Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary arterial hypertension--the primary pulmonary hypertension syndromes.

There is a broad range of diseases that can cause an elevation in pulmonary pressures. Pulmonary hypertension is the focal point and cause of significant morbidity and mortality in some of these disorders but plays a secondary, less clinically central role in others. Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a subclass of pulmonary hypertension that includes the former type of disorders in which progressive elevation in pulmonary pressures and right heart failure are often the cause of death. The classic example of this group is primary pulmonary hypertension. This review will focus on the various forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension, their pathophysiology, and recent advances in treatment of this life-threatening disorder. Pulmonary hypertension is a hemodynamic abnormality with multiple causes and clinical presentations. The World Health Organization classification of PH is detailed in Table 1 [1]. This system breaks the classification of PH into five major categories: a) pulmonary arterial hypertension, b) pulmonary venous hypertension, c) PH associated with disorders of the respiratory system and/ or hypoxemia, d) embolic disorders, and e) disorders directly affecting the vasculature. It is important to distinguish the various diseases included under the WHO classification because the various forms of PH are quite separate in their natural history and treatment. For example, treatment of PH related to congestive heart failure with pulmonary venous hypertension is aimed at improving the primary abnormalities of left ventricular dysfunction and volume overload rather than attempting to dilate pulmonary vessels. PH due to primary respiratory disease such as emphysema is not treated by vasodilators other than oxygen. These examples are in contrast to the treatment of PAH in which lowering pulmonary vascular resistance is a primary and effective treatment. The current review will focus on the first group in the WHO classification.
Effects of electrical stimulation on flexion contractures in the hemiplegic wrist

Objective: To study the effects of electrical stimulation (ES) on flexion contractures in the hemiplegic wrist. Design: The investigation was carried out following an OFF (two weeks with rehabilitation only) - ON (two weeks with ES treatment and rehabilitation) - OFF (two weeks rehabilitation only) fixed protocol. Setting: A stroke ward and an outpatient stroke service. Subjects: Eleven hemiplegic subjects with reduced range of extension and increased resistance to passive movement at the wrist. Main measure: Quantitative measures of the hemiplegic posture at the wrist, passive range of extension and resistance to passive extension of the wrist. Measurements were taken at the start of the study and then at two-weekly intervals. Two extra measurements were taken at the end of the ON period. Results: Following two weeks treatment with ES the posture of the wrist improved and the passive range of extension increased. However, there were no significant changes in the resistance to passive movement. These benefits appeared largely to be lost two weeks after ES was discontinued. Conclusions: Short-term ES gives temporary improvements in contractures at the wrist in poststroke hemiplegia.
An evaluation of the business performance of fishery cooperative societies in Vasai Taluka of Thane District, Maharashtra

Fishery cooperative movement is considered to be the most effective way to develop the fishery industry and improve the standards of living of the poor fishermen. It is also viewed that fishery cooperatives could spare from the exploitation and improve their socio-economic conditions. Efforts made in this direction have yielded goods results in some areas, but the overall picture of fishery cooperatives is not encouraging.
The relationship between marketing and manufacturing functions in a heavy industrial environment: an empirical investigation

There are many dependencies that exist both within and without the organisation system. The organisation is dependent on the external environment within which it operates. Functional units within the organisation are dependent on one another for resources to achieve their goals and objectives. One of the most important interdependencies within the organisation system is the relationship between marketing and manufacturing functions. It is primarily through these two functional areas that the organisation interfaces with its customers. In industrial organisations, marketing and manufacturing groups are responsible for managing most of the essential value-adding activities and, as such, make many decisions that carry tremendous implications for competitive performance. Despite the importance of this interface from a theoretical and, particularly, managerial perspective, research to date has paid little attention to the specific relationship between marketing and manufacturing functions. This research develops and empirically tests a conceptual framework for assessing the relationship between marketing and manufacturing functions in a heavy industrial environment. The conceptual model attempts to define the interactions between marketing and manufacturing, and the factors that influence those interactions. It contends that the interactions between marketing and manufacturing are influenced by the external environment, the degree to which these functions share a similar/consistent direction and purpose (domain similarity), and the degree to which they depend on each other to achieve their goals and objectives (resource dependence). The conceptual model also contends that the interactions between marketing and manufacturing result in certain outcomes, and these outcomes determine the effectiveness of the interface between marketing and manufacturing functions. The results of the research indicate that the conceptual framework does capture some of the important factors that influence the relationship between marketing and manufacturing functions.
A systematic review of clinical diagnostic criteria of early childhood caries.

OBJECTIVE This paper reviews case definitions and clinical diagnostic criteria of early childhood caries (ECC) and severe ECC (S-ECC) in children aged 1 to 5 years old. The acronym S-ECC as used in this paper refers to nursing caries, baby bottle tooth decay, rampant caries, labial caries, maxillary anterior caries, and other terms used to refer to severe dental caries in preschool children. METHODS A search was carried out for articles published in peer-reviewed journals and indexed in MEDLINE using the following terms: nursing caries, baby bottle tooth decay, early childhood caries, rampant caries in preschool children, labial caries, maxillary anterior caries, and nursing bottle caries. MEDLINE's MeSH terms "dental caries" and "deciduous teeth" were used to search for other relevant studies. Reports were selected if they included children 1 to 5 years of age and described diagnostic criteria or case definitions of S-ECC. Three previous reviews were searched for other relevant reports. One unpublished report was included in this review and data from NHANES III were analyzed to provide information on caries patterns in preschool children in the United States. The first author read all the abstracts from the MEDLINE search and tagged relevant reports for photocopying. He also abstracted all the information from the reports. The first author calibrated the second author, who independently read all included and excluded reports. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. RESULTS Out of 126 studies, 32 were excluded and 94 (93 published and 1 unpublished) were included in this review. Eighty-one of the 94 published studies were cross-sectional surveys or clinical studies, 7 were case-control clinical studies, 2 studies were controlled clinical trials, and 4 were cohort or field trials. About two-thirds of the included studies did not report on calibration of examiners. Information on reliability of examiners was reported by 19 of the 94 studies. The included studies varied widely in the name used to identify S-ECC, case definitions, and diagnostic criteria. "Cavitation" was the most common criterion used to define dental caries. Several studies measured early or noncavitated carious lesions. Twenty-seven studies used the presence of 1 dmf maxillary incisor to classify a child with S-ECC. Another 23 and 9 studies defined S-ECC by the presence of 2+ or 3+ dmf maxillary incisors, respectively. Dental caries in preschool children clusters in pits and fissures and on smooth tooth surfaces of primary molars and maxillary incisors. CONCLUSIONS This review found a wide variation in the case definitions and diagnostic criteria used to diagnose ECC or define S-ECC. Dental caries in the maxillary incisors is one of several patterns of dental caries that may occur in primary teeth of preschool children. A consensus is needed on case definitions and diagnostic criteria that can assist researchers to test preventive interventions and study the etiology and epidemiology of ECC.
Relative changes in resting energy expenditure during weight loss: a systematic review

A more comprehensive understanding of the effects of weight loss on the changes in resting energy expenditure (EE) is relevant. A MEDLINE search was performed to identify studies with information relevant to this systematic review. From this search, the mean rate of resting EE decrease relative to weight loss was calculated from 90 available publications. A decrease of resting EE relative to weight loss of −15.4 ± 8.7 kcal kg−1 was observed from 2996 subjects. No sex differences were noted in the overall resting EE decrease relative to weight loss. However, a significant sex differences was seen with pharmacological interventions, which seemed to depress the resting EE relative to weight loss to a greater extent in men than in women (P < 0.05). A greater drop in resting EE relative to weight loss was observed for short interventions (more than 2 but less than 6 weeks) when compared with long interventions (<6 weeks) (–27.7 ± 6.7 vs. −12.8 ± 7.1 kcal kg−1) (P < 0.001). Men and women have a similar decrease in resting EE relative to weight loss except in the case of pharmacological interventions. Short interventions also produced greater resting EE losses relative to weight loss.
Creation of principal-agency relationship value : social capital and dynamic learning capability perspectives

Creation of Principal-Agency Relationship Value: Social Capital and Dynamic Learning Capability Perspectives by XIE Yan Bin Master of Philosophy In this 'age of turbulence' (Greenspan, 2007), businesses, in response to challenges of globalized competition, escalated customer expectation, and disruptive technological innovations, find innovative value propositions (Slater, 1997) critical for survival and sustained competitiveness. In lined with relationship marketing that suppliers need target valuable customer to establish long-term relationship for survival in fierce competition (Gronroos, 2000), scholars (e.g. Walter, Ritter & Gemunden, 2001) looking from supplier perspective identify direct and indirect value as two dimensions for supplier-perceived relationship value. Direct value-based drivers of business relationships consist of higher profits from the product and service offering (i.e. profit function), growth of trade volumes (i.e. volume function), and the possibility to sell over-capacity (i.e. safeguard function). Indirect value-based drivers of business relationship consist of customers’ contribution in cooperative development of new products or processes (i.e. innovative function), intelligence about the markets and customers (i.e. market function and scout function), and facilitation of access to important third parties (i.e. access function). To extend prior literatures, this study tries to explore the antecedents of relationship value from both dynamic capability perspective and social capital perspective. Drawing upon a database of 411 manufacturer-channel partner relationships, this study examines the impacts of three dimensions of social capital (i.e. structural, relational, and cognitive dimensions: in the forms of extraindustry ties of principal managers, competence-based trust, and strategic consensus with a specific channel partner), and two types of learning (i.e. exploratory learning and exploitative learning) on the creation of relational value, that in turn, affects relationship performance. Specifically, the findings demonstrate that: (1) relationship value has impact on both relationship performance and market performance; (2) dynamic learning capabilities have significant impacts on the creation of relationship value; (3) social capital of principals contributes a lot to the creation of relationship value; (4) the impacts of social capital on relationship value are partially mediated by exploratory and exploitative learning; and finally (5) knowledge non-redundancy between principals and agents positively moderates the overall linkage between social capital and principal-agent learning. On the basis of current findings, managerial implications and future research directions are drawn.
Tachyphylaxis of guinea-pig ileum to histamine and furtrethonium.

Specific desensitization or taehyphylaxis has not been demonstrated convincingly in smooth muscle with nonpolypeptide directly acting agonists. Guinea-pig ileum is said to show only nonspecific desensitization to various drugs and other stimuli (Herrlinger J.-D., Lullmann, H. and Schuh, F.: Naunyn-Schnmiedebergs Arch. Pharnmakol. 256 : 348-355, 1967). On the premise that nonspecific desensitizatioim usually masks tachyphylaxis, isolated ileum was deprived of calcium and then exposed to high concentrations (4 x 10 -4 M) of histamine or furtrethonium in Ca ++ -free solutions to avoid contractions. Drug exposure periods of two and six minutes were tested. After drug washout and calcium restoration, desensitization to low concentrations of both drugs was denmonstrable in terms of impaired isotonic contractile responses. Recovery to furtrethonium, however, was faster than recovery to histamine after desensitization by histamine, whereas the opposite was usually true after desensitization by furtrethonium. This pattern occurred after drug exposure periods of six but not of two minutes. Thus, both specific and nonspecific processes contributed to the total desensitization induced by time longer exposure, whereas only nonspecific desensitization was evident after the shorter exposure. A possible mechanism of tachphylaxis is suggested.
Fibreoptic Intubation Skills among Anaesthetists in New Zealand

The aim of this study was to investigate methods of practice, assess skill level, and evaluate attitudes towards fibreoptic intubation in the anaesthetic community of New Zealand. A postal survey questionnaire was sent to all vocationally registered anaesthetists in New Zealand and to all New Zealand anaesthetic trainees registered with the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. There were 611 survey questionnaires posted and 386 (63%) respondents. Almost all respondents (98% of specialists, 100% of trainees) had access to fibreoptic equipment in public and 92% of respondents performed fibreoptic intubation. The median number of fibreoptic intubations performed per year was 3 for consultants and 4 for trainees. Respondents were either self taught or colleague taught (82%). Most learnt the technique on patients (92%). There were 14% who considered themselves experienced, 30% competent, 34% adequate and 20% novice. Skills were maintained by clinical patient mix in 73%. Fibreoptic intubation was considered a skill required by all anaesthetists in 87%, and 66% considered it the gold standard for expected difficult airways. Lack of clinical cases requiring the skill and lack of practice were identified as the primary barriers to skill development. Consultants had greater opportunity to learn fibreoptic intubation skills during daily practice than trainees. Only 18% of trainees had a formal airway management program available to them at their place of work. There appears to be a need to increase available opportunities to perform fibreoptic intubation to enable maintenance and improvement of fibreoptic skills in our community. A formalized program of teaching fibreoptic intubation may offer greater opportunity for learning and skill development.
A unifying type-theoretic framework for objects

Abstract We give a direct type-theoretic characterization of the basic mechanisms of object-oriented programming, including objects, methods, message passing, and subtyping, by introducing an explicit constructor for object types and suitable introduction, elimination, and equality rules. The resulting abstract framework provides a basis for justifying and comparing previous encodings of objects based on recursive record types (Cardelli, 1984; Cardelli, 1992; Bruce, 1994; Cook et al., 1990; Mitchell, 1990a) and encodings based on existential types (Pierce & Turner, 1994).
The effects of Absorptive Capacity on Operational Performance within the Context of Customer- Supplier Relationships

Companies evolve in an environment characterized by constant innovation and where knowledge is recognized as a strategic resource. Relationships among various business partners constitute a pool of valuable, rare, and inimitable knowledge. The literature nevertheless reveals that the exchange of knowledge is difficult to convert into performance improvement within the framework of customer-supplier relationships. How can this be explained? In this article, we propose a conceptual integrative model suggesting how suppliers can improve their performance through the acquisition of knowledge within the framework of relationships developed with their customers. At the heart of this model, absorptive capacity emerges as a key variable distinguishing firms that have difficulty exchanging knowledge from those with a real aptitude for recognizing the value of new external information, assimilating it, and applying it to maintain a competitive advantage. By adopting the supplier’s perspective, this paper offers an innovative perspective on the study of links between absorptive capacity (relative and absolute), knowledge acquisition, and performance improvement.
The Dynamics of Personality States, Goals, and Well-Being

The authors examine the within-individual dynamics of Big-5 personality states over time in people's daily lives. They focus on the magnitude of this within-individual variability, and the associations between personality states, short-term goals, and subjective well-being states. A total of 101 undergraduate students participated in a 10-day interval-contingent diary study. The authors' findings, based on multilevel procedures, establish a considerable amount of within-individual variability that is both (a) equal or larger than that observed between individuals and (b) larger or similar to other constructs assessed with a state approach (e.g., self-esteem and mood). In addition, both neuroticism and extraversion states are systematically related to the short-term pursuit of approach—avoidance goals. Finally, support was obtained for the mediating role of both neuroticism and extraversion states of the association between goals and subjective well-being. In sum, the authors' findings testify to the importance and utility of studying within-individual variability in personality states over time.
Determinants of financial distress among manufacturing companies in Malaysia

This study is conducted to evaluate the relationship between liquidity (WCTA, CACL), leverage (TDTA, CLNW), profitability (EBTA, ROE, ROA), BTMV, sales growth, and cash flow (CFFTL, CFITL, CFOTL) and the corporate financial distress among listed manufacturing firms in Malaysia. This study uses a sample from 2001 to 2014. Logistic regression is used to evaluate the relationship between the variables in three models. In model 1, the result shows that the WCTA, TDTA, EBTA, ROA, BTMV, and CFOTL have significant relationship with corporate financial distress. In model 2 when only cash flows variables are included, the results show that CFITL and CFOTL are negatively significant with financial distressed. In model 3 when all variables are included in the analysis, the results remain similar as in model 1. In model 4 when the stepwise logit regression is used, the results similar as in model 1
Disclosure of Corporate Tax Reports, Tax Enforcement, and Price Information

In this paper, we analyze the effects of disclosing corporate tax reports on the performance of financial markets and the use of asset prices by the tax enforcement agency in order to infer the true corporate cash flows. We model the interaction between a firm and the tax auditing agency, and highlight the role played by the tax report as a public signal used by the market dealer and the role of prices as a signal used by the tax authority. We discuss the determinants of both the reporting strategy of the firm and the auditing policy of the tax authority. Our model suggests that, despite disclosure of the tax reports being beneficial for market performance (as the spreads and trading costs are smaller than under no disclosure), the tax agency might have incentives to not disclose the tax report when its objective is to maximize expected net tax collection.
CDS and Equity Market Reactions to Stock Issuances in the U.S. Financial Industry: Evidence from the 2002-13 Period

We study seasoned equity issuances by financial and nonfinancial companies between 2002 and 2013. To assess the risk and valuation implications of these issuances, we conduct an event-study analysis using daily credit default swap (CDS) and stock market pricing data. The major findings of the paper are that equity prices do not react to new issues in the pre-crisis period, but react negatively in the crisis. CDS prices respond to new, default-relevant information. Over the full sample period, cumulative abnormal CDS spreads drop in response to equity issuance announcements. The reactions are significantly stronger during the financial crisis when the federal government injected equity into financial institutions to ensure their viability. The market reacted to this by assessing significantly lower costs for default protection via credit default swaps on equity issue announcements. The evidence indicates that single-name CDS based on financial firms’ default probabilities are potentially useful for private investors and regulators.
4-Hydroxynonenal in foodstuffs: heme concentration, fatty acid composition and freeze-drying are determining factors

Abstract 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is a product of lipid peroxidation. It has been often used as a biomarker of endogenous lipid peroxidation and its concentration is increased in several diseases. But HNE is not only formed during lipid peroxidation occurring in the body. Some authors have shown that it is also present in oxidized oils and in meats. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of food composition (heme iron, fatty acid composition) or freeze-drying on HNE formation in foodstuffs. The methodology is based on extraction/purification procedure followed by HPLC separation with UV detection. As HNE is chemically very reactive and binds easily to proteins, we used radiolabeled HNE to calculate extraction efficiency, so total HNE can be estimated as only free HNE can be measured. The concomitant presence of both heme iron and omega 6 fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, is important for HNE formation in foodstuffs. Freeze-drying increases this formation.