Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Overlapping and disease specific trait, response, and reflection impulsivity in adolescents with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Background Schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are developmental disorders with shared clinical characteristics such as cognitive impairments and impulsivity. Impulsivity is a core feature of ADHD and an important factor in aggression, violence, and substance use in schizophrenia. Based on the hypothesis that schizophrenia and ADHD represent a continuum of neurodevelopmental impairments, the aim was to identify overlapping and disease specific forms of impulsivity. Methods Adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age were assessed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-aged Children – Present and Lifetime Version. Subjects with early-onset, first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders (EOS) (N = 29) or ADHD (N = 29) and healthy controls (N = 45) were compared on two performance measures (Information Sampling Task, Stop Signal Task) and a subjective personality trait measure of impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Version 11 (BIS-11)). Results Significantly increased reflection impulsivity was observed in ADHD but not in the EOS group. No significant response inhibition deficits (stop signal reaction time) were found in the two clinical groups. The ADHD and the EOS group showed significantly increased motor, attentional, and non-planning subtraits of impulsivity. Conclusions Impaired pre-decisional information gathering appeared to be specific for ADHD while the information gathering was not significantly reduced in subjects with EOS. Neither the ADHD nor EOS group showed impaired response inhibition but shared increased personality subtraits of attentional, non-planning, and motor impulsivity although the latter was significantly more pronounced in ADHD. These increased subtraits of impulsivity may reflect diagnostic non-specific neurodevelopmental impairments in ADHD and EOS in adolescence.
Pediatric unilateral sensorineural hearing loss: implications and management

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to summarize current studies detailing the impact of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss in children and the most current modalities of treatment used in its management. Recent findingsCurrent studies corroborate historic views on the impact of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss on patient wellbeing and academic success and stress the use of additional surveillance and studies to diagnose those patients that may pass standard screening practices and suffer from lack of prompt and proper care. With respect to management, notable findings include the continuous development of improved conventional and contralateral routing of signal amplification devices that may act to provide alternatives to percutaneous bone-anchored hearing aid implantation. These include improvements in more conventional hearing aid technology, so as to bridge the performance gap with the classical bone-anchored hearing aid implant, and the development of partially implanted transcutaneous bone conduction hearing devices. Due to dissatisfaction with sound localization, a new and significant development is the burgeoning accumulation of research on cochlear implantation for the treatment of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss in children. SummaryWith advances in technology in historic modalities of treatment, and the advent of new modalities such as cochlear implantation, the clinician has a wide armamentarium by which to provide treatment to patients based on clinical circumstances and patient desires.
CKD-MBD KDIGO guidelines: how difficult is reaching the ‘target’?

Abstract Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are affected by mineral and bone disorder (MBD), resulting in abnormalities in serum calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Changes in mineral metabolism have also been associated with higher rates of both all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality. The majority of haemodialysis patients are also deficient in the endogenous hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol), often contributing to increased secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and consequently to abnormal levels of Ca, P and PTH. Thus P overload and SHPT are well-known targets of medical treatments, such as P binders, vitamin D and calcimimetics, although with still limited evidence-based advantages in terms of survival. The tough hedge that is still keeping nephrologists far from a conclusive and winning approach against CKD-MBD is reasonably related to the still partial comprehension of the molecular pathways involved in a complex, multifactorial and extreme process.
The surgical personality: does it exist?

INTRODUCTION This study aims to answer the question of whether surgeons have different personalities to non‐surgeons. METHODS Members of the Royal College of Surgeons of England were sent an email survey containing 50 standard questions from the Five Factor personality assessment, which scores each respondent in five key personality traits (conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extroversion). Results were analysed and compared with a population‐level data set from a survey conducted by the BBC. RESULTS Five hundred and ninety‐nine surgeons completed the survey. Analysis showed that surgeons scored significantly higher for conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness and neuroticism than non‐surgeons (P < 0.05). Further analysis showed that female surgeons scored higher in openness and extroversion relative to the population average and that surgeons become more prone to neuroticism than non‐surgeons as they age. CONCLUSIONS The results support the notion of a surgical personality, as well as indicating that female surgeons have significantly different personality profiles from male surgeons, and that age affects surgeons’ personalities in different ways to non‐surgeons.
Strategic News Bundling and Privacy Breach Disclosures

I examine how firms strategically bundle news reports to offset the negative effects of a privacy breach disclosure. Using a complete dataset of privacy breaches from 2005 to 2014, I find that firms experience a small and significant 0.27% decrease in their stock price on average following the breaking news disclosure of the privacy breach. But controlling for media coverage, this small decline is offset by an increase in the effect of a larger than usual number of positive news reports released by the firm on that day, which could increase the returns by 0.47% for every additional positive news report compared to their usual media coverage. I further find that disclosure laws have a significant and negative effect on the returns, even when news releases are used to alleviate the decrease. Moreover, a portfolio constructed with breached firms controlling for state disclosure laws outperforms the market over the 2007-2014 period, especially in the case of breached firms in mandatory disclosure states.
“Heavy Users,” “Controlled Users,” and “Quitters”: Understanding Patterns of Crack Use Among Women in a Midwestern City

Over the past two decades, the use of crack cocaine has become an enduring part of the social ecology of many cities across the United States. The purpose of this exploratory study is to describe patterns of crack use drawing on life history interviews conducted with 18 women in Dayton, Ohio, between 1998 and 2000. Ten of the women were African American, and eight were white. Age ranged between 23 and 47. The women were at very different stages of their crack-cocaine careers. We focus on understanding the social factors, life history, and everyday circumstances that participants related to their current patterns and levels of crack use. Implications for intervention are discussed.
Age‐related decline in task switching is linked to both global and tract‐specific changes in white matter microstructure

Task‐switching performance relies on a broadly distributed frontoparietal network and declines in older adults. In this study, they investigated whether this age‐related decline in task switching performance was mediated by variability in global or regional white matter microstructural health. Seventy cognitively intact adults (43–87 years) completed a cued‐trials task switching paradigm. Microstructural white matter measures were derived using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analyses on the diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) sequence. Task switching performance decreased with increasing age and radial diffusivity (RaD), a measure of white matter microstructure that is sensitive to myelin structure. RaD mediated the relationship between age and task switching performance. However, the relationship between RaD and task switching performance remained significant when controlling for age and was stronger in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. Variability in error and RT mixing cost were associated with RaD in global white matter and in frontoparietal white matter tracts, respectively. These findings suggest that age‐related increase in mixing cost may result from both global and tract‐specific disruption of cerebral white matter linked to the increased incidence of cardiovascular risks in older adults. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1588–1603, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The ecological module of BOATS-1.0: a bioenergetically constrained model of marine upper trophic levels suitable for studies of fisheries and ocean biogeochemistry

Abstract. Environmental change and the exploitation of marine resources have had profound impacts on marine communities, with potential implications for ocean biogeochemistry and food security. In order to study such global-scale problems, it is helpful to have computationally efficient numerical models that predict the first-order features of fish biomass production as a function of the environment, based on empirical and mechanistic understandings of marine ecosystems. Here we describe the ecological module of the BiOeconomic mArine Trophic Size-spectrum (BOATS) model, which takes an Earth-system approach to modelling fish biomass at the global scale. The ecological model is designed to be used on an Earth-system model grid, and determines size spectra of fish biomass by explicitly resolving life history as a function of local temperature and net primary production. Biomass production is limited by the availability of photosynthetic energy to upper trophic levels, following empirical trophic efficiency scalings, and by well-established empirical temperature-dependent growth rates. Natural mortality is calculated using an empirical size-based relationship, while reproduction and recruitment depend on both the food availability to larvae from net primary production and the production of eggs by mature adult fish. We describe predicted biomass spectra and compare them to observations, and conduct a sensitivity study to determine how they change as a function of net primary production and temperature. The model relies on a limited number of parameters compared to similar modelling efforts, while retaining reasonably realistic representations of biological and ecological processes, and is computationally efficient, allowing extensive parameter-space analyses even when implemented globally. As such, it enables the exploration of the linkages between ocean biogeochemistry, climate, and upper trophic levels at the global scale, as well as a representation of fish biomass for idealized studies of fisheries.
Vein of Galen malformation: optimizing the management of postneonatal presentations

tributes to compaction and maintenance of myelin. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have revealed that CNS myelination proceeds rapidly towards 3 to 5 years of age and then gradually stabilizes, which roughly corresponds to the ages of patients with leukodystrophylike brain lesions. In this context, autoimmunity to MOG may induce leukodystrophy-like lesions in the rapidlymyelinating brain. The intriguing leukodystrophy-like MOG antibodiesassociated phenotype in this small series should be confirmed in larger studies. Additionally, female preponderance in this phenotype (71% vs 29% in the other types) may suggest a sex-related difference of CNS myelin maturation processes. In several brain-biopsied adult cases of MOG antibodies-associated disease, the histopathological findings were characterized by multiple sclerosis type II pathology (active demyelination with the deposition of immunoglobulins and complements). It should be clarified whether leukodystrophy-like lesions are pathologically distinct from others. Leukodystrophy-like brain lesions did not necessarily develop as onset events, but epitope spreading in the disease course was not confirmed in a large-scale German study on 111 patients (including 104 children) with MOG antibodies detected by CBA. It may be interesting to examine if age-dependent antigenic alteration of MOG occurs. Clinicians tend to focus on a search for hereditary or metabolic diseases when they see patients with leukodystrophy-like lesions because they are not often appreciated as autoantibody-mediated disease. Therefore, recognition of the novel MOG antibodies-associated phenotype is expected to prompt pediatricians to test MOG antibodies in such patients, and early diagnosis and therapy for the phenotype could lead to better prognosis. Advance MRI technologies, in-depth molecular studies of CNS myelin maturation, and analyses of MOG-EAE in young animals (although human MOG antibodies do not recognize rodent MOG) may bring a better understanding of age-related features of MOG antibodies-associated disease.
Persistence and Fadeout in the Impacts of Child and Adolescent Interventions

ABSTRACT Many interventions targeting cognitive skills or socioemotional skills and behaviors demonstrate initially promising but then quickly disappearing impacts. Our article seeks to identify the key features of interventions, as well as the characteristics and environments of the children and adolescents who participate in them, that can be expected to sustain persistently beneficial program impacts. We describe three such processes: skill-building, foot-in-the-door and sustaining environments. We argue that skill-building interventions should target “trifecta” skills—ones that are malleable, fundamental, and would not have developed eventually in the absence of the intervention. Successful foot-in-the-door interventions equip a child with the right skills or capacities at the right time to avoid imminent risks (e.g., grade failure or teen drinking) or seize emerging opportunities (e.g., entry into honors classes). The sustaining environments perspective views high quality of environments subsequent to the completion of the intervention as crucial for sustaining earlier skill gains. These three perspectives generate both complementary and competing hypotheses regarding the nature, timing, and targeting of interventions that generate enduring impacts.
Performance-Based Comparative Assessment of Open Source Web Vulnerability Scanners

The widespread adoption of web vulnerability scanners and the differences in the functionality provided by these tool-based vulnerability detection approaches increase the demand for testing their detection effectiveness. Despite the advantages of dynamic testing approaches, the literature lacks studies that systematically evaluate the performance of open source web vulnerability scanners. The main objectives of this study are to assess the performance of open source scanners from multiple perspectives and to examine their detection capability. This paper presents the results of a comparative evaluation of the security features as well as the performance of four web vulnerability detection tools. We followed this comparative assessment with a case study in which we evaluate the level of agreement between the results reported by two open source web vulnerability scanners. Given that the results of our comparative evaluation did not show significant performance differences among the scanners while the results of the conducted case study revealed high level of disagreement between the reports generated by different scanners, we conclude that the inconsistencies between the reports generated by different scanners might not necessarily correlate with their performance properties. We also present some recommendations for helping developers of web vulnerabilities scanners to improve their tools’ capabilities.
Physiological Translocation of Lactic Acid Bacteria during Pregnancy Contributes to the Composition of the Milk Microbiota in Mice

The human milk microbiota is a complex and diverse ecosystem that seems to play a relevant role in the mother-to-infant transmission of microorganisms during early life. Bacteria present in human milk may arise from different sources, and recent studies suggest that at least some of them may be originally present in the maternal digestive tract and may reach the mammary gland through an endogenous route during pregnancy and lactation. The objective of this work was to elucidate whether some lactic acid bacteria are able to translocate and colonize the mammary gland and milk. For this purpose, two lactic acid bacteria strains (Lactococcus lactis MG1614 and Lactobacillus salivarius PS2) were transformed with a plasmid containing the lux genes; subsequently, the transformed strains were orally administered to pregnant mice. The murine model allowed the visualization, isolation, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-detection of the transformed bacteria in different body locations, including mammary tissue and milk, reinforcing the hypothesis that physiological translocation of maternal bacteria during pregnancy and lactation may contribute to the composition of the mammary and milk microbiota.
Major improvement in the detection of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer using HSP110 T17 E‐ice‐COLD‐PCR

Every colorectal cancer (CRC) patient should be tested for microsatellite instability (MSI) to screen for Lynch syndrome. Evaluation of MSI status involves screening tumor DNA for the presence of somatic deletions in DNA repeats using PCR followed by fragment analysis. While this method may lack sensitivity due to the presence of a high level of germline DNA, which frequently contaminates the core of primary colon tumors, no other method developed to date is capable of modifying the standard PCR protocol to achieve improvement of MSI detection. Here, we describe a new approach developed for the ultra‐sensitive detection of MSI in CRC based on E‐ice‐COLD‐PCR, using HSP110 T17, a mononucleotide DNA repeat previously proposed as an optimal marker to detect MSI in tumor DNA, and an oligo(dT)16 LNA blocker probe complementary to wild‐type genotypes. The HT17 E‐ice‐COLD‐PCR assay improved MSI detection by 20–200‐fold compared with standard PCR using HT17 alone. It presents an analytical sensitivity of 0.1%–0.05% of mutant alleles in wild‐type background, thus greatly improving MSI detection in CRC samples highly contaminated with normal DNA. HT17 E‐ice‐COLD‐PCR is a rapid, cost‐effective, easy‐to‐implement, and highly sensitive method, which could significantly improve the detection of MSI in routine clinical testing.
Trend analysis of bacterial uropathogens and their susceptibility pattern: A 4-year (2013–2016) study from Aseer region, Saudi Arabia

Purpose: To analyze the prevalence and resistance rates of bacterial agents causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Aseer, Saudi Arabia (2013–2016). Patients and Methods: This was a 4-year (2013–2016) retrospective study undertaken in Aseer Central Hospital, Saudi Arabia. A total of 49,779 urine and other UT specimens obtained from patients suspected of having a UTI were analyzed. Urine specimens were inoculated onto cystine lactose electrolyte deficient agar following standard procedures. Cultures showing significant bacteriuria were subjected to identification and sensitivity testing using VITEK 2 system. Data of patients and uropathogens were assembled, checked, and analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Culture positive samples were 49,779 (59.9% males, 40.1% females; P = 0.000). Year trend showed significant variations (P = 0.000) and the forecast trend line hypothesized a clear rise. Age groups 70–79 years were the most vulnerable group (22.3%). Gram-negative bacilli were 91.8% and the major species were Escherichia coli - 39.7%, Klebsiella pneumoniae - 15.8%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa - 13.8%, Proteus mirabilis - 10.6%, and Acinetobacter baumannii - 5%. Antimicrobials with high sensitivity rate were linezolid (99.1%), daptomycin (89.3%), vancomycin (86.7%), teicoplanin (85.5%), ertapenem (85.1%), fosfomycin (82.1%), and tigecycline (80.2%). High resistant rates to uropathogens were encountered with cephalothin (89.8%), nalidixic acid (86.7%), and ampicillin (81.9%). Conclusions: The majority of uropathogens were resistant to antibiotics commonly used in clinical practice. Linezolid, daptomycin, and vancomycin showed the lowest resistance to all uropathogens; this can be revised for empirical treatment of UTIs. Continuous surveillance of uropathogens and their susceptibility is important.
Discrimination as a social determinant of stress and health among New York City taxi drivers

Discrimination is associated with poorer mental and physical health outcomes. Taxi drivers have a higher risk of exposure to discrimination and higher rates of chronic conditions. A cross-sectional needs assessment was conducted with a multilingual group of 535 male taxi drivers in New York City. Drivers reporting higher discrimination were more likely to have higher perceived stress and were more likely to have anxiety/depression and chronic pain, adjusting for confounders. Workplace-based interventions designed to help drivers cope with discrimination, stress, and chronic health conditions, interventions to educate the taxi-riding public, and greater attention to these issues from administrative agencies are warranted.
Androgen receptor polyglutamine repeat length (AR-CAGn) modulates the effect of testosterone on androgen-associated somatic traits in Filipino young adult men.

OBJECTIVES The androgen receptor (AR) mediates expression of androgen-associated somatic traits such as muscle mass and strength. Within the human AR is a highly variable glutamine short-tandem repeat (AR-CAGn), and CAG repeat number has been inversely correlated to AR transcriptional activity in vitro. However, evidence for an attenuating effect of long AR-CAGn on androgen-associated somatic traits has been inconsistent in human populations. One possible explanation for this lack of consistency is that the effect of AR-CAGn on AR bioactivity in target tissues likely varies in relation to circulating androgen levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS We tested whether relationships between AR-CAGn and several androgen-associated somatic traits (waist circumference, lean mass, arm muscle area, and grip strength) were modified by salivary (waking and pre-bed) and circulating (total) testosterone (T) levels in young adult males living in metropolitan Cebu, Philippines (n = 675). RESULTS When men's waking T was low, they had a reduction in three out of four androgen-associated somatic traits with lengthening AR-CAGn (p < .1), consistent with in vitro research. However, when waking T was high, we observed the opposite effect-lengthening AR-CAGn was associated with an increase in these same somatic traits. DISCUSSION Our finding that longer AR-CAGn predicts greater androgen-associated trait expression among high-T men runs counter to in vitro work, but is generally consistent with the few prior studies to evaluate similar interactions in human populations. Collectively, these results raise questions about the applicability of findings derived from in vitro AR-CAGn studies to the receptor's role in maintaining androgen-associated somatic traits in human populations.