Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sources of Statistical Discrimination: Experimental Evidence from Georgia

While discrimination in the marketplace is well documented in empirical studies, field experiments have been less successful in identifying the sources of discrimination. This paper documents experimental evidence of the extent and nature of discrimination in the Georgian land market. The experiment is designed to uncover sources of statistical discrimination due to different beliefs about foreign investors. Discrimination is measured by the difference in price offers to foreign and Georgian investors. We find that the magnitude of discrimination shrinks significantly once foreign investors signal their willingness to search and pay the lease price in advance. This suggests that discrimination is largely driven by stereotypes about search costs and payment reliability of foreign investors - leaving no or very little preference-based discrimination. Knowing the source of discrimination can be helpful for policy makers to frame anti-discriminatory legislation.
CD2AP/CIN85 Balance Determines Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Response in Podocytes*

Defects in podocyte signaling are the basis of many inherited glomerular diseases leading to glomerulosclerosis. CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) is highly expressed in podocytes and is considered to play an important role in the maintenance of the glomerular slit diaphragm. Mice deficient for CD2AP (CD2AP-/-) appear normal at birth but develop a rapid onset nephrotic syndrome at 3 weeks of age. We demonstrate that impaired intracellular signaling with subsequent podocyte damage is the reason for this delayed podocyte injury in CD2AP-/- mice. We document that CD2AP deficiency in podocytes leads to diminished signal initiation and termination of signaling pathways mediated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). In addition, we demonstrate that CIN85, a paralog of CD2AP, is involved in termination of RTK signaling in podocytes. CIN85 protein expression is increased in CD2AP-/- podocytes in vitro. Stimulation of CD2AP-/- podocytes with various growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor 1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor, resulted in a significantly decreased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT and ERK signaling response. Moreover, increased CIN85 protein is detectable in podocytes in diseased CD2AP-/- mice, leading to decreased base-line activation of ERK and decreased phosphorylation after growth factor stimulation in vivo. Because repression of CIN85 protein leads to a restored RTK signaling response, our results support an important role of CD2AP/CIN85 protein balance in the normal signaling response of podocytes.
Testing models of the experience of self-determination in intrinsic motivation and the conundrum of choice.

The authors investigated 3 commonly cited experiential qualities to propose a model of the essential nature of perceived self-determination in intrinsic motivation-internal locus, volition, and perceived choice. In 3 studies, they used structural equation modeling to compare a series of nested models in which 1, 2, or all 3 of these qualities were used to identify the best fitting conceptual model. Results consistently supported the model in which internal locus and volition, but not perceived choice, constitute valid indicators of self-determination. In light of the findings, the authors proposed a modified definition for perceived self-determination and discussed the conundrum of choice by proposing the conditions under which teachers can (and cannot) expect choice to increase students' intrinsic motivation.
MR Imaging Features of Tubular Carcinoma: Preliminary Experience in Twelve Masses.

Objective We retrospectively analyzed the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features and diffusion-weighted imaging findings of the 12 masses of 10 patients with tubular carcinoma (TC), including mammography and sonography findings. Materials and Methods Mammographic, sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging features in 12 histopathologically confirmed masses diagnosed as TC of the breast within 10 patients were evaluated. Morphologic characteristics, enhancement features, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were reviewed. Results On mammography (n=5), TC appeared as high density masses with indistinct, spiculated or obscured margins. Sonographically, TC appeared as a hypoechoic appearance (n=12) with posterior acoustic shadowing in nine. On MR imaging, the margins of ten of twelve masses were irregular. Internal enhancement patterns were heterogeneous in 10 patients. Dynamic enhancement patterns illustrated plateau kinetics (n=8). On the T2-weighted images 4 masses were hypointense, and 8 were hyperintense; hypointense internal septation was found in seven of these. Tubular carcinoma appeared as hyperintense on diffusion-weighted imaging with ADC values of 0.85±0.16×10-3 mm2/s that was lower than the normal parenchyma of 1.25±0.25×10-3 mm2/s. Conclusion According to our study with a limited number of cases, tubular carcinomas can be described as hyperintense breast carcinomas with or without dark internal septation like appearance on T2-weighted images. Low ADC values from DW imaging can be used to differentiate TC from hyperintense benign breast lesions.
Hidden victims: the healthcare needs and experiences of older women in abusive relationships.

BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a problem in older women, but older victims of IPV are often unidentified in the medical setting because providers think of IPV as a problem of younger women. The experiences of older women with IPV are unknown. This study reports on the healthcare experiences and needs of older victims of IPV. METHODS Interviews were conducted with 38 women > 55 years who responded to an advertisement recruiting "women who had been in an abusive relationship since age 55. " Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed for themes. RESULTS The median age of participants was 58 years (range 55-90). The majority were Caucasian with annual incomes over dollar 40,000. The median relationship length was 24 years (range 2-67), and 39% remained in their abusive relationships. About half had discussed IPV with a healthcare provider. The themes that were identified included disclosure about IPV and both negative and positive experiences with healthcare providers. Reasons for nondisclosure were similar to those of younger women but were compounded by the generational mores of privacy about domestic affairs and society's lack of understanding and resources for IPV. Some of the women who disclosed IPV to their providers felt discounted and unsupported. Others reported receiving valuable help, including empathy, referrals to resources, assistance in naming the abuse, linking the stress of IPV to health, and respect for their decisions to continue their abusive relationships. CONCLUSIONS Older women victims have difficulty initiating discussions about IPV with their providers. Providers are encouraged to identify signals of potential abuse and to create privacy with all patients to discuss difficult issues, such as IPV, and to be knowledgeable about appropriate referrals.
A structural pattern‐based method for protein fold recognition

A method (SPREK) was developed to evaluate the register of a sequence on a structure based on the matching of structural patterns against a library derived from the protein structure databank. The scores obtained were normalized against random background distributions derived from sequence shuffling and permutation methods. ‘Random’ structures were also used to evaluate the effectiveness of the method. These were generated by a simple random‐walk and a more sophisticated structure prediction method that produced protein‐like folds. For comparison with other methods, the performance of the method was assessed using collections of models including decoys and models from the CASP‐5 exercise. The performance of SPREK on the decoy models was equivalent to (and sometimes better than) those obtained with more complex approaches. An exception was the two smallest proteins, for which SPREK did not perform well due to a lack of patterns. Using the best parameter combination from trials on decoy models, the CASP models of intermediate difficulty were evaluated by SPREK and the quality of the top scoring model was evaluated by its CASP ranking. Of the 14 targets in this class, half lie in the top 10% (out of around 140 models for each target). The two worst rankings resulted from the selection by our method of a well‐packed model that was based on the wrong fold. Of the other poor rankings, one was the smallest protein and the others were the four largest (all over 250 residues). Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Holographic Analysis of the Human Pelvis

Twelve fresh human pelves with preserved lumbar spines, hip joints, and ligaments, were tested by double-exposure and sandwich-hoiogram interferometry. During physiologic loadings (50–300 N), the pelvis moved as a whole downward and backward. Iliac wings exhibited marked undulation, except for the central part, which showed minor deformations. The sacrum moved downward and rotated forward over an axis 5–9 cm below the promontorium. Removal of the sacroiliac interosseous ligaments eliminated all joint movements and caused a tighter contact between articular surfaces. Removal of the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments had no influence on the pelvic behavior. The magnitudes of deformrations as well as their underlying mineral contents were unequally distributed between the two pelvic sides. These results indicate that the sacroiliac interosseous ligamente are the main determinant of sacral movement. Asymmetric load transmittance to the hip joints might be responsible for the mineral content differences between the pelvic sides.
Promotion of tumour metastases and induction of angiogenesis by native HIV‐1 Tat protein from BK virus/tat transgenic mice

ObjectiveTo characterize the T53 cell line and its clones derived from an adenocarcinoma of BK virus (BKV)/tat transgenic mice and to establish the role of native Tat in tumorigenicity, induction of metastases and angiogenesis. Design and methodsTat was quantified by flow cytometry and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assays. Tumorigenicity and metastatic ability of cell lines were assayed in nude mice. Production of proteases was evaluated by a plasmin chromogenic assay and gelatinase zymography. The angiogenic effect was studied in vivo with conditioned medium from tumour cell lines. ResultsTat protein was detected in tumour cell lines in amounts from 600–7000 molecules/cell. Conditioned medium from tumour cell lines was able to transactivate an LTR-CAT in HL3T1 cells, indicating release of extracellular Tat. Tumour cell lines, inoculated into nude mice, induced angiogenic tumours with remarkable recruitment of host endothelial cells. Metastases were detected in lymph nodes, lungs, kidneys, and heart. Cell lines produced relevant amounts of proteases. Conditioned medium implanted in mice with matrigel induced an angiogenic response, enhanced by addition of heparin. Preincubation with an anti-Tat antibody abolished the angiogenic effect. ConclusionsTat from cells from BKV/tat transgenic mice promotes tumorigenesis and formation of metastases and induces angiogenic activity. Angiogenesis occurs at physiological concentrations of Tat lower than 20 ng/ml. The effects of Tat on induction of metastases and angiogenesis appear to be mediated by activation of proteases.
An experimental and numerical study of parasitic capillary waves

We report laboratory measurements of nonlinear parasitic capillary waves generated by longer waves in a channel. The experiments are conducted for three frequencies of longer waves (4, 5, and 6 Hz), corresponding to wavelengths of approximately 11, 7, and 5 cm. For these wavelengths we apply a model developed recently by Fedorov and Melville [J. Fluid Mech. 354, 1 (1998)] to predict the wave profile. Based on a viscous boundary layer approximation near the surface, the model enables us to efficiently calculate gravity-capillary waves. We present direct comparisons that show good agreement between the measurements and numerical predictions over a range of parameters. Finally, we give some simple estimates for a sharp cutoff in the wave number spectra observed in both the numerical solutions and the laboratory measurements of short gravity-capillary waves.
Effects of front surface plasma expansion on proton acceleration in ultraintense laser irradiation of foil targets

The properties of beams of high energy protons accelerated during ultraintense, picosecond laser-irradiation of thin foil targets are investigated as a function of preplasma expansion at the target front surface. Significant enhancement in the maximum proton energy and laser-to-proton energy conversion efficiency is observed at optimum preplasma density gradients, due to self-focusing of the incident laser pulse. For very long preplasma expansion, the propagating laser pulse is observed to filament, resulting in highly uniform proton beams, but with reduced flux and maximum energy.
The Role of Women Traders Economy in The Central Market of Balangnipa District of Sinjai

This study aims to find out the activities of women traders in Balangnipa central market of Sinjai regency, to find out the reason of merchant women working in the informal sector as traders in central market Balangnipa Sinjai regency, the way of merchandise management they tekuni, and form of work competition that happened between woman merchant . The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research. Data collection techniques are conducted through in-depth interviews with direct observation and documentation. The result of the research shows that the reason of women working as a trader in Balangnipa Central Market of Sinjai Regency is to fulfill the economic need which still less if only hoped from the income of husband who work as farmer or farm laborer. Keywords— Women Traders, The Central Market, Sinjai
Human Parechovirus in Respiratory Specimens from Children in Kansas City, Missouri

ABSTRACT We detected a 3% prevalence rate for human parechovirus (HPeV) in 720 respiratory specimens collected from 637 children seen in our hospital in 2009. Fifteen of 20 were HPeV-3 and two were HPeV-1. Only nonspecific, modest respiratory symptoms were evident in patients with detectable HPeV in respiratory specimens. Seven patients had concurrent respiratory and central nervous system (CNS) HPeV-3 infection, suggesting a possible respiratory route of acquisition.
Thin-section CT finding in 250 volunteers: assessment of the relationship of CT findings with smoking history and pulmonary function test results.

PURPOSE To evaluate the frequency and morphologic characteristics of air trapping in volunteers with various smoking habits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred fifty volunteers (133 women, 117 men; mean age, 39 years), including 144 smokers, 47 ex-smokers, and 59 nonsmokers, prospectively underwent inspiratory and expiratory high-spatial-resolution computed tomography (CT) and pulmonary function tests (PFTs). The frequency and characteristics of air trapping were evaluated according to the population's smoking habits and PFT results. RESULTS The overall frequency of air trapping was 62% (155 of 250 subjects). Lobular air trapping was depicted in 117 (47%) of 250 subjects, without significant differences among smokers (n = 91), ex-smokers (n = 33), and nonsmokers (n = 31) (P =.118). Segmental and lobar air trapping (38 [15%] of 250) were more frequent among smokers (24 [26%] of 91) and ex-smokers (nine [27%] of 33) (P <.001). No relationship was found between air trapping and functional indexes of small-airway disease when the CT pattern of air trapping was considered. The strongest relationship between CT abnormalities and functional alterations at the small-airways level was between inspiratory CT features of bronchiolitis: ground-glass opacity, ill-defined micronodules, bronchiolectasis, and air flow at low lung volumes. CONCLUSION Whereas a significant relationship was observed between segmental and lobar air trapping and cigarette consumption, lobular air trapping was not found to reflect functional impairment at the small-airways level.
Patterns and drivers of the adoption of improved groundnut technologies in North-western Nigeria

The most recent groundnut varieties registered and released in Nigeria are SAMNUT 24, SAMUT 25 and SAMNUT 26. Using appropriate sampling procedures, a total of 224 representatives of farm-families were interviewed with 112 from administrative units where a development project is being implemented (PLGA), and 112 from administrative units where project interventions are absent (NPLGA). Results of the study reveal that improved groundnut varieties are becoming part of a multitude of groundnut varieties being cultivated by farmers in PLGA and NPLGAs. Amongst the improved groundnut varieties, SAMNUT 24 was being planted by 39% and 28% of households in PLGA and NPLGA, respectively. Similarly, amongst the varieties described as local, Ex-dakar is grown by 31% and 35% of households in PLGA and NPLGA, respectively. Five underlying factors were found to drive adoption decisions: farming experience, age, education, access to (improved seeds and extension services) and household size. Beyond the combined use of seeds of improved groundnut varieties and accompanying management practices, using the right combination of inputs to optimize financial gains remains a challenge to the households involved in the study.
Impact of Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR) on radiation dose and image quality in aortic dissection studies: a qualitative and quantitative analysis.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to quantify the radiation dose reduction achieved when imaging the aorta using Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR) and to determine if this has an effect on image quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 31 CT angiography examinations of the thoracic and abdominal aorta performed with ASIR and 32 consecutive similar examinations performed without ASIR. Volume CT dose index (CTDI(vol)), dose-length product (DLP), aortic enhancement at multiple levels, aorta-to-muscle contrast-to-noise ratio at multiple levels, and subjective image quality were compared between the two groups. RESULTS The mean CTDI(vol) and DLP were significantly lower for the studies performed with ASIR versus studies without ASIR (15.6 vs 21.5 mGy, with an average difference of 5.8 mGy [95% CI 2.3-9.4 mGy] and 818 vs 1075 mGy × cm with an average difference of -257 mGy × cm [54-460 mGy × cm], respectively). Aortic enhancement, aortic signal-to-noise ratio, and aortic to muscle contrast-to-noise ratio were not different between the two groups. Subjectively, one reviewer preferred the non-ASIR images and one found the images equivalent. Both reviewers believed the images were of diagnostic quality. CONCLUSION A 29% decrease in CTDI(vol) and a 20% decrease in DLP were obtained in scans with ASIR compared with scans without ASIR, without a quantitative loss of image quality.
Living your calling in the social sector: A theory about how to thrive and have a lasting impact in the world

An important and overlooked group in the topic of calling is that comprising individuals who work in the social sector, defined as individuals devoted to advancing human dignity and social justice through advocacy, service, policy research, and/or impact investing at a local, national, and global level (Tirmizi & Vogelsang, 2016). Among this group, it is possible to distinguish between those that are experiencing mainly positive outcomes because of their calling—called calling thrivers—and those who are experiencing a combination of negative and positive outcomes, called calling survivors. The aim of the study is to understand the main differences between both profiles (calling survivors and thrivers) and which variables lead to positive and negative outcomes. Using the grounded-theory method, sixteen interviews were analyzed. The result was the emergence of a calling survivor–calling thriver continuum, formed by ten characteristics: positive relationships, self-awareness, sacrifice, work centrality, responsibility, privilege, empathy, motivation, impact achieved and prioritizing. The way the characteristics are interpreted by the individuals will determine if they are closer to surviving their calling, or thriving in it. The continuum revealed by the findings demonstrates that people working in the social sector do not necessarily fall into either group—thrivers or survivors—but are a combination of both. Based on the findings, a model was developed that would help individuals working in the social sector to improve their life satisfaction and job performance or, in other words, to thrive and have a lasting impact in the world.
The Influence of Brand Awareness and Brand Image on Brand Equity – an Empirical Study of Logistics Service Providers

Aim/purpose – This article presents the results of research referring to Keller’s brand equity concept. The fundamental objective of the research was to examine the influence of brand awareness and brand image on brand equity. We were also interested which force of influence is greater. Design/methodology/approach – The research was based on secondary and primary sources of information. The primary research was carried out on a sample of 100 enterprises ordering logistics services. Data obtained in such a way was subject to statistical analysis using modelling of structural equations. Findings – Based on the analysis of paths in the model of structural equations, the existence of positive, but weak dependencies between brand awareness, brand image and brand equity was observed. While the results of bootstrap simulations conducted to estimate confidence intervals indicated that differences in the strength of this influence are not statistically significant. The influence of brand awareness and brand image on brand equity. 97 Research implications/limitations – The obtained results did not bring sufficient basis to accept or reject hypotheses assuming an essentially positive relationship between brand awareness and brand image and its equity. Simultaneously, the conducted research led to the rejection of the hypothesis in accordance to which the influence of brand awareness on brand equity is smaller than the influence of brand image on brand equity. Originality/value/contribution – Potential causes of differences between the results of our own research and the research presented by Davis, Golicic, & Marquardt (2008) were indicated.
If It Were Only That Easy: The Use of Meta-Analytic Research by Organizational Scholars

This paper evaluates how researchers are currently citing meta-analytic results and provides specific recommendations for interpreting the information provided by meta-analysis (MA). The past four decades have seen a proliferation of MA research across the organizational sciences and myriad improvements to how MA is conducted. MAs are cited more frequently than individual primary studies and have a substantial influence on subsequent research and theorizing. Yet the consumption of meta-analytic results in organizational scholarship remains superficial. We evaluate citation practices for four seminal MAs and find that authors predominantly interpret meta-analytic findings in the simplest way possible: as evidence of the existence of a relationship between variables. In focusing only on this basic finding, citing authors neglect the complexity and rich detail provided by MA. We offer advice for how researchers can more effectively leverage the strengths of meta-analytic findings to inform subsequent research by taking advantage of the benefits that meta-analytic methodology can provide for the explanation of organizational phenomena.