Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The controlled versus natural indexing languages debate revisited: a perspective on information retrieval practice and research

This article revisits the debate concerning con trolled and natural indexing languages, as used in searching the databases of the online hosts, in-house information retrieval systems, online public access catalogues and databases stored on CD-ROM. The debate was first formu lated in the early days of information retrieval more than a century ago but, despite significant advances in technology, remains unresolved. The article divides the history of the debate into four eras. Era one was characterised by the introduction of controlled vocabulary. Era two focused on comparisons between different indexing languages in order to assess which was best. Era three saw a number of case studies of limited generalisability and a general recognition that the best search performance can be achieved by the parallel use of the two types of indexing languages. The emphasis in Era four has been on the development of end-user-based systems, including online public access catalogues and databases on CD-ROM. Recent developments in the use of expert systems techniques to support the representation of meaning may lead to systems which offer significant support to the user in end-user searching. In the meantime, however, information retrieval in practice involves a mixture of natural and controlled indexing languages used to search a wide variety of different kinds of databases.
The application of animal welfare standards in intensive production systems using the assessment protocols of Welfare Quality®: Fattening pig husbandry in Northwest Germany

The increased requirements for animal welfare have raised the need for a comprehensive on-farm assessment system. This paper is a first step to analysing the reliability and feasibility of the on-farm welfare assessment with regard to the animal-related measures of Welfare Quality© in intensive fattening pig husbandries. Based on the 2009 Welfare Quality® assessment protocols for pigs, six analyses were undertaken by one observer on three farms. It became apparent that the system in essence, fulfils the requirements of a sound assessment of animal welfare under intensive production with low on-farm variability. The behaviour-based measurements had a higher degree of within-farm variability than clinical- and resource-based measurements as the assessment involves a greater degree of subjectivity. Some measurements seemed to be of low sensitivities as there were no or very low variations in many of the indicators being assessed. Despite this, this preliminary study indicates that the assessment system is a reliable and feasible tool for the evaluation of animal welfare status in intensive pig production for fattening pig. Key words: Welfare Quality©, animal welfare, intensive livestock production
Is State Anhedonia Characteristic of Parkinson’s Disease?

Anhedonia, the lowered ability to experience pleasure, is one of the non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Recently, the distinction between consummatory and anticipatory anhedonia has been proposed and anhedonia, notably in PD, could constitute a stable characteristic (anhedonia-trait) or secondary symptom (anhedonia-state). Several studies, using healthy control groups, reported high state consummatory and anticipatory anhedonia in PD using the Snaith Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS), but when control groups included subjects with different illnesses no significant differences were reported. The aim of the present study was to compare PD subjects with subjects presenting a non-Parkinson motor neurological disease on the anhedonia subscale of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). This subscale rated consummatory and anticipatory anhedonia state. No significant difference was reported. This result confirmed that PD subjects were not characterized by high levels of state anhedonia when the subjects were compared to subjects with a different disease. Contrary to trait consummatory anhedonia, state anhedonia could be nonspecific to Parkinson’s disease.
Dynamics of Dendritic Cell Phenotype and Interactions with CD4+ T Cells in Airway Inflammation and Tolerance1

An emerging concept is that different types of dendritic cells (DCs) initiate different immune outcomes, such as tolerance vs inflammation. In this study, we have characterized the DCs from the lung draining lymph nodes of mice immunized for allergic airway inflammation or tolerance and examined their interactions with CD4+ T cells. The DC population derived from tolerized mice was predominantly CD11c+, B220+, Gr-1+, CD11b−, and MHC class IIlow, which resembled plasmacytoid-type DCs whereas DCs from the inflammatory condition were largely CD11c+, B220−, Gr-1−, CD11b+, and MHC class IIhigh resembling myeloid-type DCs. The DCs from the tolerogenic condition were poor inducers of T cell proliferation. DCs from both conditions induced T cell IL-4 production but the T cells cultured with tolerogenic DCs were unresponsive to IL-4 as indicated by inhibition of STAT6 activation and expression of growth factor-independent 1, which has been recently shown to be important for STAT6-activated Th2 cell expansion. Our data suggest that airway tolerance vs inflammation is determined by the DC phenotype in lung draining lymph nodes.
Monocyte migration inhibitory factor synthesis and gene expression in particle-activated macrophages.

This study analysed MIF mRNA and protein expression in human macrophages exposed in vitro to polymethylmethacryate and titanium alloy particles. MIF levels released from macrophages without exposure to particles were in the range of 2-4 ng/ml. Exposure of macrophages to particles as demonstrated increased MIF release at 0. 075%-0.225% v/v particle concentration, which was maximal at 12-24 h. MIF mRNA signal levels in cells with and without particles at a concentration of 0.075% showed no significant differences in a time course experiment. The profile of MIF release in response to increasing particle concentration coincided with increased release of lactate dehydrogenase. The viability of the cells was unchanged by the addition of particles as determined by 3H-thymidine uptake. These data suggest that MIF expression may represent an independent macrophage response to locally high particle concentrations.
Early TIPS versus endoscopic therapy for secondary prophylaxis after management of acute esophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

American College of Gastroenterology and American Association for the Study of Liver Disease guidelines recommend endoscopic and pharmacologic treatment for esophageal variceal bleed. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement is reserved for cases of therapeutic failure. Several studies have suggested improved prevention of rebleeding and improved survival without excess hepatic encephalopathy in patients who receive TIPS within the first 5 days after bleeding (early TIPS). In this meta‐analysis, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of early TIPS versus endoscopic therapy for secondary prophylaxis after acute esophageal variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients.
Remote Microglial Activation in the Quinolinic Acid Model of Huntington's Disease

Intrastriatal injection of quinolinic acid (QA) in the rat leads to several structural and biochemical events which resemble neuropathological changes seen in the striatum of Huntington's disease patients. In the present experiment the accompanying microglial response in striatal projection areas following QA injection was studied immunocytochemically using monoclonal macrophage/microglial markers. After injection of 240 nmol of QA a marked microglial reaction was observed in the entire striatum, whereas injection of the same amount of solvent resulted only in a local microglial reaction around the injection site. Activated microglia were also found in the globus pallidus (GP), the entopeduncular nucleus (EP), the substantia nigra (SN), and the ventroanterior/ventrolateral, the ventromedial, and, in some rats, the reticular thalamic nucleus. The remote microglial reaction started in the first-order projection areas at Day 1 (GP) or Day 3 (EP, SN) and was found in the second-order projection areas (thalamic nuclei) by Day 5. Areas projecting to the striatum such as the amygdala and intralaminar thalamic nuclei remained free of activated microglia. It is concluded that a microglial response in striatal projection areas accompanies excitotoxic striatal injury. Anterograde degeneration of striatal projection neurons can explain the microglial activation in first-order projection areas but other mechanisms such as neuronal hyperexcitation following removal of inhibitory striatal input must be responsible for the rapid transsynaptic microglial activation seen in the thalamus.
A Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Study of Fluoxetine for Hypochondriasis

This study assessed the efficacy, durability, and tolerability of fluoxetine for hypochondriasis, a disorder for which controlled pharmacological trials are scarce. Fifty-seven patients with hypochondriasis were enrolled: 12 discontinued during the placebo run-in, and 45 were randomized to either fluoxetine or placebo for 12 weeks (acute treatment). Responder status was defined as a Clinical Global Impression rating for hypochondriasis of much or very much improved. Secondary outcome measures included severity of hypochondriasis, somatization, anxiety, and depression. Responders to acute treatment entered a 12-week maintenance phase to week 24. Sustained responders at week 24 entered a 12-week double-masked discontinuation phase. Primary analysis used the intent-to-treat sample. More patients responded with improvement in hypochondriasis when given fluoxetine compared with placebo, starting at week 8 (50.0% vs 19.0%, P = 0.03) and continuing to week 12 (62.5% vs 33.3%, P = 0.05). Mean dose at week 12 dose was 51.4 mg (SD, ±23 mg). The acute treatment response was maintained to week 24 with more responders in the fluoxetine compared with the placebo group (54.2% vs 23.8%, P = 0.04). Significant improvement was not noted on the continuous secondary outcomes measures of hypochondriasis, with the exception of the Clinical Global Impression hypochondriasis severity scale at week 24. Likelihood of response was not associated with severity of psychiatric comorbidity. Durability of response after controlled drug discontinuation could not be reasonably assessed, given the small sample size of patients who entered the discontinuation phase (n = 10). Fluoxetine was well tolerated, with no significant differences in discontinuation due to side effects between treatment groups. Fluoxetine is a moderately effective and well-tolerated treatment for hypochondriasis.
Initiation of telomere‐mediated chromosomal rearrangements in cancer

Telomeres are the ends of chromosomes and protect them from degradation and fusion. As such, their stability is required for normal cellular function. Telomere dysfunction is found often at the origin of cellular transformation and contributes to the onset of genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer cells. In this article, I discuss current data and concepts on telomere‐mediated chromosomal rearrangements in cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 1095–1102, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laboratory Findings, Histopathology, and Immunophenotype of Lymphoma in Domestic Ferrets

Lymphoma is a common tumor in ferrets, but anatomic distribution, histomorphology, immunophenotype, laboratory abnormalities, and response to chemotherapy are incompletely defined. In this study, lymphoma was diagnosed by histopathology of tumor tissue in 29 ferrets ranging in age from 0.8 to 8.5 years, including 12 males and 17 females. Tumors involved the viscera of the abdominal cavity (n = 11), thoracic cavity (n = 1), or abdominal and thoracic cavities (n = 7); the skin (n = 2); or the viscera of both body cavities plus other sites (n = 8). Microscopically, all tumors had diffuse architecture. Assessment by histomorphology and immunophenotype classified tumors as peripheral T-cell lymphoma (n = 17), anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma (n = 5), anaplastic large B-cell lymphoma (n = 4), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 1), and Hodgkin-like lymphoma (n = 2). Cytologic evaluation of tumor tissue was diagnostic in 11 of 13 cases. Twenty-two of 27 ferrets had anemia, 2 had leukemia, and 5 were neutropenic. Common comorbid disorders were adrenal disease (n = 27) and insulinoma (n = 6). Tumors most frequently involved mesenteric lymph nodes, while enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes was uncommon (n = 3). Ferrets with Hodgkin-like lymphoma had massive enlargement of single lymph nodes. Mean survival of ferrets not immediately euthanized was 5.0 months (T-cell lymphoma) and 8.4 months (B-cell lymphoma). Ferrets treated with chemotherapy survived an average of 4.3 months (T-cell lymphoma, n = 9) or 8.8 months (B-cell lymphoma, n = 4). Results indicate that lymphomas in ferrets most commonly affect abdominal viscera, may be amenable to cytologic diagnosis, are frequently associated with anemia and, in some cases, may be chemosensitive, resulting in relatively long survival times.
Antibiotic residues in raw and pasteurized milk, Iran

Iran Razzagh Mahmoudi1, Kiumars Amini2, Mahtab Vahabzade3, Hamed Mir4, Reza Vagef5 Abstract Consumption of food products of animal origin with residual antibiotic has become a major concern of public health and dairy industry. In the study, antibiotic residue in raw and pasteurized milk was investigated. Of the 9 semi-industrial farm units, random on 3 occasions sampling was carried out from 4 milk collection stations and 3 pasteurized milk producing companies, and antibiotic residue was analyzed using Copan Milk Test method. The results showed that of the 96 samples collected, 28 (29.16%) were positive in terms of presence of antibiotics residue. Analysis of milk samples taken in spring and in summer showed a significant difference in antibiotic residue content, such that samples taken in summer contained higher percentage of antibiotic residue (37.5%) compared to samples taken in spring (20.83%). Contamination of raw milk samples (30.76%) with antibiotic residue was significantly higher than that in pasteurized milk samples (22.2%). Given the adverse effects of consumption of contaminated milk with antibiotic residues and huge losses to dairy industry, it seems more comprehensive studies are needed to ascertain precise types of antibiotic residues in milk consumed in this field.
The large-scale magnetic field and poleward mass accretion of the classical T Tauri star TW Hya

We report here results of spectropolarimetric observations of the ≃8 Myr classical T Tauri star (cTTS) TW Hya carried out with ESPaDOnS at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope in the framework of the ‘Magnetic Protostars and Planets’ programme, and obtained at two different epochs (2008 March and 2010 March). Obvious Zeeman signatures are detected at all times, both in photospheric lines and in accretion-powered emission lines. Significant intrinsic variability and moderate rotational modulation are observed in both photospheric and accretion proxies. Using tomographic imaging, we reconstruct maps of the large-scale field of the photospheric brightness and the accretion-powered emission at the surface of TW Hya at both epochs. We find that the magnetic topology is mostly poloidal and axisymmetric with respect to the rotation axis of the star and that the octupolar component of the large-scale field (2.5–2.8 kG at the pole) largely dominates the dipolar component. This large-scale field topology is characteristic of partly convective stars, supporting the conclusion (from evolutionary models) that TW Hya already hosts a radiative core. We also show that TW Hya features a high-latitude photospheric cool spot overlapping with the main magnetic pole (and producing the observed radial velocity fluctuations); this is also where accretion concentrates most of the time, although accretion at lower latitudes is found to occur episodically. We propose that the relatively rapid rotation of TW Hya (with respect to AA Tau-like cTTSs) directly reflects the weakness of the large-scale dipole, no longer capable of magnetically disrupting the accretion disc up to the corotation radius (at which the Keplerian period equals the stellar rotation period). We therefore conclude that TW Hya is in a phase of rapid spin-up as its large-scale dipole field progressively vanishes.
Single‐voxel long TE 1H‐MR spectroscopy of the normal brainstem and cerebellum

To evaluate the feasibility of single voxel 1H‐MRS of the CNS structures contained in the posterior cranial fossa and to determine the distribution of the normal metabolite ratios, concentrations, and T2 relaxation times in the midbrain, pons, medulla, dentate nucleus and cerebellar vermis.
Symmetric ternary functions and their application in orthogonal transforms

System of symmetric ternary functions was brought to the new forms. Several systems of functions based on symmetric ternary functions were developed. All developed systems of functions were tested for possibility of being applied for representation of information flows using orthogonal transforms. An orthogonal system of functions based on symmetric ternary functions was developed and proved to be applicable in orthogonal transforms.
The role of cytosolic phospholipase A2α in amyloid precursor protein induction by amyloid beta1‐42: implication for neurodegeneration

Amyloid‐β peptides generated by proteolysis of the β‐amyloid precursor protein (APP) play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The present study aimed to determine whether cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) plays a role in elevated APP protein expression induced by aggregated amyloid‐β1‐42 (Aβ) in cortical neurons and to elucidate its specific role in signal events leading to APP induction. Elevated cPLA2α and its activity determined by phosphorylation on serine 505 as well as elevated APP protein expression, were detected in primary rat cortical neuronal cultures exposed to Aβ for 24 h and in cortical neuron of human amyloid‐β1‐42 brain infused mice. Prevention of cPLA2α up‐regulation and its activity by oligonucleotide antisense against cPLA2α (AS) prevented the elevation of APP protein in cortical neuronal cultures and in mouse neuronal cortex. To determine the role of cPLA2α in the signals leading to APP induction, increased cPLA2α expression and activity induced by Aβ was prevented by means of AS in neuronal cortical cultures. Under these conditions, the elevated cyclooxygenase‐2 and the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were prevented. Addition of PGE2 or cyclic AMP analogue (dbcAMP) to neuronal cultures significantly increased the expression of APP protein, while the presence protein kinase A inhibitor (H‐89) attenuated the elevation of APP induced by Aβ. Inhibition of elevated cPLA2α by AS prevented the activation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) as detected by its phosphorylated form, its translocation to the nucleus and its DNA binding induced by Aβ which coincided with cPLA2α dependent activation of CREB in the cortex of Aβ brain infused mice. Our results show that accumulation of Aβ induced elevation of APP protein expression mediated by cPLA2α, PGE2 release, and CREB activation via protein kinase A pathway.
Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in the elderly: results of the master registry

Approximately 50–75% of patients with venous thromboembolism have a readily identifiable risk factor, either transient or permanent, whereas the remaining episodes are classified as unprovoked. The incidence of first-time venous thromboembolism rises exponentially with age. Whether the prevalence and the relative weight of major risk factors differ between elderly and younger patients is unclear. We performed a multicenter, prospective, observational study on consecutive patients with objectively confirmed acute venous thromboembolism admitted to 25 Italian hospitals. Baseline characteristics and information on temporary and permanent risk factors at the time of the index event were secured by an electronic data network. We enrolled 2119 patients (49.8% men), of whom 440 (20%) were more than 75 years of age and 1679 (79.2%) 75 years of age or less. Elderly patients were more likely to have pulmonary embolism at presentation (33.6 and 25.6%, respectively, P < 0.001). After binary logistic regression analysis, we found that the risk of venous thromboembolism in the elderly, compared with the younger age group, was significantly associated with immobilization (odds ratio: 2.46, 95% confidence interval: 1.85–3.27) and with severe medical disorders (odds ratio: 1.99, 95% confidence interval: 1.41–2.80), whereas male sex (odds ratio: 0.53, 95% confidence interval: 0.42–0.66), surgery (odds ratio: 0.61, 95% confidence interval: 0.43–0.85), and trauma (odds ratio: 0.49, 95% confidence interval: 0.31–0.77) were less common risk factors in the elderly than in younger patients. Use of thromboprophylaxis prior to the index event was not different between the two age groups. Severe medical disorders and immobilization are strongly associated with the occurrence of venous thromboembolism in the elderly. Our findings stress the need for adequate thromboprophylaxis in this setting.
Reassessing Statistical Downscaling Techniques for Their Robust Application under Climate Change Conditions

AbstractThe performance of statistical downscaling (SD) techniques is critically reassessed with respect to their robust applicability in climate change studies. To this end, in addition to standard accuracy measures and distributional similarity scores, the authors estimate the robustness of the methods under warming climate conditions working with anomalous warm historical periods. This validation framework is applied to intercompare the performances of 12 different SD methods (from the analog, weather typing, and regression families) for downscaling minimum and maximum temperatures in Spain. First, a calibration of these methods is performed in terms of both geographical domains and predictor sets; the results are highly dependent on the latter, with optimum predictor sets including near-surface temperature data (in particular 2-m temperature), which appropriately discriminate cold episodes related to temperature inversion in the lower troposphere.Although regression methods perform best in terms of co.
Sex Ratio in Pigeons, Together with Observations on the Laying, Incubation and Hatching of the Eggs.

Ar Moreover g() is dominated by 1-o T". Therefore equations (16) have the essential properties assumed to hold for (1), and their solution converges for IT1 sufficiently small. It is easy to imagine a physical problem which satisfies the conditions of this theory. For example, suppose the number of mutually gravitating bodies in the universe whose masses are bounded from zero is infinite. If beyond a finite number of them (which may be arbitrarily great) their initial distances from one another increase, as the number of bodies increases, with sufficient rapidity, it is easy to show that all the hypotheses are satisfied. In this case there is a rigorous, though limited, solution of the problem of infinitely many bodies moving subject to their mutual attractions.