Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FACTORS INFLUENCING MAJOR SELECTION BY COLLEGE OF BUSINESS STUDENTS

The purpose of this study was to examine some of the factors that influence and impact business students when they select their major. Factors related to familiarity with possible career options and sources of information were examined. In addition, traditional factors, such as those related to career outcomes, characteristics of the profession itself, and referent groups, were also examined. Respondents were more knowledgeable about careers in management, marketing, accounting, and finance than they were about careers in other areas. Awareness of opportunities in information systems careers ranked particularly low. While the most significant sources of information used when selecting a major were not clearly identified in the findings of this study, the television or movie portrayal of the occupation, the information on the college/department web site, brochures about the major, newspaper articles and information on the Internet/web were ranked the most important from the list provided. Factors related to the profession itself, such as personal interest in the subject matter, long-term salary prospects, probability of working in the field after graduation, starting salary, and prestige of the profession, had great importance when selecting a major. However, student perceptions of various profession-related attributes may not align with reality.
R-Squared and the Economy

Many seemingly discordant results are reconciled if firm-specific return volatility is characterized as the intensity with which firm-specific events occur. A functionally efficient stock market allocates capital to its highest value uses, which often amounts to financing Schumpeterian creative destruction, wherein creative winner firms outpace destroyed losers, who can be last year's winners. This elevation in firm-specific fundamentals volatility elevates firm-specific return volatility in a sufficiently informationally efficient stock market. These linkages are interconnected feedback loops, rather than unidirectional chains of causality.
Functions of E-Government: A Study of Municipal Practices

nologies by government. E-government is part of a bigger movement toward public sector reform, which is driven by technol ogy and information systems. Technology has the potential to take government in new directions and transform governance (M? lki? , Anttiroiko, and Savolainen 2004), and many examples continue to arise reflecting this transformation. The majority of e-govern ment research has focused on highly popu lated municipalities and practices at the state and federal levels. The findings of the study presented here contribute to the research on e-government by highlighting the practices and trends in municipalities with populations of fewer than 50,000 residents. A 2005 survey of New Jersey municipalities was conducted to identify e-government practices and chief ad ministrative officers' perceptions of the use of technology within a framework of four distinct functions of e-government: e-organization, e services, e-partnering, and e-democracy.
Prevalence of peri-implant inflammatory disease in patients with a history of periodontal disease who receive supportive periodontal therapy.

OBJECTIVES To describe the status of implants in periodontally compromised patients who regularly receive supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) and to determine the factors associated to peri-implant inflammatory disease in those patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Clinical and radiographic data of implants in periodontal patients who, after being treated and included in a SPT programme, wore implant prostheses for at least 6 months were recorded. The implants were classified according to the criteria of the 6th European Workshop on Periodontology in health, mucositis and peri-implantitis. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyse the individual and adjusted effects of each study variable on mucositis or peri-implantitis, using SUDAAN to account for clustering (multiple implants within the patient). RESULTS A total of 786 implants were placed in 239 patients. At patient level, 60.3%, 24.7% and 15.1% were classified as healthy, mucositis and peri-implantitis patients, respectively. At implant level, the respective percentages were 77.4%, 12.8% and 9.8%. For mucositis, at implant level, the adjusted ORs indicate a significant association with plaque index (P = 0.050), type of periodontitis (P = 0.030) and location (P = 0.045). For peri-implantitis, the adjusted ORs indicate a significant association with plaque index (P < 0.001) and location (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of peri-implant inflammatory disease in periodontal patients who regularly undergo SPT is clinically significant. The factors associated with peri-implant inflammatory disease were plaque index and implant location, and mucositis was also affected by the type of periodontitis the patient had.
The introduction of solids in relation to asthma and eczema

Background: Despite scarce scientific evidence, current feeding guidelines recommend delayed introduction of solids for the prevention of asthma and allergy. Aims: To explore whether late introduction of solids is protective against the development of asthma, eczema, and atopy. Methods: A total of 642 children were recruited before birth and followed to the age of 5½ years. Main outcome measures were: doctor’s diagnosis of eczema ever, atopy according to skin prick test results against inhalant allergens, preschool wheezing, transient wheezing, all defined at age 5–5½ years. Introduction of solids as main exposure measure was assessed retrospectively at age 1 year. Results: There was no evidence for a protective effect of late introduction of solids for the development of preschool wheezing, transient wheezing, atopy, or eczema. On the contrary, there was a statistically significant increased risk of eczema in relation to late introduction of egg (aOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.4) and milk (aOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.5). Late introduction of egg was furthermore associated with a non-significant increased risk of preschool wheezing (aOR 1.5, 95% CI 0.92 to 2.4). There was no statistical evidence of feeding practices playing a different role in the development of asthma and eczema after stratification for parental asthma and atopy status. Conclusions: Results do not support the recommendations given by present feeding guidelines stating that a delayed introduction of solids is protective against the development of asthma and allergy.
The Noise Trader Approach to Finance

I f the efficient markets hypothesis was a publicly traded security, its price would be enormously volatile. Following Samuelson's (1965) proof that stock prices should follow a random walk if rational competitive investors require a fixed rate of return and Fama's (1965) demonstration that stock prices are indeed close to a random walk, stock in the efficient markets hypothesis rallied. Michael Jensen was able to write in 1978 that "the efficient markets hypothesis is the best established fact in all of social sciences. " Such strong statements portend reversals, the efficient markets hypothesis itself notwithstanding. Stock in the efficient markets hypothesis lost ground rapidly following the publication of Shiller's (1981) and Leroy and Porter's (1981) volatility tests, both of which found stock market volatility to be far greater than could be justified by changes in dividends. The stock snapped back following the papers of Kleidon (1986) and Marsh and Merton (1986) which challenged the statistical validity of volatility tests. A choppy period then ensued, where conflicting econometric studies induced few of the changes in opinion that are necessary to move prices. But the stock in the efficient markets hypothesis-at least as it has traditionally been formulated-crashed along with the rest of the market on October 19, 1987. Its recovery has been less dramatic than that of the rest of the market. This paper reviews an alternative to the efficient markets approach that we and others have recently pursued. Our approach rests on two assumptions. First, some investors are not fully rational and their demand for risky assets is affected by their beliefs or sentiments that are not fully justified by fundamental news. Second,
Bootstrapping the Separation Method in Claims Reserving

Abstract The separation method was introduced by Verbeek (1972) in order to forecast numbers of excess claims and it was developed further by Taylor (1977) to be applicable to the average claim cost. The separation method differs from the chain-ladder in that when the chain-ladder only assumes claim proportionality between the development years, the separation method also separates the claim delay distribution from influences affecting the calendar years, e.g. inflation. Since the inflation contributes to the uncertainty in the estimate of the claims reserve it is important to consider its impact in the context of risk management, too. In this paper we present a method for assessing the prediction error distribution of the separation method. To this end we introduce a parametric framework within the separation model which enables joint resampling of claim counts and claim amounts. As a result, the variability of Taylor's predicted reserves can be assessed by extending the parametric bootstrap techniques of Björkwall et al. (2009). The performance of the bootstrapped separation method and chain-ladder is compared for a real data set.
Dynamic 3 D MR Angiography of Intra-and Extracranial Vascular Malformations at 3 T : A Technical Note

Time-resolved, contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography combined with parallel imaging at 3T was applied to an intracranial arteriovenous malformation, a dural arteriovenous fistula, and an extracranial facial arteriovenous malformation. The temporal resolution was one image every 1.5 seconds. Arterial feeders were depicted in all three cases. Early venous drainage was observed in the intracerebral arteriovenous malformation and the dural arteriovenous fistula, but not in the facial arteriovenous malformation. All findings were concordant with conventional angiography.
Homeownership and FHA Mortgage Activity in Neighborhoods and Metropolitan Areas

Abstract This paper examines the impact of Federal Housing Administration (FHA) mortgage insurance activity on homeownership at two levels: census tract and metropolitan area. The 1990 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act dataset combined with the 1980 and 1990 U.S. Censuses is used in the analysis. This study extends the previous studies of FHA activity by having broader coverage, a better measure of relative FHA activity and better control of other factors that affect homeownership and mortgage activity. The empirical results indicate that the FHA mortgage insurance program has significant positive effects on homeownership in predominantly white and/or moderate to high-income MSAs and predominantly minority and/or moderate- to high-income census tracts. However, the estimated coefficients associated with the relative FHA activity are found to be relatively small in magnitude. Overall, results suggest that FHA programs are of limited effect in the achievement of homeownership, but may be of greater assistance to whites relative to blacks.
Estimation of Sojourn Time in Chronic Disease Screening Without Data on Interval Cases

Summary. Estimation of the sojourn time on the preclinical detectable period in disease screening or transition rates for the natural history of chronic disease usually rely on interval cases (diagnosed between screens). However, to ascertain such cases might be difficult in developing countries due to incomplete registration systems and difficulties in follow‐up. To overcome this problem, we propose three Markov models to estimate parameters without using interval cases. A three‐state Markov model, a five‐state Markov model related to regional lymph node spread, and a five‐state Markov model pertaining to tumor size are applied to data on breast cancer screening in female relatives of breast cancer cases in Taiwan. Results based on a three‐state Markov model give mean sojourn time (MST) 1.90 (95% CI: 1.18–4.86) years for this high‐risk group. Validation of these models on the basis of data on breast cancer screening in the age groups 50–59 and 60–69 years from the Swedish Two‐County Trial shows the estimates from a three‐state Markov model that does not use interval cases are very close to those from previous Markov models taking interval cancers into account. For the five‐state Markov model, a reparameterized procedure using auxiliary information on clinically detected cancers is performed to estimate relevant parameters. A good fit of internal and external validation demonstrates the feasibility of using these models to estimate parameters that have previously required interval cancers. This method can be applied to other screening data in which there are no data on interval cases.
Are Innovative Organizational Concepts Enough For Fostering Innovation

The purpose of this article is to define which organizational practices have significant impact on returns from new products or which foster or at least influence positively innovation. Survey responders were divided to see whether they innovated or not by the survey questions which explicitly asked them if they have introduced new products in the last two years. With Chi Square test, we identified the difference in usage of certain organizational practices. After that, two multi-regression models showed the impact on launching a new product and their impact on generated returns from new products.There is a significant statistical difference in usage of these four practices between innovators and non-innovators: temporary cross-functional project teams, quality circle, ISO 9000, financial participation by employees. Regression analyses showed that for new product launch, quality circles and ISO900 have a positive impact. Since not all new product launches do not become successes when regressed to returns on new products, team performance incentives and knowledge-based systems have a significant positive impact. To our knowledge and through our literature research, we did not find works that explored the impacts of innovative organizational concepts on the final result — innovation. Most studies focused only on some organizational innovations and their impact on innovation. Here we present an overall overview of innovative organizational practices, why they are mostly used and identified those which mostly influence innovation.
ANALYZING LANGUAGE CHOICE AMONG RUSSIAN-SPEAKING IMMIGRANTS TO THE UNITED STATES

The resolution of the language question—whether to maintain the mother tongue, shift to the mainstream language, or try to maintain two or more languages in the family—creates a lot of psychological complications and linguistic reflections. The present study explores how external variables and internal controversies affect the choice of language by an individual family member as well as the family as a whole unit, and how this choice, in its turn, impacts the relationships within the family. This study draws on the several theoretical domains of immigration, psychology, and language acquisition. Relying on these theoretical frameworks, the major findings are synthesized, and a paradigm of language choice at the family level is formulated. A mixed-method research design allows a broad outlook on the Russian-speaking immigrants, comparison of immigrants from the former Soviet Union with immigrants of other nationalities, and restricted and concentrated analysis at the family level. The Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) data set helps to address the quantitative part of this dissertation, while the qualitative part is based on in-depth case studies of four immigrant families. Building on the fundamental position that development happens as the result of the resolution of controversies, I suggest that there are four levels of controversy located in the language-choice model: societal, family, personal, and eventual outcomes of these
Percutaneous endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysms: Clinical evaluation and literature results

Abstract In this study we aimed to evaluate the efficiency of percutaneous endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (p-EVAR). Anatomically selected patients treated with a single 10Fr Perclose Prostar XL vascular closure device (VCD) were examined. Primary success rate and common femoral artery (CFA) open conversion (OC) requirement per sheath size used were recorded. A literature review on p-EVAR results was also performed. One-hundred patients were enrolled. Successful p-EVAR was achieved in 183 of the 196 CFA access sites (93.4%), and was specifically 85.9% and 98.3% for sheaths ≥20Fr and ≤18Fr respectively. There were 13 periprocedural complications (bleeding = 10, arterial dissection and thrombosis = 1, pseudoaneurysm = 2) all leading to OC. Use of ≥20Fr sheaths had significantly higher OC rate (P < .05). Reconstruction was achieved with primary repair (N = 11) and patch angioplasty (N = 2). Mean hospital stay was 1.8 days. The literature review (vascular closure of 2921 CFA access sites) revealed an overall technical success rate of 92.3%. Device related- were more common than patient related-OCs (P < .05). p-EVAR procedures are safe and feasible. Sheath size is a significant predictor of OC rate and more OCs might be expected with very large (≥20Fr) sheath sizes.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Peptic Ulcer Patients in Greater Rochester, NY: Is Empirical Triple Therapy Justified?

Objectives:Among patients with peptic ulcer disease, the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori has been reported to range from 80% to 90%. Thus empirical cost-effective therapy has been suggested. We surveyed patients with peptic ulcer disease in Rochester, NY.Methods:From two teaching hospitals all patients who had duodenal ulcers (DU) and/or gastric ulcers (GU) on esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with antral biopsy for histology for H. pylori and for rapid urease (CLO) test were included in the study. We examined a total of 160 patients with DU and 145 patients with GU, age range 18–92 yr, obtaining clinical data, race, medication profile, and history of use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). An ulcer was defined if the lesion with loss of mucosal integrity was ≥ 0.5 cm, with apparent depth. H. pylori was considered present if CLO test and/or histology were positive for H. pylori. To confirm the reliability of nonuse of NSAIDs, we randomly checked blood samples of 90 such patients from the ambulatory clinic for the presence of salicylates. To identify the sensitivity of the CLO test, we performed a serology test for H. pylori antibody in 100 subjects to compare the CLO test results. Also, 500 CLO test results were compared to the histology results for H. pylori.Results:Among 160 DU patients, 16 were NSAID users with negative H. pylori and excluded from the prevalence study. Of the remaining 144 patients with DU, H. pylori was present in 88 patients (61%). When these data were analyzed according to race, H. pylori was present in 54 (52%) of 104 whites compared to 34 of 40 (85%) nonwhites (blacks, Hispanics, Asians) (p < 0.01). Among 145 GU patients 18 were NSAID users with negative H. pylori and excluded from the prevalence analysis. Of the remaining 127 patients with GU, H. pylori was present in 87 patients (61%). Among them, H. pylori was present in 46 of 87 (53%) whites, whereas 31 of 40 nonwhites (78%) were H. pylori-positive (p < 0.01). Antral histology and CLO test for H. pylori were in agreement in 92% of cases. Serology and CLO test for H. pylori were in agreement in 87% of cases. None of the randomly screened patients, including 16 ulcer patients with negative H. pylori, showed presence of salicylate in blood.Conclusion:In greater Rochester, NY, where the majority of our patients with EGD were whites, the prevalence of H. pylori among ulcer patients was lower compared to other regions, particularly among whites. This suggests that an additional causative factor or factors for peptic ulcers may be present. Hence, empirical antibiotic therapy of ulcer patients without confirming the presence of H. pylori may not be justified.
Variable Constitutional Authority: Madisonian Founding Perspectives

This article offers a preliminary sketch of a multidimensional model of variable constitutional authority rooted in principles and practices of popular sovereignty. To do so, it draws on three sets of criteria on which James Madison relied in The Federalist: those based on processes of popular authorization, principles of republican governance, and commitments to securing rights. These criteria support analysis of gradations of constitutional authority, not only claims that it has been present or absent. Taking into account ways that the Constitution partially rather than fully represented “the people” enables a richer, more nuanced treatment of the Constitution’s initial authority than more categorical approaches such as traditional models of originalism. This approach underscores in particular the importance of being attentive to ways that the Constitution’s initial authority and meaning were pluralistic, contested, and of qualified reach, instead of being fully and definitively established at the time of the founding.
Enhanced Bone Regeneration Associated With Decreased Apoptosis in Mice With Partial HIF‐1α Deficiency

HIF‐1α activates genes under hypoxia and was hypothesized to regulate bone regeneration. Surprisingly, HIF‐1α+/− fracture calluses are larger, stronger, and stiffer than HIF‐1α+/+ calluses because of decreased apoptosis. These data identify apoptosis inhibition as a means to enhance bone regeneration.
Stacking the Deck: Idling and Reactivation of Capacity in Offshore Drilling

"Independent drilling contractors own all offshore drilling rigs, which they lease to oil and gas companies for use in their pursuit of their exploration and development plans. Oil and gas companies' demand for these rigs can vary quickly and dramatically in response to changes in the world market for oil and natural gas. As a result, drilling contractors often try to manage excess capacity by idling rigs (known in the industry as "stacking" a rig), reactivating them when demand recovers. This paper examines these decisions over the course of a price cycle in 1998-2000 to investigate the role of firm and rig heterogeneity in determining drillers' decisions about idling and reactivating capacity. " Copyright (c) 2008, The Author(s) Journal Compilation (c) 2008 Blackwell Publishing.
PHOSPHORUS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: Natural Flows and Human Interferences

▪ Abstract Phosphorus has a number of indispensable biochemical roles, but it does not have a rapid global cycle akin to the circulations of C or N. Natural mobilization of the element, a part of the grand geotectonic denudation-uplift cycle, is slow, and low solubility of phosphates and their rapid transformation to insoluble forms make the element commonly the growth-limiting nutrient, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. Human activities have intensified releases of P. By the year 2000 the global mobilization of the nutrient has roughly tripled compared to its natural flows: Increased soil erosion and runoff from fields, recycling of crop residues and manures, discharges of urban and industrial wastes, and above all, applications of inorganic fertilizers (15 million tonnes P/year) are the major causes of this increase. Global food production is now highly dependent on the continuing use of phosphates, which account for 50–60% of all P supply; although crops use the nutrient with relatively high efficien.