Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anteroposterior Centering of the Humeral Head on the Glenoid in Vivo

Background The capsule and ligaments are generally viewed as the primary stabilizers of the glenohumeral joint, but many important activities are performed in midrange positions in which these structures are lax. Hypothesis In vivo, the humeral head can be centered in the glenoid, even when the shoulder is in positions in which the capsule is lax and even when the shoulder is passively positioned. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods We documented the centering of the humeral head in the relaxed shoulders of six subjects using open-magnet magnetic resonance imaging scans. Results While these shoulders were passively placed in midrange positions (those not at the extremes of motion), the humeral head center was never more than 2.2 mm from the glenoid center (mean + 0.1 ± 1.2 mm). Conclusions The results suggest that mechanisms other than ligamentous restraint, such as the compressive effect of resting muscle tone into the conforming concavity of the glenoid, may be sufficient to maintain centering of the glenohumeral joint. Further exploration of these mechanisms may lead to methods other than ligament tightening or capsular shrinkage for restoration of stability to joints that are unstable in the midrange of motion. Clinical Relevance In that many patients with unstable shoulders demonstrate instability in midrange positions, it is hoped that further study of living shoulders will lead to a more effective understanding of the nonligament mechanisms of shoulder stability and the ways in which these stabilizing mechanisms can be restored.
Survey of quantitative antimicrobial consumption in two different pig finishing systems

The primary objectives of this study were to: (a) collect on-farm antimicrobial use (AMU) data in fattener pigs employing two questionnaire-based surveys; (b) assess different quantitative measures for quantifying AMU in fattener pigs; (c) compare AMU in fattener pigs between two different management systems producing finishers: farrow-to-finish (FtF) farms versus finisher farms. Two questionnaires were designed both containing five groups of questions focused on the responder, the farm and AMU (eg, in-feed, in-drinking water and parenteral); both surveys were carried out by means of personal face-to-face interviews. Both surveys started with a sample size of 108 potentially eligible farms per survey; nevertheless, finally 67 finisher farms and 49 FtF farms were recruited. Overall percentages of animals exposed to antimicrobials (AM) were high (90 per cent in finisher farms and 54 per cent FtF farms); colistin (61 per cent and 33 per cent) and doxycycline (62 per cent and 23 per cent) were the most common AMs, followed by amoxicillin (51 per cent and 19 per cent) and lincomycin (49 per cent), respectively. Questionnaire-based surveys using face-to-face interviews are useful for capturing information regarding AMU at the farm level. Farm-level data per administration route can be used for comparative AMU analysis between farms. Nevertheless, for the analysis of the putative relationships between AMU and AM resistance, measures based on exposed animals or exposure events are needed.
Beyond Self-Selection in Video Game Play: An Experimental Examination of the Consequences of Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game Play

There is burgeoning interest in the study of video games. Existing work is limited by the use of correlational designs and is thus unable to make causal inferences or remove self-selection biases from observed results. The recent development of online, socially integrated video games (massively multiplayer online role-playing games [MMORPGs]) has created a new experience for gamers. This randomized, longitudinal study examined the effects of being assigned to play different video game types on game usage, health, well-being, sleep, socializing, and academics. One hundred 18- to 20-year-old participants (73% male; 68% Caucasian) were randomly assigned to play arcade, console, solo computer, or MMORPG games for 1 month. The MMORPG group differed significantly from other groups after 1 month, reporting more hours spent playing, worse health, worse sleep quality, and greater interference in "real-life" socializing and academic work. In contrast, this group also reported greater enjoyment in playing, greater interest in continuing to play, and greater acquisition of new friendships. MMORPGs represent a different gaming experience with different consequences than other types of video games and appear to pose both unique risks and benefits from their use.
Statistical Tests for Mixed Linear Models

Nature of Exact and Optimum Tests in Mixed Linear Models. Balanced Random and Mixed Models. Measures of Data Imbalance. Unbalanced One-Way and Two-Way Random Models. Random Models with Unequal Cell Frequencies in the Last Stage. Tests in Unbalanced Mixed Models. Recovery of Inter-Block Information. Split-Plot Designs Under Mixed and Random Models. Tests Using Generalized P-Values. Multivariate Mixed and Random Models. Appendix. General Bibliography. Indexes.
Symposium on emerging needs in leprosy research in the post elimination era: The Leprosy Mission Trust India.

After the declaration of Elimination of leprosy in 2005, attention to leprosy has gradually diminished. In the last 10 years the leprosy scenario has not shown the improvement that was expected in the post elimination era the number of new cases each year show no significant decline, and the complications of leprosy continue to cause disability and deformity which leads thousands to dehabilitation and untold suffering. With the shrinking of available funds, research into leprosy has been neglected and now remaining only in a few organizations where fundamental studies on the disease are being carried out. To improve the situation, several strategies have been adopted by leprosy groups in enhancing research, capacity building on topics which are of priority to Government of India (GOI), WHO and ILEP, hoping that this would generate evidence based knowledge and learning to accelerate the eradication of the causes and consequences of leprosy.
Glutathionylation of the L-type Ca2+ Channel in Oxidative Stress-Induced Pathology of the Heart

There is mounting evidence to suggest that protein glutathionylation is a key process contributing to the development of pathology. Glutathionylation occurs as a result of posttranslational modification of a protein and involves the addition of a glutathione moiety at cysteine residues. Such modification can occur on a number of proteins, and exerts a variety of functional consequences. The L-type Ca2+ channel has been identified as a glutathionylation target that participates in the development of cardiac pathology. Ca2+ influx via the L-type Ca2+ channel increases production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiomyocytes during periods of oxidative stress. This induces a persistent increase in channel open probability, and the resulting constitutive increase in Ca2+ influx amplifies the cross-talk between the mitochondria and the channel. Novel strategies utilising targeted peptide delivery to uncouple mitochondrial ROS and Ca2+ flux via the L-type Ca2+ channel following ischemia-reperfusion have delivered promising results, and have proven capable of restoring appropriate mitochondrial function in myocytes and in vivo.
Conditions for positivity of an energy operator

The authors present necessary and sufficient conditions such that the output from the Teager-Kaiser (1989) energy operator /spl lsqb/s/spl dot/(t)=ds(t)/dt/spl rsqb/ /spl Psi//sub c//spl lsqb/s(t)/spl rsqb/=s/spl dot//sup 2/(t)/spl minus/s(t)s/spl uml/(t) for continuous-time signals s(t) and the output from the corresponding discrete-time energy operator /spl Psi//sub d//spl lsqb/s(n)/spl rsqb/=s/sup 2/(n)/spl minus/s(n+1)s(n/spl minus/1) be non-negative everywhere. These operators have been shown to be effective for AM and FM demodulation in several useful classes of signals, such as speech and image signals. >
Tissue-specific N-terminal isoforms from overlapping alternate promoters of the human AE2 anion exchanger gene.

Previously, we isolated the human AE2 (SLC4A2) gene, a member of the sodium-independent anion exchanger family. Rat ortholog of this gene was reported to drive alternative transcription yielding N-terminal variants of the AE2a message. We thus analyzed the human AE2 gene in this regard. Using HepG2 cells, two alternative first exons, each splicing to exon 3 in alternative transcripts, were found to be transcribed from overlapping sequences of intron 2. Exon 1b(1) corresponds to the rat variant "b" and encodes three initial residues (MTQ) in AE2b(1) isoform that replace the first 17 amino acids of AE2a protein, while the novel exon 1b(2) encodes eight initial residues (MDFLLRPQ) in AE2b(2) isoform. The relative abundance of AE2b(1) and AE2b(2) mRNAs was about 10% of AE2a mRNA each. Alternate promoter sequences have multiple potential binding motifs for liver-enriched factors, and dual-luciferase assays indicated that they possess the ability for driving transcription in transiently transfected HepG2 cells. Tissue survey showed that expression of human AE2b(1) and AE2b(2) transcripts is restricted to liver and kidney, while AE2a mRNA was encountered in all examined tissues. Our findings reveal a characteristic tissue-specific expression of two N-terminal variants of human AE2 from overlapping sequences within intron 2, one of which is a novel isoform.
PRACTICING WITH GRADUAL INCREASES IN CONTEXTUAL INTERFERENCE ENHANCES VISUOMOTOR LEARNING

The purpose of this study was to determine if practicing with gradual increases in contextual interference (CI) facilitated the learning of a continuous motor skill that required visuomotor tracking. We hypothesized the group that practiced with increasing amounts of CI would perform significantly better on a retention and transfer test compared to participants that practiced with blocked and random scheduling. A total of 78 participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups (i.e. Blocked, Increasing, Random). The level of CI was modified by varying the number of revolutions per minute (RPM) on a rotary pursuit tracker. Following the acquisition phase, participants returned after a 24-hour period and completed the 12-trial retention and transfer test. The results of statistical analysis indicated that all three groups improved their performance during practice. The posttest analysis indicated the Increasing group was better than the Blocked and Random groups on the retention and transfer test.
Hepatitis B reservoirs and attack rates in an Australian community: A basis for vaccination and crossinfection policies

Four different subpopulations in South Australia, which were expected to have high rates of hepatitis B infection (Asians, Aboriginals, homosexual men, and drug addicts) were examined for their contribution to the total reservoir of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers and to the total annual incidence of acute hepatitis B infection in South Australia. Age‐specific prevalence data were also examined to assess the ages at which infection is commonly acquired. It was found that the above four groups, which comprise 3% of the State's population, are likely to include about 75% of HBsAg carriers in the State, but contribute a minority of the total new infections each year; they are not likely to present a significant risk of infection to the community at large. Three different age‐related patterns of acquisition of infection were recognized — among Southeast Asians and Aboriginals, homosexual men and drug addicts, and the general community, respectively. The above approach, and to some extent the general findings, should be applicable to other similar communities in the formulation of effective policies for the control and prevention of hepatitis B infection.
Yucatec Influence in Terminal Classic Northern Belize

Excavations undertaken during 1978 and 1979 at Nohmul, Belize are believed to cast new light on the demise of the Maya. Investigations revealed Terminal Classic-San Jose V material intermixed with Late Classic to Early Postclassic Yucatec material in a single-unit refuse deposit. More importantly, striking architectural similarities exist between structures at Nohmul and Chichen-Itza; Structure 20 at Nohmul proved to be of the “patio-quad” type known previously only from Chichen-Itza, and Structure 9 of Nohmul may be put forth as a “Caracol” (Chichen-Itza Structure 3C15) counterpart. On the basis of excavations at Nohmul, it is implied that there is an association between Toltec Chichen-Itza (Sotuta) and the Terminal Classic periods to the south (San Jose V-Tepeu 3), in that the two are overlapping, if not coeval. Should this be the case, new alternatives relating to the Maya collapse must be considered.
Emerging Evidence for Seasonality of Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections

controversy. Previous trials have demonstrated that chlorhexidine or povidone-iodine preoperative showers are effective at quantitatively reducing skin colonization. " However, other trials have reported that preoperative antiseptic showers did not influence the incidence of surgical site infections. Skin colonization plays an important role in surgical site infection. Minimizing the risk of such infection is imperative, particularly in plastic surgery, since even minor infections can complicate the healing process and harm the cosmetic result. Given that the expected infection rates after clean elective procedures are 2% or less, our sample size did not allow us to determine the influence of preoperative chlorhexidine showers on the rate of infection. However, considering the statistically significant reduction in skin colonization, we stand by our statement that "chlorhexidine showers before clean plastic surgical procedures involving the trunk. should be seriously considered in clinical practice. "*'
Synergistic effect of phytochemicals in vitro and their antimicrobial properties against food-borne microorganisms in “ coalho ” cheese

E.C. Lima Machado, E.H. Leite Machado, S. Teixeira Ortiz, M.R. Oliveira Silva, E.M. Barbosa da Silva and S.A. Cardoso Andrade 1 Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, St.Alto do Reservatório, s/n, Bela Vista, 55608 –680, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil 2 União Química Farmacêutica Nacional S/A, Av. Magalhães de Castro, 4800, 05676–120, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 3 Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Professor Morais Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife PE, 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
Interrelationship Between Periapical Lesion and Systemic Metabolic Disorders.

BACKGROUND Periapical periodontitis, also known as periapical lesion, is a common dental disease, along with periodontitis (gum disease). Periapical periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, caused by endodontic infection, and its development is regulated by the host immune/inflammatory response. Metabolic disorders, which are largely dependent on life style such as eating habits, have been interpreted as a "metabolically-triggered" low-grade systemic inflammation and may interact with periapical periodontitis by triggering immune modulation. The host immune system is therefore considered the common fundamental mechanism of both disease conditions. METHOD We have reviewed >200 articles to discuss the interrelationship between periapical lesions and metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), and their common pathological background in immunology/osteoimmunology and cytokine biology. RESULTS An elevated inflammatory state caused by metabolic disorders can impact the clinical outcome of periapical lesions and interfere with wound healing after endodontic treatment. Although additional well-designed clinical studies are needed, periapical lesions appear to affect insulin sensitivity and exacerbate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. CONCLUSION Immune regulatory cytokines produced by various cell types, including immune cells and adipose tissue, play an important role in this interrelationship.
[The level of knowledge of post-exposure prohylaxis of blood-borne infections at the workplace observed in nurses].

BACKGROUND The principles of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) of HIV, HBV, and HCV at the workplace have already been defined in available publications. Nurses belong to the occupational group that is especially exposed to risk of blood-borne infections. The aim of this study was to assess their knowledge of post-exposure prophylaxis of HIV, HBV and HCV. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study group comprised 125 nurses beginning secondary education. RESULTS The study revealed that 21.6-29.6% (depending on the virus type) of nurses could not list any principle of post-exposure prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS The study population of nurses revealed inadequate knowledge in this area. They showed the best knowledge of principles concerning HIV, and the worst concerning HCV. In the population of nurses under study, the hospital training courses on PEP principles proved to be unsatisfactory, and thus there is an urgent need to improve this situation.
Konjac-mannan (glucomannan) improves glycemia and other associated risk factors for coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes. A randomized controlled metabolic trial.

OBJECTIVE To examine whether Konjac-mannan (KJM) fiber improves metabolic control as measured by glycemia, lipidemia, and blood pressure in high-risk type 2 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 11 hyperlipidemic and hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients treated conventionally by a low-fat diet and drug therapy participated. After an 8-week baseline, all were randomly assigned to take either KJM fiber-enriched test biscuits (0.7 g/412 kJ [100 kcal] of glucomannan) or matched placebo wheat bran fiber biscuits during two 3-week treatment phases separated by a 2-week washout period. The diet in either case was metabolically controlled and conformed to National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 guidelines, while medications were maintained constant. Efficacy measures included serum fructosamine, lipid profiles, apolipoproteins, blood pressure, body weight, and nutritional analysis. RESULTS Compared with placebo, KJM significantly reduced the metabolic control primary end points: serum fructosamine (5.7%, P = 0.007, adjusted alpha = 0.0167), total:HDL cholesterol ratio (10%, P = 0.03, adjusted alpha = 0.05), and systolic blood pressure (sBP) (6.9%, P = 0.02, adjusted alpha = 0.025). Secondary end points, including body weight, total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoproteins A-1, B, and their ratio, glucose, insulin, and diastolic blood pressure, were not significant after adjustment by the Bonferroni-Hochberg procedure. CONCLUSIONS KJM fiber added to conventional treatment may ameliorate glycemic control, blood lipid profile, and sBP in high-risk diabetic individuals, possibly improving the effectiveness of conventional treatment in type 2 diabetes.
No association between elevated post-void residual volume and bacteriuria in residents of nursing homes

Objective To evaluate the concept that increased post-void residual urine volume (PVR) is a risk factor for bacteriuria. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Three nursing homes in Jönköping, southern Sweden. Subjects A total of 147 elderly residents in municipal nursing homes. Main outcome values PVR volumes measured with a portable ultrasonic bladder scan, urine specimen, and questionnaire data on incontinence, immobility, impaired cognition, neurological diseases, and medications. Results Mean age was 86 years and 78% were women. The prevalence of a PVR for the four chosen cut-off values (30, 50, 100, and 150 ml) was 51%, 39%, 20%, and 7%, respectively. The prevalence of bacteriuria was 42%, 46% for women and 28% for men. Elevated PVR was not associated with bacteriuria, incontinence, immobility, impaired cognition or neurological disease (stroke, Parkinson's disease). Conclusion Bacteriuria and elevated PVR are common among elderly residents in nursing homes. The study could not confirm that elevated PVR predisposes to bacteriuria in elderly residents in nursing homes.
A Brain on a Roller Coaster: Can the Dopamine Reward System Act as a Protagonist to Subdue the Ups and Downs of Bipolar Disorder?

One of the most interesting but tenebrous parts of the bipolar disorder (BD) story is the switch between (hypo)mania and depression, which can give bipolar patients a thrilling, but somewhat perilous, ‘ride’. Numerous studies have pointed out that there are some recognizable differences (either state-dependent or state-independent) in several brain regions of people with BD, including components of the brain’s reward system. Understanding the underpinning mechanisms of high and low mood statuses in BD has potential, not only for the development of highly specific and selective pharmaceutical agents, but also for better treatment approaches and psychological interventions to manage BD and, thus, give patients a safer ride. Herein, we review evidence that supports involvement of the reward system in the pathophysiology of mood swings, with the main focus on the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic neural circuitry. Principally using findings from neuroimaging studies, we aim to signpost readers as to how mood alterations may affect different areas of the reward system and how antipsychotic drugs can influence the activity of these brain areas. Finally, we critically evaluate the hypothesis that the mesocorticolimbic dopamine reward system may act as a functional rheostat for different mood states.
Neonatal screening for congenital cytomegalovirus infections

Abstract We evaluated a screening program for the detection of congenital cytomegalovirus in 3075 unselected pregnant women. From each live-born child urine for CMV culture was collected within 7 days after birth. Each fetus expelled after a spontaneous second trimester abortion and each stillborn infant were also evaluated for a possible congenital CMV infection. For each congenital infection stored maternal sera were analysed to determine whether maternal infection was primary or recurrent. Fifteen out of the 3075 pregnancies studied resulted in a congenitally infected infant (0.49 %). Nine maternal CMV infections were primary infections; five were recurrent infections, and in one case the type of infection could not be determined. Three congenital infections resulted in severe sequelae, leading to the termination of pregnancy in two instances and to neonatal death in one case. One of these severe fetal infections was due to a recurrent maternal infection. Follow-up of the other 12 neonates demonstrated hearing disorders in two children. One was born after a primary maternal infection and one after a recurrent maternal infection. We conclude that congenital CMV infections occurs in 0.49% of all pregnancies in the population studied. Twenty percent of the congenitally infected infants present severe sequelae at birth or during pregnancy, and an additional 17% have audiological deficits at 1 year of age. Severe sequelae may occur after both primary and recurrent maternal CMV infection.
Adaptive control with asymptotical sliding mode of uncertain plants with input and state delays

Asymptotical sliding mode design of direct model reference adaptive control (MRAC) for a class of systems with input and state delays based only on the lumped-delays is developed. To overcome the difficulty to directly predict the plant state, a control design is proposed based on a new approach. The approach relies on a decomposition of the adaptive control design procedure where a “generalized error” in conjunction with auxiliary linear filters with adjustable gains are introduced and the sliding variable is formed on the basis of this error. The effect of such a decomposition is to pull the input delay out of first step of the design procedure.