Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Patterns of photosynthesis in 18 species of intertidal macroalgae from southern Chile

Photosynthetic characteristics of 18 macroalgal species, measured as chlorophyll a (chl a) fluorescence of photosystem II (PSII), pigment contents and susceptibility of photosynthesis to solar radiation, were studied in the field in southern Chile (Niebla, Valdivia) during mid-summer. Photosynthesis versus irradiance curves indicated that algae exhibited sun-adapted characteristics, with saturating points for photosynthesis (E k ) ranging between 50 and 400 μmol photon m -2 s -1 . Under the solar radiation conditions that prevailed during the study period at this locality (daily doses of photosynthetically active radiation, PAR, close to 14 000 kJ m -2 d -1 , with instantaneous irradiances exceeding 2000 μmol photon m -2 s -1 at noon), algae were light saturated for periods (H sat ) between 11 and 14 h d -1 . Daily courses of optimal quantum yield (F v /F m ) of chl a fluorescence of PSII revealed the existence of photoinhibition of 46 % at maximum relative to fluorescence measured in the morning. Similarly, the effective quantum yield (Φ PSII ) showed a decrease at noon coinciding with the peak of solar radiation. This reduction in Φ PSII was accentuated when algae were maintained in immersion for the whole measuring period; whereas, in algae measured in situ, i.e. subject to varying tidal height, chl a fluorescence decreased less. Although algae are currently exposed to very high doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, short-term exposures of 2.5 h around noon using specific cut-off filters did not result in high photoinhibition of F v /F m (rates < 25%), reinforcing the idea that these intertidal species are characterized by a marked tolerance to current solar UV radiation. Differences in the rates of photoinhibition of photosynthesis as well as in the photosynthetic characteristics were not related to functional-form group (e.g. thin vs thick morphs). Instead, the photosynthetic performance of algae was determined by their position in the shore: algae growing at mid-/infra-littoral zones had lower E k and lower photoinhibition than algae from upper locations.
Adam Smith on lotteries: an interpretation and formal restatement

Abstract The paper concerns a neglected aspect of the Wealth of Nations (with the notable exception of D. Levy 1999), dealing directly with decision under risk. In a few pages from book I, chapter 10, Adam Smith explicitly named “lotteries” various objects of choice (possible occupations, or investment opportunities, for instance) and provided an analysis which standard expected utility glasses would hardly fit. Taking this into account allows a better understanding of the part played by typical characters like the “projector” or the “sober man”, in such matters as Smith’s conception of entrepreneurship or of the credit market. The use of some modern concepts in decision analysis (inverse stochastic dominance, rank dependent utility, prudence toward risk), is a means to show the existence, in Smith’s work, of an original theory from decision under risk, where his analysis of lotteries in the Wealth of Nations is consistent with statements from his moral philosophy on asymmetric sensitivity to gains and losses and to the regulating part played by the impartial spectator.
Heading Beyond the Gates: Who is Most at Risk of Getting Involved in Avalanche Incidents Out-of-Bounds?

The popularity of out-of-bounds skiing and snowboarding has been growing steadily over the last decade despite the avalanche risk inherent to the activity. As a consequence, out-of-bounds skiers and snowboarders have become an important target audience for avalanche safety messages. The present research focuses on identifying and characterizing out-of-bounds skiers most at risk of involve- ment in an avalanche incident. An innovative multidimensional approach that integrates the three central dimensions of avalanche risk management (training and experience, risk mitigation practices and terrain choices) was used to assign a risk level to out-of-bounds skiers and snowboarders participating in an ex- tensive online survey. Subsequently, high-risk and low-risk groups were compared with respect to motiva- tions and attitudes, risk perception, sensations seeking, self-efficacy, and understanding of ski area out- of-bounds policies. The results of this study offer useful insights for the development of avalanche aware- ness messages specifically targeted at out-of-bounds skiers and snowboarders most at risk.
The relationships between the chemical, rheological and textural properties of Cheddar cheese

Summary - Descriptive analysis techniques were used to train a panel to identify and measure the perceived texturai properties of 17 samples of Cheddar cheese of different age and origin. An Instron Universal Testing Machine integrated with Instron Series XI Materials Testing Software was used to measure true rheological properties. Fat, pH, moisture, and salt content were determined using standard techniques. The relationships between the sensory, rheological and chemical data were investigated using multiple regression techniques in an attempt toproduce models for predicting the sensory attributes of Cheddar. Accurate models were constructed for the majority of the sensory attributes using the rheological measures (c2= 0.52--0.9). A model for creaminess could only be constructed using the percentage fat and moisture content variables and no accu rate model could be produced for crumbliness by chewing. The most accurate models were for those attributes measured using the fingers and the least accurate were for the mouthfeel characteristics. Cheddar 1cheese 1texture 1rheological property 1sensory pro pert y
A proposed rollover and comprehensive rating system

The US, European and Australian New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) [1] and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) produce ratings of new vehicle performance based on dynamic crash tests in frontal, side and rear crashes; and vehicle handling tests. No dynamic based crashworthiness ratings exist to date in relation to rollover crashes [2]. This study fills that gap and proposes a rating system for new vehicle performance in rollover crashes. Combined with existing rating systems, consumers will then have a complete and balanced picture of occupant protection performance. A database of more than 40 Jordan Rollover System (JRS) dynamic rollover tests [3], [4], [5] assessing injury potential by roof crush and crush speed has generically validated NHTSA and IIHS statistical data as a function of FMVSS 216 quasi-static, strength to weight ratio (SWR) [6]. There is however a wide disparity between the performance of individual vehicles at the same or similar SWR between the IIHS statistical and JRS dynamic test data. That disparity has been partially investigated in a companion paper in this conference (Vehicle Roof Geometry and its Effect on Rollover Roof Performance [7]). IIHS data indicated [8], [9] a 50% reduction in incapacitating and fatal injury risk with a fleet average SWR = 4. However, the use of a SWR-based rollover criterion does not provide sufficient crashworthiness fidelity essential for consumers, nor does such a criterion provide industry the opportunity to design cost-efficient rollover crashworthy vehicles based on occupant injury performance. Only a dynamic rollover testing protocol based on injury criteria would provide this information.
A New Dawn for the Dark Knight: Securing BATMAN

The Better Approach To Mobile Ad-hoc Networking (BATMAN) protocol is designed as an alternative to ad- hoc network routing protocols such as OLSR. Like most such proposals, BATMAN does not provide any security mechanisms that could limit participation in a specific ad-hoc network. In this article we provide a brief overview of previous work on ad- hoc network security, identify shortcomings in these solutions, and subsequently describe our BatCave security extensions to BATMAN. The BatCave extensions control network participation and prevent unauthorized nodes from influencing network routing. We discuss our prototype implementation and ns-3 simulation results, and suggest options for further work.
HIGH-PRECISION ASTROMETRIC MILLIMETER VERY LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY USING A NEW METHOD FOR MULTI-FREQUENCY CALIBRATION

In this paper we describe a new approach for millimeter Very Long Baseline Interferometry (mm-VLBI) calibration that provides bona-fide astrometric alignment of the millimeter-wavelength images from a single source, for the measurement of frequency-dependent effects, such as “core-shifts” near the black hole of active galactic nucleus jets. We achieve our astrometric alignment by solving first for the ionospheric (dispersive) contributions using wide-band centimeter-wavelength observations. Second, we solve for the tropospheric (non-dispersive) contributions by using fast frequency-switching at the target millimeter-wavelengths. These solutions can be scaled and transferred from low frequency to the high frequency. To complete the calibration chain an additional step is required to remove a residual constant phase offset on each antenna. The result is an astrometric calibration and the measurement of the core-shift between 22 and 43 GHz for the jet in BL Lacertae to be −8 ± 5, 20 ± 6 μas, in R.A. and decl. , respectively. By comparison to conventional phase referencing at centimeter-wavelengths we are able to show that this core shift at millimeter-wavelengths is significantly less than what would be predicted by extrapolating the low-frequency result, which closely followed the predictions of the Blandford & Königl conical jet model. As such it would be the first demonstration for the association of the VLBI core with a recollimation shock, normally hidden at low frequencies due to the optical depth, which could be responsible for the γ-ray production in blazar jets.
A model for the origin of the anomalous and very bright UV lines of Fe II in gaseous condensations of the star eta Carinae

We present a qualitative physical model of the origin of two very bright UV lines of Fe II at 2507{2509 A, present in high-resolution spectra of gaseous condensations (blobs) close to the central star of Carinae. The spectra have been obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) . T he model is based on at ype of Bowen mechanism with selective photoexcitation of Fe II by a broad HLy prole, generated in the HII region and diusely transferred to the optically thick HI region. The frequency distribution by large Doppler diusion into the HI region provides a substantial broadening of HLy, which makes it possible to selectively photo-excite short- lived (1 ns) states at 11.2 eV in Fe II. Within the frame of the present model the intense HLy radiation induces a depletion of the lower, long-lived (1 ms) level of the strong UV lines by photoionization. The subsequent recombination of Fe III explains the appearance of the \forest" of narrow Fe II lines. The possibility of a cyclic process is also discussed, where HLy induces depletion to bound states, which have fast decays in the far-UV to the lower state of the Bowen pumping channel.
Development of secondary flow in a curved rectangular duct

Development of secondary flow in curved rectangular regular section duct using an improved finite difference scheme for solving parabolized Navier-Stokes equations is presented. This scheme has its origin in the work of Briley, which is based on ADI method to march the solution in the streamwise direction. With some modifications, it is shown in the present work that the stability of this scheme is greatly enhanced. Its applicability is considerably increased. To demonstrate the strength of the improved scheme, it is used to predict the flows in both mildly and strongly curved ducts for moderate to high Dean number. Predictions obtained with the improved scheme show good agreement with the available experimental and computational data
Farm related and Wild Animals inflicted injuries related to Orthopaedics: Epidemiology and prospects for control

Background : Farm related and wild animals inflicted injuries in Orthopaedics is one of the major concern in developing countries like ours. As we don’t know much about such injuries, it would be landmark study for our country. Therefore, the study helps us know better about its epidemiological aspects.Materials & Methods: This prospective case series of farm related and wild animals inflicted injuries related to Orthopaedics, conducted from May 2006 to April 2008 at Department of Orthopaedics of B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, consisting of 87 patients admitted to the Orthopaedic ward, is presented. The preformed structured proforma were used to record the data and, later those records were analyzed.Results : 78 domestic related injuries and 9 wild animal related injuries were recorded in the recruitment period of two year. 23 femoral fractures, 14 humeral fractures, 11 Cervical spine injuries, 10 leg bone fractures, 9 forearm fractures were found. Fall from buffalo, Hit by buffalo were common cause of injuries in domestic related injuries whereas Hit / kick by elephant, attack by bear were causes of wild animal related injuries.Conclusion : This study concluded that all adolescents and adults, of all age group and sex, should be included in community education and intervention programmes for prevention of such injuries. The prevention of this type was necessary.Journal of Nobel Medical CollegeVolume 6, Number 2, Issue 11, July-December 2017, 53-57
Comparing methods for measuring the rate of spread of invading populations

Measuring rates of spread during biological invasions is important for predicting where and when invading organisms will spread in the future as well as for quantifying the influence of environmental conditions on invasion speed. While several methods have been proposed in the literature to measure spread rates, a comprehensive comparison of their accuracy when applied to empirical data would be problematic because true rates of spread are never known. This study compares the performances of several spread rate measurement methods using a set of simulated invasions with known theoretical spread rates over a hypothetical region where a set of sampling points are distributed. We vary the density and distribution (aggregative, random, and regular) of the sampling points as well as the shape of the invaded area and then compare how different spread rate measurement methods accommodate these varying conditions. We find that the method of regressing distance to the point of origin of the invasion as a function of time of first detection provides the most reliable method over adverse conditions (low sampling density, aggregated distribution of sampling points, irregular invaded area). The boundary displacement method appears to be a useful complementary method when sampling density is sufficiently high, as it provides an instantaneous measure of spread rate, and does not require long time series of data.
First observation of Mars with XMM-Newton: high resolution X-ray spectroscopy with RGS

In the first observation of Mars with XMM-Newton, on 20-21 November 2003, this planet is clearly detected as an X-ray source. High resolution X-ray spectroscopy with the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) confirms that the X-ray radiation from Mars is composed of two different components: one due to fluorescent scattering of solar X-rays in its upper atmosphere and the other one due to solar wind charge exchange in its exosphere. Close to Mars, the RGS spectrum is dominated by two pronounced CO 2 fluorescence lines at 23.5 A and 23.7 A. Fluorescence from N 2 at 31.5 A is also observed. With increasing distance from Mars, these lines fade, while numerous (~12) emission lines become prominent at the positions expected for de-excitation of highly ionized C, N, O, and Ne atoms, strongly resembling a cometary X-ray spectrum. The He-like O 6+ multiplet is resolved and is dominated by the spin-forbidden magnetic dipole transition 2 $^3\rm S_1$ $\to$ 1 $^1\rm S_0$, confirming charge exchange as the origin of the emission, while the resonance line 2 $^1\rm P_1$ $\to$ 1 $^1\rm S_0$ increases in intensity closer to Mars, where the density of the exosphere is higher. The high spectral dispersion and throughput of XMM-Newton / RGS make it possible to produce X-ray images of the Martian exosphere in individual emission lines, free from fluorescent radiation. They show extended emission out to ~8 Mars radii, with morphological differences between individual ions and ionization states. This is the first definite detection of charge exchange induced X-ray emission from the exosphere of another planet, providing a direct link to cometary X-ray emission.
A Master equation approach to deciphering non-detailed balance systems

The world is lled with complex systems whether it is the trac patterns in cities, weather patterns, information ow in the internet, or turbulence in fusion reactors. These complex systems are not often amenable to simple analytic solutions, understanding these systems requires a new statistical method beyond traditional equilibrium theory, i.e. Boltzmann Gibbs statistics. We present a novel method for understanding complex dynamics of such systems by using the Observable Represen- tation which has been successfully applied to complex systems in detailed balance. Specically we generalise it to non-equilibrium systems where detailed balance does not hold, i.e. the system has non zero currents. We construct a new transition ma- trix by accounting for this current and compute the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. From these, we dene a metric whose distance provides a useful measure of correla- tion among variables. This is a very general method of understanding correlation in various systems, in particular, long-range correlation, or chaotic properties. As an example we show that these distances can be utilized to control chaos in a simple dynamical system given by the logistic map. Keywords: detailed balance, non-equilibrium, chaos, complex systems.
Estimation Of Vegetable Demand Elasticities In Bangladesh: Application Of Almost Ideal Demand System Model

The study estimated vegetable demand elasticities in Bangladesh by using Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model with corrected Stone price index. The study was conducted in Sherpur, Mymensingh Sadar under Mymensingh district and Ramna Thana under Dhaka Municipality. The household expenditure survey data was used in the study. The study revealed that the income (expenditure) elasticity for fresh vegetable was 0.58. The compensated and uncompensated own price elasticities indicated that all food items were price inelastic. Where estimated uncompensated own price elasticity of vegetables at the national level indicated that if the price of vegetables falls by 10% the demand for vegetables would increase by 4.09%. Of this total increase in demand, 3.61% is purely due to price effect (i.e. the substitute effect) as the compensated elasticity suggests. The estimates of cross price elasticities indicated that the substitution effects of price change were not strong. Therefore, government price intervention might not lead to considerable price repercussion in the economy.
Strengthening the scientific foundations of professional psychology: Time for the next steps.

The field of professional psychology has been tremendously successful, although it has also been characterized by many competing preparadigmatic theoretical orientations, which have led to a great deal of contention as well as conflicting views regarding psychological development, functioning, and behavior change. There is now widespread agreement regarding scientific explanations of many psychological processes, however, and, consequently, it is time to update the basic conceptual frameworks used for professional psychology education and practice. Replacing the traditional reliance on an array of theoretical orientations with a sciencebased biopsychosocial framework would resolve many of the contradictions and conflicts that characterized the preparadigmatic era and would also provide a common perspective for unifying psychologists around a shared approach to practice, research, and training. Few would disagree that both the science and the practice of psychology have enjoyed phenomenal growth and success since their emergence just over a century ago and that the growth of professional psychology during the latter half of that period has been particularly impressive. As early as 1961, E. L. Kelly, the past president of American Psychological Association (APA) Division 12, noted that the growth of clinical psychology was “well nigh phenomenal. Before World War II, clinical psychologists were few in number, poorly paid, and had but little status. Ours is a success story without counterpart in the history of professions” (p. 9). Since World War II, the number of licensed psychologists in the United States has grown from zero in 1945, when the first psychology licensure law was enacted, to close to 88,500 today (Duffy et al., 2002). Much of the dramatic growth in membership in the APA, which went from 4,173 to over 90,000 during that same period, is also attributable to the large increase in the number of professional psychologists, from a minuscule number before World War II to approximately two thirds of the membership today (APA, 2005b). Given the youth, reach, and dramatic growth of psychology as a field, it was inevitable that the evolving discipline would experience significant tension and discord and that the science and practice areas in particular would come into conflict, given their differing needs and orientations. At times, the disagreement has been so strong that it is easy to forget that much of the success of professional psychology is directly dependent on the scientific credibility of
Assimilation of pseudo-tree-ring-width observations into an atmospheric general circulation model

Abstract. Paleoclimate data assimilation (DA) is a promising technique to systematically combine the information from climate model simulations and proxy records. Here, we investigate the assimilation of tree-ring-width (TRW) chronologies into an atmospheric global climate model using ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) techniques and a process-based tree-growth forward model as an observation operator. Our results, within a perfect-model experiment setting, indicate that the "online DA" approach did not outperform the "off-line" one, despite its considerable additional implementation complexity. On the other hand, it was observed that the nonlinear response of tree growth to surface temperature and soil moisture does deteriorate the operation of the time-averaged EnKF methodology. Moreover, for the first time we show that this skill loss appears significantly sensitive to the structure of the growth rate function, used to represent the principle of limiting factors (PLF) within the forward model. In general, our experiments showed that the error reduction achieved by assimilating pseudo-TRW chronologies is modulated by the magnitude of the yearly internal variability in the model. This result might help the dendrochronology community to optimize their sampling efforts.
An Empirical Examination of Learning in Foreign Exchange Markets

Using a unique dataset of survey expectations, this paper examines the extent to which the classical fundamentalist – chartist dichotomy is valid for the foreign exchange market. By applying a recursive selection algorithm 1) respondents are classified into the two groups, and 2) the forecasting models are endogenously determined within the groups. We find that the largest part of the variation in expectations can be explained by the fundamentalist/chartist distinction. The majority of respondents use a simple chartist rule, while fundamentalists use a broad range of macro-economic information.