Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Child Penalties among Families in the U . S . Labor Market and Workfare State , 1974-2010

Children grow up to benefit society as citizens, workers, and tax payers, but parents contribute the time and money to raise them. Household time allocations for doing so have changed since the 1960s, yet remain gendered and have gendered effects on wages. The state offers some support, but the tax provisions and social transfers for families with children have also changed over time. Analysis of 1974, 1994, and 2010 LIS data with unconditional quantile regression reveals how the impact of children varies across partnered household earnings and after-tax-andtransfer income distributions and over time. In 1974, child earnings penalties were about three percent across the household earnings distribution, and only slightly reduced by taxes and transfers. In 2010, the state reversed the larger child earnings penalty for low-earning partnered households, but offered more financial relief to higher-earning families as well. We discuss implications of households’ diverging resources for raising children.
Methyl mercury dynamics in a tidal wetland quantified using in situ optical measurements

We assessed monomethylmercury (MeHg) dynamics in a tidal wetland over three seasons using a novel method that employs a combination of in situ optical measurements as concentration proxies. MeHg concentrations measured over a single spring tide were extended to a concentration time series using in situ optical measurements. Tidal fluxes were calculated using modeled concentrations and bi‐directional velocities obtained acoustically. The magnitude of the flux was the result of complex interactions of tides, geomorphic features, particle sorption, and random episodic events such as wind storms and precipitation. Correlation of dissolved organic matter quality measurements with timing of MeHg release suggests that MeHg is produced in areas of fluctuating redox and not limited by buildup of sulfide. The wetland was a net source of MeHg to the estuary in all seasons, with particulate flux being much higher than dissolved flux, even though dissolved concentrations were commonly higher. Estimated total MeHg yields out of the wetland were approximately 2.5 μg m−2 yr−1—4–40 times previously published yields—representing a potential loading to the estuary of 80 g yr−1, equivalent to 3% of the river loading. Thus, export from tidal wetlands should be included in mass balance estimates for MeHg loading to estuaries. Also, adequate estimation of loads and the interactions between physical and biogeochemical processes in tidal wetlands might not be possible without long‐term, high‐frequency in situ measurements.
A real experiment is a factorial experiment

Most studies addressing lexical processing make use of factorial designs. For many researchers in this field of inquiry, a real experiment is a factorial experiment. Methods such as regression and factor analysis would not allow for hypothesis testing and would not contribute substantially to the advancement of scientific knowledge. Their use would be restricted to exploratory studies at best. This paper is an apology coming to the defense of regression designs for experiments including lexical distributional variables as predictors. In studies of the mental lexicon, we often are dealing with two kinds of predictors, to which I will refer as treatments and covariates. Stimulus-onset asynchrony (soa) is an example of a treatment. If we want to study the effect of a long versus a short soa, it makes sense to choose sensible values, say 200 ms versus 50 ms, and to run experiments with these two settings. If the researcher knows that the effect of soa is linear, and that it can be administered independently of the intrinsic properties of the items, then the optimal design testing for an effect of soa is factorial. One would loose power by using a regression design testing for an effect at a sequence of SOA intervals, say 50, 60, 70, . , 200 ms. This advantage of sampling at the extremes is well-known (see, e.g., Crawley, 2002, p. 67): the further apart the values of soa are, the larger the corresponding sum of squares, and the smaller the standard error for the slope. The advantage of designs with maximal contrasts for treatment predictors is often assumed to carry over to the study of lexical covariates such as frequency, length, neighborhood density, etc. In order to test for an effect of frequency, the traditional wisdom advises us to create a data set with very high-frequency words on the one hand, and very low-frequency words on the other hand. The problem that one runs into very quickly is that the set of highfrequency words will comprise short words with many neighbors, and that the low-frequency words will be long words with few neighbors. The massive correlations characterizing lexical properties create the problem that an effect of frequency could just as well be an effect of length or an effect of neighborhood density, or any combination of these variables. The traditional solution is to create a factorial contrast for frequency, while matching for the other predictors. This can be done by hand, or with the help of Maarten van Casteren’s mix program (Van Casteren and Davis, 2006). The aim of this contribution is to illustrate, by means of some simple simulations, that this matching process leads to a severe loss of power (following up on, e.g., Cohen, 1983; MacCallum et al., 2002). In all the simulations to follow, the dependent variable (RT) is a function of two numerical predictors, X1 (this could be log frequency, or the word’s imageability) and X2 (this could be number of orthographic neighbors, or word length), which both follow a standard normal
Forced Displacement and Refugees in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Economic Inquiry

Most reports on refugees deal with the immediate needs of displaced people. This paper seeks to go beyond the emergency phase and explore the challenges surrounding protracted refugee situations. The paper examines the refugee situation in Sub-Saharan Africa from a long-term angle, from the perspective of refugees' own agency as well as from the perspective of the host community. The paper aims to shed light on the economic lives of refugees in their host communities. Starting with an overview of the situation of refugees in Sub-Saharan Africa, the paper draws on findings from the literature to debunk some entrenched beliefs about refugees. The discussion of refugee crises in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda draws some lessons. The decision to return is discussed and it is argued that the decision depends on the socioeconomic condition in the host country versus the country of refuge, integration versus return policies in place, the individual set of skills of each refugee, and his or her subjective perception of the political climate in both countries.
Pneumatization of the inferior turbinate - imaging study

Pneumatization of the inferior turbinate is a very rare intranasal, extrasinusal anatomic variant, usually discovered by imaging, when an etiologic review of a nasal respiratory failure or of a recurrent chronic rhino-sinusitis is performed. The inferior turbinate, a triangular bone independent of the ethmoid, inserted into the turbinal crest of the upper jaw through its upper edge, laterally delineates the inferior meatus; it represents an important anatomic landmark for the lacrimonasal duct, which has the nasal opening in the anterior meatal part1. With a mucosa having a cavernous-type vascular tissue, it is involved in the respiratory physiology, while through its anterior section, it takes part in the formation of the nasal valve, the narrowest region of the nasal passage2. Cranio-facial CT scans reveal the inferior turbinate, on its coronal slices, like a comma with tissue density, centered by a bone lamella, on both sides of the nasal septum; the axial slices are like two elongated ellipses, along the external wall of the nasal fossae, with various degrees of hypertrophy, with tissue density, centered by a bone column. Pneumatization of the inferior turbinates implies the presence of a well-defined aerated cavity, with variable shape and dimensions, which can communicate ABSTRACT
Nonbolometric bottleneck in electron-phonon relaxation in ultrathin WSi films

We developed the model of the internal phonon bottleneck to describe the energy exchange between the acoustically soft ultrathin metal film and acoustically rigid substrate. Discriminating phonons in the film into two groups, escaping and nonescaping, we show that electrons and nonescaping phonons may form a unified subsystem, which is cooled down only due to interactions with escaping phonons, either due to direct phonon conversion or indirect sequential interaction with an electronic system. Using an amplitude-modulated absorption of the sub-THz radiation technique, we studied electron-phonon relaxation in ultrathin disordered films of tungsten silicide. We found an experimental proof of the internal phonon bottleneck. The experiment and simulation based on the proposed model agree well, resulting in tau_{e-ph} = 140-190 ps at T_C = 3.4 K, supporting the results of earlier measurements by independent techniques.
Something of a Paradox: The Curious Neglect of Agriculture in Development

This paper argues that investment in agriculture has a large and continuing developmental importance in terms of both economic growth and poverty reduction. Moreover, targeted public resources have proven to be indispensable in achieving these results. Both arguments are supported with novel analyses which update and strengthen the traditional case for agriculture-led development with public-sector involvement. But despite the strong case for agriculture-led development strategies, the authors find that over the last three decades the financial resources allocated towards this sector have strongly declined. It is suggested that a shift towards new development paradigms since 1980 might be a significant explanation for this apparent Agricultural Paradox. This conjecture is tested with data on market reform impacts, PRSP contents and analyses of the intellectual resources devoted to the study of agriculture in development by both practitioners and researchers. The authors conclude with a critical discussion of these disturbing trends.
From the sinh-Gordon field theory to the one-dimensional Bose gas: exact local correlations and full counting statistics

We derive exact formulas for the expectation value of local observables in a one-dimensional gas of bosons with point-wise repulsive interactions (Lieb–Liniger model). Starting from a recently conjectured expression for the expectation value of vertex operators in the sinh-Gordon field theory, we derive explicit analytic expressions for the one-point K-body correlation functions in the Lieb–Liniger gas, for arbitrary integer K. These are valid for all excited states in the thermodynamic limit, including thermal states, generalized Gibbs ensembles and non-equilibrium steady states arising in transport settings. Our formulas display several physically interesting applications: most prominently, they allow us to compute the full counting statistics for the particle-number fluctuations in a short interval. Furthermore, combining our findings with the recently introduced generalized hydrodynamics, we are able to study multi-point correlation functions at the Eulerian scale in non-homogeneous settings. Our results complement previous studies in the literature and provide a full solution to the problem of computing one-point functions in the Lieb–Liniger model.
Capital Structure of Real Estate Firms in Chinese Stock Market

This paper investigates the determinants of capital structure of real estate firms in China. An empirical study on determinants of capital structure of real estate in Chinese listed firms is conducted using a relatively regression of accounting data for 44 A-share financial listed companies over the quarter from 2008 to the third quarter of 2011. First, this paper identifies that the pecking order theory in China is different from western countries. Second, the results show that profitability, non-debt tax shields and liquidity are significant influence factors in financial sector, while others like size, growth, tangibility and non-circulating share should be judged by the size of the company. Moreover, firm size and non-circulating shares are almost positively related to the corporate leverage ratio. It is also found that Chinese institutional characteristic affects the capital choice decision and the largely state ownerships do affect capital structure choices.
SEM Statistical Analyses in Management Strategies

This paper was to analyse what factors will affect online shoppers’ purchase intention in the e-business environment. This paper discussed a number of conceptual models and following hypotheses. Two typical e-business companies (Alibaba and Amazon) were ideal comparative analysis models. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and the factor analysis were adopted for statistical and empirical analyses. The results showed highly positive correlations among the identified factors. The factors indicated a large innovative performance influence. The factors also verified the huge impact in the sustain ability development. These results may provide some vision on how e-business companies can win a competition and increase their profit.
Thoracoscopic Splanchnicectomy

A serious problem for patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis is pain. For many of these patients medical therapy is unable to assure a good control of it. Celiac plexus nerve block and surgical denervation of the pancreas have proven their superiority over medical therapy. Thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy is a palliative procedure that consists in identification and division of all the roots of the splanchnic nerves from T5 to T10. It can be performed either on a single part or bilaterally.
Contamination by intestinal parasites in vegetables marketed in an area of Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a presenca de helmintos e protozoarios intestinais em hortalicas comercializados em Diamantina, um municipio localizado no Vale do Jequitinhonha, uma das regioes mais pobres do mundo. Metodos: Cento e oito exemplares, incluindo alface, cebolinha e rucula, foram mensalmente coletados em uma feira livre, uma quitanda e um supermercado do municipio. As amostras foram processadas por um metodo de concentracao e avaliadas por microscopia optica para pesquisa de estruturas parasitarias. Resultados: O percentual global de contaminacao foi de 50,9% (55/108), com predominância de larvas de nematodeos (36,5%), cistos de Entamoeba coli e ovos de ancilostomideos/Strongyloides spp. (12,9%). A alface demonstrou a maior taxa de contaminacao (61,1%) e as amostras da feira livre foram as mais contaminadas (77,8%). Informacoes coletadas em cada ponto de venda apontaram o cultivo em campo como a etapa critica para a contaminacao. Conclusao: Hortalicas comercializadas em Diamantina apresentam uma ampla variedade de parasitas intestinais, o que representa um risco potencial a saude dos consumidores da area.
Can Toddlers Learn Vocabulary from Television? An Experimental Approach

This study was inspired by the rise in television targeting toddlers and preverbal infants (e.g., Teletubbies, Baby Mozart). Overall, we investigated if very young children who are in the early stages of language acquisition can learn vocabulary quickly (fast map) from television programs. Using a fast mapping paradigm, this study examined a group (n = 48) of toddlers (15–24 months) and their ability to learn novel words. Utilizing a repeated measures design, we compared children's ability to learn various novel words in 5 different conditions. These included the presentation and identification of a novel word by an adult speaker via live presentation when the toddler was attending (i.e., joint reference), an adult via live presentation when the toddler was not attending, an adult speaker on television, and an edited clip from a children's television program (Teletubbies). Overall, the toddlers were most successful in learning novel words in the joint reference condition. They were significantly less successful in the children's program condition. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between age and condition on children's performance. Both younger (15–21 months) and older (22–24 months) participants identified the target objects when they were taught the novel word by an adult speaker; however, it appeared that children under the age of 22 months did not identify the target item when they were taught the novel word via the television program.
Inverse source problem in an advection–dispersion–reaction system: application to water pollution

In this paper, we consider the problem of identifying an unknown source F(x, t) = λ(t)δ(x − S) in the following system: from measured data [{v(a, t), ∂xv(a, t)}, {v(b, t), ∂xv(b, t)}] for appropriate points a and b. Assuming that the source F became inactive after the time T*(i.e. λ(t) = 0 for t ⩾ T*), we prove an identifiability result and propose an identification method.
Mo2C as a high capacity anode material: a first-principles study

The adsorption and diffusion of Li, Na, K and Ca atoms on a Mo2C monolayer are systematically investigated by using first principles methods. We found that the considered metal atoms are strongly bound to the Mo2C monolayer. However, the adsorption energies of these alkali and earth alkali elements decrease as the coverage increases due to the enhanced repulsion between the metal ions. We predict a significant charge transfer from the ad-atoms to the Mo2C monolayer, which indicates clearly the cationic state of the metal atoms. The metallic character of both pristine and doped Mo2C ensures a good electronic conduction that is essential for an optimal anode material. Low migration energy barriers are predicted as small as 43 meV for Li, 19 meV for Na and 15 meV for K, which result in the very fast diffusion of these atoms on Mo2C. For Mo2C, we found a storage capacity larger than 400 mA h g−1 by the inclusion of multilayer adsorption. Mo2C expands slightly upon deposition of Li and Na even at high concentrations, which ensures the good cyclic stability of the atomic layer. The calculated average voltage of 0.68 V for Li and 0.30 V for Na ions makes Mo2C attractive for low charging voltage applications.
BarBuda, northern Lesser antILLes

The island of Barbuda (17°40'N, 61°50'W) lies 40 kilometers north of its political partner Antigua. The island is mostly undeveloped and has a human population of about 1,500. Bats are the only native mammals found on Barbuda (Varona 1974), but no systematic study of the bats of the island has been published. Two groups of scientists have been working on the bat faunas throughout the Lesser Antilles since 1993. Teams led by Mathew Morton (1994-99, 2005) focused upon roost surveys on a number of islands throughout the region aiming to provide resources for local conservation efforts and further study, whereas teams associated with Scott Pedersen (1993-2006) have focused primarily on the distribution and zoogeography of bat species and how bat populations have fluctuated in response to ecological disasters (Pedersen et al. 1996, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008). The following combined data summarize work performed during a six-day visit to Barbuda in the second week of February 1994 (Morton and Lindsay), four days during the first week of June 2003 (Pedersen, Larsen, and Genoways), and six days of cave surveys performed in February 2007 (Cindric 2007). Prior to this work five species of bats (Noctilio leporinus, Monophyllus plethodon, Brachyphylla cavernarum, Tadarida brasiliensis, and Molossus molossus) had been reported from Barbuda in scattered publications. Breuil and Masson (1991) list Artibeus jamaicensis from Barbuda in their compilation Five species of bats are known to occur on the Lesser Antillean island of Barbuda—Noctilio leporinus, Monophyllus plethodon, Brachyphylla cavernarum, Tadarida brasiliensis, and Molossus molossus. During the present study, two additional species of bats—Artibeus jamaicensis and Natalus stramineus—were added to the chiropteran fauna of the island. Although the ecological diversity of Barbuda is limited, this bat fauna matches those of islands in the region such as Antigua, Nevis, and St. Kitts. It is proposed that this biodiversity of bats is maintained because of the geology of Barbuda provides ample roosting sites and access to freshwater in caves, bluff faces, and sinkholes. The conservation of the chiropteran fauna of Barbuda, therefore, depends on the protection of these geological resources.
Evidence from German Biotech Contests #311

This paper evaluates the R&D enhancing eff ects of two large public grant schemes for the German biotechnology industry (BioRegio, BioProfi le). Both grant schemes are organized in the form of contents for cooperation with the goal to foster the performance of innovative fi rms by their organization in research clusters. We apply a Diff erencein-Diff erences estimation technique in a generalized linear model framework, which allows us to control for diff erent initial regional conditions in R&D activity of the biotech sector. Our econometric fi ndings support the view that winners generally outperform non-winning participants during the treatment period, thus indicating that exclusive funding as well as the stimulating eff ect of being a “winner” have positive eff ects on R&D activity in the short-term. Apart from this direct winner eff ect, for the non-winning participants no benefi cial indirect eff ect due to a mobilization of local actors during the application phase could be detected. Finally, fi rst attempts in estimating the long-term eff ects of the contests for cooperation approach on the winner regions’ R&D activity in the post-treatment period show ambiguous results. JEL Classifi cation: O38, C23