Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
No effect of triple-pulse TMS medial to intraparietal sulcus on online correction for target perturbations during goal-directed hand and foot reaches

Posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is central to sensorimotor processing for goal-directed hand and foot movements. Yet, the specific role of PPC subregions in these functions is not clear. Previous human neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) work has suggested that PPC lateral to the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is involved in directing the arm, shaping the hand, and correcting both finger-shaping and hand trajectory during movement. The lateral localization of these functions agrees with the comparably lateral position of the hand and fingers within the motor and somatosensory homunculi along the central sulcus; this might suggest that, in analogy, (goal-directed) foot movements would be mediated by medial portions of PPC. However, foot movement planning activates similar regions for both hand and foot movement along the caudal-to-rostral axis of PPC, with some effector-specificity evident only rostrally, near the central regions of sensorimotor cortex. Here, we attempted to test the causal involvement of PPC regions medial to IPS in hand and foot reaching as well as online correction evoked by target displacement. Participants made hand and foot reaches towards identical visual targets. Sometimes, the target changed position 100-117 ms into the movement. We disturbed cortical processing over four positions medial to IPS with three pulses of TMS separated by 40 ms, both during trials with and without target displacement. We timed TMS to disrupt reach execution and online correction. TMS did not affect endpoint error, endpoint variability, or reach trajectories for hand or foot. While these negative results await replication with different TMS timing and parameters, we conclude that regions medial to IPS are involved in planning, rather than execution and online control, of goal-directed limb movements.
Role of Distractors in Delayed Matching-to-Sample Arrangements in Tests for Emergent Relations

Some studies have presented math tasks as distractors in Delayed Matching-to-Sample (DMTS) procedures between the offset of the sample stimulus and the onset of the comparison stimuli in tests for equivalence class formation. The main findings have been a decrease in experimenter-defined correct matching performance when participants have been exposed to such distractors. Therefore, the purpose of two experiments in the present study was to extend the knowledge of how different types of distractors may or may not influence equivalence class formation in DMTS procedures. Experiments 1 and 2 were arranged as ABA designs. The A-phases were arranged without distractors and the B-phases with distractors during testing. In the test phases, dictation tasks were used as distractors in Experiment 1, while echoic tasks were used as distractors in Experiment 2. The results showed that matching accuracy and equivalence class formation were reduced in the B-phases but not in the A-phases in Experiment 1, while the echoic tasks did not influence performance in Experiment 2. The results are also discussed on the basis of the criterion of correct responding.
And if you can’t hear us?: students as customers of neo-HPE

ABSTRACT The enactment of neoliberal ideologies in education, in particular the extension of free-market logics, has the potential to reposition students and affect if and how their voices are elicited and responded to. There is, however, a dearth of research that seeks to understand how students are experiencing neoliberal influences on their education. Given the various and far-reaching effects of neoliberalisation on education, one specific neoliberal practice, namely the outsourcing of curriculum work to external providers within a singular curricular subject, was selected to be explored. In this paper we present an analysis and theorisation of students’ positioning in, and perspectives of, outsourced health and physical education (HPE) in one secondary school. We utilise Bernstein’s sociology of pedagogic voice to assist in our analysis. Data were generated at an independent, co-educational secondary school in Australia through focus groups with 25 Year 8 students, interviews with school staff, and observations of externally provided lessons. Our analysis revealed significant pedagogical and ethical issues relating to teaching and learning in externally provided HPE classes. We argue that more empirical research and better theorisation around students’ experiences in, and opinions of, neo-HPE is necessary in order to protect the educative and socially just intent of the subject.
Education As A Key To Economic Growth And Development In Nigeria

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of education on economic growth of Nigeria using ordinary test squares (OLS) to determine the relationship between education as human capital and Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The study therefore found that there is statistically significant relationship between GDP and all the variables used in the study with the exception of primary school enrolment (PRYE). The negative coefficient of the PRYE is also an indicator that there are problems at this level of education in Nigeria. The variables to be used are Real Gross Domestic Product, Capital Expenditure on Education, Recurrent Expenditure on Education, Primary School Enrolment and Secondary School Enrolment from 1970 to 2006 which is latest data for Nigerian education sector by Central Bank of Nigeria.
Mathematics Genealogies and the Movements of Academics

From the Mathematics Genealogy Project, a database of maths-related PhD theses, I extract the movements of academics between universities on an international scale. I show that the extracted movements are incompatible with several features of a random graph based on the configuration model. Using Bayesian hypothesis testing, I find evidence that an academic is more likely to move after their PhD if their supervisor has moved since their own PhD. I discuss how assortative mixing potentially gives rise to this correlation. Considering only the movements between 187 US universities , I show that academics move, at least indirectly, between every pair of universities. Finally, I explore time dependent trends in the movements and, in two cases, show how they are consistent with historical events.
Tournament Incentives and IPO Failure Risk

IPO firms with high-powered CEO incentive contracts have lower failure rates in the aftermarket. Economically, an interquartile change in the distribution of CEO pay translates in a reduction of the failure risk probability by approximately 21%. The Pay Gap between the CEO and its subordinate executives (tournament incentives) also plays a major role in lowering IPO failure risk. The effectiveness of CEO pay is strengthened among well-governed firms, whereas tournament incentives are essential when there is high CEO succession risk. Both measures of executive pay are associated with better financial reporting quality, higher investment efficiency, and superior operating performance.
Relationship between Soil-Applied Pyrazon and Content in Soil Solution

The relationship between pyrazon [5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone] in soil solution and dosage was examined in two soils under slurry equilibrium conditions and at field water capacity. In a sandy soil, the partition coefficient, calculated from a regression analysis of soil water content on dosage applied, was similar under slurry conditions and at field water capacity, but in a loamy sand, high in organic matter, the partition coefficient was somewhat higher at field water capacity than the estimated 4.71 measured in a great excess of water. In the sandy soil, neither the partition coefficients under slurry conditions nor at field water capacity were significantly different from Freundlich's k. Under slurry conditions in the loamy sand this difference was barely significant, whereas at field water capacity the estimated partition coefficient was significantly higher than Freundlich's k. Soil water sampling at field water capacity a fortnight after the start of the experiment showed a considerable increase in partition coefficient compared with the first sampling after 2 days, and the relationship in a sandy soil showed a slight non-linear trend, but that of the loamy sand still appeared to be linear. A desorption experiment indicated that the recovery of soil-adsorbed pyrazon was almost complete.
The risk of transfusion transmitted malaria and the need for malaria screening of blood donors in Abuja, Nigeria

Background: Blood transfusion saves life but it is also a major risk factor in the transmission of certain infections such as malaria, which remains a public health problem in tropical and sub-Saharan Africa. Methodology: This study investigated the prevalence of malaria among 550 blood donors aged 18 to 60 years from blood bank units of some selected hospitals in Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, using gold standard microscopy for malaria parasite detection. Results: Two hundred and fifty two (45.8%) donors were positive for malaria parasites. Replacement donors had higher prevalence rate of malaria compared to voluntary donors. The distribution of infection on the basis of age revealed the highest prevalence rate of malaria among the 20- 29yrs age group. The rate of infection among the males and the females was not significantly different ( p >0.05). No association was observed between the blood group types and the rate of malaria infection ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: A high prevalence of malaria parasitaemia was observed among blood donors in FCT, Abuja, Nigeria in this study. The introduction of malaria screening as part of routine screening for blood donation and the provision of modern blood screening equipment within healthcare facilities are highly advocated. Keywords: Blood, Malaria, Microscopy, ABO Blood group
Temperature Overloads in Power Grids Under Uncertainty: A Large Deviations Approach

The advent of renewable energy has huge implications for the design and control of power grids. Due to increasing supply-side uncertainty, traditional reliability constraints, such as strict bounds on current, voltage, and temperature in a transmission line have to be replaced by computationally demanding chance constraints. In this paper, we use large deviation techniques to study the probability of current and temperature overloads in power grids with stochastic power injections, and develop corresponding safe capacity regions. In particular, we characterize the set of admissible power injections such that the probability of overloading of any line over a given time interval stays below a fixed target. We show how enforcing (stochastic) constraints on temperature, rather than on current, results in a less conservative approach and can thus lead to capacity gains.
Financial Distress and Tail Risk

Considering the declining number of bankruptcy filings, and increasing out-of-court negotiations and debt reorganisations, we argue in favour of penalising firms for becoming sufficiently close to bankruptcy that they have questionable going-concern status. Thus, we propose a definition of financial distress contingent upon firms’ earnings, financial expenses, market value and operating cash flow. Subsequently, we investigate the role of tail risk measures (Value-at-risk and Expected Shortfall) in aggravating likelihood of financial distress. Our results show that longer horizon (three- and five-year) tail risk measures contributes positively toward firms’ likelihood of experiencing financial distress.
Factors directing the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase jump during discontinuous transcription in coronaviruses

It has been 23 years since it was learned that coronavirus subgenomic messenger RNAs are unusual among virus messenger RNAs in that they are 5' and 3' co-terminal with the plus-strand RNA viral genome. Although it is generally agreed that the co-terminal structure is the result of a discontinuous transcription process whereby the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) jumps in a high-frequency (sequence) similarity-assisted manner (resembling copy-choice recombination) from a donor to an acceptor RNA strand, it is not known what mechanisms direct the Rd.Rp to jump. Here, with the use of a bovine coronavirus minireplicon (a defective interfering RNA), it is documented that (1) group 2 corona virus RNA replication signals recognized by the viral RdRps (among six group 2 coronaviruses studied) are common whereas the transcription signals directing discontinuous transcription are not, (2) a 22-nt region of sequence identity is sufficient to direct the RdRp to jump from the positive-strand minireplicon donor to the positive-strand virus genome acceptor as long as it occurs within the precisely restricted window ofnts 33 to 97 within the 5'-proximal region of the 31032-nt genome, (3) a 22-nt region of sequence identity is sufficient to direct the RdRp to jump from the positive-strand minireplicon donor to the virus negative-strand antigenome as long as it occurs within the precisely restricted window of nts 35 to 123 from the 3' end of the antigenome, and (4) the 22nt region of sequence identity can dire.ct the RdRp jump to yield a subgenomic messenger RNA with a leader as short as 33 nt, but no shorter. These results show
THE CURATIVE EFFECT OF METHYLSULFONYLMETHANE ON AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS IN RATS

Objective: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology that affects the mucosa and submucosa of the colon and rectum. It is associated with oxidative stress, neutrophil infiltration and production of inflammatory mediators. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in treatment the acetic acid (A) induced model for UC in rats were examined. Methods: Ulcerative colitis was induced by intra colonic administration of 2 ml of 4% acetic acid in adult male Wistar rats which were divided into 3 groups: normal control (N), acetic acid (A) control, and MSM (1000 mg/kg). Rats received treatment for six consecutive days. On day 7, the rats were sacrificed, the colon was removed, the body weight, colon weight/length ratio, tissue glutathione (GSH) concentration, and macroscopic evaluations, were performed. Results: The colon weight/length ratio was decreased significantly (? <0.05). The glutathione (GSH) concentration was increased significantly (? <0.05). The macroscopic parameters were decreased, but it didn’t reduce significantly in the MSM treated groups compared to group A. Contrariwise the parameters of group A. The levels of body weight were increased, and colon weight/length ratio was decreased significantly (? <0.05). The glutathione (GSH) concentration was increased significantly (? <0.05). The macroscopic parameters were decreased significantly in the MSM treated group, compared to the acetic acid-treated group. Conclusions: Methylsulfonylmethane is an effective, safety natural product with little side effects, has a good curative effect in a dose (1000 mg/kg) on experimental Ulcerative colitis induced by acetic acid.
Standby citizens: diverse faces of political passivity

The current debate on political participation is bound to a discussion about whether citizens are active or passive. This dichotomous notion is nurtured by an extensive normative debate concerning whether passivity is an asset or a threat to democracy; and it is especially manifest in studies of young people's political orientations. Drawing on this discussion, the present study goes beyond the dichotomy by keeping political interest conceptually separate from participation in order to improve our understanding of political passivity. Multivariate cluster analysis of empirical data on Swedish youth suggests that we need to consider three distinctive forms of ‘political passivity’. In the paper we present empirical evidence not only of the existence of a particular ‘standby citizen’, but also of two kinds of genuinely passive young people: unengaged and disillusioned citizens. Alongside active citizens, these people are in distinctly different categories with regard to their political behavior. This entails a new analytical framework that may be used to analyze an empirical phenomenon that has received surprisingly little attention in the literature on political participation and civic engagement.
The Entrepreneurship Paradox: More Entrepreneurs Are Not Always Good for the Economy – The Role of the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem on Economic Performance in Africa

Purpose: Increased globalization, economic complexity and dynamism exacerbate contradictions between theoretical and empirical-driven arguments. This study analyzes the entrepreneurship paradox — i.e., entrepreneurship is good for the economy but entrepreneurial activity is consistently higher in less developed and developing countries over time—through the lenses of two relevant tensions that underlie this paradox: the development tension (i.e., the inconsistent relationship between entrepreneurship and economic performance) and the policy tension (i.e., the unclear role of entrepreneurship policy on entrepreneurship outcomes). Design/methodology/approach: Building on a sample of 81 countries from Africa, America, Asia and Europe for 2013-2014, we employ regression models and cluster analysis to scrutinize the effect of both the rate of entrepreneurial activity (quantity-based entrepreneurship) and the entrepreneurial ecosystem (quality-based entrepreneurship) on economic performance (GDP per capita). Findings: The analysis focuses on how the development tension and the policy tension shape the entrepreneurship paradox. In exploring these two elements of the entrepreneurship paradox, our analysis defines and distinguishes quantitative entrepreneurship from the systemic, quality-based entrepreneurial ecosystem, and sets forth alternative policies to reconcile the tensions between entrepreneurship and development that fuel the entrepreneurship paradox. Originality/value: The analysis proposed in this study contributes to a better understanding of the entrepreneurship paradox. The findings support the notion that African countries — and economies in general — do not need more entrepreneurs but rather a healthy entrepreneurship ecosystem that contributes to optimally channel the outcomes of entrepreneurial actions to the economy.
Climatological descriptions on regional circulation around the Korean Peninsula

Abstract The coastal ocean climatology of the temperature and salinity around the Korean Peninsula [Yellow Sea (YS), South Sea of Korea (SS), and East/Japan Sea (EJS)] is derived from conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiles, which are collected from historical hydrographic surveys conducted over the last 20 years (1995 to 2014), using a multivariate regression analysis having basis functions of the temporal mean, annual and semiannual cycles, and linear trend. Based on the temporal means of the temperature and salinity profiles, the regional mesoscale circulation is reviewed with regard to the boundary currents, geostrophic currents, and density compensation and layered density structures associated with distinct water properties. The temperature in the YS exhibits a two-layer system, with decreasing annual amplitudes onshore above 25 m and offshore below 25 m because of annually modulated tidal mixing. The annual and semiannual variability in the temperature in the EJS primarily appears in the surface (upper 50 m) and intermediate (between 50 m and 200 m) layers, respectively, because of annual surface heat fluxes and southward subsurface regional currents (e.g. the North Korea Cold Current). For the linear trend in the temperature, the onshore decreasing and offshore increasing tendencies in the EJS are described by the transport of long-term heat contents associated with the regional boundary currents. The multivariate regression analysis presented here explains approximately 90% of the variance in the temperature and salinity in the upper 100 m (corresponding to most of the depths in the YS and SS).
Financial Development and Micro-Entrepreneurship

Abstract Does financial development facilitate micro-entrepreneurship? Using randomized surveys of over 1 million Indian households and bank-branch location as predetermined by government policy, we find that access to finance shifts workers from informal micro-entrepreneurship into formal employment. Financial access reduces the likelihood of being self-employed but benefits micro-enterprises with employees, as well as formal firms. Using data on 400,000 firms, we find that in districts with more banks, firms have higher loans, productivity, employment, and wages than firms in less banked districts. This evidence suggests a labor-market mechanism by which financial development facilitates growth: by shifting workers from unproductive micro-entrepreneurship into productive employment.
Soybean (Glycine max) Cultivar Response to Propanil

Sixteen soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] cultivars were evaluated for their response to the rice herbicide propanil (3′,4′,-dichloropropionanilide) applied at two growth stages. Application of 3.4 kg/ha resulted in more injury than 0.6 kg/ha. Application at the stage of growth when three nodes on the main stem had completely unrolled leaves (V3) resulted in more injury than when eight nodes had completely unrolled leaves (V8). As determined by seed yield when treated at 3.4 kg/ha propanil at the V3 stage of growth, ‘Pickett 71′, ‘McNair 600′, ‘Tracy’, and ‘Bragg’ were the most tolerant; ‘Hutton’, ‘Hampton 266A’, ‘Bossier’, ‘Ts 74-34′, ‘Semmes', and ‘Forrest’ were moderately sensitive and Dowling’, ‘Davis', ‘Mack’, ‘Dare’, ‘Ranson’, and ‘McNair 800’ were the most sensitive to propanil injury.
Degree Date of Degree

Postoperative pain remains one of the most common and difficult problems encountered in clinical practice. Pain can affect numerous physiological processes and prolong surgical recovery. This descriptive study was conducted to determine if relationships exist between type of surgery, pain relief and occurrence of side effects. A retrospective chart audit of 133 surgical patients who received coaxial narcotics for pain management was conducted. The sample was obtained from a 155 bed hospital. A description of patients' age, gender, type of surgery, type of narcotic infusion, side effects, incidence of breakthrough pain, and treatments were recorded and cross tabulated. The following three surgical categories emerged; abdominal, thoracotomy, and orthopedic. Breakthrough pain was reported in 76(58.9%) cases, of these fifty seven (75%) had abdominal surgery, 17(22.4%) had thoracic surgery, and 2(40%) had orthopedic surgery. By surgical category breakthrough pain occurred in 57 of 106(54.8%) abdominal cases, 17 of 22(81%) of thoracotomies, and 2 of 5(40%) of orthopedic cases. Side effects included 6(4.7%) respiratory depression (n=6). The incidence of nausea and vomiting was comparable within abdominal and thoracotomy cases, 34.9% and 31.8% respectively. Pruritis occurred in 18(17.6%) of abdominal cases and 5(22.7%) of thoracotomies. Inconsistencies in documentation and noncompliance with written guidelines for patient monitoring was found. Recommendations included further education for nurses in proper and timely documentation and creation of a pain management service team.