Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and Role Demands of Entrepreneurship 1

In the past decade interest in teaching and research on entrepreneurship has grown dramatically. More than one hundred universities now offer new venture creation and entrepreneurship courses that did not previously. Since 1973 we have seen nearly a dozen new books designed for college courses on the subject, the birth of the American Journal of Small Business, an International Symposium on Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development (ISEED) and the emergence of numerous other activities, such as the Academy of Management Entrepreneurship Interest Group. A continuing area of research and practical interest is the personality and make-up of the entrepreneur: who are they? what are they like? how do they differ? This article attempts to summarize much of the research done on the personal characteristics and role demands of entrepreneurship.
Planned conservative management of placenta percreta

Placenta percreta were traditionally managed by immediate hysterectomy. Between 2004 and 2010, eight suspected cases of placenta previa accreta/percreta at our unit have been managed in a standardised way, with a plan to leave the placenta in situ if it does not separate easily. The placenta was removed with minimal difficulty in three cases. In two cases of percreta without bladder invasion, hysterectomy was performed with the placenta still attached to the uterus. In three cases of percreta with bladder invasion, the entire placenta was left in situ. In two of these cases, resolution occurred over an 8 and 12 month’ period, respectively but in the third, the postoperative course was complicated by DVT and DIC. This patient then underwent hysterectomy with preoperative uterine artery embolisation, inferior vena cava filter placement and ureteric stenting. Conservative management is an attractive and safe alternative but careful patient selection and individualisation is needed.
Medication administration errors: understanding the issues.

OBJECTIVE This paper surveys current literature related to medication administration errors, the role of nurses in such errors, and current initiatives that are underway within New Zealand to address this aspect of patient safety. SETTING The literature review focused on research that primarily addresses the issues related to medications that arise in tertiary care facilities. PRIMARY ARGUMENT Medication administration errors are reported to occur in one in five medication dosages. Such events have long been scrutinised, with the primary focus being the practice of nurses and their role in medication error. Analysis of such events frequently identifies the nurse as the deliverer of unsafe practice. However, over the past few years a shift in how medication errors are understood has led to the identification of systems-related issues that contribute to medication errors. CONCLUSION Initiatives such as the 'Quality and Safe Use of Medicines' raise the opportunity to address some of the safety related issues with a view to enhancing patient safety. A call for nurses to pre-emptively drive and contribute to these initiatives, along with the development of nursing led research, is offered.
Heterosexual behaviours among men who sell sex to men in coastal Kenya

Objective:African men who have sex with men often sell sex to men, and MSM who sell sex (MSM-SW) often also have female partners. We compared sexual risk behaviour of MSM-SW who were sexually active with female partners (bisexual MSW) to MSM-SW with only male partners (exclusive MSW). Design:Descriptive behavioural study Methods:A novel, validated daily event and partner diary self-completed by 82 MSM who sold sex over a follow-up period of 42 days with weekly review. Cumulative individual counts of sex and condomless sex were compiled by partner characteristics. The incidence of specific partnerships and sex acts were compared within and between bisexual and exclusive MSW. Results:Most (59%) MSM-SW reported female partners during follow-up. The majority of both male and female partners were cash-paying clients originating locally. Bisexual MSW reported a similar rate of condomless sex with male and female partners, but significantly fewer male partners than exclusive MSW. Bisexual MSW had lower HIV prevalence, were more likely to only report insertive anal sex roles, and reported lower frequencies of condomless receptive anal sex than exclusive MSW. Conclusion:Bisexually active male sex workers in coastal Kenya create HIV and other sexually transmitted infection transmission pathways to partners and clients in both MSM and heterosexual networks, but differed from exclusive MSW in having lower HIV acquisition and transmission risks. Epidemiological projection methods are liable to overestimate bridging potential of MSM-SW and MSM populations without account for systematic differences in risk within these populations.
The rate of nuclear cytoplasmic protein transport is determined by the casein kinase II site flanking the nuclear localization sequence of the SV40 T‐antigen.

We have previously demonstrated [Rihs, H. ‐P. and Peters, R. (1989) EMBO J., 8, 1479–1484] that the nuclear transport of recombinant proteins in which short fragments of the SV40 T‐antigen are fused to the amino terminus of Escherichia coli beta‐galactosidase is dependent on both the nuclear localization sequence (NLS, T‐antigen residues 126–132) and a phosphorylation‐site‐containing sequence (T‐antigen residues 111–125). While the NLS determines the specificity, the rate of transport is controlled by the phosphorylation‐site‐containing sequence. The present study furthers this observation and examines the role of the various phosphorylation sites. Purified, fluorescently labeled recombinant proteins were injected into the cytoplasm of Vero or hepatoma (HTC) cells and the kinetics of nuclear transport measured by laser microfluorimetry. By replacing serine and threonine residues known to be phosphorylated in vivo, we identified the casein kinase II (CK‐II) site S111/S112 to be the determining factor in the enhancement of the transport. Either of the residues 111 or 112 was sufficient to elicit the maximum transport enhancement. The other phosphorylation sites (S120, S123, T124) had no influence on the transport rate. Examination of the literature suggested that many proteins harboring a nuclear localization sequence also contain putative CK‐II sites at a distance of approximately 10–30 amino acid residues from the NLS. CK‐II has been previously implicated in the transmission of growth signals to the nucleus. Our results suggest that CK‐II may exert this role by controlling the rate of nuclear protein transport.
Effects of Antibiotics on Bacterial Species Composition and Metabolic Activities in Chemostats Containing Defined Populations of Human Gut Microorganisms

ABSTRACT The composition and metabolic activities of the human colonic microbiota are modulated by a number of external factors, including diet and antibiotic therapy. Changes in the structure and metabolism of the gut microbiota may have long-term consequences for host health. The large intestine harbors a complex microbial ecosystem comprising several hundreds of different bacterial species, which complicates investigations on intestinal physiology and ecology. To facilitate such studies, a highly simplified microbiota consisting of 14 anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic organisms (Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Clostridium butyricum, C. perfringens, C. bifermentans, C. innocuum, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus acidophilus) was used in this investigation. Ampicillin [9.2 μg (ml culture)−1] was added to two chemostats operated at different dilution rates (D; 0.10 h−1 and 0.21 h−1), and metronidazole [76.9 μg (ml culture)−1] was added to a third vessel (D = 0.21 h−1). Perturbations in bacterial physiology and metabolism were sampled over a 48-h period. Lactobacillus acidophilus and C. bifermentans populations did not establish in the fermentors under the imposed growth conditions. Ampicillin resulted in substantial reductions in bacteroides and C. perfringens populations at both dilution rates. Metronidazole strongly affected bacteroides communities but had no effect on bifidobacterial communities. The bacteriostatic effect of ampicillin on bifidobacterial species was growth rate dependent. Several metabolic activities were affected by antibiotic addition, including fermentation product formation and enzyme synthesis. The growth of antibiotic-resistant bifidobacteria in the large bowel may enable them to occupy ecological niches left vacant after antibiotic administration, preventing colonization by pathogenic species.
The human brain is a detector of chemosensorily transmitted HLA-class I-similarity in same- and opposite-sex relations

Studies on subjective body odour ratings suggest that humans exhibit preferences for human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-dissimilar persons. However, with regard to the extreme polymorphism of the HLA gene loci, the behavioural impact of the proposed HLA-related attracting signals seems to be minimal. Furthermore, the role of HLA-related chemosignals in same- and opposite-sex relations in humans has not been specified so far. Here, we investigate subjective preferences and brain evoked responses to body odours in males and females as a function of HLA similarity between odour donor and smeller. We show that pre-attentive processing of body odours of HLA-similar donors is faster and that late evaluative processing of these chemosignals activates more neuronal resources than the processing of body odours of HLA-dissimilar donors. In same-sex smelling conditions, HLA-associated brain responses show a different local distribution in male (frontal) and female subjects (parietal). The electrophysiological results are supported by significant correlations between the odour ratings and the amplitudes of the brain potentials. We conclude that odours of HLA-similar persons function as important social warning signals in inter- and intrasexual human relations. Such HLA-related chemosignals may contribute to female and male mate choice as well as to male competitive behaviour.
Tweeting from Gezi Park: Social Media and Repression Backfire

We examine how social media may facilitate protest mobilization in response to violent state repression. Prior research demonstrates that violent repression can either decrease protest participation through raising the costs of participation, or can generate outrage, resulting in “backfire” and an increase in mobilization. Many recent mass mobilizations have garnered attention from scholars and journalists alike due to the instances of repression backfiring as well as the widespread use of social media in these protest movements. We examine why these two trends may be related using logistic regression analysis on data on participants in the Gezi Park Protests in summer 2013. Controlling for confounding factors, we find a statistically significant relationship between being recruited to participate in the protests through social media and joining the mass mobilization as a reaction to police repression. We argue that in the case of Gezi Park, communication through social media was a key factor in facilitating social movement mobilization in response to repression.
Evaluation of four commercially available enzyme immunoassays for laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diseases

Four commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxin A have recently been developed and marketed (Premier, Meridian Diagnostics, Cincinnati, Ohio; VIDAS, bioMerierux Vitek, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.; Tox-A-Test, TechLab, Blacksburg, Va.; and Bartels, Baxter Diagnostics, McGaw Park, Ill.). The performances of these EIAs were compared with those of the tissue culture cytotoxicity assay and a definition of C. difficile-associated disease based on both laboratory and clinical criteria for 329 clinical specimens. Two EIAs (Premier and VIDAS) showed good overall agreement (96 and 95%, respectively) with the cytotoxicity assay. However, they were less sensitive (84 and 71%, respectively) than the Bartels (94%) or Tox-A-Test (93%) EIAs. The Bartels and Tox-A-Test assays were much less specific, resulting in poor positive predictive values (56%) of the two assays when compared with that of the cytotoxicity assay. Tox-A-Test had the added drawback of having a significant number of indeterminate results (6.4%). These data indicate that the four EIAs all have specific shortcomings. When using these EIAs, testing strategies that take these shortcomings into consideration should be developed.
Maize and Oat Antixenosis and Antibiosis Against Delphacodes kuscheli (Homoptera: Delphacidae), Vector of “Mal de Rio Cuarto” of Maize in Argentina

Abstract “Mal de Río Cuarto” (MRC) is the most important virus disease of maize, Zea mays L. , in Argentina. Several maize lines show different levels of resistance to MRC in the field; however, no studies have been conducted to investigate resistance mechanisms against its insect vector, Delphacodes kuscheli Fennah (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Oat, Avena spp. , is the main overwintering host of D. kuscheli and main source of populations that infest maize. Although oat varieties resistant to the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae) are commercially available, their effect on D. kuscheli is unknown. We conducted laboratory experiments to test for the presence of antixenosis and antibiosis resistance mechanisms on six maize lines with different levels of field resistance to MRC, and seven commercial oat cultivars that include two S. graminum-resistant varieties. We did not find antibiotic effects of maize lines on D. kuscheli longevity and survivorship patterns, but we obtained antixenotic effects from the LP2 line (field moderate) due to reduced settling preference and feeding. Oat ‘Bonaerense Payé’ and ‘Suregrain INTA’ showed both antixenosis and antibiosis, with significantly less settling preference, oviposition in the no-choice test, and reduced total fecundity in comparison with the other varieties studied. The S. graminum-resistant ‘Boyera F. A. ’ and ‘Tambera F. A. ’ did not showed a consistent pattern of resistance versus D. kuscheli across all experiments. Our results indicate the presence of potential sources of insect resistance in the maize lines and oat cultivars tested that may be used in MRC integrated pest management programs.
Hormonal Correlates of Siblicide in Galápagos Nazca Boobies

Nazca boobies (Sula granti) show unconditional obligate siblicide immediately after hatching, reducing the typical two-egg clutch size to one. We studied body mass changes and levels of testosterone (T), corticosterone (CORT), and progesterone (P) for A-chicks (dominant, first hatched), B-chicks (subordinate, second hatched), and singletons, during the first 7 days after hatching, when siblicide normally occurs. Mass increase with age was higher for A-chicks than for singletons and B-chicks. This exaggerated the existing developmental advantage of A- over B-chicks that is due to hatching asynchrony. In nests with two chicks, CORT titer was significantly higher in B-chicks than in A-chicks. During ontogenetic development, CORT decreased with age for A-chicks, but did not change for singletons. P showed qualitatively similar ontogenetic changes to CORT, remaining unchanged for A-chicks but increasing for singletons. Thus, both CORT and P levels were lower for A-chicks than for singletons, and both hormones varied inversely with body mass. Overall, T levels did not differ between different categories of chicks. However, one B-chick in the process of reversing the dominance relationship with its older, but weakened, sibling had significantly elevated T. We suggest that CORT and P are regulated to promote exaggerated mass gain in socially challenged A-chicks, facilitating siblicide. Whether T induces aggressiveness during short time intervals of intense sibling rivalry needs further attention.
Sex differences in the activational effect of ERalpha on spatial learning.

This study investigated the role of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) in mediating performance on a spatial discrimination task, the Morris water maze. Spatial discrimination on this water escape task was examined in eight groups of gonadectomized mice. Male and female wild-type (WT) and littermate mice lacking functional copies of the ERalpha gene (ERalphaKO), were treated with estradiol benzoate (EB) or sesame oil vehicle. Subjects were trained on the water escape task over a 4-day period (four trials per block, three blocks per day). Latency to find the hidden platform was measured. Only female WT mice treated with EB failed to learn this spatial discrimination task. All males, WT and ERalphaKO treated with EB or oil exhibited decreased latencies across blocks of trials, WT females treated with oil, and ERalphaKO females, regardless of treatment, learned the spatial discrimination task. In order to eliminate motivational or sensory-motor impairments as a factor in describing the poor spatial discrimination performance of WT females treated with EB, the cue version of the water maze task was employed. Results from the cue phase of the task indicate that EB and oil-treated WT females exhibited a similar decrease in escape latencies across blocks of trials, indicating good cue discrimination performance. Taken together, the results indicate that ERalpha activation impairs acquisition of spatial discrimination of the water escape task, but not cue discrimination, in female mice. Because ligand-bound ERalpha appears to operate differently in male and female mice we hypothesize that the ability of ERalpha to affect learning is organized during development.
Immune Reconstitution and Tolerance after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Abstract We have evaluated recovery of CD56 positive and other cell types following allogeneic stem cell transplantation and have found that the recovery of CD56 positive cells was faster than other lymphoid cells after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, while the recovery of CD4 positive cells was markedly delayed. Chimerism analysis showed that mixed chimerism was often observed in younger (<30 years old) patients. Mixed chimerism in older (≥30 years old) patients was associated with rejection and relapse, while this was not found in younger patients. Among the chimerism of various cell populations, donor-derived CD56-positive cells are important in early engraftment when determined in allogeneic nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation (allo-NST), regardless of the proportion of donor-derived CD3-positive cells. Complementarity-determining region three (CDR3) size spectratyping in T-cell receptor (TCR) chain subfamilies (Vβ) showed that high level of diversity in TCR Vβ repertoire is important for a late rejection and skewed TCR Vβ repertoire is correlated with the occurrence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) especially chronic GVHD. Expression of inhibitory natural killer (NK) cell receptors such as CD158b and CD94/NKG2A on peripheral CD3-negative and -positive cells were increased in parallel with GVHD. Interestingly, these cells appeared to control GVHD, while preserving graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. Analysis of cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed that type 1 helper T cells (Th1)-derived cytokines increased in severe GVHD, while Th2-derived cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 increased in mild GVHD. These results indicate that Th2 cells suppress GVHD, although Th1 cells augment GVHD. Taken together, evaluation of immune reconstitution and tolerance in patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplantation from the various viewpoints is essential and useful to obtain better clinical outcome.
Attitudes Toward Universal Basic Income and Welfare State in Europe: A Research Note

Abstract This research note examines the relationship between public attitudes toward universal basic income (UBI) and country-level socio-economic conditions in 21 European Countries. Despite abundant theoretical and empirical research on UBI, a comparative analysis of public appetite for UBI has been unavailable due to data limitations. This research note takes advantage of the 2016 European Social Survey to explore the connection between public support for UBI and levels of social protection and economic insecurity.
Outcome of treatment discontinuation in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and no evidence of disease following targeted therapy with or without metastasectomy.

BACKGROUND It is unknown if discontinuation of targeted therapy (TT) and readministration in case of recurrence is feasible in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) in which complete response (CR) is achieved by TT alone or no evidence of disease (NED) with additional resection of residual metastases. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients in whom TT was discontinued after CR to TT alone or NED after additional metastasectomy were included in this retrospective analysis. Outcome criteria evaluated were time off TT, recurrence of metastases and response to re-exposure to TT. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to identify variables potentially predictive of outcome. RESULTS In 36 patients with CR or NED under TT with sunitinib (22), sorafenib (11), bevacizumab/interferon (2) and temsirolimus (1), TT was discontinued. Recurrence was observed in 24 patients (66.7%). Re-exposure to TT was effective in 86.9% of these cases. Twelve patients (33.3%) remained recurrence free at a median follow-up of 12 months (range 3-31). Median time off TT was 7 months (range 1-31). Factors that correlate with outcome could not be identified. CONCLUSIONS In the majority of patients with mRCC and CR or NED, discontinuation of TT was followed by recurrence, but re-exposure to TT was effective.
Efficacy and tolerability of second-generation antidepressants in social anxiety disorder

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy and tolerability of second-generation antidepressants in social anxiety disorder. Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE, Embase, The Cochrane Library, PsychLit, and the International Pharmaceutical Abstracts from January 1980 through October 2006. Comparative evidence was summarized and indirect comparisons were made using network meta-analysis. Only three head-to-head trials were identified; comparative trials found only minimal differences in efficacy between escitalopram and paroxetine, and no statistically significant differences in efficacy between extended-release venlafaxine and paroxetine. Pooled evidence from 15 placebo-controlled trials suggests that escitalopram [relative benefit (RB) 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–1.5], paroxetine (RB 1.9; 95% CI 1.5–2.3), sertraline (RB 1.8; 95% CI 1.5–2.2), and venlafaxine (RB 1.7; 95% CI 1.5–1.9) all produce significantly more responders than placebo; evidence favored fluvoxamine over placebo but was not significant (RB 1.5; 95% CI 0.9–2.4). Network meta-analysis did not reveal differences in efficacy among drugs. Overall, a fair amount of evidence supports the efficacy of escitalopram, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine in social anxiety disorder. The drugs do not differ in efficacy, although their adverse event profiles do.