Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Analysis of Managerial Power and Executive Remuneration: Mediating Role of Firm Performance

Managerial power is the most critical element for the organizations because it plays a vital role in firm performance and pay setting process. Moreover, top management have all important information of the firms and if managerial power is high they may misuse such information. Considering the importance of managerial power numerous studies analyzed the different aspects of managerial power using data of different countries. This study proposed three hypotheses to assess the association among managerial power, executive remuneration, and firm performance. This study used PLS-SEM approach to test developed hypotheses using data of S&P/ASX 50 index firms. All of the proposed hypotheses are accepted. This study also meet the quality criteria of both reflective and formative measurement scale as prerequisite to the assessment of structural model. Keywords: Managerial Power, Executive Remuneration, Firm Performance, Reflective and Formative Measurement, Australia
Adaptive Automation: Sharing and Trading of Control

Function allocation is the design decision to determine which functions are to be performed by humans and which are to be performed by machines to achieve the required system goals, and it is closely related to the issue of automation. Some of the traditional strategies of function allocation include (a) assigning each function to the most capable agent (either human or machine), (b) allocating to machine every function that can be automated, and (c) finding an allocation scheme that ensures economical efficiency. However, such “who does what” decisions are not always appropriate from human factors viewpoints. This chapter clarifies why “who does what and when” considerations are necessary, and it explains the concept of adaptive automation in which the control of functions shifts between humans and machines dynamically, depending on environmental factors, operator workload, and performance. Who decides when the control of function must be shifted? That is one of the most crucial issues in adaptive automation. Letting the computer be in authority may conflict with the principle of human-centered automation which claims that the human must be maintained as the final authority over the automation. Qualitative discussions cannot solve the authority problem. This chapter proves the need for quantitative investigations with mathematical models, simulations, and experiments for a better understanding of the authority issue. Starting with the concept of function allocation, this chapter describes how the concept of adaptive automation was invented. The concept of levels of automation is used to explain interactions between humans and machines. Sharing and trading are distinguished to clarify the types of human-automation collaboration. Algorithms for implementing adaptive automation are categorized into three groups, and comparisons are made among them. Benefits and costs of adaptive automation, in relation to decision authority, trust-related issues, and human-interface design, are discussed with some examples.
Quantifying ‘blue carbon’ stocks in seagrass Posidonia australis and the impact of historical anthropogenic disturbance in Western Australia.

Recent research into coastal ecosystems have highlighted the importance of seagrass meadows in their ability to efficiently capture and store carbon into the sediment, however meadows are in decline. This study aims to identify local organic carbon stocks in the aboveground and belowground biomass of the species Posidonia australis whilst comparing effects of human disturbance. Mangles Bay in Cockburn Sound was chosen as a degraded bay indicated by high human use, such as boating and industrial effluent, while Shoalwater Bay was chosen due to its location in a marine sanctuary. A total of 32 samples across 2 bays were sampled in-meadow for meadow characteristics and core samples containing the whole plant and sediment. Three locations were collected for bare sediment outside the meadows of each bay. Samples were dried at 70°C and burnt at 400°C using loss on ignition method to determine carbon content. Organic carbon per hectare was found to be higher overall in Mangles Bay, with a substantial contribution from the carbon stored in the sediment (34.81 ±4.45 Mg Corg per ha). Aboveground biomass in both bays had higher overall percentage carbon than all other categories sampled. True detrital matter in Shoalwater Bay had significantly higher percent carbon and carbon per hectare (5.71 ±4.83 Mg Corg per ha) values. Percent carbon was also highest in the sediment at 2.5 m depth in both bays. Low flushing in Mangles Bay is thought be the primary cause of higher carbon content in the sediment, though it is not significantly higher (P = 0.337). Overall anthropogenic disturbance in each bay had little impact on current Posidonia australis meadow carbon stocks in the aboveground and belowground.
THE ROLE AND DECOMPOSITION OF DELIVERY QUALITY IN A FAILING PROJECT: A CASE STUDY

Academics and practitioners both recognize that, besides project outcome, the way a project is conducted is an important factor in generating repeat business. This aspect of project management is called Delivery Quality and it focusses on the interactions between project team and customer organization. When a project delivers the expected product on time and on budget, Delivery Quality is an essential part for turning a merely satisfied customer into a returning one. However, many projects fail to meet customers’ expectations, posing the question if Delivery Quality is still relevant and the underlying decomposition is still valid. The case study shows that Delivery Quality is still relevant to the project when product quality clearly is lacking: Delivery Quality might be a requirement for being able to rescue the project. The case also shows that the decomposition of Delivery Quality into underlying factors has issues: the factor Transparency is clearly missed, and the factors Responsiveness and Partnership are too narrowly defined. Especially the lack of the factor Transparency is considered critical, since in this case the lack of Transparency led to a quite abrupt abortion of the project.
Long-chain alkenone unsaturation index as sea surface temperature proxy in southwest Bay of Bengal

As a proxy of the sea surface temperature (SST), C 37 long-chain alkenones (LCAs) preserved in sediments of the southwestern Bay of Bengal and dating back to the last glacial period, were identified in SIM GC-EI MS spectra run at m/z 530.55 (dienone: C 37:2 LCA) and 528.52 (trienone: C 37:3 LCA). The yields of LCAs (C 37:2 + C 37:3 ) relative to extractable lipid of the sediment are higher in the glacial than the Holocene sediments by, a factor of three. The LCA unsaturation index (U k' 37 ) and the SST calculated from calibration equations showed coherence with δ 18 O of the planktonic foraminifer, Globigerinoides ruber. It is inferred that with reference to the Holocene, the last glacial surface sea water was ∼ 2.75°C cooler from the alkenone data and was ∼ 2%o more saline from a combination of LCA and δ 18 0 data.
Antibiotic Usage Patterns in Selected Broiler Farms of Bangladesh and their Public Health Implications

Background: Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic organisms has been recognized as a serious public health hazard worldwide. The major antibiotics used for humans are usually the same as those used in veterinary medicine. Therefore, usage patterns of veterinary drugs have significant impact on public health. No comprehensive work has been documented till date on the usage patterns of veterinary antibiotics in Bangladesh and their residual level. Therefore, the study was conducted to assess the antibiotic usage patterns in broiler industry in the country and the level of antibiotic residues in broiler meat. Â Methods: A total of 73 poultry farms were randomly surveyed from different regions of Bangladesh to explore the pattern of antibiotic usage. Individual live bird was collected from each study farm to investigate the existence of residual antibiotics. A total of 219 samples from the breast, thigh and liver were analysed for the presence of antibiotic residues following the microbiological method of four plates. Â Results: All the 73 poultry farms used at least one antibiotic. Common usage of antibiotics was for therapy (43.8%), prophylaxis (31.5%), or both (47.9%), and to lesser extent for growth promotion (8.2%). Twenty eight different patterns of antibiotic usage were observed of which approximately 70% followed multi-drugs practice. Most of the farmers (>60%) used antibiotics without any prescription. Laboratory analyses revealed existence of residual antibiotics in 26% of samples. Fluroquinolones (68.4%) were the most commonly detected antibiotics. Â Conclusions: Presence of antibiotic residues in chicken carcasses poses significant health risk to consumers. The study has provided information on commonly used antibiotics and reasons for their use in Bangladesh for the first time. The findings will contribute to the development of strategies for prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary industry and will help in securing public health.
A Note on Trade Costs and Distance

One of the most famous and robust findings in international economics is that distance has a strong negative effect on trade. Bernard, Jensen, Redding, and Schott (2007) discuss how this can be decomposed into an effect due to the number of products and an effect due to average exports per product. Using US firm-level data, they show that distance has a strong negative effect on the number of products exported. However, they find that the intensive margin—average sales of individual products—is increasing with distance. We show that this apparently puzzling finding is consistent with models featuring firm heterogeneity in productivity and fixed costs associated with exporting to each market. We also show how evidence of this type can be used to derive new estimates of how distance affects fixed and variable trade costs and how these two costs combine to generate the distance effect on trade.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor is expressed in Retinoblastoma

Background: Despite the fact that retinoblastoma treatment has dramatically increased the survival and vision preservation in these patients, it is still important to pursue new therapeutic targets to minimize the side-effects of current therapies. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) has been shown to exert a direct anti-proliferative effect on many types of malignancies, such as breast cancer, skin melanoma, and glioblastoma. The aim of this study is to describe the presence of GnRH receptor (GnRHR) in retinoblastoma in order to identify a possible new therapeutic target for this disease. Methods: Protein expression of GnRHR was studied by immunohistochemistry in 32 eyes with retinoblastoma and in the Y79 retinoblastoma cell line. Expression was scored according to intensity (1-3) and distribution (1-4), which were multiplied to generate an immunoreactive score (IRS). A score of 1 to 6 was considered low, while scores higher than 6 were considered high. The Fisher’s exact test was used to compare GnRHR IRS with presence or absence of each morphological high-risk feature. Results: GnRHR was expressed in all retinoblastoma cases and in the Y79 cell line. High, and low expression according to IRS score was evident in 62.5% and 37.5% of cases. There were no differences in GnRH IRS with respect to uni- versus multi-focal tumors, type of growth (mixed/endophytic), rosette formation, choroidal invasion, extraocular extension orextension to the sclera, or optic nerve invasion. Conclusion: GnRHR is expressed in varying degrees in all retinoblastomas. Therefore, GnRHR may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of retinoblastoma. Moreover, GnRHR expression could be a biomarker for the responders. Nevertheless, GnRHR expression did not correlate with morphological prognostic factors in this series. Further studies with a larger number of cases and follow up are needed to confirm our results.
The Roles of Competence Beliefs and Goal Orientations for Change in Intrinsic Motivation.

The present study investigated 3 theoretically plausible explanations for changes in school-related intrinsic motivation. A sample of 348 German 11th-grade students was followed for 1 year. At 2 measurement occasions, students completed self-reports regarding their school-related intrinsic motivation, goal orientations, and competence beliefs. In line with previous studies, cross-lagged analyses provided little evidence for the hypothesis that prior competence beliefs affect subsequent intrinsic motivation after controlling for prior intrinsic motivation. Considering goal orientations as a moderator did not change this result. Instead, learning goals, but not performance goals, directly predicted the change in students' intrinsic motivation, but not vice versa. Findings are discussed with regard to advancing motivation theory and practical implications.
Determinants of Attitude towards Credit Card Usage

ABSTRACT Credit cards have been viewed as a competitive banking product that helps to improve a bank’s financial position while at the same time improving financial transactions among customers of a bank. The present study explores the factors influencing the attitude of bank customers in the context of the Malaysian banking system. The study examines the effects of knowledge, media awareness, perceptions, family influence and religious factors on attitudes towards credit card usage. The study finds that knowledge, media awareness, perceptions and family influence are instrumental in determining consumer attitudes toward credit card usage. In more detail, perceptions are ranked highest, followed by family influence and knowledge. Identifying such factors helps to provide better information to direct future planning of credit card services. Importantly, this study provides valuable insight for bank managers to effectively oversee credit card services. Keywords: Banking product; credit card; credit financing; survey; personal finance; Malaysia ABSTRAK Kad kredit dianggap sebagai produk perbankan yang berdaya saing yang membantu untuk memperbaiki kedudukan kewangan bank dan pada masa yang sama menambahbaik transaksi kewangan dalam kalangan pelanggan bank. Oleh itu, kajian ini mengupas faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi sikap pelanggan bank dalam konteks sistem perbankan Malaysia. Kajian ini mengkaji kesan pengetahuan, kesedaran media, persepsi, pengaruh keluarga dan faktor agama ke atas sikap terhadap penggunaan kad kredit. Pengkaji mendapati bahawa pengetahuan, kesedaran media, persepsi dan pengaruh keluarga adalah instrumental dalam menentukan sikap seseorang terhadap penggunaan kad kredit. Secara teliti, persepsi berada pada kedudukan paling atas, diikuti oleh pengaruh keluarga di tempat kedua dan pengetahuan di tempat ketiga. Faktor-faktor yang dikenalpasti menyediakan maklumat yang lebih baik kepada perancangan langsung mengenai masa depan perkhidmatan kad kredit. Tidak kurang pentingnya, kajian ini memberikan maklumat penting bagi pengurus bank untuk menyelia perkhidmatan kad kredit dengan berkesan. Kata kunci: Produk perbankan; kad kredit; pembiayaan kredit; soal selidik; kewangan peribadi; Malaysia
Food-safety Standards and Farmers Health: Evidence from Kenyan’s Export Vegetable Growers

Limited empirical evidence exists either to confirm or refute the hypotheses that food-safety standards confer a positive external effect on farmers adopting it. This article makes use of health indicators obtained from a random cross-section sample of 439 small-scale export farmers in Kenya to evaluate the impact of EU retailer food-safety standards on producers’ health. Results show average cost of pesticide-related health risks at about 165 KSh and 324 KSh per cropping season for GlobalGAP adopters and non-adopters export producers, respectively. These costs equal 86.4% of the mean household chemical expenditure per cropping season for non-adopters and 39.6% of those adopters. Using instrumental variable econometric techniques we demonstrate that pesticide ascribed incidence of acute illness symptoms and its associated cost of illness significantly decrease with adoption of standards. Ceteris paribus, farmer’s who adopt standards experience 70% lesser incidence of acute illness and spent about 50% less on restoring their health compared to non-adopters. Although standards can potentially prevent resource-poor smallholders from maintaining their position in the lucrative export markets, they can also result in positive changes in the health of those small-scale farmers who adopt it, as shown by these results. The implication is that if adopted at large-scale standards may reduce production externalities corroborating the view that it may serve as a catalyst to transform the farm production systems in developing countries.
COMPARISON OF PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHY IN DETECTION OF CAROTID ARTERY CALCIFICATIONS WITH DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY RESULTS

Background: One of the important findings in panoramic radiology is the detection of a calcified plaque in the carotid artery therefore the dentist may be the first health care practitioner to detect a life-threatening illness. Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the panoramic radiographs with Doppler ultrasound for detection of carotid artery calcification in patient with end stage disease. Methods: Thirty-eight adult patients with renal disease were referred for Doppler ultrasound examination for the detection of carotid artery calcification. Later, the panoramic radiographs of these patients were evaluated by two radiologists for the detection of calcification around the carotid bifurcation. Data of panoramic radiography and Doppler ultrasound were analyzed by SPSS using Cohen kappa analysis and chi-squared test. Findings: Accuracy, sensitivity, and the specificity of panoramic radiographs were 75.6%, 70.1%, and 77.2%, respectively. There was a significant difference between the panoramic radiology and Doppler ultrasound results with moderate agreement (p<0.05, k=0.490). Inter observer reliability in panoramic technique was shown to be excellent (kappa=0.890). Conclusion: All panoramic radiographs made for evaluation of oral structures, should be carefully screened for detection of carotid artery calcification, particularly radiographs of high risk patients.
Cardioprotective Effect of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley (Cucurbitaceae) Fruit Juice on Doxorubicin Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats

Problem statement: The cardio toxicity of Doxorubicin (Dox) has limited its use as an anticancer drug. The aim of present study was to investigate the cardio protective effect of Lagenaria Siceraria (Cucurbitaceous) Fruit Juice (LSFJ) against the cardio toxicity of Dox in rats. Approach: Male wistar rats (250-300 g) were randomly divided into four groups. Group I- was control, Group II- Dox (10 mg kg-1), groups III and IV- Dox + LSFJ (5 and 10 mL kg-1 for 18 days). Dox (10 mg kg-1 iv) was administered in group II, III and IV on day 16. After anesthetizing the animals on the 18th day, Electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded and blood was investigated for Creatine Kinase-MB is enzyme (CK-MB), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) while determination of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Reduced Glutathione (GSH), Lipid Per Oxidation (LPO) and histopathology was carried out for heart. Results: Group 3 and 4 of animals showed decreased QT interval (p<0.05) and was non significant in ST interval and heart rate compared to Group 2. Significant decrease in serum CK-MB and AST of group 3 (p<0.05) and group 4(p<0.01) of animals was observed as compared to group II. In group 4 significant increase in the level of GSH (p<0.01) and decrease in MDA content (p<0.001) was observed as compared to group 2, whereas SOD was non-significant. Histopathological study of LSFJ10 mL kg-1 treated group showed protection against myocardial toxicity induced by doxorubicin. Conclusion: It is concluded that Lagenaria siceraria fruit juice possessed cardio protective effect at dose of 10 mL kg-1 against doxorubicin induced cardio toxicity in rats.
Greenland warming during the last interglacial: the relative importance of insolation and oceanic changes

Insolation changes during the Eemian (the last interglacial period, 129–116,000 years before present) resulted in warmer than present conditions in the Arctic region. The NEEM ice core record suggests warming of 8±4 K in northwestern Greenland based on water stable ::::: stable ::::: water isotopes. Here we use general circulation model experiments to investigate the causes of the Eemian warming in Greenland. Simulations of the atmospheric response to combinations of Eemian insolation and pre-industrial oceanic conditions and vice versa, are used to disentangle the impacts of the insolation change and the 5 related changes in sea surface temperatures and sea ice conditions. The changed oceanic conditions cause warming throughout the year, prolonging the impact of the summertime insolation increase. Consequently, the oceanic conditions cause annual mean warming of 2 K at the NEEM site, whereas the insolation alone causes an insignificant change. Taking the precipitation changes into account, however, the insolation and oceanic changes cause more comparable increases in the precipitationweighted temperature, implying that both contributions are important for the ice core record at the NEEM site. The simulated 10 Eemian precipitation-weighted warming of 2.4 K at the NEEM site is low compared to the ice core reconstruction, partially due to missing feedbacks related to ice sheet changes ::: and :: an :::::::: extensive ::: sea ::: ice ::::: cover. Surface mass balance calculations with an energy balance model indicate :::::: further ::::::: indicate ::: that ::: the ::::::::::: combination :: of ::::::::::: temperature ::: and ::::::::::: precipitation ::::::::: anomalies :::: leads ::: to potential mass loss in the north and southwestern parts of the ice sheet. The oceanic conditions favor increased accumulation in the southeast, while the insolation appears to be the dominant cause of the expected ice sheet reduction. :::::::::::: Consequently, ::: the 15 :::::: Eemian :: is ::: not : a ::::::: suitable :::::::: analogue ::: for ::::: future ::: ice :::: sheet :::::::: changes.
On optimal designs for nonregular models

Classically, Fisher information is the relevant object in defining optimal experimental designs. However, for models that lack certain regularity conditions, the Fisher information does not exist and, hence, there is no notion of design optimality available in the literature. This article seeks to fill the gap by proposing a so-called Hellinger information, which generalizes Fisher information in the sense that the two measures agree in regular problems, but the former also exists for certain types of non-regular problems. We derive a Hellinger information inequality, showing that Hellinger information defines a lower bound on the local minimax risk of estimators. This provides a connection between features of the underlying model---in particular, the design---and the performance of estimators, motivating the use of this new Hellinger information for non-regular optimal design problems. Hellinger optimal designs are derived for several non-regular regression problems, with numerical results empirically demonstrating the improved efficiency of these designs compared to alternatives.