Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Eclipse Effects on CO2 Profile within and above Sorghum Canopy

Abstract We analyzed the effects of a partial solar eclipse (22 July 2009) on microclimate including vertical gradients of CO2 concentrations ([CO2]), so called [CO2] profile, in a mature sorghum canopy. Together with CO2 measurement, major photosynthetic drivers of microclimate, light intensity, temperature and atmospheric H2O concentration ([H2O]) were also measured simultaneously at the same place and height. [CO2] at 6.0, 3.2, 2.1, 1.4, 0.7, 0 m above the ground (canopy height was 3.2 m) increased by 5.8, 4.8, 9.0, 7.8, 6.4, 7. 6μmol mol-1, respectively, from 1 hour before the eclipse maximum to the eclipse maximum, during which theincident solar radiation above the canopy dropped by 1473 μmol photons m-2 s-1. However, it declined by 3.4, 10.6, 10.8, 6.0, 5.4, and 5.8μmol mol-1, respectively, from the eclipse to 1 hour later,during which the incident radiation increased by 1350μmol photons m-2 s-1. The [CO2] profile during the eclipse was uniform except for higher [CO2] near the ground. Comparative analysis of theeffect of light intensity on the microclimate during the eclipse-induced light decreasing phase (ELDP) and eclipse-induced light increasing phase (ELIP) revealed that [CO2], [H2O], temperature and relative humidity (RH) are significantly correlated with the light intensity above the canopy in a nearly linear fashion. Furthermore it indicated that detected less light-reacted canopy photosynthesis at a higher layer within the canopy during ELIP might be due to slower response of stomatal opening (than closing) to the light intensity above the canopy.
Within-Family Program Effect Estimators: The Impact of Oportunidades on Schooling in Mexico

This paper explores the use of dynamic panel data models and sibling-based estimation procedures for evaluating the effects of educational interventions aimed at children or youth. It specifies statistical models of the schooling decision that are consistent with dynamic behavioral models and that allow for unobservable heterogeneity. The frameworks presented provide a way of directly assessing short-term program impacts and of simulating longer term impacts that may extend beyond the program exposure times observed in the data. This paper also proposes a new estimation approach for the model, which combines matching, differencing and instrumental variables in a way that minimizes the need for parametric modeling assumptions. The approach uses retrospective data on older siblings’ schooling histories to identify how an educational intervention affects younger siblings. We apply the proposed method as well as other methods to study the effects of the Mexican Oportunidades conditional cash transfer program on schooling outcomes of children and youth living in urban areas. The analysis samples come from the 2002-2004 ENCELURB evaluation datasets. The empirical results show significant short-term impacts of the program on school enrollment. Simulations based on the dynamic model indicate that long-term exposure to the program increases educational attainment by about half a year.
Realistic Creativity Training for Innovation Practitioners: The Know–Recognize–React Model

It is widely accepted in academic circles that creative thinking is an important element in innovation (e.g., Amabile, 1996; Christiaans, 1992; Dorst & Cross, 2001). Creativity is moreover believed to be the necessary precondition for innovation; one may argue that without the presence of a creative act, idea, or output, no innovation will happen. Indeed, Amabile and colleagues (1996) state that “All innovation begins with creative ideas”. This is the root of our interest in enhancing creativity, which we see as the raw material of innovation: the individual creativity of innovators.
Mapping Human Genetic Diversity on the Japanese Archipelago

The Japanese people are one of the most important populations for studying the origin and diversification of East Asian populations. As an island population, the Japanese's path of migration is a long-standing controversy. Archeological evidence suggests that there were at least two waves of migration to the Japanese archipelago in prehistory: the Paleolithic and Neolithic Jomonese as well as the Aeneolithic Yayoiese. However, the contributions of these Jomonese and Yayoiese to the contemporary Japanese population remain unclear. In this article, we provide evidence from human genetics as a new approach to addressing this topic. At the beginning, we introduce the history of human migration to the Japanese archipelago, as well as materials and methods human geneticists use. Subsequently, we tested three distinct population expansion models using evidences from recent human genetic studies on the Japanese, East Asian, and Serbian populations. Finally, we conclude that the contemporary main island Japanese are the result of population admixture of Jomonese, Yayoiese, and Han Chinese, which consists with the Admixture model.
The influence of Charolais and Angus breeding levels on pre-weaning growth performance traits in crossbred calves

Data collected on birth and weaning weight traits of beef cattle calves over the period of 1968 to 1992 with varying levels of Angus and Charolais genes, ranging from 0% to 75%, were analysed to determine possible optimum breeding levels for birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW) and pre-weaning average daily gain (ADG), fitting a unitrait animal model. The estimated heritabilities were used to predict direct (DBV) and maternal breeding values (MBV) for each animal. Best Linear Unbiased Estimates (BLUEs), DBVs and MBVs per genetic group estimated were regressed on proportions of Charolais and Angus breeding. The BLUEs of the traits increased with increasing proportion of Charolais, while they decreased with increasing Angus breeding levels. In general, MBVs increased with increasing the proportions of both breeds. The DBVs of the Charolais increased and reached a maximum at 35, 38, and 45% proportions of Charolais for BW, WW and ADG, respectively. Except for BW, DBVs of WW and ADG decreased as the genetic contribution of the Angus increased. No optimal Angus proportion was found in this herd within the specific environmental condition. It is suggested that increasing the proportion of the Charolais to intermediate levels would tend to improve the performances of pre-weaning traits.
First Record of Scyllarine Lobster Chelarctus cultrifer (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) from Korea

The scyllarine lobster Chelarctus cultrifer is described as the first species of the genus Chelarctus known from Korean waters. C. cultrifer is very similar to the Galearctus kitanoviriosus but it is different in the pleura of the abdominal somites 2 to 4 are broader and ending in sharp posteriorly directed points and having the propodi of pereiopods 3 and 4 are forming subchelates with the dactyli. The record of the species represents an extension of its previously known range from Somalia to Hawaiian Islands and brings the number of known species of the scyllarine lobsters in Korea to three.
Recovery from Exercise: Role of Carbohydrate Nutrition

Every training programme is based on three cardinal principles namely (i) intensity (ii) frequency and (iii) duration. Of these three principles, frequency is probably the most important because repeated stimulation promotes the adaption process. Elite and professional athletes train more than they compete therefore in order to cope with their training loads it is essential that they recover quickly. It is also important that those who play recreational sport or exercise for health recover quickly so that they avoid residual fatigue and its negative impact on their vitality and enthusiasm for physical activity. Strategies for optimizing recovery from exercise depend on the specific sport or type of exercise, its intensity and duration, and the time between training sessions or competitions. Successful recovery involves many physiological and metabolic processes that act in concert to prepare the athlete for the next bout of exercise. However, the essential requirements for successful short-term recovery are (1) resynthesis of the body’s carbohydrate stores (2) rehydration, and (3) adequate rest. A return of performance is the clear measure of successful recovery. Therefore, this brief review will address only those studies that have assessed the influences of carbohydrate nutrition on performance following medium (24 hours) and short (4-5 hours) recoveries after endurance running and after variable speed running that are common in multiple sprint sports.
Group distributivity and the interpretation of indefinites

This paper argues that lexical and operator-based analyses of distributivity are not in conflict, but should exist alongside each other to get a full account of all the relevant data. We use several contrasts between plural definites (e.g. the girls) and group NPs (e.g. the group of girls) to show that we need an operator-based analysis of distributivity; this kind of distributivity is available with plural definites but not with group subjects, which can be explained under the common assumption that group NPs denote atoms rather than sums and hence do not allow quantification over their individual parts. At the same time, we need a lexical theory of distributivity to account for the various distributive interpretations that we do find with groups. The distributive interpretation of sentences like The team is wearing an orange vest provides a challenge to this story, but only if the indefinite an orange vest is analysed as a quantifier. We argue, however, that it should be analysed as a property, and that the distributive interpretation is actually a case of two-place lexical distributivity over a property and a group. Support for this non-quantificational analysis comes from the observation that the class of predicates that allows a distributive interpretation in these contexts seems to be precisely the class of ‘incorporation predicates’ (Le Bruyn, De Swart & Zwarts 2015) that allow bare complements in many languages.
In vitro Susceptibility Test of Some Antifungal Drugs on Selected Dermatophytes and Yeasts Isolated from Patients Attending Hospitals in Makurdi Environ

The susceptibility testing of Ketoconazole, Itraconazole, Nystatin, Griseofulvin and Flucamed against Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophyte, Microsporum audouinii, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton schoenleienii and Candida albicans was carried out using the Agar dilution method. The dermatophytes were incubated at room temperature (22°C) and the yeast at 37°C. Incubation of 2-7 days was found to be sufficient for prominent growth to be observed in the two controls. The study reveals Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 6.25-25 μg mLG for Itraconazole on all the dermatophytes and yeast isolates tested while 1 Griseofulvin 50-100 μg mLG , Nystatin 6.25-100 μg mLG , Ketokonazole 25-100 μg mLG and 1 1 1 Flucamed 6.25-50 μg mLG on the yeast and all the dermatophytes isolates tested. The MIC value 1 for the entire antifungal agents analyzed against the dermatophytes and yeast isolates tested range between 3.13-6.25 μg mLG after seven days of incubation for dermatophytes and two days 1 for yeast, while the range of greater than 6.25 μg mLG was obtained after fourteen days of 1 incubation for dermatophytes and four days for yeast.
AXIAL SHORTENING OF STEEL COLUMNS IN BUILDINGS SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKES

Steel members subject to axial compression and inelastic cyclic displacements, such as may occur during earthquake excitation, exhibit axial shortening due to material inelastic deformation irrespective of the occurrence of buckling. This column axial shortening can cause undesirable effects in the building, especially if it occurs to a different extent in different columns of a seismic-resisting system. This paper summarizes experimental and finite element studies to quantify the axial shortening of columns with known axial forces pushed to inelastic cyclic displacements. A flexural hinge model for a frame analysis program is developed and calibrated against that from experimental and analytical studies. Then, to quantify the effect of axial shortening on realistic moment and eccentrically-braced frames during earthquakes, inelastic dynamic time history analyses were conducted. While axial shortening of more than 7% of the column length was obtained during experimental testing, the axial shortening was always less than 1% of the column interstorey height in the steel frames studied. A method to estimate the axial shortening as a function of the expected inelasticity is developed. Finally, several new details are described in order to prevent detrimental effects due to axial shortening.
Transaction costs and smallholder farmers’ participation in banana markets in the Great Lakes Region of Burundi, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo

In this study, the Heckman procedure was used to analyze the way transaction costs affect smallholder farming households’ participation in banana markets in the Great Lakes region of central Africa. The results reaffirm that fixed transaction costs largely determine a farmer’s decision to participate in the market, and that the extent of participation is affected mainly by proportional transaction costs. Access to market information, whether directly or through formal or informal institutional arrangements, is critical for market participation. The size of the household and ownership of means of transport are critical in determining the intensity of market participation. The geographical location of the household affects market participation, since some locations have better infrastructure and hence are more commercialized. Policies aimed at encouraging market information access, investments in rural infrastructure and collective action by farmers may help to lower transaction costs and thus enhance market participation.
COMPARISON OF RECENT FIBER ORIENTATION MODELS IN AUTODESK MOLDFLOW INSIGHT SIMULATIONS WITH MEASURED FIBER ORIENTATION DATA

The reduced strain closure (RSC) and anisotropic rotary diffusion (ARD) models have been implemented in a research version of Autodesk Moldflow Insight software to improve the accuracy of fiber orientation predictions in simulations of injection-molded parts. The RSC model captures the slow fiber orientation kinetics, which are observed in experiments but over-predicted by the widely used Folgar-Tucker model. The ARD model accounts for fiber-fiber interactions using anisotropic diffusion to rectify the problem that for long-fiber materials, the Folgar-Tucker model does not match all aspects of measured fiber orientation data. Simulating the injection molding process in Autodesk Moldflow Insight software, the fiber orientation is predicted for a number of end-gated ISO plaques and center-gated disks of different thicknesses (from 1.5 to 6 mm) filled at different injection rates, with Midplane meshes as well as 3D meshes, using the RSC model for short-fiber materials and the ARD-RSC model for long-fiber materials. In Midplane models, with an appropriate inlet condition for fiber orientation applied at the gate, the RSC and ARD models show good agreement with measured fiber orientation data. In 3D models with random inlet orientation applied at the gate, the RSC model gives good agreement with one orientation component of the experimental data for short-fiber materials.
Management matters: testing a mitigation strategy for nitrous oxide emissions using legumes on intensively managed grassland

Abstract. Replacing fertiliser nitrogen with biologically fixed nitrogen (BFN) through legumes has been suggested as a strategy for nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation from intensively managed grasslands. While current literature provides evidence for an N2O emission reduction effect due to reduced fertiliser input, little is known about the effect of increased legume proportions potentially offsetting these reductions, i.e. by increased N2O emissions from plant residues and root exudates. In order to assess the overall effect of this mitigation strategy on permanent grassland, we performed an in situ experiment and quantified net N2O fluxes and biomass yields in two differently managed grass–clover mixtures. We measured N2O fluxes in an unfertilised parcel with high clover proportions vs. an organically fertilised control parcel with low clover proportions using the eddy covariance (EC) technique over 2 years. Furthermore, we related the measured N2O fluxes to management and environmental drivers. To assess the effect of the mitigation strategy, we measured biomass yields and quantified biologically fixed nitrogen using the 15N natural abundance method. The amount of BFN was similar in both parcels in 2015 (control: 55±5 kg N ha−1 yr−1; clover parcel: 72±5 kg N ha−1 yr−1) due to similar clover proportions (control: 15 % and clover parcel: 21 %), whereas in 2016 BFN was substantially higher in the clover parcel compared to the much lower control (control: 14±2 kg N ha−1 yr−1 with 4 % clover in DM; clover parcel: 130±8 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and 44 % clover). The mitigation management effectively reduced N2O emissions by 54 % and 39 % in 2015 and 2016, respectively, corresponding to 1.0 and 1.6 t ha−1 yr−1 CO2 equivalents. These reductions in N2O emissions can be attributed to the absence of fertilisation on the clover parcel. Differences in clover proportions during periods with no recent management showed no measurable effect on N2O emissions, indicating that the decomposition of plant residues and rhizodeposition did not compensate for the effect of fertiliser reduction on N2O emissions. Annual biomass yields were similar under mitigation management, resulting in a reduction of N2O emission intensities from 0.42 g N2O-N kg−1 DM (control) to 0.28 g N2O-N kg−1 DM (clover parcel) over the 2-year observation period. We conclude that N2O emissions from fertilised grasslands can be effectively reduced without losses in yield by increasing the clover proportion and reducing fertilisation.
Evaluation of the efficacy of esterified glucomannan, sodium bentonite, and humic acid to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin in broilers

A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of esterified glucomannan, sodium bentonite, and humic acid in counteracting the toxic effects of aflatoxin in a naturally contaminated diet fed to broilers. Seven-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of the 9 dietary treatments. The treatments were as follows: 1) control; 2) naturally contaminated diet with aflatoxin; 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) naturally contaminated diet with aflatoxin supplemented with 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0% humic acid, respectively; 8 and 9) naturally contaminated diet supplemented with 0.5% sodium bentonite and 0.1% esterified glucomannan, respectively. Compared with the control, the naturally contaminated diet significantly increased feed consumption and resulted in poor feed efficiency. Increased relative weights of liver and decreased relative weights of bursa of Fabricius were observed in chicks fed the naturally contaminated diet. Further, feeding a contaminated diet was associated with significant decreases in serum albumin, total protein, uric acid, and cholesterol. Compared with the control, the naturally contaminated diet significantly increased the activities of γ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate amino transferase. Humic acid showed protective effects on feed efficiency and against liver and bursa of Fabricius damage, as well as some of the serum enzyme activities and serum biochemical changes associated with aflatoxin toxicity.
A proposal for a standardised protocol to barcode all land plants

Chase, M. W. , Cowan, R. S. , Hollingsworth, P. M. , van den Berg, C. , Madrinan, S. , Petersen, G. , Seberg, O. , Jorgsensen, T. , Cameron, K. M. , Carine, M. , Pedersen, N. , Hedderson, T. A. J., Conrad, F. , Salazar, G. A. , Richardson, J. E. , Hollingsworth, M. L. , Barraclough, T. G. , Kelly, L. , Wilkinson, M. (2007). A proposal for a standardised protocol to barcode all land plants. Taxon, 56, (2), 295-299.
PRICING DOUBLE BARRIER OPTIONS ON HOMOGENEOUS DIFFUSIONS: A NEUMANN SERIES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS REPRESENTATION

This paper develops a novel analytically tractable Neumann series of Bessel functions representation for pricing (and hedging) European-style double barrier knock-out options, which can be applied to the whole class of one-dimensional time-homogeneous diffusions, even for the cases where the corresponding transition density is not known. The proposed numerical method is shown to be efficient and simple to implement. To illustrate the flexibility and computational power of the algorithm, we develop an extended jump to default model that is able to capture several empirical regularities commonly observed in the literature.
Evaluation of anthocyanin stability during storage of a coloured drink made from extracts of the Andean blackberry ( Rubus glaucus Benth.), açai ( Euterpe oleracea Mart.)and black carrot ( Daucus carota L.)

Introduction The effect of temperature on the stability of three purified anthocyanin sources in a soft drink (pH 3, 10 °Brix) stored at (4, 20, 30 and 50) °C for 60 days was investigated. Materials and methods . Anthocyanins from Andean blackberries (Rubus glaucus Benth.), acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and black carrot (Daucus carota L.) were purified and concentrated on a laboratory scale by adsorption to a styrene divinylbenzene copolymer. Two classical empirical approaches (Arrhenius and Ball models) were used to describe the thermal degradation kinetic of these three anthocyanins. Results . No degradation was detected during the refrigerated storage (4 °C). At all temperatures, the degradation rate constant (k ) for black carrot anthocyanins was less than those in acai and blackberry (0.42 × 10-2 , 0.77 × 10-2 and 1.08 × 10-2 ). d-1 respectively, at 30 °C). Anthocyanins in black carrot degraded less rapidly than those in acai and Andean blackberry. The activation energy (E a ) for degradation of black carrot anthocyanins was (63.2 ± 4.3) kJ.mol-1 , and (66.3 ± 2.7) kJ.mol-1 and (91.2 ± 0.4) kJ.mol-1 for acai and blackberry anthocyanins, respectively, at 20–50 °C. These higher E a of blackberry anthocyanins as compared with those of black carrot and acai imply that a small temperature increase is sufficient to degrade them more rapidly. Conclusion . Our results clearly showed that anthocyanins from black carrot have a good stability during thermal storage (4 °C to 50 °C) with regard to blackberry and acai anthocyanins. Acylation of black carrot anthocyanins probably explains their greater stability. Acylated anthocyanins have shown to be promising alternatives to the use of synthetic dyes in drink systems