Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Translation of Mangkobar text by Novice Translators and Distribution of Time on Translation Tasks in their Translation Process : An Analysis

Lili Suryani Batubara Prof. Syahron Lubis Prof. Tengku Silvana Sinar Dr. Muhizar Muchtar Department of English Letters, Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara Indonesia ABSTRACT This study aimed at finding out how novice translators distribute the time on translation tasks over the phases of translation process while translating mangkobar text from Angkola Language (AL) to Bahasa Indonesia (BI) and from Bahasa Indonesia (BI) to English (EL). The mangkobar text (cultural text) composed of around 221-word long. Five novice translators were involved in this research to translate the mangkobar text with experience and several criteria on translation. Their proficiency level of mother tongue AL (L1) was „very good‟, confirmed by „penasehat adat‟ in Padang Sidimpuan, score of a paper based TOEFL was more than 503, score of UKBI was more than 578. This study used a qualitative research employing an exploratory case study as a method. The data were collected using integrated problem and decision reports (IPDRs), keyboard logging program (TranslogII), screen recording tool (Camtasia studio 9), and retrospective questionnaire. Two findings were revealed in this study: 1) the novice translators distribute more time on processing in drafting phase whether in translating from AL to BI or BI to EL, 2) they have low capability in managing the time on translation process. It was found that the novice translators took less time when translating from AL to BI since both of languages are their mother tongue and first language so that they understood the source text easily. Meanwhile, it took longer time when translating from BI to EL since they have both linguistic and cultural differences between the SL and the TL.
SYNTHESIS OF SILVER SULFIDE NANOPARTICLES THROUGH HOMOGENEOUS PRECIPITATION ROUTE AND THE PREPARATION OF THE Ag 2 S-CHITOSAN NANOCOMPOSITES FOR THE REMOVAL OF IRON ( II ) ION FROM WASTEWATER

The simple synthesis of the Ag2S nanoparticles through modified homogeneous precipitation route and the preparation of Ag2S-chitosan nanocomposite is reported. The Ag2S nanoparticles and the nanocomposites were characterized with ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD pattern of the synthesized Ag2S nanoparticles showed monoclinic crystal structure. TEM images of the nanoparticles and SEM micrograms of the nanocomposites revealed spherical shaped particles. Adsorption of Fe(II) ions from aqueous solution onto chitosan and Ag2Schitosan nanocomposites was studied in a batch system. The flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was used to analyse water samples. The effects of pH, and contact time were investigated. The results revealed that Ag2S-chitosan nanocomposites can serves as better biosorbent as compared to purer chitosan.
Survival of Adult Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) from a Lake Ontario Colony Over Two Decades of Environmental Change

—We estimated annual survival probabilities of color-banded adult Herring Gulls ( Larus argentatus ) breeding in a colony on the Canadian shore of Lake Ontario, between 1981 and 1984, and between 1993 and 1998. During the study, major changes occurred in prey fish availability, fish-eating bird abundance, and organochlorine contaminant exposure. We used capture-mark-recapture models and an information-theoretic approach to model selection to explore the importance of indices for these environmental variables and the role of year and sex as exploratory effects. In our models, year but not sex acquired strong support suggesting important annual variation in our apparent survival (survival confounded by permanent emigration) and encounter probabilities. The arithmetic mean of our model-averaged apparent survival probabilities provided an estimate of 0.91 (0.02 SE), and four out of the seven estimates were high for the species ( ≥ 0.93). Our model-averaged estimates suggested that apparent survival declined after 1995 to a low of 0.79 ± 0.07 (SE). Of the three environmental covariates fitted to survival, only the abundance of Alewife ( Alosa pseudoharengus ) acquired strong support as an explanatory variable. Annual fluctuations in survival and the decline after 1995 may be a reflection of nutritional stress resulting from the decreased availability of lipid (energy) and high quality protein from this prey species, following the arrival of the exotic Zebra Mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ). These nutritional impacts may be exacerbated by some of the PCB-associated sublethal health effects documented in these gulls over the period of this study. Our limited success at isolating other important environmental covariates reinforces the difficulty posed in identifying the critical components of the complex of environmental variables encapsulated in ‘time’. Received 12 April 2007, accepted 17 August 2007 .
Impact of Seismic Source Parameters and Variable Resolutions Grids on Stochastic Earthquake Catalog for

This paper presents a sensitivity analysis of the synthetic earthquake catalog for the conterminous United States running the Global Earthquake Model’s (GEM) OpenQuake software on the Clemson University’s High Performance Computing (HPC) system, the Palmetto Cluster. The synthetic earthquake catalog, which relies on the regional seismicity and the characteristic of past historical and instrumental earthquakes, is a significant source for identifying the probable future earthquake hazards. Developing an accurate and reliable synthetic earthquake catalog is a fundamental step required to have precise earthquake risk assessment. Earthquake risk assessment using the synthetic stochastic catalog not only have the advantage of considering all possible earthquakes, but also captures spatial correlation by using individual earthquake scenarios. The deficiency of HPC system in the past was forced the risk modelers and researchers to use the stochastic earthquake catalog driven from low-resolution input data such as the limited geographic distribution of the sites and seismic source modeling parameters limited to the scale of a city. In this study, the implementation of OpenQuake on the Palmetto Cluster enables us to generate a high-resolution stochastic earthquake catalog, for the conterminous US and its states, separately. A 10,000-year catalog is generated by compiling the event-based probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) using both lowand high-resolution input data, assuming the sites as a grid dataset with different distance and variable resolution grids (VRG). The accuracy of the generated catalog in various resolutions of geographic distribution is examined by performing statistical comparisons in Georgia, California and entire US catalogs. 1 Post-doctoral Research Fellow, Glenn Dept. of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson SC 29634; (email: epeygha@clemson.edu) 2 Graduate Student, Glenn Dept. of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson SC 29634; 3 Professor and Chair, Glenn Dept. of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson SC 29634; 4 Senior Research Scientist / CAT Risk Engineer, AIG. 5 Adjunct Associate Professor , Glenn Dept. of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson SC 29634, and Director of CRS Product Development, AIG, New York Peyghaleh E, Mahmoudabadi V, Martin J, Shahjouei A, Javanbarg M. Impact of Seismic Source Modeling and Variable Resolutions on Stochastic U.S. Earthquake Catalog. Proceedings of the 11 National Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA. 2018. Eleventh U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering Integrating Science, Engineering & Policy June 25-29, 2018 Los Angeles, California
Convergence Success and the Middle-Income Trap

Emerging economies have an increasing influence on the global economy and there is general optimism regarding their prospects. However, given a sustained income gap between emerging and advanced economies, there is concern that many emerging economies will never match the advanced economies in terms of their per capita income, and will be trapped in a middle-income status. Thus, the approach to sustaining economic growth is an important policy challenge. This paper investigates what those sources of sustained long-term growth are, focusing on the experiences of middle-income emerging economies over the past half century.
Biological control of Parthenium in India : status and prospects

Parthenium hysterophorus L. , commonly known as carrot weed or congress grass in India has been considered as one of the worst weeds responsible for causing health problems in men and animals besides loss to crop productivity and plant biodiversity. The weed has infested about 35 million hectares of land in India since its first notice in 1955. Now it has become one of the main weeds in almost all types of agricultural lands besides infesting wasteland, community land, road and railway track sides and forests. In an attempt of biological control, search for suitable bioagent began in 1980s in India through systematic surveys. The work on biological control through competitive plants was started with the search of Cassia sericea from south India which lead to more attempts to manage Parthenium by competitive plant species. Casia tora and C. sericea have been recommended most suitable plant species for management of Parthenium in wasteland, on the raod side and community land. Likewise, in spite of hundreds of reports of pathogens causing disease on Parthenium, none of them has qualified as successful bioagent. So far, attempts of developing effective mycoherbicides have not yielded any success. Not even a single indigenous insect species has proved successful in spite of occurrence and infestation by many species. Under classical bilogical control of Parthenium in India, three insect species were imported in 1983 from Mexico, out of which only host-specific leaf-feeding beetle Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was proved successful. Z. bicolorata has established in many parts of the country and has been found responsible to decrease the Parthenium densities in different parts of India. This paper gives details of current status of biological control of Parthenium and future strategies in India.
Antecedents and Outcome of Union Commitment

There is an apparent decline in union membership across industries in the Philippines. The study tried to understand this phenomenon by determining factors that lead to union commitment using a framework derived from existing models of union commitment and participation. Survey data were gathered from 194 union members belonging to academic and financial institutions, and pharmaceutical industries. Path analysis was used to analyze the data. The resulting model verified that organization commitment, perceived union instrumentality, pro-union attitude, and union socialization are predictors of union commitment. Furthermore, union commitment leads to union participation. Findings suggest that unions may enhance member commitment and participation in union activities by utilizing informal socialization practices.
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy Studies to Evaluate Ciliary Cleft Parameters in Healthy Eyes of American Cocker Spaniels

Received: Revised: Accepted: Published online: June 05, 2017 October 26, 2018 October 27, 2018 January 24, 2019 The purpose of the present study was to quantify ciliary cleft parameters in the healthy eyes of American Cocker Spaniels (ACSs) and assess their correlations with intraocular pressure (IOP) using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) studies. We evaluated 26 healthy eyes from 13 ACSs. Iridocorneal angle (ICA), ciliary cleft area (CCA), ciliary cleft width (CCW), and angle-opening distance (AOD) were measured. All UBM studies were performed without pupil dilatation in both eyes of each dog. The IOPs of all eyes were measured using applanation tonometry. The mean IOP, ICA, CCA, CCW, and AOD values were 15.92±3.21 mmHg, 13.94±1.96°, 0.32±0.03 mm, 0.33±0.06 mm, and 0.45±0.10 mm, respectively, for the entire study sample; 16.63±3.81 mmHg, 13.51±1.90°, 0.32±0.02 mm, 0.32±0.06 mm, and 0.40±0.07 mm, respectively, in female dogs; and 14.80±1.48 mmHg, 14.63±1.96°, 0.35±0.07 mm, 0.32±0.03 mm, and 0.53±0.09 mm, respectively, in male dogs. IOP had significant negative correlations with CCA and AOD in all eyes. There were no significant differences in IOP between male and female dogs, although there were significant differences in AOD. Our results suggest that IOP is correlated with CCA and AOD in ACSs. ©2018 PVJ. All rights reserved
LSHTM Research Online

Background: Atypical Beijing genotype Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains are widespread in South Africa and have acquired resistance to up to 13 drugs on multiple occasions. It is puzzling that these strains have retained fitness and transmissibility despite the potential fitness cost associated with drug resistance mutations. Methods: We conducted Illumina sequencing of 211 Beijing genotype M. tuberculosis isolates to facilitate the detection of genomic features that may promote acquisition of drug resistance and restore fitness in highly resistant atypical Beijing forms. Phylogenetic and comparative genomic analysis was done to determine changes that are unique to the resistant strains that also transmit well. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for streptomycin and bedaquiline was done for a limited number of isolates to demonstrate a difference in MIC between isolates with and without certain variants. Results: Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that two clades of atypical Beijing strains have independently developed resistance to virtually all the potent drugs included in standard (pre-bedaquiline) drug-resistant TB treatment regimens. We show that undetected drug resistance in a progenitor strain was likely instrumental in this resistance acquisition. In this cohort, ethionamide ( ethA A381P) resistance would be missed in first-line drug-susceptible isolates, and streptomycin ( gidB L79S) resistance may be missed due to an MIC close to the critical concentration. Subsequent inadequate treatment historically led to amplification of resistance and facilitated spread of the strains. Bedaquiline resistance was found in a small number of isolates, despite lack of exposure to the drug. The highly resistant clades also carry inhA promoter mutations, which arose after ethA and katG mutations. In these isolates, inhA promoter mutations do not alter drug resistance, suggesting a possible alternative role. Conclusion: The presence of the ethA mutation in otherwise susceptible isolates from ethionamide-naïve patients demonstrates that known exposure is not an adequate indicator of drug susceptibility. Similarly, it is demonstrated that bedaquiline resistance can occur without exposure to the drug. Inappropriate treatment regimens, due to missed resistance, leads to amplification of resistance, and transmission. We put these results into the context of current WHO treatment regimens, underscoring the risks of treatment without knowledge of the full drug resistance profile.
Evaluation of upflow hybrid bioreactor system for treating low-strength nitrogenous wastewater under low-shear environment

Lab-scale upflow bioreactor system without biomass-liquid separation unit was built to treat low-strength nitrogenous wastewater based on intermittent aeration under low-shear environment. Biomass zone formed in the absence of gas bubbles provided simultaneous biomass retention, biodegradation of nitrogenous and carbonaceous compounds, and biomass-liquid separation. Biomass zone was stable as indicated by insignificant biomass washout rates (14–29 mg VSS/day) and relatively constant biomass zone height (26–30 cm) up to the shear gradient of 1.8 s. Nitrogen treatment efficiency of wastewater containing 15 mg NH4 -N/L was 15.3±1.96% under continuous oxygen influx of 95 mg O2/L/day and autotrophic environment, whereas it increased significantly, 88.2±7.05%, after intermittent aeration (3 hrs air-on and 3 hrs air-off) and organic carbon source were supplied to the bioreactor system. Carbon removal efficiencies for both continuous and intermittent aeration were comparable reported at 85±1.76% and 91±2.1%, respectively.
How is equity in education changing?

EQUITY IN EDUCATION: BREAKING DOWN BARRIERS TO SOCIAL MOBILITY © OECD 2018 53 This chapter examines trends in equity in education. It focuses on three areas: cognitive achievement, socio-emotional well-being and educational attainment. The chapter discusses disparities in student performance related to socio-economic status and how those differences evolve over time. It also explores students’ sense of belonging at school, their beliefs about their own academic abilities, and their expectations for their future. The chapter considers how educational attainment in countries has changed over recent decades and what that means for social (educational) mobility across generations.
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF BEAM COLUMN JOINT RETROFITTED WITH FERROCEMENT LAMINATES

An Experimental study is executed to evaluate a retrofit technique for strengthening shear deficient beam column joint. One of the techniques of strengthening the RC structural members is through confinement with a composite enclosure. In column was restrained as axial load. In this study totally four specimen were tested under cyclic loading in cantilever portion using hydraulic push and pull jack in which two as reference specimen and remaining two used for strengthen specimen with the Ferrocement laminate is a composite material collective with weld mesh and woven mesh embedded of 3.44 volume fraction. The hysteretic load displacement curve has been plotted and the energy dissipation capacity of the reference specimen compared with the cementitious laminate retrofitted beam-column joint from the experimental result, the laminate strengthened specimen showed more effective increasing the ultimate load carrying capacity, stiffness and energy dissipation. The analytical results showed comparable with the experimental result.
Heintzelman and King 3 Why Might Routines Not Relate to MIL ?

Previous research links the experience of meaning in life (MIL) with environmental structure and the coherence of external stimuli. The current studies directly test the association between one source of structure in everyday life—routines—and MIL. First, Study 1 (N = 317) found a positive relationship between trait preference for routine and MIL. Study 2 expanded upon this cross-sectional finding with experience sampling data (N = 85; 2,590 episodes) showing that the degree to which current, naturally occurring, behavior followed a typical routine positively related to participants’ momentary feelings of MIL. These findings have implications for conceptualizations of MIL, suggesting a previously unnoted, mundane, and ubiquitous source of MIL. The potential roles of boredom and novelty and individual and situational differences for these effects are discussed.
Empirical analysis of board diversity and the financial performance deposit money banks in Nigeria

Article history: Received April 11 2019 Received in revised format April 24 2019 Accepted May 1 2019 Available online May 3 2019 This study examined the effect of board diversity on the financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study also examined the relationship between board independence and financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. For the purpose of this study, the proxy for financial performance is profit margin while the proxies for board diversity and board independence are the ratio of female directors to total board size and ratio of non-executive directors to total board size, respectively. The data for the study were sourced from the annual reports of 10 listed deposit money banks in Nigeria from 2008 to 2017. The data were analyzed using pooled Ordinary Least Square regression. The results show that the coefficient of board diversity was positively signed and statistically significant at 5% (β=0.34, ρ=0.02); the coefficient of board independence was positively signed and statistically significant at 5% (β= 0.11, ρ=0.02). The study concludes that both gender diversity and board independence positively affect the financial performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. Therefore, the study recommends that deposit money banks should encourage appointment of qualified female directors on the board. In addition, deposit money banks should ensure the independence of the board by appointing independent non-executive director who are well experienced in bank
The Effect of Educational Guide on mothers ' Awareness regarding Sexual Harassment for their School Age Children

Sexual harassment is unacceptable, causing personal pain and embarrassment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the effect of an educational guide on mothers' awareness regarding sexual harassment for their school age children: The study was conducted in two elementary schools. A quasi experimental design was used. A purposive sample of 50 mothers was included in the study. Tool of the study includes a structured interview questionnaire and consists of three parts . The main findings of this study revealed that, mothers had high score of awareness about sexual harassment on post test than on pre test also there are a highly statistically significant difference between the mothers' knowledge level and their education. In conclusion: Implementation of an educational guide for mothers regarding sexual harassment, improved their awareness about sexual harassment of children. So, it was recommended that, sexual harassment educational guide must be provided for all parents to improve their awareness about sexual harassment.
Relationship of Demographic Variables with Public School Heads ’ Transformational and Transactional Leadership

This study aimed at determining relationship of demographic variables with heads’ self perception of transformational and transactional leadership styles. The data were collected including both boys and girls public primary schools in the eight districts of the Punjab. Two instrument i.e. Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and Demographic Variable Measurement Instrument (DVMI) were used to collect data from 467 heads. Data were analyzed by employing ‘independent sample t-test’ and ‘one way ANOVA’ statistical techniques. Transformational leadership emerged as the most preferential leadership style of public school heads. Female heads found to be most transformational as compared to male heads. Whereas, male heads demonstrated more transactional leadership style as compared to female heads. School locale showed no effects on heads’ perception of their leadership style. Heads’ academic and professional qualification did not affect heads leadership style. However age level affected heads transformational leadership style and heads having age group 51-60 years found more transformational leaders.