Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The relative innocence of child soldiers

This article concerns the portrayal of childhood innocence — both moral and legal — in the child soldier narrative, a predominantly African genre of writing. I begin with an analysis of how these stories establish the moral innocence of their young characters through prevailing narratological structures that culminate in the loss of this innocence, usually by means of scenes in which child soldiers kill or sexually assault other characters. The purpose of these scenes and subsequent reflections on them by some child soldier characters is not to disabuse readers of their notions of childhood innocence, but rather to heighten awareness of it by drawing explicit attention to it during moments of duress. The narratives do not present innocence prosaically as an abstraction or a plainly-stated character trait (Shklovsky, 2015). Instead, they invite readers to viscerally perceive it (and its inevitable loss) through disturbing portrayals of violence. Scenes of lost innocence also serve an integral plot function in the genre as prerequisites for the rehabilitation of former child soldiers after their decommission. This narrative trajectory emphasizes the essential innocence of the characters in their roles as victimized children. However, in the process it also downplays concerns about their possible culpability as soldiers.
The Impacts of Forest Degradation on Medicinal Plant Use and Implications for Health Care in Eastern Amazonia

Abstract Over the last three decades, forest degradation in the Brazilian Amazon has diminished the availability of some widely used medicinal plant species. Results of a 9-year market study suggest that forests represent an important habitat for medicinal plants used in eastern Amazonia: Nine of the twelve top-selling medicinal plants are native species, and eight are forest based. Five of the top-selling species have begun to be harvested for timber, decreasing the availability of their barks and oils for medicinal purposes. Many of these medicinal plants have no botanical substitute, and pharmaceuticals do not yet exist for some of the diseases for which they are used. Market surveys indicate that all socioeconomic classes in Amazonia use medicinal plants because of cultural preferences, low cost, and efficacy. Degradation of Amazonian forests may signify not only the loss of potential pharmaceutical drugs for the developed world but also the erosion of the sole health care option for many of Brazil's rural and urban poor.
Neuropeptide Y localization in the rat amygdaloid complex

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)‐, avian pancreatic polypetide (APP)‐, and molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide (FMRF)‐like immunoreactivity in the amygdaloid complex of the rat was investigated immunohistochemically. The distribution of each of these peptides within the amygdala is identical and cross‐blocking studies indicate that all three antisera recognize the NPY antigen. Morphologically distinct populations of NPY immunoreactive neurons are differentially distributed in the medial amygdaloid nucleus and at the base of the stria terminalis. Dense plexuses of immunoreactive axons are present in the medial third of the central nucleus and in the dorsal half of the medial nucleus, with light to moderate fiber plexuses present in the lateral and basolateral nuclei and scattered axons present throughout the remainder of the amygdala. The distribution and appearance of NPY immunoreactive plexuses in the amygdala is similar to that described previously for noradrenergic axons arising from brainstem cell groups (Fallon, Koziell, and moore: J. Comp. Neurol. 180:509–532, '78). However, injections of the noradrenergic neurotoxin 6‐hydroxydopamine into the amygdala result in a complete loss of dopamine‐beta‐hydroxylase (DBH) immunoreactivity in the amygdala and surrounding cortex but leave much of the NPY immunoreactive plexus intact. Similarly, lesions of the locus coeruleus deplete DBH immunoreactivity, leaving NPY‐like immunoreactivity in the amygdala unaffected. These results indicate that much of the NPY immunoreactive plexus observed in the amygdala does not arise from brainstem sources in which NPY and noradrenaline are colocalized. Lesions of the stria terminalis of medial nucleus have no observable effect on the density or distributiion of NPY immunoreactive terminal fields in the basal forebrain and hypothalamus, suggesting that immunoreactive neurons in the amygdaloid complex do not contribute significantly to this innervation.
Classifying Affect-regulation Strategies

This paper presents a provisional classification of deliberate strategies for improving unpleasant affect based on conceptual judgements concerning their similarities and differences. A corpus of self-reported upward affectregulation strategies was collected using questionnaires, interviews, and group discussions, in conjunction with an examination of existing literature on related topics. A total of 162 distinct strategies were identified and a preliminary categorisation was developed by the investigators. We then conducted a card-sort task in which 24 participants produced separate classifications of the strategies. The similarity matrix arising from co-occurrence data was subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis and the obtained typology provided independent support for our proposed distinctions between strategies implemented cognitively and behaviourally, between diversion and engagement strategies, and between active distraction and direct avoidance, and for specific lower-level groupings of strate.
Risk Factors for the Outcome of Cirrhotic Patients With Soft Tissue Infections

Goal The aims of this study were to identify risk factors that influence outcomes of cirrhotic patients with soft tissue infections and to describe specific management for such patients. Background Soft tissue infections account for 11% of infections overall in cirrhotic patients and the severe form of necrotizing infection carries a high mortality rate. It is essential that clinicians make an early diagnosis and start appropriate treatment to improve outcomes of cirrhotic patients with soft tissue infections. Methods Cirrhotic patients who had been admitted to our hospital with the diagnosis of soft tissue infection from June 1, 2003 to June 1, 2005 were included in this retrospective study. Clinical manifestations, laboratory data, and microbiologic results were recorded and compared between survivor and nonsurvivor groups. Results There was a total of 118 episodes of admission for soft tissue infection with 26 episodes resulting in mortality and 92 in survival. The following clinical parameters showed significant differences between the 2 groups: Child-Pugh grade C, pain, altered consciousness, emergence of hemorrhagic bullae, and local injury. The following laboratory data showed significant differences between the 2 groups: appearance of band form, serum creatinine, serum albumin below 2.5 g/dL, serum bilirubin above 3 mg/dL, and prothrombin time prolongation greater than 5 seconds. Gram-negative bacterial infection was predominant in the nonsurvivor group and was statistically significant. Multivariate analysis showed that the emergence of hemorrhagic bullae and Child-Pugh grade C were independent predictive factors for outcome. Conclusions When treating soft tissue infection in cirrhotic patients, especially in those with Child-Pugh C liver function or emergence of hemorrhagic bullae, it is essential to start surgical evaluation and specific broad-spectrum antibiotics early to reduce the high mortality associated with this disease.
Archéologie de Chontales, Nicaragua

Entre 1984 et 1988, des campagnes de reconnaissance et de fouille dans la moitie occidentale du departement de chontales, au nicaragua, ont permis d'etablir une sequence chronologique d'occupation de six phases: mayales 1 (500-200 av. J. -c. ), mayales 2 (200 av. 400 ap. J. -c. ), cuisala (400-800 ap. J. -c. ), potrero (800-1200 ap. J. -c. ), monota (1200-1550 ap. J. -c. ) et cuapa (1400-1600 ap. J. -c. ). Les quatre premieres phases correspondent a une occupation par unepopulaton anonyme; la phase monota est caracterisee par l'installation d'indiens nicarao, et la phase cuapa par celle d'indiens chontales, d'apres les donnees concordantes de l'archeologie, de l'ethnohistoire, de la linguistique et de la toponymie. Les vestiges archeologiques plus particulierement etudies par l'auteur sont la ceramiques, les parures et les sepultures.
Dieting and weight cycling as risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases: who is really at risk?

Despite the poor prognosis of dieting in obesity management, which often results in repeated attempts at weight loss and hence weight cycling, the prevalence of dieting has increased continuously in the past decades in parallel to the steadily increasing prevalence of obesity. However, dieting and weight cycling are not limited to those who are obese or overweight as substantial proportions of the various population groups with normal body weight also attempt to lose weight. These include young and older adults as well as children and adolescents who perceive themselves as too fat (due to media, parental and social pressures), athletes in weight‐sensitive competitive sports (i.e. mandatory weight categories, gravitational and aesthetic sports) or among performers for whom a slim image is professionally an advantage. Of particular concern is the emergence of evidence that some of the potentially negative health consequences of repeated dieting and weight cycling are more readily seen in people of normal body weight rather than in those who are overweight or obese. In particular, several metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors associated with weight cycling in normal‐weight individuals have been identified from cross‐sectional and prospective studies as well as from studies of experimentally induced weight cycling. In addition, findings from studies of experimental weight cycling have reinforced the notion that fluctuations of cardiovascular risk variables (such as blood pressure, heart rate, sympathetic activity, blood glucose, lipids and insulin) with probable repeated overshoots above normal values during periods of weight regain put an additional stress on the cardiovascular system. As the prevalence of diet‐induced weight cycling is increasing due to the opposing forces of an ‘obesigenic’ environment and the media pressure for a slim figure (that even targets children), dieting and weight cycling is likely to become an increasingly serious public health issue.
Incidence of Suicidal Attempts in an Urban Community

rewarming process to see the heart begin to contract and continue the circulation, the patient returning to normal within a matter of minutes following the operation, a patient who, judged by our old standards, had apparently been dead for up to one hour. Yet this is exactly what happens, and many chronic invalids owe to these procedures not only restoration to almost normality but also prolongation of life.
Metabolism of the Lipid Peroxidation Product, 4-Hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal, in Isolated Perfused Rat Heart*

The metabolism of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE), an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde generated during lipid peroxidation, was studied in isolated perfused rat hearts. High performance liquid chromatography separation of radioactive metabolites recovered from [3H]HNE-treated hearts revealed four major peaks. Based on the retention times of synthesized standards, peak I, which accounted for 20% radioactivity administered to the heart, was identified to be due to glutathione conjugates of HNE. Peaks II and III, containing 2 and 37% radioactivity, were assigned to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-nonene (DHN) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid, respectively. Peak IV was due to unmetabolized HNE. The electrospray ionization mass spectrum of peak I revealed two prominent metabolites with m/z values corresponding to [M + H]+ of HNE and DHN conjugates with glutathione. The presence of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid in peak III was substantiated using gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectroscopy. When exposed to sorbinil, an inhibitor of aldose reductase, no GS-DHN was recovered in the coronary effluent, and treatment with cyanamide, an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase, attenuated 4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid formation. These results show that the major metabolic transformations of HNE in rat heart involve conjugation with glutathione and oxidation to 4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid. Further metabolism of the GS-HNE conjugate involves aldose reductase-mediated reduction, a reaction catalyzed in vitro by homogenous cardiac aldose reductase.
Deciding Analytically or Trusting your Intuition? The Advantages and Disadvantages of Analytic and Intuitive Thought

Recent research has highlighted the notion that people can make judgments and choices by means of two systems that are labeled here tacit (or intuitive) and deliberate (or analytic). Whereas most decisions typically involve both systems, this chapter examines the conditions under which each system is liable to be more effective. This aims to illuminate the age-old issue of whether and when people should trust “intuition” or “analysis. ” To do this, a framework is presented to understand how the tacit and deliberate systems work in tandem. Distinctions are also made between the types of information typically used by both systems as well as the characteristics of environments that facilitate or hinder accurate learning by the tacit system. Next, several experiments that have contrasted “intuitive” and “analytic” modes on the same tasks are reviewed. Together, the theoretical framework and experimental evidence leads to specifying the trade-off that characterizes their relative effectiveness. Tacit system responses can be subject to biases. In making deliberate system responses, however, people might not be aware of the “correct rule” to deal with the task they are facing and/or make errors in executing it. Whether tacit or deliberate responses are more valid in particular circumstances requires assessing this trade-off. In this, the probability of making errors in deliberate thought is postulated to be a function of the analytical complexity of the task as perceived by the person. Thus the trade-off is one of bias (in implicit responses) versus analytical complexity (when tasks are handled in deliberate mode). Finally, it is noted that whereas much attention has been paid in the past to helping people make decisions in deliberate mode, efforts should also be directed toward improving ability to make decisions in tacit mode since the effectiveness of decisions clearly depends on both. This therefore represents an important frontier for research.
Early Class III treatment with a hybrid hyrax-mentoplate combination.

15 S Class III malocclusions are relatively uncommon and usually associated with genetic factors. The etiology may involve a retrognathic maxilla, a prognathic mandible, or both.1,2 Young patients with Class III malocclusion and maxillary deficiency are treated primarily with facemasks, but because the force is applied to the teeth, the inevitable mesial migration of the dentition can result in severe anterior crowding.3 Furthermore, skeletal effects are often difficult to achieve with such an approach.3 To overcome these disadvantages, De Clerck combined the use of four miniplates (two mandibular anterior and two maxillary posterior) with Class III elastics, avoiding the need for extraoral appliances while applying force directly to the skeletal structures.4 We have developed a new option for sagittal skeletal support that requires only two miniimplants in the anterior palate. The Benefit system* (Fig. 1) is used to securely couple the temporary anchorage devices and the appliance.5 To facilitate advancement of the maxilla, we also recommend opening the midpalatal sutures by rapid expansion.6 The Hybrid Hyrax,5,7-9 a toothand bone-borne expander, can prevent mesial migration of the teeth and enable simultaneous rapid maxillary expansion and skeletally borne maxillary protraction.8,9 De Clerck typically inserted the mandibular miniplates after eruption of the canines. To allow earlier placement, we developed the Mentoplate** (Fig. 2A), which is inserted subapical to the lower incisors and can therefore be used in patients as
[Experimental study on prevention and treatment of bronchial asthma by compound Chinese herbal monomer recipe].

OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of compound Chinese herbal monomer (CHM) recipe, consisted of ligustrazin (3.75 mg/kg x d), baicalin (7.5 mg/kg x d) and ginkgolide (2 mg/kg x d), on airway atopic inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in asthma. METHODS Model guinea pigs of asthma were randomly divided into three groups, the model group, the CHM group and the cromlyn sodium (CS) group, they were treated by atomizing inhalation with normal saline, CHM and CS respectively. The eosinophil count and eosinophil cation protein (ECP) in blood and bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and total cell count in BALF were measured and compared. And the effect of treatment on the airway hyperresponsiveness and pathology among groups were compared. RESULTS CHM showed significant inhibition on blood eosinophil count and BALF and total cell count in BALF, showing significant difference (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) as compared with those in the model group. The level of ECP was not different in the various groups. Airway responsiveness determination showed that CHM has significant inhibitory action on it. And the pathology of airway inflammation in the CHM group was significantly milder than that in the model group. CONCLUSION The compound inhalation liquid consisted of ligustrazin, baicalin and ginkgolide, has the anti-asthmatic airway atopic inflammation and depression on airway hyper-responsiveness, suggesting that components of compound CHM recipe could inhibit the multiple pathogenetic asthmatic inflammation from different angles and on multiple targets, so as to cure asthma effectively.
Fracture risk in CKD.

An increased risk of fracture, in particular hip fracture, has been consistently observed in studies of patients with ESRD ([1][1]–[4][2]). However, whether the mild to moderate reductions in renal function that are common in aged populations ([5][3]) increase the risk of fracture is less certain
Neural Predictors of Successful Brief Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Persistent Depression

Background: Psychodynamic psychotherapy has been used to treat depression for more than a century. However, not all patients respond equally well, and there are few reliable predictors of treatment outcome. Methods: We used resting 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18FDG-PET) scans immediately before and after a structured, open trial of brief psychodynamic psychotherapy (n = 16) in conjunction with therapy process ratings and clinical outcome measures to identify neural correlates of treatment response. Results: Pretreatment glucose metabolism within the right posterior insula correlated with depression severity. Reductions in depression scores correlated with a pre- to posttreatment reduction in right insular metabolism, which in turn correlated with higher objective measures of patient insight obtained from videotaped therapy sessions. Pretreatment metabolism in the right precuneus was significantly higher in patients who completed treatment and correlated with psychological mindedness. Conclusions: Resting brain metabolism predicted both clinical course and relevant psychotherapeutic process during short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression.
Chapter 4. Disabilities related to the musculoskeletal system: Physical Evaluation Board Data.

Abstract : This paper reports on disability rates, case distributions, and costs of disabilities for the Army, Navy/Marines, and Air Force. Between 1983 and 1994, Army disability cases increased 88%, to 15/1,000 personnel/year. Between 1985 and 1994, Navy disability cases increased 113% to 32/1,000 personnel/year. Between 1990 and 1994, Air Force disability cases increased 80% to 9/1,000 personnel/year. Musculoskeletal conditions were the leading cause of disability for all 3 services (Army FY94, 53.1%; Navy/Marines FY95, 63%; Air Force FY94, 22%). Mental disorders were the second leading cause of disability (Army FY94, 14.2%; Navy/Marines FY95, 10%; Air Force FY94, 21%). Most cases received separation with severance pay, a onetime cost to the services. The costliest disabilities were permanent disabilities, which in the Army account for only 15% of the disability cases in 1993, but have a projected lifetime cost of $407.4 million. These payments represent only 10% of the funds paid to disabled service members annually, as most are compensated through the VA system. VA disability costs are approximately $ 1 billion per month. Leading causes of disability in the VA system are musculoskeletal conditions (45%) and mental disorders (14%).
Quantifying how location and dose of botulinum toxin injections affect muscle paralysis

Despite the widespread use of botulinum toxin to treat muscle dystonias, no method exists to quantify muscle paralysis in either human or nonhuman models. In this study we examined how the location, dose, and volume of botulinum injection affects paralysis in the rat tibialis anterior muscle. Paralysis was quantified by electrically stimulating the nerve to the tibialis anterior and then staining sections of the muscle for glycogen. The areas of glycogen‐containing fibers represented regions of botulinum action. The results showed that the most important injection technique is to inject botulinum directly into the motor endplate region of a muscle. Injections only 0.5 cm from the motor endplate resulted in a 50% decrease in paralysis. Increases in dose increased paralysis, however, some of that increase was simply due to the increased volume of injection. Thus, delivering toxin in small volumes near the MEP band of a muscle should produce the most effectiveparalysis. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A cone beam CT scanner without moving parts

We propose a cone beam CT scanner without moving parts. The proposed scanner has a large number of small, stationary x-ray sources that are aligned along a specially shaped source curve. It also has a stationary detector strip with a large area and a special shaping. The sources are based on carbon nanotube field emitters. The detector is assembled from smaller modules having a flat, rectangular detector area. The special shapings of the source curve and the detector strip make it possible to collect a complete set of cone beam projections of a patient’s volume of interest in a very short time. The proposed scanner appears to be well suited for cardiac CT.
Human monocyte chemotaxis: migrating cells are a subpopulation with multiple chemotaxin specificities on each cell

Only 20 to 40% of human blood monocytes were capable of responding to chemotaxins in vitro. This limit is not due to restrictions of the in vitro system, but is due to the existence of a migrating subpopulation. Over a wide range, the number of cells migrating toward a given concentration of chemotaxin was directly proportional to the number added to the chemotaxis chamber. These monocytes responded to all of the three stimuli used: human serum-derived C5a, human lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor, and a synthetic peptide. It was possible to deactivate cells to one attractant, leaving the response to other attractants intact. This suggested that these attractants were recognized by different receptors. Several lines of evidence showed that most migrating cells had receptors for all three chemotaxins tested. Thus, if cells were assayed for migration to one attractant, no additional migration occurred when the remaining cells were assayed for migration to a different attractant. Furthermore, the same cells that had migrated toward one attractant were able to respond to other chemotaxins. We also found that a single attractant attracted as many cells as a combination of two or three attractants. Calculations from these data showed that at least 75% of the migrating monocytes have different receptors for all three attractants.