Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive paternity assignment in Gombe chimpanzees

The relative success of chimpanzee male mating strategies, the role of male dominance rank and the success of inbreeding avoidance behaviour can only be assessed when paternities are known. We report the probable paternities of 14 chimpanzees included in a long‐term behavioural study of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. DNA samples were collected noninvasively from shed hair and faeces and genotyped using 13–16 microsatellite loci characterized in humans. All 14 offspring could be assigned to fathers within the community. While there is a positive relationship between male rank and reproductive success, we demonstrate that a range of male mating strategies (possessiveness, opportunistic mating and consortships) can lead to paternity across all male ranks. Several adult females were at risk of breeding with close male relatives. Most successfully avoided close inbreeding but in one case a high‐ranking male in the community mated with his mother and produced an offspring. In contrast to recent data on chimpanzees (P. t. verus) from the Taï forest, Côte d’Ivoire, no evidence of extra‐group paternity was observed in our study. Reanalysis of Taï data using a likelihood approach casts doubt on the occurrence of extra‐group paternity in that community as well.
Human Exploration of Enclosed Spaces through Echolocation

Some blind humans have developed echolocation, as a method of navigation in space. Echolocation is a truly active sense because subjects analyze echoes of dedicated, self-generated sounds to assess space around them. Using a special virtual space technique, we assess how humans perceive enclosed spaces through echolocation, thereby revealing the interplay between sensory and vocal-motor neural activity while humans perform this task. Sighted subjects were trained to detect small changes in virtual-room size analyzing real-time generated echoes of their vocalizations. Individual differences in performance were related to the type and number of vocalizations produced. We then asked subjects to estimate virtual-room size with either active or passive sounds while measuring their brain activity with fMRI. Subjects were better at estimating room size when actively vocalizing. This was reflected in the hemodynamic activity of vocal-motor cortices, even after individual motor and sensory components were removed. Activity in these areas also varied with perceived room size, although the vocal-motor output was unchanged. In addition, thalamic and auditory-midbrain activity was correlated with perceived room size; a likely result of top-down auditory pathways for human echolocation, comparable with those described in echolocating bats. Our data provide evidence that human echolocation is supported by active sensing, both behaviorally and in terms of brain activity. The neural sensory-motor coupling complements the fundamental acoustic motor-sensory coupling via the environment in echolocation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Passive listening is the predominant method for examining brain activity during echolocation, the auditory analysis of self-generated sounds. We show that sighted humans perform better when they actively vocalize than during passive listening. Correspondingly, vocal motor and cerebellar activity is greater during active echolocation than vocalization alone. Motor and subcortical auditory brain activity covaries with the auditory percept, although motor output is unchanged. Our results reveal behaviorally relevant neural sensory-motor coupling during echolocation.
The BRCA1 RING and BRCT Domains Cooperate in Targeting BRCA1 to Ionizing Radiation-induced Nuclear Foci*

BRCA1 accumulates in nuclear foci during S-phase and reassembles into DNA repair-associated foci after DNA damage, reflecting its role in genome maintenance. BRCA1 comprises a RING domain at the N terminus and a BRCT domain at the C terminus, through which it associates with DNA repair proteins. The key sequences that target BRCA1 to DNA damage-induced foci have not been identified. Here, we mapped the BRCA1 foci-targeting domains of yellow fluorescence protein (YFP)-tagged BRCA1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). Cancer mutations specific to the BRCT domain, but not the RING domain, abolished BRCA1 recruitment to IR-induced foci. The YFP-BRCT domain itself, however, localized poorly at IR-induced foci, and the RING domain and other sequences were negative. We discovered that only when the RING and BRCT domains were combined was foci targeting restored to levels observed for wild-type BRCA1. The RING-BRCT fusion co-localized at foci with the MDC1 DNA damage response factor and inhibited entry of endogenous BRCA1 into nuclear foci. Our results explain why exon 11-deficient BRCA1 splice variants are targeted to IR-induced foci even though they are incapable of repairing DNA damage. We propose that both RING and BRCT domains together target BRCA1 to large focal assemblies at DNA double-stranded breaks.
Relationship Between Health Locus of Control, Health Value, and Social Support and Compliance of Persons with Diabetes Mellitus

Thirty insulin-dependent outpatients were interviewed during one of their diabetes clinic visits. Questionnaires were used to measure the independent variables of health locus of control, health value, and perceived social support. Self-report and direct observation were used to measure the dependent variable, compliance with insulin administration, diet, exercise, hypoglycemia management, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), and foot care prescriptions. All patients complied with at least 70% of the points measured; half the group complied with at least 80% of the regimen. However, no one complied with all the behaviors deemed essential for good control. The group was most compliant with SMBG, hypoglycemia management, and insulin administration and least compliant with foot care and exercise. A statistically significant relationship was found between compliance and social support (P < 0.001), powerful others health locus of control (PHLC) (P < 0.01), and internal health locus of control (IHLC) (P < 0.05). A multiple regression analysis found that social support and PHLC accounted for at least 50% of the variance in compliance scores. The multiple-R of the independent variables with compliance reached a significance level of P < 0.005. However, only the two variables of social support and PHLC added significantly (P < 0.05) to prediction accuracy. The multiple-R of these two variables used as a set reached the significance level of P < 0.001.
MYELOID NEOPLASIA Immune evasion by oncogenic proteins of acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is themost common acute leukemia in adults. There are several types of AML (approximately 30%) that are characterized by chromosomal translocations, which generate oncogenic fusion proteins. Twoof themost common translocations in AML are t(15:17), which gives rise to the fusion protein PML-RARA, and t(8:21), which generates the fusion protein RUNX1-RUNX1T1 (AML1-ETO). Although these fusion proteinswere discoveredmore than 20 years ago, it is not known whether they provide immune evasion properties to AML tumors. Over the past few decades it has been established that natural killer (NK) cells, which are part of the innate immune system, play an important role in killing cancerous cells, and specifically AML cells. Several studies have found that AML patients who received transplants from NK alloreactive donors had lower relapse rates and improved disease-free survival. Furthermore, it was recently reported that the presence of the NK cell receptor KIR2DS1, in matched unrelated donors, is associated with distinct outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in AML patients. Finally, it was shown in several studies that NK cell activity correlates with clinical parameters of AML patients. Killing by NK cells is mediated by several killer receptors that recognize distinct ligands. Several human killer receptors, such as NKp44 andNKp30, have nomouse orthologs, and others, such as 2B4, have amouseorthologproteinwith opposing functions. In humans, 2B4 functions as an activating receptor, whereas in mice, it mainly functions as an inhibitory receptor. However, in both cases it recognizes CD48. Despite the crucial role played by NK cells in eliminating AML tumors, the NK cell recognition of AML tumor cells is impaired at several levels (reviewed in Lion et al). However, the mechanisms leading to the resistance of AML cells to NK cell killing are unclear, and it is also unknown whether the AML fusion proteins specifically provide immune resistance to AML cells.
Deciphering the Physalis floridana Double-Layered-Lantern1 Mutant Provides Insights into Functional Divergence of the GLOBOSA Duplicates within the Solanaceae1[C][W]

A single gene mutation yields novel morphologies and uncovers a divergent pattern of paralogous genes within the Solanaceae. Physalis spp. develop the “Chinese lantern” trait, also known as inflated calyx syndrome, that is a morphological novelty. Here, we identified the double-layered-lantern1 (doll1) mutant, a recessive and monofactorial mutation, in Physalis floridana; its corolla and androecium were transformed into the calyx and gynoecium, respectively. Two GLOBOSA-like MADS-box paralogous genes PFGLO1 and PFGLO2 were found in Physalis floridana, while the mutated phenotype was cosegregated with a large deletion harboring PFGLO1 and was complemented by the PFGLO1 genomic locus in transgenic plants, and severe PFGLO1 knockdowns phenocopied doll1. Thus, DOLL1 encodes the PFGLO1 protein and plays a primary role in determining corolla and androecium identity. However, specific PFGLO2 silencing showed no homeotic variation but rather affected pollen maturation. The two genes featured identical floral expression domains, but the encoding proteins shared 67% identity in sequences. PFGLO1 was localized in the nucleus when expressed in combination with a DEFICIENS homolog from Physalis floridana, whereas PFGLO2 was imported to the nucleus on its own. The two proteins were further found to have evolved different interacting partners and regulatory patterns, supporting the hypothesis that PFGLO2 is functionally separated from organ identity. Such a divergent pattern of duplicated GLO genes is unusual within the Solanaceae. Moreover, the phenotypes of the PFGLO1PFGLO2 double silencing mutants suggested that PFGLO2, through genetically interacting with PFGLO1, also exerts a role in the control of organ number and tip development of the second floral whorl. Our results, therefore, shed new light on the functional evolution of the duplicated GLO genes.
Emulsification of silicone oil and eye movements.

PURPOSE Emulsification is an inherent problem of silicone oil used in vitreoretinal surgery. It has been shown that silicone oil can be made more resistant to emulsification and easier to inject by adding high-molecular-weight components (5% or 10% 423-kDa polydimethylsiloxane [PDMS]) to normal 1000 mPa · s silicone oil. The authors hypothesize that this might also reduce the movement of oil within an eye. METHODS A model eye chamber made of surface-modified poly(methyl methacrylate) was driven by a computer and a stepper motor to mimic saccadic eye movement. Seven silicone oils with different shear and extensional viscosities were tested. Two sets of eye movements were used: (amplitude 9°, angular velocity 390°/s, duration 50 ms) and (amplitude 90 °, angular velocity 360°/s, duration 300 ms). The movements were captured and analyzed by video recording. RESULTS The angular velocity of an oil bubble relative to the eye chamber appears to form an exponential relationship with its shear viscosity. Depending on the thickness of the film of aqueous between the eye wall and the oil bubble, the shear rate was estimated to be between 6 and 14 × 10(4) s(-1). The addition of 10% of 423-kDa PDMS to 1000 mPa · s silicone oil significantly reduced the peak relative velocity compared with the base oil of 1000 mPa · s but not 5000 mPa · s. CONCLUSIONS The addition of high molecular components to a base oil increases its extensional and shear viscosity. Although the extensional viscosity affected the ease with which the oil could be injected, the results showed that it was the shear viscosity that determined the relative velocity between the oil and the wall of the vitreous cavity, and thus the propensity to emulsify.
Preliminary Evaluation of a 10-wk. Resistance and Cardiovascular Exercise Protocol on Physiological and Psychological Measures for a Sample of Older Women

A preliminary 10-wk. study was conducted to determine the effect a combined strength and cardiovascular exercise protocol had on both physiological and psychological change in 17 older (M age = 66.8 yr.), formerly sedentary women. The protocol was associated with better adherence than typically found for new and returning exercisers. Significant improvements over 10 wk. were found on Body Mass Index, body fat, resting heart rate, and balance. Significant, positive changes in mean ratings were also found on Physical Self-concept, Total Mood Disturbance, Depression, and Fatigue (small to moderate treatment effect sizes). Although no significant changes were found for rated Tension, Vigor, Anger, and Confusion, mean changes were in the desired direction and rated Tension showed a moderate effect size. The need for replication, including a control group and follow-up, plus continued research on exercise protocols both well-tolerated and effective for older individuals and other specific groups, were discussed.
1 MANAGEMENT AS A TECHNOLOGY ?

Do some management practices have technological aspects or are they all simply styles, designed to be contingent to particular environments? We collect data on core management practices we believe to be related to productivity across 8,000 firms in 20 countries in the Americas, Europe and Asia. The US has the highest average management score and around a third of this is due to more powerful reallocation effects, rewarding better managed firms with greater market share. Management accounts for up to half of the TFP gap between the US and other countries. We present a simple model of management as a technology that predicts (i) a positive effect of management on firm performance; (ii) a positive effect of competition on average management quality and (iii) that the positive covariance between management and size (the “Olley-Pakes reallocation term”) should be stronger when distortions are weaker (e.g. stronger in the US than Southern Europe and in environments where trade costs are). We show strong empirical support for all three of these predictions. Reallocation is greater when trade barriers are low, labor regulations are weak and during the shock of the 2008-2009 Great Recession. JEL No. L2, M2, O32, O33.
Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis Is Not Infectious for SCID mice

ABSTRACT The infectious power of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis was explored by inoculating SCID mice intranasally with either P. carinii f. sp. hominis or P. carinii f. sp. muris isolates. Only mice inoculated with mouse parasites developed Pneumocystis pneumonia, as assessed by microscopy and PCR. These results suggest that humans do not contract pneumocystosis from animals.
Selection of cleavage site by mammalian tRNA 3' processing endoribonuclease.

Mammalian tRNA 3' processing endoribonuclease (3' tRNase) removes 3' trailers from pre-tRNAs by cleaving the RNA immediately downstream of the discriminator nucleotide. Although 3' tRNase can recognize and cleave any target RNA that forms a pre-tRNA-like complex with another RNA, in some cases cleavage occurs at multiple sites near the discriminator. We investigated what features of pre-tRNA determine the cleavage site using various pre-tRNAArg variants and purified pig enzyme. Because the T stem-loop and the acceptor stem plus a 3' trailer are sufficient for recognition by 3' tRNase, we constructed variants that had additions and/or deletions of base-pairs in the T stem and/or the acceptor stem. Pre-tRNAs lacking one and two acceptor stem base-pairs were cleaved one and two nucleotides and two and three nucleotides, respectively, downstream of the discriminator. On the other hand, pre-tRNA variants containing extra acceptor stem base-pairs were cleaved only after the discriminator. The cleavage site was shifted to one and two nucleotides downstream of the discriminator by deleting one base-pair from the T stem, but was not changed by additional base-pairs in the T stem. Pre-tRNA variants that contained an eight base-pair acceptor stem plus a six base-pair T stem, an eight base-pair acceptor stem plus a four base-pair T stem, or a six base-pair acceptor stem plus a six base-pair T stem were all cleaved after the original nucleotide. In general, pre-tRNA variants containing a total of more than 11 bp in the acceptor stem and the T stem were cleaved only after the discriminator, and pre-tRNA variants with a total of N bp (N is less than 12) were cleaved 12-N and 13-N nt downstream of the discriminator. Cleavage efficiency of the variants decreased depending on the degree of structural changes from the authentic pre-tRNA. This suggests that the numbers of base-pairs of both the acceptor stem and the T stem are important for recognition and cleavage by 3' tRNase.
Is progestogen supplementation necessary to prevent abortion?

Abstract A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the effect of progestogens on the pregnancy outcome of threatened abortion (TA). A total of 251 pregnant women less than 20 weeks of gestational age (GA) were included. Group 1 consisted of women with vaginal bleeding who had already been under treatment with progestogens and Group 2 was composed of women with vaginal bleeding who were only followed without progestogen therapy, whereas Group 3 was the control group without any vaginal bleeding or progestogen therapy. The pregnancy outcomes and serum progesterone levels were compared among the groups. The mean serum progesterone concentrations were statistically significantly higher in Group 1 in comparison to Group 2 and 3 (p < 0.001). Abortion rates were similar among the study groups. Although progestogen supplementation leads to increased level of serum progesterone, this finding does not translate to its beneficial effect on the pregnancy outcomes in cases of TAs.
Uncommon TGFBRI allele is not associated with increased susceptibility to colon cancer

Previous studies have suggested that an allele of the transforming growth factor‐beta type I receptor (TGFBRI) gene that codes for six instead of the usual nine alanines in a polyalanine repeat is associated with an increased susceptibility to colon cancer, and that the six‐alanine homozygote is seen only in individuals with some form of cancer. We evaluated this TGFBRI polymorphism in a population‐based sample of 252 individuals with colon cancer and 362 age‐ and gender‐matched controls from the state of Utah. TGFBRI genotypes were determined by PCR amplification and length determination of the polyalanine repeat. In addition to the common nine‐alanine (9A) allele, we identified six‐ (6A), eight‐ (8A), ten‐ (10A), eleven‐ (11A), and twelve‐alanine (12A) TGFBRI alleles. 6A/9A heterozygotes were seen in similar percentages of colon cancer cases (18.3%) and controls (16.0%). 6A/6A homozygotes were slightly more common in controls than in colon cancer cases (1.4% vs. 0.8%), and none of the controls with the 6A/6A genotype had any of the non‐colonic cancers reported in previous studies. We conclude that the 6A TGFBRI allele is not associated with an increased susceptibility to colon cancer at the population level, and that the 6A/6A homozygote is not restricted to individuals with some form of cancer. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
INITIATION AND CONTROL OF MEIOSIS AND FOLLICULAR GROWTH IN OVARIES OF THE MOUSE

14 days p. p.) were maintained in organ culture for periods ranging from 2 to 14 days. Histological sections of these gonads were compared with controls that were fixed immediately after removal from coeval animals. It was found that germ cells in fetal ovaries progress through meiotic prophase at the same rate in culture as they do in vivo, although the number of germ cells was reduced if the ovary was cultured through a critical period (days 14 8! ). e. ). The development of the granulosa, thecal and stromal cells was retarded such that the ovary was reduced in size and the oocytes became crowded together. The process of follicular growth was severely retarded in organ cultures devoid of gonadotrophic hormones. Neither FSH nor LH alone was capable of restoring the normal growth pro-
Evidence of Helicobacter sp. in Dental Plaque of Captive Dolphins (Tursiops gephyreus)

Gastrointestinal lesions have been extensively reported in wild and captive marine mammals. However, their etiology remains unclear. In humans and other animals, chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers have been associated with Helicobacter sp. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the presence of Helicobacter sp. in the gastric juice, dental plaque, and saliva of marine mammals living in a controlled environment. Five dolphins (Tursiops gephyreus), one killer whale (Orcinus orca), one false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), three sea lions (Otaria flavescens), two elephant seals (Mirounga leonina), and two fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) were studied. Saliva, dental plaque, and gastric juice samples were examined for Helicobacter sp. using polymerase chain reaction. None of the gastric juice or saliva samples were positive for Helicobacter sp. However, Helicobacter sp. DNA was detected in dental plaque from two dolphins, suggesting the oral cavity might be a reservoir of this bacterium.
Predictors and Long‐term Prognosis of Angiographic Slow/No‐Reflow Phenomenon During Emergency Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST‐Elevated Acute Myocardial Infarction

Angiographic slow/no‐reflow during emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST‐elevated acute myocardial infarction (AMI) may result in unfavorable outcomes. The aim of our study was to investigate the clinical factors and angiographic findings that predict slow/no‐reflow phenomenon and the long‐term prognosis of AMI patients with angiographic slow/no‐reflow.
Formation of Engineered Bone with Adipose Stromal Cells from Buccal Fat Pad

A robust method for inducing bone formation from adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) has not been established. Moreover, the efficacy of strong osteogenic inducers including BMP-2 for ADSC-mediated bone engineering remains controversial. Meanwhile, the buccal fat pad (BFP), which is found in the oral cavity as an adipose-encapsulated mass, has been shown to have potential as a new accessible source of ADSCs for oral surgeons. However, to date, there have been no reports that define the practical usefulness of ADSCs from BFP (B-ADSCs) for bone engineering. Here, we report an efficient method of generating bone from B-ADSCs using rhBMP-2. The analyses show that B-ADSCs can differentiate in vitro toward the osteoblastic lineage by the addition of rhBMP-2 to culture medium, regardless of the presence of osteoinductive reagents (OSR), as demonstrated by measurements of ALP activity, in vitro calcification, and osteogenic gene expression. Interestingly, adipogenic genes were clearly detectable only in cultures with rhBMP-2 and OSR. However, in vivo bone formation was most substantial when B-ADSCs cultured in this condition were transplanted. Thus, B-ADSCs reliably formed engineered bone when pre-treated with rhBMP-2 for inducing mature osteoblastic differentiation. This study supports the potential translation for B-ADSC use in the clinical treatment of bone defects.