Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Functional Flexibility of the Honey Bee Hypopharyngeal Gland in a Dequeened Colony

Abstract The role of the worker honey bee Apis mellifera L. changes depending on age after eclosion (age polyethism): young workers (nurse bees) take care of their brood by synthesizing and secreting brood food (royal jelly), while older workers (foragers) forage for nectar and process it into honey. Previously, we showed that the major proteins synthesized in the hypopharyngeal gland of the worker change from brood food proteins to α-glucosidase at the single secretory cell level in parallel with this age polyethism [Kubo et al., J. Biochem. 119, 291–295 (1996); Ohashi et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 249, 797–802 (1997)]. Here, we examined whether the function of the hypopharyngeal gland has flexibility depending on the colony conditions, by creating a dequeened colony in which the older workers were compelled to feed the drone larvae. It was found that most of the older workers in the dequeened colony synthesized brood food proteins as did nurse bees. Furthermore, the percentage of workers that synthesized brood food proteins was maintained at 80–90% of the total workers for at least two months, as in a normal colony. These results indicate that the function of the hypopharyngeal gland cells of the worker has flexibility and can, if necessary, be maintained as that of the nurse bee, depending on the condition of the colony.
Ophthalmologic abnormalities among deaf students in Kaduna, Northern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND The association between deafness and ocular problems is well established; however the nature and prevalence of these problems are diverse across the globe. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine the nature and prevalence of ophthalmologic abnormalities in deaf students and offer treatment to those with remediable conditions. METHOD Six hundred and twenty deaf students aged between 5 and 38 years were examined in a school for the deaf. RESULTS One hundred and thirty (20.9%) had some form of ophthalmologic abnormality. Some had anterior segment abnormalities such as corneal opacities (0.5%) and allergic conjunctivitis (3.4%) while others had posterior segment abnormalities like optic atrophy (0.3%), Waardenburg syndrome (0.6%) and Ushers syndrome (0.6%). Refractive error was the most common (7.9%). CONCLUSION Since these deaf students use their sight to compensate for the deafness, routine ophthalmologic examination should be carried out on them so that ophthalmologic abnormalities are detected early and treatment offered for remediable diseases.
CUX2 Protein Functions as an Accessory Factor in the Repair of Oxidative DNA Damage*

Background: CUX2 contains three Cut repeat domains and is expressed in postmitotic neurons. Results: Cut repeats stimulate the OGG1 DNA glycosylase, and lower or higher CUX2 expression, respectively, delays or accelerates repair of oxidative DNA damage. Conclusion: CUX2 functions as an accessory factor in base excision repair. Significance: CUX2 contributes to the maintenance of genome integrity in long lived neurons. CUX1 and CUX2 proteins are characterized by the presence of three highly similar regions called Cut repeats 1, 2, and 3. Although CUX1 is ubiquitously expressed, CUX2 plays an important role in the specification of neuronal cells and continues to be expressed in postmitotic neurons. Cut repeats from the CUX1 protein were recently shown to stimulate 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), an enzyme that removes oxidized purines from DNA and introduces a single strand break through its apurinic/apyrimidinic lyase activity to initiate base excision repair. Here, we investigated whether CUX2 plays a similar role in the repair of oxidative DNA damage. Cux2 knockdown in embryonic cortical neurons increased levels of oxidative DNA damage. In vitro, Cut repeats from CUX2 increased the binding of OGG1 to 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine-containing DNA and stimulated both the glycosylase and apurinic/apyrimidinic lyase activities of OGG1. Genetic inactivation in mouse embryo fibroblasts or CUX2 knockdown in HCC38 cells delayed DNA repair and increased DNA damage. Conversely, ectopic expression of Cut repeats from CUX2 accelerated DNA repair and reduced levels of oxidative DNA damage. These results demonstrate that CUX2 functions as an accessory factor that stimulates the repair of oxidative DNA damage. Neurons produce a high level of reactive oxygen species because of their dependence on aerobic oxidation of glucose as their source of energy. Our results suggest that the persistent expression of CUX2 in postmitotic neurons contributes to the maintenance of genome integrity through its stimulation of oxidative DNA damage repair.
Triple reproduction analysis of economy, social, and environment in Indonesia: a simultaneous panel data analysis using EC2SLS

In the last few years, Indonesia’s economic growth has been slowing down. In 2011, Indonesia’s economic growth was 6,16%, but in 2014 it decreased to 5,2%. However, Indonesia’s economic growth is still positive compared to other countries. A region with high economic growth should have good environmental and social conditions. Good social conditions can be reflected through the Human Development Index (HDI) as reflection of actual well-being of the population. However, some regions in Indonesia have an unbalance system on economic growth and their social and environmental conditions. For example, during 2011-2014, DKI Jakarta has economic growth and HDI which tends to be high but has the lowest Environmental Quality Index (EQI), compared to other regions. It becomes a problem because high economic conditions should be supported by social and environmental conditions in order to achieve a sustainable economic system. To build a sustainable economic system, it is necessary to balance among the economic, social, and environment factors. The balance system among these factors can be explained by Triple Reproduction Theory which consists of three subsystems, namely reproduction of the economy, humans, and natural environment. Therefore, this study aims to see relationship among these three factors in 33 provinces in Indonesia, from 2011 to 2014. Using simultaneous panel data analysis using EC2SLS method, the results are: 1) There is a simultaneous relationship between economic growth and EQI in Indonesia, 2) There is simultaneous relationship between HDI and EQI in Indonesia, 3) There is no significantly relationship between economic growth and HDI in Indonesia, 4) Population density proved to have an effect on EQI in Indonesia.
Investigations on side-effects of the mixed biocide GCSC-BtA on different predators of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) in southeastern China

The present paper deals with laboratory studies on side-effects of the mixed biocide GCSC-BtA on Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and its predators, e. g. Amblyseius longispinosus (Evans) (Acari, Phytoseiidae), Erigonidium graminicola (Sundvall) (Araneae, Linyphiidae), Orius similis Zheng (Het., Anthocoridae) and Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae), in comparison to the commercial insecticides, e. g. Abamectin, Tebufenozide, Dichlorvos, Cartap and Lambda-cyhalothrin.The results showed that GCSC-BtA was highly toxic to the 3rd instar of P. xylostella with 91.18 % mortality, followed by Cartap with 84.38 %, Abamectin with 78.00 %, Tebufenozide with 75.57 %, Lambda-cyhalothrin with 63.75 % and Dichlorvos with 50.86 % mortality. On the other hand, GCSC-BtA was found to be comparatively less toxic to the predators, causing 31.11 %, 13.33 %, 11.54 % and 6.00 % mortalities in A. longispinosus, E. graminicola, O. similis and C. septempunctata, respectively. For comparison, the mortalities recorded for Abamectin, Tebufenozide, Dichlorvos, Cartap, Lambda-cyhalothrin were 72.94 %, 55.55 %, 70.00 %, 53.26 % and 98.85 % in A. longispinosus, 46.51 %, 55.10 %, 60.00 %, 46.00 % and 73.68 % in E. graminicola, 22.00 %, 16.00 %, 35.71 %, 26.78 % and 81.03 % in O. similis, 15.55 %, 19.64 %, 28.00 %, 16.66 % and 41.79 % in C. septempunctata, respectively.Cluster analysis was introduced to group the mortalities caused by the treatments into three toxicity groups with the distance of D = 4.1. The 1st group consisted of GCSC-BtA characterized with low toxicity to all the predators tested with 15.49 % mortality on average (highest 31.11 % and lowest 6.00 %). The 2nd group consisted of Abamectin, Tebufenozide, Dichlorvos and Cartap with moderate toxicity to the predators with 39.96 % mortality on average. The 3rd group included Lambda-cyhalothrin with high toxicity to the predators with 73.83 % mortality on average (highest 98.85 % and lowest 41.70 %). The susceptibility of the pest and its predators to GCSC-BtA and the insecticides is discussed. GCSC-BtA as a biological control agent is recommended for use in the integrated pests control programs in the vegetable fields.
Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants.

BACKGROUND Early enteral feeding practices are potentially modifiable risk factors for necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Observational studies suggest that conservative feeding regimens that include slowly advancing enteral feed volumes reduce the risk of necrotising enterocolitis. However, slow feed advancement may delay establishment of full enteral feeding and be associated with metabolic and infectious morbidities secondary to prolonged exposure to parenteral nutrition. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of slow rates of enteral feed advancement on the incidence of necrotising enterocolitis, mortality and other morbidities in very preterm or VLBW infants. SEARCH METHODS We used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 12), MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL (to December 2012), conference proceedings, and previous reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials that assessed the effect of slow (up to 24 ml/kg/day) versus faster rates of advancement of enteral feed volumes upon the incidence of necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or VLBW infants. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data collection and analysis was performed using the standard methods of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. MAIN RESULTS We identified five randomised controlled trials in which a total of 588 infants participated. Few participants were extremely preterm, extremely low birth weight or growth restricted. The trials defined slow advancement as daily increments of 15 to 20 ml/kg and faster advancement as 30 to 35 ml/kg. Meta-analyses did not detect statistically significant effects on the risk of necrotising enterocolitis (typical risk ratio (RR) 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54 to 1.74) or all-cause mortality (RR 1.41, 95% CI 0.81 to 2.74). Infants who had slow advancement took significantly longer to regain birth weight (reported median differences two to six days) and to establish full enteral feeding (two to five days). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The available trial data suggest that advancing enteral feed volumes at slow rather than faster rates does not reduce the risk of necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or VLBW infants. Advancing the volume of enteral feeds at slow rates results in several days delay in regaining birth weight and establishing full enteral feeds but the long term clinical importance of these effects is unclear. The applicability of these findings to extremely preterm, extremely low birth weight or growth restricted infants is limited. Further randomised controlled trials in these populations may be warranted to resolve this uncertainty.
DNA polymerization in the absence of exonucleolytic proofreading: in vivo and in vitro studies.

Classical genetic selection was combined with site-directed mutagenesis to study bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase 3'----5' exonuclease activity. A mutant DNA polymerase with very little (less than or equal to 1%) 3'----5' exonuclease activity was generated. In vivo, the 3'----5' exonuclease-deficient DNA polymerase produced the highest level of spontaneous mutation observed in T4, 500- to 1800-fold above that of wild type. The large reduction in 3'----5' exonuclease activity appears to be due to two amino acid substitutions: Glu-191 to Ala and Asp-324 to Gly. Protein sequence similarities have been observed between sequences in the Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I 3'----5' exonuclease domain and conserved sequences in eukaryotic, viral, and phage DNA polymerases. It has been proposed that the conserved sequences contain metal ion binding ligands that are required for 3'----5' exonuclease activity; however, we find that some proposed T4 DNA polymerase metal binding residues are not essential for 3'----5' exonuclease activity. Thus, our T4 DNA polymerase studies do not support the hypothesis by Bernad et al. [Bernad, A. , Blanco, L. , Lazaro, J.M. , Martin, G. & Salas, M. (1989) Cell 59, 219-228] that many DNA polymerases, including T4 DNA polymerase, share an extensively conserved 3'----5' exonuclease motif. Therefore, extrapolation from E. coli DNA polymerase I sequence and structure to other DNA polymerases for which there is no structural information may not be valid.
The Impact of Primary Care Physicians on Follow-up Care of Underserved Breast Cancer Survivors

Purpose: To investigate the impact of the involvement of primary care physicians (PCPs) on the receipt of preventive follow-up care after a breast cancer (BC) diagnosis among a low-income population. Methods: Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify potential factors associated with receipt of preventive care among 579 low-income women with BC. The main outcome variables at 36 months after BC diagnosis were receipt of annual mammography, Papanicolaou smear in the past 2 years, and ever had colonoscopy for those who were at least 50 years old. The main independent variable was type of provider visit in the past 12 months. Results: Women with a PCP visit only or both PCP and surgeon/cancer specialist visits in the past 12 months were more likely to have had annual mammography (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.67; P = .109 and AOR, 2.20, P = .0008, respectively), a Papanicolaou smear in the past 2 years (AOR, 2.90; P = .04 and AOR, 2.24, P = .009, respectively), and colonoscopy (AOR, 2.99; P = .041 and AOR, 2.17; P = .026, respectively) than those who only visited surgeons/cancer specialists. Indeed, women who saw only a PCP for their follow-up care had the highest odds ratio of receiving each clinical care service. Conclusions: The involvement of PCPs in the medical care of low-income BC survivors results in better preventive follow-up care. Getting PCPs involved in the care of cancer survivors might be particularly pertinent for low-income populations because of lower costs and ease of access compared with cancer specialist-provided care.
Localization of nitric oxide synthase, NADPH diaphorase and soluble guanylyl cyclase in adult rabbit retina

Nitric oxide (NO) acts as a neuronal messenger which activates soluble guanylyl cyclase (SGC) in neighboring cells and produces a wide range of physiological effects in the central nervous system (CNS). Using immunocytochemical and histochemical stains, we have characterized the NO/SGC system in the rabbit retina and to a lesser extent, in monkey retina. Based on staining patterns observed with an antibody to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) type I and a histochemical marker for NADPH diaphorase, a metabolic intermediate required for NOS activity, three major classes of neurons appear to generate NO in the rabbit retina. These include two subclasses of sparsely distributed wide field amacrine cells, rod and cone photoreceptors, and a subpopulation of ganglion cells. Equivalent cell populations were labled in monkey retina. An antibody to SGC (tested only in rabbit retina), labeled large arrays of cone photoreceptors in the outer nuclear layer, both amacrine and bipolar cells in the inner nuclear layer (INL), as well as populations of neurons in the ganglion cell layer. These data suggest that the ability to generate NO is restricted to relatively few neurons in the inner retina and to photoreceptor cells in the outer retina; while presumptive target cells, containing pools of SGC, are widespread and form contiguous fields across the inner and outer nuclear layers (ONL) as well as the ganglion cell layer.
Interaction of quinolones with the theophylline metabolism in man: investigations with lomefloxacin and pipemidic acid.

The single-dose pharmacokinetics of theophylline alone and at the end of a five-day treatment period with a new difluorinated quinolone antibacterial, lomefloxacin (400 mg/d) and pipemidic acid (400 mg b.i.d.) were investigated in 12 healthy male volunteers. Concentration of theophylline and its metabolites 1-methylxanthine, 1-methyluric acid, 1.3-dimethyluric acid and 3-methylxanthine were determined in plasma, and (except 1-methyluric acid) in urine by HPLC separation. The elimination half-life of theophylline before quinolone treatment was 5.7 +/- 2.0 h and did not change significantly under coadministration of lomefloxacin (6.2 +/- 2.0 h), whereas with pipemidic acid a marked prolongation (10.8 +/- 2.3 h) occurred. Results without and during coadministration of lomefloxacin showed no detectable 1-methylxanthine in plasma. With pipemidic acid, 1-methylxanthine was observed in the plasma and 1-methyluric acid and 3-methylxanthine were not detected. Lomefloxacin showed only a slight alteration in the metabolite formation of theophylline, whereas pipemidic acid induced marked changes. In contrast to pipemidic acid, no metabolic interaction would be expected under concomitant use of lomefloxacin and theophylline within the recommended dose range for both drugs.
Risk-Neutral Valuation Under Differential Funding Costs, Defaults and Collateralization

We develop a unified valuation theory that incorporates credit risk (defaults), collateralization and funding costs, by expanding the replication approach to a generality that has not yet been studied previously and reaching valuation when replication is not assumed. This unifying theoretical framework clarifies the relationship between the two valuation approaches: the adjusted cash flows approach pioneered for example by Brigo, Pallavicini and co-authors ([12, 13, 34]) and the classic replication approach illustrated for example by Bielecki and Rutkowski and co-authors ([3, 8]). In particular, results of this work cover most previous papers where the authors studied specific replication models.
Chinese and Indian MNEs’ shopping spree in advanced countries. How good is it for their innovative output?

Do emerging-market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) innovate after they have acquired advanced countries’ innovative firms and have invested in regions with high innovative capacity? Do EMNEs’ absorptive capacity and status positively moderate the relationship between their post-deal innovative output and the innovative capacity of the target firm and/or region? We explore these questions by analyzing the universe of cross-border acquisitions accomplished by Chinese and Indian medium to high-tech firms in Europe (EU28) and the USA during 2003–2011. We find that EMNEs benefit from investing in regions with higher innovative capacities, with the exception of the most innovative hubs where post-acquisition impacts on EMNEs’ innovative outputs turn out to be less straightforward than we expected. We also observe that EMNEs are often unable to benefit from innovative target firms, which is also in contrast with our predictions. Hence, we do not find conclusive evidence about the positive impact of EMNEs’ investments in developed countries. Rather, we reverse this perspective and argue that it is not just a matter of how innovative the target actors are in the host country, but of whether the investing EMNEs are able to mobilize these actors’ knowledge resources and interests to their own advantage. Only EMNEs with strong knowledge bases and high status standing can make it, the rest remain stranded, no matter how innovative their target firm or location is.
New Analytical Formulas for Electromagnetic Field and Eddy Current Losses in Bushing Regions of Transformers

This paper presents a new and rigorous analytical calculation of electromagnetic field and eddy current losses in the zones of transformer tanks where bushings are mounted. This is done by solving Maxwell's equations in the regions surrounding bushings, with the corresponding boundary conditions and considering linear permeability. Then, by solving the modified Bessel's equation, the analytical formulas to calculate the magnetic field and eddy current losses in these regions are obtained and several cases are studied. The results are compared with 3-D finite element simulations and show very close correspondence. The obtained formulas allow straightforward calculations that can help designers to select proper parameters to optimize the design of transformers. This paper can be taken as the basis for the analysis of the nonlinear permeability case.
Antiplatelet Therapy Prasugrel: A Novel Platelet ADP P2Y12 Receptor Antagonist

Novel adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P2Y12 antagonists, including prasugrel, ticagrelor, cangrelor and elinogrel, are in various phases of clinical development. These ADP P2Y12 antagonists have advantages over clopidogrel ranging from faster onset to greater and less variable inhibition of platelet function. Novel ADP P2Y12 antagonists are under investigation to determine whether their use can result in improved antiplatelet activity, faster onset of action, and/or greater antithrombotic effects than clopidogrel, without an unacceptable increase in hemorrhagic or other side effects. Prasugrel (CS-747; LY-640315), a novel third-generation oral thienopyridine, is a specific, irreversible antagonist of the platelet ADP P2Y12 receptor. Preclinical and early phase clinical studies have shown prasugrel to be characterized by more potent antiplatelet effects, lower interindividual variability in platelet response, and faster onset of activity compared to clopidogrel. Recent findings from large-scale phase III testing showed prasugrel to be more efficacious in preventing ischemic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); however, this is achieved at the expense of an increased risk of bleeding. Prasugrel provides more rapid and consistent platelet inhibition than clopidogrel.