Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Clostridium botulinum Type F Isolated from the Pacific Coast of the United States

Some of the physiological and biochemical characteristics of a type F strain recently isolated from the United States were studied and compared with those of the prototype Langeland type F strain. The recent isolates were nonproteolytic, fermented sucrose and ribose, produced spores of low thermal resistance, produced a protoxin activated by trypsin, and grew and produced toxin at 38 F (3.3 C) from a spore inoculum. The prototype Langeland strain was proteolytic, did not ferment sucrose or ribose, and produced spores of relatively high thermal resistance, and the toxin of 3-day-old cultures was not activated by trypsin. Approximately two to three times the minimal lethal dose (MLD) of type F toxin from either Langeland or nonproteolytic strains was cross-neutralized by 1,000 anti-MLD of type E antitoxin. Antitoxin serums prepared by immunizing rabbits with the toxoid of the nonproteolytic type F isolate neutralized the toxin of the Langeland strain, but did not show cross-neutralization with the toxins of other types of Clostridium botulinum.
Probabilistic Fire Simulator Theory and User's Manual for Version 1.2

Risk analysis tool is developed for computation of the distributions of fire model output variables. The tool, called Probabilistic Fire Simulator, combines Monte Carlo simulation and CFAST two-zone fire model. This document describes the physical models and contains a detailed user's manual. In the applications, the tool is used to estimate the failure probability of redundant cables in a cable tunnel fire, and the failure and smoke filling probabilities of electronics room during a fire of an electronics cabinet. Sensitivity of the output variables to the input variables is calculated in terms of the rank order correlations. Various steps of the simulation process, i.e. data collection, generation of the input distributions, modelling assumptions, definition of the output variables and the actual simulation, are described.
Desempenho agronômico e componentes da produção de cultivares de soja em duas épocas de semeadura no arenito caiuá

O objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho agronomico e os componentes da producao de cultivares de soja ( Glycine max (L.) Merrill) em duas epocas de semeadura e tres safras na regiao do Arenito Caiua. As cultivares avaliadas foram BRS 255 RR, CD 202, CD 214 RR, BRS 232, BRS 246 RR, CD 208, BRS 262 e CD 218 em tres anos agricolas (2005/2006, 2006/2007 e 2007/2008) e duas epocas de semeadura (27/10 e 10/11). Os ensaios foram dispostos no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repeticoes. As caracteristicas agronomicas e os componentes de producao avaliados foram: numero de dias para maturacao, altura de insercao da primeira vagem, numero de vagens por planta, massa de cem sementes e produtividade de graos. A primeira epoca de semeadura favoreceu o aumento do ciclo de praticamente todas as cultivares nos tres anos agricolas, em comparacao com a segunda epoca. Para todas as cultivares avaliadas a altura de insercao da primeira vagem ficou abaixo do valor recomendado para colheita mecânica para as duas epocas em todas as safras, com excecao da segunda epoca de semeadura no primeiro ano agricola. A massa de cem sementes e a produtividade de graos foram superiores no primeiro ano agricola. A cultivar BRS 246 RR foi a mais produtiva em ambas as epocas de semeadura no primeiro ano agricola. As cultivares de ciclo mais longo e epocas de semeadura mais tardias favorecem o desempenho produtivo da soja na regiao do Arenito Caiua.
Joint Distribution of Link Distances

The calculation of two-hop connectivity be- tween two terminals for randomly deployed wireless networks requires the joint probability distribution of the distances between these terminals and the terminal that is acting as a relay. In general the distances are not independent since a common terminal is involved. The marginal distributions for link distances are known for various random deployment models. However, the joint distribution of two or more link distances is not known. In this paper, the derivation of the joint distribution is given in general form and in a new form suitable for computation for a network of terminals randomly deployed in a square area.
Copper(II) selenate pentahydrate, CuSeO4·5H2O

Copper(II) selenate pentahydrate is isotypic with its sulfate analogue. All atoms are on general positions except Cu1 and Cu2 (both with site symmetry \overline 1). The Jahn–Teller distortion of the CuO2(H2O)4 `octahedra' is slightly less pronounced than in the sulfate analogue. The average Se—O bond length is 1.640 A.
THE CRITICAL PERIOD HYPOTHESIS FROM AN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE PERSPECTIVE

The Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH), originally proposed in Lenneberg (1967), states that there is a maturational period of time during which language acquisition can take place. The CPH is often cited to account for differences in success between early and late language learners. Based on Lenneberg's hypothesis, other researchers have generated additional hypotheses, all of which consider a maturational period of time during which language acquisition can take place. This thesis investigates the critical period hypothesis for second language (L2) pronunciation from an English as a foreign language perspective. It investigates whether it is possible for late learners of English to achieve a native-like pronunciation regardless of maturational constraints. This thesis also investigates whether the variable 'exposure to the target language' significandy influences the ability of late L2 learners to obtain native like pronunciation. In order to investigate whether the variable exposure to the target language significantly influences the ability of late L2 learners to obtain a native-like pronunciation, two groups of non-native speakers, differing in the amount of exposure they received to the target language in their secondary education, were included in this study alongside a native speaker control group. Three speech samples were collected for each speaker— a word list, a paragraph, and an answer to an open-ended question. After three speech samples were collected for each subject, 21 linguistically naive native speakers of English evaluated the sound samples based on native likeness. After these scores were obtained, means were calculated for each individual speaker, in order to determine their performance, and for speaker groups, in order to determine intergroup comparison. sed r
Diversity of arbuscular mycorrizal fungi in an area of Caatinga, PE, Brazil.

The objective of this work was to determine the infectivity and richness of AMF and the mycorrhizal conditions of the vegetation in a preserved area of Caatinga. Soil and root samples were taken in two subareas in the municipality of Triunfo, PE. The roots were stained with Trypan blue, and observed with a microscope to determine if colonization of mycorrhizal fungi was present. Glomerospores were extracted from soil, counted, mounted on microscope slides and the AMF species were identified. The plants from the area showed < 10% colonization. The number of glomerospores (<1 g-1 soil) did not differ between the subareas although in one area the amount of P in the soil was three times higher than in the other. The number of AMF propagules varied from 64 to 70 cm-3 in the soil. Sixteen taxa of AMF were registered and Glomus was the most representative genus, with seven species. Pacispora boliviana is reported for the first time in Brazil. The high amount of P probably contributes to the low values of propagules, colonization, infectivity and richness of AMF in the area. AMF have been commonly found in the Brazilian semiarid region and species of Glomus are predominant in this environment.
A Necessary Condition for Robust ∞ -Stability of Systems with Repeated Perturbations

This paper presents a first necessary condition for robust ∞-stability of discrete-time systems with struc- tured, repeated, linear time-varying, and induced ∞-norm bounded perturbations. � sp � p � ∞ � k=0 n � i=1 |s i(k)| p < ∞ (also defines� ∞ �
Analysis of the nuclear egress complex of mouse cytomegalovirus

Herpesvirus infections are usually asymptomatic or associated with mild symptoms. Fatal diseases are seen in immune suppressed and immune incompetent individuals. Although herpesviruses are of emerging medical importance nowadays an infection only can be controlled by chemotherapeutics, which target viral DNA replication and cause negative side effects. Essential steps of herpesvirus morphogenesis might indicate new targets for interference. The export of the 110 nm large herpesvirus nucleocapsid from the cell nucleus is a logistic problem, because such a cargo exceeds the size tolerated by the nuclear pore complex. Two conserved herpes simplex virus 1 proteins, UL31 and UL34, form a complex at the inner nuclear membrane and govern nuclear egress of herpesvirus nucleocapsids. In mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV), a member of the beta-herpesvirus subfamily, the homologous proteins M53/p38 and M50/p35 form the nuclear egress complex (NEC). The interaction of these proteins is essential for the virus and might serve as a potential drug target. Here we describe a saturating random mutagenesis procedure for the UL31 homologue M53/p38. From a total of 498 individual mutants 72 were reinserted into the genome to test virus complementation. The analysis revealed that the N- terminus of M53/p38 provides the nuclear localization signal (NLS). The M53/p38 binding site for the NEC partner M50/p35 was located to aa 112-137. No single aa exchange for alanine could destroy NEC formation but virus attenuation revealed a major role for the aa K128, Y129, and L130. Further, the lethal phenotype of several insertion and stop mutants indicated the functional importance of the C-terminus of the protein, which might serve to construct dominant negative mutants. The interference of herpesvirus proteins with unknown cellular functions is of emerging interest. MCMV nucleocapsid formation is followed by a complex process of nucleocapsid transitions through cellular membrane barriers. The re-organization of the nuclear architecture by viral proteins probably involves the interaction with host cell proteins. Here, we found that the NEC of MCMV interacts with an important inner nuclear membrane protein complex, the lamin B receptor, which controls nuclear membrane stability. Thus, herpesviruses might target major cellular principles that govern nuclear integrity.
INFLUENCES OF LIMING ON YIELDS OF ALFALFA HAY

Alfalfa is the most important forage legume on cultivated fields in Croatia (about 45000 ha of growing area – status 2003). The field experiment with application of four dolomite (Agrovapno MgO: 56% CaO and 40% MgO) rates (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 tha-1) were conducted in autumn of 2004. The experiment was conducted by randomized block design in four replicates. Alfalfa (cultivar Osjecanka 88 of the Agricultural Institute Osijek, Croatia) was sown on March 25, 2005. Four cuttings / year were made. Fresh mass of alfalfa (cutting area 0.25 m2) was oven-dried at 65 oC. Year was the most influencing factor of alfalfa hay yields (13.03, 28.63, 29.43 and 32.77 tha-1, for 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively). Liming resulted in low increases of yields up to 5% only. We presume that possible high tolerance of Osjecanka 88 cultivar to soil acidity could be the main reason of low effects of liming on alfalfa yields.
Clinical Application of Probiotics in Diabetes Mellitus : Therapeutics and New Perspectives

The characterization of gut microbiota has become an important area of research in several clinical conditions, including type 2 diabetes. Changes in the composition and/or metabolic activity of the gut microbiota can contribute to human health. Thus, this review discusses the effects of probiotics and gut microbiota on metabolic control in these individuals. Relevant studies were obtained from electronic databases such as PubMed/Medline and ISI Web of Science. The main probiotics used in these studies belonged to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. We found seven randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials and thirteen experimental studies directly related to the effect of probiotics on metabolic control in the context of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The hypothesis that gut microbiota plays a role in the development of diabetes indicates an important beginning, and better results had been observed in animal studies. In clinical trials, the use of probiotics in glycemic control presented conflicting results, and only few studies have attempted to evaluate factors that justify metabolic changes, such as markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and incretins. Thus, further research is needed to assess the effects of probiotics in the metabolism of diabetic individuals, as well as the main mechanisms involved in this complex relationship. D ow nl oa de d by [ U ni ve rs ity o f N eb ra sk a, L in co ln ] at 0 3: 01 2 6 O ct ob er 2 01 5
Some cognitive perspectives related to students' interaction with external representations in biochemistry

External representations (ERs) like diagrams are considered essential vehicles for communicating scientific concepts and for the construction and integration of knowledge. In recent years, the focus in diagram research has shifted away from merely identifying the benefits and pitfalls of using ERs for teaching and learning science to that of investigating students’ interaction with them. That is to say, recent theorists (e.g. Zhang and Norman, 1994; Scaife & Rogers, 1996; Cheng et al., 2001) view interaction with an ER as a system of representation governed by the relationship between, and the distribution of, both internal and external characteristics during processing. This study identifies some of the cognitive perspectives that are related to students’ interaction with ERs in biochemistry and suggests how investigation of these can aid both the design of, and teaching and learning with, ERs in science.
Phylogenetic Analysis by Maximum Likelihood (PAML)

© Copyright 1993 –2001 by Ziheng Yang. The software package is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind. In no event shall the author be held responsible for any damage resulting from the use of this software, including but not limited to the frustration that you may experience in using the package. The program package, including source codes, example data sets, executables, and this documentation, is distributed free of charge for academic use only. Permission is granted to copy and use programs in the package provided no fee is charged for it and provided that this copyright notice is not removed.
Hypothesis generation and correction in a hand-written word recognition system

A new method for word construction and hypothesis generation, implemented in a system for machine reading of USA Census '90 hand-written forms, is introduced. Several heuristic tests control the building of possible character images based on primitive image blobs. Confidence levels, returned by an isolated character classifier are combined with other contextual information to associate a degree of belief with possible words, facing the problem of skipping some artifacts, such as those often found in images produced by scanning microfilms. Inexact dictionary matching techniques are proposed to reduce the recognition error due to the incorrect detection of character boundaries. From the analysis of the NIST Special Database 12 we have observed that almost one third of the hypotheses are corrected by the inexact matching dictionary correction module, and 55% of these hypotheses are classified correctly.
About the structure of posturography: Sampling duration, parametrization, focus of attention (part II)

There exists a great variety of posturographic parameters which complicates the evaluation of center of pressure (COP) data. Hence, recommendations were given to use a set of complementary parameters to explain most of the variance. However, it is unknown whether a dual task paradigm leads to different parametrization sets. On account of this problem an exploratory factor analysis approach was conducted in a dual task experiment. 16 healthy subjects stood on a force plate performing a posture-cognition dual task (DT, focus of attention on a secondary task) with respect to different sampling durations. The subjects were not aware of being measured in contrast to a baseline task condition (BT, internal focus of attention) in the previously published part I. In compareson to BT a different factor loading pattern appears. In addition, factor loadings are strongly affected by different sampling durations. DT reveals a change of factor loading structure with longer sampling durations compared to BT. Specific recommendations concerning a framework of posturographic parametrization are given.
On hyperbolic discounting and uncertain hazard rates

The value of a future reward should be discounted where there is a risk that the reward will not be realized. If the risk manifests itself at a known, constant hazard rate, a risk–neutral recipient should discount the reward according to an exponential time–preference function. Experimental subjects, however, exhibit short–term time preferences that differ from the exponential in a manner consistent with a hazard rate that falls with increasing delay. It is shown here that this phenomenon can be explained by uncertainty in the underlying hazard. The time–preference function predicted by this analysis can be calculated by means of either (i) a direct superposition method, or (ii) Bayesian updating of the expected hazard rate. The observed hyperbolic time–preference function is consistent with an exponential prior distribution for the underlying hazard rate. Sensitivity of the predicted time–preference function to variation in the probability distribution of the underlying hazard rate is explored.
Wetland vegetation biomass estimation using Landsat-7 ETM+ data

At present, monitoring, conservation and wise use of wetlands has become an international trend. Using Landst-7 ETM+ data acquired on Oct. 2000, we conducted a digital and rapid estimation of wetland vegetation biomass in the Poyang wetland natural conservation area, which is one of the seven international importance wetlands in China. Firstly, using the ETM band 4, 3 and 2 false color composite as one of the main references, we planned a reasonable sampling biomass field route. Based on geometric co-registration of both the field GPS positioning data and the ETM data, the linear relationships among the field biomass data and some transformed data derived from the ETM data were analyzed statistically. The results show that the sampling biomass data have the best positive correlation to DVI vegetation index data with a coefficient of 0.8546. Therefore, a linear regression model established between the sampling data and DVI data, was applied to estimate the total biomass of the whole Poyang Lake natural conservation area. The resultant total biomass is 10.98/spl times/10/sup 4/t.
Consórcio capim-braquiária e milho: comportamento produtivo das culturas e características nutricionais e qualitativas das silagens

The objective of this work was to evaluate differences between silages produced from exclusive cultures or intercropped with corn and signal grass cultures in different sowing arrangements (two lines of signal grass in the corn inter-lines and hand-sowed signal grass in the corn inter-lines) The production of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) for area was evaluated, as well as the qualitative variables of DM in the silages including CP, TDN, NDF, LIG, NFC, NH3, butyric and lactic acids and pH. The corn in exclusive culture, signal grass in two lines and hand-sowed signal grass did not differ in relation to the DM, CP and TDN production or the qualitative variables in relation to the CP, TDN, NDF, LIG, pH, NH3, butyric and lactic acid contents in the silage, showing better behavior than the signal grass exclusive culture. However, the canopy recovery in the area before harvest was faster in the two lines of signal grass in the corn inter-lines.
Axonal regrowth after spinal cord transection in adult zebrafish

Using axonal tracers, we characterized the neurons projecting from the brain to the spinal cord as well as the terminal fields of ascending spinal projections in the brain of adult zebrafish with unlesioned or transected spinal cords. Twenty distinct brain nuclei were found to project to the spinal cord. These nuclei were similar to those found in the closely related goldfish, except that additionally the parvocellular preoptic nucleus, the medial octavolateralis nucleus, and the nucleus tangentialis, but not the facial lobe, projected to the spinal cord in zebrafish. Terminal fields of axons, visualized by anterograde tracing, were seen in the telencephalon, the diencephalon, the torus semicircularis, the optic tectum, the eminentia granularis, and throughout the ventral brainstem in unlesioned animals. Following spinal cord transection at a level approximately 3.5 mm caudal to the brainstem/spinal cord transition zone, neurons in most brain nuclei grew axons beyond the transection site into the distal spinal cord to the level of retrograde tracer application within 6 weeks. However, the individually identifiable Mauthner cells were never seen to do so up to 15 weeks after spinal cord transection. Nearly all neurons survived axotomy, and the vast majority of axons that had grown beyond the transection site belonged to previously axotomized neurons as shown by double tracing. Terminal fields were not re‐established in the torus semicircularis and the eminentia granularis following spinal cord transection. J Comp Neurol 377:577–595, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic Algorithms For Optimal Series PropellerDesign

A genetic algorithms (GA) technique is employed to determine a set of design parameters, which maximize efficiency of B-series propeller with nonlinear constraints. This is the first-known application of the genetic algorithms technique for optimal nonlinear series propeller design. GA are powerful and broadly applicable stochastic search and robust optimization techniques which follow the Darwinian principle of "survival of the fittest". GA are very suitable for large parameter space search such as propeller design. Real-world design cases are used to demonstrate that the proposed GA method can be successfully applied to optimal B-series propeller design. Transactions on the Built Environment vol 42, © 1999 WIT Press, www.witpress. com, ISSN 1743-3509 238 Marine Technology