Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial and temporal variability in outdoor , indoor , and personal PM 2 . 5 exposure

Outdoor, indoor and personal PM2.5 measurements were made in a population of nonsmoking adults from three communities in the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area between April and November 1999. Thirty-two healthy adult subjects (23 females, 9 males; mean age 42710, range: 24–64 yr) were monitored for 2–15 days during the spring, summer, and fall monitoring seasons. Twenty-four hour average gravimetric PM2.5 samples were collected using a federal reference monitor (Anderson RAAS2.5-300) located at outdoor (O) central sites in the Battle Creek (BCK), East St. Paul (ESP) and Phillips (PHI) communities. Concurrent 24-h average indoor (I) and personal (P), and a limited number of outdoor-at-home (O@H) samples were collected using inertial impactors (PEMt Model 200, MSP, Inc). The O (geometric mean {GM}=8.6; n 1⁄4 271; range: 1.0–41 mg/m) were lower than I concentrations (GM=10.7; n 1⁄4 294; range 1.3–131 mg/m), which were lower than P concentrations (GM=19.0; n 1⁄4 332; range 2.2–298 mg/m). Correlation coefficients between O concentrations in the three communities were high and measured GM O levels in BCK were significantly lower than ESP, most likely because of local sources, but GM concentrations in PHI were not significantly different from BCK or ESP. On days with paired samples (n 1⁄4 29), O concentrations were significantly lower (mean difference 2.9mg/m; p 1⁄4 0:026) than O@H measurements (GM=11.3; range: 3.5–33.8 mg/m), likely due to local sources in communities. Observed I and P concentrations were more variable, probably because of residential central air conditioning and hours of household ventilation for I and P, and occupational and environmental tobacco smoke exposures outside the residence for P. Across all individuals and days the median PM2.5 ‘‘personal cloud’’ was 5.7mg/m, but the mean of the average for each participant was 15.7 mg/m, with very low values in participants who did not work outside the home and much higher values in subjects with active lifestyles. Across all households and individuals the correlation between P and O concentrations was not significant, but the overall I–O correlation (0.27) and P–I correlation (0.51) were significant (po0:05). Relatively little spatial variability was observed in O PM2.5 concentrations across the three communities compared to the variability associated with I and P samples, and the measured O levels were relatively low compared to other large metropolitan areas in the United States. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
CLIENTS’ SATISFACTION WITH REFERRAL SYSTEM IN KARBALA

Referral is a dynamic process and it had been recognized as crucial since the Alma Ata declaration in 1978. Hospitals are overcrowded with patients who could be more cheaply treated in smaller facilities is a com-mon feature of poorly functioning Referral System (RS). Client Satisfaction (CS) is an important parameter in the assessment of health care quality. A descriptive cross sectional study conducted to measure CS with RS in Karbala province in Iraq. A special questionnaire based on 5 points Likert scale prepared for this purpose and been testes in a pilot study. T test were used to compare means of satisfaction. A total 726 clients from four hospitals and eight randomly selected primary health care centers (PHCCs) were interviewed. The mean age of the group was 33.4±9 years and females form 56.3% of clients. CS with RS was 19% strongly satisfied, 45.7% satisfied, 7% fairly satisfied, 22.2% dissatisfied and 6.3% strongly dissatisfied. On a score of five the overall satisfaction with RS was 3.49±1.21. Females had higher satisfaction with RS than males (p = 0.004), also PHCCs clients showed higher satisfaction than hospitals clients (p = 0.009).
On the Smallest Surface Scale and Dark Energy

In this study we want to propose a heuristic model to compute and to interpret the dark energy content of our universe. To this purpose we include the mass-energy of the static gravitational field and compute its effect at very small distances. From its analysis, we obtain for the smallest surface scale for the empty space $\tau=2h\gamma/5c^3$. After that we show, how this result can be used to compute a natural energy cutoff $k_c$ for all quantum fields and study its utility in computing the dark energy density and its implications on the content of fermionic and bosonic elementary fields. Indeed for the vacuum equation of state w=p_{vac}/\rho_{vac} we obtain w=}-128\pi^2/(15\Delta N), where \Delta N\= N_f - N_b$ represents the difference between the number of species of fermions and bosons. Finally comparing our result with the measured cosmological parameters, we discus general constraints on the field content beyond the Standard Model of the elementary particles.
Electric potential and field calculation of charged BEM triangles and rectangles by Gaussian cubature

It is a widely held view that analytical integration is more accurate than the numerical one. In some special cases, however, numerical integration can be more advantageous than analytical integration. In our paper we show this benefit for the case of electric potential and field computation of charged triangles and rectangles applied in the boundary element method (BEM). Analytical potential and field formulas are rather complicated (even in the simplest case of constant charge densities), they have usually large computation times, and at field points far from the elements they suffer from large rounding errors. On the other hand, Gaussian cubature, which is an efficient numerical integration method, yields simple and fast potential and field formulas that are very accurate far from the elements. The simplicity of the method is demonstrated by the physical picture: the triangles and rectangles with their continuous charge distributions are replaced by discrete point charges, whose simple potential and field formulas explain the higher accuracy and speed of this method. We implemented the Gaussian cubature method for the purpose of BEM computations both with CPU and GPU, and we compare its performance with two different analytical integration methods. The ten different Gaussian cubature formulas presented in our paper can be used for arbitrary high-precision and fast integrations over triangles and rectangles.
A kinematic study and membership analysis of the Lupus star-forming region ?;??

Aims. A precise determination of the distance to individual stars is required to reliably determine the fundamental parameters (mass and age) of young stellar objects. This paper is dedicated to investigating the kinematic properties of the Lupus moving group of young stars with the primary objective of deriving individual parallaxes for each group member. Methods. We identify those stars in the Lupus star-forming region that define the comoving association of young stars by utilizing our new and improved convergent point search method that allows us to derive the precise position of the convergent point of the comoving association from the stars’ proper motions. We used published proper motion catalogs and searched the literature for radial velocities, which are needed to compute individual parallaxes. We supplemented the radial velocity data with new measurements from spectroscopic observations performed with the FEROS spectrograph mounted on the MPG/ESO 2.2 m telescope at La Silla. Results. We identify a comoving group with 109 pre-main sequence stars and candidates that define the kinematic properties of the Lupus low-mass star-forming region. We derive individual parallaxes for stars with known radial velocity and tentative parallaxes for the remaining group members by assuming that all stars share the same space motion. The convergent point method, combined with the k-NN algorithm, makes it possible to distinguish the Lupus and Upper Centaurus Lupus stars from the adjacent ScorpiusCentaurus association. We find significant depth e ects in this region and show that the classical T Tauri stars, located in the close vicinity of the Lupus molecular clouds, form a background population, while the weak-emission line T Tauri stars are dispersed not only in angular extent but also in depth. Conclusions. The newly derived individual parallaxes will be used in a forthcoming paper to refine the masses and ages of Lupus T Tauri stars, with the aim of better constraining the lifetimes of their circumstellar, protoplanetary disks.
Measuring Market Liquidity in US Fixed Income Markets: A New Synthetic Indicator

We propose a new synthetic liquidity indicator that summarises the data on a broad set of market liquidity measures both for sovereign and corporate fixed income markets in the US. Our index is based on 17 variables that cover the main dimensions of market liquidity. The methodology used to calculate the index consists of two steps. First, a transformation of the individual liquidity measures is made, based on the methodology proposed by Hollo et al. (2012) for the CISS (Composite Indicator of Systemic Stress). The transformed variables are then weighted using a principal component analysis. The indicator shows that liquidity in US fixed income markets has been impaired after the global financial crisis, mainly as a result of weaker liquidity conditions in US Treasury markets, whereas those in the corporate debt market remained stable.
Band gaps in the relaxed linear micromorphic continuum

In this note we show that the relaxed linear micromorphic model recently proposed by the authors can be suitably used to describe the presence of band‐gaps in metamaterials with microstructures in which strong contrasts of the mechanical properties are present (e.g. phononic crystals and lattice structures). This relaxed micromorphic model only has 6 constitutive parameters instead of 18 parameters needed in Mindlin‐ and Eringen‐type classical micromorphic models. We show that the onset of band‐gaps is related to a unique constitutive parameter, the Cosserat couple modulus μc which starts to account for band‐gaps when reaching a suitable threshold value. The limited number of parameters of our model, as well as the specific effect of some of them on wave propagation can be seen as an important step towards indirect measurement campaigns.
Phenotypic And Symbiotic Diversity, Of Nodulating Rhizobia Associated With Bean (Vicia Faba) In West Algeria

Forty renodulating rhizobial bacteria associated with Vicia faba were collected and isolated from different regions in West Algeria and characterized at phenotypic level. The analysis of their tolerance to salinity, high temperature, acid and alkaline pH, antibiotic resistance, and carbon substrates metabolism, as well as their symbiotic and cultural characteristics, highlighted a wide physiological diversity within this rhizobial population. The numerical analysis of phenotypic characteristics showed that the bacterial strains were grouped into four different clusters. Interesting stains for inoculation trials have been identified; they proved their efficiency in addition to their tolerance to 1 and 1.5M of NaCL concentrations and maximum temperatures of 40°C.
Warm Nordic Seas delayed glacial inception in Scandinavia

Abstract. We simulate the last glacial inception, 115 000 years ago, with a three dimensional thermomechanical ice sheet model of the Northern Hemisphere, forced by a comprehensive coupled climate model. High oceanic heat transport into the Nordic Seas prevents large scale ice growth over Scandinavia. Glacial inception in the region starts on the highest mountains in the south when sea surface temperatures in the Nordic Seas are reduced by at least 3 °C. Ice growth in Northern Scandinavia requires a cooling by at least 4 °C. This is in good agreement with marine proxy data from the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic as well as available terrestrial data. This study thus provides a physical understanding and revised timing of the first glacier advance over Scandinavia.
SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS ON PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION OF OVINE MILK

24 2 The aim of this work was to quantify at half-udder level the changes of ewe milk yield and 25 composition because of unilateral subclinical mastitis within the current lactation. 26 Fluctuations due to production level, infection severity, time from the onset of infection and 27 lactation curves were also researched. Yield and composition of milk from half-udders of 28 unilateral infected ewes were compared between them and with a set of healthy halves using a 29 mixed model. The experiment was completed with a whole-udder approach on the same 30 animals. To test the effect of intramammary infection (IMI) in the following 7 weeks from the 31 onset of infection, 20 ewes that acquired unilateral subclinical mastitis during lactation and 40 32 healthy ones were used. Another group of 20 ewes unilaterally infected from the first lactation 33 week and other 40 healthy ones were studied to test the effect of IMI on the lactational milk 34 yield and composition. The individual milk loss in ewes infected along lactation was of 15% 35 for the following 7 weeks after the onset of infection, and a 6.6% more milk production by the 36 uninfected half to compensate milk lost by the infected one was quantified. The lactational 37 milk yield loss in ewes infected from post-partum week was of 17%. The changes on milk 38 yield were noticed from the very week of infection diagnosis. The production level of animals 39 influenced the milk yield changes caused by IMI in such a way that the more productive ewes 40 lost more milk, although these losses were proportional to their production level. On the other 41 hand, infection severity affected milk loss between glands, being more pronounced as SCC 42 increased. A clear decrease of lactose content and of casein/protein ratio because of 43 subclinical IMI was obtained and this reduction was not modified along the trial. 44
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY INTO PROMOTING CONSTRUCTION HEALTH AND SAFETY IN GHANA THROUGH PUBLIC WORKS PROCUREMENT

The construction industry is commonly associated with high or increasing levels of work-related hazards with ensuing injuries and fatalities. Studies have shown that procurement can further promote good construction H&S practice as it occurs throughout the life cycle of a project. However, the use of procurement as an instrument to promote H&S practices in construction has received little attention till date especially in developing countries. For this reason, the research aimed to explore practical measures to improve construction H&S through public works procurement in Ghana. Qualitative data was collected through semi structured interviews. Seven respondents (procurement managers, consultants and Quantity surveyors), selected through a non-probabilistic purpose sampling from public institutions participated in the survey. In Ghana, the Public Procurement Act, Act 663 which was introduced in 2003 to ensure sanity and value for money in public procurement provides guidelines for the procurement of public works. In view of this, a case study of the H&S management of project procured using the Act 663 was also carried out. This was done to ascertain how public works is carried out in the Ghanaian public sector setting by determining the various stakeholders involved, the processes the project underwent and the various considerations looked at especially under H&S. The results however indicated that the Act 663 has no clause that addresses construction H&S. The paper also finds that, H&S does not form part of the criteria for evaluating tenders. To address the constraints so as to improve upon construction H&S, certain recommendations are offered. These include the inclusion of non-ambiguous H&S requirements as criteria for evaluating tenders and the pricing of H&S items in bills of quantities. Additionally, practical measures to improving construction H&S in Ghana at the key stages of works procurement are also provided. It also includes the specific roles and involvements of other stakeholders in the procurement process.
Weaning Chinese perch Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky) onto artificial diets based upon its specific sensory modality in feeding

Chinese perch are one of the most valuable food fish in China, but the sole source of feed for intensive Culture is live prey fish. Our previous studies on systematic sensory physiology revealed that this species have a mechanism for this peculiar feeding habit. In the present study, a specific training procedure was designed, and both experimental (initial body weight 171,0 g: 120 days) and commercial (initial body weight 52.4 g: 240 days) net-cage cultures were conducted to investigate the training success, growth performance and survival of the trained yearlings fed with nonlive or Oregon-type moist diet. The training successes of minced prey fish and the Oregon moist diet were 100 and 89.9%, respectively, in experimental culture, and 92.2 and 83.5% in commercial culture, In an experimental trial, the fish fed minced prey fish or the Oregon moist diet attained final body weights of 472.7 g or 344.7 g, although the specific growth rates of these groups were significantly lower than that of the fish fed live prey fish (final body weight 560.0 g). Mortality was not significantly related to dietary treatment. In commercial culture, the final body weights were as follows: 750 g on live prey fish, 705 g on minced prey fish and 651 g on the Oregon moist diet. Feed costs to produce 1 kg Fish were estimated to be US$6.59 for live prey fish, US$1.76 for minced prey fish and US$2.07 for the Oregon moist diet. The results of the present study confirmed that sensory modality and associative learning appear to be critical factors in determining food discrimination of Chinese perch, indicating that both minced trash fish and Oregon-type moist diet can be substituted for live prey fish in intensive commercial production.
Negative Emotion and Seeking Social Support during the Early Stage of System Implementation: A Case Study

Although humans are found to be hardwired for being influenced by referent others from the same social realm (Cialdini and Trost, 1998), our literature review indicates that conventional technology adoption models (such as the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, UTAUT) in Information Systems literature often implicitly assume that user beliefs are independent of what others say or do. Social information and communication are treated as external variables and are not considered directly. Moreover, the picture that these models paint is predominantly cognition-based with little colour of emotion except for Computer Anxiety (Compeau and Higgins, 1995). Although the technology adoption literature does have one research stream on non-instrumental outcomes, such as enjoyment (Davis, Bagozzi and Warshaw, 1992) and flow (Webster, Trevino and Ryan, 1993), its focus is mainly on human-computer interaction (Agarwal, 2000). Emotion-related topics that are ample in the organizational transformation literature are relatively less explored in extant technology adoption literature. The adoption of a new information technology at work invokes a series of changes in work procedures and relationships, which may be a hotbed of negative emotions such as anxiety and powerlessness. We draw on social information processing theory (Salancik and Pfeffer, 1978) and stress and coping theory (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) to examine how case managers of one non-for-profit health resource coordination institute in Canada could be influenced by one another via seeking social support in order to regain the sense of control and/or to regulate the negative emotion aroused by the coming of a new information technology. Interviews with thirteen case managers were conducted to understand the role of communication in their emotional and behavioural response to the adoption of a new technology. At the end of the paper we propose an alternative conceptual model that incorporates communication and user emotion to enrich the existing understanding of technology acceptance.
In-Plane Microstructure of Gas Diffusion Layers With Different Properties for PEFC

Gas diffusion layer (GDL) is undoubtedly one of the most complicated components used in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) in terms of liquid and gas transport phenomena. An appropriate fuel cell design seeks a fundamental study of this tortuous porous component. Currently, porosity and gas permeability have been known as some of the key parameters affecting liquid and gas transport through GDL. Although these are dominant parameters defining mass transport through porous layers, there are still many other factors affecting transport phenomena as well as overall cell performance. In this work, microstructural properties of Toray carbon papers with different thicknesses and for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) treated and untreated cases have been studied based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image analysis. Water droplet contact angle as a dominant macroscale property as well as mean pore diameter, pore diameter distribution, and pore roundness distribution as important microscale properties have been studied. It was observed that the mean pore diameter of Toray carbon paper does not change with its thickness and PTFE content. Mean pore diameter for Toray carbon papers was calculated to be around 26μm regardless of their thicknesses and PTFE content. It was also observed that droplet contact angle on GDL surface does not vary with GDL thickness. The average contact angle for 10 wt. % PTFE treated GDLs of different thicknesses was measured about 150°. Finally, the heterogeneous in-plane PTFE distribution on the GDL surface was observed to have no effect on mean pore diameter of GDLs.Copyright © 2013 by ASME