Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Template-Based Approach to Describing Metamorphic Relations

Metamorphic testing enables the generation of test cases in the absence of an oracle by exploiting relations among different executions of the program under test, called metamorphic relations. In a recent survey, we observed a great variability in the way metamorphic relations are described, typically in an informal manner using natural language. We noticed that the lack of a standard mechanism to describe metamorphic relations often makes them hard to read and understand, which hinders the widespread adoption of the technique. In this paper, we propose a template-based approach for the description of metamorphic relations. The proposed template aims to ease communication among practitioners as well as to contribute to research dissemination. Also, it provides a helpful guide for those approaching metamorphic testing for the first time. For the validation of the approach, we used the proposed template to describe 17 previously published metamorphic relations from different domains and groups of authors, without finding expressiveness problems. We hope that this work eases the diffusion and adoption of metamorphic testing, contributing to the progress of this thriving testing technique.
LARGE-SCALE MAGNETIC STRUCTURE FORMATION IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC TURBULENCE

The inverse cascade of magnetic helicity in three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (3D-MHD) turbulence is believed to be one of the processes responsible for large-scale magnetic structure formation in astrophysical systems. In this work, we present an exhaustive set of high-resolution direct numerical simulations of both forced and decaying 3D-MHD turbulence, to understand this structure formation process. It is first shown that an inverse cascade of magnetic helicity in small-scale driven turbulence does not necessarily generate coherent large-scale magnetic structures. The observed large-scale magnetic field, in this case, is severely perturbed by magnetic fluctuations generated by the small-scale forcing. In the decaying case, coherent large-scale structures form similarly to those observed astronomically. Based on the numerical results, the formation of large-scale magnetic structures in some astrophysical systems is suggested to be the consequence of an initial forcing that imparts the necessary turbulent energy into the system, which, after the forcing shuts off, decays to form the large-scale structures. This idea is supported by representative examples, e.g., clusters of galaxies.
Interobserver variability of cervical cytology in HIV‐infected women

Our objectives were to determine the reproducibility of cytological specimen interpretation between two pathologists in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected women (from the VIHGY, ANRS CO17 study of human papillomavirus genital pathology among HIV‐positive women) and to analyse the improvement, if any, between conventional and liquid‐based cytology (LBC) interpretations.
Rhamnolipid Biosurfactants Produced by Pseudomonas Species

Surfactants are chemical products widely used in our daily life in toothpaste and other personal hygiene and cosmetic products, and in several industries. Biosurfactants are surfactants of biological origin that can be produced by microorganisms and have many advantages, such as low toxicity and high biodegradability, compared to synthetic counterparts. Unfortunately, high production costs limit the use of biosurfactants. Low-cost production is the most important factor for biosurfactants to be able to compete in the global market place. This review presents general information on rhamnolipid biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas species, as well as on their production and applications. In addition, industrial products and their wastes used for rhamnolipid production are reviewed in detail based on recent studies.
Interleukin 6 plasma levels predict with high sensitivity and specificity coronary stenosis detected by coronary angiography

Summary In recent years new biomarkers able to measure the coronary atherosclerotic burden have been investigated. The aim of the present study was: i) to measure plasma levels of four biomarkers: C reactive protein (CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), 8-isosprostane (8-ISO),in a series of patients undergoing coronary angiography; ii) to assess the power of the biomarkers to predict critical coronary stenosis detected by angiography. The study population consisted of a group of 438 subjects undergoing coronary angiography; 160 patients with 0, 1, 2, or 3 critical vessels were selected, and biomarkers plasma levels were measured in plasma samples obtained before the procedure. The most predictive biomarker was then assayed in 120 patients with critical stenosis and 120 unmatched patients without stenosis. CRP, sICAM-1, IL-6 and 8-ISO plasma levels increased with the number of diseased vessels. All biomarkers were good predictors of critical stenosis (receiver-operator-curve [ROC] areas; CRP=0.880, IL-6=0.936, sICAM-1=0.907, 8-ISO=0.873). IL-6 was confirmed in an expanded sample of 240 subjects to be the best predictor with a ROC area=0.959. With a threshold of 3.6 ng/l,a 100% sensitivity (120/120) and a 90% specificity (108/120) was observed. In conclusion, IL-6, sICAM-1, CRP and 8-ISO are predictive of CAD. IL-6 predicts critical coronary stenosis with the highest sensitivity and specificity.
Interaction of Pubertal Development and Metabolic Control in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Background In T1DM, delayed pubertal development and reduced final height are associated with inadequate metabolic control. Objective To assess whether T1DM affects pubertal growth spurt and whether metabolic control during puberty is gender-related. Methods Using a large multicentre database, longitudinal data from 1294 patients were analysed. Inclusion criteria: complete records of height and HbA1c from the age of seven to 16 years. Exclusion criteria: other significant chronic diseases and medications, T1DM duration less than three months, and initial BMI < 3rd or >97th percentile. Results Growth velocity (GV) was impaired with a significant reduction of peak GV by 1.2 cm in boys. HbA1c increase during male puberty was lower except for a period of 1.5 years. The highest HbA1c increase in boys coincided with maximum growth spurt. In girls, the highest HbA1c increase was observed during late puberty. Even though there is impaired GV, both sexes reach a height at 16 years of age which corresponds to the background population height. Conclusion Worsening of metabolic control is sex-discordant and associated with gender-specific alterations of GV. However, the vast majority of boys and girls with T1DM seems to reach normal height at the age of 16 years.
Optimal short-term thermal unit commitment

Fuel cost savings can be obtained by proper commitment of the available generating units. This paper describes a truncated dynamic programming method for the commitment of thermal units over a period of up to 48 hours. The commitment is such that the total cost is minimal. The total cost includes both the production cost and costs associated with the startup and shutdown of units. The startup cost for each unit is dependent on the amount of time the unit has been shutdown prior to startup. A variety of spinning reserve requirements are observed and crew constraints on the startup and/or shutdown of two or more units in the same plant are imposed on some of the plants. In addition, operation of individual units must satisfy the specified minimum up times and minimum shutdown times.
Prevalence and clinico-serological correlations of anti-alpha-enolase, anti-C1q, and anti-dsDNA antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence and clinico-serological correlations of anti-enolase, anti-C1q, and anti-dsDNA antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Sixty-eight sera randomly obtained from SLE patients were examined. Anti-alpha-enolase antibodies were detected by immunoblot on recombinant protein; anti-C1q and anti-dsDNA antibodies were detected using an ELISA. RESULTS Anti-alpha-enolase, anti-C1q, and anti-dsDNA antibodies were positive in 21%, 62%, and 63% of patients, respectively. A correlation was found between anti-dsDNA and anti-C1q antibodies, while anti-enolase antibodies did not correlate with the other 2 specificities. Anti-alpha-enolase antibodies were not correlated with any of the clinical and serological variables examined. Anti-C1q antibodies were correlated with ECLAM score, leukopenia, complement levels, and active renal involvement. Anti-dsDNA antibodies correlated with arthritis, leukopenia, complement levels, and the presence of renal involvement, independent of activity. In patients with active renal disease anti-dsDNA antibodies were correlated with a poor renal outcome, occurring after a mean period of 24 months. CONCLUSION These data suggest the association of anti-C1q antibodies with disease flares and active renal disease in SLE. The observed association of anti-dsDNA antibodies and renal disease was expected. Further analysis is required to fully assess the clinical significance of anti-a-enolase antibodies.
Shared signaling pathways in normal and breast cancer stem cells

Recent advances in our understanding of breast cancer biology have led to the identification of a subpopulation of cells within tumors that appear to be responsible for initiating and propagating the cancer. These tumor initiating cells are not only unique in their ability to generate tumors, but also share many similarities with elements of normal adult tissue stem cells, and have therefore been termed cancer stem cells (CSCs). These CSCs often inappropriately use many of the same signaling pathways utilized by their normal stem cell counterparts which may present a challenge to the development of CSC specific therapies. Here, we discuss three major stem cell signaling pathways (Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog); with a focus on their function in normal mammary gland development and their misuse in breast cancer stem cell fate determination.
Clinical Toxicology of Ethylene Glycol Monoal Ethers

The glycol ethers constitute a family of organic solvents commonly found in industrial and household products. Because of their widespread availability and potential for serious toxicity, physicians should be aware of the clinical toxicology of these compounds. Until recently, knowledge of the toxic effects of glycol ethers has been derived from animal studies and a limited number of case reports and small case series. A growing body of data from epidemiological studies, controlled human studies, and studies using human tissue now allows for advancement in the understanding of the acute and chronic toxicity of these compounds. This review summarizes and evaluates human and pertinent animal literature on the clinical toxicology of glycol ethers, with a focus on the commonly encountered monoalkyl ethers of ethylene glycol. Management options for acute poisoning, as well as measures for the control of workplace exposures, are discussed.
Pulmonary Hypertension in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Prevalence and Clinical Progress

The aims of the present study are to define the prevalence of Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) in a cohort of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) patients, to investigate any correlations between systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAPs) and functional data, to evaluate clinical progress and to compare long-term survival in IPF patients with and without PH. A population of 126 IPF patients was recruited. A high prevalence of PH (39.7%, 50/126), evaluated by echocardiography on the basis of PAPs > 36 mmHg, was mainly observed in smokers and female patients. Regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between PAPs > 50 mmHg and DLCO/VA (p=0.0294). Mean PAPs was significantly greater one year after onset of PH (p=0.01). 11/21 patients with FVC <50% had a significant increase in PAPs one year after onset of PH (p=0.02). There was a highly significant difference between survival of IPF patients with and without PH (p=0.0001; hazard ratio = 3.56). This study revealed that PH has a high prevalence in patients with IPF and is associated with increased risk of mortality. Early diagnosis of IPF patients with pulmonary hypertension is important, so that they can be enrolled in waiting lists for lung transplant as soon as possible.
Americans needing help to function at home.

Introduction and the number of adults who need or receive help in each type of activity are discussed. Recently, the perspective in long-term care has broadened In addition, estimates of the number of people who usually to include personal care needs of American adults who are able stay in bed all or most of the time, the number who experience to live in the community despite chronic disabili~. Long-term problems controlling bowel movements or urination, the num­ care can now take place in different settings that provide vaned ber who need or receive the help of another person, and the services. Home health care, adult day care, and other ways of number of people who need and/or receive selected nursing or providing care for people with chronic disabilities are develop medical treatment at home and the types of care received are . g in some communities. The focus of this report is on the also discussed For each item, estimates of the number of adults pes of home care services adults with chronic health problems and rate per 1,000 persons are presented in tables 1– 11. @ eed to continue to live in the community. This report presents selected data from the Home Care
A role for Bacteroides fragilis neuraminidase in bacterial growth in two model systems

Two Bacteroides fragilis neuraminidase-deficient mutants were used to study the role of neuraminidase activity in growth of B. fragilis in tissue culture monolayers (CHO cells) and in the in vivo rat granuloma pouch. The nanH structural gene for neuraminidase was cloned from B. fragilis TM4000 and was used to create two isogenic strains with chromosomal disruptions at the nanH gene. B. fragilis VRC404 contains an insertion flanked by disrupted copies of the nanH gene, and B. fragilis VRC426 contains a deletion of a significant portion of nanH coding sequences. The insertion mutant VRC404 is capable of reverting to nanH+. It grew as well as the wild type in CHO monolayers. However, between 48 and 72 h after infection, the bacterial population was enriched with nanH+ bacterial cells (10 to 20%). In the rat pouch 48 h after infection, more than 90% of the population sampled had become nanH+. The deletion mutant VRC426 showed a severe growth defect in the rat pouch model. In addition, VRC426 was efficiently outgrown by the wild type in competition experiments, even when the mutant was present at 10 times the number of wild-type cells at the time of infection. A common characteristic of both model systems is a drastic decrease in the free glucose concentration 16 to 24 h postinfection. We suggest that neuraminidase activity may be required for B. fragilis to grow to maximal levels in the tissue culture and rat pouch systems by making other carbon sources available after glucose levels are reduced.
Is Aggressive Trait Responsible for Violence? Priming Effects of Aggressive Words and Violent Movies

The aim of the present study was to examine the priming effects of violent movies and aggressive words on implicit aggression by using modified STROOP task. 190 adolescents participated in this study, with 95 assigned to non-violent movie group and 95 assigned to violent movie group. The results showed that no significant difference was found in the main affect of Movie Type, but it revealed significant Movie Type × Aggressive Trait interaction, and that aggression was significantly influenced by violent movie only for high-aggressive trait (HT) adolescents, but not for mid-aggressive trait (MT) and low-aggressive trait (LT) adolescents. The possible underlying mechanism was that HT adolescents may possess a relatively stronger aggressive network of cognitive association which was easily activated by violence than MT and LT adolescents. This indicated that violent movie could effectively elicit implicit aggression for adolescents who were highly aggressive, but not for nonaggressive adolescents.
Once-through benchmarks with CYCLUS, a modular, open-source fuel cycle simulator

The CYCLUS project, based at the University of Wisconsin Madison, is an open source platform for exploring the longterm impact of alternative nuclear fuel cycles. The CYCLUS core provides the infrastructure for an agent-based approach, allowing user-provided modules to define the behavior of fuel cycle facilities as they interact to exchange materials. An important consequence of this approach is that innovative facility and material exchange concepts can be introduced to a consistent framework allowing for more rigorous comparison. The CYCLUS team has recently grown and now incorporates a variety of expertise: output visualization capability through collaboration with the University of Utah, server-client communication via the University of Idaho, input visualization and control with the University of Texas Austin, and social communication expertise through collaborators at UW-Madison to assist the mission-critical goal of relevancy vis-à-vis policy makers. Accordingly, the CYCLUS project is expanding efforts in the realms of both structural capability and benchmarking calculations. A series of once-through fuel cycle scenarios are being conducted using the CYCLUS core and accompanying modules. Where needed, additional modules have been added, including a region model that intelligently makes building decisions given a demand function. The results of these scenarios are then compared with VISION [1] to provide a benchmark of the CYCLUS results.
Explorer Deep Gate Recurrent Neural Network

This paper explores the possibility of using multiplicative gate to build two recurrent neural network structures. These two structures are called Deep Simple Gated Unit (DSGU) and Simple Gated Unit (SGU), which are structures for learning long-term dependencies. Compared to traditional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), both structures require fewer parameters and less computation time in sequence classification tasks. Unlike GRU and LSTM, which require more than one gate to control information flow in the network, SGU and DSGU only use one multiplicative gate to control the flow of information. We show that this difference can accelerate the learning speed in tasks that require long dependency information. We also show that DSGU is more numerically stable than SGU. In addition, we also propose a standard way of representing the inner structure of RNN called RNN Conventional Graph (RCG), which helps to analyze the relationship between input units and hidden units of RNN.
The Effect of Organ-Specific CD26/DPP IV Enzymatic Activity Inhibitor-Preconditioning on Acute Pulmonary Allograft Rejection

Background. Systemic inhibition of serum CD26/dipeptidylpeptidase (DPP IV) enzymatic activity abrogated acute rejection of pulmonary allografts, whereas organ-specific inhibition ameliorated ischemia/reperfusion injury in syngeneic transplants. Here, we analyze the effect of allograft-specific inhibitor preconditioning on acute rejection in the presence of cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive therapy. Methods. Orthotopic left single lung transplantation (Tx) in rats (LBNF1 to LEWIS). Control (n=5) grafts were flushed with Perfadex alone, whereas treated (n=5) transplants were perfused with Perfadex and AB192, a specific inhibitor of CD26/DPP IV enzymatic activity. All recipients were treated with 2.5 mg of cyclosporine A/kg per day subcutaneously after Tx. Recipients were sacrificed at day 5 after Tx, and oxygenation capacity was measured. In addition, staining for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at explantation (VIP) and at day 5 (VIP, PCNA) was performed with determination of protein levels for PCNA and mRNA for VIP. Results. Grafts from treated versus controls showed significantly increased oxygenation capacity (P<.008), correlating with significantly less acute rejection (P<.02). PCNA staining and protein expression were significantly lower in perivascular and bronchial epithelial cells (P=.001) in treated versus controls. There was significantly higher staining for VIP at the time of Tx in alveolar macrophages in treated versus controls (P=.001), which was seen up to day 5 post-Tx in both macrophages and respiratory epithelium (P=.001) with elevated mRNA expression for VIP in treated animals. Conclusion. Perfusion with a specific inhibitor of CD26/DPP IV enzymatic activity was associated with sustained preservation of pulmonary VIP levels, correlating with an amelioration of the acute rejection cascade.
Urban private practitioners: potential partners in the care of patients with HIV/AIDS.

BACKGROUND The private medical sector is an important source of healthcare in India. Increasingly, concerns have been raised about its role in the care of patients with HIV/AIDS. Evidence about private practitioners' existing management practices will help to create policies addressing this sector. METHODS A central urban area of Pune city was selected for its high density of healthcare facilities. Private practitioners in the area were interviewed using a structured interview schedule. Based on a 1-year recall period, the schedule covered different aspects of the practitioners' HIV/AIDS management practices including diagnosis, treatment and referral. RESULTS Of the 215 practitioners interviewed, 66% had tested and diagnosed HIV infection. Fifty-four per cent had been consulted by HIV-infected clients 'shopping' for alternative diagnoses or treatment. Overall, 75% of the respondents had been consulted by HIV-infected clients for treatment. Of these, 14% had prescribed antiretroviral drugs, sometimes without adequate knowledge of the guidelines for their use. Other supportive and symptomatic treatments were also frequently prescribed. Private practitioners commonly referred HIV-infected clients for management to other private doctors, or to public hospitals. There were variations in respondents' practices by sex and system of medicine. CONCLUSION Private practitioners are actively involved in diagnosing and managing patients with HIV/AIDS. Some of their management practices are inappropriate and need to be remedied. There are also concerns about gaps in the continuity of care of HIV-infected persons, for which networks between providers need to be strengthened. Public-private partnerships must be created to improve the flow of information to private practitioners, and Include them in the national health framework.