Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Intelligent Players Teach Cooperation

We study cooperation rates in a repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma game, focusing on whether and how subjects of higher intelligence affect the behavior of others, and the evolution over time of the rate. In Proto, Rustichini, and Sofianos (2019) we established that participants of higher intelligence have a higher cooperation rate than otherwise similar participants of lower intelligence, when they play in two separate groups (split treatment). Here we study how cooperation rates change over time in mixed groups (combined treatment): players are not informed of the intelligence level of the others. We test the main hypothesis that higher intelligence players operate as leaders and increase the cooperation rate of the lower intelligence players; we also want to determine how they achieve this. The first main finding is that cooperation rates in the combined treatment is substantially higher than the rate of the lower intelligence players (with IQ 76-106), and slightly smaller loss for the high intelligence players (with IQ 102-127), when we compare them to the split treatment. The important question is then “what is the path of the effect? ”, in other words, how do the higher intelligence players “teach” the others to cooperate? Teaching subjects could become more forgiving in the hope that other subjects understand that is in their best interests to mutually cooperate (which would be a form of active teaching) or they just consistently best respond to their beliefs– for example by punishing any deviation with Tit for Tat or a Grim trigger strategy–, providing an example of behaviour for the other that can then learn to play more efficiently. We find support for the latter hypothesis: higher intelligence players use retaliatory strategies (grim trigger or TfT) more often when they are in the combined treatment. They do so more consistently than lower intelligence players, enforcing punishment when it is due, thus providing the low intelligence players in later encounters with the appropriate incentives to cooperate. In conclusion in our environment Tough Love establishes cooperation, and Tender Loving Care is not needed. JEL classification: C73, C91, C92, B83
Trading Halts or Price Limits : Which is Better ?

We compare the relative performance of trading halts to price limits using Spanish market data. According to our empirical evidence, trading activity increases after trading halts and limit hits. Volatility stays at the same level after trading halts, but increases after limit hits. Our evidence also shows that the bid-ask spread is reduced after trading halts, but is even higher after lower limit hits. For price discovery, information is efficiently reflected into stock prices once trading resumes after trading halts, but there is evidence of market overreaction for upper limit hits. Overall, our result is consistent with Subrahmanyam (1995); trading halts seem to perform better than price limits in achieving their intended goals. Current version: August, 2003 JEL Classification: G14, G18, G19
Cornea Mice With a Targeted Disruption of Slc 4 a 11 Model the Progressive Corneal Changes of Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy

Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore Department of Ophthalmology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea Signature Research Program (SRP) Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders (NBD) Program, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate Medical School, Singapore Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System & National University of Singapore, Singapore Department of Clinical Research, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
Low-level laser ( light ) therapy increases mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis in C 2 C 12 myotubes with a peak response at 3-6 hours

Low level laser (light) therapy has been used before exercise to increase muscle performance in both experimental animals and in humans. However uncertainty exists concerning the optimum time to apply the light before exercise. The mechanism of action is thought to be stimulation of mitochondrial respiration in muscles, and to increase adenosine triphosphate (ATP) needed to perform exercise. The goal of this study was to investigate the time course of the increases in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP in myotubes formed from C2C12 mouse muscle cells and exposed to light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT). LEDT employed a cluster of LEDs with 20 red (630 ± 10 nm, 25 mW) and 20 near-infrared (850 ± 10 nm, 50 mW) delivering 28 mW/cm2 for 90 sec (2.5 J/cm2) with analysis at 5 min, 3 h, 6 h and 24 h post-LEDT. LEDT-6h had the highest MMP, followed by LEDT-3h, LEDT-24h, LEDT-5min and Control with significant differences. The same order (6h>3h>24h>5min>Control) was found for ATP with significant differences. A good correlation was found (r=0.89) between MMP and ATP. These data suggest an optimum time window of 3-6 h for LEDT stimulate muscle cells. Corresponding author: Michael R Hamblin, hamblin@helix.mgh. harvard.edu. HHS Public Access Author manuscript Photochem Photobiol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 March 01. Published in final edited form as: Photochem Photobiol. 2015 March ; 91(2): 411–416. doi:10.1111/php.12397. A uhor M anscript
MODIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF IAR MULTI CROP THRESHER FOR SORGHUM

A comprehensive performance evaluation was conducted on an existing IAR multi crop thresher to identify its capabilities and limitations on sorghum threshing. The threshing unit was identified to have some deficiencies in the form of inadequate number of beaters and the absence of cutting knives on the cylinder cover. Test result showed that its performance parameters were low. The output capacity, threshing efficiency, cleaning efficiency, grain damages and scatter losses were found to be 76.32 kg/hr, 90.87%, 88.95%, 5.17% and 4.30% respectively. The thresher was modified by redesigning the threshing, cleaning and feeding units. To increase threshing effectiveness; the number of pegs around the threshing cylinder was increased, three rows of cutting knives were mounted on the cylinder cover and the size of the sieve shaker holes were redesigned by considering sorghum grain size characteristics. The redesigned thresher was fabricated using locally available materials. Its performance was evaluated under four feed rates; 3, 4, 5 and 6 kg/min, four cylinder speeds; 600, 700, 800, and 900 rpm and two levels of moisture content (8.93 and 10.38%). Test result of the modified thresher indicate an average output capacity, threshing efficiency, cleaning efficiency, grain damages and scatter losses values of 219.92 kg/hr, 98.00%, 95.58 %, 1.78% and 4.36% respectively.
On the efficiency of benchmarks composition : A behavioral perspective by

Acknowledging the richness of literature which aims to understand portfolio managers’ biases evinced in active investment strategies, we attempt to translate some of the same results to index portfolios. As a consequence of disappointing performances achieved an old dilemma reemerged: is benchmarking a more efficient investment strategy? This article intends to highlight how the indices’ composition criteria can implicitly create important behavioural distortions in portfolio asset allocation. Our analysis, focused on the corporate bonds market, offers some evidence of investment decisions made during market overreaction phases, disrupting the main purpose of value creation.
Epidemilogical and microbiological correlates of bacterial vaginosis

Female population comprised of 544 with vaginitis and 258 asymptomatic were screened for presence of Bacterial Vaginosis (BV), Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, Gardnerella vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis. Bacterial vaginosis, diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria and gram's stained vaginal smear findings, was present in 50 percent of symptomatic cases and 21.8 percent of asymptomatic women. G. vaginalis, M. hominis and T. vaginalis were significantly associated with a diagnosis of BV. BV showed a positive correlation with lower socio-economic status and parity of more than 2. Prevalence of G. vaginalis was significantly higher among women who were ? 33 years of age, had been married for a shorter duration, gave history of intercourse in the preceding 48 hours and were of lower socio-economic status.
Phytoremediation of heavy metals for contaminated soil with wastewater in Bani Al-Harith-Sana ' a

The contamination of soils due to the presence of toxic metals can result in serious negative consequences, such as damage of ecosystems and of agricultural productivity deterioration of food chain, contamination of water resources, economic damage and, finally, serious human and animal health problems. This study was carried out at farm of agriculture faculty at Sana'a University to evaluate the ability of four plants namely, Brassica juncea, Brassica oleracea , Medicago sativa and Helianthus annuus, The four plants were grown in wastewater contaminated soil. The design of experiment was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors, the first was different soils (contaminated and uncontaminated soil) and the second was the four plants. The experiment included eight treatments each treatment included three replicates. Irrigation continued with clean water during the period AprilJune, 2014. The thickness of wastewater-contaminated soil was 50 cm, placed on a layer of polyethylene of 2mm to prevent seeping heavy metal from soil by irrigate water. Soil samples were collected from contaminated and uncontaminated soil before and after the experiments from three levels (surface, at a depth of 25cm,and at a depth of 50cm) of soil. Samples of each soil were mixed, air-dried at room temperature for two weeks, then ground into fine powder and sieved through a 2 mm nylon sieve. Triplicate soil samples were collected for analyses. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cu and Fe in the soils were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to compare the significant difference of the mean concentrations of heavy metals in the samples. The study showed that Brassica juncea was the best plant for cleanup contaminated soil with some heavy metals as, Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe. the values were 44.2, 290.2, 29.0, and 9781.2 PPb, respectively. At the same time, Helianthus annuus was the best plant for cleanup contaminated soil with some other heavy metals as, Pb and Ni. The values were 3.3 and 12.8 PPb, respectively. The results indicated that contaminated soil content of Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cu and Fe decreased from 17, 95, 36, 472, 52 and12644 before applying plants to 3.5, 41.9, 18.1, 355.4, 31.8 and10828.9, respectively after applying the plants. The study concluded that Brassica juncea, Brassica oleracea , Medicago sativa and Helianthus annuus plants were able to grow in wastewater contaminated soils, also able to decrease concentrations of Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cu and Fe metals in wastewater contaminated soils. However, the concentrations was not decreased up to the WHO recommended concentrations for only one time experimental setup. It is therefore, recommended that, further research should be conducted by repeating the experimental set up till reaching the safe concentrations.
Natural hybridization between diploid Ficaria calthifolia and tetraploid Ficaria verna subsp. verna in central Europe

The genus Ficaria is a taxonomically intricate group in which polyploidization and hybridization contribute to taxa diversification. In central Europe, populations of diploid F. calthifolia and tetraploid F. verna subsp. verna occasionally come into contact, which results in an interspecific triploid hybrid, as recently demonstrated using molecular markers, genome size estimation and experimental crossing. In this study, we aimed to estimate the frequency and distribution of the triploid hybrid in central Europe, to identify those phenotypic traits that can be used to discriminate between hybrid and parental taxa and compare the phenology, pollen viability, sexual and asexual reproduction and niche differentiation of the triploid hybrid and parental taxa. Flowcytometry analyses of 1171 individuals sampled from 67 localities revealed that triploid hybrids were regularly found at 89% of the sites sampled where there were sympatric populations of both parental taxa, with a mean percentage of 19.4% occurring at sites where there was a mixture of cytotypes. No pure hybrid population was found. The hybrids were intermediate between the parental taxa in most morphological characters and did not show any novel morphological characters. The characters that best differentiate the taxonomic groups were the production of axillary bulbils, aborted and well-developed achenes, leaf shape and plant habit. Almost all hybrids were sexually sterile: the pollen viability was considerably reduced (mean 8.4%) and on average 98% of the achenes were aborted. Local dispersal of the hybrids is possible through the production of bulbils in the leaf axils, although the number of bulbils per node and the mean weight of one bulbil were two and three times lower in the hybrid than in F. verna subsp. verna. The hybrid niche was intermediate between those of the parental taxa but shifted slightly towards that of F. verna subsp. verna. In addition, the taxonomic and nomenclatural treatment of the hybrid, which is described as Ficaria ×sellii Duchoslav, Popelka et Trávn. , as well as a key for identifying the central European taxa of Ficaria, are presented.
Coping Profiles of Cancer Patients With Different Functional and Psychosocial Status: A Person-Oriented Approach

learning, networking, collaboration, “healthy” competition, social, and financial support. Through the reliance on information technology, face-to-face exchanges, dedicated workshops and research internships, PORT’s program offers varied and innovative research skills building activities which have been throughout the years instrumental in shaping the developing career of its trainees. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS: In a field as competitive as research, an excellent training experience is invaluable in building capacity. Research training programs such as PORT enhance the development of skills and competencies to enable fellows to design and carry-out innovative, high quality, person-centred, and feasible studies. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Supporting aspiring young researchers to think outside the box, design timely studies, innovate in their field, and proactively disseminate their results can directly contribute to enhancing clinical practice. The knowledge gained through such training programs set the conditions and contexts that most favorably launch junior researchers into an exciting career. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF FUNDING: Julie Lapointe is currently a postdoctorate CIHR Fellow in PORT a Strategic Training Initiative in Health Research (STIHR) funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). Fay Strohschein has received funding from the FRQ-S; the Quebec Network for Research on Aging, the PORT Program; the McGill University Faculty of Medicine; and the Jewish General Hospital Department of Nursing. Shannon Groff is funded through the Alberta Cancer Foundation, the PORT Program, Knowledge Translation Canada and the CIHR.
Title Augmented Reality versus Virtual Reality for 3 D Object Manipulation

Virtual Reality (VR) Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) are on the verge of becoming commodity hardware available to the average user and feasible to use as a tool for 3D work. Some HMDs include front-facing cameras, enabling Augmented Reality (AR) functionality. Apart from avoiding collisions with the environment, interaction with virtual objects may also be affected by seeing the real environment. However, whether these effects are positive or negative has not yet been studied extensively. For most tasks it is unknown whether AR has any advantage over VR. In this work we present the results of a user study in which we compared user performance measured in task completion time on a 9 degrees of freedom object selection and transformation task performed either in AR or VR, both with a 3D input device and a mouse. Our results show faster task completion time in AR over VR. When using a 3D input device, a purely VR environment increased task completion time by 22.5% on average compared to AR (p < 0.024). Surprisingly, a similar effect occurred when using a mouse: users were about 17.3% slower in VR than in AR (p < 0.04). Mouse and 3D input device produced similar task completion times in each condition (AR or VR) respectively. We further found no differences in reported comfort.
2 5 A ug 2 01 3 On the Discrete Groups of Mathieu Moonshine

We prove that a certain space of cusp forms for the Hecke congruence group of a given level is one-dimensional if and only if that level is the order of an element of the second largest Mathieu group. As such, our result furnishes a direct analogue of Ogg’s observation that the normaliser of a Hecke congruence group of prime level has genus zero if and only if that prime divides the order of the Fischer–Griess monster group. The significance of the cusp forms under consideration is explained by the Rademacher sum construction of the McKay–Thompson series of Mathieu moonshine. Our result supports a conjectural characterisation of the discrete groups and multiplier systems arising in Mathieu moonshine. Institut de Mathématiques de Jussieu, UMR 7586, Université Paris 7, Paris, France. E-mail: chengm@math.jussieu. fr Department of Mathematics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, U.S.A. E-mail: john.duncan@case.edu
GEOPHAGY AND PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING AN ANTENATAL CARE CLINIC IN THIKA HOSPITAL , KIAMBU COUNTY , KENYA

Background: Geophagy, a regular and deliberate habit of eating non-food substances is practiced worldwide and in sub-Saharan Africa. Pregnant women and children commonly eat soil. Soil consumption exposes one to the risk of consuming eggs of soil-transmitted intestinal parasites, which may cause severe health consequences for pregnant women and children. Objective: Determine the association between geophagy and parasitic infections in pregnant women attending Thika Level 5 Hospital. Design: Cross sectional hospital based study. Setting: Ante-natal care clinic at Thika Level-5 Hospital. Subjects: Four hundred and ten pregnant women. Results: Twenty six point one percent of the studied women practiced geophagy, majority of whom did it occasionally. Ninety two point five percent preferred soil purchased from market places. Eleven percent of the study women examined were infected with Entamoeba histolytica (8.8%), Trichuris trichiura (1%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1%), Schistosoma mansoni (0.7%), and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.2%). None of the five intestinal parasites detected were however, associated with geophagy, P>0.05. Nevertheless, only the E. histolytica infection (8.4%) was found in women who practised geophagy. Gestation period was associated with E. histolytica infection, p=0.049. Those who ate soil from the garden were more likely to have E. histolytica infection, p=0.026. Closely associated to geophagy were education at p=0.009, feeding problems at p=0.000 and history of practising geophagyat p=0.000. Conclusion: While geophagy was not associated with parasitic infections in pregnant women, geophagy was found to have a significant association with education, history of geophagy and the feeding problems. Besides, pregnancy trimester and the source of soil were found to beassociated with E. histolytica infection.
Informal Competition and Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa

: Despite the contribution of competition to productivity growth, competition stemmed by informal firms had always been considered as harmful. This paper investigates the significance of such a default hypothesis, by showing the effect of regional informal competition on formal firms productivity in 31 Sub-Saharan African developing countries. Using firm-level World Band enterprise surveys, we update the two- step methodology used by Guiso et al. (2004) to build a regional indicator of informal competition intensity. We show that higher intensity of regional informal competition can increase formal firms’ labor productivity. This positive effect is segmented by formal firms’ size and robust to various checks. Our results call on the importance of economy of scale, and firms’ human and financial capital. We also find evidence on the weakness of Sub-Saharan African’s business environment that is susceptible to jeopardize any positive effect associated with the informal sector. The paper contributes to the understanding of growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, including informal firm competition as a factor explaining the labor productivity increase in formal firms.
Ownership Structure and Risk Taking Behavior : Evidence from the Zimbabwean Banking Sector Author ’ s Details :

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the impact of ownership structure on the risk-taking behavior of banks in Zimbabwe from 2009 to 2011. The banking sector in Zimbabwe is divided into three sectors which are foreign-owned, state owned and locally owned. Banks in each segment were selected using a multistage sampling technique where banks were stratified and followed by convenient sampling technique. The risk taking behavior was measured as a ratio of Non-Performing Loans (NPL) to equity and the data was from financial statements of the sampled banks. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was adopted as an analysis technique and the results indicated that ownership structure strongly influences risk taking behavior with foreign banks taking greater exposure. The paper suggests that policies should be structured in a way that prevents unnecessary risk taking behavior bank managers as this may lead to instability and the collapse of the banking sector.
Spatial and seasonal analyses of traffic-related pollutant concentrations in Lagos Metropolis , Nigeria

Leaf samples of Terminalia catappa L (Almond) trees dominant in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria were collected from 34 sampling points located within dominant land-uses (commercial, residential, industrial, institutional, acquisition/parks, dumpsites/incinerators and transportation) along traffic corridors and six stations located 250 m away (as control) during the short wet and short dry seasons for two years. Concentration of trace elemental pollutants: (Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Al, Zn, As, Hg, Fe, Mn, Mg) were determined by laboratory analyses of leaf samples. Multivariate analysis was used to test for significant geographical and seasonal variations in air pollutants. Total suspended particulate matter varied from 22.36 29.07 mg/m 3 against WHO Air Quality Standard (AQS), 0.05 0.15 mg/m 3 ; Sulphurdioxide and Ozone varied from 1.1 1.73 mg/m 3 and 0.01 0.18 mg/m 3 respectively as against 0.00125 and 0.0015 mg/m 3 AQS. ANOVA showed spatio-temporal variations in pollutants and significant correlation of traffic density with all metals studied (P < 0.05). Lead varied from 1.4 3.1 mg/m 3 and 1.7 2.6 mg/m 3 , Cadmium varied from 1.7 3.15 mg/m 3 and 0.011 0.1 mg/m 3 , Iron varied from 3.06 3.6 mg/m 3 and 0.5 2.6 mg/m 3 , while Arsenic varied from 0.9 1.98 mg/m 3 and 0.011 0.1 mg/m 3 along traffic corridors and at control points respectively. Step-wise regression analyses further showed that traffic density, air temperature and land-use contributed significantly to air pollution (P < 0.05). The microclimate of Lagos metropolis is characterised by relatively high air temperature, low wind speed and air pollution that varied according to traffic density and land-use. Concentrations of pollutants were higher than the WHO Air Quality standards and were also higher along traffic corridor than further away.