Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Integrating peatlands into the coupled Canadian Land Surface Scheme(CLASS) v3.6 and the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) v2.0

Abstract. Peatlands, which contain large carbon stocks that must be accounted for in the global carbon budget, are poorly represented in many earth system models. We integrated peatlands into the coupled Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) and the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM), which together simulate the fluxes of water, energy, and CO2 at the land surface–atmosphere boundary in the family of Canadian Earth system models (CanESMs). New components and algorithms were added to represent the unique features of peatlands, such as their characteristic ground floor vegetation (mosses), the slow decomposition of carbon in the water-logged soils and the interaction between the water, energy, and carbon cycles. This paper presents the modifications introduced into the CLASS–CTEM modelling framework together with site-level evaluations of the model performance for simulated water, energy and carbon fluxes at eight different peatland sites. The simulated daily gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration are well correlated with observations, with values of the Pearson correlation coefficient higher than 0.8 and 0.75 respectively. The simulated mean annual net ecosystem production at the eight test sites is 87 g C m−2 yr−1, which is 22 g C m−2 yr−1 higher than the observed annual mean. The general peatland model compares well with other site-level and regional-level models for peatlands, and is able to represent bogs and fens under a range of climatic and geographical conditions.
Pesticide Regulation amid the Influence of Industry

Pesticide use results in the widespread distribution of chemical contaminants, which necessites regulatory agencies to assess the risks to environmental and human health. However, risk assessment is compromised when relatively few studies are used to determine impacts, particularly if most of the data used in an assessment are produced by a pesticide’s manufacturer, which constitutes a conflict of interest. Here, we present the shortcomings of the US Environmental Protection Agency’s pesticide risk assessment process, using the recent reassessment of atrazine’s impacts on amphibians as an example. We then offer solutions to improve the risk assessment process, which would reduce the potential for and perception of bias in a process that is crucial for environmental and human health.Keywords: amphibian, atrazine, conflicts of interest, Environmental Protection Agency, risk assessment
Fetal Aortic-cerebral Doppler Resistance Index Ratio: An Indicator of Physiologic Blood Flow Distribution

Identical hemodynamic impedance and constant ratio of the fetal descending aorta and middle cerebral artery of uncomplicated pregnancies at term. Fetal aortic-cerebral Doppler resistance index ratio: An indicator of physiologic blood flow distribution. Objective: To interpret the physiologic fetal arterial blood flow distribution by relating the vascular impedance of the fetal descending aorta (DA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) and to establish the reference ranges for the aortic-cerebral Doppler resistance index ratio
The estimation of lactation curve parameters from test- day milk yield in Holstein-Friesian cows in Bozdogan province in Turkey

The estimation of lactation curve parameters from test-day milk yield in Holstein-Friesian cows was investigated. The material of this study was formed by 18081 test-day records of 68 Holstein-Friesian cows raised between the years of 2011 and 2013 in a dairy farm at Bozdogan province in Turkey. Milk yields were obtained from the morning and evening milking of each cow. The Wood model was used for the estimation of the parameters of lactation curve. The a, b, c (parameters of lactation curve) and coefficients of determination (R 2 ) were found as 22.215 ± 1.4957, 23.641 ± 0.4111, 23.126 ± 2.0427; 0.043 ± 0.0288, 0.051 ± 0.0204, 0.092 ± 0.0344; 0.002 ± 0.0004, 0.004 ± 0.0005, 0.004 ± 0.0007 and 0.531 ± 0.0359, 0.556 ± 0.0466, 0.651 ± 0.0396 for 1 st , 2 nd and 3
The Challenge for Cause Procedure in Canadian Criminal Law

English Abstract: There is a longstanding presumption in Canadian law that jurors will act impartially in carrying out their duties, but this presumption may be challenged when the defendant is a member of a racialized minority group. In those circumstances, the defence may initiate a challenge for cause procedure, wherein potential jurors are questioned about their ability to set aside any racial prejudice and judge the case solely on the evidence. Although the challenge for cause procedure has been in place for some time, little attention has been given to the process and whether it in fact effectively screens for juror bias. This article provides an overview of the challenge for cause procedure, with particular attention to race-based challenges, as well as psychological research assessing the effectiveness of the procedure. Reference is made to the authors’ analysis of actual jury selection proceedings in which the challenge procedure was invoked. The data revealed that, although only a small percentage of potential jurors admitted to potential prejudice in open court, many more were excluded by triers and counsel.Spanish Abstract: En el derecho canadiense existe la presuncion antigua de que los jurados actuan de forma imparcial al desarrollar sus funciones. Sin embargo, esta presuncion se puede cuestionar cuando el acusado pertenece a una minoria racial. En esas circunstancias, la defensa puede iniciar un procedimiento de impugnacion del jurado en el que se interroga a los potenciales miembros del jurado sobre su capacidad para dejar de lado cualquier prejuicio racial y basarse unicamente en evidencias para juzgar el caso. A pesar de que la impugnacion del jurado es un tema que ha estado de actualidad durante algun tiempo, se ha prestado poca atencion al proceso y si realmente se detectan de forma efectiva sesgos dentro del jurado. Este articulo proporciona una vision general del procedimiento de impugnacion del jurado, prestando especial atencion a las impugnaciones basadas en la raza, asi como de la investigacion psicologica para evaluar la eficacia del procedimiento. Se hace referencia al analisis de las autoras de los procesos de seleccion del jurado en los que se invoco la impugnacion del jurado. Los datos revelaron que, aunque solo un pequeno porcentaje de los posibles miembros de jurado admitieron un prejuicio potencial de forma publica, jueces y abogados excluyeron a muchos mas.
High-speed photometry of the pre-cataclysmic binary HW Virginis and its orbital period change

The broad band B and V light curves of the pre-cataclysmic eclipsing binary HW Vir were obtained. All the available eclipse timings, including the new ones, spanning 19 years were analyzed under the third-body hypothesis. The residuals between the observed and calculated times of mid-eclipse show a long-term sinusoidal variation. The analysis yields the parameters of the third-body orbit, as well as limiting mass for the tertiary object. The result of this analysis gives a light-time semi-amplitude of 112 s, an orbital period of 18.8 yr and an eccentricity of 0.12. The mass of the third star is below the theoretical threshold of 0.07 $M_\odot$ for a hydrogen burning star. Its minimum mass is about 0.022 $M_\odot$ and for a wide range of inclinations of third-body orbit, i.e. $i \ge19^\circ$, the mass is smaller than 0.07 $M_\odot$. Therefore, we suggest that the third star may be a brown dwarf candidate. Combining the semi-amplitudes of the radial velocities and the photometric light curve solution has allowed us to model the short-period detached binary HW Vir. The luminosity and radius of the dM companion are slightly larger than that given by low-mass models.
THE PROBLEM OF USING MARINE TERRACES WITH UNCLEAR INNER EDGE FOR PALAEO SEA-LEVEL DETERMINATION: A CASE STUDy FROM LIGURIA (NW ITALy)

The marine terrace of Nervi (Liguria, North- Western Italy) was analyzed in order to state as accurately as possible the position of its inner edge to be used as a past sea-level altitude marker. In this case the platform-cliff transition is not sharp and the lack of an exposed section of the terrace makes impossible to evaluate the thickness of its sedimentary cover. The geomorphological survey of the terrace and its surroundings shows the presence of a «transi- tion area» bounded seaward by the sub-horizontal surface and inland by a steep slope, interpreted as the palaeocliff. Subsurface data from mechanical drillings were collected for the area, both inside and outside the transition area; they provide evidence about the nature and features of the bedrock and of the deposits on and uphill the shore platform. Analysis of surface and sub-surface data permitted to interpretate the slope profile from 100 m a.s. l. down to the presently active cliff as the result of a long-term evolution of a four-stepped staircase of marine terraces. The inner edge of the terrace of Nervi results located on the bedrock at about 18 m a.s. l. The value obtained was compared with that calculated applying to the elevation of the profile knickpoint the error bar that the literature suggests to use in case of inner edge masked by deposit and with the error bar previously assumed for marine terraces located immediately easternward Nervi. Both com- parisons underline the necessity of a case by case evaluation of the error bar acceptable for the marine terraces inner edge altitude, in particular if it is morphologically unclear. Riassunto - Il problema dell'uso dei terrazzi marini con mar - gine interno incerto per la determinazione di antichi livelli di stazionamento del mare: un caso di studio dalla Liguria (Italia nord occidentale). Il terrazzo marino di Nervi (Italia nord-occidentale) e stato studiato con lo scopo di definire il piu accuratamente possibile la posizione del suo margine interno in quanto esso rappresenta un importante indicatore di un antico livello di stazionamento del mare. In questo caso il margine interno del terrazzo e sepolto ed in particolare l'as- senza di sezioni esposte impedisce una stima dello spessore della copertura sedimentaria. Il rilevamento geomorfologico dell'area ha messo in luce la presenza di una zona di transi- zione localizzata tra la superficie sub-orizzontale del terrazzo marino e una parte del versante piu acclive interpretata come paleo-falesia. Sono stati raccolti i dati relativi ad indagini geo-meccaniche nella zona di transizione e nei suoi dintorni. Essi hanno fornito dati relativi alla profondita e alla natura del substrato che corrisponde alla piattaforma di abrasione e alla sua copertura. L'interpretazione dei dati di superficie e di sottosuolo ha permesso di interpretare il profilo del versante a partire da 100 m di quota sino al livello del mare attuale come
El español de Costa Rica, breve consideración acerca de su estudio

L os es tu d i o s li ng ui s t icos e n Costa Rica p os een una trad i cion en l a que sobr e salen los nom bres de Carl os Gagin i, A rtur o Ag ue ro y Vi c tor Ma nue l Ar ro y o . E ntre 1 9 74 y 19 77 , se ha in tensifica do l a l a b o r i nv e stigati v a en el campo de las lenguas in dige n as, de la linguistica teorica y de la linguisti ca espano l a. A los dis c ipulos de los maestros nom b r ados , se h a n sumado especialistas norteamericano s c u ya l a b o r formativa vien e m a nifest a ndo s e t a nt o en l a a s e s o ri a d e Tesis como en la reestru c turacion de planes y pro g ramas de estudi o . Los profesores Dr . Jack Wi l son y D r . Ronald Ross , han e stimulado investigaciones de campo y apertu r as teoricas de actu a lizacion que se traducen en estudios rigurosos de jovenes especi a listas , como es el caso de Adolfo Constenla , de Fernando Wright Mur r a y, de V i ctor Manuel Sanchez y otros , cuyos trabajos aparecen consignados en mi referencia bibliografica.
High spectral resolution imaging of the dynamical atmosphere of the red supergiant Antares in the CO first overtone lines with VLTI/AMBER

Aims. We present aperture-synthesis imaging of the red supergiant Antares (α Sco) in the CO first overtone lines. Our goal is to probe the structure and dynamics of the outer atmosphere. Methods. Antares was observed between 2.28� m and 2.31� m with VLTI/AMBER with spectral resolutions of up to 12000 and angular resolutions as high as 7.2 mas at two epochs with a time interval of one year. Results. The reconstructed images in individual CO lines reveal that the star appears differently in the blue wing, line center, and red wing. In 2009, the images in the line center and red wing show an asymmetrically extended component, while the image in the blue wing shows little trace of it. In 2010, however, the extended component appears in the line center and blue wing, and the image in the red wing shows only a weak signature of the extended component. Our modeling of these AMBER data suggests that there is an outer atmosphere (MOLsphere) extending to 1.2‐1.4 R⋆ with CO column densities of (0.5‐1)× 10 20 cm −2 and a temperature of∼2000 K. The CO line images observed in 2009 can be explained by a model in which a large patch or clump of CO gas is infalling at only 0‐5 km s −1 , while the CO gas in the remaining region is moving outward much faster at 20‐30 km s −1 . The images observed in 2010 suggest that a large clump of CO gas is moving outward at 0‐5 km s −1 , while the CO gas in the remaining region is infalling much faster at 20‐30 km s −1 . In contrast to the images in the CO lines, the AMBER data in the continuum show only a slight deviation from limb-darkened disks and only marginal time variations. We derive a limb-darkened disk diameter of 37.38± 0.06 mas and a power-law-type limb-darkening parameter of (8.7± 1.6)× 10 −2 (2009) and 37.31± 0.09 mas and (1.5± 0.2)× 10 −1 (2010). We also obtain an effective temperature of 3660± 120 K (the error includes the effects of the temporal flux variation that is assumed to be the same as Betelgeuse) and a luminosity of log L⋆/L⊙ = 4.88± 0.23. Comparison with theoretical evolutionary tracks suggests a mass of 15± 5 M⊙ with an age of 11‐15 Myr, which is consistent with the recently estimated age for the Upper Scorpius OB association. Conclusions. The properties of the outer atmosphere of Antares are simila r to those of another well-studied red supergiant, Betelgeuse. The density of the extended outer atmosphere of Antares and Betelgeuse is higher than predicted by the current 3-D convection simulations by at least six orders of magnitude, implying that convection alone cannot explain the formation of the extended outer atmosphere.
Limnological survey in eight high mountain lakes located in Lago Maggiore watershed (Switzerland)

Eight high mountain lakes located above 2000 m a.s. l. in the watershed of Lago Maggiore, with alkalinity between 10 and 100 μeq l-1, were studied during summer 1997. The survey revealed that some of the lakes had a saline density gradient which might hinder the mixing of water and restrict the oxygenation in hypolimnion. Following acidification, aluminium was present in some lakes in the form of Al(OH)2 +, with pH around 5.9, and as Al(OH)4 -, with pH around 6.6. The negative correlation observed between pH and nitrate concentrations seems to be linked to vegetal activity. In fact, acidity in soil and water, combined with the presence of aluminium, can partially inhibit the metabolism of plants and algae, and reduce the assimilation of NO3 -. Major biological differences emerged among the lakes, both at the level of plankton composition and biomass, and in seasonal dynamics. Dinophyceans and chlorophyceans predominated quantitatively in the lakes with low pH and alkalinity values, whereas diatoms were present in the lakes with higher values of these parameters. The phytoplankton biodiversity index showed a considerable variation from lake to lake. Higher alkalinity and salinity was not coupled to a higher biocenosis diversity and one or two species tend to dominate the others.
PRODUCTION POTENTIAL AND QUALITY OF MIXED SORGHUM FORAGE UNDER DIFFERENT INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS AND PLANTING PATTERNS

A field study was conducted to explore the production potential of diversified forage sorghum-based intercropping systems under different intercropping patterns for two consecutive years. The intercropping systems comprised sorghum alone; sorghum + mungbean; sorghum + clusterbean; sorghum + cpwpea and sorghum + sesbania. The planting patterns were 30 cm spaced single rows, 30 × 30 cm cross planting with intercrop, 45 cm spaced doublerow strips (15/45 cm) and 75 cm spaced four row strips. The two-year average data revealed that planting patterns have significant effect on mixed dry & green forage yield. The maximum mixed forage dry matter yield and mixed green forage yield of 24.5 and 68.8 t ha -1 were recorded in the planting pattern of 45 cm spaced double row strips. Forage legume intercropping systems reduced the dry and green fodder yield of sorghum, however, the additional harvest of each intercrop compensated more than the loss in forage sorghum yield. Of the intercropping systems, sorghum + cowpea and sorghum + sesbania in the pattern of 45 cm spaced double-row strips proved to be feasible, adoptable, more productive and with high quality nutritious forage and were found to be superior to all other intercropping systems and planting patterns under study.
Does the superior position of countries in co-authorship networks lead to their high citation performance

The objective of this research was to determine the macro-topological structure and the relationship between citation performance and centrality measures of co-authorship social networks of countries in the field of Nuclear Science and Technology from 2008 to 2010. The present study applied the network analysis method in order to visualize co-authorship networks. Hypothesized relationships were tested using the authors of 24,308 documents cited in the Web of Science. Data relevant to citation performance of a country was based on the articles published by the researchers of the country in a three-year period and the citation data of articles were collected two years after their publication. The investigation of co-authorship social network in the field of Nuclear Science and Technology revealed that the countries which are members of a Nuclear Club hold a prominent position in the network and their influence or power in the network is greater than other countries. Having characteristics like short mean path length, low network diameter (less than or equal to 6) and relatively high clustering coefficient, this network is regarded as a Small World Network. The results of testing the research hypotheses indicated that as the value of centrality of countries rise, the citation performance of researchers in that country is also improved. The analysis of variance confirmed the validity of stepwise regression analysis in predicting the citation performance of researchers (F=816.958 and p>0.000) and through three steps, three components including degree centrality, beta centrality and flow betweenness centrality were concluded to have multiple correlation with citation performance of researchers
Presence of the cytolytic protein enterolobin in different developmental stages of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seeds

Enterolobina, uma proteina de 52,9 kDa, apresenta atividades citolitica, inflamatoria e inseticida, sendo encontrada em Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong, uma arvore brasileira de grande porte. Relatos anteriores descrevem a ocorrencia dessa proteina em diferentes formas de associacao (formas monomerica e oligomericas). No presente trabalho, foi investigada a presenca de formas de associacao da enterolobina e atividade hemolitica em sementes maturescentes, germinantes e germinadas. A analise por immunoblotting revelou a presenca da forma monomerica da enterolobina em todas as fases investigadas, enquanto o dimero foi detectado nas sementes em desenvolvimento na segunda metade do periodo de maturacao, durante a germinacao e no periodo inicial pos-germinativo. A forma trimerica da enterolobina foi detectada desde uma semana apos o dimero ate a metade do tempo medio de germinacao da semente de E. contortisiliquum. O mais alto titulo de atividade hemolitica devido a enterolobina foi encontrado em sementes maduras e germinantes. Aparentemente, nao houve alteracao da massa molecular do monomero de enterolobina durante a maturacao e a germinacao da semente, sugerindo a ausencia de uma forma precursora. Os resultados tambem mostram que a enterolobina nao foi utilizada na germinacao e na fase inicial de pos-germinacao, que sao criticas no desenvolvimento e estabelecimento da plântula. Contudo, a disponibilidade de entorolobina poderia capacita-la a exibir um importante papel fisiologico, incluindo o de defesa da planta.
Howorth inter-governmentalism ? Decision-making in security and defense policy : Towards supranational

For scholars and practitioners of European politics alike, the distinction between supranationalism and inter-governmentalism has always been fundamental. This distinction has underpinned the various schools of European integration theory, just as it has remained crucial for European governments keen to demonstrate that the Member States remain in charge of key policy areas. Nowhere is this considered to be more central than in the area of foreign and security policy, which has consciously been set within the rigid intergovernmental framework of Pillar Two of the Maastricht Treaty and, under the Lisbon Treaty, remains subject to the unanimity rule. However, scholarship on the major decision-making agencies of the foreign and security policy of the EU suggests that the distinction is not only blurred but increasingly meaningless. This article demonstrates that, in virtually every case, decisions are shaped and even taken by small groups of relatively well-socialized officials in the key committees acting in a mode which is as close to supranational as it is to intergovernmental.
Seasonal production, allocation and cycling of carbon in two mid-elevation tropical montane forest plots in the Peruvian Andes

Background: Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) are unique ecosystems with high biodiversity and large carbon reservoirs. To date there have been limited descriptions of the carbon cycle of TMCF. Aims: We present results on the production, allocation and cycling of carbon for two mid-elevation (1500–1750 m) tropical montane cloud forest plots in San Pedro, Kosñipata Valley, Peru. Methods: We repeatedly recorded the components of net primary productivity (NPP) using biometric measurements, and autotrophic (R a) and heterotrophic (R h) respiration, using gas exchange measurements. From these we estimated gross primary productivity (GPP) and carbon use efficiency (CUE) at the plot level. Results: The plot at 1500 m was found very productive, with our results comparable with the most productive lowland Amazonian forests. The plot at 1750 m had significantly lower productivity, possibly because of greater cloud immersion. Both plots had similar patterns of NPP allocation, a substantial seasonality in NPP components and little seasonality in Ra . Conclusions: These two plots lie within the ecotone between lower and upper montane forests, near the level of the cloud base. Climate change is likely to increase elevation of the cloud base, resulting in shifts in forest functioning. Longer-term surveillance of the carbon cycle at these sites would yield valuable insights into the response of TMCFs to a shifting cloud base.