Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Benthic Fish Fauna and Physicochemical Parameters of Otamiri River, Imo State, Nigeria

The study on the fish fauna and physicochemical characteristics of Otamiri River was carried out for six months (June to August and October to December 2015). Samples were collected monthly from three sampling stations along the river. Eckman grab, scoop net, line and hook, cast net, traps and dugout canoe were used to collect the fish samples. Samples were collected from three stations, station 1 (dumpsite in the river), station 2 (dredging section) and station 3 (vegetable farming section). A total of 129 fishes belonging to 5 species, Synodontis budgetti, S. soloni, Chrysicthys nigrodigitatus, Clarias gariepinus and Papyrocranus afer were collected. Station 3 had the highest species composition (n=4) and fish abundance, 108 (83.7%), while station 1 had the least species composition (n=2) and the least fish abundance, 10 (7.8%). Temperature variation from June to December was wide at station 1 (25-28oC), unlike station 2 (27-28oC) and station 3 (28-29oC). A similar trend was replicated by Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Significant correlation of S. budgetti abundance and temperature (r=0.696, p<0.05), depth of river (r=-0.615, p<0.01) and turbidity (r=0.595, p<0.01) was observed. Similarly, a significant correlation of C. nigrodigitatus abundance and temperature (r=0.473, p<0.05), C. gariepinus abundance and depth (r=-0.481, p<0.05), P. afer abundance and temperature (r=0.530, p<0.05) was observed. Fish species abundance and composition in Otamiri River was significantly affected by anthropogenic activities.
Linking black hole growth with host galaxies: The accretion-stellar mass relation and its cosmic evolution

Previous studies suggest that the growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) may be fundamentally related to host-galaxy stellar mass ($M_\star$). To investigate this SMBH growth-$M_\star$ relation in detail, we calculate long-term SMBH accretion rate as a function of $M_\star$ and redshift [$\overline{\rm BHAR}(M_\star, z)$] over ranges of $\log(M_\star/M_\odot)=\text{9.5--12}$ and $z=\text{0.4--4}$. Our $\overline{\rm BHAR}(M_\star, z)$ is constrained by high-quality survey data (GOODS-South, GOODS-North, and COSMOS), and by the stellar mass function and the X-ray luminosity function. At a given $M_\star$, $\overline{\rm BHAR}$ is higher at high redshift. This redshift dependence is stronger in more massive systems (for $\log(M_\star/M_\odot)\approx 11.5$, $\overline{\rm BHAR}$ is three decades higher at $z=4$ than at $z=0.5$), possibly due to AGN feedback. Our results indicate that the ratio between $\overline{\rm BHAR}$ and average star formation rate ($\overline{\rm SFR}$) rises toward high $M_\star$ at a given redshift. This $\overline{\rm BHAR}/\overline{\rm SFR}$ dependence on $M_\star$ does not support the scenario that SMBH and galaxy growth are in lockstep. We calculate SMBH mass history [$M_{\rm BH}(z)$] based on our $\overline{\rm BHAR}(M_\star, z)$ and the $M_\star(z)$ from the literature, and find that the $M_{\rm BH}$-$M_\star$ relation has weak redshift evolution since $z\approx 2$. The $M_{\rm BH}/M_\star$ ratio is higher toward massive galaxies: it rises from $\approx 1/5000$ at $\log M_\star\lesssim 10.5$ to $\approx 1/500$ at $\log M_\star \gtrsim 11.2$. Our predicted $M_{\rm BH}/M_\star$ ratio at high $M_\star$ is similar to that observed in local giant ellipticals, suggesting that SMBH growth from mergers is unlikely to dominate over growth from accretion.
The Performance Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation: Evidence from South Korean Start-ups

“Are the performance effects of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) universalistic? ” In order to answer this question, current study examined the patterns of performance effects of EO with cases of fast-growing startups. Specifically, current study investigated whether the patterns of overall EO effect on firm performance are fortified according to the stage of growth, and then compared the overall and individual effects of EO on firm performance. The results of 1,499 South Korean starts-ups showed the positive performance effects of overall EO were proven to be higher in early stage rather than growth stage. Although empirical results showed the positive performance effect of proactiveness, innovativeness was proven to be significant just in growth stage, and risk-taking was not significant in all stage of growth. Based on those results, theoretical implications of entrepreneurship development are discussed. Future research directions with some limitations are also discussed.
Reduced melt on debris-covered glaciers: investigations from Changri NupGlacier, Nepal

Abstract. Approximately 25 % of the glacierized area in the Everest region is covered by debris, yet the surface mass balance of debris-covered portions of these glaciers has not been measured directly. In this study, ground-based measurements of surface elevation and ice depth are combined with terrestrial photogrammetry, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and satellite elevation models to derive the surface mass balance of the debris-covered tongue of Changri Nup Glacier, located in the Everest region. Over the debris-covered tongue, the mean elevation change between 2011 and 2015 is −0.93 m year−1 or −0.84 m water equivalent per year (w.e. a−1). The mean emergence velocity over this region, estimated from the total ice flux through a cross section immediately above the debris-covered zone, is +0.37 m w.e. a−1. The debris-covered portion of the glacier thus has an area-averaged mass balance of −1.21 ± 0.2 m w.e. a−1 between 5240 and 5525 m above sea level (m a.s.l.). Surface mass balances observed on nearby debris-free glaciers suggest that the ablation is strongly reduced (by ca. 1.8 m w.e. a−1) by the debris cover. The insulating effect of the debris cover has a larger effect on total mass loss than the enhanced ice ablation due to supraglacial ponds and exposed ice cliffs. This finding contradicts earlier geodetic studies and should be considered for modelling the future evolution of debris-covered glaciers.
Capacity building: a course on sustainable development to educate the educators

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present information about a team‐teaching course on sustainable development (SD) for educators in an institution of higher education, Monterrey Campus of ITESM in Mexico.Design/methodology/approach – Four faculty members were invited to work together with the Sustainable Campus Programme coordinator in the process of developing the “Educate‐the‐Educator's” SD course. The course was structured using lectures, readings, class role play activities, homework, and general discussion. Additionally, a workshop‐format was woven throughout the course; its function was to help the educators incorporate SD issues within their own courses.Findings – It was found that a multi‐disciplinarily developed and delivered course is an effective vehicle for educating educators on SD. Documentation of some facets of the learning process further helped the “students” and the course leaders to better understand the whole learning process.Originality/value – The paper's value rests on the .
Simulating the 1998 spring bloom in Lake Michigan using a coupled physical‐biological model

A coupled physical-biological model is used to simulate the ecosystem characteristics in Lake Michigan. The physical model is the unstructured grid, Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM). The biological model is a NPZD model, including phosphorus as the nutrient, which is the limiting element in Lake Michigan, phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus. The models are driven by observed hourly meteorological forcing in 1998 and the model results are calibrated by satellite and in situ data. The main physical and ecological phenomena in the spring of 1998 are captured. During March to May, a circle-like phytoplankton bloom appears in southern Lake Michigan, which looks like a 'doughnut'. The formation mechanisms of the prolonged spring bloom are investigated. It is confirmed that the phytoplankton bloom is forced by rapidly increasing temperature and light intensity in spring. The thermal front that develops in spring inhibits the transport of nutrients and phytoplankton from the nearshore to the deeper water. The wind-driven gyre circulation in southern Lake Michigan induces significant offshore transport, which contributes to the establishment of the circular bloom.
The examination of teacher burnout in Turkey: A meta-analysis

Bu calismanin amaci cinsiyet, medeni durum, brans, okul turu, ogrenim durumu ve kidem degiskenlerinin ogretmen tukenmisligi uzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir. Bu amac dogrultusunda, ogretmenlerin tukenmislikleri ile ilgili Turkiye’de yapilan arastirmalarin meta analizi yapilmistir. Arastirmada genel etki buyuklugu analizleri, cinsiyet degiskeni icin 100, medeni durum degiskeni icin 73, brans degiskeni icin 17, okul turu degiskeni icin 15, ogrenim durumu degiskeni icin 34, kidem degiskeni icin ise 54 calisma ile yapilmistir. Arastirmada yayin yanliliginin durumu incelenmistir. Rastgele etkiler modeli ile hesaplanan etki buyuklugu analizleri sonucunda, cinsiyet, medeni durum, brans ve ogrenim durumunun ogretmen tukenmisligini cok dusuk; kidemin cok dusuk veya dusuk, okul turunun ise dusuk veya orta duzeyde etkiledigi belirlenmistir. Ayrica yayin turu, ogretim kademesi ve arastirmanin yapildigi bolge ara degiskenleri icin calismalar arasi varyans, cinsiyet degiskeni disinda anlamli olarak farklilasmamaktadir.
Does Sarbanes-Oxley Act Affect Earnings Persistence?

The Enron-type scandals lead to the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) in July 2002. SOX aims to improve the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosure. In this paper, we investigate whether the scandals are related to the breakdown of the reliability of financial reporting and examine whether the quality of corporate disclosure improves after the passage of SOX. We use earnings persistence to detect whether there is a widespread loss in earnings quality before SOX and a recovery after SOX. We show that the persistence of earnings components (cash flows and accruals) experience widespread loss in the years before the passage of SOX and that the passage of SOX indeed improves the persistence of the earnings components. We recommend that regulations even costly are required to improve corporate governance and to prevent accounting frauds.
Universality and Diversity of the Mau Ogiek People'S Ethnic Dress, Kenya

The Mau Ogiek wear their ethnic dress to date but to some extent. Universally, dress is fabricated in the three basic patterns: draped, tailored and composite garment. The Mau Ogiek's dress, such as oguriet op inderit (hyrax pelt cloak) conforms to the draped pattern, as it is draped on the body and fastened either at the front or on the shoulder and secured by a belt. Diversity in dress patterns exists within and between cultures. The Mau Ogiek's dress differs between genders, age, rural and urban dwellers and geographical regions. Oguriet op poinet 'bushbuck pelt cloak' is exclusively worn by men when out hunting. The Mau Ogiek's dress differs from that of the neighbouring Maasai community, on the basis of function, technical, aesthetic, moral and ritualistic patterns. The Mau Ogiek rwagan and Maasai moran suspend swords at the waist on the right and the left hand side respectively. Despite diversities in dress patterns between cultures, the dress of different cultures can co-exist in one culture. The Mau Ogiek have adopted the Maasai shuka and the Kipsigis' mukwanjit 'walking stick'. This article has provided a cross- cultural perspective in adapting theories and practices of dress to an African ethnic group.
Preparing to transition to secondary education: perceptions of Dutch pupils with migrant backgrounds

Abstract Background: The transition from primary school to secondary school is a crucial period of time for children and this may be especially the case for pupils with migrant backgrounds. While there has been considerable research on the transition from primary to secondary school, more needs to be known specifically about the experiences of this group of pupils during their final year of primary school, as they prepare for their transition to secondary school. Purpose: The study investigated how Dutch children with migrant backgrounds in their final year of primary school perceive the preparatory process for the transition to secondary school. In particular, we were interested in who the children felt were the important ‘actors’ (e.g. pupils, parents, teachers and others) in the preparatory process. Sample: We collected data from 76 primary school pupils from three schools in an urban city in the Netherlands. The sample included pupils who, according to the Dutch system, were preparing to follow an academic pathway (i.e. the tracks known in this system as ‘HAVO’ or ‘VWO’) and those who were preparing to follow a vocational pathway (i.e. the track known as ‘VMBO’) in secondary education. Design and methods: We used photo elicitation (N = 76) and also conducted semi-structured interviews with a subsample of the pupils (N = 25) to examine the roles of the important actors in the preparatory process. Data were analysed qualitatively; responses were coded and underwent pattern analysis in order to identify and describe repeating structures in the data. Data were grouped according to whether the pupils received school recommendations for an academic track or a vocational track. Results: Findings suggested that the pupils perceived the most important actors to be the pupil, the classroom teacher and the parents. Both teachers and parents were considered valuable resources for pupils in the preparatory process. Patterns representing the participants’ perceptions of the roles of three actors – namely, (1) the child, (2) the classroom teacher and (3) the parents, were identified. Six patterns were identified with respect to the child, four with respect to the classroom teacher and two with respect to the parents. For some patterns, it was apparent that the responses of children in the vocational group and the academic group had different emphases. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance for teachers and parents of children in their final year of primary school to be aware of the pupils’ perceptions of and feelings about their preparation for secondary school, so as to be in the best position to support them collaboratively.
Is Centaurus A Special? A Neutral-Hydrogen Perspective

Abstract Due to its proximity, the neutral hydrogen belonging to Cen A can be observed at high resolution with good sensitivity. This allows us to study the morphology and kinematics in detail, in order to understand the evolution of this radio-loud source (e.g. merger history, AGN activity). At the same time, it is important to compare results to other sources of the same class (i.e. early-type galaxies in general and radio galaxies in particular) to see how Cen A fits into the global picture of early-type/radio galaxy evolution. The amount of Hi, the morphology of a warped disk with Hi clouds surrounding the disk and the regular kinematics of the inner part of the Hi disk are not unusual for early-type galaxies. The growing evidence that mergers are not necessarily responsible for AGN activity fits with the observational result that the recent merger event in Cen A is not directly connected to the current phase of activity. Based on these results, we conclude that Cen A has typical neutral hydrogen properties for an early-type and radio galaxy and it can therefore — from the perspective of Hi — be seen as a typical example of its class.
Receptive Vocabulary and Early Literacy Skills in Emergent Bilingual Northern Sotho-English Children.

This study explored receptive vocabulary size and early literacy skills (namely: letter naming, knowledge of phoneme-grapheme correspondences and early writing) in emergent bilingual Northern Sotho-English children. Two groups of Grade 1 learners were tested in both English and in Northern Sotho. Group 1 ( N = 49) received their formal schooling in English, whilst group 2 ( N = 50) received their formal schooling in Northern Sotho. Receptive vocabulary was tested using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Letter knowledge was assessed by asking learners to name letter cards, whilst knowledge of phoneme-grapheme correspondences was tested by asking children to match letter cards with spoken sounds. Early writing was assessed by asking children to write their names. Statistical analyses indicated that both English and Northern Sotho receptive vocabulary knowledge had a significant effect on early literacy skills, whilst no main effect was found for the language of instruction. Group 1 performed significantly better than Group 2 in English receptive vocabulary, in knowledge of phonemegrapheme correspondences and in early writing, but no group differences were found for Northern Sotho receptive vocabulary or for letter knowledge. English receptive vocabulary significantly predicted the outcome of all of the early literacy skills, whilst Northern Sotho receptive vocabulary significantly predicted phoneme-grapheme correspondences and early writing.
Uncorrelated Noise in Turbulence Measurements

Abstract We show that the error variance contributed by random uncorrelated measurement noise can be merged with the error variance contributed by real variations in the atmosphere to obtain a single expression for the total error variance when the sampling time is much less than the integral scale of atmospheric variability. We assume that the measured signal is a representation of a variable that is continuous on the scale of interest in the atmosphere. The characteristics of this noise are similar, but not identical, to quantization noise, whose properties are briefly described. Uncorrelated noise affects the autocovariance function (or, equivalently, the structure function) only between zero and the first lag, while its effect is smeared across the entire power spectrum. For this reason, quantities such as variance dissipation may be more conveniently estimated from the structure function than from the spectrum. The modeling results are confirmed by artificially modifying a test time series with Poiss.
The Credit–Growth Nexus: New Evidence from Developing and Developed Countries

type="main"> The purpose of this paper is to assess the relationship between credit market development and economic growth for a heterogeneous panel of 20 developing and developed countries with varied growth experiences. The empirical study is based on estimations of generalized method of moments (GMM) and pooled mean group (PMG) on heterogeneous panel data model. Difference GMM estimation indicates that credit market development has a negative effect on economic growth. This result is robust for our full sample and for the subsample of non-OECD countries, but not for the subsample of OECD countries. However, using a PMG model, we provide evidence of a positive impact in the long run between credit market development and economic growth. When considering heterogeneity in the short-run relationship across countries, our findings suggest that the credit–growth relationship is specific across countries, depending on each country-specific legal and macroeconomic environment.
Startle Reflex as a Physiological Measure of Emotion Regulation

In the present study, the startle blink reflex is used as a measure of emotion regulation to affective picture stimuli. Based on the biphasic theory of emotion, it is hypothesized that the startle response will be largest in magnitude in the presence of negative emotional stimuli (Vrana, Spence, & Lang, 1988). It is also hypothesized that when attempting to decrease emotion, participants will show smaller blink magnitudes to negative images, and larger blink magnitudes when attempting to decrease emotion to positive images due to the aversive nature of the startle reflex. The present study highlights the difficulty of finding emotion regulation to positive images with the startle blink paradigm. Participants were 6 female undergraduate students who viewed negative, positive and neutral affective picture stimuli, and attempted to either maintain or suppress their emotional responses to the images. Emotion modulation of the startle response was recorded before regulation instruction onset. Significant differences were found in blink magnitude for emotion modulation between positive and negative images, but neutral images were not significantly different from either. For negative images, blink magnitudes during emotion suppression were significantly smaller than when maintaining emotion. No significant regulation differences were found for the positive images.
The Effect of International Cross-listings on Stock Risk

In the context of capital market integration, a sample of 64 US firms is examined for any evidence of changes in stock risk as a result of international listings. Several risk measures are tested. Although we are not able to reject the hypothesis that domestic market betas do not change as a result of international listings, we find statistically significant evidence that cross-listings are associated with increases in foreign beta values. This means that sensitivity of stock returns to the common factors of the cross-listed countries increases, suggesting a decreasing effect of international listings on segmentation. Total risk of stocks are found to increase after cross-listings, consistent with the premise that increased information, trading volume, time and number of informed traders as a result of international listings increase the variance of stock returns. Overall, these results suggest evidence of capital market segmentation, rather than integration.
THE EFFECT OF GINGER BISCUIT ON NAUSEA AND VOMITING IN EARLY PREGNANCY

Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) are often alleviated by eating dried biscuits or foods. Natural products such as ginger have been suggested as herbal remedies for its treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of ginger in biscuit form for the treatment. Sixty-five women with NVP at or before 17 weeks of gestation, who attended the antenatal clinic of Yahyanejad hospital in Babol town, Northern Iran, during 2005-2006 were included in the study. The subjects were randomized in a double-blind design and divided into two groups to take biscuits. 0.5g of ginger as fine powder was incorporated in each biscuit. Subjects received 5 ginger biscuits per day or an identical placebo biscuit for 4 days. They graded their severity of nausea using visual analog scales (VAS) and recorded the number of vomiting episodes in the previous 24 hours and again during 4 consecutive days. Five-item Likert scales were used to assess the severity of their symptoms. The average VAS scores of day 1 to 4 of post-therapy minus baseline nausea was decreased significantly in ginger (2.6±1.77) compared with the placebo group (1.4±1.62) (P=0.01). The number of vomiting episodes was also decreased in ginger (0.96±0.21) and placebo (0.62±0.19), the difference being insignificant. A significant difference was seen in inter-group variations per day in both groups. Likert scale showed an improvement in symptoms in both groups (P=0.43). Therefore, ginger in biscuit form is effective for relieving the severity of nausea and, to some extent, of vomiting in pregnancy.