Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inherently Delayed Germination of Elgon Teak (Olea capensis) Seeds in Kakamega Forest, Kenya

Abstract Olea capensis in Kakamega forest does not show any evidence of natural regeneration under the parent trees. This study sought to determine the factors that may be responsible for the lack of natural regeneration under the adult parent crowns in the Kakamega forest, Kenya. The study was carried out between November, 1999 and August, 2000 which marked the end of the fruiting period when one would expect to find a lot of germinated seeds on the forest floor. Contrary to this expectation, there was no observed germination. It was, therefore, envisaged that chemical inhibition by the parent tree may be responsible for the lack of seed germination and establishment under the parent crowns. Three principal bioassay methods were used to test whether chemical interaction indeed may be a possible mechanism inhibiting the germination and establishment of seeds and seedlings in the immediate vicinity of Olea adults inside the forest. To distinguish allelopathic interactions from others such as seed inviability, bioassays were applied on experimentally germinated seeds in the nearby forest tree nursery where sprouting of buds and shoots was monitored and measured. Controls were watered with distilled water. Live-shoot bioassay significantly inhibited seed germination. Both shoot and root leachates significantly (p≤0.05) reduced shoot and root budding in young experimental seedlings in the forest tree nursery. Shoot leachates appear to be the most effective inhibitors of seed germination and establishment of Olea seeds and seedlings inside the Kakamega forest. Shoot leachates also significantly (p≤0.05) retarded the growth of Olea seedlings. This has practical implications for the regeneration of Olea in the Kakamega forest and explains the clumped distribution of Olea adults in the forest. Inhibitory substances appear to delay germination of seeds for periods long enough for predation to occur. The implication is, only seeds that are dispersed distances away from Olea adults will germinate and establish, and the dispersal pattern determines the eventual spatial distribution.
Diurnal variations in depth profiles of UV-induced DNA damage and inhibition of bacterioplankton production in tropical coastal waters

In this study, diurnal changes in bacterial production and DNA damage in bacterio- plankton (measured as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, CPDs) incubated in bags at different depths in tropical coastal waters were investigated. The DNA damage and inhibition of the bacterial pro- duction was highest at the surface and decreased with depth. Inhibition of both leucine (Leu) and thymidine (TdR) incorporation was detectable to a depth of 10 m, while DNA damage was measur- able only until 5 m. In addition, the decrease of the inhibition of Leu and TdR incorporation with depth was less than the decrease in DNA damage. Variations in DNA damage in bacteria and in bio- dosimeters were mostly explained by UV radiation (UVR) dose received over time and depth. UVB radiation (UVBR) contributed more than UVA radiation (UVAR) to the damage. The attenuation coefficient of DNA damage with depth was comparable to the attenuation coefficients of UVBR sug- gesting that DNA damage was induced mainly by UVBR. For incubations at the surface, there was a trend of increasing DNA damage at a constant rate during the entire period of daylight, while the inhibition of leucine incorporation showed a trend of a less rapid increase in the afternoon than in the morning. This might have been due to photorepair, which would also explain the lack of correlation between the inhibition of leucine incorporation and UV dose. It was concluded that CPD damage in DNA is not necessarily the predominant factor in the inhibition of bacterial production. It cannot explain the large impact of sunlight on bacterioplankton productivity in tropical waters.
Participant Engagement and Data Reliability with Internet-Based Q Methodology: A Cautionary Tale

Q methodology traditionally involves the sorting of stimuli such as textual phrases or images that are then analyzed with statistical software. Coupled with these quantitative techniques, Q methodology often involves in-depth interviews and interpretative methods. In spite of these mixed-methods strengths, scholars are turning to internet-based platforms for administering Q studies, allowing for a greater range of access to a larger pool of potential participants. In this article, we examine issues related to participant engagement and the potential impact of low-quality sorts on data reliability. These issues are particularly germane for studies utilizing online platforms for administering Q methodology studies, where the distance between researcher and participants is increased. Our analysis involves the generation of random Q sorts as a proxy for low-quality data and explores the influence of introduced low-quality data on factor loadings and interpretation. In our exploratory study, we find that the introduction of even a small number of low-quality sorts can seriously influence factor loadings; in particular, these random sorts alter the composition of Q sorts that load on less dominant “minority” factors and, ultimately, the interpretation of factors. Based on these findings, we propose an approach that allows Q methodology researchers to explore further the quality of their data to detect low-quality sorts and offer suggestions for improving participant engagement in online studies.
INVESTIGATION OF ELECTROMYOGRAPHY OF MAJOR MUSCLE GROUPS WHILE HIKING OUT DURING SAILING ON BOTH LAND AND WATER

The purpose of this study is to compare the Electromyographic (EMG) readings of muscle activation while hiking out on both land and water. This preliminary study aims to determine if there is a significant difference between EMG readings conducted in laboratory conditions as well as on water when the subject is hiking out while sailing. Muscle groups tested in this study were the Rectus Femoris, Vastus Laterialis and the Tibialis Anterior. EMG readings were taken and expressed as a percentage of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) baseline from the subject. The preliminary results of this study show that the RF muscles contribute more to hiking out than the VL muscles in the laboratory and at sea.
DMAW 2010 LEGACY the Presentation Review: Dark Matter in Galaxies with its Explanatory Notes

The Seminar "Dark Matter in Galaxies" was delivered, within the Dark Matter Awareness Week (1-8 December 2010) at 140 institutes in 46 countries and it was followed by 4200 people. A documentation of this worldwide initiative is at this http URL A reference presentation, prepared by a coordinated pool of leading scientists in the field, was available to speakers. In response to feedbacks and suggestions, we upgraded it to a "Presentation Review" of which we provide here the Explanatory Notes, the link to the . pptx file, and some image of the slides. This Presentation Review is an innovative scientific product to meet the request of information about the phenomenology of the DM mystery at galactic scale. This Review concerns the mass discrepancy phenomenon detected in galaxies, usually accounted by postulating the presence of a non luminous non baryonic component. In the theoretical framework of Newtonian Gravity we recall the properties of Dark Matter halos as emerging from the state-of-the-art of numerical simulations performed in the current $\Lambda CDM$ scenario. Then, the simple but much-telling phenomenology of the distribution of dark and luminous matter in Spirals, Ellipticals, and dwarf Spheroidals is reported. We show that a coherent observational framework emerges from reliable data of different large samples of objects and it is obtained by different methods of investigation. We then highlight the impressive evidence that the distribution of dark and luminous matter are closely correlated and that have universal features. Hints on the cosmological role of this phenomenological scenario are then given. Finally, we discuss the constraints on the elusive nature of the dark particle that the actual distribution of DM around galaxies pose on its direct and indirect searches.
Mystery solved: discovery of extended radio emission in the merging galaxy cluster Abell 2146

JHL is supported by NSERC through the discovery grant and Canada Research Chair programmes, as well as FRQNT through the new university researchers start up programme. MLGM is supported by NSERC through the NSERC Post-graduate Scholarship Doctoral programme (PGSD). DFB is supported by NSERC, through the summer internship programme.
Revised Optimal Checkpointing Strategies in Database Availability Modeling and Their Comparison (Decision Theory and Its Related Fields)

In this paper, a revised checkpoint institution method is proposed for a database availability model. In the method, the checkpointing is always performed after rollback recovery actions when the system failure occurs as well as in the periodic (pre-scheduled) checkpoint interval. The revised optimal checkpointing strategies which maximize the system availability are derived and compared with existing ones numerically.
Optimising pension financing with an application to the Finnish earnings-related pension scheme

Demographic development with a deteriorating dependency ratio driven by increasing longevity and low fertility rates, are the main causes of expected increases in pension expenditure. Contribution rates are typically expected to increase to make current arrangements viable with an ageing population. Taking expenditures as given, there are two questions to be analysed: sustainable level and time path of the contribution rate. In a sustainable scheme the present value of expenditures and initial wealth should equal the present value of contributions. However, this leaves open the determination of the time pattern of contributions. Financing of pensions is not only a one-to-one transfer of purchasing power from wage earners to pensioners but this involves direct collection costs and indirect misallocation costs induced by incentive effects on the working population. Financing of pensions thus involves the using up of resources that are referred to in public finance literature as dead weight loss or excess burden. In this paper we analyse how to set optimality criteria for the contribution path taking expenditures as given. We derive results in the case of certainty and in a case where uncertainty about the future is approached in a simple way. We study how uncertainty about transitory or permanent shocks in the contributions base influences the setting of contribution rates. In characterising the implications of future uncertainty for setting the contribution rate, in the context of the Finnish pension scheme, it turned out that uncertainty with respect to relatively large permanent shocks have modest consequences for setting the level of contribution rate. Introducing relatively long-lived but temporary labour market shocks had only negligible impacts.
Effects of Random Fiber Inclusion on Consolidation, Hydraulic Conductivity, Swelling, Shrinkage Limit and Desiccation Cracking of Clays

Clay soils and their related abnormal behavior such as excessive shrinkage, swelling, consolidation settlement and cracking on drying has been the subject of many investigations. Previous studies mainly evaluated the effects of additives such as lime, cement and sand on these characteristics. Initial results indicated that the soil characteristics were improved. However, reportedly in many cases, these additives resulted in a decrease in plasticity and increase in hydraulic conductivity. As a result, there has been a growing interest in soil/fiber reinforcement. The present investigation has focused on the impact of short random fiber inclusion on consolidation settlement, swelling, hydraulic conductivity, shrinkage limit and the development of desiccation cracks in compacted clays. To examine the possible improvements in the soil characteristics, samples consisting of 75% kaolinite and 25% montmorillonite were reinforced with 1, 2, 4 and 8 percent fibers as dry weight of soil with 5, 10 and 15mm lengths. Results indicated that consolidation settlements and swelling of fiber reinforced samples reduced substantially whereas hydraulic conductivities increased slightly by increasing fiber content and length. Shrinkage limits also showed an increase with increasing fiber content and length. This meant that samples experienced much less volumetric changes due to desiccation, and the extent of crack formation was significantly reduced.
J ENA E CONOMIC R ESEARCH P APERS

Cooperation can beneﬁt and hurt ﬁrms at the same time. An important question then is: when is it better to cooperate. And how can an appropriate partner be selected? In this paper we present a model of inter-ﬁrm cooperation driven by cognitive distance, appropriability conditions and external knowledge. Absorptive capacity of ﬁrms develops as an outcome of the interaction between absorptive R&D and cognitive distance from voluntary and involuntary knowledge spillovers. Thus, we oﬀer a revision of the original model by Cohen and Levinthal (1989) accounting for recent empirical ﬁndings and explicitly modeling absorptive capacity within the framework of interactive learning. We apply that to the analysis of ﬁrms’ cooperation and R&D investment preferences. While the focus of this paper is limited to a static scenario, where the cognitive distance between cooperating ﬁrms is ﬁxed and given exogenously, in Savin and Egbetokun (2012) we address the dynamic approach and provide more extensive simulation results.
Irreversibility on the Level of Single-Electron Tunneling

We present a low-temperature experimental test of the fluctuation theorem for electron transport through a double quantum dot. The rare entropy-consuming system trajectories are detected in the form of single charges flowing against the source-drain bias by using time-resolved charge detection with a quantum point contact. We find that these trajectories appear with a frequency that agrees with the theoretical predictions even under strong nonequilibrium conditions, when the finite bandwidth of the charge detection is taken into account. The second law of thermodynamics states that a macroscopic system out of thermal equilibrium will irreversibly move toward equilibrium driven by a steady increase of its entropy. This macroscopic irreversibility occurs despite the time-reversal symmetry of the underlying microscopic equations of motion. Also, a microscopic system will undergo an irreversible evolution on a long time scale, but, over a sufficiently short observation time � , both entropy-producing trajectories as well as their timereversed entropy-consuming counterparts occur. It is only because of the statistics of these occurrences that a longterm irreversible evolution is established. This phenomenon is described by the fluctuation theorem [1,2]. Irrespective of the description of the trajectories being system-specific, the fluctuation theorem (FT) relates the probabilities P� ð� SÞ for processes that change the entropy
Aalborg Universitet Changes in cardiac repolarisation during hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes

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A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF MIDAZOLAM -THIOPENTONE WITH PROPOFOL ON LARYNGEAL MASK AIRWAY INSERTION CONDITION

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Laryngeal mask airway (LMA), an alternative airway device, provides and maintains a seal around the laryngeal inlet for spontaneous ventilation as well as modest level of positive pressure ventilation. But LMA requires a sufficient depth of anaesthesia& depression of airway reflexes to avoid adverse reactions like gagging, coughing, head & limb movements etc. We intended to test the efficacy of Thiopentone and Midazolam combination as an effective alternative to Propofol for insertion of LMA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty patients (18-34 years) posted for different minor procedure ( 20 sec) and Severe (Sustained >20sec or needed Propofol to allow LMA insertion). RESULTS: Propofol is superior to combination of thiopentone-midazolam, in terms of achieving conditions like jaw relaxation, coughing & suppression of gagging during LMA insertion but regarding other variables like laryngospasm, hiccup & patient movement, which are equally important prerequisites for successful LMA insertion, there was not much statistically significant difference found between propofol and combination of thiopentone-midazolam. CONCLUSION: Combination of thiopentone - midazolam effectively blunts airway reflexes and adequately facilitates laryngeal mask airway insertion which can be comparable to propofol.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan bukti empiris mengenai pengaruh kecerdasan spiritual auditor terhadap kinerja dengan kecerdasan emosional sebagai variabel mediator. Model regresi linier dikembangkan untuk menguji hipotesis dan analisis path. Variabel dependen dari masing-masing model ad

The objective of this research was to investigate empirical evidence about influence auditor spiritual intelligence on the performance with emotional intelligence as a mediator variable. Linear regression models are developed to examine the hypothesis and path analysis. The dependent variable of each model is auditor performance, whereas the independent variable of model 1 is spiritual intelligence, of model 2 are emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence. The parameters were estimated by questioner data, with of 83 auditor respondent had worked in public accountant firms all of Jawa Tengah and Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Results of testing showed that empirical evidence supports all the proposed hypothesis. With path analysis, this research shows relation of third variables (spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, and performance) that spiritual intelligence has indirect positive influenced to performance with emotional intelligence as the mediator variable.
Early enteral nutrition following gastrointestinal anastomosis

Objective :to compare feasibility, safety and efficacy of early Vs delayed oral feeding after elective intestinal anastomosis. Methods :A –three –year comparative single –centre study in which 25 patients who had early feeding within 6 hrs after surgery were compared with 25 patients who had late feeding after appearance of bowel sounds and flatus passage. Patients were matched for age, sex, indication of surgery and nutritional status. Analysis was done using student's t-test regarding timing of appearance of bowel sounds, passage of flatus and stool, wound sepsis, anastomotic leaks and duration of hospital stay etc. Results :Mean time for appearance of bowel sounds was 1.08 ± 0.27 days in study group compared to 2.12 ± 0.6 days in control group (p<0.05). The mean time for passage of flatus in study and control group was 1.32 ± 0.55 Vs 2.76 ± 0.87 days (p<0.05) and passage of stool 2.28 ± 0.89 Vs 3.92 ± 0.90 days (p<0.05). Post operative serum proteins level of study group were significantly higher in comparison to control group (p<0.05). Three patients (12%) in control and two patients(8%) in study group had anastomosis leak. The mean hospital stay was 5.8 ± 3.09 days in study group and 10.56 ± 7.01 days in control group (p<0.05). Conclusion :Early oral feeding after elective gastro-intestinal anastomosis is well tolerated, helps in early resolution of ileus, decreased wound infection and short hospital stay.
Automated Feature Identification and Classification Using Automated Feature Weighted Self Organizing Map (FWSOM)

This paper investigates the application of a novel method for classification called Feature Weighted Self Organizing Map (FWSOM) that analyses the topology information of a converged standard Self Organizing Map (SOM) to automatically guide the selection of important inputs during training for improved classification of data with redundant inputs, examined against two traditional approaches namely neural networks and Support Vector Machines (SVM) for the classification of EEG data as presented in previous work. In particular, the novel method looks to identify the features that are important for classification automatically, and in this way the important features can be used to improve the diagnostic ability of any of the above methods. The paper presents the results and shows how the automated identification of the important features successfully identified the important features in the dataset and how this results in an improvement of the classification results for all methods apart from linear discriminatory methods which cannot separate the underlying nonlinear relationship in the data. The FWSOM in addition to achieving higher classification accuracy has given insights into what features are important in the classification of each class (left and right-hand movements), and these are corroborated by already published work in this area.
The activity of IL-6 and TNF-α in adipose tissue and peripheral blood in horses suffering from equine metabolic syndrome (EMS).

Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a metabolic disorder characterized by excessive obesity and or/regional adiposity, insulin resistance (IR) and prior or current laminitis. In the course of the EMS, an important role exert systemic inflammation caused by excessive expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The aim of the current investigation was to examine relationships between expression IL-6 and TNF-α in adipose tissue and their concentration in peripheral blood in horses with EMS. On the basis of range of research procedures, horses were divided into two groups: group A (EMS horses, n=8) and group B (healthy horses with overweight, n=8). The concentration of the proinflammatory cytokines in the peripheral blood and their expression in the adipose tissue were determined. The results of the EMS group showed numerous macrophages and lymphocytes infiltration and increased diameters of adipocytes (P<0.05). The concentration of TNF-α in the serum of insulin-resistant horses was statistically higher compared to the healthy individuals. No significant differences were observed between the EMS horses and the control horses in the concentration of IL-6 in the serum. Moreover, our research revealed expression of investigated cytokines in adipose tissue. The results shows a higher expression of TNF-α in the EMS groups. What is more, macrophages infiltration were observed. In the case of IL-6, were detected the similar arrangement of this cytokines in adipocytes between both test groups. The study indicates the importance of pro-inflammatory proteins TNFα in the equine metabolic syndrome.
Yield and Digestibility of Old World Bluestem Grasses as Affected by Cultivar, Plant Part, and Maturity

IVDDMY of these cultivars were simile in 1982. Quadratic and linear equations were satisfactorily 5t to the DMY and IVDDMY data in 1982 and 1983, respectively. The IVDMD ln whole piant samples decreased at average rates of 4.2 and 5.5 g kg ha-’ da5y in 1982 and 1983, respectively, during harvest week one. Among cultivars, Caucasian had the highest rate of decline and Ganada the lowest. The decline was quadratic in nature and faster in stem fractions. Cuitivu IVDMD differences were consistent over plant parts. Ganada and Cawasian had the highest and lowest IVDMD concentrations, respectively. Plains and WW-Spar had IVDMD values of slm5ar magnitude and intermediite to those of Ganada and Caucasian. Cuitivar leaf to stem ratios were shnilu in 1982 but different in 1983 with Plains and Caucasian having higher L/S ratios than Ganada and WW-Spar. For these cultivars leafiness was a poor indicator of digestibility. g&O