Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Equation of state and high-pressure/high-temperature phase diagram of magnesium

The phase diagram of magnesium has been investigated to 211 GPa at 300 K, and to 105 GPa at 4500 K, by using a combination of x-ray diffraction and resistive and laser heating. The ambient pressure hcp structure is found to start transforming to the bcc structure at ∼45 GPa, with a large region of phase-coexistence that becomes smaller at higher temperatures. The bcc phase is stable to the highest pressures reached. The hcp-bcc phase boundary has been studied on both compression and decompression, and its slope is found to be negative and steeper than calculations have previously predicted. The laser-heating studies extend the melting curve of magnesium to 105 GPa and suggest that, at the highest pressures, the melting temperature increases more rapidly with pressure than previously reported. Finally, we observe some evidence of a new phase in the region of 10 GPa and 1200 K, where previous studies have reported a double-hexagonal-close-packed (dhcp) phase. However, the additional diffraction peaks we observe cannot be accounted for by the dhcp phase alone.
Relationships between habitat characteristics and breeding population densities in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

We examine the importance of stream habitat characteristics in governing variation in spawning densities of sock- eye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) across 32 streams in the Fraser River Basin, British Columbia, Canada. We used mixed- effects models to examine four competing hypotheses for the influence of abiotic stream characteristics acting on either adult salmon or embryo mortality. All models that received support using Akaike's information criterion included stream charac- teristics that are associated with cover. These included the percent area of pools, percentage of the banks that were undercut, and large woody debris (in that order). These results suggest the importance of stream characteristics, which reduce risk of predation on adults, in determining spawning sockeye salmon densities. Thus, identification of a small number of physical characteristics of streams provides insight into ecological processes that determine population densities. This information can be used to quantify habitat quality, which can guide habitat prioritization for conservation. Resume : Nous examinons l'importance des caracteristiques des habitats d'eau courante comme explication de la variation dans la densite de fraie des saumons rouges (Oncorhynchus nerka) dans 32 cours d'eau du bassin du fleuve Fraser, Colom- bie-Britannique, Canada. Des modeles a effets mixtes nous ont servi a examiner quatre hypotheses de rechange sur l'impor- tance de l'action des facteurs abiotiques du cours d'eau sur la mortalite des saumons adultes ou sur celle des embryons. Tous les modeles qui ont ete appuyes par le critere d'information d'Akaike incluent des caracteristiques des cours d'eau as- sociees a la couverture. Ces caracteristiques comprennent (dans l'ordre) la surface en pourcentage des fosses, le pourcentage de rives qui sont en surplomb et les grands debris ligneux. Ces resultats laissent croire que les caracteristiques du cours d'eau qui reduisent le risque de predation chez les adultes sont d'importance pour expliquer les densites des saumons rouges en fraie. Ainsi, l'identification d'un petit nombre de caracteristiques physiques des cours d'eau fournit un eclairage sur les processus ecologiques qui determinent la densite des populations. Ces renseignements peuvent servir a determiner la qualite de l'habitat, ce qui peut guider la priorisation des habitats pour fins de conservation. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Innovation strategies and firm performance

This paper analyzes the effect of various innovation strategies of firms on their future performance, captured by labour productivity. Using five waves of the Community Innovation Survey in Sweden, we have traced the innovative behaviour of firms over a decade, i.e. from 2002 to 2012. We distinguish between sixteen innovation strategies, which compose of Schumpeterian four types of innovations, i.e. process, product, marketing, and organizational (simple innovation strategies) plus various combinations of these four types (complex innovation strategies). The main findings indicate that those firms that choose and afford to have a complex innovation strategy are better off in terms of their future productivity in compare with both those firms that choose not to innovative (base group) and those firms that choose simple innovation strategies. Moreover, not all types of complex innovation strategies affect the future productivity significantly; rather, there are only few of them. This necessitates a purposeful choice of innovation strategy for firms.
Numerical Sturdy of Electrode Geometry Effects on Flowfield in Two-dimensional MPD Thrusters

Numerical study of the geometry effect on the flowfield in Two-dimensional MPD Thrusters (TMPDT) is conducted under the constant mass flow rate 1.25 g/s for argon propellant. Employed anodes are converging-diverging anode, flared anode, and straight anode. As for the cathode, short cathode and embedded cathode are examined. The results of the self-field TMPDT show that the embedded cathode can enhance the thrust and thrust efficiency. In addition, an external magnetic field which assists the induced magnetic field is applied to the TMPDT. In this study, with cylindrical alnico magnet, the thrust and thrust efficiency are improved. The highest thrust efficiency about 0.16 is accomplished at 16 kA for the geometry with a converging-diverging anode and a embedded cathode.
Stigma of psychological therapy: Stereotypes, interpersonal reactions, and the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Research has demonstrated that first impressions and stereotypes can influence social interactions in ways that lead to their behavioral confirmation — even to the extent of causing mistaken impressions to become real (Darley & Fazio, 1980; Rosenthal, 1973; Rosenthal & Jacobson, 1968; Snyder & Swann, 1978). In one study, for example, Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977) investigated the process of behavioral confirmation of the stereotype associated with physical attractiveness. Their results revealed that men formed more favorable first impressions of female target persons when they were led to believe that the target was physically attractive than when they thought that she was unattractive. Consistent with these first impressions, women interacting with men who believed that they were attractive then came to behave in a manner that was more socially desirable than did women conversing with partners who believed that they were unattractive. A self-fulfillin g prophecy thus occurred (see Jones, 1977). Snyder et al. concluded that male perceivers used different styles of interaction for the two groups of targets. These behaviors, in turn, guided and constricted the behavioral options of female targets in ways that led them to conform to the men's initial impressions.
Evaluation of yield and forage quality in main and ratoon crops of different sorghum lines

Improving the yield and quality of sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) forage for livestock feeding is a major breeding objective, because of sorghum’s inherently high biomass accumulation, high productivity per unit water utilized and its ability to produce a ratoon crop after harvesting of the plant crop. Newly bred sorghum lines, including 36 lines falling in 5 different categories, i.e. 12 experimental dual-purpose lines, 6 germplasm accessions from the ICRISAT collection, 11 commercial varieties and hybrids, 6 forage varieties and 1 bmr mutant line, were evaluated in terms of fodder yield, quality and ratooning ability. The main crop produced more dry biomass (P<0.05) at 80 days after planting (mean 22.87 t DM/ha; range 17.32‒33.82 t DM/ha) than the ratoon crop (mean 8.47 t DM/ha; range 3.2‒17.42 t DM/ha) after a further 80 days of growth. Mean nitrogen concentration in forage did not differ greatly between main and ratoon crops (2.56 vs. 2.40%, respectively) but there was wide variation between lines (2.06‒2.89%). The line N 610 recorded highest N percentage of 2.89%, followed by SSG 59 3 (2.86%) and SX 17 (2.81%). Highest acid detergent fiber % was recorded by ICSV 12008 (42.1%), closely followed by CO 31 and IS 34638 (40.0%). The least acid detergent lignin % was observed in MLSH-296 Gold (3.59%), ICSV 700 (3.75%) and ICSSH 28 (3.83%). Metabolizable energy concentration was highest in N 610, Phule Yashodha and SX 17 (mean 8.34 MJ/kg DM), while in vitro organic matter digestibility ranged from 52.5 to 62.6%. The main crop contained much higher mean concentrations of the cyanogenic glycoside, dhurrin , than the ratoon (639 vs. 233 ppm, respectively) with ranges of 38 to 2,298 ppm and 7 to 767 ppm, respectively. There was no significant correlation between dhurrin concentration and dry biomass yield so breeding and selection for low dhurrin concentrations should not jeopardize yields. Hence, breeding for sorghum can target simultaneously both quality and biomass improvement. Keywords: Cyanogenic glycoside, digestibility, dry biomass production, fodder quality, tillering ability.
Overall Rhetorical Structure of Students’ English and Persian Argumentative Essays

This study investigates commonalities and differences in overall rhetorical structure within the Iranian EFL subjects in their Persian and English pre- and post-argumentative essays and also it examines the effect of two different treatments, namely, models with implicit instruction, and models alone. After conducting TOFEL test, 76 subjects were selected. They were randomly divided into two groups, an experimental group which received no-instruction treatment, and a control group which was instructed implicitly. A pre-test and a post-test were administered before and after the treatment. The quantitative analysis of the post-argumentative essays revealed that the implicit group outperformed the no-instruction group. This study is significant for genre analysis and contrastive rhetoric research.
Delicado et al.: Not in Anyone’s Backyard? Civil Society Attitudes towards Wind Power at the National and Local Levels in Portugal

This article attempts to explain the swift development of renewable energy, in particular wind energy, in Portugal, by assessing the socio-political, community and market acceptance of renewables. We examine, on the one hand, the institutional and policy framework, the approaches to planning, and the ownership of facilities, and, on the other hand, the attitudes of Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations and citizens towards renewable energy in general and local windfarms in particular. Results show that a highly attractive feed-in tariff system and a system of planning decisions at the national level has led to an expansion of wind power, regardless of a less than enthusiastic public opinion and a sceptical environmental movement.
Ontology and School Culture: Does Legislation Influence School Culture in Centralized Education Systems?

This study aims to identify linkage between the concepts of educational ontology, school culture and educational legislation. The first has to do with the basic fundamental elements of the educational system. The second has to do with the school climate and general working conditions. The third has to do with the laws abiding the system. All these complex concepts are relevant to the educational functions. However, their relationship and the way they interact have not been studied thoroughly. This study researches that relationship. The context of the research is the education system of Greece, which is recognized as being highly centralized. Through an examination of educational legal documents, the study draws a relationship linking, the three concepts in such systems. By examining the content of 435 legal documents, it concludes that their focus ontology-wise was mostly on the level of application of teaching work, instead of ideas or structures. This detailed structured implementation of school function leads to this centralized culture. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.17. 9. 7
Assessment of waste management practice in hostel buildings in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

The rise in the construction of hostel buildings to take care of accommodation needs of students in higher institutions of learning has been having effects on waste generation and its management practices. The study was carried out to assess waste generated and adequacy of facilities used in managing streams of waste in privately owned hostel buildings with a view to providing information to enhancing its management practice. This study was carried out in privately owned hostel buildings in Ife Central Local Government Area of Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling process involving stratification and systematic random sampling technique of the hostels and occupants was used. Preliminary survey was carried out to determine types of hostel facilities, its occupancy pattern and personnel involved in its waste management. Eighteen (18%) out of the 858 occupants of the hostel buildings and eleven (11) waste management personnel were selected during the study. A total of 154 questionnaire was administered on the occupants of the hostel buildings and waste audit exercise was carried out to determine quantities of waste generated by using weighing instrument. The data collected were analyzed with descriptive and inferential methods such as cross tabulation, frequency distribution and mean score analysis. The study found that there was significant variation in the streams of waste generated in the types of hostel buildings sampled. It was found that nylon/polythene bags, covered refuse bin and bucket without cover with mean score value of 3.50, 2.89 and 2.78 respectively were used to collect waste generated. The study also showed variation in the alertness of occupants of the hostels to the severity of environmental conditions of waste generated. It was recommended that waste audit be taken as an integral part of waste management practice with the provision of waste collecting, transporting, disposal facilities and protective equipment in order to prevent environmental hazards associated with waste management.
Too‐low magnetic inclinations in central Asia: an indication of a long‐term Tertiary non‐dipole field?

Observed Tertiary palaeolatitudes in central Asia are more southerly (by about 1600 km on average) than those predicted from the Eurasian reference palaeopoles. Subsequent northward displacements of the central Asian terranes are unlikely to have been this large. In this study we analyse to what extent non‐dipole fields, especially octupole fields, can explain this phenomenon. A global (zonal) octupole field manifests itself in two ways. (1) Because the reference APWP is based mostly on results from the UK and North America, its palaeopoles will be far‐sided as seen from the North Atlantic, but near‐sided as seen from eastern Asia, giving predicted palaeolatitudes that are too high. (2) An octupole field contribution produces observed palaeolatitudes, as calculated with the dipole formula for central Asia, that are too low. Both effects therefore increase the palaeolatitude anomalies in Asia. We find that an octupole/dipole field ratio (G3) of 0.06 or greater will reduce the palaeolatitude discrepancies significantly and is of the same magnitude as the G3 estimate of a recent analysis of Early Tertiary European and North American data.
The effect of supply system on the wood paying capability of a kraft pulp mill using Scots pine harvested from first thinnings

The efficiencies of wood supply systems based on cut-to-length (CTL) harvesting, the harvesting of loose whole trees, and whole-tree bundling were compared using the relative wood paying capabilities (WPC) of a kraft pulp mill as decisive criteria. The WPCs from mill to stump were calculated for three first-thinning stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with mean breast-height diameter of the removal of 6, 8, and 12 cm. Pulp price had a strong effect on the WPC, and the CTL system resulted in the highest WPC per m3 at stump. The savings in procurement costs and gains in energy generation from additional raw material acquired with the harvesting of loose whole trees did not compensate the losses in pulp production. Considering removal per hectare, loose whole trees gave the highest WPCs at stump in the two stands with the smallest trees and the highest proportion of additional raw material. Decrease in pulp price and increase in energy price improved the competitiveness of the whole-tree systems. In the case of whole-tree bundling, savings in transportation costs did not balance the high cutting and compaction costs, and the bundling system was the least competitive alternative.
The Impact of Credit Risk Management on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya

This study analysed the impact of credit risk management on the financial performance of commercial banks and also attempted to establish if there exists any relationship between the credit risk management determinants by use of CAMEL indicators and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. A causal research design was undertaken in this study and this was facilitated by the use of secondary data which was obtained from the Central Bank of Kenya publications on banking sector survey. The study used multiple regression analysis in the analysis of data and the findings have been presented in the form of tables and regression equations. The study found out that there is a strong impact between the CAMEL components on the financial performance of commercial banks. The study also established that capital adequacy, asset quality, management efficiency and liquidity had weak relationship with financial performance (ROE) whereas earnings had a strong relationship with financial performance. This study concludes that CAMEL model can be used as a proxy for credit risk management. Key Words: Credit Risk, Management, Financial Performance, Commercial Banks, Kenya
Political Instability and Financial Development

Political instability impedes financial development and is a primary determinant of differences in financial development around the world. Conventional measures of national political instability — such as Alesina and Perotti’s (1996) well-known index of instability, a subsequent index derived from Banks’ (2005) work, and prevailing indices of managerial perceptions of nation-by-nation political instability — all persistently predict a wide range of national financial development outcomes for recent decades. These results are quite robust to measures of factors in financial development that have obtained substantial prominence in the past decade, such as legal origin, trade openness, and latitude. These findings are for a range of key financial outcomes for all available years and for all available countries over several decades — data that has been previously examined only partially. Political instability’s significance is time consistent back to the 1960’s, the period when the key data becomes available, robust in both country fixed-effects and instrumental variable regressions, and consistent across multiple measures of instability and of financial development. Overall, the results indicate the existence of a strong channel running from political instability to financial backwardness. Moreover, the robust significance of that channel opens up new ways to understand what policies will work for financial development, because political instability has causes, cures, and effects quite distinct from those of many of the key institutions most studied in the past decade as explaining financial backwardness.
Terrestrial deposits on intertidal sandflats: sediment characteristics as indicators of habitat suitability for recolonising macrofauna

Elevated rates of sedimentation as a result of human activities is a recognised problem in many marine environments. Thus, it is important to develop a mechanistic understanding of the impact and subsequent recovery of terrestrial sediment deposits in these areas. This paper describes an ex- periment to investigate possible reasons for the slow recovery of intertidal soft-sediment macrofaunal communities following smothering by storm-associated terrestrial sediment deposits. We measured, and monitored changes in, a large number of physical and biogeochemical properties of terrestrially derived sediments, in order to identify those characteristics that were most important to potential colonists. Prop- erties of the terrestrial sediments were remarkably different to those of the surrounding sandflat and showed little signs of change over the duration (4.5 mo) of the experiment. Despite this, we were able to identify that temporal changes in macrofaunal community composition were strongly correlated with the levels of chl a, total carbohydrate, phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and coarse sand in the sediments. We recommend that future studies of macrofaunal recolonisation following deposition of terrestrial sediment should include measurement of these sediment properties. In addition, analyses which isolate the biologically available portions of carbohydrate, P and N may provide even more insight as to the importance of these properties as settlement cues and indicators of recovery. We also assessed the influence on macrofaunal communities of the conditioning the sediment receives prior to being de- posited on the sandflat (i.e. mixing with seawater or freshwater), and found no effect of this on the im- pact on existing macrofaunal communities or on the subsequent recovery of sediments or macrofauna.
Putting context into organizational intervention design: Using tailored questionnaires to measure initiatives for worker well-being

Realistic evaluation emphasizes the importance of exploring the mechanisms through which organizational interventions are effected. A well-known mechanism in organizational interventions is the screening process. Standardized questionnaires, in popular use, neither consider individuals’ appraisals of working conditions nor the specific context of the workplace. Screening with items tailored to intervention contexts may overcome the limitations of standardized questionnaires. In the present study, we evaluate an approach to develop a tailored questionnaire to measure employees’ appraisals of their specific working conditions. First, we interviewed 56 employees and 17 managers and, later, developed tailored items focused on the working conditions in a postal service. In follow-up interviews, we explore participants’ experiences with the tailored questionnaire, including the development of initiatives, compared with their previous experiences with the company’s annual attitude survey that used standardized scales. Results indicated that participants felt the tailored questionnaire highlighted issues that had previously been ignored, that initiatives were easier to develop owing to its specificity and that the feedback strategy was useful in prioritizing questionnaires. Overall, it can be concluded that tailored questionnaires may be appropriate for use in organizational intervention research and more broadly that evaluations of organizational interventions need to be contextually grounded.