Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE IMPACT OF MONETARY POLICY ON BANK CREDIT DURING ECONOMIC CRISIS: INDONESIA’S EXPERIENCE

The monetary policy mechanism by which monetary policy was transmitted to the real economy had emerged as the pivotal discussion topic recently. This paper tried to discuss the impact of Bank Indonesia’s monetary policy on loan bank. By using simple loan bank framework we concluded that monetary policies were able to influence loan bank. The monetary variables such as discount rate policy, base money and exchange rate policy were very important in determining the banking credit. As the credit was very important to influences the economic activitiy, the result provided evidence that monetary policy was important as a tool to control economic activity via credit channel. The validity of this study challenged the hypotheses that monetary policy was death. However, monetary policy maker should carefully consider the soundness of the banking industry because it was a strategic partner for monetary authority to control the economic activities. Keywords: monetary policy, credit crunch, bank lending
Context-dependent and dynamic functional influence of corticothalamic pathways to first- and higher-order visual thalamus

Significance Layer 6 corticothalamic (L6CT) projections play important modulatory roles in thalamic processing, yet how this modulation is executed is unclear. While some studies suggest fundamentally inhibitory influence of L6CTs over first-order thalamus, potential complex, frequency-dependent effects have not been investigated in vivo. Moreover, how L6CTs affect higher-order nuclei in vivo has not been explored. This study utilizes various optogenetic manipulations of L6CTs with single-unit recordings from multiple thalamic nuclei in awake mice to address these questions. Our results illustrate similar effects of L6CTs on first- and higher-order visual thalamic nuclei, yet very different effects within-nucleus depending on how L6CTs are engaged. These findings suggest that L6CT modulation is not simply inhibitory by nature, but instead is dynamic and context-dependent. Layer 6 (L6) is the sole purveyor of corticothalamic (CT) feedback to first-order thalamus and also sends projections to higher-order thalamus, yet how it engages the full corticothalamic circuit to contribute to sensory processing in an awake animal remains unknown. We sought to elucidate the functional impact of L6CT projections from the primary visual cortex to the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus (first-order) and pulvinar (higher-order) using optogenetics and extracellular electrophysiology in awake mice. While sustained L6CT photostimulation suppresses activity in both visual thalamic nuclei in vivo, moderate-frequency (10 Hz) stimulation powerfully facilitates thalamic spiking. We show that each stimulation paradigm differentially influences the balance between monosynaptic excitatory and disynaptic inhibitory corticothalamic pathways to the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus and pulvinar, as well as the prevalence of burst versus tonic firing. Altogether, our results support a model in which L6CTs modulate first- and higher-order thalamus through parallel excitatory and inhibitory pathways that are highly dynamic and context-dependent.
Matrotrophic viviparity constrains microbiome acquisition during gestation in a live‐bearing cockroach, Diploptera punctata

Abstract The vertical transmission of microbes from mother to offspring is critical to the survival, development, and health of animals. Invertebrate systems offer unique opportunities to conduct studies on microbiome‐development‐reproduction dynamics since reproductive modes ranging from oviparity to multiple types of viviparity are found in these animals. One such invertebrate is the live‐bearing cockroach, Diploptera punctata. Females carry embryos in their brood sac, which acts as the functional equivalent of the uterus and placenta. In our study, 16S rRNA sequencing was used to characterize maternal and embryonic microbiomes as well as the development of the whole‐body microbiome across nymphal development. We identified 50 phyla and 121 classes overall and found that mothers and their developing embryos had significantly different microbial communities. Of particular interest is the notable lack of diversity in the embryonic microbiome, which is comprised exclusively of Blattabacteria, indicating microbial transmission of only this symbiont during gestation. Our analysis of postnatal development reveals that significant amounts of non‐Blattabacteria species are not able to colonize newborn D. punctata until melanization, after which the microbial community rapidly and dynamically diversifies. While the role of these microbes during development has not been characterized, Blattabacteria must serve a critical role providing specific micronutrients lacking in milk secretions to the embryos during gestation. This research provides insight into the microbiome development, specifically with relation to viviparity, provisioning of milk‐like secretions, and mother–offspring interactions during pregnancy.
An R package for divergence analysis of omics data

Given the ever-increasing amount of high-dimensional and complex omics data becoming available, it is increasingly important to discover simple but effective methods of analysis. Divergence analysis transforms each entry of a high-dimensional omics profile into a digitized (binary or ternary) code based on the deviation of the entry from a given baseline population. The divergence package, available on the R platform through the bioconductor repository collection, provides easy-to-use functions for carrying out this transformation.
Soybean variety and storage effects on soymilk flavour and quality

Summary Soymilk prepared from five soybean cultivars, grown in Ontario, were analysed for protein, oil, mineral composition, viscosity, colour, lipoxygenase (LOX) activities and flavour profile. Among the five soybean cultivars, the Vinton 81 variety contained the highest protein and the lowest fat. The yield of soymilk from all five cultivars was similar. Major differences were observed in viscosity and in the composition of both the soymilk and the okara. Higher protein and fat extractability was found in soymilk made from S08-80 and Vinton 81 varieties. Their okara protein contents were also among the highest. Minimum extractability was observed with S03W4 cultivar. Soymilk made from S 03W4 and Vinton 81 cultivars had the whitest colour (lowest ΔE values). Viscosity values were the highest for S08-80, FG1 and S20-20 varieties. Headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography was used to analyse volatile compounds in soymilk. A total of fourteen volatiles were identified, among which aldehydes and their corresponding alcohols were the major compounds. Similar volatile compounds were identified in all the samples analysed but at different concentrations. The highest LOX activity was observed in the Vinton 81 and S20-20 soybean cultivars, which had the highest total volatile and hexanal contents. A positive correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.82) between enzymatic activity and the total volatiles was observed. Vinton 81 cultivar was subjected to storage (at 18 °C and 50% relative humidity) for a period of 10 months. Soymilk was prepared at different times during storage. The results showed that the soymilk colour, LOX and total volatiles were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the storage of the soybeans over time.
Economic value of arthropod biological control.

Abstract Overall, biological control (use of natural enemies, such as predators, parasitoids and pathogens) potentially provides among the highest returns on investment available in integrated pest management (IPM) even while estimation of its economic value has received relatively little attention from entomologists, ecologists or economists (Naranjo et al., 2015). The economic value of biological control, and general approaches for its estimation, have been discussed and summarized in several excellent reviews (Headley, 1985; Carlson, 1988; Tisdell, 1990; McFadyen, 1998; Gutierrez et al., 1999; Perkins and Garcia, 1999; Hill and Greathead, 2000; Cullen et al., 2008; Waterfield and Zilberman, 2012; Naranjo et al., 2015). A central tenet in IPM is that pest management strategies should provide for economically efficient and sustainable solutions. Thus, a better understanding of the economic contribution of biological control, as a foundational element of IPM, will help strengthen adoption of this tactic for IPM more generally, and raise its stock among stakeholders and those that invest in this technology both privately and publicly. This chapter aims to build upon the review of Naranjo et al. (2015) by providing more detail on the concepts and methodologies of economic valuation in biological control, to summarize all known projects that have attempted to quantify the economic value of arthropod biological control (with particular focus on introductory and conservation biological control), and to ask how to balance the need for more routine and inclusive economic evaluations with the additional effort needed to spur greater adoption and investment in research and implementation.
Polymorphism in Late Cretaceous phylloceratid ammonoids: evidence from ontogenetic trajectories of septal spacing

The ontogenetic trajectories of septal spacing between succeeding chambers of two phylloceratid ammonoids, Hypophylloceras subramosum and Phyllopachyceras ezoense, from the Haboro and Kotanbetsu areas, north‐western Hokkaido, Japan, were analysed. The ontogenetic trajectories of septal spacing of H. subramosum demonstrate a general trend with large intraspecific variation: two cycles of increasing to decreasing spacing followed by almost constant spacing. The large intraspecific variation can be subdivided into three types, making this species polymorphic. The ontogenetic trajectories of septal spacing of P. ezoense also show intraspecific variation, but with a different trend: one cycle of increasing to decreasing spacing and an increasing trend after that. The intraspecific variation can be subdivided into two types, which suggests that this species is dimorphic, possibly sexually dimorphic. Dimorphism is supported by two observations: (1) the difference in the ontogenetic trajectories of septal spacing is only seen in the later ontogenetic stages; and (2) the two types co‐occur with comparable abundance throughout all stratigraphic horizons. Detailed analyses of ontogenetic trajectories of septal spacing may reveal polymorphism in other ammonoid clades.
Antibacterial activity of endophytic fungus, Penicillium griseofulvum MPR1 isolated from medicinal plant, Mentha pulegium L.

In the present study, an endophytic fungus with a considerable antimicrobial activity was isolated from the medicinal plant Mentha Pulegium L. The morphological and molecular identification revealed that this fungus is a Penicillium griseofulvum. A preliminary screening was done to choose the suitable culture medium for a maximum production of the bioactive compounds using the dual-culture agar diffusion assay. The malt extract agar (MEA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) media were the suitable, and the MEA was selected for the further study. Extraction was done with three solvents, n-Hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, and the crude extracts were tested against Gram-positive and negative bacteria. A high activity was found with ethyl acetate and dichloromethane crude extracts against all bacteria with a maximal inhibition zones of 45.5 and 41 mm respectively obtained against Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC, MBC) of ethyl acetate crude extract were evaluated using the broth micro-dilution method. A MIC of 50 µg / ml on Gram-negative bacteria and of 100 µg / ml on Gram-positive bacteria was found. The MBCS ranged from 50 and 200 µg/ml. The time kill study has revealed a bactericidal activity of the Penicillium griseofulvum crude extract. At 10 h and for all concentrations (MIC, MIC× 2 and MIC× 4), 99.9% killing of the bacterial cells was achieved. These results prove that the extract of Penicillium griseofulvum can be a promising source of important bioactive molecules. Keys words: Antibacterial activity, endophytic fungi, Mentha pulegium L. , Penicillium griseofulvum.
Analytical characterization of Parylene-C degradation mechanisms on Utah arrays: evaluation of in vitro Reactive Accelerated Aging model compared to multiyear in vivo implantation

Implantable neural microelectrodes are integral components of neuroprosthetic technologies and can transform treatments for many neural-mediated disorders. However, dielectric material degradation during long-term (> 1 year) indwelling periods restricts device functional lifetimes to a few years. This comprehensive work carefully investigates in vivo material degradation and also explores the ability of in vitro Reactive Accelerated Aging (RAA) to evaluate implant stability. Parylene C-coated Utah electrode arrays (UEAs) implanted in feline peripheral nerve for 3.25 years were explanted and compared to RAA-processed devices, aged in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) + 20 mM H2O2 at either 67 or 87 °C (28 or 7 days, respectively). Electron microscopy revealed similar physical damage characteristics between explants and RAA (87° C) devices. Parylene C degradation was overwhelmingly apparent for UEAs from both RAA cohorts. Controls aged in PBS alone displayed almost no damage. Spectroscopic characterization (EDX, XPS, FTIR) found clear indications of oxidation and chlorine abstraction for parylene C aged in vivo. While in vitro aging was also accompanied by signs of oxidation, changes in the chemistry in vivo and in vitro were statistically different. Analysis of RAA- aged devices identified UEA fabrication approaches that may greatly improve device resistance to degradation. This work underscores the need for an improved understanding of in vivo damage mechanisms, to facilitate the critical need for representative in vitro accelerated testing paradigms for long-term implants.
Experiencing BIM Collaboration in Education

In a context of a slow uptake of the Building Information Modeling (BIM) methodology in the Flemish region, we present the results of an educational research project, carried out over 4 semesters, in a multi-disciplinary, cross-campus collaboration. This project fosters an improved application of BIM, information management and communication, by organizing building teams involving students from different schools.The project partners collaborated on a shared framework of supportive learning material, collaboration scenarios between teams of students and the integration of digital tools for communication, information management and collaboration in the curriculum.This article, in particular, will elaborate on one of the collaborative exercises, involving architecture and engineering students, using BIM for modeling, information exchange and model evaluation.
Economic Effects and Responses to Changes in Honey Bee Health

Since 2006, winter losses of managed honey bee colonies in the United States have averaged 28.7 percent, approximately double the 15.0-percent historical rate. These elevated losses have raised concerns that agricultural and food supply chains will suffer disruptions as pollination services become more costly and less available. Despite higher winter loss rates, U.S. honey bee colony numbers have remained stable or risen since 1996, with loss rates showing no correlation with yearly changes in the number of U.S. colonies but being positively correlated with the rate of colony additions. Among pollinated crops, almonds and plums have had the largest increases in pollination service fees, rising about 2.5 and 2.4 times, respectively, in real (inflation-adjusted) terms since the early 1990s, with the largest portion of the increase occurring between 2004 and 2006. For other pollinated crops, real fees have risen at an average rate of 2-3 percent annually and do not show a marked increase since Colony Collapse Disorder appeared in 2006. For most crops other than almonds, the share of farmgate costs attributable to pollination service fees is less than 5 percent at the farm level and less than 1 percent at the retail level.
Niche modelling the distributions of large Acacia nigrescens and Sclerocarya birrea trees.

MaxEnt modelling uses only the known locations of a species to predict the overall distribution of a species. Large trees are important for the functioning of savanna ecosystems, bringing nutrients to the surface, providing shelter to animals and providing a number of ecological functions. Large trees have been identified as declining in density in many southern African reserves, making the conservation of large trees within reserves an issue in park management, such as in Kruger National Park (KNP) and Hluhluwe iMfolzi Parks (HiP). Two species of primary concern are Acacia nigrescens and Sclerocarya birrea, which have similar distributions in Southern Africa. Effective management of large trees requires understanding their distribution within reserves and any potential distribution changes. By determining the current locations of a species, and using GIS layers of environmental variables to predict the extent of habitats that could support the species, niche models can predict species distribution. Maximum Entropy techniques evaluate the probability of finding the species in raster squares, with values for environmental factors controlling distribution. For this study, the locations of A. nigrescens and S. birrea trees higher than 5 m were recorded in KNP and HiP, and were used in conjunction with MaxEnt to produce distribution probability maps for both species in each reserve. In HiP, the distribution map was compared with an independent existing data set to determine if the predicted distributions were accurate. The factors effecting their distribution were compared between HiP and KNP to determine why the species were found together in KNP but not in HiP. MaxEnt could predict the locations of the species within HiP, but predictions were better for A. nigrescens than S. birrea. In both Reserves, rainfall was the best predictor of tree location, along with elevation. The niche overlap was higher in KNP, where both species are well within their total species range, than in HiP where A. nigrescens was at the edge of its distribution. These variables that are limiting distribution at a reserve scale will have an influence on the overall distribution of the species. Niche models can be used to inform the establishment of botanical reserves or other management strategies that can help preserve large trees within reserves.
Divergence in drought‐response traits between sympatric species of Mimulus

Abstract Differential adaptation to local environmental conditions is thought to be an important driver of speciation. Plants, whose sedentary lifestyle necessitates fine‐tuned adaptation to edaphic conditions such as water availability, are often distributed based on these conditions. Populations occupying water‐limited habitats may employ a variety of strategies, involving numerous phenotypes, to prevent and withstand desiccation. In sympatry, two closely related Mimulus species—M. guttatus and M. nasutus—occupy distinct microhabitats that differ in seasonal water availability. In a common garden experiment, we characterized natural variation within and between sympatric M. guttatus and M. nasutus in the ability to successfully set seed under well‐watered and drought conditions. We also measured key phenotypes for drought adaptation, including developmental timing, plant size, flower size, and stomatal density. Consistent with their microhabitat associations in nature, M. nasutus set seed much more successfully than M. guttatus under water‐limited conditions. This divergence in reproductive output under drought was due to differences in mortality after the onset of flowering, with M. nasutus surviving at a much higher rate than M. guttatus. Higher seed set in M. nasutus was mediated, at least in part, by a plastic increase in the rate of late‐stage development (i.e., fruit maturation), consistent with the ability of this species to inhabit more ephemeral habitats in the field. Our results suggest adaptation to water availability may be an important factor in species maintenance of these Mimulus taxa in sympatry.
In situ 13C tracer experiments elucidate carbon translocation rates and allocation patterns in eelgrass Zostera marina

Zostera marina L. carbon dynamics have been intensively studied, yet in situ translo- cation rate estimates remain elusive, particularly for north temperate seagrasses. To better under- stand carbohydrate synthesis, allocation and use in Z. marina, we conducted summer and winter in situ 13 C labeling experiments and measured the δ 13 C of bulk tissue and individual carbohydrate compounds. Leaf tissue exhibited immediate isotope enrichment within hours of the tracer pulse. As the isotope ratio of the leaf tissue decreased over a period of days, enrichment became more evident in the belowground tissues (rhizome and roots) not directly exposed to the 13 C-dissolved inorganic carbon label, indicating that non-structural carbohydrate was translocated below- ground. Rhizome δ 13 C increased for up to 2 wk after the 13 C label pulse. The isotopic enrichment of glucose, fructose and sucrose were similar and significantly greater than the enrichment of myo-inositol. Maximum enrichment occurred in the glucose pool, with leaf tissue at 258 ± 61‰ and rhizome tissue at 55.1 ± 28.8‰ during the July 2004 labeling period. Leaf excess 13 C loss rates (4 d average) were on the order of 11% 13 C d −1 , while the excess 13 C accumulation rate in the rhi- zome combined with roots was about 1.5% 13 C d −1 (4 d average). Whole plant excess 13 C loss rates as a result of respiration, detrital production and exudation ranged between about 8.8 and 10% 13 C d −1 (4 d average). The results provide important estimates of carbon uptake and translocation that can be used to better understand whole plant carbon budgets as well as the transfer of sea- grass-derived carbon to other trophic communities.
How Affirmational versus Negational Identification Frames Influence Uniqueness-Seeking Behavior

This research tested the proposition that consumers presenting under a negational identification frame are more likely to choose unique products than when they present themselves affirmationally. Study 1 demonstrated this main effect in a real-choice setting. Study 2 underlined temporary accessibilities to one’s desired (undesired) identities when an affirmational (negational) identification frame is adopted. Study 3 further demonstrated that identity valence interacts with identification frames in driving uniqueness-seeking tendency. Additionally, this effect was found to be mediated by self-other distinction in Study 4. The research implications for both the “what” and the “how” aspects of identity-driven consumption are discussed. C