Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Destination-Based Product Selections by International Backpackers in Australia

Within the backpacking phenomenon there has been an increasing blurring of the distinction between free independent traveller (FIT) backpackers and youth travellers undertaking extended tours offered by commercial operators. This has had consequences for the suppliers of tour and related products that are likely to appeal to backpackers. At the same time, there has been a proliferation of commercial backpacker hostels and destination-based tour products targeted specifically at backpackers’ needs. This chapter investigates the provision of tours (both day and extended) targeted at backpackers, how backpackers source information about such products, the extent to which they engage in advanced product booking and purchases, and the various segments that exist within the backpacker market. The research was conducted exclusively in Australia but doubtless has broader applicability since its focus is on international backpackers. Backpacking in Australia is a significant and growing phenomenon. International backpackers contribute more than $A1.5 billion each year to the Australian economy, and backpackers in Australia spend around $A6130 per head compared with an average spend of $A4005 for all visitors (Bureau of Tourism Research, 2002). In 1996, the average length of stay for backpackers was 83 nights compared with 23 nights for all other visitors (Buchanan & Rossetto, 1997). As was shown by Pearce (1990), most backpackers adopt an informal approach to itinerary planning, and the economic benefits of backpacking appear to be retained to a substantial degree within local communities. If backpackers are receptive to alternative products, then this retention could be enhanced. Akey aspect of backpacking is the effect of clustering in particular areas, and Australia follows this pattern. It is important to understand this clus-
Cost Management: Accounting and Control

This text is designed for the first and second Cost Accounting courses. The strength of the book is the coverage of the conventional approach to costing/control and contemporary approaches.Both the traditional and emerging themes in cost accounting are covered in depth and are integrated throughout. Coverage includes ABC, contemporary responsibility accounting, costs of quality, JIT effects, life cycle cost management, strategic cost management, and the value chain.
The Pay, Promotion, and Retention of High-Quality Civil Service Workers in the Department of Defense

Abstract : White-collar General Schedule (GS) workers in federal civil service jobs are covered by a commonly structured pay table that varies somewhat to account for differences in federal and nonfederal pay across geographic areas. Although civil service personnel managers can use special pays and other forms of compensation to help attract, retain, and motivate high-quality employees, some critics have argued that the common pay table hampers the managers' ability to manage flexibly the large and extraordinarily diverse federal GS workforce. Specifically, the critics charge that pay cannot be readily varied in such a way as to motivate higher-quality workers to enter and stay in the civil service. While they must adhere to the commonly structured pay table, personnel managers do have other tools that enable them to offer higher lifetime pay to higher-quality workers. Most notably, they can promote higher-quality workers faster. However, the degree to which individuals can be promoted quickly depends on whether they are eligible for promotion and on whether vacancies exist in higher grades in specific locations. Furthermore, even if higher-quality personnel are promoted faster and thereby receive higher earnings over their careers, whether these increases are enough to induce them to stay in the civil service is an open question.
Intergenerational Coresidence in Developing Countries.

Newly available census microdata from IPUMS-International are used to assess trends in intergenerational coresidence in 15 developing countries. Contrary to expectations, we find no general decline in intergenerational coresidence over the past several decades. There have been, however, significant changes in the "configuration" of intergenerational coresidence. Families in which a member of the older generation is household head-a configuration consistent with traditional patriarchal forms in which the older generation retains authority-are becoming more common in most of the countries. Intergenerational families headed by a member of the younger generation-the configuration one would expect if intergenerational coresidence were motivated by a need for old-age support-are on the decline in most of the countries. Multivariate analysis reveals that intergenerational families headed by the older generation are positively associated with measures of economic development. These findings are at variance with widely accepted social theory. We hypothesize that housing shortages, economic stress in the younger generation, and old-age pensions may contribute to the change. More broadly, in some developing countries rising incomes may have allowed more people to achieve their preferred family structure of intergenerational coresidence following traditional family forms. Copyright (c) 2008 The Population Council, Inc.
Comparison of Gait Parameters Across Three Attentional Loading Conditions During Timed Up and Go Test in Stroke Survivors

Abstract Background: Little is known about the effects of attentional loading on performance of turning during walking in individuals with stroke. Objective: The authors used a cross-sectional experimental design to compare gait parameters in stroke survivors across 3 attentional loading conditions (single, dual-motor, and dual-cognitive conditions) during a Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Methods: Data were collected from 20 stroke survivors (12 males, 8 females; mean age, 60.5 ± 10.6 years). We compared the number of steps and time measured during the TUG test under 3 attentional loading conditions and 2 turning directions (nonparetic and paretic sides). We further divided the TUG test into straight walking and turning phases. Results: The number of steps and the time taken during TUG test increased significantly from single- to dual-task conditions (dual motor and dual cognitive). However, there were no significant differences in gait parameters between turning toward the nonparetic and paretic sides. Conclusions: These findings suggested that gait performance was compromised during dual-task conditions for individuals with stroke. Attentional loading may be incorporated into routine gait assessment and rehabilitation to ensure a successful recovery.
Cardiotocographic and sonographic findings in two cases of antenatally diagnosed intrauterine fetal brain death

Intrauterine fetal brain death is a rare cause of a fixed fetal heart rate pattern. Seven cases have been previously reported in the literature, but only two of them were diagnosed prenatally and all the newborns died soon after delivery. Two additional cases of antepartum diagnosis of intrauterine fetal brain death, managed expectantly, are reported. We had the unique opportunity to document progressive sonographic cerebral changes during the follow‐up period, following the neurological event, while the fetus continued life and growth in utero. The cardiographic and sonographic findings suggesting intrauterine fetal brain death were a prolonged fixed fetal heart rate, even following a vibroacoustic and contraction stress test; an atonic fetus without breathing and body movement; and the appearance of hydramnios and the development of ventriculomegaly.
The Bell Beaker phenomenon in the souteast of France

In the southeast of France, especially in the Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur region and the middle and lower Rhone valley, numerous rescue excavations have been made during the last few years particulary in course of the important archaeological salvage project along the railroad line of the TGV-Mediterranee during which many new Bell Beaker sites have been discovered. These new discoveries, mostly being studied at the moment, in a region rich in Bell Beaker sites enables us already now to make some preliminary remarks and considerations. Nevertheless, these considerations have to be confirmed by future research.
FARMER-TRADER RELATIONSHIPS IN THE INDONESIAN CHILLI MARKETS: THE ROLE OF RELATIONSHIP QUALITY IN MODERN AND TRADITIONAL SUPPLY CHAINS

A decade of strong economic growth, rapid urbanization and liberalization of foreign direct investment (FDI) are transforming Indonesia’s food retail sector. Modern retail markets are reorganizing how food chains operate: requiring product homogeneity, grading, sorting, packaging, and supply consistency. Current literature suggests that improving relationship quality among food chain actors enhances efficiency. In Indonesia, chillies are a priority crop commonly produced by small holders and like many other cash crops several farmer-trader issues emerging in chilli supply chains. This paper attempts to segment chilli farmers according to their perception of the relationship quality with their buyers. Data was collected through a survey of 602 chilli farmers selling to the traditional market channel or supermarket channel in West Java, Indonesia. The segments/clusters are developed based on the perceptions of chilli farmers to three variables in relationship quality: trust, satisfaction and commitment. Price satisfaction and socioeconomic attributes are analyzed to provide further insights. Four distinct clusters are identified. The largest cluster (45% of respondents) considers they have a high level of relationship quality with their buyers/traders.
The Classification and Application of Toxic Chinese Materia Medica

Many important drugs in the Chinese materia medica (CMM) are known to be toxic, and it has long been recognized in classical Chinese medical theory that toxicity can arise directly from the components of a single CMM or may be induced by an interaction between combined CMM. Traditional Chinese Medicine presents a unique set of pharmaceutical theories that include particular methods for processing, combining and decocting, and these techniques contribute to reducing toxicity as well as enhancing efficacy. The current classification of toxic CMM drugs, traditional methods for processing toxic CMM and the prohibited use of certain combinations, is based on traditional experience and ancient texts and monographs, but accumulating evidence increasingly supports their use to eliminate or reduce toxicity. Modern methods are now being used to evaluate the safety of CMM; however, a new system for describing the toxicity of Chinese herbal medicines may need to be established to take into account those herbs whose toxicity is delayed or otherwise hidden, and which have not been incorporated into the traditional classification. This review explains the existing classification and justifies it where appropriate, using experimental results often originally published in Chinese and previously not available outside China. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

Over the course of the last 65 years, since the end of World War II, petroleum has become a critically important element in the economy of every developed country, as well as in the economies of many countries that aspire to join the developed world. During this time frame, the nature of the global market has changed radically, from one that was largely dominated by the “seven sisters,” a group of large, international vertically integrated firms that transformed crude oil deposits into gasoline and related products, into a market that is dominated by a handful of oil-producing countries. Keywords: commerce; economic systems; economy
‘They bring AIDS to us and say we give it to them’: Socio-structural context of female sex workers' vulnerability to HIV infection in Ibadan Nigeria

The aim of the study was to examine and describe the individual and structural-environmental factors that shape the vulnerability of brothel-based female sex workers (FSWs) in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria to HIV infection. A descriptive qualitative research design was utilised to elicit data, using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, from 60 randomly selected participants in four brothels. A thematic analysis of data was undertaken following transcription and validation of interviews. Five themes emerged from the data: (i) flawed knowledge and fatalistic attitudes; (ii) the psychosocial and economic context of sex work; (iii) religious beliefs, stigma and risk taking; (iv) barriers to HIV testing; and (v) legal and policy constraints to sex work. We describe the complex interaction between these themes and how they combine to increase the risk of HIV infection among FSWs. The impact of previous interventions to reduce the risk of HIV infection among FSWs has been limited by personal and structural factors; hence we recommend that new strategies that recognise the practical constraints to HIV prevention among FSWs are urgently needed to make the environment of commercial work safer for FSWs, their clients, and by extension the general population.
Rhizome Fragmentation by Vertical Disks Reduces Elymus repens Growth and Benefits Italian Ryegrass-White Clover Crops

Tillage controls perennial weeds, such as Elymus repens, partly because it fragments their underground storage organs. However, tillage is difficult to combine with a growing crop, which limits its application. The aim of this study was to evaluate how soil vertical cutting with minimum soil disturbance and mowing affect the growth and competitive ability of E. repens in a grass–clover crop. A tractor-drawn prototype with vertical disks was used to fragment E. repens rhizomes with minimal soil and crop disturbance. In experiments performed in 2014 and 2015 at a field site close to Uppsala, Sweden, the rhizomes were fragmented before crop sowing (ERF), during crop growth (LRF), or both (ERF+LRF). Fragmentation was combined with repeated mowing (yes/no) and four companion crop treatments (none, Italian ryegrass, white clover, and grass/clover mixture). The results showed that in the grass–clover crop, rhizome fragmentation reduced E. repens rhizome biomass production and increased Italian ryegrass shoot biomass. ERF and LRF both reduced E. repens rhizome biomass by about 38% compared with the control, while ERF+LRF reduced it by 63%. Italian ryegrass shoot biomass was increased by 78% by ERF, 170% by LRF and 200% by ERF+LRF. Repeated mowing throughout the experiment reduced E. repens rhizome biomass by about 75%. Combining repeated mowing with rhizome fragmentation did not significantly increase the control effect compared to mowing alone. We concluded that rhizome fragmentation using vertical disks can be used both before sowing and during crop growth to enhance the controlling effect of grass–clover crops on E. repens.
Dawn and Dusk Set States of the Circadian Oscillator in Sprouting Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Seedlings

The plant circadian clock is an internal timekeeper that coordinates biological processes with daily changes in the external environment. The transcript levels of clock genes, which oscillate to control circadian outputs, were examined during early seedling development in barley (Hordeum vulgare), a model for temperate cereal crops. Oscillations of clock gene transcript levels do not occur in barley seedlings grown in darkness or constant light but were observed with day-night cycles. A dark-to-light transition influenced transcript levels of some clock genes but triggered only weak oscillations of gene expression, whereas a light-to-dark transition triggered robust oscillations. Single light pulses of 6, 12 or 18 hours induced robust oscillations. The light-to-dark transition was the primary determinant of the timing of subsequent peaks of clock gene expression. After the light-to-dark transition the timing of peak transcript levels of clock gene also varied depending on the length of the preceding light pulse. Thus, a single photoperiod can trigger initiation of photoperiod-dependent circadian rhythms in barley seedlings. Photoperiod-specific rhythms of clock gene expression were observed in two week old barley plants. Changing the timing of dusk altered clock gene expression patterns within a single day, showing that alteration of circadian oscillator behaviour is amongst the most rapid molecular responses to changing photoperiod in barley. A barley EARLY FLOWERING3 mutant, which exhibits rapid photoperiod–insensitive flowering behaviour, does not establish clock rhythms in response to a single photoperiod. The data presented show that dawn and dusk cues are important signals for setting the state of the circadian oscillator during early development of barley and that the circadian oscillator of barley exhibits photoperiod-dependent oscillation states.
Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens to Blackberry under Field Conditions Improves Fruit Quality by Modifying Flavonoid Metabolism

Application of a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR), Pseudomonas fluorescens N21.4, to roots of blackberries (Rubus sp.) is part of an optimised cultivation practice to improve yields and quality of fruit throughout the year in this important fruit crop. Blackberries are especially rich in flavonoids and therefore offer potential benefits for human health in prevention or amelioration of chronic diseases. However, the phenylpropanoid pathway and its regulation during ripening have not been studied in detail, in this species. PGPR may trigger flavonoid biosynthesis as part of an induced systemic response (ISR) given the important role of this pathway in plant defence, to cause increased levels of flavonoids in the fruit. We have identified structural genes encoding enzymes of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways catalysing the conversion of phenylalanine to the final products including flavonols, anthocyanins and catechins from blackberry, and regulatory genes likely involved in controlling the activity of pathway branches. We have also measured the major flavonols, anthocyanins and catechins at three stages during ripening. Our results demonstrate the coordinated expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes with the accumulation of anthocyanins, catechins, and flavonols in developing fruits of blackberry. Elicitation of blackberry plants by treatment of roots with P.fluorescens N21.4, caused increased expression of some flavonoid biosynthetic genes and an accompanying increase in the concentration of selected flavonoids in fruits. Our data demonstrate the physiological mechanisms involved in the improvement of fruit quality by PGPR under field conditions, and highlight some of the genetic targets of elicitation by beneficial bacteria.
Determinants of innovation : the message from new indicators

Notes on the Contributors - New Indicators and Determinants of Innovation: an Introduction A.Kleinknecht - Industrial Innovation in Switzerland: a Model-based Analysis with Survey Data S.Arvanitis & H.Hollenstein - Schumpeterian Conjectures: a Moderate Support from Various Innovation Measures B.Crepon, E.Duguet & I.Kabla - Determinants of Innovation: a Micro-econometric Analysis of Three Alternative Innovation Output Indicators E.Brouwer & A.Kleinknecht - Factors Determining R&D and Innovation Expenditures in German Manufacturing Industries J.Felder, G.Licht, E.Nerlinger & H.Stahl - Firm Size and Participation in R R.W. Vossen & B.Nooteboom - Index
A Novel Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli Genome (strain D3) and Comparative Analysis with Other 1 Uropathogenic and Nonpathogenic Strains 2

30 Background 31 Bacterial urinary tract infections are extremely prevalent, with half of women having at least one 32 infection at some point in their lives. Most often the causative pathogen is the common gut microbe 33 Escherichia coli. One such E. coli, strain D3, caused a bladder infection in a male adult, and was resistant 34 to multiple antibiotics. We sequenced and assembled the genome of D3, and present it along with a 35 comparative analysis against other pathogenic and nonpathogenic E. Coli strains. 36 Results 37 By comparing the predicted proteins of D3 with those from 5 uropathogenic and 7 nonpathogenic E. Coli 38 strains, we generated a list of 38 genes present in most (4-5) pathogenic strains, but absent in all 39 nonpathogenic strains. Among these were 9 proteins of the Pap fimbrial operon, which has previously 40 been associated with cell adherence and the formation of biofilms. Lastly, we analyzed the list of 41 predicted genes uniquely present in D3 compared to all other strains, and identified multiple 42 transposable elements. 43
Slow Diffusion of State-Level Information and Return Predictability

We use a new disclosure-based approach to show that value-relevant information about publicly-traded firms is geographically distributed within the United States and the market is slow in aggregating this information. Firm fundamentals such as earnings and cash flows can be predicted using the fundamentals of other firms in economically relevant U.S. states, but sell-side equity analysts and institutional investors do not fully incorporate this information in their earnings forecasts and trades, respectively. Consequently, a Long-Short trading strategy that exploits the slow diffusion of geographic information earns an annual, abnormal risk-adjusted return of about 9%.
Hysterectomy and Psychiatric Disorder: I. Levels of Psychiatric Morbidity before and after Hysterectomy

Summary One hundred and fifty-six women with menorrhagia of benign origin were interviewed before hysterectomy, and re-interviewed six months post-operatively (n = 147), and again 18 months post-operatively (n = 148). Levels of psychiatric morbidity were significantly higher before the operation than after. On the Present State Examination, 58 per cent of patients were psychiatric cases before surgery, as against 29 per cent at the 18-month follow-up. Similar post-operative improvements were found on measures of mood (POMS), and of psychosexual and social functioning. Most of these improvements had occurred within three to six months after the operation. Both before and after hysterectomy, levels of psychiatric morbidity were high by comparison with women in the general population, but lower than in psychiatric patients. The pre-operative psychiatric morbidity had been mainly of long duration.