Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Control , logophorocity , and harmonic modality in Gengbe desire reports

With a special focus on jussive clauses, we present and account for a puzzling interaction between mood choice, embedding verb choice, and antecedent choice for logophoric subjects in attitude reports in Gengbe (a Niger-Congo language closely related to Ewe, spoken in southern Togo and Benin). The account draws on the property theory of control (Chierchia, 1984; Dowty, 1985), the property theory of imperatives (Portner, 2004), and the view that logophors abstract to yield derived properties (Pearson, 2015). Insofar as Gengbe jussive clauses are similar in distribution and function to Romance subjunctive clauses, a primary theoretical contribution of the paper is in showing that Portner’s property analysis of imperatives can be fruitfully extended to subjunctive clauses, thereby achieving a theoretical unification of sentence mood and verbal mood. We also a sketch a variant of the account couched in Kratzer’s (2013) decompositional approach to embedding, whereby jussive clauses in Gengbe desire reports instantiate harmonic modality.
Assessing Factors Influencing Early Sexual Initiation among Adolescents ( 13 to 19 Years ) in Ghana : A Qualitative Study

Background: The high prevalence of teenage pregnancies among in -school adolescent girls in particular, is a major concern for majority of parents, guardians an d duty bearers in every country. The phenomenon of early sexual initiation among adolescents is a major cont ributory factor to these negative social and behavi oural outcomes (teenage pregnancies, substance abuse, sex ually transmitted diseases). In recognition of this behavioural and growth challenge that this study wa s conducted to appreciate factors influencing early sexual initiation among adolescents (13 to 19 years). Methods: A qualitative approach was adopted using In-Depth I nterview technique to unearth the factors influencing adolescents’ acts of early sexual initi ation. In-school adolescent boys and girls as well as out-ofschool adolescent girls were purposively recruited. Overall, twenty-one (21) adolescents took part in the study. Senior High Schools (SHS) as well as Junior High sc hools (JHS) in the study area were randomly selecte d, and from which the study participants were drawn. A set of open-ended questions were designed to guide the interview sessions. Tape recordings as well as note taking were made during the interviews and subsequ ently transcribed. Results: The study revealed several factors that motivate a dolescents to engage in early sexual intercourse. These factors are broadly categorised into intrinsi c and extrinsic factors and specifically included s lf-desire to experience sex (satisfy curiosity), social fitness, and economic challenges, broken homes/poor parenti ng, indecent media content, social/religious ceremonies , and the quest for high academic achievement. Conclusion and Recommendation: This study served as a foundation and reference p oint for policy and program planning and implementation by duty bearers to ensure that comprehensive actions are taken tow ards promoting positive behaviour change among adolescen t . It would further provide the basis for a thorou gh reevaluation of approaches to the planning, designing and implementation of existing strategies and prog rams that seek to address adolescents’ health.
Differences in Autonomy and Nurse-Physician Interaction Among Rural and Small Urban Acute Care Registered Nurses in Canada

Canada, two groups of acute care nurses were compared on the work satisfaction variables of autonomy and nurse-physician interaction based on whether their workplace community population was rural (10,000 or less) or small urban (>10,000 but <100,000). For this analysis, the variable “size of community” served as a proxy indicator for hospital size. Kanter’s (1993) theory on the structure of power in organizations was the basis of the hypotheses. As predicted, the rural RNs (n=811) working in the smaller hospital organizations had significantly higher levels of autonomy [F(1, 1229)= 5.602, p<0.05] and higher levels of nurse-physician interaction [F(1, 1229)=27.78, p<0.001] than the small urban RNs (n=427). The findings suggest that the size of an organization or hospital setting does have an influence on the level of autonomous practice and interaction between nurses and physicians.
Ten-Year Change in the Scientific Literacy of Primary Science Teachers in China: Reflections on Training Programs and Personnel Policies

Using two rounds in 2003 and 2013 of large sample longitudinal surveys of science teachers in primary schools from 21 provinces and autonomous regions of China, results suggest that Chinese teachers’ basic scientific literacy was still low with only a slight increase in the procedural knowledge of science. The evidence also suggests little increase in epistemological knowledge of science among teachers, especially concerning with the classic nature of science. Chinese teachers' non-scientific teaching behavior remained unchanged. This phenomenon associated with the relative ineffectiveness of in-service training teachers' received and with the discriminative personnel policy of recruitment and promotion for primary science teachers. The implicit cultural impact of these findings is also discussed. The full text of the article can be found at 10.18275/fire201603031084
Business Cycles Around the Globe: A Regime-Switching Approach

This paper characterizes business cycle phenomena in a sample of 22 developed and developing economies using a univariate Markov regime switching approach. It examines the efficacy of this approach for detecting business cycle turning points and for identifying distinct economic regimes for each country in question. The paper also provides a comparison of the business cycle turning points implied by this study and those derived in other studies and by other methods. Our findings document the importance of heterogeneity of individual countries’ experiences. We also argue that consideration of a large and diverse group of countries provides an alternative perspective on the co-movement of aggregate economic activity worldwide.
Aggressive and Prosocial Behaviors within Early Adolescent Friendship Cliques: What's Status Got to Do with It?

This study involved an examination of the role of perceived popularity and social dominance in the social behaviors used within early adolescents' (N = 387) friendship cliques. A status hierarchy between cliques within each grade (based on peer-rated perceived popularity) and a status hierarchy between individuals within each clique (based on friend-rated social dominance) were delineated. Results revealed that adolescents' within-clique dominance rank and their clique's collective perceived popularity status were independently related to their social behaviors used within their cliques and their likability by friends and peers. Levels of aggression were highest within perceived popular cliques and perceived unpopular cliques, whereas levels of prosocial behavior and friend/peer likability were lowest in perceived unpopular cliques. Findings also indicated that aggression toward clique members was associated with social dominance within the clique. However, dominant adolescents using both aggressive and prosocial behaviors within their cliques may be afforded the most social rewards.
Common Labels and Market Mechanisms

In this article, the impact of common labels is investigated with both theoretical and empirical approaches. Recent statistics regarding the egg market in France suggest that retailer brands largely adopt common labels. A simple theoretical framework enables us to determine the conditions under which producers and/or retailers with different product qualities decide to post a common label on their products. In particular, a situation of multiple equilibria (one where the label is used by the high-quality seller only and one where it is used by the low-quality seller only) is exhibited when the cost of the label is relatively large. The demand is then estimated for different segments of the French egg market, including producer/retailer brands with/without common labels. The estimates are used to derive expenditure and price elasticities and allow us to calculate welfare measures revealing a relatively large willingness-to-pay for labels.
Nile Red Staining as a Subsidiary Method for Microplastic Quantification: A Comparison of Three Solvents and Factors Influencing Application Reliability

The quantification of microplastics is a challenging task to the scientific community, especially as the existing analytical methods limit sample numbers due to difficulties associated with high expenses and time consuming procedures. Quantifying microplastics by staining with Nile Red can be helpful in distinguishing these particles from other inorganic (e.g. sediment) or organic (e.g. plant material) matter. In the present study, the benefits of acetone, chloroform and nhexane as extraction solvents for Nile Red staining were investigated. For this study, various polymer types, namely highdensity and low-density polyethylene (HDPE, LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (PA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and cellulose acetate (CA), several post-consumer products (freezing bag, bottle cap, plastic bottle, styrofoam, fishing line, food container, pipe and cigarette butt) as well as biogenic material (algae, hard plant material, soft plant material) were used as test materials. Results indicated chloroform to be the most suitable solvent achieving recovery rates of 83.3% for the group of HDPE, LDPE, PP and PVC being the most demanded polymer types in Europe. However, the proposed method does not reach the reliable quantification capabilities of Raman-spectroscopy or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Nevertheless, it can aid the assessment of microplastic abundances. In conclusion, staining with Nile Red does not require expensive equipment and allows the quick evaluation of a large number of samples for the assessment of microplastics.
Radial and Axial Variation of Heartwood Properties and Extractives in Mature Trees of Eucalyptus globulus

Mature 40-year-old trees of Eucalyptus globulus harvested in Portugal were studied to determine the heartwood development and variation of basic density and extractives content at different stem height levels. The heartwood radius decreased regularly from bottom to top in all the trees: for instance 22.2 cm, 13.0 cm, and 10.4 cm, respectively, at the 0%, 35%, and 60% height levels of tree 1. The average sapwood thickness was 2.8 cm at the stem base. The mean basic density fell in a range between 0.607 g cm-3 and 0.782 g cm-3 and was highest in the outer heartwood at all height levels. The total content of extractives varied axially and radially along the stem. It decreased until the 35% height level, and then it remained approximately constant upwards. The extractives content increased radially from the sapwood to the inner heartwood (6.2% to 12.5% at the base). Ethanol-soluble compounds were the major fraction at the base: 4.9%, 8.4%, and 10.9% of dry mass, respectively, for sapwood, outer heartwood, and inner heartwood. The non-polar extractives were obtained by dichloromethane extraction in very low amounts.
Male Gender And Body Image Perception : A Quantitative And Qualitative Survey Of School-Attending Adolescent Males In Benin City , Nigeria

Research evidence indicates that body image dissatisfaction in males has increased in recent years (Choi, Pope Jr, Olivardia, 2002). The nature of this dissatisfaction is not so much a desire for smaller and thinner bodies as is the case with women, but larger and more muscular ones (Choi et al, 2002). In addition, males experience socio-cultural pressures for both leanness and the development of defined musculature early in their development. This is evidenced by trends in commercial advertising which portrays the muscular male body as hallmark of masculinity while also promoting feminism. In a longitudinal study of exposed male and female bodies used in advertisements between 1958 and 1998 in two leading American women's magazines by Pope, Olivardia, Borowiecki & Cohane (2001), the findings revealed that the proportion of undressed women in the advertisements changed a little over the last 40 years, while the proportion of undressed men had increased dramatically especially since the early 1980s. This trend calls for concern as many of today’s media images of muscularity are unattainable for most men. The psychological and socio-cultural impact of this pressure for muscularity has been an upsurge in the number of young males taking to weight-lifting or body-building as the means to this end (Pickett, Lewis & Cash, 2005). The extreme consequences of this pursuit is found among males with muscle dysmorphia (MD), a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) characterized by obsessionality and compulsivity directed toward achieving a lean and muscular physique (Pope, Gruber, Choi, Olivardia, & Phillips, 1997). Individuals develop a pathological preoccupation with their muscularity and engage in problematic behaviors including use of appearance and performance enhancing drugs (APEDs) such as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) (Hildebrandt, Langenbucher, Carr & Sanjuan, 2007). A study of men in Austria found that their ideal bodies were about 28lbs more muscular than their actual bodies. The authors suggested that this discrepancy may be a contributory factor in the apparent rise in eating and body dysmorphic disorders, including MD in men (Pope Jr & Gruber, 2000). Pickett et al. (2005) noted that although relatively little research has examined body image perception in body builders, a few studies suggest that they Abstract: Despite the rise in body image concerns among males, there is a dearth of data on body image perception among them. Consequently, we evaluated subjective self-perception, appearance orientation and overweight preoccupation construct of body image perception among school attending adolescent males, using quantitative and qualitative methods. The participants were senior secondary school (SSS) students aged 14 to 19 years in Benin City, Nigeria. The result showed that majority of those who perceive themselves as too thin were of normal weight. The emphasis for the respondents was on muscular-built and this has implication for the evaluation of male adolescents in developing countries.
Comparison of Antioxidant Potential and Rat intestinal a-Glucosidases inhibitory Activities of Quercetin, Rutin, and Isoquercetin

Summary: Inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidases involved in the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates can decrease the postprandial increase of blood glucose level after a mixed carbohydrate diet. Therefore, the inhibitory activity of quercetin and its glycoside derivatives such as rutin and isoquercetin against rat intestinal α- glucosidases (sucrase, maltase, glucoamylase, and isomaltase) and porcine pancreatic α-amylase were compared in vitro. Among the tested three flavonols, quercetin had the highest maltase, glucoamylase, and isomaltase inhibitory activities. The isomaltase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of the above three flavonols were also compared to a known type 2 diabetes drug (Acarbose), strong α-amylase inhibitor. Compared to acarbose, quercetin and its derivatives showed a significant inhibition of isomaltase but did not show high inhibitory activity against porcine pancreatic α-amylase. Furthermore, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of these flavonols was evaluated. Quercetin had the highest peroxyl radical absorbing activity, followed by rutin and isoquercetin. These results suggest that the selected flavonols which have high ORAC value with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and low α-amylase activity could be physiologically useful for treatment of diabetes, although in vivo experiments are needed. Industrial relevance: The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity in quercetin would be helpful to manage glucose uptake and the glucose-induced increased levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) linked to hyperglycemia. This in vitro study therefore provides the biochemical rationale for the benefit of quercetin- based dietary supplement and enzymatic conversion from rutin or isoquercetin to quercetin for enhancing bioactive food components using high rutin-contained grain such as buckwheat.
A comprehensive radio view of the extremely bright gamma-ray burst 130427A

GRB130427Awasextremelybrightasaresultofoccurringatlowredshiftwhilsttheenergetics were more typical of high-redshift gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We collected well-sampled light curves at 1.4 and 4.8 GHz of GRB 130427A with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT); and we obtained its most accurate position with the European Very Long BaselineInterferometryNetwork(EVN). Ourfluxdensitymeasurementsarecombinedwithall the data available at radio, optical and X-ray frequencies to perform broad-band modelling in the framework of a reverse–forward shock model and a two-component jet model, and we discuss the implications and limitations of both models. The low density inferred from the modelling implies that the GRB 130427A progenitor is either a very low metallicity Wolf– Rayet star, or a rapidly rotating, low-metallicity O star. We also find that the fraction of the energy in electrons is evolving over time, and that the fraction of electrons participating in a relativistic power-law energy distribution is less than 15 per cent. We observed intraday variability during the earliest WSRT observations, and the source sizes inferred from our modelling are consistent with this variability being due to interstellar scintillation effects. Finally, we present and discuss our limits on the linear and circular polarization, which are among the deepest limits of GRB radio polarization to date.
Selective quantum-well intermixing in GaAs-AlGaAs structures using impurity-free vacancy diffusion

Impurity-free vacancy disordering (IFVD) using SiO/sub 2/ and SrF/sub 2/ dielectric caps to induce selective quantum-well (QW) intermixing in the GaAs-AlGaAs system is studied. The intermixing rate of IFVD was found to be higher in n-i-p and intrinsic than in p-i-n structures, which suggests that the diffusion of the Group III vacancy is not supported in p-type material. Single-mode waveguides have been fabricated from both as-grown and bandgap-tuned double-quantum-well (DQW) laser samples. Propagation losses as low as 8.5 dB cm/sup -1/ were measured from the bandgap-tuned waveguides at the lasing wavelength of the undisordered material, i.e., 860 nm. Simulation was also carried out to study the contribution of free-carrier absorption from the cladding layers, and the leakage loss induced by the heavily p-doped GaAs contact layer. It was found that the leakage loss contributed by the GaAs cap layer is significant and increases with wavelength. Based on IFVD, we also demonstrate the fabrication of multiple-wavelength lasers and multichannel wavelength division multiplexers using the one-step "selective intermixing in selected area" technique. This technique enables one to control the degree of intermixing across a wafer. Lasers with bandgaps tuned to five different positions have been fabricated on a single chip. These lasers showed only small changes in transparency current, internal quantum efficiency, or internal propagation loss, which indicates that the quality of the material remains high after being intermixed. Four-channel wavelength demultiplexers based on a waveguide photodetector design have also been fabricated. Photocurrent and spontaneous emission spectra from individual diodes showed that the absorption edge was shifted by different degrees due to the selective degree of QW intermixing. The results obtained also imply that the technique can be used in the fabrication of broad-wavelength emission superluminescent diodes.
Thalassemia Distribution Based on Screening Programs in the Population of the East Malaysian State of Sabah

Objective: The aim of the study is to examine the distribution of thalassemia in the indigenous population of Sabah where thalassemia is most prevalent in Malaysia based on screening programs carried out at the public health centers. Method: A total of 645 blood samples were obtained from all over Sabah for thalassemia screening in the month of May 2013. High performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis were used for analyzing the hemoglobin subtypes. Result: 94% of the total sample came from voluntary screening offered at primary care level and various government-promoted programs while the other 6% were cascade screening. The study included patients from the age of 1 to 73 years old. The majority (97%; 624/645) were indigenous people and 94% of the total sample came from voluntary screening offered at primary care level via various government promoted programs. 82% were female, mostly screened during their antenatal visit. 30% (193/645) of the sample were tested positive for; β-Thalassemia trait (78%; 151/193), HbE trait (10%; 20/193), Homozygous HbE (2%; 4/193) and other haemoglobinopathies (7%; 13/193). The other 3% (5/193) of the abnormal results were inconclusive hence would require further molecular analysis. Among all the indigenous people screened, the Kadazandusuns had the highest occurrence of haemoglobinopathies (35%; 87/250), followed by the Muruts (33%; 15/45), Malays (29%; 19/65), other races (26%; 46/180) and the Bajau people (23%; 19/84). Conclusion: Thalassemia is prevalent in the indigenous population of Sabah and most people are asymptomatic. Government health clinics play a crucial role in promoting greater awareness of the disease via campaigns and screening programs as they are easily accessible and oftentimes are the first point of contact with the community.
A counterexample on global attractivity for Clark's equation

It has been conjectured for Clark’s equation xn+1 = αxn + (1 − α)h(xn−k) that a locally attracting fixed point is also globally attracting whenever h is a unimodal or decreasing map with negative Schwarzian derivative. In this note we present a counterexample to the conjecture when k ≥ 3. Proofs will appear in a forthcoming paper.