Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SANS 444:2014: A new standard for small-ampoule labeling and a chance to reduce drug administration errors in South Africa.

227 March 2016, Vol. 106, No. 3 SANS 444:2014: A new standard for small-ampoule labelling and a chance to reduce drug administration errors in South Africa To the Editor: Drug administration errors remain a hazard in operating theatres and other clinical areas in healthcare facilities worldwide. [1] A prospective study published in 2009 involving over 30 000 anaesthetics at three South African (SA) academic institutions confirmed that drug administration errors by anaesthetists are common. [2] In the study, the incidence of either a drug administration error or a near miss was 1:274 anaesthetics. The most common cause of error (36.9%) was drug ampoule misidentification, and of these errors the majority were due to similar-looking ampoules. Although there were no deaths due to drug errors in the study, a previous survey into drug administration errors by SA anaesthetists revealed that more than 94% of respondents had made a drug error and that in a minority of cases the error caused death or non-fatal cardiac arrest. [3] These figures are similar to those published in the international literature. [1,4] A significant step towards improving drug administration safety is the 2014 publication of a new South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) standard for ampoule labelling. [5] The key feature of the new standard is that labels will be much more legible in the clinical arena. The standard focuses on font size, text legibility and orientation, text contrasts, ordering of label content, and language. It mandates the use of the generic name of the drug on the label and states that, if used, the trade name may not exceed the size of the generic name. To create space for clearer labelling on small ampoules, English is now the only mandatory language. The standard also recommends that where applicable, manufacturers should on part of the label utilise the colours specified for identifying specific drug classes on syringe labels, as per the SABS standard (South African National Standards) SANS 26825. [6] This new SANS standard should decrease the risk of drug substitution errors if adopted by the pharmaceutical industry, and by national professional bodies, hospital groups and the national and provincial departments of health as a key standard to their drug ordering strategies.
From Brain Maps to Cognitive Ontologies : Informatics and the Search for Mental Structure

A major goal of cognitive neuroscience is to delineate how brain systems give rise to mental function. Here we review the increasingly large role informatics-driven approaches are playing in such efforts. We begin by reviewing a number of challenges conventional neuroimaging approaches face in trying to delineate brain-cognition mappings—for example, the difficulty in establishing the specificity of postulated associations. Next, we demonstrate how these limitations can potentially be overcome using complementary approaches that emphasize large-scale analysis—including metaanalytic methods that synthesize hundreds or thousands of studies at a time; latent-variable approaches that seek to extract structure from data in a bottom-up manner; and predictive modeling approaches capable of quantitatively inferring mental states from patterns of brain activity. We highlight the underappreciated but critical role for formal cognitive ontologies in helping to clarify, refine, and test theories of brain and cognitive function. Finally, we conclude with a speculative discussion of what future informatics developments may hold for cognitive neuroscience. 587 Click here to view this article's online features: • Download figures as PPT slides • Navigate linked references • Download citations • Explore related articles • Search keywords ANNUAL REVIEWS Further A nn u. R ev . P sy ch ol . 2 01 6. 67 :5 87 -6 12 . D ow nl oa de d fr om w w w . a nn ua lr ev ie w s. or g A cc es s pr ov id ed b y U ni ve rs ity o f T ex as A us tin o n 03 /1 8/ 16 . F or p er so na l u se o nl y. PS67CH24-Poldrack ARI 13 November 2015 20:41
Passive Smoking and Alveolar Bone Density

The aim of this study was to study the influence of passive smoking on the alveolar bone density and to what extent bone loss and bone resorption occur. The study included 60 females aged from 30 to 45 years with mean age 37.7 years; the examinees were divided into two groups according to exposure to passive smoking. The first group (control) included thirty subjects not exposed to passive smoking. The second group (passive smokers group) included thirty subjects exposed to passive smoking at home or at work Digital panoramic radiographs were taken for all the subjects. The radiodensitometric measurements in the three lower dental arch segments were performed for all the radiographs using the Digora soft ware system. Results showed that the clinical attachment loss 1 (M ) and the values of radiometric measurements measured from cemento-enamel junction to alveolar 2 crest (alveolar bone loss, M ) were higher in passive smoker group than control group while alveolar 1 2 radiodensity measurements (D , D , D3) were higher in control group than passive smokers group (P<0.01). In conclusion, exposure to passive smoking is destructive and leads to decrease bone density and height of supporting structure of teeth.
Restoration and Management of the Inner Mongolia Grassland Require a Sustainable Strategy

Land degradation is one of the major environmental problems worldwide and has become particularly severe in recent decades in China, with its rapid economic developments. China has an enormous area of grasslands, covering 41% of its territory (3.93 million km), and grasslands are regarded as among the most important natural resources because of their ecological and economic importance. However, anthropogenic activities have led to large-scale land degradation across the vast Inner Mongolia grassland, the main grassland region of China and part of the Eurasia Steppe that stretches from East China to Hungary. Grassland degradation of this magnitude could alter regional and even global environments, but such degradation can also directly affect the livelihood of millions of people who have lived in the region for generations (1, 2). Inner Mongolia covers an area of 1.1 million km and has a population of 20.3 million. Recent surveys have shown that nearly 90% of the grasslands now are degraded to varying degrees, which is more than twice as much as was estimated 10 years ago (3). On average, current grassland primary productivity is only about 50% of that of the undegraded steppe. The land degradation in this region is generally believed to be a major reason for the increasing frequency of severe sandstorms and dust storms in northern China (particularly in Beijing and adjacent regions) in recent decades (4, 5). Because the environmental and economic future of the Inner Mongolia grassland is at stake, scientifically sound ecosystem management strategies are urgently needed for the sustainability of this region.
PENGARUH PRODUK DAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP TRANSAKSI CROSS SELLING NASABAH PT. BANK MANDIRI (PERSERO) TBK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengujiPengaruh produkdankualitas pelayanan terhadap transaksi cross selling nasabah pada PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk. KCP Mayjend Sungkono Madiun. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 2.775 nasabah dengan sampel 350 nasabah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1)Produk berpengaruh secara parsial terhadap transaksi cross selling nasabah pada PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk. KCP Mayjend Sungkono Madiun. 2) Kualitas pelayanan secara parsial berpengaruh terhadap transaksi cross selling nasabah pada PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk. KCP Mayjend Sungkono Madiun. 3) Produk dan kualitas pelayanan secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap transaksi cross selling nasabah pada PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk. KCP Mayjend Sungkono Madiun. Kata Kunci : Produk; Kualitas Pelayanan; Cross Selling .
Competition and Momentum Profits

Fama and French (2008) point out that momentum is the premier anomaly confronting the finance profession. We develop a measure of buy-side competition for momentum investing and show that it explains abnormal returns from both price and earnings momentum. Both strategies are profitable when buy-side competition for exploiting profits from these strategies is low, including in the post-2000 sample. Price and earnings momentum generate monthly alpha of more than 130 basis points and 40 basis points, respectively, when competition is low but neither strategy yields significant alpha when competition is high. We also present related evidence from the post-2008 momentum crash. ∗Hoberg is at the University of Southern California, and can be reached at hoberg@marshall.usc. edu, Kumar is at the Indian School of Business, and can be reached at nitin kumar@isb.edu, and Prabhala is at the University of Maryland, and can be reached at prabhala@umd.edu. We thank Ravi Shastry (2017 Finance Down Under discussant), and seminar participants at the 2016 ISB Finance-Econ brown bag, and 2017 Finance Down Under conference for helpful comments. Any remaining errors are ours alone. Copyright c ©2017 by Gerard Hoberg, Nitin Kumar, and Nagpurnanand Prabhala. All rights reserved.
Correlates of patterns of substance abuse among patients with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE Most previous research on substance abuse among patients with schizophrenia has not considered the types of substances abused or the confounding influences of polysubstance abuse. The authors' goals were to identify patterns of substance abuse among a sample of subjects with schizophrenia and to determine demographic and clinical correlates of these patterns. METHODS Subjects with schizophrenia were identified from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study data base, which also provided information on the types of substances abused and on selected demographic and clinical characteristics. Latent class analysis was used to group subjects based on their patterns of substance abuse. Logistic regression was used to identify demographic and clinical correlates of the patterns. RESULTS Three latent classes based on patterns of substance abuse were identified: no substance abuse, abuse of alcohol and cannabis, and polysubstance abuse. Subjects with either of the two patterns of substance abuse were more likely to be younger and male and to have depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The results do not support a link between abuse of specific substances and specific clinical symptoms but do suggest a general link between substance abuse and affective disturbance among schizophrenic patients.
Effect of Induced Interferon in Experimental Rhinovirus Infections in Volunteers

Nasal administration of an interferon inducer, CP-20,961 (N, N-dioctadecyl-N′, N′-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)propanediamine), was evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of experimental rhinovirus infection in 29 volunteers. Detectable nasal interferon developed in 10 of 15 subjects treated with CP-20,961, and 2 of 14 in the group receiving placebo (P < 0.006). Titers of CP-20,961-induced interferon ranged from 10 to 250 international units, concentrations similar to those observed in rhinovirus infections. Ten in the CP-20,961 group and eight in the placebo group became ill (P > 0.05). However, mean total sign scores were significantly diminished among CP-20,961-treated subjects as compared with placebo-treated subjects (P < 0.025). No significant effect was noted on quantitative virus shedding patterns or neutralizing antibody responses. These findings suggest that such concentrations of induced interferon do not protect against rhinovirus infection, and that factors other than interferon may be important in recovery from rhinovirus infection.
Potential Roles of ROS and NF-kappaB in TNF-alpha Release in Rat Alveolar Macrophages Exposed to Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

The pulmonary toxicology of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was highlighted recently when single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were reported to be highly toxic and fibrotic in mice and in rats when administered by intratracheal instillation. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of SWCNTs on human health and the environment before utilizing them on a large scale. The purpose of this study was designed to assess the effects of SWCNTs on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release and to elucidate possible molecular mechanisms in primary rat alveolar macrophages as a model system. Our results showed exposure of the cultured alveolar macrophages to SWCNTs elicited a concentration-dependent TNF- α release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in alveolar macrophages. In the presence of the antioxidants N-acetyl-Lcysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH), the SWCNTs-induced of TNF- α release and ROS production was significantly reduced. SWCNTs treatment caused an activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB). Pretreatment of alveolar macrophages with NF-κB inhibitors, L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) and parthenolide, suppressed SWCNTs-induced TNF-α expression. These results indicate that SWCNTs are able to induce TNF-α release in rat primary alveolar macrophages, at least in part, mediated by oxidative stress and NF- κB activation.
Modélisation des ressources en fabrication mécanique : application au choix des outils coupants dans un environnement orienté objet

L'objectif de ce travail est de fournir un environnement ou les fonctions de l'entreprise et tout particulierement la fonction methode peuvent jouer leurs roles pour permettre a l'entreprise d'atteindre les buts qu'elle s'est fixe. Il s'agit, d'une part d'une integration de ces fonctions autour d'un modele de ressources unique et partage par l'ensemble des services de l'entreprise, et d'autre part, de l'automatisation de l'application de choix des outils coupants au sein de la fonction methode. Cette application utilise le modele commun pour avoir acces a l'ensemble des ressources qui sont impliquees dans le choix des outils coupants. La premiere phase de ce travail consiste a identifier et a structurer les parametres utilises dans les differents systemes concernes (aspect statique). Pour cela, sont pris en compte a la fois les parametres de definition de l'outil (geometriques et dimensionnels), et les parametres fonctionnels. Les fonctions concernees sont relatives a la preparation de l'usinage (choix d'outil, prereglage, etc. ), a la determination des conditions technologiques de coupe, a la FAO (generation des trajectoires et programmation des machines outils) et enfin a la gestion (approvisionnement, ordonnancement et magasin). La deuxieme phase de ce travail consiste a developper l'aspect dynamique permettant de relier les parametres entre eux. Ceci se fait, tout d'abord, au sein du systeme de gestion de la base, ensuite, au sein des interfaces entre la base de donnees et les applications et enfin au sein d'une application particuliere: le choix des outils. C’est l'application la plus concernee par les outils coupants dans le cycle de preparation et de la fabrication du produit
Time trends in incidence of myocardial infarction in male and female dominated occupations in Stockholm, Sweden

Aims: To investigate time trends in first acute myocardial infarction (MI) incidence in male and female dominated occupations in Stockholm during 1977—1996. Methods: Population-based case-control study, where all first events of acute MI among participants aged 40—69 in Stockholm 1977—1996 were identified, using registers of hospital discharges and deaths. Controls were selected randomly using national population registers. There were 16,531 male and 4382 female cases and 117,015 male and 102,083 female controls. In all, 222 female cases worked in male dominated occupations and 844 male cases worked in female dominated occupations. Results: Both women and men in male dominated occupations showed an elevated relative risk of first MI compared to other employees during the study period. Between 1985—1996, when there was a general decline in MI incidence in Sweden, women in male dominated occupations tended to show an increasing trend. Women in female dominated high and intermediate occupations had a lower relative risk of MI compared to other women in the same socioeconomic group. In male dominated and non-manual female dominated occupations a decline in the incidence of MI was seen during 1985—1996 in men but not in women. Conclusions: Work in male dominated occupations appears to be associated with an increased risk of MI in both genders. There is a need to investigate possible work related or other factors that may be driving this elevated risk.
Facial Affect Interpretation in Boys with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Recent studies have produced mixed evidence of impairments in facial affect interpretation for children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study investigated the presence and nature of such impairments across different stimulus formats. Twenty-four boys with ADHD and 24 age-matched comparison boys completed a 72-trial task that included facial expressions of happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust. Three versions of each expression were used: a static version, a dynamic version, and a dynamic version presented within a relevant situational context. Expressions were also presented in one of two portrayal modes (cartoon versus real-life). Results indicated significant impairments for boys with ADHD on two of the six emotions (fear and disgust), which were consistent across stimulus formats. Directions for further research to identify mediating factors in the expression of such impairments in children with ADHD are discussed.
Analysis of Tax Avoidance Effect on Firm Value (A Study on Firms Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange)

There are many factors that can affect firm value, including taxation. Taxes paid by firms to the government is a quite significant burden that firms often commit tax avoidance in order to minimize tax expense. The objective of this research is to examine the effect of tax avoidance committed by firms on the value of firms listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2009-2016. The proxy for firm value in this research is Price to Book Value per Share (PBVS), while the proxy for tax avoidance is Effective Tax Rates (ETR). The final samples used in this study include 2,276 observations. From the result of fixed effect method unbalanced panel data regression, it can be concluded that tax avoidance, which is measured by effective tax rate, does not significantly affect firm value. This implies that 1) the sample firms do not use tax avoidance as an instrument to increase their firm value and 2) the investors no longer value the tax avoidance activities as an alternative to increase firm value since it has some risks that potentially will be faced by the firm in the future if there is an investigation executed by taxation authority. The firms should perform the other value-added activities to increase their firm value rather than tax avoidance activities.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Disclosure and Earnings Management

This study examines the relationship between CSR reporting and financial reporting. Specifically, we hypothesize that firms with extensive CSR disclosure have lower levels of earnings management (EM), and that such firms thereby provide more transparent financial reports compared to other firms. We argue that CSR disclosure is associated with ethical and cultural forces, that can constrain EM. We also argue that CSR disclosure is associated with an increase in external monitoring pressures and reputational considerations, which mitigates EM. We use discretionary accruals as a proxy for EM, and we measure CSR disclosure with two dummy variables and three variables derived from a content analysis. In our bivariate analyses, we find a negative and significant relationship between CSR disclosure and EM, across all our CSR variables. In our multivariate regression analysis, we find significant results for one CSR variable. Specifically, we find that firms that issue a separate CSR report are less likely to engage in accruals manipulation.
Understanding waste recycling behaviour in the UK: home-work consistency.

Despite the increasing attention being paid to waste recycling, there is a dearth of both empirical evidence on recycling at work and examination of any spillover effects of recycling behaviour from home to work. Situated at the confluence of three social science debates (the study of recycling set within the waste management literature; the examination of spillover in the social psychology literature, and the work on pro-environmental behaviour at work in the organisational behaviour literature), this research seeks to understand recycling at work and the relationship between recycling behaviour at home and recycling at work using a sequential mixed methods approach. Due to the complexity of human behaviours including the heterogeneity of the factors underpinning recycling, this research adopts a sequential mixed methods approach with its pragmatic philosophical assumptions to examine recycling at work. Initially, semi-structured interviews with 15 key informants from different organisations including environmental/waste organisations in the UK were conducted. The findings from the interviews were used along with the evidence from the literature to develop the conceptual model and the research hypotheses. The quantitative data were collected, using a web-based questionnaire survey, from 367 respondents representing 43 different organisations across the UK. The collected quantitative data were analysed using SPSS for windows and IBM AMOS for path and causal analyses. Based on the findings, this research demonstrates that contextual factors such as organisational support are better determinants of recycling at work than personality/psychological factors such as attitudes that have dominated empirical and theoretical studies on pro-environmental behaviours for decades. Also, the findings of this research suggest that the concept of spillover of recycling from home to work is complex and inconsistent. Whilst there is a tendency for spillover of recycling behaviour, there is a significant difference between recycling at home and at work with regards to the volume of materials, the range of materials, and frequency of recycling. Nonetheless, the PROCESS macro allows the identification of various conditions that are likely to facilitate spillover of recycling from home to work. As a result, factors that are likely to determine recycling at work including the possible spillover of recycling from home to work are classified into personal/psychological and situational factors. These findings contribute to the existing bodies of knowledge on recycling behaviour, spillover effects, and organisational citizenship behaviour for the environment (OCBE). Also, the findings could assist businesses in finding proactive measures to increase recycling within their organisations. This would consequently reduce the total amount of resources being disposed of in the UK landfill sites.