Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Leading in Context: A Review of Leadership Styles to Inform School Effectiveness in Small Island States

This paper examines different models and theories of leadership with a view to discern relevance, meaning and applicability to a small state, St Lucia. It reviews the evolution and distinguishing features of leadership and compares selected models in order to determine significance to St. Lucia context for achieving effective schools. Different school leadership models evolved to suit societal changes, educational reforms and demands and perceptions of educational researchers who viewed schools as organizations based on corporate -organization models, but exhibited greater complex and dynamism. Other researchers viewed schools as communities with a network of interconnecting people and relationships, with varying degrees of commitments and conflicting expectations, thus creating a unique environment in each school. Apprehension about the degree of applicability of these models with regard to outcomes and the quality of schooling that students require in this challenging era, led to the development of new leadership theories. These new leadership models suggest that school leaders should to be driven by a noble and morale purpose. However the literature seems to indicate that transformational models and new leadership concepts are theoretical and have not been empirically tested in schools. Then again, if available, the few empirically based theories are context specific; they are researched in developed and different countries with completely different circumstances and may not be easily transferable. Adoption and application of these models are dependent on the prevailing circumstances and environment.
USING DIF DISSECTION METHOD TO ASSESS EFFECTS OF ITEM DELETION

Statistical procedures for detecting differential item functioning (DIF) are often used as an initial step to screen items for construct irrelevant variance. This research applies a DIF dissection method and a two-way classification scheme to SAT Reasoning Test™ verbal section data and explores the effects of deleting sizable DIF items on reported scores after re-equating. The DIF dissection approach and the two-way classification scheme may yield new and detailed insight into item functioning at the subgroup level. Two hypotheses are studied: (1) whether or not the deletion of a sizeable DIF item that is the most disadvantageous to a particular subgroup will affect the scores for that subgroup the most; and (2) whether or not the effects of item deletion on scores can be predicted by the standardization method. Both hypotheses are supported by the results of this research.
Creditor Rights and Corporate Bond Market

We examine whether investor protection affects capital markets in terms of the development of corporate bond markets versus that of equity markets. Using a dataset of 42 countries, we show that in countries with stronger creditor rights, corporate bond markets are more developed than equity markets. In opposition, we find only weak evidence that in countries with stronger shareholder protection, equity markets are more developed than corporate bond markets. Additionally, we find that the effects of financial reforms on capital markets are strongly dependent on the strength of investor protections in a given country and information disclosure.
Impacts of Climate Change on Food Security: A Literature Review in Sub Saharan Africa

Background: In Sub Saharan African countries, fast GDP growth has created a great opportunity to improve developmental indicators including food security but showed only limited improvements. There is scientific consensus on the climate change and expected to have substantial impact on food security significantly. Therefore, it is recommended new advocacy and public health movement to reduce the effect of climate change on food security and malnutrition. So this literature review is used to assess the impacts of climate change on food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: A literature review was conducted from different sources using a Google scholar searching strategy that are written within 10 years period in English language. Result: Documents related to impacts of climate change on food security were reviewed. Literatures indicate climate components like temperature, precipitation, CO2 concentration and extreme climate events have an effect on food security components. Sub Saharan Africa is one of the most severely affected regions to climate change where most of the population is dependent on climate sensitive economic activities. The most direct effect and well researched component of climate change on food security is food availability by reducing net crop production. It is also found that climate change has an impact on food accessibility and utilization but not well studied due to its complexity. Projections indicate that this problem will be more severe in the future than today unless climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies are done. Conclusion: This review concludes that climatic conditions are changing in SSA countries and is affecting food availability, food accessibility and utilization. The problem will be severe in the future unless the current adaptation and mitigation efforts do not improve. Therefore to reduce the problem, the region should use its potential to adopt climate change.
Diaspora Kavramı Ve Türkiye’nin Diaspora Politikalarının Modern Teori Çerçevesinde Sosyo-Politik Bir Analizi

Diaspora is one of the most important social and political events of our time. Diaspora theory is considered within two different approaches, classical and modern. Our work at this point has taken both approaches into account, as well as modern approaches in their explanations. Modern approaches focus on individual and individualistic collectivism in the context of globalization, nation-default and liberal democracy. Although the phenomenon of diaspora has become more and more prevalent in Turkey in recent years, the scientific aspect has been neglected as a study and interest. When we look at the state policies of Turkey, the same negligence is striking. Turkey shapes its plans and programs for diaspora according to the observed requirements, the conveys of different pressure groups, and the very political-cultural determinations of all. In this respect, it seems that Kemalist, militarist, centralist, and otherizing perception are dominant in the historical view of Turkey’s diaspora policies. In this context, our work primarily explains the theoretical explanations of the diaspora, and then analyzes the historical determinations underlying Turkey’s diasporic policies in the context of modern approaches and within a political-sociological framework. The scope of the article is defined as diaspora theories, globalization, nation-state, nationalism, citizenship, integration and Turkey’s political-social history.
Credit Ratings and CEO Risk-taking Incentives

This study examines the sophistication of rating agencies in incorporating managerial risk-taking incentives into their credit risk evaluation. We measure risk-taking incentives using two proxies: the sensitivity of managerial wealth to stock return volatility (vega) and the sensitivity of managerial wealth to stock price (delta). We find that rating agencies impound managerial risk-taking incentives in their credit risk assessments. Assuming other things equal, a one standard deviation increase in vega (delta) will lead to an approximately one-notch (two-notch) rating downgrade. In addition, we evaluate the significance of credit ratings in the design of CEO compensation. Our findings suggest that rating-troubled firms will gear down managerial incentives of risk seeking. In particular, other things equal, a rating downgrade to the lower edge of the investment category (i.e., BBB−) in the immediate prior year will bring about an approximately 51 percent reduction of vega incentive from options newly granted to the CEO in the current year. However, we find no evidence that firms' rating concerns significantly affect delta. Given the significance of credit ratings in the marketplace and their close connection to accounting, the findings of the current study advance our understanding, not only of how sophisticated rating agencies are in incorporating forward-looking information (i.e., vega and delta) into risk assessments, but of how influential the raters are in changing firms' compensation policies. The findings also have implications on the role of accounting in constraining excessive managerial risk taking with improved disclosures on managerial compensation.
New Information and Communication Technologies on European Rural Development: Some Considerations about Their Use and Potenciality

It is a process of generation and adoption of innovations based on ICT, and so spectacular that no precedent exists in the history of humanity, except perhaps in the changes that took place during the industrial revolution and the later ones of electrification and the appearance of the automobile. In the last century, the continual technological changes demand constant institutional and organisational innovations; and today, as then, these changes have a strong bearing on the economic and sociocultural structure of society, leading to what was initially called the post-industrial society, and which today is known, in an ever more widespread manner, as the information society. One feature of the information society is that it promotes globalisation. Another characteristic, clearly related to the former, is that it tends to favour a network-type organisation of economic and social relations among people and organisations. Because of these two characteristics it can be affirmed that the new information society is global in scope, but is organised locally; that is, it is built upon the local. Under these circumstances, if we take into account that the ICT also further the production and labour flexibility typical of the post-Ford production model in use today, it is easy to conclude that these technologies open up a vast horizon of varied opportunities (new products, new services, new management and organisational methods, new jobs, etc.) and constitute the ideal tool to optimise the exploitation of endogenous resources in rural communities, which, thanks to these new technologies, will free themselves from many of the limitations that hinder their development: isolation, low population density, market remoteness, inaccessibility, all of which limit the creation of business initiatives, and maintain education and training of the local community at low levels. The impact ICT can have on Rural Development is, consequently, enormous. We present here some thoughts regarding the possibilities and the limitations of the use of ICT in rural development processes. To this end, after a few very short commentaries of a theoretical and conceptual nature on the implication of ICT in the local development of rural areas, we advance some ideas about the
Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma at Khartoum

Oral squamous cell carcinoma consider the most common type of oral cancer and carry poor prognosis especially in late stages, many factors like tobacco, alcohol, poor diet, have been investigated for their relation to this cancer however many patient develop oral cancer without exposure to these factors, this rise question about other factors may contribute to squamous cell carcinoma this factors include oncogenic viruses like human papilloma virus, herpes simplex virus and EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS. Experimental cross-sectional study in Khartoum teaching dental hospital sudan and institute of tropical medicine, to detect presence of EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS in oral squamous cell carcinoma samples using PCR, a total of 107 samples taken from oral squamous cell carcinoma patients 66 (61.7%) are male while 41 (38.3) are female. Mean age of the patient is 57. Forty four patients are snuffer while 63 are not. 17 patients are smoking while 90 patients are not. Only 7 patients consume alcohol. most of the patients are laborers and house wife. The patients came from all site of the Sudan with slight majority from central of the Sudan. DNA extracted and PCR used for detection. Total of 107 O.S. C.C samples tested by PCR for detection of EPSTEIN-BAAR VIRUS 35 (32.7%) samples are positive while 72 (67.3%) samples are negative. About 45 lesions in the lower jaw, 9 lesions in the lip, 20 lesions in buccal mucosa, 16 lesions in the upper jaw, 15 lesions in the tongue and only two lesions in the flour of the mouth. The 44 patients with snuffing habit show 20 patient positive for EPSTEIN-BAAR VIRUS while 63 non snuffer patients show 15 patients positive for EBV and this result show statistically significant different with P value (0.019). This study result revealed that EPSTEIN-BAAR VIRUS could be one of the causative factors that lead to squamous cell carcinoma especially in the patient with snuffing habbite.
Analysis of Coffee Marketing Cost and Margins in South West, Ethiopia

The aims of this study were to identifying the existing coffee marketing channel, and estimating coffee marketing cost and margins. A two stage random sampling techniques was used to select 15 PAs and 150 coffee growers from the two major coffee producing woredas of the zone, while a purposive sampling technique was employed to select 40 traders and seven processors. Both primary and secondary data were used for this study. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the data. The result of marketing costs, margin and benefit analysis imply that coffee collectors incurred the lowest cost which was 7.97 birr per 17 kg. Coffee producers bear the highest cost followed by wholesalers which was 104.98 birr and 48.67 birr per 17, kg respectively. The average coffee wholesaler retained significant annual total net benefit than producers and coffee collectors. The estimated annual net benefits of a typical coffee producer, collector and wholesaler were birr 3879.88, 1708.28, and 390257.06, respectively. This implies that coffee trading is highly profitable at the wholesale level. The producers’ share as a percentage of wholesale prices is low as compared to farmers in other regions of the country. Keywords : Coffee, margins, coffee marketing channel, producers, traders
An investigation of the relationship between processing rate and memory span in learning disabled children

Slow rate of information processing has been offered as an explanation for the short-term memory problems of learning and/or reading disabled children (e.g., Spring & Capps, 1974). The present investiga­ tion used an item identification task and a memory span task to determine whether, when learning and/or reading disabled and non-disabled children are equated with regard to the speed with which they process information, their measured memory spans are also equal. It was hypothesized that the observed memory span differences would be eliminated by equating the two groups on a measure of processing rate.
The Effect of Counseling on Hemoglobin, Hematocrit and Weight Gain in Teenage Pregnant Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background Pregnant women’s health is a major health priority in all countries. Teenage pregnancies can be high-risk. This study was conducted to determine the effect of counseling on hemoglobin, hematocrit and weight gain in teenage pregnant women. Materials and Methods This randomized, controlled, clinical trial was conducted on 120 teenage women with a gestational age of 20 to 24 months presenting to medical centers in Ardabil, Iran, in 2016 to 2017. The participants were assigned to a counseling (n=60) and a control (n=60) group through randomized blocked sampling. The intervention group received counseling on self-care, symptoms and risks of teenage pregnancy and methods for its prevention in five 60-minute sessions and booklets were distributed among them, too. Each woman and her husband received private counseling in the last session based on their questions and problems. The control group received routine care. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and weight at the beginning of pregnancy and before delivery were evaluated. The independent t-test and ANCOVA with adjusted baseline values were used to analyze the data. Results: The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of demographic details, except the mother’s age and baseline hemoglobin and hematocrit levels (P>0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups after the intervention (with adjusted baseline values) in terms of hemoglobin (adjusted mean difference: -0.07, 95% confidence Interval: 0.31 to -0.46, P=0.710), hematocrit (-0.14, 0.76 to -1.05, P=0.747), and pregnancy weight gain (0.07,1.80 to -1.65, P=0.931). Conclusion The results showed that providing counseling to teenage women during pregnancy does not affect their hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and pregnancy weight gain.
Predicting Compliance Intention on Zakah on Employment Income in Malaysia: An Application of Reasoned Action Theory

Many factors have been proposed to influence compliance a behavior to zakah giving in the literature. However, little has been said about attention as one of the influencing factors even though it has been suggested as key in determining one's behavior. Using the theory of reasoned action developed by Ajzen and Fishbein (1980) as the underlying theoritical base, the present study was carried out to identify the determining factors of subjective norms and attitudes toward zakah on behavioural intention to comply with zakah on employement income amongst Muslims. In other words, the present research primarily intended to investigate to what zakah on empployement income by adding a path from subjective norms to attitudes toward zakah. The results of the study reveal that both subjective norms and attitudes influenced compliance behaviour with employement income. Further, the model's goodness of fit also suggests a better result when the path was iincluded. It is revealed that both the direct and indirect effects of subjective norms of behavioral intention were significant. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that a Muslim person's intention to pay zakah could be predicted from his/her subjective norms and attitudes toward zakah at 48% level. Implications for theory and practice are also discussed. ABSTRAK Karya lalu mencadangkan banyak faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi tingkah laku kepatuhan zakat. Bagaimanapun, hanya sebahagian kecil sahaja yang mencadangkan niat sebagi salah satu faktor penting yang menentukan tingkah laku. Dengan menggunakan teori tindakan bersebab yang dibangunkan oleh Ajzen and Fishbein (1980) sebagai asas teoritis dasar, kajian ini dijalnkan bagi mengenal pasti norma subjektif dan sikap sebagai faktor penentu bagi niat kepatuhan zakat penggajian di kalangan orang Islam. Dengan kata lain, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki sejauh mana model teoritis boleh digunakan untuk meramal niat kepatuhan zakat penggajian dengan menambah satu laluan (path) dari norma subjektif ke sikap terhadap niat kepatuhan zakat. Dapatan kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa kedua-dua norma subjektif dan sikap mempengaruhi kepatuhan zakat penggajian. Tambahan lagi, kebagusssuaian model juga menunjukkan hasil ayng lebih baik apabila laluan dimasukkan ke dalam model. Ini terbukti apabila kesan langsung dan tidak langsung norma subjektif terhadap niat kepatuhan adalah signifikan. Berdasarkan hasil kajian ini, bolehlah disimpulkan bahawa niat seseorang Muslim untuk membayar zakat penggajian boleh diramal daripada norma subjektif dan sikapnya terhadap zakat pada tahap 48%. Limitasi kajian dan implikasi terhadap teori dan praktis ada dibincangkan.
Agronomic performance of upland rice cultivars in the southern region of the state of Tocantins

A avaliacao comportamental de cultivares adaptados as variacoes edafoclimaticas e essencial para a recomendacao de material genetico ao produtor, visando maior rentabilidade e, principalmente, almejando o crescimento regional. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o comportamento agronomico de cultivares de arroz de terras altas em diferentes safras sob solo de vegetacao de Cerrado do sul do Estado do Tocantins. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos anos agricolas de 2008/2009, 2009/2010, 2010/2011, 2011/2012 e 2012/2013 com as cultivares BRS-Bonanca, BRS-Primavera e BRSMG-Conai. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualisados com quatro repeticoes, num esquema fatorial 3 x 5, constituido por tres genotipos e cinco anos. As caracteristicas avaliadas foram numero de dias para florescimento, altura da planta, massa de cem graos e produtividade de graos. As maiores produtividades de graos de arroz de terras altas foram alcancadas na safra 2012/13, que apresentou maior volume e melhor distribuicao da precipitacao pluvial; O tempo de florescimento foi menor e maior para as cultivares BRSMG-Conai e BRS-Bonanca respectivamente; A cultivar BRS-Primavera apresentou as maiores produtividades de graos nos diferentes anos sob solo de vegetacao de Cerrado no sul do Estado do Tocantins.
Soil Organic Carbon Composition in a Northern Mixed‐Grass Prairie

ing the sustainable use of rangelands for livestock production. However, many ecosystem components and Growing interest in the potential for soils to provide a sink for processes like plant community structure, soil properatmospheric C has prompted studies of effects of management on the amountandnatureofsoilorganicC(SOC). Inthisstudy,weevaluated ties, and nutrient cycling are also affected by grazing effects of different grazing management regimes (light grazing [LG], management (Schuman et al., 1999). Density and duraheavy grazing [HG], and non-grazed exclosures [EX]) on amount tion of rangeland stocking can affect plant community and composition of SOC at the USDA–ARS High Plains Grasslands compositionthroughdisplacementofcool-seasonmixed ResearchStation (HPGRS),Cheyenne, WY.Soils (0–5cm) fromeach grassesbywarm-seasonshortgrassesinnorthernmixedtreatment were analyzed for total C and N contents and lignin com- grass prairies (Dormaar and Willms, 1990). position. Soil organic C and N contents were significantly greater in Grazing can also influence the amount and composiLG (SOC–13.8 Mg ha 1 ; total N–1.22 Mg ha 1
LIP-READING VIA DEEP NEURAL NETWORKS USING HYBRID VISUAL FEATURES

Lip-reading is typically known as visually interpreting the speaker's lip movements during speaking. Experiments over many years have revealed that speech intelligibility increases if visual facial information becomes available. This effect becomes more apparent in noisy environments. Taking steps toward automating this process, some challenges will be raised such as coarticulation phenomenon, visual units' type, features diversity and their inter-speaker dependency. While efforts have been made to overcome these challenges, presentation of a flawless lip-reading system is still under the investigations. This paper searches for a lipreading model with an efficiently developed incorporation and arrangement of processing blocks to extract highly discriminative visual features. Here, application of a properly structured Deep Belief Network (DBN)- based recognizer is highlighted. Multi-speaker (MS) and speaker-independent (SI) tasks are performed over CUAVE database, and phone recognition rates (PRRs) of 77.65% and 73.40% are achieved, respectively. The best word recognition rates (WRRs) achieved in the tasks of MS and SI are 80.25% and 76.91%, respectively. Resulted accuracies demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the conventional Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and competes well with the state-of-the-art visual speech recognition works.