Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Communitarian versus Universalistic Norms

The celebration of communitarianism by political philosophers (Sandel 1982) has apparently been extended to strategic analyses of ascriptively attuned norms (Fearon and Laitin 1996)—an intriguing development, given game theory's individualistic premises. We believe, however, that game theory offers little comfort to prescriptive theories of communitarian rules: a hardheaded strategic analysis supports the Enlightenment view that such norms tend to be Pareto inefficient or distributionally unjust. This paper uses a specific criterion — supporting cooperation as a Nash equilibrium — to compare communitarian norms, which turn on people's ascriptive identities, to universalistic ones, which focus on people's actions. We show that universalistic rules are better at stabilizing cooperation in a broad class of circumstances. Moreover, communitarian norms hurt minorities the most, and the advantages of universalism become more pronounced the more ascriptively fragmented a society is or the smaller is the minority group.
17 O excess traces atmospheric nitrate in paleo-groundwater of the Saharan desert

Saharan paleo-groundwater from the Hasouna area of Libya contains up to 1.8 mM of nitrate, which exceeds the World Health Organization limit for drinking water, but the origin is still disputed. Herein we show that a positive 17 O excess in NO 3 − (Δ 17 O NO 3 = Δ 17 O NO 3 − 0.52 δ 18 O NO 3 ) is preserved in the paleo-groundwater. The 17 O excess provides an excellent tracer of atmospheric NO 3 − , which is caused by the interaction of ozone with NO x via photochemical reactions, coupled with a non-mass-dependent isotope fractionation. Our Δ 17 O NO 3 data from 0.4 to 5.0 ‰ ( n = 28) indicate that up to 20 mol % of total dissolved NO 3 - originated from the Earth's atmosphere ( x [NO 3 − ] atm ), where the remaining NO 3 − refers to microbially induced nitrification in soils. High Δ 17 O NO 3 values correspond to soils that are barren in dry periods, while low Δ 17 O NO 3 values correspond to more fertile soils. Coupled high Δ 17 O NO 3 and high x [NO 3 − ] atm values are caused by a sudden wash-out of accumulated disposition of atmospheric NO 3 − on plants, soil surfaces and in vadose zones within humid–wet cycles. The individual isotope and chemical composition of the Hasouna groundwater can be followed by a binary mixing approach using the lowest and highest mineralised groundwater as end members without considering evaporation. Using the δ 34 S SO 4 and δ 18 O SO 4 isotope signature of dissolved SO 4 2− , no indication is found for a superimposition by denitrification, e.g. involving pyrite minerals within the aquifers. It is suggested that dissolved SO 4 2− originates from the dissolution of CaSO 4 minerals during groundwater evolution.
Molecular TRPV 2 Is Activated by Cannabidiol and Mediates CGRP Release in Cultured Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons

Transient receptor potential V2 (TRPV2) has been proposed to be a high-threshold thermosensor. However, further elucidation of the channel properties and physiological role of TRPV2 have been hindered by the lack of selective pharmacological tools as well as by the species-dependent differences in the activation of this channel. In the present study, we have used cell-based calcium mobilization and electrophysiological assays to identify and characterize several novel cannabinoid TRPV2 agonists. Among these, cannabidiol was found to be the most robust and potent (EC50 3.7 M), followed by -tetrahydrocannabinol (EC50 14 M) and cannabinol (EC50 77.7 M). We also demonstrated that cannabidiol evoked a concentration-dependent release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in a cannabinoid receptorand TRPV1-independent manner. Moreover, the cannabidiolevoked CGRP release depended on extracellular calcium and was blocked by the nonselective TRP channel blocker, ruthenium red. We further provide evidence through the use of small interfering RNA knockdown and repetitive stimulation studies, to show that cannabidiol-evoked CGRP release is mediated, at least in part, by TRPV2. Together, these data suggest not only that TRPV2 may comprise a mechanism whereby cannabidiol exerts its clinically beneficial effects in vivo, but also that TRPV2 may constitute a viable, new drug target.
Probing protein conformation with a minimal photochemical reagent

3H‐diazirine (3H‐DZN), a photoreactive gas similar in size to water, was used to probe the topography of the surface and inner space of proteins. On photolysis 3H‐DZN generates 3H‐methylene carbene, which reacts unselectively with its molecular cage, inserting even into C‐H bonds. Labeling of bovine α‐lactalbumin (α‐LA, MW: 14,200) with 1 mM 3H‐DZN yielded 0.0041 mol CH2/mol of protein, in agreement with the expectation for an unspecific surface‐labeling phenomenon. The cooperative urea‐induced unfolding of α‐LA, as monitored by the extent of 3H‐methylene labeling, agrees with that measured by circular dichroism spectroscopy in the far and near ultraviolet regions. At 8 M urea, the unfolded state U was labeled 25–30% more than the native state N primarily because of the increase in the accessible surface area (ASA) of the protein occurring upon unfolding. However, this result lies below the ∼100% increment expected from theoretical estimates of ASA of state U. Among other factors, most likely the existence of a residual structure in U, that involves helices H2 and H4 of the α subdomain, might account for this fact, as shown by a comparative analysis of peptide labeling patterns of N and U samples. In this paper, we demonstrate the usefulness of the 3H‐methylene labeling method to monitor conformational transitions and map solvent accessibility along the polypeptide sequence, thus opening the possibility of outlining structural features of nonnative states (i.e., denatured states, molten globule). We anticipate that this technique also would help to identify ligand binding and oligomerization sites in proteins.
The changing pattern of Kaposi sarcoma in patients with HIV, 1994–2003

The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has radically changed the clinical course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The goals of the current study were to assess the change in the incidence of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) among European patients with HIV since the introduction of HAART and to identify the factors associated with the development of KS among patients receiving HAART.
Surgical outcome after docetaxel-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally-advanced gastric cancer.

AIM To investigate feasibility, morbidity and surgical mortality of a docetaxel-based chemotherapy regimen randomly administered before or after gastrectomy in patients suffering from locally-advanced resectable gastric cancer. METHODS Patients suffering from locally-advanced (T3-4 any N M0 or any T N1-3 M0) gastric carcinoma, staged with endoscopic ultrasound, bone scan, computed tomography, and laparoscopy, were assigned to receive four 21 d/cycles of TCF (docetaxel 75 mg/m(2) day 1, cisplatin 75 mg/m(2) day 1, and fluorouracil 300 mg/m(2) per day for days 1-14), either before (Arm A) or after (Arm B) gastrectomy. Operative morbidity, overall mortality, and severe adverse events were compared by intention-to-treat analysis. RESULTS From November 1999 to November 2005, 70 patients were treated. After preoperative TCF (Arm A), thirty-two (94%) resections were performed, 85% of which were R0. Pathological response was complete in 4 patients (11.7%), and partial in 18 (55%). No surgical mortality and 28.5% morbidity rate were observed, similar to those of immediate surgery arm (P = 0.86). Serious chemotherapy adverse events tended to be more frequent in arm B (23% vs 11%, P = 0.07), with a single death per arm. CONCLUSION Surgery following docetaxel-based chemotherapy was safe and with similar morbidity to immediate surgery in patients with locally-advanced resectable gastric carcinoma.
Thermal conductivity of Xe clathrate hydrate at low temperatures

The effective thermal conductivity of the powder samples of xenon hydrate was measured in the interval 2 – 170 K using the steady-state method. The thermal conductivity of the homogeneous Xe clathrate hydrate was estimated from the effective thermal conductivity using an empirical expression. The applicability of the formula was checked by comparing two powder samples with different grain size and porosity. The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity TT n of Xe clathrate hydrate is divided into four distinct temperature regimes I–IV with different n. In the interval 55– 97 K III the behavior of T shows an anomaly, where the thermal conductivity decreases by almost 50% as the temperature increases. This observation is attributed to the resonant scattering where the coupling of the lattice with “rattling” motions of Xe atom dominates the thermal resistivity at high temperature. Since the observed vibrational energy of Xe in the small cages is 4m eVor 46 K the resonant scattering contribution to the thermal resistivity is expected to decrease in an interval of comparable temperature. The thermal conductivity in the low temperature regime regimes I and II is found to follow the prediction of the soft-potential model. The data on thermal conductivities of several gas clathrate hydrates are compared.
Direct and indirect effects of contextual factors, caregiver depression, and parenting on attachment security in preschoolers

The aim of this study was to develop a multiple-level-of-analysis model of preschool attachment security and to determine the processes (direct and indirect) whereby factors from different domains (e.g., stress and parenting) are related to attachment during this period. This study examined the direct and indirect effects of stress, family conflict, caregiver depression symptoms, and parenting on attachment security in a large (N = 796) and diverse sample of 4-year-olds. This study used the 3-Boxes Task to assess aspects of parenting critical to sensitivity in the preschool period, labeling this construct sensitivity/scaffolding. Parent-report questionnaires were used to assess stress, conflict, caregiver depressive symptoms, parent support/engagement, and parent hostility/coercion. Direct observation (3-Boxes Task) was used to assess sensitivity/scaffolding and attachment (Attachment Q-Sort) based on a 2½–3 hour home visit. Results of structural equation modeling indicated a good overall fit for the model. Among the parenting variables, sensitivity/scaffolding had the strongest effect on attachment. Depressive symptoms had both direct and indirect effects (mediated by parenting). The effects of stress and family conflict were mediated by caregiver depression symptoms and parenting. These data show that a developmentally appropriate measure of sensitivity plays a significant role in attachment security in preschoolers. Thus, strategies designed to enhance sensitivity/scaffolding may increase child resilience by enhancing attachment security.
Possible correlations among viremia , genotypes and liver histology in HCV ( + ) hemodialysis patients HCV ( + ) hemodiyaliz hastalar ı nda

Results: ALT level was normal in 50 patients (68.5%), intermittently high in 18 patients (24.8%) and persistently high in 5 patients (6.8%). HCV RNA (57, 5 %) was positive in 42 of 73 patients. HCV genotype was determined in 29 patients. HCV genotype 1a was detected in three cases and HCV genotype 1b was detected in 26 patients. There was no difference between HCV RNA positive patients and HCV RNA negative ones with regard to age, gender, duration of dialysis, ALT and albumin levels. A liver biopsy was performed in 21 of 73 patients. It was found that histological features were not different between HCV RNA (+) and HCV RNA (-) patients. Moreover, HAI and fibrosis scores were found to be similar among patients with HCV genotype 1a, HCV genotype 1b and an undetermined genotype.
IgG SUBCLASS LEVELS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Abstract. Oxelius, V. (Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden). IgG subclass levels in infancy and childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 23, 1979. —The concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 were determined by electroimmunoassay in 10 pairs of maternal and cord sera and in sera of 162 healthy children, aged 6 weeks to 15 years. Specific rabbit antisera against the IgG subclasses were used. The content of the normal serum pool WHO 67/97 was used as reference. The mean value, standard deviation and normal range of each IgG subclass were calculated for each age group and compared with the adult values. All IgG subclasses were present in cord serum except for IgG4 in those cases where also the maternal serum lacked demonstrable IgG4. The IgG subclasses followed the pattern of total IgG with a fall during the first 3–6 months and a subsequent gradual rise with age. The IgG1 and IgG3 levels rose faster with age than IgG2 and IgG4. Adult levels were not reached before puberty. No IgG4 was detectable in 12–21% of the children above 7 years of age.
Microcin MccPDI reduces the prevalence of susceptible Escherichia coli in neonatal calves

Microcin MccPDI‐producing Escherichia coli have a fitness advantage in dairy calves. For this project, we determined whether MccPDI is responsible for the in vivo fitness advantage, which is a necessary condition before MccPDI strains can be considered viable candidates for inhibiting pathogenic serovars of E. coli.
User-perceived reliability of unrepairable shared protection systems with functionally identical units

In this article, we investigate the reliability of M-for-N (M:N) shared protection systems. We focus on the reliability that is perceived by an end user of one of N units. We assume that any failed unit is instantly replaced by one of the M units (if available). We describe the effectiveness of such a protection system in a quantitative manner under the condition that the failed units are not repairable. Mathematical analysis gives the closed-form solution of the reliability and mean time to failure (MTTF). We also analyse several numerical examples of the reliability and MTTF. This result can be applied, for example, to the analysis and design of an integrated circuit consisting of redundant backup components. In such a device, repairing a failed component is unrealistic. The analysis provides useful information for the design for general shared protection systems in which the failed units are not repaired.
Motor imagery and cortico-spinal excitability: A review

Abstract Motor imagery (MI) has received a lot of interest during the last decades as its chronic or acute use has demonstrated several effects on improving sport performances or skills. The development of neuroimagery techniques also helped further our understanding of the neural correlates underlying MI. While some authors showed that MI, motor execution and action observation activated similar motor cortical regions, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies brought great insights on the role of the primary motor cortex and on the activation of the cortico-spinal pathway during MI. After defining MI and describing the TMS technique, a short report of MI activities only at cortical level is provided. Then, a main focus on the specificities of cortico-spinal modulations during MI, investigated by TMS, is provided. Finally, a brief overview of sub-cortical mechanisms gives importance to the activation of peripheral neural structures during MI.
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF CROATIAN COMPANIES IN RELATION TO OWNERSHIP TYPE

In the light of corporate social responsibility, company success is determined not only by economic performance but also by social and environmental performance. Hence, the value based environmental management improves corporate environmental performance and enhances business excellence. Th e purpose of this paper is to examine the differences in environmental performance among companies of various type of ownership in Croatia (e. g. private ownership, state ownership, and foreign ownership), to compare the main obstacles in achieving better environmental performance of these companies, and to explore the infl uence of environmentally friendly products on important company characteristics.
A Multicenter, Randomized, Observer-blinded, Active-controlled Study Evaluating the Safety and Effectiveness of Ceftaroline Compared With Ceftriaxone Plus Vancomycin in Pediatric Patients With Complicated Community-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia

Background: The broad-spectrum cephalosporin ceftaroline, a metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil, has shown in vitro activity against clinical isolates from pediatric patients. Methods: This multicenter, randomized, observer-blinded, active-controlled study (NCT01669980) assessed the safety and effectiveness of ceftaroline fosamil compared with ceftriaxone plus vancomycin in patients between 2 months and 17 years of age with complicated community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Patients were randomized 3:1 (stratified by age cohort) to receive either ceftaroline fosamil or ceftriaxone plus vancomycin (comparator) as intravenous therapy for ≥3 days. Patients who met specific study criteria on or after Study Day 4 were permitted to switch to an oral study drug. Safety assessments were treatment-emergent adverse events, and the effectiveness of treatment was assessed by clinical and microbiologic outcomes. Results: The median duration of intravenous treatment was 9.0 (range, 3.0–19.0) days in the ceftaroline fosamil group (N=30) and 7.5 (5.0–13.0) days in the comparator group (N=10). At least one treatment-emergent adverse event was experienced by 12/30 patients (40%) in the ceftaroline fosamil group and 8/10 (80%) in the comparator group; most treatment-emergent adverse events in both groups were mild to moderate in intensity. Clinical response rates in the modified intent-to-treat population were 52% (15/29 patients) in the ceftaroline fosamil group and 67% in the comparator group (6/9); clinical stability at Study Day 4 was 21% (6/29) and 22% (2/9), respectively. Conclusions: Ceftaroline fosamil was well tolerated and showed similar clinical response rates to ceftriaxone plus vancomycin in pediatric patients with complicated community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.
Noise exposure, noise annoyance and their relation to psychological distress, accident and sickness absence among blue-collar workers--the Cordis Study.

This study examined the impact of chronic industrial noise exposure on psychological distress symptoms, accident involvement and sickness absence among male and female workers. It also examined whether workers expressing high noise annoyance were more adversely affected by it. Subjects were blue-collar workers, 1,680 males and 688 females, who participated in the Cordis Study. Noise exposure levels were: low [< 75 dB(A)], moderate [75-84 dB(A)], and high [> or = 85 dB(A)]. For males, noise exposure level affected job dissatisfaction and post-work irritability, while for females it also intensified somatic complaints, anxiety and depression. All the distress symptoms were higher for females. Further analysis showed that the significant increase of symptoms with noise exposure level was only for workers reporting high annoyance. Higher noise exposure levels were associated with increased accidents and sickness absence for both sexes. Noise-annoyed males had a significantly higher percentage of accidents when exposed to moderate noise levels and a marked increase in sick leave at high noise levels. Finally, the nonauditory effects studied here were already prevalent at moderate noise exposure levels, especially among noise-annoyed workers. This indicates the importance of reducing even moderately high levels of industrial noise not usually considered harmful to hearing.
Severe lack of comprehension of common prostate health terms among low‐income inner‐city men

Patients diagnosed with prostate cancer are often counseled about treatment options with the use of terms that are part of the “core vocabulary” of prostate cancer. It is hypothesized that predominantly lower literacy patients would demonstrate a severe lack of comprehension of prostate cancer terms, thus validating the findings of a previous single‐institution study.
An interactive perspective on the health beliefs & practices of rural elders.

1. In this study, major themes involving health were closely tied to an affective response of "feeling good" and cognitive appraisal of health status as "being able to function. " 2. Rural elderly who participated in the study reported engaging in at least one activity to maintain their health and tended to rely on their own appraisal and resources to manage health problems. 3. Half of the participants indicated a need for services such as blood pressure and diabetic screening, health education classes on diet, cholesterol reduction, hypertension and diabetes management, new therapies in health care, and life management counseling.
Age of acquisition's effect on memory for semantically associated word pairs

This experiment investigated the effects of age of acquisition (AoA) in memory for associated word pairs in a cued recall task. Participants studied a list of frequency-controlled early- and late-acquired words in semantically related pairs and then were asked to recall the second word of the pair when cued with the first. Reaction time effects were found, showing that a late-acquired cue for an early-acquired target word was responded to significantly faster than other combinations. Additionally, late-acquired target words resulted in significantly more accurate responses. As significant differences were found even when frequency was controlled, the effects must therefore stem from the manipulations of AoA. Given this evidence, the implications for AoA's effects on the organization of semantic memory are explored.
Treatment results, side effects and prognostic factors affecting survival in patients with larynx cancer Larinks kanserli hastalar›n tedavi sonuçlar›, yan etkileri ve sakal›m›n› etkileyen prognostik faktörler

Objective: Our aim was to determine the treatment results, side effects and the prognostic factors affecting survival in patients with larynx cancer treated in our clinic. Methods: Data of a total of 90 patients with larynx carcinoma were included in the study. The patients’ performance scores were evaluated according to the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) system. Results: Eighty-seven (97%) patients were male and three patients (3%) were female. The median age of the patients was 59 (37-86) years. Early-stage, locally advanced stage, and metastatic disease were detected in 43, 55, and 2% of the patients, respectively. Laryngeal cancers were observed in the glottic (53%), and supraglottic (47%) regions. Performance score (p=0.022), grade (p=0.033), lymph node metastasis (p=0.001), T stage (p=0.034) and disease stage (p=0.007) were significantly unfavourable in supraglottic cancers compared to glottic cancers. Recurrence was observed in 17% of the patients in a median 15 (range: 5-96) months. Distant metastasis was observed in 12% of the patients in a median 17 (range: 1-155) months. The factors affecting survival were the presence of comorbidities (p=0.032), performance status (p=0.022), hemoglobin level (p=0.003), T stage (p=0.006), disease stage (p=0.011), and weight loss (p=0.002). When RT- and CRT-associated side effects were compared, the incidence of adverse effects such as mucositis (p<0.001), nausea/vomiting (p<0.001), weight loss (p=0.005), neutropenia (p=0.001), and anemia (p=0.003) in patients under chemoradiotherapy was significantly higher than those associated with radiotherapy.