Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Recess Etching on the Temperature-Dependent Characteristics of GaN-Based MIS-HEMTs With Al2O3/AlN Gate-Stack

This paper studied the recess-etching effects on the temperature-dependent characteristics of AlGaN/GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MIS-HEMTs) with Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/AlN gate-stack. The 12.6 nm recess-etching resulted in voltage shift of capacitance-voltage curves by 2.4 V, improved peak field-effect mobility (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu _{\text {FE}})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> from 1906 to 2036 cm<sup>2</sup>/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{V}\cdot \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and increased peak transconductance (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${g}_{\text {max}})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> from 272 to 353 mS/mm. The temperature-dependent measu-rement from 298 to 473 K showed decrease in maximum drain current, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${g}_{\text {max}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu _{\text {FE}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for both devices with and without recess etching, attributed to thermal electron emission and carrier depletion effects. Recess etching did not degrade the thermal stability of carrier distribution and the transport properties. Temperature-dependent <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu _{\text {FE}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> analysis revealed that optical phonon scattering dominated the transport mechanism of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/AlN/ AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMTs. Optical phonon energy of 74 and 77 meV were obtained for the devices with and without recess etching, respectively.
Inspiration regulates the rate and temporal pattern of lung liquid clearance and lung aeration at birth.

At birth, the initiation of pulmonary gas exchange is dependent on air entry into the lungs, and recent evidence indicates that pressures generated by inspiration may be involved. We have used simultaneous plethysmography and phase-contrast X-ray imaging to investigate the contribution of inspiration and expiratory braking maneuvers (EBMs) to lung aeration and the formation of a functional residual capacity (FRC) after birth. Near-term rabbit pups (n = 26) were delivered by cesarean section, placed in a water plethysmograph, and imaged during the initiation of spontaneous breathing. Breath-by-breath changes in lung gas volumes were measured using plethysmography and visualized using phase-contrast X-ray imaging. Pups rapidly (1-5 breaths) generate a FRC (16.2 +/- 1.2 ml/kg) by inhaling a greater volume than they expire (by 2.9 +/- 0.4 ml.kg(-1). breath(-1) over the first 5 breaths). As a result, 94.8 +/- 1.4% of lung aeration occurred during inspiration over multiple breaths. The incidence of EBMs was rare early during lung aeration, with most (>80%) occurring after >80% of max FRC was achieved. Although EBMs were associated with an overall increase in FRC, 34.8 +/- 5.3% of EBMs were associated with a decrease in FRC. We conclude that lung aeration is predominantly achieved by inspiratory efforts and that EBMs help to maintain FRC following its formation.
Avalanche Rescue Systems in Switzerland: Experience and Limitations

The current study is concerned with the influence of transceiver and avalanche balloon devices on the survival probability of people caught by avalanches. From 1936 to 1999, 1592 people have been killed by avalanches in Switzerland. The data of avalanche incidents in the years 1980 to 1999 has been extensively analyzed. These investigations result in a mortality rate of completely buried people of about 50%. Considering the total number of people caught by an aval.anche, the mortality rate is ap~ proximately 13%. If people are not completely buried, or if at least parts of their body or equipment are visible on the surface of the avalanche debris, they have the best chances of survival. There is a strong correlation between mean burial time and the probability to survive an a\(alanche incident: The mean burial time of people who were completely buried and survived the avalanche incident is about 11 minutes, where the mean burial time of people killed by an avalanche is 120 minutes. For this reason, a reduction of burial time by fast transceiver search or even avoiding burial by using an avalanche airbag device has to be achieved to increase the survival probability. The results of the current work confirm this . statement.
The Effect of Workload Computational Demand Variability on the Performance of a SaaS Cloud with a Multi-tier SLA

In the highly competitive business environment of Software as a Service (SaaS) clouds, Quality of Service (QoS) and fair pricing are of paramount importance for differentiating between similar cloud providers. In such platforms, the workload computational demand variability may have a significant impact on the system performance and thus on the provider's Service Level Agreement (SLA) commitments. Towards this direction, in this paper we consider a SaaS cloud with a multi-tier SLA that focuses on the fair billing of the end-users, according to the provided level of QoS. The workload consists of bag-of-tasks jobs, which are scheduled on the underlying virtualized host environment. The jobs have soft deadlines and different levels of variability in their computational demands. The effect of the workload computational demand variability on the system performance, under the employed multi-tier SLA, is investigated via simulation. The experimental evaluation provides useful insights into the impact of computational demand variability on the performance of the SaaS cloud under study.
Update article / Mise au point Non-pharmacological strategies in cardiovascular prevention: 2011 highlights Prise en charge non pharmacologique en prevention cardiovasculaire : les faits marquants en 2011

The clinical efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation programs is clearly recognized. Yet, as regards the three main currently employed strategies (exercise, education, and psychobehavioral support), new ideas regularly appear, stemming from studies aimed at providing proof of their efficacy and innocuousness, along with optimal modes of prescription and, at times, their cost‐benefit ratio. This ongoing work, which was initially developed in view of enriching the ‘‘What’s new in? ’’ section of the Sofmer website, represents a selection of articles that may be non-exhaustive, yet is maximally diversified and as representative as possible of the main 2011 highlights in the field of cardiovascular prevention. Each of the articles selected puts forward an original idea, confirms the existence of an effect that was suspected or has had some impact on clinical practice in the field of non-pharmacological management of cardiovascular disease. In line with the multidisciplinary approach of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PMR), the Sofmer cardiovascular rehabilitation group has associated itself with a wide range of specialists (PMR, cardiologists, exercise physiologists, experts in the science and technology of physical activities), all of whom are involved in clinical research and the management of more and more patients. Our objective was consequently to compile a selection of commented articles most likely to interest the different operatives (doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, dietitians, adapted physical activity instructors, psychologists) working with these patients in rehabilitation units or in phase III associative structures. Their goals may vary: (1) learners may wish to further their knowledge of cardiac rehabilitation techniques; (2) practitioners may be interested in continued education but not have the time for regular bibliographic updates; (3) researchers may be intent on informing themselves on the latest breakthroughs and/or arousing their imagination. Enjoy your reading! # 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Barriers to Pain Management among Lithuanian Cancer Patients

Objectives: The objectives of this study are (1) to describe Lithuanian cancer patients' barriers to pain management as well as pain management outcomes, (2) to check the reliability and validity of the questionnaires used in Lithuanian for the first time, and (3) to formulate patient‐centered recommendations for better cancer pain management.
A comparison of methods for determining lead content in drinking water: a portable anodic stripping voltammetry instrument method versus the standard EPA 239.2 method.

Lead levels in drinking water were measured by the standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-approved atomic absorption spectroscopy-graphite furnace Method 239.2 and compared with determinations made with a newly available portable anodic stripping voltammetry (PASV) instrument. A standard curve was prepared at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 microg/L of lead. PASV instrument readings were lower than standard EPA method values, with a mean difference and standard error (SE) of the mean between the two of 1.538+/-0.588 microg/L (n = 7, p = 0.040, significant at the 95% confidence interval [CI]). First-flush drinking water samples collected from 144 water fountains/coolers were preserved with nitric acid. Total lead content was tested twice for 29 EPA method samples and 54 PASV instrument samples to determine the variation within each method; results were not significant at the 95% CI. Total lead content was determined for 144 samples by both methods. PASV instrument readings were lower than standard EPA method values (mean difference and SE of the mean 0.630+/-0.206 microg/L; n = 144, p = 0.0027, significant at the 95% CI). Mean and standard deviation of the 144 samples for the EPA method and the PASV instrument were 6.5+/-11.8 microg/L and 5.9+/-11.6 microg/L, respectively. Means were below the action level for lead of 15 ppb (microg/L), but some values were above the action level (18 [13%] using the EPA method; 20 [14%] using the PASV instrument). Retesting by EPA method showed two false positive PASV values. Results indicate that in some field situations the PASV instrument may prove useful due to its relatively low price, small size, ease of use, and quick readings.
Error training: Replication and the function of exploratory behavior

A study of 30 psychology students replicated and extended the findings of Frese et al. (1991) on the superiority of error training, a procedure in which trainees are exposed to many errors. The hypothesis was that error training would lead to exploration and this would increase performance. The error training group performed better than the group that received training in which they were not allowed to make any errors. Students in both the error training and the error avoidant groups performed better if they explored. Exploration was done in contrast to the instruction in the error avoidant group. The data suggest that it is necessary to look into the question of whether errors instigate exploration.
Transformations of early infantile experiences: A 6‐month‐old in psychoanalysis

The aim of the paper is to study the theoretical and technical tools for psychoanalysis adapted to an infantile analysand's requirements. The author presents the case of a 6‐month‐old boy with his mother in psychoanalytical sessions four times a week; the analysis was terminated after six weeks. After the fi rst two sessions the disturbances between the infant and the mother disappeared from everyday life but continued with increasing intensity as an emotional storm in the sessions during three weeks up to a 12‐day break. During and after the break everyday life continued without disturbances. After the break the emotional storm continued in the sessions but abated and was replaced by playing. The infant's creation of a fort‐da game with his pacifi er indicated a transformation of the mental functioning. The analysis could then be terminated. The study of the process indicates good reasons to adapt psychoanalytical concepts to the prerequisite of the infantile personality and to use the concepts of unconscious, infantile repression, substitute formation, return of the infantile repressed, infantile transference, splitting, xKy, reverie and containment as some of the theoretical tools for understanding the infantile personality in a clinical psychoanalytical setting.
Nurse practitioner managed care for persons with HIV infection.

This exploratory study examined whether outcomes of care for HIV-infected patients are related to whether the patient's primary provider is a physician (MD) or a nurse practitioner (NP). Functional status, symptom occurrence, self management, health service use and patients' assessment of their care were evaluated for 87 HIV-infected patients in a teaching hospital outpatient setting. NP patients were three times as likely to report their health status as only fair or poor (odds-ratio = 3.06, p = .028), and reported significantly more unpleasant symptoms over a four-week period. Despite being in poorer health than patients cared for by physicians, NP patients functioned at comparable levels and used no more health care services than MD patients. NP patients reported 45 percent fewer problems with their care (p = 0.003). Findings suggest that more extensive use of nurse practitioners could safely enhance access to care for persons with HIV-related illnesses.
Briefly Noted

PTH level of 1661 pg/ml in 1402 parathyroidectomy patients on HD fell to 98 pg/ml at 1 month after surgery; 10% of these 1 month values were >897 pg/ml. Mean serum calcium fell from 9.6 to 7.9 mg/dl at 1 month; 25% of patients had values ≤7.2 pg/ml at 3 months with 17% of the whole group hospitalized for hypocalcemia within 90 days. Mean serum phosphorous fell from 6.8 to 3.8 mg/dl following surgery and was 5.8 mg/dl 1 year later (1).
An improved camera trap for amphibians, reptiles, small mammals, and large invertebrates

Camera traps are valuable sampling tools commonly used to inventory and monitor wildlife communities but are challenged to reliably sample small animals. We introduce a novel active camera trap system enabling the reliable and efficient use of wildlife cameras for sampling small animals, particularly reptiles, amphibians, small mammals and large invertebrates. It surpasses the detection ability of commonly used passive infrared (PIR) cameras for this application and eliminates problems such as high rates of false triggers and high variability in detection rates among cameras and study locations. Our system, which employs a HALT trigger, is capable of coupling to digital PIR cameras and is designed for detecting small animals traversing small tunnels, narrow trails, small clearings and along walls or drift fencing.
Sonography and MRI of rectus abdominis muscle strain in elite tennis players.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to describe the imaging findings at sonography and MRI of rectus abdominis muscle strain in tennis players. CONCLUSION Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the recti is seen in elite tennis players. The muscle belly hypertrophies on the side opposite the dominant arm and is subject to muscle tears of its deep fibers below the umbilicus. Imaging can be used to show these injuries.
Transmission probability of HIV and Herpes Simplex Virus

Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a sexually transmitted infection and the most common cause of genital herpes in developing countries (1). Because of its spread and its morbidity, ability to cause sickness in the population, HSV-2 infection is of major health concern. HSV-2 infections are lifelong, but many individuals have no or mild symptoms. Therefore the majority of genital herpes infections are transmitted from individuals unaware that they have the infection or who are asymptomatic – do not have any symptoms when transmission occurs (2). When symptomatic, very painful genital lesions can occur. In 2003, the estimated total number of people aged 15 to 49 living with HSV-2 worldwide (prevalence) was 536 million. 123.7 million (23%) resided in sub-Saharan Africa, among whom 63% were women (1). HSV-2 prevalence in the adult general population of sub-Saharan Africa ranges from 30% to 80% among women and from 10% to 50% among men (3). These rates are substantially higher than those in developed countries and in other developing regions (1). Within sub-Saharan Africa, prevalence is higher in eastern, middle and southern Africa, and lower in western Africa (1). As in the developed world, HSV-2 prevalence is higher in women than in men and increases with age (3). Few epidemiological studies have estimated the incidence, number of people newly infected, of HSV-2 infection in the developing world. A review estimated the number of new HSV-2 infections among 15 to 49 year olds worldwide in 2003 at 23.6 million, 26% of which having occurred in subSaharan Africa (1).
Transgenic Mice Demonstrate a Testis-specific Promoter for Lactate Dehydrogenase, LDHC*

The mammalian genome encodes a family of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes. Two of these, ldha andldhb, are expressed ubiquitously. The ldhc gene is active only in the germinal epithelium during spermatogenesis. In our analysis of ldhc gene regulation, we found that a 60-base pair promoter sequence was sufficient for testis-specific expression in an in vitro transcription assay. To confirm these findings, a genomic fragment containing 100 base pairs overlapping the transcription start site was isolated and linked to theEscherichia coli lacZ gene. We report that this genomic fragment drives testis-specific expression in transgenic mice. We conclude that transcription of the transgene and possibly of the endogenous ldhc gene is restricted to leptotene/pachytene primary spermatocytes.
Surprises in Mathematics Lessons.

In this article, I draw on a range of Japanese work and unify it under an integrating theme of 'surprise', to help gain insight into a characteristic of mathematics lessons which make students interested in mathematical ideas. Hersh (1997) took the standpoint that mathematics is a socialcultural-historic reality. From that standpoint, mathematics is considered to be outer to individuals, while it is considered inner to larger societies or communities (p. 17). Mathematics, like the other social institutions, has been created by human beings and cannot be easily changed by only one person or one classroom in a school. If we, as mathematics teachers, expect our students to learn such mathematics outer to themselves, surprise may be a critical factor in whether students would be interested in mathematical ideas. This issue is also important from the standpoint that learning is increasing participation in a certain practice (e.g. Lave and Wenger, 1991; Sfard, 1998). Usually, people want to participate in practices which seem interesting to them. Osawa's (1996) practice suggests that surprises are one of the factors which can elicit students' interest. In his lessons, new information about baton passes in the relay was generated using mathematical ideas. Students were surprised that such information could be generated by mathematics:
Neural mechanisms for heading and structure-from-motion perception.

Two of the most important perceptual functions of the visual motion system are to compute our direction of heading as we move through the environment, and to deduce the three-dimensional structure of objects and the environment from motion cues. Below, we review experiments that provide insights into how these perceptual phenomena are constructed by the brain. Understanding how the motion system performs these analyses will likely have general applicability to other perceptual functions, both within and outside the motion pathway. For instance, understanding how motion signals are perceived as spatially constant despite eye movements, an important prerequisite for determining heading direction, may lead to a general understanding of spatial-perceptual constancy. Likewise, understanding how three-dimensional form is processed from motion cues in the dorsal visual pathway may provide important suggestions as to how form is derived from other visual cues in the ventral visual pathway.
Optimal Sequential Resource Sharing and Exchange in Multi-Agent Systems

Central to the design of many engineering systems and social networks is to solve the underlying resource sharing and exchange problems, in which multiple decentralized agents make sequential decisions over time to optimize some long-term performance metrics. It is challenging for the decentralized agents to make optimal sequential decisions because of the complicated coupling among the agents and across time. In this dissertation, we mainly focus on three important classes of multi-agent sequential resource sharing and exchange problems and derive optimal solutions to them.First, we study multi-agent resource sharing with imperfect monitoring, in which self-interested agents have imperfect monitoring of the resource usage and inflict strong negative externality (i.e. strong interference and congestion) among each other. Despite of the imperfect monitoring, the strong negative externality, and the self-interested agents, we propose an optimal, distributed, easy-to-implement resource sharing policy that achieves Pareto optimal outcomes at the equilibrium. A key feature of the optimal resource sharing policy is that it is nonstationary, namely it makes decisions based on the history of past (imperfect)monitoring of the resource usages. The applications of our proposed design in wireless spectrum sharing problems enable us to improve the spectrum efficiency by up to 200% and achieve up to 90% energy saving, compared to state-of-the-art (stationary) spectrum sharing policies.Second, we study multi-agent resource sharing with decentralized information, in which each agent has a private, independently and stochastically changing state (whose transition may depend on the agent's action), and the agents' actions are coupled through resource sharing constraints. Despite of the decentralized information (i.e. private states), we propose distributed resource sharing policies that achieve the social optimum, and apply the proposed policies to demand-side management in smart grids, and joint resource allocation and packet scheduling in wireless video transmissions. The proposed policies demonstrate significant performance gains over existing myopic policies that do not take into account the state dynamics and the policies based on Lyapunov optimization that were proposed for single-agent problems.Finally, we study multi-agent resource exchange with imperfect monitoring, in which self-interested, anonymous agents exchange services (e.g. task solving in crowdsourcing platforms, file sharing in peer-to-peer networks, answering in question-and-answer forums). Due to the anonymity of the agents and the lack of fixed partners, free-riding is prevalent, and can be addressed by rating protocols.We propose the first rating protocol that can achieve the social optimum at the equilibrium under imperfect monitoring of the service quality. A key feature of the optimal rating protocol is again that it is nonstationary, namely it recommends desirable behaviors based on the history of past rating distributions of the agents.