Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage, Surface Roughness and Hardness of Three Glass Ionomer Cements – Zirconomer, Fujii IX Extra GC and Ketac Molar: An In Vitro Study

Objective: To compare and evaluate microleakage, surface roughness and hardness of three glass ionomer cements – Zirconomer, Fujii IX Extra GC and Ketac Molar. Materials and methods: For microleakage evaluation, 150 extracted human maxillary permanent first premolars were randomly divided into five groups of 30 teeth each. Standardized class V cavity preparation was done on the buccal surface of all the groups except group 1. In group 2, cavity was prepared but left unrestored. Group 3, 4 and 5 were restored with Zirconomer, Fujii IX Extra GC and Ketac Molar respectively. Teeth were themocycled together for 500 cycles. All the samples were placed in 0.5% methylene blue for 24 hrs. Volumetric microleakage evaluation was done using spectrophotometer. For each material 15 samples were prepared, of which 10 samples were polished using Sof Lex discs. Samples were processed for surface roughness evaluation, 5 samples from each group before polishing & 5 samples after polishing. 5 samples from each group were processed for Vicker’s hardness test. Results: All the five groups showed some amount of microleakage. Microleakage value of group 2 was greater followed by group 3, group 4, group 1 and group 5 respectively. Ketac Molar showed lower surface roughness value before & after polishing. Fujii IX Extra GC showed higher hardness followed by Ketac Molar and Zirconomer. Conclusion: No material was able to completely eliminate microleakage at cervical margin. Ketac Molar showed lower surface roughness before and after polishing. Fujii IX Extra GC showed high hardness among the materials tested.
An audit of gynaecological procedures performed at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano

Background: Audit of all gynecological procedures as one of the commonest operations performed in medical practice is not routinely done in developing countries, including Nigeria. Aim: The study was aimed at determining the rate of all gynecological procedures performed; the common gynecological procedures and their indications, and the cadre of surgeons that performed different gynecological procedures within the period under review. Materials and Methods: A 1-year retrospective chart analysis of all gynecological procedures performed at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) between 01/10/2012 and 30/09/2013 was conducted. Patients with complete relevant information in the registers were included in the audit and those with incomplete data were excluded. Data was further cleaned and analyzed using Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011, for frequencies and percentages. Results were presented by simple statistical tables. Results: A total of 6,604 patients were gynecological attendees, out of which 646 patients had gynecological procedures performed, giving an institutional gynecological procedure rate of 9.8% (646/6,604), within the period under review. Emergency gynecological procedures accounted for 5.9% (38/646), while the elective cases accounted 4.0% (26/646). Majority of the gynecological procedures was among the 20-40 years age group. About 20 different types of gynecological procedures were done and manual vacuum aspiration (MVA), for incomplete miscarriage accounted for 58.8% (380/646), while excision of transverse vaginal septum was the least at 0.3% (2/646) of all the gynecological procedures. Interns, registrars, senior registrars, and consultants were involved in performing the different gynecological procedures. Between 69 and 100% (446/646-646/646) of some of the major gynecological procedures were carried out by consultants, 14-27% (90/646-174/646) by senior residents (SRs), while the junior residents and interns performed only MVAs among the gynecological procedures at 53.1% (343/646) and 7.3% (47/646), respectively. Conclusion: The common gynecological procedure performed in AKTH is MVA by all cadres of surgeons, and consultants performed the highest number of all the gynecological procedures except MVA. A more regular audit of services rendered by the department is advocated. This may help to identify the gaps in training and services.
SECRETION OF 17 Beta-ESTRADIOL AT MATING TIME IN RABBIT DOES ACCORDING TO THE SEASON, THE RECEPTIVITY, THE PHENOTYPE AND THE LITTER SIZE

This study was carried on Algerian local population rabbit does, white dress with red eyes (albino) and colored dress with black eyes, raised in natural conditions, natural mating and semi-intensive rhythm. The aim of this study was to determine under these conditions, the plasmatic rates of 17β-estradiol (E2) and seasonal variations in rabbit does which accept or refuse mating. At each season, blood samples were taken from 24 does, just after the presentation to the buck, half accepting mating and half refusing it. The further litter size at birth was registered from females witch accept mating. Our results over one year, show that the colored does which accept mating have an estradiol rate significantly higher than those which refuse it (21.83 vs 14.84 pg/ml respectively, P<0,001). The season significantly influences estradiol secretions with a maximal rate in winter and minimal in autumn (22.89 vs 15.90 pg/ml respectively, P<0.05). Colored does have higher variations of plasmatic estradiol. These results evidence the relationship between the estradiol rate, sexual receptivity and the phenotype of does; they show too the influence of environmental conditions, particularly the season, on the rate of plasmatic estradiol and consequently on the rabbit does sexual receptivity. It doesn’t appear any significant correlation between rate of E2 at the moment of mating and the further litter size at birth.
A dynamical state underlying the second order maximum entropy principle in neuronal networks

The maximum entropy principle is widely used in diverse fields. We address the issue of why the second order maximum entropy model, by using only firing rates and second order correlations of neurons as constraints, can well capture the observed distribution of neuronal firing patterns in many neuronal networks, thus, conferring its great advantage in that the degree of complexity in the analysis of neuronal activity data reduces drastically from O(2n) to O(n2), where n is the number of neurons under consideration. We first derive an expression for the effective interactions of the nth order maximum entropy model using all orders of correlations of neurons as constraints and show that there exists a recursive relation among the effective interactions in the model. Then, via a perturbative analysis, we explore a possible dynamical state in which this recursive relation gives rise to the strengths of higher order interactions always smaller than the lower orders. Finally, we invoke this hierarchy of effective interactions to provide a possible mechanism underlying the success of the second order maximum entropy model and to predict whether such a model can successfully capture the observed distribution of neuronal firing patterns.
Mapping carbon monoxide pollution from space down to city scales with daily global coverage

Abstract. On 13 October 2017, the European Space Agency (ESA) successfully launched the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite with the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) as its single payload. TROPOMI is the first of ESA's atmospheric composition Sentinel missions, which will provide complete long-term records of atmospheric trace gases for the coming 30 years as a contribution to the European Union's Earth Observing program Copernicus. One of TROPOMI's primary products is atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO). It is observed with daily global coverage and a high spatial resolution of 7×7 km2. The moderate atmospheric resistance time and the low background concentration leads to localized pollution hotspots of CO and allows the tracking of the atmospheric transport of pollution on regional to global scales. In this contribution, we demonstrate the groundbreaking performance of the TROPOMI CO product, sensing CO enhancements above cities and industrial areas and tracking, with daily coverage, the atmospheric transport of pollution from biomass burning regions. The CO data product is validated with two months of Fourier-transform spectroscopy (FTS) measurements at nine ground-based stations operated by the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). We found a good agreement between both datasets with a mean bias of 6 ppb (average of individual station biases) for both clear-sky and cloudy TROPOMI CO retrievals. Together with the corresponding standard deviation of the individual station biases of 3.8 ppb for clear-sky and 4.0 ppb for cloudy sky, it indicates that the CO data product is already well within the mission requirement.
Nigerian mothers opinion of reminder/recall for immunization

Introduction : Reminder/recall interventions have been shown to improve immunization coverage. The perception of mothers/caregivers may influence the outcome of such interventions. The attitude of Nigerian mothers to reminders/ recalls using cell phones was evaluated. Methods: This was a crosssectional observational study carried out (August to October 2012) on mothers attending the child welfare clinic of the Institute of Child Health, University of Benin, Benin City. The instrument was an interviewer administered questionnaire which sought information on respondents’ access to phones, their ability to read, perception and preference with regard to reminders/ recalls. Results: All 203 mothers had access to a phone although 188 (92.6%) currently owned a phone. Majority of the mothers 163 (80.3%) could read. Of the 203 mothers 127(62.6%) agreed that mothers should be reminded about immunization appointments of their children. Of those who disagreed, most agreed that mothers who forget/did not keep appointments could be reminded. More mothers 126(70.8%) favoured reminders compared to recalls 52 (29.2%) There was no significant difference in the proportion of mothers who preferred telephone calls and those who preferred text messages. Those with post secondary education were more likely to prefer text messages. Conclusion: The mothers studied are favourably disposed to receipt of reminder/ recalls for their children’s immunization appointments. There is good access to telephones among the study population enough to support the use of this technology for a reminder / recall intervention but the use of text messages may be limited by literacy. Key words: Reminder, Recall,Nigerian, Mothers
An ultrasonographic evaluation of foetal head types during second and third trimester of pregnancy at RIMS, RAIPUR,CHHATTISGARH

Among foetuses of different population, mesocephalic, brachycephalic and hyperbrachycephalic heads have been frequent. The present research was conducted to study various head types and its distribution among foetuses after first trimester up to full term of pregnancy by ultrasonography at RIMS,RAIPUR. Brachycephalic (5.2%) head was more frequent than hyperbrachycephalic (3.2%) during first four weeks of second trimester. During 16.1-20 weeks of gestational age, brachycephalic head type (6.4%) predominated over mesocephalic and hyperbrachycephalic. Mesocephalic head (4%) ranked next to brachycephalic (5.2%) during 20.1-24 weeks. But during 24.1-32 weeks, mesocephalic head predominated over brachycephalic head. During subsequent age interval, brachycephalic type (17.2%) outnumbered mesocephalic type (10.4%) and continued to dominate (11.2%) over mesocephalic head (2.8%) up to full term. Overall, brachycephalic foetal head type constituted the major chunk (54%; CI 82.11 ± 1.39) followed by mesocephalic (33.6%; CI 77.88 ± 1.36) and hyperbrachycehalic head (8.4%; CI 86.67 ± 1.16). Dolichocephalic head was noted to be the least (4%; CI 73.2 ± 3.16) among the foetuses during 12.1 – 40 weeks of gestation. The present study concluded that the commonest type foetal skull was brachycephalic followed by mesocephalic whereas dolichocephalic was the least common type in RAIPUR,CHHATTISGARH.
Skill‐Biased Technological Change and Wage Inequality: Evidence from a Plant Retooling1

One of the most popular explanations for the increased wage inequality that has occurred since the late 1970s is that technological change has resulted in a downward shift in the demand for low‐skill workers. This pattern is also alleged to account for the growth in racial inequality in wages over the same period. This article reports on a case study of the retooling of a food processing plant. A unique, longitudinal, multimethod design reveals the nature of the technological change, the changes in job requirements, and the mechanisms by which the changes affect the wage distribution for hourly production workers. This research finds that, indeed, the retooling resulted in greater wage dispersion and that the changes have also been associated with greater racial inequality in wages. However, contrary to the claims of advocates of the skill‐bias hypothesis, organizational and human resources factors strongly mediated the impact of the changing technology. Absent these “high road” organizational choices, this impact on wage distribution would have been even more extreme.
Dramatic polarization in genitourinary expert opinions regarding the clinical utility of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in prostate cancer

ABSTRACT Objectives: To ascertain the opinions of North American genitourinary (GU) experts regarding inclusion of technologies such as prostate - specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and C – 11 choline positron emission tomography (PET) into routine practice. Materials and Methods: A survey was distributed to North American GU experts. Questions pertained to the role of PSMA and C – 11 PET in PCa management. Participants were categorized as “supporters” or “opponents” of incorporation of novel imaging techniques. Opinions were correlated with practice patterns. Results: Response rate was 54% and we analyzed 42 radiation oncologist respondents. 17 participants (40%) have been in practice for > 20 years and 38 (90%) practice at an academic center. 24 (57%) were supporters of PSMA and 29 (69%) were supporters of C – 11. Supporters were more likely to treat pelvic nodes (88% vs. 56%, p < 01) and trended to be more likely to treat patients with moderate or extreme hypofractionation (58% vs. 28%, p = 065). Supporters trended to be more likely to offer brachytherapy boost (55% vs. 23%, p = 09), favor initial observation and early salvage over adjuvant radiation (77% vs. 55%, p = 09), and to consider themselves expert brachytherapists (69% vs. 39%, p = 09). Conclusions: There is a polarization among GU radiation oncology experts regarding novel imaging techniques. A correlation emerged between support of novel imaging and adoption of treatment approaches that are clinically superior or less expensive. Pre - existing biases among GU experts on national treatment - decision panels and leaders of cooperative group studies may affect the design of future studies and influence the adoption of these technologies in clinical practice.
Enhancing Engineers' Contributions to Global Society

Engineering is often perceived as a technology-driven profession, rather than one that is capable of successfully applying scientific principles to address key societal challenges. Over the past five years, Engineers Without Borders (Canada) (hereafter, EWB) has been working in collaboration with engineering faculties across Canada to address the acknowledged weaknesses in engineering graduates by focusing on developing “Global Engineers”: engineers with the breadth of thinking necessary to tackle the world's most complex problems. This paper outlines EWB’s Global Engineering concept, which was developed in consultation with engineering students, professors, and practitioners, and links to existing definitions of Global Engineering, to emerging trends in engineering practice and to the continually evolving needs of industry. A four-year curriculum enhancement framework is also introduced as a potential means of encouraging broader thinking in engineering undergraduates. EWB’s framework outlines a learning progression that can be incorporated into any engineering discipline, and allows for the integration of curriculum resources that encourage outside-the-box thinking and the development of nuanced problem-solving abilities. Finally, this paper will present our best practices in two case studies that clearly illustrate EWB’s approach to curriculum enhancement. By fusing both technical and non-technical concepts, allowing them to be taught in parallel in a single class, our resources intellectually engage both technically-driven and socially-minded students, and are carefully structured to aid faculty members in classroom delivery.
OCCURRENCES OF FOITITE AND ROSSMANITE FROM THE KOKTOKAY NO. 3 GRANITIC PEGMATITE DYKE, ALTAI, NORTHWESTERN CHINA: A RECORD OF HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS

Deux especes de tourmaline contenant des lacunes au site X, la foitite et la rossmanite, se trouvent dans le filon de pegmatite granitique de Koktokay No. 3, region de l'Altai, dans le secteur nord-ouest de la Chine. Des cristaux de foitite-schorl remplissent les interstices parmi les cristaux de dravite ferrifere dans la zone endocontact entre cette pegmatite a spodumene et l'encaissant metagabbroique. L'evolution de ces cristaux de tourmaline a eu lieu en deux etapes. La premiere a implique la formation de dravite ferrifere avec des compositions variables decrites selon les schemas de substitution suivants: X Na Y + Z R( X □ Y + Z Al) - 1 , Y + Z ROH( Y + Z AlO) - 1 , et X Ca Y + Z R 2 (□ Y + Z Al 2 ) - 1 (dans lesquels Y + Z R = Fe t o t + Mg + Mn + Zn). La foitite-schorl du second stade montre des compositions variant selon Fe(Mg) - 1 , X Na Y + Z R( X □ Y + Z Al) - 1 , Y + Z ROH( Y + Z AlO) - 1 et, a un degre moindre, X Ca Y + Z R 2 (□ Y + Z Al 2 ) - 1 . La dravite semble s'etre developpee a partir de fluides derives de la pegmatite, en reaction avec des fluides derives des roches encaissantes, tandis que la formation de la serie foitite-schorl serait plutot attribuee a des fluides derives de la pegmatite, l'incidence de la foitite etant plutot due a la faible concentration du Ca et du Na dans la phase fluide. Dans la zone a "cleavelandite" - spodumene, la rossmanite se presente en veinules dans la masse principale d'elbaite, et fait preuve d'une orientation preferentielle. La variation dans sa composition serait aussi due a deux stades. Au premier, les variations en composition de l'elbaite sont attribuables au schema de substitution X □ Y Al[ X Na Y (Fe,Mn)] - 1 , tandis qu'au second stade, les fluctuations mineures en composition de la rossmanite seraient regies par le schema de substitution Y AlO 2 [ Y Li(OH) 2 ] - 1 . Le taux eleve de lacunes au site X de l'elbaite pourrait resulter de l'effet tampon a cause d'une phase sodique coexistante, tandis que la formation de la rossmanite serait probablement due a une deficience locale en Na et Ca dans la phase fluide tardive.
GASEOUS EMISSIONS IN THE RAISING OF FATTENING PIGS ON FULLY SLATTED-FLOOR OR ON STRAW-BASED DEEP LITTER

Introduction Gaseous emissions from agriculture contribute to a number of environmental effects. Ammonia emissions are responsible of soil acidification and eutrophication. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are greenhouse gases taking part to the global problem of climate change. The global warming potential (GWP) is estimated to 21 for methane and 310 for nitrous oxide times the GWP of CO2 (Billiard, 1998). Gaseous emissions from livestock houses are dependant from the housing and floor systems. Very few experiments have compared in standardized conditions gaseous emissions according to floor systems. The aim of the study was to compare emissions from a pig house with weaned pigs either on a fully slatted floor or on a deep litter.
A SIMULATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROBUSTNESS OF SMART GRID NETWORKS AND A SUMMARY OF THE SECURITY ASPECTS by SARAH MARIE KUBLER

The need for reliable and quick communication in the power grid is growing and becoming more critical. With the Smart Grid initiative, an increasing number of intelligent devices, such as smart meters and new sensors, are being added to the grid. The traffic demand on the communications network increases as these new devices are being added. This can cause issues such as longer delay, dropped packets, and equipment failure. The power grid relies on this data to function properly. The power grid will lose reliability and will not be able to provide customers with power unless it has correct and timely data. The current communications network architecture needs to be evaluated and improved. In this thesis, a simulator program is developed to study the communications network. The simulation model is written in C++ and models the components of the communications network. The simulation results provide insight on how to design the communications network in order for the system to be robust from failures. We are using the simulator to study different topologies of the communications network. The communications network often has a simular topology to the power grid. This is because of right-a-ways and ownership of equipment. Modifying the topology of the communications network slightly can improve the performance of the network. Security of the communications network is a very important aspect. There is a risk of successful attacks on the communications network without the implementation of security protocols. Attacks can come from malicious users of the communications network or from entities outside the network. These attacks may lead to damaged equipment, loss of power to consumers, network overload, loss of data, and loss of privacy. This thesis presents a short overview of the major issues related to the security of the communications network. The department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) at Kansas State University (K-State) is working on developing a Smart Grid lab. Burns and McDonnell has collaborated with the ECE department at K-State to develop the Smart Grid Lab. This lab will be located inside of the ECE department. The lab will consist of both power grid equipment and network communication equipment. This thesis describes similar labs. It then describes the initial plan for the lab, which is currently in the planning stage.
Geochemistry and EPR of cassiterites from the Iberian Hercynian Massif

Abstract This paper is based on microprobe analysis (Ta, Nb, Fe, Mn, Ti, W, Sn) and Fe3+ EPR spectra of cassiterite samples from 14 tin deposits from the Iberian Hercynian Massif. The intelpretation of microprobe data, atomic ratios (Fe+Mn)/(Nb+Ta), and Fe3+ EPR spectra reveal that the coupled substitution: 3Sn4+ = (Fe,Mn)2+ + 2(Nb,Ta)5+ is dominant in cassiterites from pegmatites, and high-temperature quartz veins and in the dark zones of cassiterites. The mechanisms: 2Sn4+ = Fe3+ + (Nb,Ta)5+ and Sn4+ + O2- = Fe3+ + OH- are dominant in those from medium-low temperature quartz veins and in the light zones of cassiterites.