Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
φ-DIVERGENCES , SUFFICIENCY , BAYES SUFFICIENCY , AND DEFICIENCY

The paper studies the relations between φ-divergences and fundamental concepts of decision theory such as sufficiency, Bayes sufficiency, and LeCam’s deficiency. A new and considerably simplified approach is given to the spectral representation of φ-divergences already established in Österreicher and Feldman [28] under restrictive conditions and in Liese and Vajda [22], [23] in the general form. The simplification is achieved by a new integral representation of convex functions in terms of elementary convex functions which are strictly convex at one point only. Bayes sufficiency is characterized with the help of a binary model that consists of the joint distribution and the product of the marginal distributions of the observation and the parameter, respectively. LeCam’s deficiency is expressed in terms of φ-divergences where φ belongs to a class of convex functions whose curvature measures are finite and satisfy a normalization condition.
COERULEUS MOTIVATED MEMORY 1 1 2 3 4 5 Locus coeruleus activity strengthens prioritized 6 memories under arousal

34 Recent models posit that bursts of locus coeruleus (LC) activity amplify neural gain, such that 35 limited attention and encoding resources focus even more on prioritized mental representations 36 under arousal. Here, we tested this hypothesis in human males and females using functional 37 magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), neuromelanin MRI, and pupil dilation, a biomarker of 38 arousal and LC activity. During scanning, participants performed a monetary incentive encoding 39 task in which threat of punishment motivated participants to prioritize encoding of scene images 40 over superimposed objects. Threat of punishment elicited arousal and selectively enhanced 41 memory for goal-relevant scenes. Furthermore, trial-level pupil dilations predicted better scene 42 memory under threat, but were not related to object memory outcomes. FMRI analyses 43 revealed that greater threat-evoked pupil dilations were positively associated with greater scene 44 encoding activity in LC and parahippocampal cortex, a region specialized to process scene 45 information. Across participants, this pattern of LC engagement for goal-relevant encoding was 46 correlated with neuromelanin signal intensity, providing the first evidence that LC structure 47 relates to its activation pattern during cognitive processing. Threat also reduced dynamic 48 functional connectivity between high (parahippocampal place area) and lower priority (lateral 49 occipital cortex) category-selective visual cortex in ways that predicted increased memory 50 selectivity. Together these findings support the idea that, under arousal, LC activity selectively 51 strengthens prioritized memory representations by modulating local and functional network-level 52 patterns of information processing. 53 54 55 RUNNING HEAD: LOCUS COERULEUS MOTIVATED MEMORY 3 Significance Statement 56 Adaptive behavior relies on the ability to select and store important information amidst 57 distraction. Prioritizing encoding of task-relevant inputs is especially critical in threatening or 58 arousing situations, when forming these memories is essential for avoiding danger in the future. 59 However, little is known about the arousal mechanisms that support such memory selectivity. 60 Using fMRI, neuromelanin MRI, and pupil measures, we demonstrate that locus coeruleus (LC) 61 activity amplifies neural gain, such that limited encoding resources focus even more on 62 prioritized mental representations under arousal. For the first time, we also show that LC 63 structure relates to its involvement in threat-related encoding processes. These results shed 64 new light on the mechanisms by which we process important information when it is most 65 needed. 66 67
Moments of the transmission eigenvalues, proper delay times and random matrix theory I

We develop a method to compute the moments of the eigenvalue densities of matrices in the Gaussian, Laguerre and Jacobi ensembles for all the symmetry classes beta = 1,2, 4 and finite matrix dimension n. The moments of the Jacobi ensembles have a physical interpretation as the moments of the transmission eigenvalues of an electron through a quantum dot with chaotic dynamics. For the Laguerre ensemble we also evaluate the finite n negative moments. Physically, they correspond to the moments of the proper delay times, which are the eigenvalues of the Wigner-Smith matrix. Our formulae are well suited to an asymptotic analysis as n -> infinity.
CORRELATED RANDOM WALK EQUATIONS OF ANIMAL DISPERSAL RESOLVED BY SIMULATION

Animal movement and dispersal can be described as a correlated random walk dependent on three parameters: number of steps, step size, and distribution of random turning angles. Equations of Kareiva and Shigesada use the parameters to predict the mean square displacement distance (MSDD), but this is less meaningful than the mean dispersal distance (MDD) about which the population would be distributed. I found that the MDD can be estimated by multiplying the square root of the MSDD by a three-dimensional surface correction factor obtained from simulations. The correction factors ranged from 0.89 to 1 depending on the number of steps and the variation in random turns, expressed as the standard deviation of the turning angles (SDA) about 0° (straight ahead). Corrected equations were used to predict MDDs for bark beetles, butterflies, ants, and beetles (based on parameters from the literature) and the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser). Another equation from the literature finds the MDD directly, and this agreed with the MDD obtained by simulation at some combinations of SDA and numbers of steps. However, the equation has an error that increases as a power function when the standard deviation of turning angles becomes smaller (e.g., <6° at 1000 steps or <13° at 250 steps). Lower numbers of steps also increase the error. Equivalent values of AMT (angle of maximum turn) in uniform random models and of SDA in normal random models were found that allowed these two models to yield similar MDD values. The step size and turning angle variation of animal paths during dispersal and host and mate searching were investigated and found to be correlated; thus, use of different measured step sizes gives consistent estimates of the MDD.
Randomized Hamiltonian Monte Carlo

Tuning the durations of the Hamiltonian flow in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (also called Hybrid Monte Carlo) (HMC) involves a tradeoff between computational cost and sampling quality, which is typically challenging to resolve in a satisfactory way. In this article we present and analyze a randomized HMC method (RHMC), in which these durations are i.i. d. exponential random variables whose mean is a free parameter. We focus on the small time step size limit, where the algorithm is rejection-free and the computational cost is proportional to the mean duration. In this limit, we prove that RHMC is geometrically ergodic under the same conditions that imply geometric ergodicity of the solution to underdamped Langevin equations. Moreover, in the context of a multi-dimensional Gaussian distribution, we prove that the sampling efficiency of RHMC, unlike that of constant duration HMC, behaves in a regular way. This regularity is also verified numerically in non-Gaussian target distributions. Finally we suggest variants of RHMC for which the time step size is not required to be small.
EXPLORING FACTOR AFFECTING TRUST AND RELATIONSHIP QUALITY IN A SUPPLY CHAIN CONTEXT

This study explores and evaluates the factors affecting trust and the influence of trust on relationship quality. These influences are studied in supply chain relationships, focusing on companies operating in a developing country such as Albania. The aim is to contribute in the trust research and to show managers trust and its antecedents lead to better business performance and better relationships with partners. The data were collected from 162 Albanian businesses, all engaged in different business relationships with respective partners. The paper proposes a partial least squares model (PLS) for conceptualizing and measuring the effects of rule of law, communication, competence and reputation, personality traits and social interaction on trust. Also the effect of trust on relationship quality is quantified and measured. The results of the study support the hypotheses that all factor mentioned positively affect trust, and that trust has a considerable effect on relationship quality. The research demonstrates the effectiveness of multivariate modeling in analyzing constructs like trust and relationship quality. In practice, this study provides managers with deep understanding of different aspects of their business relationships, focusing exclusively on trust.
Effectiveness of Intensive Outpatient Programming in Private Practice : Integrating Practice , Outcomes , and Business

The 2005 recipients of the APA Professional Contribution Awards were selected by the 2004 Board of Professional Affairs (BPA). The members of BPA in 2004 were Jalie A. Tucker, PhD, MPH (Chair); Rosie Phillips Bingham, PhD; Stephen T. DeMers, EdD; Rita Dudley-Grant, PhD, MPH; Kristin A. Hancock, PhD; Keith N. Humphreys, PhD; Larry C. James, PhD; Richard J. Klimoski, PhD; and Annette M. La Greca, PhD. Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Independent or Institutional Practice in the Private Sector
The Problem Is Epistemology, Not Statistics: Replace Significance Tests by Confidence Intervals and Quantify Accuracy of Risky Numerical Predictions

Significance tests have a role to play in social science research but their current widespread use in appraising theories is often harmful. The reason for this lies not in the mathematics but in social scientists’ poor understanding of the logical relation between theory and fact, that is, a methodological or epistemological unclarity. Theories entail observations, not conversely. Although a theory’s success in deriving a fact tends to corroborate it, this corroboration is weak unless the fact has a very low prior probability and there are few possible alternative theories. The fact of a nonzero difference or correlation, such as we infer by refuting the null hypothesis, does not have such a low probability because in social science everything correlates with almost everything else, theory aside. In the “strong” use of significance tests, the theory predicts a numerical point value, or narrow range, so the hypothesis test subjects the theory to a grave risk of being falsified if it is objectively incorrect. In general, setting up a confidence interval is preferable, being more informative and entailing null hypothesis refutation if a difference falls outside the interval. Significance tests are usually more defensible in technological contexts (e.g., evaluating an intervention) than for theory appraisal. It would be helpful to have a quantitative index of how closely a theory comes to correctly predicting a risky fact, and one such index is proposed. Unlike widespread current practice, statistics texts and lecturers should clarify and emphasize the large semantic (logical) gap between a substantive (causal, compositional) theory and a statistical hypothesis about a population parameter that is derivable from the theory but does not derive it.
Affixation and the Unaccusative Hypothesis

Les contraintes sur la formation de deverbaux a l'aide des affixes re-, able et-ee en anglais peuvent etre formulees a l'aide des criteres semantiques caracterisant les predicats unaires a argument "objet profond" dans la grammaire relationnelle.
Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures: Third Edition

A recent study showed that methylphenidate induces emergence from isoflurane general anesthesia. Isoflurane and propofol are general. Applied Nonparametric Statistical Methods. Fourth Edition. P. Sprent and N.C. Smeeton. Applied Statistics: Handbook of GENSTAT Essential Statistics, Fourth Edition 19 Parametric nonlinear models. 471 procedures are justified. The correct statistical approach to assess this degree of agreement is not obvious. Correlation and Armitage P, Berry G. Matthews JNS eds. Statistical methods in medical research. 4th ed. Maiden, MA: Handbook of parametric and nonparametric statistical procedures. 5th ed. Approved guideline Fifth Edition. analysis package according to the Friedman nonparametric test at 5 Jaggery from fourth field trial melted before one month and this indicates even Technology of Lime and Limestone, Second Edition, Interscience Publishers, (13) David J. Sheski, Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures. Nonparametric statistical tests are useful procedures that can be applied in a amazon.com with the search query non-parametric statistical tests would. Fourth Edition Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures David J. Sheskin Chapman & Hall/CRC Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton. Non-parametric 2-group This handbook is only intended as a guide and is only the starting point of your Introduction to Statistics in Psychology (4th Edition). Multiple comparison procedures are established to control the type I error.
PREVALENCE AND CORRELATES OF ALPHA-DELTA SLEEP IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS by KUMARASWAMY BUDUR, MD Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Thesis Adviser: Dr. Robert Fox

by KUMARASWAMY BUDUR, MD Objective: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with sleep disturbances. An electroencephalographic (EEG) pattern of alpha wave intrusion in delta wave sleep (alpha-delta sleep) is observed in some subjects with MDD. The treatment-resistant symptoms in MDD, non-restorative sleep and fatigue, are associated with alpha-delta sleep. The objective of this study is to identify the prevalence and clinical correlates of alpha-delta sleep in MDD. Methods: Retrospective study of 150 polysomnograms of subject’s ≥ 18 years (75 each with and with no MDD). The percent of delta waves with alpha intrusion was collected and analyzed. Results: MDD patients had higher alpha-delta sleep (23.4±14.2 %; 2.3±6.7%, p<0.01). MDD patients with high alpha-delta sleep were at 3.15 greater odds to have excessive daytime sleepiness. Conclusion: Patients with MDD have a higher prevalence of alpha-delta sleep. Alpha-Delta sleep is associated with daytime sleepiness in MDDpatients.
Modules d"endo-p-permutation

This dissertation is concerned with the study of a new family of representations of finite groups, the endo-p-permutation modules. Given a prime number p, a finite group G of order divisible by p and an algebraically closed field k of characteristic p, we say that a kG-module M is an endo-p-permutation module if its endomorphism algebra Endk(M) is a p-permutation kG-module, that is a direct summand of a permutation kG-module. This generalizes the notion, first introduced by E. Dade in 1978, of endo-permutation modules for p-groups . For P a p-group, E. Dade defined an abelian group structure on the set of isomorphism classes of indecomposable endo-permutation kP-modules with vertex P and he proved that the complete description of the structure of this group is equivalent to the classification of endo-permutation kP-modules. This group of isomorphism classes is now called the Dade group of the p-group P. The problem of describing the Dade group for an arbitrary p-group was recently solved by S. Bouc. This opens the question of studying endo-p-permutation modules, which are the natural generalization to arbitrary finite groups of endo-permutation modules. In the following text, we present the basic properties of endo-p-permutation modules and give a characterization of indecomposable endo-p-permutation modules with vertex P via properties of their sources modules. In particular, when the normalizer of P controls p-fusion, we are able to give a complete classification of sources of indecomposable endo-p-permutation modules with vertex P, using Bouc's description of the Dade group. When p is odd, we also give an alternative proof of a theorem of Dade concerned with extensions of endo-permutation modules, using our previous results. We present a consequence of this theorem of Dade on the structure of the multiplicity module associated to an indecomposable endo-p-permutation module. Finally we study some concrete examples of endo-p-permutation modules such as relative syzygies and relative Heller translates. We prove also that the Green correspondent of an indecomposable kNG(P)- endo-p-permutation module with vertex P is not in general an endo-p-permutation kG-module. The study of such representations is motivated by the important role they play in certain areas of representations theory. For instance, endo-permutation modules, and more generally endo-p-permutation modules (as is proved here), appear in the study of simple modules for p-solvable groups.
Cytological investigation of embryos in low-dose X-irradiated young and old female inbred mice.

Virgin, female mice from the inbred strain CBA of 6, 15 and 46 weeks of age were X-irradiated with 0, 2, 4, 8 or 16 R. After mating with young CBA males, the embryos produced were analysed for aneuploidy when they were 10 days old. Four trisomics were found among a total of 855 foetuses. No correlation to the X-irradiation could be shown, but an increase of trisomics in relation to the age of the females was demonstrated.
Statistical Regularization and Qualitative Constraints

The Augmented Lagrangian Method as an approach for regularizing inverse problems received much attention recently, e.g. under the name Bregman iteration in imaging. This work shows convergence (rates) for this method when Morozov’s discrepancy principle is chosen as a stopping rule. Moreover, error estimates for the involved sequence of subgradients are pointed out. The paper studies implications of these results for particular examples motivated by applications in imaging. These include the total variation regularization as well as `q penalties with q ∈ [1, 2]. It is shown that Morozov’s principle implies convergence (rates) for the iterates with respect to the metric of strict convergence and the `q-norm, respectively. AMS subject classifications. 65J22, 46N10, 49M05
Analytical Analysis of Common Fixed Point Results in Fuzzy Cone Metric Spaces

The concept of fuzzy sets was introduced by Zadeh (1965) which marked the beginning of the evolution of fuzzy mathematics. The introduction of uncertainty in the theory of sets in a non-probabilistic manner opened up new possibilities for research in this field. Since then, many authors have explored the theory of fuzzy sets and its applications, leading to successful advancements in various fields such as mathematical programming, model theory, engineering sciences, image processing, and control theory. In this paper, we aim to improve and generalize some common fixed point theorems in fuzzy cone metric spaces, an extension of the well-known results given by Saif Ur Rahman and Hong Xu-Li (2017).
Strategic Fit in Industrial Alliances: An Empirical Test of Governance Value Analysis

The exclusion of firm-specific considerations in the standard (economizing calculus) approach to buyer–supplier ties makes the large variations in the types of contracts used within the same industry unexplainable. This article tests Ghosh and John's (1999) strategizing calculus model that purports to close this gap. The core organizing principle of this model is a three-way fit among firm resources, investments, and governance that yields the highest net receipts. From this principle, the authors derive predictions and test them using data from 193 original equipment manufacturers that engage independent component suppliers. The data show that investments must be aligned with more complete contract terms (e.g., fixed prices, “hard” designs) to yield cost reduction outcomes for all firms. However, investments must be aligned with more incomplete contracts (e.g., cost-plus prices, “soft” designs) to yield end-product enhancement outcomes, but only for firms with relatively small downstream market margins. Firms with larger downstream market margins find that the previous alignment reduces end-product enhancements. These results are robust to checks for common method bias and alternative estimation procedures. The authors discuss practical guidelines for the desired tightness of supplier contract terms from the three-way fit principle.
A Smooth Optimisation Perspective on Training Feedforward Neural Networks

We present a smooth optimisation perspective on training multilayer Feedforward Neural Networks (FNNs) in the supervised learning setting. By characterising the critical point conditions of an FNN based optimisation problem, we identify the conditions to eliminate local optima of the cost function. By studying the Hessian structure of the cost function at the global minima, we develop an approximate Newton FNN algorithm, which demonstrates promising convergence properties.
Student Attitudes toward STEM: The Development of Upper Elementary School and Middle/High School Student Surveys

The national economy is in need of more engineers and skilled workers in science, technology, and mathematics (STEM) fields who also possess competencies in critical-thinking, communication, and collaboration – also known as 21st century skills. In response to this need, educational organizations across the country are implementing innovative STEM education programs designed in part to increase student attitudes toward STEM subjects and careers. This paper describes how a team of researchers at The Friday Institute for Educational Innovation at North Carolina State University developed the Upper Elementary School and Middle/High School Student Attitudes toward STEM (S-STEM) Surveys to measure those attitudes. The surveys each consist of four, validated constructs which use Likert-scale items to measure student attitudes toward science, mathematics, engineering and technology, 21st century skills. The surveys also contain a comprehensive section measuring student interest in STEM careers. The surveys have been administered to over 10,000 fourth through twelfth grade students in North Carolina who are participating in a variety of traditional classroom-based, elective, or informal STEM education programs. In the paper the authors explain the survey development and validation process. The report also summarizes baseline findings about student attitudes toward STEM subjects, careers, and 21st century skills, demonstrating how this survey can be a useful tool for innovative STEM education and workforce development programs.
Reforming French Bankruptcy Law

F inancial debt is the primary source of external funding for fi rms. When an indebted fi rm appears to no longer be in a position to meet its commitments, its debt must be renegotiated and the fi rm can be liquidated. This process is carried out by a judge and governed by bankruptcy law. The terms by which corporate failure is managed are a matter of key importance for French fi rms. On the one hand, they should enable fi nancially distressed fi rms to quickly restructure their operations with the aim of effi ciently redeploying their resources and their human capital. On the other hand, the initial expectations of potential lenders with regards to dealing with any potential default on the part of a fi rm are an important determinant of credit supply.