Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Rise of Android Code Smells: Who is to Blame?

The rise of mobile apps as new software systems led to the emergence of new development requirements regarding performance. Development practices that do not respect these requirements can seriously hinder app performances and impair user experience, they qualify as code smells. Mobile code smells are generally associated with inexperienced developers who lack knowledge about the framework guidelines. However, this assumption remains unverified and there is no evidence about the role played by developers in the accrual of mobile code smells. In this paper, we therefore study the contributions of developers related to Android code smells. To support this study, we propose Sniffer, an open-source toolkit that mines Git repositories to extract developers' contributions as code smell histories. Using Sniffer, we analysed 255k commits from the change history of 324 Android apps. We found that the ownership of code smells is spread across developers regardless of their seniority. There are no distinct groups of code smell introducers and removers. Developers who introduce and remove code smells are mostly the same.
DeepJIT: An End-to-End Deep Learning Framework for Just-in-Time Defect Prediction

Software quality assurance efforts often focus on identifying defective code. To find likely defective code early, change-level defect prediction – aka. Just-In-Time (JIT) defect prediction – has been proposed. JIT defect prediction models identify likely defective changes and they are trained using machine learning techniques with the assumption that historical changes are similar to future ones. Most existing JIT defect prediction approaches make use of manually engineered features. Unlike those approaches, in this paper, we propose an end-to-end deep learning framework, named DeepJIT, that automatically extracts features from commit messages and code changes and use them to identify defects. Experiments on two popular software projects (i.e., QT and OPENSTACK) on three evaluation settings (i.e., cross-validation, short-period, and long-period) show that the best variant of DeepJIT (DeepJIT-Combined), compared with the best performing state-of-the-art approach, achieves improvements of 10.36-11.02% for the project QT and 9.51-13.69% for the project OPENSTACK in terms of the Area Under the Curve (AUC).
Edge Weighted Online Windowed Matching

Motivated by applications from ride-sharing and kidney exchange, we study the problem of matching agents who arrive at a marketplace over time and leave after d time periods. Agents can only be matched while they are present in the marketplace. Each pair of agents can yield a different match value, and the planner's goal is to maximize the total value over a finite time horizon. First we study the case in which vertices arrive in an adversarial order. We provide a randomized 1/4-competitive algorithm building on a result by Feldman et al. [14] and Lehmann et al. [23]. We extend the model to the case in which departure times are drawn independently from a distribution with non-decreasing hazard rate, for which we establish a 1/8-competitive algorithm. When the arrival order is chosen uniformly at random, we show that a batching algorithm, which computes a maximum-weighted matching every (d+1) periods, is $0.279$-competitive.
Assessing Diffusion and Perception of Test Smells in Scala Projects

Test smells are, analogously to code smells, defined as the characteristics exhibited by poorly designed unit tests. Their negative impact on test effectiveness, understanding, and maintenance has been demonstrated by several empirical studies. However, the scope of these studies has been limited mostly to Java in combination with the JUnit testing framework. Results for other language and framework combinations are –-despite their prevalence in practice–- few and far between, which might skew our understanding of test smells. The combination of Scala and ScalaTest, for instance, offers more comprehensive means for defining and reusing test fixtures, thereby possibly reducing the diffusion and perception of fixture-related test smells. This paper therefore reports on two empirical studies conducted for this combination. In the first study, we analyse the tests of 164 open-source Scala projects hosted on GitHub for the diffusion of test smells. This required the transposition of their original definition to this new context, and the implementation of a tool (SOCRATES) for their automated detection. In the second study, we assess the perception and the ability of 14 Scala developers to identify test smells. For this context, our results show (i) that test smells have a low diffusion across test classes, (ii) that the most frequently occurring test smells are LazyTest, EagerTest, and AssertionRoulette, and (iii) that many developers were able to perceive but not to identify the smells.
Effects of Resveratrol on In Vitro Maturation of Porcine Oocytes and Subsequent Early Embryonic Development following Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer.

As a natural plant-derived antitoxin, resveratrol possesses several pharmacological activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of resveratrol addition on nuclear maturation, oocyte quality during in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes, and subsequent early embryonic development following somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Our experiments showed that the treatment of porcine oocytes with 5 μM resveratrol during IVM resulted in the highest rate of the first polar body extrusion. Treatment of oocytes with resveratrol had no influence on cytoskeletal dynamics, whereas it significantly increased glucose uptake ability compared to the control oocytes. Oocytes matured with 5 μM resveratrol displayed significantly lower intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and higher relative mRNA expression levels of the genes encoding such antioxidant enzymes as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). In addition, resveratrol also prevented onset and progression of programmed cell death in porcine oocytes, which was confirmed by significant upregulation of the anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) gene and significant downregulation of the pro-apoptotic BCL2 associated X (BAX) gene. Furthermore, the blastocyst rates and the blastocyst cell numbers in cloned embryos derived from the oocytes that had matured in the presence of 5 μM resveratrol were significantly increased. In conclusion, supplementation of IVM medium with 5 μM resveratrol improves the quality of porcine oocytes by protecting them from oxidative damage and apoptosis, which leads to the production of meiotically matured oocytes exhibiting enhanced developmental potential following SCNT. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Investigation and analysis of current use of electronic resources in university libraries

Purpose – In recent years, electronic resources have become the library's important storage of a university library, and the fund purchased electronic resources also increased quickly, year after year. In order to find out the readers' present conditions, difficulties and requirement of using e‐recourses, The Library of Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, carried out sampling, questioning and investigating of all teachers and students at campus. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of this investigation.Design/methodology/approach – The investigation was carried out in 206.3 at the campus, and the investigative target involves teachers, scientific staff, gadre, graduate students, scientific staff, undergraduate students, and some training students, from 15 institutes in the whole university. It centers on seven subjects, deigns 24 question and 155 selective answers, and everyone is multilateral, 1,000 questionnaires were sent out, 909 reclaimed. The ratio is 90.9 percent.Findings.
Not even wrong: Comment by Loreau and Hector.

In a new paper entitled "Not even wrong: The spurious measurement of biodiversity's effects on ecosystem functioning", Pillai & Gouhier (2019) question the validity of the additive partition of biodiversity effects that we proposed 18 years ago (Loreau and Hector 2001) and that has become a classic in the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) research field. Here we show that their critique misinterprets the goal of the BEF research program; in effect, they propose another research program that is both fundamentally different from BEF and logically inconsistent. In particular, they seek to measure biodiversity effects beyond and above those of species coexistence, an impossible task because biodiversity and coexistence are inseparable concepts. Therefore, once the direct and indirect effects of species coexistence are fully accounted for, the residual effect of biodiversity that they propose to study should be zero. We conclude that BEF research should rejuvenate and develop in new directions, but this effort will be successful only if it builds upon the foundations laid down by past research. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
OCF--A new coding algorithm for high quality sound signals

Optimum Coding in the Frequency domain (OCF) uses entropy coding of quantized spectral coefficients to efficiently code high quality sound signals with 3 bits/sample. In an iterative algorithm psychoacoustic weigthing is used to get the quantization noise to be masked in every critical band. The coder itself uses iterative quantizer control to get each data block to be coded with a fixed number of bits. Details about the OCF-Coder are presented together with information about the codebook needed and the training for the entropy coder. An algorithm for calculating a noise-to-mask ratio is presented which helps to identify, where quantization noise could be audible.
Teachers’ Remarks on Interactive Whiteboard with LCD Panel Technology

This study investigated the opinions of teachers about using interactive whiteboards with an LCD panel that was installed in classrooms within the FATIH educational project. The study was conducted at six high schools in which installation of interactive whiteboards with an LCD panel in classrooms was completed and teachers who received training in order to use these whiteboards. One hundred and twenty one teachers participated in this study. The data was gathered using open-ended questions. Qualitative data obtained with open-ended questions was analysed using phenomenographic analysis method. Teachers were positive about using interactive whiteboards with an LCD panel in education. Teachers stated that the interactive whiteboard with an LCD panel was used throughout whole course. "Visualization" of an interactive whiteboard with an LCD panel is often expressed to as an acclaimed feature by teachers. The needs to remedy the lack of software and technical problems have been stated by the teachers.
Delays in Coccidioidomycosis Diagnosis and Relationship to Healthcare Utilization, Phoenix, Arizona, USA1

We developed an electronic records methodology to programmatically estimate the date of first appearance of coccidioidomycosis symptoms in patients. We compared the diagnostic delay with overall healthcare utilization charges. Many patients (46%) had delays in diagnosis of >1 month. Billed healthcare charges before diagnosis increased with length of delay.
Relation between electricity structure of the crust and deformation of crustal blocks on the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Study on the electricity structure along a magnetotelluric (MT) sounding profile on the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau indicates that four crustal blocks can be determined from southwest to northeast, namely Bayan Har block (BH), Qin-Qi block (QQ), Hai-yuan block (HY) or the North-South seismotectonic belt and Ordos block (OD). The BH, QQ and OD blocks display a similar electricity structure of the crust. The upper crust represents a high-resistivity layer and the upper part of lower crust represents a low-resistivity layer with the resistivity increasing gradually with depth from the lower part of lower crust to the upper mantle. The electricity structure of the crust in these three blocks is similar to that in the complete blocks on the southern and eastern margins of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and belongs to normal electricity layering of the crust in slightly deformed or complete intracontinental blocks. The crust in HY block as a boundary zone has been significantly deformed, hence its electricity layering was destroyed and the structure was complex and the block became a recent tectonically active and great seismo-active region. The contact belts between the blocks on the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau exhibit both upthrusting outward and strike-slip movement different from those on the southern and eastern margins of the plateau. The genesis of the low-resistivity layer in the crust is analyzed and the thickness of the lithosphere is estimated in the paper.
The Structure of Analogical Models in Science.

Abstract : Analogical models can be powerful aids to reasoning, as when light is explained in terms of water waves; or they can be misleading, as when chemical processes are thought of in terms of life processes such as putrefaction. This paper proposes a structural characterization of good science analogy using a theoretical approach in which complex metaphors and analogies are treated as structure-mappings between domains. To delineate good from poor science analogy, a series of comparisons is made. First, metaphor and analogy are contrasted with literal similarity; then, explanatory-predictive analogy is contrasted with expressive metaphor; finally, within science, good explanatory analogy is contrasted with poor explanatory analogy. Analogies of historical importance are analyzed and empirical findings are discussed. (Author)
Digital Storytelling: A Case Study of the Creation, and Narration of a Story by EFL Learners

The use of technology to teach English as a Foreign Language (EFL) has been greatly expanded in recent decades, and has also been construed by educators as a fresh alternative to traditional pedagogy. Digital Storytelling can offer this alternative as, without neglecting the target of improving teaching quality, it has been proved to be a successful instructional tool to teach EFL (Gregori-Signes,2008a; 2012), since it can combine the advantages and success of traditional storytelling with the innovations of new technologies to teach a foreign language. The aim of this case-study is to foster students’ writing and speaking skills (Reinders, 2011) by engaging them in a project in which traditional and digital narrative are combined, with the primary goal of reinforcing foreign language acquisition and development for students of EFL. First, I shall examine some of the distinctive features of the DST. Secondly, I shall describe the process students had followed in order to complete the task; and, finally, I shall discuss the results.
Why Should the Mathematics History Be Used in Mathematics Education? / Matematik Tarihi Matematik Eğitiminde Neden Kullanılmalı?

Matematik egitimi sadece sayilarin, hesaplamalarin, teoremlerin ve formullerin ogretilmesi degil bir insanlik tarihinin, toplum problemlerinin cozumunun bir parcasidir. Hevesli ogrenme meraki icinde olan cocuklara matematigi anlatirken sevdirmek icin onlara 'history' ve 'story' (tarih ve hikaye) de anlatmak gerekir. Bilissel ogrenme surecleri icinde onemli bir yer tutan hikayeler adeta bilgiyle bellek arasinda 'tutkal' gorevi gorur. Ogrenmek, bir seyin nedenini ogrenmektir. Matematik tarihi de matematigin 'nedenini' aktarir. Bu calisma 2012-2013 ogretim yilinin guz donemi bir devlet universitesinin egitim fakultesinde ogrenim goren ilkogretim bolumu 114 sinif ogretmeni adayi ile gerceklestirilmistir. Calisma nitel yontemlerden durum calismasini icermektedir. Calismanin sonucunda, matematik tarihinin matematik derslerine entegre olmasi gerekliligi ortaya cikmistir.
Engaging Ideas: The Professor's Guide to Integrating Writing, Critical Thinking, and Active Learning in the Classroom

Foreword by Maryellen Weimer vii Preface to the Second Edition xi About the Author xxi 1 Using Writing to Promote Thinking: A Busy Professor s Guide to the Whole Book 1 PART 1 UNDERSTANDING CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THINKING AND WRITING 2 How Writing Is Related to Critical Thinking 17 3 Helping Writers Think Rhetorically 39 4 Using a Range of Genres to Extend Critical Thinking and Deepen Learning 52 5 Dealing with Issues of Grammar and Correctness 66 PART 2 DESIGNING PROBLEM-BASED ASSIGNMENTS 6 Formal Writing Assignments 89 7 Informal, Exploratory Writing Activities 120 PART 3 COACHING STUDENTS AS LEARNERS, THINKERS, AND WRITERS 8 Designing Tasks to Promote Active Thinking and Learning 149 9 Helping Students Read Difficult Texts 161 10 Using Small Groups to Coach Thinking and Teach Disciplinary Argument 183 11 Bringing More Critical Thinking into Lectures and Discussions 202 12 Enhancing Learning and Critical Thinking in Essay Exams 211 13 Designing and Sequencing Assignments to Teach Undergraduate Research 224 PART 4 READING, COMMENTING ON, AND GRADING STUDENT WRITING 14 Using Rubrics to Develop and Apply Grading Criteria 267 15 Coaching the Writing Process and Handling the Paper Load 290 16 Writing Comments on Students Papers 317 References 337 Index 353
Modeling and convergence analysis of distributed co-evolutionary algorithms

A theoretical foundation is presented for modeling and convergence analysis of distributed co-evolutionary algorithms applied to optimization problems in which the variables are partitioned among p nodes. An evolutionary algorithm at each of the p nodes performs a local evolutionary search based on its own set of primary variables, and the secondary variable set at each node is clamped during this phase. An infrequent intercommunication between the nodes updates the secondary variables at each node. The local search and intercommunication phases alternate, resulting in a cooperative search by the p nodes. First, we specify a theoretical basis for centralized evolutionary algorithms in terms of construction and evolution of sampling distributions over the feasible space. Next, this foundation is extended to develop a general model of distributed co-evolutionary algorithms. Convergence and convergence rate analyses are pursued for certain basic classes of objective functions. Also considered are relative computational delays of the centralized and distributed algorithms when they are implemented in a network environment.
On combining multiscale deep learning features for the classification of hyperspectral remote sensing imagery

In recent years, satellite imagery has greatly improved in both spatial and spectral resolution. One of the major unsolved problems in highly developed remote sensing imagery is the manual selection and combination of appropriate features according to spectral and spatial properties. Deep learning framework can learn global and robust features from the training data set automatically, and it has achieved state-of-the-art classification accuracies over different image classification tasks. In this study, a technique is proposed which attempts to classify hyperspectral imagery by incorporating deep learning features. Firstly, deep learning features are extracted by multiscale convolutional auto-encoder. Then, based on the learned deep learning features, a logistic regression classifier is trained for classification. Finally, parameters of deep learning framework are analysed and the potential development is introduced. Experiments are conducted on the well-known Pavia data set which is acquired by the reflective optics system imaging spectrometer sensor. It is found that the deep learning-based method provides a more accurate classification result than the traditional ones.
The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning: Multimedia Learning in Games, Simulations, and Microworlds

This chapter reviews and critiques the scientific evidence and research methods studying the use of games, simulations, and microworlds as multimedia learning tools. This chapter focuses on interactive educational multimedia, which is distinguished from scripted forms of educational multimedia by the degree to which users participate in and control the multimedia software. This chapter also uses the distinction between explanation and experience to understand the unique design opportunities of interactive educational multimedia. The strongest empirical evidence comes from the simulation literature, especially that related to questions about how to design a simulation’s interface to provide feedback and questions about students engaged in discovery learning activities. Microworld research is less empirically rigorous with evidence continuing to remain largely anecdotal based on implementation reports. Research on gaming is the most transitory, ranging from early research on learning from playing games to learning from designing games. Current debates among educational researchers about what constitutes scientific research are particularly relevant to anyone interested in research about interactive multimedia due to the increased use of qualitative research methodologies and the newly emerging trend toward design experiments. What Is Multimedia Learning in Games, Simulations, and Microworlds? The purpose of this chapter is to review the scientific evidence on the use of games, simulations, and microworlds as multimedia learning tools. This is a tall order. All three have very distinctive design and research pedigrees resulting in many cases from very distinctive philosophies about education. Despite these differences, there are advantages to considering all three in discussions of interactive multimedia because each has strengths and ideas that help mitigate weaknesses or gaps often found in the other two (Rieber, 1992; 2003 for detailed discussions). This chapter is written to consider games, simulations, and microworlds within the broad organizational framework of educational multimedia. Most of the educational multimedia studied by researchers is not interactive or experiential, but instead is used as part of instructional texts that explain content to students. For that reason, it is useful to consider the distinction between explanation and experience when trying to understand the design and use of educational multimedia. Multimedia that emphasizes explanation uses multimedia elements (e.g., text, static graphics, animation, and audio) in “scripted” ways. By scripted, I mean multimedia that is designed to be read or viewed in one particular way,
Talking Results - trialing an audio-visual feedback method for e-submissions.

The importance of good quality, personalised feedback for students in higher education is well documented by authors such as Cottrell (2010). Feedback is regarded as a key indicator of student satisfaction in the National Student Survey, and an important indicator of teaching quality by the Quality Assurance Agency. The decision to move to an electronic submission system at the University of Derby in the 2011-12 academic year led to a number of academic staff investigating alternative feedback methods. Across the University four different audio feedback methods were tested. This author trialed Jing, an audio-visual feedback tool, on a group of 40 undergraduate students on the BSc Hons Diagnostic Radiography. The results of the trial were encouraging, after an initial adjustment period scripts were much quicker to mark, and feedback was more detailed and personalised to each student. Student views on the feedback were found to be positive. Drawbacks all related to problems accessing the feedback file. It is hoped to be able to continue using an audio-visual feedback method during 2012-13 academic year to provide richer feedback to students.