Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Understanding Agency Problems in Headquarters-Subsidiary Relationships in Multinational Corporations: A Contextualized Model

This paper proposes an agency model for headquarters-subsidiary relationships in multinational organizations with headquarters as the principal and the subsidiary as the agent. As a departure from classical agency theory, our model is developed for the unit level of analysis and considers two root causes of the agency problem—self-interest and bounded rationality. We argue that in the organizational setting, one cannot assume absolute self-interest and perfect rationality of agents (subsidiaries) but should allow them to vary. We explain subsidiary-level variation through a set of internal organizational and external social conditions in which the headquarters-subsidiary agency dyad is embedded. We then discuss several agency scenarios reflecting various levels of self-interest and rationality that lead to different manifestations of the agency problem. The proposed framework can inform more relevant applications of the agency perspective in organizational studies and motivate future research.
Genetic Basis of Flocculation in Azospirillum brasilense.

Azospirillum brasilense is a class of rhizobacteria capable of nitrogen fixation, root colonization and hence promoting host plant growth. The bacteria posses cell interaction behaviors like clumping and flocculation that contribute the survival of the organism in nutrient limited conditions. Change in the cell surface adhesive properties allows the cells to progress from free swimming to clumping and finally flocculation. Less is known about the genetic regulation of these processes with flcA being the only transcriptional regulator known so far to directly control flocculation. Recent evidence suggesting that Che1, a chemotaxis like signal transduction pathway controls the cell behavior clumping and hence indirectly controlling flocculation, To understand the genetic regulation of clumping and flocculation in A. brasilense Sp7, the research here focuses on a subset of 27 of these transposon mutants. The objective of this research was to map the insertion by rescue cloning, characterize the mutant for growth, motility and clumping using qualitative and quantitative assays and characterize the effect of the mutations identified on flocculation. By rescue cloning we mapped the transposon insertion for nine out of the twentyseven mutations. The insertions were mapped on glycosyltransferases, glucosyltransferase, putative TonB-dependent siderophore receptor, Acyl-CoA thioesterase and sugar phosphatase of the HAD superfamily. All these mutants were characterized for the clumping and flocculation phenotype and while some of these mutants showed severe delay in clumping and/or flocculation indicating changes in cell surface adhesive properties of the mutants compared to the wild type. Further
The role of disclosure and transparency in financial reporting

Voluntary disclosure and transparency can preserve the interests of shareholders, and the company's performance improves. in this paper, the importance of transparency in financial reporting and expressed its limitations and quality of disclosure and transparency, we express and at the end of the importance and benefits of voluntary disclosure, as well as major issues and the impact of voluntary disclosure of information in the market. we will examine.
Rooting traits of peanut genotypes differing in drought tolerance under drought stress

The effects of two water regimes (well-watered condition or drought stress) on root length,root surface area and root volume were tested on two peanut genotypes (the drought-resistantvariety HuaYu 22 (HY22) and the drought-sensitive variety HuaYu 23 (HY23)), measured 101days after sowing. The roots were sampled from the upper (0–40 cm) and deeper (40–100 cm)soil layers. Root diameter was measured to the nearest 0.5 mm in describing its distribution.Total dry weight and pod yield were measured at harvest. The drought tolerance index of podyield and the harvest index in HY22 were higher than those in HY23. The total root lengthdensity (RLD), total root surface area and volume were significantly higher for HY22 thanHY23. The RLD in the deeper soil layer was lower for HY23 than HY22. Under drought stress,the percent RLD in the deeper layers increased in both genotypes. Compared to well-wateredcondition, the total root surface area and root volume in the upper soil layer were lower underdrought stress and root traits in deeper soil layers were higher. Drought stress had no impact onvery fine roots (diameter < 0.5 mm) of HY22 in the deeper soil layer but lowered their share inHY23 markedly. The RLD and root surface area in the deeper soil layer were related to the podyield of peanut. This finding could be useful in growing peanut under drought conditions.
Socially Responsible Investing and Portfolio Performance

This thesis contributes to investigating the performance of investment strategies falling under the area of Responsible Investing. The results of this study are important for the investment decision-making of both values-driven and profit-driven investors. The empirical analysis examines returns of trading strategies based on company corporate social responsibility as measured by Environmental, Social and Governance indicators (ESG) obtained from the Thomson Reuters ESG database. Strategies excluding sin stocks and holding long position in top ESG-rated stocks and short position in bottomrated ESG stocks represent the strategy of the environmentally and socially conscious investors. Such strategy harms the investor’s portfolio performance and a reverse strategy of holding long position in bottom ESG stocks and short position in top ESG stocks leads to positive abnormal returns of up to 6% per year. These abnormal returns cannot be attributed to a sentiment-driven mispricing. Instead, they are likely to be a compensation for low-sustainability risk. The results suggest that the values-driven investors should not restrict their investment choices into public equities by considering the ESG ranking. They should rather fully diversify their portfolios and then use the proceeds to invest into projects that comply with their personal values and convictions. JEL Classification G11, G12, G41, M14
Effect of Some Soil Conditioners and Organic Fertilizers on Vegetative Growth and Quality of Crimson Seedless Grapevines

2 Abstract: This experiment was carried out during the two successive seasons of 2009 and 2010 on six years old Crimson seedless grapevines cultivar grown in a private orchard at Behaira Governorate. Two different compost types, plant residues ( compost A) and plant + animal residues (compost B) at rates 3.26, 4.19 and 5.13 ton/fed. , (equal 7.9 and 11 kg compost/vine) with two natural rocks, rock phosphate and feldspar at rates of 0.250 and 0.500 kg/vine respectively. All used treatments were applied with or without NPK biofertilizers and humic acid. Results clearly showed that the vegetative growth for treatments received compost (B) at rate of 11 kg compost (35 g N), 0.250 rock phosphate and 0.500 kg feldspar/ vine, inpresence of biofertilizers NPK and humic acid gave the highest values for main shoot length, leaf area, cane thickness and leaf nutrient content (N, P and K). At harvest, the same treatment gave a significant differences for fruit yield per vine, number of cluster, cluster weight as well as chemical properties of fruit, i,e T.S. S. , total acidity and total sugars content as compared to mineral fertilizers (control) and received recommended doses of mineral NPK fertilizers. Therefore, these organic and neutral fertilizers in combination with NPK biofertilizers and humic acid can be recommended for Crimson grapevine to improve productivity and quality and produce a healthy product.
Exploring the Impact of Olfaction on Short-Term and Long-Term Maternal Recognition in Peromyscus californicus

Previous studies have established a connection between social behavior and olfaction, in that as anosmia causes a decrease in perception of social cues, social behavior itself decreases. Studies investigating maternal behavior specifically have focused on foster care, in which the behaviors formed during parturition are conserved and displayed with unrelated pups. The combination of long-term retention of maternal behavior, maternal recognition, and olfaction has yet to be explored. In this study, I induced anosmia in Peromyscus californicus, a monogamous, biparental species, and analyzed their behavior with their own pups and with foreign pups in the days after birth, as well as in the weeks after weaning. I concluded that mothers retaining their sense of smell showed a slight preference for their own pup compared to a foreign pup—more so than anosmic mothers. This trend was consistent regardless of the day of testing. Therefore, anosmia, but not time, impaired maternal recognition of offspring. MATERNAL RECOGNITION IN P. CALIFORNICUS 3
Effect of processing method of cereals on feed intake, eating behaviour, rumination and nutrient digestibility in nyala antelope (Tragelaphus angasii)

Although the use of cereal-based feeds in diets for wild captive ruminants should be avoided, cereal grains may account for over 50% of dry matter consumed by some zoo ruminants (Schilcher et al., 2013; Gattiker et al., 2014; Górka et al., 2016; Przybyło et al., 2017). In most cases cereal grains are still used in the diets for zoo ruminants due to historical tradition. However, this historical tradition and associated habits of zookeepers are often difficult to change. Besides unreasonably high intake of concentrates, our previous studies showed a negative impact of pelleted cereal-based feed on feed intake and nutrient digestibility in sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii) and addax (Addax nasomaculatus) antelopes (Górka et al., 2016; Przybyło et al., 2017). Results of mentioned studies and a very high intake of concentrates by nyala antelope (Tragelaphus angasii) in the present study initiated many changes in the composition of diets for ruminants in the Silesian Zoological Garden. Prior to these changes, however, different ABSTRACT. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of processing method of cereals used in the diet for nyala antelope (Tragelaphus angasii) on feed intake, eating behaviour, rumination and nutrient digestibility. The study was conducted according to Latin square design (4 × 4) on four adult nyala males. The animals were fed a basal diet consisting of a mixture of cereals (maize, wheat and oat), vegetables and fruits (1.25 kg/day), chopped dehydrated lucerne (0.5 kg/day) and meadow hay (ad libitum). Experimental treatments differed in processing method of cereals offered in the basal diet: 1. finely ground (GR); 2. steam-flaked (SF); or pelleted to obtain: 3. small (6 mm diameter size; SP) or 4. large (12 mm diameter size; LP) pellet. Feed intake did not differ between the treatments. Eating time of basal diet was longer for GR in comparison to SF and SP (P < 0.01), and also longer for LP in comparison to SP (P = 0.05), with a maximum difference between treatments of 11 min/day. Eating rate (g dry matter/min) of basal diet was slower for GR in comparison to SF and SP (P ≤ 0.02). Consumption of meadow hay and chopped lucerne was not affected by cereal processing method. Digestibility of acid detergent fibre was greater (P = 0.05) and digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fibre tended (P ≤ 0.08) to be greater for GR than for SP. It can be concluded that, processing method of cereals may affect feeding behaviour of zoo ruminants. Received: 20 March 2018 Revised: 30 May 2018 Accepted: 24 August 2018
Effect of Irrigation Using Diluted Winery Wastewater on the Chemical Status of a Sandy Alluvial Soil, With Particular Reference to Potassium and Sodium

The re-use of winery wastewater for irrigation was investigated in a field trial with micro-sprinklerirrigated Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter in the Breede River Valley region of South Africa. Irrigation with winery wastewater diluted with river water to 100, 250, 500, 1 000, 1 500, 2 000, 2 500 and 3 000 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD) was compared to irrigation with river water. No trends were found in soil pH(KCl) and electrical conductivity of the saturated soil extract (ECe ) that were related to the different levels of dilution. However, ECe was considerably higher after the application of diluted winery wastewater irrigations compared to ECe at bud break. This suggests an accumulation of salts from the diluted winery wastewater. Under the prevailing conditions, soil K+ and Na+ increased with a decrease in the dilution of the winery wastewater. Increases in K+ could have a negative impact on wine colour stability should potassium be taken up by the grapevine in sufficient quantities, particularly if soil K+ accumulates to such an extent that it is luxuriously absorbed by grapevines. There were no consistent trends with regard to soil organic C, which indicates that there was too little organic material in the wastewater to have had a positive effect on soil fertility. Furthermore, organic material in the wastewater probably oxidised when the soil was aerated between irrigations. Although irrigation with diluted winery wastewater had almost no other effects, element accumulation, particularly with respect to K+ and Na+, might be more prominent in heavier soils or in regions with low winter rainfall.
CLAY SOIL STABILIZATION WITH LIME EFFECT THE VALUE CBR AND SWELLING

Subgrade was a very important part to support all construction loads on it. If the clay subgrade that had unfavorable properties, such as low CBR, the high swelling when applied to the construction of the road subgrade soil would produce a soil that is easily damaged. For that, if used in the construction of CBR value should be towering so that it can withstand a load on it. The swelling would reduce the volume of soil that is stable when it rains the soil is not swollen, otherwise when the dry season does not shrink too high. Ground improvement methods used in this study was stabilization of lime-soil, using a mixture of percentage 5%, 10% and 15% of the lime. Tests performed on the Atterberg limits, Compaction (Standard Proctor Test), C.B. R laboratory, and Swelling. The results of the study about a large percentage of the value of lime plasticity (liquid limit, plasticity index) decreased with the increasing compaction. The average CBR value is increased for the natural soil to percentage 5% and 10% of lime, while the percentage of 15% decreased. For the swelling, the percentage of 15% lime with 24 hours immersion showed 45.28% increase in swelling of the normal soil (i.e. 31.67% to 17.33%) So in general the best for clay soil stabilization is Pakuwon area where the addition of 10% lime CBR values obtained optimum and could reduce swelling value.
Histopathology from liver of tuvira ( Gymnotus spp.) parasitized by larvae of nematodes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the histological changes in the liver of thirty-five Gymnotusspp. parasitized by endohelminths collected between April 2012 to October 2013 in commercial bait fish farming of Pantanal basin. Histological cuts of 7µm were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for parasites research and liver changes and have also been submitted to the Perls histochemical method for evaluation of hemosiderosis (Fe+++) based on the incidence degree and severity of change (Grade I, II and III) and tests for the presence of central melanomacrophages. Parasites identified were: Brevimulticaecumsp. with a prevalence of 22,9%, Eustrongylidessp 17,1%, Contracaecumtype I 68,7%, Contracaecumtype II 5,7%, Contracaecumtype III 5,7% and larvae of Anisakidae11,4%. Histological analysis showed intense disorganization of hepatic parenchyma with degenerate hepatocytes due to high parasitic infection, changes that can be deleterious and compromise the organism functioning, being harmful to the health of evaluated animals. Also evidencing normal tissue interleaved with different stages of Fe+++ deposit in grades II and III, injuring or destroing the cell. Histopathological changes in the tuvira's liver suggested a chronic response and the development of a balance relation between tuvira and parasitism by endohelminth identified in this study. There are also a testimony to the health condition of commercial bait fish farming on current ecosystem conditions.
Effects of vitamin D in the prevention of acute viral bronchiolitis: systematic review

Aims : Published evidence suggests that Vitamin D supplementation may have a protective effect on infectious disease of the lower respiratory tract. The objective of this review was to critically appraise the effects of vitamin D intake in the prevention of acute viral bronchiolitis in children. Methods: We searched the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, LILACS, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, until December 2014. Keywords: "Vitamin D" OR cholecalciferol OR ergocalciferol AND "bronchiolitis, viral" OR bronchiolitides, viral OR "bronchiolitides viral". Eligibility Criteria: We included studies evaluating the effect of vitamin D intake in the prevention of acute viral bronchiolitis in young children. Studies with less than two weeks of intervention and review articles were excluded. Results: The search identified 241 articles; twenty were selected for full reading but only two were included in the systematic review, comprising 296 children. No study measured serum vitamin D. One of them was a clinical trial, where the number of episodes of acute viral bronchiolitis was significantly lower in children supplemented with vitamin D (Group I: mean: 0.6 ± 0.7 Group II: mean: 1.4 ± 0.9; p = 0.001). The other, a case-control study, did not find a significant relationship between the occurrence of acute viral bronchiolitis cases and the intake of vitamin D (OR 1.7 95% CI 0.7 to 4.0). Conclusions: Current scientific evidence is insufficient to prove clinical benefits of vitamin D in preventing acute viral bronchiolitis.
Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice and Associated Maternal Socio-Demographic Factors among Mothers Attending Imo State Specialist Hospital, Owerri, South-Eastern Nigeria

Introduction: Breast milk is unique and contains the entire nutritional requirement a new born infants needs for the first year of life. Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as the consumption of no other food or liquids except breast milk and drops or syrups consisting of vitamin-mineral supplements or medicines for at least 4 months and if possible the first 6 months of life. The aim of this study was to determine the socio-demographic factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice in Imo specialist hospital, Owerri, south-eastern Nigeria.
Investigation on Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Martensitic Stainless Steel

The hot deformation behavior of X20Cr13 martensitic stainless steel was studied using the hot compression flow curves corresponding to the temperature range of 900–1150°C under strain rates from 0.01 to 10 s−1. A new mathematical model to estimate the flow stress under hot deformation conditions up to the peak of the flow curves was developed. The critical strains for initiation of dynamic recrystallization were also derived by the developed model. Furthermore, the effects of Zener-Hollomon parameter on the characteristic points of the flow curves were studied using the power law relation. The deformation activation energy obtained for this steel was 359.4 kJ/mol in the temperature range from 900°C to 1150°C. At the same time, the Avrami kinetic equation of dynamic recrystallization for X20Cr13 steel and the recrystallized grain size model were also established. Good agreement was obtained between the predictions and the experimental values.
Mechanisms for millennial‐scale global synchronization during the last glacial period

Global climate during the last glacial period was punctuated by abrupt warmings and occasional pulses of freshwater into the North Atlantic that disrupted deepwater production. These massive freshwater pulses known as Heinrich events arose, in part, from instabilities within the Laurentide ice sheet. Paleoevidence from the North Atlantic suggests that these events altered the production of deep water and changed downstream climate throughout the Northern Hemisphere. In the tropical western Pacific sea, surface temperatures and salinity varied together with ocean and climate changes at high latitudes. Here we present results from coupled modeling experiments that shed light on a possible dynamical link between the North Atlantic Ocean and the western tropical Pacific. This link involves a global oceanic standing wave pattern brought about by millennial-scale glacial density variations in the North Atlantic, atmospheric teleconnections triggered by meridional sea surface temperature gradients, and local air-sea interactions. Furthermore, our modeling results are compared with hydrological records from the Cariaco basin, the Indian Ocean, the Sulu Sea, and northern Australia.
Geography , Outcome , and Casualties : A Uni

This study introduces a theoretical model of how insurgency develops as a function of reactive mobilization. The theory extends a classic distance-decay model (Boulding 1962) by incorporating Kalyvas' (2006) typology of violence. It implies that geographic conditions crucially determine the accuracy of applied violence and thereby its public perception, which in turn determines the actors' ability to mobilize. As a rst test of these e ects, I propose a new geographic indicator that expresses the spatial accessibility of a country's population for both central governments and peripheral insurgent movements. Two empirical implications of the theory are tested with a large-N dataset on outcomes and casualties in insurgencies. The new indicator is signi cantly associated with both military outcomes and the number of casualties in insurgencies since 1970 and strengthens statistical predictions. ∗I would like to thank Lars-Erik Cederman and Camber Warren for helpful comments on multiple versions of this paper. Elin Arbin gave valuable linguistic advice. Nils Bormann, Julian Wucherpfennig, Christa Deiwiks, and Corinne Bara provided valuable feedback. Han Droussen and Nils Weidmann were very helpful as discussants of earlier versions of this paper presented at the 2011 ECPR conference in Reykjavik and the 2011 workshop on "Inequality, Grievances and Civil War" in Zurich, Switzerland. Halvard Buhaug, Tobias Böhmelt, and other participants of the 2011 Jan Tinbergen Conference in Amsterdam also contributed helpful comments. Finally, Livia Schubiger provided very substantial feedback. †schuttes@ethz.ch