Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Invasive mammal eradication on islands results in substantial conservation gains

Significance Global conservation actions to prevent or slow extinctions and protect biodiversity are costly. However, few conservation actions have been evaluated for their efficacy globally, hampering the prioritization of conservation actions. Islands are key areas for biodiversity conservation because they are home to more than 15% of terrestrial species and more than one-third of critically endangered species; nearly two-thirds of recent extinctions were of island species. This research quantifies the benefits to native island fauna of removing invasive mammals from islands. Our results highlight the importance of this conservation measure for protecting the world's most threatened species. More than US$21 billion is spent annually on biodiversity conservation. Despite their importance for preventing or slowing extinctions and preserving biodiversity, conservation interventions are rarely assessed systematically for their global impact. Islands house a disproportionately higher amount of biodiversity compared with mainlands, much of which is highly threatened with extinction. Indeed, island species make up nearly two-thirds of recent extinctions. Islands therefore are critical targets of conservation. We used an extensive literature and database review paired with expert interviews to estimate the global benefits of an increasingly used conservation action to stem biodiversity loss: eradication of invasive mammals on islands. We found 236 native terrestrial insular faunal species (596 populations) that benefitted through positive demographic and/or distributional responses from 251 eradications of invasive mammals on 181 islands. Seven native species (eight populations) were negatively impacted by invasive mammal eradication. Four threatened species had their International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List extinction-risk categories reduced as a direct result of invasive mammal eradication, and no species moved to a higher extinction-risk category. We predict that 107 highly threatened birds, mammals, and reptiles on the IUCN Red List—6% of all these highly threatened species—likely have benefitted from invasive mammal eradications on islands. Because monitoring of eradication outcomes is sporadic and limited, the impacts of global eradications are likely greater than we report here. Our results highlight the importance of invasive mammal eradication on islands for protecting the world's most imperiled fauna.
Moral consequences of becoming unemployed

Significance Unemployment has devastating effects on people’s economic and social circumstances. Its negative effects on mental health and subjective well-being are also well documented. However, until now, there has been no quantitative evaluation of the moral consequences of unemployment. Here, using behavioral experiments and an unusual subject engagement strategy, we present evidence that becoming unemployed erodes the extent to which a person acknowledges earned entitlement, i.e., acknowledges an individual’s right to that gained through his or her own effort or endeavor. This finding has important implications for the way we should think about economic and political systems. It indicates that, in addition to a causal link running from preferences to outcomes, there exists a feedback loop from outcomes to preferences that needs to be taken into account when considering system dynamics. We test the conjecture that becoming unemployed erodes the extent to which a person acknowledges earned entitlement. We use behavioral experiments to generate incentive-compatible measures of individuals’ tendencies to acknowledge earned entitlement and incorporate these experiments in a two-stage study. In the first stage, participants’ acknowledgment of earned entitlement was measured by engaging them in the behavioral experiments, and their individual employment status and other relevant socioeconomic characteristics were recorded. In the second stage, a year later, the process was repeated using the same instruments. The combination of the experimentally generated data and the longitudinal design allows us to investigate our conjecture using a difference-in-difference approach, while ruling out the pure self-interest confound. We report evidence consistent with a large, negative effect of becoming unemployed on the acknowledgment of earned entitlement.
Ultrahigh and Selective SO2 Uptake in Inorganic Anion‐Pillared Hybrid Porous Materials

The efficient capture of SO2 is of great significance in gas‐purification processes including flue‐gas desulfurization and natural‐gas purification, but the design of porous materials with high adsorption capacity and selectivity of SO2 remains very challenging. Herein, the selective recognition and dense packing of SO2 clusters through multiple synergistic host–guest and guest–guest interactions by controlling the pore chemistry and size in inorganic anion (SiF62−, SIFSIX) pillared metal–organic frameworks is reported. The binding sites of anions and aromatic rings in SIFSIX materials grasp every atom of SO2 firmly via Sδ+···Fδ− electrostatic interactions and Oδ−···Hδ+ dipole–dipole interactions, while the guest–guest interactions between SO2 molecules further promote gas trapping within the pore space, which is elucidated by first‐principles density functional theory calculations and powder X‐ray diffraction experiments. These interactions afford new benchmarks for the highly efficient removal of SO2 from other gases, even if at a very low SO2 concentration. Exceptionally high SO2 capacity of 11.01 mmol g−1 is achieved at atmosphere pressure by SIFSIX‐1‐Cu, and unprecedented low‐pressure SO2 capacity is obtained in SIFSIX‐2‐Cu‐i (4.16 mmol g−1 SO2 at 0.01 bar and 2.31 mmol g−1 at 0.002 bar). More importantly, record SO2/CO2 selectivity (86–89) and excellent SO2/N2 selectivity (1285–3145) are also achieved. Experimental breakthrough curves further demonstrate the excellent performance of these hybrid porous materials in removing low‐concentration SO2.
Influence of snuff and smoking habits in early pregnancy on risks for stillbirth and early neonatal mortality.

INTRODUCTION Prenatal exposure to Swedish snuff (including nicotine and other components in grinded tobacco) is reported to increase stillbirth risk, but the effect of snuff on early neonatal mortality is unknown. Prenatal smoking exposure is associated with risks for both stillbirth and early neonatal mortality. We aimed to study if women who quit using snuff or quit smoking before first antenatal visit reduce their risks. METHODS In a nationwide study of 851,371 singleton births in Sweden from 1999 to 2010, we used multiple logistic regression models to examine associations between cessation or continuation of snuff use or smoking and risks for stillbirth (at 28 weeks or later) and early neonatal mortality (death during the first week of life). RESULTS Compared with nontobacco users, snuff users and smokers in early pregnancy had increased risks for stillbirths, and adjusted odds ratios (ORs), with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were 1.43 (1.02-1.99) and 1.59 (1.40-1.80), respectively. Women who stopped using snuff or stopped smoking before first visit to antenatal care had no increased risks. Compared with nontobacco users, smokers had an increased risk for early neonatal mortality (adjusted OR = 1.37 [95% CI 1.11-1.71]). Women who stopped smoking and snuff users in early pregnancy had no increased risks of early neonatal mortality. CONCLUSIONS Both snuff and smoking influence risk for stillbirth, and women who stop using snuff or smoking have a similar stillbirth risk as nontobacco users. Smoking but not snuff use influences risk for early neonatal mortality.
Hookah use among adolescents in the United States: results of a national survey.

INTRODUCTION U.S. adolescents increasingly use alternative tobacco products (ATPs), including hookah. No study has previously assessed correlates of adolescent hookah use in a nationally representative sample. METHODS Cross-sectional, nationally representative data of adolescents from the 2011 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) were used. Student demographics and their use of, exposure to, and beliefs about tobacco were examined as correlates of hookah use. RESULTS Of adolescents nationwide, 7.3% reported ever trying hookah and 2.6% reported using hookah within the past month. Increasing age was associated with trying hookah, but not current hookah use. Sex was unassociated with hookah use. Asians were most likely to have tried hookah; Hispanics and those of another race reported greater current hookah use. Hookah use increased with perceived ease of access to and willingness to try tobacco. Students with a hookah user at home were more likely to have tried hookah and to currently use hookah. Current cigarette use was not associated with current hookah use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.3, 95% CI = 0.8-2.1), but was associated with trying hookah (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-2.2). Non-cigarette tobacco use was associated with trying hookah (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 2.1-3.5) and current hookah use (OR = 4.8, 95% CI = 2.7-8.7). CONCLUSIONS A sizeable minority of U.S. adolescents use hookah, particularly those living with hookah users, those who use other ATPs, and those who perceive tobacco as easily accessible. Current cigarette use was not associated with current hookah use. Future studies assessing the dangers of hookah use and interventions to curb this emerging problem appear warranted.
Time-varying processes involved in smoking lapse in a randomized trial of smoking cessation therapies.

INTRODUCTION Researchers have increasingly begun to gather ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data on smoking, but new statistical methods are necessary to fully unlock information from such data. In this paper, we use a new technique, the logistic time-varying effect model (logistic TVEM), to examine the odds of smoking in the 2 weeks after a quit attempt. METHODS Data are from a subsample of participants from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies who achieved initial abstinence (N = 1,106, 58% female). Participants completed up to 4 EMA assessments per day during the 2 weeks after their quit day. Predictors include baseline nicotine dependence, EMA measures of craving and negative affect, and whether an individual was assigned to a placebo, monotherapy, or combination therapy condition. Time-varying effects of these predictors were estimated using logistic TVEM. RESULTS Cravings were a significant predictor of smoking throughout the entire 2 weeks postquit, whereas the effect of baseline dependence became nonsignificant by the second week, and the effect of negative affect increased over time. Individuals in the monotherapy and combination therapy conditions had decreased odds of smoking compared with placebo in the first week postquit, but these differences were nonsignificant in the second week. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that pharmacotherapies are more effective compared with placebo earlier in a quit attempt, when the effect of baseline nicotine dependence on smoking is stronger, whereas the effect of craving and negative affect increased over time. Future cessation therapies may be more successful by providing additional support in the second week after quit attempt.
Haematological values of cows during third trimester of pregnancy and early lactation in settled cattle herds in Zaria, Northern Nigeria

The haematological values of 176 cows during third trimester of pregnancy and early lactation in nine settled cattle herds in Zaria, Northern Nigeria, were studied. The total mean values of total protein (TP), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) during pregnancy and early lactation did not differ significantly (P≥0.05) while neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophil values differed significantly (P<0.05). Neutrophil and lymphocyte values during early lactation were higher than those during third trimester of pregnancy, while monocyte and eosinophil values during third trimester of pregnancy were higher than those of early lactation. The herds mean haematological values closely resembled those of the total mean values. The herds mean values of TP, PCV, Hb, RBC and WBC during third trimester of pregnancy and early lactation did not differ significantly (P<0.05) except in one herd (VIII) where the early lactation value was significantly (p<0.05) higher. In some herds, the mean values of neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte during third trimester of pregnancy were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of early lactation while in others, they were significantly (p<0.05) lower. The mean values of eosinophil during lactation were significantly higher than those of third trimester pregnancy in all the herds. This study has provided reference haematological values of cows that may be safely assumed to be adequate and consistent with normal health and metabolic state during third trimester of pregnancy and early lactation. The study has also confirmed the significant effect of herd factor on haematological parameters of cows. Key Words : Haematological, parameters, pregnancy, lactation, cows, Zaria, Nigeria
Pimecrolimus 1% cream versus betamethasone 17‐valerate 0.1% cream in the treatment of facial discoid lupus erythematosus: a double‐blind, randomized pilot study

Background. Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is commonly treated with topical agents, the most important of which are glucocorticosteroids. However, prolonged use of these agents, especially on sensitive areas such as the face, may result in side‐effects (e.g. atrophy and telangiectases) by altering collagen synthesis. Therefore, alternative treatments are needed for these patients.
Smokers in pain report lower confidence and greater difficulty quitting.

INTRODUCTION Pain and tobacco smoking are both highly prevalent and comorbid conditions, and there is reason to believe that pain may pose a barrier to smoking cessation. Although motivation to quit smoking and abstinence self-efficacy have been shown to predict future quit attempts and smoking cessation outcomes, little is known about how these factors may differ as a function of pain status. The goal of the current study was to test cross-sectional relations between past-month pain and self-reported motivation to quit smoking, recent difficulty quitting, and current abstinence self-efficacy. METHODS Current daily smokers were recruited from the local community to participate in a laboratory study that included a baseline assessment of recent pain and smoking history. RESULTS Approximately 59% of 132 smokers endorsed past-month pain. Consistent with hypotheses, smokers who endorsed past-month pain reported lower confidence in their ability to remain abstinent and having experienced greater difficulty during their most recent quit attempt (ps < .03). Smokers in pain also endorsed greater motivation to quit and were more than twice as likely (odds ratio = 2.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.28-5.84) to be classified in the contemplation/preparation (vs. precontemplation) stages, relative to pain-free smokers. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate an association between positive pain status, recent difficulty quitting smoking, and reduced self-efficacy for future smoking abstinence. These findings support the utility of assessing pain among all smokers and may help to inform future intervention efforts aimed at helping persons in pain quit smoking.
Defining cancer risk in dermatomyositis. Part I

The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) comprise polymyositis, myositis overlapping with another connective tissue disease, dermatomyositis (DM) and inclusion‐body myositis (IBM). IIMs are characterized by the presence of proximal muscle weakness, increased levels of muscle‐specific enzymes, specific electromyographic abnormalities, and the presence of inflammatory cell infiltrates in skeletal muscle. Clinical, serological and histological criteria can be used to define individual IIM subtypes. In the first of this two‐part review series, we examine the evidence for the existence of cancer‐associated myositis (CAM), and in part 2, we discuss recent discoveries that provide insight into identification of patients with DM, who may be most at risk of developing CAM.
Structure of faustovirus, a large dsDNA virus

Significance Since the discovery of Mimivirus in 2003, many new giant viruses have been isolated and characterized, now that the definition of viruses excludes their ability to pass through the finest available filters. At least one of these viruses can cause serious infections. Here we describe the structure of faustovirus, the prototypic member of a new family of large double-stranded DNA viruses that are homologs of the Asfarviridae. Contrary to other large viruses, faustovirus has a double-protein shell surrounding the genomic material, something never described before for a DNA virus. In addition, the gene that encodes the major capsid protein shows an unusual organization, stretching over 17,000 bp in the genome while encoding for only 652 amino acids. Many viruses protect their genome with a combination of a protein shell with or without a membrane layer. Here we describe the structure of faustovirus, the first DNA virus (to our knowledge) that has been found to use two protein shells to encapsidate and protect its genome. The crystal structure of the major capsid protein, in combination with cryo-electron microscopy structures of two different maturation stages of the virus, shows that the outer virus shell is composed of a double jelly-roll protein that can be found in many double-stranded DNA viruses. The structure of the repeating hexameric unit of the inner shell is different from all other known capsid proteins. In addition to the unique architecture, the region of the genome that encodes the major capsid protein stretches over 17,000 bp and contains a large number of introns and exons. This complexity might help the virus to rapidly adapt to new environments or hosts.
Determinants of cigarette smoking initiation in Jordanian schoolchildren: longitudinal analysis.

OBJECTIVE To identify determinants of cigarette smoking initiation, by gender, among schoolchildren in Irbid, Jordan. METHODS Between 2008 and 2011, data were collected annually using self-reported questionnaires over 4-years in a prospective cohort of 1,781 students recruited from all 7th grade classes in 19 secondary schools, selected out of a total 60, using probability-proportionate-to-size method. Independent predictors of smoking initiation were identified among the cigarette naïve participants (N = 1,454) with mixed-effect multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Participants were 12.6 years of age on average at baseline. 29.8% of the 1,454 students (37.2% of boys and 23.7% of girls) initiated cigarette smoking by 10th grade. Of those who initiated (n = 498), 47.2% of boys and 37.2% of girls initiated smoking in the 8th grade. Determinants of cigarette smoking initiation included ever smoking a waterpipe, low cigarette refusal self-efficacy, intention to start smoking cigarettes, and having friends who smoked. For girls, familial smoking was also predictive of cigarette initiation. CONCLUSION This study shows that many Jordanian youth have an intention to initiate cigarette smoking and are susceptible to cigarette smoking modeled by peers and that girls are influenced as well by familial cigarette smoking. Prevention efforts should be tailored to address culturally relevant gender norms, help strengthen adolescents' self-efficacy to refuse cigarettes, and foster strong non-smoking social norms.
Smoking cessation education and training in U.K. medical schools: a national survey.

INTRODUCTION Smoking cessation is one of the most cost-effective of all health interventions. Physicians are in a strong position to encourage smokers to make a quit attempt and to help them achieve long-term abstinence. Formal teaching on tobacco-related disease, the evidence base of smoking cessation, and practical skills training regarding cessation advice and counseling are therefore important parts of undergraduate medical education. A survey of U.K. medical schools conducted 11 years ago revealed substantial deficits in the curricular coverage of these topics. This study aimed at establishing whether the situation has improved since then. METHODS In 2013, all U.K. medical schools were invited to participate in an online survey of their curricular coverage of tobacco addiction and smoking cessation. RESULTS Of the 33 medical schools, 22 (67%) schools responded. Health effects of smoking were addressed in more than 90% of curricula, and factual knowledge on nicotine addiction and withdrawal symptoms was covered in 50% of curricula. Only 1 in 3 medical schools offered practical skills training in artificial (i.e., role play) or clinical settings, and 50% of schools did not address smoking in summative assessments. CONCLUSIONS Practical skills training regarding cessation counseling is insufficient at most U.K. medical schools and may have become worse during the last 11 years. Increased curricular coverage-including summative assessments-of these topics would ensure that future physicians are adequately equipped to encourage and support effective evidence-based quit attempts in their patients.
CD8+CD122+CD49dlow regulatory T cells maintain T-cell homeostasis by killing activated T cells via Fas/FasL-mediated cytotoxicity

Significance Our study demonstrated that CD8+CD122+CD49dlow regulatory T cells induced apoptosis in target T cells depending on death receptor Fas (CD95)–FasL (CD178) interaction. This in vitro phenomenon reflected the regulatory activity of these cells in vivo, which was also reproducible in the in vivo experimental system of adoptive T-cell transfer. By using natural mutant mice of Fas or FasL and the gene-targeted mice of IL-10, we confirmed that the regulatory activity of CD8+CD122+CD49dlow cells was mediated by Fas–FasL but not by IL-10. In addition, the necessity of MHC class I molecules on the target T cells was also confirmed by analysis using CD8+ T cells that lack β2-microglobulin and consequently class I MHC. The Fas/FasL (CD95/CD178) system is required for immune regulation; however, it is unclear in which cells, when, and where Fas/FasL molecules act in the immune system. We found that CD8+CD122+ cells, which are mostly composed of memory T cells in comparison with naïve cells in the CD8+CD122− population, were previously shown to include cells with regulatory activity and could be separated into CD49dlow cells and CD49dhigh cells. We established in vitro and in vivo experimental systems to evaluate the regulatory activity of CD122+ cells. Regulatory activity was observed in CD8+CD122+CD49dlow but not in CD8+CD122+CD49dhigh cells, indicating that the regulatory cells in the CD8+CD122+ population could be narrowed down to CD49dlow cells. CD8+CD122− cells taken from lymphoproliferation (lpr) mice were resistant to regulation by normal CD122+ Tregs. CD122+ Tregs taken from generalized lymphoproliferative disease (gld) mice did not regulate wild-type CD8+CD122− cells, indicating that the regulation by CD122+ Tregs is Fas/FasL-dependent. CD122+ Tregs taken from IL-10–deficient mice could regulate CD8+CD122− cells as equally as wild-type CD122+ Tregs both in vitro and in vivo. MHC class I-missing T cells were not regulated by CD122+ Tregs in vitro. CD122+ Tregs also regulated CD4+ cells in a Fas/FasL-dependent manner in vitro. These results suggest an essential role of Fas/FasL as a terminal effector of the CD122+ Tregs that kill activated T cells to maintain immune homeostasis.