Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The communications system architecture of the North American Advanced Train Control System

The Advanced Train Control System (ATCS) communications system, which provides for the information flow in the North American ATCS, is presented in the context of the overall ATCS plan. The major components and basic operation of ATCS are described. The features, functions, and connectivity of the nodes in the communication system are defined. The communications system is based on the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model; and the protocols used are described with particular emphasis on the radio data link. Special features of the communications system, including a description of how vehicles are tracked, are included. >
Comparison of Performance Effects of Adaptive Automation Applied to Various Stages of Human-Machine System Information Processing

Limitations in automation (expert system) capabilities and negative human performance consequences of automation in complex systems have led to the contention that use of computer assistance in high-level human-machine system information processing may be inappropriate. Adaptive automation (AA) has been explored as a solution to these problems; however, research has focused on the performance effects of dynamic control allocations of early sensory and information acquisition functions between human operators and computer controllers of complex systems. It has examined to a limited extent the human performance and workload effects of AA of cognitive tasks, such as decision-making, or of psychomotor functions such as response execution. This research compared the affects of AA applied to psychomotor tasks and cognitive tasks, including information monitoring, information analysis, decision-making, and action implementation, on overall human-machine system performance. Results demonstrated that operators are better able to adapt to AA when applied to lower level functions, such as information acquisition and action implementation, as compared to AA of information analysis and decision making tasks. The results also provided support for the use of AA, as compared to completely manual control.
Prony’s Method with Reduced Sampling - Numerical Aspects

This paper presents a new modification of the least -squares Prony's method with reduced sampling , which allows for a significant reduction in the number of the analysed signal samples collected per unit time. The specific combination of no n-uniform sampling with Prony's method enables sampling of the analysed signals at virtually any average frequency, regardless of the Nyquist frequency, maintaining high accuracy in parameter estimation of sinusoidal signal components. This property allows using the method in measuring devices, such as for electric power quality testing equipped with low power signal processors, which in turn contributes to reducing complexity of these devices. This paper presents research on a method for selecting a sampling frequency and an analysis window length for the presented method, which provide maximum estimation accuracy for Prony's model component parameters. This paper presents simulation tests performed in terms of the proposed method application for analysis of harmonics and interharmonics in electric power signals. Furthermore, the paper provides sensitivity analysis of the method, in terms of common interferences occurring in the actual measurement systems.
Neural Network Modeling for Software Reliability Prediction from Failure Time Data

A variety of statistical software reliability growth models have been developed and utilized. However, since all the statistical models are based on assumptions about the nature of software faults and the stochastic behavior of failure process, there is no single universal model that is applicable for all software projects. Neural networks require only failure data as input and no assumptions are made a priori. This paper considers a neural network approach to software reliability prediction from the failure time data obtained from the software testing. The feedforward network architecture and 4 training regimes are suggested. The cascade-correlation algorithm is used for training and experiments are performed for several data sets collected from different software projects. The experimental results show that feedforward networks adapt well across different softwares and exhibit high accuracy in their predictions.
Light Effects on the Bias Stability of Transparent ZnO Thin Film Transistors

We report on the bias stability characteristics of transparent ZnO thin film transistors (TFTs) under visible light illumination. The transfer curve shows virtually no change under positive gate bias stress with light illumination, while it shows dramatic negative shifts under negative gate bias stress. The major mechanism of the bias stability under visible illumination of our ZnO TFTs is thought to be the charge trapping of photo‐generated holes at the gate insulator and/or insulator/channel interface.
Experimental Study on Wirless Interference in Rfid System

The objective of the proposed work is to find the effects on the reading performance of 900 MHz radio frequency identification system (RFID) under the wireless interference. Experiments were carried out in full anechoic chamber avoiding the influence of wireless signal produced by the reflection. In order to simplify the analysis of the process of performance, single tone signal was selected as the source of wireless interference. The performance was measured in terms of change in the successful reading rate of tags and the interrogation range of the reader. Typically the performance of the RFID will decline due to the wireless interference. However in our experiment it was found that the unwanted signal can significantly improve the performance of RFID system when its power reaches a certain range. To explain this phenomenon, we analyze the tag circuit as well as the back-scatter link, and the ratio m was defined to characterize the degradation of reading performance. It was concluded that the results we calculate using the method we proposed was matched with the experimental results.
ACTIVE CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR THE GENERALIZED PROJECTIVE SYNCHRONIZATION OF THREE -SCROLL CHAOTIC SYSTEMS

This paper discusses the design of active controllers for generalized projective synchronization (GPS) of identical Wang 3-scroll chaotic systems (Wang, 2009), identical Dadras 3-scroll chaotic systems (Dadras and Momeni, 2009) and non-identical Wang 3-scroll system and Dadras 3-scroll system. The synchronization results (GPS) derived in this paper for the 3-scroll chaotic systems have been derived using active control method and established using Lyapunov stability theory. Since the Lyapunov exponents are not required for these calculations, the active control method is very effective and convenient for achieving the generalized projective synchronization (GPS) of the 3-scroll chaotic systems addressed in this paper. Numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the GPS synchronization results derived in this paper.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Peroxodiphosphate Using Boron-Doped Diamond Anodes

A new method for the synthesis of peroxomonophosphate, based on the use of boron-doped diamond electrodes, is described. The amount of oxidant electrogenerated depends on the characteristics of the supporting media (pH and solute concentration) and on the operating conditions (temperature and current density). Results show that the pH, between values of 1 and 5, does not influence either the electrosynthesis of peroxomonophosphate or the chemical stability of the oxidant generated. Conversely, low temperatures are required during the electrosynthesis process to minimize the thermal decomposition of peroxomonophosphate and to guarantee significant oxidant concentration. In addition, a marked influence of both the current density and the initial substrate is observed. This observation can be explained in terms of the contribution of hydroxyl radicals in the oxidation mechanisms that occur on diamond surfaces. In the assays carried out below the water oxidation potential, the generation of hydroxyl radicals did not take place. In these cases, peroxomonophosphate generation occurs through a direct electron transfer and, therefore, at these low current densities lower concentrations are obtained. On the other hand, at higher potentials both direct and hydroxyl radical-mediated mechanisms contribute to the oxidant generation and the process is more efficient. In the same way, the contribution of hydroxyl radicals may also help to explain the significant influence of the substrate concentration. Thus, the coexistence of both phosphate and hydroxyl radicals is required to ensure the generation of significant amounts of peroxomonophosphoric acid.
The A/Ā Distinction as an Epiphenomenon

This article demonstrates that the A/Ā distinction is an epiphenomenon that emerges from independently necessary properties of Merge and the interpretive components. A true explanation of the A/Ā distinction requires that the distinction between the two classes of structures must emerge from a conspiracy of independently motivated principles and that the distinction should explain why the contrasts between A- and Ā-constructions are precisely the ones they are. I argue that certain moved constituents must be structurally altered on the way to their landing sites; otherwise, they will interfere with Case and agreement relations. I propose that an optional instance of Merge, late attachment of a prepositional head to the moved DP, “insulates” that DP from Case and agreement, but has consequences for what an insulated DP can antecede and/or license. Insulation is optional, but limited by independently motivated interface requirements that determine its distribution. The distribution of insulation explains why A- and Ā-structures differ in just the ways they do and not in other ways.
Syllabic segmentation and literacy

Abstract A total of 40 unschooled Portuguese adults, either illiterates or ex-illiterates, were presented auditorily with short sentences and asked to detect the occurrence of a word initiated by a specified syllable-sized target. The target was either CV or CVC, and the target-bearing word was initiated by either a CV or a CVC syllable. The dependent variable was the number of correct detections. Ex-illiterates performed better than illiterates. There was a significant interaction between target type and word structure: Detections were more numerous when the target coincided with the first syllable of the target-bearing word than when it did not. This effect is similar to the one obtained by Mehler, Dommergues, Frauenfelder, and Segui (1981) in a reaction-time study with French literate subjects, and shows evidence of a syllabification procedure. The fact that this syllable effect is obtained with illiterate subjects, regardless of their overall performance, suggests that the development of a syllabifica.
How Consumers Generate Clickstreams through Web Sites

ABSTRACT When consumers navigate Web sites, they are said to generate a clickstream, i.e., engage in clicking from Web page to Web page. With respect to these clickstreams, hypertext, schema, and mapping theories provide a conceptual framework for their construction. To examine these perspectives, an interpretive study of 60 Internet consumers was conducted which revealed that they map very specific ideas of what they expect to encounter in interacting with various Web sites. In this regard, the results of this study suggest that the effective use of mapping, text and hypertext in generating a good navigational experience is an important way to help advertisers build a consumer Internet brand.
Heteropoly Acids Catalyzed Direct Mannich Reactions: Three‐Component Synthesis of N‐Protected β‐Amino Ketones.

Heteropoly acids efficiently catalyzed one-pot three-component Mannich reactions of aryl aldehydes, aryl ketones, and carbamates at ambient temperature and afforded the corresponding N-protected beta-amino ketones in good to excellent yields. This method provides a novel and improved modification of three-component Mannich reactions in terms of a wide scope of aldehydes, ketones and carbamates, economic viability and reusability.
Kinematic Motion Analysis and Structural Analysis of Bellcrank Structures Using FEM

The results of kinematic motion analysis were used for the structural analysis based on data that the load applied to each part. The problem of the fatigue strength estimation of materials or components containing natural defects, inclusions or in homogeneities is of great importance for both a scientifically or industrial point of view. Fatigue behavior in components is often affected by the presence of residual stresses introduced by processes such as actuator system. Analysis can provide the estimation of the crack growth curves with sufficient accuracy, even in case of complicated bell crank structures which are crucial for preserving aileron integrity and which participate in transfer of load. Probability of crack detection or any other damage detection is a result of many factors. An endurance life prediction of bell crank is used finite element analyses. Endurance test data for slim test specimens were compared with the predicted fatigue life for verification.
Microwave versus Conventional Sintering: A Review of Fundamentals, Advantages and Applications

Microwave sintering has emerged in recent years as a new method for sintering a variety of materials that has shown significant advantages against conventional sintering procedures. This review article first provides a summary of fundamental theoretical aspects of microwave and microwave hybrid sintering, and then advantages of microwave sintering against conventional methods are described. At the end, some applications of microwave sintering are mentioned which so far have manifested the advantages of this novel method.
A Closer Look at Visual Manuals

This article examines the genre of visual manuals by discussing the main forms and functions of two types in detail: step-by-step and guided tour manuals. Step-by-step manuals have a one-on-one correspondence between picture and text (explanations and instructions), reflecting the action-reaction mode in which users tend to interact with computers. Guided tour manuals give users a visual impression of the program. The pictures, mostly full-screen captures, are annotated with several paragraphs of text. An experiment is reported in which we examined whether a visual manual helps users realize tasks faster and more accurately than a non-visual manual. No effects on accuracy were found, but the visual manual did increase the speed of task execution with a significant and substantial gain of 35 percent. The conclusion draws attention to the fact that there is no single best type of visual manual, but that each has its own strengths and weaknesses.
STUDENTS WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS: BRAILLE READING RATE

A comparison reading performance was done between 8 students who are using Braille and 14 students who are using enlarged print to read. Reading performance was determined using reading rate (words per minute, wpm). Reading rate results showed no signifi - cant difference (p>0.05) between those using the Braille (16.62±11.61 wpm) and those using the enlarged print (27.21±24.89 wpm). This study has shown that Braille reader students read at lower reading rate compared to print reader students with visual impairment. Keywords: Students with visual impair- ment, Reading, Braille reading rate, Braille literacy.
DOES NUMBER OF LEVEL-2 UNITS IN MULTILEVEL STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING MATTER?

How to determine the number of level-2 units in multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) as a standard applied to nested or hierarchical data structure was still unknown. This research used Canada data in the large database “Programme for International Student Assessment 2003”(PISA 2003) to check the model-fit indexes and parameters stability in our proposed empirical example processed by MSEM under different numbers of level-2 units. Our proposed example model was first be handled to fit Canada data (26884 students, 948 schools), and then the stabilities of the estimated parameters in the example model under 120, 240, 360, 480, 600, 720, 840 level-2 units were compared. Level-1 units in each school less than10 students will be crossed out in advance. Besides, intraclass correlations of all variables were controlled in a specified range in different numbers of level-2 units. Finally, we found the ratio of the number of level-2 units relative to the number of estimated parameters of between-level in the multilevel model were 8: 1.
Isothermal growth, thickening, and melting of polyethylene oxide) single crystals in the bulk. II

Characteristic features of isothermal growth, thickening, and melting behavior of melt grown single crystals of low molecular weight poly (ethylene oxide) fractions are presented and discussed in terms of their relevance to basic concepts of polymer crystal growth. Measurements of growth (G) and thickening rates of once folded chain crystals were extended (up to the melting point) into a temperature range where usually only extended chain crystals grow. Monolayer extended and folded chain crystals melt by lateral shrinkage, the rate of which (G−) depends not only on temperature, but also on thermal history. G− increases exponentially with the degree of superheating, and the value of the temperature coefficient d log G−/dT is proportional to the lamellar thickness. In the narrow temperature interval where transition from once folded to extended chain growth occurs, the crystal morphology displays some spectacular features. These may be accounted for in terms of the crystal habit and the rate of completion, g. of a molecular layer in the particular (hk0) prism face considered. Morphological analysis shows that g is of the same order of magnitude as G(hkO), leading to the conclusion that the growth of these PEO crystals is controlled by multiple surface nucleation rather than by deposition of a single surface nucleus.
A Brief History of CALPHAD

Abstract Some 35 years ago, Larry Kaufman and Himo Ansara provided the stimulus to bring together a small number of scientists who were working on the calculation of alloy phase diagrams using as basis the required consistency of experimental thermodynamic and phase boundary data. This group represented the origins of CALPHAD and of subsequent developments concerned with computer coupling of phase diagrams and thermochemistry. From those origins, the “CALPHAD Method” has become a successful and widely applied tool in all areas of materials development. The present paper presents a brief account of the development of CALPHAD, with particular emphasis on the earliest years of its formation and growth.
In defense of minimally invasive spine surgery

Abstract Recently, minimally invasive techniques to address various lumbar spine pathologies have been developed. These techniques are associated with decreased approach-related morbidity, in addition to an accelerated postoperative recovery. In this article, we identify other factors, such as the maintenance of normal biomechanics, cost savings, as well as potentially the reduced need for reoperation that may be associated with the use of minimally invasive techniques, as compared with open surgical approaches.
Heuristic methods for postoutage voltage magnitude calculations

Power systems play a significant role in every aspect of our daily lives. Hence, their continuation without any interruption (or with the least duration of interruption due to faults or scheduled maintenances) is one of the key aims of electrical energy providers. As a result, electrical energy providers need to check in great detail the integrity of their power systems by performing regular contingency studies of the equipment involved. Among others, line and transformer outage simulations constitute an integral part of an electrical management system. Both accuracy and calculation speed depend on the branch outage model and/or the solution algorithms applied. In this paper, the local constrained optimization problem of the single-branch outage problem is solved by intelligent methods: particle swarm optimization, differential evolution, and harmony search. Simulations of IEEE 14-, 30-, 118-, and 300-bus systems are computed both by intelligent methods and by AC load flow. The results of the intelligent method-based simulations and AC load flow-based simulations are compared in terms of accuracy and computation speed.
Public access to the internet: New approaches from internet cafes and community technology centres and their implications for libraries

L'article rapporte les resultats d'une enquete sur les cafes internet et autres centres communautaires de technologies offrant un acces public aux ordinateurs et a l'internet et jouant ainsi un role social. L'etude porte sur differents types d'organisations, la variete de leurs approches et leurs utilisateurs. Un petit nombre de sites au Royaume-Uni sont decrits en detail. Ces portails technologiques donnent aux non-utilisateurs de l'internet l'opportunite sociale d'y acceder et d'acquerir de nouvelles competences. Les bibliotheques publiques, qui disposent des ressources pour fournir l'acces a l'internet a grande echelle, doivent s'inspirer de ces centres pour se montrer plus innovantes dans leurs approches.
The Expanding Role of Online Video in Teaching, Learning, and Research.

Chapter 1 of Library Technology Reports (vol. 50, no. 2), “Streaming Video Resources for Teaching, Learning, and Research,” will explain who is using online video and why it is important for information professionals to know how to find and use it in library instruction and research education. Recent surveys and research about online video, as well as some literature on the literacies surrounding video, will be covered. The chapter also includes some tips and tricks for viewing online video and best practices for using popular search engines in the search for online video.
The accurate crystal chemistry of ferric smectites from the lateritic nickel ore of Murrin Murrin (Western Australia). II. Spectroscopic (IR and EXAFS) approaches

Abstract Fe-rich smectites from lateritic weathering profiles have previously been studied by XRD, ICP-AES, SEM-EDX and TEM-EDX analyses (Gaudin et al., 2004). These smectites exhibit intermediate chemistries between five end-members: Al-Fe beidellites, Al-Fe montmorillonites and Mg+Ni-saponite. The spectroscopic study by FTIR and XAS of these smectites reveals that: (1) tetrahedral Fe3+ is near or below the detection limit (0.05 cation for 4Si); (2) the large chemical variability is due to substitution of the three major cations (Fe, Al, Mg) within adjacent octahedra; (3) Ni is not concentrated in another clay phase such as Ni-kerolite and is located in the octahedral sheets of smectite; (4) octahedral cations are not randomly distributed but ordered in separated Fe, Al, Mg, Ni clusters; (5) the Mg-Ni saponite end-member actually appears as small trioctahedral clusters of Mg and Ni distributed within the dioctahedral smectite.