Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dietary fats and colon cancer: Assessment of risk associated with specific fatty acids

There are many biological mechanisms whereby dietary fat and specific dietary fatty acids may alter risk of colon cancer in addition to their contribution to total energy intake. To evaluate these potential associations, we used detailed dietary intake data collected in a population‐based study of 1,993 incident colon cancer cases and 2,410 controls conducted in 3 areas of the United States. The most commonly consumed fatty acid in the study population was oleic acid. One‐third of dietary fats consumed came from additions to other foods at the table or from the preparation of other foods. After adjusting for total energy intake, physical activity and body size, neither total dietary fat nor specific fatty acids was associated with risk of colon cancer. However, among older women, fats from food preparation were associated with increased risk of colon cancer (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.20–2.80), while fats from foods themselves or from additions to other foods were not. While dietary fats were not associated with colon cancer risk in the total population, subgroups of the population appeared to be at slightly greater risk if they consumed a high‐fat diet. Women who consumed a diet high in mono‐unsaturated fatty acids (MFAs) and poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (PFAs) and who had a family history of colorectal cancer were at greater risk of colon cancer than those with similar intakes but without a family history of colorectal cancer. Similar associations with family history were noted among men diagnosed at younger ages for MFA, linolenic acid and 20‐carbon PFA. Int. J. Cancer 73:670–677, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mortality experience of cockpit crewmembers from Japan Airlines.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term mortality and causes of death among cockpit crewmembers. A total of 2,327 cockpit crewmembers registered at Japan Airlines between August 1, 1952, and December 31, 1988, were traced to assess mortality. Medical records were also reviewed. The mortality rates for the cockpit crewmembers were compared to those for the general Japanese population using standardized mortality ratios (SMR's). As of December 31, 1988, 59 (2.5%) of 2,327 individuals were deceased, and the leading causes of death were accidents, malignant neoplasms, and cardiovascular diseases. The overall mortality rate for the cockpit crew was significantly lower than the national standard (SMR = 0.66, p < 0.001; 95% C.I. 0.50-0.85). However, marked differences were found in cause-specific mortality, where mortality due to accidents was significantly increased (SMR = 2.43, p < 0.001; 95% C.I. 1.63-3.50), while deaths from cancer were similar, and those for cerebral vascular accidents (CVA) and coronary artery disease (CAD) were lower than comparable rates for the general population. We conclude that cockpit crewmembers had a better total mortality experience compared to the general Japanese population, except for deaths due to accidents.
Galactosidase Enzyme Fragment Complementation as a High-Throughput Screening Protease Technology

The authors describe a homogeneous, high-throughput screening (HTS) assay for measuring protease activity and detection of inhibitors. The assay comprises a cyclic β-galactosidase (β-gal) enzyme donor peptide (ED) containing a protease-selective cleavage sequence. Alone, the cyclic peptide is inactive, but when linearized following protease cleavage, ED complements with β-gal enzyme acceptor forming active β-gal enzyme. This then catalyzes the formation of either fluorescent or chemiluminescent products, with β-gal turnover providing a highly amplified signal, and thus an assay technology of high sensitivity. To demonstrate the utility of the technology, an EFC assay was developed to measure the activity of 2, caspase 3 and β-secretase. Using a cyclic ED containing the caspase 3 substrate sequence, DEVD, the EFC assay signal was linear with respect to caspase 3 concentration. The assay was very sensitive, being able to detect activity at low picogram amounts of caspase 3. For the β-secretase (BACE) EFC assay, a cyclic ED containing the Swedish mutant cleavage site of amyloid precursor protein (APP), SEVNLDAEFK, was used. In a similar fashion to the caspase 3 assay, the signal induced by BACE activity was linear with respect to enzyme concentration and was highly sensitive, being able to detect nanogram quantities of BACE. The assay was also more sensitive than a commercially available FRET-based assay of BACE activity. It is concluded that the EFC protease assay is a simple, flexible, and sensitive technology for HTS of proteases.
Intermediate-term results of the Senning or Mustard procedures combined with the Rastelli operation for patients with discordant atrioventricular connections associated with discordant ventriculoarterial connections or double outlet right ventricle

Background: In patients with discordant atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections, anatomic repair restores the morphologically left ventricle to its role in supporting the systemic circulation. In this study, we have evaluated the outcomes in the intermediate term for this complex surgical procedure. Methods: Between December 1984 and October 2003, 4 patients underwent an atrial switch operation concomitantly with a Rastelli operation, and 2 patients underwent an atrial switch operation and a patch-plasty of the pulmonary outflow tract for anatomic repair at a mean age of 3.3 plus or minus 2.1 years. All patients had intracardiac rerouting, connecting the morphologically left ventricle to the aorta. Results: There were no hospital deaths. In 5 patients, reoperation was needed, either for baffle complications, exchange of the conduit, repair of a residual ventricular septal defect, or relief of obstruction within the left ventricular outflow tract. Death occurred in 1 patient, from cardiac failure 6 months after correction. Mean follow-up time was 6.5 plus or minus 6.4 years, with a range from 6 months to 17 years. At follow-up, 1 patient presented with moderate tricuspid insufficiency, and 1 patient with mild obstruction of the pulmonary venous pathway. The remaining 3 patients showed good left and right ventricular function, and no, or mild tricuspid and mitral insufficiency. Conclusions: Anatomic repair can be performed with low hospital mortality. Restoration of the morphologically left ventricle into the systemic circulation in patients with discordant atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections is a demanding approach, associated with various reoperations over time. Despite this, the approach seems to be an appropriate solution for selected patients, since the majority of the patients show good left and right ventricular function, and no, or mild tricuspid and mitral insufficiency up to 17 years after correction.
Is a Dry Period Really Necessary

A dry period of approximately 60 d has been considered the optimal length since the early 1900s (Bachman and Schairer, 2003). The standard of a 305-d lactation and 60-d dry period was adopted during World War II in the United Kingdom and later in the U.S. (Knight, 1998). This management strategy provided the best balance for optimizing milk yield and genetic progress. Today more than 70% of U.S. dairies are managing for a 60-d dry period (NAHMS, 1996). However, several changes have occurred since the adoption of the 60-d dry period. They include improved milk production of 5,000 kg per lactation per cow, greater emphasis on profit, use of artificial insemination and embryo transfer, total mixed rations (TMR), increased milking frequency, altered photoperiod, and bovine somatotropin (bST). Despite these changes, research on a dry period requirement has received little attention.
Sympathoneural and haemodynamic characteristics of young subjects with mild essential hypertension

Objectives: Whether muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) is increased in young subjects with mild essential hypertension has not been firmly established, and the potential haemodynamic correlates of any such increase have not been specifically investigated. The objectives of this study were to quantitate MSNA from the peroneal nerve of young subjects with mild hypertension, to determine the haemodynamic and neurohumoral correlates of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve traffic in such subjects, and to document the stability of these observations. Design: Twelve young untrained subjects with mild essential hypertension (mean age 31 years, average clinic blood pressure 151/95 mmHg) and 11 age- and weight-matched normotensive subjects were studied on two sessions, at least 1 month apart, at the same time of day and under identical laboratory conditions. Methods: Blood pressure (non-invasive), microneurography (MSNA; peroneal nerve), cardiac output and calculated total peripheral resistance (echocardiography and continuous-wave Doppler) and calf blood flow and resistance (plethysmography) were recorded during supine rest and assessed for condition and study order effects by two-way analysis of variance. Reproducibility of MSNA was quantified by the standard deviation of the mean difference (SDD) between the values obtained on the two study days. Results: Muscle sympathetic nerve burst frequency and incidence, calf vascular resistance and cardiac output and index were significantly higher in hypertensive subjects, whereas heart rate, total peripheral resistance, plasma noradrenaline and plasma atrial natriuretic factor concentrations were similar in the two groups. There was no study order effect, in either group, on mean values for MSNA or these haemodynamic variables, but the SDD (day 1-day 2 variation) in muscle sympathetic burst frequency was significantly greater in hypertensive subjects. Conclusions: Mild essential hypertension in young subjects can be characterized by augmented MSNA as measured from the peroneal nerve, greater between-session variation in sympathetic burst frequency (but no study order effect), and increased calf vascular resistance and cardiac output. These sympathoneural and haemodynamic alterations are potential mechanisms of primary hypertension.
Juvenile periodontitis. Localization of bone loss in relation to age, sex, and teeth.

The distribution of bone loss in 156 patients, 12-32 years old, with juvenile periodontitis was analyzed according to age, sex, and teeth affected. The criteria for bone loss were: vertical or horizontal bone loss involving more than one-third of the root as judged by radiographs. Three age groups were established: 12-18, 19-25, and 26-32 years old. Three types of bone loss localization were defined: I. First molars and/or incisors. II. First molars, incisors and some additional teeth (total less than 14 teeth). III. General involvement . There was a dominance of female patients. The ratio females: males decreased from 5.3:1 in the youngest age group to 1.5:1 in the oldest. The mean number of involved teeth increased with age from 5.3 teeth in the youngest group to 11.6 in the oldest. The frequency of type I bone loss decreased from 55% in the youngest group to 7% in the oldest. Type II occurred with the same frequency (55-58%) in all three age groups. Type III was not seen in the youngest group whereas it increased from 17% in the middle to 35% in the oldest group. Of the total number of involved teeth, the first molars were most frequently affected, followed by the incisors. Maxillary teeth were involved to a slightly higher degree than mandibular teeth, and there was a strong "mirror effect" between involved teeth of right and left jaw halves.
The cell wall architecture of Candida albicans wild‐type cells and cell wall‐defective mutants

In Candida albicans wild‐type cells, the β1,6‐glucanase‐extractable glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐dependent cell wall proteins (CWPs) account for about 88% of all covalently linked CWPs. Approximately 90% of these GPI‐CWPs, including Als1p and Als3p, are attached via β1,6‐glucan to β1,3‐glucan. The remaining GPI‐CWPs are linked through β1,6‐glucan to chitin. The β1,6‐glucanase‐resistant protein fraction is small and consists of Pir‐related CWPs, which are attached to β1,3‐glucan through an alkali‐labile linkage. Immunogold labelling and Western analysis, using an antiserum directed against Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pir2p/Hsp150, point to the localization of at least two differentially expressed Pir2 homologues in the cell wall of C. albicans. In mnn9Δ and pmt1Δ mutant strains, which are defective in N‐ and O‐glycosylation of proteins respectively, we observed enhanced chitin levels together with an increased coupling of GPI‐CWPs through β1,6‐glucan to chitin. In these cells, the level of Pir‐CWPs was slightly upregulated. A slightly increased incorporation of Pir proteins was also observed in a β1,6‐glucan‐deficient hemizygous kre6Δ mutant. Taken together, these observations show that C. albicans follows the same basic rules as S. cerevisiae in constructing a cell wall and indicate that a cell wall salvage mechanism is activated when Candida cells are confronted with cell wall weakening.
Inhibition of Cardiac Hypertrophy Effects in D-Galactose-Induced Senescent Hearts by Alpinate Oxyphyllae Fructus Treatment

Aging is a complex physiological phenomenon accelerated by ROS accumulation, with multisystem decline and increasing vulnerability to degenerative diseases and death. Cardiac hypertrophy is a key pathophysiological component that accompanies the aging process. Alpinate Oxyphyllae Fructus (Alpinia oxyphylla MIQ, AOF) is a traditional Chinese medicine, which provides cardioprotective activity against aging, hypertension, and cerebrovascular disorders. In this study, we found the protective effect of AOF against cardiac hypertrophy in D-galactose-induced aging rat model. The results showed that treating rats with D-galactose resulted in pathological hypertrophy as evident from the morphology change, increased left ventricular weight/whole heart weight, and expression of hypertrophy-related markers (MYH7 and BNP). Both concentric and eccentric cardiac hypertrophy signaling proteins were upregulated in aging rat model. However, these pathological changes were significantly improved in AOF treated group (AM and AH) in a dose-dependent manner. AOF negatively modulated D-galactose-induced cardiac hypertrophy signaling mechanism to attenuate ventricular hypertrophy. These enhanced cardioprotective activities following oral administration of AOF reflect the potential use of AOF for antiaging treatments.
Frog in the Pan: Continuous Information and Momentum

We develop and test a frog-in-the-pan hypothesis that predicts investors are less attentive to information arriving continuously in small amounts than to information with the same cumulative stock price implications arriving in large amounts at discrete timepoints. Intuitively, we hypothesize that a series of gradual frequent changes attracts less attention than infrequent dramatic changes. Consistent with our frog-in-the-pan hypothesis, we ﬁnd strong evidence that continuous information induces stronger and more persistent return continuation. Over a six-month holding period, momentum decreases monotonically from 8.86% for stocks with continuous information during their formation period to 2.91% for stocks with discrete information. Higher media coverage and higher analyst coverage are associated with more discrete and more continuous information, respectively. we introduce a measure of information discreteness that describes the ﬂow of information during a momentum strategy’s formation-period. We then examine the impact of information discreteness on the holding-period returns of price momentum
The Economic Psychology Of Tax Behaviour

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Task Sets under Reconstruction: Effects of Partially Incorrect Precues

To perform a task that differs from a previously performed one, it is necessary to prepare for the new task as well as to disable the task set of the preceding task. In a series of three experiments we examined whether preparation for a task shift implies a direct update of the task set that is carried over from the preceding trial. To this end, in Experiments 1 and 2 we factorially varied the relation of the task in trial n, first, to the task in trial n − 1 (intertask relation) and, second, to the task that was precued for trial n (precue-to-task relation). Invalid precues resulted in substantial costs, which increased with longer precueing intervals. However, this increasing effect of the precue-to-task relation was not accompanied by a decreasing effect of the intertask relation. Furthermore, both effects had different qualitative properties. These findings suggest that two tasks can be represented concurrently but on two different levels of representation. In Experiment 3 we observed that the persistence of the effect of the intertask relation depends on the possibility that task repetitions can occur in trials in which a task shift is precued. This suggests that the persistence of the effect of the intertask relation is controlled in a context-sensitive way.
Sporadic occurrence of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: evidence for new mutation

The mechanism of inheritance of sporadically occurring Duchenne muscular dystrophy has been investigated in 42 families, using carrier detection methods and genetic evaluation. Our studies find that serum CPK detects 72 % of female carriers of DMD. Quantitative LDH and/or its isozymes were not found to be a useful means of carrier detection, as reported by Roses et al. (1977). Employing family pedigree data and CPK carrier testing, we determined by Bayesian methods the probability that the mother and maternal grandmother in these families were DMD carriers. These studies revealed 23 families (Category I) with no evidence for DMD carriers, 11 families (Category 11) in which the mother was found to be a carrier, and 3 families (Category III) in which both mother and maternal grandmother were found to be carriers. Nineteen of the 42 families have a greater than 83 % probability that the sporadic DMD case arose by mutation in a maternal gamete. This finding is in good agreement with the theoretically expected ⅓ of DMD cases arising by new mutation.
Serum phosphorus concentrations and arterial stiffness among individuals with normal kidney function to moderate kidney disease in MESA.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Higher phosphorus levels are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and mortality. Whether vascular stiffness may be responsible is unknown. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS This study examined the cross-sectional associations of serum phosphorus with ankle brachial index (ABI), pulse pressure, and large and small artery elasticity by radial artery waveform analysis among 1370 individuals (440 with moderate chronic kidney disease) who did not have clinical CVD and participated in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. RESULTS Fifty-nine (4%) individuals had high ABI (>1.30), a marker of peripheral arterial stiffness. Participants with phosphorus levels >4 mg/dl had greater than four-fold risk for high ABI compared with participants with phosphate levels <3 mg/dl (relative risk 4.6; 95% confidence interval 1.6 to 13.2; P = 0.01) after adjustment for demographics, traditional CVD risk factors, and kidney function. Higher phosphorus levels were also associated with greater pulse pressure and lesser large and small artery elasticity in unadjusted models, but these associations were attenuated after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Higher phosphorus levels are strongly associated with high ABI but not pulse pressure or large or small artery elasticity. If confirmed in future studies, then the association of higher phosphorus concentrations with CVD events may be partially mediated through peripheral arterial stiffness.
Iron status, iron supplementation and anemia in pregnancy: ethnic differences

Objectives: To investigate the anemia prevalence during pregnancy and the use of and response to iron supplementation in a multi-ethnic population as well as the possible association between anemia and birth outcomes (pregnancy duration, birth weight). Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in a university hospital (Brussels, Belgium) in 341 women. Hemoglobin, ferritin and iron prescription data were extracted from the patients’ electronic dossiers; a questionnaire was used to assess iron intake during pregnancy. Results: Anemia prevalence was higher during the 3rd trimester (24.3%) than in the 1st trimester (6.2%). Arab/Turkish women had a higher prevalence of anemia (9.1%) in the 1st trimester compared to Western women (2.4%; p = 0.044). The frequency of iron prescription was significantly higher among Arab/Turkish (43.7%) compared to Western women (27.9%; p = 0.006). A significantly lower mean birth weight was found among women presenting with anemia in the 1st trimester (3166 g) compared to non anemic women (3442 g; p = 0.036) but no significant difference was detected in mean pregnancy duration between both groups (p = 0.804). Conclusions: Anemia was more prevalent among Arab/Turkish women in spite of receiving more iron prescriptions than Western women. Efficient iron therapy and intensive follow-up are warranted to decrease the anemia prevalence during pregnancy, especially among non-Western women.
Public Debt in India: Moving Towards a Prudent Level?

In relation to GDP, India's public debt and interest payments are high compared with most other emerging economies and rating agencies have put India's sovereign debt at the lowest investment grade. On the other hand, India benefits from strong economic growth and needs to increase spending on social and physical infrastructure to support economic growth and to meet the needs of its fast-growing population. This paper assesses recent fiscal developments in India, discusses the threshold beyond which debt has adverse effects on the economy, quantifies the uncertainties surrounding key macroeconomic variables and the risks of overshooting the debt threshold to define a "prudent" debt level. It also provides a debt sustainability analysis. It concludes that under a "no-policy change" scenario, the debt-to-GDP ratio will decline gradually to close to the "prudent" level by 2040. However, adverse shocks could derail this benign scenario.