Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Partial coverage of the broad-line region of Q1232+082 by an intervening H2-bearing cloud★

We present a detailed analysis of the partial coverage of the Q1232+082 (zem= 2.57) broad-line region (BLR) by an intervening H2-bearing cloud at zabs= 2.3377. Using curve of growth analysis and line profile fitting, we demonstrate that the H2-bearing component of the cloud covers the quasi-stellar object (QSO) intrinsic continuum source completely but only part of the BLR. We find that only 48 ± 6 per cent of the C iv BLR emission is covered by the C i absorbing gas. We observe residual light (∼6 per cent) as well in the bottom of the O i λ1302 absorption from the cloud, redshifted on top of the QSO Lyman α emission line. Therefore, the extent of the neutral phase of the absorbing cloud is not large enough to cover all of the background source. The most likely explanation for this partial coverage is the small size of the intervening cloud, which is comparable to the BLR size. We estimate the number densities in the cloud: ∼ 110 cm−3 for the H2-bearing core and nH∼ 30 cm−3 for the neutral envelope. Given the column densities, N(H2) = 3.71 ± 0.97 × 1019 cm−2 and N(H i) = 7.94 ± 1.6 × 1020 cm−2, we derive the linear size of the H2-bearing core and the neutral envelope along the line of sight to be ∼ 0.15+0.05−0.05 pc and ∼ 8.2+6.5−4.1 pc, respectively. We estimate the size of the C iv BLR by two ways: (i) extrapolating size–luminosity relations derived from reverberation observations and (ii) assuming that the H2-bearing core and the BLR are spherical in shape and the results are ∼0.26 and ∼0.18 pc, respectively. The large size we derive for the extent of the neutral phase of the absorbing cloud together with a covering factor of ∼0.94 of the Lyman α emission means that the Lyman α BLR is probably fully covered but that the Lyman α emission extends well beyond the limits of the BLR.
The Effects of the Loss of Skill on Unemployment Fluctuations

This paper studies the effects of the loss of skill on the persistence of unemployment and other macroeconomic variables. It combines a Real Business Cycle model with a search and matching labor market to explain how the loss of skill of workers and the subsequent decrease in their probability of finding new jobs creates more persistent business cycles. The paper proves that the introduction of this mechanism improves the performance of the model and is able to replicate cross country differences in unemployment and output persistence.
Assessment of suitable habitat of near threatened striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus, 1758) using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System

Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System as a tool has assumed immense significance in habitat suitability modelling for various wildlife species. Models are now widely used in wildlife management and conservation ecology. This study evaluated the habitat suitability for striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus 1758) in Gir National Park and Sanctuary, in Gujarat province of India. The satellite imagery and topographic maps were used to generate spatial data pertaining to different variables viz., forest type, forest density, measures of proximity to potential source of disturbances and water. A Digital Terrain Model was used to create slope, aspect, elevation spatial data layer. The locations of striped hyena presence were used in a binomial multiple logistic regression model for striped hyena habitat suitability analysis. Results indicate that 78.51% of Gir area is highly suitable to suitable for the striped hyena. The study predicted striped hyena habitat with high accuracy. The model output can easily be understood by wildlife managers and experts. The results, besides having great practical importance would serve as baseline for future management planning for the conservation of this globally near threatened species.
Characteristics of pervasive learning environments in museum contexts

There is no appropriate learning model for pervasive learning environments (PLEs), and museums maintain authenticity at the cost of unmarked information. To address these problems, we present the LieksaMyst PLE developed for Pielinen Museum and we derive a set of characteristics that an effective PLE should meet and which form the basis of a new learning model currently under development. We discuss how the characteristics are addressed in LieksaMyst and present an evaluation of the game component of LieksaMyst. Results indicate that, while some usability issues remain to be resolved, the game was received well by the participants enabling them to immerse themselves in the story and to interact effectively with its virtual characters.
Spiritual experiences of continuity and discontinuity among parents who lose a child

Abstract This is a study of parents’ spiritual experience of the loss of a child. Many parents experience continuing bonds with their deceased child as well as forms of posttraumatic growth. Twelve parents of children dying after severe illness were interviewed about their experiences. The interviews contain stories about premonitions, the intensity of the moment of the child’s death and the child’s presence after death. Thematically the stories reflect the dialectics of continuity and discontinuity in the relationship with the child. This is interpreted in terms of attributing meaning, significance and comprehensibility.
Impact of Processing on Flavor Volatiles and Physicochemical Properties of Pomegranate Juice

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of pasteurization and concentration techniques on somephysicochemical parameters, volatile flavor compounds and polyphenols composition of clear pomegranate juice and toevaluate the use of cut-back process for improving the quality of the juice concentrate. The results showed no markedchanges could be observed in titratable acidity, total sugars and pH value, whereas ascorbic acid content and colorparameters of the juice were affected by pasteurization. A total of 27 compounds were identified in fresh pomegranatejuice: 7 monoterpenes, 6 esters, 5 aldehydes, 3 alcohols, 4 ketone, 1 ether and 1 alkane hydrocarbon. Concentration andpasteurization processes resulted in loss of the two major aroma compounds (Ethyl acetate and Ethyl propanoate)whereas pasteurization alone resulted in loss of one monoterpene (3-Carene). Pomegranate juice prepared by cut-backprocess retained all the 27 aroma compounds found in fresh juice but in slightly lower concentration. Twenty threephenolic compounds were identified and quantified in pomegranate juice. Pyrogallol was the predominating polyphenolin addition to varying concentrations of gallic acid, 4 Epi-catechin, 4-amino benzoic, protocatchouic, catechin,chlorogenic acid, chatechol, P-OH-benzoic acid, ellagic acid, P-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. Concentration processresulted in considerable increase in polyphenols concentration whereas pasteurization lowered its concentration to agreat extent. The highest polyphenol concentration was found in pomegranate juice from cut-back process. It is to beconcluded that cut-back process could be a promising process in producing better quality juice.
Effect of Strain, Type of Natural Antioxidant and Sulphate Ion on Productive, Physiological and Hatching Performance of Native Laying Hens

A total number of 480 hens and 48 cocks from Inshas and Dokki4 strains of 32 weeks old were divided into 12 groups with 2 replicates each (20 hens+2 cocks). The experiment had a 2×3×2 factorial arrangement of treatments with two strains (Inshas and Dokki4), three types of natural antioxidants in the diet (control, 0. 25% thyme and 0. 25% anise) and two levels of sodium sulphate (0 and 0.5%). The experimental groups were fed on the experimental diets from 32 to 44 weeks of age. After 4 weeks of the experiment, the eggs were collected from each treatment were incubated weekly in the incubator. Fertility % and hatchability % of the total eggs and fertile eggs were calculated and the main results obtained can be summarized as follows: Addition of thyme or anise to laying hens diet numerically increased egg number and improved feed conversion. Addition of thyme or anise increased antioxidant capacity in plasma, while decreased LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, triglyceride and total lipids in blood plasma, liver and yolk extract. Addition of thyme tended to improve fertility and hatchability while anise tended to decrease these parameters. The response to sulphate depended on the strain and type of natural antioxidant. The combination of thyme and sulphate is the most successful additive for improving fertility and hatchability under the condition of this study.
Main inorganic ions and electric conductivity of polluted urban streams

Concentrations of main inorganic ions were determined in waters of city streams affected by domestic and industrial wastewaters – the Okhta and the Murinsky creek in St. Petersburg. It was shown that pollution of streams led to increasing of molar fraction for sodium ion and chlorides, decreasing of molar fraction of magnesium, calcium, sulfates and hydrocarbonates. These changes took place while electric conductivity of waters was increasing. Positive correlation coefficients (from 0.35 to 0.63) were found between molar fraction of sodium and parameters connected with wastewater pollutants: total nitrogen (TN), ratio of TN to TOC (total organic carbon), ratio of protein-like fluorescence (excitation at 230 or 270 nm, emission at 350 nm) to humic-like fluorescence (excitation at 230 or 270 nm, emission at 420 nm). The obtained results show that electric conductivity can be applied as an express-method for environmental monitoring in the studied streams. Additional use of ions molar fractions for such purpose is also possible. Аннотация. Определены концентрации главных неорганических ионов в воде реки Охты и Муринского ручья – водотоков Санкт-Петербурга, загрязненных бытовыми и промышленными сточными водами. Показано, что загрязнение приводит к увеличению мольной доли ионов натрия и хлоридов, снижению мольной доли ионов магния, кальция, сульфатов и гидрокарбонатов, при этом электропроводность воды возрастает. Положительные коэффициенты корреляции (от 0,35 до 0,63) получены между мольной долей натрия и параметрами, связанными с загрязнением сточными водами: концентрацией общего азота (TN), отношением TN к концентрации общего органического углерода, отношением интенсивности флуоресценции белкового типа (длина волны возбуждения 230 или 270 нм, регистрации 350 нм) к интенсивности флуоресценции гуминового типа (длина волны возбуждения 230 или 270 нм, регистрации 420 нм). Полученные результаты показывают, что электропроводность может применяться в качестве экспресс-метода для мониторинга окружающей среды в исследуемых водотоках. Также возможно использование мольных долей ионов в качество дополнительного параметра.
The Drift of the Xsens Moven Motion Capturing Suit during Common Movements in a Working Environment

When using inertial motion capturing technology, the accuracy of the results is strongly influenced by the socalled drift. This paper describes the drift of an Xsens Moven motion capturing suit during common movements, measured in a standard working environment. The test is performed in a room not shielded from magnetic disturbances, to acquire insight on how accurate the absolute position determination of the motion capturing system is during use in a standard environment. The test is performed by walking a path with the same start and end point, and reviewing the measured difference in the absolute position of one sensor.
Beyond abundance and biomass: effects of marine protected areas on the demography of a highly exploited reef fish.

The success of marine protected areas (MPAs) in facilitating recovery of over-exploited stocks has been well documented. Few studies, however, have explored the effects of MPAs on the demographic profiles of reef fish populations. We tested the assumption that areas closed to fishing for >7 yr accumulate older individuals of a heavily targeted species, Lethrinus harak. Our survey design included 2 protected sites and 2 comparative fished sites. Using an age-based length- conversion method, a novel approach in tropical fisheries, otolith-derived demographic information was supplemented with underwater visual census data. This approach provided valuable insights into the population dynamics of this species at small spatial scales ( 260 mm FL and >9 yr) who make a disproportionate contribution to overall reproductive output, as ovary weight increases exponentially with both length and age. Currently size (Lc) and age (tc) at first capture is ~100 mm and 2 yr below the size (L50) and age (t50) at first maturity. Numerous management scenar- ios based on minimum size limits were evaluated to determine which scenario would increase spawn- ing biomass without compromising yield estimates. Our results demonstrate that effective imple- mentation of MPAs allows a larger and older population to accrue, thus yielding considerable reproductive benefits.
Documents de Treball de l ’ IEB 2010 / 43 URBAN SPRAWL AND MUNICIPAL BUDGETS IN SPAIN : A DYNAMIC PANEL DATA ANALYSIS

Urban sprawl has recently become a matter of concern throughout Europe, but it is in southern countries where its environmental and economic impact has been most severe. This lowdensity, spatially expansive urban development pattern can have a highly marked impact on municipal budgets. Thus, local governments may see sprawl as a potential source of finance, in terms of buildingassociated revenues and increased transfers from upper tiers of government. At the same time, sprawl leads to increased levels of expenditure, as it may raise the provision costs of certain local public goods and requires greater investment in extending basic infrastructure for new urban development. What, therefore, is the net fiscal impact of urban sprawl? Do local governments consider the long-run net fiscal impact of new urban growth or do they simply focus on its short-term benefits, ignoring future development costs? This paper addresses these questions by analysing the dynamic relationship between urban sprawl and local budget variables. To do so, we estimate a panel vector autoregressive model using data for 4,000 Spanish municipalities for the period 1994-2005. Computed Generalised Impulse Response Functions show: (i) that sprawl considerably increases demand for new infrastructure, (ii) that the capital deficit generated by this new infrastructure is covered in the main by intergovernmental transfers and, to a lesser extent, by revenues linked to the real estate cycle, and (iii) that sprawl leads to a short-term current surplus, as the increase in current revenues offsets the increase in current expenditures due to public service provision for new developments. Overall, these findings point to a moral hazard problem for local governments in which inordinate intergovernmental transfers and development revenues encourage excessive urban sprawl. JEL Codes: H1, H72, R51
Clinical aspects of dental fluorosis according to histological features: a Thylstrup Fejerskov Index review

Dental fluorosis is a developmental defect of enamel caused by chronic and excessive fluoride intake resulting in a hypomineralized enamel with increased porosity. It is clinically identified as spots ranging from mild white lines to opaque spots covering all or part of the enamel surface and breakdown after teeth eruption. However, the clinical definition of the fluorosis degree in teeth is not an easy task, having been presented many indices that generally qualify the severity degree with variations in the details. As the choice of treatment is closely linked to the defect severity, the purpose of this article is to present the clinical aspects of dental fluorosis represented through the Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index. The severity scores are presented according to histological features and the differences between them will be discussed in order to enable the dentist to correctly diagnose and choose the most appropriate treatment for the patient with DF.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Fluconazole, Voriconazole and Butoconazole nitrate by Ion-Pair Formation with Rose Bengal Reagent.

ABSTRACT The reactions of Rose bengal reagent (Rbeng) with three antifungal drugs Fluconazole (FLZ), Voriconazole (VRZ) and Butoconazole nitrate (BTZ) had been studied for the development of simple, rapid, sensitive spectrophotometric methods for micro-determining of these drugs in pure and in their dosage forms. This method is based on the formation of ion-pairs between the drugs and Rbeng reagent. The spectra of the formed ion pairs were measured at pH = 6.5 for FLZ and pH = 6 for VRZ at 575 nm. The spectra of the formed ion pair for BTZ was measured at pH = 4 and 580 nm. All solutions spectra are measured at selected optimum temperature 20-30 oC. Beer's law was valid in the concentration ranges 30.63 – 76.57, 34.93– 97.81 and 14.2 – 45.1 μg ml-1 with recovery of (98.00 - 101.9, 97.92 - 102.2 %, and 98.20 - 101.3 % for FLZ, VRZ and BTZ, respectively. The values SD = 0.1210 – 0.4148, 0.4365– 1.018 and 0.0748 - 0.4362, RSD =0.1790 – 1.152, 0.5248 - 1.648 and 0.3314 - 1.011%, the Sandell sensitivity (S) = 0.063, 0.076, 0.017 μg cm-2, LOQ = 8 , 12.96, 13.27 μg ml-1 and LOD =2.6, 4.4, 4.3 μg ml-1 were calculated for FLZ, VRZ and BTZ, respectively. The results obtained revealed accuracy, precision and sensitivity of the suggested procedures. These methods were applied for analysis of these drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations. The results obtained were found to be in good agreement with those given by official methods, as evaluated by F- and t- tests.
Self-Selection in Migration and Returns to Skills

Several papers have tested the empirical validity of the migration models proposed by Borjas (1987) and Borjas, Bronars, and Trejo (1992). However, to our knowledges, none has been able to disentangle the separate impact of observable and unobservable individual characteristics, and their respective returns across different locations, on an individual's decision to migrate. We build a model in which individuals sort, in part, on potential earnings - where earnings across different locations are a function of both observable and unobservable characteristics. We focus on the inter-provincial migration patterns of Canadian physicians. We choose this particular group for several reasons including the fact that they are paid on a fee-for-service basis. Since wage rates are exogenous, earning differentials are driven by differences in productivity. We then estimate a mixed conditional-logit model to determine the effects of individual and destination-specific characteristics (particularly earnings differentials) on physician location decisions. We find, among other things, that high-productivity physicians (based on unobservables) are more likely to migrate to provinces where the productivity premium is greater, while low-productivity physicians are more likely to migrate to areas where the productivity premium is lower. These results are consistent with a modified Borjas model of self-selection in migration based on both unobservables and observables.
New constraints on f(R) gravity from clusters of galaxies

The abundance of massive galaxy clusters is a powerful probe of departures from general relativity (GR) on cosmic scales. Despite current stringent constraints placed by stellar and galactic tests, on larger scales alternative theories of gravity such as $f(R)$ can still work as effective theories. Here we present constraints on two popular models of $f(R)$, Hu-Sawicki and ``designer,'' derived from a fully self-consistent analysis of current samples of x-ray selected clusters and accounting for all the covariances between cosmological and astrophysical parameters. Using cluster number counts in combination with recent data from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the CMB lensing potential generated by large scale structures, as well as with other cosmological constraints on the background expansion history and its mean matter density, we obtain the upper bounds ${\mathrm{log}}_{10}|{f}_{R0}|l4.79$ and ${\mathrm{log}}_{10}{B}_{0}l3.75$ at the 95.4% confidence level, for the Hu-Sawicki (with $n=1$) and designer models, respectively. The robustness of our results derives from high-quality cluster growth data for the most massive clusters known out to redshifts $z\ensuremath{\sim}0.5$, a tight control of systematic uncertainties including an accurate and precise mass calibration from weak gravitational lensing data, and the use of the full shape of the halo mass function over the mass range of our data.
Heterogeneity in risk attitudes across domains: A bivariate random preference approach

In a series of field experiments, we elicit risk preferences for financial, life-duration, and environmental domains using sequential multiple price-list auctions. We intentionally oversample subjects who frequently engage in activities that increase their mortality risk. We analyze the data using a bivariate Random Preference approach. Under the assumption that subjects are Rank Dependent Utility maximizers, we estimate the joint distribution of the CRRA and probability weighting coefficients. We find that the experienced risk takers are less likely than the student control group to overweight small probability, extreme events in their decision making. This is true in all three domains. We find that the tendency of women to be more risk averse in the financial domain than men arises from probability weighting rather than differences in the utility function. Finally, we show that a significant minority of subjects deviate from the type of s-inverse probability weighting typically observed in experiments.
Global spatial impact and local self-organising processes

The traditional bazaar in contemporary Iranian cities was at the heart of what is now considered to be the historic core of these cities. The structural changes in Iranian cities, which began around the end of 19th century, caused the interruption of the organic interrelation between the bazaar and its historic spatial context. The bazaar and the rest of the historic core have responded to these changes differently. While the bazaar in all major Iranian cities is still functioning, the residential zone of the historic core in some cities has declined. This paper discusses the general position of the historic core of Iranian cities and focuses on the bazaars. In 9 Iranian cities the spatial system of the traditional bazaar in the existing global urban structures have been analysed. The bazaars that have survived have common configurational properties in the context of whole city. In 4 cities the maps from around 40 years ago up to now have been analysed to examine the changes in the bazaars after the first periods of so-called modernisation of Iranian cities. There is a remarkable case where, alongside the global changes, local self-organising processes help the bazaar to become the liveliest and most attractive place in the city. This case raises a question that calls for further research; has the upgrading of the bazaar had any impact on its surrounding traditional zones? 1. The historic cores of Iranian cities In Iranian cities the historic cores, in spite of their usually central position, are not able to accommodate the contemporary requirements of life in a modern city centre, since they were generated by quite different social, economic and material circumstances to those which prevail today (Karimi & Hanson, 1999). A comparison with a city whose historic core does function as a modern city centre helps clarifying the situation of the historic cores of Iranian cities. Figure 1 shows the configurationl properties of the urban system of the Swedish city of Gothenburg and the city of Yazd in Iran.