Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
1 Contextual cueing Jiang & Sisk

i. Summary/Abstract Contextual cueing refers to the facilitation of visual search by the occasional repetition of a visual context. In standard spatial contextual cueing, a visual search target appears in a consistent location within a repeated array of objects. Search time is faster on repeated displays relative to novel displays, even in participants who do not explicitly recognize the repeated displays. Contextual cueing exemplifies the importance of statistical learning and the resulting memory in guiding attention. Because it involves implicit, relational learning, it has been instrumental in understanding brain functions, cognitive changes across the lifespan, as well as effects of various neurological, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric conditions. To stimulate further behavioral and brain research on memory-guided attention and to facilitate comparisons across studies, here we provide a methodological guide on the experimental paradigm of contextual cueing and review key findings. We identify factors that influence the strength of the effect and underscore potential pitfalls in experimental design, data analysis, and interpretation.
Women Legislators and Economic Performance

There has been a phenomenal global increase in the proportion of women in politics in the last two decades, but there is no evidence of how this has influenced economic performance. We investigate this using data on competitive elections to India’s state assemblies, leveraging close elections to isolate causal effects. We find significantly higher growth in economic activity in constituencies that elect women and no evidence of negative spillovers to neighbouring male-led constituencies, consistent with net growth. Probing mechanisms, we find evidence consistent with women legislators being more efficacious, less corrupt and less vulnerable to political opportunism.
MOTIVATION AND COGNITIVE STRATEGIES OF TURKISH AND IRANIAN LEARNERS OF ENGLISH

To investigate the relationship between motivation and cognitive strategies with special reference to the differences between Turkish and Iranian students of English (n=898), Deci and Ryan’s (1985) self-determination theory, and Oxford’s (1990) strategy inventory for language learning were adapted. The results showed Turkish and Iranian students were both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated. Iranian students’ motivation level was more than Turkish students and Turkish students mostly used receiving and sending strategy, whereas Iranian students mostly used the cognitive strategy of creating structures for input and output. Motivation and four regulations in extrinsic motivation were positively correlated and there was an ordered pattern between motivation types and regulations. The more students were internally motivated the more they used cognitive strategies. Moreover, amotivation was negatively correlated to all types of cognitive strategies. In addition, there were significant gender differences within integrated regulation, external regulation, amotivation, and use of analyzing and reasoning strategy.
SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION ANALYSIS OFFERS NEW INSIGHTS INTO GENE FLOW IN THE AUSTRALIAN BUSH RAT, RATTUS FUSCIPES

Abstract Dispersal is a fundamental process that influences the response of species to landscape change and habitat fragmentation. In an attempt to better understand dispersal in the Australian bush rat, Rattus fuscipes, we have combined a new multilocus autocorrelation method with hypervariable microsatellite genetic markers to investigate fine-scale (≤1 km) patterns of spatial distribution and spatial genetic structure. The study was conducted across eight trapping transects at four sites, with a total of 270 animals sampled. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of bush rat distribution revealed that, in general, animals occurred in groups or clusters of higher density (≤200 m across), with intervening gaps or lower density areas. Spatial genetic autocorrelation analysis, based on seven hypervariable microsatellite loci (He = 0.8) with a total of 80 alleles, revealed a consistent pattern of significant positive local genetic structure. This genetic pattern was consistent for all transects, and for adults and sub-adults, males and females. By testing for autocorrelation at multiple scales from 10 to 800 m we found that the extent of detectable positive spatial genetic structure exceeded 500 m. Further analyses detected significantly weaker spatial genetic structure in males compared with females, but no significant differences were detected between adults and sub adults. Results from Mantel tests and hierarchical AMOVA further support the conclusion that the distribution of bush rat genotypes is not random at the scale of our study. Instead, proximate bush rats are more genetically alike than more distant animals. We conclude that in bush rats, gene flow per generation is sufficiently restricted to generate the strong positive signal of local spatial genetic structure. Although our results are consistent with field data on animal movement, including the reported tendency for males to move further than females, we provide the first evidence for restricted gene flow in bush rats. Our study appears to be the first microsatellite-based study of fine-scale genetic variation in small mammals and the first to report consistent positive local genetic structure across sites, age-classes, and sexes. The combination of new forms of autocorrelation analyses, hypervariable genetic markers and fine-scale analysis (<1 km) may thus offer new evolutionary insights that are overlooked by more traditional larger scaled (>10 km) population genetic studies.
The Social Costs of Marine Litter along the East China Sea: Evidence from Ten Coastal Scenic Spots of Zhejiang Province, China

Marine litter poses numerous threats to the global environment. To estimate the social costs of marine litter in China, two stated preference methods, namely the contingent valuation model (CVM) and the choice experiment model (CEM), were used in this research. This paper conducted surveys at ten different beaches along the East China Sea in Zhejiang province in October 2017. The results indicate that approximately 74.1% of the interviewees are willing to volunteer to participate in clean-up programmes and are willing to spend 1.5 days per month on average in their daily lives, which equates to a potential loss of income of USD 1.08 per day. The willingness to pay for the removal of the main types of litter ranges from USD 0.12–0.20 per visitor across the four sample cities, which is mainly determined by the degree of the removal, the crowdedness of the beach and the visitor’s perception. The social costs are USD 1.08–1.40 per visitor when the contingent valuation method is applied and USD 1.00–1.07 per visitor when the choice experiment method is adopted, which accounts for 8–14% of the beach entrance fee. The analysis of the social costs of marine litter yielded some useful implications regarding future coastal management policy, including extra entrance fee, the quality-oriented environmental strategy and more incentives to volunteers.
Predictors of health care seeking for irritable bowel syndrome and nonulcer dyspepsia: A critical review of the literature on symptom and psychosocial factors

OBJECTIVES:Health care use is a costly outcome of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and nonulcer dyspepsia (NUD), but the predictors of this behavior remain poorly defined. We aimed to systematically review the literature to determine which symptoms and psychosocial factors drive health care seeking in these disorders.METHODS:A broad based MEDLINE and Current Contents search between 1966 and 2000 identified 44 relevant publications. References from these articles were also reviewed.RESULTS:The literature suggests that symptom severity is an important factor, but only explains a small proportion of the health care seeking behavior associated with these disorders in population-based studies. Psychosocial factors including life event stress, psychological morbidity, personality, abuse and abnormal illness attitudes and beliefs have been found to characterize those that seek help versus those that do not. The role of other psychosocial factors such as social support, coping style and knowledge about illness are as yet undetermined.CONCLUSIONS:A model for health care seeking for IBS and NUD, with an emphasis on psychosocial factors is presented, but remains to be tested.
On a Partial q-Analog of a Singularly Perturbed Problem with Fuchsian and Irregular Time Singularities

A family of linear singularly perturbed difference differential equations is examined. These equations stand for an analog of singularly perturbed PDEs with irregular and Fuchsian singularities in the complex domain recently investigated by A. Lastra and the author. A finite set of sectorial holomorphic solutions is constructed by means of an enhanced version of a classical multisummability procedure due to W. Balser. These functions share a common asymptotic expansion in the perturbation parameter, which is shown to carry a double scale structure, which pairs q-Gevrey and Gevrey bounds.
Analysis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Like Behavior in Female Rats Using a Model of Maternal Stress and Terbutaline

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in humans is diagnosed 3.1 times more in males than in females (Loomes et al., 2017) in addition to a 30% bidirectional comorbidity with epilepsy (Lewis et al., 2018). This model of stress terbutaline and potential bacterial treatment, M. vaccae, hope to establish a method by which to study the comorbidity and better understand the mechanisms underlying the disorders and perhaps their overlapping genesis. This model has proved successful at producing ASD like behavior and seizures in male rats in recent years (Bercum et al., 2015). Female Sprague Dawley rats underwent a stress paradigm protocol consisting of both maternal and developmental stress with injections of Terbutaline. Half of the treatment animals were also given injections of Mycobacterium Vaccae and the other half a vehicle solution. Behavioral tests were conducted to determine which groups of animals demonstrated ASD like behavior. ASD like behavior was seen in the females rats with regard to sociability and social novelty preference. M. vaccae ameliorated this behavior as a treatment only in the test of sociability which was tested in the three chamber social task. Neither marble bury or defensive burying tasks revealed ASD like behaviors in treatment group rats. The demonstrated differences between males and females could possibly be the result of the physiological sex differences that produce the skewed ASD sex ratio. It is also possible that the same tasks used in measures of male behavior are not accurate measures of the same behavior in females and alteration of behavioral tasks to those more suited to test the behaviors in females may produce different results. Further research to determine the model’s depiction of epileptogeneis would be needed to identify it as a model of the bidirectional comorbidity. Use of different behavioral tasks to determine if data in females that differs from males is due to differences in behavior from the model or physiological sex behavioral differences would be necessary to substantiate the legitimacy of the model in both sexes.
The Test-Retest Reliability of Fecal Incontinence Severity and Quality-of-Life Assessment Tools

BACKGROUND: The St. Mark’s score and Cleveland Clinic score are widely used for assessing the severity of fecal incontinence, whereas the Rockwood quality of life scale is used to evaluate the impact on the quality of life of patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the intra- and interobserver reliability of these assessment tools. DESIGN: All patients were recruited prospectively. To assess intraobserver reliability each patient was asked to complete 4 assessments (the St. Mark's and Cleveland Clinic scores, the Rockwood scale, and a visual analog scale) at 2 time points: initially at recruitment (P1) and then 6 weeks later (P2). No alteration to medications or treatment occurred during this interval. For interobserver reliability, the St. Mark's and Cleveland Clinic scores were also completed by a physician (time point P1) and a nurse (time point P2). OUTCOME MEASURES: Intra- and interobserver reliability were determined by using an intraclass correlation coefficient. An intraclass correlation coefficient value of less than 0.40 indicates poor reliability, values in the range 0.40 to 0.75 indicate fair to good reliability, and a value of greater than 0.75 shows excellent reliability. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients (34 female) with a median age of 65 years were studied. The intraclass correlation coefficient for intraobserver reliability for the Cleveland Clinic score at time points P1 and P2 was 0.858 (95% CI, 0.611–0.940); and for St. Mark's score, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.823 (95% CI, 0.556–0.922). The intraclass correlation coefficients for the quality-of-life domains ranged between 0.864 and 0.938, whereas the intraclass correlation coefficient for the visual analog scale was 0.958 (95% CI, 0.906–0.982). The interobserver reliability ranged from 0.795 to 0.945 for the Cleveland Clinic score and from 0.793 to 0.939 for the St. Mark’s score. LIMITATIONS: Of the 39 patients recruited, only 31 patients completed the second assessment at time point P2. This increases the risk of nonresponse error in this study, which is a recognized limitation of mail-mode surveys. CONCLUSION: Current assessment tools for the severity of fecal incontinence and its impact on quality of life have an excellent intra- and interobserver reliability and remain a good objective measure of patients’ symptoms (see Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/DCR/A135).
Specialist cardiac services: what do young people want?

Abstract Purpose With improvements in the surgical and medical management of children with congenital heart disease, the majority are now expected to transition into adult services. Whilst the importance of successful transition is increasingly acknowledged, previous research has identified a number of areas of concern. We therefore wished to elicit the views of young people themselves concerning their requirements from a specialist cardiac service. Methods Using an exploratory approach our aims were to increase awareness of the service needs and expectations of young people, identify good practice and areas where communication processes and facilities could be improved, and enhance understanding of transition between paediatric and adult services. Postal questionnaires were sent to 63 young people with congenital cardiac disease aged 17 to 20 years. Open ended questions asked for views and experiences about facilities in the paediatric and adult areas, perceptions of transition between services and suggestions for improvements. Qualitative data were transferred verbatim into electronic format to facilitate coding and theming. Results Thirty-eight (60.3 percent) completed questionnaires were received. A number of themes, including communication, care processes/caring interactions and environment, emerged regarding areas of satisfaction and dissatisfaction within the paediatric and adult services, together with areas for improvement and important aspects of transition. Conclusions Young people’s views need to be taken into account at all stages of the patient journey. They want an individualised approach to their care which recognises that they have specific emotional and practical needs. Such findings need to be incorporated into an ongoing model of care.
GROUNDWATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE PINEY POINT AQUIFER IN THE VIRGINIA COASTAL PLAIN

iv Introduction . 1 Anions . 2 Mechanisms for release into groundwater . 2 Objective . 4 Methods . 6 1. Study area . 6 2. Sampling . 10 a. Sediments . 10 b. Groundwater . 11 3. Laboratory Analysis . 11 a. Sediment Analysis . 11 b. Groundwater Analysis . 12 c. Leaching Experiments and Leachate Analysis . 12 4. Statistical Analysis . 14 Results and Discussion . 14 Sediments . 14 Groundwater . 16 Anions in Leaching Experiments . 16 Fluoride . 16 Chloride . 18 Nitrate . 19 Sulfate . 21 Conclusion . 22 Tables . 24 Figures . 31 Literature Cited . 44
Temporal group linkage and evolution analysis for census data

The temporal linkage of census data allows the detailed analysis of population-related changes in an area of interest. It should not only link records about the same person but also support the linkage of groups of related persons such as households. In this paper, we thus propose a new approach to both temporal record and group (household) linkage for census data and study its application for change analysis. The approach utilizes the relationships between individuals to determine the similarity of groups and their members within a graph-based method. The approach is also iterative by first identifying high quality matches that are subsequently extended by matches found with less restrictive similarity criteria. A comprehensive evaluation using historical census data from the UK indicates a high effectiveness of the proposed approach. Furthermore, the linkage enables an insightful analysis of household changes determined by so-called evolution patterns.
Privatizing health care in times of new public management: Investigating the role of psychological empowerment using cluster analysis.

Although privatization within health care is usually justified using arguments based on efficiency and productivity, the empirical investigations underpinning such arguments are few and ambiguous in their results. Presenting a new theoretical and analytical approach to this research field, we argue that psychological empowerment, reflecting individuals' intrinsic change motivation state, is a crucial prerequisite for the transformation of a nonprofit health care organization to a for-profit one. The general aims of this study were to explore empowerment cognitions during a privatization, to relate these to a selection of key work-related outcome variables, and to identify the effects of privatization in terms of individual level changes in empowerment after privatization. A sample of health care workers (n = 210) provided survey longitudinal data that were analyzed using cluster analysis. Eight clusters were identified at both pre- and postprivatization with each cluster mirroring specific empowerment patterns: Empowered, In Control, Quasi-Empowered, Competent/Normed, Reference, Underused, Misfit, and Powerless. The clusters discriminated on positive work attitudes, mental health complaints, and turnover intentions. The analysis also revealed the complexity of privatization in that a homogenization as well as a differentiation tendency was observed, thereby implicating both socio-structural equality and inequality effects. The results highlighted the relevance of allocating importance to health care workers' psychological empowerment during the privatization process, and of viewing such organizational transformations not as simple shifts in the state of affairs, but as nonlinear processes involving dynamic changes in individual perceptions over time.
Title : Investigation of the Active Biofilm Communities on Polypropylene 1 Filter Media in a Fixed Biofilm Reactor for Wastewater Treatment 2 3 Running Title : Wastewater Treating Biofilms in Polypropylene Media Reactors 4 Contributors : 5

Iffat Naz 2, 3, , Douglas Hodgson, Ann Smith, Julian Marchesi , Shama Sehar, Safia Ahmed, Jim Lynch, 6 Claudio Avignone-Rossa, Devendra P. Saroj 7 8 Affiliations: 9 10 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University 11 of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom 12 13 Department of Biology, Scientific Unit, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, 14 KSA 15
Prenatal Exposure of the Ovine Fetus to Androgens Reduces the Proportion of Neurons in the Ventromedial and Arcuate Nucleus that Are Activated by Short-Term Exposure to Estrogen1

Abstract In sheep, the steroid control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH) release is sexually differentiated such that estrogen can trigger a GNRH surge and attendant reproductive behaviors in the female, but not the male. Furthermore, female lambs that have been exposed to testosterone during a critical window of in utero development are also unable to generate a GNRH surge. This study tests the hypothesis that exposure of the ovine fetus to androgens alters the development of key steroid-receptive neuronal inputs to the GNRH neurons. In adulthood, this results in reduced activation of specific neurons by estrogen in the male and testosterone-treated female. To make this determination, groups of ewes, rams, and testosterone-exposed ewes were treated with estrogen, and the activation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus and brain stem determined by immunocytochemistry. A lower percentage of neurons in the ventrolateral aspect of the ventromedial nucleus (vlVMN) and the caudal arcuate nucleus (cARC), but not the brainstem, was activated by a 6-h exposure to estrogen in the androgenized and male animals. In the vlVMN, some of these neurons contain somatostatin; however, the phenotype of activated neurons in the cARC remains unknown. These data suggest that specific neural populations in these brain regions are involved in the estrogen feedback control of GNRH release in the sheep, and that the defeminization of the surge-generating system by in utero androgen exposure results, in part, from a failure of estrogen to activate key neural phenotypes.
Deregulated c-fos modulates B cell responses to switch mediators.

We examined effects of deregulated c-fos on the proliferation and differentiation of B cells in vitro, using splenic B cells from H2-c-fos transgenic mice. When these cells were cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus recombinant interleukin 4 (rIL-4) (10(4) U/ml), the proliferative response of the B cells was augmented with any dose of LPS used. This augmented proliferation resulted in an increase in IgG1 production in the culture, at the lower concentrations of LPS (< 2.5 micrograms/ml). However, H2-c-fos B cells did not produce IgG1 in the culture at higher concentrations of LPS (> 5 micrograms/ml) probably due to the perturbation of B cell differentiation to antibody-forming cells. These results suggest that the deregulated expression of c-fos modulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells stimulated with LPS plus rIL-4.
HER2 testing in malignant effusions of metastatic gastric carcinoma: Is it feasible?

HER2 testing on effusions of metastatic gastric carcinoma may provide a valuable alternative to testing on primary biopsies. This study assessed the feasibility of this method by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and silver in situ hybridization (SISH). Cell blocks from 46 effusions from metastatic gastric carcinoma were examined. IHC was scored using the modified criteria of Hofmann et al. An average of ≥6 signals per nucleus was considered amplification on SISH. Results were compared with histological specimens to assess HER2 status concordance. Cell blocks showed a poorly cohesive pattern in 30 (65%), aggregates in 7 (15%), and mixed pattern in 9 (20%). Seven (15%) showed an IHC 2+/3+ reaction with a membranous pattern, appearing more granular than in histology. Three (7%) showed HER2 amplification on SISH. In 18 cases (39%), HER2 status was compared with histological specimens, showing 100% concordance. Difficulties were encountered in distinguishing malignant cells from reactive mesothelial cells in 12 (26%). This study supports the feasibility of HER2 assessment on effusions. The incidence of HER2 positivity (7% with SISH+ and IHC 2+/3+) was lower than reported in histological samples. Further refinement and validation will enhance the use of this method in clinical practice and overcome difficulties encountered. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:80–85. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.