Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Title Relationship between Knockdown Resistance , Metabolic Detoxification and Organismal Resistance to Pyrethroids in Anopheles sinensis Permalink

Anopheles sinensis is the most important vector of malaria in Southeast Asia, including China. Currently, the most effective measure to prevent malaria transmission relies on vector control through the use of insecticides, primarily pyrethroids. Extensive use of insecticides poses strong selection pressure on mosquito populations for resistance. Resistance to insecticides can arise due to mutations in the insecticide target site (target site resistance), which in the case of pyrethroids is the para-type sodium channel gene, and/or the catabolism of the insecticide by detoxification enzymes before it reaches its target (metabolic detoxification resistance). In this study, we examined deltamethrin resistance in An. sinensis from China and investigated the relative importance of target site versus metabolic detoxification mechanisms in resistance. A high frequency (.85%) of nonsynonymous mutations in the para gene was found in populations from central China, but not in populations from southern China. Metabolic detoxification as measured by the activity of monooxygenases and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) was detected in populations from both central and southern China. Monooxygenase activity levels were significantly higher in the resistant than the susceptible mosquitoes, independently of their geographic origin. Stepwise multiple regression analyses in mosquito populations from central China found that both knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations and monooxygenase activity were significantly associated with deltamethrin resistance, with monooxygenase activity playing a stronger role. These results demonstrate the importance of metabolic detoxification in pyrethroid resistance in An. sinensis, and suggest that different mechanisms of resistance could evolve in geographically different populations. Citation: Zhong D, Chang X, Zhou G, He Z, Fu F, et al. (2013) Relationship between Knockdown Resistance, Metabolic Detoxification and Organismal Resistance to Pyrethroids in Anopheles sinensis. PLoS ONE 8(2): e55475. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0055475 Editor: Olle Terenius, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden Received September 22, 2012; Accepted December 23, 2012; Published February 6, 2013 Copyright: 2013 Zhong et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01 AI050243, R03 TW008237, R01 AI095184 and U19 AI089672). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: chuner1997@yahoo.com (BZ); c_bin@hotmail.com (BC); guiyuny@uci.edu (GY)
The Perils of Returning to School-New Insights into the Seasonality of Youth Suicides

Taking advantage of temporal and geographical variations in the timing of school holidays in Germany, this paper finds that school holidays cause an 19 percent (0.03 percentage points) decrease in the probability of youth suicide. This effect is constant across different types of holidays (fall, Christmas, winter, Easter, Pentecost, and summer). Moreover, we find evidence of a spike in suicide propensity in the first two days following the end of school holidays. The results are robust to the inclusion of a series of control variables and to different definitions of youth. Overall, this paper suggests that school holidays have a beneficial impact on the well-being of students and that suicide prevention efforts are particularly important in the days following the end of holidays. JEL Classification: I12, I21
Rethinking Hawks and Doves : Interim-E ¢ cient Labor Contracts for Other-Regarding Agents

I introduce social preferences to a principal-two agents model. Before contracting, the agents social types are their private information. I derive interim-e¢ cient labor contracts, for which I nd the following: (1) In a perfectly competitive labor market, market equilibrium is ex interim Pareto dominated by a Perfect Bayesian equilibrium in which each rm perpetually hires two agents for a single period, o¤ering them an interim-e¢ cient labor contract; after any one period, all agents are released and randomly reallocated among rms. (2) Relative and team performance pay are interim-e¢ cient and payo¤ equivalent. (3) There is no direct mechanism that incentivizes each agent to reveal his social type, while implementing unanimous approval of interim-e¢ cient contracting. These ndings rationalize labor turnover for social reasons. They explain the coexistence of competition and collaboration in nearly any organization. They provide an example of mutual, incentive-compatible trust in a multilateral relationship. Keywords: Contract design; relative and team incentives; altruism; spite; asymmetric information; interim-e¢ ciency; corporate culture; labor turnover; trust. JEL Classi cation: D62; D64; D82; M52 Technische Universität München, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80333 Munich. Email: thomas.daske@tum.de
On the Design and Construction of Dual-Probe Heat-Pulse Soil Moisture Sensor : Towards an Industrial Solution

There is a need for a multi-functional probe for smallscale measurements of different soil properties measured within identical soil volumes. Dual Probe Heat Pulse (DPHP) sensors are an economical solution for this since they measure simultaneously temperature, volumetric water content, and soil thermal properties: diffusivity and volumetric heat capacity. However, all DPHP sensors to date have very complex manufacturing processes. This paper aims to design and build a DPHP sensor based only on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) board, which comprises the probes and all supporting electronics leading to a low cost and simple manufacturing process. The proposed system includes signalprocessing circuits, a microcontroller, and communicates by a Serial Digital Interface at 1200 baud protocol (SDI-12). Probe spacing calibration results showed a reasonably good agreement between measured and fitted data. In conclusion, results also show that it is possible to build the multi-functional DPHP sensor in a low cost process, and this was the first time that a multi-functional probe was build using a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) as support. Keywords–soil moisture sensor; soil thermal properties; dualprobe; heat-pulse sensor; thermal conductivity; thermal sensors.
Outliers in Biometrics : An A-contrario Approach

This thesis addresses the problems of biometrics: how a person’s identity could be determined or validated by using some physical or behavioral characteristic. Biometry is one of the main research topics in the field of pattern recognition due to its impact on several applications in security and human-machine interaction environments. Several works focus on the improvement of the features extracted in the particular system being presented (face, fingerprint or speech recognition among others), or the metrics used to compare such features, in this work the classification stage is particularly tackled. A statistical approach is presented based on a well-known a-contrario validation strategy. Techniques based on such framework have been widely used in the fields of image processing and computer vision for the detection and matching of visual features. In this work, the method ability to detect outliers/inliers is exploited to detect when two compared biometric samples correspond to the same person. This method is adapted and applied to each of the usual biometric tasks. First, it is applied to the task of biometric verification, modeling it as a twoclass classification problem. The introduced strategy was validated using different datasets and compared against other state-of-the-art commonly used classification methods. Findings of this work have been presented at the 2014 International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods (ICPRAM-2014), by applying the framework to the face recognition problem in particular. An extension of the conference article has been published in the Journal of Neurocomputing publised by Elsevier. In this thesis, the presented strategy is reviewed with an experimental evaluation done in several larger datasets. Second, the a-contrario framework is applied to the identification task. The method is used to validate the confidence of an identification system outputs. What is normally called in the literature as System Response Reliability (SRR). Such problem has been thoroughly studied lately, the key advantages of using such control are analyzed and discussed. The obtained performance is validated on multiple datasets by comparing with other state-of-the-art approaches. This work has been presented on the 2016 International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG-2016). Finally, the framework is applied to biometric fusion. The key differences in such scenario and the corresponding proposed framework adaptations are analyzed. The proposed technique is evaluated in both artificially generated as real-scenario datasets. The performance is compared against other state-of-the-art statistical fusion strategies. This page intentionally left blank
ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF CONTINUING EDUCATION PROGRAM ON NURSE’S KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PERFORMANCE ABOUT DOCUMENTATION

Background: Documentation is one of the nurses’ professional tasks, which is an important component of medical evidence and patient’s record. Finding effective teaching methods for enhancing nurses’ ability in documentation can be helpful. Aim: This study was performed to determine the effect of continuing education program on nurse’s knowledge, attitude and performance about documentation. Method: A quasi-experimental before and after design was carried out on 62 nurses who were working at a public hospitals in Kerman and were randomly allocated to two experimental (n = 32) and control groups (n = 30). Data collection tools were a self-structured questionnaire as well as tools for measurement of knowledge, attitude, performance, and competency of subjects regarding nursing documentation, which were completed before and after implementing a continuing education program. Data were analyzed using Chi-Square, paired t- tests and independent t- tests with SPSS version 14. Results: There were significant differences between nurses who participated in the intervention and control groups in terms of knowledge (P =0.000), attitude (P=0.000), performance (P=0 .001) and competency (P=0 .000) towards documentation. The findings showed that there was no statistically significant difference between two groups in relation to demographic variables. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that continuing education program promote knowledge, attitude, performance and competency of nurses on documentation. It is recommended to accomplish more studies about learning stability following employing this method and its comparison with other educational methods.
Understanding the Mechanisms and Impact of Growth on the Urban Form and Functioning of Cities: An Application to the Case of Limassol

In the great majority of cases cities have been steadily growing and becoming increasingly complex. Growth may have occurred at different times and its characteristics may vary depending on the geographical location of the city and its socio-economic context. However, it remains that common features, growth mechanisms and regularities are persistently found. These must be understood and exploited in our attempt to sustain better living environments. A key problem in our ability to analyze the complexity of the urban form is the long-standing isolation of analytical approaches developed in different countries and research environments. Even harder is to devise and agree on a system of analysis able to capture the universal mechanisms through which cities change and assess how such changes impact on the functioning of cities, providing the evidence base to manage, mitigate and exploit the impact of growth and urban transformation. This paper presents a transdisciplinary approach to urban analysis, which enables the deployment of multiple methods under a common framework. The approach is taken from the field of philosophy, specifically assemblage theory; within this, a combination of social research methods and urban analysis tools are integrated to provide a comprehensive methodology for diachronic analysis of city development, enabling the understanding and assessment of growth patterns. The approach was tested on Limassol, Cyprus: a diachronic analysis was carried out using historical research, interviews, space syntax, block size and land use analysis, mapping of contemporary census data, and illustrative case studies. The aim was to identify the mechanisms of growth which led to Limassol’s specific urban form and identity. This paper presents the key research findings and discusses the extent to which the proposed approach enabled the identification of causal pathways of development and of how the growth processes led to specific morphological and functional characteristics of the city.
CHALLENGES AFFECTING GROWTH OF SAVINGS AND CREDIT COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN KENYA : A CASE OF HARAMBEE COOPERATIVE SOCIETY

Reports from Kenya Union of Savings and Credit Cooperative Society indicate that membership in the Sacco was declining due to delay in loan disbursement, poor ATM services, inadequate credit facilities, fraud, understated bad debts, increase in demand for loans that have been fabricated, inadequate staffing and lack of efficient and effective information management system, cover up of massive fraud and understated bad debts which accrued risking billions in losses of members' money. The objective of this project was to examine the challenges affecting growth of Saccos in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The target population comprised 210 staff working at the Sacco with their headquarters in Nairobi and more particularly the top, middle and lower level management staff. Stratified sampling method was used in selecting the sample of 63 respondents. The findings showed that a unit increase in corporate governance will lead to a 0.270 increase in growth of cooperatives in Kenya; a unit increase in information technology will lead to a 0. 032 increase in growth of cooperatives in Kenya; a unit increase in employee training, will lead to a 0. 305 increases in growth of cooperatives in Kenya and a unit increase in organizational structure will lead to a 0.391 increase in growth of cooperatives in Kenya. In conclusion, the study found out that the use of information technology contributes to the success of the implementation of international strategies in Saccos in Kenya. Information technology will accelerate changes in how markets conduct its activities. Lack of employees training is a challenge affecting growth of Saccos in Kenya. Cooperatives face management challenges, cooperatives does not comply with principles of corporate governance, cooperatives are well equipped to implement corporate governance, board members doesn’t guide the cooperative during a crisis and the board independence is a challenging aspect of corporate governance in the cooperative. The study recommends that Saccos management should ensure effective corporate governance which ensures that long-term strategic objectives and plans are established and the proper management and structures are in place to achieve these objectives. Cooperatives should International Journal of Strategic Management. Vol.5, Issue 5, 2016 http://www.ijsse. org ISSN 2307-6305 Page | 21 constantly update their software and hardware to ensure that compatibility issues and increased knowledge of security systems and enhance competition. Cooperatives should educate members, staff and committee members on the affairs of cooperative movement, their rights and obligations, the legal framework, business ideas, good governance, leadership and investment. Regarding, organizational structure the study recommends independence, interaction and communication among employees.
Will Artificial Intelligence Replace Computational Economists Any Time Soon?

Artificial intelligence (AI) has impressive applications in many fields (speech recognition, computer vision, etc.). This paper demonstrates that AI can be also used to analyze complex and high-dimensional dynamic economic models. We show how to convert three fundamental objects of economic dynamics -- lifetime reward, Bellman equation and Euler equation -- into objective functions suitable for deep learning (DL). We introduce all-in-one integration technique that makes the stochastic gradient unbiased for the constructed objective functions. We show how to use neural networks to deal with multicollinearity and perform model reduction in Krusell and Smith's (1998) model in which decision functions depend on thousands of state variables -- we literally feed distributions into neural networks! In our examples, the DL method was reliable, accurate and linearly scalable. Our ubiquitous Python code, built with Dolo and Google TensorFlow platforms, is designed to accommodate a variety of models and applications.
Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy

Virtually, any kind of tachycardia may lead to the development of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. This term refers to left ventricular dysfunction and dilated cardiomyopathy pattern that occur as a consequence of persistent tachycardia. Impaired left ventricular function in the presence of tachycardia can be found accidentally, but it is often associated with progressive symptoms and signs of heart failure that force the individual to seek medical help. A hallmark of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy is the reversibility of both hemodynamic and structural changes after cessation of the index tachycardia. However, contractile dysfunction and structural changes may persist even weeks after the rhythm/rate correction. Therefore, tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy should be considered as a probable reason of ventricular dysfunction and dilatation in any patient presenting with dilated cardiomyopathy pattern, despite that the initial rhythm is not pathological or the heart rate is well controlled. This review summarizes our current knowledge about this specific form of cardiomyopathy.
Impact of climate change on spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment plants for water reuse in agricultural irrigation

Reuse of treated wastewater for non-potable purpose such as irrigation, ground water recharge after proper treatment has a widespread significance. So the aim of the present investigation was to isolate, identify and characterize lytic bacteriophages against multi-drug resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis from wastewater. Plaque size, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), virulence factors, and in vitro lytic activity of bacteriophage isolates were investigated. The sewage water was collected from wastewater treatment plants (WTs) in El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa were the predominant pathogenic bacteria from wastewater. The highest percentage of multi-antibiotic resistance bacteria (MAR) in all sewage water samples were P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis (84%). The results showed that the presence of bacteriophages for P. aeruginosa strains named (PP1, PP2 and PP3) while phages infect E. faecalis strains named (EP1, EP2 and EP3). Isolated phages examined by TEM and their morphological shapes were detected. The bacteriophages had an isometric head and long-contractile tail and another phage with short tail with varying their dimensions from length, diameter of head and length, diameter of tail. They are belonging to Myoviridae and Siphoviridae families. TEM confirmed P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis bacteriophages belonging to the family Myoviridae. Among P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis bacteriophages with broad host range, 18 isolates (66.7%) did not harbor any P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis virulence factors. Therefore, they are considered potential candidates for controlling the contamination of P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis in water or other applications. Introduction
EMPIRICAL STUDY Gesture and Vocabulary Learning in a Second Language

When introducing new words in a second language (L2), presenting vocabulary with concurrent gestures might facilitate learners’ recollection of new words. Previous research has suggested that this gestural advantage might hold only for gestures that overlap with the semantics of the words. Dual coding theory predicts that learners should learn input better when multiple sensory routes act as aids to retrieval. Our research replicated and extended previous studies examining the limits of gestures in learning L2 vocabulary. A within-participant design directly compared the effects of pairing low idiosyncratic gestures (gestures traditionally iconic with word meanings) versus high idiosyncratic gestures (gestures that likely need to be idiosyncratically paired with word meanings) with L2 vocabulary presentation, relative to using no gestures. Results supported dual coding theory: All gestures were helpful if they were not confusable with other to-be-learned words and if the number of words presented was limited.
Conceptuals Understanding: As The Effect of Reciprocal Teaching Assisted By Macromedia Flash

Based on the observation, conceptuals understanding of student in SMA N 1 Jetis still need to be improved. This study aims to determine the effect of reciprocal teaching assisted by macromedia flash on understanding concepts in ecological material. This designe of this research was quasi-ekspeimental which used 2 groups, class X IPA 1 as the experimental group and class X IPA 5 as the control class. The result showed that eksperimental group was 0,38 (moderate) and The control group was 0,16 (low) from NGain value. As for the independent simple t-test analysis was 0,000<0,05 were significant differences between control and experimental class on the value of conceptual understanding. The conclusion of this study is that Reciprocal Teaching assisted by Macromedia Flash has an effect on conceptuals understanding of student.