Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Similarities and differences between human–human and human–automation trust: an integrative review

The trust placed in diagnostic aids by the human operator is a critical psychological factor that influences operator reliance on automation. Studies examining the nature of human interaction with automation have revealed that users have a propensity to apply norms of human–human inter-personal interaction to their interaction with ‘intelligent machines’. Nevertheless, there exist subtle differences in the manner in which humans perceive and react to automated aids compared to human team-mates. In the present paper, the concept of trust in human–automation dyads is compared and contrasted with that of human–human dyads. A theoretical framework that synthesizes and describes the process of trust development in humans vs automated aids is proposed and implications for the design of decision aids are provided. Potential implications of this research include the improved design of decision support systems by incorporating features into automated aids that elicit operator responses mirroring responses in human–human inter-personal interaction. Such interventions will likely facilitate better quantification and prediction of human responses to automation, while improving the quality of human interaction with non-human team-mates.
Intratumoral injection of cyanoacrylate glue in head and neck paragangliomas.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Substantial intraoperative bleeding during surgical removal of head and neck paragangliomas may be a major problem in the management of these highly vascularized tumors. Traditional preoperative embolization via a transarterial approach has proved beneficial but is often limited by complex vascular anatomy and unfavorable locations. We report our experience with the preoperative devascularization of head and neck paragangliomas by using direct puncture and an intralesional injection of cyanoacrylate. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed nine consecutive patients with head and neck paragangliomas who were referred for preoperative devascularization. Three patients were treated for carotid-body tumors; two for vagal lesions; and four, for jugular paragangliomas. Direct puncture of the lesion was performed by using roadmap fluoroscopic guidance. Acrylic glue was injected by using continuous biplane fluoroscopy. All patients underwent postembolization control angiography and immediate postoperative CT scanning. RESULTS Angiograms showed that complete devascularization was achieved in all cervical glomus tumors, whereas subtotal devascularization was achieved in jugular paragangliomas. In this latter location, the injection of acrylic glue was limited by the potential risk of reflux into normal brain territory via feeders from the internal carotid or vertebral artery. The tumors were surgically removed and histologically examined. No technical or clinical complications related to the embolization procedure occurred. CONCLUSION Percutaneous puncture of paragangliomas in the head and neck region and their preoperative devascularization by intralesional injection of acrylic glue is a feasible, safe, and effective technique.
PI3 kinase signalling blocks Foxp3 expression by sequestering Foxo factors

Expression of the regulatory T (T reg) cell–associated transcription factor Foxp3 can be induced by signals from the T cell receptor (TCR), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. These signals are integrated by a network involving phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB; here referred to as Akt), and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). New studies show that the Foxo proteins Foxo1 and Foxo3a, which are inactivated by Akt, drive Foxp3 expression. These studies therefore explain the negative regulation of Foxp3 by PI3K signaling, and add Foxo proteins to the growing list of nuclear factors capable of modulating Foxp3 expression.
School results as predictors of medical school achievement

Summary. In Queensland, scores in the final 2 years of secondary school scaled by an independent aptitude test are used to determine admission to tertiary education. The validity of this procedure for medical school enrolment has been investigated. Data were from four cohorts which entered the medical school to commence the course in each of the years 1975‐1978, a total of 943 students. In addition to the school subject scores, overall order of merit scores and results of an independent aptitude test used to scale these scores were included with the predictors. Criteria were derived from the grades obtained in the 33 medical school subjects over the 6‐year course, or from a broad pass/fail classification.
Glucose metabolism, enzymic analysis and product formation in chemostat culture of Hanseniaspora uvarum

The physiology of Hanseniaspora uvarum K5 was studied in glucose‐limited chemostat cultures and upon glucose pulse. Up to a dilution rate of 0·28 h−1, glucose was completely metabolized in biomass and CO2. Above this value, increase in the dilution rate was accompanied by sequential production of metabolites (glycerol, acetate and ethanol) and decrease in cell yield. Similar results were observed upon glucose pulse. From the enzyme activities (pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, NAD and NADP‐dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenases, acetyl coenzyme A synthetase and alcohol dehydrogenase) and substrate affinities, the following conclusions were drawn with respect to product formation of cells: (1) pyruvate was preferentially metabolized via pyruvate dehydrogenase, when biomass and CO2 were the only products formed; (2) acetaldehyde formed by pyruvate decarboxylase was preferentially oxidized in acetate by NADP‐dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase; acetate accumulation results from insufficient activity of acetyl‐CoA synthetase required for the complete oxidation of acetate; (3) acetaldehyde was oxidized in ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase, in addition to acetate production.
Facial Profile Evaluation of Isolated Pierre Robin Sequence

Objective To evaluate numerically the facial profile of children with isolated Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) and to compare them with a control group that has no pathologies and exhibits regular and balanced facial growth, with no skeletal alterations. Patients Eighty-three children aged 5 to 10 years (PRS group, n = 60; control group, n = 23) were selected. Setting Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of Sao Paulo (HRAC-USP). Children from the control group were taken from the program of Interceptive Orthodontics at HRAC-USP. Design Angular and ratio analyses of the facial profiles in both groups were realized through digital photographs. The PRS group was subdivided into two groups—complete and incomplete—according to the sagittal extension of the cleft palate, to investigate the possible influence of cleft extension on the face. Results The facial convexity angle and the facial inferior third angle were considerably higher in the PRS groups than in the control group and were not significantly different between PRS groups. Nasolabial angle did not differ between groups. Conclusion The facial profile was more convex in individuals with PRS than in those with regular facial growth and with no pathology. The mandible was responsible for the convexity of the profile in PRS because of its lack off anterior projection. An important relationship between the extension of the cleft palate and alterations in facial profile in PRS was not observed.
Recurrent and transient depressive symptoms around delivery and maternal sensitivity

In this study, the continuity, timing and severity of depressive symptoms around delivery was compared to maternal sensitivity in a community-based sample of 78 first-time mothers. Maternal mood was assessed before delivery (an interview and the General Health Questionnaire), 2 weeks and 4 months after delivery (the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), and maternal sensitivity 6–8 weeks after delivery (the CARE-Index). Nearly half (46%) of the mothers reported having depressive symptoms at least once, and half of these (23%) reported having such symptoms recurrently. Depressive mothers were significantly lower in sensitivity than non-depressive ones. Both pre- and postnatal, as well as recurrent and transient symptoms, affected the maternal interactive style, and both major and minor depressive symptoms were in most cases part of depressive continuity. Most (76%) mothers who reported depressive symptoms 2 weeks after delivery also reported recurrent symptoms. The most significant finding is considered to be that most (75%) mothers who were assessed to be at the risk level in sensitivity reported depressive symptoms. The public health nurses in the well-baby clinics identified only a few depressive mothers with recurrent symptoms. The conclusion of our study was that depressive symptoms at any time point around delivery constitute a risk of maternal interactive functioning, and identification of these problems is essential for well-timed and focused interventions.
Giant cell arteritis: intensity of the initial systemic inflammatory response and the course of the disease.

OBJECTIVE Giant cell arteritis (GCA) has a variable course. We assessed whether intensity of initial systemic inflammatory response (ISIR) can predict the course of GCA. METHODS Charts of 130 GCA patients were reviewed. ISIR intensity at presentation was determined by 5 parameters of inflammation: sedimentation rate >100 mm/h, thrombocytosis >400,000/microl, hemoglobin <11 g/dl, leukocytosis >11000/microl, and fever >37.5 degrees C. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to ISIR intensity: strong (4-5 parameters present, n=24), moderate (2-3 parameters, n=55) and weak ISIR (0-1 parameter, n=51). RESULTS There were no significant differences between these groups regarding mean age, female:male ratio and the initial prednisone dose. At 1 year, 75% of patients in the strong ISIR group required >5 mg/d of prednisone, compared to 54% and 37% of patients with moderate or weak ISIR, respectively (p=0.015). Disease flares were more common in patients with strong ISIR during a 3-year period, compared to patients with moderate or weak ISIR (77%, 67% and 43%, respectively, p=0.013). Only 33% of patients with strong ISIR were able to discontinue steroids after 3 years, compared to 49% and 77% of patients with moderate and weak ISIR, respectively (p=0.003). CONCLUSION GCA Patients with strong ISIR have prolonged disease course with more flares, requiring higher steroid doses. ISIR intensity should be taken into consideration when planning studies evaluating potential steroid-sparing agents, as response to treatment may vary in patients with different ISIR intensities.
Perceived Discrimination in Patients With Psychiatric Disorder and Turkish Migration Background in Germany

Abstract Perceived discrimination (PD) has a negative impact on the course of psychiatric disorders. We have investigated PD in inpatients with affective or anxiety disorder and Turkish migration background (TP) or native Germans (GP). Migration-related, clinical, and sociodemographic data of n = 62 TP and n = 62 GP, matched for age, sex, and psychiatric diagnoses, were retrospectively analyzed. PD was assessed as one of 10 questions related to migration and acculturation (yes/no, severity 0–10). PD prevalence rates were compared between TP and GP; relationships of PD with other variables were analyzed using bivariate correlations and multiple regression analyses. A PD prevalence of 26% in TP and 1% in GP was found (odds ratio, 21.2 [2.7–165.8]). Migration background was the strongest predictor of PD in the total group. Within the TP sample, asylum-seeking status and migration-related distress were significantly predictive of PD. In patients with psychiatric disorder in Germany, PD seems to be strongly related to migration-related distress.
Effects of ramped amplitude waveforms on the onset response of high-frequency mammalian nerve block

Though high-frequency alternating current (HFAC) can block nerve conduction, the block is invariably preceded by an onset response which is a period of repetitive nerve firing. We tested the hypothesis that slowly ramping up the amplitude of the HFAC waveform could produce block without this initial onset response. Computer simulations were performed, using the McIntyre–Richardson–Grill (MRG) model of myelinated mammalian axon. A ramped-amplitude HFAC was applied to axons of diameters ranging from 7.3 µm to 16 µm and at frequencies ranging from 3125 Hz to 40 kHz. The ramped-amplitude HFAC was also investigated in vivo in preparations of rat sciatic nerve. Sinusoidal voltage-regulated waveforms, at frequencies between 10 kHz and 30 kHz, were applied with initial amplitudes of 0 V, linearly increasing with time to 10 V. Ramp durations ranged from 0 s to 60 s. In both the MRG model simulations and the experiments, ramping the HFAC waveform did not eliminate the onset response. In the rat experiments, the peak amplitude of the onset response was lessened by ramping the amplitude, but both the onset response duration and the amount of onset activity as measured by the force-time integral were increased.
Patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder are impaired in associative learning based on external feedback

Background Patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) have to repeat their actions before feeling satisfied that the action reached its intended goal. Learning theory predicts that this may be due to a failure in the processing of external feedback. Method We examined the performance of 29 OCD patients and 28 healthy volunteers on an associative learning task, in which initial learning is based solely on external feedback signals. Feedback valence was manipulated with monetary gains and losses. Results As predicted, OCD patients were impaired during initial, external feedback-driven learning but not during later learning stages. The emotional salience of the feedback modulated learning during the initial stage in patients and controls alike. During later learning stages, however, patients approached near-normal performance with rewarding feedback but continued to produce deficient learning with punishing feedback. Conclusion OCD patients have a fundamental impairment in updating behavior based on the external outcome of their actions, possibly mediated by faulty error signals in response selection processes.
Mass-Gathering Medical Care: Retrospective Analysis of Patient Presentations over Five Years at a Multi-Day Mass Gathering

Introduction: There is a scarcity of analytical data regarding mass-gathering medical care. The purpose of this study was to identify and evaluate the range and nature of illness and injury for patrons of an annual, multi-day, mass gathering. Methods: Encounter data from all patients seen by emergency physicians at the New York State Fair Infirmary during the past five years were analyzed. From these data, a category list was consolidated to 36 reasons for the visit based on chief complaint, nursing notes, and physician notes. The most common reasons for being seen by a physician were analyzed to determine age and gender discrepancies. Results: The average number of attendees at the Fair per year from 2004–2008 was 950,973. Emergency physicians evaluated a total of 2,075 patients from 2004–2008. The average patient presentation rate over the past four years (2005–2008) was 4.8 ±1.1/10,000 patrons. The average transport to hospital rate over the past four years was 2.7 ±1.1/100,000 patrons. The average age of all patients seen was 34.4 ±21.6 years, and 58.1% of the patients were female. The most common reasons to seek medical attention included: dehydration/heat-related illness (11.4%); abrasion/laceration (10.6%); and fall-related injury (10.2%). Two groups, dehydration/heat-related illness 74% (t (4) = 2.90, p <0.05), and fall-related injury (68%; t (4) = 5.17, p <0.05) were disproportionately female. There also was a direct relationship between age and female gender within the fall-related injury category (χ2 (1, n = 213) = 11.41, p <0.05). Conclusions: Patron data from fairs and expositions is a valuable resource for studying mass-gathering medical care. A majority (58%) of patients seen at the infirmary were female. The most common reason for being seen was dehydration/ heat-related illness, which heavily favored females, but favored no age groups. The abrasion/laceration category did not contribute to the gender discrepancy. Patients who fell tended to be females >40 years of age. Further analysis is required to determine the reason for the gender discrepancies. Planners of multi-day mass gatherings should develop public education programs and evaluate their impact on the at-risk populations identified by this analysis.
Case‐control study of anthropometric measures and prostate cancer risk

A population‐based case‐control study of 988 stage T2 or greater prostate cancer cases and 1,063 controls was conducted in Alberta from November 1997 to December 2000 to examine the influence of anthropometric risk factors on the risk of prostate cancer using several different measures. An in‐person interview was conducted, and all anthropometric measurements were taken using standardized methods. Respondents also recalled their body weight at each decade from age 20 to the referent year. Several anthropometric variables were derived, and unconditional logistic regression analyses were performed. The multivariable odds ratios, when comparing the highest to the lowest quartile were: for body mass index, OR = 1.12 (95% CI 0.85–1.47); for waist‐hip ratio, OR = 1.07 (0.83–1.38); for height, OR = 0.78 (0.60–1.02); for weight, OR = 0.91 (0.70–1.18); for weight gain since age 20, OR = 0.91 (0.70–1.19); and for difference between minimum and maximum adult weight, OR = 0.89 (0.69–1.16). Our study provides evidence for no association between any measures of anthropometry including several derived measures of changes in weight over lifetime and prostate cancer risk. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition by captopril on respiratory mechanics in healthy rats

Context: Angiotensin stimulates smooth-muscle contraction. Accordingly, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition is expected to decrease airway resistance. Objectives: To measure the effects of ACE inhibition on respiratory mechanics in healthy mammals. Materials and methods: We measured respiratory mechanics before and after i.p. ACE inhibitor captopril (100 mg/kg) in normal anaesthetised rats. The end-inflation occlusion method allowed the measurements of respiratory system elastance and ohmic and viscoelastic pressure dissipations. Respiratory system hysteresis and the elastic and resistive work of breathing were calculated. Results: Captopril induced a reduction of the ohmic and the total respiratory system resistances, while respiratory system hysteresis and elastance did not change. Accordingly, a reduction of the resistive and of the total work of breathing was observed. Conclusions: The captopril-induced reduction of airway resistance indicates that angiotensin modulates bronchomotor tone in basal conditions. ACE inhibition may positively affect respiratory system mechanics and work of breathing.
Subjective symptoms of RME patients treated with three different screw activation protocols: a randomised clinical trial

Abstract Aims: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the subjective symptoms of patients during the active phase of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) treatment, and further, to assess the differences between three different RME activation protocols. Materials and methods: The clinical sample consisted of 60 patients (mean age 13.5 years) with maxillary transverse deficiency requiring expansion. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups on which different expansion protocols were performed. An evaluation of the subjective symptoms was carried out by a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). The patients completed questionnaires after the first, fifth, tenth, twentieth and final activations. A Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to evaluate homogenity; a Kruskall Wallis test was performed for gender-related differences and to compare the different activation schedules. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the activations at the various time intervals. Results: No gender-related differences were found. Ninety-eight percent of the patients reported pain during RME. There were no specific differences between groups except for the pain perceived at the twentieth activation. In all groups, pain, the sensation of pressure and its duration were highest at the fifth activation. Subjective symptoms tended to decrease after the fifth and tenth activations. Headache and dizziness were minimal. Conclusion: Different activation protocols did not appear to alter subjective symptoms encountered during RME. The majority of the patients undergoing RME suffered pain and pressure sensations especially after the fifth activation.
Why Isn't Everyone an Early Adopter?

The adoption and use of information technology (IT) innovations within an organization are critical to deriving the benefits of IT, yet many innovations are underused or never used. Theoretical perspectives that have been used to analyze individual behavior regarding IT usage include innovation diffusion theory (IDT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB). IDT states that adoption of an innovation is influenced by attributes of the innovation. TPB posits that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control will influence an individual’s decision to adopt. While most adoption and diffusion research concentrates on why people adopt an innovation, this research will compare how innovation characteristics and TPB components are perceived by both early and late adopters. We then investigate late adopters’ perceptions at the time of the innovation introduction and the time of actual adoption to determine which, if any, innovation perceptions have changed.
The effects of short-term computerized speech-in-noise training on postlingually deafened adult cochlear implant recipients.

PURPOSE To determine if short-term computerized speech-in-noise training can produce significant improvements in speech-in-noise perception by cochlear implant (CI) recipients on standardized audiologic testing measures. METHOD Five adult postlingually deafened CI recipients participated in 4 speech-in-noise training sessions using the Seeing and Hearing Speech program (Sensimetrics; Malden, MA). Each participant completed lessons concentrating on consonant and vowel recognition at word, phrase, and sentence levels. Speech-in-noise abilities were assessed using the QuickSIN (Killion, Niquette, Gudmundsen, Revit, & Banerjee, 2004) and the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT ( Nilsson, Soli & Sullivan, 1994)). RESULTS All listeners significantly improved key word identification on the HINT after training, albeit only at the most favorable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Listeners also showed a significant reduction in the degree of SNR loss on the QuickSIN after training. CONCLUSION Short-term speech-in-noise training may improve speech-in-noise perception in postlingually deafened adult CI recipients.