Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Soil physical attributes in chemigated banana plantation with wastewater

The feasibility of using sewage wastewater as a water and nutrient source for plants is an alternative to harness agricultural natural resource, observing its influence on the organic matter dynamics and soil energy. Our objective here was to evaluate the effects of applying different doses of effluent from a sewage treatment plant, in Janauba – MG, Brazil, over the physical attributes of a soil grown with “Prata Ana” banana. From soil sample collection at depths of 0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm, we determined the following soil properties: soil density, total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, organic matter, clay dispersed in water and stability of soil aggregate. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four repetitions. Wastewater raising doses promoted increase in suspended solids, contributing to macroporosity reduction at 20-40 and 40-60 cm depths; as well as a reduction in organic matter within 0-20 cm layer. Clay dispersal was observed in the depths of 0-20 cm, being derived from an increase in sodium content. Concurrently, there was a reduction of soil aggregate stability.
Causes of extreme fatigue in underperforming athletes - a synthesis of recent hypotheses and reviews

The underperformance syndrome (UPS), previously known as the overtraining syndrome (OTS), has been defined as a persistent decrement in athletic performance capacity despite 2 weeks of relative rest. Clinical research has suggested that cytokines play a key role in fatigue in disease and chronic fatigue syndrome. Furthermore, it has recently been demonstrated that exogenous administration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) increases the sensation of fatigue during exercise. In light of current cytokine and chronic fatigue syndrome research, this article reviews and updates the cytokine theories that attempt to explain the aetiology of the debilitating fatigue experienced in OTS/UPS. Initially, it was proposed that UPS may be caused by excessive cytokine release during and following exercise, causing a chronic inflammatory state and ‘cytokine sickness'. More recently, the hypothesis was extended and it was proposed that time-dependent sensitisation could provide a model through which the aetiology of UPS may be explained. According to this model, the principal abnormal factor in UPS is an intolerance/heightened sensitivity to IL-6 during exercise. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 18 (4) 2006: pp. 108-114
Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf): Relation between Photosynthetically Active Radiation Intercepted and Water Consumption under Different Nitrogen Rates

The effects of four nitrogen rates (N 1 = 150 kg N ha -1 ; N 2 = 100 kg N ha -1 ; N 3 = 50 kg N ha -1 and N 4 = 0 kg N ha -1 ) on Total dry matter (TDM), photosynthetically active radiation intercepted (PARabs), Water Consumption (WC), Radiation use efficiency (RUE), Water use efficiency (WUE) and the relation between photosynthetically active radiation intercepted and water consumption for Durum Wheat were investigated during three growing seasons (2005-2006, 2006-2007 and 2007-2008). Results showed that, the cumulative PARabs increase with nitrogen levels. In fact, N 1 treatment recorded the highest cumulative PAR abs (920.2, 1041.5 and 1031.3 MJ m -2 ) and the lowest (812.7, 999.4 and 954 MJ m -2 ) obtained under N 4 treatment, respectively for three growing seasons. Also, RUE, TDM and WUE have increased with nitrogen rates. The highest RUE observed under the N 1 (from 1.32 to 1.43 g MJ -1 ) and the lowest under N 4 (from 1.1 to 1.27 g MJ -1 ). N 1 treatment improved the TDM compared to N 3 and N 4 rates, respectively from 11.7 to 12.6% and from 15 to 22.3%. The highest WUE were obtained under the N 1 (from 2.8 to 3.1 kg m -3 ) and the lowest were observed under N 4 (from 2.4 to 3 kg m -3 ). The relationship between cumulative PAR abs and cumulative water consumption was linearly regression with a high correlation coefficient (R 2 ) which indicates that cumulative PAR abs increases when water consumption increases.
Survey the Effect of Cooperative Learning on Confidence

This study aims to investigate the effect of cooperative learning on the confidence. This Study was a quasi-experimental research with control group and pre-test, post-test. The students of Middle schools in Bandar Abbas form the statistical society and the sample was made of 25 girls and 25 boys for test group and 25 girls and 25 boys for control group. The test group taught by cooperative learning method in 12 sessions but the control group was being taught traditionally. To gather information Eyzenk confidence questionnaire used. Data analyzed using Covariance analysis. The results showed that cooperative learning method increases the confidence in the girls test group. But cooperative learning method does not increase the confidence in the boys test group significantly. Therefore, cooperative learning increases the confidence in girls more than boys.
Surface energies in a two-dimensional mass-spring model for crystals

We study an atomistic pair potential-energy E((n))(y) that describes the elastic behavior of two-dimensional crystals with n atoms where y is an element of R(2xn) characterizes the particle positions. The main focus is the asymptotic analysis of the ground state energy as n tends to infinity. We show in a suitable scaling regime where the energy is essentially quadratic that the energy minimum of E((n)) admits an asymptotic expansion involving fractional powers of n: min(y) E((n)) (y) = n E(bulk) + root n E(surface) + o(root n), n -> infinity. The bulk energy density E(bulk) is given by an explicit expression involving the interaction potentials. The surface energy E(surface) can be expressed as a surface integral where the integrand depends only on the surface normal and the interaction potentials. The evaluation of the integrand involves solving a discrete algebraic Riccati equation. Numerical simulations suggest that the integrand is a continuous, but nowhere differentiable function of the surface normal.
Heavy-flavour production and the QGP in heavy-ion collisions

Heavy-ion collisions are the tool we have to recreate in laboratory the plasma of quarks and gluons. Studies of the QGP formation and properties have been carried on using several probes and now, thirty years after the first measurements at SPS energies, a large wealth of data is available from the high-energy experiments at RHIC and LHC. Heavy-flavour production is considered among the most powerful tools to investigate the new state of matter and the new data can help to sharpen the behaviour of such observables in the created medium. In this paper, an overview of the most recent results on open and closed heavy-flavour will be presented, with particular emphasis on the measurements from RHIC and LHC experiments.
Inductive High Power Transfer Technologies for Electric Vehicles

Abstract Problems associated with ”how to charge the battery pack of the electric vehicle” become more important every passing day. Most logical solution currently is the non-contact method of charge, possessing a number of advantages over standard contact methods for charging. This article focuses on methods for Inductive high power contact-less transfer of energy at relatively small distances, their advantages and disadvantages. Described is a developed Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) system for fast charging of electric vehicles with nominal power of 30 kW over 7 to 9 cm air gap.
Depression and cognition: new insights from the Lorenz curve and the Gini index

This ex post facto prospective study reports the use of statistical techniques known as the Lorenz curve and Gini index to analyze the content of depressive cognitions as a function of attributional negative style (i.e., internal, global and stable causal attributions for failure or negative events, as proposed by the learned helplessness model) and negative cognitive triad (i.e., a negative view of oneself, ones future and ones world, according to Beck's cognitive model of depression). These statistical techniques revealed that attributional style was poorly related with depression level, whereas the negative cognitive triad showed a close relationship and provided a more accurate description of the depressive cognitive pattern. We also document how the Lorenz curve and Gini index can be used to assess the predictive capacity of different instruments or the strength of the relationship between different variables and psychological disorders, and to evaluate different models proposed to explain these disorders. This pioneering study reveals the potential usefulness in Psychology of these statistical techniques, mainly used in Economical sciences, for analyzing the validity of different factors and possible predictors of specific psychological disorders, or to enhance existing instruments, as our present study with depression shows.
Echinococosis lung: A Cyto-histopathogical study in two cases

Echinococcosis is a parasitic infestation caused by the cestode of the genus Echinococcus. Man serves as an intermediate host and becomes infected by accidental ingestion of eggs from soil, water or by direct contact with the definitive host (dog). The present communication deals with two cases of echinococcosis of the lung. The presenting chief complaints were of breathlessness and dry cough. Routine haematological investigations revealed relative lymphocytosis in both the cases. However X-ray chest and CT showed a mass in the left lung in one case and a mass in the right lung in another case. For further evaluation CT guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed in case one and the final diagnosis of hydatid cyst lung was established. In another case surgery was performed. Histopathological examination , established the diagnosis of echinococcosis lung. Both the patients were treated accordingly and responded well to antihelminthic regime of therapy. DOI: 10.21276/APALM.1181
Options for Intensification with Biphasic Insulins in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Not Achieving Glycemic Control

Background: In type 2 diabetes, simple, convenient and effective regimens should encourage timely insulin initiation and improve outcomes. Longand rapid-acting insulin analogues more closely mimic endogenous basal/prandial insulin secretion than human equivalents. Premixed insulin analogues deliver prandial and basal insulin in one formulation and can be administered 1-3 times daily. Premixed insulin may, therefore, provide an alternative to basal–bolus regimens for intensification of insulin therapy.Objectives: The aim of this commentary was to show how biphasic insulin therapy may offer a simple and effective intensification option for patients with type 2 diabetes who do not achieve adequate control with existing insulin therapies.Methods: A literature search using the PubMed database (years: January 1997September 2010) was carried out using the search terms diabetes AND ([(biphasic OR bi-phasic) AND (insulin OR insulins]) OR ([premix OR pre-mix) AND (insulin OR insulins)]). Clinical trials, systematic reviews, case reports or clinical practice guidelines that addressed topics of interest with regard to premixed insulin analogues/analogue regimens and intensification strategies were identified and included.Results: Clinical data show that premixed insulin analogues reduce hemoglobin A1C and fasting plasma glucose to a similar extent as premixed human insulin, but have advantages in terms of postprandial glucose control, incidence of hypoglycemia, and convenience. Premixed insulins may also provide benefits to glycemic control (reduced HbA1c, fasting and postprandial plasma glucose) in patients failing to achieve targets on basal insulin. In addition, premixed insulin analogue regimens generally compare well with basal–bolus regimens. Conclusions: Premixed insulin analogues offer a simple intensification option in patients with type 2 diabetes not achieving adequate control with existing insulin therapy. Premixed insulin analogues may offer a viable alternative to basal–bolus regimens and an improved physiologic profile compared with human equivalents.
Effect of IGF-I Rich Fraction from Bovine Colostral Whey on Murine Immunity

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) rich fraction, collected components between 1 kDa and 30 kDa, was fractionated from bovine colostral whey using an ultrafiltration membrane. IGF-I was confirmed in the collected IGF-I rich fraction by both SDS- PAGE and Western blotting. The concentration of IGF-I in the IGF-I rich fraction was 10 ng/mg protein. One hundred microliters of the reconstituted IGF-I rich fraction was intraperitoneally injected into ICR male mice for 2 weeks at 24 h intervals. The functions of peritoneal macrophages, including phagocytosis, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production, and nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide production, were enhanced significantly by the administration of the IGF-I rich fraction in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.01). The proliferation of Concanavalin (Con) A-stimulated and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated splenocytes was also determined to have been enhanced significantly by the administration of the IGF-I rich fraction in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.01). Our results indicate that the administration of IGF-I rich fraction obtained from bovine colostral whey enhances both innate and acquired immunity for ICR male mice. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2006. Vol 19, No. 2 : 297-304)
EFL Teachers’ Challenges in Maximizing Classroom Interaction

Classroom interaction plays a significant role in facilitating learners’ development of communicative competence by making input more comprehensible to learners and maximizing the language input to become learners’ intake (Krashen, 1987; Swain, 1995; Long, 1996; Gass, 1997; Lucha & Berhanu, 2015). Results of related studies reveal a low level of communicative competence of many Vietnamese learners of English, which could result from the lack of opportunities for interaction in Vietnamese EFL classes (Hiep, 2007; Ngoc, 2010; Canh, 2011; Ngan, 2013; Tuyen, 2013; Duy, 2014). This study aims to investigate EFL teachers’ challenges in maximizing classroom interaction. A questionnaire was administered to 50 lecturers from sixteen colleges and universities in the Mekong Delta of Viet Nam to examine their challenges in maximizing classroom interaction. The results of the study show that Vietnamese EFL lecturers encountered challenges related to physical factors or learning conditions, learners’ factors and teachers’ factors as well. Learner-related factors showed to be most significant challenge in this study.
Secondary ozone peaks in the troposphere over the Himalayas

Abstract. Layers with strongly enhanced ozone concentrations in the middle–upper troposphere, referred to as secondary ozone peaks (SOPs), have been observed in different regions of the world. Here we use the global ECHAM5/MESSy atmospheric chemistry model (EMAC) to (i) investigate the processes causing SOPs, (ii) explore both their frequency of occurrence and seasonality, and (iii) assess their effects on the tropospheric ozone budget over the Himalayas. The vertical profiles of potential vorticity (PV) and a stratospheric ozone tracer (O3s) in EMAC simulations, in conjunction with the structure of SOPs, suggest that SOPs over the Himalayas are formed by stratosphere-to-troposphere transport (STT) of ozone. The spatial distribution of O3s further shows that such effects are in general most pronounced in the northern part of India. Model simulated ozone distributions and backward air trajectories show that ozone rich air masses, associated with STT, originate as far as northern Africa and the North Atlantic Ocean, the Middle East, as well as in nearby regions in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and are rapidly (within 2–3 days) transported to the Himalayas. Analysis of a 15-year (2000–2014) EMAC simulation shows that the frequency of SOPs is highest during the pre-monsoon season (e.g. 11 % of the time in May), while no intense SOP events are found during the July–October period. The SOPs are estimated to enhance the tropospheric column ozone (TCO) over the central Himalayas by up to 21 %.
A representation of the collisional ice break-up process in the two-moment microphysics scheme LIMA v1.0 of Meso-NH

Abstract. The paper describes a switchable parameterization of CIBU (Collisional Ice Break-Up), an ice multiplication process that fits in with the two-moment microphysical scheme LIMA (Liquid Ice Multiple Aerosols). The LIMA scheme with three ice types (pristine cloud ice crystals, snowaggregates and graupel-hail) was developed in the cloud-resolving mesoscale model Meso-NH. Here the CIBU process assumes that collisional break-up is mostly efficient for small snowaggregate class of particles with a fragile structure when hit by large and dense graupel particles. The increase of cloud ice number concentration depends on a prescribed number of fragments being produced per collision. This point is discussed and analytical expressions of the newly contributing CIBU terms in LIMA are given. The scheme is run in Meso-NH for the case of a three-dimension deep convective cloud with a heavy production of graupel. The consequence of dramatically changing the number of fragments produced per collision is explored in particular to estimate an upper bound of the CIBU effect. The case of a random number of fragments is also proposed to illustrate the consequence of the uncertainty of this parameter. Finally it is concluded that the assessment of CIBU certainly needs accurate laboratory experiments to check the conditions and to tune the efficiency of the process of ice crystal fragmentation. However the proposed parameterization which can be easily implemented in many two-moment microphysics schemes, could be used in this form to simulate the case of real deep tropical clouds where anomalously high concentrations of small ice crystals are suspected to occur.
Rapid Screening of Apple Genotypes for Drought Tolerance by a Simplified Model of Canopy Conductance

Expansion of apple growing to dry areas requires reliable approaches to select genotypes tolerant to water stress. We have simulated apple tree transpiration (Ec) from different commercial orchards and compared it with actual transpiration (Ea) derived from sap flow measurements. The modelling approach lies in rearranging a parameterized P–M Equation and incorporating in it a stomatal conductance model derived from meteorological variations. The model uses diurnal courses of variables instead of commonly used daily means. We then wrote a complex P–M Equation which already includes the canopy conductance as the function of radiation and vapour pressure deficit. For model calibration, an extensive experimental dataset of tree transpiration was collected from 2011 to 2013 in various sites of Albania and Kosovo, ranging from very warm to temperate. The daily pattern of canopy conductance for water vapour at canopy level provided by the model offers an unprecedented insight into rapid response to humidity of different cultivars as well as their light saturation levels. The satisfactory performance of this functional model should improve the precision of current empirical approaches followed to compute fruit tree water requirements and can be a promising tool for early and quick evaluation of water stress tolerance in apple genotypes.
Trust, Honesty, and Corruption: Theories and Survey Evidence from Post-Socialist Societies

Two conflicting stories are told about the impact of the past on societies moving from socialism to market democracy. The first recognizes the overall failures of the planned economies but points to cooperation between family and friends as a means of coping with a dysfunctional system. This sense of community has been broken up by the move to the market and to democracy leading to a loss of trust and an increase in opportunism. The second sto ry stresses the socialist governments’ lack of legitimacy – a fact that led citizens to assume that official state actors were self-serving and that rules were irrational. Individual horizons were limited by the difficulties and risks of impersonal, arms-length dealings. The new democratic governments inherited a citizenry with low levels of trust in public institutions and with the habit of relying on inter -personal relations, not public institutions and laws. The first story argues for policies that reinf orce interpersonal trust, and the second, for policies that develop trust and confidence in the impartiality and competence of the state. The topic of honesty and trust in the post -socialist societies touches on issues central to the transition process and its eventual outcome. The issue sits at the intersection of institutional and legal analysis, on the one hand, and the study of norms and public attitudes, on the other. Survey work from the region provides a fairly comprehensive picture of the attitudes of citizens and the managers of business firms in the post -socialist countries. This work also sheds some light on private sector and official behavior and on the nature of public and private institutions. Qualitative evidence from interviews and focus groups provides insight into the way households and businesses cope. Nevertheless, we know less than we would like about the actual operation of government institutions and about private sector organizations and informal groups. The rapidity of year -to-year changes leaves the analyst with questions about what has actually happened and unsure about the proper recommendations for reform. Most recent work shows a sharp divergence between the countries of the former Soviet Union (except for the Baltics) and those that came under Soviet influence only after the Second World War. There are exceptions and interesting cross -country variations, but as a general rule, the countries geographically closer to Western Europe are also closer to Western Europe in political, legal, and economic development than the countries farther east. This suggests that the most
The hELENa project - II. Abundance distribution trends of early-type galaxies: from dwarfs to giants

In this second paper of The role of Environment in shaping Low-mass Early-type Nearby galaxies (hELENa) series we study [Mg/Fe] abundance distribution trends of early-type galaxies (ETGs) observed with the Spectrographic Areal Unit for Research on Optical Nebulae integral field unit, spanning a wide range in mass and local environment densities: 20 low-mass early types (dEs) of Sybilska et al. and 258 massive early types (ETGs) of the ATLAS(3D) project, all homogeneously reduced and analysed. We show that the [Mg/Fe] ratios scale with velocity dispersion (sigma) at fixed [Fe/H] and that they evolve with [Fe/H] along similar paths for all early types, grouped in bins of increasing local and global s, as well as the second velocity moment V-rms, indicating a common inside-out formation pattern. We then place our dEs on the [Mg/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagram of Local Group galaxies and show that dEs occupy the same region and show a similar trend line slope in the diagram as the high-metallicity stars of the Milky Way and the Large Magellanic Cloud. This finding extends the similar trend found for dwarf spheroidal versus dwarf irregular galaxies and supports the notion that dEs have evolved from late-type galaxies that have lost their gas at a point of their evolution, which likely coincided with them entering denser environments.