Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ternary Nb3Sn superconductors with artificial pinning centers and high upper critical fields

In this letter we demonstrate the development of ternary Nb3Sn multifilamentary conductors with artificial pinning centers (APC) which achieve high critical fields. These recently-developed conductors were tested in a 31 T magnet, and the results showed that their upper critical field (Bc2) values at 4.2 K are 27–28 T, and irreversible field (Birr) values are above 26 T, values similar to or higher than those of best rod-restack-process (RRP) conductors. The non-Cu Jc has been brought to nearly 1200 A mm−2 at 16 T and 4.2 K, comparable to RRP, in spite of the fact that the fine-grain Nb3Sn fractions in filaments are still low (20%–30%) and the grain sizes are still not fully refined (70–80 nm) due to conductor designs and heat treatments that are not yet optimized. The Nb3Sn layer Jc at 4.2 K, 16 T is 4710 A mm−2 for the APC wire with 1%Zr, about 2.5 times higher than RRP conductors, in spite of the fact that its grain size is not yet fully refined due to insufficient oxygen and unoptimized heat treatment. An analysis is presented about the non-Cu Jc that can be achieved by further optimizing the APC conductors and their heat treatments.
INTERNET-BASED TREATMENT FOR DEPRESSION AND PANIC DISORDER From Development to Deployment

Major depression (MD) and panic disorder (PD) are two common disorders for which evidence based psychological treatments such as cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) have been developed. The accessibility of such treatment is however limited. The use of Internet-based CBT (self-help programmes accompanied by brief therapist support by e-mail) is a promising way to increase accessibility. The first aim of this thesis was to investigate if Internet treatment was effective in reducing depressive symptoms and if it was possible to predict which participants would benefit from such treatment. The second aim of the thesis was to investigate if Internet treatment was effective for PD patients in a regular care setting, in comparison with traditional group-administered CBT, and in addition, to compare the costeffectiveness of the two treatments. In Study I 85 participants were randomised to either an Internet treatment or to an attention control condition (an online discussion group). Post-treatment measures of depression showed large effect sizes and improvements were sustained at a 6-month follow-up, thus showing that Internet treatment was effective in reducing mild to moderate symptoms of depression. Study II analysed predictors of treatment outcome at the 6-month follow-up of Study I. Higher self-reported severity at baseline was associated with poorer outcome and a negative correlation was found between number of previous episodes of depression and improvement in treatment. Study III was an open effectiveness trial evaluating Internet treatment, which in previous studies had been shown to be effective with self-recruited participants, within a regular psychiatric setting for 20 PD patients referred for treatment. After treatment 75% of patients were considered to have responded to treatment, and at the 6-month follow-up this proportion was 70%, indicating that this treatment form was transferable to a regular care setting with sustained effectiveness. Study IV was a randomised clinical trial comparing Internetand groupadministered CBT for PD with 104 patients in a psychiatric setting. Both treatments produced significant improvements, and there were no statistically significant differences between them at post-treatment or at the 6-month follow up. A costeffectiveness analysis showed that the Internet treatment was more cost-effective than the group treatment with regard to therapist time. This thesis provides evidence that Internet treatment is effective in reducing symptoms of depression and of PD. Internet treatment is as effective as traditionally administered group CBT in a regular care setting with PD patients referred for treatment. The thesis also provides evidence that Internet treatment for PD is more cost-effective than group treatment. Taken together, the results support the implementation of Internet treatment for depression and PD within regular health care settings.
The habitability of a stagnant-lid Earth

Context. Plate tectonics is considered a fundamental component for the habitability of the Earth. Yet whether it is a recurrent feature of terrestrial bodies orbiting other stars or unique to the Earth is unknown. The stagnant lid may rather be the most common tectonic expression on such bodies. Aims. To understand whether a stagnant-lid planet can be habitable, i.e. host liquid water at its surface, we model the thermal evolution of the mantle, volcanic outgassing of H 2 O and CO 2 , and resulting climate of an Earth-like planet lacking plate tectonics. Methods. We used a 1D model of parameterized convection to simulate the evolution of melt generation and the build-up of an atmosphere of H 2 O and CO 2 over 4.5 Gyr. We then employed a 1D radiative-convective atmosphere model to calculate the global mean atmospheric temperature and the boundaries of the habitable zone (HZ). Results. The evolution of the interior is characterized by the initial production of a large amount of partial melt accompanied by a rapid outgassing of H 2 O and CO 2 . The maximal partial pressure of H 2 O is limited to a few tens of bars by the high solubility of water in basaltic melts. The low solubility of CO 2 instead causes most of the carbon to be outgassed, with partial pressures that vary from 1 bar or less if reducing conditions are assumed for the mantle to 100–200 bar for oxidizing conditions. At 1 au, the obtained temperatures generally allow for liquid water on the surface nearly over the entire evolution. While the outer edge of the HZ is mostly influenced by the amount of outgassed CO 2 , the inner edge presents a more complex behaviour that is dependent on the partial pressures of both gases. Conclusions. At 1 au, the stagnant-lid planet considered would be regarded as habitable. The width of the HZ at the end of the evolution, albeit influenced by the amount of outgassed CO 2 , can vary in a non-monotonic way depending on the extent of the outgassed H 2 O reservoir. Our results suggest that stagnant-lid planets can be habitable over geological timescales and that joint modelling of interior evolution, volcanic outgassing, and accompanying climate is necessary to robustly characterize planetary habitability.
Ecosystem services, social interdependencies, and collective action: a conceptual framework

The governance of ecosystem services (ES) has been predominantly thought of in terms of market or state-based instruments. Comparatively, collective action mechanisms have rarely been considered. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a conceptual framework that brings together ES, social interdependencies, and collective action thinking. We use an ES conceptual lens to highlight social interdependencies among people so as to reflect on existing or potential collective actions among them. This framework can also contribute to increasing people’s awareness of their mutual interdependencies and thereby fostering, framing, or enriching collective action, in ways that take into account the diversity and complexity of ecological processes underlying human activities. Our approach can contribute in particular to agroecological transitions that require landscape level innovations and coordination mechanisms among land users and managers. The framework distinguishes three types of social interdependencies: (i) between ES beneficiaries and ES providers, (ii) among beneficiaries, and (iii) among providers. These social interdependencies are in turn analyzed according to four main dimensions that are critical for collective action: (i) cognitive framing of interdependencies, (ii) levels of organization, (iii) formal and informal institutions, and (iv) power relations. Finally, we propose a strategy to turn this framework into action in contexts of participatory action research, a strategy grounded on a number of methodological principles and tools that convey complexity and increase people’s awareness of interdependencies in agrarian social-ecological systems.
Creating a Market Economy in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland

THE POLITICAL and intellectual leaders of Eastern Europe's revolution of 1989 describe their aim as a "return to Europe. " Their overwhelming judgment is that the postwar division of Europe into East and West was artificially imposed by the Soviet Union, at enormous human and economic cost. They underscore the artificiality of the division by referring to their region as East Central Europe (or Middle Europe), rather than Eastern Europe, thereby stressing their countries' place in the mainstream of European history, politics, arts, and economy. The policy dimension of the return to Europe is the creation of political and economic institutions in the style of Western Europe. I In this spirit, these countries are directed toward the creation of multiparty parliamentary democracies and market economies with large private sectors.2
Aberrant loss of SFRP 1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer

The secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), a 35 kDa secreted glycoprotein, has been considered a modulator of Wnt signaling. Accumulating evidence show that aberrantly decreased or loss of SFRP1 is associated with increased proliferation, metastasis, as well as, poor clinical prognosis in various human cancers. However, the role of SFRP1 in the pancreatic cancer is not clarified yet. In this study, we investigated SFRP1 expression in pancreatic cancer cases through quantitative real-time PCR and tissue microarray analysis to evaluate the clinical significance of SFRP1 expression. Pancreatic cancer prognosis was analyzed by Univariate and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Consequently, compared with paired adjacent non-tumorous tissues, SFRP1 mRNA or protein expression was down-regulated in primary tumor tissues. Decreased SFRP1 expression was significantly associated with pT classification and exhibited poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling analysis revealed that lymph node metastasis (P = 0.027; hazard ratio, 1.850, 95% CI, 1.074-3.185), tumor differentiation (P = 0.030; hazard ratio, 0.547, 95% CI, 0.317-0.945) and SFRP1 expression (P = 0.035; hazard ratio, 0.441, 95% CI, 0.206-0.942) were three independent prognostic factors. Our findings suggest that SFRP1 is associated with pancreatic cancer susceptibility and prognosis and SFRP1 may potentially serve as biomarkers for the prediction of prognosis in pancreatic cancer.
Democratic Jihad ? Military Intervention and Democracy 1

Democracies rarely if ever fight one another, but they participate in wars as frequently as autocracies. They tend to win the wars that they participate in. Democracies frequently build large alliances in wartime, but not only with other democracies. From time to time democracies intervene militarily in on-going conflicts. The democratic peace may contribute to a normative justification for such interventions, for the purpose of promoting democracy and eventually for the promotion of peace. This is reinforced by an emerging norm of humanitarian intervention. Democracies may have a motivation to intervene in non-democracies, even in the absence of on-going conflict, for the purpose of regime change. The recent Iraq War may be interpreted in this perspective. A strong version of this type of foreign policy may be interpreted as a democratic crusade. The paper examines the normative and theoretical foundations of democratic interventionism. An empirical investigation of interventions in the period 1960–96 indicates that democracies intervene quite frequently, but rarely against other democracies. In the short term, democratic intervention appears to be successfully promoting democratization, but the target states tend to end up among the unstable semidemocracies. The most widely publicized recent interventions are targeted on countries in regions of low democratization. Thus, forced democratization is unpredictable with regard to achieving long-term democracy and potentially harmful with regard to securing peace. However, the short-term successes may stimulate more interventions until the negative consequences become more visible.
Line Congruences of Low Order

A line congruence is an irreducible subvariety of dimension n−1 in the Grassmannian of lines in Pn. There are two numerical invariants associated to a line congruence: the order, which is the number of lines passing through a general point of Pn, and the class, which is the number of lines of the congruence contained in a general hyperplaneH and meeting a general line inH. The paper reviews the classification of line congruences of order 0 and 1, and then gives some new results online congruences of order 2 in P3, which is a work in progress. The last section states some open questions.
Dynamo Action in the Solar Convection Zone and Tachocline: Pumping and Organization of Toroidal Fields

We present the first results from three-dimensional spherical shell simulations of magnetic dynamo action realized by turbulent convection penetrating downward into a tachocline of rotational shear. This permits us to assess several dynamical elements believed to be crucial to the operation of the solar global dynamo, variously involving differential rotation resulting from convection, magnetic pumping, and amplification of fields by stretching within the tachocline. The simulations reveal that strong axisymmetric toroidal magnetic fields (about 3000 G in strength) are realized within the lower stable layer, unlike in the convection zone where fluctuating fields are predominant. The toroidal fields in the stable layer possess a striking persistent antisymmetric parity, with fields in the northern hemisphere largely of opposite polarity to those in the southern hemisphere. The associated mean poloidal magnetic fields there have a clear dipolar geometry, but we have not yet observed any distinctive reversals or latitudinal propagation. The presence of these deep magnetic fields appears to stabilize the sense of mean fields produced by vigorous dynamo action in the bulk of the convection zone.
Reproduction, abundance and feeding habits of the broadnose sevengill shark Notorynchus cepedianus in north Patagonia, Argentina

Broadnose sevengill sharks Notorynchus cepedianus caught in a recreational fishery during a 3 yr period in Anegada Bay, Argentina were examined. Monthly variations in abundance were found, with the highest mean abundance in April. Neonates and juveniles were common in the study area, indicating that Anegada Bay is a nursery area of N. cepedianus. Male and female sizes at maturity were 170 and 224 cm total length (TL), respectively, similar to other studied regions. Liver size was sexually dimorphic, with adult females having larger livers, which might allow for the max- imization of oocyte size/number. Individuals 170 cm fed mostly on carti- laginous fishes and marine mammals. All size groups preyed on marine mammals, which may be a result of the local availability of small calves of La Plata River dolphins Pontoporia blainvillei. Possi- bly, the pattern of habitat use of Anegada Bay by P. blainvillei is affected by N. cepedianus. The pro- portion of individuals with prey within the stomach was negatively correlated with TL. As indicated by prey remains found within stomachs (most were in pieces) and by the location of the fishing hook in sharks (most were hooked in the mouth), N. cepedianus extensively handles its prey with the mouth before swallowing it, which is consistent with previous observations. Anegada Bay may be an important area for conservation of N. cepedianus in the SW Atlantic given the high abundance of juveniles and subadults.
Risk of Bankruptcy, Its Determinants and Models

In this paper, the following research problem was addressed: Is DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method a suitable alternative to Altman model in predicting the risk of bankruptcy? Based on the above-mentioned research problem, we formulated the aim of the paper: To apply DEA method for predicting the risk of bankruptcy and to compare its results with the results of Altman model. The research problem and the aim of the paper follow the research of authors aimed at the application of methods which are appropriate for measuring business financial health, performance and competitiveness as well as for predicting the risk of bankruptcy. To address the problem, the following methods were applied: financial ratios, Altman model for private non-manufacturing firms and DEA method. When applying DEA method, we formulated input-oriented DEA CCR model. We found that DEA method is an appropriate alternative to Altman model in predicting the risk of possible business bankruptcy. The important conclusion is that DEA allows us to apply not only outputs but also inputs. Since prediction models do not include these indicators, DEA method appears to be the right choice. We recommend, especially for Slovak companies, to apply cost ratio when calculating risk of bankruptcy.
Published on Penn GSE Perspectives on Urban Education (https://urbanedjournal.gse.upenn.edu) Home > Language Minority Students’ Mathematics Achievement in Urban Schools: Coursework, Race-ethnicity, and English-language Proficiency LANGUAGE MINORITY STUDENTS’ MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT IN URBAN SCHOOLS:

The mathematics performance data from 12,738 high school students were examined to determine the relationship between students’ racial-ethnic and linguistic background, participation in higher level mathematics courses, and performance on a norm-referenced measure of achievement, explicitly accounting for important urban school context indicators. Using hierarchical linear models (HLM), researchers analyzed the effects associated with language minority students’ mathematics achievement in urban schools. Findings suggest that urban high school students’ participation in higher level mathematics courses may ameliorate pervasive patterns of racial-ethnic and linguistic minority disparities in achievement.
Anticipation in young badminton players: Differences between real and virtual tasks and the influence of playing and training experience

tasks and the influence of playing and training experience Anderson Andres; Francisco Felix Álvarez Dacal; Diego de Carvalho 1 Badminton coach of Middlewest of Santa Catarina Association (AMOB) – Joaçaba – Brazil. 2 Área de Desarrollo y Formación. Colaborador Formación BE BWF. Federación Española de Bádminton Madri – Spain. 3 Professor of Biosciences and Health area – Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina – Joaçaba – Brazil.
The nature of X-ray-absorbed quasi-stellar objects

There exists a significant population of broad line, z∼ 2 quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) which have heavily absorbed X-ray spectra. Follow-up observations in the submillimetre show that these QSOs are embedded in ultraluminous starburst galaxies, unlike most unabsorbed QSOs at the same redshifts and luminosities. Here we present X-ray spectra from XMM–Newton for a sample of five such X-ray-absorbed QSOs that have been detected at submillimetre wavelengths. We also present spectra in the rest-frame ultraviolet from ground-based telescopes. All the five QSOs are found to exhibit strong C iv absorption lines in their ultraviolet spectra with equivalent width >5 A. The X-ray spectra are inconsistent with the hypothesis that these objects show normal QSO continua absorbed by low-ionization gas. Instead, the spectra can be modelled successfully with ionized absorbers, or with cold absorbers if they possess unusually flat X-ray continuum shapes and unusual optical to X-ray spectral energy distributions. We show that the ionized absorber model provides the simplest, most self-consistent explanation for their observed properties. We estimate that the fraction of radiated power that is converted into kinetic luminosity of the outflowing winds is typically ∼4 per cent, in agreement with recent estimates for the kinetic feedback from QSOs required to produce the M–σ relation, and consistent with the hypothesis that the X-ray-absorbed QSOs represent the transition phase between obscured accretion and the luminous QSO phase in the evolution of massive galaxies.
Effects of Supplementing Different Levels of a Commercial Enzyme Complex on Performance, Nutrient Availability, Enzyme Activity and Gut Morphology of Broilers

A trial was conducted to study the influence of different levels of a commercial enzyme complex on performance, nutrient availability, blood parameters, digestive tract measurements, amylase and trypsin activity of the digestive tract and gut morphology in broilers fed the typical diets in north China. There were four treatments: the control diet and the other three enzyme complex supplemented diets which were 180 mg/kg, 360 mg/kg and 720 mg/kg enzyme complex supplemented to the control diet, respectively. The birds fed the diets supplemented with 180 mg/kg and 360 mg/kg enzyme complex had better performance and nutrient availability, the activities of amylase and trypsin in the digestive tract in the two treatments were improved, the villus height and surface area of villus in the small intestine increased and the crypt depth and epithelial thickness of small intestine decreased. Relative weights of pancreas and relative weights and lengths of small intestine decreased. However, the addition of 720 mg/kg enzyme complex had no effects on these parameters and increased crypt depth and epithelial thickness of the small intestine. The data suggested that suitable supplementation of enzyme complex was beneficial for the birds, while excess enzyme complex inhibited secretion of endogenous enzyme and destroyed the structure of the small intestine.
NEW BUSINESS MODELS THROUGH COLLABORATIVE IDEA GENERATION

Generating novel and sustainable business model ideas is a crucial yet challenging innovation task. A growing body of literature shows that artefacts, such as visual templates, objects and sketches, can enhance team collaboration and creativity in innovation activities. Drawing on literature from diverse fields we propose a model that aims to explain how artefacts can affect the team processes in developing new business model ideas, positing that they have an impact on creativity and collaboration. We report the results of an illustrative experimental study comparing the team processes of managers working on a business model innovation task. Teams were supported by different types of artefacts (a business model template; physical objects with sketching; or PowerPoint). The results indicate that using the template significantly increases perceived collaboration and decreases perceived creativity, hence showing that artefacts can have the power to shape team work for innovation tasks.