Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Changes from Depolarizing to Hyperpolarizing GABAergic Actions during Giant Depolarizing Potentials in the Neonatal Rat Hippocampus

During development, GABA exerts depolarizing action on immature neurons and, acting in synergy with glutamate, drives giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs) in the hippocampal network. Yet, blockade of the GABA(A) receptors transforms GDPs to epileptiform discharges suggesting dual, both excitatory and inhibitory, actions of GABA in the immature hippocampal network. However, the nature of this dualism in early GABA actions is poorly understood. Here we characterized the dynamics of synaptic currents mediated by GABA(A) and glutamate receptors through an estimation of the changes in their conductance and driving forces in neonatal rat CA3 pyramidal cells during GDPs. We found that depolarizing GABAergic and glutamatergic currents act in synergy at the GDPs' onset. However, during the peak of the population discharge, the inward synaptic current was essentially mediated by glutamate receptors whereas GABA currents transiently switched their direction from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing as a result of neuronal depolarization above the GABA(A) reversal potential. Thus, the action of GABA on CA3 pyramidal cells dynamically changes during GDPs from excitatory at the GDPs' onset to inhibitory at the GDPs' peak. We propose that the dynamic changes in GABA actions occurring during GDPs enable GABAergic interneurons not only to initiate the discharge of pyramidal cells but also to control excitation in the recurrent CA3 network preventing epileptiform synchronization. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT During development GABA exerts a depolarizing action on immature neurons. However, at the network level the effects of GABA are complex involving both excitatory and inhibitory actions. Here we show that GABA actions critically depend on the network state. Although GABA depolarizes neurons at rest and at the onset of population bursts, it transiently becomes hyperpolarizing at the peak of the population bursts. These dynamic changes in GABA actions enable GABAergic interneurons not only to initiate the network discharge but also to control excitation to prevent epileptiform synchronization.
The non-thyroidal illness syndrome after coronary artery bypass grafting: a 6-month follow-up study

Abstract The non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) is considered a transient and completely reversible phenomenon, but it has been shown that it may last for several days postoperatively after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. This study was undertaken to assess thyroid function 6 months after uncomplicated CABG. The thyroid profile was evaluated in 40 consecutive patients undergoing CABG preoperatively, at 0, 12, 48, and 120h postoperatively, and at 6-month follow-up. Triiodothyronine (T 3), free T 3 (FT 3), free thyroxine (FT 4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were assayed using a microparticle enzyme immunoassay. T 4 and total serum thyroid hormone-binding capacity (T-uptake) were measured on the same samples using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Patients with severe systemic illness and patients treated with amiodarone were excluded. All patients were euthyroid at admission. Mean age was 67.4±9.0years. There were 31 (77.5%) men. Typical NTIS was observed in all patients, and the FT 3 concentration was still reduced by postoperative day 5 (p<0.0001). At 6-month follow-up, all patients were free from cardiac symptoms, and no new cardiac events were recorded. The thyroid profile was normal in 35 patients (87.5%). One patient (4.5%) had developed overt hypothyroidism. Two patients had isolated low T 3 and FT 3 levels with normal TSH. Two patients had moderately increased FT 3 levels with suppressed TSH. In most uncomplicated patients, thyroid function returns to normal 6months after CABG. However, we observed significant alterations of the thyroid profile in 5 out of 40 patients. Further studies are needed to define the long-term consequences of postoperative NTIS.
Cellular Sterol Ester Synthesis in Plants Is Performed by an Enzyme (Phospholipid:Sterol Acyltransferase) Different from the Yeast and Mammalian Acyl-CoA:Sterol Acyltransferases*

A gene encoding a sterol ester-synthesizing enzyme was identified in Arabidopsis. The cDNA of the Arabidopsis gene At1g04010 (AtPSAT) was overexpressed in Arabidopsis behind the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Microsomal membranes from the leaves of overexpresser lines catalyzed the transacylation of acyl groups from phosphatidylethanolamine to sterols. This activity correlated with the expression level of the AtPSAT gene, thus demonstrating that this gene encodes a phospholipid:sterol acyltransferase (PSAT). Properties of the AtPSAT were examined in microsomal fractions from the tissues of an overexpresser. The enzyme did not utilize neutral lipids, had the highest activity with phosphatidylethanolamine, had a 5-fold preference for the sn-2 position, and utilized both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Various sterols and sterol intermediates, including triterpenic precursors, were acylated by the PSAT, whereas other triterpenes were not. Sterol selectivity studies showed that the enzyme is activated by end product sterols and that sterol intermediates are preferentially acylated by the activated enzyme. This indicates that PSAT both regulates the pool of free sterols as well as limits the amount of free sterol intermediates in the membranes. Two T-DNA insertion mutants in the AtPSAT gene, with strongly reduced (but still measurable) levels of sterol esters in their tissues, had no detectable PSAT activity in the microsomal fractions, suggesting that Arabidopsis possess other enzyme(s) capable of acylating sterols. The AtPSAT is the only intracellular enzyme found so far that catalyzes an acyl-CoA-independent sterol ester formation. Thus, PSAT has a similar physiological function in plant cells as the unrelated acyl-CoA:sterol acyltransferase has in animal cells.
Mitogenic activity of staphylococcal peptidoglycan

Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan displayed a marked dose-dependent mitogenic activity for mouse splenocytes and human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro, as measured by increased [3H]thymidine incorporation. Similarly it was mitogenic for athymic nude mouse spleen cells, whereas no blastogenic effect was observed in T cell-enriched and B cell-depleted mouse lymphocyte cultures. These data demonstrate that peptidoglycan-responding cells in mouse spleen cell cultures are B lymphocytes.
Detection of estrus by visual observation and radiotelemetry in peripubertal, estrus-synchronized beef heifers.

The effectiveness of two estrus-detection methods (visual observation and radiotelemetric, pressure-sensitive, rump-mounted devices) was compared in peripubertal, crossbred yearling beef heifers. Heifers (n = 50) were fitted with a pressure-sensitive device affixed to their rumps to which a battery-operated radio transmitter was connected. Activation of the sensor sent a radiotelemetric signal to a microcomputer via a fixed radio antenna. Heifer identification, date, time, and duration of standing events were recorded. Estrus was synchronized by feeding melengestrol acetate (MGA) for 14 d and then injecting PGF2 alpha 17 d after the last daily dose of MGA. Following the injection of PGF2 alpha, heifers were observed visually for signs of estrus at 0730 and 1630 (45 min each). Estrus was detected in 41 of 49 heifers (one lost the device) by visual observation and(or) the radiotelemetric device. Number of standing events during estrus, determined by the radiotelemetric device, averaged 50.1 +/- 6.4 per heifer, with the duration of estrus ranging from 2.6 to 26.2 h (average = 14 +/- .8 h). Visual observation failed to detect 11 of 41 heifers (37%) that were detected by the radiotelemetric device. Heifers with fewer standing events (19.3 vs 60.5; P < .001) and estrus of shorter duration (8.4 vs 15.6 h; P < .001) were those not identified by visual observation. Based on intervals between the first detected standing event of estrus and time of insemination, a wide window of fertility seems to exist in some heifers. Radiotelemetric devices were useful in identifying a greater (P < .05) proportion (100%) of heifers in estrus (increased efficiency) compared with visual observation (73%). However, accuracy of both methods was similar.
Significant post‐transplant hypogammaglobulinemia in six heart transplant recipients: an emerging clinical phenomenon?

Background: The recent development of powerful agents such as mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus has altered current regimens for the prevention and treatment of allograft rejection. Questions have been raised about these newer regimens in terms of susceptibility to opportunistic infections and effects on host defenses. Severe hypogammaglobulinemia has been infrequently described in solid organ transplant recipients, but has been recently noted in six heart transplant recipients at one center, of whom five were receiving a combination of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone.
Mg2+ and memantine block of rat recombinant NMDA receptors containing chimeric NR2A/2D subunits expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes

N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) display differences in their sensitivity to the channel blockers Mg2+ and memantine that are dependent on the identity of the NR2 subunit present in the receptor–channel complex. This study used two‐electrode voltage‐clamp recordings from Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing recombinant NMDARs to investigate the actions of Mg2+ and memantine at the two NMDARs displaying the largest differences in sensitivity to these blockers, namely NR1/NR2A and NR1/NR2D NMDARs. In addition, NR2A/2D chimeric subunits have been employed to examine the effects of pore‐forming elements and ligand‐binding domains (LBD) on the potency of the block produced by each of these inhibitors. Our results show that, as previously documented, NR2D‐containing NMDARs are less sensitive to voltage‐dependent Mg2+ block than their NR2A‐containing counterparts. The reduced sensitivity is determined by the M1M2M3 membrane‐associated regions, as replacing these regions in NR2A subunits with those found in NR2D subunits results in a ∼10‐fold reduction in Mg2+ potency. Intriguingly, replacing the NR2A LBD with that from NR2D subunits results in a ∼2‐fold increase in Mg2+ potency. Moreover, when responses mediated by NR1/NR2A NMDARs are evoked by the partial agonist homoquinolinate, rather than glutamate, Mg2+ also displays an increased potency. Memantine block of glutamate‐evoked currents is most potent at NR1/NR2D NMDARs, but no differences are observed in its ability to inhibit NR2A‐containing or NR2A/2D chimeric NMDARs. We suggest that the potency of block of NMDARs by Mg2+ is influenced not only by pore‐forming regions but also the LBD and the resulting conformational changes that occur following agonist binding.
α1‐Adrenoceptor‐mediated depletion of phosphatidylinositol 4, 5‐bisphosphate inhibits activation of volume‐regulated anion channels in mouse ventricular myocytes

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Volume‐regulated anion channels (VRACs) play an important role in cell‐volume regulation. α1‐Adrenoceptor stimulation by phenylephrine (PE) suppressed the hypotonic activation of VRAC current in mouse ventricular cells and regulatory volume decrease (RVD) was also absent in PE‐treated cells. We examined whether the effects of α1‐adrenoceptor stimuli on VRAC current were modulated by phosphatidylinositol signalling.
An Optimal Process Model for a Real Time Process

Recommending an optimal path of execution and a complete process model for a real time partial trace of large and complex organization is a challenge. The proposed AlfyMiner (αyMiner) does this recommendation in cross organization process mining technique by comparing the variants of same process encountered in different organization. αyMiner proposes two novel techniques Process Model Comparator (αyComp) and Resource Behaviour Analyser (RBAMiner). αyComp identifies Next Probable Activity of the partial trace along with the complete process model of the partial trace. RBAMiner identifies the resources preferable for performing Next Probable Activity and analyse their behaviour based on performance, load and queue. αyMiner does this analysis and recommend the best suitable resource for performing Next Probable Activity and process models for the real time partial trace. Experiments were conducted on process logs of CoSeLoG Project and 72% of accuracy is obtained in identifying and recommending NPA and the performance of resources were optimized by 59% by decreasing their load.
Equilibrium shape of Si.

Small voids are formed in Si by MeV He implantation and annealing. We measure the equilibrium shape of these voids and hence extract the surface energy curve γ(θ) for Si. γ(111) is the global minimum, with γ(100)≃1.1 γ(111) and all other cusps on the surface being relatively small. The experimental γ(θ) is compared with theoretical predictions and earlier experiments. Step energies obtained from dγ/dθ are ≃28±10 meV/atom on (100) and ≃140±20 meV/atom on (111); these values are compared with scanning tunneling microscopy experiments
T-cell infiltration of primary CNS lymphoma

We stained 13 primary CNS lymphomas (PCNSLs) (six from patients with AIDS, seven from immunocompetent patients) with a panel of antibodies to T cells (pan T cell [CD3], T helper cell [CD4], T suppressor cell [CD8], delta/Delta cell [CD4minus 8minus]), B cells (CD20), hematopoietic cells (T200), and NK cell (CD56). We estimated the percentage of tumor cells staining with each antibody. All tumors were B-cell lymphomas. The non-AIDS tumors showed a significant infiltration with CD3plus cells (mean of 10.82% of total cells). The AIDS patients' tumors showed a smaller percentage of CD3plus infiltrating cells (mean, 4 88% of total cells) (p less than 0.01) CD4plus cells were 9.11% of the total hematopoietic cells in the non-AIDS patients and 3.13% in AIDS patients (p less than 0.01). AIDS patients showed some CD8plus cells (0.3%), which was significantly higher than in immunocompetent patients (0%) (p less than 0.05). Very few tumor cells stained with the NK cell and delta/Delta cell markers. Both immunocompetent and AIDS patients with PCNSL exhibit significant CD3plus and CD4plus cell infiltration of their tumors, this infiltration is significantly lower in AIDS patients. AIDS patients show a minor CD8plus cell infiltration of their tumors. These results on PCNSL are different from systemic lymphomas, which show a higher CD4 and CD8 cell infiltration, and may offer insights into the more aggressive nature of AIDS-related PCNSL. NEUROLOGY 1996;46: 440-444
The Numbers of FoxP3+ Lymphocytes in Sentinel Lymph Nodes of Breast Cancer Patients Correlate With Primary Tumor Size but Not Nodal Status

Regulatory T cells, lymphocytes marked by expression of the transcription factor Forkhead Box Protein P3 (FoxP3), inhibit the activation of tumor-specific T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Immunohistochemical analyses of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) from 104 breast cancer patients showed a significant association (p = .0028, Pearson correlation) between the number of FoxP3+ cells and the size of primary breast invasive ductal carcinoma. In contrast, there was no correlation between the number of FoxP3+ cells and the presence of SLN metastases, or other clinicopathological parameters. These results suggest the presence of an immune suppressive environment in SLNs of larger tumors.
Body Image, Race, and Fashion Models

The perceived effects of advertising on body-image factors were tested in both Black and White college-age women. After seeing magazine ads that portrayed either Black fashion models or White fashion models, respondents rated perceived effects of these ads on body-image factors. The effects were rated on self, on other Black women on campus, and other White women on campus. When projecting perceived effects on others—of the same race or a different race—both Blacks and Whites indicated that media effects would be maximal when the race of the model matched the race of the respondent. However, when rating perceived effects on self, whereas Blacks identified strongly with Black models, there was no significant difference in the way Whites identified with fashion models of either race. The results are examined within the framework of social distance and social identification.
Toward understanding dog evolutionary and domestication history Histoire de la domestication du chien

Dog domestication has probably started very early during the Upper paleolithic period ( 35,000 BP), thus well before any other animal or plant domestication. This early process, probably unconscious, is called proto-domestication to distinguish it from the real domestication process that has been dated around 14,000 BC. Genomic DNA analyses have shown recently that domestication started in the Middle East and rapidly expanded into all human populations. Nowadays, the dog population is fragmented in several hundreds of breeds well characterized by their phenotypes that offer a unique spectrum of polymorphism. More recent studies detect genetic signatures that will be useful to highlight breed history as well as the impact of domestication at the DNA level. 2011 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
E‐cadherin expression in invasive non‐lobular carcinoma of the breast and its prognostic significance

Background : E‐cadherin is a cell adhesion molecule that is expressed in normal breast tissue and is often considered useful as a phenotypic marker in breast cancer diagnosis, with absence of its expression frequently observed in tumours of lobular subtype. However, the clinicopathological and prognostic value of E‐cadherin in the more frequent non‐lobular types of breast carcinoma is unclear.
Uremic acidosis and protein metabolism

Mechanisms causing loss of lean body mass in uremia include an inability to activate metabolic adaptations to a low-protein diet caused by anorexia, or other factors. The adaptations include decreased degradation of essential amino acids and protein. Metabolic acidosis activates specific pathways which increase catabolism by mechanisms that include stimulation of genes. The inability to adapt to dietary protein restriction causes loss of lean body mass.
Clinical Patterns of Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Pure Amygdalar Atrophy

Summary: Purpose: MRI volumetric measurements (MRIvol) have been proven reliable in determining mesial temporal atrophy in patients with TLE. We attempted to correlate the clinical features with different patterns of hippocampal formation (HF) and amygdala (AM) atrophy in patients with TLE without foreign tissue lesion.
BESYO ÖĞRETİM ELEMANLARININ ADANMIŞLIK DÜZEYLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ

Bu arastirmanin amaci, BESYO ogretim elemanlarinin adanmislik duzeylerini belirlemektir. Arastirmanin orneklemini, 2013–2014 Egitim-Ogretim yilinda 29 devlet universitesi BESYO'larda gorev yapan 430 ogretim elemani olusturmaktadir. Calismada veri toplama araci olarak orijinali Celep (2000) tarafindan gelistirilmis ve gecerlilik- guvenilirlik calismasi yapilmis olan, dort alt boyutlu 5'li dereceleme tipi “Egitim Orgutlerinde Ogretmenlerin Orgutsel Adanmisligi” olcegi kullanilmistir. Arastirmaya katilan ogretim elemanlarinin ogretmenlik meslegine adanma, ogretim islerine adanma ve calisma grubuna adanma alt boyutlari puanlarinda erkeklerin lehine anlamli farklilik ortaya cikarken yas ve kidem degiskenleri arasinda anlamli bir farklilik ortaya cikmamistir (p > 0.05). Arastirma sonucunda; arastirma gorevlilerinin orgutlerine karsi yuksek duzeyde adanmislik hissettikleri belirlenmistir.
Effect of ligand troglitazone on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression and cellular growth in human colon cancer cells.

AIM To investigate the effect of troglitazone on pe-roxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) expression and cellular growth in human colon cancer HCT-116 and HCT-15 cells and to explore the related molecular mechanism. METHODS Human colon cancer HCT-116 and HCT-15 cells cultured in vitro were treated with troglitazone. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot were employed to detect the effect of troglitazone on PPARgamma expression. The proliferative activity was determined by MTT assay, cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. Apoptosis-related genes, cell cycle regulatory genes and p53 were examined by RT-PCR and Western blot respectively. RESULTS The expression of PPARgamma in colon cancer HCT-116 and HCT-15 cells was up-regulated by troglitazone. Troglitazone inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis and cell cycle G1 arrest in colon cancer cells. Troglitazone induced p53 expression in HCT-116 cells, but not in HCT-15 cells. The down-regulation of survivin and bcl-2 was found in both cell lines and up-regulation of bax was found only in HCT-116 cells, being consistent with growth inhibition in HCT-116 cells but not in HCT-15 cells. Troglitazone increased expression of p21(WAF1/CIP1) (p21), p27(KIP1) (p27) and reduced cyclin D1 in HCT-116 cells while only a minor decrease of cyclin D1 was found in HCT-15 cells. CONCLUSION Troglitazone is an inductor of PPARgamma in colon cancer cells and inhibits PPARgamma-dependently proliferation, which may attribute to cell cycle G1 arrest and apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Troglitazone may induce p53-independent apoptosis and p53-dependent expression of p21 and p27. Depending on cell background, different activation pathways may exist in colon cancer cells.
A Randomized Experiment of the Split Benefit Health Insurance Reform to Reduce High-Cost, Low-Value Consumption

Traditional cost sharing for health care is stymied by limited patient wealth. The “split benefit” is a new way to reduce consumption of high-cost, low-value treatments for which the risk/benefit ratio is uncertain. When a physician prescribes a costly unproven procedure, the insurer could pay a portion of the benefit directly to the patient, creating a decision opportunity for the patient. The insurer saves the remainder, unless the patient consumes. In this paper, a vignette-based randomized controlled experiment with 1,800 respondents sought to test the potential efficacy of the split benefit. The intervention reduced the odds of consumption by about half. It did so regardless of scenario (cancer or cardiac stent), type of split (rebate, prepay, or health savings account), or amount of split (US$5,000 or US$15,000). Respondents viewed the insurer that paid a split as behaving fairly, as it preserved access and choice. Three-quarters of respondents supported such use in Medicare, which did not depend on political party affiliation. The reform is promising for further testing since it has the potential to decrease spending on low-value interventions, and thereby increase the value of the health care dollar.
Research on a Novel High-Power Semi-Insulating GaAs Photoconductive Semiconductor Switch

A photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) with a gap of 10 mm was fabricated from 0.6-mm deep semiinsulating GaAs. The reflecting film has been made on the electrode surface, and the antireflection film has been made on the opposite surface. The PCSS was triggered by a laser pulse with an incident optical energy of 5.4 mJ, a wavelength of 1064 nm, and an optical pulsewidth of 25 ns. At a bias voltage of 6 kV, the calculated ON-state resistance of the PCSS with a reflecting film and an antireflection film was only 0.61 Ω. To increase the photocurrent of the PCSS, a PCSS with an interdigital electrode has been made, at a bias voltage of 2 kV, and the ON-state resistance was 0.35 Ω.