Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intimate Violence

Why do pogroms occur in some localities and not in others? This book address that age-old question through an examination of a particularly brutal wave of violence that occurred across hundreds of predominantly Polish and Ukrainian communities in the aftermath of the June, 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union. Exploiting the collapse of state authority, some Poles and Ukrainians viciously attacked their Jewish neighbors. Against explanations that focus on antisemitism or alleged Jewish support for communism, Intimate Violence argues that pogroms were most likely to occur where Jews had sought national equality with Poles and Ukrainians prior to the outbreak of war. In these communities, where Jews challenged Poles’ and Ukrainians’ dreams of national dominance, local non-Jews were more likely to perpetrate violence and less likely to protect their Jewish neighbors. Intimate Violence is a novel social scientific explanation of ethnic violence and the Holocaust that combines statistical analysis of an original data set with archival research and case studies. It cuts through painful debates about relative victimhood that are driven more by metaphysical beliefs in Jewish culpability than empirical evidence of actual perpetrators and victims. In doing so it sheds new light on the roots of mass ethnic violence and the ways in which such gruesome acts might be avoided.
Aspergillus/allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in an Irish cystic fibrosis population: a diagnostically challenging entity.

BACKGROUND Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) can become colonized by aspergillus, which can act as an allergen and cause allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). OBJECTIVE To determine the rate of aspergillus colonization and ABPA in a population of Irish patients with CF. METHODS In 50 consecutive patients with CF who presented with exacerbations, we looked for the presence of aspergillus in their sputum and signs and symptoms of ABPA. RESULTS Fifteen patients (30%) grew aspergillus species in their sputum cultures. Six patients (12%) had ABPA. Matched for age, sex, genotype, and microbiology, there was no significant difference in forced expiratory volume in the first second (percent predicted, FEV(1)%) in subjects with aspergillus-positive sputum compared to those not colonized with aspergillus. Subjects with ABPA experienced sharp short-term deterioration in lung function (mean 6.7% predicted FEV(1)), which returned to baseline following at least 4 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of ABPA was 12%. Aspergillus-positive sputum of itself was not a poor prognostic sign in terms of lung function over the 5-year study course. ABPA produces short-term reversible declines in lung function and responds to treatment. The frequency of aspergillus isolates did not correlate with the occurrence of ABPA. A low threshold for the diagnosis of ABPA should be maintained in any patient with CF who does not improve with antibiotics.
Targeting IκB Kinase β/NF-κB Signaling in Human Prostate Cancer by a Novel IκB Kinase β Inhibitor CmpdA

NF-κB plays an important role in many types of cancer, including prostate cancer, but the role of the upstream kinase of NF-κB, IKKβ, in prostate cancer has neither been fully documented nor are there any effective IKKβ inhibitors used in clinical settings. Here, we have shown that IKKβ activity is mediated by multiple kinases including IKKα in human prostate cancer cell lines that express activated IKKβ. IHC analysis (IHC) of human prostate cancer tissue microarrays (TMA) demonstrates that phosphorylation of IKKα/β within its activation loop gradually increases in low to higher stage tumors as compared with normal tissue. The expression of cell proliferation and survival markers (Ki-67, Survivin) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (Slug, Snail), as well as cancer stem cell (CSC)-related transcription factors (Nanog, Sox2, Oct-4), also increase in parallel among the respective TMA samples analyzed. IKKβ, but not NF-κB, is found to regulate Nanog, which, in turn, modulates the levels of Oct4, Sox2, Snail, and Slug, indicating an essential role of IKKβ in regulating CSCs and EMT. The novel IKKβ inhibitor CmpdA inhibits constitutively activated IKKβ/NF-κB signaling, leading to induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation, migration, and stemness in these cells. CmpdA also significantly inhibits tumor growth in xenografts without causing apparent in vivo toxicity. Furthermore, CmpdA and docetaxel act synergistically to inhibit proliferation of prostate cancer cells. These results indicate that IKKβ plays a pivotal role in prostate cancer, and targeting IKKβ, including in combination with docetaxel, may be a potentially useful strategy for treating advanced prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(7); 1504–14. ©2016 AACR.
The Relation Between Child Versus Parent Report of Chronic Fatigue and Language/Literacy Skills in School-Age Children with Cochlear Implants

Objectives: Preliminary evidence suggests that children with hearing loss experience elevated levels of chronic fatigue compared with children with normal hearing. Chronic fatigue is associated with decreased academic performance in many clinical populations. Children with cochlear implants as a group exhibit deficits in language and literacy skills; however, the relation between chronic fatigue and language and literacy skills for children with cochlear implants is unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore subjective ratings of chronic fatigue by children with cochlear implants and their parents, as well as the relation between chronic fatigue and language and literacy skills in this population. Design: Nineteen children with cochlear implants in grades 3 to 6 and one of their parents separately completed a subjective chronic fatigue scale, on which they rated how much the child experienced physical, sleep/rest, and cognitive fatigue over the past month. In addition, children completed an assessment battery that included measures of speech perception, oral language, word reading, and spelling. Results: Children and parents reported different levels of chronic child physical and sleep/rest fatigue. In both cases, parents reported significantly less fatigue than did children. Children and parents did not report different levels of chronic child cognitive fatigue. Child report of physical fatigue was related to speech perception, language, reading, and spelling. Child report of sleep/rest and cognitive fatigue was related to speech perception and language but not to reading or spelling. Parent report of child fatigue was not related to children’s language and literacy skills. Conclusions: Taken as a whole, results suggested that parents under-estimate the fatigue experienced by children with cochlear implants. Child report of physical fatigue was robustly related to language and literacy skills. Children with cochlear implants are likely more accurate at reporting physical fatigue than cognitive fatigue. Clinical practice should take fatigue into account when developing treatment plans for children with cochlear implants, and research should continue to develop a comprehensive model of fatigue in children with cochlear implants.
Déjà vu : The effect of executives and directors with prior banking crisis experience on bank performance and risk taking around the global financial crisis

Anecdotal and empirical evidence suggest virtually no one anticipated the global financial crisis (GFC). However, bank executives and directors with previous experience leading banks through a crisis may have been better able to anticipate and effectively respond to the GFC. We examine whether bank performance and risk taking are affected by having executives or directors who previously served as bank executives or directors during the banking crises of the 1980’s and early 1990’s. Controlling for executive and director characteristics such as age and general experience, we find banks led by executives and directors with previous bank crisis experience exhibit stronger performance and lower risk taking immediately before and during the GFC. Our results are robust to additional specifications and analysis including using propensity-score matched samples. Collectively, our results suggest these individuals were able to learn from prior crisis experience and at least partially mitigate the negative effects of the GFC.
Increased doses of vaginal progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in twin pregnancies: a randomised controlled double‐blind multicentre trial

Objective Previous trials have shown little benefit for preventing preterm birth in twin pregnancies using 90–200 mg of daily vaginal natural progesterone. Higher doses have not been tested. Our aim was to determine the efficacy and safety of two different daily doses of vaginal natural progesterone (200 and 400 mg), compared with placebo, for preventing preterm birth in unselected twin pregnancies.
Prognostic and predictive significance of ErbB-2 breast tumor levels measured by enzyme immunoassay.

PURPOSE A retrospective analysis to assess the prognostic and predictive clinical value of breast tumor ErbB-2 receptor expression quantified by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), to compare levels measured by EIA with ErbB-2 status determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and to correlate receptor content with levels of phosphorylated (Y1248-P) ErbB-2, a measure of functional tyrosine kinase activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS EIA quantification of ErbB-2 was performed on membrane extracts from 3,208 well-characterized primary breast cancers. Overall, relapse-free, distant disease-free, and local/regional-free patient survival data were available on 1,123 of these tumors. IHC scoring for ErbB-2 status (HercepTest; DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) was performed on adjacent sections of 151 cases, and receptor functionality was measured in 230 tumors by an antibody specific for phosphorylated (Y1248-P) ErbB-2. RESULTS Unlike nonmalignant breast tissues, breast tumors showed increased ErbB-2 levels in a bimodal distribution, with 12% constituting a distinct set of ErbB-2-overexpressing tumors. The intermodal threshold value for ErbB-2 overexpression distinguished tumors with reduced estrogen and progesterone receptor content, high IHC score for ErbB-2, and significantly increased levels of phosphorylated (Y1248-P) ErbB-2 receptor. By multivariate analysis, EIA-determined ErbB-2 overexpression predicted significantly reduced patient survival that was unaffected by tamoxifen or cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil adjuvant therapy. CONCLUSION Determination of ErbB-2 receptor expression by EIA offers a clinically valuable alternative to semiquantitative IHC assessment of breast tumor ErbB-2 overexpression and affords the opportunity to evaluate ErbB-2 phosphorylation, which may represent an important predictive parameter of receptor functionality.
Interaction in the cerebral metabolism of the biogenic amines: Effect of intravenous infusion of l‐tryptophan on the metabolism of dopamine and 5‐hydroxyindoles in brain and cerebrospinal fluid

1 In dogs, an intravenous injection of l‐tryptophan followed by intravenous infusion of l‐tryptophan, although unable to maintain stable concentrations of tryptophan in the plasma or cerebrospinal fluid, produced stable, raised concentrations of 5‐hydroxyindol‐3‐ylacetic acid (5‐HIAA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (c.s.f.). This indicated that it was possible to raise the concentrations of the 5‐hydroxyindoles in brain and to maintain the cerebral metabolism in a new steady state. 2 The regional distribution of the total molal concentration of the 5‐hydroxyindoles in brain after the administration of tryptophan was similar to the distribution found in control animals, thus suggesting the normal rate limiting step of metabolism, the activity of the enzyme tryptophan 5‐hydroxylase, was still the controlling factor. 3 Tryptophan administration caused a greater proportionate increase in the concentration of 5‐HIAA than in that of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) in all regions of brain, perhaps indicating that the ‘storage’ capacity for 5‐HT becomes filled under these conditions. 4 Administration of tryptophan caused a large rise in the concentration of homovanillic acid in c.s. f. demonstrating that there was an interaction between the cerebral metabolism of tryptophan and dopamine.
India's Firewood Crisis Re-Examined

Households in rural India are highly dependent on firewood as their main source of energy, partly because non-biofuels tend to be expensive. The prevailing view is therefore that, when faced with shortages of firewood in the village commons, such households, and especially the women in them, have to spend more and more time searching for firewood and eventually settle for poorer-quality biomass such as twigs, branches and dry leaves. Using data from a random sample of rural households in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, we come to very different conclusions, however. We find that households in villages with degraded forests do not spend longer hours searching for firewood, but instead switch to either using firewood from private trees or to using agricultural waste for fuel. In the long run, moreover, households respond to the firewood shortage by altering the mix of private trees on their land in favor of firewood, as opposed to fruit, trees. We find also that, Joint Forest Management, a government program initiated in the 1990s, is having a positive impact on the firewood economy.
Evidence for periodic variations in the thickness of Saturn's nightside plasma sheet

During certain portions of the Cassini mission to Saturn, Cassini made repeated and periodic crossings of the magnetospheric current sheet that lies near the magnetic equator and extends well down the magnetospheric tail. These repeated crossings are part of the puzzling set of planetary period variations in numerous magnetospheric properties that have been discovered at Saturn. During 2010 these periodic crossings often display asymmetries such that the northbound crossing occurs faster than the southbound crossing or vice versa, while at other times the crossings are more symmetric. The character of the crossings is well organized by the relative phase of the northern versus southern perturbation currents inferred in earlier analyses of the magnetic field observations. Further, the dependence of the character of the crossings on the relative phase is consistent with similar asymmetries predicted both by the dual rotating current systems inferred from magnetic field observations and by global MHD models that incorporate the effects of hypothesized atmospheric vortices. The two models are themselves in generally good agreement on those predictions. In both models the asymmetries are attributable to a periodic thickening and thinning of the magnetospheric current sheet, combined with a periodic vertical flapping of the sheet. The Cassini observations thus provide additional observational support to such current systems as a likely explanation for many of the known magnetospheric planetary period variations.
Welche Risiken und Nebenwirkungen hat Psychotherapie? - Entwicklung des Inventars zur Erfassung Negativer Effekte von Psychotherapie (INEP)

Hintergrund: Negative Effekte von Psychotherapie sind bis heute wenig systematisch untersucht. Diese Studie stellt die Konstruktion eines Selbstbeurteilungsverfahrens zur Erfassung negativer Effekte von Psychotherapie vor. Patienten und Methoden: Ein Itempool zur breiten Erfassung möglicher erlebter negativer Veränderungen durch Psychotherapie in den Bereichen intrapersonelle Veränderungen, Partnerschaft, Freunde und Familie, Arbeitsplatz, therapeutisches Fehlverhalten und Stigmatisierung wurde über Literaturrecherchen und Expertenbefragungen generiert. Items wurden bipolar formuliert, um ein negatives Priming zu verhindern. Zusätzlich wurde die jeweilige Attribution der Veränderung auf die Psychotherapie oder andere externe Ursachen erfragt. Im Zeitraum von November 2010 bis Februar 2011 nahmen 195 ehemalige Psychotherapiepatienten (74,9% weiblich; Alter M = 38,4 Jahre; SD = 11,8) an einer Onlineuntersuchung teil, bei der auch die Rahmenbedingungen der Psychotherapie erfragt wurden. Ergebnisse: Von 195 Befragten gaben 93,8% (n = 183) an, negative Effekte durch ihre Psychotherapie erlebt zu haben. Die höchsten Raten erlebter negativer Effekte ergaben sich in den Bereichen intrapersonelle Veränderungen (15,8%), Stigmatisierung (14,9%) und Partnerschaft (12,0%). Schwerwiegendes therapeutisches Fehlverhalten wie sexuelle Belästigung (2,6%) oder körperliche Gewalt (1%) durch den Therapeuten hatten eine geringe Prävalenz. Anhand von Itemanalysen sowie inhaltlichen Kriterien wurde das Inventar zur Erfassung negativer Effekte von Psychotherapie (INEP) mit 21 Items erstellt (α = 0,86). Diskussion: Ein Großteil der negativen Veränderungen trat innerhalb des therapeutischen Settings auf (z.B. verletzende Aussagen des Therapeuten, Phasen der Niedergeschlagenheit). Zudem wurden mehr negative Effekte genannt, wenn die therapeutische Beziehung als negativ beschrieben wurde. Schlussfolgerung: Negative Effekte von Psychotherapien sind feststellbar und können mittels Patientenbefragungen und einer systematischen Analyse, via INEP erfasst werden. Die Analyse des Instruments in weiteren klinischen Subpopulationen ist notwendig.
THE MODE OF EXCRETION OF CREATINE AND CREATINE METABOLISM IN THYROID DISEASE.

The yellow color yielded by the Jaffe reaction, which is commonly employed for the determination of creatinine and creatine, is not highly specific and is ill-adapted to visual colorimetry. For the measurement of the comparatively gross quantities of creatinine and creatine excreted in the urine, it has proved quite accurate; but the small amounts of creatinine found in normal blood can be measured only with uncertainty. For creatine of serum, it has proved even more unsatisfactory than for creatinine. So slight is the increase in color produced by alkaline picrate after serum filtrates are exposed to acid and heat that the very presence of creatine in normal serum has been doubted (1 to 3). In the plasma of infants and of women who excreted creatine in the urine, Hunter and Campbell (1) and Wilson and Plass (2) detected appreciable increments of chromogenic material after treatment aimed to convert creatine to creatinine. This led them to the tentative conclusion that creatinuria marked the appearance of creatine in the serum of which it was not a normal component. Discouraged by these experiences, subsequent observers have confined their attentions to studies of the excretion of creatine in the urine, in which it appears in measurable quantities and without appreciable amounts of interfering chromogenic substances. Consequently, opinions about the metabolism of this substance, especially in human subjects, are largely based on inference. The recent presentation by Peters (4) of a procedure adapted to the Evelyn-Molloy photoelectric colorimeter has made it possible to measure creatine in serum with reasonable accuracy and therefore to examine the relation of creatinuria to the concentration of creatine in blood serum. The present paper deals with the mode of excretion of creatine by normal adults and the na-
Extracting Energy from a Black Hole through Its Disk

When some magnetic field lines connect a Kerr black hole with a disk rotating around it, energy and angular momentum are transferred between them. If the black hole rotates faster than the disk, ca/GMH > 0.36 for a thin Keplerian disk, then energy and angular momentum are extracted from the black hole and transferred to the disk (MH is the mass and aMH is the angular momentum of the black hole). This way, the energy originating in the black hole may be radiated away by the disk. The total amount of energy that can be extracted from the black hole spun down from ca/GMH = 0.998 to ca/GMH = 0.36 by a thin Keplerian disk is ≈0.15MHc2. This is larger than ≈0.09MHc2, which can be extracted by the Blandford-Znajek mechanism.
LICHEN PLANUS AND THE LIVER

The association of lichen planus (LP) with a chronic liver disease (CLD) that may result in cirrhosis has been reported with increasing frequency over the last decade. The largest work has been conducted by the Italian Group for Epidemiologic Studies in Dermatology (GISED) on 577 newly diagnosed LP patients and 1008 controls. ' It confirmed tbat patients with a history of CLD or of acute viral hepatitis, and those who actually have high levels of transaminases or HBsAg present in their blood have at least double the risk of developing LP than the general population, irrespective of their age, sex, and alcohol consumption. In patients who underwent liver biopsy, sucb risk is more than five-fold higher. This study—while confirming that LP may be significantly accompanied by a CLD with a distinctive tendency to cirrhosis (cryptogenic cirrhosis was diagnosed in 7 LP patients |1.2%] versus 2 controls |0.27|) — failed to assess its real nature. In this article, I shall try to set the state of our knowledge on this topic, which, besides casting new light on the nature of the skin disease, may turn it into an invaluahle clue for prognosing and monitoring the liver disorder.
A Highly Efficient Cipher Processor for Dual-Field Elliptic Curve Cryptography

This brief presents a high-throughput dual-field elliptic-curve-cryptography (ECC) processor that features all ECC functions with the programmable field and curve parameters over both the prime and binary fields. The proposed architecture is parallel and scalable. Using 0.13-mum CMOS technology, the core size of the processor is 1.44 mm2 . The measured results show that our ECC processor can perform one 160-bit point scalar multiplication with coordinate conversion over the prime field in 608 mus at 121 MHz with only 70.0 mW and the binary field in 372 mus at 146 MHz with 82.1 mW. The ECC processor chip outperforms other ECC hardware designs in terms of functionality, scalability, performance, cost effectiveness, and power consumption. In addition, the system analysis shows that our design is very efficient, compared with the software implementation for realistic security applications.
Landscape Ecology of Eastern Spotted Skunks in Habitats Restored for Red‐Cockaded Woodpeckers

Although examples are rare, conflicts between species of conservation concern can result from habitat restoration that modifies habitat to benefit a single taxon. A forest restoration program designed to enhance habitat for endangered red‐cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) may be reducing available habitat for the eastern spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius), a forest‐adapted sympatric species of conservation concern that occurs in the Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas, U.S.A. At small scales, eastern spotted skunks select early successional forest with structural diversity, whereas red‐cockaded woodpeckers prefer mature pine (Pinus spp.) habitat. We surveyed for eastern spotted skunks at 50 managed forest stands, modeled occupancy as a function of landscape‐level habitat factors to examine how features of restoration practices influenced occurrence, and compared known occupied forest stands to those where active red‐cockaded woodpecker nesting clusters were located. The most‐supported occupancy models contained forest stand age (negatively associated) and size (positively associated); suggesting eastern spotted skunks primarily occupy large patches of habitat with dense understory and overhead cover. Red‐cockaded woodpecker nesting clusters were located in smaller and older forest stands. These results suggest that increased overhead cover, which can reduce risk of avian predation, enhances occupancy by small forest carnivores such as eastern spotted skunks. Management activities that increase forest stand rotation length reduce the availability of young dense forest. The practice may enhance the value of habitat for red‐cockaded woodpeckers, but may reduce the occurrence of eastern spotted skunks. Implementing plans that consider critical habitat and extinction risks for multiple species may reduce such conservation conflict.