Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevention of dementia by antihypertensive drugs: how AT1-receptor-blockers and dihydropyridines better prevent dementia in hypertensive patients than thiazides and ACE-inhibitors

Our review of cohort studies and clinical trials evaluating antihypertensive drugs in the prevention of cognition decline and all dementia in patients with hypertension indicates that two antihypertensive drug classes have greater protective effects, independent of blood pressure decrease: dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers as shown in the Syst-Eur trial and angiotensin-AT1 receptor blockers as found in the MOSES and ONTARGET trials. By contrast, diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors (ACEIs) prevent dementia only in patients with a stroke history, provided they are combined, and prevent stroke recurrence. A Japanese cohort study and a small trial in patients already suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) suggest, however, that the BBB-penetrating ACEI may slow down cognitive decline. Only cohort studies support the hypothesis that diuretics, (especially potassium-sparing diuretics), may decrease the risk of AD. β-blockers worsen cognition decline, or are neutral, according to whether or not they cross the BBB. Centrally-acting sympatholytic agent have a negative impact on cognition as BBB-penetrating β-blockers, probably by blunting the adrenergic pathways. The AD protective effect of DHP appears related to the blockade of neuronal calcium channels. The ambiguous effect of ACEI on cognitive decline and dementia prevention may be explained by the fact that brain ACE is not specific for angiotensin-I. Brain ACE also catabolizes cognition-enhancing brain peptides, amyloid peptides and converts toxic Aβ42 into less toxic Aβ40. Therefore, ACEIs may have short-term cognition-enhancing properties and may increase in the long term Aβ42 brain burden and cognitive decline. The clinical relevance of this scenario, mainly observed in animals, cannot be excluded in man, since the ACE gene has been associated with AD via the human whole genome analysis. To support the hypothesized deleterious effect of ACEI on human AD, confirmation that the ACE gene polymorphism DD is associated with protection against AD is necessary, since this polymorphism increases ACE activity. Independently of their preventive impact on β-amyloid degenerative neuropathological process by overexpressing insulin degrading enzyme which catabolyses amyloid, the angiotensin AT1-receptor-blockers may have greater cognition protective effects than ACEI (observed in the ONTARGET trial), as they share with ACEI cognition-enhancing effects directly linked with a common AT1-blunting effect. In addition, they increase angiotensin II and IV formation and therefore stimulate non-opposed AT2 and AT4 receptors, whose activation in cognitive processes is well established.
Aggression in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Research shows that aggression is an important associated feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is important in understanding the impact of the disorder and its treatment. The occurrence of aggressive behavior in combination with ADHD does not appear to be spurious and the severity and/or presence of aggression and ADHD may significantly impact long-term prognosis. This article defines subtypes of aggression in relation to ADHD, identifies individual differences contributing to aggressive behavior in children with ADHD and discusses selected possible underlying mechanisms of aggression in ADHD, as well as current and emerging treatment approaches. Although aggressive behavior in children with ADHD is common, the reasons for this are not yet well understood. Multidisciplinary research should focus on investigating underlying mechanisms related to aggression in ADHD, as well as the utility of various treatment modalities.
PriPref broadcaster: enabling users to broadcast privacy preferences in their physical proximity

While privacy is often treated as an information centric issue, privacy issues in ubiquitous and mobile computing also encompass physical or territorial aspects, i.e., the right to be left alone or undisturbed. Disturbances that affect privacy often stem from persons nearby and their mobile devices, e.g., ringing phones, loud phone calls, or sounds of mobile games. We propose PriPref Broadcaster, a smartphone-based approach for communicating personal privacy preferences to persons in physical proximity. Our approach further supports automatic adaptation of mobile device settings based on the dominating preferences in the current environment. Results from a usability study and a five-day field trial with 28 participants show that broadcasting privacy preferences is perceived as meaningful and has the potential to support privacy signaling in many everyday situations.
HYPOGLYCAEMIC POTENTIAL OF MANGIFERA INDICA LEAVES IN RATS

Hypoglycaemic activity of 50% ethanol extract of Mangifera indica tender leaves was studied in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. In normal rats, the extract was administered only once in doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg per os. The highest decrease (37.73%) in plasma glucose levels was obtained with 250 mg dose after 8 h of administration. In diabetic rats, the extract produced significant antihyperglycaemic effect within 3 days when given at 250 mg/kg/day per os for 10 days. LD 50 of the extract was above 4.64 gm/kg per os.
Agonizing Questioning: Experiences of Survivors of Suicide Victims

Adult survivors were asked about their perceived life experiences 3 to 9 months after the suicide death of a family member. Thirty-five subjects participated in in-depth interviews. A constant comparative method of analysis yielded a core variable of “agonizing questioning. ” Subjects' questioning behavior was evident through their-descriptions of emotional turmoil, cognitive dissonance, physical disturbances, and altered socialization. Evidence of beginning to resolve the loss was apparent among subjects who had achieved some understanding of why the suicide had occurred or recognized that there were no answers to their questions.
Prevalence of viral aetiologies in children with acute respiratory infections in Nairobi, Kenya

Abstract: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years in developing countries. Viruses have been long established to be causes of ARIs, but there is little information in developing countries especially Africa. This cross-sectional study was carried out in April-July 2008 in Nairobi, Kenya aiming at establishing which virus isolates and what age cluster in children with ARIs are affected. Throat swabs were collected from patients with clinical ARI and inoculated to various cell lines to isolate and identify viruses. A total of 388 children (age range = 1-132 months) were recruited. Of these 210 (54.1%) were males and 178 (45.9%) were females. Twenty-six percent (101) had upper (URTI) while 74% (287) had lower (LRTI) respiratory tract infections. There were 177 (45.6%) viruses isolated; adenovirus (27; 7%), parainfluenza (25; 6.4%), influenza (20; 5.2%), respiratory syncytial virus (19; 4.9%) and unidentified viruses (86; 22.2%). Majority of the viruses were isolated from patients with LRTI (110; 28.4%) while URTI had 67 (17.3%) isolates. The age cluster 1-12months (105; 27.1%) followed by 13-24months (36; 9.3%) had majority of the viral isolates. Thus this study indicates that viruses are associated with ARIs in children 1-2years of age and therefore a longitudinal study with sensitive virus detection methods is required to provide more information on the precise disease burden and magnitude of the problem.
Improvements to BM25 and Language Models Examined

Recent work on search engine ranking functions report improvements on BM25 and Language Models with Dirichlet Smoothing. In this investigation 9 recent ranking functions (BM25, BM25+, BM25T, BM25-adpt, BM25L, TF1°δ°p×ID, LM-DS, LM-PYP, and LM-PYP-TFIDF) are compared by training on the INEX 2009 Wikipedia collection and testing on INEX 2010 and 9 TREC collections. We find that once trained (using particle swarm optimization) there is very little difference in performance between these functions, that relevance feedback is effective, that stemming is effective, and that it remains unclear which function is best over-all.
Ability to manage diabetes—community health workers' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs

Background. Diabetes constitutes a significant health problem in South Africa. Early detection and good management can prevent or delay complications, with national guidelines for diabetes treatment now available to facilitate this. However, problems are being encountered with their implementation and there is evidence that preventive care is still inadequate in South Africa. Community health workers (CHWs) are lay personnel employed to serve as a link between professional health care staff and the community. They visit homes and can be a powerful force for diabetes prevention and adherence to treatment regimens, given appropriate knowledge. Method. We conducted a study to evaluate the knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of a group of CHWs serving a poor urban area, using focus groups and personal interviews. Results. The CHWs did not have the requisite knowledge, attitudes and beliefs to make a positive impact on prevention and management of diabetes. For example, they cited eating sugar as a cause of diabetes. They advised folk remedies that purportedly diluted the blood sugar. Their patients took prescribed medication irregularly. Obesity was not considered an important risk factor. Poverty, however, was recognised as an obstacle to proper treatment. Conclusion. Training is clearly needed to empower the CHWs with skills to work within their communities to identify risk factors for diabetes and other non-communicable diseases, with emphasis on diet and physical activity.
Effect of hypoxia on progesterone production by cultured bovine early and mid luteal cells

A major role of the corpus luteum (CL) is to produce progesterone (P4). The CL has immature vasculature shortly after ovulation, suggesting it exists under hypoxic conditions. To elucidate the mechanism involved in regulation of luteal cell function during CL development, we compared the effect of hypoxia on P4 production by cultured bovine early and mid luteal cells. Luteal cells obtained from early and mid CL were incubated under different O2 concentrations (20% and 3%) with or without hCG (1 U/ml) for 6 h and 24 h. After 6 h of culture in the presence of hCG, P4 production was not affected by hypoxia whereas decrease in its production by mid luteal cells was observed. After 24 h of culture, P4 production was significantly decreased by hypoxia in both stages of luteal cells regardless of the use of hCG. At 6 h of culture, hypoxia increased mRNA expression of hydroxyl-Δ-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3β- and steroid Δ-isomerase 1 (HSD3B1) in early luteal cells, and decreased mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage (CYP11A1) enzyme in mid luteal cells. At 24 h of culture, mRNA expressions of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), CYP11A1, and HSD3B1 were not affected by hypoxia in both stages of luteal cells. The overall results suggest that early luteal cells maintain P4 production under hypoxic conditions, and hypoxia-induced HSD3B1 may support this P4 production in the bovine early CL.
Maintaining quality in exercise referral schemes: a case study of professional practice

The epidemiological evidence regarding physical activity and health has triggered, within health care, an interest in the development of physical activity promotion, in an attempt to address concerns regarding levels of physical inactivity within the population. These initiatives have varied during the past decade, from public health campaigns, to the development of nationally recognized training qualifications. By far the most prolific physical activity programme that has developed however, has been the ‘exercise referral scheme’. These schemes now exist in most towns and cities, providing a formal link between local primary care and leisure provision. However, professional bodies in both medicine and exercise, responsible for the care of their members, have expressed concerns over the duty and quality of care that exists within such schemes. Research too, has provided conflicting evidence regarding their efficacy for health improvement. As such, national recommendations have been produced and published by the Department of Health to set and maintain standards in this growing area of service delivery. This case study of professional practice provides one innovative approach to ensuring that a countywide exercise referral scheme is a successful conduit for raising physical activity levels, and thus, health. By employing professionals from exercise science to deliver the Proactive Management Service, Somerset Physical Activity Group have devised a unique approach to ensuring and maintaining the quality of service delivery to the patients referred onto the exercise referral scheme within Somerset. The case study concludes with lessons learnt from these developments and proposals for the future, including, establishing a national register of exercise referral schemes and the importance of addressing the competencies of both health professionals and leisure professionals, who are involved in such schemes.
Iodine nutrition for pregnant women in three major villages of Ohafia local government area in Abia State of Nigeria

Median urinary iodine concentrations of three hundred pregnant women in three major villages in Ohafia Local Government Area of Abia State, South-Eastern Nigeria were determined. This is to help determined whether iodine nutrition was sufficient or not in pregnant women. The analysis of iodine in urine was by spectrophotometric reaction in which specimens were manually digested with ammonium persulfate. The median urinary value of 58.67 µg/l obtained indicated that the pregnant women were mildly deficient by the WHO/ICCIDD/UNICEF scale. The minimum value of 27.67 µg/l and maximum value of 91.23 µg/l shows that iodine nutrition was not adequate in any of the women. There is need for iodine supplementation and regular monitoring of iodine in food and iodized salt in pregnant women.
A novel treatment for glioblastoma: integrin inhibition

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor, which despite combined modality treatment, recurs and is invariably fatal. New therapies for GBM represent an unmet need in neuro-oncology. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology and molecular biology of GBM and focuses, in particular, on integrins, which are heterodimeric transmembrane surface proteins that, when activated, signal through several GBM-relevant pathways, including proliferation, motility, cytoskeleton organization, survival and angiogenesis pathways. Consequently, the potential effects of anti-integrin strategies in anti-GBM therapeutics are threefold: antiangiogenesis; anti-invasion; and anti-tumor. Trials of anti-integrins are most mature in GBM, and this review summarizes the completed and future trials of integrin inhibitors in the treatment of both newly diagnosed and recurrent GBM.
Askalot: Community Question Answering as a Means for Knowledge Sharing in an Educational Organization

Community Question Answering (CQA) is a well-known example of a knowledge management system for effective knowledge sharing in open online communities. In spite of the increasing research effort in recent years, the beneficial effects of CQA systems have not been fully discovered in organizational and educational environments yet. We present a novel concept of an organization-wide educational CQA system that fills the gap between open and too restricted class communities of learners. In order to evaluate its feasibility, we designed CQA system Askalot. Askalot was experimentally evaluated during a summer term at our university with more than 600 users. The results of the experiment provide an insight into employment of CQA systems as nontraditional learning environments that utilize a diversity of students' knowledge in a whole organization.
A Large-Scale Evaluation of Automated Unit Test Generation Using EvoSuite

Research on software testing produces many innovative automated techniques, but because software testing is by necessity incomplete and approximate, any new technique faces the challenge of an empirical assessment. In the past, we have demonstrated scientific advance in automated unit test generation with the EVOSUITE tool by evaluating it on manually selected open-source projects or examples that represent a particular problem addressed by the underlying technique. However, demonstrating scientific advance is not necessarily the same as demonstrating practical value; even if VOSUITE worked well on the software projects we selected for evaluation, it might not scale up to the complexity of real systems. Ideally, one would use large “real-world” software systems to minimize the threats to external validity when evaluating research tools. However, neither choosing such software systems nor applying research prototypes to them are trivial tasks. In this article we present the results of a large experiment in unit test generation using the VOSUITE tool on 100 randomly chosen open-source projects, the 10 most popular open-source projects according to the SourceForge Web site, seven industrial projects, and 11 automatically generated software projects. The study confirms that VOSUITE can achieve good levels of branch coverage (on average, 71% per class) in practice. However, the study also exemplifies how the choice of software systems for an empirical study can influence the results of the experiments, which can serve to inform researchers to make more conscious choices in the selection of software system subjects. Furthermore, our experiments demonstrate how practical limitations interfere with scientific advances, branch coverage on an unbiased sample is affected by predominant environmental dependencies. The surprisingly large effect of such practical engineering problems in unit testing will hopefully lead to a larger appreciation of work in this area, thus supporting transfer of knowledge from software testing research to practice.
Perioperative Considerations in the Geriatric Patient With a Hip Fracture

Summary: Geriatric fracture patients deserve special considerations in the perioperative period. The goal of geriatric fracture management is restoring mobility and limiting a prolonged recumbency period. A comprehensive multidisciplinary approach involving surgical, medical, rehabilitation, and social work specialists is advocated. Indications, surgical timing, and optimization of comorbid conditions are important issues to be addressed. In addition, anesthesia and postoperative pain control require individual attention in this population. Serving as the background to all these issues are the varied social needs of the elderly who could have a limited support network. This review focuses on the current recommendations for perioperative management of the geriatric patient with a hip fracture.
ASSESSMENT OF ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM AT PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE LEVEL IN JAMNAGAR DISTRICT

Background: PHC is a key place for implementing routine immunization program and storing of vaccines. Present study conducted to assess various components of routine immunization program at PHC level. This study also identifies key strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats at PHC level for implementing Routine Immunization Program. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional facility based study was conducted in Jamnagar district from March 2010 to March 2012. Total two Primary Health Centers were randomly selected from each 07 block offices in Jamnagar District. So, total 14 PHCs were included in the study representing 40% of total PHCs in the district. Data were collected by structured Routine Immunization check list for PHC/CHC developed by WHO/Government of India. Results: 78.57% PHCs did not prepare Dropout chart. 42.86% of PHCs did not have their map. Frost > 5mm seen in 78.57% of PHCs. DF temperature did not between -15 to -25’C in 28.57% PHCs. Voltage stabilizer was not functional in 14.29% PHCs. Temperature Log book was not properly maintained in more than half of PHCs. 35.71% PHCs suffer of shortage of one or more vaccines. Data discrepancy of stock was observed in 57.14%. No AEFI reported in all PHCs in the previous 03 months. Supervision found to poor in majority of PHCs.
Psychostimulants for ADHD-like symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorders

We conducted a comprehensive review of studies assessing the efficacy and tolerability of psychostimulants for ADHD-like symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (encompassing autism disorder, Asperger’s syndrome and pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified). PubMed, Ovid, EMBASE, Web of Science, ERIC and CINHAL were searched through 3 January 2012. From a pool of 348 potentially relevant references, 12 citations (11 studies) were retained as pertinent. Four of the included studies had a randomized controlled design. Most of the studies assessed methylphenidate immediate release. Despite inter-study heterogeneity, taken together, the results of the selected reports suggest that psychostimulants may be effective for ADHD-like symptoms in autism spectrum disorder individuals. The most common adverse events reported in the included trials were appetite reduction, sleep-onset difficulties, irritability and emotional outbursts. We discuss future directions in the field, including the need for trials assessing more ecological outcomes and combined treatment strategies tailored to the specific individual features.
Herniation of the small intestine through the femoral canal after castration in a 3-year-old Thoroughbred

Summary Complications following castration are a potential problem in equine practice. Intestinal evisceration is a life-threatening condition requiring immediate correction. The following case report describes a rare condition associated with post castration evisceration in a 3-year-old Thoroughbred. Shortly after the eviscerated small intestine was repositioned in the abdomen, the horse showed signs of colic and at the second surgery a 4.5 m jejunal loop was found incarcerated in the femoral canal. After resection and anastomosis, the femoral canal was obliterated using large moistened gauze sponges. The horse made a complete recovery and returned to race training. The occurrence of femoral hernia, a condition fairly common in man, has been described but no clinical cases have been reported in horses. This is a severe, although rare, complication after castration.