Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mobility anisotropy in monolayer black phosphorus due to scattering by charged impurities

We study the charged impurity limited mobility in black phosphorus, a highly anisotropic layered material. We compute the mobility within the Boltzmann transport equation under detailed balance condition, and taking into account the anisotropy in transport and electronic structure. For carrier densities accessible in experiments, we obtained an anisotropy ratio of 3 ~ 4 at zero temperature, two-folds larger than that observed in experiments on multilayers samples. We discuss also how the anisotropy depends on carrier density and impurity distribution.
Von Willebrand'S Disease: Laboratory Investigation Using an Improved Functional Assay for von Willebrand Factor

&NA; This report details extensive studies investigating an improved screening procedure for the laboratory confirmation of clinically suspected von Willebrand's disease (vWD). Over the past two years, over 400 plasma samples, comprising samples derived from both normal individuals (n = 112) and from patients undergoing investigation on clinical grounds, underwent analysis in this screening procedure, comprising three distinct assays: a standard ELISA assay for von Willebrand Factor (vWF) antigen levels (vWF:Ag), a standard ristocetin cofactor (R Cof) assay, and a functional collagen based ELISA assay for vWF (‘CBA’). Normal individual plasma samples yielded normal reference values (mean 2SD) approximating 50‐200% (vWF:Ag, R Cof) or 50‐250% (CBA). In order to permit comparative analysis, and based upon derived assay values, and subsequent multimer analysis, patient samples were either deemed to derive from persons unlikely to suffer vWD (‘non‐vWD’ patient group) or those potentially suffering vWD. The latter group was further separated into subgroups based upon the likelihood, and probable subtype of vWD. In conjunction with the vWF:Ag assay, the CBA provides the basis by which an effective predictor system (likelihood and probable subtype of vWD) can be offered on the basis of preliminary screening procedures. To date, there has been no overlap in vWF:Ag to CBA ratios (vWF:CBA) between patients yielding Type II vWD like multimer patterns and those yielding Type I vWD, or normal, multimer patterns. Thus, high vWF:CBA (i.e.3.0) would suggest a Type II, or pseudo, ‐vWD like defect, whereas low vWF:CBA (2.5) would likely derive from either normal individuals, or persons suffering from Type I vWD. Whilst there was some overlap in the vWF:CBA obtained from patients yielding either a Type Ha like or Type Mb like multimer pattern, ratios for the latter were generally lower. In addition, the CBA is of further value in the case of Type II patients since use of a more limited screening procedure (i.e. no CBA assay) can be shown to potentially miss such patients. Thus, in this study, plasma samples from 4 such patients (Type Mb like multimer patterns) gave normal vWF:Ag results, and (borderline) normal R Cof data. Use of the CBA, however, identified these as potential vWD patients in our initial screening procedure, which was confirmed by subsequent multimer analysis.
Forms and measures of adult and developing human corpus callosum: Is there sexual dimorphism?

The sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum (CC) is currently controversial, possibly because of difficulties in morphometric analysis. We have reinvestigated the issue by using morphometric techniques specially designed to yield objective measurements of CC size and shape. The development of the CC was studied with similar techniques in order to investigate whether its final shape and size might be influenced by axonal elimination, as could be expected from previous animal studies.
A necessary condition for a good binning algorithm in credit scoring

Binning is a categorization process to transform a continuous variable into a small set of groups or bins. Binning is widely used in credit scoring. In particular, it can be used to define the Weight of Evidence (WOE) transformation. In this paper, we first derive an explicit solution to a logistic regression model with one independent variable that has undergone a WOE transformation. We then use this explicit solution as a necessary condition for a good binning algorithm, thus providing a simple way to catch binning errors.
Short term interactions between tree foliage and the aerial environment: An overview of modelling approaches available for tree structure-function models

Les modeles d'arbres structure - fonction representent les interactions entre l'arbre et son environnement aerien. En effet, la presence et le fonctionnement de la plante induisent de grandes variations des variables climatiques dans le couvert, et ces variations du microclimat peuvent elles memes moduler les reponses de la plante a l'echelle de l'organe (et donc son fonctionnement et son developpement). Cet article presente une revue critique des mecanismes impliques a court terme dans les interactions entre le feuillage de l'arbre et son environnement microclimatique, ainsi que les approches proposees pour leur modelisation. Il est ensuite montre que des modeles detaillant les interactions entre l'arbre et son environnement aerien peuvent servir a tester des hypotheses simplificatrices du fonctionnement de l'arbre, comme la constance de l'efficience d'utilisation de la lumiere ou de l'eau. Nous concluons que les processus impliques dans ces interactions sont assez bien connus. Il faut maintenant comparer les modeles de simulation des echanges plante-atmosphere, et developper des modeles simples qui puissent etre integres dans les modeles dynamiques structure-fonction.
Learned helplessness and reinforcement responsibility in children

In an attempt to demonstrate the effects of low expectancy of reinforcement and low expectancy for control of reinforcement on performance in an achievement situation, 40 fifth-grade children (20 boys and 20 girls) were given successes (soluble block designs) by one adult (success experimenter) and failures (insoluble block designs) by another (failure experimenter) with trials from each being randomly interspersed. A number of children failed to complete problems administered by the failure experimenter when her problems became soluble, even though they had shortly before solved almost identical problems from the success experimenter and continued to perform well on the success experimenter's problems. The subjects who showed the largest performance decrements were those who took less personal responsibility for the outcomes of their actions and who, when they did accept responsibility, attributed success and failure to presence or absence of ability rather than to expenditure of effort. Those subjects who persisted in the face of prolonged failure placed more emphasis on the role of effort in determining the outcome of their behavior; moreover, males displayed this characteristic to a greater extent than did females. Implications of the results for strategies of behavior change are discussed.
Comparative effects of aspirin with ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker on myocardial infarction and vascular function

Objectives We previously showed that an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (captopril) or an angiotensin receptor blocker (losartan) reduced infarct size and improved endothelial function in a rat model of ischaemia-reperfusion. The present study was undertaken to see if aspirin (ASA) antagonised the beneficial effects of captopril or losartan. Methods One hundred and fourteen Sprague-Dawley rats were randomised into six groups; Control, ASA, captopril, losartan, ASA+captopril, and ASA+losartan. ASA, captopril or losartan were given at a concentration of 40 mg/kg/day in drinking water. After six weeks of pre-treatment, the rats were subjected to 17 minutes of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and 120 minutes of reperfusion, with haemodynamic and ECG monitoring. During the reperfusion period, the effective refractory period (ERP), ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) and bleeding time (BT) were measured. In fresh aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine, endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxations were assessed using acetylcholine and nitroglycerin. Results Haemodynamic changes were not different between the groups. Serum ASA concentrations were 0.5, 1.1 and 0.6 mg/dl in the ASA, ASA+captopril and ASA+losartan groups, respectively, and BT was prolonged (p<0.01). ASA alone reduced endothelium-dependent relaxation (-29±8 vs. -69±11%, p<0.01), but did not change endothelium-independent relaxation. ASA did not affect endothelial relaxation induced by acetylcholine in the presence of either captopril or losartan. Angiotensin I and ERP were elevated by captopril and losartan. Angiotensin II and VFT were elevated by losartan. ASA with captopril, captopril and losartan equally reduced infarct size, compared with control (39±3, 39±4 and 39±5 vs. 53±3%, all p<0.05). Conclusions Captopril and losartan had similar cardiovascular protective effects in a rat model of ischaemia-reperfusion. Aspirin did not attenuate the cardiovascular protective effects of captopril or losartan.
Clustering: how much bias do we need?

Scientific investigations in medicine and beyond increasingly require observations to be described by more features than can be simultaneously visualized. Simply reducing the dimensionality by projections destroys essential relationships in the data. Similarly, traditional clustering algorithms introduce data bias that prevents detection of natural structures expected from generic nonlinear processes. We examine how these problems can best be addressed, where in particular we focus on two recent clustering approaches, Phenograph and Hebbian learning clustering, applied to synthetic and natural data examples. Our results reveal that already for very basic questions, minimizing clustering bias is essential, but that results can benefit further from biased post-processing. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Mathematical methods in medicine: neuroscience, cardiology and pathology’.
Scaling law for characteristic times of noise-induced crises.

We consider the influence of random noise on low-dimensional, nonlinear dynamical systems with parameters near values leading to a crisis in the absence of noise. In a crisis, one of several characteristic changes in a chaotic attractor takes place as a system parameter p passes through its crisis value ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$. For each type of change, there is a characteristic temporal behavior of orbits after the crisis (pg${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$ by convention), with a characteristic time scale \ensuremath{\tau}. For an important class of deterministic systems, the dependence of \ensuremath{\tau} on p is \ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\sim}(p-${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ for p slightly greater than ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$. When noise is added to a system with p${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$, orbits can exhibit the same sorts of characteristic temporal behavior as in the deterministic case for pg${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$ (a noise-induced crisis). Our main result is that for systems whose characteristic times scale as above in the zero-noise limit, the characteristic time in the noisy case scales as \ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$g((${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{c}}$-p)/\ensuremath{\sigma}), where \ensuremath{\sigma} is the characteristic strength of the noise, g(\ensuremath{\cdot}) is a nonuniversal function depending on the system and noise, and \ensuremath{\gamma} is the critical exponent of the corresponding deterministic crisis. A previous analysis of the noisy logistic map [F. T. Arecchi, R. Badii, and A. Politi, Phys. Lett. 103A, 3 (1984)] is shown to be consistent with our general result. Illustrative numerical examples are given for two-dimensional maps and a three-dimensional flow. In addition, the relevance of the noise scaling law to experimental situations is discussed.
Beating Earnings Benchmarks and the Cost of Debt

Prior research documents that firms tend to beat three earnings benchmarks—zero earnings, last year's earnings, and analyst's forecasted earnings—and that there are both equity market and compensation‐related benefits associated with beating these benchmarks. This study investigates whether and under what conditions beating these three earnings benchmarks reduces a firm's cost of debt. I use two proxies for a firm's cost of debt: credit ratings and initial bond yield spread. Results suggest that firms beating earnings benchmarks have a higher probability of rating upgrades and a smaller initial bond yield spread. Additional analyses indicate that (1) the benefits of beating earnings benchmarks are more pronounced for firms with high default risk; (2) beating the zero earnings benchmark generally provides the biggest reward in terms of a lower cost of debt; and (3) the reduction in the cost of debt is attenuated but does not disappear for firms beating benchmarks through earnings management. In sum, result.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in the Management of Cutaneous Head and Neck Melanoma

Sentinel lymph node biopsy has revolutionized the surgical management of primary malignant melanoma. Most series on sentinel lymph node mapping have concentrated on extremity and truncal melanomas. The head and neck region has a rich and unpredictable lymphatic system. The use of sentinel lymph node mapping in the management of head and neck melanoma is evaluated. The authors conducted a retrospective review of patients treated for clinical stage I and stage II malignant melanoma of the head and neck with dynamic lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe–guided sentinel lymph node biopsy. One hundred thirty-two patients (99 male patients and 33 female patients) were identified. The primary melanoma sites were the scalp (n = 54), ear (n = 14), face (n = 37), and neck (n = 27). Primary tumor staging was as follows: T1, 11; T2, 38; T3, 39; and T4, 44. Dynamic lymphoscintigraphy visualized sentinel lymph nodes in 128 patients (97 percent). In 71 cases (55 percent), a single draining nodal basin was identified, and in 57 cases there were multiple draining nodal basins (two basins, 55; three basins, two). Sentinel lymph nodes were successfully identified in 176 of 186 nodal basins (95 percent). Positive sentinel lymph nodes were identified in 22 patients (17.6 percent). Sentinel lymph node positivity by tumor staging was as follows: T2, 10.8 percent; T3, 19.4 percent; and T4, 26.8 percent. Completion lymphadenectomy revealed residual disease in seven patients (33.3 percent). Sentinel lymph node mapping for head and neck melanoma can be performed with results comparable to those of other anatomical sites.
Early Adverse Experiences in Schizophrenia and Unipolar Depression

To study the prevalence of early adversities in schizophrenia and unipolar depression, 2 groups of consecutive adult-onset inpatients with DSM-IV diagnoses of schizophrenia (n = 173) and unipolar depression (n = 305) were compared with an unscreened control group of volunteers from the general population (n = 310), with respect to their association with 4 types of childhood abuse and with early parental adversities (discord, separation, death, psychiatric caseness). Compared with general population, most types of early adversities (except sexual abuse and parental death) were significantly associated with both clinical groups. Compared with depression, all early adversities with the same 2 exceptions were significantly associated with schizophrenia; both frequency of abuse and number of types of abuse increased the risk of schizophrenia in a dose-response pattern, suggesting causality. These findings stress the role of social developmental factors in the etiology of schizophrenia.
Chondroid Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor: A Clinicopathological and Immunohistochemical Analysis of 5 New Cases

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) arises from the synovium of joints or tendon sheaths. Chondroid metaplasia in TGCT is rare with only 4 well-documented cases reported in the literature. The authors describe the morphological features and immunophenotype of 5 new cases of chondroid TGCT emphasizing a broader range of matrix patterns in these tumors and an expanded immunophenotype, specifically, staining for clusterin and podoplanin which have recently been found to be expressed in conventional TGCTs. Chondroid metaplasia was extensive in 3 cases. Matrix patterns included chondromyxoid, chondro-osseous, hyaline-like, and lace-like calcification similar to that seen in chondroblastoma. The authors conclude that chondroid TGCT is a rare, distinct synovial tumor with a predilection for the temporomandibular joint that has a similar immunophenotype as conventional TGCT. Chondroid metaplasia may be extensive and have a variety of matrix patterns. Chondroid TGCT needs to be distinguished from other chondroid lesions, including chondroblastoma and chondrosarcoma.
Primordial Isocurvature Perturbations: Testing the Adiabaticity of the CMB Anisotropy ∗

Prospects for testing the adiabaticity of the primordial cosmological perturbations using MAP and PLANCK are evaluated. The most general cosmological perturbation in a universe with just baryons, photons, neutrinos, and a cold dark matter (CDM) component is described. In addition to the familiar adiabatic mode, there are four nonsingular isocurvature modes: a baryon isocurvature mode, a CDM isocurvature mode, a neutrino density isocurvature mode, and a neutrino velocity isocurvature mode. The most general perturbation is described by a 5×5, positive-definite, symmetric, matrix-valued function of wave number whose off-diagonal elements represent the correlations between the above mentioned modes. We found that when three modes and their correlations are admitted, the fractional uncertainties in the cosmological parameters and amplitudes of the isocurvature modes and their correlations become of order unity. These degeneracies, however, can be broken with the polarization information provided by PLANCK, red.
Salinity, Supplementary Calcium and Potassium Effects on Fruit Yield and Quality of Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.)

Fruit set and quality in strawberry cv. Selva were influenced by salinity (NaCl) and supplementary calcium and potassium (CaSO , CaCl , K SO ) treatments applied to the root medium of plants growing in 4 2 2 4 soilless culture under heated greenhouse conditions. Yield components such as primary fruit weight and fresh fruit weight (at harvest time) and fruit number were higher in control and there was no significant differences between control and NaCl (35 mM)+CaSO (10 mM). Primary fruit weight and fresh fruit weight (at harvest time) 4 were decreased by salinity, even by CaSO or CaCl or K SO . Total acidity was higher in NaCl+CaCl (5 mM) 4 2 2 4 2 treatment compared to others. Total soluble solid and vitamin C were higher in NaCl+CaSO (10 mM) treatment 4 compared to other treatments. TSS/TA ratio was higher in NaCl+K SO (10 mM) treatment compared to others. 24 Our results suggest that in saline conditions, CaSO application cause increase in fruit yield and quality of 4 strawberry.
Beyond Trial-by-Trial Adaptation: A Quantification of the Time Scale of Cognitive Control

The idea that adaptation to stimulus or response conflict can operate over different time scales takes a prominent position in various theories and models of cognitive control. The mechanisms underlying temporal variations in control are nevertheless poorly understood, which is partly due to a lack of appropriate empirical measures. Inspired by reinforcement learning models, we developed a method to quantify the time scale of control behaviorally, by computing trial-by-trial effects that go beyond the preceding trial. Briefly, we extended the congruency sequence effect from 1 trial to multiple trials into the past and quantified the influence of previous trials on current-trial performance as a function of trial distance. The rate at which this influence changes across trials was taken as a measure of the time scale of control. We applied the method to a flanker task with different conflict frequencies and volatility. Results showed that the time scale of control was smaller in rare-conflict and volatile contexts, compared to frequent-conflict and neutral contexts. This is in agreement with theories differentiating transient from sustained control. The method offers new opportunities to reveal temporal differences in control modes and can easily be applied to various empirical paradigms.
How Often and How Long Should a Cognitive Radio Sense the Spectrum?

This paper presents a Bayesian framework and a pricing structure for a secondary wireless user that opportunistically uses a RF channel licensed to a network of N primary users. The secondary user operates in a time-slotted fashion, where each time slot consists of observing the channel for D seconds followed by possibly using it for W seconds depending on the decision the user makes after observing the channel. The paper assumes the secondary user observes the on-off Markov process modeling the primary user activity corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise, and it employs a decision rule that is a time-averager followed by a threshold device. The pricing structure includes rewards for the secondary user when it uses the channel without interfering with the primary users and penalties when it does so and it interferes. The paper derives a formula for the average per unit time net profit of the secondary user. Numerical results are presented that show the behavior of the maximum profit of the secondary user, its throughput, and the resulting level of interference to the primary users as functions of various network parameters.
Complicated monochorionic twin pregnancies: experience with bipolar cord coagulation.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to evaluate our experience with ultrasound-guided bipolar diathermy forceps for cord occlusion in complicated monochorionic twin pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN Seventeen consecutive cases were included: 9 cases were twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome; 2 cases were twin reversed arterial perfusion syndrome, and 6 cases were discordant for fetal abnormality. Bipolar diathermy was performed under local anesthetic with the use of 3-mm forceps with ultrasound guidance. RESULTS Cord occlusion was successfully accomplished in all cases between 18 and 27 weeks' gestation. There were 2 deaths of the co-twin within 12 hours; 1 death was due to cord hemorrhage, and 1 death was unexplained. One neonatal death occurred after delivery at 27 weeks, and 1 woman with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome elected termination of pregnancy when hydrocephaly was diagnosed 7 days after the procedure (probably related to the underlying pathologic condition). All other co-twins are alive and well, although 2 pregnancies were complicated by preterm delivery and premature rupture of membranes before 30 weeks' gestation. CONCLUSION Bipolar diathermy is an effective procedure for cord occlusion, although it still has significant morbidity and mortality rates.
Prediction of PDIV in motor coils using finite element method

The aim of this paper is the presentation of a method allowing the prediction, at the design phase, of the Partial Discharges Inception Voltage (PDIV) in motor coils made with classical enameled wire. The method is based on the comparison of electrical potential values - obtain with a Finite Element simulation - with those given by the Paschen's laws for the same inter-electrode gap. The originality of the study is the consideration of the real length of the electric field lines to compute the gap between the electrodes. With this prediction, it is possible to improve the capabilities of the Electrical Insulation System (EIS) of motors built in large series.