Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Regional variations in occupancy frequency distribution patterns between odonate assemblages in Fennoscandia

Odonate (damselfly and dragonfly) species richness and species occupancy frequency distributions (SOFDs) were analyzed in relation to geographical location in standing waters (lakes and ponds) in Fennoscandia, from southern Sweden to central Finland. In total, 46 dragonfly and damselfly species were recorded from 292 waterbodies. Species richness decreased to the north and increased with waterbody area in central Finland, but not in southern Finland or in Sweden. Species occupancy ranged from 1 up to 209 lakes and ponds. Over 50% of the species occurred in <10% of the waterbodies, although this proportion decreased to the north. In the southern lakes and ponds, none of the species occurred in all lakes, whereas in the north, many species were present in all of the studied waterbodies. The dispersal ability of the species did not explain the observed species occupancy frequencies, but generalist species with a large geographical range occurred in a higher percentage of the waterbodies. At Fennoscandia scale, we found that the unimodal satellite pattern was predominant. However, at smaller scale, we found geographical variations in odonate species SOFD patterns. The most southern communities followed the unimodal satellite‐dominant pattern, whereas in other regions, communities fitted best with the bimodal core–satellite patterns. It seems that the richer species pool in the southern locations, and the larger distribution range of the northern species, skewed the unimodal pattern into a bimodal satellite‐dominant pattern.
Two-dimensional energy spectra in high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layers

Here, we report the measurements of two-dimensional (2-D) spectra of the streamwise velocity ( $u$ ) in a high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layer. A novel experiment employing multiple hot-wire probes was carried out at friction Reynolds numbers ranging from 2400 to 26 000. Taylor’s frozen turbulence hypothesis is used to convert temporal-spanwise information into a 2-D spatial spectrum which shows the contribution of streamwise ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{x}$ ) and spanwise ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{y}$ ) length scales to the streamwise variance at a given wall height ( $z$ ). At low Reynolds numbers, the shape of the 2-D spectra at a constant energy level shows $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{y}/z\sim (\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{x}/z)^{1/2}$ behaviour at larger scales, which is in agreement with the existing literature at a matched Reynolds number obtained from direct numerical simulations. However, at high Reynolds numbers, it is observed that the square-root relationship tends towards a linear relationship ( $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{y}\sim \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{x}$ ), as required for self-similarity and predicted by the attached eddy hypothesis.
Some remarks on the history and future of averaging techniques in a posteriori finite element error analysis

Given a flux or stress approximation ph from a low‐order finite element simulation of an elliptic boundary value problem, averaging or (gradient‐)recovery techniques aim the computation of an improved approximation Aph by a (simple) post processing of ph. For instance, frequently named after Zienkiewicz and Zhu, Aph is the elementwise interpolation of the nodal values (Aph)(z) obtained as the integral mean of ph on a neighbourhood of z. This paper gives an overview over old and new arguments in the proof of reliability and efficiency of the error estimator η𝒜 := ‖ph ‐ Aph‖ as an approximation of the error ‖p ‐ ph‖ in (an energy norm) ‖⋅‖. High‐lighted are the general class of meshes, averaging operators, or finite elements (conforming, nonconforming, or mixed). Emphasis is on old and new aspects of superconvergence and arguments to circumvent superconvergence at all within proofs of a posteriori finite element error estimates.
Anatomy of the AGN in NGC 5548. VI. Long-term variability of the warm absorber

Context: We observed the archetypal Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548 in 2013−2014 in the context of an extensive multiwavelength campaign involving several satellites, which revealed the source to be in an extraordinary state of persistent heavy obscuration. / Aims: We re-analyzed the archival grating spectra obtained by XMM-Newton and Chandra between 1999 and 2007 in order to characterize the classic warm absorber (WA) using consistent models and up-to-date photoionization codes and atomic physics databases and to construct a baseline model that can be used as a template for the physical state of the WA in the 2013 observations. / Methods: We used the latest version of the photoionization code CLOUDY and the SPEX fitting package to model the X-ray grating spectra of the different archival observations of NGC 5548. / Results: We find that the WA in NGC 5548 is composed of six distinct ionization phases outflowing in four kinematic regimes. The components seem to be in the form of a stratified wind with several layers intersected by our line of sight. Assuming that the changes in the WA are solely due to ionization or recombination processes in response to variations in the ionizing flux among the different observations, we are able to estimate lower limits on the density of the absorbing gas, finding that the farthest components are less dense and have a lower ionization. These limits are used to put stringent upper limits on the distance of the WA components from the central ionizing source, with the lowest ionization phases at several pc distances (<50, <20, and <5 pc, respectively), while the intermediately ionized components lie at pc-scale distances from the center (<3.6 and <2.2 pc, respectively). The highest ionization component is located at ~0.6 pc or closer to the AGN central engine. The mass outflow rate summed over all WA components is ~0.3 M⊙ yr-1, about six times the nominal accretion rate of the source. The total kinetic luminosity injected into the surrounding medium is a small fraction (~0.03%) of the bolometric luminosity of the source. After adding the contribution of the UV absorbers, this value augments to ~0.2% of the bolometric luminosity, well below the minimum amount of energy required by current feedback models to regulate galaxy evolution.
Metabolic Response of Glioma to Dichloroacetate Measured by Hyperpolarized 13 C MRSI

Jae Mo Park, Lawrence Recht, Sonal Josan, Taichang Jang, Milton Merchant, Yi-Fen Yen, Ralph E Hurd, Daniel M Spielman, and Dirk Mayer Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA California, United States, Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA California, United States, Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA California, United States, Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA California, United States, Applied Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Menlo Park, CA California, United States
Somatotyping and Some Physical Characteristics of Trained Male and Female Young Table Tennis Players

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship among somatotype characteristics and physical training of young male and female Indian table tennis players. A total of 29 players (14 males and 15 females), who represented district, state and national level competitions, were evaluated with the sex as a factor. Different body measurements were recorded following the guidelines proposed by the ISAK such as body mass, height, skinfold thicknesses at different sites (biceps, triceps, subscapular, supraspinale and medial calf), girths (arm relaxed, thigh, and calf) and breadths (biepicondylar humerus and femur). In addition to anthropometrical analysis, body composition and somatotype of the participants had been assessed. A t- test for independent samples was performed to examine the statistical differences between sex groups and a Pearson’s coefficient was applied to evaluate the correlation between variables. An endomorph-ectomorph somatotype characteristics was observed for the entire group. Analysis, taking into account the sex factor, revealed an endomorph-mesomorph somatotype for the males and an endomorph-ectomorph somatotype for the females. Data corresponding to body composition contrasted by sex showed higher body fat percentage for the female group than the males. Within the tested age interval range, body fat content in female players was higher than the male counterparts. Although these differences might be the consequence of a normal growth, it was advisable to integrate educational and nutritional strategies in order to maintain an optimum body fat content. Training procedure must be considered to improve the body type for the specific sports event.
Bioremediation Potentials of Heavy Metal Tolerant Bacteria Isolated from Petroleum Refinery Effluent

Five heavy metals tolerant bacteria were isolated from petroleum refinery effluent and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Each isolate was inoculated into different concentrations of cadmium, chromium, nickel and zinc to determine its maximum tolerance for each heavy metal. All five isolates had low maximum tolerance concentration for cadmium (0.9 mg/L) when compared to chromium (5 mg/L), nickel (5 mg/L) and zinc (7 mg/L). Mixed culture consortium (MCC) remediated high percentage of cadmium (100%), chromium (33.4%), nickel (73.9%), and zinc (90.1%) from the petroleum refinery effluent than pure culture isolates. Among the pure culture isolates Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Cd (100%), Cr (23.1%), Ni (64.3%) & Zn (53.9%) yielded high values for the reduction of heavy metals in the refinery effluent when compared to Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The isolated bacteria were effective for the remediation of heavy metals from petroleum refinery effluent.
Uncertainty-Dependent Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks: A New Keynesian Interpretation

We estimate a nonlinear VAR model to study the real effects of monetary policy shocks in regimes characterized by high vs. low macroeconomic uncertainty. We find unexpected monetary policy moves to exert a substantially milder impact in presence of high uncertainty. We then exploit the set of impulse responses coming from the nonlinear VAR framework to estimate a medium-scale new-Keynesian DSGE model with a minimum-distance approach. The DSGE model is shown to be able to replicate the VAR evidence in both regimes thanks to different estimates of some crucial structural parameters. In particular, we identify a steeper new-Keynesian Phillips curve as the key factor behind the DSGE model’s ability to replicate the milder macroeconomic responses to a monetary policy shock estimated with our VAR in presence of high uncertainty. A version of the model featuring firm-specific capital is shown to be associated to estimates of the price frequency which are in line with some recent evidence based on micro data.
Emerging Issues in Today ’ s HIV Response : Debate 1 Test andTreat : CanWeTreat OurWay Out of the HIV Epidemic ? Executive Summary

On Wednesday, May 19, 2010, the World Bank and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) co­hosted the first in a series of debates on emerging issues in the global response to HIV/AIDS. The purpose of the debate series is to provide governments, civil society organizations, and other partners with the best evidence and knowledge to ensure that development dollars go further in pursuit of better results, of particular importance in an era when development aid is under heavy pressure and the dynamics of the pandemic are constantly changing. The World Bank’s Global Development Learning Network video conferencing and web­based technologies allowed country teams in Africa and other partners from across the globe to participate in real time in the debate, which took place in Washington, DC. Additional information about the debate series can be found at http://go.worldbank. org/A47FWU5140.
The volume scattering function of natural bubble populations

The volume scattering function (VSF) of natural bubble populations is (1) determined from Mie scattering theory, (2) measured by a newly designed volume scattering meter in the laboratory, and (3) inferred from field observations of the VSF. The laboratory measurements have confirmed our theoretical prediction in that (1) bubbles of sizes that have been recorded in situ in the surface ocean (>10 μm) show elevated scattering for angles between 60° and 80° and (2) the organic coatings on the bubble surface will increase the scattering in the backward hemisphere but little change the scattering in the forward directions, including the critical angles. An optimization analysis is applied to the measurement of the VSF in coastal waters, and the results suggest the potential existence of submicron bubbles that are coated with organic film. The bubble population thus determined, which has a negligible contribution to the total scattering (5%), accounts for 40% of the total backscattering that has been observed in situ. The extension of the bubble size distribution to smaller sizes than can presently be measured by direct techniques will alter the shape of derived phase function in general but will result in rather small changes to the backscattering ratio (<20%) as long as the slope of the size distribution is small, because most of the changes are in the forward (<10°) direction. However, the prominent peak in the VSF at the critical angle observed for larger bubbles is strongly reduced by the inclusion of the small sizes, and the backscattering ratio is increased by a factor of two for distributions that varies as the −4 power of size. Because these bubbles contribute strongly to scattering at large angles, these results have significant implications for the remote observation of the color of the sea.
Mechatronic Performance in Computer Music Compositions

This paper introduces seven mechatronic compositions performed over three years at the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). Each composition is discussed in regard to how it addresses the performative elements of mechatronic music concerts. The compositions are grouped into four classifications according to the types of interactions between human and robotic performers they afford: Non-Interactive, Mechatronic Instruments Played by Humans, Mechatronic Instruments Playing with Humans, and Social Interaction as Performance. The orchestration of each composition is described along with an overview of the piece’s compositional philosophy. Observations on how specific extra-musical compositional techniques can be incorporated into future mechatronic performances by human-robot performance ensembles are addressed.
Cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting: Model meets data

Seeber (2011) recently introduced a series of analytical cognitive load models, providing a detailed illustration of conjectured cognitive resource allocation during simultaneous interpreting. In this article, the authors set out to compare these models with data gathered in an experiment using task-evoked pupillary responses to measure online cognitive load during simultaneous interpreting when embedded in single-sentence context and discourse context. Verb-final and verb-initial constructions were analysed in terms of the load they cause to an inherently capacity-limited system when interpreted simultaneously into a verb-initial language like English. The results show larger pupil dilation with verb-final than with verb-initial constructions, suggesting higher cognitive load with asymmetrical structures. A tendency for reduced cognitive load in the discourse context compared to the sentence context was also found. These data support the models’ prediction of an increase in cognitive load towards (and beyond) the end of verb-final constructions.
DELTA-LD: A Change Detection Approach for Linked Datasets

This paper presents DELTA-LD, an approach that detects and classifies the changes between two versions of a linked dataset. It contributes to the state-of-art: firstly, by proposing a classification to distinctly identify the resources that have had both their IRIs and representation changed and the resources that have had only their IRI changed; secondly by automatically selecting the appropriate resource properties to identify the same resources in different versions of a linked dataset with different IRIs and similar representation. The paper also presents the DELTA-LD change model to represent the detected changes. This model captures the information of both changed resources and triples in linked datasets during its evolution, bridging the gap between resource-centric and triple-centric views of changes. As a result, a single change detection mechanism can support several diverse use cases like interlink maintenance and replica synchronization. The paper, in addition, describes an experiment conducted to examine the accuracy of DELTA-LD in detecting the changes between the person snapshots of DBpedia. The result indicates that the accuracy of DELTA-LD outperforms the state-of-art approaches by up to 4%, in terms of F-measure. It is demonstrated that the proposed classification of changes helped to identify up to 1529 additional updated resources as compared to the existing classification of resource level changes. By means of a case study, we also demonstrate the automatic repair of broken interlinks using the changes detected by DELTA-LD and represented in DELTA-LD change model, showing how 100% of the broken interlinks were repaired between DBpedia person snapshot 3.7 and Freebase.
Why Microsoft Arabic Spell checker is ineffective

Since 1997, the MS Arabic spell checker was integrated by Coltec-Egypt in the MS-Office suite and till now many Arabic users find it worthless. In this study, we show why the MS-spell checker fails to attract Arabic users. After spell-checking a document (10 pages -3300 words in Arabic), the assessment procedure spots 78 false positive errors. They reveal the lexical resource flaws: an unsystematic lexical coverage of the feminine and the broken plural of nouns and adjectives, and an arbitrary coverage of verbs and nouns with prefixed or suffixed particles. This unsystematic and arbitrary lexical coverage of the language resources pinpoints the absence of a clear definition of a lexical entry and an inadequate design of the related agglutination rules. Finally, this assessment reveals in general the failure of scientific and technological policies in big companies and in research institutions regarding Arabic.
Acupuncture in pain management

Fine needles (32–36 gauge) are inserted into body locations known as acupoints. Classic texts describe up to 356 mapped points located on meridians or channels of energy flow on the surface of the body. In the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) system, the body is seen as a delicate balance of two opposing and inseparable forces: yin and yang. Yin represents the cold, slow, or passive principle, while yang represents the hot, excited, or active principle. A major assumption in TCM is that the health is achieved by maintaining the body in a ‘balanced state’ and that disease is as a result of an internal imbalance of yin and yang. This imbalance leads to blockage in the flow of Qi (vital energy) along pathways known as meridians. It is believed that there are 12 main meridians and 8 secondary meridians and that there are more than 2000 acupuncture points on the human body that connect with them. Whether we believe this or not, the correlations are based on close clinical observations that have existed for millennia.
Diffusion-Tensor MRI of Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle cells (fibers) have diameters of 20-80 μm (2) and have lengths of up to tens of cm. The contractile protein filaments (myofibrils) occupy most of the fiber’s volume and consist of a series of structures called sarcomeres, the smallest functioning unit of contraction. Between the individual fibers and the whole muscle, intermediate levels of structural and functional organization exist. Structurally, groups of 100-200 fibers are bundled by connective tissue in structures called fascicles; functionally, muscle fibers are organized into motor units, consisting of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates. Muscles connect to the skeleton via tendons. The muscle-tendon as a whole unit runs from a point of origin to a point of insertion; these positions define a muscle’s mechanical line of action. The term muscle contraction describes the ensemble of biological processes that results in active force generation. The term is used regardless of whether the muscle-tendon unit shortens (a concentric contraction), lengthens (an eccentric contraction), or does not change in length (an isometric contraction). Muscle contraction is triggered by a transient rise in the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration. This, in turn, causes the sarcomere proteins actin and myosin to interact, resulting in force generation and muscle displacement. The chemical potential energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) provides the energy for actin-myosin interaction and maintenance of ion gradients. ATP is resynthesized by increased flux through the creatine kinase, glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation reactions; for sustained efforts, an increase blood flow is required. The preceding has been an extremely abbreviated presentation of the normal structure and function of skeletal muscles. Even from this brief portrayal, however, it should be evident that skeletal muscle is extremely important to human physiology and that a muscle’s structure is an important determinant of its function. In this work, we will discuss how diffusion-tensor MRI (DT-MRI) can be used to study muscle structure, at both the microscopic and macroscopic levels, and how these measurements can be used to gain new insights into healthy muscle function and to characterize muscle disease or damage.
Comment on “Relict Basin Closure and Crustal Shortening Budgets During Continental Collision: An Example From Caucasus Sediment Provenance” by Cowgill et al. (2016)

Budgets During Continental Collision: An Example From Caucasus Sediment Provenance” by Cowgill et al. (2016) Stephen J. Vincent , Aline Saintot , Jon Mosar, Aral I. Okay , and Anatoly M. Nikishin CASP, Cambridge, UK, GMG Institute, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany, Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, Geology Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Stunkard Figure Rating Scale and Sexuality During Pregnancy. A Longitudinal, Pilot Study

Body image and body weight may be associated with sexuality in pregnant women. Twenty pregnant women filled in the two-factor McCoy Female Questionnaire, the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale and the Beck's Depression Inventory Questionnaire. In the pregnant women, the number of intercourses/week and the McCoy Female Questionnaire score for sexuality significantly decreased. The Stunkard Figure Rating Scale evidenced that the "actual body" silhouette score increased during the third trimester of pregnancy and that the women worsened the feeling with their own body image. Changes in body appearance, during pregnancy, and the women's fear of being less attractive for their partners may have lasting effects on sexuality.