Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Polarizabilities of the 87 Sr clock transition

In this paper, we propose an in-depth review of the vector and tensor polarizabilities of the two energy levels of the 87Sr clock transition whose measurement was reported in [P. G. Westergaard et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 210801 (2011)]. We conduct a theoretical calculation that reproduces the measured coefficients. In addition, we detail the experimental conditions used for their measurement in two Sr optical lattice clocks, and exhibit the quadratic behaviour of the vector and tensor shifts with the depth of the trapping potential and evaluate their impact on the accuracy of the clock.
Mortality factors in a cyclic vole population

The causes of cyclic fluctuations in microtine rodent populations are still a bone of contention. In particular, the actual causes of mortality in the different phases of the 3-4-year vole are an enigma. We present results from studies of radio-collared voles (Microtus agrestis, M. rossiaemeridionalis and Clethrionomys glareolus), which show that small mustelid predation was the major mortality factor of voles in the decline phase, but had less importance in the increase phase of the 3-year population cycle. After the initial decline in the non-breeding season (winter), vole-kill rate from predators increased to a point where mortality substantially exceeded the reproductive capacity of microtine prey. Our results suggest that predators may alone cause a decline in the density of these vertebrate-prey populations.
ULTRASTRUCTURE, HISTOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION, AND FREEZE‐FRACTURE IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY OF GAP JUNCTIONS IN RAT BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

The historical development of concepts of gap junctions as sites for electrical, ionic, and metabolic coupling is reviewed, from the initial discovery of gap junctions linking heart cells, to the current concepts that gap junctions represent ‘electrotonic synapses’ between neurons. The ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry of gap junctions in heart, brain, and spinal cord of adult rats is examined using conventional thin sections, negative staining, grid‐mapped freeze‐fracture replicas, and immunogold‐labeled freeze‐fracture replicas. We review evidence for neuronal gap junctions at ‘mixed’ (combined electrical and chemical) synapses throughout adult rat spinal cord. We also show immunogold labeling of connexin43 in astrocyte and ependymocyte gap junctions and of connexin32 in oligodendrocyte gap junctions. Ultrastructural and freeze‐fracture immunocytochemical methods have provided for definitive determination of the number, size, histological distribution, and connexin composition of gap junctions between neurons in all regions of the central nervous systems of vertebrate species.
Are temporary anchorage devices truly effective in the treatment of skeletal open bites?

Objective: The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of temporary anchorage devices (TADs) in the treatment of skeletal open bites and to compare the results with untreated controls. Materials and Methods: A total of forty patients with skeletal anterior open bites were assigned to two groups of twenty each. The mean chronological age for the treatment group (14 female, 6 male) was 16.68 ± 2.80 years old, compared with 16.63 ± 2.83 years old for the control group (11 female, 9 male). Titanium miniplates fixed bilaterally to the infrazygomatic crest area were used as TADs and intrusive forces were applied to the posterior teeth with Ni-Ti coil springs. The treatment and normal growth changes were evaluated using 24 measurements (2 angular, 22 linear). Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the groups in Bx, By, Sn/GoGn, Ax-Bx, U6x, U6y, overjet, overbite, SN/OccP, N-Me, Ans-Me, S-Go/N-Me, interpremolar width, and intermolar width (P < 0.05). In the treatment group, statistically significant upper molar intrusion (mean ± standard deviation [SD], 3.59 ± 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.96–4.22), posterior rotation of the occlusal plane (mean ± SD, 3.42 ± 2.17; 95% CI, 2.39–4.43), anterior rotation of the mandible (mean ± SD, 2.25 ± 1.91; 95% CI, 1.36–3.14), and resultant overbite improvement (mean ± SD, 4.82 ± 1.53; 95% CI, 4.10–5.53) were found (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Mild to moderate skeletal anterior open bites could easily be treated with TADs without orthognathic surgery. With the rigid anchorage of miniplates, true molar intrusion of up to 4 mm was achieved. With molar intrusion, anterior rotation of the mandible and a significant reduction in anterior face height were determined.
Equity Carve-Outs and Revelation of Information about Wealth Effects

Using a sample of equity carve-outs offered over the period of 1985-2015, we find out the time at which the market can know the effects of an equity carve-out on the wealth of existing shareholders. In equity carve-outs, the parent holds a significant fraction of the carved-out subsidiary. Contrary to conventional IPOs, investors can trade in parent’s stock in the non-rationed market during the book-building period of the carve-out. This unique characteristic let the market pre-empt the initial return to the subsidiary shares. We find that the major information regarding the initial returns of the subsidiary is observable in the share returns of the parent firm during the book-building period of the carve-out IPO. Our analysis reveals that this is the time (book-building period) when the market can know the wealth effect of the carve-out on the existing shareholders.
Lymph node assessment in cervical cancer: Prognostic and therapeutic implications

Lymph node status is not part of the staging system for cervical cancer, but provides important information for prognosis and treatment. This article reviews the incidence and patterns of lymph node metastasis, and the issues surrounding surgical assessment of lymph nodes. The preoperative assessment of lymph nodes by imaging, as well as the intraoperative assessment by sentinel nodes will be discussed. Finally, the prognostic and therapeutic implications of lymphadenectomy in cervical cancer will be reviewed. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:242–247. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stroke Education Materials on the World Wide Web: An Evaluation of Their Quality and Suitability

Abstract Web-based information is a valuable resource for people affected by stroke, however its accuracy and quality have been questioned. In this study, 30 stroke education websites were reviewed using accountability, readability, and reliability measures. Fifteen consumers and 11 health professionals evaluated six sites in terms of their design, content, and ease of use. The websites mostly met accountability criteria, but their reliability scores were low and their readability was high. Consumers’ opinions were consistently higher than health professionals’, but scores indicated their preferences for particular websites, especially in terms of design. The importance of considering consumers’ preferences when designing and recommending websites is highlighted.
Corporate governance and cost of capital: evidence from Pakistani listed firms

This thesis investigates the effectiveness of Corporate Governance (CG) reforms in Pakistan. Using a sample of 160 Pakistani firms from 2003 to 2013 and governance data collected manually from the annual reports, this thesis investigates seven closely related and important corporate issues that are related to the compliance of governance rules. Specifically, it aims to : (i) investigate the degree of CG compliance with 2002 Pakistani Code of CG (PCCG); (ii) determine whether the introduction of 2002 PCCG has improved Pakistani CG practices; (iii) investigate the determinants of CG compliance and disclosure for Pakistani listed firms; (iv) test the nexus between CG compliance with the 2002 PCCG and firms’ cost of capital (COC); (v) investigate the impact of different individual CG mechanisms on listed firms COC; (vi) examine how different ownership structures impact on firms’ COC; and (vii) analyse relationship between CG structures and Cost of Equity (COE) as well as Cost of Debt (COD) for Pakistani listed firms. These empirical investigations report some important results. First, the reported findings suggest that Pakistani firms have responded positively to governance disclosure requirements over the eleven year period from 2003 to 2013. The results also show that the introduction of the PCCG in 2002 has improved CG standards by Pakistani listed firms. Second, the reported results related to the determinants of CG compliance demonstrate that significant and positive association between institutional, government and foreign ownership with CG compliance. However, findings relating to the determinants of CG compliance show a negative and significant association between board size and block ownership with CG compliance and disclosure. The study finds no significant relationship between director ownership, audit firm size and the presence of female board members with the constructed Pakistan Corporate Governance Index (PCGI). Third, the investigation on the relationship between CG and COC report a significantly negative nexus between PCGI and firms’ COC. The investigation on the association between ownership structures and COC report a negative and significant nexus between block ownership with firms’ COC. Further, a number of robustness analyses performed in this study suggest that the empirical results reported in this study are generally robust to the alternative CG variables, alternative COC variables and potential endogeneity problems.
Intertemporal Market Risks and the Cross–Section of Greek Average Returns

This article examines whether the overall market risk, along with risks reflecting uncertainty related to the long–run dynamics of market cash flows (dividends) and discount rates (returns), price average returns on single–sorted portfolios in the Greek stock market. Our results suggest that a two–beta intertemporal capital asset pricing model explains half of the cross–sectional variation in average returns and delivers an economically and statistically acceptable estimate of the coefficient of relative risk aversion. Despite the relative importance of market discount–rate risk, it is market dividend–growth risk that turns out to be far more significant in determining average returns on Greek portfolios.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, FOREIGN OWNERSHIP AND STOCK PRICE SYNCHRONICITY: EVIDENCE FROM BORSA ISTANBUL

This study investigates the impact of corporate governance and foreign ownership on the flow of firm-specific information to stock prices in Turkey. This study contributes to the existing literature by examining the relation between governance, ownership and stock price synchronicity that describes firm level information asymmetry and transparency in Turkey. We examine the effects of CEO duality, board independence, board size and foreign ownership on the amount of firm-specific information incorporated into share prices, as measured by stock price synchronicity, for listed firms in Borsa Istanbul 100 Index over 2009–2014 period. We support the view that the R square value in one of the emerging stock markets, Turkey is relatively high. We find that firms with better corporate governance, more independent directors in the board and higher foreign ownership have more firm-specific information incorporated into stock prices and less stock price synchronicity.
Bush Blitz aids description of three new species and a new genus of Australian beeflies (Diptera, Bombyliidae, Exoprosopini)

Abstract Bush Blitz is a three-year multimillion dollar program to document the plants and animals in hundreds of properties across Australia’s National Reserve System. The core focus is on nature discovery – identifying and describing new species of plants and animals. The Bush Blitz program has enabled the collection and description of beeflies (Diptera, Bombyliidae) from surveys in Western Australia and Queensland. Three new species of Australian beeflies belonging to the Exoprosopini are described; Palirika mackenziei Lambkin sp. n. , Palirika culgoafloodplainensis Lambkin sp. n. , and Larrpana bushblitz Lambkin sp. n. Phylogenetic analysis of 40 Australian exoprosopine species belonging to the Balaana generic-group Lambkin & Yeates 2003 supports the placement of the three new species into existing genera, and the erection and description of the new genus Ngalki Lambkin gen. n. for Ngalki trigonium (Lambkin & Yeates 2003) comb. n. Revised keys are provided for the genera of the Australian Balaana genus-group and the species of Palirika Lambkin & Yeates, 2003 and Larrpana Lambkin & Yeates 2003. With the description of the three new species and the transferral of Munjua trigona Lambkin & Yeates 2003 into the new genus Ngalki Lambkin gen. n. , three genera are rediagnosed; Munjua Lambkin & Yeates 2003, Palirika and Larrpana.
The safety of 6-mercaptopurine for childbearing patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS 6-mercaptopurine/azathioprine is effective in IBD patients. However, data regarding toxicity associated with pregnancy are lacking, raising both patients' and physicians' concerns and sometimes resulting in elective abortion. METHODS To evaluate potential toxicity of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), we reviewed the records of 485 patients who had received the drug. We contacted 462, of whom 155 had conceived at least 1 pregnancy after developing IBD. Pregnancies were analyzed as to whether the patient had taken 6-MP before, or at the time of, conception. These were compared with IBD patients who had their pregnancies before taking 6-MP. We collected data on live births, spontaneous abortions, prematurity, abortions secondary to birth defects, major and minor congenital birth defects, infections, and neoplasia. Outcomes were analyzed comparing pregnancies from men and women who had taken or were currently taking 6-MP to controls. RESULTS There was no statistical difference in conception failures (defined as a spontaneous abortion), abortion secondary to a birth defect, major congenital malformations, neoplasia, or increased infections among male or female patients taking 6-MP compared with controls (RR = 0.85 [0.47-1.55], P = 0.59). CONCLUSIONS 6-MP use before or at conception or during pregnancy appears to be safe. Discontinuation of the drug before and during pregnancy is not indicated.
Strategic Entrepreneurship and Intellectual Capital as Determinants of Organizational Performance: Empirical Evidence from Iran Steel Industry

The present paper is aimed to develop and validate a model for testing the relationships between Intellectual capital, strategic entrepreneurship and organizational performance. A researcher-designed questionnaire was used for collecting data from 322 managers in 129 small and medium firms. Structural modeling techniques were applied for data analysis. The results show that intellectual capital and strategic entrepreneurship have considerable effect on competitive advantages and organizational performance. This study can help to understand the factors which influence organizational performance especially in dynamic and turbulent environments.
Risk factors for anterior disc displacement with reduction and intermittent locking in adolescents.

AIMS To test the hypothesis that oral parafunctions and symptomatic temporomandibulair joint (TMJ) hypermobility are risk factors in adolescents for both anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDR) and intermittent locking. METHODS Participants were two hundred sixty 12- to 16-year-old adolescents (52.3% female) visiting a university clinic for regular dental care. ADDR and symptomatic TMJ hypermobility were diagnosed using a structured clinical examination. During the anamnesis, reports of intermittent locking and of several parafunctions were noted, eg, nocturnal tooth grinding, diurnal jaw clenching, gum chewing, nail biting, lip and/or cheek biting, and biting on objects. The adolescents' dentitions were examined for opposing matching tooth-wear facets as signs of tooth grinding. Risk factors for ADDR and intermittent locking were first assessed using univariate logistic regression and then entered into a stepwise backward multiple model. RESULTS While in the multiple model, ADDR was weakly associated only with increasing age (P = .02, explained variance 8.1%), intermittent locking was weakly correlated to diurnal jaw clenching (P = .05, explained variance 27.3%). CONCLUSION In adolescence, diurnal clenching may be a risk factor for intermittent locking while age may be a risk factor for ADDR. Symptomatic TMJ hypermobility seems to be unrelated to either ADDR or to intermittent locking.
Information Exchange and Fusion in Dynamic and Heterogeneous Distributed Environments

Context awareness, dynamic reconfiguration at runtime and heterogeneity are key characteristics of future distributed systems, particularly in ubiquitous and mobile computing scenarios. The main contributions of this dissertation are theoretical as well as architectural concepts facilitating information exchange and fusion in heterogeneous and dynamic distributed environments. Our main focus is on bridging the heterogeneity issues and, at the same time, considering uncertain, imprecise and unreliable sensor information in information fusion and reasoning approaches. A domain ontology is used to establish a common vocabulary for the exchanged information. We thereby explicitly support different representations for the same kind of information and provide Inter-Representation Operations that convert between them. Special account is taken of the conversion of associated meta-data that express uncertainty and impreciseness. The Unscented Transformation, for example, is applied to propagate Gaussian normal distributions across highly non-linear Inter-Representation Operations. Uncertain sensor information is fused using the Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence as it allows explicit modelling of partial and complete ignorance. We also show how to incorporate the Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence into probabilistic reasoning schemes such as Hidden Markov Models in order to be able to consider the uncertainty of sensor information when deriving high-level information from low-level data. For all these concepts we provide architectural support as a guideline for developers of innovative information exchange and fusion infrastructures that are particularly targeted at heterogeneous dynamic environments. Two case studies serve as proof of concept. The first case study focuses on heterogeneous autonomous robots that have to spontaneously form a cooperative team in order to achieve a common goal. The second case study is concerned with an approach for user activity recognition which serves as baseline for a context-aware adaptive application. Both case studies demonstrate the viability and strengths of the proposed solution and emphasize that the Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence should be preferred to pure probability theory in applications involving non-linear Inter-Representation Operations.
Women’s Health Initiative clinical trials: interaction of calcium and vitamin D with hormone therapy

ObjectiveThis study aims to test the added value of calcium and vitamin D (CaD) in fracture prevention among women taking postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT). MethodsThis is a prospective, partial-factorial, randomized, controlled, double-blind trial among Women’s Health Initiative postmenopausal participants aged 50 to 79 years at 40 centers in the United States with a mean follow-up of 7.2 years. A total of 27,347 women were randomized to HT (0.625 mg of conjugated estrogens alone, or 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogens plus 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate daily), and 36,282 women were randomized to 1,000 mg of elemental calcium (carbonate) plus 400 IU of vitamin D3 daily, each compared with placebo. A total of 16,089 women participated in both arms. The predefined outcomes were adjudicated hip fractures and measured bone mineral density. ResultsInteraction between HT and CaD on hip fracture (P interaction = 0.01) was shown. The effect of CaD was stronger among women assigned to HT (hazard ratio [HR], 0.59; 95% CI, 0.38-0.93) than among women assigned to placebo (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.85-1.69). The effect of HT on hip fracture was stronger among women assigned to active CaD (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.28-0.66) than among women assigned to placebo (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.60-1.26). CaD supplementation enhanced the antifracture effect of HT at all levels of personal calcium intake. There was no interaction between HT and CaD on change in hip or spine bone mineral density. ConclusionsPostmenopausal women at normal risk for hip fracture who are on CaD supplementation experience significantly reduced incident hip fractures beyond HT alone at all levels of personal baseline total calcium intake.
Foreign Bank Identity: Does it Matter for Credit Growth?

This paper provides robust evidence that the home country identity of a foreign-owned bank is an important consideration for credit growth. Among the set of foreign-owned banks we find significant differences in loan growth between banks from advanced than emerging source countries during the Global Financial Crisis. Further, we provide evidence that the regulatory framework prevailing in the home country is correlated with loan growth in the host economy. We show that foreign-owned banks from source countries with higher capital regulatory requirements were associated with significantly less loan growth pre-crisis, but provided a buffer during the crisis.
Partially successful treatment of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease: Case report and literature review

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is rarely associated with Hodgkin's disease (HD). We report a case of nodular sclerosis HD in a patient previously diagnosed with CLL. Reed‐Sternberg cells were CD15+ and CD30+. He was treated with dose‐escalated CHOP and at relapse, mitoxantrone, vinblastine, and CCNU (MVC) with partial response to the former and complete response to the latter, although the patient died 15 months later. Data from 88 other similar cases published in the English language were analyzed. Based on the histological and clinical features at the time of transformation, these patients were divided into distinct categories for analysis. Prognosis was found to be poorer in patients with continued active CLL when compared with those with CLL in remission at the time of transformation to HD. It is suggested that these two presentations may derive from different pathogenic mechanisms. Am. J. Hematol. 72:267–273, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potential for standardization and guidelines of product and production features of electric drives: Aggregation of survey results for possible electric drive standardization features

This paper comprises survey results regarding product standardization features on three different levels, namely component, product feature and engineering level. For example temperature sensor features or electric and mechanical interface properties at component level. Preferred dimensions and noise-vibration-harshnes limits are examples of the product feature level. And finally unitized definitions of parameters and technical terms are examples of the engineering level. On the production side, properties of semi-finished products, tools, process capabilities and parameters as well as manufacturing equipment properties have been examined. The developed standardization ideas are ranked by their effectiveness regarding improvement of safety aspects, cost reduction potential, implementation horizon and industrial priority. The survey methodology and a summary of the most promising approaches will be presented in this paper.