Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of NO 2 vertical distribution using two DOAS retrievals for GOME-2A measurements in the UV and vis spectral range

In this study, we present a novel NO 2 DOAS retrieval in the ultraviolet (UV) spectral range for satellite observations from the Global Ozone Monitoring Instrument 2 on board EUMETSAT’s MetOp-A (GOME-2A) satellite. We compare the results to those from an established NO 2 retrieval in the visible (vis) spectral range from the same instrument and infer information about the NO 2 vertical profile shape in the troposphere. As expected, radiative transfer calculations for satellite geometries show that the sensitivity close to the ground is higher in the vis than in the UV spectral range. Consequently, NO 2 slant column densities (SCDs) in the vis are usually higher than in the UV, if the NO 2 is close to the surface. Therefore, these differences in NO 2 SCDs between the two spectral ranges contain information on the vertical distribution of NO 2 in the troposphere. We combine these results with radiative transfer calculations and simulated NO 2 fields from the TM5 chemistry transport model to evaluate the simulated NO 2 vertical distribution. We investigate regions representative for both anthropogenic and biomass burning NO 2 pollution. Anthropogenic air pollution is mostly located in the boundary layer close to the surface, which is reflected by the large differences between UV and vis SCDs of ~ 60 %. Biomass burning NO 2 in contrast is often uplifted into elevated layers above the boundary layer. This is best seen in tropical Africa south of the equator, where the biomass burning NO 2 is well observed in the UV, and the difference between the two spectral ranges is only ~ 36 %. In tropical Africa north of the equator, however, the biomass burning NO 2 is located closer to the ground, reducing its visibility. While not enabling a full retrieval of the vertical NO 2 profile shape in the troposphere, our results can help to constrain the vertical profile of NO 2 in the lower troposphere and, when analyzed together with simulated NO 2 fields, can help interpret the model output.
Prescribing Pattern and DrugÃ¢ÂÂDrug Interactions of Analgesics Prescribed For Pain Management in a Pakistani Tertiary Hospital

Background: The main strategy of analgesic therapy is to diminish the intensity of pain to bearable level. Guidelines have been established by WHO to reduce the possible medication error in analgesic therapy. However, in most of the hospitals in Pakistan, analgesics are not prescribed rationally in accordance with standard guidelines. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze therapeutic strategy of pain management in patients hospitalized at a tertiary hospital, as an exemplary assessment of prescribing pattern of analgesics, and to estimate the prevalence of potential drug–drug interaction there in. Methodology: This is a non-interventional cross sectional study of patients hospitalized in surgical and oncology wards of an urban Pakistani tertiary care hospital. The prescriptions were analyzed for physicians' preferences for the choice of analgesics and number of analgesics prescribed. Moreover, general observation was made whether pain intensity assessment tools were employed before prescribing analgesics. The effectiveness of prescribed analgesics was assessed by interviewing the patients post analgesic therapy. Furthermore, potential drug–drug interactions were also studied using reference books and Medscape Multi Drug interaction checker. Results: In the study population of n=45 inpatient (24 male and 21 female). Tramadol was the most frequently prescribed analgesic. In none of the case pain intensity was assessed before prescribing analgesics, hence, 53.3% subjects complained about severe pain even after analgesic therapy. Potential drug–drug interactions were present in all the prescriptions. Ultimately, 276 interactions were found in 45 prescriptions, among which 60% were of major severity. Conclusion: In current study, poor management of pain was identified in a tertiary hospital in Pakistan. The analgesics were prescribed without actually assessing the pain intensity. Improper analgesic regimen was selected and too many interacting drugs were prescribed simultaneously.
Dynamical Instability of a Nonequilibrium Exciton-Polariton Condensate

By imaging single-shot realizations of an organic polariton quantum fluid, we observe the long-sought dynamical instability of nonequilibrium condensates. We find an excellent agreement between the experimental data and a numerical simulation of the open-dissipative Gross-Pitaevskii equation, without performing any parameter fitting, which allows us to draw several important conclusions about the physics of the system. We find that the reservoir dynamics are in the strongly nonadiabatic regime, which renders the complex Ginzburg–Landau description invalid. The observed transition from stable to unstable fluid can only be explained by taking into account the specific form of reservoir-mediated instability as well as particle currents induced by the finite extent of the pump spot.
A global, high-resolution data set of ice sheet topography, cavity geometry, and ocean bathymetry

Abstract. The ocean plays an important role in modulating the mass balance of the polar ice sheets by interacting with the ice shelves in Antarctica and with the marine-terminating outlet glaciers in Greenland. Given that the flux of warm water onto the continental shelf and into the sub-ice cavities is steered by complex bathymetry, a detailed topography data set is an essential ingredient for models that address ice–ocean interaction. We followed the spirit of the global RTopo-1 data set and compiled consistent maps of global ocean bathymetry, upper and lower ice surface topographies, and global surface height on a spherical grid with now 30 arcsec grid spacing. For this new data set, called RTopo-2, we used the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO_2014) as the backbone and added the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean version 3 (IBCAOv3) and the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO) version 1. While RTopo-1 primarily aimed at a good and consistent representation of the Antarctic ice sheet, ice shelves, and sub-ice cavities, RTopo-2 now also contains ice topographies of the Greenland ice sheet and outlet glaciers. In particular, we aimed at a good representation of the fjord and shelf bathymetry surrounding the Greenland continent. We modified data from earlier gridded products in the areas of Petermann Glacier, Hagen Brae, and Sermilik Fjord, assuming that sub-ice and fjord bathymetries roughly follow plausible Last Glacial Maximum ice flow patterns. For the continental shelf off Northeast Greenland and the floating ice tongue of Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier at about 79° N, we incorporated a high-resolution digital bathymetry model considering original multibeam survey data for the region. Radar data for surface topographies of the floating ice tongues of Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier and Zachariae Isstrom have been obtained from the data centres of Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Operation Icebridge (NASA/NSF), and Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI). For the Antarctic ice sheet/ice shelves, RTopo-2 largely relies on the Bedmap-2 product but applies corrections for the geometry of Getz, Abbot, and Fimbul ice shelf cavities. The data set is available in full and in regional subsets in NetCDF format from the PANGAEA database at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.856844 .
HOMOCLINIC LOOP AND MULTIPLE LIMIT CYCLE

This paper establishes the existence and analyticity of homoclinic loop bifurcation surfaces %? and multiplicity-two, limit cycle bifurcation surfaces ^ for planar systems depending on two or more parameters; it determines the side of %f or 'F on which limit cycles occur; and it shows that if <#" and W intersect, then typically they do so at a flat contact.
Capital Charges under Basel II : Corporate Credit Risk Modelling and the Macro Economy

The Internal Ratings Based (IRB) approach for capital determination is one of the cornerstones in the proposed revision of the Basel Committee rules for bank regulation. We evaluate the IRB approach using historical business loan portfolio data from a major Swedish bank for the period 1994 to 2000. First, we estimate a duration model that takes into account both company, loan related and macroeconomic variables. Next, we obtain a Value-at-Risktype (VaR) credit risk measure, by model-based simulations. Moreover, we study how both the bank’s credit risk and buffer capital changes over time (had the bank been subject to the proposed rules). This approach allows us to (i) make individual forecasts of default risk conditional on company, loan and macro variables, (ii) study portfolio credit risk over time, (iii) assess to what extent the new Accord will achieve its main objective of increasing credit risk sensitivity in minimal capital charges, and (iv) compare current capital requirements to those under the proposed system. Our results show that macro conditions have great explanatory power in predicting default risk and calculating credit risk. The IRB approach, although sensitive to the choice of some horizon parameters, is an achievement in the intended direction.
THE DECAY OF A WEAK LARGE-SCALE MAGNETIC FIELD IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE

We investigate the decay of a large-scale magnetic field in the context of incompressible, two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. It is well established that a very weak mean field, of strength significantly below equipartition value, induces a small-scale field strong enough to inhibit the process of turbulent magnetic diffusion. In light of ever-increasing computer power, we revisit this problem to investigate fluids and magnetic Reynolds numbers that were previously inaccessible. Furthermore, by exploiting the relation between the turbulent diffusion of the magnetic potential and that of the magnetic field, we are able to calculate the turbulent magnetic diffusivity extremely accurately through the imposition of a uniform mean magnetic field. We confirm the strong dependence of the turbulent diffusivity on the product of the magnetic Reynolds number and the energy of the large-scale magnetic field. We compare our findings with various theoretical descriptions of this process.
Comparison of N. Atlantic heat storage estimates during the Argo period (1999–2010)

Ocean heat storage is an essential component of the climate system and there is considerable interest in its accurate evaluation. There are a number of heat storage products produced by many different groups. These products are derived from Argo as well as other platforms, for example XBT and CTD, in the last decade. Here we compare two heat storage estimates for the North Atlantic 0–2000 m from 10° to 70° N. One derived solely from Argo data whilst the other is derived from Argo and other platforms. It is found that there is a positive trend in heat storage over the period 1999–2010. This trend is influenced by a strong air–sea interaction event in 2009–2010, and this reduces the upward trend 1999–2008 identified previously. Both data sets are consistent with each other for the layer 0–1000 m on a timescale of beyond 1 yr. There are significant differences at sub-annual time scales and in the layer 1000–2000 m.
Unusual subpolar North Atlantic phytoplankton bloom in 2010: Volcanic fertilization or North Atlantic Oscillation?

In summer and autumn 2010, a highly anomalous phytoplankton bloom, with chlorophyll concentration more than double that of previous years, was observed in the Irminger Basin, southwest of Iceland. Two unusual events occurred during 2010 which had the potential to promote the unusual bloom. First, in spring 2010, the Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland erupted, depositing large quantities of tephra into the subpolar North Atlantic. Second, during the winter of 2009/2010 the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) became extremely negative, developing into the second strongest negative NAO on record. Hydrographic conditions were highly anomalous in the region, with an influx of freshwater spreading through the basin, and unusual nutrient and mixed layer depth conditions. Here we use a combination of satellite, modeled and in situ data to investigate whether the input of iron from the volcanic eruption or change in hydrographic conditions due to the extreme negative NAO were responsible for the anomalous phytoplankton bloom. We conclude that changes in physical forcing driven by the NAO, and not the volcanic eruption, stimulated the unusual bloom.
Internet Self-Efficacy and Visual Search Strategies: The Use of Eye Tracking Technology in the Development of Web-Based Learning Resources

Higher Education is increasingly relying on e-learning as a means of providing students with teaching and learning resources. Almost inevitably, this means that students interact with these learning resources through the medium of the computer screen. Although there have been significant advances in the design and implementation of on-line resources, exactly how students interact with these resources is a relatively new field of research. In this study, students were asked to interact with three types of virtual learning environment, i.e. BlackBoard, IngentaConnect and Wikipedia, while their eye movements were scanned and recorded using a Tobii 1750 eye tracking system. The data gathered was analysed dynamically, statistically, and graphically in order to identify search patterns and “hot spots” within the online information source. The data was also correlated with a measure of Internet self-efficacy, the Web User Self-Efficacy scale (WUSE). Preliminary findings suggest that qualitative data obtained in this type of study may prove more useful than quantitative data.
Privacy-Aware Reversible Watermarking in Cloud Computing Environments

As an interdisciplinary research between watermarking and cryptography, privacy-aware reversible watermarking permits a party to entrust the task of embedding watermarks to a cloud service provider without compromising information privacy. The early development of schemes was primarily based upon traditional symmetric-key cryptosystems, which involve an extra implementation cost of key exchange. Although recent research attentions were drawn to schemes compatible with asymmetric-key cryptosystems, there were notable limitations in the practical aspects. In particular, the host signal must either be enciphered in a redundant way or be pre-processed prior to encryption, which would largely limit the storage efficiency and scheme universality. To relax the restrictions, we propose a novel research paradigm and devise different schemes compatible with different homomorphic cryptosystems. In the proposed schemes, the encoding function is recognised as an operation of adding noise, whereas the decoding function is perceived as a corresponding denoising process. Both online and offline content-adaptive predictors are developed to assist watermark decoding for various operational requirements. A three-way tradeoff between the capacity, fidelity, and reversibility is analysed mathematically and empirically. It is shown that the proposed schemes achieve the state-of-the-art performance.
Velocity response of Petermann Glacier, northwest Greenland, to past and future calving events

Abstract. Dynamic ice discharge from outlet glaciers across the Greenland Ice Sheet has increased since the beginning of the 21st century. Calving from floating ice tongues that buttress these outlets can accelerate ice flow and discharge of grounded ice. However, little is known about the dynamic impact of ice tongue loss in Greenland compared to ice shelf collapse in Antarctica. The rapidly flowing (∼1000 m a−1) Petermann Glacier in northwest Greenland has one of the ice sheet's last remaining ice tongues, but it lost ∼50 %–60 % (∼40 km in length) of this tongue via two large calving events in 2010 and 2012. The glacier showed a limited velocity response to these calving events, but it is unclear how sensitive it is to future ice tongue loss. Here, we use an ice flow model (Úa) to assess the instantaneous velocity response of Petermann Glacier to past and future calving events. Our results confirm that the glacier was dynamically insensitive to large calving events in 2010 and 2012 (<10 % annual acceleration). We then simulate the future loss of similarly sized sections to the 2012 calving event (∼8 km long) of the ice tongue back to the grounding line. We conclude that thin, soft sections of the ice tongue >12 km away from the grounding line provide little frontal buttressing, and removing them is unlikely to significantly increase ice velocity or discharge. However, once calving removes ice within 12 km of the grounding line, loss of these thicker and stiffer sections of ice tongue could perturb stresses at the grounding line enough to substantially increase inland flow speeds (∼900 m a−1), grounded ice discharge, and Petermann Glacier's contribution to global sea level rise.
Morphometric Analysis of Mandibula with MDCT Method in Turkish Population

Introduction: The temporamandibular joint with the temporal bone allows the mandibular to move, which facilitates the chewing and digestion of food. In this study, it was aimed to measure the morphometric parameters of the mandibles in the Turkish population and to evaluate the effectiveness of measurements in gender determination. Method: The study was performed on 100 individuals (50 females-50 males) who were scanned with Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) and applied to the Department of Radiology, Konya Education and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University. Individuals ranging in age from 20 to 80 were included in the study. Results: In our study, 7 different parameters of mandibula were measured and mean values were determined. We investigated whether statistically significant differences exist between men and women. Conclusion: In conclusion, we think that some values of the mandibular obtained in our study will constitute a reference range in Turkish society. We believe that these intervals will assist surgeons dealing with the jaw and face region and radiologists for diagnosis.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Multiview 3 D human pose estimation in complex environment

We introduce a framework for unconstrained 3D human upper body pose estimation from multiple camera views in complex environment. Its main novelty lies in the integration of three components: single-frame pose recovery, temporal integration and model texture adaptation. Single-frame pose recovery consists of a hypothesis generation stage, in which candidate 3D poses are generated, based on probabilistic hierarchical shape matching in each camera view. In the subsequent hypothesis verification stage, the candidate 3D poses are re-projected into the other camera views and ranked according to a multi-view likelihood measure. Temporal integration consists of computing K-best trajectories combining a motion model and observations in a Viterbi-style maximum-likelihood approach. Poses that lie on the best trajectories are used to generate and adapt a texture model, which in turn enriches the shape likelihood measure used for pose recovery. The multiple trajectory hypotheses are used to generate pose predictions, augmenting the 3D pose candidates generated at the next time step. We demonstrate that our approach outperforms the stateof-the-art in experiments with large and challenging realworld data from an outdoor setting.
Dynamics of Interdecadal Climate Variability: A Historical Perspective*

AbstractThe emerging interest in decadal climate prediction highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms of decadal to interdecadal climate variability. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of our understanding of interdecadal climate variability in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. In particular, the dynamics of interdecadal variability in both oceans will be discussed in a unified framework and in light of historical development. General mechanisms responsible for interdecadal variability, including the role of ocean dynamics, are reviewed first. A hierarchy of increasingly complex paradigms is used to explain variability. This hierarchy ranges from a simple red noise model to a complex stochastically driven coupled ocean–atmosphere mode. The review suggests that stochastic forcing is the major driving mechanism for almost all interdecadal variability, while ocean–atmosphere feedback plays a relatively minor role. Interdecadal variability can be generated independently in the tro.
Unprecedented drought in North East India compared to Western India

The rainfall distribution over Western and North East India during the southwest (SW) monsoon season is geographically distinct with the heaviest seasonal rainfall occurs over the North Eastern Region (NER), while the lowest rainfall occurs over the Western region (Saurashtra and Kutch in Gujarat, and also in Rajasthan). Gujarat is located in arid to semiarid region and has more drought-prone areas. In contrast, Assam and Meghalaya have humid climate and occurrence of drought is unusual. Here, we analyse the percentage departure of rainfall for nearly two decades (1997–2014) along with crop statistics. Our results indicate that the SW monsoon rainfall in the NER has gradually dropped in recent years compared to the 1980s and 1990s. As a result, these regions have witnessed frequent unprecedented drought than Western India. In NER, probability of drought occurrence was 54%, and it is 27% for Western India in the recent decade (2000–2014). The frequent drought has caused adverse agricultural impacts and our results show a significant negative rice production anomaly during drought years 2005–06 and 2009 in Assam. Drought impacts were also reported from other states in NER during 2010–11 and 2013. Drought associated with El Niño was not so strong; however, increasing temperature and increased monsoon season rainfall variability have an impact on global climate change. This may cause warming-induced drought leading to adverse impact on agriculture and food security in the NER.
The Boolean space of orderings of a field

It has been pointed out by Knebusch, Rosenberg and Ware that the set X of all orderings on a formally real field can be topologized to make a Boolean space (compact, Hausdorff and totally disconnected). They have called the sets of orderings W(a) = {< in Xia < 0} the Harrison subbasis of X. This subbasis is closed under symmetric difference and complementation. In this paper it is proved that, given any Boolean space X, there exists a formally real field F such that X is homeomorphic to the space of orderings on F. Also, an example is given of a Boolean space and a basis of clopen sets closed under symmetric difference and complementation which cannot be the Harrison subbasis of any formally