Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Man vs. Machine: Measuring People for the Apparel Industry

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 3D Body Processing Industry Connections group is conducting a Comparative Analysis of Measurement Methods of 3D Body Scans (project details are given in Working Group Progress for IEEE P3141 Standard for 3D Body Processing, 2018-2019). This article reports on the results of the first phase of the project. Over 60 subjects were scanned and manually measured at the Portland, OR site during November 2018. Here we report on the measurements acquired manually and those acquired by a Size Stream SS20 3D body scanner. The project goal in focus here is to understand the reliability and compatibility of measurements obtained through traditional 1D and advanced 3D methods. Scanner reliability was shown to have more than double the precision of manual measurements (via Coefficient of Variation analysis). Furthermore, we find that the variability of the two measuring techniques individually is greater than any bias between them (difference in the mean). After accounting for this bias, manual and scanner measurement techniques are compatible and can be used interchangeably.
Optimality of Matched-Pair Designs in Randomized Controlled Trials

In randomized controlled trials, treatment is often assigned by stratified randomization. I show that among all stratified randomization schemes that treat all units with probability one half, a certain matched-pair design achieves the maximum statistical precision for estimating the average treatment effect. In an important special case, the optimal design pairs units according to the baseline outcome. In a simulation study based on datasets from ten randomized controlled trials, this design lowers the standard error for the estimator of the average treatment effect by 10 percent on average, and by up to 34 percent, relative to the original designs. (JEL C13, C21)
Cutaneous malignant tumors: a profile of ten years at LINAR, Larkana-Pakistan

Background Malignant tumors of skin are a group of malignancies comprising primary and metastatic tumors which involve the skin and its appendages. Patients and methods In this observational study, a total of 300 cases of cutaneous malignant tumors were included, who visited the Larkana Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (LINAR) for management after confirmation by histopathological examination. Results Out of 300 cases studied, the males were 195 (65%) and females were 105 (35%), showing M: F ratio of 1.85: 1. The mean age of affected cases was 47±7.694 years and mostly affected patients were farmers (47%). The duration of symptoms in majority of cases (27%) was 3-6 months. Most of the patients (71%) had lesions on face, while other parts of body like extremities, scalp and trunk were involved in 13%, 9% and 7%, respectively. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) was confirmed in 183 (61%) cases, while squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and malignant melanoma (MM) were found in 96 (32%) and 21 (7%) cases, respectively. Conclusion BCC was found to be the commonest morphological type amongst the cutaneous malignant tumors. The increasing incidence rate shows an alarming situation for our population. The unawareness of public and medical professionals about the disease and late diagnosis are contributing factors in high morbidity and mortality.
Hydrologic Alteration in Watershed Using Flow Duration Curve, Case Study Upper Citarum Watershed, Indonesia

Watershed is the basic unit of landscape particularly to assess hydrological processes. Urbanization and agricultural activities influence landscapes that affect hydrological processes through water demand and uses of space in the watershed. Utilization of space and water by human activities in watershed can alter the composition of the water through increasing the runoff, reducing the flow into the ground and in some cases, move the ground water, into runoff. Human affect hydrological processes due to: (i) the need of water for domestic and commercial activities whether to use ground water and surface water (ii) the need of space for living, activities, which implicate converting natural vegetation into built up area, which improved impervious area, lessen the soil's ability to infiltrate and absorb water, and thereby reduce groundwater recharge that affects the base flow. The river is where the accumulation of runoff, waste water from urban activities which is also affected groundwater through seepage from the aquifer, thereby, any changes on watershed as human activity will be reflected in the character of stream flow. The paper is a part of study the characteristics of streamflow, in relation to hydrological alteration in watershed. Research was conducted in upper Citarum watershed, Indonesia where the metropolitan of Bandung located. By using FDC (Flow Duration Curve) analysis, was able to know the changes pattern of stream flow especially in low-flow that can detect symptoms of a decrease in capacity of base flow due to changes in land use in the upstream area as well as an increasing a return flow due to the impact of the withdrawal of groundwater as result urban activities.
COPD_A_193311 961..969

1School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro 70185, Sweden; 2Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Örebro University, Örebro 70182, Sweden; 3Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 4Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College, London, UK; 5Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Family Medicine and Preventive medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75122, Sweden; 6Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy & Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75105, Sweden; 7Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro 70185, Sweden Purpose: Women with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have more symp-
Causes and Patterns of Tooth Loss Among Patients Attending Riyadh Elm University Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: To investigate the major causes of tooth loss among patients attending Riyadh Elm University (REU) hospital, taking into consideration the patient's age, gender, and tooth type. Subjects and Methods: Data were collected by undergraduate, postgraduate students, and interns through a questionnaire with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The specification of the patient's age, gender, tooth type, and the reason for extraction was required. Results: A total of 895 teeth were extracted from 385 patients, of which 51% were extracted due to dental caries, whereas 21% were extracted because of periodontal disease. There is a statistically significant relationship between age and reasons for tooth extraction (P-value < 0.000). Maxillary molars were extracted mostly due to dental caries (64.8%). On the contrary, mandibular anterior teeth were extracted mainly due to periodontal disease (39.6%). No significant relationship was detected between gender and reasons for tooth extraction. Conclusion: Dental caries and periodontal disease were the leading causes of tooth extraction.
The Estimated Effects of the Euro on Trade: Why are They Below Historical Evidence on Effects of Monetary Unions Among Smaller Counties?

Andy Rose (2000), followed by many others, have used the gravity model of bilateral trade on a large data set to estimate the effects of monetary unions among small countries, and come up with very large estimates. Trade among members seems to double or triple. Micco, Ordoñez and Stein and others, used the gravity model on a much smaller data set to estimate the effects of European Monetary Union on trade among its members during the first five years. The estimates tend to be statistically significant, but far smaller in magnitude: on the order of 15%. What explains the discrepancy? This paper seeks to address two questions. First, do the effects on intraeuroland trade that were estimated in the first five years hold up in the second five years? The answer is yes. Second, and more complicated, what is the reason for the big discrepancy vis-à-vis other currency unions. We investigate three prominent possible explanations for the gap between 15% and 200%. First, lags. The euro is still very young. Second, size. The European countries are much bigger than most of those who had formed currency unions in the past. Perhaps the effect falls with size. Third, endogeneity of the decision to adopt an institutional currency link. Perhaps the high correlations estimated in earlier studies were spurious, an artifact of reverse causality. To our surprise, we find no evidence that any of these factors explains any share of the gap, let alone all of it. What we find instead is that the discrepancy appears to stem from sample size (though this surprising conclusion is as yet only tentative). If one estimates the effects of the euro versus other monetary unions in a large sample that includes all countries and all years, thereby bringing to bear as much information as possible on questions such as the proper coefficient on income in a gravity model, then the effect of the euro in the five-eight year interval is seen to be large, and comparable with the effect of the other non-euro monetary unions.
Winter rye as a cover crop reduces nitrate loss to subsurface drainage as simulated by HERMES

HERMES is a widely used agricultural system model; however, it has never been tested for simulating N loss to subsurface drainage. Here, we integrated a simple drain flow component into HERMES. We then compared the predictions to four years of data (2002–2005) from central Iowa fields in corn-oybean with winter rye as a cover crop (CC) and without winter rye (NCC). We also compared the HERMES predictions to the more complex Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) predictions for the same dataset. The average annual observed and simulated N loss to drain flow were 43.8 and 44.4 kg N/ha (NCC) and 17.6 and 18.9 kg N/ha (CC). The slightly over predicted N loss for CC was because of over predicted nitrate concentration, which may be partly caused by slightly under predicted average annual rye shoot N (observed and simulated values were 47.8 and 46.0 kg N/ha). Also, recent research from the site suggests that the soil field capacity may be greater in CC while we used the same soil parameters for both treatments. A local sensitivity analysis suggests that increased field capacity affects HERMES simulations, which includes reduced drain flow nitrate concentrations, increased denitrification, and reduced drain flow volume. HERMES-simulated cumulative monthly drain flow and annual drain flow were reasonable compared to field data and HERMES performance was comparable to other published drainage model tests. Unlike the RZWQM simulations, however, the modified HERMES did not accurately simulate the year to year variability in nitrate concentration difference between NCC and CC, possibly due in part to the lack of partial mixing and displacement of the soil solution. The results suggest that 1) the relatively simple model HERMES is a promising tool to estimate annual N loss to drain flow under corn-soybean rotations with winter rye as a cover crop and 2) soil field capacity is a critical parameter to investigate to more thoroughly understand and appropriately model denitrification and N losses to subsurface drainage. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Influence of AFM Tip Temperature on THF Hydrate Stability: Theoretical Model and Numerical Simulation

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation is widely used to determine mechanical parameters of various materials. However, AFM tip may lead to phase transition of the cold sample in the region of contact area. It is a long-standing challenge that low-temperature phase-change materials (e.g., ice and hydrate) are hardly characterized by AFM, especially for clathrate hydrates. Here, with theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, we investigated the temperature influence of AFM tip on the tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate stability. At first, a steady-state model of heat conduction was established between a v-shaped probe and THF hydrate sample. The temperature of the tip was estimated at different laser spot positions and laser intensities. Through numerical simulation, the heat loss by air convection is less than 1% of the total laser heat, and the influence of ambient air on the AFM probe temperature can be neglected. Meanwhile, the local temperature in the region of contact area was also calculated at the THF hydrate temperature of 0°C, -10°C, -20°C, and -30°C. We found out that the AFM tip causes the cold THF hydrate to melt. The thermal melting thickness decreases with the reduction of laser intensity and THF hydrate temperature. On the contrary, it is positively correlated with the thickness of liquid-like layer on THF hydrate surface and is also linearly increased with the contact radius. This indicates that the thermal melting continues as the press-in depth of the tip into THF hydrate increases. The local temperature rises when the tip touches the THF hydrate. It is easier for THF hydrate to be melted by an external pressure. In addition, the proposed model may be useful for guiding force tests on low-temperature phase-change materials by the AFM indentation.
Interaction in Academic L2 writing: An analysis of Interactional Metadiscourse Strategies in Applied Linguistics Research Articles

It has been acknowledged that academic writing is not only content-oriented but also involves various rhetorical strategies that help writers project themselves on text so that the content as well as the writer’s stance can be understood. Interactional metadiscourse (MD) strategies are established to play a rhetorical role that contribute to the persuasiveness of argument. Due to the variation of rhetorical strategies across cultures, L2 writers tend to find some problems employing appropriate interactional MD strategies to express a clear stance and engage readers in the content presented. This paper examines the extent to which interactional MD strategies are employed in advanced L2 writing. To this end, 34 research articles written by Yemeni/Arab applied linguistics L2 writers were analysed. Based on Hyland (2005a), interactional MD strategies were identified via AntConc, a concordance analytical software tool. Moreover, a qualitative analysis was conducted to examine the way how advanced L2 writers use interactional MD strategies to pursue persuasive goals. The findings indicate that L2 writers tend to employ impersonal and less dialogic style in academic writing. A closer in-depth analysis indicates that the most salient interactional strategies in Yemeni L2 writing include making bare assertion as well as marking certainty of claims. They mostly tend to make assertion as they indicate research gaps and express conviction when they state findings and summarize their research. The implications of such findings could be useful for genre analysis, academic writing and L2 writing instruction. Keywords: genre analysis; research articles; interaction; interactional metadiscourse strategies; L2 writing
Departure Time Choice and Bottleneck Congestion with Automated Vehicles: Role of On-board Activities

It is widely expected that automated vehicles (AVs) will revolutionise travel experience by better facilitating various on-board activities. While these activities could make travel more pleasant, as is often supposed, they could also affect daily schedules, the related travel choices, and finally, the aggregate travel patterns – possible influences that are still insufficiently studied. For example, a morning commuter deciding to perform some home or work activities during travel, instead of at home or work, could also reconsider his departure time to work. More such travellers together could reshape traffic congestion. This paper models exactly this scenario. It formulates new scheduling preferences, which account for home and/or work activities during morning commute, and uses these (1) to analyse the optimal departure times when there is no congestion, and (2) to obtain the equilibrium congestion patterns in a bottleneck setting. If there is no congestion, it is predicted that AV users would depart earlier (later), if the on-board environment supports their home (work) activities. If there is congestion, AV users that perform home (work) activities during travel skew the congestion to earlier (later) times, and AV users that perform both activities increase both early and late congestion. Engaging in any activity during travel worsens congestion, at least when assuming that AVs do not increase bottleneck capacity. If future AVs would be specialised to support only home, only work, or both home and work activities, and would do so to a similar extent, then ‘Work AVs’ would increase the congestion the least.
A cross sectional study on demographic factors affecting low birth weight

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) is one of the commonest cause for infant and childhood morbidity and mortality. The majority of low birth weight in developing countries is due to intrauterine growth retardation, while most low birth weight in industrialized countries is due to preterm birth. LBW is the single most important factor determining the survival chances of the child. The objectives of the study were to assess the proportion of low birth weight among babies delivered by mothers at a tertiary care hospital and to analyse the relationship between low birth weight and certain socio-demographic factors.Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care centre for a period of six months.Results: The prevalence of LBW was 23.5%. The proportion of mothers having low birth weight was maximum in women aged less than 18 years (35%) and more than 30 years (26.5%). Muslim women had a higher proportion of LBW (28.8%). LBW was more in women belonging to joint family (30.0%), low per capita income group and illiterates.Conclusions: The prevalence of LBW still continues to be high, almost one fourth of the babies are LBW. Different socio-demographic characteristics of the population are still the important factors determining the occurrence of LBW.
Analysis of Blowdown Event in Small Modular Natural Circulation Integral Test Facility

The design of a new generation of nuclear power reactors is underway with an emphasis on safety and passive systems. The NuScale Power, LLC (NuScale) small modular reactor (SMR) is a state of the art design with enhanced safety relying solely on passive systems and natural circulation driven flows. The design features a natural circulation primary system within which the core heats the coolant causing it to rise through a central hot leg after which it turns in an upper plenum and is cooled by a helical coil steam generator (HCSG). The lower temperature coolant then flows down the cold leg downcomer where it reaches the entrance of the core to complete the coolant flow circuit. The reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is housed within a submerged high pressure steel containment structure which serves not only as a radiation barrier but also a coolant flow path in the event of a loss-of-coolant-accident (LOCA). In the rare event that coolant escapes the RPV, the coolant will enter the lower pressure containment and flash to steam. Steam that is formed will condense on the cool containment shell, and heat will be transferred to the reactor building pool by conduction through the containment shell. The water level in the containment will rise as the RPV blows down into the containment. Once a specified level is established, emergency core cooling system (ECCS) valves located near the top of the reactor vessel and in the downcomer above the core are opened allowing a controlled flow path to form and liquid coolant to enter back into the RPV. Sizing of the containment vessel has been established such that heat transfer to the pool will exceed core decay heat production. This ensures that fuel damage cannot occur and that short and long term core coolability is maintained. NuScale will be submitting this reactor design for certification to the NRC and has performed scaled integral system experiments in support of this endeavor. The focus of the work presented here is to demonstrate the functionality of the NuScale Integral System Test (NIST) Facility as well the ability of the NRELAP system thermal-hydraulics code to simulate its behavior.
Characterization of Children with Non- Metastatic Osteosarcoma who Received Treatment with Mifamurtide in Two Institutions in Colombia between 2014 and 2017

Introduction: Osteosarcoma is the most frequent bone tumor in children. Survival of patients who do not have metastases at the beginning has not changed in the last decade; there are studies that suggest the benefit of the use of new molecules such as mifamurtide. Methods: We described the variables of interest in 8 patients under 18 years of age with highgrade non-metastatic osteosarcoma, who received management with conventional chemotherapy and mifamurtide as adjuvant in 2 Colombian institutions between 2014 and 2017. Results: The majority of the patients had femoral compromise due to conventional osteosarcoma, all of them received management with pre and post-surgical chemotherapy, 75% of the patients were taken to limb salvage. In total, 375 cycles of mifamurtide were evaluated (2 mg/m2 of total body surface area). There were adverse effects in 7 of the 375 cycles administered (1.87 %); these occurred in 4 of the 8 patients participating in the study; at the end of the study, 6 of 8 patients were alive. Conclusions: In the patients evaluated, the use of mifamurtide was well tolerated, however due to the type of study it cannot be determined if the use of this medication had an impact on survival.
Comparison of Veterans Affairs, Mayo, Brock classification models and radiologist diagnosis for classifying the malignancy of pulmonary nodules in Chinese clinical population.

Background Several classification models based on Western population have been developed to help clinicians to classify the malignancy probability of pulmonary nodules. However, the diagnostic performance of these Western models in Chinese population is unknown. This paper aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of radiologist evaluation of malignancy probability and three classification models (Mayo Clinic, Veterans Affairs, and Brock University) in Chinese clinical pulmonology patients. Methods This single-center retrospective study included clinical patients from Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital with new, CT-detected pulmonary nodules in 2013. Patients with a nodule with diameter of 4-25 mm, and histological diagnosis or 2-year follow-up were included. Analysis of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), decision curve analysis (DCA) and threshold of decision analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of radiologist diagnosis and the three classification models, with histological diagnosis or 2-year follow-up as the reference. Results In total, 277 patients (286 nodules) were included. Two hundred and seven of 286 nodules (72.4%) in 203 patients were malignant. AUC of the Mayo model (0.77; 95% CI: 0.72-0.82) and Brock model (0.77; 95% CI: 0.72-0.82) were similar to radiologist diagnosis (0.78; 95% CI: 0.73-0.83; P=0.68, P=0.71, respectively). The diagnostic performance of the VA model (AUC: 0.66) was significantly lower than that of radiologist diagnosis (P=0.003). A three-class classifying threshold analysis and DCA showed that the radiologist evaluation had higher discriminatory power for malignancy than the three classification models. Conclusions In a cohort of Chinese clinical pulmonology patients, radiologist evaluation of lung nodule malignancy probability demonstrated higher diagnostic performance than Mayo, Brock, and VA classification models. To optimize nodule diagnosis and management, a new model with more radiological characteristics could be valuable.