambiguity and the Term Structure of U.S. Government Bonds

Variations in trend inflation are the main driver for variations in the nominal yield curve. According to empirical data, investors observe a set of empirical models that could all have generated the time-series for trend inflation. This set has been large and volatile during the 1970s and early 1980s and small during the 1990s. I show that log utility together with Knightian uncertainty about trend inflation can explain the term premium in U.S. Treasury bonds. The equilibrium has two inflation premiums, an inflation risk premium and a Knightian inflation ambiguity premium.
2 Index of Figures and Tables Figures

Some of the contemporary rhythm measures are believed to capture the degree of vocalic reduction in languages. The present study investigates whether these rhythmic measurements react differently to the two major Catalan dialects as a result of their difference in vowel reduction. On the one hand, Eastern Catalan reduces its vowel system in unstressed syllables. On the other hand, Western Catalan does not apparently undergo this process of vowel reduction. Rhythm measurements (%V, ∆C, ∆V, nPIV and rPVI) were carried out in read speech from 7 speakers of Western and 4 speakers of Eastern Catalan. The results reveal that no significant difference in rhythmic measurements exists between the two Catalan dialects. Both Eastern and Western Catalan are shown to be classified as syllable-timed as regards the results obtained for %V and ∆C, and as intermediate –in between syllable-timed and stress-timedas far as nPVI and rPVI are concerned. It will be discussed whether contemporary rhythm measures can capture vowel reduction processes or to what extent vowel reduction is actually qualitatively different in Eastern and Western Catalan.
The importance of Hippocampal Volume Reduction in People with Alzheimer’s Disease

Copyright: © 2018 Prandini MN. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Hippocampus is an anatomic structure located inside the temporal lobes. It is and an important component of the limbic system and considered the main place of memory. It plays, also, an important role in the visuospatial memory. The healthy aging process is accompanied by the decline of physiological functions as well as some cognitive abilities mainly the ones related with episodic memory, the principal function carried out by the hippocampus. In senesce or in cases of pathological process, some anatomic alterations in neural structures may be encountered such as the reduction of the cerebral volume as a whole. Therefore, one of the principal challenges in clinical practice is to separate the normal to the pathological cognition when occurring in old aged people as well as in patients suffering from diseases located in the hippocampus. The temporal lobe epilepsy and Alzeimer’s disease can be here included. Therefore, it is mandatory to determine the limits of what is normal or pathological when evaluating the size and volume of hippocampus. Recent researches demonstrate that the hippocampus shows a volume reduction in late adulthood and that this reduction has a close relationship with cognitive decline. Besides the hippocampal sclerosis has already been connected with the Alzeimer’s disease. The neuroimaging is crucial in determining the normal pattern for the size of hippocampus. Thus, the need for a more detailed observation regarding the main initial symptoms and structures initially affected in the disease, based on neuroimaging, may be helpful in detecting early and precise diagnosis.
Does species diversity really drive speciation

It has been hypothesized that total speciation rate may depend on species diversity (Seposky 1978), population sizes (Hubbell 2001), and island area (Losos and Schluter 2000). In a recent paper, Emerson and Kolm (2005) tested the hypothesis that species diversity might promote speciation, by comparing the proportion of endemics in a taxon with the number of species in that taxon, in the Canary Islands and the Hawaiian Islands. They show that the number of species of the taxon is a good predictor of the island endemics in that taxon, and suggest that this result demonstrates the role of species diversity in speciation. We propose an alternative explanation: that the same abiotic variables that control species diversity also influence speciation, and that this phenomenon may render the analysis of Emerson and Kolm circular. Emerson and Kolm performed a stepwise regression of the speciation rate of a taxon, measured as the proportion of endemics of that taxon, against a set of independent variables comprising abiotic factors and the numberofspeciesofthattaxon.However,asweshallsee, if the number of species itself is dependent on the same set of abiotic variables as the speciation rate, then the stepwise regression will select the number of species as the explanatory variable for the speciation rate and lead to the wrong conclusion that the abiotic variables are less important. This statistical artefact happens because the number of species accounts for the compound effect of the abiotic variables. Cadena et al. (2005) point out a particular case of this artefact which happens when both species richness and endemism depend on attributes of islands that influence the average age of resident populations and reduce extinction rates, such as area. Here we show that the statistical artefact can occur more generally for any type of abiotic variable that influences both species richness and speciation or extinction rates.
Effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on sea urchin early development

Increased carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration in the atmosphere will change the balance of the components of carbonate chemistry and reduce the pH at the ocean surface. Here, we report the effects of increased CO 2 concentration on the early development of the sea urchins Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Echinometra mathaei. We examined the fertilization, early cleavage, and pluteus larval stage to evaluate the impact of elevated CO 2 concentration on fertilization rate, cleavage rate, developmental speed, and pluteus larval morphology. Furthermore, we compared the effects of CO 2 and HCl at the same pH in an attempt to elucidate any differences between the two. We found that fertilization rate, cleavage rate, developmental speed, and pluteus larval size all tended to decrease with increasing CO 2 concentration. Furthermore, CO 2 -seawater had a more severe effect than HCl-seawater on the fertilization rate. By contrast, the effects on cleavage rate, developmental speed, and pluteus larval morphology were similar for CO 2 - and HCl-seawater. Our results suggest that both decreased pH and altered carbonate chemistry affect the early development and life history of marine animals, implying that increased seawater CO 2 concentration will seriously alter marine ecosystems. The effects of CO 2 itself on marine organisms therefore requires further clarification.
EasyChair Preprint No 350 A Comparison of Facial Recognition Techniques

In this paper, facial recognition has been widely studied due to its importance in many applications in the civilian and military domains. Although this computer vision problem was initially challenging due to the dynamic nature of the human face and the different poses it can take, however, the research conducted over the last two decades made huge advances with many algorithms reporting high accuracy in the published literature. However, this accuracy is usually reduced in real-life usage especially in the presence of different types of noise. In this paper, six different facial recognition algorithms are evaluated and compared, namely, principle component analysis (PCA), two-dimensional PCA (2D-PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), discrete cosine transform (DCT), support Vector Machines (SVM) and independent component analysis (ICA). The effect of the presence of Gaussian and salt and Pepper noises are also considered during the evaluation of these algorithms. The results show that the best performance was obtained using the DCT algorithm with 92% dominant eigenvalues and 95.25 % accuracy which makes it the best choice under different noise conditions.
Production of alfalfa hay under different drying methods

This trial aimed at determining the dehydration curve at nine times (0, 3, 6, 9, 24, 27, 30, 33 and 46 hours after cuting of the plants); the leaf/stem ratio and number of leaves per stem in alfalfa submitted to four managements during the drying process. It was also evaluated the bromatologic composition and in vitro digestibility of the dry matter and cell wall of alfalfa hay before storage. The drying methods applied for alfalfa were the following: drying in the field until 50% DM and drying conclusion in an airy shed; drying in the field without turning; drying with only one turning and drying with two turnings. The experimental design was completely randomized with four drying methods and five replications. Leaf dehydration was faster when compared to the stems in all drying methods. Drying in the shed promoted the lesser re-hydration of the plants at night due to dew. It was also verified that alfalfa hays that remained under the sun and were turned showed the worst quality with reduction in crude protein contents and increase in NDF, ADF, NDIN and ADIN. However, in vitro dry matter digestibility and cell wall digestibility did not suffer any alteration because of the different dehydration methods (69.79 and 41.39%, respectively). There is a market fall of leaves and a reduction on the number of leaves per stem with the turnings.
Schizophyllum commune Lipase Production on Pretreated Sugarcane Bagasse and Its Effectiveness

Schizophyllum commune UTARA1 was used for lipase production under solid state fermentation (SSF) of sugarcane bagasse (SB) impregnated with used cooking oil medium. Pretreatments of steam, microwave, hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and their combinations, such as steam-assisted HCl, steam-assisted NaOH, microwave-assisted HCl, and microwave-assisted NaOH, on the milled SB, were done prior to SSF to investigate their effects on lipase production via SSF. The highest lipase activity among the pretreated SB was 0.200 U/, using steam-assisted HCl treated SB, which is lower than the lipase activity produced from the untreated SB, which was 0.413 U/. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) imaging showed significant rupture of the SB structure after steam-assisted-HCl pretreatments where the thin walls of the SB pith were wrinkled and collapsed, with no distinctive cell wall structure. The HCl pretreated SB gave the highest crystallinity index (CrI), 91.43%, compared to the untreated, 61.90%. Conversely, microwave and NaOH pretreatments reduced the CrI, which were 46.15% and 43.36%, respectively. In this study, the results obtained indicated that pretreated SB did not improve the lipase production of Schizophyllum commune UTARA1 under SSF.
Modelling the effect of temperature on hatching and settlement patterns of meroplanktonic organisms:the case of the octopus

The duration of embryonic development and the planktonic stage of meroplanktonic species is highly temperature dependent and thus the seasonal temperature oscillations of temperate regions greatly affect the patterns of hatching and benthic settlement. Based on data from the literature on embryonic development and planktonic duration of Octopus vulgaris (common octopus) in relation to temperature, and on observed temperature patterns, several models of hatching and settlement patterns were created. There was a good fit between observed settlement patterns and model predictions. Based on these models we concluded that in temperate regions: (1) when temperature is increasing (from early spring to mid summer) the hatching and settlement periods tend to shorten, while when the temperature is decreasing (during autumn) the hatching and settlement periods tend to lengthen; (2) hatching and settlement peaks are narrower and more intense than a spring spawning peak but wider and less intense than an autumn spawning peak; (3) at lower latitudes, hatching and settlement patterns tend to follow the spawning pattern more closely, (4) the periodic temperature pattern of temperate areas has the potential to cause a convergence of hatching during spring.
Understanding educational change: Agency-structure dynamics in a novel design and making environment

This study investigates agency-structure dynamics in students and teachers’ social activity in a novel design and making environment in the context of the Finnish school system, which has recently undergone major curricular reform. Understanding that agency is an important mediator of educational change, we ask the following questions: How are agency-structure dynamics manifested in the social activity of students and their teachers in a novel design and making environment? How do agency-structure dynamics create possibilities and obstacles for educational change? The data comprise 65 hours of video recordings and field notes of the social activity of students aged 9–12 years old (N = 94) and their teachers collected over a period of one semester. Our study shows how the introduction of the novel learning environment created a boundary space in which traditional teacher-centered activity patterns interacted and came into tension with student-centered modes of teaching and learning. Our study reveals three distinctive agency-structure dynamics that illuminate how the agentive actions of both teachers and students stabilized existing teacher-centered practices and, at other, times ruptured and broke away from existing patterns, thus giving rise to possibilities for educational change.
Additivity of Euler characteristics in relative algebraic $K$-groups

We describe a criterion for a natural Euler characteristic that takes values in a relative algebraic K0-group to be additive in distinguished triangles. As preliminary steps we prove several results about determinant functors, in particular concerning the comparison of the determinant of a complex to the determinant of its cohomology. Dedicated to Victor Snaith on the occasion of his 60-th birthday.
Analysis of Youth Underemployment in Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia

The vulnerability of working youth in Western Balkan countries is a major policy concern because their unemployment rates lie far above the EU average. We investigated the effect of youth underemployment on wages in three countries in the Western Balkans: Macedonia, Serbia, and Montenegro. Our empirical analysis built on a recent ILO school-to-work transition survey and controlled for sample-selection bias and endogeneity between underemployment and real hourly wages. The identification of the causal effect relied on traditional and novel instruments. In the former, the main instrument was a regional-unemployment indicator; in the latter, we exploited the conditional heteroskedasticity of underemployment to generate valid instruments. Our findings verified the negative relationship between underemployment and wages, which is strongest in Macedonia, followed by Montenegro and Serbia. These findings support the need for more aggressive youth-employment policies, including internship and traineeship programs, qualification, re-training, and adequate assessment of skills and competence.
The microhabitat preferences of water beetles in four rivers in Ourense province, Northwest Spain

We analysed the microhabitat preferences of water beetle species in four rivers in Northwest Spain. In each river, we sampled 5 sites with different types of substrate. These sites were characterised in situ according to the predominant material type (macrophytes, moss, pebbles and sand). The occurrence of a substrate preference was verified from a comparative study of species richness and abundance among different microhabitats. The differences in abundance and richness between substrates and in the abundance of each species were tested with an ANOVA. The similarity between microhabitats was tested with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), and the correlation between fauna and substrates was verified with a correspondence analysis (CA). We observed different species distribution patterns, and these patterns reflected the microhabitat preference of each species. Both the ecological parameters and the correspondence analysis indicated that the preferred substrate for most of the species was moss, followed by pebbles.
Accelerated ageing test for vigour assessment of pigeon pea 'Cajanus cajan' (L.) Millsp. seeds

Pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. ] is widely cultivated in tropical areas of the world and it is used as a green manure and forage. The accelerated ageing test is one of the most frequently used tests to evaluate the physiological potential of seeds, however, accurate and adjusted procedures for this test are still missing for pigeon pea seeds. Thus, the aim of the present study was to establish the best combination of conditions to submit pigeon pea seeds to the accelerated ageing test. Five pigeon pea seed lots (cv. Mandarim) were subjected to germination (paper and sand substrate), vigour (first count of germination and emergence speed index) and seedling emergence in the field tests. For the accelerated ageing test procedure, seeds were placed uniformly in a single layer on a fine-mesh tray suspended over 40mL of water (traditional procedure) or saturated salt solution (40% of NaCl), being kept at 42 and 45 degreesC for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. After each period of exposure to the accelerated ageing test, seeds were submitted to the germination test (paper substrate) with seedling evaluation at four, six, eight and ten days after sowing in order to identify the best time for seedlings evaluation. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and treatments were distributed in a completely random design (CRD) with four repetitions. Means were compared with the Tukey test at the 5% level of probability. The results indicated that the traditional accelerated ageing method for pigeon pea seeds should be carried out using the combination of 24 hours and 42 degreesC with the seedlings evaluation after six days of germination. The accelerated aging test with saturated salt solution should be accomplished using the combinations of 48 hours and 42 degreesC, with seedlings evaluation after six days of germination and 24 hours and 45 degreesC with evaluation after four days of germination.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF BROOK TROUT ( SALVELINUS FONTINALIS ) IN THE WOOD-PAWCATUCK WATERSHED OF RHODE ISLAND

3 Acknowledgements.4 Introduction.5 Monitoring and Modeling of Brook Trout Populations.6 Objectives.10 Study Area.10 Data.12 Survey Data.12 Ancillary Data.13 Methods.13 Results and Discussion.15 Conclusion.26 References.29