Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Runtime Validation of Behavioural Contracts for Component Software

In component software, the independence of components is achieved by separating their interfaces from implementations. The interface definition of a component serves as the contract with its neighbouring components regarding the use of its services. In general, such a contract should cover issues beyond interface signatures, such as service functionality, usage and quality. The Interface Definition Languages (IDLs) used by commercial middleware such as CORBA, however, lack mechanisms for capturing such semantic characteristics. In this paper, we introduce a framework and associated techniques that augment commercial IDLs with behavioural contract specifications and validate at runtime component interactions against such contracts. The behavioural contract of a component describes occurrence or sequencing constraints on its interactions with the environment. The validation of such constraints is achieved by intercepting runtime interactions between components and validating them against the finite state automata that semantically represent the constraints. The validation provides a useful tool for testing whether the component services are used properly and whether the component fulfils its behavioural obligations in a distributed system.
SPECIAL SECTION ON RECENT ADVANCES IN COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE PARADIGMS FOR SECURITY AND PRIVACY FOR FOG AND MOBILE EDGE COMPUTING

While 4G is speeding up its steps toward global markets, 5G has initiated its full development to satisfy an increasing demand on mobile data traffic and big data bandwidth. Centralized data processing, collaborative radio, real-time cloud infrastructure, and cloud radio access network (C-RAN), along with their excellent advantages are being sought by more and more operators to meet end-user requirements. As a promising mobile wireless network architecture, compared with traditional RAN, C-RAN has incomparable advantages in terms of low power consumption, reduced base station (BS) numbers, and economic capital and operating expenditure. It can also improve network capacity and BS utilization rate. Recently, C-RAN security has aroused special attention and concern. However, the literature still lacks an overall review on it in order to guide current and future research. In this paper, we first overview the architecture, deployment scenarios, and special characteristics of C-RAN. We then provide a thorough review on the existing security studies in the field of C-RAN based on its three logic layers and corresponding security threats and attacks. Particularly, we discuss whether the current literature can satisfy the expected security requirements in C-RAN. Based on this, we indicate open research issues and propose future research trends. INDEX TERMS Cloud radio access network (C-RAN), security, security threats, 5G, trust.
SIMULTANEOUS B′V′R′ MONITORING OF BL LACERTAE OBJECT S5 0716+714 AND DETECTION OF INTER-BAND TIME DELAY

We present the results of our optical monitoring of the BL Lac object S5 0716+714 over seven nights in 2006 December. The monitoring was carried out simultaneously at three optical wavelengths with a novel photometric system. The object did not show large-amplitude internight variations during this period. Intranight variations were observed on four nights and probably on one more. Strong bluer-when-brighter chromatism was detected on both intranight and internight timescales. The intranight variation amplitude decreases in the wavelength sequence of B′, R′, and V′. Cross-correlation analyses revealed that the variability at the B′ and V′ bands leads that at the R′ band by about 30 minutes on one night.
Optimum preparation and thermal conductivity of novel glossy paint prepared from waste of palm oil fly ash composite

The optimum preparation and the thermal conductivity of environmental-friendly glossy paint that was prepared from the waste of Palm Oil Fly Ash (POFA) were investigated. For optimum pigment preparations, the aqueous precursor of 45 % wt POFA mixed with 25% wt sulphur, 20% wt calcium and 10% wt fine graphite was sintered at 900oC to produce a complete crystalline product. The sintered product was milled to become a grayish fine powder pigment. From the SEM images, the grain size was approximately 0.404 μm. The pigments were mixed with a binder, solvent and additives and grinded to become a paint and was then tested (Glossy test, hardness test, adhesion test and thermal conductivity test). From the results, the optimum compositions of a paint are 22% wt POFA pigment, 29% wt alkyd binder, 39% wt polyurethane thinner and 10% wt mix additives (cobalt 10%, lead 32% and N.C Solution). It was also discovered that the paint is a good insulator with thermal conductivity of approximately 78.95 Wm-2
234 nm and 246 nm AlN-Delta-GaN quantum well deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes

Deep ultraviolet (DUV) AlN-delta-GaN quantum well (QW) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with emission wavelengths of 234 nm and 246 nm are proposed and demonstrated in this work. Our results reveal that the use of AlN-delta-GaN QW with ∼1–3 monolayer GaN delta-layer can achieve a large transverse electric (TE)-polarized spontaneous emission rate instead of transverse magnetic-polarized emission, contrary to what is observed in conventional AlGaN QW in the 230–250 nm wavelength regime. The switching of light polarization in the proposed AlN-delta-GaN QW active region is attributed to the rearrangement of the valence subbands near the Γ-point. The light radiation patterns obtained from angle-dependent electroluminescence measurements for the Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)-grown 234 nm and 246 nm AlN-delta-GaN QW LEDs show that the photons are mainly emitted towards the surface rather than the edge, consistent with the simulated patterns achieved by the finite-difference time-domain modeling. The results demonstra.
Reconceptualising employee silence

A growing literature has emerged on employee silence, located within the field of organisational behaviour. Scholars have investigated when and how employees articulate voice and when and how they will opt for silence. While offering many insights, this analysis is inherently one-sided in its interpretation of silence as a product of employee motivations. An alternative reading of silence is offered which focuses on the role of management. Using the non-union employee representation literature for illustrative purposes, the significance of management in structuring employee silence is considered. Highlighted are the ways in which management, through agenda-setting and institutional structures, can perpetuate silence over a range of issues, thereby organising employees out of the voice process. These considerations are redeployed to offer a dialectical interpretation of employee silence in a conceptual framework to assist further research and analysis.
Demand Elasticities for Mobile Telecommunications in Austria

Summary This paper analyses price elasticities in the Austrian market for mobile telecommunications services using data on firm specific tariffs in the period between January 1998 and March 2002. As a novelty compared to existing studies dynamic panel data regressions are used to estimate short-run and long-run demand elasticities for business customers and for private consumers with both postpaid contracts and prepaid cards. We find that business customers have a higher elasticity of demand than private consumers, where postpaid customers tend to have a higher demand elasticity than prepaid customers. Also demand is as expected more elastic in the long run. In addition, the paper also provides estimates for firm-specific demand elasticities which range from -0.47 to -1.1.
Nanoflagellates (mixotrophs, heterotrophs and autotrophs) in the oligotrophic eastern Mediterranean: standing stocks, bacterivory and relationships with bacterial production

The vertical distribution (0 to 100 m) and abundance of nanoflagellates were examined in the oligotrophic Aegean Sea (east Mediterranean) in early spring (south basin) and late summer (north and south basins) of 1997 in the framework of the MATER project (Mass Transfer and Ecosystem Response). Different trophic types of nanoflagellates (mixotrophic, heterotrophic, and phototrophic) were identified based on the possession of chloroplasts and the consumption of Fluorescently Labelled Mlnicells (FLM). Bacter~al production (leucine method) was compared with bacterivory estimated from FLM consumption. We found that mixotrophic nanoflagellates played a small role as bacterivores relative to heterotrophic nanoflagellates and total bacterivory roughly balanced bacterial production. In early spring with cool (14.2"C) well-mixed water columns, flagellate concentrations were lowest, pho-totrophic flagellates were the dominant group and concentrations varied little with depth. Average concentrations of mixotrophs, heterotrophs and autotrophs were 0.07, 0.34, and 0.64 X 103 cells ml-', respectively. Bacterial production in the 0 to 100 m layer averaged about 0.74 pg C 1-' d-'. Estimated nanoflagellate bacterivory from FLM ingestion accounted for 4 0 % of bacterial prod'uction with mixotrophic nanoflagellates consuming 5 % of bacterial production. In late summer, total nanoflagel-late concentrations were higher. Average concentrations of mixotrophs, heterotrophs and autotrophs were 0.09, 1.14, and 0.66 X 103 cells ml-', respectively, in the southern basin and 0.09, 1.1, and 0.98 X lo3 cells ml-l, respectively, in the northern basin. In September, bacterial production for both basins roughly balanced estimated nanoflagellate consumption. Similar to the March estimates, mixotrophic nanoflagellates accounted for about 5% of nanoflagellate bacterivory. In a nutrient enrichment experiment in March, treatments including phosphorus resulted in increased bacterial production and reductions in identifiable mixotrophs.
RELATIONSHIPS OF STREAM INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES TO DEFORESTATION IN EASTERN MADAGASCAR

Madagascar has been recently identified as a global hotspot for freshwater biodiversity. Loss of most of its eastern rain forest, combined with a high incidence of micro-endemism and specialization to forest stream habitats, has likely led to extinction of many of the island's stream insect species. We compared habitat and macroinvertebrate community structure in three streams draining protected rain forest within Ranomafana National Park in eastern Madagascar and three agriculture streams draining the park's largely deforested peripheral zone. Multivariate analyses showed that macroinvertebrate communities differed between stream types. Forest streams were characterized by species-rich, diverse communities composed primarily of collector–gatherers and collector–filterers belonging to the orders Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Diptera. In contrast, relatively depauperate agriculture stream communities were dominated by generalist collector–gatherer taxa mostly belonging to the order Ephemeropt.
Oral Health, Dysphagia, Distress, and Health Service Needs of Head and Neck Cancer Survivors 5 Years Post-Chemoradiotherapy

Purpose: Evidence suggests that oral health effects and dysphagia remain chronic conditions for patients who undergo radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy ([chemo]RT) following diagnosis of head and neck cancer (HNC), however, there is limited outcome data beyond 1-2 years post-treatment. The aim of the current study was to investigate the long term patient outcomes at 5-6 years post- (chemo)RT using patient-reported functional measures. A secondary aim was to examine the extent of services accessed, and desired, by this group. Methods: A retrospective audit was conducted to select patients treated curatively for HNC using (C)RT and seen by speech pathology. Twenty eligible long term HNC patients treated with (chemo)RT completed a series of patient-reported outcome measures, a quality of life (QoL) scale, a general distress tool and questions relating to services. Results: Results revealed that at 5-6 years post-treatment, over half reported moderate to severe oral health effects, and only 30% tolerated a full normal diet. Moderate to severe levels of distress were reported by 25%, though global QoL remained positive. Few had sought further services for these issues. Conclusions: Persistent oral health effects, chronic swallowing difficulties, and distress are common in this population. Clinicians need to be aware of the long-term nature of patient-reported dysfunction and tailor appropriate services and supports to patient need.
Elliptic Determinantal Processes and Elliptic Dyson Models

We introduce seven families of stochastic systems of interacting particles in one-dimension corresponding to the seven families of irreducible reduced affine root systems. We prove that they are determinantal in the sense that all spatio-temporal correlation functions are given by determinants controlled by a single function called the spatio-temporal correlation kernel. For the four families ${A}_{N-1}$, ${B}_N$, ${C}_N$ and ${D}_N$, we identify the systems of stochastic differential equations solved by these determinantal processes, which will be regarded as the elliptic extensions of the Dyson model. Here we use the notion of martingales in probability theory and the elliptic determinant evaluations of the Macdonald denominators of irreducible reduced affine root systems given by Rosengren and Schlosser.
Methods of factor analysis of mass spectra

ple was off-scale for the range of concentrations used for the calibration plot in Figure 4. However, the calibration curve should be linear and the Pb/Ba atomic ratio could be estimated by substituting the observed intensity ratio into the equation for the least squares calibration curve. The results of the ESCA analysis using this procedure agree to within 10% of the lead concentration measured by atomic absorption and exactly with the results from spark source mass spectrometry. The concentration of lead in gasoline determined by ESCA again using the calibrated plot, Figure 4, was 0.09% which agreed to within 10% of the value determined by spark source mass spectrometry.
Factors Affecting Social Commerce and Exploring the Mediating Role of Perceived Risk (Case Study: Social Media Users in Isfahan)

Owing to the ever-increasing prevalence of social media use, social commerce has become an important part of e-commerce. This study endeavors to explore the impact of social media quality and social support on the social commerce (SC) intention directly and through the variable of perceived risk. The sample included 214 social media users in Isfahan collected through simple random sampling method. A conceptual model was proposed based on the theoretical literature and empirical studies and was analyzed via Smart PLS software. According to the results, social media quality and support have positive effect on SC intention. However, social media quality has negative effect on user's perceived risk. Also, perceived risk has negative effect on SC intention and it has a partial mediating effect in the relationship between social media quality and social commerce intention. Results not only illustrate how SC develops, but also, they could facilitate active businesses; this way, they make preparations for composing a better SC strategy.
Reported knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding malaria andmosquito net use among women seeking antenatal care in south-westernTanzania

To improve control measures against malaria, Tanzania has increased the distribution of free and subsidized insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) to pregnant women. However, data on ownership and use of ITNs, as well as knowledge, attitudes and practices of these women regarding malaria are scarce. The objective of this study was to describe knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malaria, frequency of bed net use and level of ownership of bed nets among women seeking antenatal care in Iringa regional hospital, southern Tanzania. This cross-sectional study involved women attending antenatal clinic at Iringa Regional Hospital in south-western Tanzania. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was applied. Among the 222 pregnant women included, 173 (78%, 95%CI, 72-84.2) owned a bed net, and 150 (68%, 95%CI, 61- 75) reported to sleep always under a bed net. The use of bed nets was mentioned by 142 (64%, 95%CI, 56.2-72). Of the 46 women who did not own a bed net, seven (15.2%) reported cost as the main obstacle for owning one. About 53% (95%CI, 44-62) preferred to use mosquito nets they bought rather than the one provided for free. Several factors such as gravidity, fearing of getting malaria, knowledge on the cause, marital status, and ways used to prevent malaria were significantly associated with mosquito net ownership (all P<0.001). Education level and gravidity were associated with the behaviour to sleep always under bed nets (P<0.002). Multigravidae (2-4 pregnancies) (OR 2.1, 95%CI 1.2-4.8) and married women (OR, 1.9, 95%CI, 1.2-5.2) were more likely to own a net, as compared to primigravidae and single women. In conclusion, ITNs ownership and use among pregnant women was good and they preferred to use the nets they bought from private sector. Thus, integrating public and private sector will improve the distribution and coverage of insecticides treated mosquito among high risk groups, such as pregnant women.
Effects of sintering materials and gas conditions on formation of silico-ferrites of calcium and aluminium during iron ore sintering

In industrial iron ore sintering, the combustion of coke breeze supplies the necessary heat to achieve partial melting of raw materials. It also produces a locally reducing atmosphere within the sinter bed during the heating stage. Once the peak temperature has been reached, the agglomerated semi-molten material then slowly cools under an atmosphere with higher partial pressure of oxygen.1,2) The final sinter predominantly consists of primary and secondary hematite, magnetite, complex calcium-rich ferrite (s) and glassy silicate phases. Their relative proportion depends on the sintering conditions, such as temperature, raw sinter mix composition, oxygen partial pressure, basicity (CaO/ SiO2 mass ratio) and sintering time, which are controlled by operating parameters such as sinter blend composition, coke breeze rate, humidity, windbox pressure, and bed height. Some attempts have been made to study how various mineral phases, particularly the complex calcium ferrites, are developed in a sinter. For example, Matsuno3) and Matsuno and Harada4) conducted sintering experiments under equilibrated oxidising conditions. Ahsan et al.5) attempted to deduce the sintering mechanism from the structure of industrial sinters. However, little information was obtained as to how initial and intermediate phases were Effects of Sintering Materials and Gas Conditions on Formation of Silico-Ferrites of Calcium and Aluminium during Iron Ore Sintering
Bàsàa Wh-questions and Prosodic Structuring ∗

We show that wh-words are a tool to investigate the prosodic structure of Bàsàa. Our claim is that the end of an Intonation Phrase (IP) can be identified by the presence of a long vowel on the wh-word. We propose that wh-words, which sometimes surface as CV́ and sometimes as CV́V́, are underlyingly of the CV́ form and they introduce a floating H. Whenever the association of this floating H with the first tone bearing unit that follows the wh-word is prevented by the presence of an IP boundary, a mora is created on the wh-word in order to realize the floating H. We briefly discuss the interface approach of Immediately After the Verb (IAV) focus (Costa and Kula, 2008) and we show that Bàsàa wh-questions and answers do not support this hypothesis. Finally, Bàsàa fronted whphrases, just like Hausa’s fronted foci (Leben et al., 1989), seem to provide support to the idea that intonational effects are also at play in the present tone language.
A model of trophic flows in the northern benguela upwelling system during the 1980s

A model of trophic flows through the northern Benguela between 1980 and 1989 was constructed using the ECOPATH approach. The model serves to close the temporal gap between models of the system for the 1970s and 1990s. The aim is to provide a workable model, with the intention of encouraging scientists working on different components of the ecosystem to collaborate to improve and update the model for more recent years. Ultimately, this type of model may form a basis for multispecies management approaches in the region. By the 1980s, sardine Sardinops sagax and hake Merluccius spp. stocks in the northern Benguela had both undergone a decline, yet were still heavily fished. Horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus capensis had increased over the previous decade and was the dominant pelagic species during the 1980s, with high catches. Production by some groups, such as goby Sufflogobius bibarbatus, mesopelagic fish and demersal fish, was insufficient to sustain other components of the system. In all, 1.5 million to.
Procurement in the presence of supply disruptions

We study the effect of bargaining, long-term relationships, and renegotiations on the performance of incomplete contracts in a supply chain setting with the possibility of supply disruption. Disruptions are a real threat to supply chains, especially as they become longer and more complex. Because disruptions are unpredictable, complete contracts that specify each contingency often cannot be written. We use a controlled laboratory experiments with human subjects incentivized based on performance. Our design manipulates the bargaining protocol, the relationship length, and the ability to renegotiate the contract after the disruption, as well as the ability to communicate through on-line chatting. Inefficiency, in our environment, comes from two sources: failing to reach an initial agreement (purchase inefficiency) and supplier’s failure to mitigate the disruption (disruption inefficiency). We find that long term relationships and the ability to communicate decrease both inefficiencies and the option to renegotiate decreases disruption inefficiency only, while allowing free bargaining actually increases both inefficiencies. Our findings can help managers in the process of designing and negotiating incomplete contracts in environments with supply disruptions.
Agency Conflicts and Corporate Payout Policies: A Global Study

We investigate the roles of firm and country level agency conflicts in determining corporate payout policies. Based on a large sample of 29,610 firms in 43 countries from 2001 to 2006, we find that in high protection countries, investors are able to use their legal powers to extract cash from firms but their ability to do so can be substantially hindered when agency costs at the firm level are high. In poor protection countries, investors can seek refuge in firm level governance mechanisms to curb agency conflicts, suggesting a substitution between country and firm level investor protection. Finally, compared to repurchases, we find dividends are more likely to be the sole method of payout in high protection countries and in less closely held firms.