Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Breastfeeding during Pregnancy

As more women breastfeed for longer, it is increasingly likely that women may be still breastfeeding when they become pregnant again. The Italian Society of Perinatal Medicine (SIMP) Working Group on Breastfeeding has reviewed the literature to determine the medical compatibility of pregnancy and breastfeeding. We found no evidence indicating that healthy women are at higher risk of miscarriage or preterm delivery if they breastfeed while pregnant. No evidence indicates that the pregnancy–breastfeeding overlap might cause intrauterine growth restriction, particularly in women from developed countries. Little information is available on the composition of human milk of pregnant women, and we found no data on the growth of infants nursed by a pregnant woman. However, both the composition of postpartum breast milk and the growth of the subsequent newborn appear to be partly affected, at least in developing countries. SIMP supports breastfeeding during pregnancy in the first 2 trimesters, and we believe it to be sustainable in the third trimester. Based on the hypothetical risk, caution may be warranted for women at risk of premature delivery, although no evidence exists that breastfeeding could trigger labor inducing uterine contractions. In conclusion, currently available data do not support routine discouragement of breastfeeding during pregnancy. Further studies are certainly needed to explore the consequences of breastfeeding during pregnancy on maternal health, on the breastfed infant, on the embryo/fetus, and, subsequently, on the growth of the newborn.
Exclusive Breastfeeding among Canadian Inuit

Background: Very little population-based research has been conducted around the exclusive breastfeeding practices of Inuit Canadians. Objectives: This research aims to assess the distribution of exclusive breastfeeding among Inuit Canadians and to identify factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding as recommended. Methods: We use data from 188 infant-mother dyads who completed the Nunavut Inuit Child Health Survey, a cross-sectional, population-based survey of Inuit children aged 3 to 5 years. A series of multinomial logistic regression models were run to identify factors associated with 4 exclusive breastfeeding durations (≤ 1 month, > 1-< 5.5 months, 5.5-6.5 months, and > 6.5 months). Results: Of infants, 23% were exclusively breastfed as recommended (ie, between 5.5 and 6.5 months; 95% CI, 16.2-29.3). Many infants (61%) were exclusively breastfed for less than 5.5 months and 16% (95% CI, 10.9-22.0) were exclusively breastfed for more than 6.5 months. Families receiving income support were less likely to discontinue exclusive breastfeeding before 5.5 months (pOR1- < 5.5 months = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.13, 0.85) relative to those not receiving income support, in adjusted models. No other measured factors were significantly related to exclusive breastfeeding duration. Conclusions: The majority of Inuit Canadian infants receive suboptimal exclusive breastfeeding. National, provincial, and community-specific interventions to protect, promote, and support exclusive breastfeeding should emphasize not only the benefits of exclusively breastfeeding to 6 months but also the importance of timely introduction of complementary foods into the infant’s diet.
Type of Homogenization and Fat Loss during Continuous Infusion of Human Milk

Background: Substantial fat loss may occur during continuous feeding of human milk (HM). A decrease of fat loss has been described following homogenization. Well-established methods of homogenization of HM for routine use in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) would be desirable. Objective: We compared the loss of fat based on the use of 3 different methods for homogenizing thawed HM during continuous feeding. Methods: Sixteen frozen donor HM samples were thawed, homogenized with ultrasound and separated into 3 aliquots (“baseline agitation,” “hourly agitation,” and “ultrasound”), and then frozen for 48 hours. Aliquots were thawed again and a baseline agitation was applied. Subsequently, aliquots baseline agitation and hourly agitation were drawn into a syringe, while ultrasound was applied to aliquot ultrasound before it was drawn into a syringe. The syringes were loaded into a pump (2 mL/h; 4 hours). At hourly intervals the hourly agitation infusion was stopped, the syringe was disconnected and gently shaken. During infusion, samples from the 3 groups were collected hourly for analysis of fat and caloric content. Results: The 3 groups of homogenization showed similar fat content at the beginning of the infusion. For fat, mean (SD) hourly changes of −0.03 (0.01), −0.09 (0.01), and −0.09 (0.01) g/dL were observed for the hourly agitation, baseline agitation, and ultrasound groups, respectively. The decrease was smaller for the hourly agitation group (P < .001). Conclusion: When thawed HM is continuously infused, a smaller fat loss is observed when syringes are agitated hourly versus when ultrasound or a baseline homogenization is used.
Working Mothers of the World Health Organization Western Pacific Offices

Optimal breastfeeding saves lives. However, suboptimal breastfeeding is prevalent, primarily resulting from inappropriate promotion of infant formula and challenges of working mothers to continue breastfeeding. The article aims to determine the extent to which World Health Organization (WHO) policies protect, promote, and support breastfeeding women working at the WHO, Western Pacific Region. An online survey targeted all female WHO and contractual staff in all country and regional offices, who delivered a baby between July 24, 2008 and July 24, 2013. Respondents advised on how the worksite could better support breastfeeding. Thirty-two female staff from 11 of the 12 WHO offices within the Western Pacific Region responded. “Returning to work” (44%) and “not having enough milk” (17%) were the most commonly reported reasons for not breastfeeding. Eighteen (56%) reported using infant formula and 8 (44%) reported that the product was prescribed. Among the suggestions given to better support breastfeeding, 10 (32%) recommended having a private room with a chair, table, electric outlet, and refrigerator. The findings show that women working at the WHO face similar challenges to mothers outside the WHO. Based on the findings, we recommend the following: (1) provide prenatal/postpartum breastfeeding counseling services for employees; (2) establish breastfeeding rooms in country offices and regularly orient staff on agency policies to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding; (3) annually celebrate World Breastfeeding Week with employees; (4) encourage other public and private institutions to conduct online surveys and elicit recommendations from mothers on how their workplace can support breastfeeding; and (5) conduct a larger survey among UN agencies on how to better protect, promote, and support breastfeeding.
Example of an early sizing, cost and schedule estimate for an application software system

Software development has been characterized by severe cost overruns, schedule slippages and an inability to size, cost and determine the development time early in the feasibility and functional design phases when investment decision must be made. Managers want answers to the following questions: Can I do it? How much will it cost? How long will it take? How many people? What's the risk? What's the trade-off? This portion of the paper shows how to size the project in source statements (S/sub s/), how to relate the size to the management parameters [life cycle effort (K) and development time (t/sub d/)] and the state-of-technology (C/sub k/) being applied to the problem through the software equation, S/sub s/ = C/sub k/ K/sup 1/3/ t/sub d//sup 4/3/ . The software equation is then solved using a constraint relationship K = | /spl nabla/D |t/sub d//sup 3/, where |/spl nabla/D| is the magnitude of the difficulty gradient empirically found to be related to system development characteristics measuring the degree of concurrency of major task accomplishment. Monte Carlo simulation is used to generate statistics on variability of the effort and development time. The standard deviations are used to make risk profiles. Finally, having the effort and development time parameters, the Rayleigh/Norden equation is used to generate the manpower and cash flow rate at any point in the life cycle. The results obtained demonstrate that engineering quality quantitative answers to the management questions can be obtained in time for effective management decision making.
Selectivity and Cost Estimation for Joins Based on Random Sampling

We compare the performance of sampling-based procedures for estimating the selectivity of a join. While some of the procedures have been proposed in the database literature, their relative performance has never been analyzed. A main result of this paper is a partial ordering that compares the variability of the estimators for the different procedures after an arbitrary fixed number of sampling steps. Prior to the current work, it was also unknown whether these fixed-step procedures could be extended to fixed-precision procedures that are both asymptotically consistent and asymptotically efficient. Our second main result is a general method for such an extension and a proof that the method is valid for all the procedures under consideration. We show that, under plausible assumptions on sampling costs, the partial ordering of the fixed-step procedures with respect to variability of the selectivity estimator implies a partial ordering of the corresponding fixed-precision procedures with respect to sampling cost. Our final result is a collection of fixed-step and fixed-precision procedures for estimating the cost of processing a join query according to a fixed join plan.
Calibration Adjustment of the Mid-infrared Analyzer for an Accurate Determination of the Macronutrient Composition of Human Milk

Background: Human milk composition analysis seems essential to adapt human milk fortification for preterm neonates. The Miris human milk analyzer (HMA), based on mid-infrared methodology, is convenient for a unique determination of macronutrients. However, HMA measurements are not totally comparable with reference methods (RMs). Objective: The primary aim of this study was to compare HMA results with results from biochemical RMs for a large range of protein, fat, and carbohydrate contents and to establish a calibration adjustment. Methods: Human milk was fractionated in protein, fat, and skim milk by covering large ranges of protein (0-3 g/100 mL), fat (0-8 g/100 mL), and carbohydrate (5-8 g/100 mL). For each macronutrient, a calibration curve was plotted by linear regression using measurements obtained using HMA and RMs. Results: For fat, 53 measurements were performed, and the linear regression equation was HMA = 0.79RM + 0.28 (R2 = 0.92). For true protein (29 measurements), the linear regression equation was HMA = 0.9RM + 0.23 (R2 = 0.98). For carbohydrate (15 measurements), the linear regression equation was HMA = 0.59RM + 1.86 (R2 = 0.95). A homogenization step with a disruptor coupled to a sonication step was necessary to obtain better accuracy of the measurements. Good repeatability (coefficient of variation < 7%) and reproducibility (coefficient of variation < 17%) were obtained after calibration adjustment. Conclusion: New calibration curves were developed for the Miris HMA, allowing accurate measurements in large ranges of macronutrient content. This is necessary for reliable use of this device in individualizing nutrition for preterm newborns.
Factors Affecting the Choice and Desire to Exclusively Breastfeed in Jamaica

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding rates (EBRs) may be influenced by sociodemographic and sociocultural factors, including maternal age, socioeconomic status, education, and breastfeeding knowledge. The EBR in Jamaica has been low and declining, leaving a need for better determination of the specific local contributory factors. Objectives: This study aimed to better elucidate the factors that influence mothers exclusively breastfeeding, including antenatal intentions to breastfeed, mothers’ knowledge of the benefits of breastfeeding, and mothers’ infant feeding practices in general, inclusive of breastfeeding, formula feeding, and complementary feeding. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a 52-item interviewer-administered questionnaire with mothers attending their 6-week postnatal clinic visit. Sociodemographic data were collected on all participants as well as data regarding participants’ breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Statistical analyses were done using χ2 tests, t tests, and risk analyses. Results: Two hundred participants were interviewed; the mean ± SD age of participants was 26.2 ± 6.46 years (range, 15-46 years). The EBR in this study sample was 32%. Sociodemographic factors, including maternal age and socioeconomic status, as well as antenatal and postnatal breastfeeding sessions, did not significantly affect the likelihood of exclusively breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum. The only factor significantly associated with the EBR was mothers’ belief that exclusively breastfeeding was able to ensure infant satiety. Conclusion: Antenatal and postnatal breastfeeding sessions should place more emphasis on dispelling maternal myths and misperceptions regarding signs of satiety and hunger in infants and reinforcing the knowledge that breast milk alone is sufficient for the first 6 months of life.
Imunoglobulin Structure: Amino Terminal Sequences of Mouse Myeloma Proteins That Bind Phosphorylcholine

The amino terminal sequences of five light and heavy immunoglobulin chains from myeloma proteins of the BALB/c mouse with binding activity to phosphorylcholine are presented. Except for a single substitution in position 4, all five heavy chains have identical amino terminal sequences through the first hypervariable region. Proteins which share unique (idiotypic) antigenic determinants are identical through the first hypervariable region of their light and heavy chains. Proteins with differing idiotypic determinants have light chains of differing amino acid sequence. These observations suggest that the heavy chain plays a more important role than the light chain in determining the phosphorylcholine binding site.
Revision of Breastfeeding Guidelines in the Setting of Maternal Opioid Use Disorder

Breastfeeding is recommended for women with opioid use disorder who are treated with methadone or buprenorphine. Infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) secondary to in-utero opioid exposure have unique challenges related to breastfeeding but also have significant benefits including improved NAS symptoms with a decreased need for pharmacotherapy. Poor understanding of substance use disorder and treatment, lack of evidence-based recommendations, and vague guidelines from national academies create controversy about breastfeeding eligibility for these women. Defining breastfeeding guidelines is often difficult, particularly in large institutions with multiple providers caring for the mother–infant dyad. Based on the available evidence and review of our institutional data, we revised our breastfeeding guidelines for mothers with opioid use disorder. The aims of our new guidelines are (a) to safely promote breastfeeding in all mothers with opioid use disorder who are in recovery, (b) to improve NAS outcomes through use of breastfeeding as a key nonpharmacologic treatment modality, and (c) to improve staff communication and consistency on the subject of breastfeeding in this patient population.
Genetic Variation in Coumarin Hydroxylase Activity in the Mouse (Mus musculus)

Basal and phenobarbital-induced rates of hepatic metabolism of coumarin to 7-hydroxycoumarin are markedly higher in DBA/2J mice than they are in the AKR/J, C57BL/6J, and C3H/HeJ strains. Intermediate coumarin hydroxylase activity in F1 hybrids of mating between DBA/2J and the other three strains indicates an additive mode of inheritance.
Assisted ventilation for chronic neuromuscular disorders

The provision of long term ventilatory support to patients with chronic neuromuscular disorders is a major logistic, technical, and clinical challenge. In this issue of Thorax Baydur and colleagues share their experiences with ventilatory support in this context.1 Much of their experience reflects the advances in technology that have evolved over the last six decades. Their initial experience was with negative pressure ventilation and later with positive pressure ventilation. Positive pressure ventilation has evolved from an invasive interface (the tracheostomy) to, in many situations, a non-invasive interface. Although negative pressure ventilation served their early patients well in the post-poliomyelitis epidemic, their experience with non-invasive ventilation—mouth or nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (MNIPPV)—indicates that, in both poliomyelitis and Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, MNIPPV is more effective. The slow decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) over 24 years in the poliomyelitis group receiving negative pressure ventilation is remarkable. In the 25 patients studied the FVC declined by an average of 5 ml per year (0.1% …
Asymptotically Good List-Colorings

Thelist-chromatic index,? l? (H), of a hypergraph H is the leasttsuch that for any assignment oft-setsS(A) to the edgesAof H, there is a proper coloring? of H with? (A)? S(A) for allA? H.Theorem. Let k be fixed and H a hypergraph having edges of size at most k and maximum degree D, and satisfyingformula]Thenformula]Thus if edge sizes are bounded and pairwise degrees are relatively small, we have asymptotic agreement of? l? with its trivial lower bound, the maximum degree. The corresponding result for ordinary chromatic index is a theorem of Pippenger and Spencer (J. Combin. Theory Ser. A51(1989), 24? 42). On the other hand, even for simple graphs, earlier work falls far short of deciding the asymptotic behavior of? l? The “guided-random” method used in the proof is in the spirit of some earlier work and is thought to be of particular interest. One simple ingredient is a martingale inequality which ought to prove useful beyond the present context.
Update on GPIIb/IIIa antagonists

Since platelet aggregation is implicated in many pathological situations such as myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina and coronary artery disease, potent and safe antiplatelet agents would be useful for treating and preventing these diseases. Exposure of glycoprotein (GP)IIb/IIIa is the final common pathway leading to platelet activation and aggregate formation. Thus, the development of agents acting on this complex is an active area of research. Indeed, three GPIIb/IIIa antagonists are currently marketed but can only be intravenously administrated. Therefore, efforts are made to discover orally-active agents of this class, in order to use them for treatment of chronic disease or prevention of cardiovascular events. Although some clinical evaluation of orally-active compounds gave disappointing and discouraging results, research is still conducted to find compounds characterised by a better binding profile. This review describes 16 patents on new GPIIb/IIIa antagonists and more than 40 molecules characterised by strong activity against GPIIb/IIIa.
Rado Numbers fora(x+y)=bz

In the case of existence the smallest numberN=Rakis called a Rado number if it is guaranteed that anyk-coloring of the numbers 1,2,? ,Ncontains a monochromatic solution of a given system of linear equations. We will determine Rak(a,b) for the equationa(x+y)=bzifb=2 andb=a+1. Also, the case of monochromatic sequences {xn} generated bya(xn+xn+1)=bxn+2 is discussed.
Treatment Duration and Termination Status Among Clients in a University-Based Counseling Center

Researchers have long been interested in understanding for whom therapy works and why. This study sought to identify ways in which clients differ with regard to treatment outcomes such as treatment length, success, and termination status. Data for this study were taken from the client documents completed prior to the first session of therapy and the therapist-completed termination summary for 305 cases from a university-based marriage and family therapy clinic. Results suggest that soft-mandated and voluntary clients show similar success rates in treatment. Also, cases that terminated unilaterally had the lowest success rates, though rates were approximately equal across modality. This study provides information about treatment across different client characteristics and modalities.
Some Evidence for a Peer Group Hypothesis About Adolescent Smoking

CONCERN over preventive health education to reduce the incidence of smoking among adolescents has been accompanied by a number of extensive research surveys on both sides of the Atlantic. These surveys have been important for describing the nature and extent of the problem, and have identified some general factors, such as social class, associated with variations in the rate of smoking. In attempting
A Study of the Miliary Plaques Found in Brains of the Aged

The central point of this study has been the miliary plaques commonly found in the brains of persons dying at an advanced age. Consideration, however, has been given many other factors which might have a causative relationship, or at least serve as an explanation for these peculiar structures. A reasonable number of cases, 89, have been studied more or less systematically and 4 other cases added to the supplementary group discussed under Section VIII brings the total to 93. Some of the findings lead to conclusions which may be stated with a degree of positiveness almost axiomatic; others still await interpretation. The results of this study may be summarized as follows: (1) While 87.5 per cent of plaque cases exhibited atrophy sufficiently marked to be detected with the unaided eye, other cases with equally marked atrophy were without plaques. Cases with brains weighing well within the range of accepted normal weight have shown plaques on microscopical examination, while other cases coming under the same .
Awareness and Contraception Practices among WomenAn Indian Rural Experience

Population explosion is a major burden on developing countries like us. Unregulated fertility not only disrupts the health of women and child but also disrupts the economy of society and nation. To gain the knowledge about awareness and contraceptive practices in women living in rural area a cross-sectional study was conducted over two years from 15/5/05 to 15/6/07 in relation to age, parity, literacy level, working place, source of knowledge about contraception, women practicing contraception and reasons for nonuse of contraceptives. It was observed that most of the women belong to the age group of 22 to 25 years 346.91%, 33.7% were para 2. 56.3% were working and 44%were literate and only 1 to 1.2% had education above high school level. Media including TV and radio was the main source of contraceptive knowledge, i.e. 70%. 67.5% of women were aware about temporary methods of contraception while 100% were aware about permanent methods of contraception, but number of women practicing contraception was very low, i.e. 35.7% and the main reason of nonpractice of contraception was family pressure mainly in laws, husband gender bias, physical abuse, etc. i. e. 59%. It was noted that though knowledge of at least one method of contraception was wide among the women but still actual practice was very low.