Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhancing road safety for young drivers: How Graduate Driver Licensing initiatives can complement "anti-hooning" legislation.

Street racing and associated (hooning) behaviours have attracted increasing concern in recent years. While New Zealand and all Australian jurisdictions have introduced “antihooning” legislation and allocated significant police resources to managing the problem, there is limited evidence of the road safety implications of hooning. However, international and Australian data suggests that drivers charged with a hooning offence tend to be young males who are accompanied by one or more peers, and hooning-related crashes tend to occur at night. In this regard, there is considerable evidence that drivers under the age of 25 are over-represented in crash statistics, and are particularly vulnerable soon after obtaining a provisional licence, when driving at night, and when carrying peer-aged passengers. The similarity between the nature of hooning offenders, offences and crashes, and road safety risks for young drivers in general, suggests that hooning is an issue that may be viewed as part of the broader young driver problem. Many jurisdictions have recently implemented a range of evidence-based strategies to address young driver road safety, and this paper will present Queensland crash and offence data to highlight the potential benefit of graduated driver licensing initiatives, such as night driving restrictions and peer-aged passenger restrictions, to related road safety issues, including hooning. An understanding of potential flow-on effects is important for evaluations of anti-hooning legislation and graduated driver licensing programs, and may have implications for future law enforcement resource allocation and policy development.
Spawning induction in the Mediterranean grey mullet Mugil cephalus and larval developmental stages

Spawning induction in the present study was carried out in two steps. The first treatment consisted of a priming dose of carp pituitary extract with 20 to 70 mg, or 10000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) per fish, while the second dose given 24 h later was the resolving dose of 200 μg/Kg luetenizing and releasing hormone (LHRH-a). After the resolving dose the females were maintained together with males and spawning occurred after 17 to 24 h on average. Running ripe males rated (+2) were used in 3:1 male to female sex ratio, in all spawning trials to optimize fertilization rates. The fecundity varied between 1 2.70 million eggs/spawn which represents 1395.3 ± 190 eggs/g bw. The ripe unfertile eggs of M.cephalus were rounded, colorless and transparent with one oil globule. The surface of the fertilized egg shell is smooth, however; the yolk was unsegmented. After 20 min from fertilization the egg membrane swells up and separated from the previtelline space. The embryo began to be noticed after 13 ± 1 h post fertilization. The egg diameter was 870 ± 30 μm and oil globule was 350 μm. After about 26 ± 4 h post fertilization hatching was started at 25 ± 1°C and water salinity of 34 ppt. The percent of fertilization varied between 75 to 80% and hatching rate was about 90%. The newly hatched M. cephalus larvae was about 1.97 ± 0.23 mm in total length; larvae began feeding 3–5 days after hatching. The time of eye completion is nearly that of mouth opening and body axis becomes straight, which helps the larvae to identify their food as internal-external feeding starts.
Study Effects of Planting Methods and Tank Mixed Herbiciedes on Weeds Controlling and Wheat Yield

The aim of integrated weed management (IWM) is to use of a combination of different practices to maintain weed densities at manageable levels. A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College, Tehran of University, in Karaj city 2005-2006 by planting wheat, to investigate the response of planting methods and tank mixed herbicides. The experiment was laid out using a split plot arrangement, in randomized complete block design with three replications. Methods of planting were assigned to the main plots; while tank mixed herbicdes were kept in the sub-plots. The subplot size measured 4.5 × 4.5 m2. Row to row distance was kept at 30 cm. Data were recorded on weed density m-2, plant height (cm), spike length (cm), Number of spikes m-2, Number of grains spike-1, 1000 grain weight (g), biological yield (kg ha-1), and grain yield (kg ha-1). The data for individual traits were subjected to the ANOVA technique and significant means were separated by the LSD test. The analysis of the data showed that methods of sowing were statistically significant for plant height, No. of grains spike-1, 1000-grain weight and biological yield. The herbicides were statistically significant for all the parameters investigated except No. of grains spike-1, while the interaction of methods of planting with herbicides could not reach the level of significance in any of the traits examined. Among the methods of planting, line sowing was the best followed by line + broadcast sowing. The herbicide mixtures controlled mixed stands of broadleaf and grassy weeds to the tune of 65 to 74% with a consequent increase in grain yield from 58- 107%. Buctril-M + Topik 15 WP, 2,4-D + Puma Super 75 EW and Topik 15 WP were segregated as the top scoring applications by increasing yield to the extent of 107, 104 and 101 %, respectively over the weedy check.
Seasonal and inter-annual variability of energy exchange above a boreal Scots pine forest

Abstract. Twelve-years of eddy-covariance measurements conducted above a boreal Scots pine forest in Hyytiala, Southern Finland, were analyzed to assess the seasonal and inter-annual variability of surface conductance (gs) and energy partitioning. The gs had distinct annual course, driven by the seasonal cycle of the Scots pine. Low gs (2–3 mm s−1 in April) cause the sensible heat flux to peak in May–June while evapotranspiration takes over later in July–August when gs is typically 5–7 mm s−1. Hence, during normal years Bowen ratio decreases from 4–6 in April to 0.7–0.9 in August. Sensitivity of gs to ambient vapor pressure deficit (D) was relatively constant but the reference value at D = 1 kPa varied seasonally and between years. Only two drought episodes when volumetric soil moisture content in upper mineral soil decreased below 0.15 m3 m−3 occurred during the period. Below this threshold value, transpiration was strongly reduced, which promoted sensible heat exchange increasing Bowen ratio to 3–4. Annual evapotranspiration varied between 218 and 361 mm and accounted between 50% and 90% of equilibrium evaporation. The forest floor contributed between 16 and 25% of the total evapotranspiration on annual scale. The fraction stayed similar over the observed range of environmental conditions including drought periods. The inter-annual variability of evapotranspiration could not be linked to any mean climate variable while the summertime sensible heat flux and net radiation were well explained by global radiation. The energy balance closure varied annually between 0.66 and 0.95 and had a distinct seasonal cycle with worse closure in spring when a large proportion of available energy is partitioned into sensible heat.
The valuation of cash flows for divident paying securities

A subject often recurring in financial papers, is the pricing of stocks and securities when the rate of return is stochastic. In most cases, the stocks considered are assumed not to pay out any dividend. In the present contribution we want to show how it is possible to obtain upper and lower bounds for the (distribution of the) accumulated value of a dividend paying security at a future time t, when the logarithm of the stock price is modelled by means of a Wiener process. 1 Description of the problem For t ≥ 0, let S(t) denote the price of a non-dividend paying stock or security at time t. We then have S(t) = S0eX(t), (1) assuming that there exists a stochastic process X(t) with stationary and independent increments, representing the stochastic continuous compounded rate of return over the period [0, t]. In the classical assumption, stock prices are log-normally distributed, and the process X(t) is a Wiener process. If we look at the total period [0, t] as a number of subperiods, say years, months, weeks etc., it is useful to write the value of X(t) at time t by means ∗ University of Antwerp, Belgium † K.U. Leuven, Belgium and University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands ‡ K.U. Leuven, Belgium and University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands § K.U. Leuven, Belgium ¶ University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Brazilian Patients Wearing Three Types of Lower Dentures: Psychosocial and Clinical Aspects

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oral health-related Quality of Life (QoL) of patients with edentulous lower jaws rehabilitated with conventional or implant-supported dentures . In the quest for greater QoL, especially among the elderly, it is important to evaluate how the use of dentures impacts physical and emotional well-being. Brazilian health care policy makers should be informed of t he advantages of rehabilitation with implant-supported dentures. A cohort of 78 edentulous seniors was divided into three groups of 26 according to denture type: Conventional (CD), Implant-Supported Overdenture (IOD) and Fixed-Implant Prosthesis ( FIP) . To evaluate QoL, clinical and sociodemographic information was collected and the OHIP-20 questionnaire was administered, using a 5-point frequency scale, including a “don’t know” option. Chewing and pronunciation were less impacted in FIP and IOD than in CD (p=0.013 and p=0.027, respectively), while patients in the CD group reported more adaptation difficulties (p=0.006) and more frequent avoidance of hard-to-chew foods (p=0.032). The majority reported no interference of dentures with appearance and social life, regardless of denture type. Depending on the patient’s biological and financial circumstances, implant-supported dentures is the form of rehabilitation of edentulism providing the greatest improvement in QoL. The reported limitations and difficulties had no significant impact on satisfaction and QoL.
Small area model for spatially correlated random effects based on SAR process

The paper presents the method of hierarchical Bayes (HB) estimation under small area models with spatially correlated random effects and a spatial structure implied by the Simultaneous Autoregressive (SAR) process. The idea was to improve the spatial EBLUP by incorporating the HB approach into the estimation algorithm. The computation procedure applied in the paper uses the concept of sampling from a posterior distribution under generalized linear mixed models implemented in WinBUGS software and adapts the idea of parameter estimation for small areas by means of the HB method in the case of known model hyperparameters. The illustration of the approach mentioned above was based on a real-world example concerning household income data. The precision of the direct estimators was determined using own three-stage procedure which employs Balanced Repeated Replication, bootstrap and Generalized Variance Function. Additional simulations were conducted to show the influence of the spatial autoregression coefficient on the estimation error reduction. The computations performed by ‘sae’ package for R project and a special procedure for WinBUGS reveal that the method provides reliable estimates of small area means. For high spatial correlation between domains, noticeable MSE reduction was observed, which seems more evident for HB-SAR method as compared with the traditional spatial EBLUP. In our opinion, the Gibbs sampler, revealing the simultaneous nature of processes, especially for random effects, can be a good starting point for the simulations based on stochastic SAR processes.
Evaluation of performance and chemical composition of Petroselinum crispum essential oil under different conditions of water deficit

This experiment aimed to assess the development, yield and chemical composition of Petroselinum crispum essential oil (EO), popularly known as parsley under different levels of water stress deficit: 30 to 40% (moderate stress), 50 to 60% (severe stress) and control 0 to 10%. The plants were kept in a greenhouse to complete the cycle, harvested and measured for their biomass (g), development (cm), yield (%) and chemical composition of EO of aerial parts and root. The EO was extracted by hydrodistillation and the chemical analysis done by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In the control and moderate stress, greater development of the aerial part occurred without showing difference in the root development. A yield increase of EO extracted from the roots was verified when it was submitted to moderate stress, but there was no difference in the aerial part yield. The EO chemical composition was influenced by the different conditions of water deficit, producing 100% of apiole in moderate stress and control of aerial parts and roots. A different behavior was observed for severe stress, which presented three compounds (89.98% apiole, 6.53% β-sesquiphellandrene and 3.49% myristicin) in aerial parts, but four compounds were found for the root (88.40% apiole, 5.83% β-sesquiphellandrene, 3.61% myristicin and 2.16% elemicin). These results indicated that under greater water deficit, the plant produced other compounds besides apiole, probably as a defense mechanism. The results showed that there was influence of the water stress on the plant development as well as on the essential oil yield and chemical composition. Key words: Apiole, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), essential oil, water stress, parsley.
STUDY OF GENE FLOW FROM GM COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum) VARIETIES IN “EL ESPINAL” (TOLIMA, COLOMBIA).

In 2009, 4088 hectares of genetically modified (GM) cotton were planted in Tolima (Colombia), however there is some uncertainty about containment measures needed to prevent the flow of pollen and seed from regulated GM fields into adjacent fields. In this study, the gene flow from GM cotton varieties to conventional or feral cotton plants via seed and pollen was evaluated. Immunostrip TM , PCR and ELISA assays were used to detect gene flow. Fifty six refuges, 27 fields with conventional cotton and four feral individuals of the enterprise “Remolinos Inc . ” located in El Espinal ( Tolima ) were analyzed in the first half of 2010. The results indicated seeds mediated gene flow in 45 refuges (80,4 %) and 26 fields with conventional cotton (96 %), besides a pollen mediated gene flow in one field with conventional cotton and nine refuges. All fields cultivated with conventional cotton showed gene flow from GM cotton. Two refuges and two feral individuals did not reveal gene flow from GM cotton.
Through the eyes of Chinese: The theory of planned behaviour and Chinese consumer behaviour in relation to Australian products and services

An expanded theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model was used to examine the influence of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, self-identity, and past behaviour on Chinese consumers’ intention to purchase Australian products and/or services. Data were obtained via an electronic survey completed by 3,171 respondents in China. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed support for the ability of the expanded TPB model to predict Chinese consumers’ intentions to purchase Australian products and services. Specifically, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, self-identity, and past behaviour all predicted purchase intentions.
Market Quality and Contagion in Fragmented Markets

Financial market liquidity has become increasingly fragmented across multiple trading platforms. We propose an intuitive welfare-based market quality metric that can properly aggregate local market conditions across both securities and trading venues. Our analysis rests on a general equilibrium model with segmented markets. Arbitrageurs reap profits by effectively providing intermediation services (i.e. “liquidity"). Our market quality measure is equal to the additional consumption enjoyed by investors as a result of this intermediation, and can be represented by means of a number of observable proxies. The model is especially well-suited to study the contagion-like effects of liquidity shocks.
Phylogenetic Diversity of Arctic Vertebrate Herbivores

iii ABSTRACT IN NORWEGIAN . vIN NORWEGIAN . v INTRODUCTION . 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 7 Assembly of geographic data of the species . 7 Assembly of molecular data and phylogenetic analyses . 8 Biodiversity analyses . 9 Assembly of environmental data (explanatory variables) . 10 Data analyses (in R) . 11 RESULTS . 15 Phylogenetic analysis . 15 Diversity patterns of arctic vertebrate herbivores . 15 Diversity drivers of arctic vertebrate herbivores . 18 DISCUSSION . 23 Relationship between patterns of phylogenetic diversity and species richness . 23 Explanatory variables driving diversity patterns . 26 Concluding remarks . 29 REFERENCES . 31 APPENDIX . 35 Appendix 1 . 35 Appendix 2 . 44
Deterrence in Rank-Order Tournaments

In a tournament competitors may cheat to gain an advantage. This paper considers the problem of deterrence and finds that tournaments reflect special circumstances that are not present in a traditional model of law enforcement. The traditional model considers sanctions and monitoring as the instruments of deterrence. In a tournament the prize structure plays a critical role in determining both the costs and benefits to cheating. We consider ways in which the prize structure can be manipulated in order to reduce monitoring costs.
Rapd based evaluation of genetic diversity in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes

The genetic diversity among fifteen genotypes of groundnut was studied by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Total 15 be primers were used to detect polymorphism but only 13 primers showed amplification. Out of 13 primers amplified, 11 primers showed variable degree of polymorphism ranged from 25 per cent (S-31) to 100 per cent (OPD-02), whereas two primers viz. OPA-02 and S-67 showed monomorphism. Thirteen RAPD primers amplified 54 fragments, out of which 28 were polymorphic (51.85%). The number of fragments amplified per primer ranged from 3 to 5 and their sizes ranged between ∼ 150 bp to ∼ 1800 bp. Cluster analysis classified fifteen genotypes of groundnut into six main groups. The pair wise similarity values ranged from 76 to 94 per cent and showed that genotypes UG-109 and UG-110 were the closest with highest similarity value (94%), while genotypes UG-100 and GG-7 were most distinct with minimum similarity value (69%). RAPD marker can be used effectively for characterization of groundnut.
The Microeconomics of Choice under Risk and Uncertainty: Where Are We?

Financial decision-making is not straightforward, in part, because such decisions generally involve comparing financial assets the payoffs from which are subject to risk and uncertainty. Given that situation, two questions naturally arise: How do economic agents go about the business of making choices in the face of risk and uncertainty? And, how should economic agents make choices in the face of risk and uncertainty? This paper concentrates on the first of these questions and discusses some of the main attempts made by economic theory to understand how economic agents go about the business decision-making under conditions of risk and uncertainty. Theoretical possibilities considered in the context of decisions under conditions of risk include: Expected value maximization, Expected utility maximization, Rank dependent utility maximization, Prospect theory, and the Topology of fear approach to decision-making in the face of catastrophic risk. This paper also considers empirical tests of these theoretical possibilities and some of the anomalies and responses thrown up by those tests such as: Allais Paradox, Discovered Preference Hypothesis, and the choice behaviour of CEOs when faced with risk. The paper concludes with a brief excursion into choice under uncertainty where, unlike in risky choice situation, the existence of objective probabilities over states of the world cannot be relied on. In that context, the author briefly canvases the Subjective Expected Utility approach — which is unable in general to account for ambiguity aversion — Choquet utility, Wald's Multiple Priors, and the Case Based approach This paper highlights the fact that the rich and fascinating field of decision-making under risk and uncertainty is characterized by a constant interplay between theoretical conjecture, empirical testing, and theoretical refinement. Such interplay is mirrored by this paper and contributions in the Colloquium Section of this Issue, where the thoughts of practitioners and academics interact.
Drosophilids (Insecta, Diptera) as tools for conservation biology

We advocate the use of drosophilid flies as biological models on biological conservation by presenting a case study in the Cerrado at landscape scale. We analyzed the drosophilid assemblage in the Parana Valley, together with a baseline data from Federal District. We found four different drosophilid assemblages structured in both local and regional scales. Our study confirms the importance of the Parana Valley as a diversity center, and the urgency in creating reserves in the region to protect its biological uniqueness. Analyzing drosophilid assemblage composition could help for understanding Cerrado biodiversity by perceiving and focusing it in different scales, and therefore, helping for more accurate and efficient reserve selection, design and placement. Drosophilids can be very useful to study the patterns and processes related to biodiversity and also how human activities affect it, permitting the elaboration of efficient conservation strategies, and improving projections about what might happen in the future.
An explanatory model of the organizational factors that explain the adoption of E-business

Purpose: to describe the factors that facilitate the adoption of e-business in firms . To go in deep on the factors, resources and capabilities that need to be present in those firms seeking to improve their levels of e-business adoption. Design/methodology/approach: analysis of the literature involving the main theories on business administration, and more specifically, on those related to technology innovation (TI) and information systems (IS), as applicable to the organizational factors that explain the adoption of e-business. Findings: it identifies three main sources of influence: a first group covers the characteristics of the actual firm, which refer to the organisation’s specific features: firm size, the backing of top management, expected benefit, age, the level of human capital, and international projection. A second group of factors includes technology-related characteristics. The third group contains all those aspects in the environment that may affect the firm’s attitude to e-business. Research limitations/implications: the chosen variables play significant role following a review of the studies on the subject, but not all potential ones have been included. The variables have been chosen in view of the large number of studies that have reported conclusive results. Practical implications: the model presented is designed to enable both scholars in this field and decision-makers in strategic matters to reflect upon those aspects that may drive the adoption of e-business, and thereby help them to make more informed decisions on the matter. Social implications: In highly competitive industries, firms need to keep themselves permanently up to speed with technological advances and strategic innovations Originality/value: it is the first study that considers three different perspectives: the organizational, the technological and the environmental one.