Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mathematics for Machine Learning

The fundamental mathematical tools needed to understand machine learning include linear algebra, analytic geometry, matrix decompositions, vector calculus, optimization, probability and statistics. These topics are traditionally taught in disparate courses, making it hard for data science or computer science students, or professionals, to efficiently learn the mathematics. This self-contained textbook bridges the gap between mathematical and machine learning texts, introducing the mathematical concepts with a minimum of prerequisites. It uses these concepts to derive four central machine learning methods: linear regression, principal component analysis, Gaussian mixture models and support vector machines. For students and others with a mathematical background, these derivations provide a starting point to machine learning texts. For those learning the mathematics for the first time, the methods help build intuition and practical experience with applying mathematical concepts. Every chapter includes worked examples and exercises to test understanding. Programming tutorials are offered on the book's web site.
Comparisons of oxygen transport between Tibetan and Han residents at moderate altitude

To compare the difference for oxygen transport between Tibetans living for generations at high altitude and acclimatized Han newcomers to high altitude, we measured the ventilatory, circulatory, metabolic, and gas exchange functions during exercise in 17 Tibetans and 19 Hans at the altitude of 3417 m. At maximal effort, the Tibetans, compared with the Hans, showed higher O2 consumption ( V ˙ o 2 max ) (2.54 ± 0.1 versus 2.10 ± 0.1 liters min−1, p < .01), stroke volume (79.1 ± 2.9 versus 68.4 ± 3.3 ml, p < .05), cardiac output (13.0 ± 0.5 versus 10.6 ± 0.5 liters min−1, p < .01), and workload (183.8 ± 3.7 versus 168.4 ± 5.0 W, P < .01). The maximal ventilation in the Tibetans (84.5 ± 3.6 liters min−1) was higher than that in the Hans (68.0 ± 3.9 liters min−1), but the ventilatory equivalent was equal. The anaerobic threshold for absolute O2 consumption ( V ˙ o 2 AT ) for the Tibetans and Hans was 1.91 ± 0.1 versus 1.45 ± 0.1 liters min−1, respectively (p < .01), and the anaerobic threshold for percentage of maximal O2 consumption (in % V ˙ o 2 max ) was 76.2 ± 1.5 versus 70.5 ± 2.2, respectively (p < 0.05). The V ˙ o 2 max correlated well with maximal cardiac output. No difference was found in the maximal heart rate between the two groups. Arterial oxygen desaturation from rest to exercise in the Hans (15.3%; 90.3–76.5%) was greater than that in the Tibetans (9.2%; 90.1–81.8%). We conclude that the lifelong exposure to an hypoxic environment has resulted in an increase in oxygen transport and improved aerobic exercise performance.
The Heart in Ras-MAPK Pathway Disorders

Noonan syndrome (NS) and related disorders are due to mutations in the genes of the Ras-MAPK pathway. Congenital heart defect (CHD) is diagnosed in 60–85% of patients affected by these conditions. Pulmonary valve stenosis (PVS) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are the most common defects. Nevertheless, the spectrum of cardiac malformations has been progressively widened, including also atrioventricular canal defect (AVCD), mitral valve anomalies (MVA), atrial septal defect (ASD), aortic coarctation (AC), and other defects. The anatomic pattern of CHDs in NS and related disorders is specific. PVS has dysplastic pulmonary valve and fibrous thickening of the annulus and the leaflets, while HCM is characterized by left ventricle hypertrophy with asymmetric septal thickening and frequent systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. The prevalence of specific CHDs in the different clinical conditions is varying depending on the mutated gene, and at time also on the different allelic mutations. Particularly, PVS is the prevalent CHD in NS due to PTPN11 mutations, while HCM is the predominant cardiac manifestation of NS patients with RAF1 mutations and LS patients with PTPN11 mutation.
Numeracy musical training for school children with low achievement in mathematics

El presente estudio caso-controle, doble ciego, y prospectivo investigó los efectos del entrenamiento musical de numerosidad (NMT; Numeracy Musical Training), sobre habilidades cognitivas en niños de enseñanza primaria. Participaron 42 niños de 8 a 10 años divididos en dos grupos: con Bajo Rendimiento Aritmético (n = 21), y con Medio Rendimiento Aritmético (n = 21). Los niños pasaron por dos evaluaciones, antes y después de la realización del NMT, en las cuales se aplicaron pruebas cognitivas y escalas de comportamiento, que evaluaban variables tales como: rendimiento escolar, CI, memoria operativa, cognición numérica, ansiedad y estrés. El NMT fue desarrollado en ocho sesiones colectivas y tuvo como objetivo estimular los sistemas de la cognición numérica e integrar conocimientos musicales básicos y representaciones simbólicas. Después de la intervención por medio del entrenamiento musical los niños de ambos grupos obtuvieron mejoras significativas en el rendimiento académico, en los sistemas de la cognición numérica y en la memoria operativa, así como una disminución de la manifestación de ansiedad a las matemáticas. The present case-control, double-blind, and prospective study investigated the effects of Numeracy Music Training (NMT) on cognitive skills of primary school children. Participating in the study were 42 children aged 8 to 10 years divided into two groups: Low Achievement in Math (n = 21), and Average Achievement in Math (n = 21). The children underwent two evaluations before and after NMT, where cognitive tests and behavior scales were applied that assessed variables such as school performance, IQ, working memory, numerical cognition, anxiety and stress. NMT was developed in eight group sessions and aimed to stimulate the systems of numerical cognition and integrate basic musical knowledge, and symbolic representations. After the intervention, through musical training, the children in both groups showed significant improvements in school performance, systems of numerical cognition and working memory, as well as the reduction of manifestation of mathematics anxiety.
Evaluation of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Back ground : In type 2 diabetes mellitus lipid abnormalities are almost the rule. Dyslipidemia has been noted to play an integral role in the pathogenesis and progression of micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus patients. The complications exemplified by renal, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease cause the most morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. Aims and Objectives : This study is aimed at understanding the pattern of dyslipidemia among type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods : During two month study period, total 100 patients with diabetes mellitus were evaluated for dyslipidemia. Plasma glucose was estimated by GOD –POD method and Lipid profile by photometry method. Lipid profile was evaluated by investigating the subjects for total cholesterol, serum triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein. In statistical analysis data were analyzed by using various statistical methods like percentage, proportions and tables by using epi info software. Results: Out of 100 patients 72(72%) were males and 28(28%) were females. The mean fasting blood sugar of total patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was 158.35mg/dl. in male diabetics, fasting blood sugar level with diabetes mellitus was 157.56mg/dl and in female diabetics it was 159.14mg/dl. The pattern of dyslipidemia in our study showed significantly higher levels of serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, LDL-C in both male and female diabetics and lower levels of HDL-C in female diabetics. There was no significant difference in lipid profile pattern in male and female diabetic patients except lower levels of HDL-C in female diabetic patients. Conclusion: This study showed that dyslipidemia is highly prevalent among type 2 diabetic patients . DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3126/ajms.v6i6. 12452 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(6) 2015 16-19
PHARMACOVIGILANCE STUDY IN GERIATRIC POPULATION

Objective: Pharmacovigilance is defined as the science and activities concerned with the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse reactions to medicines. Main goal of pharmacovigilance in geriatric is to improve the safe and rational use of medicines and thereby improving patient care, health of the society. Pharmacovigilance is particularly concerned with the adverse drug reactions (ADR’s). Hence, a closer pharmacovigilance studies are much needed in the older age group due to polypharmacy, which can cause ADR’s leading to hospital readmission and the direct and indirect treatment cost to treat the ADR’s. The objective of this study was to assess the prescribing practice and ADR’s in geriatric patients with two or more comorbid condition during the stay in the hospital and to follow-up on 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th, 75th and 90th day after discharge. Methods: The study was conducted in Medicine Department, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Science Hospital and Research Centre, Bengaluru. It is a non-randomized observational prospective study conducted for a period of 6 months, to assess the prescribing pattern and incidence of ADR in the geriatric population. We made an attempt to assess the incidence of ADRs after discharge from the hospital by doing follow-ups. Results: Among the 50 patients included during the study, 29 (58%) patients were between the age group of 60 and 65 years, out of which 20 were female, and 9 were found to be male patients. Out of 50 patients, 40 (37.7%) patients suffered from hypertension, 30 (28.3%) patients had diabetes mellitus. The most commonly used antihypertensive drug was found that 20 (33.8%) patients were on calcium channel blockers which were used majorly, in anti-diabetic drugs, insulin was used in 19 (44.1%) patients, followed by 10 (23.2%) patients who were prescribed oral hypoglycemic like metformin. Number of drugs prescribed per prescription was found that 68% of patients were prescribed with 6-10 drugs. Among the study population, we found the incidence of three mild ADRs during follow-up. During analyzing of prescription, we found totally 122 drug interactions, out of which 83 (68%) were moderate, 30 (25%) were mild and 9 (7%) were found to be severe drug interactions. Conclusion: We observed that monitoring of drugs for ADRs in the geriatric population is mandatory due to their polypharmacy. Follow-up studies after discharge for monitoring of ADR will be one step ahead to improve the quality of life. This can reduce the hospital readmission, which can in turn reduce to the economic burden of the patients. Keywords: Pharmacovigilance, Adverse drug reactions, Geriatric, Polypharmacy.
TO DETERMINE THE RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ECTOPIC PREGNANCY

Background Ectopic pregnancy continues to be a common life threatening condition among the women attending gynecological emergency. The study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with ectopic pregnancy. Methods A descriptive study was done in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital and Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital Kathmandu from May to November 2013. Women diagnosed and operated for ectopic pregnancy were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire after second post operative day. Results Among 77 cases (44 from PMWH and 33 from TUTH) of ectopic pregnancy out of 13424 total deliveries during the study period (0.5%), the frequency of ectopic pregnancy was 1 in 79 deliveries in TUTH and 1 in 245 deliveries in PMWH. The most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain where as history of amenorrhea and vaginal bleeding was found . The peak age group was 30-34 years (n=21). Most of them were multipara 30(39%) and 61% had first pregnancy between age group of 19-24 years, 33.8% of women had home delivery with only one patient who had cesarean section in the past. 33% of the women in the study gave history of abortion and among them almost equal number of women had spontaneous abortion (n=17) or induced abortion (n=16). History suggestive of PID was found in 14 women, infertility in 10 women, ectopic pregnancy in 7 women and pelvic operation in 7 women. History of emergency contraceptive taken within 45 days of presentation was present in 18 women. Majority of patients had taken emergency contraceptive before 29-30 days. History of current use of oral contraceptive was present in 4, Depo- Provera in 7 and Cupper-T in 6 patients. Conclusion Abdominal pain was the single most common clinical presentation of ectopic pregnancy. The most identified risk factors were abortions and emergency contraceptive followed by PID, infertility, Depo provera, IUCD, and previous ectopic pregnancy. Key word: Ectopic Pregnancy, risk factor, prevalence, emergency contraceptive, temporary family planning
The effects of 199 MeV proton radiation damage on CdZnTe photon detectors

Four CdZnTe detectors were irradiated with 199 MeV protons to simulate the damaging radiation in space. The gamma-ray spectra of /sup 241/Am and /sup 57/Co as well as the detector leakage currents were monitored at room temperature to assess the effects of radiation damage. Surprisingly, after a fluence of a few x10/sup 8/ p/cm/sup 2/, gamma-ray peak shifts and resolution degradation became visible. After a fluence of 5/spl times/10/sup 9/ p/cm/sup 2/ the degradation was quite dramatic. An analysis of these effects clearly demonstrates that radiation damage causes electron trapping in CdZnTe detectors. No increase in leakage current or electronic noise was observed. Radiation damage effects in CdZnTe and germanium detectors are compared. CdZnTe detectors are /spl sim/250 times more sensitive to radiation damage than germanium detectors per unit charge-drift distance.
Prevalence of Hypertension and its optimal management issues in Rural India: An unmet health care need

Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death globally. They account for approximately 17 million deaths in the world each year (1). Of these deaths, complications of high blood pressure account for more than nine million, including about half of all deaths from heart disease and stroke(2). The number of adults with hypertension in 2025 was predicted to increase by about 60% to a total of 1•56 billion (1•54–1•58 billion)(3). In India too, overall morbidity and mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is rising rapidly which will have severe impact on the already frail economy (4). Many studies done in different settings in India have shown that the prevalence of hypertension ranges from as high as 20-50 percent in both rural and urban population ( Table 1 ) (5). Contradictory to the earlier reports that the prevalence of hypertension is low in rural areas, the recent studies have shown that the rural-urban differences have largely disappeared and the hypertension and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are only equal or slightly greater in the rural population (6). A recent study done by the authors in a rural population in Tamilnadu found that 27.2% of adults between 18 to 60 years have hypertension (7). Also the studies show that more than 50% of the men and women above 60 years old are hypertensive in rural South India (8). This observation has major repercussion on India’s health system and health expenditure in the context of improved life expectancy and a significant increase in the proportion of people living in the age group of 60 years and above in India.
Factors influencing choice of paediatrics as a career among medical students at the University of Nairobi, Kenya

Objective. We aimed to determine factors influencing choice of a career in paediatrics by medical students in Kenya. Methods. A cross-sectional survey of 450 medical students from the University of Nairobi, Kenya, was undertaken using a questionnaire designed to assess their preferences with regard to future specialisation, and timing of and factors influencing this choice. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results. The response rate was 385/450 (85.6%). Paediatrics was the second most preferred specialty after surgery, and was chosen by 50 students (13.0%). Female students were five times more likely than males to select paediatrics. Choice of paediatrics as a career was mainly determined by perceived intellectual challenge, presence of a role model, and ease of combining a career with raising a family. Those who had completed a clerkship in the specialty reported that they were encouraged by the teaching and clinical staff ( p =0.006), but found the specialty less prestigious than others ( p =0.030). None of the male students but 12 of the female students (30%) considered gender distribution to be a factor influencing their career choice ( p =0.046). Conclusion. This study indicates that paediatrics is popular among female students and that several factors influence choice of this specialty. Understanding these factors may help medical school administrators and faculty plan future recruitment strategies.
CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT OF APPENDICULAR MASS WITHOUT INTERVAL APPENDICECTOMY: IS IT JUSTIFIED?

Objective: To evaluate the justification for conservative treatment of appendicular mass without interval appendicectomy. Material and Methods: This study was conducted at the department of surgery Postgraduate Medical Institute HMC Peshawar. It was a descriptive study including all those patients who presented with appendicular mass from January 2000 to December 2005. These patients were treated conservatively. Patients who responded to conservative treatment were sent home and were followed for months for any recurrent attack. Patients who did not respond to conservative treatment, were explored after further investigation. Patients who had recurrent attack in the follow up were offered appendicectomy. No patient was offered interval appendicectomy. Results: Total number of the patients included in the study was 125. Patients responded to conservative treatment were 88% (n=110). Failure of conservative treatment occurred in 12% (n=15). Out of these, abscess formation occurred in 8% (n=10) who responded well to open drainage with out appendicectomy while 4% (n=5) were explored after CT abdomen. Appendicitis was found in 2 cases (1.6%), ileoceacal tuberculosis, colonic tumour and appendicular tumour in 1 case each (0.8%). All patients except for the 5 cases already explored were followed up for 18 months. Recurrent attack of acute appendicitis occurred only in 8.33% (n=10/120) and appendicectomy was performed on these patients. Conclusion: Conservative management is effective in the majority of the patients. Randomized control trial is needed to study the real need of interval appendicectomy.
How 8th Graders are Assessed through Tests by Mathematics Teachers?

Teacher-made tests (TMT) are the most used instruments for assessment and evaluation. This study investigates the cognitive requirements, test construction errors, and item types of TMTs. Content analysis technique is used in order to analyze and classify TMT items based on TIMSS-2019 assessment framework and based on criteria that is constructed to determine test construction errors. The data is consisted of 548 items in 30 exam papers of 18 mathematics teachers from 13 distinct schools. The distribution of TIMSS-2019 cognitive demands of all TMTs indicates that there is a strong emphasis on knowing or applying cognitive domains, with a total percentage of 93. Since 83% of all questions are of multiple choice and 17% are constructed-response type, teachers mostly prefer multiple choice item type. Findings also reveal that except face validity, there are errors concerning test constructions. Consequently, it is suggested that teachers should give more care on preparing items of higher cognitive levels, on tests of mixed type items, and on tests that involve lesser construction errors for more reliable tests. Finally, it is also suggested that measurement and evaluation specialists should be employed in each school or in each local Ministry of National Education Authority at least, in order to support teachers, but if this is not possible in a close time, there must be in-service training programs on measurement and evaluation for teachers to participate in.
Lifting the Veil in Interest

The central bank practice which emerged in the period following the financial crisis called into question numerous elements of interest rate considerations. In this paper we present a new theoretical framework that dispenses with the concept of real interest altogether, as a vague and unnecessary category both in policy judgements and business decisions. This approach breaks with the traditional theory of economics. Traditional macroeconomics places its argumentation in the context of real analysis, which hinders the understanding of economic processes. Schumpeter and subsequently, Keynes took a stand against this approach and, rebuffing the real approach, turned to monetary analysis as early as a century ago. In the framework of the classical theory of economics, they describe monetary policy as an adjustment to the natural rate of interest. In this article we propose a different approach. Describing the role of fiat money, the endogenous money theory puts the lending activity of commercial banks into the focus of money creation. This concept also put central bank monetary policy in a new framework. According to this approach, central banks assume an exclusive role in determining the interest rates, but the central significance of the interest rate policy weakens. Once we recognise the crucial role of commercial banks in money creation, the role and function of the central bank changes. The central bank no longer controls money creation solely by shaping the interest rate policy, but also by way of the micro and macroprudential regulation of lending.
Music and Dance Expressions Circles with Mental Health Users: An Experience Report

Introduction: mental health care advances through the perspective of the principles of Psychiatric Reform, deconstructing knowledge and ways of dealing with the user in psychological distress, emphasizing the subject, family, community, interdisciplinary work and social inclusion. Objective: describing the lived experience and the activities developed in the Extension Project "Music and dance expressions circles with mental health users", the Center for Psychosocial Care (CPC II). Method: the activities were developed with 15 users of CPC Cajazeiras - Paraiba, Brazil, from October 2014 to March 2015. There was prepared the Final Report of the Extension Project, which served as a basis for this report. For data analysis was sought support in authors who defend the Psychiatric Reform, as well as those working with the theme of music and art. Results: regarding the use of music and dance found that are valuable strategies in mental health care, being able to work self-esteem, sociability, communication, joy, commitment and new forms of subjectivity of the users. Conclusion: In mental health we must dare and develop practices that seek to return to the subject the possibility of genuine creation of its existence, that is, that assist in building relationships expression of creation in which the user re-apropriate of subjectivity, producing singling process one.