Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Uphill running does not exacerbate collagenase-induced pathological changes in the Achilles tendon of rats selectively bred for high-capacity running

Abstract The Achilles tendon is a frequent site for degeneration, and advanced understanding of this pathology requires an animal model that replicates the human condition. The aim of this study was to explore whether intratendinous collagenase injection combined with treadmill running created a pathology in the rat Achilles tendon consistent with human Achilles tendinosis. Collagenase was injected into one Achilles tendon of 88 high-capacity running (HCR) rats, which were randomized into treadmill running and cage control groups. Running animals ran at speeds up to 30 m/min on a treadmill at a 15° incline for up to 1 h/d, 5 d/week for 4 or 10 weeks. Cage control animals maintained cage activity. Collagenase induced molecular, histopathological and mechanical changes within the Achilles tendon at 4 weeks. The mechanical changes persisted at 10 weeks; however, the histopathological and majority of the molecular changes were no longer present at 10 weeks. Treadmill running had minimal effect and did not exacerbate the collagenase-induced changes as there were no statistical interactions between the interventions. These data suggest combined intratendinous collagenase injection and treadmill running does not create pathology within the Achilles tendon of rats selectively bred for HCR that is consistent with human Achilles tendinosis.
Beyond The Information Systems Outsourcing Bandwagon: The Insourcing Response

From the Publisher: A common practice involving enormous sums of money, outsourcing is paying a third party to take control of one of a company's functions and then "sell" the service back to it. Prominent IS community members warn of the dangers in surrendering complete management control of their strategic assets. The key question is not "should we outsource IS? " but "where and how can we take advantage of the rapidly developing market of IS service providers? " This book provides answers to the question based on extremely detailed studies of six successful insourcing companies.
Anthropogenic CO2 accumulation rates in the North Atlantic Ocean from changes in the 13C/12C of dissolved inorganic carbon

The anthropogenic CO2 accumulation rate for the North Atlantic Ocean was estimated on the basis of the decrease in the δ13C of the dissolved inorganic carbon measured between cruises in 1981 (Transient Tracers in the North Atlantic), 1993 (OACES) and 2003 (Repeat Hydrography). A mean depth‐integrated δ13C change of −15.0 ± 3.8‰ m yr−1 was estimated by applying a multiple linear regression approach to determine the anthropogenic δ13C decrease at 22 stations where δ13C depth profiles were compared. The largest and deepest anthropogenic δ13C decreases occurred in the subpolar ocean and, in contrast, the smallest and shallowest decreases occurred in the tropical ocean. A mean anthropogenic CO2 accumulation rate of 0.63 ± 0.16 mol C m−2 yr−1 (0.32 ± 0.08 Pg C yr−1) in the North Atlantic Ocean over the last 20 years was determined from the mean depth‐integrated δ13C change and a ratio of anthropogenic δ13C to DIC change of −0.024‰ (μmol kg−1)−1. Only half of the accumulated anthropogenic CO2 in the North Atlantic during the last 20 years was the result of air‐sea CO2 uptake, based on a comparison of the air‐sea 13CO2 flux to the DIC13 inventory change, with the other half likely a result of northward advective transport.
When bittersweet turns sour: adverse effects of nostalgia on habitual worriers

Nostalgic memories can be pleasant, albeit bittersweet, and have been found beneficial for well-being. This study demonstrated that for individuals who habitually worry, nostalgia may not be such a nourishing experience. Nostalgia was experimentally induced using a visual imagery task and resulted in positive affect. Although this was also the case for participants who habitually worry, these individuals subsequently showed more signs of anxiety and depression than habitual worriers in a control condition. The findings fit within a control theoretical perspective; as habitual worriers' actual chronic state of anxiety contrasts with nostalgic memories of a carefree past, this may instigate further rumination leading to distress. A more present-oriented time perspective, such as mindfulness, is discussed as being beneficial for habitual worriers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why Was Internet IPO Underpricing so Severe?

We examine several explanations drawn from prior academic research and current popular press anecdotes for the unprecedented level of underpricing in Internet IPOs. Our sample consists of 342 Internet firms that went public between 1988 and 1999 and a matched sample of 249 non-Internet IPOs. The desire to make a seasoned equity offer (SEO), the presence of high quality underwriters, and greater media exposure pre-IPO are uniquely associated with Internet IPO underpricing. Post-offer return performance is worse for hot Internet IPOs that receive more media attention before the IPO date. Matched IPOs backed by high quality underwriters perform relatively well in the post-offer period although there is no association between underwriter quality and the long-run performance of Internet IPOs.
The implications of cash flow forecasts for investors' pricing and managers' reporting of earnings

I examine the role of analysts' cash flow forecasts on both investors' pricing and managers' reporting of earnings. I find that when setting stock prices, investors place more (less) weight on the cash (accrual) component of earnings for firms with a cash flow forecast, and that investors shift this weighting in the years immediately following analysts' initiation of cash flow coverage. Furthermore, the weight investors assign to these earnings components is a function of firm-specific factors predicted to affect the usefulness of the underlying cash flow information. I also find that for firms with a cash flow forecast, the cash (accrual) component of earnings is more (less) predictive of future firm prospects, consistent with analysts successfully choosing firms for which to issue a cash flow forecast. Lastly, I document that managers are more likely to boost operating cash flows if the firm has a cash flow forecast, suggesting that the nature of the capital market pressure affects the mechanism through which earnings are managed.
The effect of pilates exercise on trunk and postural stability and throwing velocity in college baseball pitchers: single subject design.

BACKGROUND Baseball pitchers need trunk strength to maximize performance. The Pilates method of exercise is gaining popularity throughout the country as a fitness and rehabilitation method of exercise. However, very few studies exist that examine the effects of the Pilates method of exercise on trunk strength or performance. OBJECTIVES Using a single subject, multiple baseline across subjects design, this study examines the effects of the Pilates method of exercise on performance of double leg lowering, star excursion balance test, and throwing velocity in college-aged baseball pitchers. METHODS A convenience sample of three college baseball pitchers served as the subjects for this single subject design study. For each subject, double leg lowering, star excursion balance test, and throwing speed were measured prior to the introduction of the intervention. When baseline test values showed consistent performance, the intervention was introduced to one subject at a time. Intervention was introduced to the other subjects over a period of 4 weeks as they also demonstrated consistent performance on the baseline tests. Intervention was continued with periodic tests for the remainder of the 10 week trial. RESULTS Each subject improved in performance on double leg lowering (increased 24.43-32.7%) and star excursion balance test (increased 4.63-17.84%) after introduction of the intervention. Throwing speed improved in two of the three subjects (up to 5.61%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The Pilates method of exercise may contribute to improved performance in double leg lowering, star excursion balance tests, and throwing speed in college baseball pitchers.
Mix and Switch Effects in Bilingual Language Processing.

Title of Dissertation: MIX AND SWITCH EFFECTS IN BILINGUAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING Joel T. Koeth, Doctor of Philosophy, 2012 Directed by: Professor Nan Jiang Department of Second Language Acquisition This study utilized a novel task design in an effort to identify the source of the second language processing advantage commonly reported in mixed language conditions, investigate switch cost asymmetry in non-balanced bilinguals, and identify task-related variables that potentially contribute to inconsistent results across studies with similar participant populations. Seventy highly-proficient Korean-English bilinguals completed modified picture naming, semantic categorization, and lexical decision tasks, as well as a cognitive control task designed to examine the potential relationship between lexical control and general cognitive control. While no significant relationship was found between lexical control and general cognitive control, several key task-related variables emerged with respect to mix and switch effects. Specifically, verbal production requirements and increased second language repetition effects significantly influenced results. Furthermore, this study revealed potential effects of semantic load as well as script differences in receptive tasks. Results from this study highlight several key variables that contribute to bilingual mix and switch effects, as well as task design-related considerations for future bilingual mix and switch studies. MIX AND SWITCH EFFECTS IN BILINGUAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING by Joel T. Koeth Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2012 Advisory Committee: Professor Nan Jiang, Chair Dr. Michael Bunting Professor Robert DeKeyser Professor Michael Dougherty, Dean’s Representative Dr. Jared Linck © Copyr ight 2012 by Joel T. Koet h
Effect of microcystin‐LR on human placental villous trophoblast differentiation in vitro

Microcystin‐LR is a cyanobacterial toxin found in surface and recreational waters that inhibits protein phosphatases and may disrupt the cytoskeleton. Microcystins induce apoptosis in hepatocytes at ≤2.0 µM. Nothing is known about the effects of microcystins on human placental trophoblast differentiation and function. The differentiation of villous trophoblasts to form syncytiotrophoblast occurs throughout pregnancy and is essential for normal placental and fetal development. To investigate the effects of microcystin, villous cytotrophoblasts were isolated from term placentas using an established method and exposed to microcystin‐LR. Microcystin‐LR below the cytotoxic dose of 25 µM did not cause cell rounding or detachment, had no effect on apoptosis, and no effect on the morphological differentiation of mononucleated cytotrophoblasts to multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast. However, secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) increased in a microcystin‐LR dose‐dependent manner. When incubated with l‐buthionine sulphoximine (BSO) to deplete glutathione levels, trophoblast morphological differentiation proceeded normally in the presence of microcystin‐LR. Microcystin‐LR did not disrupt the trophoblast microtubule cytoskeleton, which is known to play a role in trophoblast differentiation. Immunofluorescence studies showed that trophoblasts express organic anion transport protein 1B3 (OATP1B3), a known microcystin transport protein. In comparison to hepatocytes, trophoblasts appear to be more resistant to the toxic effects of microcystin‐LR. The physiological implications of increased hCG secretion in response to microcystin‐LR exposure remain to be determined. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 427–439, 2016.
Trade, Migration, and Productivity: A Quantitative Analysis of China

We study how goods- and labor-market frictions affect aggregate labor productivity in China. Combining unique data with a general equilibrium model of internal and international trade, and migration across regions and sectors, we quantify the magnitude and consequences of trade and migration costs. The costs were high in 2000, but declined afterward. The decline accounts for 36 percent of the aggregate labor productivity growth between 2000 and 2005. Reductions in internal trade and migration costs are more important than reductions in external trade costs. Despite the decline, migration costs are still high and potential gains from further reform are large. (JEL E24, F16, J24, P23, P25, R12, R23)
Accounting and financial reporting recognition of firms' human capital investment : an empirical investigation of firms in the FTSE 100 listing of the London Stock Exchange

Firms’ spending on their employees is written off as expense to the annual financial statements under the current accounting treatment. This accounting treatment has been debated over decades, since employees are arguably claimed as the true value creators of firms’ intellectual capital. Value creation potential of employees, identified theoretically as human capital has been researched for valuation and measurement for accounting recognition of human capital investment and decision usefulness of financial reporting recognition through mandatory and mostly voluntary disclosure. Research evidence are found under different phenomenon namely; social capital, intellectual capital, human capital, etc. considering, investment, accounting and reporting practices, though on an ad-hoc basis, highlighting the need for a study covering a holistic picture of the accounting and financial reporting recognition of human capital investment. Hence, the research is conducted, addressing the current practice of accounting and financial reporting recognition of firms’ human capital investment, considering both determinants and consequences of the practice utilising a stakeholder approach. The research is undertaken with data collected from annual reports of firms of FTSE 100 listing of London Stock Exchange for five accounting years, (2004-2009) chosen subjected to data availability, analysed using panel data analysis techniques with fixed and random effect estimators coupled with pooled linear regression as an alternative approach. The results of the study indicated a significant variance in the practice implying positive influences on promoting the practice accounting and financial reporting recognition of human capital investment. The results further indicated the requirement of a framework governed by standards and guidelines in promoting the practice accounting and financial reporting recognition of firms’ human capital investment.
Examining health and well-being outcomes associated with mining activity in rural communities of high-income countries: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE It is recognised internationally that rural communities often experience greater barriers to accessing services and have poorer health outcomes compared to urban communities. In some settings, health disparities may be further exacerbated by mining activity, which can affect the social, physical and economic environment in which rural communities reside. Direct environmental health impacts are often associated with mining activity and are frequently investigated. However, there is evidence of broader, indirect health and well-being implications emerging in the literature. This systematic review examines these health and well-being outcomes in communities living in proximity to mining in high-income countries, and, in doing so, discusses their possible determinants. METHODS Four databases were systematically searched. Articles were selected if adult residents in mining communities were studied and outcomes were related to health or individual or community-level well-being. A narrative synthesis was conducted. RESULTS Sixteen publications were included. Evidence of increased prevalence of chronic diseases and poor self-reported health status was reported in the mining communities. Relationship breakdown and poor family health, lack of social connectedness and decreased access to health services were also reported. Changes to the physical landscape; risky health behaviours; shift work of partners in the mine industry; social isolation and cyclical nature of 'boom and bust' activity contributed to poorer outcomes in the communities. CONCLUSION This review highlights the broader health and well-being outcomes associated with mining activity that should be monitored and addressed in addition to environmental health impacts to support co-existence of mining activities and rural communities.
Business Finance: Theory and Practice

PART 1: THE BUSINESS FINANCE ENVIRONMENT 1.Introduction 2.A Frameworks for financial decision making 3.Financial accounting statements and their interpretation PART 2: INVESTMENT DECISIONS 4.Investment appraisal methods 5.Practical aspects of investment appraisal 6.Risk in investment appraisal 7.The pricing of securities and its relevance to real investment decisions PART 3: FINANCIAL DECISIONS 8.Sources of long-term finance 9.The secondary capital market (the stock exchange) and its efficiency 10.Cost of capital estimations and the discount rate 11.Gearing, the cost of capital and shareholder's wealth 12.The dividend decision PART 4: MIXED DECISIONS 13.Management of working capital 14.Corporate restructuring (including take-overs and divestments 15.Small firms
Insights into Structure and Function of the Active Site of SoxAX Cytochromes*

SoxAX cytochromes catalyze the formation of heterodisulfide bonds between inorganic sulfur compounds and a carrier protein, SoxYZ. They contain unusual His/Cys-ligated heme groups with complex spectroscopic signatures. The heme-ligating cysteine has been implicated in SoxAX catalysis, but neither the SoxAX spectroscopic properties nor its catalysis are fully understood at present. We have solved the first crystal structure for a group 2 SoxAX protein (SnSoxAX), where an N-terminal extension of SoxX forms a novel structure that supports dimer formation. Crystal structures of SoxAX with a heme ligand substitution (C236M) uncovered an inherent flexibility of this SoxA heme site, with both bonding distances and relative ligand orientation differing between asymmetric units and the new residue, Met236, representing an unusual rotamer of methionine. The flexibility of the SnSoxAXC236M SoxA heme environment is probably the cause of the four distinct, new EPR signals, including a high spin ferric heme form, that were observed for the enzyme. Despite the removal of the catalytically active cysteine heme ligand and drastic changes in the redox potential of the SoxA heme (WT, −479 mV; C236M, +85 mV), the substituted enzyme was catalytically active in glutathione-based assays although with reduced turnover numbers (WT, 3.7 s−1; C236M, 2.0 s−1). SnSoxAXC236M was also active in assays using SoxYZ and thiosulfate as the sulfur substrate, suggesting that Cys236 aids catalysis but is not crucial for it. The SoxYZ-based SoxAX assay is the first assay for an isolated component of the Sox multienzyme system.
Nitrogenases from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Clostridium pasteurianum. Kinetic investigations of cross-reactions as a probe of the enzyme mechanism.

In combination with the Mo-Fe protein of nitrogenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae, the Fe protein of nitrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum forms an active enzyme with novel properties different from those of either of the homologous nitrogenases. The steady-state rates of reduction of acetylene and H+ are 12% of those of the homologous system from C.pasteurianim. Acetylene reductase activity exhibited an approx. 10min lag at 30 degrees C before the rate of reduction became linear, consistent with a once-only activation step being necessary for acetylene reduction to occur. No such lag was observed for H2 evolution. The activity with N2 as a reducible substrate was very low, implying that acetylene reductase activity is not necessarily an accurate indication of nitrogen-fixing ability. This is of particular relevance to studies on mutant and agronomically important organisms. Stopped-flow spectrophotometric studies showed unimolecular electron transfer from the Fe protein to the Mo-Fe protein to occur at the same rate (k2 = 2.5 X 10(2)s-1) and with the same dependence on ATP concentration (apparent KD = 400 muM) as with the homologous Klebsiella nitrogenase. However, an ATP/2e ratio of 50 was obtained for H2 evolution, indicating that ATP hydrolysis had been uncoupled from electron transfer to substrate. These data indicate that ATP has at least two roles in the mechanism of nitrogenase action. The combination of the Mo-Fe protein of nitrogenase of C.pasteurianim and the Fe protein of K.pneumoniae were inactive in all the above reactions, except for a weak adenosine triphosphatase activity, 0.5% of that of the homologous K.pneumoniae system.
The Role of U.S. Trading in Pricing Internationally Cross-Listed Stocks

This paper addresses two issues: 1) where does price discovery occur for firms that are traded simultaneously in the U.S. and in their home markets and 2) what explains the differences across firms in the share of price discovery that occurs in the U.S? The answer to the first question is that the home market is typically where the majority of price discovery occurs, but there are significant exceptions to this rule and the nature of price discovery across international markets during the time of trading overlap is richer and more complex that previously realized. For the second question, the results provide strong support that liquidity is an important factor. For a particular firm, the greater the liquidity of U.S. trading relative to the home market, the greater the role for U.S. price discovery.
Illiquidity Spillovers from the Bond Market: The Effect of TRACE Coverage on Stock Liquidity

Using a large sample of US corporate bond issuers, we empirically analyze the impact of TRACE implementation on stock liquidity. We propose two competing hypotheses: the transparency spillover hypothesis and the illiquidity spillover hypothesis. The transparency spillover hypothesis predicts that the increased post-trade transparency in the bond market due to TRACE enforcement has positive impact on the transparency of the stock market, resulting in higher stock liquidity. The illiquidity spillover hypothesis argues that stock illiquidity increases due to higher bond illiquidity, because TRACE reduces the dealers’ incentive to commit capital and provide liquidity in the bond market. We find strong support for the illiquidity spillover hypothesis. We use two standard measures of stock illiquidity, the Amihud illiquidity and the zero-return illiquidity, and we consistently find that TRACE coverage increases stock illiquidity. This relationship concentrates among high yield bond issuers. These findings are consistent with Zhang (2012) that TRACE coverage increases bond yield spreads because of the deterioration in bond liquidity. We also find that the effects of TRACE on stock illiquidity are significantly stronger among firms for which information efficiency in the bond market is more relevant, i.e., firms relying more on bonds in their debt structure, smaller firms, younger firms, firms listed on NASDAQ, and firms without banking relationships.