Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strains favor transmission but not drug resistance in China.

BACKGROUND The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strains are widespread globally. We aimed to determine whether Beijing strains in China are more likely than other strains to spread, and whether they are more likely to become drug resistant. We also sought to determine whether different Beijing sublineages have distinct phenotypic characteristics. METHODS We conducted a population-based molecular epidemiologic study in 6 provinces in China from 2009 to 2010. We analyzed data and specimens from culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Each patient's isolate was genotyped using 16-loci variable number of tandem repeats and 6 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. RESULTS By genotyping, 75.0% (1031/1375) of the strains of M. tuberculosis were Beijing strains. Beijing strains were more likely than non-Beijing strains to be in a genotypic cluster (odds ratio, 2.40, P < .001), and were significantly associated with younger age (P(trend) < . 05). There was no significant difference in the proportion of Beijing strains and non-Beijing strains that were drug resistant, even when stratified by new vs retreatment patients. We identified 6 sublineages of Beijing strains in the study population. The modern sublineage of Beijing strains were more likely than the ancient sublineages to be clustered (odds ratio, 2.27, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Beijing strains of M. tuberculosis were significantly associated with genotypic clustering, reflecting recent transmission, and younger age, but were not associated with drug resistance. Future studies of Beijing family strains should avoid assuming and attributing characteristics to the entire family and should assess strains of specific sublineages and/or settings.
Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Rates of Subgroups of Asian American Women in California

Although breast and cervical cancer screening rates for Asian American (AA) women are the lowest of any ethnic group in California, few causes for this are known. The authors used the 2001 California Health Interview Survey, conducted in five Asian languages, to conduct the first evaluation of Pap and mammography screening rates for a representative sample of 2,239 AA women. Wide variations in screening rates were found among the seven different subgroups of AA women studied: adjusted Pap test use ranged from 81% (Filipina Americans) to 61% (Vietnamese Americans). Mammography rates ranged from 78% (Japanese Americans) to 53% (Korean Americans). Disaggregating the AA data and using separate multivariate logistic regressions revealed that different factors were independently associated with the low screening rates for each subgroup. The measurement of additional contextual information is needed to identify structural barriers and community resources to provide clearer guidance for the design of effective screening promotion programs for AA subpopulations.
A postprocessing algorithm for crosstalk-driven wire perturbation

Much of the previous work on crosstalk minimization attempted to handle crosstalk during the process of routing the nets. However, this necessitates the estimation of the expected crosstalk due to nets that are yet to be routed. In contrast, post-processing algorithms can use accurate crosstalk measurements to respace the wires, thus improving the crosstalk even in routings produced by crosstalk-aware routers. However, the postprocessing algorithms presented so far have been restricted either by the use of a gridded model or by the difficulty of optimizing the highly nonlinear crosstalk-based objective functions. We address the problem of minimizing the peak crosstalk in a routed region by respacing its critical nets and their neighbors. We study the variation of the crosstalk in a net and its neighbors when one of its trunks is perturbed, showing that the trunk's perturbation range can be efficiently divided into subintervals having monotonic or unimodal crosstalk variation. This result enables us to determine the optimum location for the trunk without needing to solve any nonlinear equations. Using this, we construct an algorithm to minimize the peak crosstalk in the nets of a gridless channel. Although we present our results in terms of channel routing, our theory is also applicable to more general routing models. Furthermore, our crosstalk model subsumes the models used in most prior works on noise-aware routing. Our experiments verify the effectiveness of our approach.
Tuberculosis and viral hepatitis infection in Eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America: impact of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors in clinical practice

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors are increasingly becoming the standard of care for treating a number of inflammatory diseases. However, treatment with TNF-α inhibitors carries an inherent risk of compromising the immune system, resulting in an increased susceptibility to infections and malignancies. This increased risk of infection is of particular concern in Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America where tuberculosis (TB) and viral hepatitis are endemic. In this brief review, we examine the literature and review the impact of TNF-α inhibitors on the incidence and the reactivation of latent disease with respect to TB, hepatitis C infection, and hepatitis B infection. Our findings show that TNF-α inhibitors are generally safe, if used with caution. Patients should be screened prior to the initiation of TNF-α inhibitor treatment and given prophylactic treatment if needed. In addition, patients should be monitored during treatment with TNF-α inhibitors and after treatment has stopped to ensure that infections, if detected, are treated promptly and effectively. Our analysis is consistent with other reports and guidelines.
ASA Practice Guidelines for Preanesthetic Assessment

Anesthesiologists are increasingly challenged to maintain a standard of practice that requires analysis and assessment of the current state of research and clinical practice. An additional consideration is doing so within the constraints of cost containment and increasingly scarce resources within anesthesia practice, including the current staffing limitations affecting anesthesia providers nationwide. In many instances, attempts to establish appropriate practices require the reconciliation of seemingly contradictory information and reports with an analysis of research design and relevance. The explosion of medical knowledge has transcended the ability of practitioners to rely on a few specialty journals or experts to address all issues within their specialties. Guideline development has rapidly progressed during the past several years as a means to seek some organized method of evaluating a vast amount of information available from an increasing diversity of print and electronic sources. The pressures to formulate guidelines often go beyond a desire to distill the clinical data and include attempts to address the regulatory, economic, and practice organization issues facing clinicians on a daily basis. The preanesthesia assessment of the surgical patient is a classic case of these pressures. Evaluation of the patient undergoing surgery provides one of the most formidable challenges for anesthesiologists from both a clinical and organizational perspective. The importance of this issue is
To grab for the market or to bide one's time: a dynamic model of entry

We consider a simultaneous-move, dynamic-entry game. The fixed cost of entry is private information. Entering earlier increases the likelihood of being the monopolist but also increases the likelihood of coordination failure and simultaneous entry. We consider general continuous distributions for the fixed cost, and we characterize the unique symmetric sequential equilibrium in pure strategies. Comparative-statics results are derived. As the time between rounds approaches zero, all of the "action" occurs during an arbitrarily small amount of time. For the Bertrand model, we extend the analysis to allow for n firms. Copyright 2003 by the RAND Corporation.
Autoestima y autoeficacia de los alumnos de educación primaria en la asignatura de ciencias de la naturaleza

En el ambito de las ciencias, el interes de los estudiantes comienza pronto, pero se vuelve decreciente en la etapa de secundaria, considerando la Ciencia como algo aburrida y poco util. La presente investigacion, englobada dentro del proyecto del Plan Nacional (EDU2016-77007-R), esta centrada en la Educacion Primaria, momento en el cual comienzan a cristalizar las emociones de los estudiantes. Los objetivos de la presente investigacion son conocer el nivel de autoestima y autoeficacia del alumnado de Educacion Primaria, ademas de intentar encontrar diferencias en cuanto a variables sociodemograficas como el sexo y el curso de los estudiantes. La muestra de nuestro estudio esta constituida por 151 alumnos de 4o, 5o y 6o de diferentes colegios publicos de Extremadura y el proceso de muestreo que se ha llevado a cabo para seleccionar a los sujetos encuestados ha consistido en un muestreo no probabilistico de conveniencia o incidental. Para llevar a cabo nuestra investigacion hemos optado por un diseno no experimental, puesto que no hemos contado con el control de una variable independiente, ni hemos llevado a cabo ninguna intervencion o tratamiento. Ademas, se trata de un estudio transversal o transeccional, puesto que se analiza el nivel y/o estado de diversas variables en un punto concreto del tiempo. Entre los resultados mas relevantes destacan las diferencias estadisticamente significativas en cuanto al curso en el que se encuentran matriculados los estudiantes.
Effects of injection of hypertonic glucose on metabolism of water and electrolytes in patients with edema.

In normal human subjects, rapid injection of hypertonic glucose produces severe hyperglycemia which elevates the effective osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid, thereby withdrawing water from cells, expanding extracellular volume, and decreasing the concentration of serum sodium (1). Large amounts of salt as well as water are excreted in the urine as intense glycosuria supervenes (1, 2). Similar effects have been demonstrated with a variety of nonelectrolytes, predominantly sugars of small molecular size (1-6). The reasons for these accelerated urinary losses of salt and water are not clear. They have usually been ascribed to the osmotic influence within the renal tubules of that fraction of the injected solute which appears in the urine (2-6). The following study of the effects of injections of hypertonic glucose in edematous cardiacs and cirrhotics was undertaken for two reasons: 1) To determine whether this procedure might have therapeutic value in facilitating the delivery of edema or ascites ; 2) To determine by comparison with normal subjects whether a different physiological background, which includes a great propensity toward renal retention of salt (7), conditions the response of the body fluids and kidney to osmotic loads.
Candidate program Run tests Synthesized programSignature and tests Components Construct

Component-based approaches to program synthesis assemble programs from a database of existing components, such as methods provided by an API. In this paper, we present a novel type-directed algorithm for component-based synthesis. The key novelty of our approach is the use of a compact Petri-net representation to model relationships between methods in an API. Given a target method signature S, our approach performs reachability analysis on the underlying Petri-net model to identify sequences of method calls that could be used to synthesize an implementation of S. The programs synthesized by our algorithm are guaranteed to type check and pass all test cases provided by the user. We have implemented this approach in a tool called SYPET, and used it to successfully synthesize real-world programming tasks extracted from on-line forums and existing code repositories. We also compare SYPET with two state-of-the-art synthesis tools, namely INSYNTH and CODEHINT, and demonstrate that SYPET can synthesize more programs in less time. Finally, we compare our approach with an alternative solution based on hypergraphs and demonstrate its advantages.
Regeneration of Muscle

Muscle regeneration is the process by which damaged skeletal, smooth or cardiac muscle undergoes biological repair and formation of new muscle in response to death (necrosis) of muscle cells. The success of the regenerative process depends upon the extent of the initial damage and many intrinsic and environmental factors. Key cellular events required for regeneration include inflammation, revascularisation and innervation, in addition to myogenesis where new muscle is formed. In mammals, new muscle formation is generally excellent for skeletal muscle but poor for cardiac muscle; however a greater capacity for regeneration of cardiac muscle is seen in fish and some anurans. These aspects of regeneration are discussed with respect to myogenic stem cells, molecular regulation, ageing and implications for human therapies, with a strong focus on skeletal muscle. Other situations of muscle damage and restoration that do not involve necrosis (e.g. sarcomere disruption and atrophy) are here not considered as regeneration. Key Concepts: Necrosis is required for muscle regeneration. Inflammation is essential to remove necrotic tissue and initiate myogenesis. New blood vessel formation is required after major injury of muscles. Skeletal muscle has an excellent capacity for regeneration. The major source of myogenic precursor (stem) cells is still considered to be the satellite cell, although other cells lying outside the myofibre may contribute to myogenesis. The source of the myogenic precursor cells (myoblasts) varies between conventional tissue regeneration and epimorphic regeneration (where mature cells dedifferentiate). The microenvironment, including the extracellular matrix, affects all aspects of regeneration, for example, the muscle precursors and their capacity for new muscle formation (and fibrosis impairs myogenesis). Reinnervation is essential for functional recovery of skeletal muscle. Excellent myogenesis can occur in geriatric muscle, although systemic factors essential for regeneration, for example, inflammation and innervation, may be suboptimal. Mammalian heart muscle has a very poor capacity for regeneration and severe damage (e.g. heart attack) results in fibrosis and impaired function. In contrast, the hearts of vertebrates such as salamanders and zebrafish can regenerate; the new heart muscle is derived from the dedifferentiation and proliferation of mature cardiomyocytes. It is hoped that an understanding of mechanisms involved in these situations will present opportunities to induce regeneration of damaged human cardiac muscle. Keywords: regeneration; necrosis; inflammation; myogenesis; muscle satellite cells
The Fulfillment of Others’ Needs Elevates Children’s Body Posture

Much is known about young children’s helping behavior, but little is known about the underlying motivations and emotions involved. In 2 studies we found that 2-year-old children showed positive emotions of similar magnitude—as measured by changes in their postural elevation using depth sensor imaging technology—after they achieved a goal for themselves and after they helped another person achieve her goal. Conversely, children’s posture decreased in elevation when their actions did not result in a positive outcome. These results suggest that for young children, working for themselves and helping others are similarly rewarding.
Control of the Acrobot with Motors of Atypical Size Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques

An acrobot is a planar robot with a passive actuator in its first joint. The main purpose of this system is to make it rise from the rest position to the inverted pendulum position. This control problem can be divided in the swing-up issue, when the robot has to rise itself by swinging up as a human acrobat does, and the balancing issue, when the robot has to maintain itself in the inverted pendulum position. We have developed three controllers for the swing-up problem applied to two types of motors: small and large. For small motors, we used the State-Action-Reward-State-Action (SARSA) controller and the proportional–derivative (PD) controller with a trajectory generator. For large motors, we propose a new controller to control the acrobot—a pulse-width modulation (PWM) controller. All controllers except SARSA are tuned using a genetic algorithm.
Cholesterol Depletion of Enterocytes

Intestinal brush border enzymes, including aminopeptidase N and sucrase-isomaltase, are associated with “rafts” (membrane microdomains rich in cholesterol and sphingoglycolipids). To assess the functional role of rafts in the present work, we studied the effect of cholesterol depletion on apical membrane trafficking in enterocytes. Cultured mucosal explants of pig small intestine were treated for 2 h with the cholesterol sequestering agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin and lovastatin, an inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. The treatment reduced the cholesterol content >50%. Morphologically, the Golgi complex/trans-Golgi network was partially transformed into numerous 100–200 nm vesicles. By immunogold electron microscopy, aminopeptidase N was localized in these Golgi-derived vesicles as well as at the basolateral cell surface, indicating a partial missorting. Biochemically, the rates of the Golgi-associated complex glycosylation and association with rafts of newly synthesized aminopeptidase N were reduced, and less of the enzyme had reached the brush border membrane after 2 h of labeling. In contrast, the basolateral Na+/K+-ATPase was neither missorted nor raft-associated. Our results implicate the Golgi complex/trans-Golgi network in raft formation and suggest a close relationship between this event and apical membrane trafficking.
Understanding the formation of social networks

This paper reviews the growing literature that uses social networks as a method to analyze social context, paying special attention to how methods of sampling data on relationships afiects inference with respect to the formation of social networks. We use original data from southern Ethiopia to demonstrate a new approach to collecting data on relationships, that starts with a random sample of individuals and then randomly samples from the prospective relationships among sample respondents. We show that this method yields estimates of the structure of social relations that are statistically indistinguishable from those generated using more expensive and time-consuming methods that trace respondents’ social networks. We then use Monte Carlo
[Risk factors for perinatal mortality in Pelotas, a southern city of Brazil, 1993].

INTRODUCTION Although there was a considerable reduction in infant mortality in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul in the last decade, its perinatal causes were reduced only by 28%. The associated factors of these causes were analysed. MATERIAL AND METHOD All hospital births and perinatal deaths were assessed by daily visits to all the maternity hospitals in the city, throughout 1993 and including the first week of 1994. RESULTS The perinatal mortality rate was 22.1 per thousand births. The multivariate analysis showed the following risk factors: low socioeconomic level, male sex and maternal age above 35 years. Among multigravidae women, the fetal mortality rate was significantly increased for mothers with a previously low birthweight and a previous stillbirth. For early neonatal mortality the risk was significantly increased by a smaller number of antenatal visits than 5 and low birthweight. CONCLUSIONS Main risk factors for perinatal mortality: low socioeconomic level, maternal age above 35 years and male sex. For early neonatal mortality the risk was significantly increased by a smaller number of antenatal visits than 5 and low birthweight.
A new classification system for branch artery perfusion patterns in acute aortic dissection for examining the effects of central aortic repair.

OBJECTIVES We developed a new classification system for branch perfusion patterns in acute aortic dissection and used it to retrospectively evaluate the perfusion status of whole aortic branches and to examine the effects of central aortic repair. METHODS Thirty-four consecutive patients with acute type A aortic dissection underwent emergent surgery at our institution between August 2008 and December 2011. A retrospective review of pre- and postoperative computed tomographic angiography was performed. Branch perfusion patterns were categorized into three classes: Class I, dissection involving but not extending into the branch; Class II, dissection extending into the branch and Class III, dissection causing ostial avulsion. RESULTS In cervical branches (total 169 branches), 70 branches (41%) presented with Class I patterns, 58 (34%) with Class II and none with Class III. In abdominal branches (total 135 branches), 76 branches (56%) presented with Class I patterns, 12 (9%) with Class II and 18 (13%) with Class III. In common iliac arteries (total 68 arteries), 14 arteries (21%) presented with Class I patterns, 24 (35%) with Class II and none with Class III. After repair, among 21 high-risk cervical branches, 14 branches (67%) showed improvement, 3 (14%) preserved distal perfusion supplied through the patent branch false lumen and 4 (19%) showed no improvement in high-risk perfusion pattern or worsened. Among 22 high-risk abdominal branches, 18 branches (82%) showed improvement, 3 (14%) preserved distal perfusion supplied through the patent branch or aortic false lumen and 1 (5%) showed no improvement in high-risk perfusion pattern. CONCLUSIONS To overcome malperfusion syndromes associated with acute aortic dissection, recognition of diverse branch perfusion patterns through a universal classification system is imperative.
Precipitation of iron in multicrystalline silicon during annealing

In this paper, the precipitation kinetics of iron in multicrystalline silicon during moderate temperature annealing are systematically studied with respect to annealing time, temperature, iron super-saturation level, and different types and densities of precipitation sites. The quantitative analysis is based on examining the changes in the concentrations and distributions of interstitial iron in multicrystalline silicon wafers after annealing at 400–700 °C. This is achieved by using the photoluminescence imaging technique to produce high-resolution spatially resolved images of the interstitial iron concentrations. The concentrations of interstitial iron are found to decrease exponentially with the annealing time. Comparison of the precipitation time constants of wafers annealed at different temperatures and of different initial interstitial iron concentrations indicates that higher levels of iron super-saturation result in faster precipitation processes. The impact of iron super-saturation on the precipit.