Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of altitude and topography on genetic structure in the long‐toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactulym)

A primary goal of molecular ecology is to understand the influence of abiotic factors on the spatial distribution of genetic variation. Features including altitudinal clines, topography and landscape characteristics affect the proportion of suitable habitat, influence dispersal patterns, and ultimately structure genetic differentiation among populations. We studied the effects of altitude and topography on genetic variation of long‐toed salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum), a geographically widespread amphibian species throughout northwestern North America. We focused on 10 low altitude sites (< 1200 m) and 11 high‐altitude sites in northwestern Montana and determined multilocus genotypes for 549 individuals using seven microsatellite loci. We tested four hypotheses: (1) gene flow is limited between high‐ and low‐altitude sites; and, (2) gene flow is limited among high‐altitude sites due to harsh habitat and extreme topographical relief between sites; (3) low‐altitude sites exhibit higher among‐site gene flow due to frequent flooding events and low altitudinal relief; and (4) there is a negative correlation between altitude and genetic variation. Overall FST values were moderate (0.08611; P < 0.001). Pairwise FST estimates between high and low populations and a population graphing method supported the hypothesis that low‐altitude and high‐altitude sites, taken together, are genetically differentiated from each other. Also as predicted, gene flow is more prominent among low‐altitude sites than high‐altitude sites; low‐altitude sites had a significantly lower FST (0.03995; P < 0.001) than high altitude sites (FST = 0.10271; P < 0.001). Use of Bayesian analysis of population structure (BAPS) resulted in delineation of 10 genetic groups, two among low‐altitude populations and eight among high‐altitude populations. In addition, within high altitude populations, basin‐level genetic structuring was apparent. A nonequilibrium algorithm for detecting current migration rates supported these population distinctions. Finally, we also found a significant negative correlation between genetic diversity and altitude. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that topography and altitudinal gradients shape the spatial distribution of genetic variation in a species with a broad geographical range and diverse life history. Our study sheds light on which key factors limit dispersal and ultimately species’ distributions.
Recent Characteristics of Royalties and License Fees in Japan's Balance of Payments

"Royalties and License Fees" in balance of payments statistics includes payments accruing from patent, trademarks, registered designs, utility models, copyrights and technical instruction. Japan's balance of royalties and license fees had remained consistently in deficit since statistics were first compiled until a surplus was registered for the first time in 2003. This reflects growth in royalty receipts from the overseas subsidiaries of Japanese companies (non-resident corporations) resulting from the globalization of manufacturing activities, which in turn has been promoted by such developments as the avoidance of trade friction by Japanese manufacturing industries, countermeasures to combat loss of price competitiveness due to the appreciation of the yen, and declining market-entry costs pursuant to expanding WTO membership. A review of current developments identifies the following major contributors to the emergence of a surplus. By industry, transportation equipment has played a leading role, and by region, receipts from North America have been critical. Overseas production of automobiles by Japanese companies is expected to increase over the coming years in North America and Europe, while manufacturing in Asia is now taking off. Consequently, the outlook is for the surplus in royalties and license fees to continue growing in the years ahead. On the other hand, in the area of software, the competitive position of Japanese companies remains weak (as evidenced by continued deficits in copyright-related payments). Moreover, the recent surplus can be essentially attributed to intra-firm trade in specific industries, such as transportation equipment and electrical machinery. Thus, it cannot be said with any finality that the competitive position of Japanese companies in the area of intellectual property has improved significantly. In its progress toward a truly technology-based economy, it would be a desirable option for Japan to boost receipts from extra-firm transactions in both software and hardware by achieving higher levels of technology and maturity.
Influence of larger graft weight to recipient weight on the post‐liver transplantation course

Size matching between recipient and donor livers is an important factor in organ allocation in the context of liver transplantation (LT). The aim of this study was to determine whether a large graft for recipient size influenced the post‐transplant course. One hundred and sixty‐two successive LT recipients were included and retrospectively divided into two groups: 25 (15%) had a graft‐to‐recipient weight ratio (GWRW) ≥2.5% and 137 (85%) had a GWRW <2.5%. Postoperative complications and outcomes were recorded. In the GWRW >2.5% group, more end‐to‐end caval replacement (72% vs. 38%, p = 0.003) and veno‐venous bypass (48% vs. 23%, p = 0.01) were used. Peak AST/ALT values were higher in the GWRW >2.5% group (AST: 596 [70–5876] vs. 453 [29–5132] IU/l, p = 0.03; ALT: 773 [101–5025] vs. 383 [36–4921] IU/l, p = 0.02). Among postoperative complications, the rate of respiratory failure was higher in the GWRW >2.5% group (32% vs. 14%, p = 0.04). The rates of other complications did not differ between the two groups. Both groups had similar graft and patient survival rates at one yr. Using large grafts for recipient size did not impair liver function and did not modify graft and patient outcomes at one yr. However, a GWRW >2.5% appeared to be a determining factor for respiratory morbidity following LT.
ZINC HYALURONATE IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS : A CONTROLLED RANDOMIZED OPEN-LABEL STUDY

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of zinc hyaluronate on neuropathic and neuroischemic diabetic foot ulcers in a controlled, randomized, open-label trial. Fifty-nine patients with 71 ulcers (44 neuropathic and 27 neuroischemic) were treated with standard methods. In 35 patients (43 ulcers), zinc hyaluronate (Hyaluricht, Gedeon Richter, Hungary) was added locally. The rest of 24 patients (28 ulcers) remained on conventional therapy. Ulcer healing was recorded in 93% of the Hyaluricht group and 82% of the control group, the mean time to healing being 74±31 and 92±25 days, respectively, yielding a significant difference between the two groups (p=0.008). For neuropathic ulcers, the rate of healing was 100% in the Hyaluricht group and 94% in the control group. Healing was achieved in 13/16 and 7/11 neuroischemic ulcers in the Hyaluricht and control group, respectively. These data show that Hyaluricht has a favorable effect on diabetic foot ulcers by promoting ulcer healing. The results obtained in this trial suggest that zinc hyaluronate could be included as an important element in the complex therapeutic approach for diabetic foot ulcers. INTRODUCTION
Increased frequency of migraine in narcoleptic patients

Article abstract We explored the relationship between narcolepsy and different types of headaches. We interviewed 68 patients with idiopathic narcolepsy for the presence of headache symptoms based on the criteria of the International Headache Society (IHS). Eighty-one percent of the patients reported headaches that warranted an IHS headache diagnosis. Fifty-four percent of the patients (64% women, 35% men) had migraine with all IHS criteria fulfilled.
Differences in Attitudes toward TV Advertising: VCR Usage as a Moderator

With the rapid growth in VCR penetration levels, the increased usage of VCR will come at the expense of broadcast television viewing. It is also likely that commercials are deleted during recording or skipped during playback. In this study, the attitudes toward TV advertising between the VCR owners and non-owners, and between tapers and non-tapers among VCR users are investigated. While no differences in attitude between the VCR users and the non-users in general are suggested, it is found that there are significant differences between the users who ‘zip and zap’ TV commercials and the users who do not.
Sleep organization in the first year of life: Developmental trends in the quiet sleep–paradoxical sleep cycle

The night sleep of 48 healthy drug‐free infants, aged 1–54 weeks, was recorded and analysed in order to show how cycles contribute to sleep episode organization and how the balance among different sleep states (i.e. quiet sleep, paradoxical sleep and ambiguous sleep) within cycles changes as a function of age.
Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks--United States, 1991-1992.

PROBLEM/CONDITION Since 1971, CDC and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have maintained a collaborative surveillance program for collection and periodic reporting of data on the occurrence and causes of waterborne disease outbreaks. REPORTING PERIOD COVERED January 1991 through December 1992. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM The surveillance system includes data about outbreaks associated with water intended for drinking and also about those associated with recreational water. State and local public health departments are the agencies with primary responsibility for the detection and investigation of outbreaks. State and territorial health departments report these outbreaks to CDC on a standard form. RESULTS For the 2-year period 1991-1992, 17 states and territories reported 34 outbreaks associated with water intended for drinking. The outbreaks caused an estimated 17,464 persons to become ill. A protozoal parasite (Giardia lamblia or Cryptosporidium) was identified as the etiologic agent for seven of the 11 outbreaks for which an agent was determined. Five (71%) of the outbreaks caused by protozoa were associated with a surface-influenced groundwater source. One outbreak of cryptosporidiosis was associated with filtered and chlorinated surface water. Shigella sonnei and hepatitis A virus were implicated in one outbreak each; both were linked to consumption of contaminated well water. Two outbreaks due to acute chemical poisoning were reported; one had an associated fatality. No etiology was established for 23 (68%) of the 34 outbreaks, including the largest one reported during this period, in which an estimated 9,847 persons using a filtered surface water supply developed gastroenteritis. Most (76%) of the 34 outbreaks were associated with a well water source. Twenty-one states reported 39 outbreaks associated with recreational water, in which an estimated 1,825 persons became ill. The most frequently reported illness was hot tub- or whirlpool-associated Pseudomonas dermatitis (12 outbreaks). Of 11 outbreaks of swimming-associated gastroenteritis, six were caused by Giardia or Cryptosporidium, including three outbreaks associated with chlorinated, filtered pool water. The first reported outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection associated with recreational exposure occurred during this period. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis, caused by Naegleria fowleri infection, resulted in six deaths. INTERPRETATION The number of waterborne disease outbreaks reported per year has not changed substantially in the past 5 years. However, etiologic agents only recently associated with waterborne disease, such as E. coli O157:H7 and Cryptosporidium, are being reported more frequently and from new settings. Water quality data for outbreaks during the period 1991-1992 indicate that available water disinfection technology is not always in place or used reliably. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Simple SMS spam filtering on independent mobile phone

The amount of Short Message Service (SMS) spam is increasing. Various solutions to filter SMS spam on mobile phones have been proposed. Most of these use Text Classification techniques that consist of training, filtering, and updating processes. However, they require a computer or a large amount of SMS data in advance to filter SMS spam, especially for the training. This increases hardware maintenance and communication costs. Thus, we propose to filter SMS spam on independent mobile phones using Text Classification techniques. The training, filtering, and updating processes are performed on an independent mobile phone. The mobile phone has storage, memory and CPU limitations compared with a computer. As such, we apply a probabilistic Naive Bayes classifier using word occurrences for screening because of its simplicity and fast performance. Our experiment on an Android mobile phone shows that it can filter SMS spam with reasonable accuracy, minimum storage consumption, and acceptable processing time without support from a computer or using a large amount of SMS data for training. Thus, we conclude that filtering SMS spam can be performed on independent mobile phones. We can reduce the number of word attributes by almost 50% without reducing accuracy significantly, using our usability-based approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Plant Material Handling Protocols on Terpenoid Profiles of One-Seed Juniper Saplings

Abstract Accurate estimation of one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma [Engelm.] Sarg.) intake by herbivores often requires harvesting, transporting, and storing plant material that is later used in pen experiments. Such manipulation could alter terpenoid profiles and modify herbivory levels significantly. We used gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to analyze the terpenoid profile of leaves from 10 short (0.5 m ± 0.05, mean ± SE) and 10 tall (1.14 m ± 0.06) one-seed juniper saplings subjected to 3 handling protocols: a) placed on dry ice after clipping and stored after 5 hours at −80°C for 3 weeks (Control); b) kept at ambient temperature for the first 24 hours and then frozen at −80°C for 3 weeks; or c) kept at ambient temperature for the first 24 hours, and then stored at 8°C for 3 weeks. Juniper saplings contained 51 terpenoids, 3 of which were unknown compounds. Fourteen terpenoids accounted for 95% of the total amount of volatiles. The most abundant compound was α-pinene, which accounted for 65% of total terpenoids present. Handling protocols were not associated with detectable differences in total terpenoid content (Means ± SE, Control: 21.68 ± 1.42 mg·g−1 dry matter [DM]; Frozen after 24 hours: 19.55 ± 1.08 mg·g−1 DM; Refrigerated after 24 hours: 18.80 ± 1.13 mg·g−1 DM). However, total terpenoid amount and concentration of a few major compounds tended to decrease with increasing storage temperature. Handling protocols induced detectable variations in a small number of minor terpenoids. We observed large among-plant variation in terpenoid profiles that was not fully explained on the basis of sapling size. This study suggests that the length of storage period of one-seed juniper branches should not exceed 3 weeks and that storage refrigeration temperatures should be kept below 8°C to prevent significant alterations in terpenoid profiles.
Automated Subject Classification of Textual Documents in the Context of Web-Based Hierarchical Browsing

While automated methods for information organization have been around for several decades now, exponential growth of the World Wide Web has put them into the forefront of research in different communities, within which several approaches can be identified: 1) machine learning (algorithms that allow computers to improve their performance based on learning from pre-existing data); 2) document clustering (algorithms for unsupervised document organization and automated topic extraction); and 3) string matching (algorithms that match given strings within larger text). Here the aim was to automatically organize textual documents into hierarchical structures for subject browsing. The string-matching approach was tested using a controlled vocabulary (containing pre-selected and pre-defined authorized terms, each corresponding to only one concept). The results imply that an appropriate controlled vocabulary, with a sufficient number of entry terms designating classes, could in itself be a solution for automated classification. Then, if the same controlled vocabulary had an appropriate hierarchical structure, it would at the same time provide a good browsing structure for the collection of automatically classified documents.
Basic oral health goals for Spain 2015/2020.

AIM/OBJECTIVE To define the basic oral health goals for Spain 2015 (children)/2020 (adults). METHODS The Spanish Society of Epidemiology and Oral Public Health commissioned a six-member Expert Panel, which worked over the period 2006-2007 and reached consensus according to the EuropeAid Evaluation Guidelines. The Panel's work included three meetings and a presentation at the Society's annual conference in 2007. Since each autonomous region/city in Spain has control over its health policy, only basic goals for the country as a whole were defined. The variables used to set goals were caries history and gingival health according to the World Health Organisation criteria, and tooth brushing frequency and health perception according to the European Global Oral Health Indicators Development Project. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A total of 16 targets were defined, 8 for children and 8 for adults. For example, the number of permanent decayed, missing and filled teeth should be < 1.0 at 12 years of age by 2015, or the percentage of edentulous persons should be < 15% at 65-74-years by 2020. In order to achieve the proposed goals, the Expert Panel recommends involving all health system personnel in the maintenance and/or development of new oral health programmes and strategies.
Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema: Two Genetic Variants

Serums of patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema lack inhibitory activity against the esterase derived from the first component of complement. In one group of patients this lack appears to result from failure to synthesize the esterase inhibitor of the first component of complement, whereas in another group of patients an abnormal, nonfunctional protein is synthesized.
Does Investor Relations Add Value?

IR professionals argue that good investor relations contributes to the “fair valuation of firms”. We test the proposition that effective communication of accounting and other firm-specific information enhances firm value directly employing a unique and large database of firms nominated for Investor Relations Magazine’s ‘best overall IR’ awards measuring investor relations quality. We find firms perceived by investment professionals as having superior IR have increased analyst following, and improved liquidity in the year after award nominations. Effective IR also leads to subsequent positive abnormal returns, and such firms are additionally rewarded with significantly higher valuation multiples within the Ohlson (1995) framework. Overall, our findings are strongest for smaller firms which are more likely to be ‘neglected’. Our evidence is consistent with good IR successfully reducing the risk to investors associated with high information asymmetry. We also find our results are unlikely to be driven by potential sample selection bias.
The Rat Race of Capital Structure Research for REITs and REOCs: Two Spotlights on Leverage

This paper presents a dynamic multi-equation model based on a balance sheet identity, where technical aspects of capital structure are highlighted through separately observing debt and equity and their relationship to investment. Additionally, leverage dynamics are interpreted in their role for liquidity management. Interactions of leverage with lines of credit (LOC) and cash are considered in the light of financial flexibility. The major findings obtained by observing US REITs and REOCs from 1995 to 2010 are as follows. In accordance with the existing literature, cash and LOC reveal a substitute relationship. However, the calculus of financial flexibility and our findings suggest that leverage positively drives cash, which is consistent with Gamba and Triantis (2008), and also with the accepted perspective of debt minus cash being net debt (Spotlight A). Consequently, the very robust results indicate that leverage eliminates a significant amount of information. Further mechanical relationships, especially for market leverage, are suggested (Spotlight B).
Advertising for Liquidity on the New York Stock Exchange

Gapping the quote is a procedure NYSE specialists use to display the direction, size, and likely price impact of an order imbalance in an attempt to attract liquidity suppliers. It appears to be a liquidity event between an immediate block trade and a trading halt. For 85% of our 927 sample gapped quotes, we find an associated trade suggesting that the search for liquidity is successful. For these trades, the mean price impact is 35 basis points, but 40% of this is reversed by day's end. In about one-quarter of our gapped quotes the floor joins the public order in demanding liquidity.
Electronic structure, photoemission, inverse photoemission, and x-ray emission spectra of superconducting Ba1-xKxBiO3.

The electronic structure of BaBiO{sub 3} is calculated by using the full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave method in the local-density approximation, and the alloying effect of K additions is considered using the simple rigid-band model. The electron-phonon mechanism for the superconductivity is discussed within the rigid muffin-tin approximation. In this context, the difference of the electronic structure from the cuprate high-{ital T}{sub {ital c}} materials is elucidated in detail. Photoemission, inverse photoemission, and x-ray emission spectra are compared with experiment to check the validity of the single-particle picture for these excitations.
A New Triode Structure With a Carbon Nanotube Cathode

A new field-emission triode with a carbon nanotube (CNT) cathode is proposed in this paper. This triode consists of three glass plates: the first one represents the cathode plate, which has an array of holes to which the CNTs are applied by printing; the second plate is mounted below the cathode plate and contains the gate electrodes; and the third one is the anode. The electric field generated by the anode voltage penetrates into the CNT cathode area, which allows a rather low gate voltage to modulate the field-emission current. Simulation and experimental results show the modulation feasibility of this kind of triode structure.
Corporate branding versus product branding in emerging markets

Purpose – To build a conceptual framework for the development of branding strategy from the pint of view of a Western firm entering a market in a developing economy.Design/methodology/approach – An extensive literature review brings together two research streams, market entry and branding strategy, with particular reference to corporate branding versus product branding.Findings – The choice of branding strategy is determined in the conditions under study by five antecedent factors and three moderating variables, which are expressed as a visual model and eight propositions.Practical implications – In a rapidly developing world, this framework and the literature review from which it is derived offer applicable marketing intelligence to planners of branding strategies for international markets. The eight propositions suggest fruitful directions for further academic research.Originality/value – Draws together two streams within the marketing literature in an original way, and offers a framework for the concep.