Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bio-Electrochemical Sensor for Fast Analysis of Assimilable Organic Carbon in Seawater

A Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) based biosensor for the determination of Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) in seawater was developed by establishing an anodophilic marine biofilm on the surface of an electrode poised at +250 mV (vs Ag/AgCl) rather than the traditionally used potentials of about -300 mV. A linear correlation (R2>0.99) between electrochemical signals (peak current) and acetate concentration ranging 10 to 55 μM was achieved.Using the positive anodic potential enabled the rapid establishment of the electrochemically active anodophilic biomass within a period of less than 8 days, a higher sensitivity (0.017 mA/μM acetate added) and a lower detection limit (2.5 μM acetate, 0.16 mg O2/L of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)) compared to the negative anodic potential. Further, it was shown that this bio-electrochemical AOC sensor could tolerate the presence of low concentrations of dissolved oxygen. The established potentiostat controlled MFC biosensor could be used for the purpose of online water quality monitoring for seawater desalination plants prone to biofouling of RO membranes.
Overriding plate structure of the Nicaragua convergent margin: Relationship to the seismogenic zone of the 1992 tsunami earthquake

We present 2‐D seismic velocity models and coincident multichannel seismic reflection images of the overriding plate and the inter‐plate boundary of the Nicaragua convergent margin along two wide‐angle seismic profiles parallel and normal to the trench acquired in the rupture area of the 1992 tsunami earthquake. The trench‐perpendicular profile runs over a seamount subducting under the margin slope, at the location where seismological observations predict large coseismic slip. Along this profile, the igneous basement shows increasing velocity both with depth and away from the trench, reflecting a progressive decrease in upper‐plate rock degree of fracturing. Upper mantle‐like velocities are obtained at ∼10 km depth beneath the fore‐arc Sandino basin, indicating a shallow mantle wedge. A mismatch of the inter‐plate reflector in the velocity models and along coincident multichannel seismic profiles under the slope is best explained by ∼15% velocity anisotropy, probably caused by subvertical open fractures that may be related to fluid paths feeding known seafloor seepage sites. The presence of a shallow, partially serpentinized mantle wedge, and the fracture‐related anisotropy are supported by gravity analysis of velocity‐derived density models. The downdip limit of inter‐plate seismicity occurs near the tip of the inferred mantle wedge, suggesting that seismicity could be controlled by the presence of serpentinite group minerals at the fault gouge. Near the trench, the inferred local increase of normal stress produced by the subducting seamount in the plate boundary may have made this fault segment unstable during earthquake rupture, which could explain its tsunamigenic character.
Price comovement in energy and commodity markets

1 Preface 2 Abbreviations 3 1. Introduction 6 1.1 Definitions 6 1.2 Limitations to the scope of the project 8 1.3 Why is commodity price comovement important? 8 1.4 Structure of thesis 10 2. Theory and literature overview 11 2.1 Spatial price comovement 11 2.2 Price comovement across commodities 12 2.3 Price comovement in energy markets 13 2.3.1 Geographical energy markets 14 2.3.1.1 Practical limits to market integration 14 2.3.1.2 The global oil market 16 2.3.1.3 International coal markets – divided or integrated? 18 2.3.1.4 The international markets for natural gas 21 2.3.1.5 Summary of geographical market integration 23 2.3.2 Price comovement between energy commodities 24 2.4 Energy/non-energy commodity price comovement 25 2.4.1 Agricultural commodities 26 2.4.2 Industrial metals and minerals 28 2.4. 3 Precious metals 28 2.4. 4 Summary for energy/non-­‐energy price relationships 29 3. Methods 30 3.1 Stationarity 30 3.1.1 Optimal lag length in the ADF test 31 3.2 Cointegration 31 4. Data and descriptive statistics 33 4.1 Motivation behind selection of commodities and data 33 4.2 Descriptive statistics 36
Theory of multiple proton–electron transfer reactions and its implications for electrocatalysis

This perspective article outlines a simple but general theoretical analysis for multiple proton–electron transfer reactions, based on the microscopic theory of proton-coupled electron transfer reactions, recent developments in the thermodynamic theory of multi-step electron transfer reactions, and the experimental realization that many multiple proton-coupled electron transfer reactions feature decoupled proton–electron steps in their mechanism. It is shown that decoupling of proton and electron transfer leads to a strong pH dependence of the overall catalytic reaction, implying an optimal pH for high catalytic turnover, and an associated optimal catalyst at the optimal pH. When more than one catalytic intermediate is involved, scaling relationships between intermediates may dictate the optimal catalyst and limit the extent of reversibility that may be achievable for a multiple proton–electron transfer reaction. The theory is discussed in relation to the experimental results for a number of redox reactions that are of importance for sustainable energy conversion, primarily focusing on their pH dependence.
Failure of Male Contraception: An Insight

Contraception is the answer to the surmounting pressure on ecology and economy caused by rapid population growth. Contraception is decreasing fertility in humans to prevent conception of an offspring. Conceiving and bearing a child is among the most significant aspects of human existence. But limitations of a human body to conceive too many offspring and socio-economic factors constrain having too many children in human societies. That is how the idea of contraception was realized and different modes of contraception were devised to be directed at both males and females. However female contraception continues to be the more popular choice among couples in all human societies. Thus even though, male contraception and male contraceptives have been established years ago, it has not been at the centre-stage which is still occupied by female contraceptives. However the International Conference on Population Development (ICPD) held in 1994 announced the development and promotion of male methods of contraception [1]. Initiatives by the WHO, CONRAD and some other organizations have also focused on this aspect.
Considerations on the radio emission from extended air showers

The process of radio emission from extended air showers produced by high energy cosmic rays has reached a good level of comprehension and prediction. It has a coherent nature, so the emitted power scales quadratically with the energy of the primary particle. Recently, a laboratory measurement has revealed that an incoherent radiation mechanism exists, namely, the bremsstrahlung emission. In this paper we expound why bremsstrahlung radiation, that should be present in showers produced by ultra high energy cosmic rays, has escaped detection so far, and why, on the other side, it could be exploited, in the 1–10 GHz frequency range, to detect astronomical γ-rays. We propose an experimental scheme to verify such hypothesis, which, if correct, would deeply impact on the observational γ-ray astronomy.
Prevalence of Anemia among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Background: Anemia impairs cognitive development, reduces physical work capacity and in severe cases increases risk of mortality particularly during prenatal period. There are no previous studies done on anemia in pregnancy in the study area. Objective: To assess the prevalence and determinant factors of anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care follow up at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital. Methods: Health institutional based cross-sectional study design was conducted from November 23, 2013 - March8, 2013 among 395 pregnant mothers who had been attending antenatal care. Blood sample was taken to determine the hemoglobin concentration and haematocrit value. Interviewer administered structured questionnaire was used to assess different socio-demographic characteristics, obstetrics and dietary factors related to anaemia. Simple random sampling technique was used to select study subjects. Data were entered with EPI info version 3.5. 1 Cleaning and analysis was done using SPSS version 17 and statistical tests were performed at the level of significance of 5%. Result: The overall prevalence of anemia in this study using a cut off level of hemoglobin <11 g/dl (<33% haematocrit) was 21.3% (84/395). Out of 84 anemic pregnant mothers, 80.95% (68/84) were mildly anemic, 17.86% (15/84) were moderately anemic and 1.19% (1/84) were severely anemic. The following variables were significantly associated with anemia: Age (39-45 yrs (AOR=1.21)), education status (illiterate (AOR=2.12)), family size (greater than four (AOR=2.04), gestational age (third trimester (AOR=2.04)), birth intervals (less than two years (AOR=1.21)), history of blood loss (AOR=1.67)), antenatal care (no ANC (AOR=1.11)), contraception (no contraception (AOR=2.31)), gravidity (multigravid (AOR=1.22)), parity (multiparous (AOR=2.19)). Conclusion: The present study showed high prevalence of anemia and the majority of them were of the mild type (hemoglobin: 10-10.9 g/dl).
Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave

A rapid and accurate radiative transfer model (RRTM) for climate applications has been developed and the results extensively evaluated. The current version of RRTM calculates fluxes and cooling rates for the longwave spectral region (10–3000 cm−1) for an arbitrary clear atmosphere. The molecular species treated in the model are water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, and the common halocarbons. The radiative transfer in RRTM is performed using the correlated-k method: the k distributions are attained directly from the LBLRTM line-by-line model, which connects the absorption coefficients used by RRTM to high-resolution radiance validations done with observations. Refined methods have been developed for treating bands containing gases with overlapping absorption, for the determination of values of the Planck function appropriate for use in the correlated-k approach, and for the inclusion of minor absorbing species in a band. The flux and cooling rate results of RRTM are linked to measurement through the use of LBLRTM, which has been substantially validated with observations. Validations of RRTM using LBLRTM have been performed for the midlatitude summer, tropical, midlatitude winter, subarctic winter, and four atmospheres from the Spectral Radiance Experiment campaign. On the basis of these validations the longwave accuracy of RRTM for any atmosphere is as follows: 0.6 W m−2 (relative to LBLRTM) for net flux in each band at all altitudes, with a total (10–3000 cm−1) error of less than 1.0 W m−2 at any altitude; 0.07 K d−1 for total cooling rate error in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, and 0.75 K d−1 in the upper stratosphere and above. Other comparisons have been performed on RRTM using LBLRTM to gauge its sensitivity to changes in the abundance of specific species, including the halocarbons and carbon dioxide. The radiative forcing due to doubling the concentration of carbon dioxide is attained with an accuracy of 0.24 W m−2, an error of less than 5%. The speed of execution of RRTM compares favorably with that of other rapid radiation models, indicating that the model is suitable for use in general circulation models.
Qualifications, learning outcomes and competencies: a. review of European divergences in vocational education and training (VET)

Pressures for convergence of VET systems in Europe have been widely commented upon in the literature (Ertl, 2002; Münk, 2003). Factors frequently cited include socioeconomic changes and global economic pressures which are said to have triggered broadly similar responses across the major European countries (Boreham, 2002). Others point to the many initiatives at EU level. Ertl, for example, argues that within the EU, educational policy has always been an important tool for achieving the stated economic aims, notably free movement of goods, services and capital (2002). Recent policy developments, notably the Lisbon European Council in 2000, initiated specific measures in education and training to ensure the EU’s competitiveness in the global economy. Vocational education and training has been regarded as an integral part in achieving this goal. In 2002, the Copenhagen Declaration on enhanced European cooperation in VET laid down plans for building a true European labour market through trans-national recognition of vocational qualifications and improving national VET systems (Coles and Oates, 2004). This process culminated in the development of a European Qualifications Framework (EQF) (European Commission, 2006), intended to serve as a mechanism enabling comparability between national qualification systems and thus enhancing transferability and mobility of labour.
Converses to measurability theorems for Yeh-Wiener space

In this paper we establish some relationships between YehWiener measurability and Wiener measurability of certain sets and functionals. In addition we show that an "interval" in Yeh-Wiener space is YehWiener measurable if and only if its "restriction set" in Euclidean space is Lebesgue measurable. 0. Introduction. Let C1 [a,b] denote the Wiener space of one variable, i.e. C1 [a, b] = {x() |x(a) = 0 and x(s) is continuous on [a, b]}. Let R = {(s, t) I a < s < b, a < t < ,B } and let C2 [R], called Yeh-Wiener space, denote the Wiener space of functions of two variables over R, i.e. C2[R]= {x(, -)I x(a, t) = x(s, a) = 0 and x(s, t) is continuous on R}. In [2] Cameron and Storvick evaluate certain Yeh-Wiener integrals in terms of Wiener integrals. In particular they obtain the following theorem (this theorem also plays a key role in [3]); THEOREM A. Let a < y < /3 and let f be a real or complex valued functional defined on C1 [a, b] such that f ([(y -a)/2]1/2y) is a Wiener measurable functional of y on C1 [a, b]. Then f(x(., y)) is a YehWiener measurable functional of x(., .) on C2[R] and (1) C2[RI f (x(., y)) dx fC[la,b] f ([(Y a)/2]1 2y)dy where the existence of either integral implies the existence of the other and their equality. Since one is trying to evaluate Yeh-Wiener integrals it would seem very natural and desirable to assume that the functional f(x(., y)) is a Yeh-Wiener measurable functional of x(., *) on C2 [R] and conclude that f([(y a)/2]1/2y) is a Wiener measurable functional of y on C1 [a, b]. This would also allow the proof of equation (1) to proceed in the same order as the motivation; where as in [2] the proof had to proceed in the opposite order from the motivation because of the measurability argument. We obtain this result (i.e. the converse of Theorem A) in ? 2 below. In particular we show that if A is any subset of C1 [a, b] and if BA ={Xx(@,*) E C2 [R]I x(, y) E A) then BA is a Yeh-Wiener Received by the editors August 28, 1975. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 28A40.
Coping with Traumatic Brain Injury: How do Post-Acute TBI Couples compare with those from the General Population on Psychological and Marital Adjustment?

Objective: The picture of psychological and marital adjustment of both partners in TBI couples is incomplete, equivocal and still needs to be clarified. The aim of this study is to compare the level of psychological and marital adjustment within a large sample of couples with TBI in the post-acute phase of rehabilitation (n=70) to that of a control group made up of 70 couples from the general population. Methods: This study uses a cross-sectional design. Couples with TBI were matched with those from the general population according to gender and duration of the marital relationship. All participants individually completed a series of self-report questionnaires assessing anxiety and depression, general well-being and marital satisfaction. Results: Hypotheses were partially confirmed; compared to their matched group, individuals with a TBI selfreported more psychological adjustment difficulties, but remained equally satisfied with their marital relationship. Their spouses manifested higher levels of depression and distress than their matched group, but maintained comparable levels of anxiety. Caregivers also reported being less satisfied with their marital relationship as compared with control spouses. Findings suggested that severity of the injury, time since the accident, and the duration of the relationship do not significantly influence the psychological and marital adjustment of the target groups, whereas financial burden does. Finally, within all groups of the study, there is a significant relationship between psychological adjustment and marital satisfaction. Conclusions: Adjustment represents a genuine challenge for both partners following a TBI, although each spouse is likely to experience difficulties in a particular sphere (personal versus marital). These data point to the relevance of adapting post-acute rehabilitation interventions to the specific needs of people with a TBI and their partners.
Dielectric black holes induced by a refractive index perturbation and the Hawking effect

We consider a 4D model for photon production induced by a refractive index perturbation in a dielectric medium. We show that, in this model, we can infer the presence of a Hawking type effect. This prediction shows up both in the analogue Hawking framework, which is implemented in the pulse frame and relies on the peculiar properties of the effective geometry in which quantum fields propagate, as well as in the laboratory frame, through standard quantum field theory calculations. Effects of optical dispersion are also taken into account, and are shown to provide a limited energy bandwidth for the emission of Hawking radiation.
The effects of parental involvement on student achievement

Abstract The goal of this research paper was to explore and gain a deeper understanding of the impact parents can have on their child's achievement. The introduction of this paper will cover an overview of the topic, along with the rationale, relevant statistics, and the purpose of the paper. The areas examined in this paper included the impact of family communication, single-parent families, cultural differences, and extracurricular involvement. The paper also covers the counselor's role, and how they can assist students and parents with academic achievement. Abstract . The goal of this research paper was to explore and gain a deeper understanding of the impact parents can have on their child's achievement. The introduction of this paper will cover an overview of the topic, along with the rationale, relevant statistics, and the purpose of the paper. The areas examined in this paper included the impact of family communication, single-parent families, cultural differences, and extracurricular involvement. The paper also covers the counselors role and liow they can assist students and parents with academic achievement.
Equality and Justice in Medicine: a paradigm of Uncertainty Equidade e Justiça em Medicina: um paradigma de Incerteza Equidad y Justicia en Medicina: un paradigma de Incerteza

Equity in the sense of equal access to mainline contemporary medicine is recognized as one of today's greatest challenges: economically, politically, and morally. The treatments of contemporary medicine are either unavailable or too expensive for most sick persons in the world. There is an experience of inequity and injustice which is extensive and can be turned into a motor for revolution if left unaddressed. The distribution of health-care services to all persons on the same standard is both an ideal and a driving force to change in society. In Natural Law Theory, equity and justice are principles revealed in human responses to reality. Human beings, even children, demand equity and justice. Health care systems attempt to put these principles into concrete services, but none do so adequately or to the satisfaction of all. This situation creates the challenge of equity and justice in high-tech medicine. Different medical service models are looked at and compared. Challenging circumstances to achieving equity and justice in health care are considered. Finally, the challenge created by a war metaphor and an industrial metaphor, both of which operate in contemporary medicine, is examined. Ideals like equity and justice are never fully concretized but remain important for driving needed changes in health-care systems.
Nepotistic vigilance behavior in Siberian jay parents

Many Siberian jay offspring (up to 50%) postpone independence and stay with their parents for up to 3 years. Parents offer such nondispersers a benefit in that they increase their vigilance while feeding together with retained offspring. In contrast, parents reduce their vigilance while in company of nonrelated flock members according to the "many eyes" principle. The preferential treatment offered by the parents provides an incentive for offspring to forego dispersal. Given evidence for mortality via surprise attacks by predators (goshawks), such nepotistic vigilance by parents could have a bearing on offspring survival and thereby promote delayed dispersal. Copyright 2003.
Snuba: Automating Weak Supervision to Label Training Data

As deep learning models are applied to increasingly diverse problems, a key bottleneck is gathering enough high-quality training labels tailored to each task. Users therefore turn to weak supervision, relying on imperfect sources of labels like pattern matching and user-defined heuristics. Unfortunately, users have to design these sources for each task. This process can be time consuming and expensive: domain experts often perform repetitive steps like guessing optimal numerical thresholds and developing informative text patterns. To address these challenges, we present Snuba, a system to automatically generate heuristics using a small labeled dataset to assign training labels to a large, unlabeled dataset in the weak supervision setting. Snuba generates heuristics that each labels the subset of the data it is accurate for, and iteratively repeats this process until the heuristics together label a large portion of the unlabeled data. We develop a statistical measure that guarantees the iterative process will automatically terminate before it degrades training label quality. Snuba automatically generates heuristics in under five minutes and performs up to 9.74 F1 points better than the best known user-defined heuristics developed over many days. In collaborations with users at research labs, Stanford Hospital, and on open source datasets, Snuba outperforms other automated approaches like semi-supervised learning by up to 14.35 F1 points.