Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mexican-Heritage Preadolescents' Ethnic Identification and Perceptions of Substance Use

This paper examines the relationship between ethnic identification and substance use for 1,346 Mexican-heritage preadolescents in a National Institute on Drug Abuse–funded study in Phoenix, Arizona (2004–2005). Participants ranged from 9 to 13 years old, 49% reported their gender as male, 33% self-identified as Mexican, and 67% as Mexican American, and 91% of the students reported taking part in the free or reduced-price lunch program. Questionnaire responses were analyzed by fitting regression models. Analyses showed that ethnic identification may play a protective role, with stronger ethnic identification related to more antidrug norms, less positive drug expectations, stronger refusal efficacy, and less intent to use substances. While gender did not significantly moderate the relationships, ethnic identification appears more broadly related to antisubstance-use norms for Mexican-born than U.S.-born participants. This study presents important implications for substance-use prevention research among Mexican heritage preadolescents. Finally, limitations of the study are noted.
Pathways from Acculturation Stress to Substance Use Among Latino Adolescents

The purpose of this study was to examine the link between acculturation stress and substance use among Latino adolescents. In-home interviews were completed with the participants at four time-points between 2005 and 2007. Path analysis was completed using longitudinal data from 286 Latino adolescents living in North Carolina and Arizona (65% foreign-born). Results indicate that acculturation stress influences family and friend relationships, which in turn affect adolescent mental health problems, and finally, substance use. Key mediators in the pathway from acculturation stress to substance use were parent–adolescent conflict, internalizing, and externalizing problems. Implications for practice and research have been discussed here.
Perfil das admissões em uma unidade de terapia intensiva obstétrica de uma maternidade brasileira

OBJECTIVES: to describe a three-year experience with obstetric Intensive Care Units (ICU), a unit allowing obstetricians to continue to care for critically ill obstetrics patients. METHODS: the study evaluated all admissions (933) to the Obstetric ICU, in the Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), from September 2002 to February 2005. Age, parity, diagnosis, admission time, diagnosis during ICU stay, associated complications, invasive procedures utilized, and final outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: hypertension (87%), obstetric hemorrhage (4.9%) and obstetric infection (2.1%) were the major cause of the admissions analyzed. Mean age was 25 years, 65% of the patients delivered by cesarean-section. Anemia was a very common finding (58.4%). Other diagnoses were renal insufficiency, thromboembolic disease, cardiac disease, acute pulmonary edema, sepsis, and hemorrhagic shock. Of the 814 patients with pregnancy-associated hypertension 65% had severe pre-ecclampsia, 16% mild pre-ecclampsia, and 11% ecclampsia. HELLP syndrome was found in 46%. Mechanical ventilation was necessary in 3.6% and hemotransfusion in 17% of the patients. Mean stay was five day (1 a 41) days. Death occurred in 2.4% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: the rate of deaths was low. An obstetric ICU managed by obstetricians could be a feasible way of dealing with maternal mortality.
Anger Expression Style Predicts the Domain of the First Smoking Relapse After a Quit Attempt

ABSTRACT Background: Risk for smoking relapse may be associated with context-dependent social and behavioral cues. However, lack of research examining the role of trait negative mood such as anger in this relationship and assessment of objective indices related to smoking status (e.g., biochemical measures) may limit existing findings. We examined the roles of trait anger, habitual anger expression behavior, and the situation in which the first incident of smoking lapse following a quit attempt occurs. Methods: One-hundred and five smokers interested in cessation (mean age, SD: 34.7 ± 11.8) set a quit day and attended multiple post-quit assessments where they were asked to provide biochemical measures including exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and self-report measurements, including smoking status. Results: Eighty-eight participants (40 women) returned to smoking over the 12-month study period. Self-reported smoking status was verified by exhaled CO measurements. Thirty-one percent of participants who relapsed reported the first lapse occurring at home, 15% at work, 14% at a restaurant or a bar, and 8% in a car. Multinomial logistic regression models found that high levels of anger-out were associated with smoking relapse in situations other than work or home (p <.05). Conclusions: These results expand prior work suggesting habitual anger expression style may moderate associations between situational factors and risk for smoking relapse, highlighting the need to incorporate findings in treatment methods. Absence of gender differences suggests the situational factors explored here affect relapse independent of gender.
Focus Groups of Parents and Teens Help Develop Messages to Prevent Early Marijuana Use in the Context of Legal Retail Sales

ABSTRACT Objectives: The changes in Washington State and Colorado marijuana laws call for the development of new brief family-focused adolescent marijuana use preventive interventions that are relevant for and tailored to the context of legalization for retail sale. To that end, focus groups with parents and teens were conducted to find out about their concerns and needs in the context of legalization. Methods: Six semi-structured focus groups (3 with parents, 3 with teens) were conducted in Washington State in 2013 related to consequences of teen marijuana use and messages that would be effective in helping to prevent teens from using marijuana in the context of legal adult use. A total of 33 teens and 35 parents participated. Results: Three primary themes were common to these parents and teens: the negative consequences of marijuana use during adolescence on mental, physical, and social health; the need for more or better information; and the need for information/messages to come from trusted sources. The themes related to potential prevention messages include the use of fear; stories about real people; focusing on short-term consequences; and teens needing alternative activities (something better to do). Conclusions: The results suggest that parents and teens need information about the new retail marijuana legalization law. Teens are open to both information and guidance from parents as long as it is calm and respectful. Firsthand accounts of consequences of marijuana use from peers and adults, rather than threats from authority figures, could hold some promise for persuading teens to avoid marijuana use.
Role of Adrenal Mineralocorticoid in Volume Homeostasis and Pregnancy Performance in the Rat

Because of disagreement regarding the importance of maternal adrenal mineralocorticoid in gestational volume homeostasis and reproductive performance, we studied pregnant rats consuming standard or moderately sodium-restricted diets (22 or 2.2 mEq/100 gm), each subjected on gestational day 5 to SHAM surgery (SHAM) or adrenalectomy (ADNX), the latter combined with corticosterone replacement. Some animals were instrumented with chronic vascular catheters to measure plasma volume and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to captopril. We found that neither absolute plasma volume nor hematocrit was significantly altered by adrenalectomy in animals on either standard or sodium-restricted diets. However, Posmol, 9-10 mosmol/kg lower in SHAM pregnant than virgin controls, was 16-22 mosmol/kg below nonpregnant levels in ADNX dams. Despite this hypotonicity, plasma vasopressin (AVP) was not suppressed, suggesting hemodynamic stimulation of AVP secretion. Basal MAP was 105 ± 3 mm Hg and 100 ± 2 mm Hg in SHAM pregn.
Cribriform adenocarcinoma of the minor salivary gland arising in the tonsil with metastasis to a cervical lymph node: A case report with description of fine needle aspiration cytology

Cribriform adenocarcinoma of minor salivary gland (CAMSG) is a rare tumor of the head and neck. We report a case of a 70‐year‐old female who presented with a 4–5‐month history of a left neck mass. CT scan of the neck showed a left neck mass just inferior to the angle of the mandible and left tonsillar prominence. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of the neck mass showed epithelial groups with focal cribriform architecture. The cells had round to oval nuclei and fine chromatin. The background contained scattered lymphocytes. A preliminary diagnosis of low grade adenocarcinoma with cribriform features metastatic to a lymph node was made. Subsequent biopsy of the tonsil mass showed a tumor with a combination of tubular, solid, and papillary architecture containing round to ovoid nuclei with very fine chromatin, consistent with cribriform adenocarcinoma of the minor salivary gland. Cribriform adenocarcinoma of minor salivary gland has a documented tendency to metastasize to cervical lymph nodes. Since this neoplasm can cytologically and histologically resemble other neoplasms of the head and neck, including polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA), papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and occasionally adenoid cystic carcinoma, being aware of and familiar with the cytologic features of CAMSG on FNA smears is important for patient management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:468–471. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social and Cultural Context of Betel Quid Consumption in Taiwan and Implications for Prevention and Cessation Interventions

ABSTRACT Background: In Taiwan, betel quid chewing is a part of social life for chewers. Betel quid itself, with or without tobacco, is a Group 1 human carcinogen. Betel quid chewing has become a severe health threat in Taiwan. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to identify the individual, social, contextual, and cultural factors related to initiation, continuous use, and cessation of betel quid chewing. Methods: Four focus groups and 15 in depth face-to-face interviews were conducted in 2013 with current and former users of betel quid, members of a community organization located in central Taiwan. A thematic analysis identified themes evident across all groups. Results: Study participants (N = 41) were 66% male and 34% female; mean age was 40.34 ± 9.23 years. Participants stated that betel quid initiation usually occurs during childhood and that the most frequent reasons for chewing were: to follow cultural/social traditions, to achieve an energetic feeling, and to avoid boredom. Participants perceived betel quid chewing as an addiction and a risk factor for cancer and other health-related conditions. The most frequently mentioned barriers to quitting betel quid included: peer pressure and selected withdrawal symptoms. Conclusions: For the development of culturally relevant and effective cessation interventions for betel quid in Taiwan, it is critical to understand and address perceptions of betel quid chewing and barriers to cessation.
How Individuals Feel About the Past, Present, and Future Bears Little Relation to Alcohol-Related Problems, Anxiety, and Depression: A Person-Centered Analysis in a University Sample

ABSTRACT Previous studies using bivariate or correlational analyses have established a relationship between alcohol use, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and scores on a range of temporal psychology measures. Temporal psychology measures variously assess the cognitive or affective (or in some cases, both) engagement with the past, present, and future. Although developed and validated in adolescents, recent research has suggested that the Time Attitudes Scale is internally consistent and reliable in adults also. The present study is the first to apply a person-centered approach to assessing the relationship between scores on the Time Attitudes Scale and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and alcohol-related problems in adults. Participants were recruited from a University in England. Results support the validity and internal consistency of the Time Attitudes Scale. Meaningful time attitudes profiles emerged, however, taking the sample size into account, the only substantive finding showed that those with a negative time attitudes profile scored higher on depressive symptomatology than those with a positive profile. While elsewhere, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory scores have been shown to be meaningfully related to anxiety, depression and alcohol use, the present study questions the degree to which the affective dimension of temporal psychology is driving that relationship.
The potential of glucagon-like peptide 1 to reverse high-fat, high-sugar diet-related metabolic damage

Analogs of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are currently one of the best-in class pharmacotherapies to treat obesity and diabetes. Recently advanced biochemical engineering has led to the generation of series of unimolecular co-agonists at receptors for GLP-1 and glucagon or the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. In studies from mouse models of obesity and insulin resistance to non-human primates to humans, these tailored molecules have shown to effectively improve several hallmarks of the metabolic syndrome, such as obesity, glucose intolerance and imbalances in cholesterol and lipid metabolism. The aim of this editorial is to briefly summarize the potential of this new class of GLP-1 based therapies for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome.
A study on the hematological parameters and brain acetylcholine esterase activity in immobilization induced stress and co-treatment with Centella asiatica leaves extract to wistar rats

Aim: Our aim was to evaluate the anti-stress activities of aqueous leaf extract of Centella asiatica (CA) in immobilization-induced stress in rats. The anti-stress activities of CA were assessed by monitoring the changes in the behavior, counts of red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) (Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Neutrophils, Esinophils) and change in the level of brain acetylcholine esterase (AChEs) activity in immobilization-induced stress in male albino Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Immobilization stress was induced in rats by placing in 20 cm × 7 cm plastic tubes for 2 h/day for 21 days. Aqueous leaf extract of CA was co-administered orally to the experimental rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight daily for the 21 days. Results: Stress induced by immobilization in the rats for 21 days decreased the passive avoidance behavior, total counts of RBCs, WBCs and brain AChEs activity. Upon co-administration of CA leaves extract to the stressed animals significantly reverted the changes to near normal levels when compared to control animals. Conclusion: Aqueous extract of CA leaves significantly reverted the changes due to immobilization induced stress which may be due to the anti-stress activities of CA leaves.
Improving Sound Localization After Cochlear Implantation and Auditory Training for the Management of Single-Sided Deafness

Objective To report a successful case of cochlear implantation and auditory training for the improvement of sound localization in a patient with single-sided deafness. Study Design Case report and literature review. Setting Tertiary referral otology practice. Patient Fifty-seven-year-old man receiving cochlear implantation after 8 years of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Intervention Initially, CROS hearing aid, then osseointegrated bone conduction system and finally cochlear implantation and auditory training. Main Outcome Measures Sound localization tests. Result Sound localization tests after CI and auditory training showed improvement when compared with testing performed after fitting of an osseointegrated bone conduction system. Conclusion Cochlear implantation followed by 3 months of auditory training may have improved sound localization in this patient with single-sided deafness. Further case-controlled studies need to be undertaken to ascertain whether CI alone without formal auditory training will promote the same results.
Assessing the Association Between E-Cigarette Use and Exposure to Social Media in College Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Background: Social media platforms provide an indirect medium for encouraging e-cigarette use between individuals and also serve as a direct marketing tool from e-cigarette brands to potential users. E-cigarette users share information via social media that often contains product details or health-related claims. Objective: Determine whether e-cigarette use is associated with exposure to e-cigarettes on social media in college students. Methods: Data from a sample of 258 college students was obtained via a clicker-response questionnaire (90% response rate). Demographic, lifetime and current e-cigarette/cigarette use, and e-cigarette exposure via social media (peer posts or advertisements) were examined. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between lifetime and current e-cigarette use and viewing peer posts or advertisements on social media while adjusting for cigarette use and self-posting about e-cigarettes. Results: Overall, 46% of participants reported lifetime e-cigarette use, 16% current e-cigarette use, and 7% were current dual users of e-cigarettes and cigarettes. There were positive and significant associations between lifetime e-cigarette use and viewing peer posts (aOR = 3.11; 95% CI = 1.25–7.76) as well as advertisements (aOR = 3.01; 95% CI = 1.19–7.65) on e-cigarettes via social media after adjusting for cigarette use. Current e-cigarette use was only significantly associated with viewing peer posts via social media (aOR = 7.58; 95% CI = 1.66–34.6) after adjusting for cigarette use. Conclusions/Importance: Almost half of college students view peer posts and advertisements on e-cigarettes via social media. This exposure is associated with individual e-cigarette use. Continued efforts to examine online e-cigarette content are needed to help future interventions decrease e-cigarette use.
The Effects of Smoking Abstinence on Incentivized Spatial Working Memory

ABSTRACT Background and Objective: Reward processing and working memory (WM) underlie value-based decision-making; consequently, joint examination of these systems may further our understanding of why smokers choose to smoke again following a quit attempt (relapse). While previous studies have demonstrated altered reward and WM function associated with nicotine exposure, little is known about the effects of abstinence on the joint function of these systems. The current study aims to address this gap. Method: Eighteen daily smokers were tested on a monetarily incentivized memory guided saccade (MGS) task on two separate, counterbalanced occasions, an abstinent and a non-abstinent session. The MGS task is a widely used metric of spatial working memory and enables precise quantification of the effects of rewards and nicotine exposure on behavior. Results: During the non-abstinent session, participants showed increased accuracy of the initial saccade towards the remembered target location on reward vs. neutral trials. Participants also showed increased accuracy of the final saccade towards the target, across incentive types, only during the non-abstinent condition. Discussion and Conclusions: Our observation that rewards improve the accuracy of the initial memory guided saccade during the non-abstinent but not abstinent condition extends a growing literature indicating reduced motivation towards monetary rewards during abstinence. Further, differences in the accuracy of the final corrective saccade during the non-abstinent but not the abstinent condition suggests smoking abstinence-related effects on WM precision beyond those related to incentive motivation (e.g., sustained attention). Significance: This work extends our fundamental understanding of smoking's effects on core affective and cognitive processes.
The Physiological and Ergogenic Effects of Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) Extract

ABSTRACT Background: Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) is a natural psychoactive substance which contains two main addictive substances; Cathine and Cathinone. Khat is widely used in east Africa and southern Arabian Peninsula. Khat chewers believe that it improves work capacity and increases energy level and alertness. That is why we aimed in this study to investigate the physiological and ergogenic effects of khat extract. Methods: This study is an experimental study conducted at the Substance Abuse Research Centre in Jazan University, Saudi Arabia. Thirty healthy young volunteers were randomly assigned into two experimental groups. The first group ingested 45 g of grounded khat leaves extract mixed with juice in the first session then placebo (juice only) in the second session. While the second group ingested the placebo in the first session and the grounded khat leaves with juice in the second session. Experiments were done between December 2012 and March 2013. We recorded the blood pressure, heart rate, grip strength, and reaction time every 15 min for 75 min after each ingestion. The study proposal was reviewed and approved by Research Ethics Committee (REC) of the Medical Research Centre in Jazan University. Results: The results showed the consumption of 45 g of grounded khat leaves contributed to the increase in blood pressure (SBP & DBP) and reaction time (p < 0.05); but had no significant effect on heart rate and grip strength (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that Khat has an acute effect on some physiological parameters. These findings support the prohibition of cathinone and cathine by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA, 2016).
Investigation of the Relationship Between Volume and Mortality for Surgical Procedures Performed in New York State Hospitals

Recent studies have demonstrated that the number of times a hospital or surgeon performs certain procedures annually has an inverse relationship with in-hospital mortality rates for patients undergoing the procedures. This study uses an improved measure of physician volume to test the combined relationship of hospital and physician volume with in-hospital mortality rates and to explore the existence of threshold volumes that optimally discriminate high- and low-volume providers. Five procedure groups have significant volume-mortality relationships. For total cholecystectomies, hospital volume is the more significant volume measure, but physician volume is marginally related to mortality rate. For coronary artery bypass surgeries, resection of abdominal aortic aneurysms, partial gastrectomies, and colectomies, physician volume is more significant than hospital volume, but hospital volume is marginally significant. Annual hospital volume thresholds for these data appear to exist at approximately 5 procedures for partial gastrectomies, 40 procedures for colectomies, and 170 procedures for total cholecystectomies. (JAMA. 1989;262:503-510)