Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acceptability and feasibility of infant-feeding options : experiences of HIV-infected mothers in the World Health Organization Kesho Bora mother-to-child transmission prevention ( PMTCT ) trial in Burkina Fasomcn

In Burkina Faso, prolonged breastfeeding with introduction of ritual fluids from birth is a deep-seated norm. We explored HIV-infected mothers’ views and experiences of the acceptability and feasibility of the World Health Organization’s recommended infant-feeding options within a mother-to-child-transmission prevention trial. A qualitative study was conducted on 17 formula-feeding and 19 breastfeeding mothers, from a larger cohort of 51 eligible HIV-infected women, consenting to participate in separate focus group discussions in early post-partum. Mothers opted for breastfeeding essentially out of fear of family rejection. Most of them were afraid of denigration for disrespecting tradition if they formula-fed or being suspected of HIV infection. Achieving exclusive breastfeeding remained a difficult challenge as they engaged in a continuous struggle with close elders to avoid fluid feeding. Additional stress and fatigue were fed by their perception of a high transmission risk through breast milk. Exclusive formula-feeding seemed easier to implement, especially as formula was provided free of charge. Formula-feeding mothers more frequently had a supportive partner, a strong personality and lived in better socio-economic conditions than breastfeeding mothers (76% had education and electricity supply vs. 42%, respectively). Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months remains the most appropriate option for many HIV-infected mothers in sub-Saharan Africa. Its acceptability and feasibility urgently need to be improved by promoting it as the best feeding option for all infants. Other crucial interventions are the promotion of voluntary counselling and testing for couples, and greater partner involvement in infant-feeding counselling.
Trade-offs between dimensions of sustainability: exploratory evidence from family firms in rural tourism regions

ABSTRACT Family firms often pursue social and environmental sustainability, or corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts that go beyond regulations. This is particularly true in nature-based industries. This study draws on socio-emotional wealth (SEW) and tourism literatures, as well as random utility theory, to disentangle the drivers of sustainability in rural tourism family firms (RTFFs). Informed by interviews, this study applied a novel choice-method survey, that brings understanding to the CSR payoffs and trade-offs between ecological, social and economic attributes in RTFFs. The results from 152 family firms in Western Austria show that after satisfying financial requirements, RTFFs are predominantly motivated by ecological and social considerations. The findings indicate that RTFFs obtain greater utility from positive ecological and social outcomes than additional financial profits, which the authors hypothesise is because of family-related SEW dynamics that enhances CSR. The findings from this study offer theoretical and practical insight into the motivations for proactive sustainability strategies among RTFFs.
Continuous detection of the self-initiated walking pre-movement state from EEG correlates without session-to-session recalibration

Objective. Brain–computer interfaces (BCI) as a rehabilitation tool have been used to restore functions in patients with motor impairments by actively involving the central nervous system and triggering prosthetic devices according to the detected pre-movement state. However, since EEG signals are highly variable between subjects and recording sessions, typically a BCI is calibrated at the beginning of each session. This process is inconvenient especially for patients suffering locomotor disabilities in maintaining a bipedal position for a longer time. This paper presents a continuous EEG decoder of a pre-movement state in self-initiated walking and the usage of this decoder from session to session without recalibrating. Approach. Ten healthy subjects performed a self-initiated walking task during three sessions, with an intersession interval of one week. The implementation of our continuous decoder is based on the combination of movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) and event-related desynchronization (ERD) features with sparse classification models. Main results. During intrasession our technique detects the pre-movement state with 70% accuracy. Moreover this decoder can be applied from session to session without recalibration, with a decrease in performance of about 4% on a one- or two-week intersession interval. Significance. Our detection model operates in a continuous manner, which makes it a straightforward asset for rehabilitation scenarios. By using both temporal and spectral information we attained higher detection rates than the ones obtained with the MRCP and ERD detection models, both during the intrasession and intersession conditions.
Dissociating maternal responses to sad and happy facial expressions of their own child: An fMRI study

Background Maternal sensitive behavior depends on recognizing one’s own child’s affective states. The present study investigated distinct and overlapping neural responses of mothers to sad and happy facial expressions of their own child (in comparison to facial expressions of an unfamiliar child). Methods We used functional MRI to measure dissociable and overlapping activation patterns in 27 healthy mothers in response to happy, neutral and sad facial expressions of their own school-aged child and a gender- and age-matched unfamiliar child. To investigate differential activation to sad compared to happy faces of one’s own child, we used interaction contrasts. During the scan, mothers had to indicate the affect of the presented face. After scanning, they were asked to rate the perceived emotional arousal and valence levels for each face using a 7-point Likert-scale (adapted SAM version). Results While viewing their own child’s sad faces, mothers showed activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex whereas happy facial expressions of the own child elicited activation in the hippocampus. Conjoint activation in response to one’s own child happy and sad expressions was found in the insula and the superior temporal gyrus. Conclusions Maternal brain activations differed depending on the child’s affective state. Sad faces of the own child activated areas commonly associated with a threat detection network, whereas happy faces activated reward related brain areas. Overlapping activation was found in empathy related networks. These distinct neural activation patterns might facilitate sensitive maternal behavior.
Origin of Replication of Mycoplasma genitalium

olaris genomic regions (1), whereas linkage blocks lacking H. petiolaris markers were designated H. annuus regions (0), thereby generating the composite distribution of parental genomic regions shown in Fig. 2. Parental markers in H. anomalus either matched (0,0 or 1,1) or did not match (0,1 or 1,0) the corresponding genomic region in the experimental hybrids. 14. E. M. McCarthy, M. A. Amussen, W. W. Anderson, Heredity 74, 502 (1995); V. Grant, Genetics 54, 1189 (1966). 15. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was calculated for each pairwise combination of the three hybrid lineages. The percentage at which a marker introgressed for a given lineage was scored in the following manner: 0.0% = 0; 1 to 25% = 1; 26 to 50% = 2; 51 to 100% = 3. Lineages x 11, r, = 0.79, P < 0.0001; lineages x ll, r, = 0.74, P < 0.0001; lineages 11 x ll, r, = 0.73, P < 0.0001. 16. N. H. Barton and G. M. Hewitt, Heredity 47, 367 (1981). 17. C. -I. Wu and M. F. Palopoli, Annu. Rev. Genet. 27, 283 (1994). 18. The following equation was used to compute the test statistic (p) for two-way epistatic interactions among unlinked loci (NjO,,,j, number of unlinked loci; Nprogeny, number of progeny tested; and /ocusn,p = 0 if the H. petiolaris marker is absent and 1 if present):
Children with low muscle strength are at an increased risk of fracture with exposure to exercise.

OBJECTIVES To use objective measures of physical fitness and muscle function to assess the interplay between exercise, muscle and fractures during childhood. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was performed using The Young Hearts Project, a population-based cohort recruited from Northern Ireland. Grip strength was assessed with a hand-held dynamometer. Aerobic fitness was assessed using the 20-metre endurance shuttle run. The outcome of interest was reported fractures. Data were also collected on other potential confounders. RESULTS There were 787 boys (49.5%) and 803 girls aged 13.9±1.5 years. 414 (26.0%) children reported a fracture at anytime since birth. There was a positive association between higher aerobic fitness and reported fracture (OR 1.23, 95%CI 1.05 to 1.45, P=0.012) greatest in those with lowest grip strength (OR 2.10, 95%CI 1.23 to 3.31, P=0.005). Conversely, in those with highest grip strength, no association was seen between aerobic fitness and reported fractures. CONCLUSION In children, higher levels of aerobic fitness are associated with an increased risk of fractures, with the greatest risk seen in those with low muscle strength. Our results suggest that there is the potential for exercise protocols that aim to strengthen forearm musculature to reduce upper limb fractures in adolescents.
Endoscopic laser myotomy in the treatment of pharyngeal diverticula

Abstract The endoscopic approach is a simple and cost-effective option in the treatment of hypopharyngeal diverticula. Whereas almost a third of all endoscopic myotomies performed by UK otolaryngologists are carried out with the stapling technique, CO2 laser diverticulotomy has not been given as much consideration (Koay et al., in press). We report on the first British series of 15 patients treated between 1985 and 1993 with microscopic laser diverticulotomy. The follow-up period was four to 11 years. Complications occurred in three patients, two patients required a repeat myotomy and 11 patients have been satisfied with their swallow since the operation. Our results are similar to those of larger studies. The laser technique is more established than the stapling gun myotomy and it has the advantage of superior visualization. It may also be used in small pouches which do not admit the insertion of a stapling gun.
Benchmarks of Equality? School-Wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports and School Discipline Risk and Disparities for Black and Hispanic Students

vi Chapter I: Introduction 1 The Discipline Gap 1 Mechanisms Producing the Discipline Gap 2 SWPBIS: Effective and Equitable? 5 Purpose of the Current Study 8 Hypotheses 10 Definitions of Key Terms 11 Chapter II: Review of the Literature 14 Educational Inequity 14 Academic achievement 15 Special education referral and placement 15 Disciplinary practices 17 Factors of School Discipline Rates and Disparities 20 Family and community factors 22 Community socioeconomic status 22 Family and home factors 23 School-based factors 24 Student body demographics 24 School leadership priorities 25 School behavior supports 25 Classroom-level factors 27 Classroom size 27 Teacher race 27 Teacher practices 28 Student-level factors 28 Student gender 28 Student academic performance 29 Student behavioral differences 29 Racial/ethnic differences in infraction types? 30 Student race/ethnicity 31 A racial gap in bias and/or behavior? 34
Information Technology Acceptance in healthcare service: The study of Electronic Medical Record (EMR) in Thailand

The explosive growth in technology usage has put growing pressure on organizations to serve customers electronically. Healthcare service, as one of data intensive industries, tries to serve their patients with excellent service in the timely manner when the data volume is growing faster than organizational infrastructure development. Because the hospital information system called Electronic Medical Record (EMR) is a powerful tool, and provides a multitude of benefits, many hospitals are today considering accepting, and adopting this technology to provide medical information and healthcare services in a better way. This study will extend applicability of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to test user acceptance of EMR in the hospital context in Thailand. The study aims to investigate EMR characteristics which affect Electronic Medical Record (EMR) acceptance in the healthcare profession's belief perspective in hospital. This EMR acceptance measurement will help the organization forecast how healthcare professions' perception of EMR usage will affect and support the organizational development. The result can be used as a guideline for EMR implementation that may lead to a successful EMR initiative in Thailand.
Old, new and third wine regions: a consumer perspective

Wine businesses operate in a competitive environment, characterised by shifting consumer behavioural trends and the rise of new players (Third Region countries). An extensive theoretical research is initially performed, intending to examine the various aspects regarding wine consumer purchase behaviour. Subsequently, an empirical survey is performed, with the gathered data processed with both descriptive and multivariate statistical techniques. The empirical research evaluated the theoretically identified variables in the context of the new competitive conditions that characterise the wine-growing sector today. The research has identified five 'macro-themes' explaining the perception of the generic product 'wine'; two different clusters of countries presenting homogeneities in terms of their consumers' purchase attitudes; and three consumer-behaviour-defining elements implicitly linked to marketing and branding approaches. The research has identified trends which add to the comprehension of consumer behaviour and offer valuable guidance for the development and implementation of corresponding strategies in the wine business sector.
A Randomized Trial to Improve Patient-Centered Care and Hypertension Control in Underserved Primary Care Patients

Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; American College of Physicians, Division of Medical Practice, Professionalism, & Quality, Washington, DC, USA.
Attitudes of Finnish Community Pharmacists Toward Concordance

BACKGROUND Concordance is a new model of interaction between healthcare professionals and patients. The work of pharmacists and patients in the consultation is a negotiation between equals, and the aim is therapeutic alliance between them. OBJECTIVE To assess Finnish community pharmacists’ attitudes toward concordance and its perceived impact on pharmacist–patient consultations during a 4-year Finnish project (TIPPA Project 2000–2003) aimed at promoting patient counseling. METHODS A survey of a random sample of 734 community pharmacists in Finland was conducted in 2002. The questionnaire included an attitudinal scale and 2 open-ended questions on the impact of the TIPPA Project on patient counseling. Attitudes toward concordance were measured using a modified version of the LATCon scale. The construct validity and internal consistency of the scale were evaluated using factor analysis and Cronbach's α. Mean summative factor scores (MSS) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each factor. The responses to the open-ended questions were content analyzed. RESULTS A response rate of 51% (n = 376) was obtained. Almost 80% of the respondents strongly agreed that the highest priority in patient counseling was to establish a therapeutic alliance between the pharmacist and patient. Factor analysis of the attitudinal scale yielded 3 primary factors explaining 37.6% of the variance, interpreted as respecting patients’ beliefs (α = 0.60; MSS = 1.90; 95% CI 2.25 to 2.40), establishing a therapeutic alliance (α = 0.65; MSS = 1.36; 95% CI 1.31 to 1.40), and sensitivity to patients’ reactions (α = 0.66; MSS = 2.33; 95% CI 1.83 to 1.96). Results of the open-ended questions indicated that the TIPPA Project had a positive impact on pharmacists’ attitudes toward concordance. CONCLUSIONS Respondents to our survey were supportive of concordance. The TIPPA Project elicited a positive impact on pharmacists’ attitudes toward counseling. Pharmacist education through programs such as TIPPA can aid in the implementation of a concordance-based counseling practice.
The contribution of diffusion to the termination of penicillin-induced convulsive activity in the awake rat.

1. Experiments were performed to investigate the contribution of diffusion to the termination of PCN induced convulsive (epileptiform) activity in the awake rat. The basic question was whether convulsive activity terminates at the same critical concentration Ct of PCN independently of the concentration Co of PCN injected into the superficial layer of the foreleg field of the right motor cortex. Different concentrations Co were used, the lowest being 16 IU PCN/0.5 microliters saline, the largest 1000 IU PCN/0.5 microliters saline. The convulsive activity was recorded by means of the electroencephalogram (EEG). 2. Mathematical calculations concerning the diffusion of the substances were performed by using the diffusion equation with a PCN diffusion coefficient D = 3.52 x 10(-4) mm2/s and the tortuosity factor lambda = 1.62. 3. The lowest dose of PCN used was considered as a threshold dose for acute induction of convulsive activity because only 4 out of 9 rats treated with 16 IU PCN developed epileptiform activity. For the range of doses between 16 and 32 IU, the median frequency of convulsive potentials was dose-dependent, and increased from 7.9 to 13.8 pot. /min, respectively. For higher doses covering the range between 63 and 1000 IU, there was only an insignificant increase from 19.2 to 22.7 pot. /min, respectively. 4. The median period of convulsive activity increased significantly (p less than 0.05 or less than 0.01) and monotonically from 19.5 min in rats treated with 16 IU PCN to 267 min after treatment with 1000 IU PCN. 5. At the end of the convulsive activity, the median critical concentration Ct within the artificial focus ranged from 1.75 to 1.31 IU/0.5 microliters saline in rats treated with 16 to 125 IU PCN, while after induction of convulsive activity with doses of 250, 500 or 1000 IU PCN, Ct gradually increased to 2.01, 2.83, and 3.75 IU/0.5 microliters, respectively. This means that the brain became less sensitive for PCN the longer the epileptiform activity lasted. 6. It is concluded that during long-lasting convulsive activity, the brain takes advantage of its plastic properties by eliciting counteracting mechanisms. These self-protective factors may utilize neuronal networks which needs some time to become effective in the control of the cortical activity.
Smoking during pregnancy and infantile colic.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and infantile colic (IC). METHODS A follow-up study of singleton infants delivered by Danish mothers at the Aarhus University Hospital from May 1991 to February 1992 and still living in the municipality of Aarhus at the age of 8 months was conducted. A total of 1820 mothers and their infants were included. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data on smoking, other lifestyle factors, and sociodemographic variables at 16 and 30 weeks of gestation and 8 months postpartum. IC was defined in the 8-month questionnaire and based on Wessel's criteria, except that we used only the crying criterion. RESULTS IC was seen in 10.8% of all infants. We observed a twofold increased risk of IC among infants whose mothers smoked 15 or more cigarettes per day during their pregnancy(relative risk: 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.4-3.2) or in the postpartum period (relative risk: 2.0; 95% confidence interval: 1.3-3.1). Women who smoked continuously during pregnancy and the postpartum period had a relative risk of 1.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.1-2.0) of having a infant with IC compared with women who did not smoke during this period. Adjustment for maternal age, parity, marital status, alcohol intake, birth weight, gestational age, breastfeeding, caffeine intake postpartum, and paternal smoking did not change the effect measures. CONCLUSION The results indicate that maternal smoking during pregnancy may increase the risk of IC.
Plexiform Fibromyxoma: A Distinctive Benign Gastric Antral Neoplasm Not to be Confused With a Myxoid GIST

A great majority of gastric mesenchymal tumors are gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). A rare group of non-GISTs include myxoid mesenchymal neoplasms. In this report, we describe 12 cases of a distinctive gastric tumor, named here as plexiform fibromyxoma. These tumors occurred in 5 men and 7 women of ages 7 to 75 years (median, 41 y). All tumors were located in the gastric antrum and 6 of them also extended into extragastric soft tissues or into the duodenal bulb. The tumors measured from 3 to 15 cm (median, 5.5 cm). Histologically typical was a plexiform intramural growth with multiple micronodules containing paucicellular to moderately cellular myxoid to collagenous and fibromyxoid neoplastic elements. A prominent, sometimes plexiform capillary pattern was typically present. Extramural components included subserosal nodules, and sometimes more cellular, solid nonplexiform spindle cell proliferation. The tumor cells varied from oval to spindled and had limited atypia and mitotic activity <5/50 high-power fields. Frequent ulceration, mucosal invasion, and vascular invasion (4 cases) had no adverse significance in these tumors. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for α smooth muscle actin, and variably for CD10, and were consistently negative for KIT, DOG1, CD34, desmin, and S100 protein. No KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha mutations were present in the 3 examined cases. None of the 4 patients who were followed from 9 to 20 years (median, 19 y) developed recurrences or metastases. Additional 3 patients survived 14 to 25 years with unknown tumor status. Review of large numbers of mesenchymal tumors in the esophagus and intestines did not reveal similar tumors. Plexiform fibromyxoma is a distinctive benign gastric antral neoplasm that should be separated from GIST, nerve sheath tumors, and other fibromyxoid neoplasms.
Phylogenetic determinants of potential host shifts in fungal pathogens

Understanding what determines the host range of pathogens and the potential for host shifts is of critical importance to controlling their introductions into new environments. The phylogeny of the hosts has been shown to be important: pathogens are more likely to be infectious on hosts closely related to their host‐of‐origin because of the similar host environments that is shared by descent. The importance of pathogen phylogenies for predicting host range has never been investigated, although a pathogen should also be able to exploit a new host that its close relative can infect. We performed cross‐inoculations using a plant–fungal association and showed that both host and pathogen phylogenies were significant predictors of host range, with at least partly independent effects. Furthermore, we showed that some pathogens were better at infecting novel hosts. Our results should have implications in the context of biological invasions and emergences of new diseases due to globalization.