Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Racializing Gender: Public Opinion at the Intersection

Efforts to understand the political implications of categorical prejudices—like racism and sexism—are complicated by the intersectional nature of social groups. Evaluating attitudes toward members of a single social category (e.g., African-Americans) in isolation can produce misleading conclusions, as racial cues commonly coincide with gender cues and create meaningful subgroups (McConnaughy and White 2014). The idea that different subgroups of women experience distinctive forms of discrimination is reflected in the concept of “double jeopardy. ” Double jeopardy suggests that black and Hispanic women experience discrimination differently from white women or men of color because they simultaneously belong to a low-status gender group and a low-status racial/ethnic group (King 1988; Levin et al. 2002; cf. Sidanius and Veniegas 2000). As a result, women who are racial or ethnic minorities face a cumulative discrimination that extends beyond racism or sexism alone (King 1988; Purdie-Vaughns and Eibach 2008).
OPTIMIZED PRODUCTION OF XYLANASE FROM FUNGAL STRAINS AND ITS PURIFICATION STRATEGIES

A study to optimize the activity and productivity of xylanase from xylanase- producing strains of fungi Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei was conducted as well as its purification strategy. In general, solid state fermentation (SSF) in which the ratio of solid wheat bran to water was 1 : 7 (12.5% w/v solid) gave higher enzyme activity than submerged fermentation (1% w/v solid). In all incubation conditions, although cellulase activity was also found in the crude cell extract, its value was much lower than xylanase activity. pH was found to play a very important role in enzyme purification using ion exchange chromatography. CM-Toyopearl, a weak cation exchanger, gave nearly a 100 % adsorption at pH range of 4 to 5, with maximum adsorption at pH 4.5. Using this chromatography column, a 10 times increase of the specific activity of xylanase and a total recovery of 81% were obtained. By SDS-PAGE, the molecular weight was determined to be 27 kDa. No cellulase activity was found in this purified xylanase fraction.
The acquisition of coda consonants by Catalan and Spanish children: Effects of prominence and frequency of exposure

Abstract One of the challenges of child language research is to identify the relevant factors that play a role in the acquisition course of a particular linguistic feature. This article analyzes the role of stress, word position, and word length in the acquisition of coda consonants by Catalan and Spanish children. The fact that the two languages differ substantially in their coda distribution (e.g., stressed word-final codas are more frequent in Catalan than in Spanish) will allow us to test the potential effects of coda distribution in the target language on early coda production. Sixteen Catalan-dominant and Spanish-dominant two-year-olds from the Barcelona area participated in two elicitation tasks with both novel and familiar words of different phonological shapes. Coda productions were assessed in stressed vs. unstressed syllables, in word-medial vs. word-final syllables, and in monosyllables vs. polysyllables. Results showed that the distributional difference between coda consonants in the two languages has crucial effects on the children's coda production. That is, Catalan-dominant children produce significantly more stressed word-final codas than Spanish-dominant children. This result lends support to the idea that when prominence is held equal, as in a controlled experiment, there are still crosslinguistic differences in coda production that are consistent with the frequency distribution of coda consonants in the respective languages, which means that children are very closely attuned to the frequency patterns of prosodic structure in the input language and are aware of their specific distributions across the lexicon.
Effects of grape pomace and vitamin E on performance, antioxidant status, immune response, gut morphology and histopathological responses in broiler chickens

We investigated the effects of grape pomace (GP) and vitamin E on the performance, antioxidant status, immune response, gut morphology and histopathological responses in broiler chickens. Two hundred and fifty male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were allocated to five dietary treatments (50 birds/treatment) in a completely randomized design. The experimental diets were as follows: i) Control corn-soybean meal diet (C); ii) C + Vitamin E (200 mg/kg of α-tocopherol acetate); iii) The diet containing 5%GP; iv) The diet containing 7.5% GP; v) The diet containing 10% GP. No differences were found in performance of the experimental birds. Birds fed 7.5% GP showed a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidise (GSH-Px) activity and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) at 42 days (d) of age in the control and 7.5% GP fed groups were lower than others. The primary IgM concentration of birds fed 10% GP was higher than the birds fed the control diet, the vitamin E supplemented diet or the diet containing 5% GP. The secondary titer against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was increased significantly in the birds fed 10% GP and the secondary IgG concentration of birds fed 10% GP was higher than the birds fed the control diet and the diets containing 5% or 7.5% GP. In duodenum part of small intestine, villus height/crypt depth ratio and muscularis thickness were decreased. The results of the present study suggest that the inclusion of up to 10% GP in diets did not adversely affect broiler chickens’ performance and improved the antioxidant and immune responses of broiler chickens.Keywords: Glutathione peroxidise, polyphenol, poultry, red blood cells α-tocopherol acetate, sheep, superoxide dismutase
Dioscorea alata L. Reduces Body Weight by Reducing Food Intake and Fasting Blood Glucose Level

Aims: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes may be most likely linked to obesity and its prevalence appears to have increased as the prevalence of obesity increased. Dioscorea alata L. has been observed to possess flavonoids which induce antidiabetic effect and phenolic compounds which could help in weight management. It has been postulated that any therapeutic regimes that can limit weight gain while simultaneously controlling blood glucose levels will be effective in managing diabetes. This study was conducted to determine the effect of this rich plant on food intake, blood glucose and body weight in a normal non- diabetic state. Materials and Methods: The tuber was washed and the edible portion was dried at 50oC, powdered, passed through 60 mesh sieve (BS), the powder was extracted with hot (70oC) distilled water in a mechanical shaker for 24 h, filtered and freeze dried to yield aqueous extract. Twenty male wistar rats were used for this study; the rats were randomly assigned into five groups of five rats per group. Rats in group 1 served as
Variability in L2 English pronunciation examined through the prism of phonetic imitation

The paper is concerned with the imitation of vowel duration and quality upon exposure to native and non-native English speech. The participants were Polish learners of English recruited at the University of Lodz. The study aimed to determine whether the extent of phonetic imitation may be influenced by the model talker being a native or a non-native speaker of English and whether different imitation strategies may explain some of the variability in L2 speech. The results of the study suggest that phonetic imitation may account for some of the variability in L2 pronunciation and that the native/non-native status of the model talker may have a bearing on the direction of convergence. It was also found that the magnitude of imitation may depend on the degree to which a given L2 feature functions in the learners’ interlanguage. 1. Variability in L2 pronunciation The fact that there exist considerable distinctions between the L2 pronunciation of speakers with different native languages is well documented in SLA literature and appears to be closely linked to differences in perception. According to Native Language Magnet Model (Kuhl 2000), the representations of native sounds in our brains act like ‘perceptual magnets’ for L2 phones that bear resemblance to the L1 sounds. Perceptual Assimilation Model (Best 1995) and Speech Learning Model (Flege 1993) propose that the perception of an L2 phone involves comparing the sound with all sounds in the L1 system of the speaker. Indeed, the fact that the perception of a given sound depends on the listener’s native language was confirmed in a number of studies, e.g. Brown (2000), Fox et al. (1995), Iverson et http://dx.doi. org/10.18778/8088-065-8.08
Muscle Fiber Characteristics and Their Relationship to Water Holding Capacity of Longissimus dorsi Muscle in Brahman and Charolais Crossbred Bulls

Muscle fiber characteristics and their relationship to water-holding capacity of longissimus dorsi (ld) muscle were studied in Brahman (BRA) and Charolais (CHA) crossbred bulls fattened under practical farm conditions. Thirty-four BRA and 34 CHA bulls were randomly selected and slaughtered at 500, 550 and 600 kg live weight. Parameters of water-holding capacity such as drip, ageing, thawing, cooking and grilling loss were determined. Muscle fiber characteristics were conducted for muscle fiber type percentage and cross-sectional areas of slow- and fast-twitch fiber types, and correlation coefficients to water-holding capacity parameters were calculated. Results showed that CHA meat had a better water-holding capacity (less ageing, thawing and grilling loss) when compared with BRA, whereas slaughter weights had no significant effects on these parameters. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between genotypes and slaughter weights in muscle fiber type percentage and cross-sectional areas of ld muscle. Slow- and fast-twitch fiber types of all experimental groups averaged 24.4 and 75.6%, respectively. Cross-sectional areas of fast-twitch fibers had almost twice the size of slow-twitch fibers (6,721 and 3,713 μm 2 , respectively). The correlation between muscle fiber area and water-holding capacity indicated that muscles with larger fiber areas had a lower drip and ageing loss but a higher cooking and grilling loss.
Randomized controlled trial comparing dynamic compression plate versus intramedullary interlocking nail for management of humeral shaft fractures

Background: The optimal method of humeral shaft fracture fixation remains debatable. With the dramatic success of intramedullary fixation for fractures of the femur and tibia, there was speculation that IM-ILN might be more appropriate for humeral shaft fractures than DCP. Objectives: To compare the fixation of fracture shaft of humerus with interlocking nail and dynamic compression plate in terms of duration of operating time, amount of blood loss, rate of infection, pain at the fracture site, time to achieve union, functional outcome (DASH score) and complications of surgery. Methods: This was randomised control trial study. All patients with fractures of shaft of humerus that met the criteria for operative interventions presenting to the Department of Orthopaedics, BPKIHS in the study period and giving informed consent were included in the study. Sample size was taken 30 in each group. Results: The usual mode of injury in both the groups were road traffiic accident followed by fall from height, work place injury. The operating time for nailing was 100 mins with standard deviation of 11.24 while that of humerus plating was 90.25 with standard deviation 15.6. The mean blood loss in nail group was 148.75 with standard deviation of 36.70 while that in plate group was 205.00 with standard deviation of 45.60. Post operative hospital stay was similar in both groups with mean stay of 4.5 days. DASH was significantly higher in plating group at 6,12,18 and 24 weeks follow up. This showed better functional outcome in nailing group. Conclusion: Dynamic compression plating is better than interlocking nail for fracture shaft of humerus. Keywords : shaft of humerus; interlocking nail; plate fixation DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3126/hren.v9i2. 4974 Health Renaissance 2011: Vol.9 (No.2): 61-66
PATHOGENESIS AND INFECTIVITY POTENTIAL OF WHITE SPOT SYNDROME VIRUS (WSSV) IN LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection is one of the most virulent pathogenic and divesting viruses of the cultured penaeid shrimps. In this attempt, we have analyzed the pathogenesis and infectivity potential of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in Litopenaeus vannamei. Transmission electron microscopic study revealed that, the presence of WSSV particles in the gill cells with pyknotic nuclei. Occasionally, two nucleocapsids within one envelope were also present amongst single enveloped nucleocapsids. A long rodshaped structure that could reach 250 nm in length was present in the nuclei of some infected cells. Further, gill tissue samples collected from all the experimental shrimp were positive by one-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR), confirmed the severe WSSV infection on the shrimps. The experimental work fastest mortality was observed through the ingestion than water borne mode if infection. The water-borne mode caused the 100% cumulative mortality on 29th day, 21th day and17th day in tanks with 5, 10 and 15 L. vannamei, respectively. The ingestion mode caused the 100% mortality by the 22th day, 17th day and14th day in tanks with 5, 10 and 15 L. vannamei respectively.
Social Interaction and Child Learning and Language: The Effects of Multimedia Technology

Manzanares, Brian (M.A., SLP; Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences) Social Interaction and Child Language and Learning: The Effects of Multimedia Technology Thesis directed by Dr. Pui Fong Kan Introduction: In recent years, clinicians from several fields (including Speech-Language Pathology) have used multimedia technologies to provide specialized services to clients. The purpose of this master’s thesis is to explore the effects of using videoconferencing to collect language samples from young children using the story retelling task (SRT). In an SRT, children are told a story and are asked to retell the story to a naïve listener. The research questions ask whether face-to-face (FTF) and videoconferencing (VC) administrations of the SRT result in different language samples (Question 1), learning of novel words (Question 2), or task administration (Question 3). Methods: Using a within-subjects design, six children, ages 3;0 – 5;11, were given the SRT in both FTF and VC conditions. For Question 1 (Q1), three language measures were taken from the resulting language transcripts. For Question 2 (Q2), children were tested on novel/target and control words before and after the SRT in both conditions to test for word learning. For Question 3 (Q3), FTF and VC administrations of the SRT were measured for length of time, total number of words spoken by the child, and total number of prompts given by the examiner. Results: In response to Q1, the statistical analyses did not reveal significant differences between FTF and VC conditions. The children were shown to learn significantly more novel/target words than control words. However, no significant differences were revealed between the two conditions in the amount of words learned (Q2). Finally, there were no Multimedia Technology And Child Learning iv significant differences between FTF and VC conditions in any of the task administration variables (Q3). Conclusions: In all three questions, there were no differences discovered between FTF and VC administrations of the SRT. However, children learned new words across both learning conditions. As a result, this study provides evidence that the two conditions are comparable when administering the SRT to typically developing young children. Despite these preliminary findings, more research is needed to verify whether similar results would be found with young children with communication challenges.
THE COMPLEX STRUCTURE OF STARS IN THE OUTER GALACTIC DISK AS REVEALED BY PAN-STARRS1

We present a panoptic view of the stellar structure in the Galactic disk's outer reaches commonly known as the Monoceros Ring, based on data from Pan-STARRS1. These observations clearly show the large extent of the stellar overdensities on both sides of the Galactic disk, extending between b = −25° and b = +35° and covering over 130° in Galactic longitude. The structure exhibits a complex morphology with both stream-like features and a sharp edge to the structure in both the north and the south. We compare this map to mock observations of two published simulations aimed at explaining such structures in the outer stellar disk, one postulating an origin as a tidal stream and the other demonstrating a scenario where the disk is strongly distorted by the accretion of a satellite. These morphological comparisons of simulations can link formation scenarios to observed structures, such as demonstrating that the distorted-disk model can produce thin density features resembling tidal streams. Although neither model produces perfect agreement with the observations—the tidal stream predicts material at larger distances that is not detected while in the distorted disk model, the midplane is warped to an excessive degree—future tuning of the models to accommodate these latest data may yield better agreement.
Change-Point Detection Using the Conditional Entropy of Ordinal Patterns

This paper is devoted to change-point detection using only the ordinal structure of a time series. A statistic based on the conditional entropy of ordinal patterns characterizing the local up and down in a time series is introduced and investigated. The statistic requires only minimal a priori information on given data and shows good performance in numerical experiments. By the nature of ordinal patterns, the proposed method does not detect pure level changes but changes in the intrinsic pattern structure of a time series and so it could be interesting in combination with other methods.
An Introduction to Lazy Cops and Robbers on Graphs

Summary Cops and Robbers is a classic pursuit—evasion game played on graphs. A new variant, Lazy Cops and Robbers, allows only one cop to move at a time, making the game’s mechanics more akin to chess. We investigate and describe a few examples, showing that on some graphs lazy cops can be as effective as ordinary cops, but on other graphs they are not (and sometimes they are much worse). Some examples are based on the cops and robber moving like particular chess pieces. We also mention related results and pose some open problems.
Effects of Nitrogen Deposition and Seasonality on Fungal and Bacterial Abundance in Alpine Soil

Increasing levels of reactive nitrogen (N) deposition have been shown to affect bacterial and fungal abundances in soils across a wide variety of terrestrial ecosystems, potentially influencing stabilization of excess inorganic N and associated detrimental ecological effects. However, few studies have investigated these changes in sensitive alpine systems or considered potential seasonal variation in microbial abundance. In the present study, soil samples were collected periodically throughout the course of a single growing season from plots subjected to long-term experimental N additions located in an alpine tundra dry meadow community on Niwot Ridge, Colorado. To examine recovery potential of plots impacted by long-term elevated N deposition, half of each experimental plot stopped receiving N treatment in 2007. Fungal to bacterial ratio (fungi:bacteria) was measured to estimate potential N leaching and destabilization of soil microbial communities due to increased N deposition. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis was used on bulked soil samples to quantify both the effects of chronic N amendment on fungi:bacteria and recovery potential of fungi:bacteria in those same soils following cessation of N additions. Fungi:bacteria was found to change differently in response to N addition at different points during the growing season, driven primarily by changes in fungal abundance, with a decreased fungi:bacteria during the early growing season, no change to fungi:bacteria during the late growing season, and an increased fungi:bacteria during senescence. An overall decrease in microbial biomass with N addition was also observed, independent of growing season. The decrease in fungi:bacteria during the early season had a greater magnitude than the increase in fungi:bacteria during the late season, possibly inhibiting this community’s ability to act as an N sink overall. Additionally, there was no indication of recovery of microbial biomass from cessation of the N treatment after 7 years, indicating that the lowered capacity of the soil to stabilize inorganic N due to both the decrease in overall microbial biomass and fungi:bacteria may persist even if N deposition rates decrease to previous levels. These results suggest that increasing N deposition will be a significant factor driving changes in microbial abundance and fungi:bacteria in alpine tundra soils, possibly leading to long-term destabilization of alpine soil microbial communities and inorganic N storage.
FTIR Spectroscopic Study of Biogenic Mn-Oxide Formation by Pseudomonas putida GB-1

Biomineralization in heterogeneous aqueous systems results from a complex association between pre-existing surfaces, bacterial cells, extracellular biomacromolecules, and neoformed precipitates. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used in several complementary sample introduction modes (attenuated total reflectance [ATR], diffuse reflectance [DRIFT], and transmission) to investigate the processes of cell adhesion, biofilm growth, and biological Mn-oxidation by Pseudomonas putida strain GB-1. Distinct differences in the adhesive properties of GB-1 were observed upon Mn oxidation. No adhesion to the ZnSe crystal surface was observed for planktonic GB-1 cells coated with biogenic MnO x , whereas cell adhesion was extensive and a GB-1 biofilm was readily grown on ZnSe, CdTe, and Ge crystals prior to Mn-oxidation. IR peak intensity ratios reveal changes in biomolecular (carbohydrate, phosphate, and protein) composition during biologically catalyzed Mn-oxidation. In situ monitoring via ATR-FTIR of an active GB-1 biofilm and DRIFT data revealed an increase in extracellular protein (amide I and II) during Mn(II) oxidation, whereas transmission mode measurements suggest an overall increase in carbohydrate and phosphate moieties. The FTIR spectrum of biogenic Mn oxide comprises Mn-O stretching vibrations characteristic of various known Mn oxides (e.g., “acid” birnessite, romanechite, todorokite), but it is not identical to known synthetic solids, possibly because of solid-phase incorporation of biomolecular constituents. The results suggest that, when biogenic MnO x accumulates on the surfaces of planktonic cells, adhesion of the bacteria to other negatively charged surfaces is hindered via blocking of surficial proteins.