Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parametric Estimation of Ordinary Differential Equations With Orthogonality Conditions

Differential equations are commonly used to model dynamical deterministic systems in applications. When statistical parameter estimation is required to calibrate theoretical models to data, classical statistical estimators are often confronted to complex and potentially ill-posed optimization problem. As a consequence, alternative estimators to classical parametric estimators are needed for obtaining reliable estimates. We propose a gradient matching approach for the estimation of parametric Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) observed with noise. Starting from a nonparametric proxy of a true solution of the ODE, we build a parametric estimator based on a variational characterization of the solution. As a Generalized Moment Estimator, our estimator must satisfy a set of orthogonal conditions that are solved in the least squares sense. Despite the use of a nonparametric estimator, we prove the - consistency and asymptotic normality of the Orthogonal Conditions estimator. We can derive confidence sets thanks to a closed-form expression for the asymptotic variance. Finally, the OC estimator is compared to classical estimators in several (simulated and real) experiments and ODE models to show its versatility and relevance with respect to classical Gradient Matching and Nonlinear Least Squares estimators. In particular, we show on a real dataset of influenza infection that the approach gives reliable estimates. Moreover, we show that our approach can deal directly with more elaborated models such as Delay Differential Equation (DDE). Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
A computational framework for a cognitive model of human translation processes

Human translation process research analyzes the translation behavior of translators such as, for instance, memory and search strategies to solve translation problems, types of units that translators focus on, etc. and determine the temporal (and/or contextual) structure of those activities or describe inter-and intra personal variation. Various models have been developed that explain translator’s behavior in terms of controlled and uncontrolled workspaces and with micro-and macro translation strategies. However, only few attempts have been made to ground and quantify translation process models in empirical user activity data. In order to close this gap, the paper elaborates a computational framework for a cognitive model of human translation. We investigate the structure of the translators keystroke and gaze data, discuss possibilities for their classiﬁcation and visualization and elaborate how a translation model can be grounded and trained in the empirical data. The insights gained from such a computational translation model does not only enlarge our knowledge about human translation processes, but has also the potential to enhance the design of interactive MT systems and help interpret user activity data in human-MT system interaction.
Social media pecking order : analysing Twitter information streams

This thesis investigates how authority is distributed in social media and develops a novel method to validate the finding using prediction markets. By modelling prediction markets with a data corpus comprising of both microblog and traditional blogs data a objective metric is established to validate a method to select the most authoritative information in Twitter. Also the question of what is the primary unit of authority in twitter is addressed by looking at methods that extract authoritative posts and comparing them to methods that extract the most authoritative users. It is not immediately clear how to measure the success of a system that claims to identify authority. There are a number of ways to decide what constitutes an authoritative post, but many of them are too subjective or abstract. Such as, looking simply at the number of people that repeat a tweet or a subjective polling of users regarding the influence a user has. The approach in this thesis is to use a forecast of a prediction market trained on a language model derived from the posts of a selected group of users or tweets. This method yields a measurable and objective method for determining the informative value of a set of Twitter posts. If a non-random sample of tweets deemed to be authoritative is used, the model should result in a better forecast than the baseline of random tweets. Using this method a number of theories of authority in twitter are examined. The corpus used consisted of Twitter posts that were collected on a daily basis by a crawler from the beginning of April 2009 until January 1st 2010. Four prediction market questions were selected to use when evaluating the the notions of authority. Two general news related questions, one technology news question and two sports questions. when looking at questions posed to the population in general, that are largely opinion based, a small subset of informative users can be selected. This provides support for the idea that authority in twitter is centred around the user rather then the individual tweet. It can be seen that by selecting only a few users, it is possible to get as much information from this small authoritative group as would be required by selecting many more users at random. This demonstrates that for this type of question, there exists methods for finding authoritative users. In this experiment, the top 10 users accounted for 76.9% of the forecast information for the flu related question. Other types of questions tho were
Changes in contractile protein gene expression with ageing and with captopril‐induced regression of hypertrophy in the spontaneously hypertensive rats

Background Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is present in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) compared with normotensive Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rats and treatment of SHR with captopril leads to regression of LVH. Hypertrophy produces changes in gene expression for myofibrillar proteins with increased ratios of skeletal to cardiac actin and β to α-myosin heavy chain (MHC). Objectives The objective of this study was to follow changes in transcript prevalence for these four proteins during ageing and with captopril treatment in SHR and WKY rats. Methods Untreated SHR and WKY rats were studied at 100, 156, 350 and 450 days. Groups at 100 and 350 days were divided into a treatment group (given captopril) and untreated controls. Transcripts were measured using in situ hybridization. Results Both cardiac and skeletal actin were increased in untreated SHR compared to WKY rats (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). α-MHC was increased (P < 0.01) whilst β-MHC was normal in 100-day-old SHR (an age when LVH was present) compared with WKY rats. With ageing, α-MHC declined and β-MHC increased giving the increased ratio of β to α-MHC transcripts reported by other investigators. Treatment of SHR led to a significant decline in skeletal actin transcripts (P < 0.01) and reversed the rise in β-MHC expression that occurred with ageing (P < 0.01). Conclusions LVH in SHR is associated with increased skeletal and cardiac actin transcripts. Despite unequivocal LVH in SHR at 100 days of age, α rather than β-MHC transcripts were increased. Only with ageing did the classically reported increased ratio of β to α-MHC transcripts become apparent. Captopril treatment reduced skeletal actin transcripts and reversed the increase in β-MHC that occurred with ageing.
ANTESEDEN MINAT BERKUNJUNG ULANG (Studi pada Cagar Budaya Bedung Lawang Sewu Semarang)

T his research was motivated by a lot of visitor complaints after visiting to Cagar Budaya Lawang Sewu in form of critics and suggestions. It indicates there are unsatisfactory feelings after their visit to Cagar Budaya Lawang Sewu that could be because of less attractive and decreasing services quality from the management. This research is aiming to analyze the effect of destination attraction and services quality toward visitor’s satisfaction and intent to revisit.z T his research using descriptive and quantitative for data analyze. The samples for this research are 385 visitors that visited Cagar Budaya Gedung Lawang Sewu. Data was collected using questionnaires which tested the validity and reliability. The data was analyzed using multiple regression. The result of descriptive analysis shown that tourism attraction, services quality, visitor’s satisfaction, and intention to revisit Cagar Budaya Lawang Sewu classified as moderate. Statistical tests shown visitor’s satisfaction variable is affecting positively toward intention to revisit variable (hypothesis 1 is accepted), tourism attraction variable is affecting positively toward visitor’s satisfaction (hypothesis 2 is accepted), services quality variable is affecting positively toward visitor’s satisfaction (hypothesis 3 is accepted), tourism attraction is affecting positively toward intention to revisit (hypothesis 4 is accepted), Variabel daya tarik berpengaruh positif terhadap minat berkunjung ulang (hipotesis 4 diterima), and services quality variable is affecting positively toward intention to revisit (hypothesis 5 is accepted).
Paenibacillus polymyxa Invades Plant Roots and Forms Biofilms

ABSTRACT Paenibacillus polymyxa is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium with a broad host range, but so far the use of this organism as a biocontrol agent has not been very efficient. In previous work we showed that this bacterium protects Arabidopsis thaliana against pathogens and abiotic stress (S. Timmusk and E. G. H. Wagner, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 12:951-959, 1999; S. Timmusk, P. van West, N. A. R. Gow, and E. G. H. Wagner, p. 1-28, in Mechanism of action of the plant growth promoting bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa, 2003). Here, we studied colonization of plant roots by a natural isolate of P. polymyxa which had been tagged with a plasmid-borne gfp gene. Fluorescence microscopy and electron scanning microscopy indicated that the bacteria colonized predominantly the root tip, where they formed biofilms. Accumulation of bacteria was observed in the intercellular spaces outside the vascular cylinder. Systemic spreading did not occur, as indicated by the absence of bacteria in aerial tissues. Studies were performed in both a gnotobiotic system and a soil system. The fact that similar observations were made in both systems suggests that colonization by this bacterium can be studied in a more defined system. Problems associated with green fluorescent protein tagging of natural isolates and deleterious effects of the plant growth-promoting bacteria are discussed.
Promoter Identification and Transcription Analysis of Penicillin-Binding Protein Genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae R6

Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are membrane-associated enzymes, which are involved in the last two steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and some of them are key players in cell division. Furthermore, they are targets of β-lactams, the most widely used antibiotics. Nevertheless, very little is known about the expression and regulation of PBP genes. Using transcriptional mapping, we now determined the promoter regions of PBP genes from the laboratory strain Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 and examined the expression profile of these six promoters. The extended −10 region is highly conserved and complies with a σA-type promoter consensus sequence. In contrast, the −35 region is poorly conserved, indicating the possibility for differential PBP regulation. All PBP promoters were constitutively expressed and highly active during the exponential and early stationary growth phase. However, the individual expression of PBP promoters varied approximately fourfold, with pbp1a being the highest and pbp3 the lowest. Furthermore, the deletion of one nucleotide in the spacer region of the PBP3 promoter reduced pbp3 expression ∼10-fold. The addition of cefotaxime above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) did not affect PBP expression in the penicillin-sensitive R6 strain. No evidence for regulation of S. pneumoniae PBP genes was obtained.
Neocortical system abnormalities in autism: An fMRI study of spatial working memory

Objective To test the hypothesis that deficits in spatial working memory in autism are due to abnormalities in prefrontal circuitry. Methods Functional MRI (fMRI) at 3 T was performed in 11 rigorously diagnosed non–mentally retarded autistic and six healthy volunteers while they performed an oculomotor spatial working memory task and a visually guided saccade task. Results Autistic subjects demonstrated significantly less task-related activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area [BA] 9/46) and posterior cingulate cortex (BA 23) in comparison with healthy subjects during a spatial working memory task. In contrast, activation of autistic individuals was not reduced in other regions comprising the neural circuitry for spatial working memory including the cortical eye fields, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, basal ganglia, thalamus, and lateral cerebellum. Autistic subjects also did not demonstrate reduced activation in any brain regions while performing visually guided saccades. ConclusionImpairments in executive cognitive processes in autism may be subserved by abnormalities in neocortical circuitry as evidenced by decreased activation in prefrontal and posterior cingulate circuitry during a spatial working memory task.
Physical properties of red cells as related to effects in vivo. II. Effect of thermal treatment on rigidity of red cells, stroma and the sickle cell.

Heating of human or dog red cells at 49 C. for 15 minutes or 60 minutes increased resistance to packing by a centrifugal force, increased viscosity and deformed them. After 15 minutes of heating, osmotic fragility was usually normal but was elevated after 60 minutes with the formation of spheroidal cells. The increase in viscosity caused by heating red cells at 49 C. for 60 minutes did not appear to result from the effect of heat on the hemoglobin or the hemolysis products of red cells disrupted by sonic treatment. The heating of intact human or dog red cell stroma in serum, or stroma washed multiple times in physiologic saline however, regularly increased their viscosity and produced buds and microstroma. The rigidity of stroma was increased by heating, probably accounting for the increased viscosity of heated intact red cells. The rigidity of heated stroma of red cells was further demonstrated by showing that the shape changes of the sickling process could be prevented in large part by the heating of sickle cells. Heating did not, however, prevent tactoid formation in stroma-free sickle-cell hemoglobin solutions.
Stability in Real Food Webs: Weak Links in Long Loops

Increasing evidence that the strengths of interactions among populations in biological communities form patterns that are crucial for system stability requires clarification of the precise form of these patterns, how they come about, and why they influence stability. We show that in real food webs, interaction strengths are organized in trophic loops in such a way that long loops contain relatively many weak links. We show and explain mathematically that this patterning enhances stability, because it reduces maximum “loop weight” and thus reduces the amount of intraspecific interaction needed for matrix stability. The patterns are brought about by biomass pyramids, a feature common to most ecosystems. Incorporation of biomass pyramids in 104 food-web descriptions reveals that the low weight of the long loops stabilizes complex food webs. Loop-weight analysis could be a useful tool for exploring the structure and organization of complex communities.
Measuring the usefulness of information publication time to proxy for returns

This paper deals with investors’ reaction to financial reports submitted by firms to the stock exchange, and specifically measures the influence of publication timing on investors: by using the proximity of the publication date to the regulated publication deadline as an independent variable the study examines whether deadline proximity causes a change in investors’ reaction (as reflected in share returns). Understanding the connection between the publication date and investors’ reaction contributes to the general understanding of financial reports and to the understanding of investors as recipients of those reports. Methodology: quantitative analysis is used based on empirical data collected at the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange from financial reports published over the fiscal years 2009– 2013. The data include quarterly and yearly financial reports and share performance for the corresponding periods. By bundling report publications made within a specific proximity to the deadline and comparing them with investors’ reaction, non-parametric tests reveal a statistically significant correlation between the publication date deadline proximity to the share performance (returns). The conclusion of this research is that the time of financial report publication has an influence on investors’ reaction. This suggests that investors react to financial reports not just based on their intrinsic information content but also in respect of their
Fluid Reabsorption by the Ductuli Efferentes Testis of the Rat Is Dependent on Both Sodium and Chlorine1

Abstract The role of Na+ and Cl− in fluid reabsorption by the efferent ducts was examined by perfusing individual ducts in vivo with preparations of 160 mM NaCl in which the ions were replaced, together or individually, with organic solutes while maintaining the osmolality at 300 mmol/kg. Progressively replacing NaCl with mannitol reduced net reabsorption of water and the ions in a concentration-dependent manner, and caused net movement into the lumen at concentrations of NaCl less than 80 mM. The net rates of flux were lower for Na+ than for Cl−. In collectates, [Na+] was greater than [Cl−], indicating that Cl− transport is probably linked with another anion. Replacing either Na+ or Cl− in perfusates (with choline and isethionate, respectively) while maintaining the other inorganic ion at 160 mM also reduced net rates of reabsorption in a concentration-dependent manner to zero when either ion was completely replaced. There were no significant differences in the osmolality of perfusate and collectate, and collectates contained a mean of 3.4 mM K+, indicating a backflux of K+ into the lumen. It is concluded that fluid reabsorption from the efferent ducts is dependent on the transport of both Na+ and Cl− from the lumen (from a luminal concentration of at least 70–80 mM), and that Cl− transport is dependent on another anion. The epithelium is permeable to K+ and has a higher permeability to a range of organic solutes (mannitol, choline, and isethionate) than epithelium in the proximal kidney tubules.
BULGELESS GALAXIES AT INTERMEDIATE REDSHIFT: SAMPLE SELECTION, COLOR PROPERTIES, AND THE EXISTENCE OF POWERFUL ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI

We present a catalog of bulgeless galaxies, which includes 19,225 objects selected in four of the deepest, largest multi-wavelength data sets available—COSMOS, AEGIS, GEMS, and GOODS—at intermediate redshift (0.4 ⩽ z ⩽ 1.0). The morphological classification was provided by the Advanced Camera for Surveys General Catalog (ACS-GC), which used publicly available data obtained with the ACS instrument on the Hubble Space Telescope. Rest-frame photometric quantities were derived using kcorrect. We analyze the properties of the sample and the evolution of pure-disk systems with redshift. Very massive [log (M⋆/M☉) > 10.5] bulgeless galaxies contribute to ∼30% of the total galaxy population number density at z ⩾ 0.7, but their number density drops substantially with decreasing redshift. We show that only a negligible fraction of pure disks appear to be quiescent systems, and red sequence bulgeless galaxies show indications of dust-obscured star formation. X-ray catalogs were used to search for X-ray emission within our sample. After visual inspection and detailed parametric morphological fitting we identify 30 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) that reside in galaxies without a classical bulge. The finding of such peculiar objects at intermediate redshift shows that while AGN growth in merger-free systems is a rare event (0.2% AGN hosts in this sample of bulgeless galaxies), it can indeed happen relatively early in the history of the universe.
Depression in China: Integrating Developmental Psychopathology and Cultural-Clinical Psychology

With a starting point in John Abela's groundbreaking developmental psychopathology research on adolescent depression in China, we aimed to review the state of the literature on Chinese depression across the lifespan. We began with Dr. Abela's published studies relevant to depression in China and our own research with adults before turning to the reference lists of these articles to find additional sources. Then we conducted literature searches using PsycINFO and PubMed to find other relevant studies published between April 2001 and April 2011. There are two distinct literatures on depression in China. Developmental psychopathology research has emphasized adolescent samples and cognitive models of causation; cultural-clinical psychology and cultural psychiatry research have emphasized adult samples and the meanings associated with emotions, symptoms, and syndromes. Both approaches to the study of depression in China have yielded important findings but have also highlighted issues that could be better addressed by incorporating the other approach. Beyond depression in China, the psychological study of culture and mental health more generally would benefit from greater exchange between developmental psychopathology and cultural-clinical psychology.
International business strategy : rethinking the foundations of global corporate success

List of figures List of case studies About the author Foreword Jean-Francois Hennart Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Walkthrough Introduction and overview of the book's framework Part I. Core Concepts: 1. Conceptual foundations of international business strategy 2. The critical role of firm-specific advantages 3. The nature of home country location advantages 4. The problem with host country location advantages 5. Combining firm-specific advantages and location advantages in a multinational framework Part II. Functional Issues: 6. International innovation 7. International sourcing and production 8. International finance 9. International marketing 10. Managing managers in the multinational enterprise Part III. Dynamics of Global Strategy: 11. Entry mode dynamics 1: foreign distributors 12. Entry mode dynamics 2: strategic alliance partners 13. Entry mode dynamics 3: mergers and acquisitions 14. The role of emerging economies 15. Emerging economy multinational enterprises 16A. International strategies of corporate social responsibility 16B. International strategies of corporate environmental sustainability Conclusion. The true foundations of global corporate success Appendix. Suggested additional readings.