Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interactive comment on “ Long-term CH 3 Br and CH 3 Cl flux measurements in temperate salt marshes ” by E . Blei

Fluxes of CH3Br and CH3Cl and their relationship with potential drivers such as sunlight, temperature and soil moisture, were monitored at fortnightly to monthly intervals for more than two years at two contrasting temperate salt marsh sites in Scotland. Manipulation experiments were conducted to further investigate possible links between drivers and fluxes. Fluxes followed both seasonal and diurnal trends with highest fluxes during summer days and lowest (negative) fluxes during winter nights. Mean ( ± 1 sd) annually and diurnally-weighted net emissions from the two sites were found to be 300 ± 44 ng m−2 h−1 for CH3Br and 662± 266 ng m−2 h−1 for CH3Cl. The fluxes from this work are similar to findings from this and other research groups for salt marshes in cooler, higher latitude climates, but lower than values from salt marshes in the Mediterranean climate of southern California. Statistical analysis generally did not demonstrate a strong link between temperature or sunlight levels and methyl halide fluxes, although it is likely that temperatures have a weak direct influence on emissions, and both certainly have indirect influence via the annual and daily cycles of the vegetation. CH 3Cl flux magnitudes from different measurement locations depended on the plant species enclosed whereas such dependency was not discernible for CH3Br fluxes. In 14 out of 18 collars with vegetation CH 3Br and CH3Cl net fluxes were significantly positively correlated. The CH3Cl/CH3Br net-emission mass ratio was 2.2, a magnitude lower than mass ratios of global methyl halide budgets (∼22) or emissions from tropical rainforests ( ∼60). This is likely due to preference for CH 3Br production by the relatively high bromine content in the salt marsh plant material. Extrapolation based solely on data from this study yields Correspondence to: M. R. Heal (m.heal@ed.ac.uk) salt marsh contributions of 0.5–3.2% and 0.05–0.33%, respectively, of currently-estimated total global production of CH3Br and CH3Cl, but actual global contributions likely lie between these values and those derived from southern California.
The Upper Triassic Flora of Svalbard

The Triassic plant fossils from the Svalbard archipelago are comprehensively reviewed. The poorly known flora is widespread and has been recovered from all Triassic exposures in the archipelago; 24 species are identified and one new species, viz. Arberophyllum substrictum, is described. The flora consists of sphenophytes, ferns, cycadophytes, and putative ginkgophytes and seed ferns. Ferns and Bennettitales are the dominant elements. The composition of the flora is strikingly similar to the Carnian flora of Lunz in Lower Austria, sharing an unexpectedly large number of taxa, and thus, it is proposed that most of the fossils derive from the De Geerdalen Formation, which is dated as Carnian. Key taxa in the Svalbard flora are Asterotheca, Neocalamites, Pterophyllum, and Arberophyllum. The floristic composition and sedimentology of the host strata suggests that the flora thrived in a coastal lagoonal/deltaic environment. The similarity of the Svalbard and Lunz floras argues that the North Atlantic floral sub-province hypothesised for the Rhaetian in this region was already established by the Carnian.
Young people’s everyday securities: pre-emptive and pro-active strategies towards ontological security in Scotland

Abstract This paper uses a framework of ‘ontological security’ to discuss the psychosocial strategies of self-securitisation employed by ethnic and religious minority young people in Scotland. We argue that broad discourses of securitisation are present in the everyday risks and threats that young people encounter. In response and as resistance young people employ pre-emptive and pro-active strategies to preserve ontological security. Yet, these strategies are fraught with ambivalence and contradiction as young people withdraw from social worlds or revert to essentialist positions when negotiating complex fears and anxieties. Drawing on feminist geographies of security the paper presents a multi-scalar empirical analysis of young people’s everyday securities, connecting debates on youth and intimacy-geopolitics with the social and cultural geographies of young people, specifically work that focuses upon young people’s negotiations of racialised, gendered and religious landscapes.
Genetic Inactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis Inclusion Membrane Protein CT228 Alters MYPT1 Recruitment, Extrusion Production, and Longevity of Infection

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen with global health and economic impact. Upon infection, C. trachomatis resides within a protective niche, the inclusion, wherein it replicates and usurps host cell machinery and resources. The inclusion membrane is the key host-pathogen interface that governs specific protein-protein interactions to manipulate host signaling pathways. At the conclusion of the infection cycle, C. trachomatis exits the host cell via lysis or extrusion. Extrusion depends on the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain 2 (MLC2); the extent of phosphorylation is determined by the ongoing opposing activities of myosin phosphatase (MYPT1) and myosin kinase (MLCK). Previously, it was shown that MYPT1 is recruited to the inclusion and interacts with CT228 for regulation of host cell egress. In this study, we generated a targeted chromosomal mutation of CT228 (L2-ΔCT228) using the TargeTron system and demonstrate a loss of MYPT1 recruitment and increase in extrusion production in vitro. Mutation of CT228 did not affect chlamydial growth in cell culture or recruitment of MLC2. Moreover, we document a delay in clearance of L2-ΔCT228 during murine intravaginal infection as well as a reduction in systemic humoral response, relative to L2-wild type. Taken together, the data suggest that loss of MYPT1 recruitment (as a result of CT228 disruption) regulates the degree of host cell exit via extrusion and affects the longevity of infection in vivo.
CO2 embodied in China's foreign trade 2007 with global policy implications

This article estimated the carbon emissions embodied in China's foreign trade in 2007 with an input-output method. The results showed that China was a net exporter of at least 484.18MT carbon emissions in 2007, which accounted for 8.59% of total on a production basis. In total emissions, imported carbon accounted for 21.97% while exported carbon occupied 30.56%. In terms of sectors, Manufacture of Textile was the biggest net exporter, which was followed by Smelting and Pressing of Ferrous Metals, Manufacture of Metal Products, and so on. In terms of trading partners, Hong Kong was the biggest recipient of exported emissions of mainland China, which was followed by the US, Netherlands, UK, Singapore, and so on. Considering that a large amount of goods exported from mainland China to Hong Kong would be re-exported to the US, the emissions ultimately embodied in China-US trade would be greater than the estimation. Given that current production-based mechanism for allocating carbon abatement burden in international climate regime fails to reflect the complexities of international trade, the sacrifices that net carbon exporters are making and the actual environmental impact of consumption activities, BEET must be paid more attention if future policies would to be equitable and able to encourage active participations. Actually, so far, the seeking of a global solution for combating climate change because of its global impact seems to be prone to problems such as international conflict, carbon leakage, and free riding, etc., and current progress in slowing GHG emissions is actually arriving via fragmented and multispeed efforts, we may not just waiting for a global solution for the problem. Instead, a polycentric approach, which means actions at various levels with active oversight of local, regional, and national stakeholders, may be a choice.
Effects of Functional Electrical Stimulation with and without a Wrist-Hand Orthosis on Hand Opening in Individuals with Chronic HemipareticStroke: A Pilot Study

Objective: Many individuals with stroke cannot open their affected hand in a functional way: they either produce insufficient hand opening, or achieve hand opening while flexing their wrist. Insufficient hand-opening in post-stroke individuals can be improved by applying functional electrical stimulation (FES) to finger/thumb extensors. However, how to reduce the coupling between finger extension and wrist flexion is still unknown. Both FES to wrist extensors and a wrist-hand orthosis (WHO) can assist holding the wrist in a close-to-neutral position. This may or may not improve purposeful use of the paretic arm, depending on how it will interfere with hand opening. Therefore, this study investigated how using either FES or WHO to maintain the wrist in a close-to-neutral position will impact the FESassisted hand opening. Methods: We recruited twelve individuals with moderate to severe stroke to participate. They performed maximal hand opening with or without assistance from FES/WHO. Hand opening distance and wrist flexion angle were measured. Results: Our results demonstrated that FES applied to the finger extensors resulted in a trend of larger opening distance (p 0.2); however, a trend of reduced wrist flexion angle (p=0.057) when using WHO combined with FES. Conclusion: These results suggest that combined FES and WHO should be considered when designing interventions or devices to enhance hand opening in individuals with stroke.
ASSESSMENT OF GENOTOXICITY IN EXFOLIATED BUCCAL EPITHELIAL CELLS OF FOUNDRY WORKERS OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED TO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

Objectives: Foundry workers are exposed to a mixture of chemicals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which is suspected to cause genetic damage. The aim of this study was to assess PAHs exposure by urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a biological exposure marker. Moreover, we aimed to assess the level of genetic damage in south Indian foundry workers exposed to PAHs. Methods: Forty eight foundry workers and a standardised control group were examined for frequencies of micronucleus (MN) in buccal epithelial cells. Current exposure to PAHs was assessed by measurement of 1-OHP in urine samples. Results: An elevated concentration of 1-OHP was found in the exposed group (2.15±0.87 μg/g creatinine) relation to the control group (0.79±0.58 μg/g creatinine) (p<0.05). The genetic damage observed in the buccal cells of foundry workers was significantly higher than that in controls. Cigarette smoking was also related to genetic damage since the MN observed in PAHs exposed groups with smoking habits was significantly higher than non-smoking workers. Conclusions: Occupational exposure of PAHs from foundry workplaces has been associated with the increased genetic damage and smoking habit represents an additional risk factor. Exposure to PAHs may be aetiologically related to increased risk of cancer in foundry workers.
Growth of Wheat Plants Submitted to the Application of the Growth Regulator Trinexapac-ethyl and Vigor of the Produced Seeds

The use of growth regulators in wheat aims to reduce problems caused by the lodging of plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth and vigor expression of wheat seeds treated with a growth regulator and the fertilization of plants to achieve high yields. The cultivar used was OR Topázio, the treatments consisted of the combination of five rates of the trinexapac-ethyl [0 – no application; 200; 400; 600 e 800 mL of the commercial product ha-1] and eight harvesting dates [14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 e 112 days after emergence ]. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a factorial scheme 5 x 8 (five rates and eight harvest dates) with four repetitions. The total dry matter, dry matter production rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, conversion efficiency of solar energy, photoassimilate partition, harvest index, and seedling emergence index were evaluated. Allocation of total dry matter, relative growth rate, plant height and harvest index were reduced by the growth regulator, with varied intensity according to the rate applied. The net assimilation rate was reduced in plants subjected to 400, 600 and 800 mL ha-1. The seedling emergence and the speed of emergence index were not affected by the action of the growth regulator.
'I Wish I Knew ...'– Misperceived Ability, School Track Counseling Services and Performances in Upper Secondary Education

Previous research shows that, in tracked school systems, enrollment decisions are strongly associated with future outcomes both in education and on the labour market. Yet few studies explicitly investigate whether students (and their parents) have all the relevant information they need to make proper decisions. We address this issue by exploiting the data collected within the Arianna Project, an independent school track counseling service run by the municipality of a large city in Northern Italy (Turin). Virtually all students in the final year of lower secondary education participate into the program and they receive advices based on standardized cognitive and non-cognitive tests. Our dataset is uniquely enriched by information on students' pre-test enrollment intentions, their final track choices and their performances in the upper secondary school. We show that students' enrollment intentions are very often inconsistent with their actual potential as revealed by Arianna. However, students (and their parents) are likely to revise their initial choice when new information on their true abilities is made available to them. Moreover, we find that students who eventually make track choices in line with Arianna's suggestions are less likely to be retained in the first year of the upper secondary education.
Do host species influence the performance of Encarsia formosa , a parasitoid of Bemisia tabaci species complex ?

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a globally distributed species complex that includes several destructive pests of agriculture. In recent years, the high ability of B. tabaci to develop insecticide resistance indicates that using insecticides to control this pest has become unsustainable. Use of natural enemies as part of integrated management approaches is considered a key strategy for long term sustainable control. Here we investigated the effects of host species on the performance of a parasitoid. We tested this using Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera Aphelinidae) and two members from B. tabaci species complex, MEAM1 and AsiaII7. The parasitoids were reared using MEAM1 or AsiaII7 hosts feeding on hibiscus. Those maintained on MEAM1 are referred to as M-E. formosa and those on AsiaII7 as A-E. formosa. Results showed that there were no significant differences between the pre-imaginal developmental times of M-E. formosa and A-E. formosa regardless of their whitefly hosts. However, M-E. formosa emergence rate after parasitism on MEAM1 was higher than that of A-E. formosa parasitizing MEAM1. On the contrary, A-E. formosa emergence rate after parasitism on AsiaII7 was higher than that observed for M-E. formosa parasitizing AsiaII7. In no-choice experiments, M-E. formosa females parasitized MEAM1 and AsiaII7 hosts in a similar rate but A-E. formosa parasitized less MEAM1 than AsiaII7 hosts. In choice experiments, M-E. formosa females parasitized more MEAM1 than AsiaII7 hosts and A-E. formosa parasitized AsiaII7 and MEAM1 hosts equally. These parasitism rates mirrored for the host checking and oviposition behavior of different E. formosa strains. Our results indicate that B. tabaci species does not influence parasitoid development period until adulthood, but that pre-imaginal experience is important for emergence rate, parasitism rate and behavior of E. formosa adults.
Satellite-derived light extinction coefficient and its impact on thermal structure simulations in a 1-D lake model

Abstract. A global constant value of the extinction coefficient (Kd) is usually specified in lake models to parameterize water clarity. This study aimed to improve the performance of the 1-D freshwater lake (FLake) model using satellite-derived Kd for Lake Erie. The CoastColour algorithm was applied to MERIS satellite imagery to estimate Kd. The constant (0.2 m−1) and satellite-derived Kd values as well as radiation fluxes and meteorological station observations were then used to run FLake for a meteorological station on Lake Erie. Results improved compared to using the constant Kd value (0.2 m−1). No significant improvement was found in FLake-simulated lake surface water temperature (LSWT) when Kd variations in time were considered using a monthly average. Therefore, results suggest that a time-independent, lake-specific, and constant satellite-derived Kd value can reproduce LSWT with sufficient accuracy for the Lake Erie station. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to assess the impact of various Kd values on the simulation outputs. Results show that FLake is sensitive to variations in Kd to estimate the thermal structure of Lake Erie. Dark waters result in warmer spring and colder fall temperatures compared to clear waters. Dark waters always produce colder mean water column temperature (MWCT) and lake bottom water temperature (LBWT), shallower mixed layer depth (MLD), longer ice cover duration, and thicker ice. The sensitivity of FLake to Kd variations was more pronounced in the simulation of MWCT, LBWT, and MLD. The model was particularly sensitive to Kd values below 0.5 m−1. This is the first study to assess the value of integrating Kd from the satellite-based CoastColour algorithm into the FLake model. Satellite-derived Kd is found to be a useful input parameter for simulations with FLake and possibly other lake models, and it has potential for applicability to other lakes where Kd is not commonly measured.
APIFLAME v1.0: high-resolution fire emission model and application to the Euro-Mediterranean region

This paper describes a new model for the calculation of daily, high-resolution (up to 1 km) fire emissions, de-veloped in the framework of the APIFLAME (Analysis and Prediction of the Impact of Fires on Air quality ModEling) project. The methodology relies on the classical approach, multiplying the burned area by the fuel load consumed and the emission factors specific to the vegetation burned. Emis-sions can be calculated on any user-specified domain, hor-izontal grid, and list of trace gases and aerosols, providing input information on the burned area (location, extent), and emission factors of the targeted species are available. The applicability to high spatial resolutions and the flexibility to different input data (including vegetation classifications) and domains are the main strength of the proposed algorithm. The modification of the default values and databases proposed does not require any change in the core of the model. The code may be used for the calculation of global or regional inventories. However, it has been developed and tested more specifically for Europe and the Mediterranean area. A regional analysis of fire activity and the resulting emissions in this region is provided. The burning season ex-tends from June to October in most regions, with generally small but frequent fires in eastern Europe, western Russia, Ukraine and Turkey, and large events in the Mediterranean area. The resulting emissions represent a significant frac-tion of the total yearly emissions (on average amounting to ∼ 30 % of anthropogenic emissions for PM 2.5 , ∼ 20 % for CO). The uncertainty regarding the daily carbon emissions is estimated at ∼ 100 % based on an ensemble analysis. Con-sidering the large uncertainties regarding emission factors, the potential error on the emissions for the various pollutants is even larger. Comparisons with other widely used emission inventories show good correlations but discrepancies of a fac-tor of 2–4 in the amplitude of the emissions, our results being generally on the higher end.
GeoMatch: Efﬁcient Large-Scale Map Matching on Apache Spark

—We contribute by developing GeoMatch as a novel, scalable, and efﬁcient big-data pipeline for large-scale map matching on Apache Spark. GeoMatch improves existing spatial big data solutions by utilizing a novel spatial partitioning scheme inspired by Hilbert space-ﬁlling curves. Thanks to the partitioning scheme, GeoMatch can effectively balance operations across different processing units and achieve signiﬁcant performance gains. We demonstrate the effectiveness of GeoMatch through rigorous and extensive benchmarks that consider data sets containing large-scale urban spatial data sets ranging from 166 , 253 to 3 . 78 billion location measurements. Our results show over 17 -fold performance improvements compared to previous works while achieving better processing accuracy than current solutions ( 97 . 48% ).
A 3D Modeling Study on Multi-Layer Distribution and Formation Mechanism of Electrical Charging in a severe Thunderstorm

A three-dimensional hail-bin cloud model coupled with electrification process has been developed and used for simulating electrical charging and lightning processes in a severe thunderstorm in Beijing City in China. The results indicate that:1) The charge transfer between cloud droplets and graupel, and spatial distribution of charge density are primarily influenced by cloud water through inductive charging mechanism. However, when including rain water content the non-inductive charging between graupel and snow (or ice) crystals in different liquid water content may have important influences on the distribution of charge density through influencing the polarity and quantity of charges. 2) Different microphysical processes may produce the inhomogeneous distribution of the source and sink of hydrometeors. It causes the inhomogeneous distribution of hydrometeors in different vertical cross sections and leads to the complicated charge separation due to both inductive and non-inductive charging processes. At the same time, the charge transfer due to mass transfer of hydrometeors is not homogeneous.3) Ice phase hydrometeors are carried to higher altitude by strong updraft and transfer charges there. There are several centers of snow crystal content on the top of and on flanks of strong updraft , while graupel distribute relatively homogeneously , centers of content inclining to windward side of updraft. Therefore, non-inductive charging process mainly occurs at the windward side of updraft where divergence of air flow occurs, which cause the total charge density to distribute at the area. Due to strong updraft, several content centers of ice phase hydrometeors form in different areas and one category of hydrometeor may carry charge with different polarity (or quantity) in different areas, especially in the mature stage of severe thunderstorm, so that the multi-layer structure of charge is easy to develop. 4) Discharge changes electric structure. Induced charges at lightning channels are redistributed to each hydrometeor category. And then, microphysical and dynamical processes complicate the charge transfer in the process of the mass transfer of hydrometeors, then the electric structure. Further research on the importance of lightning to electric structure is needed. All the factors mentioned above play important roles in producing the multi-layer distribution of