Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monochromatic X-ray self-emission imaging of imploding wire array Z-pinches on the Z accelerator

A monochromatic X-ray self-emission imaging diagnostic has been developed for the Z accelerator, which drives 20 MA in 100 ns to implode wire array Z-pinches, generating up to 250 TW of soft X-ray radiation. This instrument reflects eight pinhole images from a flat Cr/C multilayer mirror (MLM) onto a 1-ns time-resolved microchannel plate detector. The MLM reflects 277-eV photons with /spl sim/5-eV bandwidth and 20% peak reflectivity, and an aluminized parylene filter shields the detector from visible light. High-energy bremsstrahlung X-rays do not follow the reflected beam path, and so the background on the shielded detector is reduced compared to a standard pinhole camera. The MLM-reflected images offer low-photon-energy spectral resolution that filtration alone cannot, yielding high-quality images of the final stages of the Z-pinch implosion. Initial data on Z from a Cu wire array will be presented. Observed phenomena include implosion instabilities, zippered implosion of a piston onto a precursor column during the onset of stagnation, accretion of trailing colder mass during the X-ray pulse, and cathode reemission. The inferred implosion velocity is significantly less than thin-shell implosion model calculations, and well below what is required for efficient Cu K-shell radiation. Instability-dominated, bright-spot Cu K-shell emission is seen on a second adjacent eight-frame filtered pinhole camera that is in the same beamline.
Challenges to producing high-quality distance learning

This issue of Open Learning contains a wide-ranging collection of papers about distance education implementation in Europe, Africa, Asia and Canada. These include discussion of some of the newest technologies of massive open online courses (MOOCs) and online collaborative video production, as well as engaging in long-standing but still current debates in the field of distance and online learning such as the role of assessment, what drives the choice of learning technology and how to develop skills through distance education and avoid simply ‘credentializing’ students. MOOCs have been one of the most discussed and promoted new open and distance learning methods in recent years. They have been promoted as the most efficient way to deliver large-scale higher education, and also as the newest ‘disruptive’ e-learning technology. We published our first paper to critically analyse MOOCs in the last issue of 2013 (de Langen & van den Bosch, 2013). In this issue, Kalman, in his paper ‘A Race to the Bottom: MOOCs and higher education Business Models’ (Kalman, 2014), examines the ‘free’-centric business model based on variable cost minimisation that underpins MOOCs. Those of us working in distance education will be very familiar with the problem of designing and resourcing systems that retain students and support them to achieve successful outcomes. They are not simple and they are not cheap and, as the papers in the special issue of Open Learning (27:1) discuss, most universities set up to deliver face-toface education find it difficult to create parallel sustainable systems to deliver highquality distance education over time. MOOCs can look like an attractive alternative to senior university executives. Kalman compares MOOCs with high-quality supported online learning systems and argues that the high profile of MOOCs could have a negative impact on the public perception of other distance education systems if the public believe that all distance education looks like a MOOC: huge classes, variable cost minimisation and low completion rates. MOOCs, he argues, are not the disruptive threat to traditional higher education providers that many have claimed, because they cannot deliver those things that students (and employers) want from higher education, but they may be a threat to high-quality distance education providers in unexpected ways. The paper by Amemado (2014) explores the reasons why institutions adopt the teaching/learning technologies that they do. This paper is based on research in Canadian universities. The author interviewed a number of people involved in leading strategies for the adoption of learning technologies from 12 different universities. His conclusions were that the kinds of functionality needed for improving the quality of student learning were not always present in the technologies and tools adopted by universities; rather, decisions were driven by beliefs in technology per se as a solution to the problem of efficiency and effectiveness, similar to the way that many people believe in MOOCs as the solution for expanding educational
Tobacco Control for Clinicians Who Treat Adolescents

Smoking remains the most common preventable cause of death in the developed world, and is rapidly becoming an important cause of death in the developing world. Nicotine is a powerfully addictive substance, and the tobacco industry spends billions annually promoting it in the United States. It is therefore important for clinicians to understand why people smoke, to address smoking in patients of all ages, and to lobby for health‐preserving tobacco control policies at the community level. Children take up smoking in response to social influences: smoking by friends, parents, and family, and through exposure to smoking in media. Parents who smoke not only model the behavior, but also often make the product available by leaving cigarettes around the house. Media influences include the $10 billion spent per year on tobacco marketing, but more importantly, the modeling of the behavior on screen by movie and television stars. Once children start smoking, many rapidly lose autonomy over the behavior. Youth can get hooked after smoking just a few cigarettes. The most effective community efforts for reducing tobacco use are: raising the price of tobacco; halting the sale of tobacco to minors; enforcing strict school tobacco policies; and making public places smoke free through local ordinances. Working with individuals, clinicians should support cessation in all smokers, including parents of children and adolescents. They should screen children for smoking risk factors beginning at age 10. They should teach parents to maintain smoke‐free households, to set nonsmoking expectations early on, and to monitor adolescents for signs of smoking. Parents should limit exposure to adult media (e.g., R‐rated movies) and use family television time to discuss the effect of seeing screen depictions of smoking on adolescent behavior. Adolescents who smoke should be assessed for signs of nicotine dependence and counseled about quitting. Clinicians are effective community voices; they should participate in efforts to raise tobacco taxes, limit the display of tobacco advertising, and make public places smoke free because of the adverse health effects of passive exposure to cigarette smoke.
Qualitative research in evidence-based medicine: Improving decision-making and participation in randomized controlled trials of cancer treatments

Background: Since the 1990s there has been increasing emphasis on ‘evidence-based medicine’. The randomized controlled trial is widely regarded as the ‘gold-standard’ study design for evaluating interventions. However, placing too strong an emphasis on a phase III trial, to the neglect of earlier development and piloting work, may result in weaker interventions that are more difficult to evaluate and less likely to be implemented. Aim: To illustrate the benefits and outcomes of qualitative research at the early stages of the research continuum. Setting/Participants: Two cancer studies are evaluated in which the best treatment option is uncertain: ASPECTS (A Study of Patients ExperienCes of TreatmentS) and ProtecT (Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment). Design: To examine decision-making in relation to palliative chemotherapy for advanced cancer, ASPECTS was a qualitative study involving non-participant observation and recording of oncology consultations. During the ProtecT feasibility study, recruitment interviews were routinely audiotaped and in-depth interviews conducted with men to explore their understanding of treatment options and randomization to trial arms. Results: ASPECTS identified that insufficient information was given to patients about the survival benefits of palliative chemotherapy with implications for informed consent. ProtecT illustrated the effective use of qualitative research methods to resolve recruitment and randomization problems for a randomized controlled trial. Conclusions: These studies illustrate the value of qualitative research, particularly during the earlier phases of the research continuum. Such research may generate hypotheses, strengthen the development and implementation of interventions and enhance their evaluation: all of which are essential to evidence-based medicine.
Corporate Governance, Intellectual Capital and Value Creation

This paper is a tentative to integrate, using a heterodox approach, the capabilities perspective, that raises the role of the manager's competences, and the incomplete contract perspective, that raises the role of agency problems, to describe how the corporate governance relationships work in high competitive and complex environments. This paper provides a redefinitions and reassessments of corporate governance theoretical models according to the changing nature of the firm. This paper tries to describe the corporate governance relationships by the interaction between authority, as the most valuable source of incentive to offer to the manager for firm-specific investment, and responsibility, as a mechanism to avoid opportunistic behaviors. The interaction between them allows managers to solve hold-up problems at the beginning and, after, moral hazard problems. These two factors balance the incentive problem with the need of a constraint to the manager's activities and explain the way to incentive innovation and managerial creativity to reach firm's success and support value creation processes.
A Dynamic Offloading Algorithm for Mobile Computing

Offloading is an effective method for extending the lifetime of handheld mobile devices by executing some components of applications remotely (e.g., on the server in a data center or in a cloud). In this article, to achieve energy saving while satisfying given application execution time requirement, we present a dynamic offloading algorithm, which is based on Lyapunov optimization. The algorithm has low complexity to solve the offloading problem (i.e., to determine which software components to execute remotely given available wireless network connectivity). Performance evaluation shows that the proposed algorithm saves more energy than the existing algorithm while meeting the requirement of application execution time.
Randomized Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Versus Light Therapy for Seasonal Affective Disorder: Acute Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE Whereas considerable evidence supports light therapy for winter seasonal affective disorder (SAD), data on cognitive-behavioral therapy for SAD (CBT-SAD) are promising but preliminary. This study estimated the difference between CBT-SAD and light therapy outcomes in a large, more definitive test. METHOD The participants were 177 adults with a current episode of major depression that was recurrent with a seasonal pattern. The randomized clinical trial compared 6 weeks of CBT-SAD (N=88) and light therapy (N=89). Light therapy consisted of 10,000-lux cool-white florescent light, initiated at 30 minutes each morning and adjusted according to a treatment algorithm based on response and side effects. CBT-SAD comprised 12 sessions of the authors' SAD-tailored protocol in a group format and was administered by Ph.D. psychologists in two 90-minute sessions per week. Outcomes were continuous scores on the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-SAD Version (SIGH-SAD, administered weekly) and Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II, administered before treatment, at week 3, and after treatment) and posttreatment remission status based on cut points. RESULTS Depression severity measured with the SIGH-SAD and BDI-II improved significantly and comparably with CBT-SAD and light therapy. Having a baseline comorbid diagnosis was associated with higher depression scores across all time points in both treatments. CBT-SAD and light therapy did not differ in remission rates based on the SIGH-SAD (47.6% and 47.2%, respectively) or the BDI-II (56.0% and 63.6%). CONCLUSIONS CBT-SAD and light therapy are comparably effective for SAD during an acute episode, and both may be considered as treatment options.
Separation of Ionization Traps in NPN Transistors Irradiated by Lower Energy Electrons

Effects of oxide-trapped charge and interface traps induced by ionizing radiation, on the degradation of the electrical properties in NPN bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), are identified in this paper. Ionization traps in 3DG110 NPN BJTs are caused by 110 keV electron irradiations for various fluences, and the key electrical parameters are measured in situ during irradiation. In order to separate the effects of the interface traps and oxide charge on the radiation response in BJTs, the isochronal and isothermal annealing are performed after irradiations. Behavior of the radiation-induced defects is detected by DLTS after the irradiation and the postirradiation annealing. Measurement results indicate that when the change in reciprocal of the gain (Δ(1/ β)) tends to level off, the concentration of oxide-trapped charge increases with increasing irradiation fluence, while that of the interface traps keeps unchangeable. A comparison of DLTS signals with changes in excess base current (ΔIB) versus base-emitter voltage (VBE) is conducted to show the role of oxide-trapped charge and interface traps on the excess base current, illustrating that the DLTS analysis is suitable to separate the ionization traps in BJTs.
Brand Image Transfer Through Sponsorship: A Consumer Learning Perspective

Despite the massive growth in sponsorship activity of all kinds, academic research is still in its infancy in this area. This is particularly true with regards the effect of sponsorship on the brand image of the sponsor. This article seeks to address this by producing a conceptual framework of factors that influence sponsorship's effect on brand image transfer (BIT) amongst consumers. The findings from existing research are summarised and highlighted. Where there is a lack of research, 'appropriate' theory from the wider branding literature is used to develop the discussion. Thus, brand knowledge, power, fit and quality are considered as influences on the BIT process. A model of the actual process by which brand image transfers is developed and conditions influencing the strength of the transfer are identified. From this overall analysis, implications for both sponsors and sponsored are discussed and future research directions are outlined.
Satisfaction and Loyalty From Shopping Mall Experience and Brand Personality

“Shopping mall brand experience” is the consumers’ response toward the marketing activities offered by a shopping complex and includes sensory, emotional, perceptional, and behavioral experiences. In this study, we examine the impact of mall brand experience and personality on mall satisfaction and loyalty as a key element of differentiation for the continued growth of the shopping complex. We find that the shopping mall experience impacts satisfaction and loyalty, as well as brand personality. Although the shopping mall personality influences satisfaction, it does not have a direct influence on loyalty. This study also shows that satisfaction affects loyalty as well.
Understanding the loss of trust in large banks

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore a stakeholder trust model of organizations and applies the model to diagnose the loss of trust in large banks (Universal and Investment Banks) after the global financial crisis (GFC). Prescriptions for the repair of trust are offered along with the diagnosis. Design/methodology/approach – The theoretical underpinnings of the stakeholder trust model of organizations are supported using the literature in marketing and management. Case study data on large and community banks are used to explore differences in these type of banks as they relate to trustworthiness as articulated in the stakeholder trust model of organizations. Findings – The stakeholder trust model of organizations and six dimensions of trustworthiness help to explain why trust eroded in large banks during the GFC but increased or remained stable among some community banks. This diagnosis of the loss of trust also points to interventions that will be necessary to restore trust going forward amo.
Monomeric CFTR in Plasma Membranes in Live Cells Revealed by Single Molecule Fluorescence Imaging*

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP-regulated chloride channel. There is indirect and conflicting evidence about whether CFTR exists in cell membranes as monomers, dimers, or higher order oligomers. We measured fluorescence intensities and photobleaching dynamics of distinct fluorescent spots in cells expressing functional CFTR-green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimeras. Intensity analysis of GFP-labeled CFTR in live cells showed single-component distributions with mean intensity equal to that of purified monomeric GFP, indicating monomeric CFTR in cell membranes. Fluorescent spots showed single-step photobleaching, independently verifying that CFTR is monomeric. Results did not depend on whether GFP was added to the CFTR N terminus or fourth extracellular loop or on whether CFTR chloride conductance was stimulated by cAMP agonists. Control measurements with a CFTR chimera containing two GFPs showed two-step photobleaching and a single-component intensity distribution with mean intensity twice that of monomeric GFP. These results provide direct evidence for monomeric CFTR in live cells.
How Teamwork Matters More as Team Member Dispersion Increases

Product development teams become increasingly dispersed because innovative project tasks require the input of specialized knowledge at multiple locations. Prior analyses indicate that as team member dispersion increases teams find it more difficult to perform high-quality teamwork. Moreover, the literature has largely assumed that the performance effect of teamwork in innovative projects would be driven by the nature of the project task and that this would be true regardless of the degree to which team members were co-located. The present study argues, however, that teamwork affects team performance more strongly as team member dispersion increases. Two main reasons for this are discussed: (1) High-quality teamwork can leverage the increased knowledge potential of dispersed teams; and (2) team leaders in more dispersed teams have little possibility to compensate low-quality teamwork through hands-on leadership. Responses from 575 managers, team leaders, and team members of 145 new product development (NPD) projects in the software industry were used to analyze the moderating effect of team member proximity on the relationship between teamwork quality and team performance. Using regression analysis, support is found for the initial hypothesis that team member dispersion moderates the relationship between teamwork quality and team performance, that is, that increasing team member dispersion increases the positive impact of teamwork quality on team performance. As such, the present analysis advances understanding of dispersed teams, showing that teamwork quality not only is more difficult to achieve but also is more critical to team performance as team dispersion increases. Furthermore, low-proximity teams can reach higher levels of effectiveness and efficiency than co-located ones if they manage to achieve high levels of teamwork over distance. Thus, team dispersion may well be an opportunity and should not just be regarded as a liability to be overcome or avoided. This research recognizes that the vast majority of teams are neither perfectly co-located nor perfectly virtual. There are many shades of gray between these two extremes, and various individual, team, task, and contextual characteristics may have an effect on how decreases—however small—in geographical proximity affect the process and performance of teams. Future research is encouraged to address such factors at different levels of analysis aimed at providing managers with recommendations for dispersed teamwork.
Ectonucleotidase in Sympathetic Nerve Endings Modulates ATP and Norepinephrine Exocytosis in Myocardial Ischemia

We recently reported that ATP, coreleased with norepinephrine (NE) from cardiac sympathetic nerves, increases NE exocytosis via a positive feedback mechanism. A neuronal ectonucleotidase (E-NTPDase) metabolizes the released ATP, decreasing NE exocytosis. Excessive NE release in myocardial ischemia exacerbates cardiac dysfunction. Thus, we studied whether the ATP-mediated autocrine amplification of NE release is operative in ischemia and, if so, whether it can be modulated by E-NTPDase and its recombinant equivalent, solCD39. Isolated, guinea pig hearts underwent 10- or 20-min ischemic episodes, wherein NE was released by exocytosis and reversal of the NE transporter, respectively. Furthermore, to restrict the role of E-NTPDase to transmitter ATP, sympathetic nerve endings were isolated (cardiac synaptosomes) and subjected to increasing periods of ischemia. Availability of released ATP at the nerve terminals was either increased via E-NTPDase inhibition or diminished by enhancing ATP hydrolysis with solCD39. P2X receptor blockade with PPADS was used to attenuate the effects of released ATP. We found that, in short-term ischemia (but, as anticipated, not in protracted ischemia, where NE release is carrier-mediated), ATP exocytosis was linearly correlated with that of NE. This indicates that by limiting the availability of ATP at sympathetic terminals, E-NTPDase effectively attenuates NE exocytosis in myocardial ischemia. Our findings suggest a key role for neuronal E-NTPDase in the control of adrenergic function in the ischemic heart. Because excessive NE release is an established cause of dysfunction in ischemic heart disease, solCD39 may offer a novel therapeutic approach to myocardial ischemia and its consequences.
A fetal antigen associated with human neoplasia.

Abstract The serum of eight of 1518 patients with cancer contained precipitating antibody defining a new antigen associated with human neoplasia. The antigen has been named γ-fetoprotein (γFP) because of its electrophoretic mobility and its occurrence in the serum and some tissues of the normal fetus. γFP antigen was present in 75 per cent (169 of 225) of a wide variety of benign and malignant human tumors, the serum of 11 per cent (23 of 210) of patients with cancer and two of 101 specimens of non-neoplastic diseased tissue (inflammatory intestinal lesions from two elderly patients). It was not present in any normal human tissue or in adult human serum. Fetal serum of four of six other mammalian species were γFP positive, but curiously enough, no tumors of the animals were γFP positive. The γFP system is serologically distinct from other known immunoprecipitin systems, including the α1-fetoprotein system of hepatomas and the carcinoembryonic antigen of human intestinal carcinoma.