Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Employment Networks and the CEO Labor Market

This paper looks at the influence of networks and connectedness on Chief Executive Officer CEO) labor market outcomes. CEOs can establish direct connections with other executives and directors through overlapping professional experience, such as common directorships in companies. There are also second and higher degree connections established through indirect links of other linked executives or directors in the corporate community. I characterize CEOs' positions on such networks and examine their consequences for CEO labor market. I construct measures that capture multiple aspects of connectedness and then test whether, how, and to what direction they affect the hiring of CEOs, CEO replacement, and compensation paid to CEOs. Consistent with theories of social capital, I find that connected CEOs are more likely to depart from their current positions. A one standard deviation increase in the CEO's connectedness measure leads to 1.44% higher probability of turnover. Connections also matter in the choice of a new CEO. Having a direct link to any of the board members boosts the probability of outside succession by 51.80%. Better-connected CEOs receive higher levels of compensation. A one standard deviation unit change in the new CEO's connectedness measure increases a new CEO's incentive pay by 11.95%, which is about an additional $411,503 for a new CEO receiving average level of stock-based compensation. Connections add to traditional turnover and compensation variables in economically significant ways.
Geographic determinants of leprosy in Karonga District, Northern Malawi.

BACKGROUND Geographical differences in leprosy risk are not understood, but may provide clues about the natural history of the disease. We report an analysis of the geographical distribution of leprosy in Karonga District, a rural area of Northern Malawi, between 1979 and 1989. METHODS Cohort study of the incidence of leprosy based on two total population surveys. Area of residence was determined using aerial photographs, which allowed identification of households, as well as location of roads, rivers and the lake shore. RESULTS Incidence rates were between two and three times higher in the north compared to the south of the district, and lowest in the semi-urban district capital. The most obvious environmental difference between these regions is the north's higher rainfall and more fertile soil. There was no overall association between leprosy incidence and population density, although highest rates were observed in the least densely populated areas. Looking at the entire district, incidence rates increased with increasing distance from a main road, but declined with increasing distance from a river or from the shore of Lake Malawi. The negative association with proximity to rivers may reflect the larger number of rivers in the north of the district. Apparent differences in incidence rates between groups speaking different languages reflected confounding by area of residence. CONCLUSIONS There is a marked variation, not explained by socioeconomic or cultural factors, in the incidence of leprosy within Karonga District. Our results are consistent with a theme in the literature associating the environment, particularly proximity to water, with leprosy.
Towards a theory of electrical transport through atomic and molecular junctions

Present trends in the miniaturization of electronic devices suggest that ultimately single atoms and molecules may be used as electronically active elements in a variety of applications. In this context, there is an obvious request for a theory that can elucidate the transport mechanisms at the single-molecule scale, and in turn help in the future engineering of molecular devices. We present here a candidate to such a theory, which based on the combination of quantum chemistry methods and Green functions techniques. Our main goal in this work is to show how the electronic structure of single atoms and molecules controls the macroscopic electrical properties of the circuits in which they are used as building blocks. In particular, we review our work on three basic problems that have received a special experimental attention in the last years: (i) the conductance of a single-atom contact; (ii) the conductance of a hydrogen molecule; and (iii) the current through single organic molecules.
Closed-End Fund Abnormal Returns and Discount Mean-Reversion

Swedish investment companies structured as closed-end funds (CEFs) are large relative to CEFs in the U.S. and elsewhere. Their costs are low and they trade at high and mean-revering discounts. I show that CEF returns are usually in excess of what can be explained by conventional risk factors. I decompose returns into return on CEF assets, return due to leverage, return due to changes in discount and other (abnormal) return. The latter is significantly positive for a portfolio of CEFs. This is exploited in a trading strategy which delivers abnormal returns of more than 10% annually. The CEFs are in essence conglomerates with listed holdings. This makes it possible to disentangle different reasons for the conglomerate discount. Discounts cannot be (fully) explained by inefficiencies, costs and potential agent problems. This suggests that investors do demand a discount for investing in a portfolio they cannot chose themselves.
Why is the microtubule lattice helical?

Microtubules polymerize from identical tubulin heterodimers, which form a helical lattice pattern that is the microtubule. This pattern always has left‐handed chirality, but it is not known why. But as tubulin, similar to other proteins, evolved for a purpose, the question of the title of this artcile appears to be meaningful. In a computer simulation that explores the ‘counterfactual biology’ of microtubules without helicity, we demonstrate that these have the same mechanical properties as Nature's microtubules with helicity. Thus only a dynamical reason for helicity is left as potential explanation. We find that helicity solves ‘the problem of the blind mason’, i.e. how to correctly build a structure, guided only by the shape of the bricks. This answer in turn raises some new questions for researchers to address.
Ecological Relationship between Mesothelioma Incidence/Mortality and Asbestos Consumption in Ten Western Countries and Japan

Ecological Relationship between Mesothelioma Incidence/Mortality and Asbestos Consumption in Ten Western Countries and Japan: Ken Takahashi, et al. Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health—The objective of the present study was to evaluate the ecological relationship between mesothelioma incidence/mortality and per capita asbestos consumption in ten Western countries and Japan. The two national indices used to assess the geographical correlation were the most recent incidence/mortality rate of mesothelioma for the population over 15 years of age, and the per capita asbestos consumption rate of approximately 10‐25 years ago for the population of ail ages at that time. Among the ten Western countries, a clear linear relationship was shown between the mesothelioma incidence/mortality rate and the preceding per capita asbestos consumption rate with the Spearman correlation coefficient at 0.70 (p=0.03), and R2‐value at 66%. However, the data‐point for Japan was situated apart from the linear relationship due to the lower mesothelioma mortality rate, and when combined with other Western countries, the significant relationship diminished. It is possible that the asbestos consumption curve for Japan in past years lagged behind that for the Western countries and the cumulative exposure effect has not yet reached the level that can be expected from other Western countries.
Immunization with Biodegradable Nanoparticles Efficiently Induces Cellular Immunity and Protects against Influenza Virus Infection

The ability of vaccines to induce T cell responses is crucial for preventing diseases caused by viruses or bacteria. Nanoparticles (NPs) are considered an efficient tool for inducing potent immune responses. In this study, we describe a novel vaccination approach with biodegradable calcium phosphate (CaP) NPs that serve as carrier of immunoactive TLR9 ligand (CpG) combined with a viral Ag from the influenza A virus hemagglutinin. Functionalized CaP NPs were efficiently taken up by dendritic cells in vivo and elicited a potent T cell–mediated immune response in immunized mice with high numbers of IFN-γ–producing CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells. Most importantly, both i.p. and intranasal immunization with these NPs offered protection in a mouse model of influenza virus infection. This study demonstrates the great potential of CaP NPs as a novel vaccination tool that offers substantial flexibility for several infection models.
Digoxin Toxicity

of intravenous (IV) immunoglobulin, without significant improvement in left ventricular systolic function on 2D echocardiography. After initial treatment with IV inotropic agents, dopamine, and dobutamine, the patient was stabilized. Digoxin therapy was initiated on day 3 at 0.25 mg/day, without a loading dose. The other medications included spironolactone, furosemide, enalapril, and low-dose aspirin. The patient improved, but on day 7 of hospitalization, she started complaining of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Her HR was 46 beats/min, RR was 30 breaths/min, and BP was 127/44 mm Hg. She was afebrile, and oxygen saturation was 95% on room air. The rest of the physical examination was unremarkable. The ECG showed sinus bradycardia and multiple premature ventricular complexes with ventricular bigemy and couplets, which were confirmed on a Holter monitor (Figure 1). Patient 1
Effectiveness of Multimodal Preemptive Analgesic Therapy in Maxillofacial Surgery

This study was an attempt to find out the efficacy of pre-emptive analgesia in reducing post-operative pain. Multiple pre-emptive therapies were used in an attempt to see its superiority over single preemption. Pain scores showed significant differences between the pre-emptive and non pre-emptive groups. Pethidine consumed by the pre-emptive non-recipient group was much higher. Patient’s satisfaction was higher and post operative complications were less in the pre-emptive recipient group. Thus pre-emptive multimodal therapy would be better, in reducing post-operative pain, and the amount of post-operative analgesic requirement. It might be concluded that multimodal preemptive therapy by using I/V Ketorolac & Bupivacaine infiltration is an effective method for post operative pain management in maxillofacial surgery. DOI: 10.3329/bjpp.v24i1. 5733 Bangladesh J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 24(1&2) : 17-23
The effect of physical therapy on respiratory complications following cardiac valve surgery.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine whether higher personnel intensive chest physical therapy can prevent the atelectasis that routinely follows cardiac valve surgery. DESIGN Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING Tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS Seventy-eight patients undergoing elective cardiac valve surgery between October 1991 and April 1993 were enrolled. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized in an unmasked fashion to receive early mobilization and sustained maximal inflations (lower-intensity treatment) or to receive early mobilization, sustained maximal inflations, and single-handed percussions (higher-intensity treatment.) MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Clinical efficacy was determined by extent of atelectasis, length of ICU stay, total length of hospital stay, and personnel costs. The extent of postoperative atelectasis was similar in both groups on the fifth postoperative day. Postoperative values of FVC and FEV1 were reduced to a similar extent in both groups. Hospital stays and ICU stays were similar regardless of treatment. Physical therapy costs were highest in the higher-intensity therapy group. CONCLUSIONS Postoperative respiratory dysfunction is common but does not usually cause significant morbidity or prolong hospital stay. The routine prescription of high-intensity physical therapy does not improve patient outcomes but does add significantly to patient costs.
Photoelectrochemical Function in Gate-Recessed AlGaN/GaN Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor High-Electron-Mobility Transistors

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) wet etching and oxidation methods were used for fabricating gate-recessed AlGaN/GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MOS-HEMTs). The AlGaN layer was recessed by the PEC wet etching method. The PEC oxidation method was then performed to directly grow an oxide film on the recessed surface of the AlGaN layer as gate dielectric film and passivation of the surface. The gate-recessed AlGaN/GaN MOS-HEMTs exhibited a saturation drain-source current of 642 mA/mm at VGS = 0 V, a maximum extrinsic transconductance of 86 mS/mm, and an off-state breakdown voltage of larger than -100 V.
Differential environment alters ontogeny of dopamine innervation of the orbital prefrontal cortex in gerbils

In the present study, the influence of postnatal environmental conditions on the structural ontogeny of the orbital prefrontal cortex of adult gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) was examined. The animals were bred and reared either isolated in standard laboratory cages or grouped in an object‐filled environment. At the age of postnatal day 90, dopamine fibers were stained immunocytochemically and innervation density was determined in the orbital prefrontal cortex. By comparison, restricted rearing produced a restraint of the subsequent maturation of orbital prefrontal dopamine innervation, leading to adult fiber densities that were approximately 38% below those in seminaturally reared gerbils. Results are discussed in terms of activity‐dependent postnatal maturation of the cortex and adaptive neuroplasticity with regard to previously published data concerning diminished dopamine innervation in the medial prefrontal cortex (Winterfeld et al. [1998] J. Neurosci. Res. 63:209–213, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lactation pattern and the risk for hormone-related female cancer in Japan: the Ohsaki Cohort Study

Although breastfeeding is associated with a reduction in the risk for breast cancer, its relationship with another hormone-related female cancer, endometrial cancer, has not been fully investigated. The objective of the present study was to prospectively examine the association between lactation pattern and the risk for incidence of breast cancer and endometrial cancer in Japanese women. We analyzed data for 26 680 women registered in the Ohsaki National Health Insurance Cohort Study, who were 40–79 years old at the baseline. During the 11 years of follow-up, we identified 148 incident cases of breast cancer and 32 incident cases of endometrial cancer. Compared with breastfeeding only, multivariate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the risk of breast cancer incidence were 1.12 (0.92–1.37) for women who had performed mixed feeding and 1.80 (1.14–2.86) for those who fed their babies only with formula (P-trend=0.014). For endometrial cancer incidence, multivariate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were 1.32 (0.86–2.03) for women who had performed mixed feeding and 3.26 (1.23–8.61) for those who had performed only formula feeding (P-trend=0.018). Our findings appear to raise the possibility that nonbreastfeeding is positively associated with the risks for both breast cancer incidence and endometrial cancer incidence. Confirmation of our findings would require further investigation.
Factors Associated With Medical School Graduates’ Intention to Work With Underserved Populations: Policy Implications for Advancing Workforce Diversity

Purpose Given projected U.S. physician shortages across all specialties that will likely impact underserved areas disproportionately, the authors sought to explore factors most correlated with medical school graduates’ intention to work with underserved populations (IWUP). Method Data from the 2010–2012 Association of American Medical Colleges Medical School Graduation Questionnaire (n = 40,846) were analyzed. Variables (demographics, career preference, debt burden, intention to enter loan forgiveness programs) were examined using chi-square tests and logistic regression models. Results Respondents included 49.5% (20,228/40,846) women, 16.6% (6,771/40,837) underrepresented minorities (URMs), and 32.4% (13,034/37,342) with primary care intent. The median educational debt was $160,000. Respondents who were women (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49, 1.70), URMs (aOR 2.50, 95% CI 2.30, 2.72), intended to enter loan forgiveness programs (aOR 2.44, 95% CI 2.26, 2.63), intended to practice primary care (aOR 1.65, 95% CI 1.54, 1.76), and intended to emphasize nonclinical careers (aOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.11, 1.37) had greater odds of reporting IWUP. Among those who chose specialties and careers with a nonclinical emphasis, and among those with greater burdens of educational and consumer debt, URMs were nearly twice as likely as other minorities and whites to report IWUP. Conclusions Findings suggest physician characteristics that may be associated with filling workforce gaps in underserved areas. Restructuring financial incentive programs to support physician leaders and specialists with characteristics associated with IWUP may complement similar policies in primary care and could have key impacts on health equity in underserved areas.
Extending the NegEx Lexicon for Multiple Languages

We translated an existing English negation lexicon (NegEx) to Swedish, French, and German and compared the lexicon on corpora from each language. We observed Zipf's law for all languages, i.e., a few phrases occur a large number of times, and a large number of phrases occur fewer times. Negation triggers "no" and "not" were common for all languages; however, other triggers varied considerably. The lexicon is available in OWL and RDF format and can be extended to other languages. We discuss the challenges in translating negation triggers to other languages and issues in representing multilingual lexical knowledge.
Quality of life in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease in an Iranian population

Aim The study was designed to evaluate quality of life (QOL) for Iranian patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Background GERD is a common and chronic world-wide disease. Impact of GERD on QOL has been studied in many countries, but it has not been studied in Iranian population. Patients and methods Fifty five patients suffering from GERD and fifty five age and sex matched controls were enrolled. Patient inclusion criteria were based on clinical and endoscopic findings. All other major diseases having an impact on QOL had been excluded. All the subjects were asked to fill the validated translation of SF-36 and GHQ-28 questionnaires. Results of the SF-36 questionnaire was analyzed directly and after correction for the results obtained from the GHQ-28 tool. Results GERD patients had lower QOL scores than controls. Correction of the results based the findings of GHQ-28 questionnaire did not change the results. Conclusion QOL in GERD patients is impaired and should be considered in clinical practice and implementing research studies upon GERD patients.
Strategic Information Sharing in Competing Supply Chains

This study investigates strategic information sharing in supply chains where a retailer can ex post decide whether to share private demand information with an upstream manufacturer after the content of information becomes known. We highlight the equilibrium interaction between the retailer’s incentive to induce lower wholesale prices through strategic information sharing and the manufacturer’s rational inference about the retailer’s optimal disclosure strategy. We find that the retailer should share more information when his capability to acquire information improves. However, the retailer may not always want to pursue perfect information capability even when doing so does not incur any direct cost. In addition, we find that retailers should disclose less information when the market becomes more competitive. We also examine the role of inter-chain externality in the firms’ profitability and the retailers’ efforts to improve information capability. In particular, we show that firms can benefit from the rival retailer’s efforts to improve information capability, and a retailer’s incentive for information capability improvement can increase with the intensity of competition or with the rival retailer’s information capability.
Determinants of entrepreneurial orientation of rural women small business owners: the case of Gambella Region of Ethiopia.

Small business and entrepreneurship play critical role in stimulating economic activity, creating jobs, alleviating poverty and uplift living standards in Africa. It is widely accepted that the Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) sectors have the potential to provide a livelihood for a considerably large number of poor rural and urban women in Ethiopia. Women account for the larger share of the informal economy operators as well as those running micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia. The target population of the study is the women engaged in micro and small business in Gambella District in Western Ethiopia. Probability Proportional to Size sampling and simple random sampling technique was adopted to draw 100 individual sample business women from each village. The key motivating factor for women to be involved in a business is to be independent from depending so much on their spouse. From the result of the study, many women unaware of credit sources and other business support services. The overall implication of this study is that since women business operators appear to be playing a major role in the economy of the country, besides up-lifting the lives of their families, especial effort is needed to develop entrepreneurship. Hence, appropriate and sustained interventions targeted to the women enterprise operators need to be developed and implemented. The women business owners themselves will be expected to more specifically identify the area of critical support and be involved in the development of suitable program.
Identification of Chromosomal Translocations in Childhood Leukaemia Using Multiplex Rt-Pcr: A Single Institution Study in Multi-Ethnic Malaysia. -

Background: Leukaemia accounts for 48% of all childhood cancers in Malaysia. Recent advances in genomics have contributed significantly towards a better understanding of the genetic landscape of leukaemia. Identification of recurrent chromosomal translocations which can be detected in a substantial number of these patients are important for classification of the disease, prognostication, treatment monitoring and also to guide targeted therapy. Objective: This study aims to report the incidence of leukaemia-specific translocations in Malaysian children who were admitted in tertiary care hospital from 2008 to 2011. Materials and Methods: A total of 229 bone marrow or peripheral blood samples were collected from children who were newly diagnosed with leukaemia. Their demographic data, bone marrow morphology and also immunophenotyping results were recorded. Multiplex reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using the Hema Vision 28N protocols for detection of 28 common translocations. Results: Among the 229 children, 162 patients were diagnosed with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL), 52 Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) and 15 Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML). We found that 26.2% of these patients have chromosomal translocations. Overall, 10 fusion gene transcripts and 15 different splice variants were detected. The most common genetic abnormalities found were BCR-ABL1 8.3%, ETV6-RUNXI 7.0% and TCF3-PBX1 2.6%. Conclusion: Multiplex RT-PCR is an effective and rapid screening tool for detection of recurrent chromosomal translocations in childhood leukaemia. A comprehensive sub grouping of leukaemia by molecular technique is very useful not only for diagnostic purpose, but also for risk assessment, prognostication and personalised treatment.