Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Arabidopsis LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES–Domain Gene ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 Functions in the Repression of KNOX Gene Expression and in Adaxial-Abaxial Patterning Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.014969.

The normal development of lateral organs of the shoot requires the simultaneous repression of meristem-specific genes and the activation of organ-specific genes. ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) is required for the development of normal leaf shape and for the repression of KNOX genes in the leaf. AS2 is a member of the recently identified, plant-specific LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES (LOB)–domain gene family. Expression of AS2 at high levels resulted in repression of the KNOX homeobox genes BREVIPEDICELLUS, KNAT2, and KNAT6 but not of the related SHOOT MERISTEMLESS gene. Overexpression of AS2 also led to a perturbation of normal adaxial-abaxial asymmetry in lateral organs, resulting in the replacement of abaxial cell types with adaxial cell types. These results indicate that AS2 is sufficient to induce adaxial cell fate and repress KNOX gene expression.
A Novel Set of Wnt-Frizzled Fusion Proteins Identifies Receptor Components That Activate β-Catenin-dependent Signaling*

Wnt proteins initiate the canonical (β-catenin-regulated) signaling cascade by binding to seven-transmembrane spanning receptors of the Frizzled (Fz) family together with the coreceptors LRP5 and -6, members of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein family (LRP). Several reports have shown physical and functional associations between various Wnt, LRP, and Frizzled molecules; however, the underlying mechanisms for selectivity remain poorly understood. We present data on a novel set of Wnt-Fz fusion constructs that are useful for elucidating mechanisms of Wnt signal transduction specificity in both Xenopus embryos and 293T cells. In 293T cells, coexpression of several Wnt-Fz fusion proteins with LRP6, but not LRP5, significantly activated a Wnt-responsive promoter, Optimized TOPFlash. Interestingly, Wnt proteins from both the Wnt1 and Wnt5A classes, when fused to the same Frizzled, can synergize with LRP6 to activate signaling and induce secondary axes in Xenopus embryos. However, when several Wnt-Fz constructs containing different Frizzled molecules were tested, it was found that all Frizzled molecules are not equivalent in their ability to activate the canonical Wnt pathway in this context. The data suggest that the distinction between the two Wnt classes lies not in intrinsic differences in the molecules but via the Frizzled molecules with which they interact.
Training-induced alterations of the in vivo force-velocity relationship of human muscle.

Seventeen male and female subjects (ages 20-38 yr) were tested pre- and posttraining for maximal knee extension torque at seven specific velocities (0, 0.84, 1.68, 2.51, 3.35, 4.19, and 5.03 rad . s-1) with an isokinetic dynamometer. Maximal knee extension torques were recorded at a specific joint angle (0.52 rad below the horizontal plane) for all test speeds. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: group A, control, n = 7; group B, training at 1.68 rad . s-1, n = 5; or group C, training at 4.19 rad . s-1, n = 5. Subjects trained the knee extensors by performing two sets of 10 single maximal voluntary efforts three times a week for 4 wk. Before training, each training group exhibited a leveling-off of muscular tension in the slow velocity-high force region of the in vivo force-velocity relationship. Training at 1.68 rad . s-1 resulted in significant (P less than 0.05) improvements at all velocities except for 5.03 rad . s-1 and markedly affected the leveling-off in the slow velocity-high force region. Training at 4.19 rad . s-1 did not affect the leveling-off phenomenon but brought about significant improvements (P less than 0.05) at velocities of 2.51, 3.35, and 4.19 rad . s-1. The changes seen in the leveling-off phenomenon suggest that training at 1.68 rad . s-1 might have brought about an enhancement of motoneuron activation.
Inferior Vena Cava Filters: A Concise Review

Abstract Venous thromboembolic disease is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Anticoagulation has been the mainstay of treatment and prevention. Unfortunately, anticoagulation frequently fails or is contraindicated. Use of inferior vena cava filters can be an effective alternative in these scenarios. Though inferior vena cava filters have been used for > 4 decades, the evidence behind their use is limited. Use of IVC filters is associated with both minor and major complications. More randomized prospective trials are needed to evaluate these devices. In this article, we review issues concerning the use of inferior vena cava filters.
上皮间质转化与肿瘤耐药

肿瘤药物治疗过程中常常要面临肿瘤细胞耐药的问题。 上皮间质转化（epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT）在肿瘤耐药方面的作用为解决该问题提供了可能。 该文围绕EMT基本特征、EMT与肿瘤耐药的关系、EMT在肿瘤耐药过程中机制的研究进展进行详细综述。
Using Game Theory to Investigate Risk Information Disclosure by Government Agencies and Satisfying the Public—The Role of the Guardian Agent

Risk information disclosure by government agencies has recently been in the news in Japan. A government agency often has an incentive not to disclose such information. Moreover, there generally is a gap between the amount of risk information held by the government agency and the amount held by the public. A method is needed that will help the public to obtain sufficient information for making decisions. We model the interactions between a government agency and the public as games of risk information disclosure using game theory, interpret the public payoff structure using March and Simon's theory of satisficing decision making, and interpret the payoff structures of a government agency using Tversky and Kahneman's cumulative prospect theory. We classify the interactions between a government agency and the public into four games: a voluntary disclosure game, an assurance game, an information searching game, and a nondisclosure game. The nondisclosure game does not have a Pareto optimum in our formulation. However, for discussion, we consider that binding forces imposed by the administration of justice might compel government agencies to disclose. In the assurance and information searching games, the equilibrium is not the Pareto optimum but a second best. We propose using a guardian agent to reduce the information gap between a government agency and the public. We find that, as the power of the guardian agent to reduce the risk information gap increases, the possibility of approaching the Pareto optimum also increases. Therefore, the information gap between a government agency and the public would be greatly reduced with explanations and support from experts in related fields, such as facilitators and experts in nonprofit organizations.
Teaching of posterior resin-based composite restorations in Brazilian dental schools.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the teaching program of Class I and Class II resin-based composite (RBC) restorations in Brazilian dental schools and to observe if any differences were found from similar surveys conducted in North American, European, and Japanese dental schools. METHOD AND MATERIALS A questionnaire containing 15 questions was distributed to 92 Brazilian dental schools, and 64 (70%) schools returned the questionnaire. The questions inquired the amount of time the curriculum dedicated to teaching of posterior RBC restorations, future expectation regarding the teaching time, limitation in extension of the occlusal width and the proximal box in Class II, contraindications for placing posterior RBC restorations, protocol for using bases and liners, brand of bonding agents and RBC used, instruments and techniques employed for finishing, cost relative to amalgam restorations, and biologic reactions related to the use of posterior RBC. The responses were calculated as percentages based on the number of schools that responded to the questionnaire. Where appropriate, the Chi-squared test and the Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Of the dental schools that responded, 88% dedicated 10% to 50% of the teaching time in operative dentistry to posterior RBC restorations. A significant correlation (P = 0.041) was found between the percentage of time dedicated to the teaching of posterior RBC restorations and the higher cost of posterior RBC compared to amalgam restorations. Resin-based composite restorations cost 30% to 70% more than amalgam restorations in the 40% of dental schools that charged a fee. Posterior composites for large restorations in molars were used by 14% of the dental schools. Base and liner were not placed by 10% of dental schools in deep Class I or Class II RBC restorations. One school did not recommend acid etching of the dentin. CONCLUSION No major differences were found in the teaching philosophy of posterior RBC restorations by comparing the Brazilian data to the data from similar surveys done in North America, Japan, and Europe.
The Role of Nerve Growth Factor in Ginsenoside Rg1-Induced Regeneration of Injured Rat Sciatic Nerve

Sciatic nerve injury is commonly seen in clinical practice predominantly associated with trauma or sports injuries. Recent studies indicated that ginsenoside Rg1 (Gs Rg1), extracted from Chinese herbs, was found to promote regeneration of injured rat sciatic nerve and that nerve growth factor (NGF) may be involved in this process. The aim of this study was to examine the role that NGF may play in ginsenoside Rg1-induced regeneration of rat sciatic nerve following injury. Animals following surgical right sciatic nerve injury were subsequently administered intraperitoneally either saline (sham control) or different doses of 2, 4, 8, or 12 mg/kg daily GsRg1 for 2 to 8 wk. In addition, 100 μg/kg mecobalamin, a drug utilized to treat nerve injuries, was employed as a positive control. After 2, 4, or 8 wk, sciatic functional index (SFI) and mean nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), markers of sciatic nerve function, were assessed to determine whether recovery of injured sciatic nerve occurred. In addition, immunohistochemistry and Western blot methods were used to examine NGF protein expression changes. Results showed that all doses of GsRg1 significantly increased SFI and MNCV in injured sciatic-nerve-damaged rats in a manner similar to that noted with mecobalamin. It is of interest that the intermediate 4- and 8-mg/kg doses were more effective in restoring nerve functions. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot results also demonstrated a similar pattern with enhanced NGF protein expression at all doses, but greater effects were noted at 4 and 8 mg/kg GsRg1. Data suggest that GsRg1 promotes recovery of injured sciatic nerve functions within a specific dose range and that NGF may be involved in this physiological process.
Chemical composition and sensory analysis of fresh pineapple and deacidified pineapple juice using electrodialysis

Electrodialysis with monopolar ion exchange membranes was used to reduce the acid content of pineapple juice. It is an electrochemical membrane separation process in which electrically charged membranes and an electrical potential difference are used to separate ionic species in the pineapple juice from other uncharged components. Several physico-chemical (pH, titratable acidity and soluble solids) and chemical (elemental contents) characteristics and sensory attributes (sweetness, tartness, colour, odour and acceptability) of fresh pineapple juice and deacidified pineapple juice were studied. Electrodialysis of pineapple juice resulted in the reduction of titratable acidity. However there was a pH reduction in the diluting stream. The transfer of the acids salts through the membrane along with the weak acids disturbed the buffer action and resulting in the reduction of pH along with reduction in acidity. The soluble solids content was unchanged. Result from elemental analysis showed that the major mineral components in pineapple juice (magnesium, phosphorus and potassium) were reduced in the diluting stream compared to fresh juice. The result of sensory analysis of the deacidified pineapple juice showed considerable increased in sweetness and reduction in the tartness. No significant changes were observed in odour and colour.
Informational externalities of going public decisions: evidence from industrial sector

Theoretical models predict that going public firms generate positive externalities, creating a spillover effect for other firms to go public. In this paper, we posit that venture backed IPOs convey positive informational externalities for the publicly traded rival firms in the same industry and test three related hypotheses. The hypotheses are: 1) Venture backed IPOs convey positive information about industry and this information is transferred to rival firms; 2) Intra-industry information transfer varies with rivals’ characteristics; 3) IPO price revisions generate additional information that affects rivals’ valuation. The results show that rivals have positive valuation effects only in response to venture backed IPOs and no significant reaction in response to non-venture backed IPOs. We also find evidence that the effect on rival firms is stronger if they operate in low concentrated industries (i.e. high competition) and have low growth opportunities. The relative size of IPO firm seems to play an important role in the direction and magnitude of industry rivals' valuation effects. Negative information revealed in the form of downward price revisions adversely affect rival firms’ valuation.
Successful pregnancy complicated by spontaneous, familial, recurrent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: report of two cases

Abstract We here report two cases of spontaneous, familial, recurrent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome ended in a successful pregnancy. First case was a 26-year-old woman, gravida 3 para 0 and two previous terminations of pregnancy due to spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). During her pregnancy, patient was treated with IV fluid therapy, albumin and thromboembolic prophylaxis and required pleural and peritoneal drainage. She was referred to the hospital twice, at 8 and 28 weeks’. At 32 weeks due to worsening of clinical condition, decision was made for a caesarean section. A live, healthy preterm baby of 1950 g was delivered. Second case was a 27-year-old woman, gravida 2 para 0 with one previous termination of pregnancy due to spontaneous OHSS. During her pregnancy patient was treated with IV fluid therapy, albumin, and thromboembolic prophylaxis. She did not require any pleural or peritoneal drainage. She was referred to the hospital twice, at 8 and 30 weeks. At 37 weeks of gestation, due to worsening of clinical condition decision for a caesarean section was made. A live, healthy term baby of 2700 g was delivered. Our experience seems to confirm that management of spontaneous OHSS during pregnancy should be conservative and treatment tailored to severity of symptoms.
Optical communication system expands CORK seafloor observatory's bandwidth

An important aspect of deploying scientific sensors in the deep sea is reliable underwater communication. We have developed an optical communication system that complements and integrates with an acoustic system to provide underwater communications that is capable of high data-rates and low latency in clear water combined with long range and robustness in the presence of high turbidity. This combined optical/acoustic telemetry technology was recently tested at a CORK (Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit) borehole observatory in the deep ocean of northeast Pacific. A CORK is a seafloor system to seal a borehole from the overlying ocean to allow the subseafloor hydrologic regime within the sediments and volcanic basement to retain its pre-drilling pressure state. CORKs are instrumented with downhole thermistor strings and pressure sensors and are typically visited on a semi-regular basis by submersible for downloading data and for collecting physical samples of subsurface fluids. We deployed the Optical Telemetry System (OTS) at the Hole 857D CORK in 2420 m water depth using the submersible ALVIN in July, 2010. The OTS was plugged into the existing underwater connector on the CORK to provide not only an optical and acoustic communication interface but also additional data storage and battery power for the CORK to sample at an increased 1 Hz data-rate. Using a CTD-mounted OTS similar to the seafloor unit we were able to establish an optical communication link at a range of 100 meters at rates of 1, 5 and 10 mega bits per second (Mbps) with no bit errors. Subsequent tests were done to establish the optical range of the various data rates and the optical power of the system. After approximately 1 week we repeated the CTD-OTS experiment and downloaded 20 Mb of data over a 5 Mbps link at a range of 80 m. The CORK-OTS will remain installed at the CORK for a year. Our Optical Telemetry System (OTS) enables faster data rates to be employed for in situ measurements that were previously limited by data download times from a submersible. The OTS also permits non submersible-equipped vessels to interrogate the CORK borehole observatory on a more frequent basis using a receiver lowered by wire from a ship of opportunity. In the future, autonomous vehicles could interrogate such seafloor observatories in a "data-mule" configuration and then dock at a seafloor cabled node to download data. While borehole observatories may ultimately be linked into undersea cables relaying real-time data back to shore they represent a superb opportunity to test free water optical communication methods. This application of seafloor optical communication could be used for a number of other types of seafloor sensors that may not be linked into a cabled network. The lessons learned from our CORK development efforts will go a long way towards establishing the viability of underwater optical communications for a host of autonomous seafloor sensor systems in the future.
Cognitive impairment in unipolar depression is persistent and non-specific: further evidence for the final common pathway disorder hypothesis

Background Cognitive performance is often impaired in depression, and these impairments can persist even after remission from psychopathological symptoms. However, it is still unclear whether cognitive dysfunction is associated with psychopathological symptoms or represents a genuine disorder. This study examined cognitive performance in acute depression, after remission, and 6 months after remission in order to determine the nature and specificity of cognitive dysfunction as well as its relevance for the further course of depression. Method Assessments of cognitive function and psychopathology were carried out on admission and prior to discharge in 53 in-patients with unipolar depression. Twenty patients were retested 6 months after discharge. To correct for practice effects, 13 healthy subjects were included and assessed twice with the same cognitive tests. Results In acute depression, we found impairments of information processing/attention, memory, and executive functions. Cognitive impairments remained in a high proportion of patients, even after remission of psychopathological symptoms. After correcting for practice effects, a significant improvement was observed only for some tests of executive functioning. Severity of depression was only weakly correlated with one single cognitive measure, indicating that psychopathological and neuropsychological symptoms are dissociable. Furthermore, we found no evidence for specific cognitive dysfunction. Conclusions Our results support the hypothesis that cognitive impairments in depression are neither selective nor specific; they have trait-like features and are, therefore, not merely an epiphenomenon of depression. Whether or not cognitive dysfunction is a prognostic marker for the course of depression remains still an open issue.
A role for transmembrane domains V and VI in ligand binding and maturation of the angiotensin II AT1 receptor

Abstract Several studies have proposed that angiotensin II (Ang II) binds to its receptor AT1 through interactions with residues in helices V and VI, suggesting that the distance between these helices is crucial for ligand binding. Based on a 3D model of AT1 in which the C-terminus of Ang II is docked, we identified the hydrophobic residues of TM V and VI pointing towards the external face of the helices, which may play a role in the structure of the binding pocket and in the structural integrity of the receptor. We performed a systematic mutagenesis study of these residues and examined the binding, localization, maturation, and dimerization of the mutated receptors. We found that mutations of hydrophobic residues to alanine in helix V do not alter binding, whereas mutations to glutamate lead to loss of binding without a loss in cell surface expression, suggesting that the external face of helix V may not directly participate in binding, but may rather contribute to the structure of the binding pocket. In contrast, mutations of hydrophobic residues to glutamate in helix VI lead to a loss in cell surface expression, suggesting that the external surface of helix VI plays a structural role and ensures correct folding of the receptor.
Nab-paclitaxel, docetaxel, or solvent-based paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer: a cost-utility analysis from a Chinese health care perspective

Background Paclitaxel and docetaxel are commonly used for metastatic breast cancer in the People’s Republic of China. To improve the safety and efficacy of paclitaxel, an albumin-bound formulation (nab) is now available in the People’s Republic of China (Abraxane®). To provide health economic data for the key stakeholders, a cost-utility analysis comparing nab-paclitaxel to docetaxel, both as alternatives to paclitaxel, was conducted. Methods A meta-analysis of clinical outcomes Phase III trials comparing nab-paclitaxel (260 mg/m2 every [q] 3 weeks) or branded docetaxel (100 mg/m2 q 3 weeks), to solvent-based branded paclitaxel (175 mg/m2 q 3 weeks) was undertaken to provide safety and clinical data. Resource use data for the delivery of anticancer therapy and for the treatment of grade 3/4 toxicity was collected from a time and motion study conducted in three Chinese cancer centers and from a survey of clinicians. Using the Time Trade-Off technique, health utility estimates were derived from interviewing 28 breast cancer patients from one cancer center in the People’s Republic of China. All costs were reported in 2014 US dollars. Results Nab-paclitaxel had the most favorable safety profile, characterized with the lowest incidence of grade 3/4 neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, anemia, and stomatitis. When the median number of cycles delivered from the clinical trials was applied, nab-paclitaxel had a cost per course of $19,752 compared with $8,940 and $13,741 for paclitaxel and docetaxel, respectively. As an alternative to paclitaxel, the cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained with nab-paclitaxel suggested better value than with docetaxel ($57,900 vs $130,600). Conclusion Nab-paclitaxel appears to be a cost-effective option compared with docetaxel and paclitaxel, for metastatic breast cancer in the People’s Republic of China.