Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nerve injury associated with anesthesia: a closed claims analysis.

BACKGROUND Nerve injury associated with anesthesia is a significant source of morbidity for patients and liability for anesthesiologists. To identify recurrent and emerging patterns of injury we analyzed the current American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Closed Claims Project Database and performed an in-depth analysis of claims for nerve injury that were entered into the database since the authors' initial report of the subject. METHODS The ASA Closed Claims Database is a standardized collection of case summaries derived from the closed claims files of professional liability insurance companies. Claims for nerve injury that were not included in the authors' 1990 report were reviewed in-depth. RESULTS Six hundred seventy (16% of 4,183) claims were for anesthesia-related nerve injury. The most frequent sites of injury were the ulnar nerve (28%), brachial plexus (20%), lumbosacral nerve root (16%), and spinal cord (13%). Ulnar nerve (85%) injuries were more likely to have occurred in association with general anesthesia, whereas spinal cord (58%) and lumbosacral nerve root (92%) injuries were more likely to occur with regional techniques. Ulnar nerve injury occurred predominately in men (75%) and was also more apt to have a delayed onset of symptoms (62%) than other nerve injuries. Spinal cord injuries were the leading cause of claims for nerve injury that occurred in the 1990s. CONCLUSION New strategies for prevention of nerve damage cannot be recommended at this time because the mechanism for most injuries, particularly those of the ulnar nerve, is not apparent.
Recent Advances in Nutritional Sciences Energy Homeostasis , Obesity and Eating Disorders : Recent Advances in Endocrinology 1

Health problems resulting from obesity could offset many of the recent health gains achieved by modern medicine, and obesity may replace tobacco as the number one health risk for developed societies. An estimated 300,000 deaths per year and significant morbidity are directly attributable to obesity, mainly due to heart disease, diabetes, cancer, asthma, sleep apnea, arthritis, reproductive complications and psychological disturbances. In parallel with the increasing prevalence of obesity, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of scientific and clinical studies on the control of energy homeostasis and the pathogenesis of obesity to further our understanding of energy balance. It is now recognized that there are many central and peripheral factors involved in energy homeostasis, and it is expected that the understanding of these mechanisms should lead to effective treatments for the control of obesity. This brief review discusses the potential role of several recently discovered molecular pathways involved in the control of energy homeostasis, obesity and eating disorders. J. Nutr. 134: 295–298, 2004.
Conditioning of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli for Enhanced Colonization of Host

ABSTRACT While in transit within and between hosts, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) encounters multiple stresses, including substantial levels of nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen intermediates. Here we show that UPEC, the primary cause of urinary tract infections, can be conditioned to grow at higher rates in the presence of acidified sodium nitrite (ASN), a model system used to generate nitrosative stress. When inoculated into the bladder of a mouse, ASN-conditioned UPEC bacteria are far more likely to establish an infection than nonconditioned bacteria. Microarray analysis of ASN-conditioned bacteria suggests that several NsrR-regulated genes and other stress- and polyamine-responsive factors may be partially responsible for this effect. Compared to K-12 reference strains, most UPEC isolates have increased resistance to ASN, and this resistance can be substantially enhanced by addition of the polyamine cadaverine. Nitrosative stress, as generated by ASN, can stimulate cadaverine synthesis by UPEC, and growth of UPEC in cadaverine-supplemented broth in the absence of ASN can also promote UPEC colonization of the bladder. These results suggest that UPEC interactions with polyamines or stresses such as reactive nitrogen intermediates can in effect reprogram the bacteria, enabling them to better colonize the host.
The Government Spending Multiplier at the Zero Lower Bound: Evidence from the United States

We estimate state-dependent government spending multipliers for the United States. We use an Interacted Vector Autoregression (IVAR) model to capture the time-varying monetary policy characteristics including the recent zero interest rate lower bound (ZLB) state. We identify government spending shocks by sign restrictions and use a government spending growth forecast series to account for the effects of anticipated fiscal policy. In our baseline specification we find that government spending multipliers range from 3.4 to 3.7 at the ZLB. Away from the ZLB, multipliers range from 1.5 to 2.7. Next, we address the limited information problem typically inherent in VARs by the help of a Factor-Augmented IVAR (FAIVAR). We find that multipliers are lower in this case, ranging from 2.0 to 2.1 at the ZLB and between 1.5 and 1.8 away from it. Thus, in both specifications we find that multipliers are higher, when the interest rate is lower. Our results are consistent with recent theories that predict larger multipliers at the ZLB.
Punishing Disease: HIV and the Criminalization of Sickness

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Improving sensitivity of task-iMRI by use of reciprocal information from peripheral near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular brain imaging modality with a wide range of use in clinical research. A major problem with fMRI signals is the presence of systemic physiological fluctuations in the low frequency range (<0.15 Hz), which significantly lowers detection power for task induced hemodynamic responses to neuronal activation. In the present study, we evaluate a parsimonious and computationally efficient method for removing systemic low frequency oscillations (sLFOs) from task fMRI signals by taking into account a recently well established physiological phenomenon: their dynamic passage throughout the cerebral vasculature. We utilize fingertip HBO signal concurrently recorded with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a dynamic systemic noise modeling regressor in a general linear model and will examine improvements in a) functional contrast to noise ratio (CNR), b) sensitivity and c) specificity of the resulting fMRI activation maps at the single subject and group level. Our preliminary results suggest that a preprocessing pipeline utilizing dynamic fingertip HBO signal denoising after standard fMRI preprocessing steps explains variance to a greater extent, and provides improved activity localization with less false positives.
Erythrocyte fragility increases with level of glycosylated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND This study examines that erythrocyte was fragility-susceptible in diabetes. METHODS Forty-five outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (aged 46 +/- 13 years) and 20 healthy individuals with no history of diabetes disorders (aged 43 +/- 7 years) were randomly selected in this study. All subjects were analysis for blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and erythrocyte osmotic fragility tests. RESULTS The data for blood glucose (p<0.001), glycosylated hemoglobin (p<0.001), start hemolysis of erythrocyte (p<0.001), medium corpuscle hemolysis (p<0.001) and complete hemolysis (p=0.001) were significantly higher for diabetes than that of non-diabetes. The erythrocyte osmotic fragility in start hemolysis (r=0.479, p<0.001), medium corpuscle hemolysis (r=0.454, p<0.001) and complete hemolysis (r=0.277, p=0.025) were closely correlated with red blood cell glycosylated hemoglobin. Investigation of associations with red cell fragility-susceptible, diabetic patients had significantly increased risks of cell hemolysis on start hemolysis (ORs, 32.67; 95% CIs, 7.201-148.19), medium corpuscle hemolysis (ORs, 2.53; 95% CIs, 0.831-7.695) and complete hemolysis (ORs, 4.28; 95% CIs, 1.386-13.202) (all p<0.05 for linear trends) of erythrocyte to non-diabetes controls. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that osmotic fragility of erythrocyte was greater in type 2 diabetic subjects compared to non-diabetic controls and red blood cell fragility was positively correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin. Hence, it is necessary to emphasize increasing investigations of pathogenic mechanisms exacerbated by red cell fragility to prevent complications of diabetes mellitus.
Securitisation, Covered Bonds and Credit Risk Taking Behaviour of Banks

This study empirically investigates the effects of securitisation and covered bonds on credit risk-taking behaviour of banks using data of 253 banks from 7 European countries for the period 2000-2014. The study uses the covariate balancing propensity score with difference-in-difference for the analysis. Initial results suggest that European banks do not securitise for credit risk transfer, rather main motive behind securitisation and CBs is liquidity generation. I examine effects of securitisation and CBs on credit risk-taking behaviour in the short and long-run and find that securitisation may not have a positive impact on credit risk-taking behaviour of banks. The findings do not support the perception that securitising banks under-price their risk. However, results indicate that CBs have a positive impact on credit risk-taking in the long run. These results are attributed to the recourse provided in securitisation transactions, competitive pressure and asset encumbrance in case of large scale CB issuance. The ‘skin in the game’ in form of on-balance sheet retention may not help reduce credit risk-taking.
Measuring women’s economic empowerment: Critical lessons from South America

Women face significant economic, social, and cultural challenges that limit their access to markets, quality jobs, and entrepreneurship and income-generation strategies. The big question among policy makers, development agencies, and researchers in the fi¬eld of women’s economic empowerment is how to effectively improve women’s economic empowerment through income-generation strategies, training, and social programs. Conventional measures of economic empowerment have used employment, income, and education as proxies. More recently, the research community has recognized the relevance of subjective dimensions such as decision-making power over purchases, bargaining power, subjective perceptions of well-being, and freedom of choice. In this context, the objective of this book is to provide empirical evidence from the South American countries of Colombia, Peru, and Uruguay about our experiences as researchers implementing existing methods and questionnaires used to explain and measure women’s economic empowerment in terms of individual outcomes. Our evidence focuses on the results, effects, impacts, and measurement of economic empowerment. To this end, the book explores both quantitative and qualitative methods to measure the usual proxies for empowerment—such as decision making and labor market participation—and the subjective dimensions of these measurements. In this book, we use the theoretical framework proposed by Naila Kabeer in her 1999 article "Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women's Empowerment," which frames empowerment as a process rather than an outcome.
The Provision of Careers Guidance in Welsh Schools

Background and ObjectivesCareers guidance for young people is regarded as important for supporting positive labour market outcomes. In particular, by helping young people to develop their career management competencies and their roles as learners and workers, careers guidance can help reduce the number of young people who fall outside of the education, training or employment system and from becoming ‘NEETS’. While the practice of career guidance implicitly reflects a commitment to social equality, there are concerns that the provision of career services may not be taken up by those with the greatest need. Previous research suggests that higher achieving pupils are more likely to receive careers guidance interventions (Anderson et al. 2004), while learners from under-privileged and ethnic minority backgrounds may have relatively limited access to educational, vocational and employment information (Liu and Middleton; 1995; Brown et al. 1991; Watson and Stead, 1990). This paper examines these issues in the context of the provision of careers advice to school pupils in Wales. MethodsData from the Welsh National Pupil Database is combined with client information held by Careers Wales to examine the incidence and nature of careers guidance received by children and how their characteristics effect the likelihood of receivingcareers-related services. Logistic regression is used to identify factors associated with the likelihood of receiving careers advice within schools. FindingsThe findings reveal that students receive more careers information, advice and guidance when they are in Year 10. Generally, careers interventions within schools are more likely to be accessed by those students with the greatest need. ConclusionsSteps take to enhance educational and career opportunities of pupils in Welsh schools are effective, as students who have the most need for such interventions are receiving the services.
Interaction between Duration of Activity and Time Course of Recovery from Slow Inactivation in Mammalian Brain Na+Channels

NaII and NaIIA channels are the most abundant voltage-gated channels in neonatal and adult cortex, respectively. The relationships between activity and availability for activation of these channels were examined using the Xenopus expression system. The main point of this work is that the time constant (τ) of recovery from the unavailable (inactivated) pool is related to the duration (t) of previous activation by a power law: τ(t) = p ·tD , with a scaling powerD congruent to 0.8 and 0.5 for NaII and NaIIA, respectively, and p as a constant kinetic setpoint. These relationships extend from tens of milliseconds to several minutes and are intrinsic to the channel protein. Coexpression of β1 auxiliary subunit, together with the α subunit of the NaIIA channel, modulates the constant kinetic setpoint but not the scaling power of the latter. The power law scaling between activity and availability is not a universal property of ion channels; unlike that of voltage-gated sodium channels, the rate of recovery from slow inactivation of the ShakerB channel is virtually insensitive to the duration of previous stimuli. It is suggested that the power law scaling described here can act as a molecular memory mechanism that preserves traces of previous activity, over a wide range of time scales, in the form of modulated reaction rates. This mechanism should be considered when theorizing about the dynamics of threshold and firing patterns of neurons.
Simple physical treatment as an effective tool to improve the functional properties of rapeseed (Brassica campestris var. toria) and sesame seed (Sesamum indicum) meals

Dry and 24-h imbibed rapeseeds and sesame seeds were defatted with hexane, and freeze-dried powder was analysed for the functional properties of the meals. The water absorption capacity of the imbibed rapeseed meal and the fat absorption capacity of both the imbibed meals were higher than dry meals. Protein solubility of the rapeseed meal was improved by imbibition and both the imbibed meals exhibited maximum protein solubility at pH 12. The rapeseed meal possessed better foaming properties and viscosity than the sesame seed meal. Imbibition considerably enhanced the foaming properties of the rapeseed meal, while the emulsification properties and viscosity did not change appreciably. Emulsification properties of the sesame meal were higher than those of the rapeseed meal.
Characteristics of U.S. waterpipe users: a preliminary report.

Waterpipe smoking, a traditional method of tobacco use, has experienced a resurgence in the Middle East and Indian subcontinent in recent years. Despite growing evidence of its dependence potential and health-damaging effects, waterpipe use has spread beyond these regions to many other countries, including the United States. Because little is known about waterpipe use in the United States, we surveyed convenience samples of users from two U.S. cities, Richmond, Virginia (n = 109), and Memphis, Tennessee (n = 34). Respondents in both cities were primarily young adults, a majority (75%) were men, and most were college students or had a college degree. Initial and current use usually occurred in a social context, with a group of friends in a cafe or restaurant or at home. Most respondents had smoked waterpipe for 2 or fewer years, and 67% currently smoked at least once a month (22% smoked at least once per week and 10% smoked daily). Most believed waterpipe use to be less addictive and harmful than cigarette smoking, believed they could quit use at any time, but had no plans or desire to quit. A majority of respondents used other tobacco products such as cigarettes, and 35% of those who did not smoke cigarettes said they would "probably" or "definitely" smoke one in the next year. Multivariate correlates of greater frequency of use included younger age at first use, ownership of a waterpipe, use occurring primarily with groups of friends, and the perception of being "hooked. " Waterpipe users in these two convenience samples from the United States were young and educated, tended to experiment with multiple forms of tobacco, were unaware of the potentially harmful and addictive properties of waterpipe use, and planned to continue use in the future. Educational efforts are needed to increase awareness of the potential hazards of this increasingly popular form of tobacco use.
Essays on Production-Based Exchange Rates and Uncertainty

This dissertation examines both the determinants and the effects of exchange rate dynamics. The work is both theoretical and empirical and examines exchange rates from the perspective of investment and production activity. The disseration is divided into three chapters. The first chapter starts by documenting a novel empirical fact, foreign currencies appreciate in the future (with respect to the U.S. dollar) upon larger capital investment rates of foreign subsidiaries of U.S. firms. I examine the link between exchange rates and the real economy in an investment-based asset pricing model. In the model, real investment adjustment costs abroad and at home are key determinants of investment return differentials. Higher foreign affiliate investment rates capture higher underlying investment opportunities abroad, and in turn higher Tobin’s Qdifferentials between the foreign affiliate and the U.S. headquarter. Going forward, the foreign currency appreciates against the U.S. dollar to offset the higher marginal benefits of production abroad relative to at home. I explore the testable implications of the model in a structural estimation framework using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The model does well in accounting for mean excess returns to currency portfolios sorted on the basis of investment rate differentials and interest
Newly Developed Sarcopenia as a Prognostic Factor for Survival in Patients who Underwent Liver Transplantation

Introduction The relationship between a perioperative change in sarcopenic status and clinical outcome of liver transplantation (LT) is unknown. We investigated whether post-LT sarcopenia and changes in sarcopenic status were associated with the survival of patients. Method This retrospective study was based on a cohort of 145 patients from a single transplant center who during a mean of 1 year after LT underwent computed tomography imaging evaluation. The cross-sectional area of the psoas muscle of LT patients was compared with that of age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to determine whether post-LT sarcopenia and changes in sarcopenic status affect post-LT survival. Results The mean age at LT of the 116 male and 29 female patients was 50.2 ± 7.9 years; the mean follow-up duration was 51.6 ± 32.9 months. All pre-LT patients with sarcopenia still had sarcopenia 1 year after LT; 14 (15%) patients had newly developed sarcopenia. The mean survival duration was 91.8 ± 4.2 months for non-sarcopenic patients and 80.0 ± 5.2 months for sarcopenic patients (log-rank test, p = 0.069). In subgroup analysis, newly developed sarcopenia was an independent negative predictor for post-LT survival (hazard ratio: 10.53, 95% confidence interval: 1.37–80.93, p = 0.024). Conclusion Sarcopenia in LT recipients did not improve in any of the previously sarcopenic patients and newly developed within 1 year in others. Newly developed sarcopenia was associated with increased mortality. Newly developed sarcopenia can be used to stratify patients with regard to the risk of post-LT mortality.
Ozone-initiated disinfection kinetics of Escherichia coli in water

The effect of ozonation on the rate of disinfection of Escherichia coli was investigated as a function of ozone concentration, ozonation duration and flow rates. Ozone was generated in situ using Corona discharge method using compressed oxygen stream and depending on the oxygen flux the ozone concentrations ranged from 0.91–4.72 mg/L. The rate of disinfection of all the three microbes followed pseudo–first-order kinetics with respect to the microbe count and first order with respect to ozone concentration. The influence of pH and temperature the aqueous systems on the rate of ozone initiated disinfection of the microbe was investigated. The inactivation was faster at lower pH than at basic pH. Molecular ozone is found more effective in disinfection than hydroxyl radicals. Two reported mechanisms for antimicrobial activity of ozone in water systems from the literature are discussed. Based on the experimental findings a probable rate law and mechanism are proposed. Ozonation of natural waters significantly decreased the BOD levels of the control and microbe contaminated waters.