Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inter-decadal changes in stratification and double diffusion in a transatlantic section along 7.5°N

We use three transatlantic cruises (1957, 1993 and 2010) along 7.5°N to analyse inter-decadal variations of the neutral buoyancy frequency (with neutral density replacing potential density) and Turner angle. We also use Argo data from the 2003-2011 period to show that, within central and intermediate waters, the changes between the three sections are slightly greater than the seasonal and inter-annual variations, so they may be interpreted as actual inter-decadal variations. The results point to a generalized sinking of isoneutrals between 1957 and 2010, with maximum zonally-averaged values of about 100 m in the central and upper deep layers. They also reveal the occurrence of substantial changes in the intermediate and neighbouring water strata, with differential vertical sinking of isoneutrals and the transformation of their thermohaline characteristics. The neutral buoyancy frequency increased in the lower central and upper intermediate layers and decreased in the lower intermediate and upper deep layers. The distributions of Turner angle highlight a predominance of salt-fingering in the North Atlantic, except for a gravitationally doubly-stable layer located immediately below the intermediate water core; this stable layer thinned substantially between 1957 and 2010 because of the sinking of the lower intermediate isoneutrals acting together with actual water transformations from Antarctic Intermediate Waters into North Atlantic Deep Waters. We conclude that a significant portion of the water column underwent both increased vertical stratification and enhanced salt-fingering, two mechanisms with opposite effects on the effective vertical diffusion.
Zero-Shot Paraphrase Generation with Multilingual Language Models

Leveraging multilingual parallel texts to automatically generate paraphrases has drawn much attention as size of high-quality paraphrase corpus is limited. Round-trip translation, also known as the pivoting method, is a typical approach to this end. However, we notice that the pivoting process involves multiple machine translation models and is likely to incur semantic drift during the two-step translations. In this paper, inspired by the Transformer-based language models, we propose a simple and unified paraphrasing model, which is purely trained on multilingual parallel data and can conduct zero-shot paraphrase generation in one step. Compared with the pivoting approach, paraphrases generated by our model is more semantically similar to the input sentence. Moreover, since our model shares the same architecture as GPT (Radford et al., 2018), we are able to pre-train the model on large-scale unparallel corpus, which further improves the fluency of the output sentences. In addition, we introduce the mechanism of denoising auto-encoder (DAE) to improve diversity and robustness of the model. Experimental results show that our model surpasses the pivoting method in terms of relevance, diversity, fluency and efficiency.
Body composition and implications for heat production of Angus steer progeny of parents selected for and against residual feed intake

Yearling Angus steer progeny of parents selected for low residual feed intake (RFI; high efficiency) or high RFI (low efficiency) were evaluated for feed intake, growth and differences in body composition. RFI is the difference between actual feed intake and expected feed intake based on an animal’s size and growth over a test period. Individual intakes of a high grain content ration and growth rates were recorded for 140 days and then the steers were slaughtered for measurement of body composition. All internal organs and non-carcass fat depots were removed, weighed and ground for chemical analysis. Carcasses were kept overnight in the chiller and the left half of every carcass physically dissected into retail cuts, and then into total fat, lean and bone. Carcass fat and lean were then combined and ground for chemical analysis. Steers from low RFI parents ate less (P<0.05) than the steers from high RFI parents, for similar rates of growth. Improvement in RFI was accompanied by small changes in body composition towards greater lean and less fat in the progeny of low RFI parents. Correlations of sire estimated breeding values for RFI with end of test whole body chemical protein, chemical fat and a principal component that condensed information on fat and lean body composition at the end of the test, were statistically significant. These confirmed there was a genetic association between body composition and RFI, with fatness being associated with higher RFI (i.e. lower efficiency). However, the correlations were small and suggested that less than 5% of the variation in sire RFI was explained by variation in body composition of their steer progeny. There was no evidence that a difference in the chemical composition of gain over the test explained the greater intake of metabolisable energy (ME) by the high RFI steers. The results suggest that the difference in ME intake following a single generation of divergent selection for RFI was due to metabolic processes rather than to changes in body composition.
BOX COMPRESSION ANALYSIS OF WORLD-WIDE DATA SPANNING 46 YEARS

The state of the art among most industry citations of box compression estimation is the equation by McKee developed in 1963. Because of limitations in computing tools at the time the McKee equation was developed, the equation is a simplification, with many constraints, of a more general relationship. By applying the results of sophisticated finite element modeling, in this current study we derive a more general box compression formula that preserves the underlying theory of the McKee equation but removes the constraints. This formula is solvable with modern spreadsheet software, and we present an implementation method and example outputs as we relax or impose the various constraints. We analyze data obtained from multiple literature sources containing the traditional McKee equation inputs. We quantify the disparity between the McKee equation and the various sources of data and present an improved model for single-wall box-compression strength. The model attaches physical meaning to what were previously only fitting parameters, and it can serve as a tool for additional explorations in box optimization.
ePubWU Institutional Repository

This paper analyses the structure of the European income inequality by a decomposition in a withinand between-component. It illustrates a replication of the work of Beblo and Knaus (Rev Income Wealth 47(3):301–333, 2001) and decomposes the income inequality for the EU-28 in 2014 by using data from the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions. The Theil index is applied to additively decompose the sources of inequality into a withinand between-component by countries, country groups and demographic groups. This is done by using equivalised disposable household income and income before transfers and taxes. The results show that inequality, with regard to disposable income, is highest for households with household heads older than 59 years and lowest for households with children. Moreover, high income countries have lower inequality, higher social expenditures and show a stronger relative reduction of income inequality after transfers and taxes than low income countries. On country group level, Social-Democratic countries have the lowest income inequality and redistribute most, while the opposite holds true for Baltic countries.
First record of sex reverses in two Indo-Pacific mytildes (Brachidontes variabilis and Modiolus arcutulus) in the Great Bitter Lake, Egypt

Two Indo-Pacific mytilides; Brachidontes variabilis and Modiolus arcuatulus, were collected monthly from the Great Bitter Lake during the period from December 2015 to March 2016. The two species are dioecious. Females significantly outnumbered males. X test = 8.042 (P < 0.005) and 7.100 (P < 0.01) for B. variabilis and M. arcuatulus, respectively. Hermaphroditic individuals were found in each species. The present study suggests, perhaps surprisingly, the presence of sex reverse for the first time in the two mytilides in the Great Bitter Lake. This characteristic is not progressive but limited to a very few individuals. The rapid transition of the gonads from one cycle to the next in spent stage has been suggested as the reason for the presence of low frequencies of hermaphroditism.
Transmit-Receive Generalized Spatial Modulation Based on Dual-layered MIMO Transmission

We propose a novel scheme for downlink multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, called dual-layered transmit-receive generalized spatial modulation (DL-TR-GSM). The proposed scheme is based on the concept of dual-layered transmission (DLT) which uses two receive antenna power levels instead of receive antenna activation/inactivation to transmit data in the receive spatial domain. Hence, in order to minimize the bit error rate (BER) for DL-TR-GSM, the optimal ratio between the two power levels is determined. To further characterize DL-TR-GSM, we fully derive the computational complexity and show a significant computational complexity reduction as well as a required hardware complexity reduction of DL-TR-GSM, compared to a state-of-the-art benchmark scheme. Simulation results confirm the performance advantages of DL-TR-GSM.
Coleman‐adapted Rubin–Stark Kolyvagin systems and supersingular Iwasawa theory of CM abelian varieties

The goal of this article was to study the Iwasawa theory of an abelian variety A that has complex multiplication by a complex multiplication (CM) field F that contains the reflex field of A , which has supersingular reduction at every prime above p . To do so, we make use of the signed Coleman maps constructed in our companion article [Kâzım Büyükboduk and Antonio Lei, ‘Integral Iwasawa theory of motives for non‐ordinary primes’, 2014, in preparation, draft available upon request] to introduce signed Selmer groups as well as a signed p ‐adic L ‐function via a reciprocity conjecture that we formulate for the (conjectural) Rubin–Stark elements (which is a natural extension of the reciprocity conjecture for elliptic units). We then prove a signed main conjecture relating these two objects. To achieve this, we develop along the way a theory of Coleman‐adapted rank‐ g Euler–Kolyvagin systems to be applied with Rubin–Stark elements and deduce the main conjecture for the maximal Zp ‐power extension of F for the primes failing the ordinary hypothesis of Katz.
IMNet: A Learning Based Detector for Index Modulation Aided MIMO-OFDM Systems

Index modulation (IM) brings the reduction of power consumption and complexity of transmitter to classical multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems. However, due to the introduction of IM, the complexity of the detector at receiver is greatly increased. Furthermore, the detector also requires the channel state information at receiver (CSIR), which leads to high system overhead. To tackle these challenges, in this paper, we introduce deep learning (DL) in designing a non-iterative detector. Specifically, based on the structural sparsity of the transmitted signal in IM aided MIMO-OFDM (IM-MIMOOFDM) systems, we first formulate the detection process as a sparse reconstruction problem. Then, a DL based detector called IMNet, which combines two subnets with the traditional least square method, is designed to recover the transmitted signal. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt that designs the DL based detector for IM-MIMO-OFDM systems. Finally, to verify the adaptability and robustness of IMNet, simulations are carried out with consideration of correlated MIMO channels and imperfect CSIR. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed IMNet outperforms existing detectors in terms of bit error rate and computational complexity under various scenarios.
Lattice QCD calculation of the pion charge radius using a model-independent method

We use a method to calculate the hadron's charge radius without model-dependent momentum extrapolations. The method does not require the additional quark propagator inversions on the twisted boundary conditions or the computation of the momentum derivatives of quark propagators and thus is easy to implement. We apply this method to the calculation of pion charge radius $\langle r_\pi^2\rangle$. For comparison, we also determine $\langle r_\pi^2\rangle$ with the traditional approach of computing the slope of the form factors. The new method produces results consistent with those from the traditional method and with statistical errors 1.5-1.9 times smaller. For the four gauge ensembles at the physical pion masses, the statistical errors of $\langle r_\pi^2\rangle$ range from 2.1% to 4.6% by using $\lesssim50$ configurations. For the ensemble at $m_\pi\approx 340$ MeV, the statistical uncertainty is even reduced to a sub-percent level.
Applications of lucid dreams: An online study

In a lucid dream the dreamer is aware of the dream state and can influence the dream content and events. The goal of this study was to investigate some applications of lucid dreaming. Our survey included 301 lucid dreamers who filled out an online questionnaire. The most frequent application (81.4%) was having fun, followed by changing a bad dream or nightmare into a pleasant one (63.8%), solving problems (29.9%), getting creative ideas or insights (27.6%) and practicing skills (21.3%). Women used lucid dreams significantly more often than men for both work on nightmares and problem solving. Our results show that lucid dreams have a great potential for improving one’s life in different ways. More research is needed to illuminate the possibilities of lucid dreaming, especially in the fields of nightmare treatment and practicing motor skills.
On the Existence of Heterotic-String and Type-II-Superstring Field Theory Vertices

We consider two problems associated to the space of Riemann surfaces that are closely related to string theory. We first consider the problem of existence of heterotic-string and type-II-superstring field theory vertices in the product of spaces of bordered surfaces parameterizing left- and right-moving sectors of these theories. It turns out that this problem can be solved by proving the existence of a solution to the BV quantum master equation in moduli spaces of bordered spin-Riemann surfaces. We first prove that for arbitrary genus $g$, $n_{\text{NS}}$ Neveu-Schwarz boundary components, and $n_{\text{R}}$ Ramond boundary components such solutions exist. We also prove that these solutions are unique up to homotopies in the category of BV algebras and are mapped to fundamental classes of Deligne-Mumford stacks of associated punctured spin curves. These results generalize the work of Costello on the existence of a solution to the BV quantum master equations in moduli spaces of bordered ordinary Riemann surfaces. Using this, we prove that heterotic-string and type-II-superstring field theory vertices exist. Furthermore, we prove the existence of a solution to the BV quantum master equation in spaces of bordered $\mathscr{N}=1$ super-Riemann surfaces for arbitrary genus $g$, $n_{\text{NS}}$ Neveu-Schwarz boundary components, and $n_{\text{R}}$ Ramond boundary components. Secondly, we turn to the moduli problem of stable $\mathscr{N}=1$ SUSY curves. Using Vaintrob's deformation theory of complex superspaces and Deligne's model for the compactification of the space of $\mathscr{N}=1$ SUSY curves, we prove the representability of this moduli problem by a proper smooth Deligne-Mumford superstack. This is a generalization of the work of Deligne and Mumford on the representability of the moduli problem of stable ordinary curves by a Deligne-Mumford stack.
BP-Transformer: Modelling Long-Range Context via Binary Partitioning

The Transformer model is widely successful on many natural language processing tasks. However, the quadratic complexity of self-attention limit its application on long text. In this paper, adopting a fine-to-coarse attention mechanism on multi-scale spans via binary partitioning (BP), we propose BP-Transformer (BPT for short). BPT yields $O(k\cdot n\log (n/k))$ connections where $k$ is a hyperparameter to control the density of attention. BPT has a good balance between computation complexity and model capacity. A series of experiments on text classification, machine translation and language modeling shows BPT has a superior performance for long text than previous self-attention models. Our code, hyperparameters and CUDA kernels for sparse attention are available in PyTorch.
Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Gum Arabic (Acacia senegal) on Performance and Blood Chemistry of Broiler Chicks

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding graded levels of gum Arabic (0%, 2.5%, %5 and 7.5%) on the performance and blood chemistry of broiler chicks. A total of 192 unsexed broiler chicks (Cobb strain) were randomly assigned in four dietary treatments. Each treatment contained six replicates (8 birds/replicate). Feed and water were offered ad libitum throughout the experimental Period (42 days). Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were not influenced by the dietary inclusion of gum Arabic. The results also revealed that the different levels of gum Arabic had no effect on serum constituents, except total protein which increased significantly. Cholesterol, creatinine and triglyceride levels were decreased significantly in bird fed 5% and 7.5% gum arabic. It is concluded that the incorporation of gum Arabic in broiler chickens diets has a positive effects on broiler chicks performance and reduced serum cholesterol levels, creatinine and triglyceride.
Chapter 7 Focused Sonography in Cardiac Arrest

Cardiac arrest (CA) is a high mortality event where the ability for clinicians to diagnose etiology and assess for intervention has a direct impact on patient outcomes. Bedside ultrasound (US) has emerged in current literature as a clinical tool to aid clinicians in CA resuscitation, though it remains underutilized. Reversible etiologies that can be efficiently diagnosed with US include tension pneumothorax, hypovolemia, pulmonary embolus with acute cor pulmonale, and cardiac tamponade. Other US findings may provide evidence in regard to prognosis. In this review, we present major applications of US in CA, compare existing protocols, and propose future research needs.
On the dust extinction in high-z galaxies and the case of extremely red objects

We present the preliminary results of Monte Carlo simulations aimed at investigating the effects of realistic dust extinction (absorption + scattering) on the colours of high-z galaxies. In this paper, we concentrate on the case of spheroidal galaxies, and we obtain attenuation curves in the range 0.1-1.2 JlDl for different dust spatial distributions, and for a range of values of the dust optical depth, geometrical thickness and inclination of the dust disc. We find that the resultant curves are strongly dependent on the dust geometrical distribution and optical depth. A serendipitous finding is that the strength of the 2200-A absorption feature depends not only on the optical depth, but also on the dust geometrical distribution. As a first application, we test our results on two high-z galaxies with extremely red colours (HR10 and HR14) in order to infer clues on their ages, dust content and dust spatial distribution. We confirm that HRlO must be a very dusty galaxy, and we suggest that its stellar component should be strongly embedded in the dust in order to reproduce the obselVed extremely red colours.
Estimation in Poisson Noise: Properties of the Conditional Mean Estimator

This paper considers estimation of a random variable in Poisson noise with signal scaling coefficient and dark current as explicit parameters of the noise model. Specifically, the paper focuses on properties of the conditional mean estimator as a function of the scaling coefficient, the dark current parameter, the distribution of the input random variable and channel realizations. With respect to the scaling coefficient and the dark current, several identities in terms of derivatives are established. For example, it is shown that the gradient of the conditional mean estimator with respect to the scaling coefficient and dark current parameter is proportional to the conditional variance. Moreover, a score function is proposed and a Tweedie-like formula for the conditional expectation is recovered. With respect to the distribution, several regularity conditions are shown. For instance, it is shown that the conditional mean estimator uniquely determines the input distribution. Moreover, it is shown that if the conditional expectation is close to a linear function in terms of mean squared error, then the input distribution is approximately gamma in the Lévy distance. Furthermore, sufficient and necessary conditions for linearity are found. Interestingly, it is shown that the conditional mean estimator cannot be linear when the dark current parameter of the Poisson noise is non-zero.
Just Enough Security: Reducing Proof-of-Work Ecological Footprint

Proof-of-work (PoW) mechanisms secure about 80% of the $250B cryptocurrency market. PoW requires system participants to expend computational resources, and protects the system from attackers who cannot expend resources at an equivalent rate. These systems operate in the permissionless setting and compensate their users with cryptocurrency, having a monetary value. As cryptocurrency prices sore so do the invested resources, and Bitcoin expenditures alone are 0.24% of the global electricity consumption. Arguably, this is superfluous, and lowering the ecological footprint justifies settling for a lower attack threshold. We present novel protocols that allow the system designer to accurately trade off security for expenditure reduction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to do so without adding qualitatively stronger model assumptions. Moreover, our protocols reduce PoW resource expenditure significantly, but with only limited security degradation. To analyze these protocols We refine the common blockchain model to take into account the cryptocurrency value in real terms, expenditure, and security metrics, distinguishing common revenue-seeking attacks from sabotage. Our analysis of game-theoretic and economical properties of the protocols can be used to tune blockchain security to its required level and limit its ecological damage.
DRiLLS: Deep Reinforcement Learning for Logic Synthesis

Logic synthesis requires extensive tuning of the synthesis optimization flow where the quality of results (QoR) depends on the sequence of optimizations used. Efficient design space exploration is challenging due to the exponential number of possible optimization permutations. Therefore, automating the optimization process is necessary. In this work, we propose a novel reinforcement learning-based methodology that navigates the optimization space without human intervention. We demonstrate the training of an Advantage Actor Critic (A2C) agent that seeks to minimize area subject to a timing constraint. Using the proposed methodology, designs can be optimized autonomously with no-humans in-loop. Evaluation on the comprehensive EPFL benchmark suite shows that the agent outperforms existing exploration methodologies and improves QoRs by an average of 13%.