Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CDeepEx: Contrastive Deep Explanations

We propose a method which can visually explain the classification decision of deep neural networks (DNNs). Many methods have been proposed in machine learning and computer vision seeking to clarify the decision of machine learning black boxes, specifically DNNs. All of these methods try to gain insight into why the network “chose class A” as an answer. Humans search for explanations by asking two types of questions. The first question is, “Why did you choose this answer? ” The second question asks, “Why did you not choose answer B over A? ” The previously proposed methods are not able to provide the latter directly or efficiently. We introduce a method capable of answering the second question both directly and efficiently. In this work, we limit the inputs to be images. In general, the proposed method generates explanations in the input space of any model capable of efficient evaluation and gradient evaluation. It does not require any knowledge of the underlying classifier nor use heuristics in its explanation generation, and it is computationally fast to evaluate. We provide extensive experimental results on three different datasets, showing the robustness of our approach, and its superiority for gaining insight into the inner representations of machine learning models. As an example, we demonstrate our method can detect and explain how a network trained to recognize hair color actually detects eye color, whereas other methods cannot find this bias in the trained classifier.
Willing or unwilling to share primary biodiversity data: results and implications of an international survey

Biodiversity science and conservation increasingly depend on the sharing and integration of large amounts of data, but many researchers resist sharing their primary biodiversity data. We recently conducted an international survey to ascertain the attitudes, experiences, and expectations regarding biodiversity data sharing and archiving of researchers. The results show that whereas most respondents are willing to share article‐related biodiversity data, more than 60% of respondents are unwilling to share primary data before publishing. Results indicate an underdeveloped culture of data sharing and several major technological and operational barriers. A major concern for researchers is appropriate benefits from data sharing. Most respondents would accept data archiving policies of journals. Researchers also express concerns about how to easily and efficiently deal with data and data quality in public databases. Expectations for biodiversity databases include standardization of data format, user‐friendly data submission tools, formats for different types of data, and coordination among databases. The survey results provide suggestions for improving data sharing and archiving by individual scientists, organizations, journals, and databases.
An approach for probabilistic forecasting of seasonal turbidity threshold exceedance

Though climate forecasts offer substantial promise for improving water resource oversight, additional tools are needed to translate these forecasts into water‐quality‐based products that can be useful to water utility managers. To this end, a generalized approach is developed that uses seasonal forecasts to predict the likelihood of exceeding a prescribed water quality limit. Because many water quality standards are based on thresholds, this study utilizes a logistic regression technique, which employs nonparametric or “local” estimation that can capture nonlinear features in the data. The approach is applied to a drinking water source in the Pacific Northwest United States that has experienced elevated turbidity values that are correlated with streamflow. The main steps of the approach are to (1) obtain a seasonal probabilistic precipitation forecast, (2) generate streamflow scenarios conditional on the precipitation forecast, (3) use a local logistic regression to compute the turbidity threshold exceedance probabilities, and (4) quantify the likelihood of turbidity exceedance corresponding to the seasonal climate forecast. Results demonstrate that forecasts offer a slight improvement over climatology, but that representative forecasts are conservative and result in only a small shift in total exceedance likelihood. Synthetic forecasts are included to show the sensitivity of the total exceedance likelihood. The technique is general and could be applied to other water quality variables that depend on climate or hydroclimate.
The effect of overactive bladder syndrome on the sexual life in asymptomatic continent women

Objective Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is a very common problem, particularly in women, and has an effect on their daily lifestyle and sexual activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of overactive bladder syndrome on sexual life in asymptomatic continent women who are considered to be sexually active. Design Descriptive and cross‐sectional study. Setting Gynaecology and obstetrics outpatient clinic, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Turkey. Subject A total of 1,504 patients as research population were examined and 117 patients without gynaecological symptoms presenting to the Obstetric and Gynaecology Clinic were included in the study. Main outcome measures For data collection a questionnaire to gather socio‐demographic and medical information, an assessment tool (OAB‐at) and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) for evaluating sexual dysfunction were utilised. Results Patients were determined as 28 continent women with OAB, 89 women without OAB. In line with this information we found the mean score of OAB positive continent women was 13.00±5.06 and the mean score of OAB negative women was 3.57±2.15. Patients with OAB had negatively impacted sexual function in the areas of arousal, lubrication, orgasm and pain. Conclusion OAB syndrome adversely affects sexual life even in continent women.
Isolation and Screening of Endophytic Microorganisms Isolated from Leaves of Three Medicinal Plants Growing in Marsa Matrouh

: This study aimed to investigate the biodiversity of endophytic microorganisms isolated from leaves of Lycium shawii, Urginea maritima and Nicotiana glauca medicinal plants growing in Marsa Matrouh. After 21 days incubation period on different media viz potato dextrose agar, starch casein agar, nutrient agar and yeast peptone dextrose solid media. The results showed twenty one endophytic microorganisms have been isolated from the three selected plants. Fungal endophytic isolates were dominant isolates with eight isolates followed by actinomycetes, yeast and bacteria with 6, 5 and 2 isolates, respectively.
Mobile phone application for mathematics learning

This research was aimed to determine the role of the use of Mobile Phone Application (MPA) in Mathematics learning. The Pre and Post-test Quasy Experiment method was applied. The Pre-test was performed to understand the initial capability. In contrast, the Post-test was selected to identify changes in student ability after they were introduced to the application of Mobile Technology. Student responses to the use of this application were evaluated by a questionnaire. Based on the questionnaire, high scores were achieved, indicating the student's interest in this application. Also, learning results showed significant improvement in the learning achievement and the student learning behaviour. It was concluded that education supported by the MPA application gave a positive impact on learning outcomes as well as learning atmosphere both in class and outside the classroom.
Simulation-Based Tests of Forward-Looking Models Under VAR Learning Dynamics

In this paper we propose simulation-based techniques to investigate the finite sample performance of likelihood ratio (LR) tests for the nonlinear restrictions that arise when a class of forward-looking (FL) models, typically used in monetary policy analysis, is evaluated with Vector Autoregressive (VAR) models. We consider both `one-shot' tests and sequences of tests under a particular form of adaptive learning dynamics, where `boundedly rational' agents use VARs recursively to update their beliefs. The analysis is based on the comparison of the likelihood of the unrestricted and restricted VAR, and the p-values associated with the LR statistics are computed by Monte Carlo simulation. We also address the case where the variables of the FL model are approximated as non-stationary cointegrated processes. Application to the New Keynesian Phillips Curve in the euro area shows that the FL model of inflation dynamics is not rejected once the suggested simulation-based tests are applied. The result is robust to specification of the VAR as a stationary (albeit highly persistent) or cointegrated system. However, in the second case the imposition of cointegration restrictions changes the estimated degree of price stickiness.
Evaluation of high-protein canola meals fed to growing chicks and weanling pigs

An experiment was conducted to evaluate two high protein canola meals (CMA and CMB), a conventional canola meal (CM), and a control soybean meal (SBM). For determination of P bioavailability in the CM and SBM, a phosphorus-deficient cornstarch-dextrose-SBM basal diet was fed as Diet 1. Diets 2 and 3 had 0.05 and 0.10% P added from KH2PO4, respectively. Diets 4-11 had 12.5 and 25% added CM from each of the 3 different sources or the SBM, added in place of cornstarch and dextrose. Diets 12-16 were used to evaluate the effect of phytase enzyme on bioavailability of the P in CMA. Diet 12 was a P-deficient CMA-cornstarch-dextrose diet, with CMA as the only source of dietary P. Diets 13 and 14 had 0.05 and 0.10% P added from KH2PO4, respectively. Diets 15 and 16 were the same as Diet 12 with 250 and 500 units phytase added per kg of diet, respectively. A total of 320 New Hampshire × Columbian male chicks were weighed, wing banded, and allotted to the 16 dietary treatments via a completely randomized design, so that each pen had a similar mean initial body weight. There were 5 chicks per pen and 4 replicate pens per treatment. Chicks were fed the experimental diets from 8 to 21 d posthatch and bioavailability of P was estimated using the slope ratio method where tibia ash was regressed on P intake. The total P content of CMA, CMB, conventional CM, and SBM was 1.26, 1.16, 1.16, and 0.57%, respectively. A linear increase in weight gain and tibia ash (mg/tibia and %) was observed as the P level was increased by addition of KH2PO4, CMA, CMB, or SBM. Based on tibia ash %, bioavailabilities of P in CMA, CMB, conventional CM, and SBM relative to
Analysis of Human Pressure Ulcer and Cushion Pads for Its Prevention

Pressure sore ulcers can be a serious problem for bedridden patients. The first indication of ulcer formation is redness on the skin surface. However, some practitioners have found evidence that ulcers form in deeper tissue and then spread toward the surface of the skin (Daniel et al., 1982; Koshimura et al., 2004). By the time surface damage is noticed, subcutaneous fat tissue necrosis has already occurred (Fig. 1). It sometimes manifests as an undermining formation (Fig. 2) and it tends to extend.
Corporate Ownership Structure and the Informativeness of Earnings

This study extends prior studies by examining how managerial ownership and external unrelated blockholdings affect the informativeness of earnings. The results are in contrast to prior studies. A non-linear relation exists between managerial ownership and earnings informativeness. Earnings informativeness increases with managerial ownership at low levels but not at higher levels of managerial ownership where the entrenchment effect sets in. Consistent with the role of large shareholder monitoring, the evidence shows a strong positive relationship between external unrelated blockholdings and earnings informativeness. These results are supported when income-increasing and absolute discretionary accruals are used to measure the extent of earnings management Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2002.
Application of ovum pick-up, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo culture in equine practice

Ovum pick-up, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo culture applied to subfertile mares and stallions are safe and reliable techniques for the production of offspring; often, they are the only options available. Embryos produced outside the breeding season can be frozen for later transfer, which makes these techniques very versatile. Authors’ addresses: Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione (LTR), Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani, CIZ srl, Via Porcellasco 7, 26100 Cremona, Italy (Colleoni, Galli, Duchi, Lazzari); Select Breeders Services Italia, Via Argine 39, 26046 San Daniele Po (CR), Italy (Barbacini, Necchi); and Dipartimento Clinico Veterinario, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy (Galli); e-mail: sandro@sbsitaliasrl.com. © 2007 AAEP. *Presenting author.
A solution to separation for clustered binary data

The presence of one or more covariates that perfectly or almost perfectly predict the outcome of interest (which is referred to as complete or quasi-complete separation, the latter denoting the case when such perfect prediction occurs only for a subset of observations in the data) has been extensively studied in the last four decades. Since 1984, when Albert and Anderson (1984) differentiated between complete and quasi-complete separation, several authors have studied this phenomenon and tried to provide answers or ways of identifying the problem (Lesaffre and Albert, 1989; Firth, 1993; Christmann and Rousseeuw, 2001; Rousseeuw and Christmann, 2003; Allison, 2004; Zorn, 2005; Heinze, 2006). From an estimation perspective, separation leads to infinite coefficients and standard errors, which makes the algorithm collapse or give inappropriate results. As a practical matter, separation forces the analyst to choose from a number of problematic alternatives for dealing with the problem, and in the past the elimination of such problematic variables were common practice to deal with such situations. In the last decade, solutions using penalized likelihood have been proposed, but always dealing with independent binary data. Here we will propose a Bayesian solution to the problem when we deal with clustered binary data using informative priors that are supported by the data and compare it with an alternative procedure proposed by Gelman et al. (2008).
A clinicomycological study of onychomycosis in a rural hospital in Central India

Background: Onychomycosis; fungal infection of nails account for about half of the nail diseases. Common site of involvement is toenails. Various etiological agents including dermatophytes, yeasts and non-dermatophytic moulds (NDM) are responsible. It is difficult to treat onychomycosis as compare to other dermatophytic infections because of the inherent slow growth of the nail. Aim: To diagnose etiological agents of onychomycosis on KOH, Calcofluor white (CFW), KOH treated Nail Clipping with Periodic Acid Schiff (KONCPA) and SDA culture. Objectives: 1) To determine the fungal etiological agents of onychomycosis. 1) To correlate clinical parameters with the mycological findings. Methods: The study was carried out in department of Microbiology, MGIMS, Sewagram, Wardha. A total of 44 cases with signs of onychomycosis were enrolled in the study which were subjected for microscopic examination by 20% KOH, CFW and KONCPA. Mycological culture was done on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (with and without antibiotics). Results: On analysis, the positivity by 20% KOH andCFW was 45.5%, 63.4% respectively while by KONCPA it was found to be 25%. In 38.6% fungal cultures revealed growth. At present, the etiological agents were dermatophytes (12.5%), especially Trichophyton rubrum, nondermatophytic isolates (75%) include Aspergillus spp. , Penicillium species, Rhizopus and Candida spp. (8.3%). In our study toenails were affected in 84% and distolateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO) was the commonest clinical presentation. Conclusion: Along with dermatophytes, NDM and yeasts are also important etiological agents of onychomycosis in our set up.
Isothermal Equation of State of Three Dimensional Yukawa Gas

Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation is carried out to examine the effect of particle confinement on the pressure of 3D Yukawa gas. Confinement effects are taken into account by using perfectly reflecting boundary condition in MD simulations. An equation of state relating pressure to number density is obtained. The results of the MD simulations show that in weak coupling regime pressure of confined Yukawa gas is much bigger than the kinetic pressure and scales quadratically with number density. Results are compared with earlier theories and experiments which show quadratic scaling of dust pressure with density.
Cosmological effects of scalar-photon couplings: dark energy and varying-α Models

We study cosmological models involving scalar fields coupled to radiation and discuss their effect on the redshift evolution of the cosmic microwave background temperature, focusing on links with varying fundamental constants and dynamical dark energy. We quantify how allowing for the coupling of scalar fields to photons, and its important effect on luminosity distances, weakens current and future constraints on cosmological parameters. In particular, for evolving dark energy models, joint constraints on the dark energy equation of state combining BAO radial distance and SN luminosity distance determinations, will be strongly dominated by BAO. Thus, to fully exploit future SN data one must also independently constrain photon number non-conservation arising from the possible coupling of SN photons to the dark energy scalar field. We discuss how observational determinations of the background temperature at different redshifts can, in combination with distance measures data, set tight constraints on interactions between scalar fields and photons, thus breaking this degeneracy. We also discuss prospects for future improvements, particularly in the context of Euclid and the E-ELT and show that Euclid can, even on its own, provide useful dark energy constraints while allowing for photon number non-conservation.
1 MIGRATION IN MALAYSIA : HETEROGENEITY AND PERSISTENCE

Regional disparities in earnings persist over time. This paper assesses the sources of persistence that impede people from migrating despite the income gains they would realize. A decision-making model is developed that is consistent with the underlying microeconomic theory and incorporates dynamic aspects of the migration decision. Unobserved heterogeneity is estimated by a new method, suitable for longitudinal data on individuals, which avoids the problems of parametric two-step techniques. The estimator is a simple, general method for calculating individual effects in nonlinear models. Malaysian male migrants exhibited risk averse behavior, avoiding regions with high earnings variance, despite any search-theoretic motive to seek them out. The unobserved characteristics which raise people's earnings (unobserved heterogeneity) made these people more likely to migrate, in a way quite similar to education. Who is left behind by the regional disparities in growth? All but the young and unmarried, those who must travel far or have never moved before, and to a lesser degree, the less educated.
INNOVATION ASSESSMENT VIA ENTERPRISE INFORMATION MARKETS

The assessment and evaluation of ideas and innovations has always been a challenging task in innovation management. Depending on the business culture, innovation proposals can be reviewed and assessed by employees in order to get valuable information before the innovation implementation. Employees often have direct contact to customers and consumers which is of highest importance in innovation management. In this paper, we present Enterprise Information Markets (EIM) as a tool for innovation evaluation. In a field experiment at EnBW, one of the biggest electricity suppliers in Germany, we adopted an Information Market web tool to assess innovation proposals submitted by employees during an innovation workshop in order to test the success of EIM in an enterprise context. We analyze the motivation of employees as well as their expectations for a set of innovations compared to the expectations of decision makers. The results show that EIM are accepted by employees and that markets are a valuable tool for the innovation assessment in
Understanding macrophysical outcomes of microphysical choices in simulations of shallow cumulus convection

The sensitivity of simulations of shallow cumulus convection to their microphysical representation is explored, with a focus on the parameter space spanned by two common bulk schemes (Seifert and Beheng, SB, versus Khairoutdinov and Kogan, KK). Large-eddy simulation, simple models, and a priori analysis of the underlying microphysical equations are used as the basis for our study. The simulations are initialized using data derived from the Rain in Cumulus Over the Ocean (RICO) field study. Simulated clouds depths range between two and three kilometers. Microphysical sensitivities can largely be rationalized based on the behavior of simpler models. In particular a parcel model consisting of auto-conversion and accretion acting on a parcel condensing water at a fixed rate provides useful insight into the behavior of the microphysical schemes in the full simulation. To a first approximation the number concentration simply selects the cloud depth at which rain begins to develop, with different schemes predicting different cloud depths. Because of the interaction of auto-conversion and accretion the dependence of this cloud depth on cloud-droplet number concentration is considerably reduced from what would be deduced by an examination of auto conversion alone—suggesting a somewhat diminished role for the regulation of rain by the atmospheric aerosol. Dynamic feedbacks, such as the tendency for non-precipitating clouds to deepen more readily, can further dampen (and even reverse) the expected sensitivity of rain-rate on droplet number concentrations. Our analysis suggests that the commonly assumed exponential distribution for rain drops can strongly distort the sedimentation process in two moment microphysical schemes and that processes such as self-collection and drop break-up can not be neglected for shallow cumulus convection.