Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards Text Generation with Adversarially Learned Neural Outlines

Recent progress in deep generative models has been fueled by two paradigms -- autoregressive and adversarial models. We propose a combination of both approaches with the goal of learning generative models of text. Our method first produces a high-level sentence outline and then generates words sequentially, conditioning on both the outline and the previous outputs. We generate outlines with an adversarial model trained to approximate the distribution of sentences in a latent space induced by general-purpose sentence encoders. This provides strong, informative conditioning for the autoregressive stage. Our quantitative evaluations suggests that conditioning information from generated outlines is able to guide the autoregressive model to produce realistic samples, comparable to maximum-likelihood trained language models, even at high temperatures with multinomial sampling. Qualitative results also demonstrate that this generative procedure yields natural-looking sentences and interpolations.
A superreflexive Banach space which does not admit complex structure

We construct an infinite-dimensional superreflexive real Banach space which does not admit complex structure and consequently is not isomorphic to the Cartesian square of any Banach space. We also construct a variant of Bourgain's example of a complex Banach space with nonunique complex structure and state a number of open problems about structure of Banach spaces and their linear groups.
Risk and Return in Production

This paper investigates the nature of the risk-return tradeoff facing firms. The model is derived from a firm’s intertemporal profit maximization condition under uncertainty with the short-run variable cost function and is framed in the context of a production-based asset pricing model. We identify output growth, the investment-capital ratio, variable input price growth, and technology shocks as the fundamental factors governing the risk-return tradeoff over time and across equities. We find that the investment-capital ratio captures the influence of business cycle fluctuations as well as the role of firm size and the book-to-market ratio in equity returns. Finally, we examine a joint link between capital investment and equity returns using Tobin’s , and show that while investment determines equity returns, it responds negatively to changes in the risk premium.
Evolution of porosity and diffusivity associated with chemical weathering of a basalt clast

Evolution of porosity and diffusivity associated with chemical weathering of a basalt clast Alexis Navarre-Sitchler 1,3* Carl Steefel 2,3 , Li Yang 2,3 , Liviu Tomutsa 2 , Susan Brantley 3,4 Corresponding Author: alexis.sitchler@uwyo.edu Department of Geology and Geophysics, The University of Wyoming, Laramie WY 82071 Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley CA Center for Environmental Kinetics Analysis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802 Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802
The evolution of a state-wide continuing education programme for allied health professionals

Allied health professionals require continuing education (CE) to maintain and improve competencies and standards of care. Research suggests that professional access to CE in rural areas can be difficult. This article uses an action research framework to describe the development and implementation of a CE programme for allied health professionals in a rural area in Australia, and its subsequent evolution into a state-wide programme. To evaluate programme relevance, attendance and perceived clinical relevance, physiotherapists (n = 75) in southwest Victoria were surveyed 1 year after commencement of a CE programme. A secondary outcome was the perceived effect on clinical practice. More than two-thirds (68.6%) of physiotherapists attended at least one workshop, 57.2% attended four or more sessions and 22.9% attended at least one of the two conducted courses over the period. In addition, 20% of the physiotherapists perceived that attending the programme had a large positive effect on their therapeutic skills,.
Textural pattern of secondary gypsum in the Basal Anhydrite of the Asmari Formation, SW Iran

The Oligocene–Miocene deposits of the Asmari Formation are located in SW of the Zagros Mountains of Iran. The lower part of the Asmari Formation consists of an evaporite bed that is termed Basal Anhydrite. Seven sections from four different anticlines were selected and sampled for petrographic and mineralogical analyses . The petrographical examinations were carried out using an optical polarized light microscope and SEM analyses. To determine the mineralogical composition, evaporite samples were analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction. Particular petrographic characteristics, at the macro- and microscales, especially common pseudomorphic features and mineralogical analysis of the Basal Anhydrite showed that anhydrite was transformed to gypsum during exhumation. Diagenetic processes caused an increase in the pure gypsum and a simultaneous decrease in the residual anhydrite. Two main textures, fine- crystalline (alabastrine) and coarse crystalline (porphyroblast), were distinguished in samples indicating replacement of anhydrite by gypsum. The textures related to the tectonic movements in evaporite rocks were observed in the thin sections. The effect of tectonic varies due to the type of gypsum texture. Microcrystalline gypsum is mostly recrystallized to form coarse-crystalline and aligned-flowing texture. Coarse crystalline gypsum which contains anhydrite is more resistant against the tectonic effects because it shows only a little rotation.
Modelling artisanal coastal fisheries of Galicia (NW Spain) based on data obtained from fishers: the case of Octopus vulgaris

The small-scale common octopus ( Octopus vulgaris ) fishery in Galician waters (NW Spain) was studied using a model based on information obtained from fishers. The Gomez-Munoz model was applied using information obtained from the artisanal Galician fleet from 1998 to 2000. This information was used to estimate catches per unit of effort (CPUE) and total catch for the whole directed creel fishery. A total of 73 interviews were conducted in 22 ports in the west part of ICES division VIIIc and 75 interviews in 16 ports in the north part of ICES division IXa. The estimated total catch during the fishing season for the whole Galician fleet was 5214 t (2528 t in VIIIc and 2686 t in IXa), and the average CPUE for the VIIIc and IXa fishing grounds obtained from the model was 44.11 and 23.83 kg haul -1 respectively. To test the reliability of the model, the outputs obtained for a subset of 35 ports (19 in VIIIc and 16 in IXa), were compared with the official statistics of these ports. The average official catch from 1997 to 2000 and estimated total catch data were significantly correlated.
Cocycle superrigidity and bounded cohomology for negatively curved spaces

We introduce new techniques to extend superrigidity theory beyond the scope of Lie or algebraic groups. We construct a cohomological invariant which accounts for, and generalizes, all known superrigidity results for actions on negatively curved spaces. Together with a new vanishing result and the machinery of bounded cohomology, this enables us to prove a general superrigidity theorem for actions of irreducible lattices on spaces of negative curvature. We also prove a cocycle version a la Zimmer
Assessing the Hazard of Emerald Ash Borer and Other Exotic Stressors to Community Forests

Exotic stressors such as emerald ash borer are an increasing concern to many communities across North America. One means of assessing the hazard these stressors may represent to a community's publicly managed trees is through an inventory of their street trees. The South Dakota Division of Resource Conservation and Forestry conducted street tree inventories in selected communities across the state and, from these data, have placed communities into stability categories based on the percentage of full stocking that each genera represents within the street tree population. The majority of surveyed communities are in the low stability category as a result of the dominance of green ash in their street tree populations.
Stock Options as Incentive Contracts and Dividend Policy

Executive Stock Option Programs (SOPs) have become the dominant compensation instrument for top-management in recent years. The incentive effects of an SOP both with respect to corporate investment and financing decisions critically depend on the design of the SOP. A specific problem in designing SOPs concerns dividend protection. Usually, SOPs are not dividend protected, i.e. any dividend payout decreases the value of a manager's options. Empirical evidence shows that this results in a significant decrease in the level of corporate dividends and, at the same time, into an increase in share repurchases. Yet, few suggestions have been made on how to account for dividends in SOPs. This paper applies arguments from principal-agent-theory and from the theory of finance to analyze different forms of dividend protection, and to address the relevance of dividend protection in SOPs. Finally, the paper relates the theoretical analysis to empirical work on the link between share repurchases and SOPs.
The Effects of Presentation Formats on Understanding Financial Accounting: An Experimental Study

Most financial accounting presentations consist of graphs and tables with subtle variations in the way that the associated text is presented. While alternative presentations of tables versus graphs have been widely researched, the impact of text proximity to a graph or table has received little attention. This study experimentally examines the effects of two instructional design formats on student’s understanding of financial accounting. Graphical presentation effectiveness was operationalised as accuracy and mental effort in answering questions of different levels of complexity. Using financial accounting instructional material presented either as a graph and separate text or text embedded in the graph, participants responded to recall and transfer questions. The results of an experiment suggest a strong relation between presentation format and understanding of financial accounting. Accounting students understand an integrated graph more than a separate graph and text. We conclude that there is value accruing from close proximity of text to the graph, but suggest additional benefits may be reaped from presenting text and diagrams in an integrated form.
Real Asset Allocation: Evaluating The Diversification Benefits Of Property And Alternative Asset Classes In Australian Superannuation Portfolios

Problem/Purpose The collapse of the credit markets in 2007 was more profound than previous recessions for all investment markets, including property. In the post-GFC era, institutional investors have reduced their exposure to mainstream asset classes such as equities and bonds; they are investing more in real assets such as property and infrastructure. In fact, recent market reports anticipate that in the next decade, institutional real assets allocation will increase from current average of 5%-10% to 25%. This research tests this notion by examining the diversification benefits of property and infrastructure (alternative) asset classes within A$431 billion industry superannuation fund default balanced mixed-asset portfolio. Design/methodology/approach The research investigates the diversification benefits of property assets and alternative assets by constructing two asset and multi-asset portfolio models. The asset allocation is determined using the mean-variance portfolio optimisation technique utilising Australian 10-year bonds as the risk free rate. The analysis is based on ex-post data covering 20 years (1995 to 2015). The Sharpe ratio is used as the key risk-adjusted return performance measure. Findings The results illustrate that including alternative assets in the property portfolio provides the best risk-adjusted return performance (0.56), although portfolio weighting is dominated by direct property. Despite the higher asset allocation range assigned to alternative assets (0-25%) than to property assets (0-20%), the average allocation to alternatives was 12%, lower than the property allocation (22%). The strong allocation to property in both the two asset and multi-asset portfolios in this research further highlights that property will command significant allocation in institutional portfolios, despite the availability of similar real assets such as infrastructure. Takeaway for practice For an Australian superannuation balanced fund, the empirical results show that there is scope to increase the combined property and alternative asset allocation level from current 27% to 33%. This high allocation is backed by improved risk-adjusted return performance. This knowledge will be beneficial for funds currently reprofiling investment portfolios to achieve stable risk-adjusted returns. Originality/value The research contributes to both practical and academic fields as it offers a methodological approach on how allocation to property assets can be improved using a series of asset allocation strategies.
An Investigation of the Generalizability of Buoyancy from Academics to Athletics

iv INTRODUCTION . 1 METHODS . 9 RESULTS . 16 DISCUSSION . 20 REFERENCES . 26 APPENDIX A ATHLETIC BUOYANCY SURVEY . 30 APPENDIX B IRB APPROVAL . 34 VITA . 35
THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD. XXXVII. THE MASS–LUMINOSITY RELATION FOR MAIN-SEQUENCE M DWARFS

We present a mass–luminosity relation (MLR) for red dwarfs spanning a range of masses from 0.62 to the end of the stellar main sequence at 0.08 . The relation is based on 47 stars for which dynamical masses have been determined, primarily using astrometric data from Fine Guidance Sensors (FGS) 3 and 1r, white-light interferometers on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and radial velocity data from McDonald Observatory. For our HST/FGS sample of 15 binaries, component mass errors range from 0.4% to 4.0% with a median error of 1.8%. With these and masses from other sources, we construct a V-band MLR for the lower main sequence with 47 stars and a K-band MLR with 45 stars with fit residuals half of those of the V band. We use GJ 831 AB as an example, obtaining an absolute trigonometric parallax, πabs = 125.3 ± 0.3 mas, with orbital elements yielding and . The mass precision rivals that derived for eclipsing binaries. A remaining major task is the interpretation of the intrinsic cosmic scatter in the observed MLR for low-mass stars in terms of physical effects. In the meantime, useful mass values can be estimated from the MLR for the ubiquitous red dwarfs that account for 75% of all stars, with applications ranging from the characterization of exoplanet host stars to the contribution of red dwarfs to the mass of the universe.
EXPLORING THE RECIPROCAL EFFECT OF NEGATIVE INFORMATION OF BRAND EXTENSIONS ON PARENT BRAND

Brand equity has been highlighted as one of the most valuable assets a company possesses (Aaker and Keller 1990). One popular strategy that companies use to build and leverage equity is using brand extensions that launch new products with the original brand names (Aaker and Keller 1990; Bottomley and Holden 2001; Desai and Keller 2002; Meyvis and Janiszewski 2004). Successful extensions can provide benefits, such as reducing cost of introduction, gaining distribution and customer trial, and minimizing the risk of new product failures (Aaker and Keller 1990). Negative information related with brand extension, such as brand extension failures, can lead to negative perceptions, which may be difficult to reverse. Therefore, it is of critical interest for managers and academicians to have a better understanding of the effect of brand extension on the parent brand, especially its negative effect. In this research, the focus is to investigate the feedback effect of negative information of brand extension on the parent brand. One important factor that has been consistently overlooked is the severity of negative information. Both the category and the associative network theories suggest that the level of perceived congruity will influence the processing of the new information, and thus the existing category or schema (Del Vecchio and Smith 2005). However, previous research focused only on the perceived fit between the parent brand and brand extension as the determinant for perceived congruity (Martinez and Pina 2003), while ignoring the level of the severity of negative information. The level of negativity might contribute to a great extent to whether the information is considered as congruent or incongruent with the parent brand.
Positive Word of Mouth and Profitability: The Experience of Banks in Port Harcourt - Nigeria

This paper focused on ascertaining the relationship that exists between positive word of mouth and profitability with emphasis on the banking sector’s experience in Port Harcourt. It is a descriptive study that involved survey design hence, the use of 105 copies of questionnaire to gather primary data from top management cadre personnel of the 21 money deposit banks in Port Harcourt; secondary data were generated as well. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data generated and to examine the relationship that existed between the studied variables, and were further regressed to ascertain the extent of their relationship using SPSS version 20.0 software. Conclusively, it was revealed that positive word of mouth significantly influenced profitability of banks in Port Harcourt. Consequently, it was recommended that banks in Port Harcourt should constantly strive to pursue customer satisfaction as this is key to achieving positive word of mouth and customer referrals which leads to profit maximization.
Joint correction of attenuation and scatter in image space using deep convolutional neural networks for dedicated brain 18F-FDG PET

Dedicated brain positron emission tomography (PET) devices can provide higher-resolution images with much lower doses compared to conventional whole-body PET systems, which is important to support PET neuroimaging and particularly useful for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. However, when a dedicated brain PET scanner does not come with a combined CT or transmission source, there is no direct solution for accurate attenuation and scatter correction, both of which are critical for quantitative PET. To address this problem, we propose joint attenuation and scatter correction (ASC) in image space for non-corrected PET (PETNC) using deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs). This approach is a one-step process, distinct from conventional methods that rely on generating attenuation maps first that are then applied to iterative scatter simulation in sinogram space. For training and validation, time-of-flight PET/MR scans and additional helical CTs were performed for 35 subjects (25/10 split for training and test dataset). A DCNN model was proposed and trained to convert PETNC to DCNN-based ASC PET (PETDCNN) directly in image space. For quantitative evaluation, uptake differences between PETDCNN and reference CT-based ASC PET (PETCT-ASC) were computed for 116 automated anatomical labels (AALs) across 10 test subjects (1160 regions in total). MR-based ASC PET (PETMR-ASC), a current clinical protocol in PET/MR imaging, was another reference for comparison. Statistical significance was assessed using a paired t test. The performance of PETDCNN was comparable to that of PETMR-ASC, in comparison to reference PETCT-ASC. The mean SUV differences (mean ± SD) from PETCT-ASC were 4.0% ± 15.4% (P < 0.001) and −4.2% ± 4.3% (P < 0.001) for PETDCNN and PETMR-ASC, respectively. The overall larger variation of PETDCNN (15.4%) was prone to the subject with the highest mean difference (48.5% ± 10.4%). The mean difference of PETDCNN excluding the subject was substantially improved to −0.8% ± 5.2% (P < 0.001), which was lower than that of PETMR-ASC (−5.07% ± 3.60%, P < 0.001). In conclusion, we demonstrated the feasibility of directly producing PET images corrected for attenuation and scatter using a DCNN (PETDCNN) from PETNC in image space without requiring conventional attenuation map generation and time-consuming scatter correction. Additionally, our DCNN-based method provides a possible alternative to MR-ASC for simultaneous PET/MRI.
Symbolic Graph Reasoning Meets Convolutions

Beyond local convolution networks, we explore how to harness various external human knowledge for endowing the networks with the capability of semantic global reasoning. Rather than using separate graphical models (e.g. CRF) or constraints for modeling broader dependencies, we propose a new Symbolic Graph Reasoning (SGR) layer, which performs reasoning over a group of symbolic nodes whose outputs explicitly represent different properties of each semantic in a prior knowledge graph. To cooperate with local convolutions, each SGR is constituted by three modules: a) a primal local-to-semantic voting module where the features of all symbolic nodes are generated by voting from local representations; b) a graph reasoning module propagates information over knowledge graph to achieve global semantic coherency; c) a dual semantic-to-local mapping module learns new associations of the evolved symbolic nodes with local representations, and accordingly enhances local features. The SGR layer can be injected between any convolution layers and instantiated with distinct prior graphs. Extensive experiments show incorporating SGR significantly improves plain ConvNets on three semantic segmentation tasks and one image classification task. More analyses show the SGR layer learns shared symbolic representations for domains/datasets with the different label set given a universal knowledge graph, demonstrating its superior generalization capability.
PRODUCTIVE AMBIGUITY IN THE LEARNING OF MATHEMATICS

A formative experience of my teenage years was watching a worn-out film that my music teacher was eaget for us to see of the conductor and composer~ Leonard Bernstein, talking passionately about the role of ambiguity in music (Bernstein, 1976) I had uever previously considered ambiguity as anything more than an annoyance and a failure of communication As chiefly a science and mathematics student, I admired plain speaking and wondered why poets, for instance, could not simply state clearly and concisely what it was they were trying to say At titnes, I suspected that those who loved to speak in vague and colourful ways were situply disguising with purple prose their lack of anything much to say I was drawn to the precision and economy of mathematics yet, at the same time, I also loved music Bernstein's series of talks persuaded me that I had completely failed to appreciate an enormously important aspect of the arts (1brmey & Tormey, 1983) An ambiguity is different from mere vagueness or woolly imprecision. Byers (2007) has offered the following definition of ambiguity, adapting one originally offered by Arthur Koestler for creativity:
Resource curse avoidance: governmental intervention and wage formation in the Norwegian petroleum sector

A likely channel for Dutch disease turning a presumably blessing resource windfall into a curse, is the wage formation process. By utilizing the shift from decentralized and uncoordinated wage bargaining in the Norwegian petroleum sector to co-ordinated bargaining, this paper analyzes the effectiveness of a governmental intervention aimed at preventing the extraordinary petroleum wage inflation to become detrimental to the economy. The empirical analysis shows that the intervention was successful as insider weights and insider hysteresis effects were effectively reduced, and that the system of coordinated wage bargaining was re-established. The principal conclusion is that institutions and institutional setting play a crucial role in avoiding adverse economic development.