Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GOOD TASK LOSSES FOR GENERATIVE MODELING

Generative modeling of high dimensional data like images is a notoriously difficult and ill-defined problem. In particular, how to evaluate a learned generative model is unclear. In this paper, we argue that adversarial learning, pioneered with generative adversarial networks (GANs), provides an interesting framework to implicitly define more meaningful task losses for unsupervised tasks, such as for generating “visually realistic” images. By relating GANs and structured prediction under the framework of statistical decision theory, we put into light links between recent advances in structured prediction theory and the choice of the divergence in GANs. We argue that the insights about the notions of “hard” and “easy” to learn losses can be analogously extended to adversarial divergences. We also discuss the attractive properties of parametric adversarial divergences for generative modeling, and perform experiments to show the importance of choosing a divergence that reflects the final task.
Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration: Role of Trophic Factors

Stem cells play a critical role in tissue regeneration and repair, maintenance and turnover and the control of haematopoiesis in the various tissues. These cells have an incredible ability to differentiate into specific cell types like osteoblasts, chondrocytes or myocytes and to develop bone, cartilage or muscle tissues. Now it is believed that the cells do not differentiate by themselves but rather the secretion of the bioactive (trophic) factors which are responsible for the functional outcome of the tissue. Stem cells reside in complicated and dynamic three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments in vivo known as stem cell niches. The niches are composed of extracellular matrix (ECM), soluble and tethered proteins and supporting cells, which have a profound influence on the functionality of the cells, including differentiation and trophic factor release. In this chapter, we review and emphasize the influence of stem cell microenvironment on the secretion of trophic factors and their perspective application for bone regeneration.
Maxillary Protraction Therapy

The incidence of skeletal Class III malocclusion is rather small in the population, but it is one of the most difficult malocclusions to treat. Class III malocclusions are often seen with maxillary retrognathia, mandibular prognathia, or a combination of both. Thus, maxillary protraction is an emerging paradigm in the early management of skeletal Class III malocclusion. Many investiga- tors have reported on the results of maxillary retrognathic patients treated with face masks. The majority of these studies noted a counterclockwise rotation of the maxilla with the protraction headgear treatment. Although this rotation was a benefit in the treatment of low-angle, deep-bite Class III patients, it is not indicated in Class III cases with high-angle skeletal patterns and anterior open bites. In order to eliminate these unwanted side effects, some investigators have applied the protraction force at an angle of 30° downward from the occlusal plane. This article attempts to consolidate and organize the facts related to the maxillary protraction therapy.
On the origin of oscillations in two-dimensional spectra of excitonically-coupled molecular systems

We investigate an artificial molecular dimer made of two dipole coupled cyanine dye monomers in which a strong coherent coupling between electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom arises. Clear signatures of this coupling are reflected in an oscillatory time evolution of the off-diagonal vibronic cross peaks in the two-dimensional optical photon echo spectrum. We find a strong coherence component damped by fast electronic dephasing ( ≈ 50 ? > fs) accompanied by a much weaker component which decays on the longer time scales (ps) associated to vibrational dephasing. We find that vibronic coupling does not cause longer dephasing times of the dominant photo echo component but additional weak but long-lived components emerge.
Plasma rotation and transport in MAST spherical tokamak

The formation of internal transport barriers (ITBs) is investigated in MAST spherical tokamak plasmas. The relative importance of equilibrium flow shear and magnetic shear in their formation and evolution is investigated using data from high-resolution kinetic- and q-profile diagnostics. In L-mode plasmas, with co-current directed NBI heating, ITBs in the momentum and ion thermal channels form in the negative shear region just inside qmin. In the ITB region the anomalous ion thermal transport is suppressed, with ion thermal transport close to the neo-classical level, although the electron transport remains anomalous. Linear stability analysis with the gyro-kinetic code GS2 shows that all electrostatic micro-instabilities are stable in the negative magnetic shear region in the core, both with and without flow shear. Outside the ITB, in the region of positive magnetic shear and relatively weak flow shear, electrostatic micro-instabilities become unstable over a wide range of wave numbers. Flow shear reduces the linear growth rates of low-k modes but suppression of ITG modes is incomplete, which is consistent with the observed anomalous ion transport in this region; however, flow shear has little impact on growth rates of high-k, electron-scale modes. With counter-NBI ITBs of greater radial extent form outside qmin due to the broader profile of E × B flow shear produced by the greater prompt fast-ion loss torque.
Early Numerical Competence and Number Line Task Performance in Kindergarteners.

This work aims to evaluate the relationship between early numerical competence in kindergarteners and their numerical representations as measured by the number line task (NLT). Thirty-four 5-year-old children participated in the study. Children’s early performance on symbolic and non-symbolic numerical tasks was considered to determine which was a better predictor of NLT performance. Children completed an early number competence standardized test comprising symbolic semantic tasks (Arabic digit comparison and Arabic digit linear order), lexical tasks (numbers recognition and numbers reading), and non-symbolic semantic tasks (dots comparison and picture linear order), and the NLT 0–100. The relationship between early number competence (both symbolic and non-symbolic) and performance on the NLT was analyzed using a regression model in which the predictors were identified through a forward selection based on the use of the index BIC (Bayesian Information Criterion). Results show that symbolic number knowledge tasks (Arabic linear digits order and Arabic digits comparison) are the best predictors of performance on the NLT. This suggests that knowledge of the semantics of Arabic digits is more important than non-symbolic quantity knowledge in predicting number line task accuracy among young children. This finding brings additional evidence to the debate on the relationship between non-symbolic numeral knowledge and symbolic number processing.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COHERENT, NON- COHERENT, AND SEMI-COHERENT INTEGRATION SCHEMES FOR GNSS RECEIVERS (PREPRINT)

Abstract : Three integration schemes, namely, coherent, non-coherent, and semi-coherent integration, and their variants are described in this paper for signal detection and tracking in such applications as pulsed Doppler radar and GPS receiver. We adopt a unified approach to present such integration schemes as best approximations to the likelihood ratio test (LRT) when the signal models are partially known to different extents. Formulas for the conditional probability density functions (pdfs) of the sufficient statistic under alternative hypotheses as well as the probability of detection (Pd) and probability of false alarm (Pfa) are given. Integration improvement factors and integration losses are then formulated. Connections of the semi-coherent integration scheme to the cyclic auto-correlation function, the discrete-time Wigner-Ville transform, and the radar ambiguity function are also outlined. Although most of the results are available in the literature, they are scattered in different textbooks and research papers. By presenting them in a cohesive and concise manner, the paper can serve as (1) an introductory material with key references for those who would like to study the subject further, (2) a quick reference for those who would like to compare these integration schemes, and (3) an integrated approach under varying conditions. Simulation results are presented to compare these integration schemes in terms of detection performance (Pd and Pfa) as a function of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and integration interval under two operating conditions. One is for a signal with constant Doppler frequency and the other is for a linear frequency modulation signal (i.e., a chirp signal).
Energy Business Cycles

We find that, when estimated, a two sector computable dynamic stochastic general equilibrium open economy model of the U.S. that formally admits energy into the production process can generate plausible parameter values that can be applied to deal with a broad range of economic issues. As a benchmark, we require that the model fits the data for output, real exchange rate, energy use, and consumption: output because it serves as a measure of a country’s total income,real exchange rate because it serves as a determinant of a country’s relative competitiveness,energy use because it serves as an indicator of special inputs into a country’s production process,and consumption because it serves as a yardstick for evaluating a country’s standard of living. Finally, we argue that this model, with appropriate extensions, some of which we also propose, can help future modelers to tackle other research questions.
SOLVABILITY OF DEGENERATE ANISOTROPIC ELLIPTIC SECOND-ORDER EQUATIONS WITH L-DATA

In this article, we study the Dirichlet problem for degenerate anisotropic elliptic second-order equations with L1-right-hand sides on a bounded open set of Rn (n > 2). These equations are described with a set of exponents and of a set of weighted functions. The exponents characterize the rates of growth of the coefficients of the equations with respect to the corresponding derivatives of the unknown function, and the weighted functions characterize degeneration or singularity of the coefficients of the equations with respect to the spatial variable. We prove theorems on the existence of entropy solutions, T -solutions, W -solutions, and weighted weak solutions of the problem under consideration.
Homogeneous assay technologies in drug screening: Quenching Resonance Energy Transfer (QRET) technique

Information gained from the human genome project and improvements in compound synthesizing have increased the number of both therapeutic targets and potential lead compounds. This has evolved a need for better screening techniques to have a capacity to screen number of compound libraries against increasing amount of targets. Radioactivity based assays have been traditionally used in drug screening but the fluorescence based assays have become more popular in high throughput screening (HTS) as they avoid safety and waste problems confronted with radioactivity. In comparison to conventional fluorescence more sensitive detection is obtained with time-resolved luminescence which has increased the popularity of time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) based assays. To simplify the current TR-FRET based assay concept the luminometric homogeneous single-label utilizing assay technique, Quenching Resonance Energy Transfer (QRET), was developed. The technique utilizes soluble quencher to quench non-specifically the signal of unbound fraction of lanthanide labeled ligand. One labeling procedure and fewer manipulation steps in the assay concept are saving resources. The QRET technique is suitable for both biochemical and cell-based assays as indicated in four studies:1) ligand screening study of β2 -adrenergic receptor (cell-based), 2) activation study of Gs-/Giprotein coupled receptors by measuring intracellular concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cell-based), 3) activation study of G-protein coupled receptors by observing the binding of guanosine-5’-triphosphate (cell membranes), and 4) activation study of small GTP binding protein Ras (biochemical). Signal-to-background ratios were between 2.4 to 10 and coefficient of variation varied from 0.5 to 17% indicating their suitability to HTS use.
Title: Disrupting the experience of control in the human brain: pre-Supplementary Motor Area contributes to the sense of agency Running head: Experience of control in the human brain

The feeling of controlling events through one's actions is fundamental to human experience, but its neural basis remains unclear. This "sense of agency" can be measured quantitatively as a temporal linkage between voluntary actions and their external effects. We investigated the brain areas underlying this aspect of action awareness by using theta-burst stimulation to locally and reversibly disrupt human brain function. Disruption of the pre-Supplementary Motor Area (a key structure for preparation and initiation of voluntary action) was shown to reduce the temporal linkage between a voluntary keypress action and a subsequent electrocutaneous stimulus. In contrast, disruption of sensorimotor cortex, which processes signals more directly related to action execution and sensory feedback, had no significant effect. Our results provide the first direct evidence of a pre-SMA contribution to sense of agency.
Study on Knowledge, Attitude & Practice about Rabies & Pet Animals among School Children in Bangladesh

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com disadvantaged areas of the poorest countries [1]. Many countries have successfully reduced the impact of the disease by tackling the gap between public and animal health through a concerted “one health” approach [2]. Clinicians worldwide need to be aware of rabies and vigilant about the possible exposure of patients to infection because timely prevention is life saving.
Representation theory of central topological groups

By a central topological group we mean a group G such that G/Z is compact, where Z (or Z(G)) denotes the center of G. A locally compact group satisfying this condition will be called a [Z]-group, and [Z] denotes the class of these groups. In [7] we developed the structure theory of [Z]-groups; in particular, we showed that every [Z]-group G obeys the following Structure Theorem: G = V x H (direct product), where V is a vector group and H contains a compact open normal subgroup K(3). Both the structure theory and, as will be shown in this paper, the representation theory of [Z]-groups generalize and unify in a natural manner the corresponding theories for compact groups on the one hand and for locally compact abelian groups on the other. In fact, many of the features common to these two classes appear in their natural setting only when viewed as being characteristic of [Z]-groups. In addition, there are strong indications that [Z] marks the utmost degree of generality in which all these features are still present; not the least of these is the fact that the representation theory of [Z]-groups is essentially finite-dimensional. By contrast, that of the slightly larger class of [FIA]--groups is not; an [FIA]-group being a locally compact group G such that Z(G), the group of inner automorphisms, has compact closure in %(G), the group of all topological group automorphisms of G, in the natural topology. The class [FIA] was introduced by R. Godement [4]. (For a full discussion of the relation between [Z] and [FIA] -, see [7].) The finite-dimensionality of representations referred to above in combination with the compactness condition which defines [Z] allows us to obtain less general but considerably sharper results than those laid down by Godement in [6]. The present paper gives complete proofs of the results announced in Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 72 (1966), 836-841, under the same title. The paper is organized as follows. After establishing the basic definitions and a number of technical results in ? 1 we proceed to the proof of the fundamental fact that continuous irreducible unitary Hilbert space representations of [Z]-groups are finite-dimensional (Theorem 2.1) and we obtain an orthogonality relation for the
Financial inclusion in rural Uganda: The role of social capital and generational values

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to examine how variations in social capital across generations promote financial inclusion among the poor in rural Uganda. Data were collected from a sample of 200 poor households located in Mukono district and processed using ordinary least square regression and ANOVA to examine how variations in social capital across generations promote financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. The results generated indicate that variations in social capital components across generations significantly and positively affect financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. The paper makes a significant contribution to existing body of literature by showing that variations in social capital across generations can cause an effect in financial inclusion of the poor, especially in rural Uganda. Managers of financial institutions should consider generational values in promoting financial inclusion. Specifically, they should design social financial products and services that can boost collective action in order to promote financial inclusion of the poor, especially in rural Uganda.
The Physiological Adaptations of the Lahontan Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) following Transfer from Well Water to the Highly Alkaline Waters of Pyramid Lake, Nevada (pH 9.4)

Salmonids experience severe disturbances in the excretion and internal regulation of ammonia, acid-base balance, and ionoregulation when challenged with alkaline pH. We followed the responses of a high-pH-tolerant salmonid, the Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) for 72 h after transfer from pH 8. 4 well water into the alkaline water (pH 9. 4) of Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Fish that had been living in Pyramid Lake for 3 wk, 5 wk, and 2 yr were also examined. A combined metabolic and respiratory alkalosis (negative metabolic acid load \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage{wasysym} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document}$${\mathrm{[{\Delta}{H_{m}^{+}}]}}$$\end{document} and decreased arterial CO₂ tension [Paco₂], respectively) occurred initially. The metabolic component was corrected within 24 h, but the respiratory component persisted for up to 5 wk. Transfers also resulted in an immediate 70% reduction in the ammonia excretion rate (JAmm) and a 30% increase in total plasma ammonia TAmm. The TAmm was corrected within 3 d, but JAmm remained depressed, which indicates reduced ammonia production rates. Because the urea excretion rate (JUrea) did not change, the contribution of JUrea to total N excretion increased from 10% in well water to 25% in fish acutely and chronically exposed to lake water. Liver enzyme activities indicated that the pathway for urea production was uricolysis, not the ornithine-urea cycle. Branchial chloride cell fractional surface area increased in lake water, and this may have counteracted the base load by promoting base equivalent excretion via Cl⁻/HCO₃⁻ exchange. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels were slightly higher in Pyramid Lake water. We conclude that the Lahontan cutthroat trout are able to survive in Pyramid Lake's alkaline environment because of their ability to reduce ammonia production, thereby avoiding chronic elevation of plasma TAmm and their ability to control blood acid-base and ionic status under alkaline conditions.
Refeeding Hospitalized Patients with Eating Disorders: Does Gender Matter?

Eating disorders have historically been portrayed as a female phenomenon. Recent estimates, however, suggest a growing prevalence of eating disorders among males, with males accounting for 10 to 25% of patients [1, 2]. This percentage may further increase as clinicians adopt the latest changes to eating disorder criteria published in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) [3]. These changes, among others, include removing amenorrhea from the criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN) and adding diagnoses for binge eating disorder and Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), which will likely add to the number of males with specified eating disorders [4, 5]. Despite growing recognition of eating disorders in males, research rarely includes gender comparisons due to small sample sizes or exclusion of males, particularly among patients requiring hospitalization.
Acceptance of Driverless Vehicles: Results from a Large Cross-National Questionnaire Study

Shuttles that operate without an onboard driver are currently being developed and tested in various projects worldwide. However, there is a paucity of knowledge on the determinants of acceptance of driverless shuttles in large cross-national samples. In the present study, we surveyed 10,000 respondents on the acceptance of driverless vehicles and sociodemographic characteristics, using a 94-item online questionnaire. After data filtering, data of 7,755 respondents from 116 countries were retained. Respondents reported that they would enjoy taking a ride in a driverless vehicle (mean = 4.90 on a scale from 1 = disagree strongly to 6 = agree strongly). We further found that the scores on the questionnaire items were most appropriately explained through a general acceptance component, which had loadings of about 0.7 for items pertaining to the usefulness of driverless vehicles and loadings between 0.5 and 0.6 for items concerning the intention to use, ease of use, pleasure, and trust in driverless vehicles, as well as knowledge of mobility-related developments. Additional components were identified as thrill seeking, wanting to be in control manually, supporting a car-free environment, and being comfortable with technology. Correlations between sociodemographic characteristics and general acceptance scores were small (<0.20), yet interpretable (e.g., people who reported difficulty with finding a parking space were more accepting towards driverless vehicles). Finally, we found that the GDP per capita of the respondents’ country was predictive of countries’ mean general acceptance score ( across 43 countries with 25 or more respondents). In conclusion, self-reported acceptance of driverless vehicles is more strongly determined by domain-specific attitudes than by sociodemographic characteristics. We recommend further research, using objective measures, into the hypothesis that national characteristics are a predictor of the acceptance of driverless vehicles.
Very High Resolution Simulations of Compressible, Turbulent Flows

The steadily increasing power of supercomputing systems is enabling very high resolution simulations of compressible, turbulent flows in the high Reynolds number limit, which is of interest in astrophysics as well as in several other fluid dynamical applications. This paper discusses two such simulations, using grids of up to 8 billion cells. In each type of flow, convergence in a statistical sense is observed as the mesh is refined. The behavior of the convergent sequences indicates how a subgrid-scale model of turbulence could improve the treatment of these flows by high-resolution Euler schemes like PPM. The best resolved case, a simulation of a Richtmyer-Meshkov mixing layer in a shock tube experiment, also points the way toward such a subgrid-scale model. Analysis of the results of that simulation indicates a proportionality relationship between the energy transfer rate from large to small motions and the determinant of the deviatoric symmetric strain as well as the divergence of the velocity for the large-scale field.