Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Climatology of middle‐ and low‐latitude daytime F region disturbance neutral winds measured by Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII)

We have modeled the global climatology of middle- and low-latitude F region daytime disturbance neutral winds using extensive measurements by the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) instrument on board the UARS. The perturbation winds were obtained by subtracting the quiet time values from the disturbed winds along the satellite orbit, which effectively removes average measurement bias. The zonal disturbance winds are mostly westward (except in the early morning sector), increase with latitude, and have largest values in the late afternoon sector. In general, the meridional perturbation winds are equatorward, increase linearly with latitude, and decrease from early morning to afternoon hours. The zonal and meridional perturbations increase roughly linearly with Kp and expand to lower latitudes with increasing magnetic activity. The meridional disturbance winds are largest for low solar flux conditions. We present empirical analytical models for longitudinally averaged disturbance winds from 60° to the equator. Our model winds are in poor agreement with results from the empirical wind model Horizontal Wind Model-93 during the entire daytime period. There are also important discrepancies between the average perturbations winds from WINDII and the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere-ionosphere electrodynamic general circulation model, particularly at midlatitudes. These differences could be explained in part by the storm time dependence of the disturbance winds and by the variability of the high-latitude electric fields.
Genetic relationships among Achillea tenuifolia accessions using molecular and morphological markers

ISSR and morphological markers were used to detect genetic diversity in several genotypes of 'Achillea tenuifolia' from different geographical regions of Iran. Fifteen primers revealed 247 polymorphic bands, out of which 214 (86.78%) were polymorphic. The dendrogram was constructed using SM coefficient and UPGMA method. The generated dendrogram revealed three groups. The accessions originated from central regions of the country separated from others in group 3. The principle coordinate analysis (PCoA) confirmed the results of clustering (>90%). For morphological traits, North-western (NW) accessions had the highest values of leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, essential oil yield and the latest flowering time, while the Northern one (AtN76) had the highest flower diameter and number of florets in main inflorescence. Results showed the relatively broad genetic base of in most of the accessions evaluated in this study. The lowest and the highest gene diversity were obtained in North-western (AtNW) group (0.18) and Northern (AtN) accession (0.28) respectively. High genetic variation of A. tenuifolia might be attributed to its reproductive propagation and seed dispersal. So, conservation strategies should be provided to maintain such diversity aiming to improve future breeding programs.
Threshold Responses of Macroinvertebrate Communities to Stream Velocity in Relation to Hydropower Dam: A Case Study from The Guayas River Basin (Ecuador)

The Guayas River basin is one of the most important water resources in Ecuador, but the expansion of human activities has led to a degraded water quality. The purpose of this study was (1) to explore the importance of physical-chemical variables in structuring the macroinvertebrate communities and (2) to determine if the thresholds in stream velocity related to macroinvertebrate community composition could be identified in the Guayas River basin. Thus, macroinvertebrates and physical–chemical water quality variables were sampled at 120 locations during the dry season of 2013 in the Guayas River basin. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was performed to identify relevant physical–chemical characteristics of the river influencing the distribution of the macroinvertebrate communities. Threshold indicator taxa analysis (TITAN) was used to discriminate between the macroinvertebrate community related to stagnant waters (Daule–Peripa reservoir) and to running waters. CCA indicates that the most important environmental factors influencing the distribution of macroinvertebrate communities were stream velocity, chlorophyll concentration, conductivity, temperature and elevation. Tipping points for the macroinvertebrate community were defined by stream velocity at 0.03 m/s and 0.4 m/s, i.e., stagnant-water (including dam-related reservoirs) taxa start to quickly decrease in abundance and frequency at 0.03 m/s while running-water taxa start to quickly increase in abundance and frequency at 0.03 m/s until a stream velocity of 0.4 m/s. The results provide essential information to define environmental flows to further support water management plans of the Guayas River basin. Information obtained will be useful for management of similar rivers in South America, as well as the rest of the world.
Agronomic efficiency of Bradyrhizobium pre-inoculation in association with chemical treatment of soybean seeds

1 Embrapa Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, Km 111, Parque Monte Castelo, 83411-000, Colombo, PR, Brazil. 2 Embrapa Roraima, BR174 Km 8, Distrito Industrial, 69301-970 Boa Vista, RR, Brazil. 3 Federal Institute of Roraima, BR 174 Km 512, Campus Novo Paraíso, 69390-000, Caracaraí, RR, Brazil. 4 Federal University of Roraima/EAGRO, Campus Murupu, BR 174, Km 37, s/n P.A. Nova Amazônia, 69300-000, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil. 5 Rizobacter of Brazil, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, 1034 B, Ana Eliza, 86188-000, Cambé, PR, Brazil.
Atmospheric stellar parameters for large surveys using FASMA, a new spectral synthesis package

In the era of vast spectroscopic surveys focusing on Galactic stellar populations, astronomers want to exploit the large quantity and good quality of data to derive their atmospheric parameters without losing precision from automatic procedures. In this work, we developed a new spectral package, FASMA, to estimate the stellar atmospheric parameters (namely effective temperature, surface gravity, and metallicity) in a fast and robust way. This method is suitable for spectra of FGK-type stars in medium and high resolution. The spectroscopic analysis is based on the spectral synthesis technique using the radiative transfer code, MOOG. The line list is comprised of mainly iron lines in the optical spectrum. The atomic data are calibrated after the Sun and Arcturus. We use two comparison samples to test our method, i) a sample of 451 FGK-type dwarfs from the high resolution HARPS spectrograph, and ii) the Gaia-ESO benchmark stars using both high and medium resolution spectra. We explore biases in our method from the analysis of synthetic spectra covering the parameter space of our interest. We show that our spectral package is able to provide reliable results for a wide range of stellar parameters, different rotational velocities, different instrumental resolutions, and for different spectral regions of the VLT-GIRAFFE spectrographs, used among others for the Gaia-ESO survey. FASMA estimates stellar parameters in less than 15 min for high resolution and 3 min for medium resolution spectra. The complete package is publicly available to the community.
Comparing Biochemical Properties of Pure and Adulterated Honeys Produced By Feeding Honeybees ( Apis mellifera L . ) Colonies with Different Levels of Industrial Commercial Sugars

In the present study, 100 pure and adulterated honey samples produced by feeding colonies with different levels (5, 20 and 100 L/colony) of various commercial industrial sugar syrups such as High Fructose Corn Syrup 85 (HFCS-85), High Fructose Corn Syrup 55 (HFCS-55), Glucose Monohydrate Sugar (GMS), Bee Feeding Syrup (BFS) and Sucrose Syrup (SS) were evaluated in terms of sugar ingredients, physicochemical, mineral matter, vitamin and enzyme contents. Proline, electrical conductivity, free acidity, vitamin, mineral and enzyme content of honey were significantly affected by sugar origin and syrup levels. Fructose and glucose content of honey were not reliable criteria for distinguishing adulterated honey obtained by overfeeding honey bees (100 L/colony syrup) with sugar having balanced monosaccharide fraction. For pure blossom honey having EC value below 0.20 mS/cm should be evaluated as indirect adulterated with commercial industrial sugars originating from both C3 and C4 plants. In addition, proline content of pure blossom honey below 300 mg/kg might be an indicator for overfeeding honey bee colonies with HFCS-85 and SS. It is clear that the important biochemical and biological degradation occurred in honey when the colonies overfed with industrial sugars syrup during the main nectar flow. The values of biochemical properties found in the present study are important references to be used for revision of national and international standards.
Bottlenecks in Livestock Rearing Among Different Categories of Tribal Farmers in Tamil Nadu

A study was conducted to identify the bottlenecks in tribal livestock rearing in six hilly areas of Tamil Nadu namely Kolli hill in Namakkal district, Yercaud hill in Salem district, Ooty hill in The Nilgiris district, Kodaikanal in Dindigul district, Yelagiri hill in Vellore district and Sitheri hill in Dharmapuri district. The data were collected from 900 tribal farmers which included landless, marginal, small and large categories based on landholdings. The data were analysed by Garett's ranking technique. The study revealed that the major bottlenecks in livestock farming among different categories of tribal farmers were lack of sufficient pasture land, lack of marketing facilities, lack of adequate credit facilities, exploitation by middlemen, non-remunerative price for the livestock products and lack of scientific knowledge. Based on the results of the study, policies related to the pasture land development, organized livestock products marketing, extensive credit facilities and improvement of animal and human resources were suggested for effective development of different categories of tribal livestock farmers.
response regarding the prepared manuscript ’ Coupling aerosol optics to the chemical transport model MATCH ( v 5 . 5 . 0 ) and aerosol dynamics module SALSA ( v 1 ) ’

One aspect which needs improvement is the abstract. It is very long. Several sentences trying to motivate your study are overly lengthy or sound a bit informal. Please make this section more concise with a focus on what you did and readers can expect from this paper. Could you check the expression towards the end of the abstract: -25-18% (Why are there two minus signs? ). Similar expressions follow in the abstract and text. We have now shortened the abstract to be more clear and concise, we removed abundant motivation parts as well as added extra explanatory text, especially to the part where we exemplifies the results with the relative difference in aerosol optical depth. The expressions regarding this relative difference showed a percentage range, we have therefore changed the expression to "-25% to 18%" to make this clearer.
The Role of Website Service Functionality in Explaining Price Dispersion and Price Trade-offs in Online Markets

In this paper we report on two studies that (1) examine whether service quality and the set of functionality offered by a website can explain price dispersion in the online electronics market, and (2) investigate whether customers are willing to trade-off lower prices for more website functionality. The results highlight the importance of functionality offered by retailer websites in explaining the dispersion in observed prices, especially compared to service quality and market share. Study 2 demonstrates that customers attach different importance to product prices and have non-zero valuations for website functionality.
BIS Working Papers No 680 The Macroeconomic Effects of Asset Purchases Revisited

This paper revisits the macroeconomic effects of the large-scale asset purchase programmes launched by the Federal Reserve and the Bank of England from 2008. Using a Bayesian VAR, we investigate the macroeconomic impact of shocks to asset purchase announcements and assess changes in their effectiveness based on subsample analysis. The results suggest that the early asset purchase programmes had significant positive macroeconomic effects, while those of the subsequent ones were weaker and in part not significantly different from zero. The reduced effectiveness seems to reflect in part better anticipation of asset purchase programmes over time, since we find significant positive macroeconomic effects when we consider shocks to survey expectations of the Federal Reserve’s last asset purchase programme. Finally, in all estimations we find a significant and persistent positive impact of asset purchase shocks on stock prices.
The effects of openness on inflation: panel data estimates from selected developing countries

This study examines the relationship between openness and inflation in selected developing countries. For this purpose the annual data covering the period of 1980-2006 are used. In order to point the effect of openness; exchange rate, openness to foreign trade and foriegn direct investment are used. In addition to this, GDP per capita is also included in the model by the thought of openness effect on economic growth and this effect may be inflationary. According to the estimation results obtained using panel data models, openness and, accordingly, GDP per capita have positive effects on inflation.
Effect of concentration and exposure period to butyrolactone I on meiosis progression in bovine oocytes

The effect of concentration and exposure period of bovine oocytes to butyrolactone I (BLI) on meiotic block and in vitro maturation (IVM) kinetics was studied. In experiment 1, all oocytes were at germinal vesicle stage (GV), after 6h in culture with 0, 50 and 100µM BLI. After 12h, all oocytes cultured with 50 and 100µM BLI remained in GV. After 24h, less oocytes were in GV with 50µM (82%) than with 100µM BLI (99%, P 0.05). After 18h IVM, metaphase II (MII) rates were similar for all groups (76-81%). In experiment 3, after 6h IVM, 74% of treated oocytes (50 or 100µM BLI for 12h) were in GV. This rate was lower than for control oocytes (97.3%, P 0.05) were in MII with BLI than for control (73%, P<0.05). Shorter culture periods require lower BLI concentration for meiotic block; initial nuclear maturation kinetics of oocytes cultured with BLI is accelerated, and this is affected by culture period but not by drug concentration.
Estimation of digesta kinetics of different particle size fractions using rumen evacuation technique in dairy cows fed red clover – grass silage

Ruminal kinetic parameters of different particle size fractions were estimated using four lactating dairy cows in a 4×4 Latin square experiment. Cows received red clover-grass silage alone diet. Ruminal contents and faeces were divided into six particle size fractions by wet sieving. Indigestible (iNDF) and potentially digestible (pdNDF) neutral detergent fi bre were separated by a 12d ruminal in situ incubation. Particles >2.5 mm formed the greatest dry matter, iNDF and pdNDF pools in the rumen. Passage rates of iNDF and pdNDF increased with decreasing particle size. Particle breakdown in the rumen was a relatively slow process (0.041 h-1). Contribution of particle breakdown to turnover of different particle size fractions of rumen iNDF decreased with decreasing particle size while the contribution of passage increased. Accumulation of iNDF in the rumen was greater than generally observed with grass-based diets and pdNDF was rapidly digested.
Determinants of women's participation in self help group led micro-financing of farms in Isuikwuato Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria.

This research analyzed determinants of women’s participation in self help group-led micro-financing of farms in Isuikwuato Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to; determine the level of women’s participation in self help group led micro financing of farms; determine the factors that influence women’s participation in self help group micro financing of farms; identify constraints of women participation in self help group micro financing of farms in the study area. Multistage random sampling technique was employed in collecting data from one hundred and twenty (120) members of women self help group using structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, likert scale type and probit regression analysis. The research revealed that the women (respondents) actively participated in self help group meetings ( = 3.07), financial and material contributions ( = 3.33), self help group project ( = 3.36) and recruitment of fresh members ( = 3.16), because their calculated means were greater than the critical midpoint mean score (3.0). The study also showed that the women did not participate in committee membership ( = 2.54) and holding of official executive position ( = 2.53) in self help group since the midpoint score (3.0) was greater than their calculated mean values. The result of probit regression analysis showed that women’s participation in self help group led micro financing of farms was influenced by household size, years of membership experience, access to credit, primary occupation, mode of entry and annual contribution. The model predicted 94.69 per cent of the sample correctly and posted a log likelihood value of -33.54958, a pseudo R 2 value of 0.3013 and a goodness of fit chi-square value of 32.10 which is statistically significant at 1.0% level. Meanwhile irregular monthly contribution and loan default were the major constraints of women’s participation in self help group led micro financing of farms. It was recommended that leadership positions within self help groups should be made to rotate among the broad spectrum of longer serving members. This will ensure greater commitment to group success and sustenance by a greater number of members.
Prevalence of Sleep Disorder among Medical Students in an Eastern University in Iran

Background and purpose: Sleep disorder is mostly an early manifestation of psychological diseases. It is defined as disturbances in the regularity, quality and quantity of sleep as well as daily activity. Methods : In this cross-sectional study, 200 medical students were assessed for sleep status using Sustainable health questionnaire and general health questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency) and Chi square test through the statistical package of SPSS V.16. Results : The frequency of sleep disorder among students was found to be 21.5%. , which was significantly more common among older students (p<0.05), males (p=0.005), employed students (p=0.004), smokers (p=0.001), and those with other psychological disorders (p=0.001). Conclusion : Sleep disorders were higher among students who were men, smokers, or had psychological disorders, and were also employed students. Although a considerable group of medical students were found to be suffering from sleep disorders, this prevalence was lower than those reported in the previous studies.
The Resource, Structural, and Cultural Bases of Protest

Political protest plays an ambiguous role in the repertoire of political action. This essay examines cross-national levels of protest. With data from the new 1999-2002 wave of the World Values Survey, we test theories of protest derived from relative deprivation theory, political opportunity structures and political culture. The WVS enables us to test these theories on a near global scale with data from nearly 70 national surveys, comparing how the nature of protest potentially varies cross-nationally. We find that the primary sources of protest reflect the existing of resources and political opportunities to engage in protest activity. People protest not because they are frustrated and excluded from politics, but because the can protest and they expect governments to respond to their actions.
Ploidy level variability of some Central European fescues(Festuca subg. Festuca, Poaceae)

Using flow cytometry, ploidy levels for 205 living samples of various European species of Festuca L. subg.Festuca were determined.We used succesfully flow cytometry also for ploidy level estimation of other 28 additional,1/2-2-year-old herbarium specimens.About 23 taxa and two spontaneous hybrids originating from natural populations from Austria, the Czech Republic,France,Hungary,Germany,Italy,Poland,Romania and Slovakia were studied.The following ploidy levels were documented: F.alpestris (2x); F. amethystina (4x);F.billyi (6x);F.brevipila (6x);F.carnuntina (6x);F.cinerea (4x);F.degenii (4x); F. duernsteinensis (4x);F.duvalii (4x);F.gracilior (2x);F.lemanii (6x);F.ovina subsp.guestfalica (4x);F.ovina x F.pallens (2x); F.pallens (2x,3x,4x);F.psammophila (2x);F. pseudodalmatica (4x); F.pseudovina (2x); F.rupicola (6x);F.stricta (6x);F.vaginata subsp. dominii (2x);F.vaginata subsp.vaginata (2x);F.vaginata x F.valesiaca (2x);F.valesiaca (2x);F.versicolor subsp.versicolor (2x);F.wagneri (4x).
Effect of breed and season on the boar's semen characteristics.

Effect of breed and season on the boar’s semen charakteristics. The investigation was carried out on 6627 boars ejaculates collected from the following breeds: Polish Large White, Polish Landrace, Pietrain, Duroc × Pietrain. Ejaculates were obtained in 2003–2008 in Breeding Centre for Animal Reproduction in Łowicz. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of boars breed and season on some characteristics of ejaculates: volume, sperm concentration, % of live sperm in the ejaculate. Among the four studied breeds, the largest volume of ejaculate was found in Pietrain, when the smallest one in Duroc × Pietrain. The concentration of spermatozoa in ejaculates was the highest in Durock × Pietrain and the lowest in Pietrain breed. The lowest % of live spermatozoa in the ejaculate was observed for PL. The parameters of ejaculates was also infl uenced by the month of collection. The largest volume of ejaculate was found at autumn-winter season. In these months the concentration of spermatozoa was the lowest. The highest concentration of sperm and a high % of live spermatozoa were noticed in ejaculates collected during the late winter and spring time. It was prooved that the season and breed has an effect on the volume, sperm concentration and the ratio of live sperm in ejaculates obtained from AI boars.