Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Droplet states in quantum XXZ spin systems on general graphs

We study XXZ spin systems on general graphs. In particular, we describe the formation of droplet states near the bottom of the spectrum in the Ising phase of the model, where the Z-term dominates the XX-term. As key tools we use particle number conservation of XXZ systems and symmetric products of graphs with their associated adjacency matrices and Laplacians. Of particular interest to us are strips and multi-dimensional Euclidean lattices, for which we discuss the existence of spectral gaps above the droplet regime. We also prove a Combes-Thomas bound which shows that the eigenstates in the droplet regime are exponentially small perturbations of strict (classical) droplets.
The Rebound Effect for Automobile Travel : Asymmetric Response to Price Changes and Other Quirks of the 2000 s 1

Previous research suggests that the elasticity of light-duty motor vehicle travel with respect to fuel cost, known as the “rebound effect,” is modest in size and probably declined in magnitude between the 1960s and the late 1990s. However, turmoil in energy markets during the early 2000s has raised new questions about the stability of this elasticity. Using panel data on U.S. states, we revisit the simultaneous-equations methodology of Small and Van Dender (2007) and Hymel et al. (2010) to see whether structural parameters have changed. Using data through 2009, we confirm the earlier finding of a rebound effect that declines in magnitude with income, but we also find an upward shift in its magnitude of about 0.025 during the years 2003-2009. In addition, we find that the rebound effect is much greater in magnitude in years when gasoline prices are rising than when they are falling. It is also greater during times of media attention and price volatility, which explains about half the upward shift just mentioned.
Optimizing Pinning Control of Complex Dynamical Networks Based on Spectral Properties of Grounded Laplacian Matrices

Pinning control of a complex network aims at forcing the states of all nodes to track an external signal by controlling a small number of nodes in the network. In this paper, an algebraic graph-theoretic condition is introduced to optimize pinning control. When individual node dynamics and coupling strength of the network are given, the effectiveness of pinning scheme can be measured by the smallest eigenvalue of the grounded Laplacian matrix obtained by deleting the rows and columns corresponding to the pinned nodes from the Laplacian matrix of the network. The larger this smallest eigenvalue, the more effective the pinning scheme. Spectral properties of the smallest eigenvalue are analyzed using the network topology information, including the spectrum of the network Laplacian matrix, the minimal degree of uncontrolled nodes, the number of edges between the controlled node set and the uncontrolled node set, etc. The identified properties are shown effective for optimizing the pinning control strategy, as demonstrated by illustrative examples. Finally, for both scale-free and small-world networks, in order to maximize their corresponding smallest eigenvalues, it is better to pin the nodes with large degrees when the percentage of pinned nodes is relatively small, while it is better to pin nodes with small degrees when the percentage is relatively large. This surprising phenomenon can be explained by one of the theorems established.
Cattle use of foothills rangeland near dehydrated molasses supplement

Strategic supplement placement has been shown to be an effective tool to lure cattle to underutilized rangeland. The goal of this study was to determine where cattle grazed when supplement was placed in foothills rangeland. The study was conducted in 4 pastures in northern Montana that were dominated by cool-season grasses. For 2-week periods beginning in October 1998 and ending in January 1999, dehydrated molasses blocks (30% CP) were placed in locations within 3 pastures that were steeper and further from water. Forage utilization was measured at the time of supplement placement and again at removal. Increases in forage utilization during each period (14%) were similar (P > 0.1) at distances of 30 to 600 m from supplement, and increases were additive across periods. Forage utilization was evaluated in a fourth pasture during August and September 1999 at distances of 50 to 3,000 m from the supplement. Forage use declined (P < 0.01) at further distances from supplement, and forage use at distances less than 600 to 800 m from supplement was greater than the average of all measurements collected throughout the pasture. During the autumn and early winter at the 2 pastures located near Havre, Mont. , 53% of the cows were observed within 600 m of supplement and 47% were observed at greater distances from supplement. Eighty-one of the 159 cows grazing the 2 pastures near Havre (245 and 330 ha) were fitted with Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking collars. The collared cows spent 37% of their time within 600 m of supplement. Uniformity of cattle grazing can be enhanced by the placement of dehydrated molasses supplement in rugged topography, and the area influenced can include distances up to 600 m from supplement.
Capital structure, risk and asymmetric information : theory and evidence

This paper proposes a principal-agent model between banks and firms with risk and asymmetric information. A mixed form of finance to firms is assumed. The capital structure of firms is a relevant cause for the final aggregate level of investment in the economy. In the model analyzed, there may be a separating equilibrium, which is not economically efficient, because aggregate investments fall short of the first-best level. Based on European firm-level data, an empirical model is presented which validates the result of the relevance of the capital structure of firms. The relative magnitude of equity in the capital structure makes a real difference to the profits obtained by firms in the economy. Key-words: Risk, asymmetric information, credit and capital structure. Jel Classification: D81, D82, G21 and G32
Star-formation laws in luminous infrared galaxies. New observational constraints on models

The observational study of star formation relations in gala xies is central to unraveling the related physical processe s that are at work on both local and global scales. It is still debated whether s tar formation can be described by a universal law that remains valid in different populations of galaxies. We wish to expand the sample of extreme starbursts, represented by local luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs and ULIRGs), with high quality observations in the 1‐0 line of HCN, which is taken as a proxy for the dense molecular gas content. The new data presented in this work allow us to enlarge in particular the number of LIRGs studied in HCN by a factor 3 compared to previous works. The chosen LIRG sample has a range of HCN luminosities that partly overlaps with that of the normal galaxy population. We study if a universal law can account for the star formation relations observed for the dense molecular gas in normal star forming galaxies and extreme starbursts and explore the validity of different theoretical prescriptions of the star formation law. We have used the IRAM 30m telescope to observe a sample of 19 LIRGs in the 1‐0 lines of CO, HCN and HCO + . The galaxies have been extracted from a sample of local LIRGs with available high-quality and high-resolution images obtained at optical, near and mid IR wavelengths, which probe the star formation activity. We have thus derived the star f ormation rates using different tracers and determined the sizes of the star forming regions in all the targets. The analysis of the new data proves that the effi ciency of star formation in the dense molecular gas (SFEdense) of extreme starbursts is a factor 3‐4 higher compared to normal galaxies. Kennicutt-Schmidt (KS) power laws have also been derived. We find a dua lity in KS laws that is further reinforced if we account for the likel y different conversion factor for HCN (α HCN ) in extreme starbursts and for the unobscured star formation rate in normal galaxies. This result extends to the higher molecular densities probed by HCN lines the more extreme bimodal behavior of star formation laws, derived from CO molecular lines by two recent surveys. We have confronted our observations with the predictions of theoretical models in which the effi ciency of star formation is determined by the ratio of a constant star formation rate per free-fall time (SFRff) to the local free-fall time (tff). We find that it is possible to fit the observed differences in the SFEdense between normal galaxies and LIRGs/ULIRGs using a common constant SFRff and a set of physically acceptable HCN densities, but only if SFRff∼0.005‐0.01 and/or ifα HCN is a factor of∼a few lower than our favored values. Star formation recipes that explicitly depend on the galaxy global dynamical time scales do not significantly improve th e fit to the new HCN data presented in this work.
Goal Setting and Feedback in the Reduction of Heavy Drinking in Female College Students

Abstract The present study examines self-regulation variables (goals, feedback, goal commitment, efficacy, discrepancy) within the context of a brief intervention designed to decrease heavy drinking amongst college females. Participants (N= 76) were randomly assigned to one of six between subjects conditions created by crossing goal conditions (no goal, proximal goal, distal goal) with feedback conditions (feedback, no feedback), and were assessed across time on drinking behavior and self-regulation variables. Neither goal setting, feedback, nor the combination of goal setting and feedback were superior to assessment and information in the reduction of heavy drinking. The interaction of efficacy, commitment and discrepancy failed to add to the prediction of future drinking beyond that accounted for by current drinking behavior and the main effects of self-regulation variables in hierarchical regression analyses. Correlational analyses revealed a negative relationship between efficacy and commitment and future drinking behavior. Results are discussed in relation to theory, the college student environment, and the potential limited efficacy of individual level interventions within this environment.
Next generation population synthesis of accreting white dwarfs – I. Hybrid calculations using bse + mesa

Accreting, nuclear-burning white dwarfs (WDs) have been deemed to be candidate progenitors of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), and to account for supersoft X-ray sources, novae, etc. depending on their accretion rates. We have carried out a binary population synthesis study of their populations using two algorithms. In the first, we use the binary population synthesis code BSE as a baseline for the 'rapid' approach commonly used in such studies. In the second, we employ a 'hybrid' approach, in which we use BSE to generate a population of WDs with non-degenerate companions on the verge of filling their Roche lobes. We then follow their mass transfer phase using the detailed stellar evolution code MESA. We investigate the evolution of the number of rapidly accreting white dwarfs (RAWDs) and stably nuclear-burning white dwarfs (SNBWDs), and estimate the SNe Ia rate produced by 'single degenerate' (SD) systems. We find significant differences between the two algorithms in the predicted numbers of SNBWDs at early times, and also in the delay time distribution (DTD) of SD SNe Ia. Such differences in the treatment of mass transfer may partially account for differences in the SNe Ia rate and DTD found by different groups. Adopting 100 per cent efficiency for helium burning, the rate of SNe Ia produced by the SD channel in a Milky Way-like galaxy in our calculations is 2.0 x 10(-4) yr(-1), more than an order of magnitude below the observationally inferred value. In agreement with previous studies, our calculated SD DTD is inconsistent with observations.
Dynamic Testing of Gasifier Refractory Final Report

The University of North Dakota (UND) Chemical Engineering Department in conjunction with the UND Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) have initiated a program to examine the combined chemical (reaction and phase change) and physical (erosion) effects experienced by refractory materials under slagging coal gasification conditions. The goal of this work is to devise a mechanism of refractory loss under these conditions. The controlled-atmospheric dynamic corrodent application furnace (CADCAF) was utilized to simulate refractory/slag interactions under dynamic conditions that more realistically simulate the environment in a slagging coal gasifier than any of the static tests used previously by refractory manufacturers and researchers. High-alumina and high-chromia refractory bricks were tested using slags obtained from two solid fuel gasifiers. Testing was performed at 1475°C in a reducing atmosphere (2% H2 in N2) The CADCAF tests show that high-chrome refractories have greater corrosion resistance than high-aluminum refractories; coal slag readily diffuses into the refractory through its grain boundaries; the refractory grains are more stable than the matrix in the tests, and the grains are the first line of defense against corrosion; calcium and alkali in the slag are more corrosive than iron; and silicon and calcium penetrate the deepest into the refractory. The results obtained from this study are preliminary and should be combined with result from other research programs. In particular, the refractory corrosion results from this study should be compared with refractories removed from commercial gasifiers.
Benthic in situ respiration in the upwelling area off central Chile

Benthic O 2 uptake rates and O 2 microprofiles were measured in the upwelling area off central Chile. Measurements were performed both in situ and in the laboratory on recovered sediment cores. Comparison between the 2 data sets confirmed retrieval and handling artifacts inferred from previous studies. Onboard measurements indicated that the effects were mainly associated with core warming during recovery. Fauna mediated O 2 uptake was significant even at abyssal depths and generally in situ O 2 uptake rates were higher and showed stronger attenuation with water depth than previous measurements performed in the NE Pacific. However, O 2 uptake rates and O 2 penetration depths were very similar to measurements performed in the SE Atlantic, and the compiled data sets were approximated by simple exponential equations relating the measurements to water depth. By comparing our total O 2 in situ uptake rates to simultaneous measurements of primary production (PP) and new production (NP) of the overlying water column, it was calculated that the benthic mineralization accounted for 13 to 66 % of the PP and for 28 to 92 % of the NP at water depths shallower than 1000 m. At water depths from 1000 to 4000 m, the benthic mineralization equaled 2 to 11 % of the PP and 22 to 38 % of the NP. The benthic mineralization thereby accounted for a significant turnover of organic material even at the abyssal stations. The presented data add to the limited number of in situ deep sea mineralization measurements from the southern hemisphere.
Income generation in informal sector: A case study of the street vendors of Kathmandu Metropolitan City

Street vending is important to income earn and poverty alleviation for some people of Nepal. The street trade provides employment and income generation for the rural poor in the urban areas. And not only rural poor are getting earning opportunities in the informal economy; this has been providing goods in cheaper price to urban poor. This paper analyzes the determinants of the street vender’s income. It examines whether the income from vendor business of the people doing street business in Kathmandu metropolitan city increases with the rate of increase in investment, education and labor supply. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3126/ejdi.v13i0. 7193 Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol.13 & 14 2011, pp.1-14
Long-lasting Effects of Bentonite on Properties of A Sandy Soil Deprived of the Humus Layer

Abstract Bentonite has been recognized as a very good material for the improvement of coarse textured soils. In microplot experiment, of a sandy soil deprived of the humus layer was enriched in 1973 with waste bentonite at the rates of 0, 3, 6 and 12 kg m-2. Until 2002, the microplots were planted with different crops and regularly enriched with mineral and organic fertilizers. Since 2003, the microplots were left barren. In 2009, determinations of several features of the soils (in 5-30, 30-55 and 55-80 cm layers) showed that the historical amendment of the sandy soil with bentonite (especially its highest dose) ensured significantly higher contents of water, organic C, clay, silt and a sand fraction with particle diameter <0.1 mm in 5-30 cm layer. Proportions of non-dispersible clay in the total clay of bentonite soils in the two upper soil layers were significantly lower than those of the control soil. A significant increase in the penetrometer resistance was observed in 40-58 cm layers of the control soil and the soil with 3 kg m-2 bentonite amendment, contrary to the soils with two highest bentonite doses.
Eye dise ases in Ak on Payam, South Sudan

Objectives : To determine the prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment among patients in Akon payam, Warrap State, South Sudan. Methods and materials : This was a cross-sectional study of 862 patients conducted at Akon in the period 18 – 31 September 2015. The Snellen E chart was used to measure visual acuity, and all patients had a basic eye examination. Their vision status was categorized according to the World Health Organization classification. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22 (IBM). Results : The age range of the study population was 3 - 86 years; 81.9% were aged 41-80 years. 50.8% were males and 49.2% were females. There were 1483 bilaterally blind eyes giving a prevalence of blindness of 86% (95% CI: 3.2497-3.3531) with prevalence of visual impairment of 3.9 % ( 95% CI: 2.5001-3.0944). Cataract (59.7%) was the commonest eye disease, followed by glaucoma (15.1%), corneal dystrophy (9.3%), allergic conjunctivitis (5.5%), corneal scar (1.9%), refractive errors (1.8%) and others (6.7%). Among those who are blind cataract (66%) was the major agent with females affected more than males. It was followed by glaucoma (16.7%), corneal dystrophy (10%), corneal scar(1.8%) and the rest of agents (5.4%). The main age group affected by blindness was the 41- 80 years age group (87%) and the least was below 20 years (1.1%). There was a strong association between age and sex with the causes of blindness. Conclusion : There was equal sex preponderance with more blindness in 41 years or above. Cataract and glaucoma still remained major cause of blindness in this payam. More effort is needed by the government to reduce the burden of these diseases. Key words : cataract, glaucoma, Akon payam, blindness, eye diseases.
Response of Bitter Vetch Lines to Salt Stress 1063

UZUN, S. , O. UZUN, M. KAPLAN and A. I. ILBAS, 2013. Response of bitter vetch lines to salt stress. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 19: 1061-1067 This research was carried out in a greenhouse to evaluate the response of bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd) to increasing salinity levels. Saline irrigation waters with NaCl concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 dS m-1 were applied to investigate the salt tolerance of the plants. Shoot and root length (cm), shoot and root fresh and dry weight (g/plant), Na+, K+, Cl(%) content of dry matter and Na+:K+ ratio, crude protein, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) parameters were investigated. Research results revealed reduced growth parameters with elevated salt levels. While Na+, Clcontents of shoot and root dry matter, crude protein and crude ash percentage increased with elevated NaCl concentrations, a decrease was observed in ADF and NDF.
Review of studies on Corporate Annual Reports during 1990-2012

Corporate Annual Reports (CARs) are corporate communication tools which have been around for 75 years. They report company’s progress, profits and losses. At first, reports were provided in English, because they were published in an English speaking context. After a while, non-English speaking companies started to publish CARs in English to attract international investments. So far studies on CARs considered themes in text and images of CARs, subgenres of CARs, rhetorical construction, discourse and genre structure. During the last two decade; however, not many studies have been conducted on CARs from a language perspective. We aim to evaluate those studies and provide insight for further research. Findings of previous studies revealed that CARs consist of various sections functioning as sub-genres that have features of their own. Researchers so far have been interested in management forewords section as it is considered to be the most widely read section of CAR, which are supposed to gain the trust of readers. Other sub-genres studied include: operational and financial performance, corporate history and mission statements. As modern CARs are considered to be multimodal, images that appear in CARs have also been studied.
Petrography, geochemistry, and alteration of country rocks from the Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana

Abstract— Samples of the country rocks that likely constituted the target rocks at the 1.07 Myr old Bosumtwi impact structure in Ghana, West Africa, collected outside of the crater rim in the northern and southern parts of the structure, were studied for their petrographic characteristics and analyzed for their major‐ and trace‐element compositions. The country rocks, mainly meta‐graywacke, shale, and phyllite of the Early Proterozoic Birimian Supergroup and some granites of similar age, are characterized by two generations of alteration. A pre‐impact hydrothermal alteration, often along shear zones, is characterized by new growth of secondary minerals, such as chlorite, sericite, sulfides, and quartz, or replacement of some primary minerals, such as plagioclase and biotite, by secondary sericite and chlorite. A late, argillic alteration, mostly associated with the suevites, is characterized by alteration of the melt/glass clasts in the groundmass of suevites to phyllosilicates. Suevite, which occurs in restricted locations to the north and to the south‐southwest of the crater rim, contains melt fragments, diaplectic quartz glass, ballen quartz, and clasts derived from the full variety of target rocks. No planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz were found in the country rock samples, and only a few quartz grains in the suevite samples show PDFs, and in rare cases two sets of PDFs. Based on a total alkali element‐silica (TAS) plot, the Bosumtwi granites have tonalitic to quartz‐dioritic compositions. The Nb versus Y and Ta versus Yb discrimination plots show that these granites are of volcanic‐arc tectonic provenance. Provenance studies of the metasedimentary rocks at the Bosumtwi crater have also indicated that the metasediments are volcanic‐arc related. Compared to the average siderophile element contents of the upper continental crust, both country rocks and impact breccias of the Bosumtwi structure show elevated siderophile element contents. This, however, does not indicate the presence of an extraterrestrial component in Bosumtwi suevite, because the Birimian country rocks also have elevated siderophile element contents, which is thought to result from regional hydrothermal alteration that is also related to widespread sulfide and gold mineralization.