Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Embryology of the Ophthalmic Artery: a Revived Concept

front of the caudal branch (future posterior communicating artery), giving off the hyaloid artery (future central retinal artery) and lateral posterior ciliary artery, which supply the dorsolateral aspect of the developing optic vesicle (Figure 2A). The VOA appears at the primitive ICA near the origin of the anterior choroidal artery, and gives off the medial posterior ciliary artery, supplying the ventro-medial aspect of the optic vesicle. Subsequently, the origin of the DOA moves proximally after complex anastomotic processes called “caudal migration”to the point of the adult OA (Figure 2B). It never goes down to the cavernous sinus. The proximal portion of the VOA regresses and the adult OA is formed finally. At the same time, the stapedial artery gives off two branches: supraorbital and maxillo-mandibular artery (Figure2C). The supraorbital artery enters the orbit through the SOF and anastomoses with the VOA-DOA complex, making a small arterial ring around the optic nerve, at the future second intraorbital portion of the adult OA (Figure 2D). After regression of the ventral aspect of the arterial ring, the final adult configuration of the OA is established (Figure 2E). As the arteries run together with the corresponding nerves in principle, the supraorbital artery accompanies the ophthalmic nerve (V1) and the maxillo-mandibular artery (future infraorbital artery and inferior alveolar artery) accompanies the maxillary (V2) and mandibular nerves (V3), respectively. Thus, each artery Embryology of the ophthalmic artery (OA) is complex, as elegantly depicted by Padget in detailed embryonic diagrams about 60 years ago . However, Lasjaunias et Al explained its processes differently with angiographic images 2 (Figure 1). According to their explanation, two primitive OAs supply the orbit first, i.e., the ventral OA (VOA) and dorsal OA (DOA) (Figure 1A). The VOA is the ocular artery, which originates from the anterior cerebral artery and passes through the optic canal while DOA originates from the internal carotid artery (ICA) at the carotid siphon runs through the superior orbital fissure (SOF). Then, two anastomoses are formed: one near the optic nerve in the orbit between the VOA and DOA (Figure 1B), and the other near the intradural optic canal between the VOA and the ICA (Figure 1C). The proximal parts of the VOA and DOA regress, resulting in the formation of the adult OA (Figure 1D). The remnant of the proximal DOA is the inferolateral trunk (inferior cavernous sinus artery). In the meanwhile, supraorbital artery (branch of the stapedial artery formed from the second aortic arch) also passes through the SOF and contributes to give off branches to the orbit, including ethmoidnasal and lacrimal arteries (Figure 1E). This concept has been well accepted in the neuroradiological field for more than 40 years . According to Padget 1 (Figure 2), however, the DOA first appears at the opposite side of the bifurcation of the primitive ICA, i.e., in Letter to the Editor
Defining information flow quantity

We extend definitions of information flow so as to quantify the amount of information passed; in other words, we give a formal definition of the capacity of covert channels. Our definition uses the process algebra CSP, and is based upon counting the number of different behaviours of a high level user that can be distinguished by a low level user.
Intraportally Transplanted Pancreatic Islets Revascularized From Hepatic Arterial System

Isolated pancreatic islets were implanted intraportally into normoglycemic or alloxan-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice. Each animal was grafted with 200–250 syngeneic islets. Four, 8, 14, or 56 days after the transplantation, 2 to 3 × 105 microspheres (10 μm diam) were injected into either the portal vein or the abdominal aorta of anesthetized animals. The presence of microspheres within the islet grafts was determined in stained sections of the livers. In general, the number of microspheres in the liver sections was >10 times higher in mice given microspheres via the portal route. When the microspheres were administered via the arterial system 2 wk after transplantation, ∼20–30% of the islet sections contained microspheres; only occasional spheres were found in the islets after intraportal administration. This was the case even when as many as 56 days had elapsed. Some but not all mice investigated 4 and 8 days after transplantation had islets that contained microspheres. The intraportally implanted islets in hyperglycemic animals had decreased revascularization compared with normoglycemic mice 2 wk after implantation. The results indicate that intraportally implanted syngeneic pancreatic islets become revascularized mainly from the hepatic artery and that this process starts as early as during the 1st wk postimplantation. Furthermore, hyperglycemia seems to influence this process.
Hyperimmune antisera against synthetic peptides representing the glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 can mediate neutralization and antibody-dependent cytotoxic activity.

Twenty-five 13- to 35-amino-acid-long peptides representing regions of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), strain SBL6669, envelope proteins were evaluated for their immunogenic activity in guinea pigs. The peptides were selected to provide homologous representation of sites in the HIV-1 envelope proteins that were previously documented to have a particular immunogenic importance. A number of the HIV-2 peptides were found to be capable of inducing strain SBL6669 neutralizing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibodies. Two overlapping peptides covering amino acids 311-337 representing the central and C-terminal part of the variable third (V3) region, terminology according to Modrow et al. [Modrow, S. , Hahn, B. , Shaw, G. M. , Gallo, R. C. , Wong-Staal, F. & Wolf, H. (1987) J. Virol. 61, 570-578], showed the most pronounced capacity to induce neutralizing antibodies. One of the peptides (amino acids 318-337) also induced antibodies mediating ADCC. Two additional regions in the large glycoprotein, gp125, containing linear sites reacting with neutralizing antibodies were identified (amino acids, 119-137 and 472-509). The transmembrane protein, gp36, of HIV-2 harbored two regions of importance for induction of neutralizing antibodies (amino acids 595-614 and 714-729). ADCC activity was induced by two additional gp125-specific peptides (amino acids 291-311 and 446-461). Thus, except for the single V3-specific site there was no correlation between linear immunogenic sites stimulating neutralizing antibody and ADCC activity. These findings pave the way for development of synthetic vaccines against HIV-2 and possibly also simian immunodeficiency virus infections. The capacity of such a product to induce protective immunity can be evaluated in macaque monkeys.
A Comparison of Elliptical Mastectomy to Inverted-T Pattern Mastectomy in Two-Stage Prosthetic Breast Reconstruction

Background: Patients with large or ptotic breasts undergoing mastectomy followed by tissue expander/implant-based reconstruction may benefit from a Wise (inverted-T) pattern reduction mammaplasty incision compared with the traditional horizontal elliptical incision. The authors compared these two groups of patients with regard to complication rates and outcomes. Methods: Sixty-nine patients (117 breasts) were identified who underwent Wise pattern mastectomy and two-stage reconstruction. A control group of 89 patients (136 breasts) who underwent reconstruction after horizontal elliptical mastectomy were selected over the same period. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and complication rates were recorded and analyzed statistically. Results: Patient demographics (age, body mass index, diabetes, smoking, and irradiation history) and clinical characteristics (laterality, expander size and fill volume, and time to expansion) were similar, with the exception of body mass index (control, 26.7 kg/m2; inverted-T, 28.7 kg/m2; p = 0.04) and mean intraoperative fill volume (control, 158.7 cc; inverted-T, 196.9 cc; p = 0.02). Of all complications (infection, seroma, flap necrosis, expander loss, and salvage), only the rate of mastectomy flap necrosis was significantly greater (p = 0.002) in patients undergoing inverted-T mastectomy (25.6 percent versus 11.0 percent). This difference did not result in a significantly higher rate of expander loss or need for salvage surgery. Conclusions: The inverted-T mastectomy approach can be performed safely with acceptable complication rates. When compared with an internal control group, complication rates were similar, with the exception of mastectomy flap necrosis. Despite a higher rate of flap necrosis, 91 percent of inverted-T patients successfully completed the expansion process. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III.
A Feature Guided Particle Filter for Robust Handtracking

A method and apparatus for targetless X, Y and theta alignment of a semiconductor wafer having thereon a large number of identical microcircuits or dies that are arranged in a pattern to form rows and columns separated by scribe lines or "streets. " The orientation of the wafer is defined by the location of the wafer flat. Each one of the scribe lines or "streets" has a known angular relationship with the wafer flat. The alignment method and apparatus utilizes the wafer "street" pattern for identification instead of special targets located on the wafer. Coarse alignment of the wafer is achieved by locating the wafer flat and then rotating the wafer into approximately correct orientation. Fine alignment of the wafer is performed by opto-electrically locating the edge of a "street" and then rotating the wafer until the "street" edge is parallel to either the X or Y principal axis. In the preferred embodiment independent Z-axis compensation is provided to compensate for dimensional surface variations in the wafer.
Midline episiotomy and anal incontinence: retrospective cohort study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the relation between midline episiotomy and postpartum anal incontinence. Design: Retrospective cohort study with three study arms and six months of follow up. Setting: University teaching hospital. Participants: Primiparous women who vaginally delivered a live full term, singleton baby between 1 August 1996 and 8 February 1997: 209 who received an episiotomy; 206 who did not receive an episiotomy but experienced a second, third, or fourth degree spontaneous perineal laceration; and 211 who experienced either no laceration or a first degree perineal laceration. Main outcome measures: Self reported faecal and flatus incontinence at three and six months postpartum. Results: Women who had episiotomies had a higher risk of faecal incontinence at three (odds ratio 5.5, 95% confidence interval 1.8 to 16.2) and six (3.7, 0.9 to 15.6) months postpartum compared with women with an intact perineum. Compared with women with a spontaneous laceration, episiotomy tripled the risk of faecal incontinence at three months (95% confidence interval 1.3 to 7.9) and six months (0.7 to 11.2) postpartum, and doubled the risk of flatus incontinence at three months (1.3 to 3.4) and six months (1.2 to 3.7) postpartum. A non-extending episiotomy (that is, second degree surgical incision) tripled the risk of faecal incontinence (1.1 to 9.0) and nearly doubled the risk of flatus incontinence (1.0 to 3.0) at three months postpartum compared with women who had a second degree spontaneous tear. The effect of episiotomy was independent of maternal age, infant birth weight, duration of second stage of labour, use of obstetric instrumentation during delivery, and complications of labour. Conclusions: Midline episiotomy is not effective in protecting the perineum and sphincters during childbirth and may impair anal continence.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children: Multicenter collaborative study of the french group of pediatric intensive care

This multicenter collaborative study was conducted from January 1 , 1990 through December 3 1 , 199 1. Criteria for inclusion were age 2 10 days, diffuse bilateral infiltrates on chest X-ray, mechanical ventilation (MV) with FiO, > 0.5, and positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). Children with cardiogenic pulmonary edema were excluded. For each patient, in addition to an abstract of the medical record and chest X-ray, a case report form was completed by one physician in each PICU with information regarding underlying disease, etiology, blood gases, and ventilation variables 24 hr after beginning of MV, therapy, and outcome. Two patients group where established based on therapy, underlying disorder and clinical mechanism of death. Group I (n = 81); exclusive mechanical ventilation, immune suppressed and nonimmune suppressed, death from pulmonary failure and/or multiple organ system failure (MSOF)' with exclusion of brain death. Group I1 (n = 35): group I without immunesuppressed children. Several physiologic variables predictive of death measured or calculated 24 hr after beginning of MV were studied: PaO,, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), maximum PEEP, mean airway pressure (MAP), PaO,/FiO,, alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient [(P(A a)0,], oxygenation index (01) (MAP X FiO, X lOO/Pa/O,), ventilation index (VI) (PaCO, X PIP X respiratory rate/lOO), and respiratory severity index (RSI) (MAP X P(A a) O,/PaO,)/ 100).
A Framework of Business Process Re-engineering Factors and Organizational Performance of Nigerian Banks

The aims of this paper is to present a framework on the data collected regarding our research study on Effect of BPR factor on organization performance with moderating role of Information technology. A survey method was used to administer 560 questionnaires to Nigerian banks (Commercial, Microfinance and Primary mortgage finance). Data screening and cleaning was conducted to enable satisfy the assumptions of multivariate analysis. Therefore, the assessment of the missing data, outliers, normality, linearity, and multicollinearity were performed. In addition, factor analysis (PCA) was conducted with help of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The results were found to meet the requirement for multivariate analysis.
Phenobarbital toxic levels in a nursing neonate.

INDIAN PEDIATRICS 963 VOLUME 41__SEPTEMBER 17, 2004 messages through Inter-personal Communication (IPC) and Mass media. Most of the people prefer house-to-house approach because of saving of time. Clustering of unreached though the unreached children are spread all over, yet concentrated in clusters, which are at the border with Nepal or in areas with higher concentration of scheduled castes in rural, and Muslims in urban areas.
A Nonimpact Article About Nonimpact Injury

If reports of this caliber are required to insinuate that significant "brain damage" may ensue from rather mild nonimpact injury, there is some a priori reason to believe that this is not the case. The introduction of security belts, head rests, side-impact protection, and air bags has made driving safer; yet, the incidence of "brain injury" is allegedly rising. To definitely settle this issue, we will have to wait for other, preferably prospective, randomized, double-blind studies yielding a higher class of evidence. So, what do we learn from this study? First, in the United States, it is possible to select a sample of litigants that after a car accident or similar injury behaves and complains the way they did, even if there was no proof of morphological brain damage. Second, reports like this headed by a misleading title should better go unpublished until certain minimal standards of scientific scrutiny are met.
Assessing the evidence in qualitative medical education research

In a recent editorial, Bligh and Brownell Anderson welcomed initiatives to seek out best evidence for medical education. Similar sentiments have been expressed to a general medical readership. Medical education research has been perceived to lack rigour, possibly because of a belief that only controlled experimental studies, of which there are few, can meet quality criteria. Qualitative research has a longstanding and widespread currency in education studies. It has also been the subject of introductory and discussion papers in primary health care and health services research, and there is a growing interest in qualitative methods in medical education research. Bligh and Brownell Anderson support an eclectic approach to study designs for researching medical education questions and query the selection of minimum standards of appropriate evidence in assessing qualitative research. They imply an evaluative aspect to such research when identifying the `ambitions of reformers'. In this paper we raise some questions about `best evidence' medical education research and discuss issues particular to the assessment of qualitative research.
Creating Images by Learning Image Semantics Using Vector Space Models

When dealing with images and semantics, most computational systems attempt to automatically extract meaning from images. Here we attempt to go the other direction and autonomously create images that communicate concepts. We present an enhanced semantic model that is used to generate novel images that convey meaning. We employ a vector space model and a large corpus to learn vector representations of words and then train the semantic model to predict word vectors that could describe a given image. Once trained, the model autonomously guides the process of rendering images that convey particular concepts. A significant contribution is that, because of the semantic associations encoded in these word vectors, we can also render images that convey concepts on which the model was not explicitly trained. We evaluate the semantic model with an image clustering technique and demonstrate that the model is successful in creating images that communicate semantic relationships.
Characterization of Spi-B, a transcription factor related to the putative oncoprotein Spi-1/PU.1

We have cloned a human cDNA from a new gene, spi-B, on the basis of its homology with the DNA-binding domain of the Spi-1/PU.1 putative oncogene product. spi-B codes for a protein of 262 amino acids presenting 43% overall identity with Spi-1. Its highly basic carboxy-terminal region exhibits 34% sequence identity with the DNA-binding domain of the Ets-1 protein. We showed that the Spi-B protein is able to bind the purine-rich sequence (PU box) recognized by Spi-1/PU.1 and to activate transcription of a reporter plasmid containing PU boxes. Chromosome in situ hybridization allowed us to map spi-B to the 19q13.3-19q13.4 region of the human genome. spi-B, like spi-1, was found to be expressed in various murine and human hematopoietic cell lines except T lymphoid cell lines.
Phenotypic and functional profiling of human proinflammatory type‐1 and anti‐inflammatory type‐2 macrophages in response to microbial antigens and IFN‐γ‐ and CD40L‐mediated costimulation

Macrophages (Mφ) comprise a heterogeneous population of cells with various immune and homeostatic functions. Recently, we have described type‐1 and type‐2 human monocyte‐derived Mφ subsets. Although both support outgrowth of intracellular mycobacteria, Mφ‐1 secretes interleukin (IL)‐23/IL‐12 and supports T helper cell type 1 (Th1) responses, whereas Mφ‐2 fails to produce IL‐23/IL‐12, predominantly secretes IL‐10, and inhibits Th1 function. Here, we further describe the phenotypic and functional profiles of Mφ‐1 and Mφ‐2 in response to microbial antigens and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and CD40L as costimulatory T cell back‐talk signals. Activated IL‐23+/IL‐12+ Mφ‐1 secreted IL‐1β, IL‐18, IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), as well as IL‐8, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), IFN‐inducible protein 10 (IP‐10), Mφ inflammatory protein‐1β (MIP‐1β), regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES), Mφ‐derived chemokine (MDC), and (low levels of) pulmonary and activation‐regulated chemokine and thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine (TARC), corroborating their proinflammatory function. Regardless of the stimulus, Mφ‐2 maintained their IL‐10+ signature cytokine profile and produced no or relatively low levels of IL‐12p40, IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, MDC, or TARC. It is remarkable that Mφ‐2 secreted high levels of IL‐8, MCP‐1, IP‐10, MIP‐1β, and RANTES, suggesting an active role for these cells in regulating cellular immunity and homeostasis. Mφ‐1 and Mφ‐2 expressed similar levels of Toll‐like receptor and dendritic cell‐specific intercellular adhesion molecule‐3‐grabbing nonintegrin as microbial pattern recognition receptors. Mφ‐2, unlike Mφ‐1 but like other nonclassical Mφ described previously, expressed CD163 and down‐modulated human leukocyte antigen and costimulatory molecules specifically upon activation. These findings demonstrate how Mφ‐1/Mφ‐2 polarization can differentially skew the host response toward pro‐ or anti‐inflammatory immune responses, respectively. This is likely to be relevant for host‐pathogen interactions in chronic bacterial infections and provides a model for dissecting pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cascades.
Paternal age, stillbirths and mutation

Previous suggestions that accumulation of mutations in the germ line of ageing fathers causes an increased stillbirth rate were based on analyses of data which were heterogeneous for social variables whose effects were confounded with possible paternal age effects. This study was confined to the analysis of stillbirth rates of groups of women selected to be homogeneous for education, previous pregnancy outcomes, age, race and marital status. It is concluded that stillbirth rates do not increase with father's age independently of maternal variables. Neither accumulation of mutations in the paternal germ line nor other biological change associated with father's age can be inferred to cause an increase in risk of stillbirth with increasing paternal age.
Evaluation of the use of rural health clinics: knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of consumers.

THE RURAL HEALTH INITIATIVE (RHI), begun by the Public Health Service (PHS) in July 1975, was an attempt to combine the strengths of the Community Health Center (CHC) and the National Health Service Corps (NHSC) programs. The RHI's goal was to increase the availability and accessibility of primary health care services in rural areas where services were nonexistent or insufficient (1). In 1980, there were 25 primary care projects in Mississippi that were funded through the RHI and CHC programs. During 1979, services were delivered through these projects to approximately 80,000 Mississippians. However, less than half of the Mississippians who live in medically underserved areas have obtained services through these programs. Two reasons are that
Learning in relational databases: an attribute‐oriented approach

The development of efficient algorithms for learning from large relational databases is an important task in applicative machine learning. In this paper, we study knowledge discovery in relational databases and develop an attribute‐oriented learning method which extracts generalization rules from relational databases. The method adopts the artificial intelligence “learning‐from‐examples” paradigm and applies in the learning process an attribute‐oriented concept tree ascending technique which integrates database operations with the learning process and provides a simple and efficient way of learning from databases. The method learns both characteristic rules and classification rules of a learning concept, where a characteristic rule characterizes the properties shared by all the facts of the class being learned; while a classification rule characterizes the properties that distinguish the class being learned from other classes. The learning result could be a conjunctive rule or a rule with a small number of disjuncts. Moreover, learning can be performed with databases containing noisy data and exceptional cases using database statistics. Our analysis of the algorithms shows that attribute‐oriented induction substantially reduces the computational complexity of the database learning process.