Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predictors of HIV-1 serostatus disclosure: a prospective study among HIV-infected pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

ObjectivesTo examine the socio-demographic and behavioral factors predictive of women's disclosure of an HIV-positive test result in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. DesignFrom April 1995 to May 2000, 1078 HIV-positive pregnant women participated in an ongoing randomized trial on micronutrients and HIV-1 vertical transmission and progression. Disclosure to a partner or to a female relative was assessed 2 months after post-test counseling and at 6 monthly follow-up visits. Socio-demographic, health, behavioral and psychological factors were measured at baseline and during follow-up. MethodsPredictors of time to disclosure of HIV serostatus were determined using Cox proportional hazards regression models. ResultsPrevalence of disclosure to a partner ranged from 22% within 2 months to 40% after nearly 4 years. Women were less likely to disclose to their partners if they were cohabiting, had low wage employment, had previously disclosed to a female relative, or reported ever-use of a modern contraceptive method. Women reporting fewer than six lifetime sexual partners or knowing someone with HIV/AIDS were more likely to disclose to their partners. Disclosure to a female relative was predicted by knowing more than two individuals with HIV/AIDS, full economic dependency on their partner, high levels of social support, and prior attendance at a support group meeting. ConclusionsA substantial proportion of HIV-infected pregnant women never disclosed their result to a partner or a close female relative. Lack of disclosure may have limited their ability to engage in preventive behaviors or to obtain the necessary emotional support for coping with their serostatus or illness.
The Neighbourhood Effects of New Immigration

Since the early 1990s global migration flows have become larger in scale and more varied in form. In the UK, controversy has surrounded this new phase of migration and it has often been assumed to be having a detrimental affect on the well-being of settled residents. Yet, there is dearth of information about the impacts of new immigration and what evidence does exist is curiously place-less, making it difficult to say anything about local effects. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap in understanding by outlining a framework to support the exploration of neighbourhood effects of new immigration. At its heart lies a commitment to three types of explanation for geographical variations in local experiences of new immigration: the individuals living in a place; the opportunity structures apparent in the local environment; and the sociocultural features of local communities.
The Influence of Servant Leadership on Organization Culture, Organizational Commitment, Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Employees’ Performance (Study of Outstanding Cooperatives in East Java Province, Indonesia)

The purposes of this research to investigate the influence of Servant Leadership to Organization Culture, Organizational Commitment, OCB and Employees’ Performance on Outstanding Cooperatives in East Java Province. Samples were collected amount 249 employees as unit samples. 30 managers as informant were asked to answer Employees’ Performance variable. Servant Leadership, Organization Culture, Organization Commitment and OCB variables were answered by employees. Structural Equal Modeling is used as a technique of analysis. The research findings: Servant Leadership influences to Organization Culture, Organizational Commitment, and Employees’ Performance significantly, but not to OCB; Organization Culture influences to OCB and Employees’ Performance significantly; Organizational Commitment influences to OCB significantly, but not to Employees’ Performance; OCB influences to Employees’ Performance significantly. The dominant indicators contribute to variables are: people orientation to Servant Leadership, power distance to Organization Culture, continuance commitment to Organizational Commitment, civic virtue to OCB, and individual attitude to Employees’ Performance. Servant Leadership encouraging employees easier, conducting their tasks better and building the organization values thus employees done their job well, honest and increasing their performance. Managers should be more empower themselves to help fellow workers help others voluntarily, fostering sportsmanship, altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, and civic virtue of the employees.
Effect of different levels of dietary zinc, manganese, and copper from organic or inorganic sources on performance, bacterial chondronecrosis, intramuscular collagen characteristics, and occurrence of meat quality defects of broiler chickens.

The aim of the experiment was to assess the effects of 2 dietary levels of trace minerals (TM) zinc, manganese, and copper either from organic (OTM) or inorganic (ITM) sources on broiler performance, carcass traits, intramuscular collagen (IMC) properties, occurrence of hock burns (HB), foot pad dermatitis (FPD), femoral and tibia head necrosis, and breast muscle abnormalities (white striping, WS; wooden breast, WB; poor cohesion, PC). A total of 3,600 one-day-old male chicks were randomly assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (9 replicates of 100 birds/dietary treatment). Birds were slaughtered at 31 (thinning) and 51 d of age. Body weight, daily weight gain (DWG), feed intake, feed conversion rate (FCR), and mortality were determined. A significant effect of the source of TM supplementation was found only in 51-day-old chickens. Birds of the OTM groups were heavier (P < 0.05), with a higher (P < 0.05) DWG and a better FCR (P < 0.05) compared with those of the ITM groups. OTM significantly reduced the lesion scores of femoral head (P = 0.004) and total leg (femur + tibia, P = 0.02) compared to ITM, which is mainly caused by the reduction of the percentages of femoral head transitional degeneration (FHT, P = 0.04) and femoral head necrosis (FHN, P = 0.07). Carcass traits were similar among the experimental groups. No alleviating effect of TM administration on the incidence of FPD and HB in 31- and 51-day-old chickens was found. Similarly, the occurrence and the degrees of WS and WB in 51-day-old chickens was affected neither by the doses nor by the source of TM supplied. IMC characteristics of broiler pectoral muscle were not affected (P > 0.05) by the different sources and doses of TM administrated.
Careers in the third sector

The article explores the concept of career as it relates to third-sector employees. The results of a survey of third-sector employees in New South Wales, Australia, suggests a distinctive pattern of work orientation involving a preference for work that is both personally challenging and socially meaningful. Pragmatic considerations are also important for women with young children. These and other findings suggest that the majority of third-sector employees pursue a career that more closely fits Driver's spiral career model rather than the conventional linear career model. It therefore behooves nonprofit employers to tailor the organizational reward system to the motivational needs of their employees if they hope to maximize worker satisfaction and effectiveness.
High dendritic expression of Ih in the proximity of the axon origin controls the integrative properties of nigral dopamine neurons

The hyperpolarization‐activated cation current Ih is expressed in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra, but the subcellular distribution of the current and its role in synaptic integration remain unknown. We used cell‐attached patch recordings to determine the localization profile of Ih along the somatodendritic axis of nigral dopamine neurons in slices from young rats. Ih density is higher in axon‐bearing dendrites, in a membrane area close to the axon origin, than in the soma and axon‐lacking dendrites. Dual current‐clamp recordings revealed a similar contribution of Ih to the waveform of single excitatory postsynaptic potentials throughout the somatodendritic domain. The Ih blocker ZD 7288 increased the temporal summation in all dendrites with a comparable effect in axon‐ and non‐axon dendrites. The strategic position of Ih in the proximity of the axon may influence importantly transitions between pacemaker and bursting activities and consequently the downstream release of dopamine.
Contribution of fungal spores to particulate matter in a tropical rainforest

The polyols arabitol and mannitol, recently proposed as source tracers for fungal spores, were used in this study to estimate fungal contributions to atmospheric aerosol. Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) was collected at Jianfengling Mountain, a tropical rainforest on Hainan Island situated off the south China coast, during spring and analyzed for arabitol and mannitol by high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). The average concentrations of arabitol and mannitol exhibited high values with averages of 7.0 and 16.0 ng m − 3 respectively in PM2.5 and 44.0 and 71.0 ng m − 3 in PM10. The two tracers correlated well with each other, especially in the coarse mode aerosol (PM2.5 − 10), indicating they were mainly associated with coarse aerosol particles and had common sources. Arabitol and mannitol in PM10 showed significant positive correlations with relative humidity, as well as positive correlations with average temperature, suggesting a wet emissions mechanism of biogenic aerosol in the form of fungal spores. We made estimations of the contribution of fungal spores to ambient PM mass and to organic carbon, based on the observed ambient concentrations of these two tracers. The relative contributions of fungal spores to the PM10 mass were estimated to range from 1.6 to 18.2%, with a rather high mean value of 7.9%, and the contribution of fungal spores to organic carbon in PM10 ranged from 4.64 to 26.1%, with a mean value of 12.1%, implying that biological processes are important sources of atmospheric aerosol.
PENGEMBANGAN KONSEP MARKET PERFORMANCE

Market Performance adalah bagian kinerja pemasaran. Konsep ini menunjukkan keefektifan, presentasi, atau keatraktifan pasar suatu produk perusahaan. Konsep market performance yang ada sekarang mempunyai tiga kelemahan. Pertama, ukuran variabel yang digunakan seharusnya return on sales, bukan return on investment Kedua, pengukuran tingkat kinerja pasar seharusnya dilakukan pada setiap variabel secara terpisah, bukan pengukuran menyeluruh standar kinerja pasar total. Ketiga, pengukuran kenaikan atau penurunan nilai variabel adalah subyektif, tergantung pada pendpat setiap manajer pemasaran atau direktur perusahaan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengemukakan konsep market performance lebih lanjut dengan menghilangkan tiga kelemahan tersebut.
A Key Ecological Trait Drove the Evolution of Biparental Care and Monogamy in an Amphibian

Linking specific ecological factors to the evolution of parental care pattern and mating system is a difficult task of key importance. We provide evidence from comparative analyses that an ecological factor (breeding pool size) is associated with the evolution of parental care across all frogs. We further show that the most intensive form of parental care (trophic egg feeding) evolved in concert with the use of small pools for tadpole deposition and that egg feeding was associated with the evolution of biparental care. Previous research on two Peruvian poison frogs (Ranitomeya imitator and Ranitomeya variabilis) revealed similar life histories, with the exception of breeding pool size. This key ecological difference led to divergence in parental care patterns and mating systems. We present ecological field experiments that demonstrate that biparental care is essential to tadpole survival in small (but not large) pools. Field observations demonstrate social monogamy in R. imitator, the species that uses small pools. Molecular analyses demonstrate genetic monogamy in R. imitator, the first example of genetic monogamy in an amphibian. In total, this evidence constitutes the most complete documentation to date that a single ecological factor drove the evolution of biparental care and genetic and social monogamy in an animal.
Do stronger intellectual property rights induce more agricultural trade?: a dynamic panel data model applied to seed trade

Do stronger intellectual property rights (IPRs) induce more agricultural trade? Based on panel data for 60 countries during 1990-2000 and using a dynamic panel data model, this article assesses whether and how national differences in IPRs affect the trade flow of planting seeds imports from the United States. The empirical results show that whether or not a country adheres to IPRs agreements has no discernible impact on planting seeds that are imported from the United States, implying that the strengthening of IPRs seems not to induce more agricultural trade. This result sheds some light on the debate in the theoretical literature on the importance of IPRs and trade. Copyright 2006 International Association of Agricultural Economists.
Attitudes to Public Expenditure and Their Relationship to Voting Preferences

THERE has been a great deal of interest shown in the growth of public expenditure among recent publications. This interest has mainly been concerned with investigations of the possible causes of this expansion and with predictions of future trends and their economic and political implications. It seems most likely that the total expenditure of a government is affected by a whole series of factors which interact with one another. Klein’ has argued that among the major influences are demographic changes in society (for example the growing number of retired and elderly), competitive pressures between government departments who may measure their success by their own expansion, and finally party political competition. I t is to the last of these factors that the present paper payi particular attention. While many would agree with Downs* that expenditures and taxation are a government’s principal policy tools it is not clear whether these can be used to maximize political support or that they have a major impact on voting behaviour. Observers and advocates of the political business cycle3 take the view that some of the interventions of government which modify the level of unemployment and the rate of price increases are carried out in an attempt to increase the administration’s popularity, especially among ‘floating voters’, when an election approaches. However, these changes may be a function of the preferences the politicians feel the voters have rather than a reaction to the actual views and attitudes of the electorate. This may also be true of changes in fiscal policy: few would disagree that income tax reductions are generally well received but the question of how people react to such changes in public expenditure are less clear cut; whether they are likely to affect the behaviour of the ‘floating voter’ is open to doubt. If public spending policies are in some way important to the general public there are at least two important criteria that have first to be satisfied:
Student Outcomes at University in Australia: A Quantile Regression Approach

Students’ success during their first year at university is largely influenced by their university entrance score. Personal characteristics and secondary school characteristics also impact on success. This paper uses quantile regression to investigate how the effects of these factors vary along the grade distribution. It finds that the factors which influence grades have a more pronounced impact on the success of low-achieving students than on that of high-achieving students. These results have implications for student selection and also for the way scholarships may be used to attract talented high school students.
Reverse Country-of-Origin Effects of Product Perceptions on Destination Image

Via two experiments, the authors meld research in travel destination image (TDI) and country-of-origin image (COI) to investigate whether consumers’ perceptions of a country’s products influence their perceptions of the country as a travel destination. In the first experiment, the authors show that reverse COI effects may occur, where participants use product beliefs to imbue destination beliefs. More positive product beliefs lead to more favorable perceptions of and greater intentions to tour the destination. The second experiment follows on to show that destination familiarity may moderate the product beliefs–destination beliefs relationship established in the first study. As familiarity increases, participants rely less on product beliefs to evaluate the destination. A key implication for exporters, tourism policy makers, and tourism businesses is that foreign products not only are competing with each other for domestic customers but also are competing through their products for a share of the outbound tourism market.
Bortezomib Retreatment in Relapsed Multiple Myeloma – Results from a Retrospective Multicentre Survey in Germany and Switzerland

Objectives: This multicenter, retrospective survey evaluated the efficacy and safety of bortezomib retreatment in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma who had responded to initial bortezomib treatment. Methods: Clinical records of 94 patients receiving bortezomib retreatment in Germany and Switzerland were reviewed. Results: Sixty patients were included according to prespecified criteria. Patients had received a mean 3.7 ± 2.3 therapies prior to initial bortezomib. Overall response rate to bortezomib retreatment was 63.3%; 8 (13.3%), 3 (5.0%) and 27 (45.0%) patients achieved complete response (CR), near-CR and partial response, respectively. Response to retreatment was associated with response to initial treatment (75.0% of patients with CR to initial treatment responded to retreatment) and treatment-free interval (TFI) after initial treatment (76.9 vs. 38.1% overall response rate for patients with TFI >6 vs. ≤6 months). After retreatment, median time to progression was 9.3 months. Median TFI was 5.7 months; 31.7, 25.0 and 15.0% of patients experienced a TFI longer than 6, 9 and 12 months, respectively. Reported adverse drug reactions were consistent with the known safety profile of bortezomib and most resolved completely. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that relapsed multiple myeloma patients who respond to initial bortezomib treatment have a sustained susceptibility to bortezomib and do not experience uncommon toxicity to retreatment.
Assessment of the Sasakawa Africa Fund for Extension Education in Ghana

In sub-Saharan Africa approximately 125,000 extension workers hold either certificates or diplomas. Only about 25,000 hold degrees from universities. Many start their careers in extension with a weak understanding of agricultural science and the strategies to transfer education to farmers. This study assessed the Sasakawa Africa Fund for Extension Education (SAFE) program regarding the perceived job competence of mid-career extension staff that completed the SAFE initiated BS agricultural extension degree at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Also assessed were the perceptions of extension staff supervisors regarding the job competence of their extension staff. University of Cape Coast extension faculty perceptions regarding the SAFE program was also investigated. A descriptive research method was used. The study revealed that 42 extension staff and their supervisors gave a high ranking to program implementation, followed by a “good” ranking to program planning, maintaining professionalism, and teaching. Twenty-two extension staff assessed without their supervisors also ranked program implementation highest. These results suggest that extension staff and supervisors view program implementation and program planning competence to be of great significance to the extension service in Ghana as-well-as clientele served. Extension staff increased their level of confidence and understanding in applying various job requirements as a result of attending the SAFE BS extension degree program. University faculty participating in the study indicated the SAFE program had strengthened the department’s outreach initiative, adaptation of research, and teaching methods which resulted in a more diverse curriculum delivery mode. Faculty indicated an improved field experience for both faculty and extension staff.
Testing Efficiency Across Markets: Evidence from the NCAA Basketball Betting Market

This study utilizes the National Collegiate Athletic Association basketball point spread betting market to investigate whether differences in information availability across markets result in different relative efficiencies of price formation within those markets. Using intra-conference games of various conferences as clearly defined markets, we show that these markets are efficient given the information available in those markets. However, we also show that regression error variances are significantly smaller (greater) for those conferences with greater (lesser) information availability. This evidence supports previous stock market research suggesting that differential fundamental information availability across stock markets results in differential departures from equilibrium values. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2001.
Correlative aspects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone sensitivity and cytoplasmic estrogen receptor concentration in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus of the cycling rat.

Pituitary responsiveness to an intra-arterial injection of synthetic LU-RH (50 ng) was examined at critical times during the nat 4-day estrous cycle. LH release was maximal and prolonged on proestrus; the response on the other days was of short duration and the order of magnitude was estrus>diestrus-1>diestrus-2. Sera FSH levels did not rise significantly until 60 mm after an inter-arterial injection of LH-RH. Pituitary and hypothalamic cytoplasmic receptor levels were measured at identical times throughout the estrous cycle using protamine sulfate precipitation and Scatchard plot analysis. Hypothalamic and pituitary estrophile levels showed significant decreases which started on the afternoon of diestrus-2 and continued until mid-proestrus. Receptor depletion was followed by a replenishment process which began on late proestrus and continued through mid-diestrus-2 at both tissue sites. This pattern correlates well with the changing plasma estradiol level in accordance with the current concept of receptor depletion by nuclear translocation followed by cytoplasmic receptor nesynthesis. We conclude that the change in pituitary receptor population correlates with the tissue’s sensitivity to exogenous LH RH, lending further support to the concept of a direct functional effect of estradiol at the pituitary level.