Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
String effects and the distribution of the glue in static mesons at finite temperature

The distribution of the gluon action density in mesonic systems is investigated at finite temperature. The simulations are performed in quenched QCD for two temperatures below the deconfinement phase. Unlike the gluonic profiles displayed at T = 0, the action-density isosurfaces display a prolate-spheroid-like shape. The curved width profile of the flux tube is found to be consistent with the prediction of the free bosonic string model at large distances.
Directed subwavelength imaging using a layered metal-dielectric system

We examine some of the optical properties of a metamaterial consisting of thin layers of alternating metal and dielectric. We can model this material as a homogeneous effective medium with anisotropic dielectric permittivity. When the components of this permittivity have different signs, the behavior of the system becomes very interesting: the normally evanescent parts of a P-polarized incident field are now transmitted, and there is a preferred direction of propagation. We show that a slab of this material can form an image with sub-wavelength details, at a position which depends on the frequency of light used. The quality of the image is affected by absorption and by the finite width of the layers; we go beyond the effective medium approximation to predict how thin the layers need to be in order to obtain subwavelength resolution.
Parenting Influences on Executive Function in Early Childhood: A Review

Developmental processes critical to the emergence of executive function (EF) play out across early childhood—a period of rapid change and neural plasticity. The emergence of self-regulatory capacities is highly embedded in the many contexts or ecologies nested within a child's broader environment, among which the parent–child relationship assumes primary importance. However, only recently have early childhood researchers begun to investigate the contributions of parenting variables to EF. In this article, we review this emerging evidence as it pertains to (a) the parenting behaviors associated with EF, (b) the risk and protective factors that moderate these associations, and (c) the mechanisms through which parenting apparently operates on emerging EF. We also discuss directions for research on transactional parent–child dynamics, experimental tests of causation, and differential susceptibility to environmental influences.
Conjugacy Separability and Free Products of Groups with Cyclic Amalgamation

A group G is conjugacy separable if whenever x and y are non‐conjugate elements of G, there exists some finite quotient of G in which the images of x and y are non‐conjugate. It is known that free products of conjugacy separable groups are again conjugacy separable [19, 12]. The property is not preserved in general by the formation of free products with amalgamation; but in [15] a method was introduced for showing that under certain circumstances, the free product of two conjugacy separable groups G1 and G2 amalgamating a cyclic subgroup is again conjugacy separable. The main result of [15] states that this is the case if G1 and G2 are free‐by‐finite or finitely generated and nilpotent‐by‐finite. We show here that the same conclusion holds for groups G1 and G2 in a considerably wider class, including, in particular, all polycyclic‐by‐finite groups. (This answers a question posed by C. Y. Tang, Problem 8.70 of the Kourovka Notebook [7], as well as two questions recently asked by Kim, MacCarron and Tang in G. Kim, J. MacCarron and C. Y. Tang, ‘On generalised free products of conjugacy separable groups’, J. Algebra 180 (1996) 121–135. )
CHARACTERIZATION OF ZONAL FLOWS AND THEIR DYNAMICS IN THE DIII-D TOKAMAK, LABORATORY PLASMAS, AND SIMULATION

Zonal flows are observed and have been characterized in the core and edge of the DIII-D tokamak. These include the zero-mean-frequency, spectrally broad residual flows and the generally higher frequency, oscillatory geodesic acoustic mode (GAM). These zonal flows have long been predicted theoretically to be the crucial mechanism by which turbulence saturates in magnetically confined plasmas. The zero-mean-frequency zonal flow has been identified for the first time in the core of a tokamak plasma using multipoint, 2-D measurements of the density turbulence and its resulting velocity-field. These zonal flows are observed as a low frequency, spectrally broad feature in the derived poloidal turbulence velocity spectrum, peaking near zero frequency and exhibiting a width of ! f " 10 kHz. They exhibit a long poloidal wavelength and a short radial correlation length of a few cm. This velocity spectrum is dominated near the edge of the plasma (0.9 < r/a < 0.95) by the GAM, while the lower-frequency zonal flow becomes dominant deeper in the plasma core. The GAM amplitude is shown to be a strong function of the safety factor, q95, consistent with theoretical predictions based on ion Landau damping. Application of a novel algorithm that calculates energy transfer between density fluctuations of different frequencies demonstrates a GAM-mediated transfer of energy between density fluctuations with frequency f0 to poloidal density gradient fluctuations with frequency f0 ± fGAM, leading to a net transfer of energy from low to high frequencies, suggesting that the GAM is playing a role in saturating the turbulence in the edge region. In related work, experiments in the CSDX laboratory plasma device show the presence of an azimuthally sheared flow that is consistent with a turbulent momentum balance that includes the measured turbulent Reynolds stress and flow damping. This zonal flow is also shown to quench the turbulent particle flux.
Aphid-host plant interaction

Black bean aphid, Aphis fabae (Homoptera; Aphididae) is a serious pest causing crop loss. Plant-aphid interaction is a dynamic system subjected to continual variation and changes. Host plants induce various biochemical and physical defense mechanisms due to aphid feeding. Aphids can overcome plant defenses by enzymatic adaptations and sequestering secondary metabolites produced by the plant within their bodies as a defense against their enemies. Many strategies were developed and evolved by aphids in order to overcome plant defense barriers which allowed them to feed, grow and reproduce on their host plants. This study aimed to aid in better understanding of the effect of altering host plant on specialist and generalist aphid fitness.The influence of plant defense on population development of Aphis fabae was also investigated. Analyses for insect enzymes were also demonstrated in addition to further biochemical studies on host plant defences. Generalists showed different ecological and enzymatic adaptations towards host plants than specialist Aphis fabae. The results were fully discussed in details.
An alternative view of the role of heterotrophic microbes in the cycling of organic matter in deep-sea sediments

Abstract The role of microbial heterotrophs in deep-ocean sediment communities is explored using a simplified model of the cycling of carbon within a generic, size-based food web. Measurements of potential rates of respiration and growth of bacteria appear to be low, given the high concentrations of both microbial biomass and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in pore waters. This enigma can be explained theoretically by assuming that much of the microbial biomass is restricted in function at high pressure and low temperature, that a large fraction of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is refractory, and that the small fraction of the DOM that is labile and thus available must be liberated from the particulate pool by extracellular enzyme activity, viral infection or through the feeding processes of the metazoans. Free-living heterotrophic microbes in the sediments thus play a minor role in metazoan food webs, providing only a small fraction of the nourishment of metazoans. On the other hand, microbial heterotrophs appear to be responsible in part for the high levels of refractory DOM observed to accumulate in the deep ocean.
Synthesis, Characterization, and AC Conductivity of Polyaniline/Selenium Composites

This study reports structural and thermal properties and temperature-dependent alternating current (AC) conductivity of polyaniline/selenium (PANI/Se) composites in emeraldine salt form prepared by a chemical polymerization method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the doping process significantly affected the N-H bond in PANI chain. The free energy change, which was calculated from the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, showed that Se was electrostatically adsorbed on PANI molecules. From the scanning electron microscopy images it was determined that morphological changes caused by the doping process on PANI surface could affect conductivity. Thermal analysis, which was performed with differential scanning calorimetry, showed that the addition of Se increased the degradation temperature of PANI. Depending on the doping level, significant increase was observed in the AC conductivity of PANI, approximately 11, 13, and 17 times for 300, 350, and 400 K temperatures respectively.
The European Social Model in a Context of Crisis and Austerity in Portugal

The Portuguese implementation of the European Social Model (ESM) has not been immune to the effects of the Great Recession and of the austerity measures adopted subsequent to the sovereign debt crisis and the bailout of the Portuguese economy. We will demonstrate that the Portuguese experience shows both similarities to the effects observed in other countries (under adjustment conditionality or simply affected by the consequences of the Great Recession for public fi nances) and very distinctive outcomes. A large number of reasons can be invoked to explain the ambivalence of the crisis effects on the implementation of the ESM in Portugal. In this introductory section, the explanation will focus on the historical context of the ESM in Portugal, responsible for two main characteristics of the Portuguese model: its recent realization and its contextdependence. In our analysis, three main pillars of the ESM in Portugal will be analysed: the public education system, the national health system and social protection. Regulation of the labour market will be considered as a transversal dimension, being very sensitive to growth dynamics. Other dimensions, such as social cohesion and the regulation of territorial cohesion (the territorial welfare state) are not fully developed, mainly due to their weak manifestation in Portugal before the arrival of democracy.
Lameness and Diagnostic Imaging in the Sports Horse : Recent Advances Related to the Digit

Accurate lameness diagnosis is dependent on a good clinical examination, localization of the sources of pain causing lameness, high-quality diagnostic imaging, knowledge of both image interpretation and the limitations of each imaging modality, and recognizing the need to correlate all pieces of information. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of recent advances in imaging of the digit of sport horses, with particular reference to radiography, nuclear scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with some reference to ultrasonography.
Conifolds with Discrete Torsion and Noncommutativity

We study D3 branes at orbifolded conifold singularities in the presence of discrete torsion. The vacuum moduli space of open strings becomes non-commutative due to a deformation of the superpotential and is studied via the representation theory of the moduli algebra. It is also shown that the center of the moduli algebra correctly describes the underlying orbifolded conifolds. The field theory can be obtained by a marginal deformation of the ${\cal N} = 1$ gauge theory on D3 branes at conifold singularity, the global symmetry being broken from $SU(2) \times SU(2)$ to $U(1) \times U(1)$. By using the AdS/CFT correspondence we argue that the marginal deformation is related to massless KK modes of NSNS and RR two form reduced on the compact space $T^{1,1}$. We build a $T^2$ fibration of $T^{1,1}$ and show that a D3 brane in the bulk correspond to a D5 brane on the $T^2$ fibre. We also discuss the possible brane construction of the system.
Population differentiation in sticklebacks : disentangling maternal, environmental and genetic effects

6 Introduction 7 The study system 9 Aims of this thesis 11 Materials and Methods 11 Sampling 11 General experimental conditions 13 Experimental designs 13 Measured traits 15 (i) Body size 15 (ii) Timing of maturation 15 (iii) Growth 16 (iv) Female reproductive traits 16 (v) Early hatching larval traits 16 (vi) Behaviour 17 Statistical analyses 17 Results and Discussion 18 The genetic basis of population differentiation 18 Phenotypic plasticity 23 Cross-generational phenotypic plasticity 25 Conclusion and Future directions 26 Acknowledgements 27 References 28 Individual Chapters (I – VI) This thesis is based on the following articles, which are referred to in the text by their Roman numerals: I. Ab Ghani N I, Herczeg G & Merila J. 2012. Body size divergence in nine-spined sticklebacks: disentangling additive genetic and maternal effects. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 107, 521–528. II. Ab Ghani N I, Herczeg G, Leinonen T & Merila J. 2013. Evidence for genetic differentiation in timing of maturation among ninespined stickleback populations. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 26, 775– 782. III. Herczeg G, Ab Ghani N I & Merila J. 2013. Evolution of stickleback feeding activity: genetics of population divergence at different ontogenetic stages. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 26, 955– 962. IV. Ab Ghani N I, Kuparinen A, Leinonen T & Merila J. 2013. Population and sex-specific divergence in growth patterns between two ninespined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius L) populations. Evolutionary Ecology Research, in press. V. Ab Ghani N I & Merila J. 2013. Population divergence in compensatory growth responses and their costs in sticklebacks. Manuscript. VI. Ab Ghani N I & Merila J. 2013. Effects of compensatory growth on female reproductive and offspring traits in nine-spined sticklebacks. Manuscript. Author contribution to the articles
EFFECTS OF GENOTYPE, SEED P CONCENTRATION AND SEED PRIMING ON SEEDLING VIGOR OF RICE

SUMMARY Seedling vigor is important to help ensure good crop establishment. In direct-seeded rice, this is particularly relevant when soil conditions are marginal. In Asia, about one third of the area of rainfed rice is situated on unfavorable soils, many of which are low in plant available P. In such environments, as farmers tend to have few resources, options to overcome poor crop establishment should be low cost and preferably seed-based. The P content of seed depends on genotype and can be augmented by soaking seeds in a P-containing solution prior to seeding (P-priming). In addition, the presence of the Pup1 quantitative trait locus can reportedly confer tolerance to low soil P availability. We tested combinations of seed priming (unprimed control, water priming, P-priming), and inherent seed P concentrations in contrasting rice genotypes (DJ123, Sadri Tor Misri), and two near isogenic sister lines of IR74 with (+Pup1) and without (−Pup1) the Pup1 QTL. Treatment effects on germination were studied in Petri dishes, while seedling growth and P accumulation were assessed using pots with P deficient soil. Germination was less than 75% in seeds with low seed P content. Seed priming with both water and P enhanced germination and seedling growth. In plants growing from high P seeds, water priming outperformed P-priming. In Sadri Tor Misri with low seed P, we observed a tendency for better performance in some parameters when P-primed. While the presence of the Pup1 QTL in IR74 increased shoot biomass and total root length, these effects could be further enhanced by water priming. Combining genetic and seed management approaches may contribute to improved rice establishment in P deficient soils but its effectiveness depends on genotype and seed attributes.
Induced Spawning , Embryonic and Larval Developmental Stages of Solea vulgaris in the Mediterranean Water

Spawning induction in the present study was carried out in two steps. The first step consisted of a priming dose of carp pituitary extract (CPE) with 40-70 μg/ fish, or from 2960 to 3100 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) per fish, while the second step, which given 24h later, was consisted of the resolving dose of luteinizing and releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa) 200 μg/kg. After resolving dose, spawning occurred after 18-24h on average sex ratio was 1:1 female: male in all spawning trials to optimize fertilization rates. The total number of fertile ovae varied between 87,000 to 120,000 eggs/ spawn which represent 430±108 eggs/g.BW. The ripe unfertile eggs of Solea vulgaris were rounded, colorless and transparent with about 13-20 oil globules. The surface of the fertilized egg shell is smooth, however; the yolk was segmented. The fertilized egg appeared rounded, and was about 1.2x 1.04mm. The blastodisc appeared at mean age about 35±5 minutes from fertilization. Morula began to appear after 4h±15min. , early gastrula occurred after 8h±15min. , after 6h±30min. post fertilization (HPF), late gastrula occurred; epiboly took place and embryonic shield was enlarged. At 12±2 HPF, the late gastrula completed and the blastopore closed up. Organogenesis started at age of 18±5 HPF then fully formed embryo inside the egg was formed at age 38±12 HPF. After about 48±15 HPF hatching was started, at 15±2 ̊C and water salinity of 34 ppt. The percent of fertilization varied between 82-88% and hatching rate was about 90%. At age 8 days after hatching (DAH), the yolk sac completely absorbed at body length 3.2 mm. At age of 33 DAH the larva reached 13.6 mm long. All primitive organ systems were representing at this stage. Endoskeleton was studied during the larval developmental stages, larvae, post-larvae and juveniles.
Optimizing phosphorus diffusion for photovoltaic applications: Peak doping, inactive phosphorus, gettering, and contact formation

The phosphosilicate glass (PSG), fabricated by tube furnace diffusion using a POCl3 source, is widely used as a dopant source in the manufacturing of crystalline silicon solar cells. Although it has been a widely addressed research topic for a long time, there is still lack of a comprehensive understanding of aspects such as the growth, the chemical composition, possible phosphorus depletion, the resulting in-diffused phosphorus profiles, the gettering behavior in silicon, and finally the metal-contact formation. This paper addresses these different aspects simultaneously to further optimize process conditions for photovoltaic applications. To do so, a wide range of experimental data is used and combined with device and process simulations, leading to a more comprehensive interpretation. The results show that slight changes in the PSG process conditions can produce high-quality emitters. It is predicted that PSG processes at 860 °C for 60 min in combination with an etch-back and laser doping from PSG layer results in high-quality emitters with a peak dopant density Npeak = 8.0 × 1018 cm−3 and a junction depth dj = 0.4 μm, resulting in a sheet resistivityρsh = 380 Ω/sq and a saturation current-density J0 below 10 fA/cm2. With these properties, the POCl3 process can compete with ion implantation or doped oxide approaches.
Magma Production Rates for Intraoceanic Arcs

Intraoceanic volcanic arcs have long been recognized as sites where continental crust is created. Yet, despite their importance to understanding magmatic systems and the evolution of our planet, very little is known about their long-term rates of magma production and crust formation. Constraining both crustal construction and destruction processes at intraoceanic arcs allows for improved estimates of magma production. Our revised magma production rates for active intraoceanic arcs are consistent with those calculated for mid-ocean ridge segments that have slow to moderate spreading rates. This is surprising because magma production at intraoceanic arcs has traditionally been assumed to be significantly less than that at mid-ocean ridges.
A new bed elevation dataset for Greenland

Abstract. We present a new bed elevation dataset for Greenland derived from a combination of multiple airborne ice thickness surveys undertaken between the 1970s and 2012. Around 420 000 line kilometres of airborne data were used, with roughly 70% of this having been collected since the year 2000, when the last comprehensive compilation was undertaken. The airborne data were combined with satellite-derived elevations for non-glaciated terrain to produce a consistent bed digital elevation model (DEM) over the entire island including across the glaciated–ice free boundary. The DEM was extended to the continental margin with the aid of bathymetric data, primarily from a compilation for the Arctic. Ice thickness was determined where an ice shelf exists from a combination of surface elevation and radar soundings. The across-track spacing between flight lines warranted interpolation at 1 km postings for significant sectors of the ice sheet. Grids of ice surface elevation, error estimates for the DEM, ice thickness and data sampling density were also produced alongside a mask of land/ocean/grounded ice/floating ice. Errors in bed elevation range from a minimum of ±10 m to about ±300 m, as a function of distance from an observation and local topographic variability. A comparison with the compilation published in 2001 highlights the improvement in resolution afforded by the new datasets, particularly along the ice sheet margin, where ice velocity is highest and changes in ice dynamics most marked. We estimate that the volume of ice included in our land-ice mask would raise mean sea level by 7.36 m, excluding any solid earth effects that would take place during ice sheet decay.
Ciberacoso mediante teléfono móvil e Internet en las relaciones de noviazgo entre jóvenes Cyberbullying trough Mobile Phone and the Internet in Dating Relationships among Youth People

Cyberbullying is a phenomenon that has been extensively analysed amongst adolescents. However, in Spain, there have been few studies of young adults and particularly of their romantic relationships in the digital context. This study analyses cyberbullying in romantic relationships in mobile and digital exchanges between partners, in a sample comprising 336 students using quantitative methodology. The results show that 57,2% of the sample admit to having been victimised by their partner by mobile phone and 27,4% via the Internet. The percentage of victimised males was higher than that of females. 47,6% affirmed that they had bullied their partner by mobile phone and 14% over the Internet. The percentage of males who did so was higher than that of females. The regression analyses showed correlation between having been victimised by a partner via one of these media and having experienced cyberbulling in other by means of the same technological medium. The effects of this interaction highlight that males victimised through the use of mobile phones or the Internet are involved, to a greater extent than victimised females, as the per-petrators in this phenomenon. The results suggest modernisation in the types of violence that young adults experience in their relationships.