Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Infrequent, but not frequent, reinforcers produce more variable responding and deficient sustained attention in young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

BACKGROUND The underlying behavioral/psychological processes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are unclear. Motivational factors, related to dopamine dysfunction, may play an important role in the development of the behavioral symptoms. Particularly, infrequent, but not frequent, reinforcers have been suggested to be associated with altered responding and deviant behavior in children with ADHD. The present study was designed to analyze the influence of reinforcement frequency on operationalized measures of hyperactivity, impulsiveness, sustained attention, and response variability. METHODS Fifty-six boys, half of whom were diagnosed with ADHD, completed a computerized task presented as a game with two squares on the screen. One square was associated with reinforcement. The task required responses by the computer mouse under contingencies alternating between variable interval schedules of short (mean 2 s) and long (mean 20 s) durations. Reinforcers were cartoon pictures and small trinkets. RESULTS Overall, there was no difference between children with ADHD and comparison children when reinforcers were given frequently. Statistically significant differences on measures of sustained attention and variability, but not hyperactivity and impulsiveness, were found during infrequent reinforcement only. Age effects interacted with group effects on sustained attention, showing that group differences were found in the young children only. Surprisingly, older comparison children showed increased response variability and no learning. CONCLUSIONS When reinforcers are infrequent, children with ADHD show deficient sustained attention and increased variability in responding. Computer experience may have interfered with measures of hyperactivity and impulsiveness. The unexpectedly poor performance of the older comparison children may have been due to inefficient reinforcers or to verbally governed behavior overruling reinforcer effects. Reinforcer characteristics and experimental procedures are important factors influencing findings in studies investigating motivational factors. The study provides some support for the dynamic developmental theory of ADHD predicting relationships between neurobiological deficits, altered reinforcement mechanisms, and treatment recommendations.
Malignant myoepithelioma (myoepithelial carcinoma) of the breast: a detailed cytokeratin study.

AIMS--To study the expression of a range of cytokeratins by malignant myoepithelioma of the breast. METHODS--Immunophenotyping was carried out using a panel of antibodies on paraffin wax embedded and frozen material using immunohistochemistry and double-labelled immunofluorescence. Electron microscopy was also performed. RESULTS--The tumour cells were positive for CAM 5.2, actin, vimentin, and cytokeratin 14 and negative for cytokeratins 18 and 19. Electron microscopy showed well formed desmosomes and hemidesmosomes together with pinocytic vesicles, plentiful rough endoplasmic reticulum and 6 nM microfilaments with focal densities. CONCLUSIONS--The pattern of cytokeratin expression provides further evidence that tumours with a specific myoepithelial phenotype occur rarely in the breast.
Innovation Capability: From Technology Development to Transaction Capability

The firm’s role, besides producing goods and services, is to promote technological change and innovation. While academic research on technological capabilities has led to a better understanding of the process of technical change itself, there is no consensus on the ultimate definition of innovation capability. The purpose of this paper is to present a framework for innovation capability. This is formed by four key capabilities (technology development, operations, management and transaction) that enable firms to reach Schumpeterian profits. Given that the study is characterized as a theoretical paper, methodologically is supported on an extensive literature review. Our main findings can be summed up in three aspects: (1) every firm has all four capabilities; none of them are null; (2) to be innovative, at least one of the firm’s capabilities must be predominant; (3) any firm, when established, is primarily technological or transactional, in a second stage, operational or managerial.
A Versatile OCP Control Scheme for Discontinuous Conduction Mode Flyback AC/DC Converters

This study presents a versatile over current protection (OCP) control scheme, which can be widely used in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) flyback converters. The proposed scheme can not only reduce the variation of output current caused by different line voltages, but also improve the performance of DCM converters in start-up, dynamic response, and the overload protection (OLP) process. It consists of an OCP compensation circuit and a current-pump circuit. Instead of being a constant value, the peak voltage across the sense resistor in a converter that uses the proposed circuit will oscillate with time when the converter regulates a constant output current. To verify the feasibility and performance of the proposed circuit, an IC controller that uses the proposed OCP circuit has been designed and fabricated in 0.35-μm 5-V/40-V high-voltage CMOS technology. Experimental results show that the constant output current precision of the prototype is within ±1% when the input line voltage changes from 90 to 265 Vac. In other tests including start-up, dynamic response, and the OLP process, the performance of the proposed prototype shows an improvement of 9%–19% over conventional converters.
Customer Equity Drivers and Future Sales

Research on linking operational marketing inputs to customer attitudes and customer behavior has been gaining significance concomitant with the growing recognition that customers are market-based assets. In response to this, researchers and practitioners have proposed several conceptual models. Despite recent advances in research, the results are still inconclusive as to the relationship between customer attitude and future sales. A reason for this could be due to the paucity of studies combining survey-based data with behavioral data to understand better the drivers of customer behavior. With that in mind, the authors investigate the effects of customer perceptions of key marketing actions on customer attitudes and actual customer behavior as reflected by future sales. The authors propose that customer perceptions of value, brand, and relationship—“customer equity drivers”—affect loyalty intentions and future sales. The results of the study, which is based on a sample of 5694 customers of a large European do-it-yourself retailer, suggest that customer equity drivers can significantly predict future sales, even after the authors control for the current sales level.
Preregistration house officers' views on whether their experience at medical school prepared them well for their jobs: national questionnaire survey

( see also p 1019) The aims of training at medical school are to lay the educational foundations for a lifelong career in medicine and to equip junior doctors well for the first stage in their working lives. To gauge the extent to which the second objective is being achieved we sought views of doctors who graduated from medical schools in the United Kingdom in 1999 and 2000. We regularly undertake surveys of newly qualified doctors, to establish their career choices and progression. 1 2 In our most recent surveys we included the statement: “My experience at medical school prepared me well for the jobs I have undertaken so far. ” We invited respondents to state their level of agreement on a five point scale from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree. ” We mailed questionnaires containing the statement to 5330 doctors: all 4221 qualifiers in the United Kingdom of 1999 and 1109 qualifiers (a random 25%) of 2000. …
Mortality Among Blacks or African Americans with HIV Infection — United States, 2008–2012

A primary goal of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy is to reduce HIV-related health disparities, including HIV-related mortality in communities at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. As a group, persons who self-identify as blacks or African Americans (referred to as blacks in this report), have been affected by HIV more than any other racial/ethnic population. Forty-seven percent of persons who received an HIV diagnosis in the United States in 2012 and 43% of all persons living with diagnosed HIV infection in 2011 were black. Blacks also experienced a low 3-year survival rate among persons with HIV infection diagnosed during 2003-2008. CDC and its partners have been pursuing a high-impact prevention approach and supporting projects focusing on minorities to improve diagnosis, linkage to care, and retention in care, and to reduce disparities in HIV-related health outcomes. To measure trends in disparities in mortality among blacks, CDC analyzed data from the National HIV Surveillance System. The results of that analysis indicated that among blacks aged ≥13 years the death rate per 1,000 persons living with diagnosed HIV decreased from 28.4 in 2008 to 20.5 in 2012. Despite this improvement, in 2012 the death rate per 1,000 persons living with HIV among blacks was 13% higher than the rate for whites and 47% higher than the rate for Hispanics or Latinos. These data demonstrate the need for implementation of interventions and public health strategies to further reduce disparities in deaths.
Insulin Responses to Glucose and Secretin in Uraemic and Normal Subjects

Abstract. Insulin secretion was studied in two groups of subjects: controls and uraemic patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Two procedures were used: 1) four rapid glucose injections before, during and after an infusion of glucose 2) five injections of secretin at varying time intervals. The system of two functional insulin pools, as first described in normal man by Porte and Bagdade [1] is also observed in uraemic subjects. Basal insulin level is increased and glucose tolerance impaired in this group. Insulin secretion from the two pools is higher when insulin plasma levels are expressed as absolute values but becomes lower when relative values calculated as per cent of the base line are considered. Thus uraemia may be considered as associating insulin antagonism and resistance to relatively defective insulin secretion.
Reproducibility of dynamic Scheimpflug-based pneumotonometer and its correlation with a dynamic bidirectional pneumotonometry device: methodological issues.

porting prevalences of keratoconus as high as 2.3% and 2.5% in some ethnic populations using modern diagnostic technology and much higher than previously reported in the midwestern United States. Research focused on early diagnosis and treatment of ectatic corneal conditions will not only help refractive surgeons more safely identify appropriate patients for laser vision correction but also prevent vision loss in this sizable patient population. Now that advanced diagnostics such as corneal topography and tomography, OCT, and Brillouin microscopy are readily available or in active stages of development, our ability to identify these atrisk patients will continue to improve. Coupled with therapeutic procedures such as safe effective collagen crosslinking and other corneal reshaping techniques including Intacs, and conductive keratoplasty, there is the potential to both prevent patients with early keratoconus from developing more advanced disease, as well as provide effective visual rehabilitation for patients who have experienced vision loss from more advanced ectatic corneal conditions. It may be particularly interesting to see studies using even more sensitive and specific screening technologies such as Brillouin high-resolution corneal imaging. Although this approach is new and much remains to be learned, such devices may allow detection of functional antecedents such as reduced tensile strength before changes in structure (topography, tomography) or vision occur. Supported by CXLUSA, LLC, CXLO, LLC (R. S. R); CXLO, LLC (R. L. L); CXLO, LLC (J. T.); CXLO, LLC (P. M.); and CXLO, LLC (W. B. T.). W. B. Trattler is a consultant to CXLUSA, LLC.
Spatial distribution and habitat preferences of Labidostomma denticulata [Acari: Prostigmata] in the Gorce National Park [Southern Poland]

The distribution and habitat preferences of Labidostomma denticulata were studied in the Gorce National Park (low mountains in S Poland). The research was carried out on the basis of 433 permanent monitoring plots distributed evenly throughout the park. The species is typical of habitats that are not strongly transformed by human activity. It proves to be common in the Gorce NP in the lower montane plant communities. Its abundance decreased with increasing altitude and spruce share in plant communities, while it increased with fir share.
Chest pain, troponin rise, and ST-elevation in an adolescent boy following the use of the synthetic cannabis product K2

"Legal highs" such as K2, which typically contain synthetic cannabinoids, are increasingly popular with adolescents around the world. We have limited knowledge concerning their toxicity or adverse effects and their mechanism of action is poorly understood. While synthetic cannabinoids have been linked to adverse cardiovascular effects, cases of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) associated with K2 use are exceedingly rare. We report a case of a 14-year-old boy who suffered an STEMI after smoking K2. To our knowledge, this is not only the youngest case of an STEMI associated with K2 use, but also the first case to be reported outside of the United States of America. Pediatricians worldwide must be aware of the clinical significance and potential harm associated with the use of synthetic cannabinoids, to better educate patients and their families regarding the dangers of using such "legal" substances.
Physiology and Pharmacology of Temperature Regulation Hypothermia-enhanced splenic cytokine gene expression is independent of the sympathetic nervous system

Ganta, Chanran K. , Bryan G. Helwig, Frank Blecha, Roman R. Ganta, Richard Cober, Sujatha Parimi, Timothy I. Musch, Richard J. Fels, and Michael J. Kenney. Hypothermia-enhanced splenic cytokine gene expression is independent of the sympathetic nervous system. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 291: R558–R565, 2006. First published February 9, 2006; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00846. 2005. — Splenic nerve denervation abrogates enhanced splenic cytokine gene expression responses to acute heating, demonstrating that hyperthermia-induced activation of splenic sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) increases splenic cytokine gene expression. Hypothermia alters SND responses; however, the role of the sympathetic nervous system in mediating splenic cytokine gene expression responses to hypothermia is not known. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of hypothermia on the relationship between the sympathetic nervous system and splenic cytokine gene expression in anesthetized F344 rats. Gene expression analysis was performed using a microarray containing 112 genes, representing inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, cytokine/chemokine receptors and housekeeping genes. A subset of differentially expressed genes was verified by real-time RT-PCR analysis. Splenic SND was decreased significantly during cooling (core temperature decreased from 38 to 30°C) in splenicintact rats but remained unchanged in sham-cooled splenic-intact rats (core temperature maintained at 38°C). Hypothermia upregulated the transcripts of several genes, including, chemokine ligands CCL2, CXCL2, CXCL10, and CCL20, and interleukins IL-1 , IL-1 , and IL-6. Gene expression responses to hypothermia were similar for the majority of cytokine genes in splenic-intact and splenic-denervated rats. These results suggest that hypothermia-enhanced splenic cytokine gene expression is independent of splenic SND.
A CASCADED~CODING SCHEME FOR ERROR CONTROL

In this paper, we investigate a coding scheme for error control in data communication systems. The scheme is obtained by cascading two error-correcting codes, called the inner and outer codes. The error performance of the scheme is analyzed for a binary symmetric channel with bit-error rate e < l / 2 . We show that, if the inner and outer codes are chosen properly, extremely high reliability can be attained even for a high channel bit-error rate. Various specific example schemes with inner codes ranging frorn high rates to very low rates and Reed-Solomon codes as outer codes are considered
Purification and preparation of TlBr crystals for room temperature radiation detector applications

Thallium bromide (TlBr) is a semiconductor compound with a high atomic number and a wide bandgap, being a very promising material to be used as room temperature radiation detectors. In this work, commercial TlBr powder was used for growing crystals for detector applications. To reduce impurities, this material was purified by the zone refining technique. Trace impurities at ppb/ppm level were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The efficiency of the purification was evaluated through studies of the decrease impurities concentrations in the TlBr powder and in the purified materials. The crystal quality was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). To evaluate the crystal as a semiconductor detector, systematic measurements of the transmittance, resistivity, and the radiation response (/sup 241/Am, /sup 57/Co, /sup 125/I, and /sup 133/Ba) gamma rays were carried out.
An electromyographic study of the intrinsic muscles of the back in man.

The erector spinae group of muscles, as well as other muscles associated with the vertebral column, are usually considered collectively from a functional point of view. Thus, they are often thought of as 'two large' muscles, one on either side of the spinous processes. Today, little attention is paid to the exact origin, insertion, or function of the individual components of the group. Ignoring these points is under-standable to a degree, for, in contrast to most muscles of the limbs, the individual back muscles are difficult or impossible to palpate, adjacent muscles generally have similar functions, and movements of the trunk are effected by a diffuse but intricate pattern of contribution from the individual muscles. Considerable work on the electromyographic activity of the back muscles has been done (Floyd & Silver, 1951, 1955; Joseph, 1960; Joseph & McColl, 1961; Portnoy & Morin, 1956), with the erector spinae group being investigated rather extensively as a whole. However, although different areas of this group have been tested, little is reported of attempts to distinguish the action of the individual muscles. In addition, skin electrodes have usually been used. The purpose of this study, which is part of a comprehensive investigation of the structure and mechanics of the spine being carried on at the Biomechanics Labora-tory, is to consider more closely a number of the individual back muscles and to determine, by analysis of electromyographic activity, their function in movements of the trunk. in muscles, and a group sacro-spinalis
Time to Engage? Texting to Support and Enhance First Year Undergraduate Learning

In this paper we discuss a case study investigating how the academic and personal development of first year students on an undergraduate sports education degree can be supported and enhanced with mobile SMS communication. SMS-based technologies were introduced in response to studentsâ? particular needs (in transition to Higher Education) and characteristics (â? digital nativesâ? ). Despite being unaccustomed to using their mobile phones for academic study, students willingly participated in SMS communication with their tutor via a texting management service. Drawing on evidence from two student surveys, focus groups and a tutorâ? s journal, we illustrate the potential that mobile SMS communication has to link and establish continuity between face to face teaching sessions and online learning activities in the Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). Many students perceived the SMS communication to have had a positive impact on their management of study time. We link our findings with the existing literature and argue that mobile text based communication has the potential to support the development of time management skills, an important component of self regulatory learning, a skill which has been shown to be key in making a successful transition.
Les stratégies optimales d’approvisionnement

Compte tenu de leur importance majeure dans la survie et donc finalement dans le succes reproducteur de la plupart des animaux, il ne fait aucun doute que les strategies d'approvisionnement ont ete soumises au cours de l'evolution a un processus d'optimisation par la selection naturelle. Meme dans le cas ou les ressources alimentaires ne constituent pas en elles-memes un facteur limitant, un animal a encore interet a optimiser son comportement d'approvisionnement, ne serait-ce que pour minimiser le temps consacre a cette activite, et pouvoir ainsi s'investir davantage dans d'autres activites. Nous presentons ici une revue de question tres generale des modeles qui formalisent les strategies optimales d'approvisionnement. Il faut entendre par la l'ensemble des regles de decision qui permettent a un animal, dans un contexte energetique bien defini et compte tenu des contraintes specifiques et environnementales auxquelles il est soumis, de maximiser le taux net d'acquisition d'energie, ou de minimiser la probabilite de mourir d'inanition. Les differents modeles qui ont ete developpes dans ce cadre forment ce que l'on appelle la theorie de l'approvisionnement optimal. Le champ d'investigation de cette theorie concerne essentiellement la composition du regime alimentaire et la repartition spatio-temporelle de l'effort de recherche dans un environnement stochastique heterogene, qu'il soit discret (c'est-a-dire forme de zones d'alimentation bien definies) ou continu (c'est-a-dire forme de zones d'alimentation definies seulement de maniere statistique). On a egalement considere le cas particulier d'un animal qui exploite son environnement a partir d'un lieu central ou il retourne regulierement. On a aussi largement aborde les effets lies a la competition interindividuelle que subissent les animaux s'approvisionnant en groupe. La strategie optimale d'approvisionnement que formalise tel ou tel modele correspond a un ideal theorique auquel pourront etre confrontees les resultats obtenus sur le comportement d'approvisionnement reel d'un animal en conditions experimentales ou naturelles. Bien que ces conditions soient souvent bien plus complexes que celles qui ont ete initialement introduites dans les modeles, il existe generalement une assez bonne adequation entre les predictions theoriques et les resultats observes, parce que les animaux utilisent des regles de decision simples mais robustes qui leur permettent de s'adapter remarquablement bien a la plupart des situations qu'ils rencontrent dans leur environnement naturel.
An empirical comparison of software fault tolerance and fault elimination

A large-scale experiment comparing software fault tolerance and software fault elimination as approaches to improving software reliability is described. Results are examined that apply to the appropriateness and underlying assumption of the two i.e., reducing standard testing procedures when using voting to achieve fault-tolerance in operational software and using voting in the testing process. Among other results, it was found that n-version programming did not tolerate most of the faults detected by the fault elimination techniques. The results also cast doubt on the effectiveness of using voting as a test oracle. <<ETX>>