Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring translation strategies in video game localization

This paper addresses the issue of video game localisation focusing on the different strategies to be used from the point of view of Translation Studies. More precisely, the article explores the possible relation between the translation approaches used in the field and the different genres or textual typologies of video games. As the narrative techniques and the story lines of video games have become more complex and well-developed, the adaptation of games entails a serious challenge for translators. Video games have evolved into multimodal and multidimensional products and new approaches and insights are required when studying the adaptation of games into different cultures. Electronic entertainment provides an interesting and barely explored corpus of analysis for Translation Studies, not only from the point of view of localization but also concerning audiovisual translation.
Flexible pseudo-relevance feedback using optimization tables

Pseudo-relevance feedback (PRF) typically adds T new terms to the initial query by assuming that the top R documents in the initial ranked output are relevant. Although PRF is widely used in laboratory experiments for improving the average performance, it actually hurts performance for approximately one-third of a given set of search requests [2, 3]. One problem is that PRF uses the same values of R and T for all test requests once they have been optimized with a set of training requests. To enhance the reliability of PRF, Flexible PRF (FPRF) varies R and/or T across requests. An overview of FPRF approaches is given in [3]. This paper re-examines and extends one of these approaches, namely, the use of optimization tables [2]: Firstly, training requests are divided into several groups based on a measure such as the document scores in the initial ranked output, and the PRF parameters are optimized for each group. Then, for each test request, its matching group is determined using the same measure, and the optimal parameter values for that particular group is reused with the test request. In previous work on optimization tables using Japanese test collections [2], neither FPRF nor traditional PRF was successful, probably because: (1) Their relevance data for training covered only 2% (5,080 documents) of the document collection, (2) Although it is not clear how best to estimate the optimal values of R and T individually, they varied both at the same time; (3) Although a large set of training requests is desirable for reliable parameter estimation, they only had 50 training requests. In contrast, this paper uses English test collections, with better experimental settings: (1) We use TREC test collections with \complete" relevance data, and a variant of the NTCIR-2 English test collection whose relevance data for training covers 58% of the document collection [3]; (2) We initially treat the problems of varying R and T separately; (3) We use up to 100 requests for training.
Investigation of frequency-domain link adaptation for a 5-MHz OFDMA/HSDPA system

In this paper, we investigate frequency domain link adaptation (FDLA), e.g. utilizing the frequency selectivity of the channel in an OFDMA system. To make the study specific and based on realistic parameters, we re-use the specifications from a recent 3GPP 5-MHz OFDMA study item. The link adaptation and the frequency domain link adaptation are developed in a way compliant with the basic HSDPA specifications. With FDLA we show up to 75% cell throughput gain over the OFDMA reference system at the cost of increased uplink channel quality signaling overhead for frequency selective channels. We find that optimum waterfilling power distribution only provides a marginal gain over a simpler on/off equal power distribution algorithm per sub-carrier pool when signaling imperfections are taken into account.
Caustic ulcers caused by cement

Seven similar cases with deep ulceration probably due to wet cement are presented. Within 12 hours after making a concrete floor in a kneeling position, curved ulcers developed on both sides of both patellae. The exposure time varied from 2 to 6 h. One patient got wet concrete into her boots and, consequently, ulcers developed on her feet. The high alkalinity of calcium hydroxide in wet cement was the only apparent causative agent in every case.
Current use of by‐passing agents in Europe in the management of acute bleeds in patients with haemophilia and inhibitors

Summary. The ultimate goal of treatment for patients with inhibitory antibodies should be to permanently eradicate the inhibitor by immune tolerance induction therapy (ITI). However, ITI procedures fail in a substantial number of patients and in many countries ITI is not even offered owing to its high cost. How patients with inhibitors are managed in different European countries is evaluated with a special focus on the use of by‐passing agents, i.e. recombinant FVIIa (rFVIIa) and activated prothrombin complex concentrates (aPCC), as well as the type of monitoring performed. Investigators from 22 large haemophilia centres participating within the network of the European Haemophilia Therapy Standardisation Board (EHTSB) were asked to complete a questionnaire. rFVIIa was routinely used in all centres for both children and adults at dosages ranging from 90 to 250 μg kg−1 at an interval of 2–4 h. aPCC was used in 85% of the centres in adults and in 25% of the centres in children with haemophilia A at dosages of 50–100 IU kg−1 every 6–12 h. The corresponding figures for children and adults with haemophilia B were 40% and 15% of the centres, respectively. Higher dosages of both agents were considered in the case of life‐threatening bleeds. General recommendations were developed, based on the information provided by the survey. The results clearly indicate the need for well‐designed comparative studies to optimize the use of by‐passing agents.
Subjective Fatigue, Mental Effort, and Attention Deficits After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Objective. Although fatigue is one of the most frequent complaints of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), its mechanisms remain poorly understood. The objective of this study was to assess the relationships between subjective mental fatigue, mental effort, attention deficits, and mood after severe TBI. Methods and participants. A total of 27 patients with subacute/chronic severe TBI were compared with matched controls. Patients first rated their baseline subjective fatigue on the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and on the Visual Analog Scale for Fatigue (VAS-F). Mood was assessed with the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Then, they performed a long-duration selective attention task, separated in 2 parts. Fatigue on the VAS-F was assessed again between the 2 parts and at the end of the attention task. Patients were also asked to rate on the VAS the level of subjective mental effort devoted to the task. Results. Patients reported a higher baseline fatigue than controls. They performed significantly poorer on the selective attention task. Significant correlations were found in the group with TBI between attention performance, mental effort, and subjective fatigue. Depression did not significantly correlate with fatigue. Discussion and conclusions. These findings suggest that patients with more severe attention deficits have to produce higher levels of mental effort to manage a complex task, which may increase subjective fatigue, in line with the coping hypothesis.
Completion of advanced care directives is associated with willingness to donate.

OBJECTIVES A useful framework for initiating organ donation discussions in the primary care setting may help increase willingness to donate and thereby increase the frequency of organ transplantation. Given the lower willingness to donate among African Americans and that a higher proportion of African Americans die while waiting for an organ transplant, this is an important group to consider in such an approach. We examined the association among completion of a living will and willingness to donate and the influence of race in this relationship. METHODS A nationwide telephone interview survey using random digit dialing of households in high- and low-density African-American census blocks. RESULTS One hundred-eighty-eight adults participated (41% cooperation rate). In a multivariate model, factors associated with willingness to donate included having signed a living will (OR=2.43, 95% CI=1.13-5.23), talking with a physician about organ donation (OR=3.04, 95% CI=1.07-8.67) and white race (OR=2.5, 95% CI=1.23-5). CONCLUSION The public is generally supportive of organ donation although African Americans remain less willing to donate after controlling for confounding variables. Physicians interested in increasing donation rates should consider incorporating organ donation into discussions of advance care planning and end-of-life care.
Prevalence and systemic risk factors for retinal vein occlusion in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama study.

PURPOSE To examine the prevalence of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and its systemic relevant factors in a general Japanese population aged 40 years or older. METHODS In 1998, 1775 Hisayama residents consented to participate in the study. Each participant underwent a comprehensive examination that included ophthalmic testing. RVO was determined by grading color fundus photographs. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine risk factors for RVO. RESULTS Of the 1775 subjects examined, 38 had RVO. The prevalence of RVO was 2.1% (2.0% for branch RVO and 0.2% for central RVO). After adjustment for age and sex, it was found that systolic and diastolic blood pressures, hypertension, and hematocrit were significantly associated with RVO. In multivariate analysis, age (per 10 years; odds ratio [OR], 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-2.08), hypertension (OR, 4.25; 95% CI, 1.82-9.94), and hematocrit (per 10%; OR, 3.09; 95% CI, 1.10-1.22) remained independently significant risk factors for RVO. Both high-normal blood pressure and hypertension were significantly associated with RVO. Furthermore, compared with normotensive subjects without high hematocrit, the likelihood of RVO was markedly high in subjects having both high blood pressure and high hematocrit (age- and sex-adjusted OR, 36.0; 95% CI, 4.43-292). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the prevalence of RVO is higher in the Japanese than in other Asians or Caucasians and that older age, higher hematocrit, and both hypertension and high-normal blood pressure are significant risk factors for RVO in the Japanese.
The impact of long‐term acute‐care facilities on the outcome and cost of care for patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation

Objectives: To compare the 6‐month mortality rate of chronically ventilated patients treated either exclusively in a traditional acute‐care hospital or transferred during hospitalization to a long‐term acute‐care facility. To analyze the hospital cost of care and estimate the amount of uncompensated care incurred by acute‐care hospitals under the Medicare prospective payment diagnostic related groups system. Design: Retrospective chart review and questionnaire. Setting: Fifty‐four acute‐care referral hospitals and 26 long‐term acute‐care institutions. Patients: A total of 432 ventilated patients selected from 3,266 patients referred but not transferred to a study long‐term acute‐care facility and 1,702 ventilated patients from 4,174 patients referred and then subsequently transferred to the long‐term acute‐care facility. Six‐month outcomes were determined for the subgroup of patients ≥65 yrs old (279 and 1,340 patients, respectively). Hospital charges were available for 192 of the 279 nontransferred patients who were ≥65 yrs old and 1,332 of the 1,340 transferred patients. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: The 6‐month mortality rate was 67.4% for the 279 nontransferred patients and 67.2% for the 1,340 transferred patients. On multiple regression analysis, variables associated with the 6‐month mortality rate included initial admitting diagnosis, age, the acute physiology score, and presence of decubitus ulcer. After controlling for these variables, there was no significant difference in 6‐month mortality rate, but admission to the long‐term acute‐care facility was associated with a longer mean survival time. Average total hospital costs for the 192 nontransferred patients was $78,474, and estimated Medicare reimbursement was $62,472, resulting in an average of $16,002 of uncompensated care per patient. Estimated costs for the long‐term acute‐care facility admissions were $56,825. Conclusions: Patients undergoing prolonged ventilation have high hospital and 6‐month mortality rates, and 6‐month outcomes are not significantly different for those transferred to long‐term acute‐care facilities. These patients generate high costs, and acute‐care hospitals are significantly underreimbursed by Medicare for these costs. Acute‐care hospitals can reduce the amount of uncompensated care by earlier transfer of appropriate patients to a long‐term acute‐care facility.
Differential Expression of Somatostatin Receptors, P44/42 MAPK, and mTOR Activation in Medulloblastomas and Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors

Recently, somatostatin receptors (SSR) have been identified on medulloblastomas and proposed as a new target for chemotherapy including inhibitory somatostatin analogs. Activation of SSRs inhibit growth, in part, by activating phosphatases that dephosphorylate/deactivate growth stimulatory signaling of the MEK1-p44/42 MAPK and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways. These SSR-inhibited signaling pathways have not been characterized or correlated with SSR expression in medulloblastomas or primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), yet may represent additional targets for combined chemotherapy. We evaluated the distribution and extent of SSR1 and SSR2 expression and correlated it with activation of downstream MEK1-p44/42 MAPK and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways in medulloblastomas and PNETs. Sections from 22 medulloblastomas and 9 PNETs were compared using immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies to SSR1, SSR2, p44/42 MAPK, phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK, and phosphorylated mTOR. SSR1 was detected in 50% of medulloblastomas, extensive in 46%, and similar in classic, desmoplastic, and large cell/anaplastic subtypes. SSR1 was detected in 78% of PNETs and extensive in the majority. SSR2 was found in 18% of medulloblastomas and 33% of PNETs. Activated/phosphorylated pMAPK 44/42 was detected in 82% of medulloblastomas, all subtypes, and in 62.5% of PNETs with coexpression of SSR1 in one third. Activated/phosphorylated mTOR was found in only 18% of medulloblastomas but in 88% of PNETs. SSR1 coexpression with activated/phosphorylated mTOR was identified in 75% of PNETs. These findings suggest that addition of an mTOR inhibitor may potentiate growth inhibitory effects of SSR agonists in the treatment of PNETs. Immunohistochemical identification of mTOR activation/phosphorylation in biopsies of initial and treatment-resistant PNETs may facilitate development of clinical trials and therapeutic decisions.
Expression of leukaemia inhibitory factor in epithelial ovarian carcinoma: correlation with clinical characteristics

Sir: Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a polyfunctional glycoprotein of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines, which has been shown to induce macrophage maturation and terminate self-renewal of the undifferentiated and highly clonogenic murine myeloid leukaemia M1, resulting in suppression of the leukaemia population. Subsequent studies have revealed that LIF is essential for maintenance of the totipotentiality of normal embryonic stem (ES) cells via inhibition of differentiation and maintenance of proliferation. Abnormal expression of key molecules has the potential to alter the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation, resulting in tumorigenesis. Hence, the ability of LIF to regulate both cell proliferation and differentiation suggests that it might be involved in the carcinogenesis of some tumours, though contradictory results have been reported. Previous studies have detected stem cells in tumour tissues, including ovarian cancer. Since LIF sustains the totipotentiality of ES cells, it is possible that LIF could be involved in the transformation of ovarian epithelial cells and the occurrence and development of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. LIF expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 401 cases of ovarian epithelial lesions, including 49 normal ovarian epithelia, 91 serous cystadenomas,
Neuroendocrine‐Immune Interactions

Abstract: Hormones and neuropeptides may influence the activities of lymphoid organs and cells via endocrine and local autocrine/paracrine pathways. A paradigm of the interactions between the neuroendocrine and immune system is sophisticatedly represented in the thymus. Indeed, receptors for these molecules are heterogeneously expressed in all subsets of thymic cells, and the communications are tuned by feedback circuitries. Herein, we focus on somatostatin (SS), a ubiquitous peptide that regulates several physiological cell processes and acts via five specific receptor (SSR) subtypes (sst1–5). Neuronal and accessory cells, so‐called neuroendocrine cells, and immune cells, heterogeneously express SSRs. The functional characterization of SSRs in vivo by nuclear medicine techniques opened a complex scenario on the significance of SS/SSR pathway in immune system and related diseases. Several studies have established that SSR scintigraphy may benefit patients with chronic inflammatory and granulomatous diseases, as well as lymphoproliferative diseases. The results are sufficiently promising to warrant larger studies aimed at defining the exact role of these techniques. The development of SS analogs with antisecretory and antiproliferative effects has radically changed the management of neuroendocrine tumors. Moreover, very important recent findings, emerging from in vitro studies on SSR physiology in immune cells, will certainly expand the potential applications of SS analogs for in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic options. Indeed, the anti‐inflammatory and analgesic effects of these drugs remain incompletely understood, but may prove useful in a number of autoimmune diseases. Because SS expression is absent in different immune tissues where SSRs are present, the existence of another ligand was hypothesized. In fact, it has been recently demonstrated that human lymphoid tissues and immune cells may express cortistatin (CST). CST is known to bind SSRs and shares many pharmacological and functional properties with SS. However, CST has also properties distinct from SS, and the higher expression of CST in immune cells supports the hypothesis that CST rather than SS may act as a potential endogenous ligand for SSRs in the human immune system.
Machine milking of dairy goats during lactation: udder anatomy, milking characteristics, and blood concentrations of oxytocin and prolactin

Summary Forty-four goats were milked and milk flow recorded without or with 1 min manual prestimulation in early, mid and late lactation. Ultrasound measurements of cross sections of the whole mammary gland were performed in a water bath. In additional experiments with 15 goats, milk flow was recorded and frequent blood samples were taken for the determination of oxytocin and prolactin concentrations. Milk yield increased from the first to the third lactation and decreased markedly during the course of lactation. Average and peak milk flow rates were closely related to the actual milk yield. The ultrasound cisternal area was 27·4±1·5% of the entire udder half cross section. Milking characteristics were scarcely different without or with prestimulation, although oxytocin was released within 30 s after the start of prestimulation, whereas oxytocin concentrations without prestimulation increased only after the start of milking. Concentrations of prolactin were higher during July and August than in April, and increased similarly with or without prestimulation during milking. In contrast to dairy cows, prestimulation and an opportune release of oxytocin during milking does not significantly influence the course of milk flow in goats, and this is probably because large amounts of cisternal milk allow milk ejection to be induced only after the start of milking without causing bimodal or otherwise reduced milk flow.
Health System Reform in Mexico: A Critical Review

Last year Lancet published a series of articles on Mexico's 2004 health system reform. This article reviews the reform and its presentation in the Lancet series. The author sees the 2004 reform as a continuation of those initiated in 1995 at the largest public social security institute and in 1996 at the Ministry of Health, following the same conceptual design: “managed competition. ” The cornerstone of the 2004 reform—the voluntary Popular Health Insurance (PHI)—will not resolve the problems of the public health care system. The author assesses the robustness and validity of the evidence on which the 2004 reform is based, noting some inconsistencies and methodological errors in the data analysis and in the construction of the “effective coverage” index. Finally, some predictions about the future of PHI are outlined, given its intrinsic weaknesses. The next two or three years are critical for the viability of PHI: both families and states will face increasing difficulties in paying the insurance premium; health infrastructure and staff are insufficient to guarantee the health package services; and the private service contracting will further strain state health ministries' ability to strengthen service supply. Moreover, redistribution of federal health expenditure favoring PHI at the cost of the Social Security Institute will further endanger public health care delivery.
Saltmarsh as habitat for fish and nektonic crustaceans: Challenges in sampling designs and methods

This is a review of research into the ecological role of saltmarsh as habitat used directly by fish and nektonic crustaceans such as shrimp (prawns) and portunid crabs. The quality of information about direct use of saltmarshes by nekton is poor, with even the most influential works suffering from obvious limitations. Attempts to generalize about nekton use of saltmarshes are hampered by sampling difficulties, poor sampling design, and inconsistent reporting of flooding regime and landscape structure. The difficulty in sampling nekton from shallow, vegetated marsh flats while inundated contributes to the fragmentary results of nekton work. A range of sampling methods have been described that vary in portability, size, amount of above-ground structure, escape rates of nekton, and expense; none has yet become standard. Poor experimental design in studies of saltmarsh nekton includes lack of replication, limited spatial scale, and lack of baseline data before management changes are made. Attempts to determine effects on commercial fisheries of losses in area or quality of saltmarsh by correlations between catch data and marsh loss should use active adaptive management. A second type of study, aimed at understanding how the saltmarsh is important to fisheries, can be tackled usefully at a smaller scale. To assist in the comparison of results from different studies, flooding regime should be reported as a proportion of time the marsh is submerged, and landscape structure as proportions of the marsh that are covered by intertidal flats, pools and drainage creeks. Flooding regime and landscape structure at the sites and at the time of sampling should then be put in the context of the typical pattern for the marsh under study.