Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why There Are Many Nonisomorphic Models for Unsuperstable Theories

This was mentioned in [S4], and in fact in [S2]. We shall first sketch the proof and then point out some applications of the theorem and the method. We generalize the notion of indiscernibility used in Ehrenfeucht-Mostowski models (from [EM]). Let I be an (index) model, M EL model and, for each sel,äs is a (finite) sequence from M. For s = <s(0), •••, s(n — 1)>, s(l) e 7,let ä-s = äs{Q) A ••• Aäs0t_v. The indexed set {äs: sel} is called indiscernible if whenever s, t are finite sequences from I realizing the same quantifier-free type, ä-s and ä-t realize the same type in M. Now as T is not superstable, by [S2], T has formulas <p„(x, yn), a model M, and sequences äv, y e °^X such that, for 7] e <°A9 % e '% M \= <p[äv, äT] iff* % is an initial segment of rj. Clearly M has an elementary extension to a model Mi of TV By using a generalization of Ramsey's theorem [Rm] to trees (a proof was in [S3]) and by compactness, we can assume {av: TJ G7} is indiscernible; where lis a model with universe -A, one place relations Pa = X (a ^ œ), the lexicographical order < j , and the function / , f(y], z) = the lengthiest common initial segment.
Cross-border acquisitions and insider ownership

As in several other recent studies, we find that investors react more negatively when firms announce cross-border acquisitions than domestic acquisitions (c.f. Moeller and Schlingemann, 2005; Mantecon, 2009). Without an economically-based explanation, such findings cast doubt on the merits of acquisitions in foreign markets. We make use of unique hand-collected corporate governance data to examine associations between the acquiring and target firms. Foreign acquirers are often outsiders without access to the target firm’s board and without contact with pre-bid owners of the target firm. These two factors have positive associations with announcement returns, and they explain differences between cross-border and domestic acquisitions. We thus suggest that cross-border acquisitions are not per se value destructive but are rather a form of acquisition characterized by outsider owners. JEL classification: G34
Interaction of Mitochondrial Elongation Factor Tu with Aminoacyl-tRNA and Elongation Factor Ts*

Elongation factor (EF) Tu promotes the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the acceptor site of the ribosome. This process requires the formation of a ternary complex (EF-Tu·GTP·aa-tRNA). EF-Tu is released from the ribosome as an EF-Tu·GDP complex. Exchange of GDP for GTP is carried out through the formation of a complex with EF-Ts (EF-Tu·Ts). Mammalian mitochondrial EF-Tu (EF-Tumt) differs from the corresponding prokaryotic factors in having a much lower affinity for guanine nucleotides. To further understand the EF-Tumt subcycle, the dissociation constants for the release of aa-tRNA from the ternary complex (K tRNA) and for the dissociation of the EF-Tu·Tsmt complex (K Ts) were investigated. The equilibrium dissociation constant for the ternary complex was 18 ± 4 nm, which is close to that observed in the prokaryotic system. The kinetic dissociation rate constant for the ternary complex was 7.3 × 10− 4 s− 1, which is essentially equivalent to that observed for the ternary complex inEscherichia coli. The binding of EF-Tumt to EF-Tsmt is mutually exclusive with the formation of the ternary complex. K Ts was determined by quantifying the effects of increasing concentrations of EF-Tsmt on the amount of ternary complex formed with EF-Tumt. The value obtained for K Ts(5.5 ± 1.3 nm) is comparable to the value ofK tRNA.
Pharmacoeconomics of voriconazole

Importance of the field: The recent increase in the use of antineoplastic and immune suppressive agents and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, prosthetic interventions, organ transplants and more aggressive surgery have been related to a greater prevalence of invasive fungal infections (IFI). Over the past few years, several new antifungal therapies have become available for these patients. Pharmacoeconomic data can play a useful role in comparing the relative benefits of treatment. Areas covered in this review: This review summarizes all the available evidence regarding the pharmacoeconomics of voriconazole. A systematic review of pharmacoeconomic analyses through a non-restricted literature search was conducted (until May 2009). What the reader will gain: The reader will gain a greater understanding of the pharmacoeconomics role of voriconazole. Take home message: The majority of economic analyses have shown that voriconazole is a more cost-effective alternative in the treatment of invasive fungal infections than the antifungal drugs with which it was compared.
A noise and hearing survey of earth-moving equipment operators.

Abstract Noise and hearing were surveyed at 16 construction sites involving heavy earth-moving equipment operations. Over-all noise levels were 90-120 dB SPL with most energy below 600 cps. All measured noises exceeded eight-hour exposure criteria in one or more octave bands. Equipment operators showed hearing impairment which was worse at higher frequencies and which increased with years of employment even though corrected for age. Temporary hearing threshold shifts were found following single workday noise exposures. Survey findings indicated the need for noise control and audiometric monitoring.
A fixed-effects multilevel analysis of how community family structure affects individual mortality in Norway

By using register data for the entire Norwegian population aged 50–89 in the period 1980–1999, during which there were about 720,000 deaths, I estimate how the proportions of persons who were divorced or never married in the municipality affected all-cause mortality, net of individual marital status. The data include individual histories of changes in marital status and places of residence, providing a rare opportunity to enter municipality fixed effects into the model, thereby capturing the time-invariant unobserved factors at that level. The positive health externality of marriage that is suggested in the literature is supported by some of the estimates for women. Other estimates—especially those for men—point in the opposite direction. One possible interpretation of these findings is that social cohesion is perhaps not as beneficial for people’s health as often claimed, at least not for both sexes. Alternatively, the results may reflect that marriage perhaps undermines rather than strengthens social cohesion, or that other mechanisms are involved—for example, those that are related to people’s perceptions of their health relative to the health of others. Estimates from models without such municipality fixed effects are markedly different, but these also shed doubt on the notion that a high proportion of unmarried persons generally increases individual mortality.
Secondary Privatization in Poland (Part II): Evolution of Ownership Structure and Performance in National Investment Funds and Their Portfolio Companies

This volume contains the output of country research undertaken in Poland in 2000-2001 by Barbara Blaszczyk, Michal Gorzynski, Tytus Kaminski and Bartlomiej Paczoski under the international comparative project "Secondary Privatization: the Evolution of Ownership Structures of Privatized Enterprises". The project was supported by the European Union's Phare ACE Programme 1997 (project P97-8201 R) and was coordinated by Barbara Blaszczyk of the Center for Social and Economic Research (CASE) in Warsaw, Poland. The support of the ACE Programme made it possible to organize the cooperation of an international group of scholars (from the Czech Republic, France, Poland, Slovenia and the U.K.). The entire project was devoted to the investigation of secondary ownership changes in enterprises privatized in special privatization schemes (i.e., mass privatization schemes and MEBOs) in three Central European countries - the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovenia. Through a combination of different research methods, such as secondary analysis of previous research, analysis of legal and other regulatory instruments, original field research, statistical data base research and econometric analysis of individual enterprise data, the project aimed to investigate the scope, pace and trends in secondary ownership changes, the factors and barriers affecting them and the degree of ownership concentration resulting from them. The authors of this report look at ownership changes in the companies owned by the Polish National Investment Funds in the 1995-2000 period. They analyze the numbers of companies in the NIFs' portfolios were sold to what types of investors (i.e., domestic corporate, domestic individual, employee, foreign, other NIFs, public trading) in which years. A great deal of attention is also paid to the issue of changes in the ownership of the funds themselves as well as the issues of corporate governance in the funds (management costs, strategies, etc.) Finally, the economic performance of NIF portfolio companies is compared with other groups of companies in Polish economy, and then the group of NIF companies is broken down with respect to type of owner that acquired (or kept) them, and these groups are compared with each other. We hope that the results of this research will be of great interest for everyone interested in the little-researched question of what has happened to companies after privatization in transition countries.
Capital Structure and Firm Vulnerability in Indonesia

The main idea of this paper is to provide empirical evidence of firm vulnerability in Indonesia around the 1997 financial crisis. For capturing the effect of crisis on firm vulnerability, this paper includes country, industrial sector and firm specific factors influencing capital structure choices of Indonesian firms. Afterwards, relation of capital structure and firm performance is examined for gaining better explanation of the impact of the financing policies on firm performance. Accordingly, this paper takes into account the impact of macroeconomic shocks or business cycle effect on firm healthiness in where capital structure choices play pivotal role in the mechanism.
Electrophilic properties of patulin. N-acetylcysteine and glutathione adducts.

In our studies on the electrophilic properties of the mycotoxin patulin (PAT), we have now investigated the nonenzymatic reaction of PAT with the thiol-containing tripeptide glutathione and its metabolic degradation product N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Adduct formation in aqueous phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was studied by analytical HPLC/DAD, and most of the products were isolated by preparative HPLC. Structure elucidation was carried out mainly by means of high-resolution NMR experiments and comparison of the data with those previously obtained for PAT adducts formed with simple model nucleophiles such as 4-bromothiophenol and 2-mercaptoethanol [Fliege, R. , and Metzler, M. (2000) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 13, 363-372]. The assigned structures were confirmed by UV spectroscopy, formation of daughter products from isolated adducts, and partly FAB-MS. The reaction pathways of PAT with NAC were qualitatively the same as those previously observed for the aliphatic thiol model compound 2-mercaptoethanol. Due to the chiral nature of NAC and the new chiral center generated during the reaction with PAT, two diastereomers of each adduct were formed and observed in HPLC analysis. The major products formed in the reaction of PAT with GSH were of the same structural type as obtained with NAC. In addition, three cyclic adducts were formed with GSH, arising from the nucleophilic activity of the alpha-amino groups of the glutamic acid and the cysteine residue. In contrast, free cysteine yielded a markedly different adduct pattern, possibly due to the preferred formation of mixed thiol/amine-type adducts involving the alpha-amino group.
Evaluation of Preoperative Administration of the Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor Rofecoxib for the Treatment of Postoperative Pain after Lumbar Disc Surgery

OBJECTIVE A combination of analgesics with different mechanisms of action may improve postoperative pain control and reduce the incidence of side effects. This study was designed to assess the efficacy of preoperative administration of rofecoxib (Vioxx; Merck & Co., Inc., Somerset, NJ) in reducing pain and opioid requirements after single-level lumbar microdiscectomy. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed on 61 consenting patients who were considered American Society of Anesthesiologists Class I or II and who were scheduled for elective single-level lumbar microdiscectomy. Patients received either two doses of rofecoxib 50 mg or a placebo preoperatively. The outcome measures included morphine use in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), discharge times, and side effect profile. Data were analyzed by use of independent sample t tests for continuous variables or &khgr;2 tests for categorical variables. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The two groups were comparable with respect to patient characteristics, intraoperative opioid and hypnotic consumption, and duration of surgery. Patients in the rofecoxib group required significantly less morphine postoperatively. Significantly more patients in the placebo group reported pain scores greater than 7 at admission to the PACU. Time to first request for analgesia was shorter in the placebo group, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. There were no significant differences between groups in the incidence of nausea, time to discharge from the PACU, or hospital stay. CONCLUSION Preoperative rofecoxib is effective in reducing postoperative narcotic consumption in patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy. The use of rofecoxib does not shorten PACU length of stay or hospital discharge time. These outcome measures depend on multiple administrative factors.
Peer-Mediated Treatment of Socially Withdrawn Maltreated Preschool Children: Cultivating Natural Community Resources

This study evaluated the effectiveness of Resilient Peer Treatment (RPT). This is a peer-mediated, classroom-based intervention for socially withdrawn, maltreated preschool children. It examined whether the RPT impact generalized from the treatment setting to larger classroom context. Eighty-two maltreated and nonmaltreated, socially withdrawn Head Start children were randomly assigned to either RPT or attention-control (AC) conditions. Data were collected by teachers and independent observers blind to both maltreatment status and treatment condition. Treatment resulted in higher levels of collaborative peer play interactions in the treatment setting posttreatment for both the maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Results documented generalization of the treatment impact to classroom free-play sessions. These findings were supported by teacher ratings of interactive peer play and social skills.
Placenta‐derived MSCs are partially immunogenic and less immunomodulatory than bone marrow‐derived MSCs

Over the past few years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become of increasing interest for use in the field of regenerative medicine. To date, bone marrow (BM) has been the main source of MSCs (BM‐MSCs) for both experimental and clinical studies. However, the use of MSCs derived from BM can be problematic, due to the low number of MSCs found in bone marrow aspirates and the invasive procedure associated with obtaining them. We aimed to develop a method of obtaining high numbers of purified MSCs from placental tissue with minimal expansion and to characterize their phenotype and function relative to BM‐MSCs. We show here that placenta‐derived MSCs (PD‐MSCs) can be isolated with high numbers from whole placental tissue. However, PD‐MSCs isolated from whole tissue were often found to be a mixed population of both maternal and neonatal cells. The immunological properties of PD‐MSCs and BM‐MSCs were compared. PD‐MSCs were found to express lower levels of HLA class I and higher levels of PDL‐1 and CD1a, compared to BM‐MSCs. HLA‐DR became upregulated in PD‐MSCs following treatment with IFNγ, whereas BM‐MSCs expressed constitutively low levels of HLA‐DR. Whilst untreated or IFNγ‐treated BM‐MSCs were incapable of stimulating T cells, we observed a small T cell proliferation in response to the highest concentration of PD‐MSCs when treated with IFNγ. It was noted that BM‐MSCs were more immunomodulatory than PD‐MSCs in this study. We therefore suggest that BM‐MSCs may be better candidates for use in commercial regenerative or transplantation medicine. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Homogeneity of Venezuelan Encephalitis Virion Populations of Hamster-Virulent and Benign Strains, Including the Attenuated TC83 Vaccine

A hamster-virulent strain of Venezuelan encephalitis virus (BeAn8, subtype III) and a benign strain (BeAr35645, subtype IV) each yielded 100 clones with virulence properties like those of the parental virion population. Another hamster-virulent strain (63U2, subtype I, variety E) was heterogeneous since 2 out of 100 clones were less virulent for hamsters than the other 98 clones or the parental virus population. The attenuated TC83 vaccine strain, (a derivative of subtype I, variety A), although over 99% homogeneous with respect to hamster virulence, was unstable since virulent virions could be selected from the parental population by passage through hamsters.
Effects of low-intensity cycle training with restricted leg blood flow on thigh muscle volume and VO 2 max in young men

Concurrent improvements in aerobic capacity and muscle hypertrophy in response to a single mode of training have not been reported. We examined the effects of low-intensity cycle exercise training with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) on muscle size and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). A group of 19 young men (mean age ± SD: 23.0 ± 1.7 years) were allocated randomly into either a BFR-training group (n=9, BFR-training) or a non-BFR control training group (n=10, CON-training), both of which trained 3 days/wk for 8 wk. Training intensity and duration were 40% of VO2max and 15 min for the BFR-training group and 40% of VO2max and 45 min for the CON-training group. MRI-measured thigh and quadriceps muscle crosssectional area and muscle volume increased by 3.4–5.1% (P < 0.01) and isometric knee extension strength tended to increase by 7.7% (p < 0.10) in the BFR-training group. There was no change in muscle size (~0.6%) and strength (~1.4%) in the CON-training group. Significant improvements in VO2max (6.4%) and exercise time until exhaustion (15.4%) were observed in the BFR-training group (p < 0.05) but not in the CONtraining group (–0.1 and 3.9%, respectively). The results suggest that low-intensity, short-duration cycling exercise combined with BFR improves both muscle hypertrophy and aerobic capacity concurrently in young men.
A Population-Based Case-Control Study of the Arg 399 Gln Polymorphism in DNA Repair Gene XRCC 1 and Risk of Breast Cancer

XRCC1 (X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1) is a base excision repair protein that plays a central role in the repair of DNA base damage and strand breaks. A common polymorphism (Arg3Gln) at codon 399 of the XRCC1 gene has been previously linked to functional changes of the gene product and risk of cancers. We evaluated the association between XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism and breast cancer risk in the populationbased Shanghai Breast Cancer Study involving 1088 cancer patients and 1182 community controls. Genomic DNA from peripheral blood was used in genotyping assays, and exposure information and anthropometrics were collected through in-person interview. Plasma estrogen and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels were measured for 190 postmenopausal breast cancer patients who had donated a pretreatment blood sample and 407 postmenopausal controls. Conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) adjusting potential confounders. Approximately 27% of controls carried the variant allele (Gln), and cases and controls had a similar distribution for both allele type and genotype of this polymorphism. We found that 7.8% of cases and 6.3% of controls were homozygous for the variant allele, resulting in an OR of 1.20 (95% CI, 0.85– 1.69). The OR was slightly higher among younger women [<45 years of age (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.82–2.36)] than older women [>45 years of age (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.68– 1.67)], but neither OR was statistically significant. No modifying effect of major breast cancer risk factors, including years of menstruation, body mass index, waist: hip ratio, and blood estrogen levels, was noted. Homozygosity for the variant Gln allele was associated with an elevated risk of postmenopausal breast cancer among subjects with a higher blood level of SHBG (OR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.16–9.20) and a reduced risk among those with a lower level of SHBG (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.18– 1.97). The overall results of the study suggest that Arg399Gln polymorphism of the XRCC1 gene alone may not play a substantial role in the risk of breast cancer among Chinese women.
OxRAM RNG Circuits Exploiting Multiple Undesirable Nanoscale Phenomena

Compact, low-power random number generators (RNG) are essential for applications such as stochastic-, bioinspired-computing, data-encryption, cryptography in communication and security systems. We demonstrate two highly scalable hybrid CMOS-OxRAM RNG implementations based on single OxRAM and 2-OxRAM -circuits. We show how multiple undesirable nanoscale OxRAM phenomena, such as reset-current fluctuation, random telegraph noise (RTN), and reset-state resistance variability in HfO<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{\rm x}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> devices can be coupled to realize RNGs. We show that mitigation of <italic>history</italic> (memory) effect in 2-OxRAM RNGs can be achieved by using optional OxRAM switching and smaller sampling frequency. Using circuit simulations with calibrated compact models, the proposed hybrid RNG circuits have been validated for 10 nm thick HfO <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{\rm x}$</tex-math></inline-formula> devices and 180 nm CMOS node. RNG performance is characterized using chi-square test, serial spectral test, and covariance/correlation-based analysis.