Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THIRD CORONARY ARTERY: A CADAVERIC STUDY

Introduction: The human heart is vascularised by the Third coronary artery apart from the right and the left coronary arteries. The Third coronary artery, also called Supernumerary coronary artery takes origin from the anterior aortic sinus of the heart. It plays a significant role in collateral circulation of heart in conditions of chronic hypoxia. Aim: The aim of the study is to delineate different morphological patterns of the Third coronary artery anatomy in adult human cadaveric hearts by dissection. The origin, course, branching of Third coronary artery (TCA) were studied in detail. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 50 formalin fixed normal adult human hearts obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Rajarajeshwari Medical College and Hospital. Specimens with gross congenital anomalies were excluded from the study. The right coronary artery, left coronary artery and the third coronary artery were carefully dissected and observations noted. Results: The frequency of third coronary artery observed in our study is 30%. The TCA and right coronary artery originated from a common ostium in the Anterior aortic sinus in most of the cases. We observed 2 third coronary arteries arising from anterior aortic sinus in 2 specimens.The third coronary artery frequently bifurcated to supply the pulmonary infundibulum and anterior wall of the right ventricle. It also reached the inferior border supplying the apex in 6% of the cases. Conclusions: The area of perfusion of the Third coronary artery is variable and may be more extensive than usual in some individuals. Well developed collateral circulation through TCA may allow diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in patients with coronary artery disease. The variant anatomy and the significant contribution of TCA to coronary perfusion necessitates the selective visualization and functional assessment of TCA in patients with coronary artery disease.
Absorption and metabolism of phenytoin from tablets and capsules

Crossover studies were conducted to compare plasma levels of phenytoin and urinary throughput of the major metabolite, 5‐(p‐hydroxyphenyl)‐5‐phenylhydantoin (HPPH), after ingestion of single 250‐mg oral doses as tablets or as capsules. Plasma levels of phenytoin did not differ significantly for the 2 formulations except at 8 and 12 hr after ingestion of drug, when the mean values for the tablets were higher than for the capsules. The normalized area under the curve, however, did not differ significantly for either preparation, indicating that equivalent amounts of each preparation were absorbed. Urinary throughput of HPPH did not differ significantly between the 2 preparations. The results suggest that the 2 preparations provide equivalent therapeutic efFects.
Haematopoietic stem cells: entropic landscapes of differentiation

The metaphor of a potential epigenetic differentiation landscape broadly suggests that during differentiation a stem cell approaches a stable equilibrium state from a higher free energy towards a stable equilibrium state which represents the final cell type. It has been conjectured that there is an analogy to the concept of entropy in statistical mechanics. In this context, in the undifferentiated state, the entropy would be large since fewer constraints exist on the gene expression programmes of the cell. As differentiation progresses, gene expression programmes become more and more constrained and thus the entropy would be expected to decrease. In order to assess these predictions, we compute the Shannon entropy for time-resolved single-cell gene expression data in two different experimental set-ups of haematopoietic differentiation. We find that the behaviour of this entropy measure is in contrast to these predictions. In particular, we find that the Shannon entropy is not a decreasing function of developmental pseudo-time but instead it increases towards the time point of commitment before decreasing again. This behaviour is consistent with an increase in gene expression disorder observed in populations sampled at the time point of commitment. Single cells in these populations exhibit different combinations of regulator activity that suggest the presence of multiple configurations of a potential differentiation network as a result of multiple entry points into the committed state.
Studies in Adaptation to Information Systems: Multiple Roles and Coping Strategies

L’adaptation individuelle aux technologies de l’information (TI) a recu relativement peu d’attention dans la recherche en systemes d’information (SI). Afin de contribuer a une meilleure comprehension des problematiques que souleve ce concept, un format de these sur travaux est adopte. L’objectif est d’analyser des aspects distincts de l’interaction des utilisateurs avec les TI en lien avec la notion d’adaptation. Par consequent, afin de mieux comprendre comment les utilisateurs de TI s'adaptent a ces dernieres, cette etude examine (1) l’interaction d’utilisateurs avec une TI qui leur fournit differentes quantites d’information, en lien avec le succes de cette TI (DeLone et McLean 1992) (2) l’influence des valeurs culturelles epousees (Srite et Karahanna 2006) d'individualisme-collectivisme et d’evitement de l’incertitude sur les strategies d’adaptation et de coping des individus lors de l’implementation d’une TI disruptive, (3) et, partant d’une conceptualisation basee sur les etudes d’Emirbayer et Mische (1998) et Crozier et Friedberg (1977), les actions prises par des cadres intermediaires lors de l’integration d’une TI disruptive dans les unites locales d’une administration publique. Pour repondre aux questions de recherche qui sont posees, ces etudes adoptent des methodologies quantitatives experimentales (etudes 1 et 2) et qualitative (etude 3) et entendent contribuer a ameliorer notre comprehension des reponses des individus aux changements lies a l’introduction des TI.
Cost consideration in utilization of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer

The screening, evaluation and management of prostate cancer changed significantly in the last decade. The recommendations regarding prostate cancer screening continue to evolve with new revelations about existing data sets and longer followup of landmark trials. Robotics has gained the vast majority of the marketplace for surgically managed prostate cancer in rapid fashion. The need for intervention in low risk prostate cancer has been closely examined and more men are being expectantly managed than ever before. Amidst all these changes, prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a disruptive technology. Through the use of dynamic contrast-enhanced and diffusion weighted series, prostate tumors that were previously not visible have become identifiable and quantifiable. The ability of MRI to improve staging and identification of clinically significant disease has resulted in increased utilization for different aspects of prostate cancer care. The best studied use is in men with a prior negative transrectal ultrasound guided (TRUS) prostate biopsy and the performance characteristics in this role match well with the clinical question raised. The role for MRI in initial biopsy, in pre-surgical planning before prostatectomy and in men on active surveillance is less well defined. A primary concern in the use of MRI is that of cost. MRI units are expensive, both in initial outlay and ongoing use. The availability of MRI varies widely between countries and even within regions of the same country. Different healthcare models have different approaches for allocating the use of expensive resources, including MRI, in times when they are scarce. Prostate MRI can be used at multiple points in the management algorithm of prostate cancer and each implies different cost concerns. In this review we present an overview of current research in cost and cost efficacy for the use of MRI in the management of prostate cancer. By examining what is known and highlighting areas of ongoing research we hope to provide the reader with a solid foundation for understanding these complex, ever-changing issues.
Down‐regulation of placental transport of amino acids precedes the development of intrauterine growth restriction in rats fed a low protein diet

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) represents an important risk factor for perinatal complications and for adult disease. IUGR is associated with a down‐regulation of placental amino acid transporters; however, whether these changes are primary events directly contributing to IUGR or a secondary consequence is unknown. We investigated the time course of changes in placental and fetal growth, placental nutrient transport in vivo and the expression of placental nutrient transporters in pregnant rats subjected to protein malnutrition, a model for IUGR. Pregnant rats were given either a low protein (LP) diet (n= 64) or an isocaloric control diet (n= 66) throughout pregnancy. Maternal insulin, leptin and IGF‐I levels decreased, whereas maternal amino acid concentrations increased moderately in response to the LP diet. Fetal and placental weights in the LP group were unaltered compared to control diet at gestational day (GD) 15, 18 and 19 but significantly reduced at GD 21. Placental system A transport activity was reduced at GD 19 and 21 in response to a low protein diet. Placental protein expression of SNAT2 was decreased at GD 21. In conclusion, placental amino acid transport is down‐regulated prior to the development of IUGR, suggesting that these placental transport changes are a cause, rather than a consequence, of IUGR. Reduced maternal levels of insulin, leptin and IGF‐1 may link maternal protein malnutrition to reduced fetal growth by down‐regulation of key placental amino acid transporters.
Test and diagnosis of power switches

Power-gating techniques have been adopted so far to reduce the static power consumption of an Integrated Circuit (IC). Power gating is usually implemented by means of several power switches. Manufacturing defects affecting power switches can lead to increase the actual static power consumption and, in the worst case they can completely isolate a functional block of the IC. In this paper we present a novel Design for Test & Diagnosis to increase the test quality and diagnosis accuracy of power switches. The proposed approach has been validated through SPICE simulations on ITC'99 benchmark circuits.
University of Birmingham Phone classification using a non-linear manifold with broad phone class dependent DNNs

Most state-of-the-art automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems use a single deep neural network (DNN) to map the acoustic space to the decision space. However, different phonetic classes employ different production mechanisms and are best described by different types of features. Hence it may be advantageous to replace this single DNN with several phone class dependent DNNs. The appropriate mathematical formalism for this is a manifold. This paper assesses the use of a non-linear manifold structure with multiple DNNs for phone classi-ﬁcation. The system has two levels. The ﬁrst comprises a set of broad phone class (BPC) dependent DNN-based mappings and the second level is a fusion network. Various ways of designing and training the networks in both levels are assessed, including varying the size of hidden layers, the use of the bottleneck or softmax outputs as input to the fusion network, and the use of different broad class deﬁnitions. Phone classiﬁcation experiments are performed on TIMIT. The results show that using the BPC-dependent DNNs provides small but signiﬁcant improvements in phone classiﬁcation accuracy relative to a single global DNN. The paper concludes with visualisations of the structures learned by the local and global DNNs and discussion of their interpretations.
Are Activity‐Based Assessments of Balance and Gait in the Elderly Predictive of Risk of Falling and/or Type of Fall?

To determine whether an activity‐based test of balance and gait is predictive of the risk of: (1) falling in situations that are related to specific tasks evaluated as part of the test, (2) experiencing falls precipitated by different classes of biomechanical events, or (3) falling in general; and to compare the predictive ability of the activity‐based test for the falls described in (2) and (3) to that of a posturography test that has been found previously to be predictive of falling risk.
Cervical light-induced fluorescence in humans decreases throughout gestation and before delivery: Preliminary observations.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate gestational changes of cervical light-induced fluorescence, an index of cross-linked collagen, and the relationship between light-induced fluorescence and the time-to-delivery interval. STUDY DESIGN Fifty patients were included in one of two groups. (1) Twenty-one healthy pregnant women without signs of labor underwent repeated cervical light-induced fluorescence measurement during the last trimester. (2) Light-induced fluorescence was measured in 29 patients with signs of labor, and the time from measurement to delivery was noted. Cervical light-induced fluorescence was obtained noninvasively with a prototype instrument that was designed specifically for this purpose. Spearman correlation and the Student t test and receiver-operator characteristics analysis were performed (P <.05). RESULTS Light-induced fluorescence correlated negatively with gestational age and positively with time-to-delivery interval, was significantly lower in patients who were delivered <24 hours compared with those patients who were delivered >24 hours later, and was predictive of delivery within 24 hours. CONCLUSION Cervical light-induced fluorescence decreases significantly as gestational age increases. Light-induced fluorescence may be a useful tool to identify patients in whom delivery is imminent.
Positive affect, childhood adversity, and psychopathology in psychiatric inpatients

Background Low positive affect is closely related to common pathological responses to childhood adversity, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, but little is known about how the characteristics of early adversity experiences might be related to positive affect in adulthood. Objective This study aimed to explore whether low positive affect is related to specific childhood adversities, including abuse, neglect, caretaker dysfunction, and low childhood social support. Method Using structured interviews and self-report measure data collected from 173 adult psychiatric inpatients, this study examined the relationship between positive affect and symptoms of psychopathology, as well as how the number of types of abuse experienced, severity of adversity types (physical abuse and sexual abuse), childhood environment (childhood social support, neglect, and caretaker dysfunction), and number of non-abuse traumas related to positive affect. Results Positive affect was significantly negatively related to several symptoms of psychopathology, including depression, dissociation, self-destructive behavior, PTSD, and global psychopathology. Individuals who experienced both physical and sexual abuse reported significantly less positive affect than those with only physical or no abuse experiences. Lower positive affect was predicted by lower childhood social support and greater severity of sexual abuse, with both factors accounting for unique variance in positive affect. Conclusion These results suggest that individuals who experience multiple types of early adversity, more severe sexual abuse experiences, and less social support are at risk of psychological difficulties. Given the relatively strong association between positive affect and childhood social support, interventions to foster social support may be a means of increasing positive affect among individuals exposed to childhood adversity.
The NK 1 R-/-mouse phenotype suggests that small body size , with a sex-and diet-dependent excess in body mass and fat , are physical biomarkers for a human endophenotype with vulnerability to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

The abnormal behaviour of NK1R-/mice (locomotor hyperactivity, inattentiveness and impulsivity in the 5-Choice Serial Reaction-Time Test) is arguably analogous to that of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Evidence suggests that small body size and increased body weight are risk factors for ADHD. Here, we compared the body size, body mass and body composition of male and female NK1R-/mice and their wildtypes that had been fed either standard laboratory chow or a high-fat (45%: ‘Western’) diet. Male NK1R-/mice from both cohorts were approximately 7% shorter than wildtypes. A similar trend was evident in females. Male NK1R-/mice fed the normal diet weighed less than wildtypes but the ‘body mass index’ (‘mBMI’: weight (mg)/length (cm)2) of female NK1R-/mice was higher than wildtypes. When given the high-fat diet, the mBMI of both male and female NK1R-/mice was higher than wildtypes. There were no consistent genotype or sex differences in protein, ash or water content of mice from the two cohorts. However, the fat content of male NK1R-/mice on the Western diet was considerably (35%) higher than wildtypes and resembled that of females from both genotypes. We conclude that a lack of functional NK1R is associated with small body size but increases vulnerability to an increase in mBMI and fat content, especially in males. This phenotype could also be evident in ADHD patients with polymorphism(s) of the TACR1 gene (the human equivalent of Nk1r).
Prevalence and severity of dental caries in Costa Rican schoolchildren: results of the 1999 national survey.

UNLABELLED In 1987, Costa Rica implemented a comprehensive national salt fluoridation programme using sodium fluoride (225-275mg F/kg salt). AIM To describe dental caries prevalence and severity in Costa Rican children in 1999. METHODS Eight calibrated examiners (inter-examiner Kappa = 0.70 or higher) recorded information on dental caries, treatment needs, enamel fluorosis, and dentofacial anomalies for schoolchildren aged 6-8,12, and 15-years (N=3758). The survey utilised a multistrata probability sample with fixed allocation to represent seven regions of the country. RESULTS The overall mean dmft for age 6-8 years was 3.32. The DMFT for age 12 was 2.46 and for age 15 was 4.37. Regional differences were observed; for example, the DMFT at age 12 years ranged from 1.93 to 3.86. Compared with pre-fluoridation data collected in 1984, schoolchildren aged 12 years, experienced a 28 per cent decrease in caries prevalence (100 per cent to 72 per cent) and a 73 per cent decrease in severity (DMFT from 9.13 to 2.46, representing an 8.3 per cent compound annual per cent reduction). CONCLUSIONS Between 1984 and 1999, Costa Rican schoolchildren experienced substantial reductions in caries prevalence and severity. Many factors may be involved in this decline, but the most important appears to be exposure to fluoridated salt.
Evidence for reactive reduced phosphorus species in the early Archean ocean

It has been hypothesized that before the emergence of modern DNA–RNA–protein life, biology evolved from an “RNA world. ” However, synthesizing RNA and other organophosphates under plausible early Earth conditions has proved difficult, with the incorporation of phosphorus (P) causing a particular problem because phosphate, where most environmental P resides, is relatively insoluble and unreactive. Recently, it has been proposed that during the Hadean–Archean heavy bombardment by extraterrestrial impactors, meteorites would have provided reactive P in the form of the iron–nickel phosphide mineral schreibersite. This reacts in water, releasing soluble and reactive reduced P species, such as phosphite, that could then be readily incorporated into prebiotic molecules. Here, we report the occurrence of phosphite in early Archean marine carbonates at levels indicating that this was an abundant dissolved species in the ocean before 3.5 Ga. Additionally, we show that schreibersite readily reacts with an aqueous solution of glycerol to generate phosphite and the membrane biomolecule glycerol–phosphate under mild thermal conditions, with this synthesis using a mineral source of P. Phosphite derived from schreibersite was, hence, a plausible reagent in the prebiotic synthesis of phosphorylated biomolecules and was also present on the early Earth in quantities large enough to have affected the redox state of P in the ocean. Phosphorylated biomolecules like RNA may, thus, have first formed from the reaction of reduced P species with the prebiotic organic milieu on the early Earth.
Retinal Histopathology in Eyes from a Patient with Stargardt disease caused by Compound Heterozygous ABCA4 Mutations*

Abstract Background: The goal of this study was to define the histopathology of the retina in donor eyes from a patient with Stargardt disease (STGD1) due to compound mutations in the ABCA4 gene. Materials and Methods: Eyes were obtained from a 66-year-old female and fixed within 18 hours postmortem. The fundi of the posterior globes were evaluated with macroscopic, SLO and OCT imaging. The perifoveal and peripheral regions were processed for electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry using cell specific antibodies. Two age-similar normal eyes were used as controls. Prior ophthalmic examinations and genetic test results were also reviewed. Results: All imaging modalities showed scattered bone spicules in the peripheral retina. Atrophy of the RPE was present around the optic nerve as evidenced by the absence of SLO autofluorescence. Histology analysis showed a severely degenerated fovea with little evidence of any retinal layering or remaining RPE. The fovea was severely degenerated, with little evidence of any retinal cell layer, including the RPE. In contrast, retinal nuclear layers were present in the periphery. The perifoveal region contained few cones labeled with cone-specific antibodies; some rhodopsin-labeled cells, reactive glia labeled with GFAP; and decreased autofluorescence of the RPE. The fovea was free of cone-specific labeling, contained a few disorganized rhodopsin-labeled cells and showed substantial GFAP labeling and no autofluorescent material in the retina. The periphery displayed stubby cells labeled with cone-specific antibodies, decreased rhodopsin-labeled cells, increased GFAP staining, and autofluorescent granules in the RPE. Conclusions: The histopathology of the retina in this patient with Stargardt disease displayed a highly degenerated fovea. In all retinal locations studied, cones were more severely affected than rods.
In silico identification of microRNAs predicted to regulate the drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 genes.

OBJECTIVE Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes exhibit high interindividual variability that is not completely explained by known environmental and genetic factors. To further understand this variability, we hypothesized that microRNAs (miRNAs) may regulate CYP expression. METHODS MiRNA identification algorithms were used to identify the miRNAs that are predicted to regulate twelve major drug metabolizing CYPs and to identify polymorphisms in CYP mRNA 3'-UTRs that are predicted to interfere with normal mRNA-miRNA interactions. RESULTS All twelve CYPs were predicted to be targets of miRNAs. Additionally, 38 SNPs in CYP mRNA 3'-UTRs were predicted to interfere with miRNA targeting of mRNAs. These predicted miRNAs and SNPs are candidates for future in vitro studies focused on understanding the molecular regulation of these CYP genes. CONCLUSION These in silico results provide strong support for a role of miRNA in the regulation and variability of CYP expression.