Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human growth in southern Zambia: a first study of Tonga children predating the Kariba dam (1957–1958)

During the late 1950s the Kariba hydro‐electric dam was constructed on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe forcing the relocation of 57,000 people, mainly Tonga. As part of a larger study to assess the effects of the relocation, research into the human biology of the Tonga people was conducted. The research reported here provides a basis for comparison with long‐term follow‐up data on growth and physical status of Gwembe Tonga to determine the effects of resettlement. The sample consists of 303 schoolchildren, 7 to 13 years, from two schools that were not relocated and three schools that were to be relocated. Homogeneity of the two groups led us to combine them as a single baseline sample before relocation. Comparisons with NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics) reference data and with contemporary urban data from southern Zambia indicate sub‐optimal nutritional status. After ages 6 and 7, height‐for‐age and weight‐for‐age Z‐scores of boys decline steadily towards −2.0 SD throughout the 12th year, whereas mean Z‐scores of girls decline markedly from 8 years on. Mean HAZ (Height‐for‐age‐Z‐score) of girls falls below −2.0 SD by 11 years and approaches −3.0 SD by 13 years. Thirty‐nine percent of males and 47% of females in the baseline sample showed effects of moderate or severe protein energy malnutrition at the time of relocation. Because these children were from a school sample, gender differences in opportunity to attend school may be a factor in what appears to be gender bias, favoring the status of boys. This sample provides a baseline for assessing the long‐term impact of forced relocation on the Gwembe Tonga. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:50–60, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Characterization of Enteropathogenic and Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrheal Outbreaks

ABSTRACT Virulence characteristics of diarrheal outbreak-associated Escherichia coli O55:NM, O126:NM, and O111:NM were examined. The E. coli O55:NM strains were atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), while the E. coli O126:NM and O111:NM strains should be classified as enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC). The contributions of EPEC and EAggEC to the human disease burden in Japan might be significantly greater than is currently appreciated.
The Influences of Gender and Religiousness on Alzheimer Disease Caregivers' Use of Informal Support and Formal Services

Objective: This study explored how male and female family caregivers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients differ in their use of formal services and informal support and how religiousness may affect such differences. Methods: Data were from a sample of 720 family caregivers of AD patients who participated in the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Heath (REACH I) study sites in Birmingham, Boston, Memphis, and Philadelphia. Results: Female caregivers were less likely to use in-home services than males (M = 0.83 vs. M = 1.06, p < .01) but reported more use of transportation services (21.6% vs. 12.7%, p < .01) and more use of informal support (M = 13.9 vs. M = 10.7, p < .01). Mediation tests suggested that three measures of religiousness helped explain the relationship between gender and use of formal services and informal support. Discussion: These findings highlight the necessity to assess AD caregivers' religiousness to better understand their circumstances.
Peer Incivility Among Prelicensure Nursing Students: A Call to Action for Nursing Faculty

This article reports findings from a study that examined the prevalence of peer incivility among nursing students and the impact of incivility on students’ physical and mental health and their perceived stress level. Students who experienced high levels of peer incivility had lower mental health scores (P = .0002), lower physical health scores (P = .0069), and higher stress levels (P = .0016). Students who experienced incivility in the classroom had higher levels of peer incivility (P < .001) and lower physical health scores (P < .05).
Modeled Estimates of Soil and Dust Ingestion Rates for Children

Daily soil/dust ingestion rates typically used in exposure and risk assessments are based on tracer element studies, which have a number of limitations and do not separate contributions from soil and dust. This article presents an alternate approach of modeling soil and dust ingestion via hand and object mouthing of children, using EPA's SHEDS model. Results for children 3 to <6 years old show that mean and 95th percentile total ingestion of soil and dust values are 68 and 224 mg/day, respectively; mean from soil ingestion, hand‐to‐mouth dust ingestion, and object‐to‐mouth dust ingestion are 41 mg/day, 20 mg/day, and 7 mg/day, respectively. In general, hand‐to‐mouth soil ingestion was the most important pathway, followed by hand‐to‐mouth dust ingestion, then object‐to‐mouth dust ingestion. The variability results are most sensitive to inputs on surface loadings, soil‐skin adherence, hand mouthing frequency, and hand washing frequency. The predicted total soil and dust ingestion fits a lognormal distribution with geometric mean = 35.7 and geometric standard deviation = 3.3. There are two uncertainty distributions, one below the 20th percentile and the other above. Modeled uncertainties ranged within a factor of 3–30. Mean modeled estimates for soil and dust ingestion are consistent with past information but lower than the central values recommended in the 2008 EPA Child‐Specific Exposure Factors Handbook. This new modeling approach, which predicts soil and dust ingestion by pathway, source type, population group, geographic location, and other factors, offers a better characterization of exposures relevant to health risk assessments as compared to using a single value.
Senescent heart compared with pressure overload-induced hypertrophy.

Although systolic left ventricular (LV) function is normal in the elderly, aging is associated in rat papillary muscle with mechanical and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase alterations similar to those observed in the hypertrophied heart. However, alterations in the other calcium-regulating proteins implicated in contraction and relaxation are still unknown. To investigate alterations in LV function and calcium-regulating proteins, we measured hemodynamics and Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger (NCx), ryanodine receptor (RyR2), and sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2) mRNA levels (expressed in densitometric scores normalized to that of poly(A+) mRNA) in left ventricle from 4-month-old (adult, n = 13) and 24-month-old (senescent, n = 15) rats. For ex vivo contractile function, active tension was measured during isolated heart perfusion in adult (n = 11) and senescent (n = 11) rats. For comparison of age-dependent effects of moderate hypertension on both hemodynamics and calcium proteins, renovascular hypertension was induced or a sham operation performed at 2 (n = 11 and n = 6) and 22 (n = 26 and n = 5) months of age. In senescent rats, LV systolic pressure and maximal rates of pressure development were unaltered, although active tension was depressed (4.7 +/- 0.4 versus 8.3 +/- 0.7 g/g heart weight in adults, P < .0001). SERCA2 mRNA levels were decreased in senescent left ventricle (0.98 +/- 0.05 versus 1.18 +/- 0.05 in adults, P < .01), without changes in NCx and RyR2 mRNA accumulation. Renovascular hypertension resulted in 100% mortality in aged rats; in adults, renovascular hypertension resulted, 2 months later, in an increase of LV systolic pressure (170 +/- 7 versus 145 +/- 3 mm Hg in sham-operated rats, P < .05) and in mild LV hypertrophy (+18%, P < .01) associated with a decrease in SERCA2 mRNA levels (1.02 +/- 0.03 versus 1.18 +/- 0.03 in sham-operated rats, P < .001). Contractile dysfunction in senescent isolated heart and decreased SERCA2 mRNA levels were associated with in vivo normal LV function at rest, indicating the existence of in vivo compensatory mechanisms. RyR2 and NCx gene expressions were not implicated in the observed contractile dysfunction. In aged rats, renovascular hypertension resulted in 100% mortality, probably related to elevated levels of circulating angiotensin II, whereas in adult rats, renovascular hypertension induced a mild LV hypertrophy associated with a selective alteration in SERCA2 gene expression.
Patogenia del síndrome reproductivo y respiratorio porcino: evaluación de la expresión de citoquinas y fenómenos de apoptosis en órganos linfoides y su papel en la respuesta inmune.

El Sindrome Reproductivo y Respiratorio Porcino (PRRS, del ingles Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome) es una enfermedad virica caracterizada por inducir una respuesta inmune erratica en el hospedador y es considerada como una de las enfermedades mas importantes en la industria del porcino debido a las importantes perdidas economicas que provoca. A pesar de que varios estudios se han realizado con el objetivo de elucidar la respuesta inmune provocada frente al virus del PRRS (PRRSV, del ingles PRRS virus) todavia quedan muchos aspectos por entender. El objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral fue evaluar el papel de la expresion de citoquinas y de los fenomenos de apoptosis en diferentes organos linfoides en la patogenia del Sindrome Reproductivo y Respiratorio Porcino. Para alcanzar este objetivo general se plantearon diferentes objetivos especificos que han sido cumplidos con exito al finalizar el trabajo, concluyendo que, el PRRSV en nuestro modelo experimental induce una expresion diferente de citoquinas y de los fenomenos de apoptosis en los organos linfoides, lo que constituye una herramienta util para profundizar en el estudio de la patogenia del PRRSV. Asimismo, nuestros resultados sugieren que el PRRSV puede utilizar vias independientes a la Caspasa 3 para la induccion de la apoptosis, lo que abre nuevos campos de actuacion para elucidar el mecanismo empleado por el virus para inducir dichos fenomenos.
Target-specific morphology of retinal axon arbors in the adult hamster

The B fragment of cholera toxin (CT-B) provides a highly sensitive anterograde tracer for labeling retinofugal axons, revealing dense projections to known central retinorecipient nuclei, and sparse but distinct inputs to regions that have not been traditionally recognized as targets of direct retinal projections. In hamsters, we can identify CT-B labeled retinal axons in more than 25 cell groups in the mesencephalon, diencephalon, and basal telencephalon. CT-B labeling additionally delineates the complete arbor morphology, especially in regions that receive a sparse input, offering hitherto unknown views of retinal axon ramifications. We present here the terminal morphology of retinal axons in the lateral geniculate body and superior colliculus, verifying earlier studies, and also document novel findings on the configuration of retinal axon endings in the ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate body, intergeniculate leaflet, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and in the nuclei of the accessory optic tract. Additionally, the trajectory and terminal morphology of retinal afferents to the hypothalamus, preoptic area, and basal telencephalon are detailed. The results are discussed in the context of possible functional roles for some of these projections.
Possible Foodborne Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus from Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars from Corsica

Author affiliations: ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Maisons-Alfort, France (N. Pavio); INRA (National Institute for Agricultural Research), Maisons-Alfort (N. Pavio); University Paris 12, National Veterinary School, Maisons-Alfort (N. Pavio); INRA, Corte, France (M. Laval, O. Maestrini, F. Casabianca, F. Charrier); CIRAD (Agricultural Research for Development), Montpellier, France (F. Jori); Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone, Botswana (F. Jori)
Simulation As an Orientation Strategy for New Nurse Graduates: An Integrative Review of the Evidence

Research shows that simulation is an effective teaching strategy in the preparation of healthcare professionals. Simulation is often used to evaluate clinical judgment and competencies of students. It has been proposed that simulation can be used during orientation to assist graduate nurses as they transition to professional roles. The purpose of this article is to provide a summary of current evidence related to the use of simulation in graduate nurse orientation. An integrative review was conducted using guidelines set forth by Ganong (Ganong, Res Nurs Health. 1987;10:1–11). Three articles meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed, and three themes were identified: socialization to the professional role, competence and confidence in self-performance, and learning in a safe and supportive environment. In this article, additional findings from the literature are linked to the three themes. Recommendations for future research are suggested.
Starting insulin therapy in type 2 diabetic patients: does it really matter how?

Type 2 diabetic patients failing oral antidiabetes medications need insulin. If used appropriately and with patient cooperation, almost all patients can be well controlled. There is no agreed upon optimal mode of initiating insulin in this situation. In recent years, adding NPH insulin at bedtime (1–3) or 70/30 premixed insulin at suppertime (4) to the oral medications have been studied. Adding NPH insulin at bedtime has yielded similar improvements in control as two or more injections of insulin for 3 (1), 6 (2), or 12 (3) months. Recently, several studies have compared the peakless insulin, glargine, with bedtime NPH insulin and showed similar levels of control but less nocturnal hypoglycemia (5–7). Two reports in this issue of Diabetes Care pertain to this matter. In the first, Janka et al. (8) compared adding a morning injection of glargine insulin to type 2 diabetic patients failing oral medications with discontinuing the pills and starting premixed 70% NPH insulin/30% regular insulin twice a day. The patients receiving glargine insulin during the 24-week study were also taking 3 or 4 mg of glimepiride and 850 mg or more of metformin. A weekly forced-titration algorithm was used to achieve a target fasting glucose concentration of ≤100 mg/dl in both groups and ≤100 mg/dl before supper in the patients taking premixed insulin. Patients in the glargine group had a statistically greater fall in A1c levels (−1.6 vs. −1.3%) and less …
Retinoic acid combines with interleukin‐1 to promote the degradation of collagen from bovine nasal cartilage: Matrix metalloproteinases‐1 and ‐13 are involved in cartilage collagen breakdown

Retinoic acid (RetA) and interleukin‐1α (IL‐1) together can induce a reproducible release of proteoglycan fragments from bovine nasal cartilage in culture. However, release of collagen fragments with either agent alone is often variable. In this study over 70% of the total collagen was released from bovine nasal cartilage in culture by day 14 when RetA and IL‐1 were combined. This release was accompanied by the appearance of collagenolytic activity in the culture medium that cleaved collagen specifically at the ¼/¾ position. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) activity was present at day 7 but low or absent in media from resorbing tissue at day 14. The breakdown of cartilage collagen could be prevented by the addition of BB‐94, a specific metalloproteinase inhibitor. These results suggest that RetA promotes the early release of TIMP from the tissue and that IL‐1 stimulates pro‐collagenase secretion which, when activated, exceeds the local concentration of TIMP. Thus in the later stages of culture collagen destruction occurs. Both MMP‐1 and MMP‐13 were detected and appear to be involved in IL‐1 + RetA induced bovine cartilage destruction. However, for the first time, we also present evidence to suggest that MMP‐13 is the predominant collagenase in this system. J. Cell. Biochem. 79:519–531, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cooperation and tensions in multiethnic corporate societies using Teotihuacan, Central Mexico, as a case study

Significance Teotihuacan was born as a complex multiethnic settlement that originally accommodated populations displaced by volcanic eruptions that devastated the southern Basin of Mexico. Soon, the city became an inclusive society where people from other regions of Mesoamerica could work mainly as qualified craftspeople (particularly garment makers and lapidary specialists), as well as builders, musicians, and military personnel. This society capitalized on the knowledge, technical expertise, and experience that foreigners brought to the city. Each neighborhood competed with the others in displaying the finest crafts, the rarest raw materials, and the most diverse sumptuary goods. This competition gave rise to a highly complex society, but one with inherent contradictions. In this paper, I address the case of a corporate society in Central Mexico. After volcanic eruptions triggered population displacements in the southern Basin of Mexico during the first and fourth centuries A.D., Teotihuacan became a multiethnic settlement. Groups from different backgrounds settled primarily on the periphery of the metropolis; nevertheless, around the core, intermediate elites actively fostered the movement of sumptuary goods and the arrival of workers from diverse homelands for a range of specialized tasks. Some of these skilled craftsmen acquired status and perhaps economic power as a result of the dynamic competition among neighborhoods to display the most lavish sumptuary goods, as well as to manufacture specific symbols of identity that distinguished one neighborhood from another, such as elaborate garments and headdresses. Cotton attire worn by the Teotihuacan elite may have been one of the goods that granted economic importance to neighborhood centers such as Teopancazco, a compound that displayed strong ties to the Gulf Coast where cotton cloth was made. The ruling elite controlled raw materials that came from afar whereas the intermediate elite may have been more active in providing other sumptuary goods: pigments, cosmetics, slate, greenstone, travertine, and foreign pottery. The contrast between the corporate organization at the base and top of Teotihuacan society and the exclusionary organization of the neighborhoods headed by the highly competitive intermediate elite introduced tensions that set the stage for Teotihuacan’s collapse.
Perceptual and cerebro-spinal responses to graded innocuous and noxious stimuli following aerobic exercise.

AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise on perceptual and cerebro-spinal responses to graded electrocutaneous stimuli. METHODS The design comprised 2 x 30 min of cycling exercise at 30% and 70% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) on separate occasions in a counter-balanced order in 10 healthy participants. Assessment of nociceptive withdrawal reflex threshold (NWR-T), pain threshold (PT), and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to graded electrocutaneous stimuli were performed before and after exercise. Perceptual magnitude ratings and SEPs were compared at 30%PT, 60%PT, 100%PT before (Pre), 5 min after (Post1), and 15 min after (Post2) aerobic exercise. RESULTS There was no difference in the NWR-T and the PT following exercise at 30% and 70% of VO2 peak. ANOVA for the perceptual response within pooled electrocutaneous stimuli show a significant main effect for time (F2,18=5.41, P=0.01) but no difference for exercise intensity (F1,9=0.02, P=0.88). Within-subject contrasts reveal trend differences between 30%PT and 100%PT for Pre-Post1 (P=0.09) and Pre-Post2 (P=0.02). ANOVA for the SEPs peak-to-peak signal amplitude (N1-P1) show significant main effect for time (F2,18=4.04, P=0.04) but no difference for exercise intensity (F1,9=1.83, P=0.21). Pairwise comparisons for time reveal differences between Pre-Post1 (P=0.06) and Pre-Post2 (P=0.01). There was a significant interaction for SEPs N1-P1 between exercise intensity and stimulus intensity (F2,18=3.56, P=0.05). CONCLUSION These results indicate that aerobic exercise did not increase the electrocutaneous threshold for pain and the NWR-T. Aerobic exercise attenuated perceptual responses to innocuous stimuli and SEPs N1-P1 response to noxious stimuli.
Pregnancy and women with spinal cord injuries

Objective. To investigate the impact of pregnancy and childbearing on women with spinal cord injuries and their attitude toward pregnancy. Design and setting. State‐wide questionnaire survey from two databases, Florida, USA. Methods. Women with spinal cord injuries between 18 and 40 years were invited to participate. Main outcome measures. Knowledge about pregnancy after spinal cord injury and complications of pregnancy. Population. Hundred and fourteen women with spinal cord injuries. Results. Twenty‐three women (20%) received information about pregnancy during rehabilitation, but only 12 (10%) found it adequate. Rates of response of ‘adequate information’ were similar between women who became pregnant after injury and those who did not (9.0% vs. 8.6%, p = 1.0). Younger age at injury was the only predictor of pregnancy after spinal cord injuries. Preterm delivery occurred in 33% of women; 22% were unable to feel preterm labor. Thrombosis (8%), urinary complications (59%), dysreflexia (27%), and worsened spasticity (22%) were the most common complications in pregnancy and post‐partum depression (35%) was the most common complication in the puerperium. Conclusions. Inadequate information about pregnancy is common among young women with spinal cord injury. Heightened surveillance for certain complications is warranted in women with spinal cord injuries.
DeepGauge: Multi-Granularity Testing Criteria for Deep Learning Systems

Deep learning (DL) defines a new data-driven programming paradigm that constructs the internal system logic of a crafted neuron network through a set of training data. We have seen wide adoption of DL in many safety-critical scenarios. However, a plethora of studies have shown that the state-of-the-art DL systems suffer from various vulnerabilities which can lead to severe consequences when applied to real-world applications. Currently, the testing adequacy of a DL system is usually measured by the accuracy of test data. Considering the limitation of accessible high quality test data, good accuracy performance on test data can hardly provide confidence to the testing adequacy and generality of DL systems. Unlike traditional software systems that have clear and controllable logic and functionality, the lack of interpretability in a DL system makes system analysis and defect detection difficult, which could potentially hinder its real-world deployment. In this paper, we propose DeepGauge, a set of multi-granularity testing criteria for DL systems, which aims at rendering a multi-faceted portrayal of the testbed. The in-depth evaluation of our proposed testing criteria is demonstrated on two well-known datasets, five DL systems, and with four state-of-the-art adversarial attack techniques against DL. The potential usefulness of DeepGauge sheds light on the construction of more generic and robust DL systems.