Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CORTICAL CONNEXIONS OF THE THALAMIC RETICULAR NUCLEUS.

In a series of papers on the relationship between the thalamus and the telencephalon Rose & Woolsey (1943, 1948, 1949) have shown that the reticular nucleus of the thalamus differs significantly from the rest of the thalamus in several respects. While each of the principal thalamic nuclei projects to a morphologically discrete area of the cerebral cortex the reticular nucleus appears to be related to the entire neocortex. Thus whereas a lesion in the cerebral cortex gives rise to a rapid and complete cell loss in the relevant main thalamic nucleus the cells of the affected part of the reticular nucleus degenerate appreciably more slowly and apparently less severely, so that even after long survival periods a substantial number of cells persist. While these cellular changes are consonant with the view that the reticular nucleus may project directly to the cerebral cortex, Rose (1952) has been careful to point out that these changes are also open to other interpretations. One explanation for the changes in the reticular nucleus which does not appear to have been considered is that they may be due to interruption of afferents from the cerebral cortex. In a number of studies of cortical efferents using fibre degeneration methods incidental reference has been made to the finding of terminal degeneration in the reticular nucleus (Meyer, 1949; Auer, 1956; Whitlock & Nauta, 1956; Cragg, 1962; Nauta, 1962). In a study of cortico-striate connexions (Carman, Cowan & Powell, 1963) similar terminal degeneration was observed in many experiments, and the distribution of the degeneration varied according to the site of the cortical lesion. If the cellular changes in the reticular nucleus are indeed transneuronal in nature it would be necessary to demonstrate that the entire cortex is projecting upon the nucleus, and that it does so with an organization comparable to that described by Rose (1952). In the present investigation the projection of the cortex upon the reticular nucleus in the rabbit has been analysed from this point of view.
Peripheral nervous system involvement in a patient with large T‐cell lymphoma arising from a pre‐existing mycosis fungoides

A 29‐year‐old man was examined for disseminated erythematous scaling patches and plaques and reddish, partially ulcerated nodules. Histological examination showed a dense, diffuse, epidermotropic infiltrate located in the entire dermis to the subcutaneous tissue, composed mainly of large pleomorphic T lymphocytes. Immunohistochemistry revealed positivity of neoplastic cells for T‐cell‐associated markers, negativity for CD30 antigen and for B‐cell markers. Polymerase chain reaction analysis detected a clonal amplification of T‐cell receptor γ. Based on clinicopathological and molecular findings, the diagnosis of large T‐cell lymphoma (LCL) arising from a pre‐existing mycosis fungoides was made. Seven months after primary diagnosis, meningeal and peripheral nervous system involvement developed with no other evidence of systemic disease. Despite chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the patient died 3 months after the diagnosis of nervous system involvement. In patients with cutaneous LCL, mild neurological symptoms may precede the complete diagnostic picture by some weeks. A rapid and fatal progression characterizes the clinical course of the disease.
Model predictive energy management of hybrid electric vehicles : with multiple states and switching decisions

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Decomposition of 2‐Nitrophenol in Aqueous Solution by Ozone and UV/Ozone Processes

The decomposition of 2‐nitrophenol in aqueous solutions by ozone and UV/ozone processes was found to be technically feasible under adequate experimental conditions. Formation of nitrate ions was observed following the decomposition of 2‐nitrophenol by ozone and UV/ozone processes. Increasing ozone dosage and UV light intensity accelerated the decomposition rate of 2‐nitrophenol in an aqueous solution. The species distribution of 2‐nitrophenol under various solution conditions plays a significant role in determining decomposition behavior. In most experiments conducted in this study, the decomposition of 2‐nitrophenol by ozone and UV/ozone processes was favored to occur in alkaline conditions. The addition of 2‐butanol accelerated the rate of gaseous ozone transfer to an aqueous phase by reducing the surface tension of aqueous solution and therefore enhancing the decomposition rate of 2‐nitrophenol by ozone and UV/ozone processes.
Regulation of Intracellular Phosphatidylinositol‐4‐Phosphate by the Sac1 Lipid Phosphatase

Phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) regulates diverse cellular processes, such as actin cytoskeletal organization, Golgi trafficking and vacuolar biogenesis. Synthesis and turnover of PtdIns(4)P is mediated by a set of specific lipid kinases and phosphatases. Here we show that the polyphosphoinositide phosphatase Sac1p has a central role in compartment‐specific regulation of PtdIns(4)P. We have found that sac1Δ mutants show pleiotropic, synthetically lethal interactions with mutations in genes required for vacuolar protein sorting (Vps). Disruption of the SAC1 gene also caused a defect in the late endocytic pathway. These trafficking phenotypes correlated with a dramatic accumulation of PtdIns(4)P at vacuolar membranes. In addition, sac1 mutants displayed elevated endoplasmic reticulum PtdIns(4)P. The accumulation of PtdIns(4)P at the endoplasmic reticulum and vacuole and the endocytic defect could be compensated by mutations in the PtdIns 4‐kinase Stt4p. Our results indicate that elimination of Sac1p causes accumulation of a Stt4p‐specific PtdIns(4)P pool at internal membranes which impairs late endocytic and vacuolar trafficking. We conclude that Sac1p functions in confining PtdIns(4)P‐dependent processes to specific intracellular membranes.
Polymorphism of the aldosterone synthase gene is not associated with progression of diabetic nephropathy, but associated with hypertension in type 2 diabetic patients

Aim: Inhibition of aldosterone system is beneficial in diabetic nephropathy, and aldosterone synthesis is regulated at the gene‐encoding aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2). Considering the role of aldosterone in diabetic nephropathy, genetic polymorphism of this gene may contribute to the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we investigated whether it is associated with diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients.
Ownership concentration, institutional ownership, and IPO underpricing: evidence from Indonesia Stock Exchange

Using 182 IPOs in Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2006-2015, we investigate IPO underpricing using agency theory framework. We use two dimensions of agency theory: ownership concentration and institutional ownership. We find that ownership concentration does not have effect on IPO underpricing, while institutional ownership negatively affects IPO underpricing. Institutional ownership seems to be able to monitor IPO underpricing, leading to smaller loss from IPO underpricing. We conduct further investigation. First, we find that institutional ownership does not moderate the effect of ownership concentration on IPO underpricing. Second, we find that the negative effect of institutional ownership on IPO underpricing is stronger when the level of institutional ownership is low. Higher level of institutional ownership seems to increase principal-principal agency conflict and to reduce monitoring effect of institutional ownership. Our results highlight the importance of ownership in company affairs.
Effects of 60 hours of total sleep deprivation on two methods of high-speed ship navigation

This study investigated how workload and performance in high-speed ship navigation was affected by sleep deprivation using methods based on either paper charts or electronic chart display and information systems (ECDIS). In two separate weeks, five navigators sailed 10 routes in high-fidelity simulators while undergoing progressive sleep deprivation for up to 60 h. Results showed that navigation performance was better using ECDIS, but was largely unaffected by sleep deprivation in both. There was significant interaction between speed, sleep deprivation and navigation method, indicating that navigators using ECDIS reduced their speed more while sleepy. Secondary task performance was reduced by sleep deprivation, but was equally affected in both conditions. Workload was higher in the ECDIS condition, as indicated by subjective ratings and heart rate variability. No significant differences in sleepiness were found, but electroencephalographic recordings indicated more frequent microsleep episodes in the ECDIS condition. This may be influenced by lower overall arousal while navigating with ECDIS.
Surgical complications of pancreatectomy for persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia of infancy.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to review the surgical complications of pancreatectomy for persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia of infancy (PHHI). METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of patients undergoing pancreatectomy for PHHI in one institution over the past 13 years. RESULTS The records of 48 patients were reviewed; the age at operation ranged from 10 days to 30 months (median, 8 weeks). Weight at operation ranged from 1.97 to 11.4 kg (median, 5.2 kg). There were no deaths. Intraoperative complications comprised bleeding in 7, (major in 2), splenic injury in one, bile duct injury in 2 (1 oversewn, 1 choledochoduodenostomy), and 1 small bowel injury. Postoperatively, 5 children underwent choledochoduodenostomy: 2 for biliary leak and 3 for delayed bile duct stricture. Other postoperative complications included wound infection (n = 3), prolonged ileus (n = 1) and adhesion obstruction (n = 1), and wound leakage (n = 1). Renal failure developed in one child owing to acute tubular necrosis. Nine patients required further pancreatic resection because of continued hypoglycaemia. Three patients continued to require medication for hyperinsulinism despite surgery, 20 required insulin, and 13 required pancreatic enzyme replacement at the time of the last review. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatectomy resulted in resolution of hyperinsulinism in 45 of 48 patients. Sixteen patients required no further surgery or medication. Pancreatectomy for PHHI may be associated with major intra and postoperative morbidity.
The Drosophila Juvenile Hormone Receptor Candidates Methoprene-tolerant (MET) and Germ Cell-expressed (GCE) Utilize a Conserved LIXXL Motif to Bind the FTZ-F1 Nuclear Receptor*

Background: JH signaling involves interactions between FTZ-F1 and candidate JH receptors MET and GCE. Results: Mutation of FTZ-F1 AF2 or LIXXL MET/GCE sequence disrupts interaction between the proteins. Conclusion: NR box-AF2 binding underlies FTZ-F1·MET and FTZ-F1·GCE heterodimer formation. Significance: Dissecting the interaction between FTZ-F1 and MET, GCE is critical to understanding the molecular basis of JH signaling. Juvenile hormone (JH) has been implicated in many developmental processes in holometabolous insects, but its mechanism of signaling remains controversial. We previously found that in Drosophila Schneider 2 cells, the nuclear receptor FTZ-F1 is required for activation of the E75A gene by JH. Here, we utilized insect two-hybrid assays to show that FTZ-F1 interacts with two JH receptor candidates, the bHLH-PAS paralogs MET and GCE, in a JH-dependent manner. These interactions are severely reduced when helix 12 of the FTZ-F1 activation function 2 (AF2) is removed, implicating AF2 as an interacting site. Through homology modeling, we found that MET and GCE possess a C-terminal α-helix featuring a conserved motif LIXXL that represents a novel nuclear receptor (NR) box. Docking simulations supported by two-hybrid experiments revealed that FTZ-F1·MET and FTZ-F1·GCE heterodimer formation involves a typical NR box-AF2 interaction but does not require the canonical charge clamp residues of FTZ-F1 and relies primarily on hydrophobic contacts, including a unique interaction with helix 4. Moreover, we identified paralog-specific features, including a secondary interaction site found only in MET. Our findings suggest that a novel NR box enables MET and GCE to interact JH-dependently with the AF2 of FTZ-F1.
Cocaine binds to a common site on open and inactivated human heart (Nav1.5) sodium channels

The inhibition by cocaine of the human heart Na+ channel (Nav1.5) heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes was investigated. Cocaine produced little tonic block of the resting channels but induced a characteristic, use‐dependent inhibition during rapid, repetitive stimulation, suggesting that the drug preferentially binds to the open or inactivated states of the channel. To investigate further the state dependence, depolarizing pulses were used to inactivate the channels and promote cocaine binding. Cocaine produced a slow, concentration‐dependent inhibition of inactivated channels, which had an apparent KD of 3.4 μM. Mutations of the interdomain III‐IV linker that remove fast inactivation selectively abolished this high‐affinity component of cocaine inhibition, which appeared to be linked to the fast inactivation of the channels. A rapid component of cocaine inhibition persisted in the inactivation‐deficient mutant that was enhanced by depolarization and was sensitive to changes in the concentration of external Na+, properties that are consistent with a pore‐blocking mechanism. Cocaine induced a use‐dependent inhibition of the non‐inactivating mutant and delayed the repriming at hyperpolarized voltages, indicating that the drug slowly dissociated when the channels were closed. Mutation of a conserved aromatic residue (Y1767) of the D4S6 segment weakened both the inactivation‐dependent and the pore‐blocking components of the cocaine inhibition. The data indicate that cocaine binds to a common site located within the internal vestibule and inhibits cardiac Na+ channels by blocking the pore and by stabilizing the channels in an inactivated state.
The effect of alcoholism on the absorption of folic acid (H3-PGA) evaluated by plasma levels and urine excretion.

Abstract A technique for evaluating folic acid absorption with plasma radioactivity and 24 hour urine excretion after a standard oral dose of tritiated crystalline folic acid (H 3 -PGA) was developed. Normal values were established for 23 nonalcoholic controls. To validate the method, a low curve was shown in a patient with idiopathic steatorrhea, which returned to normal following treatment with a gluten free diet. A patient with partially treated tropical sprue showed a delayed plasma peak and subnormal urinary excretion of radioactivity. Two patients with pernicious anemia showed greater than normal plasma levels of radioactivity. Application of the method to 23 patients with chronic alcoholism demonstrated that plasma levels of radioactivity were significantly below the normal in alcoholics with recent exposure to alcohol, but not in alcoholics who had abstained from alcohol for at least a week. Liver disease was not a significant factor in the different results obtained for the two groups. The 24 hour urinary excretion of radioactivity in the alcoholic subjects was not significantly different from the controls. In 4 of 5 normal subjects the acute ingestion of alcohol did not alter H 3 -PGA absorption. Malabsorption of H 3 -PGA was observed in a chronic alcoholic patient who was maintained on a 10 day regimen of ethanol. This patient had a normal absorption curve and a doubling of urinary excretion which was demonstrated after a 3 day period of abstinence from alcohol. Alcohol ingestion over a period of time consistent with the usual debauch is instrumental in inhibiting the absorption of folic acid. To the previously described factors in the alcoholic's environment of poor diet, defective folate storage, and alcohol toxicity of bone marrow, folic malabsorption caused by sustained alcohol ingestion may be added as a factor accounting for the observed low serum folate concentrations of alcoholics.
Village Financial System: How Do the Village Government Officials Understand the System?

This research aims at analyzing the village government officials’ understanding on the village financial system.This research is conducted by distributing questionnaires to 148 village government officials in nine districts in Central Java. The data are then quantitatively processed. Some village officials are randomly selected and then interviewed as the additional supporting data. The research results show that the village government officials have a relatively good understanding on the village financial system, yet there is no significant difference among the groups of government officials. However, there is an interesting issue due to the research results that the Head of the Village has the highest understanding when compared to all village government officials. In addition, the village government officials with accounting background have a higher understanding on the village financial system than those with no accounting background.
A Rural Health Supplement to the Hookworm Intervention in the American South

This project re-investigates the hookworm eradication efforts of the Rockefeller Foundation's Sanitary Commission (RSC) in the American South during the Progressive Era. The RSC worked to eradicate hookworm across 11 southern states between 1911 and 1915, efforts that have been linked to dramatic short- and long-term increases in human capital and labor productivity. Although useful from an identification standpoint, these single-shot interventions, in the absence of cooperative efforts to improve underlying conditions, have a mixed record of long-term effectiveness across public health research. The efficacy of deworming campaigns in particular has come under extensive scrutiny. The experience of the American South had stood as example of how a single-shot hookworm eradication program has improved outcomes; however, the robustness of this result has also recently come into question. A replication of the Bleakley (2007) seminal work investigating hookworm eradication finds faults with the robustness and interpretations of the results (Roodman 2017), and an investigation into the activities of the RSC has determined them unevenly distributed across hookworm-affected areas (Elman et. al 2013). Perhaps not coincidentally, the RSC's hookworm eradication program was not the only public health intervention that occurred in the rural South during the Progressive Era. Rural public health centers spread throughout the American South during this period, partially backed by the Rockefeller Foundation. Given the use of difference-in-difference methods using decennial census data, and the participation of the Rockefeller Foundation in the funding of these rural health centers, this is a potentially critical omission in the evaluation of the RSC efforts. In this project, we investigate the connection between these rural health centers and the Rockefeller Foundation's hookworm eradication efforts, consider whether their presence explains effects attributed thereto, and examine their importance as a follow-up program to the initial hookworm intervention.
Differential ubiquitin–proteasome and autophagy signaling following rotator cuff tears and suprascapular nerve injury

Previous studies have evaluated role of Akt/mTOR signaling in rotator cuff muscle atrophy and determined that there was differential in signaling following tendon transection (TT) and suprascapular nerve (SSN) denervation (DN), suggesting that atrophy following TT and DN was modulated by different protein degradation pathways. In this study, two muscle proteolytic systems that have been shown to be potent regulators of muscle atrophy in other injury models, the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway and autophagy, were evaluated following TT and DN. In addition to examining protein degradation, this study assessed protein synthesis rate following these two surgical models to understand how the balance between protein degradation and synthesis results in atrophy following rotator cuff injury. In contrast to the traditional theory that protein synthesis is decreased during muscle atrophy, this study suggests that protein synthesis is up‐regulated in rotator cuff muscle atrophy following both surgical models. While the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway was a major contributor to the atrophy seen following DN, autophagy was a major contributor following TT. The findings of this study suggest that protein degradation is the primary factor contributing to atrophy following rotator cuff injury. However, different proteolytic pathways are activated if SSN injury is involved. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:138–144, 2014.
Entry and Capital Structure Mimicking in Concentrated Markets: the Role of Incumbents' Financial Disclosures

We examine whether the public availability of product market incumbents’ financial disclosures leads to greater capital structure mimicking of incumbents by entrants. Exploiting a change in disclosure enforcement for German private firms in the mid-2000s, we find entrant-incumbent mimicking rises substantially in concentrated markets once incumbents’ financial statements are publicly available. Additional tests exploring potential mechanisms are more consistent with interfirm learning underlying the effect than alternative channels. Our findings shed light on the effects of competitor financial statement disclosure on private firms’ initial financing decisions and highlight how capital structure dependencies among peer firms arise.
Dual Ownership and Firm Investment Efficiency

We investigate the influence of simultaneous equity holding by large creditors (dual holders) on investment efficiency in U.S. public firms. Such creditors have stronger capabilities to monitor firm investment as they can influence management through both debt and equity channels. We show evidence that dual holders reduce firm investment indirectly by increasing the disciplinary effect of leverage on investment and decreasing the investment-Q sensitivity. This effect mainly occurs in non-capex investments and in firms with higher level of information asymmetry. In addition, by showing an increase in firm value at the presence of dual holders, we argue that such monitoring is to primarily avoid value loss from overinvestment instead of just creditor risk shifting.
Cultural Competence Models and Cultural Competence Assessment Instruments in Nursing

The author reviewed cultural competence models and cultural competence assessment instruments developed and published by nurse researchers since 1982. Both models and instruments were examined in terms of their components, theoretical backgrounds, empirical validation, and psychometric evaluation. Most models were not empirically tested; only a few models developed model-based instruments. About half of the instruments were tested with varying levels of psychometric properties. Other related issues were discussed, including the definition of cultural competence and its significance in model and instrument development, limitations of existing models and instruments, impact of cultural competence on health disparities, and further work in cultural competence research and practice.