Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dramatic Influence of A-Site Nonstoichiometry on the Electrical Conductivity and Conduction Mechanisms in the Perovskite Oxide Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3

Recently, there has been considerable interest in the perovskite phase Na0.5Bi0. 5TiO3 (NBT) as a promising lead-free piezoelectric material. Here we report low levels of Na nonstoichiometry (±2 atom % on the A-site) in the nominal starting composition of NBT ceramics can lead to dramatic changes in the magnitude of the bulk (grain) conductivity (σb) and the conduction mechanism(s). Nominal starting compositions with Na excess exhibit high levels of oxide-ion conduction with σb ∼ 2.2 mS cm–1 at 600 °C and an activation energy (Ea) < 1 eV whereas those with Na deficiency are dielectrics based on intrinsic electronic conduction across the band gap with σb ∼ 1.6 μS cm–1 at 600 °C and Ea ∼ 1.7 eV. Drying of reagents, especially Na2CO3, changes the starting stoichiometry slightly due to a small amount of adsorbed moisture in the raw materials but influences significantly the electrical properties. This demonstrates the bulk electrical properties of NBT to be highly sensitive to low levels of A-site nonstoichiom.
Taxonomic levels, in marine community studies, revisited

The utility of analyses of abundance data at taxonomic levels higher than species, in the interpretation of results from manne surveys, is examined using nematode and macrofauna data from a sublittoral dredgings disposal site and from an intertidal site known to be influenced by heavy metal pollution. A more objective approach than has hitherto been the case in comparisons of multivariate patterns from data at different taxonomic levels is taken, and the concept of a 'second-stage' multidimensional scaling (MDS), in which rank correlat~ons between pairs of similarity matrices themselves become the elements of a second s~milarity matrix, an ordination of which gives a summary of the conclusions, is introduced. It is shown that analyses of both the sublittoral and intertidal estuarine nematode communities are robust to aggregation to the level of genus, but further aggregation alters the perceived pattern of impact. Aggregation of macrofauna abundances to families has only a small effect on analyses of the sublittoral community, and none on analyses of the less d~ver se intertidal macrofauna. Aggregating macrofauna data to phyla has some effect on consequent analyses in both situations. Whichever component of the benthos is examined, and at whatever taxonomic level the analyses are carried out, interpretable results are possible, especially if the pattern of commun~ty change is marked, as in both surveys examined in this study.
Tauranga Harbour Link foundation pile construction and testing

The Tauranga Harbour Link project represents a major upgrade of the existing harbour crossing and approaches. It comprises a two lane incrementally launched bridge and major viaduct structure spanning road and rail links. This paper presents the details of the pile construction methodology using bentonite support fluid and presents a preliminary assessment of a load test on an instrumented preliminary pile. 1 BACKGROUND The Tauranga Harbour Link project involves four laning of an existing causeway, the construction of a duplicate harbour bridge and a four lane flyover. The estimated cost of the project is about $255 million and is one of the largest transport projects constructed in New Zealand, and the largest in the Bay of Plenty. The existing harbour bridge, constructed in the 1980‟s, was founded on 1.5m and 1.8m diameter piles. During construction of the original bridge problems were noted with the pile performances which indicated lower than expected end bearing and shaft friction capacities. Contemporary modifications to the design included lowering the pile toe levels and tube-amanchette drilling and grouting of the pile shafts and bases. These modifications resulted in a successful conclusion to the original construction. All the new bridges and flyover structures for the present project are to be founded on cast insitu piles constructed under bentonite and with pressure grouted toes.
Bayesian Structure Learning in Sparse Gaussian Graphical Models

Decoding complex relationships among large numbers of variables with relatively few observations is one of the crucial issues in science. One approach to this problem is Gaussian graphical modeling, which describes conditional independence of variables through the presence or absence of edges in the underly- ing graph. In this paper, we introduce a novel and efficient Bayesian framework for Gaussian graphical model determination which is a trans-dimensional Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach based on a continuous-time birth-death process. We cover the theory and computational details of the method. It is easy to implement and computationally feasible for high-dimensional graphs. We show our method outperforms alternative Bayesian approaches in terms of convergence, mixing in the graph space and computing time. Unlike frequentist approaches, it gives a principled and, in practice, sensible approach for structure learning. We illustrate the efficiency of the method on a broad range of simulated data. We then apply the method on large-scale real applications from human and mammary gland gene expression studies to show its empirical usefulness. In addition, we implemented the method in the R package BDgraph which is freely available at http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=BDgraph
Effects of niacin supplementation and different concentrate proportions on ruminal lipopolysaccharide concentration, immunological response and health of dairy cows

High concentrate proportions used in diets of high-yielding cows may lead to subacute ruminal acidosis, compromise the ruminal mucosal barrier and force transfer of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with an eventual systemic inflammatory response. Because niacin (NA) increases performance and might exert anti-inflammatory effects, the present study investigates the effects of 60 % vs. 30 % concentrate proportions with or without 24 g niacin/cow/day on ruminal LPS content and indicators of inflammatory response. The experiment was carried out with four experimental groups, 60+NA, 60-, 30+NA, 30- and lasted from calving to week of lactation (WoL) 36. Ruminal LPS concentration was generally increased after feeding 60 % concentrate diets and also modified by niacin, parity and WoL. Also total leukocytes, hematocrit, fibrinogen and aspartat-aminotransferase were influenced in an interactive manner, while glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities were elevated due to the 60 % concentrate proportion. The stimulation index of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was subjected to a 2-way interactive effect of concentrate and niacin feeding, being highest in 30- groups (cows and heifers). In conclusion, long-term feeding of high-energy diets increases the LPS load of the rumen and compromises the liver.
Mandated Incentives: The Impact of Firm Size Thresholds for Employer Mandates In Massachusetts

Massachusetts was the first state to achieve near-universal health care coverage through a combination of insurance market reforms, individual and employer mandates, and subsidies for health insurance premiums . The Massachusetts Health Care and Insurance Reform Law of 2006 (MHCI) aimed to expand access to health coverage without significantly affecting the traditional provision of health insurance coverage by employers. Examining the extent to which the Massachusetts reform has altered pathways to health coverage for lower-income workers is not only important for evaluating the impact of the Massachusetts reform, but also provides critical insight into the potential effects of the Affordable Care Act, which includes strikingly similar reform elements. This paper takes an in-depth look at the MHCI by examining the extent to which more lenient mandates on small firms have differently impacted the movement of their workers onto government-subsidized insurance rolls. I find that employees of small firms generate most of the new subsidized coverage take-up. Additionally, my lower-bound estimates reveal that one of every two small-firm workers covered by subsidies would have obtained employersponsored insurance had their firm been subject to the more stringent large-firm mandate. The trade-off to applying a more stringent mandate on small firms would have resulted in a six-percent decrease in overall health insurance rates for small-firm workers. This research was made possible by a one year doctoral dissertation research grant from the Bradley Foundation.
PAST FLUORIDE EXPOSURE FROM INGESTED TOOTHPASTE EXTRAPOLATED FROM YOUNGER SIBLINGS AND FLUOROSIS STATUS

The aim of the study was to assess the association between past fluoride exposures from ingested toothpaste and current fluorosis manifestations in 10- 11 year old index subjects. Fluorosis was assessed with the Dean? s Index in 1343 10-11 year old index subjects. Two hundred index subjects who had younger 4-5 year old siblings were sub sampled and fluoride exposures from ingested toothpaste in their younger siblings (proxy subjects) were determined. The values for the fluoride ingested per brushing of the proxy subjects were utilised together with past frequency of toothbrushing of index subjects to extrapolate on the past exposure of index subjects. The mean extrapolated past fluoride exposure from ingestion of toothpaste was highly variable; 671.7 ug ? 739.3 ug (sem= 56.9). It was higher in the subjects with fluorosis (697.3 ug) than in those without fluorosis (646.89 ug) but differences were not of statistical significance. This approach of extrapolation has not been reported elsewhere and need to be validated. The implications of the present methodology to estimate past fluoride exposure is discussed.
Numerical simulations of shoaling internal solitary waves of elevation

We present high-resolution, two- and three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of large amplitude internal solitary waves of elevation on the laboratory scale, shoaling onto and over a small-amplitude shelf. The three-dimensional, mapped coordinate, spectral collocation method used for the simulations allows for accurate modelling of both the shoaling waves and the bottom boundary layer. The shoaling of the waves is characterized by the formation of a quasi-trapped core which undergoes a spatially growing stratified shear instability at its edge and a lobe-cleft instability in its nose. Both of these instabilities develop and three-dimensionalize concurrently, leading to strong bottom shear stress. We explore significant regions of Schmidt and Reynolds number space and demonstrate that the formation of shear instabilities during shoaling is robust and should be readily observable in a number of standard laboratory setups. In the experiments with a corrugated bottom boundary, boundary layer separation.
Seasonal variation in natural populations of Drosophila in Dharwad, India

Drosophila flies were collected in and around Dharwad district during different seasons of 2011 and 2012. A total of 13853 individual flies comprising of 20 different species were collected by bottle trapping and net sweeping method. Maximum number (19) of species was recorded during monsoon 2012 and minimum number of species (5) during winter 2012 Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between abundance and average rainfall. No correlation was observed between abundance and temperature. The diversity of species was more during post-monsoon 2012 and less during winter 2012. Their abundance cluster analysis revealed three clusters where D. malerkotliana, D. bipectinata, D. nasuta nasuta and Phorticella striata are predominant species. D. eugracilis, D. jambulina, D. rajasekari, D. sulfurigaster neonasuta and D. ananassae are intermediate species whereas remaining 11 species are less dominant species.
Value Relevance of Profit Available for Dividend

According to some research, the profit available for dividend is undervalued. This paper examines the determinants of undervaluation based on the tax and agency hypotheses. First, the influence of taxation on dividend income on the valuation of companies in Japan is examined. However, evidence supporting the tax hypothesis cannot be provided. Next, this paper examines the agency hypothesis, employing the ratio dividend divided by the profit available for dividend as the proxy variable of agency cost. The result is consistent with the hypothesis: the profit available for dividend in a company with insufficient dividend payout is undervalued.
Haematozoa in forest birds from southern Chile: Latitudinal gradients in prevalence and parasite lineage richness

The existence of latitudinal gradients in species richness and their abundance is known for many free living organisms but few cases have been reported for parasitic diseases. In addition, asymmetries between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in several characteristics may affect the distribution and diversity of species at all ecological levels. In this respect, we study the distribution of several genera of blood parasites infecting birds along a latitudinal gradient that includes the world's southernmost forests ecosystems. Birds were mist-netted and sampled for blood in localities across Chile ranging from 33°S to 55°S during the years 2003-06. Overall, 26 bird species were sampled and 27 parasite lineages were identified.The latter belonged to three genera: Plasmodium (8), Haemoproteus (8) and Leucocytozoon (11). We found a positive significant relationship between prevalence and latitude for Leucocytozoon lineages and a negative relationship for Haemoproteus, Plasmodium and mixed infections. However, we did not find a significant relationship between parasite diversity and latitude. We found 18 lineages infecting only one species of host, and 19 lineages appear in only one of the localities of sampling. This pattern implies that some parasite lineages may evolve in isolation in some species/localities. In addition, specificity at the host-family level was only found for Haemoproteus lineages infecting birds in the family Emberizidae. Individuals of the long distance migrant bird white-crested elaenia (Elaenia albiceps), were found infected by the same parasite lineages in localities separated by 20° of latitude. Infections by these lineages were detected in other sedentary birds including juveniles and nestlings of different bird species. Therefore, long distance migrants are able to distort the presence of latitudinal gradients of diseases due to the potential role of migrants in spreading infections. Geo- graphical gradients in prevalence of avian haematozoa differ between parasite genera and hemispheres, probably in relation to the existence of appropriate vector-parasite-host interactions.
Study on Pricing Model of Online Auction under Competitive Strategy

E-commerce auction has the auction properties unlike ordinary e-commerce transactions. The online auctions, allowed bidding, become into a new trading model based on the network for the exchange and auction technology. This paper firstly gives the overview of the online auction pricing mechanism and introduces the ecommerce auction market and its characteristics on the one hand. On the other hand, it discusses the factors affecting the price of online auctions from three aspects, the information flow, the business objectives and the risk factors. And then, it discusses the six types of e-auction pricing strategy. Lastly, facing the factors and the different strategies, it presents the win-win pricing model on the online e-commerce auction British-based both for auction operators and consumers.
Y Kids Academy Program Increases Knowledge of Healthy Living in Young Adolescents

Physical inactivity is a global health crisis of the 21st century. The World Health Organization reports that each year physical inactivity will cost the lives of approximately 3.2 million people worldwide [1], making it the fourth leading cause of mortality [2]. Physical inactivity also increases morbidity, as it is strongly related to an increased risk of obesity2, as well as several non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer [3]. Physical inactivity has also been associated with the development of mental health disorders [4], as well as decreased emotional well-being [5] and reduced quality of life [6]. Although most of the ill effects related to physical inactivity manifest in adulthood, the development of these problems begins much earlier. Adolescence is when individuals establish many of their lifestyle choices, and as such interventions addressing physical inactivity should target adolescence for establishing healthy lifestyle habits. Research Article Exercise Medicine Open Access eISSN: 2508-9056
Orderly Sovereign Debt Restructuring: Missing in Action! (And Likely to Remain so)

An orderly sovereign debt restructuring should place the debtor nation's public debt on a sustainable trajectory while minimizing procrastination and contagion. However, the experiences with the debt crisis of the 1980s, Russia 1998, Argentina 2001, and Greece 2010 indicate that orderly debt restructurings remain elusive, even with high-powered official intervention. When solvency problems are present, the chances of success increase if official money is lent at the risk-free rate, reflecting its low risk, and if private creditors receive an upfront haircut. The paper examines the obstacles, which include moral hazard, difficulty in distinguishing between solvency and liquidity crises, and the "political economy" resistance to upfront haircuts. Orderly sovereign debt restructurings are likely to remain elusive notwithstanding recent evidence that the official mindset may be changing.
The consistency of total immunoglobulin e with the symptoms according to age and the selection of allergy panels in Malatya (Turkey)

Distribution of allergens may change according to characteristics of regions. Measurements of total immunoglobulin E (TIE) and specific IgE antibodies are used to diagnose allergic diseases. In this study, we investigated sensitivity of TIE and its consistency with allergic symptoms, and compared the appropriateness of some allergy panels with features of Malatya, south-eastern Turkey province. Sera of 233 allergic patients of various age groups were tested for TIE. The specific IgE’s were worked with 529 sera for food panel 5 (FP5) and one inhalant panel by using chemiluminesence technique. The sixty of inhalant panel positive sera were tested with specific IgE against house dust mites, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae . T he specific IgE against egg white, milk, wheat, corn, tomato, beef, strawberry and banana were investigated in sixty of FP5 positive sera by enzyme immunoassay method. The sensitivity of TIE was found to be 85%. We concluded that TIE can be used as a scanning test in children aged 5–18 years (69% positive) but it is not useful for 0–5 age group nor in adults (38%, 53% positive, respectively). The allergen scanning test panels should be designed according to custom of society and characteristics of the region.
Rise and Fall of a Hypothesized Seismic Gap: Source Complexity in the Mw 7.0 16 December 1857 Southern Italy Earthquake

Abstract On 16 December 1857, a strong earthquake ( M ∼7) struck a large portion of the southern Apennines about 150 km southeast of Naples. The earthquake was thoroughly investigated by Irish engineer Robert Mallet, who wrote an extensive report that is still regarded as a landmark in observational seismology. Because of the concentration of damage in the High Agri valley, and contrary to Mallet’s own findings, for many years the earthquake was referred to as the “Val d’Agri earthquake” and was believed by most investigators to have ruptured the 20–25-km normal fault lying beneath this intermontane basin. The magnitude of the earthquake, however, and evidence for earthquake complexity suggest that the true rupture length has been so far underestimated. We contend that the 1857 earthquake ruptured in a cascade fashion two adjacent and relatively well-known faults: first the smaller Melandro–Pergola fault, commonly believed to represent a seismic gap between the causative faults of the 1857 and of the 1980 Irpinia ( M w 6.9) earthquakes; and then the larger Agri valley fault proper. Contemporary chronicles reported a time lapse of 2–3 min between the two ruptures, thus effectively making them two independent shocks. The rupture must have proceeded unilaterally from the northwestern edge of the Melandro–Pergola fault, where Mallet placed the earthquake epicenter, thus explaining the concentration of damage—and attention by rescue crews and subsequent investigators—in the southeastern portion of the High Agri valley.
A chromosomal analysis of 15 species of Gymnopleurini, Scarabaeini and Coprini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

A previous publication (Wilson & Angus 2005) gave information on the karyotypes of species of Oniticellini and Onthophagini studied by C. J. Wilson in her Ph. D. research (Wilson 2002). The present paper reports on the remaining Scarabaeidae (Gymnopleurus geoffroyi Illiger, Copris lunaris (Linnaeus) and Onitis belial Fabricius) included in that research, with additional material collected by R. B. Angus (European and Cypriot material) and D. J. Mann (Malaysian material).
Sturdy frames of type $(2,2)$ algebras and their applications to semirings

We introduce sturdy frames of type (2; 2) algebras, which are a common generalization of sturdy semilattices of semigroups and of distributive lattices of rings in the theory of semirings. By using sturdy frames, we are able to characterize some semirings. In particular, some results on semirings recently obtained by Bandelt, Petrich and Ghosh can be extended and generalized.
HP/LT metamorphism and the structure of the Alanya Massif, Southern Turkey: an allochthonous composite tectonic sheet

Summary The southern part of the Alanya Massif is made up of three superposed, relatively flat-lying, crystalline nappes (Alanya Nappes), which tectonically overlie the largely sedimentary lithologies of the Antalya Unit (= Antalya Complex). The predominantly Mesozoic continental margin type lithologies of the Antalya Unit outcrop beneath the Alanya Nappes in a large tectonic window. The structurally lowest of the Alanya Nappes (Mahmutlar Nappe) consists of a heterogeneous series of shales, sandstones, dolomites, limestones and quartzites all metamorphosed under greenschist facies conditions. At least part of the sequence is Permian in age. The intermediate Nappe (Sugözü Nappe) is made up of garnet-micaschists which contain bands and lenses of eclogites and blueschist metabasites. Petrographic study has shown that rocks of the Sugözü Nappe have undergone initial HP/LT metamorphism followed by greenschist facies metamorphism. The greenschist overprint has destroyed most of the primary HP/LT mineral assemblages. The structurally highest of the Alanya Nappes (Yumrudaǧ Nappe) consists of a thick Permian carbonate sequence underlain by a relatively thin schist unit metamorphosed under lower greenschist facies conditions. The absence of HP/LT metamorphism in the structurally lowest and highest of the Alanya Nappes, and the greenschist facies metamorphism which has affected all three nappes indicate that the initial HP/LT metamorphism of the Sugözü Nappe was succeeded by the tectonic stacking of the Alanya Nappes, greenschist facies metamorphism and deformation. In post-Maastrichtian times the Alanya Nappes, which were by then welded into one unit, were thrust over the sedimentary rocks of the Antalya Unit. The final thrusting of the Alanya Nappes and the underlying Antalya Unit over the Tauride carbonate platform occurred before the Middle Eocene.