Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Convergence of a finite difference scheme for 3D flow of a compressible viscous micropolar heat-conducting fluid with spherical symmetry

We consider the nonstationary 3D flow of a compressible viscous heat-conducting micropolar fluid in the domain to be a subset of R3, bounded with two concentric spheres. In the thermodynamical sense the fluid is perfect and polytropic. The homogeneous boundary conditions for velocity, microrotation, heat flux and spherical symmetry of the initial data are proposed. Due to the assumption of spherical symmetry, the problem can be considered as one–dimensional problem in Lagrangian description on the domain that is a segment. We define the approximate equations system by using the finite difference method and construct the sequence of approximate solutions for our problem. By analyzing the properties of these approximate solutions we prove their convergence to the generalized solution of our problem globally in time and establish the convergence of the defined numerical scheme, which is the main result of the paper. The practical application of the proposed numerical scheme is performed on the chosen test example.
Inventory Flow in Canadian Candy Bar Supply Chains

This study examined the ages of candy bars to measure the inventory flow in their supply chains. It sampled 6888 candy bars at 8 retail chains made by 4 manufacturers over a 4 year period. The first objective of the study was exploratory: were there any significant differences in inventory turnover across retailers, manufacturers, or time periods? The second objective was explanatory: could those differences be explained by business events, factory location, market share, or pricing? The analysis showed that there were substantial differences in inventory turnover, especially among the retailers. Unlike in previous research, these differences seemed independent of the particular retail sector. The analysis also found that significant changes in inventory ages coincided with major events at one manufacturer. Interestingly, locating factories close to their markets did not necessarily lead to faster flows. These findings have implications for firms operating in the increasingly integrated North American marketplace.
Deoxyribonucleic and Ribonucleic Acid Homology Studies of the Genera Azospirillum and Conglomeromonas

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) homology studies indicated that there is 90 to 96% homology between Azospirillum lipoferum and Azospirillum brasilense and 64 to 70% homology between these two species and Azospirillum amazonense. These findings support the inclusion of these three species in the genus Azospirillum. In contrast, “Azospirillum seropedicae” strains showed very little homology with the other Azospirillum species ( 65% RNA homology); Gluconobacter oxydans and Beijerinckia indica exhibited 30 to 60% RNA homology with Azospirillum species. Deoxyribonucleic acid studies indicated that Conglomeromonas largomobilis subsp. largomobilis was related to Azospirillum lipoferum at a level of deoxyribonucleic acid homology of >45% and at a level of RNA homology of 99%; moreover, this organism was found to be a microaerophilic nitrogen fixer. Thus, C. largomobilis subsp. largomobilis is a subjective synonym of Azospirillum lipoferum. In contrast, deoxyribonucleic acid homology studies indicated that C. largomobilis subsp. parooensis is not related to C. largomobilis, Azospirillum lipoferum, or any other species tested, and its taxonomic position is uncertain. Several strains of azospirilla which form unique star-shaped colonies were identified as Azospirillum lipoferum by deoxyribonucleic acid homology.
Effect of biofertilizers and inorganic fertilizers on growth and nutrient uptake in Acacia nilotica willd. ex Del. seedlings

The vital importance of Acacia nilotica in afforestation programmes and lack of information on quality seedlings production of this species encouraged to carry out the present study. The investigation was conducted to generate information on effect of inorganic and biofertilizers on growth performance and nutrient uptake in plants. The treatments comprised of all possible thirty-six combinations of three levels of nitrogen (0, 30 and 60 kg N ha), three levels of phosphorus (0, 75 and 150 kg P205 ha ) and four biofertilizers levels (No biofertilizer, VAM, Rhizobium and VAM + Rhizobium. The experiment was established in factorial split design with nine combinations of N and P in the main-plot and four biofertilizer levels in the sub plots with three replications. Inoculation with VAM and Rhizobium, singly and dually. resulted in maximum growth and N and P uptake in shoot and root as compared to uninoculated control. Among different doses of nitrogen and phosphorus, when applied singly, 30 kg N and 75 kg P205 ha -1 produced maximum growth for most of characters. Dual inoculation of VAM and Rhizobium supplemented with 30 kg N and 75 kg P2O5 ha -1 significantly increased shoot and root length, collar diameter, shoot and root dry weight, shoot fresh weight, number of nodules, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by roots and shoot. However, root fresh weight increased with dual inoculation of VAM and Rhizobium supplemented with 30 kg N and 150 kg P2O5 ha -1 . So, it was concluded that there is a great potential of combining inorganic and bio-fertilizers for achieving higher growth of Acacia nilotica plants.
An analysis of the relationship between forward freight agreements and steel price index: An application of the vector ARMA model

The bulk shipping market, as a global business, depends on the development of emerging industrial countries, the exploration of new mining areas, the policies of countries importing raw materials and the international economic situation. Due to market participants being able to decide independently the timing for entering or exiting the market, the type of vessel to invest in, the locations of shipping operations, and trading partners, this high level of independence and operation elasticity makes it difficult for market participants to control price volatility and trend. As such, market participants are reluctantly facing greater market uncertainty and volatility. Meanwhile, Forward Freight Agreements (FFAs) act as a very reliable hedging instrument, which enables market participants to hedge market risks by investing in FFAs. This research employs a time-series analysis, VARMA (Vector Autoregressive Moving-Average Model), as the methodology, using one year FFAs and the global steel price index as variables to analyze the coefficient between the two. This research is intended to provide market participants with a new direction for entering or exiting markets. Key words: Forward freight agreements, steel price index, VARMA.
Post harvest changes in physico-chemical properties and levels of some inorganic elements in off vine ripened orange (Citrus sinensis) fruits cv (Navel and Valencia) of Tanzania.

Two orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit varieties, Navel and Valencia, from Muheza in Tanga, were analyzed for their proximate composition (ash, acidity, crude fat, crude fibre, sugars and moisture content), ascorbic acid, sugars, concentrations of four macro elements (Ca, Mg, K, Na) and seven heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn). The oranges had high moisture content (>68%), moderate titratable acidity (0.60 – 1.65% c.a.), low crude fat content (0.60 – 0.66 g/100 g-fresh weight (fw)), low crude fibre amounts (0.63 – 0.75 g/100 g-fw), low ash content (0.68 – 0.72 g/100 g-fw), high reducing sugars (6.6 – 13.1%), high total sugars (11.4 – 33.4%), high total soluble solids (11.5 – 31.8%) and high ascorbic acid (22.5 – 50.4%). Very low concentrations of the seven heavy metals were detected in the fruits. Ascorbic acid, moisture, titratable acidity, sugars content varied within the season and with storage-ripening time. The high moisture content suggests the usefulness of these fruits in the treatment of obesity. The citric acid which these fruits contain makes them to be used as acid foods when required. The value of ascorbic acid which is above 30 mg/day in these fruits allows them to be considered as good sources of ascorbic acid for human nutrition.
Ethnolinguistic Diversity: Origins and Implications

This research examines theoretically and empirically the economic origins of ethnolinguistic fractionalization. The empirical analysis constructs detailed data on the distribution of land quality across regions and countries, and shows that variation in land quality has contributed signi…cantly to the emergence and persistence of ethnic diversity. The evidence supports the theoretical analysis, according to which heterogeneous land endowments generated region speci…c human capital, limiting population mobility and leading to the formation of localized ethnicities and languages. The research contributes to the understanding of
The atmospheric chemistry of the warm Neptune GJ 3470b: Influence of metallicity and temperature on the CH4/CO ratio

Current observation techniques are able to probe the atmosphere of some giant exoplanets and get some clues about their atmospheric composition. However, the chemical compositions derived from observations are not fully understood, as for instance in the case of the CH4/CO abundance ratio, which is often inferred different from what has been predicted by chemical models. Recently, the warm Neptune GJ3470b has been discovered and because of its close distance from us and high transit depth, it is a very promising candidate for follow up characterisation of its atmosphere. We study the atmospheric composition of GJ3470b in order to compare with the current observations of this planet, to prepare the future ones, but also as a typical case study to understand the chemical composition of warm (sub-)Neptunes. The metallicity of such atmospheres is totally uncertain, and vary probably to values up to 100x solar. We explore the space of unknown parameters to predict the range of possible atmospheric compositions. Within the parameter space explored we find that in most cases methane is the major carbon-bearing species. We however find that in some cases, typically for high metallicities with a sufficiently high temperature the CH4/CO abundance ratio can become lower than unity, as suggested by some multiwavelength photometric observations of other warm (sub-)Neptunes, such as GJ1214b and GJ436b. As for the emission spectrum of GJ3470b, brightness temperatures at infrared wavelengths may vary between 400 and 800K depending on the thermal profile and metallicity. Combined with a hot temperature profile, a substantial enrichment in heavy elements by a factor of 100 with respect to the solar composition can shift the carbon balance in favour of carbon monoxide at the expense of CH4. Nevertheless, current observations of this planet do not allow yet to determine which model is more accurate.
Within-Grade Changes in Korean Girls' Motivation and Perceptions of the Learning Environment Across Domains and Achievement Levels.

This study tested whether students’ motivation and perceptions of the learning environment changed significantly within the school year. Korean high school girls’ (N 375) perceptions of the performance goal structures in the environment increased significantly throughout the school year. The girls’ personal achievement goals and task value demonstrated few significant within-grade changes, but their selfefficacy fluctuated significantly around examinations. Motivational beliefs were more stable than were perceptions of the environment. Nevertheless, the modified perceptions of the learning environment explained changes in motivation, justifying continued efforts to create a motivationally adaptive environment. Construct relations were consistent across different academic contexts. There was no evidence that low-achieving girls responded more negatively to the classroom performance goals than did their better-achieving peers.
The Baade-Wesselink p-factor applicable to LMC Cepheids ⋆

Context. Recent observations of LMC Cepheids bring new constraints on the slope of the period-projection factor relation (hereafter Pp relation) that is currently used in the Baade-Wesselink (hereafter BW) method of distance determination. The discrepancy between observations and theoretical analysis is particularly significant for short period Cepheids Aims. We investigate three physical effects that might possibly explain this discrepancy: (1) the spectroscopic S/N that is systematically lower for LMC Cepheids (around 10) compared to Galactic ones (up to 300), (2) the impact of the metallicity on the dynamical structure of LMC Cepheids, and (3) the combination of infrared photometry/interferometry with optical spectroscopy. Methods. To study the S/N we use a very simple toy model of Cepheids. The impact of metallicity on the projection factor is based on the hydrodynamical model of δ Cep already described in previous studies. This model is also used to derive the position of the optical versus infrared photospheric layers. Results. We find no significant effect of S/N, metallicity, and optical-versus-infrared observations on the Pp relation. Conclusions. The Pp relation of Cepheids in the LMC does not differ from the Galactic relation. This allows its universal application to determine distances to extragalactic Cepheids via BW analysis.
Labour market inequalities and the role of institutions

A large body of studies has documented the changing wage structure and increasing inequalities that in the last decades have characterised many OECD countries. The importance of these topics has been addressed by the workshop on "Comparing Inequalities" organised by the Italian Association for Comparative Economic Studies (AISSEC), and held in Assisi in June 2010. One session of the workshop was devoted to "Labour Market Institutions and Wage Inequalities: a Comparative Perspective". This special issue, which includes a selection of papers that were originally presented at the workshop, offers contributions which can be helpful to obtain an enriched view of ongoing changes and a broader spectrum of plausible explanations. In this paper a short appraisal of the large economic literature on wage inequality and institutions is offered with the main aim to clarify how the papers collected in this symposium contribute to related literature and in which directions they move
Everyday elites, citizens, or extremists? Assessing the use and users of non-election political hashtags

As research has indicated, what are sometimes described as traditional forms of political-parliamentary participation are dwindling in most Western democracies, and the Internet has often been pointed to as harboring the means to hinder these developments. While empirical studies on these matters have at best provided mixed results, social media services, like Twitter, have yet again fanned the flames of the most enthusiastic debaters. This paper moves beyond the often-studied context of parliamentary elections and instead offers a structural study of everyday political discussions on Twitter. Specifically, tweets from political contexts in Sweden and Norway are collected and analyzed with a specific focus on the top users and their activities. Results indicate that while thematic Twitter discussions can indeed serve as a potential channel for citizens, the influence of established as well as political extremist actors is also clearly discerned.
Distribution and Relationships of Eleven Trace Elements in Muscle of Six Fish Species from Skadar Lake (Montenegro)

Concentrations of eleven trace elements (Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, Cr, Ni, Co, Hg, Pb, Cd and As) as well as the principal components of fish flesh (water%, dry matter%, fat%, protein%, ash% and Ca and Mg concentration) were determined in muscles of six fish species (Scardinus knezevici, Alburnus scoranza, Cyprinus carpio, Rutilus prespensis, Anguilla anguilla and Perca fluviatilis) collected from Skadar Lake in 2016. This study, being the first of its kind in fish from Montenegrin lakes, gave the following overall ranking of the investigated elements in fish muscle: Zn > Fe > Mn > Cu > Hg > Cr > As > Ni > Pb > Cd. Several significant inter-metal correlations were observed, while significant relationships between metal concentrations and fish age and size were established predominantly for essential elements. Significant inter-species differences in accumulation of analyzed trace elements were confirmed for Zn, Mn, Fe and As. The total metal accumulation was the highest in roach and the lowest in perch, while European eel was found to accumulate more arsenic than other fish species. The consumption of fish from Skadar Lake doesn’t pose a risk to human health.
Changing the Map: Health in Britain 1951–91

It is accepted that within Britain there are persistent and growing inequalities in mortality between groups of people as defined by their social class. This paper shows that similar persistent and growing inequalities prevail between groups of people defined by district of residence. Although there is some confusion between these two ways of grouping people - there is a slight tendency for people of the same class to live in the same district. This paper reviews the geographical literature which may shed light on why inequalities in mortality are widening between districts in Britain. The authors present new data for a set of 293 unchanging districts by amalgamating published reports from the 1950s, 60s and 70s with individual postcoded mortality records from the 1980s and 90s, aggregated to the 293 districts using a Geographic Information System and Census data from 1971, 1981 and 1991 (including estimates of the residence of the missing million). They find that a growing proportion of premature deaths in Britain can be attributed to some aspect of rising spatial inequalities. Changing geographical inequalities in health are not simply a passive reflection of social inequalities. To begin to investigate them, however, they first need to measure them properly.
Adoption of a learning management system by polytechnic students: A case study in Singapore

This study examines the use of Blackboard as a communication and learning facilitation tool in a tertiary institution (polytechnic) situated in Singapore. For past decades, polytechnics in Singapore have been viewed as institutions that provide ‘para-professional training’ (Sanderson, 2002). Nevertheless, securing a place in a polytechnic is extremely competitive, with only 40% of applicants gaining a place (Sanderson, 2002). The case study is based on marketing students’ experience of using Blackboard in one of the largest polytechnics in Singapore. The sample consisted of 390 undergraduate business students, drawn from a first year marketing subject. Students were in two age groups, making up almost all of the respondents and gender was slightly unevenly distributed. The only gender difference identified was that females were more likely to use Blackboard for communication purposes rather than face-to-face communication. The study also revealed students’ highly positive view of Blackboard because it is easy to use, user friendly and a time saver. Confirmatory factor analysis was undertaken to determine Blackboard’s capability of providing students with an optimum learning environment. The items loaded into four factors. Based upon these loadings, four factors were named: usefulness, time saving quality, ease of use and, enjoyment and positive self-image. It is recommended that further study be undertaken to establish Blackboard’s contribution to subject management to establish more fully Blackboard’s overall contribution as a teaching and learning resource.
Payment Methods in Mergers and Acquisitions: A Theoretical Framework

Purpose: This paper aims to review the prior literature on payment methods in Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As) and summarizing its effects on the performance of companies involved in M&As. This study also attempts to find out various determinants of the payment methods of M&As that affects the decision of payment methods in M&As. Methodology: To carry out the analysis, this study focuses the past literature relating to payment methods in M&As and summarizes the positive and negative effects of different payment methods. The review is carried out by dividing into four parts (i) Literature studies on cash payment method (ii) Literature studies on stock payment method (iii) Literature studies on mixed payment and (iv) Determinants of payment methods. The paper investigates based on the findings of the major studies. Research limitations: The scope of the study is confined to the contemporary review of M&As literature than the empirical survey. The study is focused more on giving suggestions for future work on M&As than providing conclusion. Research Implications: The knowledge gained from this study will help managers from both acquirer and target companies for selection of appropriate payment methods and improve their investment mechanism and strengthen their finances by value creation in M&As. Originality: To the authors’ knowledge this paper is the first attempt to document for summarizing the impact of different payment methods and its determinants of performance of M&As deals.
Cis-9, trans-11-Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Dairy Goat Milk was Increased by High Linoleic (Soybean Oil) or Linolenic (Linseed Oil) Acid Diet

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of supplementation of high linoleic (C18:2) oil or high linolenic (C18:3) oil to the diet on milking performance and content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in goat milk fat. Forty five dairy goats (Sumnen, 25 d post-partum, 62.5±1.2 kg) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups with each group of 15 dairy goats. The goats were fed a basal diet (CON) consisting 1.2 kg concentrate and 1.2 kg chopped hay (0.6 chopped alfalfa and 0.6 kg hay) daily with 4% soybean oil (SO) or 4% linseed oil (LO). Daily feed intake was not influenced (p>0.05) but daily milk yield (p<0.001) and milk fat yield (p<0.001) were significantly increased by supplementation of oils. Supplementation of oils decreased the short chain fatty acid, medium-chain fatty acid and saturated fatty acid in goat milk fat while increased trans vaccenic acid (trans-11-C 18:1 , TVA), oleic acid (C 18:1 ), C 18:2 , C 18:3 , cis-9, trans-11-CLA (c9, t11-CLA), trans-10, cis12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10, c12-CLA), unsaturated fatty acids, mono unsaturated fatty acid and long-chain fatty acid in goat milk fat (p<0.001). Especially, c9, t11-CLA, t10, c12-CLA and ω-3 fatty acid (C 18:3 n-3 ) in milk fat were highest when goat fed LO diet. Based on the result, it is suggested that supplementation of linseed oil should be an effective method to increase CLA isomers and ω-3 fatty acid in goat milk fat without negative effect on lactating performance.
The zCOSMOS-Bright survey: the clustering of early and late galaxy morphological types since z≃ 1

We measure the spatial clustering of galaxies as a function of their morphological type at z similar or equal to 0.8, for the first time in a deep redshift survey with full morphological information. This is obtained by combining high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope imaging and Very Large Telescope spectroscopy for about 8500 galaxies to with accurate spectroscopic redshifts from the zCOSMOS-Bright redshift survey. At this epoch, early-type galaxies already show a significantly stronger clustering than late-type galaxies on all probed scales. A comparison to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data at z similar or equal to 0.1 shows that the relative clustering strength between early and late morphological classes tends to increase with cosmic time at small separations, while on large scales it shows no significant evolution since z similar or equal to 0.8. This suggests that most early-type galaxies had already formed in intermediate and dense environments at this epoch. Our results are consistent with a picture in which the relative clustering of different morphological types between z similar or equal to 1 and 0 reflects the evolving role of environment in the morphological transformation of galaxies, on top of a global evolution driven by mass.