Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptation and sustainability of water management for rice agriculture in temperate regions: The Italian case‐study

We review, analyse, and discuss the recent evolution and the future sustainability of rice paddy fields in Italy—the largest European producer—using outcomes from available literature and new analysis of agricultural statistics from local authorities, land‐use and surface temperature data from remote sensing, hydrological and climate data from observations, and numerical models. We show that Italy can be considered a good representative for rice cultivation in temperate regions that are not freshwater‐limited. However, this situation is changing. We report strong evidence linking the largest European reduction of seasonal surface water that have gradually occurred since 2000 over the rice cultivation area of Northern Italy, to the change in paddy management from traditional continuous flooding to a less greenhouse‐gases‐emitting practice, that is, dry‐seeding with postponed flooding. This change was accompanied by several improvements in agro‐practices and crop varieties. Concurrently, regional climate rapidly shifted towards sunnier weather conditions that partly contributed to higher rice yields and stability, decoupling yields from inter‐annual climate variability, but also reducing water availability. In Northern Italy, a complete shift of rice cultivation towards dry‐seeding is not compatible with seasonal water availability, and a number of drawbacks, with respect to the traditional wet seeding, are also identified from literature review. Therefore, in the context of near‐term climate change, sustainable rice cultivation in the middle latitudes seems achievable (without limiting production and/or increasing volatility) by balancing traditional and dry‐seeding.
Active Fault Zones of The 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake Inferred from Tilt Derivative Analysis of Gravity Anomalies

The 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake had caused a disaster in Bantul area. Several institutions had reported different results for the epicenter location. However, aftershocks studies indicated that the rupture area was at about 10 km east of Opak Fault. Analysis of gravity anomaly, including several degrees of residual anomalies and tilt derivative, facilitated this regional tectonic study to determine the structural constraints on the main earthquake and its aftershocks. The Yogyakarta area was primarily characterized by several SW-NE faults; one of them is the Opak Fault. Among those faults,, there are a series of WNW-ESE faults. Several groups of these lineations indicated a presence of some pairs of parallel strike-slips faults that formed pull-a-part basins. The obtained structural pattern has signified the dynamic response of the force from the subduction of the Australian Plate toward Sunda (Eurasia) Plate. The subduction force produced the strike-slip fault in a parallel direction of subduction, and subsequently, the faults caused the formation of thrust structures that are perpendicular to them.Gempabumi Yogyakarta pada tahun 2006 telah menyebabkan bencana di daerah Bantul dan sekitarnya. Lokasi episenter yang ditentukan oleh beberapa lembaga menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda. Tetapi analisa gempabumi susulan telah menunjukkan daerah pegerakan hingga 10 km ke sebelah timur dari Sesar Opak. Analisa anomali gayaberat yang terdiri dari perhitungan anomali sisa dan turunan kemiringan (tilt derivative) diharapkan dapat membantu studi tektonik regional dalam menentukan batasan struktur yang menyebabkan kejadian gempabumi di daerah Yogyakarta. Daerah ini dicirikan oleh sesar-sesar berarah BD (Barat daya)-TL (Timur laut), yang salah satunya adalah Sesar Opak. Di antara sesar-sesar tersebut, terdapat pula deretan sesar-sesar berarah BBL (Barat barat laut)-TTG (Timur tenggara). Beberapa kelompok kelurusan-kelurusan membentuk kemungkinan adanya cekungan pull-a-part, yang terbentuk karena adanya deretan sesar-sesar strike-slip. Pola struktur yang diperoleh menunjukkan respon dinamik dari subduksi Lempeng Australia terhadap Lempeng Eurasia (Sunda). Tekanan dari gaya subduksi menyebabkan terbentuknya sesar-sesar strike-slip. Kemudian sesar-sesar tersebut menyebabkan adanya struktur sesar naik yang tegak lurus terhadapnya.
Differences in Vertical Ground Reaction Forces during First Attempt of Barefoot Running in Habitual Shod Runners

Many suggest that switching from shod running to barefoot running decreases injury risk and makes running more natural. Scientists have reported biomechanical differences in shod and barefoot running, with a number of differences related to increased injury risk. Our research is focused on investigating the acute differences when switching to barefoot running for the first time. Twenty long distance runners were subjected to an experiment as part of this research. The subjects ran 5 trials across two force plates both in shod and barefoot conditions. The ground reaction force (GRF) was recorded for each subject. The stance time, the initial impact loading rate (LR), the impact maximum (IM), the time when the IM was reached, the thrust maximum, the average vertical GRF, and the decay rate (DR) were calculated from the obtained GRF. The results show that the mean LR and DR were greater by 42.191 BW/s (p=0.006) and 5.922 BW/s (p<0.001) respectively in barefoot running compared to shod running. The mean stance time and the time to IM was greater by 10.15 ms (p=0.013) and 5.00 ms (p=0.017) respectively in shod running compared to barefoot running. IM and LR had a significant correlation in shod running condition only (r=0.842, p<0.001). Both conditions, however, had significant correlation between LR and time to IM (shod: r=-0.646, p=0.002; Bare: r=-0.741, p<0.001). According to our data, the responses of the subjects to barefoot running were not unambiguous and in some cases not less traumatic.
Estimating phytotoxicity of complex metal mixtures in mine-degraded soils: modelling contaminant and non-contaminant growth controlling factors

ESTIMATING PHYTOTOXICITY OF COMPLEX METAL MIXTURES IN MINEDEGRADED SOILS: MODELLING CONTAMINANT & NON-CONTAMINANT GROWTH CONTROLLING FACTORS Pooja Arora University of Guelph, 2019 Advisor: Dr. Beverley A. Hale Data are limited for the phytotoxicity of metal mixtures in field applications. Naturally aged and leached soils from a decommissioned Ontario gold mine were used to establish phytotoxicity thresholds for mixtures of As, Co, Cu, Zn, and Ni. Growth studies were conducted with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), using seedling emergence, shoot length, and shoot/root dry weight as growth response endpoints. Structural Equation Modelling and Multiple Linear Regression were applied to evaluate growth-inhibiting parameters of non-contaminant factors (pH, clay, and OC). Barley and tomato emergence were explained by the direct effect of OC. Clay had the most significant indirect effect through Mg (tomato) and Cu (barley) root uptake. Soil physicochemical properties critically modified phytotoxicity of metals via uptake of essential cations, with OC acting as the master soil variable for phytotoxic mechanisms. This study will aid to estimate phytotoxicity thresholds for risk assessment of metal-contaminated soils worldwide.
Understanding the mechanics of lava dome collapse

A lava dome collapse can lead to the generation of pyroclastic flows and debris avalanches, both of which are hazardous to areas surrounding the volcanic edifice. Although the understanding of lava dome emplacement and pyroclastic flows has improved in recent years, knowledge of the mechanisms that trigger collapse is still limited. In this project, I investigate lava dome collapse in three ways: (1) the implementation of a global, historical database of lava dome collapse events and its statistical analysis; (2) the development of a new numerical model simulating lava dome emplacement, evolution and collapse in the context of volcanic activity; and (3) exploration of temporal changes in geomechanical rock properties across the Soufriere Hills lava dome eruption. First, a numerical model using the discrete element software (Particle Flow Code) is implemented and validated by showing how observed dome growth at Volcan de Colima can be reproduced. Next, the database analysis of the Global Archive of Dome Instabilities (GLADIS) highlights the most common mechanisms of lava dome collapse, and clearly links collapse volume to dome emplacement style. The identified collapse mechanisms (e.g. gravitational failure, switch in extrusion direction, internal gas overpressures, and topography) are incorporated into a new suite of numerical models. Simulations show that dome collapse resulting from gravitational failure and internal gas pressurisation leads to deep-seated rotational failures of large dome volume fractions, whereas topography-controlled collapses involve only superficial rockfalls. Lastly, an investigation into physical and mechanical rock properties of products from the 1995-2010 eruption of Soufriere Hills shows a clear correlation between high porosity (found in later eruptive products) and low compressive and tensile strengths. Laboratory investigations are used to define "strong" and "weak" scenarios which are incorporated in order to calibrate the numerical models, as well as scaling these rock properties to investigate dome stability when rock-mass properties are used. By combining the analysis of a global database, laboratory work, and numerical modelling techniques, this project is a comprehensive study of the mechanisms that initiate lava dome collapse, and shows for the first time the links that exist between collapse volumes and modes, and conditions during lava dome emplacement.
Multidimensional Child Poverty in Papua: Empirical Evidence From 6 Districts

Childhood poverty is on root of adulthood poverty. It became their barrier and destroyed their opportunities to play successively in adulthood. Poor children are more likely to have worse adult outcomes than non poor children. Poor children with lack of access to survive and develop will likely grow to be poor adult who will more likely to transfer poverty to their children when they become parent. Because of limited sources child poverty in district level in Papua context, this paper would like to explore child poverty analysis using a Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS) data. The analysis on this paper focused on non-monetary dimension of child poverty and follows the Bristol approach of 8 Dimension of severe and are limited to the dimension of safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, information, The findings show that children in Jayawijaya are most deprived in almost all dimension (are most deprived). Jayawijaya also dominates the distribution of poor children from multidimensional perspectives.
Impact of Al-Rasheed Power Plant Effluents on Phytoplankton Biodiversity in Tigris River, Southern Baghdad

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of Al-Rasheed Power Plant(RPP) effluents on biodiversity of phytoplankton. Samples were collected monthly from January to December 2012, at four sites that were selected on the Tigris River at Baghdad Province. Site 1 was located at the up of RPP, sites 3,4 were located at the down of RPP, while site 2 was located near RPP. The results shown that the total number of the phytoplankton range from 51.7 - 9146.89 cell * 103/L, which was recorded at site1 and 3, respectively, with average range from1486.68-2053.27 which was recorded at site 1and 4, respectively. According to the relative abundance index all species where rare, except Cyclotella sp. were less abundant species. The Species richness, Shannon Winner and uniformity index values were ranging from 3.71-21.12, 0.3-3.28 bit/Ind. and 0.13 -0.71 at site 2 and 3 respectively, whereas the average value for same index was from 12.42-15.15 at 2 and 1 site; 1.93- 2.34bit/Ind. at 2 and 3 site, and 0.52-0.62 at 2and 4 site, respectively. Generally the result showed a negative effect of thermal effluent on biodiversity and phytoplankton community. Also, the water of Tigris River was considered a poor diversity and polluted especially at site 2.
Processor for Mobile Applications

Nowadays, mobile processors form a large and very fast growing area of semiconductor market. Although they are used in a great variety of embedded systems such as personal digital organizers, Internet appliances, laptops, smart badges, cellular phones, and sensor networks, they share the common need for low power, security and small memory footprint. This chapter presents in details a novel low power mobile processor architrave for portable and mobile applications. Both software and hardware design results and experiences gained are given.
Some Expectations for Submesoscale Sea Surface Height Variance Spectra

In anticipation of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) wide-swath altimetry mission, this study reviews expectations for sea surface height (SSH) variance spectra at wavelengths of 10–100 km. Kinetic energy spectra from in situ observations and numerical simulations indicate that SSH variance spectra associated with balanced flow drop off steeply with wavenumber, with at least the negative fourth power of the wavenumber. Such a steep drop-off implies that even drastic reductions in altimetry noise yield only a modest improvement in the resolution of balanced flow. This general expectation is made concrete by extrapolating SSH variance spectra from existing altimetry to submesoscales, the results of which suggest that in the extratropics (poleward of 20° latitude) SWOT will improve the resolution from currently about 100 km to a median of 51 or 74 km, depending on whether or not submesoscale balanced flows are energetic. Internal waves, in contrast to balanced flow, give rise to SSH variance spectra that drop off relatively gently with wavenumber, so SSH variance should become strongly dominated by internal waves in the submesoscale range. In situ observations of the internal-wave field suggest that the internal-wave signal accessible by SWOT will be largely dominated by internal tides. The internal-wave continuum is estimated to have a spectral level close to but somewhat lower than SWOT’s expected noise level.
Design an anomaly-based intrusion detection system using soft computing for mobile ad hoc networks

The main objective of an intrusion detection system is to classify the normal and suspicious activities in the network. The complex characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks make intrusion detection more difficult than for conventional networks. Although, soft computing techniques-based intrusion detection systems proved their effectiveness on wired networks in terms of detecting known and unknown attacks but use of soft computing techniques for mobile ad hoc networks still very restricted so that in this paper, a new scheme has been proposed by using neuro-fuzzy classifier in binary form for mobile ad hoc networks to identify the behaviour of current activities, i.e., normal or abnormal. Qualnet simulator and MATLAB toolbox are used to visualise the attack-based scenarios and evaluate the performance of proposed approach. Simulation results show that the proposed soft computing-based approach is able to identify the known and unknown attacks in mobile ad hoc networks with high positive and low false positive rates.
Biogas as an alternative energy source in Ukraine and Israel: current issues and benefits

An increasing number of countries develop and promote renewables which influence their economy. This paper analyses and evaluates the energy potential of biomass in Ukraine as a whole and in the agricultural sector in particular. The benefits for energy (biogas from manure), environment and economy are analysed. The economic effect of implementing a biogas installation plant in Ukraine is addressed. Biogas development should occur according to the main principles of sustainable development. The main practical steps of establishing a Ukrainian biogas market are described.
TREND-RUN model application of surface temperature and its implications for South African forestry and reforestation using local weather services data

Temperature can directly and indirectly impact the livelihood of inhabitants of a country and the natural environment as a whole. The surface temperature trend approximations for South Africa (SA) were calculated using a linear-regression fitting model. The model was adapted at The University of Reunion Island and was referred to as the Trend-Run model. The geophysical signal of the model was split into a sum of oscillations, which was used to clarify most of its variability. The trend values were calculated from the residual terms as a linear function. The model used atmospheric oscillations, which included Annual (AO), Semi-Annual (SAO), Quasi-Biennial Oscillations (QBO), El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the 11-years solar cycle-Sun Spot Number (SSN) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The South African Weather Service (SAWS) data were used for the study. Data sets over a 31-year period, from March 1980 to December 2011, were used to measure the validity of the Trend-Run model, to determine the contribution and effect of this particular oscillation, and the validity of the model. The Trend-Run model showed very high applicability to the surface temperatures in all provinces across the SA region under investigation. High coefficient of determination values between (0.70-0.91) were recorded for surface temperatures across all provinces in the country with minor variations. The AO, ENSO and SAO were the highest contributing forcings in the model, thereby showing their high relevance to the success of this model in the study area. The temperature increases are expected to negatively impact on the biomes of SA, including the forest biome. Selected tree species of Acacia, Eucalyptus and Pinus could be impacted negatively with rising temperatures, which would negatively impact on the forestry industry in SA. As expected, the model did obtain a high success rate that ranged from 70% to 91% in the areas under study, however, there was still room for improvement by the possible inclusion of additional atmospheric forcings to the model that maybe be applicable to the weather and forestry distribution in SA.
From outcrop to synthetic seismic: 2D and 3D modelling of igneous intrusions at Botneheia, central Spitsbergen

The use of seismic reflection data and seismic modelling of igneous intrusions has greatly improved the understanding of igneous intrusions in sedimentary basins. However, there are still uncertainties in the seismic images of such intrusions, because they can have a complex architecture and their imaging potential is dependent on several factors. For instance, igneous intrusions crystallise from magma, which introduce heat to the host rocks in which they enter, resulting in a zone of contact metamorphism. Therefore, the present study analyses the effect a contact metamorphic aureole has on the seismic expression of igneous intrusions, and how intrusion geometries are imaged in both 2D- and 3D-seismic data. Digital outcrop models from the locality of Botneheia, Svalbard, from both lidar-data and photogrammetry, are first used to generate realistic 2D- and 3D-geological models. A modelling workflow is then applied to efficiently turn outcrops of intruded rocks into synthetic seismic images, both in 2D and 3D, and to perform sensitivity analyses. The study highlights which impact a change in dominant frequency has on the detail-level for intrusions in seismic data, this without and with contact aureoles, two types of the latter being tested in the 2D cases. The contact aureoles lead to lowered reflection amplitudes and influence how the reflections of the intrusions are resolved, i.e. a strong combined reflection and/or individual ones, and thus add to the list of factors complicating the imaging of igneous intrusions. The obtained results demonstrate that the seismic expression of intrusions may vary from case to case, i.e. dependent on local factors, and that seismic modelling should aid interpretation of real seismic data. This study also opens the door for more comprehensive 3D modelling of igneous intrusions, especially by including detailed contact aureoles.
Lateral Fault Growth in the Kashi Anticline (Chinese Tian Shan): Insights From Seismic Interpretation, Shortening Distribution, and Trishear Methods

Deciphering the relationship between lateral growth of faults and along‐strike deformation (i.e., shortening and uplift) in the Earth's upper crust remains a challenge. Here we gain insight into the relation between these processes by studying the Kashi anticline, an asymmetric, doubly plunging thrust‐fault‐related fold located in the southwest Tian Shan, China. We use seismic interpretation and field observations, together with 2‐D trishear and excess area methods, to quantify the distribution of shortening along this structure. The shortening distribution along strike of the Kashi anticline is nonlinear and has a peaked, asymmetric, bell shape, with a maximum value of 5.9 ± 0.2 km. After comparing the 3‐D structural model of the Kashi anticline and our trishear models, we propose that lateral propagation‐to‐maximum shortening ratio, initiation fault length, and lateral propagation rate control the lateral fault propagation process and the fold terminations. Moreover, the 3‐D fault morphology and the ages of the growth strata suggest that the Kashi anticline experienced two stages of lateral growth with propagation rates of 60 km/Ma between 1.4 ± 0.2 Myr and 0.9 ± 0.3 Ma, and ~67 km/Myr from 0.9 ± 0.3 Ma to present. These observations highlight the relation between the evolution of lateral fault growth and the along‐strike shortening distribution, allowing us to use the latter (which we can measure) to infer the former (which we cannot). These novel insights from the Kashi anticline can be used to understand lateral growth of thrust and normal faults worldwide.
Separation and Quantification of Ionospheric Convection Sources: 1. A New Technique

This paper describes a novel technique that allows separation and quantification of different sources of convection in the high‐latitude ionosphere. To represent the ionospheric convection electric field, we use the Spherical Elementary Convection Systems representation. We demonstrate how this technique can separate and quantify the contributions from different magnetospheric source regions to the overall ionospheric convection pattern. The technique is in particular useful for distinguishing the contributions of high‐latitude reconnection associated with lobe cells from the low‐latitude reconnection associated with Dungey two‐cell circulation. The results from the current paper are utilized in a companion paper (Reistad et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026641) to quantify how the dipole tilt angle influences lobe convection cells. We also describe a relation bridging other representations of the ionospheric convection electric field or potential to the Spherical Elementary Convection Systems description, enabling a similar separation of convection sources from existing models.