Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Failure to CAPTCHA Attention: Null Results from an Honesty Priming Experiment in Guatemala

We report results from a large online randomised tax experiment in Guatemala. The trial involves short messages and choices presented to taxpayers as part of a CAPTCHA pop-up window immediately before they file a tax return, with the aim of priming honest declarations. In total our sample includes 627,242 taxpayers and 3,232,430 tax declarations made over four months. Treatments include: honesty declaration; information about public goods; information about penalties for dishonesty, questions allowing a taxpayer to choose which public good they think tax money should be spent on; or questions allowing a taxpayer to state a view on the penalty for not declaring honestly. We find no impact of any of these treatments on the average amount of tax declared. We discuss potential causes for this null effect and implications for ‘online nudges’ around honesty priming.
The Role of Vitrectomy in the Management of Fungal Endophthalmitis

ABSTRACT Fungal endophthalmitis is an important cause of vision loss worldwide with a large body of literature describing the treatment of the disease. The evidence supporting the use of pars plana vitrectomy in the management of fungal endophthalmitis is largely comprised of case reports and case series and demonstrates the important role of vitrectomy surgery. Vitrectomy can improve the likelihood of establishing the diagnosis, enhance the treatment of infection by removing fungal elements in the vitreous, aid in the removal of other inoculated intraocular structures, and is an important tool in the management of vision-threatening post-infectious sequelae like retinal detachment and epiretinal membrane.
Analysing the developing brain transcriptome with the GenePaint platform

We discuss technical means by which the complexity of gene and protein signalling cascades can be projected onto the complex structure of the mammalian brain. We argue that this requires both robotics and novel computational tools to register images of gene expression, annotate expression patterns and quantify gene expression. When sufficiently enriched and detailed, such gene expression/neuroanatomical atlases are hypothesis‐generating tools and contain in themselves much of the information needed to investigate function in normal and genetically or otherwise modified brains. To be successful and useful, data‐rich and comprehensive gene expression/neuroanatomical atlases have to be web accessible and structured in a way that allows the application of data exploration and mining tools.
DISCOVERING ROBUST EMBEDDINGS IN (DIS)SIMILARITY SPACE FOR HIGH‐DIMENSIONAL LINGUISTIC FEATURES

Recent research has shown the effectiveness of rich feature representation for tasks in natural language processing (NLP). However, exceedingly large number of features do not always improve classification performance. They may contain redundant information, lead to noisy feature presentations, and also render the learning algorithms intractable. In this paper, we propose a supervised embedding framework that modifies the relative positions between instances to increase the compatibility between the input features and the output labels and meanwhile preserves the local distribution of the original data in the embedded space. The proposed framework attempts to support flexible balance between the preservation of intrinsic geometry and the enhancement of class separability for both interclass and intraclass instances. It takes into account characteristics of linguistic features by using an inner product‐based optimization template. (Dis)similarity features, also known as empirical kernel mapping, is employed to enable computationally tractable processing of extremely high‐dimensional input, and also to handle nonlinearities in embedding generation when necessary. Evaluated on two NLP tasks with six data sets, the proposed framework provides better classification performance than the support vector machine without using any dimensionality reduction technique. It also generates embeddings with better class discriminability as compared to many existing embedding algorithms.
Lightweight Mobile IPv6: A mobility protocol for enabling transparent IPv6 mobility in the Internet of Things

Mobility management is a desired feature for the emerging Internet of Things (IoT). Mobility aware solutions increase the connectivity and enhance adaptability to changes of the location and infrastructure. IoT is enabling a new generation of dynamic ecosystems in environments such as smart cities and hospitals. Dynamic ecosystems require ubiquitous access to Internet, seamless handover, flexible roaming policies, and an interoperable mobility protocol with existing Internet infrastructure. These features are challenges for IoT devices, which are usually constrained devices with low memory, processing, communication and energy capabilities. This work has, on the one hand, analysed suitability of Mobile IPv6 and IPSec for constrained devices, and on the other hand, analysed, designed, developed and evaluated a lightweight version of Mobile IPv6 and IPSec. The proposed solution of lightweight Mobile IPv6 with IPSec is aware of the requirements of the IoT and presents the best solution for dynamic ecosystems in terms of efficiency and security adapted to IoT-devices capabilities. This presents concerns in terms of higher overhead and memory requirements. But, it is proofed and concluded that even when higher memory is required and major overhead is presented, the integration of Mobile IPv6 and IPSec for constrained devices is feasible.
The essential role of annexin A1 mimetic peptide in the skin allograft survival

Immunosuppressive drugs have a critical role in inhibiting tissue damage and allograft rejection. Studies have demonstrated the anti‐inflammatory effects of the annexin A1 (AnxA1) in the regulation of transmigration and apoptosis of leucocytes. In the present study, an experimental skin allograft model was used to evaluate a potential protective effect of AnxA1 in transplantation survival. Mice were used for the skin allograft model and pharmacological treatments were carried out using either the AnxA1 mimetic peptide Ac2‐26, with or without cyclosporine A (CsA), starting 3 days before surgery until rejection. Graft survival, skin histopathology, leucocyte transmigration and expression of AnxA1 and AnxA5 post‐transplantation were analysed. Pharmacological treatment with Ac2‐26 increased skin allograft survival related with inhibition of neutrophil transmigration and induction of apoptosis, thereby reducing the tissue damage compared with control animals. Moreover, AnxA1 and AnxA5 expression increased after Ac2‐26 treatment in neutrophils. Interestingly, the combination of Ac2‐26 and cyclosporine A showed similar survival of transplants when compared with the cyclosporine A group, which could be attributed to a synergistic effect of both drugs. Investigations in vitro revealed that cyclosporine A inhibited extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation induced by Ac2‐26 in neutrophils. Overall, the results suggest that AnxA1 has an essential role in augmenting the survival of skin allograft, mainly owing to inhibition of neutrophil transmigration and enhancement of apoptosis. This effect may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches relevant to transplant rejection. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta Analysis of Skin Microbiome: New Link between Skin Microbiota Diversity and Skin Health with Proposal to Use This as a Future Mechanism to Determine Whether Cosmetic Products Damage the Skin

There is a skin allergy epidemic in the western world, and the rate of deterioration has increased significantly in the past 5–10 years. It is probable that there are many environmental contributing factors, yet some studies have linked it primarily to the rise in the use of synthetic chemical ingredients in modern cosmetics. Our challenge, therefore, was to find a mechanism to determine the effect these substances have on skin health, and whether they really are a primary cause of long term damage to the skin. The first problem is the lack of any definitive way to measure skin health. Motivated by the overwhelming evidence for a link between deficient gut flora and ill health, we decided to look at whether our skin microbiota could similarly be used as an indicator of skin health. Our research illustrates how microbiota diversity alone can predict whether skin is healthy or not, after we revealed a complete lack of conclusive findings linking the presence or abundance of particular species of microbe to skin problems. This phenomenon is replicated throughout nature, where high biodiversity always leads to healthy ecosystems. ‘Caveman’ skin, untouched by modern civilisation, was far different to “western” skin and displayed unprecedented levels of bacterial diversity. The less exposed communities were to western practices, the higher the skin diversity, which is clear evidence of an environmental factor in the developed world damaging skin. For the first time we propose benchmark values of diversity against which we can measure skin to determine how healthy it is. This gives us the ability to be able to predict which people are more likely to be prone to skin ailments, and start to test whether cosmetic ingredients and products are a main cause of the skin allergy epidemic.
The Food and Drug Administration medical device review process: clearance of a clot retriever for use in ischemic stroke.

Section Editors: Marc Fisher MD Antoni Davalos MD The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety and effectiveness of a variety of medical products, including drugs, devices, and biological products, and for advancing public health by helping to speed innovations that make treatments more effective, safer, and more affordable. The Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) in the FDA is responsible for premarket and postmarket regulation of medical devices. On August 11, 2004 the FDA gave market authorization to the first medical device specifically indicated to retrieve blood clots from the brain in ischemic stroke for patients who fail or are ineligible for intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). This article summarizes the FDA regulatory process for marketing medical devices in general and provides background on the FDA clearance of a clot retriever for ischemic stroke. There are several types of marketing applications that a medical device manufacturer may submit to CDRH. Most medical devices reach the market through either the premarket approval (PMA) process or the premarket notification process (510(k). In fiscal year 2003, the FDA gave market authorization to 4132 devices through the 510(k) program and 31 devices through the PMA program. Medical device manufacturers submit PMAs for novel devices, also referred to as Class III. These devices tend to be higher risk or raise new types of safety and effectiveness questions that must be answered before approval for marketing. Data in a PMA application must demonstrate a “reasonable assurance” of safety and effectiveness. Manufacturers submit 510(k)s for devices similar to those already on the market. Data in a 510(k) submission must demonstrate that the new device is substantially equivalent in safety and effectiveness to a Class II device already on the market. Based on the incremental nature of …
Methylation of α-type embryonic globin gene απrepresses transcription in primary erythroid cells

The inverse relationship between expression and methylation of β-type globin genes is well established. However, little is known about the relationship between expression and methylation of avian α-type globin genes. The embryonic α π -globin promoter was unmethylated, and α π -globin RNA was easily detected in 5-day chicken erythroid cells. A progressive methylation of the CpG dinucleotides in the α π promoter associated with loss of expression of α π -globin gene was seen during development in primary erythroid cells. A 315-bp α π -globin promoter region was cloned in an expression construct (α π pGL3E) containing a luciferase reporter gene and SV40 enhancer. The α π pGL3E construct was transfected into primary erythroid cells derived from 5-day-old chicken embryos. Methylation of α π pGL3E plasmid and α π -globin promoter alone resulted in a 20-fold and 7-fold inhibition of expression, respectively. The fully methylated but not the unmethylated 315-bp α π -globin gene promoter fragment formed amethyl cytosine-binding proteincomplex (MeCPC). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were combined with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to assess histone acetylation associated with the α π -globin gene promoter. Slight hyperacetylation of histone H3 but a marked hyperacetylation of histone H4 was seen in 5-day when compared with 14-day erythroid cells. These results demonstrate that methylation can silence transcription of an avian α-type embryonic globin gene in homologous primary erythroid cells, possibly by interacting with an MeCPC and histone deacetylase complex.
Computerized quantitative color analysis for histological study of pulmonary fibrosis.

BACKGROUND Color segmentation is a process through which particular structures can be identified and isolated by the same image according to their color. This may prove particularly useful for the quantification of human pulmonary fibrosis through computerized color segmentation methods applied to trichromic stainings. The aim of this study was to develop and verify a reliable method in order to obtain reproducible parameters of fibrosis using trichromic stainings. MATERIALS AND METHODS The system used is composed of a PC, hardware and software (Image-Pro Plus 4.1-Media Cybernetics, U.S.A.) for image acquisition and analysis, TV camera and optical microscope. The method requires preliminary software procedures of spatial calibration (micron scale) and setting of color segmentation for quantitative color analysis. Massonstained histological specimens of pulmonary parenchyma, with various degree of fibrosis, were analyzed from 10 cases of different lung diseases. RESULTS Statistical data of the morphological components identified (space, tissue and fibrosis) support the hypothesis that fibrosis distribution depends on relative amount in the tissue and at the same time attest to the precision of the method. CONCLUSION This procedure could represent a standard method for histopathological evaluation of tissular damage, with fibrosis outcome, especially in connection with the diagnosis and the seriousness of the damage. This would be extremely useful in both the anatomo-pathological and pathological-forensic fields, to make more objective and reproducible quantitative evaluations of pulmonary damage on autopsy or of bioptic material.
Adherence to drug treatment in association with how the patient perceives care and information on drugs.

AIM This study was to explore concordance with drugs prescribed and the patient's self-reported drug consumption, in relation to the older patient's perceived care and information given. BACKGROUND Lack of adherence to prescriptions may lead to therapeutic failure with risks for relapse, unnecessary suffering and increased costs. DESIGN A cross-sectional study with structured interviews of 200 patients who had recently been treated in a medical ward. METHODS Patients' medical records were studied to obtain information on their current use of drugs. The data were analyzed by logistic regression, adherence being the dependent response variable. RESULTS The mean age of the study group was 79 years. The number of drugs reported in the medical chart ranged from one to 17 with a mean of 6.9. The patients reported a drug consumption ranging from 0 to 24 with a mean of 7.3. When comparing the interview results with the information in the medical charts, 30% of the patients showed adherence. An association was found between adherence and self-reported health status. Patients in the non-adherent group reported a higher consumption of drugs. Patients felt that the opportunity to ask questions of either the responsible physicians or of the nurses was influential in decreasing risk. CONCLUSION In this study, the patient's total drug consumption was considered. The study showed a large discrepancy between the drugs stated in the medical chart and patient's self-reported drug consumption. The study failed to show that perceived information or educational level had an impact on the results but implicate that the quality of information influences adherence. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE It is of importance to recognize patients at risk for non-adherence. Decreased health status and many drugs are the main risk factors for patients being non-adherent, and should be recognized as such.
Cuerpo, género y clase en las prácticas violentas de una hinchada de fútbol

En el presente trabajo se exponen algunos interrogantes y reflexiones que se desprenden de mi trabajo final de grado de la licenciatura en sociologia de la UNVM. En ella se buscoindagar el lugar que ocupa(n) la(s) violencia(s) en la configuracion de logicas identitarias de los sectores populares, tomando como caso la hinchada del Club Atletico Belgrano de Cordoba. Para ahondar en dicha problematica, en el plano teorico tuvimos que acudir a la nocion de cultura del aguante (Alabarces, 2004) para articular nuestras tres categorias centrales: violencia, identidad y cultura popular. En el plano metodologico propusimos un abordaje etnografico sobre las practicas y las representaciones violentas de los miembros de la hinchada de Belgrano. A lo largo del articulo abordaremos la cultura del aguante —como cultura de la violencia— que los miembros de la hinchada producen y reproducen en sus interacciones cotidianas. Iremos desmenuzando y comprendiendo el lazo indisoluble existente entre las nociones de corporalidad, genero, clase, identidad y violencia que prescribe la cultura del aguante, asi veremos que los miembros de la hinchada construyen prototipos de corporalidades populares, masculinas y aguantadoras que contribuyen a legitimar a la violencia como principal recurso de identificacion.
Sexual selection driving diversification in jumping spiders

Theory predicts that speciation rates should be accelerated in organisms undergoing sexual selection. In systems involving female choice, sexual selection acts directly on traits that may be important in prezygotic reproductive isolation, potentially fostering rapid divergence of such traits among allopatric populations. Despite the appeal of this concept, it has proven difficult to document. We provide genetic, behavioral, and simulation data illustrating that the striking and possibly recent divergence in traits of male behavior and morphology among populations of the jumping spider Habronattus pugillis can be attributed to sexual selection. We have found evidence for varying degrees of lower female response and offspring viability among some between-population crosses, consistent with the early stages of speciation. We have developed a gene-tree-based method for comparing phenotypic and genetic data sets to infer selection, and have found robust statistical evidence that directional selection has acted on male traits, by confirming that their rate of fixation exceeds that of neutral mitochondrial genes. Because these traits are apparent targets of female choice, the results indicate that sexual selection is driving divergence of phenotypes potentially crucial to the speciation process.
Verb–Noun Double Dissociation in Aphasic Lexical Impairments: The Role of Word Frequency and Imageability

Neurolinguistic studies have provided important evidence regarding the organization of lexical representations and the structure of underlying conceptual knowledge; in particular, it has been shown that the retrieval of verbs and nouns can be damaged selectively. Dissociated lexical damage is proof of an independent mental organization of lexical representations and/or of the underlying processes. The aim of the present study is to estimate the rate of dissociated impairments for nouns and verbs on a large sample of mild to moderate aphasic patients and to investigate the mechanisms underlying such phenomena. In addition, the authors wished to verify to what degree the impairment for nouns and verbs is related to a specific type of language disorder. A confrontation naming task for verbs and nouns was administered to 58 aphasic patients. The major lexical (word frequency and age of acquisition) and semantic variables (familiarity and imageability of the underlying concept) were considered for each noun and verb used in the task. Verbs were distinguished by major functional classes (transitive, intransitive, and ergative verbs). The data collected from this task were analyzed twice: (i) as a group study comparison of major aphasic subgroups and (ii) as a multiple single case study to evaluate the differences on the naming of verbs and nouns and the effect of the lexical semantic variables on each individual patient. The results confirm the existence of dissociated naming impairments of verbs and nouns. Selective impairment of verbs is more frequent (34%) than that of nouns (10%). In many cases, the dissociated pattern of naming impairment disappeared when the effect of the concomitant variables (word frequency and imageability) was removed, but in approximately one-fifth of the cases the noun or verb superiority was preserved. Noun superiority emerged in five of six agrammatic patients. Both the naming of verbs (n = 9) or of nouns (n = 6) could be impaired selectively in fluent aphasic patients. The results lend support to the hypothesis of an independent mental organization of nouns and verbs, but a substantial effect of imageability and word frequency suggests an interaction of the naming impairment with underlying lexical and semantic aspects.
"o que eu quero é umA revolução!": A performAtividAde de umA pAlAvrA de ordem

Este artigo, escrito na primeira pessoa, parte do meu testemunho pessoal, da vivencia enquanto cidada e investigadora social, sobre o ambiente vivido desde 2008 ate a atualidade em Portugal, em especial na cidade de Lisboa mas, tambem, abordando pontualmente alguns exemplos do Porto, Guimaraes ou Evora: um contexto de crise social, economica e politica que tem vindo a reactualizar e a restaurar algumas caracteristicas do imaginario revolucionario do 25 de Abril de 1974, que se apresenta como um “guiao” pronto a usar mas, tambem, a reinventar e questionar. Este ambiente criado (Harvey 2008), vivido e sentido pelo cidadao na sua relacao com o espaco publico — de que fazem parte as ruas, os espacos culturais, as redes sociais na internet — contem hoje uma intensa performatividade, que e pontuada pela emergencia de manifestacoes a(r)tivistas de base performativa (com diversos graus de mobilizacao da transformacao social), mas tambem de processos de apagamento ou silenciamento institucional das mesmas. E essa dialectica que procurarei analisar neste testemunho, cuja base assenta essencialmente da observacao “empirica” que decorre da minha vivencia quotidiana e da minha experiencia como “espetadora”.