Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NORAH – Study on No

1 ZEUS GmbH, Centre for Applied Psychology, Environmental and Social Research, Sennbrink 46, 58093 Hagen, Germany, schreckenberg@zeusgmbh.de 2 Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Friedrichstr. 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany, thomas.eikmann@hygiene.med.uni-giessen.de, caroline.herr@hygiene.med.uni-giessen.de, anja.z. nieden@hygiene.med.uni-giessen.de 3 Sozialwissenschaftliches Umfragezentrum GmbH, Gallenkampstr. 20, 47051 Duisburg, Germany, frank.faulbaum@uni-due.de 4 TU Dresden, Institute and Outpatient Clinics of Occupational and Social Medicine (IPAS), Mommsenstraße 13, 01062 Dresden, Germany; andreas.seidler@mailbox.tu-dresden.de 5 TU Kaiserslautern, Psychology I, Gottlieb-Daimler-Strasse, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany, klatte@rhrk.uni-kl.de 6 Hörzentrum Oldenburg GmbH, Marie-Curie-Str. 2, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany, m.meis@hoerzentrum-oldenburg.de 7 Möhler & Partner Ingenieure AG, Paul-Heyse-Straße 27, 80336 München, Germany, ulrich.moehler@mopa.de 8 German Aerospace Center, Flight Physiology Department, Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany, uwe.mueller@dlr.de 9 University Medical Center Dresden, Blasewitzer Str. 86, 01307 Dresden, Germany, jochen.schmitt@uniklinikum-dresden.de 10 University Magdeburg, Institute for Social Medicine and Health Economics, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany, enno.swart@med.ovgu. de 11 Bremen Institute for Prevention Research and Social Medicine (BIPS), Achterstrasse 30, 28359 Bremen, Germany, zeeb@bips.uni-bremen.de 12 Ruhr-University Bochum, Dep.of Psychology, WG Environment & Cognition, 44780 Bochum, Germany, rainer.guski@rub.de
Mode of action of brown rot decay resistance in modified wood: a review

Abstract Chemically or physically modified wood materials have enhanced resistance to wood decay fungi. In contrast to treatments with traditional wood preservatives, where the resistance is caused mainly by the toxicity of the chemicals added, little is known about the mode of action of nontoxic wood modification methods. This study reviews established theories related to resistance in acetylated, furfurylated, dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea-treated, and thermally modified wood. The main conclusion is that only one theory provides a consistent explanation for the initial inhibition of brown rot degradation in modified wood, that is, moisture exclusion via the reduction of cell wall voids. Other proposed mechanisms, such as enzyme nonrecognition, micropore blocking, and reducing the number of free hydroxyl groups, may reduce the degradation rate when cell wall water uptake is no longer impeded.
Wage Inequality and the Rise in Returns to Skill

Using data from the March Current Population Survey, we document an increase over the past 30 years in wage inequality for males. Between 1963 and 1989, real average weekly wages for the least skilled workers (as measured by the tenth percentile of the wage distribution) declined by about 5 percent, whereas wages for the most skilled workers (as measured by the ninetieth percentile of the wage distribution) rose by about 40 percent. We find that the trend toward increased wage inequality is apparent within narrowly defined education and labor market experience groups. Our interpretation is that much of the increase in wage inequality for males over the last 20 years is due to increased returns to the components of skill other than years of schooling and years of labor market experience. Our primary explanation for the general rise in returns to skill is that the demand for skill rose in the United States over this period.
Rapid and sensitive detection of Vibrio harveyi by loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick targeted to vhhP 2 gene

Vibrio harveyi is a causative agent of the Vibriosis or luminescent bacterial disease in worldwide aquaculture industry. A reliable assay for identification of V. harveyi infection is important to prevent the bacterial spread. In this study, biotinylated loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) amplicons were produced by a set of four designed primers that recognized specifically the V. harveyi vhhP2 gene, encoding a putative outer membrane protein with unknown function, followed by hybridization with an fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled probe and lateral flow dipstick (LFD) detection. A novel set of PCR primer was also designed specifically to vhhP2 gene and appear to be a species-specific tool for V. harveyi detection. The optimized time and temperature conditions for the LAMP assay were 90 min at 65°C. The LAMP-LFD and PCR methods accurately identified 22 isolates of V. harveyi but did not detect 16 non-harveyi Vibrio isolates, and 34 non-Vibrio bacterial isolates. The sensitivity of LAMP-LFD for V. harveyi detection in pure culture was 1.1 9 10 CFU mL 1 or equivalent to 0.6 CFU per reaction, while that of PCR was 6 CFU per reaction. For spiked shrimp sample, the sensitivity of LAMP was 1.8 9 10 CFU g 1 or equivalent to 5 CFU per reaction, while that of PCR was 50 CFU per reaction. In conclusion, the established LAMP-LFD methods provided a valuable tool for rapid identification of V. harveyi and can be used to distinguish V. harveyi from V. campbellii.
Effects of Different Land Use Systems on Selected Physico-Chemical Properties of Soils in Northwestern Ethiopia

Information about effects of different land use systems on soil physico-chemical properties is crucial for best land management practices. This study was, therefore, conducted to evaluate the same on Nitosols of Achefer District, Northwestern Ethiopia. The landuse systems studied included grassland, cultivated land, plantation forest and natural forest. The research was superimposed on land use systems that were located nearby on similar soil, contour line and slope classes. Undisturbed core and disturbed composite soil samples were collected randomly from two sites with three replications for each landuse system at two varying depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm). The undisturbed soil samples were analysed for bulk density, particle density, porosity and moisture content at different pressures; while the composite soil samples were analyzed for pH, organic carbon, total N and available P. Results of the study indicated that the lowest bulk and particle densities, the highest total porosity, and higher moisture content at both field capacity and permanent wilting percentage were found under natural forest land use system. In contrast, the highest bulk and particle densities, the lowest total porosity and lower water contents at both field capacity and permanent wilting percentage were obtained under the cultivated landuse system. Soil pH was moderately acidic under all landuse systems. The lowest organic carbon, total N, and C:N ratio were recorded under cultivated land; whereas the highest values of the same parameters were found under natural forest. In all landuse systems, organic carbon and total N decreased with soil depth. The highest and lowest available P contents were recorded under natural forest and grassland, respectively. From the results of the study it was possible to conclude that conversion of forest lands to cultivated and grasslands had detrimental effects on the soil physico-chemical properties under subsistance farming systems of the study area. It is, therefore, recommended that appropriate and integrated land management options for different land use syetems are required to sustain agricultural productivity while protecting the environment.
Chewing behaviour of growing cattle

Chewing behaviour includes both eating and ruminating activity. Chewing behaviour is of great importance for the feed intake as through the action of chewing (i.e. eating and ruminating) animals mechanically process the forages in small particle sizes and prepare the food for digestion. As cattle grow the chewing behaviour changes along with increasing body weight and chewing efficiency is increased. The aim of this thesis was to review the available scientific literature in order to describe chewing behaviour in growing cattle, as well as the factors that affect this behaviour. The processes of eating and ruminating have different functions with regards to the particle size reduction. Eating prepares the food for swallowing and ruminating reduces the size of the intractable material. The literature that is reviewed in this thesis suggests that chewing behaviour is affected by a number of aspects, such as maturity stage of the forage at the time of harvest, fibre content of the animal feed and feed particle size. In growing cattle changes are observed in chewing duration, most likely due to physiological development (i.e. growth) of the animal. Bite and rumination efficiency increases with age and body weight in cattle. Various methods and techniques are used in determining chewing behaviour of cattle. Information provided in this thesis suggests that these techniques aim to monitor the different frequencies and patterns of jaw movements. Although chewing behaviour of ruminants is well documented in the literature, limited information is available on the aspect of modelling the eating and rumination behaviour of ruminants. In addition, as there are some opposing findings in relation to the duration of chewing time in growing cattle, more research is required to clarify this.
Preliminary analysis of interplanetary trajectories with aerogravity and gravity assist manoeuvres

In this paper a preliminary analysis of a wide range of mission opportunities, offered by either aerogravity assist or gravity assist manoeuvres, has been carried out. After an accurate validation of aerogravity assist traditional analytical models, according to several different criteria an extensive global search for optimal trajectories has been performed for highenergy missions, resorting to gravity and aerogravity manoeuvres. To this aim, the new preliminary analysis tool PAMSIT, based on some simplified hypotheses, has been developed. This is capable of efficiently and exhaustively exploring the solutions space for this particular problem, considering the feasibility of a trajectory from both the orbital energy and phasing points of view. Then, all found solutions have been classified according to launch and arrival velocities, time of flight and planetary encounters. A comparison between the opportunities offered by gravity manoeuvres and aerogravity manoeuvres will be presented showing the advantages of the latter in all analysed cases. In particular some interesting options for missions to Jupiter and Neptune will be presented.
Content-related factors influence perceived value of location-based mobile advertising

ABSTRACT Location-based mobile advertising (LBA) is forecast to drive the growth of the mobile advertising industry. Although past research supports that advertising content influences their effectiveness, little research has identified content factors and examined their effects on users’ perceived value of LBA. Analyzing web survey data from a national representative sample of 605 Singapore mobile consumers, partial least square results show that LBA content factors (contextualization, relevance, entertainment, and credibility) are positively related to perceived value, while irritation has a negative effect. Among them, credibility has the highest effect size to perceived value of LBA, followed by entertainment, which can be explained by context and culture. The results also show a positive relationship between LBA perceived value and use intention. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
The biology of insularity: an introduction

Insular environments, ranging from oceanic islands to fragments of once‐contiguous natural systems, have long been used by biologists to test basic principles of ecology, evolution and biogeography. More recently, insular environments have figured prominently in conservation ecology, where the aim has usually been to conserve species or assemblages unique to isolated habitats. Improving the level of communication among the evolutionary biologists, theoretical ecologists and conservation biologists who study insular biotas will work to the benefit of all. This volume was inspired by a recent conference on the ecology of insular biotas, in which participants from a wide range of disciplines came together to compare ecological processes across a variety of taxonomic groups inhabiting a wide range of isolated environments. In this introduction, we point out the themes underlying these very diverse contributions. First we elaborate on the value of islands for elucidating processes underlying ecosystem functioning, population dynamics of reintroduced species, and restoration of disturbed habitats, and emphasize those areas where the use of islands could be expanded. The second section focuses on the link between ecology and evolutionary processes in insular systems and includes examples from oceanic islands, naturally patchy habitats and recently fragmented habitats. The third section illustrates some of the ways that invasive alien species on oceanic islands affect plant–animal mutualisms, particularly seed dispersal and pollination. The final section, on consequences of habitat fragmentation, focuses mainly on studies that describe the consequences that fragmentation has for plants and animals as they are forced into artificially insular environments. We close with a study that points out the differences among types of insular systems and identifies gaps in our knowledge of insular biotas, particularly the importance of explicitly incorporating patch type, age and patch–matrix contrasts in research. Finally, we recommend a greater emphasis on linking ecological theory and applied research, and improving communication between those who ask basic ecological questions and those who use insular systems for conservation.
Predictability of Future Index Returns Based on the 52-Week High Strategy

George and Hwang (2004) show that a stock's 52-week high price explains the momentum effect and that a strategy based on closeness to the 52-week high has better forecasting power for future returns than those strategies based on past returns. In contrast to the existing research at company level, this paper shows that the 52-week high ratio has weak or no predictive power when applied to market indices. In the developed markets, the strategy is weakly profitable and underperforms the momentum strategy while in the emerging markets the strategy earns negative returns. These results also contradict Du (2008) who finds that a 52-week high index strategy dominates momentum in the developed markets.
Somatic cell count in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in sheep of different breeds

The aims of this study were to determine the occurrence of subclinical mastitis in sheep of different breeds and the values for somatic cell count (SCC) in milk for the diagnosis of the disease at lactation and weaning, a fundamental prerequisite for identifying animals in need of control measures. Milk samples were obtained from 1,457 mammary halves of Santa Inês, Texel, Ile de France, and Dorper sheep at two different periods, during the second week of lactation and at weaning. After teats antisepsis, the samples were collected, and identification of the infectious etiology of mastitis and determination of SCC were performed. Microorganisms were identified in 117/762 (15.3%) mammary halves in the second week of lactation and in 86/694 (12.4%) at weaning. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were the etiological agents with the highest incidence alone and in association with other microorganisms, with percentages of 58.1% and 60.6%, respectively. The Santa Inês presented a higher incidence of subclinical mastitis when compared to the other breeds. The cut-off values of SCC for subclinical mastitis were determined at both sampling periods and varied according to stage of lactation, as well breed. These results illustrate the lack of a universal value that can be used for the diagnosis of mastitis and suggests the need for permanent follow-up in herds in order to control the disease.
A comparison of the String Gradient Weighted Moving Finite Element method and a Parabolic Moving Mesh Partial Differential Equation method for solutions of partial differential equations

We compare numerical experiments from the String Gradient Weighted Moving Finite Element method and a Parabolic Moving Mesh Partial Differential Equation method, applied to three benchmark problems based on two different partial differential equations. Both methods are described in detail and we highlight some strengths and weaknesses of each method via the numerical comparisons. The two equations used in the benchmark problems are the viscous Burgers’ equation and the porous medium equation, both in one dimension. Simulations are made for the two methods for: a) a travelling wave solution for the viscous Burgers’ equation, b) the Barenblatt selfsimilar analytical solution of the porous medium equation, and c) a waiting-time solution for the porous medium equation. Simulations are carried out for varying mesh sizes, and the numerical solutions are compared by computing errors in two ways. In the case of an analytic solution being available, the errors in the numerical solutions are computed directly from the analytic solution. In the case of no availability of an analytic solution, an approximation to the error is computed using a very fine mesh numerical solution as the reference solution.
On Computational Investigation of the Supercooled Stefan Problem

In the present paper a computational model for the macroscopic freezing mechanism under supercooled conditions relying on the physical and mathematical description of the two-phase Stefan problem is formulated. The relevant numerical algorithm based on the finite volume method is implemented into the open source software OpenFOAM©. For the numerical capturing of the moving interface between the supercooled and the solidified liquid an appropriate level set formulation is utilized. The heat transfer equations are solved in both the liquid phase and solid phase independently from each other. At the interface a Dirichlet boundary condition for the temperature field is imposed and a ghost-face method is applied to ensure accurate calculation of the normal derivative needed for the jump condition, i.e. for the interface-velocity in the normal direction. For the sake of updating the level set function a narrow-band around the interface is introduced. Within this band, whose width is temporally adjusted to the maximum curvature of the interface, the normal-to-interface velocity is appropriately expanded. The physical model and numerical algorithm are validated along with the analytical solution. Understanding instabilities is the first step in controlling them, so to quantify all sorts of instabilities at the solidification front the Mullins-Sekerka theory of morphological stability is investigated.
Lethal Influence of Zinc Exposure to Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822, Pisces, Clariidae) -

Acute toxicity of zinc (ZnSO .7H2O) on Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) was investigated 4 using toxicity scale of 96hrLC values and the quantal response determined by the statistical Probit Analysis 50 Method. Fish species displayed different mortality responses to the varying concentrations of zinc studied (50, 60, 70, 80, 100 and 120mg/l) 96-hour LC value for Clarias gariepinus was found to be 78.178mg/l. The 50 lower and upper confidence limits for the LC were 86.313mg/l and 71.035mg/l, respectively. While asserting 50 the fact that zinc is an important constituent in municipal wastes discharged into freshwater and marine, there is clear indication from our results of the necessity to control the use of this metal. Further toxicity testing approaches on fish will be very useful in assessing possible ecological risk of heavy metals. Key word: LC ・ Toxicity ・ Zinc ・ Bioassay ・ Pisces ・ Catfish 50
THE IMPACT OF LOCAL COMPARISONS 3 The impact of local comparison feedback on test performance related evaluations

It has previously been shown that local comparison – the comparison within a small group of individuals – affects people’s self-evaluations more than general – or objective comparison (overall ranking, etc) (Zell & Alicke, 2009, 2010). In this paper, I was investigating whether the dominance of local comparisons emerges in people’s self-evaluations regarding performance, satisfaction with the performance, and in Weiner’s attribution theory’s (1985, 2010) central categories: ability, test-difficulty, effort, and luck. In total, 126 students participated in the study; however, 114 persons’ data was used in subsequent analyses. Participants took a mental abilities test and received bogus feedback regarding their performance. After receiving the feedback, participants evaluated their performance, their satisfaction with the performance, their mental abilities, test-difficulty, their effort and the role of luck in their performance. A 2 x 2 rank-based analysis of covariances controlled for test score was conducted to analyze the effect of local comparison on the participants’ evaluations. Results showed that local comparisons affected the evaluations of performance and the satisfaction with the performance. In the discussion section the meaning of the results, their theoretical and practical implications, the limitations of the study, and ideas for further research were discussed.
Integrated spectral analysis of 18 concentrated star clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud

We present in this study flux-calibrated integrated spectra in the range (3600–6800) A for 18 concentrated SMC clusters. Cluster reddening values were estimated by interpolation between the extinction maps of Burstein & Heiles (1982, AJ, 87, 1165) and Schlegel et al. (1998, ApJ, 500, 525). The cluster parameters were derived from the template matching procedure by comparing the line strengths and continuum distribution of the cluster spectra with those of template cluster spectra with known parameters and from the equivalent width ( EW ) method. In this case, new calibrations were used together with diagnostic diagrams involving the sum of EW s of selected spectral lines. A very good agreement between ages derived from both methods was found. The final cluster ages obtained from the weighted average of values taken from the literature and the present measured ones range from 15 Mr (e.g. L 51) to 7 Gyr (K 3). Metal abundances have been derived for only 5 clusters from the present sample, while metallicity values directly averaged from published values for other 4 clusters have been adopted. Combining the present cluster sample with 19 additional SMC clusters whose ages and metal abundances were put onto a homogeneous scale, we analyse the age and metallicity distributions in order to explore the SMC star formation history and its spatial extent. By considering the distances of the clusters from the SMC centre instead of their projections onto the right ascension and declination axes, the present age-position relation suggests that the SMC inner disk could have been related to a cluster formation episode which reached the peak ~2.5 Gyr ago. Evidence for an age gradient in the inner SMC disk is also presented.