Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Knowing how to help tobacco users. Dentists' familiarity and compliance with the clinical practice guideline.

BACKGROUND A U.S. Public Health Service-sponsored clinical practice guideline urges all health care providers to make tobacco-use cessation counseling a routine part of clinical practice. This study assessed practices of dentists in east Texas, their adherence to the guideline and barriers to adherence. METHODS A cross-sectional survey mailed September 2003 through January 2004 assessed demographic characteristics and knowledge, attitudes and activities of 783 dentists. The survey focused on familiarity with the guideline, adherence to the recommended steps (including the "5 A's" for tobacco users willing to quit and the "5 R's" for tobacco users unwilling to quit), perceived barriers and time spent counseling. RESULTS Most dentists were unfamiliar with the guideline and usually did not follow its recommended steps. Less than 20 percent of dentists spent three or more minutes per patient on counseling. Knowledge of and training in using the guideline were significantly associated with adherence and time spent counseling. Lack of training was cited as the greatest barrier. CONCLUSIONS Most dentists in east Texas are unaware of the clinical practice guideline. Lack of training is a major barrier to adherence. Practice Implications. Opportunities for improving patients' health through brief counseling interventions are missed. Measures are needed to increase dentists' familiarity with and adherence to the guideline.
Prognostic role of myoferlin expression in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Objectives In patients with cancer, myoferlin protein hyperexpression has been correlated with poor patient prognosis. Here, we evaluated myoferlin expression in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and investigated the prognostic significance of myoferlin expression in these patients. Materials and Methods One hundred and fifty-two patients with ccRCC who underwent treatment at Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Korea, between January 2000 and December 2009 were enrolled. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on tissue microarray blocks produced from surgical specimens. Surgical specimen cancerous cells were graded as showing myoferlin hyperexpression or hypoexpression by comparison with intratumoral endothelial cells. Disease-free survival was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox regression analysis was used to determine the relationships between myoferlin expression levels, risk factors, and prognosis. Results Seventy-one of 304 cores exhibited myoferlin hyperexpression. T stage was not associated with myoferlin hyperexpression, whereas a high Fuhrman nuclear grade was significantly associated with myoferlin hyperexpression. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with T stage >2, Fuhrman nuclear grade >2, and those with myoferlin hyperexpression had poorer disease-free survival compared to those with lower T stage, lower Fuhrman nuclear grade, and myoferlin hypoexpression (all p <0.001). Furthermore, myoferlin hyperexpression was significantly associated with disease-free survival on Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio, 4.604; 95% confidence interval, 1.893–11.199; p = 0.001). Conclusion Myoferlin expression could be a potential prognosticator in patients with ccRCC, and might be a useful marker for oncologic surveillance in such patients.
The role of clusterin in amyloid-β-associated neurodegeneration.

IMPORTANCE Converging evidence indicates that clusterin, a chaperone glycoprotein, influences Alzheimer disease neurodegeneration. However, the precise role of clusterin in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis is still not well understood. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the relationship between clusterin, amyloid-β (Aβ), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and the rate of brain atrophy over time among nondemented older individuals. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This longitudinal cohort included cognitively normal older participants and individuals with mild cognitive impairment assessed with baseline lumbar puncture and longitudinal structural magnetic resonance imaging. We examined 241 nondemented older individuals from research centers across the United States and Canada (91 participants with a Clinical Dementia Rating score of 0 and 150 individuals with a Clinical Dementia Rating score of 0.5). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Using linear mixed-effects models, we investigated interactions between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clusterin, CSF Aβ1-42, and CSF p-tau at threonine 181 (p-tau181p) on the atrophy rate of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. RESULTS Across all participants, we found a significant interaction between CSF clusterin and CSF Aβ1-42 on the entorhinal cortex atrophy rate but not on the hippocampal atrophy rate. Cerebrospinal fluid clusterin was associated with the entorhinal cortex atrophy rate among CSF Aβ1-42-positive individuals but not among CSF Aβ1-42-negative individuals. In secondary analyses, we found significant interactions between CSF Aβ1-42 and CSF clusterin, as well as CSF Aβ1-42 and CSF p-tau181p, on the entorhinal cortex atrophy rate. We found similar results in subgroup analyses within the mild cognitive impairment and cognitively normal cohorts. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In nondemented older individuals, Aβ-associated volume loss occurs in the presence of elevated clusterin. The effect of clusterin on Aβ-associated brain atrophy is not confounded or explained by p-tau. These findings implicate a potentially important role for clusterin in the earliest stages of the Alzheimer disease neurodegenerative process and suggest independent effects of clusterin and p-tau on Aβ-associated volume loss.
Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Laccase Production by Recombinant Pichia pastoris GS115-LCCA Using Response Surface Methodology and Its Application to Dye Decolorization

In this work, recombinant Pichia pastoris GS115-lccA was cultured and expressed with the highest laccase activity of 2357 U/L with ABTS (2, 2'-nazinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)) as reacting substrate. To achieve the higher laccase activity, multiple key factors were screened (using a Plackett-Burman design of experiments methodology) related to the fermentation conditions for producing GS115-lccA. Subsequently, a Box-Behnken response surface methodology was employed for further optimization. The optimum fermentation conditions of the fermentation were obtained as follows: 0.603% methanol added into the culture every 24 h, medium optimal initial pH 7.1, and liquid medium volume of 20.4% provided the highest enzyme activity of 5235 U/L. The decolorization experiments of dyes (Reactive Blue KN-R and Acid Red 35) were carried with the laccase cultured by recombinant P. pastoris GS115-lccA. This purified enzyme showed excellent decolorization capacity. After 24 h, the decolorization of Reactive Blue KN-R with 100 mg/L at 50 °C, pH 4.5 using 20 mM acetate buffer with 2 U/mL purified enzyme was 91.33%, and for Acid Red 35, the decolorization was 78.96%. All results suggested that this laccase may be suitable for the wastewater treatment of similar azo and anthraquinone dyes from the deinking and dyeing industries.
A Deep Reinforced Model for Abstractive Summarization

Attentional, RNN-based encoder-decoder models for abstractive summarization have achieved good performance on short input and output sequences. For longer documents and summaries however these models often include repetitive and incoherent phrases. We introduce a neural network model with a novel intra-attention that attends over the input and continuously generated output separately, and a new training method that combines standard supervised word prediction and reinforcement learning (RL). Models trained only with supervised learning often exhibit "exposure bias" - they assume ground truth is provided at each step during training. However, when standard word prediction is combined with the global sequence prediction training of RL the resulting summaries become more readable. We evaluate this model on the CNN/Daily Mail and New York Times datasets. Our model obtains a 41.16 ROUGE-1 score on the CNN/Daily Mail dataset, an improvement over previous state-of-the-art models. Human evaluation also shows that our model produces higher quality summaries.
The relevance of PTEN-AKT in relation to NOTCH1-directed treatment strategies in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) negatively regulates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signaling and is often inactivated by mutations (including deletions) in a variety of cancer types, including T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here we review mutation-associated mechanisms that inactivate PTEN together with other molecular mechanisms that activate AKT and contribute to T-cell leukemogenesis. In addition, we discuss how Pten mutations in mouse models affect the efficacy of gamma-secretase inhibitors to block NOTCH1 signaling through activation of AKT. Based on these models and on observations in primary diagnostic samples from patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, we speculate that PTEN-deficient cells employ an intrinsic homeostatic mechanism in which PI3K-AKT signaling is dampened over time. As a result of this reduced PI3K-AKT signaling, the level of AKT activation may be insufficient to compensate for NOTCH1 inhibition, resulting in responsiveness to gamma-secretase inhibitors. On the other hand, de novo acquired PTEN-inactivating events in NOTCH1-dependent leukemia could result in temporary, strong activation of PI3K-AKT signaling, increased glycolysis and glutaminolysis, and consequently gamma-secretase inhibitor resistance. Due to the central role of PTEN-AKT signaling and in the resistance to NOTCH1 inhibition, AKT inhibitors may be a promising addition to current treatment protocols for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Randomness or stock–flow: which mechanism describes labour market matching in Poland?

ABSTRACT I identify which theoretical model (random, stock–flow, or job queuing) best describes the matching mechanism in the labour market in Poland. The purpose of this work is to formulate policy recommendations aimed at increasing the number of matches. I use monthly registered unemployment data for the period January 1999–June 2013 and econometrically correct for temporal aggregation bias in the data. I extend known solutions and apply them directly to a job queuing model. Job seekers (from the pool) seek work among old and new job posts, but only a small fraction of the newly unemployed individuals find work quickly. Vacancies are the driving force in aggregate hiring, but the inflow is more important than the stock. The random model has greater explanatory power, although the results do not negate the non-random model. Hence, better information and higher inflows (especially of job offers) should facilitate matching.
The Relationship Between Low-Income and Minority Children’s Physical Activity and Academic-Related Outcomes

This article explores an innovative strategy for battling the obesity epidemic. The strategy involves demonstrating to policy makers and education leaders the value of promoting physical activity in school as a way of enhancing academic-related outcomes to narrow the current achievement gap. A literature review was conducted to ascertain the feasibility of this strategy. Seven studies that examined the relationship between physical activity or fitness and academic-related outcomes were reviewed. Although more research is needed in this area, the majority of the articles reviewed found that regardless of socioeconomic status or ethnicity, a positive relationship exists between physical activity and academic-related outcomes. These findings suggest that integrating more physical activity into the school day may be an effective strategy to reduce both health disparities and the achievement gap.
Damage to the Optic Radiation in Patients With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Background: There are known limitations of conventional computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in detecting neural injury in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides a method to further assess cerebral injury in this patient population. We report 2 patients with mild TBI who showed injury of the optic radiation (OR) as demonstrated by DTI. Method: Two patients who complained of visual field loss after mild TBI and 9 age-matched normal control subjects were recruited for this study. Peripheral field defects were detected with automated perimetry in both patients. Results: Regarding the configuration of OR, the total volume of OR was decreased in the right OR of both patients compared with controls; in contrast, the left ORs were divided into 2 parts in both patients. The voxel numbers of both ORs in both patients were more than 2 standard deviations lower than that of normal control subjects. The apparent diffusion coefficient value of the right OR in patient 2 was more than 2 standard deviations higher than that of normal controls. Conclusions: We demonstrated injury of the OR using DTI in 2 patients who showed visual field defects after mild TBI.
The Role of National Museums in the European Integration

National museums are institutionalized spaces where the past is being used through collections and objects in order to display, narrate, and negotiate ideas of values, of belonging, and most of all of identity. Today a big discussion is being held about their capacity to create and reinforce concepts such as social cohesion, unity, mutual understanding and tolerance among the nations and cultures of Europe. Reformulating in a sense this scholarly question, this paper focus on the crucial role that European National Museums may play in the struggle for European integration, in European completion. In terms of cultural policy, EU policy makers and officials have developed the notion of European integration – the creation of a closer Union among people of Europe – by promoting the communality of Europe's past, by establishing a common European history and cultural heritage, on which a European identity will be based on. However, this challenge seems to be facing serious obstacles. Among them, the strength of the belief in a specific national identity and in a specific national heritage, seems to be the most vital. According to the annual Eurobarometer, most of people of Europe consider themselves primarily nationals of the countries of their origin and only secondly Europeans, if not at all. If this is the case, is there any possibility to transform the traditionally ethnic people of Europe into Europeans? How difficult that it could be, testifies an increasing tendency for creating new national museums in the beginning of the 21th century. It is true that anyone hardly could doubt the demand of the European nations to represent their past, especially when this is done as an inlook process that leads to self-consciousness. However, it is equal important to consider that this kind of tendencies can easily be used as a perfect excuse for the rising of an already existing eurosceptism, especially in the turmoil of the economic crisis, but also for the strengthening of neonationalistic movements, as a result of poverty and unemployment. In these difficult times for the people of Europe, when the feeling of uncertainty and insecurity can rekindle well-hidden extreme nationalistic feelings, it is crucial that the sense of national identity is represented through a critical historical perspective rather as an essential value that could be used as a vehicle of separatism. Perhaps now, more than ever national histories, national memories and national idiosyncrasies are conceived as small but significant parts of a common European multifaceted tradition, and be accordingly cherished as vital features of a common European future.
Control Mechanisms of Lung Alveolar Development and Their Disorders in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that occurs in very premature infants and is characterized by impaired alveologenesis. This ultimate phase of lung development is mostly postnatal and allows growth of gas-exchange surface area to meet the needs of the organism. Alveologenesis is a highly integrated process that implies cooperative interactions between interstitial, epithelial, and vascular compartments of the lung. Understanding of its underlying mechanisms has considerably progressed recently with identification of structural, signaling, or remodeling molecules that are crucial in the process. Thus, the pivotal role of elastin deposition in lung walls has been demonstrated, and many key control-molecules have been identified, including various transcription factors, growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factors, and vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix-remodeling enzymes, and retinoids. BPD-associated changes in lung expression/content have been evidenced for most of these molecules, especially for signaling pathways, through both clinical investigations in premature infants and the use of animal models, including the premature baboon or lamb, neonatal exposure to hyperoxia in rodents, and maternal-fetal infection. These findings open therapeutic perspectives to correct imbalanced signaling. Unraveling the intimate molecular mechanisms of alveolar building appears as a prerequisite to define new strategies for the prevention and care of BPD.
Human Articular Chondrocytes Express Osteogenic Protein-1

This study demonstrates for the first time that human articular chondrocytes express osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1). OP-1 was originally purified from bone matrix and was shown to induce cartilage and bone formation. Both OP-1 protein and message were present in human normal and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilages. OP-1 mRNA was upregulated in OA cartilage compared with normal adult tissues. However, the level of mature OP-1 protein in the same OA tissues was downregulated, whereas the pro-OP-1 remained high. Moreover, these two forms of OP-1 were localized in an inverted manner. Mature OP-1 was primarily detected in the superficial layer, whereas the pro-form was mostly in the deep layer of cartilage. The presence of pro- and mature OP-1 in extracts of normal and OA cartilages was confirmed by Western blotting. These findings imply that articular chondrocytes continue to express and synthesize OP-1 throughout adulthood. The observed patterns of the distribution of pro- and mature OP-1 also suggest differences in the processing of this molecule by normal and OA chondrocytes and by the cells in the superficial and deep layers. Distinct distribution of OP-1 and its potential activation in deep zones and regions of cloning in OA cartilages may provide clues to the potential involvement of endogenous OP-1 in repair mechanisms.
Genetic programming and one-class classification for discovering useful spectral transformations

This work presents a new approach for automatic discovering of useful spectral transformations in remotely sensed imagery. The method applies an approach based on One-class classification, ISODATA unsupervised classification and Genetic Programming (GP) to combine spectral bands. Experiments on burned areas extraction from Landsat8-Oli images show that the proposed method yields better results than the traditional spectral transformations.
Multimodel assessment of the factors driving stratospheric ozone evolution over the 21st century

The evolution of stratospheric ozone from 1960 to 2100 is examined in simulations from 14 chemistry-climate models, driven by prescribed levels of halogens and greenhouse gases. There is general agreement among the models that total column ozone reached a minimum around year 2000 at all latitudes, projected to be followed by an increase over the first half of the 21st century. In the second half of the 21st century, ozone is projected to continue increasing, level off, or even decrease depending on the latitude. Separation into partial columns above and below 20 hPa reveals that these latitudinal differences are almost completely caused by differences in the model projections of ozone in the lower stratosphere. At all latitudes, upper stratospheric ozone increases throughout the 21st century and is projected to return to 1960 levels well before the end of the century, although there is a spread among models in the dates that ozone returns to specific historical values. We find decreasing halogens and declining upper atmospheric temperatures, driven by increasing greenhouse gases, contribute almost equally to increases in upper stratospheric ozone. In the tropical lower stratosphere, an increase in upwelling causes a steady decrease in ozone through the 21st century, and total column ozone does not return to 1960 levels in most of the models. In contrast, lower stratospheric and total column ozone in middle and high latitudes increases during the 21st century, returning to 1960 levels well before the end of the century in most models.
Evidence from a natural experiment

While land reforms have long been motivated as a potential policy lever of rural growth and development, there is remarkably little evidence of the direct impacts of such reforms. In an effort to fill this lacunae, this paper examines South Africa's Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development (LRAD) program. We show that the implementation of this program operates as a natural experiment in which self-selected and administratively-filltered LRAD applicants receive land transfers at random points in time. This random exit from the application pipeline creates creates exogenous variation in treatment assignment as well as treatment duration. Exploiting both sources of exogenous variation, we estimate average and long-run treatment effects that imply a discounted gain in monthly per capita consumption of about fifty per cent after three years of exposure to the program.
Ribosomal distributions in axons of mammalian myelinated fibers

The distribution of ribosomes and polysomes in uninjured myelinated axons of rat sciatic nerve was analyzed. Ribosomes were identified by immunocytochemistry at the light and electron microscopic levels. A polyclonal antibody developed against ribosomes recognized both rRNA and ribosomal proteins. The distribution of the immunoreaction product was similar to that obtained with human anti‐ribosomal P protein. The immunoreaction product distributions were of two types in axons: 1) periodic localization in the cortical region of axoplasm that appeared as a compact structural aggregate, consistent with that described as a periaxoplasmic ribosomal plaques (PARP) domain (Koenig et al. [ 2000 ] J. Neurosci. 20:8390–8400), and 2) scattered small immuno‐reactive clusters of varying sizes (RNP) within the central core of the axon. The latter observation suggested the possibility that RNP‐like particles could be associated with the axonal transport system and in transit. Immunoreaction product was also associated with a novel structural inclusion, possibly multi‐vesicular in makeup that was located in the axon and at the myelin‐axon interface, and visible at the light and EM levels. The potential significance of this structural peculiarity is considered. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.