Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ocular problems in low-income and minority children.

PURPOSE To report the prevalence rates of screen failures for uncorrected refractive error, abnormal or excessive levels of hyperopia, problems in binocular vision, and deficiency of near point acuity as related to age and ethnicity in children. METHODS Vision screening tests were administered to 9,743 African-American, Hispanic, and white children aged 6 to 11 years in the Kansas City (United States) metropolitan area. Screening was performed by health professions students using HOTV charts for refractive errors, hyperopia, and near point acuity and a Random Dot E test for binocular vision. Children were screened in their elementary schools, located in primarily poor, urban neighborhoods. The main outcome measure was pass/fail outcomes from screenings, with confirmation of screen fails by licensed health care professionals. RESULTS For African-American children, 14.1% failed one or more vision screening tests. The corresponding screen failure rates for Hispanic and white children were 14.2% and 11.0%, respectively. There were significant differences in screening failure rates as a function of age and ethnicity, depending on the specific test. The highest rates of screen failures occurred in the 9 to 11 year old age range. CONCLUSIONS Vision screening failures were frequently associated with age and ethnicity. Screening performed by health professions students can successfully identify potential visual problems at rates similar to those reported in studies using more complex, sophisticated testing performed by specially trained individuals.
Metacognition and Cognition in Inpatient MCT and CBT for Comorbid Anxiety Disorders: A Study of Within-Person Effects

Psychotherapists have long questioned what mediating processes are linked to outcome of psychotherapy. Few studies examining this question have assessed within-person changes in the process outcome relationship over time. The present study examined changes in cognition and metacognition over the course of therapy using a dataset from a randomized controlled trial comparing Metacognitive therapy (MCT) and Cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT). The sample included 74 patients measured on process and symptom instruments weekly throughout therapy. Multilevel longitudinal models (sessions nested within patients) were used to examine the relationship between metacognition, cognition, and anxiety. Main effects of metacognition and cognition on anxiety and the interaction with treatment, as well as the reciprocal relationships, were investigated. The results indicate a main effect of both cognitions and metacognitions on predicting anxiety. However, there was no interaction with treatment condition. The reciprocal relationship of anxiety on metacognitions was larger in MCT compared with CBT. This is the first study documenting within-person effects of both cognitions and metacognitions on anxiety over the course of therapy. Implications for therapy are discussed.
Shigella reroutes host cell central metabolism to obtain high-flux nutrient supply for vigorous intracellular growth

Significance Shigella causes devastating bloody diarrhea. Rapid disease progression results from exceptionally fast Shigella growth inside human gut epithelial cells, but how Shigella can obtain nutrients at such high rates from its host cell has been unclear. Here, we show that infected host cells maintain normal central metabolism for energy production and host cell survival. However, Shigella captures the entire host metabolism output and degrades it further to acetate. This striking strategy provides Shigella with an abundant supply of a favorable energy source, while preserving host cell viability for prolonged exploitation. The crucial role of acetate metabolism for Shigella growth suggests potential new targets for antimicrobial chemotherapy. Shigella flexneri proliferate in infected human epithelial cells at exceptionally high rates. This vigorous growth has important consequences for rapid progression to life-threatening bloody diarrhea, but the underlying metabolic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we used metabolomics, proteomics, and genetic experiments to determine host and Shigella metabolism during infection in a cell culture model. The data suggest that infected host cells maintain largely normal fluxes through glycolytic pathways, but the entire output of these pathways is captured by Shigella, most likely in the form of pyruvate. This striking strategy provides Shigella with an abundant favorable energy source, while preserving host cell ATP generation, energy charge maintenance, and survival, despite ongoing vigorous exploitation. Shigella uses a simple three-step pathway to metabolize pyruvate at high rates with acetate as an excreted waste product. The crucial role of this pathway for Shigella intracellular growth suggests targets for antimicrobial chemotherapy of this devastating disease.
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate in cystoprostatectomy specimens removed for bladder cancer

The prostate glands of 84 men undergoing cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer were examined by whole‐mount sections at 4‐mm to 5‐mm intervals to identify unsuspected prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa). Of 72 white patients with entirely normal digital rectal examinations (DRE), 33 (46%) were found to have PCa, including 12 (17%) who had a Gleason score of 6 or greater and seven (10%) who had penetration through the prostatic capsule. These observations are consistent with previous studies in autopsy populations but allow a more appropriate comparison with morphologic data generated from radical prostatectomy specimens. If these data can be extended to the age‐matched general population, treatment at a 1% mortality rate for all white men 60 to 74 years of age with a PCa with a Gleason score of 6 or greater could cause between 6190 and 30,951 deaths, in contrast to 7335 deaths expected from the cancer. These data stress the need for a control group in a study designed to evaluate the benefit of early diagnosis and treatment of PCa.
Regulation of Osteoblast Differentiation by Pasteurella Multocida Toxin (PMT): A Role for Rho GTPase in Bone Formation

The role of the Rho‐Rho kinase signaling pathway on osteoblast differentiation was investigated using primary mouse calvarial cells. The bacterial toxin PMT inhibited, whereas Rho‐ROK inhibitors stimulated, osteoblast differentiation and bone nodule formation. These effects correlated with altered BMP‐2 and −4 expression. These data show the importance of Rho‐ROK signaling in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.
MAINTAINING THE IDENTITY OF BILINGUAL INDIVIDUALS IN MULTICULTURAL/MULTILINGUAL SETTINGS

This paper discusses the ways bilingual people are able to maintain their identity within any multicultural and multilingual environment. As todayâ€™s societies have shown to have more people with varied language/cultural backgrounds, it is interesting to learn how the bilinguals understand and identify themselves despite living in a totally different environment. Data in this paper came from a number of multicultural/multilingual settings for comparison purposes. Findings showed that there have been three major factors contributing to maintain the bilingualsâ€™ identity in a diverse environment including language, family, and peer interaction.
High performance computing and communications program

This panel will discuss the current status of President’s initiative in High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC), and in particuku the programs of several of the agencies participating in this program. The HPCC Program is designed to strengthen and extend U.S. leadership in all scientific and technological areas of high performance computing and computer communications. The Program is being accomplished through the activities of the nine participating agencies. These agencies are collaborating in order to substantially expand and accelerate development of a new generation of computing and communications technologies, tools, facilities and trained personnel over the five-year period from FY92 through FY96. The Program’s goals include: *introducing a new generation of scalable parallel high performance computers and software technologies to achieve performance of one trillion computer calculations per second a thousand times faster than systems in use today on “grand challenge” scientific and engineering application areas. *developing a National Research and Education Network (NREN) connecting thousands of universities, high schools, research laboratories, and businesses at speeds of up to one billion bits of data per second, and *educating a cadre of scientists, engineers, and technical personnel prepared to take advantage of these new capabilities. The Panel will discuss the current status of each agency’s plans and activities in support of the execution of the HPCC Program. Discussion will focus on coordination of activities between Government agencies and laboratories, industrial activities, technology vendors, and universities. Moderator: Ann Hayes, Los Alamos National Laboratory Panelists: Eugene Wong: President’s Office of Science & Technology Policy; Stephen L. Squires: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; David B. Nelson: Department of Energy; Lee Holcomb: National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Nico Habermann: National Science Foundation; Robert Martino: National Institutes of Health; Joan Novak: Environmental Protection Agency; Fred Long: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Francis Sullivan: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Mechanism of Inactivation of Transforming Deoxyribonucleic Acid by X Rays

Transforming deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from Haemophilus influenzae was exposed to X rays either in phosphate buffer or in 10% yeast extract. Relations between determinations of biological inactivation, DNA uptake by competent H. influenzae, integration of DNA into the competent cell genome, and induced single-and double-strand breaks indicate that transforming DNA is inactivated by the direct and the indirect effect of X radiation primarily because integration of DNA is prevented as a result of the production of double-strand breaks.
Dual‐echo ASL contributes to decrypting the link between functional connectivity and cerebral blow flow

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI with a dual‐echo readout module (DE‐ASL) enables noninvasive simultaneous acquisition of cerebral blood flow (CBF)‐weighted images and blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast. Up to date, resting‐state functional connectivity (FC) studies based on CBF fluctuations have been very limited, while the BOLD is still the method most frequently used. The purposes of this technical report were (i) to assess the potentiality of the DE‐ASL sequence for the quantification of resting‐state FC and brain organization, with respect to the conventional BOLD (cvBOLD) and (ii) to investigate the relationship between a series of complex network measures and the CBF information. Thirteen volunteers were scanned on a 3 T scanner acquiring a pseudocontinuous multislice DE‐ASL sequence, from which the concomitant BOLD (ccBOLD) simultaneously to the ASL can be extracted. In the proposed comparison, the brain FC and graph‐theoretical analysis were used for quantifying the connectivity strength between pairs of regions and for assessing the network model properties in all the sequences. The main finding was that the ccBOLD part of the DE‐ASL sequence provided highly comparable connectivity results compared to cvBOLD. As expected, because of its different nature, ASL sequence showed different patterns of brain connectivity and graph indices compared to BOLD sequences. To conclude, the resting‐state FC can be reliably detected using DE‐ASL, simultaneously to CBF quantifications, whereas a single fMRI experiment precludes the quantitative measurement of BOLD signal changes. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5831–5844, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ancient and recent evolutionary history of the bruchid beetle, Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, a cosmopolitan pest of beans

Acanthoscelides obtectus Say is a bruchid species of Neotropical origin, and is specialized on beans of the Phaseolus vulgaris L. group. Since the domestication and diffusion of beans, A. obtectus has become cosmopolitan through human‐mediated migrations and is now a major pest in bean granaries. Using phylogeographic methods applied to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear microsatellite molecular markers, we show that the origin of this species is probably further south than Mesoamerica, as commonly thought. Our results also indicate that A. obtectus and its Mesoamerican sister species Acanthoscelides obvelatus, two morphologically close species differing principally in voltinism, speciated in allopatry: A. obtectus (multivoltine) arising in Andean America and A. obvelatus (univoltine) in Mesoamerica. In contrast to Mesoamerica where beans fruit once yearly, wild beans in Andean America fruit year‐round, especially in regions showing little or no seasonality. In such habitats where resources are continuously present, multivoltinism is adaptive. According to existing hypotheses, multivoltinism in A. obtectus is a new adaptation that evolved after bean domestication. Our data suggest the alternative hypothesis that multivoltinism is an older trait, adapted to exploit the year‐round fruiting of wild beans in relatively aseasonal habitats, and allowed A. obtectus to become a pest in bean granaries. This trait also permitted this species to disperse through human‐mediated migrations associated with diffusion of domesticated beans. We also show that diversity of Old World A. obtectus populations can be quite well explained by a single colonization event about 500 bp. Human‐mediated migrations appear not to be rare, as our results indicate a second more recent migration event from Andean America to Mexico.
Relación entre inversión y resultados deportivos de España y el Reino Unido en los últimos 20 años (1996-2016)

The purpose of this article is to analyze how economic cycles affect investment in Sport Federations and their international sport results. This study analyzes the models of Spain and the United Kingdom to establish a starting point for change and to identify a model to follow. A sample ofthe Olympic games during the last 20 years of both countries was taking (Sidney 2000; Athens 2004; Beijing 2008; London 2012 and Rio 2016). The results show how Spain has been decreasing public investment in sports since the crisis, although maintaining its sport results. This shows an improvement of public resources and its own resources. UK shows a much stronger economic recovery, which has boosted its sports results as it has almost double the medal number in the post crisis period. There is a greater effectiveness and efficiency of the UK model that needs to send less than half Olympic athletes to get excellent results, generating a medal cost per inhabitant 50% lower than Spain.
Structural and functional comparison of HDL from homologous human plasma and follicular fluid. A model for extravascular fluid.

In the preovulatory period, follicular fluid contains only HDL. Biochemical characterization of such lipoproteins showed that follicular fluid HDLs were cholesterol-poor particles compared with serum HDLs, whereas the amount of phospholipids, expressed as percent weight, was significantly higher in follicular fluid HDLs (28.5%) than in serum HDLs (25.0%, P < .05). The amount of apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV per apo A-I was significantly higher in follicular fluid than in serum (0.77 versus 0.58 mg/g apo A-I, P < .02). To explore the role of HDLs as cholesterol acceptors in physiological media, we compared the ability of either whole human follicular fluids or homologous sera to promote cellular cholesterol efflux using Fu5AH rat hepatoma cells. At equivalent concentrations of HDL cholesterol in follicular fluid and in serum, t1/2 values for cholesterol efflux were in the same range. In addition, estimated maximal efflux values were not significantly different in follicular fluid and serum (45.9% and 49.6%, respectively), as were K(m) values (0.064 and 0.071 mmol/L HDL cholesterol respectively). In addition, isolated HDLs displayed the same capacity to promote cellular cholesterol efflux in both media. Thus, the kinetics and dose-response data between these two physiological media showed that HDLs play the major role in cellular cholesterol efflux. The rate of cholesterol esterification, as measured in the presence of cells, was significantly higher in follicular fluid than in serum at constant HDL cholesterol concentrations, whereas the rate of esterified cholesterol transfer toward added LDL was lower. In contrast, in a cell-free system, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity represented only 26% of that in serum HDL, whereas cholesterol ester transfer protein activities were comparable. In summary, in this particular model, we confirmed the essential role of HDLs as physiological acceptors in the removal of cellular cholesterol.
Determinants of employees’ innovative behavior

This study aims to examine the impact of workplace happiness, coworker support and job stress on employee innovative behavior. The mediating effects of coworker support and job stress are also explored. ,The study uses survey data from 328 employees from different departments in four- and five-star hotels in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Based on an extensive literature review, five main hypotheses were formulated and explored. These were tested through multiple regression analysis using the SPSS Process Macro plugin. ,Workplace happiness is the most significant determinant of employees’ innovative behavior, while coworker support plays a significant mediating role. Contrary to the study hypothesis and assumption, job stress alone is not a significant mediator; it only plays a mediating role when combined with coworker support. ,The sample is from a single sector (hotels) in a single country. Future research would benefit from examining the above relationships in other sectors (such as health and education) in the UAE. It could also explore the validity of these relationships in the tourism/hotels sector of other countries in the Middle East and Gulf regions. ,Few studies have attempted to investigate factors that may promote or impede innovative behavior among employees in the hotels sector, particularly in the UAE. The data, model and findings of this study address this gap and add to the current state of knowledge.
A20 Blocks Endothelial Cell Activation through a NF-κB-dependent Mechanism*

The A20 gene product is a novel zinc finger protein originally described as a tumor necrosis factor α (TNF)-inducible early response gene in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Its described function is to block TNF-induced apoptosis in fibroblasts and B lymphocytes, but more recently it has also been shown to play a role in lymphoid cell maturation. The mechanism of action of A20 is unknown. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of A20 upon endothelial cell activation. By transfecting bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) with A20 as well as reporter constructs consisting of the promoters of genes known to be up-regulated during endothelial cell activation, i.e. E-selectin, interleukin (IL)-8, tissue factor (TF), and inhibitor of nuclear factor κBα (IκBα), we demonstrate that A20 expression inhibits gene up-regulation associated with TNF, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced endothelial cell (EC) activation. The mechanism of action of A20 is in part, or totally, due to the blockade of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), as shown by its ability to suppress the activity of a NF-κB reporter. This effect is specific, as A20 does not block a noninducible, constitutively expressed reporter, Rous sarcoma virus-luciferase (RSV-LUC); nor does it block the c-Tat-inducible, NF-κB-independent reporter, human immunodeficiency virus-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (HIV-CAT). How A20 blocks NF-κB is unclear, although we demonstrate that it does not affect p65 (RelA)-mediated gene transactivation. The inhibition of endothelial cell activation by A20 is a novel function for A20.
Neurotrophins in cultured cells from periodontal tissues.

We review the basic functions of neurotrophins and their receptors and discuss the expression and functions of neurotrophins and their specific receptors based on recent data using cultured cells from human periodontal tissues. Neurotrophins, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) play crucial roles in the differentiation and survival of neural cells. Neurotrophins activate 2 different receptor classes: the tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) family of receptor tyrosine kinases (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC) and the p75 receptor, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Neurotrophins regulate both cell death and cell survival through activations of Trk receptors and/or p75 neurotrophin receptor. It has been reported that neurotrophins are also produced from non-neuronal cells, such as leukocytes, osteoblasts, or fibroblasts, and act in many other ways on non-neuronal cells. Neurotrophin expression during bone fracture healing is especially interesting, and neurotrophins are now implicated in hard tissue regeneration. It is well known that neurotrophins and their receptors are expressed in tooth development. Recent studies have found that neurotrophins and Trk receptors are expressed in mouse osteoblastic cell lines. Human periodontal ligament cells, human gingival fibroblasts, and human gingival keratinocytes expressed mRNA for NGF and TrkA. The secretion of bioactive NGF peptides from human periodontal ligament cells and human gingival keratinocytes was confirmed by bioassay using PC12 cells (rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells). The expression of NGF and TrkA.mRNA was regulated by interleukin (IL)-1beta. NGF increased DNA synthesis and expressions of mRNA for bone-related proteins, alkaline phosphatase, and osteopontin in human periodontal ligament cells. Neurotrophins and Trk receptors expressed in human periodontal tissue may contribute to regeneration as well as innervation of periodontal tissue through local autocrine and paracrine pathways. Recent data suggest that some functions of neurotrophins and Trk receptors relate to periodontal disease and periodontal tissue regeneration. However, in vivo studies will be required to clarify the roles of neurotrophins and their receptors, including p75, in periodontal disease and periodontal tissue regeneration.
Bridging ties in scientific research: the relationship between gender and heterogeneous networks in biomedicine

Drawing on gender biases and differences observed in academic paths, this paper aims to disentangle the gender dimension in biomedical research collaboration networks. We adopt a network approach based on the institutional diversity of actors and the configuration of triads (coordinator, gatekeeper, consultant and liaison) as a source of diverse and non-redundant knowledge. Using data from 1,110 usable responses from a questionnaire administered in 2013 to biomedical scientists and technicians belonging to the Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centres (CIBERs). We control for a number of variables including research group characteristics, individual and organisational factors such as personality traits, motivations and scientific performance. Our early findings show that women form more diverse network triads than men. This result is reinforced when considering the most heterogeneous brokerage open triads (e.g. consultant and liaison). Holding a variety of brokerage roles enhances the intermediation capacity of controlling information flows within research networks and allows women to access non-redundant information resources which can be crucial for knowledge recombination and innovation processes. Gender studies literature on innovation is discussed to conclude with possible policy implications and new research questions.