Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Discussion on the Compensation Standard of the Arable Land Protection Based on Food Security

Based on the opportunity cost and the food security goal, this paper analyzed the basis for determining the compensation standard of arable land protection and brought forward the technical train of thought and method for measuring and calculating the compensation standard and amount, which were also emperically studied. The results show that: 1) The opportunity cost loss of the arable land protection is the lowest compensation value standard. The opportunity cost loss of the regional arable land protection is equal to the net income which comes from the transformation of arable land into the construction land. And the opportunity cost loss of the peasant households within a region is equal to the remaining sum got by subtracting the net income from the food production of arable land out of that from the transformation of arable land into construction land; 2) The technical train of thought for measuring and calculating the regional compensation standard and amount is that the value standard and amount are determined according to the loss of the opportunity cost and the profits and losses of the regional arable land. And the technical train of thought for measuring and calculating the compensation standard of the peasant households is that the specific annual compensation standard is determined by comprehensive consideration of the factors such as the desires of the peasant households and the Governmental economic capacity based on the annual opportunity cost loss of the arable land protection; 3) In 2008, the average value standard of the regional compensation was 13,100 yuan per hm 2 . There were 17 provinces suffering arable land deficit and the total compensation was 256.767 billion yuan. Among the 65 counties or cities in Jiangsu Province, there were 14 ones suffering arable land deficit and the compensation was 15.701 billion yuan in total. The average compensation standard of the peasant households in Xiaozhangjia Village of Jiangsu Province was 7,200 yuan per hm 2 for the paddy land and 8,700 yuan per hm 2 for the dry land. The main points of innovation are as follows: 1) The opportunity cost loss of the arable land protection among regions and that of the peasant households within a region are separately defined; 2) The technical train of thought and method for measuring and calculating the compensation standard and amount are new.
Overexpression of heat shock factor 1 maintains TAR DNA binding protein 43 solubility via induction of inducible heat shock protein 70 in cultured cells

TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) is a nuclear protein that has been shown to have altered homeostasis in the form of neuronal nuclear and cytoplasmic aggregates in some familial and almost all cases of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as well as 51% of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and 57% of Alzheimer's disease cases. Heat shock proteins (HSPs), such as HSP70, recognize misfolded or aggregated proteins and refold, disaggregate, or turn them over and are upregulated by the master transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). Here, we explore the effect of HSF1 overexpression on proteotoxic stress‐related alterations in TDP‐43 solubility, proteolytic processing, and cytotoxicity. HSF1 overexpression reduced TDP‐43‐positive puncta concomitantly with upregulating HSP70 and HSP90 protein levels. HSF1 overexpression or pharmacological activation sustained TDP‐43 solubility and significantly reduced truncation of TDP‐43 in response to inhibition of the proteasome with Z‐Leu‐Leu‐Leu‐al, and this was reversed by HSF1 inhibition. HSF1 activation conferred protection against toxicity associated with TDP‐43 C‐terminal fragments without globally increasing the activity of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) while concomitantly reducing the induction of autophagy, suggesting that HSF1 protection is an early event. In support of this, inhibition of HSP70 ATPase activity further reduced TDP‐43 solubility. HSF1 knockout significantly increased TDP‐43 insolubility and accelerated TDP‐43 fragmentation in response to proteotoxic stress. Overall, this study shows that HSF1 overexpression protects against TDP‐43 pathology by upregulation of chaperones, especially HSP70, rather than enhancing autophagy or the UPS during times of proteotoxic stress. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemokine (C‐C Motif) Receptor‐Like 2 is not essential for lung injury, lung inflammation, or airway hyperresponsiveness induced by acute exposure to ozone

Inhalation of ozone (O3), a gaseous air pollutant, causes lung injury, lung inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Macrophages, mast cells, and neutrophils contribute to one or more of these sequelae induced by O3. Furthermore, each of these aforementioned cells express chemokine (C‐C motif) receptor‐like 2 (Ccrl2), an atypical chemokine receptor that facilitates leukocyte chemotaxis. Given that Ccrl2 is expressed by cells essential to the development of O3‐induced lung pathology and that chemerin, a Ccrl2 ligand, is increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by O3, we hypothesized that Ccrl2 contributes to the development of lung injury, lung inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness induced by O3. To that end, we measured indices of lung injury (BALF protein, BALF epithelial cells, and bronchiolar epithelial injury), lung inflammation (BALF cytokines and BALF leukocytes), and airway responsiveness to acetyl‐β‐methylcholine chloride (respiratory system resistance) in wild‐type and mice genetically deficient in Ccrl2 (Ccrl2‐deficient mice) 4 and/or 24 hours following cessation of acute exposure to either filtered room air (air) or O3. In air‐exposed mice, BALF chemerin was greater in Ccrl2‐deficient as compared to wild‐type mice. O3 increased BALF chemerin in mice of both genotypes, yet following O3 exposure, BALF chemerin was greater in Ccrl2‐deficient as compared to wild‐type mice. O3 increased indices of lung injury, lung inflammation, and airway responsiveness. Nevertheless, no indices were different between genotypes following O3 exposure. In conclusion, we demonstrate that Ccrl2 modulates chemerin levels in the epithelial lining fluid of the lungs but does not contribute to the development of O3‐induced lung pathology.
The outer membranes of Brucella spp. are not barriers to hydrophobic permeants

The patterns of susceptibility to hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs and the uptake of the fluorescent probe N-phenyl-naphthylamine in Brucella spp. , Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, and deep rough Salmonella minnesota mutants were compared. The results show that the outer membranes of smooth and naturally rough Brucella spp. do not represent barriers to hydrophobic permeants and that this absence of a barrier relates at least in part to the properties of Brucella lipopolysaccharide.
Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin levels and associated factors amongst HIV‐infected children

Objectives:To determine the spectrum of serum immunoreactive erythropoietin (SIE) levels amongst HIV-infected children aged < 13 years in relation to the levels among healthy children as well as those with renal failure; to examine the relationship between clinical and laboratory parameters and SIE levels. Design:A cross-sectional study with a descriptive non-interventional format. HIV-infected Canadian subjects were recruited through four tertiary Canadian and one Bahamian centre. Children with renal failure and healthy children were recruited from one of the Canadian centres. Methods:Study subjects had clinical and laboratory profiles determined at baseline and at each of five follow-up periods over 1 year. SIE levels were measured by radioimmunoassay with a normal range of 12–28 IU/l. Data handling and statistical functions were performed by the Canadian HIV Trials Network. Results:The study enrolled 133 HIV-infected subjects and 38 controls. Of these, 117 HIV-infected subjects, 24 healthy controls, and 11 controls with renal failure were eligible for analysis. The median age of infected subjects was 44 months, whereas that of healthy controls was 56 months, and 95 months for controls with renal failure. The median SIE levels were 14 and 11 IU/l for subjects with renal failure and healthy subjects, respectively. The median SIE level was 61 IU/l among zidovudine (ZDV)-treated subjects and 22 IU/l among ZDV-naive HIV-infected subjects. HIV-infected children almost invariably had SIE levels < 200 IU/l. The median SIE levels amongst HIV-infected subjects whose hemoglobin levels were < 100 g/l were 98 and 31 IU/l for ZDV-treated and ZDV-naive subjects, respectively (P = 0.002). This difference in median SIE levels between ZDV-treated subjects and ZDV-naive subjects was also observed among subjects whose hemoglobin levels were > 100 g/l (median, 58 and 15 IU/l, respectively; P < 0.001). Hemoglobin level was the most important predictor of log10 SIE (P < 0.01 for ZDV-treated and ZDV-naive subjects). Conclusions:SIE levels amongst HIV-infected children were affected by HIV infection, use of ZDV, and presence or absence of anemia. SIE levels amongst HIV-infected children were generally lower than 200 IU/l. This characterization of SIE levels will facilitate clinical trials of exogenous recombinant human erythropoietin in HIV-infected children with anemia.
Productivity benefits of minimally invasive surgery in patients with chronic sacroiliac joint dysfunction

Introduction Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) dysfunction is associated with a marked decrease in quality of life. Increasing evidence supports minimally invasive SIJ fusion as a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of chronic SIJ dysfunction. The impact of SIJ fusion on worker productivity is not known. Methods Regression modeling using data from the National Health Interview Survey was applied to determine the relationship between responses to selected interview questions related to function and economic outcomes. Regression coefficients were then applied to prospectively collected, individual patient data in a randomized trial of SIJ fusion (INSITE, NCT01681004) to estimate expected differences in economic outcomes across treatments. Results Patients who receive SIJ fusion using iFuse Implant System® have an expected increase in the probability of working of 16% (95% confidence interval [CI] 11%–21%) relative to nonsurgical patients. The expected change in earnings across groups was US $3,128 (not statistically significant). Combining the two metrics, the annual increase in worker productivity given surgical vs nonsurgical care was $6,924 (95% CI $1,890–$11,945). Conclusion For employees with chronic, severe SIJ dysfunction, minimally invasive SIJ fusion may improve worker productivity compared to nonsurgical treatment.
Two Distinct ATP Receptors Activate Calcium Entry and Internal Calcium Release in Bovine Chromaffin Cells

Abstract: ATP, an established neurotransmitter, causes elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ and catecholamine secretion when applied to chromaffin cells in the intact adrenal gland. The ATP‐induced rise in Ca2+ is due both to release from internal stores and to entry across the plasma membrane. The latter source of Ca2+ causes secretion; the primary role of Ca2+ released from internal stores remains undetermined. In this article, we have studied the nucleotide specificity for activating the two types of Ca2+ increases. The agonist potency order for the increase in fluorescence from fura‐2‐loaded chromaffin cells due to release of Ca2+ from internal stores is ATP = UTP > ADP > 2‐methylthio‐ATP, α,β‐methylene ATP, identifying the receptor as a P2U purinoceptor. The potency order for secretion is 2‐methylthio‐ATP > ATP > α,β‐methylene ATP, ADP, UTP, placing the receptor in the P2Y subtype. Thus, two distinct receptors are responsible for Ca2+ release and secretion. Agonists were more effective in the absence of extracellular Mg2+, suggesting that ATP uncomplexed with divalent cations binds preferentially to both receptors. The low response of both receptors to ADP distinguishes them from the ATP receptor on these cells that inhibits voltage‐dependent Ca2+ current and secretion.
Cerebral Metabolic Compartmentation as Revealed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis of D‐[1‐13C]Glucose Metabolism

Abstract: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to study the metabolic pathways involved in the conversion of glucose to glutamate, γ‐aminobutyrate (GABA), glutamine, and aspartate. d‐[1‐13C]Glucose was administered to rats intraperitoneally, and 6, 15, 30, or 45 min later the rats were killed and extracts from the forebrain were prepared for 13C‐NMR analysis and amino acid analysis. The absolute amount of 13C present within each carbon‐atom pool was determined for C‐2, C‐3, and C‐4 of glutamate, glutamine, and GABA, for C‐2 and C‐3 of aspartate, and for C‐3 of lactate. The natural abundance 13C present in extracts from control rats was also determined for each of these compounds and for N‐acetylaspartate and taurine. The pattern of labeling within glutamate and GABA indicates that these amino acids were synthesized primarily within compartments in which glucose was metabolized to pyruvate, followed by decarboxylation to acetyl‐CoA for entry into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In contrast, the labeling pattern for glutamine and aspartate indicates that appreciable amounts of these amino acids were synthesized within a compartment in which glucose was metabolized to pyruvate, followed by carboxylation to oxaloacetate. These results are consistent with the concept that pyruvate carboxylase and glutamine synthetase are glia‐specific enzymes, and that this partially accounts for the unusual metabolic compartmentation in CNS tissues. The results of our study also support the concept that there are several pools of glutamate, with different metabolic turnover rates. Our results also are consistent with the concept that glutamine and/or a tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate is supplied by astrocytes to neurons for replenishing the neurotransmitter pool of GABA. However, a similar role for astrocytes in replenishing the transmitter pool of glutamate was not substantiated, possibly due to difficulties in quantitating satellite peaks arising from 13C‐13C coupling.
Cyclicity of Period Annulus of a quadratic Reversible System with degenerate Critical Point

This paper is concerned with the bifurcation of limit cycles from the period annulus of a quadratic reversible system. The outer boundary of the period annulus contains a degenerate critical point. The exact upper bound of the number of limit cycles is given. Our result shows that the conjecture on the cyclicity of (r4) system is correct.
Thought Disorder Index of Finnish adoptees and communication deviance of their adoptive parents

Background. Diverse forms of thought disorder, as measured by the Thought Disorder Index (TDI), are found in many conditions other than schizophrenia. Certain thought disorder categories are primarily manifest during psychotic schizophrenic episodes. The present study examined whether forms of thought disorder qualify as trait indicators of vulnerability to schizophrenia in persons who are not clinically ill, and whether these features could be linked to genetic or environmental risk or to genotype–environment interactions. The Finnish Adoptive Study of Schizophrenia provided an opportunity to disentangle these issues. Methods. Rorschach records of Finnish adoptees at genetic high risk but without schizophrenia-related clinical diagnoses (N = 56) and control adoptees at low genetic risk (N = 95) were blindly and reliably scored for the Thought Disorder Index (TDI). Communication deviance (CD), a measure of the rearing environment, was independently obtained from the adoptive parents. Results. The differences in total TDI between high-risk and control adoptees were not statistically significant. However, TDI subscales for Fluid Thinking and Idiosyncratic Verbalization were more frequent in high-risk adoptees. When Rorschach CD of the adoptive rearing parents was introduced as a continuous predictor variable, the odds ratio for the Idiosyncratic Verbalization component of the TDI of the high-risk adoptees was significantly higher than for the control adoptees. Conclusions. Specific categories of subsyndromal thought disorder appear to qualify as vulnerability indicators for schizophrenia. Genetic risk and rearing-parent communication patterns significantly interact as a joint effect that differentiates adopted-away offspring of schizophrenic mothers from control adopted-away offspring.
A Prospective Study of Four Total Ankle Arthroplasty Implants by Non-Designer Investigators

Background: There are several types of prostheses available to surgeons when performing a total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). The main objective of this study was to summarize the clinical and functional outcomes of 4 TAA prostheses: the Hintegra implant (Integra LifeSciences), the Agility implant (DePuy), the Mobility implant (DePuy), and the Scandinavian Total Ankle Replacement (STAR) implant (Small Bone Innovations [SBi]). Methods: Patients were prospectively recruited. A total of 451 TAAs with a mean follow-up (and standard deviation) of 4.5 ± 2.0 years were included. Patients were assessed annually and completed self-reported outcome measures at these visits. Complications and revisions were reported at the time of incident. Mean improvements are reported by prosthesis. Linear mixed-effects models were used to obtain adjusted comparisons of scores across prostheses. Survivorship curves were generated by prosthesis and type of complication. Results: Mean improvement in the Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS) total score was less among patients with the Mobility implant (19.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 15 to 24) than it was among patients with the Agility implant (29.1; 95% CI, 24 to 34), Hintegra implant (29.7; 95% CI, 27 to 33), and STAR implant (28.5; 95% CI, 23 to 34). Patients in the Mobility group also had less mean improvement in the AOS pain score (21.3; 95% CI, 17 to 26) compared with patients in the Hintegra (29.0; 95% CI, 26 to 32), Agility (29.8; 95% CI, 25 to 35), and STAR (29.1; 95% CI, 23 to 35) groups. The Mobility group also had less mean improvement in the AOS disability score (17.3; 95% CI, 12 to 23) compared with the Hintegra (30.4; 95% CI, 27 to 34), Agility (28.8; 95% CI, 23 to 34), and STAR (27.8; 95% CI, 21 to 34) groups. Survival results among the 4 prostheses are reported. Conclusions: This study demonstrated acceptable outcomes of 4 modern TAA prostheses. Outcome results from patient-reported scores were comparable between at least 3 of the 4 prostheses (the Hintegra, STAR, and Agility implants). The rates of complications and revisions found in this study are within the limits reported in the literature for similar prostheses and methods of reporting. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Regional pulmonary perfusion, inflation, and ventilation defects in bronchoconstricted patients with asthma.

RATIONALE Bronchoconstriction in asthma leads to heterogeneous ventilation and the formation of large and contiguous ventilation defects in the lungs. However, the regional adaptations of pulmonary perfusion (Q) to such ventilation defects have not been well studied. METHODS We used positron emission tomography to assess the intrapulmonary kinetics of intravenously infused tracer nitrogen-13 ((13)NN), and measured the regional distributions of ventilation and perfusion in 11 patients with mild asthma. For each subject, the regional washout kinetics of (13)NN before and during methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction were analyzed. Two regions of interest (ROIs) were defined: one over a spatially contiguous area of high tracer retention (TR) during bronchoconstriction and a second one covering an area of similar size, showing minimal tracer retention (NR). RESULTS Both ROIs demonstrated heterogeneous washout kinetics, which could be described by a two-compartment model with fast and slow washout rates. We found a systematic reduction in regional Q to the TR ROI during bronchoconstriction and a variable and nonsignificant change in relative Q for NR regions. The reduction in regional Q was associated with an increase in regional gas content of the TR ROI, but its magnitude was greater than that anticipated solely by the change in regional lung inflation. CONCLUSION During methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction, perfusion to ventilation defects are systematically reduced by a relative increase in regional pulmonary vascular resistance.
Redefining progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus after the discovery of antibodies to glycine receptors

Purpose of review This review highlights the recent discovery of antibodies to glycine receptor (GlyR-Ab) and discusses the relationship between these antibodies and neurological disorders. Recent findings Since the initial description in 2008 of antibodies to glycine receptors (GlyR-Abs) in a patient with progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM), these antibodies have been found in PERM and in some patients with a variety of stiff person spectrum (SPS) or related disorders. Patients with GlyR-Abs often improve with aggressive immunotherapy, and antibody titres correlate with disease severity. Around 25% of patients have another autoimmune condition and 10–20% have an underlying malignancy. GlyR-Abs bind to extracellular determinants, are mainly Immunoglobulin G1 subclass and induce GlyR internalization in Human embryonic kidney 293 cells, suggesting pathogenicity. The spectrum of neurological disease associated with GlyR-Abs has not been fully characterized, and lower titres may not be syndrome specific, but GlyR-Abs, like antibodies to other neuronal cell-surface antigens, define immunotherapy-responsive disease and are likely to be pathogenic. This distinguishes them from the glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies that can also be found at high titres in patients with classical stiff person syndrome which is more often chronic and relatively resistant to immunological treatments. Summary Irrespective of the clinical features, GlyR-Abs are helpful in the diagnosis of patients who very often have a subacute, progressive and life-threatening disorder which shows a favourable response to immunotherapy.
Should learners reason one step at a time? A randomised trial of two diagnostic scheme designs

Making a diagnosis can be difficult for learners as they must integrate multiple clinical variables. Diagnostic schemes can help learners with this complex task. A diagnostic scheme is an algorithm that organises possible diagnoses by assigning signs or symptoms (e.g. systolic murmur) to groups of similar diagnoses (e.g. aortic stenosis and aortic sclerosis) and provides distinguishing features to help discriminate between similar diagnoses (e.g. carotid pulse). The current literature does not identify whether scheme layouts should guide learners to reason one step at a time in a terminally branching scheme or weigh multiple variables simultaneously in a hybrid scheme. We compared diagnostic accuracy, perceptual errors and cognitive load using two scheme layouts for cardiac auscultation.