Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimal Operator Replication and Placement for Distributed Stream Processing Systems

Exploiting on-the-fly computation, Data Stream Processing (DSP) applications are widely used to process unbounded streams of data and extract valuable information in a near real-time fashion. As such, they enable the development of new intelligent and pervasive services that can improve our everyday life. To keep up with the high volume of daily produced data, the operators that compose a DSP application can be replicated and placed on multiple, possibly distributed, computing nodes, so to process the incoming data flow in parallel. Moreover, to better exploit the abundance of diffused computational resources (e.g., Fog computing), recent trends investigate the possibility of decentralizing the DSP application placement. In this paper, we present and evaluate a general formulation of the optimal DSP replication and placement (ODRP) as an integer linear programming problem, which takes into account the heterogeneity of application requirements and infrastructural resources. We integrate ODRP as prototype scheduler in the Apache Storm DSP framework. By leveraging on the DEBS 2015 Grand Challenge as benchmark application, we show the benefits of a joint optimization of operator replication and placement and how ODRP can optimize different QoS metrics, namely response time, internode traffic, cost, availability, and a combination thereof.
Trustworthiness: A Critical Ingredient for Entrepreneurs Seeking Investors

We investigate how an entrepreneur's behaviors during an initial interaction with a business angel can build, damage, or violate trust, and how the investor's level of trust (prompted by the entrepreneur's behavior) can affect his/her decision to make an investment offer. Our empirical analysis shows that entrepreneurs who receive offers from business angels exhibit a larger number of trust–building behaviors during the initial interaction and a smaller number of unintentional trust–damaging behaviors than those who do not receive an offer, and display few deliberate trust–violating behaviors. We further observe that the investor's deployment of a control mechanism is a prerequisite for receiving an investment offer for all entrepreneurs who damage or violate trust.
Rising Wage Inequality, Returns to Education and Labour Market Institutions: Evidence from Ireland

Institutional factors and increased supply of skilled labour have been advanced in an effort to explain why some countries have experienced smaller increases in earnings dispersion and in returns to education than the USA and the UK. Ireland has had a highly centralized wage bargaining structure and the supply of skilled labour has increased sharply in recent years; hence, relatively little change in earnings dispersion might be expected. We compare the distribution of earnings in Ireland in 1987 and 1994 and find a surprisingly large growth in earnings dispersion. In addition, using a decomposition technique, we find that much of this is accounted for by increasing returns to measured.
Adequacy beyond Dollars: The Productive Use of School Time

the infusion of more dollars into poorly performing school systems often yields disappointing results, as other essays in this volume demonstrate.1 The legal concept of adequacy needs to be broadened to ensure the adequacy not just of inputs but also of outputs. Adequate outputs are what finally count in education. In this chapter I will discuss some of the forces and practices that inhibit good educational outcomes, no matter how much increased spending is used to support schooling. Irrespective of dollars spent, the only way to achieve outcomes that are excellent and equitable is through the productive use of school time. A fundamental difference between a highperforming and a low-performing school is always the degree to which school time is being used productively—through offering
A re-examination of variance-ratio test of random walks in foreign exchange rates

This paper employs a variance ratio test to reexamine the random walk hypothesis for the Canadian dollar, French franc, Deutsche mark, Japanese yen and British pound. In addition to standard normal test statistics, the bootstrap resampling technique is used to calculate the significance levels of variance ratio statistics over the period 7 August 1974 to 30 December 1998. The results provide evidence rejecting the random walk hypothesis for the Japanese yen over the entire sample, while the results for the other four currencies are inconclusive. Furthermore, subperiod results show that from 1989 onwards the random walk hypothesis cannot be rejected for the Canadian dollar, French franc, Deutsche mark, and British pound.
Pulmonary Adenocarcinomas With Enteric Differentiation: Histologic and Immunohistochemical Characteristics Compared With Metastatic Colorectal Cancers and Usual Pulmonary Adenocarcinomas

Primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas with enteric differentiation (PAED) are mainly composed of tall-columnar cells that show similarity to intestinal epithelia and colorectal carcinomas. In this study, we analyzed the immunostaining profiles of 7 PAEDs in comparison with 14 metastatic colorectal carcinomas (MCRs) and 30 usual pulmonary adenocarcinomas (PACs), using antibodies against CDX-2, cytokeratin 7 (CK7), cytokeratin 20 (CK20), TTF-1, surfactant apoprotein-A (SP-A), Napsin A, and MUC2. The positive rates for CDX-2, CK7, CK20, TTF-1, SP-A, Napsin A, and MUC2 were 71%, 100%, 43%, 43%, 14%, 0%, and 43%, respectively, in the PAEDs; 100%, 0%, 86%, 0%, 0%, 0%, and 57% in the MCRs; 3%, 100%, 0%, 93%, 73%, 90%, and 0% in PACs. As expected, immunoreactivity of CDX-2, CK20, and MUC2 was detected in PAEDs. The observed decrease or loss of immunoreactivity for TTF-1, SP-A, and Napsin A indicates that these lesions demonstrate a shift away from their pulmonary phenotype, although CK7 expression was retained. The results indicate that CK7 and CK20 may be useful markers for distinction of PAEDs from MCRs.
Network infrastructure spillover in private productive sectors: evidence from Spanish high capacity roads

Interest in public infrastructure research has been a subject of increasing concern to economists and policy-makers. This article aims at analysing the locational impact of the high capacity roads (HCR) on the Spanish private economic activity from 1970 through 1998, given that this is one of main infrastructure-based development strategy undertaken in Spain in this period. In a stochastic frontier production-function framework, we allow for modelling of provincial heterogeneity through the existence of different efficiency levels in the territorial units. Results show HCR spillovers between geographically close provinces and between provinces displaying similar socio-demographic characteristics and government size. To the extent that the magnitude and sign of these impacts differ across sectors a reasonable explanation of the limited impact of HCR on aggregate private production could be made. The presence of a negative spillover effect in the industrial and business service sector suggests that Spanish provinces may have used HCR capital as a competitive tool for attracting factors of production leading to a rearrangement in these economic activities.
FUNCTION OF POSTERIOR COLUMNS IN MAN.

Conventional thinking embraces the idea that various forms of touch and proprioceptive sensibilities are mediated by pathways residing in that sector of the spinal cord termed the posterior columns. In correlative neuroanatomical texts,1it is customary to find this expressed as follows: "It is evident that the fibers related to tactile and proprioceptive sensibility are intermingled in the dorsal funicular region or dorsal columns of the spinal cord. A destruction of the dorsal funiculus will obviously prevent the conduction of these tactile and proprioceptive impulses to higher centers from all segments of the body below the level of the lesion, on the side of the lesion. " It is precisely upon concepts of this character that the clinician bases his diagnostic approach in part, and with considerable success, in the study of a patient with disease of the spinal cord. Our thoughts, too, followed similar patterns until observations in man
The Global Financial Crisis and the Disclosure Paradigm in European Financial Regulation: The Case for Reform

The global financial crisis has exposed the many limits of disclosure as an effective regulatory tool in financial markets. First, the famed disciplining power of the market failed to constrain disastrous risk taking by banks. Second, most of the risks that led to the creation of the 2008 catastrophe were often fully disclosed but the markets failed to understand them. In the case of banks, disclosure-based market discipline failed mainly because of the implicit government guarantee. In the case of capital markets, the reasons for disclosure's failure were product complexity and the impact of socio-psychological factors. Yet much of European Financial Regulation is based on the disclosure paradigm to remedy market failure, discipline market actors, improve investor/consumer choice, and prevent abuse. The EU needs to reexamine the role of disclosure in two contexts: prudential regulation of banks and retail investor protection. EU policy-makers should use empirical and experimental studies before any reform of the investor protection framework. Insertion of default options in a variety of financial contracts may be a necessary supplement to disclosure for retail investors. Furthermore, an independent EU financial products committee would be a better regulatory protection strategy than reliance on investor choice assisted by enhanced disclosure.
Critical Commentary. Informality in Space: Understanding Agglomeration Economies during Economic Development

Recent academic work supportive of urbanisation in developing countries in the tradition of the urban economics literature (UE, henceforth) is based upon models originally conceived for developed countries (see for instance, Henderson, 2003; Venables, 2005; Overman and Venables, 2005; Duranton, 2008; and Glaeser, 2011). In these models, all production takes place in ‘formal’ enterprises and the labour market functions perfectly. In developing countries, however, the formal sector is only responsible for a share of urban employment levels and growth, while the informal economy plays a substantial role. According to the ILO (2002), the share of employment absorbed by the informal economy between 1994 and 2000 was on average 72 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa, 65 per cent in Asia, 51 per cent in Latin America and 48 per cent in North Africa. Given the importance of the informal economy for cities in developing countries, one would expect to find abundant theories and evidence linking it to urbanisation. However, in the UE literature, the informal economy, if mentioned at all, is treated as a side issue. Duranton, in his review of what is ‘known’ about agglomeration effects in developing countries, writes
Dimerization of human 5-lipoxygenase

Abstract Human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) can form dimers as shown here via native gel electrophoresis, gel filtration chromatography and LILBID (laser induced liquid bead ion desorption) mass spectrometry. After glutathionylation of 5-LO by diamide/glutathione treatment, dimeric 5-LO was no longer detectable and 5-LO almost exclusively exists in the monomeric form which showed full catalytic activity. Incubation of 5-LO with diamide alone led to a disulfide-bridged dimer and to oligomer formation which displays a strongly reduced catalytic activity. The bioinformatic analysis of the 5-LO surface for putative protein-protein interaction domains and molecular modeling of the dimer interface suggests a head to tail orientation of the dimer which also explains the localization of previously reported ATP binding sites. This interface domain was confirmed by the observation that 5-LO dimer formation and inhibition of activity by diamide was largely prevented when four cysteines (C159S, C300S, C416S, C418S) in this domain were mutated to serines.
Magnetic resonance imaging performed on a hydrated mummy of medieval Korea

Previous investigations have shown that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be employed as an efficient non‐invasive diagnostic tool in studies on Egyptian mummies. MRI, moreover, because it produces especially clear images of well‐hydrated tissue, could be a particularly effective diagnostic option for mummies that still retain humidity within tissues or organs. Therefore, in the present study, we tested MRI on a 17th century mummy, one of the most perfectly preserved ‘hydrated mummies’ ever found in Korea, in order to determine the quality of images that could be obtained. We found that the diagnostic value of an MRI scan of the hydrated mummy was not inferior to that of a computed tomography scan. The T1‐ and T2‐weighted magnetic resonance (MR) signals showed unique patterns not easily obtained by computed tomography, the resultant MR images revealing the organ specificities clearly. Overall, the quality of the MR images from the hydrated mummy was superb and the scientific value of MRI in the study of hydrated mummies should not be underestimated.
International Differences in Income Velocity

INCOME velocity studies have centered thus far on a few countries, mostly the United States. The present effort deals with international differences in income velocity. While there have been a number of far-reaching international monetary studies of hyperinflation,' to our knowledge only limited work has been done on international differences in income velocity.2 Our approach is to try to explain international differences in income velocity on the basis of a simple demand for money equation, and thus to view the money supply as determined exogenously. This accords with the usual econometric treatment of income velocities.3 The approach may seem rather naive at present, in the light of institutional differences in world monetary environments and statistical discrepancies in national accounts. However, our aim is not to produce structural estimates of income velocity, but to isolate some major influences on income velocity. Accordingly, we have included as many countries as possible in the study, spanning 1958 through 1965 51 at some points and 45 for the rest. We find three statistically significant variables, all operating with the theoretically appropriate sign: the rate of interest, the currency-money ratio, and the degree of monetization. The favorable outcome regarding the interest rate, despite other variables in the equations reflecting inter-country differences in structural environment, is particularly noteworthy. Another important result is that the level of economic development is not an independent influence on income velocity.
Negative Values in Vickrey Auctions

Some people assign negative values for new products sold on laboratory auction blocks (i.e., irradiated meat). We explore bidding behavior in two Vickrey auctions when people have positive- and negative-induced values for the good. Aggregate bidding in the second-price auction is precise but biased—highest-value positive bidders tend to overstate benefits, whereas lowest-negative bidders understate losses. In contrast, bidding behavior in the random nth-price auction is demand revealing irrespective of induced value, but it is imprecise. Examining on- and off-margin bidding behavior, we cannot conclude that any segments of demand are significantly different than the demand revealing regression line. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
The Role of Public Markets in International Real Estate Diversification

This paper presents new evidence of the benefits of international real estate diversification using a rational, sentiment-based model of private and public equity securities. A sizable literature does exist on international real estate diversification. Our paper complements this literature by measuring the benefits of international real estate diversification in an equilibrium framework in which an immediate shock in one market may not cause an immediate effect in the other market but the two markets will, over time, move back into equilibrium with one another, but not until capital flows from one market to the other. These capital flows impart a large local component into public and private real estate returns, suggesting international diversification benefits for property investors. Yet these benefits do not matter much to defined-benefit pension plans unless they are positively and significantly correlated with the plan's liabilities, and then only if the plan's liabilities are indexed to the cost of living either before or after retirement, or both. Our findings suggest that real estate's sensitivity to national factors is large, while sensitivities to international influences are small.
JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS DECEMBER 1975 A NOTE ON THE E, SL PORTFOLIO SELECTION MODEL

I. The purpose of this note is to present a simple computational algorithm to approximate the E, S portfolio selection model. The essential feature of the model is the utilization of the familiar linear programming framework by representing risks as a series of linear constraints. Suppose we have m states and n securities, and we assume the investor is able to specify the contingent returns for all securities in each state. Following [7], we define risk as being the downside deviation from the investor's target rate of return. Instead of the usual definition of semi-variance S as,
Aristolochic acid-induced Fanconi's syndrome and nephropathy presenting as hypokalemic paralysis.

Hypokalemic paralysis rarely is seen as the presenting feature in patients with Fanconi's syndrome. We describe a 60-year-old man who presented with the inability to ambulate on awakening in the morning. The pertinent history revealed he had consumed Chinese herbs for leg edema for 5 months. Physical examination was unremarkable except for extracellular fluid volume depletion and total paralysis of both lower extremities. Laboratory investigation showed hypokalemia (1.8 mEq/L), hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis (Cl-, 111 mEq/L, and HCO3-, 14.0 mEq/L), hypophosphatemia (0.9 mg/dL) with hyperphosphaturia, hypouricemia (1.3 mg/dL) with hyperuricosuria, and glycosuria, consistent with Fanconi's syndrome. Mild renal insufficiency (serum creatinine, 1.7 mg/dL) also was noticed. Blood and urine screens for heavy metals, autoantibodies, and monoclonal gammopathy were negative. A renal biopsy specimen revealed typical findings of aristolochic acid-associated nephropathy. Aristolochic acids were detected in the consumed Chinese herbs. This case highlights that consumption of Chinese herbs containing aristolochic acids may cause Fanconi's syndrome and should be considered as a cause of hypokalemic paralysis.
The experience turn as ‘bandwagon’: Understanding network formation and innovation as practice

This paper uses the bandwagon metaphor to analyse, in two rural contexts, how small tourism firms become engaged in the idea of the experience economy and how the idea is turned into practice through network formation and innovation. In developing a practice-based approach we use the bandwagon metaphor to conceptualize network formation and innovation in terms of a ‘journey’. Following the practice-based literature on bandwagons, the journey starts by labelling an idea that is broad enough to give meaning to, and pull together, a number of diverse supporters. The journey also depends on two further central processes, namely appropriation and narrowing the workspace. One Norwegian and one Danish network are studied using a case methodology. They are two rural networks of mainly small tourism firms. The empirical study confirms and illustrates how the bandwagon effect involves these three core processes. However, we also argue for the importance of a fourth process, namely strategic reflexivity. The paper closes by suggesting a development model with relevance for policy. The paper offers an increased understanding of how the experience economy as an idea can become practice and puts forward a practice-based development model.
Individualized patient dosing in phase I clinical trials: the role of escalation with overdose control in PNU-214936.

PURPOSE A patient-specific dose-escalation scheme using a Bayesian model of Escalation with Overdose Control (EWOC) was conducted to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of PNU-214936 in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PNU-214936 is a murine Fab fragment of the monoclonal antibody 5T4 fused to a mutated superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventy-eight patients with NSCLC were treated with an individualized dose of PNU-214936 calculated using EWOC, based on their anti-SEA antibody level, and given as a 3-hour infusion on 4 consecutive days. RESULTS Fever (82%; grade 3 to 4, 2.6%) and hypotension (57%; grade 3 to 4, 9%) were the most common toxicities. Eight dose-limiting toxicities occurred, as defined as any grade 4 toxicity occurring within the first 5 days. The MTD was defined as a function of pretreatment anti-SEA antibody level. MTD ranged from 103 ng/kg for patients with anti-SEA concentrations < or = 10 pmol/mL, to 601 ng/kg for patients with anti-SEA concentrations of 91 to 150 pmol/mL. A minor tumor response was demonstrated in five of 66 assessable patients. CONCLUSION EWOC determined phase I doses of PNU-214936 that were adjusted for patient anti-SEA antibody level, while safeguarding against overdose. Furthermore, the method permitted the construction of a dosing algorithm that would allow patients in subsequent clinical investigations to be treated with a dose of PNU-214936 that is tailored to their specific tolerance for the agent, as reflected by their pretreatment anti-SEA.
Effect of corticosteroids on sciatic nerve‐tibialis anterior muscle of rats treated with hemicholinium‐3

We studied the effect of intraperitoneally administered corticosteroids on the neuromuscular transmission in the sciatic nerve-tibialis anterior muscle preparation of the anesthetized rat stimulated at a rate of 10 Hz. Administered simultaneously with hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), 80 pg per kilogram (that is, half the lethal dose for 50 percent survival), prednisolone and dexamethasone cause a marked reversal of the block of the neuromuscular transmission caused by HC-3. The effect of aldosterone is very small. The blocking action of d-tubocurarine is not antagonized by either prednisolone or dexamethasone. Choline provides total protection against the HC-3 blockade, whereas physostigmine, in a just sublethal dose, is ineffective. We tentatively conclude that in myasthenia gravis the carrier-mediated transport of choline into the nerve endings may be deficient and that the beneficial effect of corticosteroids in this condition is based on their ability to ameliorate the deficient choline transoort.
Corruptible Law Enforcers: How Should They Be Compensated?

The authors study the optimal compensation policy for a corruptible inspector charged with monitoring pollution from a factory. Their utilitarian approach focuses on the trade-off among corruption, pollution, and enforcement effort. Owing to the strategic interaction between factory and inspector, changes in compensation policy have surprising effects, e.g., raising the penalty for corruption may cause pollution to increase. The authors find that bribery is an inefficient way of encouraging the inspector to monitor; society should wipe out corruption. Copyright 1995 by Royal Economic Society.