Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
REPRESENTASI KEKERASAN SIMBOLIK PADA TUBUH PEREMPUAN DALAM MEDIA MASSA ONLINE KHUSUS PEREMPUAN (Studi Kasus Pada Rubrik Fashion Dan Beauty Website Wolipop)

Masalah penelitian meliputi (1) Bagaimanakah representasi tubuh perempuan dalam rubrik fashion dan beauty webesite Wolipop ? (2) Bagaimanakah habitus dominan yang terdapat dalam rubrik fashion dan beauty website Wolipop? (3) Bagaimanakah kekerasan simbolik pada tubuh perempuan dalam rubrik fashion dan beauty webesite Wolipop ? Hasil penelitian ini adalah: (1) Hasil analisis teks dan gambar pada artikel rubrik fashion dan beauty website Wolipop menunjukkan adanya beberapa representasi tubuh perempuan. Representasi tubuh yang pertama bentuk dan ukuran tubuh yakni tubuh kurus atau ramping, tubuh seksi, dan tubuh sehat, representasi tubuh yang ke dua pentingnya merawat tubuh dan penampilan bagi perempuan, dan representasi tubuh yang ke tiga tubuh sebagai cermin identitas sosial. (2) Habitus dominan yang terdapat dalam rubrik fashion dan beauty website Wolipop lebih banyak menunjukkan habitus kelas sosial atas. (3) Kekerasan simbolik pada tubuh perempuan terlihat pada teks dan gambar dalam rubrik fashion dan beauty website Wolipop dengan menempatkan tubuh perempuan sebagai modal (body capital) pada representasi melahirkan kesenjangan bias dari kelas sosial atas dan budaya barat.
Structure of the oligotrophic planktonic food web under low grazing of heterotrophic bacteria: Takapoto Atoll, French Polynesia

The study investigates the planktonic food web of an oligotrophic atoll lagoon (Takapoto, French Polynesia). The growth (k) and grazing mortality (g) rates of heterotrophic bacteria, cyanobacteria, and 1-3 pm and >3 pm (large) algae were assessed, in the presence and absence of the large grazers (>35 pm protozoa), by serial dilution experiments. Taxa-specific feeding relationships were obtained from fluorescently labeled prey uptake experiments. The major consumers of 0.4 μm bacteria were aplastidic nanoflagellates (7 pm Leucocryptos and 10 pm Halosphaera), and those of 3-5 μm chlorophyceae (Nannochloropis and Chlamydomonas) were heterotrophic dinoflagellates (32 pm Achradina and 33 pm Prorocentrum). The protozoa exerted a low grazing pressure on heterotrophic bacteria, even when the large grazers were removed (mean values: g= 0.26 d -1 ). In contrast, the grazing rates of ≤200 pm protozoa on cyanobacteria (mean values: g = 0.43 d -1 ), which were the dominant primary producers, represented 74% of their growth rates. In absence of the >35 μm grazers, the grazing on cyanobacteria increased, being 4 times higher than on heterotrophic bacteria. These results indicate that, in an oligotrophic planktonic food web where the consumption of bacteria is low, the grazing of protozoa on cyanobacteria is a major carbon pathway. Large algae were grazed at rates equivalent to their growth rates (mean values: g = 0.47 d -1 ; k = 0.50 d -1 ) which implies a steady-state situation with rapid cycling of the algal biomass, In samples without the >35 pm grazers, the grazing mortality and growth rates of large phytoplankton increased significantly, indicating a close coupling between the growth of >3 μm algae and grazing pressure under natural conditions. This coupling is likely mediated by increased nutrient regeneration. The results indicate that the large protozoan consumers controlled the grazing pressure and nutrient regeneration of the small protozoa, which in turn controlled the abundance of phytoplankton and growth of large algae. It follows that the structure of the oligotrophic planktonic food web under low grazing on bacteria is ultimately governed by protozoan microzooplankton.
The energy budget: a useful tool?

Studies of energy flow and allocation in biological systems often result in the production of energy budgets. Our aim is to describe the potential mis-representations that energy budgets can produce and draw together the various criticisms levied at energy budgets. While such budgets purport to represent accurately energy allocation we, by discussing the literature, propose that many offer little. This is because in practice they rarely reflect actual energy relationships due to problems with their empirical derivation. These problems include both the omission of some energy budget terms (such as dissolved organic matter, non-lethal predation and metabolic faecal loss) and their underestimation (e.g. mucus production). Recalculation of budgets to account for these terms often results in new conclusions being drawn. Moreover, problems of extrapolation of measurements made in the laboratory to the field, coupled with misconceptions over the expression of temporal and spatial variation in budget terms, produce budgets that are both approximate and specific to an individual or population at the time each budget is constructed. In addition, the set of assumptions that are used in the construction of one budget are rarely the same as those for another and so budgets should be used with extreme care in comparative studies. We suggest that energy budgets have little value in the context of other studies and are of interest and value only as descriptors under a set of what should be well-defined assumptions. We urge caution in their use and propose that more modest studies of energy allocation with precise goals are more appropriate.
Komunikasi Efektif dalam Pembelajaran

Pembelajaran merupakan suatu proses komunikasi. Komunlkasi adalah proses pengiriman informasi dari satu pihak kepada pihak lain untuk tujuan tertentu. Komunikasi dikatakan efektif apabila komunikasi yang terjadi menimbulkan arus Informasi dua arah, yaitu dengan munculnya feedback dari pihak ponerima pesan. Kualitas pembelajaran dipengaruhi oleh efektif tidaknya komunikasi yang terjadi di dalamnya. Komunikasi efektif dalam pembelajaran merupakan proses transformasi pesan berupa ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dari pendidik kepada peserta didik, dimana peserta didik mampu memahami maksud pesan sesuai dengan tujuan yang telah ditentukan, sehingga menambah wawasan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi serta menimbulkan perubahan tingkah laku menjadi lebih baik. Pengajar adalah pihak yang paling bertanggungjawab terhadap berlangsungnya komunikasi yang efektif dalam pemmbelajaran, sehingga dosen sebagai pengajar dituntut memiliki kemampuan berkomunikasi yang baik agar menghasilkan proses pombelajaran yang efektif. Kata kunci : komunikasi, pembelajaran.
The effect of financial leverage on real and accrual-based earnings management

Past research has documented a substitution effect between real earnings management (RM) and accrual-based earnings management (AM), depending on relative costs. This study contributes to this research by examining whether levels of (and changes in) financial leverage have an impact on this empirically documented trade-off. We hypothesise that in the presence of high leverage, firms that engage in earnings manipulation tactics will exhibit a preference for RM due to a lower possibility – and subsequent costs – of getting caught. We show that leverage levels and increases positively and significantly affect upward RM, with no significant effect on income-increasing AM, while our findings point towards a complementarity effect between unexpected levels of RM and AM for firms with very high leverage levels and changes. This is interpreted as an indication that high leverage could attract heavy outsider scrutiny, making it necessary for firms to use both forms of earnings management in order to achieve earnings targets. Furthermore, we document that equity investors exhibit a significantly stronger penalising reaction to AM vs. RM, indicating that leverage-induced RM is not as easily detectable by market participants as debt-induced AM, despite the fact that the former could imply deviation from optimal business practices.
The evolution of R and D networks

This paper models the formation of R&D networks in an oligopolistic industry. In particular, it focuses on the coevolutionary process involving firms’ technological capabilities, market structure and the network of interfirm technological agreements. The main result of the paper is that the R&D network can work as a strong selection mechanism in the industry, creating ex post asymmetries among ex ante similar firms. This is due to a self-reinforcing, path-dependent process, in which events in the early stages of the industry affect firms’ survival in the long run. In this framework, both market and technological externalities created by the formation of cooperative agreements play a crucial roe. Although the R&D network creates profound differences at the beginning, which are reflected by an unequal distribution of links, it tends to eliminate them as it becomes denser and denser. The nature of the technological environment affects the speed of the transition and some of the characteristics of the industry in the long run. Acknowledgement: I thank Franco Malerba, Robin Cowan, Nicoletta Corrocher, Nicola Lacetera, Bulat Sanditov, Tommaso Ciarli, Muge Ozman and partecipants to seminars in Milan, Maastricht, Eindhoven and to the DRUID Winter Conference 2004 in Aalborg for useful comments on previous versions of this paper. The usual disclaimers apply. Address: Lorenzo Zirulia CESPRI-Bocconi University Via Sarfatti 25, 20136 Milano (Italy). Phone: +39/0258363369 E-mail: lorenzo.zirulia@uni-bocconi.it
Introducing Family Tax Splitting in Germany: How Would It Affect the Income Distribution, Work Incentives, and Household Welfare?

We analyze the effects of three different proposals to introduce a family tax-splitting system in Germany. The empirical analysis is based on a behavioral microsimulation model, which integrates an empirical household labor-supply model into a detailed tax-benefit model. Our results show that, under each reform, the lion's share of the reduction in taxes would accrue to families in the upper part of the income distribution, and that labor-supply effects are small. If budgetary balance were financed by a reduction of the child benefit, our results suggest that none of the reforms would be welfare-improving.
A FUZZY APPROACH TO PERSON fIDENTIFICATION USING GAIT

A biometric is a measure taken from a person and used for identity verification or recognition. Gait is a biometric perceptible from a distance even at low resolution. In this paper, we propose a novel method for person identification via gait analysis. A biomechanical model is used for the purpose. The algorithm detects the edge image as a first step. This is followed by the development of line model and extraction of features. As a final step, a fuzzy classifier with reject option is used for the recognition of the person under consideration. In our experiment, we achieved an accuracy of 92%. Thus, our method proves to be very efficient for the purpose.
EQ3NR: a computer program for geochemical aqueous speciation-solubility calculations. User`s guide and documentation

EQ3NR is a geochemical aqueous speciation-solubility FORTRAN program developed for application with the EQ3/G software package. The program models the thermodynamic state of an aqueous solution by using a modified Newton-Raphson algorithm to calculate the distribution of aqueous species such as simple ions, ion-pairs, and aqueous complexes. Input to EQ3NR primarily consists of data derived from total analytical concentrations of dissolved components and can also include pH, alkalinity, electrical balance, phase equilibrium (solubility) constraints, and a default value for either Eh, pe, or the logarithm of oxygen fugacity. The program evaluates the degree of disequilibrium for various reactions and computes either the saturation index (SI log Q/K) or thermodynamic affinity (A -2.303 RT log Q/K) for minerals. Individual values of Eh, pp, equilibrium oxygen fugacity, and Ah (redox affinity, a new parameter) are computed for aqueous redox couples. Differences in these values define the degree of aqueous redox disequilibrium. EQ3NR can be used alone. It must be used to initialize a reaction-path calculation by EQ6, its companion program. EQ3NR reads a secondary data file, DATA1, created from a primary data file, DATAO, by the data base preprocessor, EQTL. The temperature range for the thermodynamic data in the file is 0-300C. Addition or deletion of species or changes in associated thermodynamic data are made by changing only the file. Changes are not made to either EQ3NP or EQTL. Modification or substitution of equilibrium constant values can be selected on the EQ3NR INPUT file by the user at run time. EQ3NR and EQTL were developed for the FTN and CFT FORTRAN languages on the CDC 7600 and Cray-l computers. Special FORTRAN conventions have been implemented for ease of portability to IBM, UNIVAC, and VAX computers.
A robust asynchronous early output full adder

A robust asynchronous full adder design corresponding to early output logic, synthesized using the elements of a standard cell library is presented in this paper. As the name suggests, the adder ensures gate orphan freedom and neatly fits into the self-timed system architecture. In comparison with many of the indicating full adder designs, which can be embedded in the self-timed system, it is found that the proposed full adder enables reduction in latency by 20.7%, occupies lesser area by 15.4% and features minimized average power dissipation by 8.6% against the best design metrics of its counterparts. These design estimates correspond to simulation results of the 32-bit carry-ripple adder circuit; derived by targeting a high-speed 130nm bulk CMOS process technology. Also, the proposed full adder facilitates a faster reset and the return-to-zero for the fundamental carry-propagate topology is achieved with only two full adder delays.
The Use of Conjunctive Adverbials in the Research Articles of American, Hong Kong/Singaporean, and Korean Scholars

This study examines the use of conjunctive adverbials (CAs) in the research articles (RAs) written by American (ENL), Hong Kong/Singaporean (ESL), and Korean (EFL) scholars. Specifically, this study aims to identify and analyze the overall frequency of CAs and usage patterns of the four semantic categories of CAs occurring in the three groups as well as any patterns of overuse, underuse, and misuse by each group. The results indicate that the overall frequency of CAs used by the Korean EFL scholars was significantly greater than that of the ENL and ESL scholars. They overused adversative and causal categories of CAs most often, while the frequency of use of CAs in all semantic categories was nearly identical between the ENL and ESL scholars. With a closer examination of the actual use of individual CAs, some misuse of CAs was found in both the ESL and EFL groups, but the amount of misuse was greater in the EFL writing. The problematic use of CAs was found to be due to a misunderstanding of semantic and grammatical functions which may have led to a failure in developing logical relation in writing.
Productivity of maize-legume intercropping systems under rainfed situation

The present experiment was carried out to study the intercropping effect of green gram, black gram, soybean, groundnut and red gram with maize during kharif season of 2009 and 2010. Treatments consisted of sole crop of maize [rows spaced 60 cm apart (M1) and paired rows (30 cm apart) spaced at 90 cm apart (M2)], green gram (GG), black gram (BG), soybean (SB), groundnut (GN), and red gram (RG); intercropping of M1+GG, M1+BG, M1+SB, M1+GN and M1+RG with 1:1 and M2+2GG, M2+2BG, M2+2SB, M2+2GN and M2+2RG with 2:2 row proportions. Maize equivalent yield was always higher in all the intercropping situations as compared to pure stand yield of maize. The highest maize grain yield was obtained with maize + green gram intercropping (2783.11 kg ha-1) in 1:1. The highest maize equivalent yield was observed with maize + red gram (5270.46 kg ha-1) in 2:2 intercropping system. Values of land equivalent ratio, relative value total, relative net return and area time equivalent ratio were greater than unity and differed significantly in between both the groups of 1:1 and 2:2 proportions of intercropping. Highest gross and net return of Rs.55191. 60 ha-1 and Rs.39950. 30 ha-1 respectively was recorded in maize+red gram (2:2) intercropping. Key words: Intercropping, maize, land equivalent ratio, area time equivalent ratio, sowing ratio, monetary advantage, net return, equivalent yield, rainfed.
Implementing Open flow switch using FPGA based platform

OpenFlow based SDN, is currently implemented in various networking devices and software, providing high-performance and granular traffic control across multiple vendors network devices. OpenFlow, as the first standard interface designed specifically for SDN, has gained popularity with both academic researchers and industry as a framework for both network research and implementation. OpenFlow technology separates the Control Plane from the Data Path and this allows the network managers to develop their own algorithms to control data flows and packets. Several vendors have already added OpenFlow to their features such as HP Labs,Cisco researchers, NEC, etc. Currently, OpenFlow Switch is already implemented on several different platforms e.g, in software (Linux, Open-WRT) and hardware (NetFPGA). More and more researchers implement the switch on FPGA-based platform, because FPGA-based platform is flexible, fast and reprogrammable. However, there are limited number of studies about the performance of the OpenFlow switch, which motivates this project. In order to do the research of OpenFlow performance, the simulation model of OpenFlow system is implemented in this project. The main objective of this project has two sides. On one hand, it is to implement OpenFlow system (switch and controller) using a hardware language on FPGA-based platform. On the other hand, it is also to measure the performance metrics of the OpenFlow switch, especially the service time (switch and controller) and the sojourn time. More specifically, data plane and control plane are both implemented on FPGA-based platform. It is designed in VHDL language by ISE design tools. FPGA-platform is Virtex6 type from Xilinx. It is observed from the results that the service time and the sojourn time both have almost linear increase with the increase in payload size. Moreover, the results indicate that the switch takes 2 clock cycles to respond to the writing request of the controller.
Effective viscosity from cloud–cloud collisions in 3D global smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations

Analytic estimates of the viscous time-scale due to cloud–cloud collisions have been as high as thousands of Gyr. Consequently, cloud collisions are widely ignored as a source of viscosity in galactic discs. However, capturing the hydrodynamics of discs in simple analytic models is a challenge, because of both the wide dynamic range and the importance of 2D and 3D effects. To test the validity of analytic models, we present estimates for the viscous time-scale that are measured from 3D smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of disc formation and evolution. We have deliberately removed uncertainties associated with star formation and feedback, thereby enabling us to place lower bounds on the time-scale for this process. We also contrast collapse simulations with results from simulations of initially stable discs and examine the impact of numerical parameters and assumptions on our work, to constrain possible systematics in our estimates. We find that cloud-collision viscous time-scales are in the range of 0.6–16 Gyr, considerably shorter than previously estimated. This large discrepancy can be understood in terms of how the efficiency of collisions is included in the analytical estimates. We find that the viscous time-scale only depends weakly on the number of clouds formed, and so while the viscous time-scale will increase with increasing resolution, this effect is too weak to alter our conclusions.
Urea y maíz en la fermentación aeróbica de bagazo de manzana para la producción de proteína microbíal

Se realizaron dos experimentos para la produccion de proteina microbiana (PM) a partir de bagazo de manzana (BM) por fermentacion en estado solido (FES). En el primer experimento se utilizo un diseno completo al azar con arreglo factorial de 2x3 y se mezclo BM con dos porcentajes de urea (1.5 y 2.0%) y tres niveles de maiz molido (MM) (0, 10 y 20%). En el segundo experimento se empleo un diseno completo al azar con arreglo factorial de 4 x 3 usando BM mezclado con 0, 10 y 20% de MM bajo cuatro tiempos de preparacion (1, 2, 3 y 4 d). Los resultados encontrados en el primer estudio mostraron interaccion en la produccion de proteina cruda (PC) (P<0.05) y de proteina verdadera (PV) (P<0.01) con una disminucion de los valores de estas variables al adicionar MM. La mayor densidad optica (DO) de levaduras (10.66 UFC*1000) se observo en el tratamiento con 1.5% de urea en comparacion a 7.29 UFC*1000 con 2% de urea (P<0.05). La DO se redujo (P<0.01) conforme se aumento el nivel de MM con valores de 12.86, 7.52 y 6.55 UFC*1000 para 0%, 10% y 20% de MM. La digestibilidad de la materia organica (DMO) fue favorecida (P<0.01) con el incremento de urea, con valores de 62.21% y 73.45% para 1.5 y 2% de urea en la mezcla, respectivamente. Se concluyo que el incremento de urea en la FES de BM genera mayor cantidad de PV y disminuyo con la adicion de MM a la mezcla, aunque se mejoro la digestibilidad
SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVAE POWERED BY MAGNETARS: LATE-TIME LIGHT CURVES AND HARD EMISSION LEAKAGE

Recently, research performed by two groups has revealed that the magnetar spin-down energy injection model with full energy trapping can explain the early-time light curves of SN 2010gx, SN 2013dg, LSQ12dlf, SSS120810, and CSS121015 but fails to fit the late-time light curves of these superluminous supernovae (SLSNe). These results imply that the original magnetar-powered model is challenged in explaining these SLSNe. Our paper aims to simultaneously explain both the early- and late-time data/upper limits by considering the leakage of hard emissions. We incorporate quantitatively the leakage effect into the original magnetar-powered model and derive a new semianalytical equation. Comparing the light curves reproduced by our revised magnetar-powered model with the observed data and/or upper limits of these five SLSNe, we found that the late-time light curves reproduced by our semianalytical equation are in good agreement with the late-time observed data and/or upper limits of SN 2010gx, CSS121015, SN 2013dg, and LSQ12dlf and the late-time excess of SSS120810, indicating that the magnetar-powered model might be responsible for these SLSNe and that the gamma-ray and X-ray leakages are unavoidable when the hard photons were down-Comptonized to softer photons. To determine the details of the leakage effect and unveil the nature of SLSNe, more high-quality bolometric light curves and spectra of SLSNe are required.
Illustrating Multi-Grounded Theory - Experiences from Grounding Process

This paper challenges traditional grounded theory. Both theoretical and empirical grounding is proposed as claims of validity for theory generation. This paper builds on a framework about multi-grounded theory (MGT) presented in Goldkuhl & Cronholm (2003). In that paper the framework is presented on a conceptual and procedural level. The aim of this paper is to support the use of multi-grounded theory. This paper also takes a critical stand towards MGT.