Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Substitutability Between Foreign Direct Investment and Aid

The objective of this paper is to examine the substitution between aid flows and the flows of foreign direct investment (FDI) between in some Heavily indebted poor countries. I use data running over 34 years from 1970 to 2004. I analyse this by means of simultaneous equiations system, allowing me to determine the substitutability between foreign direct investment and aid. Due to the small scale of flows, the model is analyzed with an inverse hyperbolic sine function rather than a logarithmic function. Findings indicate that as the HIPC countries income grows, there is a shift from complementary to substitutional effects between aid flows and FDI.
The Effect of Text Structure on Iranian EFL Learners' Reading Comprehension as Measured by Multiple-choice and Cloze Tests

This study was an attempt to investigate Iranian EFL students' performance on reading comprehension tests with different text structures and response formats. The participants of the study included 228 students, comprising eight groups, selected based on the Preliminary English Test (PET). Four types of text structures, time sequence (T), description (D), causation (C), problem-solution (P) were selected and two types of response formats, Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQ) and Multiple-Choice Cloze tests (MCC), based on the four text structures were developed and administered to the eight groups. The results revealed that in both response formats, the students' performance on the more loosely organized text structures (T and D) was better than their performance on the more tightly organized ones (C and P). Furthermore, the students' performance on MCQ was significantly better than on MCC response format across all four text structures. The results of the study suggested that students performed better on T and D text structures compared to C and P in both response formats and that their performance on MCQ response format was better than their performance on MCC across all four text structures. The results of the study suggest that teachers and test developers can boost their students' performance on reading comprehension tests by choosing the most appropriate response formats for different text structures.
1 NIPP-NAI-2007-056 R 1 DSM Level 2 Distributed Band Preference ( 056 R 1 )

This contribution examines preferential treatment of selected frequency bands in DMT DSL’s bit-swapping and loading procedures. The result is an example of a nearly optimally performing DSM Level 2 distributed loading method that is a minor adjustment to water-filling when the margin-cap (or “politeness”) indication is on. The gains of this distributed method over Level 1 DSM occur with only the use of an indication of “margin cap” on or off by an SMC, completely consistent with the margin-cap definition in the DSM report. With an additional transfer of infrequently, but centrally, computed band preferences, optimal performance can be obtained in all situations. Such preferences can be easily distributed by re-interpretation of existing non-politeness-pertinent VDSL2 fields when politeness (margin cap) is on. _______________________________ 1 NIPP-NAI-2007-056R1 DSM Level 2 Distributed Band Preference (056R1) J. Cioffi, W. Lee, Y. Kim Dept of EE, Stanford University 363 Packard EE, Stanford, CA 94305-9515 Cioffi@stanford.edu, P: +1-650-723-2150 ; Fax: +1-650-724-3652 M. Brady ASSIA Inc. 203 Redwood Shores Parkway , Suite 250 Redwood City, CA 94065-1198 gginis@assia-inc.com , +1-650-654-3400 , Fax: +1-650-654-3404 ABSTRACT This contribution examines preferential treatment of selected frequency bands in DMT DSL’s bit-swapping and loading procedures. The result is an example of a nearly optimally performing DSM Level 2 distributed loading method that is a minor adjustment to water-filling when the margin-cap (or “politeness”) indication is on. The gains of this distributed method over Level 1 DSM occur with only the use of an indication of “margin cap” on or off by an SMC, completely consistent with the margin-cap definition in the DSM report. With an additional transfer of infrequently, but centrally, computed band preferences, optimal performance can be obtained in all situations. Such preferences can be easily distributed by re-interpretation of existing non-politeness-pertinent VDSL2 fields when politeness (margin cap) is on.This contribution examines preferential treatment of selected frequency bands in DMT DSL’s bit-swapping and loading procedures. The result is an example of a nearly optimally performing DSM Level 2 distributed loading method that is a minor adjustment to water-filling when the margin-cap (or “politeness”) indication is on. The gains of this distributed method over Level 1 DSM occur with only the use of an indication of “margin cap” on or off by an SMC, completely consistent with the margin-cap definition in the DSM report. With an additional transfer of infrequently, but centrally, computed band preferences, optimal performance can be obtained in all situations. Such preferences can be easily distributed by re-interpretation of existing non-politeness-pertinent VDSL2 fields when politeness (margin cap) is on.
Longitudinal instability of a liquid rim

We study the transverse instability of a retracting liquid rim using a long wavelength approximation model and full numerical simulations. We observe that the instability of the rim is driven both by the Rayleigh-Taylor mechanism because of the initial rim acceleration, and by the Rayleigh-Plateau one. The coupling between the rim and the sheet stabilizes the rim at long wavelength. Full numerical simulations are in good agreement with the model and the subsequent break-up of droplets is observed in the numerical simulations when the instability is strong enough.
Noise Lowering for a Large Variable Speed Range Use Permanent Magnet Motor by Frequence Shift and Structural Response Evaluation of Electromagnetic Forces

According to electrical output up rating of a permanent magnet motor and request to operate for a large variable speed range, resonance between structural natural vibration and electromagnetic force inside the motor can take place and make noise. This paper describes the mechanism of a resonance between them and noise lowering procedure by frequency shift when they are applied to the reluctance torque largely employed new motor named Permanent magnet Reluctance Motor (PRM).
MAGNESIUM AND POTASSIUM FERTILISER EFFECTS ON FOLIAR MAGNESIUM AND POTASSIUM CONCENTRATIONS AND UPPER MID-CROWN YELLOWING IN PINUS RADIATA

Upper mid-crown yellowing (UMCY) is a disorder in Pinus radiata D.Don caused mainly by a high potassium/magnesium (K/Mg) ratio in the soil exchange complex and in the tree needles. To study the effects of a range of soil exchangeable K/Mg ratios on potassium and magnesium uptake and UMCY in P. radiata, a trial was established in September 1996 on a Pumice Soil in northern Kaingaroa Forest in the central North Island of New Zealand in a second-rotation stand of 20-year-old P. radiata. The trial tested the effects of magnesium applied as kieserite at 200 kg Mg/ha and potassium applied as potassium sulphate at 200 and 400 kg K/ha on soilexchangeable and soil-solution magnesium and potassium, on tree needle magnesium and potassium, and on severity of UMCY. The applications of magnesium and the two rates of potassium significantly (p<0.05) increased soil-exchangeable and soil-solution magnesium and potassium concentrations respectively in the top 10 cm soil depth during the first 2 years of the trial (1997 and 1998). Magnesium application significantly (p<0.05) reduced the soil-exchangeable K/Mg ratio from 0.7‐1.3 (control treatment) to 0.2‐0.3, whereas the low and high rates of potassium application significantly increased this ratio to 0.8‐1.7 and 1.3‐2.5 respectively in the 2 years. The magnesium fertiliser application significantly (p<0.1) increased tree foliage magnesium concentration in 1999, but had no effect on foliage K/Mg ratios in any of the 4 years of sampling (1997, 1998, 1999, and 2002). Potassium fertiliser at the high rate significantly (p<0.1) increased the foliar potassium concentration in 1998 and 2002. Neither magnesium nor potassium fertiliser application had any effect on
Fluid-induced microseismicity in pre-stressed rock masses

SUMMARY We model microseismicity triggered by fluid injection on the basis of the theory of poroelasticity accounting for the external stress field. Consideration of the fully coupled poroelastic field equations enables us to apply a Coulomb failure criterion using pore fluid pressure and stress tensor as well as the coefficient of friction. The poroelastic fields are calculated with the finite-element method simulating fluid injection with constant injection rate into a 2-D domain. The influence of diffusivity, injection rate and stress field on the occurrence of microseismicity is analysed and compared to simulations based on pore fluid pressure diffusion only. We show that an anisotropic initial stress field causes elongated microseismic clouds. These clouds are indistinguishable from those generated in poroelastic solids under isotropic stress but exhibiting anisotropic hydraulic diffusivity. This similarity shows that microseismicity distributions dependent on both, the hydraulic properties and the coupling of pore fluid pressure to the stress field. In particular, neglecting the influence of the external stress field may lead to overestimation of the anisotropy of diffusivity tensor components. Furthermore, the results of our numerical simulations are strongly sensitive to changes of fluid injection rate.
Theoretical approaches and frameworks to language maintenance and shift research

This article presents a critical overview of theoretical approaches and frameworks to language maintenance and shift research in the area of immigrant languages. It covers the underlying principles of these frameworks and assesses their advantages and shortcomings. The article argues that the field’s theoretical orientations have shifted recently, with a greater emphasis on understanding language maintenance and shift as a dynamic process involving complex interrelationships between space and time. These new trends and new areas of research in relation to language maintenance and shift are highlighted and discussed in different parts of the article. The article concludes by calling on the significance of refining established language maintenance and shift models in ways that correspond to current developments in communities and in migration itself.
A new consensus between the mean and median combination methods to improve forecasting accuracy

To improve the forecasting accuracies, researchers have long been using various combination techniques. In particular, the use of dissimilar methods for forecasting time series data is expected to provide superior results. Although numerous combination techniques have been proposed until date, the simple combination techniques - such as mean and median - maintain their strength, popularity, and utility. This paper proposes a new combination method based on the mean and median combination methods so as to combine the advantages of both these methods. The proposed combination technique attempts to utilize the strong aspects of each method and minimize the risk that arises from the selection of the combination method with poor performance. In order to depict the potential power of the proposed combining method, well-known six real-world time series data were used. Our results indicate that the proposed method presents with promising performances. In addition, a nonparametric statistical test was exploited to reveal the superiority of the proposed method over the single methods and other forecast combination methods from all of the investigated data sets.
Rhipidistians (Sarcopterygii) from the Hunter Siltstone (Late Famennian) near Grenfell, NSW, Australia

Abstract. Rhipidistian sarcopterygian fishes (Dipnomorpha + Tetrapodomorpha) are well represented in the upper levels of the Hunter Siltstone (latest Famennian) near Grenfell. New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Taxa comprise two porolepiforms (known primarily from scales, including the widely distributed Holoptychius), the basal rhipidistian taxon Grenfellia meemannae n. gen. and n. sp. and two tetrapodomorphs (Eusthenodon gavini n. sp. and Yambira thomsoni n. gen. and n. sp., both known from skull bones and scales). Biogeographic relationships of the Hunter Siltstone fauna are based on the presence of the placoderm group Sinolepidoidei, shared with Late Devonian faunas from the North and South China terranes. Rhipidistian scales have been described from the latter in association with Late Devonian sinolepids (Sinolepis), but these do not display close taxonomic affinity to scales described from Grenfell. Other Upper Devonian NSW localities show strong faunal similarity to Euramerican localities; Holoptychius occurs in certain of these and at Grenfell, but has not been recorded from Sinolepis-bearing units on the North and South China terranes. These considerations further contradict suggestions that Asian terranes acted as a dispersal route between Gondwana and Euramerica in the Late Devonian. Rhipidistiide Sarcopterygier (Dipnomorpha + Tetrapodomorpha) sind in den obersten Schichten des Hunter Siltstone (oberstes Famennium) bei Grenfell, New South Wales (NSW), Australien, stark vertreten. Es handelt sich um zwei Porolepiforme (vertreten hauptsachlich als Schuppen, darunter die weit verbreitete Gattung Holoptychius), der primitive Rhipidistier Grenfellia meemannae n. gen. et n. sp. und zwei Tetrapodomorphe (Eusthenodon gavini n. sp. und Yambira thomsoni n. gen. et n. sp., beide vertreten durch Schadelknochen und Schuppen). Biogeographische Beziehungen der Hunter Siltstone-Fauna sind auf der Anwesenheit von sinolepidoiden Placodermen, die in oberdevonischen Faunen der nord- und sudchinesischen Terranes auftreten, begrundet. Rhipidistier-Schuppen sind zusammen mit oberdevonischen Sinolepiden (Sinolepis) von den chinesischen Terranes beschrieben worden, aber diese zeigen keine nahe taxonomische Ubereinstimmung mit den Schuppen von Grenfell. Andere oberdevonische Lokalitaten von NSW zeigen deutliche Ahnlichkeiten in der faunistischen Zusammensetzung mit euramerikanischen Lokalitaten: Holotychius tritt dort und in Grenfell auf, aber ist nicht von Schichten in nord-und sudchinesischen Terranes, die Sinolepis enthalten, beschrieben worden. Auch diese Vergleiche widersprechen Vorstellungen, dass die asiatischen Terranes im Oberdevon als Verbreitungsweg zwischen Gondwana und Euramerika dienten. doi: 10.1002/mmng.20000030107
An experimental study of the dependence on the current intensity of the erosion of thoriated tungsten cathodes in plasma arcs

The erosion occurring in thoriated tungsten cathodes used in transferred plasma torches operating with current intensities ranging from 30 to 210 A has been experimentally investigated. The cathode erosion rate was determined by measuring the cathode’s weight loss after arcing, and the eroded cathode surface was explored by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. It has been discovered that a critical current intensity, 50 A, exists for which the cathode erosion rate becomes maximum.
Effect of Ripening Period, Nitrite Level and Heat Treatment on the Chemical Characteristics of Turkish Dry Fermented Sausage (Sucuk)

In order to determine the potential for reduction of nitrite levels and ripening period with heat treatment, the effects of ripening period (1-13 days), nitrite level (45-195 ppm), and heat treatment (30-90°C) on lipolysis, peroxide, TBA, proteolysis, and residual nitrite values of sucuk were investigated using response surface methodology. The ripening period significantly (p<0.01) increased lipolysis, peroxide, TBA, and proteolysis values and decreased residual nitrite values. The effects of additional nitrite levels were found to significantly affect peroxide and residual nitrite values. Significant amounts of the additional nitrite levels were reduced during processing and on the first day of ripening periods.
THE EFFECTS OF EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT APPLICATIONS ON ORGANIZATIONAL CREATIVITY AND INNOVATIVENESS IN ENTERPRISESES: THE CASE OF OIZ

Experiencing change and intense competition in the business world,organizations need to adapt to changing conditions and generate new ideas tosubsist. This can only be achieved with a high proportion of organizationalcreativity in the enterprises. In this study, to increase productivity in recentyears, to manage change and to improve the performance of the staff are oneof the approaches that are used to improve the performance of personal,organizational creativity and innovation are examined. For this purpose,personal empowerment, organizational creativity and innovation with therelevant national and international studies were investigated, and theliterature is reviewed. Thereafter, an application was carried out in KonyaOrganized Industrial Zone (OIZ) on the staff.
Structural changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fish meat during freezing.

Histological and morphometrical investigations on dorsal skeletal muscles from fresh and frozen common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) meat were carried out. The light microscopy of samples from fresh meat did not show any microstructural changes. The samples from frozen fish meat showed structural changes in meat. Muscle cells with initial processes of breakdown in the central part prevailed, whereas peripheral changes were not observed. The sarcoplasma of these cells was not with a fibrillar structure, but instead, was a detritus mass with granular composition and a markedly basophilic staining pattern. Morphometric studies of dorsal skeletal muscles showed that muscle bundles in frozen carp meat were larger compared to those of fresh meat. It is concluded that the freezing of carp meat produced various structural changes in dorsal skeletal musculature that could be used in the differentiation of fresh from frozen thawed fish.
Social norms or low-cost heuristics? An experimental investigation of imitative behavior

This paper extends choice theory by allowing for the interaction between cognitive costs and social norms. The authors experimentally investigate the role of imitation and temporal decisional patterns when participants face a task which is costly in cognitive terms. They identify two main reasons for imitative behavior. First, individuals belonging to a community might want to conform to others to obey to social norms. Second, individuals might be boundedly rational and consider imitation as a decisional device when comparing alternatives is cognitively demanding. In order to empirically disentangle the two effects, the authors present a laboratory experiment in which they model the choice of different alternatives through high or low cognitive costs and feedback information given to subjects. Their results do not provide strong evidence for imitative behavior. They find instead a temporal pattern in the distribution of choices, both in the high-cost and low-cost conditions.
Dactylosporangium vinaceum sp. nov.

A newly isolated actinomycete, which was recovered from a soil sample in Japan, has been found to possess finger-shaped sporangia, motile spores, and other characteristics of members of the genus Dactylosporangium. This organism produces dactimicin, a pseudodisaccharide antibiotic elaborated by at least one other species of Dactylosporangium, and differs significantly from the three previously described species of Dactylosporangium in its production of a winecolored pigment, which not only occurs in vegetative mycelium but is observed as an extracellular, diffusible substance in agar medium used to cultivate the organism. On the basis of these and other differences, we propose that strains with these characteristics be designated as a new species, Dactylosporangium vinaceum. Strain SF-2127 (= IFO 14181) is the type strain.
Now I Know My AБВ's: A Comparison of Inductive and Deductive Methods of Teaching on the Acquisition of the Cyrillic Alphabet

The study was designed to compare the effects of inductive verse deductive teaching methods on acquisition of the Russian alphabet. Inductive instruction refers to methods in which learners are first exposed to examples and then asked to extrapolate a rule from the example, whereas deductive instruction refers to methods in which learners are presented with a rule from the start. Eighty participants were randomly divided into two instructional groups, one receiving deductive instruction and the other receiving inductive instruction. Participants were given a pretest on Russian words and given instruction on the Cyrillic alphabet based on an inductive or a deductive lesson plan. A post-test was then administered. The results indicated the inductive group performed significantly higher than those in the deductive group on Cyrillic alphabet acquisition. Pedagogical implications are discussed.
Biogeosciences Influence of the Amazon River on dissolved and intracellular metal concentrations in Trichodesmium colonies along the western boundary of the sub-tropical North Atlantic Ocean

Despite the ecological importance of Trichodesmiumspp. for the global oceanic nitrogen budget, there is limited information on their trace metal composition in field samples. We report dissolved ( <0.22 μm) metal concentrations measured in surface waters (Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, P, Pb and V) and in the total and the intracellular pool (Ag, Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, V) of Trichodesmiumpopulations collected in the western subtropical North Atlantic Ocean (April–May 2003) within the influence of the Amazon River plume. Dissolved element distributions were strongly influenced by the River discharge, with concentrations of some elements varying directly (i.e. Cd, Mo and V) or inversely (Ag, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, P and Pb) with surface salinity. Intracellular metal values to phosphorous ratios (mol:mol) for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni and V ranged from 9.0× 10−6 for Cd to 4.4× 10−2 for Fe. Although total metal composition was significantly correlated with the intracellular content in theTrichodesmiumcolonies for some elements (e.g., Co, Cu, V), metal pools in the phytoplankton did not co-vary with the dissolved metal concentrations, suggesting that water column measurements may not be good predictors of the intracellular metal concentrations. The impact of physical parameters and bioactive elements on biological processes such as nitrogen fixation, carbon drawdown and biomass production in Trichodesmiumcolonies was explored by using a principal component analysis test (PCA). The analysis indicated that the biological drawdown of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) by Trichodesmiumseems to Correspondence to: A. Tovar-Sanchez (atovar@imedea.uib-csic.es) be influenced by the internal content of Fe, Co, Cd, and Cu, while nitrogen fixation seems more influenced by mixed layer depth and dissolved Fe and Ni concentrations.