Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Trust and Co-Operative Nodes with Affects of Malicious Attacks and Measure the Performance Degradation on Geographic Aided Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Network

This paper proposes to study the impact of malicious nodes on Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Due to their flexibility and independence from network infrastructure like base stations, it is being widely researched. Routing in MANETs is more challenging when compared to conventional networks due to various characteristics like dynamic network topology, limited bandwidth and limited battery power. Early research focused on developing efficient routing mechanisms in dynamic and resource-constrained networks in MANETs. Most of the routing protocols were suggested mainly based on the assumption of trust and cooperative nature amongst the nodes. Thus, the MANET is vulnerable to malicious node attacks. Geographic routing research, a recent approach compared to topological routing received attention due to improved routing capability resulting from accurate geographic information. This study investigates the impact of malicious nodes on geographic routing; through simulations conducted to evaluate network performance degradation caused by malicious node activity. Simulation studies demonstrate that the networks with 15% malicious nodes show significant performance degradation. [Sudhakar Sengan, S.Chenthur Pandian. A Trust and Co-Operative Nodes with Affects of Malicious Attacks and Measure the Performance Degradation on Geographic Aided Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Network. Life Sci J 2013;10(4s):158-163] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite. com. 24
Cultivated barns for dairy cows - an option to promote cattle welfare and environmental protection in Denmark?

Compost barns are loose housing systems, where regular cultivating of the pack with a heavy harrow enhances aerobic microbial activity and mixes manure and urine from the surface into the pack. Because of the positive impact on cow comfort and welfare, compost barns receive increasing attention in the US. Whereas in the US the composting process is enhanced by organic material, e.g. wood shavings, producers in Israel have developed a system, which does not need any organic material apart from the cows’ manure and urine. The objectives of this pilot study were to investigate the composting procedure in three herds in Israel, the impact on
Are the Himalayan glaciers retreating

The Himalayan mountain system to the north of the Indian land mass with arcuate strike of NW-SE for about 2400 km holds one of the largest concentration of glaciers outside the polar regions in its high-altitude regions. Perennial snow and ice-melt from these frozen reservoirs is used in catchments and alluvial plains of the three major Himalayan river systems, i.e. the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra for irrigation, hydropower generation, production of bio-resources and fulfilling the domestic water demand. Also, variations in the extent of these glaciers are understood to be a sensitive indicator of climatic variations of the earth system and might have implications on the availability of water resources in the river systems. Therefore, mapping and monitoring of these freshwater resources is required for the planning of water resources and understanding the impact of climatic variations. Thus a study has been carried out to find the change in the extent of Himalayan glaciers during the last decade using IRS LISS III images of 2000/01/02 and 2010/11. Two thousand and eighteen glaciers representing climatically diverse terrains in the Himalaya were mapped and monitored. It includes glaciers of Karakoram, Himachal, Zanskar, Uttarakhand, Nepal and Sikkim regions. Among these, 1752 glaciers (86.8%) were observed having stable fronts (no change in the snout position and area of ablation zone), 248 (12.3%) exhibited retreat and 18 (0.9%) of them exhibited advancement of snout. The net loss in 10,250.68 sq. km area of the 2018 glaciers put together was found to be 20.94 sq. km or 0.2% (±2.5% of 20.94 sq. km).
Tomographic-PIV investigation of turbulent structures over nano-fabricated superhydrophobic surfaces

The effect superhydrophobic (SHO) surfaces with different micro-size surface patterns on the flow structure of a turbulent channel flow at Reynolds number of 10,500 is investigated. Three surfaces with spanwise, streamwise, and hexagonal micro-size features along with a reference smooth surface are flush mounted in a flow loop with rectangular cross-section of 40×6 mm. Measurements are conducted using planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) at magnification of M = 0.8 and planar particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) at M = 2.9. Profiles of mean velocity and turbulent intensities show that the surface with spanwise microgrooves has the highest skin friction. The hexagonal surface has slightly higher skin-friction in comparison with the smooth and the streamwise microgroove surfaces, which performed identically. The results demonstrate that the air layer of the SHO surface did not last under the turbulent flow and the surfaces are wetted at the current experimental condition. Measurement of the three-dimensional turbulent structures using tomographic particle image velocimetry (Tomo-PIV) and threedimensional PTV (3D-PTV) at high spatial-resolution of 132 voxel/mm and M = 0.9 is evaluated. The Tomo-PIV underestimated turbulent intensities due to the large windows of 27.9×27.9×27.9 (normalized with the wall unit) while the 3D-PTV provides an accurate measurement of and . The 3D-PTV overestimates due to higher noise level of the out-of-plane velocity component.
Oxygen and the Infectivity of Romanomermis culicivorax.

The effects on itffectivity by preparasitic Romanomermis culicivorax resulting from four exposure times to four concentrations of oxygen at three temperatures were studied . Low oxygen (1.8 and 3.1 mg /liter) slowed losses of infectivity. Losses of infectivity were similar under aerobic (6 mg /liter) and microaerobic (0.4 mg /liter) conditions for the first 24 h but thereafter were slower in the microaerobic group. N interactions between temperature and oxygen were found over the ranges tested (15-27 C; 0.4-6.0 mg /liter).
How stable are physical activity habits among adults? The Doetinchem Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION Leisure time physical activity in compliance with recommended levels is associated with improved health and lower mortality, but little is known on whether these physical activity habits are stable among adults and what characteristics predict physical activity changes. Our objective was to determine change in the levels of leisure time physical activity among adults during a period of 10 yr. METHODS Detailed information on time spent on cycling, gardening, doing odd jobs, and sports from three measurement periods (1993-1997, 1998-2002, and 2003-2007) of the population-based Doetinchem Cohort Study was used to define being active: spending at least 3.5 h·wk(-1) on moderate to vigorous physical activities, an approximation of the Dutch recommended level. RESULTS Almost one-third (31.4%) of the population were active at all three points in time, 3.6% were inactive, and 45.0% of the participants changed their level of physical activity, almost equally distributed over decreasers, increasers, and varying. Not smoking (odds ratio (OR) = 1.47, 95% confidence limits (CL) = 1.14-1.89) and high socioeconomic status (OR = 1.43, 95% CL = 1.07-1.92) were associated with staying active. Inactive men (OR = 0.73, 95% CL = 0.57-0.94) had the highest risk of staying inactive, whereas good perceived health was associated with becoming active (OR = 1.49, 95% CL = 1.09-2.03). CONCLUSIONS The finding that, in a decade, almost half of the population changed from active to inactive or vice versa affects the interpretation of the long-term health effects of physical activity measured only once, and it stresses the importance of interventions not only in increasing physical activity levels but also in maintaining a physically active lifestyle.
Brain amino acid metabolism and ketosis

The relationship between ketosis and brain amino acid metabolism was studied in mice that consumed a ketogenic diet (>90% of calories as lipid). After 3 days on the diet the blood concentration of 3‐OH‐butyrate was ∼5 mmol/l (control = 0.06–0.1 mmol/l). In forebrain and cerebellum the concentration of 3‐OH‐butyrate was ∼10‐fold higher than control. Brain [citrate] and [lactate] were greater in the ketotic animals. The concentration of whole brain free coenzyme A was lower in ketotic mice. Brain [aspartate] was reduced in forebrain and cerebellum, but [glutamate] and [glutamine] were unchanged. When [15N]leucine was administered to follow N metabolism, this labeled amino acid accumulated to a greater extent in the blood and brain of ketotic mice. Total brain aspartate (14N + 15N) was reduced in the ketotic group. The [15N]aspartate/[15N]glutamate ratio was lower in ketotic animals, consistent with a shift in the equilibrium of the aspartate aminotransferase reaction away from aspartate. Label in [15N]GABA and total [15N]GABA was increased in ketotic animals. When the ketotic animals were injected with glucose, there was a partial blunting of ketoacidemia within 40 min as well as an increase of brain [aspartate], which was similar to control. When [U‐13C6]glucose was injected, the 13C label appeared rapidly in brain lactate and in amino acids. Label in brain [U‐13C3]lactate was greater in the ketotic group. The ratio of brain 13C‐amino acid/13C‐lactate, which reflects the fraction of amino acid carbon that is derived from glucose, was much lower in ketosis, indicating that another carbon source, i.e., ketone bodies, were precursor to aspartate, glutamate, glutamine and GABA. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:272–281, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of Micropolyspora faeni antigens

Culture filtrate antigens of Micropolyspora faeni grown in a synthetic medium in a stirred fermentor were characterized. The culture filtrate antigens were fractionated by preparative isoelectric focusing with a pH gradient of 3.5 to 5.5. The fractions were pooled according to their reaction with rabbit anti-M. faeni sera. A pool containing two major antigens which were resolved by analytical isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis was obtained. One antigen was stainable with Coomassie blue and periodic acid-Schiff stain and was determined to have a mass of 51,000 daltons. The other antigen was stainable only with Coomassie blue and was determined to have a mass of 29,000 daltons. When used at 1 mg/ml, this pool reacted with the sera from all patients with farmer's lung disease by immunodiffusion but failed to react with control sera.
Determination of glucose deficiency-induced cell death by mitochondrial ATP generation-driven proton homeostasis

Glucose is one of major nutrients and its catabolism provides energy and/or building bricks for cell proliferation. Glucose deficiency results in cell death. However, the underlying mechanism still remains elusive. By using our recently developed method to monitor real-time cellular apoptosis and necrosis, we show that glucose deprivation can directly elicit necrosis, which is promoted by mitochondrial impairment, depending on mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation instead of ATP depletion. We demonstrate that glucose metabolism is the major source to produce protons. Glucose deficiency leads to lack of proton provision while mitochondrial electron transfer chain continues consuming protons to generate energy, which provokes a compensatory lysosomal proton efflux and resultant increased lysosomal pH. This lysosomal alkalinization can trigger apoptosis or necrosis depending on the extent of alkalinization. Taken together, our results build up a metabolic connection between glycolysis, mitochondrion, and lysosome, and reveal an essential role of glucose metabolism in maintaining proton homeostasis to support cell survival.
Chapter 1 Modifying Phonation Interval Stuttering Treatment Program

The Modifying Phonation Interval (MPI) Stuttering Treatment Program is a computer-aided, biofeedback programme based on reducing the occurrence of short intervals of phonation during speech production. Clients proceed through a series of performance-contingent steps, requiring the completion of several speech tasks in various situations. The goal of the programme is self-managed, stutter-free, natural-sounding and effortless speech in beyondclinic settings. The MPI programme is intended for adults, adolescents and school-age children. A phonation interval (PI) is a measure of the duration of vibration measured from the surface of the throat (via an accelerometer) in between breaks of 10 milliseconds (ms) or more. PIs are collected via the MPI system (Ingham et al., 2007), which runs in a Windows environment and consists of an accelerometer, a signal conditioning system, computer software and related hardware (see Davidow et al., 2009 for technical details). The software allows for the recording of all PIs and allows for PIs within a specified ms range (e.g. 30–120 ms) to be fed back (audio-visually) to the client in real time. Perceptually based measures of percent syllables stuttered (%SS), syllables per minute (SPM), speech naturalness (1–9 scale; 1 = highly natural, 9 = highly unnatural; Martin et al., 1984) and speech effort (1–9 scale; 1 = highly effortless, 9 = highly effortful) can also be gathered using the MPI software. Speech effort targets, however, are not part of the MPI treatment protocol outlined by Ingham et al. (2007). 1
A Survey of Sixty Tumours from Domesticated Animals.

Twenty-four tumours from lower animals in Canada formed the basis of a previous report (1). This will deal with an additional 60 tumours comprising 37 bovine, 9 porcine, 7 canine, 4 avian, 1 equine and 2 feline specimens. The majority of the specimens were forwarded by Inspectors of the Health of Animals Division stationed at several abattoirs under Government inspection. The remainder, which included all specimens from dogs and cats, were received from private practitioners.
Complex Mobile Learning that Adapts to Learners' Cognitive Load

Mobile learning is cognitively demanding and frequently the ubiquitous nature of mobile computing means that mobile devices are used in cognitively demanding environments. This paper examines the use of mobile devices from a Learning, Usability and Cognitive Load Theory perspective. It suggests scenarios where these fields interact and presents an experiment which determined that several sources of cognitive load can be measured simultaneously by the learner. The experiment also looked at the interaction between these cognitive load types and found that distraction did not affect the performance or cognitive load associated with a learning task but it did affect the perception of the cognitive load associated with using the application interface. This paper concludes by suggesting ways in which mobile learning can benefit by developing cognitive load aware systems that could detect and change the difficulty of the learning task based on the cognitive state of the learner.
Differences in reward processing between putative cell types in primate prefrontal cortex

Single-unit studies in monkeys have demonstrated that neurons in the prefrontal cortex predict the reward type, reward amount or reward availability associated with a stimulus. To examine contributions of pyramidal cells and interneurons in reward processing, single-unit activity was extracellularly recorded in prefrontal cortices of four monkeys performing a reward prediction task. Based on their shapes of spike waveforms, prefrontal neurons were classified into broad-spike and narrow-spike units that represented putative pyramidal cells and interneurons, respectively. We mainly observed that narrow-spike neurons showed higher firing rates but less bursty discharges than did broad-spike neurons. Both narrow-spike and broad-spike cells selectively responded to the stimulus, reward and their interaction, and the proportions of each type of selective neurons were similar between the two cell classes. Moreover, the two types of cells displayed equal reliability of reward or stimulus discrimination. Furthermore, we found that broad-spike and narrow-spike cells showed distinct mechanisms for encoding reward or stimulus information. Broad-spike neurons raised their firing rate relative to the baseline rate to represent the preferred reward or stimulus information, whereas narrow-spike neurons inhibited their firing rate lower than the baseline rate to encode the non-preferred reward or stimulus information. Our results suggest that narrow-spike and broad-spike cells were equally involved in reward and stimulus processing in the prefrontal cortex. They utilized a binary strategy to complementarily represent reward or stimulus information, which was consistent with the task structure in which the monkeys were required to remember two reward conditions and two visual stimuli.
Optimal ignition placement in diffusion flames by nonlinear adjoint looping

We derive and implement a gradient-based optimization framework to identify the best place to ignite a mixture of fuel and oxidizer. We have used the time-averaged increase in thermal energy as the cost function that indicates the success of ignition. We use direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the low Mach number Navier–Stokes equations with single-step finite-rate reaction chemistry to model spark ignition of an axisymmetric methane jet in air. We model the spark as a two-dimensional Gaussian function. We solve the adjoint of these equations to obtain the sensitivity of the cost function with respect to the position of the spark. We find that the optimal locations track the stoichiometric mixture fraction surface in the flow. At low Reynolds numbers, the optimization prefers locations downstream that allow upstream flame propagation.
Validity and Reliability of the G-Cog BMX Powermeter

Abstract The aim of this study was to test the validity and reliability of the G-Cog which is a new BMX power meter allowing for the measurements of the power output (250 Hz) at the BMX rear wheel during actual cycling and laboratory conditions. Sprints in road cycling (6–8 s) from static start and incremental tests in the laboratory (100–400 W) have been performed to analyse the validity and reliability of the power output values by comparison with 2 devices: The PowerTap and the SRM which are considered as the gold standard. The most important finding of this study is that the G-Cog power output data were not valid and reliable during sprint and standardised laboratory tests compared with the SRM and the PowerTap devices. During the sprint and the laboratory tests the ratio limits of agreement of the power output differences between the SRM and G-Cog were 1.884×÷1.970 (95%CI=0.956–3.711) and 12.126×÷16.281 (95%CI=0.745–197.430), respectively. In conclusion, the G-Cog must be used with caution regarding the power output measurements. Nevertheless, the G-Cog could be used for the first time to analyse the determinants of the BMX performance from the pedalling profile.
The influence of board gender diversity on corporate risk taking in US non-financial firms

This paper examines the relationship between board gender diversity and corporate risk taking within 403 US non-financial firms listed on the S&P 500 over the period 2002-2014. In the existing literature the impact of board gender diversity on firm outcome (e.g. risk taking) is still indistinct. It is argued that female directors may differ from male directors with regard to their risk attitude and this, in turn, may influence board’s monitoring ability and its decision-making process. However, even after employing numerous robustness tests, I find no significant evidence that an increase in female representation within the board of directors will affect firm risk. It is also exhibited that the relationship is subject to unobserved heterogeneity that leads to biased OLS results. Firms should take this evidence into account during the composition of its board of directors.
Investigation of mechanism for spontaneous zinc whisker growth from an electroplated zinc coating

Zinc (Zn) whiskers are tiny hair-like electrically conductive filaments of Zn that sometimes grow from Zn coated surfaces (e.g., electroplated, hot dip). Zn coatings are commonly used as anti-corrosion coatings for iron (Fe) based structures. One of many common applications for Zn coated Fe is found on raised-floor tiles and support structures utilized in computer data centers. The formation of Zn whiskers threatens the reliable operation of electronic equipments due to the electrical shorting hazard they present. As with tin whiskers (much more broadly researched than Zn whiskers), the mechanism of formation is still not clear. This work investigated the Zn whisker growth mechanism for an electroplated Zn coating above carbon steel substrate from a raised floor tile using recent technology methods. Iron-zinc (Fe-Zn) Intermetallics and Zn oxides were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). EDS (energy disperse spectroscopy) and EPMA (electron probe micro analysis) identified Fe-Zn intermetallic compounds on the surface of the Zn layer in addition to the interface between Zn coating and carbon steel substrate. Zn oxides formed primarily on the surface of Zn coating. Consequently, we speculate that Fe-Zn intermetallic compounds and Zn oxide formation can be the source of compressive stress effect on Zn whiskers growth on electroplated Zn coating above carbon steel substrate.
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF A PC CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE SUBJECTED TO A LONG-PERIOD GROUND MOTION

ABSTRACT : In this study, the mechanisms associated with the seismic response of a long-period bridge when subjected to a long-period ground motion are clarified. First, a typical cable-stayed bridge with prestressed concrete girders (PC cable-stayed bridge) was selected for analysis and modeled for shaking table tests in consideration of the similarity law. Second, shaking table tests of the PC cable-stayed bridge model were carried out to clarify the mechanisms involved, focusing on the linear and nonlinear seismic behaviors of the tower and cables by using the long-period components of the simulated ground motions in the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake and the simulated long-period ground motions in the anticipated Nankai earthquake as the input ground motions.
Editorial: Multiple Facets of H+-Pyrophosphatase and Related Enzymes

Nearly 200 anabolic reactions liberate pyrophosphate (PPi), a byproduct of NTP hydrolysis (Kornberg, 1962; Maeshima, 2000; Heinonen, 2001; Ferjani et al., 2014a,b). In living cells, PPi must be hydrolyzed to orthophosphate by pyrophosphatase (PPase), because it suppresses the above reactions. PPases fall into two major classes, soluble PPases (sPPases) and membrane-bound H+-PPases (H+-PPases). In plants, vacuolar H+-PPase uses the energy released by PPi hydrolysis to acidify the vacuole, and its activity is particularly high in young tissues (Martinoia et al., 2007). Nevertheless, the physiological roles of PPases remain unclear due to severe phenotypes in loss-of-function mutants in various organisms (Ferjani et al., 2011 and references therein). Due to the importance of PPi homeostasis for life, this paper presents the most recent findings in this field and discusses the present situation along with future directions.