Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Insight into Animal Cloning and the Food Chain: a Qualitative Examination of Key Opinion Leaders and a Cross Section of the Irish Public.

The ability to clone elite breeding animals, aimed at addressing the needs of modern food production, had been earmarked as a possibility for the agricultural sector since the birth of Dolly the sheep in 1996. A ruling by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States in 2008 that permits under-license, the commercial cloning of agricultural animals has seen this possibility realised. No such ruling exists here in Europe, but the FDA policy not to label cloned-derived products, and a history of wariness to food biotechnology in Europe may expedite this debate. With the plethora of issues that cloning of animals presents (animal welfare, religious issues, trade issues etc.), the policy debate in Europe looks set to incorporate ethical, legal and social issues from a complex set of state and civil stakeholders. Against the backdrop of ambitious targets for the Irish beef and dairy sectors and with biotechnology identified as a driver of growth, this study is an attempt to generate insight in an Irish context. The aim of this research is to canvass the views of Irish key opinion leaders with respect to the use of animal cloning for food production purposes, as well as those of the Irish public. Specifically, this research aims to gauge the current levels of awareness among specific groups and examine their likely acceptance. In accomplishing the research aim, the development of the methodology took a qualitative approach. A series of in-depth interviews was carried out with Irish key opinion leaders (n=19) spanning regulatory organisations, scientific institutions, consumer interest groups, industry representatives, retail and other non-government organisations. The methodological challenge of engaging with the public on a complex technology was overcome with a novel methodology called Food-Bio QUIS (Food-Biotechnology Qualitative InsightS). Food-Bio QUIS uses established methodology from the area of citizen engagement to develop dialogue and established methodology from qualitative research (specifically focus groups) in the selection of individuals and in analysis of the data. In total 6 Food-Bio QUIS groups were carried out with a cross section of the Irish public (n=35). The results indicate that formal discussion on the use and implications of animal cloning in food production had not occurred within key opinion leader organisations. While receptivity to agri-food cloning varied among interviewees, the near-term prospects for this technology were largely viewed with scepticism. Among the Irish public, key findings on the receptivity to cloning included animal welfare aspects, varying interpretations on modern agriculture and the influence of science-fiction on the receptivity to new technologies.
Child Language and Developmental Dysphasia: Linguistic studies of the acquisition of German

The subject of this two part work is the acquisition of language structure in which the development of syntax and morphology is examined by investigations on children without language problems and on children with developmental dysphasia. The author uses a comparative acquisition study to provide insights into the structure and development of the language acquisition device, which cannot be obtained by isolated analysis of only one type of learning. The theoretical framework used for the investigations is the learnability theory , in which acquisition models are proposed which are heavily influenced by theoretical linguistics. Part I shows how child grammar acquisition can be explained in the framework of learnability theory and Part II deals with deficiencies in normal grammar acquisition using the learnability theory.
Language, Autonomy and the New Learning Environments

The emergence of new learning environments, technological and institutional, implies a need for language understanding and autonomous learning. What do they mean? Why are they necessary? How do they interrelate? This book looks at these questions. The authors consider mother tongue and second/foreign language education in relation to 'language understanding', which includes formal knowledge and an ability to use language communicatively, and should cover the 'new' literacies. Autonomous language learning has been interpreted in various ways, and setting language understanding as a goal allows some of these (such as 'training' models) to be challenged and others endorsed. Some implications of the information society for education are considered. Learning increasingly takes place outside educational establishments, and the authors examine changes from face-to-face teacher-student interaction to mixed-mode and distance learning. The new environments create new possibilities, such as knowledge construction through computer-mediated interaction and learner autonomy in online networks, and these are explored. Throughout the book, the centrality of the teacher's role is affirmed, as educator and guide on autonomous second/foreign language programmes, and as a moderator of online discussions and a designer of online materials.
Aspects Of The Theory Of Morphology

The book is aimed at constructing a system of concepts for linguistic morphology. In a rigorously deductive way, these concepts are applied to the description of morphological phenomena of about 100 languages. The chapters are dedicated to such issues as grammatical case, voice, morph vs. morpheme, morphological processes, agreement and government, phonemization. Being metalinguistically oriented, the book is strongly anchored in typological studies and offers a number of descriptive case studies.
Olfactory dysfunction in essential tremor

Because olfactory dysfunction is a feature of neurodegenerative diseases, the authors hypothesized that it would be present in essential tremor. Thirty-seven cases and control subjects underwent the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Mean score was lower in cases than in control subjects (29.0 ± 6.1 vs 31.9 ± 4.6, p = 0.02) and was not correlated with tremor severity or duration.
Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston: Pancreatic and islet transplantation for diabetes--cures or curiosities?

A PRESSING question in diabetes research is whether transplanting a pancreas or pancreatic islet cells can be used as successful therapy. In animals with insulin-dependent diabetes, pancreatic and islet transplantation has repeatedly been successful in establishing euglycemia. In humans with diabetes, successful transplantation of the pancreas maintains euglycemia, but at considerable cost in terms of morbidity and health care funds. Success with the less costly procedure of islet transplantation remains elusive. Resolution of the remaining technical difficulties with both these procedures is all the more urgent because, if pancreatic or islet transplantation or both are completely successful, they could provide .
A survey of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its relationship to HIV infection.

This paper reviews the available literature on the risk factors for HIV/AIDS in young people 13-19 years of age and the impact of various preventive strategies. At highest risk of HIV infection are young people who engage in unprotected sexual intercourse use drugs live at the margins of mainstream society are detained in institutional settings or are members of migrant groups. There is a dearth of rigorous evaluation studies testing program impact on young peoples high-risk behaviors. However the most effective HIV/AIDS prevention programs appear to be those that focus narrowly on reducing sexual risk-taking behaviors through active learning methods (role plays small group discussions peer educators) aimed at personalizing the information. As long as the program remains focused the integration of pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease prevention is advantageous. An important program component is the provision of access to resources or services such as comprehensive health and mental health care legal aid vocational and educational counseling and recreational opportunities. Promising interventions now need to be tested in properly designed and executed randomized controlled trials with long-term follow up to document their effectiveness in changing young peoples sexual and other risk behaviors.
The never-ending search for the perfect dialysis. Should we move from the best treatment to the best system?

chronic hemodialysis patient? Sodium. Semin Dial 2008; 21: 226–229 14. Burnett RW, Covington AK, Fogh-Andersen N et al. Use of ionselective electrodes for blood—electrolyte analysis. Recommendations for nomenclature, definitions and conventions. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC). Scientific Division Working Group on Selective Electrodes. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000; 38: 363–370 15. Cristol JP, Balint B, Canaud B et al. Sodium determination in biological fluids. Nephrol Ther 2007; 3Suppl 2S104–S111 16. Bourque CW. Central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9: 519–531 17. Hecking M, Kainz A, Horl WH et al. Sodium setpoint and sodium gradient: influence on plasma sodium change and weight gain. Am J Nephrol 2011; 33: 39–48 18. Santos SFF, Peixoto AJ. Revisiting the dialysate sodium prescription as a tool for better blood pressure and interdialytic weight gain management in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 522–530 19. Edelman IS, Leibman J, O’Meara MP et al. Interrelations between serum sodium concentration, serum osmolarity and total exchangeable sodium, total exchangeable potassium and total body water. J Clin Invest 1958; 37: 1236–1256 20. Titze J. Water-free sodium accumulation. Semin Dial 2009; 22: 253–255 21. Titze J, Bauer K, Schafflhuber M et al. Internal sodium balance in DOCA-salt rats: a body composition study. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289: F793–F802 22. Titze J, Shakibaei M, Schafflhuber M et al. Glycosaminoglycan polymerization may enable osmotically inactive Na+ storage in the skin. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287: H203–H208 23. Shaldon S. Beneficial effect of strict volume control on blood pressure and mortality in patients on hemodialysis. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2007; 3: 130–131 24. Farmer CKT, Donohoe P, Dallyn P et al. Low-sodium haemodialysis without fluid removal improves blood pressure control in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology 2000; 5: 237–241
Hepatotoxic and hemolytic effects of acute exposure of rats to artesunate overdose

Hepatotoxic and hemolytic effects of artesunate overdose were examined in rats. Forty (40) rats were grouped randomly into four designated as A, B, C, and D. and were given oral administration of artesunate as follows: 0 mg/kg (control), 1 mg/kg (Under-dose), 2 mg/kg (Normal dose) and 4 mg/kg (Overdose) respectively. The administration was continued for 5 days. Hepatotoxicity was monitored in the rats as a function of changes in serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total serum albumin and malondiadehyde (MDA) level. The hemolytic effect of this drug was monitored by changes in the packed cell volume (PCV), total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin and malondiadehyde (MDA) levels of erythrocyte. For group D (overdose group) subjects when compared with the control (group A), there was significant (p<0.05) decrease in serum albumin and hematocrit, but significant increase in serum levels of total bilirubin, and conjugated bilirubin. An increased hepatocyte and erythrocyte malondiadehyde level was also observed in group D. The result also shows increased activities for the serum enzymes in all the groups when compared with control group but significant increase was recorded for groups C and D. There is a clear indication that hepatotoxicity and hemotoxicity are associated with artesunate administration at both required and overdose conditions however these effects are magnified in overdose conditions. Key words: Artesunate, hepatotoxicity, hemotoxicity, serum enzymes, bilirubin, malondialdehyde.
Endothelial selectins and pulmonary gas exchange in female aerobic athletes

Demonstration of a greater elevation in the (ideal) alveolar/arterial oxygen difference in habitually active female subjects with exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia, at equivalent submaximal levels of oxygen uptake compared to inactive controls, suggests functional or structural compromise of the blood-gas interface may occur with chronic-recurrent intensive exercise. Mechanical and/or chemically mediated pulmonary endothelial dysfunction during heavy exercise may alter vascular tone and permeability, leading to interstitial edema and accentuation of ventilation-perfusion mismatch and/or diffusion limitation. Elevated plasma levels of soluble endothelial cell adhesion molecules Eand Pselectin have been demonstrated in acute lung injury and have been used as indirect markers of endothelial activation or injury. Therefore, plasma levels of these selectins were measured by enzyme immunoassay in fourteen habitually active, eumenorrheic female subjects (mean±SD: age = 2 8 . 9 ± 5 . 5 1 ; l / 0 2 p e a k = 49.4±8.2 ml.kg".min", range 32.3 to 63.7 ml.kg".min"; TLC = 5.41±0.68 L, 101±9.3% predicted) before and after an incremental maximal exercise test during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle (cycle day = 6.2±1.2, serum progesterone = 80+100 pmolL"). Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (Pa02) was measured and corrected for esophageal temperature, arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (%Sa02) was calculated from blood gas variables and measured with pulse oximetry, and the (ideal) alveolar/arterial oxygen gradient was calculated from the ideal gas equation. Pulmonary gas exchange efficiency was maintained at peak exercise in ten subjects, while decrements in arterial partial pressure of oxygen during exercise of greater than 1.3 kilopascals (10 mmHg) were seen in three of the remaining four subjects. One subject displayed a minimal %Sa0 2 of 94% and was included in the mild hypoxemia group. Maximum likelihood ANOVA procedures, used on account of missing data, showed significant differences between groups averaged over time for Pa0 2 (p<0.01) and %Sa0 2 (p=0.04), while the group by time interaction for the (ideal) A-aD0 2 approached significance (p=0.07). Averaged over time, changes in alveolar P0 2 , arterial PC0 2 , pH and temperature were not significantly different between groups. Plasma concentrations of soluble E-selectin were not significantly different before or after exercise (p=0.16), but plasma concentrations of P-selectin rose significantly (mean increase ± SD; 21.5±24.8 ngmL', p=0.007). No significant group by time interaction was noted in pre-post exercise concentrations of either E-selectin (p=0.74) or P-selectin
Intra-arterial cerebral thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke in a community hospital.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Advances in thrombolytic therapy, brain imaging, and neurointerventional techniques provide new therapeutic options for acute stroke. Intra-arterial thrombolysis has proved to be a potent therapeutic tool. To show that this procedure can be performed in community hospitals, we describe our experience with a group of 11 patients treated for middle cerebral artery occlusions. METHODS Twenty-two patients seen during a period of 1 year with clinical findings of acute major-vessel stroke met screening criteria and were evaluated under an institutional review board-approved protocol. After CT scanning, 17 of those patients met strict criteria, gave informed consent, and underwent angiography. Eleven patients had M1 and M2 middle cerebral artery occlusions and received local thrombolytic therapy with urokinase. Recanalization efficacy, complications, and outcome data were compiled. RESULTS The average score on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 22.2 at the onset of treatment and 12.5 after therapy, with 91% of patients showing neurologic improvement. Complete (TIMI 3) recanalization occurred in 73% of cases and partial recanalization (TIMI 2) in 18%. At the 90-day follow-up evaluation, 56% of patients had good outcomes (modified Rankin score, 0 to 1). One intracranial hemorrhage occurred. CONCLUSION Intra-arterial thrombolysis can be performed in a community hospital by radiologists with interventional and neuroradiologic skills given appropriate institutional preparation.
Age of illicit drug initiation

Information is provided on the question of age of drug use initiation and relevant policy implications by examining four recent drug use studies. Data is taken from the 1998 National Drug Strategy Household Survey, the 1999 Illicit Drug Reporting System, the 1999 Drug Use Monitoring in Australia project and the 1998 Illicit Drugs and Property Crime Survey. The findings show that those who use drugs and commit crime are likely to have started using drugs earlier than drug users who do not have criminal careers.
FAKTOR RISIKO KEJADIAN HIPERTENSI PADA REMAJA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS RAWAT INAP SIDOMULYO KOTA PEKANBARU

Data WHO ( World Health Organization) tahun 2000 menunjukkan sekitar 972 juta orang atau 26,4% penduduk dunia mengidap hipertensi. Pada remaja juga dijumpai hipertensi. Data Riskesdas 2007, terdapat prevalensi hipertensi di Indonesia sebesar 8,4% dan 14% di Riau. Dari data Dinkes Kota Pekanbaru tahun 2011 kasus hipertensi pada remaja sebesar 2,98% dan dari 19 Puskesmas, angka kasus hipertensi remaja tertinggi terjadi di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Rawat Inap Sidomulyo yaitu 136 kasus atau 17,6%. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian hipertensi pada remaja di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Rawat Inap Sidomulyo Kota Pekanbaru tahun 2012. Penelitian dengan desain case control study yang dilakukan pada 128 orang sampel, terdiri dari 64 kasus dan 64 kontrol. Instrumen penelitian adalah kuesioner, tensimeter, timbangan injak, microtoise, FFQ dan kuesioner baecke. Analisis yang dilakukan secara univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara riwayat keturunan (OR=7,68, 95%C/=3,5- 16,82), obesitas (OR=12,32, 95%C7=5,27-28,75) dan aktivitas fisik (OR=7,86, 95%C7=3,33-18,58) dengan kejadian hipertensi sedangkan perilaku merokok dan asupan natrium tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan. Faktor risiko yang paling dominan adalah riwayat keturunan, obesitas dan aktivitas fisik. Kesimpulandari hasil penelitian adalah riwayat keturunan, obesitas dan aktivitas fisik menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna. Disarankan kepada petugas puskesmas agar dapat meningkatkan penyuluhan kepada masyarakat khususnya pada remaja tentang risiko hipertensi, terutama risiko riwayat keturunan, perilaku merokok, obesitas, aktivitas fisik dan asupan natrium sebagai penyebab hipertensi serta melakukan pencegahan penyakit hipertensi sedini mungkinbagi remaja.
Using Pedometers as a Valid Method of Determining Physical Activity Intensity Level

USING PEDOMETERS AS A VALID METHOD OF DETERMINING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTENSITY LEVEL Alan Groves Department of Exercise Sciences Master of Science As researchers explore the benefits of using pedometers to assess physical activity they are discovering that intensity of physical activity may be estimated from steps per minute (SPM). The purpose of this study was to determine the SPM and kilocalories (kcals) expended associated with moderate physical activity in middle school students (12 14 years old). Methods: Ninety-three (49 boys, 44 girls) middle school youth between the ages of 12 and 14, walked on a treadmill at four different speeds (4.0, 4.8, 5.64, and 6.4 kmh) for three minutes at each speed. Each participant wore a pedometer in order to obtain their steps per minute and a heart rate monitor to record their heart rate level during each test speed. Results: Moderate physical activity was reached, on average, by girls and boys at 122 SPM (5.64 kmh) and 115 SPM (4.8 kmh), respectively. At this SPM rate boys and girls expended 232.55 kcals and 176.66 kcals per hour. This study augments previous studies that explored ways to assess activity levels using SPM calculations.
Helicobacter pylori Seropositivity as a Risk Factor for Pancreatic Cancer

Background: Pancreatic cancer is among the most fatal cancers worldwide and one for which few preventable risk factors have been established. Gastric carriage of Helicobacter pylori, particularly cytotoxin-associated gene-A-positive (CagA+) strains, is known to be a risk factor for peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer and may have a similar etiologic relationship with pancreatic cancer. Methods: We investigated the association of H. pylori carriage and exocrine pancreatic cancer in a nested case-control study within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort of 29133 male Finnish smokers aged 50-69 years at baseline. Case subjects (n = 121) were matched on date of baseline serum collection, study center, age, trial intervention, and completion of the dietary questionnaire to 226 control subjects who were alive at the time the matching case subject was diagnosed and who remained free of cancer, during up to 10 years of follow-up. Levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies to H. pylori whole-cell and CagA+ antigens from stored baseline serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Smoking-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by use of conditional logistic regression. Statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Seroprevalence of H. pylori was 82% and 73% among case and control subjects, respectively. Compared with seronegative subjects, those with H. pylori or CagA+ strains were at statistically significantly elevated risk of pancreatic cancer (OR = 1.87 [95% CI = 1.05 to 3.34]; OR = 2.01 [95% CI = 1.09 to 3.70], respectively). Conclusions: Our findings support a possible role for H. pylori carriage in the development of exocrine pancreatic cancer.
A comparative study of 11C-choline PET and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET in the evaluation of lung cancer

The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic value of 11C-choline positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET imaging in the detection of primary lung cancer and mediastinal lymph node metastases. Seventeen patients with histologically proven primary lung cancer were examined with both 11C-choline and FDG PET within a week of each study. Lung cancers were analysed visually and semiquantitatively using the ratio of tumour-to-normal radioactivity (T/N ratio) and standardized uptake value (SUV). Mediastinal lymph node metastases were analysed visually. Although both techniques delineated focal lesions with an increase in tracer accumulation in 13 patients, FDG PET identified three additional patients in whom 11C-choline PET did not visualize any lesion. In the detection of lung cancer <2 cm in size, FDG PET provided higher sensitivity (six of seven, 85.7%) than 11C-choline PET (four of seven, 57.1%). The T/N ratio and SUV were significantly higher with FDG PET (T/N ratio, 7.43±6.22; SUV, 4.05±3.05) than these were with 11C-choline PET (T/N ratio, 2.93±1.19; SUV, 2.93±0.79) (P<0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between the T/N ratios and SUVs of FDG and 11C-choline. In the assessment of mediastinal lymph node involvement, FDG PET detected lymph node metastases in two patients who were negative on 11C-choline PET, whereas both techniques could not detect tumour involvement in one patient. Both techniques have clinical value for the non-invasive detection of primary lung cancer that is 2 cm or greater in size. However, FDG PET is superior to 11C-choline PET in the detection of lung cancer that is less than 2 cm in diameter and in mediastinal lymph node metastases.