Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Maintaining Job Satisfaction: Engaging Professionals as Active Participants

mproving teachers' job satisfaction is paramount in an era when 50 percent of new teachers drop out of the profession in the first five years (Colbert and Wolff 1992). Eager neophytes burst into their first classrooms confident they will touch their students' lives and inspire them to learn. However, lack of administrative and collegial support, budget constraints, a flagging sense of personal teaching efficacy, and a controlled curriculum often squelch their enthusiasm. Lynn, a first-year teacher from New Orleans states, "My biggest complaint is that you're left floundering . Most of the older teachers feel, 'Well, that's the way it was for me. No one helped me so why should I help you? It's your turn. '"' No wonder fledglings are leaving the profession in droves. Without support in the tentative early years, they are not afforded a vision of the competence they may develop. Shann (1998, 67) maintains that teacher job satisfaction is "a predictor of teacher retention, a determinant of teacher commitment, and, in turn, a contributor to school effectiveness. " Teacher satisfaction reduces attrition, enhances collegiality, improves job performance, and has an impact on student outcomes. Measuring job satisfaction is a complex process because teachers are not unified in their perspectives about what makes them satisfied with their careers.
Development of Gist versus Verbatim Memory in Sentence Recognition: Effects of Lexical Familiarity, Semantic Content, Encoding Instructions, and Retention Interval.

Fuzzy-trace theory is used to explore children's memory and comprehension of sentences describing spatial or linear relationships. Recognition tests were given immediately and after a week's delay, and test sentences'truth, wording (original or novel), and premise-inference status were varied. When children were instructed to recognize only verbatim sentences (Experiment 1), premise recognition (memory) was independent of systematic misrecognition of true inferences (reasoning), and experimental manipulations (delay; spatial vs. linear stimuli) drove memory and reasoning in opposite directions. Therefore, verbatim memories were not semantically integrated with gist, such as inferences. When children were specifically instructed to process gist (Experiment 2), however, memory and reasoning were positively dependent
Effect of Temporal Perspective on Subjective Confidence

Four studies examined whether people tend to lose confidence in their prospects for success the closer they are to the "moment of truth. " Study 1 found that students think they will do better on their midterm exams when asked on the 1st day of class than when asked on the day of the exam. Studies 2 and 4 replicated this finding under controlled conditions. Study 3 demonstrated that the same effect holds retrospectively: People are more confident that they would have performed well at a task long after the time to perform has passed. Data are presented indicating that these results stem from a tendency for people to feel more "accountable" for their assessments, and thus focus less on the causes of success and more on the causes of failure, as the time to perform approaches. Implications for the experience of regret are discussed.
Familiengründung und gewünschter Erwerbsumfang von Männern - Eine Längsschnittanalyse für die alten Bundesländer

Die Erwartungen an die Karriereentwicklung von Mannern nach der Familiengrundung rekurrieren auf zwei verschiedenartige Konzeptionen von Vaterschaft. Dies ist zum einen das Modell des Familienernahrers, dem zufolge Vater ihre beruflichen Anstrengungen erhohen, und zum anderen das Modell der neuen Vaterschaft, wonach Vater zu einem starkeren Engagement in der Familienarbeit, auch auf Kosten der Erwerbstatigkeit, neigen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern Vater im Zuge der Familiengrundung ihren Erwerbsumfang ausweiten bzw. reduzieren mochten. Die Analysen auf Basis des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels zeigen, dass Richtung und Ausmas der beruflichen Reaktion signifikant durch die Erwerbssituation der Partnerin gepragt werden. Wahrend Vater, deren Partnerin nichterwerbstatig oder geringfugig beschaftigt ist, ihre gewunschte Arbeitzeit erhohen, tendieren Vater mit einer beruflich stark engagierten Partnerin zu einer Verminderung des praferierten Erwerbsumfangs. Ein nennenswerter Wandel des vaterlichen Arbeitsangebots im Zeitverlauf ist trotz der wachsenden Zustimmung zur engagierten Vaterschaft und zur egalitaren Arbeitsteilung jedoch nicht zu beobachten.
Cognitive integration in children's memory for sentences and pictures

PARIS, ScoTT G. , and MAHONEY, GERALD J. Cognitive Integration in Children's Memory for Sentences and Pictures. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1974, 45, 633-642. This study investigated the manner in which 7-11-year-old children abstracted and retained information from sets of pictures and sentences. A recognition memory task was employed to index subjects' implicit construction and retention of inferential spatial relationships. The recognition items included original sentences and pictures, implied relationships, and false relationships. It was observed that children had considerable difficulty differentiating old items from novel test items which preserved consistent semantic relationships, but they could readily discriminate false items which violated expressed or implied relationships. The results are discussed in terms of children's construction and retention of underlying relationships abstracted from visual and verbal information.
Summary Executions in Italy During the First World War: Findings and Implications

This article has two related aims. First, it examines the most up-to-date studies relative to Italian military justice during the First World War, and seeks to set them in the context of the historical debate since the late 1960s. Secondly, and more specifically, it focuses on recently uncovered evidence regarding staggeringly high numbers of previously unknown summary executions in the Italian army. It explores the significance of these findings for understanding the character of the Italian military justice system as well as that of the war conducted by Italy's ruling élites between 1915 and 1918.
MOULDING POSITIVE CHARACTERS VIA INCULCATING VALUES IN MATHEMATICS TEACHING AND LEARNING

In this paper, I argue that it is pertinent to develop positive characters among all students as they are the future assets of a nation. A review of related literature shows that inculcating values and moulding character has been of great concern in the school mathematics curriculum of many countries. There are various categories of intrinsic values embedded in mathematics education. With careful and mindful integration into teaching and learning of mathematics, it is possible to inculcate positive values and thus produce positive characters of our future generation. Some suggestions on how to inculcate these values into mathematics teaching and learning at various school levels were discussed at the end of this paper. Keyword: mathematics teaching and learning; moulding character; values in mathematics education
The Effects of Parents' Psychological Control, Depressive Dispositions, and Depression on the Self Esteem of Adolescents

The purpose of the present study was to develop a structural model, of which the effect of parents' psychological control, depressive dispositions, and depression upon the self-esteem of adolescents. The participants were 458 adolescents recruited from high schools and universities (M age = 17.4 yrs; SD = 1.75) in Seoul and its vicinity. Data were collected through self-reporting questionnaires for adolescents. Firstly, we estimated the hypothesized meditation model which includes paths from parents' psychological to self-esteem through adolescents' depressive experiences and depression. Structural Equation Modeling analysis using AMOS revealed that the hypothesized mediation model yielded an acceptable model fit and all hypothesized path coefficients were found to be significant. Specifically, it indicated that the more parents try to exert psychological control over their children, the more depressive experiences adolescents have and in turn, they had a greater tendency towards becoming depressed and having lower self esteem. It was also found that neither gender difference nor age difference existed in the structural model.
Effects of Mobile Phone Withdrawal, Gender and Academic Level on Mobile Phone Dependency Among Mass Communication Students in Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria

Not iceab le among young adu l t s i n Nige r i a i s their dependence on mobile phone for relational communication. This study is therefore one attempt at subjecting such observation to empirical testing. The study examined the effects of Mobile phone withdrawal, gender and academic level of students’ dependency on mobile phone. It was a quasi-experiment with 2×2×2 non-randomized pre-test post-test control group designs. Subjects in experimental and control groups were 100 and 400 level Mass Communication students of Ajayi Crowther University in Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria. Students’ Mobile Phone Dependency Questionnaire(r=0.72) was administered as pre and post-test measures. Data generated were analysed with frequency count, percentage, t-test and Analysis of Covariance. Findings show that 55% of the students used their phones ‘very frequently’, 30% used it ‘frequently’. Before the intervention, students’ dependency on mobile phone was ‘moderate’ (60.8%) but after the treatment, there was upward adjustment ‘High’ (45%). Statistical significant difference was found between students’ dependency pre-test and post-test scores in favour of the post-test (t= -5.665; p<0.05). Treatment (F= 3.832; p<0.05) and academic level (F= 12.185; p<0.05) were found to have significant main effects. Hence, the study concluded that students are actually dependent on their mobile phones and that, in considering and controlling mobile phone dependency, students’ academic level is a potent factor.
Achievement Testing: Recent Advances

A book which summarizes many of the recent advances in the theory and practice of achievement testing, in the light of technological developments, and developments in psychometric and psychological theory. It provides an introduction to the two major psychometric models, item response theory and generalizability theory, and assesses their strengths for different applications. The book closes with some speculations about the future of achievement tests for the assessment of individuals, as well as monitoring of educational progress. '. the book contains valuable information for both beginners and for advanced workers who want an overview of recent work in achievement testing. ' -- The Journal of the American Statistical Association, June 1985
Cyber Security Without Cyber War

Which government agency should have primary responsibility for the Internet? The USA seems to have decided this question in favour of the military — the US military today has the largest concentration of expertise and legal authority with respect to cyberspace. Those in the legal community who support this development are divided as to the appropriate legal rules to guide the military in its oversight of the Internet. Specialists on the international law on the use of force argue that with analogy and interpretation, current international law can be applied in a way that allows great freedom without sending the message that the USA is acting lawlessly when it comes to the Internet. Others reject this argument as unnecessary and potentially too restrictive. The USA need not observe international law rules, especially not with respect to the Internet. The way forward is to follow the Cold War strategy of threatening enemies with overwhelming force and preparing to act on these threats. This article also questions the application of international law on the use of force to the Internet. Rather than rejecting international law in general, however, the thesis here is that international law rules governing economic activity and communications are the relevant ones for activity on the Internet. Moving away from military analogy in general and Cold War deterrence in particular, will result in the identification and application of rules with a far better chance of keeping the Internet open and safer for all.
Workspace exploration and protection with multiple robots assisted by sensor networks

This article introduces multi-robot strategies making multiple robots explore an unknown environment in a cooperative manner. Our exploration strategies do not require global localization of a robot or a node. Multiple robots build a Voronoi diagram as a topological map of the environment, while deploying sensor nodes which can sense and communicate. As the sensor network built by one robot meets the network built by another robot, both robots can exchange data with each other. The robots then use the merged sensor network to protect the environment. We introduce an intruder capture algorithm assuming that a robot is able to access any intruder’s location utilizing the sensor network. This algorithm is robust to time delay in information sharing utilizing the sensor network. Utilizing the algorithm, we derive upper bounds on the number of robots needed to capture every intruder in the environment. This article proves that the minimum number of robots needed can be computed by finding proper edge covers of the dual graph of the Voronoi diagram.
Structure of Self-Reported Current Affect: Integration and Beyond

Current affect has been described with various dimensions and structures, including J. A. Russell's (1980) circumplex, D. Watson and A. Tellegen's (1985) positive and negative affect, R. E. Thayer's (1989) tense and energetic arousal, and R. J. Larsen and E. Diener's (1992) 8 combinations of pleasantness and activation. These 4 structures each presuppose bipolar dimensions and have been thought of as interchangeable or 45° rotations of one another, but past data were inconsistent. Huge but not perfect overlap among these four structures was found here in 2 studies of self-reported current affect (Ate = 198 and 217) that controlled for random and systematic errors of measurement. The 4 structures were integrated into a common space defined by 2 bipolar dimensions. Current affect has been described with various dimensions and structures, including Russell's (1980) circumplex, Watson and Tellegen's (1985) positive and negative affect, Thayer's (1989) tense and energetic arousal, and Larsen and Diener's (1992) eight combinations of pleasantness and activation. In this article, we argue that it is possible to integrate these various concepts in a simple scheme, thereby taking a large step towards unifying dimensional approaches to affect as a person experiences and reports it. There have been three major approaches to the broad, general dimensions of reported affect. One approach has focused on activation (also known as arousal, energy, tension, and activity). Sleep, drowsiness, alertness, activation, hyperactivation, and, finally, frenzied excitement describe increasing degrees of activation. Activation was prominent in psychological writing throughout most of this century (Berlyne, 1960; Cannon, 1927; Duffy, 1957; Hebb, 1955; Lindsley, 1951; Mandler, 1984; Schachter & Singer, 1962; Zillmann, 1983). Thayer (1989, 1996) has spearheaded a research program on the causes and consequences of everyday affect, conceptualized in terms of types and degrees of activation, demonstrating that self-reported activation is related to everything from diet to personality to neurochemistr y.
Automatic influences as accessibility bias in memory and Stroop tasks: Toward a formal model.

ABsrRicr Automatic processes can operate to increase the accessibility of a particurar response A series of experiments using the process dissociation procedure will be reported to show that the effects of such accessibility bias are independent of those of more algonthmic (consciously controlled) bases for responding. For example. habit originating from training in the experi. mental setting can produce an accessibility bias whose effects aie independeni of recollection. Habit serves to increase the probability of a particular response regardless of whether rt opposes or acts in concert with the effects of recollection. the intended basis for responding. The process dissociation procedurc combines results from opposition (interfcrence; ana rn concert (facilitation) condiiions to separate the contributions of automatic md consciously controlled processes. Use of the procedure is based on the assumption that automatic and controlled processes are independenl bases for responding. This independence assumption can bc instantjated in a model similar to a recent "counter model" advanced by Ratcliff u.d M.Koon (I992) to provide an account of process dissociations that is more detailed, but consistent with, our orrgrnal model. We have developed a variant of the counter model that accounts for effects on both speed and accuracy in Stroop tasks. The central tenet of the 'New Look" movement in perception (e.g., tsruner
Approaching Avoidance

Craving is only one component of the mental processes that influence drinking behavior. Alcohol-related cues (ARCs) can set in motion a dynamic competition between inclinations to approach drinking and inclinations to avoid drinking. Craving can thus be integrated into a comprehensive model of decisionmaking in which ambivalence or conflict is a key element. The relative strength of each component of the ARC reaction can fluctuate over time as well as in response to both subjective states and environmental circumstances. Simultaneously and independently evaluating these opposing responses puts clinicians in a better position to influence the relative weight that the patient assigns to the positive and negative outcomes of alcohol consumption.
Inferred values and the reverse-incentive effect in induced compliance.

It is proposed that when Ss are offered a large payment for engaging in an activity, they infer that the activity must be difficult, tedious, risky, or unpleasant in some way. This inference can produce the familiar reverse-incentive effect in induced compliance situations. Unlike other explanations, this analysis predicts that the reverse-incentive effect will occur even when Ss do not engage in the activity and when they have no choice about engaging in it.
Efficacy of intervention for engaging youth and families into treatment and some variables that may contribute to differential effectiveness.

This study reports data on the efficacy of Strategic Structural Systems Engagement (SSSE), which is designed to bring hard-to-reach families into treatment. The study also explores variables that may contribute to differential effectiveness. Participants were 193 Hispanic families, who were randomly assigned to either experimental or control conditions. Several important findings emerged. First, the overall results replicated earlier findings showing the superiority of SSSE : 81% of SSSE families, compared to 60% of control families, were successfully engaged, χ 2 (1, N = 193) = 7.5, p <. 001. Second, SSSE interventions were more successful with non-Cuban Hispanics (97% successfully engaged) than with Cuban Hispanics (64% successfully engaged), χ 2 (1, N = 51) = 7.53, p =. 006. Third, an analysis of intervention failures suggests a mechanism by which culture and ethnicity influence clinical processes (resistance to engagement) and may result in differential effectiveness.
Are judgments of the positional frequencies of letters systematically biased due to availability

How do people estimate whether a particular letter is more frequent in the 1st versus in a later position? The authors tested 2 precise versions of the availability hypothesis, a hypothesis that assumes that frequency processing occurs on the level of the phonological classes of vowels and consonants, and the regressed-frequencies hypothesis, which assumes monitoring of individual letters. Across 3 studies, it was found that (a) judgments of whether a letter is more frequent in the 1st or the 2rid position generally followed the actual proportions and (b) the estimated relative frequencies in the 1st versus the 2rid position closely agreed with the actual rank ordering, except for an overestimation of low and underestimation of high values. These results favor the regressed-frequencies hypothesis and challenge the conclusions about frequency judgments in the heuristics and biases literature.
Negative Peer Reactions from the Perspective of the Reactor.

Two studies were conducted to examine negative social reactions from the perspective of rejecting peers. The purpose of Study 1 was to test an attributional model of negative peer reactions in which perceptions of responsibility and specific emotions mediate between deviant peer characteristics and negative social responses. The more children perceived atypical classmates to be responsible for their idiosyncrasies, the more anger and less sympathy they reported. Anger increased rejection and decreased social support, whereas sympathy facilitated social support. In Study 2, the effects of responsibility perceptions and affective reactions (annoyance) on social responses were tested with an experimental design
Evaluating the impact of corporate social responsibility programs on consumers

Abstract This paper critically reviews and analyses the empirical and theoretical literature relating to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs and their impact on the attitudes and behaviours of consumers. Given the increasingly important and influential role that corporations are playing in society, this review considers the contrasting arguments surrounding the extent to which a well-designed and implemented CSR program will impact consumers. In doing so, this review improves our understanding of the importance of corporate socially responsible action and identifies gaps in the field of CSR research that need to be addressed in order to help organizations more effectively adopt CSR programs.