Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incidence of Primary and Second Cancers in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Multicenter Cohort Study

Limited data exist about cancer prognosis and the development of second cancers in renal transplant recipients. In a retrospective cohort study on 3537 patients incidence rates of the first and, if any, of a second cancer, and standardized incidence ratios [SIR (95% CI)] were computed. Two hundred and sixty‐three (7.5%) patients developed a NMSC, and 253 (7.2%) another type of cancer after a median follow‐up of 6.5 and 9.0 years, respectively. A statistically significant excess risk, if compared to an age‐ and sex‐matched reference general population, was observed for Kaposi sarcoma and NMSC, followed by non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and carcinoma of cervix uteri; a small number of unusual cancers such as tumors of the salivary glands, small intestine and thyroid also were detected at a level worthy of additional scrutiny. Ten‐year survival rate of all noncutaneous cancers was 71.3%, with lower rates for lung carcinoma and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (0% and 41.7%, respectively). Patients with NMSC had an increased risk of developing a second NMSC [SIR 8.3 (7.0–10.0)], and patients with a primary noncutaneous cancer had increased risk of developing a second noncutaneous cancer [SIR 1.8 (1.2–2.8)], if compared to the whole cohort. Our study underscore that the high risk of primary and second cancer in renal transplant recipients, including unusual cancers.
Características da tuberculose em idosos no Recife (PE): contribuição para o programa de controle

OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic characteristics, everyday habits, socio-economic conditions, clinico-epidemiological profiles and access to health care services among the elderly patients with tuberculosis diagnosed and treated in the city of Recife, Brazil, comparing them to those observed in young adults with tuberculosis. METHODS: A case-control type strategy was used to evaluate a cohort of patients with tuberculosis, all of whom were treated in public health care facilities in Recife between May of 2001 and July of 2003. RESULTS: The final cohort consisted of 1127 patients: 136 elderly patients (cases) and 991 young adults (controls). In both groups, males predominated, and the most common form of tuberculosis was the pulmonary form. Alcoholism was more common in the control group, whereas illiteracy was more common in the case group. There were fewer complaints of cough, sweats and chest pain among the patients in the case group than among those in the control group. Serological testing for the human immunodeficiency virus was performed in only 29 patients (2.6%). The percentage of positive sputum smear microscopy results, as well as that of positive cultures, was higher in the controls. Prior to being diagnosed with the disease, patients in both groups had sought treatment at more than two health care facilities and had waited more than two months (after first seeking treatment). The elderly patients presented higher indices of cure and were more often compliant with the treatment regimen, yet presented higher mortality rates. CONCLUSION: In the population studied, the elderly presented less cough, fewer episodes of night sweats and less chest pain, as well as less often presenting positivity on complementary exams. Nevertheless, the mortality rate was higher among the elderly patients than among the young adult patients. Elderly patients with tuberculosis constitute a population that should be given special attention in public health care facilities.
Chemical composition and evaluation of antinociceptive activity of the essential oil of Stevia serrata Cav. from Guatemala

Abstract The composition and the antinociceptive activity of the essential oil of Stevia serrata Cav. from a population located in the west highlands of Guatemala were evaluated. A yield of 0.2% (w/w) of essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation of the dried aerial parts of the plant. The essential oil analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS showed a high content of sesquiterpenoids, with chamazulene (60.1%) as the major component and 91.5% of the essential oil composition was identified. To evaluate antinociceptive activity in mice, the essential oil of S. serrata Cav. was administered as gavage, using three different doses. In the formalin test, the animals were pre-treated with oral doses of the essential oil before the administration of formalin. Oral administration of S. serrata Cav. essential oil produced a marked antinociceptive activity. Therefore, the plant could be domesticated as a source of essential oil rich in chamazulene for developing medicinal products.
Atypical, non-secretory presentation of multiple myeloma in a dog

A 9-year-old, female-neutered West Highland White Terrier presented with a left forelimb lameness and maxillary oral mass. Radiography revealed a large, extensive aggressive bone lesion in the distal radius. CT scan revealed a large invasive oral mass and widespread skeletal osteolysis. Cytology and histology samples confirmed multiple myeloma. Haematology and biochemistry revealed no typical changes, including an absence of hyperglobulinaemia. There was no monoclonal gammopathy detected on protein electrophoresis.
Differences in structural covariance brain networks between behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease

Disease‐specific patterns of gray matter atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) overlap with distinct structural covariance networks (SCNs) in cognitively healthy controls. This suggests that both types of dementia target specific structural networks. Here, we study SCNs in AD and bvFTD. We used structural magnetic resonance imaging data of 31 AD patients, 24 bvFTD patients, and 30 controls from two centers specialized in dementia. Ten SCNs were defined based on structural covariance of gray matter density using independent component analysis. We studied group differences in SCNs using F‐tests, with Bonferroni corrected t‐tests, adjusted for age, gender, and study center. Associations with cognitive performance were studied using linear regression analyses. Cross‐sectional group differences were found in three SCNs (all P < 0.0025). In bvFTD, we observed decreased anterior cingulate network integrity compared with AD and controls. Patients with AD showed decreased precuneal network integrity compared with bvFTD and controls, and decreased hippocampal network and anterior cingulate network integrity compared with controls. In AD, we found an association between precuneal network integrity and global cognitive performance (P = 0.0043). Our findings show that AD and bvFTD target different SCNs. The comparison of both types of dementia showed decreased precuneal (i.e., default mode) network integrity in AD and decreased anterior cingulate (i.e., salience) network integrity in bvFTD. This confirms the hypothesis that AD and bvFTD have distinct anatomical networks of degeneration and shows that structural covariance gives valuable insights in the understanding of network pathology in dementia. Hum Brain Mapp 37:978–988, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical components of Hyssopus seravshanicus: antioxidant activity, activations of melanogenesis and tyrosinase, and quantitative determination by UPLC-DAD

Abstract Hyssopus seravshanicus (Dubj.) Pazij has been used as traditional herb and food due to its wide biological properties. Seventeen known compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic data and comparison with published data. Among them, 14 ones were identified from H. seravshanicus for the first time. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities for crude ethanol extract (CEE), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), butanol fraction (BF) and compounds 1, 3, 8, 10, 11 and 13 were performed. CEE, compounds 1, 3, 11 and 13 exhibited potent antioxidant activities. Compound 1 was found to increase the melanin content and tyrosinase activity of B16 melanoma cells. Moreover, the quantitative estimation of compound 1 in the ethyl acetate fraction was carried out by UPLC-DAD and the method was validated. This is the first report on the isolation and bioactivity research on the non-valotile components of H. seravshanicus.
Comparison of Glutathione Peroxidase Activity and Free Radicals Production in the Lungs and the Brain of Rats During Graded Hyperoxia

The purpose of this study was to examine the behavior of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and Free Radicals (FR) production in the brain and the lung during graded hyperoxia exposure. Twenty-four adult male rats, matched with age and body weigh, were randomly assigned to four groups. The first group served as control and the second, third and fourth were exposed to hyperoxia for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Following the exposure period for each group animals were sacrificed and both lungs and brain tissues were homogenized for GPx and FR determinations. GPx activity was determined by Randox protocol (Randox, UK) and FR was determined using dROM method (H and D, Italy). Results showed that mean ( ± SD) GPx activity in the lungs increased from the baseline control of 12898.33 ± 6034.77 to 20083.62 ± 2734 (U L-1) during hyperoxia exposure for 24; then dropped to 5467.77 ± 1159.53 and 8271.80 ± 1347.67 (U L-1) during hyperoxia exposure for 48 and 72 h, respectively. Whereas mean ( ± SD) GPx activity in the brain increased from the baseline control of 5467.80 ± 2852.65 to 13841.72 ± 1245.67 and 14594.82 ± 6711.44 (U L-1), during hyperoxia exposure for 24 and 48 h, respectively; then dropped to 4346.17 ± 343.34 (U L-1), during 72 h exposure. The sustained increased in GPx up-to 48 hr in the brain provided evidence of delayed protection against ROS. The average ( ± SD) FR production in the lung increased from the baseline control of 176.67 ± 33.79 to 274.33 ± 33.37, 260.00 ± 62.54 and 320.00 ± 114.91 (U L-1) during hyperoxia exposure for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. The average ( ± SD) FR production in the brain increased from the baseline control of 73.33 ± 20.18 to 132.17 ± 21.77 during hyperoxia exposure for 24 h and then dropped to 94.33 ± 14.56 and 65.33 ± 21.12, during 48 and 72 h, respectively. Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons between the lung and the brain showed that the lungs had higher rate of FR formation at all levels of hyperoxia exposures, which suggest more mechanisms that had contributed to FR formation in pnueumocyte, as compared with neurocyte. Based on the results of the present study antioxidant supplements are recommended for traumatic brain injury and hypoxemia lung injury patients subjected to oxygen therapy.
Advances and Controversies in Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the commonest autosomal recessive disease in Caucasian populations with a carrier frequency of 1:20 and an incidence of 1:2000. In 1985, the CF locus was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 7, and two DNA markers, the Met oncogene and the anonymous probe J 3 : l l (D7S8), were found to be extremely tightly linked to the CF locus. To provide a more precise genetic map of the CF region of chromosome 7, a linkage analysis of genotypic data on 1187 individuals and 113 families was performed. This study led to a detailed map of the CF region of chromosome 7. In September, 1989, the CF gene was isolated. The gene is approximately 250,000 bases (250 kb) long and codes for a cDNA of 6500 bases (6.5 kb). The protein product of this CF gene is referred to as the CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein. CFTR is approximately 1700 amino acids long and appears to be related to a class of proteins previously reported to play an important role in the transport of substances across the cell membrane. In approximately 85% of the cases of CF, the mutation is a deletion of three bases that code for the amino acid phenylalanine in the protein product. In other words, the CFTR protein lacks the correct placement of phenylalanine in its primary structure. The data suggest that other mutations that occur in the gene give rise to the various clinical manifestations seen in CF patients. To date, only the one mutation was described. The description of other mutations should follow shortly. The exact relationship between the CFTR protein and the ion transport defect observed in CF is not known. The protein has a transmembrane component and a nucleotide binding site. It is most likely a membrane-bound protein that is intimately associated with ion channels and may even be a subunit of the channel itself. One hypothesis is that the absence of phenylalanine in its primary structure may change the tertiary structure (shape) of the protein in such a way that a phosphorylation site is disrupted. The CFTR protein has a structure similar to a class of proteins that play a role in multiple drug resistance observed in neoplastic tissue. This class of proteins, called the P-glycoproteins, has been isolated from a variety of epithelial tissues. The finding of a protein that is from a category of proteins involved in the transport process is compatible with our current hypothesis concerning the basic defect. Currently, the major advantage of DNA analysis has been the ability to predict accurately the outcome of pregnancies with a 1:4 risk of having another child with CF. It is required that both parents be heterozygous for a restriction fragment length polymorphism and that a DNA sample be available from an affected child to determine linkage phase. Using the best available DNA markers, where informative, prenatal diagnosis should be at least 98% accurate. Numerous changes in prena-
A new actinomycin Z analogue with an additional oxygen bridge between chromophore and β-depsipentapeptide from Streptomyces sp. KIB-H714

Abstract Actinomycin Z6 (1), a new member of the actinomycin family, along with three congeners of the Z-type (Z1, Z3, Z5) actinomycins, are produced from Streptomyces sp. KIB-H714. Their structures were authenticated by comprehensive spectroscopic data interpretation. Different from all the reported Z-type actinomycins, the β-ring of the new compound actinomycin Z6 includes an additional ring linked between the actinoyl chromophore and β-peptidolactone. In Z3 and Z5, the L-threonine in β-depsipeptide is replaced by the unusual 4-chlorothreonine, an amino acid rarely found in actinomycin family. All isolates were evaluated for cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines and for inhibitory activity against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus.
Toward a cumulative science of functional integration: A meta‐analysis of psychophysiological interactions

Much of the work in cognitive neuroscience is shifting from a focus on single brain regions to a focus on the connectivity between multiple brain regions. These inter‐regional connectivity patterns contribute to a wide range of behaviors and are studied with models of functional integration. The rapid expansion of the literature on functional integration offers an opportunity to scrutinize the consistency and specificity of one of the most popular approaches for quantifying connectivity: psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis. We performed coordinate‐based meta‐analyses on 284 PPI studies, which allowed us to test (a) whether those studies consistently converge on similar target regions and (b) whether the identified target regions are specific to the chosen seed region and psychological context. Our analyses revealed two key results. First, we found that different types of PPI studies—e.g., those using seeds such as amygdala and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and contexts such as emotion and cognitive control, respectively—each consistently converge on similar target regions, thus supporting the reliability of PPI as a tool for studying functional integration. Second, we also found target regions that were specific to the chosen seed region and psychological context, indicating distinct patterns of brain connectivity. For example, the DLPFC seed reliably contributed to a posterior cingulate cortex target during cognitive control but contributed to an amygdala target in other contexts. Our results point to the robustness of PPI while highlighting common and distinct patterns of functional integration, potentially advancing models of brain connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2904–2917, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo correlates of thermoregulatory defense in humans: Temporal course of sub‐cortical and cortical responses assessed with fMRI

Extensive studies in rodents have established the role of neural pathways that are activated during thermoregulation. However, few studies have been conducted in humans to assess the complex, hierarchically organized thermoregulatory network in the CNS that maintains thermal homeostasis, especially as it pertains to cold exposure. To study the human thermoregulatory network during whole body cold exposure, we have used functional MRI to characterize changes in the BOLD signal within the constituents of the thermoregulatory network in 20 young adult controls during non‐noxious cooling and rewarming of the skin by a water‐perfused body suit. Our results indicate significant decreases of BOLD signal during innocuous whole body cooling stimuli in the midbrain, the right anterior insula, the right anterior cingulate, and the right inferior parietal lobe. Whereas brain activation in these areas decreased during cold exposure, brain activation increased significantly in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex during this period. The BOLD signal time series derived from significant activation sites in the orbitofrontal cortex showed opposed phase to those observed in the other brain regions, suggesting complementary processing mechanisms during mild hypothermia. The significance of our findings lies in the recognition that whole body cooling evokes a response in a hierarchically organized thermoregulatory network that distinguishes between cold and warm stimuli. This network seems to generate a highly resolved interoceptive representation of the body's condition that provides input to the orbitofrontal cortex, where higher‐order integration takes place and invests internal states with emotional significance that motivate behavior. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3188–3202, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quiet connections: Reduced fronto‐temporal connectivity in nondemented Parkinson's Disease during working memory encoding

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized primarily by motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, and resting tremor. It is now broadly accepted that these motor symptoms frequently co‐occur with cognitive impairments, with deficits in working memory and attention being among the most common cognitive sequelae associated with PD. While these cognitive impairments are now recognized, the underlying neural dynamics and precise regions involved remain largely unknown. To this end, we examined the oscillatory dynamics and interregional functional connectivity that serve working memory processing in a group of unmedicated adults with PD and a matched group without PD. Each participant completed a high‐load, Sternberg‐type working memory task during magnetoencephalography (MEG), and we focused on the encoding and maintenance phases. All data were transformed into the time–frequency domain and significant oscillatory activity was imaged using a beamforming approach. Phase‐coherence (connectivity) was also computed among the brain subregions exhibiting the strongest responses. Our most important findings were that unmedicated patients with PD had significantly diminished working memory performance (i.e., accuracy), and reduced functional connectivity between left inferior frontal cortices and left supramarginal–superior temporal cortices compared to participants without PD during the encoding phase of working memory processing. We conclude that patients with PD have reduced neural interactions between left prefrontal executive circuits and temporary verbal storage centers in the left supramarginal/superior temporal cortices during the stimulus encoding phase, which may underlie their diminished working memory function. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3224–3235, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selective visual attention to emotional words: Early parallel frontal and visual activations followed by interactive effects in visual cortex

Human brains spontaneously differentiate between various emotional and neutral stimuli, including written words whose emotional quality is symbolic. In the electroencephalogram (EEG), emotional–neutral processing differences are typically reflected in the early posterior negativity (EPN, 200–300 ms) and the late positive potential (LPP, 400–700 ms). These components are also enlarged by task‐driven visual attention, supporting the assumption that emotional content naturally drives attention. Still, the spatio‐temporal dynamics of interactions between emotional stimulus content and task‐driven attention remain to be specified. Here, we examine this issue in visual word processing. Participants attended to negative, neutral, or positive nouns while high‐density EEG was recorded. Emotional content and top‐down attention both amplified the EPN component in parallel. On the LPP, by contrast, emotion and attention interacted: Explicit attention to emotional words led to a substantially larger amplitude increase than did explicit attention to neutral words. Source analysis revealed early parallel effects of emotion and attention in bilateral visual cortex and a later interaction of both in right visual cortex. Distinct effects of attention were found in inferior, middle and superior frontal, paracentral, and parietal areas, as well as in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Results specify separate and shared mechanisms of emotion and attention at distinct processing stages. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3575–3587, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detecting default mode networks in utero by integrated 4D fMRI reconstruction and analysis

Recently, there has been considerable interest, especially for in utero imaging, in the detection of functional connectivity in subjects whose motion cannot be controlled while in the MRI scanner. These cases require two advances over current studies: (1) multiecho acquisitions and (2) post processing and reconstruction that can deal with significant between slice motion during multislice protocols to allow for the ability to detect temporal correlations introduced by spatial scattering of slices into account. This article focuses on the estimation of a spatially and temporally regular time series from motion scattered slices of multiecho fMRI datasets using a full four‐dimensional (4D) iterative image reconstruction framework. The framework which includes quantitative MRI methods for artifact correction is evaluated using adult studies with and without motion to both refine parameter settings and evaluate the analysis pipeline. ICA analysis is then applied to the 4D image reconstruction of both adult and in utero fetal studies where resting state activity is perturbed by motion. Results indicate quantitative improvements in reconstruction quality when compared to the conventional 3D reconstruction approach (using simulated adult data) and demonstrate the ability to detect the default mode network in moving adults and fetuses with single‐subject and group analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4158–4178, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.