Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The propagation of self-control: Self-control in one domain simultaneously improves self-control in other domains.

[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 144(3) of Journal of Experimental Psychology: General (see record 2015-24174-008). The affiliations for co-authors Kuangjie Zhang and Steven Sweldens were incorrect. All versions of this article have been corrected. ] A rich tradition in self-control research has documented the negative consequences of exerting self-control in 1 task for self-control performance in subsequent tasks. However, there is a dearth of research examining what happens when people exert self-control in multiple domains simultaneously. The current research aims to fill this gap. We integrate predictions from the most prominent models of self-control with recent neuropsychological insights in the human inhibition system to generate the novel hypothesis that exerting effortful self-control in 1 task can simultaneously improve self-control in completely unrelated domains. An internal meta-analysis on all 18 studies we conducted shows that exerting self-control in 1 domain (i.e., controlling attention, food consumption, emotions, or thoughts) simultaneously improves self-control in a range of other domains, as demonstrated by, for example, reduced unhealthy food consumption, better Stroop task performance, and less impulsive decision making. A subset of 9 studies demonstrates the crucial nature of task timing-when the same tasks are executed sequentially, our results suggest the emergence of an ego depletion effect. We provide conservative estimates of the self-control facilitation (d = |0.22|) as well as the ego depletion effect size (d = |0.17|) free of data selection and publication biases. These results (a) shed new light on self-control theories, (b) confirm recent claims that previous estimates of the ego depletion effect size were inflated due to publication bias, and (c) provide a blueprint for how to handle the power issues and associated file drawer problems commonly encountered in multistudy research projects.
The influence of biodegradable mulches on the yielding of autumn raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)

Abstract A three-year experiment was set up to assess the effect of three mulch types on the growth and yield of ‘Polka’ autumn fruiting raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). The experimental arrangement comprised four combinations of two parallel blocks, one of which was a field crop and the second was a covered crop in the form of a high tunnel with raised beds sides. The crop was grown on raised beds (approximately 30 cm high) covered with a mulch made of: 1) polypropylene non-woven (PP); 2) PP with a photodegradant; 3) polylactide nonwoven (PLA). A crop on a raised bed without any mulch was the control. Biometric, physiological and yield parameters were assessed and included the number of canes, plant height, chlorophyll content in the leaves, fruit yield, weight of 20 fruits and the extract content. The obtained results show that the height of the canes grown on PLA and PP mulch was significantly higher than for the PP with photodegradant. Cultivation on PP, PLA and PP with photodegradant mulch resulted in a significant increase in the weight of 20 raspberry fruits and higher chlorophyll content in the leaves compared to the control combination.
Research on Factors Influencing on Peasant Households' Willingness of Forestland Transfer after Collective Forest Tenure Reform

Based on data collected from rural areas in Liaoning Province,the binary logistic regressive model was set up to analyze mainly influence factors and influence degree of the households, transfer willingness on forestland after collective forest tenure reform,The result showed that 11 factors including whether acting as village cadres and whether participating in social insurance etcetera remarkably influence households,outward transferring willingness,10 factors including the amount of family labor and family monthly income level etcetera obviously influence households,inward transferring willingness,simultaneously,market,institution and other external environmental factors are greater than internal factors such as the family economic level of peasant households when they make the decision on forestland transfer. Some concrete suggestions were put forward,such as consummating forest transaction system,carrying out cutting targets fairly,developing forest trading markets and establishing forest co-organization.
Impact of Conventional Chemotherapy on Levels of Antibodies Against Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in Children Treated for Cancer

Intensive chemotherapy in children with malignancies causes partial immune deficiency, including long-term impairment of humoral immunity. We investigated the levels of antibodies against measles, mumps, polio, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus, and Haemophilus type b (Hib) in 139 children at the time of diagnosis of the malignant disease, during chemotherapy, after cessation of intensive treatment, and after re-vaccination. In general, cytostatic therapy resulted in a significant lowering of antibody levels. A decline of antibodies below the protective level as a consequence of cytostatic treatment was observed in 6% of the children for measles and mumps, in 18%, 12%, and 25% for polio types 1, 2, and 3, and in 21% for diphtheria. By contrast, rubella and tetanus antibodies remained within the protective range in all cases of this study. Re-vaccination 3 to 5 months after cessation of chemotherapy produced antibody levels about as high as those measured prior to therapy. Only 6 out of 83 children with previously positive antigen titres did not respond to re-vaccination. Vaccination or re-vaccination failed in 5 of 13 non-responders for more than 1 antigen, indicating a decreased reactability to vaccinations in some patients.
Metformin, Lifestyle Intervention, and Cognition in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study

OBJECTIVE We examined the association of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) intervention arms (lifestyle intervention, metformin, and placebo) with cognition in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS). We also examined metformin use, incident type 2 diabetes, and glycemia as exposures. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The DPP lasted 2.8 years, followed by a 13-month bridge to DPPOS. Cognition was assessed in DPPOS years 8 and 10 (12 and 14 years after randomization) with the Spanish English Verbal Learning Test (SEVLT), letter fluency and animal fluency tests, Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and a composite cognitive score. RESULTS A total of 2,280 participants (749 lifestyle, 776 metformin, and 755 placebo) aged 63.1 ± 10.7 years underwent cognitive assessments; 67.7% women, 54.6% non-Hispanic white, 20.7% non-Hispanic black, 14.6% Hispanic, 5.5% American Indian, and 4.6% Asian; 26.6% were homozygous or heterozygous for APOE-ε4. At the time of cognitive assessment, type 2 diabetes was higher in the placebo group (57.9%; P < 0.001) compared with lifestyle (47.0%) and metformin (50.4%). Metformin exposure was higher in the metformin group (8.72 years; P < 0.001) compared with placebo (1.43 years) and lifestyle (0.96 years). There were no differences in cognition across intervention arms. Type 2 diabetes was not related to cognition, but higher glycated hemoglobin at year 8 was related to worse cognition after confounder adjustment. Cumulative metformin exposure was not related to cognition. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to intensive lifestyle intervention or metformin was not related to cognition among DPPOS participants. Higher glycemia was related to worse cognitive performance. Metformin seemed cognitively safe among DPPOS participants.
Two distinct mechanisms for regulation of nonmuscle myosin assembly via the heavy chain: phosphorylation for MIIB and mts 1 binding for MIIA.

In search of the regulation mechanisms for isoform specific myosin assembly, we have used the COOH-terminal fragments of nonmuscle myosin isoforms MIIA and MIIB (MIIA(F46) and MIIB(alpha)(F47)) as a model system. Phosphorylation by protein kinase C (PK C) or casein kinase II (CK II) within or near the nonhelical tail-end domain inhibits assembly of MIIB(alpha)(F47) [Murakami, N. , et al. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 1989]. In the study presented here, we mutated the kinase sites to analyze the inhibition mechanisms of MIIB assembly by phosphorylation. Replacement of the CK II or PK C sites with Asp (MIIB(alpha)(F47)-CK-5D or -PK-4D) strongly inhibited the filament assembly, with or without Mg(2+), by significantly increasing the critical concentrations for assembly. Without Mg(2+), MIIB(alpha)(F47)-CK-5D or -PK-4D inhibited the assembly of wild-type (wt) MIIB(alpha)(F47) by either mixing as homofragments or forming heterofragments. With 2.5 mM Mg(2+), MIIB(alpha)(F47)-wt promoted assembly of MIIB(alpha)(F47)-CK-5D and -PK-4D in homofragment mixtures, but not by forming heterofragments. MIIA(F46) coassembled with MIIB(alpha)(F47)-wt and -CK-5D and altered their assembly patterns. In contrast, assembly of MIIB(alpha)(F47)-PK-4D was unchanged by MIIA(F46). A metastasis-associated protein, mts 1, bound in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner to MIIA(F46), but not appreciably to MIIB(alpha)(F47). At 0.15 M NaCl, mts 1-Ca(2+) not only inhibited MIIA(F46) assembly but also disassembled the MIIA(F46) filaments. Mts 1, however, did not affect the assembly of MIIB(alpha)(F47) in MIIA(F46) and MIIB(alpha)(F47) mixtures, indicating that mts 1 is an inhibitor specific to MIIA assembly. Our results suggest strongly that assembly of MIIA and MIIB is regulated by distinct mechanisms via tail-end domains: phosphorylation of MIIB and mts 1 binding to MIIA. These mechanisms may also function to form MIIA or MIIB homofilaments by selectively inhibiting MIIB or MIIA assembly.
Posterior compartment syndrome associated with clopidogrel therapy following trivial trauma

Haematomata caused by blunt trauma may potentially induce a compartment syndrome by raising intra-compartmental pressure. We report a case of acute posterior compartment syndrome following minimal trauma to the leg of an elderly patient on the antiplatelet agent clopidogrel. This case highlights the high index of clinical suspicion required to detect compartment syndrome in those on long term antiplatelet therapy and prompt surgical decompression is recommended.
Piezoelectricity-Induced Schottky Barrier Height Variations in AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors

Drain current of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) is measured to decrease/increase with in-plane tensile/compressive external strain. Such a trend is opposite to the conventional theory of direct piezoelectric effect on 2-D electron gas (2DEG). The reason is found to be the dependence of nickel gate barrier height on external strain, which strongly affects HEMTs' threshold voltage and 2DEG concentration. The Ni/AlGaN interface states are proposed to be responsible for strain-induced gate barrier variations, which are important for device performances and sensor applications.
Speech masking release in listeners with flat hearing loss: Effects of masker fluctuation rate on identification scores and phonetic feature reception

Consonant identification was measured for a stationary and amplitude-modulated noise masker in four listeners with flat cochlear hearing loss, and four age-matched normal-hearing listeners. The masker modulation rate was systematically varied between 2 and 128 Hz. Masking release (MR), that is better identification performance in fluctuating, than in stationary noise, was highest in a masker fluctuating at 8–16 Hz in all normal-hearing listeners. In comparison, MR was only observed in two out of the four impaired listeners. In these listeners, MR was poorer than normal, and peaked at lower rates, that is 2 or 8 Hz. MR corresponded to increased reception of information for voicing, place, and manner between 2 and 64 Hz in all normal-hearing listeners. In impaired listeners, increased reception of information was mainly observed for manner, and mainly reduced for place, but these differences were not significant. For all phonetic features, MR was observed at lower masker fluctuation rates (≤32 Hz) than in normal-hearing listeners. This study therefore shows that cochlear damage affects MR, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Sumario Se midió la identificación de consonantes con un ruido enmascarador estacionario y de amplitud modulada en cuatro sujetos con pérdidas auditivas cocleares planas, y en cuatro sujetos normo-oyentes de edades similares. La tasa de modulación del enmascarador se varió sistemáticamente entre 2 y 128 Hz. La sustracción del efecto de enmascaramiento (MR), que tiene un mejor desempeño de identificación con ruido fluctuante que con ruido estacionario, fue mayor con un enmascarador que fluctuó entre 8 y 16 Hz, en todos los sujetos normales. Comparativamente, el MR sólo se observó en dos de los cuatro sujetos hipoacúsicos. En estos sujetos, el MR fue menor al normal y su pico se obtuvo a tasas bajas, esto es, de 8 a 12 Hz. El MR en sujetos normo-oyentes correspondió a un incremento en la recepción de la información en sonoridad, punto y modo de articulación entre 2 y 64 Hz. En sujetos hipoacúsicos, se observó un aumento en la recepción de información en modo, y aunque se vio reducida principalmente en cuanto al punto de articulación, estas diferencias no fueron significativas. Para todas las características fonéticas, el MR se observó a tasas más bajas de fluctuación (≤32 Hz) que en los sujetos normo-oyentes. Este estudio, por consiguiente, muestra que el daño coclear afecta el MR tanto cualitativa como cuantitativamente.
The morphological spectrum of T‐prolymphocytic leukaemia

Summary. The morphology of the cells from 29 cases of T‐prolymphocytic leukaemia (T‐PLL) was studied by light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and was compared with that of 3 3 B‐cell PLL. The membrane phenotype of T‐PLL cells was T4 +, T8 ‐ in two‐thirds of the cases, others being T4‐ T8+ or T4+ T8+. Two morphological types of T‐PLL were defined according to the nuclear features: regular (55% of cases) and irregular (45% of cases). T‐PLL cells with a regular, round or oval, nuclear outline resembled B‐PLL cells but had less abundant cytoplasm and a higher nucleo‐cytoplasmic ratio. Irregular T‐prolympbocytes displayed a distinct convoluted nucleus. A 'small‐cell’variant of T‐PLL was recognized by TEM in six cases in which the diagnosis was uncertain by LM. A characteristic of all types of T‐prolymphocytes by LM was the presence of a deep basophilic cytoplasm which by TEM corresponded to clusters of ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum. No differences in clinico‐haematological features or membrane markers were apparent between the morphological types of T‐PLL, although it was noted that the three T4‐ T8+ cases had irregular cells and four of the small cell variant were T3‐ T4+. TEM permits a more precise assessment of the cytoplasmic organelles and nucleolus than LM analysis and facilitates the distinction between T‐PLL and other leukaemias with a mature T‐cell phenotype, namely adult T‐cell leukaemia/lymphoma, Sezary syndrome and T‐chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
A Nationwide Random Sampling Survey of Potential Complicated Grief in Japan

To investigate the prevalence of significant loss, potential complicated grief (CG), and its contributing factors, we conducted a nationwide random sampling survey of Japanese adults aged 18 or older (N = 1,343) using a self-rating Japanese-language version of the Complicated Grief Brief Screen. Among them, 37.0% experienced their most significant loss by expected non-violent death, 17.9% by unexpected non-violent death, and 5.5% by violent death. The mean length of time since the loss was 11.9 years (SD = 11.6). The percentage of individuals with potential CG (5 or higher score on the scale) was 2.5% among those who experienced significant loss. The individuals with potential CG showed lower mental health scores than those without. Through regression analysis, we found the significant effects of gender difference, time since the loss, and the interaction of the mode of death, gender of the bereaved, and the kinship relationship to the deceased on the CG score. Women who had lost a child by sudden or violent death showed significantly higher CG scores, but men did not. By comparison, those (particularly men) who had lost a partner by expected or sudden non-violent death showed significantly higher CG scores. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Cornulin, a marker of late epidermal differentiation, is down‐regulated in eczema

Background: Eczema is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder which shows strong genetic predisposition. To identify new potential molecular determinants of the disease pathogenesis, we performed a gene expression study in an eczema mouse model. This analysis identified a marked down regulation of the cornulin gene (CRNN), a member of the epidermal differentiation complex, in the eczema‐like skin. We then investigated CRNN as an eczema candidate gene and studied its polymorphism and the expression in the skin of eczema patients.
Human Anti-prion Antibodies Block Prion Peptide Fibril Formation and Neurotoxicity

Background: AD and prion diseases both involve conformational changes and deposition of insoluble proteins; similar to anti-Aβ autoantibodies, anti-PrP autoantibodies may be present in healthy individuals. Results: PrP autoantibodies (PrP-AA) purified from human IgG could significantly block PrP-(106–126) peptide fibril formation and PrP-induced neuronal death. Conclusion: Human prion autoantibodies reduce prion peptide aggregation and associated neurotoxicity. Significance: Purified PrP-AA may be a potential treatment for prion diseases. Prion diseases are a group of rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with a conformational transformation of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into a self-replicating and proteinase K-resistant conformer, termed scrapie PrP (PrPSc). Aggregates of PrPSc deposited around neurons lead to neuropathological alterations. Currently, there is no effective treatment for these fatal illnesses; thus, the development of an effective therapy is a priority. PrP peptide-based ELISA assay methods were developed for detection and immunoaffinity chromatography capture was developed for purification of naturally occurring PrP peptide autoantibodies present in human CSF, individual donor serum, and commercial preparations of pooled intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). The ratio of anti-PrP autoantibodies (PrP-AA) to total IgG was ∼1:1200. The binding epitope of purified PrP-AA was mapped to an N-terminal region comprising the PrP amino acid sequence KTNMK. Purified PrP-AA potently blocked fibril formation by a toxic 21-amino acid fragment of the PrP peptide containing the amino acid alanine to valine substitution corresponding to position 117 of the full-length peptide (A117V). Furthermore, PrP-AA attenuated the neurotoxicity of PrP(A117V) and wild-type peptides in rat cerebellar granule neuron (CGN) cultures. In contrast, IgG preparations depleted of PrP-AA had little effect on PrP fibril formation or PrP neurotoxicity. The specificity of PrP-AA was demonstrated by immunoprecipitating PrP protein in brain tissues of transgenic mice expressing the human PrP(A117V) epitope and Sc237 hamster. Based on these intriguing findings, it is suggested that human PrP-AA may be useful for interfering with the pathogenic effects of pathogenic prion proteins and, thereby has the potential to be an effective means for preventing or attenuating human prion disease progression.
Nervous system involvement in clinical peripheral inflammation: A description of three pediatric cases

Latest research data have emphasized the interaction between the nervous and the immune systems. In this regard, it has been demonstrated that the disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) secondary to peripheral inflammation may play a key role in this relationship. This assumption is linked to recent findings according to which units that constitute the BBB are not only simply neurologic but have also been reconsidered as “neurovascular” elements, through which immune system molecules are vehiculated within the central nervous system (CNS). Herein, we report two cases of food allergy (FA) and one case of infective gastroenteritis, associated with a spectrum of neurologic disorders involving both the CNS and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), postulating some etiopathogenic hypotheses to explain the link between peripheral inflammation and diseases of the nervous system (NS). Three pediatric cases of secondary NS involvement after gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation of different nature have been reported. The first case highlights the link between FA and CNS; the second one is based on a description of a link between GI infection and CNS involvement while the third one describes the relationship between FA and PNS. The importance of these reports relies on the clinical demonstration of a link between the immune system and the NS. The relationship between immune system and NS seems to have pleiotropic aspects, involving different areas of the NS, such as CNS and PNS, which also seem to be in some way interconnected.
Sickle cell morbidity profile in Omani children

Abstract In order to define the morbidity profile of sickle cell disease in Omani children, we analysed data on 97 children (53 boys, 44 girls) aged ≤12 years admitted under our care in a regional referral hospital between July 1999 and June 2000. Ninety of them had sickle cell anaemia (HbSS disease) and seven had sickle cell thalassaemia (β0). Their mean (SD) steady-state Hb was 7.9 (1.2), range 6-10 g/dl. They were admitted on 316 occasions during the 12-month period. The number of admissions per child ranged from one to 12 (mean 3.3). Vaso-occlusive crises were the main reason for admission (83%), followed by severe anaemia (12%) and infections (4%). During the study period, 31% received blood transfusions. Weight faltering was very common, 68% falling below the 5th percentile of the National Center for Health Statistics reference curves compared with 28% of age and sex-matched non-sicklers (p<0.001). Other complications included hypersplenism (four), ischaemic necrosis of the femoral head (two), and one case each of acute chest syndrome, acute splenic sequestration, cholelithiasis and pathological fracture of a lumbar vertebra. Overall, 71% of the children had moderately severe or severe disease. This pattern seems to be attributable, at least in part, to meteorological and genetic factors. The severe morbidity profile reported in this study underscores the need to continue the search for optimal management modalities, including the often emotion-laden issue of prevention.