Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Induction of ovulation after gnRH antagonists.

The gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist binds competitively to the receptors and thereby prevents endogenous GnRH from exerting its stimulatory effect on the pituitary cells. This causes suppression of gonadotrophin secretion which occurs immediately after administration of the antagonist. When using GnRH antagonist in controlled ovarian stimulation, ovulation or maturation of the oocyte can, therefore, be induced by a variety of drugs, e.g. native GnRH, recombinant LH or short-acting GnRH agonists. Short-acting GnRH agonists were recommended for triggering ovulation in cases with a high risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Since it is evident that GnRH is required to initiate the LH surge and the oestradiol rise, a single administration of GnRH antagonist during the late follicular phase delays the LH surge. Studies showed that a single s.c. administration of 3 or 5 mg of Cetrorelix in the late follicular stage was sufficient to prevent the LH surge for 617 days. This phenomenon can be used in high responder patients who are prone to OHSS. The question whether this delay has any effect on oocyte quality and maturation still remains unanswered. Overall, there are four uses for GnRH antagonist: (i) using short-acting GnRH agonists for triggering ovulation in cases in which the GnRH antagonist is part of the protocol for ovarian stimulation. Recombinant LH and native LHRH could also be used as triggers of LH surge; (ii) delaying the LH surge in cases prone to OHSS by treatment with GnRH antagonist; (iii) to administer GnRH antagonist during the luteal phase to decrease the activity of corpora lutea; (iv) in polycystic ovarian disease with elevated LH the LH/FSH ratio can be corrected with the injection of GnRH antagonist prior to and during ovarian stimulation.
Factors Contributing to Enrollment in Treatment Programs for Adults

s International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences; 68(9-A):4068. Cannavo, J.M. , & Nochajski, T.H. (2011). Factors contributing to enrollment in a family treatment court. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 37, 54-61.
SALVAGING RECURRING THEMES OF HISTORICAL MEMORY IN THE COHUIXCA PROVINCE OF TEPECOACUILCO (COHUIXCATLACAPAN), GUERRERO, MEXICO, 1460 TO 1580

Abstract This article aims to fill in some of the lacunae that still exist regarding the Cohuixca ethnicity of the northeastern part of the State of Guerrero. To do so, it introduces a qualitative methodological approach into ethnohistory, which discerns pervasive patterns of special understanding that guided indigenous testimony in the colonial Spanish courtroom. It emphasizes that early colonial Cohuixca testimonies were deeply influenced by what are called, in Western terms, cadastral maps or cartographic histories or, in Nahuatl, amoxtli tlalamatl altepeamatl (“land papers,” titles of each town and district) in the former Cohuixca province of Tepecoacuilco (Cohuixcatlacapan), these geographical elements being heavily reinforced by oral retelling. Therefore, in order to establish a seemingly coherent plot of the past that would overcome fragmentation and chaos, the indigenous witnesses appearing in our sources relied heavily on unique visual schemata that assisted them in assembling the mental shreds and remnants of past experiences to restore them within the traditional framework and formulae of information transmission only modestly affected by the Spanish conquest.
A cross sectional evaluation of suicides in females

The deaths occurring due to causes which are not any disease process or ageing are called unnatural deaths. The unnatural deaths can be divided as per the manner as suicidal, accidental, homicidal or undetermined. The term ‘suicide’ refers to the deliberate act of taking one's own life. Common methods of suicide by female in India include hanging, poisoning, immolation, drowning and fall from height. The total number of 107 cases constituted unnatural female deaths autopsied from June 2013 to August 2014 out of which 44 cases were confirmed to be suicides constituting 41%. Maximum suicidal female deaths occurred between the age group of 21–30 years i.e.13 cases (30%). The number of cases of female suicide were highest amongst married group with 29 cases (66%), the illiterate and high school population had the maximum number of deaths with 13 (31%). It was observed that the middle class socio economic group had the highest deaths (43%) among different groups segregated on modified Kuppuswamy classification. Hanging was the method adopted by 24 number of victims to commit suicide (54%) followed by poisoning 11 victims (23%). Marital disharmony was the major cause constituted to 24 cases (54%).
A Proposal of an Effective Platelet-rich Plasma Protocol for the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as a promising treatment for androgenetic alopecia (AGA). In spite of the several studies previously reported, to date, a standardized protocol for PRP preparation and application, as well as a standard method for evaluating results has not been established. Aims: The aim of this study is to propose a standardized method for preparation and application of PRP for male AGA (MAGA) and female AGA (FAGA) and assess its safety and efficacy as a co-adjuvant therapy. Materials and Methods: Seventy-eight patients, 19 men and 59 women with AGA Grades II–IV in Ebling's scale, currently on treatment with topical minoxidil and/or oral finasteride for more than a year without improvement, were included in this study. PRP was prepared using a single spin method, and injected in affected areas for 3 monthly sessions, followed by 3 bimonthly sessions. A decrease of at least one grade in Ebling's scale was considered a successful result. Results: After the 6° session, 71.4% of MAGA and 73.4% of FAGA patients reached a successful outcome while 21.4% and 16.3%, respectively, remained without changes. Only 7.1% of MAGA and 10.2% of FAGA presented worsening of their condition. Conclusions: PRP together with a periodical application protocol can be considered effective as a coadjuvant therapy in patients who no longer respond to pharmacological treatments. Ebling's scale was a practical and reliable parameter to allow a better evaluation in both MAGA and FAGA.
Community health insurance in Gudalur, India, increases access to hospital care.

BACKGROUND To reduce the burden of out-of-pocket payments on households in India, the government has introduced community health insurance (CHI) as part of its National Rural Health Mission. Indian CHI schemes have been shown to provide financial protection and have the potential to improve quality of care, but do not seem to improve access. This study examines this dimension of CHI performance and explores conditions under which a CHI scheme can improve access to hospital care for the poor. METHODS We conducted a panel survey at the ACCORD-AMS-ASHWINI (AAA) CHI scheme in India. The AAA CHI scheme protects the poorest sections of society against hospitalization expenses. 297 insured and 248 matched uninsured households were observed by village volunteers on a weekly basis for 12 months. Any patient presenting with a 'major ailment' in these households was interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Outcomes measured were utilization of hospital services, cost of treatment and quality of treatment received. RESULTS The two cohorts were similar regarding demographic, social and economic parameters. More insured than uninsured households expressed trust in the CHI scheme organizers. Both groups had similar levels of minor ailments, but the insured had higher incidence of chronic and major ailments. Insured patients had a hospital admission rate 2.2 times higher than uninsured patients, independent of confounding factors. This higher rate among the insured was also found in children and those with pre-existing conditions. Vulnerable sections of the insured population-children, pregnant women, the poorest-had the highest admission rates. Most admissions, in both cohorts, took place in the ASHWINI hospital. Credible and trustworthy organizers, effective providers, low co-payments, and low indirect costs contributed to this result. CONCLUSIONS A well-designed CHI scheme has the potential to improve access to hospital care, even for vulnerable sections of the community-the poorest, individuals with pre-existing conditions like diabetes and hypertension, and pregnant women.
The hippocampal neurovascular niche during normal development and after irradiation to the juvenile mouse brain

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the effects of cranial irradiation on the neurovascular niche in the young brain. Disruption of this niche has previously been observed in the adult rat brain after irradiation. Materials and methods: We subjected postnatal day 14 (P14) mice to a single dose of 8 Gy whole brain irradiation and measured the distance between microvessels and either neural progenitor cells (doublecortin-positive, DCX+) or proliferating cells (Ki-67+) in the dorsal hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ) 6 hours, 1 week and 7 weeks post-irradiation. In addition, pericyte coverage of microvessels in the SGZ was measured. Results: DCX+ and Ki-67+ cells were located closer to microvessels in the adult brain compared to young, still growing brains, constituting new information on normal development. We found an increased distance between microvessels and DCX+ cells 6 h post-irradiation and between microvessels and Ki-67+ cells 1 week post-irradiation. Furthermore, pericyte coverage was transiently decreased by 17% 6 h post-irradiation. Conclusions: The hippocampal neurovascular niche in the young, growing brain is transiently disrupted by irradiation. It remains to be elucidated what role these transient changes play in the apparently permanent ablation of hippocampal neurogenesis previously demonstrated in the same model.
Launching Effectiveness Research to Guide Practice in Neurosurgery: A National Institute Neurological Disorders and Stroke Workshop Report

This workshop addressed challenges of clinical research in neurosurgery. Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) have high internal validity, but often insufficiently generalize to real-world practice. Observational studies are inclusive but often lack sufficient rigor. The workshop considered possible solutions, such as (1) statistical methods for demonstrating causality using observational data; (2) characteristics required of a registry supporting effectiveness research; (3) trial designs combining advantages of observational studies and RCTs; and (4) equipoise, an identified challenge for RCTs. In the future, advances in information technology potentially could lead to creation of a massive database where clinical data from all neurosurgeons are integrated and analyzed, ending the separation of clinical research and practice and leading to a new "science of practice. "
Termination and initial branch formation of SNAP‐25‐deficient thalamocortical fibres in heterochronic organotypic co‐cultures

We are interested in the role of neural activity mediated through regulated vesicular release in the stopping and early branching of the thalamic projections in the cortex. Axon outgrowth, arrival at the cortical subplate, side‐branch formation during the waiting period and cortical plate innervation of embryonic thalamocortical projections occurs without major abnormalities in the absence of regulated release in Snap25 −/− null mutant mice [ Washbourne et al. (2002) Nat. Neurosci. 5:19–26; Molnár et al. (2002) J. Neurosci. 22:10313–10323]. The fact that Snap25 −/− null mutant mice die at birth limited our previous experiments to the prenatal period. We therefore investigated the behaviour of thalamic projections in co‐culture paradigms by using heterochronic thalamic [embryonic day (E)16–E18] and cortical [postnatal day (P)0–P3] explants, in which the stopping and branching behaviour has been previously documented. Our current co‐culture experiments established that thalamic projections from E16–E18 Snap25+/+ or Snap25 −/− explants behaved in an identical fashion in P0–P3 Snap25 +/+ cortical explants after 7 days in vitro. Thalamic projections from Snap25 −/− explants developed similar patterns of fibre ingrowth to the cortex, and stopped and formed branches at a similar depth in the Snap25+/+ cortical slice as in control cultures. These results imply that thalamic projections can reach their ultimate target cells in layer 4, stop, and start to develop branches in the absence of regulated vesicular transmitter release from their own terminals.
Depressive Symptomatology in Obese Adults With Type II Diabetes

This study compared depressive symptomatology in 32 obese subjects with type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes (16 men, 16 women) and their obese nondiabetic spouses. All subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) before participation in a behavioral weight-loss program. Diabetic subjects reported significantly more depressive symptomatology than their overweight nondiabetic spouses (10.6 ± 6.4 vs. 7.5 ± 6.2, P < 0.04). Diabetic subjects scored higher than their spouses on 15 of 20 BDI items, with significant differences in feelings of being punished, perceived appearance, and interest in sex. Mean BDI score in the diabetic spouses was similar to that observed in the first 123 diabetic subjects to enter the weight-loss program (BDI 11.2 ± 6.9). Further studies are needed to determine whether diabetic subjects differ from age-, sex-, and weight-matched nondiabetic individuals in clinical depression and depressive symptomatology.
Mitochondrial DNA variation in Indo‐Pacific populations of the giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon

Surveys of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in the giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, using restriction fragment length polymorphisms have provided the first clear evidence that the Indo‐West Pacific region is a site of accumulation of genetic diversity rather than a site of origin of genetic diversity. No haplotyes were found in common between a group of five southeast African populations and a group of five Australian (including Western Australia) and three southeast Asian populations. The dominant haplotype was different in the Australian and southeast Asian population groups. Genetic diversity (π) was greatest in Indonesia (π averaged 0.05), less in the Philippines and Australia (π averaged 0.01), and markedly less in the southeast African and the West Australian populations (π averaged 0.003). The high diversity of the southeast Asian populations resulted from the occurrence in those populations of a set of haplotypes found only in southeast Asia but derived from the southeast African haplotypes. These genetic variants therefore evolved in the Indian Ocean and later migrated into the Indo‐West Pacific region. Low genetic variation in the geographically marginal populations in southeast Africa and Western Australia is considered to be the result of bottlenecks, but mismatch distributions suggest that large population sizes have been maintained in Indonesian populations for long periods.
Hippocampal Abnormalities in Youth with Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder

Abstract Individuals diagnosed with alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) exhibit difficulty on hippocampally mediated memory tasks and show reduced hippocampal size. However inconsistencies exist regarding the affected memory functions and where within the hippocampi effects occur. Given recent studies showing anterior and posterior segments support distinct memory functions and sex dimorphisms in hippocampal function, we asked whether these factors influence memory performance in youth with ARND (n = 18) and typically developing controls (n = 17). Participants received a battery of memory tests and a structural MRI scan. Right and left hippocampi were manually traced; anterior and posterior segments were delineated at the uncus. Measured were intracranial volumes (ICV) and right and left hippocampi and hippocampal segments. Volumes were adjusted for ICV. Relative to controls, the ARND group had lower IQs and memory performance on most tasks and marginally smaller ICVs. Left and right hippocampal volumes and posterior segments were smaller in the ARND group. Although no sex differences were observed between groups, females overall had larger anterior hippocampi than males. Positive and negative associations between hippocampal and selective memory indices were found in the ARND group only. These findings are the first to suggest that posterior hippocampal development may be compromised in youth with ARND. (JINS, 2014, 20, 181–191)
A Review of the Twenty-Second SOAR Workshop

SOAR is one of the oldest and largest AI development efforts, starting formally in 1983. It has also been proposed as a unified theory of cognition (Newell 1990). Most of its current development is as an AI programming language, which was evident at the Twenty-Second SOAR Workshop held at Soar Technology near the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor on 1-2 June 2002.
Flora of Akyamaç Waterfall natural park and environs (Rize/Turkey)

The purpose of the study is to determine the vascular flora of Akyamaç Waterfall Natural Park, a protected area in Rize, Turkey. During the years 2016-2017, 970 plant materials were collected through comprehensive surveys. 229 taxa belonging to 170 genera and 58 families were determined. Among these, 13 Pteridophytes, one Gymnosperm, 177 Dicotyledones, and 38 Monocotyledones were identified. Poaceae (20 taxa), Asteraceae (17 taxa), Fabaceae (14 taxa), Rosaceae (13 taxa) and Lamiaceae (12 taxa) are the richest families of the Natural Park. The phytogeographic spectrum of the taxa are as follows; Euro-Siberian 100 (43.7%), Mediterranean 7 (3.1%), Irano-Turanian 1 (0.4%), and multiregional or of unknown phytogeographic origin 121 (52.8%), respectively. The life form of the taxa is as follows: hemicryptophytes 97 (42.4%), cryptophytes 53 (23.1%), therophytes 41 (17.9%), phanerophytes 28 (12.2%), chamaephytes 10 (4.4%). The endemism ratio is 0.4%.
Attending to the Big Picture: Mood and Global Versus Local Processing of Visual Information

Two experiments employed image-based tasks to test the hypothesis that happier moods promote a greater focus on the forest and sadder moods a greater focus on the trees. The hypothesis was based on the idea that in task situations, affective cues may be experienced as task-relevant information, which then influences global versus local attention. Using a serial-reproduction paradigm, Experiment 1 showed that individuals in sad moods were less likely than those in happier moods to use an accessible global concept to guide attempts to reproduce a drawing from memory. Experiment 2 investigated the same hypothesis by assessing the use of global and local attributes to classify geometric figures. As predicted, individuals in sad moods were less likely than those in happier moods to classify figures on the basis of global features.
Quantifying Changes of Villages in the Urbanizing Beijing Metropolitan Region: Integrating Remote Sensing and GIS Analysis

Rapid urbanization has resulted in great changes in rural landscapes globally. Using remote sensing data to quantify the distribution of rural settlements and their changes has received increasing attention in the past three decades, but remains a challenge. Previous studies mostly focused on the residential changes within a grid or administrative boundary, but not at the individual village level. This paper presents a new change detection approach for rural residential settlements, which can identify different types of rural settlement changes at the individual village level by integrating remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) analyses. Using multi-temporal Landsat TM image data, this approach classifies villages into five types: “no change”, “totally lost”, “shrinking”, “expanding”, and “merged”, in contrast to the commonly used “increase” and “decrease”. This approach was tested in the Beijing metropolitan area from 1984 to 2010. Additionally, the drivers of such changes were investigated using multinomial logistic regression models. The results revealed that: (1) 36% of the villages were lost, but the total area of developed lands in existing villages increased by 34%; (2) Changes were dominated by the type of ‘expansion’ in 1984–1990 (accounted for 43.42%) and 1990–2000 (56.21%). However, from 2000 to 2010, 49.73% of the villages remained unchanged; (3) Both topographical factors and distance factors had significant effects on whether the villages changed or not, but their impacts changed through time. The topographical driving factors showed decreasing effects on the loss of rural settlements, while distance factors had increasing impacts on settlement expansion and merging. This approach provides a useful tool for better understanding the changes in rural residential settlements and their associations with urbanization.
A comparison of ultrasonic wavefront distortion and compensation in one-dimensional and two-dimensional apertures

A comparison of wavefront distortion and compensation in one-dimensional and two-dimensional apertures is made using two-dimensional transmission measurements through 14 different specimens of human abdominal wall. The measurements were employed to emulate data in one dimension by summing waveforms in the elevation direction after a geometric correction was performed using a fourth-order polynomial fit to the surface of arrival time. Distortion calculation and time-shift compensation were performed independently on waveforms in the one-dimensional and two-dimensional apertures and the waveforms were focussed using a Fourier transform method to obtain the point-spread function in the central elevation plane. The results show that distortion is smoothed increasingly by one-dimensional apertures as the elevation dimension grows and that the smoothing is substantial for elevations similar to those employed in present clinical imagers. The results also show that one-dimensional compensation becomes less effective than two-dimensional compensation as the size of the elevation increases but that one-dimensional compensation performs almost as well as two-dimensional compensation in apertures with elevations like those in current imaging systems. <<ETX>>
Random Mutagenesis of the MRS 6 Gene The

Rab escort proteins (REP) 1 and 2 are closely related mammalian proteins required for prenylation of newly synthesized Rab GTPases by the cytosolic heterodimeric Rab geranylgeranyl transferase II complex (RabGG transferase). REP1 in mammalian cells is the product of the choroideremia gene (CHM). CHM/REP1 deficiency in inherited disease leads to degeneration of retinal pigmented epithelium and loss of vision. We now show that amino acid residues required for Rab recognition are critical for function of the yeast REP homologue Mrs6p, an essential protein that shows 50% homology to mammalian REPs. Mutant Mrs6p unable to bind Rabs failed to complement growth of a mrs6 D null strain and were found to be dominant inhibitors of growth in a wild-type MRS6 strain. Mutants were identified that did not affect Rab binding, yet prevented prenylation in vitro and failed to support growth of the mrs6 D null strain. These results suggest that in the absence of Rab binding, REP interaction with RabGG transferase is maintained through Rab-independent binding sites, providing a molecular explanation for the kinetic properties of Rab prenylation in vitro. Analysis of the effects of thermoreversible temperature-sensitive ( mrs6 ts ) mutants on vesicular traffic in vivo showed prenylation activity is only transiently required to maintain normal growth, a result promising for therapeutic approaches to disease.