Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Glass Ceiling in Korean Civil Service

The increasing female employment has become one of the most remarkable social transformations across countries. Along with the global trend, respecting gender differences and treating women fairly in the workplace have been increasingly important to accomplish social equity and justice for women. Gender equity in employment, nevertheless, appears to be less salient in Korea than in Western industrialized countries (e.g., the United States). This study analyzes the gender representation and barriers of women’s career advancement in the Korean government in comparison to the U.S. government. We collected the employment data from the Korean government and conducted face-to-face and telephone interviews with female public employees. The statistical data reveal that women are less represented in the Korean government especially in upper ranks than in the U.S. government. The results from interviews suggest that Korean female public employees share similar experiences with U.S. female employees in terms of limited access to upper level ranks and obstacles of women’s career advancement. Cultural differences such as strong influence from Confucian tradition and collectivism in Korean society may be more challenging to female public employees in Korea than in the United States.
Use of physical restraints in nursing homes and hospitals and related factors: a cross-sectional study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate factors related to the use of restraints and to explore whether the rate of nurses was an influencing factor regarding the use of restraints in German nursing homes and hospitals. BACKGROUND Restraints are frequently used measures in hospitals and nursing homes. Risks for falls and small nurse workforces are discussed in relation to the use of restraints. DESIGN A secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study was carried out. Methods. Data were collected by trained nurses using standardised questionnaires in 76 nursing homes (n = 5521) and 15 hospitals (n = 2827). For data analysis, a 3-level random intercept logistic model was used. RESULTS The prevalence of restraints (bed rails and/or belts) was 9·3% for hospital patients and 26·3% for nursing home residents. Amongst hospital patients, restraint use was more prevalent in women, older patients, patients with a high care dependency, patients who fell during the last two weeks, patients with a perceived risk of falls, polypharmacy, urinary incontinence, disorientation and confinement to bed. In the nursing homes, the restrained residents were significantly younger, more care dependent, had less falls and were more often urinary incontinent, disoriented and bedfast. The rate of nurses was not significantly related to the use of restraints in hospitals, and nursing homes according to the three-level random intercept model. CONCLUSIONS Hospital patients with previous falls were more often restrained, but in the nursing homes, the restrained residents experienced less falls. The number of qualified nursing staff had no significant influence on the use of physical restraints. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Lower nurse staffing ratios were not related to higher frequencies of restraint use in this study.
EEC integration towards 1992: some distributional aspects

Gains and losses from 1992 Damien J. Neven This paper examines how the benefits and costs of the internal market programme will be shared across Member States. The main conclusion is that the Northern European countries stand to gain little from 1992. The only exception is the UK which will benefit from integration because initially it is less integrated than its Northern neighbours. The main beneficiaries will be the Southern European countries. They will benefit both from a better exploitation of their comparative advantage in labour-intensive commodities and from the gains from unexploited scale economies which have already been substantially exploited in Northern Europe. Although Northern countries have a comparative advantage in goods which are intensive in human capital, Southern markets for these goods are relatively small. That is why it is the Southern countries which stand to gain most. Even if, in addition, EC trade with the rest of the world is liberalized at the same pace as within the EC, labour-intensive production (especially clothing and footwear) in the South could increase by as much as 14% after 1992. Areas in the North where such industries are concentrated may be the largest losers from 1992.
Analysis of the expression of nine secreted matrix metalloproteinases and their endogenous inhibitors in the brain of mice subjected to ischaemic stroke

Summary Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of more than twenty secreted and cell-surface endopeptidases. Among them, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9 are involved in blood-brain barrier injury and neuronal death after cerebral ischaemia. On the other hand, very little is known about the expression of the other secreted MMPs. Herein, we compared the global changes in MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP7, MMP8, MMP9, MMP10, MMP12 and MMP13, and their endogenous inhibitors TIMP1 and TIMP2, both at the mRNA and protein levels, during the hyperacute (6 h), acute (24 h) and subacute (72 h) stages following transient focal cerebral ischaemia and treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). We observed a significant increase in MMP1, MMP2, MMP9, MMP10, MMP13 and TIMP1 levels during the acute stage of reperfusion, which was further amplified during the subacute stage for MMP1, MMP2, MMP10 and TIMP1. In general, no change of MMP3, MMP7, MMP8, MMP12 and TIMP2 was observed. However, rtPA treatment induced a rapid increase in MMP1/TIMP2, MMP2/TIMP2, MMP8/TIMP2 and MMP9/TIMP2 ratios during the hyperacute stage of reperfusion compared to saline treatment, which may have potential implications in the early disruption of the blood-brain barrier after rtPA treatment.
Development of small and medium-sized enterprise horizontal innovation networks: UK agri-food sector study

Within the management literature, there is an emergent discourse on horizontal collaboration among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), whereby individual rivalries are overcome by the need for more resources and innovation, leading to increased competitiveness through joint product development. In particular, a number of these horizontal collaborations between SMEs have occurred within the agri-food sector. As a consequence, this article aims to explore the longitudinal development of horizontal innovation networks within an artisan bakers’ network as part of the UK SME agri-food sector. An interpretivist research approach was used, whereby the development and evolution of an artisan bakers’ horizontal network was studied over a 27-month period. The findings, as summarised in conceptual models which draw upon knowledge-based open innovation and social network constructs, illustrate that a complex three-stage life cycle development occurred within the bakers’ horizontal network.
Conceptualizing Destination Brand Equity Dimensions from a Consumer-Based Brand Equity Perspective

ABSTRACT This study develops a conceptual framework for destination brand equity that goes beyond image by adapting and expanding a multidimensional consumer-based brand equity scale for application within a tourism context. The empirical results, based on a consumer survey in Malaysia (n = 326) measuring the brand dimensions of Korea, identify the relational linkages between four principle brand equity dimensions (brand awareness, brand image, brand associations, and brand loyalty), and overall customer-based brand equity. The importance of brand image, associations, and awareness is confirmed, and the mediating role of brand loyalty in building destination brand equity is highlighted.
How to make your Facebook posts attractive: A case study of a leading budget hotel brand fan page

Purpose – This study aims to identify what type of post is most effective in drawing fans to like, comment on or share it, building on the premise that hotels can only benefit when “fans” – customers who “like” them – engage in discussion and interaction on Facebook. Design/methodology/approach – In the case of the Super 8 Hotels Facebook fan page, 14 underlying factors related to themes, media, characteristics and time are identified in a content analysis of its posts. Multilevel regression is employed in the study to test the effects of these 14 factors on the number of fans who like, comment on or share a post. Findings – Posts about hotel products and attributes diminish the attractiveness to the hotel brand’s Facebook page. The posts that include award and discount information, expressed in a humorous way or end with requests to like tend to be liked more often by fans. Furthermore, posts ending with a question are likely to get more comments, but these questions have a negative influence on the numb.
Endogenous Financial Fragility and Prudential Regulation

We study the fragility of the banking system and its implications for prudential regulation. In our framework, fragility stems from the interconnections banks establish to protect themselves from liquidity shocks. We show that when banks do not provide payment services they have an incentive to choose the optimal degree of mutual insurance. Under these conditions, the flexibility with which financial assets can be designed and priced causes all market participants to correctly to take into account the economic effects of their own interdependence. When banks provide payment services this flexibility is no longer available. In this case, we show that banks have an incentive to become too interdependent, since some of the beneficiaries of the payments arrangement are unable to compensate the banks for maintaining independence. This creates a justification for a regulatory intervention. We examine possible modes of intervention.
Stage A Heart Failure Is Not Adequately Recognized in US Adults: Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2007-2010

Background Stage A heart failure (HF) is defined as people without HF symptoms or structural heart disease, but with predisposing conditions for HF. This classification is used to identify high risk patients to prevent progression to symptomatic HF. While guidelines exist for managing HF risk factors, achievement of treatment goals in the United States (US) population is unknown. Methods We examined all adults with Stage A HF (≥20 years, N =4,470) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2007-2010, a nationally representative sample. Stage A HF was defined by coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or chronic kidney disease. We evaluated whether nationally accepted guidelines for risk factor control were achieved in Stage A patients, including sodium intake, body mass index, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), cholesterol, and blood pressure (BP). Pharmacologic interventions and socioeconomic factors associated with guideline compliance were also assessed. Results Over 75 million people, or 1 in 3 US adults, have Stage A HF. The mean age of the Stage A population was 56.9 years and 51.5% were women. Seventy-two percent consume ≥2g sodium/day and 49.2% are obese. Of those with CHD, 58.6% were on a statin and 51.8% were on a beta-blocker. In people with diabetes, 43.6% had HbA1c ≥7%, with Mexican Americans more likely to have HbA1c ≥7% . Of those with hypertension, 30.8% had a systolic BP ≥140 or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg. Having health insurance was associated with controlled blood pressure, both in those with hypertension and diabetes. In CHD patients, income ≥$20,000/year and health insurance were inversely associated with LDL ≥100mg/dL with prevalence ratio (PR) of 0.58 (P=0.03) and 0.56 (P=0.03), respectively. Conclusions One-third of the US adult population has Stage A HF. Prevention efforts should focus on those with poorly controlled comorbid disease.
Brand in Labour‐Intensive Services

A labour-intensive service brand can be only as strong as the people performing the service. But, say Leonard L. Berry and Sandra S. Lampo, there are three guiding principles for developing strong brands for labour-intensive services: orchestrate the clues; connect emotionally; and internalise the brand. The reality of such branding is that service providers' actions, with or for customers, transform a company's brand aspirations to brand reality. Independent research reveals that American consumers prefer Mayo Clinic to any other healthcare institution if they have a serious medical condition and their personal finances or health plan is not an impediment. How did this happen for an organisation that opened shop in the middle of a Minnesota cornfield, had a one-person marketing staff until 1992 and advertised very little?
Early Retirees As the Next Generation of Entrepreneurs

In this article, we combine perspectives from labor economics and entrepreneurship to examine early retirees’ decision to become self–employed. Many individuals leave career employment before the traditional age of 65 and return to the labor market for a period of time before they fully retire. This phenomenon is referred to in the labor economics literature as bridge employment. Initial research of bridge employment has identified entrepreneurial activities to be common. The authors argue that first early retirees have to make the decision whether to permanently retire or to continue their labor force participation. If they decide to return to work, then self–employment is one option. Using the theoretical foundations of entrepreneurship, the authors outline the factors that would influence the self–employment choice and the types of entrepreneurial paths emanating from that choice.
Different Bodies, Different Minds

Do people with different kinds of bodies think differently? According to the body-specificity hypothesis (Casasanto, 2009), they should. In this article, I review evidence that right- and left-handers, who perform actions in systematically different ways, use correspondingly different areas of the brain for imagining actions and representing the meanings of action verbs. Beyond concrete actions, the way people use their hands also influences the way they represent abstract ideas with positive and negative emotional valence like “goodness,” “honesty,” and “intelligence” and how they communicate about these ideas in spontaneous speech and gesture. Changing how people use their right and left hands can cause them to think differently, suggesting that motoric differences between right- and left-handers are not merely correlated with cognitive differences. Body-specific patterns of motor experience shape the way we think, feel, communicate, and make decisions.
Risk of elevated resting heart rate on the development of type 2 diabetes in patients with clinically manifest vascular diseases.

OBJECTIVE Sympathetic nerve activation is causally related to insulin resistance as both a cause and a consequence. Resting heart rate (RHR) reflects sympathetic nerve activity. We investigated the effect of RHR on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in patients with clinically manifest vascular diseases. DESIGN Data were used from the second manifestations of arterial disease (SMART) study: a prospective cohort study of patients with clinically manifest vascular diseases (n=3646). METHODS RHR was obtained using an electrocardiogram. Patients were followed up for incident type 2 diabetes (n=289) during a median period of 5.5 (interquartile range 3.2-8.4) years. The relation between RHR and incident T2DM was estimated by Cox proportional hazard analysis. As age was an effect modifier (P=0.048), analyses were stratified for age. RESULTS Patients in quartile 4 (Q4) of RHR had a 65% increased risk of T2DM compared with those in Q1 (reference; hazard ratios (HR), 1.65; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.15-2.36) adjusted for age, gender, smoking, estimated glomerular filtration rate, systolic blood pressure, location of vascular disease, and antihypertensive medication. Every 10 beats per minute (bpm) increase in RHR increased the risk for T2DM with 10% (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00-1.21) in the total population. This risk was particularly high in subjects aged 55-63 years (per 10 bpm: HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04-1.43) and was independent of the location of vascular disease and beta-blocker use. CONCLUSIONS Increased RHR, an indicator of sympathetic nerve activity, is associated with an increased risk for T2DM in patients with manifest vascular diseases, particularly in middle-aged patients.
Declining Orange Consumption in Japan: Generational Changes or Something Else?

Japan is a leading market for U.S. oranges. Since 1995, orange consumption in Japan has declined. This report summarizes an analysis of household survey data to assess various factors that may be related to the decline. Consumption of oranges in Japan differs markedly across generations, with younger generations (cohorts) eating fewer oranges than older generations. However, within generations, as individuals in Japan grow older, they eat more oranges. On balance, the effects on consumption associated with aging and birth cohort membership are mostly offsetting. Orange prices affect consumption levels, but household income does not. Even after the analysis accounts for price and demographic variables, a strong downward trend is evident in orange consumption in Japan. Results suggest that orange consumption could decline even more in the future.
The Competitiveness of Markets with Switching Costs

This article examines a two-period differentiated-products duopoly in which consumers are partially "locked in" by switching costs that they face in the second period. While these switching costs naturally make demand more inelastic in the second period, they also do so in the first period, because consumers recognize that a firm with a higher market share charges a higher price in the second period and hence is a less attractive supplier to which to be attached. Prices are lower in the first period than subsequently, because firms compete for market share that is valuable later. But prices may be higher in both periods than they would be in a market without switching costs.
The potential dangers of treating head injury patients with corticosteroids

In the past, corticosteroids were given to head-injured patients in order to prevent secondary brain damage, even if clinical trials had been inconclusive and potential risks of complications were of concern. Recently, CRASH, a large, multi-centre study on short-term, high-dose corticosteroid treatment in head trauma, was interrupted after enrolling > 10,000 patients because corticosteroid treatment was associated with significantly higher mortality within two weeks. Participating clinicians were not requested to judge the causes of death, but rates of infections and gastrointestinal haemorrhages did not differ between treated patients and controls. Other potential corticosteroid complications include metabolic derangements (particularly hyperglycaemia), adrenal insufficiency and critical illness myopathy. Furthermore, experimental data suggest that corticosteroids may have some harmful effects on neural tissue. In this review, the potential risks of treating head-injured patients with corticosteroids are examined.
Plasmapheresis as rescue therapy in accelerated acute humoral rejection

Accelerated acute humoral rejection (AHR) continues to occur in renal transplantation despite improved crossmatching, with potentially devastating consequences. Between 1 June 1998 and 31 December 2000, 440 renal transplants were performed in our center. AHR was diagnosed by the demonstration of typical pathological features on renal histology and positive direct immunofluorescence or detection of anti‐HLA antibodies in serum. AHR developed in 20 (4.5%) of our renal transplant recipients, nine male and eleven female at an average of 16.3 days post transplantation. All of these patients had a negative current cytotoxic crossmatch prior to transplantation. The median serum creatinine at diagnosis was 5.96 mg/dL, and 83% of these individuals developed oliguric renal failure requiring dialysis after having initially attained good graft function (median of best serum creatinine before AHR was 2.64 mg/dL). The 18 recipients who had not infarcted their grafts at the time of diagnosis of AHR received plasmapheresis in conjunction with intensification of their immunosuppressive regimen. This regimen was successful in reversing AHR in 78% of those treated with apheresis. In the 14 responders, graft survival at 6 months was 100% and at 12 months was 91%. Median serum creatinine at 6 and 12 months was 1.26 and 1.33 mg/dL, respectively. Patients received an average of 8.1 plasma exchanges. However, responders received a significantly higher frequency of plasmapheresis (P = .0053), despite undergoing a similar number of exchanges overall. Plasmapheresis appears to be an effective modality for reversing AHR and maintaining graft function. J. Clin. Apheresis 18:103–110, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fragile and Resilient Trust and Their Roles in Economic Exchange

Interfirm collaboration and trust are topics currently exciting research interest. The literature treats trust as a unitary concept, providing little understanding of those processes that create trust, or are employed by parties relying on trust. I suggest that two distinct forms of trust can be observed in economic exchanges: fragile trust and resilient trust. I define these kinds of trust, speculate on processes by which economic actors learn about them, and explore contexts in which they are likely to be relied upon by economic actors. I conclude with a discussion of implications for practice and scholarship.
Antifungal Activity of Thapsia villosa Essential Oil against Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia, Aspergillus and Dermatophyte Species

The composition of the essential oil (EO) of Thapsia villosa (Apiaceae), isolated by hydrodistillation from the plant’s aerial parts, was analysed by GC and GC-MS. Antifungal activity of the EO and its main components, limonene (57.5%) and methyleugenol (35.9%), were evaluated against clinically relevant yeasts (Candida spp., Cryptococcus neoformans and Malassezia furfur) and moulds (Aspergillus spp. and dermatophytes). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were measured according to the broth macrodilution protocols by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The EO, limonene and methyleugenol displayed low MIC and MFC (minimum fungicidal concentration) values against Candida spp. , Cryptococcus neoformans, dermatophytes, and Aspergillus spp. Regarding Candida species, an inhibition of yeast–mycelium transition was demonstrated at sub-inhibitory concentrations of the EO (MIC/128; 0.01 μL/mL) and their major compounds in Candida albicans. Fluconazole does not show this activity, and the combination with low concentrations of EO could associate a supplementary target for the antifungal activity. The association of fluconazole with T. villosa oil does not show antagonism, but the combination limonene/fluconazole displays synergism. The fungistatic and fungicidal activities revealed by T. villosa EO and its main compounds, associated with their low haemolytic activity, confirm their potential antimicrobial interest against fungal species often associated with human mycoses.