Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transient salt transport modeling of shallow brine beneath a freshwater lake, the Sea of Galilee, Israel

During a lake highstand phase in the late Pleistocene the former saline Lake Lisan covered the topographic depression of Kinarot Basin currently occupied by the freshwater lake, Sea of Galilee. It was hypothesized that during this period, the dense saline waters of Lake Lisan percolated into the sediment. The recession of the saline lake from the basin and the rapid formation of a freshwater lake triggered solute transport from the sediment into the lake. A one‐dimensional numerical model of solute transport that considers sediment compaction was developed to simulate chloride transport from the sediment into the lake. Simulation results were compared with measured chloride concentration profiles in sediment cores. On the basis of a sensitivity analysis, results are in agreement with the hypothesis that Lake Lisan solutes are currently discharged into the Sea of Galilee. The calculated upward water velocity in the sediment ranges between 9 and 22 mm yr−1.
A NOTE ON INFLATION PERSISTENCE IN A FAIR WAGE MODEL OF THE BUSINESS CYCLE

We generalize existing fair wage models to allow effort to vary over the business cycle. When effort is variable, wage fluctuations are partially compensated for by endogenous effort fluctuations, so that the sensitivity of marginal cost to output and employment variations is decreased. This new mechanism decreases the need for sluggishness to explain the observed high inflation persistence.
Formation, evolution and properties of isolated field elliptical galaxies

We study the properties, evolution and formation mechanisms of isolated field elliptical (IfE) galaxies. We create a ‘mock’ catalogue of IfE galaxies from the Millennium Simulation Galaxy Catalogue, and trace their merging histories. The formation, identity and assembly redshifts of simulated isolated and non-isolated elliptical galaxies are studied and compared. Observational and numerical data are used to compare age, mass and the colour–magnitude relation. Our results, based on simulation data, show that almost 7 per cent of all elliptical galaxies brighter than −19 mag in B band can be classified as IfE galaxies. Results also show that isolated elliptical galaxies have a rather flat luminosity function; a number density of ∼3 × 10−6 h3 Mpc−3 mag−1, throughout their B-band magnitudes. IfE galaxies show bluer colours than non-isolated elliptical galaxies and they appear younger, in a statistical sense, according to their mass-weighted age. IfE galaxies also form and assemble at lower redshifts compared to non-isolated elliptical galaxies. About 46 per cent of IfE galaxies have undergone at least one major merging event in their formation history, while the same fraction is only ∼33 per cent for non-isolated ellipticals. Almost all (∼98 per cent) isolated elliptical galaxies show merging activity during their evolution, pointing towards the importance of mergers in the formation of IfE galaxies. The mean time of the last major merging is at z∼ 0.6 or 6 Gyr ago for isolated ellipticals, while non-isolated ellipticals experience their last major merging significantly earlier at z∼ 1.1 or 8 Gyr ago. After inspecting merger trees of simulated IfE galaxies, we conclude that three different, yet typical, formation mechanisms can be identified: solitude, coupling and cannibalism. Our results also predict a previously unobserved population of blue, dim and light galaxies that fulfil observational criteria to be classified as IfE galaxies. This separate population comprises ∼26 per cent of all IfEs.
Nest site characteristics of the Great-spotted Woodpecker in a bottomland riparian forest in the presence of invasive tree species

Abstract This study was carried out in Hungary, in an old unmanaged riparian poplar-willow forest during the breeding seasons of 2014 and 2015. The occurrence of two invasive tree species, the green ash and boxelder, is significant in the study area, which influences negatively the populations of native riparian tree species in Central Europe. We studied Great-spotted Woodpecker nest sites in the presence of these invasive species. Throughout the study period, eight and twelve nesting cavity trees were mapped. Trees were recorded in 20-20 circular plots of 0.05 ha both for each mapped nest trees and random plots as well. Species, diameter at breast height and condition were recorded for each tree. Composition and diversity of nest site and random plots were compared. Distributions and preferences were calculated for nest tree use. Most of the recorded trees were invasive. Nest site plots had more native trees compared to random plots. Nest site showed higher diversity in terms of all three variables. Decayed and dead willow and white poplar hybrid trees were preferred for nesting. Diameter at breast height of nest trees was between 30-90 cm. Studies about cavity excavators in transformed habitats have high importance for nature conservation of riparian forests.
Resilient Finite-Time Controller Design of a Class of Stochastic Nonlinear Systems

This paper deals with the problem of resilient finite-time control for a class of stochastic nonlinear systems. The notion of finite-time annular domain stability of stochastic nonlinear systems is first introduced. Then, some sufficient conditions are given for the existence of resilient state feedback finite-time annular domain stabilizing controller, which are expressed in terms of matrix inequalities. A double-parameter searching algorithm is proposed to solve these obtained matrix inequalities. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the developed method.
Ethnic Identity, Discrimination, and School Social Adjustment among Canadian Youth

The study examined the relation between ethnic regard, a component of ethnic identity, and discrimination, and their contribution to school social adjustment among 340 Canadian youth in grades 8-9. Furthermore, the study examined how the connection between ethnic regard and school social adjustment varies as a function of ethnic group membership. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that higher levels of ethnic regard were linked to higher levels of adjustment at school. However, further analyses showed that youth reporting high levels of ethnic regard and frequent discrimination may be more vulnerable in their schools. Additionally, youth of different ethnic groups had varied experiences. For youth of Vietnamese backgrounds, for example, a stronger sense of ethnic regard contributed to better social adjustment at school. These results, similar to previous studies, suggest that the research on the buffering effects of different components of ethnic identity remains equivocal.
The Low-Resolution CCSM4

AbstractThe low-resolution version of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) is a computationally efficient alternative to the intermediate and standard resolution versions of this fully coupled climate system model. It employs an atmospheric horizontal grid of 3.75° × 3.75° and 26 levels in the vertical with a spectral dynamical core (T31) and an oceanic horizontal grid that consists of a nominal 3° resolution with 60 levels in the vertical. This low-resolution version (T31x3) can be used for a variety of applications including long equilibrium simulations, development work, and sensitivity studies. The T31x3 model is validated for modern conditions by comparing to available observations. Significant problems exist for Northern Hemisphere Arctic locales where sea ice extent and thickness are excessive. This is partially due to low heat transport in T31x3, which translates into a globally averaged sea surface temperature (SST) bias of −1.54°C compared to observational estimates from the 187.
Interactive comment on “Laboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires – Part 1: Measurement and simulation of organic aerosol evolution” by A. P. Grieshop et al

This paper summarizes the results of well-designed and comprehensive set of experiments which challenge the traditional classification of organic aerosols into primary biomass burning OA and SOA. The results are very important in both apportioning of organic aerosol sources and improving the approach taken in atmospheric chemistry transport models. The experimental conditions are set to mimic conditions prevalent in biomass smoke plumes, including the presence of primarily emitted organic aerosol particles, with the exception of plume dispersion (dilution) in a real atmosphere (page 15710 line 5). It is beyond any doubt that the results seriously undermine the con-
Gender differences in reading ability and attitudes: examining where these differences lie

The aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in the relationship between reading ability, frequency of reading and attitudes and beliefs relating to reading and school. Two hundred and thirty-two 10-year-old children (117 male) completed a reading comprehension test and a questionnaire exploring the following areas: frequency of reading, attitude to reading, attitude to school, competency beliefs and perceived academic support (from peers and teacher). Overall, girls had better reading comprehension, read more frequently and had a more positive attitude to reading and school. However, smaller gender differences were found in reading ability than in attitudes and frequency of reading. Indeed, effect sizes for gender differences in reading were found to be small in this and other studies. Reading ability correlated with both boys' and girls' reading frequency and competency beliefs; however, only boys' reading ability was associated with their attitude to reading and school. Notably, gender differences were found predominantly in the relationship between factors, rather than solely in the factors themselves. Previous research has neglected to study these relationships, and has focused instead on the gender differences found in individual factors. Conclusions are made regarding the applicability of these findings to the school situation.
Self-Efficacy : An Exploration based on Gender , Age and Discipline of Study

The global acceptance of information and communication technologies in education is not without barriers and one major barrier on the part of teacher educator implementation effort is preservice teachers’ perception of and capabilities for applying computer technology. Although the construct of computer self-efficacy has gained widespread investigation in the developed world, few researches have been conducted on this construct in Nigeria. The purpose of this study was to investigate preservice teachers’ level of computer self-efficacy and to determine the invariability of this construct with respect to the demographic variables of gender, age, and discipline of study. Using the slightly modified computer self-efficacy scale (Durndell, Haag & Laithwaite, 2000) in a cross-sectional survey involving a sample of preservice teachers at two universities (N=480), we found that preservice teachers reported high level of computer self-efficacy. Exploratory factor analysis of the survey data supported the multidimensional nature of the computer self-efficacy construct. A 2×3×2 multivariate analysis of variance showed that the construct of computer self-efficacy appeared invariant with respect to the demographic variables of discipline of study and age classification while gender remained a determining factor in preservice teachers’ aggregate computer self-efficacy even at the subscale levels of beginning and advanced skills.
Inferring the IGM thermal history during reionization with the Lyman α forest power spectrum at redshift z ≃ 5

We use cosmological hydrodynamical simulations to assess the feasibility of constraining the thermal history of the intergalactic medium during reionisation with the Lyα forest at z ≃ 5. The integrated thermal history has a measureable impact on the transmitted flux power spectrum that can be isolated from Doppler broadening at this redshift. We parameterise this using the cumulative energy per proton, u₀, deposited into a gas parcel at the mean background density, a quantity that is tightly linked with the gas density power spectrum in the simulations. We construct mock observations of the line of sight Lyα forest power spectrum and use a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach to recover u₀ at redshifts 5≲z≲12. A statistical uncertainty of ∼ 20 per cent is expected (at 68 per cent confidence) at z ≃ 5 using high resolution spectra with a total redshift path length of Δz = 4 and a typical signal-to-noise ratio of S/N = 15 per pixel. Estimates for the expected systematic uncertainties are comparable, such that existing data should enable a measurement of u₀ to within ∼ 30 per cent. This translates to distinguishing between reionisation scenarios with similar instantaneous temperatures at z ≃ 5, but with an energy deposited per proton that differs by 2–3eV over the redshift interval 5≲z≲12. For an initial temperature of T ∼ 10⁴K following reionisation, this corresponds to the difference between early (zre = 12) and late (zre = 7) reionisation in our models.
The Relationship between Parent Communication Orientations and the Self-Efficacy of Student-Athletes

The influence of parent(s)/guardian(s) communication on a student-athlete’s selfefficacy has received limited attention despite its potential implications for the athlete’s sport performance. Student-athlete participants (N = 290) completed measures to report their level of self-efficacy along with the student-athlete perceptions of their parent(s)/guardian’(s) communication orientation. Further, efficacy-enhancing techniques were measured to report frequency-of-use and effectiveness as these strategies were administered by the parent(s)/guardian(s). Significant relationships were found between conformityand conversation communication and a student-athlete’s self-efficacy. However, these communication orientations did not interact to influence a student-athlete’s self-efficacy. Mean scores are reported to demonstrate which efficacy-enhancing techniques are the most frequently used and effective. Lastly, communication orientations and efficacy-enhancing techniques are correlated. The study’s limitations, implications, and directions for future research are discussed.
Family Business Success Factors: Management Practices, Relationship Among Members and Succession Experience

Family businesses comprise the predominant form of enterprise around the world, yet, until now, few structured information is available on the unique and complex issues they face. This may be attributed to the fact that only in the past 20 years that researchers have started to study and understand the core fundamental idea: that family businesses differ critically from non-family business. In an attempt to explain the success of family business in the context of Kelantan, one of the north-eastern corner of Peninsula Malaysia, a state actively associated with small entrepreneurial belt of businesses, the question at the forefront is: What are the key factors which determine the successful continuity of family business across generations in Kelantan? This research identifies the key success factors by examining the management practices of these family businesses; determining the potential growth and development; and addressing the intergenerational-transition issues in family businesses. A total of 55 successors of family business responded to the survey and gave useful insights on their journey in preparation of heir, management activities, style and characteristics, relationship among family members and partners, business concerns and challenges, succession experience and current business performance. Descriptive and correlation analyses were done to compile and interpret findings. Overall, results refute the general postulation that selection of successor is based on birth rank, education background and gender and that authoritarian style dictates the management practices of such businesses. Puzzled findings from this study show that first generation owner selected their successor based on competencies and many successors, while in the presence of the founder or predecessor, enjoy full authority and freedom in managing their businesses. Participative, as opposed to authoritarian style is reported. Findings also conclude that family business performance are built upon the management activities, style and characteristics of business, relationship among family members and partners, succession experience, business concerns as well as challenges. Both theoretical and practical implications as well as avenues for future research are discussed.
On the effect of the atmosphere on the evaporation of sessile droplets of water

An experimental and theoretical study of the effect of the atmosphere on the evaporation of pinned sessile droplets of water is described. The experimental work investigated the evaporation rates of sessile droplets in atmospheres of three different ambient gases (namely, helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide) at reduced pressure (from 40 to 1000 mbars) using four different substrates (namely, aluminum, titanium, Macor, and polytetrafluoroethylene) with a wide range of thermal conductivities. Reducing the atmospheric pressure increases the diffusion coefficient of water vapor in the atmosphere and hence increases the evaporation rate. Changing the ambient gas also alters the diffusion coefficient and hence also affects the evaporation rate. A mathematical model that takes into account the effect of the atmospheric pressure and the nature of the ambient gas on the diffusion of water vapor in the atmosphere and the thermal conductivity of the substrate is developed, and its predictions are found to be in enc.
$p$-cyclic matrices: A generalization of the Young-Frankel successive overrelaxation scheme.

With certain assumptions, Young [11] has shown that, for suitable choice of the relaxation factor ω, relatively rapid convergence of the iterative process (2) is assured. These hypotheses are satisfied by the usual fivepoint difference approximation to — v (k v ^ ) = S, k > 0, in the plane [11,9]. We show that successive overrelaxation can be considered as a special case of a more general iterative scheme applicable to the wider class of p-cyclic matrices, to be defined below. Indeed, ordinary successive (point) overrelaxation, as well its generalization [1] to successive block (line) overrelaxation, is just the special case p = 2 of the iterative scheme we shall now define.
Photoinhibition from chronic herbicide exposure reduces reproductive output of reef-building corals

The photosystem II (PSII) herbicide diuron is commonly used within catchments that drain into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon, where it potentially reduces photosynthesis in Symbiodinium, the dinoflagellate symbiont associated with reef corals. Here we examine the importance of energy (carbohydrates) derived from photosynthesis to the gametogenesis of corals following long-term, experimental exposures to diuron. Two broadcast spawning corals, Acropora tenuis and A. valida, and a brooding coral, Pocillopora damicornis, were exposed to 0 (controls), 1.0 (low) and 10 (moderate) µg l–1 diuron treatments for 2 to 3 mo prior to spawning or planulation. Diuron caused photoinhibition in each species, with pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometery recording consistent declines in effective quantum yields of 20% at 1.0 µg l–1 and 75% at 10 µg l–1 diuron compared to control corals. A. valida and P. damicornis were both sensitive to chronic diuron-induced photoinhibition, becoming severely bleached (loss of Symbiodinium spp. and/or reductions in light-harvesting pigments), especially at 10 µg l–1 diuron. At this moderate concentration, A. valida sustained both partial and full colony mortality. A. tenuis was more resistant to these concentrations of diuron, and neither bleached nor sustained partial mortality in any of the treatments. We found 2.5- to 5-fold reductions in total lipid content (coral tissue, oocytes and planulae) for the 3 species in the presence of diuron, indicating significant use of storage lipid to meet nutritional demands under conditions of chronic photoinhibition. Polyp fecundity was reduced by 6-fold in A. valida and both A. valida and P. damicornis were unable to spawn or planulate following long-term exposures to 10 µg l–1 diuron. This is the first study to investigate the sub-lethal effects of chronic herbicide-induced photoinhibition on symbiotic corals and provides evidence of a link between reduced energy acquisition due to PSII photoinhibition and reduced reproductive output in zooxanthellate corals.
Environmental turbulence: impact on UK SMEs’ manufacturing priorities

Purpose This paper aims to assess the impact of 2008 recession (Great Recession)-led environmental turbulence on the manufacturing small and medium enterprise (SME) sector and its related competitive priorities. Design/methodology/approach A mixed methods research strategy, consisting of a survey of 104 manufacturing SMEs located in the UK, complemented by 17 in-depth interviews with senior management representatives from this survey group. Findings Senior managers have prompted a realignment of competitive manufacturing priorities accounting for external financial and market conditions. Differing competitive priorities post-recession are given to various areas of manufacturing decision-making, the greatest impact being on manufacturing costs. Manufacturing flexibility, performance in meeting customer deliveries and enhancing supplier selection are merited to increase priority with relatively little change for process technology, quality and environmental practices. Research limitations/implications The sample of survey participants was relatively small, therefore prohibiting an assessment of differences in competitive priorities by sub-sectors of manufacturing SMEs. This was offset by a healthy number of informative, in-depth interviews that provided a richness of examples and insight into the shifting priorities for the sector. Practical implications Clear priorities have emerged around reducing manufacturing costs, being more flexible in manufacturing and improving outward performance relating to customers and suppliers. Originality/value This builds on established manufacturing strategy constructs and points to necessary competitive priority realignment focused on the performance areas listed above.
Adoption of the Tenera hybrid of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacquin) among smallholder farmers in Cameroon.

The adoption of the Tenera oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) type was studied by focusing on 208 family farmers in Cameroon. The "Average Treatment Effect” (ATE) method was used. This method enables to estimate, by use of a Probit model, the effects created when a farmer is exposed to treatment (or intervention), which represents a source of improved oil palm planting material. According to the results, the estimated adoption rate for Tenera is highly significant (P< 0.05) for all the categories of producers, regardless of the supply source, which may be formal or informal. In addition, the main factors that significantly determine this adoption are: availability of arable land in forested areas and whether growers intend to increase the size of their plantations. However, the supply of pure planting material remains an important constraint because the other two types of oil palm (Dura and Pisifera) which produce poor palm oil yields are still mistakenly planted on many family farms in Cameroon. Further studies will address this issue in the aim of identifying appropriate solutions. Resume