Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the effects of climate change on summertime ozone using a relative response factor approach for policymakers

The impact of climate change on surface-level ozone is examined through a multiscale modeling effort that linked global and regional climate models to drive air quality model simulations. Results are quantified in terms of the relative response factor (RRFE), which estimates the relative change in peak ozone concentration for a given change in pollutant emissions (the subscript E is added to RRF to remind the reader that the RRF is due to emission changes only). A matrix of model simulations was conducted to examine the individual and combined effects of future anthropogenic emissions, biogenic emissions, and climate on the RRFE. For each member in the matrix of simulations the warmest and coolest summers were modeled for the present-day (1995–2004) and future (2045–2054) decades. A climate adjustment factor (CAFC or CAFCB when biogenic emissions are allowed to change with the future climate) was defined as the ratio of the average daily maximum 8-hr ozone simulated under a future climate to that simulated under the present-day climate, and a climate-adjusted RRFEC was calculated (RRFEC = RRFE × CAFC). In general, RRFEC > RRFE, which suggests additional emission controls will be required to achieve the same reduction in ozone that would have been achieved in the absence of climate change. Changes in biogenic emissions generally have a smaller impact on the RRFE than does future climate change itself. The direction of the biogenic effect appears closely linked to organic-nitrate chemistry and whether ozone formation is limited by volatile organic compounds (VOC) or oxides of nitrogen (NOX = NO + NO2). Regions that are generally NOX limited show a decrease in ozone and RRFEC, while VOC-limited regions show an increase in ozone and RRFEC. Comparing results to a previous study using different climate assumptions and models showed large variability in the CAFCB. Implications: We present a methodology for adjusting the RRF to account for the influence of climate change on ozone. The findings of this work suggest that in some geographic regions, climate change has the potential to negate decreases in surface ozone concentrations that would otherwise be achieved through ozone mitigation strategies. In regions of high biogenic VOC emissions relative to anthropogenic NOX emissions, the impact of climate change is somewhat reduced, while the opposite is true in regions of high anthropogenic NOX emissions relative to biogenic VOC emissions. Further, different future climate realizations are shown to impact ozone in different ways.
Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced pancreas cancer rarely leads to radiological evidence of tumour regression.

BACKGROUND Neo-adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy has been proposed to improve resectability of locally-advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). However, the ability of neo-adjuvant therapy to induce radiological tumour regression has not been reported. METHODS Pre- and post-treatment computed tomography (CT) scans of patients undergoing neo-adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy for LAPC were reviewed. LAPC was sub-classified into borderline resectable disease [≤ 180° involvement of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA); short-segment encasement/abutment of the common hepatic artery; or tumour-associated deformity, abutment or short-segment occlusion of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV)/ portal vein (PV) that was amenable to vascular resection and reconstruction] and locally advanced un-resectable pancreatic cancer (vascular involvement more than that described for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer). The radiological response and surgical resection rates were assessed. RESULTS Sixteen patients received neo-adjuvant therapy for LAPC during 2005-2008. Regression of major vascular involvement, i.e. un-encasement or regression of abutment of any involved vessels was not observed in any patient. Pre- and post-treatment tumour densities were not statistically different. Fifty per cent of patients with borderline resectable disease and none of the patients with locally advanced un-resectable pancreatic cancer eventually underwent surgical resection. CONCLUSION Neo-adjuvant treatment does not induce radiological tumour regression of LAPC with major vascular involvement. Patient selection for neo-adjuvant trial enrollment should remain focused on borderline disease which may have a potential for surgical resection.
Social factors and psychopathology: stress, social support, and coping processes.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISTRESS AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: A CHANGING VIEW 403 Focus on Diagnosis . 403 An Emerging View of Depression and Other Psychopathology . """"""""""" 406 Implications for the Study of Social Factors and Psychopathology . " . ". 407 THE STRESS PROCESS 408 Stress . 408 Social Support . " 411 Coping . 414 Violence. Sexual Abuse. and Other Victimization . 416 COMMENTARY 418
Role of Non-Muscle Myosin Light Chain Kinase in Neutrophil-Mediated Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction During Thermal Injury

ABSTRACT Neutrophils and non-muscle myosin light chain kinase (nmMLCK) have been implicated in intestinal microvascular leakage and mucosal hyperpermeability in inflammation and trauma. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of nmMLCK in neutrophil-dependent gut barrier dysfunction following thermal injury, a common form of trauma that typically induces inflammation in multiple organs. Histopathological examination of the small intestine in mice after a full-thickness burn revealed morphological evidence of mucosa inflammation characterized by neutrophil infiltration into the lamina propria, epithelial contraction, and narrow villi with blunt brush borders and loss of goblet cells. Compared with their wild-type counterparts, nmMLCK−/− mice displayed diminished morphological abnormalities. Likewise, intravital microscopic studies showed significant leukocyte adhesion in intestinal microvessels after burn, a response that was blunted in the absence of nmMLCK. Functionally, thermal injury significantly increased the gut lumen-to-blood transport of fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran (4 kd), and this hyperpermeability was attenuated by either neutrophil depletion or nmMLCK deficiency. Consistent with the in vivo observations, in vitro assays with Caco-2 epithelial cell monolayers revealed a decrease in transcellular electric resistance coupled with myosin light chain phosphorylation, actomyosin ring condensation, and claudin-1 internalization upon stimulation with fMLP (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine)–activated neutrophils. Pretreatment of the cells with the MLCK inhibitor ML-7 prevented the tight junction responses. Taken together, the results suggest that nmMLCK plays an important role in neutrophil-dependent intestinal barrier dysfunction during inflammatory injury.
Double-stranded RNA interferes with gene function at the single-cell level in cereals

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has been shown to specifically interfere with gene function in several organisms including tobacco and the model plant Arabidopsis. Here, we report on rapid and sequence-specific interference of dsRNA with gene function in cereals. Delivery of cognate dsRNA into single epidermal cells of maize, barley or wheat by particle bombardment interfered with the function of co-bombarded UidA (GUS) and TaGLP2a:GFP reporter genes. Cognate dsRNA was also found to specifically interfere with the function of the endogenous genes A1 and Ant18 encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase in maize and barley, respectively. Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase is an essential enzyme of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in maize and barley. This pathway can be induced by transient expression of the C1- and b-Peru genes that encode transcription factors. In the presence of dsRNA corresponding to the dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene, C1- and b-Peru-dependent, cell-autonomous accumulation of red anthocyanin pigments in bombarded cells of maize and barley was reduced. dsRNA was also demonstrated to negatively interfere with Mlo, which encodes a negative regulator of race non-specific resistance to the powdery mildew fungus in barley. In the presence of Mlo dsRNA, transformed cells became more resistant, thereby phenocopying plants that carry a heritable loss-of function mlo resistance allele. The results suggest that direct delivery of dsRNA to cereals leads to a rapid and sequence-specific interference with gene function at the single-cell level.
Crohn's Disease.

One theory o f the pathogenesis o f Crohn' s disease is that rather than being caused by a unique environmental agent; it is the result o f an abnormal immune response in the gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies indicate that Crohn's disease in its early stages is frequently associated with the presence of circulating antigen-non-specific suppressor T cells. Such T cells are also found in experimental inflammation caused by Chlamydia organisms in the gastrointestinal tract of nonhuman primates. Taken together, these data suggest that the suppressor T cells are markers of an underlying and persistent, antigen-specific immune response to an as yet unidentified antigen or set o f antigens. We postulate that this underlying antigen-specific response is the result o f a primary immunoregulatory abnormality involving an imbalance between the effects o f antigenspecific helper and suppressor T cells which recognize a common antigen or antigens present in the mucosal environment.
Critical dimensions of trans‐sacral corridors assessed by 3D CT models: Relevance for implant positioning in fractures of the sacrum

Trans‐sacral implants can be used alternatively to sacro‐iliac screws in the treatment of osteoporosis‐associated fragility fractures of the pelvis and the sacrum. We investigated trans‐sacral corridor dimensions, the number of individuals amenable to trans‐sacral fixation, as well as the osseous boundaries and shape of the S1 corridor. 3D models were reconstructed from pelvic CT scans from 92 Europeans and 64 Japanese. A corridor of <12 mm was considered critical for trans‐sacral implant positioning, and <8 mm as impossible. A statistical model of trans‐sacral corridor S1 was computed. The limiting cranio‐caudal diameter was 11.6 mm (±5.4) for S1 and 14 mm (±2.4) for S2. Trans‐sacral implant positioning was critical in 52% of cases for S1, and in 21% for S2. The S1 corridor was impossible in 26%, with no impossible corridor in S2. Antero‐superiorly, the S1 corridor was limited not only by the sacrum but in 40% by the iliac fossa. The statistical model demonstrated a consistent oval shape of the trans‐section of corridor S1. Considering the variable in size and shape of trans‐sacral corridors in S1, a thorough anatomical knowledge and preoperative planning are mandatory using trans‐sacral implants. In critical cases, S2 is a veritable alternative. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2577–2584, 2017.
KIN RECOGNITION IN GROUND SQUIRRELS AND OTHER RODENTS

Abstract Significant advances have been made in understanding kin recognition as it pertains to nepotism (preferential treatment of kin) and mate choice (optimization of inbreeding and outbreeding). Yet complementary knowledge about how animals discriminate conspecifics on the basis of genetic relatedness remains unclear for most species. Because of the diversity of their scent sources and highly developed olfactory systems, rodents present a unique opportunity for examining chemical communication and kin recognition as a function of sociality. I review general processes of kin recognition and summarize mechanisms of recognition used by rodents. As a case study, I also examine recognition systems of ground squirrels, relating odor production and perception to differences in patterns of nepotism. Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) produce ≥2 odors (from oral and dorsal glands) that correlate with relatedness (kin labels), and they are able to use these odors to make precise discriminations among their unfamiliar relatives. Thus, S. beldingi can recognize their distant female kin and male kin, even though these kin are not treated nepotistically (e.g., through cooperative territory defense or alarm call production). Furthermore, S. beldingi use these kin labels and recognition abilities to interact differentially with conspecifics as a function of relatedness. In ground squirrels and in other rodents, components of the kin recognition process (production of recognition cues, discrimination of these cues, and differential treatment of conspecifics) have evolved differentially among even closely related species. Kin recognition abilities in the absence of nepotism might reflect selection for inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, in addition to sex-biased natal dispersal. Together, data and the review demonstrate that recognition abilities cannot be predicted on the basis of sociality alone and suggest that comparative analyses, by multiple assays of discrimination, might be necessary to understand variation in the function of kin recognition within and across species.
Conscious sedation for minor procedures in adults.

To the Editor: In their online video, Jones and colleagues (June 23 issue)1 describe conscious sedation in adults. According to the recommendations of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, the authors propose to discriminate conscious sedation from minimal and deep sedation on the basis of the response to verbal commands or painful stimulation.2 The crucial problem with conscious sedation is to ensure sedation without respiratory depression. In real-life experience, during conscious sedation, respiratory signs are correlated with changes in the patient's eyes. To illustrate, changes in both respiration and eye movement are the keystones of Guedel's stages in anesthesia.3 Today, the .
Intracellular Targeting of Gag Proteins of the Drosophila Telomeric Retrotransposons

ABSTRACT Drosophila has two non-long-terminal-repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons that are unique because they have a defined role in chromosome maintenance. These elements, HeT-A and TART, extend chromosome ends by successive transpositions, producing long arrays of head-to-tail repeat sequences. These arrays appear to be analogous to the arrays produced by telomerase on chromosomes of other organisms. While other non-LTR retrotransposons transpose to many chromosomal sites, HeT-A and TART transpose only to chromosome ends. Although HeT-A and TART belong to different subfamilies of non-LTR retrotransposons, they encode very similar Gag proteins, which suggests that Gag proteins are involved in their unique transposition targeting. We have recently shown that both Gags localize efficiently to nuclei where HeT-A Gag forms structures associated with telomeres. TART Gag does not associate with telomeres unless HeT-A Gag is present, suggesting a symbiotic relationship in which HeT-A Gag provides telomeric targeting. We now report studies to identify amino acid regions responsible for different aspects of the intracellular targeting of these proteins. Green fluorescent protein-tagged deletion derivatives were expressed in cultured Drosophila cells. The intracellular localization of these proteins shows the following. (i) Several regions that direct subcellular localizations or cluster formation are found in both Gags and are located in equivalent regions of the two proteins. (ii) Regions important for telomere association are present only in HeT-A Gag. These are present at several places in the protein, are not redundant, and cannot be complemented in trans. (iii) Regions containing zinc knuckle and major homology region motifs, characteristic of retroviral Gags, are involved in protein-protein interactions of the telomeric Gags, as they are in retroviral Gags.
Energy allocation during concurrent pregnancy and lactation in Norway rats with delayed and undelayed implantation.

Despite the high cost of lactation alone, concurrent pregnancy and lactation (CPL) is widespread among rodents. Many species that exhibit CPL delay implantation of the litter in utero while nursing. The first purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of energy allocation during CPL in a species with a large degree of overlap between gestation and lactation. Resting metabolic rate, food consumption and mass changes of Norway rat dams and litters, digestive efficiency and urinary energy loss of dams, and pup tissue energy equivalents were determined for CPL dams and for dams that were only lactating (C). CPL dams had significantly higher metabolic rates than C dams. Food consumption, pup growth, tissue energy equivalents, and assimilation efficiency were similar for both groups. The energy equivalent of mass change was greater for C dams, which gained in maternal mass (lipid) during lactation, than for CPL dams, which only increased in mass because of the litter in utero. The second purpose of this study was to investigate the suggestion that delayed implantation during CPL evolved as a mechanism to lower peak energy demands during CPL. Concurrently pregnant and lactating dams were injected with estrone (ECPL dams) on days 3-16 of lactation to prevent them from delaying implantation. A group of dams that were only lactating also received estrone injections (EC dams). ECPL dams produced smaller offspring at weaning than EC dams. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
BIOCHEMICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS AND INTESTINAL MICROFLORA OF FREE-RANGING RICORD'S IGUANAS (CYCLURA RICORDII)

Abstract Caribbean iguanas, including the Ricord's iguana (Cyclura ricordii) are ranked as critically endangered on the International Union of the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. The taxon is endemic to Hispaniola, where it inhabits xeric lowlands and is found in a very limited range in two subpopulations in the southwestern area of the island. The goals of this study were to obtain and analyze plasma biochemical and intestinal microbiological data from Ricord's iguanas in the subpopulation of the Neiba Valley, on Cabritos Island National Park, Dominican Republic, and to establish biochemical reference intervals. A total of 23 blood samples from clinically healthy iguanas (16 males, 7 females) and 14 fecal samples from clinically healthy iguanas were analyzed. Adult female iguanas had higher concentrations of cholesterol, phosphorus, triglycerides, urea, uric acid, and aspartate transaminase activity compared with male iguanas, although the difference was not statistically significant. Seventeen bacterial isolates were obtained, including: Salmonella sp. (serogroup B; serogroup D negative) Escherichia coli, Brevibacterium sp. , Enterobacter cloacae, and Enterococcus durans. These data will help contribute to the management and recovery of Ricord's iguana populations.
A new asymptotic analysis of throughput enhancement from selection diversity using a high SNR approach in multiuser systems

This letter presents our study of throughput enhancement achieved by multiuser diversity (MUDiv) in a multiuser system using a new asymptotic approach. The MUDiv gain is evaluated by deriving a new asymptotic formula with a closed form, which is flexible to the number of MUDiv orders. To do this, we simplify a Puiseux series instead of a extreme value theory used in the previous researches. The formula shows that the MUDiv gain is independent of the signal-to-noise ratio, and it is applied to analyze proportional fair scheduling. Finally, this analysis is verified using Monte-Carlo simulations of scheduling algorithms.
The effect of thymectomy on lupus-prone mice.

The effect of neonatal thymectomy on the induction and/or modification of murine SLE disease was examined in several representative groups of mice with early-life SLE (MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr females, BXSB males, (NZB X W)F1 females, (NZW X BXSB)F1 males and females), late-life SLE (MRL/Mp-+/+ and BXSB females), and normal strains (BALB/c and C57BL/6 females). Our results indicated that thymectomy prevented disease only in the MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr SLE mice, and that this effect diminished as thymectomy was delayed beyond 3 wk post-natally. In the other SLE mice studied, neonatal thymectomy did not modify disease symptoms to any significant degree. Moreover, depletion of mature T cells from donor BXSB male bone marrow did not affect the expression of early-life SLE in thymectomized BXSB female recipients. Neonatal thymectomy did not induce SLE in normal mice. Of note, neonatal thymectomy did not completely deplete the Thy-1.2+ cell population, i.e., 10 to 15% remained in the spleens of the thymectomized mice. This incomplete T cell depletion, together with the previously demonstrated dependence on and hyperresponsiveness of BXSB and (NZB X W)F1 B cells to T helper cell-derived accessory signals, cast doubts on earlier conclusions that B cells from some SLE mice can autonomously proliferate and differentiate to autoantibody-secreting cells. It seems more appropriate to conclude that B cells from the various SLE mice vary in their degree of response to, and production of, T cell-derived helper signals, and thus in their expression of B cell hyperactivity and disease.
Frequency of Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background: Nosocomial infections in PICU vary from 6–26%. Causative pathogens isolated depend upon patient disease, exposure to invasive and non-invasive procedures, and body-system affected. Objectives: To determine frequency of nosocomial infections, organisms involved, sites affected and clinical outcome in pediatric patients. Methods: It is a retrospective cross-sectional study on pediatric patients who acquired infections after 48 hours of admission in PICU at King Abdulaziz Medical City during 2012. Data was collected from medical, laboratory records. Results: 22 (3%) patients acquired nosocomial infections in 684 admissions during year 2012, out of which 12 were female and 10 were male patients. The common incidence was found in first year of age (10 patients). There were a total of 57 events in these patients; respiratory infections were the commonest (24) followed by urinary infections (19). Most common organism involved was Klebsiella (16) followed by Candida (13). Most common pathogens isolated from respiratory infections were Klebsiella pneumoniae (6) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5), while Klebsiella (6) and Candida (5) were found in urinary tract infections. The common organisms causing septicemia included Candida (4) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4). In initial 10 days of admission at PICU, 10 patients acquired the infection (median 14 days). Acquisition of nosocomial infections prolonged hospitalization (median 49.5 days). Conclusion: Nosocomial infections were caused by Klebsiella and Candida. These pathogens mainly caused respiratory, urinary and hematogenous infections, respectively. They have prolonged hospitalization. There is an extensive need for further studies to identify risk factors and review empiric management.
Pathways to Women's Crime: Differences Among Women Convicted of Drug, Violence and Fraud Offenses

ABSTRACT The current study was conducted on 60 Israeli female inmates. Our aim was to examine the differences among women convicted for drug, violence, and fraud offenses by socio-demographic variables and self-control and aggression levels. Results revealed that the drug group was characterized by measures attributed to chronic delinquency, and the fraud group was found to fit the pathway to low crime. At the same time, the violence group was not characterized by any of these patterns. The findings were discussed in relation to their theoretical contribution and applicability.