Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE RESOLVE SURVEY ATOMIC GAS CENSUS AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON GALAXY GAS RESERVOIRS

We present the H i mass inventory for the REsolved Spectroscopy Of a Local VolumE (RESOLVE) survey, a volume-limited, multi-wavelength census of >1500 z = 0 galaxies spanning diverse environments and complete in baryonic mass down to dwarfs of ∼109 . This first 21 cm data release provides robust detections or strong upper limits (1.4MH i < 5%–10% of stellar mass M*) for ∼94% of RESOLVE. We examine global atomic gas-to-stellar mass ratios (G/S) in relation to galaxy environment using several metrics: group dark matter halo mass Mh, central/satellite designation, relative mass density of the cosmic web, and distance to the nearest massive group. We find that at fixed M*, satellites have decreasing G/S with increasing Mh starting clearly at Mh ∼ 1012 , suggesting the presence of starvation and/or stripping mechanisms associated with halo gas heating in intermediate-mass groups. The analogous relationship for centrals is uncertain because halo abundance matching builds in relationships between central G/S, stellar mass, and halo mass, which depend on the integrated group property used as a proxy for halo mass (stellar or baryonic mass). On larger scales G/S trends are less sensitive to the abundance matching method. At fixed Mh ≤ 1012 , the fraction of gas-poor centrals increases with large-scale structure density. In overdense regions, we identify a rare population of gas-poor centrals in low-mass (Mh < 1011.4 ) halos primarily located within ∼1.5× the virial radius of more massive (Mh > 1012 ) halos, suggesting that gas stripping and/or starvation may be induced by interactions with larger halos or the surrounding cosmic web. We find that the detailed relationship between G/S and environment varies when we examine different subvolumes of RESOLVE independently, which we suggest may be a signature of assembly bias.
Analyst Recommendations, Traders’ Beliefs, and Rational Speculation

Rational speculative trading has been offered as an explanation for stock price bubbles, defined as a deviation of stock price from expected intrinsic value. When traders anticipate profits based on higher order beliefs about traders’ stock price valuations, the resulting speculative trading sustains a bubble. This paper investigates observable signals of such beliefs. For the technology bubble in 2000, we show a strong positive relation between a concentration in a tech firm’s analyst buy recommendations and bubble continuation. We extend this result to a broad sample of firms from 1994-2009. We show that analyst buy recommendation concentration is associated with out of sample returns that are consistent with a rational speculative “bubble” in the individual firms’ stock prices.
Habitat/sex differences in time at cleaning stations and ectoparasite loads in a Caribbean reef fish

We compared time spent at cleaning stations and ectoparasite loads for adult and subadult yellowtail damselfish Microspathodon chrysurus on nearshore fringing reefs in Barbados. In a preliminary study on 2 reefs in summer 1997, both time spent at cleaning stations and frequency of chafing were inversely correlated with distance from shore. A subsequent study in spring 1998 of fish at the shore- and seaward ends of 8 reefs revealed a strong sex by habitat association, with males predominating at the seaward end and females predominating at the shore end. Females and combined fish at the shore end of reefs had access to fewer cleaners but spent more time visiting cleaners than males and combined fish at the seaward end of reefs. Chafing showed the same relative difference but was not significant. Ectoparasites included gnathiid isopod larvae, parasitic copepods, and dactylogyrid monogeneans. Total crustacean loads, but not monogenean loads, increased with body size. With the effects of body size statistically removed, crustacean loads were significantly higher in females and fish at the shore end of reefs. Monogeneans showed a similar but marginally non-significant trend. These data indicate an association between ectoparasite loads and amount of time spent at cleaners, and thus appear consistent with adaptive, mutualistic hypotheses of client-cleaner interactions. However, the causal relationships between them, habitat, and sex remain to be determined.
Towards Large Yet Imperceptible Adversarial Image Perturbations With Perceptual Color Distance

The success of image perturbations that are designed to fool image classifier is assessed in terms of both adversarial effect and visual imperceptibility. The conventional assumption on imperceptibility is that perturbations should strive for tight Lp-norm bounds in RGB space. In this work, we drop this assumption by pursuing an approach that exploits human color perception, and more specifically, minimizing perturbation size with respect to perceptual color distance. Our first approach, Perceptual Color distance C&W (PerC-C&W), extends the widely-used C&W approach and produces larger RGB perturbations. PerC-C&W is able to maintain adversarial strength, while contributing to imperceptibility. Our second approach, Perceptual Color distance Alternating Loss (PerC-AL), achieves the same outcome, but does so more efficiently by alternating between the classification loss and perceptual color difference when updating perturbations. Experimental evaluation shows PerC approaches outperform conventional Lp approaches in terms of robustness and transferability, and also demonstrates that the PerC distance can provide added value on top of existing structure-based methods to creating image perturbations.
A generalised model for asymptotically-scale-free geographical networks

We consider a generalised d-dimensional model for asymptotically-scale-free geographical networks. Central to many networks of this kind, when considering their growth in time, is the attachment rule, i.e. the probability that a new node is attached to one (or more) preexistent nodes. In order to be more realistic, a fitness parameter for each node i of the network is also taken into account to reflect the ability of the nodes to attract new ones. Our d-dimensional model takes into account the geographical distances between nodes, with different probability distribution for which sensibly modifies the growth dynamics. The preferential attachment rule is assumed to be where ki is the connectivity of the ith pre-existing site and characterizes the importance of the euclidean distance r for the network growth. For special values of the parameters, this model recovers respectively the Bianconi–Barabási and the Barabási–Albert ones. The present generalised model is asymptotically scale-free in all cases, and its degree distribution is very well fitted with q-exponential distributions, which optimizes the nonadditive entropy Sq, given by , with depending uniquely only on the ratio and the fitness distribution. Hence this model constitutes a realization of asymptotically-scale-free geographical networks within nonextensive statistical mechanics, where k plays the role of energy and plays the role of temperature. General scaling laws are also found for q as a function of the parameters of the model.
Optimal non-adaptive group testing

In non-adaptive group testing we aim to identify a small set of $k\sim n^\theta$ infected individuals out of a population size $n$, $0<\theta<1$. We avail ourselves to a test procedure that can test a group of individuals, with the test rendering a positive result iff at least one individual in the group is infected. All tests are conducted in parallel. The aim is to devise a (possibly randomised) test design with as few tests as possible so that the infected individuals can be identified with high probability. We prove that there occurs a sharp information-theoretic/algorithmic phase transition as the number of tests passes an explicit threshold $m_{\inf}$. Hence, if more than $(1+\epsilon)m_{\inf}$ tests are conducted, then there exist a test design and a polynomial time algorithm that identifies the set of infected individuals with high probability. By contrast, identifying the infected individuals is information-theoretically impossible with fewer than $(1-\epsilon)m_{\inf}$ tests. These results resolve problems prominently posed in [Aldridge et al. 2019, Johnson et al. 2018].
Liquidity Effects of Listing Requirements

I propose a model in which a stock exchange can improve its liquidity by tightening its listing requirements. Because these reduce information asymmetry, they increase the utility of investors and lead to a high investor participation on the exchange. However, the exchange never sets the highest possible level of listing requirements because investors also incur a risk due to more transparency. Their utility is concave in the level of listing requirements. This property determines the optimal decisions of an exchange as well as the social optimum. The level of listing requirements maximizing investor welfare depends on the sensitivity of the utility of investors to changes in liquidity and varies with the organization of listing and trading. A monopolist exchange always under-regulates if regulation is costly. Under- regulation is exacerbated if other trading venues free ride on the regulation and if the trading fee is determined by the level of listing requirements. While investors are better off if trading is separated from listing and is a competitive industry, an exchange has a higher profit when it is a monopolist in listing and trading.
Vitreoscilla sp. hemoglobin (VHb) Expression in Heterologous Hosts: Some Aspects of Their Biotechnological Application

It is worth mentioning that the high output of different physiological responses under the expression of vgb, may have a considerable effect on the enzyme productivity, dairy industry, heavy metal uptake, biodegradation of different organic pollutants and other applications. The expression of bacterial haemoglobin is useful in lessening the load of perceived toxic conditions such as high oxygen levels. This in turn probably has the same impact on some peripheral toxic materials. This, hemoglobin biotechnology can be extended to enhance production of pollutants degrading enzymes or production of some valuable manufacturing materials on the case-by-case bases. It is likely that the mechanism of bacterial hemoglobin (VHb) effects is intermediated via an oxygen trapping action. This may drive the enrichment of ATP production, which is mostly required for higher productivity of needed substances for that activity.
Don't Blame the ELBO! A Linear VAE Perspective on Posterior Collapse

Posterior collapse in Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) arises when the variational posterior distribution closely matches the prior for a subset of latent variables. This paper presents a simple and intuitive explanation for posterior collapse through the analysis of linear VAEs and their direct correspondence with Probabilistic PCA (pPCA). We explain how posterior collapse may occur in pPCA due to local maxima in the log marginal likelihood. Unexpectedly, we prove that the ELBO objective for the linear VAE does not introduce additional spurious local maxima relative to log marginal likelihood. We show further that training a linear VAE with exact variational inference recovers an identifiable global maximum corresponding to the principal component directions. Empirically, we find that our linear analysis is predictive even for high-capacity, non-linear VAEs and helps explain the relationship between the observation noise, local maxima, and posterior collapse in deep Gaussian VAEs.
Uninformed Students: Student-Teacher Anomaly Detection With Discriminative Latent Embeddings

We introduce a powerful student-teacher framework for the challenging problem of unsupervised anomaly detection and pixel-precise anomaly segmentation in high-resolution images. Student networks are trained to regress the output of a descriptive teacher network that was pretrained on a large dataset of patches from natural images. This circumvents the need for prior data annotation. Anomalies are detected when the outputs of the student networks differ from that of the teacher network. This happens when they fail to generalize outside the manifold of anomaly-free training data. The intrinsic uncertainty in the student networks is used as an additional scoring function that indicates anomalies. We compare our method to a large number of existing deep learning based methods for unsupervised anomaly detection. Our experiments demonstrate improvements over state-of-the-art methods on a number of real-world datasets, including the recently introduced MVTec Anomaly Detection dataset that was specifically designed to benchmark anomaly segmentation algorithms.
Effect of Salicylhydroxamic Acid on Relative Levels of Catalase, Peroxidase and Ascorbic Acid Peroxidase in Bold and Small Grains of Wheat

The effect of exogenous application of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) on relative levels of catalase, peroxidase and ascorbic acid peroxidase were investigated within developing grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. PBW-343). A concentration of 10 ppm salicylhydroxamic acid was applied at anthesis stage in five replications with the help of cotton plugs, which remained on ears of mother shoots (MS) for 48 hours. The labeled spikes were sampled five times, seven-day intervals started from seventh day after anthesis (DAA) up to 28 th DAA, and at maturity. The main spikes were divided into two grain types within each spikelet included basal (bold) and apical (small). The salient points emerging through the use of salicylhydroxamic acid were that (i) both bold and small grains showed a significant decrease in relative levels of catalase, peroxidase and ascorbic acid peroxidase from 14 th , 28 th and 28 th DAA stages respectively and (ii) in spite of the aforementioned decline, they continued to exhibit the disparity between them and at maturity the smaller grains still showed higher catalase, peroxidase and ascorbic acid peroxidase than the bolder grains.
Dataplant: Enhancing System Security with Low-Cost In-DRAM Value Generation Primitives

DRAM manufacturers have been prioritizing memory capacity, yield, and bandwidth for years, while trying to keep the design complexity as simple as possible. DRAM chips do not carry out any computation or other important functions, such as security. Processors implement most of the existing security mechanisms that protect the system against security threats, because 1) executing security mechanisms usually require non-trivial computational capabilities (e.g., encryption), and 2) commodity DRAM chips are not designed to perform computations or tasks other than data storage. In this work, we advocate for DRAM as a key component for providing security mechanisms to the system. To this end, we propose Dataplant, a new class of low-cost, high-performance, and reliable security primitives that can be integrated in commodity DRAM chips with minimal changes. The main idea of Dataplant is to slightly modify the internal DRAM timing signals to expose the inherent process variation found in all DRAM chips for generating unpredictable but reproducible values (e.g., keys) within DRAM. We use Dataplant to build two new security mechanisms. First, a new Dataplant-based physical unclonable function (PUF) with non-destructive read-out, low evaluation latency, robust responses, resiliency to temperature changes, and data-independent responses. Second, a new cold boot attack prevention mechanism that automatically destroys all data within DRAM on every power cycle with zero run-time energy and latency overheads. Using a combination of detailed simulations and experiments with 136 real commodity DRAM chips, we show that our Dataplant-based PUF has 1.8x higher throughput than the best state-of-the-art DRAM PUFs. We also demonstrate that our Dataplant-based cold boot attack protection mechanism is 19.5x faster and consumes 2.54x less energy when compared to existing mechanisms.
Improved bounds for perfect sampling of k-colorings in graphs

We present a randomized algorithm that takes as input an undirected n-vertex graph G with maximum degree Δ and an integer k > 3Δ, and returns a random proper k-coloring of G. The distribution of the coloring is perfectly uniform over the set of all proper k-colorings; the expected running time of the algorithm is poly(k,n)=O(nΔ2· log(k)). This improves upon a result of Huber (STOC 1998) who obtained a polynomial time perfect sampling algorithm for k>Δ2+2Δ. Prior to our work, no algorithm with expected running time poly(k,n) was known to guarantee perfectly sampling with sub-quadratic number of colors in general. Our algorithm (like several other perfect sampling algorithms including Huber’s) is based on the Coupling from the Past method. Inspired by the bounding chain approach, pioneered independently by Huber (STOC 1998) and H'aggstr'om & Nelander (Scand. J. Statist., 1999), we employ a novel bounding chain to derive our result for the graph coloring problem.
Chronons in M-theory and F-theory

We consider a model originally proposed in the framework of supergravity in singular spaces. This model is considered as a good summary of the expected features of M-theory and F-theory. The chronon is identified as the fundamental degree of freedom of Nature. The physics of time is discussed in some detail. Some of the possible phenomenological consequences of this scenario are analyzed.
Fredholm conditions for invariant operators: finite abelian groups and boundary value problems

Let Γ be a finite abelian group acting on a smooth, compact manifold M without boundary and let P∈ψm(M;E0,E1) be a Γ-invariant, classical, pseudodifferential operator acting between sections of two Γ-equivariant vector bundles. Let α be an irreducible representation of Γ. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the restriction πα(P):Hs(M;E0)α→Hs−m(M;E1)α of P between the α-isotypical components of Sobolev spaces to be Fredholm.
A generalized θ-contraction and related fixed point theorems

We introduce two types of generalized θ-contraction mappings in complete metric spaces. For each type, we study the existence of fixed points. The obtained results in this paper generalize several existing fixed point theorems in the literature. We end this work with some open questions. c ©2017 All rights reserved.
Expandability of anchizonal illite and chlorite: Significance for crystallinity development in the transition from diagenesis to metamorphism

Abstract In mixed-layer illite/smectite containing >80% illite, the presence of an expandable component and changes in its abundance are difficult or impossible to detect with the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method using conventional polar interstratification compounds, e.g., solvation with ethylene glycol. Although high-grade diagenetic and very low-grade metamorphic (VLGM) samples do not expand in response to ethylene glycol treatment, the illite crystallinity (IC) improves significantly with increasing diagenetic/metamorphic grade. Improvement of IC in anchizonal to epizonal samples previously was thought to be related primarily to increase in crystallite thickness and decrease in the number of stacking faults. The present study reexamines the contribution of expandable components to IC in shale and slate samples from the Gaspé Peninsula for both the <2 μm and <0.1 μm size fractions in the high-grade diagenetic and VLGM zone. As tools, we have used XRD patterns and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) lattice-fringe images of samples treated with n-alkylammonium cations. These studies reveal the presence of expandable components including R1- and R3-ordered structures and “expandable illite. ” Expandable 2:1 clay minerals decrease in abundance with increasing metamorphic grade. The improvement of IC with grade is due to the decrease in expandable layers and also to the decrease in the number of lattice defects and an increase in crystallite size. Stacking faults may be the main source of lattice distortion only when phyllosilicates consist of thick non-expandable layer silicates. During late diagenesis, the chlorites become ordered and are stabilized. They are the dominant phyllosilicate minerals present together with illites in the illite-chlorite facies of the anchizone. Lattice fringe images and XRD patterns document the presence of a short-range, corrensite-like R1 ordered phase and thick chlorite packets.
Comet 240P/NEAT Is Stirring

Comets are primitive objects that formed in the protoplanetary disk, and have been largely preserved over the history of the solar system. However, they are not pristine, and surfaces of cometary nuclei do evolve. In order to understand the extent of their primitive nature, we must define the mechanisms that affect their surfaces and comae. We examine the lightcurve of comet 240P/NEAT over three consecutive orbits, and investigate three events of significant brightening (Δm ∼ −2 mag). Unlike typical cometary outbursts, each of the three events are long-lived, with enhanced activity for at least 3–6 months. The third event, observed by the Zwicky Transient Facility, occurred in at least two stages. The anomalous behavior appears to have started after the comet was perturbed by Jupiter in 2007, reducing its perihelion distance from 2.53 to 2.12 au. We suggest that the brightening events are temporary transitions to a higher baseline activity level, brought on by the increased insolation, which has warmed previously insulated sub-surface layers. The new activity is isolated to one or two locations on the nucleus, indicating that the surface or immediate sub-surface is heterogeneous. Further study of this phenomenon may provide insight into cometary outbursts, the structure of the near-surface nucleus, and cometary nucleus mantling.
Measuring Counselor’s Attitudes toward Crying in Session: A Pilot Study

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Tears-Inventory (TI) to measure the attitudes of counselors and counselors-in-training (CIT) toward crying. This pilot study was based on the paucity of research concerning counselors crying in session and to determine whether a research approach is feasible to be used in a larger study. The data were obtained from a convenient sample of 97 graduate level counselors and counseling students attending an accredited program by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling & Related Educational Programs (CACREP). A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted with a Varimax orthogonal and Promax oblique rotation to validate the TI and determine the dimensionality for the purpose of constructing summated scales. The data supported four factors: Therapeutic Effectiveness of Counselors’ Crying in a Session , Subjective Perception of Crying , Ethics of Crying and the Social Acceptance of Crying . The data from the current study could be used to further research in the area of crying as an effective form of self-disclosure for counselors, as well as aid counselors, supervisors and counselors in training to become more aware of their emotional expression and potential for reaction during intense emotional experiences with clients.