Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detection of Errors by Skilled Typists

Abstract Skilled typists are able to detect and correct many errors which they make in copy text, even when they cannot see their copy; (Long 1976. West, 1967). The present investigation shows that they can also do this when they see neither their copy nor the keyboard they use; and that when they detect that they have made errors they arc usually also able to specify precisely what these have been. Typists sometimes make one, or even two additional correct keystrokes before pausing to signal that they have committed an error. They are nevertheless sometimes still able to report precisely what these errors were When copy obtained from a typewriter using mechanical linkages is examined, the density of impressions of different characters may be taken to indicate how hard particular keys have been struck. A second experiment shows that errors, more frequently than correct responses, are executed with light keystrokes. This, in line with previous work by Megaw (1972). suggests that typists sometimes become aw.
Acibenzolar-S-methyl restricts infection of Nicotiana benthamiana by plantago asiatica mosaic virus at two distinct stages.

Plant activators, including acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), are chemical compounds that stimulate plant defense responses to pathogens. ASM treatment inhibits infection by a variety of plant viruses, however the mechanisms of this broad-spectrum and strong effect remain poorly understood. We employed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing viruses and Nicotiana benthamiana plants to identify the infection stages that are restricted by ASM. ASM suppressed infection by three viral species, plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV), potato virus X (PVX), and turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), in inoculated cells. Furthermore, ASM delayed the long-distance movement of PlAMV and PVX, and the cell-to-cell (short range) movement of TuMV. The ASM-mediated delay of long-distance movement of PlAMV was not due to the suppression of viral accumulation in the inoculated leaves, indicating that ASM restricts PlAMV infection in at least two independent steps. We used Arabidopsis thaliana mutants to show that the ASM-mediated restriction of PlAMV infection requires the NPR1 gene, but was independent of the dicer-like genes essential for RNA silencing. Furthermore, experiments using protoplasts showed that ASM treatment inhibited PlAMV replication without cell death. Our approach, using GFP-expressing viruses, will be useful for the analysis of mechanisms underlying plant activator-mediated virus restriction.
Comparison of data correction methods for blockage effects in semispan wing model testing

Wing alone models are usually tested in wind tunnels for aerospace applications like aircraft and hybrid buoyant aircraft. Raw data obtained from such testing is subject to different corrections such as wall interference, blockage, offset in angle of attack, dynamic pressure and free stream velocity etc. Since the flow is constrained by wind tunnel walls, therefore special emphasis is required to deliberate the limitation of correction methods for blockage correction. In the present research work, different aspects of existing correction methods are explored with the help of an example of a straight semi-span wing. Based on the results of analytical relationships of standard methods, it was found that although multiple variables are involved in the standard methods for the estimation of blockage, they are based on linearized flow theory such as source sink method and potential flow assumption etc, which have intrinsic limitations. Based on the computed and estimated experimental results, it is recommended to obtain the corrections by adding the difference in results of solid walls and far-field condition in the wind tunnel data. Computational Fluid Dynamics technique is found to be useful to determine the correction factors for a wing installed at zero spacer height/gap, with and without the tunnel wall.
RDH10 function is necessary for spontaneous fetal mouth movement that facilitates palate shelf elevation

ABSTRACT Cleft palate is a common birth defect, occurring in approximately 1 in 1000 live births worldwide. Known etiological mechanisms of cleft palate include defects within developing palate shelf tissues, defects in mandibular growth and defects in spontaneous fetal mouth movement. Until now, experimental studies directly documenting fetal mouth immobility as an underlying cause of cleft palate have been limited to models lacking neurotransmission. This study extends the range of anomalies directly demonstrated to have fetal mouth movement defects correlated with cleft palate. Here, we show that mouse embryos deficient in retinoic acid (RA) have mispatterned pharyngeal nerves and skeletal elements that block spontaneous fetal mouth movement in utero. Using X-ray microtomography, in utero ultrasound video, ex vivo culture and tissue staining, we demonstrate that proper retinoid signaling and pharyngeal patterning are crucial for the fetal mouth movement needed for palate formation. Embryos with deficient retinoid signaling were generated by stage-specific inactivation of retinol dehydrogenase 10 (Rdh10), a gene crucial for the production of RA during embryogenesis. The finding that cleft palate in retinoid deficiency results from a lack of fetal mouth movement might help elucidate cleft palate etiology and improve early diagnosis in human disorders involving defects of pharyngeal development. Summary: Fetal mouth immobility and defects in pharyngeal patterning underlie cleft palate in retinoid-deficient Rdh10 mutant mouse embryos.
Effects of Dietary Protein Quantity on Bone Quantity following Weight Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Research supports the hypothesis that higher total protein intake during weight loss promotes retention of lean soft tissue, but the effect of dietary protein quantity on bone mass, a lean hard tissue, is inconsistent. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effect of dietary protein quantity [higher protein (HP): ≥25% of energy from protein or ≥1.0 g · kg body wt-1 · d-1; normal protein (NP): <25% of energy from protein or <1.0 g · kg body wt-1 · d-1] on changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC; total body, lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck) following a prescribed energy restriction. We hypothesized that an HP diet would attenuate the loss of BMD/BMC following weight loss in comparison to an NP diet. Two researchers systematically and independently screened 2366 publications from PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, CINAHL, and Web of Science Core Collection and extracted data from 34 qualified publications. Inclusion criteria included the following: 1) healthy subjects ≥19 y; 2) a prescribed energy restriction; 3) measurements of total protein intake, BMD, and BMC; and 4) an intervention duration of ≥3 mo. Data from 10 of the 34 publications with 2 groups of different total protein intakes were extracted and used to conduct a random-effects model meta-analysis. A majority of publications (59%) showed a decrease in bone quantity following active weight loss, regardless of total protein intake. Statistically, the loss of total BMD (P = 0.016; weighted mean difference: +0.006 g/cm2; 95% CI: 0, 0.011 g/cm2) and lumbar spine BMD (P = 0.019; weighted mean difference: +0.017 g/cm2; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.033 g/cm2) was attenuated with an HP versus an NP weight-loss diet. However, the clinical significance is questionable given the modest weighted mean difference and study duration. Higher total protein intake does not exacerbate but may attenuate the loss of bone quantity following weight loss.
Social role-related stress and social role-related reward as related to subsequent subclinical cardiovascular disease in a longitudinal study of mid-life women: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if mid-life social role quality, defined by the stress and rewards associated with four social roles, is related to later-life subclinical cardiovascular disease (SCVD) in a cohort of women transitioning through menopause. METHODS The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) is a longitudinal cohort study of mid-life women. Stress and reward from four social roles (spouse, parent, employee, caregiver) were assessed at seven early visits. Later-life SCVD was assessed via carotid ultrasound and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity at two later visits. We tested whether ever reporting an "extremely" or "quite a bit" stressful role was related to SCVD. We also tested whether cumulative stress and reward, as well as baseline and change in stress and reward were related to SCVD, adjusting for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS Among 1,602 women, reporting a stressful role during mid-life (between ages 47-52) was associated with later-life (age 61) carotid intima-media thickness that was 21 μm thicker than never reporting a stressful role. No significant relationships between stressful roles and other SCVD measures were identified. Cumulative and baseline-change models of stress and reward were not related to SCVD. CONCLUSION A stressful social role in mid-life was associated with greater atherosclerotic burden in later-life in a cohort of women transitioning through menopause. Social role rewards were unrelated to better later-life SCVD. These findings extend the knowledge of stress and cardiovascular disease in women by using measures of stress and reward for multiple social roles over the years of mid-life.
Balanced synaptic currents underlie low‐frequency oscillations in the subiculum

Numerous synaptic and intrinsic membrane mechanisms have been proposed for generating oscillatory activity in the hippocampus. Few studies, however, have directly measured synaptic conductances and membrane properties during oscillations. The time course and relative contribution of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductances, as well as the role of intrinsic membrane properties in amplifying synaptic inputs, remains unclear. To address this issue, we used an isolated whole hippocampal preparation that generates autonomous low‐frequency oscillations near the theta range. Using 2‐photon microscopy and expression of genetically encoded fluorophores, we obtained on‐cell and whole‐cell patch recordings of pyramidal cells and fast‐firing interneurons in the distal subiculum. Pyramidal cell and interneuron spiking shared similar phase‐locking to local field potential oscillations. In pyramidal cells, spiking resulted from a concomitant and balanced increase in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents. In contrast, interneuron spiking was driven almost exclusively by excitatory synaptic current. Thus, similar to tightly balanced networks underlying hippocampal gamma oscillations and ripples, balanced synaptic inputs in the whole hippocampal preparation drive highly phase‐locked spiking at the peak of slower network oscillations.
An Open-Source Code for the Calculation of the Effects of Mutual Coupling in Arrays of Wires and for the ASM-MBF Method

A general description of mutual coupling in finite and infinite antenna arrays is provided and an open-source code is described for the analysis of mutual coupling in linear arrays of parallel dipoles. The ASM-MBF method is illustrated with the help of that code and it is shown that the method also can handle situations where eigenmodes are supported by the array: single machine precision is achieved with four Macro Basis Functions only.
Audio–visual and olfactory–visual integration in healthy participants and subjects with autism spectrum disorder

The human capacity to integrate sensory signals has been investigated with respect to different sensory modalities. A common denominator of the neural network underlying the integration of sensory clues has yet to be identified. Additionally, brain imaging data from patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) do not cover disparities in neuronal sensory processing. In this fMRI study, we compared the underlying neural networks of both olfactory–visual and auditory–visual integration in patients with ASD and a group of matched healthy participants. The aim was to disentangle sensory‐specific networks so as to derive a potential (amodal) common source of multisensory integration (MSI) and to investigate differences in brain networks with sensory processing in individuals with ASD. In both groups, similar neural networks were found to be involved in the olfactory–visual and auditory–visual integration processes, including the primary visual cortex, the inferior parietal sulcus (IPS), and the medial and inferior frontal cortices. Amygdala activation was observed specifically during olfactory–visual integration, with superior temporal activation having been seen during auditory–visual integration. A dynamic causal modeling analysis revealed a nonlinear top‐down IPS modulation of the connection between the respective primary sensory regions in both experimental conditions and in both groups. Thus, we demonstrate that MSI has shared neural sources across olfactory–visual and audio–visual stimulation in patients and controls. The enhanced recruitment of the IPS to modulate changes between areas is relevant to sensory perception. Our results also indicate that, with respect to MSI processing, adults with ASD do not significantly differ from their healthy counterparts.
Neurodevelopment at 2 years corrected age among Vietnamese preterm infants

Background Preterm infants are at risk of neurodevelopmental delay, but data on long-term outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries remain scarce. Objectives To examine neurodevelopment using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-3rd edition (Bayley-III) and neurological findings in 2-year-old preterm infants, and to compare with healthy Vietnamese infants. Further, to assess factors associated with neurodevelopmental impairment. Design and setting Cohort study to follow up preterm infants discharged from a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary children’s hospital in Vietnam. Participants Infants born at <37 weeks of gestational age. Main outcomes Bayley-III assessment and neurological examination at 2-year corrected age (CA) compared with healthy Vietnamese infants. Results Of 294 NICU preterm infants, Bayley-III scores of all 184/243 (76%) survivors at 2 years CA were significantly lower than those of healthy Vietnamese peers in all three domains: cognition (mean (SD): 84.5 (8.6) vs 91.4 (7.5), p<0.001), language (mean (SD): 88.7 (12.5) vs 95.9 (11.9), p<0.001) and motor (mean (SD): 93.1 (9.0) vs 96.8 (9.3), p=0.003). The mean differences in Bayley-III scores between preterm and healthy Vietnamese infants were −6.9 (−9.1 to −4.7), −7.2 (−10.5 to −3.8) and −3.7 (−6.1 to −1.2) for cognitive, language and motor scores, respectively. The prevalence of neurodevelopmental impairment was 17% for cognitive, 8% for language and 4% for motor performance. In total, 7% were diagnosed with cerebral palsy. Higher maternal education was positively associated with infant neurodevelopment (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.94). Conclusions Vietnamese preterm infants in need of neonatal intensive care showed poor neurodevelopment at 2 years. Higher maternal education was positively associated with infant neurodevelopment. Standard follow-up programmes for preterm infants should be considered in low-resource settings.
Collaborations for success: high school to college transitions

Purpose – The paper seeks to provide an overview of innovative high school to college collaborations and initiatives at Kent State University Library. These collaborations and initiatives may serve as models and resources for future academic library high school to college programs.Design/methodology/approach – New and innovative collaborations and initiatives aimed at fostering successful high school to college student transitions are discussed.Findings – Provides overview of the K‐12 educational environment in Ohio, the collaborative environment, and opportunities for outreach and collaborative information literacy programming with high schools. Discusses new and innovative initiatives, lessons learned and provides practical considerations.Practical implications – This paper may serve as a guide and point out considerations and resources to both academic and high school libraries interested in exploring, expanding or establishing high school to college transition programming.Originality/value – Academic .
Motivating maths? Digital games and mathematical learning

Abstract It is often claimed that computers have the potential to engage and motivate children in ways that conventional classroom teaching does not. Children are assumed to have a natural aptitude and enthusiasm for computers; and the Internet is seen to make learning automatically more interesting and exciting. Over the last few years educational websites have appeared which claim to be ‘interactive’ and ‘to make learning fun’. These websites are often influenced by other areas of the children's entertainment industry, particularly computer games. In this article we look at how game formats are being incorporated into educational web sites designed to teach mathematics.
The Identification of Chemical Compound and Antibacterial Activity Test of Kopasanda (Chromolaena Odorata L.) Leaf Extract Against Vibriosis-Causing Vibrio harveyi (MR 275 Rif) on Tiger Shrimp

Kopasanda ( Chromolaena odorata L.) R.M King and H. Rob were classified as blossoming bush species in the Asteraceae family. An empirical study showed that kopasanda ( C. odorata L.) leaf had been used by the embankment farmers at South Sulawesi Province to eradicate Vibriosis which caused death for tiger prawn ( P.monodon Fabr.). The objective of research was to understand the bioactive compound that was contained within kopasanda ( C. odorata L.) leaf extract and its antibacterial activity against V. harveyi . Result of identification showed that the presence of phenolic, flavonoid, alkaloid, and steroid. Result of the extraction of 500 g kopasanda ( C. odorata L) leaf powders with methanol solvent was producing 81.010 g methanol extracts. Its antibacterial test against V. harveyi indicated that there was an ability to prevent the growth of V. harveyi . The partition of 50 g methanol extract with ethyl acetate was resulting in 29,605 g ethyl acetate extract. The residue was partitioned with n-hexane which produced 9,575 g n-hexane. These three extracts were subjected to the test of antibacterial activity against V. harveyi . Result of antibacterial activity test showed that the methanol extract was producing the highest preventive zone, which was 19 mm. It was followed by 9 mm from the ethyl acetate extract, while n-hexane extract did not show a preventive zone at all. The test indicated minimum inhibitory levels (MIC), supporting the conclusion that the kopasanda ( C.odorata L.) leaf extract inhibited the growth of V. harveyi active with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0,625 mg / mL.
Stress granule: A promising target for cancer treatment

Stress granules (SGs) are primarily composed of mRNAs that stall at translation initiation and usually appear in the cytoplasm under unusual physiological or pathological conditions such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, and viral infection. Recent studies have indicated that several components of SGs participate in tumourigenesis and cancer metastasis through tumour‐associated signalling pathways as well as other mechanisms. Furthermore, some chemotherapy drugs have been reported to induce SGs. Thus, the roles of SGs in cancer treatment have attracted considerable interest. Importantly, disturbing the recruitment of SGs components or microtubule polymerization, as well as other strategies that can abolish SGs formation, is reported to inhibit tumour progression, suggesting that targeting SGs could be a promising strategy for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the relationship between SGs and cancer, as well as recent advances in targeting SGs, in the interest of providing new opportunities for cancer treatment.
Endometrial preparation methods for frozen-thawed embryo transfer are associated with altered risks of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, placenta accreta, and gestational diabetes mellitus.

STUDY QUESTION What were the risks with regard to the pregnancy outcomes of patients who conceived by frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) during a hormone replacement cycle (HRC-FET)? SUMMARY ANSWER The patients who conceived by HRC-FET had increased risks of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and placenta accreta and a reduced risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in comparison to those who conceived by FET during a natural ovulatory cycle (NC-FET). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Previous studies have shown that pregnancy and live-birth rates after HRC-FET and NC-FET are comparable. Little has been clarified regarding the association between endometrium preparation and other pregnancy outcomes. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A retrospective cohort study of patients who conceived after HRC-FET and those who conceived after NC-FET was performed based on the Japanese assisted reproductive technology registry in 2014. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The pregnancy outcomes were compared between NC-FET (n = 29 760) and HRC-FET (n = 75 474) cycles. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the potential confounding factors. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The pregnancy rate (32.1% vs 36.1%) and the live birth rate among pregnancies (67.1% vs 71.9%) in HRC-FET cycles were significantly lower than those in NC-FET cycles. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that pregnancies after HRC-FET had increased odds of HDPs [adjusted odds ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.14-1.80] and placenta accreta (adjusted odds ratio, 6.91; 95% CI, 2.87-16.66) and decreased odds for GDM (adjusted odds ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.40-0.68) in comparison to pregnancies after NC-FET. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Our study was retrospective in nature, and some cases were excluded due to missing data. The implication of bias and residual confounding factors such as body mass index, alcohol consumption, and smoking habits should be considered in other observational studies. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Pregnancies following HRC-FET are associated with higher risks of HDPs and placenta accreta and a lower risk of GDM. The association between the endometrium preparation method and obstetrical complication merits further attention. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) No funding was obtained for this work. The authors declare no conflicts of interest in association with the present study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.