Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Table 1 : A sample of studies relating to the liberalisation of the cocoa industry in Ghana and West Africa

Ghana implemented bold economic reforms in 1983 and cocoa sector reforms in 1993 but refused to dismantle its cocoa marketing board (COCOBOD) as was recommended by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. It rather adopted a “meso-model” of partial liberalisation of the cocoa sector. This paper analyses the impact of the “meso-model” on Ghana’s cocoa sector and the practices and opportunities for smallholder cocoa farmers. The theoretical framework for the study is the neo-structuralist paradigm. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect and analyse the data. The key findings of the study are firstly, the output of cocoa farmers is a function of the overall environment created for production by COCOBOD and not only the price paid to them. Secondly, the “meso-model” Ghana adopted challenges the “one-size-fits-all” Washington Consensus development model because it enhanced cocoa farmers’ output and income as well as Ghana’s cocoa export and foreign revenue.
RECLAMATION OF CALCAREOUS SALINE SODIC SOIL

This study investigate calcareous saline sodic soil was conducted during winter and spring (2012 pozzolan placements (PP) cm, and control (no pozzolan)) squash yield and the contents of soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), pH, electric conductivity (EC), and organic matter (OM). experiment was statistically analyzed mean separation using least significant difference ( PP in the soil surface gave the best soil reclamation. significantly decreased soil respectively. Moreover, the to 53.91 ppm, 0.79 to 0.93%, and 0.3401 to 0.3684% significantly affected in increasing squash yield 1 in spring season.
Automated Analysis of Bone Marrow Aspiration Fluid Using Siemens ADVIA 2120 i Hematology Analyzer

Bone marrow samples differ from peripheral blood mainly because of greater cellular heterogeneity (given the presence of precursors normally absent from peripheral blood, as well as small quantities of non-hematopoietic cells) and the presence of lipid particles of stromal origin [3]. Despite these differences, in the past decades some Authors have tried to analyze bone marrow aspirates with automated hematology analyzers designed for peripheral blood, sometimes using different pre-treating techniques on samples in order to eliminate interference from lipid particles [4]. From the first efforts published at the beginning of 1960s [5] and thanks to the analytical improvements these instruments have witnessed during all these decades, automated hematology analyzers proved to be of potential use in cellular analysis of bone marrow samples for the enumeration of total nucleated cells and discrimination of certain differential populations (with different performances based on the analytical principles used); moreover, some Authors showed scatter-plot review could reveal important information during analysis of bone marrow samples [6-19].
Learning Via-Point Movement Primitives with Inter- and Extrapolation Capabilities

Movement Primitives (MPs) are a promising way for representing robot motions in a flexible and adaptable manner. Due to the simple and compact form, they have been widely used in robotics. A major goal of the research activities on MPs is to learn models, which can adapt to changing task constraints, e.g. new motion targets. However, the adaptability of current MPs is limited to a small set of constraints due to their simple structures. It is indeed not a trivial task to maintain the simplicity of MPs representation and, at the same time, enhance their adaptability. In this paper, we discuss the adaptability of popular MPs such as Dynamic Movement Primitives (DMP) and Probabilistic Movement Primitives (ProMP) and propose a new simple but efficient formulation of MPs, the Via-points Movement Primitive (VMP), that can adapt to arbitrary via-points using a simple structured model that is based on the previous approaches but outperforms those in terms of extrapolation abilities.
Provisional chapter Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Vitamin K

Naphthoquinone compounds have received attention for their ability to regulate diseases from bacterial and parasite infections through to chronic human diseases. Inflammation is widely considered to be at the root of many chronic diseases. The reports of anti-inflammatory activity of naphthoquinones, including vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin K2s (menaquinones), are of interest due to their very low toxicity. Most of the evidence for the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of vitamin K suggests a role in the inhibition of the cell signalling complex nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB).
Preparation and Properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes / Poly ( Vinyl Chloride ) Nanocomposites *

The functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes/Poly (vinyl chloride) (F-MWNTs /PVC) films were prepared by solution casting technique. The F-MWNTs were functionalized by Friedal-Craft acylation reaction, which introduced p-amino benzoic acid on the surface of nanotubes. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studied presented that the F-MWNTs were dispersed well within the PVC matrix. The morphological studied also presented that the FMWNTs embedded well within the polymer matrix. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, modulus and elongation at break) of the F-MWNTs/PVC nanocomposites were increased up to an optimum level (F-MWNTs 2 wt %) and then decreased gradually when the quantity of nanotubes increased in PVC. The decrease in mechanical properties might be due to the agglomeration of F-MWNTs at high concentration. The thermo gravometric analysis (TGA) thermograms showed that the thermal stability of the F-MWNTs/PVC nanocomposite, which was improved as compared to neat PVC. The DSC and rheological studies were also performed for neat PVC and MWNTs/PVC nanocomposites.
SUMMARY OF RECENT STUDIES ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF METEORIC ICE TO LANDFAST SEA ICE GROWTH IN THE BALTIC SEA

This paper summarizes the results from recent studies on the texture and δO properties of landfast sea ice in the Baltic Sea. These investigations provided the first quantitative estimates on the contribution of meteoric ice to sea ice mass-balance in the region. Both seasonal development and large-scale spatial variability were investigated. The Baltic Sea ice belongs to the seasonal ice zone and therefore represents rather mild ice climate conditions. The studies revealed that the contribution of meteoric ice, in the form of snow-ice and superimposed ice, to ice growth is highly significant, as high as 35% of the total ice mass, depending on season and year. However, interannual variability in meteoric ice contribution is large and years with low meteoric ice contributions were also observed. The mild climate conditions seem to contribute to the fact that superimposed ice formation is a reoccurring process at these latitudes, especially in spring when diurnal temperature variations can be high, with snow melt at daytime and refreezing at night. Also refrozen (liquid) rain contributes to superimposed ice formation. Overall snow (precipitation) is highly important for the development of Baltic Sea ice, not only for its mass-balance, and its role should be investigated in great more detail. INTRODUCTION Already Palosuo (1963) studied the role of snow-ice in the growth of Baltic Sea ice rather extensively. He observed that at best almost 50% of the total ice thickness could be composed of upward growth due to snow-ice formation (or white ice as he called it). However, quantitative estimates of the mass fraction of snow (or more exactly precipitation) to the total sea ice mass could not be deduced by the methods used at the time of Palosuo’s observations. Lately oxygen isotopes (δO) have been used to estimate the mass fraction of snow in sea ice (e.g. Lange et al., 1990; Jeffries et al., 1994). 1 Artic Centre, University of Lapland and Division of Geophysics, University of Helsinki, Finland, mats@iki.fi
Transonic airfoil buffet at high Reynolds number by using wall-modeled large-eddy simulation

In this study, a state-of-the-art wall-modeled large-eddy simulation (WMLES) (Kawai and Larsson, 2012) is applied to the transonic buffet flow over an OAT15A supercritical airfoil at high Reynolds number. Reynolds number and the angle of attack are Rec = 3.0× 10 6 and α = 3.5deg. Two Mach numbers of buffet condition (M∞ = 0.73) and non-buffet condition (M∞ = 0.715) are computed. Computational results are compared with the experimental data (Jacquin et al., 2009) and the results of zonal detached-eddy simulation (DES) (Deck, 2005). To understand the buffet phenomena, the flow physics are investigated and discussed. At last, a new self-sustained oscillation mechanism is proposed and investigated from the obtained results. Figure 1 shows the averaged pressure coefficient. Zonal DES can predict the shock oscillation by tuning the size of RANS region. However, the region in which the shock wave oscillates is estimated more upstream than experiment. Furthermore, the separation near the trailing edge is predicted larger. WMLES at the buffet condition (M∞ = 0.73) can predict the shock oscillation and Cp slope which is observed at the oscillation region in the experiment is also obtained. In addition, the reattachment behind the shock wave and the small separation near the trailing edge are precisely predicted. We propose the new self-sustained oscillation model. In the proposed model, we consider that the pressure fluctuation due to separation of the shear layer drives the shock wave. When the pressure ratio between forward and backward of the shock wave changes, the shock wave should become weak or strong and moves forward or backward to balance the equations across the shock wave. When the shock wave is at the most downstream, relatively large separation occurs and the flow area decreases. Therefore, the flow velocity increases and the pressure behind the shock wave decreases. As a result, pressure ratio decreases and the shock wave should weaken. Then, the shock wave moves upstream. On the other hand, when the shock wave is at the most upstream, the separation disappears and the flow area increases. Therefore, the flow velocity decreases and the pressure behind the shock wave increases. As a result, pressure ratio increases, and the shock wave should become strong and moves downstream. Figure 2 shows the time history of the shock wave position, span averaged pressure and local Mach number near the trailing edge and the separation size. The possibility of the proposed model is confirmed from the results.
Analysis of Myths and Realities of Deforestation in Northwest Pakistan : Implications for Forestry Extension

Pakistan is among those countries, which have very high deforestation rate. The remaining forests are very diverse in nature and of significant importance for the country’s economy and livelihoods of the local people. This present paper attempts to analyze myths and realities regarding deforestation in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan. It presents the perceptions of forest dependent people of the province regarding the forest use patterns, condition of forests, change in forest cover, factors responsible for the forest depletion and increase of illegal cutting. The intensive use of forest wood for household needs (cooking, heating, timber etc.) and ineffective forest management strategies by the forest department were some of the key reasons of deforestation in the study area. Policy guidelines (implications) are suggested for improving the effectiveness of forestry extension services.
kilat pada bahagian bawah talian 132kV pada menara talian penghantaran yang berdekatan tidak berfungsi, sebaliknya penangkap kilat pada menara bersebelah yang berfungsi. Menara penghantaran dimodel berdasarkan kepada model bertingkat yang dicadangkan oleh Masaru Ishii. Model disahkan melalui kiraan 

There was a recent incidence where a direct lightning strike on the earth shielding conductor of a 275/132kV quadruple circuit transmission line had caused the breakage of the conductor at four points. Three short conductors connecting the line arrester installed on the 132kV line were not affected. The location of the affected arrester was not at the nearest tower to the point of strike but at the adjacent tower. The arresters at the nearest tower were not affected. This phenomenon was studied using ATP-EMTP simulation. Transmission tower is modeled according to the multi storey tower proposed by Masaru Ishii which was validated through theory and calculation. Simulation results show that the phenomenon cannot be conclusively reproduced within the ATP-EMTP simulation. Study indicating the fact that the phenomenon may be a one-off special case event. Overhead line is modeled by applying the PI subroutine file. This project also study the protection of simple structures from lightning strikes. The most common and simplest form of lightning protection is by using a vertical rod which has the function of intercepting a lightning stroke before it can strike a nearby object it is protecting, and then discharging the current to ground. In this simulation study, 1500 strokes were applied in a square plot ground area of 1km2 and the number of flashes to ground per square kilometer per year (Ng) is 15 strokes/ km2/year. A Monte-Carlo technique is used to manipulate the statistical distribution of lightning strokes. The program is written in C-language using MATLAB simulation.
Prevalence of chronic energy deficiency and socio demographic profile of women in slums of Amritsar city , Punjab , India

Introduction: Slum population, ranked among the neediest and ironically, the most underserved group in terms of health care has the worst dietary and nutritional profile. Women of reproductive age residing in slums are especially vulnerable to malnutrition because of social and biological reasons. Hence, the present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency and its socio-demographic correlates among women in various slum areas of Amritsar city. Material and Methods: A total of 30 clusters of 7 units each were taken to make a sample of 210 units. The women who had delivered within one year before the interview were taken as study units. They were interviewed with the help of a pretested proforma Body Mass Index was used to assess the nutritional status of women. Regression analysis was applied to evaluate the effect of various socio-demographic factors on chronic energy deficiency. Results: On bivariate analysis nativity, socio-economic status, literacy, and contact with health worker were the statistically significant factors affecting chronic energy deficiency among women. But, multivariate regression analysis identified only literacy of the women (OR=0.31, CI= 0.11 to 0.83, p= 0.03) as significant factor affecting the nutritional status of women. Conclusion: Literacy of women is the only statistically significant factor determining the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency. Therefore, the overall educational status of women should be improved to have better nutritional health.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Applying automatically parsed corpora to the study of language variation

In this work, we discuss the beneﬁts of using automatically parsed corpora to study language variation. The study of language variation is an area of linguistics in which quantitative methods have been particularly successful. We argue that the large datasets that can be obtained using automatic annotation can help drive further research in this direction, providing sufﬁcient data for the increasingly complex models used to describe variation. We demonstrate this by replicating and extending a previous quantitative variation study that used manually and semi-automatically annotated data. We show that while the study cannot be replicated completely due to limitations of the existing automatic annotation, we can draw at least the same conclusions as the original study. In addition, we demonstrate the ﬂexibility of this method by extending the ﬁndings to related linguistic constructions and to another domain of text, using additional data.
Avian Extinctions in an Isolated Tropical Wet-Forest Preserve, Ecuador

ABSTI•CT. --The avifauna of a small forest island in lowland Ecuador was surveyed to detect recent extinctions. The 87-ha national forest, at Rio Palenque, has had serious declines in bird species numbers, even within the relatively short period of 1973-78. Among the 170 species of forest-dwelling birds, I found no recent records for 19 species, 25 had been last noted in 1975, and 15 presently have precariously low populations. Attributes of the species that had local extinctions included, in order of importance, large body size (predatory habits), general rarity (specialization), or declining populations throughout their range. Illegal hunting was related to the loss of two species at the preserve. The importance of large refuges is reaffirmed by this study. Received 5 July 1978, accepted 19 December 1978.
Distributed Randomized k-Clustering Based PCID Assignment for Ultra-Dense Femtocellular Networks

Next-generation wireless networks are going to have highly dense, small cell structure with a large number of femtocells. The dense deployment of the femtocell network architecture is expected to meet the growing data demand by leveraging millimeter-wave structure of 5G wireless networks. However, arbitrary deployment of large number of femtocells underlying a macrocell will pose a challenge for collision and confusion-free Physical Cell ID (PCID) assignments as the total number of available PCIDs is limited to 504. In this paper we propose a distributed, randomized $k$ -clustering algorithm for collision and confusion-free PCID assignment problem, which is known to be NP-complete. To reduce the total control message flow, we create overlapping clusters in ultra-dense femtocellular networks, where each cluster head runs the distributed randomized PCID allocation algorithm and locally monitors the conflicts to avoid the collision and confusion constraints. We prove the correctness of our proposed algorithm and analyze its time and message complexity. Through simulation experiments, we also show the effect of different parameters on the PCID allocation objectives.
FIFTEEN YEARS OF HYPERSPECTRAL DATA: NORTHERN GRAPEVINE MOUNTAINS, NEVADA

1.0 INTRODUCTION The northern Grapevine Mountains (NGM) site, located in south-central Nevada (Figure 1), was designated part of a U.S. Geological Survey Wilderness Study Area in 1982. The USGS was charged with evaluating the economic mineral potential of the area by characterizing the surface geology, alteration, geologic structure, and existing prospects and claims. Remote sensing technology available at the time (Landsat MSS and TM data) was also used as part of this evaluation. Based on alteration mineralogy at the site, an airborne survey using Geophysical and Environmental ResearchÕs (GERÕs) 64 channel airborne spectral profiler was also flown. Results from the remote sensing analysis, field mapping and field spectral measurements, laboratory analyses, and ancillary data led to removal of the site from consideration as a WSA in 1984 (Wrucke et al., 1984).
APPLIED 12 , 014052 ( 2019 ) Direct Dispersive Monitoring of Charge Parity in Offset-Charge-Sensitive

A striking characteristic of superconducting circuits is that their eigenspectra and intermode coupling strengths are well predicted by simple Hamiltonians representing combinations of quantum-circuit elements. Of particular interest is the Cooper-pair-box Hamiltonian used to describe the eigenspectra of transmon qubits, which can depend strongly on the offset-charge difference across the Josephson element. Notably, this offset-charge dependence can also be observed in the dispersive coupling between an ancillary readout mode and a transmon fabricated in the offset-charge-sensitive (OCS) regime. We utilize this effect to achieve direct high-fidelity dispersive readout of the joint plasmon and charge-parity state of an OCS transmon, which enables efficient detection of charge fluctuations and nonequilibrium-quasiparticle dynamics. Specifically, we show that additional high-frequency filtering can extend the charge-parity lifetime of our device by 2 orders of magnitude, resulting in a significantly improved energy relaxation time T1 ∼ 200 μs.
Permeability and Strength of Core Samples from the Nojima Fault of the 1995 Kobe Earthquake

The 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake, M=7.2, ruptured the Nojima fault. We have studied core samples taken from two scientific drillholes which crossed the fault zone in the epicentral region on Awagi island. The shallower hole, drilled by the Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ), was started 75m to the SE of the surface trace of the Nojima fault and crossed the fault at a depth of 624m. A deeper hole, drilled by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) was started 302m to the SE of the fault and crossed fault strands below a depth of 1140m. We have measured strength and matrix permeability of core samples taken from these two drillholes. We find a strong correlation between permeability and proximity to the fault zone shear axes. The width of the high permeability zone (approximately 20 to 40m) is in good agreement with fault zone width inferred from trapped wave analysis and other evidence. The fault zone core or shear axis contains clays with permeabilities of approximately 0.1 to 1 microdarcy at 50 MPa confining pressure. Within a few meters of the fault zone core, the rock is highly fractured but has sustained little net shear. Matrix permeability of this zone is approximately 100 microdarcy at 50 MPa confining pressure. Outside this damage zone, matrix permeability drops to sub-nanodarcy values. The clay-rich core material has the lowest strength with a coefficient of friction of approximately 0.55. Shear strength gradually increases with distance from the shear axis. These permeability and strength observations are consistent with fault zone models in which a highly localized core or shear zone is surrounded by a damage zone of fractured rock. In this case, the damage zone will act as a high-permeability conduit for vertical and horizontal flow in the plane of the fault. The clay core region, however, will impede fluid flow across the fault.
Prevalence of Common Infectious Diseases in Paediatric Age Group Admitted in Children’s Hospital Lahore, Pakistan

Background: Infectious diseases are common causes of presenting in emergency having severe signs and symptoms. Having significant mortality and morbidity are on the rise in Pakistan. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of infectious diseases in paediatric population.Methodology: We studied 200 consecutive patients from 1 month to 12 years of age presenting with infectious diseases. Their detailed history was then taken including symptoms at presentation and the type of infection was assessed with the help of history and laboratory investigations. Following are the common infectious diseases including pneumonia, meningitis, enteric fever, malaria, measles, tuberculosis, acute watery diarrhoea.Results: Frequency wise infectious diseases are pneumonia (63.5%), meningitis (20%), acute watery diarrhoea (8.5%), enteric fever (4%), malaria (2%), tuberculosis (2%), and no measles case found. Infectious diseases are more common in rural areas than urban areas and success after treatment is more (49.5) than death (2%) but a bad impact is that (48.5%) patient went without treatment.Conclusion: This data is taken in winter season that is why Pneumonia is most common infectious disease, second most common infectious disease is meningitis, and others are acute watery diarrhoea, enteric fever, malaria and tuberculosis in our patients. The awareness of risk factors amongst the public is low. Thus, there is an urgent need to create more and more awareness about the preventive aspects and healthier life style behaviour in our community.