Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Oral Health of Children with Clefts of the Lip, Palate, or Both

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries, developmental defects of enamel, and related factors in children with clefts. Design: This cross-sectional prevalence study used standard dental indices for assessment. Setting: Children underwent a dental examination under standard conditions of seating and lighting in the outpatient department of a dental hospital as part of an ongoing audit to monitor clinical outcomes. Participants: Ninety-one children aged 4, 8, and 12 years were included in the study. Outcome Measurements Dental caries were assessed by use of the decayed, missing, and filled index for primary teeth (dmft); Decayed, Missing, and Filled index for permanent teeth (DMFT) according to the criteria as used in the national survey of children's dental health in the United Kingdom (O'Brien, 1994). Developmental defects were assessed using the modified Developmental Defects of Enamel Index (Clarkson and O'Mullane, 1989). Dental erosion was assessed using the criteria derived for the national survey of children's dental health (O'Brien, 1994). Results: Caries prevalence increased with age; 63% of patients at 4 years and 34% at 12 years were caries free. The mean dmft for the 4-year-olds was 1.3 with a mean DMFT for the 12-year-olds of 1.8. All the 4-year-olds had evidence of erosion of enamel in the primary teeth (incisors and first molars) and 56% of the 12-year-olds had erosion of permanent teeth (incisors and first permanent molars). Developmental defects of enamel became more prevalent with age, with at least one opacity in 56% of 4-year-olds and 100% of 12-year-olds. Hypoplasia was not found in the primary dentition but affected permanent teeth in 38% of 8-year-olds and 23% of the 12-year-olds. Conclusion: This study has shown that dental disease is prevalent in these patients. These assessments not only provide a baseline on oral health parameters in young people with clefts but underline the need for a more aggressive approach to prevention of oral disease to optimize clinical outcome.
An Investigation of the Dentition of Parents of Children with Cleft Lip and Palate

Objective: The aim of this investigation was to identify whether any dental features in parents of children with cleft lip and palate can be useful as predictors of clefting. Methods: The dentition of 28 pairs of parents of children with complete unilateral (17) and bilateral (11) cleft lip and palate and 21 pairs of parents of noncleft children were evaluated. Clinical and radiographic examinations were carried out to identify abnormalities of tooth number and morphology. Study cast assessment was undertaken to evaluate incisor relationship, overjet, overbite, intercanine widths, and mesiodistal widths of individual teeth, and these data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of abnormalities of tooth number in parents of cleft children was similar to those reported elsewhere for general populations. In parents of children with unilateral clefts, there was no tooth-size asymmetry between teeth on the side corresponding to the child’s cleft and noncleft sides, respectively. No differences were found in tooth widths and intercanine widths between parents of children with unilateral clefts and parents of children with bilateral clefts. The incisor relationship, overjet, overbite, and intercanine widths were found not to differ statistically between the parents of cleft children and parents of noncleft children. Conclusions: No predictors of clefting could be identified in the dentition of parents of children with cleft lip and palate.
Velopharyngeal Function in Nonsyndromic Cleft Palate: Relevance of Surgical Technique, Age at Repair, and Cleft Type

Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the relative importance of surgical technique, age at repair, and cleft type for velopharyngeal function. Design: This was a retrospective study of patients operated on by two surgeons using different techniques (von Langenbeck and Veau-Wardill-Kilner [VY]) at Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA. Patients: We included 228 patients who were at least 4 years of age at the time of review. Patients with identifiable syndromes, nonsyndromic Robin sequence, central nervous system disorders, communicatively significant hearing loss, and inadequate speech data were excluded. Main Outcome Measure: Need for a pharyngeal flap was the measure of outcome. Results: Pharyngeal flap was necessary in 14% of von Langenbeck and 15% of VY repaired patients. There was a significant linear association (p 5 .025) between age at repair and velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Patients with an attached vomer, soft cleft palate (SCP), and unilateral cleft lip/palate (UCLP) had a 10% flap rate, whereas those with an unattached vomer, hard/soft cleft palate (HSCP), and bilateral cleft lip/palate (BCLP) had a 23% flap rate (p 5 .03). Age at repair was critical for the unattached-vomer group (p 5 .03) but was not statistically significant for the attached-vomer group (p 5 .52). Conclusions: Surgical technique was not a significant variable either in aggregate or for the Veau types. Patients in the earliest repair group (8–10 months) were the least likely to require a pharyngeal flap. Early repair was more critical for HSCP and BCLP patients. There was no correlation between velopharyngeal insufficiency and Veau hierarchy. The attached vomer/levator muscle complex may be a more important predictor of surgical success than the anatomic extent of cleft.
The community structure, and ecology, in and around a Sabellaria alveolata biogenic reef. Abstract Cei-Bach is a semi sheltered bay within the Cardigan Bay Special Area of Conservation (SAC) in West Wales, and designated for its honeycomb worm (Sabellaria alveolata)

Cei-Bach is a semi sheltered bay within the Cardigan Bay Special Area of Conservation (SAC) in West Wales, and designated for its honeycomb worm (Sabellaria alveolata) biogenic reef habitat, which provides a biodiverse substratum on an otherwise scouring benthos. The study objectives were to make a rapid and effective assessment of the community structure and ecology with limited resources. GIS was used to measure the reef extent and environmental gradients for direct comparison with taxa response. With some 52 species of macro-epifauna identified, there was much noise in the data and challenges in identifying the key players shaping the community. Indirect ordination techniques of Cluster Analysis and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were used with MVSP to resolve three clear community assemblages and their defining species. This enabled direct ordination with five environmental variables of shore position, stability, salinity, turbulence and submersion through Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA); whilst mitigating the characteristic “horseshoe” effect when resolving noisy data, or rare taxa, with Correspondence Analysis. The results showed significant heterogeneity in the community structure and higher biodiversity within the reef extent. The reef was effectively “framed” by limiting factors of transition from an intertidal environment to the North; desiccation to the south, and east; excessive seston and salinity reducing inundation of freshwater to the west, where the honeycomb worm was competitively excluded by functioning guilds of Ulva sp. The study found that the assemblages were defined most strongly by shore position, substrate stability and salinity, and highlighted the challenges of effective environmental variable selection in direct ordination. SID 0917866 Undergraduate Project Abstract TITLE The community structure, and ecology, in and around a Sabellaria alveolata biogenic reef. By 0917866, B.Sc. (Hons.) Marine Biology, Ecology and Conservation, Anglia Ruskin University. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 2. Introduction 5. Methods and results 9. Ordination methods flow chart
University of Southern Denmark Polyphenol-rich bilberry ameliorates total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol when implemented in the diet of Zucker diabetic fatty rats

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Perception of Middorsum Palatal Stops from the Speech of Three Children with Repaired Cleft Palate

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine listeners' perception of the middorsum palatal stop, a compensatory articulation used by individuals with repaired cleft palates. Design This study tested whether listeners could discriminate middorsum palatal stops from matched alveolar (/t/) and velar (/k/) stops using a two-button “change/no-change” procedure. It also explored how listeners identified the palatal stop by rating each sound on a scale of one to eight. Participants Twenty listeners, 10 untrained and 10 trained in general phonetics (graduate students in speech-language pathology), participated in discrimination and identification tasks during a 1-hour session in the Speech Perception Laboratory at the University of Buffalo. Measures Discrimination was measured using d-prime, a score based on listeners' hits, correct rejections, misses, and false alarms to the changes/no changes in the stimuli. Identification was measured by the mean rating score for each class of stops. Results Listeners discriminated middorsum palatal stops from alveolar and velar stops, but their ratings for the middorsum palatal stops did not differ from those for the regular stop consonants. The two groups differing in phonetic training did not perform differently. Conclusions Listeners can discriminate middorsum palatal stops from other stop articulations, but they did not identify them differently from alveolar and velar stop consonants. The results suggest that considerable training listening to middorsum palatal stops is necessary for listeners to be able to reliably identify them.
Finding Longest Common Subsequences: New A∗ Anytime Results

The Longest Common Subsequence (LCS) problem aims at finding a longest string that is a subsequence of each string from a given set of input strings. This problem has applications, in particular, in the context of bioinformatics, where strings represent DNA or protein sequences. Existing approaches include numerous heuristics, but only a few exact approaches, limited to rather small problem instances. Adopting various aspects from leading heuristics for the LCS, we first propose an exact A∗ search approach, which performs well in comparison to earlier exact approaches in the context of small instances. On the basis of A∗ search we then develop two anytime algorithms in which classical A∗ iterations are alternated with beam search and anytime column search, respectively. A key feature to guide the heuristic search in these approaches is the usage of an approximate expected length calculation for the LCS of uniform random strings. Even for large problem instances these anytime A∗ variants yield reasonable solutions early during the search and improve on them over time. Moreover, they terminate with proven optimality if enough time and memory is given. Furthermore, they yield upper bounds and, thus, quality guarantees when terminated early. We comprehensively evaluate the proposed methods using most of the available benchmark sets from the literature and compare to the current state-of-the-art methods. In particular, our algorithms are able to obtain new best results for 82 out of 117 instance groups. Moreover, in most cases they also provide significantly smaller optimality gaps than other anytime algorithms.
Does Executive Compensation Depend on Product Market Structure? Evidence from Shocks to Firm Risk

This paper shows that, depending on product market structure, firms adjust executive compensation differently in response to shocks to firm risk. Using a natural experiment that increases firm risk due to discoveries of carcinogens, I find that treated firms increase CEO risk-taking incentives to mitigate underinvestment. This result is mainly driven by treated firms in less affected industries, which suggests that firms respond to shocks more strongly when fewer rivals face the same shock, and extends existing work on executive compensation adjustments based on industry-level analyses.
Beliefs About Public Debt and the Demand for Government Spending

We examine how beliefs about the debt-to-GDP ratio affect people's attitudes towards government spending and taxation. Using representative samples of the US population, we run a series of experiments in which we provide half of our respondents with information about the debt-to-GDP ratio in the US. Based on a total of more than 4,000 respondents, we find that most people underestimate the debt-to-GDP ratio and reduce their support for government spending once they learn about the actual amount of debt, but do not substantially alter their attitudes towards taxation. The treatment effects seem to operate through changes in expectations about fiscal sustainability and persist in a four-week follow-up.
Crystal Structural Framework of Lithium Super‐Ionic Conductors

As technologically important materials for solid‐state batteries, Li super‐ionic conductors are a class of materials exhibiting exceptionally high ionic conductivity at room temperature. These materials have unique crystal structural frameworks hosting a highly conductive Li sublattice. However, it is not understood why certain crystal structures of the super‐ionic conductors lead to high conductivity in the Li sublattice. In this study, using topological analysis and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, the crystal structures of all Li‐conducting oxides and sulfides are studied systematically and the key features pertaining to fast‐ion conduction are quantified. In particular, a unique feature of enlarged Li sites caused by large local spaces in the crystal structural framework is identified, promoting fast conduction in the Li‐ion sublattice. Based on these quantified features, the high‐throughput screening identifies many new structures as fast Li‐ion conductors, which are further confirmed by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. This study provides new insights and a systematic quantitative understanding of the crystal structural frameworks of fast ion‐conductor materials and motivates future experimental and computational studies on new fast‐ion conductors.
Why Do We Have So Many Funds? The Organizational Structure of Mutual Fund Families

We develop a model of delegated portfolio management to explain why we have so many mutual funds in a fund family. We first design a setting in which performance-maximizing investors always prefer to have fewer funds, yet fund families always prefer to have more funds to maximize their own profits. In particular, we consider the incentives for fund families to offer “simple” team funds in which two fund managers run independent portfolios but report their combined performance to investors as a team fund. A simple team fund should have at least as good a riskadjusted performance as the two single-manager funds, with weighted average expected returns and lower risk due to diversification. Thus, performance-maximizing investors should prefer this team structure to single-manager funds. Yet we show that fund families always design contracts to induce an interior mix of single-manager and team funds to maximize their own profits, generating too many funds in equilibrium. Moreover, families with more convex compensation (e.g., due to convex fund flows) optimally choose a lower fraction of team-managed funds and have a lower average performance. Finally, using mutual fund data, we empirically confirm our model’s predictions regarding flow convexity, fraction of team management, and fund performance. ∗Huang is from Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business (email: cyhuang@ckgsb.edu.cn), Qiu is from Hanqing Advanced Institute of Economics and Finance and IMI, Renmin University of China (email: zhigang.qiu@ruc.edu.cn, Tang is from University of Florida (email: yuehua.tang@warrington.ufl.edu), and Xu is from University of Texas at Austin (email: xyxu@utexas.edu). We thank Neil Stoughton, Youchang Wu, Peter Bossaerts and seminar participants at National University of Singapore, Renmin University of China, Shanghai Advanced Institute of Finance, the 2015 five star conference in Beijing, the 2016 Asset management conference at Erasmus University Rotterdam, the 2016 China International Conference in Finance, and the University of Melbourne for comments and suggestions.
Does the Stock Market Benefit the Economy?

An effectively functioning stock market allocates capital efficiently and provides sufficient funds to emerging, productive firms, which in turn breeds competition and innovation, ultimately fueling economic growth. In this paper, we show that concentrated stock markets dominated by a small number of large firms are functionally inefficient. Using data from 47 countries during 1989–2013, we find that capital is allocated inefficiently in countries with concentrated stock markets, which results in sluggish IPO activity, innovation, and economic growth.
Innovative Human Resource Practice: A Functional Framework and Causal Model of Organizational Rewards, Organizational Justice, Perceived Organizational Support, and Job Satisfaction

Research objectives were to determine a functional framework and to create a causal model of organizational rewards, organizational justice, perceived organizational support, and job satisfaction of leather company employees in Thailand. The study reported the responses of 563 operational employees from 35 leather companies operating in different parts of Thailand. Data were collected and analyzed with descriptive statistics using SPSS (version 11.5) and assessed with confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the heterogeneity of all constructs and path analysis to test the cause and effect relationships among main constructs of the study using LISREL (version 8) on a structured questionnaire containing standard scales of organizational rewards, organizational justice, perceived organizational support, and job satisfaction to determine the relationships of organizational rewards, organizational justice, perceived organizational support, and job satisfaction. Research findings indicated that dimensions of organizational rewards, organizational justice, and perceived organizational support have mediated positive effect on job satisfaction. Furthermore, perceived organizational support fully mediates the relationships between organizational rewards and job satisfaction and between organizational justice and job satisfaction.
Bacterial Species Associated with Broiler Proventriculitis and Antimicrobial Resistance of Clinical Important Species

ARTICLE INFO Bacteria could adhere and invade various tissues result in diverse pathologic lesions in concordance to the localization site. Proventriculitis reduces growth rate ends with huge economic losses. Microbiological investigation of 99 proventriculitis specimens revealed the recovery of diverse bacterial species of clinical impact on poultry industry. As far as we know, P. aeruginosa was isolated as a first record and with the highest prevalence amongst the recovered bacterial species (39.4%). C. perfringens and members of Enterobacteriaceae (P. mirabilis, Citrobacter spp., E. coli, E. aerogenes and K. pneumoniae) were isolated with variable prevalence. E. coli represented 8.1% of the overall bacterial species isolated and they were serogrouped in E. coli O158 (75%) and O146 (25%). Regarding antimicrobial resistance 100% of the examined P. aeruginosa and E. coli isolates were multidrug resistance. Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBLs) and AmpC detected in P. aeruginosa with 12.8 and 97.9% respectively and in E. coli they were detected in 37.5 and 12.5% respectively. The current study indicates that the bacterial proventriculitis not only influences broilers economy but also could threaten human health via bacterial species of zoonotic potential and probability of transferring their antimicrobial resistance determinants. Article history: Received: 7/ 2016 Accepted: 10/2016 Online: 10/2016
Integral points on log K3 surfaces

Let X be Z-scheme, i.e., a smooth separated scheme of finite type over Z. In this talk most schemes of interest will be affine, and so given by a collection of polynomial equations with integral coefficients. A prominent goal of Diophantine geometry is to understand the set X(Z) of integral points of X. If X is affine this is simply the set of solutions in integral numbers to the equations defining X. More specifically, one may consider the following two (very general) questions:
Chemotherapy during pregnancy: pharmacokinetics and impact on foetal neurological development

Based on an estimated incidence of of 1 cancer case per 1000-1500 pregnancies, 3000-5000 new patients can be expected in Europe annually. The treatment of cancer in pregnant women is a challenge since both the maternal and the fetal well-being need to be considered. This study was initiated to gain more insight into the problems associated with cancer and chemotherapy during pregnancy. A multicentric registration study was set up to evaluate the currently applied treatment modalities for cancer during pregnancy, and the consequences of their use for pregnancy. Secondly, a preclinical and clinical pharmacological study addressing pharmacokinetics of chemotherapy in pregnant women and transplacental passage of chemotherapy was performed. Thirdly, we investigated the effects of prenatal exposure to chemotherapy on fetal neurological development. We observed an equal distribution of tumour types between pregnant and age-matched nonpregnant women. Data on neonatal outcome suggest that exposure to chemotherapy in the 2nd or 3rd trimester of pregnancy does not worsen outcome. This finding is explained by the fact that chemotherapy is not administered during the period of organogenesis and by the fetal protection offered by the placental barrier-function. Physiological changes of pregnancy resulted in a decreased plasma drug exposure of chemotherapeutic agents. Before major conclusions can be drawn with regard to the long term fetal outcome and the efficacy of chemotherapy during pregnancy, more patients and a longer follow up period is required. Therefore, this research project is continued and expanded nationally and internationally.
INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL DISCLOSURE: THE FUNCTION AND LEVEL OF DISCLOSURE

In this knowledge-driven economy, the users would like companies to be more transparent by providing more information on the investment of intellectual capital. Intellectual capital able to bring positive values and superior performance to the firms, thus the stakeholders demand for more information on how the intellectual capital has been invested and managed. As a result, most of the companies are calling for a voluntary disclosure of their intellectual capital which can create a value in the future. This conceptual paper discussed an overview of intellectual capital disclosure which provide relevant information for the user. The paper focuses on first, the level of intellectual capital disclosure and second, the effects of intellectual capital disclosure on firm performance.