Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Toxicology of Acrylamide

Acrylamide (ACR) is a chemical used in many industries around the world and more recently was found to form naturally in foods cooked at high temperatures. Acrylamide was shown to be a neurotoxicant, reproductive toxicant, and carcinogen in animal species. Only the neurotoxic effects were observed in humans and only at high levels of exposure in occupational settings. The mechanism underlying neurotoxic effects of ACR may be basic to the other toxic effects seen in animals. This mechanism involves interference with the kinesin-related motor proteins in nerve cells or with fusion proteins in the formation of vesicles at the nerve terminus and eventual cell death. Neurotoxicity and resulting behavioral changes can affect reproductive performance of ACR-exposed laboratory animals with resulting decreased reproductive performance. Further, the kinesin motor proteins are important in sperm motility, which could alter reproduction parameters. Effects on kinesin proteins could also explain some of the genotoxic effects on ACR. These proteins form the spindle fibers in the nucleus that function in the separation of chromosomes during cell division. This could explain the clastogenic effects of the chemical noted in a number of tests for genotoxicity and assays for germ cell damage. Other mechanisms underlying ACR-induced carcinogenesis or nerve toxicity are likely related to an affinity for sulfhydryl groups on proteins. Binding of the sulfhydryl groups could inactive proteins/enzymes involved in DNA repair and other critical cell functions. Direct interaction with DNA may or may not be a major mechanism for cancer induction in animals. The DNA adducts that form do not correlate with tumor sites and ACR is mostly negative in gene mutation assays except at high doses that may not be achievable in the diet. All epidemiologic studies fail to show any increased risk of cancer from either high-level occupational exposure or the low levels found in the diet. In fact, two of the epidemiologic studies show a decrease in cancer of the large bowel. A number of risk assessment studies were performed to estimate increased cancer risk. The results of these studies are highly variable depending on the model. There is universal consensus among international food safety groups in all countries that examined the issue of ACR in the diet that not enough information is available at this time to make informed decisions on which to base any regulatory action. Too little is known about levels of this chemical in different foods and the potential risk from dietary exposure. Avoidance of foods containing ACR would result in worse health issues from an unbalanced diet or pathogens from under cooked foods. There is some consensus that low levels of ACR in the diet are not a concern for neurotoxicity or reproductive toxicity in humans, although further research is need to study the long-term, low-level cumulative effects on the nervous system. Any relationship to cancer risk from dietary exposure is hypothetical at this point and awaits more definitive studies.
Risperidone in chorea and psychosis of Huntington's disease

a retroviral pathogenesis of ALS still remains to be defined. In our case, the clinical course of ALS did not differ from that observed in the general population; in addition, the neurological impairment was progressive despite of an effective antiretroviral therapy, as indicated by the drastic decrease of plasma HIV–RNA. These findings suggest the lack of a relationship between ALS and HIV infection. However, routine tests for HIV should be performed in all ALS patients until a possible influence of HIV on ALS has been better ascertained.
Fully flexible hot film sensor array for underwater applications

Flexible hot film sensor array was developed for underwater applications. To minimize conductive heat loss to substrate, heighten sensitivity and shorten response time nickel thin film resistors are fabricated on polyimide substrate. Fully flexible structure and very low thickness of the sensing belt enable it possible to be taped on highly curved surfaces to measure fluid parameters with minimal invasion. Polymer compatible micromachining technologies with further consideration of waterproof coating were developed. High temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and low time constant of sensor were obtained. A hydrodynamic experimental setup was established, and a demonstration indicated flow velocity can be measured with the sensor.
The Submental Fat Compartment of the Neck

The anatomic understanding of the superficial compartments of the head and neck are evolving. Recently, studies have shown that the superficial fat is sequestered into separate "compartments"; however, the superficial anatomy of the submental region of the neck has yet to be defined, and improved understanding of this area may lead to advances in our ability to rejuvenate the neck. This cadaveric investigation revealed that there is one superficial fat compartment in the submental region. The anterior boundary of this compartment, previously without name, has been labeled the "submental septum. " The posterior boundary of the submental fat compartment is created by a septum that arises from the platysma at a point superficial to the hyoid. Because this area is over the hyoid, it has been named the "suprahyoid septum. " The lateral septal boundaries have been labeled the "digastric septae. "
Enhanced p 22 phox expression impairs vascular function through p 38 and ERK 1 / 2 MAP kinase-dependent mechanisms in type 2 diabetic mice

Modar Kassan,* Soo-Kyoung Choi,* Maria Galán, Young-Ho Lee, Mohamed Trebak, and Khalid Matrougui Department of Physiology, Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea; College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, Albany, New York; and Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia School of Medicine, Norfolk, Virginia
Economic Analysis of Fresh Fish Marketing In Maiduguri Gamboru Market and Kachallari Alau Dam Landing Site of Northeastern, Nigeria

This study was to determine the economic analysis of fresh fish marketing in Maiduguri Gamboru market and Kachallari Alau Dam Landing Site of Northeastern Nigeria. Data were collected using questionnaire from 60 fish marketers selected randomly. Descriptive statistic, linear regression and market margin were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that majority (81.67%) of the marketers were males while 18.33% were females. The years of marketing experience indicated that 46.67% had marketing experience of 6 – 10 years. Age of the marketers indicated that 61.67% of the marketers had ages, which ranged from 20 – 30 years. Majority (31.67%) of the marketers had Qur’anic education with (10%) not educated. Purchase price, transportation cost and tax had positive and significant coefficients of 1.36026, 2.78497 and 24.4560, respectively indicative of major determinants of selling price in Maiduguri Gamboru market, while purchase price had coefficient of 0.73334 (significant at 1%) which was the major determinant of selling price at the landing site. The Marketing margin was 38.378%, while the producer’s share was 61.623%. Problems associated with fish marketing included spoilage during storage (30%); high cost of fishing materials (23.33%) and high cost of transportation (13.33%). Therefore, it was recommended that tax rate should be moderate and should be regulated by government. Formation of co-operative societies should be encouraged to help in the provision of storage facilities and vans for the transportation of fresh fish in good time.
Markets for Technology, Vertical Integration, and Industry Dynamics: Efficiency and Foreclosure in the Laser Printer Industry

An important unanswered question in strategy research is: how does vertical integration affect industry evolution? Foreclosure and efficiency theory both predict that vertical integration by one firm can increase the exit rate of non-integrated rivals, but offer competing predictions for the cause of this increase. A related question is how upstream markets for technology affect downstream firm and industry performance ? i.e., to what extent does a thick upstream market for key technological inputs reduce foreclosure and reduce the efficiency benefits of integration? This paper attempts to answer these questions by a developing a series of predictions regarding the effect of vertical integration patterns and upstream markets for technology on downstream pricing, entry rates, and exit rates. We test these predictions empirically with unusually detailed data on the U.S. laser printer and laser engine industries between 1984 and 1996. We exploit both cross-section and time-series variation in governance of laser engine procurement among laser printer firms to explore the effects of vertical integration on entry, exit, and pricing dynamics in each segment of the industry.
Intimate partner abuse and women’s health in rural and mining communities

Abstract This research examined the incidence and prevalence of male to female intimate partner abuse in the Bowen Basin region of Central Queensland. In particular, it was concerned to examine relationships between the incidence and prevalence of physical and non-physical abuse and rapid growth since 2004 of the regional mining industry. A telephone survey was conducted of 532 women resident either in the Bowen Basin or the nearby coastal city of Mackay, with a stratification strategy employed to ensure adequate numbers of women partnered to mine workers. The strongest covariates of all forms of intimate partner abuse were other forms of intimate partner abuse. Some relationships were also evident between involvement in mining or residence in a mining town and other forms of abuse. However, more consistent risk factors included drug and alcohol use, partner education, partner smoking habits, age, relationship status and debt. The research suggest that any direct influence of mining cultures and workforce management practices on the incidence or prevalence of intimate partner abuse is limited, but that substantial population growth stimulated by mining activity—coupled with serious negative mental health outcomes for women subjected to abuse—presents a compelling case for the expansion of specialist support services.
Common ABCB 1 polymorphisms associated with susceptibility to infantile spasms in the Chinese Han population

Infantile spasms are a severe epileptic encephalopathy with a variety of etiologies that occur in infancy and early childhood. Subjects with infantile spasms are at a higher risk for evolving into intractable epileptic spasms, tending to be refractory to conventional antiepileptic drugs. Genetic polymorphisms of the P-glycoprotein-encoding gene ABCB1 are suspected to be associated with pharmacoresistance phenotypes in epilepsy patients. Conflicting findings have been reported in different populations; few studies have explored whether this apparent association is affected by other host factors, such as specific epilepsy syndrome. We performed a case-control study to determine whether the risk of infantile spasms is influenced by common ABCB1 polymorphisms in a Han Chinese children’s population consisting of 91 patients and 368 healthy individuals. DNA was isolated from whole blood, and three genetic polymorphisms (C1236T, G2677T/A,
Satisfaction of patient ’ s in the dental clinics of Riyadh Dental College , Riyadh University , Saudi Arabia

Riyadh College has a history of more than eleven years of teaching faculties such as dentistry and pharmacy. The cost of the dental services is heavily subsidized by the college; treatment depends on each patient’s case and on the student schedule for the clinics.These factors probably lengthen the treatment period compared to the patient’s expectations. We focus in our research about satisfaction of patients inside the clinic by questionnaire form. Randomly we chose 25 male patients and 25 female patients for our study. The questionnaire was designed in Arabic, and translated to English later after completion to make it convenient for the patient’s purpose. The items on the questionnaire were mainly categorized under 3 dimensions: access, the physical process of arranging for and getting to dental care; convenience, the location of clinics; and quality, defined as how good the care is, both in term of technical and interpersonal aspects of the process.Patients with missing responses for a given question were excluded from that category in the data analysis. The major reason for admission was relief of pain (28%). A high proportion of the patients visited the dentist only when they had a problem (94%): For the comfort ability on the dental chair 62% patients were comfort. And the cost for the provided service was reasonable cost (62%). The results of the present study showed Satisfaction of patients in dental clinics depends on several factors from entering the patient into the clinic and to leave from the clinics. Although this study shows a positive response on the care of patients in clinics in Riyadh dental college there should be more related researches on the topic.
The impact of hospital customer orientation on burnout of public hospital service workers in New Zealand

Using data from frontline hospital employees (FHEs) in a major New Zealand public hospital, this study expands previous research on the relationship between job demand stressors and burnout, and examines the role of customer orientation (CO) as an organisational level variable in the burnout process. The study results show that burnout symptoms partially mediate the effects of job demand stressors on FHEs self-evaluation of their ability to do their job. Besides having a direct negative impact on depersonalisation and reduced personal accomplishment, CO also buffers the dysfunctional effects of job demand stressors on reduced personal accomplishment as well as the dysfunctional effects of emotional exhaustion on depersonalisation. Implications of the results are discussed and future research avenues are offered.
Online Appendix of Structural Change with Long-Run Income and Price Effects Not for Publication

A Equilibrium Dynamics and Asymptotics in Continuous Time 3 A.1 Household Preferences and Demand . 3 A.2 Production . 7 A.3 Competitive Equilibrium and Equilibrium Dynamics . 8 A.4 Proofs of Section A . 12 A.5 Equilibrium Dynamic Equations . 24
Crowding, satiation, and saturation: The days of television series' lives

The performance of firms depends not just on the structure of the industries in which they compete but also on their relative positioning within those industries, in terms of operating within particular niches. We propose that demand for these niches depends endogenously on the historical ecology of the products offered: Niches become saturated—reduced in their ability to support products—as a large number of previous offerings allows the audience to satisfy its desire for products of a particular type. Analyzing the survival rates of television series aired in the United States from 1946 to 2003, we found that the survival rates of future entrants fell with the extensiveness of recent offerings in the niche, and that the negative association between crowding and survival also weakened with this saturation
Serum adiponectin in elderly men does not correlate with fracture risk.

CONTEXT Recent evidence suggests that adiponectin may play a role in bone metabolism, but studies of the correlation between serum adiponectin and bone mineral density (BMD) have given conflicting results, and the impact on fracture risk is unknown. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate the association between serum adiponectin levels and BMD and fracture risk. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We used regression analyses to estimate the relationship between adiponectin and BMD in the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors cohort of 441 men and 457 women aged 70 yr. The association was thereafter analyzed in the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM), in which adiponectin was analyzed at age 70 yr and BMD at 82 yr in 507 men. Fractures in the ULSAM were documented in 314 men during 15 yr follow-up. Cox regression analysis was used to determine the risk of fracture according to serum adiponectin levels. RESULTS In multivariable analysis a negative association between adiponectin and BMD was found in both cohorts. When individuals in the highest quintile of adiponectin were compared with those in the lowest quintile, adjusted BMD was 9.7% lower at the lumbar spine, 7.1% lower at the proximal femur, and 5.2% lower for total body in the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (P < 0.001 for all three), and 8.1, 5.1, and 4.1% (P < 0.003 for all three), respectively, in the ULSAM. However, the hazard ratio for fracture per 1 sd of serum adiponectin was 0.99 (95% confidence interval 0.89-1.11). CONCLUSION Although adiponectin was a negative determinant of BMD in two independent cohorts, it was not associated with fracture risk in men.
Within‐country ethnic differences and product positioning: a comparison of the perceptions of two British sub‐cultures

While cross‐cultural consumer behaviour and its impact on marketing strategies has received considerable interest within the marketing literature, differences between ethnic groups within countries have received significantly less attention. This study examines the effect of within‐country ethnic differences on brand positioning, using the UK automobile industry as a context. Both qualitative and quantitative research is used to identify the perceptions of two sub‐cultural groups: British of Indian extraction, and Caucasian British. It was found that these two groups display appreciably different values, and also place different levels of importance on different product attributes when evaluating brands. Furthermore, the two groups exhibited different perceptions of the same set of brands. The results suggest that, to position brands effectively, marketers should take account of cultural diversity within countries as well as between them.
Socio‐demographic risk factors for perinatal mortality A study of perinatal mortality in the French district of Seine‐Saint‐Denis

OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of a set of socio-demographic risk factors commonly associated with perinatal mortality -- age, parity, marital status, educational attainment, occupation, and ethnic origin in the French district of Seine-Saint-Denis. METHODS The study has a case-control design with prospective identification of cases. It includes all singleton non-malformed perinatal deaths which occurred between October 1, 1989 and September 30, 1992. Logistic regression is used to estimate odds ratios. Base incidence rates are generated by incorporating sampling information for the controls. RESULTS All socio-demographic variables are significantly related to the risk of perinatal mortality in univariate analyses. Some of the increased risk due to social factors is explained by differential age and parity distributions. In multivariate models, however, only parity and country of origin are significant. Women born in the French overseas departments and territories and Sub-Saharan Africa have the highest odds ratios. CONCLUSIONS Women born outside of continental France face an elevated risk of experiencing a perinatal death even after controlling for age, parity and socioeconomic factors. Although, this excess risk may reflect residual variation in socioeconomic status, alternative explanations such as standards of prenatal care, medical problems during pregnancy and delivery, and cultural practices should be explored.
Socio-spatial distance during the service delivery process: The case of restaurants

This research highlights the effects of socio-spatial distance between frontline employees, customers and co-clients in restaurants on the duration and expense of the consumption experience. Situations in which all those involved are very close to one another (intrusion) reduce both of these variables. The authors note a preference for positions removed both from staff and from fellow customers, especially in the case of individuals consuming as part of a group. Four interactional service situations – intrusion, conviviality, discretion and coldness – are interpreted according to customer group sizes.
p53-regulated increase in oxidative-stress--induced apoptosis in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy: a native tissue model.

PURPOSE This study compared susceptibility of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) and normal corneal endothelial cells (CECs) to oxidative stress, and studied the mechanism of oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis in FECD-affected endothelium. METHODS For in vitro studies, immortalized normal and FECD human corneal endothelial cell lines (HCECi and FECDi, respectively) were exposed to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP). Apoptotic cell populations were distinguished using flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen species production was measured by a horseradish peroxidase assay. For ex vivo studies, CECs were exposed to tBHP. Oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis were assessed by anti-8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine antibody and TUNEL assay, respectively. p53 and phospho-p53 levels were assessed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Flow cytometry revealed a higher rate of apoptosis in FECDi than that in HCECi after exposure to 0.5 mM (P=0.010) and 1.0 mM tBHP (P=0.041). Further analysis showed increased production of H2O2 by FECDi than that by HCECi. Oxidative DNA damage increased in both normal and FECD CECs after exposure to 0.5 mM tBHP (P=0.031 and 0.022, respectively), leading to a 21% increase in TUNEL-positive CECs in FECD (P=0.015) but no change in normal. Baseline p53 expression was twofold higher in FECD than that in normal endothelium (P=0.002). Immunofluorescence revealed an increase in p53 and phospho-p53 levels in FECD compared with that in normal endothelium. CONCLUSIONS FECD CECs are more susceptible to oxidative DNA damage and oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis than normal. Increased activation of p53 in FECD suggests that it mediates cell death in susceptible CECs. The authors conclude that p53 plays a critical role in complex mechanisms regulating oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis in FECD.