Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
`Chemical condoms’ for the prevention of HIV infection: evaluation of novel agents against SHIV89.6PDin vitro and in vivo

Background Vaginal agents which are antiviral and/or inhibit the entry of HIV into the cell could prevent heterosexual transmission of HIV, and protect women who cannot negotiate condom use. Methods Four agents have been investigated for activity in vitro and in vivo against SHIV89.6PD: two anionic polymers, dextrin-2-sulphate (D2S) and PRO 2000 (P2K), and two virucidal agents; a non-ionic detergent, nonoxynol-9 (N9) and a cyclic peptide ionophore, gramicidin-D (GD). All four agents were investigated in rhesus macaques, using an intra-vaginal challenge of two inoculations of 1 × 104 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID)50of SHIV89.6PD. Results D2S, P2K, GD and N9 all inhibited SHIV89.6PDin vitro. In vivo, three out of four control macaques were infected as judged by viral culture, seroconversion, DNA and RNA PCR; infection was confirmed in four out of eight macaques pre-treated with P2K, two out of four pre-treated with D2S, one out of four pre-treated with N9, two out of four pre-treated with GD and four out of four pre-treated with D2S + GD, a combination additive in vitro. Interpretation D2S and PRO-2000, novel inhibitors of HIV entry, showed evidence of protection in vivo, comparable to that seen with the virucide, N9. These data, together with the results of phase I and phase II studies in healthy women which have shown minimal toxicity, support plans for a phase III efficacy trial of chemically simple inhibitors of HIV entry with low toxicity, for the prevention of HIV infection in women.
Pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic autoimmunity

The impact of maternal systemic autoimmune diseases on pregnancy outcome is not unequivocally defined. We analysed the pregnancy outcome of 221 pregnancies from 181 autoimmune patients, consecutively followed in a single Italian reference centre from 2001 to 2009. All patients were prospectively followed with monthly visits. Pregnancy outcome was compared with the previous obstetrical history. The patient population comprised five groups: primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS, 39 pregnancies), antiphospholipid syndrome associated with a rheumatic disease (APS/RD, 17 pregnancies), other RD (92 pregnancies), isolated autoantibodies (autoAbs) in the absence of a definite autoimmune disease (aAbs, 38 pregnancies) and reactive arthritis or spondyloarthropathies (35 pregnancies). Of these patients, 50.6% had previous pregnancy complications with an anamnestic live-birth rate of 43.4%. In these patients, complications dropped to 28.2% (44/156). This percentage was very similar to that observed in the 221 pregnancies (29.9%, 66/221) with a live-birth rate of 87.3%. Mean neonatal weight was 3018 ± 611 g; mean gestational age at delivery was 38.17 ± 2.79 weeks. Thus, 10.4% of pregnancies resulted in preterm delivery and 10.9% newborns had low weight at delivery. APS/RD patients had the worse outcome: 17.6% resulted in miscarriage, 14.3% resulted in growth restriction and 50% resulted in preterm delivery. This result was mainly due to patients with APS/systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that had the lowest gestational age at delivery (30.8 ± 3.56 weeks) and the lowest newborn weight (1499 ± 931 g). Results confirm that a strict follow-up and targeted treatments significantly improve pregnancy outcomes in autoimmune patients with PAPS, SLE and isolated autoAbs. The pregnancy outcome in patients with APS/SLE remains unsatisfactory.
Excess incidence of ALS in young Gulf War veterans

Background: Reported cases of ALS in young veterans of the 1991 Gulf War have suggested excess incidence. Objective: To compare observed and expected incidence of ALS in Gulf War veterans diagnosed before age 45 years (young veterans). Methods: Cases of ALS diagnosed from 1991 through 1998 were collected from military registries and a publicity campaign in late 1998. Diagnoses were established from neurologists’ medical records using El Escorial criteria. Expected incidence was estimated from the age distribution of the Gulf War veteran population, weighted by age-specific death rates of the US population. Secular changes in nationwide ALS rates were assessed using calculations of the age-specific US population death rates from vital statistics data of 1979 to 1998. Results: During 8 postwar years, 20 ALS cases were confirmed in approximately 690,000 Gulf War veterans, and 17 were diagnosed before age 45 years. All developed bulbar and spinal involvement, and 11 have died. In young veterans, the expected incidence increased from 0.93 cases/year in 1991 to 1.57 cases/year in 1998, but the observed incidence increased from 1 to 5 cases/year. The observed incidence was 0.94 (95% CI, 0.26 to 2.41) times that expected in the baseline period from 1991 to 1994 (4 vs 4.25 cases; p = 0.6); it increased to 2.27 (95% CI, 1.27 to 3.88) times that expected during the 4-year period from 1995 to 1998 (13 vs 5.72 cases; p = 0.006); and it peaked at 3.19 (95% CI, 1.03 to 7.43) times that expected in 1998 (5 vs 1.57 cases; p = 0.02). The magnitude of the excess of ALS cases over the expected incidence increased during the 8-year period (Poisson trend test, p = 0.05), and the increase was not explained by a change in the interval from onset to diagnosis or by a change in the US population death rate of ALS in those aged <45 years. Conclusions: The observed incidence of ALS in young Gulf War veterans exceeded the expected, suggesting a war-related environmental trigger.
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome: Radiologic Manifestation

Objectives To clarify radiologic findings of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (FHCS). Methods Thirteen women with right upper abdominal pain who were clinically diagnosed with FHCS were included. Biphasic helical computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen was performed in all patients. Posttherapeutic follow-up CT was available in 7 patients. Ultrasonography (US) was also performed in 12 patients. These imaging findings were reviewed retrospectively. Results On enhanced CT, hepatic and splenic capsular enhancement was identified in 13 and 4 patients, respectively. Hepatic capsular enhancement on the early phase, which was detected in all patients, disappeared after treatment. No adhesive band or fluid collection around the liver was evident. No enhancement of the “bare area” of the liver and spleen was seen. No definite abnormality of the liver or perihepatic region was detected by US. Conclusions Hepatic and splenic capsular enhancement on abdominal enhanced CT may be characteristic of FHCS. Enhanced CT may be a useful and noninvasive modality to help a diagnosis of FHCS, especially in young women with right upper abdominal pain without significant findings on US and gastrointestinal endoscopy.
Soil‐solution speciation of CD as affected by soil characteristics in unpolluted and polluted soils

Total metal content by itself is insufficient as a measure to indicate actual environmental risk. Understanding the mobility of heavy metals in the soil and their speciation in the soil solution is of great importance for accurately assessing environmental risks posed by these metals. In a first explorative study, the effects of general soil characteristics on Cd mobility were evaluated and expressed in the form of empirical formulations. The most important factors influencing mobility of Cd proved to be pH and total soil content. This may indicate that current legislation expressing the requirement for soil sanitation in Flanders (Belgium) as a function of total soil content, organic matter, and clay does not successfully reflect actual risks. Current legal frameworks focusing on total content, therefore, should be amended with criteria that are indicative of metal mobility and availability and are based on physicochemical soil properties. In addition, soil‐solution speciation was performed using two independent software packages (Visual Minteq 2.23 and Windermere Humic Aqueous model VI [WHAM VI]). Both programs largely were in agreement in concern to Cd speciation in all 29 soils under study. Depending on soil type, free ion and the organically complexed forms were the most abundant species. Additional inorganic soluble species were sulfates and chlorides. Minor species in solution were in the form of nitrates, hydroxides, and carbonates, the relative importance of which was deemed insignificant in comparison to the four major species.
Regulation of exosome release by glycosphingolipids and flotillins

Exosomes are released by cells after fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. The molecular mechanism of this process is still unclear. We investigated the role of sphingolipids and flotillins, which constitute a raft‐associated family of proteins, in the release of exosomes. Interestingly, our results show that dl‐threo‐1‐phenyl‐2‐decanoylamino‐3‐morpholino‐1‐propanol, an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, seemed to affect the composition of exosomes released from PC‐3 cells. However, the inhibition of ceramide formation from the de novo pathway by fumonisin B1 did not affect exosome secretion. Moreover, in contrast to findings obtained with other cell lines published so far, inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase 2, an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ceramide from sphingomyelin, did not inhibit the secretion of exosomes in PC‐3 cells. Finally, small interfering RNA‐mediated downregulation of flotillin‐1 and flotillin‐2 did not significantly change the levels of released exosomes as such, but seemed to affect the composition of exosomes. In conclusion, our results reveal the involvement of glycosphingolipids and flotillins in the release of exosomes from PC‐3 cells, and indicate that the role of ceramide in exosome formation may be cell‐dependent.
The Beneficial Role of Vitamin D in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly individuals and is associated with progressive neurodegeneration of the human neocortex. Patients with AD have a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, which is also associated with low mood and impaired cognitive performance in older people. Genetic studies have provided the opportunity to determine which proteins link vitamin D to AD pathology (ie, the major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, vitamin D receptor, renin–angiotensin system, apolipoprotein E, liver X receptor, Sp1 promoter gene, and the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1gene). Vitamin D also exerts its effect on AD through nongenomic factors, that is, L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels, nerve growth factor, the prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase 2, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide synthase. In conclusion, vitamin D clearly has a beneficial role in AD and improves cognitive function in some patients with AD. Calcitriol, 1αα,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, is best used for AD because of its active form of vitamin D3 metabolite and its receptor in the central nervous system.
A Compact Quad Element Slotted Ground Wideband Antenna for MIMO Applications

A compact planar quad element wideband antenna for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system is proposed in this communication. A single element consists of a partially grounded printed monopole antenna loaded with a split ring resonator. The bandwidth of the antenna is from 2.2 to 6.28 GHz (96.2%), which covers LTE (2.2-3.8 GHz), Bluetooth (2.4 GHz), WLAN (2.4 and 5.1-5.8 GHz), WiMAX (2.3-5.7 GHz), and ISM bands (2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz). The fabricated antenna has an isolation greater than 14 dB between its elements, with a peak gain of 4 dBi and a peak efficiency of 91%. Polarization diversity is employed to accommodate four elements in an FR4 substrate, with an overall dimension of 0. 33λ × 0. 33λ × 0. 01λ. The antenna has a simple planar design which is easy to fabricate with no intricate process involved.
Mutations in the R2 FV Gene Affect the Ratio between the Two FV Isoforms in Plasma

Summary Molecular genetics and biochemical studies were performed in homozygotes for the R2 allele (4070G) in the factor V gene, most of them affected by coronary artery disease. Novel polymorphisms (G642T, 156Ser; T1328C, 385Met/Thr), among which a functional candidate (A6755G, 2194Asp/Gly) located in the C2 domain of FV, were identified in the R2 gene. In chromatographic studies R2 FV appeared qualitatively identical to normal FV. However, a relative increase of the more thrombogenic and more glycosylated FV isoform (FV1) was observed in plasma of 2194Gly homozygotes (mean FV1/FV2 ratio 0.71, 95% CI 0.66-0.77) as compared to R2-free controls (0.37, 95% CI 0.34-0.40). We conclude that carriership of the R2 FV gene is associated with an imbalance between the two functionally different FV isoforms, and propose that genetically determined differential glycosylation of FV could represent a novel mechanism of thrombotic disease.
Kinetics of osteoclasts and their nuclei in evolving secondary Haversian systems.

A study of osteoclast and osteoclast nuclear population kinetics within evolving secondary osteons was undertaken in young adult Beagle dogs. Autoradiographs of serial longitudinal rib biopsy sections taken from 1 hour to 15 days after tritiated thymidine injection were analysed as to the time and the rate of appearance of the labelled nuclei within the osteoclasts and their nuclei. Such systems contained an average of nine osteoclasts, each containing an average of nine nuclei. Labelled osteoclast nuclei first appeared within 24 hours, peaked at 10% at 4 days, and declined to 1% or less after 11.5 days more. Thus, the entry rate of new nuclei into (and their exit from) the population of osteoclast nuclei under steady state conditions approximates 8% per day. Therefore, the total mononuclear osteoclast population may be viewed as divided into functional units, i.e. osteoclasts. From the ratio of the osteoclast nuclei in the cutting cone to the number of osteoblasts in the closing cone (as well as from their rates of resorption and formation), it was deduced that the osteoclast per nucleus is approximately 20-40 times more efficient than the osteoblast. Because of the intrinsically different efficiencies and life spans of these two cell types, the rates of resorption and formation within evolving Haversian systems and the amounts of bone ultimately resorbed and formed by the system, are determined by the rate and duration of the respective precursor cell proliferation. It is at this level that factors which control the bone remodelling and balance must operate.
Fabric and Effective Stress Distribution in Internally Unstable Soils

Internal instability is a form of internal erosion in broadly graded cohesionless soils in which fine particles can be eroded at lower hydraulic gradients than predicted by classical theory for piping or heave. A key mechanism enabling internal instability is the formation of a stress-transmitting matrix dominated by the coarse particles, which leaves the finer particles under lower effective stress. In this study, discrete element modeling is used to analyze the fabric and effective stress distribution within idealized gap-graded samples with varying potential for internal stability. The reduction in stress within the finer fraction of the materials is directly quantified from grain-scale data. The particle-size distribution, percentage finer fraction, and relative density are found to influence the stress distribution. In particular, effective stress transfer within a critical finer fraction between 24 and 35% is shown to be highly sensitive to relative density.
[Studies on chemical constituents in the fruit of Canarium album Raeusch].

OBJECTIVE To study the chemical constituents in the fruit of Canarium album. METHOD Compounds were isolated by chromatography and elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. RESULT The compounds obtained were determined as scoparone, scopoletin, (E)-3,3'-dihydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxystilbene and gallic acid. CONCLUSION All the compounds, except gallic acid, were obtained from this plant for the first time.
Response of low and high protein select lines of pigs to the feeding of the beta-adrenergic agonist ractopamine (phenethanolamine).

The effect of ractopamine, a phenethanolamine beta-adrenergic agonist, on growth, nutrient utilization and carcass composition was studied in two lines of pigs that were fed high (24%) or low (12%) protein diets. Of the two lines of pigs that had been selected for seven generations for rapid lean growth when fed either the higher (HS line) or low (LS line) protein diet, the HS line tended to exhibit a leaner carcass when fed either diet. Ractopamine, at 20 ppm in the diet, was fed from 60 kg live body weight until slaughter at 90 kg. When compared with their respective line-diet control group, the greatest response to ractopamine treatment was observed in the LS-12 group; at 90 kg, that group had 31% less carcass lipid (P less than .05) and 17% more carcass protein (P less than .05). Considering the change that took place only between 60 and 90 kg live body weight, this translated into 57% less lipid and 59% more protein deposited in the carcasses with ractopamine treatment. This group also was 73% more efficient (P less than .05) in converting dietary protein to carcass protein but 39% less efficient (P less than .05) in energy utilization. Response to ractopamine treatment was least by the LS-24 group, followed by the HS-12 and HS-24 groups. A line x diet x treatment interaction (P less than .05) was noted for whole-carcass lipid, backfat, longissimus muscle area and efficiency of protein utilization. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
HSD11B1, HSD11B2, PTGS2, and NR3C1 Expression in the Peri-Implantation Ovine Uterus: Effects of Pregnancy, Progesterone, and Interferon Tau1

Abstract Establishment of pregnancy in ruminants requires conceptus elongation and production of interferon tau (IFNT), the pregnancy recognition signal that maintains the corpus luteum and progesterone (P4) secretion. The enzymes hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1) and HSD11B2 catalyze the interconversion of inactive cortisone and active cortisol, which is a biologically active glucorticoid and ligand for the receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (glucocorticoid receptor) (NR3C1). The activity of HSD11B1 is stimulated by P4, prostaglandins, and cortisol. These studies determined the effects of pregnancy, P4, and IFNT on HSD11B1, HSD11B2, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase) (PTGS2), and nuclear NR3C1 in the ovine uterus. Endometrial HSD11B1 mRNA levels were more abundant between Days 12 and 16 of pregnancy than the estrous cycle, and HSD11B1 and PTGS2 expression in the endometrial luminal and superficial glandular epithelia was coincident with conceptus elongation. HSD11B1 mRNA was very low in the conceptus, whereas HSD11B2 mRNA was abundant in the conceptus but not in the uterus. Treatment of ewes with P4 induced, and intrauterine infusions of IFNT modestly stimulated, HSD11B1 expression in the endometrial luminal and superficial glandular epithelia. In all of the studies, HSD11B1 and PTGS2 expression was coincident in the endometrial epithelia, and NR3C1 was present in all endometrial cell types. Collectively, these results support hypotheses that endometrial epithelial HSD11B1 expression is induced by P4 as well as stimulated by IFNT and PTGS2-derived prostaglandins and that HSD11B1-regenerated cortisol acts via NR3C1 to regulate ovine endometrial functions during early pregnancy.
A study of falls among elderly persons in a rural area of Haryana

Background: Falls are a common, disabling, and frequently fatal health concern among elderly persons. Assessment of the prevalence of falls and associated factors can lead to the identification of corrective measures, which can help in preventing falls and their consequent effects on health and well-being of the elderly. Objectives: The objective is to determine the prevalence of falls among elderly persons in a rural area and to study the association of falls with sociodemographic variables and selected health conditions. Methods: In a community-based, cross-sectional study conducted among 456 elderly persons in a rural area, information regarding sociodemographic details, selected health conditions, and history of falls in the past 12 months was recorded. Univariate analysis followed by stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out. The effect of sociodemographic and various health conditions on falls was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results: Among the 456 study participants, the prevalence of falls in the past 12 months was 36.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] =32.1–40.0). The prevalence among women was 40.6% (95% CI = 34.5–46.7) and among men was 31.5% (95% CI = 25.0–37.9). Low socioeconomic status, urgency of micturition, knee pain, visual impairment, hearing impairment, functional disability, and depression were significantly associated with falls. Conclusions: Falls are common among elderly persons. Health programs for the elderly must include prevention of falls and rehabilitation of fall-related injuries.
Proactivity, job characteristics, and engagement: a longitudinal study

Purpose – This paper sets out to examine proactive personality in relation to job demands, job resources and engagement.Design/methodology/approach – The current study employed a two‐wave complete panel study among 794 Dutch government employees. Based upon the Job Demands‐Resources (JD‐R) model, previous studies, job crafting theories, and Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, hypotheses on the associations of proactive personality with job demands, resources, and engagement were developed.Findings – Analyses revealed that proactive personality was associated with an increase in engagement 18 months later. Moreover, proactive employees perceiving high social support reported the highest levels of engagement over time.Research limitations/implications – A first shortcoming is that proactive personality was only measured at one point in time, which restricted the testing of causal relationships of proactive personality with engagement. Second, this study only measured engagement as outcome measure and th.
Factors Influencing Robustness and Effectiveness of Conditional Random Fields in Active Learning Frameworks

Active learning approaches reduce the annotation cost required by traditional supervised approaches to reach the same effectiveness by actively selecting informative instances during the learning phase. However, effectiveness and robustness of the learnt models are influenced by a number of factors. In this paper we investigate the factors that affect the effectiveness, more specifically in terms of stability and robustness, of active learning models built using conditional random fields (CRFs) for information extraction applications. Stability, defined as a small variation of performance when small variation of the training data or a small variation of the parameters occur, is a major issue for machine learning models, but even more so in the active learning framework which aims to minimise the amount of training data required. The factors we investigate are a) the choice of incremental vs. standard active learning, b) the feature set used as a representation of the text (i.e., morphological features, syntactic features, or semantic features) and c) Gaussian prior variance as one of the important CRFs parameters. Our empirical findings show that incremental learning and the Gaussian prior variance lead to more stable and robust models across iterations. Our study also demonstrates that orthographical, morphological and contextual features as a group of basic features play an important role in learning effective models across all iterations.