Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Economics of Industrial Innovation - 3rd Edition

Technical innovation has moved to center stage in contemporary debates on economic theory and policy, and Chris Freeman and Luc Soete have played a prominent part in these debates. For this new edition of The Economics of Industrial Innovation, they have rewritten all the existing chapters and added ten new ones that address recent advances in theory and in policymaking. In the new chapters they deal with the international dimensions of technical change including underdevelopment, technology transfer, international trade, and globalization. They have also strengthened the historical account of the rise of new technologies, a main feature of earlier editions. They take advantage of their experience on projects for the OECD, the European Union, and industry in other new chapters on "The Information Society" and on environmental issues, as well as in the updated discussion of science and technology policy.
The effect of dexamethasone treatment on murine colitis.

BACKGROUND Corticosteroids are used as anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. We wanted to know whether dexamethasone (DEX) treatment could prevent dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. METHODS Acute colitis was induced after oral administration of 10% DSS for 2 days. Controls received normal tap water. Five days before and during DSS or tap water exposure half the group was treated with 0.06 mg/day DEX, and the other half received saline. After the mice had been killed, macroscopic observation and histologic evaluation were used to determine the degree of colonic inflammation. RESULTS The macroscopic score was significantly increased in untreated DSS mice (P < 0.001). The induction of colitis was not prevented by DEX pretreatment (5.9 +/- 0.9 versus 4.2 +/- 0.6; NS). In addition, the macroscopic scores of DEX-treated controls were significantly increased (1.8 +/- 0.2 versus 0.7 +/- 0.2; P = 0.007), which suggests that DEX has a stimulating effect on colitis induction. The histology score was significantly increased in untreated DSS mice compared with controls (P = 0.016). Analogous to the macroscopic scoring results, the histology score of DEX-treated controls was significantly increased compared with untreated controls (P = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment with dexamethasone did not prevent the induction of acute DSS colitis, reflected by both aggravated macroscopic and histologic inflammation scores.
CHEMOPREVENTION OF LUNG CANCER BY ISOTHIOCYANATES AND THEIR CONJUGATES IN A/J MOUSE

The discovery of dietary-related compounds with potential to inhibit lung cancer may present promising and practical approaches for reducing the risk of lung cancer caused by smoking. To this end, we have conducted mechanism-based bioassays in A/Jmice over the years to screen compounds, particularly isothiocyanates (ITCs)in the crucifer family, and studied their modes of action against lung tumorigenesis induced by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), a nicotinederived lung carcinogen. These studies have shown that A/Jmice serve as a practical and useful model for the study of lung cancer prevention. The studies described here illustrate the value of using the A/Jmouse model in the bioassays and the structural-activity relationship, metabolism, and mechanism investigations. One of the important features of the A/Jmouse model is that a single dose of NNK induces a significant number of lung tumors within 16 weeks. This feature offers a prerequisite for in vivo screening as well as for dissecting the initiation or the postinitiation effect of ITCs and their conjugates during lung tumor development. Our recent bioassays in A/J mice demonstrate that ITC conjugates are versatile chemopreventive agents capable of inhibiting NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis during both the initiation and the postinitiation phases. These findings are of importance, considering the potential of these agents as chemopreventive agents for lung cancer in smokers and ex-smokers.
An Analysis on Issues of Capital Asset Portfolio Coordination in Relative VAR and Mean-Variance

This paper focuses on doing the research on capital asset portfolio coordination by applying coordination theory to capital market. The paper firstly defines and discusses the characteristics of the concepts of the absolute VaR and relative VaR, then creates a capital asset portfolio coordination model. During a dynamic investing environment and under a degree of confidence , the paper has achieved three generalized solutions in relative VaR. Then the paper has managed to change the three generalized solutions style from relative VaR to the style of mean-variance. The first generalized solution in relative VaR is consistent with the model of Yao, Yuan, and Li; the first solution in mean-variance is consistent with the model of Sharpe; the second solution in mean-variance is consistent with the model of Acharya and Pederson. The second and third generalized solutions in relative VaR and the third solution in mean-variance are proved by this paper.
Advancements in Contemporary Physical Therapy Research: Use of Mixed Methods Designs

The purpose of this article is to advocate for the use of mixed methods designs in contemporary physical therapist research. Mixed methods designs are used for collecting, analyzing, and mixing both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or series of studies to both explain and explore specific research problems, thereby enriching the breadth and depth of understanding phenomena. These designs are particularly well suited for physical therapist researchers to reveal the complexity of disablement, rehabilitation, and recovery processes. Although contextual factors influence a person's health condition and recovery, they remain empirically less understood and underexplored by physical therapist researchers. To address this gap, the authors describe various combinations of quantitative and qualitative methods and data within a single study or set of related studies and the decisions that underlie the uses of these combinations. They include examples from current physical therapist research and applications from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) model. They argue that the rigorous application of quantitative and qualitative methods and data can propel physical therapist research and practice forward by stimulating new research questions, creating a holistic understanding of patient injury and rehabilitation, and contributing to innovative, complex treatment interventions.
Identification of hierarchical chromatin domains

MOTIVATION The three-dimensional structure of the genome is an important regulator of many cellular processes including differentiation and gene regulation. Recently, technologies such as Hi-C that combine proximity ligation with high-throughput sequencing have revealed domains of self-interacting chromatin, called topologically associating domains (TADs), in many organisms. Current methods for identifying TADs using Hi-C data assume that TADs are non-overlapping, despite evidence for a nested structure in which TADs and sub-TADs form a complex hierarchy. RESULTS We introduce a model for decomposition of contact frequencies into a hierarchy of nested TADs. This model is based on empirical distributions of contact frequencies within TADs, where positions that are far apart have a greater enrichment of contacts than positions that are close together. We find that the increase in contact enrichment with distance is stronger for the inner TAD than for the outer TAD in a TAD/sub-TAD pair. Using this model, we develop the TADtree algorithm for detecting hierarchies of nested TADs. TADtree compares favorably with previous methods, finding TADs with a greater enrichment of chromatin marks such as CTCF at their boundaries. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION A python implementation of TADtree is available at http://compbio.cs.brown.edu/software/ CONTACT braphael@cs.brown.edu SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Optimum Combining for Cooperative Relaying in a Poisson Field of Interferers

Spatial point processes are commonly used to model the placement and the number of interferers in modern wireless networks, where the ad hoc deployment of transmitters is common. The homogeneous Poisson point process (PPP) is the most popular spatial point process used to model co-channel interference. Optimum combining (OC) is the diversity combining technique that maximizes the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio at the receiver. The performance of OC in cooperative relaying in an interferer field modeled by a homogeneous PPP is analyzed. Both decode-and-forward (DF) and amplify-and-forward (AF) relay protocols are studied. Multirelay transmission and relay selection techniques are considered. Accurate approximations for the outage probability are derived for DF and AF relaying when the destination is able to estimate the noise-plus-interference correlation matrix (NICM) perfectly. An approximation for the outage probability of DF relaying is obtained when the destination only estimates the channel state information of the closest interferer. Relay selection outperforms multirelay transmission in both DF and AF relaying protocols. The interference correlation at the relays significantly degrades the outage performance. Limited estimation of the NICM results in better performance than conventional maximal-ratio combining, although it fails to achieve diversity gains.
In vitro comparison of three caries dyes.

PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of a conventional and newly-developed caries detector (Caries Check) by measuring the Vickers microhardness (VMH) and DIAGNOdent value of the dentin cavity wall of extracted human teeth after removing carious dentin that was stained by the caries detector. METHODS 30 human teeth with coronal dentin caries extending halfway through the dentin were sectioned and extracted for use in this study. As a control, the longitudinal section of a caries-free extracted human tooth was prepared. The VMH and DIAGNOdent values were measured and the microstructure of the dentin cavity wall was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS When Caries Check was employed as a guide for carious dentin removal, the microhardness of the cavity wall was significantly lower than the normal dentin and the DIAGNOdent value indicated that the dentin may have recalcified. SEM observations of the stained regions revealed that Caries Check did not stain the sclerotic dentin. Based on these findings, Caries Check may be a useful modality because the excavation of the dentin structure was shallower and the sclerotic dentin was preserved.
Impact of FDI on India's GDP: An Inter- Comparative Study Between USA, UK and Japan

Abstract Considering the growing importance of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the present day well-knitted economic environment, this empirical study compares the impact of FDI inflows from Japan from those of United States of America (U.S.A.) and United Kingdom (U.K.) on India's gross domestic product (GDP). The paper, by using sample data of FDI and India's GDP from 1st April 2002 to 31st March 2011, makes use of Correlation and multiple regression for studying relationship between the variables. Moreover, t-test is being employed to test whether the results are significant or not. The results conclude that FDI from the respective countries individually do not significantly affect India's GDP.
Cytomegalovirus in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients - management of infection

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) still causes significant morbidity and mortality in patients given allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Despite effective pharmacotherapy, potentially life-threatening CMV disease occurs nowadays in up to 10% of HSCT recipients; moreover, routinely used anti-CMV agents have been shown to be associated with morbidity. Areas covered: This review examines different issues related to diagnosis and management of CMV infection in HSCT recipients, paying particular attention to the monitoring of CMV-specific immune recovery, approaches of adoptive cell therapy and new antiviral drugs. Expert commentary: Despite advances in diagnostic tests and treatment, there is still room for refining management of CMV in HSCT recipients. Immunological monitoring should be associated in the future to virological monitoring. The safety profile and efficacy of new anti-CMV agents should be compared with that of standard-of-care drugs. Donor-derived, pathogen-specific T cells adoptively transferred after transplantation could contribute to reduce the impact of CMV infection on patient’s outcome.
Systemic inflammation induced by cardiopulmonary bypass: a review of pathogenesis and treatment.

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe alteration in lung structure and function that develops secondary to a traumatic stimulus. When ARDS develops following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) it is know as postpump syndrome (PPS). ARDS can be caused by a single massive insult ("hit"); however, sequential minor insults ("hits") are more common clinically. The concept of multiple sequential insults causing ARDS has been termed the "two-hit" model of ARDS. The purpose of this article is to summarize our studies testing the hypothesis that PPS is caused by multiple sequential insults. To confirm our hypothesis, we developed a porcine model of "two-hit" PPS. Our model was composed of sequential benign insults, with CPB as the "first hit" and low dose of endotoxin as the "second-hit. " It is our hypothesis that the mechanism of PPS is CPB-induced priming of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) ("first-hit") with subsequent PMN activation by a second insult ("second-hit") such as endotoxin. Our model confirms this clinically relevant postulate, and we provide strategies to disrupt the inflammatory cascade leading to PPS.
Philadelphia chromosome as a recurrent event among therapy‐related acute leukemia

long-term outcome of NMP1 mutation positive patients transplanted after relapse. In conclusion, our single-institution experience supports the reported superior shortterm prognosis for patients with NPM1 mutated AML, but challenges the accepted notion of favorable long-term outcome in this population. Prospective clinical trials are needed to clarify long-term prognosis and optimal management of these patients.
Essential oils of Retama raetam from Libya: chemical composition and antimicrobial activity

Retama raetam (Forssk) Webb & Berthel is well known in the folk medicine of North and East Mediterranean regions for the treatment of microbial infections. The powdered leaves are used to heal circumcision wounds and used as an antiseptic for wounds, skin rash and pruritus. In this study, to validate this antiseptic property, the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from the flowers of R. raetam was evaluated. The oil was obtained using hydrodistillation and was analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The antibacterial activity was achieved using disc diffusion and broth dilution assay against six bacteria species. Analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of β-linalool (51%), 2-decen-1-ol (6.6%) and limonene (7.4%) as the major components. The results showed significant activity against microorganisms, especially Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones and minimal inhibitory concentration values in the range of 5.0 mm and 3.0 mg mL−1, respectively. The results on the antibacterial activity provide scientific support for the use of these plants in traditional herbal preparations.
Corporate environmental sustainability disclosures and environmental risk: Alternative tests of socio-political theories

Purpose – This paper aims to propose and apply a novel risk-based approach to explore whether socio-political theories explain the level of corporate environmental disclosures given inconclusive evidence on the relation between environmental disclosure and environmental performance. Design/Methodology/Approach – Based on content analysis of corporate risk reporting, the paper develops measures of environmental risk to proxy for a firm’s exposure to public pressure in regard to environmental concerns that should be positively associated with the level of corporate environmental disclosures according to socio-political theories. Multiple regressions are used to test the predictions of socio-political theories for US Standards and Poor’s 500 constituents from polluting sectors. Findings – The level of environmental disclosures is found to be positively associated with a firm’s environmental risk while unrelated to its environmental performance. The findings suggest that firms tend to provide higher levels of environmental disclosures in response to greater exposure to public pressure as depicted by broad environmental indicators. The results are robust to alternative measures of environmental disclosures, environmental risk and environmental performance, alternative specifications of the economic model and additional sensitivity checks. Research Limitations/Implications – This study is limited to US firms in polluting sectors. The risk-based approach proposed may not be appropriate to cover sectors where corporate risk reporting is less likely to address environmental risk, but it could potentially be adopted in other countries with advanced risk reporting regulation or practice. Practical Implications – Findings are important to understand a firm’s incentives to disclose environmental information. Cross-sectional differences found in environmental disclosures, risk and performance, highlight the importance of considering industry affiliation when analyzing environmental data. Originality/Value – This paper is the first to use firm-level environmental risk variables to explain the level of corporate environmental disclosures. The risk-based approach taken suggests opportunities for research at the multi-country level and in countries where corporate environmental performance data are not publicly available.
Niche matters: The comparison between bone marrow stem cells and endometrial stem cells and stromal fibroblasts reveal distinct migration and cytokine profiles in response to inflammatory stimulus

Objective Intrinsic inflammatory characteristics play a pivotal role in stem cell recruitment and homing through migration where the subsequent change in niche has been shown to alter these characteristics. The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs) have been demonstrated to migrate to the endometrium contributing to the stem cell reservoir and regeneration of endometrial tissue. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the inflammation-driven migration and cytokine secretion profile of human bmMSCs to endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (eMSCs) and endometrial fibroblasts (eSFs). Materials and methods The bmMSCs were isolated from bone marrow aspirates through culturing, whereas eMSCs and eSFs were FACS-isolated. All cell types were tested for their surface marker, proliferation profiles and migration properties towards serum and inflammatory attractants. The cytokine/chemokine secretion profile of 35 targets was analysed in each cell type at basal level along with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced state. Results Both stem cell types, bmMSCs and eMSCs, presented with similar stem cell surface marker profiles as well as possessed high proliferation and migration potential compared to eSFs. In multiplex assays, the secretion of 16 cytokine targets was detected and LPS stimulation expanded the cytokine secretion pattern by triggering the secretion of several targets. The bmMSCs exhibited higher cytokine secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF)-1α, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-6, interferon-gamma inducible protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)1α and RANTES compared to eMSCs and/or eSFs after stimulation with LPS. The basal IL-8 secretion was higher in both endometrial cell types compared to bmMSCs. Conclusion Our results highlight that similar to bmMSCs, the eMSCs possess high migration activity while the differentiation process towards stromal fibroblasts seemed to result in loss of stem cell surface markers, minimal migration activity and a subtler cytokine profile likely contributing to normal endometrial function.
Foreign Policy towards Latin America in Europe: A Comparative Study

This dissertation seeks to uncover the origins of EU Member States’ divergent Latin America policies, as well as their interaction with the EU’s strategy towards the region. While the EU is attempting to create a common policy towards Latin America, Member States’ approaches to the region vary, thus hampering a coherent European policy. In order to analyse the origins of such differences, Spain, the UK, and Germany are chosen as influential Member States endowed with distinct national policies towards Latin America. The project begins by systematically mapping the variation in policy activity towards the region on behalf of the countries under study, using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) in an innovative fashion to create an index of foreign policy activity. I then select two policy areas for further study: development policy and the interaction between national policy towards Latin America and the EU’s strategy vis-a-vis the region. Situated within a Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) approach and based on an extended liberal theoretical account, the investigation develops a framework to shed light on Latin America policy-making in Europe. Empirically, the project is based on a series of semi-structured elite interviews carried out at national Ministries of Foreign Affairs as well as Development Ministries and Agencies. This evidence is complemented with further interviews of EU officials and Latin American diplomats, text analysis of government documents, and OECD data. The study finds that domestic political and economic interests account for a great deal of foreign policy activity towards Latin America in Europe. However, both in development policy and in the interaction between national and EU policy other variables, including ideational factors, also play a role. The various explanatory factors interact with one another in unique ways, thus producing country-specific policy outcomes.
Differences in Leadership Outcomes between Club Sport Collegiate Athletes

by Lacee Glenn The purpose of this study was to assess differences in the self-reported leadership outcomes of club sports collegiate athletes due to duration of participation. The specific leadership outcomes that were evaluated were self-management, interpersonal, problem solving/decision making, cognitive development/critical analysis, organization and planning, self-confidence, multicultural competency, technical, and professional skills as defined by the Student Leadership Outcomes Inventory (Crowder, 1998). Ninety-two collegiate athletes were randomly sampled from multiple NCAA Division I club sport programs. The design of the present study is a post-test only non-equivalent quasi-experimental design and data was analyzed by a One-Way ANOVA on the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results indicated a significant difference between the 0-6 months group and the 13-24 months group in the self-management category. The findings of this study suggest that if students continue to participate in club sports for a duration of longer than 6 months, they may improve upon selfmanagement skills. DIFFERENCES IN LEADERSHIP OUTCOMES BETWEEN CLUB SPORT COLLEGIATE ATHLETES A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master’s in Exercise Science Lacee Glenn University of Central Missouri May 2015 © 2015 Lacee Glenn ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DIFFERENCES IN LEADERSHIP OUTCOMES BETWEEN CLUB SPORT COLLEGIATE ATHLETES