Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Agricultural knowledge and innovation system in South Kazakhstan Region: Sustainable agricultural intensiﬁcation of innovation enterprises

Agriculture remains the backbone of the Kazakhstan economy, yet land, the deterioration severely hampers agricultural productivity. Over the past decades, scientists and development practitioners have protected integrated soil fertility management practices to improve soil fertility. However, their acceptance levels are low, in part because many farmers in the South Kazakhstan Oblast are not fully aware of the principles of these systemic innovations. This was attributed to the wide communication gap between farmers and other agricultural agents in agricultural knowledge and innovative systems. We add to the literature, applying innovative system approaches to integrated awareness processes of soil fertility management. This study seeks to assess if agricultural knowledge and innovative RESUMEN: La agricultura sigue siendo la espina dorsal de la economía de Kazajstán, pero la tierra, el deterioro dificulta gravemente la productividad agrícola. Durante las últimas décadas, los científicos y los profesionales del desarrollo han protegido las prácticas integradas de manejo de la fertilidad del suelo para mejorar la fertilidad del suelo. Sin embargo, sus niveles de aceptación son bajos, en parte porque muchos agricultores en el sur de Kazajstán Oblast no son plenamente conscientes de los principios de estas innovaciones sistémicas. Esto se atribuyó a la amplia brecha de comunicación entre los agricultores y otros agentes agrícolas en el conocimiento agrícola y los sistemas innovadores. Agregamos a la literatura, aplicando enfoques innovadores del sistema a los systems effectively disseminate an integrated knowledge of soil fertility management by the results of Kazakhstan. Social networking measures and statistical methods were used, using data from key formal agents and farmers. Our results suggest that the presence of weak knowledge links is important for awareness of integrated management of soil abundance at both sites of the study. However, in Kazakhstan agricultural knowledge and innovative systems are more effective, since there is a network of knowledge links, crucial for not only dissemination, but also the acquisition of knowledge about complex innovations.
Effect of mother's education based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on 3 - 6 years old children's dental plaque index

Childhood caries remains a serious problem in several developing and developed countries. The education of mothers to promote healthy dietary habits in children has been the main strategy used for the prevention of childhood caries. So, in this study the effect of oral health education based on HBM for decrea sing dental plaque index has been studied in mothers who had 3 - 6 years old children. In this quasi - experimental study 56 mothers have been chosen who were divided in to experimental and control randomly. Baseline questionnaire was completed by two groups. Then, educational programs were done in three sessions for experimental group. After the educational programs, the questionnaire was completed again by two groups. Finally, gathered data were analyzed by SPSS software and statistical tests (Independent - s ample T test and Chi - square test). After implementing educational programs, mean score of all aspects of health belief model (mother’s knowledge, perceived benefits and barriers, perceived susceptibility and perceived severity) in the experimental group ha d significant difference in comparison with the control group(P<0.001). The result of this study has confirmed the efficiency of using health belief model in adopting preventive behaviors regarding children dental plaque in mothers who had 3 - 6 years old ch ildren.
Economic analysis of maize-tepary bean production using a soil fertility replenishment product (PREP-PAC) in semi-arid Eastern Kenya

Continuous cropping without external nutrient inputs to soils has led to the expression of poorly productive patches in farmers’ fields in semi-arid Eastern Kenya. The smallholder farmers attempting to correct these conditions are often confused by the spatial and symptomatic irregularity of the affected plants, until recently, no soil management product was commercially available that is specifically formulated to restore soil fertility to these patches. PREP-PAC contains 2 kg Minjingu rock phosphate (RP), 0.2 kg urea, seeds of various symbiotic nitrogen-fixing food legumes (in this case tepary bean (TB)), rhizobial inoculant, gum Arabica seed adhesive, lime for seed pelleting and instructions for the use of these materials. It is intended for addition to 25 m 2 and produced at a cost of US $ 0.56 per unit. The general principle is to apply slowly available RP sufficient for several cropping seasons with readily available nitrogenous fertiliser and to intercrop farmer’s maize (Zea mays) with a legume that provides residual fixed-nitrogen and organic inputs to the soil. This approach was tested in on-farm trials covering 50 farms, conducted in collaboration with farmers groups. An experiment examined interactions between PREP-PAC components in a maize-TB (Vigna unguiculata) intercrop in nutrient depleted Ferralsols of semi-arid Eastern Kenya. The treatments included ±RP, ±Urea, and ±inoculant arranged as a 2 3 factorial with four replicated at each location. Total value of the intercrops ranged between US $ 0.95 in the unamended plots and US $ 2.90 in plots treated with PREP-PAC. Significant positive effects were observed with the addition of RP (P< 0.001), urea (P = 0.04) and inoculant (P = 0.01) and in interactions between RP and urea (P = 0.02) or inoculant (P = 0.07). The return ratio to PREP-PAC investment was 2.8 in the sandy fields and 4.2 in the clay fields. PREP-PACs were tested on-farm in 50 symptomatic patches containing maize-TB intercrops. Unamended patches (25 m 2 = 0.0025 ha) produced 1.9 kg maize and 0.06 kg TB. With addition of PREP-PAC, yields increased to 4.2 kg maize and 1.6 kg TB (P < 0.001, for both crops). PREP-PAC is a strategic approach because all of its components, except for urea, originate from East Africa and are relatively inexpensive; the product is intended for distribution through the existing local retail and rural development networks.
PARA DISCUSSÃO N o 523 THE POST 1990 BRAZILIAN TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND THE PERFORMANCE OF LARGE MANUFACTURING FIRMS : PRODUCTIVITY , MARKET SHARE AND PROFITS *

1 INTRODUCTION.1 2 TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND INDUSTRIAL POLICY.3 2.1 Tariffs and Non-Tariff Barriers Prior to 1988.3 2.2 The New Industrial Policy 1988.4 2.3 Trade Liberalization: The Programme After 1990.4 2.4 Studies of the Impact of Trade Liberalization . 6 3 AN ILLUSTRATIVE MODEL . 8 3.1 Market Share . 9 3.2 Profits.10 3.3 Endogenous Costs.10 3.4 The Effects of Trade Liberalization on Market Share, Profits and Efficiency.12 4 THE “PESQUISA INDUSTRIAL ANUAL” AND OTHER DATA SOURCES.14 4.1 Firm Data . 14 4.2 Measures of Protection . 15 4.3 Market Size . 16 5 THE DETERMINANTS OF FIRM EFFICIENCY.16 6 MARKET SHARE AND PROFITS.24 6.1 Market Share . 24 6.2 Profits.28 7 CONCLUSIONS.31 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 35
E-COMMERCE ADVERTISEMENT AND USAGE EXPERIENCE: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

This study presents, at a glance, the level of awareness of some respondents about e-commerce platforms in Nigeria. It explores their preferences and provides some information on how they are responding to e-commerce commercials. The theoretical anchor is the Technology Acceptance Model. Some 97.5 per cent of the 200 respondents surveyed returned their completed questionnaire. The impressive number was as a result of the large number and efficiency of research assistants who administered the instrument in the Ado-Odo Local Government Area of Ogun State, a political subdivision of Nigeria. Results show low awareness, though respondents had opined that the e-commercials were helpful and factual. The results further indicate that the productivity expected by respondents as a result of e-commerce patronage is unimpressive owing to infrastructural deficit, insecurity, illiteracy and a weak legal system. Findings indicate that reading manuals in local languages can lead to a better user experience. The deployment of biometric applications for more security, extensive media campaign as well as better machine-customer interaction can also help. Keywords: Nigeria, E-commerce, Advertisement, Usage experience Digital wallet, Technology, ATM, POS.
Wavefield extrapolation by windowed nonstationary phase shift

The nonstationary phase-shift extrapolator provides a highly accurate wavefield extrapolator in laterally inhomogeneous media. However, because the operator depends on both the lateral spatial variable and its wavenumber, the transform between space and wavenumber cannot be implemented with the fast Fourier transform technique and therefore, the computational effort is greater than that of the stationary phase shift method. In this paper, a method is developed that applies the windowed Fourier transform to the Helmholtz equation to obtain a local wavefield expression, which leads to the windowed version of nonstationary phase-shift. Numerical results show that the computational efficiency is improved with little loss of accuracy.
NEO-PATRIMONIAL STATE AND DEMOCRACY IN CONTEMPORARY ROMANIA

This paper aims to present and to extend on a paradoxal institutional situation legally founded, at Romania‟s state level. This institutional paradox refers to the fact the establishment and democratic behaviour in Romania‟s last decade are consistent with basic elements specific to a neo-patrimonial (feudal) type of regime. Thus, from a certain point of view, in the last two decades the Romanian society experienced a transitional stage from a Communist state towards a democratically organized state, starting with the post-communist period since 1990.
The Role-Set: Problems in Sociological Theory

r N THE FIRST VOLUME of tlle first American journal devoted entirely to the subject of sociology, the role proper to the sociologist zwas described in these forthright terms: 'Social theorists need be meek men, and should stand with head uncovered before the special gifts and sernces of the men of genius who are working the latter-day miracles of industry and commerce. 'l This was announced in I895. A few years later, ltmile Durkheim, who by all accounts ssas not apt to take up this diffident and admiring position before anyone, least of all businessmen, was reminding his readers that sociology was 'born only yesterday', indeed, that 'in the fifteen years before I900, it was possible to mention only ten names which were truly and properly the names of
Non-negative factor analysis supporting the interpretation of elemental distribution images acquired by XRF

Stacks of elemental distribution images acquired by XRF can be difficult to interpret, if they contain high degrees of redundancy and components differing in their quantitative but not qualitative elemental composition. Factor analysis, mainly in the form of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), has been used to reduce the level of redundancy and highlight correlations. PCA, however, does not yield physically meaningful representations as they often contain negative values. This limitation can be overcome, by employing factor analysis that is restricted to non-negativity. In this paper we present the first application of the Python Matrix Factorization Module (pymf) on XRF data. This is done in a case study on the painting Saul and David from the studio of Rembrandt van Rijn. We show how the discrimination between two different Co containing compounds with minimum user intervention and a priori knowledge is supported by Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF).
Third-party Punishment is more effective on Women: Experimental Evidence

Existing experimental studies mainly focus on motivations and choices of thirdparty punishers, but only few of them detect sanction efficacy contradictory results. Our paper wants to shed light on this point. In particular, we want to detect whether the threat of being punished for unfair actions is credible and affects subjects’ choices thus, making it rational to behave fairly. To disentangle the effect of expected punishment on behaviour, we implement in the lab two experimental games - the standard Dictator Game, that is used as baseline, and the Third-Party Punishment Game that incorporates a third player who observes and may punish the Dictator. The idea is that, if the Dictator in treatment TPP believes punishment is a credible threat, s/he may decide to change her/his behaviour, that is, to behave generously in order to avoid sanctions. We find a clear gender bias: women reacted to the punishment threat by increasing their transfer to the Recipient, while men did exactly the opposite.
Volcanic Stratigraphy of Hannah Point, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

The Upper Cretaceous volcanic succession of Hannah Point is the best exposure of the Antarctic Peninsula Volcanic Group on Livingston Island. The aim of the present paper is to contribute to the characterisation of the stratigraphy and petrography of this little studied succession, and briefly discuss some aspects of the eruptive style of its volcanism. The succession is about 470 m thick and is here subdivided into five lithostratigraphic units (A to E from base to top). Unit A, approximately 120 m thick, is mainly composed of polymict clast-supported volcaniclastic breccias and also includes a dacitic lava laye r. Interstratified in the breccias of this unit, there is a thin laminated devitrified layer which shows some degree of welding. Unit B, approximately 70 m thick, is almost entirely composed of volcaniclastic breccias, and includes a volcaniclastic conglomerate layer. Breccias in this unit can be subdivided into two distinct types; polymict clast-supported breccias, and monomict matrix-supported breccias rich in juvenile components and displaying incipient welding. Unit C, about 65 m thick, is mainly composed of basaltic lavas, which are interlayered with minor volcaniclastic breccias. Unit D, approximately 65 m thick, is lithologically similar to unit B, composed of an alternation of polymict clasts upported breccias and matrix-supported breccias, and includes a volcaniclastic conglomerate layer. Unit E, about 150 m thick, is mainly formed of thick andesitic lava layers. Minor basaltic dykes and a few normal faults cut the succession, and the contact between units A and B can be interpreted both as an unconformity or a fault. The matrix-supported breccias included in the succession of Hannah Point have high contents of juvenile components and incipient welding, which suggest that part of the succession is the result of pyroclastic fragmentation and emplacement from pyroclastic flows. In contrast, the polymict clast-supported breccias suggest reworking of previous deposits and deposition from cool mass flows. The lavas indicate effusive volcanic eruptions, and the absence of features indicative of subaqueous volcanism suggests that at least these portions of the succession were emplaced in a subaerial environment.
IC measurement and reporting: establishing a practice in SA mining

This paper presents findings from an investigation of intellectual capital measurement, reporting and management in the South African mining industry. The research methodology employs a combination of content analysis of annual reports for the 20 largest listed companies in South Africa, combined with interviews with senior individuals in mining companies. Data is analysed in accordance with a selected intellectual capital framework consisting of 24 indicators across the three categories of internal, external and human capital. Results show that mining companies tend to report on fewer intellectual capital attributes than other companies and tend to focus more on external attributes such as business collaborations and favourable contracts. Results show that mining companies rate intellectual capital highly, but appear to be lacking in the measurement and reporting of intellectual capital. From these findings it is concluded that mining companies value intellectual capital but lack the appropriate systems and structures to manage intellectual capital meaningfully.
Immunization Status Against Hepatitis B Among Iranian Junior Medical, Nursing, and Obstetrics Students With Different Vaccination Patterns

Background: Since the protection time by hepatitis B (HB) vaccination is unclear, the strategy of immunization of junior students who previously received hepatitis vaccine is controversial. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the status of immunity to hepatitis B in junior medical, nursing and obstetrics students with different hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination patterns. Patients and Methods: In an analytical cross-sectional study, 255 junior medical sciences students were tested for quantitative antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs). The proportion of protective immunity was compared in different vaccination patterns. Results: Vaccination coverage rates were 74.1%. About half the participants didn’t show serological evidence of protective immunity; 68.9% had their last shot more than 10 years ago and 30.4% had a vaccination history of five years or less (P < 0.001). Geometric mean level of anti-HBs titer among students, who had received a primary series vaccine at birth, was significantly lower than students who had started vaccination at an older age (P < 0.001). Also, analysis of variance for geometric mean of anti-HBs titer showed significant differences between groups based on injection time from the last shot (P < 0.001) (post hoc comparisons resulted in a P value of < 0.001 for birth versus < 5 year group, and P < 0.001 for the 5 to 10 year group). The lowest rate of non-protective level belonged to participants with complete three doses and a booster additional shot (27.1%). The final model for independent predictors of anti-HBs positive status was made by a binary logistic regression analysis. The model included presence of a booster dose, injection time from last shot, and discipline of study. Conclusions: This study shows lower anti-HBs among students who were vaccinated at infancy compared to those vaccinated at older childhood or adolescence. Also, subsequent measurement of anti-HBs level at the time of entrance to university is recommended for all previously immunized students. Keywords: Hepatitis B; Vaccination; Medical Student; Antibody; Protective Immunity
No apparent accretion mode changes detected in Cen X-3

The presence of two distinct spectral states has previously been reported for Cen X-3 on the basis of RXTE/ASM observations. Triggered by this result, we investigated the spectral properties of the source using the larger amount of X-ray data now available with the aim to clarify and interpret the reported behavior. To check the reported results we used the same data set and followed the same analysis procedures as in the work reporting the two spectral states. Additionally, we repeated the analysis using the enlarged data sample including the newest RXTE/ASM observations as well as the data from the MAXI monitor and from the INTEGRAL/JEM-X and ISGRI instruments. We could not confirm the reported presence of the two spectral states in Cen X-3 either in
FINANCE AND FIRM CHARACTERISTICS IN ZIMBABWE

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of firm-specific characteristics on the accessibility of firm financing in Zimbabwe using 2011 data from World Bank enterprise surveys. The results of the study show that firm characteristics in Zimbabwe determine the type of financing that is used for investment and working capital purposes. Small firms seem to rely more on internal financing as opposed to using bank funds, probably due to their small operations and lack of assets to put up as collateral. The larger firms however find it easier to access bank finance as they are much older in terms of age, have developed good relations with their financial services’ providers and are also able to provide the required collateral to back their lines of credit. Both domestic and foreign-owned firms highlighted financial constraints as a major obstacle to their businesses. However foreign firms seemed to access bank loans easier than domestic firms. Also, gender seems to play a minor role in the financing decisions of the firm. It is therefore recommended that the Government engages the financial market intermediaries to find feasible business financing solutions for all sized firms, especially those owned by locals. This would lead to the much-needed economic growth through investment attraction and employment creation.
How do glaciers surge? A review

The quasi-periodic oscillations between normal and fast motion exhibited by surge-type glaciers provide the best observational opportunity to determine limiting conditions that allow fast motion. The measurements from Variegated Glacier prove that its surge motion is caused by rapid sliding induced by high water pressure. This arises from a major restructuring of the basal hydraulic system, which impedes water discharge prior to and during surge. Although the evolving glacier geometry and stress distribution play a principal enabling role, the seasonal timing of two distinct surge pulses, each initiated in winter and terminated in summer, indicates a major influence from variable external water inputs. This influence is not considered in existing surge models and should promote caution in the use of data from temperate and subpolar surge-type glaciers to deduce surge potential in polar ice masses. The spatial spreading of surge motion from a zone of local initiation occurs by stress redistribution, which may spread the surging zone rapidly upglacier or downglacier inside a region of active ice, and by mass redistribution with compressional thickening at the surge front, which enables down-glacier propagation into less active ice. The data from other surge-type glaciers, including the extensive data from Medvezhiy Glacier, are not inconsistent with the above processes but are inadequate to establish whether completely different mechanisms operate in some surges. The way by which water accumulates and produces fast sliding is not established in detail for any surge-type glacier and may be different on different glaciers depending, for example, on the presence or absence of unconsolidated debris between the ice and rock.
Attitude of the farmers towards climate change effect on agriculture

Global climate change has triggered the increased incidence of extreme disasters like cyclone, flood, soil salinity, etc. in the coastal region of Bangladesh. In the recent past, an amplified number of fatalities happened and the greater impact also acted upon the attitude of coastal people. Badarpur Union under Patuakhali Sadar upazila of Patuakhali District was the selected locale of the concerned study. Data for this research work were personally collected from a randomly sampled 121 farmers from different villages of Badarpur union by using an interview schedule. Attitude of the farmers was ascertained through a five-point-Likert type scale. Co-efficient of correlation (r) was computed to explore the relationships between farmers‟ attitude and their selected characteristics. The findings revealed that 51.2 percent of the farmers had moderately favourable attitude towards climate change effect while 42.1 percent had slightly favourable and 6.6 percent had highly favourable attitude. The correlation test showed that the education, farming experience, farm size, annual income, training received and agricultural knowledge had positive significant relationships with farmers‟ attitude towards climate change effect on agriculture while the rest of the characteristics had no relationship in the present study. The focus findings of the present study were that, the attitude of the farmers is changing due to changes in the climatic conditions and there was a positive effect of it on agriculture. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2015, 1(2): 367-379