Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Governance of the Entrepreneurial Threshold Firm: A Knowledge-based Perspective

By building on a knowledge-based view of the firm, this paper addresses a relatively unexplored area of roles and dynamics of corporate governance in younger, threshold firms that are undergoing a transition from the emergence to the professional management stage. Our analysis is focused on the process of capability development, exploring the effect of the asymmetry in knowledge that often exists between directors and senior managers on the governance of threshold firms. We examine the key sources of this asymmetry, explore ways directors and senior executives learn, and then discuss the implications of this learning on the evolution of governance systems in the threshold firm.
Mutational Analysis of the Relative Orientation of Transmembrane Helices I and VII in G Protein-coupled Receptors (*)

Currently, detailed structural information about the arrangement of the seven transmembrane helices (TM I-VII) present in all G protein-coupled receptors is still lacking. We demonstrated previously that hybrid m2/m5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors which contain m5 sequence in TM I and m2 sequence in TM VII were unable to bind significant amounts of muscarinic radioligands (Pittel, Z., and Wess, J.(1994) Mol. Pharmacol. 45, 61-64). By using immunocytochemical and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques, we show in the present study that these pharmacologically inactive mutant receptors are present (at high levels) on the surface of transfected COS-7 cells. Strikingly, all misfolded m2/m5 hybrid receptors could be pharmacologically rescued by introduction of a single point mutation into either TM I (m5Thr37 → m2Ala30) or TM VII (m2Thr423 → m5His478). All our experimental data are consistent with the notion that the two altered threonine residues face each other at the TM I/TM VII interface in the pharmacologically inactive m2/m5 hybrid receptors, thus interfering with proper helix-helix packing. Our data provide the first experimental evidence as to how TM I and TM VII are oriented relative to each other and also strongly suggest that the TM helices in G protein-coupled receptors are arranged in a counterclockwise fashion (as viewed from the extracellular membrane surface).
An Empirical Test of the Institutionalist View on Income Inequality Economic Growth within the United States

This paper analyzes the relationship between income inequality and economic growth within the United States using state-level data. It describes income inequality in the U.S. since 1960, then employs a two-step causal model to test the institutionalist contention that income inequality leads to socio-political instability, which has a negative impact on economic progress. The empirical results offer support for the institutionalist view.
Influence of Playing a Prolonged Tennis Match on Shoulder Internal Range of Motion

Background: Shoulder range of motion (ROM) deficits have been identified as an injury risk factor among tennis players. It is well known that shoulder internal rotation deficit increases with age and years of play, but there is a lack of knowledge regarding the influence of a prolonged tennis match on shoulder ROM. Purpose: To examine changes in shoulder ROM during a prolonged tennis match. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Shoulder passive internal and external rotation ROM were measured on 8 male tennis players before, every 30 minutes during, and just after a 3-hour tennis match. Total ROM was calculated as the combination of shoulder internal and external rotations. Ball velocity on the serve was measured with a radar gun before, at midmatch, and just after the match. Results: Decreases in shoulder internal rotation (–20.8°; P = .005), total ROM (–24.6°; P = .001), and serve velocity (–1.8 m/s; P = .002) were observed at the end of the match. No statistically significant difference was observed for shoulder external rotation after the match (P = .460). Conclusion: Passive shoulder internal rotation and total ROM are significantly decreased during a 3-hour tennis match. Clinical Relevance: The results show that a prolonged tennis match play can modify values of shoulder ROM.
Pre-play communication in Cournot competition: An experiment with students and managers

This study investigates the impact of pre-play communication on the outcomes in Cournot duopoly and triopoly experiments, using both students and managers as subjects. Communication is implemented by two different devices, a 'standardized-communication' and a free-communication device. We find that the effect of communication on collusion is larger in duopoly than in triopoly. Moreover, managers behave in a similar way under the two communication devices, while students are more influenced by the free-communication than by the standardized-communication device. In addition, managers select lower aggregate quantities than students, and communication enhances the difference between the subject pools in duopoly but reduces this difference in triopoly. Inspecting individual behavior, in all treatments the output adjustment is significantly correlated with the previous round's best response strategy. In the treatments with communication, the effect of imitation becomes larger and crowds out the effect of myopic best response. Finally, in all treatments duopoly results in more collusion than triopoly.
Are national biodiversity strategies and action plans appropriate for building responsibilities for mainstreaming biodiversity across policy sectors? The case of Finland

The Convention on Biological Diversity's national biodiversity strategies and action plans (NBSAPs) are major mechanisms for mainstreaming biodiversity into national policies. This article examines whether and how the NBSAPs contribute to mainstreaming biodiversity across policy sectors in Finland in order to halt biodiversity loss. We have developed an innovative analytical framework where the concept of responsibility addresses how motivations for mainstreaming can be built, and the concept of social learning outcomes addresses the extent of institutional changes for biodiversity. The Finnish NBSAP processes have been able to build diverse forms of responsibility (liability, accountability, responsiveness and care) in different policy sectors by providing new knowledge, careful process design and developing institutional linkages. Despite pro-biodiversity outcomes in the targeted policy sectors, the responsibilities do not diffuse from the environmental administration to other policy sectors to a sufficient extent. Closing this ‘responsibility gap’ is a key challenge for building effective environmental policies.
Serving Clients When the Server Crashes: How Frontline Workers Cope with E-Government Challenges

Implementing e-government in the contemporary American state is challenging. E-government places high technical demands on agencies and citizens in an environment of budget austerity and political polarization. Governments developing e-government policies often mobilize frontline workers (also termed street-level bureaucrats) to help citizens. However, we know little about how frontline workers cope in these challenging circumstances. This article fills this gap by examining frontline workers (such as Navigators) implementing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). Based on a qualitative analysis, we find that frontline workers cope by “moving towards clients”: they bend rules, work overtime and collaborate to help clients. They are less inclined to “move away” or “against” clients, for instance via rigid rule following and rationing. In other words, frontline workers try to serve clients, even “when the server crashes. ” Concluding, frontline workers can play a vital role for successfully implementing e-government policies.
Setting Targets for Health Care Performance: Lessons from a Case Study of the English NHS

This paper examines problems of setting targets for health care performance in which the centre sets a uniform set of targets and levels of performance. The case study examined by the paper is from the system of performance assessment of ‘star ratings’ that was introduced from 2001 by the Department of Health to give each organisation in the NHS in England a single summary score from zero rating to three stars. Star ratings were directed at holding trusts' chief executives to account for the local delivery of national priorities through a process of ‘naming and shaming’, in which Chief Executives of zero-rated organisations were at risk of losing their jobs. This paper outlines the underlying model and its three underlying assumptions: the centre can determine a scoring system to prioritise what matters; failures of performance that are not reflected in the scoring system do not matter; and the advantages of a system of scoring on accountable targets outweigh the disadvantages of various types of gaming responses. This paper examines the application of the model of star ratings to a case study of Primary Care Trusts (PCTs), which are complex organisations with three diverse sets of responsibilities: delivering primary care, commissioning secondary care, and supervising public health. It outlines an alternative model and the issues this raises for governance of health care performance.
Habit persistence in effective tax rates

This paper uses administrative data from the Australian Tax Office (ATO) to model the effective tax rates (ETRs) of large Australian corporates. The extent to which there is any habit persistence in ETRs is also examined. The results suggest that unobserved entity heterogeneity is important in explaining ETRs. In terms of observed heterogeneity, entity size, level of leverage, capital intensity, foreign income and R&D, are important explanators of ETRs. There is also evidence of a significant amount of habit persistence, implying that ETRs converge monotonically towards the statutory rate of corporation tax.
Economic Transition, Gender Bias, and the Distribution of Earnings in China

Market-oriented economic reform, which accelerated after 1992, has brought substantial changes to the Chinese economy. This dramatic economic transition was raised two important questions: 'How are women faring in the transition from a planned economy to a market economy? ' and 'Are some women faring relatively better than other women'? We use data from the Chinese Household Income Projects for the years 1988 and 1995, a standard earnings equation, and quantile regressions to estimate and decompose the earnings gap. Our findings suggest that while the earnings gap has increased, the fraction of the gap 'unexplained' by differences in human capital variables such as education and experience has declined over time. This result is particularly pronounced for low earning women. Copyright (c) 2005 The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
PPPs and the Changing Public Sector Ethos: Case-Study Evidence from the Health and Local Authority Sectors

This article explores the extent to which a new contractual approach to delivering public services, through public private partnerships (PPPs), is transforming the traditional values underpinning the public sector ethos among both managers and workers. Drawing on two detailed case studies of PPPs - a Private Finance Initiative in the health sector and the outsourcing of housing benefit claims in the local government sector - we identify a range of new pressures impacting on five key elements of a traditional notion of the public sector ethos. Our findings demonstrate that the contractual relations of PPPs have led to a clear weakening of traditional notions of managerial accountability and bureaucratic behaviour, reflecting both a shift to new lines of accountability (private sector shareholders) and a vicious circle of monitoring and distrust between partner organizations, in place of the old faith in bureaucratic process. Among workers, certain traditional values - especially a concern for working in the public interest - continue to inform the way they identify with, and understand, their work in delivering public services. However, the cost cutting and work intensification associated with PPPs present a significant threat to these values.The article identifies examples of short-term resilience of the traditional public sector ethos, as well as developments that threaten its long-term survival.
National Agricultural and Texas Journalists' Attitudes Toward and Information Sources for Biotechnology Issues

Biotechnology, and the perceptions of biotechnologypractices in food and fiber production, continues to bedebated in popular media outlets. According to researchfrom the International Food Information Council Foun-dation (IFICF, 2004), coverage of biotechnology as foodnews has slightly declined. However, it remains in thetop three food topics discussed by popular media outlets(IFICF, 2004). Coverage of biotechnology by these out-lets has been dominated by generalizations. Followingthe Monarch butterfly (USDA Agricultural ResearchService, 2005) and Starlink corn (Shelton et al., 2002)stories in 1999 and 2001, respectively, emphasis hasshifted to domestic labeling and international safetyconcerns. The shift to generalizations about biotechnol-ogy and decreasing coverage leads researchers to thequestions of public perception about biotechnology andthe information sources used to create these perceptions.Who can you trust to report accurately the benefits andrisks of agricultural biotechnology practices? Whatsources of information do media professionals use, andwhat is the frequency of use, when covering agriculturalbiotechnology issues? Reports about public perceptions of biotechnologyare not new, nor are the controversies surrounding it.Hoban (1989) identified the importance of biotechnol-ogy and the communication channels used to educateagricultural producers about these new technologiesnearly two decades ago. Common sense would indicatethat as agricultural biotechnology practices haveincreased in 15 years, public perception of the basicconcepts in biotechnology would have changed withrepeated stories about it in the media. Have perceptionsabout agricultural biotechnology changed in the past 15years? Not according to a recent article in
Majority Voting Over Publicly Provided Goods, Redistribution, and Income Taxation

Federal, state, and many local governments make decisions that involve taxation, redistribution, and provision of public goods. Positive models to study these issues encounter the well-known problem that majority-voting equilibrium (MVE) may fail to exist in such multidimensional models. In this paper, with reasonable restrictions on preferences, I provide sufficient conditions for the existence of an MVE in a model with linear income tax and government expenditure policies that affect individual labor/leisure choices. My majority-voting result takes account of the possibility that low-skill individuals will drop out of the labor force under some tax and expenditure configurations.
Processing of Facial Emotion Expression in Major Depression: A Review

Processing of facial expressions of emotion is central to human interaction, and has important effects on behaviour and affective state. A range of methods and paradigms have been used to investigate various aspects of abnormal processing of facial expressions in major depression, including emotion specific deficits in recognition accuracy, response biases and attentional biases. The aim of this review is to examine and interpret data from studies of facial emotion processing in major depression, in the context of current knowledge about the neural correlates of facial expression processing of primary emotions. The review also discusses the methodologies used to examine facial expression processing. Studies of facial emotion processing and facial emotion recognition were identified up to December 2009 utilizing MEDLINE and Web of Science. Although methodological variations complicate interpretation of findings, there is reasonably consistent evidence of a negative response bias towards sadness in individuals with major depression, so that positive (happy), neutral or ambiguous facial expressions tend to be evaluated as more sad or less happy compared with healthy control groups. There is also evidence of increased vigilance and selective attention towards sad expressions and away from happy expressions, but less evidence of reduced general or emotion-specific recognition accuracy. Data is complicated by the use of multiple paradigms and the heterogeneity of major depression. Future studies should address methodological problems, including variations in patient characteristics, testing paradigms and procedures, and statistical methods used to analyse findings.
Investor Sentiment and Return Predictability in Agricultural Futures Markets

This study examines the usefulness of trader‐position‐based sentiment index for forecasting future prices in six major agricultural futures markets. It has been found that large speculator sentiment forecasts price continuations. In contrast, large hedger sentiment predicts price reversals. Small trader sentiment hardly forecasts future market movements. An investigation was performed into various sentiment‐based timing strategies, and it was found that the combination of extreme large trader sentiments provides the strongest timing signal. These results are generally consistent with the hedging‐pressure theory, suggesting that hedgers pay risk premiums to transfer nonmarketable risks in futures markets. Moreover, it does not appear that large speculators in the futures markets possess any superior forecasting ability. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:929–952, 2001
Evaluating Lesion Segmentation on Breast Sonography as Related to Lesion Type

Breast sonography currently provides a complementary diagnosis when other modalities are not conclusive. However, lesion segmentation on sonography is still a challenging problem due to the presence of artifacts. To solve these problems, Markov random fields and maximum a posteriori–based methods are used to estimate a distortion field while identifying regions of similar intensity inhomogeneity. In this study, different initialization approaches were exhaustively evaluated using a database of 212 B‐mode breast sonograms and considering the lesion types. Finally, conclusions about the relationship between the segmentation results and lesions types are described.
Leadership and Climate for Innovation in Teams

The use of teamworking is common in many organizations. More or less self-directed teams are organized, often with the aim to achieve continuous improvements at work beyond the daily activities. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation between leader behaviour and team climate for innovation in teams. The Team Climate Inventory devised by Anderson and West and Ekvall and Arvonen’s leadership questionnaire were used to capture the leadership pattern and the team processes characterizing a team climate for innovation in 14 manufacturing teams (N1/4 98). The results indicate a positive relation between a leadership style that combines employee-and change-orientation and a team climate for innovation as a whole. However, innovative team processes such as participation and clarity of objectives were more associated with team membership than leadership in this setting.
Does the Risk of Poverty Reduce Happiness?

We investigate the unexplored link between the risk of poverty and happiness in the context of a developing country. Using unique longitudinal data, we estimate workers’ vulnerability to income poverty and find a strong negative relationship between vulnerability and life satisfaction, over and above the positive income effect commonly documented in the literature. The result is robust and cannot be reduced to the effect of two-sided uncertainty. A matched behavioral experiment shows that respondents are significantly loss averse. We conclude that downside risk is an important determinant of happiness and of economic decisions under uncertainty. Policies that mitigate downward risk may thus have direct impacts on both well-being and efficiency.
TWO APPROACHES TO MEASURING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF STARLINK CORN ON U.S. PRODUCERS

The discovery of StarLink corn in U.S. food products caused considerable disruption in the corn markets in 2000 and 2001. We estimated two models on the impact of StarLink corn over the 2000/2001 marketing year. In the first model, to segregate the U.S. corn market, identity preservation costs (IP costs) were imposed on the U.S. grain handling system to deal with both domestic and export sales of food corn and export sales of non food corn to Japan. In the second model, structural changes in corn demand were taken into account. Without taking into account Loan Deficiency Payment Program (LDP) payments, significant costs were incurred by producers as a result of StarLink. However, the effectively reduced the loss in revenue that would have been caused by StarLink, since there were periods of time immediately following the discovery of StarLink during which the market price dropped below the loan rate for corn. It was estimated that StarLink caused U.S. producers to lose between $25 and $290 million in revenue.
Alternative Procedures for Converting Qualitative Response Data to Quantitative Expectations: An Application to Australian Manufacturing

This paper analyses and extends alternative procedures for converting qualitative expectations responses to quantitative expectations. A number of conversion procedures is investigated, including the probability model, the time-varying parameter probability model, and the regression approach. The informational content of the survey expectations is compared with simple time series models. It is found that the expectations models are superior for many series, both in terms of producing lower forecast root mean square error (RMSE) values and in detecting turning points in the actual data. Survey expectations are also tested for rational expectations in aggregate using the orthogonality test. Copyright 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Even (Mixed) Risk Lovers are Prudent: Comment

Crainich, Eeckhoudt, and Trannoy (2013) show that mixed risk lovers are prudent. I show that common risk loving utility functions may not exhibit mixed risk loving? as is typical for risk aversion and mixed risk aversion? and thus these traits should be carefully distinguished. In particular, risk lovers may be imprudent.