Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The formation of gold‐rich seafloor sulfide deposits: Evidence from the Beebe hydrothermal vent field, Cayman Trough

The Beebe vent field (BVF) in the Cayman Trough has built an auriferous massive sulfide deposit on the ultraslow spreading mid‐Cayman spreading center. The genesis of auriferous sulfide deposits at mid‐ocean ridges is not fully understood, although there is a growing recognition that slow and ultraslow spreading centers are conducive to gold mineralization. Analysis of hydrothermal precipitates from the BVF indicates that the highest gold contents are present within “beehive diffusers,” which have developed a highly porous pyrrhotite framework. The beehive structure allows vent fluids to effuse slowly while allowing ingress of seawater to cool the fluid. The prevalence of pyrrhotite in the beehive samples, lack of sulfates, association between pyrrhotite and gold grains, and results of thermodynamic modeling suggest gold precipitation occurred under highly reduced conditions even during mixing with seawater. In contrast, high‐temperature chimneys, with a single orifice, maintain high temperatures to the primary vent orifice and much of the gold is lost to seawater. Despite this, both chimney types are relatively gold‐enriched, which points to a further underlying cause for high gold at the BVF such as interaction of hydrothermal fluids with ultramafic lithologies in the basement. The final gold composition of the deposit is partially controlled by loss of gold during mass‐wasting of the material, with gold depletion most prevalent in blocks formed at beehive‐type chimneys. The BVF demonstrates that the overall gold content of a massive sulfide deposit is the sum of basement, precipitation, and surface processes.
IMPACT OF TILLAGE OPERATION ON SOIL PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL AND RHELOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PADDY SOIL

Mari, I. A. , Ji Changying, N. Leghari, F. A. Chandio, Ch. Arslan and M. Hassan. Impact of tillage operation on soil physical, mechanical and rhelogical properties of paddy soil. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 21: 940–946 Laboratory experiment was conducted on paddy soil to determine the effect of tillage operations before and after on soil physical, rheological and mechanical properties. Tillage operations play an important role to change the physical and mechanical properties of the soil. The three soil moisture content levels (27%, 30% and 33%) were used in the study to measure the effect of tillage operation on soil conditions. Results showed that soil bulk density was observed directly proportional to the soil moisture while soil porosity was inversely proportional to the moisture content. It is observed that soil requires more shear stress before tillage operation. Overall results showed that the soil water content has great impact on soil properties. A negative impact of tillage operation was found in soil bulk density and internal friction angle, while decreasing trend was found on porosity, shear stress, penetration resistance after tillage operation significantly (P = < 0.01). Soil water content on rheological parameters (Em, Ek, λm and λk) were found predominantly significant (p = < 0.01).
Does the Social Security Earnings Test Affect Labor Supply and Benefits Receipt?

The Social Security earnings test reduces payments to beneficiaries whose labor income exceeds a given threshold. We investigate the impact of this rule by studying the significant changes in its structure over the past 25 years. We find that the earnings test exerts no robust influence on the labor supply decisions of men, although there is some suggestive evidence for a labor supply response among women. We also find that loosening the earnings test accelerates benefits receipt among the eligible population, lowering benefits levels, and heightening concerns about the standard of living of these elderly at very advanced ages.
An investigation on the effect of advertising corporate social responsibility on building corporate reputation and brand equity

Article history: Received December 1, 2012 Received in revised format 2 March 2013 Accepted 10 March 2013 Available online March 11 2013 Corporate social responsibility (CSR) plays an important role on creating a good image for business owners especially in banking industry. In this paper, we present an empirical survey to measure the impact of CSR on increasing reputation as well as creating brand equity through customer satisfaction. There are five hypotheses in our survey where we examine whether positive perception on bank’s customers on CSR activities influences customer satisfaction, brand equity and firm’s reputation. In addition, we examine whether customer satisfaction, as in intermediate variable, influences the relationship between CSR and bank’s reputation as well as CSR and firm’s brand equity. The proposed study of this paper designs a questionnaire and distributes it among 384 experts who work for an Iranian bank located in city of Tehran, Iran. According to our results, there is a positive impact of CSR on customer satisfaction (β=0.84). In addition, there is a positive relationship between customer satisfaction and firm reputation (β=0.70), and between customer satisfaction and brand equity (β=0.98). However, our survey did not confirm that CSR had any positive impact on corporate reputation or brand equity. © 2013 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
THE STUDY OF SURVIVIN GENE PROMOTER POLYMORPHISM (-31G/C) IN BREAST CANCER IN NORTH WEST OF IRAN

Introduction : Survivin gene, as an apoptosis inhibitor, plays an important role in development of breast cancer. The differential expression of survivin in cancer versus normal adult cells as well as an association between high expression of survivin and aggressive tumors has led to use of survivin as a molecular marker for diagnosis and prognosis of tumors. The underlying mechanism of survivin over expression in cancers is not recognized yet. There is a probability that some polymorphisms in this gene can result in uncontrolled manner of this gene. The C-31G, a widely studied polymorphism in the survivin promoter, could de-repress the cell cycle- dependent transcription of survivin gene, resulting in over expression of survivin . In this hospital- based, case- control study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between the genetic polymorphism of -31G/C, surviving promoter, and breast cancer (BC) in North West of Iran. Methods: In this case–control study, the -31G/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of survivin promoter in peripheral blood samples was collected from 94 breast cancer patients with pathologically confirmed BC and 82 healthy subjects. The data were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and gene sequencing. Results: Statistical analysis showed that within breast cancer patients, genotype frequencies were 50%, 46.8% and 3.2% for -31G/G, -31G/C and -31C/C genotypes respectively, whereas they were 50%, 45.1% and 4.9 % for -31G/G, -31G/C and -31C/C genotypes in healthy individuals. Also the frequencies for -31 C allele were 26% and 27% in the cases and controls respectively. No statistically significant association was found between breast cancer and the variant genotypes (CC and CG). Conclusion: It seems that there was no significant association between -31G/C polymorphism, BC, and clinicopathological characteristics in the population of our study.
Multiscale seismic imaging of the eastern Nankai trough by full waveform inversion

Classical active seismic methods fail to sharply image the earth's deep crust. We present the first crustal‐scale application of 2‐D full waveform inversion based on dense ocean bottom seismic data to investigate the Eastern Nankai subduction system (Japan). This approach allows to quantify seismic velocities up to an unprecedented degree of resolution. Results reveal compressive tectonic features within both the subducting oceanic crust and the backstop. At depth, velocity anomalies along major faults and structural discontinuities bring evidence for the presence of fluids and weakened material and also for a possible co‐seismic slip partitioning structure.
Detecting Emotion in Psychopathic Language : Emotional Valence and Locus in Language Produced by Psychopathic Offenders

This study examined the presence of emotional references in psychopathic communication. The analysis in this study is on secondary data, consisting of 54 interviews conducted with psychopathic and non-psychopathic offenders. It was hypothesized that emotional differences in psychopathic and non-psychopathic communication will be evident in terms of frequency, emotional locus, and emotional valence. The results supported these predictions. Overall, psychopaths produced fewer emotional references in their language use. Compared to non-psychopathic controls, psychopaths produced significantly fewer emotional references indicating empathy for others. Of all emotional terms produced by psychopaths, a significantly higher proportion of the emotional terms were negative. The results of this study indicate that emotional variations are evident in psychopathic language production. Detecting Emotion in Psychopathic Language 4
Öğretmenlerin özerklik davranışları ile öğrenen özerkliğini destekleme davranışları arasındaki ilişki

In the current study, the purpose is to determine the relationship between teachers’ autonomy behaviors and learner autonomy support behaviors. The current study was designed in the survey model. The population of the study is comprised of teachers working in elementary, secondary and high schools located in the city of Mugla, Turkey, and its surrounding districts during the 2015-2016 school year. The sampling of the study consists of 428 teachers selected through disproportional cluster sampling technique. In the study, the Teacher Autonomy Scale and Learner Autonomy Support Behaviors Scale were used as data collection tools. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, correlation and multiple regression analysis were employed. The results of the analyses revealed that the general autonomy behaviors of the teachers are above medium level. The autonomy behavior most frequently exhibited by the teachers is communication autonomy and the least exhibited is professional development autonomy. The teachers are of the opinion that they often demonstrate learner autonomy support behaviors. There is a medium level and same directional correlation between the teacher autonomy and learner autonomy support behaviors. The dimensions of teacher autonomy explain 12% of learner autonomy support behaviors. Communication autonomy and teaching process autonomy are important predictors of learner autonomy support behaviors
DEFORMABLE FIELD THEORY OF MAGNETOELASTIC CONTINUA AND INTERACTIONS

The presented deformable eld theory deals with electromagnetic local forces on the basis of eld energy density. In this theory, any movement, rigid or deforming, distorts the electromagnetic eld continuum. This leads to novel concepts of total and local forces explicitly related to the elastic deformation gradient rather than the classical gradient of the magnetic eld. It is shown how the magnetic vector potential, as the magnetic invariant variable, is associated to this deformable eld continuum and is, meanwhile, reference-independent. Then, within an adiabatic virtual work, the local magnetic energy derivatives are analytically performed, converging to overall electromagnetic force and stress tensors, including Lorenz, inherent magnetization and strict magnetostriction forces.
Current Antifungal Drug Recommendations to Treat Oral Thrush in Sulaimani City-Iraq

Oral thrush or oral candidosis is one of the most widespread fungal infections of the mucous membranes in human. This study aims to evaluate the pattern of recommending three antifungal drugs as follows: Nystatin, amphotericin B, fluconazole, and miconazole by the pharmacists and assistant pharmacists, which are used to treat oral thrush. A questionnaire was circulated to a random selection of pharmacies in Sulaimani city of Iraq between March 2017 and June 2017, and responses to the questionnaire were received from 101 pharmacies. The results were analyzed and demonstrated as the absolute and relative frequencies using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Program version 21. Among the participants, 65.3% were male, and 34.7% were female. The participant’s age range was 21–70 years. The majority (52.3%) holds a postgraduate degree as their highest educational level, and they graduated after 2010. Miconazole and nystatin (70.3%) were the most popular choices of an antifungal agent that pharmacists would use, followed by fluconazole (31.7%) and amphotericin-B (11.9%).
ON THE EIGENFUNCTION EXPANSIONS OF THE DYADIC GREEN'S FUNCTIONS FOR BIANISOTROPIC MEDIA

This paper presents a novel approach for constructing the complete eigenfunction expansions of electric and magnetic dyadic Green's functions for general linear bianisotropic media. The eigenfunctions are expressed in terms of linear combinations of commonly employed solenoidal and irrotational vector wave functions. Based on the theory of distributions, the source point singularities required for complete expansions of the dyadic Green's functions are derived directly frorn Maxwell dyadic equations without any integration. Apart from the singularities, the discontinuities associated with the eigenfunction expansions across the source point are also obtained as by-products. These discontinuity relations constitute the fundamental equations frorn which the eigenfunction expansions outside the source point can be constructed, This approach is parallel to the utilization of Lorentz reciprocity theorem for relating eigenwaves with sources and it is applicable directly to both nonreciprocal as well as reciprocal media. Furthermore, the discontinuity relations also yield directly the jump conditions for electric and magnetic fields across a current sheet.
Prevalence and epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Rafsanjan

Background and Aims: Many individuals with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are asymptomatic, population-based serologic studies are needed to estimate the prevalence of infection which will help to take necessary procedures for prevention and control the disease. This study was conducted to find out the prevalence, of HCV infection among patients referring to the hospital care in Rafsanjan, Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 940 blood samples (430 males and 510 females) were received and screened for hepatitis C infection during December 2015 to December 2016. After separation of serum from blood samples in local laboratory, all samples were tested for HCV Ag by ELISA tests. Liver enzymes [Alkalin Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotrans¬ferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)] were determined using biochemical procedures. Results: Amongst 940 collected samples, 18 (1.91%) were positive for HCV Antibody. Among the positive ones, HCV hepatitis was more prevalent in male patients than the females. The prevalence rate of HCV in male was 3.72% and 0.39% for female. Results related to age showed that higher rate of infection in 20-29 years old (%26.59), and the lowest was found in above 80 years old group (0.31%). Of the three enzymes, only ALP was significantly higher than the control group (P=0.003). Conclusions: The prevalence of HCV in Rafsanjan was at an increasing rate. Findings from the current study will be helpful for better management and control of viral hepatitis C infection.
Elevated aerosol layer embedded with aged soot particles in a polluted urban atmosphere

Abstract. A layered structure of aerosol particles from surface to 1080 m was observed in Beijing during daytime on 8 December 2007. Under about 700 m, particles were well mixed vertically. From 700 to 1000 m was an elevated aerosol layer (EAL), in which aerosol concentration was remarkably larger than those in the lower and upper layers. Electron microscopic analysis of particles in the size range of 0.2~1.3 μm at different altitudes revealed that soot particles were predominant in all layers. There were fresh, young and aged soot particles in the lower layer. In contrast, soot particles in the EAL were all well aged, showing the structure of shrunk soot inclusions coated with weak absorbing species (the so-called core-shell structure). The geometric mean equivalent diameter of soot particles in the EAL was approximately 0.4~0.6 μm while that of their soot inclusions was about 0.1 μm. The EAL coincided with the remaining nocturnal layer aloft, which was the residual left by the daytime upward convective mixing in the boundary layer. The lapse rate in the lower part of the EAL had an obvious decrease in the morning, indicating the absorption effect of soot particles there. These results suggest that the fate of soot particles was closely dependent on the evolution of the boundary layer. While particles emitted from surface were efficiently mixed upward in daytime, residual nocturnal layer as a cap lid produced an EAL abundant in well-aged soot particles, in which the aerosols, as a feedback, enhanced the stability of the layer by absorbing solar radiation.
Within‐Field Variability of Bare Soil Evaporation Derived from Eddy Covariance Measurements

Bare soil evaporation was measured with the eddy‐covariance method at the Selhausen field site. The site has a distinct gradient in soil texture, with a considerably higher stone content at the upper part of the field. We investigated the effect of different soil properties in the upper and lower parts of the field on evaporation using eddy covariance (EC) measurements that were combined with a footprint model. Because only one EC station was available, simultaneous evaporation measurements from the two field parts were not available. Therefore, measurements were put into the context of meteorologic and soil hydrologic conditions. Meteorologic conditions were represented by the potential evaporation, i.e., the maximum evaporation that is determined by the energy available for evaporation. The influence of precipitation and soil hydrologic conditions on the actual evaporation rate was represented by a simple soil evaporation model. The amount of water that could be evaporated at the potential rate from the lower part of the field was found to be large and considerably larger than from the upper part of the field. The difference in evaporation led to threefold larger predicted percolation or runoff in the upper than the lower part of the field. Simulations using the Richards equation were able to reproduce the differences in evaporation between the lower and upper parts of the field and relate them to the different groundwater table depths in the two parts of the field.
Behavioral Differences Between Two Recently Sympatric Paper Wasps, the Native Polistes Fuscatus and the Invasive Polistes Dominulus

Polistes dominulus (Christ), an old world paper wasp, was introduced into the eastern United States in the 1970s and has been rapidly spreading westward. Recently, it has displaced the native Polistes fuscatus (F.) in at least some areas of Michigan. In order to understand why P. dominulus has been so successful, several behavioral attributes were compared between P. dominulus and P. fuscatus at a Michigan field site that contained colonies of both species nesting semi-naturally in plywood nestboxes. Preworker colonies of P. dominulus had a significantly greater tendency to store nectar (and had significantly higher proportions of cells with nectar) than preworker colonies of P. fuscatus. This finding may explain the higher survivorship of P. dominulus foundresses reported in a previous study. P. dominulus also had a significantly greater tendency to build vertical nests and had significantly more pedicels per comb and per cell than P. fuscatus. These findings suggest that compared to P. fuscatus, P. dominulus may have more flexibility in the positioning of its combs and, because of a possibly stronger attachment of the comb to a substrate, may be less susceptible to bird predation. The higher winter survivorship reported for P. fuscatus over P. dominulus in a previous study does not appear to be due to differences in the proportions of gynes stranded on their nests late in the fall. Finally, behavioral evidence from videography was consistent withprevious reports that P. dominulus is not replacing P. fuscatus through direct agonistic interactions.
On the co-existence of spot and contract markets: the delivery requirement as contract externality

A contract between an upstream and a downstream party consists of a contract price and a delivery requirement. Contract formation entails an externality. It changes the probability distribution of the spot market price by removing high reservation price buyers and various sellers from the spot market. The first effect decreases the expected spot market price when the number of contracts is small, whereas the decrease in the number of sellers and additional residual contract demand increase the expected spot market price beyond a certain number of contracts. It implies an endogenous upper bound on the number of contracts. Contract prices are positively related to the number of contracts. Finally, additional contract formation reduces the variance of the spot market price when the number of contracts is sufficiently large.
An Assessment of Audit Approach and Audit Quality in Nigeria

The paper addresses the contemporary issue of quest for improved public confidence in financial reporting in Nigeria and the understanding of issues surrounding the way and manner that Nigerian auditors’ carry out their work. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the audit approach in the light of audit quality and the assurances that the financial statement provide. In spite of the number of changes that have taken place in the audit profession during the past twenty years which have changed the way external auditors operate and manage their activities in proving the statutory attest function on the financial statements, there is paucity of research focused on the way auditors’ carry out their attest function in the midst of dwindling investors’ confidence in Nigeria. Using a survey design, the questions that were raised in the study were answered using descriptive and inferential statistics. F-statistics was used in providing answers to the propositions raised in the study. Findings from the study show that respondents believe that auditors’ requirement to comply with ethical standards is a crucial factor in sustaining investors’ confidence. There is also evidence that the size, complexity and clients’ business risk are crucial factors in choice of audit approach in Nigeria. While significant differences were found in respondents’ perception of audit quality been a function of audit approach, it was otherwise on the effect of traditional audit impact on audit quality. The study suggests that there is the need for the profession to gear its effort towards adherence to ethics of the profession in Nigeria, ensure adherence and enforcement of high ethical standard. Audit approach should be based on size, complexity and clients’ business risk in the effort towards restoring the confidence of users of financial statements in Nigeria. Keywords: Audit Approach, Auditing Profession, Public Confidence, Audit Quality, Nigeria
Immigrants, Trust and Social Traps

The paper estimates a social interactions model to study the impact of culture on US immigrants' decisions. Findings vary by group of immigrants and by type of social interactions and they are robust to both additional checks and sensitivity analysis. The paper contributes to the literature as follows. It first estimates a social interactions model that models both group formation and the formation of social interactions. Besides, since this is an observational learning model policy suggestions may be drawn to favor integration of immigrants. Finally, it provides a new empirical strategy to study the impact of both inherited and contemporaneous culture on individual decisions.