Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
I 105 V Polymorphism and Promoter Methylation of the GSTP 1 Gene in Prostate Adenocarcinoma 1

The GSTP1 gene encodes for an enzyme, glutathione Stransferase (GST ), involved in detoxification of carcinogens. An amino acid substitution (I105V) in GSTP1 produces a variant enzyme with lower activity and less capability of effective detoxification. This variant GSTP*B allele has been associated with a propensity to develop several neoplasms. Because GSTP1 promoter hypermethylation and inactivation of GST expression is a frequent alteration in prostate carcinoma, we hypothesized that this somatic epigenetic modification could obviate any reduced enzyme activity caused by the germ-line polymorphism. We tested for the GSTP1 genotype in a population of prostate cancer patients, and in a control group composed of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and healthy blood donors. Tissue samples from the 105 prostate cancer cases (105 adenocarcinomas and 34 prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions), and from 43 BPH patients were tested for GSTP1 hypermethylation by methylation-specific PCR. GST protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. No significant effect on prostate cancer risk was detectable for GSTP1 genotype compared with the control population (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.59–1.75). Moreover, no association was found between this genotype and tumor or BPH methylation status. Patients with unmethylated carcinomas did not disclose significant differences in genotypic distribution compared with the control population. In adenocarcinoma, a strong association (P < 0.00001) between GSTP1 promoter hypermethylation and loss of GST expression was observed; however, this trend was not retained in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or BPH lesions. Although the GSTP1 polymorphism is not associated with altered susceptibility to prostate cancer, somatic promoter hypermethylation is an effective, but not the only, cause of decreased GST function.
Discriminant analysis of antibiotic resistance patterns in fecal streptococci, a method to differentiate human and animal sources of fecal pollution in natural waters

Discriminant analysis of patterns of antibiotic resistance in fecal streptococci was used to differentiate between human and animal sources of fecal pollution in natural waters. A total of 1,435 isolates from 17 samples of cattle, poultry, human, and wild-animal wastes were obtained, and their ability to grow in the presence of four concentrations of five antibiotics (chlortetracycline, halofuginone, oxytetracycline, salinomycin, and streptomycin) was measured. When the resulting antibiotic resistance patterns were analyzed, an average of 74% of the known isolates were correctly classified into one of six possible sources (beef, chicken, dairy, human, turkey, or wild). Ninety-two percent of human isolates were correctly classified. When the isolates were pooled into four possible categories (cattle, human, poultry, and wild), the average rate of correct classification (ARCC) increased to 84%. Human versus animal isolates were correctly classified at an average rate of 95%. Human versus wild isolates had an ARCC of 98%, and cattle versus poultry isolates had an ARCC of 92%. When fecal streptococci that were isolated from surface waters receiving fecal pollution from unknown origins were analyzed, 72% of the isolates from one stream and 68% of the isolates from another were classified as cattle isolates. Because the correct classification rates of these fecal streptococci are much higher than would be expected by chance alone, the use of discriminant analysis appears to hold promise as a method to determine the sources of fecal pollution in natural waters.
NEP and responsivity of THz zero-bias Schottky diode detectors

Schottky barrier diodes can be used as direct detectors throughout the millimeter- and submillimeter- wave bands. When the diodes are optimized to have a low forward turn-on voltage, the detectors can achieve excellent frequency response and bandwidth, even with zero-bias. This paper reports on the characterization of VDI's zero- bias Schottky detectors. Responsivity typically ranges from 4,000 V/W at 100 GHz to 400 V/W at 900 GHz and each detector achieves good responsivity across the entire single- moded bandwidth of the input rectangular waveguide. Under low power operation the detectors ach.ieve a measured noise-equivalent-power (NEP) of about 1.5 x 10-12 W/radicHz.
The effectiveness of core stabilization exercise in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A randomized controlled trial

Background: Core stabilization training is used to improve postural balance in musculoskeletal problems. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of stabilization training in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Study design: A randomized controlled trial, pretest–posttest design. Methods: In total, 25 subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were randomly divided into two groups: stabilization group (n = 12) and control group (n = 13). The stabilization group received core stabilization in addition to traditional rehabilitation, and the control group received traditional rehabilitation for 10 weeks. Assessment included Cobb’s angle on radiograph, apical vertebral rotation in Adam’s test, trunk asymmetry (Posterior Trunk Symmetry Index), cosmetic trunk deformity (Trunk Appearance Perception Scale), and quality of life (Scoliosis Research Society-22 questionnaire). Results: Inter-group comparisons showed significantly greater improvements in the mean change in lumbar apical vertebral rotation degree and the pain domain of Scoliosis Research Society-22 in the stabilization group than those in the control group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for other measurements between the groups; however, trends toward greater improvement were observed in the stabilization group. Conclusion: Core stabilization training in addition to traditional exercises was more effective than traditional exercises alone in the correction of vertebral rotation and reduction of pain in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Clinical relevance Stabilization exercises are more effective in reducing rotation deformity and pain than traditional exercises in the conservative rehabilitation of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. These improvements suggest that stabilization training should be added to rehabilitation programs in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
10 The Evolution of Attachment Theory and Cultures of Human Attachment in Infancy and Early Childhood

Children develop attachment relationships with caregivers they trust to care for and protect them, and children's care reflects the interplay of cultural and ecological processes. Central to children's care and relationships is the importance communities place on action that is directed by one's own thoughts and feelings (autonomy) or by the thoughts and feelings of others (social harmony). In the former, attachment relationships are characterized by recurring separation and reunions, and learning centers on exploration; in the latter, by continuous contact and care and accommodation to others and context. This view of attachment represents revised thinking, and this chapter considers cultural differences in conceptions of good care, competent children, and close relationships in light of traditional and revised attachment theory and research. Also considered is current understanding of the ecological circumstances of resource uncertainty during human evolution that likely preferenced infants capable of developing multiple, simultaneous attachment relationships.
Oxcarbazepine in the Treatment of Early Childhood Epilepsy

Very little data are available on the usefulness of oxcarbazepine in young children with epilepsy. From January 1991 through October 1994, we treated 53 children under age 7 years with oxcarbazepine. The mean follow-up with oxcarbazepine treat ment was 13 months. Etiology was symptomatic in 39, cryptogenic in 12, and idiopathic in 2 children. Forty-three children had previously been intractable to one or more antiepileptic drugs (including carbamazepine in 30 patients) and two had carbamazepine hypersensitivity. The age at onset of oxcarbazepine therapy ranged from 0.6 to 6.9 years (mean, 3.9 yr). The mean maximum oxcarbazepine dose was 50 mg/kg/day (range, 21-86 mg/kg/day). Of the children with localization-related epilepsy, 12 of 44 (27%) became seizure free and an additional 16 of 44 (36%) had an at least 50% reduction of seizures. Five of nine children with generalized epilepsy also had some benefit but none became seizure free. In the 33 children with at least 50% seizure reduction, the mean effective dose and trough serum level of the active metabolite monohydroxycarbazepine were 47 mg/kg/day (range, 21-75 mg/kg/day) and 91 μmol/L (range, 42-130 μmol/L), respectively. Efficacy was transient in 4 children; side effects were observed in 17 children (32%); in 9 (17%) of whom, they led to dose reduction or discontinuation. Oxcarbazepine appears to be an effective and well-tolerated drug for localization-related early childhood epilepsy. Young children need a higher dose per body weight than adults. (J Child Neurol 1997;12:496-498).
Catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy and pheochromocytoma.

A previously asymptomatic 37-yr-old man presented to the hospital with acute hypertension of 220/120 mm Hg and unstable ventricular tachycardia requiring cardioversion. A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) 1 yr earlier had shown mitral valve prolapse with moderate mitral regurgitation (MR), normal left ventricular (LV) size and function and mild right ventricular (RV) dilation. His TTE after admission revealed dilated, hypokinetic RV with mild tricuspid regurgitation and flattening of the interventricular septum (IVS) (Video Clip 1; please see video clip available at www.anesthesia-analgesia.org). The estimated LV ejection fraction (EF) was 55% with moderate MR. The rest of the TTE was unremarkable. Further workup revealed elevated urine catecholamine levels and a 5 6 cm right adrenal mass. The patient was started on phenoxybenzamine and labetalol and was scheduled for adrenalectomy. A repeat, preoperative TTE 1 wk after admission demonstrated a deteriorated LVEF of 30% and an otherwise unchanged examination. Consequently, the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy was made. A biventricular assist device was on standby in anticipation of intraoperative cardiac deterioration. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) demonstrated a massively dilated and severely hypokinetic RV distorting the normal cardiac anatomy. Systolic and diastolic IVS flattening was present (Fig. 1, Video Clip 2; please see video clip available at www.anesthesia-analgesia.org). The right atrium was enlarged and tricuspid regurgitation remained mild. The LV was also significantly dilated with an estimated EF of 25%–30% (Video 1). The mitral valve annulus was widened at 5.1 cm. Mitral valve prolapse with severe, eccentric MR (vena contracta width 1 cm) was visualized (Video Clip 3; please see video clip available at www.anesthesiaanalgesia.org). The intraoperative anesthetic management was based on the stage of surgery, hemodynamic changes and TEE findings. His measured pulmonary artery pressures were mildly elevated with episodic increases to 80/40 mm Hg. The cardiac index was 2.6 L/m and the systemic vascular resistance was 1500 dynes s cm . Sodium nitroprusside, esmolol, and phentolamine were titrated to effect for intermittent hypertension of up to 240/130 mm Hg. Severe hypotension to 60/30mm Hg (cardiac index 3.2 L/m, systemic vascular resistance 500 dynes s cm ) followed adrenalectomy requiring treatment with epinephrine, norepinephrine, arginine vasopressin, and volume expansion. His arterial blood pressure slowly improved to 90/60 mm Hg. The estimated LVEF improved to 35% and ventricular assist device placement was deemed unnecessary. The patient had an uncomplicated postoperative course. TTE 1 mo later showed normalization of LV size and function. The mitral valve annulus was less dilated (4.2 cm) and the MR was moderate (vena contracta width of 0.55 cm). RV function improved slightly with less dilation and minimal IVS flattening (Video 1). This article has supplementary material on the Web site: www.anesthesia-analgesia.org.
Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects : Making Sense of the Evidence

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). An American has a coronary event (heart attack) nearly every 25 seconds, resulting in death about every minute. Smoking is the leading risk factor for heart disease. Evidence suggests that exposure to secondhand smoke also can result in adverse health effects, including heart disease in nonsmoking adults. Secondhand smoke, also known as environmental tobacco smoke, consists of a mixture of gases and particles including smoke from burning cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, and exhaled mainstream smoke. Smoking bans are making progress at reducing involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke in workplaces, restaurants, and other public places in the United States and abroad. Such legislation also provides the opportunity to study the effects of smoking bans on the health of smoking and nonsmoking adults. In 2008, the CDC asked the Institute of Medicine to convene a committee to assess the relationship between secondhand-smoke exposure and effects on the heart. The committee evaluated three relationships: The association between secondhand-smoke exposure and cardiovascular dis• ease The association between secondhand-smoke exposure and acute coronary • events (heart attacks) The association between smoking bans and heart attacks •
SEISMIC CONSTRAINTS ON INTERIOR SOLAR CONVECTION

We constrain the velocity spectral distribution of global-scale solar convective cells at depth using techniques of local helioseismology. We calibrate the sensitivity of helioseismic waves to large-scale convective cells in the interior by analyzing simulations of waves propagating through a velocity snapshot of global solar convection via methods of time–distance helioseismology. Applying identical analysis techniques to observations of the Sun, we are able to bound from above the magnitudes of solar convective cells as a function of spatial convective scale. We find that convection at a depth of r/R☉ = 0.95 with spatial extent ℓ < 20, where ℓ is the spherical harmonic degree, comprises weak flow systems, on the order of 15 m s−1 or less. Convective features deeper than r/R☉ = 0.95 are more difficult to image due to the rapidly decreasing sensitivity of helioseismic waves.
BRINGING THE PATIENT BACK IN

We challenge assumptions that have guided much research and policy aimed at understanding and reducing medical practice variation. Paramount is the focus on doctors as the cause of variation to the neglect of other possible influences. Some research literature suggests that patients, families, and the community context of practice may also influence treatment decisions. Failure to question present assumptions, despite weak evidence in support of them, may account for inability to explain persistent practice variation, develop appropriate implementable guidelines, or anticipate the effect on treatment decisions of greater patient involvement. In this paper, we discuss the weak response to the NIH Consensus Conference on early stage breast cancer because it may have reflected these problems. We urge a more complex and more empirical approach in explaining treatment choice and guidelines sensitive to the potential for value differences.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Assessment of Imipenem in the Intraperitoneal Fluid of Abdominal Surgery Patients

Background: Imipenem is used to treat intra-abdominal infections, however, this treatment would benefit from a better understanding of imipenem penetration into the abdominal cavity. Methods: Imipenem 500 mg was infused to 10 laparotomy patients. The total drug concentrations in plasma and intraperitoneal fluid were analyzed noncompartmentally and 3-compartmentally (population pharmacokinetic analysis), and used for a Monte Carlo simulation with minimum inhibitory concentration data. Results: The AUC0–∞ ratio of the intraperitoneal fluid to the plasma was 0.82 ± 0.06 (mean ± SD, n = 6). The pharmacodynamic exposures in the intraperitoneal fluid were higher than in the plasma. The probabilities of achieving a bacteriostatic/bactericidal target (20/40% of the time above minimum inhibitory concentration for 24 h) in the intraperitoneal fluid using a regimen of 500 mg every 8 h against the Bacteroidesfragilis group, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species were 97.3/89.1, 98.8/97.2 and 100/98.2%, respectively. However, a regimen of 1,000 mg every 8 h was needed to achieve 96.7/89.3% against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion: These results may help us to understand the intraperitoneal penetration of imipenem and to determine the dosing regimen for intra-abdominal infections.
Follicular Neoplasms of the Thyroid: View, Biases, and Experiences

The authors review the group of thyroid tumors characterized by a follicular growth pattern; these include follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma, and the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma. Most of these lesions can be diagnosed with ease, but a subgroup has generated recent controversy in the literature. The authors present their views based on their experience with the cytologic and histologic diagnosis of these tumors and propose a scheme to assist in their classification and appropriate clinical management.
Poly(A) shortening and degradation of the 3' A+U-rich sequences of human c-myc mRNA in a cell-free system

The early steps in the degradation of human c-myc mRNA were investigated, using a previously described cell-free mRNA decay system. The first detectable step was poly(A) shortening, which generated a pool of oligoadenylated mRNA molecules. In contrast, the poly(A) of a stable mRNA, gamma globin, was not excised, even after prolonged incubation. The second step, degradation of oligoadenylated c-myc mRNA, generated decay products whose 3' termini were located within the A+U-rich portion of the 3' untranslated region. These products disappeared soon after they were formed, consistent with rapid degradation of the 3' region. In contrast, the 5' region, corresponding approximately to c-myc exon 1, was stable in vitro. The data indicate a sequential degradation pathway in which 3' region cleavages occur only after most or all of the poly(A) is removed. To account for rapid deadenylation, we suggest that the c-myc poly(A)-poly(A)-binding protein complex is readily dissociated, generating a protein-depleted poly(A) tract that is no longer resistant to nucleases.
Balmer lines as Teff and log g indicators for non-solar composition atmospheres An application to the extremely helium-weak star HR6000

Although the importance of a correct abundance assumption in the determination of effective temperature and surface gravity of a star has been demonstrated in the literature, this determination is often still extremely simplified, neglecting the effects of non-solar chemical abundances. In this paper we show how the modeling of the profiles of Hδ and Hγ, commonly used as Teff and log g indicators, is affected when the chemical composition is far from the standard one. As a target for our study we selected the chemically peculiar star HR 6000. Comparing the observed and synthetic profiles of Hδ and Hγ we obtained Teff = 12 950 K and log g = 4.05; the atmospheric model has been computed with a metal opacity scale evaluated for (M/H) = −0.5 and He/H = 0. A number of FeII lines have been used to infer the rotational velocity (ve sini = 0k m s −1 )a nd the heliocentric radial velocity (RV = 0.67 km s −1 ). By requiring that the abundance of iron is independent of the 96 measured equivalent widths, we determined the microturubulence velocity (ξ = 0k m s −1 ). The abundance pattern coming from our study is similar to the one inferred from UV lines by Castelli et al. (1985), with the exception of O, Al, Si, Sc and Ni. Possible causes for these descrepancies are discussed. With respect to the Sun, we found the iron peak elements to be normal or overabundant and the light elements, with the exception of Na and P, to be extremely underabundant. We find that HR 6000 is one of the most He-underabundant among the chemically peculiar stars.
Do severity measures explain differences in length of hospital stay? The case of hip fracture.

OBJECTIVE To examine whether judgments about hospital length of stay (LOS) vary depending on the measure used to adjust for severity differences. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING Data on admissions to 80 hospitals nationwide in the 1992 MedisGroups Comparative Database. STUDY DESIGN For each of 14 severity measures, LOS was regressed on patient age/sex, DRG, and severity score. Regressions were performed on trimmed and untrimmed data. R-squared was used to evaluate model performance. For each severity measure for each hospital, we calculated the expected LOS and the z-score, a measure of the deviation of observed from expected LOS. We ranked hospitals by z-scores. DATA EXTRACTION All patients admitted for initial surgical repair of a hip fracture, defined by DRG, diagnosis, and procedure codes. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The 5,664 patients had a mean (s.d.) LOS of 11.9 (8.9) days. Cross-validated R-squared values from the multivariable regressions (trimmed data) ranged from 0.041 (Comorbidity Index) to 0.165 (APR-DRGs). Using untrimmed data, observed average LOS for hospitals ranged from 7.6 to 23.9 days. The 14 severity measures showed excellent agreement in ranking hospitals based on z-scores. No severity measure explained the differences between hospitals with the shortest and longest LOS. CONCLUSIONS Hospitals differed widely in their mean LOS for hip fracture patients, and severity adjustment did little to explain these differences.