Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative Studies of Modular and Unequal Tooth PM Machines Either With or Without Tooth Tips

This paper presents four types of three-phase permanent magnet (PM) machines, that is, modular and unequal teeth (UNET) machines either with or without tooth tips. Two-dimensional finite element (FE) modeling has been carried out to analyze the influences of flux gaps (in alternate stator teeth) and UNET widths. These influences are mainly on winding factors, air-gap flux density due to PMs, flux linkage, back-electromotive force, and electromagnetic torques. For UNET machines without tooth tips, it has been found that the UNET widths affect both winding factor and air-gap flux density due to PMs. However, for UNET machines with tooth tips, the UNET widths have no effect on machines' electromagnetic performance. Nevertheless, for modular machines, the flux gaps influence three parameters: winding factor, air-gap flux density due to PMs, and flux focusing/defocusing. Meanwhile, for different slot/pole number combinations, the influences of flux gap and UNET widths are different. Several general rules concerning these influences have been established. These general rules can be extended to other single or dual three-phase modular or UNET machines with different slot/pole number combinations. Prototypes of modular machines have been built, and the predictions and conclusions have been validated.
Cell‐Free Production of Aggregation‐Prone Proteins in Soluble and Active Forms

We have developed an efficient cell‐free protein synthesis system for the production of soluble and active eukaryotic proteins that are predominantly produced as inclusion bodies in bacteria. S30 extracts (indicating the supernatant of cell homogenate when centrifuged at 30,000g) for cell‐free protein synthesis were prepared from Escherichia coli that was modified to overexpress a set of chaperones (GroEL/ES or DnaK/J‐GrpE) and disulfide isomerase (leader sequence‐free mature DsbC expressed in the cytoplasm). The solubility and biological activity concentration (biological activity per unit volume of cell‐free protein synthesis reaction mixture) of the protein synthesized by the new cell‐free protein synthesis system showed a dramatic improvement. Solubility enhancement was most dramatic with the existence of DnaK/J‐GrpE. It shows that the co‐translational interaction with DnaK/J‐GrpE prior to folding trial is important in maintenance of the aggregation‐prone protein in a folding‐competent soluble state. For maximizing the biological activity concentration of the expressed protein, the additional presence of GroEL/ES and DsbC was required. When human erythropoietin was expressed in the developed cell‐free protein synthesis system including endogenously overexpressed chaperones and/or DsbC, the biological activity concentration of erythropoietin was enhanced by 700%. It implies that the post‐translational folding and disulfide bond reshuffling as well as co‐translational folding are important in acquiring functionally active protein from cell‐free expression system. This is the first report of using S30 extracts including endogenously overexpressed chaperones and/or disulfide isomerase for the efficient production of soluble and active proteins in cell‐free protein synthesis. This new cell‐free protein synthesis system was capable of introducing much larger amounts of chaperones and disulfide isomerase compared to a conventional method that supplements them separately. The developed cell‐free protein synthesis system supported efficient expression of the eukaryotic proteins in soluble and active forms without the need of any exogenous addition or coexpression of folding effectors.
Trajectory tracking controller based on numerical approximation under control actions constraints

In this paper the problem of trajectory tracking considering that the values of the control actions do not exceed the maximum allowable is focused and the zero convergence of tracking errors is demonstrated. A new control law based on the numerical approximation of the mobile robot model is developed. Experimental results are presented and discussed, demonstrating the good performance of the controller.
Cheating by type 3 secretion system-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa during pulmonary infection

Significance Bacterial pathogens frequently use type 3 secretion systems (T3SS) to counteract host immune responses to infection. T3SS expression is associated with increased virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in humans and in animal models, but T3SS-negative bacteria often are isolated from acutely and chronically infected patients. We tested whether T3SS-negative bacteria could “cheat” during mixed infections with T3SS-positive bacteria in a murine model of acute pneumonia. Bacterial cheating occurred in the inflamed lung but only when T3SS-positive bacteria secreted the phospholipase A2 effector, Exotoxin U. Phenotypically T3SS-expressing and –non-expressing bacteria co-exist within P. aeruginosa populations, suggesting that bacterial cheating might allow T3SS-negative organisms to establish themselves within a host. The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa expresses a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) strongly associated with bacterial virulence in murine models and human patients. T3SS effectors target host innate immune mechanisms, and T3SS-defective mutants are cleared more efficiently than T3SS-positive bacteria by an immunocompetent host. Nonetheless, T3SS-negative isolates are recovered from many patients with documented P. aeruginosa infections, leading us to test whether T3SS-negative strains could have a selective advantage during in vivo infection. Mice were infected with mixtures of T3SS-positive WT P. aeruginosa plus isogenic T3SS-OFF or constitutively T3SS-ON mutants. Relative fitness of bacteria in this acute pneumonia model was reflected by the competitive index of mutants relative to WT. T3SS-OFF strains outcompeted WT PA103 in vivo, whereas a T3SS-ON mutant showed decreased fitness compared with WT. In vitro growth rates of WT and T3SS-OFF bacteria were determined under T3SS-inducing conditions and did not differ significantly. Increased fitness of T3SS-OFF bacteria was no longer observed at high ratios of T3SS-OFF to WT, a feature characteristic of bacterial cheaters. Cheating by T3SS-OFF bacteria occurred only when T3SS-positive bacteria expressed the phospholipase A2 effector Exotoxin U (ExoU). T3SS-OFF bacteria showed no fitness advantage in competition experiments carried out in immunodeficient MyD88-knockout mice or in neutrophil-depleted animals. Our findings indicate that T3SS-negative isolates benefit from the public good provided by ExoU-mediated killing of recruited innate immune cells. Whether this transient increase in fitness observed for T3SS-negative strains in mice contributes to the observed persistence of T3SS-negative isolates in humans is of ongoing interest.
Phytomedicine in the Treatment of Cancer: A Health Technology Assessment.

INTRODUCTION Cancer is reported to cause about 0.4 million deaths annually. The cost of diagnosis and treatment of cancer in India is enormous. AIM This Health Technology Assessment (HTA) aims to understand the role, effect on mortality and adverse event occurrence, and cost effectiveness of phytomedicine in cancer treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Health technology assessment by systematic review of published literature. An electronic literature search was performed in Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Medline, PubMed, Science Direct, SCOPUS, EMBASE, LANCET, and Google Scholar databases for randomized controlled trial, observational analytical studies, case control and cohort studies pertaining to phytomedicine and herbal medicine in cancer treatment published from 1987 till 2(nd) Novemeber 2014. Overall outcome measures collected included changes in mortality and adverse event profile. Cochrane Review Manager's Risk of Bias Table was used to assess the risk of bias. RESULTS Out of 76 studies which were screened, 14 studies involving a total of 1965 participants (817 received various forms of phytomedicine or herbal medicine in addition to conventional therapy, and 1148 received conventional therapy only) suffering from various cancers (including cancers of the breast, prostate, nasopharynx, pancreas, stomach, ovary, non-small cell lung cancer and osteosarcoma), were included in this review. In comparison with conventional therapy, phytomedicine resulted in a significant reduction in mortality: Risk Ratio (RR) 0.67 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.51 to 0.90). The combination of phytomedicine with conventional therapy resulted in a significant reduction in adverse drug reactions: RR 0.62 (95% CI 0.54 to 0.71). Addition of phytomedicine to chemotherapy resulted in an increase in the annual cost of treatment by INR 1.241 Billion (US$ 19.64 Million) and prevented 25,217 deaths: the cost-effectiveness of phytomedicine is INR 49,237/death averted (US$ 779/death averted). CONCLUSION When taken with conventional cancer treatment, phytomedicine shows clinical and cost effectiveness. Domestic manufacturing and practice of phytomedicine should be encouraged.
Increased expression of the lymphocyte early activation marker CD69 in peripheral blood correlates with histologic evidence of cardiac allograft rejection.

BACKGROUND The human leukocyte membrane protein CD69 is an early activation marker induced in T lymphocytes, B cells, and natural killer cells in response to inflammatory stimuli. Cardiac catheterization and endomyocardial biopsy remain the "gold standard" for diagnosis of rejection after transplantation, and noninvasive methods of rejection surveillance have long been sought. We studied CD69 membrane protein expression in peripheral blood T lymphocytes obtained from pediatric cardiac transplant recipients at the time of biopsy and correlated the results with histologic rejection scores. METHODS Heparinized whole blood samples were obtained from pediatric cardiac transplant recipients at the time of cardiac biopsy, as well as from control subjects. Lymphocytes were labeled with antibodies for CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD69 and analysis performed using flow cytometric methods. RESULTS Resting CD69 expression (measured as a percentage of gated events) was significantly increased in patients with concurrent histologic evidence of rejection (International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade > or =3A) when compared to those with minimal or no rejection and controls. Although statistically significant for both lymphocyte subsets, this relationship was more pronounced for CD8+ T cells (P<0.001) than for CD4+ T cells (P=0.001). When data were analyzed by rejection score, a percentage activation of the CD8+ subset (CD69+/CD8+ cells as a percentage of total gated events) exceeding 15% correlated with significant rejection. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of the expression of the early activation marker CD69 in peripheral blood lymphocytes by flow cytometry may provide a noninvasive means of assessing immune activation and possible rejection in cardiac transplant recipients.
The effects on the family of miscarriage, termination for abnormality, stillbirth and neonatal death.

This discussion of bereavement in the United Kingdom after a stillbirth or infant death suggests that trained health professionals support parents by offering them choices which are associated with special memories. Professionals must choose their words carefully. Honesty is important. Parents appreciate the opportunity to talk with the most senior person in charge of their care and to be given an explanation for decisions that were made, regardless of their helpfulness. These measures help to eliminate information-seeking litigation and parents accept tragedy. Counseling is useful for setting a special time to express grief and painful feelings in a safe environment. Bereaved parents need to spend time with a caring, supportive person whom they trust. Kin may not be able to serve in this capacity. The way parents grieve will have an effect on living children. People feel grief differently, and one spouse may be fearful about the stability of the relationship. It is important that couples discuss their feelings about the event without dwelling on it. Intercourse after a death may bring some couples closer, express a need for affection, or act as a painful reminder of the loss. Mothers who quickly conceive again will need a great deal of support in learning to accept that the new baby will not fulfill the expectations lost with the prior infant's death. At particular risk are mothers who bear their next baby around the anniversary of their first babies death. Babies that die early in pregnancy are usually given little recognition, but health professionals must acknowledge or show sensitivity to parental emotional needs in this circumstance. In 1992 the Health Committee on Maternity Services recognized the need for bereavement training of professionals involved in maternity care. The Child Bereavement Trust was established in 1994 as a national charity than provides health professionals with training and support and disseminates information to professionals and bereaved families. The Trust has a working relationship with other support groups.
Sweet Corn Water Productivity under Several Deficit Irrigation Regimes Applied during Vegetative Growth Stage using Treated Wastewater as Water Irrigation Source

(cid:1) Abstract — Yield and Crop Water Productivity are crucial issues in sustainable agriculture, especially in high-demand resource crops such as sweet corn. This study was conducted to investigate agronomic responses such as plant growth, yield and soil parameters (EC and Nitrate accumulation) to several deficit irrigation treatments (100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% of ETm) applied during vegetative growth stage, rainfed treatment was also tested. The finding of this research indicates that under deficit irrigation during vegetative growth stage applying 75% of ETm lead to increasing of 19.4% in terms of fresh ear yield, 9.4% in terms of dry grain yield, 10.5% in terms of number of ears per plant, 11.5% for the 1000 grains weight and 19% in terms of crop water productivity compared with fully irrigated treatment. While those parameters in addition to root, shoot and plant height has been affected by deficit irrigation during vegetative growth stage when increasing water stress degree more than 50% of ETm.
Regulation of Glucose-6-phosphatase Gene Expression in Cultured Hepatocytes and H4IIE Cells by Short-chain Fatty Acids

Mechanisms underlying dietary nutrient regulation of glucose-6-phosphatase (Glc-6-Pase) gene expression are not well understood. Here we investigated the effects of short-chain fatty acids on the expression of this gene in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes and H4IIE hepatoma cells. Propionate, butyrate, valerate, and caproate induced severalfold increases in the expression of Glc-6-Pase mRNA. In reporter gene assays, propionate, valerate, caproate, and also octanoate increased Glc-6-Pase promoter activity by 6-16-fold. Butyrate, by itself, had little or no effect on promoter activity, but it induced a robust increase (45-fold) in promoter activity in cells co-transfected with a plasmid expressing the transcription factor HNF-4α (α isoforms of hepatic nuclear factor 4). HNF-4α also enhanced promoter activity induced by other short-chain fatty acids. A dominant negative form of HNF-4α abrogated the fatty acid-induced promoter activity, a finding that accentuates a role for HNF-4α in the transcription process studied here. In cells transfected with HNF-4α, short-chain fatty acids and trichostatin A, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, synergistically enhanced promoter activity, suggesting that hyperacetylation of histones is an important component of the transactivation of the Glc-6-Pase gene promoter by HNF-4α. Region-751/-466 of this promoter contains seven putative HNF-4α-binding motifs. Binding of HNF-4α to this region was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, indicating that HNF-4α is recruited to the Glc-6-Pase gene promoter during short-chain fatty acid-induced transcription from this promoter.
Cardiopulmonary and sedative effects of intravenous administration of low doses of medetomidine and xylazine to adult horses.

OBJECTIVE To determine the cardiopulmonary and sedative effects of medetomidine hydrochloride in adult horses and to compare those effects with effects of an equipotent dose of xylazine hydrochloride. ANIMALS 10 healthy adult female horses. PROCEDURE 5 horses were given medetomidine (4 microg/kg of body weight, i.v.), and the other 5 were given xylazine (0.4 mg/kg, i.v.). Heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressures, pulmonary arterial blood pressures, and cardiac output were recorded, and sedation and ataxia scores were assigned before and every 5 minutes after drug administration for 60 minutes. Rectal temperature and blood gas partial pressures were measured every 15 minutes after drug administration. RESULTS Arterial blood pressure was significantly decreased throughout the study among horses given medetomidine and was significantly decreased for 40 minutes among horses given xylazine. Compared with baseline values, cardiac output was significantly decreased 10, 20, and 40 minutes after administration of medetomidine and significantly increased 40 and 60 minutes after administration of xylazine. Despite the significant decrease in respiratory rate in both groups, results of blood gas analyses were not significantly changed over time. Ataxia and sedation scores were of similar magnitude for the 2 groups, but ataxia persisted slightly longer among horses given medetomidine. Horses resumed eating hay 10 to 55 minutes after drug administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that equipotent low doses of medetomidine and xylazine induce comparable levels of ataxia and sedation and similar cardiopulmonary changes in adult horses.
Ethinylestradiol liposome preparation and its effects on ovariectomized rats’ osteoporosis

Ethinylestradiol liposome (EEL) was prepared by thin film evaporation–extrusion technique and its effects on ovariectomized rat osteoporosis were investigated. The liposomes were characterized with clear homogeneous lamellar vesicles and had the average size of 200 ± 1.5 nm. The long term stability of liposome formulations were tested over a 28-day period at 4°C and ethinylestradiol retention was approximately 80% up to 28 day. Release data of ethinylestradiol was tested in PBS pH 7.4 at 37°C using a dialysis method and its release profiles were biphasic, showing a relatively large burst effect over the first four hours, followed by a slower release phase. Ovariectomized rat model was used to investigate EEL effects on osteoporosis. After three months post-surgery, the rats were divided into two groups and injected intraperitoneally (IP) with 2 μg per kilogram per day of either free ethinylestradiol (EE) or encapsulated ethinlyestradiol (EEL). At termination of one month IP injection, the rats were killed and the bone mineral density (BMD) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured. BMD value in free EE group increased by 20.3 %, while it increased by 37.8 % in EEL group. According to ALP value, the two treatment groups increased by 28.6 % and 42.0 %, respectively. These data indicated that ethinlyetradiol liposome had better effect than that of free ethinylestradiol did in treatment of the ovariectomized rats’ osteoporosis. But the metabolites and biodistribution of ethinylestradiol liposome in vivo need to investigate in the further research work.
Effects of inhaled glucocorticoids on bone density in premenopausal women.

BACKGROUND Inhaled glucocorticoids are the most commonly used medications for the long-term treatment of patients with asthma. Whether long-term therapy with inhaled glucocorticoids reduces bone mass, as oral glucocorticoid therapy does, is controversial. In a three-year prospective study, we examined the relation between the dose of inhaled glucocorticoids and the rate of bone loss in premenopausal women with asthma. METHODS We studied 109 premenopausal women, 18 to 45 years of age, who had asthma and no known conditions that cause bone loss and who were treated with inhaled triamcinolone acetonide (100 microg per puff). We measured bone density by dual-photon absorptiometry at base line, at six months, and at one, two, and three years. Serum osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone and urinary N-telopeptide, cortisol, and calcium excretion were measured serially. We measured inhaled glucocorticoid use by means of monthly diaries, supported by the use of an automated actuator-monitoring device. RESULTS Inhaled glucocorticoid therapy was associated with a dose-related decline in bone density at both the total hip and the trochanter of 0.00044 g per square centimeter per puff per year of treatment (P= 0.01 and P=0.005, respectively). No dose-related effect was noted at the femoral neck or the spine. Even after the exclusion of all women who received oral or parenteral glucocorticoids at any time during the study, there was still an association between the decline in bone density and the number of puffs per year of use. Serum and urinary markers of bone turnover or adrenal function did not predict the degree of bone loss. CONCLUSIONS Inhaled glucocorticoids lead to a dose-related loss of bone at the hip in premenopausal women.
Fiscal and Monetary Policy Coordination, Macroeconomic Stability, and Sovereign Risk Premia

In standard macroeconomic models, debt sustainability and price level determinacy are achieved when fiscal policy avoids explosive debt and monetary policy controls inflation, irrespective of the relative strengths of each policy stance. We examine how these policy requirements for equilibrium stability and determinacy change in the presence of sovereign risk. An increase in sovereign risk reduces lender's willingness to hold government debt and raises consumption and inflation. Therefore, inflation and debt dynamics are determined jointly. To ensure stable macroeconomic conditions, both the fiscal and monetary stance must shift to offset debt sustainability concerns. We find that the adoption of a deficit target helps alleviate such concerns and raises the scope for macroeconomic stability.