Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Finite element analysis of thermal stress distribution in different restorative materials used in class V cavities

Purpose: Cervical lesions are restored with class V preparation. The aim of this study was to use a three-dimensional finite element method to carry out a thermal analysis of the temperature and stress distributions of three different restorative materials used for class V cavities of maxillary molar teeth. Materials and Methods: A maxillary left first molar tooth was modeled and a class V cavity was prepared on the cervical 1/3 of the buccal surface. This cavity was restored with three different materials (Group I: Resin composite, Group II: Glass ionomer cement, and Group III: Amalgam). Loads of 400 N were applied at an angle of 90° to the longitudinal axis of the tooth on the restorative material at 5 and 55°C temperatures. Von Mises and thermal stress distributions were evaluated. Results: In all groups, the von Mises stress values increased with temperature. The highest von Mises stress distribution was observed at 55°C in Group II (144.53 MPa). The lowest von Mises stress distribution was observed at 5°C in Group III (70.81 MPa). Conclusion: Amalgam is the most suitable restorative material for class V restorations because of minimal stress distribution.
Industry 4.0 as a part of smart cities

In this paper, we propose the conjunction of the Smart City Initiative and the concept of Industry 4.0. The term smart city has been a phenomenon of the last years, which is very inflected especially since 2008 when the world was hit by the financial crisis. The main reasons for the emergence of the Smart City Initiative are to create a sustainable model for cities and preserve quality of life of their citizens. The topic of the smart city cannot be seen only as a technical discipline, but different economic, humanitarian or legal aspects must be involved as well. In the concept of Industry 4.0, the Internet of Things (IoT) shall be used for the development of so-called smart products. Sub-components of the product are equipped with their own intelligence. Added intelligence is used both during the manufacturing of a product as well as during subsequent handling, up to continuous monitoring of the product lifecycle (smart processes). Other important aspects of the Industry 4.0 are Internet of Services (IoS), which includes especially intelligent transport and logistics (smart mobility, smart logistics), as well as Internet of Energy (IoE), which determines how the natural resources are used in proper way (electricity, water, oil, etc.). IoT, IoS, IoP and IoE can be considered as an element that can create a connection of the Smart City Initiative and Industry 4.0 - Industry 4.0 can be seen as a part of smart cities. Interconnection of these systems can be expected to change - transport processes from design logistic processes through to their online optimization with respect to the chosen objective function and the latest information from the transport infrastructure. Linking information from process-based Industry 4.0 with intelligent transport systems of the smart city could create very effective, demand-oriented and higher productivity of manufacturing enterprises as well as sustainable development of society.
Evaluation of mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width in patients with asymptomatic intermediate carotid artery plaque.

BACKGROUND Platelets play a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In atherosclerotic plaques, the risk of plaque rupture is more crucial than the severity of the stenosis they cause. Non-calcified carotid artery plaques are more unstable than calcified plaques, and they are associated with a higher risk of rupture, thromboembolism, and consequently, stroke. AIM The purpose of the present study is to compare calcified and non-calcified plaques that cause intermediate carotid artery stenosis, with respect to mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW). METHODS A total of 139 asymptomatic patients with 50-70% stenosis of the carotid artery were included in this study. Carotid Doppler ultrasound imaging and computed tomography angiography were performed to divide the carotid artery plaques into two groups as calcified and non-calcified. Patients included in the calcified (n = 73) and non-calcified (n = 66) plaque groups were compared with respect to MPV and PDW. RESULTS Mean platelet volume was statistically significantly higher in the non-calcified plaque group compared to the cal-cified plaque group (MPV in non-calcified/calcified plaque groups [fL]: 10.0/9.0, respectively) (p < 0.01). PDW was not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.09). Platelet count was statistically significantly higher in the calcified plaque group compared to the non-calcified plaque group (platelet count in calcified/non-calcified plaque groups [10³/mm³]: 250 ± 63/226 ± 56, respectively) (p = 0.019). Multivariate regression analysis showed that MPV was independently associ-ated with non-calcified carotid artery plaque (odds ratio 5.95, 95% confidence interval 2.63-13.45, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Mean platelet volume is increased in the presence of non-calcified carotid artery plaques that cause asymp-tomatic intermediate stenosis. Increased MPV can be used as a marker to predict the risk of rupture of the non-calcified carotid artery plaques.
Long-term in vivo imaging and measurement of dendritic shrinkage of retinal ganglion cells.

PURPOSE To monitor and measure dendritic shrinkage of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a strain of transgenic mice (Thy-1 YFP) that expresses yellow fluorescent proteins in neurons under the control of a Thy-1 promoter. METHODS A total of 125 RGCs from 16 eyes of Thy-1 YFP transgenic mice were serially imaged with a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope for 6 months after optic nerve crush. Quantitative analysis of cell body area, axon diameter, dendritic field, number of terminal branches, total dendritic branch length, branching complexity, symmetry, and distance from the optic disc was used to characterize the morphology of RGCs, describe the patterns of axonal and dendritic degeneration, identify the morphologic predictors for cell survival, and estimate the rate of dendritic shrinkage. RESULTS RGC damage was observed prospectively to begin with progressive dendritic shrinkage, followed by loss of the axon and the cell body. In a small proportion of RGCs, progressive axonal changes including fragmentation, beading, retraction, and bulb formation were also observed. RGCs with a larger dendritic field and a longer total dendritic branch length in general have a better survival probability. The rate of dendritic shrinkage was variable with a slower rate observed in cells having a larger dendritic field, a longer total dendritic branch length, and a greater distance from the optic disc. CONCLUSIONS Estimating the probability of RGC survival and measuring the rate of dendritic shrinkage could become a new paradigm for investigating neuronal degeneration and evaluating the response of neuroprotective treatment.
EphA2, EphrinAl expression in breast cancer and its relationship with clinical pathological study

Objective: To investigate the expression of EphA2 and EphrinAl in breast cancer from Yunnan Dali Bai, Han and other minority women and to investigate their relationship with clinicopathological parameters, ie. , the tumor size, pathological type, lymph node metastasis, age, TNM staging, and the histological grade. Methods: Using immunohistochemical SP method and in situ hybridization to detect the expression aiming at the protein and mRNA of EphA2 receptor and its ligand EphrinAl in the breast cancer, including 129 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma, 8 cases of intraductal carcinoma and 40 cases of normal breast tissues. Results: The immunohistochemistry showed that the positive expression rate of EphA2 was 89% and that of EphrinAl was 94% in 129 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma tissues, while in 8 cases of intraductal carcinoma the positive rate of EphA2 and of EphrinAl was 63% and 75%, respectively. In 40 cases of normal tissue EphA2 positive expression rate was 3%, and the EphrinAl positive rate was 2%. There is a significant difference between the positive expression rate of EphA2 and that of EphrinAl (P 0.05), but are correlated statistically with the pathological type, tumer size, lymph node metastasis and histological grade (P<0.05). There is a significant difference between the positive expression rate of the EphA2 protein and that of EphA2 mRNA, and between that of EphrinA1 protein and its mRNA (P<0.05). Conclusion: EphA2 and EphrinAl show very strong expression in breast cancer tissue, and may play an important role in the pathophysiological research and in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
Teenage pregnancy and exclusive breastfeeding rates.

BACKGROUND Teenage pregnancy is an important health issue globally and in Thailand Younger age mothers decide on the breastfeeding practices ofthe first 6-month. OBJECTIVE To find the rates of 6-month exclusive breastfeeding practices of teenage mothers and compare them with the rates of 6-month exclusive breastfeeding practices in mothers who are 20 years of age or more. MATERIAL AND METHOD Three thousand five hundred sixty three normal, postpartum women, who delivered without complications at the HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center in the Nakhon Nayok Province between 2010 and2013 were included in this study. At the second daypostpartum, the data of latch scores and the data of the practice of exclusive breastfeeding were collected Telephone follow-ups on the seventh, fourteenth, and forty-fifth postpartum days and at the second, fourth, and sixth month postpartum month were collected and used for exclusive breastfeeding data following discharge. Demographic data included the maternal age, parity, gestational age, marital status, occupation, religion, route ofdelivery, estimated blood loss, body mass index, nipple length, and the childs birth weight. The collected data was analyzed by the t-test, Chi-square, and odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS The percentage of teenage pregnancies was at 14.8% (527 cases). On postpartum day 2, the percentage of latch scores of 8 or less was 66.4%. At the seventh, fourteenth, and forty-fifth day and at the second, fourth, and sixth months postpartum, the exclusive breastfeeding rates were 88.5, 78.5, 57.6, 43.1, 32.9, and27.0%, respectively. Comparison of the 6-month exclusive breastfeeding rates between teenage mothers and mothers 20 years ofage or older were not statistically significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The 6-month exclusive breastfeeding rate of teenage mothers was at 27.0% and had no significant differences from the rates of mothers 20 years of age or more.
Osteopontin Expression and Prognostic Significance in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose: The survival rate of non–small cell lung cancer patients is very low, and knowledge of predictors of outcome is inadequate. To improve the curability of lung cancer, we need to identify new specific molecules involved in tumorigenesis and progression. The purpose of this study was to better define the role of osteopontin in non–small cell lung cancer biology by determining its prognostic significance. Experimental Design: Osteopontin expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, as percentage of neoplastic cells with cytoplasmic immunoreactivity, in a wide series of patients with stage I-IIIA non–small cell lung cancer (207 cases). The median value of this series (20% of positive cells) was used as the cutoff value to distinguish tumors with low (<20%) from tumors with high (≥20%) osteopontin expression. Results: Taking the series of patients as a whole (207 cases), osteopontin expression was associated with neither overall survival (P = 0.14) nor disease-free survival (P = 0.074). However, among patients with at least 6 years of follow-up (163 cases), 6-year overall survival and disease-free survival were significantly reduced if osteopontin expression was high (P = 0.0085 for overall survival, P = 0.0023 for disease-free survival). Moreover, a statistically significant correlation between high levels of osteopontin and shorter overall survival (P = 0.034) and disease-free survival (P = 0.011) in patients with stage I tumors (136 cases) was shown. Conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis of an association between high osteopontin expression and poor survival of patients with stage I non–small cell lung cancer, suggesting that osteopontin could be a candidate target for cancer therapy.
Energy spectra of cosmic rays accelerated at ultrarelativistic shock waves

Energy spectra of particles accelerated by the first-order Fermi mechanism are investigated at ultrarelativistic shock waves, outside the range of Lorentz factors considered previously. For particle transport near the shock a numerical method involving small amplitude pitch-angle scattering is applied for flows with Lorentz factors $\gamma$ from 3 to 243. For large $\gamma$ shocks a convergence of derived energy spectral indices up to the value $\sigma_\infty \approx 2.2$ is observed for all considered turbulence amplitudes and magnetic field configurations. Recently the same index was derived for $\gamma$-ray bursts by Waxman [Astrophys. J. Lett. 485, L5 (1997)].
TP53 mutation in patients with high‐risk acute myeloid leukaemia treated with allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Treatment success in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is heterogeneous. Cytogenetic and molecular alterations are strong prognostic factors, which have been used to individualize treatment. Here, we studied the impact of TP53 mutations on the outcome of AML patients with adverse cytogenetic risk treated with allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Samples of 97 patients with AML and adverse‐risk cytogenetics who had received a HSCT within three randomized trials were analysed. Complete sequencing of the TP53 coding region was performed using next generation sequencing. The median age was 51 years. Overall, TP53 mutations were found in 40 patients (41%). With a median follow up of 67 months, the three‐year probabilities of overall survival (OS) and event‐free survival for patients with TP53 wild type were 33% [95% confidence interval (CI), 21% to 45%] and 24% (95% CI, 13% to 35%) compared to 10% (95% CI, 0% to 19%) and 8% (95% CI, 0% to 16%) (P = 0·002 and P = 0·007) for those with mutated TP53, respectively. In multivariate analysis, the TP53‐mutation status had a negative impact on OS (Hazard Ratio = 1·7; P = 0·066). Mutational analysis of TP53 might be an important additional tool to predict outcome after HSCT in patients with adverse karyotype AML.
SU(2) gauge symmetry of the large-U limit of the Hubbard model.

We demonstrate explicitly the SU(2) gauge invariance of the large-$U$ limit of the Hubbard model, i.e., the Heisenberg model written in terms of electron operators with a constraint of one particle per site. We use this result to demonstrate the equivalence of two apparently very different mean-field theories.
The Natural History of the So‐Called Aneurysm of the Membranous Ventricular Septum in Childhood

Fifty-six children with isolated membranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) included in the National Natural History Cooperative Study for Congenital Heart Disease were studied at the Johns Hopkins Hospital Center to determine the occurrence and natural history of an associated “aneurysm of the membranous septum’ (AMS). These patients represented a wide range of ages and VSD size. Each child was evaluated by two cardiac catheterizations four years apart, with regular clinical examinations in the interval. The diagnosis of AMS was based on angiographic criteria, and as such may encompass several distinct anatomic lesions.Twenty children had AMS at the first catheterization; all were over age two, and all but one had a pulmonic-to-systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) of less than 2.0, with normal intracardiac pressures. Four years later, repeat catheterization revealed only minor changes in Qp/Qs and angiographic appearance of the aneurysms in this group. Twelve new cases of AMS were also demonstrated at the second study; seven of these children underwent a significant diminution in Qp/Qs during the period in which the aneurysm was formed. No cases of spontaneous anatomic closure were observed in the course of our study, nor were there any serious complications which could be attributed to the presence of an aneurysm. Overall, AMS was found in 32 of 56 patients (57%), and in 31 of 44 (70%) of those with a Qp/Qs less than 2.0. These findings suggest that AMS is common among children with small membranous VSD, and that its course in childhood is usually stable and asymptomatic. Although anatomic closure of the VSD was not observed during this four year study, our data support suggestions that aneurysm formation may play an important role in some cases of spontaneous diminution in the functional size of an associated membranous VSD.
Training a Single Sigmoidal Neuron Is Hard

We first present a brief survey of hardness results for training feedforward neural networks. These results are then completed by the proof that the simplest architecture containing only a single neuron that applies a sigmoidal activation function sigma: kappa --> [alpha, beta], satisfying certain natural axioms (e.g., the standard (logistic) sigmoid or saturated-linear function), to the weighted sum of n inputs is hard to train. In particular, the problem of finding the weights of such a unit that minimize the quadratic training error within (beta - alpha)(2) or its average (over a training set) within 5(beta - alpha)(2)/ (12n) of its infimum proves to be NP-hard. Hence, the well-known backpropagation learning algorithm appears not to be efficient even for one neuron, which has negative consequences in constructive learning.
Exploring mathematical discussion in word problem-solving

This study explored whether discussion as a teaching strategy in mathematics classrooms could have positive gains in improving learners’ problem-solving performance, as well as their ability to make sense of real wor(l)d problems. This article discusses the partial findings of a bigger study that used a pre-test intervention or post-test mixed-method design and utilised both quantitative and qualitative data. Analysis of the data generated from both pre-tests and post-tests suggests that the intervention strategy significantly improved the experimental group’s problem-solving skills and sense-making performance. The statistical results illustrate that the experimental group performed significantly better than the comparison group in the post-test. The main finding of this study is that in classrooms of experimental schools in which discussion technique was successfully implemented, there was a statistically significant improvement in the learners’ competence in solving word problems.
Security analysis of end-to-end encryption in Telegram

Telegram is known as one of the most popular instant messaging (IM) services for secure communications. It features end-to-end encryption (E2EE) in secret chats based on their customised protocol called MTProto. This brand new protocol is believed as a safe alternative among the public, however, it is in doubt and has not been fully reviewed by cryptanalytic experts. It is theoretically demonstrated in 2015 that MTProto does not meet indistinguishability under chosen ciphertext attack (IND-CCA) and integrity of ciphertexts (INT-CTXT). In this paper, we start to analyse the security vulnerabilities of E2EE in simplified Telegram in a heuristic manner and suggest typical building blocks for E2EE in general IM system.
Incidence of AIDS-Defining Cancers After AIDS Diagnosis Among People with AIDS in Italy, 1986–1998

A record linkage was carried out between the Italian National Registry of AIDS and 19 cancer registries. The aim was to evaluate the 1986 through 1998 trends in incidence rate (IR) of AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs) among persons with AIDS (PWA) in Italy overall and according to various characteristics. A steady decrease in IRs was found for Kaposi sarcoma (KS) in men between 1986–1992 (2.5 per 100 person-years [py]) and 1997–1998 (1.0 per 100 py). Conversely, the first decrease in IRs of KS in women (from 0.9 to 0.6 per 100 py) and of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in both genders (from 1.7 to 0.7 per 100 py) was seen between 1993–1996 and 1997–1998, thus pointing to a favorable impact of highly active antiretroviral therapies. The decline was consistent across different age and HIV transmission groups, but it was more marked in PWA with a CD4 count >50 cells/&mgr;L than in PWA with more severe immune suppression. As a proportion of AIDS cases, invasive cervical cancer increased from 1.5% in 1993–1996 to 2.4% in 1997–1998, but IRs after AIDS could not be evaluated. On account of the marked decline of KS in men in 1997–1998, the overall burden of ADCs in Italy became similar in both genders.
A Structure-Activity Study with Aryl Acylamidases

We examined the relationship between chemical structure and biodegradability of acylanilide herbicides by using a set of model compounds. Four bacterial isolates (one gram-negative and three gram-positive) that grew on acetanilide were used. These soil isolates cleaved the amide bond of acetanilide via an aryl acylamidase reaction, producing aniline and the organic acid acetate. A series of acetanilide analogs with alkyl substitutions on the nitrogen atom or the aromatic ring were tested for their ability to induce aryl acylamidase activity and act as substrates for the enzyme. The substrate range, in general, was limited to those analogs not disubstituted in the ortho position of the benzene ring or which did not contain an alkyl group on the nitrogen atom. These same N-substituted compounds did not induce enzyme activity either, whereas the ortho-substituted compounds could in some cases.
Clinical utility of embedded performance validity tests on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) following mild traumatic brain injury

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the clinical utility of two embedded performance validity tests (PVTs) developed for the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status: the Effort Index (EI) and the Effort Scale (ES) in mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Participants were 250 military service members (94.0% male; Age: M = 28.4, SD = 7.6) evaluated following mild TBI on average 7.4 months (SD = 15.6) post-injury. Participants were divided into two groups based on their performance on the Test of Memory Malingering: PVT-Pass, n = 193; PVT-Fail, n = 57. For the EI, recommended cut-offs for extremely probable, highly probable, and probable poor effort were established. A cut-off score of >3 resulted in low sensitivity (.14), high specificity (.99) and positive predictive power (.94), and moderate negative predictive power (.68) and is recommended for identifying highly probable poor effort. For both the EI and ES, cut-offs for probable poor effort were identified; however, classification accuracy was not much improved relative to simply using the sum of the List Recognition and Digit Span raw scores to classify poor effort. It is acknowledged that the use of a different criterion would likely have resulted in different findings. Nevertheless, findings support the use of the EI and the ES as a “red flag” for possible poor effort in mild TBI patients, but suggest that, in most cases, additional PVTs would be required to accurately rule poor effort in or out.