Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE CHAIN LADDER AND TWEEDIE DISTRIBUTED CLAIMS DATA

The paper considers a model with multiplicative accident period and development period effects, and derives the ML equations for parameter estimation in the case that the distribution of each cell of the claims triangle is a general member of the Tweedie family. Thisyields someknownspecial cases, e.g., over-dispersed Poisson (ODP) distribution (Tweedie parameter p= 1), for which the chain ladder algorithm is known to provide maximum likelihood (ML) parameter estimates, and gamma distribution (p= 2). The intermediate cases (1< p< 2) represent compound Poisson cell distributions with gamma severity distributions. While ML estimates are not chain ladder for Tweedie distributions other than ODP, the paper investigates why they will be close to chain ladder under certain circumstances. It is also demonstrated that the ML estimates for the general Tweedie case can be obtained by application of the chain ladder algorithm to transformed data. This is illustrated numerically.
Chemical Composition and Functional Properties from Different Sources of Dietary Fiber

Dietary fiber (DF) is considered as an important element in nutrition and health. By this reason, there is need for identify new sources of DF that contributes to improving human health and nutrition and /or animal. Different new DF sources were evaluated such as sotol pineapple (SP), green beans (GB), some agro-residues derived from sotol production (SW), red (RPPH) and green prickly (GPPH) pear husk, wheat bran (WB) and corn flour. These last two used as control. SW was rich in DF (77%), while corn (26.56%) and RPPH (14.03%) presented the lowest DF content in dry base. SW, GB and GPPH presented high content of minerals as potassium, calcium and iron. The water holding capacity of the materials was 9.84 mL/g for GB and around 7 ml/g for GPPH/RPPH. The material with high oil holding capacity was SW (3.32 mL/g). The best emulsifying ability and stability were observed in SP (80 and 94.6%), SW (81.6 and 90%) and GPPH (68.3 and 95%) respectively. All these results indicated that some that these materials have potential to be utilized as functional ingredients in foods.
Comparison of native and invasive Rhododendron ponticum populations: Growth, reproduction and morpho

Summary The objective of this paper is to identify the factors that promote the invasiveness of Rhododendron ponticum L. by the means of comparative field observations. Rhododendron ponticum (Ericaceae) is an evergreen shrub with a natural distribution in the Mediterranean and Black Sea area and was introduced to the British Isles in 1763. Thenceforward, the species has been considered as a major threat to natural ecosystems there. We compared native and invasive populations of Rhododendron ponticum with respect to trait patterns that are associated with invasiveness. Six populations each in the natural part of its range, in Georgia (Caucasus) and Spain as well as six invasive ones in Ireland were examined with regard to biometrical, morphological and ecological characteristics. Invasive Irish populations differed from non-invasive ones mainly in growth patterns and showed much higher rates of annual shoot growth in the field and higher rates of seedling recruitment. In contrast, native Spanish populations were discriminated by their shape and age; whereas native Georgian rhododendron, above all, showed distinctive leaf characteristics. In general, the relationship between Irish and Spanish populations was closer than to the Georgian ones. Our results suggest that both genotype and environment account for the trait pattern found in Irish populations. Differences in genetically fixed traits had a greater effect in morphological differences to Georgian provenances. In contrast, the invasive Irish rhododendron were favoured by a more benign environment than the Spanish populations.
Physical Characteristics of Raw Leathers in Texel and Charollais Ram Lambs

FANTOVA MILENA, PTACEK MARTIN, MICHNOVA KLARA, DUCHACEK JAROMIR, NOHEJLOVA LENKA, BERAN JAN. 2015. Physical Characteristics of Raw Leathers in Texel and Charollais Ram Lambs. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 63(5): 1465– 1470. The objective of work was to evaluate eff ect of breed on basic physical characteristics of sheep leather. A total of 12 leathers of purebred Texel (n = 6) and Charollais (n = 6) lambs were included in the trial. The basic indicators of the physical analysis of leather quality: leather thickness (LT, mm), tensile strength endwise (TSE, N/mm2) and across (TSA; N/mm2) as well as maximal elongation endwise (MEE; %) and across (MEA; %) were assessed. The statistical analysis was performed by SAS 9.3 (SAS/STAT® 9.3., 2011) with the used MIXED procedure. All the physical parameters were higher in Charollais breed compared to Texel, except of MEA. More specifi cally LT and TSE were nonsignifi catnly higher +0.03 mm and +3.03 N/mm2 in Charollais breed. Statistically signifi cantly higher diff erence TSA and MEE (+3.31 N/mm2; P 0.05) in Charollais breed.
A 158 μm [C ii] LINE SURVEY OF GALAXIES AT z ∼ 1–2: AN INDICATOR OF STAR FORMATION IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE

We have detected the 158 μm [C ii] line from 12 galaxies at z ∼ 1–2. This is the first survey of this important star formation tracer at redshifts covering the epoch of maximum star formation in the universe and quadruples the number of reported high-z [C ii] detections. The line is very luminous, between <0.024% and 0.65% of the far-infrared (FIR) continuum luminosity of our sources, and arises from photodissociation regions on molecular cloud surfaces. An exception is PKS 0215+015, where half of the [C ii] emission could arise from X-ray-dominated regions near the central active galactic nucleus (AGN). The L[C ii]/LFIR ratio in our star formation-dominated systems is ∼8 times larger than that of our AGN-dominated systems. Therefore this ratio selects for star formation-dominated systems. Furthermore, the L[C ii]/LFIR and L[C ii]/L(CO(1–0)) ratios in our star-forming galaxies and nearby starburst galaxies are the same, so that luminous star-forming galaxies at earlier epochs (z ∼ 1–2) appear to be scaled-up versions of local starbursts entailing kiloparsec-scale starbursts. Most of the FIR and [C ii] radiation from our AGN-dominated sample (excepting PKS 0215+015) also arises from kiloparsec-scale star formation, but with far-UV radiation fields ∼8 times more intense than in our star formation-dominated sample. We speculate that the onset of AGN activity stimulates large-scale star formation activity within AGN-dominated systems. This idea is supported by the relatively strong [O iii] line emission, indicating very young stars, that was recently observed in high-z composite AGN/starburst systems. Our results confirm the utility of the [C ii] line, and in particular, the L[C ii]/L(FIR) and L[C ii]/LCO(1–0) ratios as tracers of star formation in galaxies at high redshifts.
The influence of the yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcement on the bending capacity of beams reinforced with CFRP strips

Effective application of FRP laminates to concrete is possible only with proper understanding of physical phenomena accompanying of failure mechanisms. The most probable failure mode of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded FRP systems is an intermediate crack-induced debonding. Better knowleddge of this failure mode will lead to more accurate designing that have important influence on safety and cost. This paper describes laboratory test on flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete elements with CFRP strips attached to the tensile soffit of the beams. Four RC beams were made of concrete with low strength of about 20 MPa with longitudinal reinforcement made with different types of steel and tested to failure in four-point flexure. Theoretical yield strength of steel reinforcement varied from 350 MPa to 1860MPa but the reinforcement ratio remained almost constant at about 0.75%. All the beams had shear ratio about 3 and the same transverse reinforcement. All the beam failed due the intermediate crack-induced debonding or concrete crushing. At the failure, different strains and tensile stress were reached depending on the steel properties used as the longitudinal reinforcement. It was concluded that the important influence on the level of the FRP strips’ strain at collapse have the yield strength of applied reinforcement. With the increase of the yield strength of steel raised ultimate force and the strain in the tape at the delamination. For high strength steels damage occurred as a result of crushing concrete and thus delamination of the strip.
A construction of pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms

We describe a generalization of Thurston's original construction of pseudo-Anosov maps on a surface F of negative Euler characteristic. In fact, we construct whole semigroups of pseudo-Anosov maps by taking appropriate compositions of Dehn twists along certain families of curves; our arguments furthermore apply to give examples of pseudo-Anosov maps on nonorientable surfaces. For each self-map f: F -* F arising from our recipe, we construct an invariant "bigon track" (a slight generalization of train track) whose incidence matrix is Perron-Frobenius. Standard arguments produce a projective measured foliation invariant by f. To finally prove that f is pseudo-Anosov, we directly produce a transverse invariant projective measured foliation using tangential measures on bigon tracks. As a consequence of our argument, we derive a simple criterion for a surface automorphism to be pseudo-Anosov. Introduction. A homeomorphism p of a surface F is said to be pseudo-Anoosov if no iterate of p fixes any essential nonboundaryor puncture-parallel free homotopy class of simple curves in F. Examples of these homeomorphisms date back to the work of Nielsen (see [N and Gi]), but a systematic study of these maps was not undertaken until the work of Thurston [T1]. Anosov [A] studied maps of the torus which preserve two foliations of the torus by lines of irrational slope, and pseudo-Anosov maps on F similarly preserve a pair of foliations (with singularities). Pseudo-Anosov maps are by no means special; indeed, the monodromy of any nontorus fibred knot which is not a satellite is pseudo-Anosov [T4]. (Note that being pseudo-Anosov is a conjugacy invariant.) Moreover, these maps play an important role in the geometrization of three-manifolds; indeed, a mapping torus has hyperbolic structure if and only if the monodromy is pseudo-Anosov [T4]. In the original preprint [T1], there is described a construction of pseudo-Anosov maps which we will recall later. In this paper, we generalize Thurston's construction and give a recipe for constructing whole semigroups of pseudo-Anosov maps, many of which do not arise from Thurston's construction. Our recipe is also applicable to nonorientable surfaces, and we give examples of pseudo-Anosov maps in this setting. (In [T3], Thurston proved the existence of such, and [AY] gave the first explicit examples.) This paper is organized as follows. In ? 1, we review the basic terminology and results on train tracks in surfaces and indicate the connection between measured train tracks and measured foliations. 2 is devoted to tangential measure on bigon Received by the editors March 7, 1986 and, in revised form, June 17, 1987. 1980 Mathematics Subject (Cassification (1985 Revision). Primary 57N06, 57N50.
Toward a comprehensive description of microbial processes through mechanistic and intelligent approaches

Microbial processes functioning in bioreactors under realistic conditions are subject to incomplete dispersion and the presence of noise from the environment and within the cells. These factors complicate the development of good quantitative descriptions of microbial reactors. Most analyses have therefore focused on either the intra-cellular or the extra-cellular processes, ignoring or simplifying the other facet. The resulting models are thus useful only for the intended purposes and in limited domains, but they do not include a comprehensive description of all features. These models have employed one or more of three main approaches to develop quantitative descriptions – mechanistic, cellular intelligence (or cybernetic), and artificial intelligence. Models using judicious combinations of two or more methods have wider and more versatile applicability. However, no model has accommodated both intra-cellular and extra-cellular noise in a macroscopic description of a nonideal bioreactor. Based on a review of recent studies, such a conceptual model is presented here. It combines all three approaches in a flexible design. Key words: Microbial processes, dispersion, noise, modeling approaches, comprehensive description.
Modelling late 20th-century precipitation in Nordenskiold Land, Svalbard, by geomorphic means

Distribution of precipitation in mountain areas is a complex problem and the subject of long-standing debate and controversy compounded by the paucity of high-altitude meteorological stations. This lack of knowledge is pronounced for the Arctic, where predictions of future climate suggest an amplified future response to various climatic forcing mechanisms. Against this background, knowledge on the late 20th-century precipitation in the Svalbard region is of specific interest because the major transport pathway of water vapour into the Arctic Basin is across the Svalbard region. In order to understand ongoing changes of geomorphic and glaciological activity on Svalbard, a mapping/modelling of the late 20th-century precipitation in central Spitsbergen is attempted. Existing meteorological observations and knowledge on the altitude of the approximate late 20th-century equilibrium line on glaciers within the study area are used. The modelling is a first approach only, and should subsequently be tested through field measurements at selected key sites within the study area.
Neuroligin tuning of pharyngeal pumping reveals extrapharyngeal modulation of feeding in Caenorhabditis elegans

ABSTRACT The integration of distinct sensory modalities is essential for behavioural decision making. In Caenorhabditis elegans, this process is coordinated by neural circuits that integrate sensory cues from the environment to generate an appropriate behaviour at the appropriate output muscles. Food is a multimodal cue that impacts the microcircuits to modulate feeding and foraging drivers at the level of the pharyngeal and body wall muscle, respectively. When food triggers an upregulation in pharyngeal pumping, it allows the effective ingestion of food. Here, we show that a C. elegans mutant in the single gene orthologous to human neuroligins, nlg-1, is defective in food-induced pumping. This was not due to an inability to sense food, as nlg-1 mutants were not defective in chemotaxis towards bacteria. In addition, we found that neuroligin is widely expressed in the nervous system, including AIY, ADE, ALA, URX and HSN neurons. Interestingly, despite the deficit in pharyngeal pumping, neuroligin was not expressed within the pharyngeal neuromuscular network, which suggests an extrapharyngeal regulation of this circuit. We resolved electrophysiologically the neuroligin contribution to the pharyngeal circuit by mimicking food-dependent pumping and found that the nlg-1 phenotype is similar to mutants impaired in GABAergic and/or glutamatergic signalling. We suggest that neuroligin organizes extrapharyngeal circuits that regulate the pharynx. These observations based on the molecular and cellular determinants of feeding are consistent with the emerging role of neuroligin in discretely impacting functional circuits underpinning complex behaviours. Summary: The integration of distinct sensory modalities is essential for behavioural decision making. In C. elegans neuroligin organizes extrapharyngeal microcircuits to modulate the food trigger response.
Analysis of smoking behavior on the pharmacokinetics of antidepressants and antipsychotics: evidence for the role of alternative pathways apart from CYP1A2

Smoking is common among psychiatric patients and has been shown to accelerate the metabolism of different drugs. We aimed to determine the effect of smoking on the serum concentrations of psychopharmacological drugs in a naturalistic clinical setting. Dose-corrected, steady-state serum concentrations of individual patients were analyzed retrospectively by linear regression including age, sex, and smoking for amitriptyline (n=503), doxepin (n=198), mirtazapine (n=572), venlafaxine (n=534), clozapine (n=106), quetiapine (n=182), and risperidone (n=136). Serum levels of amitriptyline (P=0.038), clozapine (P=0.02), and mirtazapine (P=0.002) were significantly lower in smokers compared with nonsmokers after correction for age and sex. In addition, the ratios of nortriptyline/amitriptyline (P=0.001) and nordoxepin/doxepin (P=0.014) were significantly higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers. Smoking may not only induce CYP1A2, but may possibly also affect CYP2C19. Furthermore, CYP3A4, UGT1A3, and UGT1A4 might be induced by tobacco smoke. Hence, a different dosing strategy is required among smoking and nonsmoking patients. Nevertheless, the clinical relevance of the results remained unclear.
Analysis of genetic polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in a large ethnic Hakka population in southern China

Abstract Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) catalyzes conversion of methylene tetrahydrofolate to methylte trahydrofolate. MTHFR C677T polymorphism has been regarded as a risk factor for various vascular diseases. Our study aimed to investigate the distribution frequencies of this polymorphism among Hakka population living in southern China. We retrospectively recruited 5102 unrelated Chinese Hakka subjects. MTHFR C677T polymorphism was tested using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. A total of 2358 males and 2744 females (aged from 10 years to 101 years) were included in this study. In total, 2835 (55.63%) subjects were homozygous for the C allele (CC), 1939 (38.00%) subjects were heterozygous (CT), and 325 (6.37%) subjects were homozygous for the T allele (TT). The allelic frequency of mutant T was 25.37% with 325 individual homozygous for this defective allele resulting in a frequency of about 6.37% for the TT genotype. According to the study results, the overall frequency of MTHFR C677T genotypes did not differ significantly among the gender and age groups. Our study showed the prevalence of MTHFR C677T polymorphism in a large ethnic Hakka population living in southern China. It would be important implications for the primary prevention of various vascular diseases.
Total Colour Management in Textiles

Part 1 Measuring colour: Colour perception Colour description/specification systems Instrumental colour measurement Colour quality evaluation A practical guide to visual evaluation of textile samples. Part 2 Managing colour: Colour simulation of textiles Effective colour communication from mind to market Controlling colorant formulation Controlling digital colour printing on textiles Colour management across the supply chain Quality assurance management for coloured goods.
Subclinical psychosis in adult migrants and ethnic minorities: systematic review and meta-analysis

Background It is well established that migration and ethnic minority status are risk factors for psychotic disorders. Recent studies have aimed to determine if they are also associated with subclinical psychosis (psychotic-like experiences and schizotypal traits). Aims We aimed to determine to what extent migrant and ethnic minority groups are associated with higher risk of subclinical psychosis. Method We conducted a systematic review, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, and examined findings by ethnicity, migrant status, outcomes of subclinical psychosis and host country. A meta-analysis was carried out with robust variance estimation where possible, to handle statistically dependent effect size estimates. Results We included 28 studies (19 studies on psychotic-like experiences and 9 studies on schizotypal traits) and found that ethnicity, but not migrant status, was associated with current and lifetime psychotic-like experiences. In the narrative analysis, we observed the effect of psychosocial risk factors on this association: Black ethnicity groups showed consistent increased prevalence of current and lifetime psychotic-like experiences compared with the reference population across countries. Conclusions More generalisable and standardised cohort studies of psychotic-like experiences and schizotypal traits in relation to migration/ethnicity are necessary to examine the effects of exposures and outcomes in different contexts, and to understand the underlying mechanisms of the association between subclinical psychosis and migrant and ethnic minority status. Declaration of interest None.
Recrystallisation behaviour of a fully austenitic Nb‐stabilised stainless steel

We have performed an in‐depth characterisation of the microstructure evolution of 20Cr‐25Ni Nb‐stabilised austenitic stainless steel during 1 h isochronal annealing up to 1100°C using scanning electron microscopy. This steel grade is used as cladding material in Advanced Gas‐cooled fission reactors, due to its resistance to thermal creep and oxidation. The initial deformed microstructure undergoes recrystallisation via a strain‐induced boundary migration mechanism, attaining a fully recrystallised microstructure at 850°C. A number of twins are observed in the vicinity of deformation bands prior to the start of recrystallisation. New Nb(C, N) particles form gradually in the microstructure, and the particle dispersion presents a maximum volume fraction of 2.7% at 930°C. At higher temperatures, the smaller particles become unstable and gradually dissolve in the matrix. Consequently, the Zener pinning pressure exerted on the grain boundaries is progressively released, triggering the growth of the austenite grains up to an average size of ∼47 μm at 1100°C. The observed temperature window for recrystallisation and grain growth can be predicted by a unified model based primarily on the migration of high‐ and low‐angle grain boundaries.
SwipeCut: Interactive Segmentation with Diversified Seed Proposals

Interactive image segmentation algorithms rely on the user to provide annotations as the guidance. When the task of interactive segmentation is performed on a small touchscreen device, the requirement of providing precise annotations could be cumbersome to the user. We design an efficient seed proposal method that actively proposes annotation seeds for the user to label. The user only needs to check which ones of the query seeds are inside the region of interest (ROI). We enforce the sparsity and diversity criteria on the selection of the query seeds. At each round of interaction the user is only presented with a small number of informative query seeds that are far apart from each other. As a result, we are able to derive a user friendly interaction mechanism for annotation on small touchscreen devices. The user merely has to swipe through on the ROI-relevant query seeds, which should be easy since those gestures are commonly used on a touchscreen. The performance of our algorithm is evaluated on six publicly available datasets. The evaluation results show that our algorithm achieves high segmentation accuracy, with short response time and less user feedback.