Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Labor Income Shocks Along the Business Cycle

In this paper, I show that a dynamic search-and-matching model with an aggregate shock to productivity can jointly explain the evolution of employment, job-to-job mobility, wages and some features of labor income shocks over the business cycle. The key novelty of this paper is to be able to replicate the left-skweness of the distribution of labor earnings growth that appears during recessions, as identified in Guvenen et al. (2014). To do so, I consider the dynamic search-and-matching model of Lise and Robin (2017) with workers and firms heterogeneity. I am able to solve for the wage dynamics implied by the model using using a variant of the Krusell and Smith (1998) algorithm. I estimate the model using the simulated method of moments on US data, using moments from the wage and employment distributions. The model produces rich earnings dynamics. Job-to-job transitions, driven by differences in match quality between firms and workers, generates wage growth. Negative income shocks are caused by periods of employment. During recessions, as aggregate productivity drops, less vacancies are created and the wage ladder is less potent. As more workers are laid-off, prolonged weeks of unemployment are more frequent, causing large negative labor income shocks. A flat wage ladder and the increase in unemployment risk generate a left-skewed distribution of labor income shocks to during recessions.
Genetic diversity and sustainable management of animal genetic resources, globally

General trends of development imply an increasing uniformity of animal genetic resources, caused by the loss of endangered breeds and increased inbreeding within commercial breeding populations. The implications of these trends point to a reduction in the genetic diversity of the animal genetic resources, which may reduce possibilities for utilization in the future, while at the same time a dramatic change in environmental production conditions can be observed. In order to change this developmental trend, sustainable management of animal genetic resources must be promoted globally. The fundamental issues for such sustainable management are illustrated by the principles given in the Convention on Biological Diversity. In order to accomplish sustainable management of these resources, the following actions must be taken: • The development of policies to promote national and global responsibility for maintaining genetic diversity, which will not be addressed within this paper • The development of knowledge as a fundamental concept to impose sustainable management principles on these animal genetic resources. This will be dealt with in this paper. A more complete description of these features can be found in Woolliams et al., 2005 in (Sustainable Management of Animal Genetic Resources).
In Search of a Better Life: Self-Control in the Ethiopian Labor Market∗

This paper investigates whether present bias correlates with savings and job search behavior in a population of low-skill workers in Ethiopia. I conduct a field experiment with 460 women who begin employment in the ready-made garment industry. Most are ruralurban migrants without work experience for whom the job represents a stepping stone into the labor market. Almost all workers plan to use their jobs to save money and to look for higher-wage employment, but many fall short of their intentions. I propose selfcontrol problems as a candidate explanation. I elicit a measure of present bias in a tightlycontrolled experiment and match results to high-frequency survey data that I collect over a period of three months. Present bias is a significant predictor of job search effort, controlling for liquidity and a broad range of covariates. Present-biased workers spend 57 percent less time on job search per week. As a result of reduced search, present-biased workers generate fewer offers and stay in their jobs significantly longer. In contrast, I find no significant correlation between present bias and savings behavior. I discuss implications for the design of commitment devices in this context. ∗I want to thank Michèle Belot and Arthur Schram for invaluable advice and support. The paper has benefited from helpful comments by Liang Bai, Kevin Croke, Anita Glenny, Morgan Hardy, Andrea Ichino, Pamela Jakiela, Gisella Kagy, Philipp Kircher, Peter Kuhn, David K. Levine, Egon Tripodi, Chris Udry, and seminar audiences at the EUI and IZA Summer School 2018. This study would not have been possible without the outstanding work of my field coordinator Endale Geberemedehen, my survey team, and the help of Wendemagegn Zewdu. Tewodros Gebrewolde kindly agreed to serve as local research ethics advisor. Roberto Lescrauwaet and Eyoual Tamrat provided research assistance. Funding from UK Department for International Development (DFID), the European Commission, the European University Institute, the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) and DFID through the GLM-LIC program, New York University Abu Dhabi, and the World Bank ieConnect for Impact program is gratefully acknowledged. This study was registered with the AER RCT Registry as #AEARCTR-0002555 and received IRB approval at NYU Abu Dhabi as protocol #020-2018. †European University Institute, Department of Economics, Villa La Fonte, Via delle Fontanelle 18, 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy. Q christian.meyer@eui.eu, chrmeyer.com
N ov 2 01 9 ( No ) Wigner Theorem for C *-algebras

Wigner’s Theorem states that bijections of the set P1(H) of one-dimensional projections on a Hilbert space H that preserve transition probabilities are induced by either a unitary or an antiunitary operator on H (which is uniquely determined up to a phase). Since elements of P1(H) define pure states on the C*-algebra B(H) of all bounded operators on H (though typically not producing all of them), this suggests possible generalizations to arbitrary C*-algebras. This paper is a detailed study of this problem, based on earlier results by R.V. Kadison (1965), F.W. Shultz (1982), K. Thomsen (1982), and others. Perhaps surprisingly, the sharpest known version of Wigner’s Theorem for C*-algebras (which is a variation on a result from Shultz, with considerably simplified proof) generalizes the equivalence between the hypotheses in the original theorem and those in an analogous result on (anti-) unitary implementability of Jordan automorphisms of B(H), and does not yield (anti-) unitary implementability itself, far from it: abstract existence results that do give such implementability seem arbitrary and practically useless. As such, it would be fair to say that there is no Wigner Theorem for C*-algebras.
Organizational Factors Influencing Human Resource Development in Commercial Banks in Nakuru Town Central Business District, Nakuru County

The purpose of this study was to establish the organizational factors influencing human resource development in commercial banks in Nakuru town central business district. The objectives of the study were to assess the influence of organizational policies on human resource development and to establish the influence of career progression on human resource development in commercial banks in Nakuru town central business district, Nakuru County. The study was guided by the Herzberg two factor theories, the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs’ theory and systems theory of human resource development. The study was based on a descriptive survey design. The target population consisted of all employees from 38 branches of commercial banks in Nakuru Town central business district. A sample of 147 respondents was selected through simple random sampling and census sampling techniques. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data with the aid of SPSS latest version. The study concluded that both organizational policies and career progression determined human resource development in commercial banks in Nakuru Town central business district. Based on the conclusions the study recommended a need to widen the scope of human resource development to include staff development programs and policies commercial banks in Nakuru Town central business district.
A Metrological Framework for Evaluating Crowd-powered Instruments

One common use of crowdsourced data is to evaluate AI systems that interpret unstructured input (e.g. image, audio, video, text, etc.). In AI, this is by and large the only method of evaluating AI systems – by comparison to humans performing ”the same” task. However, most published papers fail to report if the performance differences they find are significant, are within the capability of the evaluation set to measure. How often are published improvements just an accident of the evaluation data set? In this paper we introduce the idea of using metrology, the science of measurement and its application, as a basis for understanding human (crowd) powered evaluations. We begin with the intuitive observation that evaluating the performance of an AI system is a form of measurement, and in general when we measure something we use an instrument. In the hard sciences, when instruments are used their metrological properties are reported. Our goal is to provide a valid and rigorous method for characterizing crowd-powered instruments used for evaluation, so that the errors in the instrument can be included in the significance tests, and we can draw a more valid conclusion about the result. Through establishing this method, we expect to learn how to build better instruments and justify allocating resources to improving them.
Entrepreneurial Wealth and Employment: Tracing Out the Effects of a Stock Market Crash

Using the dispersion in stock returns during the financial crisis as a source of exogenous variation in the wealth of Norwegian entrepreneurs who held listed stocks, I show that adverse shocks to the wealth of business owners had large effects on their firms' financing, employment, and investment. The effects on investment and employment are driven by young firms, who obtain differentially less bank financing following an owner wealth shock. The effects on employment operate primarily through reduced hiring. My findings highlight that equity‐financing frictions and the procyclicality of entrepreneurial wealth are important channels that can amplify economic shocks.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Dynamics of ornamental fish catch in Bio FADs, spatially and temporary, at Uloulo coastal waters, Luwu District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Biological-Fish Aggregation Devices (Bio FADs) is a FADs made by utilizing seaweed or other aquatic plants as attractor. Bio-FADs in this study was made by using two species of seaweedas attractor, namely Eucheuma cottonii called cottonii FADs (C FADs) and Gracillaria sp. of gracillaria FADs (G FADs). This study aimed to analyze the catch of ornamental fish based on its species, abundance, and ecological characteristics spatially and temporary. The research was conducted in 2016, located on the waters of Uloulo, Luwu District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fish samples were collected from bio-FADs deployed in three different habitats as observation stations. The result of Shannon-Wienner (H ') diversity index showed a relatively moderate value in both spatially and temporary. The highest abundance of ornamental fish was caught on coral reef habitat (CR) and in transition season-1 (TS-1). SIMPER analysis showed that Valenciennea sp. is the main species (identifier) in the three habitats and the highest abundance was found on the river estuary habitat, which amounted to 55.20 %. There were different kinds of identifier fish based on the season. The identifier fish found in west monsoon and transitional season 2 was Valenciennea sp. , while in transitional season 1 (TP 1), the identifier fish was Abuddefduf sp. , and the identifier fish found in east monsoon (EM) was Triacanthus sp.
Factors responsible for under-utilization of postnatal care services in Maiduguri, north-eastern Nigeria

Background: In Maiduguri, the utilization of available postnatal care services is still very low. This may be influenced by demographic, socioeconomic, cultural, and obstetric factors among others. Objective: The aim of this study is to understand the current status of utilization of maternal postnatal health care services and identify factors responsible for under.utilization of available postnatal care services in Maiduguri. Materials and Methods: A. cross.sectional, questionnaire.based study was conducted involving 350 women in their reproductive age group. (15.49. years), who had delivered previously, residing in Maiduguri and who came to access any of the available maternal health care services at the State Specialist Hospital, Maiduguri over a 3.month period. The Chi.squared statistics and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used. Results: Out of the grand total of 350 questionnaires that were distributed during the study period, 18 questionnaires were excluded from analysis due to incomplete responses, 332 with complete responses were therefore analyzed, giving a response rate of 94.9%. The results showed that only 16.9% of the respondents attended postnatal care services within 42. days after delivery. Most of the mothers. (60.9%) were not knowledgeable about postnatal care services. A. very high proportion of participants. (69.4%) did not attend antenatal clinics, and over. 70% of the study population had delivered at home. The study has identified some factors that have an important influence on utilization of postnatal care services in Maiduguri. These included awareness of postnatal care services. (odds ratio. [OR] 12.04, 95% confidence interval. [CI]: 10.26, P =. 0.000), higher educational status of the woman. (OR 7.15, 95% CI: 5.19, P =0.000), lower parity. (OR 5.22, 95% CI: 3.21, P = 0.001) and marital status. (married woman.OR 3.44, 95% CI: 2.17, P =0.002). Educational attainment of the husband also significantly affected the respondents' seeking behavior of postnatal care. (OR 2.01, 95% CI: 1.13, P =0.042). Conclusion: Utilization of postnatal care services is quite low in Maiduguri. Socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors influenced the use of postnatal care services. Government should provide culturally acceptable health educational programs and expands maternal health care services into the communities for the better, effective and efficient health care delivery.
Benchmarking Invertible Architectures on Inverse Problems

Recent work demonstrated that flow-based invertible neural networks are promising tools for solving ambiguous inverse problems. Following up on this, we investigate how ten invertible architectures and related models fare on two intuitive, low-dimensional benchmark problems, obtaining the best results with coupling layers and simple autoencoders. We hope that our initial efforts inspire other researchers to evaluate their invertible architectures in the same setting and put forth additional benchmarks, so our evaluation may eventually grow into an official community challenge.
How Market Sentiment Drives Forecasts of Stock Returns

Abstract We reveal a novel channel through which market participants’ sentiment influences how they forecast stock returns: their optimism (pessimism) affects the weights they assign to fundamentals. Our analysis yields four main findings. First, if good (bad) “news” about dividends and interest rates coincides with participants’ optimism (pessimism), the news about these fundamentals has a significant effect on participants’ forecasts of future returns and has the expected signs (positive for dividends and negative for interest rates). Second, in models without interactions, or when market sentiment is neutral or conflicts with news about dividends and/or interest rates, this news often does not have a significant effect on ex ante or ex post returns. Third, market sentiment is largely unrelated to the state of economic activity, indicating that it is driven by non-fundamental considerations. Moreover, market sentiment influences stock returns highly irregularly, in terms of both timing and magnitude. This finding supports recent theoretical approaches recognizing that economists and market participants alike face Knightian uncertainty about the correct model driving stock returns.
Women entrepreneurs in India

One primary objective of this paper is to find out the status of women entrepreneurs in India. In Hindu scriptures, woman has been described as the embodiment of shakti. But in real life she is treated as Abla. This paper includes rationale behind the women entrepreneurship. Another main objective of this paper was to analyse policies of Indian government for women and also to analyse that are those policies enough for the growth of women entrepreneurship.
Explicit Sparse Transformer: Concentrated Attention Through Explicit Selection

Self-attention based Transformer has demonstrated the state-of-the-art performances in a number of natural language processing tasks. Self-attention is able to model long-term dependencies, but it may suffer from the extraction of irrelevant information in the context. To tackle the problem, we propose a novel model called \textbf{Explicit Sparse Transformer}. Explicit Sparse Transformer is able to improve the concentration of attention on the global context through an explicit selection of the most relevant segments. Extensive experimental results on a series of natural language processing and computer vision tasks, including neural machine translation, image captioning, and language modeling, all demonstrate the advantages of Explicit Sparse Transformer in model performance. We also show that our proposed sparse attention method achieves comparable or better results than the previous sparse attention method, but significantly reduces training and testing time. For example, the inference speed is twice that of sparsemax in Transformer model. Code will be available at \url{this https URL}
Estimates of genetic parameters and genotype by environment interactions for sugar yield and its components in sugarcane genotypes in Western Kenya

This study was conducted to estimate broad sense heritability, genetic advance, GE interactions and correlations among quality traits in sugarcane clones in western Kenya. Thirteen sugarcane promising clones and one check cultivar were evaluated plant and ratoon crops in three locations under rain fed conditions using the randomised complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in hand refractometer brix, sucrose content (Pol% cane), juice purity, fire content, sugar yield and brix yield. Sucrose content, fibre content, sugar yield and brix yield exhibited significant genotype × location (GL) interactions. The genotype mean squares exceeded the GE interactions for all the quality traits suggesting that more emphasis should be placed on testing clones in many locations than on testing ratoon crops within locations. High genetic coefficient of variation (GCV) was detected for cane yield (8.12%), brix yield (6.39%), sugar yield (5.69%) and sucrose content (3.69%). Broad sense heritability was high for sucrose content (0.712) and moderate for cane yield (0.515), fibre content (0.474), juice purity (0.445) and refractometer brix (0.380). Cane yield (10.3%), brix yield (6.7%), sucrose content (5.5%) and sugar yield (5.4%) showed highest expected genetic advance. The results indicated that these traits may respond positively to selection and present opportunities for improvement through breeding. High genetic correlation (rg=0.998) between refractometer brix and sucrose content suggest that selection for refractometer brix can be effective in identifying varieties with high sucrose content. Key words: Saccharum spp. heritability, genetic advance, sucrose content, selection, sugar.
Estimation of the Matrix Rank of Harmonic Components of a Spectrogram in a Piano Music Signal Based on the Stein's Unbiased Risk Estimator and Median Filter

The estimation of the matrix rank of harmonic components of a music spectrogram provides some useful information, e.g., the determination of the number of basis vectors of the matrix-factorizationbased algorithms, which is required for the automatic music transcription or in post-processing. In this work, we develop an algorithm based on Stein’s unbiased risk estimator (SURE) algorithm with the matrix factorization model. The noise variance required for the SURE algorithm is estimated by suppressing the harmonic component via median filtering. An evaluation performed using the MIDI-aligned piano sounds (MAPS) database revealed an average estimation error of −0.26 (standard deviation: 4.4) for the proposed algorithm. key words: automatic music transcription, nonnegative matrix factorization, number of bases estimation, Stein’s unbiased risk estimator
Happiness and public policy: a procedural perspective

Abstract This article comments on the role of empirical subjective wellbeing research in public policy within a constitutional, procedural perspective of government and state. It rejects the idea that, based on the promises of the measurement, we should adopt a new policy perspective that is oriented toward a decision rule maximizing some aggregate measure of subjective wellbeing. This social engineering perspective, implicit in much reasoning about wellbeing policy, neglects: (1) important motivation problems on the part of government actors, such as incentives to manipulate indicators, but also on the part of citizens to truthfully report their wellbeing; and (2) procedural utility as a source of wellbeing. Instead, wellbeing research should be oriented toward gaining insights that improve the diagnoses of societal problems and help us to evaluate alternative institutional arrangements in order to address them, both as inputs into the democratic process.
Horizontal versus Vertical Multinationals ∗

A method to break down foreign direct investment (FDI) samples into either horizontal or vertical FDI is proposed. Using the implications of multinational enterprize (MNE) theories, samples of U.S. MNE activities are separated into either horizontal or vertical FDI. The results show that a large share of the U.S. FDIs is horizontal and that the types of FDIs vary with industries. The results of U.S. FDI strategies indicate that the vertical FDI tend to export back to the U.S. market more than the horizontal FDI. Skill difference plays an important role to determine the firm’s strategy.
Association between Firm-Specific Characteristics and Corporate Disclosure : The Case of India

This paper examines empirically the corporate disclosure practices of listed non-financial firms in India. The study is based on sample of BSE 100 firms for the period of 2008-09 to 2010-11. An unweighted disclosure index with 74 reporting items were applied to sample firms. In the paper an attempt has been made to examine the quantum of corporate disclosure and its relationship with corporate characters such as size, profitability, leverage, listing status, shareholding pattern, audit firm, residential status of a firm, and age of the sample companies. To measure the association between the variables of the study pearson correlation matrix was used. Multiple regression analysis results indicates there is significant association exits among Listing status, promoters shareholding pattern, leverage, size of audit firm and profitability. However, no significant association was found among age, and residential status of the firm. Keywords— Corporate Disclosure, Disclosure Index, FirmSpecific Characteristics.