Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative pathobiology of HIV- and SIV-associated lymphoma.

AWORKSHOP ORGANIZED by Laura Levy, Kenneth Cremer, and Gary Baskin and sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), was held in New Orleans, March 29–31, 2000. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is the second most common neoplasm in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected people, affecting about 10% of patients with AIDS. AIDS-associated lymphomas (AAL) occur approximately 60 to 100 times more frequently than lymphomas in the general population.1 While improved treatments for HIV-related illnesses reduce the incidence of opportunistic infections and prolong the survival time for HIV-infected patients, the incidence of AAL is not decreasing (K. Cremer, as discussed in workshop). Thus, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may be insufficient to prevent AAL.2 Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaque monkeys demonstrate a similarly increased incidence of lymphoma. SIV-infected macaques may serve as an appropriate animal model in which to study the pathobiology and pathogenesis of AAL.3–16 The primary objective of the workshop was to examine the morphologic spectrum of simian AIDS-associated lymphomas (SAL) in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys to determine whether the observed morphology is similar to that of AAL in patients with AIDS and whether the simian lymphomas could be classified according to the revised European–American classification of lymphoid neoplasms (REAL). 17 An additional goal of the workshop was to improve the SIV–macaque model so it could be better used to study the pathobiology of AAL. Therefore, secondary objectives of the workshop were to discuss ways in which the SIV–macaque system could be manipulated to produce a higher incidence of lymphomas in a predictable and reproducible way. The possible etiologic role of macaque lymphocryptovirus and rhadinovirus herpesviruses (the macaque homolog of Epstein–Barr virus [EBV] and Kaposi’s sarcomaassociated herpesvirus [KSHV], respectively) was discussed, as was the higher incidence of lymphomas that occurs in SIV-infected cynomolgus monkeys compared with rhesus monkeys.
Attitudes Toward Life and Death and Suicidality Among Inpatient Female Adolescents With Eating Disorders

Abstract This study investigated whether attitudes about life and death are associated with suicidal behavior in eating disorders (EDs). We examined 43 nonsuicidal inpatients with EDs, 32 inpatients with EDs who attempted suicide, and 21 control participants with scales assessing attitudes to life and death, body-related attitudes, core ED symptoms, depression, and anxiety. Both ED groups showed less attraction to life and more repulsion from life than did the control participants. The suicide attempters showed greater attraction to death, less repulsion from death, and more negative attitudes toward their body than did the nonsuicidal ED and control participants. Fear of life was associated with elevated depression, body-related problems, and childhood sexual abuse. Pathological attitudes toward death were associated with greater depression and body-related problems. Suicide attempts were found in the inpatients with EDs showing binge/purge ED pathology and maladaptive attitudes toward death. This study suggests that whereas fear of life is a core feature of an ED, maladaptive attitudes toward death appear only in ED patients who have attempted suicide.
Promoting Testicular Cancer Awareness and Screening: A Systematic Review of Interventions

Background: Testicular cancer (TC) is a relatively curable malignancy that predominantly affects young males. Key decision makers discourage TC screening because of lack of evidence about the benefits of this practice, whereas others argue that men must be aware of normal versus abnormal testicular findings. Despite the debate on TC surveillance, a number of research efforts are still being made to increase men’s awareness of TC and its screening. Objective: The aim of this study was to systematically review studies that were conducted to enhance men’s knowledge and awareness regarding TC and its screening and increase their TC screening intentions and practices. Methods: Studies published in English between 2004 and 2014 were reviewed using 3 e-databases, and interventions that were in line with the review aims were selected. Results: A total of 3076 records were screened for eligibility, and 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the reviewed interventions successfully enhanced men’s awareness of TC and its screening and increased their intentions to perform testicular self-examination. Examples include videos about TC, shower gel sachets, stickers, and posters, a television show, a university campaign, and high self-efficacy messages about TC screening. Men at risk of health disparities were underrepresented in the reviewed literature. Conclusions: A number of interesting channels through which men can learn about TC were identified. Examples include social media and mass media. Implications for Practice: Given the controversy that surrounds TC screening, nurses can play a key role in increasing men’s awareness of TC rather than advising periodical TC self-examination.
Spectral karyotyping of mouse cell line WMP2

We have evaluated the mouse cell line WMP2 using both GTG-banding analysis and spectral karyotyping to verify the reliability of using this established cell line derived from WMP/WMP mice. The WMP cell lines contain easily identifiable metacentric fusion chromosomes and are used extensively for gene mapping. Because of karyotypical changes in the WMP1 cell line, WMP2 was examined. Our results demonstrate that WMP2 is stable during culture, and the karyotype is simple and easy to use. Based on the findings discussed in this paper, we recommend the use of the WMP2 cell line for future prospective gene mapping in the mouse.
The Relationship between Self-efficacy and Stress among Iranian EFL Teachers

This study investigated the relationship between self- efficacy and stress among 108 EFL teachers in Iran. The participants were administered self-efficacy and stress questionnaires. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation and Multiple Regression analyses were used. The results indicated significant negative correlation between self efficacy and stress. Also it was found that both dimensions of self-efficacy, namely, classroom and organizational efficacies, either collectively or separately, could predict stress among EFL teachers. Implications of the study are discussed.
Lack of colon cancer coverage in seven women's magazines.

Women's magazines are an important source of health information. To evaluate the relevancy of articles in these publications to known disease risks, seven women's magazines were reviewed to assess their coverage of colon cancer, the third leading cause of cancer mortality in U.S. women. Specifically, the amount of coverage devoted to colon cancer as well as the presentation of issues in the prevention, risks, treatment, diagnosis and genetics of colon cancer were recorded. Twenty articles were published on colon cancer in these magazines during the years 1987-1995. Compared to five other cancers that also affect women, colon cancer was the focus of the fewest articles in the seven magazines analyzed.
Neurotransmitter-related enzymes and indices of hypoxia in senile dementia and other abiotrophies.

Fifty-six brains from middle-aged and elderly normal as well as demented subjects and patients with provisional clinical diagnosis of other neurological and psychiatric diseases were assessed histologically. On this basis the specimens were classified into 14 diagnostic groups. A survey of potential indices of specific neurons has been carried out on these brains in which neurotransmitter-related enzymes, gamma-GTP (a potential index of capillaries) and specific proteins have been determined in up to 20 brain regions. In addition, the agonal state has been tentatively assessed by examining the post-mortem states of the circulatory and respiratory systems. CAT and gamma-GTP activities and the concentration of a soluble neuronal-type protein (neuronin S-5) were found to be relatively unaffected by the agonal state. When cases of senile dementia were compared to controls (matched with respect to the cause of death) the activity of CAT (the potential index of cholinergic neurons) appears to be reduced in the cerebral cortex. This is a preliminary finding, although a correlation was indicated between CAT activity and 'senile' morphological changes, the activity was markedly reduced in only 3 brains. However, despite inconsistencies in the literature (Karczmar, 1975) at least one pharmacological study on humans appears to show that the cholinergic system may be involved in age-related memory degeneration (Drachman and Leavitt, 1974). Cholinergic neurons may be abnormal in the other abiotrophies examined (Huntington's chorea, motor neuron disease and mixed vascular and senile dementia). gamma-GTP and neuronin S-5 (identical in most respects to the soluble acidic neuronal protein 14-3-2 of antigen alpha) were not reduced in senile dementia. The activities of brain decarboxylase (GAD and AAD) and the concentration of another soluble acidic brain protein (neuronin S-6) appear to be affected by the agonal state. This is remarkable because GAD and, in particular, neuronin S6, are relatively unaffected by post-mortem autolysis. As judged by the state of the extraneural systems which regulated the blood and oxygen supply to the brain it appears that terminal 'cerebral hypoxia' is responsible for the depletion of these brain constituents. This effect appears to be particularly marked in deep grey matter. In non-demented patients that die of bronchopneumonia, the areas of the cortex which are depleted in neuronin S-6 are consistent with the pattern of the 'selective vulnerability' of the cortex to hypoxia, suggesting that the terminal state can also affect the neocortex. If so, then this is particularly relevant to studies on senile dementia, for the effect of the terminal bronchopneumonia that so often occurs in these patients (and in patients with other abiotrophies) may be exacerbated by a terminal reduction in cerebral blood flow.
Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria among Pregnant Students in Dodoma Region, Tanzania: No Cases Have Been Detected

Malaria in pregnancy, being often asymptomatic, is a major problem in endemic African countries. It is characterized by anemia and placental malaria leading to poor pregnancy outcomes. In 2001 Tanzania adopted an intermittent-preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) policy, which recommends receiving doses of antimalarial drugs every planned visit to the antenatal care centre (ANC), starting from the second trimester. Currently the policy is valid across the whole country, regardless that there are regions with very low malaria endemicity in Tanzania, such as Dodoma region. The current study aimed to show the real prevalence of malaria among young pregnant women in Dodoma region, by measuring the prevalence of malaria among University of Dodoma (UDOM) students, and to describe the social health care features of student female community. Two methods of malaria diagnostic, microscopy, and rapid test, as well as retrospective inspection of ANC registry book, showed the very low prevalence of malaria disease among pregnant students, approximately 0.3%. Additionally, the sociodemographic data from the questionnaires showed that all students use different malaria preventive measures, and most of them have the regular sexual partner. This fact approves the correlation between illiteracy of woman and the risk of malaria infection transmission.
Nodal and Extranodal Plasmacytomas Expressing Immunoglobulin A: An Indolent Lymphoproliferative Disorder With a Low Risk of Clinical Progression

Plasmacytomas expressing immunoglobulin A are rare and not well characterized. In this study, 9 cases of IgA-positive plasmacytoma presenting in lymph node and 3 in extranodal sites were analyzed by morphology, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction examination of immunoglobulin heavy and κ light chain genes. Laboratory features were correlated with clinical findings. There were 7 males and 5 females; age range was 10 to 66 years (median, 32 y). Six of the patients were younger than 30 years of age, 5 of whom had nodal disease. About 67% (6 of 9) of the patients with nodal disease had evidence of immune system dysfunction, including human immunodeficiency virus infection, T-cell deficiency, autoantibodies, arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, and decreased B cells. An IgA M-spike was detected in 6 of 11 cases, and the M-protein was nearly always less than 30 g/L. All patients had an indolent clinical course without progression to plasma cell myeloma. Histologically, nodal IgA plasmacytomas showed an interfollicular or diffuse pattern of plasma cell infiltration. The plasma cells were generally of mature Marschalko type with little or mild pleomorphism and exclusive expression of monotypic IgA. There was an equal expression of κ and λ light chains (ratio 6:6). Clonality was showed in 9 of 12 cases: by polymerase chain reaction in 7 cases, by cytogenetic analysis in 1 case, and by immunofixation in 1 case. Clonality did not correlate with pattern of lymph node infiltration. Our results suggest that IgA plasmacytomas may represent a distinct form of extramedullary plasmacytoma characterized by younger age at presentation, frequent lymph node involvement, and low risk of progression to plasma cell myeloma.
Developmental competence of goat oocytes from follicles of different size categories following maturation, fertilization and culture in vitro.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of size of from which goat oocytes originate on their subsequent ability to be fertilized and to undergo early embryonic development in vitro. Nonatretic follicles larger than 2 mm in diameter were dissected and distributed into three groups according to size (small: 2-3 mm; medium: 3.1-5 mm; large: > 5 mm). Cumulus-oocyte complexes were isolated from the follicles and only those with a compact multilayered cumulus were selected for in vitro maturation. After maturation, 70%, 83% and 97% of oocytes from small, medium and large follicles, respectively, were at metaphase II. After in vitro fertilization, no significant difference was observed in the cleavage rate 40 h after insemination between oocytes from small (46%) and medium (55%) follicles, and between oocytes from large follicles (69%) and ovulated oocytes (75%). After in vitro culture, significantly more embryos from small follicles arrested before or at the 8-16 cell stage (84% compared with 53%, 45% and 39% of embryos from medium and large follicles and ovulated oocytes, respectively). The proportion of morulae and blastocysts obtained was 10% and 6% from small follicles, 35% and 12% from medium follicles, 29% and 26% from large follicles and 20% and 41% from ovulated oocytes. Oocytes from small and medium follicles yielded a significantly lower proportion of hatched blastocysts (0% and 3%, respectively) than did those from large follicles and from ovulated oocytes (15% and 34%, respectively). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
DNA ploidy and nuclear morphometric variables for the evaluation of melanocytic tumors in dogs and cats.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prognostic importance of the DNA content and nuclear morphometric variables in melanocytic tumors of cats and dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION 27 melanocytic tumors of dogs and cats. PROCEDURES Biopsy specimens were investigated by quantitative image analysis after the Feulgen staining method. The DNA content (index), nuclear diameter, ploidy balance, proliferation index, hyperploidy, and growth fraction (Ki67) were measured. Using 1-way ANOVA and a Pearson correlation test, the relationships between the different variables were tested. Their role in the prognosis in affected dogs and cats was estimated using the Cox regression test with respect to 6 months postoperative survival rate. RESULTS Significant correlations were found between DNA index and ploidy balance and proliferation index. A significant correlation was also found between hyperploidy and DNA index, and between ploidy balance and proliferation index. Significant differences were found between histologically malignant and benign melanocytic tumors but not between primary malignant tumors and metastatic malignant tumors for DNA index and ploidy balance. No correlation was found between DNA variables and survival time. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In melanocytic tumors of cats and dogs, DNA index and ploidy balance can be used to differentiate histologically benign from malignant tumors. However, DNA content and nuclear morphometric variables have little value in predicting survival time. The DNA index and ploidy balance provide an additional tool to evaluate melanocytic tumors of cats and dogs. Survival in dogs and cats with melanocytic tumors, however, is not determined by modifications of DNA content or changes in nuclear morphometry of tumor cells.
Rippling muscles and myasthenia gravis with rippling muscles.

OBJECTIVE To describe a patient with rippling muscles and myasthenia gravis. DESIGN Clinical, laboratory, electrophysiologic, and muscle biopsy data are reported. SETTING Medical office and hospital. PATIENT We describe a patient with rippling muscles (as seen in rippling muscle disease) and myasthenia gravis (MG) with thymoma. There was no family history of rippling muscle disease in our patient. Diplopia and other symptoms of MG were initially overshadowed by the striking rippling phenomenon. The rippling resolved when the MG became florrid. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with pyridostigmine, prednisone, and plasmaphereses before removal of a thymoma. MAIN OUTCOME AND RESULTS His MG improved with treatment and the rippling has not recurred 4 months after thymectomy. CONCLUSIONS Rippling muscle disease is rare and usually inherited. Our patient with rippling muscles (but no family history of rippling muscle disease) and MG suggests that rippling muscles may also be triggered by an autoimmune phenomenon.
Postsynaptic Modulation the Mauthner Cell Synaptic Efficacy Mixed Synapses

Extracellular application of dopamine in the synaptic bed of the lateral dendrite of the goldfish Mauthner (M-) cell enhances both the electrical and chemical components of the mixed excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) evoked by ipsilateral eighth nerve stimulation (Pereda et. al., 1992). We describe here results of experiments designed to determine the locus of action of dopamine and the underlying cellular mechanisms. This amine acts independently on the two modes of transmission, since (1) the percentage increases in the two were not correlated, (2) the time courses of their modifications were independent, and (3) the observed increases in synaptic responses cannot be attributed to a generalized effect on M-cell input conductance, which was increased by dopamine, a change that would rather be expected to shunt the synaptic potentials. Also, dopamine does not produce presynaptic spike broadening and does not modify paired-pulse facilitation, two indications that it acts postsynaptically. The alterations in the mixed EPSP are presumably due to activation of a postsynaptic CAMP-dependent phosphorylation pathway. Specifically, they did not occur if the CAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor PKI,-,, was injected intradendritically prior to dopamine application, and they could, on the other hand, be mimicked by injections of the catalytic subunit of the CAMP-dependent protein kinase, PKA,,,. In contrast, neither manipulation altered the M-cell input conductance directly or affected the dopamineinduced increase in conductance, suggesting this effect of dopamine is CAMP independent. However, all the dopamine actions were reproduced by intradendritic injections of GTP-y-S, and by dopamine D, receptor activation (Pereda et. al., 1992), indicating a divergence of the intracellular regulatory pathways, with the possible involvement of multiple G proteins and second messenger systems. These findings provide strong evidence that dopamine modulates the two components of these mixed excitatory synapses by separate postsynaptic mechanisms, probably involving CAMP-dependent phosphorylations of both glutamate receptors and of the M-cell side of gap junction channels. Thus, electrotonic
Does the use of efficacy or effectiveness evidence in cost-effectiveness analysis matter?

ABSTRACT Objective: To test the association of clinical evidence type, efficacy-based or effectiveness-based (“E”), versus whether or not asthma interventions' cost-effectiveness findings are favorable. Data sources: We conducted a systematic review of PubMed, EMBASE, Tufts CEA registry, Cochrane CENTRAL, and the UK National Health Services Economic Evaluation Database from 2009 to 2014. Study Selection: All cost-effectiveness studies evaluating asthma medication(s) were included. Clinical evidence type, “E,” was classified as efficacy-based if the evidence was from an explanatory randomized controlled trial(s) or meta-analysis, while evidence from pragmatic trial(s) or observational study(s) was classified as effectiveness-based. We defined three times the World Health Organization cost-effectiveness willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold or less as a favorable cost-effectiveness finding. Logistic regression tested the likelihood of favorable versus unfavorable cost-effectiveness findings against the type of “E. ” Results and conclusions: 25 cost-effectiveness studies were included. Ten (40.0%) studies were effectiveness-based, yet 15 (60.0%) studies were efficacy-based. Of 17 studies using endpoints that could be compared to WTP threshold, 7 out of 8 (87.5%) effectiveness-based studies yielded favorable cost-effectiveness results, whereas 4 out of 9 (44.4%) efficacy-based studies yielded favorable cost-effectiveness results. The adjusted odds ratio was 15.12 (95% confidence interval; 0.59 to 388.75) for effectiveness-based versus efficacy-based achieving favorable cost-effectiveness findings. More asthma cost-effectiveness studies used efficacy-based evidence. Studies using effectiveness-based evidence trended toward being more likely to disseminate favorable cost-effective findings than those using efficacy. Health policy decision makers should pay attention to the type of clinical evidence used in cost-effectiveness studies for accurate interpretation and application.