Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Safety and immunoenhancing effect of a Chlorella-derived dietary supplement in healthy adults undergoing influenza vaccination: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Enhancement of immune function has been claimed as a benefit of some natural health products, although few have been subjected to randomized clinical trials. We evaluated the effect of an oral dietary supplement derived from the edible microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa on immune response after influenza vaccination. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled community-based clinical trial in a convenience sample of 124 healthy adults at least 50 years of age randomly assigned to receive the study product (200 or 400 mg of a Chlorella-derived dietary supplement) or placebo. Participants took the study product or placebo once daily for 28 days. On day 21, we administered a single dose of a licensed trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. We obtained serum specimens to measure hemagglutination inhibition titres before and 7 and 21 days after vaccination. The primary immunological outcomes were the proportion of participants with a 4-fold or greater increase in antibodies and geometric mean antibody titres after vaccination; the proportion of participants reporting adverse events during therapy was the safety outcome. RESULTS A total of 117 (94%) participants completed all aspects of the study. There were no differences in the proportions of recipients of 200 or 400 mg of the Chlorella-derived dietary supplement or placebo who achieved at least a 4-fold increase in antibodies (proportions for the 3 virus strains ranged from 17.9% to 28.2% for the 200-mg group, from 11.1% to 22.2% for the 400-mg group and from 19.0% to 21.4% for the placebo group; p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Reports of adverse events were similar for recipients of the supplement and placebo, except with regard to fatigue, which was reported more frequently by recipients of 200 mg of the supplement (18/41 or 44%) than by those who received 400 mg of the supplement (8/40 or 20%; p = 0.032) or placebo (8/42 or 19%; p = 0.019). Recipients of 400 mg of the supplement who were 55 years of age or younger had significantly higher geometric mean antibody titres against influenza A/New Caledonia 21 days after vaccination (p = 0.047) and against B/Yamanashi 7 days after vaccination (p = 0.034); the trends were nonsignificant for titres against A/Panama. We also observed similar increases for the proportions of subjects with a 2-fold or greater or a 4-fold or greater increase in antibodies. INTERPRETATION The Chlorella-derived dietary supplement did not have any effect in increasing the antibody response to influenza vaccine in the overall study population, although there was an increase in antibody response among participants aged 50-55 years. Adverse events were similar among those receiving the supplement and the placebo. Further studies are warranted to explore the range of clinical effects resulting from ingestion of this dietary supplement.
Prevalence of mental disorders in adult population attending primary health care setting in Qatari population.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of common mental disorders in Qatari population attending primary health care settings and identify the people at high risk. METHODS A prospective cross sectional study was conducted from July 2009 to December 2009 at the primary health care centers of the Supreme Council of Health, State of Qatar. A total of 2080 Qatari subjects aged 18 to 65 years were approached and 1660 (79.8%) patients particiapted in this study. The study was based on a face to face interview with a designed diagnostic screening questionnaire which contained 79 questions on symptoms and signs of of various common mental disorders such as Anxiety disorder, Depression, Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Phobia, personality disorder, Bipolar disorder, Dementia, Schizophrenia, Alcohol abuse and other drug abuse. A standard forward-backward procedure was applied to translate the English version of the questionnaire to Arabic. Also, Socio-demographic charecteristics and medical history of patients were collected. The Diagnostic screening quetionnaire was reviewed and the final score, calculated which determined a provisional diagnosis. Physicians determined the definitive diagnosis by further checking and screening the symptoms. RESULTS Of the studied Qatari subjects, 46.2% were males and 53.8% were females. The overall prevalence of mental disorders was 36.6%. Depression (13.5%) was the most common mental disorder, followed by anxiety disorders (10.3%). Qatari women (55.6%, p=0.005) were significantly at higher risk for common mental disorders compared to men (44.4%). Regarding their relationaships with age, Depression (42.9%), anxiety disorder (43.3%), obsessive compulsive disorder (56.9%), phobia (62%), personality disorder (51.6%) and bipolar disorder (47.9%) were found to be most common in the young population aged 18 - 34 years. The highest prevalence of Dementia was seen in the population above 50 years (52.6%), but schizophrenia was prevalent in the age group 35 - 49 years (52.5%). CONCLUSION The study findings revealed that the almost one-quarter of all Qatari adults who attended the primary health care setting presented with atleast one type of mental disorder. The high risk groups were females, younger age and education. The highest prevalence of common mental disorders in Qatari population was depression and anxiety disorder.
Does Digital Ad Exposure Influence Information-Seeking Behavior Online? Evidence From the 2012 Tips From Former Smokers National Tobacco Prevention Campaign

Background Measuring the impact of online health campaigns is challenging. Ad click-through rates are traditionally used to measure campaign reach, but few Internet users ever click on ads. Alternatively, self-reported exposure to digital ads would be prone to recall bias. Furthermore, there may be latency effects whereby people do not click on ads when exposed but visit the promoted website or conduct campaign-related searches later. Online panels that unobtrusively collect panelists’ Web behavior data and link ad exposure to website visits and searches can more reliably assess the impact of digital ad exposure. From March to June 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention aired the national Tips From Former Smokers (Tips 2012) media campaign designed to encourage current smokers to quit. Advertisements ran across media channels, and the digital ads directed users to the Tips 2012 campaign website. Objective Our aim was to examine whether exposure to Tips 2012 digital ads influenced information-seeking behaviors online. Methods ComScore mined its panelists’ Web behavior data for unique codes that would indicate exposure to Tips 2012 ads, regardless of whether panelists clicked the ad or not. A total of 15,319 US adults were identified as having been exposed to a Tips 2012 campaign ad. An equal number of unexposed adults (N=15,319) were identified and matched on demographics and Internet use behavior to the exposed group. Panelists’ Web behavior data were mined for up to 4 weeks after initial Tips 2012 ad exposure to determine whether they visited the Tips 2012 campaign website or other cessation-related websites (eg, nicotine replacement therapy site) or conducted searches for campaign-related topics (eg, quit smoking). Results The proportion of exposed adults visiting the Tips 2012 sites increased from 0.4% in Week 1 to 0.9% 4 weeks after ad exposure, and these rates were significantly higher than in the unexposed group (0.1% in Week 1 to 0.4% in Week 4, P<.001) across all weeks examined. The proportion of exposed panelists visiting other cessation websites increased from 0.2% in Week 1 to 0.3% 4 weeks after initial ad exposure, and these rates were significantly higher than in the unexposed group (0.0% in Week 1 to 0.2% in Week 4, P=.001 to P=.019) across all weeks examined. There were no significant differences in searches for campaign-related topics between the exposed and unexposed group during most of the weeks examined. Conclusions These results suggest that online ad exposure is associated with confirmed visits to the Tips 2012 campaign sites and visits to other cessation websites and that these information-seeking behaviors occur up to several weeks after ad exposure. Web behavior data from online panels are useful for examining exposure and behavioral responses to digital campaign ads.
Double filtration plasmapheresis and interferon combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C patients with genotype 1 and high viral load

Aim: The efficacy and safety of double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) plus interferon (IFN) combination therapy were compared with those of IFN therapy alone in 193 chronic hepatitis C patients having a high hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid load of difficult‐to‐treat genotype 1b.
Tendon healing in a bone tunnel. Part I: Biomechanical results after biodegradable interference fit fixation in a model of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in sheep.

PURPOSE Interference fit fixation of soft-tissue grafts has recently raised strong interest because it allows for anatomic graft fixation that may increase knee stability and graft isometry. Although clinical data show promising results, no data exist on how tendon healing progresses using this fixation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction biomechanically using direct tendon-to-bone interference fit fixation with biodegradable interference screws in a sheep model. TYPE OF STUDY Animal study. METHODS Thirty-five mature sheep underwent ACL reconstruction with an autologous Achilles tendon split graft. Grafts were directly fixed with poly-(D,L-lactide) interference screws. Animals were euthanized after 6, 9, 12, 24, and 52 weeks and standard biomechanical evaluations were performed. RESULTS All grafts at time zero failed by pullout from the bone tunnel, whereas grafts at 6 and 9 weeks failed intraligamentously at the screw insertion site. At 24 and 52 weeks, grafts failed by osteocartilaginous avulsion. At 24 weeks, interference screws were macroscopically degraded. At 6 and 9 weeks tensile stress was only 6.8% and 9.6%, respectively, of the graft tissue at time zero. At 52 weeks, tensile stress of the reconstruction equaled 63.8% and 47.3% of the Achilles tendon graft at time zero and the native ACL, respectively. A complete restitution of anterior-posterior drawer displacement was found at 52 weeks compared with the time-zero reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS It was found that over the whole healing period the graft fixation proved not to be the weak link of the reconstruction and that direct interference fit fixation withstands loads without motion restriction in the present animal model. The weak link during the early healing stage was the graft at its tunnel entrance site, leading to a critical decrease in mechanical properties. This finding indicates that interference fit fixation of a soft-tissue graft may additionally alter the mechanical properties of the graft in the early remodeling stage because of a possible tissue compromise at the screw insertion site. Although mechanical properties of the graft tissue had not returned to normal at 1 year compared with those at time zero, knee stability had returned to normal at that time. There was no graft pullout after 24 weeks, indicating that screw degradation does not compromise graft fixation.
BLX DBM PUTTY VERSUS AUTOGRAFT IN A CRITICAL SIZED CALVARIAL DEFECT STUDY

Materials and Methods: An 8 mm calvarial defect was created in the athymic rat and filled with either the test article (BLX Putty) or autograft. This model is a well-established and validated model for testing the osteoregenerative capacity of bone substitutes wherein an 8 mm defect in the rat calvaria will not spontaneously heal without treatment. The test article was provided in ready-touse aliquots, while the autograft control consisted of bone harvested from the calvarial defect, which was finely morselized and implanted back into the defect of origin.
Analysis of transference: A North American perspective

Using detailed clinical vignettes, the author illustrates and compares several North American approaches to the analysis of transference, tracing their origins in Freud's works and in various post‐Freudian conceptualizations, including the writings of Anna Freud and Charles Brenner. Particular attention is paid to the work of Merton Gill, Evelyne Schwaber, Paul Gray, and the British analyst, Betty Joseph. Discussed and illustrated are controversies over the broader and narrower views of transference, the interpretation of action in the analytic setting, earlier and later interpretations of transference with particular emphasis on the contrast between contemporary Kleinian and ego psychological perspectives, the role of extra‐transference interpretation, and the concept of the transference neurosis. An argument is made for an integrative approach, drawing upon different emphases, depending on the clinical circumstances and the point of affective immediacy for the patient, which may or may not coincide with the point of affective immediacy for the analyst.
Retinopathy in African Americans and whites with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND The development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in African Americans with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is not known. METHODS Two hundred subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with duration of diabetes 16 years or less at first visit were studied; 58 were African Americans and 142 were whites. All had gradable stereoscopic color fundus photographs (seven standard fields) from at least two visits (mean time between first and second visit was 4.1 years). Subjects with hemoglobinopathy or proliferative retinopathy or subjects who had evidence of treatment for proliferative retinopathy at first visit were excluded. Masked grading of photographs was conducted using the modified Airlie House classification scheme. RESULTS African Americans were older, heavier, had higher systolic blood pressure (all P < .05), and marginally higher hemoglobin A1 (HbA1) values (P = .06) than the whites at first visit. African Americans had a lower rate of two steps or more progression from preexistent retinopathy (19%) than whites (43%). Progression to proliferative retinopathy or treatment was similar by race. Multivariate analysis predicting development oe progression of retinopathy, while controlling for length of follow-up, found higher HbA1 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.15), longer duration of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.69), higher serum creatinine concentration (OR = 1.59), and white race (OR = 2.62) to be independent risk factors. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a previously unsuspected reduction in the adjusted risk for development and progression of retinopathy in African Americans. The reason for this apparently reduced risk are not known.
Use of induced pluripotent stem cells to recapitulate pulmonary alveolar proteinosis pathogenesis.

RATIONALE In patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) syndrome, disruption of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling is associated with pathogenic surfactant accumulation from impaired clearance in alveolar macrophages. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to overcome these barriers by using monocyte-derived induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to recapitulate disease-specific and normal macrophages. METHODS We created iPS cells from two children with hereditary PAP (hPAP) caused by recessive CSF2RA(R217X) mutations and three normal people, differentiated them into macrophages (hPAP-iPS-Mφs and NL-iPS-Mφs, respectively), and evaluated macrophage functions with and without gene-correction to restore GM-CSF signaling in hPAP-iPS-Mφs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Both hPAP and normal iPS cells had human embryonic stem cell-like morphology, expressed pluripotency markers, formed teratomas in vivo, had a normal karyotype, retained and expressed mutant or normal CSF2RA genes, respectively, and could be differentiated into macrophages with the typical morphology and phenotypic markers. Compared with normal, hPAP-iPS-Mφs had impaired GM-CSF receptor signaling and reduced GM-CSF-dependent gene expression, GM-CSF- but not M-CSF-dependent cell proliferation, surfactant clearance, and proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Restoration of GM-CSF receptor signaling corrected the surfactant clearance abnormality in hPAP-iPS-Mφs. CONCLUSIONS We used patient-specific iPS cells to accurately reproduce the molecular and cellular defects of alveolar macrophages that drive the pathogenesis of PAP in more than 90% of patients. These results demonstrate the critical role of GM-CSF signaling in surfactant homeostasis and PAP pathogenesis in humans and have therapeutic implications for hPAP.
Transthoracic Echocardiography versus Transesophageal Echocardiography in Detecting Cardiac Sources of Embolism

Although the yield of potential cardiac sources of embolism by echocardiography in patients with stroke and arterial embolism has been low, with the advent of transesophageal echocardiography, a renewed enthusiasm for echocardiography in these patients has developed. This article reviews the six major studies comparing transthoracic to transesophageal echocardiography in the search for potential cardiac sources of embolism. The overall yield of transesophageal echocardiography in these studies for potential cardiac sources of embolism is 43% compared to 14% by transthoracic echocardiography in a total of 367 patients. In patients without clinical cardiac disease, the yield is lower but still substantially higher by transesophageal echocardiography (24% compared to 7% by transthoracic echocardiography). For left atrial thrombus, left atrial spontaneous contrast, patent foreman ovale, and atrial septal aneurysm (ASA), transesophageal echocardiography is clearly superior than transthoracic echocardiography. Data on the detection of mitral valve prolapse and left ventricular thrombus are conflicting and neither method is clearly superior. In addition, transesophageal echocardiography identifies certain abnormalities including debris in the aorta and prosthetic strands that transthoracic echocardiography is incapable of identifying. Although transthoracic echocardiography should continue to be the initial screening modality for stroke patients, transesophageal echocardiography should be performed when surface findings are negative or equivocal in patients with likely cardioembolic stroke.
A Study on Eating Habits and Risk Factors Associated with Obesity among Adolescence Studying in Private Schools in District Pulwama Kashmir

Obesity is a condition of the body in which it has excess of body fats. Obesity is directly associated with life-expectancy, public and private expenditure on health and life risking diseases including cardiovascular diseases, hyper tension & liver diseases. Obesity has a harmful effect on labor outcomes which reduces the efficiency and productivity of labor. Therefore the present study was conducted to have an idea regarding eating habits and risk factors which are associated with obesity among adolescence studying in private schools in district Pulwama. A sample of 200 respondents was collected from the students of private institutes of Pampore Pulwama Kashmir based on convenience sampling technique. The information was collected through proforma and an interview method. Descriptive statistics was used to assess the eating habits and risk factors that are associated with obesity in Adolescence. The findings revealed that females are more obese than males from rural areas, 62.66% boys and 71.2% girls had over weight when compared it with standard BMI classification and had nuclear type of family system. 53.33% boys and 43.2% girls said that less physical activity and 20% boys and 25.6% girls said that excess energy intake are responsible factors of obesity. The study revealed that consumption pattern of junk foods, street foods, non-vegetarian type of food are prevalent in majority.
"Britons Never Will be Slaves": National Myth, Conservatism, and the Beginnings of British Antislavery

D'apres un concensus de l'historiographie britannique moderne, l'abolition de l'esclavage en Grande-Bretagne marquerait la victoire historique de tendances reformatrices, non-conformistes, religieuses-dissidentes, voire radicales de la societe britannique. Revenant sur l'origine de l'abolitionnisme britannique au 18 eme siecle, l'A. soutient que ce furent les milieux anglicans conservateurs qui furent les premiers a contester l'esclavage et qu'il n'y avait pas de contradiction entre le conservatisme social ou le conformisme religieux et l'opposition humaniste a l'esclavage. Il conteste ainsi l'idee selon laquelle le progres social emanerait toujours des groupes exterieurs a la societe et a l'ideologie dominante. Selon lui, il est errone d'identifier les valeurs dominantes de la societe britannique aux activites des colons et marchands qui controlaient la traite des Noirs. Il soutient que l'anti-esclavagisme emergea au sein d'un conflit ideologique sur la nature essentielle de la nation britannique, entre les defenseurs d'un capitalisme debride et les defenseurs d'une vision - d'une mythologie nationale et patriotique - plus conservatrice et traditionnelle d'une nation cherissant la liberte.
Rapid migration of 111indium-labeled granulocytes to sites of infection.

ISOTOPIC labels attached to various blood cells have been used for years to study the course and kinetics of blood components in vivo. The use of such labeling in granulocytes to evaluate transfusions or to localize infections has met with uncertain success.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Recently, 111In combined with the chelating agent 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) has been used in granulocyte-labeling research.8 9 10 The advantages of 111In include tight cytoplasmic binding with minimal in vivo elution and preservation of cell viability and function after the granulocytes are exposed to the isotope.11 In addition, the energy spectrum of this element consists of two peaks at 173 and .
A pathogenic bacterium triggers epithelial signals to form a functional bacterial receptor that mediates actin pseudopod formation.

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) belongs to a group of bacterial pathogens that induce actin accumulation beneath adherent bacteria. We found that EPEC adherence to epithelial cells mediates the formation of fingerlike pseudopods (up to 10 microm) beneath bacteria. These actin‐rich structures also contain tyrosine phosphorylated host proteins concentrated at the pseudopod tip beneath adherent EPEC. Intimate bacterial adherence (and pseudopod formation) occurred only after prior bacterial induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of an epithelial membrane protein, Hp90, which then associates directly with an EPEC adhesin, intimin. These interactions lead to cytoskeletal nucleation and pseudopod formation. This is the first example of a bacterial pathogen that triggers signals in epithelial cells which activates receptor binding activity to a specific bacterial ligand and subsequent cytoskeletal rearrangement.