Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epizootics of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in an Enhanced Population of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka Smolts at Chenik Lake, Alaska

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) epizootics in emigrating sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka smolts occurred in the spring of 1991 and 1992 at Chenik Lake in Southcentral Alaska. The lake historically supported a natural run of sockeye salmon, but lake stocking was initiated following a substantial population decline. An estimated 32,000 smolts in 1991 and 42,000 smolts in 1992 emigrated from the lake, which was substantially less than the 1.0–1.4 million smolts expected. IHNV was isolated from both moribund and apparently healthy smolts. Though smolt mortality was attributed to IHNV, other factors also may have contributed to the reduced numbers. Stressful environmental conditions and high fish density may have precipitated the disease outbreaks. In 1993, smolt abundance was less than expected but IHNV was not isolated. Management plans for the Chenik Lake system include maintaining current escapement levels at 10,000 adults and reducing stocking to between 1.0 and 1.5 million fry.
Charge Transport and Photocurrent Generation in Poly(3‐hexylthiophene): Methanofullerene Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells

The effect of controlled thermal annealing on charge transport and photogeneration in bulk‐heterojunction solar cells made from blend films of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and methanofullerene (PCBM) has been studied. With respect to the charge transport, it is demonstrated that the electron mobility dominates the transport of the cell, varying from 10–8 m2 V–1 s–1 in as‐cast devices to ≈3 × 10–7 m2 V–1 s–1 after thermal annealing. The hole mobility in the P3HT phase of the blend is dramatically affected by thermal annealing. It increases by more than three orders of magnitude, to reach a value of up to ≈ 2 × 10–8 m2 V–1 s–1 after the annealing process, as a result of an improved crystallinity of the film. Moreover, upon annealing the absorption spectrum of P3HT:PCBM blends undergo a strong red‐shift, improving the spectral overlap with solar emission, which results in an increase of more than 60 % in the rate of charge‐carrier generation. Subsequently, the experimental electron and hole mobilities are used to study the photocurrent generation in P3HT:PCBM devices as a function of annealing temperature. The results indicate that the most important factor leading to a strong enhancement of the efficiency, compared with non‐annealed devices, is the increase of the hole mobility in the P3HT phase of the blend. Furthermore, numerical simulations indicate that under short‐circuit conditions the dissociation efficiency of bound electron–hole pairs at the donor/acceptor interface is close to 90 %, which explains the large quantum efficiencies measured in P3HT:PCBM blends.
Pubertal development, physical activity, and sedentary behavior among South Korean adolescents

Background: Sex differences in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) are well-established. However, recent research suggested that variations in pubertal development may explain sex differences in PA and SB among adolescents. Objective: This study examined whether pubertal development mediates the relationship between sex and PA, and SB respectively. Methods: The 2012 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey included data from 74,186 students in grades 7 to 12 (mean age = 14.94 ± 1.8; 48.5% girls). Pubertal development was indicated by the year in which the student reported they had experienced menarche for girls and semenarche for boys. Testing for mediation involved a bootstrapping resampling approach with self-reported PA and SB as criterion variables and taking into account covariates (chronological age, body mass index, school type, household income, and parental education). Results: Boys engaged in PA more frequently (3.30 ± 2.1 vs. 2.29 ± 1.7 day/week) and spent less time in SB (2.75 ± 1.2 vs. 2.93 ± 1.2 hr/day) than girls. Direct effects were found between sex and PA (β = -0.58 ± .01; p < .05), and sex and SB (β = 0.17 ± 0.01; p < .05). Pubertal development did not significantly mediate the relationship between sex and PA (β = 0.00; bias-corrected 95% confidence interval [BC 95% CI] [-0.01, 0.01]). Though pubertal development significantly mediated the association between sex and SB, the effect was small (β = 0.01; BC 95% CI [0.00, 0.02]). Conclusions: Sex appears to be an important predictor of PA and SB. Nonetheless, it is most likely that a combination of individual (e.g., psychological, biological) and sociocultural factors contribute to adolescents' movement behavior.
Drug Therapy Problem Identification and Resolution by Clinical Pharmacists in a Family Medicine Residency Clinic.

Purpose There are limited data to evaluate the impact of ambulatory clinical pharmacist recommendations on family medicine resident prescribing and monitoring of medications. The purpose of this study is to begin to gain insight in this area by answering the research question, "How many ambulatory clinical pharmacist recommendations for drug therapy problem (DTP) resolution are implemented on the day of a medication therapy management (MTM) visit in an outpatient family medicine residency clinic? " Methods This is a retrospective chart review of face-to-face MTM encounters conducted by ambulatory clinical pharmacists (including pharmacist residents) from August 1, 2012 to June 30, 2015 at a family medicine residency clinic. Descriptive statistics were conducted to both quantify the number of DTPs identified and resolved on the day of the MTM visit as well as categorize the DTPs. Results Based on the 728 MTM encounters analyzed, patients were an average of 53.6 years old and took 11.9 medications to treat 5.7 medical conditions. A total of 3057 DTPs were identified in the 728 encounters, of which 1303 were resolved the same day as the MTM visit. This resulted in an average of 4.2 DTPs identified and 2.0 resolved per visit per patient. The most common DTP category identified in this study was the need for additional drug therapy (41.6%). Conclusions Approximately half of the ambulatory clinical pharmacist's DTP resolution recommendations were implemented the same day they were identified, which highlights the strength of team-based patient care and interprofessional collaboration in a residency teaching clinic.
HOLOCENE PALEO-SEA LEVEL IN SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL: AN APPROACH BASED ON VERMETIDS SHELLS

This paper reconstructs the relative sea level changes during the Holocene on the southeastern Brazilian coastal region (Armação dos Búzios city, at north of Rio de Janeiro state), based on the presence of rocky bottom worm snails, Vermetidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) as bioindicators. Chronology was established by radiocarbon Accelerator Mass Spectrometry technique. Three evolutionary stages of sea level were established: sea-level lower than the current one between 8,148-6,300 cal yr BP, a rising of sea level between 6,300-4,500 cal yr BP, with a transgressive maximum of about 2.4 m above the present level at 4,7004,500 cal yr BP, and a sea level drop from 4,500 cal yr BP until the present.
Analysis of spontaneously reported adverse drug reactions to pharmacovigilance cell of a tertiary care hospital

Background: The objective of the study was to study the clinical patterns, causality and severity of adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: Total 131 ADR forms were collected from January 2012 to December 2012 and evaluated. Patient’s characteristics, ADR and drug characteristics, causality, severity and preventability of collected ADR were analyzed.Results: Total 131 ADR forms were evaluated. Male patient experiencing ADR were more (73, 55.7%) than female (58, 44.2%). Adult patients (12-60 years) experienced 110 (84%) ADR followed by pediatric patients (< 12 years) 11 (8.4%) and geriatric patients (>60 years) 10 (7.63%). Antimicrobial were the most common group of drugs responsible for ADR followed by NSAIDs and antipsychotic group.Conclusions: Present study shows lack of awareness among health care professionals for reporting of an ADR. Training and collaboration of health care professionals are needed for improvement in ADR reporting. Appropriate feedback from ADR reporting will help in selection of drug and promotes safer use of drugs.
IPO Volume, Initial Return, and Market Condition in the Malaysian Stock Market

This paper examines the variability in initial returns, IPO volumes, and market conditions of the IPO listed in Bursa Malaysia during the period from January 2000 to December 2010. The IPO volume is highly auto correlated at low lags and decreases during the high lags. Examining the interrelation between IPOs volume, initial return, and market condition shows that market volatility causes the initial return, the initial return causes IPO volume, intraday volatility causes aftermarket volatility, and aftermarket volatility causes market volatility. These suggest that, over the sample period, issuers depend on the information in the initial return while taking the decision to go public. The results also document that the past quarter’s initial return and market condition highly influence the number of IPO issued the following month. The evidence over the periods of study shows that the initial return and market condition are related to the variability of IPO volume. Therefore the information on the initial return and market condition is important to both issuers and investors in making the decisions.
RETHINKING ABOUT DETERMINANTS OF INORGANIC FERTILIZER USE IN VIETNAM

The ‘behavioural approach’ in rural studies focusing on the motives, values and attitudes that determine the decision-making processes of individual farmers has become increasingly important in the investigation of farmer response to policy initiatives. Research on motives and factors affecting farmer’s behaviors in using any types of fertilizers in terms of organic, inorganic or green technology in order to improve agricultural productivity has not been fully addressed yet. This paper particularly aims to address the adopting inorganic fertilizer among paddy farmers in two provinces in southern central areas in Viet Nam through the structured-questionnaires to 204 farm households. Findings indicated that farm size, motives of crop cultivation, adoption of”3 Decrease3 Increase” technology in rice production and gender of principal farm operator are 4 key components affecting the usage of inorganic fertilizers of farmers. Policy implications are recommended which highlighted the emphasis on model of “3 decreases 3 increases”, land consolidation and plot exchange program. Critical discussions on agricultural productivity, the environmental concerns for the sustainable agricultural practices amongst paddy farmers were given as possible solutions for the Vietnamese green agriculture.
Investigating the Leadership Style Effect on the Technology Transfer Effectiveness: A Proposed New Model (An Applied Study on the Dairy Manufacturing Sector in Egypt)

Purpose: Different leadership styles' effects on technology transfer effectiveness have not been implied in the literature. This study seeks to theoretically investigate the effect of five leadership styles; Classified according to personal authority of the leader; On technology transfer effectiveness.Design/methodology/approach: This study identifies five leadership styles which affect technology transfer effectiveness including transformational leadership, transactional leadership, visionary leadership, charismatic leadership and culture based leadership. This study associates these five leadership styles to technology transfer effectiveness. A conceptual model is tested using a survey data collected from a sample of manufacturing plants in the dairy manufacturing sector in Egypt.Findings: The results indicate that only four leadership styles significantly affect technology transfer effectiveness. Visionary leadership style has the strongest significant effect on technology transfer effectiveness, followed by culture based leadership style, then charismatic leadership style then transactional leadership. Transformational leadership does not significantly affect technology transfer effectiveness.Research Limitation/Implications: Transformational leadership has been observed to have no significant effect on technology transfer effectiveness. A set of refined transformational leadership measures should be developed in future studies.Practical Implications: This paper identifies the importance of leadership styles in achieving the success of technology transfer.Originality/value: This study provides a theoretical foundation for the effect of the leadership styles on technology transfer effectiveness in the dairy manufacturing plants. This study is one of the first efforts that empirically examine the effect of leadership styles on technology transfer effectiveness.
Modeling and forecasting the "weather of the ocean" at the mesoscale

We present a historical perspective on ocean mesoscale variability and turbulence, from the physical basis and the first numerical models to recent simulations and forecasts. In the mesoscale range (typically, spatial scales of 100 km and time scales of a month), nonlinearity, and energy cascades were well understood in the 1970s, but the emergence of coherent vortices took place much later. New challenges have arisen with the exploration of the submesoscale regime, where frontal dynamics play a key role and the range of flow instabilities is wider than in the quasi-geostrophic regime. Special focus is placed on the interaction of mesoscale turbulence with the continental slopes. The contrast between the variability on the western and eastern boundaries of an ocean basin is illustrated by numerical simulations of the North Atlantic. On the eastern continental slope, direct forcing of currents by wind fluctuations is more important than it is on the western side of the basin, where forcing by intrinsic mesoscale variability is dominant. Dynamical characteristics of the ocean mesoscale such as these must be taken into account in building forecasting systems. These systems require improved numerical models to represent mesoscale variability with more fidelity. We present our view of the most pressing needs for model development as they relate to the challenges of data assimilation at the mesoscale.
Econometric Analysis of the Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth-Case of the Kenyan Economy

The neoclassical production function growth model linked labour and capital to output. The model was later expanded to include a measure of research and development. The objective of this research was to introduce and establish the impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth using this model. Secondary data was used for the two World Bank group entrepreneurship survey measures adopted this study, the total number of businesses as at year - end and those newly started in the current year. The results indicated a statistically significant relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth. R - squared was 0.8974 and the coefficients for the adopted measures of entrepreneurship were all positive and statistically significant. The implication was that countries that promoted entrepreneurship experienced increases in economic growth and confirmed the need for promotion of entrepreneurship education, training of entrepreneurs, facilitating access to finance, better public management, research and innovations, improving support services and employment conditions for entrepreneurs. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth, Entrepreneurial ability
Rufous Scrub-bird 'Atrichornis rufescens' monitoring at the extremities of the species' range in New South Wales (2010-2012)

The status of the Rufous Scrub-bird 'Atrichornis rufescens' was monitored between 2010 and 2012 using volunteers at Gloucester Tops and the Border Ranges National Park, high-altitude locations at the extremity of the species' range in New South Wales. Transects were walked to determine the densities of calling territorial males, allowing comparison with similar studies 30 years earlier. Both locations have been nominated as Important Bird Areas, based on their importance to the remnant populations of the Scrub-bird. Gloucester Tops is the southern extremity of the range of the subspecies 'A. r. ferrieri', where there was evidence of a slight increase in abundance and clustering of territories. This is consistent with the possibility of population retreat to high-altitude remnant montane habitat. In contrast, in the Border Ranges, territory densities of the subspecies 'A. r. rufescens' were slightly lower than at Gloucester Tops, and may have declined slightly compared with the earlier study. Both areas are in passively managed National Parks, but Rufous Scrub-birds are found in different vegetation types: eucalypt forest at Gloucester Tops and rainforest in the Border Ranges. At both these locations, there was a 30-35% decrease in the detection of Scrub-bird territories in 2012 compared with the previous 2 years. This is attributed to dry conditions during August-November, entering and during the Scrub-bird's breeding season. Ongoing monitoring is essential to determine whether this decrease is temporary, because the birds were calling less, or permanent.
Chapter 3 Laparoscopic Pancreas Surgery : Image Guidance Solutions

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Surgery is the only viable treatment, but irradical resection rates are still high. Laparoscopic pancreatic surgery has some technical limitations for surgeons and tumor identification may be challenging. Image-guided techniques provide intraoperative margin assessment and visualization methods, which may be advantageous in guiding the surgeon to achieve curative resections and therefore improve the surgical outcomes. In this chapter, current available laparoscopic surgical approaches and image-guided techniques for pancreatic surgery are reviewed. Surgical outcomes of pancreaticoduodenectomy and distal pancreatectomy performed by laparoscopy, laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS), and robotic surgery are included and analyzed. Besides, image-guided techniques such as intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging and surgical navigation are presented as emerging techniques. Results show that minimally invasive procedures reported a reduction of blood loss, reduced length of hospital stay, and positive resection margins, as well as an improvement in spleenpreserving rates, when compared to open surgery. Studies reported that fluorescenceguided pancreatic surgery might be beneficial in cases where the pancreatic anatomy is difficult to identify. The first approach of a surgical navigation system for guidance during pancreatic resection procedures is presented, combining preoperative images (CT and MRI) with intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasound imaging.
Sets or frequencies? How to explain the facilitation effect in conditional probability problems

Since the '70s, the Heuristics and Biases Program in Cognitive Psychology has shown that people do not reason correctly about Bayesian or conditional probability problems. In the '90s, however, evolutionary psychologists discovered that if the same problems are presented in a different way, people's performance greatly improves. Two explanations have been offered to account for this facilitation effect: the natural frequency hypothesis and the nested-set hypothesis. The empirical evidence on this debate is mixed. We review the literature and offer a clarification of the debate in terms of strategies and techniques used by the researchers in the area. We argue that the provided evidence seems to favor the nested-set hypothesis. However, we also argue that there is still room for disagreement and more empirical work is needed to settle the issue.
Establishment Age and Wages: Evidence from German Linked Employer-Employee Data

Research in wage differentials has a long tradition. Prominent reasons why people make more or less money in the labor market include personal characteristics of the employee (e.g., human capital or gender), job characteristics (working conditions demanding compensating wage differentials), and characteristics of the employer (e.g., industry or firm size). An emerging empirical literature suggests that one hitherto overlooked firm characteristic matters, too: Employers which are in business for a longer period of time tend to pay higher wages. Using a unique rich set of linked employer-employee data we present first empirical evidence on this firm age - wage nexus for Germany. We find that older firms pay on average higher wages for workers with the same broadly defined degree of formal qualification. This firm age differential vanishes after controlling for further worker characteristics and other firm characteristics besides age; if anything, younger firms pay more ceteris paribus. These results are in line with findings from a recent study by Brown and Medoff using U.S. data.
A favorite waste of time: The experience of watching TV

TV watching is one of the most important ways of spending leisure time, the average daily watching time in the Swedish population is about 141 minutes – about 15 % of non-sleep time. Yet, there is little research on the psychological processes taking place while watching TV. In the present study using still-relevant data from a 1985-86 data base, the cognitive and emotional functions of TV watching in everyday life were investigated by means of a random action sampling procedure. TV watching was characterized by a high level of happiness and relaxation, own initiative, a long time span, closeness to goal, commonness, and easiness. It was characterized by a low level of negative emotions, concentration, expected value of outcome, activation, level of intention and presence of others. TV watching thus emerges as an activity, which mainly provides some pleasant relaxation. It is common, easy to do and done in relative solitude. It is a somewhat interesting activity, but it stimulates little concentration and involvement. It is regarded as an obstacle to the pursuit of other goals. The relevance of the results for the present situation with regard to TV is discussed.
Evaluation in situ digestibility of alfalfa in different grinds and textiles

Indigestible fractions of dry matter (iDM) and neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) in the feed of ruminants are mainly estimated by in situ incubation time with regard to particle size and textile types. Samples of alfafa, ground into three particle sizes, were analyzed. Samples, processed in a Willey mill with 1.0; 2.0 and 3.0 mm sieve pores, were conditioned in F57 (Ankon ® ), nonwoven (100 g m -2 ) and polyester textile bags measuring 4 x 5 cm. Material was divided into 13 incubation periods and 8 replications, and incubated in the rumen of two multiparous cows adapted to a 70:30 diet, roughage:concentrate, respectively, for 288h. iDM and iNDF rates were evaluated sequentially for non-digested percentage and data underwent analysis of variance (ANOVA p < 0.05); means were compared by tukey’s test (p < 0.05). Particle size and material employed for incubation affected iDM and iFDN at the initial periods of incubation (p < 0.05).