Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identifying possible reasons why female street sex workers have poor drug treatment outcomes: a qualitative study

Aims To explore street sex workers (SSWs) views and experiences of drug treatment, in order to understand why this population tend to experience poor drug treatment outcomes. Design In-depth interviews. Setting Bristol, UK. Participants 24 current and exited SSWs with current or previous experience of problematic use of heroin and/or crack cocaine. Findings Participants described how feeling unable to discuss their sex work in drug treatment groups undermined their engagement in the treatment process. They outlined how disclosure of sex work resulted in stigma from male and female service users as well as adverse interactions with male service users. Participants highlighted that non-disclosure meant they could not discuss unresolved trauma issues which were common and which emerged or increased when they reduced their drug use. As trauma experiences had usually involved men as perpetrators participants said it was not appropriate to discuss them in mixed treatment groups. SSWs in recovery described how persistent trauma-related symptoms still affected their lives many years after stopping sex work and drug use. Participants suggested SSW-only services and female staff as essential to effective care and highlighted that recent service changes were resulting in loss of trusted staff and SSW-only treatment services. This was reported to be reducing the likelihood of SSWs engaging in drug services, with the resultant loss of continuity of care and reduced time with staff acting as barriers to an effective therapeutic relationship. Conclusions SSWs face many barriers to effective drug treatment. SSW-only treatment groups, continuity of care with treatment staff and contact with female staff, particularly individuals who have had similar lived experience, could improve the extent to which SSWs engage and benefit from drug treatment services. Service engagement and outcomes may also be improved by drug services that include identification and treatment of trauma-related symptoms.
Potential Magnitude of Future Vegetation Change in Eastern North America: Comparisons with the Past

Increases in atmospheric trace gas concentrations could warm the global average temperature 1.5� to 4.5�C by the end of the next century. Application of climate-pollen response surfaces to three climate model simulations of doubled preindustrial atmospheric CO2 levels shows that the change in the equilibrium distribution of natural vegetation over eastern North America over the next 200 to 500 years could be larger than the overall change during the past 7,000 to 10,000 years and equivalent to the change that took place over the 1,000- to 3,000-year period of most rapid deglaciation. Some plant ranges and abundance maxima could shift as much as 500 to 1000 km during the next 200 to 500 years; such changes would have dramatic impacts on silvicultural and natural ecosystems. Although unprecedented vegetation change is likely if climate changes as predicted, forecasting the exact timing and patterns of change will be difficult.
The Effect of Earnings Management on Dividend Policy in Pakistan

The aim of this study was to find out the impact of earnings management on dividend policy of oil and gas companies listed at the Karachi stock exchange. The study uses annual data of oil and gas companies for the period from 2008 to 2015. The dependent and independent variables are dividend policy and earnings management and the three control variables are leverage, return on equity and firm size. Modified cross sectional Jones model (1995) was used for calculating discretionary accruals which has been used as proxy for earnings management whereas measurement of dividend policy has been proxy by dividend payout. The findings from regression analysis indicate that earnings management has insignificant relationship with dividend policy of selected firms in Pakistan. Financial crisis in the world and economic decline period are the main reasons of this relationship. In the decline period the firms try to increase manipulation in earnings as a result the company starts reducing dividend payments. It is concluded that there are some other factors that may influence the pattern of dividend payment in the firms.
Enabling Factors for Knowledge Sharing among Employees in the Workplace

This chapter investigates enabling factors that promote knowledge sharing among employees in the workplace. The study was conducted on employees of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) as a research case. Banks in particular and financial institutions in general are now becoming knowledge intensive organizations where knowledge is used as a key strategic resource to achieve their business goals as well as competitive advantage. This study uses an exploratory case study research method that allows deeper understanding and interpretation. Although there is plenty of literature on knowledge sharing, existing findings are not consistent due to the influence of contextual factors on knowledge sharing. This study identifies organizational, individual, task characteristics, and technological factors as main enabling factors that promote knowledge sharing in the workplace. Although organizations put much emphasis on technology to promote knowledge sharing in the workplace, non-technological factors (organizational and individual factors) appear more significant. As the study was conducted on a commercial bank within developing economies context, it contributes additional perspectives to confirm or extend existing findings on knowledge sharing. Temtim Assefa Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Monica Garfield Bentley University, USA Million Meshesha Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-6268-1.ch054
Expression of thrombopoietin and its receptor (c‐mpl) in chronic myelogenous leukemia

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) represents a paradigm of the stepwise increment in disease aggressiveness, resistance to therapy, and transformation. Thrombopoietin (TPO) and its receptor, c‐mpl, support the proliferation of multiple types of immature hematopoietic progenitor cells, and induce clonal growth of leukemic cells. The authors investigated whether TPO or c‐mpl overexpression might correlate with progression of CML, disease aggressiveness, or response to therapy.
Overview of Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma/Serum

The existence of circulating nucleic acids in plasma and serum (CNAPS) was first described almost six decades ago. However, the prognostic and diagnostic utility of this circulating DNA/RNA has only really begun to be appreciated in the last decade. Earlier studies concentrated mainly on investigations concerned with fetal medicine and oncology, and significant progress was made in both specialities. More recently the field of enquiry has extended further, and attention has turned to other pathologic states, including trauma, sepsis, myocardial infarction, stroke, transplantation, diabetes mellitus, and hematologic disorders. In some of these studies, mitochondrial as well as genomic DNA and tissue‐specific mRNA have been analyzed, either quantitatively or qualitatively or both, and have been shown to be modified in the presence of disease. While there is tremendous potential for CNAPS as a clinical modality, many of the emerging studies seem to be confined to a few dedicated labs. Therefore, additional independent studies are necessary in some cases in order to show reproducibility, which will further consolidate the field. Despite this shortcoming, and with the evidently increasing number of applications for CNAPS, it is highly likely that routine testing, as described, will become reality within the next 5 to 10 years.
Advances in quantum dot intermediate band solar cells

Several groups have reported on intermediate band solar cells (IBSC) fabricated with InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QD) which exhibit quantum efficiencies (QE) for sub-bandgap photon energies. However, this QE is produced by the absorption of photons only through valence band (VB) to intermediate band (IB) transitions. The absorption of photons of that energy in IB to conduction band (CB) transitions is weak and is usually replaced by carrier escape. This mechanism is incompatible with the preservation of the output voltage, and therefore, it cannot lead to the high efficiencies predicted by the IBSC model. In this work, we discuss the contribution of thermal and tunneling mechanisms to IB-CB carrier escape in current QD-IBSCs. It is experimentally demonstrated that in QD-IBSC prototypes where tunnel escape has been eliminated, the sub-bandgap QE is suppressed at sufficiently low temperatures, and when this occurs, the only limit for the open-circuit voltage (VOC) is the fundamental semiconductor bandgap, as stated by the IBSC theoretical model.
HYPERVENTILATION IN ARTERIOLAR HYPERTENSION.

Raab (1), in a study dealing with the effect of hyperventilation on the blood pressure of patients with arteriolar hypertension, concluded that there is a direct and constant relationship between the level of the blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and the extent to which the CO2 tension of the arterial blood (alveolar CO2 tension) is lowered. The assumption was that hyperventilation produced lowering of the blood pressure in people with essential hypertension because of lowering of the CO2 content of the blood.1 Previous to this work many physiologists had studied the effect of hyperventilation on people with normal arterial tension and in animals. Their methods differed so much from those of Raab and those presented here that comparisons are perhaps unjustifiable. Their results, however, are significant. Vincent and Cameron (2) in 1915 showed that hyperventilation in the human subject with normal blood pressure was associated with a rapid and considerable fall in blood pressure. This work confirmed earlier observations by Hill and Flack (3) and by Boothby (4). Collier, Densham, and Wells (5) found no effects of hyperventilation on the blood pressure of most of their human subjects with normal blood pressures. They thought that the systolic blood pressure was maintained nearly constant by means of a compensating cutaneous vasoconstriction. Schneider (6) agreed with this view. Vincent and Thompson (7) found that 37 out of 41 normal subjects showed a fall in blood pressure during a short period of hyperpnea. They suggested that the falls in blood pressure are due to mechanical interference with the return of blood to the heart, and that the lowered CO2 tension of the blood is only a subsidiary factor. In this study, an attempt has been made further to evaluate the significance of the CO2 factor in the blood in essential hypertension. Also in our subjects with hypertension, the effect of hyperventilation on the cardiac output, the pulse rate, and on the vital capacity of the lungs was observed. 1 Recently Corbini has been unable entirely to confirm these views. (Corbini, G.: Effetti della iperventilazione polmonare sulla pressione sanguigna. Riforma med. 1932, 1167-1173).
Epidemiological characteristics of rabies in Delhi and surrounding areas, 1998.

OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiological characteristics of rabies in Delhi in 1998. METHODS Analysis of the records of hydrophobia cases admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Delhi (IDH) in 1998. RESULTS About 46 percent (99/215) of the hydrophobia cases admitted to the IDH in 1998 belonged to Delhi. The remaining came from the adjoining states, both urban and rural areas. In Delhi residents, overall hospitalization rate was 0.81 per 100,000 population. It was significantly higher in 5-14 year old than in other age groups and in males than in females (p <0.0009). Cases occurred round the year. Almost 96 percent cases (206/215) gave history of animal exposure, 13 days to 10 years (median 60 days) before hospitalization. Majority (195/206) had class III exposure. Animals involved were stray dog (193/206 = 90 percent), pet dog, cat, jackal, mongoose, monkey and fox. Most of cases were never vaccinated (78 percent) or inadequately vaccinated (22 percent); only 1 percent each received appropriate wound treatment, or rabies immunoglobulin. CONCLUSIONS Rabies is a major public health problem in Delhi. Its incidence is significantly higher in 5-14 year old children than in other age groups. The results indicate the need to educate the community and health care workers about the importance of immediate and adequate post-exposure treatment and to start an effective control program for dogs, the principal vector of rabies.
Effect of carbon dioxide on systemic oxygenation, oxygen consumption, and blood lactate levels after bidirectional superior cavopulmonary anastomosis*

Objective:We sought to assess the effects of four different CO2 tensions on systemic oxygenation, oxygen consumption, and arterial blood lactate levels early after bidirectional superior cavopulmonary anastomosis. Design:Prospective study. Setting:Quaternary pediatric cardiac critical care unit. Patients:Nine children aged 2–23 months (median, 7 months). Interventions:All patients were sedated, muscle relaxed, and mechanically ventilated. Baseline Paco2 was adjusted to 35 mm Hg by changing tidal volume. CO2 was added via the inlet port of the ventilator to maintain the Paco2 at 45 and 55 mm Hg. Measurements were repeated after discontinuing additional CO2 gas at a Paco2 of 40 mm Hg. Arterial blood gases and lactate were measured at each level of Paco2. We measured oxygen consumption continuously by respiratory mass spectrometry. Measurements and Main Results:Mean (95% confidence interval) Paco2 increased from 35 (34–36) to 45 (44–46) to 55 (54–56) mm Hg (4.7 [4.5–4.9] to 6 [5.7–6.3] to 7.3 [7.2–7.4] kPa), arterial pH decreased from 7.43 (7.39–7.47) to 7.35 (7.31–7.39) to 7.28 (7.24–7.32). Pao2 increased from 36 (32–40) to 44 (40–48) to 50 (45–55) mm Hg (4.8 [4.3–5.3] to 5.9 [5.4–6.4] to 6.7 [6.2–7.2] kPa), and oxygen saturation increased from 72% (67–79%) to 77% (73–81%) to 80% (76–84%). Oxygen consumption decreased significantly, with each increase in Paco2, from 146 (125–167) to 132 (112–152) to 126 (107–145) mL·min−1·m−2 (p = .0001), and lactate decreased from 1.5 (1–2.0) to 1.2 (0.8–1.6) to 0.8 (0.5–1.1) mmol/L (p < .01). These changes returned toward baseline at a Paco2 of 40 mm Hg. Conclusions:Moderate hypercapnia with respiratory acidosis improved arterial oxygenation and reduced oxygen consumption and arterial lactate levels, thus improving overall oxygen transport in children after bidirectional superior cavopulmonary anastomosis.
The Safety Level Satisfaction towards Gated and Guarded Community in Malaysia

With rapid modernization and transformation of living environment, gated and guarded communities have mushroomed over the past year. It is contribute to the spatial transformation in a very significant way. It shows a great influence on urban development and social integration at the local level. Security and safety are the main reason that affluent buyer’s decision to reside in this luxury and sense of wealthy housing scheme behind the fences and walls. Although security and safety have always been one of the most appealing features of gated and guarded communities, studies showed that there is no significant difference of crime rates in between gated and guarded communities and non-gated neighborhoods. This research aims to indicate the understanding level of gated and guarded community buyers and to identify the safety level of the gated and guarded community scheme with the provided security measures. Thus, questionnaires and interviews were conducted among the residents of the gated residential and developers to further discuss about the issues from different perspectives. This research discovered that gated and guarded community scheme in Malaysia is not effective enough in providing a safer living environment where crimes cases still occur. The condition of safety and security of gated and guarded communities as security was regarded as one of the most significant factors for staying in a gated and guarded community. Diverse effort and sophisticated security instruments must be added to improve the safety level of gated and guarded community scheme. Keywords : Gated and Guarded Communities; Planning Guidelines; Safety Level; Security Measures; Safety Components JEL Classification: M0
Health Status and Hygiene Practices in Slums : A Case Study of Lahore , Pakistan *

Worldwide urbanization is increasing at rapid rate and is responsible for establishment of underprivileged settlements deprived of basic amenities. A questionnaire based study was conducted on the health status of slum dwellers in Lahore (metropolitan city), Pakistan. Also Most Probable Number (MPN) Technique was used to determine the bacteriological quality of drinking water being used by the slum dwellers. Results confirmed high feacal coliform contamination in 98% of the samples. Analysis of Variance revealed significant relationship of personal health with low literacy level, low family income, drinking water quality, sanitation system, hygiene practices and availability of health services in nearby locality. It was concluded that a long term strategic planning is required to address the socioeconomic and infrastructural issues for the health and well-being of dwellers.
Four New Tirucallane Triterpenoids from the Fruits of Melia azedarach and Their Cytotoxic Activities

Four new tirucallane triterpenoids, (21S,23R,24R)‐21,23‐epoxy‐21,24‐dihydroxy‐25‐methoxytirucall‐7‐en‐3‐one (2), (3S,21S,23R,24S)‐21,23‐epoxy‐21,25‐dimethoxytirucall‐7‐ene‐3,24‐diol (8), (21S,23R,24R)‐21,23‐epoxy‐24‐hydroxy‐21‐methoxytirucalla‐7,25‐dien‐3‐one (11), and (21S,23R,24R)‐21,23‐epoxy‐21,24‐dihydroxytirucalla‐7,25‐dien‐3‐one (12), along with 16 known analogues, 1, 3 – 7, 9 – 10, and 13 – 20, were isolated from the fruits of Melia azedarach. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR techniques and mass spectrometry. These compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicities against HepG2 (liver), SGC7901 (stomach), K562 (leukemia), and HL60 (leukemia) cancer cell lines. Compound 20 exhibited potent cytotoxicity against HepG2 and SGC7901 cancer cells with the IC50 values of 6.9 and 6.9 μm, respectively.
Why Do Financially Unconstrained Firms Borrow to Repurchase Shares?

Financially unconstrained firms frequently issue debt to repurchase shares. Controlling for financial constraints, we show that levered repurchases are associated with lower credit spreads and that the debt of companies making such repurchases is more likely to be rated. These results are consistent with debt market timing to coincide with share repurchases, especially when the firm is financially unconstrained. We further show that unconstrained firms that borrow during share repurchases are associated with higher investment expenditures than those that do not borrow. This result indicates that the additional cash flow from borrowing allows these firms to increase their investments.
Towards a more realistic biomechanical modelling of breast malignant tumours

We develop a biomechanical model of an isolated stellate breast tumour under mammographic compression forces for a range of reported mechanical properties, both linear elastic and hyperelastic. We also introduce different volumes of increased density/stiffness around the tumour as well as a solid pressure effect. We show that each of these issues—well known to clinicians but ignored to date in models—has a non-negligible effect on stresses and strains/deformations.
High Levels of Serum Uric Acid Impair Development of Coronary Collaterals in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome

We evaluated the association of serum uric acid (SUA) level and development of coronary collateral vessels (CCVs) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Patients (n = 224) with ACS were included in the study. Coronary collateral vessels were graded according to the Rentrop scoring system. Rentrop grade 0 was accepted as absence of CCV (group 1; n = 117) and Rentrop grade ≥1 was accepted as presence of CCV (group 2; n = 107). Rentrop 0-1 (poor CCV) were determined in 167 patients and Rentrop 2-3 (good CCV) were determined in 57 patients. Both presence of CCV (P < .001) and development of good CCV (P = .003) were significantly associated with low levels of SUA. We suggest that high levels of SUA affect the CCV development negatively in nondiabetic and nonhypertensive patients with ACS.
Investigating the Influence of Spirituality, Environmental Concern and Ecological Knowledge on Consumers' Green Purchase Intention

This study investigated the influence of spirituality, environmental concern and ecological knowledge on consumers green purchase intention. The sample was undergraduate students of the University of Delhi. Using hierarchical multiple regression analysis, this study found that spirituality, environmental concern and ecological knowledge significantly influenced consumers green purchase intention. Therefore, this study supports the idea that spirituality, environmental concern and ecological knowledge should correspond to a stronger desire to consume the pro-environmental product. Further, this research finding may help public policy makers in fostering green consumption and marketers in designing sustainable marketing strategies.
New effects of trench isolated transistor using side-wall gates

In order to realize a high performance switching transistor, a new trench isolated transistor with side-wall gates has been developed. In this transistor with a triple-gate structure, the side-wall of the trench is used as an extra-channel region. The new effects of trench isolated transistor with a triple-gate structure have been described. The advantages of this transistor are excellent cutoff characteristics, a small substrate bias effect and high reliability characteristics. It is found that the side-wall gate along the channel edge plays an important role for increasing the gate controllability and for decreasing the concentration of the electric field at the drain.
Surveillance of Bulk Raw and Commercially Pasteurized Cows' Milk from Approved Irish Liquid-Milk Pasteurization Plants To Determine the Incidence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

ABSTRACT Over the 13-month period from October 2000 to November 2001 (inclusive), the Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI) carried out surveillance of Irish bulk raw (n = 389) and commercially pasteurized (n = 357) liquid-milk supplies to determine the incidence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The pasteurization time-temperature conditions were recorded for all pasteurized samples. Overall, 56% of whole-milk pasteurized samples had been heat treated at or above a time-temperature combination of 75°C for 25 s. All analyses were undertaken at the Department of Food Science (Food Microbiology) laboratory at Queen's University Belfast. Each milk sample was subjected to two tests for M. paratuberculosis: immunomagnetic separation-PCR (IMS-PCR; to detect the presence of M. paratuberculosis cells, live or dead) and chemical decontamination and culture (to confirm the presence of viable M. paratuberculosis). Overall, M. paratuberculosis DNA was detected by IMS-PCR in 50 (12.9%; 95% confidence interval, 9.9 to 16.5%) raw-milk samples and 35 (9.8%; 95% confidence interval, 7.1 to 13.3%) pasteurized-milk samples. Confirmed M. paratuberculosis was cultured from one raw-milk sample and no pasteurized-milk samples. It is concluded that M. paratuberculosis DNA is occasionally present at low levels in both raw and commercially pasteurized cows' milk. However, since no viable M. paratuberculosis was isolated from commercially pasteurized cows' milk on retail sale in the Republic of Ireland, current pasteurization procedures are considered to be effective.