Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Types of Amblyopia among Primary School Children in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia

Background: Amblyopia is a unilateral or bilateral condition which results in visual reduction whilst the eye seems to be healthy. The main purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude and identify the types of amblyopia among primary school children in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 1287 school children age between 6 15 years from January to February 2015 in Gondar. Complete ocular examination was carried by qualified optometrists and structured check list was used to collection socio – demographic data. Children with presenting vision less than 6/9 were fully examined for case confirmation and best corrected visual acuity was used to determine the type of amblyopia. Data were entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences PSS 16 software computer package. Results: The prevalence of amblyopia was 4.7% (60). Anisometropic amblyopia and ametropic amblyopia each account 38.3%, while strabismic amblyopia, visual deprivation amblyopia and posterior segment abnormality contribute 6.7%% 8.3% and 8.3% respectively. Bilateral amblyopia was the most frequent 55% (33) and females account 56.7% (34). Conclusion: The magnitude of amblyopia was high in the study area. School screening programme for early detection and treatment is recommended to minimize the burden of visual loss due to amblyopia among primary school children in
Multifunctional CD4+T cells in patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a group of important parasitic diseases affecting millions worldwide. To understand more clearly the quality of T helper type 1 (Th1) response stimulated after Leishmania infection, we applied a multiparametric flow cytometry protocol to evaluate multifunctional T cells induced by crude antigen extracts obtained from promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis (LbAg) and Leishmania amazonensis (LaAg) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healed cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Although no significant difference was detected in the percentage of total interferon (IFN)‐γ‐producing CD4+T cells induced by both antigens, multiparametric flow cytometry analysis revealed clear differences in the quality of Th1 responses. LbAg induced an important proportion of multifunctional CD4+ T cells (28% of the total Th1 response evaluated), whereas LaAg induced predominantly single‐positive cells (68%), and 57% of those were IFN‐γ single‐positives. Multifunctional CD4+T cells showed the highest mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) for the three Th1 cytokines assessed and MFIs for IFN‐γ and interleukin‐2 from those cells stimulated with LbAg were significantly higher than those obtained after LaAg stimulation. These major differences observed in the generation of multifunctional CD4+ T cells suggest that the quality of the Th1 response induced by L. amazonensis antigens can be involved in the mechanisms responsible for the high susceptibility observed in L. amazonensis‐infected individuals. Ultimately, our results call attention to the importance of studying a Th1 response regarding its quality, not just its magnitude, and indicate that this kind of evaluation might help understanding of the complex and diverse immunopathogenesis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis.
Knowledge , Attitude and Determinants of Safe Abortion among first year students in Mekelle University , Tigray , Ethiopia

Introduction: students are becoming aware of the availability and seeking of safe abortion services in their communities. However, unsafe abortion still remains globally major health problem especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. It is becoming one of the leading direct obstetric causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. In many low income countries lack of knowledge about the consequences of unsafe abortion and having negative attitude towards abortion service resulted in unsafe abortion practices. This study is important to identify area for improvement and encourage better communication with student clients who need safe abortion services. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess knowledge, attitude and factors associated with safe abortion among first year students in Mekelle University, Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: Institution based-cross-sectional study design involving both quantitative and qualitative methods was employed. The sample size was 772 and the sampling technique used was multistage cluster sampling technique. To proportionally allocate the sample size to each department, population proportion to size allocation was used. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Bivariate analysis was made to see the relations of independent variables with knowledge and attitude towards safe abortion. At bivariate logistic regression analysis, independent variables with cut off P-value<0.25 was included. In the multivariable binary logistic regression, Pvalue< 0.05 was used to declare the significance of the variables. Thematic analysis was used for the Qualitative method. Finally both qualitative and quantitative data was triangulated. The analyzed data was presented using figures, tables, graphs and texts. Result: Out of 752 students who heard about safe abortion, more than half 300 (55.9%) have inadequate knowledge. Sex, (AOR= 1.7, 95% CI: 1.160-2.725), department (AOR=0.37, 95% CI: 0.169-0.809), family education level (AOR= 0.6, 95% 0.354-0.886) and income (AOR= 0.4, 95% 0.205-0.848) were factors has an association with knowledge of students towards safe abortion. Concerning attitude, out of 536, nearly half 283 (52.8%) of the students have positive attitude towards safe abortion. Residence before joining university (AOR=0.689, 95%CI: 0.486 -0.977) has found to have an association with attitude towards safe abortion. Conclusion: The knowledge of the students has found to be inadequate towards safe abortion. Sex, department, family education, and income sent from family are likely to have association towards knowledge on safe abortion. Nearly half of the students have positive attitudes towards safe abortion. Only residence before joining university has significant association with attitude towards safe abortion. Forums and panel discussions on safe abortion among students, professionals, and relevant organizations, need to be undertaken at various levels to facilitate decision making on safe abortion practices.
Sagittal balance of the cervical spine: an analysis of occipitocervical and spinopelvic interdependence, with C-7 slope as a marker of cervical and spinopelvic alignment.

OBJECT Sagittal malalignment of the cervical spine has been associated with worsened postsurgical outcomes. For better operative planning of fusion and alignment restoration, improved knowledge of ideal fusion angles and interdependences between upper and lower cervical spine alignment is needed. Because spinal and spinopelvic parameters might play a role in cervical sagittal alignment, their associations should be studied in depth. METHODS The authors retrospectively analyzed digital lateral standing cervical radiographs of 145 patients (34 asymptomatic, 74 symptomatic; 37 surgically treated), including full-standing radiographs obtained in 45 of these patients. Sagittal measurements were as follows: C2-7, occiput (Oc)-C2, C1-2 Cobb angles, and C-7 slope (the angle between the horizontal line and the superior endplate of C-7), as well as T4-12 and L1-S1 Cobb angles, sacral slope, pelvic incidence, and C-7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA). A correlation analysis was performed, and linear regression models were developed. RESULTS Statistical analyses revealed significant correlations between C2-7 and Oc-C2 (r = -0.4, p < 0.01), Oc-C2 (r = -0.3, p < 0.01), and C1-2 angle (r = -0.3, p < 0.01). C-7 slope was significantly correlated with C2-7 (r = -0.5, p < 0.01) and with Oc-C2 angle (r = 0.2, p = 0.02). Total cervical (Oc-C7) lordosis was 30.2° and did not differ significantly among asymptomatic, symptomatic, and surgically treated patients. Correlations between C2-7 and Oc-C2 alignment were stronger in asymptomatic patients (r = -0.5, p < 0.01) and surgically treated patients (r = -0.5, p < 0.01) than in symptomatic patients (r = -0.3, p = 0.01), but the between-group difference was not significant (p > 0.1). Comparing cervical and spinopelvic alignment revealed a significant correlation between sacral slope and C-7 slope (r = -0.3, p = 0.04) and C2-7 (r = 0.4, p < 0.01). The C-7 SVA correlated significantly with the C-7 slope (r = -0.4, p < 0.01). The interdependences were stronger within the occipitocervical parameters than between the cervical and remaining spinal parameters. CONCLUSIONS Significant correlations between the upper and lower cervical spine exist, confirming the existence of inherent compensatory mechanisms to maintain overall balance; no significant differences were found among asymptomatic, symptomatic, and surgically treated patients. The C-7 slope is a useful marker of overall sagittal alignment, acting as a link between the occipitocervical and thoracolumbar spine.
Opioid errors in inpatient palliative care services: a retrospective review

Opioids are a high-risk medicine frequently used to manage palliative patients’ cancer-related pain and other symptoms. Despite the high volume of opioid use in inpatient palliative care services, and the potential for patient harm, few studies have focused on opioid errors in this population. Objectives To (i) identify the number of opioid errors reported by inpatient palliative care services, (ii) identify reported opioid error characteristics and (iii) determine the impact of opioid errors on palliative patient outcomes. Methods A 24-month retrospective review of opioid errors reported in three inpatient palliative care services in one Australian state. Results Of the 55 opioid errors identified, 84% reached the patient. Most errors involved morphine (35%) or hydromorphone (29%). Opioid administration errors accounted for 76% of reported opioid errors, largely due to omitted dose (33%) or wrong dose (24%) errors. Patients were more likely to receive a lower dose of opioid than ordered as a direct result of an opioid error (57%), with errors adversely impacting pain and/or symptom management in 42% of patients. Half (53%) of the affected patients required additional treatment and/or care as a direct consequence of the opioid error. Conclusion This retrospective review has provided valuable insights into the patterns and impact of opioid errors in inpatient palliative care services. Iatrogenic harm related to opioid underdosing errors contributed to palliative patients’ unrelieved pain. Better understanding the factors that contribute to opioid errors and the role of safety culture in the palliative care service context warrants further investigation.
Extravascular lung water values in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery

Using a commercially produced lung water computer, we measured extravascular thermal volume (ETVL) to study changes in extravascular lung water (EVLW) caused by coronary artery bypass surgery. The normal baseline ETVL before anesthesia was 5.47 ± 1.67 (SD) ml/kg. ETVL was not significantly changed 2 h after surgery but was significantly lower (p < 0.05) 24 h later in 9 patients. There was no relationship between P(A-a)O2/Fio2 ratios and values of ETV1.
Identification of a new sea urchin vitelline envelope sperm binding glycoprotein

The sea urchin egg vitelline envelope (VE) is composed of eight major glycopolypeptides that are heavily mannosylated and contain fucose and N‐acetylglucosamine moieties based on lectin staining. In the present study, the macromolecular composition of the VE and the potential role of a purified VE glycoprotein in initial gamete binding was investigated. The VE components were solubilized from the surface of intact, dejellied eggs with dithiothreitol in divalent cation‐free seawater, and analyzed using native, reduced electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Three major VE glycoproteins, VE‐A, VE‐B and VE‐C, and one minor component, VE‐D, were identified with antisera against whole VE preparations and against glutaraldehyde‐fixed, unfertilized eggs. The electrophoretically purified glycoproteins resolved into a common subunit doublet and one unique subunit each of decreasing size on blots of sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gels. Lectin affinity chromatography was used for analysis and purification of reduced VE components; a glycoprotein eluted from Con A columns with methyl‐mannoside comigrated with VE‐B when analyzed by immunoblotting. Whole VE preparations and VE‐B obtained from Con A columns were found to inhibit fertilization when preincubated with sperm, thus directly establishing a role for VE‐B in gamete binding.
VO2max and Haemoglobin Mass of Trained Athletes during High Intensity Training

The correlation between relative haemoglobin mass (Hb mass, g x kg[-1]) and relative maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max, ml x kg(-1) x min[-1]) in 62 trained athletes (33 male runners, 12 male rowers and 17 female rowers) with national and/ or international competitive experience was examined. The correlation between Hb mass and VO2max was highest for the female rowers (n=17, r=0.92, p<0.0001), lower for the male rowers (n = 12, r=0.79, p < 0.005) and lowest for the male runners (n=33, r=0.48, p = 0.005). These results suggest that, within an athletic sample, Hb mass may be used to estimate potential aerobic power. In a second series of experiments, Hb mass was measured before and after three different training programs in sub-sets of the subjects used in the earlier study. Hb mass did not change following 12 weeks of intense rowing training, 4 weeks of heat training (32 degrees C), or 4 weeks of medium-altitude training (1740 m). The corresponding increases in VO2max were 7.8%, no change and 2.1 %, respectively. These results suggest that heat or altitude training does not increase Hb mass in trained athletes. Previous studies that demonstrate increases in total red cell volume following altitude acclimatization used subjects with only modest aerobic power, whereas the present study used trained subjects. It is concluded that trained athletes with erythrocythemic hypervolemia have limited capability to increase further either total red cell volume or Hb mass.
MAS5, a yeast homolog of DnaJ involved in mitochondrial protein import

The nuclear mas5 mutation causes temperature-sensitive growth and defects in mitochondrial protein import at the nonpermissive temperature in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The MAS5 gene was isolated by complementation of the mutant phenotypes, and integrative transformation demonstrated that the complementing fragment encoded the authentic MAS5 gene. The deduced protein sequence of the cloned gene revealed a polypeptide of 410 amino acids which is homologous to Escherichia coli DnaJ and the yeast DnaJ log SCJ1. Northern (RNA blot) analysis revealed that MAS5 is a heat shock gene whose expression increases moderately at elevated temperatures. Cells with a deletion mutation in MAS5 grew slowly at 23 degrees C and were inviable at 37 degrees C, demonstrating that MAS5 is essential for growth at increased temperatures. The deletion mutant also displayed a modest import defect at 23 degrees C and a substantial import defect at 37 degrees C. These results indicate a role for a DnaJ cognate protein in mitochondrial protein import.
The Hepatitic/Cholestatic "Overlap" Syndrome: An Italian Experience

Background: Patients with hepatitic and cholestatic autoimmune liver disease ("overlap syndrome") represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of the "hepatitic/cholestatic overlap" in a large series of consecutive patients with cholestatic autoimmune liver disease. Methods: We re-evaluated the diagnosis of 235 patients with autoimmune liver disease, including 70 with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), 142 with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and 23 with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), using the revised International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group (IAIHG) scoring system. Anti-mitochondrial, anti-nuclear, anti-smooth muscle, anti-liver kidney microsomal type 1, anti-liver cytosol type 1, perinuclear anti-neutrophil nuclear and anti-soluble liver antigen antibodies were evaluated in each patient. Results: Ten patients (3 with a previous diagnosis of PBC and 7 of PSC) scored as "probable" or "definite" AIH. These patients did not have a specific autoantibody profile. Conclusions: Among patients with PBC, the occurrence of a PBC/AIH overlapping syndrome is rare (2.1%), whereas among patients with PSC an overlap between PSC and AIH is frequent (30.4%). Whether patients with the hepatitic/cholestatic overlap syndrome would benefit from a combination therapy with immunosuppression and ursodeoxycholic acid remains to be established.
Gluconobacter roseus (ex Asai 1935) sp. nov., nom. rev., a pink-colored acetic acid bacterium in the Alphaproteobacteria.

, 119‒125 (2008) * Address reprint requests to: Dr. Yuzo Yamada, BIOTEC Cul-ture Collection, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand. E-mail: yamada333@kch.biglobe. ne.jp
Finite convergence of value iteration algorithm for discounted infinite horizon optimal control of stochastic logical systems

This paper investigates the discounted infinite horizon optimal control problem for the stochastic multi-valued logical dynamical systems with finite states. After giving the equivalent descriptions of the stochastic logical dynamical system in terms of Markov decision process, the infinite horizon optimization problem is presented in an algebraic form. Based on the semi-tensor product of matrices and the increasing-dimension technique, it is proved that the optimal stationary policy is obtained by a finite horizon value iteration process, and an exact horizon length estimation for the finite horizon approach is derived. As an application, the optimization problem of Human-machine game is investigated.
Emotional Reactions During and After Trauma: A Comparison of Trauma Types

ABSTRACT Peri- and posttraumatic emotional responses have been understudied, and furthermore, have rarely been compared among trauma types. The current study compared college students' retrospective self-reports of peri- and posttraumatic responses of fear, shame, guilt, anger, and sadness among four types of traumatic events: sexual assault, physical assault, transportation accident, and illness/injury. Overall emotional responding was generally high for all trauma types, and for those in the sexual assault group, emotion increased sharply from the peri- to posttraumatic time point. Generally, fear was higher during the trauma compared to after the trauma, whereas the other emotions tended to remain stable or increase posttrauma. The sexual assault group tended to report higher levels of posttrauma emotion than the other trauma type groups.
Poliovirus infection induces apoptosis in CaCo‐2 cells

The effects of poliovirus infection in CaCo‐2 cells, a human enterocyte‐like cell line are described. Infected cells were examined by a combination of techniques, including optical and electron microscopy, cytofluorimetric analysis of DNA content, and DNA agarose gel electrophoresis. Results obtained by the different experimental approaches demonstrate that poliovirus infection in enterocyte‐like cells can result in an apoptotic process. J. Med. Virol. 59:122–129, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Highly Focused Supersonic Microjets

This paper describes the production of thin, focused microjets with velocities of up to 850? m/s by the rapid vaporization of a small mass of liquid in an open liquid-filled capillary. The vaporization is caused by the absorption of a low-energy laser pulse. A likely explanation of the observed phenomenon is based on the impingement of the shock wave caused by the nearly instantaneous vaporization on the free surface of the liquid. We conduct an experimental study of the dependence of the jet velocity on several parameters and develop a semiempirical relation for its prediction. The coherence of the jets and their high velocity, good reproducibility, and controllability are unique features of the system. A possible application is to development of needle-free drug-injection systems that would be of great importance for health care worldwide.
Using 'candidacy' as a framework for understanding access to mainstream psychological treatment for people with intellectual disabilities and common mental health problems within the English Improving Access to Psychological Therapies service.

BACKGROUND The Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) service was established to address common mental health problems among the English population in a timely manner in order to counter the social and economic disadvantage accompanying such difficulties. Using the concept of candidacy, we examined how the legitimacy of claims by people with intellectual disabilities to use this service is facilitated or impeded. METHOD We used a sequential mixed methods design. We completed 21 interviews with a range of stakeholders, including people with intellectual disabilities and their carers. Themes from the interviews were used to design an online survey questionnaire that was returned by 452 staff from IAPT and specialist intellectual disability services. RESULTS Using the candidacy framework, we noted that eligibility and access to IAPT were achieved through dynamic and iterative processes of negotiation involving people with intellectual disabilities and their supporters on one side and IAPT staff and service structures on the other. Barriers and facilitators were apparent throughout the seven dimensions of candidacy (identification, navigation, permeability of services, appearances, adjudications, offers and resistance and operating conditions) and were linked to discourses relating to the character and purpose of IAPT and specialist intellectual disability services. CONCLUSIONS Opportunities exist for some people with intellectual disabilities to assert their candidacy for IAPT input, although there are barriers at individual, professional, organisational and structural levels. More attention needs to be paid to how principles of inclusiveness are operationalised within IAPT teams and to the mental health facilitation role of specialist intellectual disability staff.
Growth and viability of a translocated population of alligator snapping turtles (Macrochelys temminckii)

—Exploited for food, traditional medicine, and pets, many turtle populations have been over-harvested or even extirpated from historic ranges. Most turtles possess life-history characteristics that complicate conservation efforts. These characteristics include delayed sexual maturity and high embryo and juvenile predation rates. Restoration strategies include nest protection, head-starting, and translocations. We examined short-term results of these strategies on a reintroduced population of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Macrochelys temminckii) in southern Oklahoma. We released 16 hatchery-raised juveniles and 249 adult M. temminckii into pools adjacent to the Washita River near Lake Texoma on the border of Texas and Oklahoma, USA. We tracked mortality and conducted nest searches to document factors related to population sustainability. We used hoop nets to recapture individuals and track growth. We confirmed seven mortalities during 2007 and none in 2008. In 2007 we located eight nests, all of which were depredated, and 18 nests in 2008, one of which was detected before depredation and successfully protected until hatching. We compared growth rates of released juveniles and members of the same cohort that were kept in captivity. There was no significant difference in dimensional growth, but released juveniles gained more weight than those retained at the hatchery.