Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Foraging pigs alter their behaviour in response to exploitation

Abstract When food finders are exploited by others, but cannot themselves switch to scrounging or leave their foraging group, other behavioural adaptations should be favoured. Tactical deception in primates and foraging at the periphery of the group in ground-feeding birds have been suggested as two such responses. We show that exploited individuals may also respond by adjusting their foraging behaviour to the concurrent behaviour of the scroungers. We investigated the foraging strategies of exploited subordinate domestic pigs, Sus scrofa . Pairs of pigs were tested in competitive foraging trials. We trained the subordinate pig in each pair to use a producing tactic in competitive pair trials by informing it about the location of hidden food during a preceding search trial in which it foraged alone. The dominant pig was naive about the food location in the competitive trials but able to displace the subordinate from the food source. We have shown previously that the dominants scrounged on their coforagers in these competitive trials by following them and displacing them from the food source. In the present study, logistic regression analyses show that the food-finding subordinates altered their foraging behaviour depending on the current behaviour of the dominants. Overall, the subordinates were more likely to show food-directed behaviour when the chances of arriving at the food source ahead of their exploiters were higher. The foraging behaviour of individual subordinates was related to their exploitation experience. Individuals subjected to higher exploitation pressure showed more varied strategies. These behavioural strategies are most simply interpreted as attempts by the exploited food finders to increase the time they can spend at the food source before the scroungers arrive. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved .
Pseudoreplication in playback experiments, revisited a decade later

Correspondence: D. E. Kroodsma, Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.A. (e-mail: kroodsma@bio.umass.edu). About 10 years ago, several papers in Animal Behaviour addressed the quality of experimental designs in ‘playback’ experiments (Kroodsma 1989a, b, 1990a, 1992; Searcy 1989; Weary & Mountjoy 1992), and this debate culminated in a consensus report by McGregor et al. (1992). The key issue was ‘pseudoreplication’, defined by Hurlbert (1984, page 187) as ‘the use of inferential statistics to test for treatment effects with data from experiments where either treatments are not replicated (though samples may be) or replicates are not statistically independent’. McGregor et al. (1992, page 2) offered their own simplified definition, ‘the use of an n (sample size) in a statistical test that is not appropriate to the hypothesis being tested’. McGregor et al. agreed that pseudoreplication was a serious issue, and that designing and implementing good experimental designs was a worthy and attainable goal. What effect did the debate and subsequent consensus report have on the quality of experimental designs used in animal behaviour? To answer that question, we surveyed the designs used in 50 papers published during the last several years. The papers were chosen by searching electronic databases for 25 papers that cited a key paper on pseudoreplication and for 25 other ‘playback’ papers that did not explicitly cite or address pseudoreplication issues. We reasoned that these two samples of papers should provide an index to the experimental designs and logic currently being used by investigators in animal behaviour. (Note: we chose not to review playback experiments that used synthetic stimuli. Although use of synthetic stimuli may solve some problems (e.g. see McGregor et al. 1992), we encountered a number of papers in which we felt that interpretations based on large sets of synthesized playback variants exceeded the permitted inferential space. )
The Retina: An Approachable Part of the Brain

migraine, but a more direct approach is required for delving into the pathophysiology of the human brain. Perhaps PET and MRI scanning may provide this in the future. Circumstantial evidence links fact remains that we are searching for some final common pathway in the headache mechanism, possibly some receptor that can be stimulated or blocked by a specific agent without altering the reactions of the entire organism. In the meantime we must patiently match the shards and fill in the gaps with imagination and hard work by the neuroscientist as well as the clinician. This volume is recommended to those prepared to take up this challenge and to medical libraries as a useful reference. the 'slow march' of symptoms . during the aura of classical migraine with spreading depression of the cerebral cortex, discussed here by Le,io, the distinguished Brazilian neurophysiologist who described the phenomenon in the 1940s and postulated even then that it may bear some relationship to migraine. Topographic EEG mapping demonstrates occipital abnormalities in common migraine (headache without aura), between and during attacks as well as in the classical form, in spite of the fact that changes in cerebral blood flow have not been demonstrated in the former. Some migrainous attacks start with symptoms suggestive of hypothalamic disturbance, such as increased appetite, yawning and mood changes, although no consistent change in hypothalamo-pituitary function has been demonstrated. Cluster headache and, in some cases, unilateral migraine is associated with ptosis and miosis on the affected side, which is probably explained by involvement of ocular sympathetic fibres where they surround the internal carotid artery. The possible contribution of herpes simplex infection, cellmediated immunity, leukotrienes and enkephalins to the mechanism of this strange and very painful periodic syndrome is explored here. Clinical aspects of migraine and cluster headache are not neglected. The precipitation of migraine by drinking red wine, the difficulties encountered in the dietary management of migraine, and the transformation from migraine to chronic daily headache are all discussed. The use of percutaneous oestradiol to prevent menstrual migraine, the intranasal administration of dihydroergotamine and the use of betablocking, Ca 2+ channel-blocking, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant agents are evaluated. Most headache sufferers can now be offered at least partial relief by remedies presently available. The HI I H I
Enhancing the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Poly(Vinyl Chloride)-Based Conductive Nanocomposites by Zinc Oxide Nanorods

A simple approach to decorate multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)–reduced graphene oxide (RGO) hybrid nanoparticles with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods is developed to improve the electrical and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/MWCNT–RGO composites. The ZnO nanorods act as “joint” in three-dimensional (3D) MWCNT–RGO networks and the hybrid particles strongly interact with PVC chains via p-π stacking, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic interactions, which we confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman analysis. By introducing the ZnO nanorods, the RGO–ZnO–MWCNT hybrid particles increased 160% in capacitance compared with MWCNT–RGO hybrids. Moreover, the addition of RGO–ZnO–MWCNT to PVC resulted in the mechanical properties of PVC being enhanced by 30.8% for tensile strength and 60.9% for Young’s modulus at the loadings of 2.0 weight percent (wt.%) and 1.0 wt. %, respectively. Meanwhile, the electrical conductivity of PVC increased by 11 orders of magnitude, from 1 × 10−15 S/m to 1 × 10−4 S/m for MWCNT–ZnO–RGO loading at 5.0 wt. %.
Confidence of paternity and male parental care: an experimental study in tree swallows

Abstract Abstract. Based on the model of Whittingham et al. (1992, Am. Nat ., 139 , 1115-1125), it is predicted that males in many monogamous species of birds will not decrease their level of parental care until their confidence of paternity is very low (threshold response). This prediction was tested by holding monogamous male tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor , in captivity for 1 or 3 days during their mate's fertile (pre-laying, laying) or non-fertile (incubation) periods. Males were held in cages with one-way glass that allowed them to see their mates engage in extra-pair copulations. Females increased their rate of extra-pair copulation when their mates where held in captivity during pre-laying and laying. Therefore, the confidence of paternity of these captive males was lower than unmanipulated males or males held during incubation (controls). Although the male's access to his fertile mate was reduced by up to 57%, there was no effect of the timing or length of captivity on the male's share of feeding nestlings or his defence of the nest. Male tree swallows did not reduce their parental effort over a wide range of paternity, and previous studies showed they commit infanticide when their paternity is zero, suggesting that they exhibit a threshold response to decreasing paternity. Furthermore, a review of several studies suggests that other monogamous species also exhibit a threshold response to decreasing paternity.
Dominance and feeding success in female Japanese macaques,
 Macaca fuscata
 : effects of food patch size and inter-patch distance

Abstract Relative food patch size and inter-patch distance are assumed to be important factors affecting the extent of within-group feeding contest competition among primates. The present study on wild female Japanese macaques revealed the occurrence of within-group feeding contest competition for their main winter food item, seeds of Zelkova serrata , and showed that the rank-related difference in feeding behaviour increased when available Zelkova patches were small relative to the area of group dispersion. Low-ranking females did not feed in small and isolated patches of Zelkova , switching instead to inferior food items in terms of energy intake rate, which led to an overall rank-related difference in feeding success. Small and isolated Zelkova patches contained more neighbours and high-ranking females, and fewer low-ranking females, than large and contiguous patches. The frequency of submissive behaviour rose when the density of neighbours increased. Food characteristics that may affect the extent of within-group contest competition are discussed.
Social induction of malleability in ducklings: sensory basis and psychological mechanism

Abstract Abstract. At the organismic level, the first step in the pathway to evolutionary change is a deviation from species-typical behaviour. The present experiments examined how social rearing can foster species-atypical behaviour. Social rearing fosters such an extreme degree of malleability in mallard ducklings that when socially reared mallard ducklings are exposed to the chicken maternal call, they come to prefer it to the mallard maternal call in simultaneous auditory choice tests. Social isolates do not develop a preference for the chicken call. The present experiments were designed to elucidate the sensory features of the social situation that are essential to malleability and to determine what these sensory features do that creates a psychologically malleable state in the socially reared duckling. The experimental results indicate that tactile contact is the sensory basis of malleability and such contact is effective even if provided by stuffed ducklings. Tactile isolation, even in ducklings that can see and hear other ducklings, engenders such a high degree of arousal that malleability is absent when ducklings are tactually isolated from one another. Tactile contact affords an optimum low level of arousal that is essential to malleability.
Effect of dexmedetomidine on intracranial pressures during laparoscopic surgery: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Background and Aims: Laparoscopic surgeries cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) after creation of pneumoperitoneum. Sonographically measured, optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) correlates well with changes in ICP. Dexmedetomidine (Dex), an α2 agonist is extensively used in day-care surgeries, although its effect on ICP during laparoscopy in humans has not been reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to note the effect of dexmedetomidine infusion on changes in ICPs during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Material and Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study done on 60 patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The study drug, dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (Dex) or placebo saline infusion, was started 10 min before induction and continued till extubation. Changes in ICP were assessed sonographically at baseline before pneumoperitoneum, 5 min after establishing pneumoperitoneum, 10 min after positioning the patient 20° head up, and 5 min after desufflation. Results: Demographically, both groups were comparable. The ONSD showed a significant increase after pneumoperitoneum in both groups (P = 0.0001 and 0.0011). Dex group could marginally attenuate this increase (P = 0.075). After changing patient's position to reverse Trendelenburg, ONSD increased further in both groups. Dex group could significantly attenuate the increase (P = 0.001). The ONSD did not return to baseline values till after 5 min of release of pneumoperitoneum in both groups. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine is effective in attenuating increase in ICP associated with laparoscopic surgeries. The benefit was marked 10 min after placing patient in the reverse Trendelenburg position during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Web Survey Methodology

The book Web Survey Methodology by Mario Callegaro, Katja Lozar Manfreda, and Vasja Vehovar introduces readers to the fundamental concepts of web surveys. It covers key concepts and findings in the literature on questionnaire design, sampling, recruitment, fielding, nonresponse, data preparation, post-survey adjustments, paradata, survey software, and cost issues. The book gives practical advice on conducting web surveys and points out critical aspects and new developments in the field of web survey methodology. The book’s approach differs from that of other books on web surveys, such as Tourangeau et al. (2013), for example; Callegaro et al. do not structure their book around the Total Survey Error (TSE) framework (Groves et al. 2011), but base the chapters on the web survey process. Therefore, the book Web Survey Methodology goes beyond the topics of error sources or design effects (also see Couper 2008) by including subjects such as field management, cost, and legal issues. Consequently, the book Web Survey Methodology is a valuable addition to the literature on web survey methodology and should satisfy readers who are interested in carrying out their own web survey. The book contains eight chapters. The first chapter is a general introduction on the topic of web survey methodology. This is followed by three chapters on the key steps of the web survey process: prefielding, fielding, postfielding. The last part consists of three chapters on selected advanced topics and future developments in the field of web surveys. The book ends with a conclusion on how web surveys have changed and will continue to change the field of survey methodology. Chapter 1 sets the scene for the entire book by providing definitions and typologies. Despite the fact that it is common practice to use the terms online survey, Internet survey and web survey interchangeably, the authors do a good job of clarifying and differentiating these terms from each other. For example, the concept of web survey is described here as HTML content with a unique web address which enables users to enter data on a web form. The generated content is then transferred to a researcher’s server (p. 12). This is followed by an overview of advantages and limitations of the web survey method from a researcher’s, practitioner’s and do-it-yourself user’s perspective. While web surveys have variable cost and measurement advantages, they are also limited by the absence of a sampling frame of email addresses or IP addresses (which makes contacting the general population demanding). The chapter concludes with a description of different types of web
Latent Visual Cues for Neural Machine Translation

In this work, we propose to model the interaction between visual and textual features for multi-modal neural machine translation through a latent variable model. This latent variable can be seen as a stochastic embedding and it is used in the target-language decoder and also to predict image features. Importantly, even though in our model formulation we capture correlations between visual and textual features, we do not require that images be available at test time. We show that our latent variable MMT formulation improves considerably over strong baselines, including the multi-task learning approach of Elliott and Kadar (2017) and the conditional variational auto-encoder approach of Toyama et al. (2016). Finally, in an ablation study we show that (i) predicting image features in addition to only conditioning on them and (ii) imposing a constraint on the minimum amount of information encoded in the latent variable slightly improved translations.
The betaboost package-a software tool for modelling bounded outcome variables in potentially high-dimensional epidemiological data.

Motivation To provide an integrated software environment for model fitting and variable selection in regression models with a bounded outcome variable. Implementation The proposed modelling framework is implemented in the add-on package betaboost of the statistical software environment R. General features The betaboost methodology is based on beta-regression, which is a state-of-the-art method for modelling bounded outcome variables. By combining traditional model fitting techniques with recent advances in statistical learning and distributional regression, betaboost allows users to carry out data-driven variable and/or confounder selection in potentially high-dimensional epidemiological data. The software package implements a flexible routine to incorporate linear and non-linear predictor effects in both the mean and the precision parameter (relating inversely to the variance) of a beta-regression model. Availability The software is hosted publicly at [http://github.com/boost-R/betaboost] and has been published under General Public License (GPL) version 3 or newer.
The Effects of Extended Parallel Process Model on Obese Soldiers' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices about Obesity Management: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Background: There are standard guidelines for obesity management, although only few obese people can adhere to these guidelines. This study aimed to assess the effects of Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) on obese soldiers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) about obesity management. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in Yazd, Iran (2016). Two military centers were chosen through simple random sampling. They were randomly assigned to the experimental or the control group. Then, individuals were randomly selected and either received or did not receive high-risk and efficacy information about obesity. The KAPs of soldiers were measured by researcher made questionnaires before, immediately after, and 1 month after training. Results: Independent t test showed significant differences in perceived severity susceptibility response efficacy self-efficacy knowledge and practices between two groups immediately after training (p < 0.001). Conclusions: It seems that obesity management training according to EPPM is effective to the improvement of soldiers' KAP during military services.
Nano and Microsensors for Mammalian Cell Studies

This review presents several sensors with dimensions at the nano- and micro-scale used for biological applications. Two types of cantilever beams employed as highly sensitive temperature sensors with biological applications will be presented. One type of cantilever beam is fabricated from composite materials and is operated in the deflection mode. In order to achieve the high sensitivity required for detection of heat generated by a single mammalian cell, the cantilever beam temperature sensor presented in this review was microprocessed with a length at the microscale and a thickness in the nanoscale dimension. The second type of cantilever beam presented in this review was operated in the resonant frequency regime. The working principle of the vibrating cantilever beam temperature sensor is based on shifts in resonant frequency in response to temperature variations generated by mammalian cells. Besides the cantilever beam biosensors, two biosensors based on the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) used to monitor mammalian cells attachment and viability will be presented in this review. These ECIS sensors have dimensions at the microscale, with the gold films used for electrodes having thickness at the nanoscale. These micro/nano biosensors and their mammalian cell applications presented in the review demonstrates the diversity of the biosensor technology and applications.
Attentional bias for negative, positive, and threat words in current and remitted depression

Background The aim of this study was to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms in the maintenance of depression. We examined attentional bias (AB) for negative and positive adjectives and general threat words in strictly-defined clinical groups of participants with pure Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) without a history of anxiety disorders (AD), mixed MDD and AD, and remitted participants. Method We investigated both stimulus specificity and time course of AB in these groups, adopting a cross-sectional design. Data were drawn from the large scale Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), from which we selected all participants with pure current MDD without a history of AD (n = 29), all participants with current MDD and co-morbid AD(s) (n = 86), all remitted MDD participants (n = 294), and a comparison group without (a history of) MDD or ADs (n = 474). AB was measured with an Exogenous Cueing Task covering short and long presentation times (500 and 1250 ms) and 4 stimulus types (negative, positive, threat, neutral). Results Both traditional and trial level (dynamic) AB scores failed to show an AB for negative adjectives in participants with MDD or mixed MDD/AD. Specifically for long duration trials (1250 ms), remitted participants showed a larger AB traditional score (albeit the actual score still being negative) than the comparison group. The mixed MDD/AD group showed a higher trial-level AB score away from positive adjectives (1250 ms) than the comparisons. In addition, the mixed MDD/AD group showed higher and more variable trial-level AB scores away from short and towards longer presented general threat words together with a non-significant tendency to show less negative traditional AB scores for threat trials (500 ms) than the comparison group. Conclusions All in all, the findings do not corroborate the view that an AB towards negative or away from positive adjectives is critically involved in currently depressed individuals. Yet, the relatively high (less negative) AB score for negative adjectives in remitted individuals points to the possibility that an AB for negative information may be involved as a risk factor in the recurrence of MDD.