Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Event-related Neuroimaging Study Distinguishing Form and Content in Sentence Processing

Two coordinated experiments using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) investigated whether the brain represents language form (grammatical structure) separately from its meaning content (semantics). While in the scanner, 14 young, unimpaired adults listened to simple sentences that were either nonanomalous or contained a grammatical error (for example, Trees can grew.), or a semantic anomaly (for example, Trees can eat.). A same/different tone pitch judgment task provided a baseline that isolated brain activity associated with linguistic processing from background activity generated by attention to the task and analysis of the auditory input. Sites selectively activated by sentence processing were found in both hemispheres in inferior frontal, middle, and superior frontal, superior temporal, and temporo-parietal regions. Effects of syntactic and semantic anomalies were differentiated by some nonoverlapping areas of activation: Syntactic anomaly triggered significantly increased activity in and around Broca's area, whereas semantic anomaly activated several other sites anteriorly and posteriorly, among them Wernicke's area. These dissociations occurred when listeners were not required to attend to the anomaly. The results confirm that linguistic operations in sentence processing can be isolated from nonlinguistic operations and support the hypothesis of a specialization for syntactic processing.
Do Bright-Line Earnings Surprises Really Affect Stock Price Reactions?

Several influential studies have concluded that earnings surprises just to the right or to the left of a hypothesized bright line produce distinct price reactions compared with surrounding earnings surprises because they convey special meaning. In this study, we examine whether previous inferences of asymmetric stock price reactions to bright-line surprises are observed when empirical tests are designed to be consistent with a rational expectations equilibrium. Focusing on a small range of earnings surprises around hypothesized bright lines, we find no evidence of asymmetric price reactions once investors’ ex ante expectation of bias in earnings surprises is controlled. Results from additional tests yield support for the external validity of the theoretical framework underlying our bright-line pricing tests. Our findings suggest simple refinements to traditional bins-comparison and regression tests for asymmetric price reactions to bright-line earnings surprises, which account for necessary conditions imp.
Recent advances in long wavelength quantum dot lasers and amplifiers

We demonstrate 1.55-mum InAs/InGaAsP/InP (100) quantum dot (QD) shallow and deep etched Fabry-Perot and ring lasers, micro-ring lasers, mode-locked lasers, Butt-joint integrated lasers, polarization control of gain, and wavelength conversion in QD amplifiers.
Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Chronic Insertion Desmopathy of the Proximal Suspensory Ligament

In human medicine, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is an established therapeutic procedure for treatment of renal calculi. In the last few years extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) also has been used in human orthopedic treatment, especially chronic insertion tendopathy/desmitis such as “tennis elbow,” tendinosis calcarea, and pseudarthrosis. In the veterinary field, the use of ESWT is at the beginning. So far, there is little information about different indications, treatment regimens and long term results. Since June 1998, at the Tierklinik Telgte, Germany, horses with different orthopedic conditions have been treated with Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapyt. The aims were 1) to collect first experiences with the new therapy; and 2) to establish the treatment as standard indication for limited indications. Therapy of chronic insertion desmopathy of the proximal suspensory ligament in equine front and hind limb is somewhat frustrating. This condition is characterized by a high rate of recurrence and low success rate. Systemic or local application of antiphlogistics and corticoids, blistering, combined with long periods without work and finally surgery (peripheral neurectomy) are described and documented. Long term follow up information about the treatment of chronic longstanding high suspensory desmitis are still missing in veterinary literature. This condition seemed to be ideal for ESWT treatment evaluation, for ESWT is known as a safe, alternative, non-invasive therapy without serious side effects.
Possible alterations in GABAA receptor signaling that underlie benzodiazepine‐resistant seizures

Benzodiazepines have been used for decades as first‐line treatment for status epilepticus (SE). For reasons that are not fully understood, the efficacy of benzodiazepines decreases with increasing duration of seizure activity. This often forces clinicians to resort to more drastic second‐ and third‐line treatments that are not always successful. The antiseizure properties of benzodiazepines are mediated by γ‐aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors. Decades of research have focused on the failure of GABAergic inhibition after seizure onset as the likely cause of the development benzodiazepine resistance during SE. However, the details of the deficits in GABAA signaling are still largely unknown. Therefore, it is necessary to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of benzodiazepine resistance so that more effective strategies can be formulated. In this review we discuss evidence supporting the role of altered GABAA receptor function as the major underlying cause of benzodiazepine‐resistant SE in both humans and animal models. We specifically address the prevailing hypothesis, which is based on changes in the number and subtypes of GABAA receptors, as well as the potential influence of perturbed chloride homeostasis in the mature brain.
Parkinson's disease patients show reduced cortical‐subcortical sensorimotor connectivity

Reduced dopamine input to cortical and subcortical brain structures, particularly those in the sensorimotor network, is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). The extent to which dopamine dysfunction affects connectivity within this and other brain networks remains to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to measure anatomical and functional connectivity in groups of PD patients and controls to determine whether connectivity deficits within the cortico–basal ganglia thalamocortical system could be attributed to PD, particularly in sensorimotor connections. A neuroimaging paradigm involving diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting‐state functional MRI was implemented in a large cohort of PD patients and control subjects. Probabilistic tractography and functional correlation analyses were performed to map connections between brain structures and to derive indices of connectivity that were then used to compare groups. Anatomical connectivity deficits were demonstrated in PD patients, specifically for sensorimotor connections. Functional deficits were also found in some of the same connections. In addition, functional connectivity was found to increase in associative and limbic connections in PD patients compared with controls. This study lends support to findings regarding the dysfunction of the sensorimotor circuit in PD. As deficits in anatomical and functional connectivity within this circuit were in some cases concordant in PD patients, a possible link between brain structure and function is suggested. Increases in functional connectivity in other cortico–basal ganglia thalamocortical circuits may be indicative of compensatory effects in response to system deficits elsewhere. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Effect of replacement of soybean meal by dried tomato pomace on rumen fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in beef cattle.

Problem statement: Dried tomato pomace may be considered as an alternative feedstuff in ruminant nutrition. The limited literature data that are available so far may be interpreted as indirect and suggestive evidence for diminished ruminal fermentation and bacterial synthesis after substitution of dried tomato pomace for soybean meal. Approach: Rumen-fistulated beef steers were used to address the questions whether the replacement of soybean meal by dried tomato pomace would affect feed intake, rumen fermentation and nitrogen metabolism. In a feeding trial with Latin-square design, the steers were fed total mixed rations containing either 3.2, 8.0 or 11.2% dried tomato pomace. Results: The replacement of dietary soybean meal by dried tomato pomace did not affect feed intake, but was found to change various indices of rumen fermentation. Increasing intakes of dried tomato pomace caused increasing ruminal pH values and ammonia concentrations in a dose-dependent fashion, but concentrations of volatile fatty acids and number of ruminal bacteria were left unchanged. Higher dietary inclusion levels of tomato pomace produced a linear, dose-related increase in blood urea concentrations. Apparent, total gastro-intestinal tract digestibilities of neutral and acid-detergent fiber were not influenced by tomato pomace. The feeding of tomato pomace raised fecal nitrogen excretion and lowered urinary nitrogen excretion. Conclusion: Substitution of tomato pomace for soybean meal influences rumen fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in beef cattle, but the impact on practical ruminant production cannot yet be assessed.
Neural correlates of automatic beliefs about gender and race

Functional MRI was used to identify the brain areas underlying automatic beliefs about gender and race, and suppression of those attitudes. Participants (n = 20; 7 females) were scanned at 3 tesla while performing the Implicit Association Test (IAT), an indirect measure of race and gender bias. We hypothesized that ventromedial prefrontal cortex areas (PFC) would mediate gender and racial stereotypic attitudes, and suppression of these beliefs would recruit dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Performance data on the IAT revealed gender and racial biases. Racial bias was correlated with an explicit measure of racism. Results showed activation of anteromedial PFC and rostral ACC while participants implicitly made associations consistent with gender and racial biases. In contrast, associations incongruent with stereotypes recruited DLPFC. Implicit gender bias was correlated with amygdala activation during stereotypic conditions. Results suggest there are dissociable roles for anteromedial and dorsolateral PFC circuits in the activation and inhibition of stereotypic attitudes. Hum Brain Mapp 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resilience and Resistance of a Lake Phosphorus Cycle Before and After Food Web Manipulation

Parameters of a phosphorus cycling model were estimated for two configurations of a lake ecosystem. The piscivore-dominated configuration had one more trophic level than the planktivore-dominated configuration. We derived four main conclusions from analysis of the model. (1) Results support the argument of DeAngelis et al. that turnover rate of a limiting nutrient is directly related to ecosystem resilience. (2) Results support the hypothesis of Pimm and Lawton that longer food chains are less resilient. (3) Inputs of phosphorus to the pelagic system derived from inshore feeding by fishes were a large flux, which is comparable to inputs from physical-chemical fluxes. (4) Algal (seston) standing crops, unlike all other compartments, were less sensitive to phosphorus inputs in the piscivore-dominated system. Consistent with the trophic cascade hypothesis, the piscivore-dominated system had higher herbivore standing crops and lower algal standing crops than the planktivore-dominated system. Changes in trophic structure that derive from trophic cascades can be viewed as changes in the phosphorus cycle driven by fishes.
Nurse Decision Making Regarding the Use of Analgesics and Sedatives in the Pediatric Cardiac ICU*

Objective: To describe nurse decision making and patient responses associated with the administration of analgesics and sedatives in the pediatric cardiac ICU. Design: Prospective nonexperimental mixed methods study of pediatric cardiac ICU nursing practice. Setting: Three tertiary academic pediatric heart centers in the United States. Subjects: Pediatric cardiac ICU nurses caring for 217 patients completed 1,330 surveys. Interventions: Four-item open-ended nurse survey completed each time an as needed dose of an analgesic or sedative was administered, an analgesic or sedative infusion/dose was titrated, and/or a new analgesic or sedative was administered. Measurements and Main Results: Responses to survey questions were entered verbatim and then collapsed using a consensus process. Collapsing of the data continued until there was a working set of “symptoms,” “changes,” and “clinical situation managed” categories. Nurses identified 28 symptoms managed with analgesia and sedation. The most frequent symptoms included hypertension, tachycardia, crying, pain, and agitation. Nurses identified 20 patient changes that resulted from their interventions. The most prevalent changes included improved hemodynamics, calm state, sleep, comfort, and relaxed state. Nurses identified 22 clinical situations that they were attempting to manage. The most frequent clinical situations included pain, hemodynamics, procedures, hypertension, and agitation. Nurses responded that 22% of their interventions were influenced by others. Conclusions: Pediatric cardiac ICU nurses use many nonspecific indicators to describe patient level of comfort collectively. Decisions for managing patient comfort were influenced by their patients’ overall hemodynamic stability.
CLUSTER HEADACHE AND CLUSTER VERTIGO

CLUSTER HEADACHE has a distinctive clinical pattern.1 This type of headache is clearly vascular in nature and pain correlates with marked dilatation of external carotid artery branches in the region of the orbit and nasal mucosa. Cluster headache is characterized by throbbing unilateral orbital pain, usually lasting for 15 to 60 minutes, and associated with conspicious ipsilateral lacrimation a n d conjunctival injection. These headaches typically occur in clusters. Frequently the patient will suffer 1 or 2 headaches daily over a period of 4 to 6 weeks, then may be free of headaches for 6 to 8 months, only to experience another cluster of headaches similar to the first.
Does Oral Experience Terminate Ingestion?

Using data from studies of ingestive behavior in developing rat pups we demonstrate how oral experience can contribute to the termination of ingestion. In rat pups, repeated oral stimulation with sweet solutions causes a decline in oral responsiveness. The diminished responsiveness is specific to the flavor of the stimulus experienced orally and can persist for several hours. We suggest that this experience-based decrement in responsiveness is best considered "oral habituation" and that oral habituation largely accounts for the onset of satiety. Post-ingestive feedback signals may have their influence through the oral habituation process or act in the context of oral habituation. Oral habituation is also shown to depend on the pattern of stimulus presentation, a phenomenon that adds considerable complexity to assessing the contributions of oral experience to satiety. The concept of oral habituation may be useful in understanding the immediate control of ingestion and the moment-to-moment expression of ingestive behavior in adult animals.
Elevated plasma and lung endothelial selectin levels in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and a history of chronic alcohol abuse*

ObjectiveActivation of endothelial cells is a critical step in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Soluble endothelial selectin (sE-selectin), an endothelial cell–specific molecule that mediates leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion has never been measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of critically ill patients. Based on the effects of alcohol on endothelial cell and alveolar-capillary barrier function, we hypothesized that chronic alcohol exposure may be associated with increased sE-selectin in ARDS patients. DesignProspective observational cohort study. SettingMedical and surgical intensive care units; an inpatient alcohol detoxification unit within university-affiliated hospitals. PatientsA total of 20 ARDS patients (50% with chronic alcohol abuse); seven individuals with a history of chronic alcohol abuse. InterventionPatients underwent bronchoalveolar lavage within 72 hrs of ARDS diagnosis. Individuals with a history of chronic alcohol abuse underwent bronchoalveolar lavage within 7 days of their last alcoholic beverage. A history of chronic alcohol abuse was determined by a Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test score of ≥3 or a history of an alcohol-related diagnosis. sE-selectin was measured in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage. Measurements and Main ResultsNeither severity of illness nor at-risk diagnosis differed by alcohol history. sE-selectin levels in the plasma of ARDS patients who abused alcohol chronically were significantly elevated compared with nonalcoholic ARDS patients (181 ng/mL [56–328] vs. 32 ng/mL [14–55], p < .01). The bronchoalveolar lavage sE-selectin levels from the patients with ARDS and alcohol abuse were also significantly elevated compared with nonalcoholic ARDS patients (1.51 ng/mL [1.09–3.11] vs. 0.69 ng/mL [0.33–0.94], p < .002) and were higher than those measured in individuals with a history of chronic alcohol abuse but without ARDS (0.46 ng/mL [0.12–2.75], p = .15). ConclusionsARDS patients who chronically abuse alcohol have elevated concentrations of sE-selectin in both the plasma and epithelial lining fluid consistent with altered endothelial cell and alveolar-capillary barrier function.
Evidence for the assimilation of ancient glacier organic carbon in a proglacial stream food web

We used natural abundance δ13C, δ15N, and Δ14C to compare trophic linkages between potential carbon sources (leaf litter, epilithic biofilm, and particulate organic matter) and consumers (aquatic macroinvertebrates and fish) in a nonglacial stream and two reaches of the heavily glaciated Herbert River. We tested the hypothesis that proglacial stream food webs are sustained by organic carbon released from glacial ecosystems. Carbon sources and consumers in the nonglacial stream had carbon isotope values that ranged from −30‰ to −25‰ for δ13C and from −14‰ to 53‰ for Δ14C reflecting a food web sustained mainly on contemporary primary production. In contrast, biofilm in the two glacial stream sites was highly Δ14C‐depleted (−215‰ to 175‰) relative to the nonglacial stream consistent with the assimilation of ancient glacier organic carbon. IsoSource modeling showed that in upper Herbert River, macroinvertebrates (Δ14C = −171‰ to 22‰) and juvenile salmonids (Δ14C = −102‰ to 17‰) reflected a feeding history of both biofilm (∼ 56%) and leaf litter (∼ 40%). We estimate that in upper Herbert River on average 36% of the carbon incorporated into consumer biomass is derived from the glacier ecosystem. Thus, 14C‐depleted glacial organic carbon was likely transferred to higher trophic levels through a feeding history of bacterial uptake of dissolved organic carbon and subsequent consumption of 14C‐depleted biofilm by invertebrates and ultimately fish. Our findings show that the metazoan food web is sustained in part by glacial organic carbon such that future changes in glacial runoff could influence the stability and trophic structure of proglacial aquatic ecosystems.
Effect of diphenylhydantoin on neuromuscular synapse

THIS ARTICLE is about neuromuscular synaptic effects of diphenylhydantoin ( D P H ) . Its eflect on brainstem, spinal, and autonomic synapses has been reported by others.1-4 An effect of DPH on the neuromuscular junction would account for the beneficial effect of the drug i n Isaacs’ syndrome of “continuous muscle-fibre a ~ t i v i t y . ” ~ Our studies, however, stemmed from 2 clinical experiences with patients having disordered neuromuscular transmission associated with DPH administration for the treatment of epilepsy. These patients will be described first, although briefly, because there was inadequate evidence that DPH caused the neuromuscular disorder. Experiments with rat nerve-muscle preparations will then be described.
Photonic liquid crystal fibers: Towards highly tunable photonic devices

Photonic liquid crystal fibers are hybrids that combine inorganic host micro-structured glass substrates with organic guest nanostructured liquid crystals. This combination creates a novel class of nano- and microstructured photonic crystal fibers and simultaneously is responsible for a diversity of new and uncommon material and optical properties. Due to the highest level of tunability induced by external electrical, magnetic, optical or thermal physical fields the effective Photonic liquid crystal fibers technology can be used for highly tunable advanced photonic devices.
Disuse atrophy of human skeletal muscles.

DISUSE ATROPHY is a term frequently and glibly used by clinicians and pathologists alike when faced with a nonspecific muscular atrophy. Unfortunately for both, this is usually a diagnosis of exclusion. Histological changes in cases of pure disuse atrophy in human skeletal muscles are wanting. The purpose of this paper is to describe the histological changes occurring in skeletal muscle in individuals who were immobilized for varying intervals of time. Materials and Methods The subjects were ten men who had sustained closed traumatic uncomplicated fractures of their extremities, and one (case 11) who had simultaneously incurred injury of the lateral popliteal nerve with foot-drop, and were immobilized by either plaster or traction. They were studied when the plaster or traction was removed, 31/2 to 14 weeks later. The girths of the immobilized extremity and its mate were measured. Strength of the involved extremity could not be adequately tested due
Alteration of the DNA methylation status of donor cells impairs the developmental competence of porcine cloned embryos

Nuclear reprogramming induced by somatic cell nuclear transfer is an inefficient process, and donor cell DNA methylation status is thought to be a major factor affecting cloning efficiency. Here, the role of donor cell DNA methylation status regulated by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) or 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate (5-methyl-dCTP) in the early development of porcine cloned embryos was investigated. Our results showed that 5-aza-dC or 5-methyl-dCTP significantly reduced or increased the global methylation levels and altered the methylation and expression levels of key genes in donor cells. However, the development of cloned embryos derived from these cells was reduced. Furthermore, disrupted pseudo-pronucleus formation and transcripts of early embryo development-related genes were observed in cloned embryos derived from these cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that alteration of the DNA methylation status of donor cells by 5-aza-dC or 5-methyl-dCTP disrupted nuclear reprogramming and impaired the developmental competence of porcine cloned embryos.