Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Typed Equivalence of Effect Handlers and Delimited Control

It is folklore that effect handlers and delimited control operators are closely related: recently, this relationship has been proved in an untyped setting for deep handlers and the shift0 delimited control operator. We positively resolve the conjecture that in an appropriately polymorphic type system this relationship can be extended to the level of types, by identifying the necessary forms of polymorphism, thus extending the definability result to the typed context. In the process, we identify a novel and potentially interesting type system feature for delimited control operators. Moreover, we extend these results to substantiate the folklore connection between shallow handlers and control0 flavour of delimited control, both in an untyped and typed settings. 2012 ACM Subject Classification Theory of computation → Control primitives; Theory of computation → Operational semantics; Software and its engineering → Polymorphism
Investigation of Self-Efficacy Perception and Metacognitive Awareness of Prospective Teachers

This study analyzes self-efficacy perceptions of prospective teachers towards teaching profession and their metacognitive awareness related to selecting teaching as a career. It was conducted with 781 prospective teachers. Self-efficacy perceptions of the participants were detected via the long form of Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES) and their metacognitive awareness was determined by employing the long form of Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI). The motives accounting for their selection of teaching as a career was explored through open-ended questions. It was detected that prospective teachers are at a rather sufficient level with respect to their general self-efficacy perception and its sub-dimensions and their metacognitive awareness is at rather high levels. At the end of the research, in general self-efficacy averages of prospective teachers, amongst all prospective teachers who answered that the profession was selected due to SSE (Student Selection Examination) result and the ones who selected it according to its suitability with his/her personality choice; in general metacognitive awareness averages amongst prospective teachers who answered that the profession was selected due to SSE (Student Selection Examination) result and its conformity with his/her ideal choice, love of children-nation-teaching choice and its suitability with his/her personality choice, a significant difference was detected in comparison with those prospective teachers who selected the profession according to SSE (Student Selection Examination) choice
Credit scoring with a feature selection approach based deep learning

In financial risk, credit risk management is one of the most important issues in financial decision-making. Reliable credit scoring models are crucial for financial agencies to evaluate credit applications and have been widely studied in the field of machine learning and statistics. Deep learning is a powerful classification tool which is currently an active research area and successfully solves classification problems in many domains. Deep Learning provides training stability, generalization, and scalability with big data. Deep Learning is quickly becoming the algorithm of choice for the highest predictive accuracy. Feature selection is a process of selecting a subset of relevant features, which can decrease the dimensionality, reduce the running time, and improve the accuracy of classifiers. In this study, we constructed a credit scoring model based on deep learning and feature selection to evaluate the applicant’s credit score from the applicant’s input features. Two public datasets, Australia and German credit ones, have been used to test our method. The experimental results of the real world data showed that the proposed method results in a higher prediction rate than a baseline method for some certain datasets and also shows comparable and sometimes better performance than the feature selection methods widely used in credit scoring.
Underemployment : a skills utilisation perspective

More than half of all employees believe that the skills they possess are higher than those required to do their present jobs. This is one of several findings reported in a research paper on "under-employment" in the current edition of the University of Strathclyde's Fraser of Allander Review published today. According to the author of the paper, John Sutherland of the Scottish Centre for Employment Research at the university, this provides further evidence that "under-employment" is as important a policy problem as "unemployment".
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT AMENDED ORGANIC MEDIA ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF VINCA ROSEA 'VICTORY'

An experiment titled effects of different amended organic media on the growth and development of Vinca rosea ‘Victory’ was conducted during 2007 at Ornamental Nursery of Horticulture Department, KPK Agricultural University Peshawar. Rooted cuttings of vinca were planted in 20 cm clay pots containing 3 types of growing media i.e. control (silt, garden soil and farmyard manure at 1:1:1), leaf mould (leaf mould + silt at 1:1) and mushroom compost (spent mushroom compost + silt at 1:1). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications. Data were recorded for various growth and development parameters of vinca plants. When parameters of plants in mushroom media were compared (at α = 0.05) with those in control, the plants grown in mushroom compost growing media produced significantly higher leaf area (596.1 cm), leaf fresh weight (81.3 g), shoot fresh weight (132.5 g), shoot dry weight (22.1 g), root fresh weight (29.3 g) and root dry weight (4.5 g), and took minimum days to sprouting (11.0). On the other hand, plants grown in control medium produced higher number of branches (5.05). Overall, mushroom compost proved to be the best for Vinca rosea ‘Victory’ production.
Higher Education Tuition and Fees in China:Implications and Impacts on Affordability and Educational Equity

Students in China are being shouldered with more financial responsibility for their higher education. This shift impacts individuals across the economic spectrum in different ways. This paper assesses recent trends in China's higher education tuition and fees, and the implications on educational equity. Results document substantial increases in tuition and fees since 1996. China's policies have caused costs to rise to the point where they now exceed the abilities of many individuals to pay. As a consequence, many lower income families find it impossible to afford higher education without assistance. Recently, the government began increasing financial assistance to low-income families. This has resulted in some relative improvements. While progress has been noteworthy, it will be important for the Chinese government to continue reforming student subsidy programs and student loans policies in order to foster more equal access for capable students from all economic backgrounds.
Learning, rehabilitation and the arts in prisons: a Scottish case study

Abstract This article investigates the role of the arts in enabling prisoners to engage with learning and improve their literacy, and the impact this has on their rehabilitation and desistance from crime. It draws on data collected from prisoners who participated in arts interventions in three different Scottish prisons. It argues that participating in the arts projects built an active learning culture and encouraged the improvement of verbal and written literacy skills through the use of positive pedagogical approaches. In addition participants learned to work together more effectively, developed self-confidence and were more trusting and supportive because they were working together on intensive projects that they had co-devised. For many prisoners participation in the arts projects constructively challenged and disrupted the negative identities that they had internalised. Their public successes in performances before audiences of significant others opened up new personal and social identities (as artists or performers) that helped them to begin to envision an alternative self that in turn motivated them towards future desistance from crime.
Organic carbon at a remote site of the western Mediterranean Basin: sources and chemistry during the ChArMEx SOP2 field experiment

Abstract. The ChArMEx (Chemistry and Aerosols Mediterranean Experiments) SOP2 (special observation period 2) field campaign took place from 15 July to 5 August 2013 in the western Mediterranean Basin at Ersa, a remote site in Cape Corse. During the campaign more than 80 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including oxygenated species, were measured by different online and offline techniques. At the same time, an exhaustive description of the chemical composition of fine aerosols was performed with an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM). Low levels of anthropogenic VOCs (typically tens to hundreds of parts per trillion for individual species) and black carbon (0.1–0.9 µg m−3) were observed, while significant levels of biogenic species (peaking at the ppb level) were measured. Furthermore, secondary oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) largely dominated the VOC speciation during the campaign, while organic matter (OM) dominated the aerosol chemical composition, representing 55 % of the total mass of non-refractory PM1 on average (average of 3.74 ± 1.80 µg m−3), followed by sulfate (27 %, 1.83 ± 1.06 µg m−3), ammonium (13 %, 0.90 ± 0.55 µg m−3) and nitrate (5 %, 0.31 ± 0.18 µg m−3). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) and concentration field (CF) analyses were performed on a database containing 42 VOCs (or grouped VOCs), including OVOCs, to identify the covariation factors of compounds that are representative of primary emissions or chemical transformation processes. A six-factor solution was found for the PMF analysis, including a primary and secondary biogenic factor correlated with temperature and exhibiting a clear diurnal profile. In addition, three anthropogenic factors characterized by compounds with various lifetimes and/or sources have been identified (long-lived, medium-lived and short-lived anthropogenic factors). The anthropogenic nature of these factors was confirmed by the CF analysis, which identified potential source areas known for intense anthropogenic emissions (north of Italy and southeast of France). Finally, a factor characterized by OVOCs of both biogenic and anthropogenic origin was found. This factor was well correlated with submicron organic aerosol (OA) measured by an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM), highlighting the close link between OVOCs and organic aerosols; the latter is mainly associated (96 %) with the secondary OA fraction. The source apportionment of OA measured by ACSM led to a three-factor solution identified as hydrogen-like OA (HOA), semi-volatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA) and low volatility OOA (LV-OOA) for averaged mass concentrations of 0.13, 1.59 and 1.92 µg m−3, respectively. A combined analysis of gaseous PMF factors with inorganic and organic fractions of aerosols helped distinguish between anthropogenic continental and biogenic influences on the aerosol- and gas-phase compositions.
Strength of the HRM system: the development of a measure

Purpose: The aim of this study is to operationalize the construct Strength of the HRM System theoretically defined by Bowen and Ostroff (2004) as a set of process metafeatures to convey signals to employees about desired and appropriate work behaviors, as well as to develop and validate a questionnaire to measure it, the HRMSQ. Design/methodology/approach: Three studies contribute to this purpose. In the first study we develop a questionnaire and test it with employees from several organizations. In the second study we applied the refined questionnaire in a sample of employees from a large company, and assessed different types of validity. The final study replicated results from the second study. Findings: Psychometric properties reveal good internal consistency reliability, item reliability and construct reliability, as well as convergent and discriminant validity. Pratical implications: Results indicate that the HRMSQ can be used in the study of HR strategy and for HR manager. Originaly/value: The HRMSQ is a friendly instrument that can help HR practitioners to assess whether the HRM system is unambiguously perceived by employees, and identify possible problem areas in terms of the implementation process. It also contributes to research in the strategic HRM field by operationalizing a construct that is likely to improve the understanding of the link between the HRM System and organizational performance.
Field dependent transition to the non-linear regime in magnetic hyperthermia experiments: Comparison between maghemite, copper, zinc, nickel and cobalt ferrite nanoparticles of similar sizes

Further advances in magnetic hyperthermia might be limited by biological constraints, such as using sufficiently low frequencies and low field amplitudes to inhibit harmful eddy currents inside the patient's body. These incite the need to optimize the heating efficiency of the nanoparticles, referred to as the specific absorption rate (SAR). Among the several properties currently under research, one of particular importance is the transition from the linear to the non-linear regime that takes place as the field amplitude is increased, an aspect where the magnetic anisotropy is expected to play a fundamental role. In this paper we investigate the heating properties of cobalt ferrite and maghemite nanoparticles under the influence of a 500 kHz sinusoidal magnetic field with varying amplitude, up to 134 Oe. The particles were characterized by TEM, XRD, FMR and VSM, from which most relevant morphological, structural and magnetic properties were inferred. Both materials have similar size distributions and satu.
The Social Network Effect

Social networking applications such as Facebook, Twitter, and Crowdrise offer new ways for nonprofits to engage the community in fundraising efforts. This study employs data from Facebook Causes to examine the nature and determinants of charitable giving in social networking environments. Our findings suggest donations on these sites are not driven by the same factors as in “off-line” settings. Instead, a social network effect takes precedence over traditional economic explanations. Facebook donors do not seem to care about efficiency ratios, their donations are typically small, and fundraising success is related not to the organization’s financial capacity but to its “Web capacity. ” Moreover, online donors are prone to contribute to certain categories of causes more than others, especially those related to health. Given the growth in social media-driven fundraising—and the increase in crowdfunding, slacktivism, impulse donating, and other new practices this entails—these findings carry notable theoretical and practical implications.
Evaluation of the Role of Universities in the Innovation Process

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the role of universities in the innovation process. Against the background of theoretical considerations about the interrelation of innovation and the adaptation of external resources, the effects of university-based (knowledge) resources – together with other exogenous variables – on the innovation input and output of firms in the German manufacturing industry are empirically investigated and evaluated. The estimation results on the innovation input side can be summarized as follows: High assessments to university-based resources and joint R&D with universities increase the probability that firms are engaged in the development of new products and technologies. Further, the estimations point out stimulating effects of science-related resources on the level of in-house R&D. In general, resources stemming from universities are used as complements in the German manufacturing industry. In-house capacities can be expanded with positive impacts on the probability and the level of R&D activities. The estimation results for the innovation output side are ambiguous: On the one hand, empirical evidence of enhancing impacts of resources stemming from universities on the realization of process innovations has been found. This strengthens the assumption that science-related resources are used to optimize production processes and to save production costs. On the other hand, external resources from the academic sphere have no stimulating effects on the probability of realizing product innovations. University-based resources stimulate the development of new products more indirectly by increasing in-house capacities and enhancing R&D efficiency. But finally, the empirical analysis point out positive impacts of joint R&D with universities on the realization of product innovations. Obviously, collaboration in R&D with universities offer possibilities of efficient knowledge transfer, resource exchange and organizational learning.
MAESPA: a model to study interactions between water limitation, environmental drivers and vegetation function at tree and stand levels, with an example application to [CO 2 ] × drought interactions

Abstract. Process-based models (PBMs) of vegetation function can be used to interpret and integrate experimental results. Water limitation to plant carbon uptake is a highly uncertain process in the context of environmental change, and many experiments have been carried out that study drought limitations to vegetation function at spatial scales from seedlings to entire canopies. What is lacking in the synthesis of these experiments is a quantitative tool incorporating a detailed mechanistic representation of the water balance that can be used to integrate and analyse experimental results at scales of both the whole-plant and the forest canopy. To fill this gap, we developed an individual tree-based model (MAESPA), largely based on combining the well-known MAESTRA and SPA ecosystem models. The model includes a hydraulically-based model of stomatal conductance, root water uptake routines, drainage, infiltration, runoff and canopy interception, as well as detailed radiation interception and leaf physiology routines from the MAESTRA model. The model can be applied both to single plants of arbitrary size and shape, as well as stands of trees. The utility of this model is demonstrated by studying the interaction between elevated [CO2] (eCa) and drought. Based on theory, this interaction is generally expected to be positive, so that plants growing in eCa should be less susceptible to drought. Experimental results, however, are varied. We apply the model to a previously published experiment on droughted cherry, and show that changes in plant parameters due to long-term growth at eCa (acclimation) may strongly affect the outcome of Ca × drought experiments. We discuss potential applications of MAESPA and some of the key uncertainties in process representation.
Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE October 2007 ISSN 1302-6488 Volume: 8 Number: 4

“Cases on Global E-Learning Practices: Successes and Pitfalls” look into the global practices of e-learning which has assumed a considerable role in the education sector recently. It is edited by Ramesh C. Sharma and Sanjaya Mishra from Indira Gandhi National Open University in New Delhi, India. It is published by Information Science Publishing, which is an imprint of Idea Group, an international publishing company specializing in research publications in the fields of technology, management and information science.
On the Relationship between Gf/Gc Theory and Jensen's Level I/Level II Theory.

A sample of 201 high school students was given a battery of 27 ability tests strategically chosen to provide composite measures of 12 primary mental abilities selected to indicate second-order abilities known as fluid intelligence (Gf), crystallized intelligence (Gc), and short-term acquisition retrieval (SAR). Factor analysis of the 12 primaries provided evidence of the Gf, Gc, and SAR dimensions. The SAR dimension is similar to a Level I form of intelligence (LI) and the Gf and/or Gc factors relate to a Level II intelligence (LII) in a theory sponsored by Jensen. Analyses of social class differences in respect to SAR (LI) in contrast to Gf and Gc (LII) did not provide convincing evidence in support of a hypothesis that the social classes differ primarily in respect to LII (Gf and Gc) rather than in respect to LI (SAR).
Diffusion Scattering of Waves is a Model of Subquantum Level

In the paper, we discuss the studies of mathematical models of diffusion scattering of waves in the phase space, and relation of these models with quantum mechanics. In the previous works it is shown that in these models of classical scattering process of waves, the quantum mechanical description arises as the asymptotics after a small time. In this respect, the proposed models can be considered as examples in which the quantum descriptions arise as approximate ones for certain hypothetical reality. The deviation between the proposed models and the quantum ones can arise, for example, for processes with rapidly changing potential function. Under its action the diffusion scattering process of waves will go out from the states described by quantum mechanics. In the paper it is shown that the proposed models of diffusion scattering of waves possess the property of gauge invariance. This implies that they are described similarly in all inertial coordinate systems, i. e. , they are invariant under the Galileo transformations. We propose a program of further research. c
Time and poverty revisited: A replication of Leisering and Leibfried

In the late 1990s, the German sociologists Leisering and Leibfried (1999) argued that most poverty is of a temporary nature. In their poverty study in the German city of Bremen, Leisering and Leibfried found that more than half of all social assistance claimants were out of poverty within a year. Based on their work, individualization theorists such as Giddens and Beck argue that ‘for most people poverty is only a temporary experience’. This article replicates Leisering and Leibfried’s study using statistical data about social assistance claiming in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. In doing so we find significant numbers of short-term claimants (about 30 percent), as well as surprisingly large numbers of long-term claimants. One in four Rotterdam social assistance claimants is poor for at least 5 years – more than twice as many as Leisering and Leibfried found in their study. We also show that recurrent benefit spells, for Leisering and Leibfried another typical feature of contemporary poverty, is only the exception in Rotterdam. Leisering and Leibfried (and sociologists such as Giddens and Beck in their footsteps) are wrong in claiming that short poverty experiences are typical for poverty in late-modern society. Persistent poverty is still present in our age and in our cities.