Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Facilitated oxygen diffusion. The role of leghemoglobin in nitrogen fixation by bacteroids isolated from soybean root nodules.

Abstract Oxyleghemoglobin, added to well stirred suspensions of bacteroids isolated from soybean root nodules, enhances the rates of oxygen consumption and of reduction of acetylene to ethylene, a measure of the activity of the enzyme complex, nitrogenase. The rate of incorporation of labeled nitrogen from 15N2 into NH3, another measure of nitrogenase activity, is also augmented. Ferric leghemoglobin, as well as ferric horseradish peroxidase and ferric cytochrome c peroxidase, were ineffective. Superoxide dismutase and catalase did not significantly affect the rates of oxygen uptake or acetylene reduction. Each of 12 oxygen-binding proteins (including two non-heme proteins) tested augmented both oxygen up-take and acetylene reduction by bacteroid suspensions; the magnitude of the increments was different for different proteins. We deduce that oxyleghemoglobin and other oxygenbinding proteins exert their effects by facilitating the diffusion of oxygen through a thin layer of solution, the "unstirred layer," surrounding the bacteroids. In the absence of oxyleghemoglobin, suspensions of bacteroids maintain a substantial oxygen uptake, which is largely ineffective in supporting nitrogenase activity. The addition of oxyleghemoglobin brings about an increment of oxygen consumption (the "effective oxygen uptake") and promotes nitrogenase activity, which increases roughly 10-fold. The ratio of the increment in oxygen consumption to the increment of acetylene reduction is about 2, corresponding to a calculated P:O ratio for bacteroid oxidative phosphorylation of 1:3. A convenient explanation of our results is that in the absence of leghemoglobin, the ineffective oxygen uptake maintains a very low oxygen pressure at the bacteroid surface. In the presence of leghemoglobin we suggest that the operation of leghemoglobin-facilitated oxygen diffusion increases the po2 at the bacteroid surface. This results in the "effective" oxygen uptake which supports nitrogenase activity. The possible mode of operation of this control system is discussed.
Investigating community members' purchase intention on Facebook fan page: From a dualistic perspective of trust relationships

Currently, many firms have established brand fan pages on various social network sites. The purpose of this paper is to extend the conventional trust theory, which involves only perspective of trust. ,This study targeted community members who have purchased tourist packages from travel agencies and have joined the official brand fan pages of the agencies for at least one year. A total of 646 valid samples were collected. ,Structural equation modeling was employed to conduct path analyses, and the results show that the seven hypothetical paths proposed in this study are supported by the theoretical model, which exhibited desirable goodness-of-fit. ,Finally, practical suggestions are offered for community managers. ,This study was conducted by integrating the models of consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer interactions.
The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in nursing-home patients with dementia over a 53-month follow-up period

ABSTRACT Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are prevalent in nursing-home (NH) patients with dementia, but little is known about the long-term course of these symptoms. Methods: In this study, 931 NH patients with dementia took part in a prospective cohort study with four assessments over a 53-month follow-up period. NPS and level of dementia were assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory scale and the Clinical Dementia Rating scale, respectively. Results: Mild, moderate, and severe dementia was present in 25%, 33%, and 42%, respectively. There was an increase in the severity of the dementia from the first to the fourth assessment. Agitation, irritability, disinhibition, and apathy were the most prevalent and persistent symptoms during the study period. The affective subsyndrome (depression and anxiety) became less severe, whereas the agitation subsyndrome (agitation/aggression, disinhibition, and irritability) and apathy increased in severity during the follow-up period. More severe dementia was associated with more severe agitation, psychosis, and apathy, but not more severe affective symptoms. Mild dementia was associated with an increase in the severity of psychosis, whereas moderate or severe dementia was associated with decreasing severity of psychosis over the follow-up period. Conclusion: Nearly all the patients experienced clinically significant NPS, but individual symptoms fluctuated. Affective symptoms became less severe, while agitation and apathy increased in severity. An increase in dementia severity was associated with an increase in the severity of agitation, psychosis, and apathy, but not affective symptoms. The results may have implications when planning evaluation, treatment, and the prevention of NPS in NH patients.
Effect of generalized spike‐and‐wave discharge on glucose metabolism measured by positron emission tomography

Positron emission tomography was used to study the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMRGlc) in 7 adult patients with generalized spike‐and‐wave activity in the electroencephalogram. No consistent changes were seen in the CMRGlc. There was a slight trent toward an increased CMRGlc in 2 patients with primary generalized epilepsy, while in the 5 other patients with minor deviations from this condition or with secondary generalized epilepsy, the CMRGlc was unaffected by spike‐and‐wave activity or was below the normal range. Neither the amount of spike‐and‐wave activity in the EEG nor the presence of clinically evident absence seizures appeared to influence the CMRGlc. Therefore, we conclude that neuronal activity underlying spike‐and‐wave discharge does not seem to require increased glucose utilization.
Digestion Mechanism of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Gastrointestinal Tract Using In Vitro Test

A static in vitro digestion model simulating human gastrointestinal tract was used to investigate digestion mechanism of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in food during digestion. The results showed that the release process of PCBs from food matrix conformed by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model at non-equilibrium condition and reached equilibrium after 2h in small intestine, while the adsorption and release processes at equilibrium were follow Langmuir isotherm equation (R 2 > 0.99). The study results also demonstrated that the relationship between the released PCBs and their levels in food is a partitioning-based model, and has nothing to do with their contamination levels. The present study provides basic information for advanced in vitro and in vivo studies on the mechanism or uptake of PCBs or other chemicals in human body.
Bacterial-algal interactions in polysaccharide production

The effects of phosphate limitation and of the presence of marine bacteria during phosphate limitation on growth and polysaccharide production in the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis grown in batch cultures are described in this paper. Growth of C. fusiformis was inhibited under low Pi (inorganic phosphate) conditions, corresponding to an increasing N/P ratio, and higher amounts of polysaccharides were extruded in the medium, in particular during the stationary phase of growth. The presence of bacteria reduced phytoplankton cell density only when the phosphate added corresponded to 1/6 of the initial amount. Even when diatom cell growth was not affected, the presence of bacteria stimulated a higher polysaccharide production. These results are interpreted in the light of the fact that nutrient-stressed phytoplankton cells produced and released a higher amount of polysaccharides and, as bacteria exhibited a better utilization of phosphate than algal cells, their presence accentuated the Pi depletion, resulting in a higher polysaccharide production.
Are Well-Calibrated Users Effective Users? Associations Between Calibration of Trust and Performance on an Automation-Aided Task

Objective: We present alternative operationalizations of trust calibration and examine their associations with predictors and outcomes. Background: It is thought that trust calibration (correspondence between aid reliability and user trust in the aid) is a key to effective human–automation performance. We propose that calibration can be operationalized in three ways. Perceptual accuracy is the extent to which the user perceives the aid’s reliability accurately at one point in time. Perceptual sensitivity and trust sensitivity reflect user adjustment of perceived reliability and trust as the aid’s actual reliability changes over time. Method: One hundred fifty-five students completed an X-ray screening task with an automated screener. Awareness of the aid’s accuracy trajectory and error type was examined as predictors, and task performance and aid failure detection were examined as outcomes. Results: Awareness of accuracy trajectory was significantly associated with all three operationalizations of calibration, but awareness of error type was not when considered in conjunction with accuracy trajectory. Contrary to expectations, only perceptual accuracy was significantly associated with task performance and failure detection, and combined, the three operationalizations accounted for only 9% and 4% of the variance in these outcomes, respectively. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the potential importance of trust calibration warrants further examination. Moderators may exist. Application: Users who were better able to perform the task unaided were better able to identify and correct aid failure, suggesting that user task training and expertise may benefit human–automation performance.
Identification and Characterization of the Unique N-Linked Glycan Common to the Flagellins and S-layer Glycoprotein of Methanococcus voltae*

The flagellum of Methanococcus voltae is composed of four structural flagellin proteins FlaA, FlaB1, FlaB2, and FlaB3. These proteins possess a total of 15 potential N-linked sequons (NX(S/T)) and show a mass shift on an SDS-polyacrylamide gel indicating significant post-translational modification. We describe here the structural characterization of the flagellin glycan from M. voltae using mass spectrometry to examine the proteolytic digests of the flagellin proteins in combination with NMR analysis of the purified glycan using a sensitive, cryogenically cooled probe. Nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the proteolytic digests of the flagellin proteins revealed that they are post-translationally modified with a novel N-linked trisaccharide of mass 779 Da that is composed of three sugar residues with masses of 318, 258, and 203 Da, respectively. In every instance the glycan is attached to the peptide through the asparagine residue of a typical N-linked sequon. The glycan modification has been observed on 14 of the 15 sequon sites present on the four flagellin structural proteins. The novel glycan structure elucidated by NMR analysis was shown to be a trisaccharide composed of β-ManpNAcA6Thr-(1–4)-β-Glc-pNAc3NAcA-(1–3)-β-GlcpNAc linked to Asn. In addition, the same trisaccharide was identified on a tryptic peptide of the S-layer protein from this organism implicating a common N-linked glycosylation pathway.
MT‐2 tropism and CCR‐5 genotype strongly influence disease progression in HIV‐1‐infected individuals

Background:The β-chemokine receptor CCR-5 is the coreceptor for cellular entry by non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) HIV-1 strains that dominate early in infection. A 32 base-pair deletion (Δ32) in the CCR-5 gene renders this coreceptor non-functional. Heterozygosity for this deletion [Δ32/wild-type (wt)] is associated with slow disease progression. The purpose of this study was to document the combined impact on HIV-1 disease progression of the CCR-5 genotype and the biological phenotype of HIV-1 Methods:In a cross-sectional study of 258 HIV-1-infected Swedish individuals, the CCR-5 genotype (wt/wt or Δ32/wt) was determined by polymerase chain reaction and the biological phenotype [NSI or syncytium-inducing (SI)] of virus isolates was determined in the MT-2 cell assay. Clinical status, HIV-1 RNA levels in plasma, CD4+ lymphocyte counts, and rate of CD4+ lymphocyte decline, based on retrospective analysis of CD4+ lymphocyte counts, were also recorded. None of the individuals were treated with protease inhibitors. Results:The prevalence of the Δ32/wt genotype was 23%. Subjects with the Δ32/wt CCR-5 genotype more often carried SI virus than subjects with the wt/wt genotype (49 versus 35%; P = 0.067), but there were no differences between the two groups in prevalence of AIDS, viral load, CD4+ lymphocyte count or CD4+ slope. NSI virus isolates were found in 159 (62%) out of 258 individuals. Individuals with NSI had lower prevalence of AIDS (39 versus 19%; P < 0.01), higher CD4+ lymphocyte counts (289 ± 188 × 106/l versus 153 ± 162 × 106/l; P = 0.001), lower viral loads (median, 4.45 log10 versus 4.91 log10 copies/ml; P < 0.01) and a lower prevalence of the Δ32/wt genotype (19 versus 29%; P = 0.067) compared with individuals with SI virus. When the material was further subdivided, subjects with the Δ32/wt genotype and SI virus had the highest prevalence of AIDS (P < 0.001), lowest CD4+ lymphocyte count (P = 0.0001) and highest viral load (P = 0.023) whereas the opposite was true for subjects with the Δ32/wt genotype and NSI virus. A significantly higher proportion of subjects with NSI virus with Δ32/wt and wt/wt CCR-5 genotype had been immunized with recombinant gp160. Conclusion:In summary, the Δ32/wt CCR-5 genotype has a protective effect against HIV-1 disease progression that appears to be limited to individuals carrying HIV-1 variants with NSI phenotype. Immunization with recombinant gp160 tended to reduce the frequency of SI phenotypes.
Stenting of Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis: Data to Clinical Practice

For several decades, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has been considered as the gold standard treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease. However, because of large vessel caliber and anatomic accessibility, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for LMCA has been attractive option for interventional cardiologists. With the marked improvement in technique and technology, PCI has been shown to be feasible for patients with unprotected LMCA stenosis. The recent introduction of drug-eluting stents (DESs), together with advances in pre procedural and post procedural adjunctive pharmacotherapies, has improved outcomes of PCIs of these lesions. The available current evidence comparing efficacy and safety of PCIs using DES and CABG revealed comparable results in terms of safety and a lower need for repeat revascularization for CABG. Still the management can be challenging in high risk anatomic subsets involving LMCA bifurcation lesions and, therefore, an integrated approach combining advanced devices, tailored techniques, adjunctive support of physiologic evaluation, and adjunctive pharmacologic agents should be reinforced to improve clinical outcome.
Isolation and preliminary characterization of a phosphonoacetic acid-resistant and temperature-sensitive mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1

A group of 43 phosphonoacetic acid (PAA)-resistant mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 was isolated after the mutagenesis of infected cells with nitrosoguanidine. One of these mutants, designated PAA1rts1, was found to be temperature sensitive (ts), that is, unable to replicate at 39.5 degrees C, the nonpermissive temperature. Recombination analysis of PAA1rts1 indicated that the PAA1r mutation and the ts1 mutation are loosely linked and are located on two separate genes. PAA1rts1 showed a defect in viral DNA synthesis at 39.5 degrees C, which presumably can be attributed to the production of a PAA-resistant and thermolabile DNA polymerase. PAA1rts1 was also defective in the shutoff of host DNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature.
Diagnostic and prognostic implications of microRNA profiling in prostate carcinoma

This study aimed to investigate the microRNA (miRNA) profile in prostate carcinoma tissue by microarray analysis and RT‐qPCR, to clarify associations of miRNA expression with clinicopathologic data and to evaluate the potential of miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic markers. Matched tumor and adjacent normal tissues were obtained from 76 radical prostatectomy specimens. Twenty‐four tissue pairs were analyzed using human miRNA microarrays for 470 human miRNAs. Differentially expressed miRNAs were validated by TaqMan RT‐qPCR using all 76 tissue pairs. The diagnostic potential of miRNAs was calculated by receiver operating characteristics analyses. The prognostic value was assessed in terms of biochemical recurrence using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses. Fifteen differentially expressed miRNAs were identified with concordant fold‐changes by microarray and RT‐qPCR analyses. Ten microRNAs (hsa‐miR‐16, hsa‐miR‐31, hsa‐miR‐125b, hsa‐miR‐145, hsa‐miR‐149, hsa‐miR‐181b, hsa‐miR‐184, hsa‐miR‐205, hsa‐miR‐221, hsa‐miR‐222) were downregulated and 5 miRNAs (hsa‐miR‐96, hsa‐miR‐182, hsa‐miR‐182*, hsa‐miR‐183, hsa‐375) were upregulated. Expression of 5 miRNAs correlated with Gleason score or pathological tumor stage. Already 2 microRNAs classified up to 84% of malignant and nonmalignant samples correctly. Expression of hsa‐miR‐96 was associated with cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy and that prognostic information was confirmed by an independent tumor sample set from 79 patients. That was shown with hsa‐miR‐96 and the Gleason score as final variables in the Cox models build in the 2 patient sets investigated. Thus, differential miRNAs in prostate cancer are useful diagnostic and prognostic indicators. This study provides a solid basis for further functional analyses of miRNAs in prostate cancer.
BC1 RNA and Vasopressin mRNA in Rat Neurohypophysis: Axonal Compartmentalization and Differential Regulation during Dehydration and Rehydration

Brain cytoplasmic 1 (BC1) RNA is a small non‐translated RNA polymerase III transcript. Because this RNA can be detected in the rat posterior pituitary with 35S in situ hybridization autoradiography, it has been hypothesized that this RNA might be transported in the axons of hypothalamo‐neurohypophyseal neurons. In the present study, we aimed to determine the cellular localization of BC1 more precisely by using non‐radioactive in situ hybridization of BC1 RNA at both the light and electron microscopic levels. Our studies revealed that BC1 RNA was indeed located intra‐axonally. Furthermore, BC1 RNA was abundant within a subset of axonal swellings and/or terminals, and was also found in discrete cytoplasmic domains of undilated axonal segments. Using a semiquantitative in situ hybridization approach, we have measured and compared the changes in BC1 RNA and arginine vasopressin (AVP) mRNA during dehydration (chronic salt‐loading) and rehydration. Chronic salt‐loading significantly increased both BC1 RNA and AVP mRNA. The increase in BC1 RNA labelling (2.5‐fold), however, was modest and somewhat less enduring than the increase in AVP mRNA labelling (13‐fold). Upon rehydration, both the BC1 and vasopressin transcripts in the posterior pituitary rapidly returned to control values. In conclusion, like vasopressin mRNA, BC1 RNA is transported in axons of the hypothalamo‐neurohypophyseal system where it aggregates in a subset of axonal swellings, and its axonal transport is similarly regulated. Therefore, we propose that BC1 RNA might be involved in the axonal targeting, docking and/or transport of AVP or other axonal mRNAs.
Mitochondrial dysfunction and cytoskeletal disruption during chemical hypoxia to cultured rat hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells: The pH paradox and cytoprotection by glucose, acidotic pH, and glycine

We investigated mechanisms underlying death of cultured rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells exposed to chemical hypoxia with KCN (2.5 mmol/L) to simulate the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion and reductive stress of anoxia. During chemical hypoxia, acidotic pH prevented cell death. Glucose (0.3‐10 mmol/L) also prevented cell killing. Cytoprotection by glucose but not acidosis was associated with prevention of ATP depletion. After 4 hours of chemical hypoxia at pH 6.2 (simulated ischemia), rapid cell death occurred when pH was restored to pH 7.4 with or without washout of KCN (simulated reperfusion). This pH‐dependent reperfusion injury (pH paradox) was prevented after KCN washout at pH 6.2. Glycine (0.3‐3 mmol/L) also prevented the pH paradox, but glucose did not. The initial protection by acidotic pH and glycine during simulated reperfusion was lost when pH was later restored to 7.4 or glycine was subsequently removed. Mitochondria depolarized during chemical hypoxia. After washout of cyanide, mitochondrial membrane potential (▵Ψ) did not recover in cells that subsequently lost viability. Conversely, those cells that repolarized after cyanide washout did not subsequently lose viability. The actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions became severely disrupted during chemical hypoxia at both pH 6.2 and 7.4 and did not recover after cyanide washout under any condition. Glucose during chemical hypoxia prevented cytoskeletal disruption. In conclusion, endothelial cell damage during simulated ischemia/reperfusion involves mitochondrial dysfunction, ATP depletion, and ATP‐dependent cytoskeletal disruption. Glycine and acidotic pH prevented cell killing after reperfusion but did not reverse mitochondrial injury or the profound disruption to the cytoskeleton.
Templated assembly by selective removal: simultaneous, selective assembly and model verification

The use of templated assembly by selective removal to simultaneously and selectively assemble silica microspheres of two different diameters into designated sites on a surface was demonstrated. Microspheres with diameters of 636 nm and 2 µm were assembled from fluid onto templates patterned to contain holes that matched the shapes and sizes of the spherical components. The assembly experiments were carried out for a range of experimental conditions, including different fluid compositions and different intensities for the fluid excitation. A comparison of the measured assembly yield with the yield predicted using a model based on the work of Jung and co-workers (Jung et al 2005 Nano Lett. 5 2188–94) shows excellent agreement, indicating the applicability of the model over a broad range of experimental conditions. High yield is both expected and observed when the ratio of the moment that retains components in their locations to the moment that removes components from their locations is greater than 1, as long as stirring of the fluid medium is sufficient.