Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The timing of cognitive control in partially incongruent categorization

We designed a novel task, partially incongruent categorization (PIC), to examine the timing of cognitive control. In the PIC task, participants categorized the probe stimulus according to a specific concept, and the number of features corresponding to the concept was varied. When there was one feature (c1 condition), the probe would elicit only categorization, but when there was more than one feature (c2 and c3 conditions), the probe would also elicit cognitive control. Here, the high temporal resolution of event‐related potentials (ERPs) was utilized to investigate the temporal patterns of activity during conflict detection and control. Cognitive control elicited a N2 that was much larger in response to c2 and c3 than c1 in stimulus‐locked waveforms, and no difference was evident between c2 and c3. The N2 was followed by a P3 that was much less on c2 and c3 than c1 trials, with no difference between c2 and c3. A dipole source analysis for two difference waves, c2−c1 and c3−c1, further showed that the corresponding dipoles of the N2 and P3 in the cognitive control conditions were in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), respectively. Taken together, the present findings support that ERP components in response to the PIC task reflect the time course of cognitive control: the N2 responds to conflict information and subsequently activates the P3 to control this conflict. The connection between the ACC and PFC is supported by their sequential activation within trials. Hum Brain Mapp, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Are there gender differences in core symptoms, temperament, and short-term prospective outcome in anorexia nervosa?

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare symptoms, premorbid personality phenotypes, and short-term outcome between males and females with anorexia nervosa. METHOD Symptom and personality ratings were obtained at the time of hospital admission, and outcome was assessed at discharge and again 1 year later. RESULTS Gender effects were negligible at admission, with the exception of greater weight concern among females. Lifetime anxiety disorders and personality traits implicated in liability for anorexia nervosa were common among patients of both genders. Females had greater persistence of symptom morbidity over the 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSION Although gender has little effect on the clinical features of anorexia nervosa, the illness runs a more protracted early course in females. Possible mechanisms underlying greater persistence of morbidity in females include sexual dimorphisms in brain neurotransmission, gender differences in attitudes regarding ideal body weight, and anxiety-related personality phenotypes associated with anorexia nervosa.
Online reliability assessment and reliability-aware fusion for Ego-Lane detection using influence diagram and Bayes filter

Within the context of road estimation, the present paper addresses the problem of the fusion of several sources with different reliabilities. Thereby, reliability represents a higher-level uncertainty. This problem arises in automated driving and ADAS due to changing environmental conditions, e.g., road type or visibility of lane markings. Thus, we present an online sensor reliability assessment and reliability-aware fusion to cope with this challenge. First, we apply a boosting algorithm to select the highly discriminant features among the extracted information. Using them we apply different classifiers to learn the reliabilities, such as Bayesian Network and Random Forest classifiers. To stabilize the estimated reliabilities over time, we deploy approaches such as Dempster-Shafer evidence theory and Influence Diagram combined with a Bayes Filter. Using a big collection of real data recordings, the experimental results support our proposed approach.
Asymmetric Effects of Exogenous Tax Changes

We study whether output responds symmetrically to tax increases and decreases in postwar US data, using the identification strategy in Romer and Romer (2010). We find evidence of important asymmetries: the output response to a tax increase is statistically insignificant, but output shows a significantly positive and permanent increase following a tax decrease. We show that this asymmetry appears to be driven by individual-income tax changes, and is transmitted to the economy through asymmetric response in aggregate consumption to tax increases and tax decreases. We also present a simple model that rationalizes our empirical findings, and illustrates how asymmetric output and consumption responses to sign-based tax changes can be generated by plausible consumption-adjustment costs.
Nurse vs. physician‐led care for obstructive sleep apnoea: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials

AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of nurse-led care for obstructive sleep apnoea compared with physician-led care. BACKGROUND The incidence of obstructive sleep apnoea is increasing worldwide. There is a need for cost-effective care models to ease off the pressure on tertiary care centres and divert care to the community. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES We searched major electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, British Nursing Index, CINAHL, HMIC, PsycINFO, Health Business Elite and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials CENTRAL) from inception till December 2016 using a structured search strategy for all randomized trials evaluating nurse-led treatment interventions for adults with obstructive sleep apnoea compared with physician-led ones. We screened relevant articles against a predefined inclusion criterion. We applied no search limitations. REVIEW METHODS We assessed the risk of bias as per Cochrane recommendations. We calculated weighted mean difference with 95% confidence intervals for continuous outcomes and used a random-effects model to meta-analyse data. RESULTS We screened 309 articles and only four studies met our inclusion criteria. All studies used continuous-positive airway pressure as the main treatment strategy with similar compliance rate in both comparison groups. The scores of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the SF-36 questionnaires for vitality, physical function and the SF-36 mental health were all similar between the two groups. There was a significant heterogeneity in all meta-analyses (I2 > 92%). CONCLUSION Nurse-led care for adults with obstructive sleep apnoea is non-inferior to physician-led care. More research is needed to standardize nurse-led interventions and evaluate their long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.
Selecting Partner Countries for Preferential Trade Agreements: Experimental Evidence From Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Vietnam

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) constitute the most rapidly growing form of trade liberalization in the global economy. In contrast to, for example, the World Trade Organization, PTAs allow for discrimination among potential partner countries. This helps explain their proliferation. But it also raises an important question: which countries are preferred partners for PTAs? On the presumption that public opinion matters—both normatively and analytically—for trade policy, we study what types of countries citizens prefer for PTAs. We focus on developing countries, as they both play an increasingly important role in the expanding global network of PTAs and also remain understudied in the literature on international cooperation and trade policy. To account for the multidimensionality of PTA partner country choice, we develop and test a theoretical framework through conjoint experiments embedded in national surveys in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Vietnam. The results show that, despite starkly divergent national contexts, citizens in all three countries opt for similar partner countries. Respondents prefer culturally similar countries, democracies, and countries that maintain high environmental and labor standards. Somewhat surprisingly, economic size and geographic distance prove less important in the choice of which countries to support as PTA partners.
PENGARUH KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN, STRUKTUR KEPEMILIKAN, KEBIJAKAN HUTANG DAN PROFITABILITAS TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF TEORI AGENSI DAN TEORI SIGNALLING(STUDI EMPIRIS PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA (BEI) PERIODE 2009-2013)

Penelitianinibertujuanuntukmengetahuipengaruh kebijakan dividen, struktur kepemilikan manajerial, struktur kepemilikan institusional, kebijakan hutang dan profitabilitas terhadap nilai perusahaan.Penelitianinimenggunakanpengaruh kebijakan dividen, struktur kepemilikan manajerial, struktur kepemilikan institusional, kebijakan hutang dan profitabilitas sebagaivariabelindependen.Sampelpenelitian yang digunakanadalah perusahaan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2009-2013sebanyak33perusahaan.Metodeanalisis data yang digunakanadalah uji deskriptif statistik dan uji asumsi klasik.Pengujianhipotesisdilakukandenganmenggunakananalisisregresilinier berganda dan uji determinasi.Hasilanalisis data atauhasilregresimenunjukkanbahwa kebijakan dividen dan profitabilitas berpengaruhsignifikanterhadapnilai perusahaan,sedangkan struktur kepemilikan manajerial, struktur kepemilikan institusional dan kebijakan hutang tidakmempengaruhi nilai perusahaan.Penelitianselanjutnyadisarankanmenambahvariabelbaru seperti leverage, ukuran perusahaan dan likuiditas. Danmenggunakan alat ukur yang berbeda dalam menghitung variabel kepemilikan manajerial, serta menggunakan sampel perusahaan yang membagikan dividennya secara berturut-turut selama periode pengamatan. Kata kunci: Kebijakan dividen, struktur kepemilikan manajerial, struktur kepemilikan institusional, kebijakan hutang, profitabilitas dan nilai perusahaan. ABSTRACT This purpose aims to know the influence of dividend policy, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, debt policy, and profitabilityon value of the firm. This reseacrh uses the influence of dividend policy, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, debt policy, and profitability as independent variables. The sample of this research are 33 companies which are listed in indonesian stock exchange in the period of 2009-2013. Method of this reseach is statical descriptive test and classic assumption test. Hypothesis testing is done by using multiple regression analysis and determination test. The result shows that dividend policy and profitability have significantly affects to the value of the firm. Managerial ownership, institutional ownership, and debt policy do not affects to the value of the firm. The further researcher is suggested to add the variable of leverage, firm size and likuidity. And use other tools to count the variable of managerial ownership. Also use the sample of the firm that devided the dividend with continuosly for the observation years. Keywords: Dividend policy, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, debt policy, profitability and value of the firm.
Optimal retirement planning with a focus on single and joint life annuities

We optimize the asset allocation, consumption and bequest decisions of a couple with an uncertain lifetime. The asset menu consists of zero coupon bonds and pure endowments with different maturities, whole life annuities and stocks. The pure endowments pay either fixed or variable benefits, and, similarly to the whole life annuities, are contingent on either a single or a joint lifetime. We model the stock returns and the parameters for the term structure with a vector autoregressive model, thus considering time-varying investment opportunities. To find the optimal solution we use a multi-stage stochastic programming approach, which allows for including complex surrender charges on pure endowments and annuities, as well as transaction costs on stocks and bonds. Our findings indicate that despite high surrender charges, households should invest in a wide combination of life contingent products with different maturities and underlying financial risk.
Psychological stress and the onset of IDDM in children.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to determine whether psychosocial stress during different life periods could be a risk factor in the etiology/pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in children. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a population-based sample of 67 case patients 0-14 years of age and 61 matched healthy control subjects, life events during the entire lifespan before the onset of IDDM were recorded as well as measures of child behavior before onset, social support, and family function. RESULTS Negative life events occurring during the first 2 years of life, life events with difficult adaptation, child behavioral deviances, and a more chaotic family function were more common in the case group. A stepwise logistic regression indicated that negative life events in the first 2 years increased the risk of IDDM and that premorbid child behavior as well as dysfunctional hierarchical family pattern affect the risk. CONCLUSIONS Stress early in life may increase the risk for IDDM, presumably by affecting the autoimmune process. To confirm these results, it is necessary to make a truly prospective study.
Membranous Glomerulopathy in Renal Allograft: An Ultrastructural Study of 17 Cases

Abstract Background: Membranous glomerulopathy is a common complication of renal allograft. However, its incidence and prognosis are not well defined, because an undetermined number of them pass undiagnosed under the generic epigraph of chronic allograft nephropathy. Materials and methods: To assess the diagnostic refinement supplied by electron microscopy to conventional light and immunofluorescence procedures the authors reviewed 17 cases of electron microscopy-confirmed membranous glomerulonephritis in kidney allograft. In addition, they searched for other features of graft injury, particularly lesions associated with alloimmune reaction, in order to evaluate the contribution of each lesion to the long-term outcome of the allograft. Results: In 4 of the 17 cases of their series the diagnosis of membranous glomerulopathy was made by electron microscopy. In addition, in 5 samples, lesions of chronic alloimmune rejection were present (in 4 cases the diagnosis was based on electron microscopy findings). At the end point of the study, 3 of the 5 patients with chronic alloimmune injury were in dialysis, 1 had died with functioning allograft, and the fifth suffered severe renal failure but was not in dialysis. On the other hand, 3 of the 12 patients without evidence of alloimmune injury had returned to the dialysis program. Conclusions: Electron microscopy is a useful tool in the assessment of renal allograft pathology and can provide additional morphological features of prognostic relevance.
The accuracy of Medicare's hospital claims data: progress has been made, but problems remain.

BACKGROUND Health care databases provide a widely used source of data for health care research, but their accuracy remains uncertain. We analyzed data from the 1985 National DRG Validation Study, which carefully reabstracted and reassigned ICD-9-CM diagnosis and procedure codes from a national sample of 7050 medical records, to determine whether coding accuracy had improved since the Institute of Medicine studies of the 1970s and to assess the current coding accuracy of specific diagnoses and procedures. METHODS We defined agreement as the proportion of all reabstracted records that had the same principal diagnosis or procedure coded on both the original (hospital) record and on the reabstracted record. We also evaluated coding accuracy in 1985 using the concepts of diagnostic test evaluation. RESULTS Overall, the percentage of agreement between the principal diagnosis on the reabstracted record and the original hospital record, when analyzed at the third digit, improved from 73.2% in 1977 to 78.2% in 1985. However, analysis of the 1985 data demonstrated that the accuracy of diagnosis and procedure coding varies substantially across conditions. CONCLUSIONS Although some diagnoses and all major surgical procedures that we examined were accurately coded, the variability in the accuracy of diagnosis coding poses a problem that must be overcome if claims-based research is to achieve its full potential.
Calcium Oxalate Deposition in Renal Allografts: Morphologic Spectrum and Clinical Implications

Many aspects of calcium oxalate (CaOx) deposition in renal transplant biopsies are not known. Review of all renal transplant biopsies performed in a 7‐year period showed that CaOx deposition could be classified into three groups. Group I: Seven biopsies within a month post‐transplant displayed rare CaOx foci against a background of acute tubular necrosis or acute cell‐mediated rejection. At follow‐up, five grafts functioned well and two failed due to chronic allograft nephropathy. CaOx in this context was an incidental finding secondary to a sudden excretion of an end‐stage renal disease‐induced increased body burden of CaOx. Group II: Two biopsies performed 2 and 10 months post‐transplant showed rare CaOx foci against a background of chronic allograft nephropathy, leading to graft loss. CaOx in this context reflected nonspecific parenchymal deposition due to chronic renal failure regardless of causes. Group III: One biopsy with recurrent PH1 characterized by marked CaOx deposition associated with severe tubulointerstitial injury and graft loss 6 months post‐transplant. There were two previously reported cases in which CaOx deposition in the renal allografts was due the antihypertensive drug naftidrofuryl oxalate or increased intestinal absorption of CaOx. CaOx deposition in renal allografts can be classified in different categories with distinctive morphologic features and clinical implications.
Conceived globals: entrepreneurs' transnational networking, across phases, and embedded in culture

A firm may be conceived global, in the sense that, before its birth, the founding entrepreneur has a transnational network of advisors which provides an embedding for organising the upstart that may include assembling resources and marketing abroad. The purpose is to account for the entrepreneurs' transnational networking as it originates in the pre-birth phase of intending to start, and as it evolves through the starting and into the operating phases, in context of culture. By using sample from 61 societies with 88,628 entrepreneurs we found that entrepreneurs are networking transnationally across the intending, starting and operating phases, fairly constantly with only small fluctuations. The firm is conceived global in terms of the entrepreneur's transnational networking already in the pre-birth phase, when the entrepreneur is intending to start the firm. These phase effects hardly depend on attributes and culture which have separate effects. Being man, young, educated and having entrepreneurial competencies promote transnational networking extensively. Networking is embedded in culture, in the way that transnational networking is more extensive in secular-rational culture than in traditional culture.
Women in a Transitioning Canadian Resource Town

This paper builds on previous studies of women’s role in and experiences of natural resource-dependent communities in Canada, which demonstrate that women have limited opportunities and negative experiences in these locales. It investigates women’s spaces of employment and experiences of everyday life in High Level, Alberta. Preliminary insights reveal that formal employment opportunities for women are increasing in both number and variety, and women’s experiences in this community are overwhelmingly positive. Further, women are fostering positive connections to place through their multiple roles in employment, personal, and civic realms. It is noted that such circumstances are enveloped within a traditional gender division of labour such that the work spaces opening up are largely contained within the tertiary sector and female-dominated jobs. As such, economic transition alone in Canadian resource towns is not enough to address issues of gender inequity.
Optimizing neurotrophic factor combinations for neurite outgrowth

Most neurotrophic factors are members of one of three families: the neurotrophins, the glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor family ligands (GFLs) and the neuropoietic cytokines. Each family activates distinct but overlapping cellular pathways. Several studies have shown additive or synergistic interactions between neurotrophic factors from different families, though generally only a single combination has been studied. Because of possible interactions between the neurotrophic factors, the optimum concentration of a factor in a mixture may differ from the optimum when applied individually. Additionally, the effect of combinations of neurotrophic factors from each of the three families on neurite extension is unclear. This study examines the effects of several combinations of the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF), the GFL glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and the neuropoietic cytokine ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on neurite outgrowth from young rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants. The combination of 50 ng ml−1 NGF and 10 ng ml−1 of each GDNF and CNTF induced the highest level of neurite outgrowth at a 752 ± 53% increase over untreated DRGs and increased the longest neurite length to 2031 ± 97 µm compared to 916 ± 64 µm for untreated DRGs. The optimum concentrations of the three factors applied in combination corresponded to the optimum concentration of each factor when applied individually. These results indicate that the efficacy of future therapies for nerve repair would be enhanced by the controlled release of a combination of neurotrophins, GFLs and neuropoietic cytokines at higher concentrations than used in previous conduit designs.
Use of virus vectors for the expression in plants of active full‐length and single chain anti‐coronavirus antibodies

Abstract To extend the potential of antibodies and their derivatives to provide passive protection against enteric infections when supplied orally in crude plant extracts, we have expressed both a small immune protein (SIP) and a full‐length antibody in plants using two different plant virus vectors based on potato virus X (PVX) and cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). The agr;SIP molecule consisted of a single chain antibody (scFv) specific for the porcine coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) linked to the α‐CH3 domain from human IgA. To express the full‐length IgA, the individual light and heavy chains from the TGEV‐specific mAb 6A.C3 were inserted into separate PVX constructs and plants were co‐infected with both constructs. Western blot analysis revealed the efficient expression of both the SIP and IgA molecules. Analysis of crude plant extracts revealed that both the plant‐expressed αSIP and IgA molecules could bind to and neutralize TGEV in tissue culture, indicating that active molecules were produced. Oral administration of crude extracts from antibody‐expressing plant tissue to 2‐day‐old piglets showed that both the αSIP and full‐length IgA molecules can provide in vivo protection against TGEV.