Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology Is an Alternative Source of High Quality Archival Samples in Biobanking

Advances in fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) techniques allows for a whole range of procedures on these limited sources of tissue. Where fresh aspirates are not readily available, archival FNAC samples had also been used for clinical diagnoses, molecular profiling, and disease monitoring with impressive results. Nonetheless, legitimate concerns exist regarding the reliability of these banked specimens. Increased demands on human tissues in response to the rapid acceleration on emerging scientific platforms will probably make tissue bank creation derived from archival FNAC a priority. To highlight its future prospects as a resource for tissue banking, this paper provides an overview of the use of archival FNAC in clinical situations and ancillary studies. It is concluded that tissue banks of archival FNAC specimens might have great promise in optimizing patient care and translational research.
Psychometric Properties of Responses to an Arabic Version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D6)

BACKGROUND: Among existing instruments, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale has become the gold standard for assessing depressive symptoms. An Arabic version of this instrument is lacking. OBJECTIVE: This study examines the psychometric properties of responses to an abridged Arabic version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D6). DESIGN: A total of 125 Bedouin Arabs completed a questionnaire consisting of the HAM-D6 and other Well-Being measures. The HAM-D6 was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. Concurrent validity was also examined. RESULTS: Responses to the HAM-D6 suggest that this instrument measures a unidimensional construct with each of the scales’ six items contributing significantly to the measurement. Concurrent validity was established by the scale’s negative association with well-being and positive associations with emotional exhaustion and caregiving burden. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that this abridged Arabic version of the HAM-D6 is appropriate for use for evaluating depressive symptoms.
A fuzzy cognitive map based tool for prediction of infectious diseases

The prediction of pulmonary infections in intensive care unit is a complex medical task where a large number of parameters, tests, clinical symptoms and laboratory results are present. The knowledge of physicians according to the physical examination and clinical measurements are the main point to succeed a diagnosis and monitoring patient status. This paper presents the results of our investigation of the problem of representing knowledge for medical diagnosis systems concentrated on the pulmonary infections. The main topic of the presented effort is the representation of the cause-effect relationships within medical data by the application of the soft computing technique of fuzzy cognitive maps. The fuzzy cognitive map is a knowledge based technique for modeling and representing experts' knowledge. It can handle efficiently with complex modeling problems to assess medical decision making tasks. Due to its easy graphical representation the proposed FCM can be used to make the medical knowledge widely available through computer consultation systems.
Fuzzy-genetic approach for incorporation of driver's requirement for route selection in a car navigation system

Car navigation systems are now widely used as a component for intelligent transportation systems. Route planning is the most important task of car navigation systems. Though modern car navigation systems incorporate various road information, even dynamic information, to generate optimal route, but they are yet to present routes according to driver's requirements or preferences. Most of the car navigation systems present a single best route or alternate routes according to systems predefined choices which may not satisfy the driver. In this work a fuzzy genetic approach is proposed to generate alternate routes according to driver's requirement and choice with fine tuning by using feed back mechanism. A simple simulation experiment proves the effectiveness and importance of the concept for developing more user friendly car navigation system with an outline of implementation.
Integrating children's services to promote children's welfare: early findings from the implementation of children's trusts in England

As part of the reform of English children's services, children's trust pathfinders were launched in 2003 by the British government to promote greater inter-agency co-operation between children's services and professionals. This paper reports on early findings from a multi-method, longitudinal national evaluation of the implementation and impact of all 35 children's trust pathfinders. Using data from a 2004 survey of 35 children's trusts managers and in-depth interviews with 107 professionals conducted in 2005, results show strong endorsement of an integrated children's service vision. However, arrangements for co-operation on governance and strategic developments were more advanced than for procedural or frontline professional practice. In this transitional period, professionals were negotiating a balance between targeted and universal service provision and, concurrently, establishing the scope of formal strategic partnership bodies (including local safeguarding children boards) with potentially overlapping remits. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychometric Properties of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale With Adult Male Sexual Offenders

This research project investigates the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS) when used with a sample of convicted, adult male sexual offenders. Results confirm the two-factor structure (Denial and Attribution) originally proposed by the authors (Study 1, n = 247). Results also reveal that the full-scale MCSDS has strong internal consistency estimates (Study 1), discriminant and convergent validity (Study 2, n = 91), and test-retest reliability over a 3-week period (Study 3, n = 74). Information is provided to aid evaluators' interpretation of MCSDS full-scale and factor scores when used with male adult sexual offenders.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signaling in Thymocytes: The Need for Stringent Control

PI3K signaling is important in the development of normal and malignant thymocytes. The thymus serves as the primary site for the lifelong formation of new T lymphocytes; hence, it is essential for the maintenance of an effective immune system. Although thymocyte development has been widely studied, the mechanisms involved are incompletely defined. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular events that control regular thymocyte development will not only shed light on the physiological control of T cell differentiation but also probably provide insight into the pathophysiology of T cell immunodeficiencies, the molecular basis that underpins autoimmunity, and the mechanisms that instigate the formation of T cell lymphomas. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) play a critical role in thymocyte development, although not all of their downstream mediators have yet been identified. Here, we discuss experimental evidence that argues for a critical role of the PI3K-phosphoinositide–dependent protein kinase (PDK1)–protein kinase B (PKB) signaling pathway in the development of both normal and malignant thymocytes, and we highlight molecules that can potentially be targeted therapeutically. The immune system is composed of the closely interacting innate and adaptive effector systems, and it serves to eliminate almost all types of pathogens as well as some malignancies. Whereas the innate arm of the immune system provides an immediate, but nonspecific, form of defense against pathogens, it is the system’s adaptive response, which is mediated by B and T lymphocytes, that assures antigen specificity and immunological memory, albeit after a delay of several days. The vast majority of T cells are formed in the thymus, which provides cell-surface and soluble ligands that are essential for T lineage commitment and differentiation. Among the pathways that are important for the de novo formation of T cells, signals that engage phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are of particular importance, which is a finding consistent with a physiological role of PI3K signaling in cell differentiation in many different tissues. Moreover, uncontrolled activation of PI3K in thymocytes is associated with the formation of tumors, which highlights the requirement for a precise control of PI3K activity. In this Review, including two figures and 174 references, we discuss the importance of the PI3K-phosphoinositide–dependent protein kinase (PDK1)–protein kinase B (PKB) signaling pathway for the development of both normal and malignant thymocytes, and we outline the potential to target this pathway for therapeutic interventions.
A Controlled Evaluation of a Prison-Based Sexual Offender Intervention Program

The effectiveness of a prison-based cognitive behavioral program designed to modify psychological risk factors associated with sexual offending was evaluated. The Irish Prison Service Sexual Offender Intervention Programme, is a manualized 10-month Cognitive Behaviour Therapy [CBT] program involving three 2-hour group sessions per week, which are facilitated by a team of clinical psychologists and probation officers. Improvements in 38 consecutive referrals to the program were compared with the status of 38 untreated offenders who were similar in marital status, age when they left school, occupational status prior to imprisonment, offence type, presence of previous convictions, and current sentence length. All research participants completed the same assessment protocol, which evaluated psychological factors associated with sexual offending at times equivalent to pre- and postintervention. Compared with the untreated control group, program participants showed statistically significant improvement on some but not all self-report measures of cognitive distortions, empathy, interpersonal skills, self-regulation, and relapse prevention. Motivation to change among the untreated control group was not associated with change in psychological functioning in the absence of the assistance of the treatment program. Implications for sexual offender intervention delivery are considered.
Compartment-Specific Control of Signaling from a DNA-Sensing Immune Receptor

The endosomal compartment in which TLR9 is activated determines which cytokines are produced. Many cell signaling events are spatially organized, enabling control of specificity, amplitude, and duration. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) binds to nucleic acid sequences present in bacteria or DNA viruses and initiates a signaling pathway that culminates in the transcriptional induction of genes important for host defense, such as those encoding proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon. A specialized membrane trafficking pathway has been described that is required for a specific branch of TLR9 signaling: the production of type I interferon. Cells deficient for the clathrin adaptor complex AP-3 failed to traffic TLR9 to a specific endosomal compartment and were unable to produce type I interferon despite normal increases in the abundance of interleukin-12p40, a proinflammatory cytokine. These findings support a model in which the targets of TLR9 engagement are controlled by the compartment in which TLR9 is activated.
Victims’ Routine Activities and Sex Offenders’ Target Selection Scripts: A Latent Class Analysis

This study investigates target selection scripts of 72 serial sex offenders who have committed a total of 361 sex crimes on stranger victims. Using latent class analysis, three target selection scripts were identified based on the victim’s activities prior to the crime, each presenting two different tracks: (1) the Home script, which includes the (a) intrusion track and the (b) invited track, (2) the Outdoor script, which includes the (a) noncoercive track and the (b) coercive track, and (3) the Social script, which includes the (a) onsite track and the (b) off-site track. The scripts identified appeared to be used by both sexual aggressors of children and sexual aggressors of adults. In addition, a high proportion of crime switching was found among the identified scripts, with half of the 72 offenders switching scripts at least once. The theoretical relevance of these target selection scripts and their practical implications for situational crime prevention strategies are discussed.
Popular, Traditional, and Professional Mental Health Care in Ethiopia

a psychiatric disorder and 420,000 of these suffer a very serious disorder, such as psychosis or severe depression (Giel and Harding, 1976; Harding, et al, 1980). In 1985, there were only two Ethiopian and five foreign psychiatrists in the entire country. To deal with this problem, Ethiopia is currently planning a strategy recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) the systematic integration of mental health care into primary health care but implementation has hardly begun. In any case, it is obvious from these data that very few Ethiopians with psychiatric problems obtain help from psychiatrists. This does not mean however, that the majority of Ethiopians suffering from psychiatric disorders are totally deprived of care. Conditions exist in every culture which are labelled as sickness and every culture creates structures for the prevention and treatment of these undesired conditions, irrespective of its level of development. Every culture has a health care system (Young, 1976). According to Kleinman (1980), health care systems are generally composed of three sectors which partially overlap: the popular; the traditional; and the professional. The popular sector provides by far the greatest share of the care of the sick. In the United States for example, some 70 to 90 percent of all illness episodes are assessed
Prospective Validity of the Estimate of Risk of Adolescent Sexual Offense Recidivism (ERASOR)

Data from the Estimate of Risk of Adolescent Sexual Offense Recidivism (ERASOR; Worling & Curwen) were collected for a sample of 191 adolescent males who had offended sexually. Adolescents were aged 12 to 19 years (M = 15.34; SD = 1.53) at the time of their participation in a comprehensive assessment. The ERASOR was completed by 1 of 22 clinicians immediately following each assessment. Forty-five adolescents were independently rated by pairs of clinicians, and significant interrater agreement was found for the ERASOR risk factors, the clinical judgment ratings (low, moderate, or high), and a total score. Recidivism data (criminal charges) were subsequently collected from three sources that spanned a follow-up period between 0.1 and 7.9 years (M = 3.66; SD = 2.08). Overall, 9.4% (18 of 191) of the adolescents were charged with a subsequent sexual offense over this time period. A shorter follow-up interval of up to 2.5 years (M = 1.4; SD = 0.71) was also examined. Recidivism data for the shorter follow-up interval were available for a subgroup of 70 adolescents, with a comparable recidivism rate of 8.6% (6 of 70). Clinical judgment ratings, the total score, and the sum of risk factors rated as present were significantly predictive of sexual reoffending for the short follow-up period. The total score and the sum of risk factors were predictive of sexual reoffending over the entire follow-up interval. These results add to the emerging research supporting the reliability and validity of structured risk assessment tools for adolescent sexual recidivism.
Aerobic fitness and health

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An Exploration of Crossover Sexual Offending

Studies have produced equivocal findings regarding whether sex offenders are stable in their choice of victims. Indeed, it remains unclear whether a sex offender’s subsequent victims are typically of the same gender, age range, and victim–perpetrator relationship as that of the initial victim. Although some differences may be attributed to methodological disparities, others are not. This study sought to clarify this question by examining the tendency of sex offenders to switch from one type of victim to another, both within an index offense and across offenses and all victims. Archival records of 789 incarcerated sex offenders were examined. Of those offenders who had multiple victims at the index offense (n = 279), 13% had victims of both genders, 14% had victims in different age categories (child, adolescent, and adult), and 13% had varying relationships with the victims (i.e., family member, acquaintance, or stranger). When the records of those with past sexual convictions were examined (n = 208), 20% of offenders had a prior victim of a different gender; 40% crossed over across age categories, and 48% of the repeat offenders had varying relationships with the victim across convictions. Offenders who had both male and female victims and offenders who had victims of varied relationship status across crimes had higher Static-99 risk scores than offenders who were more stable with regard to victim selection. These findings are compared to those of previous studies, focusing on how these results add clarity to a previous literature whose conclusions were challenged by the use of disparate sampling and research methodologies.
Suicide Attempts and Self-Harm Behaviors in Psychiatric Sex Offenders

Suicidality and self-harm behaviors among sex offenders remain underreported in the clinical literature and are often misunderstood in this complex population. The present study aims to identify rates of suicide attempts and self-injurious behaviors in a sample of 1,184 psychiatric inpatients, 462 of whom are sexual offenders. Between-group comparisons revealed significant differences in history of suicide attempts and self-harm behaviors, with sexual offenders evidencing greater rates of both. Significant psychiatric correlates of suicide attempts and self-harm behaviors among sex offenders varied by group and included a variety of psychiatric symptom presentations. These are compared with the general literature on suicide risk and the sex offender population. Implications for treatment of these behaviors in a sex offender population are discussed.
Identification of GPR83 as the receptor for the neuroendocrine peptide PEN

Functional coupling occurs between PEN-GPR83 and bigLEN-GPR171, ligand-receptor pairs implicated in feeding. PEN adopts GPR83 Neuropeptides produced by proteolytic processing of the protein proSAAS include PEN and bigLEN and are implicated in the regulation of appetite. The receptor for bigLEN is GPR171, which was an orphan G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) until this ligand was identified. Here, Gomes et al. identify the receptor for PEN as the orphan GPCR GPR83, a receptor implicated in behavior, learning, and metabolic regulation. These two ligand-receptor pairs altered each other’s pharmacological properties. Proximity ligation assays and immunofluorescence colocalization assays in mouse brain indicated that the two receptors were present in some of the same cells in the region of the brain that controls feeding. Because PEN and bigLEN are produced from the same precursor, they are sometimes packaged in the same vesicles and are released together. GPR83 also colocalizes and functionally interacts with the receptor for ghrelin, another peptide involved in regulation of organismal metabolism by the central nervous system. Knowing the ligand for GPR83 will enable the investigation of how GPR83, GPR171, and other receptors interact to control body weight, which has implications for treating metabolic disorders associated with being underweight or overweight. PEN is an abundant peptide in the brain that has been implicated in the regulation of feeding. We identified a receptor for PEN in mouse hypothalamus and Neuro2A cells. PEN bound to and activated GPR83, a G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide)–binding protein)–coupled receptor (GPCR). Reduction of GPR83 expression in mouse brain and Neuro2A cells reduced PEN binding and signaling, consistent with GPR83 functioning as the major receptor for PEN. In some brain regions, GPR83 colocalized with GPR171, a GPCR that binds the neuropeptide bigLEN, another neuropeptide that is involved in feeding and is generated from the same precursor protein as is PEN. Coexpression of these two receptors in cell lines altered the signaling properties of each receptor, suggesting a functional interaction. Our data established PEN as a neuropeptide that binds GPR83 and suggested that these two ligand-receptor systems—PEN-GPR83 and bigLEN-GPR171—may be functionally coupled in the regulation of feeding.
Sleep deprivation impairs memory by attenuating mTORC1-dependent protein synthesis

Sleep deprivation impairs memory formation by suppressing protein synthesis. How sleep deprivation impairs memory Sleep deprivation impairs learning and memory. Tudor et al. (see also the Focus by Sweatt and Hawkins) found that sleep deprivation in mice suppressed activation of the kinase complex mTORC1 and consequently protein synthesis in hippocampal neurons, which impaired their memory. Restoring protein synthesis by increasing the amount of phosphorylated 4EBP2 protein in the hippocampus—a function normally performed by mTORC1—protected mice from the memory impairment caused by sleep deprivation. The findings reveal a molecular mechanism by which sleep loss impairs memory. Sleep deprivation is a public health epidemic that causes wide-ranging deleterious consequences, including impaired memory and cognition. Protein synthesis in hippocampal neurons promotes memory and cognition. The kinase complex mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) stimulates protein synthesis by phosphorylating and inhibiting the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E–binding protein 2 (4EBP2). We investigated the involvement of the mTORC1-4EBP2 axis in the molecular mechanisms mediating the cognitive deficits caused by sleep deprivation in mice. Using an in vivo protein translation assay, we found that loss of sleep impaired protein synthesis in the hippocampus. Five hours of sleep loss attenuated both mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation of 4EBP2 and the interaction between eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and eIF4G in the hippocampi of sleep-deprived mice. Increasing the abundance of 4EBP2 in hippocampal excitatory neurons before sleep deprivation increased the abundance of phosphorylated 4EBP2, restored the amount of eIF4E-eIF4G interaction and hippocampal protein synthesis to that seen in mice that were not sleep-deprived, and prevented the hippocampus-dependent memory deficits associated with sleep loss. These findings collectively demonstrate that 4EBP2-regulated protein synthesis is a critical mediator of the memory deficits caused by sleep deprivation.