Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Universitet Bank Lending , Housing and Spreads

The framework presented in this paper takes its cue from recent nancial events and attempts to develop a tractable framework for policy analysis of macro-linkages, in particular a rst attempt at the integration of an independent pro t-maximising banking sector that lends to and borrows from agents in the economy, and through which changes in the monetary policy rate by the central bank are transmitted. The inter-linkages between housing and the role of the banking sector in the transmission of monetary policy is emphasized. Two competing e¤ects are highlighted: (i) a nancial accelerator channel, due to the presence of collateralized borrowers, and (ii) a banking attenuator e¤ect, which crucially arises from the spread in interest rates caused by the introduction of monopolistically competitive nancial intermediaries. We show how the classical ampli cation mechanism explored in models of private borrowing between collaterally-constrained impatienthouseholds and unconstrained patienthouseholds, such as those put forward by Kiyotaki and Moore (1997) and Iacoviello (2005), is counteracted by the banking attenuator e¤ect, given an endogenous steady state spread between loan and savings rates. Attenuation occurs therefore even under the assumption of exible interest rates. This e¤ect is further magni ed when sluggishness in the interest rate-setting mechanism is introduced. JEL: E32; E43; E44; E51; E52; E58
A 3-year evaluation of taste aversion coyote control in Saskatchewan.

Taste aversion programs using lithium chloride (LiCl) in sheep baits and carcasses have been applied in Washington to one sheep herd for 2 years; applications have been made in California and in Saskatchewan on 46 herds over 3 years. Ten of these 46 herds were available for statistical analysis, indicating a significant reduction in the percent of sheep lost to coyotes. All applications have suggested reduced sheep losses to coyotes (Canis latrans). This method of predation control may cost less than traditional techniques, save sheep, and should allow coyotes to carry out positive functions in the ecosystem. Our purpose has been to alter the predatory behavior of coyotes (Cunis lotruns) in “natural” settings to reduce sheep losses. Our working model (Gustavson et. 1979) was based on experimental evidence from rats in the laboratory. Data from most field settings remain indicative, and subjective, even when precautions are taken. Laboratory findings involve objectively measured, discrete responses in controlled settings. Laboratory studies have a high degree of control resulting in internal validity but may lack the external validity needed for generalization to the field. We conducted laboratory studies (Gustavson et al. 1974; Gustavson et al. 1976) under varied conditions to improve external validity while maintaining confidence in our conclusions. Several field investigations have been conducted with primary applications being made by researchers, (Gustavson, et al. 1976; Ellins et al. 1977; Stream 1976).
The Effect of Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Nitric Oxidergic Neurons on Blood Pressure in Diabetic Rats

It has been shown that nitric oxide is synthesized in the central nervous system as well as in vascular endothelial cells. Recently, it was reported that nitric oxide was involved in central cardiovascular regulation, baroreflex modulation, and involved in a reciprocal release with excitatory amino acids in the nucleus tractus solitarii of rats. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible interaction of nitric oxide and glucose in the nucleus tractus solitarii on blood pressure regulation. Male Wistar stereptozotocin induced diabetic rats were anesthetized with urethane. A cannula was inserted above the nucleus tractus solitarii and blood pressure was monitored intra-arterially. Unilateral microinjection of L-glutamate (2.3 nmol/60 nL) into the nucleus produced a decrease in blood pressure in diabetic rats. Microinjection of lidocaine (0.5 µl %2) increased blood pressure. Unilateral microinjection of sodium nitroprusside (100 mmol/60 nL) into the nucleus increased blood pressure in diabetic rats. After microinjection of sodium nitroprusside, the depressive responses to glutamate were significantly attenuated. These results demonstrated the probable role of glucose on blood pressure regulation in diabetic animals affecting on nitric oxidergic neurons and so it implicates an interaction between nitric oxide and glucose in central cardiovascular regulation. Iran. Biomed. J. 10
Chapter 6: The Mentor Phenomenon and the Social Organization of Teaching

Policymakers and educational leaders have thrust mentoring into the vocabulary of school reform as part of a mission to reward and retain capable teachers while obligating those teachers, implicitly or explicitly, to contribute to the improvement of schools and the quality of the teacher work force. For much of the past decade, the term mentor has been prominently associated with proposed shifts in teachers' professional relationships and with altered teacher roles in schools and school districts. Mentoring is a principal component of state-initiated teacher incentive programs (Hart, 1989; Neufeld, 1986; Wagner, 1985), university-based teacher preparation programs (Huling-Austin, 1988), and local programs of teacher induction and professional development (Stoddart, 1989). Proponents of mentoring argue its merits on the basis of a "mutual benefits" model (Zey, 1984). By this argument, investing some teachers with the special titles, resources, and obligations of mentorship will more readily assure various individual and institutional benefits. The mentors themselves will receive public acknowledgement of their accumulated knowledge, skill, and judgment. Novice teachers will receive support that mediates the difficulties of the first years of teaching. Career opportunities in the occupation will be enriched. And schools, restructured to accommodate new teacher leadership roles, will expand their capacity to serve students and to adapt to societal demands. Rhetoric and action have nonetheless outpaced both conceptual development and empirical warrant. Indeed, a certain "manic optimism" prevails (Elmore, 1989). Relative to the amount of pragmatic activity,
HABITAT USE BY NATIVE AND STOCKED TROUT (SALMO TRUTTA L.) IN TWO NORTHEAST STREAMS, PORTUGAL

Habitat use by stocked and native brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) was assessed in two headwater streams of North-eastern Portugal. Underwater observations were made during the summer season in three successive years to evaluate the effect of supplemental trout stocking. Multivariate analysis techniques applied to data sets on microhabitat use were exploited to identify the focal elevation (distance of fish from the bottom), total depth and cover as the variables that contribute most to the discrimination between stocked and native trout. Preference curves computed for native and stocked trout of the same age (1 + ), showed a distinct pattern in their ability to explore the available microhabitat resources. Stocked trout tended to occupy deeper pools (total depth > 100 cm vs. 60100 cm for native trout), holding higher focal elevations (140-160 cm vs. 22.5 cm) and cover (combination of boulders and overhanging vegetation or undercut banks). Furthermore, a high poststocking movement of 80% hatchery-reared fish was verified just one month after their release, suggesting that stocking did not contribute to the sustainable populations in either stream, and is far from being an adequate management technique.
Wild and domesticated mushroom consumption in Nigeria

Research on mushroom and mushroom products is dynamic with global increasing interest. The natural habitat of mushrooms being the wild, it is imperative to cultivate mushroom domestically in order to make it available to the populace. The aim of this research was to assess the perception of consumers to consumption of wild and cultivated mushrooms in Port-Harcourt, Nigeria; and validate nutrition quality of wild and cultivated mushroom. A survey was conducted using structured mixed questionnaires, to gather perception of 90 respondents on consumption of wild and cultivated mushroom. Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) Singer, sourced from the wild was cultivated using standard methods for mushroom cultivation and both mushrooms were analysed for proximate chemical and mineral components. Result revealed that 47.8% of the respondents got introduced to mushroom consumption through family settings; 53.3% of respondents were conversant with wild mushrooms, 27.8% with cultivated and 16.7% with both. A total of 71.1% was informed about mushroom poisoning; while 28.9% had no knowledge about it at all. About 45.6% sourced mushroom from the wild and 33.3% from mushroom farms. Only 28.9% consumed mushrooms for over 10 years; whereas, 13.3% had never tasted mushrooms. Year-round consumption was only by 12.2%; while 57.8% consumed mushroom once in a while. However, if cultivated mushrooms could be made available, 58.9% indicated interest in mushroom consumption. If nutrition facts of wild and cultivated mushrooms are the same, 38.9% were willing to consume cultivated mushrooms, 30.0% wild, 20.0% both and 11.1% insisted on no consumption. On the other hand, if nutrition analysis reveals different nutrition parameters for both types of mushrooms, 43.3% opted for cultivated mushroom, 42.2%, wild; 12.2% both; while 2.2% would eat neither of the mushrooms. Generally, from the results, both mushrooms possess adequate nutritive values; though, of all the parameter analysed, only zinc was significantly different (P<0.05). For some of the parameters (potassium, zinc, phosphorus, calcium, total ash, crude fat, crude protein) the wild mushroom had higher values than the cultivated; whereas for other parameters (iron, manganese, magnesium, carbohydrates, crude fiber), the cultivated values were higher. Both mushrooms were relatively low in fat, ash and moisture; and high in carbohydrate, crude fiber and crude protein. Both mushrooms were high in minerals. There is no significant difference between the nutrition facts of the wild and cultivated test mushrooms. Keywords: Consumption pattern, Lentinus squarrosulus , nutrition, perception, wild mushroom
Burden of Osteoporosis in Iran

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease. In addition to morbidity, osteoporotic fractures also increase mortality risk in affected patients. Enough evidence is not available to indicate that, like western countries, osteoporosis is a public health problem in Iran. Therefore EMRC planned to estimate the burden of osteoporotic fractures in year 2001 based on existing sources of data. The EMRC study on bone density, the MOH study on unintentional injuries, and international literature on mortality risk following osteoporotic fractures were the main sources of information used for this study. To estimate burden of osteoporotic fractures, the prevalence of osteoporosis, the incidence of osteoporotic fractures, and the relative risk of mortality following these fractures were approximated. The mean duration of disability following major osteoporotic fractures was estimated through epidemiologic modeling. Assumptions on the disability weights of morbid conditions resulting from osteoporotic fractures were made through comparing these conditions with similar ones in Global Burden of Disease Study. Based on mortality and incidence rates, mean durations of disability, and disability weights; the DALYs indicator was calculated for Spine, Hip, and Forearm fractures. In women hip, spine, and forearm fractures were responsible for 15880, 1269, and 121 mortality- and morbidity-related lost years of life respectively. Similar figures in men were 16495, 2225, and 37 years. Collectively osteoporosis deprived Iranian population from 36026 healthy years of life (18757 in men and 17270 in women) in 2001. Higher burden of osteoporosis in men, mainly results from higher risk of mortality following fractures in male sex. The national study on unintentional injuries indicates that the incidence of osteoporotic hip fractures in Iranian population is much less than other populations. Higher bone mineral density and other probable differences between Iranians and other populations that affect fracture risk, like environmental conditions and life style, should be investigated as probable determinants of this difference. Limited available sources of information regarding osteoporotic fractures necessitate more comprehensive studies to clarify all aspects of this health problem.
Tuning in to Teens: Improving Parent Emotion Socialization to Reduce Youth Internalizing Difficulties

Research in child development suggests that parents' emotional competence and emotion socialization practices are related to children's emotional functioning, including child internalizing difficulties. This research has not yet been translated into intervention or prevention programs targeting parents of older children and adolescents. The current study examined the efficacy of the Tuning in to Teens parenting program in improving emotion socialization practices in parents of preadolescents and reducing youth internalizing difficulties. Schools were randomized into intervention and control conditions. Data were collected from 225 parents and 224 youth during the young person's final year of elementary school (sixth grade) and again 10 months later in their first year of secondary school (seventh grade). Multilevel analyses showed significant improvements in parental emotion socialization and reductions in youth internalizing difficulties for the intervention condition. This study provides support for the efficacy of the TINT parenting program with a community sample.
Eribis Peptide 94 Mimics Ischemic Preconditioning in Rats with an Acute Myocardial Infarction and has Cardioprotective Effects during Prolonged Ischemia

Objectives: Previously, we demonstrated that a novel enkephalin analogue, Eribis Peptide 94 (EP94), produces a reduction of myocardial infarct size in rats and pigs administrated during occlusion. Since a complete dose-response relationship and the opioid receptor subtype activated by EP94 was not been clearly established, the following study was undertaken. It was also determined if multiple doses of EP94 could produce greater cardioprotective effects similar to those observed with single versus multiple ischemic preconditioning (IPC) stimuli. Methods: We used adult male Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to either 25 or 40 minutes of coronary occlusion followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. Key findings: A single and triple bolus of 1 μg/kg of EP94 administered iv prior occlusion produced a reduction of infarct size (IS/ AAR) by 39% and 45%, correspondingly. Dose-response relationship has been established. All of the opioid receptor antagonists (naloxone, CTOP, naltrindole, nor-BNI) blocked the effect of EP94. Conclusion: EP94 produces a potent cardioprotective effect in rats following single or multiple injections administrated prior occlusion via effects on μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors. Repeated bolus injections of EP94 produced a reduction of IS/AAR when the ischemic period was increased from 25 to 40 minutes.
Collocation Methods for Optimization in a Modelica Environment

The solution of generic dynamic optimization problems described by Modelica, and its extension Optimica, code using direct collocation methods is discussed. We start by providing a description of dynamic optimization problems in general and how to solve them by means of direct collocation. Next, an existing implementation of a collocation algorithm in JModelica.org, using CasADi and IPOPT, is presented. The extensions made to this implementation are reported. The new implementation is compared to an old C-based collocation algorithm in JModelica.org in two benchmarks. The presented benchmarks are based on a continuously stirred tank reactor and a combined cycle power plant. The new algorithm and its surrounding framework is more flexible and shown to be several times more efficient than its predecessor. (Less)
A Generalized Ease Of Separation Index for Selection of Optimal Configuration of Ternary Distillation

The ease of separation index (ESI) that is defined by the ratio of the relative volatility between the light and middle components to that between the middle and heavy components has been adopted in the literature for the selection of optimum distillation configuration for ternary separation. The present work showed that the separation requirements (the products’ purity) have a significant impact on the economic performance of distillation systems. Then we proposed a new index, generalized ease of separation index (GESI), to include the separation requirement into consideration for the selection of the optimum ternary distillation configuration. Simple column sequences with or without heat-integration, side-rectifier, side-stripper column, and dividing wall column (DWC) were evaluated as the candidates. Triangle map of ternary mixture composition was used to show the dependence of the optimal selection on feed compositions. We showed by numerical simulation that, for a given ESI, a profound change of the partition on the triangle map occurred with the change in GESI, and on the other hand, for a given GESI, slight changes of the partition on the map could be found with the change in ESI, showing stronger dependence of the economical behaviours of the ternary distillation configurations on the proposed GESI than on the ESI. Then, the dependence of the map partition on the GESI was investigated, and we found that with the increase in GESI, the area in triangle map where DWC was the optimal configuration shrunk, while the area of direct sequence with backward heat integration (DB) expanded. We concluded that the use of the newly defined index GESI can be conductive to the optimal selection of non-azeotropic ternary distillation configuration.
AN ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES WITHIN RURAL MULTI-HOSPITAL SYSTEMS

This study examines rural southern hospitals that are part of a multi-hospital system. Using AHA data, three financial variables: cash-on-hand, operating margin, and return on equity serve as dependent variables in the analysis of covariance models. The treatment variable is the profit/non-profit status of the hospital and the covariate is the size of the hospital, as measured by the number of hospital beds. Results indicate that for-profit hospitals, on average, keep 27.26 fewer days of cash on hand than non-profit hospitals. Operating margins and return on equity are larger for profit than for non-profit hospitals, an average difference of 5.6% and 8.36% respectively.
A review on the physiology of Insulin like Growth Factor-I ( IGF-I ) peptide in bony fishes and its phylogenetic correlation in 30 different taxa of 14 families of teleosts

Insulin like Growth Factor-I of fish is a versatile peptide involved in multiple physiological control mechanisms. Structurally IGF-I shares much homology to the metabolic hormone Insulin but nevertheless influence lot many other functions, foremost of which is growth. IGF-I in fishes influence metamorphosis, adaptive behavior, osmoregulation, migration patterns, rythmicity and various intricate cascades of cellcycle. A review on all these aspects of IGF-I in fishes is therefore important in order to summarize the studies on IGF-I in fishes.The present study reviews various aspects of IGF-I with a special emphasis on the recent developments in the knowledge relating to this peptide and the complex regulations it excerts on various cellular , physiological, behavioral and adaptive responses. IGF-I being a regulatory peptide also qualifies for a study on its evolutionary lineage. Phylogenetic correlation of IGF-I in 14 different fish families of 30 taxa of teleosts using MEGA, 4 a freeware program is described in the text.
Shear wave velocity structure of the southern African upper mantle with implications for the uplift of southern Africa

SUMMARY Broad-band seismic data from the southern African seismic experiment and the AfricaArray network are used to investigate the seismic velocity structure of the upper mantle beneath southern Africa, and in particular beneath the Kaapvaal Craton. A two-plane approximation method that includes a finite frequency sensitivity kernel is employed to measure Rayleigh wave phase velocities, which are inverted to obtain a quasi-3-D shear wave velocity model of the upper mantle. We find phase velocities for the Kaapvaal Craton and surrounding mobile belts that are comparable to those reported by previous studies, and we find little evidence for variation from east to west across the Namaqua–Natal Belt, a region not well imaged in previous studies. A high-velocity upper-mantle lid is found beneath the Kaapvaal Craton and most of southern Africa. For the Kaapvaal Craton, the thickness of the lid (∼150–200 km) is consistent with the lid thicknesses reported in many previous studies. The cratonic lid is underlain by a ∼100-km thick low-velocity zone with a 3.9 per cent maximum velocity reduction. By comparing the velocity model to those published for other Archean cratons, we find few differences, and therefore conclude that there is little evidence in the shear wave velocity structure of the mantle to indicate that the southern African plateau is supported by an upper-mantle thermal anomaly.
Estimation of metabolizable energy equivalency of Bacillus Subtilis spore for male broiler chickens

There are many studies on the effects of probiotics on performance of broiler chickens, but none of them has evaluated the metabolizable energy (ME) equivalency values of probiotics. The aim of this study was to determine the metabolizable energy equivalency value of Bacillus subtilis spore and its potential for decreasing feed ME content and cost. One hundred seventy-six day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were used in a completely randomized design, with 11 treatments, of four replicates each, and 4 chickens per cage as an experimental unit. Dietary treatments contain a basal diet (2800 kcal/kg) containing graded levels of ME (2850, 2900, 2950, 3000 and 3050 kcal/kg) and Bacillus subtilis (4 × 10 CFU/g DSM 17299) at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 g/kg. Graded levels of feed ME and added Bacillus subtilis were used as independent variables to derive regression equation of performance traits on independent variables. The derived regression equations of body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR) for ME were set to be equal with those obtained for Bacillus subtilis and were solved; Bacillus subtilis equivalence value for ME was calculated by subtracting the obtained value from ME content of the basal diet. In comparison to the basal diet, added Bacillus subtilis significantly improved the body weight and feed conversion ratio. Metabolizable energy equivalency of Bacillus subtilis for FCR and body weight at 42 days of age was 360366 and 485823 kcal/kg, respectively. Results showed that ME value of Bacillus subtilis was decreased by advancing chickens age.
Fiber-laser-generated Noise-like Pulses and Their Applications

We describe generation and amplification of mediumand high-energy noise-like pulses (NLPs) using Yb-doped optical fibers. We also demonstrate supercontinuum (SC) genera‐ tion techniques in which NLPs serve as the pump. SC pumped by NLPs has been em‐ ployed successfully in optical coherence tomography systems.
Analysis of Software Bug Related Commit Messages

Software development activities, being highly dependent on human efforts, are affected by individual’s emotions. We study the emotional variations in bugintroducing and bug-fixing commit messages. Our quantitative study includes more than 24,000 commit messages over three open-source projects. The results advance our understanding of the extent to which emotions affect tasks resulting in software bugs, and how such bug-introducing commits differ from bugfixing ones in terms of the emotions expressed in the commit messages.