Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Maximising the use of soil water by herbaceous species in the high rainfall zone of southern Australia: a review

The planting of deep-rooted pasture species, herbaceous shrubs, and trees has been widely recommended to reduce deep drainage and recharge to the groundwater in the high rainfall zone (HRZ). However, in more recent years, the value of perennial pastures to reduce recharge has been questioned in areas with >600 mm annual rainfall. Currently, pastures dominated by annual species with relatively low productivity occur across much of the HRZ where deep drainage is most likely contributing to recharge. This review outlines our current understanding of water use by various herbaceous species, and indicates ways in which their water use may be increased in the HRZ of southern Australia. To reduce deep drainage in the HRZ, the soil water deficit must be increased prior to the opening autumn rains. This will allow a greater storage of water before any potential deep drainage occurs. There are two ways that this can be achieved with the use of herbaceous species. Firstly, change to or encourage species that use more water annually. Although plants with deeper root systems including lucerne have the ability to dry the soil to depth, a combination of winter- and summer-active species, rotational grazing, and pasture spelling would extend the active growing season and soil water use of annual and perennial species. A second option is to increase the productivity of the pasture, as there is a direct link between growth and water use. For example, improving pasture productivity by 50%, say from 8 to 12 t dry matter/ha, could use (transpire) approximately 160 mm more water annually by a C3 species, irrespective of evaporation from the soil surface or evaporative demand factors. This is supported by strong correlations between plant dry mass and water use among a wide range of C3 and C4 plants of diverse growth form and habitat. This relationship appears to have been overlooked in recent studies of various components of the soil water balance model, possibly due to limited and unreliable estimates of evapotranspiration (ET). An improved relationship between 'estimated' ET and measured dry matter production should improve the capability of the soil water balance model to predict deep drainage, which is primarily dependent on the ET. Ways to increase pasture productivity and soil water use include regular applications of fertiliser and lime, and better management of waterlogged and acidic soils in the HRZ. Summer-active native species may also be useful on soils where the persistence of other deep-rooted perennials is poor; however, little is known about their productivity and persistence when heavily grazed. We believe that the relationship between water use and pasture production needs to be reassessed to improve the predictability of the soil water balance approach and recommend further research in both the field and under controlled conditions to determine the potential for increased water use in the HRZ of southern Australia by combinations of plant species and greater pasture productivity.
Agreement Between the Stages Cycling and SRM Powermeter Systems during Field-Based Off-Road Climbing.

The aim of this study was to determine the agreement between two portable cycling powermeters for use doing field based mountain biking. A single participant performed 15 timed ascents of an off-road climbs. The participants bicycle was instrumented with Stages Cycling and SRM powermeters. Mean and peak power output and cadence were recorded at 1 s intervals by both systems. Significant differences were determined using paired t-tests, whilst agreement was determined using 95% ratio limits of agreement (LoA). Significant differences were found between the two systems for mean power output (p<.001), with the Stages powermeter under reporting power by 8 % compared to the SRM. LoA for mean power output were 0.92 ×÷ 1.02 (95% LoA = 0.90 – 0.93). Peak power output was also significantly lower with the Stages powermeter (p=.02) by 5 % when compared to the SRM powermeter. LoA for peak power output were 0.94 ×÷ 1.09 (95% limits of agreement = 0.87 – 1.03). Significant differences were found for mean cadence between the two powermeters (p=.009), with LoA being 0.99 ×÷ 1.01 (95% limits of agreement = 0.99 – 1.00). This study found that though the Stages Cycling powermeter provided a reliable means of recording power output and cadence, the system significantly underestimated mean and peak power output when compared with the SRM system. This may in part be due to differences in strain gauge configuration and the subsequent algorithms used in the calculation of power output and the potential influence of bilateral imbalances within the muscles may have on these calculations.
Taste and smell changes in cancer patients

Purpose: Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are commonly prescribed to malnourished patients to improve their nutritional status. Taste and smell changes in patients with cancer can affect the palatability of ONS. The present study investigated: (1) the palatability of six ONS in testicular cancer patients before, during the first two cycles, and after chemotherapy; (2) the relation between the palatability and taste and smell function; (3) the metallic taste of these ONS. Methods: Twenty-one testicular cancer patients undergoing first-line cisplatin-based chemotherapy participated. Two milk-based (vanilla; strawberry), two juice-based (apple; orange), and two yoghurt-based (vanilla-lemon; peach-orange) ONS were tested. A questionnaire was used to assess the palatability of ONS and to which extent the attribute ‘metallic’ was applicable. Taste and smell function were measured using taste strips and ‘Sniffin’ Sticks’, respectively. Results: The palatability of ONS was highly variable among patients. The milk-based strawberry ONS was preferred most before, during, and after chemotherapy. The liking of the milk-based vanilla ONS tended to decrease over time (p = 0.053), whereas the liking of the other ONS remained stable. A higher smell threshold and a lower sour taste threshold were correlated to a decreased liking of the milk-based vanilla ONS. The two juice-based ONS tended to taste more metallic during than before chemotherapy. Conclusion: Health care professionals and patients should be aware that the palatability of ONS can change over time. Regular structured contact between health care professionals and patients regarding the choice of ONS seems warranted.
Learning climate and workplace learning: Does work restructuring make a difference?

Abstract. In the current study, we propose that organizational learning climate in terms of facilitation learning climate, appreciation learning climate, and error-avoidance climate has the capacity to enhance employees’ level of newly acquired competences. Additionally, we investigated whether this relationship holds when employees face work restructuring. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses on a large sample of the Dutch working population (N = 1,013). The results showed that work restructuring moderated the hypothesized relationships. Under conditions of high restructuring, facilitation learning climate was an important predictor of learning outcomes; yet, under conditions of low work restructuring, appreciation learning climate was more effective. The current paper contributes to research on organizational change and workplace learning by providing evidence that organizational change can impact the way organizational learning climate supports employee learning.
Multicentennial megadrought in northern Europe coincided with a global El Niño–Southern Oscillation drought pattern during the Medieval Climate Anomaly

The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a pacemaker of global climate, and the accu- rate prediction of future climate change requires an understanding of the ENSO variability. Recently, much-debated aspects of the ENSO have included its long-term past and future changes and its associations with the North Atlantic and European sectors, potentially in inter- action with the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Here we present the fi rst European dendroclimatic precipitation reconstruction that extends through the alternating climate phases of the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age. We show that northern Europe underwent a severe precipitation defi cit during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, which was synchronous with droughts in various ENSO-sensitive regions worldwide, while the subsequent centuries during the Little Ice Age were markedly wetter. We attribute this drought primarily to an interaction between the ENSO and the North Atlantic Oscillation, and to a lesser (or negligible) degree to an interaction between the ENSO and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.
Piscivore-prey fish interactions - consequences of changing optical environment

Predator-prey interactions are a primary structuring force in aquatic systems. A change in the predator-prey interactions may cause a change in the strength of trophic cascades and even resulting in ecosystem shifts. However, individual properties of predators and prey, as well as environmental conditions, may affect the relative strength of predator-prey interactions. In our studies we observed two different behavioural defences against predators. Both crucian carp and perch decreased their activity when exposed to pike chemical or visual cue. However, the behavioural response elicited by the chemical cue was context dependent, i.e. crucian carp only reacted to the cue if information from visual senses was limited (turbid or brown water). Another behavioural response to predation threat is schooling as shown in roach, a common prey fish, that group into schools to limit predation risk. The interaction between the predator and prey fish was influenced by optical conditions. Reaction distance of pike showed to be negatively affected by reduced visual conditions. The reaction distance and attack distance of pike and escape distance of roach was also context dependent, where brown water increased the reaction and attack distance in pike and reduced the escape distance in roach. This resulted in an overlap in attack and escape distance, which may have positive effects on the capture success of pike. Pikeperch was less affected by changes of the visual conditions in the water. However, pikeperch was indirectly affected by changing optical conditions through a change in prey behaviour. Pikeperch showed a strong preference for perch under good optical conditions, but shifted their food preference to roach in poor optical conditions. The underlying mechanism to this pattern was observed in behavioural studies. Roach escaped long before the pikeperch initiated an attack, whereas perch was inactive which allowed pikeperch to approach and successfully attack. In poor optical conditions roach shoals were splitting up and roach escape distance was strongly reduced, which increased the foraging success of pikeperch resulting in that both roach and perch were included in the diet. These changes in the predator-prey interactions may explain some of the changes in fish growth rate observed in lakes along a gradient of brown colouration. Here, I found that the growth rate of pike and roach were reduced in browner lakes. Changes in environmental drivers, such as eutrophication and brownification, affecting the optical climate should thus have consequences for the strength of predator-prey interactions. This in turn may affect lake ecosystems through higher-order interactions.
Aerodynamic design of moveable inlet guide vanes for active control of rotating stall

Aerodynamic Design of Moveable Inlet Guide Vanes for Active Control of Rotating Stall by Peter D. Silkowski Submitted to the department of Aeronautics and Astronautics on December 18, 1989 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics This thesis describes an analysis of moveable inlet guide vane operation for use in active control of rotating stall in axial flow compressors. The results indicate that blade deflections needed (in degrees) are approximately one half of the sensed axial velocity disturbance (in percent). Models were developed for the blade row, the control perturbations launched by the moving blades, and the compressor. These models were used in a parametric study which showed that from a control wave launching point of view, airfoil camber and mean flow turning of the cascade are unimportant, whereas fraction of blades moved and solidity are the key parameters. Furthermore, the compressor model lead to the result that the more in phase the blade misstaggering is with the velocity disturbance, the more effective the control is. These results were then used to design and build an inlet guide vane row of 12 blades for testing as a stall control device. Thesis Supervisor: Edward M. Greitzer Title: Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Nature or Nurture? Explaining English Wheat Yields in the Industrial Revolution, c.1770

This article presents the first agricultural production function for the eighteenth century, thereby quantifying the effect of many new technologies coming on stream in English agriculture. It shows that some traditional technologies were effective in raising wheat yields, such as drainage and marling; but some innovations of the eighteenth century were much more effective, particularly turnips and seed drills. Environmental factors are incorporated into the model. Climate is shown to be a crucial factor in determining yields but soil quality was much less important. This undermines the accepted argument that England's success was due to a superior natural endowment. During the Industrial Revolution, economic growth and structural transformation in England were dominated by changes in the agricultural sector. This statement may appear paradoxical but, in fact, it is easy to justify. First, we should note that agriculture was the largest sector until 1840 (measured as a percentage of total output or total employment) and wheat was the largest single component of national income. ' Second, the preeminence of the agricultural sector meant that the growth rate in agriculture was the primary determinant of the national growth rate (of both output and productivity). Moreover, the recent downward revision of agricultural growth by Nick Crafts and Knick Harley merely accentuates this effect because it implies that the agricultural sector was proportionately larger in 1700 than we had hitherto believed.2 Third, the defining feature of the Indus
Feminism and pop culture

Whether or not we like to admit it, pop culture is a lens through which we alternately view and shape the world around us. When it comes to feminism, pop culture aids us in translating feminist philosophies, issues, and concepts into everyday language, making them relevant and relatable. In Feminism and Pop Culture, author and cofounder of Bitch magazine Andi Zeisler traces the impact of feminism on pop culture (and vice versa) from the 1940s to the present and beyond. With a comprehensive overview of the intertwining relationship between women and pop culture, this book is an ideal introduction to discussing feminism and daily life.
Deep Flare Net (DeFN) Model for Solar Flare Prediction

We developed a solar flare prediction model using a deep neural network (DNN) named Deep Flare Net (DeFN). This model can calculate the probability of flares occurring in the following 24 hr in each active region, which is used to determine the most likely maximum classes of flares via a binary classification (e.g., ≥M class versus <M class or ≥C class versus <C class). From 3 × 105 observation images taken during 2010–2015 by the Solar Dynamic Observatory, we automatically detected sunspots and calculated 79 features for each region, to which flare occurrence labels of X-, M-, and C-class were attached. We adopted the features used in Nishizuka et al. (2017) and added some features for operational prediction: coronal hot brightening at 131 Å (T ≥ 107 K) and the X-ray and 131 Å intensity data 1 and 2 hr before an image. For operational evaluation, we divided the database into two for training and testing: the data set in 2010–2014 for training, and the one in 2015 for testing. The DeFN model consists of deep multilayer neural networks formed by adapting skip connections and batch normalizations. To statistically predict flares, the DeFN model was trained to optimize the skill score, i.e., the true skill statistic (TSS). As a result, we succeeded in predicting flares with TSS = 0.80 for ≥M-class flares and TSS = 0.63 for ≥C-class flares. Note that in usual DNN models, the prediction process is a black box. However, in the DeFN model, the features are manually selected, and it is possible to analyze which features are effective for prediction after evaluation.
The evolution of the X-ray luminosity functions of unabsorbed and absorbed AGNs out to z ~ 5

We present new measurements of the evolution of the X-ray luminosity functions (XLFs) of unabsorbed and absorbed active galactic nuclei (AGNs) out to z ~ 5. We construct samples containing 2957 sources detected at hard (2-7 keV) X-ray energies and 4351 sources detected at soft (0.5-2 keV) energies from a compilation of Chandra surveys supplemented by wide-area surveys from ASCA and ROSAT. We consider the hard and soft X-ray samples separately and find that the XLF based on either (initially neglecting absorption effects) is best described by a new flexible model parametrization where the break luminosity, normalization, and faint-end slope all evolve with redshift. We then incorporate absorption effects, separately-modelling the evolution of the XLFs of unabsorbed (20 < log N_H < 22) and absorbed (22 < log N_H < 24) AGNs, seeking a model that can reconcile both the hard-and soft-band samples. We find that the absorbed AGN XLF has a lower break luminosity, a higher normalization, and a steeper faint-end slope than the unabsorbed AGN XLF out to z ~ 2. Hence, absorbed AGNs dominate at low luminosities, with the absorbed fraction falling rapidly as luminosity increases. Both XLFs undergo strong luminosity evolution which shifts the transition in the absorbed fraction to higher luminosities at higher redshifts. The evolution in the shape of the total XLF is primarily driven by the changing mix of unabsorbed and absorbed populations.
Deuterated formaldehyde in rho Ophiuchi A

Context. Formaldehyde is an organic molecule that is abundant in the interstellar medium. High deuterium fractionation is a common feature in low-mass star-forming regions. Observing several isotopologues of molecules is an excellent tool for understanding the formation paths of the molecules. Aims. We seek an understanding of how the various deuterated isotopologues of formaldehyde are formed in the dense regions of lowmass star formation. More specifically, we adress the question of how the very high deuteration levels (several orders of magnitude above the cosmic D/H ratio) can occur using H2CO data of the nearby ρ Oph A molecular cloud. Methods. From mapping observations of H2CO, HDCO, and D2CO, we have determined how the degree of deuterium fractionation changes over the central 3 � × 3 � region of ρ Oph A. The multi-transition data of the various H2CO isotopologues, as well as from other molecules (e.g., CH3OH and N2D + ) present in the observed bands, were analysed using both the standard type rotation diagram analysis and, in selected cases, a more elaborate method of solving the radiative transfer for optically thick emission. In addition to molecular column densities, the analysis also estimates the kinetic temperature and H2 density. Results. Toward the SM1 core in ρ Oph A, the H2CO deuterium fractionation is very high. In fact, the observed D2CO/HDCO ratio is 1.34 ± 0.19, while the HDCO/H2CO ratio is 0.107 ± 0.015. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that the D2CO/HDCO abundance ratio is observed to be greater than 1. The kinetic temperature is in the range 20−30 K in the cores of ρ Oph A, and the H2 density is (6−10) × 10 5 cm −3 . We estimate that the total H2 column density toward the deuterium peak is (1−4) × 10 23 cm −2 . As depleted gas-phase chemistry is not adequate, we suggest that grain chemistry, possibly due to abstraction and exchange reactions along the reaction chain H2CO → HDCO → D2CO, is at work to produce the very high deuterium levels observed.
0 . 7 % magnetic field induced strain in polycrystalline Ni 50 Mn 29 Ga 21 ferromagnetic shape memory alloy

Structural, microstructural and magnetic properties of polycrystalline Ni50Mn29Ga21 alloy are studied. Processing parameters are optimized to get large grain size and multimode twinning in polycrystalline alloy. The polycrystalline alloy shows significantly low detwinning stress of 19 MPa and high magnetic field induced strain of 0.7%. Presence of large grain size with multimode twinning, 7M modulated crystal structure, large magnetocrystalline anisotropy and high saturation magnetization are key factors for observation of large magnetic field induced strain in polycrystalline alloy.
Electrical and field emission properties of multiwalled carbon nanotube/epoxy composites

Abstract The electrical and field emission properties of the epoxy composites containing 0·1–1 wt-% of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were studied. Conductivity measurements show that the electrical percolation threshold concentration is between 0·1 and 0·5 wt-%. The 1 wt-% filled MWNT/epoxy thick film demonstrates an excellent field emission property with a low turn-on electric field and a high emission current density.
Language learning strategy use by spanish efl students: the effect of proficiency level, gender, and motivation

This article aims to investigate the use of Language Learning Strategies (LLSs) by Spanish EFL students, as well as the relationship between that use and other learner variables such as the proficiency level, gender, and motivation. Participants were 206 Spanish students of English from different proficiency levels. The instrument used to collect data was a questionnaire. The results show that the participants use LLSs moderately with a high preference for metacognitive and affective strategies. Proficiency level did not have a significant effect, except in the cognitive category between proficient and basic users groups. In relation to gender, there were not statistically significant differences between male and female students. However, motivation had a paramount effect in the use of LLSs.
Restructuring and Reculturing: Practicum supervision as professional development for teachers

This paper reports a small case study in which selected experienced co-operating teachers were appointed as school-based teacher educators (SBTE) undertaking a supervisory/ mentoring role for the 3-week period of the first practicum for students in a one-year Graduate Diploma of Education-Secondary (GDE) course. The study identifies any benefits that accrue as a result of changes to the traditional triadic arrangement and any changes in perception about the various roles of participants. The findings illuminate the opportunities for a more collaborative practicum model that has the potential to benefit all participants.