Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Concept of "Value" in the Theory of Marketing

This paper discusses the use of the term of “value” in the framework of marketing. Analysis of the literature ledus to the conclusion that it is necessary to consider the term of “value” in the framework of marketing as aseparate category of marketing theory, which includes a whole group of concepts. The basis for our findingsserved as the analysis of the definition of “value” in the disciplines included in the multi-disciplinary marketingdatabase. The paper suggests that the price is not a marketing measure for “value”. In addition, the paper outlinesfurther research aimed at the development and systematization of the concepts included in the category of “value”in marketing.
Knowledge and Obedience: The Developmental Status of the Binding Theory

There is a widespread view concerning the acquisition of binding, which holds that young children do not have knowledge of Principle B of the binding theory (BT) (see Lust (1986) for a review). In this article we challenge this position. We argue that the evidence merely shows that children do not reliably obey Principle B. It does not show that they do not know it. Where the evidence makes it possible to disentangle knowledge from obedience, it is possible to show that children do know Principle B, and probably obey it whenever other more pressing concerns do not interfere with their performance. The issue of whether children have knowledge of Principle B is a central one for theoretical research into language acquisition. The overall conclusion of linguistic research into the binding theory has been that its principles are essentially universal, with room for parametric variation (for instance, in the domain of binding; see Manzini and Wexler (1987)). The most straightforward developmental interpretation is thus that children are innately endowed with the necessary knowledge and should show command of the binding theory from the beginning. A number of acquisition studies, however, have concluded that children will violate Principles B and/or C some significant percentage of the time. They have also concluded that children follow the dictates of Principle B later than they follow those of Principle A, and this has led researchers to propose that Principle B is acquired, or develops, later. One kind of response to this puzzle maintains the standard grammatical theory and
Semi-Solid Processing of Chocolate and Cocoa Butter: The Experimental Correlation of Process Rheology with Microstructure

This paper reports experimental observations on changes in process rheology caused by successive processing of chocolate and cocoa butter in a semi-solid state. Experiments were carried out using a multi-pass rheometer where successive extrusion passes were used with different time delays between each pass. The results show that both chocolate and cocoa butter are sensitive to process history. Additional microstructural data was obtained by using an in situ X-ray facility coupled to the multi-pass rheometer and results obtained using this technique indicate that the process rheology changes are coupled with matching changes in the amount of crystal phase present.
Demorgaphy of the Tribal Groups of Rajasthan: 5. Dynamics of Family Planning Methods Usage

Abstract In the present study an attempt has been made to appraise women’s knowledge of contraceptive methods and also the usage of family planning methods among tribal groups of Rajasthan. Knowledge of contraceptive methods is widespread among all population groups, particularly the permanent methods. However, usage of contraceptives is not that widespread. Among all the methods, the most commonly used are the permanent methods especially tubectomy. This is followed by IUDs.
The 2001 Skyros, Northern Aegean, Greece, earthquake sequence: off ‐ fault aftershocks, tectonic implications, and seismicity triggering

The Mw = 6.4 July 26, 2001 Skyros (North Aegean, Greece) earthquake struck the submarine western end of Northern Aegean Sea causing damage in the nearby Skyros Island. It occurred on a left‐lateral NW‐SE trending strike slip fault, oriented transverse to the dominant dextral strike‐slip faults that are present in the area, appearing to mark the boundary between them and the E‐W trending normal faults of the Greek mainland. Foreshock activity started 5 days before the mainshock, and intense aftershock activity followed on the main rupture plane and off fault. The seismogenic structure consists of three clusters with different orientation, independent from the known normal and dextral strike‐slip faults. Theoretical static stress changes from the main shock suggests off‐fault aftershock triggering, providing a tool for assessing the seismic hazard ensuing from strong aftershocks far from the main rupture.
Dilatancy Relation for Overconsolidated Clay

Abstract A distinct feature of overconsolidated (OC) clays is that their dilatancy behavior is dependent on the degree of overconsolidation. Typically, a heavily OC clay shows volume expansion, whereas a lightly OC clay exhibits volume contraction when subjected to shear. Proper characterization of the stress-dilatancy behavior proves to be important for constitutive modeling of OC clays. This paper presents a dilatancy relation in conjunction with a bounding surface or subloading surface model to simulate the behavior of OC clays. At the same stress ratio, the proposed relation can reasonably capture the relatively more dilative response for clay with a higher overconsolidation ratio (OCR). It may recover to the dilatancy relation of a modified Cam-clay (MCC) model when the soil becomes normally consolidated (NC). A demonstrative example is shown by integrating the dilatancy relation into a bounding surface model. With only three extra parameters in addition to those in the MCC model, the new model and t.
SERVICE QUALITY AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AMONG DOMESTIC AIR PASSENGERS IN NIGERIA

This study examines the relationship between airlines service quality and customer satisfaction among domestic air passengers in Nigeria. The study applied quantitative approach through a cross–sectional survey using a closeended self-completion questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed based on a modified SERVQUAL model containing five service quality dimensions namely check-in process, in-flight services, reliability, responsiveness and baggage handling services. A five-point Likert scale was used with following options; much better than expected, better than expected, just as expected, worse than expected and much worse than expected, with five different scores assigned in descending order from 5 to 1 respectively A sample of 400 respondents was selected using a stratified random sampling techniques. The copies of questionnaire were administered to the respondents at the departure lounge of Lagos, Abuja and Kano airports in Nigeria respectively. The findings reveal that there is no significant relationship between check-in process and customer satisfaction among domestic airlines in Nigeria. However, the study established that there is a significant relationship between the four service quality attributes (in-flight services, reliability, responsiveness and baggage handling services) and customer satisfaction. Consequently, it is recommended that domestic airlines should introduce continuous training on good customer relations, remaining responsive and proactive as well as ensuring on-time departure and arrival, while maintaining safety and well-being of the passengers. The study also suggests that airlines should consider forming strategic flight alliance domestically in order to provide for flights availability and adequate market coverage in an attempt to enhance service reliability
Environmental tax differentiation between industries and households - implications for efficiency and employment: a multi-sector intertemporal CGE analysis for Germany

This paper investigates the economic impacts of environmental tax reforms designed to reach given emission reduction targets for the German economy. Our focus is on the efficiency and employment implications of alternative schemes for emission tax differentiation between the production sector and the household sector. We point out that strong tax discrimination in favor of the production sector may cause substantial excess costs. Differences in the emission tax base and the respective ease of emission mitigation across the production sector and the household sector are shown to play a crucial role for explaining our results.
A case of infestation by Limnotrachelobdella okae (Hirudinida: Piscicolidae) on Japanese Amberjack Seriola quinqueradiata cultured in Kyushu, Japan

2001年1月に大分県津久見市四浦地先の津久見湾で養殖されていたブリSeriola quinqueradiataの体表にヒダビルLimonotrachelobdella okaeの寄生を認めた。 1984～1986年と1990～2007年の21年間に実施された大分県沿岸の海産魚の魚病診断で14,000尾以上のブリが検査されたが，本例が唯一のヒダビル寄生であった。 また，寄生を受けていたブリは2000年12月に瀬戸内海中央部にある養魚場から搬入されたものであった。 これらのことから，ヒダビルはブリの移動に伴って津久見湾に持ち込まれたと推測された。
Clinical Trials of New Drug Products: What Gets Compared to Whom

Two of the most controversial aspects of phase III clinical trial design are the choice of the control group(s) and the choice of the outcome variable(s). Each of these choices has overlapping scientific and ethical ramifications, and the tension between maximizing scientific validity on the one hand, and protecting the rights and welfare of the human participants in the trial on the other, is the main source of the controversy. The intensity of the debate is increased whenever these choices are motivated not by scientific or ethical principles, but are driven by conflicts of interest. And so it comes to pass that in testing the safety and efficacy of new drug products, when study design choices are made more to achieve rapid market approval than to accurately assess safety and efficacy, thereby putting the welfare of both the trial participants and future patients at risk, the public and its advocates will recoil. In this paper, we study two issues of this kind: the use of placebo controls when an established intervention for the condition under consideration exists, and the use of surrogate outcome measures. There is a rich and growing literature on both of these topics and we will have little to contribute to a greater theoretical understanding of either of them. Our aim is to point to the ethical ramifications of these choices in the context of clinical trials of new drug products, and to suggest how these choices may be better made to serve public health interests. What is to come is portended by the observation that, “In the United States, the long tradition of leaving to the pharmaceutical industry the task of evaluating the efficacy and safety of its products has permitted manufacturers to make study design choices that largely determine the shape of the answers eventually provided by the trials” (Psaty and Weiss, 2007, p. 330).
Fiscal Transfers in a Monetary Union with Sovereign Risk

This paper investigates the welfare and economic stabilization properties of a fiscal transfers scheme between members of a monetary union subject to sovereign spread shocks. The scheme, which consists of cross-country transfer rules triggered when sovereign spreads widen, is incorporated in a two-country model with financial frictions. In particular, banks hold government bonds in their portfolios, being exposed to sovereign risk. When this increases, a drop bank’s equity value forces them to contract credit and to raise lending rates at the same time as they retain funds to build up their net worth. I show that, when domestic fiscal policy is not distortionary, fiscal transfers improve welfare and macroeconomic stability. This is because fiscal transfers can reduce banks’ exposure to government debt, freeing credit supply to the private sector. On the contrary, when domestic fiscal policy is distortionary, fiscal transfers cause welfare losses, despite stabilizing the economy. This result arises because the distortions caused by funding the scheme outweigh the positive effects of fiscal transfers in smoothing the adjustment of the economy hit by the shock.
The UK Met Office global circulation model with a sophisticated radiation scheme applied to the hot Jupiter HD 209458b

We would like to thank Jonathan Tennyson and Travis Barman for insightful discussions. This work is partly supported by the European Research Council under the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013 Grant Agreement No. 247060-PEPS and grant No. 320478-TOFU). DSA acknowledges support from the NASA Astrobiology Program through the Nexus for Exoplanet System Science. NM acknowledges funding from the Leverhulme Trust via a Research Project Grant. JM and CS acknowledge the support of a Met Office Academic Partnership secondment. DH acknowledges funding from the DFG through the Collaborative Research Centre SFB 881 “The Milky Way System”. The calculations for this paper were performed on the University of Exeter Supercomputer, a DiRAC Facility jointly funded by STFC, the Large Facilities Capital Fund of BIS, and the University of Exeter.
Gradation Effects Influencing Mechanical Properties of Aggregate Base–Granular Subbase Materials in Minnesota

Aggregate gradation effects on strength and modulus characteristics of aggregate base–granular subbase materials used in Minnesota are described. The importance of specifying proper aggregate grading or particle size distribution has long been recognized for achieving satisfactory performance in pavement applications. In the construction of dense-graded unbound aggregate base–subbase layers, well-graded gradation bands were often established years ago on the basis of the experience of the state transportation agency and may not have a direct link to mechanical performance. To improve specifications for superior performance targeted in the mechanistic–empirical pavement analysis and design framework, there is a need to understand how differences in aggregate gradations may affect unbound aggregate base–subbase behavior for site-specific design conditions. Aggregates with different gradations and material properties were compiled in a statewide database established from a variety of sources in Minnesota. Analyses showed nonunique modulus and strength relationships for most aggregate base and especially subbase materials. Laboratory resilient modulus and shear strength results were analyzed for critical gradation parameters by common gradation characterization methods. The most significant correlations were between a gravel-to-sand ratio (proposed based on ASTM D2487-11) and aggregate shear strength properties. Aggregate compaction (AASHTO T99) and resilient modulus characteristics could also be linked to the gravel-to-sand ratio and verified with other databases in the literature. The gravel-to-sand ratio can be used to optimize aggregate gradations for improved base–subbase performances primarily influenced by shear strength.
Comparison phenotypic and genotypic identification of Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine mastitis

In addition to Staphylococcus aureus nowadays other coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), earlier considered of minor importance, are now accepted as relevant pathogens for humans and animals. The involvement of these microorganisms in bovine mastitis etiology and the possibility their transmission through milk to humans justify the requirement of developing reliable methods for identification of the most frequent species among them. The purpose of this study was to compare the phenotypic techniques with the genotypic method carried out by sequencing of the rpoB gene in identification of several species of the genus Staphylococcus isolated from bovine mastitis. A total of 300 staphylococci isolates of bovine mastitis cases from several Brazilian dairy herds were studied by phenotypic and genotypic techniques, respectively: 150 CoPS and 150 CoNS strains. A total of 18 CoNS different species and 4 CoPS species were identified. Among the CoNS the following species were recognized: 48 (32%) Staphylococcus warneri, 22(15%) S. epidermidis, 20(13%) S. hyicus, 10(7%) S. xylosus, 7(5%) S. haemolyticus, 6(4%) S. simulans, 6(4%) S. schleiferi subsp schleiferi, 6(4%) S. hominis, 5(3%) S. pasteuri, 4(2.7%) S. cohnii, 3(2%) S. saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus 3(2%) S. chromogenes 3(2%) S. sciuri, 2(1%) S. saccharolyticus, 2(1%) S. lugdunensi, 1(0,7%) S. auricularis, 1(70%) S. saprophyticus subsp. bovis, 1(0.7%) S. capitis. And among the 150 CoPS were identified respectively: 105 (70%) S. aureus, 21(14%), S. hyicus, 19(13%) S. intermedius e 5(3%) S. schleiferi subsp coagulans. Considering the 150 CoNS isolates, the identifications performed by phenotypic and genotypic tests presented 96.7% of concordance, kappa coefficient of agreement = 0.933, SE (standard error) of kappa=0.021 (95% confidence interval: 0.893 to 0.974), Pearson7;s correlation coefficient (r) = 0.9977, (confidence interval 95%: 0.9938 a 0.9992) and in relation to 150 CPS isolates it was detected an agreement of 98.7%, kappa = 0.960, SE of kappa = 0.016, (95% confidence interval: 0.929 to 0.992) Pearson7;s correlation coefficient (r) = 0.9994 (95% confidence interval: 0.9681 to 1.0000). The verified agreement strength between the identification methods can be considered as excellent. These results assure that according to laboratory resources any of them will be suitable to perform the staphylococci identification.
Effects of dietary supplementation of chitosanon dry matter intake and blood parametersfor dry dairy cows

Twenty multiparous Holstein dry cows were divided randomly into four dietary groups differing in the dosage of chitosan supplementation being 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% of diet dry matter for the control, treatment I, II and III, respectively. Experimental diets were fed from 60 d before expected calving through 15 day in milk. Mean dry matter intake of each group cows was not signifi cantly different (P>0.05). Chitosan increased (P<0.05) the concentrations of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA and IgM) in the serum of dried cows after a feeding period of 60 days. It is suggested that chitosan could be used as an immunostimulant for dry dairy cows. Concentrations of glucose in plasma of group II and III were greater (P<0.05) than that of control and group I. Concentration of nonesterifi ed fatty acids in experimental groups was signifi cantly lower (P<0.05) than that of a control group. Supplementation of 0.2% chitosan signifi cantly increased β-hydroxybutyric acid concentration in plasma.
Tax Avoidance and Dupont Measures of Future Performance

To date, there is mixed evidence on the implications of tax avoidance on firm value as measured by Tobin’s q or stock price reactions. The take-away from prior literature is that increased opportunities for rent extraction associated with tax avoidance (e.g., in low governance firms), might negatively affect the after-tax value of the firm. We revisit this topic by investigating the association between tax avoidance and firm fundamentals (leverage, profitability, and asset utilization), using DuPont analysis. We document that tax avoidance unambiguously lowers future pretax accounting rates of return (i.e., return on equity, return on net operating assets, and return on operating assets), largely due to inefficient utilization of operating assets and operating liabilities. These results also hold in different contexts that mitigate rent extraction, including when firms have foreign operations and good governance.
Mechanisms of Damage Involved in Small Intestinal Tract Caused by Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly used type of drugs, as they are very effective as antiinflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic. Their use has increased dramatically over the years even without a medicalprescription¸however the use of NSAIDs is limited due to the adverse effect in the gastrointestinal tract, heart and kidney. Thisresearch work is focused on the adverse effect in the gastrointestinal tract. The mechanisms involved in gastric damage caused byNSAIDs are well known compared to those in the intestinal area. Research on NSAID-induced intestinal damage is very limited,despite its higher mortality rate, partially due to the difficulty of reaching this area. Therefore, this review mentions some of themechanisms involved in small intestinal damage to help as a reference to continue doing research about new strategies to come upwith an effective clinical therapy.
The pelagic food web in forest lakes affected by alkaline mining waste in NW Russia

The wastewaters of an iron mining company in NW Russia have changed the water quality in some forest lakes to be hard with a high pH, in contrast to the soft water and low pH in natural lakes. Two impacted lakes and a reference lake were sampled once in early August in three successive years for water quality, plankton communities, and fish. The concentrations of potassium, lithium, and sulphate were high in the impacted lakes. Total phosphorus was low (~ 10 µg L -1 ) in all lakes. The primary producers' biomass and chlorophyll a content in the impacted lakes were high because of high densities of autotrophic picocyanobacteria (Synechococcus spp.). All planktonic communities showed a changed taxa composition and lower species richness. Zooplankton was predominantly Rotatoria in all the lakes. In the impacted lakes, Cladocera was represented by Bosmina, and Copepoda by small cyclopoids. The most obvious substance to be harmful to some planktonic species was potassium. The high pH and high mineral content of the water obviously lower both the toxicity and the bioavailability of heavy metals in the impacted lakes.
Optical forces and trapping potentials of a dual-waveguide trap based on multimode solid-core waveguides

We propose a novel design of the dual-waveguide trap for trapping and Raman identification of microscopic particles and biological objects in a fluid. The device is based on two embedded Si3N4 waveguides launching counterpropagating beams into the fluidic channel of a lab-on-chip. For waveguides with a square cross-section of 1 μm2, a 5 μm gap between them and a 785 nm operation wavelength, we perform finite-difference time-domain simulations of the beam profiles and the trapping forces acting on polystyrene beads (diameter 0.2-1.4 μm). The forces reach values up to 16 pN/W for a bead diameter of 1.4 μm, indicating that the trap is very suitable for trapping of particles in a fluidic environment. This is confirmed by the trapping potentials deduced from the force curves. The design of waveguides and chip is completely compatible with glass-based microfluidic technology, thus enabling mass production and widespead application, contrary to previous approaches.
On advantage of seeing text and hearing speech

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of congruence between the sensory modality through which a concept can be experienced and the modality through which the word denoting that concept is perceived during word recognition. Words denoting concepts that can be experienced visually (e.g. “color”) and words denoting concepts that can be experienced auditorily (e.g. “noise”) were presented both visually and auditorily. We observed shorter processing latencies when there was a match between the modality through which a concept could be experienced and the modality through which a word denoting that concept was presented. In visual lexical decision task, “color” was recognized faster than “noise”, whereas in auditory lexical decision task, “noise” was recognized faster than “color”. The obtained pattern of results can not be accounted for by exclusive amodal theories, whereas it can be easily integrated in theories based on perceptual representations. This article has been corrected. Link to the correction 10.2298/PSI1602211E