Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Open Government Data as an Innovation Process: Lessons from a Living Lab Experiment

Abstract Open government data are claimed to contribute to transparency, citizen participation, collaboration, economic and public service development. From an innovation perspective, we explore the current gap between the promise and practice of open government data. Based on Strategic Niche Management (SNM), we identify different phases in the open data innovation process. This study uses a living lab in a province in the Netherlands to stimulate the provision and use of open data for collaborative processes and analyses the mechanisms that condition the success of this innovation process. The results based on six interventions over a period of two years show that our interventions stimulated the use of open data and raised awareness within government, but that various mechanisms inhibited the realization of the ambitions of open government data. We conclude that the challenge of open government data as an innovation lies in finding a way to scale up the provision of open data: innovation niches are established but “regime changes” do not take place. Scaling up open government data use requires strong managerial commitment and changes in the wider organizational landscape such as constructing formal and informal rules and technological developments that stimulate debate about open data practices.
Analysis of H2-O Influence on Antigen Presentation by B Cells

HLA-DM (DM; in mouse H2-DM) promotes the exchange of MHC class II-associated peptides, resulting in the accumulation of stable MHC class II-peptide complexes. In naive (but not germinal center) B cells, a large part of DM is tightly associated with HLA-DO (DO; in mouse H2-O), but the functional consequence of this association for Ag presentation is debated. Here, we have extended previous studies by examining the presentation of multiple epitopes after Ag internalization by fluid phase endocytosis or receptor-mediated uptake by membrane Ig (mIg) receptors. We find that the effects of H2-O are more complex than previously appreciated; thus, while only minor influences on Ag presentation could be detected after fluid phase uptake, many epitopes were substantially affected after mIg-mediated uptake. Unexpectedly, the presentation of different epitopes was found to be enhanced, diminished, or unaffected in the absence of H2-O, depending on the specificity of the mIg used for Ag internalization. Interestingly, epitopes from the same Ag did not necessarily show the same H2-O dependency. This finding suggests that H2-O may control the repertoire of peptides presented by B cells depending on the mIg-Ag interaction. The absence of DO/H2-O from germinal center B cells suggests that this control may be released during B cell maturation.
Determinants of child mortality in a rural Ugandan community.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the rate of and risk factors associated with child mortality in rural eastern Uganda. DESIGN A community based cross-sectional study using the preceding birth technique--a robust method of obtaining information of survival of the previous child. SETTING A rural district in Eastern Uganda. PARTICIPANTS In total, 2888 multigravidae were interviewed in April and May 1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Number of deaths among children born alive. RESULTS The under-two child mortality rate was 108 per 1000 livebirths. The annual child mortality was 82 per 1000 child-years of risk. Child mortality was associated with low parental education, being born to adolescent mothers or mothers aged 35 or more. Unconditional logistic regression showed that children born to uneducated parents had a doubled risk of not celebrating their second birthday. It was three times more likely for a child to die in the neonatal period than in the first year of life. Child mortality risk decreased by 4% and 6% for every year of education attained by mothers and fathers, respectively. Parity, residence and marital status were not associated with excess risk of child mortality. Seasonal mortality followed the El Nino rainfall pattern. Finally, there were geographical differences in child mortality although this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Monitoring trends in child mortality at district level can be done using the preceding birth technique in antenatal settings. Maternal education, an important predictor of child survival should be included in routine data collection at clinics.
Conjugative transposition of Tn916-related elements from Enterococcus faecalis to Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens

We studied the ability of transposons Tn916, Tn1545, and Tn916-Km, a Tn916 derivative expressing kanamycin resistance, to be conjugatively transferred from Enterococcus faecalis to various gram-negative bacteria. Our results demonstrate that these types of elements can carry out conjugative transposition from the chromosome of E. faecalis to those of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens and that the accomplishment of this event depends on the donor potential of the E. faecalis transposon delivery strain. Since the tet(M) gene does not confer a selectable level of tetracycline resistance to gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli, the presence of another marker(s) readily expressed in these recipients is required for the detection of this type of transfer. Conjugal transfer of Tn916-Km from E. faecalis to E. coli is not restricted by the EcoK restriction system, nor does it depend on the presence of functional homologous recombination system and integration host factor proteins in the recipient bacteria.
Angiogenesis is stimulated by a tumor‐derived endothelial cell growth factor

A growth factor mitogenic for BALB/C 3T3 cells and capillary endothelial cells was isolated from a rat chondrosarcoma and purified to homogeneity. Purification was accomplished by a combination of BioRex 70 cation exchange chromatography and heparin affinity chromatography. The pure chondrosarcoma‐derived growth factor (ChDGF) had a molecular weight of about 18.000. The angiogenesis activity of pure ChDGF was tested by measuring its ability to vascularize the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and yolk sac membrane of the developing chick. The ability of ChDGF to induce the growth of limbal vessels in the rat cornea was also measured. To quantitate the angiogenesis response, a unit system based on the growth factor activity of ChDGF for 3T3 cells was adopted. ChDGF was found to have a specific activity of about 5 units/ng when applied to 3T3 cells. About 300–600 units of ChDGF in the two types of developing chick membrane and 30–50 units of ChDGF in the rat cornea were found to stimulate noninflammatory angiogenesis.
Characteristics of women seeking intensive outpatient substance use treatment in the VA.

OBJECTIVES To investigate gender differences among veterans receiving intensive outpatient (IOP) substance use treatment in a national VA sample and to compare women attending IOP with women with substance use disorders in VA primary care. METHODS VA national databases were used to identify all veterans receiving intensive IOP substance use treatment in 1999 along with a matched cohort of individuals with substance use disorders attending primary care but not in treatment. RESULTS Few women (2.8%) were treated in IOP at the VA. Among the women who did receive treatment, substantial clinical differences were found compared with men in IOP treatment. Women with substance use disorders were younger, more likely to have cocaine abuse or dependence disorders, and more likely to have extensive psychiatric and medical comorbidities than men with substance use disorders in the VA. Women in treatment were also found to be significantly different from women with substance use disorders not in treatment. CONCLUSIONS Outreach and new programming for women veterans with substance use disorders in the VA is critical in order to treat these issues early and potentially prevent multiple, severe comorbid illnesses.
Differential Association of Youth Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Anxiety With Delinquency and Aggression

Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is independently associated with both anxiety and conduct problems, it is unclear how co-occurring ADHD + anxiety are associated with different forms of conduct problems. That is, there is relatively little evidence how ADHD and co-occurring anxiety, relative to ADHD only and anxiety only, are associated with aggression and delinquency. Controlling for age, sex, oppositional defiant disorder diagnostic status and total psychopathology, we compared children with anxiety only, ADHD only, ADHD + anxiety, and a clinic-referred comparison group on measures of conduct problems. Three hundred eighty ethnically diverse boys and girls ages 5 to 17 (M = 11.62) were evaluated using a semistructured diagnostic interview for ADHD and anxiety; aggressive and delinquent behavior were evaluated using the Child Behavior Checklist. Children with anxiety only (n = 119) did not differ from clinic-referred comparisons (i.e., no DSM-IV diagnosis; n = 95) on aggression or delinquency; children with ADHD only (n = 130) were significantly more aggressive and delinquent than children with anxiety only. Children with ADHD + anxiety (n = 36) were significantly less aggressive than children with ADHD only, but they did not differ with respect to delinquency. These preliminary data suggest that ADHD, in the presence of anxiety, may be associated with significantly less aggression but not less delinquency. We discuss these findings from a developmental psychopathology framework and stress the need for further study to support possible implications for intervention and prevention.
A latent transition analysis of bullying and victimization in Chinese primary school students

Bullying is a social phenomenon that impacts a large number of children and young people, worldwide. This study aimed to longitudinally examine the development of bullying and victimization in Chinese students in grades 4, 5, and 6. We used latent class analysis to empirically identify groups of youth with different bullying and victimization patterns, and then used latent transition analysis to explore the movement of children between these latent classes over time. Results showed that: (1) across the three time points, students could be classified into four classes: bullies, victims, bully-victims, and non-involved children; and (2) students in the non-involved class tended to remain in that class when moving to higher grades, students in the bully and victims classes tended to transition to the non-involved class, while students in the bully-victims class tended to transition to the bullies class. Thus, future intervention should be implemented to prevent bully-victims from bullying behaviors.
Articular Facets of the Coracoclavicular Joint in Koreans

This study was performed to investigate the occurrence of the coracoclavicular joint in Koreans. Materials used in this study were paired clavicles and scapulae obtained from 102 adult Korean cadavers (61 males, 41 females) ranging from 18 to 97 years in age. The occurrence of the joint was identified by a definite articular facet on the conoid tubercle of the clavicle and also by one on the superomedial surface of the coracoid process of the scapula. To compare the morphometric differences between specimens with and without coracoclavicular joint, the clavicle length, scapular border length, glenoid length, coracoid height, coracoacromial (CA) arch height, coracoid slope, and acromion slope were measured on all bones examined. The coracoclavicular joint was found in 10 (9.8%) of 102 individuals examined. Among them, nine (8.8%) showed bilateral coracoclavicular joints, and a unilateral right joint was noted in one case (1.0%). No significant difference in the incidence of the joint was noted between the right and left side. The incidence of the joint in males, a frequency of 9.8%, was the same as that in females. The joint was not found in individuals under 40 years old. However, the joint was present in 9.5% of those aged 40–59 years, and in 11.4% of those aged 60 years or over. There was no significant difference between various measurements taken from specimens with and without a coracoclavicular joint. These findings suggest that the occurrence of the coracoclavicular joint is related to aging, but not to the size of the scapulae or the slopes and heights of some CA arch elements.
A Review Study of Antecedents of Electronic Word-of-Mouth: The Case of Transition Economy – Uzbekistan

Antecedents of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) in social media have not been analyzed in the case of transition economies. The Commonwealth of independent states (CIS) is an interesting case, where countries lived with the ideology of communism for a long time and now they need to adapt to a new set of rules. First of all, the current study analyzes the cultural aspects of Uzbekistan to understand them in the perspective of Hofstede’s classification. Secondly, it reviews previous literature and finds what kind of effects tie strength, homophily, interpersonal influence, trust, self-presentation, and self-disclosure can have on engagement in eWOM in individualistic and collectivistic communities. Finally, it suggests why future research involving the CIS sample is important.
Relative risk of spread of symptoms among the focal onset primary dystonias

Adult‐onset primary torsion dystonia (PTD) may spread to multiple body parts, but the relative risk of spread by site of onset of dystonia has not been well characterized. We retrospectively identified 602 patients with PTD out of 1,500 dystonia patients in our electronic database and extracted age at onset, site of onset, family history, and spread. Survival analyses were performed for groups based on site of onset, and hazard ratios compared relative risk of spread across groups. Patients with adult‐onset blepharospasm were more likely to spread (31% past the head) than those with dystonia starting in the neck (9%), larynx (12%), or upper extremities (16%). Hazard ratios proved that the blepharospasm group had the greatest relative risk of spread. The rate of spread after onset varied significantly between the different groups. Most spread occurred in the first 1 to 2 years after onset of blepharospasm, whereas the risk of spread was relatively constant over time in cervical and laryngeal dystonia. Different sites of onset of PTD confer different risks of spread, important for clinical prognosis. Different risks of spread may provide clues about underlying pathogenesis of adult‐onset primary dystonias. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Surfactant Protein D Inhibition of Human Macrophage Uptake of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Independent of Bacterial Agglutination1

The innate immune system in the lung is essential for controlling infections due to inhaled pathogens. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) encounters components of the innate immune system when inhaled into the lung, but the consequences of these interactions are poorly understood. Surfactant protein D (SP-D) binds to and agglutinates M.tb bacilli, and reduces the uptake of the bacteria by human macrophages. In the current studies, we utilized a recombinant SP-D variant (CDM) that lacks the collagen domain to further characterize the interaction of SP-D with M.tb, and determine the effects of agglutination on bacterial uptake by human monocyte-derived macrophages. These studies demonstrate that the binding of SP-D and CDM to M.tb is saturable and inhibited by carbohydrate competition and Ca2+ chelation, implicating the carbohydrate recognition domain in the interaction. Fluorescence microscopy reveals that dodecameric SP-D leads to agglutination of the bacilli, whereas the trimeric CDM does not, demonstrating that the multivalent nature of SP-D is essential for agglutination of M.tb. However, preincubation of M.tb with increasing concentrations of SP-D or CDM leads to a concentration-dependent reduction in the uptake of the bacteria by macrophages, indicating that agglutination does not play a direct role in this observation. Finally, the reduced uptake of M.tb by SP-D is associated with reduced growth of M.tb in monocyte-derived macrophages. These studies provide direct evidence that the inhibition of phagocytosis of M.tb effected by SP-D occurs independently of the aggregation process.
Micro-mechanisms behind declining labour shares: Market power, production processes, and global competition

This article investigates how changing production processes and increasing market power at the firm level relate to a fall in Germany's manufacturing sector labour share. Coinciding with the fall of the labour share, I document a rise in firms' product and labour market power. Notably, labour market power is a more relevant source of firms' market power than product market power. Increasing product and labour market power, however, only account for 30% of the fall in the labour share. The remaining 70% are explained by a transition of firms towards less labour-intensive production activities. I study the role of final product trade in causing those secular movements. I find that rising foreign export demand contributes to a decline in the labour share by increasing labour market power within firms and by inducing a reallocation of economic activity from nonexporting-high-labour-share to exporting-low-labour-share firms.
Control of neuronal morphology in vitro: Interplay between adhesive substrate forces and molecular instruction

Among the factors which influence neuronal morphology, the degree of substrate adhesivity has been suggested to play an important role in the growth and guidance of neurites. The present study was undertaken to investigate apparently contradictory results relating substrate adhesivity to the extent of neurite outgrowth. By using substrates coated with different concentrations of polyornithine to vary adhesivity, we could show that intermediate levels of neuron‐to‐substrate adhesive strength favored neurite outgrowth more than substrates of high or low adhesivity. However, when neurons were plated on substrates derived from the extracellular matrix, the strength of neuronto‐substrate adhesion was important for the growth of dendrite‐like minor neurites, but not for the extension of axon‐like major neurites, which grew independently of adhesive forces. On substrates of the cell adhesion molecule L1, growth of both major and minor neurites was adhesion‐independent. Finally, in the presence of tenascin added to the culture medium, neurite growth was inhibited irrespective of the adhesivity of the substrate and the presence of substrate‐bound extracellular matrix molecules or L1. These observations suggest that intermediate forces of adhesivity favor neurite growth in general, but that purely adhesive forces can be dominated by specific molecular instructions which differentially affect growth of major and minor neurites in positive and negative ways. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CNS-induced natriuresis is not mediated by the atrial natriuretic factor.

Studies were performed on anaesthetized Wistar-Kyoto rats to investigate whether the natriuretic response to stimulation of the cerebroventricular system with a hypertonic sodium solution is in part caused by increased plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). Through a cannula inserted into a lateral cerebral ventricle a solution with a normal (CSF, 152 mmol l-1) or high (NaCSF, 1,000 mmol l-1) sodium ion content was infused. In the stimulated animals which received NaCSF, the sodium excretion increased more than 13-fold, from 0.07 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SEM) to 0.97 +/- 0.22 mumol min-1 g-1 kidney wt (P less than 0.01). Potassium excretion rose more than eight-fold, from 0.37 +/- 0.05 to 3.01 +/- 0.13 mumol min-1 g-1 kidney wt (P less than 0.001), and the urine flow rate more than seven-fold, from 1.35 +/- 0.11 to 9.74 +/- 1.23 microliters min-1 g-1 kidney wt (P less than 0.001). The mean arterial blood pressure increased from 100 +/- 3 to 129 +/- 7 mmHg (P less than 0.001). In the control animals which received CSF throughout the experiment there was no significant change in the above variables. The concentrations of ANF in plasma taken at the end of the experiments were determined by a radioimmunoassay. The mean plasma concentration of ANF in animals receiving CSF throughout the experiment was 175 +/- 36 pg ml-1. This was not significantly different from the corresponding value in animals which were given NaCSF (118 +/- 34 pg ml-1). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Malabsorption due to cholecystokinin deficiency in a patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I.

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I is an autosomal recessive inherited disease caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator gene.1 Its hallmarks are the failure of multiple endocrine glands due to an autoimmune process, susceptibility to chronic candida infection because of a T-cell defect, and dystrophy of ectodermal tissues.2 The most common endocrine manifestations are hypoparathyroidism and adrenal failure. Hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and hypopituitarism may also occur. Nonendocrine manifestations include enamel hypoplasia, nail dystrophy, keratoconjunctivitis, and pernicious anemia.2,3 Except for candidiasis, patients with this syndrome have no apparent susceptibility to infections. About 20 percent of patients with .
Increased prevalence of lactose malabsorption in Crohn's disease patients at low risk for lactose malabsorption based on ethnic origin.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of lactose malabsorption (LM) in various subgroups of inflammatory bowel disease patients with controls matched for age, sex, and ethnic origin. METHODS In 260 patients with IBD [121 Crohn's disease (CD) and 139 ulcerative colitis (UC)] and 158 controls at low and moderate risk for LM the prevalence of lactose malabsorption was determined by H2 breath testing. RESULTS A control group at low ethnic risk had a prevalence of LM of 29.2% compared with 40.0% in CD (p < 0.025) and 13.3% of ulcerative colitis patients (p < 0.025). No significant differences were observed in comparable groups at moderate risk for LM. Irrespective of ethnic origin, 68.1% of patients with CD limited to the terminal ileum were lactose malabsorbers compared with 43.5% of patients with Crohn's colitis (p < 0.05). Additional analysis according to anatomical location indicated that Crohn's disease of the proximal small bowel (duodenum, jejunum), terminal ileum, terminal ileum plus colon, and colon alone were associated with a prevalence of LM of 100, 68.1, 54.5, and 43.5% respectively. CONCLUSIONS In patients at low ethnic risk there is a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of LM in CD patients and a decreased prevalence in ulcerative colitis compared with controls.