Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The origin of turbulence in wall-bounded flows

The motion of liquids and gases can be either laminar, flowing slowly in orderly parallel and continuous layers of fluid that cannot mix, or turbulent in which motion exhibits disorder in time and space with the ability to promote mixing. Breakdown of ordered to disordered motion can follow different scenarios so that no universal mechanism can be identified even in similar flow configurations [1]. Only under very special circumstances can the mechanism associated with the appearance of turbulence be studied within the deterministic theory of hydrodynamic stability [2] or employing direct numerical simulations [3] which themselves cannot provide the necessary understanding [4]. Here we show that the representative mechanism responsible for the origin of turbulence in wallbounded flows is associated with large variations of anisotropy in the disturbances [5]. During the breakdown process, anisotropy decays from a maximum towards its minimum value, inducing the explosive production of the dissipation which logically leads to the appearance of small-scale three-dimensional motions. By projecting the sequence of events leading to turbulence in the space which emphasizes the anisotropic nature in the disturbances [6], we explain why, demonstrate how and present what can be achieved if the process is treated analytically using statistical techniques [7]. It is shown that the statistical approach provides not only predictions of the breakdown phenomena which are in fair agreement with available data but also requirements which ensure persistence of the laminar regime up to very high Reynolds numbers.
The evolution of a citation network topology:The development of the journal Scientometrics

By mapping the electronic database containing all papers in Scientometrics for a 26-year period (1978-2004), we uncover the topological measures that characterize the network at a given moment, as well as the time evolution of these quantities. The citation network of the journal displays the characteristic features of a “small-world” network of local dense clusters of highly specialized literature. These clusters, however, are efficiently connected into a large single component by a small number of “hub” papers that allow short-distance connection among increasingly large numbers of papers. The patterns of evolution of the network toward this “small-world” are also explored.
Trends and Multifractal Analyses of Precipitation Data from Shandong Peninsula, China

Water shortage is a very serious problem in Shandong Peninsula, which is one of the most rapidly developed zone in China. As the major source of water supply is in this area, precipitation is crucial to sustainable development in Shandong Peninsula. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the trend and characteristics of precipitation during the last 4 decades. Approach: The data, both monthly and annual precipitation, were collected from six gauge stations. Both classical statistical and nonlinear analyses for time series analysis were performed. Results: First, it was found that the trend of precipitation in this area was decreasing. Second, the statistical analyses showed that there were two precipitation regimes and the turning point was around 1980. This time is in line with that about climate change in some recent references. Third, the complexity of precipitation time series was also analyzed by nonlinear (multifractal) approach. Frequency analysis showed that the dominant periods of Fractal oscillations were consistent with that obtained in some previous studies. Conclusion/Recommendations: The decreasing trend would be considered in future water resource management. Moreover, the findings of this study are of interest from the perspective of climate change and deserve more research study in the future.
Genetic variability and correlation of seed yield and related characters in oat (Avena sativa L.)

The present investigation was conducted with 25 genotypes of oats and were grown during rabi 2015-16 to assess the performance, variability, heritability, genetic advance and correlation coefficient analysis using sixteen various yield and yield contributing traits in RCBD with three replications. Variances component method was used to estimate variability and selection parameters using standard approach. The genotypes differed significantly for most of the traits and relatively wide range of the mean for all characters indicated the existence of variation among the tested genotypes. High phenotypes coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were observed for fresh green weight per plant, total number of tillers per plant, number of grains per plant, 100-seed weight and seed yield per plant. High GCV along with high heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for Fresh green weight per plant, total numbers of tillers per plant, plant height, numbers of grains per plant, 100-seed weight and seed yield per plant. Seed yield per plant was positively and significantly associated plant height, straw weight per plant, harvest index, leaf width, biological yield per plant, and number of grains per plant and 100-seed weight at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. Genotypic path coefficient analysis revealed that number of leaves per plant showed maximum positive direct effect on seed yield and also exhibited positive correlation with seed yield per plant. This study showed that there exists a large genetic variation among oats genotypes for most of the characters which could be exploited for direct selection of high yielding genotypes.
Laboratory study of the effectiveness of filters used by heroin injectors

Aims: (a) To compare in the laboratory the effectiveness of various filters at removing particles from heroin injections; (b) To measure the amount of heroin retained by the filters; and (c) To describe the relevance of these preliminary findings to future research. Design: A laboratory‐based investigation. Injections were prepared with street heroin obtained from the police, copying the methods of injectors. Pieces of cigarette filter, hand‐rolling cigarette filter, cotton wool from buds and commercially produced syringe filters were tested. The Coulter Multisizer (IIe) was used to count and size particles; Capillary Zone Electrophoresis was used to measure the amount of heroin retained in the filters. Findings: All methods of filtration reduced the amount of particles, with the commercially produced syringe filter producing the largest reduction. The syringe filter retained the most heroin after use; however, less drug material was evident on the spoon, suggesting further work is needed with a range of quantities. The cigarette, hand‐rolling and cotton bud filters all retained some drug with no significant difference detected between the different filters. Conclusions: This preliminary study suggests all the filters tested may convey health benefits. Further work is needed with varying quantities of drug, acid and water and to establish safety in use. Then future studies can establish the health consequences for injecting drug users from the use of such filters.
Deriving De Re/De Dicto Interpretations in Online Sentence Processing

This paper reports the results of an experiment designed to adjudicate between two theoretical accounts of de re/de dicto ambiguity: the scope account (Montague 1973; Russell 1905) and the world variable binding account (Percus 2000; von Fintel & Heim 2011). The results are partly compatible with the scope account and completely incompatible with the world variable account, thus seeming to favour the former. This conclusion is not without complications, and I suggest there are two potential sources for the problematic results: a learning effect or a lexical surprisal effect. Once we take these factors into consideration, the observed incompatibility may not be as problematic as first thought. This paper presents results from a self-paced reading study which sets out to provide experimental evidence that could distinguish between two theoretical accounts for deriving de re/de dicto ambiguities: the traditional scope account and the world variable binding account. One major difference between these two accounts is the presence of covert movement in the former, and the absence of covert movement in the latter, in deriving a de re interpretation. Using the ACD (Antecedent Contained Deletion) paradigm of Hackl et al. (2012) to assess whether covert movement occurs in online sentence comprehension, the experiment presented here compares the processing cost of ACD under a de re biased context to the processing cost of ACD with a non-biased context, in order to see whether contextual bias for a de re reading has any effect on the processing time of ACD. If covert movement occurs in online structure building, then ACD processing will be facilitated, thus providing evidence for the scope account, and if ACD is not affected, this would then indicate that covert movement has not taken place, thus providing evidence for the world variable binding account. The results presented here appear to be completely incompatible with the world variable account, and only partially compatible with the scope account. I suggest that what complicates the compatibility of the results with the scope account could be due to one of two factors, namely, a potential learning effect or a surprisal effect, both of which, when controlled for in further research, may lead to results which are in
Electromagnetic Field Due to Lightning Strikes to Mountainous Ground

The produced electric and magnetic fields due to lightning strikes to mountainous ground are determined in this paper. For the sake of simplicity a cone-shaped ground with finite conductivity is assumed to represent a natural nonflat ground. By this assumption, we deal with an axillary symmetrical structure so we use the cylindrical 2D-FDTD to save the simulation memory and time, dramatically. The return stroke channel is modeled using the antenna theory model with fixed inductive loading (ATIL-F) which is appropriately incorporated into the FDTD algorithm. We have derived the updating equations of 2D-FDTD for distributed resistance and inductance in ATIL-F model. Both the first and the subsequent return strokes are considered and their related radiated electromagnetic fields are determined and compared with each other. The fields are calculated at an intermediate horizontal distance from the cone-axis. The calculated results show that the presence of the cone-shape ground introduces an enhancement in electric and magnetic fields, for both first and subsequent return strokes. Since sharper lossy cone means larger current density in the ground, the increment in the amplitude of the fields is inversely proportional to the cone-angle. A hump is observed in electromagnetic field waveforms because of the current reflection form joint point of the cone-shape ground and the flat ground beneath it. It is more specific in the subsequent-stroke fields. simulation results for different cone-height are presented. It shows that for small values of height, the results approaches to those of the flat ground.
The effect of prebiotics and synbiotics on Clostridium and Escherichia coli counts in human intestinal tract

KOLAŘOVA, M. , SLADKOVA, P., SLADEK, Z. , ROŽNOVSKA, D. , KOMPRDA, T. : The eff ect of prebiotics and synbiotics on Clostridium and Escherichia coli counts in human intestinal tract. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun. , 2012, LX, No. 3, pp. 77–82 Eff ect of probiotics and synbiotics consumption based on microbiota of human gut was carried out in our in vivo study. Three groups, P (consuming probiotics), S (consuming synbiotics) and C (control group) of 22 healthy adults were used for this experiment. P and S groups had 10 days long adaptation phase without consuming probiotics and consequently they consumed yoghurt for another 21 days. Control group did not consume yoghurt during the experiment. Faecal samples were collected 10 th
Structure and spectra of irradiated secondaries in close binaries A model calculation of the pre-cataclysmic variable UU Sagittae

Context. The standard stellar model atmosphere ignores the influence of external radiation. This assumption, while sufficient for most stars, fails for many short-period binaries. Aims. In setting up combined model atmospheres for close binaries, we want to constrain the parameters of both components, especially in the case of a hot primary component strongly influencing its cool secondary companion. This situation can be found after common envelope evolution (CEE). The status of both components today allows one to retrace the CEE itself. Methods. We used our stellar atmosphere code PHOENIX, which includes the effect of irradiation in its radiation transport equation, to investigate the close binary star UU Sge. We combined our calculated spectra of both components, weighted by their visible size, and adjusted the input parameters until reasonable agreement with observations is reached. Results. We derive a range of 80 000−85 000 K for the effective temperature of the primary (Teff, p) and give a rough estimate for the primary’s abundances, particularly the nitrogen enrichment. The heated day-side of the secondary has an apparent “effective” or equilibrium temperature of 24 000−26 000 K, nearly independent of its intrinsic luminosity. It shows an enhancement in nitrogen and carbon. Conclusions. The evolution of the primary and secondary stars were strongly influenced by the other’s presence. Radiation from the primary on the secondary’s day-side is still an important factor in understanding the secondary’s atmospheric structure.
The water quality investigation using GIS and multivariable analysis in a semiarid region reservoir 1

This study was carried out in the Serrote reservoir, sited in the Groairas watershed at the northeastern region of Ceara State, Brazil. The aim was to investigate the temporal and spatial variability of water quality. Data investigation was processed using multivariate analysis/cluster analysis and GIS techniques. Samples were taken in four stations spreading out over the water body during five campaigns of collection (February, May, August/2007 and May, August/2008). The water quality parameters analyzed were: Electric Conductivity (EC), pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), temperature, chlorophyll 'a' concentration and Total Phosphorus (TP). Two homogeneous groups were identified, which expressed the inter-annual seasonality influence in the water quality. The highest concentration of investigated attributes occurred in 2008. At that year, the depth of the annual rainfall was 53% above the annual average. Chlorophyll 'a' and total phosphorus defined the dissimilarity between the two groups. Group 1 was composed with the better water quality and concentrations of attributes were close to the recommended limit defined by resolution 357/05 of CONAMA. Whereas Group 2 presented average concentrations of chlorophyll 'a' and total phosphorus two times greater than the ones registered in Group 1, there for been above the limit established by CONAMA (357/05) for human consumption. The reservoir presents characteristics that point toward eutrophization due to the use and management of the soil around said reservoir.
The threshold nonstationary panel data approach to forward premiums

This paper analyzes the stationarity of forward premiums in the foreign exchange markets. Considering a wide range of countries and contract periods and taking into account cross-sectional correlations and heterogeneities in nonstationary environments, we confirmed mixed evidence of stationary forward premiums. However, mounting evidence to support the stationarity is provided when regime shifts which likely reflect the effects of the Lehman Shock and changing monetary policies are considered. Thus these events seem to have increased the nonstationary element in the premiums, and our further analysis suggests the effect of these events can be captured by interest rates, leaving the covered interest parity condition as a valid long-run concept.
THE STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF AN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS TORUS: CO LINE PREDICTIONS FOR ALMA FROM THREE-DIMENSIONAL HYDRODYNAMICAL SIMULATIONS WITH X-RAY-DRIVEN CHEMISTRY

Several attempts have been made to model the mass distribution and dynamical evolution of the circumnuclear gas in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). However, chemical evolution is not included in detail in three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic simulations. The X-ray radiation from the AGN can drive the gas chemistry and affect the thermodynamics, as well as the excitation of the interstellar medium. Therefore, we estimate the effects (on chemical abundances and excitation) of X-ray irradiation by the AGN for atomic and molecular gas in a 3D hydrodynamic model of an AGN torus. We obtain the abundances of various species from an X-ray chemical model. A 3D radiative transfer code estimates the level populations, which result in line intensity maps. Predictions for the CO J = 1 → 0 to J = 9 → 8 lines indicate that mid-J CO lines are excellent probes of density and dynamics in the central (≲60 pc) region of the AGN in contrast to the low-J CO lines. Analysis of the XCO/α conversion factors shows that only the higher J CO lines can be used for gas mass determination in AGN tori. The [C ii] 158 μm emission traces mostly the hot (Tk > 1000 K) central region of the AGN torus. The [C ii] 158 μm line will be useful for ALMA observations of high-redshift (z ≳ 1) AGNs. The spatial scales (⩾0.25 pc) probed with our simulations match the size of the structures that ALMA will resolve in nearby (⩽45 Mpc at 0.″01) galaxies.
Key Indicators for a Countercyclical Capital Buffer in Norway - Trends and Uncertainty

The credit-to-GDP gap has a prominent role in the Basel Committee’s framework for a countercyclical capital buffer under Basel III. The Committee uses a one-sided Hodrick-Prescott filter to calculate the trend of credit-to-GDP. In this paper we suggest applying the filter to a sample of the indicator where the historical observations have been augmented with forecasts of the indicator. This may provide a more robust estimate of the gap (deviation of indicator from its trend) and thereby a more reliable early warning of a crisis. We analyse Norges Bank’s four key indicators for identifying a build-up of imbalances: credit-to-GDP, house prices-to-income, real commercial property prices and the wholesale funding ratio of Norwegian credit institutions. We find that we can reduce revisions in the gaps and improve their signalling quality as indicated by a ROC/AUC analysis even by using forecasts based on a relatively simple method. The forecast is an average of the quarterly indicator variables over the last 4 quarters and the forecast horizon is 5 years.
An Analysis of Tropospheric Humidity Trends from Radiosondes

Abstract A new analysis of historical radiosonde humidity observations is described. An assessment of both known and unknown instrument and observing practice changes has been conducted to assess their impact on bias and uncertainty in long-term trends. The processing of the data includes interpolation of data to address known sampling bias from missing dry day and cold temperature events, a first-guess adjustment for known radiosonde model changes, and a more sophisticated ensemble of estimates based on 100 neighbor-based homogenizations. At each stage the impact and uncertainty of the process has been quantified. The adjustments remove an apparent drying over Europe and parts of Asia and introduce greater consistency between temperature and specific humidity trends from day and night observations. Interannual variability and trends at the surface are shown to be in good agreement with independent in situ datasets, although some steplike discrepancies are apparent between the time series of relative humi.
Self-Sufficient Stem Cells: Stem Cell-Derived Serotonergic Neurons Rely on Endogenous BDNF Release to Establish Serotonergic Networks during Terminal Differentiation

The neurotransmitter serotonin plays an essential role in a variety of physiological processes including learning and memory, mood, and neuromodulation. Consequently a dysfunction of serotonergic neurotransmission is associated with psychiatric diseases such as depression, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. Because the small number and vast aborization of serotonergic neurons in vivo impedes their use in primary cell culture, stem cell-derived serotonergic neurons are applied as in vitro-models for serotonergic neurotransmission. Among others, 1C11 stem cells are used to generate serotonergic neurons in vitro, for example, to analyze the effect of antidepressant treatment on serotonin re-uptake or the function of microRNAs in serotonergic neurons. Since 1C11 stem cells differentiate uniformly into serotonergic neurons, there is no need to optimize terminal differentiation. Therefore the contribution of neurotrophic factors, such as the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), to terminal differentiation of 1C11 stem cells is currently unknown. To bridge this gap, we differentiated 1C11 stem cells and determined the effect of endogenous BDNF release as well as of supplemented recombinant BDNF on neurite growth. With regard to the application of recombinant BDNF we also differentiated 1C11 stem cells in microfluidic isolation devices in order to determine whether the location of recombinant BDNF application may exert differential effects on neurite growth. Our data showed that endogenously synthesized and released BDNF is sufficient to form functional neuritic networks during terminal differentiation and that an exogenous BDNF source did not extensively promote neurite growth. However, the location of recombinant BDNF application did affect the microgrooves targeting behaviour of differentiating 1C11 stem cells in microfluidic isolation devices. In summary, our data shows that 1C11 stem cells rely on synthesis and release of endogenous BDNF for serotonergic network formation during terminal differentiation.
Organizational culture and job satisfaction among academic professionals at a South African university of technology

The South African higher education sector introduced structural changes, which resulted in the creation of universities of technology, (hereafter to as UoTs). There, however, has the not been any known studies that investigated organizational culture and job satis- faction among academic professionals at these new types of institutions in the country. This study’s main objective was to determine perceptions of organizational culture and their im- pact on job satisfaction among academic professionals at a University of Technology in the Free State Province, South Africa. The study’s respondents had positive perceptions of the organizational culture with academic professionals showing satisfaction with co-worker relations, supervision support and the work itself, as well as moderate satisfaction with the available advancement opportunities. Academic professionals were, however, dissatisfied with the salaries they were receiving. A significant correlation between overall organiza- tional culture and job satisfaction was found.