Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cryotherapy and its Correlates to Functional Performance. A Brief Preview

Abstract Objective: To search the English language literature for original research addressing the effect of cryotherapy on motor performance and recovery. Data Sources: We searched MEDLINE, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database, SPORT Discus, Pubmed, and the Cochrane Reviews database, from 1976 to 2009 to identify randomized clinical trials of cryotherapy, systematic reviews, original articles and methods of cryotherapy. Key words used were cryotherapy, return to participation, cold treatment, ice, injury. Data Synthesis: Brief review including assessment of cryotherapy as a tool of performance and a recovery method. Conclusions: Most studies suggest that a short rewarming time would be beneficial (a couple minutes), which is very reasonable in sports. Also, cooling techniques differ in its result accordingly to the procedures and objectives used. Finally, the type of tissue cooled plays a large role (ie. Joint vs. Muscle).
Communication culture in acute speech pathology settings: Current issues

The role of the speech pathologist in the acute hospital setting has changed remarkably over the last 10 to 15 years. The majority of the speech pathologist's caseload currently consists of individuals with dysphagia from a variety of causes, whereas previously the clinician's role focused on individuals with communication disorders. Although the assessment and treatment of dysphagia is of vital importance, its management has largely been at the expense of assessment and treatment of communication disorders. This article discusses possible reasons for the current situation, as well as implications of this for both individuals with communication problems and for the speech pathology profession. It also suggests ways of dealing with both swallowing and communication problems in the acute setting, while minimising increases in time and effort involved.
THE ORIGIN OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AND THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HOMOLOGY

A homolog is a part of the phenotype that is homologous to equivalent parts in other species. A biological homology concept is expected to explain three properties of homologs: 1) the conservation of those features that are used to define a homolog, 2) the individualization of the homolog with regard to the rest of the body, and 3) the uniqueness of homologs, i.e., their specificity for monophyletic groups. The main obstacle to describing a mechanistic basis for homology is the variability of the developmental pathways of undoubtedly homologous characters. However, not all aspects of the developmental pathway are of equal importance. The only organizational features of the developmental system that matter are those that have been historically acquired and cause developmental constraints on the further evolutionary modification of the characters. Two main factors contribute to historically acquired developmental constraints: generative rules of pattern formation and ontogenetic networks. In particular, hierarchical and cyclical inductive networks have the required properties to explain homology. How common such networks are is an open empirical question. The development and variation of pectoral fin hooks in blenniid fishes is presented as a model for the study of a simple ontogenetic network.
Reservoirs of Nosocomial Pathogens at a University Teaching Hospital In Nigeria

Two hundred and seventy seven microorganisms were isolated between February and August 1998 from surgical and medical wards including the haemodialysis unit and microbiology laboratory of a University Teaching Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. Environmental Contamination was high. Medical and surgical wards accounted for the highest contamination rates of 67% and 63% respectively; followed by the microbiology laboratory, 48% and the Haemodialysis unit, 30%. Within the wards, the areas most contaminated were the sinks, bedpans, wastebins, mattresses and toilet seats, Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated organism with a prevalence rate of 39.3% closely followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, 24.6%. Others were coagulase-negative Staphylococci, 13.7%; Escherichia coli, 8.3% Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9.0%, Proteus mirabilis, 1.8%; Citrobacter freundii, 1.1%; Proteus vulgaris, 0%; Salmonella paratyphi A, 0.7%; Enterobacter aerogenes, 0.4% and Salmonella typhi, 0.4%. Antibiograms of the isolates suggested three clusters of Staphylococcus aureus, groups SA1, SA2 and SA3. The largest group SA! , present in the Medical wards, Surgical wards, Microbiology laboratory and the haemodialysis unit, was Methicillin-sensitive. SA2 was present in only the medical and surgical wards while SA3 was only found in the surgical wards. Two clusters each, KP1 and KP2 of Klebsiella pneumoniae and EC1 and EC2 of Escherichia coli were obtained while there was only one cluster, PA1, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. KP1, EC1 and PA1 were found in all the wards. Lack of adequate running water and poor environmental sanitation were major contributory factors to the high contamination rates. [J. of the Nig. Infection Control Assn. Vol.3(2) 2000: 18-24]
Acute renal failure in dengue fever in the absence of bleeding manifestations or shock

Clinical manifestations of dengue fever range from a nonspecific viral illness to life-threatening hemorrhagic disease. When acute renal failure complicates dengue infection, it is usually associated with severe disease as in dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. Development of renal failure in the absence of bleeding manifestations, extensive capillary leak, or circulatory failure is rare. We describe a patient with dengue fever who presented with a febrile illness and acute renal failure requiring dialysis, in the absence of features of hemorrhage or shock. Recognition of atypical manifestations is important in early diagnosis and effective management of the disease.
Frequency, Behavior, and Prognostic Implications of Antimitochondrial Antibodies in Type 1 Autoimmune Hepatitis

Background Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) can occur in autoimmune hepatitis, but their durability and prognostic significance are uncertain. Objectives Determine the frequency, behavior, and prognostic implications of AMA in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis. Methods One hundred thirty patients were tested for AMA by the same enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at accession and during 123±9 months of observation (mean, 6±0.2 determinations/patient). Findings were correlated with clinical and histologic features and treatment outcomes. Results Twenty-four patients (18%) had AMA, including 17 who had the antibodies at accession (71%) and 7 who developed them during follow-up (29%). AMA persisted in 13 patients (54%) who were tested on 5±1 occasions during 141±33 months. Cholestatic histologic features occurred as commonly in patients with and without AMA at presentation (18% vs. 10%, P=0.4). AMA disappeared in 4 patients, and they developed in 7 patients after 34±7 months. Late expression of antibodies was not associated with a higher frequency of cholestatic histologic changes than continued seronegativity (14% vs. 9%, P=0.5). Remission (83% vs. 76%, P=0.4) and treatment failure (8% vs. 11%, P>0.9) occurred as commonly in both groups. Conclusions AMA can appear and disappear. They do not identify a subgroup that requires different treatment or that evolves quickly into a cholestatic syndrome.
Nodding syndrome or disease? On the conceptualization of an illness-in-the-making

Objective To explore processes of conceptualizing nodding syndrome (NS), an unknown illness which has been reported to affect thousands of children in post-conflict northern Uganda, in South Sudan and in Tanzania. Design This qualitative study comprised 40 in-depth interviews with affected families, health workers and politicians during five months of fieldwork in northern Uganda and a review of available reports, newspapers and academic literature on NS. In addition, observations have been made at treatment centers and during outreaches and meetings. Focus is put on how meanings of key terms related to NS are produced and negotiated. Attention is being paid to the circulation of different discourses and explanatory models. Results Discourses and explanatory models play an active role in the conceptualization of illness, as much by medical personnel as by affected families and the media. The prominent use of biomedical terms in the academic discourse on NS is striking; links are suggested with onchocerciasis and epilepsy. In contrast, the local discourse associates NS with social issues. The illness experiences are connected to the trauma of past conflict, to poverty and to (region-bound) frustration over neglect. The cultural significance of physical symptoms raises the question of the impact of culture on health. Conclusion By only looking at the biomedical significance of this new syndrome, we will miss important aspects of how this illness is being experienced and understood. In our future dealings with NS, we will have to consider and re-conceive the relation between culture and neurobiology.
EVOLUTION OF OBLIGATE SIBLICIDE IN BOOBIES. 2: FOOD LIMITATION AND PARENT–OFFSPRING CONFLICT

Proximate limitation on parental food delivery has long been invoked to explain the evolution of single‐chick broods of pelagic seabirds such as masked boobies (Sula dactylatra). A second possible proximate limit on brood size is siblicide driven by genetic parent–offspring conflict (POC) over brood size, if siblicidal offspring can reduce brood size to one even if the parents' optimal brood size is greater than one. I tested these two hypotheses by experimentally suppressing obligate siblicide in masked booby broods and comparing breeding parameters of these broods with unmanipulated single‐chick control broods. Per capita mortality rate of experimental nestlings was higher than that of controls, but this deficit was more than made up by larger brood size. Parents of experimental broods brought more food to offspring, had higher fledging success, and apparently incurred no additional major short‐term cost of reproduction, relative to parents of control broods, thus refuting the food limitation hypothesis. Estimates of inclusive fitness of chicks in experimental broods were higher than were those of control nestlings, a result inconsistent with the POC hypothesis that the siblicidal offspring's optimal brood size is one while the parents' optimum is greater than one. This discrepency between natural brood size and apparent brood size optima might be resolved in several ways: experimental artifacts may give misleading estimates of optimal brood size; experimental and control offspring may have different reproductive values at the time of fledging; nestling masked boobies may face a special frequency‐dependent case of POC in which the high risk of sharing a nest with a siblicidal sibling makes invasion of other behavioral genotypes difficult even when offspring and parent inclusive fitnesses are higher from a nonsiblicidal brood of two than from a brood of one.
Psychosocial work characteristics of personal care and service occupations: a process for developing meaningful measures for a multiethnic workforce

Background and objectives. Despite their rapid increase in number, workers in personal care and service occupations are underrepresented in research on psychosocial work characteristics and occupational health. Some of the research challenges stem from the high proportion of immigrants in these occupations. Language barriers, low literacy, and cultural differences as well as their nontraditional work setting (i.e., providing service for one person in his/her home) make generic questionnaire measures inadequate for capturing salient aspects of personal care and service work. This study presents strategies for (1) identifying psychosocial work characteristics of home care workers that may affect their occupational safety and health and (2) creating survey measures that overcome barriers posed by language, low literacy, and cultural differences. Design and results. We pursued these aims in four phases: (Phase 1) Six focus groups to identify the psychosocial work characteristics affecting the home care workers' occupational safety and health; (Phase 2) Selection of questionnaire items (i.e., questions or statements to assess the target construct) and first round of cognitive interviews (n = 30) to refine the items in an iterative process; (Phase 3) Item revision and second round of cognitive interviews (n = 11); (Phase 4) Quantitative pilot test to ensure the scales' reliability and validity across three language groups (English, Spanish, and Chinese; total n = 404). Analysis of the data from each phase informed the nature of subsequent phases. This iterative process ensured that survey measures not only met the reliability and validity criteria across groups, but were also meaningful to home care workers. Conclusion. This complex process is necessary when conducting research with nontraditional and multilingual worker populations.
Prolonged Intrahepatic Cholestasis and Renal Failure Secondary to Anabolic Androgenic Steroid-Enriched Dietary Supplements

The illegal enrichment of anabolic androgenic steroids in over-the-counter dietary supplements is well documented, but the health consequences have not been widely recognized. Three recent reports document cholestatic jaundice and nephropathy due to these compounds. We present 3 additional cases of anabolic androgenic steroid-enriched dietary supplement-induced hepatotoxicity and 1 case of renal failure, and we review the literature and the relevant features of this growing health concern. Recognition of this entity could obviate the need for invasive diagnostic testing and hospitalization and facilitate diagnosis and appropriate counseling.
The importance of loss of control while eating in adolescents with purging disorder.

OBJECTIVE Although many individuals with purging disorder (PD) report loss of control (LOC) eating, it is unclear whether they differ from those who do not, or from other eating disorders involving purging and/or LOC. METHOD We compared PD with LOC (PD-LOC), PD without LOC (PD-noLOC), bulimia nervosa (BN), and anorexia nervosa-binge/purge subtype (AN-B/P) on measures of eating-related and general psychopathology in treatment-seeking adolescents. RESULTS PD-LOC comprised ∼30% of PD diagnoses. PD-LOC and PD-noLOC did not differ from one another, or from BN and AN-B/P, on most measures of psychopathology, with some exceptions. PD-noLOC was similar to AN-B/P (p = 0.99) and significantly different from BN on eating concerns (p < 0.001), while PD-LOC was similar to BN, AN-B/P, and PD-noLOC on this measure (ps ≥ 0.06). PD-LOC reported higher self-esteem than BN, AN-B/P, and PD-noLOC (ps < 0.001). DISCUSSION PD was largely similar to other eating disorders characterized by purging, regardless of whether LOC eating was present. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:801-804).
GENETICS OF PRECALLING PERIOD IN THE ORIENTAL ARMYWORM, MYTHIMNA SEPARATA (WALKER) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MIGRATION

Migration in insects usually occurs prereproductively so the precalling period, between emergence and the first release of pheromone, determines the number of nights over which females of migrants such as Mythimna separata can express their migratory potential. Precalling periods (PCP's) ranged from 3 to 21 nights in F1 females from insects collected in the field in eastern China. As technical problems precluded the use of a sib‐analysis design, the genetic basis of this variation was investigated by analysis of the correlation between daughters' and mother's PCP's and by selection in isofemale lines followed by reciprocal crosses. The results of these analyses indicated that PCP is strongly influenced by genes located on the X chromosome, inherited from the male parent in Lepidoptera. Genetic regulation of migratory potential, of which PCP is a crucial component, can be expected to evolve in tropical species such as Mythimna separata, whose larval habitats are associated with unpredictable tropical rainfall. This species has no preimaginal diapause but makes regular seasonal incursions every spring and early summer to high temperate latitudes at which it cannot overwinter. Where migrants are carried by winds, as occurs in these migrations, the predominantly poleward winds at this time of year must create a genetic cline across latitude, in which migratory potential of the summer populations founded by the migrants increases with increasing latitude. We suggest that X‐linkage of genes influencing PCP may reduce the genetic load associated with this polymorphism by reducing the frequencies of inappropriate PCP genotypes in these summer populations. Thus, in autumn when winds are predominantly northerly, fewer individuals at any latitude will lack the capability to make the return journey southward. Some support for this model is provided by the observed distributions of PCP's of F1 females from moths collected in the field in central and northern eastern China. If X‐linkage of genes influencing PCP contributes to the stability of these migratory cycles, it can be expected in other species with similar migratory strategies.
The duodenal bulb biopsy "myth": is there now enough evidence to change clinical practice?

To the Editor: We read with interest the study by Prasad et al. The authors concluded that within the pediatric population—biopsies from the duodenal bulb and second part of the duodenum can be equally representative for diagnosing celiac disease. This study along with others published in the international literature challenges current clinical practice (Table 1). The perceived wisdom is that we are not able to diagnose celiac disease accurately from the duodenal bulb. This is thought to be related to Brunner glands affecting histologic interpretation. However, this is an assertion on the basis of expert opinion and without any published supporting evidence. We would like to report our own center’s experience within the adult population (n=53, all sero-positive: either endomysial antibody and/or tissue transglutaminase antibody). We used a prospective method using combinations of up to 9 possible duodenal biopsy sites (1 from the duodenal bulb and 4 each from both proximal and distal areas of the second part of the duodenum). All possible biopsy regimens were evaluated for their ability to detect the presence of villous atrophy. In these 53 patients, villous atrophy was detected by taking a minimum of 3 biopsies (sensitivity: 100%, 95% confidence interval: 93.2%-100%). However, the optimal strategy could only achieve 100% sensitivity by always incorporating a duodenal bulb biopsy. A duodenal bulb biopsy alone had a better sensitivity than taking biopsies from more distal duodenal sites (although this did not achieve statistical significance, Table 1). Prasad et al should be commended for providing the evidence to dispel the duodenal bulb biopsy ‘‘myth’’ in the pediatric population. However, further international work is required in adult populations (with controls) to provide a similar level of supportive evidence.
The relationship between osteoporosis and body composition in pre- and postmenopausal women from different ethnic groups in China

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the ethnic differences in osteoporosis (OP) and body composition (BC) and their relationship in the Maonan, Mulam, Hmong, and Yao minorities in China. Design: A total of 860 Maonan, Mulam, Hmong, and Yao women were included in this cross-sectional study. Demographic, health history, and lifestyle information was collected using questionnaires. BC was measured through bioelectrical impedance analysis, and bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed via calcaneal quantitative ultrasound. Results: Compared with premenopausal women, postmenopausal women exhibited a lower fat-free mass (FFM), muscle mass (MM), limb muscle mass, and T-score but a higher waist-to-hip ratio and prevalence of OP in each minority (p < .05). After adjustment for age, Hmong women displayed the highest body mass index, fat mass, percentage of body fat, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat contents, while Yao women presented the highest T-scores and lowest prevalence of OP among the four minorities (p < .05). Having a greater number of children and an older age were significant risk factors for OP in all ethnic groups (p < .05, OR > 1). In addition, our results revealed that FFM and MM exhibited exactly the same weak positive relationship with the T-score (r = 0.081, p < .05) after adjusting for menopausal status and age in all of the participants. Furthermore, significant ethnic differences in the relationship between BC and the T-score existed in the four minorities studied here. Conclusions: BC and OP prevalence varied by menopausal status and ethnic group, and ethnic-specific relationships between BC and BMD were present in the four minorities. More research is needed to further investigate the ethnic differences in BC, OP, and risk factors for lower BMD to develop targeted prevention strategies to reduce the burden of OP across different ethnic groups in China.
Disentangling body image: The relative associations of overvaluation, dissatisfaction, and preoccupation with psychological distress and eating disorder behaviors in male and female adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective The distinctiveness and relative clinical significance of overvaluation, dissatisfaction, and preoccupation with body weight/shape remains inconclusive. This study sought to add to the evidence by testing associations between these three body image constructs and indicators of clinical significance. Method Male and female secondary students (N = 1,666) aged 12–18 years completed a survey that included measures of dissatisfaction with, overvaluation of, and preoccupation with weight/shape, psychological distress, eating disorder behaviors, and basic demographic information. Conditional process analysis was employed to test the independent and mediating effects of overvaluation, dissatisfaction, and preoccupation on distress, dietary restraint, and objective binge eating. Results Overvaluation, dissatisfaction, and preoccupation were highly correlated (r = 0.47–0.84). In girls, preoccupation demonstrated the strongest independent and mediating effects on distress, dietary restraint, and binge eating; whereas neither the direct or indirect effects of dissatisfaction on distress and overvaluation on binge eating were significant. Among boys however, the direct and indirect effects of overvaluation, dissatisfaction, and preoccupation on distress and eating disorder behaviors were relatively equal. Discussion Preoccupation with weight/shape may be particularly clinically significant in girls, whereas all constructs of body image disturbance may be equally clinically significant in boys. The findings are consistent with the view that these constructs, while closely related, are distinct. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:118–126)