Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bullying and Victimization : What Have We Learned and Where Do We Go from Here ? [ Mini-Series ]

This special i,sue nn bullying and victimization in Schooll',I'rc! l%gr Rel'ieu' highlights current research elTol1:> in American schools on bullying and peer victimization. and how this research can inform prevention and intervention planning. nlis introductory article provides a brief overview of several major insights gained over the last decade from research on bullying in school-aged youth and sets the stage for the special issue. Research on psychosOl:ial currelates in bullying behaviors is reviewed and four insights that provide directions fur future research are derived. The contributing authors in the special i,sue augment these insights by examining the intluence of the peer ecology on bullying (Rodkin & Hodges. 20031. using longitudinal and multivariate melhodologies in bullying research (Long & Pellegrini. 20(3). assessing the climales within the schuol where bullying typically occurs (letT. Power. Cosligan. & Manz. 20m I. exploring implementation issues of school-wide bullying prevention programming (Orpinas. Home. & Staniszewski. 2003 I. reviewing laws and policies lo address bullying (Limher & Small. 20(3), and challenging researchers to reach a consensus on bullying research (Furlong. Morrison. & Greif. 20m). School bullying among children and adolescents has been the focus of many international studies over the last 30 years. In his seminal research, Norwegian scholar Daniel Olweus ( 1972) coined bullying a" "mobbing. " and defined it as an individual or a group of individuals harassing, tcasing. or pestering another person. However, it was not until 1982 that school officials in Norway turned their attention to school bullying, and did so only after three 14-year-old boys committed suicide as a result of extreme harassment from classmates (Olweus, 1993). Following these events. the Ministry of Education in Norway launched a national campaign against bullying in which a prevention program was implemented in every primary and secondary school. Indeed. many other countries have recognized bullying as a serious concern. including England. Italy. Canada. Japan. the United States. and Australia. to name a few. Recent events in the United States raise some issues about the transportability of international findings to the culture of American Address correspondcnce rcgarding this article to Dorothy L. Espelagc. Ph.D. Derallmcnt of Educational Psychology. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. College of Education. 226 Educatiun Building. 1310 South Sixth Street. Champaign. lL 61820-6lJ90; E-mail: espelage@uiuc.edu. l65 Copyright 2003, National Association of School Psychologists. Used by permission.
Changes of Central Norepinephrine, &bgr;-Endorphin, LEU-Enkephalin, Peripheral Arginine-Vasopressin, and Angiotensin II Levels in Acute and Chronic Phases of Sino-Aortic Denervation in Rats

We and others have demonstrated that impaired arterial baroreceptor reflex (ABR) function is one of the major causes of hypertension-associated end organ damage. The goal of this study was to clarify the potential neuro-humoral mechanisms responsible for impaired ABR-induced end organ damage. The sino-aortic denervated (SAD) rat was used as an animal model of ABR dysfunction. One-week SAD rats were characterized by hypertension, tachycardia, increased norepinephrine content, and decreased &bgr;-endorphin and leu-enkephalin content in hypothalamus and medulla oblongata, and increased plasma levels of arginine-vasopressin. In 18-week SAD rats, the 24-hour average arterial pressure, heart rate, &bgr;-endorphin, and leu-enkephalin content in hypothalamus and medulla oblongata and plasma levels of arginine-vasopressin and angiotensin II were not different from those measured in ABR-intact rats. However, blood pressure variability and angiotensin II content in kidney and left ventricle increased. When exposed to chronic stress, exaggerated changes in arterial pressure, blood pressure variability, the levels of central norepinephrine, &bgr;-endorphin and leu-enkephalin, plasma arginine-vasopressin and angiotensin II, and tissue angiotensin II were found in 18-week SAD rats. These data indicate that a long-term impairment of ABR leads to chronic activation of central noradrenergic neurons and tissue renin-angiotensin system, and that stress induces exaggerated responses of neuro-humoral factors and hemodynamics in SAD rats. Thus, if the present results hold true for humans, one can expect abnormal neurotransmitter/neuromodulator responses to environmental insults in patients with impaired ABR function.
Knowledge management education in Australia

This material is subject to copyright under the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Act, no part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior permission of the copyright owners. Enquiries should be made to the Centre for Information Studies, Charles Sturt University (cis@csu.edu.au).
The Impact of Employee’s Motivation on Work Performance in the Private Organizations in Tanzania: A Case Study of Venture Risk Management

This study aimed at assessing the impact of employee motivation on work performance in private sector organizations with three specific objectives using the Venture Risk Management in Dar es Salaam Region as a case for study. This study used descriptive research design where both qualitative and quantitative approaches were applied. A case study has been designed so as to enable the study to be conducted in depth investigation and this involved the use of a variety of methods to collect data with questionnaires being the main method. Data were collected from the VRM Head Office and questionnaires were administered from Managers and Ordinary employees. Stratified respondents were selected purposefully and later randomly as all were meeting the study aims. A total of one hundred thirty eight 138) respondents were used as sample for this study. Relevant findings have indicated that motivational factors used in private sector organizations to be good paying, positive reception of the work done, job security, promotion, interesting work, company loyalty to employees, good working conditions, tactful discipline, recognition and kindly help with personal problems. According to Respondents of this study, the following impacts of motivation towards employees’ performance were indicated; increase in productivity, employee’s incentives increases and good moral and workers’ management relationship. Also from this study the employees of private sector organizations had indicated best ways to motivate employees to be; creating positive and interesting working environment, good communications, morale boosting activities, and care to off work life. This study concluded by giving recommends in improving workers and organizations. Lastly, the researcher proposed the area for future studies.
A B cell population that dominates the primary response to influenza virus hemagglutinin does not participate in the memory response

The early primary B cell response of BALB/c mice to the influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (PR8) hemagglutinin (HA) is dominated by B cells that utilize a single Vx gene in association with one of two closely related VH genes. We have used an anti‐idiotypic reagent that recognizes a light chain‐associated idiotope (23‐1 Id) on these antibodies to follow their presence during the anti‐HA response. Quantitation of 23‐1 Id+ antibodies at different time points during the anti‐HA response indicates that the 23‐1 Id+ B cell response peaks early after primary immunization and is not re‐induced by secondary challenge. Furthermore, 23‐1 Id+ titers in serum decay rapidly between the first and second week after immunization, and the HA‐specific 23‐1 Id+ precursor B cell population does not significantly expand in the months following immunization. These results indicate that despite their predominance during the primary response, 23‐Id+ B cells abruptly disappear from the response and do not mature into memory B cells.
[Prevalence of food allergy in children under 2 years of age in three cities in China].

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence and clinical features of food allergy in children aged 0 - 2 years. METHOD From January to February, 2009 and January to May, 2010, all well-infants and young children between the age of 0 and 2 years attending routine health visits at the Department of Primary Child Care, in Chongqing, Zhuhai and Hangzhou were invited to participate in the study. Parents completed questionnaires and all children were skin prick tested (SPT) to a panel of 10 foods (egg white, egg yolk, cow's milk, soybean, peanut, wheat, fish, shrimp, orange and carrot). Based on the results of SPT and medical history, the subjects under went the suspected food elimination and oral food challenge under medical supervision. Food allergy was confirmed by the food challenge test. RESULT Totally 1687 children were recruited by the consent of their parents. Of 1687 children approached, 1604 (550 of Chongqing, 573 of Zhuhai and 481 of Hangzhou) fulfilled the study criteria for diagnosing food allergy. One hundred children were confirmed to have challenge-proven food allergy in 3 cities (40 of Chongqing, 33 of Zhuhai and 27 of Hangzhou). The prevalence of food allergy in 0-2 years old children in Chongqing was 7.3%, in Zhuhai was 5.8% and in Hangzhou was 5.5%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of food allergy in children under 2 years among the three cities, and the average prevalence for food allergy in children under 2 years was 6.2%. Egg (3.0% - 4.4%) was the most common allergen, followed by cow's milk (0.83% - 3.5%), shrimp (0.17% - 0.42%) and fish (0.17% - 0.21%). CONCLUSION The prevalence of food allergy in 0 - 2 years old children in China was 5.5% - 7.3%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of food allergy in children under 2 years of age among the three cities. Egg was the most common allergen, followed by cow's milk, shrimp and fish.
Functional Isolation of Novel Nuclear Proteins Showing a Variety of Subnuclear Localizationsw⃞

Nuclear proteins play key roles in the fundamental regulation of genome instability, the phases of organ development, and physiological responsiveness through gene expression. Although nuclear proteins have been shown to account for approximately one-fourth of total proteins in yeast, no efficient method to identify novel nuclear proteins has been applied to plants. In this study, a trial to isolate nuclear proteins in rice was attempted, and several novel nuclear proteins showing a variety of subnuclear localizations were identified. The nuclear transportation trap (NTT) system, which is a modified two-hybrid system, isolated many nuclear proteins from rice (Oryza sativa) NTT cDNA libraries. Nuclear localization of the isolated proteins was confirmed by transient introduction of green fluorescent protein fusion constructs for a subset of protein genes into onion (Allium cepa) cells. The majority of these proteins, including novel proteins and proteins initially categorized as cytoplasmic proteins, were revealed to be localized in the nucleus. Detailed characterization of unknown proteins revealed various subnuclear localizations, indicating their possible association with chromatin and the nuclear matrix with a foci or speckle-like distribution. Some also showed dual distribution in the nucleus and cytoplasm. In the novel protein fraction, a protein was further identified for its chromatin-associated localization in a specific organ of rice by immunostaining. Thus, a variety of novel nuclear architectural proteins with chromatin or matrix associating abilities, which are important in nuclear organization by influencing certain organ developments or cell responsiveness, can be isolated using the NTT method. Because nuclear proteins other than transcription regulators have rarely been characterized in plants, such as matrix proteins and development-specific chromatin proteins, their identification and subsequent characterization could provide important information for genome-wide regulatory mechanisms controlled by nuclear organization.
Pathophysiology of the Vasculature in Hypertension

The vessel wall is thicker in hypertension. Folkow demonstrated that adaptive structural changes occur in vessels in response to the increased wall stress of hypertension. Because the vessel wall thickens and encroaches on the lumen, the adaptive change results in an elevated vascular resistance. It also exaggerates the vasoconstrictor effects of vascular smooth muscle contraction, thereby increasing vascular reactivity to physiologically occurring vasoactive agents. As solid as this information may be, important unanswered questions still remain related to the question "What makes the pressure go up in the first place? " In this brief review, we have examined possible culprits both in the area of extrinsic vascular regulatory systems and in that of intrinsic changes in the vascular smooth muscle cell. Interesting newly described vasoactive agents currently are being evaluated. On the other hand, generalized intrinsic abnormalities in the cell membrane are well documented in hypertension. Many individual transport systems display this abnormality, suggesting that the primary defect may be in the lipid bilayer that influences the function of all integral protein transport systems. Abnormalities also have been found in the cells' signal transduction systems, whereas the energy metabolism and contractile protein system are essentially normal. Functional abnormalities of the vascular smooth muscle cell in hypertension must explain both its increased contraction and its increased growth. It is likely that the same functional abnormality may explain both of these changes.
The Role of Hydraulic Conductivity in Modeling the Movement of Water and Solutes in Soil Under Drip Irrigation

Due of de need to manage more rational irrigation water in the world drip irrigation is one of the technologies that are expanding more rapidly in modern irrigated agriculture in view of its great potential to improve the economics of water use. In this method the water is provided in soil in a timely high frequency, and thus the dimension parameters such as percentage of the root zone moist, spacing and location of emitters, application rates, frequency and irrigation, are governed by standard distribution of moisture in the soil profile, which in turn depends on soil hydraulic conductivity. There is difficulty in pinpointing the relationships between factors that affect the movement of soil water in response to surface point sources, this fact is due to the complex nature of the surface boundary conditions, which can result in problems of irrigation management. Due to these facts, mathematical models were developed to analyze three-dimensional movement of water in soil under drip irrigation, using methods of numerical analysis, finite elements, flow in two and three dimensions under dynamic equilibrium, volume control, theory of capillary tubes, among others. Moreover, in recent years, the technique of application of chemicals through irrigation water (chemigation) is gaining acceptance, particularly in drip irrigation systems, due to the advantages it provides the possibility of manipulating and controlling plant nutrition irrigated. However, this technique requires that the irrigation is carried out under high efficiencies, otherwise it may cause economic problems and environmental damage. The chemicals applied through irrigation water processes suffer from spatial and temporal changes in soil, varying the distribution of solutes in the profile, resulting in different distribution patterns. Some solutes react with the soil matrix, others move through it, may result in dissolution and precipitation, within or outside the soil solution. The understanding of the simultaneous transport of water and solutes in two or three dimensions, from a point source, allows to develop efficient strategies in the implementation of water and mineral fertilizers (fertigation). Although fertigation has widespread use, little information related to the simultaneous movement of water and chemicals from point sources is available.
Risk factors associated with the prevalence of interdigital dermatitis in sheep from 1999 to 2000

As part of an investigation into improving the treatment and control of lameness in sheep flocks in England and Wales, a postal survey was conducted in November 2000. Farmers were asked to estimate the prevalence of footrot and interdigital dermatitis in their flocks. In the ewes the prevalence of interdigital dermatitis remained relatively stable throughout the year, but there was a large increase in lambs during late spring and early summer. Logistic regression models were used to assess statistically significant risk factors associated with prevalences of the condition of 5 per cent or more in ewes and 10 per cent or more in lambs. Factors that increased the risk in ewes were ‘sometimes/never’ catching lame sheep compared with ‘always’ farm land 100 m or less above sea level and renting-in winter grazing; factors that increased the risk in lambs were a prevalence of 5 per cent or more of footrot in ewes, ‘sometimes/never’ catching lame ewes compared with ‘always’, ‘sometimes/never’ treating ewes with footrot with parenteral antibiotics compared with ‘always’ showing sheep at agricultural events, farm land 100 m or less above sea level, and a prevalence of 5 per cent or more of interdigital dermatitis in ewes. Turning sheep on to a field which had been free from livestock for at least two weeks after footbathing decreased the risk of interdigital dermatitis in lambs. Footbathing without the use of a clean field compared with not footbathing did not significantly affect the prevalence of the interdigital dermatitis.
Antigenic evidence for simultaneous expression of two different lipooligosaccharides by some strains of Haemophilus influenzae type b

Isolates of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) can be divided into three antigenic groups based on their reactivities with a set of two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against epitopes in the oligosaccharide region of Hib lipooligosaccharide (LOS) (P. A. Gulig, C. C. Patrick, L. Hermanstorfer, G. H. McCracken, Jr., and E. J. Hansen, Infect. Immun. 55:513-520, 1987). Approximately 24% of Hib strains react with both of these LOS-specific MAbs. Immunoprecipitation experiments involving several of these strains indicated that the epitopes recognized by these MAbs resided in two different LOS molecules, both of which were synthesized by these particular Hib strains. In addition, Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of proteinase K-treated cell extracts of these strains that had been subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis revealed two different LOS staining patterns when they were probed independently with the two MAbs. Colony blot radioimmunoassay of hundreds of colonies of one of these Hib strains showed that each colony bound both MAbs. Immune electron microscopy confirmed that individual cells of this same Hib strain expressed both types of LOS molecule at the same time. An antibody accessibility radioimmunoassay was used to show that different Hib strains of this type varied in the relative amounts of each of the two MAbs that they could bind to their cell surfaces. These findings indicate that some Hib strains can synthesize two antigenically distinct LOS molecules simultaneously.
Economic Status Over the Life Course and Racial Disparities in Health.

Objectives. Racial and socioeconomic disparities in health have become a prominent feature of American society, though our understanding of the processes leading to such persistent disparities is still relatively limited. In this study, we focus on the impact of social and economic advantages and disadvantages over the life course on health disparities at older ages. In particular, we look at the roles of both cumulative and current financial resources and financial strains as determinants of a range of subjective and objective health assessments of physical conditions, functional impairment, and mental health.
Quasi-Competitiveness of the Audit Services Market in Ukraine: The Aspect of European Integration

In the context of European integration processes and transformations in the banking sector, a study of the concentration of the audit services market in Ukraine, one of the most regulated markets, was held. The authors applied a number of methods for evaluation of concentration: the traditional methods of determining the level of market competition and the Kruskal-Wallis test to confirm market heterogeneity. The results allow for a conclusion that there is a high level of regional market concentration, which necessitates a competitive market environment for the implementation of audit services.
Role of obesity on the thickness of primary cutaneous melanoma

Thick primary cutaneous melanoma (PCM) is associated with older age, male sex, being single, a low educational level, self‐detection and general practice detection, nodular melanoma (NM) and acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) types; and are found in the head–neck and lower limb locations. Obesity plays a direct role on melanoma tumour growth, as it has been shown in animal models, but its role in the thickness of PCM remains unknown.
Management of incidental and non-incidental papillary thyroid microcarcinoma

Abstract Background: The incidence of papillary thyroid cancer is rising, with an increase in the number of microcarcinomas being discovered. There is controversy in the literature regarding the optimal management of these tumours. This study aimed to review our institution's experience with the presentation and management of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Methods: Retrospective analysis from the Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, from 1987 to 2009. Results: A total of 228 patients were analysed. Papillary thyroid microcarcinomas were discovered incidentally in 116 (50.9 per cent) patients and non-incidentally in the remaining 112 (49.1 per cent) patients. Amongst the non-incidental group, 11.6 per cent of patients presented with lateral cervical lymph node involvement. Non-incidental microcarcinomas were significantly associated with younger age (<45 years) (p = 0.007) and larger tumours (5–10 mm) (p < 0.001). Only four patients in the incidental group suffered recurrent disease (locoregional). No patient developed distant metastatic disease or died during follow up. Conclusion: Papillary thyroid microcarcinomas present both incidentally and non-incidentally, with equal prevalence. Non-incidental tumours not infrequently present with cervical lymph node disease. The patient outcome is generally excellent.
The antecedents of opportunity recognition in internationalized firms

The international entrepreneurship (IE) literature has proliferated over the past few decades, where researchers perceive internationalization as rapid and opportunity-driven. Despite the proliferation of research on IE, little is known about the extent of the relationship between the antecedents of opportunity recognition and IE. Hypotheses are formulated to test this relationship and a survey is administered to internationalized firms in South Africa. Following statistical analyses, results show that it is the antecedent of organizational learning which is positively related to opportunity recognition. These findings lead to recommendations in terms of how a combination of different learning and knowledge capabilities can be leveraged by entrepreneurs to increase opportunity recognition in internationalized firms.