Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Heat as a groundwater tracer in shallow and deep heterogeneous media: Analytical solution, spreadsheet tool, and field applications

Groundwater flow advects heat, and thus, the deviation of subsurface temperatures from an expected conduction‐dominated regime can be analysed to estimate vertical water fluxes. A number of analytical approaches have been proposed for using heat as a groundwater tracer, and these have typically assumed a homogeneous medium. However, heterogeneous thermal properties are ubiquitous in subsurface environments, both at the scale of geologic strata and at finer scales in streambeds. Herein, we apply the analytical solution of Shan and Bodvarsson ( ), developed for estimating vertical water fluxes in layered systems, in 2 new environments distinct from previous vadose zone applications. The utility of the solution for studying groundwater‐surface water exchange is demonstrated using temperature data collected from an upwelling streambed with sediment layers, and a simple sensitivity analysis using these data indicates the solution is relatively robust. Also, a deeper temperature profile recorded in a borehole in South Australia is analysed to estimate deeper water fluxes. The analytical solution is able to match observed thermal gradients, including the change in slope at sediment interfaces. Results indicate that not accounting for layering can yield errors in the magnitude and even direction of the inferred Darcy fluxes. A simple automated spreadsheet tool (Flux‐LM) is presented to allow users to input temperature and layer data and solve the inverse problem to estimate groundwater flux rates from shallow (e.g., <1 m) or deep (e.g., up to 100 m) profiles. The solution is not transient, and thus, it should be cautiously applied where diel signals propagate or in deeper zones where multi‐decadal surface signals have disturbed subsurface thermal regimes.
Chimpanzees’ understanding of social leverage

Social primates can influence others through the control of resources. For instance, dominant male chimpanzees might allow subordinates access to mate with females in exchange for social support. However, little is known about how chimpanzees strategically use a position of leverage to maximize their own benefits. We address this question by presenting dyads of captive chimpanzee (N = 6) with a task resulting in an unequal reward distribution. To gain the higher reward each individual should wait for their partner to act. In addition, one participant had leverage: access to an alternative secure reward. By varying the presence and value of the leverage we tested whether individuals used it strategically (e.g. by waiting longer for partners to act when they had leverage in the form of alternatives). Additionally, non-social controls served to show if chimpanzees understood the social dilemma. We measured the likelihood to choose the leverage and their latencies to act. The final decision made by the chimpanzees did not differ as a function of condition (test versus non-social control) or the value of the leverage, but they did wait longer to act when the leverage was smaller—particularly in test (versus non-social control) trials suggesting that they understood the conflict of interest involved. The chimpanzees thus recognized the existence of social leverage, but did not use it strategically to maximize their rewards.
Marital Satisfaction, Family Support, and Pre-Deployment Resiliency Factors Related to Mental Health Outcomes for Reserve and National Guard Soldiers

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between resiliency factors and mental health outcomes among U.S. Army Reserve and National Guard soldiers. Our results demonstrate that higher marital satisfaction is significantly associated with lower anger, depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Importantly, our results provide evidence that among the assessed resiliency factors (predeployment preparation, unit social support, marital satisfaction, and family support), marital satisfaction has the strongest evidence for promoting resiliency. Future research should develop interventions that can be provided jointly to the soldier and his partner to facilitate stronger relationships and promote improved mental health and reintegration postdeployment.
Detection of Immunoglobulin G1 Against rK39 Improves Monitoring of Treatment Outcomes in Visceral Leishmaniasis

Abstract Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the Leishmania donovani complex, is a fatal, neglected tropical disease that is targeted for elimination in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Improved diagnostic tests are required for early case detection and for monitoring the outcomes of treatments. Previous investigations using Leishmania lysate antigen demonstrated that the immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 response is a potential indicator of a patient’s clinical status after chemotherapy. Methods IgG1 or IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with rK39 or lysate antigens and novel IgG1 rK39 rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) were assessed with Indian VL serum samples from the following clinical groups: paired pre- and postchemotherapy (deemed cured); relapsed; other infectious diseases; and endemic, healthy controls. Results With paired pre- and post-treatment samples (n = 37 pairs), ELISAs with rK39- and IgG1-specific conjugates gave a far more discriminative decrease in post-treatment antibody responses when compared to IgG (P < .0001). Novel IgG1 rK39 RDTs provided strong evidence for decreased IgG1 responses in patients who had successful treatment (P < .0001). Furthermore, both IgG1 rK39 RDTs (n = 38) and ELISAs showed a highly significant difference in test outcomes between cured patients and those who relapsed (n = 23; P < .0001). RDTs were more sensitive than corresponding ELISAs. Conclusions We present strong evidence for the use of IgG1 in monitoring treatment outcomes in VL, and the first use of an IgG1-based RDT using the rK39 antigen for the discrimination of post-treatment cure versus relapse in VL. Such an RDT may have a significant role in monitoring patients and in targeted control and elimination of this devastating disease.
Financial Development and the Distribution of Income in MENA

One of the central concerns in Middle East and the North of Africa (MENA) has been the reduction of poverty and inequality so prevalent in the region. Theoretical predictions on the finance-inequality nexus are inconclusive and mixed. Greenwood and Jovanovic (1990) propose an inverted U-shaped relationship between finance and inequality, while a negative and linear relationship is predicted in some other theoretical models (e.g., Galor and Zeira 1993; Banerjee and Newman 1993). In this study, the relationship between financial development and distribution of income in Middle East and North of Africa is investigated. The study is done by using the GMM estimator based on Dynamic panel data model for 10 countries in MENA region during 2004-2008. The result of this estimation indicates that financial development significantly reduces income inequality in this region. Therefore, policies to improve financial development indicators in the region are suggested.
LIQUIDITY AND GROWTH TRAPS: A FRAMEWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS OF MACROECONOMIC POLICY IN THE ‘AGE’ OF CENTRAL BANKS By

Conventional explanations of how a growing potential output generates an equi-proportional increase in aggregate demand in the long run usually rely on the real balance effect. Yet this mechanism has a negligible size and an uncertain sign. We present a theoretical framework for the analysis of the power of conventional monetary policy to take the economy down its potential output path. We develop a simple model that predicts the behavior of the ‘neutral’ interest rate and the ‘pseudo-warranted’ interest rate in the wake of different types of shocks. We identify several different scenarios according to whether the behavior of the ‘neutral’ real interest rate enhances or weakens the power of conventional monetary policy. Likewise, we identify several regimes depending on whether a rise in the target rate of inflation in steady growth yields faster or slower output growth when the ‘natural’ rate is not (fully) exogenous. In addition, we provide a formal definition of the concept of the ‘growth trap’ which complements the notion of the ‘liquidity trap’. Finally, we propose a taxonomy of monetary policy regimes. JEL Classification: E310, E490, E590
STRATEGIC ORIENTATION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZE ENTERPRISES

The author investigates the relationship between two constructs: strategic orientation and innovation. Paper is a literature based research, which analysed the impact of strategic orientation on innovation. The review of the literature conducted by the author, on the one hand, was aiming at the identification of the methodological aspects related to the study of the relationship between strategic orientation and innovation, and on the other hand, it was to indicate the direction of that type of relationships. The conducted literature studies confirmed that the research implemented in this area is mostly of a quantitative nature and collected research material is often subjected to analysis with the use of the Structural Equations Models (SEM), regression analysis and confirmatory factor analyses. The presented results of the research often concern the specific sectors of activity, such as: high-tech, financial sector, insurance firms, gardening, hotels or are of cross-sectorial nature (manufacturing and service enterprises). The conducted literature proved: (i) existing two opposing views on the impact (positive or negative) of marketing orientation on the level of innovation of an organization; (ii) existing positive relationship between learning orientation and the innovation of the companies and (iii) positive relationship between the entrepreneurial orientation and the innovation of the companies. The type of the article: Theoretical article.
Nature and causes of the 2002 to 2004 drought in the southwestern United States compared with the historic 1953 to 1957 drought

The 1950s drought (1953 to 1957) and the recent drought (2002 to 2004) are 2 of the longest and most severe droughts to affect the southwestern USA since 1895. The 1953 to 1957 drought was longer, more severe, and more spatially extensive than the 2002 to 2004 drought. Although the 1953 to 1957 drought was centered over New Mexico, it was quite severe over much of the southwestern USA, while the impact of the 2002 to 2004 drought was mostly felt in Arizona. Both of these droughts were associated with multi-year La Nina events, the cold phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the warm phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and the positive phase of the Eastern Pacific Oscillation (EPO). These conditions resulted in anomalous atmospheric ridging over the southwestern USA, which prevented Pacific moisture from entering the study region. Therefore, both droughts were associated with increases in the number of dry tropical days and decreases in the number of dry moderate and moist tropical days. These statistically signif- icant changes in air mass frequencies were relatively consistent across the southwestern USA and during both drought events. Generally, it appears that the occurrence of major droughts in the south- western USA is associated with a cold PDO and warm AMO, conditions seen during both the 1950s and the recent drought.
A survey on online teaching preference among pre- service teachers in Malaysia : Andragogy vs pedagogy

This paper reports on a research project that investigated the pedagogical and/or andragogical orientation preferred by pre-service teachers in Malaysia for online learning. To gather the data, questionnaires were distributed among 433 pre-service teachers in three educational institutions in Malaysia and descriptive analyses have been conducted. The findings showed that majority of the pre-service teachers in this study stay under Stage 2 in the four stages of learning development. This means that the respondents had high preference for pedagogical as well as andragogical learning orientations. The findings have implications for educators involved in designing online learning applications. They have to consider such student preference when planning teaching and learning activities.
Root suckering of Lophira lanceolata Van Tiegh.exKeay (Ochnaceae) in the Guinean Savannah Highlandsof Cameroon

Lophira lanceolata is a multipurpose tree species (MPTS) valued by the populations for its various uses. In the Guinean Savannah Highlands of Cameroon, this species is threatened due to human pressure which affects its regeneration potential. In order to contribute to its domestication, the present work characterizes its natural regeneration and artificial root suckering aptitude. Survey was carried out on 20 square plots of 1ha each established in savannah to evaluate relative frequency of adult trees which produced suckers. Artificial root suckering induction trials by simple wound and by complete sectioning were undertaking on superficial roots in the study period (April-January 2012) on 176 adult trees of different ages. An inventory of 824 trees of L. lanceolata was carried out among which 98 mother -trees kept 147 natural suckers. For the artificial root suckering, 156 artificial suckers were recorded ten months after the initiation of the trials. The complete artificial root sectioning was more efficient (73.33%) than the simple injury (65%). Among the two types of induction, the roots exposed to the open air presented a successful percentage than the one covered by soil. Induced suckers mostly appeared in distal pole of the mother - root. In L. lanceolata, roots induced by simple wound and leave to open air, allowed 63.33% of suckers against 58.33% developed in roots covered with soil. There was a significant difference between distal and proximal suckers (0.0000<0.001). This Ochnaceae presented a good aptitude to artificial suckering. This ability to regenerate by root suckering indicated that it is possible to domesticate the species in situ. Nevertheless, during our observations, none of the suckers initiated its own rooting system. This low cost technique could constitute an important step in the domestication process of this species. Complementary studies needed to be conducted for a long observation periods which can allow precise vigorous root neoformation permitting self dependence from the mother tree and important growth of suckers.
Exploration into power of homogeneity and serial correlation tests

Verification of regression models is primarily based on analysis of error terms and constitutes one of the most important steps in applied regression analysis. In cross-sectional models, the error terms are typically heteroskedastic, while in time series regressions the errors are often affected by serial correlation. Consequently, in this paper, we focus on Monte Carlo simulations applied to explore the power of several tests of homogeneity and tests for presence of autocorrelation. In the past decades, the computational power has increased significantly to allow the benefit of simulation from exact distributions, which are not defined explicitly. We will discuss 1) testing of homogeneity for a given number of components in the exponential mixture approximated by subpopulations and 2) simulation of power in several commonly used tests of autocorrelation. For the first case, we consider exact likelihood ratio test (ELR) and exact likelihood ratio test against the alternative with two-component subpopulation (ELR2). In the second case, we consider the Durbin-Watson, Durbin h, Breusch-Godfrey, Box-Pierce and Ljung-Box tests of 1st order serial correlation and the runs test of randomness in two different types of linear regression models.
Selective and accurate translation by protein-depleted ribosomes formed in E. coli in the presence of kasugamycin in vivo

Kasugamycin ist ein Antibiotikum aus der Klasse der Aminoglycoside. Es inhibiert die Ausbildung des Translationsinitiationskomplexes an kanonischen mRNAs, indem es die Bindung der mRNA in der ribosomalen P-Stelle blockiert. Im Gegensatz dazu inhibiert es aber nicht die Initiation der Translation von sogenannten „leaderless mRNAs“, die direkt mit einem 5´-terminalem Startcodon beginnen und somit keine zusatzlichen Startsignale fur das Ribosom aufweisen. Vor kurzem wurde gezeigt, dass in E. coli in Anwesenheit von Kasugamycin Ribosomen gebildet werden, denen einige Proteine der 30S Untereinheit fehlen. Zu den fehlenden Proteinen gehoren unter anderem die essentiellen Proteine S1 und S2, und das Protein S12. Da bekannt ist, dass Kasugamycin –im Gegensatz zu anderen Aminoglycosiden- keinen Einfluss auf die Fehlerrate hat und nicht zu einer Verschiebung des Leserahmens wahrend der Translation fuhrt, konnte das Fehlen von S12, das die Translationsgenauigkeit des Ribosoms negativ beeinflusst, ein Hinweis darauf sein, dass die protein-defizienten Partiklen eine hohere Genauigkeit in der Translation aufweisen. Daher war das erste Ziel meiner Arbeit, diese Hypothese zu bestatigen. Mit Hilfe von „leaderless“ GFP-Konstrukten wurde die Translationsgenauigkeit in vivo nach Zugabe von Kasugamycin bestimmt. Die Resultate deuten darauf hin, dass die Fehlerrate der ribosomalen Partikel im Vergleich zu vollstandig assemblierten Ribosomen geringer ist. Vorangegangene Experimente haben gezeigt, dass die Behandlung von E. coli mit Kasugamycin die Translation vollstandig hemmt. Interessanterweise haben wir im Laufe der oben genannten Studien beobachtet, dass nach langerer Inkubation mit dem Antibiotikum die Synthese von einigen Proteinen wieder beginnt. Da in E. coli keine leaderless mRNAs bekannt sind und die Synthese der Proteine resistent gegen Kasugamycin ist, war das zweite Ziel meiner Arbeit, dieses Phanomen naher zu untersuchen. Nach der Identifizierung der Proteine mittels 2D-Gel-Analyse und Massenspektrometrie wurden die 5´-Enden der korrespondierenden mRNAs bestimmt. Die Studien haben gezeigt, dass diese mRNAs in Gegenwart von Kasugamycin durch einen alternativen Transkriptionsstart nahe am AUG Startcodon oder durch RNA-Degradierung „leaderless“ geworden sind. Weiters deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass eine RNA Interferase, MazF, an diesem Prozess beteiligt ist. Zusammengefast, weisen die Resultate meiner Arbeit auf eine noch nicht beschriebene Uberlebensstrategie von Bakterien hin, die induziert wird, wenn die Translation gehemmt wird. Unter diesen Bedingungen konnte es zur Bildung von „leaderless“ mRNAs kommen, die selektiv von protein-defizienten Ribosomen translatiert werden konnen. Die Synthese dieser spezifischen Proteine konnte zum Uberleben der Bakterien unter ungunstigen Bedingungen beitragen.
The Effect of Differentiated Science Curriculum on Students' Motivational Regulations

The purpose of this study is to examine whether the Grid Model practices affect students' motivation for self-regulation. In the study, quasi-experimental research design with pre-test/post-test control group was used. This study was conducted with a total of 74 students from 4 th grade students in different primary schools in Amasya. Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire was used as data collection tool. The obtained data was analyzed in the SPSS program and parametric tests were used in the analysis of the data. According to the findings obtained, there was a significant difference in favor of the experimental group among the students' post-test scores of internal goal orientations, task values and self-efficacy perceptions at public schools. As a result of the research, the Grid Model has provided that the students with low socio-economic level have increased their motivation towards self-regulation and the students with high socio-economic level have continued their high motivation levels. In the future studies, it can be seen whether the Grid Model-based applications have an effect on the behavioral, contextual and cognitive regulation dimensions of the students.
The Impact of Financing on Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia

This paper investigates the impact of the overall financing activities on economic growth in Saudi Arabia. The study developed a financing index that takes into account the overall available credit in Saudi Arabia. The index was shown to be sensitive to economic and political shocks such as the Arab Spring. Using Johnson cointegration approach, the paper found an evidence of long run relationship between real GDP per capita, financing, real interest real, public labor force, and capital. Using a vector error correction model, the paper found a robust estimate that proves the positive impact of financing on economic growth in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, Granger-Causality Wald test indicates that financing influences economic growth in Saudi Arabia.
GOOD PRACTICES AND FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING WORK IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY

Objective: to analyze the management of mental health needs in primary care as perceived by Family Health Strategy professionals. Method: this was a qualitative descriptive exploratory study developed within the coverage area of fi ve family health teams. The data were collected using observation, group interviews, individual semi-structured interviews, and focus groups. Content analysis was conducted using text analysis software and interpretation was based on the corresponding analytical structures. Results: numerous and challenging mental health demands occur in this setting, for which the teams identifi ed care resources; however, they also indicated diffi culties, especially related to the operationalization and integration of such resources. Conclusion: there is a need for a care network sensitive to mental health demands that are better coordinated and more effectively managed. Descriptors: Nursing; Mental Health; Primary Care; Family Health Strategy; Psychiatric Nursing. RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el manejo de necesidades de salud mental en la atención primaria de salud, según la visión de los profesionales de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia. Método: estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, exploratorio, desarrollado en el campo de acción de cinco equipos de salud familiar. Participaron cinco enfermeras, cinco coordinadores y diecisiete agentes comunitarios de salud. Datos recolectados mediante observación, entrevistas grupales, entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas y grupos focuses. Se aplicó análisis de contenido, con ayuda de software de análisis textual. La interpretación se basó en las correspondientes estructuras analíticas. Resultados: numerosas y desafi antes demandas de salud mental fueron recogidas en este setting, para las cuales los equipos identifi caron recursos de atención; Mental health in the Family Health Strategy as perceived by health professionals Saúde mental na Estratégia Saúde da Família: a percepção dos profi ssionais Salud mental en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia: la visión de los profesionales RESEARCH