Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN THE T O P O G R A P H Y OF THE SEA URCHIN EGG AFTER FERTILIZATION

Changes in the topography of the sea urchin egg after fertilization were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs were treated with dithiothreitol to modify the vitelline layer and to prevent formation of a fertilization membrane. Dithiothreitol treatment caused the microvilli to become more irregular in shape, length, and diameter than those of untreated eggs. The microvilli were similarly modified by trypsin treatment. This effect did not appear to be due to disruption of cytoskeletal elements beneath the plasma membrane , for neither colchicine nor cytochalasin B altered microviUar morphology. Thus, it appears that the vitelline layer may act in the maintenance of surface form of unfertilized eggs. Since dithiothreitol-treated eggs did not elevate a fertilization membrane, scanning electron microscopy could be used to directly observe modifications in the egg plasma membrane after fertilization. The wave of cortical granule exocytosis initiated at the point of at tachment of the fertilizing sperm was characterized by the appearance of pits that subsequently opened, releasing the cortical granule contents and leaving depressions upon the egg surface. The perigranular membranes inserted during exocytosis were seen as smooth patches between the microvillous patches remaining from the original egg surface. This produced a mosaic surface with more than double the amount of membrane of unfertilized eggs. The mosaic surface subsequently reorganized to accommodate the inserted membrane material by elongation of microvilli. Blebs and membranous whorls present before reorganization suggested the existence of an unstable intermediate state of plasma membrane reorganization. Exocytosis and mosaic membrane formation were not blocked by colchicine or cytochalasin B, but microvillar elongation was blocked by cytochalasin B treatment. The cortical reaction occurring at fertilization leads to a profound alteration of the sea urchin egg surface. Within a few seconds of sperm attachment, a rapid change occurs in the membrane potential of the egg accompanied by a partial block to polyspermy (reviewed in references 15, 17, 30, 32). These changes are immediately followed by a massive exocytosis of the cortical granule contents that is rapidly propagated from the point of sperm attachment over the surface of the egg (10, 11, 25). The vitelline layer is altered by materials released from the cortical granules and is THE JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY" VOLUME 71, 1976 9 pages 35-48 35 on A uust 4, 2017 jcb.rress. org D ow nladed fom detached from the plasma m e m b r a n e (6, 7). The cortical granule mater ial reacts with vitelline layer components to produce the rigid structure of the fertilization m e m b r a n e (3, 5, 19, 22, 26, 35). Al though these p h e n o m e n a are well described, the mechanisms and biochemical events involved
Analysis of Declarative and Procedural Knowledge in Volleyball According to the Level of Practice and Players' Age

The main objective of the research was to analyse the cognitive expertise of volleyball players, according to their level of practice and age, as well as to verify the existing difference in the knowledge of individuals of the same age but with different levels of practice. The study sample was comprised of 535 individuals ages 12 to 16 years. The independent variables were the level of practice, i.e., playing category in training and in competition (Under-14 and Under-16), and the age. The dependent variables were declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. An analysis of variance was performed to examine the influence of the level of practice on the declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge of the volleyball players in training stages. There were significant differences both in declarative knowledge and in procedural knowledge according to level of practice. Significant differences were also observed between consecutive ages at different levels of practice. These results show that the level of practice in training and competition is a more relevant factor than the change of age in development of specific knowledge of the sport.
Acute effects of cigarettes in non‐deprived smokers on memory, calculation and executive functions

To determine whether smoking one or two cigarettes daily has effects on cognitive functions and the blood nicotine level, we examined 20 smokers and 20 nonsmokers as part of a normal daily smoking regimen using psychological tests for memory, calculation and association. Subjects underwent Buschke's selective reminding test, a mental arithmetic task (multiplication between two digits and one digit) and an association task (letter fluency); the duration of each task being 2 min under the condition of pre‐smoking, one cigarette smoking and two cigarette smoking sessions, with an inter‐session interval of 50 min. The total recall or correct responses were evaluated. The results showed that performance deteriorated in the later sessions in the memory task, whereas it improved in the later sessions in the calculation and association tasks, with no group (smoker–nonsmoker) difference, nor interaction between tasks and groups in each task. Plasma nicotine increased by 10 ng/ml immediately after smoking a cigarette, and 14 ng/ml immediately after smoking two cigarettes, but decreased to the pre‐smoking level or slightly higher 10 min after smoking. These findings suggested that a daily dose of nicotine had little effect on the performance related to memory, calculation and mental association. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of probiotic (Primalac 454) on non- alcoholic fatty liver disease in broilers

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of disorders ranging from fat accumulation in hepatocytes without concomitant inflammation or fibrosis to hepatic steatosis with a necro-inflammatory component (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH) that may or may not have associated fibrosis [20]. Bacterial overgrowth has significantly been observed more often in patients with NASH compared to control subjects [31]. Intestinal microflora may cause hepatotoxic injury by producing ethanol, ammonia, and acetaldehyde, which are generally metabolized by the liver and control Küpffer activity and cytokine production via endotoxin release [5]. Faecal bacteriological analysis showed that the administration of probiotic preparations to cirrhotic patients resulted in a modulation of the gut flora with a significant reduction in the quantity of several bacterial pathogens [16]. Because the probiotic modulator effect on the intestinal microflora and mucosal adherence could SUMMARY
A Preliminary Study of the Norm Preservation Properties of CNN

Important Notice: This work is in its preliminary stage; this brief technical report is also fairly informal and rushed due to external factors. Nonetheless, by public request, we decide to present our findings–both positive and negative–during our initial investigation on this subject for other researchers to cite our results. We will hopefully follow up with major modifications in the near future. Recently, deep convolutional neural nets (CNNs) have gained much popularity in subfields of Computer Vision such as object classification, object detection, caption generation and activity recognition. However, there has been limited effort directed toward theoretically explaining why CNNs can generate desirable features. In this technical report, under some major assumptions on the input space and the learned filters, we attempt to prove analytical upper and lower bounds for the l norm of CNN features (convolution+relu+max-pooling) with respect to the l norm of the input features. Unfortunately, the assumptions on the filters are not generally satisfied; it would be more practical to measure the norm preservation property based on the numerical values of individual filter matrices[1].
Diffusion tensor brain MR imaging in X-linked cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy

Brain diffusion tensor MRI of 11 boys with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy was performed. The authors determined quantitative isotropic apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCi) and fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the white matter. ADCi and FA values in the affected white matter were significantly different from those in normal-appearing white matter. Zonal ADCi and FA gradations, which might originate from well-established histopathologic zonal changes, existed within affected white matter.
HIV-1 vaccines

The development of a safe and effective preventive HIV-1 vaccine remains a public health priority. Despite scientific difficulties and disappointing results, HIV-1 vaccine clinical development has, for the first time, established proof-of-concept efficacy against HIV-1 acquisition and identified vaccine-associated immune correlates of risk. The correlate of risk analysis showed that IgG antibodies against the gp120 V2 loop correlated with decreased risk of HIV infection, while Env-specific IgA directly correlated with increased risk. The development of vaccine strategies such as improved envelope proteins formulated with potent adjuvants and DNA and vectors expressing mosaics, or conserved sequences, capable of eliciting greater breadth and depth of potentially relevant immune responses including neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies, CD4+ and CD8+ cell-mediated immune responses, mucosal immune responses, and immunological memory, is now proceeding quickly. Additional human efficacy trials combined with other prevention modalities along with sustained funding and international collaboration remain key to bring an HIV-1 vaccine to licensure.
Monoclonal antibodies in gastrointestinal cancers

Introduction: Among gastrointestinal cancers, colorectal and gastric neoplasms are the most frequent. The development of new targeted drugs improved the efficacy of systemic therapy in advanced stages of those malignancies. Areas covered: This review highlights the main biological processes implicated in gastrointestinal cancer development and progression, such as angiogenesis and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. On these bases, anti-EGFR and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibodies in colorectal and gastric cancer are discussed. Data about further monoclonal antibodies in development are also reported. Expert opinion: The use of monoclonal antibodies in colorectal and gastric cancers showed the best outcomes when combined with chemotherapy, even though single agent anti-EGFR antibodies seem active in particular setting of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. It is not well defined whether the addition of anti-VEGF and anti-EGFR to chemotherapy could improve outcome in those patients susceptible to CRC-related metastases resection. Little and conflicting data are available about the role of these drugs in adjuvant setting. Tests are available to select patients with higher probability to get benefit from these treatments. Further biomarkers need to be evaluated to improve this selection and achieve “tailorization” of systemic therapy.
Statistical Machine Translation

This introductory text to statistical machine translation (SMT) provides all of the theories and methods needed to build a statistical machine translator, such as Google Language Tools and Babelfish. In general, statistical techniques allow automatic translation systems to be built quickly for any language-pair using only translated texts and generic software. With increasing globalization, statistical machine translation will be central to communication and commerce. Based on courses and tutorials, and classroom-tested globally, it is ideal for instruction or self-study, for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in computer science and/or computational linguistics, and researchers in natural language processing. The companion website provides open-source corpora and tool-kits.
Making music out of noise – the cost function approach to evaluation∗

In good health care systems, the planning and purchasing of services for individual people should be based on individual needs assessments and outcome expectations. No two patients or users of a given service or programme are likely to present exactly the same symptoms or needs, or to experience exactly the same outcomes. They will have different personal and family circumstances, resources and preferences. Consequently, service responses should rarely be exactly identical.
HIV and its effects on bone: a primer for rheumatologists

Purpose of reviewAs patients with HIV are living longer because of effective treatments, rates of comorbid chronic diseases such as bone complications are increasing. There is a growing body of literature showing increased rates of osteopenia and osteporosis in the HIV population. Less is known about the risk of fracture, as well as other bone complications, such as avascular necrosis (AVN). Recent findingsIncreased rates of osteopenia and osteoporosis are seen in the HIV population, likely secondary to an interaction of traditional osteoporotic and HIV-specific risk factors, and possibly the effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART). There are conflicting recent data as to whether the decrease in bone mineral density seen in the HIV population, specifically with particular ART regimens, translates into an increased risk of fracture. Conflicting evidence emerges from recent studies exploring whether supplementation of vitamin D and calcium can prevent the bone loss seen with specific ART regimens. SummaryBone disease is common in the HIV population, and will likely be a medical problem increasingly seen by rheumatologists. The role of ART regimens on bone complications such as fracture and AVN is unclear, and further research in this area as well as possible prevention strategies are needed.
Current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever

Although advances in public health and hygiene have led to the virtual disappearance of enteric fever (more commonly termed typhoid fever) from much of the developed world, the disease remains endemic in many developing countries. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S typhi ), a Gram negative bacterium. A similar but often less severe disease is caused by S paratyphi A and, less commonly, by S paratyphi B (Schotmulleri) and S paratyphi C (Hirschfeldii). The common mode of infection is by ingestion of an infecting dose of the organism, usually through contaminated water or food. Although the source of infection may vary, person to person transmission through poor hygiene and sewage contamination of water supply are the most important. Few established surveillance systems for typhoid exist in the developing world, especially in community settings, so the true burden is difficult to estimate. This is shown by recent revisions in the global estimates of the true burden of typhoid. In contrast to previous estimates, which were 60% higher,1 investigators from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that there are 21.6 million typhoid cases annually, with the annual incidence varying from 100 to 1000 cases per 100 000 population.2 The global mortality estimates from typhoid have also been revised downwards from 600 000 to 200 000, largely on the basis of regional extrapolations.2 Recent population based studies from South Asia suggest that the incidence is highest in children aged less than 5 years, with higher rates of complications and hospitalisation, and may indicate risk of early exposure to relatively large infecting doses of the organisms in these populations.3–5 These findings contrast with previous studies from Latin Americaw1 and Africa,w2 which suggested that S typhi infection caused a mild disease …
Preclinical studies on thiocarboxanilide UC‐781 as a virucidal agent

Background:Thiocarboxanilide UC-781 is a highly potent and selective nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) of HIV-1, which also has virucidal properties. Recent studies have shown that UC-781 would seem an ideal candidate for application as a vaginal virucide. Objective:To investigate the antiviral potency and stability of UC-781 in a lipophilic gel formulation. Methods:UC-781 was formulated in replens gel at different concentrations and administered intravaginally to rabbits at 5% in replens gel for 10 days. UC-781 was also exposed to temperatures of 4, 37 and 50°C, and to low pH (6.0, 4.3, 2.0 and 1.2). A number of microorganisms were exposed in culture to serial dilutions of UC-781. Results:The drug was stable under low pH conditions and did not lose its antiviral potency upon 4 h exposure to pH 3.5 (the estimated vaginal pH). UC-781 can be easily formulated into a lipophilic gel (replens; up to 5%) and proved fully stable at 50°C for 30 days. There was no effect on the growth of microorganisms (i.e., Candida and Lactobacillus strains) that are present in the vaginal flora. Neither systemic side-effects, nor local inflammation or damage of the vaginal mucosa or epithelium were observed in rabbits to which 5% UC-781 in replens gel had been administered. UC-781, formulated as 0.5, 0.2 and 0.05% replens gel, and UC-38, α-APA and zidovudine, formulated as 0.5 or 0.2% replens gel, were effective in protecting CEM cells in the very beginning against productive HIV-1 replication. This points to an efficient diffusion of the drugs from the lipophilic gel to the hydrophilic culture medium. However, subsequent subcultivations at a dilution rate of 1 : 10 every 3–4 days resulted in a rapid breakthrough of virus with all drugs except UC-781 in its 0.5 and 0.2% gel formulation. These cultures were fully protected against HIV-1 and remained completely cleared from virus for at least 10 subcultivations. Conclusions:The virus that emerged under 0.05% UC-781 remained highly sensitive to the NNRTI, including UC-781, in cell culture, suggesting a lack of resistance development under our experimental conditions.
Molecular Cloning and Circadian Regulation of Cryptochrome Genes in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The circadian system is thought to have three components: input, pacemaker (internal clock), and output. Cryptochromes (Cry) are important clock genes, and recent findings indicate that these genes not only act as circadian photoreceptors but are also essential components in the negative feedback of the circadian system. As a first step toward understanding the avian circadian system, the authors tried to clone Japanese quail homologs of mammalian Crys and analyze their expression patterns in different circumstances. Partial cDNAs of qCry1 and qCry2, which are homologs of mammalian Cry1 and Cry2, respectively, were obtained and their gene expressions were analyzed. Both qCry1 and qCry2mRNAs were present in all the tissues examined. The oscillation patterns of the qCry1 transcripts were tissue specific and generally showed robust changes between daytime and nighttime; except for lung and testis tissues (which showed no detectable changes between daytime and nighttime), daytime levels were higher in all of the tissues examined. This rapid oscillation in qCry1 persisted through constant darkness or constant illumination, indicating that an endogenous clock controls these changes. In contrast, the expression of qCry2 did not oscillate in any tissue examined. In addition, in tissues of the pineal gland and eye, unexpected light exposure in the dark period was able to block the decrease in qCry1 transcripts or induce its expression. These findings, in conjunction with the established roles of CRYs in other species, led the authors to propose that in the circadian system, qCRYs may play important roles similar to the known roles of CRYs of other species, such as acting as circadian photoreceptors and as components of the circadian system.
True knot of the umbilical cord: transient constrictive effect to umbilical venous blood flow demonstrated by Doppler sonography

True knot of the umbilical cord is a rare occurrence, which is difficult to diagnose antenatally, even with the use of ultrasound. Constriction of a true knot of the umbilical cord may lead to obstruction of the fetal circulation and subsequent intrauterine death. We present a singleton pregnancy, in which the antenatal diagnosis of a true knot of the umbilical cord with entanglement of the cord around the fetal neck and body was made at 23 + 4 weeks' gestation. With the use of color‐coded Doppler followed by pulsed wave Doppler spectral analysis, a stenotic effect on the umbilical venous blood flow, with normal arterial blood flow, was demonstrated for the first time. Marked acceleration of umbilical venous blood flow velocities from 15 cm/s pre‐stenotically to 100 cm/s post‐stenotically was demonstrated. This presented as an aliasing phenomenon and a mosaic pattern on color flow imaging in the variance mode. This phenomenon was only transient and could not be demonstrated again at follow‐up examinations. A healthy newborn was delivered by Cesarean section at 33 + 1 weeks' gestation. The presence of a single knot was confirmed at delivery. Copyright © 1996 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Traditional Knowledge and Social Science on Trial: Battles over Evidence in Indigenous Rights Litigation in Canada and Australia

Traditional knowledge and oral traditions history are crucial lines of evidence in Aboriginal claims litigation and alternative forms of resolution, most notably claims commissions. This article explores the ways in which these lines of evidence pose numerous challenges in terms of how and where they can be presented, who is qualified to present it, questions about whether this evidence can stand on its own, and the problems of developing appropriate measures to protect it from inappropriate use by outsiders while not unduly restricting access by the traditional owners.
模拟软件—ASPEN PLUS

本文介绍了大型化工流程模拟软件ＡＳＰＥＮ ＰＬＵＳ。 主要包括：完整的化工单元操作模型，工业上最适用而完备的物性系统，物性常数估算系统，经济评价及其他方面的功能，方便灵活的用户操作环境。 文章进一步阐要地介绍了ＡＳＰＥＮ ＰＬＵＳ在工程设计中的应用。
Virruid evoked potentials in infants with hydrocephalus

Visual evoked potentials to flash stimuli were recorded in 15 infants with hydrocephalus. All demonstrated increased latencies for the prominent positive component (P2) of the response, compared to the mean values for age-matched controls. In nine infants studied prior to and 1 week after a shunt procedure, the P2 latency decreased.
Variable Selection in Additive Models Using P-Splines

This article extends the nonnegative garrote method to a component selection method in a nonparametric additive model in which each univariate function is estimated with P-splines. We also establish the consistency of the procedure. An advantage of P-splines is that the fitted function is represented in a rather small basis of B-splines. A numerical study illustrates the finite-sample performance of the method and includes a comparison with other methods. The nonnegative garrote method with P-splines has the advantage of being computationally fast and performs, with an appropriate parameter selection procedure implemented, overall very well. Real data analysis leads to interesting findings. Supplementary materials for this article (technical proofs, additional numerical results, R code) are available online.