Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparisons of Trawl and Longline Catches of Deepwater Elasmobranchs West and North of Ireland

A comparison was made between catches from deepwater trawl and longline surveys (1993–2000) in the Northeast Atlantic. Longline catches were dominated by elasmobranchs, particularly squalid sharks and species numbers were low. Trawl catches had higher species numbers, with more teleosts, though elasmobranchs were still an important component. Species composition of the catch was depth dependent. Comparative trawl and longline surveys of the eastern and southern slopes of the Rockall Trough (west and north of Ireland) were used to examine size-selectivity. Trawls and longlines selected for significantly different size frequency distributions of Centroscymnus coelolepis and Deania calceus, though not for Centrophorus squamosus. These data highlight some important aspects of behavior of the species studying relation to fishing gears. Smaller C. coelolepis were selected by longlines than trawls, suggesting that smaller sharks were present at a considerable height above the seabed, out of reach of trawls, but attracted to baited hooks. In the case of D. calceus, larger females were selected by hooks, but were not present in trawl catches, possibly indicating their ability to escape towed gears. Trawl selectivity ogives were constructed for D. calceus and ogives for C. coelolepis and C. squamosus were simulated, using available data. Results suggest that longlines are not as selective for C. coelolepis as trawls. Selectivity ogives for D. calceus were similar in form, but longlines selected bigger individuals. Life history studies suggest that these species cannot sustain high fishing pressures. The implications of these results for the management of fisheries taking elasmobranchs are discussed.
The extended prosodic word

In an extended prosodic word, a word-sized unit α has combined with additional material β to form, by adjunction, a larger recursive structure [[ α ω] β ω] or [ω β [ ω α]]. Such structures have often been posited, following Inkelas (1989) and others, when β is a loosely bound derivational or inflectional affix, replicating (more or less precisely, due to pressures of syllabification constraints) the morphological structure in prosody. This is a way of capturing the closure effects associated with the word cycle studied by Borowsky (1993) and others, resulting in sing#er without [g] (vs. finger with [g]), trisyllabic kind[l ]#ingV (vs. disyllabic kindlingN), etc. Even though sometimes seen as a virtue, the duplication here is worrisome. Paradigm constraints and other Output-Output (OO-) conditions, an important and widely accepted part of current Optimality Theory (OT), cover much the same ground, and the idea of writing closure effects into the phonological representation itself raises the suspicion that the structures posited are little more than a legacy from the days of the heavily representation-focused approach to phonology of the 1970's and 80's, a way of encoding effects that are better accounted for elsewhere in the grammar, by non-representational means. We are in basic agreement with this view, which removes much of the motivation for recursive prosodic tree structure that simply mirrors morphological form. What, then, is the status of extended prosodic words, and of adjunction in prosody? We argue that they still have a significant role to play, but not as replicas of morphological structure within phonology but rather at the post-lexical level, as one important option for the parsing of functional items, such as prepositions and determiners. This claim, which takes up earlier proposals by Booij (1996), Vigario (1999), and others, is in conflict with the direct phrase attachment of functional material favored by Selkirk (1996), whose influential work was followed by many researchers. The two opposing views are juxtaposed in (1).
OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIAN LISTED COMPANIES

This paper examines the relationship between firms’ ownership structure and financial performance in Nigeria, using a sample of thirty listed companies between 2001 and 2008. Using pooled OLS as a method of estimation and after controlling for four firm-specific characteristics, our results show a negative and significant relationship between ownership structure (director shareholding) and firm financial performance (ROE). This is in support of Entrenchment hypothesis. Also, our study does not support a non-linear relationship between ownership structure and firm performance.
RESPONSE OF TWO GENETICALLY DIVERSE WHEAT CULTIVARS TO SALT STRESS AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES: LEAF LIPID PEROXIDATION AND PHENOLIC CONTENTS

The effect of root zone salinity on two hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (S-24, salt-tolerant; MH-97, salt-sensitive) was appraised at different growth stages. Grains of the two cultivars were sown in Petri-plates at two salt levels (0 and 150 mM of NaCl). After 8 days of germination, the seedlings were transplanted into plastic tubs containing either 0 or 150 mM of NaCl in full strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution. Changes in growth, lipid peroxidation and phenolic contents were examined in the cultivars at different growth stages (vegetative, booting and reproductive) under salt stress. Higher MDA contents were observed in cv. MH-97 as compared to that in S-24 under saline regimes at different growth stages. Salt-induced effect in terms of lipid peroxidation was more pronounced at the booting and reproductive stages as compared with that at the vegetative stage in both cultivars, however, the accumulation of leaf total phenolics was higher at the booting stage as compared with that at the other stages. A significant variability in salt response was found among different growth stages in both cultivars. Correlations among growth and biochemical parameters showed a significant negative correlation between growth and MDA content but a positive correlation between growth and phenolic contents, which shows that phenolic compounds were involved in the mechanism of salt tolerance of the two cultivars by showing enhanced antioxidant activity which resulted in reduced membrane damage and hence improved growth.
Functional role of fire-derived charcoal in boreal forest ecosystem processes

Charcoal is a natural product of wildfires which operate as a major natural disturbance in boreal forested ecosystems. This carbon (C)-rich material is present in most forest soils but its effects on ecosystem processes remain poorly understood. This thesis explores how charcoal, through its characteristics or traits, affects above- and belowground processes in the Swedish boreal forest by using laboratory mesocosm and glasshouse studies and a large field experiment. The relative importance of charring condition and species identity in determining charcoal traits was also investigated. These experiments covered a wide range of humus types, charcoal types and plant species in order to better understand the factors that determine the functional role of charcoal. With regard to aboveground processes, fire-derived charcoal promoted tree seedling growth but had only a minimal effect on seed germination, and plant community characteristics. Belowground processes such as humus decomposition and N mineralization rate were enhanced by the presence of charcoal, even though charcoal had minimal effect on microbial biomass and composition. Charcoal traits were shown to be affected primarily by species identity and to a lesser extent by charring conditions. The magnitude of charcoal effects was influenced by humus type, charcoal type and plant species identity. The mechanisms by which fire-derived charcoal affect ecosystem processes differed between above- and belowground processes; notably, while the effects of charcoal on aboveground processes were linked mostly to the direct input of phosphorus and especially PO43- from charcoal, its effect on belowground processes were mostly determined indirectly through its impact on microbial specific activity. These findings suggest that charcoal is likely to play a role in boreal forest succession, plant-soil feedbacks and ecosystem C dynamics. Moreover, the impacts of charcoal in boreal ecosystems are relevant to better understanding the ecological consequences of forest management practices such as site preparation, prescribed burning, fire suppression and biochar addition. Overall, the findings described in this thesis show that charcoal is a significant component of the C cycle and one that can have strong impacts on boreal ecosystem processes.
Sedimentary conditions in the Siary zone of the Magura basin (Carpathians) in the late Eocene-early Oligocene

Warunki sedymentacji w strefie Siar basenu magurskiego (Karpaty) w poźnym eocenie-wczesnym oligocenie The sediments of the upper Eocene (Priabonian)-lower Oligocene (Rupelian) o f the Siaiy zone in the Magura nappe (basically Magura Beds in glauconitic facies) display features indicating their origination in sedimentary conditions quite different from those in which coeval sediments from the other parts o f the Carpathians were deposited. This paper aims at interpreting the sedimentary conditions on the basis o f lithofacies, their vertical and lateral distribution, foraminifera assemblages, CaC03 and organic matter content determined in six transects through the entire Siary zone, the contents of main and trace elements determined in 11 samples from one section and different published data. Lithofacies and the present day shape of the Siary zone suggest sedimentation of the entire succession in a strongly elongated confined basin. Facies distribution indicates deposition on a submarine ramp that gradually expanded to NE and E along the slopes of the outer basin margin. Assemblages o f foraminifera suggest location of the basin bottom below the foraminiferal lysocline. Moreover, foraminifera together with bioturbation structures and sediment geochemistry indicate sedimentation mainly in weakly oxic, close to dysoxic bottom waters. The differences in facies in relation to the coeval deposits of the other parts of the Carpathians are interpreted as resulting mainly from intense resedimentation in the Siary zone during the Priabonian-Rupelian, and in part from the relatively low calcium carbonate supply. Gradual expansion o f resedimentation towards NE, followed by a decrease in the supply of coarse-grained material is regarded as due to lithosphere rollback beneath the evolving Carpathians. This process is interpreted as o f superior significance in controlling sedimentation during the Priabonian-Rupelian not only in the Siary zone but also in the entire Magura basin. This was the factor responsible for forcing the subsidence of the Magura basin, accretionary wedge development in its inner part, and fore-bulging of the area at some distance in front of the zone o f the rolling back lithosphere, i.e. in the source area of the sedimentary succession in question. Finally, this process also caused drowning and burying of the source area.
Perceived Service Quality of Frozen Yogurt in Indonesia

In recent years, frozen yogurt industry has experienced dramatic growth in Indonesia. One of the biggest player of frozen yogurt industry in Indonesia is Sour Sally. Sour Sally is gaining popularity and the number of people who consume it is constantly increasing. Moreover, Sour Sally actively created the yogurt phenomenon in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the factors that significantly affect behavioral intention of Sour Sally's consumer in Surabaya. The variables that will be tested are service quality, food quality, and perceived value that will affect customer satisfaction and lead to behavioral intentions. This study uses a quantitative approach using Multiple Regression through SPSS 16. The samples use 200 respondents with non probability sampling technique and the sampling method is purposive sampling. The results of this study can be used to increase frozen yogurt industry in Indonesia. Keyword s : Perceived Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, Behavioral Intention, Frozen Yogurt Industry
Do Private Firms Outperform SOE Firms after Going Public in China Given their Different Governance Characteristics

This study examines the characteristics of board structure that affect Chinese public firm’s financial performance. Using a sample of 871 firms with 699 observations of previously private firms and 1,914 observations of previously state-owned enterprise (SOE) firms, we investigate the differences in corporate governance between publicly listed firms that used to be pure private firms before going public and listed firms that used to be SOEs before their initial public offerings (IPOs). Our main finding is that previously private firms outperform previously SOE firms in China after IPOs. In the wake of becoming listed firms, previously SOE firms might be faced with difficulties adjusting to professional business practices to build and extend competitive advantages. In addition, favorable policies and assistance from the government to the SOE firms might have triggered complacency, especially in early years after getting listed. On the other hand, professional savvy and acumen, combined with efficiency and favorable business climate created by the government have probably led the previously private firms to improve their values stronger and faster.
Water purification capacity of natural mixed clays from Malawi

Lack of fresh and clean drinking water is a problematic issue for many people worldwide. The water quality in some streams in Malawi, situated in south east Africa, has recently been investigated. The study shows that the concentration of several heavy metals exceeds the guideline values in drinking water set by WHO. Even though some heavy metals are essential for human beings in low concentrations, they are hazardous to health in high concentrations. Problems with contaminated water exist all over the world but are striking and more difficult to solve in countries with low financial assets. It is therefore of great importance to find an effective technique to purify water that is both simple and cheap and where preferably domestic material is used. The aim of this study is to investigate whether three natural mixed clays from Malawi can be used to purify contaminated water from the heavy metals chromium(III), lead(II), cadmium(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) through adsorption. X-ray powder diffraction analyses proved that all samples contained quartz, and indicated presence of the iron oxide hematite. The chemical content of the samples was determined with a scanning electron microscope. Acid and base titrations were thereafter performed on raw material as well as on clay that had been purified from organic matter, carbonates and iron compounds, to obtain information regarding the chemical properties of the clay minerals. Finally, adsorption experiments were carried out by mixing the clays with heavy metal solutions and study the adsorption as function of pH. The pH values of the investigated clays are naturally high, which promotes hydrolyses of chromium(III) and lead(II) to precipitate and get sorbed on the surface. Cadmium(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) form on the contrary surface complexes, mainly inner-sphere ones. The adsorption of chromium(III), lead(II) and copper(II) was complete at pH = 7 for the purified clays, whereas cadmium(II) and zinc(II) were adsorbed to only 77 and 75 %, respectively, at pH ≈ 7.5. However, all metals are in principle completely removed from the aqueous phase in the raw material, which indicates that these nontreated natural clays are highly potential in heavy metal removal.
Effect of Experimental Condition on Properties of Zinc Oxide Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Deposition with Ammonium Hydroxide as an Additive

In this work, we report on the study of undoped zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films prepared by sol-gel spin coating technique using the ammonium hydroxide as an additive. The effect of the precursor concentration and the annealing temperature on the optical and structural properties of the produced films is analyzed; we changed the precursor concentration and the annealing temperature from 0.1 M to 0.2 M and 400°C to 500°C with steps of 0.1M and 100°C, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that ZnO thin films are polycrystalline with a hexagonal structure and preferred growth orientations along the a-axis (100) and c-axis (002) from the substrate surface. The elaborated films have shown a high transparency (more than 75%) in the spectral range from 400 nm to 2000 nm. The optical band gap energy values of the ZnO thin films elaborated are located around 3.22 eV. Room temperature photoluminescence is dominated by a strong luminescence peak around 378 nm and a low-intensity peak around 477 nm.
Reproductive Biology, Mating System, and Population Genetics of Devil Flower: An Autonomous Selfing Plant with Showy Floral Display

Tacca, a genus of tropical herbs, possesses near black flowers, conspicuous involucral bracts and whisker-like filiform bracteoles. These unusual floral features puzzle every botanist and beg the question whether their large involucral bracts and long whisker-like filiform bracteoles play a role in pollinator attraction, or function in defense from herbivores. Recent studies of pollination, mating system and population genetics of Tacca chantrieri revealed that it is a highly self-pollinating species, and their showy floral structures play a limited role in pollinator attraction. This mating pattern leads to significant spatial genetic variation among populations. The population genetic structure is also determined by the population history and environmental circumstances. Significant genetic differences between two distinct geographic regions of T. chantrieri have been documented and might be attributable to vicariance along the Tanaka Line, as gene flow was blocked. T. integrifolia also possesses the same population genetic pattern. Moreover, because of their ornamental floral structure, Tacca plants have become increasingly popular in the horticultural trade; and some relevant studies about their seed biology and horticultural techniques have been done. Future studies about Tacca should focus on the origin and evolution of their bizarre floral structures and the function of natural selection on reproductive traits in natural populations.
Private information arrival, trading activity, and price formation: Evidence from nonpublic merger negotiations

We provide evidence on how stock prices and trading activity respond to the arrival of private information about firm value using the dates of material nonpublic merger negotiations to proxy for private information arrival. Target firm returns are 0.41% higher over two days following each nonpublic negotiation event. Trading volume, order imbalance, and trade size also spike in this window. Larger price reactions following negotiation events preempt deal announcement returns. The price response following negotiation events is explained by proxies for the expected profits and price impact of informed trading, prior press speculation, institutional ownership, and contemporaneous trading activity signals.
A measurement of year-on-year variation in the allocations to national departments in South Africa (2003/4-2007/8) from a public management point of view

The Estimates of National Expenditure in South Africa were analysed over a five-year period to determine the extent and nature of budget variation at national level. These estimates are of importance to managers in the public service and to theoreticians in Public Administration and related fields. Changes are analysed organisationally at the level of votes, programmes and sub-programmes, and statistically at the programme level. A problem related to representing changes is solved intuitively. The analyses indicate a stable fiscal environment for managers. The distribution of the changes is skewed positively, with the modal interval of the distribution lying to the left of the zero change point in real terms. Little evidence was found of muddling through. Strategic planning at departmental level is subject to serious constraints. The article briefly discusses various research topics that can be pursued further (for example, transfer payments and statistical work).
Introduction: Where to decision making

The overriding goal of this book is to provide a forum for fresh perspectives on decision making. The aim is to expose readers to a wide variety of promising perspectives for enhancing the scope of judgment and decision-making research. The specific purposes of the book are (a) to bridge the gap between traditional decision-making paradigms and newer lines of research and theory; (b) to expand awareness of these new theories and approaches; and (c) to demonstrate how these alternative approaches can enhance development of the judgment and decision-making field. The chapters in this volume illustrate howmuch richer the field is becoming through attention to a number of novel perspectives that have not been a part of traditional judgment anddecisionmaking approaches. Over the past several years, there has been a growing concern that the progress of decision-making research may be limited by focusing heavily on traditional schools of thought (e.g., approaches emphasizing deviations from rationality and utility theory). At the same time, there has been accumulating evidence to show that numerous unexplored factors are likely to impact judgment and choice. For example, many researchers have come to appreciate the vital roles that memory, context, and emotion play in determining decision strategies. This volume provides a forum for updating assumptions of traditional schools of thought as well as introducing new perspectives that push the envelope of judgment and decision-making paradigms. By providing a richer context for thinking about decision making, this book is also relevant for cognitive and social scientists interested in judgment and choice behavior. Many chapters provide explicit bridges
Evaluating the need of cleaning using 3D point clouds derived from high resolution images collected with a drone

Management of young forest stands is important for the future economical outcome. Cleaning is a way to control the competition between plants and a total of 1 443 000 ha are in need of cleaning in Sweden. The cleaning is usually performed when the trees are 2 – 6 m high and the most common is to remove deciduous trees to favor coniferous species. To handle the amount of forests in need of cleaning there is a need for efficient inventory and planning of these areas. Remotely sensed data can be used to make these processes more efficient. Earlier studies have shown that variables that are commonly used for forest management planning can be accurately estimated when using photogrammetry with aerial images. In this study the use of 3D point clouds as an aid for field inventory when planning for cleaning has been evaluated. This was done by studying field inventoried sample plots and a 3D point cloud derived from high-resolution images collected with a drone in the county of Vasterbotten. The need of cleaning was predicted with logistic regression with an overall accuracy of 82 %. Field attributes; average height, stem number and ΣH2 was predicted using linear regression with a relative RMSE of 43.9 %, 44.4 % and 76.2 %, respectively. The results show that it is possible to estimate cleaning need and field attributes using 3D point clouds derived from high-resolution images collected with a drone. Cleaning need can be predicted with high accuracy. The method is time consuming, hence evaluations regarding costs and time compared to manual field inventory is required if the method is to be implemented in practical use.