Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans: Correlation Between Histopathology and MRI.

OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to correlate specimens of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions of the knee to MRI examinations to elucidate the histopathologic basis of characteristic imaging features. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five children (three boys and two girls; age range, 12-13 years old) who underwent transarticular biopsy of juvenile OCD lesions of the knee were retrospectively included in this study. Two radiologists reviewed the MRI examinations and a pathologist reviewed the histopathologic specimens and recorded characteristic features. Digital specimen photographs were calibrated to the size of the respective MR image with the use of a reference scale. Photographs were rendered semitransparent and over-laid onto the MR image with the location chosen on the basis of the site of the prior biopsy. RESULTS A total of seven biopsy specimens were included. On MRI, all lesions showed cystlike foci in the subchondral bone, bone marrow edema pattern on proton density-or T2-weighted images, and relatively thick unossified epiphyseal cartilage. In four patients, a laminar signal intensity pattern was seen, and two patients had multiple breaks in the subchondral bone plate. Fibrovascular tissue was found at histopathology in all patients. Cleft spaces near the cartilage-bone interface and were seen in all patients while chondrocyte cloning was present in most cases. Focal bone necrosis and inflammation were infrequent MRI findings. Precise correlation of the MRI appearance to the histopathologic overlays consistently was found. CONCLUSION A direct correlation exists between the histopathologic findings and the MRI features in patients with juvenile OCD. Additional studies are needed to correlate these MRI features with juvenile OCD healing success rates.
Whole-Body Metabolic Tumor Volume, as Determined by (18)F-FDG PET/CT, as a Prognostic Factor of Outcome for Patients With Breast Cancer Who Have Distant Metastasis.

OBJECTIVE This study was performed to evaluate the prognostic relevance of PET parameters measured by (18)F-FDG PET/CT in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (IDC) who had distant metastasis at the time of initial diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty women with IDC who had distant metastasis at the time of initial diagnosis and who underwent FDG PET/CT before receiving treatment were enrolled in the study. Clinicopathologic parameters and metabolic PET parameters, including the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the primary tumor (pSUVmax), the SUVmax of the axillary lymph node (nSUVmax), the highest SUVmax of whole malignant lesions (wSUVmax), the whole-body (WB) metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and WB total lesion glycolysis (TLG), were analyzed to determine their usefulness in predicting overall survival (OS). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed with the use of Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Twenty-one of the 40 patients (52.5%) died during follow-up (mean follow-up, 36.4 months; range, 0.8-71.4 months). Nonsurvivors had a statistically significantly higher mean (± SD) WB MTV than did survivors (424.0 ± 683.9 vs 92.1 ± 96.3 cm(3); p = 0.0430). T category, performance of palliative surgery, presence of visceral metastasis, wSUVmax, WB MTV, and WB TLG were identified by univariate analysis as prognostic factors for OS, whereas age, N category, hormone receptor status, status, triple-negative breast cancer status (defined as a tumor for which estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and ERBB2 statuses were all negative), pSUVmax, and nSUVmax were not. Multivariate analysis revealed that only WB MTV independently predicted OS (hazard ratio, 4.10; 95% CI, 1.17-14.31; p = 0.0280). CONCLUSION The WB MTV value, as determined by FDG PET/CT performed before treatment, was found to be an independent prognostic factor for OS in patients with IDC who had distant metastasis at the time of initial diagnosis.
The National Lung Screening Trial Premise of Null and Chest Radiography Equivalence Is Open to Question.

OBJECTIVE Lung cancer screening guidelines are based on the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) that used chest radiographic control subjects on the premise of the reported mortality equivalence in chest radiography versus unscreened persons in the NLST-eligible subgroup of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. The purpose of this article is to discuss concerns regarding the validity of the NLST premise of chest radiography and null screening equivalence. CONCLUSION Anomalous findings combined with the failure of CT trials using unscreened control subjects to replicate the benefits of the NLST open to question the validity of this premise.
A systematic review of the relationship between socio-economic position and physical activity

Objective The aim of the present review was to examine epidemiological evidence to determine if there is strong evidence of a positive gradient of increasing physical activity across the socio-economic strata, and how relationships are affected by socio-economic measurement. Design Systematic review. Method A search of major databases was conducted to identify published studies that reported physical activity in relation to socio-economic position (SEP) in adults. Results Twenty-eight cross-sectional and five longitudinal studies met the inclusion criteria. Approximately half of these were American. Consequently education and income were most commonly used to represent SEP. The majority of studies were secondary analyses of existing health survey data, which could explain the generally large sample sizes and methodological weaknesses in physical activity and SEP measurement. There was consistent evidence of a higher prevalence or higher levels of leisure-time or moderate-vigorous intensity physical activity in those at the top of the socio-economic strata compared with those at the bottom. Evidence for positive gradients across the socio-economic strata was less consistent. Education produced the most stable relationships, less susceptible to confounding effects of ethnicity and the environment. Conclusion Those at the top of the socio-economic scale appear to perform more leisure-time activity than those at the bottom. Diverse and often crude physical activity and socio-economic measurement made it difficult to distinguish between artefact and true effect in a relationship with so many potential confounding influences. Further studies using up-to-date methods of socio-economic and physical activity measurement are necessary to further explore this relationship and its confounders.
Hispanic Women in EFNEP Have Low Adherence With Dietary Guidelines Regardless of Acculturation Level

The research study evaluated the acculturation level and dietary patterns of 171 Hispanic women aged 18 to 60 years in the Extension/Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) to determine whether dietary guideline recommendations were met. Three dietary assessment instruments, an acculturation scale, and a bean purchasing questionnaire were completed with the EFNEP class entry forms. Less than 30% of the Hispanic-dominant and only 7% of bicultural and English-dominant women met the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendations for fruits, vegetables, or legumes. Dietary quality declines with acculturation, but the diet of less acculturated Hispanic women may be inadequate beforehand.
Performance of DWI in the Nodal Characterization and Assessment of Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to assess the diagnostic performance of DWI in the N stage assessment of patients with lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and EBSCO English-language databases and two Chinese-language databases were searched for eligible studies. On the basis of the data extracted from included studies, we determined the pooled sensitivity and specificity, calculated the positive and negative likelihood ratios, and constructed summary ROC curves. In addition, we also performed threshold effect analysis, metaregression analysis, subgroup analysis, and publication bias analysis to explain the source of heterogeneity. RESULTS A total of 18 articles involving 1116 patients met the inclusion criteria. On a per-patient basis, the pooled sensitivity and specificity estimates of DWI were 0.68 (95% CI, 0.63-0.73) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.90-0.94), respectively. On a per-lesion basis, the corresponding estimates were 0.72 (95% CI, 0.69-0.75) for sensitivity and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.95-0.96) for specificity. Only the analysis method (quantitative vs qualitative) affected the diagnostic accuracy on the basis of subgroup and metaregression analysis. CONCLUSION Current evidence suggests that DWI is beneficial in the nodal assessment of patients with lung cancer, and it is necessary to conduct high-quality prospective studies regarding the use of DWI in detecting metastatic lymph nodes of lung cancer to determine its true value.
Study of extensor and flexor musculature in the knees of male and female volleyball players

Objective The aim of the present study was to analyse differences in muscle response and mechanical characteristics of the vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF) in elite volleyball players of both sexes using tensiomyography (TMG). Setting 47 players of nine nationalities playing in teams belonging to the men's and women's Spanish Superleagues (elite division) were assessed. Participants 22 women (age 24.59±4.27 years; weight 72.14±10.06 kg; height 178.40±8.50 cm) and 25 men (age 25.04±4.29 years; weight 88.76±9.07 kg; height 194.71±7.84 cm). Methods TMG was used to assess muscular response, muscular mechanical characteristics, and gender differences. For this purpose, the following variables were analysed: maximum radial displacement of muscle belly or maximum deformation (Dm), and normalised response speed (Vrn). Results The findings show, both in men and women, a higher normalised response speed (Vrn) score in the VL and VM compared to the RF and BF. A marked lateral symmetry of maximum radial deformation or displacement of the muscle belly (Dm) was also observed in the musculature of the lower limbs, with no statistically-significant differences being detected in either men or women. There were, however, clear differences in terms of muscle response between male and female volleyball players: women displayed a more pronounced difference in the Vrn of the musculature responsible for extension (VM, RF and VL) and flexion (BF) of the knee joint than men. Conclusions TMG proved to be a highly sensitive tool for detecting changes in lower limb muscle activity.
Neurotrophic factors GDNF and NRTN : from basic properties to clinical trials

1 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 1. Parkinson's disease and its treatment 4 1.1 Drug development: from animal models to clinical trials 7 1.2 Available PD treatments 10 1.3 Towards neurotrophic and neurorestorative therapies 11 2. GDNF family ligands (GFLs): structure, signalling and function 13 2.1 Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) 14 2.2 Neurturin (NRTN) 16 2.3 Artemin (ARTN) 17 2.4 Persephin (PSPN) 17 3. GFL receptors: structure and mediation of GFLs signalling 19 3.1 GDNF family receptor alpha 1-4 (GFRα1-4) 19 3.2 Rearranged during transfection (RET) 21 3.3 Role of the neural-cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) in GFL signalling 24 4. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): roles in GFL signalling 26 4.1 Chondroitin/dermatan sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) 26 4.2 Heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) 27 4.2.1 Syndecan-3 29 5. Neurotrophic factors as PD therapeutics: focus on GDNF and NRTN 31 5.1 Therapeutic potential of GDNF protein delivery 31 5.2 Therapeutic potential of virally-delivered NRTN 35 5.3 Clinical trials of neurotrophic factor delivery in PD: how to improve the results? 38 AIMS OF THE STUDY 40 MATERIALS AND METHODS 41
Medical malpractice and contract disclosure : a study of the effects of legal rules on behavior in health care markets.

A theoretical model is developed to explain how specific legal rules affect the types of contracts managed care organizations ("MCOs") use to compensate physicians. In addition, the analysis provides insights into how physician treatment decisions and the patient litigation decisions react to different legal rules. In particular, the model predicts that outcomes in jurisdictions forcing MCOs to disclose contract terms to patients differ from those that do not. Contracts vary depending on the disclosure rule and how treatment costs relates to expected damages and litigation costs. Moreover, the model predicts that jurisdictions forcing contract disclosure observe higher rates of legally compliant treatment and lower rates of medical malpractice claims. The model's results also provide insights into how expected damages affect treatment and litigation decisions. Using these insights, an efficient damage rule is constructed and then compared to two commonly used damage rules to illuminate the rules' inefficiencies. Finally, it is shown that, regardless of the disclosure rule, treatment and litigation decisions do not depend on whether the patient can sue only the physician, only the MCO, or both. MCO contract choices, however, do vary with the composition of the group of potential defendants. In addition, an empirical study is employed to test three predictions of the theoretical model. The study uses data on medical malpractice insurance premiums per physician in the 50 U.S. states for the period 1991-2001 as a proxy for ex ante expected damages arising from medical malpractice claims. The data support the prediction that mandatory disclosure laws (weakly) decrease ex ante expected damages. The data also support the prediction that implementing damage caps in the presence of a disclosure law (weakly) increases ex ante expected damages. The results on the final prediction, that implementing damage caps in the absence of a disclosure law most likely increases ex ante expected damages, are mixed.
A survey of HIV knowledge and attitudes of pharmacy students in Canada and Qatar

Background: Little is known about knowledge and attitudes of pharmacy students regarding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or how knowledge and attitudes compare internationally. Aims: The primary objective of this study was to compare pharmacy students' knowledge and attitudes of HIV between students in Doha, Qatar, and Saskatchewan, Canada. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to pharmacy students enrolled at Qatar University and at the University of Saskatchewan. Results: Overall response rate was 36.1%, with 51% and 32% completing the survey in Qatar and Canada, respectively. While most students at both institutions were knowledgeable about HIV, students from Qatar had a significantly greater number of misconceptions. Attitudes and beliefs differed significantly between students in Canada and Qatar. Conclusions: Findings suggest that students are generally knowledgeable and have positive attitudes; however, several misconceptions and negative beliefs remain. Current educational strategies should further emphasize modes of HIV transmission and prevention.
Religion, Social Support, Food-Related Social Support, Diet, Nutrition, and Anthropometrics in Older Adults

Religion is an important aspect of many people's lives, especially for older adults. However, very little data exists about the relationships between religion, food-related social support, diet, nutrition, and anthropometrics in older U.S. adults. Social support may be a possible mechanism for religion-diet/nutrition relationships. This analysis examined these relationships in a sample of 424 older individuals. Religion was related to some dietary behaviors in men, and in dietary behaviors and anthropometrics in women. Religion's relationship with anthropometrics as well as diet in women may have been due to women's greater religiousness and involvement in food acquisition, preparation, and distribution in religious gatherings.
IMPACT OF CLINICAL PLACEMENT ON RADIOGRAPHY STUDENTS IN GHANA

Background: The clinical setting is one of the most valuable resources available to training institutions to prepare students to competently care for patients and also execute certain tasks with little or no supervision. Aim: To examine the impact of clinical placement on radiography students’ clinical experience. Methodology: A quantitative study design using a Likert-Scale questionnaire was used to assess clinical practice-learning environment. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 14.0 (SPSS). Forty seven (47) undergraduate student radiographers participated in the study. Results: Students indicated they had adequate knowledge and enjoyed their time on the clinical placement. They indicated that the staffs were supportive, friendly and approachable. The students were also able to achieve their learning outcome during placement, however feedbacks from supervisors, according to the students were inadequate and students were not sure about the use of research findings by the clinical venues. Conclusion: Clinical placement had adequate student support. It is important, however, to consider carefully where students have their clinical practice and at what point of their studies the different placements should be carried out. A collaboration between the key stakeholders is essential to ensure that students have a good experience at clinical placement.
The Value of the T2-Weighted Multipoint Dixon Sequence in MRI of Sacroiliac Joints for the Diagnosis of Active and Chronic Sacroiliitis.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the value of the T2-weighted multipoint Dixon technique as a single sequence in MRI of the sacroiliac joints for the diagnosis of active and chronic sacroiliitis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The T2-weighted multipoint Dixon sequence with water-only, in-phase, opposed-phase, and fat-only images was added to a routine MRI protocol, which included T1-weighted, fat-saturated T2-weighted, and contrast-enhanced fat-saturated T1-weighted sequences, for imaging 73 patients. Images obtained as part of the routine protocol were reviewed first by two radiologists. Then, the T2-weighted multipoint Dixon images were reviewed separately. Signs of active inflammation detected on fat-saturated T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced fat-saturated T1-weighted images were compared with the water-only images. Signs of chronic sacroiliitis detected on T1-weighted images were compared with the fat-only, in-phase, and opposed-phase images. Contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) of all lesions were statistically analyzed. ANOVA and posthoc Tukey tests were used to compare CNR data. RESULTS The mean CNR of 34 lesions with bone marrow edema or osteitis was greater on the water-only images (CNR, 176) than on the fat-saturated T2-weighted images (CNR, 82) and the contrast-enhanced fat-saturated T1-weighted images (CNR, 56), and this difference in mean CNRs was statistically significant (p < 0.01). There were also statistically significant differences in CNRs between sequences (p < 0.01). The highest mean CNR for subchondral sclerosis in 23 lesions was noted on in-phase images, and the highest mean CNR for periarticular fat deposition in 29 lesions was noted on opposed-phase images. Qualitative analyses also revealed that T2-weighted multipoint Dixon images were superior in showing signs of both active and chronic sacroiliitis. CONCLUSION The T2-weighted multipoint Dixon sequence is superior to conventional MRI sequences in depicting diagnostic signs of active and chronic sacroiliitis and therefore may be used as a single sequence.
A STUDY OF THE NUTRITIONAL EXPERIENCES OF OLDER PEOPLE IN HOSPITAL

Knowing what it feels like for older patient's eating in hospital is central to nurses giving quality nutritional care. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the phenomena of nutritional care from the patients' perspective, by exploring older people's experiences and feelings in relation to the provision of food in hospital. A descriptive study design was employed to enable patient's own words to offer insight into their experiences. Data were collected from individual interviews with fifteen patients, and analysed according to the principles of phenomenology. Four key themes emerged from the data: Making choices, anticipation, eating behaviour, and appreciation. The findings are based on informant's descriptions of the specific themes, and their general feeling of each theme being experienced either positively or negatively, and indicate patients' experience of eating was an 'evolving process', termed the 'eating process continuum', that began even before patients received their food. This process was affected by issues such as the variety of foods offered, the content of the meals and the nursing care given at mealtimes. The results of this study will inform nursing practice by describing the participants' experiences from their own viewpoint, and may assist nurses to identify patients at potential risk of nutritional deficiency using the 'eating process continuum' as a framework.
Comparison of a Fast 5-Minute Shoulder MRI Protocol With a Standard Shoulder MRI Protocol: A Multiinstitutional Multireader Study.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of a 5-minute shoulder MRI protocol consisting of multiplanar 2D fast spin-echo (FSE) sequences with parallel imaging to that of a standard shoulder MRI protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review of 151 3-T MRI examinations of shoulders of 147 patients (mean age, 46.95 years) and 50 1.5-T MRI examinations of shoulders of 50 patients (mean age, 53.74 years) with four fast and five standard sequences from two academic centers between January 2014 and April 2015 was performed by three musculoskeletal radiologists. Interchangeability of fast and standard MRI was tested by comparing interprotocol (fast vs standard) interreader agreement with standard MRI interreader agreement. Interreader agreement was also compared using kappa statistics. The frequency of major findings was compared using an adjusted McNemar test. Sensitivity and specificity of MRI were measured for 51 patients who underwent surgery. RESULTS Interprotocol reader agreement was essentially equal to reader agreement on standard MRI (mean difference ≤ 1%; 95% CI, -3.8% to 3.9%; 61-96% across structures). Interprotocol kappa values (0.373-0.645) were similar to standard MRI kappa values (0.320-0.726). Frequencies of major findings on fast and standard MRI were similar (0.7-19.6% across structures; p ≥ 0.08). Sensitivities of fast MRI for tendon and labral tears (33-92%) were equivalent or higher than those of standard MRI with similar specificities (77-98%). CONCLUSION Fast 5-minute shoulder MRI with multiplanar 2D FSE sequences using parallel imaging is interchangeable, with similar interreader agreement and accuracy, with standard shoulder MRI for evaluating shoulder injuries.