Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sequential Processing of Lexical, Grammatical, and Phonological Information Within Broca’s Area

Seeing the Brain's One, Two, Three Taking advantage of the rare opportunity to record neuronal activity in the human brain using intracranial electrodes, Sahin et al. (p. 445; see the Perspective by Hagoort and Levelt) document the spatial and temporal pattern of neuronal populations within Broca's area as patients thought of a single word, changed its tense (for verbs) or number (for nouns), and articulated the word silently. For these three stages, they detected activity at 200, 320, and 450 milliseconds, moving in a caudal to rostral direction. These data fit neatly within the roughly 600 milliseconds required for the onset of speech and map the distinct neural computations within an area of the brain, known for almost a century and a half, as important for the production of language. Intracranial electrodes record activity in a language-associated area of the brain as words are identified and produced. Words, grammar, and phonology are linguistically distinct, yet their neural substrates are difficult to distinguish in macroscopic brain regions. We investigated whether they can be separated in time and space at the circuit level using intracranial electrophysiology (ICE), namely by recording local field potentials from populations of neurons using electrodes implanted in language-related brain regions while people read words verbatim or grammatically inflected them (present/past or singular/plural). Neighboring probes within Broca’s area revealed distinct neuronal activity for lexical (~200 milliseconds), grammatical (~320 milliseconds), and phonological (~450 milliseconds) processing, identically for nouns and verbs, in a region activated in the same patients and task in functional magnetic resonance imaging. This suggests that a linguistic processing sequence predicted on computational grounds is implemented in the brain in fine-grained spatiotemporally patterned activity.
The Expected Impact of State Immigration Legislation on Labor Market Outcomes

In response to the dramatic rise in the number of unauthorized immigrants to the United States, every state has passed some form of immigration legislation. These laws appear to be predicated on a belief that unauthorized immigrants impose greater costs than benefits to state and local communities, including the labor market. The purpose of this paper is to examine some evidence on what workers should expect if the immigration legislation is successful in eliminating undocumented workers from states’ labor markets. C � 2012 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Risk Overhang and Loan Portfolio Decisions

Despite operating under substantial regulatory constraints, we find that commercial banks manage their investments largely consistent with the predictions of portfolio choice models with capital market imperfections. Based on 1990-2002 data for small (assets less than $1 billion) U.S. commercial banks, net new lending to the business, real estate, and consumer sectors increased with expected sector profitability, tended to decrease with the illiquidity of existing (overhanging) loan stocks, and was responsive to correlations in cross-sector returns. Small banks are most appropriate for this study, because they make illiquid loans and manage risk via on-balance sheet (non-hedged) diversification strategies.
Hydrochemical determination of source water contributions to Lake Lungo and Lake Ripasottile (central Italy)

Lake Lungo and Lake Ripasottile are two shallow (4-5 m) lakes located in the Rieti Basin, central Italy, that have been described previously as surface outcroppings of the groundwater table. In this work, the two lakes as well as springs and rivers that represent their potential source waters are characterized physio-chemically and isotopically, using a combination of environmental tracers. Temperature and pH were measured and water samples were analyzed for alkalinity, major ion concentration, and stable isotope (δ 2 H, δ 18 O, δ 13 C of dissolved inorganic carbon, and δ 34 S and δ 18 O of sulfate) composition. Chemical data were also investigated in terms of local meteorological data (air temperature, precipitation) to determine the sensitivity of lake parameters to changes in the surrounding environment. Groundwater represented by samples taken from Santa Susanna Spring was shown to be distinct with SO 4 2- and Mg 2+ content of 270 and 29 mg/L, respectively, and heavy sulfate isotopic composition (δ 34 S=15.2 ‰ and δ 18 O=10‰). Outflow from the Santa Susanna Spring enters Lake Ripasottile via a canal and both spring and lake water exhibits the same chemical distinctions and comparatively low seasonal variability. Major ion concentrations in Lake Lungo are similar to the Vicenna Riara Spring and are interpreted to represent the groundwater locally recharged within the plain. The δ 13 C DIC exhibit the same groupings as the other chemical parameters, providing supporting evidence of the source relationships. Lake Lungo exhibited exceptional ranges of δ 13 C DIC (±5 ‰) and δ 2 H, δ 18 O (±5 ‰ and ±7 ‰, respectively), attributed to sensitivity to seasonal changes. The hydrochemistry results, particularly major ion data, highlight how the two lakes, though geographically and morphologically similar, represent distinct hydrochemical facies. These data also show a different response in each lake to temperature and precipitation patterns in the basin that may be attributed to lake water retention time. The sensitivity of each lake to meteorological patterns can be used to understand the potential effects from long-term climate variability.
Correlation between abscess size and liver function tests in cases of liver abscess

Background: Liver abscess has shown a major change in demographics, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment over the past 100 years. The modern diagnostics like ultrasound and computed tomography to locate and drain the abscess have reduced the mortality to 2-12%. However, due to the complications of liver abscess especially the amebic ones the morbidity is still high. This study aims to study the correlation of various LFT parameters with abscess volume for early detection of high risk patients and early treatment thus reducing morbidity. Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 6 months on 50 patients of liver abscess. History and physical examination was done. All patients were subjected to complete hemogram, liver function test, coagulation profile (PT/INR) and USG abdomen. The data was recorded and compiled in excel sheets and analyzed using correlation coefficient (R) method. Results: The mean age of the patients was 41.2 years with male preponderance. Amoebic liver abscess (88%) was predominant over pyogenic liver abscess (12%). Alcoholism (48%), smoking (42%) and diabetes mellitus (18%) are main predisposing factors in case of liver abscess. Hepatomegaly was found in 88% cases. Elevated ALP, low albumin, increased PT INR points to the diagnosis of liver abscess. Complications seen were pleural effusion (10%) and ascites (4%). On analysis, liver abscess size is significantly positively correlated with INR, ALP, liver enzymes, and negatively correlated with serum albumin level. Conclusions: Liver abscess size was found to be positively correlated with INR and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT) and negatively correlated with serum albumin levels. There was no correlation of abscess size and bilirubin levels. Hence, LFT can be used to estimate the liver abscess size and predict the severity and prognosis of patient.
Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of the Methanol Extract of Urtica Crenulata

The antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of methanol extract of Urtica crenulata (syn: Laportea crenulata Gaud) stem has been investigated in the present study. The antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the Urtica crenulata methanol extract were assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging method and brine shrimp lethality bioassay method, respectively. The antibacterial activity of the plant extract (500 μg/disc) was also carried out by disc diffusion technique. Stem extract showed DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging effect compared with ascorbic acid. IC 50 value of ascorbic acid and stem extract was found 14.72 μg/ml and 1468.9 μg/ml, respectively. In antibacterial experiment, Urtica crenulata stem extract showed 8, 14 and 10 mm of diameter of zone inhibition against Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei , respectively and 9 and 8 mm of diameter of zone inhibition against Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus but no activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus . In brine shrimp lethality assay, the LC 50 value of the extract was found 104.0 μg/ml, which indicates that the extract has high cytoxic effect. The present study demonstrates that methanol extract of Urtica crenulata stem has significant cytotoxic effect. The extract also showed some moderate antibacterial and minimum significant antioxidant effects. Keywords: Urtica crenulata; Antioxidant; Antibacterial; Cytotoxic ; BHT. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i1. 2872 J. Sci. Res. 2 (1), 169-177 (2010)
DNA barcoding as a complementary approach for species identification from dengue endemic regions of North East India

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are rapidly expanding mosquito vectors responsible for transmitting Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika and Yellow fever. Regional climatic factors can trigger species drift consequently influencing epidemiological consequence. Though morphological identification is still widely adopted method of species identification, limited resources and absence of taxonomic expertise can adversely impact result outcome. The present study highlights resolution offered by DNA barcoding in species identification. Results found Aedes aegypti as dominant and abundant vector species in urban areas. Sequence of Aedes albopictus shows 100% similarity whereas sequence of Aedes aegypti shows 99.77 100% similarity of COI gene when compared with BOLD database search. However, phylogeny revealed two clusters of each species based on similarity search, separating native population with rest of globe. Intra species divergences between two taxa, were found to be 0-2.6% and 0.5% respectively.
Government Size and Economic Growth in an Endogenous Growth Model with Rent‐Seeking

We explore the relationship between government size and economic growth in an endogenous growth model with human capital and an unproductive capital which facilitates rentâ€ seeking. With exogenous as well as endogenous time discounting, we find a nonâ€ monotonic relationship between the size of government and economic growth. We find that with very high (low) discounting, there is a unique low (high) growth equilibrium, regardless of the size of government. For the intermediate range of discounting, there are multiple equilibria and the growth outcome depends on the size of government. With endogenous time discounting, the growth outcome is path dependent and depends on the level of inherited human capital. However, there is only one stable growth regime and the economy endogenously switches to it. When the institutional constraints on rentâ€ seeking are not extremely high, the stable regime is the one in which there is a highâ€ growth equilibrium for a smaller size of the government and for larger size, both the highâ€ growth and the lowâ€ growth equilibrium coexist. When the institutional constraints on rentâ€ seeking are extremely high, there exists only a unique highâ€ growth equilibrium irrespective of the size of government. Furthermore, economies with bigger size of the government and/or with poor quality institutions will take longer to endogenously switch to this stable growth regime.
Wheat cultivars submitted to seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen application in different environments

The response of wheat to seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense is variable, depending on factors related to the interaction of the bacterium with the genotype, growing environment and nitrogen availability. The objective of this work was to evaluate the response of wheat cultivars to seed inoculation with two strains of A. brasilense (Ab-V5 and Ab-V6) and to application of nitrogen (N) doses in two environments. The experiments were conducted under field conditions in Eldorado do Sul (RS) and Itapiranga (SC), in the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons, under a randomized block design, in a 3 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, with three N doses (0, 50 and 100 kg ha -1 ), with and without seed inoculation with A. brasilense , and three wheat cultivars (Mirante, Quartzo and TBIO Pioneiro). Nitrogen application increased wheat growth and grain yield, mainly in Eldorado do Sul (RS), where the soil of the experimental site shows lower fertility levels. Wheat seeds inoculation with two strains of A. brasilense showed variable responses in the growth and grain yield according to the cultivar, growing season and experimental site. Positive responses to seed inoculation were more consistent for the cultivar Mirante, in Eldorado do Sul (RS).
Transient flashing propellant flow models to predict internal flow characteristics, spray velocity, and aerosol droplet size of a pMDI

ABSTRACT Despite the popularity of the pMDI as an asthma remedy, the mechanism leading to spray generation is elusive, mainly due to small length scales and short time scale, causing experimental difficulties to obtain flow information. This mechanism involves transient development of two-phase flashing propellant flow inside pMDI actuator as well as transfer of heat, mass, and momentum between the liquid and vapor phase. Variations in the rate of such interphase phenomena dictate the two-phase mass flow rate emission, which itself determines spray velocity and droplet size. In this work, we compare the performance of existing two-phase flow models to predict the flow conditions and the rate of propellant flow through a pMDI actuator: the homogenous equilibrium model (HEM), the slip equilibrium model (SEM), and the homogenous frozen model (HFM). The velocity prediction of the HFM was found to be in good agreement with phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) data indicating the metastable nature of the emitted propellant spray. This work also considers Clark's correlation for the aerosol droplet size based on the results of the flow model. The results of the correlation were compared with PDA droplet size measurements. Clark's correlation was found to be effective in predictions of the temporal droplet size variations. However, the value of an empirical constant had to be tuned to fix the droplet size for a given combination of formulation, device, and to a lesser extent also the distance from the spray orifice where predictions are compared with PDA data. This highlights the need to develop first principle atomization models without the need for case-by-case adjustment. © 2017 American Association for Aerosol Research
Title : Relations between personality changes and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer ' s disease pathology

Specific changes in personality profiles may represent early non-cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Evaluating the subject’s personality changes may add significant clinical information, as well as help to better understand the interaction between personality change, cognitive decline, and cerebral pathology. With this study we aimed to describe the relationship between personality changes and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of AD pathology at early clinical stages of the disease. One hundred and ten subjects, of whom 66 cognitively impaired patients (57 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 9 with mild dementia) and 44 healthy controls, had neuropsychological examination as well as lumbar puncture to determine concentrations of CSF biomarkers of AD pathology (amyloid beta1-42 (Aβ1-42), phosphorylated tau (ptau-181), and total-tau (tau)). The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) was administered twice, once to evaluate subjects’ current personality and once to assess personality traits retrospectively 5 years before evaluation. Subjects with an AD CSF biomarker profile showed significant increase in neuroticism and decrease in conscientiousness over time as compared to non-AD CSF biomarker group. In regression analysis controlling for global cognition as measured by the MMSE score, increasing neuroticism and decreasing extraversion, openness to experience and conscientiousness were associated with lower Aβ1-42 concentrations but not with tau and ptau-181 concentrations. Our findings suggest that early and specific changes in personality are associated with cerebral AD pathology. Concentrations of CSF biomarkers, additionally to severity of the cognitive impairment, significantly contribute in predicting specific personality changes.
Team-Based Learning as a Teaching Strategy of Community Health Nursing Course forUndergraduates

TeamBased Learning (TBL) isan instructional technique that promotes small-group learning andoffersan alternate to lectures in large-group settings. It consists of out-of-class preparation after that in-class readiness assurance tests and group application activities.The aim of this studywas to decide the efficiency of TBL in an undergraduate nursing course as regards the outcomes of academic performance, accountability of learning, predilection for lecture or TBL, and studentcontentment with TBL.A quantitative randomized controlled trial design was carried on 248 nursing undergraduates partaken in the TBL group andtraditional lecture control group at theFaculty of Nursing, Fayoum University, Egypt, during the second semester/academic year 2016-2017.A selfadministered structured questionnairesform covering demographic data, academic performance was measuredusing the community health nursing exam. In TBL group, accountability of learning,predilection for lecture or TBL, and studentcontentment was measured usingStandardized anonymous Survey Monkey of the TBL-SAI (Student Assessment Instrument questionnaire). The resultsshowed that in comparing TBL to lecture, TBL studentsrecorded significantly higher and TBL studentsconveyedmodest to highest standards of accountability, and higher predilection for TBL than lecture, contentmentwith TBL, and high levels of positiveunderstandings with TBL.Conclusions and recommendation,results showed that TBL is a satisfactory and effective instructional approach in teaching nursing undergraduatesas well as it is one of the self-directed learning methods that ensure better analytical and clinical-reasoning skills and needed to apply in all of the nursing courses.
Interactive comment on “ Modeling the spatio-temporal variability in subsurface thermal regimes across a low-relief polygonal tundra landscape ” by J . Kumar et al .

The authors present an impressive modeling effort investigating 3D water and energy simulations of polygonal tundra. Their research is of interest to the community as it undoubtedly yields insight into the thermal hydrology of polygonal tundra. Furthermore, a modeling effort informed by extensive field measurements provides a unique opportunity to validate and properly shape the process rich models currently being developed for terrestrial Arctic applications. It is for this particular reason, that we are first interested in this manuscript and second concerned with the message in section 5.1. In particular, we refer to line 2-3 on page 25, “At our study sites, while calibration may C1
The clinicopathology of foot and mouth disease and molecular epidemiology of the viruses circulated in cattle of Pabna district, Bangladesh

This study investigated outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in cattle in Pabna district, Bangladesh, during August-September 2015. Out of 100 cattle, 45 were infected with FMD virus, of which five young and two adult cattle died and the postmortem changes in internal organs were recorded. Oral tissue samples from infected cattle (n = 20) of four Upazillas (Sub-district) of Pabna district were collected for viral RNA extraction and serotype identification using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Gross and histopathological changes in oral, pedal and mammary tissues were typical of FMD. Characteristics lesion of 'tiger heart disease' was seen in heart muscle of young and adult cattle. There was thickening of interlobular septum of lungs and characteristics of interstitial pneumonia. The uniplex and multiplex RT-PCR detected FMD viruses (430 bp) and FMD viral serotypes “O” (402 bp) and “Asia 1” (292 bp). Cattle of Sujanagar, Chatmahar and Isshardi Upazillas of Pabna district were infected with FMD viral serotype “O” and responsible for mortality of three young and two adult cattle. FMD viral serotype “Asia 1” causing death of two young cattle at Pabna Sadar. The fragment (485 bp) of Vp1 gene of FMD viral serotype “O” sequenced showed mutation in main antigenic sites. The phylogenetic analysis carried out with the Vp1 gene of FMD viral serotype “O” showed the viruses belonging to ME-SA topotype. The death of young and adult cattle was probably due to cardiac and/or respiratory failure. The adapted RTPCR protocol can be used in practice for detecting FMD viruses and its serotyping. Larger samples sizes require investigating to identify existing FMD viral serotypes and topotypes in order to design future preventive strategies. Bangl. vet . 2016. Vol. 33, No. 2, 39-50
Longitudinal comparison between MRI , MRS and histology-determined steatosis in NAFLD patients at two-time points in a randomized trial

Funding Support: This work was supported by an investigator initiated study grant to Dr. Rohit Loomba by Daiichi Sankyo Inc. The study was conducted at the Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California at San Diego. R.L. is supported in part by the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Foundation–Sucampo– ASP Designated Research Award in Geriatric Gastroenterology and by a T. Franklin Williams Scholarship Award; Funding provided by: Atlantic Philanthropies,Inc., the John A. Hartford Foundation, the Association of Specialty Professors, and the American Gastroenterological Association and grant K23-DK090303. Role of Funding Agencies: Funding agencies did not have any role in the design and conduct of the study, collection, management, analysis or interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the article.
Household determinants of poverty in Savannakhet, Laos: Binary choice model approach

Lao PDR is one of the economically least developed countries in the world. As a member of the GMS region and the ASEAN, Lao PDR stands to benefit from the growth of the GMS region by the East West Economic Corridor that links the Central Region of Lao PDR with Thailand and Vietnam through Savannakhet. This paper uses a detailed household survey data set to identify, sign, and test the significance of the key factors that affect poverty by location and well-being subgroup among the urban, semi-urban and rural populations of Savannakhet. We found that household size, distance from the EWEC, agriculture landholding and working in the agricultural sector are causes of household poverty. Agricultural employment has a particularly large impact in rural areas. Other factors such as age, gender and educational level of the household head evidence no influence in determining poverty. One possible reason could be that infrastructure has been improved only in recent years. Thus, economic opportunities vary widely for any given characteristic of the household head.