Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preparing nurses for practice: a phenomenological study of the new graduate in Australia.

AIMS To explore the expectations of final year nursing students before they start employment and to describe the experiences of newly graduated nurses during their first six months of employment as registered nurses. BACKGROUND Nursing shortages are at crisis point world wide with registered nurses leaving the profession at a high rate and changing occupations. Thus, there is a need to reflect on new graduate nurses experiences in relation to retention and support. DESIGN Husserl's phenomenological approach was used to gain insight and understanding into the lived experiences of new graduate nurses. METHODS Students enrolled in a Bachelor of Nursing programme at an Australian University were interviewed in their final semester and during employment in the hospital setting. Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data from 13 participants. Data were collected at three intervals: prior to commencing employment, one month and six months postemployment and the results were analysed thematically. RESULTS As students, the participants held positive perceptions surrounding their impending role as a registered nurse and what it would encompass. However, after one month of employment, it became apparent that nursing comprised of a culture that embraced cliques which excluded them. The graduates were unprepared for 'bitchiness' and the limited amount of assistance with unfamiliar tasks they received from registered nurses. Participants also found rotating to different wards recreated the feelings they experienced on commencing employment. CONCLUSIONS Nursing curricula should prepare new graduates for foreseeable stressors and oppressive practices so that graduates can become proactive in preventing and responding to factors such as silence and aggression. Moreover, nursing courses need to ensure that socialisation issues are addressed to assist in the eradication of oppressive practices. Finally, organisations need to address socialisation issues such as hostility within the workplace to address the attrition of new graduates from the profession. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Individuals in clinical practice settings need to be cognisant of the significant role that experienced registered nurses and nurse unit managers occupy in the socialisation of new graduate nurses. Additionally, there needs to be increased awareness that nursing culture can influence recruitment and retention of new graduates. Further, health care organisations need to evaluate the benefits of new graduates rotating through clinical areas in the first 12 months of employment.
Residential Difference and Settlement Intention: Based on Ordered Logit Model

Based on the survey of the National Dynamic Monitoring of the Floating Population of China in 2014, this paper applies ordered logit model to present statistical evidence showing how residential difference can lead to variations in the probabilities of settlement of the floating population. The empirical results show that the residential difference is positively related to the settlement intensions of migrant workers. Specifically, the probability of settlement for the people who live in commercial housing is the highest, followed by those living in government subsidized housing and rental private housing, while those living in work unit housing is the lowest. Therefore, in order to promote the process of urbanization, we should respect migrants’ settlement intensions and achieve the goal of their permanent settlement by improving the multi-level residential pattern and establishing a multiple security housing supply systems.
Re-examining empirical evidence on stated preferences: importance of incentive compatibility

ABSTRACT The stated preference (SP) methods use respondents’ stated choices made in hypothetical situations to infer their preferences for environmental and other public goods. These methods enable researchers to express the general public's preferences in monetary terms, and hence, to estimate the economic value of a change in the quantity or quality of the goods. However, a key question remains regarding SP methods’ validity: do the value estimates obtained from an SP study reflect respondents’ true preferences? Numerous empirical investigations have tested SP methods’ validity, but overall conclusions are mixed. We critically re-evaluate this evidence considering the issue of the necessary conditions for incentive compatibility of SP surveys. Our analysis shows that once theory-based conditions for incentive compatibility are taken into account, the available studies consistently show that the SP methods provide valid estimates of actual preferences. As a result, we argue that SP surveys must be made incentive compatible in order to observe consumers’ true preferences.
Apoptotic effects of eugenol-loaded nanoemulsions in human colon and liver cancer cell lines.

BACKGROUND In this study eugenol (EU) loaded nanoemulsions (NEs) emulsified with modified starch were prepared and their apoptotic potential against liver and colon cancer cells was examined in comparison with bulk EU. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prepared stable EU loaded NEs which were characterized by dynamic light scattering, centrifugation and gas chromatography. Furthermore, cell viability was determined using MTT assay, and apoptosis and cell cycle analysess by flow cytometry. RESULTS HB8065 (liver) and HTB37 (colon) cells when treated with EU:CA NEs demonstrated greater apoptotic cells percentages as evidenced by microscopic images and flow cytometric evaluations. It was observed that EU and EU:CA NE induced apoptosis in both cell lines via reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that ROS plays a critical role in EU and EU:CA NE induced apoptosis in HB8065 and HTB37 cells. This is the first report on the antiproliferative mechanisms of EU loaded NE.
Distribution and Type of Damage to Clothing Worn by Motorcyclists: Validation of the Principals of EN13595

While the use of protective clothing has been shown to reduce the risk of injury for motorcycle riders, not all protective clothing performs the same in crashes. A European standard for motorcycle protective clothing (EN13595) was released in 2002. Riders that use clothing approved to this Standard should expect good protection. This standard specifies four zones in motorcycle clothing with different levels of protective qualities and four different test methods for assessing abrasion, burst, cut and tear damage resistance. High frequency impact areas are labelled zone 1 and include the elbows, knees, hips and shoulders. Zone 4 has the lowest expected frequency of impact. This project examined damage location and type in clothing worn by riders following a crash to establish the distribution of impact points and validate the principals indicated in EN13595. Data from 117 crashed motorcycle riders collected during crash investigation were examined. This data included medical data and clothing inspections, and contained 576 cases of clothing damage. To ensure the impact point distribution included all possible contact locations, an additional 433 distinct injury locations were examined where injury had occurred but no damage was observed or no clothing was present at that location. Descriptive techniques were used in the analysis. The majority of damage occurred in areas covering the extremities or pelvic girdle (93%) with most occurring on the wrists and hands (18%) and the ankles and feet (18%). Clothing regions covering the shoulder (10%), forearm (10%), elbow (9%), thigh (7%), lower leg (6%) and pelvic-hip (5%) were also frequently damaged. Other body regions contributed only 8% of damage seen. Analysis of the injury where no damage occurred demonstrated a similar distribution of impact. The most common types of clothing damage were abrasion, accounting for 69% and torn material which accounted for 26% of all damage. Further, the majority of material abrasion and tearing occurred in regions corresponding to zone 1, followed by zone 2, 3 and then 4. There were very few instances (3%) of burst and cut damage. The results are in agreement with the general concept of the zoning used in the European standard. However, these results indicate that minor adjustments may be warranted. In particular, the number of impacts to the forearm and lower leg suggest that these regions might be better protected by considering the whole regions as Zone 1 or 2 rather than the multiple regions as currently indicated in the Standard. However the subjective nature of determining the zone in which damage (and/or injury) occurred limits these findings and any others that attempt to validate the zone principals using real world data. Further validation requires consideration of the severity of impact at different zones. This work confirms the validity of the principals of EN13595 but indicates room for modification, and will be of interest to those developing regulatory and consumer assessment protocols for motorcycle protective clothing.
A survey of beef cattle farmers in New Zealand, examining management practices of primiparous breeding heifers

Abstract AIM: To obtain an estimate of the incidence of assistance at calving in primiparous (first-calving) beef heifers and the prevalence of breeding heifers at 15 months of age in New Zealand in 2006,and to identify factors contributing to farmers' decisions regarding breeding strategies for heifers, using a survey of beef cattle farmers. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to farmers listed in a Massey University database and to members of selected breed societies, as well as published in an industry newspaper; 331 valid responses were received. Information was gathered on the age and number of primiparous heifers, number of heifers assisted, and the importance of various reasons for and against breeding heifers at 15 months of age. Respondents were also required to outline the criteria used for selecting bulls to join with heifers, and the strategies used to manage dystocia in primiparous heifers. RESULTS: Sixty-five (95% CI=58–71)% of respondents had only 2-year-old primiparous heifers in 2006, whilst a further 11 (95% CI=8–16)% had both 2- and 3-year-old primiparous heifers. The mean reported incidence of assisted calving was 7.0 (95% CI=6.4–7.5)% for 2-year-old primiparous heifers and 1.7 (95% CI=1.2–2.2)% for 3-year-old primiparous heifers. The reported incidence of assistance at calving within individual herdsranged from 0 to 100% for 2-year-old heifers. Respondents with bull-breeding herds most commonly observed their primiparous 2-year-old heifers twice daily, whilst respondents with commercial herds most commonly observed them once daily during calving. The most important reason for breeding heifers at 15 months of age was “increased profit”, whereas the most important reason for not breeding them at that age was “concern about rebreeding performance of 2-year-old heifers”. Estimated breeding value (EBV) for birth weight was the factor considered most frequently when selecting bulls to join with maiden heifers; age of bull and body shape of bull were the next most frequently considered factors. Selection of an appropriate bull was the most common strategy used to manage dystocia in 2-year-old beef heifers. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of respondents calved their heifers at 2 years of age, and “increased profit” was the primary motivator. Concern about the rebreeding performance of 2-year-old heifers was the most important reason among the remainder of respondents for not breeding heifers at 15 months of age. Dystocia in 2-year-old heifers was “not a problem” or “a minorproblem” in most herds, but there was much variation amongst herds.
Dynamics of Economic Growth, Investment and Trade Openness: Evidence from Bangladesh

This article investigates the causal relationship among foreign direct investment, domestic investment, trade openness and economic growth in Bangladesh over the period 1976–2014. Unit root tests, cointegration methods and Granger causality tests in Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) framework are used to investigate the relationships. The results of Granger causality test based on a stable VECM support a unidirectional causality running from foreign direct investment to growth, domestic investment to trade openness, growth to trade openness and bidirectional causality between domestic investment and growth and foreign direct investment and domestic investment. The results support the investment complementarities in Bangladesh. JEL Classification: E22, F1, O40
Treatment of Hodgkin's disease: results and current concepts of the German Hodgkin's Lymphoma Study Group.

BACKGROUND Treatment strategies in Hodgkin's disease (HD) are changing fundamentally over the last decades. Both radiotherapy and combination chemotherapy are effective treatment modalities. However, the optimal choice of treatment or combinations of treatment is still debated for different prognostic groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS The German Hodgkin's Lymphoma Study Group (GHSG) initiated randomized clinical trials since 1978. Over the past 20 years, more than 6000 patients with HD in all stages were randomized, treated and followed by the GHSG. Patients are now being recruited from more than 300 clinical centers. RESULTS As a consequence of different clinical trials, it is now the policy of the GHSG to tailor treatment to the individual risk of patients, giving favorable patients less intensive and less toxic therapy than unfavorable patients. The treatment for early and intermediate stage HD becomes quite similar with few cycles of polychemotherapy followed by involved field irradiation. In advanced stage HD, the introduction of dose intensified chemotherapy (BEACOPP), has improved treatment results and thus will substitute the MOPP or ABVD regimens. CONCLUSIONS Although most of the patients with HD will be cured by modern treatment strategies, several questions are still subjects of ongoing clinical trials: 1) which chemotherapy regimen in which quantity will be the best with respect to efficacy and toxicity and 2) which dose and field size of radiotherapy is adequate within the combined modality.
Crowdsourcing Paper Screening in Systematic Literature Reviews

Literature reviews allow scientists to stand on the shoulders of giants, showing promising directions, summarizing progress, and pointing out existing challenges in research. At the same time conducting a systematic literature review is a laborious and consequently expensive process. In the last decade, there have been several studies on crowdsourcing in literature reviews. This paper explores the feasibility of crowdsourcing for facilitating the literature review process in terms of results, time and effort, and identifies which crowdsourcing strategies provide the best results based on the budget available. In particular we focus on the screening phase of the literature review process and we contribute and assess strategies for running crowdsourcing tasks that are efficient in terms of budget and classification error. Finally, we present our findings based on experiments run on Crowdflower.
Prevalence of hostility in young coronary artery disease patients and effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of hostility symptoms in young patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), the associated risk factor profile in these patients, and the effects of a formal phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training program. PATIENTS AND METHODS Our study included consecutive CAD patients referred for cardiac rehabilitation from May 1999 through December 2000. At baseline and after rehabilitation, behavioral factors and quality of life were assessed by validated questionnaires, and standard CAD risk factors were measured, including exercise capacity. We specifically evaluated detailed data for young patients. RESULTS A total of 500 patients were included in the study. Hostility scores were 2.5 times higher (P<.001) in the 81 young patients (< 50 years; mean +/- SD age, 45 +/- 5 years) than in the 268 elderly patients (> or = 65 years; mean +/- SD age, 70 +/- 4 years), and the prevalence of hostility symptoms was 3.5 times higher in young patients (28% vs 8%; P<.001). Young patients with hostility symptoms also had more adverse CAD risk profiles, including higher total cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios, fasting glucose levels, and glycosylated hemoglobin levels and lower quality-of-life scores compared with young patients with low hostility scores. After cardiac rehabilitation, young patients with hostility symptoms had marked improvements in CAD risk factors, behavioral characteristics (including hostility), and quality of life, and a nearly 50% (P=.005) reduction in the prevalence of hostility symptoms occurred. CONCLUSIONS Young CAD patients have a high prevalence of hostility symptoms and adverse CAD risk profiles. Reducing hostility symptoms and other parameters of psychological distress in young CAD patients should be emphasized, and the potential benefits of cardiac rehabilitation programs in the secondary prevention of CAD should be highlighted.
Detection of genomic‐ and minus‐strand of hepatitis C virus RNA in the liver of chronic hepatitis C patients by strand‐specific semiquantitative reversetranscriptase polymerase chain reaction

Studies aimed at correlating the intrahepatic hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐RNA level and anatomo‐clinical features have been difficult because of sensitivity and specificity shortcomings of available techniques. We titered the genomic‐ and minus‐strand HCV RNAs by a strand‐specific, semiquantitative, genotype‐independent reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) in the liver tissue of 61 patients with chronic hepatitis C. Findings were correlated with the levels of HCV RNA in the serum, the HCV genotype, the expression of intrahepatic HCV antigens, the histological activity (using separate scores for the lobular and the portal/periportal necroinflammatory activity and for the fibrosis), and the response to interferon alfa (IFN‐α) treatment. Genomic‐ and minus‐strand HCV RNA were detected in 59 and 57 liver specimens, respectively. The HCV‐RNA level in the serum correlated with the genomic‐strand, but not with the minus‐strand, HCV‐RNA titer in the liver. No correlations were found between either strand of the intrahepatic HCV RNA and the level of expression of HCV antigens in the liver, or with the grading/staging of the underlying liver disease. The response to IFN‐α treatment could be predicted by the serum HCV‐RNA level and genotype, but not by the intrahepatic level of genomic‐ or minus‐strand HCV RNA. These results suggest that, although the detection of the minus‐strand HCV RNA reliably identifies the presence of replicating HCV in its target organ, the quantitative measurement of viremia remains the clinically meaningful “golden standard” for assessing the level of HCV replication
Metagenomic Analysis from the Interior of a Speleothem in Tjuv-Ante's Cave, Northern Sweden

Speleothems are secondary mineral deposits normally formed by water supersaturated with calcium carbonate percolating into underground caves, and are often associated with low-nutrient and mostly non-phototrophic conditions. Tjuv-Ante’s cave is a shallow-depth cave formed by the action of waves, with granite and dolerite as major components, and opal-A and calcite as part of the speleothems, making it a rare kind of cave. We generated two DNA shotgun sequencing metagenomic datasets from the interior of a speleothem from Tjuv-Ante’s cave representing areas of old and relatively recent speleothem formation. We used these datasets to perform i) an evaluation of the use of these speleothems as past biodiversity archives, ii) functional and taxonomic profiling of the speleothem’s different formation periods, and iii) taxonomic comparison of the metagenomic results to previous microscopic analyses from a nearby speleothem of the same cave. Our analyses confirm the abundance of Actinobacteria and fungi as previously reported by microscopic analyses on this cave, however we also discovered a larger biodiversity. Interestingly, we identified photosynthetic genes, as well as genes related to iron and sulphur metabolism, suggesting the presence of chemoautotrophs. Furthermore, we identified taxa and functions related to biomineralization. However, we could not confidently establish the use of this type of speleothems as biological paleoarchives due to the potential leaching from the outside of the cave and the DNA damage that we propose has been caused by the fungal chemical etching.
Management of resistant gestational trophoblastic tumors.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the causes of therapeutic success and failure in the management of patients with high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumors (GTTs). STUDY DESIGN Analysis of 272 consecutive high-risk patients treated at the trophoblastic disease center at the Charing Cross Hospital between 1979 and 1995. RESULTS EMA (etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D)/CO (cyclophosphamide, vincristine) chemotherapy is our treatment of choice for patients with high-risk GTT. In 272 consecutive patients the cumulative five-year survival was 86.2% (95% confidence interval, 81.9-90.5%). No deaths occurred from GTT more than two years after the start of treatment. In patients whose disease became resistant to EMA/CO or relapsed after receiving EMA/CO, the majority (70%) could be salvaged with further chemotherapy (usually with the EP (etoposide, cisplatin)/EMA chemotherapy with or without surgery. Multivariate analysis identified the following adverse prognostic factors: presence of liver metastases (P < .0001), prolonged interval from antecedent pregnancy (P < .0001), presence of brain metastases (P = .0008) and term delivery of antecedent pregnancy (P = .045). Intensive chemotherapy for treating high-risk GTT carries a small risk of inducing second malignancies, and two patients developed acute myeloid leukemia, 2 cervical malignancy and 1 gastric adenocarcinoma after receiving EMA/CO chemotherapy. CONCLUSION EMA/CO is an effective and well-tolerated regimen for high-risk GTT. Salvage chemotherapy with EP/EMA is effective in the majority of patients whose disease is resistant to EMA/CO and should be combined with surgery when the dominant site of resistant disease is known. Major adverse prognostic variables have been identified, and patients with combinations of these factors should be considered for innovative therapeutic approaches from the outset.