Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting the Unstable Points in Deformation Monitoring Geodetic Networks in Analysis Method of Subnetwork

One of the most crucial issues in engineering of structure and investigating ground deformation is deformation monitoring. The only thing which is strongly required is to create microgeodesy networks. An essential issue in microgeodesy networks is detecting unstable points of network. L1-Norm minimization and the global congruency can be noted as one of the classical methods for identifying network unstable points. In all previously conducted studies regarding this issue, results distinctly demonstrates that when displacement point vector is small, the number of points which have really displaced is more than that of true detection of displaced points using common deformation analysis ways. The probable reason for that can refer to spreading nature of the least squares estimation. Considering the results of recent studies in the detecting the network unstable points, to tackle the limitation the idea of subnetwork analysis is offered. In this case, some subnetworks including a subject point and the other source points appeared from dividing the deformation monitoring network. According to the unstable points, subnetworks will be there. This method will enable us to investigate the stable and unstable points. Having divided whole network to subnetworks, each network would be adjusted and unstable points of it would be detected. So, unstable points and their relations are cutoff and spreading effect of the least squares is fallen. This paper is on effort to evaluate the method in a simulated and a real network. The results prove that in a better and correct detection of unstable point can be successfully achieved by using subnetwork analysis compared to global congruency test all stimulates states proved the 35% of improvement on average. One percent of improvement in the results of subnetwork method to L1-Norm minimization cannot be acceptable. The algorithms of detecting unstable points in common methods and the method of analyzing subnetwork were conducted on a real network and the results are in line with simulated network results.
Late tectonic evolution of the Northern Apennines: the role of contractional tectonics in the exhumation of the tuscan units

Structural analysis performed in the continental tuscan units of the Northern Apennines (Italy) highlight the presence of transversal and parallel structures, with respect to the main trend of the belt (NW-SE), affecting the tectonic nappe pile. These structures, following the main synmetamorphic phases associated to isoclinal folds with axial plane foliations, are upright folds, brittle and brittle-ductile shear zones. Nearly upright folds are related to NW-SE and NE-SW directions of shortening. The two perpendicular directions of shortening, associated with a contraction setting, induced the vertical growth of the metamorphic domes enhancing the process of exhumation of the metamorphites. The presence of later NE-verging brittle-ductile shear zones crosscutting both systems of folds testifies that contraction long lasted during the orogenesis. Fluid inclusion analyses, performed in syntectonic veins coeval with NW-SE trending upright folds, point out that, after the first tectonic phase, pressure values decrease supporting that this tectonic unit was exhuming during the development of upright folds. Post-collisional extensional tectonics gave rise to collapse folds and low- and high-angle normal faults in the latest stages of deformation.
SIMULTANEOUS MULTIPLE CLUTCHES AND FEMALE BREEDING SUCCESS IN MOUNTAIN QUAIL

Abstract To evaluate the contribution of simultaneous clutches to breeding success in female Mountain Quail (Oreortyx pictus), we located nests of radio-marked male and female Mountain Quail in west-central Idaho from 1992 to 1995 and estimated rates and parameters of nesting success. In our sample, 29 females, 19 males, and 4 quail of unknown sex, including 12 apparently monogamous pairs, incubated nests. Using logistic regression, we found that constant survival and sex were the best-supported models to explain nest success for 45 nests of known age. Odds of success for male-incubated nests were 1.7-times (95% CI: 0.4–7.9) greater than for female-incubated nests. Mean clutch size for first nests was 11.8 (range: 6–16) and clutches incubated by males (12.6 ± 0.3 eggs) were significantly larger than female-incubated clutches (11.4 ± 0.4 eggs). Mean hatching date for all nests was 2 July (range: 10 June–23 July). Two of six females whose nests were depredated renested. Paired females produced an average of 24 eggs (range: 20–28). Mean hatching date for nine paired males was 30 June ± 3 days and 3 July ± 3 days for females. The estimated average number of days spent on nesting activities for nine successfully hatched pairs was 59 (range: 54–64). All 12 paired females hatched at least eight chicks from both clutches. Our findings indicate that simultaneous clutches in Mountain Quail ensures breeding success in females under conditions that may not be amenable to other forms of multiple brooding.
Do university students really need to be taught by the best instructors to learn?

Abstract The present study sought to contribute to the discussion on linearity relationship between teaching and learning at university level. Although the basic assumption that students who are taught by effective instructors learn better is acknowledged, defining the effective instructor seems not so simple. This study attempted to (i) cluster instructors with respect to instructional practices rated by students, and (ii) identify different instructional profiles that may be associated with high learning, rather than just focusing on relationship between instructional practices and learning. Using student ratings from 625 courses in a university setting, subgroups were defined in terms of instructional practices via a segmentation approach. Then, distinct profiles showing high instructional effectiveness were extracted by investigating learning level differences as measured by the end-of-semester grades and self-reported learning levels. Results indicated that the students need not to be taught by the best instructors to reach high learning levels. Effective learning can also take place under lack of some aspects of instructional practices if other aspects receive higher ratings to compensate for the missing aspects.
WALKING WITH AND WITHOUT HIGH HEELS ON A DECLINED SURFACE

The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate body segment ROMs while walking with and without high heels on flat and declined surfaces. Eight healthy, active, female college students (BH: 1.67 ± .08 m, BW: 57.8 ± 7.03 kg) were recruited in the study. The participants randomly performed three trials of walking on level ground and a declined surface in both high heels and tennis shoes using 2D motion analysis. Results indicated that the ROMs were significantly decreased on a declined slope, regardless of the type of shoes. Considering shoe types, the body segments’ ROMs were reduced during the high heels conditions except for the trunk segment for both surfaces. This enhanced control of locomotion during decline and/or high-heeled walking.
Análise do perfil antropométrico e de desempenho motor de atletas Juatubenses de futsal sub 17

O proposito desse estudo e de avaliar e analisar a composicao corporal e o desenvolvimento motor de atletas do municipio de Juatuba MG. O grupo e formado voluntariamente por 18 atletas de futsal categoria sub 17 masculinos (15,81 ± 0,39 anos de idade). Os atletas foram submetidos a avaliacoes motoras, como o teste de impulsao vertical sem auxilio dos bracos (IVS), teste de sentar e alcancar (SA), teste de VO2max protocolo submaximo Astrand e o teste de velocidade de 20m. A composicao corporal contara com a avaliacao de gordura corporal 09 dobras cutâneas Faulkner (1968) e obtencao de indice de massa corporal (IMC). Os resultados obtidos mostraram uma boa composicao corporal de nossa amostra, mas, no entanto, as capacidades fisicas apontaram valores bem inferiores ao esperado. Em conclusao, existe a necessidade de acrescentar ao macro ciclo de treinamento trabalhos especificos de forca, velocidade e flexibilidade para a melhora dessas capacidades fisica e consequentemente a melhora da performance esportiva. ABSTRACT Analysis of anthropometric profile and Juatubenses athletes engine performance sub futsal 17The purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze body composition and motor development athletes in the city of Juatuba MG. The group is made voluntarily by 18 athletes category under 17 futsal (15.93 ± 0.55 years). The athletes underwent motor assessments, such as the vertical jump test without the use of arms (IVS), test Sit and Reach (SA), VO2max test submaximal protocol Astrand and 20m speed test. Body composition will include the assessment of body fat 09 skinfolds Faulkner (1968) and obtain body mass index (BMI). The results showed a good body composition of our sample, yet the physical capabilities aimed well below the expected values. In conclusion, there is a need to add the macro-cycle specific work force, speed and flexibility to improve these physical capacity and thus improvement of sports performance.
Development of a high resolution land surface dataset for the South Asian monsoon region

In this study, we report the development of a high resolution land surface dataset for the South Asian monsoon region for studies on land surface processes, and land and atmosphere coupling. The high resolu- tion land data assimilation system was used to develop the land surface dataset utilizing TRMM rainfall and ECMWF atmospheric variables as forcing parameters. The dataset was developed at a spatial resolution of 0.5° and temporal resolution of 1 h and spans a period of 6 years, i.e. 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2010. The major highlights in the development of the present dataset are higher spatial and temporal resolution of land surface parameters, use of sub-daily forcing parameters including rainfall, use of MODIS land-use data in lieu of USGS land-use data and weekly varying vegetation fraction instead of monthly vegetation climatology. A comparison of soil moisture and soil temperature with limited surface observations of the IMD suggests reasonable reliability of the land surface data. The model sensible heat flux data are compared with in situ measurements at Ranchi and MEERA reanalysis data. The sensitivity analysis shows that the land surface data are sensitive to rainfall and green vegetation cover data used as the forcing parameters. The dataset has been used to discuss the variations of land surface processes associated with active and break spells and a severe heat wave observed in 2009. The present dataset will be useful for many applications, including initializing numerical models for weather prediction. This high resolution land surface dataset is available for research on request.
Traditional medicine and traditional religion should be included in the school curriculum in Zimbabwe

The study aimed at identifying situations for learning Mathematics that could contribute to increasing student motivation for learning that subject in Zimbabwean rural secondary school settings. We asked how student preferences o f contexts for learning Mathematics relates to schooling year, Form level and gender in rural secondary school environments. Judgmental and systematic sampling procedures were used to select 450 students from 5 out o f about 30 rural secondary schools. Participants consisted o f 225 boys and 225 girls all in the 13-17 age range and in their 8th, 9th, and 1ffh years o f schooling. Data were collected by asking the ̂ students to express their interest levels in selected contexts for learning using a “Relevance o f School Mathematics Education” (ROSME) instrument (Julie, 2005; 2006). Kendall's W mean ranks, medians, modes, clustered bar graphs, and Chi Square were used to describe the trends. The results indicate that learning situations related to science and technology were associated more with boys than with girls, while contexts for learning that have connotations o f care-giving were associated more with girls in a rural secondary school setting. The results also suggest that generally higher levels of preferences o f contexts for learning can be associated with Form 2 students— who are typically older than their Form 1 counterparts. While these results contradict a literature-based observation that interest with Mathematics diminishes overtime (i.e., with age), they probably show that the younger students could be carrying more restricted views o f situations deemed to have potential for facilitating development o f Mathematical concepts.1
Focused helium and neon ion beam induced etching for advanced extreme ultraviolet lithography mask repair

The gas field ion microscope was used to investigate helium and neon ion beam induced etching of nickel as a candidate technique for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography mask editing. No discernable nickel etching was observed for room temperature helium exposures at 16 and 30 keV in the dose range of 1 × 1015–1 × 1018 He+/cm2; however, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed subsurface damage to the underlying Mo-Si multilayer EUV mirror. Subsequently, neon beam induced etching at 30 keV was investigated over a similar dose range and successfully removed the entire 50 nm nickel top absorber film at a dose of ∼3 × 1017 Ne+/cm2. Similarly, TEM revealed subsurface damage in the underlying Mo-Si multilayer. To further understand the helium and neon damage, the authors simulated the ion–solid interactions with our EnvizION Monte-Carlo model, which reasonably correlated the observed damage and bubble formation to the nuclear energy loss and the implanted inert gas concentration, respectively. A critical nuclear energy density loss of ∼80 eV/nm3 and critical implant concentration of ∼2.5 × 1020 atoms/cm3 have been estimated for damage generation in the multilayer structure.
Invasion of an exotic fish—common carp, Cyprinus carpio l. (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in the Ganga river, India and its impacts

Background. The Ganga River (Ganges) is known of its rich fish diversity which is adversely affected by degrading environmental and ecological conditions. There are more than 300 exotic fish species in India. Many of them (particularly Cyprinus carpio) escaped from confinement and are now present in the Ganga River, chal- lenging its ecological equilibrium. The aim of this project was to study the population characteristics of Cyprinus carpio (i.e., the abundance, s ize range, food and feeding, gonado-somatic index (GSI), gonad maturity stage, maturity and breeding) and the altered fishery dynamics. Materials and Methods.The commercially caught fishes, including the exotic ones, were identified, examined and measured. Important indices such as: the abundance index of exotic fishes, the gonado-somatic index (IG), as well as the gonad maturity stage of the escapee C. carpiowere determined. The gut content was also analyzed t o identify food items and thereafter the food richness, diet breadth, and gut repletion index (GRI%) were calcu- lated using the Simpson's diversity index. Results. C. carpiointroduced about sixty years ago for aquaculture has now been found to invade into the Ganga, the largest river of the country contributing significantly to the fishery. The abundance index of C. carpioranged from 12.2% to 45.5 % in 250 km long river stretch of the Ganga River flowing along Kanpur t o Varanasi in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The gut content analysis revealed the presence of Eichhornia (9.8%), Pistia (11.6%), Nymphaea(8.5%), annelids worms (7.8%), algae (20.2%), mud and detritus (14.8%). The calculated diet breadth ranged from 0.82% to 0.91%; food richness ranged from 12 to 16, and the gut repletion index (GRI%) was 100% at different sampling sites. Mature females represented all the six reproductive stages with varying gonado- somatic index (IG) (0.5 to 30) in different catches. Presence of spent, ripe, and mature females was recorded. Conclusion.Abundance of exotic fish primarily C. carpioand Oreochromis niloticusin the fishery of the Ganga River was observed. The gonado-somatic index (IG) and the presence of all the six gonadal stages confirmed that C. carpio established its breeding population. The dominant catch of exotic fishes negatively impacted on the important indigenous fishes particularly Indian m ajor carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala). The change in dynamics of the fishery due to the presence of common carp attracted attention to conserve rich indigenous germplasm facing threats of shifting from their natural habitats.
Diversification, Monitoring Effects and Banking Mergers

This study investigates the wealth effects of diversification on United States banking mergers and acquisitions announcement. 2,148 domestic U.S. banking M&As announced between 1985 and 2006 are classified into groups based on geographic and activity diversification, and abnormal returns of each group around the merger announcements are examined. The abnormal return equals the daily real return minus the expected return which is calculated with the market model. I find geographic and activity diversification tends to decrease bidding firms’ value, reflected by the bidder’s negative abnormal returns around the merger announcement, but increase target firms’ value. Target banks are also grouped into private and public companies. In deals consummated with stock, bidders acquiring private targets experience significantly higher cumulative abnormal returns (CARs), showing the periodic performance and calculated during different event windows encompassed by event days (-n, +n), than bidders acquiring public targets do, confirming with the monitoring hypothesis of private companies usually with concentrated ownership.
Testing the Relationship between Government Revenue and Expenditure: Evidence from Nigeria

The paper examines the revenue-spending hypothesis for Nigeria using macro data from 1970 to 2011. Correlation analysis, granger causality test, regression analysis, lag regression model, vector error correction model and impulse response analysis were the techniques used for analysis. The paper found that revenue and expenditure are highly correlated and that causality runs from revenue to expenditure in Nigeria. The vector error correction model also confirms that there is a significant long run relationship between revenue and expenditure implying that disequilibrium in expenditure can be corrected in the long run through policies that adjust oil and non-oil sector revenues. The lagged regression model showed that the positive relationship between revenue and expenditure reverts to negative at lag five thereby justifying the need for the use of medium term expenditure framework to monitor expenditure patterns in the short to medium term. The paper concludes that short term shocks from crude oil price passes through oil revenue to affect expenditure. This has led to swings in public expenditure pattern with sustained increase of recurrent expenditure over capital that has consequences for economic growth. Putting policies in place to enhance the performance of the non-oil sector and adopting expenditure framework that accounts for possible decline in crude oil prices was conceived as useful in enhancing a healthy revenue-expenditure relationship in Nigeria.
Conceptions of Teaching Held by the Instructors in English Language Teaching Departments

The aim of this study was to determine the university instructors’ conceptions of teaching in ELT departments at two universities in Turkey. The data was collected through qualitative research techniques. The participants were four instructors working in two different institutions in Turkey with doctorate degree on the same major from the same university. The analyses of the data collected through interviews and self-report were conducted through discourse analysis and text analysis by the researchers. The results of the study reveal that the type of the institution where the teachers work is not a strict factor shaping the way how the teachers teach and how they define some of the components of teaching. The results also reveal that having the same background of education does not lead to the same approaches and definitions of teaching
The Power of “Small Stories:” Narratives and Notions of Gender Equality in Conversations about Sport

This study examines narratives by young adults about sport and gender in relation to equality. Specifically, we explore how focus-group participants used small stories to situate male and female athletes and Title IX. The U.S. law has been credited for increasing opportunities for girls and women but is considered a source of tension for gender relations. Our findings suggest that participants’ stories ultimately did not support emancipatory goals for girls and women because they positioned equality as a right women had not earned. We argue that feminists cannot underestimate the need to inject counternarratives into public discourse at every level, including stories shared with children about sport. These narratives must address misconceptions about equality and gender equity and, ultimately, challenge gender ideology.
Drawings as External Representations of Children’s Fundamental Ideas and the Emotional Atmosphere in Geometry Lessons

The important role that geometry plays in the mathematics curriculum has been extensively documented. However, the reduction of geometry in school mathematics, and the focus on basic computation and procedures, raises the question of the competencies students acquire and the classroom atmosphere in geometry lessons. The goal of this multiple case study was to analyse four students’ conceptions of geometryand the emotional atmosphere in geometry lessons on an individual level. Drawings were used as external representations of the students’ geometrical ideas and the emotional atmosphere. The results show that the participants have a narrow understanding of geometry, and that geometry teaching in their classrooms is reduced to frontal teaching with very limited communication. Nevertheless, the emotional atmospherein these four cases could be described as positive or ambivalent. Based on the data, the results are discussed not only with regard to the utility of drawings as a research method to gain insights into students’ conceptionsof geometry and emotional atmosphere in geometry lessons, but also with regard to their theoretical and practical implications.
A Non-Displaced C1 Fracture in Amateur Wrestling: A Case Report

We present a case of a bilateral atlas posterior arc fracture that occurred during wrestling training. Atlas bone fractures are rare although may result with catastrophic consequences. A male amateur wrestler aged 25 years, who was otherwise healthy fell on his head while doing a cartwheel and could not continue training. He was admitted to the outpatient orthopedics clinic with persistent neck pain and dizziness after 7 days. X-ray and computed tomography of the patient revealed a stable fracture of C1 vertebra. He was then treated with a hard collar for 6 weeks. After removal of the collar, cervical strengthening exercises were started, which gradually increased in the rehabilitation program. The patient was allowed to perform contact sports 12 weeks after the incident.