Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Education to Increase the Awareness and Preventive Behaviors of Pediculosis in Female School Students According to the Health Belief Model in Mashhad

Aim: Pediculosis is a common serious infection and one of the public health problems in different countries. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of education on the preventive behaviors of pediculosis based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) in female students in Mashhad. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 60 seventh grade female students in Mashhad, in two groups. Cluster sampling was performed using the HBM in 2016. For gathering data, the questionnaire consisting of demographic variables and the HBM, which was implemented to both groups before, immediately after, and two months after the education. SPSS19 software and t-test, Freedman, MannWittny, Chi-square and Pierson’s correlation tests were used to analyze the data. Findings: Before the intervention, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of all the structures (p>0/05), but after the intervention, a significant difference was observed only in terms of knowledge, perceived susceptibility and severity, perceived benefits and obstacles, efficacy and behavior (p<0/05). The correlation coefficient between the preventive behaviors of pediculosis and obstacles was found to be significant (p<0/001, r=0/499). Conclusion: Health education program based on HBM can prevent pediculos is and be effective in female students.
Attitude and practice of diabetic patients towards Complementary/alternative medicine and related factors, Sari, 2014-2015

Background and purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of complementary/alternative medicine (CAM) and related factors in diabetic patients attending diabetes clinics in Sari and their attitudes and satisfaction. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, the use of CAM methods, attitude and satisfaction of 270 diabetic patients, were assessed by a questionnaire. The t-test, chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze the related factors. Results: Among the participants 99 (36.6%) had used at least one of the CAM methods in the year before the study. The most commonly used CAM were medicinal plants (n= 85 patients), cupping (n= 14), acupuncture (n= 11), bloodletting (n= 5), and massage (n= 1). The most common herbs were nettle, fenugreek, barberry, cinnamon, and green tea. More than 51% of patients expressed their satisfaction with the effects of these methods and over 67% were willing to use them again. There was a positive attitude towards CAM methods in 47 patients (17.4%). A significant correlation was observed between the use of these methods and marriage (P= 0.02), duration of disease (P=0.01) and duration of treatment (P=0.02). Conclusion: In our study, the use of non-conventional methods in diabetic patients was found to be common which was related to duration of diabetes and its therapy. More studies are needed to evaluate the effects, side effects and interactions of these methods with conventional methods in treatment of diabetes.
Evidence Marking in Research Articles: An Investigation of its Sources and Relative Reliability through Quality Markers

Evidence occupies a paramount position in any logical endeavor and research article is consensually considered a predominant site of such an endeavor. One interesting area of rhetoric which addresses the source and reliability of evidence is quality metadiscourse. In this qualitative study, quality metadiscourse strategies (i.e., evidentials, hedges, boosters and disclaimers) are examined to investigate their contribution to evidentiality in research articles. Through analyzing authentic examples taken from research articles, it is concluded that evidentials mark the source of evidence and the other strategies are employed to condition propositions proportionate to the strength of relevant evidence. In fact, this study helps to argue that reliability markers demonstrate the author-perceived distance of propositions from the impact range of evidence. Contrary to the broad definition of metadiscourse, the paper concludes that without appropriate types of markers, propositions could lose their quality, and as such, they are an indispensable part of the propositions they modify in the broader pragmatic context. Thus, in addition to a contribution to the definition of metadiscourse, this conceptualization is hoped to facilitate teaching and learning quality metadiscourse in that it defines a more plausible base to the appropriate employment of quality-related metadiscourse strategies.
Effect of Flavourings on Quality and Consumer Acceptability of Soy-Yoghurt

Inspite of the characteristic objectionable painty odour, soybean is an attractive value added food grain because of its higher nutritive value. The effect of different flavourings on the quality and acceptability of soy-yoghurt were studied. The flavours were added at 5% (W/V). Soy-yoghurt flavoured with synthesized vanilla, banana, strawberry, pineapple and natural ginger flavours, control without flavouring and commercial yoghurt were all compared for proximate, pH, percentage lactic acid, specific gravity, soluble solids, percentage syneresis and microbial count. Sensory evaluation was also conducted in order to determine the acceptability of the samples. The protein content of plain soy-yoghurt was 3.33; commercial yoghurt was 3.74 while that of flavoured soy-yoghurt ranged from 3.47 and 3.69. The pH and %lactic acid contents ranged from 4.2-5.0 and 0.70-1.31 respectively on the second day of storage while the values were 4.0-4.7 and 1.30-1.71 on the eighth day of storage at refrigeration temperature. The lactic acid values increased with decreasing pH values. The %syneresis ranged from 41.30-54.09 and 42.65-56.21 for flavoured soy-yoghurt while it was 37.75 and 38.13 for plain soy-yoghurt on the second and eighth day of storage. The values increased with increasing storage days. Microbiological examination revealed that the samples were within the minimum acceptable standards. The sensory evaluation also showed that there was no significant difference (P≤0.05) for taste, consistency and overall acceptability among all the samples. However, banana soy-yoghurt was the most preferred by the sensory panelists with respect to all quality attributes except consistency while ginger soy-
From Immigrants to Americans: Race and Assimilation During the Great Migration

How does the arrival of a new minority group affect the social acceptance and outcomes of existing minorities? We study this question in the context of the First Great Migration. Between 1915 and 1930, 1.5 million African Americans moved from the U.S. South to Northern urban centres, which were home to millions of European immigrants arrived in previous decades. We formalize and empirically test the hypothesis that the inflows of Black Americans changed perceptions of outgroup distance among native-born whites, reducing the barriers to the social integration of European immigrants. Predicting Black in-migration with a version of the shift-share instrument, we find that immigrants living in areas that received more Black migrants experienced higher assimilation along a range of outcomes, such as naturalization rates and intermarriages with native-born spouses. Evidence from the historical press and patterns of heterogeneity across immigrant nationalities provide additional support to the role of shifting perceptions of the white majority.
Antioxidants in aerial parts of Hypericum sampsonii, Hypericum japonicum and Hypericum perforatum.

Antioxidants contents and antioxidative enzymes and their activities in fresh aerial tissues of Hypericum sampsonii (Sampson's St John's Wort), Hypericum japonicum (Japanese St John's Wort) and Hypericum perforatum were investigated. Hypericum sampsonii contained more total ascorbate [34.33 μmol g -1 fresh weight (FW)] than H. perforatum (57% less) and H. japonicum (82% less). It also contained more thiol and phenolics than two other species. Hypericum japonicum had highest superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (8.74 mmol min -1 g -1 FW), followed by H. sampsonii (2% less) and H. perforatum (37% less). Hot-air dried H. perforatum materials contained more thiol [208.7 μmol g -1 dry weight (DW)] and phenolics (352.82 mg g -1 DW) than freeze-dried and fresh materials. Both drying treatments decreased the activities of antioxidative enzymes in aerial tissues of H. perforatum. However, freeze-dried H. perforatum contained the highest SOD activity (5.42 mmol min -1 g -1 DW) among the antioxidative enzymes measured from both freeze-dried and hot-air dried tissues (ranged from 0.02 to 2.65 μmol min -1 g -1 DW).
Impact of Heavy Metal Stress on In Vitro Seed Germination and Seedling Growth Indices of Two Turfgrass species

Turfgrass is one of the important components of ornamental plant in the construction of parks and landscapes so that the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of type and different concentrations of Copper, Zinc and Cobalt on germination and seedling growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) seeds in in vitro conditions. This study was carried out in 2014. A factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications in laboratory. Seeds were sown in the sterilized medium containing 7 g/L of agar under the laminar air flow. Then, three solutions of ZnSO4, CuSO4 and COCl2 in five concentrations of 0, 20, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L were prepared. Seeds were placed in the incubator at 24°C and 50% humidity for 25 days. Seed germination traits and seedling growth were recorded. Results showed that zinc and copper had minimum and maximum inhibitory effects on seedling growth, respectively. At the presence of copper, by increasing the concentration from 0 to 200 mg/L, the germination and seeding growth were sharply reduced. Inhibitory effects on seedling growth were found in higher concentrations than 50 mg/L at the presence of zinc and cobalt metals. The minimum rate of germination and seedling growth in both red fescue and perennial ryegrass was observed in the concentrations of 20 to 200 mg/L of copper. Therefore, perennial ryegrass and red fescue as turfgrass cannot germinate and grow in soils with copper contamination even at low concentrations, but they can tolerate moderate concentration zinc and particularly cobalt contamination in the polluted environments.
Emergent relationships on burned area in global satellite observations and fire-enabled vegetation models

Abstract. Recent climate changes increases fire-prone weather conditions and likely affects fire occurrence, which might impact ecosystem functioning, biogeochemical cycles, and society. Prediction of how fire impacts may change in the future is difficult because of the complexity of the controls on fire occurrence and burned area. Here we aim to assess how process-based fire-enabled Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) represent relationships between controlling factors and burned area. We developed a pattern-oriented model evaluation approach using the random forest (RF) algorithm to identify emergent relationships between climate, vegetation, and socioeconomic predictor variables and burned area. We applied this approach to monthly burned area time series for the period 2005–2011 from satellite observations and from DGVMs from the Fire Model Inter-comparison Project (FireMIP) that were run using a common protocol and forcing datasets. The satellite-derived relationships indicate strong sensitivity to climate variables (e.g. maximum temperature, number of wet days), vegetation properties (e.g. vegetation type, previous-season plant productivity and leaf area, woody litter), and to socioeconomic variables (e.g. human population density). DGVMs broadly reproduce the relationships to climate variables and some models to population density. Interestingly, satellite-derived responses show a strong increase of burned area with previous-season leaf area index and plant productivity in most fire-prone ecosystems which was largely underestimated by most DGVMs. Hence our pattern-oriented model evaluation approach allowed to diagnose that current fire-enabled DGVMs represent some controls on fire to a large extent but processes linking vegetation productivity and fire occurrence need to be improved to accurately simulate the role of fire under global environmental change.
Review of small farmer finance and livelihoods in South Africa

Introduction: This overview serves as a section of the background work for the Small Farmer Finance project. The project is based on the reality of the rural areas of South Africa. It recognizes that rural people mobilise income from a range of sources. In many instances farming plays an important role, but in terms of monetary contribution to the household income, not as important a role. It seeks to find adequate background material on which to base the next stage of the study. In this background document we start with an overview of the microfinance market in South Africa. This provides an overview of the complete microfinance sector, including the finance of small farmers. Note that we concentrate on loans below R10000. However, we will also address larger loans (from R10000 to R100000) in a sub-section on small farmer finance. This overview is followed by a discussion and illustration of livelihood strategies in the rural areas of South Africa. This is then combined in a section on finance and livelihoods. Due to the importance of the impact of HIV/AIDS in South Africa we also include a relevant section followed by some concluding remarks.
Histological Seasonal Changes in Ovaries of Spotted Tinamous (Nothura maculosa Tinamidae, Temminck, 1815) Related to Gonadotrope Population

Nothura maculosa es un tinamido sudamericano que presenta marcada estacionalidad reproductiva. Este trabajo describe los cambios estacionales del ovario de esta especie, en relacion con la poblacion de gonadotropas (GTHs). Muestras de ovarios y pituitarias de ejemplares adultos fueron colectadas mensualmente durante cuatro anos; se fijaron en solucion de Bouin y procesadas para M.O. Los datos del peso gonadal posfijacion fueron analizados usando STATISTIX 4.0. Los cortes de ovarios fueron coloreados con H/E, P.A. S. y Tricromico de Goldner-Masson. En cortes de adenohipofisis se aplico inmunocitoquimica simple y doble (sistema ABC, Vector Lab.), empleando anticuerpos anti-pollo FSH y anti-pollo LH. Las muestras se analizaron en periodos trimestrales de cada ano (P): Pl: Marzo-Abril-Mayo (etapa de reposo), P2: Junio-Julio-Agosto (etapa de desarrollo), P3: Septiembre-Octubre-Noviembre (etapa reproductiva), P4: Diciembre-Enero-Febrero (etapa involutiva). El peso de los ovarios (PO) vario significativamente entre los periodos (p eran abundantes en la zona intermedia y en el lobulo caudal en P3 y P4 mientras que escasas celulas contenian ambos tipos de granulos. El numero de celulas FSHi> se incremento durante P3 y P4. Los cambios histologicos del ovario se correlacionaron estrechamente con las variaciones en la poblacion de gonadotropas.
Bioaugmentative Approaches for Dairy Wastewater Treatment

Problem statement: The achievement of a good ecological status of water receivers after discharge of waste or partially treated water from dairy industry requires harmonic interaction between water treatment technology and self-purification processes. Approach: The present research included two modules. First: an anaerobic treatment process for dairy wastewater in broadly spread sequencing batch bioreactor with fixed biomass was studied. As a source of active biological system specially treated and acclimated activated sludge from Sofia Wastewater Treatment Plant was used. The acclimation and immobilization of initially inoculated biomass, the addition of microbiological preparations and its modification for increase of the biodegradation activity to target pollutants were studied as opportunities for the stimulation of water treatment process in bioreactors and water receiver. Second: self-purification processes in а water receiver for partially treated dairy wastewater were investigated. The functional role and restructuring of the microbial communities in the water, sediment water and sediments were studied. Results: The results showed that the most important approaches for achieving high effectiveness of wastewater treatment process were both the acclimation and immobilization of biomass. In that aspect the data for the water receiver confirmed this conclusion. These two processes increased biodegradation effectiveness of the target pollutant (protein) with 67%. Conclusion: The effect of the added preparations was smaller (protein biodegradation was increased to 9% for the different biological systems). It was thoroughly related to low improvement of the rate of metabolism and functioning of the biological system mainly on an enzyme level.
Shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems: dynamics, impacts and research priorities

Recent research using repeat photography, long-term ecological monitoring and dendrochronology has documented shrub expansion in arctic, high-latitude and alpine tundra ecosystems. Here, we (1) synthesize these findings, (2) present a conceptual framework that identifies mechanisms and constraints on shrub increase, (3) explore causes, feedbacks and implications of the increased shrub cover in tundra ecosystems, and (4) address potential lines of investigation for future research. Satellite observations from around the circumpolar Arctic, showing increased productivity, measured as changes in ‘greenness’, have coincided with a general rise in high-latitude air temperatures and have been partly attributed to increases in shrub cover. Studies indicate that warming temperatures, changes in snow cover, altered disturbance regimes as a result of permafrost thaw, tundra fires, and anthropogenic activities or changes in herbivory intensity are all contributing to observed changes in shrub abundance. A large-scale increase in shrub cover will change the structure of tundra ecosystems and alter energy fluxes, regional climate, soil–atmosphere exchange of water, carbon and nutrients, and ecological interactions between species. In order to project future rates of shrub expansion and understand the feedbacks to ecosystem and climate processes, future research should investigate the species or trait-specific responses of shrubs to climate change including: (1) the temperature sensitivity of shrub growth, (2) factors controlling the recruitment of new individuals, and (3) the relative influence of the positive and negative feedbacks involved in shrub expansion.
BODY CONDITION AND LONGEVITY OF HIGH YIELDING DAIRY COWS

Body condition of high yielding Holstein-Friesian dairy cows changes during the production cycle. It represents important indicator of achieved level of nutrition and degree of nourishment. BCS is a functional method, and integral part of the strategy and basis of corrective activities in farm management. BCS of cows in all phases of production cycle is important indicator of applied nutrition, but also of the technological process sin general. The amount of body reserves in form of fat tissue cow has before calving as huge impact on incidence of potential post-calving problems, production of milk, reproductive efficiency and health condition. Very often animals are culled from the herds prematurely, which shortenes the life exploitation of cows. Longevity is the ability to survice in certain production conditions. Life expectancy is from the economical aspect the most important functional trait of high yielding cows and represents necessary condition for sustainability of milk production over longer period. Average BCS of culled cows for the first stage of lactation was 3,35 (2,41-4,37) for the second stage of lactation 3,50 (2,59-4,59), for the third 2,22 (1,44-2,91) and the fourth 2,36 (1,373,37). Variation coefficient (Cv) ranged from 12,59 to 16,82. Average age of culled cows was 2037,07 days or 5,58 years with variation interval of 742,00 to 5430,00 days. Age at culling showed high variability (Cv=45,69). Number of culled cows (n=34 or 32.69%) was the highest at the age of over 7 years (7,10-14,88). The same cows showed the highest variability in regard to longevity (Cv=17,97).
Revised Radii of Kepler Stars and Planets Using Gaia Data Release 2

One bottleneck for the exploitation of data from the Kepler mission for stellar astrophysics and exoplanet research has been the lack of precise radii and evolutionary states for most of the observed stars. We report revised radii of 177,911 Kepler stars derived by combining parallaxes from the Gaia Data Release 2 with the DR25 Kepler Stellar Properties Catalog. The median radius precision is ≈8%, a typical improvement by a factor of 4–5 over previous estimates for typical Kepler stars. We find that ≈67% (≈120,000) of all Kepler targets are main-sequence stars, ≈21% (≈37,000) are subgiants, and ≈12% (≈21,000) are red giants, demonstrating that subgiant contamination is less severe than some previous estimates and that Kepler targets are mostly main-sequence stars. Using the revised stellar radii, we recalculate the radii for 2123 confirmed and 1922 candidate exoplanets. We confirm the presence of a gap in the radius distribution of small, close-in planets, but find that the gap is mostly limited to incident fluxes >200 , and its location may be at a slightly larger radius (closer to ≈2 R⊕) when compared to previous results. Furthermore, we find several confirmed exoplanets occupying a previously described “hot super-Earth desert” at high irradiance, show the relation between a gas-giant planet’s radius and its incident flux, and establish a bona fide sample of eight confirmed planets and 30 planet candidates with < 2 R⊕ in circumstellar “habitable zones” (incident fluxes between 0.25 and 1.50 ). The results presented here demonstrate the potential for transformative characterization of stellar and exoplanet populations using Gaia data.