Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
www.econstor.eu Strive to be rst or avoid being last: An experiment on relative performance incentives.y

In this paper we compare e¤ort provision and e¢ ciency under incentive schemes which motivate agents to compete to be rst, avoid being last, or both. We utilize a laboratory experiment to test the predictions generated by optimal contracts in a Lazear-Rosen type model that predicts equal e¤ort and e¢ ciency levels for the three mechanisms. We nd that the mechanism incorporating both incentive schemes induces the highest e¤ort, especially in contests of relatively larger size. Avoiding being last is shown to produce the lowest variance of e¤ort, be more e¤ective and, in larger contests, more e¢ cient than competing for the top. JEL Codes: M52 J33 J24 D24 C90
NDT_A_209100 2477..2485

1Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan; 2Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo 193-0998, Japan; 3Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan; 4Department of Clinical Human Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; 5Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan Background: How subjective social status is associated with childhood abuse and affective temperament in the mechanism of depressive symptom exacerbation remains unknown. In this study, we investigated how the complex effects of subjective social status, childhood abuse, and affective temperament influence depressive symptoms in adulthood. Methods: Self-report questionnaires were distributed to 853 adult volunteers between January and August 2014. Of them, 404 people gave full consent and returned complete anonymous responses. The following five questionnaires were analyzed: demographic information, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, subjective social status, Child Abuse and Trauma Scale, and Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego autoquestionnaire. The associations between the scores were analyzed by structural equation modeling. This study was conducted with approval from the ethics committees of Tokyo Medical University and Hokkaido University Hospital. Results: Covariance structure analysis demonstrated that childhood abuse and subjective social status did not have a direct effect on adulthood depressive symptoms. Childhood abuse had direct effects on subjective social status and affective temperament and childhood abuse indirectly affected adulthood depressive symptoms through subjective social status and affective temperament. Subjective social status also affected depressive symptoms through an effect on affective temperament. This model explained 43% of the variability in depressive symptoms and the fitness of this model was good. Conclusion: Regarding childhood abuse and adulthood depressive symptoms, subjective social status as well as affective temperament may be mediators. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism of depression.
Characterization of a phosphorus-solubilizing alkaline phosphatase AP3 cloned from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YP6

[Background] The mechanisms of solubilizing-phosphorus by organisms are diverse, which significantly stimulates plant growths. [Objective] To characterize a phosphorus-solubilizing alkaline phosphatase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YP6. [Methods] An alkaline phosphatase, AP3, of YP6 was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), characterized and its phosphorus-solubilizing effect tested. [Results] AP3 was an alkaline phosphatase, with optimal pH at 10.3 and optimal temperature at 40 °C. Vm was 4 033.4 μmol/(min·mg) and Km was 12.2 mmol/L. The soluble phosphate of rock phosphorus was enhanced obviously by enzyme AP3 treatment for 24 h, and by inoculation of the strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YP6 for 7 days. [Conclusion] Alkaline phosphatase AP3 can be used as a phosphorus-solubilizing enzyme.
Hydrogen Sulfide: Emerging Role in Bladder, Kidney, and Prostate Malignancies

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is the latest member of the gasotransmitter family and known to play essential roles in cancer pathophysiology. H2S is produced endogenously and can be administered exogenously. Recent studies showed that H2S in cancers has both pro- and antitumor roles. Understanding the difference in the expression and localization of tissue-specific H2S-producing enzymes in healthy and cancer tissues allows us to develop tools for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Urological malignancies are some of the most common cancers in both men and women, and their early detection is vital since advanced cancers are recurrent, metastatic, and often resistant to treatment. This review summarizes the roles of H2S in cancer and looks at current studies investigating H2S activity and expression of H2S-producing enzymes in urinary cancers. We specifically focused on urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and prostate cancer, as they form the majority of newly diagnosed urinary cancers. Recent studies show that besides the physiological activity of H2S in cancer cells, there are patterns between the development and prognosis of urinary cancers and the expression of H2S-producing enzymes and indirectly the H2S levels. Though controversial and not completely understood, studying the expression of H2S-producing enzymes in cancer tissue may represent an avenue for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for addressing urological malignancies.
REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED COPPER FROM POLLUTED WATER USING PLANT LEAVES. 11. EFFECTS OF COPPER CONCENTRATION, PLANT LEAVES, COMPETING IONS AND OTHER FACTORS

Factors affecting copper removal from polluted water by poplar (Populus euphratica) leaves were investigated and a mechanism for copper removal was suggested. Increasing the amount of leaves from 5 to 25 g/L increased the rate and hence the amount of copper removed. Increasing the concentration of copper in solution from 2 to 20 mg/L caused a corresponding increase in copper uptake per unit weight of leaves at a constant leaf concentration of 20 g/L. The uptake of copper ions by poplar leaves was found to be noticeably affected by the presence of other metal ions. The effect of these ions could be dependent on the relative affinity of leaves to these ions and copper as well as to pH. Depending on the initial concentration, the presence of the chelating agent EDTA in the solution considerably reduced the rate and amount of copper uptake. Fresh leaves were found to uptake much less copper than dry leaves. Rough-crushing or fine-grinding of leaves slightly affected copper uptake. Agitation slightly increased the rate of copper uptake and cleaning leaves did not affect its ability to uptake copper. The main mechanism for copper removal by poplar leaves is most probably adsorption. Other mechanisms, such as complexation, may play a minor role as well. Intrapore diffusion is thought to be the rate-limiting step for the interaction between poplar leaves and copper ions. Palabras clave: hojas de hlamo, Populus euphratica, captaci6n de cobre, agua contaminada, adsorci6n Se investigaron 10s factores que afectan la remocibn de cobre por las hojas de llamo (Populus euphratica) de aguas contaminadas y se sugiere un mecanismo de esa remoci6n. A1 incrementarse la concentracibn de hojas de 5 a 25 g/L aumentb la tasa y de aqui la cantidad de cobre removida. Cuando se incrementa la concentracibn de cobre en la solucibn de 2 a 20 mg/L provoca el correspondiente aumento en la captura de cobre por unidad de peso de las hojas a una concentracibn constante de hoja de 20 g/L. Se encontrb que la captura de iones de cobre por las hojas de llamo fue afectada notablemente por la presencia de otros iones metllicos. El efecto de estos iones puede depender de la afinidad relativa de las hojas por estos iones, por el cobre asi como del pH. Dependiendo de la concentracibn inicial, la presencia del agente quelante EDTA en la solucibn, redujo considerablemente la tasa y la cantidad de cobre capturado. Se encontrb que las hojas frescas captaron menos cobre que las hojas secas. La trituracibn gruesa y fina de las hojas afectb ligeramente la captura del cobre. La agitacibn aumentb ligeramente la tasa de captura del cobre y la limpieza de la hojas no alter6 su capacidad de captura. La adsorcibn es el mecanismo mls probable de remocibn * Corresponding author: fax (+972) 92374439, e-mail: alsubu@najah.edu
Oral lichen planus clinical study with the clinicopathological correlation in the diagnosis of O.L.P

Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease with different clinical presentation. Objective: To evaluate the clinical-pathologic characteristic of OLP lesion and to study the correlation betweenclinical and histopathologic assessment of OLP. Materials and Methods: A randomly selected biopsies of sixty-three OLP patients, who sent to college of dentistry / oral pathology department were studied. Results: Females were more frequently affected by OLP than males (female=52.38% , male=47.61%) and mostly at the middle age group (25.4%). OLP was more frequently found on the cheek, tongue than palate and lip. Statistically significant differences could be identified for OLP lesion in terms of age, sex, and site of location. Confirmation of clinical diagnosis of OLP by means of histopathologic study of a biopsy specimen is generally advised. However, hardly any data exist about the correlation between clinical and histopathologic diagnosis of OLP. In (42.31%) of case, in which the pathologist agreed about the histopathologic diagnosis being diagnostic of OLP, there was a lack of consensus on the clinical diagnosis. Conversely, about (38.46%) of case in which the clinicians agreed about the clinical and histopathologic diagnosis being diagnostic of OLP. Conclusion: Based on the finding of the present study, there appears to be lack of clinicopathologic correlation in the diagnostic assessment of OLP.
Improving Neural Machine Translation by Achieving Knowledge Transfer with Sentence Alignment Learning

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) optimized by Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) lacks the guarantee of translation adequacy. To alleviate this problem, we propose an NMT approach that heightens the adequacy in machine translation by transferring the semantic knowledge learned from bilingual sentence alignment. Specifically, we first design a discriminator that learns to estimate sentence aligning score over translation candidates, and then the learned semantic knowledge is transfered to the NMT model under an adversarial learning framework. We also propose a gated self-attention based encoder for sentence embedding. Furthermore, an N-pair training loss is introduced in our framework to aid the discriminator in better capturing lexical evidence in translation candidates. Experimental results show that our proposed method outperforms baseline NMT models on Chinese-to-English and English-to-German translation tasks. Further analysis also indicates the detailed semantic knowledge transfered from the discriminator to the NMT model.
Implications of the New Public Debt Rule in the ‘Fiscal Compact’ for the Economic and Monetary Union

This paper proposes a simple modeling of the dynamic evolution of the interest rate, budgetary deficit and public debt of a member country of a monetary union, if a representative investor has the choice between bonds from this country a benchmark bond. In this framework, we can analyze the consequences of the most recent measure included in the ‘Fiscal Compact'. After the financial Crisis, the coordination of public finances still mainly relies in Europe on rules of fiscal discipline. However, beyond the threshold on the budgetary deficit, a new stress is put on the reduction of the public debt at a ‘satisfactory pace': its distance with respect to the reference value must decrease at a rate of the order of one-twentieth per year. Then, we show that such a measure is fully reachable for Luxembourg, Finland, Germany, Austria or the Netherlands. However, the public debt target of 60% of GDP would necessitate sizeable fiscal consolidation efforts for Ireland, France and Belgium. Moreover, such a target would not even be stable for Italy, Portugal or Spain; and the Greek situation is explosive. Therefore, the new European fiscal framework appears as quite ambitious for some member countries of the Economic and Monetary Union.
NDT_A_203729 1563..1571

Shi-Ze Lin Yan-Kun Wu Yun-Ai Su Tian-Mei Si 1Quanzhou Mental Health Center, The Third Hospital of Quanzhou, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China; 4NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China Abstract: Prospective memory (PM) could be impaired in the non-psychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. This meta-analysis systematically examined the PM of non-psychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Both Chinese and English databases were systematically searched for articles from the inception of the databases through November 13, 2018. Case-control studies of PM in non-psychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia were included in the analyses. Confidence intervals (CIs) and standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated utilizing the random effects model. Four studies (n=268) that compared PM performance between non-psychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia (n=136) and healthy controls (n=132) were included. Three studies were rated as “high quality”, while the quality of evidence of the three outcomes included in this meta-analysis was moderate. Compared with the healthy controls, the non-psychotic firstdegree relatives of patients with schizophrenia showed impairments in overall PM (two studies, n=127; SMD: −0.46; 95% CI=−0.82, −0.11, P=0.01; I=0%), event-based PM (EBPM) (four studies, n=268; SMD: −0.56; 95% CI=−0.80, −0.31, P<0.00001; I=0%), and time-based PM (TBPM) (four studies, n=268; SMD: −0.66; 95% CI=−0.90, −0.41, P<0.00001; I=0%). This meta-analysis demonstrated that the overall PM, EBPM, and TBPM might be impaired in the non-psychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia.
Climate change and the population collapse during the Great Famine in preindustrial Europe

Population dynamics, economy, and human demography started with Malthus, the idea that population growth is limited by resources and “positive checks” occur when population growth overshoots the available resources. In fact, historical evidence indicates that long-term climate changes have destabilized civilizations and caused population collapses via food shortages, diseases, and wars. One of the worst population collapses of human societies occurred during the early fourteenth century in northern Europe; the “Great Famine” was the consequence of the dramatic effects of climate deterioration on human population growth. Thus, part of my motivation was to demonstrate that simple theoretical-based models can be helpful in understanding the causes of population change in preindustrial societies. Here, the results suggest that a logistic model with temperature as a “lateral” perturbation effect is the key element for explaining the population collapse exhibited by the European population during the “Great Famine”.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF QTLs CONTROLLING CARPEL NUMBER IN CITRUS

Purpose of this research is to determine the markers controlling carpel number in mandarin. Progenies obtained by hybridization between the Clementine mandarins (C. clementina Hort. ex Tan.) and Orlando tangelos (C. reticulata Blanco x C. Paradise Macf.) have been used in this research. Morphological and molecular marker data were analyzed in SAS software by using GLM and REGRESSION module. Population includes variation in respect to carpel number, which transgressive segregation was observed and distribution was positively skewed. Based onvariance analysis made by using GLM option in SAS software, ten markers were associated with carpel number All loci explained 100% of the variation for carpel number. OPW19.25, a RAPD marker explained 43% of total variation and OPM20.23 explained 22% of total variation. These results revealed that two loci had major effect in respect to carpel number and other loci had a minor effect. This research revealed significant clues about genetic mechanism of carpel number in mandarin fruit. These markers should be further investigated for applicability and conversion to more specific markers such as SCAR and CAP. This was the first report of the genetic mechanism and molecular markers associated with carpel
A NOTE ON AMALGAMATED MONOTONE, ANTI-MONOTONE, AND ORDERED-FREE PRODUCTS OF OPERATOR-VALUED QUANTUM PROBABILITY SPACES

We directly prove that the amalgamated monotone or anti-monotone products (in N. Muraki’s originary sense [17], for the scalar-valued case) (see also M. Popa’s paper [22], for an operator-valued case) of some bimodule maps (in particular, conditional expectations), and ordered-free product (in T. Hasebe’s originary sense [8] for the scalar-valued case) of pairs of some bimodule maps defined on ∗or C∗algebras preserve the (complete) positivity. As a by-product, in the same context, we get an extension and, in particular, a new proof of R. Speicher’s theorem [24] concerning the (complete) positivity of D. Voiculescu’s amalgamated free product of positive conditional expectations [28]. Our approach is made in terms of Schwarz maps. The proofs extend a scalar case technique due to M. Bożejko, M. Leinert, and R. Speicher from [4] concerning the conditionally free product of states.
GENERALIZED COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS AND SOLUTIONS OF THE H(div) GEODESIC PROBLEM

We study the geodesic problem on the group of diffeomorphism of a domain M ⊂ Rd, equipped with the H(div) metric. The geodesic equations coincide with the CamassaHolm equation when d = 1, and represent one of its possible multi-dimensional generalizations when d > 1. We propose a relaxation à la Brenier of this problem, in which solutions are represented as probability measures on the space of continuous paths on the cone over M . We use this relaxation to prove that smooth H(div) geodesics are globally length minimizing for short times. We also prove that there exists a unique pressure field associated to solutions of our relaxation. Finally, we propose a numerical scheme to construct generalized solutions on the cone and present some numerical results illustrating the relation between the generalized Camassa-Holm and incompressible Euler solutions.
Population density of crown of thorns starfish in dive sites of Thailand

The crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci is one of the major threats of coral reef degradation worldwide, especially in the Indo-Pacific region. Economic benefits from marine tourism are at risk due to damage caused by the coral-feeding starfish. This study aimed to investigate distribution and abundance of A. planci at 67 dive sites in the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea during 2013 – 2015. The surveys illustrated that the occurrence of A. planci in dive sites of Thailand, both in the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea, was not significantly different. The population densities of A. planci from this study, except at Ko Ngam Yai, Mu Ko Chumphon, the Western Gulf of Thailand and Ao Losama, Mu Ko Phi Phi, the Andaman Sea, are still much lower than that causes the outbreaks in other regions. The severe destruction of coral communities in Thailand caused by A. planci was not clearly recorded. This study contributes the important background information for establishing the management strategies to prevent the outbreaks of A. planci in dive sites of Thailand.
Blocking Activin Receptor Ligands Is Not Sufficient to Rescue Cancer-Associated Gut Microbiota—A Role for Gut Microbial Flagellin in Colorectal Cancer and Cachexia?

Colorectal cancer (CRC) and cachexia are associated with the gut microbiota and microbial surface molecules. We characterized the CRC-associated microbiota and investigated whether cachexia affects the microbiota composition. Further, we examined the possible relationship between the microbial surface molecule flagellin and CRC. CRC cells (C26) were inoculated into mice. Activin receptor (ACVR) ligands were blocked, either before tumor formation or before and after, to increase muscle mass and prevent muscle loss. The effects of flagellin on C26-cells were studied in vitro. The occurrence of similar phenomena were studied in murine and human tumors. Cancer modulated the gut microbiota without consistent effects of blocking the ACVR ligands. However, continued treatment for muscle loss modified the association between microbiota and weight loss. Several abundant microbial taxa in cancer were flagellated. Exposure of C26-cells to flagellin increased IL6 and CCL2/MCP-1 mRNA and IL6 excretion. Murine C26 tumors expressed more IL6 and CCL2/MCP-1 mRNA than C26-cells, and human CRC tumors expressed more CCL2/MCP-1 than healthy colon sites. Additionally, flagellin decreased caspase-1 activity and the production of reactive oxygen species, and increased cytotoxicity in C26-cells. Conditioned media from flagellin-treated C26-cells deteriorated C2C12-myotubes and decreased their number. In conclusion, cancer increased flagellated microbes that may promote CRC survival and cachexia by inducing inflammatory proteins such as MCP-1. Cancer-associated gut microbiota could not be rescued by blocking ACVR ligands.
Cleared to Land: Pilot Visual Detection of Small Unmanned Aircraft During Final Approach

Ryan J. Wallace Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, ryan.wallace@erau.edu Samuel M. Vance Oklahoma State University Main Campus, matt.vance@okstate.edu Jon M. Loffi Oklahoma State University Main Campus, jon.loffi@okstate.edu Jamey Jacob Oklahoma State University Main Campus, jdjacob@okstate.edu Jared C. Dunlap Oklahoma State University Main Campus, jared.dunlap@okstate.edu See next page for additional authors
HEMATOLOGICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON HEALTHY AND SAPROLEGNIA SP. INFECTED CLARIAS

INTRODUCTION Clarias gariepinus is a commercially cultured fish and stressors such as handling, overcrowding and water quality always associated with the culture system. Under stressed conditions aquatic fungi can easily attack fish. Many fungi are pathogenic to fish and most common among them is Saprolegneous fungi. Saprolegnia infection in fish has been reported earlier by Roberts et al [1], Chauhan [2] and Chauhan et al [3]. Some other workers like Bruno [4] and Hatai and Hoshiai [5] also reported Saprolegnia infection in fish. The infection spreads very quickly and leads to mortality and causes huge loss at every stage of fish especially in brood stocks Stueland et al [6] and Howe and Stelhy [7].
Monetary Policy, Trend Ination and Ination Persistence

This paper presents a new mechanism through which monetary policy rules a¤ect ination persistence. When assuming that price reset hazard functions are not constant, backwardlooking dynamics emerge in the NKPC. This new mechanism makes the traditional demand channel of monetary transmission have a long-lasting e¤ect on ination dynamics. The Calvo model fails to convey this insight, because its constant hazard function leads those important backward-looking dynamics to be canceled out. I rst analytically show how it works in a simple setup, and then solve a log-linearized model numerically around positive trend ination. With realistic calibration of trend ination and the monetary policy rule, the model can account for the pattern of changes in ination persistence observed in the post-wwii U.S. data. In addition, with increasing hazard functions, the "Taylor principle" is su¢ cient to guarantee the determinate equilibrium even under extremely high trend ination. JEL classi cation: E31; E52