Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for cytology procedures and reporting on fine needle aspirates of the breast

In 1989, a working party of the Royal College of Pathologists prepared guidelines for histopathologists concerned with the reporting of biopsies from patients participating in the National Breast Cancer Screening Programme. The guidelines were in the form of two documents, Guidelines for Pathologists’ and Pathology Reporting in Breast Cancer Screenin? In both these documents fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was mentioned only briefly, as it was thought that the technique was not widely used. Experience has shown that many more centres than originally envisaged include FNAC as part of the routine work up of patients presenting with a breast lesion, in view of the usefulness of the test for preoperative diagnosis and subsequent management of the patient. Consequently, in 1992 the working party felt it necessary to produce an additional set of guidelines for pathologists on the collection and interpretation of fine needle aspirates of breast lesions. The document prepared by the working party in 1992 was entitled Guidelines for Cytology Procedures and Reporting in Breast Cancer Screening3, and was revised in 1993. Its contents are summarized in this paper.
Reliability of FDDI's dual homing network architecture

The authors analyze the reliability of two FDDI computer communication network architectures and make comparisons; these structures are a fault-tolerant dual-homing ring of trees and a failsoft ring of trees. They calculate the probability P[h(s,t)] that two arbitrarily positioned terminal stations (s and t) can communicate by deriving closed-form polynomial expressions for P[h(s,t)] in terms of component failure probabilities. The new expression for dual homing permits efficient quantitative reliability comparisons for networks with an arbitrary number of terminal stations, an arbitrary number of concentrator tree root pairs in the counter rotating dual ring, and varying numbers of ports in the concentrators. <<ETX>>
Identification and characterization of a novel protein, periostin, with restricted expression to periosteum and periodontal ligament and increased expression by transforming growth factor beta.

We had previously identified the cDNA for a novel protein called osteoblast-specific factor 2 (OSF-2) from an MC3T3-E1 cDNA library using subtraction hybridization and differential screening techniques. Here we describe the localization, regulation, and potential function of this protein. Immunohistochemistry using specific antiserum revealed that in adult mice, the protein is preferentially expressed in periosteum and periodontal ligament, indicating its tissue specificity and a potential role in bone and tooth formation and maintenance of structure. Based on this observation and the fact that other proteins have been called OSF-2, the protein was renamed "periostin. " Western blot analysis showed that periostin is a disulfide linked 90 kDa protein secreted by osteoblasts and osteoblast-like cell lines. Nucleotide sequence revealed four periostin transcripts that differ in the length of the C-terminal domain, possibly caused by alternative splicing events. Reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that these isoforms are not expressed uniformly but are differentially expressed in various cell lines. Both purified periostin protein and the periostin-Fc recombinant protein supported attachment and spreading of MC3T3-E1 cells, and this effect was impaired by antiperiostin antiserum, suggesting that periostin is involved in cell adhesion. The protein is highly homologous to betaig-h3, a molecule induced by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) that promotes the adhesion and spreading of fibroblasts. Because TGF-beta has dramatic effects on periosteal expansion and the recruitment of osteoblast precursors, this factor was tested for its effects on periostin expression. By Western blot analysis, TGF-beta increased periostin expression in primary osteoblast cells. Together, these data suggest that periostin may play a role in the recruitment and attachment of osteoblast precursors in the periosteum.
Mandibular motor control during the early development of speech and nonspeech behaviors.

PURPOSE The mandible is often portrayed as a primary structure of early babble production, but empiricists still need to specify (a) how mandibular motor control and kinematics vary among different types of multisyllabic babble, (b) whether chewing or jaw oscillation relies on a coordinative infrastructure that can be exploited for early types of multisyllables, and (c) whether the organization of motor control and associated kinematics varies across the nonspeech behaviors that are candidate motor stereotypies for speech. METHOD Electromyographic signals were obtained from mandibular muscle groups, and associated kinematics were measured longitudinally from a typically developing infant from 9 to 22 months during jaw oscillation, chewing, and several types of early multisyllabic babble. RESULTS Measures of early motor control and mandibular kinematics for multisyllabic productions indicated task-dependent changes across syllable types and significant differences across babble and nonspeech behaviors. Differences in motor control were also observed across nonspeech behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Motor control for babble appears to be influenced by the balanced interaction between developing motor and linguistic systems, such that variation in linguistic complexity systematically evinces changes in motor organization apparently to meet these demands. This same effect was noted among chewing and jaw oscillation; task-dependent changes in mandibular control were noted across behaviors.
Image-based 3D modeling study of the influence of vessel density and blood hemoglobin concentration on tumor oxygenation and response to irradiation.

PURPOSE Hypoxia is one of the most important factors influencing clinical outcome after radiotherapy. Improved knowledge of factors affecting the levels and distribution of oxygen within a tumor is needed. The authors constructed a theoretical 3D model based on histological images to analyze the influence of vessel density and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration on the response to irradiation. METHODS The pancreases of a Rip-Tag2 mouse, a model of malignant insulinoma, were excised, cryosectioned, immunostained, and photographed. Vessels were identified by image thresholding and a 3D vessel matrix assembled. The matrix was reduced to functional vessel segments and enlarged by replication. The steady-state oxygen tension field of the tumor was calculated by iteratively employing Green's function method for diffusion and the Michaelis-Menten model for consumption. The impact of vessel density on the radiation response was studied by removing a number of randomly selected vessels. The impact of Hb concentration was studied by independently changing vessel oxygen partial pressure (pO(2)). For each oxygen distribution, the oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) was calculated and the mean absorbed dose at which the tumor control probability (TCP) was 0.99 (D(99)) was determined using the linear-quadratic cell survival model (LQ model). RESULTS Decreased pO(2) shifted the oxygen distribution to lower values, whereas decreased vessel density caused the distribution to widen and shift to lower values. Combined scenarios caused lower-shifted distributions, emphasising log-normal characteristics. Vessel reduction combined with increased blood pO(2) caused the distribution to widen due to a lack of vessels. The most pronounced radiation effect of increased pO(2) occurred with tumor tissue with 50% of the maximum vessel density used in the simulations. A 51% decrease in D(99), from 123 to 60 Gy, was found between the lowest and highest pO(2) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that an intermediate vascular density region exists where enhanced blood oxygen concentration may be beneficial for radiation response. The results also suggest that it is possible to distinguish between diffusion-limited and anemic hypoxia from the characteristics of the pO(2) distribution.
Effects of pH on Survival, Growth and Reproduction Rates of The Crustacean, Daphnia Magna

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of both low and high pH on survival, growth and reproduction rates of Daphnia magna. It was treated chronically with sublethal concentrations at both low and high pH levels for 21 days. It was detected that survival and growth rates decreased as pH decreased from 4.66 to 4.44 and by increasing pH from 10.13 to 10.55. It is clear that groups of daphnids reared at pH 8.33 (control) recorded the highest survival and growth rates. The maximum number of progeny per female were recorded for daphnids reared at acidic pH 4.66 and alkaline pH; 10.13. From this study, it is concluded that the suitable range of pH for D. magna must be more than 4.55 and less than 10.13 and that the optimum condition is 7.9 to 8.3.
Thirty years of scientific research on second-generation antipsychotic drugs in Japan: A bibliometric analysis

Aims:Research on second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) has experienced great development in last decades.We did a bibliometric study on the scientific publications on SGAs in Japan.Methods: With theEMBASEandMEDLINEdatabases, we chose papers published from Japan with SGA descriptors. Price’s law and Bradford’s law has been used as bibliometric indicators for quantitating production and dispersion, respectively, of published papers on SGAs. We also calculated the participation index of different countries, and correlated those bibliometric data with some social and health data from Japan (such as totalper capitaexpenditure on health and gross domestic expenditure on research and development). Results: A sum of 669 original documents were published from Japan from 1982 to 2011. Those results fulfilled Price’s law, with scientific production on SGAs showing exponential growth (correlation coefficientr= 0.9261, as against anr= 0.8709 after linear adjustment). The most studied SGAs in Japan wererisperidone (n= 192), aripiprazole (n= 109), and olanzapine (n= 106). Division of documents into Bradford zones yielded a nucleus occupied exclusively by theProgress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry(49 articles). Those publications were in 157 different journals. Seven of the first 10 frequently used journals had an impact factor of being greater than 3. Conclusions: The SGA publications in Japan have been through exponential growth over the studied period, without evidence of reaching a saturation point.
A prospective study of an alemtuzumab containing reduced-intensity allogeneic stem cell transplant program in patients with poor-risk and advanced lymphoid malignancies

Abstract Reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens for allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT) have used alemtuzumab to abrogate the risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Thirty-eight patients with advanced lymphoma underwent a prospective phase II study of melphalan, fludarabine and alemtuzumab containing RIC allo-SCT from 20 matched related and 18 unrelated donors with cyclosporine-A as GVHD prophylaxis. The cumulative incidence of grade II–IV acute GVHD at 3 months was 10.5% and three evaluable patients experienced chronic GVHD. Progression-free (PFS) and overall (OS) survival at 5 years was 25% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13–40%) and 44% (95% CI: 28–59%), respectively. Previous high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplant (HDT-ASCT) and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) at the time of allo-SCT resulted in inferior OS. Within this cohort of patients with high-risk lymphoma, alemtuzumab containing RIC resulted in a low risk of GVHD and a high incidence of progression of disease, especially in those with poor-risk features defined by elevated LDH pre-allo-SCT and previous HDT-ASCT.
Health-related, help-seeking behaviors in female Mexican-American adolescents.

PURPOSE To explore and describe the health-related, help-seeking behaviors of young female Mexican-American adolescents. DESIGN Qualitative exploratory-descriptive design using focus groups. SETTING Community recreation centers. PARTICIPANTS 18 female Mexican-Americans ages 10-16 years residing in a South Central state. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A demographic information form and semi-structured interview designed for the study. RESULTS Subjects described two themes of help-seeking behaviors: seeking help for physical health problems and preventive healthcare from formal sources (i.e., community health clinics, family physicians, and public schools), and seeking help for concerns about pubertal development and pregnancy from informal sources (i.e., their mothers, aunts, sisters, and friends). CONCLUSION While young, female Hispanic adolescents may seek help from formal sources for preventive healthcare services and physical health problems not related to sexuality, they tend to seek help from informal sources for psychosocial and sexuality issues. Community-based interventions should be developed that focus on the importance of this pattern of help-seeking behaviors for young female Hispanics.
Primary epstein‐barr virus infections in african infants. I. Decline of maternal antibodies and time of infection

Thirty‐one infants living in Accra, Ghana, an area endemic for Burkitt's lymphoma, were visited at monthly intervals for the first 15 months of life and once again at 21 months. Sera obtained at each visit were tested for antibodies to Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) capsid antigen (VCA), EBV‐induced early antigens (EA) and EBV‐associated nuclear antigen (EBNA) by immunofluorescence techniques as well as for EBV‐neutralizing antibodies and antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytolysis. All infants had maternal antibodies to VCA at 1 month of age and the majority also antibodies detected by the other tests, except anti‐EA. The maternal anti‐VCA titers declined in subsequent months according to a half‐life of nearly 5 weeks. Depending on the initial titers, all infants became seronegative for all antibodies by 2–8 months of age, with anti‐VCA persisting longest. The earliest primary EBV infection occurred in the third month after maternal antibodies to VCA had become non‐detectable. By 12 months of age, 44% of the infants had seroconverted, by 15 months, 62% and by 21 months, 81%. There was no seasonal variation in the incidence of infections. Infants from families of the lowest socio‐economic level tended to become infected somewhat earlier than those from better situated families (p = 0.22) but no other factors, such as household size or crowding, seemed to be associated with enhanced risk of early infection.
A Urokinase Receptor–Derived Peptide Inhibiting VEGF-Dependent Directional Migration and Vascular Sprouting

The receptor for the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPAR) is a widely recognized master regulator of cell migration, and uPAR88–92 is the minimal sequence required to induce cell motility. We previously showed that soluble forms of uPAR elicit angiogenic responses through their uPAR88–92 chemotactic sequence and that the synthetic peptide SRSRY exerts similar effects. By a drug design approach, based on the conformational analysis of the uPAR88–92 sequence, we developed peptides (pERERY, RERY, and RERF) that potently inhibit signaling triggered by uPAR88–92. In this study, we present evidence that these peptides are endowed also with a clear-cut antiangiogenic activity, although to different extents. The most active, RERF, prevents tube formation by human endothelial cells exposed to SRSRY. RERF also inhibits VEGF-triggered endothelial cell migration and cord-like formation in a dose-dependent manner, starting in the femtomolar range. RERF prevents F-actin polymerization, recruitment of αvβ3 integrin at focal adhesions, and αvβ3/VEGFR2 complex formation in endothelial cells exposed to VEGF. At molecular level, the inhibitory effect of RERF on VEGF signaling is shown by the decreased amount of phospho-FAK and phospho-Akt in VEGF-treated cells. In vivo, RERF prevents VEGF-dependent capillary sprouts originating from the host vessels that invaded angioreactors implanted in mice and neovascularization induced by subcorneal implantation of pellets containing VEGF in rabbits. Consistently, RERF reduced the growth and vascularization rate of tumors formed by HT1080 cells injected subcutaneously in the flanks of nude mice, indicating that RERF is a promising therapeutic agent for the control of diseases fuelled by excessive angiogenesis such as cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 12(10); 1981–93. ©2013 AACR.
How Much Do Analysts Influence Each Other’s Forecasts?

This paper develops and applies a new approach for disentangling the influence of analysts on each other's earnings forecasts from the effects of correlated information shocks. We estimate that, on average, each cent a new forecast by an analyst is above (below) another analyst's most recent forecast causes the other analyst to revise her forecast upwards (downwards) by between 0.21 and 0.36 cents. More reputable analysts are more influential, while those that tend to be optimistic are less influential and are influenced more by the forecasts of other analysts. We do not find support for career concerns-driven herding or anti-herding. Finally, we find that more influential analysts are more likely to subsequently be ranked as All-Stars and to move from a less to a more prestigious brokerage house, and less likely to leave the analyst profession, suggesting that influence is a desirable characteristic.
The Marrow Reserve of Eosinophils

The quantitative methods developed in this laboratory (Yoffey, 1960) have already been used to demonstrate the large ‘reserve’of mature and almost mature eosinophils in normal bone marrow and to study changes which it undergoes in the foreign protein response (Hudson, 1960, 1963). These studies indicated that large numbers of eosinophils are discharged from the marrow reserve during the first 24–30 hours following the re‐exposure of a sensitized guinea‐pig to foreign protein. Further experiments showed that the marked increase in the level of circulating eosinophils, which is usually observed in these circumstances, can be prevented by the administration of hydrocortisone, and the question arose of the mechanism by which cortical hormones could exert such an effect. Quantitative studies have been carried out in an attempt to throw light on this, and the results are the basis of the present communication.
Treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis. A comparison of four different methods.

Very few investigations comparing the results of different therapeutic measures in acute sinusitis have been reported. The present investigation is an attempt to evaluate objectively the clinical course in treated acute maxillary sinusitis by the aid of radiological registration of the sinus state. Difficulties were encountered in establishing a radiological gradation corresponding to the clinical state in the diseased sinus. A radiological gradation is suggested. A group treated with nasal decongestant only, may be regarded as a control group. The results of the treatment by nasal decongestant combined with irrigation or penicillin V or lincomycin respectively were similar and significantly better than in the control group. The patient's evaluation of the treatment after 5 days did not correlate with the radiological state but did so after 10 days.
To Adopt or not to Adopt: a literature Review on Barriers to Citizens' Adoption of E-Government Services

The use of technologies has changed daily life considerably. Nearly all life areas are affected by the widespread availability and ever growing use of the Internet. In the last few years, there has been an increasing interest in how to best implement the benefits of new technologies within public administrations – not only to reform the work of administrations, but also to provide their stakeholders with public services in a way that fits their demands. But compared to other electronic services like e-commerce public administrations are still confronted with low adoption rates, notably on the part of citizens. We conducted a literature review to identify possible barriers to citizens’ adoption of electronic government services and gathered data from 197 journals that published articles on the non-adoption or rejection of electronic government services. Although the results are quite heterogeneous, our findings reveal six superordinate categories of barriers: technological, socioeconomic, communication, cultural, individual and service-related barriers. Moreover, this review reveals considerable gaps in the research on electronic government rejection. Finally, we can show that there is no common ground on barriers to adoption. Thus, we provide an agenda that encourages further research concerning the interaction between citizens and public administrations via electronic channels.
An Endlessly Single-Mode Photonic Crystal Fiber With Low Chromatic Dispersion, and Bend and Rotational Insensitivity

A single-mode photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with low chromatic dispersion, low bend, and rotational sensitivity is presented. The transverse electric field vector distributions of the fundamental, higher order and fundamental space filling modes, their effective indices, chromatic dispersion, confinement, bending and rotational losses are reported using full-vector finite-element method (FEM). In addition, the endlessly single mode behavior is demonstrated by employing the V parameter of the proposed PCF. It has also been shown that the proposed PCF design is insensitive to bends and rotations.
Design Issues for Socially Intelligent User Interfaces

Summary Objectives: This study aims to demonstrate the usability of discourse analyses as a means of evaluating medical informatics systems by examining one particular computer-based data-to-text system for delivering neonatal health care information. Methods: Six textual summaries of clinical information, three produced by human clinicians and three by the data-to-text system, were subjected to fine-grain discourse analysis. Analysis was performed ‘blind’ on all six textual summaries. Analysis focused on the identification of lexical items and on the potential effects of these items on users of these clinical information summaries. Results: Results showed that there were clear differences between human- and system-generated clinical summaries, with human clinicians providing better narrative flow and textual detail. The data-to-text system successfully produced textual summaries although it fell short of human abilities. Conclusions: These results indicate potential future improvements to the system. Discourse analysis as used here may offer significant advantages in evaluating and developing similar medical informatics systems.