Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temporal Trends and Future Prediction of Breast Cancer Incidence Across Age Groups in Trivandrum, South India.

BACKGROUND Increasing breast cancer (BC) incidence rates have been reported from India; causal factors for this increased incidence are not understood and diagnosis is mostly in advanced stages. Trivandrum exhibits the highest BC incidence rates in India. This study aimed to estimate trends in incidence by age from 2005- 2014, to predict rates through 2020 and to assess the stage at diagnosis of BC in Trivandrum. MATERIALS AND METHODS BC cases were obtained from the Population Based Cancer Registry, Trivandrum. Distribution of stage at diagnosis and incidence rates of BC [Age-specific (ASpR), crude (CR) and age-standardized (ASR)] are described and employed with a joinpoint regression model to estimate average annual percent changes (AAPC) and a Bayesian model to estimate predictive rates. RESULTS BC accounts for 31% (2681/8737) of all female cancers in Trivandrum. Thirty-five percent (944/2681) are <50 years of age and only 9% present with stage I disease. Average age increased from 53 to 56.4 years (p=0.0001), CR (per 105 women) increased from 39 (ASR: 35.2) to 55.4 (ASR: 43.4), AAPC for CR was 5.0 (p=0.001) and ASR was 3.1 (p=0.001). Rates increased from 50 years. Predicted ASpR is 174 in 50-59 years, 231 in > 60 years and overall CR is 80 (ASR: 57) for 2019- 20. CONCLUSIONS BC, mostly diagnosed in advanced stages, is rising rapidly in South India with large increases likely in the future; particularly among post-menopausal women. This increase might be due to aging and/or changes in lifestyle factors. Reasons for the increased incidence and late stage diagnosis need to be studied.
Impact of histidine residues on the transmembrane helices of viroporins

Abstract The role of histidine in channel-forming transmembrane (TM) helices was investigated by comparing the TM helices from Virus protein ‘u' (Vpu) and the M2 proton channel. Both proteins are members of the viroporin family of small membrane proteins that exhibit ion channel activity, and have a single TM helix that is capable of forming oligomers. The TM helices from both proteins have a conserved tryptophan towards the C-terminus. Previously, alanine 18 of Vpu was mutated to histidine in order to artificially introduce the same HXXXW motif that is central to the proton channel activity of M2. Interestingly, the mutated Vpu TM resulted in an increase in helix tilt angle of 11° in lipid bilayers compared to the wild-type Vpu TM. Here, we find the reverse, when histidine 37 of the HXXXW motif in M2 was mutated to alanine, it decreased the helix tilt by 10° from that of wild-type M2. The tilt change is independent of both the helix length and the presence of tryptophan. In addition, compared to wild-type M2, the H37A mutant displayed lowered sensitivity to proton concentration. We also found that the solvent accessibility of histidine-containing M2 is greater than without histidine. This suggests that the TM helix may increase the solvent exposure by changing its tilt angle in order to accommodate a polar/charged residue within the hydrophobic membrane region. The comparative results of M2, Vpu and their mutants demonstrated the significance of histidine in a transmembrane helix and the remarkable plasticity of the function and structure of ion channels stemming from changes at a single amino acid site.
Hybrid model for cloud data security using steganography

Cloud computing combines a huge number of virtual resources and presents flexible service to users by pay-as-you-need concept. However, cloud computing has many advantages like resource sharing and conjunction; also still there are some problems such as data security which is one of the critical factors in cloud environment. This paper proposed security model to protect cloud data from unauthorized access using cryptography and steganography. This model consist of three phases, in the first phase we hash data using Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), Then encrypt data using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm and encrypt the hash code and the new key by Public key cryptography. Finally we use Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganography to embed all information after encryption in any type of images.
Nurses experiences of delivering care in acute inpatient mental health settings: A narrative synthesis of the literature

Inpatient psychiatric care requires a balance between working with consumers' priorities and goals, managing expectations of the community, legal, professional and service responsibilities. In order to improve service delivery within acute mental health units, it is important to understand the constraints and facilitating factors for good care. We conducted a systematic narrative synthesis, where findings of qualitative studies are synthesised to generate new insights. 21 articles were identified. Our results show that personal qualities, professional skills as well as environmental factors all influence the ability to provide recovery focused care. Three overarching themes which either facilitated or hindered were identified. These included: (i) Complexity of the nursing role (clinical care; practical and emotional support: advocacy and education; enforcing aspects of the Mental Health Act. and, maintaining ward safety); (ii) Constraining factors (operational barriers; change in patient characteristic; and competing understandings of care); and (iii) Facilitating factors (ward factors; nursing tools; nurse characteristics; approach to people; approach to work and ability to self-care). We suggest that the therapeutic use of self is central to the provision of recovery oriented care. However person-centred practice can be fragile and fluid and a compassionate system of support is needed to enable an understanding of context and self. It is critical to have a work environment which fosters hope and optimism and is supportive of autonomy, ensures workload balance, and is safe.
Towards expansion of human hair follicle stem cells in vitro

Objectives: Multipotential human hair follicle stem cells can differentiate into various cell lineages and thus are investigated here as potential autologous sources for regenerative medicine. Towards this end, we have attempted to expand these cells, directly isolated from minimal amounts of hair follicle explants, to numbers more suitable for stem‐cell therapy.
Imaging of brain oxygenation with magnetic resonance imaging: A validation with positron emission tomography in the healthy and tumoural brain

The partial pressure in oxygen remains challenging to map in the brain. Two main strategies exist to obtain surrogate measures of tissue oxygenation: the tissue saturation studied by magnetic resonance imaging (StO2-MRI) and the identification of hypoxia by a positron emission tomography (PET) biomarker with 3-[18F]fluoro-1-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-2-propanol ([18F]-FMISO) as the leading radiopharmaceutical. Nonetheless, a formal validation of StO2-MRI against FMISO-PET has not been performed. The objective of our studies was to compare the two approaches in (a) the normal rat brain when the rats were submitted to hypoxemia; (b) animals implanted with four tumour types differentiated by their oxygenation. Rats were submitted to normoxic and hypoxemic conditions. For the brain tumour experiments, U87-MG, U251-MG, 9L and C6 glioma cells were orthotopically inoculated in rats. For both experiments, StO2-MRI and [18F]-FMISO PET were performed sequentially. Under hypoxemia conditions, StO2-MRI revealed a decrease in oxygen saturation in the brain. Nonetheless, [18F]-FMISO PET, pimonidazole immunohistochemistry and molecular biology were insensitive to hypoxia. Within the context of tumours, StO2-MRI was able to detect hypoxia in the hypoxic models, mimicking [18F]-FMISO PET with high sensitivity/specificity. Altogether, our data clearly support that, in brain pathologies, StO2-MRI could be a robust and specific imaging biomarker to assess hypoxia.
Physiological Adaptations to Strength and Circuit Training in Postmenopausal Women With Bone Loss

Brentano, MA, Cadore, EL, Da Silva, EM, Ambrosini, AB, Coertjens, M, Petkowicz, R, Viero, I, Kruel, LFM. Physiological adaptations to strength and circuit training in postmenopausal women with bone loss. J Strength Cond Res 22(6): 1816-1825, 2008-Strength training (ST; high intensity/low volume/long rest) has been used in several populations, including children, young adults, and older adults. However, there is no information about circuit weight training (CWT; low intensity/high volume/short rest) in apparently healthy postmenopausal women. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effects of high-intensity ST and circuit training on isometric strength (IS), upper limb dynamic strength (ULS) and lower limb dynamic strength (LLS), muscle activation of quadriceps (EMGquad), maximal oxygen uptake (&OV0312;o2max), time to exhaustion (TE), and bone mineral density (BMD). Twenty-eight postmenopausal women were divided into 3 groups: 1) ST group (STG, n = 9, 45-80% 1 repetition maximum (1RM), 2-4 sets, 20-6 reps), 2) circuit training group (CTG, n = 10, 45-60% 1RM, 2-3 sets, 20-10 reps), and 3) a control group (CON, n = 9, no exercise). Significance level was defined as p ≤ 0.05 for all analyses. After 24 weeks of training, increases were observed in STG and CTG. However, whereas in the STG, the IS (32.7%), ULS (28.7%), LLS (39.4%), EMGquad (50.7%), &OV0312;o2max (22%), and TE (19.3%) increased, CTG showed changes only in IS (17.7%), ULS (26.4%), LLS (42.2%), &OV0312;o2max (18.6%), and TE (16.8%). BMD did not change in any experimental group. In the CON, there were no changes in the variables analyzed. Our results suggest that ST and circuit training positively affect postmenopausal women's muscular strength, muscular activation, and cardiorespiratory fitness, with no changes in BMD.
Aerodynamic Performance of a Vibrating Piezoelectric Blade Under Varied Operational and Confinement States

This paper investigates the aerodynamic performance of a piezoelectrically actuated cantilever blade operating in the first mode of vibration. Bulk air-moving capability and local velocity field features have been experimentally measured for different operational conditions and blade confinement states. A testing facility has been developed to determine the pressure-flow rate characteristics of a vibrating blade and simultaneously conduct particle image velocimetry. Under high system resistance, similar to that found in densely packed electronics, flow reversal occurs at the blade outlet region analogous to stall. This is accompanied by increased local unsteadiness in the airflow being emitted. Local turbulence intensity increases by 50% between maximum flow rate and maximum efficiency operating points. The introduction of confinement around a vibrating blade reduces bulk air-moving capability significantly, with pressure rise and volumetric flow rate measured as low as 20% of what can be achieved for an unconfined blade. However, there is an accompanying change in spatial velocity distribution, which focuses the flow normal to the outlet. This has potentially beneficial uses for targeted electronics cooling applications. The findings identify the relationship between local and bulk airflow characteristics that ultimately provides information about the sensitivity of this type of air-moving device in practical installations.
Inducible expression of amplified human beta interferon genes in CHO cells

Plasmid DNA containing the human beta-interferon (IFN-beta) gene and mouse dihydrofolate reductase cDNA was transfected into dihydrofolate reductase-negative Chinese hamster ovary cells. Dihydrofolate reductase-positive transformants were obtained, and cells containing amplified copies of mouse dihydrofolate reductase were selected by exposure to increasing methotrexate concentrations. These cells were found to express high levels of human IFN-beta after polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid superinduction or NDV infection; this was a result of coamplification of the IFN-beta gene. Levels of expression of 1 U/cell per day were achieved on superinduction, giving corresponding titers of up to 10(10) U/liter medium in culture supernatants. Constitutive production of IFN-beta rates of about 0.5% of superinduced rates was observed; cells producing these levels of IFN-beta had acquired resistance to cytotoxic antiviral effects of IFN-beta. Two forms of human IFN-beta were produced; a major glycosylated 23,000-dalton form and an unglycosylated 18,500-dalton form. The latter had greatly reduced antiviral activity. IFN-beta production was very sensitive to cellular growth rate; the highest levels were produced by density-arrested cultures. Regulation of IFN-beta production by polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid or by cell density effects required the presence of DNA sequences 5' to the IFN-beta-coding sequences; replacement of these sequences with the simian virus 40 early promoter resulted in uninducible, density-independent production of IFN-beta.
Separate information required for nuclear and subnuclear localization: additional complexity in localizing an enzyme shared by mitochondria and nuclei

The TRM1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae codes for a tRNA modification enzyme, N2,N2-dimethylguanosine-specific tRNA methyltransferase (m2(2)Gtase), shared by mitochondria and nuclei. Immunofluorescent staining at the nuclear periphery demonstrates that m2(2)Gtase localizes at or near the nuclear membrane. In determining sequences necessary for targeting the enzyme to nuclei and mitochondria, we found that information required to deliver the enzyme to the nucleus is not sufficient for its correct subnuclear localization. We also determined that mislocalizing the enzyme from the nucleus to the cytoplasm does not destroy its biological function. This change in location was caused by altering a sequence similar to other known nuclear targeting signals (KKSKKKRC), suggesting that shared enzymes are likely to use the same import pathway as proteins that localize only to the nucleus. As with other well-characterized mitochondrial proteins, the mitochondrial import of the shared methyltransferase depends on amino-terminal amino acids, and removal of the first 48 amino acids prevents its import into mitochondria. While this truncated protein is still imported into nuclei, the immunofluorescent staining is uniform throughout rather than at the nuclear periphery, a staining pattern identical to that described for a fusion protein consisting of the first 213 amino acids of m2(2)Gtase in frame with beta-galactosidase. As both of these proteins together contain the entire m2(2)Gtase coding region, the information necessary for association with the nuclear periphery must be more complex than the short linear sequence necessary for nuclear localization.
Effect of Varying Amounts of a Liquid Nutritional Supplement on the Pharmacokinetics of Posaconazole in Healthy Volunteers

ABSTRACT The aim of this single-center, phase 1, randomized, 5 by 5 crossover, open-label study was to determine the effects of varying amounts of a nutritional supplement (Boost Plus) on the pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in 30 healthy volunteers. After an overnight fast, subjects were administered a single dose of 400 mg posaconazole oral suspension alone or following Boost Plus (8 fluid ounces [oz] [240 ml], 4 oz [120 ml], 2 oz [60 ml], or 1 oz [30 ml]). Subjects were randomized to receive all five treatments in different sequences, with a 14-day washout between treatments. Primary pharmacokinetic variables—area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to the time of the final quantifiable sample (AUCtf), maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (Tmax), and relative bioavailability—were assessed up to 5 days postdose. Safety assessments included testing for adverse events, clinical laboratory tests, measurement of vital signs, physical examinations, and electrocardiograms. Posaconazole bioavailability increased almost linearly with increasing amounts of Boost Plus. Based on log-transformed data, the relative bioavailabilities (AUCs) of posaconazole were 35% (fasting), 48% (1 oz), 60% (2 oz), and 77% (4 oz) of the level reached in the presence of 8 oz Boost Plus, whereas Tmax was unaffected. Compared with the levels reached under fasting conditions, posaconazole Cmax and AUC values increased 3.5- and 2.9-fold, respectively, when given with 8 oz Boost Plus. Single doses of posaconazole at 400 mg alone and with 1, 2, 4, or 8 oz Boost Plus were safe and well tolerated in healthy subjects.
Pain tolerance in children and adolescents: Sex differences and psychosocial influences on pain threshold and endurance

Laboratory studies with children and adolescents revealed inconsistent findings regarding sex differences in pain tolerance, although lower pain tolerance is commonly reported for adult women. Besides biological mechanisms, several socio‐cognitive variables are discussed which may influence pain tolerance in regard to sex differences. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the pain tolerance of children and adolescents using the cold pressor task (CPT) and to analyse influences of pain‐coping and pain‐related self‐efficacy.
Continuous positive airway pressure reduces postprandial lipidemia in obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial.

RATIONALE Dyslipidemia is common in Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). Postprandial lipidemia (PPL) is a strong marker of cardiovascular risk. Evidence that OSA treatment improves PPL is lacking. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment on postprandial lipidemia (PPL) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the upper moderate or severe range. METHODS In this randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial, we compared the effects of 2 months each of therapeutic and placebo CPAP on PPL. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS PPL was determined from the area under the 24-hour triglyceride concentration curve (TAG-AUC(24)) using seven blood samples drawn across both the wake and sleep periods. Secondary outcomes were the difference in other 24-hour lipid profiles. Thirty-eight eligible patients were randomly assigned to a treatment order and 29 patients completed the trial. CPAP reduced PPL compared with placebo with a mean TAG-AUC(24) difference of -357 mmol/L/d (95% confidence interval [CI], -687.3 to -26.8; P = 0.035). During both the CPAP and placebo studies, TAG levels peaked during both wakefulness (2:00 p.m.) and sleep (3:00 a.m.). Both peaks were lower during CPAP than placebo: 2:00 p.m. , -0.49 mmol/L (95% CI, -0.74 to -0.24; P < 0.0005) and 3:00 a.m., -0.40 mmol/L (95% CI, -0.65 to -0.15; P = 0.002). Moreover, mean 24-hour total cholesterol was -0.19 mmol/L lower on CPAP (95% CI, -0.27 to -0.11; P < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS This randomized trial demonstrated that treatment of severe OSA with CPAP improves postprandial TAG and total cholesterol levels. These effects may reduce the risk for cardiovascular events. The results imply that the association between OSA and cardiovascular disease may, in part, be caused by direct effects on dyslipidemia. Clinical trial registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry at www.anzctr. org.au (ACTRN 12605000066684).
Activated factor V is a cofactor for the activation of factor XI by thrombin in plasma

The mechanism by which the intrinsic pathway of coagulation contributes to physiological hemostasis is enigmatic. Thrombin activates factor XI, a key zymogen in this pathway, which leads to increased thrombin generation. As thrombin-dependent activation of factor XI in vitro is relatively inefficient, we hypothesized that a physiological cofactor supports this reaction in a plasma environment. We therefore investigated whether the cofactors of coagulation, activated factor V, activated factor VIII, high-molecular weight kininogen, or protein S, influenced activation of factor XI by thrombin. Only activated factor V stimulated activation of factor XI by thrombin in a purified system. Binding studies demonstrated that factor XI specifically interacts with both factor V and factor Va through multiple binding sites. We further investigated this cofactor function of activated factor V in plasma. Depletion of factor V, or the addition of activated protein C, decreased the activation of the intrinsic pathway by thrombin in plasma. However, activated protein C did not exert this effect in the plasma of a homozygous carrier of the prothrombotic factor V Leiden mutation. In conclusion, we propose a role for (activated) factor V as a cofactor in the activation of factor XI by thrombin. These findings offer insights into the coagulation system in both health and disease.
Oxygen challenge magnetic resonance imaging in healthy human volunteers

Oxygen challenge imaging involves transient hyperoxia applied during deoxyhaemoglobin sensitive (T2*-weighted) magnetic resonance imaging and has the potential to detect changes in brain oxygen extraction. In order to develop optimal practical protocols for oxygen challenge imaging, we investigated the influence of oxygen concentration, cerebral blood flow change, pattern of oxygen administration and field strength on T2*-weighted signal. Eight healthy volunteers underwent multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging including oxygen challenge imaging and arterial spin labelling using two oxygen concentrations (target FiO2 of 100 and 60%) administered consecutively (two-stage challenge) at both 1.5T and 3T. There was a greater signal increase in grey matter compared to white matter during oxygen challenge (p < 0.002 at 3T, P < 0.0001 at 1.5T) and at FiO2 = 100% compared to FiO2 = 60% in grey matter at both field strengths (p < 0.02) and in white matter at 3T only (p = 0.0314). Differences in the magnitude of signal change between 1.5T and 3T did not reach statistical significance. Reduction of T2*-weighted signal to below baseline, after hyperoxia withdrawal, confounded interpretation of two-stage oxygen challenge imaging. Reductions in cerebral blood flow did not obscure the T2*-weighted signal increases. In conclusion, the optimal protocol for further study should utilise target FiO2 = 100% during a single oxygen challenge. Imaging at both 1.5T and 3T is clinically feasible.