Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Females and males: should nutritional recommendations be gender specific?

Summary Most exercise physiology research has shown that women oxidize proportionately more lipid and less carbohydrate and protein as compared to men during endurance exercise. To date, most of the sports nutrition literature has not considered the implications of gender differences in metabolism on nutritional recommendations. Consequently, most nutritional recommendations and exercise training prescriptions are based upon data collected with male subjects that were extrapolated to women. The three areas where there have been a few studies regarding gender differences in nutritional/supplement recommendations include carbohydrate (CHO) nutrition, protein requirements and creatine (CrM) supplementation. We have shown that women did not carbohydrate load in response to an increase in dietary carbohydrate intake (carbohydrate loading) when expressed as a percentage of total energy intake (i.e., 55 75%). However, if women consumed carbohydrate expressed relative to total (>8 g CHO·kg ‐1 ·d ‐1 ) or fat-free mass (>10 g CHO ·kg ‐1 FFM·d ‐1 ), they were able to increase their muscle glycogen content, but only to about 50% of the magnitude seen for men. In contrast, women are able to oxidize slightly more exogenous carbohydrate (i.e., glucose drinks) during endurance exercise as compared to men. The consumption of carbohydrate and protein shortly after exercise spares protein loss, enhances glycogen re-synthesis and enhances endurance exercise performance in women as well as men. Top sport male and female athletes require more dietary protein as compared to sedentary persons. The maximal requirement for elite male athletes is about 100%, and for elite female athletes is about 50‐60%, above that for a sedentary person or recreational athlete. Women showed less of an increase in fat-free mass (~400 g) following acute CrM loading as compared to men (~1200 g) in spite of identical increases in intra-muscular creatine and phosphocreatine concentration. Women also did not show reductions in protein breakdown or amino acid oxidation in response to CrM loading, whereas men did. Conversely, women and men appear to derive similar improvements in high intensity exercise performance following CrM loading. Further research is needed in order to derive gender specific nutritional/supplement recommendations in all areas of sport.
A sense of justice

The criminal justice process in the lower and intermediate courts depends on defendants admitting guilt and being seen to do so voluntarily. Hitherto, there has been limited academic consideration of how pre-sentence reports and their associated processes interact with the dynamics of guilty pleas. Drawing on recent research following through the production, use, and interpretation of a sample of reports, this article concentrates on the troubling inconsistency with which legal professionals (especially judges and lawyers) are continually confronted: namely, between their ideals of ‘proper’ legal justice and the pragmatic daily reality in which they have to participate. How do legal professionals manage this sense of inconsistency? The article suggests that reports are vital to enabling legal professionals to process defendants in good, or at least not bad, conscience. In particular, reports pacify the lingering unease felt by legal professionals that the everyday summary court processes may be too abrupt, abstract and impersonal. Reports and their associated processes pacify this unease in three ways. Firstly, reports display to legal professionals that defendants are treated individually, and with a degree of respect and humanity. Secondly, report processes (including their anticipation) assist the management of defendants and facilitate the production of guilty pleas. Thirdly, reports, generally (but by no means always), help to facilitate the ‘closure’ of guilty pleas. In these three ways, the ‘efficienct’ mass processing of defendants via guilty pleas is enabled by a sense among legal professionals of the individualised justice which reports seem to them to display.
The role of age and gender in the retail service encounter

Research typically explores the service encounter in relation to the soft and hard skills of front line staff, yet has neglected the role the visible diversity of sales staff have on the interactions between the service deliverer and receiver. This paper therefore attempts to address this gap in knowledge by reporting on how the age and gender of customer facing staff can influence customer evaluations of the retail service encounter in a health and beauty retailer. An analysis of qualitative interviews with forty customers and twenty store staff propose that customers attempt to 'match' and 'mirror' the age and gender of sales staff with their expectations of who should deliver good retail service during the retail service encounter.
Gastropods from some early Devonian limestones of the Walhalla Synclinorium, Central Victoria

Seventeen gastropods from Devonian limestones at Marble Creek (also known as Toongabbie), Deep Creek and Loyola within the Walhalla synclinorium are described. These include four new forms: Platyceras (Platyceras) mansfieldense and P. (Praenatica) sp. A. from Loyola, and P. {Platyceras) sp. A. and P. (Orthonychia) sp. A. from Marble Creek. The other described forms are all platyceratids except Tremanotus cyclocostatus and Michelia sp. from Marble Creek, Oriostoma sp. n. , and an indeterminate turbiniform gastropod from Deep Creek and Scalaetrochus lindstromi from Loyola. Tropidodiscus centrifugalis and ITemnodiscus pharetroides from the mudstones at Loyola are also redescribed. The gastropod faunas of the limestones are dominated by coprophagic platyceratid gastropods and constitute further examples of this widely known crinoid-gastropod association.
Biomass accumulation over the first 150 years in coastal Oregon Picea-Tsuga forest

Production and mortality are the component processes that together determine the biomass dynamics of forests. Due to the significant role of forests in the global carbon cycle, it is important to assess how these two processes affect the maximum biomass attained by forests, as well as the dynamics leading up to and following peak biomass. We address these questions for two sets of plots in Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla forest on the northern Oregon coast that originated from a catastrophic wildfire in the 1840s, using new data on dynamics of live trees and stocks of coarse woody debris (CWD). The set of plots closest to the ocean and occupying steeper, more dissected terrain with areas of thin soils has lower biomass, lower net primary production (NPP) of bole wood and higher tree mortality as a fraction of standing biomass. The two sets of plots have similar CWD levels, most of which has accumulated in the last 25 yr. The present disparity in biomass between the two sets of plots appears to be the result of lower NPP on the low-biomass plots for the entire 140+ yr history of the forest. Over the 58 yr that the high-biomass plots have been measured (from stand age 85 to 143 yr), NPP of bole wood has declined by 41%. Only ca. 6% of this decline can be accounted for by an increase in maintenance respiration of woody tissues. For both sets of plots relative constancy of biomass in the long term appears likely, due to a short time lag in tree regeneration, asynchronous tree mortality and little overall decline in NPP of bole wood in recent decades. However, since tree mortality as a fraction of standing biomass is higher on the low-biomass plots, and NPP of bole wood is slightly lower, the difference in biomass between the two sets of plots should increase if current rates of production and mortality persist.
Biogenic amines and pheromones as feed attractants for the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

The use of attractants in formulated feeds has become paramount to economic success owing to the need to optimize feed conversion rates by maximizing consumption and reducing feed waste so as to lower production costs. Taking into account the importance of attractants, a series of experiments designed to evaluate the potential of natural molecules was carried out with the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii(De Man, 1879). Two biogenic amines (putrescine and cadaverine) and two sexual pheromones (crab urine and freshwater prawn green gland extracts) were compared with reference products proven to be major attractants, such as squid extracts and a commercial product. These were incorporated in a basal diet designed to be non-attractive. Results were obtained by three different approaches. First, a laboratory bioassay was conducted to evaluate the time that lapsed as an animal presented the different alimentary stages (perception, orientation, movement, arrival and ingestion). A second approach was developed in a commercial farm, to test the performance of the attractants in the presence of other stimuli and in conditions of water movement that may cause rapid dilution. The test consisted of placing a quantity of feed on a tray, which was submerged in a cage (1 m 3 ) in which 10 animals (five males and five females) of 20 g mean weight were placed. The tray was lifted at different times (10, 20, 40 and 80 min) and the number of pellets left was counted. Three replicates were performed for each treatment. A third approach consisted of incorporating an antibody in the feed. Following a methodology similar to the above-mentioned, hepatopancreas and mouth parts of the prawns were collected at different times. Later, immunodiffusion tests were executed to assess the actual ingestion of the feed. The results obtained from the different approaches indicated that cadaverine included at 0.2% was the best attractant. On the other hand, the crab urine and freshwater prawn green gland extracts exhibited good results only with males, so their utilization could be recommended for monosexual cultures.
Referential expressions in bilingual acquisition

Just like monolingual children, bilingual children need to carve up the referential space to understand and produce discourse-appropriate referential expressions. In the case of bilinguals, this demanding task additionally requires language-specific form-function mappings that may be structurally similar or different in their two languages. Cases of partial form-function overlap across languages, especially with respect to third person pronouns, have been the focus of much scrutiny in connection with the issue of cross-linguistic influence. In this chapter we review naturalistic and experimental evidence showing how the degree of structural overlap across two languages, the degree of variability in the target language(s), and the amount of input that is necessary to home in on the target grammar(s) constrain the comprehension and production of referential expressions in bilingual acquisition.
Topological games and strong quasi-continuity

Let X be a Baire space, Y be a W-space and Z be a regular topological space. We will show that every KC-function f : X ◊ Y ! Z is strongly quasi-continuous at each point of X ◊ Y. In particular, when X is a Baire space and Y is Corson compact, every KC-function f from X ◊ Y to a Moore space Z is jointly continuous on a dense subset of X ◊Y. We also give a few applications of our results on continuity of group actions.
Praise for Proactivity: The Role of Leadership and Supervisor Personality in Rewarding Employee Proactivity

Charlotte Fritz, Advisor Previous research has suggested that proactivity in the workplace can be beneficial at both the individual and the organizational level, but little is known about when proactivity is appreciated by supervisors. This study examined when supervisors reward proactivity by providing more positive performance evaluations to their subordinates. I proposed that the supervisor’s leadership style, their quality of relationship with their subordinate, and their personality would moderate the relationship between proactivity and performance evaluations. I investigated three types of proactivity: taking charge, voice, and issue selling. I also examined three different leadership styles, namely transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership, as well, as leader-member exchange, and the supervisor’s neuroticism, agreeableness, and openness to experience. The sample consisted of 140 employees and their direct supervisors who were employed at various non-profit organizations across the United States. All measures were available online and participants received a $10 gift card for their participation. Results indicated strong relationships between proactive behaviors and performance evaluations, suggesting that supervisors do reward employee proactivity. However, the moderator hypotheses were not supported. The implications of these results for research and practice are discussed.
Phosphate Sorption and Release in a Sandy-Loam Soil as Influenced by Fertilizer Sources

Soil phosphate (PO 4 –P) sorption and release is affected by reactions at the solution–soil surface interface. The objective of this study was to determine how the net negative surface charge and phosphate adsorption/desorption processes in a sandy-loam soil were affected by cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer applications. The soil came from a fi eld experiment where manure and triple superphosphate (TSP) were applied annually on an equivalent plant-available P basis. After 4 yr, manured soils had 37% more negative surface charge in soil suspensions from pH 4 to 7 than TSP-fertilized soils. Phosphate adsorption was 23% lower in soils receiving manure than TSP. The phosphate adsorption data (adsorption of added phosphate + native adsorbed phosphate) was modeled with the Langmuir 2-surface equation, which revealed that the binding strength for phosphate, including native adsorbed phosphate, was about 50% less in the manured soils than the TSP-fertilized soils. These results suggest that manure applications that increase the net negative surface charge also reduce the soil phosphate adsorption capacity. The cumulative desorbed phosphate was twofold greater from manured soils than TSP-fertilized soils. This confi rmed the results from phosphate adsorption isotherms showing that phosphate was weakly bound in manured soils, compared with TSP-fertilized soils. We found that manuring not only decreased phosphate retention by the soil but also increased phosphate release into the soil solution, and thus may lead to greater transport of phosphate from agricultural land to waterways.
Testing of a HIFU probe for the treatment of superficial venous insufficiency by using MRI

A new high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) probe has been designed and tested by using MRI. The probe is intended to be used by physicians to correct valvular dysfunction in the saphenous vein, which is known to be the cause of superficial venous insufficiency (SVI) and varicose veins. Treating SVI with HIFU is possible, since venous tissue undergoes localized partial shrinkage when subjected to HIFU. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that diameter shrinkage should be sufficient to restore valvular function, as is done in the more aggressive approach known as external valvuloplasty. Numerical simulations and optimization have led to a probe design with two HIFU elements that focus sound uniformly over a line of length 7 mm, at a depth of 15 mm from the skin. A prototype of the probe has been constructed, with a holder that provides space for an MRI-imaging antenna. The probe has been tested by measuring pressure and temperature fields. Results are in good agreement with those predicted by an analytical approach and numerical simulations
Semileptonic Form Factor ratio $B_s \to D_s / B\to D$ and Its Application to BR$(B^0_s \to \mu^+\mu^-)$

We present a (2+1)-flavor lattice QCD calculation of the form factor ratio between the semileptonic decays {bar B}{sub s}{sup 0} {yields} D{sub s}{sup +}l{sup -}{bar {nu}} and {bar B}{sup 0} {yields} D{sup +}l{sup -}{bar {nu}}. This ratio is an important theoretical input to the hadronic determination of the B meson fragmentation fraction ratio f{sub s}/f{sub d} which enters in the measurement of BR(B{sub s}{sup 0} {yields} {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup -}). Small lattice spacings and high statistics enable us to simulate the decays with a dynamic final D meson of small momentum and reliably extract the hadronic matrix elements at nonzero recoil. We report our preliminary result for the form factor ratio at the corresponding momentum transfer of the two decays f{sub 0}{sup (s)} (M{sub {pi}}{sup 2})/f{sub 0}{sup (d)} (M{sub K}{sup 2}).
Bomb 14C Recorded in Laminated Speleothems: Calculation of Dead Carbon Proportion

We performed radiocarbon measurements using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) on 6 stalagmites 3 stalactites and 7 seepage waters from four different caves in Southwest France and Belgium in order to calculate the dead carbon proportion (dcp). All the speleothems studied are modern and annually laminated, which offers the advantage of an accurate chronology, with better than one-year resolution. Coupled with the fact that very little calcite is necessary for an AMS measurement (between 1.5 and 7 yr of calcite deposit), we obtained dead carbon values within an uncertainty limit of ± 1.5%. Results show that the dead carbon proportion varies from 9.2% to 21.9% for calcite deposits and from 3.6% to 21.9% for water. In each sampling site, the dcp is homogeneous. Although the inter-site dcp varies by >11%, its average value of 15.5% ± 4.4 still lies within the uncertainty range of the accepted value of 15% ± 5 (dilution factor of 0.85 ± 0.5). We compare the average dcp of each site with the local geology, vegetation and climate. Given similar geology and temperature the highest dcp values are found under forest cover; dcp difference is up to 9%. However, the Belgian site, which is also under a forest shows a dcp very close to the dcp found under grassland sites of Southwest France, which proves that other unknown factors may play an important role in dissolution processes. Secondary calcite deposition and redissolution in the soil zone or more likely in the fracture system before reaching the cave itself could also explain the inter-site differences. The IAEA isotopic model (Pearson model adapted for open systems) is in good agreement with the measured activities.
The Evolution of Organizational Niches: U.S. Automobile Manufacturers, 1885–1981

Although the niche figures prominently in contemporary theories of organization, analysts often fail to tie micro processes within the niche to long-term changes in the broader environment. In this paper, we advance arguments about the relationship between an organization's niche and evolution in the structure of its organizational population over time. We focus on the technological niche and processes of positioning and crowding among firms in the niche space, relating them to the level of concentration among all firms in the market. Building on previous empirical studies in organizational ecology, we study the evolution of concentration in the American automobile industry from 1885 to 1981 and estimate models of the hazard of exit of individual producers from the market. The findings show that niche and concentration interact in complex ways, yielding a more unified depiction of organizational evolution than typically described or reported.
Indicator-based reporting on the Chinese innovation system 2010: The regional dimension of science and innovation in China

As regularly stated by both international scholars and confirmed by the Chinese government itself socio-economic development in China remains highly uneven both sociologically and regionally. Conventional wisdom holds that the prevailing economic trend remains one of divergence rather than convergence. While the world-market oriented coastal provinces develop dynamically, the inland and certainly the Western provinces keep lagging behind. Nonetheless, after a number of years with increasing government proclamations regarding the objective of a harmonious society and efforts to develop the inland provinces there is no longer a unanimous trend, particularly with regard to activities under the direct or indirect control of government. Hence, it appears reasonable to analyse to what extent these general trends with regard to the regional distribution of socio-economic development affect the different dimensions of relevance to science and innovation. Consequently, it will be a key aspect of this study to focus on the development of the regional concentration of different R&D activities, thus addressing the question whether the Chinese innovation system is becoming more heterogeneous or less so. The following sections will follow the R&D process through from R&D-related investments to its eventual possible effects on the national export performance. In detail, it will analyse the regional dimension of R&D activities.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PALATE AND CHOANAE STRUCTURES IN MESOEUCROCODYLIA (ARCHOSAURIA, CROCODYLOMORPHA):

The palate and choanae structures are important to the study of the evolution in Crocodylomorpha. Notosuchians, sebecosuchians and other Mesoeucrocodylia show a considerable diversity of patterns. Some notosuchians (Mariliasuchus, Notosuchus, Sphagesaurus) possess important similarities with at least one sebecosuchian (Stratiotosuchus), especially the triangular-subtriangular choanae, and the exclusion of the pterygoid from the posterior border of the suborbital fenestra. The use of these characteristics may represent useful information in phylogenetic analysis and should always be described in detail.
THE LYMAN ALPHA REFERENCE SAMPLE. II. HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE IMAGING RESULTS, INTEGRATED PROPERTIES, AND TRENDS

We report new results regarding the Lyα output of galaxies, derived from the Lyman Alpha Reference Sample, and focused on Hubble Space Telescope imaging. For 14 galaxies we present intensity images in Lyα, Hα, and UV, and maps of Hα/Hβ, Lyα equivalent width (EW), and Lyα/Hα. We present Lyα and UV radial light profiles and show they are well-fitted by Sérsic profiles, but Lyα profiles show indices systematically lower than those of the UV (n ≈ 1–2 instead of ≳ 4). This reveals a general lack of the central concentration in Lyα that is ubiquitous in the UV. Photometric growth curves increase more slowly for Lyα than the far ultraviolet, showing that small apertures may underestimate the EW. For most galaxies, however, flux and EW curves flatten by radii ≈10 kpc, suggesting that if placed at high-z only a few of our galaxies would suffer from large flux losses. We compute global properties of the sample in large apertures, and show total Lyα luminosities to be independent of all other quantities. Normalized Lyα throughput, however, shows significant correlations: escape is found to be higher in galaxies of lower star formation rate, dust content, mass, and nebular quantities that suggest harder ionizing continuum and lower metallicity. Six galaxies would be selected as high-z Lyα emitters, based upon their luminosity and EW. We discuss the results in the context of high-z Lyα and UV samples. A few galaxies have EWs above 50 Å, and one shows of 80%; such objects have not previously been reported at low-z.