Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pathways of change explaining the effect of smoke-free legislation on smoking cessation in The Netherlands. An application of the international tobacco control conceptual model.

INTRODUCTION This study aims to test the pathways of change from individual exposure to smoke-free legislation on smoking cessation, as hypothesized in the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Conceptual Model. METHODS A nationally representative sample of Dutch smokers aged 15 years and older was surveyed during 4 consecutive annual surveys. Of the 1,820 baseline smokers, 1,012 participated in the fourth survey. Structural Equation Modeling was employed to test a model of the effects of individual exposure to smoke-free legislation through policy-specific variables (support for smoke-free legislation and awareness of the harm of [secondhand] smoking) and psychosocial mediators (attitudes, subjective norm, self-efficacy, and intention to quit) on quit attempts and quit success. RESULTS The effect of individual exposure to smoke-free legislation on smoking cessation was mediated by 1 pathway via support for smoke-free legislation, attitudes about quitting, and intention to quit smoking. Exposure to smoke-free legislation also influenced awareness of the harm of (secondhand) smoking, which in turn influenced the subjective norm about quitting. However, only attitudes about quitting were significantly associated with intention to quit smoking, whereas subjective norm and self-efficacy for quitting were not. Intention to quit predicted quit attempts and quit success, and self-efficacy for quitting predicted quit success. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the ITC Conceptual Model, which hypothesized that policies influence smoking cessation through policy-specific variables and psychosocial mediators. Smoke-free legislation may increase smoking cessation, provided that it succeeds in influencing support for the legislation.
Pictorial health warnings on cigarette packs in the United States: an experimental evaluation of the proposed FDA warnings.

INTRODUCTION In 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed 36 proposed health warnings for cigarette packages, from which 9 were subsequently selected for implementation. The current study aimed to evaluate the perceived efficacy of the 36 proposed FDA warnings. METHODS Web-based surveys were conducted with 783 adult smokers and 510 youth in United States. Participants were randomized to view and rate two sets of 6-7 warnings, each set corresponding to one of nine health effect statements required under the Tobacco Control Act. Warnings included all 36 FDA-proposed warnings and additional warnings for comparison. RESULTS Youth and adults rated individual warnings similarly; in all cases where differences were found, youth perceived warnings as more effective. Comparisons on specific elements indicated that warnings were perceived as more effective if they were: full color (vs. black and white), featured real people (vs. comic book style), contained graphic images (vs. nongraphic), and included a telephone "quitline" number or personal information. Few sociodemographic differences were observed in overall perceived effectiveness: younger respondents, non-White respondents, and smokers intending to quit rated warnings higher. CONCLUSIONS Seven of the nine health warnings selected by the FDA for implementation were among the proposed warnings rated as most effective in the current study. However, the warning(s) added for comparison were rated higher than the FDA-selected warning for five of the nine sets, suggesting some warnings could be improved for greater impact. The findings support the inclusion of a telephone "quitline" number and reinforce the importance of depicting "real" people and health effects.
EFFECTS OF HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY ON SERUM LIPIDS AND OTHER RISK FACTORS OF CORONARY DISEASES

Summary: Our aim was to compare the effects of transdermal versus oral estrogens on mean arterial pressure, serum lipid concentrations, estradiol and body weight. The investigation includes ten postmenopausal women receiving transdermal estrogen plus cyclic oral progesterone for 6 months. Responses were compared with those of 23 women receiving oral conjugated estrogens plus cyclic progesterone also for 6 months. We concluded that both oral and transdermal estrogen significantly (p 0.05) in values of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides before and after the treatment. The serum estradiol level increased significantly (p<0.05) in oral estrogen group but in lesser extent in transdermal estrogen group (p<0.002). Studies in future should include multiple risk factors to allow better assessment of their impact on coronary artery health.
Greenhouse−icehouse transition in the Late Ordovician marks a step change in extinction regime in the marine plankton

Significance In the graptoloids, a major group of early Paleozoic plankton, extinction selectively removed young species during times of background (low intensity) extinction. Age-independent extinction was confined to high extinction rate spikes of short duration that were related to environmental perturbations. During the extreme Late Ordovician Mass Extinction, old species were selectively removed. Graptoloids provide a sensitive indicator of marine environmental change and suggest that age selectivity of extinction in oceanic pelagic ecosystems switched rapidly and repeatedly from one mode to another and back again, a pattern that can be detected only when temporal resolution and species turnover rates are exceptionally high. Two distinct regimes of extinction dynamic are present in the major marine zooplankton group, the graptolites, during the Ordovician and Silurian periods (486−418 Ma). In conditions of “background” extinction, which dominated in the Ordovician, taxonomic evolutionary rates were relatively low and the probability of extinction was highest among newly evolved species (“background extinction mode”). A sharp change in extinction regime in the Late Ordovician marked the onset of repeated severe spikes in the extinction rate curve; evolutionary turnover increased greatly in the Silurian, and the extinction mode changed to include extinction that was independent of species age (“high-extinction mode”). This change coincides with a change in global climate, from greenhouse to icehouse conditions. During the most extreme episode of extinction, the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction, old species were selectively removed (“mass extinction mode”). Our analysis indicates that selective regimes in the Paleozoic ocean plankton switched rapidly (generally in <0.5 My) from one mode to another in response to environmental change, even when restoration of the full ecosystem was much slower (several million years). The patterns observed are not a simple consequence of geographic range effects or of taxonomic changes from Ordovician to Silurian. Our results suggest that the dominant primary controls on extinction throughout the lifespan of this clade were abiotic (environmental), probably mediated by the microphytoplankton.
9‐Cis‐retinoic acid exhibits antifibrotic activity via the induction of cyclooxygenase‐2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in scleroderma fibroblasts

Background. The pathogenesis of scleroderma (SSc) is not fully understood, and there is no effective treatment for this chronic disease. Retinoic acid (RA) can modulate connective tissue metabolism, exhibit antifibrotic activity and improve the clinical symptoms of patients with SSc. However, the mechanisms by which RA elicits its antifibrotic actions remain to be determined.
Canonical and noncanonical intraflagellar transport regulates craniofacial skeletal development

Significance Intraflagellar transport (IFT) plays a critical role in assembling primary cilia that mediate growth factor signaling. The disruption or dysfunction of IFT components can generate multiple diseases, including skeletal dysplasia. However, the mechanism by which IFT regulates skeletogenesis remains elusive. In the present study, we show that neural crest-specific deletion of the gene that encodes intraflagellar transport 20 (IFT20) in mice compromises ciliogenesis and the intracellular transport of collagen, leading to osteopenia in the face. Our findings highlight a unique function of IFT beyond its role in cilium assembly during craniofacial development, suggesting that IFT20 is indispensable for the regulation of not only ciliogenesis but also the intracellular trafficking of collagen in the unique multipotent stem cell population of cranial neural crests. The primary cilium is a cellular organelle that coordinates signaling pathways critical for cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and homeostasis. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) plays a pivotal role in assembling primary cilia. Disruption and/or dysfunction of IFT components can cause multiple diseases, including skeletal dysplasia. However, the mechanism by which IFT regulates skeletogenesis remains elusive. Here, we show that a neural crest-specific deletion of intraflagellar transport 20 (Ift20) in mice compromises ciliogenesis and intracellular transport of collagen, which leads to osteopenia in the facial region. Whereas platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) was present on the surface of primary cilia in wild-type osteoblasts, disruption of Ift20 down-regulated PDGFRα production, which caused suppression of PDGF-Akt signaling, resulting in decreased osteogenic proliferation and increased cell death. Although osteogenic differentiation in cranial neural crest (CNC)-derived cells occurred normally in Ift20-mutant cells, the process of mineralization was severely attenuated due to delayed secretion of type I collagen. In control osteoblasts, procollagen was easily transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. By contrast, despite having similar levels of collagen type 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1) expression, Ift20 mutants did not secrete procollagen because of dysfunctional ER-to-Golgi trafficking. These data suggest that in the multipotent stem cells of CNCs, IFT20 is indispensable for regulating not only ciliogenesis but also collagen intracellular trafficking. Our study introduces a unique perspective on the canonical and noncanonical functions of IFT20 in craniofacial skeletal development.
Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Praktik Wanita Pekerja Seks (WPS) Jalanan Dalam Upaya Pencegahan IMS Dan HIV/AIDS Di Sekitar Alun-Alun Dan Candi Prambanan Kabupaten Klaten

Background : Data from Serro Survey about STI and HIV & AIDS in Klaten in 2005 showed, 5 FSWs (8.4%) have syphilis infected from 59 FSWs followed testing and in 2006, 8 FSWs (18%) have syphilis infected and 1 (2.2%) FSW has HIV infection. Method : The aim of this study was to know factors related practicing Street FSWs for protecting STI and HIV & AIDS around Klaten Square and Prambanan Temple, Klaten. This research was an observational study using cross sectional approach. Questionnaire used for data collecting with 44 samples. Data analyses of this study were univariate, bivariate by chi square and multivariate by logistic regression. Result : The result of this research showed there were relation between knowledge about STI and HIV & AIDS (p value = 0.032), perceived susceptibility on infecting STI and HIV & AIDS (p value = 0.001). Some variables not related in this research, there were age, education, marital status, income, working period, perceived severity, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, and cues to action. This research don’t have dominant dependent variable related practicing Street FSWs on protecting STI and HIV & AIDS, but perceived severity was a variable resemble significant (p-value=0.092). Klaten Health Office especially Communicable Disease Control Program suggest to make an advocacy for STI and HIV & AIDS. Increase knowledge about STI and HIV & AIDS and perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and cost through promotion by Health Officer. Keywords : street female sex workers (FSWs), practicing for protecting STI, HIV and AIDS
Left cortical specialization for visual letter strings predicts rudimentary knowledge of letter-sound association in preschoolers

Significance This study reports a robust and specific marker of sensitivity to print in 5-y-old prereaders, in the form of an electrophysiological response recorded over visual areas of the left hemisphere in only 2 min. The significant correlation with rudimentary letter knowledge in preschoolers, a behavioral measure taken independently, suggests rapid domain-specific specialization of neuronal circuits, beyond mere visual familiarity. These findings also highlight the potential of an objective and highly sensitive behavior-free approach to assess letter knowledge, a precursor of reading ability, in developmental populations. Reading, one of the most important cultural inventions of human society, critically depends on posterior brain areas of the left hemisphere in proficient adult readers. In children, this left hemispheric cortical specialization for letter strings is typically detected only after approximately 1 y of formal schooling and reading acquisition. Here, we recorded scalp electrophysiological (EEG) brain responses in 5-y-old (n = 40) prereaders presented with letter strings appearing every five items in rapid streams of pseudofonts (6 items per second). Within 2 min of recording only, letter strings evoked a robust specific response over the left occipito-temporal cortex at the predefined frequency of 1.2 Hz (i.e., 6 Hz/5). Interindividual differences in the amplitude of this electrophysiological response are significantly related to letter knowledge, a preschool predictor of later reading ability. These results point to the high potential of this rapidly collected behavior-free measure to assess reading ability in developmental populations. These findings were replicated in a second experiment (n = 26 preschool children), where familiar symbols and line drawings of objects evoked right-lateralized and bilaterally specific responses, respectively, showing the specificity of the early left hemispheric dominance for letter strings. Collectively, these findings indicate that limited knowledge of print in young children, before formal education, is sufficient to develop specialized left lateralized neuronal circuits, thereby pointing to an early onset and rapid impact of left hemispheric reentrant sound mapping on posterior cortical development.
FACT, A Chaplain's Tool for Assessing Spiritual Needs in an Acute Care Setting

Spiritual histories constitute a genre and are distinct from spiritual screens and spiritual assessments. Five spiritual history tools (CSI-MEMO, FICA, HOPE, FAITH and SPIRIT) are presented as examples of this genre. In comparison, FACT is not a spiritual history tool. Instead, FACT is a spiritual assessment tool designed for chaplaincy use in an acute care setting. Other health care clinicians interested in spiritual care may also find this tool helpful. A reviewer for the Australian Journal of Pastoral Care and Health (AJPCH) commented on a previous article by Mark LaRocca-Pitts as follows: “[T]itling FACT as a spiritual history tool seems unfortunate. FACT does not gather a history in the way a physician gathers a medical history. Rather, it provides information for an assessment, upon which an intervention might be planned. ” In response, this article originally appeared in AJPCH (3:2, December 2009) under the title “In FACT, Chaplains Have a Spiritual Assessment Tool” and is reprinted with permission.
Predictive factors of seizure control in childhood onset epilepsy

Background: Prediction of the long-term outcomes of childhood-onset epilepsy remains crucial for the future well-being of the affected children and their families and for planning proper therapeutic and educational programs. Objective: To identify and analyze the early predictive factors of seizure control in childhood-onset epilepsies referred at the age of 1 month up to the age of 18 years to the Epilepsy Service at the Meyer Children Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. Materials and Methods: In this study, children who were newly diagnosed with epileptic disorders and treated with antiepileptic drug therapy - who became either completely controlled for at least twelve months or those remaining intractable - were included. Partially responding children were excluded from the analysis. The etiology was segregated into either symptomatic or nonsymptomatic epilepsy, referred to as idiopathic epilepsy. Results: Overall, 74 children (mean age: 4.27 ± 4 years at the first seizure) were found eligible for analysis followed for a mean period of 4.5 years. Fifty-three (72%) children became seizure-free for a mean period of 20 months on antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy and 21 (28%) remained uncontrolled. Sixty out of 74 children (81%) had idiopathic epilepsy and 14 (19%) had symptomatic epilepsy. In those with idiopathic epilepsy, 46 (77%) children gained complete seizure control in comparison to 7 out of 14 (50%) children in the symptomatic group ( P P Conclusion: The present study reveals that the single most predictive factor of a favorable seizure control is preserved cognitive function in accordance with idiopathic epilepsy. However, a fairly high number of children with impaired cognition may also achieve satisfactory seizure control.
Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events

Bhatt, Deepak L. ; Fox, Keith A.A. ; Hacke, Werner; Berger, Peter B. ; Black, Henry R. ; Boden, William E. ; Cacoub, Patrice; Cohen, Eric A. ; Creager, Mark A. ; Easton, J. Donald; Flather, Marcus D. ; Haffner, Steven M. ; Hamm, Christian W. ; Hankey, Graeme J.; Johnston, S. Claiborne; Mak, Koon-Hou; Mas, Jean-Louis; Montalescot, Gilles; Pearson, Thomas A. ; Steg, P. Gabriel; Steinhubl, Steven R. ; Weber, Michael A. ; Brennan, Danielle M. ; Fabry-Ribaudo, Liz; Booth, Joan; Topol, Eric. New England Journal of Medicine. 354(16):1706-1717, April 20, 2006.
Early lapses in a cessation attempt: lapse contexts, cessation success, and predictors of early lapse.

INTRODUCTION The great majority of smokers relapse when they make quit attempts. Therefore, understanding the process of relapse may guide the development of more effective smoking cessation or relapse prevention treatments. The goal of this research is to extend our understanding of the context of initial lapses that occur within 8 weeks of quitting by using more comprehensive assessments of context, a contemporary sample, and sophisticated analytic techniques. METHODS Participants from a randomized controlled smoking cessation trial completed baseline assessments of demographics and tobacco dependence, a daily smoking calendar to determine latency to lapse and relapse (7 consecutive days of smoking), and an assessment of initial lapse context (affect, location, activity, interpersonal, smoke exposure, and cigarette availability). Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to analyze the 6 early lapse (within the first 8 weeks; N = 551) context dimensions; logistic regression and Cox regression were used to relate context to cessation outcomes. RESULTS LCA revealed 5 distinct initial lapse context classes (talking, with friends, angry; social; alone; with spouse, angry; and with smoking spouse) that were differentially related to cessation outcome. The easy availability of cigarettes characterized almost 75% of lapses, but being with friends, drinking, and not being at home were associated with a lower likelihood of progression to relapse. CONCLUSIONS Early lapsing is highly related to ultimate relapse, and lapsing in frequently experienced contexts seemed most strongly linked with progression to full relapse.
A practical way to estimate retail tobacco sales violation rates more accurately.

PURPOSE U.S. states annually estimate retailer propensity to sell adolescents cigarettes, which is a violation of law, by staging a single purchase attempt among a random sample of tobacco businesses. The accuracy of single-visit estimates is unknown. We examined this question using a novel test-retest protocol. METHOD Supervised minors attempted to purchase cigarettes at all retail tobacco businesses located in 3 Colorado counties. The attempts observed federal standards: Minors were aged 15-16 years, were nonsmokers, and were free of visible tattoos and piercings, and were allowed to enter stores alone or in pairs to purchase a small item while asking for cigarettes and to show or not show genuine identification (ID, e.g., driver's license). Unlike federal standards, stores received a second purchase attempt within a few days unless minors were firmly told not to return. Separate violation rates were calculated for first visits, second visits, and either visit. RESULTS Eleven minors attempted to purchase cigarettes 1,079 times from 671 retail businesses. One sixth of first visits (16.8%) resulted in a violation; the rate was similar for second visits (15.7%). Considering either visit, 25.3% of businesses failed the test. Factors predictive of violation were whether clerks asked for ID, whether the clerks closely examined IDs, and whether minors included snacks or soft drinks in cigarette purchase attempts. CONCLUSION A test-retest protocol for estimating underage cigarette sales detected half again as many businesses in violation as the federally approved one-test protocol. Federal policy makers should consider using the test-retest protocol to increase accuracy and awareness of widespread adolescent access to cigarettes through retail businesses.
Reactions to framing of cessation messages: insights from dual-smoker couples.

INTRODUCTION Couples in which both members smoke (dual-smoker couples) have not been the explicit target of cessation interventions. Quit rates are lower and relapse rates are higher among individuals in dual-smoker couples. A potentially effective strategy to motivate dual-smoker couples to quit is to convey messages that highlight how the positive outcomes of quitting (gain frame) or the negative outcomes of continued smoking (loss frame) affect the couple rather than the individual smoker. We explored whether dual-smoker couples' smoking behaviors (e.g., amount smoked) and desire to quit would differ as a function of message frame (gain vs. loss) or outcome focus (individual vs. couple). METHODS Dual-smoker couples (N = 40) completed a baseline survey and were then randomized to review gain- or loss-framed messages that varied whether the outcomes influenced the individual or the couple. Main outcomes were desire to quit after reading messages and smoking behaviors at a 1-month follow-up. RESULTS Couple-focused messages produced the strongest desire to quit and decreased amount of cigarettes smoked at follow-up. The latter effect was mediated by desire to quit. Loss-framed messages produced inconsistent effects on desire to quit. There were no significant interactions between outcome focus and message framing. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that messages emphasizing how smoking affects both partners can motivate cessation among dual-smoker couples. Contrary to findings showing that gain-framed messages motivate cessation targeting individual smokers, results suggest that loss-framed messages may be more persuasive than gain-framed messages when the target of the outcome involves significant others.