Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Referential alarm calling behaviour in New World primates

There is relatively good evidence that non-human primates can communicate about objects and events in their envi- ronment in ways that allow recipients to draw inferences about the nature of the event experienced by the signaller. In some spe- cies, there is also evidence that the basic semantic units are not individual calls, but call sequences and the combinations gener- ated by them. These two findings are relevant to theories pertaining to the origins of human language because of the resemblances of these phenomena with linguistic reference and syntactic organisation. Until recently, however, most research efforts on the primate origins of human language have involved Old World species with comparatively few systematic studies on New World monkeys, which has prevented insights into the deeper phylogenetic roots and evolutionary origins of language-relevant capaci- ties. To address this, we review the older primate literature and very recent evidence for functionally referential communication and call combinations in New World primates. Within the existing literature there is ample evidence in both Callitrichids and Ce- bids for acoustically distinct call variants given to external disturbances that are accompanied by distinct behavioural responses. A general pattern is that one call type is typically produced in response to a wide range of general disturbances, often on the ground but also including inter-group encounters, while another call type is produced in response to a much narrower range of aerial threats. This pattern is already described for Old World monkeys and Prosimians, suggesting an early evolutionary origin. Second, recent work with black-fronted titi monkeys has produced evidence for different alarm call sequences consisting of acoustically distinct call types. These sequences appear to encode several aspects of the predation event simultaneously, notably predator type and location. Since meaningful call sequences have already been described in Old World primates, we suggest that basic combi- natorial vocal communication has evolved in the primate lineage long before the advent of language. Moreover, it is possible that some of these communicative abilities have evolved even earlier, or independently, as there is comparable evidence in other taxonomic groups. We discuss these findings in an attempt to shed further light on the primate stock from which human language has arisen (Current Zoology 58 (5): 680−697, 2012). Keywords Primate alarm calls, Functionally referential calls, Call combinations, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys
The Effect of Task Sequencing on the Writing Fluency of English as Foreign Language Learners

This study investigated the effect of sequencing tasks from simple to complex along +/reasoning demands on fluency in writing task performance of English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners. The participants of this study included 90 intermediate EFL learners from three intact class divisions at the Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods Branch. They were distributed in three groups: Experimental A, Experimental B, and a Control group. The students in all groups participated in the writing pre-test. During the eight treatment sessions (in relation to task performance) the first experimental group received a series of picture description tasks in a randomized order of cognitive complexity. The second experimental group received the same tasks, but ordered from simple to complex based on their required reasoning demands. The control group, however, did not receive any picture description tasks; rather they received some typical writing activities. Finally, the post-test was administered to all participants. The results of the data analysis, through Analysis of Variances (ANOVA) using the SPSS software, showed no significant impact for sequencing tasks from simple to complex on fluency in writing task performance.
Screening of UVA/UVB Absorption and in vitro Antioxidant Capacity of Bejaria aestuans, Cavendishia pubescens and Cavendishia bracteata Leaf Extracts

The UV solar radiation accelerates skin aging, leading to loss of skin elasticity and decreasing the capacity of the skin to hold water, which are implicated in the formation of the most obvious sign of aging, skin wrinkling and related health problems in humans. Usually, synthetic sunscreens have been used to minimize these effects. However, some phenolic compounds present in plants play an important role as photoprotectors. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of three plants from Ericaceae family as UVA-UVB filters and its antioxidant capacity. Leaf extracts of B. aestuans, C. bracteata and C. pubescence showed an interesting broad-spectrum UVB/UVA absorption that was correlated with the antioxidant capacity (from 1.96E-04-3.75E-04 mg μmolG DPPH), the TPC value (from 15.29-27.35 mg GAE gG DS) and TAC value (0.36-3.31 mg C3GE gG DS). According to these results, the three plants evaluated in this research could be considered as a potential source of natural compounds with UV absorption and antioxidant capacity.
Role of Renal Resistive Index in Predicting the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Mild to Moderate Renal Insufficiency

Amac: Calismamizda hafif orta renal yetersizligi olan hastalarda renal resistive indeksini (RRI)saptayarak bunun renal fonksiyonlar ve koroner arter hastaliginin (KAH) siddetiyle iliskisini arastirdik. Materyal ve Metot: Calismaya koroner angiografisi yapilarak KAH tanisi konmus 41 erkek,35 kadin toplam 76 hasta alindi. Tum hastalarda renal doppler ultrasonografi (US) ile RRI’ leri olculdu. Renal parankim kalinligi, bobrek uzunluk ve genislikleri olculdu. Gensini risk skorlama sistemiyle KAH siddeti skorlanarak hastalar hafif-KAH (Gensini skoru ≤ 20) ve siddetli-KAH (Gensini skoru > 20) olmak uzere iki guruba ayrilarak karsilastirildi. Ayrica tum hastalarda glomerular filtrasyon hizi (eGFR) hesaplanarak 3 ayri sub gruba ayrildi ve RRI ile iliskisi arastirildi. Bulgular: Gensini skoruna gore siddetli KAH olanlarda hafif KAH olanlara gore anlamli derecede yuksek RRI degerleri saptandi [0.62 (0.58-0.71)] karsi [0.71 (0.63-0.78)], p < 0.01]. Bobrek uzunlugu, bobrek genisligi, bobrek parankim kalinliklari arasinda anlamli fark saptanmadi. eGFR, siddetli KAH’li hastalarda hafif KAH grubuna gore anlamli derecede dusuktu(p= 0.02). eGFR degerlerine gore evrelendirilen KAH’li hastalarda ,renal yetersizlik evresi ile RRI arasinda anlamli iliski saptanmistir. Evre 1 (GFR≥90) olanlarda RI [0.63(0.59-0.68)], evre 2( GFR 60-59) olanlarda RI [0.77(0.71-0.84)],evre 3(GFR 30-59) olanlarda ise RI [0.81(0.73-0.85)]idi, (p<0.01). RRI degerinin hafif ciddi koroner arter hastaligi tanisinda, sensivite % 77, spesifite % 66 bulundu. Sonuc: RRI degerleri KAH’ li hastalarda hastalik siddetine paralel sekilde artis gostermektedir. Ilaveten renal yetersizlik derecesi artikca RRI degerleri artmaktadir. Doppler US ile RRI olcumu KAH siddetini saptamada ayni zamanda bobrek fonksiyon ve mikrosirkulasyonu hakkinda noninvaziv bir yontem olarak ilave bilgiler saglayabilir.
Firms Innovativeness and Performance in Nigerian Industrial Estates

This paper examined the nature of firms’ innovativeness and business performance of manufacturing firms in industrial estates located in Lagos State, Southwestern Nigeria. Data for the study were collected through questionnaire and unstructured interview which elicited information on types of innovation; intensity of innovation; factors influencing innovation; and their effect on business performance. The result revealed that food and beverages (29.3%), metal fabrication (17.1%), chemical/chemical products (12.2%), and rubber/plastic products (12.2%) were the predominant industrial sectors at the estates. The study further showed that 78.0% of the firms carried out innovation activities while 73.2% reported successful innovations. In addition, 41.5% of the innovations were based on internal efforts while external factors accounted for 7.3%. Similarly, 26.8% of responding firms engaged in occasional innovations while a few (19.5%) adopted continuous innovation strategy. Effect of innovation strategy on business performance revealed a significant positive relationship between the average sales turnover of firms and process innovation (r = 0.518; p 0.05), organizational innovation (r = -0.213; p>0.05), and marketing innovation (r = -0.069; p>0.05) had no significant relationship with the firms’ performance. The study concluded that business performance could be more enhanced through improved operational efficiency, linkages with R&D institutions and acquisition of appropriate technical skills. Keywords: Innovations, manufacturing firms, industrial estates, business performance
Chemical and bromatological characteristics of elephant grass silages containing a mango by-product.

This study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) silages with the addition of 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16% dehydrated mango (Mangifera indica, L.) by-product (DMB), on the fresh matter basis. A randomized complete design with four replications was used. As experimental silos, 210L plastic drums were used. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HCEL), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN, % total N), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN, % total N), pH values, ammoniacal nitrogen (% total N), lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid and propionic acid levels were determined. The DM, OM, CP, EE, NFC, NDIN, lactic acid and propionic acid levels increased with the DMB addition while the NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, N-NH3/ammoniacal nitrogen levels and the pH values decreased with the DMB addition. The addition of DMB had a quadratic effect on the acetic and butyric acid levels but there was no effect with the addition of DMB on TC and ADIN. The DMB can be used at the ensiling of the elephant grass, because the addition of 8.6% improves the silages fermentative process. However, these silages have low crude protein levels and high contents of ether extract and nitrogen compounds mixed with the fiber (NDIN and ADIN) in the silages, that may damage their use by animals.
The dominant origin of diffuse Lyα halos around Lyα emitters explored by spectral energy distribution fitting and clustering analysis

The physical origin of diffuse Lyα halos (LAHs) around star-forming galaxies is still a matter of debate. We present the dependence of LAH luminosity (L(Lyα)_H) on the stellar mass (M⋆), SFR, color excess (E(B−V)⋆), and dark matter halo mass (M_h) of the parent galaxy for ∼900 Lyα emitters (LAEs) at z∼2 divided into ten subsamples. We calculate L(Lyα)_H using the stacked observational relation between L(Lyα)_H and central Lyα luminosity by Momose et al. (2016), which we find agree with the average trend of VLT/MUSE-detected individual LAEs. We find that our LAEs have relatively high L(Lyα)_H despite low M⋆ and M_h, and that L(Lyα)_H remains almost unchanged with M⋆ and perhaps with M_h. These results are incompatible with the cold streams (cooling radiation) scenario and the satellite-galaxy star-formation scenario, because the former predicts fainter L(Lyα)_H and both predict steeper L(Lyα)_H vs. M⋆ slopes. We argue that LAHs are mainly caused by Lyα photons escaping from the main body and then scattered in the circum-galactic medium. This argument is supported by LAH observations of Hα emitters (HAEs). When LAHs are taken into account, the Lyα escape fractions of our LAEs are about ten times higher than those of HAEs with similar M⋆ or E(B−V)⋆, which may partly arise from lower HI gas masses implied from lower Mh at fixed M⋆, or from another Lyα source in the central part.
CHARACTERIZATION OF CONJUGATE PRIORS FOR DISCRETE EXPONENTIAL FAMILIES

Let X be a nonnegative discrete random variable distributed according to an exponential family with natural parameter θ ∈ Θ. Subject to some regularity we characterize conjugate prior measures on Θ through the property of linear pos- terior expectation of the mean parameter of X : E{E(X|θ)|X = x} = ax + b . W e also delineate some necessary conditions for the hyperparameters a and b, and find a necessary and sufficient condition that 0 <a< 1. Besides the power series distri- bution with parameter space bounded above (for example, the negative binomial distribution and the logarithmic series distribution) and the Poisson distribution, we apply the result to the log-zeta distribution and all hyper-Poisson distributions.
THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN RESOURCES IN INTERNAL AUDIT ON EXTERNAL AUDIT PRICING DECISION

The United States Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO 2013) breaks down the five components of internal control: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring activities into 17 principles to achieve internal audit objectives at the firm level. Among the five internal control components, principle 4 of the control environment indicates, “The organization demonstrates a commitment to attract, develop, and retain competent individuals in alignment with internal control objectives”. This is accomplished by allocating a sufficient number of internal auditors with competency to support the firm’s internal control system. This study elucidates the link between human resources in internal audit and external audit pricing decision by examining external audit fees, external audit hours, and an external unit audit price. Firms are motivated to find an acceptable level of information risk between firms and stakeholders by identifying the optimal internal control. The presence of information risk drives firms to hire external auditors, and external auditors involve internal auditors to attain a holistic understanding of firms’ control environment. Thus, an examination of cross-sectional differences in external audit fees, external audit hours, and the external unit audit price would reveal direct evidence as to what type of human resources in the internal audit have affected external audit pricing decision. Abstract
Customer Relationship Management and Innovation Capabilities of Kuwait Airways

This study aims at examining the impact of customer relationship management (CRM) on innovation capabilities of Kuwait Airways. Five dimensions of CRM were included in the study: information sharing, customers' involvement, long-term relationships with customers, joint problem-solving, as well as technology-based CRM. On the other hand, innovation capabilities were measured by four dimensions: aesthetical innovation, marketing innovation, technological innovation, and innovation in administrative affairs. A purposive sample was selected from all employees of Kuwait Airways. A survey-based questionnaire was used to collect data. Research findings indicated a high level of CRM adoption, with a first rank for technology-based CRM. Additionally, there is a high level of innovation capabilities, with a first rank for innovation in administrative affairs. The results also indicated that there is a significant statistical impact of CRM dimensions (information sharing, customers' involvement, long-term relationships with customers, joint problem-solving and technology-based CRM) on innovation capabilities in Kuwait Airways. The researcher recommends paying attention to enhancing employees' capabilities by training, investment in technological applications, and interaction with customers through technical and social media in order to generate new ideas that improve capabilities of Kuwait Airways in aesthetical innovation and marketing innovation.
Banking sector reforms and output growth of manufacturing sector in Nigeria (1970-2011)

The study investigated empirically the effect of banking sector reforms on the output of manufacturing sector in the Nigerian economy between 1970 and 2011 with a view to examining the extent of the impact of banking sector reforms on the manufacturing sector. The study employed annual secondary time series data from 1970-2011, sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria’s statistical bulletin and annual report and statement of accounts, National Bureau of Statistics final accounts and IMF International Financial Statistics (IFS) using the methodology of Cointegration analysis and Error Correction Mechanism (ECM). The empirical results showed that the effects of Bank assets, Lending rate, Exchange rate and real rate of interest on manufacturing output were positively significant but with very low impact. On the other hand, the financial deepening and interest rate spread negatively and significantly impacted on the output growth of manufacturing sector in Nigeria. Overall, the conclusion that emerged from the findings suggests that the effects of banking sector reforms on the output growth of manufacturing sector were significantly low in the Nigerian economy. However, the findings indicated that the impacts of the various banking reforms could vary widely on the economy depending on the time lags involved. Consequently, the policymakers must be prepared to initiate proper counter- cyclical banking reforms that will serve as buffer measures to lessen or abort the negative impacts of any banking reforms on the manufacturing output growth. Thus a flexible accommodating banking reform regime is advocated for Nigeria. Key words: Banking sector reforms, Error Correction Mechanism (ECM), manufacturing sector, and Cointegration analysis.
Different Problem, Same Solution: Contract‐Specialization in Venture Capital

Real-world financial contracts vary greatly in the combinations of cash flow contingency terms and control rights used. Extant theoretical work explains such variation by arguing that each investor finely tailors contracts to mitigate investment-specific incentive problems. We provide overwhelming evidence from 4,561 venture capital (VC) contracts that this tailoring is overstated: even though there is broad variation in contracting across VCs, each individual VC tends to specialize, recycling familiar terms. In fact, a VC typically restricts contracting choices to a small set of alternatives: 46% of the time, a VC uses the same exact cash flow contingencies as in one of her previous five contracts. We document specialization in both aggregated downside protection, and in each individual cash flow contingency term. Such specialization remains economically and statistically significant even after controlling for VC and company characteristics. We also find that VCs learn to use new contractual solutions from other VCs in her syndication network. Our findings challenge the traditional premise that each investor selects from the universe of combinations of terms to match an investment's unique contracting problem. Rather, the cumulative evidence indicates that contract-specialization arises because investors better understand payoff consequences of familiar terms, and are reluctant to experiment with unknown combinations.
Integrating Scale in Remote Sensing and GIS

Integrating Scale in Remote Sensing and GIS serves as the most comprehensive documentation of the scientific and methodological advances that have taken place in integrating scale and remote sensing data. This work addresses the invariants of scale, the ability to change scale, measures of the impact of scale, scale as a parameter in process models, and the implementation of multiscale approaches as methods and techniques for integrating multiple kinds of remote sensing data collected at varying spatial, temporal, and radiometric scales. Researchers, instructors, and students alike will benefit from a guide that has been pragmatically divided into four thematic groups: scale issues and multiple scaling; physical scale as applied to natural resources; urban scale; and human health/social scale. Teeming with insights that elucidate the significance of scale as a foundation for geographic analysis, this book is a vital resource to those seriously involved in the field of GIScience.
Response of Barely Varieties to Drought Stress Imposed At Different Developmental Stages

This study was carried out to examine the response of 14 barley varieties to drought imposed at different developmental stages (DDS). To examine the effect of drought stress (DS) on germination rate and seedlings growth, the seeds were exposed to induced osmotic potentials (OP; -0.75 and -1.2 Mpa), in addition to the control. Er/Apm variety did not show any significant decrease in germination rate in response to OP. The most drought tolerant varieties at seedling stage were Morocco9-75, Yarmouk, Acsad 176, and WI2291 with minimal biomass losses. Varieties were also tested against four DS treatments: continuous DS (Dcon), early DS (Dearly), late DS (Dlate) and a combination of Dearly and Dlate (Dearly+late) treatments. Grain yield in the control treatment (continuous irrigation) was almost two times greater than Dcon treatment, while the reductions in Dearly, Dlate and Dearly+late treatments were 12.9, 26.1, and 33.6% compared to the control treatment, respectively. WI2291 and Yarmouk showed the minimal grain yield losses in response to DS at DDS and their ranks in response to DS remained almost unchanged at DDS, and consequently they could be considered as a potential source of genes for drought tolerance.
Vegetation gradients in fishpond mires in relation to seasonal fluctuations in environmental factors

The composition of the vegetation of fishpond mires in the Třeboň Basin (Czech Republic)was studied in relation to temporal fluctuations in certain environmental factors.The water-table depth, water pH and electrical conductivity at 49 permanent plots were measured at approximately three-week intervals from March to October 2003. Minimum, maximum, mean, median and variation in the above-mentioned environmental factors were correlated with vegetation composition. The most important environmental factors explaining the variation in vegetation were mean pH and maximum water-table level. Median conductivity increased with increase in waterlogging and eutrophication. Some seasonal trends in the dynamics of these parameters were observed.The lowest conductivity was in spring,increased continuously throughout summer and peaked in autumn. In contrast, water level decreased in summer, when evapotranspiration was greatest,and rose in autumn after heavy rainfall. The pH increased from March to June, then was stable and decreased at the end of summer. Seasonal trends were generally identical in all vegetation types. The fluctuations in the environmental factors were so considerable that they may influence the reliability of vegetation environmental analyses.