Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of eating habits on the academic performance of university students

Abstract Objective To explore the correlation between eating habits of university students and academic achievement. Participants 577 undergraduate students at a university in the United States. Methods Students were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey that asked questions concerning health-related behaviors; participants were asked to report their current grade point average (GPA). Statistical analyses were performed using the JMP software program; a standard least squares regression was used to test whether self-reported current GPA was related to different types and rates of weekly food and drink consumption. Results Self-reported GPA did not change along with weekly rates of milk, vegetables, green salad, fruit juice, or fresh fruit consumption. Breakfast consumption had a positive effect on self-reported GPA, while fast food consumption had a negative effect. Conclusion Healthy eating habits have a positive effect on students’ academic performance. However, other factors, such as sleep habits, may be more important.
Development and validation of an inventory (Dundee Barometer of Institutional Professionalism) to measure the professionalism culture of medical schools in the UK

Background: Professionalism, in today’s context, is a determinant of fitness‐to‐practise of doctors. Many professional and governing bodies around the world have emphasised the need for educating medical students explicitly about professionalism. In fostering professionalism, the institutional culture plays a concealed but vital role. Although the institutional professionalism culture should be explored and understood there was no suitable measure for use in the context of UK undergraduate medical education. The aim of this project was to develop a valid, reliable and practical measure of institutional professionalism culture. Methods and results: The project was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, forty six attributes of professionalism were identified in a literature review. These attributes were surveyed among a nationally representative quota sample of 954 members of the UK general public. They identified 44 attributes as important. With a principal component analysis, three facets to professionalism were identified: the relationship of doctors with patients (clinicianship) and co‐workers (workmanship), and the behaviour of doctors in society (citizenship). By analysing the survey responses of 368 UK medical professionals using the Content Validity Index, 28 attributes were identified to represent each facet (clinicianship 10, workmanship 11, and citizenship 7). In the second phase, the 28 attributes were included in an online measure (Dundee Barometer of Institutional Professionalism) with a rating scale based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), and field‐tested among the faculty and students of the Dundee
Farmer’s Prioritization and Adoption of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies and Practices

Climate change affects seriously household food security, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where agriculture is still using traditional methods of farming systems. As strategies against the impact of climate change and way to increase agricultural production, several Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) technologies and practices were introduced and experimented at sub-regional and national levels in Niger. The purpose of this study is to prioritize these technologies and practices using participatory assessment approach and to analyze the determinants of their adoption. Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR), organic manure, forest management, Zaï pits and stone bunds are the most preferred technologies and practices by the farmers according to the three pillars of Climate-Smart-Agriculture. The results of econometric models revealed that access to credit/subsidy, access to training, membership of an organization, source of income, family size and ownership of animal of traction influence significantly and positively the adoption of these CSA technologies and practices. The government and other development agents should reinforce the access of credit and training to farmers to boost the adoption of these technologies and practices, and to build sustainable and climate resilient livelihoods in order to move out of chronic poverty and food insecurity.
A critical realist approach to understanding the human resource management practices-organizational financial performance link:evidence from Nigeria's petroleum sector

Existing research on the HRM-P link has been unable to establish whether or not an HRM-P `link´ exists. Research reviewers have given factors such as inadequate theory, weak research design, and inappropriate methodology as responsible for the research problem. I argue that at the root of the problem is (a) a lack of theory underpinning research in the area, coupled with (b) a neglect of meta-theory. To overcome this, I integrate theories that may contribute to an explanation of the HRM-P `link´, and a meta-theory that might help gain some methodological clarity apropos data collection and data analysis. I argue for an alternative approach - a Critical Realist approach to solving the problem. Drawing mainly on Institutional approaches (comprising modified versions of Transaction Cost Economics theory, Social Exchange theory, Organisational Support theory, and the Resource-Based view; and Institutional theory) whose components constitute a newly developed integrated theoretical framework, I conduct empirical research to answer two questions, simply put: Is there a HRM-P `link´? ; If yes, what causal mechanisms mediate the link? Based then on a Critical Realist descriptive and interpretive crosssectional qualitative case study research design, survey data was collected by administering questionnaires on and interviewing employees and managers in a case study of three Nigeria-based petroleum companies with service capabilities. Data was analysed using an integration of existing Critical Realist data analysis frameworks with the core elements of a classical Grounded Theory data analysis technique. The empirical research finds that there is a HRM-P `link´, highlighting that human resource practices (HRPs) causally tend to influence organisational financial performance (OFP) and other HR outcomes. The causal mechanisms found operating to establish this `link´ are eight mediating mechanisms combining and interpenetrating one another, stimulating the perceptions and emotions of human actors (starting from employees but also influencing managers and clients). These empirical findings are at variance with extant research which suggests that a system of HR practices (SHRP) influences employees through a single-path influence on their skills and motivation and on organisational structures or through only employees’ perceived organisational support. Contributions to HR management practice and theory and future research directions are also discussed.
Agency Frictions, Managerial Compensation, and Disruptive Innovations

Whether a manager leads the innovation efforts of a firm in line with shareholder preferences is key for firm value and growth. This, in turn, influences aggregate productivity growth and welfare. Data on US public firms reveals that (i) firms with better corporate governance tend to adopt highly incentivized contracts rich in stock options and (ii) such contracts are more likely to lead to disruptive innovations -- patented inventions that are in the upper tail of the distribution in terms of quality and originality. Motivated by these empirical results, we develop and estimate a new dynamic general equilibrium model of firm-level innovation with agency frictions and endogenous determination of executive contracts. The model is used to study the joint dynamics of corporate governance, managerial compensation, and disruptive innovations. Better corporate governance can reduce the influence of the manager in determination of the compensation structure. This leads to more incentivized contracts and boosts innovation, with substantial benefits for the shareholders as well as the broader economy through knowledge spillovers. Removing agency frictions leads to contracts richer in stock options, boosting growth by 0.51pp, and welfare by 7.3% in consumption-equivalent terms. These findings are robust to incorporating short-termism. Short-termism itself is also detrimental, the removal of which increases welfare by 1.5%. Alleviating both frictions at the same time leads to amplified gains in growth and welfare.
Student Nurse Satisfaction Levels with Their Courses: Part I--Effects of Demographic Variables. Part II--Effects of Academic Variables.

Recent years have seen an increased emphasis on the monitoring of the quality of learning and teaching in higher education. This has led to more attention being paid to evaluating student perceptions of their learning experiences. This article (Part I of two on the subject) examines the factors that influence student satisfaction with their modular courses. Seven factors categorized into two sets are scrutinized: Part I investigates the effects of four demographic variables, while Part II explores the effects of three academic (educational)-related variables. In this report, the study research design, tool and sample are described, and an analysis of the demographic variables of gender, disability, ethnicity and age-bracket is undertaken, whereby their effects on performance and satisfaction levels of students are considered. Employing a questionnaire, data from 460 students attending various multidisciplinary health care modules at the School of Health Care, Oxford Brookes University for the first term of the academic year 2000/2001 were analysed. The questionnaire was found to be reliable and there were no differences in satisfaction between students who provided their registration numbers and those who did not, suggesting that the results are generalizable to the greater student population of the School of Health Care. The study found no differences in performance or satisfaction levels according to gender, but disabled students indicated less satisfaction although the differences were not significant. Fewer students of ‘non-white’ ethnicity felt that their learning experience was intellectually stimulating, and that the information about their modules was satisfactory and readily available. Student age significantly predicted performance and ‘mature’ students performed better and showed higher satisfaction than ‘traditional’ students. The findings and their implications for nurse education and curriculum design are discussed, with support from a growing number of studies investigating student nurse satisfaction and quality issues of learning and teaching in higher education.
A Two-Stage Model for Chinese Grammatical Error Correction

Chinese grammatical error correction (GEC) is more challenging than English GEC due to its language characteristics. In this paper, a two-stage model was proposed to solve the Chinese GEC problem. The model consists of two components: a spelling check model and a GEC model. The spelling check model based on language model focuses on correcting spelling errors, while the GEC model based on neural sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) model focuses on correcting grammatical errors. In addition, two generative methods allow the seq2seq model to correct an erroneous sentence incrementally with repeated inference steps. Furthermore, only one seq2seq model is used for grammatical correction rather than ensemble multiple models, which greatly speeds up the generation of final results and saves computing resources. The two-stage model achieves 31.01 $F_{0.5}$ on NLPCC 2018 test set, significantly outperforms all prior approaches on this task.
A craniometric analysis of the skull of the Red Sokoto (Maradi) goat (Capra Hircus)

The study involved the osteometric study of 32 parameters in the skull of the Red Sokoto goat in Nigeria. The mean condylobasal length was 20.3 cm while the overall length, whole skull height, and whole skull index were 17.2 cm, 10.5 cm and 0.7 × 102 respectively. Nearly all of the parameters studied revealed no significant differences (p< 0.05) between animals of one year of age and below and those above this age mark. Female goats had higher values for most of the craniometric measurements. The results are discussed as regards their importance for comparative anatomy with other breeds and a better understanding of the adaptational physiology of the Red Sokoto breed to its environment.
Monitoring the treatment and health of patients accessing HIV care in low and middle-income countries

Monitoring patient health in low and middle-income country HIV care programmes is challenging, as, without evidence, measurement tools derived from high-income country studies have been adapted and paper-based monitoring systems quickly developed. An accurate understanding of the population in care may be compromised. This thesis examines aspects of HIV care: access to Cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT), prevalence of common mental disorders (CMD), and tools used to measure outcomes on antiretroviral therapy (ART). CPT access is frequently cited as being as low as 4% with few studies estimating long-term access. Estimated prevalence of CMD varies widely as little standardisation in measurement tools exists. And, while international ART programme monitoring recommendations exist, no study has compared the concordance, or otherwise, between information collected in different countries. The first study in this thesis, in Ugandan and Tanzanian patients, estimates time from HIV diagnosis to CPT initiation, time spent on CPT and associated factors. These estimates are compared to reported data. CPT coverage and time on CPT were poor. The absence of unique patient identifiers means monitoring data cannot distinguish patients who were diagnosed and initiate CPT in different reporting periods. Furthermore, no long-term data are officially reported. The second study estimates CMD prevalence and associated factors among HIV-positive Ugandans, and validates measurement tools for this. Prevalence was around 10% but no routinely-collected data identified at-risk patients. Measurement tool validity was poor, and their use substantially overestimates prevalence. The third study compares ART programme monitoring systems in Malawi, Uganda, Ukraine and Tanzania. There was little concordance with international recommendations, and discordance in additional data-items and paediatric age-groupings. This signalled a lack of understanding of how best to monitor the health of treated populations. Finally, a fourth study is proposed with the aim of assessing the validity and predictive value of existing programmatic monitoring systems.
Handbook Of Diabetes Medical Nutrition Therapy

UNDERSTANDING DIABETES Pathophysiology Complications of Diabetes Mellitus SETTING AND ACHIEVING NUTRITION GOALS Nutrition-Focused Diabetes Care Nutrition Assessment Diabetes Medications/Delivery Methods Exercise and Diabetes Mellitus Monitoring of Comprehensive Diabetes Management Use of Self Blood Glucose Monitoring Achieving Goals through Self-Management Training Nutritional Counseling SELECTING NUTRITIONAL EDUCATION APPROACH Meal Planning for Diabetes: Approaches and Educational Resources The Exchange System Carbohydrate Counting Very Low Calorie Diets Cultural Considerations in Diabetes Nutrition Therapy MACRONUTRIENT INFLUENCE ON BLOOD GLUCOSE AND HEALTH The Role of Carbohydrate in the Diabetes Meal Plan Protein Lipids Calories Low-Calorie Sweeteners and Fat Replacers: The Ingredients, Use in Foods, and Diabetes Management Fiber and the Diabetic Diet MAKING FOOD CHOICES Selected Foods Altering the Basic Meal Plan Glycemic Control and Supplemental Vitamins, Minerals, and Nonfood Substances LIFE STAGES Children and Adolescents Pregnancy and Diabetes Medical Nutrition Therapy for the Older Person with Diabetes NUTRITION AND SPECIFIC CLINICAL CONDITIONS Diabetic Nephropathy Hypertension and Diabetes Eating Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus Surgery and Surgical Nutrition in Diabetes Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus Dental Care of the Person with Diabetes Diabetes in HIV/AIDS MAKING IT WORK Reimbursement for Medical Nutrition Therapy and Diabetes Self-Management Training View from the Mountain
The distinctive nature of music education and music teacher education

[Abstract]: To become a music teacher in Queensland secondary schools, it is necessary to qualify at tertiary level. The coursework paths that preservice teachers take prior to graduating as music teachers are found within the accredited education degrees, and although preservice teacher education courses in Queensland are regularly evaluated and upgraded, the effectiveness of music teacher education has not been considered separately. Furthermore, changes to the tertiary music teacher education curriculum have been at best haphazard and unsupported by research. This article argues that music education is distinctive within the school curriculum and as such music teachers and preservice music teachers require specialist skills to teach the subjects effectively. As a result it is argued that the nature of preservice music teacher education differs from general preservice teacher education, and so should be evaluated spearately.
Tax and Spending Shocks in the Open Economy: Are the Deficits Twins?

We present evidence on the open economy consequences of US fiscal policy shocks identified through proxy-instrumental variables. Tax shocks and government spending shocks that raise the government budget deficit lead to persistent current account deficits. In particular, the negative response of the current account to exogenous tax reductions through a surge in the demand for imports is among the strongest and most precisely estimated effects. Moreover, we find that the reduction of the current account is amplified when the tax reduction is due to lower personal income taxes and when the government increases its consumption expenditures. Historically, a much larger share of current account dynamics has been due to tax shocks than to government spending shocks.
Do Returns to Schooling Differ by Race and Ethnicity? WP 2005-02.

Using data from the U.S. Decennial Census and the National Longitudinal Surveys, we find little evidence of differences in the return to schooling across racial and ethnic groups, even with attempts to control for ability and measurement error biases. While our point estimates are relatively similar across racial and ethnic groups, our conclusion is driven in part by relatively large standard errors. ; That said, we find no evidence that returns to schooling are lower for African Americans or Hispanics than for non-minorities. As a result, policies that increase education among the low-skilled have a good possibility of increasing economic well-being and reducing inequality. More generally, our analysis suggests further research is needed to better understand the nature of measurement error and ability bias across subgroups in order to fully understand potential heterogeneity in the return to schooling across the population.
Assessment and Management of Orofacial Pain

Dedication. Preface. List of Contributors. 1. Introduction (J.M. Zakrzewska). 2. Background: neurobiology of pain (B. Aghabeigi). 3. Psychology of pain (T. Newton-John). 4. History taking (J.M. Zakrzewska). 5. Examination of facial pain patients (J.M. Zakrzewska). 6. Measurement of pain in adults (T. Newton-John). 7. Investigations for facial pain (J.M. Zakrzewska). 8. Classification and diagnosis of facial pain (J.M. Zakrzewska). 9. Management overview (J.M. Zakrzewska). 10. Dental pain (B. Aghabeigi). 11. Temporomandibular joint pain (S.D. Harrison). 12. Headache syndromes presenting with facial pain and autonomic features (M.S. Chong). 13. Maxillary sinusitis (S.D. Harrison). 14. Atypical facial pain and atypical odontalgia (S.D. Harrison). 15. Trigeminal neuralgia (J.M. Zakrzewska). 16. Burning mouth (J.M. Zakrzewska). 17. Other neurological causes of head and face pain (M.S. Chong). Subject index
Human or Machine? Turing Tests for Vision and Language

As AI algorithms increasingly participate in daily activities that used to be the sole province of humans, we are inevitably called upon to consider how much machines are really like us. To address this question, we turn to the Turing test and systematically benchmark current AIs in their abilities to imitate humans. We establish a methodology to evaluate humans versus machines in Turing-like tests and systematically evaluate a representative set of selected domains, parameters, and variables. The experiments involved testing 769 human agents, 24 state-of-the-art AI agents, 896 human judges, and 8 AI judges, in 21,570 Turing tests across 6 tasks encompassing vision and language modalities. Surprisingly, the results reveal that current AIs are not far from being able to impersonate human judges across different ages, genders, and educational levels in complex visual and language challenges. In contrast, simple AI judges outperform human judges in distinguishing human answers versus machine answers. The curated large-scale Turing test datasets introduced here and their evaluation metrics provide valuable insights to assess whether an agent is human or not. The proposed formulation to benchmark human imitation ability in current AIs paves a way for the research community to expand Turing tests to other research areas and conditions. All of source code and data are publicly available at https://tinyurl.com/8x8nha7p
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Cervical Spondylosis and Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy in Zaria, Northern Nigeria

Background: Cervical spondylosis (CS) has received little attention in the Nigerian medical literature even in the present era of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Unfortunately, cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is the most common form of functional debility from spinal cord disease in older adults. Objective: We sought to describe the clinico radiologic findings in CS and CSM with the hope of familiarizing clinicians with this prevalent and potentially devastating disorder. Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of 76 patients who underwent cervical MRI examination on account of CS, associated with either radiculopathy, myelopathy, or myelo radiculopathy. The patients comprised of 54 (71.1%) males and 22 (28.9%) females, their ages ranged from 26 to 78 years. Each patient was also scored clinically using the Nurick′s classification for cervical myelopathy and scores compared with their MRI examination findings. Results: The condition was commoner in males than females (M:F = 2.5:1). Multi-level disease was seen in almost all patients and the commonest disc levels affected in spondylosis were C4/5, followed by C5/6; while for spondylotic myelopathy, it was C3-4 level. The prevalence of CSM in this study was 42.10%. The patients′ clinical scores compared well with their MRI findings. Conclusion: CS should not be dismissed as a mere consequence of aging ′but a disease with possible debilitating outcome and early prevalence due to an interplay of environmental and genetic factors′. On the strength of this, we have presented the MRI and clinical findings in CS and spondylotic myelopathy; and also reviewed previous reports in the light of the current findings in the literature.