Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cefepime Intravenous Push Versus Intravenous Piggyback on Time to Administration of First-Dose Vancomycin in the Emergency Department

Study Objective: The combination of cefepime and vancomycin is commonly used as an empiric antimicrobial regimen. Time to first-dose antibiotics is associated with survival benefit. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether cefepime intravenous push (IVP) is associated with a shorter time to vancomycin administration in the emergency department (ED) compared with cefepime intravenous piggyback (IVPB) infusion. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of records of patients who were treated with the vancomycin–cefepime combination in the ED. Results: A total of 1071 charts from April 2013 to January 2015 were reviewed. Included in the pre-(IVBP) group was 536 subjects and 535 subjects in the post-(IVP) group. The indications for antibiotic therapy were sepsis alone (28.3%), pneumonia alone (30.7%), sepsis with pneumonia (36.5%), and other (4.6%). The median time from administration of cefepime to vancomycin were 63.5 minutes and 2.0 minutes in the IVPB and IVP cohorts, respectively (P < .001). Conclusion: The use of first-dose cefepime IVP in the ED resulted in a statistically significant decrease in time to vancomycin administration of over 1 hour.
Modeling the Budgetary Costs of FHA's Single Family Mortgage Insurance

This paper presents the simulation model that the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) uses to project the budgetary costs of the Federal Housing Administration’s (FHA’s) single-family mortgage insurance program. CBO simulates defaults, recoveries, and prepayments on cohorts of mortgages insured by FHA with key parameters estimated from a dataset of FHA-insured mortgages. Those simulations are used to estimate the loan guarantees’ subsidy rates, which are the lifetime cost of FHA’s insurance claim payments minus fees, expressed as a percentage of the original loan amounts. The simulations are also used to estimate the balance in FHA’s capital reserve account, which reflects the sum of all past subsidies plus accumulated interest. As of the end of fiscal year 2013, CBO estimates that the loan guarantees issued between 1992 and 2013 contributed $3 billion to FHA’s capital reserves, $73 billion less than the amount those loan guarantees would have contributed based on their originally estimated subsidy rates. That large decline is mostly the result of the downturn in the housing market that began in 2007 and the severe recession that followed. The estimates reflect a combination of realized gains and losses to date and the expected gains or losses over the remaining life of the loan guarantees, but there is considerable uncertainty about the amount of any future gains or losses. Using its model to quantify that uncertainty, CBO finds that ninety percent of the simulated lifetime contributions of those loan guarantees to the capital reserve account are between negative $28 billion and positive $26 billion. Present budgetary procedures for calculating the subsidy rates do not fully account for the cost of the risk that the government bears. If costs were projected on a fair-value basis, which more closely corresponds to the economic costs by using market prices of comparable insurance, subsidy rates would be notably higher. For example, loan guarantees for fiscal years 2014 and 2015 are projected to have a weighted average subsidy rate of negative 5.5 percent under current budgetary treatment and have a small positive subsidy rate on a fair-value basis.
Rethinking the supply chain: an automotive perspective

This paper contends that the description of tiering within automotive supply chains is likely to require redefining in light of the development of modular supply and that a natural consequence of modular supply will be the transfer of value‐adding activity throughout the supply chain. Two concepts are presented to illustrate the characteristics that are likely to be required for suppliers to succeed within a modular environment. These concepts are applied to a supply chain currently in the process of accommodating modular supply. The findings suggest that whilst modularity accrues a number of tangible benefits to both the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) buyer and the modular supplier, the skills required to become a modular supplier are likely to result in a number of first‐tier suppliers either exiting the industry or becoming second or third‐tier suppliers.
Mobile phone technologies improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment in a resource-limited setting: a randomized controlled trial of text message reminders.

Methods: Four hundred and thirty-one adult patients who had initiated ART within 3 months were enrolled and randomly assigned to a control group or one of the four intervention groups. Participants in the intervention groups received SMS reminders that were either short or long and sent at a daily or weekly frequency. Adherence was measured using the medication event monitoring system. The primary outcome was whether adherence exceeded 90% during each 12-week period of analysis and the 48-week study period. The secondary outcome was whether there were treatment interruptions lasting at least 48 h.
Multidetector CT urography with abdominal compression and three-dimensional reconstruction.

849 ainless hematuria is one of the most important warning signs of urologic malignancy, and whereas its causes are numerous, including benign entities, more ominous diagnoses must be excluded by urologic and radiologic evaluation. With the development of helical and, more recently, multidetector CT, unenhanced CT has largely replaced excretory urography in the evaluation of patients presenting with possible renal colic. In most institutions, however, excretory urography remains the mainstay in evaluating patients who present with painless hematuria. Multidetector CT is ideally suited for dynamic multiphase scans and allows the acquisition of Multidetector CT Urography with Abdominal Compression and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Lawrence C. Chow 1 and F. Graham Sommer
Exaggerated acoustic startle reflex in Gulf War veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.

OBJECTIVE Exaggerated startle reflex is reputed to be one of the cardinal symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The goal of this study was to assess the magnitude of the acoustic startle reflex in Gulf War veterans with PTSD. METHOD The eye-blink component of the startle reflex was measured in response to six blocks of pseudorandomized 40-msec white noise bursts of varying intensities (90, 96, 102, 108, and 114 dB) in 10 Gulf War veterans with PTSD, seven Gulf War veterans without PTSD, and 15 civilian subjects without PTSD. RESULTS The magnitude of the first startle response, as well as the magnitude of startle response averaged across blocks of testing, was significantly greater in Gulf War veterans with PTSD than in veteran and civilian comparison groups. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with some clinical studies investigating the startle response in Vietnam veterans with PTSD, this investigation provides evidence for exaggerated startle response in this disorder. Preclinical studies of shock sensitization of the startle response suggest that the higher levels of startle response seen in the PTSD subjects may reflect a sensitization of the fear/alarm response created by the stress of combat trauma.
Endogenous stages of Choleoeimeria baltrocki (Daszak et Ball, 1991) n. comb. infecting the gall bladder of gold skink, Eumeces schneiderii Daudin, 1802 from Egypt

Examination of 98 gold skink, Eumeces schneiderii Daudin, 1802 from Alexandria and Marsa-matroh Governorates, Egypt revealed oocysts of Choleoeimeria baltrocki (Daszak et Ball, 1991) n. comb. in the gall bladder and faeces. The prevalence of the infection was 40.8%. Sporulated oocysts were found in the faeces and the gall bladder contents. Sporulated oocysts were tetrasporocystic, cylindrical, reaching a mean of 38.7 (36–42) × 19.9 (17–25) μm with bilayered smooth and colourless wall. The dizoic sporocysts were subspherical and measuring 10.8 (9.5–13) × 9.3 (8–10.5) μm with a large globular sporocyst residuum. Sporocyst wall was bilayered joined by meridional suture. Sporozoites were crescent-shaped, blunt at one end and slightly tapered at the other. Endogenous stages (meronts, gamonts, gametes and young oocysts) were confined to the gall bladder epithelium and the infected cells were hypertrophied. Based on the morphological features of the exogenous stages and endogenous development of the present parasite, its generic affiliation was revised and placed into the genus Choleoeimeria.
THE ORIGIN OF LAND PLANTS.

Where you can find the origin of land plants easily? Is it in the book store? On-line book store? are you sure? Keep in mind that you will find the book in this site. This book is very referred for you because it gives not only the experience but also lesson. The lessons are very valuable to serve for you, that's not about who are reading this origin of land plants book. It is about this book that will give wellness for all people from many societies.
MEDIA MANAGEMENT AT SPORT EVENTS FOR DESTINATION PROMOTION: CASE STUDIES AND CONCEPTS

The imputed links between media coverage of sport events and induced demand for host cities and destinations are discussed. Because it is so difficult to prove a causal link between media coverage and new demand, attention to improving media management of events is warranted. In this research case studies of media management for sport events in Gold Coast, Australia, were employed to assess stakeholder collaboration and media management methods. Practical implications are derived, and concepts are advanced for improved media management. In particular, the need for, and methods of, coordinated co-branding of events and destinations are examined. Research needs and priorities are identified, with specific reference to a hypothetical consumer decision-making model.
Milk and Lactose Intolerance in Healthy Orientals

Nineteen of 20 healthy Oriental adults living in the United States developed abdominal cramps and diarrhea after ingesting an amount of lactose equivalent to that in one quart of milk; 14 reported similar symptoms after one or two glasses of milk; all had consumed milk as infants without having such symptoms. Two of 20 Caucasians tested were intolerant to milk and lactose. Many Orientals therefore may have a genetically determined lactase deficiency that may lead to intolerance to milk. Since lactase deficiency is also common among Negroes, the bulk of the world's adult population is probably intolerant to milk.
The Antiplatelet Effect of Clopidogrel Decreases With Patient Age

Recent data suggest that clopidogrel-mediated platelet inhibition is age dependent. However, so far the effect of age on adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-inducible platelet reactivity has only been investigated by test systems measuring surrogate markers of platelet aggregation. We therefore sought to study the impact of age on platelet inhibition by clopidogrel by whole-blood flow cytometry. Platelet surface P-selectin expression, activated glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa, and monocyte–platelet aggregate (MPA) formation were determined by flow cytometry in 302 patients with dual antiplatelet therapy after successful angioplasty and stenting. Patient age was independently associated with ADP-inducible P-selectin expression, GPIIb/IIIa, and MPA formation (all P < .05). Moreover, platelet surface expressions of P-selectin and activated GPIIb/IIIa were significantly higher in patients ≥75 years compared with younger patients (both P ≤ .004). Likewise, MPA formation was significantly more pronounced in patients ≥75 years (P = .02). Finally, high P-selectin and high GPIIb/IIIa were significantly more frequent in patients ≥75 years compared with younger patients (both P < .001). Further, high MPA ADP occurred more frequently in patients ≥75 years compared to younger patients (P < .05). In conclusion, the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel decreases with patient age.
Managerial competence and non-performance of small firms in a developing economy

Executives of small firms in developing economies have the competences to make their firms competitive. Their inability to use their competences to simultaneously attain efficiency and effectiveness in managing their workplaces render them noncompetitive. This observation is made following a study that examines the competence challenges of executives of small firms and their non-performance in the Ghanaian industrial environment. Data were collected by surveying 72 executives using questionnaires. The result shows that executives of small firms in Ghana possess the managerial competences and behaviors to enhance the performances of their firms. The executives show a high level of autonomy and influence on the work they manage by appreciably combining their operant competences and their organizational citizenship behaviors. Yet still, despite the executives exhibiting competence and organizational behavior attributes, these characteristics appear not to have positive impacts on their performances toward making their firms competitive. For the executives to be efficient, they should have the capability to use their managerial competences for conducting research optimally (i.e., without wastage) in order to achieve organizational goals. Also, for executives to be effective, they should have the capability to use their requisite competences in carrying out research to complement their other managerial competences toward attaining the firm’s set goals.
Visual rehabilitation rate after isolated descemet membrane transplantation: descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate visual rehabilitation after Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) in the management of corneal endothelial disorders. METHODS In this prospective, nonrandomized, clinical study, DMEK was performed in a first group of 35 consecutive patients with either Fuchs endothelial dystrophy or bullous keratopathy. The Descemet membrane was stripped from the recipient posterior stroma with the anterior chamber completely filled with air. Using a 3.0-mm clear corneal incision, an organ-cultured donor Descemet roll 9 to 10 mm in diameter was inserted into the recipient anterior chamber, positioned on the posterior stroma, and secured by completely filling the anterior chamber with air for 45 to 60 minutes. RESULTS Ten eyes had preexisting ocular disease or an early graft detachment. In the remaining 25 DMEK-treated eyes, best-corrected visual acuity was 20/40 (Snellen notation, 0.5) or more in 18 eyes (72%) within 1 month. At 3 months, best-corrected visual acuity was 20/40 (0.5) or more in 23 of 25 eyes (92%) and 20/25 (0.8) or more in 15 of 25 eyes (60%). CONCLUSIONS In most cases, DMEK results in functional visual rehabilitation within 1 to 3 months. Overall, visual recovery after DMEK may be faster and more complete than with other techniques for (lamellar) keratoplasty for treatment of corneal endothelial disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00521898.
IDENTIFYING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HIGH‐ AND LOW‐INVOLVEMENT EXPORTERS

This article contrasts the export characteristics of high‐ and low‐involvement exporters in the Scottish food and beverage industry. Firms which derive more than 50 per cent of their turnover from export activity are designated as “high‐involvement” exporters while firms with a lesser dependence upon exporting are designated as “low‐involvement” exporters. Following an examination of the influence of organisational factors on export involvement, the two groups of firms are compared in terms of nine descriptors of export activity. Significant differences are established with regard to a number of export characteristics which are discussed in the light of previous evidence on export involvement.
Endogenously Determined CEO Turnover: The Struggle for Continuance in Listed and Unlisted Firms

This paper examines the relationship between performance and CEO turnover in Spanish listed and large unlisted firms for the period 1998-2004. Following the Bover and Arellano (1997) approach, we carry out a dynamic binary choice model where the decision to replace a CEO includes lags of the dependent variable, previous performance, and previous changes in the chairman position as endogenous determinants of this governance intervention. We find that for both listed and unlisted firms, previous performance changes are negatively correlated with CEO turnover. Furthermore, listed and unlisted firms follow different paths when taking decisions linked to CEO replacements: whereas unlisted firms are less likely to replace a recently hired CEO, listed companies appear more impatient. Finally, ownership concentration and the presence of banks are also important determinants of CEO turnover decisions, but only for listed firms. Our results give support to the growing call by academics who highlight the importance of controlling endogeneity to correctly examine the determinants of governance interventions.
What are the health risks of untreated snoring without obstructive sleep apnea?

BACKGROUND Self-reported snoring has long been associated with cardiovascular disease. Prevailing explanations assumed that snoring was a marker for unmeasured obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which often is associated with intermittent hypoxia, sleep fragmentation, hypercapnia, and large negative intrathoracic pressure fluctuations, all of which may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease through sympathetic activation, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Snoring without OSA has been relegated to status as a social nuisance without health implications; however, recent studies suggest that snoring without OSA may contribute independently to cardiovascular disease and mortality. Our objective is to examine the potential health risks of snoring without OSA.
A Knightian Analysis of the Viability of a Lifetime Annuity Market in Australia

The ageing of Australia’s population and the maturing of the Australian Superannuation Guarantee Levy system means that there will be greater amounts of funds available to retirees to fund their retirement income needs. A guaranteed lifetime annuity is often cited as the ideal solution for the majority of retirees to convert their lump sums at retirement to a lifetime income. This paper considers issues relating to the creation of a viable guaranteed lifetime annuity market from both the buyer’s and the seller’s perspective within a Knightian risk management framework and concludes the inherent risks for buyers and sellers are just too high. The paper concludes that without some government intervention in the market, it is unlikely a sustainable lifetime annuity market will develop in Australia.
Developing an effective concept testing program for consumer durables

Recent empirical research studies of the new product development process indicate little marketing research is done in the early stages of the process to determine the degree of buyers' interest in the new product idea. Concept testing is a research technique designed to provide this sort of early, market-based input. The literature and theory about concept testing is oriented towards packaged goods, but durable goods manufacturers can find concept testing especially useful. There, the substantial investment involved in the tooling to make prototypes can be saved if concept tests indicate future buyers have little interests in the product. Albert Page and Harold Rosenbaum describe the development and use of an effective concept testing procedure for durable goods by Sunbeam Appliance Company that is particularly appropriate for the presentation of product concepts that are more complicated than consumer packaged goods. The procedure has wide applicability to other types of durable products, so its use is illustrated in detail with the description of its application in a complete concept testing study.
Assessing the Quality of Industrial Products

P RODUCT QUALITY has long been recognized as one product attribute of great importance in the buying process. Both consumers and industrial buyers must decide whether the quality of a given product will satisfy their particular buying requirement. It is difficult to discuss industrial marketing without focusing on the concept of product quality. 1 In industrial organizations, product specifications represent one way of dealing with the assessment of minimum levels of required product quality. The question to be investigated in this article is whether other informational cues-specifically, product price and country of manufacture-influence the industrial buyer's perception of product quality. Findings of this research have important implications for industrial marketing managers as well as for professional purchasing managers.
Analysis of knowledge influences in Ghana's capital market development

In recent times, public awareness, knowledge and participation in capital market activities have become critical to effective capital markets development in an effort to overcome the problem of low levels of products innovation and liquidity. This study seeks to assess the contribution of public awareness and knowledge in participation in capital market activities with respect to effective capital market development in Ghana. The study uses a Chi-square test and descriptive analysis to explore the relevant variables in the study. The results revealed that majority of the respondents have some knowledge and awareness about capital market activities, but low level of Financial Literacy, thus resulting in Low level capital market participation. Other factors like schooling, the media, social interventions and one’s profession are critical to the promotion of knowledge, awareness and capital market activities. The implication is that the government, through the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE), should address these critical factors to enhance Ghana’s capital market development.
Corporate social reporting for different audiences: the case of multinational corporations in Spain

The objective of this research is twofold: first, to analyze descriptively the type of social information disclosed and the degree to which multinational corporations (MNCs) disclose it, and second, to empirically test whether there are differences in the reporting policy of this type of company according to the audience (global or local), and to discover the factors that explain these differences. A sample of 26 non-Spanish MNCs operating in Spain was selected from the Spanish Merco reputation index in the period 2004–2007. The results show that there are very significant differences in the degree of disclosure and the type of social information reported by MNCs for each audience, and that a company's visibility and resources, in this order, are relevant factors in explaining these differences. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.