Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Referenzwerte für den Body-Mass-Index für Kinder, Jugendliche und Erwachsene in Deutschland

Zusammenfassung Die in den Leitlinien der “Arbeitsgemeinschaft Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter” (AGA) empfohlenen BMI-Referenzwerte haben sich in der Praxis bewährt. Um eine kontinuierliche Beurteilung der BMI-Entwicklung von der Adoleszenz bis ins junge Erwachsenenalter zu gewährleisten, wird hier eine Modifikation der bestehenden Perzentile im Altersbereich von 15 bis 18 Jahren vorgeschlagen. Dafür wurden die Daten dieser Altersgruppe mit den Daten des Bundes-Gesundheitssurvey 1998 (BGS98) zusammengeführt und für 15- bis 79-Jährige Perzentilwerte mittels der LMS-Methode nach Cole und Green (2) berechnet. Um einen kontinuierlichen Übergang zwischen den hier neu berechneten BMI-Perzentilen und der AGA-Referenz zu erhalten, erfolgte dann eine Interpolation zwischen beiden Perzentil Scharen (einschließlich L- und S-Werten) im Altersbereich von 15–16 Jahren. Die hier vorgestellten Perzentilwerte für den BMI für 15- bis 79-Jährige ermöglichen in Kombination mit der AGA-Referenz (0 bis 15 Jahre) eine kontinuierliche Betrachtung der BMI-Entwicklung von der Kindheit bis ins Erwachsenalter.
Identification of Cytochrome P450 3A1/2 as the Major P450 Isoform Responsible for the Metabolism of Fentanyl by Rat Liver Microsomes

The metabolism of fentanyl was investigated using rat liver microsomes to determine whether fentanyl is metabolized by rat liver microsomal cytochrome P450 and, if so, which isoform is responsible for the metabolism.Microsomes isolated from rats pretreated with phenobarbital were more active in metabolizing fentanyl than were microsomes from saline controls. The major metabolic pathway of fentanyl was an oxidative N-dealkylation to norfentanyl, which was detected by a gas chromatograph-mass selective detector (GC-MSD) method. The apparent Vm values for microsomes isolated from saline- and phenobarbital-treated rats were 2 and 9 nmol norfentanyl centered dot min-1 centered dot mg-1 microsomal protein, and the apparent Km values were 32 and 47 micro Meter, respectively. Fentanyl metabolism was inhibited by antibodies specific for CYP3A1/2, as well as by chemical inhibitors specific for CYP3A. These results indicate that CYP3A1/2 plays a major role in the oxidation of fentanyl to norfentanyl by rat liver microsomes. (Anesth Analg 1996;82:936-41)
Genotypic influences on metabolic alterations during inflammation and the nutritional outcome.

Inflammation is part of the immune response, whose function is to combat pathogens and restore health following injury and surgery. Inflammation also occurs in a less helpful role during cancer, exposure to environmental pollutants, radiation, and allergens, and during chronic inflammatory disease. This latter group of inflammatory conditions includes diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, asthma and psoriasis. During the inflammatory response metabolites are released from endogenous sources to supply the immune system with substrate to support its activity. Key features of the inflammatory response are: (i) immunonutrition from endogenous sources; (ii) loss of lean tissue components; (iii) creation of a hostile environment for pathogens, and (iv) ultimate inhibition of the process by endogenous systems (Fig. 1). The strength and duration of the response are modulated by pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production, from the immune system. Interleukin-1(IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) fall into this first category and interleukin-10 (IL-10) into the second. In addition to proand anti-inflammatory cytokines, a wide range of immunomodulatory cytokines (e.g. IL-2, IL-4) are produced. IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α are unique among cytokines in directly initiating metabolic changes in the host. In addition, the activity of macrophages in producing cytokines, nitric oxide and other mediators of inflammation is influenced by natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP1). Neuroendocrine responses occur, and heat shock proteins (HSP) are produced with the objective of terminating the
Towards Accurate Real-Time Traffic Sign Recognition Based on Unsupervised Deep Learning of Spatial Sparse Features: A Perspective

: Learning a good generative model is of utmost importance for the problems of computer vision, image classification and image processing. In particular, learning features from small tiny patches and perform further tasks, like traffic sign recognition, can be very useful. In this paper we propose to use Deep Belief Networks, based on Restricted Boltzmann Machines and a direct use of tiny images, to produce an efficient local sparse representation of the initial data in the feature space. Such a representation is assumed to be linearly separable and therefore a simple classifier, like softmax regression, is suitable to achieve accurate and fast real-time traffic sign recognition. However, to achieve localized features, data whitening or at least local normalization is a prerequisite for these approaches. The low computational cost and the accuracy of the model enable us to use the model on smart phones for accurately recognizing traffic signs and alerting drivers in real time. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt that tiny images feature extraction using deep architecture is a simpler alternative approach for traffic sign recognition that deserves to be considered and investigated.
Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2-Mediated Gene Transfer: Role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase in Transgene Expression

ABSTRACT Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV), a single-stranded, DNA-containing, nonpathogenic human parvovirus, has gained attention as a potentially useful vector for human gene therapy. However, the transduction efficiency of AAV vectors varies greatly in different cells and tissues in vitro and in vivo. We have recently documented that a cellular tyrosine phosphoprotein, designated the single-stranded D-sequence-binding protein (ssD-BP), plays an important role in AAV-mediated transgene expression (K. Y. Qing et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:10879–10884, 1997) and that a strong correlation exists between the phosphorylation state of the ssD-BP and AAV transduction efficiency in vitro as well as in vivo (K. Y. Qing et al., J. Virol. 72:1593–1599, 1998). In this report, we document that treatment of cells with specific inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinase (EGF-R PTK) activity, such as tyrphostin, leads to significant augmentation of AAV transduction efficiency, and phosphorylation of the ssD-BP is mediated by the EGF-R PTK. Treatment of cells with EGF results in phosphorylation of the ssD-BP, whereas treatment with tyrphostin causes dephosphorylation of the ssD-BP and consequently leads to increased expression of the transgene. Furthermore, AAV transduction efficiency inversely correlates with expression of the EGF-R in different cell types, and stable transfection of the EGF-R cDNA causes phosphorylation of the ssD-BP, leading to significant inhibition in AAV-mediated transgene expression which can be overcome by the tyrphostin treatment. These data suggest that the PTK activity of the EGF-R is a crucial determinant in the life cycle of AAV and that further studies on the interaction between the EGF-R and the ssD-BP may yield new insights not only into its role in the host cell but also in the successful use of AAV vectors in human gene therapy.
Analysis of an open-ended coaxial probe with lift-off for nondestructive testing

The open-ended coaxial probe with lift-off is studied using a full-wave analysis, and an uncertainty analysis is presented. The field equations for the following terminations are worked out: (1) the sample extends to /spl infin/ in the positive axial direction, (2) the sample is backed by a well-characterized material, and (3) the sample is backed by a short-circuit termination. The equations are valid for both dielectric and magnetic materials. The model allows the study of the open-ended coaxial probe as a nondestructive testing tool. The analysis allows a study of the effects of air gaps on probe measurements. The reflection coefficient and phase are studied as a function of lift-off, coaxial line size, permittivity, permeability, and frequency. Numerical results indicate that the probe is very sensitive to lift-off. For medium to high permittivity values and electrically small probes, gaps on the order of fractions of a millimeter strongly influence the reflection coefficient. In order for the field to penetrate through the air gap, larger size coaxial line or higher frequencies need to be used. A comparison of the theory to experiment is presented. The results are in close agreement. A differential uncertainty analysis is also included. >
Biología de la polinización y fenología reproductiva del género Ariocarpus Scheidweiler (Cactaceae)

Los estudios de biologia reproductiva permiten describir aspectos basicos de las interacciones y de la historia de vida de las plantas. En este trabajo describimos la fenologia floral y las interacciones con insectos de las siete especies del genero Ariocarpus, especies raras desde el punto de vista biogeografico, en listas de especies amenazadas y muy apreciadas por los coleccionistas de cactus. Las siete especies tienen floracion otonal, principalmente entre los meses de octubre y noviembre. El color de las flores varia entre especies, tienen antesis diurna, viven dos dias y la floracion de las poblaciones es sincronica con uno o varios pulsos. Los polinizadores son principalmente abejas solitarias que visitan las flores de Ariocarpus en busca de nectar y polen como recompensas. Escarabajos y ortopteros son florivoros que consumen los segmentos del perianto o la flor completa. Otros visitantes son hormigas, mariposas y avispas, sin una funcion clara. Debido a que Ariocarpus presenta especies con polinizacion cruzada predominante, la floracion sincronica podria relacionarse con un despliegue floral que atraiga polinizadores y permita a las poblaciones escapar de la depredacion de los florivoros
Values for Macular Perimetry Using the MP-1 Microperimeter in Normal Subjects

Purpose: To establish values for the fixation pattern and macular sensitivity to light in healthy subjects using the MP-1 microperimeter (Nideck Technologies, Vigonza, Italy). Method: A prospective study of 37 healthy subjects (age: 19–71 years), approved by the institutional review board. Full-threshold microperimetry of the central 12° of the retina (the macula) was performed prospectively, utilizing 16 points with the MP-1. The fixation stability was simultaneously recorded during microperimetry testing. The relationship between the fixation pattern and light sensitivity with age was calculated using linear regression analysis. Results: Microperimetry was performed on 66 eyes. Total mean sensitivity was 18.33 dB (range: 13.0–19 dB). Mean macular sensitivities at 2°, 4° and 6° as measured by the MP-1 were 18.4 ± 2.0, 18.2 ± 2.3 and 18.2 ± 2.1 dB, respectively. The linear regression analysis revealed a 0.019240, 0.0248 and 0.0285 dB per year age-related decline in mean macular sensitivity at 2°, 4° and 6° from the center of the macula, respectively. The total mean fixation stability values within 2° and 4° were 86 and 96%, respectively. The linear regression analysis also revealed a 0.344% and 0.122% per year decline in age-related fixation stability within 2° and 4°, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the median retinal sensitivity or fixation stability values for sex or race in the study. Conclusions: The MP-1 may be a reliable tool to measure macular sensitivity. Among normal healthy subjects, there was a linear decline in light sensitivity with increasing age.
Effect of 5-HT5A antagonists in animal models of schizophrenia, anxiety and depression

The few available data on the pharmacological effect of 5-HT5A receptors suggest that antagonists may have anxiolytic, antidepressant and antipsychotic activity. The aim of our study was to verify these suggestions in relevant animal models. Two 5-HT5A antagonist ligands, SB-699551-A (N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-[[4′-[[(2-phenylethyl)amino]methyl][1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl]cyclopentanepropanamide dihydrochloride) (3–60 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and A-843277 (N-(2,6-dimethoxybenzyl)-N′[4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl]guanidine) (3–30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), were examined in the open-field test, in a foot-shock-induced ultrasonic vocalization test, in the forced swim test (FST) and in the amphetamine-induced and phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotion tests to examine their effect on general behavioural patterns, and their anxiolytic-like, antidepressant-like and antipsychotic-like properties, respectively. In the open-field test, SB-699551-A induced sedation and A-843277 induced writhing. In the ultrasonic vocalization test, SB-699551-A reduced vocalizations, whereas A-843277 was ineffective. In the FST, SB-699551-A was ineffective and A-843277 reduced immobility, but only at the highest dose. In the amphetamine-induced and phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotion test, both compounds were ineffective. SB-699551-A showed an anxiolytic-like property in the ultrasonic vocalization test; however, this compound has a sedative effect. A-843277 showed an antidepressant-like property in the FST, but its immobility-reducing effect may also be a consequence of abdominal irritation. Consequently, further investigations are required to define the therapeutic potential of 5-HT5A receptor ligands in anxiety, depression and schizophrenia models.
Crash and Burn: Ocular Injuries due to Fireworks

Abstract Purpose: To identify the patterns of ocular injury and to determine ocular morbidity resulting from the use of firecrackers. Methods: A prospective observational study of all patients presenting with ocular trauma consequent to fireworks usage in a tertiary eye care center in South India over a one-month period around the autumn festival of Diwali. We also reviewed the published literature from around the world reporting ocular injuries due to firecrackers. Result: 49 patients were included in the study, out of which the vast majority (40/81%) were males. The mean age was 17 years. Almost an equal number of bystanders (24/48.9%) was affected as compared to people handling the fireworks (25/51%). 13 (26.53%) patients had open-globe injury whereas 33 (67.34%) patients had closed-globe injury. Twenty-two (44.8%) patients underwent surgical intervention. Eighteen (36.7%) patients had final vision less then 20/40 (range = 20/50 to No Perception of Light) with eight patients having no perception of light in the affected eye. Conclusion: Unregulated use of firecrackers can lead to significant ocular morbidity, mainly involving children, young males, and even innocent bystanders. A combination of public awareness and appropriate legislative laws should be formulated regarding the use of fireworks to decrease the load of needless blindness on society.
Use of cyclodextrins to increase cytoplasmic cholesterol in rabbit embryos and their impact on live kits derived from vitrified embryos.

BACKGROUND Low cryotolerance in oocytes and embryos is frequently associated with lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cyclodextrin used as a cholesterol loader to change cytoplasmic cholesterol content of embryos and raise their tolerance to cryopreservation. METHODS In the first experiment compact morulae-early blastocysts were exposed to CLC (0.11 mM and 0.23 mM cholesterol) for 1 hour. In the second experiment, embryos were exposed to CLC (0.11 mM and 0.23 mM cholesterol) and then vitrified. RESULT Using both concentrations, cytoplasmic cholesterol content was increased. Vitrified groups demonstrated a lower capacity for embryonic development (in vitro and in vivo) compared to the control groups. Nevertheless, live young were obtained in all groups. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we have demonstrated the feasibility of using cyclodextrin as a carrier for cholesterol into rabbit embryo cytoplasm, although further studies are required to clarify the usefulness of CLC use in embryo cryopreservation.
The effect of combined oral contraceptives and age on dysmenorrhoea: an epidemiological study.

BACKGROUND Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are widely advocated as treatment for primary dysmenorrhoea, but their efficacy has been questioned in a Cochrane review. The aim of this study was to evaluate COCs and the influence of age on the severity of dysmenorrhoea. METHODS Postal questionnaires regarding weight/height, contraception, pregnancy history and other reproductive health factors were sent to random samples of 19-year-old women born in 1962 (n = 656), 1972 (n = 780) and 1982 (n = 666) resident in the city of Gothenburg in 1981, 1991 and 2001. The responders were assessed again 5 years later at the age of 24 years. Current severity of dysmenorrhoea was measured on each occasion by a verbal multidimensional scoring system (VMS) and by a visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS The severity of dysmenorrhoea was lower (P< 0.0001) in COC users compared with non-users. In a longitudinal analysis of the severity of dysmenorrhoea, COC use and increasing age, independently of each other, were associated with the severity of dysmenorrhoea (COC use, VMS score: a reduction of 0.3 units/VAS: a reduction of 9 mm, both P< 0.0001; increasing age, VMS score: a reduction of 0.1 units per 5 years, P< 0.0001/VAS: a reduction of 5 mm per 5 years, P< 0.0001). Childbirth also reduced the severity of dysmenorrhoea (VAS, P< 0.01 with a reduction of 7 mm). Women from the 82-cohort reported a greater severity of dysmenorrhoea compared with the 62 and 72 cohorts at both 19 and 24 years of age. CONCLUSIONS In this longitudinal case-control study, COC use and increasing age, independent of each other, reduced the severity of dysmenorrhoea. COC use reduced the severity of dysmenorrhoea more than increasing age and childbirth. There was a trend over time regarding the severity of dysmenorrhoea where women from the 82-cohort reported a greater severity of dysmenorrhoea compared with the 62 and 72 cohorts.
Exploring the minimal substrate requirements for trans‐cleavage by RNase P holoenzymes from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis

We analysed the processing of small bipartite model substrates by Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis RNase P and corresponding hybrid enzymes. We demonstrate specific trans‐cleavage of a model substrate with a 4 bp stem and a 1 nucleotide (nt) 5′ flank, representing to date the smallest mimic of a natural RNase P substrate that could be processed in trans at the canonical RNase P cleavage site. Processing efficiencies decreased up to 5000‐fold when the 5′ flank was shortened from 3 to 1 nt. Reduction of the 5′ flank to 1 nt was more deleterious than reducing the stem from 7 to 4 bp, although the 4 bp duplex formed only transiently, in contrast to the stable 7 bp duplex. These results indicate that the crucial contribution of nt −2 in the single‐stranded 5′ flank to productive interaction is a general feature of A‐ and B‐type bacterial RNase P enzymes. We also showed that an Rp‐phosphorothioate modification at nt −2 interferes with processing. Bacterial RNase P holoenzymes are also capable of cleaving single‐stranded RNA oligonucleotides as short as 5 nt, yielding RNase P‐specific 5′‐phosphate and 3′‐OH termini, with measured turnover rates of up to 0.7 min−1. All cleavage sites were at least 2 nt away from the 5′ and 3′ ends of the oligonucleotides. Some cleavage site preferences were observed dependent on the identity of the RNase P RNA subunit.
Differential roles of inferior frontal and inferior parietal cortex in task switching: Evidence from stimulus‐categorization switching and response‐modality switching

We used fMRI to investigate both common and differential neural mechanisms underlying two distinct types of switching requirements, namely switching between stimulus categorizations (color vs. form) and switching between response modalities (hand vs. foot responses). Both types of switching induced similar behavioral shift costs. However, at the neural level, switching between stimulus categorizations led to left‐hemispheric activations including the inferior frontal gyrus as well as the intraparietal sulcus extending to the superior parietal gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus. In contrast, switching between response modalities was associated mainly with left‐hemispheric activation of the intraparietal sulcus and the supramarginal gyrus. A conjunction analysis indicated common activation of the left intraparietal sulcus and the supramarginal gyrus for both types of switching. Together, these results qualify previous claims about a general role of the left prefrontal cortex in task control by suggesting that the left inferior frontal gyrus is specifically involved in switching between stimulus categorizations, whereas parietal cortex is more generally implicated in the selection of action rules. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acquisition Delays Affect Lymphocyte Subset Counts but not Markers of Exercise-induced Apoptosis

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(3) : 250-255, 2013. With the emergence of shared facilities, the possibility of a processing delay is increased as time on instrumentation becomes less available. The purpose of this investigation was the evaluate the effect of a 24h time delay on lymphocyte subset concentration, as well as for the apoptotic marker annexin V. Fourteen healthy individuals completed an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion, and blood samples were obtained before and after exercise. The samples were labeled in duplicate with mixtures consisting of flow cytometry staining buffer, the biomarker for early-phase cell death (annexin V), and antibodies for specific lymphocyte phenotypes (CD4, CD8, and CD19). Samples were labeled for 30-min, centrifuged, and decanted, before the addition of RBC Lysis Buffer. Upon the completion of processing, the first set of samples were immediately analyzed using flow cytometry and the remaining duplicate samples were acquired 24 h later. Data were analyzed using a paired sample t-test with significance accepted at the p < 0.05 level. For blood draws obtained at rest, no differences between acquisition days were observed with regard to cell volume for any lymphocyte subfraction. However, blood samples obtained following an exhaustive exercise bout had significant decreases in CD4+ (p=0.002) and CD8+ (p= 0.021) concentration between acquisition days. Processing delays did not affect the number of apoptotic cells in any lymphocyte subset either at rest or following exercise. As the number of apoptotic cells was unaffected by processing, the reduction in cell concentration is likely due to mechanisms other than programmed cell death. It is possible that exercise makes lymphocytes more susceptible to necrosis during the post-activity period.