Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
First-principles study of mechanical and magnetic properties of transition metal ( M ) nitrides in the cubic M 4 N structure

We report results from systematic calculations performed by density functional theory on mechanical properties of twenty-eight 3 d, 4 d and 5 d transition metal (M) nitrides (TMNs) in metal-rich cubic M4N structure as novel candidates for hard coatings materials. We have computed lattice constants, elastic constants, derived moduli and ratios which characterize mechanical properties, and other properties like magnetic moments, formation energies, Debye temperature and Bader charge transfer. Our calculations indicate that all M4N-type metal nitrides except V4N, Nb4N, and Pt4N are mechanically stable. All Group 7 TMNs in the M4N structure are found to have high Vickers hardness values with the highest being 24.3 GPa for Re4N. Our computed lattice constants and magnetic dipole moments for Mn4N and Fe4N, the two compounds for which experimental measurements exist, are consistent with their measured values. Spin-polarized computations reduce the hardness of some magnetic compounds like Mn4N and Fe4N. The total density of states calculation reveals that all 28 M4N phases are metallic. The hybridization of metal d and nitrogen 2p orbitals is found to be the key factor in determining mechanical stability and hardness in these compounds. In contrast, ionicity, as computed by Bader charge transfer, does not correlate with hardness. Our comprehensive database for binary transition metal nitrides in M4N structure offers wide possibilities for experimental synthesis of such materials with desirable physical properties for the hard-coatings application.
Ocean acidi fi cation research in the ‘ post-genomic ’ era : Roadmaps from the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

a Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA b Department of Biology, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA c Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA d Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA e Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA f Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA g Department of Geology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA h Department of Geology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA i Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA j Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA
Active and Reactive Power Control of Wound Rotor Induction Generators by Using the Computer and Driver

In this chapter, a power control system for a wound rotor induction generator has been explained. This power control system has realized a control method using a rotating reference frame fixed on the air-gap flux of the generator. Application of such a system allows control of the active and reactive power of generators independently and stably. So, a two-step process is presented here. The first step is to acquire the complex power expression (and thus the active and reactive power expressions) for an induction machine in space vector notation and in two-axes system. Then, a computer aided circuit is given to realize the power and current control by analyzing them. Also, the results of an experiment given in literature are shown to be able to compare the results.
International Journal of Instruction

The objective of the research concerned here was to discover the difference in effectiveness among Levels 2, 3, and 4 of inquiry learning in improving students’ process skills. The research was a quasi-experimental study using the pretestposttest non-equivalent control group research design. Three sample groups were selected by means of cluster random sampling. They were three SMA (sekolah menengah atas, Indonesian senior high school) classes respectively serving as Experimental Group 1 were treated with inquiry learning of Level 3 (ILL-3), Experimental Group 2 were treated with inquiry learning of Level 4 (ILL-4) and Control Group were treated with inquiry learning of Level 2 (ILL-2). The research results indicate that there is significant difference in effectiveness among Levels 2, 3, and 4 of inquiry learning in improving students’ process skills. Inquiry learning of Level 3 (ILL-3) is more effective than inquiry learning of Level 2 (ILL-2) and Level 4 (ILL-4) in improving students’ process skills, as shown by the gain scores. It, therefore, indicates that, in improving students’ process skills, the teacher could apply inquiry learning of the levels that are appropriate for their scientific experience and competence, which are then to be raised to higher levels.
Intermittent medication ‐ an alternative?

Neuroleptic maintenance medication is clearly effective for relapse prevention in schizophrenia. However, besides benefits for the majority of patients, there are also failures and/or serious risks for some patients (e.g., tardive dyskinesia). Since the risk‐benefit ratio is often difficult to predict in the individual case, this has stimulated the search for modifications and alternatives to maintenance treatment. In particular. neuroleptic low‐dose treatment strategies obviously compare quite favourably with standard‐dose treatment concerning relapse prevention and side effects. Alternatively, on the basis of reports on prodromal symptoms preceding a relapse, early intervention, intermittent neuroleptic treatment strategies have been developed. However, all recently completed controlled 2‐year studies have not confirmed this strategy to be as effective as maintenance treatment in preventing relapse, although total drug exposure is significantly reduced and social adjustment seems to be unaffected. Therefore, for the majority of patients, intermittent treatment cannot be recommended.
VARIANCE OF PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION AND VELOCITY IN ATTENUATION RELATIONSHIPS

The variance of peak horizontal acceleration and velocity is examined using the Japanese strong-motion data. The empirical attenuation relationships for peak acceleration and velocity are developed from more than three thousand Japanese data. The errors of the data from the attenuation relationships are examined. The standard error decreases with increasing magnitude, with decreasing distance, and with increasing amplitude. The distance dependence is clear at distances shorter than 50km and can be interpreted by local and regional variations of scattering and absorption of seismic waves in the path. The amplitude dependence of the error is much stronger than the magnitude and distance dependences. As the amplitude level is controlled by magnitude and distance, the strong amplitude dependence would be due to the multiple effect of the magnitude and distance dependences.
Commercial Insurers ’ Participation in Public Health Insurance Programs

For many years, commercial insurers have opted in and out of the provision of health care services to persons enrolled in public programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid. By mandating the creation of health insurance exchanges, the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) offers a new way for commercial insurers to participate in public health programs. Participation is not mandatory, and thus will require that participating insurers be allowed to establish adequate premiums to ensure solvency. Our analysis sheds light on the potential benefit of participating in a health insurance exchange by analyzing the relative performance of commercial health insurers across varying degrees of participation in public health insurance programs. In particular, we consider how the level of participation in Medicare, Medicaid and the Federal Employee Health Benefits Program relate to commercial health insurers’ overall financial performance. Our results show that insurers’ underwriting performance is weakly related to the degree to which they concentrate in various lines of public insurance. While performance is not significantly enhanced, it is also not significantly worsened by participating in public health insurance programs. This information may be especially useful to state insurance regulators as they evaluate the performance of the private insurance market and participation in health insurance exchanges across rating areas in their states. 1 Journal of Insurance Regulation © 2016 National Association of Insurance Commissioners
Using APIs for Data Collection on Social Media

This article discusses how social media research may benefit from social media companies making data available to researchers through their application programming interfaces (APIs). An API is a back-end interface through which third-party developers may connect new add-ons to an existing service. The API is also an interface for researchers to collect data off a given social media service for empirical analysis. Presenting a critical methodological discussion of the opportunities and challenges associated with quantitative and qualitative social media research based on APIs, this article highlights a number of general methodological issues to be dealt with when collecting and assessing data through APIs. The article further discusses the legal and ethical implications of empirical research using APIs for data collection.
Effect of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition and Corticosteroid Induction Therapy on the Gut Microbiota of Pediatric Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Introduction: Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) and corticosteroids (CS) are effective induction therapies for pediatric Crohn’s Disease (CD). CS are also therapy for ulcerative colitis (UC). Host–microbe interactions may be able to explain the effectiveness of these treatments. This is the first prospective study to longitudinally characterize compositional changes in the bacterial community structure of pediatric UC and CD patients receiving EEN or CS induction therapy. Methods: Patients with diagnoses of CD or UC were recruited from McMaster Children’s Hospital (Hamilton, Canada). Fecal samples were collected from participants aged 5–18 years old undergoing 8 weeks of induction therapy with EEN or CS. Fecal samples were submitted for 16S rRNA sequencing. The Shannon diversity index and the relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa were compared using a linear mixed model. Results: The clustering of microbiota was the highest between patients who achieved remission compared to patients still showing active disease (p = 0.029); this effect was independent of the diagnosis or treatment type. All patients showed a significant increase in Shannon diversity over the 8 weeks of treatment. By week 2, a significant difference was seen in Shannon diversity between patients who would go on to achieve remission and those who would not. Conclusion: The gut microbiota of pediatric UC and CD patients was most influenced by patients’ success or failure to achieve remission and was largely independent of the choice of treatment or disease type. Significant differences in Shannon diversity indices occurred as early as week 2 between patients who went on to achieve remission and those who continued to have active disease.
DAMAGE TO A PILE FOUNDATION DUE TO LIQUEFIED GROUND MOTION

During the Hokkaido Nansei-oki, earthquake, July 12, 1993 with magnitude 7.8, extensive liquefaction occurred in reclaimed coastal areas of Hakodate, Japan. A 2500 ton-capacity cement silo at such a liquefied site suffered severe damage with 1/20 tilt, 90 cm differential settlement, and 45 cm lateral displacement. The purpose of this paper is to describe the outline of the damage to the pile foundation of the silo and its surrounding ground, and to elucidate the mechanism of damage by numerical analysis. After the earthquake, various site investigations and laboratory tests were carried out so that the analysis of soil properties and earthquake response analysis by effective stress method based on the results of investigations and tests could clarify that the reclaimed silt layer had liquefied. Furthermore, the excavation survey of all the pile heads and the pipe-camera inspection of several pile shafts were conducted so as to observe the details of pile damages. Finally, in order to study the transient pile stress, nonlinear earthquake response analyses were carried out with modeling the whole soil-pile-structure system to a simple mass-beam-spring system. The analyses results led the authors to conclude that the influence of liquefaction as large deformation of the surrounding ground dominated the pile stresses in pile damage mechanism.
A Sociotechnical Method for Designing Work Systems

The paper describes a new method for allocating work between and among humans and machines. The method consists of a series of stages, which cover how the overall work system should be organized and designed; how tasks within the work system should be allocated (human-human allocations); and how tasks involving the use of technology should be allocated (human-machine allocations). The method makes use of a series of decision criteria that allow end users to consider a range of factors relevant to function allocation, including aspects of job, organizational, and technological design. The method is described in detail using an example drawn from a workshop involving the redesign of a naval command and control (C2) subsystem. We also report preliminary details of the evaluation of the method, based on the views of participants at the workshop. A final section outlines the contribution of the work in terms of current theoretical developments within the domain of function allocation. The method has been applied to the domain of naval C2 systems; however, it is also designed for generic use within function allocation and sociotechnical work systems.
Association between muscle acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine levels in the exercising horse.

Treadmill exercise of 2-min duration and increasing intensity resulted in increased formation of acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine in working muscle of Thoroughbred horses. At high work intensities a plateau was reached for both acetyl-CoA (approximately 50 mumols/kg dry muscle) and acetylcarnitine (approximately 20 mmol/kg dry muscle). Postexercise concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.001) correlated; [acetylcarnitine] = 349. [acetyl-CoA] + 2.4. The results indicate that approximately 350 mumols acetylcarnitine were accumulated for every 1 mumol acetyl-CoA. Under the conditions of exercise used it is probable that most of the acetyl-CoA formed is generated through the intramitochondrial decarboxylation of pyruvate. The acetyl groups of acetyl-CoA are apparently redistributed throughout the whole cell through formation of acetylcarnitine, which readily transverses the mitochondrial membrane. Despite the redistribution, however, the close correlation between acetylcarnitine and acetyl-CoA would indicate that equilibrium was maintained and that neither acetylcarnitine transferase nor carnitine/acetylcarnitine translocase were rate limiting. There is some question as to whether the changes observed relate directly to exercise itself or to the state in muscle 10 s or more after exercise.
Effect of Smear on Consolidation of Sand Columns in Soft Clay

Granular columns such as sand columns are considered as cost-effective solution to the problem of stability and settlement posed by construction on soft ground. Installation of the sand columns is known to cause disturbance due to smear in a limited zone of the soil surrounding the sand columns. In this paper, the effect of smear on consolidation of model sand columns installed in 200mm long and 100mm diameter cylindrical clay specimens was investigated using conventional triaxial consolidation tests under different confining pressures ranging from 100kPa to 575kPa. Change in volume of the specimen was measured using automatic volume change apparatus. This typically required a consolidation time of about 100 minutes compared to more than 6-7days required to consolidate the specimen without the side drains. However, specimens prepared with smear-effect took slightly more time to consolidate thereby lending further confidence to the method used to create the smear zone.
Sensory organization for balance: specific deficits in Alzheimer's but not in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND The cause of frequent falling in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD) is not well understood. Distraction from incongruent visual stimuli may be an important factor as suggested by their poor performance in tests of shifting visual attention in other studies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether AD patients have difficulty maintaining upright balance under absent and/or incongruent visual and other sensory conditions compared to nondemented healthy elderly persons and individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Seventeen healthy older adults, 15 medicated PD subjects, and 11 AD subjects underwent the Sensory Organization Test protocol. The incidence of loss of balance ("falls"), and the peak-to-peak amplitude of body center of mass sway during stance in the six sensory conditions were used to infer the ability to use visual, somatosensory, and vestibular signals when they provided useful information for balance, and to suppress them when they were incongruent as an orientation reference. Vestibular reflex tests were conducted to ensure normal vestibular function in the subjects. RESULTS AD subjects had normal vestibular function but had trouble using it in condition 6, where they had to concurrently suppress both incongruent visual and somatosensory inputs. All 11 AD subjects fell in the first trial of this condition. With repeated trials, only three AD subjects were able to stay balanced. AD subjects were able to keep their balance when only somatosensory input was incongruent. In this condition, all AD subjects were able to maintain balance whereas some falls occurred in the other groups. In all conditions, when AD subjects did not fall, they were able to control as large a sway as the healthy controls, except when standing with eyes closed in condition 2: AD subjects did not increase their sway whereas the other groups did. In the PD group, the total fall incidence was similar to the AD group, but the distribution was generalized across more sensory conditions. PD subjects were also able to improve with repeated trials in condition 6. CONCLUSION Patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type have decreased ability to suppress incongruent visual stimuli when trying to maintain balance. However, they did not seem to be dependent on vision for balance because they did not increase their sway when vision was absent. Parkinsonian patients have a more general balance control problem in the sensory organization test, possibly related to difficulty changing set.
Purinergic P2X7 receptor regulates lung surfactant secretion in a paracrine manner

Alveolar epithelium is composed of alveolar epithelial cells of type I (AEC I) and type II (AEC II). AEC II secrete lung surfactant by means of exocytosis. P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), a P2 purinergic receptor, has been implicated in the regulation of synaptic transmission and inflammation. Here, we report that P2X7R, which is expressed in AEC I but not AEC II, is a novel mediator for the paracrine regulation of surfactant secretion in AEC II. In primary co-cultures of AEC I and AEC II benzoyl ATP (BzATP; an agonist of P2X7R) increased surfactant secretion, which was blocked by the P2X7R antagonist Brilliant Blue G. This effect was observed in AEC II co-cultured with human embryonic kidney HEK-293 cells stably expressing rat P2X7R, but not when co-cultured with AEC I in which P2X7R was knocked down or in co-cultures of AEC I and AEC II isolated from P2X7R−/− mice. BzATP-mediated secretion involved P2Y2 receptor signaling because it was reduced by the addition of the ATP scavengers apyrase and adenosine deaminase and the P2Y2 receptor antagonist suramin. However, the stimulation with BzATP might also release other substances that potentially increase surfactant secretion as a greater stimulation of secretion was observed in AEC II incubated with BzATP when co-cultured with E10 or HEK-293-P2X7R cells than with ATP alone. P2X7R−/− mice failed to increase surfactant secretion in response to hyperventilation, pointing to the physiological relevance of P2X7R in maintaining surfactant homeostasis in the lung. These results suggest that the activation of P2X7R increases surfactant secretion by releasing ATP from AEC I and subsequently stimulating P2Y2 receptors in AEC II.
Indicators of Innovative Leadership for Secondary School Principals: Developing and Testing the Structural Relationship Model

The objectives of this research were to test the fitness of the model that developed from theory and research with empirical data and to verify the factor loading value of major components, sub-components, and indicators by using descriptive research methodology. Determine the sample size in proportion between sample unit and numbers of parameter 20:1 and selected 1,020 samples from 2,359 secondary school principals under the jurisdiction of the Office of the Basic Education Commission of Thailand by using proportional random sampling. Collecting data by using a set of rating scale questionnaires with reliability 0.97. Data were analyzed by using AMOS Program. The research was based on the provided research hypotheses including Visionary Measurement Model (VIS), Collaborative Measurement Model (COL), Risk-taking Measurement Model (RISK), Oriented Change Measurement Model (OCH) and Innovative Leadership Model were fit with empirical data. The main components, sub-components, and indicators were in accordance with the criteria.
Energy scavenging power sources for household electrical monitoring

Household electricity monitoring comprises an important first step in devising effective residential energy usage strategies. Inexpensive, compact electric current sensors connected to wireless sensor networks are envisioned as a solution. This paper discusses the fabrication and testing of devices that couple to magnetic fields surrounding wires carrying AC current, with a view to developing both energy scavenging power sources for wireless sensor nodes and passive, proximity-based current sensors. Devices were constructed from cantilever-mount piezoelectric bimorphs and NdFeB permanent magnets. In energy scavenging operation, devices generated 208 μW of power in a 419 kΩ load resistor when coupled to a space heater cord carrying 9.4 ARMS, and 345 μW in a 491 kΩ load coupled to a 13 ARMS current. In current sensing operation, sensitivities up to 74 mV/A were observed, with highly linear sensor behavior (R 2 > 0.99). Sensitivity varied with the inverse of distance from the conductor core, in agreement with theory. This research was conducted on meso-scale devices, but the design principles involved show promise for MEMS-scale devices.