Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of errors reported by surgeons at three teaching hospitals.

BACKGROUND Little is known of the factors that underlie surgical errors. Incident reporting has been proposed as a method of obtaining information about medical errors to help identify such factors. METHODS Between November 1, 2000, and March 15, 2001, we conducted confidential interviews with randomly selected surgeons from three Massachusetts teaching hospitals to elicit detailed reports on surgical adverse events resulting from errors in management ("incidents"). Data on the characteristics of the incidents and the factors that surgeons reported to have contributed to the errors were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS Among 45 surgeons approached for interviews, 38 (84%) agreed to participate and provided reports on 146 incidents. Thirty-three percent of incidents resulted in permanent disability and 13% in patient death. Seventy-seven percent involved injuries related to an operation or other invasive intervention (visceral injuries, bleeding, and wound infection/dehiscence were the most common subtypes), 13% involved unnecessary or inappropriate procedures, and 10% involved unnecessary advancement of disease. Two thirds of the incidents involved errors during the intraoperative phase of surgical care, 27% during preoperative management, and 22% during postoperative management. Two or more clinicians were cited as substantially contributing to errors in 70% of the incidents. The most commonly cited systems factors contributing to errors were inexperience/lack of competence in a surgical task (53% of incidents), communication breakdowns among personnel (43%), and fatigue or excessive workload (33%). Surgeons reported significantly more systems failures in incidents involving emergency surgical care than those involving nonemergency care (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS Subjective incident reports gathered through interviews allow identification of characteristics of surgical errors and their leading contributing factors, which may help target research and interventions to reduce such errors.
PERSONALITY PROCESSES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Life-Span Development of Self-Esteem and Its Effects on Important Life Outcomes

We examined the life-span development of self-esteem and tested whether self-esteem influences the development of important life outcomes, including relationship satisfaction, job satisfaction, occupational status, salary, positive and negative affect, depression, and physical health. Data came from the Longitudinal Study of Generations. Analyses were based on 5 assessments across a 12-year period of a sample of 1,824 individuals ages 16 to 97 years. First, growth curve analyses indicated that self-esteem increases from adolescence to middle adulthood, reaches a peak at about age 50 years, and then decreases in old age. Second, cross-lagged regression analyses indicated that self-esteem is best modeled as a cause rather than a consequence of life outcomes. Third, growth curve analyses, with self-esteem as a time-varying covariate, suggested that self-esteem has medium-sized effects on life-span trajectories of affect and depression, small to medium-sized effects on trajectories of relationship and job satisfaction, a very small effect on the trajectory of health, and no effect on the trajectory of occupational status. These findings replicated across 4 generations of participants—children, parents, grandparents, and their great-grandparents. Together, the results suggest that self-esteem has a significant prospective impact on real-world life experiences and that high and low self-esteem are not mere epiphenomena of success and failure in important life domains.
Self-Disclosure Patterns of the Nonobviously Stigmatized

Self-revelation patterns of epileptics who had their seizures under drug control were examined with questionnaire and interview procedures. Parents were found to be the clearly preferred targets for self-disclosure generally and for health-related information in particular. As expected, all respondents chose not to reveal their stigmatized condition to at least some persons significant to their life space, although as a group they varied in their openness to others. Negative attitudes on the part of parents toward epilepsy and toward revelation of the condition outside the family were seen to encourage a sense of secretiveness and social withdrawal.
Laminin is induced in astrocytes of adult brain by injury.

Laminin is a high mol. wt. non‐collagenous matrix glycoprotein, confined in adult tissues to basement membranes. In normal rat brain we found laminin mainly in vessel walls but, after injury, induced by stereotaxic injection of a neurotoxin, laminin immunoreactivity appeared also in reactive astrocytes, which are characteristically positive for the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Laminin was first detected in GFAP‐immunoreactive glial cells 24 h after injury. Four days later the majority of reactive astrocytes in the gray matter were positive for laminin and the laminin immunoreactivity, but not that of GFAP, gradually subsided within a month. Fibronectin, the other major matrix glycoprotein, was found only in capillary structures both in normal and lesioned brain tissue. The results indicate that mature astrocytes have the potential to produce laminin and suggest a role for this glycoprotein in brain regeneration.
Identification of novel genes involved in sarcopenia through RNAi screening in Caenorhabditis elegans.

BACKGROUND Aging in humans is characterized by a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength known as sarcopenia. Although considered to be a normal aspect of aging, the loss of strength can have significant effects on the health, functioning, and independence of elderly individuals. Although these aspects of sarcopenia have been well studied, the molecular mechanisms leading to its development are still unclear. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans might be a novel animal model for sarcopenia as worms experience sarcopenia during aging and mutations affecting the daf-2/insulin-like signaling pathway are able to delay this process. METHODS Via the use of RNA interference, we screened a total of 43 genes, most of which have been shown to be required for the enhanced longevity of daf-2 mutants, to assess for the effects of these genes on muscle function and worm mobility during aging. RESULTS We identified 17 novel genes that are essential for the delay in the onset of sarcopenia in daf-2 mutants. The identified genes include splicing factors, vacuolar sorting proteins, transcription factors, and metabolic enzymes. Using a transgenic strain that only responds to RNA interference in the body wall muscle, we also found that most of the identified genes act in muscle to prevent the onset of sarcopenia. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that at least in worms, specific genetic pathways that modify the development of sarcopenia can be identified. Interestingly, almost all the identified genes also have a known human homolog, and hence, our findings may offer significant leads toward the identification of genes involved in sarcopenia in people.
IL21R expressing CD14+CD16+ monocytes expand in multiple myeloma patients leading to increased osteoclasts

Bone marrow monocytes are primarily committed to osteoclast formation. It is, however, unknown whether potential primary alterations are specifically present in bone marrow monocytes from patients with multiple myeloma, smoldering myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. We analyzed the immunophenotypic and transcriptional profiles of bone marrow CD14+ monocytes in a cohort of patients with different types of monoclonal gammopathies to identify alterations involved in myeloma-enhanced osteoclastogenesis. The number of bone marrow CD14+CD16+ cells was higher in patients with active myeloma than in those with smoldering myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Interestingly, sorted bone marrow CD14+CD16+ cells from myeloma patients were more pro-osteoclastogenic than CD14+CD16-cells in cultures ex vivo. Moreover, transcriptional analysis demonstrated that bone marrow CD14+ cells from patients with multiple myeloma (but neither monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance nor smoldering myeloma) significantly upregulated genes involved in osteoclast formation, including IL21R. IL21R mRNA over-expression by bone marrow CD14+ cells was independent of the presence of interleukin-21. Consistently, interleukin-21 production by T cells as well as levels of interleukin-21 in the bone marrow were not significantly different among monoclonal gammopathies. Thereafter, we showed that IL21R over-expression in CD14+ cells increased osteoclast formation. Consistently, interleukin-21 receptor signaling inhibition by Janex 1 suppressed osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow CD14+ cells of myeloma patients. Our results indicate that bone marrow monocytes from multiple myeloma patients show distinct features compared to those from patients with indolent monoclonal gammopathies, supporting the role of IL21R over-expression by bone marrow CD14+ cells in enhanced osteoclast formation.
Characterisation and management of concrete grinding residuals

Concrete grinding residue is the waste product resulting from the grinding, cutting, and resurfacing of concrete pavement. Potential beneficial applications for concrete grinding residue include use as a soil amendment and as a construction material, including as an additive to Portland cement concrete. Concrete grinding residue exhibits a high pH, and though not hazardous, it is sufficiently elevated that precautions need to be taken around aquatic ecosystems. Best management practices and state regulations focus on reducing the impact on such aquatic environment. Heavy metals are present in concrete grinding residue, but concentrations are of the same magnitude as typically recycled concrete residuals. The chemical composition of concrete grinding residue makes it a useful product for some soil amendment purposes at appropriate land application rates. The presence of unreacted concrete in concrete grinding residue was examined for potential use as partial replacement of cement in new concrete. Testing of Florida concrete grinding residue revealed no dramatic reactivity or improvement in mortar strength.
Kinetics of stable isotope and body composition in olive baboons (Papio anubis) estimated by deuterium dilution space: a pilot study

Abstract: Morphometrics and isotope‐labelled water were used to determine body composition [total body water, total body fat and fat‐free mass (FFM)] of three captive female olive baboons (Papio anubis). Mean mass was 16.5 kg, comparable with other captive settings but heavier than wild olive baboons. Average water content was 66%; FFM averaged 90.5%. Baboon females have less body fat than human counterparts. Compared with captive or wild baboons, these females were adequately nourished for their energy expenditure. A positive association between total mass and FFM existed, but due to the small sample no general relationship was observed for body fat or FFM and condition or size measures. The kinetics of deuterium equilibration in body fluids for baboons was determined as 3–4 hours after injection, similar to that for humans. Deuterium dilution technique appears to be an appropriate method for studying body composition in baboons, although a larger sample is needed for relationships between morphometric indices and body composition.
Cue-dependent deficits in grating orientation discrimination after V4 lesions in macaques

Abstract To examine the role of visual area V4 in pattern vision, we tested two monkeys with lesions of V4 on tasks that required them to discriminate the orientation of contours defined by several different cues. The cues used to separate the contours from their background included luminance, color, motion, and texture, as well as phase-shifted abutting gratings that created an “illusory” contour. The monkeys were trained to maintain fixation on a fixation target while discriminating extrafoveal stimuli, which were located in either a normal control quadrant of the visual field or in a quadrant affected by a lesion of area V4 in one hemisphere. Comparing performance in the two quadrants, we found significant deficits for contours defined by texture and for the illusory contour, but smaller or no deficits for motion-, color-, and luminance-defined contours. The data suggest a specific role of V4 in the perception of illusory contours and contours defined by texture.
Hotspot Mitigating With Obliquely Finned Microchannel Heat Sink—An Experimental Study

Sectional oblique fins are employed, in contrast to continuous fins, in order to modulate the flow in a microchannel heat sink. The breakage of continuous fin into oblique sections leads to reinitialization of boundary layers and generation of secondary flows that significantly enhance the cooling performance of the heat sink. In addition, an oblique finned microchannel heat sink has the flexibility to tailor local heat transfer performance by varying its oblique fin pitch. Clusters of oblique fins at higher density can be created in order to promote a greater degree of boundary layer redevelopment and secondary flow generation to provide more effective cooling at the high heat-flux region. Thus, the variation of oblique fin pitch can be exploited for hotspot mitigation. Experimental studies of a silicon chip with two hotspot scenarios show that the temperature hike and the temperature difference for the enhanced microchannel heat sink with variable pitch are reduced by as much as 17.1 °C and 15.4 °C, respectively. As a result, temperature distribution across the silicon chip is more uniform. In addition, the associated pressure drop penalty is much smaller than the achieved heat transfer enhancement, rendering it as an effective hotspot mitigating strategy for the single-phase microchannel heat sink.
Genetic association between leg conformation in young pigs and sow longevity.

Longevity is important in pig production with respect to both economic and ethical aspects. Direct selection for longevity might be ineffective because 'true' longevity can only be recorded when a sow has been culled or died. Thus, indirect selection for longevity using information from other traits that can be recorded early in life and are genetically correlated with longevity might be an alternative. Leg conformation has been included in many breeding schemes for a number of years. However, proving that leg conformation traits are good early indicators for longevity still remains. Our aim was to study genetic associations between leg conformation traits of young (5 months; 100 kg) Swedish Yorkshire pigs in nucleus herds and longevity traits of sows in nucleus and multiplier herds. Data included 97 533 animals with information on conformation (Movement and Overall score) recorded at performance testing and 26 962 sows with information on longevity. The longevity traits were as follows: stayability from 1st to 2nd parity, lifetime number of litters and lifetime number of born alive piglets. Genetic analyses were performed with both linear models using REML and linear-threshold models using Bayesian methods. Heritabilities estimated using the Bayesian method were higher than those estimated using REML, ranging from 0.10 to 0.24 and 0.07 to 0.20, respectively. All estimated genetic correlations between conformation and longevity traits were significant and favourable. Heritabilities and genetic correlations between conformation and longevity indicate that selection on leg conformation should improve sow longevity.
Chilling of Dormant Buds Hyperinduces FLOWERING LOCUS T and Recruits GA-Inducible 1,3-β-Glucanases to Reopen Signal Conduits and Release Dormancy in Populus[W][OA]

This work identifies 10 putative Populus orthologs of Arabidopsis genes that encode structurally different 1,3-β-glucanases and shows that they localize at and around plasmodesmata. These enzymes are differently regulated by daylength, temperature, GA3, and GA4, providing a mechanistic explanation of how cell communication is modulated during the dormancy cycling in synchrony with the seasons. In trees, production of intercellular signals and accessibility of signal conduits jointly govern dormancy cycling at the shoot apex. We identified 10 putative cell wall 1,3-β-glucanase genes (glucan hydrolase family 17 [GH17]) in Populus that could turn over 1,3-β-glucan (callose) at pores and plasmodesmata (PD) and investigated their regulation in relation to FT and CENL1 expression. The 10 genes encode orthologs of Arabidopsis thaliana BG_ppap, a PD-associated glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid-anchored protein, the Arabidopsis PD callose binding protein PDCB, and a birch (Betula pendula) putative lipid body (LB) protein. We found that these genes were differentially regulated by photoperiod, by chilling (5°C), and by feeding of gibberellins GA3 and GA4. GA3 feeding upregulated all LB-associated GH17s, whereas GA4 upregulated most GH17s with a GPI anchor and/or callose binding motif, but only GA4 induced true bud burst. Chilling upregulated a number of GA biosynthesis and signaling genes as well as FT, but not CENL1, while the reverse was true for both GA3 and GA4. Collectively, the results suggest a model for dormancy release in which chilling induces FT and both GPI lipid-anchored and GA3-inducible GH17s to reopen signaling conduits in the embryonic shoot. When temperatures rise, the reopened conduits enable movement of FT and CENL1 to their targets, where they drive bud burst, shoot elongation, and morphogenesis.
Microsatellite markers for the Indian golden silkmoth, Antheraea assama (Saturniidae: Lepidoptera)

Antheraea assama, an economically important and scientifically unexplored Indian wild silkmoth, is unique among saturniid moths. For this species, a total of 87 microsatellite markers was derived from 35 000 expressed sequence tags and a microsatellite‐enriched sub‐genomic library. Forty individuals collected from Tura and West Garo Hills region of Northeast India were screened for each of these loci. Ten loci from expressed sequence tags and one from genomic library were found to be polymorphic. These microsatellite markers will be useful resources for population genetic studies of A. assama and other closely related species of saturniids. This is the first report on development of microsatellite markers for any saturniid species.
Passive potassium transport in low potassium sheep red cells: dependence upon cell volume and chloride.

The major pathway of passive K influx (ouabain‐insensitive) was characterized in low‐K type (LK) red cells of sheep. 1. Passive K transport in these cells was highly sensitive to variations in cell volume; it increased threefold or more in cells swollen osmotically by 10%, and decreased up to twofold in cells shrunken 5‐10%. Active K influx was insensitive to changes in cell volume. Three different methods for varying cell volume osmotically all gave similar results. 2. The volume‐sensitive pathway was specific for K in that Na influx did not vary with changes in cell volume. 3. The volume‐sensitive K influx was a saturable function of external K concentration. It was slightly inhibited by Na, whereas K influx in shrunken cells was unaffected by Na. 4. Passive K influx was dependent on the major anion in the medium in that replacement of Cl with any of six other anions resulted in a reduction of K influx by 50‐80% (replacement of Cl by Br caused an increase in K influx). The activation of K influx by Cl followed sigmoid kinetics. 5. Passive K influx is inhibited by anti‐L antibody. The antibody affected only that portion of influx which was Cl‐dependent and volume‐sensitve. Of the subfractions of the antibody, it is anti‐L1 which inhibits passive K transport. 6. Pretreatment of cells with iodoacetamide reduced the sensitivity of K influx to cell volume in that the influx was reduced in swollen IAA‐treated cells and increased in shrunken IAA‐cells. 7. Intracellular Ca has no role in altering passive K transport in LK sheep cells. Therefore, the major pathway of passive K transport in LK sheep red cells is sensitive to changes in cell volume, specific for K, dependent on Cl, and inhibited by anti‐L1 antibody, The minor pathway, observed in shrunken cells, has none of these properties.
THE EFFECT OF TENOTOMY ON THE STRUCTURE OF FAST AND SLOW MUSCLE IN THE RABBIT.

The effect of tenotomy on the structure of slow and fast muscles in the rabbit was studied histologically and histochemically. The results show (1) that denervation is associated with reduced succinic dehydrogenase activity in the muscle fibres of the slow soleus and of the fast peroneus longus (2) that tenotomy and tenotomy with spinal cord section are associated with reduced succinic dehydrogenase activity in soleus but not in peroneus longus (3) that tenotomy induces marked degenerative changes in soleus but not in peroneus longus and (4) that the degeneration in soleus can be prevented by denervation or spinal cord section. Correlation of these results with previous work [Vrbovaa, 1962 and 1963] suggests that the reduced succinic dehydrogenase activity is associated with decreased electromyographic activity. It was concluded that degenerative changes in soleus following tenotomy may possibly be due to impulses of supraspinal origin.
Molecular Phylogeny of Labyrinthulids and Thraustochytrids Based On the Sequencing of 18s Ribosomal Rna Gene

ABSTRACT Labyrinthulids and thraustochytrids are unicellular heterotrophs, formerly considered as fungi, but presently are recognized as members in the stramenopiles of the kingdom Protista sensu lato. We determined the 18S ribpsomal RNA gene sequences of 14 strains from different species of the six genera and analyzed the molecular phylogenetic relationships. the results conflict with the current classification based on morphology, at the genus and species levels. These organisms are separated, based on signature sequences and unique inserted sequences, into two major groups, which were named the labyrinthulid phylogenetic group and the thraustochytrid phylogenetic group. Although these groupings are in disagreement with many conventional taxonomic characters, they correlated better with the sugar composition of the cell wall. Thus, the currently used taxonomic criteria need serious reconsideration.
Concrete as a protective barrier for gamma rays from radium.

Several papers [1, 2, 3) 2 and Handbooks [4, 5] have been published during the past 20 years dealing with barrier req uirements for shielding against gamma radiation from radium. These publications have usually suggested lead for the barriers because a large proportion of the applications required restricted space and ready transportabi lity of the barrier and gamma-ray source. For h igh-energy X-ray installations, it is often more economical to use concrete barriers. It has been suggested that concrete might also be usefu l for shielding in gamma-ray installations if attenuation curves were available. The present paper presents this required information for radium.
Interactions of basic polypeptides and proteins with calmodulin.

Low concentrations (less than 10 microgram/ml) of a number of highly basic polypeptides inhibit the calmodulin-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Inhibitory compounds include synthetic polypeptides [polylysine (D and L) and polyarginine] and basic proteins (protamine, histones H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 and myelin basic protein). Polylysine of mol.wt. about 2000 or higher was inhibitory, but pentalysine did not inhibit. Other basic proteins and compounds did not inhibit, including bradykinin, spermine and putrescine. In mixtures of calmodulin and basic protein, complexes were formed whether Ca2+ was present or not. This was true for polylysine, myelin basic protein and histone H2B. These interactions suggest that the inhibition of the phosphodiesterase is due to interaction of these basic proteins with calmodulin. The wide variety of basic polypeptides and proteins that affect the calmodulin stimulation of phosphodiesterase indicates that these interactions are not specific.