Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NOMINALS AND NOMINALIZATIONS IN CATALAN

The study of nominals has mainly centered on the issue of whether nouns differ from verbs in their thematic properties. The debate has split in two major tendencies. One line of research argues that nouns are basically intransitive or thematically defective lexical categories, hence clauses and nominals cannot be alike (Rappaport 1983; Marantz 1984; Zubizarreta 1987; and Grimshaw 1988,1990). The other point of view follows Chomsky (1970) and Supports the contention that the thematic structure of nouns parallels that of verbs. The differences that nominal and clausal structures show are due to the Intervention of certain modules of grammar that determine systematic variations (see Anderson 1979, 1984; Cinque 1980; Abney 1987; and Giorgi and Longobardi 1991, among others). The point of view that will be adopted in this paper is the latter one. Following this line, I will develop the Suggestion in Remarks ofNominalizations that thematically related lexical items may be conceived äs a set of category-neutral stems, consisting of a theta-grid. I will Claim that the label NP can be assigned to the neutral stem of the so-called derived nominals in two ways: either by affixation of a derivational element, or by affixation of an inflectional element. This hypothesis accounts for the active/passive alternation that is found in some types of Catalan nominals. It will be shown that the syntactic form (i.e. active or passive) is directly related to the denotative properties of the construction. The paper is limited in scope. It proposes a hypothesis on the general constituent structure of nominals, deverbal and non-deverbal, and an analysis of what constitutes the nominalization process. It is organized äs follows: the basic structure of Catalan nominals will be discussed in section 1. Well known word order facts follow from our proposal. The theory of the lexicon that will be assumed will briefly be discussed in section 2. Section 3 will focus on the active/passive alternation and the denotative properties of nominals. The nominalization affix and its properties are discussed in section 4. In section 5, we
Educational Mobility of RNs in North Carolina: Who Will Teach Tomorrow's Nurses? A REPORT ON THE FIRST STUDY TO LONGITUDINALLY EXAMINE EDUCATIONAL MOBILITY AMONG NURSES.

OBJECTIVEAffected by the current nursing shortage, schools of nursing cite a lack of qualified nursing faculty as a primary barrier to program expansion. We sought to identify patterns in how nurses' entry-level degrees and other individual characteristics correlated with the timing and achievement of subsequent advanced nursing education. METHODSUsing longitudinal analysis of data gathered as part of North Carolina's licensing renewal process, we studied the educational mobility of newly graduated RNs with a variety of entry degrees in this state. We followed one cohort of 3,384 new graduates who were licensed in 1984 (2,850 remained active and in the study at the 10-year point, and 2,418 remained active and in the study at the 20-year point) and another cohort of 5,341 new graduates who were licensed in 1994 (4,211 remained active and in the study at 10 years). Demographic data for a third cohort of 5,400 new graduates who were licensed in 2004 were included and considered along with data gathered by the National League for Nursing for nursing education research, to assist us in making comparisons between North Carolina and other states. RESULTSOnly 26% of the 2,418 members of the 1983—84 cohort at 20 years and 17% of the 4,211 members of the 1993—94 cohort at 10 years pursued higher degrees, and just 19% and 12% of the respective cohorts did so in nursing. More than 80% of all nurses in either cohort who attained a master's degree in nursing or a doctorate in any field began their nursing career with a bachelor's degree. Younger age at entry into nursing, male sex, and belonging to a racial or ethnic minority were associated with being more likely to pursue higher academic degrees. CONCLUSIONSBased on our findings, we suggest that increasing the number of graduates with a bachelor of science in nursing degree, especially those who are men or members of a racial or ethnic minority, will have the most immediate effect on increasing the potential nursing faculty pool.
Effective visualization of Stereo PIV vector fields of a turbulent boundary layer

Stereo PIV datasets have three dimensional information over a plane, from which multiple quantities can be derived at each point. The task of visualizing these different parameters simultaneously is challenging, and this inhibits our ability to analyze and derive firm conclusions about the physics of the flow. Presently, the common approach is to view each parameter separately in different images. Such an approach is very inefficient, especially for large fields of view where many important structures and features co-exist. In this paper we discuss several different ways in which the primary quantities can be viewed simultaneously in the same image. The simplest method is to use different colors for each parameter and to overlay all the different colors on one image. The limitations of such an approach will be described. Other methods considered involve using texture generated from a line integral convolution (LIC) algorithm to convey instantaneous velocity direction and magnitude. Animated texture is also described, together with variants involving combined color and out-ofplane height. The use of height in tandem with color and animated texture is a useful method in distinguishing the different parameters in the regions of overlap. Visualization of PIV data–under review for publication in Journal of Turbulence 2
Sexual Dysfunction and Psychiatric Morbidity in Patients Attending a Clinic for Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Summary Patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) were interviewed to estimate the presence of sexual dysfunction, and the GHQ-60 was used to measure psychiatric morbidity. Over one-fifth of the males and more than one-quarter of the females were experiencing sexual dysfunction problems, and the majority of them would have liked further help for their problems. The implications of the findings are discussed, and suggestions are made for dealing with these patients.
Exendin-4 protects murine MIN6 pancreatic β-cells from interleukin-1β-induced apoptosis via the NF-κB pathway

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its potent analog, exendin-4, are well known to inhibit β-cell apoptosis and promote β-cell proliferation. Meanwhile, cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), stimulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide overproduction leading to β-cell damage. However, the protective mechanisms of GLP-1 in β-cells exposed to cytokines have not been fully elucidated. Aims: In this study, the protective effects of exendin-4 on IL-1β-induced apoptosis were investigated in murine MIN6 pancreatic β-cells. The role of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in this process was also explored. Methods: The effects of exendin-4 pre-treatment on IL-1β-induced apoptosis were investigated by Hoechst/PI and Annexin V/PI staining. Levels of iNOS and NF-κB proteins were investigated by Western blotting and cytoplasmic nitrite levels were determined using Griess reagent. Results: IL-1β treatment (range, 5–40 ng/ml) for 24 h was positively correlated with nitrite production (R2=0.9668, p<0.01), a significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells (p<0.01) and a concomitant dose-dependent increase in cytoplasmic levels of iNOS and NF-κB p65 activation. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), partially rescued apoptotic β-cells, suggesting involvement of NF-κB-iNOS-nitrite in this process. Exendin-4 (100 nM) treatment significantly decreased IL-1β-induced apoptosis (p<0.01), down-regulated NF-κB activation and subsequently decreased iN-OS and nitrite levels in IL-1β-induced β-cells (p<0.001), in a similar manner to L-NAME, PDTC and NAC. Conclusions: These results suggest that exendin-4 protects against IL-1β-induced apoptosis in β-cells via downregulation of the NF-κB-iNOS-nitrite pathway.
Normalized mean glandular dose computation from mammography using GATE: a validation study

Mean glandular dose (MGD) is the figure of merit to assess breast dose after a mammographic acquisition. The use of normalized MGD obtained from Monte Carlo computations with measured incident air kerma determines the MGD delivered to patients. The Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) toolkit is a modern Monte Carlo application specifically designed for medical imaging systems modelling. Although there is an increasing number of publications using GATE worldwide for a wide range of medical imaging and therapeutic applications, there is currently no means to obtain normalized MGD. In this work, the GATE toolkit is extended, through the development of two new modules, to provide normalized MGD information for compressed breast phantoms based on simple geometries. The normalized MGD values were validated against published work and provided results at half value layers lower than 0.3 and greater than 0.6 mmAl. In addition, the skin thickness and composition were considered. Normalized MGD was computed after substitution of the adipose layer surrounding the standard breast phantom with skin tissue and the relative difference is reported. Spectrum generation was facilitated by further development of previously published work by other authors. Validation of the new GATE extension showed good agreement with published data and can be used to assess breast dose from mammographic as well as more complex x-ray imaging techniques. Changing skin thickness and composition revealed substantial changes in normalized MGD specifically for compressed breast thickness different than 5 cm and a possible revision of the structure of the standard breast model may be necessary.
Cognitive and metabolic correlates of emotional vulnerability in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy

Background Recent investigations have suggested that the occurrence of epileptic seizures is not completely random. In particular, various types of psychological changes or life events may act as triggering factors. Objective To identify a possible link between self-perception of the impact of affective precipitants, cognitive responses modulated by aversive information and brain metabolic modifications in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods The extent to which seizures were elicited or not by emotional precipitants was estimated using a self-reported scale, allowing distinction of two groups: ‘Emo-TLE’ group (patients reporting to have seizures triggered by emotional events) and ‘Other-TLE’ group, which were compared with healthy individuals (‘control’ group). Attentional biases were investigated using the probe detection paradigm, using negative and neutral stimuli. Interictal brain metabolism was studied using FDG-PET, and comparison was made between controls, Emo-TLE and Other-TLE groups. Results Patients with emotional vulnerability (Emo-TLE) disclosed specific attentional biases towards negative stimuli compared with the Other-TLE and control groups. Patients with Emo-TLE also exhibited specific hypometabolism in the anterior temporal lobe, including amygdala and hippocampus. The degree of attentional biases correlated with decreased metabolism in these regions. Conclusions This investigation shows that the impact of affective events is the result of self-perception and also that it might be determined by specific cognitive and brain metabolic modifications in TLE.
Systemic Lidocaine Blocks Nerve Injury‐induced Hyperalgesia and Nociceptor‐driven Spinal Sensitization in the Rat

BackgroundRepetitive C-fiber stimulation induces a state of facilitated processing of sensory information in the dorsal horn, while chronic nerve compression gives rise to a hyperalgesic state, characterized by spontaneous neuronal activity generated by voltage-sensitive sodium channels, as well as spinal facilitation.This study investigates the effects of systemic local anesthetic on thermal hyperalgesia evoked by chronic nerve compression and on the pain behavior responses to subcutaneous formalin. MethodsThe effects of intravenous lidocaine were evaluated in rats with (1) the formalin test, a model of acute pain and centrally mediated delayed sensory sensitization, and (2) a model of chronic sciatic nerve compression leading to a neurogenic thermal hyperalgesia. Groups of rats (300 g) undergoing formalin testing were given intravenous lidocaine in doses of: 3 mg plus 25 μg/min infusion (yielding serum levels of 6.3 ± 1.0 μg/ml) or 1.5 mg plus 12.5 μg/min infusion (yielding serum levels of 3.6 ± 0.3 μg/ml) beginning 5 min before the subcutaneous injection of formalin in the left hind paw. In other studies, a group of six animals were rendered hyperalgesic in one hind limb by the placement of compressive ligatures about the left sciatic nerve (Bennett model) 3–5 days before these studies. These rats were treated with 0.6 mg intravenous lidocaine followed by an infusion of lidocaine at a rate of 5 μg/min (yielding serum levels of 1.0 ± 0.1 μg/ml). ResultsLidocaine had no significant effect on the first phase of the formalin test or on thermal response latencies in normal limbs. However, at a high dose, lidocaine significantly reduced phase 2 flinching behavior and at a low dose, reversed the thermal hyperalgesia produced by sciatic nerve ligation during 30 min of infusion for a period of 3 h after the infusion was discontinued. ConclusionsIntravenous lidocaine acts by distinct mechanisms to diminish the hyperesthetic state induced by peripheral nerve injury and to reduce the degree of spinal sensitization induced by C-afferent fiber activation.
Reducing Intracortical Inhibition in the Adult Visual Cortex Promotes Ocular Dominance Plasticity

Experience-dependent plasticity in the cortex is often higher during short critical periods in postnatal development. The mechanisms limiting adult cortical plasticity are still unclear. Maturation of intracortical GABAergic inhibition is suggested to be crucial for the closure of the critical period for ocular dominance (OD) plasticity in the visual cortex. We find that reduction of GABAergic transmission in the adult rat visual cortex partially reactivates OD plasticity in response to monocular deprivation (MD). This is accompanied by an enhancement of activity-dependent potentiation of synaptic efficacy but not of activity-dependent depression. We also found a decrease in the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the visual cortex of MD animals with reduced inhibition, after the reactivation of OD plasticity. Thus, intracortical inhibition is a crucial limiting factor for the induction of experience-dependent plasticity in the adult visual cortex.
The exfoliative source of abnormal cells in urine sediment of patients with measles.

IN RECENT years it has been appreciated that abnormal cells are excreted into the urine during the course of certain viral illnesses.1-9In some instances the presence of such cells has been associated with viruria.5In addition to the well-known cytologic changes in the urine in cytomegalic inclusion disease, cellular abnormalities have been described with a number of the common viral exanthems1-4,6-9and following vaccination with live viruses.2,8,10By far the most dramatic cytologic changes are present during measles. This infection is associated with the appearance of numerous cells containing large eosinophilic, cytoplasmic inclusions (Fig 1) as well as syncytial multinucleated cells of the Warthin-Finkeldey type2(Fig 2). Until recently the question has persisted as to whether these cellular alterations in urine sediment represent specific cytopathic effects of virus.9,10The appearance of these cytologic changes coincides with the presence of measles virus in the
Hemoperitoneum score helps determine need for therapeutic laparotomy.

PURPOSE Sonography provides a fast, portable, and noninvasive method for patient assessment. However, the benefit of providing real-time ultrasound (US) imaging and fluid quantification shortly after patient arrival has not been explored. The objective of this study was to prospectively validate a US hemoperitoneum scoring system developed at our institution and determine whether sonography can predict a therapeutic operation. METHODS For 12 months, prospective data on all patients undergoing a trauma sonogram were recorded. All sonograms positive for free fluid were given a hemoperitoneum score. The US score was compared with initial systolic blood pressure and base deficit to assess the ability of sonography to predict a therapeutic laparotomy. RESULTS Forty of 46 patients (87%) with a US score > or = 3 required a therapeutic laparotomy. Forty-six of 54 patients with a US score < 3 (85%) did not need operative intervention. The sensitivity of sonography was 83% compared with 28% and 49% for systolic blood pressure and base deficit, respectively, in determining the need for therapeutic operation. CONCLUSION We conclude that the majority of patients with a score > or = 3 will need surgery. The US hemoperitoneum scoring system was a better predictor of a therapeutic laparotomy than initial blood pressure and/or base deficit.
TQM, innovation and the role of cultural change

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to better understand the influence of total quality management (TQM) practices on incremental and radical innovation, examining the role of diverse cultural change as a mediator, particularly in firms where ever‐increasing competitive pressure demands a combination of quality and innovation.Design/methodology/approach – From previous research on the influence of TQM practices on innovation, the paper proposes a model which is tested through a survey carried out on a sample of 72 Spanish firms that have been drastically hit by competition from Asian companies, achieving a 51.42 percent valid return rate.Findings – None of the sets of TQM practices directly affects radical innovation, while all of them have a significant and positive relationship with incremental innovation. However, when the paper introduces cultural change as a mediating factor, the model's goodness of fit improves substantially, and all the relations are significant.Research limitations/implications.
A BLUE-Based Approach to Frequency Recovery in OFDM Receivers with I/Q Imbalance

Direct conversion receivers (DCRs) are an effective means to obtain user terminals with reduced cost, size, and power consumption. Their major drawback is the possible insertion of I/Q imbalances in the demodulated signal, which can seriously degrade the performance of conventional synchronization algorithms. In this paper, we investigate the problem of carrier frequency offset (CFO) recovery in an OFDM receiver equipped with a DCR front-end. Our approach is based on the best linear unbiased estimation (BLUE) theory and aims at jointly estimating the CFO, the useful signal component, and its mirror image. In doing so, we exploit knowledge of the pilot symbols transmitted within a conventional repeated training preamble appended in front of each data packet. Two solutions are proposed, and both of them provides the CFO in closed-form, thereby avoiding any grid-search procedure. The accuracy of the proposed methods is assessed in a scenario compliant with the 802.11a WLAN standard. Compared with existing solutions, the novel schemes achieve improved performance at the price of a marginal increase of the processing load.
Antineutrinos from Earth: A reference model and its uncertainties

We predict geoneutrino fluxes in a reference model based on a detailed description of Earth's crust and mantle and using the best available information on the abundances of uranium, thorium, and potassium inside Earth's layers. We estimate the uncertainties of fluxes corresponding to the uncertainties of the element abundances. In addition to distance integrated fluxes, we also provide the differential fluxes as a function of distance from several sites of experimental interest. Event yields at several locations are estimated and their dependence on the neutrino oscillation parameters is discussed. At Kamioka we predict $N(\mathrm{U}+\mathrm{Th})=35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6$ events for ${10}^{32}\mathrm{proton}\mathrm{yr}$ and 100% efficiency assuming ${\mathrm{sin}}^{2}(2\ensuremath{\theta})=0.863$ and $\ensuremath{\delta}{m}^{2}=7.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}{\mathrm{eV}}^{2}. $ The maximal prediction is 55 events, obtained in a model with fully radiogenic production of the terrestrial heat flow.
Side Effects of GnRH Analogue Treatment in Childhood

There are a few reports of side-effects of LHRHa treatment in childhood, the mechanisms of which remain little understood. Such effects can be local reactions: erythema, induration, wheal and sterile abscess formation, which can be possible causes of therapy failure. There are negative effects on growth velocity and final height requiring rhGH therapy or a suppressive treatment when bone age >13 years. Excessive weight gain can occur by various mechanisms: menopausal-like phenomena, or LHRHa influence on hypothalamic and/or leptin-mediated control of body weight. Other possible adverse effects involve increased ovarian volume with possible POS development; however, there is no evidence correlating LHRHa, hyperandrogenism and POS. The latter appears related to CPP onset with pre-existing hyperandrogenism, although lengthier follow-up is necessary to confirm this. Bone density decreases during therapy, but final peak bone mass is in the normal range. Frequent transitory side-effects include headaches, hot flushes, depression and irregular menses.