Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ritualized Behavior in the Middle Stone Age: Evidence from Rhino Cave, Tsodilo Hills, Botswana

Rhino Cave, located at the World Heritage site of Tsodilo Hills, is one of the three main Middle Stone Age (MSA) sites in Botswana. Initial investigations during the mid-1990s left unanswered a number of key questions regarding the early use of the cave. This prompted the current investigations, which have unearthed a wealth of MSA artifacts from a lag deposit. Results of a selectively employed chaine operatoire analysis have revealed a very special set of behavioral patterns. It will be argued that the best-fit interpretation of the results from this investigation lies within the realm of ritualized behavior. The assemblage is characterized by an unexpectedly large number of MSA points, which are for the most part produced in non-locally acquired raw materials. These points are colorful, carefully and often elaborately made, and, once complete, never left the cave. They were either deliberately burned to the point where they could no longer be used, abandoned, or intentionally smashed. These artifacts were found together with tabular grinding slabs and pieces of the locally available pigment, specularite. This assemblage was recovered directly beneath a massive, virtually free-standing rock face that has been carved with hundreds of cupules of varying sizes and shapes. A section of the carved rock face was recovered from well within the MSA deposits in association with handheld grinding stones.
Renewable hydrocarbon fuels from hydrothermal liquefaction: A techno‐economic analysis

This study demonstrates the economic feasibility of producing renewable transportation drop‐in fuels from lignocellulosic biomass through hydrothermal liquefaction and upgrading. An Aspen Plus® process model is developed based on extensive experimental data to document a techno‐economic assessment of a hydrothermal liquefaction process scheme. Based on a 1000 tonnes organic matter per day plant size capacity, three different scenarios are analyzed to identify key economic parameters and minimum fuel selling prices (MFSP). Scenario I, the baseline scenario, is based on wood‐glycerol co‐liquefaction, followed by thermal cracking and hydroprocessing. Results show that a minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of 1.14 $ per liter of gasoline equivalent (LGE) can be obtained. In Scenario II, only wood is used as feedstock, which reduces the MFSP to 0.82 $/LGE. Scenario III is also based on a pure wood feedstock, but investigates a full saturation situation (a maximum hydrogen consumption scenario), resulting in a slightly higher MFSP of 0.94 $/LGE. A sensitivity analysis is performed identifying biocrude yield, hydrogen, and feedstock prices as key cost factors affecting the MFSP. In conclusion, the study shows that renewable fuels, via HTL and upgrading, can be highly cost competitive to other alternative fuel processes. © 2017 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model-independent aspects of the reaction K̄ + N → K +

Benjamin C. Jackson, Yongseok Oh, H. Haberzettl, and K. Nakayama Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA Department of Physics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea Institute for Nuclear Studies and Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA Institut für Kernphysik and Center for Hadron Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany (Received 18 November 2013; published 28 February 2014)
Properties and Storage Stability of O/W Emulsion Replaced with Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Oil

Abstract The properties and changes of an o/w emulsion(mayonnaise) as affected by the replacement of long-chain fatty acid oil with medium-chain fatty acid oil were studied. Different ratios of coconut oil (CNO) and rice bran oil (RBO) (0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70 and 40:60 (v/v)) were blended as the oil base for the study. The highest replacement of RBO with CNO in an o/w emulsion that could be achieved with minimal change of sensory properties was 30%. The Emulsion Stability Index and oil-phase crystallisation temperatures of mayonnaise with RBO alone and with 30% CNO replacement did not change when stored at 30±2°C for 4 weeks. The droplet size of the mayonnaise containing only RBO increased, possibly due to droplet coalescence. In contrast, the droplet size of the mayonnaise with CNO:RBO=30:70 did not change during storage.
Logics of Organization Theory: Audiences, Codes, and Ecologies

Building theories of organizations is challenging: theories are partial and "folk" categories are fuzzy. The commonly used tools--first-order logic and its foundational set theory--are ill-suited for handling these complications. Here, three leading authorities rethink organization theory. Logics of Organization Theory sets forth and applies a new language for theory building based on a nonmonotonic logic and fuzzy set theory. In doing so, not only does it mark a major advance in organizational theory, but it also draws lessons for theory building elsewhere in the social sciences. Organizational research typically analyzes organizations in categories such as "bank," "hospital," or "university. " These categories have been treated as crisp analytical constructs designed by researchers. But sociologists increasingly view categories as constructed by audiences. This book builds on cognitive psychology and anthropology to develop an audience-based theory of organizational categories. It applies this framework and the new language of theory building to organizational ecology. It reconstructs and integrates four central theory fragments, and in so doing reveals unexpected connections and new insights.
Are Benefits from Oil - Stocks Diversification Gone? New Evidence from a Dynamic Copula and High Frequency Data

Oil is perceived as a good diversification tool for stock markets. To fully understand this potential, we propose a new empirical methodology that combines generalized autoregressive score copula functions with high frequency data and allows us to capture and forecast the conditional time-varying joint distribution of the oil -- stocks pair accurately. Our realized GARCH with time-varying copula yields statistically better forecasts of the dependence and quantiles of the distribution relative to competing models. Employing a recently proposed conditional diversification benefits measure that considers higher-order moments and nonlinear dependence from tail events, we document decreasing benefits from diversification over the past ten years. The diversification benefits implied by our empirical model are, moreover, strongly varied over time. These findings have important implications for asset allocation, as the benefits of including oil in stock portfolios may not be as large as perceived.
Comparisons of global topographic/isostatic models to the Earth's observed gravity field

The Earth's gravitational potential, as described by a spherical harmonic expansion to degree 180, was compared to the potential implied by the topography and its isostatic compensation using five different hypothesis. Initially, series expressions for the Airy/Heiskanen topographic isostatic model were developed to the third order in terms of (h/R), where h is equivalent rock topography and R is a mean Earth radius. Using actual topographic developments for the Earth, it was found that the second and third terms of the expansion contributed 30 and 3 percents, of the first of the expansion. With these new equations it is possible to compute depths (D) of compensation, by degree, using 3 different criteria. The results show that the average depth implied by criterion I is 60 km while it is about 33 km for criteria 2 and 3 with smaller compensation depths at the higher degrees. Another model examined was related to the Vening-Meinesz regional hypothesis implemented in the spectral domain. Finally, oceanic and continental response functions were derived for the global data sets and comparisons made to locally determined values.
Structural mapping of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake fault, Taiwan by seismic reflection methods

Several seismic reflection surveys were conducted to investigate the seismogenic structure of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake (Mw=7.6) in central Taiwan. Two 40 km-long seismic profiles that crossed the area near the epicenter were acquired using the deep reflection method with a targeting depth of 10 km, to search for the decollement boundary. One of the obtained sections shows a clear reflection event that dips to the east by40° until reaching a depth of 8 km where the earthquake's source was located. This slant event is unambiguously related to the thrusting Chelungpu fault surface. The abundant eastward dipping reflectors on the deep reflection sections faithfully describe thrusting features predicted by the earthquake faulting model. Besides these deep reflections, we also used many shallow seismic reflection lines to delineate the structures in the northern portion of the fault zone, where large ruptures (about 10 m) occurred both on the surface and underground. The 3D structure of the fault surface can be deduced using this cost-effective approach. Although the depth imaged may be limited (e.g., 3 km), shallow seismic data still provides reliable information for the study of large ruptures, and to make better plans for deep wells that might be drilled in this area in the future.
5, 10, or 15: Maturity Choice of Private Mortgage Borrowers

This paper analyzes the factors that influence the maturity choice of private mortgage borrowers. Using a unique dataset from the German market with more than 40,000 mortgages we find a significant influence of pricing variables, especially of the relative pricing of a mortgage provider compared to the market average. In addition, we show that personal factors matter suggesting that risk averse borrowers and borrowers who suffer most from interest rate increases choose longer maturities. Finally, we show that mortgage brokers' advice is significantly influenced by their commission scheme.
Prediction models for network-linked data

Prediction algorithms typically assume the training data are independent samples, but in many modern applications samples come from individuals connected by a network. For example, in adolescent health studies of risk-taking behaviors, information on the subjects' social network is often available and plays an important role through network cohesion, the empirically observed phenomenon of friends behaving similarly. Taking cohesion into account in prediction models should allow us to improve their performance. Here we propose a network-based penalty on individual node effects to encourage similarity between predictions for linked nodes, and show that incorporating it into prediction leads to improvement over traditional models both theoretically and empirically when network cohesion is present. The penalty can be used with many loss-based prediction methods, such as regression, generalized linear models, and Cox's proportional hazard model. Applications to predicting levels of recreational activity and marijuana usage among teenagers from the AddHealth study based on both demographic covariates and friendship networks are discussed in detail and show that our approach to taking friendships into account can significantly improve predictions of behavior while providing interpretable estimates of covariate effects.
Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to the Baltic Sea in the period 1995–2006

Abstract. The EMEP/MSC-W model has been used to compute atmospheric nitrogen deposition into the Baltic Sea basin for the period of 12 yr: 1995–2006. The level of annual total nitrogen deposition into the Baltic Sea basin has changed from 230 Gg N in 1995 to 199 Gg N in 2006, decreasing 13 %. This value corresponds well with the total nitrogen emission reduction (11 %) in the HELCOM Contracting Parties. However, inter-annual variability of nitrogen deposition to the Baltic Sea basin is relatively large, ranging from −13 % to +17 % of the averaged value. It is mainly caused by the changing meteorological conditions and especially precipitation in the considered period. The calculated monthly deposition pattern is similar for most of the years showing maxima in the autumn months October and November. The source allocation budget for atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Baltic Sea basin was calculated for each year of the period 1997–2006. The main emission sources contributing to total nitrogen deposition are: Germany 18–22 %, Poland 11–13 % and Denmark 8–11 %. There is also a significant contribution from distant sources like the United Kingdom 6–9 %, as well as from the international ship traffic on the Baltic Sea 4–5 %.
Phenotypic plasticity in color without molt in adult grasshoppers of the genus Sphingonotus (Acrididae: Oedipodinae)

Homochromy (i.e. that individuals have a similar color as their environment) is frequent in grasshoppers, and probably functions to reduce detection by potential predators. Nymphs of several soil-perching grasshopper species are known to show color changes during development that increase homochromy, with color being determined with each molt. While this is well documented for young individuals, the only color change in response to the environment that has been recorded for adult grasshoppers of these species is an overall darkening of the individual when exposed to dark surfaces. Whether grasshoppers can also adaptively change color hue is relevant for our understanding of the evolution of locally adapted crypsis. We therefore exposed two groups of adult grasshoppers to a bluishgray substrate or a reddish-brown substrate, and recorded their color over time. Quantitative digital image analysis showed that adult soil-perching grasshoppers remained capable of adapting to changes in the color of their surroundings through a plastic response. Compared to nymphs, the changes are not as strong and much slower. We suggest that color change in adults occurs through the ongoing deposition of melanins, with eumelanin making individuals more bluish-gray and pheomelanin making individuals more reddish-brown. The fact that color change is possible but slow supports that other mechanisms, such as habitat choice or selective predation, may also play a role in adapting local populations to substrate color. In addition, the ability of these grasshoppers to produce different melanins in response to the environment supports a previous suggestion that they might be useful in the future development of animal models to study melanin-related diseases like melanoma and Parkinson ́s disease.
Modeling biomarker ratios with gamma distributed components

The talk introduces a regression model termed ”extended GB2 model”, which is designed to analyze ratios of biomarkers in epidemiological and medical research. Typical examples of biomarker ratios are given by the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio in cardiovascular research and the amyloid-ß 42/40 ratio in dementia research. Unlike regression modeling with a log-transformed response, which is often used to describe ratio outcomes in observational studies, the extended GB2 model directly links the expectation of the untransformed biomarker ratio to a set of covariates. This strategy allows for a simple interpretation of the predictor-response relationships in terms of multiplicative increases/decreases of the expected outcome, similar to Poisson and Cox regression. The first part of the talk deals with the derivation and the interpretation of the log-likelihood of the proposed model, and also provides details on confidence intervals and hypothesis testing. In the second part of the talk, the usefulness of the method is demonstrated by the results of a simulation study and an application on the aforementioned amyloid-ß 42/40 ratio.
Retaining wall behaviour in Dublin's estuarine deposits, Ireland

Practising engineers in the Dublin, Ireland, area have much experience in dealing with the boulder clay which underlies much of the city. However, significant deposits of estuarine soils, some of them soft, exist along the east side of the city and in particular in Dublin docklands. Some construction difficulties have previously been encountered in these materials and significant developments, including a large tunnel project, are planned in the area overlying these deposits. Few published data exist on retaining wall schemes in the deposits. Data from nine sites, including three detailed case histories, are presented which confirm that construction of deep propped excavations and cantilever walls up to 7·5 m are feasible in these deposits and can perform well. A key issue is the soil that is located at excavation level and competent deposits here are essential to prevent large displacements or possible instability. The resulting movement will also be sensitive to the overall system stiffness. There seems.
Drought stress effects on photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and water

In order to evaluate morphological and physiological traits related to drought tolerance and to determine the best criteria for screening and identification of drought-tolerant genotypes, we grew two tolerant genotypes (MCC392, MCC877) and two sensitive genotypes (MCC68, MCC448) of chickpea under drought stress (25% field capacity) and control (100% field capacity) conditions and assessed the effect of drought stress on growth, water relations, photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content in the seedling, early flowering and podding stages. Drought stress significantly decreased shoot dry weight, CO2 assimilation rate (A), transpiration rate (E), and PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) in all genotypes. In the seedling and podding stages, PSII photochemical efficiency was higher in tolerant genotypes than in sensitive genotypes under drought stress. Water use efficiency (WUE) and CO2 assimilation rate were also higher in tolerant than in sensitive genotypes in all investigated stages under drought stress. Our results indicated that water use efficiency, A and Fv/Fm can be useful markers in studies of tolerance to drought stress and in screening adapted cultivars of chickpea under drought
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention in orthopedics: facts, controversies, and evolving management

Correspondence: Alpesh Amin University of California, Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive South, Building 26, Room 1005, ZC-4076H, Orange, CA 92868, USA Tel +1 714 456 3785 Fax +1 714 456 7182 Email anamin@uci.edu Abstract: Multiple orthopedic procedures are performed each year including knee and hip replacements, also known as knee and hip arthroplasty. These procedures strongly activate the clotting cascade and increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). While everyone can agree that VTE is a serious and preventable problem following orthopedic surgery, not everyone agrees on best practice guidelines. This is compounded by the fact that there are multiple methods of VTE prevention including various chemoprophylactic and mechanical options as well as multiple organizations that have developed sometimes conflicting guidelines for VTE prevention including the American College of Chest Physicians and the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgery. The purpose of this paper is to present the available research on prominent chemoprophylactic VTE options for orthopedic surgery, examine and compare leading VTE prevention guidelines, and discuss the ramifications for noncompliance with industry standard guidelines.
Fate of Early 2000s Arctic Warm Water Pulse

The water mass structure of the Arctic Ocean is remarkable, for its intermediate (depth range ~150–900 m) layer is filled with warm (temperature >0°C) and salty water of Atlantic origin (usually called the Atlantic Water, AW). This water is carried into and through the Arctic Ocean by the pan-Arctic boundary current, which moves cyclonically along the basins’ margins (Fig. 1). This system provides the largest input of water, heat, and salt into the Arctic Ocean; the total quantity of heat is substantial, enough to melt the Arctic sea ice cover several times over. By utilizing an extensive archive Fate of Early 2000s Arctic Warm Water Pulse of recently collected observational data, this study provides a cohesive picture of recent large-scale changes in the AW layer of the Arctic Ocean. These recent observations show the warm pulse of AW that entered the Arctic Ocean in the early 1990s finally reached the Canada Basin during the 2000s. The second warm pulse that entered the Arctic Ocean in the mid-2000s has moved through the Eurasian Basin and is en route downstream. One of the most intriguing results of these observations is the realization of the possibility of uptake of anomalous AW heat by overlying layers, with possible implications for an already-reduced Arctic ice cover.
DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-PRESSURE FINE WATER SPRAY FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM FOR THE ROYAL NAW: INTERMEDIATE-SCALE TESTING

The United Kingdom Ministry of Defence Warship Support Agency (MoD/WSA) is the engineering support authority for the Royal Navy (RN). Under the Directorate of Operations Equipment, one of MFFMS’s responsibilities is the research and development of halon alternatives for the RN. The fire protection design policy for Royal Navy surface ships has in the past relied heavily upon halon drench systems, fixed sprinkler systems and extensive manual attack ability. Halon is not permitted on future ships and with the envisaged reductions in ships complement there may not be the manpower available to immediately tackle a fire manually, particularly during action. Extinguishment of all fires by a halon replacement system is therefore of primary importance. Other gaseous alternative systems have been considered. Currently the preferred alternative is carbon dioxide, although its inherent dangers make this far from an ideal solution. For this reason, water-based replacement technologies are being investigated that will be able to operate within these and many other constraints that have a profound impact upon the selection and implementation ofthe system. It is also hoped that the derived system will be suitable for retrospective installation into existing vessels.
Motivational Climate in Games Concept Lessons.

This is an investigation of the motivational climate generated in games lessons taught by three experienced, specialist physical education (PE) teachers using a tactical games approach (Games Concept Approach, GCA). The pupils' personal motives for participation in the units were also explored. Three PE specialists were purposefully selected to teach one of three games units, each from a different games category: (a) territorial/invasion (soccer), (b) net/barrier (volleyball), or (c) striking/fielding (tee-ball). In all, data were collected from 115 pupils aged between 11 and 13 years of age (Grade 5/6) in three different elementary schools. Results showed evidence of a strong mastery and moderate performance climate overall, and these results are consistent for the three classes and for both boys and girls. However, MANOVA did find teacher/game differences in the pupils' personal participation motives in terms of "energy release". Although boys responded more positively to "learning skills/concepts", "status/recognition" and "energy release", there was no overall difference for gender. Pupils identified success, learning and affiliation as the most significant personal motives for participation in their GCA lessons. The results support the GCA (a tactical games-teaching approach) as appropriate pedagogy generating motivational experiences in elementary school physical education and focusing children's motives for participation across games categories.