Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of respiratory symptoms questionnaires.

SETTING Comparisons in performance of questionnaires are of interest in international comparisons of prevalences and risk factors, after translation and development of new questionnaires. Factors such as sex, age, educational level and smoking habits may influence the performance of questionnaires. OBJECTIVE 1) To discuss questionnaire comparisons in general, using as an example a Norwegian respiratory symptoms questionnaire compared with a translation of the British Medical Research Council questionnaire on chronic bronchitis; and 2) to examine whether reliability differs in subgroups. DESIGN A population sample of 935 residents of Hordaland County, Norway, completed two questionnaires in a short interval of time. Agreement and Cohen's kappa were calculated. RESULTS Prevalences were significantly different between the two questionnaires for most symptoms. Agreement decreased from non-smokers through ex-smokers to smokers, whereas the kappa statistic increased. Agreement increased as the educational level increased, whereas the kappa statistic declined. No significant age and sex effects on agreement and kappa were observed. CONCLUSION Small changes in the phrasing of a question can have considerable effect on prevalence estimates. Reliability statistics are prevalence dependent. Reliability may differ according to smoking habit and educational level. Questionnaires should be tested in the population that they are to be used in.
Long-term rabbits bone response to titanium implants in the presence of inorganic bovine-derived graft

This study evaluated bone responses to titanium implants in the presence of an inorganic graft material. The bilateral mandible incisors of 24 rabbits were surgically extracted and one of the exposed sockets, chosen at random, was filled with an inorganic xenogenic bone graft (Gen-ox®), whereas the remaining socket was left to heal naturally and served as a control. After 60 days, titanium implants were inserted in the specific areas, and on days 0, 30, 60, and 180 after the implant insertions, six animals of each group were killed. Digital periapical radiography of implant region was obtained and vertical bone height (VBH) and bone density (BD) were evaluated by digital analysis system. In the undecalcified tissue cuts, bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone area (BA) within the limits of the implant threads were evaluated and compared statistically by means of two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (ρ < 0.05). No significant differences were detected in VBH and BA, either between groups or between different experimental intervals. The BD was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group in all the intervals tested, but there were no significant differences by interval. The BIC was statistically lower in the control group on day 0; however, a significant increase was observed on days 60 and 180 (ρ < 0.05). The use of an inorganic xenograft prior to insertion of a titanium implant did not interfere with the course of osseointegration.
Investigation of Drain Disturb in SONOS Flash EEPROMs

The mechanism of drain disturb is studied in silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon Flash electrically erasable programmable read-only memory cells. It is shown that disturb is a serious problem in programmed cells and is caused by injection of hot holes from substrate into the oxide/nitride/oxide stack. The origin of these holes is identified by analyzing the influence of halo doping, channel doping, and channel length scaling on drain disturb. Band-to-band tunneling at the drain junction is normally the dominant source of these holes. It is also shown that holes generated out of impact ionization of channel electrons become dominant in cells with high channel leakage (especially at lower channel lengths). Finally, the effect of repeated program/erase cycling on drain disturb is studied. Drain disturb becomes less severe with cycling, the reasons for which are determined using gate-induced drain leakage measurements and device simulations
Transparent Flexible Graphene Triboelectric Nanogenerators

the triboelectric effect have been proven to be a cost-effective, powerful, and robust tool for harvesting mechanical energy and their application as various self-powered nanosensors including for pressure, magnetic, vibration, and mercury-ion detection has been recently demonstrated. [ 19,21–24 ] The triboelectric effect depends on various factors, such as the electron afﬁ nity, work function, friction, chemical structure, pressure, surface roughness, and humidity. [ 25–28 ] A number of theoretical studies on the electrostatic behavior of graphene have been reported, and narrow spacing between the graphene surface and the top PET surface. The spacer was made of an insulating polymer ﬁ lm with double-sided adhesive with a thickness of 0.8 mm and the area of each spacer was 2 mm × 2 cm. Graphene plays a dual role in the device: it works as the top electrode and as the triboelectric material on the bottom and top sides of the device. Regularly stacked GTNG fabrication was conducted in an identical fashion. Characterization and Measurements : Raman spectra and optical images of the Cu-grown 1L graphene and Ni foil-grown, few-layer graphene were examined using Raman spectroscopy (Renishaw, RM-1000 Invia, 514 nm, Ar+ ion laser). The friction force image between the PET and graphene layers were measured using the friction force microscopy mode (Park system, XE-100). The KPFMs were performed to precisely determine the work function of the 1L and randomly and regularly stacked few- layer graphene (Park system, XE-100). A picoammeter (Keithley 6485) and oscilloscope (Tektronix DPO 3052) were used to measure the low- noise output currents and voltages generated by the device using a force stimulator (Z–TEC ZPS 100).
Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption

Sleep plays a vital role in brain function and systemic physiology across many body systems. Problems with sleep are widely prevalent and include deficits in quantity and quality of sleep; sleep problems that impact the continuity of sleep are collectively referred to as sleep disruptions. Numerous factors contribute to sleep disruption, ranging from lifestyle and environmental factors to sleep disorders and other medical conditions. Sleep disruptions have substantial adverse short- and long-term health consequences. A literature search was conducted to provide a nonsystematic review of these health consequences (this review was designed to be nonsystematic to better focus on the topics of interest due to the myriad parameters affected by sleep). Sleep disruption is associated with increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, metabolic effects, changes in circadian rhythms, and proinflammatory responses. In otherwise healthy adults, short-term consequences of sleep disruption include increased stress responsivity, somatic pain, reduced quality of life, emotional distress and mood disorders, and cognitive, memory, and performance deficits. For adolescents, psychosocial health, school performance, and risk-taking behaviors are impacted by sleep disruption. Behavioral problems and cognitive functioning are associated with sleep disruption in children. Long-term consequences of sleep disruption in otherwise healthy individuals include hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, weight-related issues, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and colorectal cancer. All-cause mortality is also increased in men with sleep disturbances. For those with underlying medical conditions, sleep disruption may diminish the health-related quality of life of children and adolescents and may worsen the severity of common gastrointestinal disorders. As a result of the potential consequences of sleep disruption, health care professionals should be cognizant of how managing underlying medical conditions may help to optimize sleep continuity and consider prescribing interventions that minimize sleep disruption.
The Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project at the Harvard South Shore Program: An Algorithm for Acute Mania

AbstractThis new algorithm for the pharmacotherapy of acute mania was developed by the Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project at the Harvard South Shore Program. The authors conducted a literature search in PubMed and reviewed key studies, other algorithms and guidelines, and their references. Treatments were prioritized considering three main considerations: (1) effectiveness in treating the current episode, (2) preventing potential relapses to depression, and (3) minimizing side effects over the short and long term. The algorithm presupposes that clinicians have made an accurate diagnosis, decided how to manage contributing medical causes (including substance misuse), discontinued antidepressants, and considered the patient’s childbearing potential. We propose different algorithms for mixed and nonmixed mania. Patients with mixed mania may be treated first with a second-generation antipsychotic, of which the first choice is quetiapine because of its greater efficacy for depressive symptoms and episodes in bipolar disorder. Valproate and then either lithium or carbamazepine may be added. For nonmixed mania, lithium is the first-line recommendation. A second-generation antipsychotic can be added. Again, quetiapine is favored, but if quetiapine is unacceptable, risperidone is the next choice. Olanzapine is not considered a first-line treatment due to its long-term side effects, but it could be second-line. If the patient, whether mixed or nonmixed, is still refractory to the above medications, then depending on what has already been tried, consider carbamazepine, haloperidol, olanzapine, risperidone, and valproate first tier; aripiprazole, asenapine, and ziprasidone second tier; and clozapine third tier (because of its weaker evidence base and greater side effects). Electroconvulsive therapy may be considered at any point in the algorithm if the patient has a history of positive response or is intolerant of medications.
The Role of Intramedullary Fixation in Open Fractures

Intramedullary nailing of open fractures requires careful surgical judgment, consideration of alternative techniques, and the ability to use a number of different methods, including various designs with or without obligatory reaming. With good technique and well-selected indications, intramedullary nailing of open fractures may offer advantages not available through other types of fracture stabilization. Open fractures of the femur are best treated with delayed closed reamed nailing. Acute open nailing of the femur is justified to salvage life and limb in multiply injured patients. Acute nonreamed nailing of open fractures of the tibia has been shown to give results comparable to external skeletal fixation. The role for intramedullary nailing of open fractures of the upper extremity is limited.
The fine structure of the renal glomerulus of the mouse.

Sections of mouse renal glomerulus fixed by perfusion with buffered osmium tetroxide solution have been studied with the electron microscope. Four components are recognized in the mouse glomerulus: epithelium, basement membrane, endothelium, and intercapillary cell. The three cellular components all display in their cytoplasm mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, and uncharacterized vesicles. The concepts of Hall, of Pease, and of Rhodin regarding the glomerular filtration surface are confirmed. The epithelial cells are characterized by intricate, branching, interdigitating ridge-like processes or pedicels, the summits of which press against the urinary surface of the basement membrane, covering the glomerular capillary tuft almost completely except for narrow spaces about 200 to 300 A wide between the processes. These spaces are termed the epithelial filtration slits, and are bridged by a very delicate gossamer-like membrane about 30 A thick,—the filtration slit membrane. The basement membrane is interposed everywhere between epithelial processes and endothelium, and between epithelial and intercapillary cells. The basement membrane of the filtration surface of the glomerular capillary has smooth surfaces and is about 800 A thick. It consists of three layers—a thick central lamina densa, appearing to have a very delicate felt-like structure, flanked on each side by thinner lamina rara externa and lamina rara interna. This membrane continues to the intercapillary space and makes a complicated sponge-work of varying thickness in which the intercapillary cells are enmeshed. The endothelial cells are of moderate thickness in the nuclear region, but send out thin sheet-like extensions over the filtration surface. These extensions are about 300 to 400 A thick and are characterized by numerous round endothelial filtration pores about 500 to 1000 A in diameter. The intercapillary tissue or mesangium is composed of the network of the basement membrane and the intercapillary cells. The intercapillary cells, with characteristic fine fibrillar cytoplasm, make contact with epithelial and endothelial cells and are enmeshed within the network of the basement membrane. Rounded processes of intercapillary cells penetrate into the endothelial cell through the basement membrane, and may even perforate entirely through the endothelium. Such processes are called (after Zimmermann) the intracapillary colliculi. In the endothelial cytoplasm close to the intracapillary colliculi are many dense endothelial juxtacollicular vesicles and caveolae. The cell boundaries of the endothelial cell resemble terminal bars. Some physiological speculations relating to glomerular structure are advanced. The description of Zimmermann (54), based on a light microscope study, is confirmed in many respects.
Correlation Analysis of the Optics of Progressive Addition Lenses

Purpose. To investigate the relations between selected key optical parameters and the sizes of the clear viewing areas of progressive addition lenses (PALs). Methods. The optics of 28 PALs (plano with +2.00 D add) currently on the market were measured with a Rotlex Class Plus lens analyzer. Horizontal cross sections were analyzed in 1 mm vertical steps with respect to the fitting cross. Distance, intermediate, and near viewing zone widths and areas were calculated from the measurements. The maximum amount of unwanted astigmatism, minimum zone width (0.50 DC limit), and maximum power rate in the corridor were also recorded for each lens. Correlation coefficients were determined for all relations. Results. Each of the three viewing zone areas had a significant negative relation with the other (r of −0.4 to −0.8), indicating design tradeoff. Maximum power rate was significantly related to minimum zone width (r = −0.695), which was significantly related to maximum astigmatism (r = −0.616), but there was not a significant relation between maximum power rate and maximum astigmatism. Higher power rates and narrower minimum zones were significantly related to smaller intermediate and larger near zones (r = 0.4 to 0.9). Maximum astigmatism was related to distance zone width (r = 0.42) and to intermediate zone size (r = −0.4 to −0.56), but not significantly related to near viewing zone. Power rate and astigmatism each vary relatively uniformly across each lens. Conclusions. The fundamental relation appears to be between power rate and zone width, each of which is highly related to sizes of the intermediate and near viewing zones. The maximum amount of astigmatism is related to zone width, but not to maximum power rate. The amount of astigmatism is unrelated to the size of the near zone. The pattern of correlations between the optical and viewing zone parameters help identify the underlying optical relations of PALs.
Cancer Caregivers’ Preparedness for Loss and Bereavement Outcomes: Do Preloss Caregiver Attributes Matter?

Past studies examining the relationship between preparedness for loss and bereavement outcomes among caregivers of spouses/partners with life-limiting illness did not adequately account for preloss caregiver attributes that could potentially confound the relationship. Using a sample of spouse/partner cancer caregivers (N = 226), we examined how preloss caregiver attributes were associated with how prepared one felt for loss and their role in the relationship between preparedness and later bereavement outcomes. Nearly half reported they were not emotionally prepared, and 35% were not prepared for the practical challenges associated with the loss. Although attributes such as depression, anxiety, competence in daily activities, and financial adequacy were associated with both preparedness and bereavement outcomes, regression analyses revealed that preparedness remained the strongest predictor in all models. We suggest that early interventions enhancing caregivers’ preparedness for loss may hold considerable promise for improved bereavement outcome.
Neurons selective to the number of visual items in the corvid songbird endbrain

Significance Birds are known for their advanced numerical competence, although a six-layered neocortex that is thought to enable primates with the highest levels of cognition is lacking in birds. We recorded neuronal activity from an endbrain association area termed nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) in crows that discriminated the number of items in displays. NCL neurons were tuned to preferred numerosities. Neuronal discharges were relevant for the crows’ correct performance. Both the neuronal and the behavioral tuning functions were best described on a logarithmic number line, just as predicted by the psychophysical Weber–Fecher Law. Our data suggests that this way of coding numerical information has evolved based on convergent evolution as a superior solution to a common computational problem. It is unknown whether anatomical specializations in the endbrains of different vertebrates determine the neuronal code to represent numerical quantity. Therefore, we recorded single-neuron activity from the endbrain of crows trained to judge the number of items in displays. Many neurons were tuned for numerosities irrespective of the physical appearance of the items, and their activity correlated with performance outcome. Comparison of both behavioral and neuronal representations of numerosity revealed that the data are best described by a logarithmically compressed scaling of numerical information, as postulated by the Weber–Fechner law. The behavioral and neuronal numerosity representations in the crow reflect surprisingly well those found in the primate association cortex. This finding suggests that distantly related vertebrates with independently developed endbrains adopted similar neuronal solutions to process quantity.
LRRFIP1 expression triggers platelet agglutination by enhancing αIIbβ3 expression

Platelets primarily participate in hemostasis and antimicrobial host defense. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of leucine-rich repeat flightless-interacting protein-1 (LRRFIP1) on platelet agglutination. The bacterial strain of LRRFIP1 was used to synthesize the recombinant protein and a mouse model of LRRFIP1 gene knockout was established. Platelets were isolated from the mice and divided into the different trial groups according to their treatment with collagen, thrombin receptor SFLLRN, anti-wild-type (w)LRRFIP1monoclonal antibodies and the model of LRRFIP1 gene knockout. The platelets were prepared and platelet agglutination was examined using platelet aggregation apparatus. The active αIIbβ3 integrin was examined by flow cytometry. The results revealed that the combined wLRRFIP1 protein was successfully expressed. wLRRFIP1 treatment significantly triggered platelet agglutination of collagen, thrombin and monoclonal antibody treated platelets. wLRRFIP1 knockout significantly decreased αIIbβ3 levels compared with the wild-type. Platelet agglutination was also significantly inhibited in the LRRFIP1−/−mouse model compared with the wild-type. LRRFIP1 knockout significantly decreased the αIIbβ3 levels in platelets undergoing convulxin treatment. In conclusion, LRRFIP1 treatment triggered platelet agglutination and LRRFIP1 gene knockout inhibited platelet agglutination. In addition, LRRFIP1 gene knockout significantly decreased the levels of αIIbβ3. This suggests that LRRFIP1 my be applied to patients in a clinical setting to trigger platelet agglutination in inflammatory diseases and atherothrombotic diseases.
How To Help Mothers Breastfeed

Information and support play a vital role in helping mothers breastfeed successfully. Accordingly, pregnant and other women should be given all pertinent information so that they can make an intelligent choice of whether or not to breastfeed. They should be given knowledge about how to breastfeed and encouragement be fore conception, during pregnancy and after the birth of the baby.
Clinical aspects of para‐tertiary‐ butylphenolformaldehyde resin (PTBP‐FR) allergy

Sensitization by para‐tertiary‐butylphenolformaldehyde resin (PTBP‐FR). which is particularly useful as a leather glue, has been known fur 30 years. We retrospectively studied the clinical aspects, of those patients with a PTBP‐FR allergy among 1966 patients in whom contact dermatitis was confirmed by patch testing. A positive patch test to PTBP‐FR was. present in 30 patients (1.5%). 24 of whom were women, fixposure to PTBP‐FR as a cause of the dermatitis was “certain” in 7 “very likely” in 6 and “unclear” in 17. 677% of the patients had a multiple allergy. In 43.3% of the patients, a history of atopy was found. No Clear association of PTBP‐ER sensitization with allergies to phenolformaldehyde resin (P‐FR) or free para‐tertiary‐butylphenol (PTBP) EMERGED IN THIS GROUP OF 30 PATIENTS. This study supports the hypothesis that PTBP‐FR do not contain the same sensitizers. Follow up of 26 of the 30 patients showed a favourable course, dependent on identification of the source of exposure, avoidance of further contact and absence of sensitization to multiple allergens.
The Effects of Bupivacaine and Ropivacaine on Baroreflex Sensitivity With or Without Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis in Rats

Systemic toxicity of local anesthetics causes cardiac and central nervous system (CNS) depression that could be enhanced in the presence of respiratory acidosis.We examined a potential suppression of baroreflex function with bupivacaine and ropivacaine during hypercapnic acidosis or hypocapnic alkalosis. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was randomly tested in rats with one of 13 conditions during intravenous administration of saline (control), bupivacaine 1, 2, or 3 mg/kg, or ropivacaine 2, 4, or 6 mg/kg. The effects of bupivacaine (3 mg/kg) or ropivacaine (6 mg/kg) on BRS were also examined during hypercapnic acidosis or hypocapnic alkalosis. The BRS was assessed using a value of Delta heart rate/Delta mean arterial pressure after infusion of phenylephrine (3 micro g/kg). Both bupivacaine and ropivacaine (at the largest dose) significantly suppressed BRS. Acute respiratory acidosis (pHa 7.24 +/- 0.04, PaCO2 63 +/- 4 mm Hg) enhanced BRS. The BRS enhanced during acidosis was also suppressed with bupivacaine and ropivacaine, but less so than in the absence of acidosis. The presence of hypocapnic alkalosis (pHa 7.55 +/- 0.03, PaCO2 25 +/- 2 mm Hg) did not affect BRS and reversed BRS suppression caused by both drugs. Thus, bupivacaine and ropivacaine affect neuronal control mechanisms for maintaining cardiovascular stability, and acute changes of respiration could significantly modify such suppression. (Anesth Analg 1997;84:398-404)