Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global Legal Pluralism

Some challenges of legal globalization closely resemble those formulated earlier for legal pluralism: the irreducible plurality of legal orders, the coexistence of domestic state law with other legal orders, the absence of a hierarchically superior position transcending the differences. This review discusses how legal pluralism engages with legal globalization and how legal globalization utilizes legal pluralism. It demonstrates how several international legal disciplines - comparative law, conflict of laws, public international law, and European Union law - have slowly begun to adopt some ideas of legal pluralism. It shows how traditional themes and questions of legal pluralism - the definition of law, the role of the state, of community, and of space - are altered under conditions of globalization. It addresses interrelations between different legal orders and various ways, both theoretical and practical, to deal with them. And it provides an outlook on the future of global legal pluralism as theory and practice of global law.
Assessing the Generalizability of Managerial Discretion: An Empirical Investigation in the Arab World

The purpose of this paper is to examine the generalizability of national-level managerial discretion and to assess whether the national context play a role in changing mainstream research findings. Based on a sample of three Arabian countries and using a panel of prominent cross-cultural scholars who provided 138 discretion scores for the sampled countries, we replicate the national framework of Crossland and Hambrick (2011) in a new cultural context. The cultural dimensions were measured via survey responses of 375 middle-managers based on House et al. (2004) cultural practices scale. Consistent with Crossland and Hambrick (2011), we demonstrate that individualism and uncertainty tolerance have the same positive effect on CEOs discretion even in a different cultural setting. In contrast, we show that power distance has a positive and significant effect on managerial discretion. Our results indicate that executives can take idiosyncratic and bold actions to the extent to which the cultural environment allows them to do so. Accordingly, we contribute by showing the importance of the national setting in affecting the generalizability of discretion findings.
A note on the Uzawa-Lucas model with unskilled labor

In his work on Uzawa-Lucas model with unskilled labor, Robert- son (8) asserts that his results do not substantially change if one relaxes the assumption of a total utility function depending on the size of the population, which means that the total utility depends only on the per capita felicity discounted by the rate of time preference. In this paper, Robertson's statement is proved analytically.
The relation between oxygen saturation level and retionopathy of prematurity

Introduction: Oxygen therapy used for preterm infant disease might be associated with oxygen toxicity or oxidative stress. The exact oxygen concentration to control and maintain the arterial oxygen saturation balance is not certainly clear. We aimed to compare the efficacy of higher or lower oxygen saturations on the development of severe retinopathy of prematurity which is a major cause of blindness in preterm neonates. Methods: PubMed was searched for obtaining the relevant articles. A total of seven articles were included after studying the titles, abstracts, and the full text of retrieved articles at initial search. Inclusion criteria were all the English language human clinical randomized controlled trials with no time limitation, which studied the efficacy of low versus high oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry in preterm infants.Result: It can be suggested that lower limits of oxygen saturations have higher efficacy at postmesetural age of ≤28 weeks in preterm neonates. This relation has been demonstrated in five large clinical trials including three Boost trials, COT, and Support.Discussion: Applying higher concentrations of oxygen supplementations at mesentural age ≥32 weeks reduced the development of retinopathy of prematurity. Lower concentrations of oxygen saturation decreased the incidence and the development of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm neonates while applied soon after the birth.Conclusions: Targeting levels of oxygen saturation in the low or high range should be performed cautiously with attention to the postmesentural age in preterm infants at the time of starting the procedures.
Traffic modeling and performance analysis for IPTV systems

Internet protocol TV (IPTV) is predicted to be the key technology winner in the future. It has, however, stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements. When IPTV traffic shares the network resources with other traffic like data and voice, how to ensure their QoS and efficiently utilize the network resources is a key and challenging issue. In this thesis, Class based queueing (CBQ) is suggested to deploy at the bottleneck router to allow heterogeneous traffic share network resources fairly and efficiently. Then, we propose a two-level Markovian video traffic model and develop a fluid flow based analytical framework to quantify the performance of IPTV systems and derive the admission regions to ensure the QoS of IPTV traffic. The proposed two-level Markovian traffic model exploits both the temporal and spatial complexity of video traffic. The model can easily be incorporated to network simulators. The fidelity of the proposed video model and the effectiveness of the analytical framework are verified by network simulations driven by real video traces. Given the traffic model, a fluid flow based analytical framework is developed to study the queueing behaviors of IPTV traffic in wired, single-hop and multi-hop iv wireless networks. The analytical results provide insights in how traffic characteristics and network parameters affect the network performance. To ensure the QoS of heterogeneous traffic, admission regions of a wired or wireless bottleneck, with or without CBQ are obtained. The simulation and analytical results both illustrate that time-varying wireless link accommodates much less IPTV connections than the wired link with fixed data rate. The variations of both the incoming traffic arrival rate and the outgoing service rate affect the network performance and admission region. Therefore, it is recommended to deploy proper traffic shaping and resource management schemes in order to support IPTV traffic more efficiently.
Young herbaceous legumes – a natural reserve of bioactive compounds and antioxidants for healthy food and supplements

Young plants of clover (Trifolium pratense L. and T. medium L.), medick (Medicago sativa L. and M. lupulina L.), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) and milkvetch (Astragalus glycyphyllos L. and A. cicer L.), were investigated for total contents of phenolics, flavonoids, isoflavones, condensed tannins and triterpene saponins as well as their extracts for antiradical and ferrous ion chelating activity. The impact of two sample drying methods on the aforementioned characters was compared. The phytochemical concentrations were higher in the freeze-dried legumes; however, antioxidant activities were generally higher of oven-dried samples. Both the composition of health promoting phytochemicals and antioxidant properties were strongly species-dependent. Among the species tested, Trifolium spp. were most abundant in isoflavones, Medicago spp. – in saponins and O. viciifolia – in tannins. Plants of T. medium and O. viciifolia were rich in TPC. The extracts of T. pratense, O. viciifolia and A. cicer possessed significant antiradical activity; the extracts from Astragalus spp. proved to be promising chelators of ferrous ion. We concluded that young perennial legumes could be considered as potential candidates for the development of nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients to accommodate the need for a particular bioactive component or property.
Sustainable Development Reporting: Evidence from Thailand

The aims of this research are to investigate the extent of sustainable development (SD) reporting in the 2005-2012 annual reports of listed companies in the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) and to determine the relationships between corporate characteristics and the level of SD reporting. The sample size was 100 SET-listed firms in the SET. In addition, this research utilized content analysis by word count to quantify the level of SD reporting. The findings indicated an increase in the SD reporting level among the sampled SET-listed firms during the study period. The disclosures on economic aspect were the most prominent, followed by social and environmental reporting. Moreover, the levels of SD reporting varied between small and large firms and between state and private companies. The research results also showed the associations of company size, industry type, ownership status and corporate social responsibility accomplishments to the level of SD reporting.
Predator-prey Model with Different Growth Rates and Different Functional Responses: A Comparative Study with Additional Food

A predator-prey model with different types of growth rates and different functional responses is proposed. The stable dynamics of the system for different growth rates have been shown. The results of the system with additional food to predator for different growth rates have been shown in this context. The coexistence of species in the system depends on the growth rates of the prey species. We have suggested that a real predator-prey model will be constructed with different growth rates and different functional responses.
Synchronising Energy Harvesting and Data Packets in a Wireless Sensor

We consider a wireless sensor node that gathers energy through harvesting and reaps data through sensing. The node has a wireless transmitter that sends out a data packet whenever there is at least one “energy packet” and one “data packet”, where an energy packet represents the amount of accumulated energy at the node that can allow the transmission of a data packet. We show that such a system is unstable when both the energy storage space and the data backlog buffer approach infinity, and we obtain the stable stationary solution when both buffers are finite. We then show that if a single energy packet is not sufficient to transmit a data packet, there are conditions under which the system is stable, and we provide the explicit expression for the joint probability distribution of the number of energy and data packets in the system. Since the two flows of energy and data can be viewed as flows that are instantaneously synchronised, this paper also provides a mathematical analysis of a fundamental problem in computer science related to the stability of the “join” synchronisation primitive.
Seasonal abundance of zooplankton and growth performance of prawn and fish in ponds of Rajshahi

The present study was conducted on seasonal abundance of phytoplankton of prawn based carp polyculture system fishponds for a period of six months from September 2006 to February in the village Meherchandi of Boalia thana under Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. During the study period, it was found that water temperature varied from 16.59°C (T 2 ) to 29.82 (T 1 ), transparency 26.72 (T 1 ) to 40.13cm (T2), pH 7.21 (T 1 ) to 8.0 (T 2 ) DO 2.13 (T 2 ) to 3.6mg/l (T 2 ), CO 2 4.63 (T 1 ) to 10.63mg/l (T 2 ), NH 3 N 0.001 (T 1 ) to 0.0197mg/l (T 2 ) and total alkalinity fluctuated from 85.38 (T 1 ) to 147.75mgl (T 2 ). A total four groups of zooplankton were identified where 5 rotifera (38.41%) was dominant followed by 3 cladocera (31.49%), 2 copepoda (21.84%) and crustacean larvae (8.26%). It was also found that zooplankton showed abundance in February. The highest total average zooplankton (18390.79±2144.63 cells/l) was recorded in T 1 than T 2 which might be due to the effective uses by high stocking density of fishes. Zooplankton showed positive correlation with pH, DO, CO 2 and alkalinity in T 1 . In case of T 2 , positive co-relationship was found with pH, DO, CO 2 and NH 3 -N. The mean values of highest final weight of M. rosenbergii , H. molitrix and C. catla were 89.20±8.62g (T 1 ), 682.70±44.20g (T 2 ) and 428.00±4.50g (T 1 ) respectively, highest survival rate was found 76.25±6.25% (T 1 ) of prawn and highest total average yield was obtained 940.65±259.43 kg/ha in T 2 due to high stocking densities of prawn. Key words: Zooplankton abundance; physico-chemical parameters; carp polyculture; growth performance DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/ujzru.v29i1. 9459 UJZRU 2010; 29(1): 9-15
Investigating the construct measured by banked gap-fill items: Evidence from eye-tracking

This study investigates test-takers’ processing while completing banked gap-fill tasks, designed to test reading proficiency, in order to test theoretically based expectations about the variation in cognitive processes of test-takers across levels of performance. Twenty-eight test-takers’ eye traces on 24 banked gap-fill items (on six tasks) were analysed according to seven online eye-tracking measures representing overall, text and task processing. Variation in processing was related to test-takers’ level of performance on the tasks overall. In particular, as hypothesized, lower-scoring students exerted more cognitive effort on local reading and lower-level cognitive processing in contrast to test-takers who attained higher scores. The findings of different cognitive processes associated with variation in scores illuminate the construct measured by banked gap-fill items, and therefore have implications for test design and the validity of score interpretations.
The relationship between the health status of athletic facilities and par ticipation in physical exercises

The purpose of the present research was to examine the relationship between the health status of athle tic facilities and participation of Tehran citizens in physical ex ercises. The population of the research consists of all the athletic facilities of Tehran City. Using stratified and clu ster sampling, 227 indoor facilities and 32 outdoor facilities were selected as sample and the health checklist and cit izens’ participation questionnaire were completed i n these facilities. Then, the collected data was analyzed u sing Pearson correlation test and the results showe d that there is a significant positive relationship between the healt h s atus of athletic facilities and participation o f the citizens in physical activities (r = 0.128; p = 0.039).
The Mellin-Barnes Approach to Hadronic Vacuum Polarization and $g_{\mu}-2$

It is shown that with a precise determination of a few derivatives of the hadronic vacuum polarization (HVP) self-energy function $\Pi(Q^2)$ at $Q^2=0$, from lattice QCD (LQCD) or from a dedicated low-energy experiment, one can obtain an evaluation of the lowest order HVP contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon $a_{\mu}^{\rm HVP}$ with an accuracy comparable to the one reached using the $e^+ e^-$ annihilation cross section into hadrons. The technique of Mellin-Barnes approximants (MBa) that we propose is illustrated in detail with the example of the two loop vacuum polarization function in QED. We then apply it to the first few moments of the hadronic spectral function obtained from experiment and show that the resulting MBa evaluations of $a_{\mu}^{\rm HVP}$ converge very quickly to the full experimental determination.
Modeling the interstellar-interplanetary helium 58.4 nm resonance glow: Towards a reconciliation with particle measurements

Pioneering observations of the diffuse HeI-58.4 nm background radiation were performed with a series of satellites in the 70's. Today, their published results on the flow of interstellar helium atoms in the heliosphere are still in contradiction with (i) the results of the particle experiments, i.e. in situ detection of neutrals and pickup ions; (ii) expectations from heliospheric models and comparison with the hydrogen flow; (iii) results of the recent helium glow observations with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE). Here we discuss these data sets and their modeling, together with the EUVE data and the first coronographic observations of the helium glow obtained with the Ultraviolet Coronographic Spectrometer (UVCS) on board SOHO. We show how they can all be made compatible, and reconciled with in situ data. We have reanalysed the Prognoz data and we derive an updated and higher value of the background noise level. Based on this we can now fit the data satisfactorily with the same set of helium parameters as that one derived from recent EUVE and in situ data. We suggest that other early data sets could be reanalyzed in the same way. Using this updated analysis, EUVE and SOHO-UVCS measurements, we find that all glow data are compatible with the interstellar parameters $V_{0}\approx 25$ km s -1 , $T_{0}\approx 6500$ K, $\lambda_{0} \approx 74.0$ deg, $\beta_{0} \approx$ 6.0 deg (downwind axis, ecliptic coordinates), as well as with the solar parameters derived from SOHO CELIAS-SEM, SUMER and CDS observations, i.e. the helium photoionisation rate, the 58.4 nm irradiance, and the 58.4 nm Doppler width, found to be between 60 and 90 mA (30 and 45 km s -1 ). The density is the least constrained parameter from the glow measurements. Prognoz lateral scans, EUVE LWS and SOHO UVCS data are compatible with an interstellar helium density n 0 in the range 0.013–0.016 cm -3 . Prognoz anti-solar data and EUVE scanner data lead to a 40% lower value, suggesting uncertainties in the calibrations. A large part of the contradictions between particle and remote sensing results are thus removed, since the above parameters are very similar to those derived from in situ data. The high electron impact rates inferred from the UVCS remote sensing observations imply high fluxes of newly produced helium pickup ions, which can possibly explain in part the observed correlation between H + and He + pickup fluxes, and the inverse correlation between He + fluxes and solar wind velocity.
Expressions of modern racism in judgments of others: The role of task and target specificity on attributions of guilt

Theories of modern racism suggest that the level of prejudice toward black Americans has not decreased in recent years but rather is expressed primarily when white Americans perceive themselves to be in a state of situational (or normative) ambiguity. It is suggested that the current concept of situational ambiguity may be extended by examining distinctive underlying factors that mediate the expression of racism: task specificity and target specificity. It is argued that a significant amount of research on racism, and its expression, has been conducted through the use of a mock-juror paradigm and, as such, two studies were conducted to investigate the degree to which task and target specificity influence the guilt ratings of mock jurors. In Study 1, target specificity was manipulated by varying the race and social-status level of the defendant being evaluated. In Study 2, task specificity was manipulated by varying the presence or absence of jury instructions and the subsequent interactive effects of task and target specificity were examined. Results suggest that guilt ratings were significantly more affected by target and task specificity than by race per se, although there were race effects on ratings. Interestingly, task specificity appeared to affect responses only when target specificity was lacking. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of their contribution to the concept of modern racism.
Statistical optimization as a powerful tool for indole acetic acid production by Fusarium oxysporum

Crop production is challenged in our world by increasing food demands, decrease natural resource bases and climatic change. Nowadays plant growth regulators works like fertilizers in increasing plant growth production efficiency and needed to produce in large industrial scale. Fermentation condition and medium constituents can significantly affect on the product production and designing an acceptable fermentation medium is critical importance. In this paper Fusarium sp. could be considered as promising indole-3-acetic acid producers with the ability to improve the production using statistical methods. The results showed that fermentation type, incubation temperature and L-tryptophan were the most influencing parameters on the production. Maximum IAA production by Fusarium oxysporum was 300.4 mg/l obtained under the fermentation conditions: temperature at 25 o C, incubation period 5 days, pH 7, inoculums size 2%, shaking rate at 150 rpm and medium constituents: Glucose 40 g/l, yeast extract 3 g/l, L-tryptophan 1 g/l, KH 2 PO 4 2 g/l, NaNO 3 4 g/l, MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O 0.1 g/l with regression analysis (R 2 ) 99.67% and 2.12-fold increase in comparison to the production of the original level (142 mg/l).
Were southern Swedish summer temperatures before 1860 as warm as measured?

Temperature series from Stockholm and Uppsala in southern Sweden indicate that summers from the mid‐18th century until around 1860 were, on average, warmer than the 1961–90 mean. The station histories suggest that the early observations could have been positively biased, for example because of insufficient radiation protection. We investigate if independent support for warm summers in the early period can be obtained from other climate variables. Using stepwise multiple regression analysis we investigate nine potential predictor variables: six air circulation indices, precipitation, air pressure and cloud amount. Three of these variables—cloud amount (the most important one), meridional geostrophic wind, and air pressure—together explain 65% of the June–August temperature variance in the calibration period 1873–2000. Application of the regression relationship back to 1780 shows that the model is equally successful in predicting year‐to‐year temperature variability before 1873 as it is in the calibration period, whereas the low‐frequency component is poorly reconstructed in the early period. This reduced skill is primarily due to poorer data quality of the predictor variables in the early period, in particular the cloud amount series. The observed decadal mean temperatures during 1780–1860 are found to be above the upper limit of a 95% confidence interval that accounts for uncertainties both in the regression relationship and in the cloud amount series. We conclude that the observed temperatures before around 1860 are, therefore, most likely positively biased. The size of this bias cannot be accurately determined from the evidence used here, but seems to be about 0.7–0.8°C for both stations. A comparison with long instrumental temperature series from central Europe suggests a slightly smaller bias (0.5–0.6°C). For more accurate assessment of the Stockholm and Uppsala temperatures, we recommend that extensive homogeneity testing of other long northern European temperature series are undertaken. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
An Empirical Investigation of Islamic Calendar Effect in Global Islamic Equity Indices

This study aims to explore the effect of Islamic Months specifically Ramadan and Zil-Haj on the stock returns and volatility of the Islamic Global Equity Indices. For the said purpose, the data on three Global Equity Islamic Indices including; Dow Jones Islamic Market World Index, MSCI ACWI Islamic Index, and S&P Global BMI Shariah Index are collected from 5th Jan 2011 (1st Muharram 1432 A.H.) to 12th November 2015 (30th Muharram 1437 A.H.). Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and GARCH (1,1) regression methods are applied to analyze the impact of the Islamic months on global stock returns and volatility respectively. Empirical results reveal significant negative impact of Zil-Haj on returns and volatility of Islamic Global Equity Indices. However, no significant impact of Ramadan on returns and volatility of Islamic Global Equity Indices are revealed. These findings will be fascinating and of utmost interest amidst the researchers, investors and practitioners.