Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of an automated algorithm for identifying patients at high risk for drug‐induced hypoglycemia

Purpose. Hypoglycemia is one of the most concerning adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. Using information from institutional electronic health records, we aimed to develop dynamic predictive models to identify patients at high risk for hypoglycemia during antihyperglycemic therapy. Methods. The study population consisted of 21,840 patients who received antihyperglycemic medication on any of the first 5 hospital days (the “risk model days”) at 2 large hospitals. Data on candidate predictors were extracted from discrete electronic health record fields to construct models for predicting hypoglycemia within 24 hours after each risk model day. Final models were internally validated by replication in 100 bootstrap samples and reapplying model parameters to the original risk population. Results. The development and validation sample included 60,762 risk model days followed by 1,256 days with hypoglycemic events (2.07 events per 100 risk model days). The days 3, 4, and 5 models presented similar associations between predictors and the risk of hypoglycemia and were therefore collapsed into a single model. The strongest hypoglycemia risk factors across all 3 risk periods (day 1, day 2, and days 3–5) were blood glucose (BG) fluctuations, BG trend, history of hypoglycemia, lower body weight, lower creatinine clearance, use of long‐acting or high‐dose insulin, and sulfonylurea use. C statistics for the 3 models ranged from 0.844 to 0.887. Depending on the model used, risk scores in the upper 90th percentile predicted 48.5–63.1% of actual hypoglycemic events. It was estimated that by targeting only patients in the upper 90th percentile, providers would need to intervene during fewer than 9 admissions to prevent 1 hypoglycemic event. Conclusion. The developed prediction models were found to have excellent discriminative validity and good calibration, allowing clinicians to focus interventions on a select high‐risk population in which the majority of hypoglycemic events occur.
Long Duration of Asymptomatic Mycoplasma genitalium Infection After Syndromic Treatment for Nongonococcal Urethritis.

BACKGROUND Although Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is an acknowledged cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), access to diagnostic testing is limited. Syndromic management is common, yet little is known about natural history. METHODS Between August 2014 and April 2016, 13 heterosexual men aged ≥16 years with MG were identified within a cohort study of men with and without NGU attending an urban sexually transmitted diseases clinic. Men had 6-7 monthly visits. NGU was defined as ≥5 polymorphonuclear leukocytes per high-power field on urethral Gram stain plus either visible urethral discharge or urethral symptoms. Men with NGU received 1 g of azithromycin. Men with persistent NGU received moxifloxacin 400 mg for 14 days. First-void urine was retrospectively tested for MG using transcription-mediated amplification. Resistance-associated mutations were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Organism load was determined by quantitative PCR. RESULTS Sixty-two percent of MG-positive men had macrolide resistance-mediating mutations (MRMM) at enrollment; 31% had parC mutations (all outside the quinolone resistance-determining region). MG persisted after azithromycin in 7 men, 6 of whom had MRMM. The median duration of persistence in the absence of curative therapy was 143 days (range, 21-228). Five men experienced symptom resolution after azithromycin, but MG persisted for another 89-186 days before moxifloxacin. Organism load was somewhat lower in MRMM than wild-type infections (P = .16). CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of macrolide resistance and long duration of infection after symptom resolution highlights the need for diagnostic MG testing of men with NGU to direct therapy.
CAAD 2018: Generating Transferable Adversarial Examples

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial examples, perturbations carefully crafted to fool the targeted DNN, in both the non-targeted and targeted case. In the non-targeted case, the attacker simply aims to induce misclassification. In the targeted case, the attacker aims to induce classification to a specified target class. In addition, it has been observed that strong adversarial examples can transfer to unknown models, yielding a serious security concern. The NIPS 2017 competition was organized to accelerate research in adversarial attacks and defenses, taking place in the realistic setting where submitted adversarial attacks attempt to transfer to submitted defenses. The CAAD 2018 competition took place with nearly identical rules to the NIPS 2017 one. Given the requirement that the NIPS 2017 submissions were to be open-sourced, participants in the CAAD 2018 competition were able to directly build upon previous solutions, and thus improve the state-of-the-art in this setting. Our team participated in the CAAD 2018 competition, and won 1st place in both attack subtracks, non-targeted and targeted adversarial attacks, and 3rd place in defense. We outline our solutions and development results in this article. We hope our results can inform researchers in both generating and defending against adversarial examples.
Postural Stability in Goalkeepers of the Polish National Junior Handball Team

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess postural stability of goalkeepers from the Polish national junior handball team. Eleven juniors of the Polish national handball team (age 16.82 ± 1.6 years, body height 191.27 ± 3.1 cm, body mass 88.41 ± 12.26 kg, BMI 24.18 ± 3.22 kg/m2) were selected for the study. The Biodex Balance System and AccuGait AM¬TI platform were used to evaluate postural stability. The obtained results indicated good postural stability of the subjects. During the Biodex Balance System platform tests, all subjects presented very good postural stability and maintained within Zone A. Postural sway was greater in the sagittal plane compared to the frontal one. Most of the participants demonstrated slight backward tilts, but maintained in Quadrant IV. During the AccuGait AMTI platform trial, Path Length and Average COP Speed significantly increased in the test performed with closed eyes. Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations between the number of variables obtained during the Biodex Balance System and AccuGait AMTI tests. Proper and stable posture are necessary conditions to be met to carry out most free movements and locomotion. They play a significant role in the game of a handball goalkeeper and for that reason, postural stability testing of handball goalkeepers is an important element of coordination training. Thus, the use of postural stability exercises implementing the biofeedback method on stabilo and dynamometric platforms is practical and justifiable.
Exploring a New Framework to Build Mobile QoS-Aware Applications and Services for Future Internet

Mobile users are making more demands of common networks by running applications such as network streaming of audio, video as well as immersive gaming that demand a high Quality of Service. One way to address this problem is by making services mobile, such that the services will move closer to the users as they move around. This ensures that low latencies are maintained between the client and server resulting in a better Quality of Service. At present, new architectures such as the Y-Comm framework, attempt to provide a platform to support intelligent service migration mechanisms. However, what is also needed is to provide QoS mechanisms in order to facilitate efficient service migration. This requires techniques to measure the QoS in terms of bandwidth, latency and burst characteristics at various locations to which the server could be migrated. In addition, the emergence of Software Defined Networking as well as new end to end control mechanisms such as the Network Management Control Protocol and the development of new transport protocols will allow a new framework to support mobile QoS-Aware applications and services that will be a key part of the Future Internet. This paper explores the development of a new applications and services framework for Future Internet that replaces the traditional IP framework. New mechanisms are developed to decide when and where to move services and a video on demand scenario is analysed. An analytical model is investigated to provide results based on bandwidth and latency. The results show that this approach is valid and should lead to better QoS and better Quality of Experience for mobile users.
Learning Hash Codes via Hamming Distance Targets

We present a powerful new loss function and training scheme for learning binary hash codes with any differentiable model and similarity function. Our loss function improves over prior methods by using log likelihood loss on top of an accurate approximation for the probability that two inputs fall within a Hamming distance target. Our novel training scheme obtains a good estimate of the true gradient by better sampling inputs and evaluating loss terms between all pairs of inputs in each minibatch. To fully leverage the resulting hashes, we use multi-indexing. We demonstrate that these techniques provide large improvements to a similarity search tasks. We report the best results to date on competitive information retrieval tasks for ImageNet and SIFT 1M, improving MAP from 73% to 84% and reducing query cost by a factor of 2-8, respectively.
Why do People Share?: A Study of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation to Share Knowledge in Organisations

Organisations invest heavily in knowledge management technologies and initiatives which are entirely dependent on the willingness of employees to share their knowledge. Educational and reward programs need to be informed by an understanding of what motivates people to share their knowledge at work. Prior research based on motivational theories suggests the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators to encourage voluntary pro-social behaviours such as knowledge sharing. However, the literature on motivation in the context of knowledge sharing is still emerging and fragmented. This article therefore proposes an integrated model that brings together theoretical insights from motivational research to explain the influence of key intrinsic and extrinsic motivators on knowledge sharing. The article reports the results of the assessment of the model based on data collected across 10 organisations. The discussion of results contributes to the understanding of motivational factors influencing attitude and intention to share knowledge and their relative importance.
Adversarial Examples - A Complete Characterisation of the Phenomenon

We provide a complete characterisation of the phenomenon of adversarial examples - inputs intentionally crafted to fool machine learning models. We aim to cover all the important concerns in this field of study: (1) the conjectures on the existence of adversarial examples, (2) the security, safety and robustness implications, (3) the methods used to generate and (4) protect against adversarial examples and (5) the ability of adversarial examples to transfer between different machine learning models. We provide ample background information in an effort to make this document self-contained. Therefore, this document can be used as survey, tutorial or as a catalog of attacks and defences using adversarial examples.
The Impact of Adverse Childhood Events on the Sexual and Mental Health of Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence

Women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) are at an increased risk of engaging in sexual risk behaviors and experiencing depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Adverse childhood events (ACEs) can put women at increased risk of poor sexual and mental health. Women experiencing IPV report ACEs, but few studies have examined the heterogeneity in women’s experiences of ACEs and its effects on sexual and mental health. Therefore, the current study used latent profile analysis to identify profiles of ACEs (i.e., witnessing maternal and paternal IPV victimization; childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse; and physical and emotional neglect) and their association with sexual risk behaviors and depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Women experiencing IPV aged 18 to 58 years (N = 212) were recruited from community establishments and completed face-to-face, computer-assisted interviews. Three profiles were identified: Low ACEs class (n = 115), Moderate ACEs class (n = 62), and High ACEs class (n = 35). Path analyses revealed that profiles of ACEs directly predicted women’s IPV victimization severity and depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Secondary and tertiary mental health interventions may be more effective if the heterogeneity in women’s ACEs is addressed by integrating intervention strategies specific to these ACE subgroups.
Growth, Carcass Traits, Blood Hematology, Serum Metabolites, Immunity, and Oxidative Indices of Growing Rabbits Fed Diets Supplemented with Red or Black Pepper Oils

Simple Summary After the ban on antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry and animal diets, nutritionists had to find safe and efficient alternatives. Because of their beneficial properties, the oils of red and black pepper were chosen to be supplemented to rabbit diets. Promising results were obtained with regard to the ability of these oils to improve rabbits’ growth performance, immunity, and antioxidant status. Abstract The present study aimed to examine the impacts of the supplementation of red or black pepper oils to rabbit diet as growth promoters on New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits. One hundred and forty weaned NZW rabbits were divided randomly into seven groups in a completely randomized experiment using different quantities of red pepper oil (RPO; 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 g/kg diet) or black pepper oil (BPO; 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 g/kg diet), in addition to the control group. Compared to the control, values of live body weight (LBW) for rabbits fed either RPO or BPO enriched diets were greater. The concentrations of serum triglycerides and cholesterol were lower (p < 0.01) in the RPO- and BPO-treated groups than in the control. Immunity parameters and antioxidant indices were improved in treated groups in comparison to the control. Dietary RPO or BPO can affect some growth traits, improve immunity parameters and the antioxidant activity, and decrease the lipid profile and lipid peroxidation. The use of 0.5 g RPO/kg diet as a dietary supplement had a larger effect on growth parameters than the other treatment groups.
Should police have access to genetic genealogy databases? Capturing the Golden State Killer and other criminals using a controversial new forensic technique

On April 24, 2018, a suspect in California’s notorious Golden State Killer cases was arrested after decades of eluding the police. Using a novel forensic approach, investigators identified the suspect by first identifying his relatives using a free, online genetic database populated by individuals researching their family trees. In the wake of the case, media outlets reported privacy concerns with police access to personal genetic data generated by or shared with genealogy services. Recent data from 1,587 survey respondents, however, provide preliminary reason to question whether such concerns have been overstated. Still, limitations on police access to genetic genealogy databases in particular may be desirable for reasons other than current public demand for them.
Dickkopf-3 (DKK3) in Urine Identifies Patients with Short-Term Risk of eGFR Loss.

BACKGROUND The individual course of CKD may vary, and improved methods for identifying which patients will experience short-term eGFR loss are needed. Assessing urinary Dickkopf-3 (DKK3), a stress-induced tubular epithelia-derived profibrotic glycoprotein, may provide information about ongoing tubulointerstitial fibrosis and short-term eGFR loss. METHODS To investigate urinary DKK3's potential as a biomarker of short-term eGFR loss (over 12 months), we prospectively assessed eGFR and urinary DKK3 levels in patients with CKD of various etiologies at baseline and annual follow-ups. We also measured urinary DKK3 in a general population sample and patients with diagnostic kidney biopsies or IgA nephropathy under treatment. RESULTS Median urinary DKK3-to-creatinine concentration at baseline was significantly higher in patients with CKD than the general population sample (431 versus 33 pg/mg). In the CKD cohort, having a urinary DKK3-to-creatinine level >4000 pg/mg was independently and significantly associated after multiple adjustments with mean annual decline in eGFR of 7.6% over 12 months. Urinary DKK3 significantly improved prediction of kidney function decline compared with eGFR or albuminuria alone. Urinary DKK3-to-creatinine levels were related to the extent of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in kidney biopsies. In patients with IgA nephropathy, a rise in urinary DKK3 was associated with significant eGFR decline within 6 months, whereas stable or decreasing urinary DKK3 indicated a more favorable course. CONCLUSIONS Urinary DKK3 levels identify patients at high risk for eGFR decline over the next 12 months regardless of the cause of kidney injury and beyond established biomarkers, potentially providing a tool to monitor CKD progression and assess effects of interventions.
Possible Emergence of Sequence Specific RNA Aminoacylation via Peptide Intermediary to Initiate Darwinian Evolution and Code through Origin of Life

One of the most intriguing questions in biological science is how life originated on Earth. A large number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain it, each putting an emphasis on different events leading to functional translation and self-sustained system. Here, we propose a set of interactions that could have taken place in the prebiotic environment. According to our hypothesis, hybridization-induced proximity of short aminoacylated RNAs led to the synthesis of peptides of random sequence. We postulate that among these emerged a type of peptide(s) capable of stimulating the interaction between specific RNAs and specific amino acids, which we call “bridge peptide” (BP). We conclude that translation should have emerged at the same time when the standard genetic code begun to evolve due to the stabilizing effect on RNA-peptide complexes with the help of BPs. Ribosomes, ribozymes, and the enzyme-directed RNA replication could co-evolve within the same period, as logical outcome of RNA-peptide world without the need of RNA only self-sustained step.
Game-Theoretic Choice of Curing Rates Against Networked SIS Epidemics by Human Decision-Makers

We study networks of human decision-makers who independently decide how to protect themselves against Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) epidemics. Motivated by studies in behavioral economics showing that humans perceive probabilities in a nonlinear fashion, we examine the impacts of such misperceptions on the equilibrium protection strategies. In our setting, nodes choose their curing rates to minimize the infection probability under the degree-based mean-field approximation of the SIS epidemic plus the cost of their selected curing rate. We establish the existence of a degree based equilibrium under both true and nonlinear perceptions of infection probabilities (under suitable assumptions). When the per-unit cost of curing rate is sufficiently high, we show that true expectation minimizers choose the curing rate to be zero at the equilibrium, while curing rate is nonzero under nonlinear probability weighting.
Sonographic diagnosis of colorectal polyps in children

Abstract This study was established to evaluate the diagnostic value of ultrasonography in screening colorectal polyps in children and to discuss the necessity of colonic preparation before an ultrasonic examination. In this study, 288 children with colorectal polyps managed at our hospital between January 2007 and December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were examined before and after basic colon preparation. The colorectal polyps were confirmed by colonoscopy/laparotomy and histopathology. Among all 288 patients, solitary polyps were identified in 278 patients (96.52%), and multiple polyps were identified in 10 patients (43 polyps) (3.48%) by colonoscopy/laparotomy and histopathology. By ultrasonic examination, 264 cases (264/278) were detected as solitary polyp and 9 cases (9/10) as multiple polyps (31 polyps). In 278 solitary polyps, 180 (64.74%) were detected by ultrasonic examination without a colon preparation. Following glycerine enema (10–20 mL) treatment, 264 (94.96%) cases were detected by ultrasonic examination. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography with glycerine enema for the detection of colorectal polyps were 94.96% and 100%, respectively. Colon preparation significantly increased the proportion of polyps identified by ultrasonography (P < .0001), as well as the diagnostic rate of polyps in rectum, sigmoid colon and descending colon (P < .05). Ultrasonography can be the primary diagnostic method for screening colorectal polyps in children on the strength of its safety, validity, and accuracy. Basic colon preparation with glycerine enema is recommended for children, which enable the detection of intraluminal lesions before ultrasonic examination.
Familiarity modulates social approach toward stressed conspecifics in female rats

Familiarity between conspecifics may influence how social affective cues shape social behaviors. In a social affective preference test, experimental rats, when given the choice to explore an unfamiliar stressed or a naive adult, will avoid interaction with a stressed conspecific. To determine if familiarity would influence social interactions with stressed conspecifics, male and female test rats underwent 2 social affective preference tests in isosexual triads where an experimental rat was presented with a naïve and a stressed target conspecific who were either familiar (cagemate) or unfamiliar. Male and female experimental rats avoided stressed unfamiliar conspecifics. However, experimental female rats demonstrated a preference to interact with their stressed, familiar cagemates. Male and female rats exhibited more self-grooming and immobility behavior in the presence of stressed conspecifics, which may indicate emotion contagion. These findings suggest a sex-specific role of familiarity in social approach and avoidance, and warrant further mechanistic exploration.
Learning to Understand Goal Specifications by Modelling Reward

Recent work has shown that deep reinforcement-learning agents can learn to follow language-like instructions from infrequent environment rewards. However, this places on environment designers the onus of designing language-conditional reward functions which may not be easily or tractably implemented as the complexity of the environment and the language scales. To overcome this limitation, we present a framework within which instruction-conditional RL agents are trained using rewards obtained not from the environment, but from reward models which are jointly trained from expert examples. As reward models improve, they learn to accurately reward agents for completing tasks for environment configurations---and for instructions---not present amongst the expert data. This framework effectively separates the representation of what instructions require from how they can be executed. In a simple grid world, it enables an agent to learn a range of commands requiring interaction with blocks and understanding of spatial relations and underspecified abstract arrangements. We further show the method allows our agent to adapt to changes in the environment without requiring new expert examples.