Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Examination of the known‐groups validity of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale

We examined the known‐groups validity of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) by comparing the scores of patients with social anxiety disorder (n=46), generalized anxiety disorder plus an additional diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (n=15), generalized anxiety disorder without social anxiety disorder (n=12), and nonanxious controls (n=34). The LSAS total score discriminated significantly among all pairs of groups. Similar analyses were conducted on the original LSAS subscales and additional subscales derived from the factor‐analytic work of Safren et al. [ 1999 ]. Original subscales showed a pattern substantially similar to that of the total score, but subscale intercorrelations and total score‐subscale correlations were extremely high, suggesting that these subscales do not provide much unique information beyond that provided by the total score. Factor‐analytically derived subscales were less highly correlated with each other or with the LSAS total score. Although the pattern of differences was more variable across subscales, the factor‐analytically derived subscales, in conjunction with the total score, may provide more nonredundant information of clinical relevance than the original subscales. Limitations and future directions for research on the LSAS are discussed. Depression and Anxiety 24:447–454, 2007. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir for HCV Infection in Patients Coinfected with HBV

Background Currently there are no all-oral treatment regimens for HCV in patients coinfected with HBV. In this pilot study, we evaluated whether ledipasvir and sofosbuvir therapy can suppress HCV infection in patients coinfected with HBV. Methods Patients with HBV and genotype-1 HCV received 90 mg ledipasvir and 400 mg sofosbuvir daily for 12 weeks. The efficacy end point was sustained virological response (HCV RNA <15 IU/ml) 12 weeks after the end of treatment. Results Of the eight patients enrolled, six (75%) were male, five (63%) were Polynesian, seven (88%) had the CC IL28B genotype and two (25%) had cirrhosis. All eight patients (100%; 95% CI 63%, 100%) reached the primary end point of HCV RNA <15 IU/ml 12 weeks after treatment. In seven of eight patients (88%), serum HBV DNA levels increased during treatment, but none of the increases were greater than 20,000 IU/ml, and none were associated with clinical HBV fares or required treatment. The most common adverse events were viral infection (63%), fatigue (25%) and upper respiratory tract infection (25%). No patients had serious adverse events and none discontinued treatment for any reason. Conclusions In this small sample, 12 weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir was a safe and effective treatment for geno-type-1 HCV infection in patients coinfected with HBV. Larger studies with longer follow-up are warranted.
Variation-resilient sub-threshold circuit solutions for ultra-low-power Digital Signal Processors with 10MHz clock frequency

This paper presents a variation-resilient, complete design strategy for sub-threshold Digital Signal Processors (DSP) based on a novel combination of circuit and microarchitectural techniques of which a new differential Transmission Gate logic family is the most prominent. The strategy is successfully validated by a 16bit, 90nm CMOS Multiply-Accumulate (MAC) unit which operates down to a supply of 150 mV at a clock frequency of 5MHz and 0.96 pJ energy consumption per operation. Minimum energy per operation of 0.87 pJ occurs at a supply of 190mV and a 10MHz clock.
Investments in Children When Markets Are Incomplete

This paper proposes a model of investments in the cognitive skills of children that is based on three features: that it takes time to build a child’s stock of cognitive skills; that parental resources evolve stochastically over time; and that parents face constraints that limit their ability to transfer resources across states of nature, across time, and across generations. These constraints distort the equilibrium allocation of investments throughout a child’s life and, in turn, produce sub-optimal stocks of cognitive skills. In order to verify the quantitative importance of these distortions, I estimate the model’s key parameters and I compute its steady-state equilibrium. I show that the empirically- grounded steadystate explains a variety of facts about cognitive skills, education, and child development. For example, it correctly predicts selection into college by quartiles of family income and terciles of skills measured at adolescent years. Moreover, it is consistent with gaps in cognitive skills that are present at early ages. Finally, it reproduces the pattern of selection into college based on cognitive skills. I use the model to evaluate the impact of different remediation policies on the stationary distribution of cognitive skills and welfare. I analyze the effects of a 50% tuition subsidy, a targeted early investment subsidy, and a targeted early and late investment subsidy that is contingent on parental resources. I show that the policy that subsidizes early and late childhood investments dominates the other policies in welfare, since it is the one that generates the highest equivalent variation across all deciles of permanent income. This also generates a stationary distribution of cognitive skills that first-order stochastically dominates the ones generated by the baseline economy and the other remediation policies.
The Neural Basis of Parallel Saccade Programming : A Functional Imaging ( fMRI ) Study

■ The neural basis of parallel saccade programming was examined in an event-related functional imaging (MRI) study using a variation of the double-step saccade paradigm. Two doublestep conditions were used: one enabled the second saccade to be partially programmed in parallel with the first saccade while in a second condition both saccades had to be prepared serially. The intersaccadic interval, observed in the parallel programming (PP) condition, was significantly reduced compared with latency in the serial programming (SP) condition and also to the latency of single saccades in control conditions. The fMRI analysis revealed greater activity (BOLD response) in the frontal and parietal eye fields for the PP condition compared with the SP double-step condition and when compared with the singlesaccade control conditions. By contrast, activity in the supplementary eye fields was greater for the double-step condition than the single-step condition but did not distinguish between the PP and SP requirements. The role of the frontal eye fields in PP may be related to the advanced temporal preparation and increased salience of the second saccade goal that may mediate activity in other downstream structures, such as the superior colliculus. The parietal lobes may be involved in the preparation for spatial remapping, which is required in doublestep conditions. The supplementary eye fields appear to have a more general role in planning saccade sequences that may be related to error monitoring and the control over the sequence
A fast square-root implementation for BLAST

Bell Labs Layered Space-Time (BLAST) is a scheme for transmitting information over a rich-scattering wireless environment using multiple receive and transmit antennas. The main computational bottleneck in the BLAST algorithm is a "nulling and cancellation" step, where the optimal ordering for the sequential estimation and detection of the received signals is determined. To reduce the computational cost of BLAST we develop an efficient square-root algorithm for the nulling and cancellation step. The main features of the algorithm include efficiency: the computational cost is reduced by 0.7M, where M is the number of transmit antennas, and numerical stability; and the algorithm is division-free and uses only orthogonal transformations. In a 14 antenna system designed for transmission of 1 Mbit/sec over a 30 kHz channel, the nulling and cancellation computation is reduced from 190 MFlops/sec to 19 MFlops/sec, with the overall computations being reduced from 220 MFlops/sec to 49 MFlops/sec. The numerical stability of the algorithm also make it attractive for implementation in fixed-point (rather than floating-point) architectures.
A remarkably flat relationship between the average star formation rate and AGN luminosity for distant X-ray AGN.

In this study, we investigate the relationship between the star formation rate (SFR) and AGN luminosity (LAGNLAGN) for ∼2000 X-ray detected AGN. The AGN span over three orders of magnitude in X-ray luminosity (1042<L2−8keV<1045.5ergs−11042<L2−8keV<1045.5ergs−1) and are in the redshift range z = 0.2–2.5. Using infrared (IR) photometry (8–500 μmμm), including deblended Spitzer and Herschel images and taking into account photometric upper limits, we decompose the IR spectral energy distributions into AGN and star formation components. Using the IR luminosities due to star formation, we investigate the average SFRs as a function of redshift and AGN luminosity. In agreement with previous studies, we find a strong evolution of the average SFR with redshift, tracking the observed evolution of the overall star-forming galaxy population. However, we find that the relationship between the average SFR and AGN luminosity is broadly flat at all redshifts and across all the AGN luminosities investigated; in comparison to previous studies, we find less scatter amongst the average SFRs across the wide range of AGN luminosities investigated. By comparing to empirical models, we argue that the observed flat relationship is due to short time-scale variations in AGN luminosity, driven by changes in the mass accretion rate, which wash out any underlying correlations between SFR and LAGNLAGN. Furthermore, we show that the exact form of the predicted relationship between SFR and AGN luminosity (and its normalization) is highly sensitive to the assumed intrinsic Eddington ratio distribution.
Timing effects of combined radioimmunotherapy and radiotherapy on a human solid tumor in nude mice.

Timing effects of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) combined with external-beam radiotherapy (RT) were assessed in human colon carcinoma xenografts. Initially, dose effects of fractionated RT and RIT were evaluated separately. Then, 30 Gy RT (10 fractions over 12 days) were combined with three weekly i.v. injections of 200 microCi of 131I-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibodies in four different treatment schedules. RIT was given either prior to, concurrently, immediately after, or 2 weeks after RT administration. The longest regrowth delay (RD) of 105 days was observed in mice treated by concurrent administration of RT and RIT, whereas the RDs of RT and RIT alone were 34 and 20 days, respectively. The three sequential combination treatments produced significantly shorter RDs ranging from 62 to 70 days. The tumor response represented by the minimal volume (MV) also showed that concurrent administration of RT and RIT gave the best result, with a mean MV of 4.5% as compared to MVs from 26 to 53% for the three sequential treatments. The results were confirmed in a second experiment, in which a RT of 40 Gy was combined with an identical RIT as above (three injections of 200 microCi of 131I-labeled monoclonal antibodies). At comparable toxicity levels, the maximum tolerated RT or RIT alone gave shorter RDs and less tumor shrinkage compared to simultaneous RT+ RIT. These results may be useful for designing clinical protocols of combined RIT and RT.
An Interleaved Flyback Converter Featured With Zero-Voltage Transition

This paper proposes an interleaved flyback converter, which is remarked with zero-voltage-switched active switches and reduced reverse-recovery loss on the rectifying diodes. The converter is composed of two parallel-operated identical flyback converters and an auxiliary inductor shunted between the diodes. This converter can provide up to 500 W power with highest efficiency as high as 91%. In addition, burst-mode control is equipped to drive the converter at low load. Even at 50-W output, the efficiency is higher than 83%.
THE PANCHROMATIC HUBBLE ANDROMEDA TREASURY. VIII. A WIDE-AREA, HIGH-RESOLUTION MAP OF DUST EXTINCTION IN M31

We map the distribution of dust in M31 at 25 pc resolution using stellar photometry from the Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury survey. The map is derived with a new technique that models the near-infrared color–magnitude diagram (CMD) of red giant branch (RGB) stars. The model CMDs combine an unreddened foreground of RGB stars with a reddened background population viewed through a log-normal column density distribution of dust. Fits to the model constrain the median extinction, the width of the extinction distribution, and the fraction of reddened stars in each 25 pc cell. The resulting extinction map has a factor of ≳4 times better resolution than maps of dust emission, while providing a more direct measurement of the dust column. There is superb morphological agreement between the new map and maps of the extinction inferred from dust emission by Draine et al. However, the widely used Draine & Li dust models overpredict the observed extinction by a factor of ∼2.5, suggesting that M31's true dust mass is lower and that dust grains are significantly more emissive than assumed in Draine et al. The observed factor of ∼2.5 discrepancy is consistent with similar findings in the Milky Way by the Plank Collaboration et al., but we find a more complex dependence on parameters from the Draine & Li dust models. We also show that the the discrepancy with the Draine et al. map is lowest where the current interstellar radiation field has a harder spectrum than average. We discuss possible improvements to the CMD dust mapping technique, and explore further applications in both M31 and other galaxies.
Markers of Protection in Children and Adolescents Six to Fourteen Years After Primary Hepatitis B Vaccination in Real Life: A Pilot Study

Background: Not many data are available on long-term immunity against hepatitis B (HB) for children vaccinated under real-life conditions. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-two children and adolescents vaccinated 6–14 years earlier in pediatric practices were examined for conditions of vaccination and markers of protection as anti-HBs, anamnestic response to a booster dose and cell-mediated immunity. Results: Fifty-six percent of the participants were vaccinated according to the German vaccination recommendations (group 1). In 44.0% (group 2), these recommendations were not followed. Anti-HBs concentrations of ≥10 IU/L were found in 53.1% of group 1 and 45.1% of group 2 participants. A booster dose resulted in 91 of 99 participants in having an anamnestic response, in 3 (5.9%) of group 1 and 5 (10.4%) of group 2 anti-HBs remained below 10 IU/L. In group 1, postbooster anti-HBs concentration was inversely correlated with time since the last vaccination. Cellular immune responses were seen in only 5% of revaccinated individuals before the booster, increasing to 30% thereafter. Conclusions: Under real-life conditions about half of vaccinees have lost protecting antibodies 6–14 years after vaccination in infancy, but in approximately 90% of them, immune memory was demonstrated. However, as memory may wane, revaccination at a time when boostability is still present might be considered.
Variable transformation of calibration equations for radiation dosimetry

For radiation dosimetry, dosimetric equipment must be calibrated by using known doses. The calibration is done to determine an equation that relates the absorbed dose to a physically measurable quantity. Since the calibration equation is accompanied by unavoidable uncertainties, the doses estimated with such equations suffer from inherent uncertainties. We presented mathematical formulation of the calibration when the calibration relation is either linear or nonlinear. We also derived equations for the uncertainty of the estimated dose as a function of the uncertainties of the parameters in the equations and the measured physical quantity. We showed that a dosimeter with a linear calibration equation with zero dose-offset enables us to perform relative dosimetry without calibration data. Furthermore, a linear equation justifies useful data manipulations such as rescaling the dose and changing the dose-offset for comparing dose distributions. Considering that some dosimeters exhibit linear response with a large dose-offset or often nonlinear response, we proposed variable transformations of the measured physical quantity, namely, linear- and log-transformation methods. The proposed methods were tested with Kodak X-Omat V radiographic film and BANG® polymer gel dosimeter. We demonstrated that the variable transformation methods could lead to linear equations with zero dose-offset and could reduce the uncertainty of the estimated dose.
Adenovirus‐mediated p53 gene transfer suppresses growth of human glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo

Alterations in the p53 tumor‐suppressor gene occur in 35–60% of human glioblastomas, and re‐introduction of p53 can suppress neoplastic growth. To evaluate the potential for p53 gene therapy of glioblastoma, we have analyzed the response of human glioblastoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo to experimental therapy with replication‐deficient recombinant adenoviruses encoding wild‐type p53 (rAd‐p53). Western blot analyses showed high‐level expression of p53 protein after treatment with rAd‐p53, and transgene expression was dependent on promoter strength. A p53‐specific dose‐dependent inhibition of in vitro cellular proliferation was observed in 5 of 6 cell lines, and growth inhibition corresponded to adenovirus‐mediated gene transfer and expression. p53‐specific cell death was quantitated by release of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme. Fragmentation of DNA into nucleosomal oligomers and the occurrence of a hypodiploid cell population detected by flow cytometry provided evidence for apoptosis. Studies in nude mice demonstrated that ex vivo infection with rAd‐p53 suppressed the tumorigenic potential of human glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, direct injection of rAd‐p53 into established s.c. xenografts inhibited tumor growth. Our observations suggest that re‐introduction of wild‐type p53 may have potential clinical utility for gene therapy of glioblastoma. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Continuous, Noninvasive, and Localized Microvascular Tissue Oximetry Using Visible Light Spectroscopy

Background: The authors evaluated the ability of visible light spectroscopy (VLS) oximetry to detect hypoxemia and ischemia in human and animal subjects. Unlike near-infrared spectroscopy or pulse oximetry (SpO2), VLS tissue oximetry uses shallow-penetrating visible light to measure microvascular hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2) in small, thin tissue volumes. Methods: In pigs, StO2 was measured in muscle and enteric mucosa during normoxia, hypoxemia (SpO2 = 40–96%), and ischemia (occlusion, arrest). In patients, StO2 was measured in skin, muscle, and oral/enteric mucosa during normoxia, hypoxemia (SpO2 = 60–99%), and ischemia (occlusion, compression, ventricular fibrillation). Results: In pigs, normoxic StO2 was 71 ± 4% (mean ± SD), without differences between sites, and decreased during hypoxemia (muscle, 11 ± 6%; P < 0.001) and ischemia (colon, 31 ± 11%; P < 0.001). In patients, mean normoxic StO2 ranged from 68 to 77% at different sites (733 measures, 111 subjects); for each noninvasive site except skin, variance between subjects was low (e.g., colon, 69% ± 4%, 40 subjects; buccal, 77% ± 3%, 21 subjects). During hypoxemia, StO2 correlated with SpO2 (animals, r2 = 0.98; humans, r2 = 0.87). During ischemia, StO2 initially decreased at −1.3 ± 0.2%/s and decreased to zero in 3–9 min (r2 = 0.94). Ischemia was distinguished from normoxia and hypoxemia by a widened pulse/VLS saturation difference (Δ < 30% during normoxia or hypoxemia vs. Δ > 35% during ischemia). Conclusions: VLS oximetry provides a continuous, noninvasive, and localized measurement of the StO2, sensitive to hypoxemia, regional, and global ischemia. The reproducible and narrow StO2 normal range for oral/enteric mucosa supports use of this site as an accessible and reliable reference point for the VLS monitoring of systemic flow.
Do Ridesharing Services Affect Traffic Congestion ? An Empirical Study of Uber Entry

Sharing economy platform, which leverages information technology (IT) to re-distribute unused or underutilized assets to people who are willing to pay for the services, has received tremendous attention in the last few years. Its creative business models have disrupted many traditional industries (e.g., transportation, hotel) by fundamentally changing the mechanism to match demand with supply in real time. In this research, we investigate how Uber, a peer-to-peer mobile ride-sharing platform, affects traffic congestion and environment (carbon emissions) in the urban areas of the United States. Leveraging a unique data set combining data from Uber and the Urban Mobility Report, we examine whether the entry of Uber car services affects traffic congestion using a difference-in-difference framework. Our findings provide empirical evidence that ride-sharing services such as Uber significantly decrease the traffic congestion after entering an urban area. We perform further analysis including the use of instrumental variables, alternative measures, a relative time model using more granular data to assess the robustness of the results. A few plausible underlining mechanisms are discussed to help explain our findings.
Composition of Meconium. Serological Study of Blood-Group-Specific Substances Found in Individual Meconiums.∗

Summary 1. The blood-group-specific substances present in meconium from a series of 53 infants were found to correspond to the blood type of the baby and its ability to secrete blood group material in its saliva in all except 2 cases in which O activity was demonstrated in the meconium but could not be found in the saliva. 2. The meconiums of blood groups A and B were more active than those of groups AB or O. 3. No M or N activity could be demonstrated in meconium. 4. The blood-group-specific substances in amniotic fluid corresponded with the blood type of the baby and not that of the mother.
Investigation of pacing site-related changes in global restitution dynamics by non-contact mapping.

AIMS The determination of dynamic changes in ventricular repolarization may provide insight into arrhythmogenic mechanisms as a consequence of pacing site. This study investigated acute pacing site effects on global characteristics of electrical restitution using high resolution, non-contact mapping (NCM). METHODS AND RESULTS Activation-recovery intervals (ARIs) were determined from reconstructed left ventricular electrograms by the NCM system and were analysed during pacing from the right atrial appendage (RAA, intrinsic), right ventricular apex (RVA), and right ventricular septum (RVS) with extrasystoles delivered at intermediate and short coupling intervals in anesthetized swine (n = 5). Electrical restitution curves were determined by the S1-S2 pacing protocol. Activation-recovery interval restitution slopes were determined by the overlapping linear segments regression method. Global distribution of repolarization was defined as the coefficient of variation of the ARIs during restitution. The maximum ARI slopes yielded by RVA pacing were significantly greater than RAA pacing (0.44 vs. 0.32; P < 0.05) and RVS pacing (0.44 vs. 0.37; P = 0.05). There was no significant difference between RAA and RVS pacing (0.32 vs. 0.37). The global distribution of ARIs during restitution from RVA pacing was significantly greater than RAA pacing (12.0 vs. 8.1%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Right ventricular apex pacing is associated with impaired global repolarization patterns compared to RAA and RVS. These observations support the hypothesis that RVA pacing may be associated with increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias compared to RVS pacing.