Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing Practical and Theoretical Reasoning: A Critique of Deanna Kuhn's Theory of Informal Argument

Deanna Kuhn's theory of informal argumentation (1991) evaluates arguments according to a theory/evidence model where subjects first articulate a theory and then must provide critical testing of alternatives on the basis of evidence. Using this model, Kuhn reports that many subjects fail to supply adequate evidence for their 'theories' and are often unable or unwilling to generate alternatives. In this paper an account of practical reasoning is provided that suggests an alternate interpretation for Kuhn's subjects' poor perfonnance. It is argued that treating practical arguments as failed theoretical justifications causes Kuhn to misrepresent the contribution of many of her subjects' arguments.
MINING PLANET SEARCH DATA FOR BINARY STARS: THE ψ1 DRACONIS SYSTEM

Several planet-search groups have acquired a great deal of data in the form of time-series spectra of several hundred nearby stars with time baselines of over a decade. While binary star detections are generally not the goal of these long-term monitoring efforts, the binary stars hiding in existing planet search data are precisely the type that are too close to the primary star to detect with imaging or interferometry techniques. We use a cross-correlation analysis to detect the spectral lines of a new low-mass companion to ψ1 Draconis A, which has a known roughly equal-mass companion at ∼680 AU. We measure the mass of ψ1 Draconis C as M2 = 0.70 ± 0.07M⊙, with an orbital period of ∼20 years. This technique could be used to characterize binary companions to many stars that show large-amplitude modulation or linear trends in radial velocity data.
A corpus-based analysis of do so anaphora in fictional and non-fictional English

This paper presents an in-depth corpus-based analysis of ‘do so’ verbal anaphora constructions in different fictional and non-fictional written English texts taken from different computerised corpora of British and American Present-day English, comprising texts from the 1960s, 1990s and 2000s. ‘Do so’ verbal anaphora, as in ‘I ate an Apple yesterday in the park, and Peter did so last week’, has received extensive attention from a theoretical perspective. Research has focused mainly on the analysis of the categorical factors – i.e. semantic and syntactic – that determine the use of the construction. Little research, however, deals with the analysis of ‘do so’ anaphora in real written English. The present analysis, based on tested criteria of multidimensional linguistic variation, sheds light on the linguistic and textual factors that drive the pragmatic use and the distribution of the construction. It will be shown that, in addition to semantic and grammatical factors, genre variation also plays an important role in the use of ‘do so’ anaphora in written discourse.
Liraglutide Effect on Blood Pressure, Lipids Profile, and Liver Enzymes in Arab Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective LIRA-BPL Study

Background: The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying type2 diabetes are quite complex and differ between different ethnic groups. This might results in different responses to medications. Data from LEAD trials showed that liraglutide was associated with significant reduction in weight HbA1c and blood pressure values. Unfortunately there are no enough data on Arab population. Objectives: We aimed to assess the changes in blood pressure, lipids profile, and liver function test upon starting liraglutide and after 6 months of therapy in Arab patients with type 2 diabetes as primary objective. Results: 365 agreed to sign an informed consent. 29% of the studied population was males (n=106) compared to 71% females (n=259). There was no significant change in systolic blood pressure, however average diastolic blood pressure improved significantly (74.4 ± 10 to 72 ± 9 mmHg at 6 months P<0.001). Significantly lower average diastolic BP was seen in Insulin users at both start and the end of the study (73+4 vs. 76+4 P=0.05, and (71+ 5 vs.73+4.6) p=0.02, respectively). Mean AST and ALT was within normal range at baseline and despite that there was a highly significant reduction between baseline and end of study 29+18 to 25.7+ 13 and 25.1 + 20 to 22.2+ 16 for ALT and AST, respectively. Both of them showed highly significant P value (0.0000). There was a significant reduction in weight and HbA1c at 6 months. However the change in weight was more significant in insulin users compared to those who did not use insulin (96+3 to 93+5 vs. 93 +5 to 98+3.5, P-value at the end of the study was 0.02). The HbA1c reduction was significant irrespective of weight loss. Conclusion: Liraglutide showed remarkable improvement in weight, HbA1c, liver enzymes, and diastolic blood pressure. Patients who used insulin at base line had better results in weight and lipids reduction.
COMMUNITY ASSEMBLY AND STRUCTURE OF TROPICAL LEAF-LITTER ANURANS

We tested two traditional views of community organization relating to the individualistic continuum versus the interactive concept using anuran leaf-litter assemblages in primary and secondary forest habitats in Tai National Park (TNP), Ivory Coast as a model system. Based on biotic data and species occurrence patterns, the relative importance of each of these concepts was assessed. Null model tests of niche and size overlap revealed that the observed multivariate structure was only weakly influenced by biotic interactions, and therefore is most likely not the sole result of present species interactions. Non-metric multidimensional scaling and quadratic regression analyses showed that particular species responded to certain habitat characteristics, in particular the presence or absence of specific breeding sites and tree size classes, the latter being an index of forest degradation in this case. This corresponded to a discrimination of four major functional response groups within the leaf-litter community. However, the strength of these species-specific responses, and therefore the allocation to one or other of these response groups, varied throughout the year. Thus our results indicate that differing individual life histories, rather than interspecific interactions, were likely explanations of the observed pattern. The leaf-litter anuran assemblages of TNP can be best described as a collection of loosely interacting individuals responding to particular sets of physiological constraints imposed by a particular location, rather than as a tightly integrated and highly interacting set of species. Accepted 11 September 2006.
New database for a sample of optically bright lensed quasars in the northern hemisphere

In the framework of the Gravitational LENses and DArk MAtter (GLENDAMA) project, we present a database of nine gravitationally lensed quasars (GLQs) that have two or four images brighter than r = 20 mag and are located in the northern hemisphere. This new database consists of a rich variety of follow-up observations included in the GLENDAMA global archive, which is publicly available online and contains 6557 processed astronomical frames of the nine lens systems over the period 1999−2016. In addition to the GLQs, our archive also incorporates binary quasars, accretion-dominated radio-loud quasars, and other objects, where about 50% of the non-GLQs were observed as part of a campaign to identify GLQ candidates. Most observations of GLQs correspond to an ongoing long-term macro-programme with 2−10 m telescopes at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, and these data provide information on the distribution of dark matter at all scales. We outline some previous results from the database, and we additionally obtain new results for several GLQs that update the potential of the tool for astrophysical studies.
Developments In Business Simulation & Experiental Exercises , Volume 21 , 1994 150 VALIDATING AN INSTRUMENT FOR STUDENT EVALUATION OF TEACHERS : SOME NOTEWORTHY BY-PRODUCTS

We present strong evidence for the external validity, and some evidence for the construct validity, of a published instrument for student evaluations of teaching performance. For external validation, we replicated the instruments factor structure very closely, yielding five factors virtually identical to those of a previous study that used two different populations. For construct validation, we developed a preliminary theoretical model that predicts different effects of three sets of variables on student ratings of teachers. The model was partially supported. Student expectations about teachers had significant effects on all dimensions of teaching effectiveness. Class size and teacher experience had much weaker, and mostly negative, effects on the ratings. Student ratings of teaching effectiveness were driven more strongly by a student characteristic than by a teaching condition or a teacher characteristic.
Long-term trends in the number of Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus breeding and wintering in Sweden

The Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus was a rare breeding species in Sweden during the early years of the 20th century, when total numbers likely consisted of only 20 pairs. Recent decades have however seen a marked increase in numbers and a spread in the swans’ distribution, with the number of pairs breeding in the two northernmost provinces rising from 310 to 2,700 pairs between two main surveys, in 1972–75 and 1997. This paper documents continued long-term (1967–2014) increases in numbers of Whooper Swans breeding and wintering in Sweden, based on data collected by the Swedish Bird Monitoring Programme and during the mid-winter International Waterbird Counts (IWC). Most recent estimates for the country indicate that there are now 5,400 breeding pairs during the summer and close to 10,000 individuals present in normal or mild winters.
Kondo liquid emergence and relocalization in the approach to antiferromagnetic ordering in CePt 2 In 7

CePt2In7 is a heavy fermion system with an antiferromagnetic transition at T-N = 5.2 K at ambient pressure. Pt-195 Knight shift measurements reveal anomalous behavior below T* similar to 40 K. By comparing the susceptibility and Knight shift data, we extract the individual contributions of the local moments and the heavy electron components to the magnetic susceptibility. Our results confirm the scaling predictions of the standard model, but reveal a surprising result, namely, that below 14 K the hybridized quasiparticles begin to "relocalize," an important precursor to their joining the local moments in becoming antiferromagnetically ordered at T-N.
The effects of salinity on survival, growth, aerobic metabolism and ion regulation in early life stages of Pacific salmonids

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the energetic requirements for ion regulation in early life stages of three Pacific salmonids would be minimal at an isotonic water salinity (8-10 ppt). Hatching success, alevin survival, time to hatching, size, and metabolic rates were measured for steelhead (Oncorhvnchus mykiss) and fall Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) embryos incubated in four salinities (0, 4, 8 and 12 ppt) from the eyed stage. Egg hatchability was relatively high in all four salinities, but completion of hatch was delayed in the hypertonic (12 ppt) salinity. Newly hatched alevins were also smaller and showed decreased survival in 12 ppt salinity. Salinity effects on alevin survival and size were greater for steelhead trout than for Chinook salmon. Metabolic rates of eyed steelhead trout eggs, and chinook salmon eggs and alevins were not significantly affected by the salinities tested. The metabolic rate of newly hatched steelhead trout alevins, however, was significantly elevated in 12 ppt salinity compared to the other treatments. The results indicated that a salinity of 8 ppt is the upper limit for the normal development of steelhead trout and chinook salmon eggs and alevins. The regulation of movements of ions and water in eggs and alevins of these salmonid species may rely on passive processes, such as low membrane permeabilities and tissue tolerances, rather than active mechanisms of ion and osmotic regulation. Rainbow trout, steelhead trout and fall chinook salmon fry were acclimated to a range of salinities, with one near isotonic. Survival, growth, metabolic rate, plasma Na+ and Clconcentrations, and seawater adaptability were measured for 5 to 12 weeks, depending on the
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF FLY ASH OR CEMENT STABILIZED SAND-BENTONITE MIXTURES EXPOSED TO FREEZE-THAW ACTION

In construction of landfills, embankments and transportation structures, use of clay-sand mixtures are commonly preferred. To provide stability and enhanced engineering properties, stabilization with chemical admixtures is a reasonable approach. Unfortunately, freeze-thaw effect is a significant problem affecting soil behavior in cold regions. Studies on strength behavior of clay-sand mixtures stabilized using fly ash or cement exposed to freezing-thaw action is limited, and need further investigation. For this reason, in this study, using pozzolanic cement or class C fly ash as admixtures for clay-sand mixtures, an experimental framework was used to investigate the effects of clay content, admixture type, number of freeze-thaw cycles on strength of these mixtures. Sand specimens including 4, 8, 12 and 16% bentonite by weight were stabilized wih 3, 6, 9 % pozzolanic cement and 5, 10, 15, and 20 % class C fly ash by weight, specimens were prepared at optimum water content of mixtures. The specimens were then subjected to 1, 3 and 10 freezing / thaw cycles after 28 days of curing period. Freeze-thaw resistance of specimens was determined by application of unconfined compression tests. Experimental results revealed that, under the curing conditions adopted, cement and fly ash stabilization positively affects the strength of sand-bentonite mixtures and dominates the negative effects of freeze-thaw action. Pozzolanic cement stabilized samples provided higher freeze-thaw resistance compared to those amended with fly ash. Besides, analysis of secant modulus values revealed that, cement stabilized specimens showed a more rigid behavior after freeze-thaw action.
The superiority conspiracy: four constraints and a processing effect

English wh-in-situ restrictions are commonly analyzed in terms of locality and minimality type constraints, in minimalist theories as well as in optimality oriented approaches. The ‘Minimal Link Condition’ (MLC) is a present day rendering of Chomsky’s (1973) original concept of ‘superiority’. The wh-item closest to the top spec-position ('spec C') receives priority for movement to this position. A comparative look at Germanic languages, however, tells us that the wh-in-situ patterns do not follow a simple concept of locality or distance-based economy. From a cross-linguistic vantage point, English 'superiority' will be argued to be epiphenomenal of independently motivated grammar constraints, plus a processing restriction. The main claim of this contribution is as follows: MLC is inadequate for capturing the core patters of wh-in-situ. The crosslinguistic distribution patterns of wh-in-situ are determined by at least four independent grammatical factors: i) obligatory operator status of a wh-item in situ in spec-positions; ii) semantic type (individual level vs. higher type) of the licensing whelement; iii) domain requirement for semantic integration of an adverbial wh-item; iv) strictly binary licensing relation for an in-situ wh-element. The residue of superiority-like cases not covered by these constraints seems to invite an account in terms of a processing restriction, rather than a structural constraint. 1. Revisiting wh-in-situ In Haider (2000), the common and the contrasting properties of German and English wh-insitu constructions were derived as effects of semantic type and domain conditions (for adverbial wh-items) on the one hand and the different structural positions of the subject wh-elements on the other, plus a minimality condition relativised to the level of case features. This analysis is not fully adequate however. First, it remains silent on some intricate empirical issues (see examples 1 and 2), second, it does not satisfactorily capture the facts of Icelandic as the crucial testing ground for OV/VO-based accounts of crosslinguistic contrasts -, and third, as it seems, it elevated a processing restriction to the level of a grammatical constraint (see the discussion of the examples 3). Before going into details, let me enumerate the problem areas for the standard locality approach to superiority phenomena that will be discussed in this paper by assigning them to the constraints that will be shown to be responsible for these phenomena in the rest of the paper. i) obligatory operator constraint: The acceptability of an in-situ wh-element in a functional spec-position depends on its ability to function as an operator that binds a variable. This is not the case for an in-situ wh-item in its VP-internal argument position [see the 'amnesty' phenomenon illustrated by examples (1)].
Surgical Treatment of Esophageal Cancer by Videosurgery: Standardized Technique for Prone Thoracoscopy and Laparoscopy Tratamento Cirúrgico do Câncer de Esôfago por Videocirurgia: Padronização Técnica por Toracoscopia em Prona e Laparoscopia

This article reports the Barretos Cancer Hospital experience treating esophageal cancer by videosurgery. The transmediastinal and transthoracic approach – the latter in the prone position first reported by Cadiere – are described in detail. Following a brief literature review, this series reports 83 cases operated from 2009 to 2012, emphasizing the laparoscopic techniques, the indications for each technique, as well as the sequence of steps that are followed when using this treatment modality.
Understanding Positive Attitudes toward Helping Peers: The Role of Mastery Goals and Academic Self-Efficacy

The present research was designed to document the relationship between mastery and performance goals and attitudes toward helping others, and to test the mediating role of self-efficacy. Two experiments (Studies 1 and 2) showed that students with mastery goals hold stronger positive attitudes toward helping peers, relative to students with performance goals. Furthermore, a field study (Study 3) indicated that students' mastery goals were positively related to holding positive attitudes toward helping fellow students, whereas performance goals were not. Studies 2 and 3 indicated that this could be explained by the intra-individual process of academic self-efficacy. Finally, it was shown that a negative relationship existed between performance goals and helping peers only for individuals with relatively weak mastery goals.
A rapid method to determine quantitatively the in vitro adsorption of taurocholate to soluble fiber

There are two categories of dietary fiber: soluble and insoluble. Although both categories confer hypocholesterolemic activity, the former is more effective than the latter (2,6,7). The hypocholesterolemic activity of these fibers has been attributed to their viscosity, fermentability, and bile acid-binding properties (1,5,6,8). The subject of interest in the current study was the bile salt adsorption capability of soluble fibers. Bowles and coworkers (3) reported that the hypocholesterolemic activity of -glucan, a soluble fiber, stems from its ability to entrap bile acids in viscous digesta rather than specific adsorption to bile acid micelles. Their method of analysis involved the use of solid-state C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of a complex between -glucan and Congo red dye. This method is time-consuming (takes longer than 5 hr) and complex and requires expertise in spectroscopy. In addition, background noise is a limiting factor in solid-state NMR. Cuesta-Alonso and Gilliland (4) used dialysis and membrane filtration to determine bile salt adsorption to soluble fiber. Their method is simple compared with that of Bowles and coworkers (3), but nevertheless requires more than 3 days to complete the analysis. A simple method of determining bile acid or salt adsorption to insoluble fiber has been developed and utilized extensively in nutrition research. The method involves mixing insoluble fiber with C-labeled bile acids or salts, incubation at 37°C for 2 hr, centrifugation, and liquid scintillation measurement of the supernatant. The amount of bile acid or salt bound is calculated as the difference between the amount added and the amount recovered in the supernatant (6). For obvious reasons, this method is not suitable for soluble fiber, but it can be modified for use with soluble fiber. The main objective of the current study was to develop a method to quantitatively determine the extent of bile salt adsorption to soluble fiber. Story and Lord (12) employed a membrane filtration (ultrafiltration) technique to determine bile salt adsorption to soluble fiber. The intent was to combine the centrifugation step of the method of Goel and coworkers (6) with the membrane filtration step of the method of Story and Lord (12) into a single step to develop a simple method for measuring bile acid adsorption to soluble fiber.
Electronic structure of turbostratic graphene

We explore the rotational degree of freedom between graphene layers via the simple prototype of the graphene twist bilayer, i.e., two layers rotated by some angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$. It is shown that, due to the weak interaction between graphene layers, many features of this system can be understood by interference conditions between the quantum states of the two layers, mathematically expressed as Diophantine problems. Based on this general analysis we demonstrate that while the Dirac cones from each layer are always effectively degenerate, the Fermi velocity ${v}_{F}$ of the Dirac cones decreases as $\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$; the form we derive for ${v}_{F}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ agrees with that found via a continuum approximation in [J. M. B. Lopes dos Santos, N. M. R. Peres, and A. H. Castro Neto, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 256802 (2007)]. From tight-binding calculations for structures with $1.47\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\theta}l30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ we find agreement with this formula for $\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. In contrast, for $\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\lesssim}5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ this formula breaks down and the Dirac bands become strongly warped as the limit $\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ is approached. For an ideal system of twisted layers the limit as $\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ is singular as for $\ensuremath{\theta}g0$ the Dirac point is fourfold degenerate, while at $\ensuremath{\theta}=0$ one has the twofold degeneracy of the $AB$ stacked bilayer. Interestingly, in this limit the electronic properties are in an essential way determined globally, in contrast to the ``nearsightedness'' [W. Kohn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3168 (1996)] of electronic structure generally found in condensed matter.