Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cytosolic activation of cell death and stem rust resistance by cereal MLA-family CC–NLR proteins

Significance Stem rust caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) remains the major disease threat to wheat production. The Sr33 and Sr50 resistance proteins protect wheat against a broad spectrum of field isolates of Pgt and are closely related to the barley powdery mildew-resistance protein MLA10. Like MLA10, Sr33 and Sr50 possess signaling N-terminal domains that self-associate in planta and initiate cell-death signaling from the cytosol. However, Sr33 induces disease-resistance signaling from the cytosol but not from the nucleus of wheat cells, suggesting cytosolic activation of both cell death and stem rust resistance. Plants possess intracellular immune receptors designated “nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat” (NLR) proteins that translate pathogen-specific recognition into disease-resistance signaling. The wheat immune receptors Sr33 and Sr50 belong to the class of coiled-coil (CC) NLRs. They confer resistance against a broad spectrum of field isolates of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, including the Ug99 lineage, and are homologs of the barley powdery mildew-resistance protein MLA10. Here, we show that, similarly to MLA10, the Sr33 and Sr50 CC domains are sufficient to induce cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Autoactive CC domains and full-length Sr33 and Sr50 proteins self-associate in planta. In contrast, truncated CC domains equivalent in size to an MLA10 fragment for which a crystal structure was previously determined fail to induce cell death and do not self-associate. Mutations in the truncated region also abolish self-association and cell-death signaling. Analysis of Sr33 and Sr50 CC domains fused to YFP and either nuclear localization or nuclear export signals in N. benthamiana showed that cell-death induction occurs in the cytosol. In stable transgenic wheat plants, full-length Sr33 proteins targeted to the cytosol provided rust resistance, whereas nuclear-targeted Sr33 was not functional. These data are consistent with CC-mediated induction of both cell-death signaling and stem rust resistance in the cytosolic compartment, whereas previous research had suggested that MLA10-mediated cell-death and disease resistance signaling occur independently, in the cytosol and nucleus, respectively.
Clinical and parasitological characteristics of puerperal malaria.

BACKGROUND Women with semi-immunity to malaria who live in regions where the disease is endemic are at increased risk for more frequent and severe episodes of malaria during pregnancy. Recent findings indicate that this increased risk might persist beyond delivery, but the underlying mechanisms for this change in risk are poorly understood. METHODS One hundred fifty women were included in a cohort study in Lambaréné, Gabon, and were actively followed up weekly for 10 weeks after delivery, as were nonpregnant control women who had been matched to them by location and age. Parasites in samples of placenta and blood were genotyped by use of polymerase chain reaction amplification of the merozoite surface antigen 2 gene and the subtelomeric variable open reading frame gene of Plasmodium falciparum. RESULTS Eleven puerperal women had cases of clinical malaria, compared with 1 control woman (rate ratio, 9.8; P=.006). Eighteen puerperal women had P. falciparum parasitemia, compared with 6 control women (rate ratio, 2.7; P=.03). Five of 16 puerperal women (31%) with parasitemia on follow-up had identical parasites in their placentas and blood, and 11 of these cases (69%) were the result of reinfection. Puerperal women remained at equal risk for the development of parasitemia throughout the first 10 weeks after delivery. Use of bed nets, use of chloroquine prophylaxis during pregnancy, presence of malaria episodes during pregnancy, gravidity, and age were not associated with the acquisition of parasitemia during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Compared with nonpregnant women, puerperal women have a considerably increased risk for the development of malaria and/or parasitemia. This increased risk is caused both by the recurrence of P. falciparum parasitemia and by the increased susceptibility to new infections, although the latter plays a more significant role.
Financing a Business

You must have seen a doctor busy in running his clinic, a shopkeeper selling groceries, or a tailor busy in stitching clothes. They all are pursuing their occupations or doing business to earn their livelihood. To become successful in their occupation or business all of them need some amount of funds (money) to buy the required materials, tools and equipments. The doctor has to purchase medical equipments and furniture to run his clinic, the shopkeeper has to buy groceries, the tailor has to purchase sewing machine, threads and other stitching materials for his work. Thus, any type of business or occupation requires money at every stages of its operation. Now, the question arises from where do the businessmen gather the required amount of money? Are they able to manage with their own money to start and run their business? Obviously, it is difficult and in case of large business, it is ruled out. So we have to know what are the various options available to them to arrange the required amount of funds (also called capital). In this lesson, we shall try to find out the answer to such questions.
Observer-Biased Fuzzy Clustering

As generated by clustering algorithms, clusterings (or partitions) are hypotheses on data explanation which are better evaluated by experts from the application domain. In general, clustering algorithms allow a limited usage of domain knowledge about the cluster formation process. In this study, we propose both a design technique and a new partitioning-based clustering algorithm which can be used to assist the data analyst while looking for a set of meaningful clusters, i.e., clusters that actually correspond to the underlying data structure. Following an observer metaphor according to which the perception of a group of objects depends on the observer position-the closer an observer is from an image more details (s)he perceives-we resort to shrinkage to incorporate a regularization term, accounting for the observation point, within the objective function of an otherwise unbiased clustering algorithm. This technique allows our resulting biased algorithm to generate a set of reasonable partitions, i.e., partitions validated by a given cluster validity index, corresponding to views of data with different levels of granularity (levels of detail) in different regions of the data space. For the illustration of the design technique, we adopted the fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm as the unbiased clustering algorithm and include a convergence theorem assuring that changing the point of observation in the corresponding biased algorithm FCM with focal point (FCMFP) does not jeopardize its convergence. Experimental studies on both synthetic and real data are included to illustrate the usefulness of the approach. In addition, and as a convenient side effect of using shrinkage, the experimental results suggest that our biased algorithm (FCMFP) not only seems to scale better than the successive runs of the unbiased one (FCM) but on the average, seems to produce clusters exhibiting higher validity index values as well. In addition, less sensitivity to initialization was observed for the biased algorithm when compared with the unbiased one.
Restoration of ATM Expression in DNA-PKcs–Deficient Cells Inhibits Signal End Joining

Unlike most DNA-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs)–deficient mouse cell strains, we show in the present study that targeted deletion of DNA-PKcs in two different human cell lines abrogates VDJ signal end joining in episomal assays. Although the mechanism is not well defined, DNA-PKcs deficency results in spontaneous reduction of ATM expression in many cultured cell lines (including those examined in this study) and in DNA-PKcs–deficient mice. We considered that varying loss of ATM expression might explain differences in signal end joining in different cell strains and animal models, and we investigated the impact of ATM and/or DNA-PKcs loss on VDJ recombination in cultured human and rodent cell strains. To our surprise, in DNA-PKcs–deficient mouse cell strains that are proficient in signal end joining, restoration of ATM expression markedly inhibits signal end joining. In contrast, in DNA-PKcs–deficient cells that are deficient in signal end joining, complete loss of ATM enhances signal (but not coding) joint formation. We propose that ATM facilitates restriction of signal ends to the classical nonhomologous end-joining pathway.
Intellectual Capital Disclosure Emphasis: An Analysis of Malaysian Annual Reports

Intellectual capital disclosure within the annual report has increased in frequency and types over the last few years. Despite this growth, relatively little is known about the incentives or motivations behind such reporting practices. Further, their unregulated nature means that management has great discretion when reporting. This paper adds to research in this topical area. This study aims to examine the presentation of annual reports with respect to intellectual capital disclosure particularly when firms are driven by capital-raising motive. We focus on the top 100 Malaysian firms in 2010. Data from annual reports is hand-collected to determine the intellectual capital disclosure practice. The findings, which support signalling theory, provide evidence that capital-raisers report more intellectual capital compared to their non-capital-raiser counterparts. These capital-raiser firms emphasise intellectual capital information by positioning information in the headline, in special character and fonts and through repetition. This is consistent with the motivation to provide intellectual capital information that investors will not only recognise but that they will also retain and recall when making investment decisions.
Reciprocal Causation Between Functional Independence and Mental Health 1 and 2 Years After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Cross-Lagged Panel Structural Equation Model

Objective The research attempting to disentangle the directionality of relationships between mental health and functional outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is growing but has yielded equivocal findings or focused on isolated predictors or isolated outcomes. The purpose of the current study was to use cross-lagged panel and structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques to examine causality between comprehensive indices of mental health (depression, anxiety, and life satisfaction) and functional independence in a national sample of individuals with TBI over the first 2 years after injury. Design Participants were 4,674 individuals with TBI from the TBI Model Systems Database. Results The SEM, which yielded good fit indices, suggested that individuals with TBI with greater mental health problems at 1 and 2 years after injury had lower functional independence at those same time points. The standardized path loadings for mental health problems and for functional independence over time were large, suggesting a high degree of consistency in mental health and functional independence across 1 and 2 years. In terms of cross-lag, mental health at Time 1 did not exert a unique effect on functional independence at Time 2, but functional independence at Time 1 exerted a statistically significant but quite small unique effect on mental health at Time 2. Conclusions This combination of results suggests that functional independence is only slightly more causal than mental health in the relationship between mental health and functional independence over the first 2 years post-TBI, and that instead, reciprocal causality is a more likely scenario. To Claim CME Credits Complete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry. org/JournalCME CME Objectives Upon completion of this article, the reader should be able to: (1) understand the nature of the relationship between mental health problems and functional independence after traumatic brain injury; (2) learn about a novel methodological technique for examining the connections between variables over time; and (3) understand when ongoing support for individuals with traumatic brain injury is necessary. Level Advanced Accreditation The Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians. The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this activity for a maximum of 1.5 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Perempuan dan Perbankan: Sebuah Tinjauan Tentang Peran Inklusi Keuangan terhadap Pengusaha UMKM Perempuan di Indonesia

Financial inclusion is a means to promote financial sector especially for easy banking services and financial access for people. Increasing living standard is one of the expected results when financial inclusion runs well. Financial inclusion program in Indonesia is expected to give significant impact to unprevillege people, such as: people with low income, fringe, minority, or having no legal identity and women and the young. This paper focuses on how financial inclusion can give a significant impact especially to woman in SME in Indonesia and how financial inclusion program can increase and strengthen Indonesian economy as a whole. Research used quantitative-descriptive method; comparative analysis was done based on secondary data from various sources. This research concludes that financial inclusion shall be conducted in Indonesia as a whole and may affect the SMEs significantly, especially women.
To Technovate or Not to Technovate? Examining the Inter-Relationship of Consumer Technology, Museum Service Quality, Museum Value, and Repurchase Intent

Increased reliance on technology has driven museums to consider the technology required to provide a creative cost effective experience. Technovation is a process of developing and innovating services using technology. This research will contribute to a better technology investment decision-making for museum managers and advance understanding of consumer value, co-creation, technology use and museums. Structural equation modelling was conducted on a survey administered to 412 museum visitors to test technology efficacy, technology acceptance, service quality, museum value and repeat intent in museums. Results indicate the significant relationships of technology self-efficacy, technology acceptance, service quality, museum value to repurchase intention. Consumers supported the role of technology and suggested that technology innovation in museum service delivery is essential. The research suggests that to ensure value co-creation, technology management must guide and support the visitor with the interaction. This is the first known paper testing this system of relationships in the museum context.
Who counts most in sustainable forest management

This paper proposes a method for identifying and defining the most significant actors in sustain- able forest management. A rationale for the importance of differentiating among various forest stakeholders is first provided. Significant stakeholders identified in forest management units in Kalimantan, Cote d'Ivoire, and the USA. are described. These descriptions are followed by a discussion of six important dimensions along which groups of people vary in their relations with the forest (proximity, pre-existing rights, dependency, indigenous knowledge, culture/forest integration, and power deficits). Finally, a simple scoring technique is proposed and demonstrated for the three contexts described earlier.
Modulation of the activity of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) by cellular sphingolipids and inhibition of cPLA2α by sphingomyelin[S]

We examined the effect of the cellular sphingolipid level on the release of arachidonic acid (AA) and activity of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) using two Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1-derived mutants deficient in sphingolipid synthesis: LY-B cells defective in the LCB1 subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase for de novo synthesis of sphingolipid species, and LY-A cells defective in the ceramide transfer protein CERT for SM synthesis. When LY-B and LY-A cells were cultured in Nutridoma medium and the sphingolipid level was reduced, the release of AA stimulated by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 increased 2-fold and 1.7-fold, respectively, compared with that from control cells. The enhancement in LY-B cells was decreased by adding sphingosine and treatment with the cPLA2α inhibitor. When CHO cells were treated with an acid sphingomyelinase inhibitor to increase the cellular SM level, the release of AA induced by A23187 or PAF was decreased. In vitro studies were then conducted to test whether SM interacts directly with cPLA2α. Phosphatidylcholine vesicles containing SM reduced cPLA2α activity. Furthermore, SM disturbed the binding of cPLA2α to glycerophospholipids. These results suggest that SM at the biomembrane plays important roles in regulating the cPLA2α-dependent release of AA by inhibiting the binding of cPLA2α to glycerophospholipids.
The Association between Auditor Size and Bank Regulator Ratings

Audit quality can potentially affect bank examiners' evaluation of bank condition. We examine the association between Sheshunoff bank ratings, a proxy for regulatory attention, and auditor size, a proxy for audit quality, for a cross-section of 252 banks in 1996. The tests indicate that banks which employ Big 5 auditors have significantly higher Sheshunoff ratings. We believe this result reflects regulators' willingness to rely more on reported financial information and an improved evaluation of the bank's management control system when both are certified by a high quality auditor.
Development of pig embryos following restriction to the ampullar portion of the oviduct.

In most mammalian species, development to the blastocyst stage is reached after the embryo passes from the oviduct into the uterus. Blastocyst formation has also been observed in fertilized ova retained in the oviduct of the mouse (Kirby, 1962; Orsini & McLaren, 1967), rat (Alden, 1942) and rabbit (Adams, 1958) following the placing of a ligature at the uterotubal junction. Early mouse (Whitten, 1956; Brinster, 1963; Whitten & Biggers, 1968), rabbit (Kane & Foote, 1970) and rat (Folstad, Bennett & Dorfman, 1969) embryos have even been cultured to the blastocyst stage in vitro in a chemically defined medium. Billington, Graham & McLaren (1968) reported that tubal mouse embryos cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage and transferred to an ectopic site were capable of forming well-differentiated embryos. According to Krishnan & Daniel (1967), a specific uterine secretion termed blastokinin stimulates blastocyst formation in the late rabbit morula during culture in vitro in a chemically defined medium. Murray, Bazer, Rundell, Vincent, Wallace & Warnick (1971) reported that blastulation did not occur in pig embryos retained in the oviduct following the placing of a ligature at the uterotubal junction. They suggested that pig embryos must reach the uterine environment before blastulation can occur and experiments were initiated to determine if the uterine secretions of the pig contain blastokinin-like factor(s) that are necessary for blastocyst development. Since Whittingham (1968) was able to obtain blastocyst formation when fertilized one-cell mouse eggs were cultured in the explanted ampullar, but not isthmic, portion of the mouse oviduct, the present study was conducted to determine the degree of development which pig embryos would undergo when restricted to the ampullar portion of the oviduct. A total of ten crossbred gilts varying from 8 to 12 months of age was used. Four of the gilts were injected with 1500 i.u. pmsg on the 15th day of the oestrous cycle. The first day on which oestrus was observed was designated Day 0. The gilts were artificially inseminated on each day of oestrus. On Day 2, a midventral laparotomy was performed and a ligature was placed at the junction of the ampullar and isthmic portions of the oviduct. A second laparotomy was performed 3, 4, 5 or 6 days later in order to recover embryos restricted to the
WHAT SOURCING CHANNEL IS RIGHT FOR YOU

SUBTITLE: WHEN SHOULD YOU USE A REVERSE AUCTION? WHEN SHOULD YOU USE A THIRD-PARTY INTEGRATOR? DO ALL YOUR PURCHASES NEED TO GO THROUGH A STRATEGIC SOURCING PROCESS? EFFECTIVE SUPPLY MANAHEMENT DEPENDS ON SELECTING NOT ONLY THE RIGHT PRODUCT OR SERVICE BUT ALSO THE BEST WAY TO BUY THOSE PRODUCTS OR SERVICES. COMPANIES NEED A SOUND METHOD FOR DECIDING WHICH SOURCING CHANNEL IS RIGHT FOR WHICH PURCHASE.
The Effect of Myopia and Loss Aversion on Risk Taking: An Experimental Test

Myopic loss aversion is the combination of a greater sensitivity to losses than to gains and a tendency to evaluate outcomes frequently. Two implications of myopic loss aversion are tested experimentally. 1. Investors who display myopic loss aversion will be more willing to accept risks if they evaluate their investments less often. 2. If all payoffs are increased enough to eliminate losses, investors will accept more risk. In a task in which investors learn from experience, both predictions are supported. The investors who got the most frequent feedback (and thus the most information) took the least risk and earned the least money.
Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels as a biomarker for progression of Parkinson disease

8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) has been used to evaluate oxidative stress. The authors investigated urinary 8-OHdG levels in 72 patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and in normal and disease control groups. The mean urinary 8-OHdG increased with the stage of PD and was not influenced by the current dose of DOPA. Our results suggest that urinary 8-OHdG is a potentially useful biomarker for evaluating the progression of PD.
Firm Organization and Market Structure: Centralization vs. Decentralization

The protability of a rm is jointly determined by it's organizational structure and the market structure. To explore the eects of market factors on optimal organizational structure we develop a real-time information processing model of a multi unit rm in a dynamic duopoly environment. Our model is the rst to match with recent empirical nding We nd decentralization dominates for products with short lifecycles but in general there is no unique optimal organization structure over time - when product market competition is intense, decentralization outperforms centralization in the initial phase of the product lifecycle, centralization is superior in the intermediate phase, and decentralization outperforms again at the nal phase. Thus organizational change also appears to be a natural part of the lifecycle as well as a response to economic shocks. Moreover, we also nd that the performance of decentralization is superior when: (i) consumer tastes are more homogenous; (ii) consumers are more sensitive to store practices; and (iii) a larger number of markets are served.
Determinants of union victory in the health care sector

Union win rates in the health care sector (October 1988 to September 1992) were significantly higher in multiple union elections, small bargaining units, and non-AFL-CIO single union elections. The 1991 Supreme Court Decision (AHA v. NLRB) negatively affected union win rates in hospitals.