Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
he role of wildlife-associated recreation in private land use and onservation : Providing the missing baseline uke

Successfully integrating human activities with ecosystem conservation forms the foundation of sustainability and is key to maintaining biological diversity. This is especially important in privately-owned lands in the U.S., which harbor high levels of biodiversity yet are often vulnerable to habitat degradation and loss. This study analyzes recreation as a sustainable use on private property, focusing on wildlifeassociated recreation, defined here as fishing, hunting and wildlife watching. Eighteen national surveys implemented by three U.S. government agencies spanning 1999–2013 were analyzed to provide baseline information and an assessment of the conservation impact of recreation. Results show that approximately 440.1 million acres of private land, ∼22% of the contiguous land area of the U.S., are either leased or owned for wildlife-associated recreation. Land utilized for hunting accounts for 81% of that total. Approximately 33% of private forestland, 18% of private grazing land and 4% of private cropland is used to earn revenue from recreational activities. Annual spending for wildlife-associated recreation on private land is estimated at $814 million in day-use fees, $1.48 billion for long-term leases, and $14.8 billion to own land primarily for recreation (2011 dollars). Hunters own or lease properties of larger size classes than anglers or wildlife-watchers, indicating that hunting may provide a greater economic incentive for maintaining large unfragmented properties that provide a variety of conservation benefits. On grazing and cropland, landowners who earn income from recreation are significantly more likely to participate in government conservation programs (p < 0.001) and to pay for private conservation practices (p = 0.08). This provides support that recreation incentivizes conservation at higher rates than agricultural activities alone. Three policy measures that could further enhance conservation benefits of recreation are discussed. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
HAEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES IN JUVENILE CATFISH ( Clarias gariepinus ) EXPOSED TO PULP AND PAPER MILL EFFLUENT UNDER FIELD CONDITION IN IMO RIVER OWERRINTA , ABIA STATE

Department of Agricultural Science, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education Owerri, Nigeria Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Nigeria The haematological changes in juvenile catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to paper mill effluent under field condition was investigated. The study was carried out in three different sample sites for four weeks, point A was the clean reference (which served as control), point B was the effluent-receiving site and point C was the downstream site. They were all replicated. Blood samples from caged fish exposed to the river were analyzed for over 15 variables. The physic-chemical parameters of the water, liver and spleen weight of the fish were also determined and examined. The findings from the physico-chemical parameters from the field study, negative of the log of hydrogen ion concentration(pH), dissolved oxygen(DO2), hardness, sulphate(SO4), chlorine(cl), phosphate(PO4), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), total dissolved solid (TDS), ferrous and copper showed significant difference from that of the control(Clean reference) (p<0.05), while zinc, lead and temperature showed no significant difference(p>0.05). The haematological and organosomatic index investigated revealed that fish exposed to effluent discharge site (point B) had lower haemoglobin count (Hb), red blood cell count(RBCC) , packed cell volume(PCV) and higher concentrations of mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration(MCHC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and white blood cell indicating that test fish suffered haemolytic anaemia and leucocytocis. Also the field experiment revealed that only spleensomatic index was highly significant (p<0.05) from fish exposed to effluent discharge point and the clean reference area, the hepatosomatic index was not significant (p>0.05). These results indicate a complex pattern of effluents of paper mill on the haematological functions. However, the myriad of treatments and site related effects have shown that this effluent poses a big risk on the haematological functions of catfish and physiochemical parameters of the river though few of the parameters fell within the normal ranges for fish culture and in determination of healthy fish . Key words;Haematological changes, Clarias gariepinus, paper mill effluent, field condition
Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Style in Middle Manager

This article investigates the relationship of emotional intelligence and leadership style in middle manager of media. To select sample size, 124 people (110males, 14 females) were chosen with randomly sampling method and completed the emotional intelligence scale, and MLQ scale, with 33 and 38 items respectively. Reliability of these questioners with Cornbrash Alfa method were (0.74) for emotional intelligence and (0.80) for leadership style. Then data analyzed with correlation and Stepwise regression. The results showed that there were significant relationships between self-motivation, empathy, social skills with Transformational leadership style. Relationship between self-awareness, self-regulation and empathy with Pragmatic style were significant too. The results of stepwise regression showed that Transformational-oriented style is explained by empathy; and Pragmatic style is explained by self-awareness and empathy.
The effects of housing systems and age of hens on the weight and cholesterol concentration of the egg

The effects of laying hen age and the housing of laying hens in conventional cages, enriched cages, litter system and outdoor system on egg weight and yolk and egg cholesterol concentration were studied. ISA brown laying hens were used in the experiment. The characteristics were measured at 39, 50, 59, 68 and 75 weeks of age. Fifteen eggs were always collected from each housing system. In total, 300 eggs were analyzed. There were not any significantly different results in the eggs from the hens living in the different housing systems or from the age of laying hens on the weight of eggs. But the housing system and the age of hens had a significant (P ≤ 0.01) effect on both yolk and egg cholesterol concentration. The concentration of yolk and egg cholesterol was the lowest (P ≤ 0.01) in the enriched cages (12.5 mg/g yolk and 211.2 mg/egg) and the highest in the litter technology (14.1 mg/g yolk and 242.6 mg/egg). Further, there was a significant (P ≤ 0.01) influence of the interaction between the housing system and the age of hens on egg weight and on yolk and egg cholesterol concentration.
Validation of Finite Element Modeling for Wide and Shallow Reinforced Concrete Beams

: This paper aims to validatean ABAQUS finite element model for analysis of wide and shallow reinforced concrete beams. The validation has been achieved through comparison of load deflection curves of the finite element model with those obtained from experimental works of another researcher. After reviewing of related literature,and the experimental work, the finite element model has been prepared in a step-by-step approach. Comparison between load-deflection curves obtained from finite element model with those of experimental works indicates good agreement such that the proposed model can be adopted in future for further studies.
Potential of oral vaccination against classical swine fever in backyard pigs in Thailand and Laos PDR.

Research Group for Preventive Technology in Livestock and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, 40002; Division of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Livestock and Fishery, Faculty of Agriculture, Nabong Campus, National University of Laos (NUOL), Vientiane, Lao PDR, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Lao PDR; Nong Khai Province Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Thailand; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany *Corresponding author: sarthorn@kku.ac. th
Expression and role of osteopontin in ossification of ligmentum flavum

Ossification of ligamentum flavum is an ectopic ossification in the spinal ligament, which may lead to severe myelopathy. However, the exact pathogenesis has not been elucidated. Osteopontin (OPN), overexpressed in the ossified sites of different ossification diseases, is an essential protein mediating cell attachment during bone remodeling. The purpose of this study is to clarify the role and mechanism of OPN expression in ligamentum flavum cell (LFC) isolated from patient with normal ligamentum flavum (NLF) and patient with ossification of ligamentum flavum (OLF). The expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is assessed by reverse transcriptase-PCR and Western blotting, while activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) ERK1/2, p38 and JNK are detected by Western blotting. The results show that OPN expression is higher in ossified human ligamentum flavum, and OPN treatment promotes the cell proliferation both in NLF-LFC and OLF-LFC. In OLF group, the expression level of ALP is dose-dependently increased by OPN treatment, which had no significant change in NLF group. MAPK pathway contributes importantly to OPN-induced mineralization, as revealed by the activation of p38, but not JNK or ERK1/2. By using SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, to pharmacologically inhibit this activation, which causes significantly lower ALP expression. Taken together, this study shows a possibility that OPN plays an important role in ossification of ligmentum flavum.
Family of Origin Supervision in the Workplace: Impacts on Therapist and Team Functioning

The Adolescent and Family Unit at Redbank House carried out a trial of Bowen's Family of Origin Coaching that has prompted us to comment on the usefulness of this approach as a component of clinical supervision. This article will describe how this trial came about, the process adaptations required to make it possible and how some of the ethical dilemmas raised by this approach were addressed. Personal reflections from the team members will be shared, and our observations in terms of impact of this form of supervision on clinical functioning, team cohesion and service provision will then be discussed. In essence, we aim to provide an anecdotal account of our experience and ask the question, 'Is supervision that focuses on the therapist's individual functioning as a product of their intergenerational patterns a valid use of resources in a clinical setting? '
The limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing: looking to the future

ABSTRACT In a companion piece (Fisher, Keene, Huskey, & Weber, 2018), we reviewed the foundations and current state of the Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing (LC4MP). In this manuscript we return to the three areas investigated in our review: cognitive load, motivation, and memory. In each domain, we: (a) outline areas in which the LC4MP has produced unexpected or ambiguous findings; (b) look broadly at literature from biology, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience to inform and clarify definitions of key terms; (c) develop an updated, cohesive framework of assumptions and predictions of the LC4MP; and (d) propose a roadmap for testing the proposed framework. We conclude with a discussion of the LC4MP's continued relevance for understanding dynamic, interactive, multimodal communication phenomena.
The Shadow of Death: An Empirical Analysis of the Pre-Exit Performance of Young German Firms

This paper makes an empirical contribution to the confirmation of the stylized fact that the performance of firms deteriorates in the years before exit. For this reason it is evaluated whether market exits differ significantly in their employment development in the years before market drop-out compared to surviving firms that have been selected using a non-parametric matching approach. The comparison of the employment growth rates among both groups reveals that the matched surviving firms experience higher growth rates compared to their exiting counterparts up to three years before market exit. Moreover, differences exist between Eastern and Western Germany due to various reasons.
Associations Between Body Mass Index and Musculoskeletal Pain and Related Symptoms in Different Body Regions Among Workers

Obesity rates are high among employed adults and have shown a consistent increase over the past few decades. Musculoskeletal disorders related to work are a major cause of disability in working individuals. The objective of this study was to verify the associations between weight status and musculoskeletal pain and related symptoms in different body regions among workers. The sample comprised 203 factory workers. Anthropometric measures were assessed with standardized protocols and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Participants were classified as nonoverweight (BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/m2) or overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). Musculoskeletal pain and related symptoms was assessed with the Nordic Questionnaire of Osteoarticular Symptoms. The association of BMI and musculoskeletal pain and related symptoms was analyzed with logistic regression. Overweight/obese participants were more likely to have musculoskeletal pain and related symptoms in the shoulders (odds ratio [OR] = 2.129, p = .023). Our results emphasize the need of worksite interventions to promote healthy weight as a way to prevent musculoskeletal pain and related symptoms.
Is it is or is it Ain't my Obligation? Regional Debt in Argentina ∗

This paper studies the implications of the circulation of small denomination, interest bearing regional debt, such as the Patacones issued by a regional government in Argentina. The question is whether the circulation of this debt, particularly given its small denomination, has the same monetary implications as the printing of money by a regional government. Or are the obligations of this debt simply backed by future taxation with no inflationary consequences? We argue here that both interpretations can arise in equilibrium. In the model economy we consider there are multiple equilibria which reflect the perceptions of agents regarding the manner in which the debt obligations will be met. In one equilibrium, termed Ricardian, the future obligations are met with taxation by a regional government while in the other, termed Monetization, the central bank is induced to print money to finance the region’s obligations. The multiplicity of equilibria reflects a commitment problem of the central bank. A key indicator of the selected equilibrium is the distribution of the holdings of the regional debt.
Retrovirus infections and Brazilian wild felids

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are two retroviruses that are deadly to the domestic cat (Felis catus) and important to the conservation of the threatened wild felids worldwide. Differences in the frequencies of occurrence and the existence of varying related viruses among felid species have incited the search for understanding the relationships among hosts and viruses into individual and population levels. Felids infected can die of related diseases or cope with the infection but not show pathognomonic or overt clinical signs. As the home range for eight species of neotropic felids and the home to hundreds of felids in captivity, Brazil has the challenge of improving its diagnostic capacity for feline retroviruses and initiating long term studies as part of a monitoring program.
Has the Golden Rule of Public Finance Made a Difference in the UK?

This paper uses the SVAR methodology to investigate the effects of public investment on growth, and more specifically, the effects of the introduction of a golden rule of public finance. We extend the existing literature by estimating a model of the British economy that takes into account long run factors such as public debt accumulation. We find that in such a long run framework, public investment has a significant and permanently positive effect on GDP growth; this result runs counter to the most recent literature on the topic that was limited to a short run specification. We further find, by comparing different subsamples, that the introduction of the golden rule in 1997 strengthened the positive effect of public investment.
The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey XVI: a cluster inventory ⋆

Herschel far-infrared (FIR) observations are used to construct Virgo cluster galaxy luminosity functions and to show that the cluster lacks the very bright and the numerous faint sources detected in field galaxy surveys. The FIR spectral energy distributions are fitted to obtain dust masses and temperatures and the dust mass function. The cluster is overdense in dust by about a factor of 100 compared to the field. The same emissivity (β)–temperature relation applies for different galaxies as that found for different regions of M31. We use optical and H I data to show that Virgo is overdense in stars and atomic gas by about a factor of 100 and 20, respectively. Metallicity values are used to measure the mass of metals in the gas phase. The mean metallicity is ∼0.7 solar, and ∼50 per cent of the metals are in the dust. For the cluster as a whole, the mass density of stars in galaxies is eight times that of the gas and the gas mass density is 130 times that of the metals. We use our data to consider the chemical evolution of the individual galaxies, inferring that the measured variations in the effective yield are due to galaxies having different ages, being affected to varying degrees by gas loss. Four galaxy scaling relations are considered: mass–metallicity, mass–velocity, mass–star formation rate and mass–radius – we suggest that initial galaxy mass is the prime driver of a galaxy’s ultimate destiny. Finally, we use X-ray observations and galaxy dynamics to assess the dark and baryonic matter content compared to the cosmological model.
A Near-extinction Event in Lynx: Do Microsatellite Data Tell the Tale?

Fluctuations in population size can have a profound impact on effective population size and the maintenance of genetic variation within a population. A number of tests based on microsatellite data have been developed for the detection of bottleneck events in a population's past. In this paper, we search for signs of a bottleneck in microsatellite data on the Scandinavian lynx (Lynx lynx) population. This population was hunted to the brink of extinction, with fewer than 100 animals (one estimate was as low as 30 individuals) remaining in the late 1920s. Protection allowed recovery of the population, which currently numbers about 2000 adults. Despite this pronounced demographic bottleneck (more than 95% of the population was killed), we could find no conclusive genetic evidence of a bottleneck using four of the recently developed tests for detecting such events.
PATIENT DOSES FROM X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY EXAMINATIONS BY A SINGLE-ARRAY DETECTOR UNIT: AXIAL VERSUS SPIRAL MODE

Background: X-ray computed tomography (CT) examinations deliver a significant amount of radiation doses to patients comparing to conventional radiography examinations. The objective of the current study was to analyze and investigate the average patient received dose from axial and spiral CT exams in a medical imaging center. Material and Methods: In this study, the patient imaging technique, weight and height were recorded. The patients’ doses provided by CT unit in terms of CTDIw were also recorded. Then, other dosimetric quantities including dose-length product (DLP) and effective dose were calculated for each patient using the recorded data. The average values were obtained for all the studied dosimetric quantities. Also, their distribution in terms of examined regions and imaging mode; ie, axial and spiral CT were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: For all patients, the mean effective dose of 4.4 mGy with the standard deviation of 9.2 was found. The CTDIw for axial group was two times higher than spiral ones. Conversely, the effective dose of axial group was less than spiral group. Additionally, the effective doses of 2.3 and 5.2 mSv were found for axial and spiral, receptively. For both quantities of CTDIw and effective dose, the observed difference between axial and spiral modes were significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: Our results showed that although the patient doses in the current study was comparable with the reported values by similar studies in other countries, it was higher than the reported values of a similar study in Iran. Exposure technique’s optimaization and further review in routine CT examinations were recommended. Iran. �J.�Radiat. �Res.,�2012;�10(2):�� 89‐94
Improving Sugarcane Bagasse as Animal Feed by Ammoniation and Followed by Fermentation with Trichoderma harzianum (In Vitro Study)

Sugarcane bagasse is one of agro-industrial residues containing low nutrient content and difficult to be digested by animals. However, it can be recycled to produce value-added product such as protein-enriched animal feed by application feed technology such as ammoniation and fermentation. The purposes of these experiments were to evaluate the quality and in vitro digestibility of sugarcane bagasse by using two steps feed technology process: ammoniation and continued by fermentation process. Two studies were conducted in these experiments. The first study was to determine the quality of amoniated sugarcane bagasse after incubation at room temperature at different days (0, 7, 14, 21, 28 days) and the second study was to determine in vitro degestibility of ammoniated sugarcane bagasse fermented by using the various levels of sago flour (0%, 5%, 10% and 15% from sample total) and kept at room temperature for 21 day in an-aerobic condition. Parameters measured in this study were DM, CP, CF, pH, OM, IVDMD (in vitro dry matter digestibility), IVOMD (in vitro organic matter digestibility). The model used for the statistical analysis was completely randomized design (CRD). The results of the first study indicated that length of incubation was not significantly affect (P>0.05) on crude fiber content but had significant effect (P<0.05) on crude protein content but only for control treatment. For the second study concluded that administration of the various levels of sago flour into ammoniated sugarcane bagasse fermented with T.harzianum significantly influenced (P<0.05) on OM, IVDMD and IVOMD but had not significantly effect on pH value. The results of the study indicated that application 10% of soluble carbohydrate from sago flour was recommended for fermentation process based on the results of in vitro and fermented feed quality studies.
Iron Carbide and its Influence on the Formation of Protective Iron Carbonate in CO 2 Corrosion of Mild Steel

The present research studied the role porous iron carbide layers (Fe3C) on the formation of protective iron carbonate (FeCO3). Two mild steels with similar carbon content and different microstructure were chosen. API 5L X65 and UNS G10180 steels with tempered martensite and ferrite pearlite microstructures, respectively, were exposed to a 3 wt. % NaCl-CO2 saturated solution at pH 6 and 80°C in laminar flow. The corrosion behavior was monitored by linear polarization resistance (LPR) during long term experiments. Electrochemical measurements were supported by surface analytical techniques (Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)). A porous Fe3C layer was observed for both steels during the first days of exposure, although morphology was different due to the steel microstructure. With time, the iron carbide layers observed for both steels acted as a diffusion barrier for ferrous and carbonate ions, resulting in a high surface pH, so that when the solubility limit of FeCO3 was exceeded, a protective FeCO3 scale formed within the porous layer regardless of the steel microstructure.