Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Immunometabolism of Phagocytes During Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains as a leading killer among infectious diseases worldwide. The nature of the host immune response dictates whether the initial Mtb infection is cleared or progresses toward active disease, and is ultimately determined by intricate host-pathogen interactions that are yet to be fully understood. The early immune response to infection is mediated by innate immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils that can phagocytose Mtb and mount an antimicrobial response. However, Mtb can exploit these innate immune cells for its survival and dissemination. Recently, it has become clear that the immune response and metabolic remodeling are interconnected, which is highlighted by the rapid evolution of the interdisciplinary field of immunometabolism. It has been proposed that the net outcome to Mtb infection—clearance or chronic disease—is likely a result of combined immunologic and metabolic activities of the immune cells. Indeed, host cells activated by Mtb infection have strikingly different metabolic requirements than naïve/non-infected cells. Macrophages activated by Mtb-derived molecules or upon phagocytosis acquire a phenotype similar to M1 with elevated production of pro-inflammatory molecules and rely on glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway to meet their bioenergetic and metabolic requirements. In these macrophages, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation are dampened. However, the non-infected/naive, M2-type macrophages are anti-inflammatory and derive their energy from oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation. Similar metabolic adaptations also occur in other phagocytes, including dendritic cells, neutrophils upon Mtb infection. This metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells during Mtb infection can differentially regulate their effector functions, such as the production of cytokines and chemokines, and antimicrobial response, all of which can ultimately determine the outcome of Mtb-host interactions within the granulomas. In this review, we describe key immune cells bolstering host innate response and discuss the metabolic reprogramming in these phagocytes during Mtb infection. We focused on the major phagocytes, including macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils and the key regulators involved in metabolic reprogramming, such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1, mammalian target of rapamycin, the cellular myelocytomatosis, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptors, sirtuins, arginases, inducible nitric acid synthase and sphingolipids.
Controlling for Response Biases in Self-Report Scales: Forced-Choice vs. Psychometric Modeling of Likert Items

One important problem in the measurement of non-cognitive characteristics such as personality traits and attitudes is that it has traditionally been made through Likert scales, which are susceptible to response biases such as social desirability (SDR) and acquiescent (ACQ) responding. Given the variability of these response styles in the population, ignoring their possible effects on the scores may compromise the fairness and the validity of the assessments. Also, response-style-induced errors of measurement can affect the reliability estimates and overestimate convergent validity by correlating higher with other Likert-scale-based measures. Conversely, it can attenuate the predictive power over non-Likert-based indicators, given that the scores contain more errors. This study compares the validity of the Big Five personality scores obtained: (1) ignoring the SDR and ACQ in graded-scale items (GSQ), (2) accounting for SDR and ACQ with a compensatory IRT model, and (3) using forced-choice blocks with a multi-unidimensional pairwise preference model (MUPP) variant for dominance items. The overall results suggest that ignoring SDR and ACQ offered the worst validity evidence, with a higher correlation between personality and SDR scores. The two remaining strategies have their own advantages and disadvantages. The results from the empirical reliability and the convergent validity analysis indicate that when modeling social desirability with graded-scale items, the SDR factor apparently captures part of the variance of the Agreeableness factor. On the other hand, the correlation between the corrected GSQ-based Openness to Experience scores, and the University Access Examination grades was higher than the one with the uncorrected GSQ-based scores, and considerably higher than that using the estimates from the forced-choice data. Conversely, the criterion-related validity of the Forced Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) scores was similar to the results found in meta-analytic studies, correlating higher with Conscientiousness. Nonetheless, the FCQ-scores had considerably lower reliabilities and would demand administering more blocks. Finally, the results are discussed, and some notes are provided for the treatment of SDR and ACQ in future studies.
Flagging Facebook Falsehoods: Self-Identified Humor Warnings Outperform Fact Checker and Peer Warnings

We present two studies evaluating the effectiveness of flagging inaccurate political posts on social media. In Study 1, we tested fact-checker flags, peer-generated flags, and a flag indicating that the publisher self-identified as a source of humor. We predicted that all would be effective, that their effectiveness would depend on prior beliefs, and that the self-identified humor flag would work best. Conducting a 2-wave online experiment (N = 218), we found that self-identified humor flags were most effective, reducing beliefs and sharing intentions, especially among those predisposed to believe the post. We found no evidence that warnings from fact checkers or peers were beneficial. Compared to the alternatives, participants exposed to self-identified humor flags exhibited less reactance to and had more positive appraisals of the flagging system. The second study (N = 610) replicated the findings of the first and provides a preliminary test of what makes this flag work.
An artificial neural network–based fall detection

With the rise in the elderly population, the importance of care services for the elderly is also increasing. Among the care services, sudden fall detection is one of the most important services that the elderly need. The hip joints are prone to damage when they fall, and most of such injuries can lead to very severe consequences. In recent times, researches on fall detection have been very active. Fall detection by attaching an acceleration sensor to the waist of a person is popular and the detection rate is very high. However, when the fall is detected from a sensor attached to the wrist, which is more convenient as compared to the waist attachment, the detection accuracy is lower. To overcome the problem, in this article, we propose a system that distinguishes falls from the acceleration sensor attached to the wrist using an artificial neural network–based deep learning method. With the proposed method, we could detect the falls with a 100% accuracy in an experiment.
The Use of Information and Communication Technology for Determining the Level Mobility in Joint in Physical Education of Students

The study objective is tothe substantiation and implementation of modern ICT for improving the testing of mobility in the joints in physical education of students. The task of our work is the is the development of tools that will allow researchers in the sphere of physical training to determine parameters of flexibility with a high degree of accuracy and reliability. Materials and methods. To solve the research tasks used the methods of comparing and contrasting are used and analysis, synthesis, abstraction, formalization and scientific modelling. Results. The method of flexibility testing with the use of an electronic ruler was developed. Functioning of the electronic ruler is based on measuring changes of the electric capacitance formed on the surface of the dielectric substrate of metal electrodes when the student touches it with his hand in the course of the test task. When performing the test task, the subject of monitoring touches with the hand the ruler, which registers the exercise process and its outcome. The resulting signal is processed promptly by the signal transducer placed in the ruler. Then the digital signal enters the processor that ensures its further conversion and signal transmission to the personal computer. Conclusions. The main results of the research–scientific substantiation and implementation of the developed technology and method of recording the results of measurements in the tests, which are aimed to assess the physical of mobility in the joints by using electronic ruler designed on the basis of modern ICT. We have developed and offer methods by means of which, with a high degree of accuracy, one can determine the level of flexibility. For the first time the possibility of their use in the practice in physical education of students is shown and this allows to provide the rapid obtaining of reliable test data.
Networking and Communications in Autonomous Driving: A Survey

The development of light detection and ranging, Radar, camera, and other advanced sensor technologies inaugurated a new era in autonomous driving. However, due to the intrinsic limitations of these sensors, autonomous vehicles are prone to making erroneous decisions and causing serious disasters. At this point, networking and communication technologies can greatly make up for sensor deficiencies, and are more reliable, feasible and efficient to promote the information interaction, thereby improving autonomous vehicle’s perception and planning capabilities as well as realizing better vehicle control. This paper surveys the networking and communication technologies in autonomous driving from two aspects: intra- and inter-vehicle. The intra-vehicle network as the basis of realizing autonomous driving connects the on-board electronic parts. The inter-vehicle network is the medium for interaction between vehicles and outside information. In addition, we present the new trends of communication technologies in autonomous driving, as well as investigate the current mainstream verification methods and emphasize the challenges and open issues of networking and communications in autonomous driving.
Commentary: Biochemical Markers for Diagnosis and Follow-up of Aortic Diseases: An Endless Search for the Holy Grail

Aortic aneurysm is a common degenerative condition resulting primarily from atherosclerosis, with an estimated incidence of 20 to 40 cases per 100,000; nearly 45,000 operations are performed annually in the United States for the treatment of this potentially lethal disease. Prevalence of aortic aneurysm in the population >50 years old is around 3%, with men more commonly afflicted. In addition, the presence of aortic aneurysm may be a marker of more diffuse disease. Overall, up to 13% of all patients diagnosed with aortic aneurysm are found to have multiple aneurysms, with 25% to 28% of those with thoracic aortic aneurysms having concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Only 10% to 15% of patients survive the rupture of an AAA, with only a fraction of these reaching the hospital alive. Of those hospitalized, only 50% survive the surgical repair. Thus, prompt diagnosis remains essential for successful management in a bid to improve patient outcome. At the same time, in the increasingly aged population of Western societies, large-scale utilization of noninvasive diagnostic screening tests for systemic atherosclerosis has resulted in greater detection of chronic aortic diseases such as AAA. A number of predictive models and new diagnostic screening tools have been developed to improve the triage of patients with suspected aortic disease. The predictive algorithms include assessment of various clinical variables, while new diagnostic tools measuring biochemical markers in the peripheral blood aid initial diagnostic screening. Until now, routine laboratory tests have played only a minor role in the assessment of chronic aortic diseases; typically, they are performed only to exclude other diseases. Offering the potential to provide a chemical marker reflecting pathologic activity, biochemical diagnostics, when utilized in conjunction with other independent diagnostic modalities (eg, imaging), may provide a more comprehensive understanding of the overall pathogenic state. Biochemical diagnostics may also be inexpensive, readily available, nonspecialized, and noninvasive, making them ideal for rapid diagnosis in the emergency department and coronary care unit (Figure 1). However, although elevated nonspecific markers, such as C-reactive protein, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and different inflammatory cytokines, may reflect the general atherosclerotic burden characteristic of patients affected by aortic diseases, they do not specifically tackle the problem of early identification of chronic aortic conditions. On the other hand, the reappearance of a specific biochemical marker that recognizes biological reactivation of aortic disease may also allow long-term follow-up of progression (such as continuous aortic dilatation or presence of endoleaks following AAA exclusion). This would be extremely attractive and have the 879941 JETXXX10.1177/1526602819879941Journal of Endovascular TherapySangiorgi et al article-commentary2019
Person transfer assist systems: a literature review

Abstract Objective Novel developments in the robotics field have produced systems that can support person wheelchair transfers, maximize safety and reduce caregiver burden. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe these systems, their usability (or satisfaction), the context for which they have been or can be used and how they have been evaluated to determine evidence for their effectiveness. Method Available research on Person Transfer Assist Systems (PTAS) was systematically gathered using similar standards to the PRISMA guidelines. The search terms were derived from common terms and via exploring similar review articles. Initial search terms displayed 1330 articles and by using the inclusion/exclusion criteria 96 articles were selected for abstract review. After full- text reviewing 48 articles were included. Results 29 articles concerned research in robotic transfer systems, 10 articles used both ceiling and floor-mounted lifts and 9 articles used only floor-mounted lifts as an intervention/control group. The results of this analysis identified a few usability evaluations for robotic transfer prototypes, especially ones comparing prototypes to existing marketed devices. Conclusion Robotic device research is a recent development within assistive technology. Whilst usability evaluations provided evidence that a robotic device will provide better service to the user, the sample number of subjects used are minimal in comparison to any of the intervention/control group articles. Experimental studies between PTASs are required to support technological advancements. Caregiver injury risk has been the focus for most of the comparison articles; however, few articles focus on the implications to the person. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Ceiling mounted lifts are preferred over floor-based lifts due to lower injury rates. Many robotic transfer systems have been developed; however, there is a paucity of quantitative and qualitative studies. Based on the results of this review, rehabilitation settings are recommended to use ceiling over floor assist systems, and it is recommended to provide training on using devices to assist with patient transfers to lower the risk of injuries.
The Indirect Effect of Coping Self-Efficacy on the Relation Between Sexual Violence and PTSD Symptoms

One in five women experience rape and one in four experience unwanted sexual contact, incurring significant risk of negative psychological outcomes such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Given this heightened risk, it is imperative to examine factors that can inhibit the development of PTSD symptoms in response to sexual violence in women. Perceived coping self-efficacy (CSE) is a cognitive appraisal ability utilized to regulate internal and external stressors that arise from traumatic events and is crucial for effective adaptation after traumas such as sexual violence. This study investigated CSE as a potential protective factor against trauma-related psychopathology in female rape survivors. In this study, 518 female undergraduate students (M age = 22.71 years, SD = 8.33 years; 82.4% Caucasian) completed self-report measures of nonconsensual sexual experiences, CSE, and PTSD symptom severity. Of those, 375 women (M age = 22.89 years, SD = 6.91 years; 83.7% Caucasian) reported at least one incident of a nonconsensual sexual experience. We hypothesized that CSE would indirectly affect the relationship between sexual violence and PTSD symptom severity, such that CSE would be protective against PTSD symptoms. In line with our hypothesis, there was evidence of a significant indirect effect, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [0.18, 0.44]. This evidence suggests that CSE may be an important protective factor given women’s increased risk of developing PTSD symptoms following sexual violence. Furthermore, this finding suggests that programs targeting the development of CSE may prevent or lessen risk of PTSD symptoms following sexual violence.
Methamphetamine-associated psychosis: links to drug use characteristics and similarity to primary psychosis

Abstract Objectives: Despite the prevalence of methamphetamine-associated psychosis, how characteristics of drug use affect the severity and clinical course, and its optimal treatments have not been established. We addressed these questions, assessing clinical features of methamphetamine-associated psychosis, and compared it with primary psychosis. Methods: Hospitalised patients with methamphetamine-associated (n = 70) or primary schizophrenic psychosis (n = 70) were matched on sex, age and duration of psychosis. Association of drug use variables (age at initiation, duration of methamphetamine use) with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores and psychosis duration were examined for patients with methamphetamine-associated psychosis, and the groups were compared on the BPRS scores. Results: Methamphetamine use initiation age correlated negatively with the BPRS total score and the Activation subscale score; methamphetamine use duration correlated positively with psychosis duration. Methamphetamine-associated psychosis group scored lower on the Hostility-Suspiciousness and Anergia subscales of the BPRS (adjusted p values < .05). Conclusions: Association of early initiation of methamphetamine with psychosis severity may suggest a lasting effect on brain development. Correlation of drug use and psychosis durations may suggest a cumulative effect of methamphetamine exposure. Less severe paranoia and negative symptoms in the methamphetamine-using group could implicate better social functioning of these patients. Further mechanistic studies are warranted. Key points Early initiation of methamphetamine use is associated with psychosis severity. Methamphetamine use duration associates with psychosis duration. Methamphetamine-associated and primary schizophrenic psychoses were similar in symptoms. Methamphetamine psychosis patients were less severe in paranoia and negative symptoms.
Sexual Violence in Childhood and Post-Childhood: The Experiences of Young Men Who Have Sex With Men in Beirut

Sexual violence has been found to have psychosocial and sexual ramifications for men who have sex with men (MSM) but has not been studied in the Middle East. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of experiences of child and post-child sexual violence among young MSM residing in Beirut, Lebanon. In total, 226 MSM, aged 18 to 29, were recruited with long-chain peer referrals and administered a survey that included questions on history of being pressured to have sex, as well as specific forms of sexual harassment and abuse, in addition to measures of psychosocial functioning and sexual behavior. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine correlates of child sex abuse and experiences of sexual violence post-childhood; 17.3% experienced sexual abuse as a child (below age 13), while 63.3% experienced any form of sexual violence post-childhood—furthermore, 48.7% had experienced being forced or pressured to have sex during their lifetime, including 32.3% prior to age 18. Participants who experienced child sex abuse were more likely to experience abusive relationships in adulthood, as well as at least one type of sexual harassment/abuse post-childhood. Experience of any sexual violence post-childhood was correlated with greater recent sexuality-related discrimination and more recent male sex partners. These findings reveal a high prevalence of sexual violence among MSM in Beirut, both in childhood and post-childhood. More research within the Middle East is needed to better understand the drivers of sexual violence in this population, and how to best provide prevention and coping services.
The Coping Assessment for Bereavement and Loss Experiences (CABLE): Development and initial validation

Abstract The authors present the development and validation of the Coping Assessment for Bereavement and Loss Experiences (CABLE), the first instrument designed to assess a range of potentially constructive strategies for coping with grief following the death of a loved one. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with an international sample of bereaved adults (N = 844) yielded a six-factor, 28-item structure. Use of this validated, clinically useful, self-report tool can inform clinicians and researchers in evaluating bereavement coping, and in developing interventions designed to increase the number and broaden the types of coping strategies used to facilitate healing following loss.
Characterising heterogeneity in the use of different cannabis products: latent class analysis with 55 000 people who use cannabis and associations with severity of cannabis dependence

Abstract Background As new cannabis products and administration methods proliferate, patterns of use are becoming increasingly heterogeneous. However, few studies have explored different profiles of cannabis use and their association with problematic use. Methods Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify subgroups of past-year cannabis users endorsing distinct patterns of use from a large international sample (n = 55 240). Past-12-months use of six different cannabis types (sinsemilla, herbal, hashish, concentrates, kief, edibles) were used as latent class indicators. Participants also reported the frequency and amount of cannabis used, whether they had ever received a mental health disorder diagnosis and their cannabis dependence severity via the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS). Results LCA identified seven distinct classes of cannabis use, characterised by high probabilities of using: sinsemilla & herbal (30.3% of the sample); sinsemilla, herbal & hashish (20.4%); herbal (18.4%); hashish & herbal (18.8%); all types (5.7%); edibles & herbal (4.6%) and concentrates & sinsemilla (1.7%). Relative to the herbal class, classes characterised by sinsemilla and/or hashish use had increased dependence severity. By contrast, the classes characterised by concentrates use did not show strong associations with cannabis dependence but reported greater rates of ever receiving a mental health disorder diagnosis. Conclusions The identification of these distinct classes underscores heterogeneity among cannabis use behaviours and provides novel insight into their different associations with addiction and mental health.