Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Field comparison of nitrous oxide emission measurements using micrometeorological and chamber methods

Comparaison au champ des emissions de protoxyde d'azote mesurees par methodes micrometeorologiques et par methodes des chambres. Afin de tester la fiabilite des methodes micrometeorologiques et des methodes par chambres au sol pour la mesure des flux de N 2 O a l'interface « sol-atmosphere», une experimentation utilisant ces deux methodologies a ete conduite a l'automne sur un sol nu fertilise prealablement par 150 kg N-NH 4 NO 3 ha -1 . Les mesures micrometeorologiques ont permis un suivi continu des emissions par la methode des gradients ou par la methode des correlations turbulentes. les rapports de melange en N 2 O etant mesures par un spectrometre d'absorption a diode laser accordable. Ces memes emissions ont ete aussi observees par deux chambres au sol a fonctionnement automatise pendant deux periodes journalieres de 3 h en milieu de journee et de nuit, et par seize enceintes manuelles en milieu de journee. Les surfaces associees aux methodes allaient de 0,18 et 0,49 m 2 respectivement, pour les enceintes manuelles et automatiques, a plus de 10 4 m 2 pour les mesures micrometeorologiques. Les profils de densite apparente, de teneurs en eau, temperatures et concentrations en NO 3 - et NH 4 + ont ete suivis simultanement aux mesures de flux de N 2 O. Les differentes methodes ont abouti a des estimations similaires. Le flux de N 2 O moyenne sur l'ensemble de la periode commune de suivi etant de l'ordre de 6 ng N-N 2 O m -2 s -1 . L'utilisation de 16 chambres manuelles a montre une grande variabilite spatiale des emissions comprise entre 30 et 150 % pendant les deux semaines de mesure. Cette variabilite pourrait expliquer la forme inhabituelle des profils de concentrations atmospheriques observes par les methodes des gradients. Les flux horaires donnes par les mesures micrometeorologiques presentaient une variabilite de l'ordre de 100 % sur des periodes journalieres: on peut penser a de faibles variations des processus microbiens ces echelles de temps et attribuer cette variabilite a des phenomenes physiques comme les fluctuations de la pression de l'air. Les faibles emissions de N 2 O s'expliquent par de faibles precipitations avant et au cours de la periode experimentale, insuffisantes pour creer des conditions anoxiques dans le sol et pour qu'il puisse y avoir eu entrainement des fertilisants azotes vers les horizons plus humides.
Change of Attitude? A Diachronic Study of Stance

Successful research writers construct texts by taking a novel point of view toward the issues they discuss while anticipating readers’ imagined reactions to those views. This intersubjective positioning is encompassed by the term stance and, in various guises, has been a topic of interest to researchers of written communication and applied linguists for the past three decades. Recognizing that academic writing is less objective and “author evacuated” than Geertz and others once supposed, analysts have sought to identify the ways that writers use language to acknowledge and construct social relations as they negotiate agreement of their interpretations of data with readers. Despite prolonged and widespread curiosity concerning the notion of stance, however, together with an interest in the gradual evolution of research genres more generally, very little is known of how it has changed in recent years and whether such changes have occurred uniformly across disciplines. In this article we set out to explore these issues. Drawing on a corpus of 2.2 million words taken from the top five journals in each of four disciplines at three distinct time periods, we seek to determine whether authorial projection has changed in academic writing over the past 50 years.
Snap-through cracking in plastic concrete slabs

Snap-through cracking of desiccating plastic concrete slabs, which is occasionally observed in practice, can reduce significantly the service life of concrete structures. However, its underlying mechanism has remained largely unexplained, with very limited literature available. In this paper, theoretical analyses of snap-through cracking in plastic concrete slabs, which are based on combined geotechnical engineering and fracture mechanics models, are presented. The results obtained capture the essential features of snap-through cracking, showing how surface cracks in plastic concrete can become unstable, deepen rapidly, and either become stable again or propagate through the full depth of the slab. They also clarify the roles and significance of pre-existing surface cracks and surface defects, pore moisture suction, and the depth of desiccation in this process. Most importantly, they also confirm the critical role of good construction practices, including the control of compaction and desiccation, in preventing this form of cracking.
SIMULATIONS OF GALAXIES FORMED IN WARM DARK MATTER HALOS OF MASSES AT THE FILTERING SCALE

We present zoom-in N-body + hydrodynamic simulations of dwarf central galaxies formed in warm dark matter (WDM) halos with present-day masses of 2–4 × 10 10 ? > M⊙. Two different cases are considered: the first one when halo masses are close to the corresponding half-mode filtering scale, Mf ( m WDM ? > = 1.2 keV), and the second when they are 20 to 30 times the corresponding Mf ( m WDM ? > = 3.0 keV). The WDM simulations are compared with the respective cold dark matter (CDM) simulations. The dwarfs formed in halos of masses (20–30)Mf have roughly similar properties and evolution to their CDM counterparts; on the contrary, those formed in halos of masses around Mf, are systematically different from their CDM counterparts. As compared to the CDM dwarfs, they assemble the dark and stellar masses later, having mass-weighted stellar ages 1.4–4.8 Gyr younger; their circular velocity profiles are shallower, with maximal velocities 20%–60% lower; their stellar distributions are much less centrally concentrated and with larger effective radii, by factors of 1.3–3. The WDM dwarfs at the filtering scale ( m WDM ? > = 1.2 keV) have disk-like structures, and end in most cases with higher gas fractions and lower stellar-to-total mass ratios than their CDM counterparts. The late halo assembly, low halo concentrations, and the absence of satellites of the former with respect to the latter are at the basis of the differences.
A Preliminary Study on Sustainability of Fishery Cooperatives in the North-eastern Mediterranean, Turkey

Ozet: Kuzeydogu Akdeniz (Turkiye) su urunleri kooperatiflerinin surdurebilirligi uzerine bir on calisma. Bu arastirmada, Kuzeydogu Akdeniz kiyilarinda faaliyet gosteren Su Urunleri Kooperatifleri ve bu kooperatiflerin hizmet surelerine etki eden degiskenler incelenerek bir model olusturulmustur. Bu amacla, soru formlari hazirlanmis ve bolgedeki tum kooperatif yetkilileri (20 su urunleri kooperatifi) ile yuz yuze gorusmeler gerceklestirilmistir. Calismada, kooperatiflerin hizmet surelerini etkileyen faktorleri analiz etmek icin dogrusal regresyon model kullanilmistir. Regresyon model sonuclarina gore; balikcilarin kendi arzusu ile kooperatif kurmasi, profesyonel bir yonetici tarafindan yonetilmesi, kooperatif av sahasindaki toplam balikci sayisi, gemici uye sayisi ve mevcut politikalar degiskenlerinin kooperatif hizmet suresini etkiledigi tespit edilmistir. Calisma sonuclari, bolgedeki balikci kooperatiflerinin daha iyi anlasilmasina yardimci olacak ve balikcilik yonetimi acisindan ilgili idarecilere onemli bulgular saglayacaktir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kuzeydogu Akdeniz, Su urunleri kooperatifleri, Kucuk olcekli balikcilik, Dogrusal regresyon model Abstract: Active fishery cooperatives located along the North-eastern Mediterranean coast and the factors affecting their service period are discussed in this study. The purpose of this study is to advise on a cooperative model that will serve in the long term and to decide on what variables to use as well as how to use them in the case of a local or regional fisheries management. A questionnaire was prepared and face-to-face interviews were performed with all the managers of all fishery cooperatives in the region (20 fishery cooperatives). Linear regression model was used to analyze the elements affecting the service period of the cooperatives. Results of the regression model revealed that some variables affecting this service periods are; foundation of the cooperatives by the fishermen themselves (fishery cooperatives that are formed on the basis of local initiative), having competent management personnel, total number of fishermen in the cooperative area, total number of fisher members (non-vessel-owners) within the cooperative, and existing related policies-legislations. Results of the study will lead to a better understanding of the cooperatives in the area and constitute significant findings for the authorities in terms of fishery management.
Analysis of Technical and Policy Changes for Belgian Dairy Farms Using an Estimated Augmented SGM Cost Function

This paper provides some evidence on the evolution of marginal and average costs of dairy farms in Belgium between 1990 and 2007. It investigates the effect of the 2003 Mid-Term Review by adding time trends and linear splines to an augmented multi-input multi-output symmetric generalized McFadden cost function and estimating it using a panel of Belgian dairy farms. Existence of size, scale and scope economies in the dairy sub-sector is also examined. This exercise increases our understanding of dairy farm responses to reforms and helps envision the possible effects of ending the milk quota system as it is now planned for 2015.
POLLUTANT DISPERSION MODELLING WITH OSPM IN A STREET CANYON FROM BUCHAREST

In urban areas, where the population is very numerous and the traffic is relatively high, the exposure of people to the traffic related concentrations is significant. The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictions derived from the Danish Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) when the input data are obtained by simple measure methods. Pollution concentrations, temperature, flow and turbulence conditions were measured in Bucharest, Bd. Dacia, for different periods of year. The background concentrations ware obtained using the OML model. Measurements are compared to model results which reproduce reasonably well the observed distribution of pollutants in the street. The results indicate that the OSPM data might be useful in assessing long-term exposure to air pollutants in epidemiological studies.
20 Strain Effects in p-type Devices using Full-Band Monte Carlo Simulations

The particle-based Monte Carlo (MC) technique is acknowledged as a powerful method for accurately describing the carrier transport in semiconductor materials and devices within the semi-classical approximation, i.e. the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) for the distribution function. It has been developed by many groups to study a wide variety of transport problems in many kinds of devices, to such a point that it is impossible to summarize here the most significant examples of its applications. The accuracy of the semiclassical transport description is then given by the models used for the band structure and the scattering mechanisms. Hole transport properties in realistic Si devices are particularly affected by the strong anisotropy of the valence band (Thomson et al., 2006), which is further increased by the presence of strain. Analytic approximations fail to describe the valence band structure of Si, and an accurate or « full » description of the energy dispersion is then needed to describe hole transport correctly. In this work, the valence band structure is calculated thanks to a stress-dependent 30-band k.p model (Rideau et al., 2006). With this accurate valence band description, « Full-Band » Monte Carlo simulation becomes an appropriate tool to study various (unstrained or strained) p-type devices. Beyond the description of the model in Section 2, we show here two typical examples of application of the full-band Monte simulator to strain effects in p-type devices. In Section 3, the influence of mechanical stress on Double Gate p-MOSFET performance is be investigated. Multiple gate structures are now recognized as promising architectures to overcome short channel effects in nanometer scaled MOSFET. Double Gate MOSFETs (DGMOS) are found to reach the best performance among SOI-based transistors (Saint Martin et al., 2006). In addition, mechanical stress is used as a technological performance booster for CMOS technology. The impact of stress on carrier transport is then of great importance and is both studied experimentally (Huet et al., 2008 ; Suthram et al., 2007) and theoretically (Huet et al., 2008a; Bufler et al., 2008; Pham et al., 2008). In this work, device performance of strained Si p-DGMOS is studied considering uniform biaxial and uniaxial stresses in the channel. The effect of strain is analyzed via some of the main usual figures of
Creating a Positive English Language Teaching and Learning Environment in EYL Classroom Setting

Young learners or commonly called children are unique in nature. They are human beings that culturally learn from adults and from everything they live with. They try to understand what adults say to them and ask them to do by constructing meanings based on contexts. However, they cannot be treated as adults because they are not adults in miniature. Adults should cater them with meaningful input texts, tasks, contexts and appropriate methods when helping them to construct meanings, including when they learn a foreign language –English. In teaching English as a foreign language to young learners, therefore, the English teachers will be appropriate, effective, and efficient if they apply suitable methods for certain groups of children coming from certain socioeconomic cultural backgrounds when conveying certain English materials, post-method. To do so, in classrooms for English teaching and learning process, the English teachers should 1) find out students’ socio economic, linguistic, and cultural backgrounds, 2) identify students’ characteristics, 3) adopt, adapt, select, develop, or create suitable English teaching materials, 4) apply certain methods in delivering certain English materials based on students’ backgrounds and characteristics, and 5) reflect what they have done to plan and to execute the next teaching.
The effect of different beverages on the surface roughness and hardness of soft denture lining materials

Corresponding author Assist. Prof. Faik Tuğut Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry, Department Of Prosthodontics, 58140 Sivas Tel: 0 346 21912 35 E-mail: tugut78@hotmail.com SUMMARY Aim: The effect of different kind of drinks is to investigate on hardness and surface roughness of soft lining material. Materials and methods: Eighty cylindrical soft liner specimens were produced for this study. Half of them were immersed in isobutyl methacrylate (iBMA) for 3 min. Specimens were then divided into four subgroups according to different beverages; water (control group), cola, soda, and orange juice. Surface roughness and hardness evaluation of the specimens were performed after 24 hours and 30 days of immersion. The obtained data were evaluated by analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test (p=0.05). Results: In all groups, roughness and hardness values showed significant differences after both 24 hours and 30 days (p<0.05). The highest surface roughness and hardness values were detected in soda group of specimens, whereas water group of specimens were exhibited the lowest roughness and hardness values regardless of immersion time and iBMA. Conclusion: Beverage as a habitual nutrition cause physical changes of dental soft liners.
The Relationships of Plasma Leptin, Backfat Thickness and TDN Intake across Finishing Stage of Holstein Steers

Six 16 months old Holstein steers were offered ad libitum feed for 7 months, to determine the (1) relationships of backfat thickness (BFT) to plasma leptin, and insulin; and (2) associations of TDN intake/kg body weight (BW) to plasma leptin, BFT and insulin. Feed intake, body weight and BFT were measured on selected monthly ages from day 1 to 8, day 1 and 8, and day 8, respectively. Blood was sampled on day 8 and the plasma was analyzed for leptin, insulin, glucose, NEFA, total cholesterol and triglyceride. Body weight and BFT increased, while TDN intake per kg BW decreased from 16 to 23 months old. Plasma leptin increased and mimicked the level of insulin, resulting to significant correlation (r=0.54; p<0.002). TDN intake was negatively related to plasma leptin (r=0.49; p<0.004), insulin (r=0.41; p<0.02) and BFT at 12 to 13th rib (r=0.48; p<0.005). Backfat thickness at 12 to 13th rib was positively related to plasma leptin (r=0.45; p<0.01). Negative associations of TDN intake with plasma leptin and BFT during finishing period suggest long-term involvement of adipose tissues in the feed intake regulation of steers fed high concentrate diet. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. Vol 17, No. 3 : 330-336)
Clarifying misunderstandings regarding vegetation self‐organisation and spatial patterns of fairy circles in Namibia: a response to recent termite hypotheses

S T E P H A N G E T Z I N, 1 K E R S T I N W I E G A N D, 2 T H O R S T E N W I E G A N D, 1 H E Z I Y I Z H A Q, 3,4 J O S T V O N H A R D E N B E R G 5 and E H U D M E R O N 3,6 1Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany, 2Department of Ecosystem Modelling, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany, 3Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, 4The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Tamar Regional Council, Israel, 5ISAC-CNR, Torino, Italy and 6Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
A snow sensor experiment in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica

In January 2000 nine snow sensors were deployed in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, along a 355 km transect from Kvitkuven near the shelf edge via the Finnish research station, Aboa, to the Amundsenisen plateau. The purpose was to test a sensor system for spatio-temporal variations in temperature across the snow-air interface and snow accumulation/ablation, which includes atmos- pheric net balance and migrating snow dunes. In the dry snow conditions, environmental static electricity interfered with data transfer; several sensors were disabled early, while the longest record reached 6 months. Along the main transect, the year 2000 mass balance ranged from 52 to 221 mm w.e. , largely following spatial patterns seen by other researchers. The level increased toward the edge of the ice sheet; unloading of drifting snow as the slope flattens, rather than increased snowfall as previously thought, may be responsible for this. At the Hogisen ice dome site the mass balance was 897 mm w.e. , possibly due to unloading of wind-blown snow, as katabatic winds are locally forced uphill. This mechanism is important to maintain such topographic features along the Antarctic ice sheet margin. Major precipitation events occurred at 3-5 week intervals and much of the precipitation fell before mid- June. The daily signal in temperature disappeared after the autumn equinox, then the spectrum displayed a broad peak at synoptic frequencies. Potential temperature decreased towards the shelf edge, displaying a pattern consistent with strong inversions and suggesting that strong evaporative cooling is associated with the katabatic winds.
Poisson Observed Image Restoration using a Latent Variational Approximation with Gaussian MRF

We treat an image restoration problem throughout a Poisson noise channel. The Poisson randomness might be appeared in observation of low contrast object, and its variable takes discrete and positive value. The Poisson noise observation is often hard to treat in a theoretical analysis. In our formulation, we interpret the Poisson noise channel observation as a Bernoulli process, and apply a latent variable method to transform the observation as a Gaussian process with single latent variable. We formulate the image restoration problem as a Bayesian approach, and introduce a Gaussian Markov random field as its prior. The latent parameters and Poisson parameters are treated as hyper-parameters, and we infer them in the expectation maximization framework.
Trends in South African corporate environmental reporting : a research note

The contents of the annual reports of listed mining companies as well as of the Top 100 industrial companies in South Africa were analysed to determine how the disclosure of environmental information has changed over time. Disclosure of general environmental information increased until 1999 and then stabilised at that level. The initial increase in the disclosure of specific environmental information, such as measurable objectives and environmental performance, was followed by a decrease from 1998 onwards. A possible explanation could be that the lack of legal requirements with regard to the reporting of environmental information enables companies to decide what to report and what the extent of the reporting should be. They can therefore elect not to report specific and sometimes sensitive information, because stakeholders could perceive such information to be negative and it could therefore have a negative impact on the corporate image.
Impact of Fusarium Head Blight in Reducing the Weight of Oat Grains

Fusarium head blight (FHB or scab) is caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) and has emerged during the last few decades as one of the major threats to cereal production, with the steady increase in the incidence of this pathogen having led to severe quantitative and qualitative damage. For oats, unlike other winter cereals such as wheat or barley, there is little information regarding yield losses due to FHB. We field-evaluated 15 different oat genotypes with or without FHB on their panicles and treated or untreated with fungicide. For each genotype, 300 ripe panicles per treatment were hand harvested, individually threshed and weighed to estimate the weight of grain produced and correlate this with FHB genotype resistance. Damage caused by the disease was calculated by subtracting the observed yield from the potential yield. When untreated with fungicide, no genotype showed complete immunity to FHB but the average potential grain weight loss for the 15 oat genotypes was small (3.29%), although five genotypes did show significantly reduced grain weight when infected with FHB. Fungicide treatment significantly reduced the percentage of infected spikelets and grain weight loss for the majority of genotypes. Although the data showed relatively small grain weight losses due to FHB, there was no genotype with complete immunity to this pathogen. It appears that continuous no-tillage may influence the incidence of FHB on oats and should be carefully monitored in the field.