Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse

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Lesion in a Sheep Model The Effect of Early Hyaluronic Acid Delivery on the Development of an Acute Articular Cartilage

http://ajs.sagepub. com/content/37/12/2323 The online version of this article can be found at: DOI: 10.1177/0363546509339579 2009 37: 2323 originally published online August 31, 2009 Am J Sports Med Stampfli, Mark Markel, Charles Popkin and Samuel Z. Baum Lee D. Kaplan, Yan Lu, Jonathan Snitzer, Brett Nemke, Zhengling Hao, Steven Biro, William Albiero, Herman F. Lesion in a Sheep Model The Effect of Early Hyaluronic Acid Delivery on the Development of an Acute Articular Cartilage
Brain Death in Children

Brain death (BD) is a distinct mode of death in pediatric intensive care units, accounting for 16–23% of deaths. Coma, absent brainstem reflexes, and apnea in a patient with acute irreversible neurological insult should alarm the attending physician to start the appro ‐ priate actions to establish or refute the diagnosis for BD. BD diagnosis is clinical, starting with the preconditions that should be met, and based on the examination of all brain ‐ stem reflexes, including the apnea test. Apnea testing should be conducted according to standard criteria to demonstrate the absence of spontaneous respirations, in the case of an intense ventilatory stimulus, setting at increased PaCO 2 levels ≥60 and ≥20 mm Hg, compared to baseline. When elements of clinical examination and/or apnea test cannot be performed, ancillary studies to demonstrate the presence/absence of electrocerebral silence and/or cerebral blood flow are guaranteed. Two clinical examinations by qualified physicians at set intervals are required. Time of death is the time of second examination and ventilator support should stop at that time, except for organ donation. The use of check list in documentation of BD helps in the uniformity of diagnosis and fosters further trust from medical, family, and community personnel.
Integrative Analysis of Transcriptome and MicroRNome Profiles inCholangiocarcinoma

Aim: To identify deregulated expression of miRNAs and target genes in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), as well as drug-gene interactions that may be useful for patient treatment. Methods: We analyzed quantitative transcriptome and miRNA deep sequencing expression data from 45 samples, 36 CCA and 9 histologically normal biliary tissues, obtained from the public repository The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Bioinformatic methods were used to identify and integrate differential expression of miRNA and transcriptome profiles in CCA vs. normal tissues. Deregulated miRNA and corresponding target genes were identified and mapped into miRNA-mRNA networks. Results: Results showed 64 differentially expressed miRNAs (48 over and 16 under-expressed) between CCA and corresponding normal biliary tissues. Additionally, 432 genes (180 over and 252 under-expressed) were identified between CCA and normal samples. We identified individual miRNAs with the largest number of gene targets. Among these, miR-125a was over-expressed and had the highest number of direct interactions with 33 mRNA targets. miRNAs miR-122 and miR-139 were the under-expressed miRNAs with the highest number of interactions (9 targets each). miR-122 was found to modulate the expression of the transcription factor FOXM1, known to be involved in tumorigenesis and the matrix metalloproteinase MMP7, an important mediator of tumor invasion. miR-148 and miR-194 were predicted to modulate NQO1, which is up-regulated in cancer and associated with treatment resistance in cholangiocarcinoma. Conclusion: The novelty of our study is the identification of complex deregulated networks of miRNAs and target genes in CCA. miRNAs with a large number of targets may have a higher functional impact on cell regulation. These findings contribute for a better understanding of CCA biology. Identified miRNAs and target genes are potential candidates for the design of validation strategies towards the characterization of clinically applicable biomarkers; such biomarkers may be useful for the development of molecularly-targeted therapeutics that can benefit patients.
Investigating Variation in the Prevalence of Weathering in Faunal Assemblages in the UK: A Multivariate Statistical Approach

This article presents an exploratory multivariate statistical approach to gaining a more comprehensive understanding of variation in subaerial bone weathering in a British context. Weathering is among the most common taphonomic modifications and provides a crucial line of evidence for reconstructing the taphonomic trajectories of faunal assemblages and archaeological deposits. It provides clear evidence for prolonged subaerial exposure either before deposition in a context or because of later disturbance. In combination with other taphonomic indices such as gnawing, trampling, abrasion and fracture patterns, weathering can be used to reconstruct depositional histories and to investigate the structured treatment of different body parts or taxa in deposition. However, a broad range of factors affect the prevalence and severity of weathering, and therefore patterns can rarely be interpreted at face value. Many variables such as predepositional microenvironment cannot be traced archaeologically. Other contributory factors pertaining to the structural properties of elements and taxa can be discerned and must be taken into account in interpreting weathering signatures. However, disagreement exists regarding which variables are most important in mediating weathering. In addition for zooarchaeologists to interpret modification patterns, it is necessary for elements and taxa that are most likely to be affected by weathering to be defined. This is the case as deposits that are dominated by those classes of remains are likely to exhibit greater modification than those that are not, even if depositional histories were similar. Through a combination of classification tree and ordinal regression analysis, this article identifies which archaeologically recoverable variables explain the greatest variance in weathering and which anatomical elements and taxa are most likely to be affected in archaeological deposits in the UK. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phenotypic and developmental plasti ity of xylem hybrid poplar saplings subjected to exper mental drought , nitrogen fertilization , and shading

In mammals, cadmium is widely considered as a non-genotoxic carcinogen acting through a methylation-dependent epigenetic mechanism. Here, the effects of Cd treatment on the DNA methylation patten are examined together with its effect on chromatin reconfiguration in Posidonia oceanica. DNA methylation level and pattern were analysed in actively growing organs, under short(6 h) and long(2 d or 4 d) term and low (10 mM) and high (50 mM) doses of Cd, through a Methylation-Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism technique and an immunocytological approach, respectively. The expression of one member of the CHROMOMETHYLASE (CMT) family, a DNA methyltransferase, was also assessed by qRT-PCR. Nuclear chromatin ultrastructure was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Cd treatment induced a DNA hypermethylation, as well as an up-regulation of CMT, indicating that de novo methylation did indeed occur. Moreover, a high dose of Cd led to a progressive heterochromatinization of interphase nuclei and apoptotic figures were also observed after long-term treatment. The data demonstrate that Cd perturbs the DNA methylation status through the involvement of a specific methyltransferase. Such changes are linked to nuclear chromatin reconfiguration likely to establish a new balance of expressed/repressed chromatin. Overall, the data show an epigenetic basis to the mechanism underlying Cd toxicity in plants.
The revival of colistin : An old antibiotic for the 21 st century La colistine : un ancien antibiotique pour le XXIe siècle

Background. – Multidrug resistant Gram-negative rods are emerging as major pathogens and are the cause of difficulty to treat infections. In certain situations colistin is the only active drug. Methods. – A retrospective review of the patient’s charts admitted at Hôtel-Dieu de France hospital, Beirut, between October 2002 and February 2004 and treated with intravenous colistin. Results. – Fifteen patients were identified; they were suffering from urinary tract infections, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, mediastinitis and intraabdominal abscess. The microorganisms were resistant to all available antibiotics except colistin. Three strains were also susceptible to aminoglycosides. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequently isolated pathogen. Colistin was used in monotherapy in 12 patients and combined with amikacin in three patients. At the end of therapy, a 93% rate of favorable clinical outcome was observed. Renal toxicity was encountered among 12 patients. It was severe in only two cases in which creatinin clearance decline surpassed 50% of the baseline value. No neurological toxicity was observed. Conclusion. – Colistin has an important role to play when used for the treatment of infections with multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria. Nephrotoxicity seems much lower than expected and neurotoxicity is minimal. # 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
DB WHITE DWARF EVOLUTION IN THE FRAME OF THE FULL SPECTRUM TURBULENCE THEORY

We present an analysis of the evolution of carbon-oxygen DB white dwarfs (helium­ rich envelope) for a wide range of effective temperatures and luminosities. To this end, we employ a full stellar evolution code, in which we include a new equation of state for helium plasmas recently developed by Saumon, Chabrier & Van Hom and new OPAL radiative opacities. The most important feature of our models is that the transport of energy by convection is described by the full spectrum turbulence theory. In particular, we have adopted two versions of this theory for stellar convection: the Canuto & Mazzitelli theory and the more recent, self-consistent theory developed by Canuto, Goldman & Mazzitelli. Both theories, which have no free parameters and account for the whole spectrum of turbulent eddies, represent a great improvement compared to the mixing-length theory approach used thus far in almost all white dwarf studies. Neutrino energy losses as well as crystallization were taken into account. In order to explore the sensitivity of our results to various input model parameters, we vary the model mass from 0.5 to 1.0 Mo in intervals of 0.1 Mo, and the helium layer mass in the interval of 10-6 ~ MHe/M* ~ 10- 2 • The emphasis is put mainly on the behaviour of the evolving outer convection zone. In particular, we analyse the dependence of the location of the theoretical blue edge of the instability strip on the various input parameters. We find that the new ingredients we have incorporated in this study - mostly the new formulations for stellar convection -lead to theoretical blue edges in agreement with observations of pulsating DB white dwarfs. In this context, the Canuto, Goldman & Mazzitelli self­ consistent theory yields theoretical blue edges somewhat hotter than those given by the Canuto & Mazzitelli theory, which is more consistent with a recent determination of the effective temperature of the hot DBV GD 358. Contrary to previous results, we find that, according to the new theories for convection, non­ variable DB white dwarfs falling within the instability strip cannot be low-mass configurations. In order to compare with previous computations, we include in our calculations the most common parametrizations of the mixing-length theory usually employed in almost all previous white dwarf studies. In this context, we find that the ML2 parametrization provides a reasonable agreement with the observed blue edge for the DB instability strip. However, the profile of the outer convective zone given by the mixing-length theory is markedly different from that given by both of the new convective formulations.
kinetic study Properties of small rRNA methyltransferase RsmD : Mutational and

Ribosomal RNA modification is accomplished by a variety of enzymes acting on all stages of ribosome assembly. Among rRNA methyltransferases of Escherichia coli, RsmD deserves special attention. Despite its minimalistic domain architecture, it is able to recognize a single target nucleotide G966 of the 16S rRNA. RsmD acts late in the assembly process and is able to modify a completely assembled 30S subunit. Here, we show that it possesses superior binding properties toward the unmodified 30S subunit but is unable to bind a 30S subunit modified at G966. RsmD is unusual in its ability to withstand multiple amino acid substitutions of the active site. Such efficiency of RsmD may be useful to complete the modification of a 30S subunit ahead of the 30S subunit’s involvement in translation.
Conflict actors in motion Refugees , rebels and ethnic groups

Although refugees are victims of conflict and forced to leave their homes, they can cause negative externalities in asylum states, such as a disturbed ethnic balance and the diffusion of rebel networks. In order to avoid further aggravations of humanitarian crises, it is crucial to understand and control these mechanisms. This dissertation analyzes the mechanisms of how refugees trigger conflict and thereby contributes to the knowledge of conflict diffusion. The existing conflict literature has found a statistically significant correlation between civil conflict diffusion and refugees, but it fails to explain how refugees influence conflict. In contrast to previous research, the new theoretical approach to refugee-related conflict introduced in this dissertation considers ethno-nationalist preferences of refugee flows and asylum countries. Both transnational ethnic groups and refugee movements have been identified as important actors contributing to civil conflict spread, but the systematic effect of the ethnicity of refugees has so far been ignored. Therefore, I introduce a new quantitative dataset on the ethnicity of refugees with global coverage. The three quantitative chapters of this dissertation analyze the direction of refugee movements, the relationship between refugees and the population in the receiving state and the relationship between refugees and insurgent groups. Finally, the quantitative findings are complemented with qualitative evidence from the Kosovo refugee crisis in 1999. In the first part of this dissertation, I theorize that the asylum destination of refugees is strongly determined by trans-border ethnic linkages. Building on qualitative research of migration that has found that migration movements follow well-defined trends, I assume that the direction of refugee movements is not random. I develop a theoretical model, which includes spatial, temporal and cultural pull factors, and conduct the first systematic examination of the flight direction of refugees. The results indicate that many ethnic refugee groups flee to nearby countries with ethnic kin populations and a history of accepting other co-ethnic refugees. Thus, subnational refugee characteristics, such as ethnicity, are essential to understanding the movement patterns of refugee flows. The second part investigates how the political power status of the local kin group affects the risk of conflict after a co-ethnic refugee influx. Ethnic kinship between refugees and the host population usually facilitates acceptance. However, qualitative studies have found that ethnic kin refugees can have a negative effect in multi-ethnic states, because they threaten ethnic stability. Further, we know very little about the systematic effect of ethnicity on security in refugee-receiving states. Therefore,
Melanoma Tumor Tissue by Impedance Spectroscopy on Undissociated Ex Vivo Direct Chemosensitivity Monitoring

Stage III/IV melanoma remains incurable in most cases due to chemotherapeutic resistance. Thus, predicting and monitoring chemotherapeutic responses in this setting offer great interest. To overcome limitations of existing assays in evaluating the chemosensitivity of dissociated tumor cells, we developed a label-freemonitoring system to directly analyze the chemosensitivity of undissociated tumor tissue. Using a preparation of tumor micro-fragments (TMF) established from melanoma biopsies, we characterized the tissue organization and biomarker expression by immunocytochemistry. Robust generation of TMF was established successfully and demonstrated on a broad range of primary melanoma tumors and tumor metastases. Organization and biomarker expression within the TMF were highly comparable with tumor tissue, in contrast to dissociated, cultivated tumor cells. Using isolated TMF, sensitivity to six clinically relevant chemotherapeutic drugs (dacarbazine, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, cisplatin, gemcitabine, and treosulfan) was determined by impedance spectroscopy in combination with a unique microcavity array technology we developed. In parallel, comparative analyses were performed on monolayer tumor cell cultures. Lastly, we determined the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents on TMF by impedance spectroscopy to obtain individual chemosensitivity patterns. Our results demonstrated nonpredictable differences in the reaction of tumor cells to chemotherapy in TMF by comparison with dissociated, cultivated tumor cells. Our direct impedimetric analysis of melanoma biopsies offers a direct ex vivo system to more reliably predict patient-specific chemosensitivity patterns and to monitor antitumor efficacy. Cancer Res; 74(22); 6408–18. 2014 AACR.
Active database systems

Active database systems support mechanisms that enable them to respond automatically to events that are taking place either inside or outside the database system itself. Considerable effort has been directed towards improving understanding of such systems in recent years, and many different proposals have been made and applications suggested. This high level of activity has not yielded a single agreed-upon standard approach to the integration of active functionality with conventional database systems, but has led to improved understanding of active behavior description languages, execution models, and architectures. This survey presents the fundamental characteristics of active database systems, describes a collection of representative systems within a common framework, considers the consequences for implementations of certain design decisions, and discusses tools for developing active applications.
A proposal for accessibility planning in NSW: research and policy issues

Accessibility planning is a framework and process to use accessibility indicators as a basis for transport planning. The structured approach assesses actual accessibility at different spatial levels against indicators to identify accessibility inequities, and then develops and implements plans to improve accessibility. In this context, accessibility refers to spatial access rather than physical access. Accessibility planning has been introduced in the UK as a mechanism for achieving social inclusion by addressing inequities in access to goods and services using indicators of access to jobs, education, health facilities and retail facilities by public transport. The paper outlines a proposal for implementing accessibility planning in NSW. The paper explains the concept and significance of accessibility planning and the current context for accessibility planning in NSW. It identifies research and policy issues which would need to be resolved to implement accessibility planning in NSW including relationship with existing targets, determining accessibility indicators and standards, community engagement, governance and institutional frameworks, and funding and implementation.
Isolation of Anaerobic Bacteria from the Peritoneal Fluid of Patient who has Unstrangulated Umbilical Hernia

Aim: In cases of ventral hernia, in the presence of complications such as strangulation, a variety of intestinal bacteria can penetrate to peritoneal fluid and can cause peritonitis. However, these infections are rare in unstrangulated hernia cases. In this case report, it is emphasized that anaerobic bacteria and other bacteria can be isolated from patients with unstrangulated umbilical hernia to be cause of peritonitis. Case report: The 94-year-old female patient with unstrangulated ventral hernia was operated on as an emergency. The liquid that has accumulated in the hernia sac was taken for Gram stain and culture. Five ml peritoneal fluid was inoculated in the BACTEC plus Anaerobic F (Becton Dickinson-Maryland, USA) bottle. In addition, the fluid sample was inoculated on blood agar and EMB (eosin methylene blue) agar medium for aerobic isolation, and was inoculated on Schaedler agar medium (Oxoid, Hampshire, United Kingdom) for anaerobic isolation, and they was incubated at 37°C. Isolated facultative anaerobic bacteria were identified by using conventional methods; anaerobic bacterium was identified by using conventional methods, the API 20 a panels and An-Ident Discs tests. In the microbiological examination by Gram stain, no microorganism was observed. E. coli and Enterococcus spp. were identified as facultative anaerobic bacteria, and B. fragilis as anaerobic bacterium. After surgery of the patient, ceftriaxone and metronidazole were ordered. According to the culture results, ciprofloxacin was replaced by ceftriaxone in the treatment and the patient was discharged by healing. Conclusion: In patients with unstrangulated ventral hernia, anaerobic bacteria and other bacteria may be cause of peritonitis due to penetration of intestinal flora to peritoneal fluid.
Tax mixes and the size of the welfare state: causal mechanisms and policy implications

This paper questions the argument that strong and early reliance on ‘regressive’ taxes (consumption and payroll taxes) made it politically easier to build and maintain a large welfare state. It develops an alternative perspective which differs in two respects. First, a crucial ‘advantage’ of regressive taxes is that they imply moderate capital taxation, but this can also be achieved within income tax. Second, the direction of causality moves largely from high revenue needs to strong reliance on at least one of the two major regressive taxes, rather than the other way round. The paper aims to show that this alternative argument provides a better explanation of quantitative data patterns as well as the cases of Denmark, New Zealand, South Korea and the United Kingdom. Policy implications are also discussed: policymakers have good reason to defend the progressivity and revenue-raising potential of the income tax, and in so doing may require greater European tax coordination.