Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DEFENCE SPENDING AND THE MACROECONOMY: THE CASE OF TURKEY

This study uses a six‐variable vector autoregressive (VAR) model and analyses the relationship between defence spending as a percentage of GNP, government budget as a percentage of GNP, total deficit as a percentage of GNP, the GNP growth rates, inflation rates, and government budget deficit as a percentage of GNP for the case of Turkey from 1933 to 2004. The impulse response functions (IRFs) are also derived and Granger causalities among the variables estimated. The results support the short‐run causality between defence spending and economic growth.
Unemployment and the Structure of Labor Markets

In this book, 16 leading economists establish the connection between the forces of the labour market and the persistent but ever-changing problem of unemployment. These scholars examine structural unemployment in terms of efficiency wage and dual labour market models, as well as neo-classical theory. The effects of the decline of the manufacturing sector, the rise in services, and the upheaval in the oil industry on our understanding of cyclical and frictional unemployment are incorporated into the analysis. An examination of the relationship between structural shifts and unemployment considers the frequency and duration of unemployment of displaced workers, the effects of migration caused by structural shifts, and the phenomenon of unemployment within particular industries. Finally, the book presents intriguing thoughts on the conduct of labour research and experimental policy analysis. The contributors include: David M. Lilien, Alan B. Krueger, Lawrence H. Summers, William T. Dickens, Lawrence F. Katz, Kevin M. Murphy, Robert H. Topel, Mark Dynarski, Steven M. Sheffrin, Danny Steinberg, Frank A. Monforte, James W. Albrecht, John Haltiwanger and Mark Plant.
Live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac in macaques can induce protection against mucosal infection with SIVsm

Objective:To investigate whether vaccination of macaques with attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)macC8 could induce long-term protective immunity against rectal exposure to SIVsm and intravenous exposure to the more divergent HIV-2. Design and methods:Eight months after vaccination with live attenuated SIVmacC8, four cynomolgus monkeys were challenged with SIVsm intrarectally and another four vaccinated monkeys were challenged with HIV-2 intravenously. Sixteen months after SIVmacC8 vaccination, another two monkeys were challenged with SIVsm across the rectal mucosa. Two vaccinees shown to be protected against SIVsm were rechallenged 8 months after the first challenge. Ten naive animals were used as controls. Serum antigenaemia, virus isolation, antibody responses, cell-mediated immunity and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subpopulations were monitored. PCR-based assays were used to distinguish between virus populations. Results:At the time of challenge, eight out of 10 vaccinees were PCR-positive for SIVmacC8 DNA but no virus could be isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. After SIVsm challenge, three out of six vaccinees were repeatedly SIVsm PCR-negative. In one of the three infected monkeys, the challenge virus was initially suppressed but the monkey ultimately developed AIDS after increased replication of the pathogenic virus. Rechallenged monkeys remained protected. All HIV-2- challenged vaccinees became superinfected. All controls became infected with either SIVsm or HIV-2. At the time of challenge the vaccinees had neutralizing antibodies to SIVmac but no demonstrable cross-neutralizing antibodies to SIVsm or HIV-2. Titres of antigen-binding or neutralizing antibodies did not correlate with protection. Cytotoxic T-cell responses to SIV Gag/Pol and virus-specific T-cell proliferative responses were low. Conclusion:The live attenuated SIVmacC8 vaccine was able to induce long-term protection against heterologous intrarectal SIVsm challenge in a proportion of macaques but not against the more divergent HIV-2, which was given intravenously.
Entrepreneurial management, entrepreneurial orientation and Turkish small firm growth

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and entrepreneurial management (EM) and their impact on small firm growth. EO is regarded as the strategic dimension and it is assumed that EO will determine the extent of EM practices which will eventually affect firm growth.Design/methodology/approach – A survey was used as a research instrument and was applied to the owner managers of small Turkish enterprises. Data were collected from 221 independently owned and operated small manufacturing firms that employ less than 150 employees in Istanbul.Findings – Results confirm also that in this study EO affects firm growth. The explanatory power of our model increases when EO is accompanied by EM. Therefore, it can be concluded that EO achieves better results when it is supported by the appropriate management activities.Implications – For researchers, the application of these scales in a different setting has important implications. The factor anal.
Occupational Stigma and Mental Health: Discrimination and Depression among Front-Line Service Workers

De très nombreuses études ont montré qu’il y a un lien entre la stigmatisation et un mauvais état de santé ; toutefois, la stigmatisation est un phénomène complexe qui implique plusieurs processus. Dans cet article, nous mettons en lumière le lien entre le travail et une dimension de la stigmatisation – la discrimination –, du point de vue des déterminants sociaux de la santé. Nous examinons la discrimination et la dépression, en utilisant les données d’une étude comparative portant sur trois types d’emplois du secteur des services où les travailleurs sont en contact direct avec des clients : le travail du sexe, le domaine de la restauration et des bars, et la coiffure. Nos résultats indiquent qu’il y a un rapport entre le travail le plus stigmatisé – le travail du sexe – et la dépression, ainsi qu’entre la discrimination et la dépression. Plus précisément, la discrimination est le médiateur d’une partie du rapport entre travail du sexe et dépression, et l’estime de soi est le médiateur d’une partie du rapport entre discrimination et dépression. Des politiques d’équité agissant sur les déterminants sociaux de la santé des travailleurs et travailleuses du sexe permettraient donc d’améliorer la santé mentale de ces derniers ; il serait également urgent de mettre en place d’autres stratégies visant à réduire l’énorme discrimination liée à leur travail.
Crafting the change: the role of job crafting and regulatory focus in adaptation to organizational change

Background Organizations change rapidly nowadays. However, little is known about successful ways in which employees can adapt to the new situation that arises throughout organizational change. The present dissertation addressed job crafting as a proactive employee strategy in order to deal with and adapt to changes implemented by organizations. The conceptualization of job crafting that was employed included the following behaviors: seeking job resources (e.g., facilitating factors such as support or advice from colleagues and supervisors), seeking job challenges (e.g., more responsibilities, new challenging tasks) or reducing job demands (e.g., hindering factors at work such as workload or emotional demands). Findings Via five empirical studies this research explored the antecedents and the consequences of job crafting behaviors for employees within organizations undergoing some type of change. Employees crafted their job when their work environment provided a reason to do that (i.e., environmental antecedents), when they were motivated to do that (i.e., individual antecedents) and when their work environment did not fit with their motivational orientation (i.e., interaction between the environment and the individual as antecedent). Regulatory focus theory was used to conceptualize the individual and the organizational motivational orientation. Findings revealed that job crafting behaviors (i.e., seeking resources and seeking challenges) in general help employees to stay motivated, healthy and to perform on their tasks adequately during organizational change. Reducing demands behaviors proved to be less helpful strategies and they were linked to future employee feelings of exhaustion. Conclusion In conclusion, employees are not simply passive recipients of organizational change initiatives but they shape the conditions that help them deal with organizational change. Future research should be conducted in such settings so that organizational change is captured in a more controlled fashion. Job crafting is recommended as an additional employee strategy for future research exploring employee adaptation to organizational change. Via coaching, training or individual development plans, managers could encourage and facilitate those job crafting behaviors that have the potential to benefit employees
Enhanced thermal stability of nanograined metals below a critical grain size

Smaller but more thermally stable Synthesizing metals with extremely small (nanoscale) grain sizes makes for much stronger materials. However, very small–grained materials start to coarsen at relatively low temperatures, wiping out their most desirable properties. Zhou et al. discovered a way to avoid this problem by mechanically grinding copper and nickel at liquid nitrogen temperatures. The processing method creates low-angle grain boundaries between the nanograins, which promotes thermal stability. Science, this issue p. 526 Low-temperature plastic deformation creates nanoscale metals more resilient to higher-temperature grain coarsening. The limitation of nanograined materials is their strong tendency to coarsen at elevated temperatures. As grain size decreases into the nanoscale, grain coarsening occurs at much lower temperatures, as low as ambient temperatures for some metals. We discovered that nanometer-sized grains in pure copper and nickel produced from plastic deformation at low temperatures exhibit notable thermal stability below a critical grain size. The instability temperature rises substantially at smaller grain sizes, and the nanograins remain stable even above the recrystallization temperatures of coarse grains. The inherent thermal stability of nanograins originates from an autonomous grain boundary evolution to low-energy states due to activation of partial dislocations in plastic deformation.
Systematic Reviews andMeta-and Pooled Analyses Prenatal Exposure to Acetaminophen andRisk for Attention De fi cit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autistic SpectrumDisorder : A Systematic Review , Meta-Analysis , andMeta-Regression Analysis of Cohort Studies

Acetaminophen is the analgesic and antipyreticmost commonly used during pregnancy. Evidence of neurodisruptive properties is accumulating. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) in the offspring of women exposed to acetaminophen during pregnancy. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases for relevant studies up to January 2017. Data were independently extracted and assessed by 2 researchers. Seven eligible retrospective cohorts included 132,738 mother-child pairs, with follow-up periods ranging from 3 to 11 years. The pooled risk ratio for ADHDwas 1.34 (95%confidence interval (CI): 1.21, 1.47; I = 72%); for ASD, the risk ratio was 1.19 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.25; I = 14%), and for hyperactivity symptoms, it was 1.24 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.43; I = 93%). In meta-regression analysis, the association between exposure and ADHD increased with the child’s age upon follow-up (β = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.07) and with the mean duration of exposure (β = 0.00, 95%CI: 0.00, 0.01). The available data is of observational nature only. Studies differedwidely in exposure and outcome assessment. Acetaminophen use during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk for ADHD, ASD, and hyperactivity symptoms. These findings are concerning; however, results should be interpreted with caution given that the available evidence consists of observational studies and is susceptible to several potential sources of bias.
Local Partnerships in the United Kingdom for the New Opportunities for PE and Sport Programme: A Policy Network Analysis

Abstract This paper examines local partnerships involved in the New Opportunities for PE and Sport programme, a national programme funding improvements in PE and sport facilities in the United Kingdom. Policy network frameworks, developed by Marsh & Rhodes (1992) and Marsh & Smith (2000), were used to analyse the form of partnerships and their associated policy processes. In doing so, the paper attempts to both demonstrate the utility of the concept of policy networks in analysing partnerships and further understanding of the effect of partnerships on policy development. Empirically, three types of partnership were identified in the ten local authority cases that comprised this study. Each type of partnership enacted a specific type of policy process and the resultant policy outcomes reflected these different processes. The resulting analysis examines the relationships between policy and factors internal and external to the partnerships examined. In turn, suggestions are made for future development of the policy network concept.
Econometrical analysis of the sample efficient frontier

The efficient frontier is a parabola in the mean-variance space which is uniquely determined by three characteristics. Assuming that the portfolio asset returns are independent and multivariate normally distributed, we derive tests and confidence sets for all possible arrangements of these characteristics. Note that all of our results are based on the exact distributions for a finite sample size. Moreover, we determine a confidence region of the whole efficient frontier in the mean-variance space. It is shown that this set is bordered by five parabolas.
Placental Microvascular Changes in Twin Pregnancies With Abnormal Umbilical Artery Waveforms

Objective: To determine whether there is a relationship between umbilical artery Doppler waveforms and placental histology in twin pregnancies. Methods: The placental vasculature was examined histologically in 41 cases of twin pregnancy in women who had undergone antenatal Doppler umbilical artery waveform analysis. Results: Those fetuses with abnormal systolic-diastolic ratios (S/Ds) showed a reduction in the placental tertiary stem villi arterial vessels compared with fetuses with normal S/Ds. The mean count of small arterial vessels (diameter less than 90 fi) in the placentas from cases with normal S/Ds (below the 95th percentile) was 5.6, whereas the mean arterial count for those with high S/Ds (above the 99th percentile) was 3.9 (P=.039). Conclusions: In twin pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency, there is microvascular disease restricted to the placenta of the affected fetus. This suggests that the placental vascular lesion originates in the fetal circulation rather than in the uteroplacental vasculature.
Preemption Games: Theory and Experiment

Several investors face an irreversible investment opportunity whose value V is governed by Brownian motion with upward drift and random expiration. The �rst investor i to seize the opportunity before expiration receives the current V less a privately known cost Ci; the other investors receive nothing. We characterize Bayesian Nash Equilibrium (BNE) for this game, extending previously known results. We also report a laboratory experiment with 72 subjects randomly matched into 600 tri- opolies. As predicted in BNE, subjects in triopolies invested at lower values than in monopolies, changes in Brownian parameters signi�cantly altered investment values in monopoly but not in triopoly; and the lowest cost investor in a triopoly usually preempted the others. Evidence was mixed on other BNE predictions, e.g., whether higher cost brings smaller markups. Overall, subjects' earnings came rather close to the BNE prediction.
AlphaV- and beta1-integrin subunits are commonly expressed in malignant effusions from ovarian carcinoma patients.

OBJECTIVE The objective was to study expression of alphav- and beta1-integrin subunits in effusions, primary tumors, and solid metastases of ovarian carcinoma patients, as well as to evaluate its potential association with previously studied metastasis-associated molecules and clinicopathologic parameters. METHODS Sections from 121 malignant effusions and 30 corresponding primary and metastatic lesions were evaluated for protein expression of the alphav- and beta1-integrin subunits using immunohistochemistry (IHC). A subset of effusions was additionally studied using immunoblotting (IB) and flow cytometry (FCM). mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed in 58 effusions and 30 biopsies. RESULTS Protein expression of alphav- and beta1-integrin subunits was detected in carcinoma cells in 116/121 (96%) and 113/121 (93%) effusions, respectively. alphav protein expression was limited to carcinoma cells. IB and FCM confirmed IHC results. mRNA for alphav- and beta1-integrin subunits was detected in carcinoma cells in 37/58 (64%) and 33/58 (57%) effusions, respectively. Both protein and mRNA expression were higher in peritoneal effusions, significantly for alphav mRNA (P = 0.042) and beta1 protein (P = 0.023). beta1 protein expression in effusions was more frequently detected in better-differentiated tumors (P = 0.006). alphav-integrin subunit expression correlated with that of the previously studied matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) (P = 0.006) and the MMP inducer EMMPRIN (P = 0.001). Expression of beta1-integrin subunit showed an association with that of EMMPRIN (P = 0.029), basic fibroblast growth factor (P < 0.001), and the MMP inhibitor TIMP-2 (P = 0.025). In carcinoma cells of solid lesions, alphav protein was uniformly present, while beta1 expression was limited to 15/30 (50%) specimens. As in effusions, protein expression of alphav subunit was cancer-specific, while beta1 protein was detected also in stromal fibroblasts and endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS The alphav- and beta1-integrin subunits are frequently expressed in ovarian carcinoma cells in effusions, and the alphav-integrin subunit is a powerful diagnostic marker for carcinoma cells. The reduced expression of the beta1-integrin subunit in solid lesions may be attributed to the role of other subunits at these stages, such as the beta3 subunit as part of the alphavbeta3-vitronectin receptor. The high expression of integrin subunits with a role of binding mesothelium, invasion, and angiogenesis in carcinoma cells in both peritoneal and pleural effusions suggests that cells at both sites have metastatic potential.
Let's Agree That All Dictatorships Are Equally Bad

This paper shows that a minimal degree of consideration for other people's well‐being enables society to agree that one social policy is the best. I offer axioms that imply that this best policy maximizes a weighted sum of individual utilities. The weight of each individual is the inverse of his or her maximal possible utility from social endowments. The suggested policy is not sensitive to the choice of the von Neumann‐Morgenstern utilities. The key axiom is that individuals agree that giving all the endowments always to one person is as bad as giving them to any other person.
Implications of a High Placental Ratio in Pregnancies with Appropriate-for-Gestational Age Neonates

Objective: To determine the relationship between the placental weight to birth weight ratio (placental ratio) with maternal pre-pregnancy weight, gestational weight gain, and neonatal outcome in non-diabetic pregnancies resulting in appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) infants. Methods: A retrospective study was performed on 593 patients with singleton pregnancies, normal results in the 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test and who delivered AGA newborns within a 1-year period. The patients were categorized into high placental ratio (> mean +1 SD based on previous data, n = 113 or 19.1%) and normal ratio groups for the comparison of maternal and neonatal anthropometric parameters. Results: The high placental ratio group had a higher pre-pregnancy weight, body mass index, placental weight, and incidence of low Apgar score, but decreased absolute and percentage gestational weight gain, gestational age, and birth weight. After controlling for pre-pregnancy weight and gestational age, only the correlation between placental weight and percent weight gain remained significant. Conclusion: Our finding suggests that a high placental ratio can identify AGA newborns who are disproportionately small relative to maternal size, and may reflect some form of fetal growth impairment.
THE BENEFITS and COSTS OF PRIVATE INVESTMENT FROM ABROAD: A THEORETICAL APPROACH*

The benefits and costs of private investment from abroad are a matter of considerable importance for Australia. This paper suggests one possible method of analysing some general aspects of the problem. It is mainly theoretical and does not attempt to reach clear-cut practical conclusions. This would require much more factual analysis and consideration of many other aspects. Some of these were discussed by Professor Arndt in ‘Overseas Borrowing — the New Model’ (Economic Record, August 1957), an article which also deals with many of the points analysed below.
Parameterization of Root Water Uptake Models Considering Dynamic Root Distributions and Water Uptake Compensation

Parameters of different RWU models were optimized using data from a rhizotron facility. The same soil hydraulic properties were obtained for models considering RWU compensation. Feddes–Jarvis and Couvreur models predicted similar root‐system‐scale stress functions. The obtained RWU parameters were consistent with data reported in the literature. The models with compensation predicted similar total uptake but different local RWU.
A real-time VLSI median filter employing two-dimensional bit-propagating architecture

A high-speed permutation-network-based VLSI median filter has been developed. By employing a two-dimensional bit-propagating scheme, the delay time of the filter has been made proportional to the sum of the number of inputs and the bit length. As a result, a much faster median search has been achieved compared to conventional approaches, in which the delay time is typically the order of the product of the number of inputs and the bit length. As a proof-of-concept, an 8-b, 5-input median filter chip was designed and fabricated in a 0.35-/spl mu/m 3-metal CMOS technology. A high-speed median search less than 4.9 ns has been demonstrated by experiments.