Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationship of primary productivity and phytoplankton abundance in Muara Kuala Raja, Bireuen district, Aceh

Phytoplankton is a major producer in oceans which require the availability of nutrients, pH, temperature and light intensity in order to increase the productivity. This study aims to analyse the relationship between the primary productivity and the abundance of phytoplankton in Muara Kuala Raja Bireuen, Aceh. This study was conducted on May 2017. Location sampling have 3 station points. The measure of primary productivity was examined by a light-dark bottle oxygen method. The relationship between the primary productivity and the abundance of phytoplankton was analysed by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed that the highest average of gross and net primary productivity were found at station 1 of 209,12 mgC/m3/h and 172,00 mgC/m3/h. The highest abundance of phytoplankton was found at station 1 of 11477,76 ind/l. The result of PCA showed that each of the parameter spread between the two axes indicates the data diversity value. The data diversity value on the 1-axis was 37% and the 2-axis was 59%, so the total of data diversity between 1- axis and 2-axis was 96%. Based on the PCA analysis, it can be concluded that primary productivity has a strong relationship with the abundance of phytoplankton.
The Role of Extratropical Air–Sea Interaction in the Autumn Subseasonal Variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation

Considerable progress has been made in understanding the internal eddy–mean flow feedback in the subseasonal variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during winter. Using daily atmospheric and oceanic reanalysis data, this study highlights the role of extratropical air–sea interaction in the NAO variability during autumn when the daily sea surface temperature (SST) variability is more active and eddy–mean flow interactions are still relevant. Our analysis shows that a horseshoe-like SST tripolar pattern in the North Atlantic Ocean, marked by a cold anomaly in the Gulf Stream and two warm anomalies to the south of the Gulf Stream and off the western coast of northern Europe, can induce a quasi-barotropic NAO-like atmospheric response through eddy-mediated processes. An initial southwest–northeast tripolar geopotential anomaly in the North Atlantic forces this horseshoe-like SST anomaly tripole. Then the SST anomalies, through surface heat flux exchange, alter the spatial patterns of the lower-tropospheric temperature and thus baroclinicity anomalies, which are manifested as the midlatitude baroclinicity shifted poleward and reduced baroclinicity poleward of 70°N. In response to such changes of the lower-level baroclinicity, anomalous synoptic eddy generation, eddy kinetic energy, and eddy momentum forcing in the midlatitudes all shift poleward. Meanwhile, the 10–30-day low-frequency anticyclonic wave activities in the high latitudes decrease significantly. We illustrate that both the latitudinal displacement of midlatitude synoptic eddy activities and intensity variation of high-latitude low-frequency wave activities contribute to inducing the NAO-like anomalies.
HIV/AIDS PREVENTION STRATEGIES IN KENYA: A CRITICAL REVIEW

This paper critically reviews HIV/AIDS prevention strategies in Kenya. Since HIV/AIDS was discovered over twenty years, it has continued to be a public health problem throughout the world. While global prevalence has stabilized in recent years, the number of people living with HIV is increasing because of new infections with longer survival times. High rates of transmission result from failure to use effective strategies and tools, and failure to target high risk groups. Kenya is no exception to this situation. Objective of this study is to identify gaps in HIV prevention and make recommendations for improvement. MethodsThe study methodology follows three steps. 1. A benchmark of proven HIV prevention strategies by the HIV prevention working group is identified. 2. Uganda's HIV prevention efforts, a country that has had success in the fight for AIDS, are presented to compare to Kenya's efforts 3. Kenya's prevention strategies have been identified through examination of reports and websites from three umbrella bodies representing the government, non-governmental and community organizations, and international organizations. Examination and comparisons between the three groups will help identify gaps in Kenya's prevention efforts and make recommendations.ResultsOverall, Kenya has put effort in HIV prevention including using several proven strategies, including, voluntary counseling and testing for HIV (VCT), STI diagnoses and management, abstinence, being faithful condom use and male circumcision (ABCCs), prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT), behavior change communication (BCC), safe blood supply and injection safety. Despite these efforts, gaps still exist. First, regional differences in HIV infection, second, most vulnerable and high risk groups need intensive programs, third, prevention efforts lack integration with other programs. Finally there are gender differentials and inequality, insufficient programs for young people and cultural barriers. ConclusionsUniversal coverage of prevention efforts is necessary. Social factors like inequalities, gender differentials and cultural barriers need to be addressed, especially women empowerment. Youths should be targeted through age specific sex education programs. High risk and vulnerable populations should be prioritized. Local leaders and peer training are necessary to reach these populations. A comprehensive and integrated approach to HIV prevention is advocated
APHIS Animal Damage Control Livestock Guarding Dog Program

--One hundred traditional breed livestock guarding dog pups were placed with sheep producers in Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington during 1987-88 as part of the APHIS Animal Damage Control program. Producers reared the dogs and integrated them into their operations. Ninety-three dogs were rated as follows: 68% good, 17% fair, and 15$ poor. Success was breed-related. Sixty-one percent of the dogs were used on pasture operations and 39% on range operations. Nineteen percent of the dogs died prior to reaching 18 months-of-age.
ATTITUDE OF RURAL YOUTH TOWARDS FARMING AS A MAJOR OCCUPATION

The study was conducted in Bhandara district of Vidarbha region, Maharashtra State, with sample size of 120 rural youths as respondents from of 12 villages. Data were collected in the face-to-face interviews by using a pretested questionnaire and making observations. After data collection and analysis of 120 rural youths it is revealed that majority of the respondents were educated upto higher secondary school level and more than half of the respondents come under other backward cast category. It also revealed that majority of the respondents were unmarried and having farming as their main occupation. The results also revealed that about one fourth of the respondents had annual income upto Rs. 50,001 to 1, 00,000 while more than half of the respondent had marginal land holdings. The findings also identified that majority of the respondents was interested in services and most of respondent friend’s gave their opinion to the respondents for services as a major occupation. The results also show that the rural youths had less favorable attitude towards farming as a major occupation. The rural youths faced the constraints lack of motivation from friends and family followed by high cost of inputs and this study can provide scope for promotion of programmes which attract and change the scenario of farming occupation.
Recent Strengthening of the Relationship between the Western North Pacific Monsoon and Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Activity during the Boreal Summer

This study examines the association between the western North Pacific (WNP) summer monsoon (WNPSM) and WNP tropical cyclone (TC) frequency during June–August from 1979 to 2016. The interannual relationship between the WNPSM and the total number of WNP TCs has strengthened since 1998. There has also been a significant reduction in the number of TCs forming within the WNP monsoon trough (WNPMT)—hereafter called ITCs, for internal or inside TCs—since 1998. These two important features are found to be closely associated with the climate regime shift that occurred around 1998. During 1998–2016, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) tended to be in a cold phase, with an increasing occurrence of central Pacific–type El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, whereas the 1979–97 period tended to be characterized by a warm phase of the PDO and east Pacific–type ENSO events. During 1998–2016, the tropical Pacific was characterized by enhanced easterlies, which led to a westward-retreated WNPMT that caused a significant decrease in ITCs over the WNP basin. However, there was little change in TCs outside of the WNPMT region (hereafter called OTCs) compared to that before 1998. A significant in-phase (out-of-phase) relationship between the WNPSM and the number of ITCs (OTCs) is observed before 1998, thus greatly weakening the WNPSM–TC relationship. The recent enhanced relationship between the WNPSM and TCs is mainly due to a strong in-phase relationship between the WNPSM and ITCs. The interannual change in ITCs is mainly controlled by WNPSM changes since 1998, while OTC changes are mainly modulated by changes in the tropical upper-tropospheric trough.
Large Scale Flood Hazard Analysis by Including Defence Failures on the Dutch River System

To make informed flood risk management (FRM) decisions in large protected river systems, flood risk and hazard analyses should include the potential for dike breaching. ‘Load interdependency’ analyses attempt to include the system-wide effects of dike breaching while accounting for the uncertainty of both river loads and dike fragility. The intensive stochastic computation required for these analyses often precludes the use of complex hydraulic models, but simpler models may miss spatial inundation interactions such as flows that ‘cascade’ between compartmentalised regions and overland flows that ‘shortcut’ between river branches. The potential for these interactions in the Netherlands has previously been identified, and so a schematisation of the Dutch floodplain and protection system is here developed for use in a load interdependency analysis. The approach allows for the spatial distribution of hazard to be quantified under various scenarios and return periods. The results demonstrate the importance of including spatial inundation interactions on hazard estimation at three specific locations, and for the system in general. The modelling approach can be used at a local scale to focus flood-risk analysis and management on the relevant causes of inundation, and at a system-wide scale to estimate the overall impact of large-scale measures.
The Lavrion Pb-Zn-Ag–Rich Vein and Breccia Detachment-Related Deposits (Greece): Involvement of Evaporated Seawater and Meteoric Fluids During Postorogenic Exhumation

The formation of ore deposits in the Lavrion Pb-Zn-Ag district was associated with Miocene detachment that accommodated orogenic collapse and exhumation of high-grade nappes across the ductile-brittle transition. This district consists of (1) low-grade porphyry Mo style, (2) Cu-Fe skarn, (3) high-temperature carbonate replacement Pb-Zn-Ag, and (4) vein and breccia Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization. The vein and breccia mineralization locally contains high-grade silver in base metal sulfides that are cemented by fluorite and carbonate gangue. The rare earth element contents of these gangue minerals, chondrite-normalized patterns, and fluid inclusion studies suggest that they precipitated from a low-temperature hydrothermal fluid. Primary and pseudosecondary fluid inclusions in fluorite and calcite are characterized by a wide range of homogenization temperatures (92°–207°C) and salinities of up to 17.1 wt % NaCl equiv. Secondary fluid inclusions only represent <5 vol % of the total fluid trapped. Fluids extracted from inclusions in fluorite have values of δD = –82.1 to –47.7‰ (Vienna-standard mean ocean water [V-SMOW]) and δ18O = –10.4 to –5.1‰ (V-SMOW). These data and low ratios of Cl/Br measured by crush-leach analyses for fluids in fluorite (102–315) and calcite (162–188) are compatible with the ore fluid being the result of mixing of meteoric water with evaporated seawater. These data suggest that fluids leading to the deposition of late Pb-Zn-Ag–rich vein- and breccia-style mineralization in Lavrion were related to circulation of mixed evaporated seawater and meteoric fluids that was enhanced by brittle deformation. This contrasts with the fluids of magmatic origin related to the formation of low-grade porphyry Mo, Cu-Fe skarn, and high-temperature carbonate replacement deposits spatially related to the Plaka granodiorite.
Early Yield Testing and Selection of Upland Rice on Observational Study in Kebumen, Central Java

The use of upland rice variety is an effort to expand rice cultivation to dry land due to the decreasing of fertile land in Indonesia. To develop a high yielding rice line, a primary population with high genetic diversity is needed in character related to grain yield. This experiment aimed to study the genetic variability of some important characters of upland rice lines as primary data for the selected program. The research was carried out in the farmland of Mirit Village, Kebumen, Central Java. The genetic material consisted of 203 new promising lines and five varieties as a check, namely Inpago 6, Inpago 8, Limboto, Situpatenggang, and Situbagendit. This observation yield trial used an augmented design with five replicates of the check varieties, with a spacing of 30 x 15 cm. The data analysis showed that the rice lines, line vs. check, and block were significantly different in the number of productive tillers. The significant effects of lines with the check varieties were in plant height, flowering age, harvest age, and a number of productive tillers. The number of productive tillers had wide genetic variation, broad-sense heritability, and high genetic gain so that it can be utilized as selection criteria. Twelve lines were identified as a higher number of productive tillers, and three lines had a higher yield compared to the best varieties of Situbagendit.
Stress Drops and Directivity of Induced Earthquakes in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

The Western Canada sedimentary basin (WCSB) has experienced an increase in seismicity during the last decade due primarily to hydraulic fracturing. Understanding the ground motions of these induced earthquakes is critical to characterize the increase in hazard. Stress drop is considered an important parameter in this context because it is a measure of the high‐frequency content of the shaking. We use the empirical Green’s function (EGF) method to determine S‐wave corner frequencies and stress drops of 87 earthquakes of moment magnitude (M) 2.3–4.4 in the WCSB. The EGF method is an effective technique to isolate earthquake source effects by dividing out the path and site components in the frequency domain, using a smaller collocated earthquake as an EGF. The corner frequency of the target event is determined for an assumed spectral ratio shape, from which the stress drop is computed. Assuming a fixed velocity, we find that the average stress drop for induced earthquakes in the WCSB for small‐to‐moderate events is 7.5±0.5 MPa, with a total range from 0.2 to 370 MPa. However, because of the dependence of stress drop on model conventions and constants, we consider the absolute stress‐drop value meaningful only for comparison with other results using the same underlying models. By contrast, corner frequency is a less‐ambiguous variable with which to characterize the source spectrum. The range of corner frequencies obtained in this study for events of M 4.0±0.5 is 1.1–5.8 Hz. Significant rupture directivity is observed for more than one‐third of the earthquakes, with station corner frequencies varying by about a factor of 4 with azimuth. This emphasizes the importance of having suitable station coverage to determine source parameters. We model directivity where evident using a Haskell source model and find that the rupture azimuths are primarily oriented approximately north–south throughout the region.
Comparing pixel-based and object-based algorithms for classifying land use of arid basins (Case study: Mokhtaran Basin, Iran)

In this research, two techniques of pixel-based and object-based image analysis were investigated and compared for providing land use map in arid basin of Mokhtaran, Birjand. Using Landsat satellite imagery in 2015, the classification of land use was performed with three object-based algorithms of supervised fuzzy-maximum likelihood, maximum likelihood, and K-nearest neighbor. Nine combinations were examined in terms of scale level (SL10, SL30, and SL50) and the nearest neighborhood (NN3, NN5, and NN7) in an object-based classification. Ultimately, the validity was evaluated through the usage of two disagreement components including allocation disagreement and quantity disagreement. Results of maximum likelihood classification showed higher overall inaccuracycompared to images categorized based on fuzzy-maximum likelihood and object-based nearest neighbor algorithms. The SL30-NN3 object-based classifier decreased the quantity disagreement by 290% compared to the maximum likelihood and 265% compared to fuzzy-maximum likelihood classifiers. For allocation disagreement, these values were equal to 36% and 19%, respectively. Thus, object-based classification had a better performance in land-use classification of Mokhtaran basin.
Abstract 4201: Ankle Brachial Index Improves Prediction of Mortality Determined by Framingham Risk Score in 48,115 Healthy Subjects in Sixteen Studies Worldwide.

Both low ankle brachial index (ABI) and high Framingham Risk Score (FRS) are each associated with an increased risk of death. The aims of our study were to determine for the first time how the ABI might improve prediction determined by the FRS and definitively ascertain the normal and at risk levels of the ABI to be used in clinical practice. The study was an individual patient meta-analysis of data from 16 major population cohort studies based in the USA, Europe and Australia and participating in the ABI Collaboration. 24885 men and 23230 women, who had no history of cardiovascular disease and who had an ABI measured at baseline, were included. From a low (≤ 0.6) to a high (>1.4) ABI the risk of death followed a reversed J shaped (ski jump) curve which indicated that the ABI might be categorised usefully in both men and women as ≤ 0.9 (low abnormal), 0.91–1.1 (slightly abnormal), 1.11–1.4 (normal) and > 1.4 (high abnormal). The pooled relative hazard for death for those with a low abnormal compared to no.
Analysis of Flow Resistance Equations in Gravel‐Bed Rivers With Intermittent Regimes: Calabrian fiumare Data Set

This study addresses the evaluation of flow resistance in natural gravel‐bed rivers. Through a new data set collected on 136 reaches of 78 gravel‐bed rivers (Calabrian fiumare) in southern Italy, different conventional flow resistance equations to predict mean flow velocity in gravel‐bed rivers were tested in their original form. These equations have shown considerable disagreement with observed data, especially in river reaches characterized by high bed load conditions and for the domains of intermediate‐ and large‐scale roughness. This disagreement produced in almost all the cases an underestimation of the flow resistance, which can be corrected by introducing the Froude number and a particular form of the Shields sediment mobility parameter into the Manning, Chezy, and Darcy‐Weisbach equations. Through analyses carried out both on the whole data set and on its subsets, we propose a semiempirical approach with which, on the one hand, the tractive forces exerted by the flow on the bed are taken into account by considering the ratio between the sediment mobility parameter and its critical value, and on the other hand, water surface distortions are evaluated using the Froude number. This approach has been further validated using a literature‐based data set showing, even in this case, excellent performances. Finally, the literature‐based data set allowed us to improve the performances of the proposed approach in the field of large‐scale roughness. Efficiency tests indicate that the new equations can better reproduce the flow velocity in river reach where conventional flow resistance equations are not able to explain the entire dissipative process.
The Relationship between Breastfeeding and Dental Caries in Preschool Children in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review

The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review on the existing data within the literature to determine the relation between breastfeeding and caries in Saudi Arabia on preschool children. Using Cochrane search strategy, a search protocol was prepared to review all published data for this study. The search was run on March 2011 in all languages as to identify all eligible studies for our review. Eight articles met the criteria. No significant differences between children with ECC and caries free children regarding the type of feeding. Breastfeeding frequency, feeding on demand, especially during sleep, and late weaning were found to be significant factor in most of the included studies. There were limited number of studies carried out in Saudi Arabia that correlate the possible relationship between breastfeeding and dental caries in preschool children. Therefore, more rigorous investigation in a larger sample size that represents the population, after standardizing and identifying the different confounding factors is required.
PHYTOREMEDIATON OF HEAVY METALS FROM WASTEWATER BY CONSTRUCTED WETLAND MICROCOSM PLANTED WITH ALOCASIA PUBER

Water pollution by toxic heavy metals is a global environmental problem. It has led to the development of alternative technologies for heavy metals removal from contaminated sites. Constructed wetland microcosm by using Alocasia puber is a possible treatment method for wastewater containing heavy metals. Synthetic wastewater with heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn were used in this study. Several heavy metals concentrations (5 mg/L, 10 mg/L and 100 mg/L) were used in the systems. Six different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days) were tested in the present study. The results obtained showed removal efficiencies of heavy metals of >99% after day 12. The removal of Ni from 10 mg/L solutions (initial concentrations) recorded the best removal efficiency. Heavy metal translocation factor (TF) was found to be less than 1 for all metals tested, which confirmed the significance of roots as heavy metals accumulator compared to stems or leaves of A, puber. Therefore, this study concluded that A, puber has a great potential as an important component in constructed wetlands for water contaminated with heavy metals.
The Missing Solar Cycle Response of the Polar Summer Mesosphere

The response of the polar mesosphere to the 11‐year solar cycle is investigated using satellite observations from 1979 to 2018. Solar maximum is expected to cause higher temperatures and lower water vapor in the upper mesosphere, thus reducing the amount of ice in polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs). While PMCs showed a clear anticorrelation with the solar cycle before roughly 2002, this response is absent during recent years. PMCs are controlled by temperature and water vapor, which were examined using mesospheric observations during 1992–2018. The main cause of the diminished solar cycle in PMCs near 68°S and 68°N appears to be a dramatic suppression of the solar cycle response of water vapor. The solar cycle response of temperature also decreases after 2002, but calculations show that the decreased H2O response had more than 3 times the impact on PMCs than the reduction in temperature response.