Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stress and depression in informal family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease

Family caregiving of older individuals with Alzheimer’s disease is becoming widespread in the USA and around the world because of the aging of the population. As a result, family members are increasingly being asked to perform complex tasks similar to those carried out by paid health or social service providers. Dementia caregiving presents unique and extreme challenges associated with caring for someone with cognitive and behavioral impairment. This article summarizes the extensive literature on dementia caregiving, identifies key issues and major findings regarding the definition and prevalence of caregiving, and reviews the epidemiological, cultural, individual and biological factors contributing to caregiver stress and depression. The author describes the psychiatric and physical health effects of caregiving and reviews various intervention approaches to improving caregiver burden, depression and quality of life. The author offers a perspective on future directions in dementia caregiver research and d.
Multicolored Hamilton Cycles and Perfect Matchings in Pseudorandom Graphs

Given 0 < p < 1, we prove that a pseudorandom graph G with edge density p and sufficiently large order has the following property: Consider any red/blue-coloring of the edges of G and let r denote the proportion of edges which have the color red. Then there is a Hamilton cycle C so that the proportion of red edges of C is close to r. The analogue also holds for perfect matchings instead of Hamilton cycles. We also prove a bipartite version which is used elsewhere to give a minimum-degree condition for the existence of a Hamilton cycle in a 3-uniform hypergraph.
Bone mineral density, carotid artery intima-media thickness, and Klotho gene polymorphism in postmenopausal women

AimsTo evaluate the relationships between F352V polymorphism of Klotho gene, bone mineral density (BMD), and intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery in postmenopausal women.MethodsSpine and hip BMD was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and IMT was measured by ultrasonography in 184 postmenopausal women. The genotyping of the Klotho gene was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.ResultsGenotype frequencies were 81.5% for the homozygous wild type FF and 18.5% for the combined FV and VV genotypes. There were no significant differences in BMD at any site of measurement and mean carotid artery IMT across Klotho genotypes. In regression analysis, femoral neck BMD, but not total hip or lumbar spine BMD, was negatively associated with mean carotid IMT (p = 0.04). Patients with low femoral neck BMD had a significantly higher prevalence of carotid artery plaques as compared to those with normal BMD (p = 0.01). ConclusionThe F352V polymorphism in the Klotho gene does not have a significant influence on bone mass and carotid atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. Femoral neck BMD is associated with mean carotid IMT, suggesting that low bone mass may identify postmenopausal women at risk of atherosclerotic CVD.
Salvage treatment of laparoscopic cholecystectomy‐associated bile duct stenosis combining laparoscopic and endoscopic procedures: A case report

The incidence of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC)‐associated bile duct injury has reached a steady state despite learning curve effect. Herein we report the case of a 74‐year‐old Japanese man who suffered from bile duct stenosis and stones after LC. The stenosis was due to stricture caused by surgical clips used inappropriately during LC. We planned a salvage treatment combining laparoscopic and endoscopic approaches. At laparoscopic observation, the clips had already invaded the right side of the bile duct; minimal absorbable suture was performed after all the clips were removed. The bile duct stenosis was then endoscopically dilated and the biliary stones were successfully removed. For the recurrent biliary stenosis after discharge, endoscopic balloon dilation was performed and multiple plastic stent tubes were placed. The stent tubes were removed 4 months later, and the patient has had no symptoms for 1 year. A combined laparoscopic and endoscopic approach was useful for the salvage treatment of LC‐associated bile duct stenosis.
Multistability in Recurrent Neural Networks

Stable stationary solutions correspond to memory capacity in the application of associative memory for neural networks. In this presentation, existence of multiple stable stationary solutions for Hopfield-type neural networks with delay and without delay is investigated. Basins of attraction for these stationary solutions are also estimated. Such a scenario of dynamics is established through formulating parameter conditions based on a geometrical setting. The present theory is demonstrated by two numerical simulations on the Hopfield neural networks with delays.
Two-Dimensional Bulk Microflow Simulations Based on Regularized Grad's 13-Moment Equations

The newly derived fluid model named regularized 13‐moment system (R13) is capable of describing rarefied/microflows with high accuracy due to special modeling of the nonequilibrium dissipation. Explicit two‐dimensional equations are presented and discussed and a specialized numerical method derived. In two dimensions evolution equations for nine basic variables need to be solved, including directional temperatures, shear stress, and heat flux. The governing partial differential equations are given in balance law form with relaxation and parabolic dissipation. The numerical method is formulated as a practical and straightforward extension of standard finite volume methods. It focuses on bulk simulations with no boundary in order to provide a building block. As a microflow example the interaction of a shock front with a dense microbubble is considered in which the bubble’s diameter is a few mean free paths. The results are compared to the solution of the Navier–Stokes–Fourier system demonstrating the releva.
Study of the effect of Remote IschaemicPreconditioning (RIPC) on the early and latephase of hepatic ischaemia reperfusion injuryand the role of haemoxygenase in RIPC.

Reperfusion following ischaemia results in endothelial and parenchymal injury through a complex cascade of events. This often occurs in human liver transplantation as well as with major liver resections and is referred to as Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury (IRI). Ischaemic Preconditioning (IPC) is an adaptive response in which tolerance to prolonged ischaemia is induced in a target organ by prior brief periods of ischaemia. Benefits of IPC have been demonstrated in experimental models and in preliminary human clinical trials. In remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) brief ischaemia involves a remote organ. RIPC has been demonstrated to reduce warm liver I/R injury in an experimental model by our research group and clinical evaluation is ongoing. The effect of RIPC on the late phase of I/R and its mechanism have not been investigated. This thesis evaluates the effect of RIPC on both the early and late phases of liver warm I/R injury with the hypothesis that beneficial effects are induced by haemoxygenase- 1(HO-1), a free radical scavenger which is involved in degradation of haem and production of the vasodilator CO. Male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to 45 mins of partial hepatic (70 %) ischaemia followed by 3 hrs of reperfusion to investigate the early phase of hepatic IR and 24 hrs of reperfusion to study the late phase of hepatic IR. RIPC was performed with four cycles of 5 min ischaemia and 5 min reperfusion of the right hind limb before sustained ischaemia. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and Zinc Protoporrphyrrin (ZnPP) were administered to induce and block haem oxygenase synthesis. Changes to the microcirculation, leucocyte adherence and apoptosis were assessed by intra-vital microscopy. Hepatocellular injury was assessed by standard liver function tests. HO-1 protein was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and measured by Western blot. RIPC improved liver sinusoid perfusion, reduced leucocyte adherence and apoptosis in both the early and late phases of IRI. Hepatocellular injury was reduced. RIPC increased HO-1 production in the liver, particularly in hepatic macrophages, as demonstrated by IHC. PDTC treatment (HO-1 inducer) reproduced the protective effect of RIPC whereas HO-1 inhibition with ZnPP abolished the protective effect. The response to HO-1 induction and inhibition indicate that HO-1 has a key role in the protective effect of RIPC. Establishing the inducing agent for HO-1 may lead to new pharmacological approaches to preconditioning and the protection of the liver from IR injury. Studies on RIPC and liver warm I/R using HO-1 knockout mice would clarify the pathways involved in RIPC.
Prevalence of dental fluorosis in school children of Bangarpet taluk, Kolar district

Context: Fluorosis is an endemic disease resulting due to excess ingestion of fluoride. Ground water has been a significant water source for domestic, irrigating, and industrial purposes in India. India is placed in a geographical fluoride belt. Kolar, a drought prone area with semiarid climate, is one among 16 fluorosis endemic districts of Karnataka. Aims: To study the prevalence of dental fluorosis among school children and to estimate the fluoride levels in drinking water sources. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted among school-going children. Materials and Methods: School-going children from two randomly selected schools of two randomly selected Panchayat areas of Kyasamballi and Gollahalli were studied in August 2011. All the children in these schools were evaluated for dental fluorosis based on Dean's index. Fluoride levels of drinking water sources in these communities were estimated by ion-electrode method. Statistical analysis: The data were analyzed with Epi-info 7 statistical software and expressed in proportions. Chi-square test was employed to test the significance. Results: A total of 380 children in the age group of 6-15 years were studied. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 31.05%, predominant in females. The community fluorosis index was 0.718 indicating slight public health importances. The fluoride levels in drinking water sources exceeded 1.5 mg/L. Conclusion: Dental fluorosis is a public health problem in Kolar. High fluoride content in the sources of drinking water is the main reason for dental fluorosis, suggesting an urgent need for defluoridation of water sources with sustainable long-term measures in Kolar.
A Characterization of Weighted Arithmetic Means

We prove, among other things, that the set of weighted arithmetic means is identical with the set of functions $f:R^n \to R$ satisfying (i) $\min \{ x_j \}\leqq f ( x_1 ,x_2 , \cdots ,x_n )\leqq \max \{ x_j \}$ and (ii) for $k = 2,3:\sum _{i = 1}^k x_{ij} = s( j = 1,2, \cdots ,n ) \Rightarrow \sum _{i = 1}^k f( x_{i1} ,x_{i2} , \cdots ,x_{in} ) = s$.
The Condition of a Finite Markov Chain and Perturbation Bounds for the Limiting Probabilities

Let ${\mathbf{T}}$ denote the transition matrix of an ergodic chain, $\mathbf{\mathcal{C}}$ , and let ${\mathbf{A}} = {\mathbf{I}} - {\mathbf{T}}$. Let ${\mathbf{E}}$ be a perturbation matrix such that $\mathbf{\tilde{T}} = {\mathbf{T}} - {\mathbf{E}}$ is also the transition matrix of an ergodic chain, $\mathbf{\tilde{\mathcal{C}}}$. Let $\boldsymbol{\omega} $ and $\boldsymbol{\tilde \omega} $ denote the limiting probability (row) vectors for $\mathbf{\mathcal{C}}$ and $\mathbf{\tilde{\mathcal{C}}}$. The purpose of this paper is to exhibit inequalities bounding the relative error $\| \boldsymbol{\omega} - \boldsymbol{\tilde \omega} \| / \| \boldsymbol{\omega} \|$ by a very simple function of ${\mathbf{E}}$ and ${\mathbf{A}}$. Furthermore, the inequality will be shown to be the best one which is possible. This bound can be significant in the numerical determination of the limiting probabilities for an ergodic chain.In addition to presenting a sharp bound for $\| \boldsymbol{\omega} - \boldsymbol{\tilde \om.
Determining Sample Size for Accurate Estimation of the Squared Multiple Correlation Coefficient

While several resources are available to help researchers determine the minimum sample size needed to achieve target power for a wide variety of hypothesis tests, such resources are generally not available for determining the sample size when accurate parameter estimation is of interest. Sample size tables and procedures used to determine sample size for hypothesis tests should not be used for estimation because providing evidence that a parameter is not equal to some specific value is a fundamentally different task than accurately estimating the parameter. In particular, the necessary sample size required for hypothesis testing declines as the difference between the parameter and the specified value increases, but this difference does not have the same relationship to the sample size needed for accurate estimation. As interest in reporting estimates of effect sizes increases, sample size guidelines are needed for accurate estimation of these parameters. The present article focuses on the squared multiple correlation coefficient and presents regression equations that permit determination of sample size for estimating this parameter for up to 20 predictor variables. A comparison of the sample sizes reported here with those needed to test the hypothesis of no relationship between the predictor and criterion variables demonstrates the need for researchers to consider the purpose of their research and what is to be reported when determining the sample size for the study.
An Analysis of Meehl's MAXCOV-HITMAX Procedure for the Case of Continuous Indicators

MAXCOV-HITMAX was invented by Paul Meehl as a tool for the detection of latent taxonic structures (i.e., structures in which the latent variable, u, is not continuously, but rather Bernoulli, distributed). It involves the examination of the shape of a certain conditional covariance function and is based on Meehl's claims that (R1) Taxonic structures produce single-peaked conditional covariance functions and that (R2) continuous latent structures produce flat, rather than single-peaked, curves. For neither (R1), nor (R2), have formal proofs been provided, Meehl and colleagues instead having provided an argument ("Meehl's Hypothesis") as to why they should be true, and a number of Monte Carlo studies. In an earlier article, Maraun, Slaney, and Goddyn (2003) proved that, for the case of dichotomous indicators, Meehl's Hypothesis is false and, by counterexample, that (R2) is false. In the current article (a) it is proved that, for the case of continuous indicators, Meehl's Hypothesis is false and (b) results are developed analytically on the behaviour of the conditional covariance functions produced by taxonic structures.
Assessing Social Support in Elementary School Children: The Survey of Children's Social Support

We devised a self-report Survey of Children's Social Support (SOCSS) to assess three potential aspects of social support in elementary school age children: the frequency of supportive behaviors available from the child's support network (Scale of Available Behaviors, or SAB); the child's subjective appraisals of family, teacher, and peer support (APP); and the size of the child's social support network (NET). With a sample of 361 third through fifth graders, test-retest and internal consistency reliabilities were acceptable. Moderate correlations existed between SAB and APP. However, neither of these two measures was related to NET. In addition, significant relations between the SOCSS and other indices of social support and self-esteem provided evidence for the validity of the SOCSS.
Attitudes of the general population to psychiatric and physical illness

Aims and method The attitudes of members of the general population to people with psychiatric and physical illnesses were examined. We took a random sample of 280 members of the general population listed in the phone directory and sent them a brief clinical vignette about a neighbour with either schizophrenia, depression, diabetes or no illness. Results Only 103 (41%) of the surveyed general population responded. Some unsolicited comments revealed negative attitudes from a small number of subjects. There were, however, no statistically significant differences in general attitudes to sufferers of psychiatric and physical illnesses suggestive of discrimination against the former. Indeed, respondents showed a general tendency to be more supportive of a neighbour with any illness than to those without. In a sub-analysis, however, those who knew someone with schizophrenia were significantly less likely to be sympathetic towards them. Clinical implications We have not detected any general stigmatisation of those with psychiatric disorders, but our results may be attributable to response bias. Discrimination against those with psychiatric disorder may be limited to a relatively small sector of society or may only be manifest in relatively close relationships.
Homogenization of the Cell Cytoplasm: The Calcium Bidomain Equations

All previous models of the dynamics of intracellular calcium concentration have either made the ad hoc assumption that the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) coexist at every point in space or have explicitly separated the cytoplasm and the ER into different spatial domains. The former approach is unjustified, and the dependence on the diffusion coefficients on the geometry of the ER is unclear; the latter approach leads to extreme computational difficulties. To avoid the disadvantages of these approaches, we derive a bidomain model of calcium concentration inside the ER network, and outside it, in the cytosol. The homogenized macroscopic behavior is described in a two-concentration field model, a formula is derived for the effective diffusion coefficients of calcium in the ER and in the cytoplasm, and the effective diffusion coefficients are numerically computed for different ER geometries.
Multilevel Preconditioning of Two-dimensional Elliptic Problems Discretized by a Class of Discontinuous Galerkin Methods

We present optimal-order preconditioners for certain discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element discretizations of elliptic boundary value problems. We consider two variants of hierarchical splittings where the underlying finite element meshes are geometrically nested. A specific assembling process is proposed which facilitates the local analysis of the angle between the related subspaces. By applying the corresponding two-level basis transformation recursively, a sequence of algebraic problems is generated that can be associated with a hierarchy of coarse versions of DG approximations of the original problem. New bounds for the constant $\gamma$ in the strengthened Cauchy-Bunyakowski-Schwarz inequality are derived. The presented numerical results support the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the potential of this approach.
Systematicity and Surface Similarity in the Development of Analogy

This research investigates the development of analogy: In particular, we wish to study the development of systemoticity in analogy. Systematicity refers to the mapping of systems of mutually constraining relations, such as causal chains or chains of implication. A preference for systematic mappings is a central aspect of analogical processing in adults (Gentner. 1980, 1983). This research asks two questions: Does systematicity make analogical mapping easier? And, if so, when, developmentally, do children become able to utilize systematicity? Children aged 5-7 and 8-10 acted out stories with toy characters. Then they were asked to act out the same stories with new characters. Two variables were manipulated: systemat/c\ty, or the degree of explicit causal structure in the original stories, and the transparency of the abject-mappings. Transparency was manipulated by varying the similarity between the original characters and the corresponding new characters; it was included in order to vary the difficulty of the tronsfer task. If children can utilize systematicity, then their transfer accuracy should be greater for systematic stories. The results show: (1) As expected, transparency strongly influenced transfer accuracy (for both oge groups, transfer accuracy dropped shorply as the object correspondences became less transparent): and (2) for the older group, there was also a strong effect of systematicity and an interaction between the two variables. Given a systematic story, 9-year-alds could transfer it accurately regardless of the transparency of the object correspondence.
A between-experiment analysis of relationships linking dietary protein intake and post-weaning diarrhea in weanling pigs under conditions of experimental infection with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli.

Numerous experiments have demonstrated that feeding a lower protein diet decreases protein fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and reduces the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD). However, there is a lack of holistic evidence underpinning the relationship between feeding a lower protein diet and PWD in relation to physiological responses and protein fermentation in the GIT. The scope of this article, therefore, will: (i) focus on the impact of dietary protein levels on selected indices of GIT health in weaned pigs without and with experimental infection with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli; and (ii) attempt to conduct regression analysis to examine the relationships between dietary-origin protein intake, nitrogen fermentation indices, fecal consistency and the incidence of PWD. We used datasets generated from a series of four intensive experiments in weaned pigs. The collective results derived from these datasets indicate that restriction of daily protein intake to less than 60 g through feeding a lower protein diet for as little as 7 days after weaning reduced the incidence of PWD commensurate with a reduction in protein fermentation indices.
Not to be Missed Entity: Dieulafoy's Lesion!

Clinically missed Dieulafoy's lesion is a significant cause of gastro-intestinal bleeding with a poor prognosis. We hereby compare an autopsy case of a similar nature; thereby highlighting the importance of autopsy. 69 years old male living in a retirement home was being managed for anemia. He was admitted with a preliminary diagnosis of septicemia with deteriorating renal function. He was found dead and referred for autopsy to our institute. At autopsy, 3 small defects at the gastroesophageal junction measuring about 5-7 mm were seen, which on microscopy revealed a relatively large artery at the submocosal level with rupture. There was about 2 liters of blood in the stomach. This was a Dieulafoy's lesion, the cause of sudden massive gastrointestinal bleeding and subsequent shock. This signifies that autopsy still holds its value in this modern era of diagnostics.
Multidimensional Manhattan Street Networks

We formally define the $n$-dimensional Manhattan street network $M_n$—a special case of an $n$-regular digraph—and we study some of its structural properties. In particular, we show that $M_n$ is a Cayley digraph, which can be seen as a subgroup of the $n$-dimensional version of the wallpaper group $pgg$. These results induce a useful new representation of $M_n$, which can be applied to design a local (shortest-path) routing algorithm and to study some other metric properties, such as the diameter. We also show that the $n$-dimensional Manhattan street networks are Hamiltonian and, in the standard case (that is, in dimension two), we give sufficient conditions for a $2$-dimensional Manhattan street network to be decomposable into two arc-disjoint Hamiltonian cycles.