Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lose Weight and Don't Smoke

IN OUR PROFESSION, WE frequently tell clients and others that smoking and being overweight are detrimental to health. Many studies have shown that there is a high correlation between a high body mass index (BMI) and mortality. But it is less clear whether increased mortality results from a high BMI or from a sedentary lifestyle. In addition, there is a much greater prevalence of smoking among thin individuals. Therefore, the higher mortality in smokers compared with nonsmokers can confound the association between BMI and mortality. Meyer et al. (1) looked at the association between BMI and mortality and evaluated the effect of physical activity during leisure time. In addition, they studied the effect of smoking on this association in males (1). After a screening in which subjects with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer were excluded, 22,304 males from 3 Norwegian counties were followed for an average of 16.3 years with respect to total and cause-specific mortality. During follow-up, 1,909 men (average age, 54.5 years) died. In all, 36.2% died from coronary heart disease, 9.3% from other cardiovascular diseases, 28.4% from cancer, and 26.1% from other diseases. The researchers found a J-shaped association between BMI and total mortality, and the form of association was similar for death from cardiovascular diseases. Men with BMI greater than 30 had more than 50% increased mortality compared with men whose BMI was between 22 and 25. In each category of BMI, the mortality among smokers was much higher compared with that among exsmokers and never-smokers. Irrespective of BMI level, exand never-smokers had lower mortality than current smokers did. Obese men were found to have an increased mortality similar to that of normal-weight individuals in the same category of physical activity. The relationship between being overweight and mortality could possibly be explained by the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus and other risk factors like hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. The relationship between being underweight and mortality was more difficult to explain, except for the proposed effects of pre-existing diseases and smoking. In addition, they may have a lower-than-recommended intake of beneficial food constituents. The finding by Meyer et al. (1) that ex-and never-smokers had lower mortality than current smokers did, irrespective of BMI level, is in agreement with other studies. This finding points out that smoking is a greater health hazard than obesity. In addition, the absolute risk associated with obesity increases markedly if it is combined with smoking. ▲
Clinoptilolite/PCL–PEG–PCL composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications

The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize highly porous clinoptilolite/poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) composite scaffolds. Scaffolds with different clinoptilolite contents (10% and 20%) were fabricated with reproducible solvent-free powder compression/particulate leaching technique. The scaffolds had interconnective porosity in the range of 55–76%. Clinoptilolite/poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds showed negligible degradation within eight weeks and displayed less water uptake and higher bioactivity than poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds. The presence of clinoptilolite improved the mechanical properties. Highest compressive strength (5.6 MPa) and modulus (114.84 MPa) were reached with scaffold group containing 20% clinoptilolite. In vitro protein adsorption capacity of the scaffolds was also higher for clinoptilolite/poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds. These scaffolds had 0.95 mg protein/g scaffold adsorption capacity and also higher osteoinductivity in terms of enhanced ALP, OSP activities and intracellular calcium deposition. Stoichiometric apatite deposition (Ca/P=1.686) was observed during cellular proliferation analysis with human fetal osteoblasts cells. Thus, it can be suggested that clinoptilolite/poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) composite scaffolds could be promising carriers for enhancement of bone regeneration in bone tissue engineering applications.
AN EPIDEMIC RESULTING FROM THE CONTAMINATION OF ICE CREAM BY A TYPHOID CARRIER

Twenty-nine persons attended a country school picnic at Helm, Calif. , May 13, 1916. That evening, many of those in attendance were taken with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, suggestive of an acute intestinal intoxication or infection. These symptoms were of about two days' duration; with two exceptions, however, all of those thus affected developed typhoid fever in about eight days. As acute intestinal disturbances often precede an epidemic of water-borne typhoid, it will be noted that this food-borne epidemic was similarly preceded by antetyphoidal acute intestinal symptoms. The sick were members of ranchers' families living miles from the nearest physician. Every home in the small farming community had one or more inmates desperately ill with typhoid, and practically every rancher loaded his sick on farm wagons and carried the family to the nearest town. On the outskirts the families camped in a field, tents were erected, and the local medical men
Hair plucking, stress, and urinary cortisol among captive bonobos (Pan paniscus).

Hair plucking has been observed in many captive primate species, including the great apes; however, the etiology of this behavioral pattern is poorly understood. While this behavior has not been reported in wild apes, an ethologically identical behavior in humans, known as trichotillomania, is linked to chronic psychosocial stress and is a predominantly female disorder. This study examines hair plucking (defined here as a rapid jerking away of the hair shaft and follicle by the hand or mouth, often accompanied by inspection and consumption of the hair shaft and follicle) in a captive group of bonobos (N = 13) at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium in Columbus, Ohio. Plucking data were collected using behavior and all-occurrence sampling; 1,450 social and self-directed grooming bouts were recorded during 128 hr of observation. Twenty-one percent of all grooming bouts involved at least one instance of plucking. Urine samples (N = 55) were collected and analyzed for the stress hormone cortisol. Analyses of urinary cortisol levels showed a significant positive correlation between mean cortisol and self-directed plucking for females (r = 0.88, P < 0.05) but not for males (r = -0.73, P = 0.09). These results demonstrate an association between relative self-directed hair plucking and cortisol among female bonobos. This is the first study to investigate the relationship between hair plucking and cortisol among apes. Overall, these data add to our knowledge of a contemporary issue in captive ape management. Zoo Biol. 35:415-422, 2016. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comment on “A 12-million-year temperature history of the tropical Pacific Ocean”

Zhang et al. (Reports, 4 April 2014, p. 84) interpret TEX86 and U37K' paleotemperature data as providing a fundamentally new view of tropical Pacific climate during the warm Pliocene period. We argue that, within error, their Pliocene data actually support previously published data indicating average western warm-pool temperature similar to today and a reduced zonal gradient, referred to as a permanent El Niño–like state.
Preparation and in vivo evaluation of a silicate-based composite bone cement

Silicate-based cements have been developed as a class of bioactive and biodegradable bone cements owing to their good in vitro bioactivity and ability to dissolve in a simulated body fluid. Until recently, however, the in vivo evidence of their ability to support bone regeneration is still scarce. In the present study, a pilot in vivo evaluation of a silicate-based composite bone cement (CSC) was carried out in a rabbit femur defect model. The cement was composed of tricalcium silicate, 45S5 bioglass and calcium sulfate, and the self-setting properties of the material were established. The in vivo bone integration and biodegradability of CSC were investigated and compared with those of bioactive glass particulates, and a calcium phosphate cement. The results showed that CSC underwent a relatively slower in vivo degradation as compared with bioactive glass and calcium phosphate cement. Histological observation demonstrated that bone contact area at the interface between the surrounding bone and CSC gradually increased with time proceeding. CSC kept its structural integrity during implantation in vivo because of its acceptable mechanical strength. These results provide evidence of effectiveness in vivo and suggest potential clinical applications of the silicate-based composite bone cements.
Malaysian in-service teachers: an assessment of their IT preparedness

This paper aims to describe Malaysian in-service teachers' IT preparedness. IT preparedness is measured in terms of their actual IT skills, and knowledge as well as their attitudes toward IT. The study revealed that the teachers are IT skilled. However, they are only proficient in several types of productivity tools. The results also showed that two extreme groups existed, those who are highly proficient in certain productivity tools and those who are not. The teachers, however, are knowledgeable about IT and have very positive attitudes toward IT.
Intimate Partner Violence Among Male and Female Russian University Students

This article reports data from three Russian sites of the International Dating Violence Study. Using a sample of 338 university students (54% female) from three Russian university sites, four different types of partner violence are examined: physical assault, physical injury, sexual coercion, and psychological aggression. High prevalence rates were found for all types of violence, aggression, and coercion. Consistent with previous research, male and female students were about equally likely to be victims and perpetrators of all violent and aggressive actions. Recommendations for prevention are made in the conclusions.
Anger Disturbances Among Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence

In the present study, the authors clustered a pretreatment sample of 190 perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) mandated to attend group counseling based on State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory scores and examined whether these profiles were associated with differential outcomes 1 year postadjudication. Cluster analysis revealed 3 groups: (a) high anger–expressive (HA-E, n = 56), (b) moderate anger–inexpressive (MA-IE; n = 13), and (c) low anger (LA; n = 118). HA-E men perpetrated more IPV, reported experiencing and witnessing more abuse during childhood, scored higher on psychopathology measures, and reported more substance problems. HA-E and MA-IE males had higher program attrition and rearrest rates; MA-IE males were more likely to be arrested for assault-related offenses. Thus, although the majority of partner-abusive men do not present with anger-related disturbances, the presence of anger problems may be a marker for an array of traits that may complicate the treatment process.
Measuring and Increasing Adoption Rates of Cookstoves in a Humanitarian Crisis.

Traditional smoky cooking fires are one of today's greatest environmental threats to human life. These fires, used by 40% of the global population, cause 3.9 million annual premature deaths. "Clean cookstoves" have potential to improve this situation; however, most cookstove programs do not employ objective measurement of adoption to inform design, marketing, subsidies, finance, or dissemination practices. Lack of data prevents insights and may contribute to consistently low adoption rates. In this study, we used sensors and surveys to measure objective versus self-reported adoption of freely-distributed cookstoves in an internally displaced persons camp in Darfur, Sudan. Our data insights demonstrate how to effectively measure and promote adoption, especially in a humanitarian crisis. With sensors, we measured that 71% of participants were cookstove "users" compared to 95% of respondents reporting the improved cookstove was their "primary cookstove. " No line of survey questioning, whether direct or indirect, predicted sensor-measured usage. For participants who rarely or never used their cookstoves after initial dissemination ("non-users"), we found significant increases in adoption after a simple followup survey (p = 0.001). The followup converted 83% of prior "non-users" to "users" with average daily adoption of 1.7 cooking hours over 2.2 meals. This increased adoption, which we posit resulted from cookstove familiarization and social conformity, was sustained for a 2-week observation period post intervention.
Impact of Emergency Department Intimate Partner Violence Intervention

The objective of the study is to assess the impact of emergency department (ED) intimate partner violence (IPV) counseling and resource referrals on patient-perceived safety and safety planning. ED patients with risk factors were offered consultation with trained IPV advocacy counselors who completed safety assessments, provided resource referrals, and helped patients develop safety plans. Patients were contacted after ED intervention to assess progress and further assist in IPV counseling. Over 96% of patients perceived an increase in their safety after the intervention, and approximately 50% had completed a portion of their safety plan. Legal assistance and/or law enforcement were considered the most beneficial resource referrals. Although follow-up was limited, this study appears to demonstrate that an ED IPV intervention program may be useful in helping IPV victims achieve safer living environments and access local resources.
On structuring probabilistic dependences in stochastic language modelling

Abstract In this paper, we study the problem of stochastic language modelling from the viewpoint of introducing suitable structures into the conditional probability distributions. The task of these distributions is to predict the probability of a new word by looking at M or even all predecessor words. The conventional approach is to limit M to 1 or 2 and to interpolate the resulting bigram and trigram models with a unigram model in a linear fashion. However, there are many other structures that can be used to model the probabilistic dependences between the predecessor word and the word to be predicted. The structures considered in this paper are: nonlinear interpolation as an alternative to linear interpolation; equivalence classes for word histories and single words; cache memory and word associations. For the optimal estimation of nonlinear and linear interpolation parameters, the leaving-one-out method is systematically used. For the determination of word equivalence classes in a bigram model, an automatic clustering procedure has been adapted. To capture long-distance dependences, we consider various models for word-by-word dependences; the cache model may be viewed as a special type of self-association. Experimental results are presented for two text databases, a Germany database and an English database.
Correlates of Dating Violence Among Male and Female Heavy-Drinking College Students

Objective: To evaluate the correlates for dating violence among heavy-drinking college students. Method: Participants were at least 18 years old and reported at least one heavy-drinking episode in the past 2 weeks. Results: After covariate adjustment, estimated peak blood alcohol concentration during the past month was associated with higher victims’ verbal-emotional abuse score, and perpetrators’ verbal-emotional abuse and threatening abuse scores ( N = 280). In addition, being non-White was significantly associated with higher victims’ threatening abuse, physical abuse, and total abuse scores and perpetrators’ threatening abuse and physical abuse scores. Moreover, male students had significantly lower victims’ threatening abuse and physical abuse scores and perpetrators’ threatening abuse scores compared to female students. Discussion: Preventive programs that target dating violence among heavy-drinking college students should consider alcohol use as an important risk factor for abusive behaviors, both for the victims as well as the perpetrators.
Illinois Trauma Centers and Intimate Partner Violence

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major source of morbidity and mortality nationally. Trauma Centers can be very helpful for victims of IPV but there may be variability in IPV resource provision. A survey was mailed to each of the 65 Trauma Centers in Illinois. Stata and EZ-Text statistical software were used for analysis. Eighty-three percent of trauma centers returned the survey. Ninety percent of respondents had an IPV screening policy. All but one Center reported having IPV services available, including social work (93%) and 24 hour/day IPV teams (7%). Most Centers felt their IPV services were adequate (69%), but 22% felt services were inadequate, particularly resource availability. Trauma Centers in the state of Illinois are generally succeeding at screening for IPV. However, there is lack of uniformity with respect to screening and services, suggesting that there is room for improvement.
Violence Against General Practitioners in Turkey

We aimed to determine the violence against general practitioners (GPs) through their suggestions on its cause and prevention. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study based on self-administered questionnaire answered by a convenience study population consisting of 522 GPs between November and December 2006. Of the participating GPs, 82.8% reported that they experienced violence. They reported 1,020 events, and verbal form was the most common form (89.3%). Verbal and sexual violence were seen more frequently among women, whereas physical and economic violence were more frequent with men. Perpetrators were patients and/or their relatives in 91.1% of the events. However, they were colleagues and superiors in 67.9% of the economic and sexual violence events. Violence against GPs warrants more attention. For its prevention, there is a need of continuous professional, administrative, and legal support from the government along with systematic, coordinated implementations independent from daily political concerns.
Misperceptions of Sex Offender Perpetration

A popular misconception among the general public is that sex offenders most often victimize strangers. To better understand these misconceptions about sex offenders, this study determines the frequency of misperception in the general public and establishes if the misconceptions are related to the policy of sex offender registration. Using a self-administered mail survey, it is found that on average, 3 out of 10 respondents indicate more worry about a child being sexually abused by a stranger than a child being sexually abused by someone known to them. In neighborhoods where registered sex offenders reside, awareness of a local sex offender significantly increases the likelihood that a respondent is more worried about a stranger sexually abusing a child. Interpretations of the findings follow, including discussing if the findings demonstrate an unintended consequence of sex offender registries.
Attitudes Toward Wife Beating Among Palestinian Women of Reproductive Age From Three Cities in West Bank

A total of 450 women were interviewed in Mother and Child Health Care Centers in three cities in West Bank, Palestine, to assess attitudes toward wife beating. Overall, women perceived wife beating to be justified if a wife insults her husband (59%), if she disobeys her husband (49%), if she neglects her children (37%), if she goes out without telling her husband (25%), if she argues with her husband (11%), and if she burns the food (5%). Sixty-five percent of women agreed with at least one reason for wife beating, but there were statistically significant regional differences: Wife beating was most accepted in Jenin (73% acceptance of at least one reason) and least accepted in Hebron (55%). Lower level of education, not being employed, having more than one child, being married for fewer than 10 years, and making few household decisions were all associated with women’s acceptance of wife beating. The implications of these results are discussed.
Spirituality and Well-Being: The Relationship Between Religious Coping and Recovery From Sexual Assault

Despite a growing body of literature documenting beneficial outcomes of religious coping, there are virtually no studies examining sexual assault survivors’ use of religious coping. To fill this gap in the literature, the current study examines predictors and outcomes of positive and negative religious coping among 100 sexual assault survivors who believed in God. Results suggested that African American survivors were more likely to use both forms of religious coping than survivors from other ethnicities. Yet, results also suggest that positive religious coping is related to higher levels of psychological well-being and lower levels of depression, whereas negative religious coping is related to higher levels of depression, regardless of ethnicity. The only outcome where ethnicity makes a difference is posttraumatic growth with a stronger relationship between positive religious coping and posttraumatic growth among Caucasian survivors space. The implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.
Individual and Relationship Factors That Differentiate Female Offenders With and Without a Sexual Abuse History

The link between prior sexual abuse and female offending is one of the most consistent findings within the etiology of female offending. It is not, however, part of every female offender’s life history. Working from research on the impact of abuse on individuals, the current article examines the individual and relationship factors that differentiate female offenders (n = 131) with a history of sexual abuse and female offenders without a history of sexual abuse. Results from chi-square, t test, and logistic regression analyses indicated that offenders with a history of sexual abuse were more likely to report their household as loving, were more deeply involved in the criminal justice system, had more difficulty staying employed, and were more likely to be involved in an abusive relationship. Implications of the results are discussed.
Morphology of an Infundibulum of the Oviduct of the Sexually Mature Hens

Se estudio la morfologia funcional del infundibulum del oviducto de gallinas en un intervalo de edad de 150-540 dias. Sirvieron como indicadores de desarrollo los siguientes parametros: longitud, peso, diametro del infundibulum, tamano de las celulas epiteliales, altura y ancho de los pliegues de la tunica mucosa y estructura histologica de la pared del infundibulum. Los resultados muestran incrementos dinamicos de los parametros investigados con 150 dias hasta 360 dias de edad, con su posterior disminucion a los 540 dias de edad.