Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Issues and Challenges in Anomaly Intrusion Detection for HTTP Web Services

In recent years, the development of Web-based applications has made possible novel online activities, such as banking and electronic shopping. This implies significant use of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) as the standard communication protocol enabler for Web services. Due to this role, HTTP has become an essential middle target of bound attacks for intruders. This paper is set to address various problems in anomaly-based intrusion detection for HTTP Web services. We seek to identify common essential methods and solutions, as well as the gaps, limitations and challenges in anomaly intrusion detection in terms of used experimental datasets, features and techniques.
A Machine Learning System for Assisting Neophyte Researchers in Digital Libraries

Although existing digital libraries such as Google Scholar and CiteSeerX propose advanced search functionalities, they do not take into consideration whether the user is new or specialized in the research domain of his query. As a result, neophytes can spend a lot of time checking documents that are not adapted to their initial information need. In this paper, we propose NeoTex, a machine learning based approach that combines content-based retrieval and citation graph measures to propose documents adapted to new researchers. The contributions of our work are: designing a model for scientific retrieval suited to neophytes, defining an evaluation protocol with realistic ground truths, and testing the model on a large real collection from a national digital library.
The Relationship of the ABO Blood Groups to Duodenal and Gastric Ulceration

The above body of data provided excellent material whereby the degree of correlation between the responses of infants to two very dissimilar antigens could be calculated. Calculations with combined and separate groups in both cases give a correlation coefficient r of <0.1 and P of >0.4. (Since the distribution of responses to both antigens is log normal all calculations were made on logs of titres.) This signifies a complete absence of relationship between the human infant's responsiveness to diphtheria toxoid and to the agglutinogen of H. pertussis vaccine.
Pattern of postoperative pain management among adult surgical patients in a low-resource setting

Objective Postoperative pain is one of the most common complications of surgery. The pattern of management varies between centers. The current study aimed to study the prescription pattern and the common drugs used in the management of postoperative pain in adult surgical patients at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH; Zaria, Nigeria). Methods Following ethical approval, a prospective observational study of consecutive adult patients who had surgery at the ABUTH Zaria was performed from January to December 2005. The data were entered into a proforma and analyzed using the Minitab statistical package. Results One hundred and thirty-eight patients were included in the study. The age range was 17 to 80 years, with a mean age of 41 years. One hundred and thirty-two (95.7%) of the prescriptions were written solely by the surgeon or surgical resident; passive suggestions were given by the anesthetists for only six patients (4.3%). Intermittent intramuscular injections of opioids/opiates were prescribed for 126 patients (91.3%), while nine patients (6.5%) received intermittent intramuscular injections with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Oral paracetamol was prescribed for six patients (4.3%), while three patients (2.1%) received no postoperative analgesic. Moderate pain was recorded in 48 patients (34.8%), and 90 patients (65.2%) had mild pain 8 hours after their operation before subsequent doses of analgesics were given. More females (81 patients [58.7%]), than males (42 patients [29.7%]) suffered moderate to severe pain. The reported side effects were nausea (reported by 32.6% of patients), dry mouth (21.7%), vomiting (13.0%), and urinary retention (6.5%), with 32.6% of patients experiencing no side effects. The three patients who received no analgesics experienced vomiting as a side effect. Despite the high incidence of pain and other side effects, 108 patients (78.2%) still reported that the methods of postoperative pain management were satisfactory. Conclusion Despite recent advances and the development of more effective techniques for postoperative pain control, a high proportion of patients still experience moderate to severe postoperative pain. Intermittent intramuscular injection of analgesic medication remains the mainstay of postoperative pain management at the ABUTH Zaria. Anesthetists should be more involved in postoperative analgesia prescriptions and should include other forms of multimodal pain management in their regimens. With proper application of current knowledge and training, postoperative pain management can be improved.
Excitatory amino acid receptors modulate habituation of the response to visual stimulation in the cat superior colliculus

Abstract In visual neurones of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus (SSC), repetitive stimulation causes a progressive decline in the size of the response to the stimulus, usually known as response habituation or response adaptation. A mechanism has been proposed in which habituation results from coactivation of excitatory and inhibitory neurones, and the responses of the inhibitory neurones block the response to subsequent stimulus presentations. Excitatory amino acid (EAA) neurotransmitters mediate visual responses via NMDA and non-NMDA receptors in cat SSC. We have investigated the role of these receptors in the generation of response habituation. Following the iontophoretic application of the EAA antagonists CNQX, APS or CPP, repetitive visual stimulation paradigms which normally produce response habituation no longer do so. Indeed the response to each presentation of the stimulus is similar. Intravenous administration of the dissociative anesthetic ketamine (2–10 mg/kg) had similar actions to iontophoretically applied NMDA antagonists. The data imply that intracollicular mechanisms activated by NMDA and non-NMDA receptors contribute to the generation of the inhibitory responses in SCC which lead to response habituation. Furthermore, the effects seen with ketamine anesthesia suggest that the use of ketamine in studies of sensory systems may result in the lack of habituation.
A 550 Mb/s radix-4 bit-level pipelined 16-state 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS Viterbi decoder

In todays high-speed disk drive read channel ICs maximum likelihood detection using the Viterbi algorithm is a key component in reconstructing digital data sequences. The presented Viterbi decoder was realized in a 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. Using the proposed comparison approach, it achieves a throughput rate of 550 Mb/s.
Premature mortality from general medical illnesses among persons with bipolar disorder: a review.

OBJECTIVE Despite recent evidence that patients with bipolar disorder are at increased risk of premature mortality resulting from general medical disorders, there has been no systematic review of published studies. The authors reviewed the literature to determine whether there is evidence of increased risk of mortality from general medical causes among patients with bipolar spectrum disorders. METHODS MEDLINE was searched from 1959 to 2007 with a focus on bipolar disorder and medical mortality. Published studies in English with more than 100 patients were included. RESULTS Seventeen studies were identified involving 331,000 patients with bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, affective disorder severe enough to require inpatient psychiatric care or treatment with lithium, or schizoaffective disorder (that is, bipolar spectrum disorders) meeting the inclusion criteria. Compared with age- and sex-matched control samples without mental illness in the general population, mortality ratios for death from natural causes and from specific general medical conditions, such as cardiovascular, respiratory, cerebrovascular, and endocrine disorders, were significantly higher among patients with bipolar spectrum disorders in most studies. This finding was more consistent in larger studies with more than 2,500 patients with bipolar spectrum disorders. Cumulatively, cardiovascular disorder appeared to be the most consistent cause of excess mortality in larger studies. CONCLUSIONS The available evidence suggests that bipolar spectrum disorders are associated with increased premature mortality secondary to general medical illnesses. Unhealthy lifestyle, biological factors, adverse pharmacologic effects, and disparities in health care are possible underlying causes for this excess mortality.
Angiotensin restores atrial natriuretic factor-induced decrease of baroreceptor sensitivity in normotensive rats, but not in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The effect of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) on baroreflex sensitivity was determined in unanesthetized normotensive (Wistar-Kyoto, WKY) or spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) during acute hypertensive stimuli (phenylephrine) or hypotensive stimuli (sodium nitroprusside). The i.v. dose of rat ANF [( Ser99,Tyr126]ANF) was 50 ng/min per rat, sufficient to decrease mean arterial blood pressure (ABP) by about 6 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa) in WKY. SHR showed no change in ABP with this ANF dose. During a control infusion of physiological saline, the mean heart rate (HR) response to increases in ABP was -1.30 +/- 0.27 beats/min (bpm)/mmHg in WKY and -0.37 +/- 0.22 in SHR (p less than 0.05). These values were not affected significantly by ANF. However, ANF blunted chronotropic responses to ABP decreases. The control values of the delta HR/delta ABP slope in WKY and SHR were -2.34 +/- 0.57 and -2.01 +/- 0.37 bpm/mmHg, respectively. In the presence of ANF, the slope changed to -0.36 +/- 0.43 (i.e., bradycardia in response to hypotension) in WKY and to +0.20 +/- 0.21 in SHR (p less than 0.005 for the difference from control for both). This ANF-induced loss of baroreflex sensitivity was reversed in WKY by the addition of angiotensin I (sufficient to increase ABP by 5 mmHg in control rats). Angiotensin did not restore baroreflex sensitivity in ANF-infused SHR, and ANF had no effect on the ABP increase caused by angiotensin in either group. The data suggest that ANF does not act on baroreceptor structures directly, but inhibits mechanisms involved in efferent sympathetic activation. Parasympathetic responses do not appear to be compromised.
A Unique Presentation of Grouped Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Purpose: To describe a unique presentation of grouped congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) and to review the clinical features which differentiate grouped CHRPE from the pigmented ocular fundus lesions (POFLs) associated with familial cancer syndromes. Methods: Report of a case. Results: A 28-year-old asymptomatic, Caucasian female demonstrated multiple small, flat, dark brown to black clusters of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) hypertrophy on dilated fundus examination of both eyes. These plaque-like lesions were circumferential along the peripheral fundus and were associated with smaller foci of pigmentation oriented towards the posterior pole. The appearance was consistent with grouped pigmented CHRPE. A unique, co-existing feature was the presence of non-pigmented, punctate lesions located within the maculae suggestive of grouped non-pigmented CHRPE. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated persistent hypofluorescence correlating with the clinically observed areas of hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation. Conclusions: The combination of both pigmented and non-pigmented lesions occurring in the same individual with grouped CHRPE is rare. It is important to distinguish grouped CHRPE lesions from the POFLs associated with familial cancer syndromes.
Religious riots and electoral politics in India ∗ August 15 , 2016

We study the effect of Hindu-Muslim riots on election results in India. We combine data on riots, which have been geo-coded, with data on state elections and on demographics and public goods provision to construct a unique panel data set for 16 large states in India from 1981-2001. A new instrument is used that draws upon the random variation in the day of the week that Hindu festivals fall on, as set by a lunar calendar. The probability of a riot increases if a Hindu festival falls on a Friday, the holy day for Muslims. This allows us to isolate the causal effect of riots on electoral results. The results are also corrected for under-reporting of riots and their effect on nearby districts. We find that riots occurring in the year preceding an election increase the vote share of the Bharatiya Janata Party by at least 5 percentage points. JEL codes: D72, D74, Z12 ∗This work has been funded by the Spiritual Capital Research Program, sponsored by the Metanexus Institute on Religion and Science, with the generous support of the John Templeton Foundation. We would also like to acknowledge funding support from the Gates Cambridge Trust, the Centre for Research in Microeconomics and the Faculty of Economics, Cambridge. We would like to thank Steven Wilkinson for generously sharing his data on religious riots from 1950-1995 in India. We are grateful to Rachana Shanbhogue, Paul Sweeny and Shreya Nanda for excellent research assistance. For their help, comments and suggestions, we are grateful to Toke Aidt, Jean-Marie Baland, Eli Berman, Guilhem Cassan, Partha Dasgupta, Amrita Dhillon, James Fenske, Sanjeev Goyal, Timothy Guinnane, Gabriel Leon, Hamish Low, Christopher Rauh, Chander Velu, seminar and conference participants at the University of Namur, Paris School of Economics, PODER summer school, ASREC 2015 Boston, and Yale University. 1Corresponding author: Faculty of Economics and St. Catharine’s College, University of Cambridge. Austin Robinson Building, Sidgwick Avenue, Cambridge CB3 9DD, United Kingdom. Tel: 44 1223 335257; Fax: 44 1223 335475; si105@cam.ac. uk. 2University of Cambridge and Azim Premji University, Bangalore. anand.shrivastava@apu.edu. in
Effect of Contact Lens Wear and a Near Task on Tear Film Break-Up

Purpose. To study the effect of extrinsic controls on blinking by examining blink parameters and tear stability among adapted soft contact lens (CL) wearers performing tasks that require varying amounts of visual concentration. Methods. The Demographic Questionnaire, Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire, and Current Symptoms Questionnaire were completed by 15 adapted soft CL wearers (nine females). Three 55 s simultaneous measurements of tear film stability via retroillumination and blinking were obtained with a slit-lamp biomicroscope and 200 Hz video camera while subjects listened to music and played a video game with and without their habitual CLs. Interblink interval (IBI) and blink amplitude (BA) were calculated. The area of break-up (AB) was calculated for the retroillumination image before each blink. The Current Symptoms Questionnaire was completed four times throughout testing. Results. With the game compared to music, IBI was significantly longer and BA significantly decreased without CLs (p ≤ 0.001). With CLs, the IBI did not significantly change between tasks but the BA significantly decreased (p = 0.100). The AB significantly increased with CL and the game (paired t-test, p ≤ 0.001). The BA was significantly correlated with self-reported severity of dry eye for all testing scenarios (Spearman r ≥ 0.5579, p < 0.0001) and several symptom measures (Spearman r ≥ 0.6262, p < 0.0001). The AB was significantly correlated with symptom measures including bothersome discomfort for the game with and without CLs (Spearman r ≥ 0.5064, p < 0.0001). Conclusions. During tasks requiring concentration, the IBI increased (blink rate decreased) and many blinks were incomplete without CLs. With CLs, tear film instability increased. Blinking frequency also increased, but it remained high when subjects played the game, and symptoms of ocular irritation increased. This suggests that wearing soft CLs, even when fully adapted, provides enough extrinsic ocular surface stimulation to override internal controls and affect blink parameters.
Stromal responses to carcinomas of the pancreas: Juxtatumoral gene expression conforms to the infiltrating pattern and not the biologic subtype

If there is a “science” of tumor-stromal interactions, there must be a set of biologic rules that are organ-site dependent. One way to explore this hypothesis would be to compare the patterns of gene expression of two biologically distinct neoplasms that arise within the same organ site. Using non-radioactive in situ hybridization, we evaluated the gene expression patterns of three genes previously shown to be robust markers of the juxtatumoral stroma within eight infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (ApoC1, ApoD and MMP11), and compared these patterns to those associated with seven infiltrating colloid and tubular carcinomas arising in association with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), a histologically distinct form of primary carcinoma of the pancreas, two surgically resected samples of chronic pancreatitis and two surgically resected pancreatic cancer liver metastases. Robust juxtatumoral stromal expression was noted for all three markers within all eight conventional infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma tissues, but not in samples of chronic pancreatitis. Among the carcinomas arising within an IPMN, expression for all three markers was also noted for five of seven infiltrating carcinomas analyzed. However, when labeling for these three markers was analyzed with respect to infiltrative growth pattern, positive labeling was only seen in areas of tubular (ductal-type) growth and not in areas of colloid carcinoma. This observation was further supported by two infiltrating carcinomas arising in an IPMN that showed both tubular and colloid growth patterns within the same neoplasm indicating the host stromal response observed may relate to infiltrative growth pattern rather than the biology of the primary tumor type. Moreover, these robust patterns within conventional infiltrating ductal adenocarcinomas were not retained within matched metastases to the liver, indicating the importance of the tumor microenvironment in the host stromal response. Juxtatumoral stroma was found to be composed of a least two cell types, tumor-infiltrating macrophages and fibroblasts, highlighting the complexity of tumor-stromal interactions within an infiltrating carcinoma. Since the juxtatumoral gene expression response is the strongest indication of direct communication between stroma and cancer cells, we provide evidence of a stereotypical response to infiltrative growth that might predominate in tumor-stromal interactions independent of cancer type, a finding with clinical implications for therapeutic modalities that target this response in human tumors.
Plant cell calcium‐rich environment enhances thermostability of recombinantly produced α‐amylase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritime

In the industrial processing of starch for sugar syrup and ethanol production, a liquefaction step is involved where starch is initially solubilized at high temperature and partially hydrolyzed with a thermostable and thermoactive α‐amylase. Most amylases require calcium as a cofactor for their activity and stability, therefore calcium, along with the thermostable enzyme, are typically added to the starch mixture during enzymatic liquefaction, thereby increasing process costs. An attractive alternative would be to produce the enzyme directly in the tissue to be treated. In a proof of concept study, tobacco cell cultures were used as model system to test in planta production of a hyperthermophilic α‐amylase from Thermotoga maritima. While comparable biochemical properties to recombinant production in Escherichia coli were observed, thermostability of the plant‐produced α‐amylase benefited significantly from high intrinsic calcium levels in the tobacco cells. The plant‐made enzyme retained 85% of its initial activity after 3 h incubation at 100°C, whereas the E. coli‐produced enzyme was completely inactivated after 30 min under the same conditions. The addition of Ca2+ or plant cell extracts from tobacco and sweetpotato to the E. coli‐produced enzyme resulted in a similar stabilization, demonstrating the importance of a calcium‐rich environment for thermostability, as well as the advantage of producing this enzyme directly in plant cells where calcium is readily available. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 947–956. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long non-coding RNA UCA1 promotes glutamine metabolism by targeting miR-16 in human bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVE Long non-coding ribonucleic acid urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 has been found to be a participant in cancer development and glucose metabolism in bladder cancer. However, the role of urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 in metabolic reprogramming in cancer remains to be clarified. In this study, we aim to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of glutamine metabolism by urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 in bladder cancer. METHODS The RNA levels of urothelial carcinoma-associated 1, GLS2 and miR-16 in bladder tissues and cell lines were examined by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of GLS2 were detected by western blot analysis. Reactive oxygen species generation was examined by the fluorescein isothiocyanate mean value and fluorescence microscope. Glutamine consumption was analyzed using the glutamine assay kit. Additionally, we performed luciferase reporter assays to validate urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 sequence whether contains miR-16 binding site and the interaction between the 3'UTR sequence of GLS2 and mature miR-16. RESULTS Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the RNA level of urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 and GLS2 was positively correlated in bladder cancer tissues and cell lines. The expression of GLS2 mRNA and protein increased in cells which overexpression of urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 and decreased in cells which knocked-down of urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 cell lines. urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 reduced ROS production, and promoted mitochondrial glutaminolysis in human bladder cancer cells. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assays indicated that there was a miR-16 binding site in urothelial carcinoma-associated 1, and it showed appreciable levels of sponge effects on miR-16 as readouts in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the 'seed region' of miR-16 directly bound to the 3'UTR of GLS2 mRNA and regulated GLS2 expression level. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results revealed that urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 regulated the expression of GLS2 through interfering with miR-16, and repressed ROS formation in bladder cancer cells.