Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Physical Activity ( Counseling ) at Primary Health Care Centers in Aseer Region , Saudi Arabia

Aim of the Study: To assess the physical activity counseling provided by primary health care physicians in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study that comprised 232 primary health care physicians was conducted in AseerRegion, Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire was adapted and administered to study participants to explorephysicians’ level of physical activity and issues related to physical activity counseling to their clients. Results: Most respondents were males (82.8%), nonSaudis (77.2%). It was noticed that 42% were physically active. A significant relation was found between physical activity counseling and physicians’ physical activity level (p<0.001). Lack of time was the most common barrier for counseling (65. 1 %), followed by lack of training (49.6%) and lack of knowledge (28.4%). Conclusions: Primary health care physicians show support for physical activity counseling to their clients. However, a number of challenges are present, such as time constrains, lack of training and knowledge about physical activity.
The Design, Development, and Validation of a Knowledge-Based Organizational Learning Support System

It is generally agreed that organizational learning involves the processes of developing and exchanging organizational members' underlying opinions, assumptions, and interpretations of the environment. This exploratory research applies innovative information technology (IT) to support and facilitate organizational learning. The organizational learning process is defined, and inhibitors to the process are identified and translated into system requirements for the design and development of the Organizational Learning Support System (OLSS) toolkit. The OLSS toolkit uses a knowledge-based system to elicit initial interpretations of the environment from organizational members and automatically detects where organizational members' interpretations conflict and where they are in consensus. It uses a heuristic approach to order the presentation of the conflicts to the organizational members. A validation in the form of a pilot study is included.
Cholestenoic Acid is an important elimination product of cholesterol in the retina: comparison of retinal cholesterol metabolism with that in the brain.

PURPOSE Accumulating evidence indicates a link between cholesterol and age-related macular degeneration. Yet, little is known about cholesterol elimination from the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the two layers that are damaged in this blinding disease. Several different pathways of enzymatic cholesterol removal exist in extraocular tissues. The authors tested whether metabolites from these pathways could also be quantified in the bovine and human retina and RPE. For comparison, they measured cholesterol oxidation products in two regions of the bovine and human brain and in the bovine liver and adrenal glands. METHODS Sterol quantification was carried out by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bovine tissues were used first to optimize analytical procedures and to investigate postmortem changes in oxysterol concentrations. Then human specimens were analyzed for oxysterol concentrations. RESULTS Qualitatively, oxysterol profiles were similar in the bovine and human tissues. In the human retina and RPE, the authors could not detect 27-hydroxycholesterol but unexpectedly found that its oxidation product, 5-cholestenoic acid, is the most abundant oxysterol, varying up to threefold in different persons. 24S-Hydroxysterol and pregnenolone were also present in the retina, but at much lower quantities and without significant interindividual variability. In the brain, the predominant oxysterol was 24S-hydroxycholesterol. CONCLUSIONS The oxysterol profile of the retina suggests that all known pathways of cholesterol elimination in extraocular organs are operative in the retina and that they likely vary depending on specific cell type. However, overall oxidation to 5-cholestenoic acid appears to be the predominant mechanism for cholesterol elimination from this organ.
Disease in the scurfy (sf) mouse is associated with overexpression of cytokine genes

The murine X‐linked lymphoproliferative disease scurfy is similar to the Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome in humans. Disease in scurfy (sf) mice is mediated by CD4+ T cells. Based on similarities in scurfy mice and transgenic mice that overexpress specific cytokine genes, we evaluated the expression of cytokines in the lesions of sf mice by Northern blotting, quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and by hybridization in situ. Overall, the phenotypic characteristics of scurfy disease correlated well with increased interleukin (IL)‐4 (lymphadenopathy), IL‐6 (B cell proliferation, hypergammaglobulinemia), IL‐7 (dermal inflammatory cell infiltration), and high levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α (wasting).
What does it take to make a primary maths teacher? Two trainee teachers’ successful mathematical journeys

Trainee teachers on one year postgraduate training courses (PGCE in England) have little time to develop the required mathematical subject knowledge, yet this is expected of them. Trainees embarking on their teacher training bring a range of mathematical experiences, some of which could hamper still further their ability to acquire this knowledge. In this pilot study, two primary trainee teachers, with very different mathematical backgrounds, and their mathematics tutor explore in detail the processes through which they became confident and competent primary school mathematics teachers. From these experiences, we suggest that trainees’ reflection and Dewey-ian open-mindedness are essential ingredients if they are to acquire the necessary knowledge to become confident primary mathematics teachers and that instilling these habits of mind in their trainees is an important part of role of providers of initial teacher education (ITE).
DNA damage in bronchial epithelial and mesothelial cells with and without associated crocidolite asbestos fibers

Mesothelioma is induced almost exclusively by exposure to asbestos fibers. We have investigated whether the induction of DNA damage in human bronchial epithelial BEAS 2B cells and human mesothelial MeT 5A cells by crocidolite asbestos (2 μg/cm2) requires the presence of asbestos fibers in the cells. DNA damage was measured microscopically by the Comet assay, and the presence of fibers in the same cells was assessed using bright‐field illumination. After treatment times of 6–72 hr, damage levels were, on the average, two times higher in cells with fibers than in cells without fibers. It was further found that DNA damage decreased with time in BEAS 2B cells both with and without fibers. No decrease in damage with time was seen in MeT 5A cells, suggesting that these mesothelial cells repair the initial damage poorly, lack induction of protective systems, or constantly produce high levels of damaging species. Our results indicate that crocidolite‐treated human mesothelial MeT 5A and bronchial epithelial BEAS 2B cells show an elevated level of DNA damage if they contain a fiber. In comparison with epithelial BEAS 2B cells, mesothelial MeT 5A cells have more DNA damage after the crocidolite treatment and the damage is more persistent. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. , 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carcass and commercial cuts yield in broilers of different ages fed diets supplemented with probiotics

In this study, the carcass and commercial cuts weights and yields in broilers of different ages fed diets supplemented with probiotics were determined. A total of 336 male broiler chicks ( Ross-308 ) were randomly allocated into three treatment groups (P 0, P 1 and P 2). A basal diet (P 0), basal diet plus 0.01% (P 1) and 0.02% (P 2) probiotic ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 4x10 8 cfu g -1 ) were offered to experimental groups. At the end of the trial, all chicks were slaughtered and stored at 3 °C for 24 hours. The cold carcass weights were determined, and then the carcasses were dissected into neck, whole wing, wing drumette, winglet, wing tip, whole breast, breast fillet, breast skin, front back, thigh, drumstick, hind back and tail as cuts up. All cuts up were weighed and their yields were calculated. The use of probiotic in broiler diet had significant effects on whole breast (p<0.05), breast fillets (p<0.01) and front back (p<0.01) weights. The weightiest breast fillet was in P 1 as compared with control and P 2 groups (p<0.05). The slaughter age, as expected, affected all parameters investigated (p<0.01) in point of weight of carcasses and cuts up, and the highest values were obtained at 49 days. On the other hand, the effect of treatment x slaughter age interaction on front back weight of broiler carcass was significant (p<0.05).
Evaluation of Multiplex-Based Antibody Testing for Use in Large-Scale Surveillance for Yaws: a Comparative Study

ABSTRACT WHO has targeted yaws for global eradication by 2020. The program goals are to interrupt the transmission in countries where yaws is endemic and to certify countries as yaws free where yaws was endemic in the past. No new rapid plasmin reagin (RPR) seroreactivity in young children is required for certification of elimination at a country level. We sought to evaluate whether antibody responses to specific treponemal antigens measured in a high-throughput multiplex bead array (MBA) assay differentiate past versus current infection and whether a nontreponemal lipoidal antigen test can be incorporated into the MBA. Serum and dried blood spot specimens collected for yaws surveillance projects in Ghana, Vanuatu, and Papua New Guinea (PNG) were run on MBA to measure antibodies against recombinant p17 (rp17) and treponemal membrane protein A (TmpA) treponemal antigens. Results were compared to standard treponemal laboratory (TPPA or TPHA [TPP(H)A]) and quantitative RPR test data. Of 589 specimens, 241 were TPP(H)A+/RPR+, 88 were TPP(H)A+/RPR−, 6 were TPP(H)A−/RPR+, and 254 were negative for both tests. Compared to TPP(H)A, reactive concordance of rp17 was 93.7%, while reactive concordance of TmpA was only 81.9%. TmpA-specific reactivity showed good correlation with RPR titers (R 2 = 0.41; P < 0.0001). IgG responses to the lipoidal antigen used in RPR testing (cardiolipin) were not detected in the MBA. Our results suggest that TmpA can be used as a treponemal antigen marker for recent or active infection and potentially replace RPR in a high-throughput multiplex tool for large-scale yaws surveillance.
Inaccurate measurements processing for guaranteed estimation in dynamical system stabilization problem

The paper describes and compares some approaches to the use of measurement results for control using the classical feedback principle. The application of a linear control law based on the state vector estimates obtained with the use of the Kalman filter and the minimax filter is described. There are methods for control quality improving by means of the preliminary processing of measurements and another approach to the synthesis of the local-optimal control algorithm based on the prediction of the state vector estimation. A comparative analysis of the described control algorithms is carried out using a numerical example.
The A+ Schools: A New Look at Curriculum Integration

This study investigates the effectiveness of the A+ Schools Program, which holds that integration of the arts strengthens learning and creates a positive instructional environment. Participating schools exposed their students to visual art, music, drama, and dance classes each week in addition to integration of the arts with academic subjects. Surveys examined art teachers' views regarding support and funding, in addition to school administrators' reports of school attendance. Quantitative data representing the North Carolina End-of-Grade Tests (EOGs) in reading comprehension and mathematics provided insight into the academic success of the A+ schools relative to other public schools across the state. The data analysis demonstrated no statistically significant difference in the academic performance of students attending A+ schools. The results, based upon surveys of participating art teachers and administrators, suggest that the largest potential impact of the A+ schools may be in the affective domain, influencing students' interest in school and creative expression.
Bile Acid Malabsorption Deactivates Pregnane X Receptor in Patients with Crohn’s Disease

Background:Recent studies have suggested that the downregulation of pregnane X receptor (PXR) may contribute to the susceptibility and exacerbation of Crohn’s disease (CD). Because bile acid malabsorption is one of the features of CD and bile acids are potential activators of PXR, we explored the relationship between bile acid malabsorption and PXR activities in patients with CD. Methods:Twenty-one patients with CD (4 ileal-resected and 17 nonresected), 10 with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 26 healthy controls were studied. Serum biomarkers for the activity of CYP3A4, a target gene of PXR, and for cholesterol and bile acid metabolism were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results:The concentrations of 4&bgr;-hydroxycholesterol (4&bgr;-HC), a known marker for CYP3A4 activity, and those of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), another metabolite by CYP3A4, were significantly reduced in all patients with CD, especially in those with the history of ileal resection. The concentration of 7&agr;-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4), a marker for hepatic bile acid biosynthesis, was significantly elevated, whereas the levels of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), a marker for intestinal bile acid flux, were reduced in patients with CD compared with patients with UC and controls. A significant negative correlation was observed between 4&bgr;-HC or 25-HC and C4 concentrations in all patients with CD. Conclusions:The degree of bile acid malabsorption was closely associated with the deactivation of PXR in CD. Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids is a key factor for preservation of baseline activity of hepatointestinal PXR.
Analysis of false results in a series of 835 fine needle aspirates of breast lesions.

OBJECTIVE To analyze cases of false diagnoses from a large series to help increase the accuracy of fine needle aspiration of palpable breast lesions. STUDY DESIGN The results of FNA of 835 palpable breast lesions were analyzed to determine the reasons for false positive, false negative and false suspicious diagnoses. RESULTS Of the 835 aspirates, 174 were reported as positive, 549 as negative and 66 as suspicious or atypical but not diagnostic of malignancy. Forty-six cases were considered unsatisfactory. Tissue was available for comparison in 286 cases. The cytologic diagnoses in these cases were reported as follows: positive, 125 (43.7%); suspicious, 33 (11.5%); atypical, 18 (6.2%); negative, 92 (32%); and unsatisfactory, 18 (6.2%). There was one false positive diagnosis, yielding a false positive rate of 0.8%. This lesion was a case of fibrocystic change with hyperplasia, focal fat necrosis and reparative atypia. There were 14 false negative cases, resulting in a false negative rate of 13.2%. Nearly all these cases were sampling errors and included infiltrating ductal carcinomas (9), ductal carcinomas in situ (2), infiltrating lobular carcinomas (2) and tubular carcinoma (1). Most of the suspicious and atypical lesions proved to be carcinomas (35/50). The remainder were fibroadenomas (6), fibrocystic change (4), gynecomastia (2), adenosis (2) and granulomatous mastitis (1). CONCLUSION A positive diagnosis of malignancy by FNA is reliable in establishing the diagnosis and planning the treatment of breast cancer. The false-positive rate is very low, with only a single case reported in 835 aspirates. Most false negatives are due to sampling and not to interpretive difficulties. The category "suspicious but not diagnostic of malignancy" serves a useful purpose in management of patients with breast lumps.
Management of cardiovascular disease in aging persons with haemophilia

Summary With the aging of the haemophilia population, age related comorbidities become more and more a medical issue. Managing haemophilia patients with cardiovascular disease is a difficult task for many haemophilia-treating physicians. Over the years, insights on prevalence, risk factors and management of cardiovascular disease in haemophilia have improved substantially. It is now recognised that many risk factors, such as hypertension and overweight, occur quite frequently in patients with haemophilia. Several new insights in anticoagulation management of atrial fibrillation and coronary ischaemia in haemophilia have been suggested. This review provides an general overview of the current knowledge of these topics in literature.
Cellular-versus-humoral autoimmune responses to salivary gland in Sjögren's syndrome.

In Sjogren's syndrome (SS), the earliest glandular infiltration by lymphoid cells surrounds the salivary ducts, which are also the target of the organ-specific antisalivary duct (ASD) autoantibody found in some patients with this disorder. A sensitizing antigen localized in ductal epithelial cells may elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses. In a study using coded specimens from twenty-five patients with SS and eight with rheumatoid arthritis, sera were tested for ASD, and lip biopsies were graded for the degree of lymphoid infiltration and destruction of labial salivary glands. Significantly less cellular infiltration was found in SS patients who had ASD compared to those who lacked this antibody. In SS, the group of ASD-negative patients had greater gland destruction and more severe xerostomia. The possible role of ASD as a blocking antibody is suggested.
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism affects carotid artery atherosclerosis in smoking hypertensive men

Objective Smoking is a risk factor for increased carotid artery intima–media thickness (IMT). The apolipoprotein E (apoE) &epsis;4 allele has been associated with cardiovascular diseases, but the role of apoE in regard to intima–media thickness (IMT) has remained controversial. The objective was to investigate whether there is some gene–environment interaction between smoking and apoE polymorphism. Design Cross-sectional case–control study. Methods IMTs of 511 hypertensive and control men were measured ultrasonographically and the apoE genotypes were determined. Genotypes with the &epsis;4 allele were pooled into one group and the genotypes without it into another. Results A significant interaction between the &epsis;4 allele and smoking affecting IMT was observed among the hypertensive smokers, as assessed by analysis of covariance. The mean carotid IMT was significantly greater (1.01 versus 0.90 mm, P = 0.003) in the &epsis;4 carriers than in the subjects without &epsis;4 among the hypertensive smokers. The number of plaques was also significantly higher. No differences were found in the other subjects (hypertensive non-smokers or controls). Linear regression analysis indicated that the &epsis;4 allele was an independent determinant of IMT in the hypertensive smokers but not in the other subjects. The estimated average effect of the &epsis;4 allele on the mean IMT in the hypertensive smokers was 0.088 mm (P < 0.001). In the oldest age group, the interaction of smoking and &epsis;4 was also seen in the control subjects. Conclusion The findings suggest that the &epsis;4 carriers are particularly susceptible to the atherogenic effects of smoking. This interaction is particularly clear in hypertensive subjects.
Early Precursors of Low Attention and Hyperactivity in a Preterm Sample at Age Four

The increased numbers of low birth weight (LBW) survivors has raised questions about the direct association between LBW and later diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in early childhood. A longitudinal data set was used to determine the relationship among perinatal morbidity and medical and neurological status during the toddler period (18 and 30 months) with lower attention and higher activity, cardinal features of ADHD at age 4. The sample of 39 full term and 149 preterm infants were recruited at birth. Infants were assigned to 1 of 5 groups based on perinatal morbidity. Medical and neurological status were classified as normal, suspect, or abnormal at 18 and 30 months. At age 4, five measures of attention and activity were gathered from parents and independent examiners. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed significant effects of perinatal morbidity, birth weight, gestational age, gender, socioeconomic status at infancy, and toddler medical and neurological status with lower attention and higher activity at age 4. Prematurity, perinatal illness, and later medical status are early markers for preschool behaviors associated with clinical diagnosis of ADHD.
Incidental neurodevelopmental episodes in the etiology of schizophrenia: An expanded model involving epigenetics and development

Epidemiological data favors genetic predisposition for schizophrenia, a common and complex mental disorder in most populations. Search for the genes involved using candidate genes, positional cloning, and chromosomal aberrations including triplet repeat expansions have established a number of susceptibility loci and genomic sites but no causal gene(s) with a proven mechanism of action. Recent genome‐wide gene expression studies on brains from schizophrenia patients and their matched controls have identified a number of genes that show an alteration in expression in the diseased brains. Although it is not possible to offer a cause and effect association between altered gene expression and disease, such observations support a neurodevelopmental model in schizophrenia. Here, we offer a mechanism of this disease, which takes into account the role of developmental noise and diversions of the neural system. It suggests that the final outcome of a neural developmental process is not fixed and exact. Rather it develops with a variation around the mean. More important, the phenotypic consequence may cross the norm as a result of fortuitous and/or epigenetic events. As a result, a normal genotype may develop as abnormal with a disease phenotype. More important, susceptible genotypes may have reduced penetrance and develop as a normal phenocopy. The incidental episodes in neurodevelopment will explain the frequency of schizophrenia in most populations and high discordance of monozygotic twins.
Oculomotor and postural patterns in schizophrenic children.

The persistence of primitive postural and righting reflexes in schizophrenic children has been stressed by Lauretta Bender and her associates. 1-3 They claim that such reflexes, particularly the tonic neck reflex, are retained in these children far beyond the normal age and are a manifestation of a disturbance in the maturational processes. The studies by Silver 4 and Teicher 5 of the postural and righting responses of schizophrenic children support these concepts. These children had no signs of neurologic disease as measured by standard techniques. They did show motor disturbances when examined in special ways, e. g. , whirling when the head was passively rotated, a phenomenon also found in children with organic brain disease. 6 Although Bender 1-3 stresses the role of tonic neck reflexes in the motility patterns of schizophrenic children, and Schilder 7 emphasized the importance of vestibular function in psychosis, there has been no survey of the