Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tomographic P wave velocity and vertical velocity gradient structure across the geothermal site Groß Schönebeck (NE German Basin): Relationship to lithology, salt tectonics, and thermal regime

[1] Seismic wide-angle data were collected along a 40-km-long profile centered at the geothermal research well GrSk 3/90 in the Northeast German Basin. Tomographic inversion of travel time data provided a velocity and a vertical velocity gradient model, indicative of Cenozoic to Pre-Permian sediments. Wide-angle reflections are modeled and interpreted as top Zechstein and top Pre-Permian. Changes in velocity gradients are interpreted as the transition from mechanical to chemical compaction at 2–3 km depth, and localized salt structures are imaged, suggesting a previously unknown salt pillow in the southern part of the seismic profile. The Zechstein salt shows decreased velocities in the adjacent salt pillows compared to the salt lows, which is confirmed by sonic log data. This decrease in velocity could be explained by the mobilization of less dense salt, which moved and formed the salt pillows, whereas the denser salt remained in place at the salt lows. We interpret a narrow subvertical low-velocity zone under the salt pillow at GrSk 3/90 as a fault in the deep Permian to Pre-Permian. This WNW-ESE trending fault influenced the location of the salt tectonics and led to the formation of a fault-bounded graben in the Rotliegend sandstones with optimal mechanical conditions for geothermal production. Thermal modeling showed that salt pillows are related to chimney effects, a decrease in temperature, and increasing velocity. The assumed variations in salt lithology, density, and strain must thus be even higher to compensate for the temperature effect.
All powerful voice? The need to include “exit”, “loyalty” and “neglect” in empirical studies too

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to set out and justify a broader, systemic typology that encompasses, and is built around, the notion of voice. This leads to the development of a number of insights that can result in the generation and testing of more accurate hypotheses on the links between voice mechanisms and workplace outcomes.Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on different aspects of the concept of “power” and arguing that these are central to the notion of “voice”, the paper illustrates how “exit”, “loyalty” and “neglect” are also underpinned by power. A corollary of this is that these other concepts should routinely be included in studies of the links among voice and workplace outcomes.Findings – The paper develops hypotheses that can enhance the understanding of the likely impact of voice policies on employees' attitudes and behaviour as well as on firm performance.Practical implications – The hypotheses suggest that, if employees perceive voice mechanisms in a negative way, they may res.
Reformulating the HMM as a Trajectory Model

We have shown that the HMM whose state output vector includes static and dynamic feature parameters can be reformulated as a trajectory model by imposing the explicit relationship between the static and dynamic features. The derived model, referred to as “trajectory HMM,” can alleviate the limitations of HMMs: i) constant statistics within an HMM state and ii) independence assumption of state output probabilities. In this paper, we first summarize the definition and the training algorithm. Then, to show that the trajectory HMM is a proper generative model, we derive a new algorithm for sampling from the trajectory model, and show the result of an illustrative experiment. A speech recognition experiment demonstrates the consistency between training and decoding criteria is essential: the model should not only be traind as a trajectory model but also be used as a trajectory model in decoding, even though the trajectory model has the same parameterization as the standard HMM.
DeepOBS: A Deep Learning Optimizer Benchmark Suite

Because the choice and tuning of the optimizer affects the speed, and ultimately the performance of deep learning, there is significant past and recent research in this area. Yet, perhaps surprisingly, there is no generally agreed-upon protocol for the quantitative and reproducible evaluation of optimization strategies for deep learning. We suggest routines and benchmarks for stochastic optimization, with special focus on the unique aspects of deep learning, such as stochasticity, tunability and generalization. As the primary contribution, we present DeepOBS, a Python package of deep learning optimization benchmarks. The package addresses key challenges in the quantitative assessment of stochastic optimizers, and automates most steps of benchmarking. The library includes a wide and extensible set of ready-to-use realistic optimization problems, such as training Residual Networks for image classification on ImageNet or character-level language prediction models, as well as popular classics like MNIST and CIFAR-10. The package also provides realistic baseline results for the most popular optimizers on these test problems, ensuring a fair comparison to the competition when benchmarking new optimizers, and without having to run costly experiments. It comes with output back-ends that directly produce LaTeX code for inclusion in academic publications. It supports TensorFlow and is available open source.
Narratives by Finnish First-Time Fathers Paternal Masculinities in Early Fatherhood: Dominant and Counter

In this article, we seek to extend understanding of the role of gender in early fatherhood by examining narratives of paternal masculinities, that is, the social and cultural constructions of gendered practices and conventions produced by men on their roles as male parents. The data comprised interviews with 44 Finnish first-time fathers (aged 20-42 years) living in a heterosexual relationship. The narrative of the “decent father,” was identified as the dominant narrative of paternal masculinity in early fatherhood. Although the narrative was characterized by some important gendered differences, it was also in line with the well-known concept of the “new father. ” Two counter narratives, labeled the “equal father” and “masculine father,” in which gendered parenthood was rejected in the former and essentialized in the latter, were also identified. The results indicate the normative quality of narratives on paternal masculinity.
Abrupt changes of temperature and water chemistry in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene Black Sea

New Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and published stable oxygen isotope and 87Sr/86Sr data obtained on ostracods from gravity cores located on the northwestern Black Sea slope were used to infer changes in the Black Sea hydrology and water chemistry for the period between 30 to 8 ka B.P. (calibrated radiocarbon years). The period prior to 16.5 ka B.P. was characterized by stable conditions in all records until a distinct drop in δ18O values combined with a sharp increase in 87Sr/86Sr occurred between 16.5 and 14.8 ka B.P. This event is attributed to an increased runoff from the northern drainage area of the Black Sea between Heinrich Event 1 and the onset of the Bølling warm period. While the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca records remained rather unaffected by this inflow; they show an abrupt rise with the onset of the Bølling/Allerød warm period. This rise was caused by calcite precipitation in the surface water, which led to a sudden increase of the Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios of the Black Sea water. The stable oxygen isotopes also start to increase around 15 ka B.P., although in a more gradual manner, due to isotopically enriched meteoric precipitation. While Sr/Ca remains constant during the following interval of the Younger Dryas cold period, a decrease in the Mg/Ca ratio implies that the intermediate water masses of the Black Sea temporarily cooled by 1–2°C during the Younger Dryas. The 87Sr/86Sr values drop after the cessation of the water inflow at 15 ka B.P. to a lower level until the Younger Dryas, where they reach values similar to those observed during the Last Glacial Maximum. This might point to a potential outflow to the Mediterranean Sea via the Sea of Marmara during this period. The inflow of Mediterranean water started around 9.3 ka B.P., which is clearly detectable in the abruptly increasing Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and 87Sr/86Sr values. The accompanying increase in the δ18O record is less pronounced and would fit to an inflow lasting ∼100 a.
Silver spoons and snake body sizes: prey availability early in life influences long-term growth rates of free-ranging pythons

Summary 1. A 13-year study of free-ranging water pythons (Liasis fuscus) and their main prey (dusky rats, Rattus colletti) in tropical Australia provided extensive data on the relationship between python growth rates and prey availability. 2. Python growth rates exhibited considerable variation among individuals. Growth rates of siblings were not correlated, suggesting that environmental rather than genetic factors cause this wide variation. 3. The availability of prey varied considerably among years, due to annual variation in rainfall patterns. Pythons grew more rapidly in years with high rat abundance than in years when rats were scarce. Also, python cohorts that hatched in years when prey were abundant exhibited faster growth rates than those that hatched when prey were scarce. 4. The snakes showed strong ontogenetic consistency in relative growth rates: that is, an individual with faster-than-average growth in its first year of life continued to grow rapidly throughout the study period. Thus, these pythons displayed a strong ‘silver spoon’ effect, whereby favourable conditions (high prey abundance) in the first year of life exerted a long-term effect on growth trajectories and thus, adult body sizes. This effect was strongest in the faster-growing sex (females). 5. Hence, the current body size composition of the python population reflects stochastic rainfall-induced annual variation in prey availability over the preceding decades.
Exploiting machine learning algorithms for tree species classification in a semiarid woodland using RapidEye image

Abstract Classification of different tree species in semiarid areas can be challenging as a result of the change in leaf structure and orientation due to soil moisture constraints. Tree species mapping is, however, a key parameter for forest management in semiarid environments. In this study, we examined the suitability of 5-band RapidEye satellite data for the classification of five tree species in mopane woodland of Botswana using machine leaning algorithms with limited training samples.We performed classification using random forest (RF) and support vector machines (SVM) based on EnMap box. The overall accuracies for classifying the five tree species was 88.75 and 85% for both SVM and RF, respectively. We also demonstrated that the new red-edge band in the RapidEye sensor has the potential for classifying tree species in semiarid environments when integrated with other standard bands. Similarly, we observed that where there are limited training samples, SVM is preferred over RF. Finally, we demonstrated that the two accuracy measures of quantity and allocation disagreement are simpler and more helpful for the vast majority of remote sensing classification process than the kappa coefficient. Overall, high species classification can be achieved using strategically located RapidEye bands integrated with advanced processing algorithms.
Classification and Workload, Nursing Time of Advanced Nursing Practices by Infection Control Nurse Practitioners

The aim of this study was to classify the advanced nursing practices of infection control nurse practitioners (ICNPs) and to measure the time and frequency of these practices to calculate the workload. Nineteen practices were classified as advanced nursing practices of ICNPs. The categories for the main activities of the ICNPs were management, surveillance and epidemic investigation, and education and training. The calculated relative value scale (RVS) scores for the advanced nursing practices ranged from 100 to 386.1, with an average of 266.7 points. The mean score of the frequency of the practices was 2.63 on a 5-point Likert scale. It was noted that 9 of the practices can be completed within 60 minutes, while 10 practices take over 60 minutes. The practices of ICNPs are considered to be cost-effective in decreasing healthcare-associated infections and improving the quality of healthcare services in hospitals. Therefore, the creation of an advanced nurse practitioner system for infection control is necessary.
Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): the wavelength dependence of galaxy structure versus redshift and luminosity

We study how the sizes and radial profiles of galaxies vary with wavelength, by fitting Sersic functions simultaneously to imaging in nine optical and near-infrared bands. To quantify the wavelength dependence of effective radius we use the ratio, R, of measurements in two rest-frame bands. The dependence of Sersic index on wavelength, N, is computed correspondingly. Vulcani et al. have demonstrated that different galaxy populations present sharply contrasting behaviour in terms of R and N. Here we study the luminosity dependence of this result. We find that at higher luminosities, early-type galaxies display a more substantial decrease in effective radius with wavelength, whereas late types present a more pronounced increase in Sersic index. The structural contrast between types thus increases with luminosity. By considering samples at different redshifts, we demonstrate that lower data quality reduces the apparent difference between the main galaxy populations. However, our conclusions remain robust to this effect. We show that accounting for different redshift and luminosity selections partly reconciles the size variation measured by Vulcani et al. with the weaker trends found by other recent studies. Dividing galaxies by visual morphology confirms the behaviour inferred using morphological proxies, although the sample size is greatly reduced. Finally, we demonstrate that varying dust opacity and disc inclination can account for features of the joint distribution of R and N for late-type galaxies. However, dust does not appear to explain the highest values of R and N. The bulge–disc nature of galaxies must also contribute to the wavelength dependence of their structure
The Problem with Polygamy

Polygamy is a hotly contested practice and open to widespread misunderstandings. This practice is defined as a relationship between either one husband and multiple wives or one wife and multiple husbands. Today, 'polygamy' almost exclusively takes the form of one husband with multiple wives. In this article, my focus will centre on limited defences of polygamy offered recently by Chesire Calhoun and Martha Nussbaum. I will argue that these defences are unconvincing. The problem with polygamy is primarily that it is a structurally inegalitarian practice in both theory and fact. Polygamy should be opposed for this reason.
Recent Amazon climate as background for possible ongoing and future changes of Amazon humid forests

Recent analyses of Amazon runoff and gridded precipitation data suggest an intensification of the hydrological cycle over the past few decades in the following sense: wet season precipitation and peak river runoff (since ∼1980) as well as annual mean precipitation (since ∼1990) have increased, while dry season precipitation and minimum runoff have slightly decreased. There has also been an increase in the frequency of anomalously severe floods and droughts. To provide context for the special issue on Amazonia and its forests in a warming climate we expand here on these analyses. The contrasting recent changes in wet and dry season precipitation have continued and are generally consistent with changes in catchment‐level peak and minimum river runoff as well as a positive trend of water vapor inflow into the basin. Consistent with the river records, the increased vapor inflow is concentrated to the wet season. Temperature has been rising by 0.7°C since 1980 with more pronounced warming during dry months. Suggestions for the cause of the observed changes of the hydrological cycle come from patterns in tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Tropical and North Atlantic SSTs have increased rapidly and steadily since 1990, while Pacific SSTs have shifted during the 1990s from a positive Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) phase with warm eastern Pacific temperatures to a negative phase with cold eastern Pacific temperatures. These SST conditions have been shown to be associated with an increase in precipitation over most of the Amazon except the south and southwest. If ongoing changes continue, we expect forests to continue to thrive in those regions where there is an increase in precipitation with the exception of floodplain forests. An increase in flood pulse height and duration could lead to increased mortality at higher levels of the floodplain and, over the long term, to a lateral shift of the zonally stratified floodplain forest communities. Negative effects on forests are mainly expected in the southwest and south, which have become slightly drier and hotter, consistent with tree mortality trends observed at the RAINFOR Amazon forest plot network established in the early 1980s consisting of approximately 150 regularly censused 1ha plots in intact forests located across the whole basin.
Preparation of High Dietary Fibre Cookies from Pineapple ( Ananas comosus ) Pomace

The wheat flour, pine-apple pomace, egg, butter, sugar, and essence were used for preparation of cookies. The pine –apple pomace is rich in high dietary fibre, it is also contains calcium, phosphorus and iron. The egg was used as the binding agents. The pine – apple essence was added in order to enhance the flavour of the product. Sodium benzoate was used in small quality for preservative in the cookies. The product was bake and was served to different panel members for sensory evaluation on the basis of 9-point hedonic scale. The product was tested for proximate analysis in order to check the physico-chemical properties by AOAC and Ranganna method.
Differences in Survival and Growth Among Tropical Rain Forest Pioneer Tree Seedlings in Relation to Canopy Openness and Herbivory

Although differences in canopy openness, herbivory and their interaction may promote species coexistence, how these factors affect pioneer tree species and potentially limit growth, and survival has been poorly studied, particularly in tropical South Asia. We monitored the effect of canopy openness and herbivore damage on seedling survival and growth of 960 individuals of six pioneer tree species: Dillenia triquetra, Macaranga indica, Macaranga peltata, Schumacheria castaneifolia, Trema orientalis, and Wendlandia bicuspidata. Seedlings were placed in four gap‐understory positions—center, outer gap edge, inner forest edge, and understory—in four large, natural gaps within the Sinharaja World Heritage Reserve, Sri Lanka. Canopy openness positively affected survival probability beyond the 550‐d experiment, while herbivory decreased survival and was highest in understory conditions. The relative order of species survival stayed fairly consistent between gap‐understory positions and followed their known shade tolerance rankings. When averaged across all experimental conditions, T. orientalis had the lowest survival probability estimate beyond the 550‐d experiment (0.05), but the greatest capacity for growth where it successfully established, while the species with highest averaged survival probability (0.79), D. triquetra, showed the lowest growth. One species, W. bicuspidata, responded positively to herbivory by re‐sprouting. Coexistence of D. triquetra, T. orientalis, and W. bicuspidata can be explained by a trade‐off among species in survival, growth, and response to herbivory. In addition to variation in canopy light environment, herbivory may be important in determining pioneer species distribution through fine‐scale niche partitioning and should be carefully considered in reforestation efforts.
Larvicidal activity and influence of Bacillus thuringiensis (Vectobac G), on longevity and fecundity of mosquito species

Mosquitoes are vectors of many human diseases and cause environmental nuisances. Due to their large geographical distribution and abundance, Culex pipiens and Culiseta longiareolata represent the most important mosquito species in Algeria. The management of these disease vectors using conventional pesticides has failed because of the high reproductive ability, development of insecticide resistance of mosquito species and environmental pollution. These reasons are leading to a search for novel molecules. As so the product Vectobac G that is based on the naturally occurring insecticidal toxin proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) may provide economical control of mosquito larvae. Bioassay was conducted to test the larval toxicity, longevity and mosquito fecundity. The mosquitocidal activity of Bt. Vectobac G was tested at different concentrations, ranging between 5 and 25 μg/l, against the different larval stages (L1-L4) of Culex pipiens and Culesita longiareolata. Bioassays were done on newly moulted larvae under laboratory conditions. The technical material showed a high level of activity with mortality recorded for both treated and following stages and happened after incomplete development. For the same treated series a significant decrease was also recorded in the longevity of the 4th instar and the adult. From a dose-response curve, the LC50 and the LC90 with their confidence limits were determined. The LC50 of 16. 21μg/l and 23.98 μg/l and the values of CL90 of 75. 85μg/l and 73. 31μg/l, were estimated for the both species Cx. pipiens and Cs. Longiareolata respectively. In other experiments the compound was applied at LC50 and LC90 against the fourth instars larvae and its effects was investigated on fecundity of female emerged from larval treated series. The results showed that Bt. vectobac G reduced significantly the laying egg number and the percentage of fecundity.