Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Criteria for Dementia in DSM-III

Depression: Distress or Disease? D@. it Sat, Professor Brown and his colleagues (Journal, December 1985, 147, 612â€”622) are right to suggest that many ofthe affective disorders seen by psychia trists are clearly related to psychosocial adversity. The other part of their argument, that â€ ̃¿ cases' in the community do not differ greatly in severity from those seen by psychiatrists, is questionable. Symptoms are widely distributed in members of the general population; many people have a few symptoms but few have many. This distribution is curvilinear, without points of discontinuity. Wherever we decide to place the threshold for defin ing cases, provided an appreciable proportion of the population is so recognised, the severity distribution of cases is likely to reflect the underlying distribution of symptoms. In other words, most cases will be mild, a few severe. This has been noted in every community survey using the PSE-ID-CATEGO system that has provided such details, and is independent of the actual prevalence quoted. Brown and his colleagues argue for similarity in severity between cases in the community and among patients. They do so on the basis of their findings in the Islington community and those reported by Sashidharan (1985) from his series of patients in Edinburgh. This would be justifiable only if the thresholds used in the two studies were the same. Both report results using the PSE-ID-CATEGO system, so the symptom ratings are combined in the same way to construct thresholds for case recognition. How ever, the criteria for recogrnsing symptoms might well have been stricter in the Edinburgh study than in the Islington survey. Certainly the reported population prevalences in the Edinburgh survey are far lower (3.9% using the Bedford College case definition; Dean et al, 1983) than those reported in Islington (17%) or by the same team in Camberwell (15%â€”Brown & Harris, 1978). Moreover, the criteria for symptom recognition among the patients who form the basis of Sashidharan's paper (1985) could well be even stricter, as these were based on interviews by psychiatrists, whereas the Edinburgh community survey was carried out by lay inter viewers. It is known that psychiatrists tend to have stricter criteria (Wing eta! , 1977; Sturt et al, 1981). An appropriate test of the hypothesis can be made if data are collected by the same interviewing team from a sample of the general population and from a comparison group of local psychiatric patients. There is such a study, although it is not mentioned by Brown and his colleagues (Wing et a! , 1981). Unlike that of Sashidharan (1985) this comparison was based on the full 140-item PSE, and demon strated marked differences in severity between patients and cases in the Camberwell community, defined as 1D5 and above (Wing et al, 1978). It is possible that we were rating symptoms more strictly than the Bedford College group, as our case prevalence based on Bedford College criteria was around 8.0%. Lowering our threshold for identifying symptoms would have increased the prevalence, but itwould alsohave made thedisorders inpatients seem more severe.
Global citizenship in Pakistan

This paper attempts to understand the value of the ideology of global citizenship in Pakistan by looking at students' values and attitudes. In particular, it explores students' understanding of the term 'global citizen' and their attitude towards the concept. Using a case study approach, interviews were conducted with six students in a privately run school under the national education system, in addition to five teachers who have undergone a global citizenship training. This research highlights students' strong national identity, which engenders a sense of urgency with regard to displaying a positive side of the country, with global citizenship being seen as one avenue for creating a positive image. In addition, the absence of a clear understanding of 'citizenship' itself means a very loose understanding of what global citizenship could or should entail. These findings communicate the need to rethink global citizenship in the Pakistani context through a redefinition of the concepts from a local perspective.
The changing spectrum of severe falciparum malaria: a clinical study from Bikaner (northwest India).

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Recently there were reports from all over India about changing spectrum of clinical presentation of severe malaria. The present study was planned to study the same in the northwest India. METHODS This prospective study was conducted on patients of severe malaria admitted in a classified malaria ward of a tertiary care hospital in Bikaner, Rajasthan (northwest India) during 1994 and 2001. It included adult patients of both sexes belonging to all age groups. The diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum was confirmed by demonstrating asexual form of parasites in peripheral blood smear. All patients were treated with i.v. /oral quinine. The specific complications were treated by standard WHO protocol. The data for individual complications for both the years were analysed by applying chi-square test. RESULTS In a prospective study in 1994 the spectrum of complication was dominated by cerebral malaria (25.75%) followed by jaundice (11.47%), bleeding tendencies (9.59%), severe anaemia (5.83%), shock (5.26%), Acute respiratory distress syndrome-ARDS (3.01%), renal failure (2.07%) and hypoglycemia (2.07%) whereas in 2001 it was dominated by jaundice (58.85%) followed by severe anaemia (26.04%), bleeding tendencies (25.52%), shock (10.94%), cerebral malaria (10.94%), renal failure (6.25%), ARDS (2.08%) and hypoglycemia (1.56%). The sharp difference for presence of jaundice and severe anaemia in 2001 and cerebral malaria in 1994 was statistically significant. Similarly, the important cause of mortality in 2001 was multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (71.10%) with predominant presentation of jaundice and renal failure, whereas in 1994, it was cerebral malaria (77.96%). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The observation of changing spectrum of severe malaria in this study and a significant increase in presentation with jaundice as an important manifestation is highly essential for primary, secondary and tertiary level health care providers for proper diagnosis and management.
Evaluating therapeutic targets for reperfusion‐related brain hemorrhage

Early reperfusion after an ischemic stroke can cause blood–brain barrier injury with subsequent cerebral edema and devastating brain hemorrhage. These complications of early reperfusion, which result from excess production of reactive oxygen species, significantly limit the benefits of stroke therapies. In this article, we use a novel animal model that facilitates identification of specific components of the reperfusion injury process, including vascular injury and secondary brain damage, and allows assessment of therapeutic interventions.
The enamel softening and loss during early erosion studied by AFM, SEM and nanoindentation

Enamel dissolution occurs when it contacts with acids produced by plaque bacteria, foods or drinks. There have been numerous and varied studies quantifying and characterizing the rate, extent and chemical aspects of enamel erosion; however, there is still hot debate about the amounts of enamel softening and loss. The objective of this study was to measure the enamel erosion process with high accuracy. Native third molars were partly eroded in citric acid (pH = 3.8) with some domains protected by a Ti coating layer. The surface morphology and structures before and after exposure to citric acid for different time periods were studied by AFM, SEM and nanoindentation, respectively. Based on this, the functions between the amounts of enamel softening, loss and erosion time were established for the first time. It was demonstrated that AFM, SEM and nanoindentation were suitable for measuring the early stages of enamel demineralization qualitatively and quantitatively.
Enhanced K(+)-channel-mediated endothelium-dependent local and conducted dilation of small mesenteric arteries from ApoE(-/-) mice.

AIMS Agonists that evoke smooth muscle cell hyperpolarization have the potential to stimulate both local and conducted dilation. We investigated whether the endothelium-dependent vasodilators acetylcholine (ACh) and SLIGRL stimulated conducted dilation and whether this was altered by deficiency in apolipoprotein E (ApoE(-/-)). METHODS AND RESULTS Isolated mesenteric arteries were cannulated, pressurized, and precontracted with phenylephrine. Agonists were either added to the bath to study local dilation or were restricted to one end of arteries to study conducted dilation. An enhanced sensitivity to both ACh and SLIGRL was observed in mesenteric arteries from ApoE(-/-) mice compared with wild-type controls. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase blocked ACh responses, but had no effect on maximum dilation to SLIGRL. SLIGRL increased endothelial cell Ca(2+), hyperpolarized smooth muscle cells, and fully dilated arteries. The NO-independent dilation to SLIGRL was blocked with high [KCl] or Ca(2+)-activated K(+)-channel blockers. The hyperpolarization and dilation to SLIGRL passed through the artery to at least 2.5 mm upstream. The conducted dilation was not affected by a deficit in ApoE and could also be stimulated by ACh, suggesting NO itself could stimulate conducted dilation. CONCLUSION In small mesenteric arteries of ApoE(-/-) mice, NO-independent dilation is enhanced. Since both NO-dependent and -independent pathways can stimulate local and conducted dilation, the potential for reducing vascular resistance is improved in these vessels.
Improved Regularization of Convolutional Neural Networks with Cutout

Convolutional neural networks are capable of learning powerful representational spaces, which are necessary for tackling complex learning tasks. However, due to the model capacity required to capture such representations, they are often susceptible to overfitting and therefore require proper regularization in order to generalize well. In this paper, we show that the simple regularization technique of randomly masking out square regions of input during training, which we call cutout, can be used to improve the robustness and overall performance of convolutional neural networks. Not only is this method extremely easy to implement, but we also demonstrate that it can be used in conjunction with existing forms of data augmentation and other regularizers to further improve model performance. We evaluate this method by applying it to current state-of-the-art architectures on the CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and SVHN datasets, yielding new state-of-the-art results of 2.56%, 15.20%, and 1.30% test error respectively. Code is available at this https URL
Swim Training Improves HOMA-IR in Type 2 Diabetes Induced by High Fat Diet and Low Dose of Streptozotocin in Male Rats.

PURPOSE Insulin resistance plays a key role in the onset and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications. In this study, we evaluated the effect of swim training on insulin resistance in diabetic rats. METHODS Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=10): sedentary control (Con), sedentary diabetic (Dia), swim trained control (Exe) and swim trained diabetic (Dia+Exe) rats. Diabetes was induced by high fat diet (HFD) and a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, i.p). In trained groups, one week after the induction of diabetes, animals were subjected to swimming (60 min/5 days a week) for 10 weeks. At the end of training, fasting blood sugar (FBS), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), fasting/basal insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, insulin resistance index, homeostasis model assessment method (HOMA-IR), triglycerides (TG,) total cholesterol (TCh), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in blood were measured. RESULTS Swimming significantly improved OGTT (P<0.01) and HOMA-IR (P<0.01). Swim training also significantly decreased FBS (p<0.01), fasting/basal insulin (P<0.01), HbA1C (p<0.01), TG (P<0.05), and TCh (P<0.05) levels. It also significantly increased HDL (p<0.05) level. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that swim training improved glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes caused by high fat diet in male rats.
Prognostic indicators of gastric carcinoma confined to the muscularis propria

Aims: Gastric carcinoma confined to the muscularis propria (MPGC) is considered an intermediate‐stage carcinoma. A method of discriminating between more favourable and less favourable prognostic groups of this entity is critically needed in dealing with this heterogeneous disease. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between survival of patients with MPGC and its various clinicopathological parameters.
Rofecoxib Versus Magnesium Sulfate to Arrest Preterm Labor: A Randomized Trial

OBJECTIVE: To compare oral rofecoxib with intravenous magnesium sulfate as a tocolytic. METHODS: This was a randomized study of patients who were between 22 and 34 weeks of gestation with preterm labor. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either daily oral rofecoxib (50 mg) or intravenous magnesium sulfate for a maximum of 48 hours. Outcome variables included delay of delivery for 48 hours and the incidence of side effects. Data were analyzed by using the Student t test, Mann–Whitney U test, &khgr;2 test, and repeated-measures analysis of variance. Sample size calculations were based on previous studies of tocolytic efficacy. RESULTS: Two hundred fourteen patients were randomly assigned (105 received rofecoxib and 109 received magnesium sulfate). Delivery was delayed for 48 hours in 95 (90.4%) and 96 (88%) of the patients in the rofecoxib and magnesium sulfate groups, respectively (relative risk 0.97; 95% confidence interval 0.89, 1.06). To show a statistically significant benefit in delay of delivery past 48 hours, a total of 2,686 patients would be required in each group. There was no difference between the groups over the course of the study in cervical dilatation, amniotic fluid index, or cervical length by vaginal ultrasonography. The median hospital days on the original admission were also similar at 2 for both groups (P = .10). There was a higher reported incidence of maternal side effects in the magnesium sulfate group (relative risk 1.81; 95% confidence interval 1.07, 3.06). There was no difference in the incidence of neonatal side effects. CONCLUSION: There was no difference between oral rofecoxib and intravenous magnesium sulfate in arresting preterm labor. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I
Does public investment crowd-out private investment in India

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the crowding-in or crowding-out relationship between public and private investment in India. Design/methodology/approach The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach is used to estimate the long run relationship between public and private investment using annual data from 1971-1972 to 2009-2010. Findings Based on the empirical findings, it is observed that aggregate public investment has a positive effect on private investment both in the long run and the short run. In contrast to the findings of previous studies, no significant impact of public infrastructure investment on private investments is found in the long run, while non-infrastructure investment has a positive impact on private investment in the short run. Among the various categories of infrastructure sector, a positive and significant impact in the case of electricity, gas and water supply is observed. Similarly, the result indicates that public investment in machinery and equipment and construction have substantially influenced the private sector machinery and equipment in the long run and the short run. In the case of the role of macroeconomic uncertainty, the results find a negative and significant impact on private investment and the impact is higher in the short run than in the long run. Originality/value The present study extends the literature in three important ways: First, the study attempts to capture heterogeneity of public investment as well as disaggregate effects of two different categories of public infrastructure on private investment. The extent to which two different types of public assets impact the private investment in machinery and equipment investment is also examined. Second, ARDL model is used to examine the long-run relationship between public and private investment. Third, the study incorporates macroeconomic uncertainty into the empirical analysis to examine the role of macroeconomic volatility in determining private investment decision.
Blockade of RAGE ameliorates elastase‐induced emphysema development and progression via RAGE‐DAMP signaling

The receptor for advanced glycan end products (RAGE) has been identified as a susceptibility gene for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in genome‐wide association studies (GWASs). However, less is known about how RAGE is involved in the pathogenesis of COPD. To determine the molecular mechanism by which RAGE influences COPD in experimental COPD models, we investigated the efficacy of the RAGE‐specific antagonist FPS‐ZM1 administration in in vivo and in vitro COPD models. We injected elastase intratracheally and the RAGE antagonist FPS‐ZM1 in mice, and the infiltrated inflammatory cells and cytokines were assessed by ELISA. Cellular expression of RAGE was determined in protein, serum, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice and lungs and serum of human donors and patients with COPD. Downstream damage‐associated molecular pattern (DAMP) pathway activation in vivo and in vitro and in patients with COPD was assessed by immunofluorescence staining, Western blot analysis, and ELISA. The expression of membrane RAGE in initiating the inflammatory response and of soluble RAGE acting as a decoy were associated with up‐regulation of the DAMP‐related signaling pathway via Nrf2. FPS‐ZM1 administration significantly reversed emphysema in the lung of mice. Moreover, FPS‐ZM1 treatment significantly reduced lung inflammation in Nrf2+/+, but not in Nrf2‒/‒ mice. Thus, our data indicate for the first time that RAGE inhibition has an essential protective role in COPD. Our observation of RAGE inhibition provided novel insight into its potential as a therapeutic target in emphysema/COPD. —Lee, H. , Park, J.‐R. , Kim, W. J., Sundar, I. K. , Rahman, I. , Park, S. ‐M. , Yang. S. ‐R. Blockade of RAGE ameliorates elastase‐induced emphysema development and progression via RAGE‐DAMP signaling. FASEB J. 31, 2076–2089 (2017). www.fasebj. org
Disclosure Regulation in the Commercial Banking Industry: Lessons from the National Banking Era

I exploit variation in the adoption of disclosure and supervisory regulation across U.S. states to examine their impact on the development and stability of commercial banks. The empirical results suggest that the adoption of state‐level requirements to report financial statements in local newspapers is associated with greater stability and development of commercial banks. I also examine which political constituencies influence the adoption of disclosure and supervisory regulation. I find that powerful landowners and small private banks are associated with late adoption of these regulations. These findings suggest that incumbent groups oppose disclosure rules because the passage of such rules threatens their private interests.
Tourism and financial development in small states

Tourism expenditure in Caribbean countries represents the single largest inflow of foreign exchange and is associated with a significant amount of international capital flows. Yet, the relationship between tourism and financial development (FD) has received scant attention in the academic literature. This article focuses on whether tourism promotes FD in Caribbean economies. We do so by using newly constructed data on tourism flows to the region during the period 1980–2013. We find that tourist expenditure, on average, has a positive and significant impact on various measures of FD. At our most conservative estimates, we find that by increasing tourism expenditures per capita by about $1200 (USD), depth in the financial system improves by about 10–15%, while efficiency increases by about 34%. Our results are robust to instrumental variables, system generalized method of moments, and limited information maximum likelihood estimation techniques as well as to a variety of measures of FD. Such findings may have important policy implications related to facilitating growth and development through an increase in efficiency in the system of FD.
Coronary arteriography in the diagnosis results and prognosis analysis of suspected coronary artery disease in patients with normal SPET myocardial perfusion imaging.

OBJECTIVE Anatomic coronary artery disease (CAD) can be determined by coronary angiography (CAG) in patients with normal stress single photon emission tomography (SPET) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Coronary angiography results of patients with negative exercise MPI and the prognosis of these patients (CAG-diagnosed CAD vs. non-CAD) were investigated in the current study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Suspected CAD patients who had SPET-MPI and subsequent CAG studies were retrospectively reviewed from May 2002 to November 2006. Siemens Diacam SPET and Siemens Ecam SPET γ-cameras were used for the examination of rest/exercise technetium-99m methoxy isobutyl isonitrile ((99m)Tc-MIBI) myocardial imaging. Coronary angiography was performed with Philips arura angiography machine by the standard Judkins method. RESULTS In all, 6598 patients underwent clinically indicated rest/exercise (99m)Tc-MIBI SPET-MPI, and 133 patients underwent CAG despite negative MPI. Thirty one patients were diagnosed with CAD by CAG. Most of these lesions (66%) were located in distal vessels and most of these patients (68%) had 1 vessel disease. Age (P<0.01), hypertension (P<0.01), typical angina pectoris (P<0.01), high pretest likelihood of CAD (P<0.001), exercise induced angina (P<0.05), positive exercise ECG (P<0.01), and transient enlargement of scintigraphic left ventricular size (P<0.05) were significantly different between non-CAD and CAD groups. After median follow-up time of 53 ± 18 months, annualized cardiac event rate was 0.9% and 0.2% in CAD and non-CAD group, respectively (χ² = 1.22, P=0.27). CONCLUSION In all, 23% of 133 patients in our study we confirmed anatomic CAD by CAG, despite negative findings in SPET-MPI. Several clinical, stress, and MPI findings could be potential predictors. However, similar to non-CAD group, the CAG diagnosed CAD patients negative (99m)Tc-MIBI SPET-MPI exercise test had a good prognosis with annualized cardiac event rate less than 1.0%.