Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of educational print materials on knowledge, attitudes, and interest in BRCA1/BRCA2

The recent identification of several BRCA1/BRCA2 founder mutations among Ashkenazi Jewish individuals has led to increased salience of BRCA1/BRCA2 testing for Jewish individuals. Little is known about interest in BRCA1/BRCA2 testing among Ashkenazi Jews from the general population. Furthermore, previous research has not generally evaluated the impact of education on interest in testing among individuals from the general population. The goal of the current study was to examine whether a brief educational booklet regarding BRCA1/BRCA2 testing would influence knowledge, attitudes, and interest in testing among Ashkenazi Jewish women from the general population.
Association of manual or engine‐driven glide path preparation with canal centring and apical transportation: a systematic review

The role and effect of glide path preparation in root canal treatment remain controversial. This systematic review aims to compare apical transportation and canal centring of different glide path preparation techniques, with or without subsequent engine-driven root canal preparation. A database search in PubMed, PubMed Central, Embase, Scopus, EBSCO Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source and Virtual Health Library was conducted, using appropriate key words to identify the effect of glide path preparation (or its absence) on apical transportation and canal centring. An assessment for the risk of bias in included studies was carried out. Amongst 2146 studies, 18 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Nine studies assessed glide path preparation per se, comparing apical transportation and canal centring of rotary systems and/or manual files; eleven further investigations examined the efficacy of the glide path prior to final canal preparation with different engine-driven systems. Risk of bias and other study design features with potential influence on study outcomes and clinical implications were assessed. Based on the available evidence, and within the limitation of the studies included, preparation of a glide path using rotary sequences performs similarly (in most of the component studies) or significantly better than manual preparation when assessing apical transportation or canal centring. When compared to the absence of a glide path, canal shaping following glide path preparation was of similar, or significantly better quality, in regard to apical transportation or canal centring.
Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT Experimental and epidemiological data suggest that vitamin E supplementation may prevent cancer and cardiovascular events. Clinical trials have generally failed to confirm benefits, possibly due to their relatively short duration. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether long-term supplementation with vitamin E decreases the risk of cancer, cancer death, and major cardiovascular events. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled international trial (the initial Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation [HOPE] trial conducted between December 21, 1993, and April 15, 1999) of patients at least 55 years old with vascular disease or diabetes mellitus was extended (HOPE-The Ongoing Outcomes [HOPE-TOO]) between April 16, 1999, and May 26, 2003. Of the initial 267 HOPE centers that had enrolled 9541 patients, 174 centers participated in the HOPE-TOO trial. Of 7030 patients enrolled at these centers, 916 were deceased at the beginning of the extension, 1382 refused participation, 3994 continued to take the study intervention, and 738 agreed to passive follow-up. Median duration of follow-up was 7.0 years. INTERVENTION Daily dose of natural source vitamin E (400 IU) or matching placebo. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes included cancer incidence, cancer deaths, and major cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death). Secondary outcomes included heart failure, unstable angina, and revascularizations. RESULTS Among all HOPE patients, there were no significant differences in the primary analysis: for cancer incidence, there were 552 patients (11.6%) in the vitamin E group vs 586 (12.3%) in the placebo group (relative risk [RR], 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-1.06; P = .30); for cancer deaths, 156 (3.3%) vs 178 (3.7%), respectively (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.71-1.09; P = .24); and for major cardiovascular events, 1022 (21.5%) vs 985 (20.6%), respectively (RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.96-1.14; P = .34). Patients in the vitamin E group had a higher risk of heart failure (RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.26; P = .03) and hospitalization for heart failure (RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.00-1.47; P = .045). Similarly, among patients enrolled at the centers participating in the HOPE-TOO trial, there were no differences in cancer incidence, cancer deaths, and major cardiovascular events, but higher rates of heart failure and hospitalizations for heart failure. CONCLUSION In patients with vascular disease or diabetes mellitus, long-term vitamin E supplementation does not prevent cancer or major cardiovascular events and may increase the risk for heart failure.
The Truth is Out There: The Use of Conspiracy Theories by Radical Violent Extremist Organizations

4 Introduction.5-23 Radical Violent Extremism and Recruitment.5-6 Pathways to Conspiracy Thinking.6-8 Significance Quest.8-10 Need for Closure and Significance Quest.10-13 Propaganda and Extremist Narratives.13-16 Conspiracism and Radical Violent Extremism.16-19 Conspiracy Theories and Significance Quest.19-21 Conspiracy Theories and Need for Cognitive Closure.21-22 Current Study.22-23 Method.23-36 Sample.23-27 Measures.27-31 Interrater Reliability.31-34 Analysis.34-36 Results.36-49 Conspiracy Theory Use.36-39 Need for Cognitive Closure.39-42 CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EXTREMISM 3 Anomie.42-44 Violence and Significance Quest.44-49 Discussion.49-59 Limitations and Future Directions.56-59 Conclusion.59-60 References.61-78 Appendix A.79-81 Appendix B.82-84 CONSPIRACY THEORIES AND EXTREMISM 4
Consistency and differences between centrality measures across distinct classes of networks

The roles of different nodes within a network are often understood through centrality analysis, which aims to quantify the capacity of a node to influence, or be influenced by, other nodes via its connection topology. Many different centrality measures have been proposed, but the degree to which they offer unique information, and whether it is advantageous to use multiple centrality measures to define node roles, is unclear. Here we calculate correlations between 17 different centrality measures across 212 diverse real-world networks, examine how these correlations relate to variations in network density and global topology, and investigate whether nodes can be clustered into distinct classes according to their centrality profiles. We find that centrality measures are generally positively correlated to each other, the strength of these correlations varies across networks, and network modularity plays a key role in driving these cross-network variations. Data-driven clustering of nodes based on centrality profiles can distinguish different roles, including topological cores of highly central nodes and peripheries of less central nodes. Our findings illustrate how network topology shapes the pattern of correlations between centrality measures and demonstrate how a comparative approach to network centrality can inform the interpretation of nodal roles in complex networks.
Role of dendritic cells in the context of acute cellular rejection: Comparison between tacrolimus‐ or cyclosporine A‐treated heart transplanted recipients

Background: In the last years many studies have been designed to predict risk of acute rejection and to adapt the immunosuppressive therapy. The importance of dendritic cells (DCs) in the immune response, especially their role in tolerance is known. Thus, we investigated the influence of tacrolimus (TAC)‐based and of cyclosporine A (CsA)‐based immunosuppressive therapies on dendritic cells and the incidence of rejection in heart transplant recipients.
NFAT4 Movement in Native Smooth Muscle

The transcription factor NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) plays a central role in mediating Ca2+-dependent gene transcription in a variety of cell types. Sustained increases in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+] i ) are presumed to be required for NFAT dephosphorylation by the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein calcineurin and its subsequent nuclear translocation. Here, we provide the first identification and characterization of NFAT in native smooth muscle, showing that NFAT4 is the predominant isoform detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. PDGF induces NFAT4 translocation in smooth muscle, leading to an increase in NFAT transcriptional activity. NFAT4 activation by PDGF depends on Ca2+ entry through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, because its nuclear accumulation is prevented by the Ca2+ channel blocker nisoldipine and the K+ channel opener pinacidil. Interestingly, elevation of [Ca2+] i by membrane depolarization or ionomycin treatment are not effective stimuli for NFAT4 nuclear accumulation, indicating that Ca2+ influx is necessary but not sufficient for NFAT4 activation. In contrast, membrane depolarization readily activates the Ca2+-dependent transcription factor CREB (cAMP-responsive element-binding protein). The calcineurin blockers CsA and FK506 also prevented the PDGF-induced NFAT4 nuclear localization. These results indicate that both the nature of the calcium signal and PDGF-induced modulation of nuclear import-export of NFAT are critical for NFAT4 activation in this tissue.
On the spectral gap of spherical spin glass dynamics

We consider the time to equilibrium for the Langevin dynamics of the spherical $p$-spin glass model of system size $N$. We show that the log-Sobolev constant and spectral gap are order $1$ in $N$ at sufficiently high temperature whereas the spectral gap decays exponentially in $N$ at sufficiently low temperatures. These verify the existence of a dynamical high temperature phase and a dynamical glass phase at the level of the spectral gap. Key to these results are the understanding of the extremal process and restricted free energy of Subag--Zeitouni and Subag.
Autism in China: Progress and challenges in addressing the needs of children and families

ABSTRACT Over the past decade there has been a substantial increase in research addressing the needs of children in China who have an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Despite the fact the country has the largest educational system in the world and has numerous policies to ensure all children’s rights to an education, opportunities are limited for children with disabilities. Recent revisions to China’s Regulations Educating Students with Disabilities that mandate inclusion (www.cdpf.org/cn/english/law/content/2008-04/10/content_84949.htm) may help, however, effective education requires more than a policy and a desk in a classroom; it requires thoughtful plans, teacher preparation, adequate resource allocation, and administrative commitment. This article describes the progress that China has made in addressing the needs of children with ASD, and the challenges it still faces. Whereas some local governments have recently increased funding to families caring for a child with ASD, most have not. Hopefully, the fact the central government has invested millions of yuan in an epidemiological study on autism and is participating in one of the most ambitious investigations ever conducted on the genetics of autism is a signal that autism is now a priority of China’s and greater resources will be provided to ensure affordable treatment and appropriate educational options.
Do gentrifying neighbourhoods have less community? Evidence from Philadelphia

One of the more detrimental effects of gentrification is the potential for a decreased sense of neighbourhood community. Systematic analysis of the effect of gentrification on communities has been limited. This study investigated how an individual’s sense of connection to neighbourhood community, as measured by trust, belongingness and sense of cooperation, was influenced by their residence in a gentrifying neighbourhood. We utilised hierarchical linear models with individual data from the 2014/2015 Public Health Management Corporation’s Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey and neighbourhood data from the 2000 Decennial Census and 2010–2014 American Community Survey. We find that gentrification overall has a negative relation with neighbourhood community, but this relationship varied by the racial/ethnic turnover underlying the changes taking place in these neighbourhoods. Specifically, we find that gentrification marked by increases in Whites and decreases in non-Whites had no measurable relation with neighbourhood community; that gentrification marked by increases in non-Whites alone had a positive effect on neighbourhood community for Black and Hispanic residents; and that gentrifying neighbourhoods which experienced an increase in both Whites and non-Whites had a negative overall relation with neighbourhood community.
Coagulation-fibrinolysis is more enhanced in twin than in singleton pregnancies

Abstract Aims: To examine whether coagulation-fibrinolysis in late pregnancy in women with twin pregnancies is more pronounced than in women with singleton pregnancies. Patients and methods: The plasma levels of D-dimer, fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FDP), and fibrinogen, the platelet count, and the antithrombin activity were assessed from 3 weeks before delivery until postpartum day 7 in 48 women (24 singleton and 24 twin pregnancies) without preeclampsia who underwent cesarean sections. Results: Women with singleton or twin pregnancies gave birth at 37.3±1.2 weeks or 35.2±1.4 weeks, respectively. Compared with singleton mothers, prenatal D-dimer and FDP levels were consistently and significantly higher among women with twin pregnancies. A significantly larger proportion of twin mothers exhibited prenatal levels of D-dimer >5.0 μg/mL, FDP >10.0 μg/mL, fibrinogen <420 mg/mL and antithrombin activity <70%. In addition, prenatal antithrombin activity in plasma was significantly lower. Conclusions: Coagulation-fibrinolysis is more enhanced in women with twin gestation than in women with singleton gestation.
Accelerating Neural Transformer via an Average Attention Network

With parallelizable attention networks, the neural Transformer is very fast to train. However, due to the auto-regressive architecture and self-attention in the decoder, the decoding procedure becomes slow. To alleviate this issue, we propose an average attention network as an alternative to the self-attention network in the decoder of the neural Transformer. The average attention network consists of two layers, with an average layer that models dependencies on previous positions and a gating layer that is stacked over the average layer to enhance the expressiveness of the proposed attention network. We apply this network on the decoder part of the neural Transformer to replace the original target-side self-attention model. With masking tricks and dynamic programming, our model enables the neural Transformer to decode sentences over four times faster than its original version with almost no loss in training time and translation performance. We conduct a series of experiments on WMT17 translation tasks, where on 6 different language pairs, we obtain robust and consistent speed-ups in decoding.
Living with limb loss: everyday experiences of “good” and “bad” days in people with lower limb amputation

Abstract Purpose: To provide an understanding of the everyday experiences of individuals with a limb amputation. Methods: Twenty-two participants (14 female, 8 male) with a mean-age of 42 years (SD = 10 years) were recruited to take part in two focus groups. The participants reported a range of lower-limb amputations (i.e., congenital, acquired, transfemoral, trantibial, unilateral, and bilateral) and on an average were 5 years post-surgery (SD = 7 years). Each focus group comprised of 11 participants and was moderated by either the first or second author. The moderator asked participants to discuss their everyday experiences of life with an amputation using Charmaz’s good day/bad day approach. Focus groups were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis. Results: Four themes were identified: pain, organization and planning, the embodied experience after amputation, and interactions with others. Conclusions: These themes provide a key resource for understanding daily fluctuations in physical, social, and psychological functioning. Implications for Rehabilitation Lower limb amputation can result in daily fluctuations in physical, social, and psychological functioning. These fluctuations can be illustrated through experiences of pain, planning and organization, embodied experiences, and interactions with others. At a policy level, evaluations of daily living after an amputation should be based on a longitudinal assessment.
Completion Thyroidectomy: Safer than Thought

Background: The aim of this study was to find out whether a substantial difference in terms of complication rates exists between primary and completion thyroidectomies following initial bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy in the light of current literature and our series. Patients and Methods: Total number of 696 patients who received completion thyroidectomy (Group 1, n = 289) and total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer (Group 2, n = 407) and their data were reviewed and postoperative complications were compared between the groups and with the literature. Results: Transient and permanent hypocalcaemia rates were 20% and 5.8% in Group 1 and 10.5% and 5.1% for Group 2 respectively. Unilateral transient, bilateral transient and unilateral permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy rates were 6.2%, 1.3% and 4.4% for patients in Group 1 whereas same complications were seen in 4.6%, 0.7% and 3.6% of patients in Group 2. When groups were compared for complications; temporary hypocalcaemia, unilateral temporary nerve palsy, and minor wound infection rates were statistically higher in Group 1, with no significant difference in permanent complications. Conclusion: When complication rates of re-operation after bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy and primary total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer were compared in an unbiased fashion, completion thyroidectomy was shown to be as safe as a primary operation with regard to permanent complications.
Not all justices are equal: the unique effects of organizational justice on the behaviour and attitude of government workers in Ghana

Drawing on social exchange and positive emotions theories, we examined the differential effects of organizational justice on work engagement and organizational commitment among 347 Ghanaian public-sector workers. We hypothesized that three different components of organizational justice (distributive, procedural and interactional) would have different effects on work engagement and organizational commitment. We used regression test to investigate these effects. Despite subtle differences, the results show that distributive and procedural justice relate positively to vigour, dedication and absorption. However, interactional justice was unrelated to any of the work engagement components. We further observed that while distributive, procedural and interactional justice related positively to affective commitment, no other type of organizational justice related to continuance and normative commitment. Overall, not all justices create the same effect on workplace behaviour. Implications and limitations are discussed. Points for practitioners • Distributive justice and procedural justice (but not interactional justice) stimulate the levels of vigour, dedication and absorption among Ghanaian public-sector workers and produce an engaged workforce. Thus, management should channel investment into the creation and implementation of administrative practices that promote the perception of fairness in the distribution of resources within organizations. • Organizational justice enhances affective commitment – the emotional connection to and identification with their organization – among public-sector workers in Ghana.
Advances and challenges in laparoscopic surgery in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fifth most common malignancy and the third most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. From the wide variety of treatment options, surgical resection and liver transplantation are the only therapeutic ones. However, due to shortage of liver grafts, surgical resection is the most common therapeutic modality implemented. Owing to rapid technological development, minimally invasive approaches have been incorporated in liver surgery. Liver laparoscopic resection has been evaluated in comparison to the open technique and has been shown to be superior because of the reported decrease in surgical incision length and trauma, blood loss, operating theatre time, postsurgical pain and complications, R0 resection, length of stay, time to recovery and oral intake. It has been reported that laparoscopic excision is a safe and feasible approach with near zero mortality and oncologic outcomes similar to open resection. Nevertheless, current indications include solid tumors in the periphery < 5 cm, especially in segments II through VI, while according to the consensus laparoscopic major hepatectomy should only be performed by surgeons with high expertise in laparoscopic and hepatobiliary surgery in tertiary centers. It is necessary for a surgeon to surpass the 60-cases learning curve observed in order to accomplish the desirable outcomes and preserve patient safety. In this review, our aim is to thoroughly describe the general principles and current status of laparoscopic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as future prospects.
Chronic Dietary Intake of Enniatin B in Broiler Chickens Has Low Impact on Intestinal Morphometry and Hepatic Histology, and Shows Limited Transfer to Liver Tissue

The Fusarium mycotoxin enniatin B (ENN B) is a so-called emerging mycotoxin frequently contaminating poultry feed. To investigate the impact of chronic ENN B exposure on animal health, broiler chickens were fed either a diet naturally contaminated with ENN B (2352 µg/kg) or a control diet (135 µg/kg) for 2, 7, 14, or 21 days. ENN B concentrations were determined in plasma and liver using a validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry UHPLC-MS/MS method. Liver was evaluated histologically, and the villus length and crypt depth of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were measured. Histopathology of the livers did not reveal major abnormalities. Feeding an ENN B-contaminated diet could possibly inhibit the proliferation of enterocytes in the duodenal crypts, but did not affect villus length, crypt depth, or villus length-crypt depth ratio of the jejunum and ileum. ENN B levels in plasma and liver were significantly higher in the ENN B-fed group and ranged between <25–264 pg/mL and <0.05–0.85 ng/g, respectively. ENN B carry-over rates from feed to liver tissue were 0.005–0.014% and 0.034–0.109% in the ENN B and control group, respectively. Carry-over rates were low and indicated a limited contribution of poultry tissue-derived products to the total dietary ENN B intake for humans. The above results support the opinion of the European Food Safety Authority stating that adverse health effects from ENN B in broiler chickens are unlikely.