Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
REM sleep changes in rats induced by siRNA‐mediated orexin knockdown

Short interfering RNAs (siRNA) targeting prepro‐orexin mRNA were microinjected into the rat perifornical hypothalamus. Prepro‐orexin siRNA‐treated rats had a significant (59%) reduction in prepro‐orexin mRNA compared to scrambled siRNA‐treated rats 2 days postinjection, whereas prodynorphin mRNA was unaffected. The number of orexin‐A‐positive neurons on the siRNA‐treated side decreased significantly (23%) as compared to the contralateral control (scrambled siRNA‐treated) side. Neither the colocalized dynorphin nor the neighbouring melanin‐concentrating hormone neurons were affected. The number of orexin‐A‐positive neurons on the siRNA‐treated side did not differ from the number on the control side 4 or 6 days postinjection. Behaviourally, there was a persistent (∼ 60%) increase in the amount of time spent in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during the dark (active) period for 4 nights postinjection, in rats treated with prepro‐orexin siRNA bilaterally. This increase occurred mainly because of an increased number of REM episodes and decrease in REM‐to‐REM interval. Cataplexy‐like episodes were also observed in some of these animals. Wakefulness and NREM sleep were unaffected. The siRNA‐induced increase in REM sleep during the dark cycle reverted to control values on the 5th day postinjection. In contrast, the scrambled siRNA‐treated animals only had a transient increase in REM sleep for the first postinjection night. Our results indicate that siRNA can be usefully employed in behavioural studies to complement other loss‐of‐function approaches. Moreover, these data suggest that the orexin system plays a role in the diurnal gating of REM sleep.
Pedagogista rajankäyntiä koulussa : inkluusioreitit ja yhdessä oppimisen edellytykset

Mikola, Marjatta Defining pedagogical boundaries at school – the routes to inclusion and conditions for collaborative learning Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2011, 304 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Education, Psychology and Social Research ISSN 0075-4625; 412) ISBN 978-951-39-4309-7 (nid.), 978-951-39-4348-6 (PDF) English summary Diss. This school ethnography, located within the field of inclusion research, examines the way in which the diversity of the pupils is met in pedagogical activities in a Finnish primary school. The study sheds light on teachers’ work in a school that applies neighbourhood school principles. The aim is to describe, analyse and interpret the shaping of the school’s pedagogical process and the significance of pedagogical solutions on all pupils’ opportunities to learn and participate. I analyse teachership and the meanings teachers have assigned to diversity and inclusion. The objective is to find out which factors in the learning environment prevent and which promote collaborative learning. In this study I regard inclusion as a contextual process bound to time, place and the local culture. I distinguish between the concepts of integration and inclusion, and outline five routes to inclusion: 1) the equality and justice route, 2) the route from medicalisation to the social model, 3) the organisational perspective and school development route, 4) the teachership route, and 5) the route of learning and participation. The study setting is a Village School, in which I as an ethnographer participated in the day-to-day activities for two school years (2003–2005), a total of 38 observation days. The research data consist of participatory observation data and interviews with teachers, the principal and special needs assistants; documents, photos and a video. I apply various analysis methods: at the beginning data-based and later theory-based analysis. The study demonstrates that not all pupils have the opportunity to become members of a group at school due to the fractured organisation of teaching. Teachers’ aspirations for a learner-oriented approach face multiple obstacles in daily work. Inclusion requires that teachers cooperate and give up their individualistic working culture. Teachers’ and pupils’ everyday lives are typically fragmented and busy. Special needs assistants’ work includes conflicting elements, and the definition of their responsibilities is not clear in relation to teaching. Teachers apply various pedagogical strategies in
Macro Disagreement and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns

This paper examines the effects of macro-level disagreement on the cross-section of stock returns. Using forecast dispersion measures from the Survey of Professional Forecasters database as proxies for macro disagreement, I find that high macro beta stocks earn lower future returns relative to low macro beta stocks following high macro disagreement states. This negative relation between returns for macro factors and macro disagreement is robust and exists for a large set of macroeconomic factors, suggesting that high macro beta stocks are overvalued compared with low macro beta stocks due to their greater sensitivity to aggregate disagreement.
Smoking Related Cancers: A Brief Report on Problem Solving, Distress, and Risk Behaviors in Patients and Caregivers

Cancer diagnoses may adversely affect emotional functioning in patients and their caregivers, which in turn may increase risk behaviors, such as tobacco and alcohol use. This study investigates the relationships among problem-solving ability, distress, and risk behaviors in patients with head/neck and lung cancer and their caregivers. The authors hypothesized that patients and caregivers who experienced higher distress would engage in more risk behaviors, but that Social Problem-Solving (SPS) would moderate this effect, in that those who possessed greater SPS ability would engage in fewer risk behaviors. Twenty-one cancer patients and 11 of their caregivers were surveyed shortly after diagnosis. Participants completed the Profile of Mood States, the Social Problem-Solving Inventory—Revised, and measures of tobacco and alcohol use. Total SPS ability was higher in patients than caregivers but generally low in both groups. Total distress was lower in patients compared to caregivers. Mean comparisons indicated that caregivers smoked more cigarettes per day and consumed more alcohol than patients. Results indicate that patients and caregivers may have a decreased ability to solve problems, and that caregivers engage in more frequent risk behaviors than patients, suggesting that caregivers may be at risk and warrant further study. The study design prevents causative conclusions and limited sample size prohibits more complex analyses. Further research on social problem-solving ability, distress, and risk behaviors may reveal more robust relationships and provide insight for intervention development for these groups.
Molecular analysis of nuc-1+, a gene controlling phosphorus acquisition in Neurospora crassa

In response to phosphorus starvation, Neurospora crassa makes several enzymes that are undetectable or barely detectable in phosphate-sufficient cultures. The nuc-1+ gene, whose product regulates the synthesis of these enzymes, was cloned and sequenced. The nuc-1+ gene encodes a protein of 824 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 87,429. The amino acid sequence shows homology with two yeast proteins whose functions are analogous to that of the NUC-1 protein. Two nuc-1+ transcripts of 3.2 and 3.0 kilobases were detected; they were present in similar amounts during growth at low or high phosphate concentrations. The nuc-2+ gene encodes a product normally required for NUC-1 function, and yet a nuc-2 mutation can be complemented by overexpression of the nuc-1+ gene. This implies physical interactions between NUC-1 protein and the negative regulatory factor(s) PREG and/or PGOV. Analysis of nuc-2 and nuc-1; nuc-2 strains transformed by the nuc-1+ gene suggests that phosphate directly affects the level or activity of the negative regulatory factor(s) controlling phosphorus acquisition.
Graphene-based surface plasmon resonance urea biosensor using Kretschmann configuration

The present paper analyses a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor based on graphene that leads to improvement on efficiency of an urea biosensor due to high adsorption. Kretschmann configuration is well known as the most effectively used technique for plasmon excitation. In this work, we investigated the effect of MoS2 with a fine layer of graphene deposited on a plasmonic material, gold (Au), into the configuration. Simulation is based on finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for analysis. The performance of SPR biosensor can be monitored by analyzing the sensitivity and full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of the SPR spectrum. The measurements are observed at 670 nm and 785 nm for urea detection. The molarity and refractive index is varied from 1.335 to 1.347 for sensing layer. The results show that maximum sensitivity of as high as 230°/RIU and 173.16°/RIU can be achieved at 670 nm and 785 nm respectively, which indicates the proposed SPR biosensor is suitable for urea detection.
Validation of IASI atmospheric chemistry products for CO, O3, HNO3, N2O and CH4 with FTIR ground-based network data

1)Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Brussels, Belgium, martine@oma.be (2)Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe, Germany, thomas.blumenstock@imk.fzk. de (3)Institute of Astrophysics, University of Liege, Belgium, emmanuel.mahieu@ulg.ac. be (4)Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, German, jnotholt@iup.physik. uni-bremen.de (5)National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand, s.wood@niwa.co.nz (6)Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, University of Wollongong, Australia, njones@uow.edu. au
TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTE LEACHATE BY ELECTROCOAGULATION TECHNOLOGY

This paper presents, treatment of solid waste leachate by Electrocoagulation (EC) technique using aluminum electrodes. The sample of leachate was collected from Bagalkot Municipal solid waste (MSW) site. The effects of process variables such as pH, applied cell voltage, and operating time were investigated on COD and turbidity removal. The EC process was carried out in a batch reactor of 1 liter capacity and samples of 750 ml were taken out for batch at 05, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 minutes of operation. Results obtained from the experiments showed that COD and turbidity removal was strongly influenced by the initial pH. The highest COD and turbidity removal efficiency of 95.8% and 96.6% were obtained at an applied cell voltage of for 9V, 40 minutes of operation.
GaN-based digital transmitter chain utilizing push-pull gate drivers for high switching speed and built-in DPD

This paper presents a fully digital transmitter chain, including a modulator and a digital microwave power amplifier (PA) MMIC. It uses push-pull drivers for the gates of the class-D final stage for improved switching speed. To the authors' knowledge this is the first time this approach is implemented on a GaN HEMT process. The performance of the flexible and compact chip is evaluated with modulated baseband signals at a 900 MHz carrier. For encoding the IQ signals into a binary stream, a modulation scheme with a built-in DPD is used, resulting in a higher line-up efficiency as no additional computational power is dissipated. ACLR values of more than 43.5 dB are reached almost fulfilling the 3GPP spectral requirements. A comparison of achieved signal quality to other publications is given.
Changes of chromatin condensation in one patient with ataxia telangiectasia disorder: A structural study

Differential scanning calorimetry and quantitative fluorescence microscopy have been employed to characterize the structure and organization of in situ chromatin in lymphoblastoid cells obtained from one ataxia telangiectasia (A‐T) patient and one healthy family member. The proven capability of these biophysical techniques to measure changes of chromatin condensation directly inside the cells makes them very powerful in studying the eventual structural changes associated with the appearance of a pleiotropic genetic disorder such as ataxia telangiectasia. A‐T syndrome is genetically heterogeneous and can be induced by different mutations of a single gene. The aim of this work is to determine whether the genetic mutation exhibited by the A‐T patient of this study may be associated with modifications of chromatin structure and organization. Both the calorimetric and the fluorescence microscopy results acquired on cells from the A‐T patient show that the structure and distribution of nuclear chromatin in situ change considerably with respect to the control. A significant decondensation of the nuclear chromatin is in fact associated with the appearance of the A‐T disorder in the A‐T patient under analysis, together with a rearrangement of the chromatin domains inside the nucleus. J. Cell. Biochem. 75:578–586, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship of Biometric Size - Weight , Nutritive Value and Metal Concentrations in Clarias Lazera ( Cuvier and Valenciennes ) Reared in Treated Wastewater

The objective of the present study was to investigate the nutritive value and heavy metals accumulation in the flesh of Clarias lazera (Cuvier and Valenciennes) reared in the discharge canal of Soba wastewater treatment station, south Khartoum, Sudan. A total of 57 fish were collected from the canal and 52 from the White Nile which served as the control. The proximate composition of fish and concentrations of eight hazardous heavy metals i.e. chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), robidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), and mercury (Hg) in the flesh of C. lazera were measured. The results which were statistically analyzed revealed insignificant differences in moisture, ash, fat contents, energy value, and fat: protein ratio (P>0.05) between the two studied sites. A significant difference (P 0.05). Fe, Cu, Zn and Rb concentrations were significantly higher in treated wastewater fishes than natural water fishes (P 0.05). Nevertheless, the concentrations of most considered elements were lower than levels recommended by various international agencies.
What clinical teachers in medicine need to know

In order to identify the components of knowledge that effective clinical teachers of medicine need, the author carried out a qualitative study of six distinguished clinical teachers in general internal medicine in 1991. Using data from interviews, a structured task, and observations of each ward team, he identified six domains of knowledge essential to teaching excellence in the context of teaching rounds: clinical knowledge of medicine, patients, and the context of practice, as well as educational knowledge of learners, general principles of teaching and case-based teaching scripts. When combined, these domains of knowledge allow attending physicians to engage in clinical instructional reasoning and to target their teaching to the specific needs of their learners. The results of this investigation are discussed in relation to both prior research on teacher knowledge, reasoning, and action and faculty development in medicine.
The dynamics of racial intermixture in the American Negro-some anthropological considerations.

THE RECENT DEVELOPMENT, by Drs. Bentley Glass and C. C. Li (1953), of a method making use of gene frequencies for the study of the dynamics of race mixture is a welcome contribution to the genetic aspects of anthropological research. By the ap-plication of this method, the authors estimate the average rate of gene flow into the American Negro per generation from the White population, assuming ten generations of intermixture, to be . 0358; the accumulated amount of White admixture in their American Negro sample is calculated to be 30.6%. The following note endeav-ours to amplify their conclusions in the light of information more recently available. The use in their communication of gene frequencies pertaining to South African Bantu, East Africans and Sudanese was satisfactory for demonstration of the statis-tical model; Glass and Li had of necessity to include these in their calculations on account of the paucity of data then to hand. Acceptance of the gene flow values so obtained however implies that it is immaterial whence the African parental population gene frequencies are derived. That there is a "high degree of uniformity in the distribution of the Rh and MNS groups throughout tropical Africa" does not mean that Rh chromosome frequencies are constant throughout Negro Africa, but only that the overall pattern is generally similar. Thus in every sample yet investigated from Africa south of the Sahara, chromosome cDe is the most frequent, yet its calculated frequency varies between . 34 and . 82; cde is the second most frequent in more than 85% of samples, yet its value varies from . 13 to . 28. On the other hand frequencies of the genes of the MN blood group system do tend to be less variable, and much of the variation observed from sample to sample could be explained as random effects in sampling, though there is a slight tendency for the M frequency to increase from west to east. Statistically significant differences occur in the ABO frequencies, which in East Africa for example serve to distinguish the major ethnic subdivisions of the peoples. By reason of these variations, for computations involving actual blood group frequencies, such as
Clinical, neuropsychological, and morphometric correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease

Apathy is a salient feature of various neuropsychiatric disorders, from depression to Alzheimer's disease. We formally assess its prevalence in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) together with its clinical, neuropsychological, and morphometric correlates. Thirty patients with PD and 25 normal controls were assessed using an extensive neuropsychological battery and Marin's Apathy Scale; parkinsonian patients also underwent MRI scan, followed by linear measurement of various frontotemporal structures. Approximately 45% of the PD sample showed apathy. For comparison analysis, given the unimodal distribution of the apathy scores, the PD sample was divided into three groups on the basis of the apathy tertiles. All three PD groups had worse cognitive and depression scores than controls, whereas they did not differ in terms of demographic, neurological, general cognitive, or affective features. By contrast, a significant positive association was found between apathy scores and performance on tests of executive function. As regards the morphometric data, we failed to find any specific measure of frontotemporal atrophy correlating with the presence or severity of apathy. Thus, apathy seems to be a frequent and important companion of PD, in many cases probably due to a primary motivational impairment, possibly related to a frontosubcortical dysfunction. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.
China experiencing the recent warming hiatus

Based on the homogenized data set, we analyze changes in mean temperature and some extreme temperature indices over China since 1961 and especially during the recent warming hiatus period (1998–2012) in a global average context. The result shows that the decrease of annual mean maximum has contributed most to the decreases in overall mean temperature and in diurnal temperature range (DTR) during the warming hiatus period. In most parts of China except the southwest, the summer mean maximum temperature (TxS) shows the largest increase, while the winter mean minimum temperature (TnW) indicates slight cooling trends. These changes have augmented the seasonal cycle and increased the likelihood of extreme warm and cold events. Further analyses reveal that the increases in TxS are significantly correlated with concurrent increases in solar radiation. In southwest China, the annual mean temperature, TxS, TnW, and DTR increased during 1998–2012, possibly related to increased dryness in this region during the hiatus period.
The genera of Myrtaceae in Brazil: an illustrated synoptic treatment and identification keys

A synoptic treatment of the 23 genera of Myrtaceae in Brazil and keys for their identification are provided, including a general key to all genera, a key to the subtribes, and keys to the genera of each subtribe. Four commonly recognized genera that we consider to be of uncertain status are provisionally treated as segregates of large related genera: Marlierea and Gomidesia with Myrcia; and Hexachlamys and Calycorectes with Eugenia. Important characters of the inflorescence, calyx, ovary, placenta, ovule, fruit, seed, and embryo are discussed and illustrated. Information provided for each genus includes concise descriptions, geographic distribution, approximate number of species, and comparisons to related genera. Families that might be confused with Myrtaceae are briefly discussed. A new combination, Mosiera prismatica (D. Legrand) Landrum, is made.
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α Inhibits Insulin Signaling through Stimulation of the p55 TNF Receptor and Activation of Sphingomyelinase*

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α plays a central role in the state of insulin resistance associated with obesity. It has previously been shown that one important mechanism by which TNF-α interferes with insulin signaling is through the serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), which can then function as an inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of the insulin receptor (IR). However, the receptors and the signaling pathway used by TNF-α that mediate the inhibition of IR activity are unknown. We show here that human TNF-α, which binds only to the murine p55 TNF receptor (TNFR), is as effective at inhibiting insulin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and IRS-1 in adipocytes and myeloid 32D cells as murine TNF-α, which binds to both p55 TNFR and p75 TNFR. Likewise, antibodies that are specific agonists for p55 TNFR or p75 TNFR demonstrate that stimulation of p55 TNFR is sufficient to inhibit insulin signaling, though a small effect can also be seen with antibodies to p75 TNFR. Exogenous sphingomyelinase and ceramides, known to be formed by activation of p55 TNFR, inhibit IR and IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and convert IRS-1 into an inhibitor of IR tyrosine kinase in vitro. Myeloid 32D cells expressing IR and IRS-1 are sensitive to this inhibition, but cells expressing IR and IRS-2 are resistant, pointing to an important difference in the biological function between IRS-1 and IRS-2. These data strongly suggest that TNF-α inhibits insulin signaling via stimulation of p55 TNFR and sphingomyelinase activity, which results in the production of an inhibitory form of IRS-1.
Treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes with daily oral idarubicin. A phase I–II study

Background. Idarubicin, a new anthracycline analogue, is available in an oral preparation, and responses have been observed using relatively aggressive therapy in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). The authors studied whether a chronic low‐dose schedule would be effective but less myelotoxic.
Positive affect and self-control: Attention to self-control demands mediates the influence of positive affect on consecutive self-control

Positive affect (PA) can either improve or impair self-control performance, depending on whether two tasks are dissimilar, and thus require flexible releasing and switching, or similar, which requires stable maintenance. The present study suggests that this effect is mediated by attentional shifts. The authors found that participants under PA, who performed on two dissimilar tasks and had to switch to a new response dimension, were less attentive to distracting information compared to neutral affect (NE), leading to better performance. In contrast, participants under PA who did not have to switch, were more attentive to distracting information compared to participants under NE. These findings highlight the opposite effects of PA on consecutive self-control.