Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COMPUTERIZED EEC: PREDICTOR OF OUTCOME IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

Based on a double blind cross-over study, it was determined that schizophrenic patients who have more high frequency fast activity and a lesser degree of alpha and slow waves in computerized EEG before the treatment have a better therapeutic outcome to the major tranquilizer (neuroleptic) treatment. The correlation between pretreatment high frequency computer EEG measurements and better therapeutic outcome reached the level of statistical significance. “Therapy resistant” schizophrenic patients were characterized by a lesser degree of very fast beta activity, more alpha waves and slow waves, higher amplitudes in computer EEG, and a lesser degree of acute (florid) psychotic symptomatology but more “negative” symptoms such as motor retardation and blunted affect. One of the most striking results of the study is the finding that schizophrenic patients with certain psychopathological profiles also have similar computer EEG profiles.
Meconium‐Stained Amniotic Fluid: Increased Risk for Adverse Neonatal Outcome

Objective To determine the risk of adverse neonatal outcome associated with meconium-stained amniotic fluid independent of that related to antepartum or intrapartum abnormalities. Methods A cohort of 2200 consecutive deliveries was examined and the fetal heart rate (FHR) tracings analyzed independently. Singleton term pregnancies without fatal malformations were stratified by the consistency of meconium and compared. Results Moderate or thick meconium increased the risk for adverse outcome more than threefold (relative risk 3.2, 95% confidence interval 2.0–5.2). This risk was independent of fetal heart tracing abnormalities or maternal hypertensive, kidney, or heart disease. Conclusion Thick meconium alone should alert the physician to a high-risk fetal condition. This phenomenon requires continuous FHR monitoring and reassurance of fetal well-being by acid-base assessment or the equivalent, regardless of maternal disease status or the presence of abnormal FHR tracings.
Technology Absorption in Emerging Nations

Abstract Technology is becoming increasingly critical to the success of all business firms, and to national economic growth. The process of globalization is driven by technology development and the ability of corporations to leverage technology effectively and rapidly. The technological gap between advanced and emerging nations remains vast, and the first step to narrowing the gap is for emerging nations to absorb technology successfully. This paper argues that a supporting raft of national institutions is essential if technology (developed at home or abroad) is to be absorbed effectively. Economic, political, social, and cultural institutions are evaluated for their relationship to the absorption of technology. We compare four countries in respect of these major institutional characteristics, providing relevant data available on the respective institutions, as well as for technology absorption, in each country. A review of the data indicates broad support for the propositions developed in the paper, and for the overall thesis linking institutional forces to the efficacy of technology absorption.
Joint analyses of disease and correlated quantitative phenotypes using next‐generation sequencing data

The joint analysis of multiple disease phenotypes aims to increase statistical power and potentially identify pleiotropic genes involved in the biological development of common chronic diseases. As next‐generation sequencing data become more common, it will be important to consider ways to maximize the ability to detect rare variants within the human genome. The two exome sequence data sets provided for analysis at Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 (GAW17) offered three quantitative phenotypes related to disease status in 200 simulated replicates for both families and unrelated individuals. Participants in Group 10 addressed the challenges and potential uses of next‐generation sequencing data to identify causal variants through a broad range of statistical methods. These methods included investigating multiple phenotypes either through data reduction or joint methods, using family or unrelated individuals, and reducing the dimensionality inherent in these data. Most of the research teams regarded the use of multiple phenotypes as a means of increasing analytical power and as a way to clarify the biology of complex disease. Three major observations were gleaned from these Group 10 contributions. First, family and unrelated case‐control samples are suited to finding different types of variants. In addition, collapsing either phenotypes or genotypes can reduce the dimensionality of the data and alleviate some of the problems of multiple testing. Finally, we were able to demonstrate in certain cases that performing a joint analysis of disease status and a quantitative trait can improve statistical power. Genet. Epidemiol. 35:S67–S73, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are negative affective states associated with HIV sexual risk behaviors? A meta-analytic review.

This meta-analytic review examined whether negative affective states (depressive symptomatology, anxiety, anger) are associated with sexual behaviors that place people at risk for contracting or transmitting HIV. The results from 34 study samples were included in the analysis. Contrary to popular belief, the findings as a whole provide little evidence that negative affect is associated with increased sexual risk behavior. The average weighted correlation for the overall association was . 05. The effect size was nonsignificantly higher for anger (r = .10) than for depressive symptoms (r = .04) or anxiety (r = .03). The variability of effect sizes was not accounted for by type of sexual risk measure, subject population, or methodological aspects of the studies. Conceptual and methodological limitations of the literature are identified and directions for future research are discussed.
Phenotypic characterization of mononuclear and multinucleated cells of giant cell reparative granuloma of small bones

Four cases of giant cell reparative granuloma (GCRG) of small bones were analysed in order to determine the pathogenesis of the lesion and the nature of the component mononuclear and multinucleated cells. In cell cultures, giant cells formed a non‐proliferating homogeneous population which expressed features characteristic of the osteoclast phenotype, including leucocyte common antigen, CD68, vitronectin receptor, and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase. The giant cells were capable of lacunar resorption and their activity was inhibited by calcitonin. In addition to numerous macrophage‐like cells, some of which expressed osteoclast phenotypic characteristics, there were also mononuclear stromal cells which proliferated in culture and were alkaline phosphatase‐positive; these cells expressed receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) and were capable of supporting human osteoclast formation from circulating precursors in vitro. These findings suggest that the osteoclast‐like giant cells in GCRG of small bones are formed from monocyte/macrophage‐like osteoclast precursors which differentiate into osteoclasts under the influence of mononuclear osteoblast‐like stromal cells. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypermutagenesis of RNA using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and biased dNTP concentrations.

The finding of G-->A hypermutated retroviral genomes in which up to 40% of guanines may be substituted by adenines was proposed to result from the depletion of the intracellular dCTP concentration and suggested a means to hypermutagenize nucleic acids. Using a RNA/reverse transcriptase ratio of approximately 1:30, comparable to that within the retroviral replication complex, G-->A hypermutants were produced in a simple in vitro reaction using highly biased dNTP concentrations--i.e., a low ratio of [dCTP]/[dTTP]. Up to 38% of G residues could be substituted, the proportion being inversely proportional to the concentration of dCTP. As G-->A hypermutation resulted from elongation beyond multiple rG.dT mismatches, U-->C hypermutants resulting from multiple rU.dG mismatches were sought, and found, during cDNA synthesis using low [dATP] and high [dGTP]. Mixed G-->A and U-->C hypermutants could also be produced under conditions of low [dCTP] plus low [dATP] and high [dTTP] plus high [dGTP]. Hypermutagenesis should allow jumping through, and subsequent exploration of, sequence space to a greater degree than heretofore and, in conjunction with genetic screening, might be of use in the search of proteins or ribozymes with novel or enhanced properties.
Intellectual Property Rights and Access to Knowledge Models: Managing Innovation, Public Goods and Private Interest

This paper addresses the tensions in the duality of knowledge in that it is both a public good in the sense that it is non­rival and non­exhaustible, and that it is a private commodity in the sense that it is protected, hoarded, valued, and sold. While further exploring these tensions and the evolution of knowledge dissemination in an increasingly information­hungry global economy could prove very interesting, the paper stops short in the pursuit of such topics and sticks to an evaluation of the current structural limitations on the spread of knowledge. As the world transitions from a multitude of industrial economies into an interconnected, knowledge­driven, ‘information society,’ it faces a looming crisis in global knowledge management. Relying on a concept from organizational behaviour (OB) theory, this paper argues that a “knowledge paradox” recognized to exist in the context of organizational knowledge, also appears on a global scale in the new economy. The paradox exists in so far as the building and sharing of knowledge is one of the highest potential sources of growth in the new economy, and yet knowledge is often also a carefully guarded and warily traded resource. The paper asks why this is the case, and finds that current legal regulatory frameworks, specifically those concerning Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), as well as restrictive knowledge sharing models, pose important barriers to resolving the paradox. IPR protections are found to be associated with two major interconnected roadblocks to effective knowledge management identified by OB theory: the lack of incentives to share knowledge, and the lack of a mechanism to make it easy to organize and access knowledge resources. 1 In the new economy, current IPRs are proving inefficient in the balancing the treatment of knowledge as a tradable commodity and a public good, and, contrary to their original purpose, creating obstacles for innovation. Instead, IPRs should help resolve the contradiction posed by the dual treatment of knowledge by economic theory: on the one hand, knowledge is one of the purest forms of a public good due to its non­excludable and non­rivalrous nature; on the other hand, the development of the knowledge economy presupposes that information and knowledge are the most highly valued tradable commodities, a status economists usually reserve for private, appropriable, goods. The purpose of IPRs should be to foster innovation and creativity, by allowing for a balance between knowledge as a public and knowledge as a private good. Any solution to the knowledge paradox in the new economy must recognize the differences and the overlap between these two types of knowledge, private and public, so that each can be treated accordingly. Creative Commons licenses are discussed as an example of a possible solution to some of the IPR
Arctigenin blocks the unfolded protein response and shows therapeutic antitumor activity

Cancer cells in poorly vascularized solid tumors are constantly or intermittently exposed to stressful microenvironments, including glucose deprivation, hypoxia, and other forms of nutrient starvation. These tumor‐specific conditions, especially glucose deprivation, activate a signaling pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR), which enhances cell survival by induction of the stress proteins. We have established a screening method to discover anticancer agents that could preferentially inhibit tumor cell viability under glucose‐deprived conditions. Here we identify arctigenin (ARC‐G) as an active compound that shows selective cytotoxicity and inhibits the UPR during glucose deprivation. Indeed, ARC‐G blocked expression of UPR target genes such as phosphorylated‐PERK, ATF4, CHOP, and GRP78, which was accompanied by enhanced phosphorylation of eIF2α during glucose deprivation. The UPR inhibition led to apoptosis involving a mitochondrial pathway by activation of caspase‐9 and ‐3. Furthermore, ARC‐G suppressed tumor growth of colon cancer HT‐29 xenografts. Our results demonstrate that ARC‐G can be served as a novel type of antitumor agent targeting the UPR in glucose‐deprived solid tumors. J. Cell. Physiol. 224:33–40, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuromyelitis Optica Immunoglobulin G in Chinese Patients Detected by Immunofluorescence Assay on a Monkey Brain Substrate

Background: Serum neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G (NMO-IgG) is used as a biomarker to differentiate between neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the original assay is expensive and complex and shows low sensitivity. Here, we investigated the potential of NMO-IgG detection using an indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay on monkey brains. Methods: NMO-IgG seroprevalence was determined in 168 samples by an IIF assay on a monkey brain substrate. The data were compared with those from a standard mouse brain IIF assay using McNemar and kappa tests. Results: Thirty-one of 50 (62%) NMO patients, 7 of 18 (38.9%) longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis patients, 6 of 57 (10.5%) MS patients, and 5 of 10 (50%) optic neuritis patients were seropositive for NMO-IgG. None of the acute partial transverse myelitis patients (n = 3) or healthy controls (n = 20) was positive. Thus, the sensitivity of the test was 62% for the patients with clinically definite NMO. The specificity was 89.5%, considering the 57 MS patients as the control group. The modified IIF assay on monkey brains and the standard IIF assay based on mouse brains were not significantly different (McNemar test; p = 1.000). The two assays were concordant in 39 seropositive samples and 100 seronegative samples (kappa test; kappa = 0.592, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Although the modified IIF monkey brain assay was no better than the standard mouse brain IIF assay, we affirmed that NMO-IgG is a sensitive and specific biomarker to differentiate between NMO and MS.
Delays in diagnosis and melanoma prognosis (I): The role of patients

A prospective survey was conducted to assess the role of patients in the melanoma prognosis. Consecutive patients with primary melanoma were interviewed and examined using a comprehensive questionnaire including a psychological instrument. Main outcome measures were the delay before medical intervention and the tumor thickness. Of 590 melanomas, 70.8% were detected by patients and this proportion was higher in females. Relatives were involved in the detection of half of the cases. Median delays before the patient realized he had a suspicious lesion, before this lesion was seen by a doctor, and before the melanoma was removed were 4 months, 2 months, and 1 week, respectively. Delays up to several years were observed in some cases. The rate of self‐detection tended to be lower, the delays before seeking medical advice to be longer, and the tumor thickness to be higher in old people, in males, in lower‐educated individuals, in those living out of towns, and in people with a low awareness about melanocytic tumors than in other cases. Conversely, individuals with a high number of atypical nevi, those who were aware to be at risk, and those who regularly visited a dermatologist tended to detect their melanoma more rapidly. No specific psychological traits were associated with a late reaction, although negligence and anxiety tended to prolong the delays. Knowledge about melanoma was poor in many patients, especially in males, and wrong beliefs were widespread. This study provides the targets of future education programs. Int. J. Cancer 89:271–279, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of extracellular regulated kinase and p38 kinase in hippocampal seizure tolerance

The mechanisms underlying brain seizure tolerance, a phenomenon in which brief periods of seizures protect brain against the lethal effects of subsequent sustained seizures, are poorly understood. Because brain seizure tolerance and brain ischemia tolerance likely share certain common mechanisms, the recent evidence that activation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase pathways plays a critical role in ischemic preconditioning suggests that a similar mechanism may underlie brain seizure tolerance. We investigated the hypothesis in a rat kainic acid preparation of seizure preconditioning and tolerance, which was established by induction of one episode of priming epileptic status lasting for 20 min on the first day and another episode of sustained epileptic status lasting for 2 hr on the second day. We observed that acute seizures lead to a rapid activation of ERK and p38 in the hippocampal CA3 area, the brain region most susceptible to the lethal effects of epileptic status. Pretreatment with the ERK inhibitor PD98059 and the p38 inhibitor SB203580 selectively reduces seizure‐elicited activation of ERK and p38, respectively, and significantly reduces priming seizure‐induced protection of CA3 neurons. These findings indicate that, similar to brain ischemia tolerance, brain seizure tolerance also involves the ERK and p38 signaling pathways. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
British economic growth, 1270–1870

the adventures, similar to Marvel Comics, of new york bankers through the 1980s–2000s make up the end of the book. the writing is less innovating here, as there have been so many books that have scrutinised the deregulation and diversification processes, but the authors are respectful of truth about the crisis, either due to recession and crashes, or because of the failure of so many business models in the case of big banks. the geography of finance lacks some material about the neighbourhoods of new Jersey or Connecticut (for hedge fund companies, for example), and about the management of globalisation – as new york investment banking became so much more active, even central, than the City of London itself, as the Lehman Brothers crisis proved. the last part could therefore be thought of as being less robust than the other parts, even about the fall of the savings banks at the start of the 1990s, because their originality seems to have become blurred. A major deficiency lies in the absence of a study of the human resources or forces of the new york banks from the 1970s: what about the training of people? the processes of recruitment and the movement of personnel from one bank to another? the portfolio of competences relating to the type of bank (or securities company)? And what about the promotion of women and minorities? in this section the book seems to be too “institutional”, even if the tsunami of redundancies is evoked. Lastly, the authors tried to offer a too brief assessment of new york strengths at the turn of the 2010s, involving statistics, the location of the nyse and some big banks – although some of them are located in north Carolina, California and Chicago – but the new configuration of the “capitals of capital”, as Cassis wrote, within the fresh geo-economics of banking could have been far more accurately mapped.
Divergence in student and educator conceptual structures during auscultation training

Context Simulation‐based medical education allows trainees to engage in self‐regulated learning (SRL), yet research aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of SRL in this context is relatively absent. We compared ‘unguided’ SRL with ‘directed’ SRL (DSRL), wherein learners followed an expert‐designed booklet.
The Politics of Immigration: Dictatorship, Development, and Defense

Contemporary immigration policy choices are puzzling. Although people prefer living in a democracy, there is large-scale migration into rich dictatorships. We live in an age of globalization, but most countries regulate and restrict immigration. It is widely ac cepted that free trade is beneficial and states have formed international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), in order to remove barriers to trade. But no equivalent of the WTO exists in the realm of immigration, and international law does not recognize the right to enter another country. Furthermore, immigration policies are more restrictive now than in prior historical periods. Despite the importance and puzzling nature of immigration outcomes, key aspects of immigration policymaking are understudied. The literature has overstated the extent to which international and domestic norms and supposed economic and/or demographic necessities constrain immigration policymaking. Within international political economy, migration is studied much less than trade. Until recently, international security scholars have tended not to examine the links between security and migration. Comparative politics scholars usually examine the immigration policies of western democracies while largely ignoring immigration policymaking under dictatorship. The conventional wisdom is that democracies adopt liberal immigration policies and that immigrants, especially since the 9/11 attacks, are regarded as potential security liabilities. But the opposite should be expected? that dictatorship and large-scale security threats, along with economic development, increase immigration. This theoretical proposition explains both contemporary cross-national variation in and the macrohistorical patterns of im migration policymaking. The statistical findings presented in this article are original because large-n, cross-national testing has been rare in the immigration literature.
Nurture trumps nature in a longitudinal survey of salivary bacterial communities in twins from early adolescence to early adulthood

Variation in the composition of the human oral microbiome in health and disease has been observed. We have characterized inter- and intra-individual variation of microbial communities of 107 individuals in one of the largest cohorts to date (264 saliva samples), using culture-independent 16S rRNA pyrosequencing. We examined the salivary microbiome in up to three time-points during 10 yr spanning adolescence, and determined the influence of human genotype, gender, age, and weight class. Participants, including 27 monozygotic and 18 dizygotic twin pairs, were sampled mainly at ages 12–13, 17–18, and 22–24, with a few sampled as early as 8 yr of age. In contrast to gut or skin microbiomes, there is a core genus-level salivary microbiome. Individuals are more similar to themselves and their co-twins in the 12–17 and in the 17–22 cohorts than to the whole sample population, but not over the 10 yr from 12 to 22; and monozygotic twin pairs are statistically not more similar than dizygotic twin pairs. The data are most consistent with shared environment serving as the main determinant of microbial populations. Twins resemble each other more closely than the whole population at all time-points, but become less similar to each other when they age and no longer cohabit. Several organisms have age-specific abundance profiles, including members of the genera Veillonella, Actinomyces, and Streptococcus. There is no clear effect of weight class and gender. The results of this work will provide a basis to further study oral microbes and human health.