Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Vertical Structure of Low-Frequency Motions in the Nearshore. Part II: Theory

AbstractField observations from a vertical stack of two-component current meters obtained from the 1994 Duck94 nearshore field experiment (presented in a companion paper by Lippmann, et al.) show significant vertical structure in energy, phase, and rotation of motions at low frequencies around 0.005 Hz. Low-frequency motions are typically modeled in the surfzone with the shallow-water (depth averaged) momentum equations that do not allow for any vertical structure. Following work from the shelf tidal community (Prandle), this study shows that the observations are consistent with the depth-varying momentum equations including shear stresses induced by a bottom boundary layer described by a constant eddy viscosity νt and bottom friction given by a constant drag coefficient and depth-averaged velocity . The bidirectional flow field is solved over arbitrary depth profiles varying only in the cross-shore direction h(x) in the presence of a vertically uniform mean alongshore current with cross-shore shear struc.
Attitudes of GPs to medical management in a falls clinic service.

BACKGROUND Intervention programs that target falls risk factors can be effective. Falls clinics that use detailed multidisciplinary assessment are relatively new in Australia and it is not known how they are perceived by general practitioners. METHOD A survey of referring GPs' attitudes to a falls clinic service and an audit of changes to patients' medical management resulting from falls clinic advice. RESULTS General practitioners were largely satisfied with the falls clinic service, although they did not often change their patients' medical therapy as a result, or feel that review in the falls clinic had reduced their patients' frequency of falling. DISCUSSION Further work is needed to confirm that the reductions in falls achieved in clinical trials are also being found in routine clinical practice. Alternative models of falls prevention and falls clinics could be explored, in partnership with primary care providers.
Selective Ligand Behaviors Provide New Insights into Agonist Activation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are a diverse set of ion channels that are essential to everyday brain function. Contemporary research studies selective activation of individual subtypes of receptors, with the hope of increasing our understanding of behavioral responses and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we aim to expand current binding models to help explain the specificity seen among three activators of α4β2 receptors: sazetidine-A, cytisine, and NS9283. Through mutational analysis, we can interchange the activation profiles of the stoichiometry-selective compounds sazetidine-A and cytisine. In addition, mutations render NS9283—currently identified as a positive allosteric modulator—into an agonist. These results lead to two conclusions: (1) occupation at each primary face of an α subunit is needed to activate the channel and (2) the complementary face of the adjacent subunit dictates the binding ability of the agonist.
The crustal thickness of the Great Basin : using seismic refraction to assess regional geothermal potential

When assessing the geothermal potential of the Great Basin, crustal thickness provides v a l u a b l e r e g i o n a l s c a l e information: if the crust is thin, Earth’s mantle is closer to the surface, heat flow can be higher, and the potential for geothermal energy may be greater. In addition, crustal thickness when combined with temperature gradient, gravity, fault location, and strain rate data sets, can allow us to better understand the factors that control the occurrence of geothermal activity. In order to assess the crustal thickness of the Great Basin in poorly constrained areas, we have completed three long-range seismic refraction transects. Our Northern Walker Lane (NWL) re f rac t ion experiment, completed in 2002, confirms the presence of a thin crust ranging from 19-23 km-thick in a 100 km-wide region near Battle Mountain, Nevada (Louie et al., 2004) with a southern extent defined by our 2004 IdahoNevada-California (INC) transect. Both tomography model sections show an unexpectedly deep crustal root (>50 km) beneath the northern and central Sierra Nevada. Our third experiment, the 2005 Northern-Nevada-Utah transect (NNUT) will provide crustal thickness data in an area with geothermal potential and where no refraction data currently exist. We have also complied a contoured crustal thickness map for the Great Basin from current results of the INC and NWL experiments, as well as other previous work in the region. Figure 1: Location map of the Northern Walker Lane (NWL), IdahoNevada-California (INC) and Northern-Nevada-Utah transect (NNUT) seismic refraction experiments. The yellow stars indicate the earthquake locations and the orange stars represent mine blasts used as seismic sources for the three experiments. The dotted yellow line is the location of the PASSCAL 1986 refraction survey. Heimgartner, Louie, Scott, Thelen, Lopez, Coolbaugh
Cytogenetic studies of early myeloid progenitor compartments in Ph1‐positive chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) I. PERSISTENCE OF Ph1‐NEGATIVE COMMITTED PROGENITORS THAT ARE SUPPRESSED FROM DIFFERENTIATING IN VIVO

Summary. We have cytogenetically analysed individual haemopoietic colonies to investigate the level and extent of normal stem cell suppression that occurs in patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1‐positive CML. Seventeen patients were studied at diagnosis prior to the initiation of chemotherapy and five of these were studied again 1–16 months later. Another nine patients were studied for the first time 2–96 months after diagnosis and initiation of chemotherapy. No chromosomally normal metaphases were found in either direct marrow preparations or in haemopoietic colonies obtained from simultaneous assays of marrow and/or blood samples from 20 of the 26 patients studied. In the other six, chromosomally normal haemopoietic progenitors (BFU‐E, CFU‐C and CFU‐G/E) were readily demonstrable even though in five of these patients all dividing cells in the bone marrow appeared to belong to the Ph1‐positive clone at the time of study. These results indicate that the suppressive effects of clonal expansion on normal haemopoiesis are more pronounced, and apparent sooner, in the more differentiated compartments. In addition, they support the view that the original population of normal stem cells does not disappear rapidly, although their numbers may be diluted to undetectable levels depending upon the extent of clonal expansion at the stem cell level by the time of diagnosis.
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled, Multicenter Safety and Immunogenicity Study of a Refrigerator-Stable Formulation of Zostavax

ABSTRACT The vaccine Zostavax has been shown to prevent herpes zoster (HZ) and postherpetic neuralgia and is recommended for individuals ≥60 years of age. This study compared the safety and the immunogenicity of a refrigerator-stable formulation (Zostavax refrigerated) with those of the current formulation (Zostavax frozen) in subjects ≥50 years of age. Subjects with a negative history for HZ were randomized 1:1 to receive one dose of either formulation. Enrollment was stratified 1:2 by age (50 to 59 years and ≥60 years). Safety was evaluated for 28 days postvaccination. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antibody responses were measured by a glycoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (gpELISA). The primary endpoints were the VZV antibody geometric mean titer (GMT; day 28), the VZV antibody geometric mean rise (GMR; days 1 to 28), and the incidence of vaccine-related serious adverse experiences (AEs) over 28 days. The refrigerated (n = 182) and frozen (n = 185) formulations induced similar GMTs (727.4 and 834.4 gpELISA units/ml, respectively); the estimated GMT ratio (refrigerated formulation/frozen formulation) was 0.87 (95% confidence interval, 0.71 to 1.07). The GMRs were 2.6- and 2.9-fold, respectively. No vaccine-related serious AEs were reported in either group, and the safety profiles of the formulations were generally similar. The frequencies of injection-site AEs during follow-up were 35.6% and 46.4% in the refrigerated and the frozen formulation groups, respectively, and were generally mild. The frequencies of systemic AEs were similar in the two groups, and those of vaccine-related AEs were ∼6% in both groups. The refrigerator-stable formulation of Zostavax has an acceptable safety profile and is as immunogenic as the frozen formulation; thus, the vaccine may be used in clinical settings where freezer availability is limited.
Arsenic detoxification and evolution of trimethylarsine gas by a microbial arsenite S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase

In this article, a mechanism of arsenite [As(III)]resistance through methylation and subsequent volatization is described. Heterologous expression of arsM from Rhodopseudomonas palustris was shown to confer As(III) resistance to an arsenic-sensitive strain of Escherichia coli. ArsM catalyzes the formation of a number of methylated intermediates from As(III), with trimethylarsine as the end product. The net result is loss of arsenic, from both the medium and the cells. Because ArsM homologues are widespread in nature, this microbial-mediated transformation is proposed to have an important impact on the global arsenic cycle.
National Beef Quality Audit-2000: survey of targeted cattle and carcass characteristics related to quality, quantity, and value of fed steers and heifers.

The National Beef Quality Audit-2000 was conducted to assess the current status ofthe quality and consistency of U.S. fed steers and heifers. Between May and November 2000, survey teams assessed hide condition (n = 43,415 cattle for color, brands, mud/manure), bruises (n = 43,595 carcasses), offal and carcass condemnation (n = 8,588 cattle), and carcass quality and yield information (n = 9,396 carcasses) in 30 U.S. beef packing plants. Hide colors were black (45.1%), red (31.0%), yellow (8.0%), Holstein (5.7%), gray (4.0%), white (3.2%), brown (1.7%), and brindle (1.3%). Brand frequencies were no (49.3%), one (46.2%), and two or more (4.4%), and brands were located on the butt (36.3%), side (13.7%), and shoulder (3.6%). Most cattle had no (18.0%) or a small amount (55.8%) of mud/manure on their hides, and they had no (77.3%) horns. Most carcasses (53.3%) were not bruised, 30.9% had one bruise, and 15.8% had multiple bruises. Bruise location and incidence were round (14.9%), loin (25.9%), rib (19.4%), chuck (28.2%), and brisket, flank, and plate (11.6%). Condemnation item and incidence were liver (30.3%), lungs (13.8%), tripe (11.6%), heads (6.2%), tongues (7.0%), and carcasses (0.1%). Carcass evaluation revealed these traits and frequencies: steer (67.9%), heifer (31.8%), and bullock (0.3%) sex-classes; dark-cutters (2.3%); A (96.6%), B (2.5%), and C or older (0.9%) overall maturities; and native (90.1%), dairy-type (6.9%), and Bos indicus (3.0%) breed-types. Mean USDA yield grade traits were USDA yield grade (3.0), carcass weight (356.9 kg), adjusted fat thickness (1.2 cm), longissimus muscle area (84.5 cm2), and kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (2.4%). USDA yield grades were Yield Grade 1 (12.2%), Yield Grade 2 (37.4%), Yield Grade 3 (38.6%), Yield Grade 4 (10.4%), and Yield Grade 5 (1.3%). Mean USDA quality grade traits were USDA quality grade (Select85), marbling score (Small23), overall maturity (A66), lean maturity (A65), and skeletal maturity (A67). Marbling score distribution was Slightly Abundant or higher (2.3%), Moderate (4.8%), Modest (13.1%), Small (33.3%), Slight (43.3%), and Traces (3.4%). USDA quality grades were Prime (2.0%), Choice (49.1%), Select (42.3%), Standard (5.6%), and Commercial, Utility, Cutter, and Canner (0.9%). This information will help the beef industry measure progress compared to the past two surveys and will provide a benchmark for future educational and research activities.
A Gendered Analysis of Leadership in Enterprise Social Networks

The present study is concerned with the analysis of women’s leadership in a less formal work environment, such as an enterprise social network. Our aim is to answer the following research questions: RQ1: Are Enterprise Social Networks a conductive environment to support the emergence of women informal leadership? RQ2: If answer to RQ1 is positive, do women actually exploit this opportunity?
Anesthetic efficacy of a combination of hyaluronidase and lidocaine with epinephrine in inferior alveolar nerve blocks.

The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy of a buffered lidocaine with epinephrine solution compared to a combination buffered lidocaine with epinephrine plus hyaluronidase solution in inferior alveolar nerve blocks. Thirty subjects randomly received an inferior alveolar nerve block using 1 of the 2 solutions at 2 separate appointments using a repeated-measures design. Mandibular anterior and posterior teeth were blindly pulp tested at 4-minute cycles for 60 minutes postinjection. No response from the subject to the maximum output (80 reading) of the pulp tester was used as the criterion for pulpal anesthesia. Anesthesia was considered successful when 2 consecutive readings of 80 were obtained. A postoperative survey was used to measure pain and trismus. The results demonstrated 100% of the subjects had profound lip numbness with both solutions for inferior alveolar nerve blocks. The anesthetic success rates for individual teeth ranged from 20 to 80%. There were no significant differences (P > .05) between the 2 solutions. However, the combination lidocaine/hyaluronidase solution resulted in a significant increase in postoperative pain and trismus. It was concluded that adding hyaluronidase to a buffered lidocaine solution with epinephrine did not statistically increase the incidence of pulpal anesthesia in inferior alveolar nerve blocks and, because of its potential tissue damaging effect, it should not be added to local anesthetic solutions for inferior alveolar nerve blocks.
New Real-Time PCR Assay Using Allelic Discrimination for Detection and Differentiation of Equine Herpesvirus-1 Strains with A2254 and G2254 Polymorphisms

ABSTRACT A single-nucleotide polymorphism (A2254 or G2254) in open reading frame 30 (ORF30) has been linked to the neuropathogenic phenotype of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1). Identification of this polymorphism led to the development of a real-time PCR (rPCR) assay using allelic discrimination (E2) to distinguish between potentially neuropathogenic and nonneuropathogenic EHV-1 strains (G. P. Allen, J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 19:69–72, 2007). Although this rPCR assay can detect and genotype EHV-1 strains, subsequent studies demonstrated that it lacks the sensitivity for the routine detection of viral nucleic acid in clinical specimens. Therefore, a new allelic discrimination EHV-1 rPCR assay (E1) was developed by redesigning primers and probes specific to ORF30. The E1 and E2 rPCR assays were evaluated using 76 archived EHV isolates and 433 clinical specimens from cases of suspected EHV-1 infection. Nucleotide sequence analysis of ORF30 was used to confirm the presence of EHV-1 and characterize the genotype (A2254 or G2254) in all archived isolates plus 168 of the clinical samples. The E1 assay was 10 times more sensitive than E2, with a lower detection limit of 10 infectious virus particles. Furthermore, all A2254 and G2254 genotypes along with samples from three cases of dual infection (A2254+G2254) were correctly identified by E1, whereas E2 produced 20 false dual positive results with only one actual mixed A2254+G2254 genotype confirmed. Based on these findings, E1 offers greater sensitivity and accuracy for the detection and A/G2254 genotyping of EHV-1, making this improved rPCR assay a valuable diagnostic tool for investigating outbreaks of EHV-1 infection.
Naltrexone as a treatment for repetitive self-injurious behaviour:an open-label trial.

BACKGROUND Repetitive self-injurious behavior (SIB) is a dangerous and often treatment-refractory syndrome encountered frequently in clinical practice. The authors sought to determine if oral naltrexone could decrease SIB in a sample of adult psychiatric patients. METHOD Seven female patients with SIB accompanied by analgesia and dysphoria reduction were administered oral naltrexone (50 mg/day) in an open-label trial. All patients demonstrated persistent and clinically significant SIB prior to receiving the drug. Mean follow-up period was 10.7 weeks. RESULTS SIB in six of seven patients ceased entirely during naltrexone treatment. Two patients who discontinued naltrexone briefly experienced the rapid resumption of SIB, which again ceased after resumption of naltrexone therapy. One patient exhibited superficial cutting on two occasions while receiving naltrexone, a rate that reflected a significant reduction of SIB. CONCLUSION These preliminary observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the endogenous opioid system is involved in cases of SIB that are accompanied by analgesia and dysphoria reduction. Additional placebo-controlled studies that explore the effectiveness of naltrexone in treating patients with this syndrome are warranted.
Light-Shade Adaptation : TWO STRATEGIES IN MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON.

Using chlorophyll/P700 ratios, the size and number of photosynthetic units were estimated, as a function of light-shade adaptation in two species of marine phytoplankton: Skeletonema costatum, a diatom, and Dunaliella tertiolecta, a chlorophyte. In the diatom, light-shade adaptation is characterized primarily by changes in the size and not the number of P700 units, whereas in the chlorophyte, overall changes in chlorophyll content are related to changes in the number and not the size of P700 units. A correlation between the characteristics of P700 units and photosynthetic responses was not established. Both strategies of light-shade adaptation effectively harvest and transfer light energy to reaction centers, however, the Skeletonema strategy is more effective at subsaturating intensities. The two strategies may represent an evolutionary divergence in photosynthetic adaptation to variations in light intensity.
Training level comparison study. Effect of high and low intensity exercise on ventilatory threshold in men with coronary artery disease.

PURPOSE To determine whether exercise at low intensity (LO; 50% of peak VO2) or high intensity (HI; 85% of peak VO2) results in improvement of the ventilatory threshold (VT), 186 men with coronary artery disease (CAD) were enrolled in an exercise study for 1 year. METHODS A symptom-limited exercise test was performed at baseline and the heart rate corresponding to 50% and 85% of peak VO2 was determined. Subjects were randomized to LO or HI intensity exercise. Exercise sessions included 45 minutes of walking/jogging and/or stationary cycling at the appropriate target heart rate and were conducted 3 days per week. The exercise test was repeated at 3 and 6 months. Target heart rates were revised to adjust for training. RESULTS Both LO and HI resulted in improved VO2 at VT and peak. However, HI resulted in greater improvement than LO. CONCLUSION Among this population, both HI and LO improve the VO2 at VT and peak, but the improvement is greater with HI. The VT can be a useful adjunct to heart rate and peak oxygen uptake when prescribing exercise.
STUDY OF NATURAL CONVECTION ALONG A VERTICAL SINUSOIDAL WAVY SURFACE: COMBINED HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

The problem of natural convection along a vertical wavy surface has been studied numerically when mass transfer is combined with heat transfer and the buoyancy force is due to temperature and concentration differences. The wavy surface is transformed to a flat surface for which the obtained governing equations are solved using an implicit finite difference scheme. The derivations are carried out for a vertical surface of arbitrary shape, and the numerical results are provided for a sinusoidal wavy surface. The sinusoidal wavy surface is used as example because it can be considered as an approximation to practical geometry for which natural convection heat and mass transfer are of interest. The effects of Prandtl number, Schmidt number, mass transfer number, and the amplitude of the sinusoidal wavy surface on the heat transfer and mass transfer rates are investigated. Increasing the Prandtl number is found to increase the heat transfer rate. For a given Prandtl number, Increasing Schmidt number decreases the heat transfer rate and increases the mass transfer rate. Increasing the amplitude of the wavy surface tends to decrease the heat and mass transfer rates and to increase the magnitudes of the local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number. The average Nusselt number and average Sherwood number for sinusoidal wavy surface are found to be smaller than those for the corresponding flat plate.
Components of spatial patterning in a serpentine grassland

We analyzed the components of spatial patterning in species abundance in a diverse grassland dominated by early season, annual forbs. Species abundance, soil depth and gopher disturbances were measured by means of a nested spatial design on two 8 m × 20 m plots that differed in the amount of larger scale variability in soil depth. Species distributions at the scale of the 10 cm × 10 cm quadrat were highly clumped, with a decline in clumping with mean abundance. Even with the effect of abundance on clumping removed, species showed differences in the degree of clumping and these differences were consistent between the two plots. The abundance of the species and the frequency of disturbance correlated weakly to moderately with soil depth. Semivariance analyses indicated that the most common species all showed complex spatial patterning at a range of scales. Some of this variation corresponded to patterns of soil depth variation and patterns of gopher disturbance; however, a large amount of the spatial patterning in species abundance remains unexplained.
HECT E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Nedd4-1 Ubiquitinates ACK and Regulates Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-Induced Degradation of EGF Receptor and ACK

ABSTRACT ACK (activated Cdc42-associated tyrosine kinase) (also Tnk2) is an ubiquitin-binding protein and plays an important role in ligand-induced and ubiquitination-mediated degradation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Here we report that ACK is ubiquitinated by HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-1 and degraded along with EGFR in response to EGF stimulation. ACK interacts with Nedd4-1 through a conserved PPXY WW-binding motif. The WW3 domain in Nedd4-1 is critical for binding to ACK. Although ACK binds to both Nedd4-1 and Nedd4-2 (also Nedd4L), Nedd4-1 is the E3 ubiquitin ligase for ubiquitination of ACK in cells. Interestingly, deletion of the sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain at the N terminus dramatically reduced the ubiquitination of ACK by Nedd4-1, while deletion of the Uba domain dramatically enhanced the ubiquitination. Use of proteasomal and lysosomal inhibitors demonstrated that EGF-induced ACK degradation is processed by lysosomes, not proteasomes. RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of Nedd4-1, not Nedd4-2, inhibited degradation of both EGFR and ACK, and overexpression of ACK mutants that are deficient in either binding to or ubiquitination by Nedd4-1 blocked EGF-induced degradation of EGFR. Our findings suggest an essential role of Nedd4-1 in regulation of EGFR degradation through interaction with and ubiquitination of ACK.