Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heavy vehicle pitch dynamics and suspension tuning. Part I: unconnected suspension

The influence of suspension tuning of passenger cars on bounce and pitch ride performance has been explored in a number of studies, while only minimal efforts have been made for establishing similar rules for heavy vehicles. This study aims to explore pitch dynamics and suspension tunings of a two-axle heavy vehicle with unconnected suspension, which could also provide valuable information for heavy vehicles with coupled suspensions. Based on a generalised pitch-plane model of a two-axle heavy vehicle integrating either unconnected or coupled suspension, three dimensionless measures of suspension properties are defined and analysed—namely the pitch margin (PM), pitch stiffness ratio (PSR), and coupled pitch stiffness ratio (CPSR)—for different unconnected suspension tunings and load conditions. Dynamic responses of the vehicle with three different load conditions and five different tunings of the unconnected suspension are obtained under excitations arising from three different random road roughness conditions and a wide range of driving speeds, and braking manoeuvres. The responses are evaluated in terms of performance measures related to vertical and pitch ride, dynamic tyre load, suspension travel, and pitch-attitude control characteristics of the vehicle. Fundamental relationships between the vehicle responses and the proposed suspension measures (PM, PSR, and CPSR) are established, based on which some basic suspension tuning rules for heavy vehicles with unconnected suspensions are also proposed.
High gravity primary continuous beer fermentation using flocculent yeast biomass

The current work assessed a new immobilized cell reactor system throughout a long-term (54 days) continuous primary fermentation of lager-type wort of high specific gravity. The experiment was performed in a 4 L airlift bioreactor and immobilization of biomass was attained solely by flocculation. Despite the constant liquid agitation and washout of biomass, up to 53 g dry wt/L of yeast remained immobilized in the system. Two types of beer were produced without interrupting the reactor, based ontwo typesofwort: a Pilsenertype with highspecific gravity of15.6± 0.3°P;and a darklager wortwithspecific gravityof 14.4 ± 0.03°P. Even during the inlet of high gravity wort, the desired attenuation was achieved without the need for either recirculation or an auxiliary second stage bioreactor. The specific saccharide consumption rate was kept around 7.9 ± 0.4 g/L/h and ethanol productivity oscillated at 3.36 ± 0.2 g/L/h for nearly a month. During this period the volumetric productivity of the current bioreactor reached 1.6 L beer/L/day. The green beers produced from the Pilsener and dark lager worts met the standards of regular finished primary beer fermentation. The productivity of diacetyl through the entire experiment could be correlated to the free amino nitrogen consumption rate. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling
Studi Hubungan Antara Faktor Lingkungan Fisik Rumah Dengan Penderita TB Paru BTA di Aceh Selatan

Pulmonary TB is a world problem especially in developing countries including Indonesia. In Indonesia, it is estimated that every year 450,000 new cases of pulmonary TB appear with death estimated at 175,000 per year. his study aims to determine the relationship between physical environmental factors of houses with pulmonary TB patients with AFB (+) at Lhok Bengkuang Health Center, Tapaktuan Subdistrict, South Aceh Regency in 2018. The population in this study were pulmonary TB patients smear (+) recorded in the case data report in the working area of Lhok Bengkuang Health Center, Tapaktuan Subdistrict, South Aceh Regency in 2017, which is 36 patients with pulmonary TB (+) and 36 non-pulmonary TB sufferers. The results of the nivariate study showed 52.8% of respondents with occupant density did not meet the requirements, 55.6% of respondents with house floors did not meet the requirements, 51.4% of respondents with lighting did not meet the requirements, 51.4% of respondents with house ventilation did not meet the requirements . The results of bivariate analysis showed that there was a relationship between occupant density (P value = 0.001), house floor (P value = 0.015), lighting (P value = 0.034), ventilation (P value = 0.038) with pulmonary TB patients with AFB (+) in the area of Lhok Bengkuang District Health Center, Tapaktuan Subdistrict, South Aceh Regency.
Cloning and Characterization of Phospholipases A2 and Hyaluronidase Genes from the Venom of the Honeybee Apis mellifera carnica (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Bee venom contains the allergic enzymes phospholipases A2 (PLA2) and hyaluronidase. These enzymes have been extensively studied as therapeutic modalities because of their proven effects in pharmaceutical and clinical applications. The cDNA cloning of PLA2 and hyaluronidase was amplified by RT-PCR from the total RNA of the venom gland of a honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica). The lengths of the PLA2 and hyaluronidase of Apis mellifera ligustica were 504 and 1146bp, respectively. The genes of PLA2 and hyaluronidase shared 90.94% and 96.65% homologies with A. mellifera ligustica and Apis cerana cerana, respectively. Some similar PLA2 and hyaluronidase were also found in the venom of other bee species, We analyzed their sequences and compared them with those of other sources. A notable finding was that the two genes differed from those of A. mellifera ligustica and A. cerana cerana. The positions of the disulfide bonds of PLA2 and hyaluronidase were also completely different from those previously reported. We used the available sequences to construct a phylogenetic tree and discovered that these two genes of A. mellifera carnica belonged to the western honeybee, and was more closely related to that of A. mellifera ligustica than to any other insect.
Factors Impacting Social Media Adoption in Public Sector Organizations: Case of Oman

Millions of people around the globe are daily interacting with each other and with organizations through social media platforms, which is a very convenient way of communication. Accordingly, public sector organizations around the world realized the importance of social media and thus are increasingly using it for communicating with their citizens. Although social media provides various benefits but risks also exist that are not only related to time, money, and effort losses; but also extends to include risks such as reputation and trust losses. Hence, it is critical for organizations to understand which factors impact the social media adoption most. Based on the literature review, this study initially identifies 20 factors that are important for social media adoption. We short-listed the identified factors to nine, based on the criteria that three or more researchers identified them as important in their studies. Then we asked experts in social media in Oman to rank those factors in the context of their importance. We used the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to rank those nine factors. Results of the AHP show that some factors such as Social Media Strategy, Training and experience of Staff, Community Influence and Top Management Support are more important in a developing country as compared to developed countries.
Vertical Specialization and Industrial Upgrading: A Preliminary Note

Vertical specialization is a measure of the import content of exports. Given the widely recognized importance of trade in tasks and global production networks, vertical specialization has recently gained the attention of international trade researchers and policy makers. In this note, we use measured changes in the within-country pattern of vertical specialization to gauge the relevance of task trade for industrial upgrading and economic development. We first calculate vertical specialization (VS) for five countries between 1995 and 2005 – USA, China, India, Brazil and South Africa. We then construct our own measure – the import content of export expansion ratio (ICEER) – to isolate changes in import content from the growth in exports. Since the ICEER measure captures structural change in the import content of exports for each country at the sectoral level, we use ICEER as a proxy for the kind of industrial upgrading associated with raising the proportion of export value accruing to the domestic sector. We name this kind of upgrading ‘vertical upgrading’.
Effective pollination period in "Oblačinska" sour cherry clones

To obtain high yields there should be high flower density and fruit set in sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) production. Furthermore, in order to ensure successful fertilization, there should be satisfactory stigma receptivity, rapid pollen tube growth along the style, as well as adequate ovule longevity. This manuscript presents the study of the effective pollination period (EPP) of four ‘Oblacinska’ sour cherry clones (II/2, III/9, XI/3 and XIII/1) that differs in pollen germination, fruit set and yields. In order to estimate EPP, pollination was conducted in six different stages of flower development: balloon stage, 2 d before anthesis (-2), at anthesis (0), and 2, 4, 6 and 8 d after anthеsis (DAA). The initial (IFS) and final fruit set (FFS) were recorded under the field conditions. Alongside with this, the rate of pollen tubes growth in the style was observed with fluorescent microscopy. The experimental design was completely randomized, a two-factorial analysis of variance was carried out and individual testing was performed using LSD test (p ≤ 0.05; p ≤ 0.01). The experiment was set in triplicates. Regarding FFS, clones II/2 and III/9 showed the best results (p ≤ 0.01) in 4 and 6 DAA. The number of pollen tubes in the style of the pistil decreased with subsequent terms of pollination, while its number in the ovule increased up to sixth day after pollination, followed by a decline. Clones II/2 and III/9 showed EPP which lasted from 6 to 8 d, while EPP found in clone XI/3, lasted only 2 d. It is concluded that only clone having long EPP should be used as parents for creating new sour cherry cultivars. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31063 and FP7 Project AREA 316004]
Regime Types and Discrimination against Ethnoreligious Minorities: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Autocracy-Democracy Continuum

Although many assume that the relationship between the autocracy-democracy continuum and discrimination is linear, with autocracies discriminating the most and democracies discriminating the least, the assumption is not universal. This study uses the Minorities at Risk dataset to test this relationship with regard to government treatment of religiously differentiated ethnic minorities (ethnoreligious minorities) as well as ethnic minorities that are not religiously differentiated. The results show that the pattern of treatment of ethnoreligious minorities differs from that of other ethnic minorities. The extent to which a state is democratic has no clear influence on the level of discrimination against non-religiously differentiated ethnic minorities, but it has a clear influence on the level of discrimination against ethnoreligious minorities. Autocracies discriminate more than democracies against ethnoreligious minorities, but semi-democracies, those governments that are situated between democracies and autocracies, discriminate even less. This result is consistent on all 11 measures used here and is statistically significant for seven of them, and it remains strong when controlling for other factors, including separatism. This phenomenon increases in strength from the beginning to the end of the 1990s. Also, democracies discriminate against ethnoreligious minorities more than they do against other minorities. The nature of liberal democracy may provide an explanation for this phenomenon.
Science Teacher Confidence

The aim of this study was to determine if in-service teachers had similar anxiety to that of pre-service teachers, if the anxiety they felt towards teaching science could be attributed to similar factors as those that can predict anxiety in pre-service teachers, and whether teachers felt as though they were given opportunities to become more confident teachers. A survey was given to 48 science teachers in Somerset County, where 65% of those teachers participated. After reviewing survey responses, it can be concluded that while the majority of in-service teachers in Somerset County feel confident in their ability to teach science, they were less prepared, in the way research suggests is necessary, to teach science confidently. The study discusses possible reasons for heightened confidence and suggestions to further increase teacher confidence.
A new L5 brown dwarf member of the Hyades cluster with chromospheric activity

Aims. Our aim is to identify brown dwarf members of the nearby Hyades open star cluster to determine the photometric and spectroscopic properties of brown dwarfs at moderately old ages and extend the knowledge of the substellar mass function of the cluster. Methods. We cross-matched the 2MASS and AllWISE public catalogues and measured proper motions to identify low-mass stars and brown dwarf candidates in an area of radius eight degrees around the central region of the Hyades cluster. We identified objects with photometry and proper motions consistent with cluster membership. For the faintest ( J = 17.2 mag) most promising astrometric and photometric low-mass candidate 2MASS J04183483+2131275, with a membership probability of 94.5%, we obtained low-resolution ( R = 300−1000) and intermediate-resolution ( R = 2500) spectroscopy with the 10.4m Gran Telescopio Canarias. Results. From the low-resolution spectra we determined a L5.0 ± 0.5 spectral type, consistent with the available photometry. In the intermediate dispersion spectrum we detected H α in emission (marginally resolved with a full width half maximum of ~2.8 A) and determined a log ( L H α / L bol ) = −6.0 dex. From H α we obtained a radial velocity of 38.0 ± 2.9 km s -1 , which combined with the proper motion leads to space velocities which are fully consistent with membership in the Hyades cluster. We also report a detection in the H 2 band by the UKIDSS Galactic Plane Survey. Using evolutionary models we determine from the available photometry of the object a mass in the range 0.039−0.055 M ⊙ . Brown dwarfs with masses below 0.055 M ⊙ should fully preserve its initial lithium content, and indeed the spectrum at 6708 A may show a feature consistent with lithium preservation; however, a higher S/N is needed to confirm this point. Conclusions. We have identified a new high-probability L5 brown dwarf member of the Hyades cluster. This is the first relatively old L5 brown dwarf with a well-determined age (500−700 Myr) and measured chromospheric emission.
Gas streaming motions towards the nucleus of M81

We present two-dimensional stellar and gaseous kinematics of the inner 120 × 250 pc2 of the LINER/Seyfert 1 galaxy M81, from optical spectra obtained with the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) integral field spectrograph on the Gemini-North telescope at a spatial resolution of ≈10 pc. The stellar velocity field shows circular rotation and, overall, is very similar to the published large-scale velocity field, but deviations are observed close to the minor axis which can be attributed to stellar motions possibly associated with a nuclear bar. The stellar velocity dispersion of the bulge is 162 ± 15 km s−1, in good agreement with previous measurements and leading to a black hole mass of MBH= 5.5+3.6−2.0× 107 M⊙ based on the MBH–σ relationship. The gas kinematics is dominated by non-circular motions and the subtraction of the stellar velocity field reveals blueshifts of ≈−100 km s−1 on the far side of the galaxy and a few redshifts on the near side. These characteristics can be interpreted in terms of streaming towards the centre if the gas is in the plane. On the basis of the observed velocities and geometry of the flow, we estimate a mass inflow rate in ionized gas of ≈4.0 × 10−3 M⊙ yr−1, which is of the order of the accretion rate necessary to power the LINER nucleus of M81. We have also applied the technique of principal component analysis (PCA) to our data, which reveals the presence of a rotating nuclear gas disc within ≈50 pc from the nucleus and a compact outflow, approximately perpendicular to the disc. The PCA combined with the observed gas velocity field shows that the nuclear disc is being fed by gas circulating in the galaxy plane. The presence of the outflow is supported by a compact jet seen in radio observations at a similar orientation, as well as by an enhancement of the [O i]/Hα line ratio, probably resulting from shock excitation of the circumnuclear gas by the radio jet. With these observations we are thus resolving both the feeding – via the nuclear disc and observed gas inflow, and the feedback – via the outflow, around the low-luminosity active nucleus of M81.
The status of trochus (Trochus niloticus) in Tongatapu Lagoon, Kingdom of Tonga

Trochus niloticus was introduced into Tonga in 1992 and 1994 at Tabana Island in the Vavau Group, and at Fukave and Euaiki islands on Tongatapu. Surveys conducted at released sites from 1995 to 2000 indicate positive recruitment of trochus on the reefs of Tongatapu. A baseline resource survey is required in order to provide stock information for management purposes. Independent surveys conducted in August 2006 by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community recorded Trochus niloticus at 70% of stations (total n = 1,125 individuals recorded). Trochus distribution across the lagoon was uneven, with western areas having denser aggregations than eastern areas. Aggregations were found on lagoonal reefs, fringing reefs of Atata and Poloa islands, and Sopu Reef. The mean size of trochus at Tongatapu (n = 697) was 9.5 cm ± 0.1 SE. With a mode of 10 cm, trochus stocks at Tongatapu comprise relatively young individuals, which is indicative of a young trochus resource in Tonga. The basal width of shells is split from west to east where significantly larger and older individuals were found in the eastern sector of Tongatapu Lagoon (mean size: eastern = 11.0 cm ± 0.2), while the central and western sectors had smaller individuals (central = 8.7 cm ± 0.1, western = 9.6 cm ± 0.1). It was difficult to determine (due to a lack of data) whether trochus reseeding efforts at Tongatapu contributed to this distribution pattern. We concluded that the existing stock is due to the successful recruitment from introduced breeders. Water circulation in Tongatapu Lagoon was analysed, and it was determined that there was a dominant lagoon flushing from east and north driven by 1) tidal flow from the open ocean in the north, 2) easterly winds that dominate 70% of the year, and 3) currents created from waves breaking over the reef at the southeast corner of the lagoon rim. Also, a system of weak currents develops in the central lagoon in front of Nukualofa where the currents converge. At this convergence zone, current flow weakens and any floating trochus larvae are expected to sink to the bottom and settle on suitable reefs. This finding supports the “source and sink” phenomenon, where the central lagoon area (Atata Island to Nukualofa Harbor) receives larval recruitment originating from the source population (breeding stocks) at the lagoon’s eastern sector. This result explains the dense aggregation of trochus found in the western sector of the lagoon at Atata Island.
Putting Architecture in its Social Place: A Cultural Political Economy of Architecture

As well as being shaped by bureaucratically codified state regulations, architecture is also fundamentally conditioned by the broader political-economic context in which it is commissioned, designed and understood. However, drawing attention to these noncodified regulations can be controversial, as it necessitates questioning the complex social production of architecture, in the process challenging those discourses that position architecture as a practice concerned primarily with the design of socially meaningful form and meaning. Such discourses have been problematised elsewhere and, building on these contributions, this paper suggests a framework for taking seriously architecture’s distinctive relationship with aesthetics and semiotics while also maintaining a sense of architects’ position as a cultural élite working in definite political-economic contexts. Drawing primarily on theories associated with Pierre Bourdieu and cultural political economy, the paper uses the case of iconic architecture to illustrate this argument. The central role of architecture in recent place-marketing strategies is understood as a resonance between the agendas of high-profile architects and those political and economic agencies ‘selling places’. The role of architecture in providing a culturalised frame within which economic transformation is embedded is a crucial consideration here. In short, this paper suggests the necessity of a non-reductionist, political-economic foundation to the regulation and built environment research agenda.
Underpinnings of dispositional optimism and pessimism and associated constructs

A growing body of empirical evidence shows that dispositional optimism and pessimism, i.e. positive and negative outcome expectancies for the future, have contrasting effects on physical and psychological well-being and adjustment. Relative to the wealth of information on the physical and psychological outcomes of this disposition, not much is known about its development. The aim of the current study was to investigate the underpinnings of adulthood dispositional optimism and pessimism and associated constructs in the context of the child’s temperament, parenting, self-esteem development and attachment security. First, childhood difficult temperament (i.e. maternal perceptions of the child as high in activity, high in negative emotionality, and low in social cooperation) and maternal hostile child-rearing attitudes (i.e. the mother’s perceptions of the child as emotionally distant, as a burden, and in need of strict disciplinary action) were, as such, important developmental underpinnings of high levels of adulthood pessimism. Furthermore, the child’s difficult temperament at the ages of 3 and 6 was shown to promote hostile child-rearing attitudes over three years, which was further shown to be related to higher levels of adulthood pessimism 21 years later. Second, the potential developmental precursors of self-esteem from childhood to adolescence, and across the adolescence period, were studied. Self-esteem is a construct that, according to prior research and the data used in the current thesis, is closely related to dispositional optimism and pessimism, and/or may developmentally precede it. A difficult temperament in childhood was likely to prospectively promote hostile child-rearing over three years, which in turn predicted low self-esteem in adolescence over six years. Moreover, a difficult temperament in early adolescence predicted congruent temperamental characteristics over three years, which was further related to a decrease in self-esteem during adolescence. Third, the generalized representations of attachment insecurity (including both childhood-attachment-related recollections of the family of origin as well as adulthood-attachment dimensions) were related to higher levels of dispositional pessimism. Together the results underscore the importance of childhood temperament and family-related factors and their transactions as underpinnings of adulthood dispositional optimism and pessimism. Furthermore, they emphasize the need to study correlations with and the development of the psychological characteristics (such as self-esteem and attachment security) that precede or at least develop in parallel with dispositional optimism and pessimism.