Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Latest results from the Pierre Auger Observatory

Recent results obtained with the Pierre Auger Observatory are described. These include measurements of the spectrum, anisotropies and composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. The ankle of the spectrum is measured at $4\times 10^{18}$~eV and a suppression above $3\times 10^{19}$~eV consistent with the GZK effect is observed. At energies above $5.5\times 10^{19}$~eV a correlation with the distribution of nearby extragalactic objects is found, including an excess around the direction of Centaurus~A, the nearest radio loud active galaxy. Measurements of the depth of shower maximum and its fluctuations suggest a gradual change in the average mass of the primary cosmic rays (under standard extrapolations of hadronic interaction models), being the results consistent with a light composition consisting mostly of protons at few$\times 10^{18}$~eV and approaching the expectations from iron nuclei at $4\times 10^{19}$~eV. Upper bounds on the photon fraction and the neutrino fluxes are also obtained.
The effective presentation of inquiry-based classroom experiments using teaching strategies that employ video and demonstration methods

This study was conducted in the light of the philosophical framework of inquiry-based science education. The research involved the presentation of experiments on basic science concepts that have been tested for validity through inquiry-based processes. The experiments were formulated firstly to determine what differences there would be in student academic achievement and in their attitudes toward the school subject of Science and Technology when the experiments were introduced by demonstration or in a video. Another purpose of the study was to create technology-supported teaching materials to enrich the learning environment. The participants in the research were second-year pre-service teachers ( N =149) who were students in classroom teaching. The study was of a quasi-experimental design and made use of a pretest, post-test and permanency test with a control group. The results then being merged with the observation notes of the researchers. The study set forth the strong and weak aspects of both teaching strategies and concluded that using both methods to complement each other would be effective in teaching and would also constitute an alternative to the teaching materials and strategies used in schools with scarce resources.
The relationship between Internet addiction with depression and anxiety among Iranian adolescents

BACKGROUND: Currently, the Internet has become an indispensable part of individuals’ lives. Given the increasing use of the Internet, especially among students, it is essential to analyze its impacts on the psychological characteristics of individuals. The present study was carried out aiming to determine the relationship between Internet addiction with depression and anxiety among the adolescents. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on all high school students of the city of Sanandaj, Iran. The study subjects included 595 students (285 girls and 310 boys) which were selected through cluster random sampling. The data collection tools in this study included Internet Addiction Test (IAT) by Young, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Data were analyzed using SPSS software, regression analysis, and chi-square test. RESULTS: It has been found that 28.7% of the students had Internet addiction. There was a significant correlation between Internet addiction and depression (P < 0.001), anxiety (P < 0.001) and school grade (P = 0.002). However, no significant relationship was reported between Internet addiction and sex (P = 0.560), parental separation (P = 0.860) and parents’ death (P = 0.722). Moreover, the results of regression analysis showed that these variables altogether could predict 36% of Internet addiction among these subjects. CONCLUSION: The increasing Internet addiction in the Iranian society is associated with depression and anxiety. Therefore, providing educational programs for students and parents to use the Internet properly and diagnosis and treatment of Internet addiction among students are recommended.
Investigating Language-Related Episodes during Mechanical and Meaningful Output Activities

The present study examines how EFL learners consciously reflect on their language during a set of mechanical and meaningful output activities. Thirty-six Farsi learners of English negotiated on linguistic features and completed six activities over a period of six weeks. The transcripts from the learners’ interaction were analyzed for instances of language-related episodes (LREs), their principal focus on meaning or grammar and their nature and outcome. The results showed that (1) the meaningful output activities elicited significantly more LREs than did the mechanical output activities, (2) while approximately half of the LREs in the meaningful activities focused on lexis and meaning, the majority of LREs in the mechanical activities were directed towards grammatical forms and a small portion was focused on meaning, (3) the two output groups differed significantly in the continuous and correctly solved episodes. The study provides support on the effectiveness of collaborative output activities in pushing learners to verbalize their internal linguistic processing and focusing their attention on a wide range of linguistic features.
Removal of Oil from Oil Produced Water Using Eggshell

The presence of dissolved crude oil in water poses significant environmental hazards to aquatic lives. Components of dissolved oil, BTEX which are carcinogenic can cause cancer after a long time of exposure. Eggshell, a potential biosorbent was used to remove both dissolved and dispersed oil in produced water. It was conditioned to provide good oil uptake in its natural form. The biosorbent material was characterized using FT-IR, SEM, XRD, BET and EDS techniques. The results showed that eggshell contains calcium, carbon and oxygen in proportions of 37.4, 48.5 and 14.1 atomic percent respectively. Biosorption experiments with the eggshell biosorbent showed that it can be used for crude oil removal from produced water providing almost 100% at concentration of 1.8 g eggshell/L of produced water and oil concentration as high as 194 mg/l. Several kinetic models were tested and it was discovered that the biosorbent followed pseudo-second order biosorption kinetics. The value of q e deduced from the slope of the curve was 108.69 mg/g and the value of rate constant (k 2 ) was found to be 0.019 g.mg -1 min -1 . This result showed that eggshell is a good biosorbent for crude oil removal in produced water. It will provide a cheap way of cleaning oily contaminated water environment thus safeguarding human health, aquatic lives, and soil fertility. Keywords: eggshell, oil removal, produced water, environment, biosorption, biosorbent
Does Military Expenditure Influence Economic Growth in Nigeria during 1989-2013? A Bound Testing Approach

The study examines the effect of military expenditure on output in Nigeria both in the short-run and in the long-run period. In addition, it verified whether military expenditure is an economically noncontributive activity using ARDL bounds testing approach to co-integration. Results showed that military spending has negative and significant effect on output in the short-run but positive and significant effect in the long-run. Labour and capital have positive and significant effects both in the long-run and shortrun. In addition, labour has the highest coefficient (3.0709) in the long-run. The study concludes that government should reduce its expenditure on defense and concentrate more on human capital development, since military spending contributes nothing to output in the short-run.
Status of the Reactive Extraction as a Method of Separation

The prospective function of a novel energy efficient fermentation technology has been getting great attention in the past fifty years due to the quick raise in petroleum costs. Fermentation chemicals are still limited in the modern market in huge part because of trouble in recovery of carboxylic acids. Therefore, it is needed considerable development in the current recovery technology. Carboxylic acids have been used as the majority of fermentation chemicals. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on the reactive extraction of carboxylic acids from fermentation broths. This paper principally focuses on reactive extraction that is found to be a capable option to the proper recovery methods.
Trichomonas vaginalis / AWARENESS OF TRICHOMONIASIS IN WOMEN ATTENDED BY THE HEALTH SERVICE OF BAGÉ, RS, BRAZIL

This study aimed to measure the level of awareness of Trichomonas vaginalis / trichomoniasis and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), in 300 women from 19 municipalities in the southwest region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, who sought the gynecology sector of the Basic Healthcare Centers in the Municipality of Bage from January to June 2013. The data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire, and the results were tabulated and organized using Excel® 2010 software. Only 5.7% of the participants said they were aware of T. vaginalis / trichomoniasis and had a little information on HIV and Aids in reference to other STDs. Schooling alone was significant (p = 0.0135), as women who had a high school diploma or higher education were 6.6 times more likely to be aware of T. vaginalis. There is, therefore, a need to devise better educational campaigns, addressing this and other STDs, such as trichomoniasis, given the lack of knowledge about this parasite, its high frequency and possible escalation
Effects of growth-promoting endophytic Methylobacterium on development of Citrus rootstocks

Endophytic Methylobacterium spp. were inoculated on citrus seed and evaluated for their ability to promote growth of Citrus limonia and Citrus sunki seedlings under commercial nursery conditions. The germination rate and seedlings growth differed according to the combination between Methylobacterium species and citrus rootstock, showing that the interaction depends on their compatibility. Methylobacterium had no effect on germination of both rootstocks, except AR 1.6/2 that reduced the germination of C. limonia. On the other hand, some strains from citrus significantly promoted biomass production and height of aerial part of both rootstocks. The pathway of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis was identified in M. mesophilicum SR1.6/6 genome and this ability was confirmed in culture medium, suggesting that this mechanism is probably involved in growth promotion observed in present study. Recovery of strains in culture medium and ARDRA analysis confirmed the endophytic colonization of rootstocks by Methylobacterium. Our analyses of C. limonia and C. sunki seeds revealed that Methylobacterium is not vertically transferred to citrus plants. These results suggest that Methylobacterium can endophytically colonize the plant and have a potential for plant growth promotion under commercial nursery conditions. However, this growth promoting effect depends on specific interactions between Methylobacterium and citrus species. Key words: Methylobacterium, Citrus, plant-bacteria interaction, growth promotion, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) pathway.
Rb-Cs-rich rasvumite and sector-zoned loparite-(Ce) from Mont Saint-Hilaire (Québec, Canada) and their petrologic significance

Rasvumite and “loparite-(Ce)” from the Mont Saint-Hilaire alkaline complex in Quebec were re-examined using a variety of analytical techniques. Rasvumite crystals from a marble xenolith and tawite (“sodalite xenolith”) entrained in nepheline syenite contain significant amounts of Rb and Cs (up to 7.2 and 2.6 wt.%, respectively). Our data indicate that these elements are more compatible with respect to rasvumite than sodalite, tainiolite, or perovskite-type phases. Cubo-octahedral crystals and penetration twins of “loparite-(Ce)” from the tawite comprise {100} growth sectors composed of loparite-(Ce) and {111} sectors composed of lueshite; the proportion of Na 0.5 Ce 0.5 TiO 3 and NaNbO 3 components varies by ≥15 mol. % between the sectors. In addition to the light rare-earth elements and Ti, the {100} sectors are enriched in K, Sr, Ba, Y, Th, U, Fe, Si and Zr with respect to the {111} sectors, which show higher levels of Na, Ca, Nb and Ta. Some elements (Ba, Th and U) exhibit a two-fold or greater difference in D between the sectors. Crystal-chemical analysis of the sector zoning indicates that higher-charged cations partition into surface protosites with fewer bonds satisfied (in agreement with Dowty’s model). Among isovalent A -site cations, the larger partition into the {100} sectors. This observation is at variance with Dowty’s predictions, but can be readily explained in terms of the relative differences in bond strength between large and small cations (estimated from their bond-valence parameters). The distribution of B -site cations is highly charge-dependent (but size-independent) and constrained mostly by heterovalent substitutions in the A site within a given sector. Comparison with the published data shows that the inter-sectorial distribution of cations in the perovskite structure is controlled not only by their charge, radius and involvement in coupled substitutions, but also by the chemistry of crystallization environment ( e.g. , availability of Nb). The implications of these data for the study of element partitioning in perovskites are discussed. The loparite-lueshite intergrowths and Rb-Cs-rich rasvumite in the tawite are interpreted to have crystallized in equilibrium with sodalite, aegirine and tainiolite from halogen-rich peralkaline magma. The tawite and its host nepheline syenite may have formed from cognate immiscible magmas, as proposed earlier by Piilonen, McDonald and Lalonde.
Cost efficiency of the Czech and Slovak banking sectors: an application of the data envelopment analysis

The aim of the paper is to estimate the cost efficiency of the Czech and Slovak commercial banks within the period 2010-2014. For empirical analysis the Data Envelopment Analysis input-oriented model with variable returns to scale is applied on the data of the commercial banks. The intermediation approach is adopted to define the inputs and outputs. The Czech commercial banks are more cost efficient than Slovak commercial banks. The development of average cost efficiency is similar in the Czech and Slovak banking industry. The most efficient Czech banks are Česká spořitelna and Sberbank in the Czech banking sector, the most efficient Slovak bank is Privatbanka with 100% efficiency.
On the equality of the ordinary least squares estimators and the best linear unbiased estimators in multivariate growth-curve models

It is well known that there were proved several necessary and sufficient conditions for the ordinary least squares estimators (OLSE) to be the best linear unbiased estimators (BLUE) of the fixed effects in general linear models. The purpose of this article is to verify one of these conditions given by Zyskind [39, 40]: there exists a matrix Q such that X = XQ, where X and are the design matrix and the covariance matrix, respectively. It will be shown the accessibility of this condition in some multivariate growth-curve models, establishing the known result regarding the equality between OLSE and BLUE in this type of linear models.
Why are Economists so Different? Nature, Nurture and Gender Effects in a Simple Trust Game

We analyze the behavior of 577 economics and law students in a simple binary trust experiment. While economists are both significantly less trusting and less trustworthy than law students, this difference is largely due to differences between female law and economics students. While female law students are already different in nature (during the first term of study) from female economists, the gap between them also widens more drastically over the course of their study compared to their male counterparts. This finding is rather critical as the detailed composition of students is typically neglected in most experiments.
Foraminiferal Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy and High-Resolution Organic Carbon, Carbonate Records from the Okinawa Trough (IMAGES MD012404 and ODP Site 1202)

Biogenic carbonate and organic carbon content of two deep sea cores (MD012404 and ODP site 1202) are measured to reconstruct surface ocean productivity variations in areas of the Okinawa Trough in the Western Pacific where the modern climate is highly sensitive to the East Asian monsoon and precipitation/river runoff. Based on foraminiferal isotope stratigraphy and AMS (superscript 14)C dating, the age models of the cores indicate that core MD012404 shows relatively low sedimentation rates with 50 cm ky^(-1) on average, and that the sedimentation rates in core ODP 1202 are extremely high with an average of 500 cm ky^(-1). Total organic carbon (TOC) and carbonate contents in core ODP 1202 are 0.56% and 6.80% on average, respectively, and are 0.62% and 15.86%, respectively, in core MDO 12404. The relatively high carbonate contents in core MD012404 imply high carbonate productivity in the central Okinawa Trough. The sedimentary composition of core ODP 1202 is composed principally of terrestrial silt and clay, indicating enormous terrestrial flux from land and a carbonate dilution effect in the southern Okinawa Trough. The variations of TOC in core MD012404 reveal a dominant 23 kyr cycle, suggesting that the surface ocean productivity in the Okinawa Trough area appears to be driven by precession changes in the East Asian monsoon. High-frequency oscillations in the TOC records in core MD012404 also indicate that the surface ocean productivity changes share a similar structure with the climatic variability characteristic of northern high latitudes.
Microencapsulation of Roasted Coffee Oil by Complex Coacervation with Gelatin/Gum Arabic Enzymatically Crosslinked

The roasted coffee oil is a coffee industry byproduct composed by a great number of compounds including the volatiles, responsible by coffee aroma. The main objetive of the present work is the encapsulation of roasted coffee oil in enzimatically crosslinked gelatin and gum Arabic microcapsules. The microcapsules were obtained by complex coacervation. The effect of the roasted coffee oil amount used and the stirring rate on the average diameter, oil recovery and encapsulation efficiency were evaluated. The microcapsules presented average diameter up to 29.30 ± 1.28 µm with narrow size distributions. The results varied from 78.45 ± 2.47 to 100.70 ± 5.23 % (oil recovery) and 32.50 ± 3.53 to 71.00 ± 4.24 % (encapsulation efficiency). The water sorption isotherm of microcapsules was evaluated at 25 oC and the results were fitted with the Guggenhein-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model, presenting a R 2 equal to 0.9892 and “J” shape behavior. Finally, the crosslinking reaction was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), showing that the crosslinking reaction promoted by transglutaminase introduced a band in microcapsules spectra located at 1550 cm -1 corresponding to the monosubstituted amide.
The Role of Goal Congruence in Relationship Quality and Subjective Well-being

The goal of this dissertation was to examine how people pursue their personal goals in the context of an intimate relationship. Two studies were conducted; a daily diary study of dating partners’ joint activities and a longitudinal study of newly dating couples. In the daily diary study, people reported on their daily joint activities with their dating partners regarding whether their goals were met and how they were feeling during the given activity. The results showed that when people’s goals were met in an activity, their partners were able to accurately perceive that their goals were being met. However, when their goals were not met in the activity, their partners’ accuracy regarding their goals was only at chance levels. The partners’ overall levels of goal congruence did not predict the proportion of goal-congruent activities the partners participated in. However, the partners’ level of goal congruence predicted increases in life satisfaction, relationship commitment, and relationship satisfaction, as well as decreases in negative affect over time. In the longitudinal study, newly dating couples filled out measures of their goals, well-being, and relationship quality during their initial session. Three months later, the couples filled out measures of these same constructs again and answered questions about the goals that they reported pursuing during their initial session. Results showed that concurrently, the partners’ levels of goal congruence were associated with greater ability to make goal progress iii and higher relationship satisfaction, both of which, in turn, were associated with higher subjective well-being. Longitudinally, initial levels of goal congruence did not predict changes in goal progress and relationship quality over time. However, analysis of the individual goals indicated that people adjusted their goal pursuits based on the level of goal conflict between their own goals and their partners’ goals, such that people were more likely to stop pursuing or devalue goals that conflicted with their partners’ goals over time. Furthermore, the tendency to adjust goals over time was associated with increasing relationship commitment. The results of these studies show that conflict between relationship partners’ goals has important consequences for their relationship, goal progress, and personal well-being.
CEO incentive dynamics and their effect on firm value

This paper examines the trajectory of pay-performance-sensitivity (PPS) in the years immediately after chief executive officers (CEOs) assume their positions. We show that PPS “steady state equilibrium” is not achieved overnight, but instead evolves through a process whereby CEO incentives increase gradually before eventually leveling off. We discuss various factors that might contribute to these observed dynamics including liquidity constraints, career concerns, entrenchment, survivor bias, and learning of the CEOs’ true abilities. We find strong support for some, but only mixed support for others. Because median CEO tenure in ExecuComp is eight years, our results suggest that this dynamics of incentive accumulations over a CEO’s tenure cannot be ignored when studying executive incentive schemes. Finally, we show this gradual adjustment of PPS over a CEO’s tenure to have a meaningful impact on firm valuation, as measured by Tobin’s Q.