Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automated Mining of the ALMA Archive in the COSMOS Field (A3COSMOS). II. Cold Molecular Gas Evolution out to Redshift 6

We present new measurements of the cosmic cold molecular gas evolution out to redshift 6 based on systematic mining of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) public archive in the COSMOS deep field (A3COSMOS). Our A3COSMOS data set contains ∼700 galaxies (0.3 ≲ z ≲ 6) with high-confidence ALMA detections in the (sub)millimeter continuum and multiwavelength spectral energy distributions. Multiple gas mass calibration methods are compared, and biases in band conversions (from observed ALMA wavelength to rest-frame Rayleigh–Jeans tail continuum) have been tested. Combining our A3COSMOS sample with ∼1000 CO-observed galaxies at 0 ≲ z ≲ 4 (75% at z < 0.1), we parameterize galaxies’ molecular gas depletion time ( ) and molecular gas to stellar mass ratio ( ) each as a function of the stellar mass ( ), offset from the star-forming main sequence ( ) and cosmic age (or redshift). Our proposed functional form provides a statistically better fit to current data (than functional forms in the literature) and implies a “downsizing” effect (i.e., more-massive galaxies evolve earlier than less-massive ones) and “mass quenching” (gas consumption slows down with cosmic time for massive galaxies but speeds up for low-mass ones). Adopting galaxy stellar mass functions and applying our function for gas mass calculation, we for the first time infer the cosmic cold molecular gas density evolution out to redshift 6 and find agreement with CO blind surveys as well as semianalytic modeling. These together provide a coherent picture of cold molecular gas, star formation rate, and stellar mass evolution in galaxies across cosmic time.
Right-angled polyhedra and alternating links

To any prime alternating link, we associate a collection of hyperbolic right-angled ideal polyhedra by relating geometric, topological and combinatorial methods to decompose the link complement. The sum of the hyperbolic volumes of these polyhedra is a new geometric link invariant, which we call the right-angled volume of the alternating link. We give an explicit procedure to compute the right-angled volume from any alternating link diagram, and prove that it is a new lower bound for the hyperbolic volume of the link.
Penalized quasi likelihood estimation for variable selection

Penalized methods are applied to quasi likelihood analysis for stochastic differential equation models. In this paper, we treat the quasi likelihood function and the associated statistical random field for which a polynomial type large deviation inequality holds. Then penalty terms do not disturb a polynomial type large deviation inequality. This property ensures the convergence of moments of the associated estimator which plays an important role to evaluate the upper bound of the probability that model selection is incorrect.
Mechanisms and Risk Factors of Cognitive Aging

This dissertation explores the role of biologic factors and a novel method of measuring cognitive function in investigating mechanisms and risk factors of cognitive aging. With a rapidly increasing aging population, the public health burden of dementia is expected to rise in the future. Therefore, it is important to both better understand the etiology and identify novel risk factors, in order to reduce the incidence of new cases and develop effective treatments. Blood-based biomarkers, such as amyloid-beta and sex hormones, can provide an objective measure of factors likely associated with dementia risk. Additionally, computerized cognitive testing can provide efficient and accurate measurement of cognitive function, yet is seldom used in epidemiologic studies. Our first chapter involves the first systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies exploring the association between plasma amyloid-beta and incident Alzheimer’s disease or dementia. While preclinical prediction of Alzheimer’s disease is important for effective intervention, studies have considerably varied in design, assays and sample size, making it difficult to interpret the overall data and thus necessitating a systematic review and meta-analysis. The second chapter explores the association between endogenous hormone levels and cognitive function in a population of older women. While many studies have investigated the role of hormone therapy in cognitive aging, fewer studies have investigated endogenous hormones, which may provide a more objective measure of hormonal status. We therefore present a prospective cohort study investigating the association between several endogenous sex hormones and their prohormones at baseline, and cognitive function over 20 years later.
A Game-theoretical Approach to Analyze Film Release Time

Film release time play an important part in box office revenues due to obvious seasonality demand in the film industry and severe competition among films shown at the same time. In this paper, we study how film studios choose release time for movies they produce to maximize their box offices. We first formalize this problem as an attraction competition game where players (film studios) consider both potential profits and competitors' choices when deciding the release time. Then we prove that there always exists a pure Nash equilibrium and give the sufficient condition of the uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium. Our model can be generalized to an extensive game and we compute the subgame-perfect equilibrium for homogeneous players. For the case that one film studio could have multiple movies to release, we prove that finding a player's best response is NP-hard and it does not guarantee the existence of a pure Nash equilibrium. Experiments are provided to support the soundness of our model. In the final state, most of the film studios, accounting for 84 percent of the market, would not change their release time. The behaviors of film studios imply they are following some strategies to reach a Nash equilibrium.
Histological and immunohistochemical study on nitric oxide synthase and effects of angiotensin receptor blockade in early phase of diabetes in rat kidney

Background Several studies have demonstrated that the pathophysiological and morphological changes in early diabetic nephropathy were mediated by an increase or decrease in nitric oxide (NO) production and/or activity. There are few reports suggesting a relationship between NO and the renin–angiotensin system. Aim of the work The present study was designed to determine the effects of early diabetic state on NO production and also to assess the possible effects of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) on these changes. Materials and methods Thirty adult male albino rats were included in this study. Twenty were injected with streptozotocin for induction of diabetes. The other 10 were injected with the vehicle and served as control. Two days after injection, the diabetic animals were randomly divided into two groups of 10 animals each. One group was given valsartan as an ARB and the other group received no further treatment. Three weeks later, all animals were sacrificed and the kidneys were processed for obtaining paraffin sections. The sections were stained with H&E, Masson’s trichrome, and periodic acid–Schiff. The sections were also stained with an immunohistochemical stain against endothelium-derived nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Results Diabetes induced histological changes in the form of glomerular hypertrophy, increased glomerular matrix, focal areas of tubular atrophy, medullary congestion, and slight fibrosis. Immunostaining was present in the control kidney in the glomeruli and in the collecting tubules of the medulla. Diabetes induced a positive reaction in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and increased immunoreactivity in the collecting tubules. Treatment with valsartan resulted in an improvement in the morphology of the kidney and a reduction in the intensity of eNOS immunostaining. Conclusion NO increases in early diabetic kidney and ARB in the form of valsartan could be recommended for preventing the development of diabetic nephropathy.
Ensayo clínico aleatorizado para evaluar la efectividad de una intervención domiciliaria en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca: estudio IC-DOM

Introduccion y objetivos. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar si una intervencion domiciliaria reduce la mortalidad y los reingresos hospitalarios de pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca y mejora su calidad de vida. Metodos. Ensayo clinico aleatorizado, realizado desde enero de 2004 a octubre de 2006. Se aleatorizo a 283 pacientes, diagnosticados de insuficiencia cardiaca e ingresados en el hospital, al grupo de atencion domiciliaria (grupo intervencion) o al grupo de atencion habitual (grupo control). La variable principal de resultado se midio al ano de seguimiento y fue la combinacion de la mortalidad por todas las causas y los reingresos hospitalarios debido al empeoramiento de la insuficiencia cardiaca. Resultados. La variable principal se observo en el 41,7% de los pacientes del grupo intervencion y en el 54,3% del grupo control. La razon de riesgos (HR) fue 0,70 (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 0,55-0,99). Incluyendo variables clinicas relevantes, la razon de riesgos disminuyo ligeramente (HR = 0,62; IC del 95%, 0,50-0,87). Al final del estudio, los pacientes del grupo intervencion tenian una mejor calidad de vida que los pacientes del grupo control (18,57 frente a 31,11; p < 0,001). Conclusiones. Una intervencion basada en la atencion domiciliaria en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca reduce el conjunto de mortalidad y reingresos hospitalarios y mejora la calidad de vida.
Optimal Nonparametric Multivariate Change Point Detection and Localization

We study the multivariate nonparametric change point detection problem, where the data are a sequence of independent $p$ -dimensional random vectors whose distributions are piecewise-constant with Lipschitz densities changing at unknown times, called change points. We quantify the size of the distributional change at any change point with the supremum norm of the difference between the corresponding densities. We are concerned with the localization task of estimating the positions of the change points. In our analysis, we allow for the model parameters to vary with the total number of time points, including the minimal spacing between consecutive change points and the magnitude of the smallest distributional change. We provide information-theoretic lower bounds on both the localization rate and the minimal signal-to-noise ratio required to guarantee consistent localization. We formulate a novel algorithm based on kernel density estimation that nearly achieves the minimax lower bound, save possibly for logarithm factors. We have provided extensive numerical evidence to support our theoretical findings.
Testing the paradigm: First spectroscopic evidence of a quasar–galaxy Mpc-scale association at cosmic dawn

State-of-the-art models of massive black hole formation postulate that quasars at z > 6 reside in extreme peaks of the cosmic density structure in the early universe. Even so, direct observational evidence of these overdensities is elusive, especially on large scales (≫1 Mpc) as the spectroscopic follow-up of z > 6 galaxies is observationally expensive. Here we present Keck/DEIMOS optical and IRAM/NOEMA millimeter spectroscopy of a z ∼ 6 Lyman-break galaxy candidate originally discovered via broadband selection, at a projected separation of 4.65 physical Mpc (13.94 arcmin) from the luminous z = 6.308 quasar J1030+0524. This well-studied field presents the strongest indication to date of a large-scale overdensity around a z > 6 quasar. The Keck observations suggest a z ∼ 6.3 dropout identification of the galaxy. The NOEMA 1.2 mm spectrum shows a 3. 5σ line that, if interpreted as [C II], would place the galaxy at z = 6.318 (i.e., at a line-of-sight separation of 3.9 comoving Mpc assuming that relative proper motion is negligible). The measured [C II] luminosity is 3 × 108 L⊙, in line with expectations for a galaxy with a star formation rate ∼15 M⊙ yr−1, as inferred from the rest-frame UV photometry. Our combined observations place the galaxy at the same redshift as the quasar, thus strengthening the overdensity scenario for this z > 6 quasar. This pilot experiment demonstrates the power of millimeter-wavelength observations in the characterization of the environment of early quasars.
Motivation for Money and Care that Adult Children Provide for Parents: Evidence from 'Point-Blank' Survey Questions

When adult children provide care for their aging parents, they often do so at great expense to themselves incurring psychic, monetary, emotional, and even physical costs, in conjunction with care that is labor intensive and, at the extreme, unrelenting. While the nature of parent care and the profile of care giving children are well described in the literatures of the social sciences, we still lack insight into why adult children undertake parent care without compensation or compulsion. In this paper, we adopt a novel, direct question approach using newly available data from a special module fielded in the 2000 Health and Retirement Study that included questions on motivations for, and concerns with, the provision of familial assistance. Transfers are not always provided free of pressure from other family members, for example, and familial norms of obligations and traditions appear to matter for many respondents. These findings suggest that the standard set of economic considerations—utility interdependence, budget constraints, exchange, and the like—are insufficient for a complete understanding of private transfer behavior. Though one must always be skeptical about reading too much into what people say about why they do the things they do (or think they will do) we nonetheless conclude that “point-blank” questions offer, at the very least, a worthwhile complement to the more conventional methods for unraveling motivations for private, intergenerational transfers.
My title

We study fringe subtrees of random m-ary search trees and of preferential attachment trees, by putting them in the context of generalised Pólya urns. In particular we show that for the random m-ary search trees with m ≤ 26 and for the linear preferential attachment trees, the number of fringe subtrees that are isomorphic to an arbitrary fixed tree T converges to a normal distribution; more generally, we also prove multivariate normal distribution results for random vectors of such numbers for different fringe subtrees. Furthermore, we show that the number of protected nodes in random m-ary search trees for m ≤ 26 has asymptotically a normal distribution.
XFe4Ge2(X=Y,Lu)
 and 
Mn3Pt
: Filling-enforced magnetic topological metals

Magnetism, coupled with nontrivial band topology, can bring about many interesting and exotic phenomena, so that magnetic topological materials have attracted persistent research interest. However, compared with non-magnetic topological materials (TMs), the magnetic TMs are less studied, since their magnetic structures and topological phase transitions are usually complex and the first-principles predictions are usually sensitive on the effect of Coulomb interaction. In this work, we present a comprehensive investigation of XFe4Ge2 (X = Y, Lu) and Mn3Pt, and find these materials to be filling-enforced magnetic topological metals. Our first-principles calculations show that XFe4Ge2 (X = Y, Lu) host Dirac points near the Fermi level at high symmetry point S. These Dirac points are protected by PT symmetry (P and T are inversion and time-reversal transformations, respectively) and a 2-fold screw rotation symmetry. Moreover, through breaking PT symmetry, the Dirac points would split into Weyl nodes. Mn3Pt is found to host 4-fold degenerate band crossings in the whole high symmetry path of A-Z. We also utilize the GGA+U scheme to take into account the effect of Coulomb repulsion and find that the filling-enforced topological properties are naturally insensitive on U.
Feature relevance quantification in explainable AI: A causality problem

We discuss promising recent contributions on quantifying feature relevance using Shapley values, where we observed some confusion on which probability distribution is the right one for dropped features. We argue that the confusion is based on not carefully distinguishing between observational and interventional conditional probabilities and try a clarification based on Pearl's seminal work on causality. We conclude that unconditional rather than conditional expectations provide the right notion of dropping features in contradiction to the theoretical justification of the software package SHAP. Parts of SHAP are unaffected because unconditional expectations (which we argue to be conceptually right) are used as approximation for the conditional ones, which encouraged others to `improve' SHAP in a way that we believe to be flawed.
Utilização do etanol na prevenção da calcificação em heteroenxerto valvar pulmonar porcino: estudo experimental em ovinos

Objective: The objective of this work was to comparatively evaluate of the use of ethanol (E) with glutaraldehyde (GDA) to inhibit the calcification of porcine pulmonary valvar heterografts (PPVH) implanted in the right ventricle outflow tract of young sheep. Method: Ten young sheep were used, divided into two similar groups: the GDA (Control) Group and the Ethanol Group (in which the PPVH were pre-treated with ethanol80). The surgery consisted of implanting the PPVH in the right ventricle outflow tract using a cardiopulmonary bypass. Echocardiography was performed to measure the transvalvar gradient and macroscopic analyses of the PPVH wall and microscopic analysis for calcification were performed. The amount of calcium was measured in the valve cusp at 210 days. Results: The quantity of calcium in the PPVH of the GDA Group was 7.98 ± 6. 82µg calcium/mg tissue and of the E Group it was 0.31 ± 0. 33µg calcium/ mg tissue. In respect to the maximum transvalvar gradient at 30 days, there was no significant difference between the groups. At 90, 180 and 210 days however, the GDA Group showed a greater transvalvar gradient than the E Group. The macroscopic analyses of the heterograft wall evidenced calcification in both groups but it was more pronounced in the GDA Group. The microscopic analysis of the cusp valve revealed the presence of calcification in all animals of the GDA Group, while in the E Group no calcification was seen. Conclusion: In conclusion ethanol-80 inhibits calcification on the cusps during the period of the analysis but does not inhibit the calcification of the PPVH.
Style Mixer: Semantic‐aware Multi‐Style Transfer Network

Recent neural style transfer frameworks have obtained astonishing visual quality and flexibility in Single‐style Transfer (SST), but little attention has been paid to Multi‐style Transfer (MST) which refers to simultaneously transferring multiple styles to the same image. Compared to SST, MST has the potential to create more diverse and visually pleasing stylization results. In this paper, we propose the first MST framework to automatically incorporate multiple styles into one result based on regional semantics. We first improve the existing SST backbone network by introducing a novel multi‐level feature fusion module and a patch attention module to achieve better semantic correspondences and preserve richer style details. For MST, we designed a conceptually simple yet effective region‐based style fusion module to insert into the backbone. It assigns corresponding styles to content regions based on semantic matching, and then seamlessly combines multiple styles together. Comprehensive evaluations demonstrate that our framework outperforms existing works of SST and MST.
Effects of Social Cues on Biosecurity Compliance in Livestock Facilities: Evidence From Experimental Simulations

Disease outbreaks in U.S. animal livestock industries have economic impacts measured in hundreds of millions of dollars per year. Biosecurity, or procedures intended to protect animals against disease, is known to be effective at reducing infection risk at facilities. Yet, to the detriment of animal health, humans do not always follow biosecurity protocols. Human behavioral factors have been shown to influence willingness to follow biosecurity protocols. Here we show how social cues may affect cooperation with a biosecurity practice. Participants were immersed in a simulated swine production facility through a graphical user interface and prompted to make a decision that addressed their willingness to comply with a biosecurity practice. We tested the effect of varying three experimental variables: (1) the risk of acquiring an infection, (2) the delivery method of the infection risk information (numerical vs. graphical), and (3) the behavior of an automated coworker in the facility. We provide evidence that participants changed their behavior when they observed a simulated worker making a choice to follow or not follow a biosecurity protocol, even though the simulated worker had no economic effect on the participants' payouts. These results advance the understanding of human behavioral effects on biosecurity protocol decisions, demonstrating that social cues need to be considered by livestock facility managers when developing policies to make agricultural systems more disease resilient.
Lorentz Force Evolution Reveals the Energy Build-up Processes during Recurrent Eruptive Solar Flares

The energy release and build-up processes in the solar corona have significant implications in particular for the case of large recurrent flares, which pose challenging questions about the conditions that lead to the episodic energy release processes. It is not yet clear whether these events occur due to the continuous supply of free magnetic energy to the solar corona or because not all of the available free magnetic energy is released during a single major flaring event. In order to address this question, we report on the evolution of photospheric magnetic field and the associated net Lorentz force changes in ARs 11261 and 11283, each of which gave rise to recurrent eruptive M- and X-class flares. Our study reveals that after the abrupt downward changes during each flare, the net Lorentz force increases by (2–5) × 1022 dyne in between the successive flares. This distinct rebuild-up of net Lorentz forces is the first observational evidence found in the evolution of any nonpotential parameter of solar active regions (ARs), which suggests that new energy was supplied to the ARs in order to produce the recurrent large flares. The rebuild-up of magnetic free energy of the ARs is further confirmed by the observations of continuous shearing motion of moving magnetic features of opposite polarities near the polarity inversion line. The evolutionary pattern of the net Lorentz force changes reported in this study has significant implications, in particular, for the forecasting of recurrent large eruptive flares from the same AR and hence the chances of interaction between the associated CMEs.
On distance covariance in metric and Hilbert spaces

Distance covariance is a measure of dependence between two random variables that take values in two, in general different, metric spaces, see Szekely, Rizzo and Bakirov (2007) and Lyons (2013). It is known that the distance covariance, and its generalization $\alpha$-distance covariance, can be defined in several different ways that are equivalent under some moment conditions. The present paper considers four such definitions and find minimal moment conditions for each of them, together with some partial results when these conditions are not satisfied. The paper also studies the special case when the variables are Hilbert space valued, and shows under weak moment conditions that two such variables are independent if and only if their ($\alpha$-)distance covariance is 0; this extends results by Lyons (2013) and Dehling et al. (2018+). The proof uses a new definition of distance covariance in the Hilbert space case, generalizing the definition for Euclidean spaces using characteristic functions by Szekely, Rizzo and Bakirov (2007).