Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and Clostridium spp. in fecal samples from breast-fed and bottle-fed infants with and without iron supplement

Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and Clostridium spp. isolated from the feces of 23 neonates during the first 3 months of life were identified. Of the 23 neonates, 10 were breast fed, 6 received an infant formula with iron supplement (5 mg/liter), and 7 received the formula without iron supplement (iron concentration, less than 0.5 mg/liter). The Bifidobacterium spp. most frequently isolated from the three groups of infants were B. longum, B. breve, B. adolescentis, and B. bifidum. The bacteroides spp. most frequently isolated were B. fragilis and B. vulgatus. The most common Clostridium sp. in the three groups of infants was C. perfringens. The type of milk did not select for species of Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, or Clostridium, except for Clostridium butyricum, which was isolated significantly more often from bottle-fed infants with iron supplement than from the other groups, and Clostridium tertium, which was more often isolated from breast-fed infants. The species of the three anaerobic genera did not persist for a long period of time in the three groups of infants.
Auditor Changes: A Joint Test of Theories Relating to Agency Costs and Auditor Differentiation

This study tests whether there is a positive association between a firm's agency costs and its demand for a quality-differentiated audit. Audit firm quality is represented in two ways: a continuous size model in which a direct association is posited between auditor size (measured by clients' sales) and audit quality, and a "brand name" model in which the Big Eight group of auditors is defined as higher quality suppliers. The tests are supportive of the brand name model of audit quality: agency cost proxies are significant as a group, after controlling for client size and growth, only in the brand name model. The results are also supportive (albeit weakly in some instances) of the following individual agency-related incentives for higher quality audits: monitoring of incentive performance contracts, diffusion of ownership, owner-debtholder conflict, and the subsequent issue of public securities after the auditor change. However, the explanatory power of the models tested is low, after controlling for client size and growth. T HIS paper tests whether the demand for quality-differentiated audits is, in part, associated with variables that proxy for the firm's agency costs (after controlling for client size and growth). Auditing is widely viewed as a means of reducing agency costs [Jensen and Meckling, 1976; Ng, 1978; Simunic and Stein, 1987; Watts, 1977; and Watts and Zimmerman, 1983]. It follows that when agency costs are greater there is increased demand for higher-level audit quality. To test the hypothesis that higherquality audits are demanded as a function of increasing agency costs, a sample of firms is selected that changed auditors. The framework adopted for testing can be described as follows: given that a change in auditor has occurred, is the choice of the new auditor associated with the firm's agency costs? Audit quality is measured in each of two different ways to correspond to the two general theories of audit quality: (1) a continuous auditor size metric based on combined sales of all public companies audited (a proxy for client-specific quasi-rents) and (2) an ordinal categorical variable representing either the brand name Big Eight or nonBig Eight accounting firms. Two repreJere R. Francis is an Associate Professor at University of Iowa, and Earl R. Wilson is an Assistant Professor at University of Missouri-Columbia. Manuscript received June 1986. Revisions received March 1987, September 1987, and April 1988. Accepted May 1988.
Robust Optical Wireless Link for the Backhaul and Fronthaul of Small Radio Cells

This paper summarizes recent work on the use of optical wireless links as a robust outdoor backhaul solution for small radio cells, such as WiFi, LTE and 5G, over distances between 20 and 200 m. Results of a 5-month outdoor field trial in Berlin, Germany, indicate that the visibility range was never below 180 m, with more than 1 km in 99% of all times during this period. Rate-adaptive transmission proved to improve the availability remarkably in the occasional presence of fog or sunlight. A mathematical model of the backhaul link including these impairments is presented and implemented to obtain an optimized link design. A prototype was realized, accordingly, using low-cost optoelectronic components and a 1 Gb/s baseband chipset. Gross data rates of 800, 500, and 225 Mb/s have been achieved in real-time operation over 20, 100, and 215 m outdoor link distance, respectively, with 2 ms latency at 95% load. Finally, we discuss further evolution towards 5G mobile networks.
It.s All About My Phone! Use Of Mobile Services In Two Finnish Consumer Samples

The technology platform for the supply of mobile services has diversified in recent years. Technologies such as WAP, GPRS, MMS and smart phones offer new possibilities to build and distribute mobile services. The platforms also offer services which potentially are both more advanced and easier to use. There are two problems with this perspective: consumers apparently are not willing to part with their old phones (and thus will not get access to the service potential) and value-added in terms of technology is not necessarily value-added in terms of services. Thus we will look at the relationship between mobile phones and services to examine their adoption and acceptance. Most importantly we focus on the mobile phones users have and how they intend to upgrade them, and then on what mobile services they use and how they intend to upgrade them. Our proposal is that the technology roadmap is not synchronised with the progress in value-added services, which potentially may cause significant disruptions in the markets for mobile applications. Christer Carlsson, Kaarina Hyvonen, Petteri Repo, Pirkko Walden
Hedge Fund Tail Risk: Hedging Mechanisms and Performance

We decompose hedge fund tail risk into two components: Systematic Conditional Tail Risk (SCTR) arising predictably from equity market exposure, and Idiosyncratic Conditional Tail Risk (ICTR) arising from proprietary investment technology. Using option holdings data, we demonstrate that low-SCTR funds mechanically use protective options. Low-ICTR funds seem to pose tail risk hedging skills, because they use protective options heavily only during the times of market stress. Low-ICTR (Low-SCTR) funds (do not) deliver superior performance. Our results hold after controlling for performance measure manipulation, nonlinearities and autocorrelation in fund returns, and cannot be subsumed by existing skill or risk measures.
Influence of Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy on Tissue Oxygenation in Diabetic Feet

OBJECTIVE:Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has become a common wound care treatment modality for a variety of wounds. Several previous studies have reported that NPWT increases blood flow in the wound bed. However, NPWT might decrease tissue oxygenation in the wound bed because the foam sponge of NPWT compresses the wound bed under the influence of the applied negative pressure. Adequate tissue oxygenation is an essential consideration during diabetic foot management, and the foot is more sensitive to ischemia than any other region. Furthermore, the issue as to whether NPWT reduces or increases tissue oxygenation in diabetic feet has never been correctly addressed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of NPWT on tissue oxygenation in diabetic feet. PARTICIPANTS:Transcutaneous partial oxygen pressures (TcPO2) were measured to determine tissue oxygenation levels beneath NPWT dressings on 21 feet of 21 diabetic foot ulcer patients. DESIGN:A TcPO2 sensor was fixed at the tarsometatarsal area of contralateral unwounded feet. A suction pressure of −125 mm Hg was applied until TcPO2 reached a steady state. The TcPO2 values for diabetic feet were measured before, during, and after NPWT. MAIN RESULTS:The TcPO2 levels decreased significantly after applying NPWT in all patients. Mean TcPO2 values before, during, and after therapy were 44.6 (SD, 15.2), 6.0 (SD, 7.1), and 40.3 (SD, 16.4) mm Hg (P < .01), respectively. CONCLUSION:These results show that NPWT significantly reduces tissue oxygenation levels in diabetic feet.
Partial Linear Regression Models for Clustered Data

This article considers the analysis of clustered data via partial linear regression models. Adopting the idea of modeling the within-cluster correlation from the method of generalized estimating equations, a least squares type estimate of the slope parameter is obtained through piecewise local polynomial approximation of the nonparametric component. This slope estimate has several advantages: (a) It attains n1/2-consistency without undersmoothing; (b) it is efficient when correct within-cluster correlation is used, assuming multivariate normality of the error; (c) the preceding properties hold regardless of whether or not the nonparametric component is of cluster level; and (d) this estimation method naturally extends to deal with generalized partial linear models. Simulation studies and a real example are presented in support of the theory.
Lower-body adiposity and metabolic protection in postmenopausal women.

CONTEXT It has been suggested that the propensity to store fat in the gluteal-femoral region may be cardioprotective. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to test whether the favorable associations of leg fat with risk factors for cardiovascular disease persist after controlling for the highly unfavorable effects of abdominal (visceral or sc) adiposity in postmenopausal women. STUDY PARTICIPANTS The study included 95 postmenopausal women [age, 60 +/- 8 yr (mean +/- SD)]. MAIN OUTCOMES Whole-body and regional fat distribution was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and abdominal computed tomography. Markers of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia were determined from oral glucose tolerance tests and fasted lipid and lipoprotein measurements, respectively. Primary outcomes were: fasting insulin (INS0), area under the insulin curve (INS(AUC)), product of the oral glucose tolerance test insulin and glucose AUC (INS(AUC) - GLU(AUC)), serum triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. RESULTS Controlling for trunk fat revealed a favorable effect of leg fat on INS0, INS(AUC), INS(AUC) x GLU(AUC), TG, and HDL. However, after controlling for either visceral or sc abdominal adiposity, TG was the only risk factor for which the favorable effect of leg fat persisted. CONCLUSIONS The lack of an association between leg fat and most of the risk factors, after adjusting for abdominal visceral or sc fat, suggests an overriding deleterious influence of abdominal adiposity on cardiovascular risk. Nevertheless, our finding that regional adipose tissue depots have apparent independent and opposing effects on serum TG supports the need for further research into the physiological mechanisms governing these effects.
The Experiences of Social Workers in Corporate America

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of social workers in Corporate America, including their role in corporate social responsibility (CSR). The data collected was from four semi-structured interviews that lasted between 20 to 45 minutes each. Each participant was employed by or consulted for a large corporation and had roles in a variety of departments, including government affairs, internal consulting, talent and change management and leadership development. None of the participants had direct CSR responsibilities, however, each participant had experience with their CSR programs and valued them in their organizations. The study explored the participants’ responsibilities in their organization, and how their social work practice and skills were incorporated in their work. Themes from the data indicated that social workers are most valued in their organizations for their abilities to build relationships, effectively implement change and see things in a different perspective from their co-workers. Participants reported that they used their social work skills in their daily work even within their business roles, and believed that corporations could benefit from having more individuals with the social work perspective in their organizations. The findings in this study fill a gap in the current literature and may have implications for social work in corporate settings, in social work education, and in future social work research.
Coming to Autoethnography: A Mental Health Nurse's Experience

In this article, the authors outline how a doctoral student came to use autoethnography within a narrative inquiry study exploring the experiences of being an adult child of a parent with a psychosis. Throughout the article, they discuss the researcher's experiences and identify techniques they found useful in preparing for the present research process. As a qualitative research method, autoethnography is useful for making connections between researcher and participant, deepening interpretive analysis of both common and differing experiences, and producing knowledge drawn from compassionate understanding and rigorous reflection.
Deregulation of a Long Distance Express Coach Market

Several countries have deregulated their coach markets over the past 10-30 years and there is a growing literature on the effects of deregulation on industry structure, patronage, service quality and quantity, and competition. In cases where coach services are subject to local or national subsidies, EU Regulation 1370/2007 sets out requirements for the ways operators can be compensated and the requirements for tenders. This paper offers new insight to the effects of deregulation in Norway, which formally happened gradually between 1998 and 2003. The authors study the development of the Norwegian long distance express coach market over a period that spans from the years prior to deregulation and up to 2010. The comprehensive set of data sources, which the authors have gathered include: supply, demand and financial information from operators; information about organisation, ownership, mergers, buy-outs, acquisitions, entry and exit from the confederation of operators; and information about integration with local public transport services including the important question of subsidies and contract award procedures from local and central governments. The authors document the degree of both competition and cooperation in the market, which has taken a particular form in Norway due to historical requirements on coach operations. The authors also document that the market has changed character as a consequence of intermodal competition, in particular air traffic. The authors paper documents the successful development of an often neglected public transport mode, which has the potential to make long distance passenger transport more efficient and more sustainable.
PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN INSTITUSIONAL DAN TIPE AUDITOR TERHADAP OPINI AUDIT( Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan BUMN dan Non BUMN yang Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2009-2011)

This study aimed to examine the effect of the institutional environment and the type of auditor's audit opinion. Institutional environment can be divided into strong institutional environment (DKI Jakarta) and a weak institutional environment (Non DKI Jakarta). Type of auditor auditor divided into local and non-local auditors. Audit opinion can be divided into an unqualified audit opinion and non unqualified audit. The research method used is quantitative method that examined the relationship between variables through hypothesis testing using 84 samples in 28 companies during the three periods. The sampling method of SOEs using purposive sampling, wheares the sampling method of non-SOEs using random sampling methods. Hypothesis testing techniques performed using logistic regression analysis using SPSS. The results obtained indicate that the institutional environment negatively affect the audit opinion. Meanwhile, positive effect on the type of auditor's audit opinion. This is consistent with a previous study conducted by Chan et al (2010) who found that local auditors more easily issued an unqualified opinion on the institutional environment is weak compared to the strong institutional environment, as well as local auditors more easily issued an unqualified opinion on the institutional environment is weak compared to the local auditor
Programming Robots Using Reinforcement Learning and Teaching

Programming robots is a tedious task. So, there is growing interest in building robots which can learn by themselves. Self-improving, which involves trial and error, however, is often a slow process and could be hazardous in a hostile environment. By teaching robots how tasks can be achieved, learning time can be shortened and hazard can be minimized. This paper presents a general approach to making robots which can improve their performance from experiences as well as from being taught. Based on this proposed approach and other learning speedup techniques, a simulated learning robot was developed and could learn three moderately complex behaviors, which were then integrated in a subsumption style so that the robot could navigate and recharge itself. Interestingly, a real robot could actually use what was learned in the simulator to operate in the real world quite successfully.
Cardiovascular Response and Serum Interleukin-6 Level in Concentric Vs. Eccentric Exercise.

INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in India. Resistance exercise is strongly recommended for implementation in CVD prevention programs. Dynamic resistance exercise comprises of concentric (muscle shortening) and eccentric (muscle lengthening) phase. The contraction of skeletal muscle promotes the synthesis and secretion of cytokines and peptides from myocytes, known as 'myokines'. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is the first myokine to be released in the blood in response to exercise. AIM To compare the cardiovascular response and serum IL-6 level in concentric and eccentric exercise done at same absolute workload. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this non-randomised crossover study 24, apparently healthy and young male adults performed an acute bout of concentric and eccentric exercise. Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Heart Rate (HR), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), Pulse Pressure (PP) and serum IL-6 were measured just before and immediately after exercise. Paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test were applied to compare the data within-group and in-between group. RESULTS SBP, HR, MAP, PP, DBP and IL-6 level increased significantly after both, concentric and eccentric exercise. The mean change in SBP, HR, MAP, PP, and IL-6 after concentric exercise (18.54±3.06, 57.21±10.73, 8.35±1.40, 15.25±5.29, 5.40±3.13 respectively) was significantly higher than after eccentric exercise (13.38±1.72, 43.25±8.34, 6.50±1.0, 10.21±3.16, 4.36±2.54 respectively). A non-significant rise in DBP was obtained after concentric exercise (3.25±2.79) as compared to eccentric exercise (3.08±1.89). CONCLUSION Eccentric exercise not only caused a lesser cardiovascular demand as compared to concentric exercise but also a significant increment in IL-6 level. Exercise-induced IL-6 may prevent the initiation and development of CVD. Hence, eccentric exercise training might be recommended for reducing morbidity and mortality in individuals with- or at a risk of developing CVD.
Theoretical Unification in Justice and Beyond Guillermina Jasso

Theoretical Unification in Justice and Beyond The goal of scientific work is to understand more and more by less and less. In this effort, theoretical unification plays a large part. There are two main types of theoretical unification – unification of different theories of the same field of phenomena and unification of theories of different fields of phenomena. Both types are usually a surprise; even when vigorously pursued, their form, when they finally appear, may differ radically from preconceptions. This paper examines a series of twenty-one unification surprises in the study of justice and beyond, sixteen in the study of justice and five in the unification of three fundamental sociobehavioral forces – justice, status, and power – and the subsequent unification of the three sociobehavioral forces with identity and with happiness. JEL Classification: C02, D1, D31, D6, D8, I3, J31
Usability issues in service-oriented architecture

Usability is of a growing importance. It is crucial for the acceptance of software systems nowadays. Software usability in its classical sense is mainly the property of the user interface of a system. Usable interface should have at least three properties: it must be easily understood and remembered and not too laborious in use. We show that in SOA systems called confederation the first two properties should have the interfaces of constituent application services. It is a precondition for the usability of user system interface. The properties are crucially important for the software engineering aspects of confederations (scalability, modifiability, reuse of existing systems, stability) as well as for their functions, e.g. for business processes (flexibility, on-line modifiability, etc.). We discuss some standardization issues.
Multimodal analysis of functional and structural disconnection in Alzheimer's disease using multiple kernel SVM

Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients exhibit alterations in the functional connectivity between spatially segregated brain regions which may be related to both local gray matter (GM) atrophy as well as a decline in the fiber integrity of the underlying white matter tracts. Machine learning algorithms are able to automatically detect the patterns of the disease in image data, and therefore, constitute a suitable basis for automated image diagnostic systems. The question of which magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities are most useful in a clinical context is as yet unresolved. We examined multimodal MRI data acquired from 28 subjects with clinically probable AD and 25 healthy controls. Specifically, we used fiber tract integrity as measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), GM volume derived from structural MRI, and the graph‐theoretical measures ‘local clustering coefficient’ and ‘shortest path length’ derived from resting‐state functional MRI (rs‐fMRI) to evaluate the utility of the three imaging methods in automated multimodal image diagnostics, to assess their individual performance, and the level of concordance between them. We ran the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm and validated the results using leave‐one‐out cross‐validation. For the single imaging modalities, we obtained an area under the curve (AUC) of 80% for rs‐fMRI, 87% for DTI, and 86% for GM volume. When it came to the multimodal SVM, we obtained an AUC of 82% using all three modalities, and 89% using only DTI measures and GM volume. Combined multimodal imaging data did not significantly improve classification accuracy compared to the best single measures alone. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2118–2131, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.