Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stakeholders’ perception of the nutrition and health claim regulation

Abstract In 2007, the Nutrition and Health Claim Regulation (NHCR) entered into force, which required scientific substantiation of health claims. In the field of antioxidants, most proposed claims were negatively assessed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). This study reviews the perception of the NHCR of 14 Dutch stakeholders to unravel the grounds for disproving the putative health claims. Most claims are shown to be refused based on the quality of scientific substantiation, due to usage of scientific methods on which no consensus has been reached and the differences in expectations and requirements. Three themes exemplify the need for improvement in applying the NHCR: (i) enforcement; (ii) methodology; and (iii) perceived impact of the NHCR. With highly diverging perceptions of stakeholders, the current effectiveness of the NHCR can be questioned. The views of different stakeholders on these themes help to focus the discussion on the NCHR in capturing health effects.
ADHERENCE AND NONADHERENCE TO ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS

The aims of this study were to identify dimensions of reasons for adherence and nonadherence to antipsychotic medications, and their associations with clinical and demographic profiles. A total number of 106 participants with DSM-IV psychosis spectrum disorders from two larger studies in inpatient and community settings participated. The Rating of Medication Influences (ROMI) Scale was used to measure subjective reasons for adherence and nonadherence. A series of multiple regression analyses found that mood symptom scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) predicted most dimensions of reasons for adherence and nonadherence. Higher mood scores were associated with positive affinity for medications and positive relationship with clinicians. Lower mood scores predicted four out of five reasons for nonadherence. Adherence and nonadherence behaviors were determined by different variables and were not mirror opposites.
Central and mixed venous blood oxygen correlate well during acute normovolemic hemodilution in anesthetized pigs

Background: Central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) and oxygen tension (pcvO2), obtained from the superior vena cava, correlate well with mixed venous (pulmonary arterial) oxygen saturation (SvO2) and tension (pvO2) when the hematocrit is normal. The present study was undertaken to assess whether extreme hemodilution affects this relation.
Benefits of the implementation of structured educational program in hypertension management.

BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of patients' education on treatment compliance and blood pressure (BP) control, as well as lifestyle in hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS Education with the structured program was performed in 89 patients with essential hypertension. The patients knowledge level was determined using a special questionnaire with 26 questions. The regularity of BP self-control and drug treatment were assessed before and after the educational course as well as after 6-months of follow-up. RESULTS The knowledge level increased after education from 58 +/- 12% up to 92 +/- 11% (p < 0.05), the proportion of patients on regular medication from 34.4% to 74.2% (p < 0.05). Sixty (67.4%) of patients started to perform regular BP self-control. The improvement of knowledge level and treatment compliance was not accompanied by significant changes in lifestyle such as smoking cessation and body weight loss. CONCLUSIONS The structured patients' education resulted in the increase of patients' knowledge, improvement of drug compliance and self-monitoring of BP. Modification of lifestyle appears to be more problematic point as it did not show any significant improvement.
Peripheral and liver tissue oxygen tensions in hemorrhagic shock

ConclusionsReductions of both peripheral and portal venous Po2 values occur early during hemorrhage. The liver tissue Po2, though initially low, appears to be better defended, suggesting either redistribution of splanchnic blood flow or adaptation in hepatic oxygen demand. (Crit Care Med 1992; 20:1330–1334)
Immunogenicity of two efficacious outer membrane protein-based serogroup B meningococcal vaccines among young adults in Iceland.

Serum bactericidal activity (SBA) and ELISA antibody levels elicited by two efficacious serogroup B meningococcal vaccines were measured in a controlled trial involving 408 15- to 20-year-olds. Subjects were given two doses at a 6-week interval of a serogroup B or control vaccine. Response was defined as > or = 4-fold rise in antibody level. After two doses of the Finlay Institute (Havana) vaccine at 12 months, the proportions of SBA and ELISA responders were not different from those of the control group (15% and 17% [vaccine] vs. 13% and 9% [control], P > .05). After two doses of the National Institute of Public Health (Oslo) vaccine, there were more SBA and ELISA responders than in the control group (47% and 34% [vaccine] vs. 10% and 1% [control]) or the Finlay Institute vaccine group (P < .05 for both). SBA and ELISA may be insensitive correlates for protective efficacy for some outer membrane protein-based serogroup B meningococcal vaccines.
Omapatrilat Induces Profound Renal Vasodilation but Does Not Affect Coronary Hemodynamics

Background: Omapatrilat has potent enzymatic inhibitory effects on the angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase. The prolonged effects of this inhibition on systemic and regional hemodynamics, cardiovascular mass, and hydroxyproline concentration in spontaneously hypertensive rats were studied. The contribution of endogenous bradykinin on the cardiovascular actions of omapatrilat in this genetic model of hypertension was also investigated.Methods and Results: Systemic and regional hemodynamics (radionuclide-labeled microspheres), left and right ventricular and aortic masses, and hydroxyproline concentration were determined in 35-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats after 12 weeks of treatment with omapatrilat (40 mg/kg/day), with and without the bradykinin receptor antagonist icatibant (500,ug/kg/day). Omapatrilat decreased mean arterial pressure, reducing total peripheral resistance as well as decreased left ventricular and aortic mass indices. It also induced a profound renovasodilation associated with a decrease renal vascular resistance that markedly increased renal blood flow. Coronary hemodynamics and left ventricular hydroxyproline concentration remained unaltered. Concomitant blockade of bradykinin receptors partially attenuated the hypotensive effect of omapatrilat and its effect on aortic mass; and icatibant did not influence the renovasodilation.Conclusion: Omapatrilat produced profoundly beneficial effects on systemic and renal hemodynamics, as well as on left ventricular and aortic masses, without any effect on coronary hemodynamics. These effects of omapatrilat on arterial pressure and aortic mass, but not on renal hemodynamics and left ventricular mass, may have been at least partially mediated through the action of bradykinin.
Intracranial hemorrhage in chronic childhood ITP.

Pediatricians would cease to worry about therapy for children with simple immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenia (ITP) if they were not transfixed by the fear of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). That fear is fueled by ignorance and there are very sparse data on the incidence and outcome of intracerebral bleeding in ITP, particularly in the relatively few patients who remain profoundly thrombocytopenic for 6 months or more. In the exhaustive literature review undertaken by the ITP guideline panel of the American Society of Hematology (ASH), 30 incidents of ICH are cited, including 18 occurring between 1 month and 5 years after diagnosis [ l ] . In another report completed too late to be included in the ASH survey, 13 more previously unpublished cases (4 arising over 6 months from diagnosis) were discovered in a study from the United Kingdom [2] . These 43 events must represent close to the total recorded experience and tell us something about morbidity and mortality. They tell us less about incidence. The UK questionnaire-based survey did attempt to find out how often ICH occurs by making certain assumptions. These were (1) that for the 20-year period of the study the UK incidence of childhood ITP was 4.8 per 100,000 per year, (2) that at least 10% of children with ITP would progress to chronicity and thus affect prevalence, and (3) that the retrospective survey would fail to capture at least 50% of the actual number of events. On that basis, with 14 cases of ICH being reported during the period in question (one previously published), the maximum ICH risk was estimated overall to be 1:500. Taking the platelet count into account and making the further assumption that ICH in ITP rarely if ever occurs with a count over 20 x 109/L, the maximum risk was stratified from around 12350 in the first month to 1:100 at 6 months [2]. These figures are considerably less worry-
Air Conduction Thresholds after Myringoplasty and Stapes Surgery: A Conventional and High Frequency Audiometric Comparison

A comparison has been made of air conduction thresholds after myringoplasty and stapes surgery for otosclerosis in both the conventional (0.25 to 8 kHz) and high frequency (8 to 20 kHz) ranges. Significant threshold losses occurred in the high frequencies following both procedures. Threshold improvement was significantly greater at the lower frequencies following stapes surgery, while high frequency threshold deterioration was significantly less in the myringoplasty group. High frequency audiometry may prove to be a sensitive monitor of middle ear surgical techniques.
The relationship between inflammatory and serosal connective tissue changes in ileal Crohn's disease: evidence for a possible causative link

The relationship between the gross connective tissue and inflammatory changes in ileal Crohn's disease remains unclear. This study investigated 20 patients undergoing ileal resection for Crohn's disease and 20 normal controls. The specimens were blocked in 1 cm serial sections and fully examined, including fresh morphometry and documentation of a range of pathological features. Pathological features of disease showed uniform distributions within affected segments, although specimens showed different patterns and severity of affliction. Serosal fat wrapping (FW) was present in all cases and was significantly greater than normals [mean 63.5% (SD 27.8) vs. 21.0% (6.4), p<0.001], as was mesenteric thickening (MTh) [mean 18.0 mm (SD 11.1) vs. 5.9 mm (2.2), p<0.001]. The extent of FW correlated significantly with the degree of acute and chronic inflammation (r=0.32 and 0.23 respectively, p<0.01), particularly the extent of transmural inflammation in the form of lymphoid aggregates (r=0.35, p<0.01). MTh did not correlate with any features studied. These findings support the hypothesis that serosal connective tissue changes in Crohn's disease are related to the local effects of underlying chronic inflammatory infiltrates. Full thickness, radial samples from a grossly affected area are representative of the histopathological features present in a diseased segment as a whole. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collaborative comparison of broth macrodilution and microdilution antifungal susceptibility tests

A collaborative comparison of macro- and microdilution antifungal susceptibility tests was performed in five laboratories. MICs of amphotericin B, fluconazole, flucytosine, and ketoconazole were determined in all five centers against 95 coded isolates of Candida spp. , Cryptococcus neoformans, and Torulopsis glabrata. A standard protocol with the following National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing recommendations was used: an inoculum standardized by spectrophotometer, buffered (RPMI 1640) medium (pH 7.0), incubation at 35 degrees C, and an additive drug dilution procedure. Two inoculum sizes were tested (1 x 10(4) to 5 x 10(3) to 2.5 x 10(3) CFU/ml) and three scoring criteria were evaluated for MIC endpoint determinations, which were scored as 0 (optically clear), < or = 1 (slightly hazy turbidity), and < or = 2 (prominent decrease in turbidity compared with that of the growth control). Overall intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility was optimal with the low-density inoculum, the second-day readings, and MICs scored as either 1 or 2. The microdilution MICs demonstrated interlaboratory agreement with most of the four drugs higher than or similar to that of the macrodilution MICs. In general, there was good interlaboratory agreement with amphotericin B, fluconazole, and flucytosine; ketoconazole gave more variable results.
The relationship between morningness – eveningness preference and online learning

Abstract This study explored whether circadian preference is related to students' attitudes and choices to attend lectures or watch them online, and whether these variables relate to course performance. The subjects were 847 students enrolled in an introductory psychology course who completed an online survey that contained the Morningness – Eveningness Questionnaire and that ascertained their attitudes towards online lectures and the extent to which they attended lectures or watched them online; course performance was also recorded. The results revealed that evening-type students were significantly more likely to have a positive attitude toward online lectures and to choose to watch lectures online. Course performance was not linked to morningness – eveningness preference, lecture mode choice, or their interaction. The results suggest that online lectures appeal differentially to students with a morning or evening orientation, but that watching lectures in a modality that does not accommodate a student's circadian preference does not handicap performance.
Angiogenesis: prognostic and therapeutic implications in gynecologic and breast malignancies

Purpose of review Growth, invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors depend on angiogenesis, which is therefore considered an attractive therapeutic target and indicator of clinical outcome. Summarizing the results of very recent studies, we discuss the clinical relevance of vascularization of breast and gynecological tumors. Recent findings The prognostic values of directly assessed vascularity (microvessel density) and angiogenic factors have been confirmed for these malignancies, despite few contradictory results that may be due to methodological inaccuracy. In addition, many studies point to a role of angiogenesis as a predictor of response to both antiangiogenic and conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy. For a conclusive evaluation, however, further studies covering all clinically relevant subgroups of patients are needed. Novel therapeutic approaches with inhibitors of angiogenesis are promising, although the adaptation of most experimentally proven approaches to clinical practice appears to be a laborious process. Furthermore, for an appropriate clinical evaluation of these drugs, newly defined endpoints of treatment and new monitoring systems reflecting their mode of action and the anticipated biological effects are required. Summary The prognostic and predictive value of angiogenic factors and microvessel density has been confirmed. Antiangiogenic therapy will most likely play an important role in future clinical management of malignant diseases.
Electronic library services acceptance and use: An empirical validation of unified theory of acceptance and use of technology

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to apply the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model in the context of electronic library services in public Jordanian universities. This study investigated the determinants of use behaviour (UB) regarding electronic library services, and the moderating effects of age, gender, experience, education level and academic discipline on the relationships between the determinants and behavioural intention (BI). Design/methodology/approach – Quantitative data were collected, through a questionnaire instrument from a sample of 575 students. Statistical analysis of the study’s model was conducted using the structural equation modelling technique. Findings – Empirical examination of the model’s hypotheses indicated that students’ “intention to use” electronic library services is dependent on performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE) and social influence (SI), while students’ “use behaviour” is dependent on facilitating conditions (FCs) and int.
A Comparison of Chloride, Bromide, and Sucrose Dilution Volumes in Neonatal Pigs 1

Abstract Use of 36Cl, 82Br, and [3H]sucrose to estimate extracellular water volume was evaluated in 14 piglets (7–14 days old). 36Cl and 82Br were distributed in approximately the same volume, but a period of 5–6 hr after injection was required to reach equilibrium in the neonatal pig. Dilution volumes calculated before equilibration (2–5 hr) for 36Cl (326 ± 11 ml/kg) and 82Br (328 ± 13 ml/kg) were different from equilibration (6–8 hr) phase volumes (356 ± 13 ml/kg and 355 ± 13 ml/kg, respectively; P < 0.001). A 3-hr sample estimated the same volume distribution calculated by extrapolation of the 6- to 8-hr period because of the relationship between the two slopes of the plasma clearance curves. After the 82Br and 36Cl had achieved equilibration, each was distributed in a volume equivalent to total body chloride space (362 ± 29 ml/kg) measured by neutron activation; no statistical differences were found (P = 0.6). The early equilibration phase measured a 10% smaller, faster exchangeable fraction of total body Cl. Sucrose dilution volume (332 ± 19 ml/kg) required multiple plasma samples for extrapolation and measured a dilution volume 7% smaller (P < 0.05) than total body chloride space.
Facial-Hypoglossal Nerve Anastomosis Using Laser Nerve Welding

The aim of this study is to compare laser nerve welding to microsurgical suturing of hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis (HFA), and a result of immediate to delayed repair, and to evaluate the effect of laser nerve welding on HFA for reanimation of facial palsy. The first group of five rats underwent immediate HFA by microsurgical suturing and the second group of five rats by CO2 laser welding. The third group of five rats underwent delayed HFA by microsurgical suturing, and the fourth group of five rats by laser nerve welding. The fifth group of five rats served as controls, with intact hypoglossal and facial nerve. In all rats of the four different treatment groups, cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) was injected in the epineurium distal to the anastomosis site on the postoperative 6th week and in the normal hypoglossal nerve in the five rats of the control group. Neurons labeled CTb of hypoglossal nuclei were positive immunohistochemically, and the numbers were counted. In the immediate HFA groups, CTb-positive neurons were 751 ± 247 in the laser welding group (n = 5) and 888 ± 60 in the microsurgical suturing group (n = 5). There was no significant difference (P = 0.117). In the delayed HFA groups, CTb-positive neurons were 749 ± 54 in the laser welding group (n = 5) and 590 ± 169 in the microsurgical suturing group (n = 5). The difference was not significant (P = 0.116). There was no significant difference between immediate and delayed anastomosis in the laser welding group (P = 0.600), but there was significance between immediate and delayed anastomosis in the microsurgical suturing group (P = 0.009). Injected CTb in intact hypoglossal neurons (n = 5) were labeled 1,003 ± 52. No dehiscence in the laser welding site of nerve anastomosis was seen at the time of re-exploration for injection of CTb in all 10 rats. This study shows that the regeneration of anastomosed hypoglossal-facial nerve was affected similarly by laser welding and microsurgical suturing, and more effective, especially in delayed repair.
Risk Factors of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery

Abstract Background: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) occurs in up to 50% of cardiac surgery patients and represents the most common postoperative arrhythmic complication. The etiology of AF after open‐heart surgery is incompletely understood and its prevention remains suboptimal. Identification of patients vulnerable for postoperative AF would allow targeting of those most likely to benefit from aggressive prophylactic intervention. The aim of the present study was to evaluate clinical predictors of postoperative AF. Methods and Results: Patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery in the absence of significant left ventricular dysfunction (n = 253; average age 65 ± 11 years) were recruited to the present prospective study. Ninety‐nine patients (39.1%) of the total study population developed AF during the postoperative period. The median age for patients with postoperative AF was 69 years compared with 64 years for patients without (p < 0.001). In addition to advanced age, AF patients were more likely to have surgery for valvular heart disease and less likely to have preoperative beta‐adrenergic blockers than patients without AF. Multivariate logistic regression analysis (odds ratio, ±95% CI, p value) was used to identify the following independent clinical predictors of postoperative AF: increasing age (above vs. below median [OR = 2.6; CI, 1.2 to 3.9; p < 0.01]), and surgery for valvular heart disease (vs. coronary artery bypass grafting [OR 2.8; CI, 1.1 to 3.5; p < 0.01)]). Additionally, postoperative complications (stroke, infections, unstable hemodynamics [OR = 1.9; CI, 1.0 to 7.5; p < 0.05]), and preoperative nonuse of beta‐adrenergic blockers (OR = 1.7; CI, 1.1 to 4.9; p < 0.05) were associated with increased risk for postoperative AF. Both, patients with and without AF had similar body mass index, preoperative heart rate, preoperative blood pressure, and duration of surgery. Male sex did not identify patients at high risk for development of AF after cardiac surgery. Conclusions: Postoperative AF remains the most common complication after cardiac surgery. A combination of advanced age and type of surgery identifies patients at high risk for development of AF after cardiac surgery.
The effect of human cord blood therapy on the intestinal tract of lethally irradiated mice: Possible use for mass casualties

Purpose: To evaluate the recovery of the gastrointestinal tract in lethally irradiated mice treated with human cord blood and antibiotics. Materials and methods: A/J mice were randomly assigned to seven study groups, including groups exposed to acute 9 Gy from 137Cs γ-rays to the whole body. Four hours after irradiation, exposed mice were treated with either cord blood nucleated cells, Levaquin, or a combination of both. Weight gain/loss and survival were monitored for 2 months. Upon death or euthanasia, the organs were prepared for molecular and histological analyses. Results: Whereas irradiated mice (n = 9) lived 6–15 days, ∼ 60% of irradiated mice that received the combined treatment (n = 7) survived more than 50 days. None of the treated animals developed Graft versus Host disease. All animals lost weight after irradiation; however, the 50+ days-survivors (n = 4) gained on average ∼1.8 g over their initial weight. Whereas hemorrhagic bone marrow and large areas of transmural necrosis were observed in the bowel of the irradiated mice, the 50+ days-survivors showed recovery of the bone marrow. They behaved normally and had significant but incomplete recovery of the intestinal and colonic mucosa. Human DNA was detected in their organs, particularly in the large intestine. Conclusion: Red cell-depleted cord blood transfusions combined with antibiotic treatment contribute to bone marrow and gastrointestinal recovery in high dose-irradiated mice, and may be an available therapy for mass casualties during radiological emergencies.