Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning quantum models from quantum or classical data

In this paper, we address the problem of how to represent a classical data distribution in a quantum system. The proposed method is to learn the quantum Hamiltonian, that is such that its ground state approximates the given classical distribution. We review previous work on the quantum Boltzmann machine (QBM) (Kieferová M and Nathan W 2017 Phys. Rev. A 96 062327, Amin M H et al 2018 Phys. Rev. X 8 021050) and how it can be used to infer quantum Hamiltonians from quantum statistics. We then show how the proposed quantum learning formalism can also be applied to a purely classical data analysis. Representing the data as a rank one density matrix introduces quantum statistics for classical data in addition to the classical statistics. We show that quantum learning yields results that can be significantly more accurate than the classical maximum likelihood approach, both for unsupervised learning and for classification. The data density matrix and the QBM solution show entanglement, quantified by the quantum mutual information I. The classical mutual information in the data I c ⩽ I/2 = C, with C maximal classical correlations obtained by choosing a suitable orthogonal measurement basis. We suggest that the remaining mutual information Q = I/2 is obtained by non orthogonal measurements that may violate the Bell inequality. The excess mutual information I − I c may potentially be used to improve the performance of quantum implementations of machine learning or other statistical methods.
INFLUENCE OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE ON THE ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF BROWN WATER

Effluent separation at the origin (brown water (BW), gray water and yellow water) improves sewage treatments. However, the BW can contain disinfectants such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). This disinfectant has a high oxidant potential that could reduce the methane production and affect the granular sludge physiology. Therefore, the initial concentration of volatile solids (VS) from BW and the NaOCl effect on the anaerobic digestion (AD) were evaluated in this work. Variables analysed were specific methanogenic activity (SMA), structural morphology and mineral composition of granular sludge. A VS removal of 60% was obtained for 6, 9 and 14.6 g/L of VSo. At low concentrations of NaOCl ( 250 mg/L), the rupture of the granules was observed releasing exopolymeric substances (EPS), the SMA decreased to 0.004 gCODCH4/gVS.d. Our findings reveal that the NaOCl (> 125 mg / L) decreases the efficiency of BW treatments, and its effect must be considered to implement the anaerobic digestion of BW in low-flow toilet systems.
Macro-turbulent characteristcs of pressures in hydraulic jump formed downstream of a stepped spillway

A bacia de dissipacao tem como finalidade dissipar, atraves de ressalto hidraulico, a energia do escoamento junto a base do vertedouro. Por ser um fenomeno turbulento que provoca amplas flutuacoes de pressao junto ao fundo da bacia, o ressalto hidraulico pode comprometer a estrutura do dissipador por mecanismos como fadiga, subpressao e cavitacao. A utilizacao de vertedouros em degraus permite a dissipacao de uma parte da energia ainda durante o escoamento da agua pela calha, o que possibilita a reducao das dimensoes e do custo da estrutura da bacia de dissipacao. O presente artigo apresenta a analise das distribuicoes longitudinais da pressao media, das flutuacoes de pressao e dos coeficientes de assimetria e curtose, oriundas de ensaios realizados em modelos fisicos hidraulicos. Foi feita uma comparacao das caracteristicas das pressoes obtidas em uma bacia de dissipacao a jusante de um vertedouro em degraus (para numeros de Froude entre 5 e 8) com dados observados em uma bacia de dissipacao a jusante de um vertedouro de calha lisa, com raio de concordância entre a calha e a bacia (para numeros de Froude compreendidos entre 4,5 e 10). A partir dessa analise pode-se concluir que, diferentemente do ocorrido na bacia de dissipacao com calha lisa, as pressoes medias e flutuacoes de pressao observadas na bacia de dissipacao a jusante de calha em degraus tem seu maximo no ponto mais proximo ao pe do vertedouro. O desenvolvimento longitudinal dos coeficientes de assimetria e curtose possibilitaram determinar as posicoes de inicio do descolamento do escoamento, de fim do rolo e de fim da influencia do ressalto hidraulico no escoamento.
Association of Infrared Dark Cloud Cores with YSOs: Starless or Starred IRDC Cores

In this paper we examined theassociation of InfraRed Dark Cloud (IRDC) cores with YSOs and the geometric properties of the IRDC cores. For this studya total of 13,650 IRDC cores were collected mainly from the catalogs of the IRDC cores published from other studies andpartially from our catalog of IRDC cores containing new 789 IRDC core candidates. The YSO candidates were searched for usingthe GLIMPSE, MSX, and IRAS point sources by the shape of their SED or using activity of water or methanol maser. The associationof the IRDC cores with these YSOs was checked by their line- of-sight coincidence within the dimension of the IRDC core.This work found that a total of 4,110 IRDC cores have YSO candidates while 9,540 IRDC cores have no indication of the existenceof YSOs. Considering the 12,200 IRDC cores within the GLIMPSE survey region for which the YSO candidates were determinedwith better sensitivity, we found that 4,098 IRDC cores (34%) have at least one YSO candidate and 1,072 cores among themseem to have embedded YSOs, while the rest 8,102 (66%) have no YSO candidate. Therefore, the ratio of [N(IRDC core with protostars)]/[N(IRDCcore without YSO)] for 12,200 IRDC cores is about 0.13. Taking into account this ratio and typical lifetime of high-massembedded YSOs, we suggest that the IRDC cores would spend about 104 ~ 105 years to form high-mass stars.However, we should note that the GLIMPSE point sources have a minimum detectable luminosity of about 1.2 Lq at a typical IRDC core"s distanceof ~4 kpc. Therefore, the ratio given here should be a lower limit and the estimated lifetime of starless IRDC cores canbe an upper limit. The physical parameters of the IRDC cores somewhat vary depending on how many YSO candidates the IRDCcores contain. The IRDC cores with more YSOs tend to be larger, more elongated, and have better darkness contrast than theIRDC cores with fewer or no YSOs.
The Effect of Customer Concentration on CEO Risk-Taking Incentives

This paper examines the effect of customer base concentration (“CC”), which captures the extent to which sales to major customers account for a supplier’s total annual revenue, on the supplying firm’s CEO risk-taking equity incentives. Existing literature predominantly uses total annual revenue as a proxy for firm size or managerial decision difficulty without examining from whom the revenue is earned. My paper improves this design by decomposing total annual revenue into revenue from major customers and revenue from the rest based on the CC concept posited by Patatoukas (2012). As prior literature shows CC risk to be idiosyncratic (Dhaliwal et al., 2013) and modern risk-based asset pricing theories posit that idiosyncratic return volatility is not priced amongst the risk-neutral investors, CC risk is diversifiable at the shareholder level – hence, only the performance-related net-benefits (Patatoukas, 2012) of engaging in contractual relationships with a few major customers should determine the desirability of high CC for the risk-neutral investors. However, in the midst of deficient accommodation, a risk-averse, undiversified manager may exhibit risk-aversion towards the state of high CC. Thus, I expect the BOD to recognize this potential agency problem and provide more risk-taking incentives for a CEO who manages a highly concentrated customer base. Upon empirical investigation, I document that CC exerts a positive influence over the supplier’s CEO vega incentives, whereby the CEO is compensated for assuming additional CC risk as her equity wealth becomes an increasing function of the firm’s stock return volatility. Furthermore, I show that less risk-taking incentives are expected when the degree of product substitution difficulty is high or the supplier’s trade credit levels are low, illustrating that the predictability of CC over CEO equity incentives varies with the settings in which the suppliers and customers interact.
Wife battering: a prospective study in Sanandaj City, Iran

To determine the prevalence of domestic physical violence against women and its associated factors in Sanandaj city, Iran, during the year 2000, this study was conducted. Random sampling of 1000 married women resident in Sanandaj city was conducted and underwent a standard interview as well as completed a 23-part questionnaire. 15 % and 38 % of the women had been assaulted by their husbands during the past year or in their marriage, respectively between 1 and 11 or more occasions. Economic problems were the most frequent cause of domestic quarrel, while there was a significant association between the husband’s educational level and the violence against their wives (P=0.001). The physical violence against housewives was significantly more frequent than the employed ones . The husbands' job was also significantly associated with their violence The existence of child or daughter in the family had a preventive role in domestic physical violence against women. Logit Regression Model for prediction of physical violence against women (Y) during the marriage was: "Y=0.0140. 029 woman's age +0.199 numbers of children -0.238 man's education +0.589 woman's job ". This study confirms for Sanandaj city of Iran, the high frequency of physical violence against women by their husbands. Cultural education and supportive measures are essential to control that. Screening protocol for the detection of domestic violence in family planning Health Care System is recommended.
Effect of Annealing Process on CH3NH3PbI3-XClX Film Morphology of Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells with Optimal Compact TiO2 Layer

The morphology of compact TiO2 film used as an electron-selective layer and perovskite film used as a light absorption layer in planar perovskite solar cells has a significant influence on the photovoltaic performance of the devices. In this paper, the spin coating speed of the compact TiO2 is investigated in order to get a high-quality film and the compact TiO2 film exhibits pinhole- and crack-free films treated by 2000 rpm for 60 s. Furthermore, the effect of annealing process, including annealing temperature and annealing program, on CH3NH3PbI3-XClX film morphology is studied. At the optimal annealing temperature of 100°C, the CH3NH3PbI3-XClX morphology fabricated by multistep slow annealing method has smaller grain boundaries and holes than that prepared by one-step direct annealing method, which results in the reduction of grain boundary recombination and the increase of Voc. With all optimal procedures, a planar fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate/compact TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3-XClX/Spiro-MeOTAD/Au cell is prepared for an active area of 0.1 cm2. It has achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.64%, which is 80.3% higher than the reference cell (8.12% PCE) without optimal perovskite layer. We anticipate that the annealing process with optimal compact TiO2 layer would possibly become a promising method for future industrialization of planar perovskite solar cells.
Strengthening Grapevine Resistance by Pseudomonas fluorescens PTA-CT2 Relies on Distinct Defense Pathways in Susceptible and Partially Resistant Genotypes to Downy Mildew and Gray Mold Diseases

Downy mildew caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola and gray mold caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea are among the highly threatening diseases in vineyards. The current strategy to control these diseases relies totally on the application of fungicides. The use of beneficial microbes is arising as a sustainable strategy in controlling various diseases. This can be achieved through the activation of the plants’ own immune system, known as induced systemic resistance (ISR). We previously showed that bacteria-mediated ISR in grapevine involves activation of both immune response and priming state upon B. cinerea challenge. However, the effectiveness of beneficial bacteria against the oomycete P. viticola remains unknown, and mechanisms underpinning ISR against pathogens with different lifestyles need to be deciphered. In this study, we focused on the capacity of Pseudomonas fluorescens PTA-CT2 to induce ISR in grapevine against P. viticola and B. cinerea by using two grafted cultivars differing in their susceptibility to downy mildew, Pinot noir as susceptible and Solaris as partially resistant. On the basis of their contrasting phenotypes, we explored mechanisms underlying ISR before and upon pathogen infection. Our results provide evidence that in the absence of pathogen infection, PTA-CT2 does not elicit any consistent change of basal defenses, while it affects hormonal status and enhances photosynthetic efficiency in both genotypes. PTA-CT2 also induces ISR against P. viticola and B. cinerea by priming common and distinct defensive pathways. After P. viticola challenge, PTA-CT2 primes salicylic acid (SA)- and hypersensitive response (HR)-related genes in Solaris, but SA and abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in Pinot noir. However, ISR against B. cinerea was associated with potentiated ethylene signaling in Pinot noir, but with primed expression of jasmonic acid (JA)- and SA-responsive genes in Solaris, together with downregulation of HR-related gene and accumulation of ABA and phytoalexins.
ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL IN RELATION TO TOTAL PHENOLICS AND PIGMENT CONTENTS AMONG THE SELECTED LANDRACES OF Dioscorea alata L. IN KERALA, INDIA

The present study aims to evaluate and compare the phenolics, pigment content and antioxidant potential of the four landraces of Dioscorea alata prevalent in Kerala. Dioscorea alata (greater yam) is an underutilized, food security crop that exhibits wide variability in morphological, biochemical and agronomical traits. One of the distinct morphological features that varied among landraces of D. alata is tuber flesh colour which ranged from white, yellow, pink and purple. CIELAB coordinates of each tuber colour were estimated using reflectance spectroscopy and represented in L*a* b* values. Quantification of total phenolic compounds and pigments were done spectroscopically using standard protocols. Antioxidant activity of the tuber extracts were estimated using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) quenching assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Total phenol and flavonoid content in yellow and purple-fleshed D. alata were significantly higher than white and pink fleshed landraces. Spectrophotometric assays revealed the differential expression of anthocyanins and carotenoids in tubers, which corresponds to the colour difference among different landraces. Antioxidant activity based DPPH and FRAP assay were significantly different among the four landraces. Yellow and purple-fleshed landraces shared high antioxidant activity and was positively correlated with the phenolic and pigment contents. The study also listed certain morphological features that aid in identifying the landraces of D. alata.
Prebiotic efficacy of coconut kernel cake’s soluble crude polysaccharides on growth rates and acidifying property of probiotic lactic acid bacteria in vitro

Abstract This paper reports the prebiotic efficacy of soluble crude polysaccharides (SCP) from palm kernel cake on the growth rates and acidifying property of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103, to investigate into the potential SCP of an agriculture by-product as a novel prebiotic. The highest extraction yield of SCP (2.90%) was obtained using NaOH. The extracted polysaccharides were highly soluble (>97%). The highest percentage of protein (0.63 ± 0.09%) and the total carbohydrate content (55.36 ± 0.33%) were observed in NaOH-extracted SCP (SCPN) and citric acid-extracted SCP (SCPCA). Water-extracted SCP (SCPW) contained the highest percentage of glucose, whereas SCPCA demonstrated the presence of two major monosaccharides, galactose and mannose. Structural analysis of SCP showed peaks in the range of 1000–1077 cm−1, an indication of the presence of polysaccharides and alpha (α)- or beta (β)-glycosidic linkages. The degree of hydrolysis increased with the increase of pH from 5 to 8 following 4 h incubation. SCPW and SCPCA were more resistant (95%) to α-amylase as compared to fructooligosaccharides (FOS). As in the case of FOS (∼98%), SCPW (∼99%) and SCPCA (∼98%) were resistant to artificial human gastric juice and their degree of hydrolysis had negative correlation with the pH. The product was found to markedly stimulate the proliferation of the tested probiotics and acid production. All the above findings are supportive of the fact that polysaccharides extracted from CKC have a vast potential to be exploited as novel prebiotic.
MULTIPLEX-PCR TO DETECT PATHOGENS AND ANALYSIS OF RELATION OF AGE AND STAGE OF LACTATION OF COWS TO SUB-CLINICAL MASTITIS

In this study, 225 milk samples were collected sequentially during 1 st to 88 th day from 25 HF cross cows in an organized farm. First five collections were obtained at a weekly interval (1,7,14,21 and 28 days) and later, fortnightly for two months (43, 58, 73 and 88 days). These milk samples were screened for Subclinical mastitis (SCM) by Somatic Cell Count (SCC). Further, multiplex-PCR for detection of S.aureus, E.coli, S.agalactiae, S.dysgalactiae and S.uberis was employed to detect the major bacterial pathogens. The SCM positivity was assessed based on criteria of SCC ≥ 500,000 cells /ml. The study revealed the high prevalence of variable SCM pattern in milking cows by SCC (73.33 %) in sequentially collected milk samples over a period of 88 days. No specific pattern of prevalence of SCM was observed during the study period. The prevalence of SCM was not influenced by the stage of lactation. In all the stages of lactation and age groups S. aureus, Streptococci and E.coli were detected with the predominance of S. aureus. The varied distribution of organisms in different stages of lactation did not influence the prevalence of SCM. Further, the high prevalence of SCM was noticed in aged cows. Among these, maximum number of milk samples (46 %, 52/113) revealing the presence of pathogens were obtained from cows in the age group 7-11 years. The multiplex PCR was found an easy and rapid method to detect the predominant pathogens causing SCM. The findings emphasize the need to control SCM through sequential monitoring of SCM through SCC, multiplex-PCR and proper managemental practices. Gaddi RM 1 , Isloor S 1,* , Rathnamma D 1 , Avinash B 4 , Veeregowda BM 1 , Bhaskar R 3 and Suguna Rao 2
THE ROLE OF POTENTIAL BIOCONTROL AGENTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PEANUT ROOT ROT IN ARGENTINA

SUMMARY Cultural practices such as tillage and crop rotation can be used as components of pest-management programs. The appropriate combination of tillage systems and crops may favor the development of beneficial microorganisms, preventing the spread of fungal pathogens. A long-term field study was carried out to analyze the effect of crop management on the abundance of actinomycetes, Trichoderma spp. , and Gliocladium spp. , as potential biocontrol agents (PBAs), and their relationship with the incidence of peanut root rot caused by Fusarium solani. Soil samples were taken at sowing and harvest, and root rot incidence was evaluated at harvest. There was an inverse relationship between root rot incidence peanut PBA populations under no-till suggesting a possible role of PBAs in the control of F. solani, the incidence of root rot being low under no-till and disc harrow, associated with a high concentration of potential antagonists. However, this correlation was not observed when soybean preceded peanut, when the incidence of root rot was low despite relatively lower populations of biocontrol agents present in the soil, in comparison with maize as previous crop.
Longitudinal bioluminescent imaging of HIV-1 infection during antiretroviral therapy and treatment interruption in humanized mice

Non-invasive bioluminescent imaging (NIBLI) of HIV-1 infection dynamics allows for real-time monitoring of viral spread and the localization of infected cell populations in living animals. In this report, we describe full-length replication-competent GFP and Nanoluciferase (Nluc) expressing HIV-1 reporter viruses from two clinical transmitted / founder (T/F) stains: TRJO.c and Q23.BG505. By infecting humanized mice with these HIV-1 T/F reporter viruses, we were able to directly monitor longitudinal viral spread at whole-animal resolution via NIBLI at a sensitivity of as few as 30-50 infected cells. Bioluminescent signal strongly correlated with HIV-1 infection and responded proportionally to virus suppression in vivo in animals treated daily with a combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimen. Longitudinal NIBLI following cART withdrawal visualized tissue-sites that harbored virus during infection recrudescence. Notably, we observed rebounding infection in the same lymphoid tissues where infection was first observed prior to ART treatment. Our work demonstrates the utility of our system for studying in vivo viral infection dynamics and identifying infected tissue regions for subsequent analyses. Author Summary Non-invasive bioluminescent imaging (NIBLI) in small animals allows for in vivo longitudinal imaging of infection spread and pathogenesis. We have taken advantage of the small luciferase reporter protein, Nanoluciferase (Nluc), to generate a replication-competent HIV-1 reporter virus to allow for NIBLI of viral infection in humanize mice. NIBLI via Nluc enabled us to directly visualize longitudinal spreading patterns before, during, and after interruption of daily doses of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). We observed that rebounding infection often emerged in tissue regions originally associated with infected cells prior to cART treatment. Thus, Nluc-based NIBLI of HIV-1 infection can be used as an experimental tool to study early events involved in viral dissemination and spread from initial sites of infection to draining lymphoid tissues as well as locate infected tissues for subsequent cellular characterization of HIV-1 infected cells.
Exploring the Factors that Influence the Adoption of Internet Banking in Ghana

The purpose of this study is to investigate the key determinates of the adoption of internet banking in Ghana through the theoretical lens of an extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. A questionnaire was developed based on previous works in the area of technology acceptance and internet banking. Questionnaires were distributed through two banks in Ghana to customers as they enter each bank’s main office. Data relating to constructs were collected from 273 customers and subjected to structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to examine the reliability, construct validity convergent validity and goodness of fit of the structural and measurement model. The result of the study found support for the influence of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, perceived credibility on behavioural intention and it positively supported the relationship between behavioural intention and usage behaviour. However, the relationship between facilitating conditions was not supported. This study is one of the first internet banking studies to have culled an additional construct (perceived credibility) from internet banking research into the UTAUT model to investigate the adoption of internet banking in a Sub-Saharan Africa context of Ghana.