Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Are Lives a Substitute for Livelihoods? Terrorism, Security, and U.S. Bilateral Imports

What is the impact of terrorism on trade through higher security at the borders? We set up a theory which shows that the impact goes not only from terrorism to trade; higher trade with a partner might, in turn, increase the probability of terrorism acts and make security measures more costly for total welfare. In order to identify the true impact of terrorism, our theory allows then for a strategy to condition out the latter mechanism. We show in particular how past incidents perpetrated in third countries (anywhere in the world except the origin or targeted country) constitute good exogenous factors for current security measures at the borders. Our tests suggest that terrorist incidents have a small effect on US imports on average, but a much higher effect for those origin countries at the top of the distribution of incidents. In addition, the level of the impact is up to three times higher when the acts result in a relatively high number of victims, the products are sensitive to shipping time, and the size of the partner is small. The paper further shows how terrorism affects the number of business visas delivered by the Unites States, thereby impacting significantly US imports in differentiated products. These results suggest that security to prevent terrorism does matter for trade.
Autonomy and Proximity in Household Heating Practices: the Case of Wood-Burning Stoves

The use of wood-burning stoves as a source of household heating is increasing in Denmark, a development that is leading to considerable levels of particle pollution in residential neighbourhoods. This article reports from a sociological study of wood-burning stove users, the results of which are interpreted in relation to broader discussions regarding social preconditions for integrating environmental considerations into household energy consumption. Wood-burning stove users enjoy a decentralized and also more tangible and visible form of heating supply, one that is not part of wider energy supply systems. Moreover, stove users alter infrastructural conditions in order to pursue personal strategies for domestic heating and comfort, personal strategies that may be rooted in economic considerations or in the desire for homeliness and sensuous pleasure, referring in turn to broader socio-cultural values regarding the ideal home. A de-central and tangible form of heating, with visible environmental impact, does, however, not necessarily lead to integration of environmental concerns into domestic practices for energy consumption.
CAN FEDERAL INTERVENTION BRING LASTING IMPROVEMENT IN LOCAL POLICING

Acknowledgments This study was conducted under a grant from the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS), part of the U.S. Department of Justice. We are indebted to a number of individuals for their assistance in completing this project. In Pittsburgh, we would like to thank Chief of Police Robert W. McNeilly for his insights and interest in the project. The Pittsburgh Police Bureau was immensely helpful in many ways, including allowing us to visit police zones and interview officers over a period of three years. At the Greater Pittsburgh Chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union, we would like to thank Witold Walczak for his assistance and comments. At the Citizen Police Review Board we are thankful for the perspectives and remarks of Elizabeth Pittinger. At the COPS Office, we would like to thank Matthew Scheider and Ellen Scrivner whose knowledge and comments helped shape this report. At Vera, we are grateful for the thoughts and guidance of Chris Stone and Timothy Ross. In addition, Janet Mandelstam and Van Luu's editorial help greatly improved the clarity and quality of the writing. Finally, we extend our sincere gratitude and thanks to all of the community leaders, police officers, and supervisors who helped us to understand the impact of the reforms. Ten years ago, Congress gave the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department new powers to sue state and local governments in federal court to correct a " pattern or practice " of police misconduct. Both the Clinton and Bush administrations have used this new power several times: in Los Angeles, Cincinnati, Detroit, the State of New Jersey, Steubenville, Ohio, and Prince Georges County, Maryland, among other jurisdictions. In Pittsburgh—the first city to enter into a consent decree with the Justice Department— most provisions of the decree were lifted after the Bureau of Police was judged to be in substantial compliance. Pittsburgh, therefore, is the first place we can look to see how the police can satisfy the Justice Department and whether this new kind of federal intervention can make a lasting difference. To answer those questions, Vera researchers have studied the Pittsburgh Police Bureau since 2001. Both before and after the decree for the Bureau was lifted in 2002, the researchers observed police in field and management settings, interviewed key officials and community leaders, conducted focus groups with police officers, surveyed citizens, reviewed the federal monitor's reports, and conducted …
On Persistent Demand Shortages: A Behavioural Approach

type="main"> We incorporate two sets of behavioural assumptions, fairness concerns and insatiable desire for money, into a dynamic optimization model to illuminate how they can generate persistent aggregate demand shortages. We obtain the conditions for persistent unemployment and temporary unemployment. Policy implications differ significantly between the two cases. A monetary expansion raises private consumption under temporary unemployment but not under persistent unemployment. A fiscal expansion may or may not increase short-run private consumption but crowds out long-run consumption under temporary unemployment. Under persistent unemployment, however, a fiscal expansion always increases private consumption. The “paradoxes of toil and flexibility” also appear.
The Ellsberg Paradox and Risk Aversion: An Anticipated Utility Approach

The paper describes a decision process under which it is rational to prefer a lottery with known probabilities to a similar ambiguous lottery where the decision maker does not know the exact values of the probabilities (the "Ellsberg paradox"). This is done by modeling ambiguous lotteries as two-stage lotteries, by assuming the independence axiom without the reduction of compound lotteries axiom, and by using the anticipated utility functional. This paper also gives conditions under which less ambiguity is preferred and presents some comparative statics analysis as well as some inter-personal comparisons. Finally, it proves that within the anticipated utility framework, risk and ambiguity are almost identical. Copyright 1987 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.
The Role of Urban Consolidation Centres in Sustainable Freight Transport

The paper reviews the study and use of urban consolidation centres (UCCs) which are a freight transport initiative intended to reduce goods vehicle traffic, vehicle-related greenhouse gas emissions and local air pollution. An international literature review has identified 114 UCC schemes in 17 countries (12 in the European Union (EU) and 5 outside the EU) that have been the subject of either a feasibility study, trial or a fully operational scheme in the last 40 years. The period from 2006 to 2010 has been the most active 5-year period in terms of UCC study, trial and scheme generation since the first UCC study was carried out in the early 1970s. Five countries account for the majority of all the 114 UCC schemes identified: France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and the UK. The vast majority of UCCs serve either all or part of an urban area. Examples of UCCs serving a single property (such as an airport or shopping centre) and construction sites have also been identified. Key organizational, operational, and financial issues that are critical to the success of UCCs are discussed. The traffic and environmental impacts of UCC trials and fully operational schemes are also reviewed.
Clinical and genetic analysis of patients with cystinuria in the United Kingdom.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cystinuria is a rare inherited renal stone disease. Mutations in the amino acid exchanger System b(0,+), the two subunits of which are encoded by SLC3A1 and SLC7A9, predominantly underlie this disease. The work analyzed the epidemiology of cystinuria and the influence of mutations in these two genes on disease severity in a United Kingdom cohort. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Prevalent patients were studied from 2012 to 2014 in the northeast and southwest of the United Kingdom. Clinical phenotypes were defined, and genetic analysis of SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 combining Sanger sequencing and multiplex ligation probe-dependent amplification was performed. RESULTS In total, 76 patients (42 men and 34 women) were studied. All subjects had proven cystine stones. Median age of presentation (first stone episode) was 24 years old, but 21% of patients presented after 40 years old. Patients had varied clinical courses, with 37% of patients having ≥10 stone episodes; 70% had evidence of CKD, and 9% had reached ESRD as a result of cystinuria and its complications. Patients with cystinuria received a variety of different therapies, with no obvious treatment consensus. Notably, 20% of patients had staghorn calculi, with associated impaired renal function in 80% of these patients. Genetic analysis revealed that biallelic mutations were present in either SLC3A1 (n=27) or SLC7A9 (n=20); 22 patients had only one mutated allele detected (SLC3A1 in five patients and SLC7A9 in 17 patients). In total, 37 different mutant variant alleles were identified, including 12 novel mutations; 22% of mutations were caused by large gene rearrangements. No genotype-phenotype association was detected in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS Patients with cystinuria in the United Kingdom often present atypically with staghorn calculi at ≥40 years old and commonly develop significant renal impairment. There is no association of clinical course with genotype. Treatments directed toward reducing stone burden need to be rationalized and developed to optimize patient care.
Long‐term stability of salivary cortisol

The measurement of salivary cortisol provides a simple, non‐invasive, and stress‐free measure frequently used in studies of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activity. In research projects, samples are often required to be stored for longer periods of time either because of the protocol of the project or because of lack of funding for analysis. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of long‐term storage of samples on the amounts of measurable cortisol. Ten pools of saliva were collected on polyester Salivette® tampons from five subjects. After centrifugation the samples were either stored in small vials or spiked to polyester Salivette tampons before analysis for cortisol using Spectria RIA kits. The effects of storage were evaluated by a linear regression model (mixed procedure) on a logarithmic scale. No effects on cortisol concentrations were found after storage of saliva at 5°C for up to 3 months or at −20°C and −80°C for up to one year. In contrast, concentrations of cortisol were found to decrease by 9.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.8%; 14.3%) per month in samples stored at room temperature. Repeated freezing and thawing of samples up to four times before analysis did not affect the measured concentrations of cortisol. The coefficient of residual variation (CVresid) for samples stored on Salivette tampons were twice the CVresid for samples stored in separate vials after centrifugation. In conclusion, centrifuged saliva samples for analysis of cortisol may be stored at 5°C for up to 3 months or at −20°C or −80°C for at least one year. However, long‐term storage at room temperature cannot be recommended. Repeated cycles of freezing and thawing did not appear to affect the concentrations of cortisol.
Effect of Cerclage on Cesarean Delivery

We sought to estimate if there is an association between cerclage and cesarean delivery. We performed a retrospective cohort study of women with high-risk factors for preterm birth. Those with a cerclage were compared with those without. Outcomes included overall incidence of cesarean delivery and incidence of cesarean delivery secondary to labor arrest. We identified 724 women at high risk for preterm birth; 232 (32%) women had cerclage placement, and 492 (68%) did not. There was no significant difference in the overall incidence of cesarean delivery between the two groups (odds ratio 1.15; 95% confidence interval 0.81 to 1.63). When comparison was limited to women who underwent a cesarean section secondary to labor arrest, the incidence of cesarean delivery between the two groups remained nonsignificant (odds ratio 1.85; 95% confidence interval 0.97 to 3.53). Women with cerclage in the current pregnancy do not have a higher incidence of cesarean delivery secondary to arrest of labor.
The Diffusion of Regulatory Capitalism in Latin America: Sectoral and National Channels in the Making of a New Order

This article analyzes the sweeping restructuring of the state in Latin America and the consequent institutionalization of a new regulatory order. The analysis is grounded in an original database that covers the creation of regulatory agencies and their reform in nineteen countries and twelve sectors over the period from 1979 to 2002. The authors’ data capture both the national and the sectoral patterns of the rise of the new order, and the authors distinguish between (1) national patterns of diffusion, whereby the number of prior regulatory authorities within a country determines the probability of the establishment of new authorities in that country; and (2) sectoral patterns of diffusion, whereby the number of prior regulatory authority in the same sector in other countries determines the probability of the establishment of new regulatory authority in that sector. The results coincide with a growing body of literature that emphasizes the role of contagious diffusion and shed some new light on sectoral and national channels of diffusion.
Technology transactions: networks over markets

There is a widespread belief in the business community that firms can rely on the market for buying and selling technological opportunities. The argument is: with so much technology development going on in the world, 'there must be somebody some- where who has the technology we need. ' According to this belief, acquiring new tech- nology just boils down to finding the sup- plier, possibly with the help of a specialized intermediary. Several large firms have indeed developed ambitious mechanisms for acquiring the needed technological know-how as they proceed to make and market a new product. We contend that this concept of the tech- nology transfer process is erroneous, as it conflicts with actual practice. The very high transaction costs entailed leave consider- able room for opportunistic behavior and are more likely to occur when the parties do not know each other. An effective way to reduce transaction costs, therefore, is to limit technology transfers to the firm's part- ners, i.e. organizations with which the firm has already interacted in the past. Our research provides evidence that successful technology transfers typically take place between suppliers and buyers who had business relationships before considering a technology agreement. In addition, we report findings that companies using inter- mediaries (technological opportunities cata- logues, databases, fairs, etc.) have been disappointed in their attempts to find new technologies from unknown sources. Because of the high risk of opportunistic behavior, it is practically impossible to assess the value of a technology without knowing who sells it. Similarly, the tech- nology transfer capabilities of a company are difficult to appraise without prior knowl- edge through business interaction. To a certain extent, it may be better to buy any technology from a partner that one knows well than to buy a supposedly good tech- nology from a firm with which one has had no experience. To put it bluntly: the identity of the partner may actually matter more than the technology being traded! Consequently, the relevant framework for technology transfer is built on a 'network concept' rather than the 'market concept'. Firms wishing to acquire new technology should turn first to their network of trusted business partners, looking for available technological opportunities instead of trying to buy technology from unrelated organizations.
Science shops as university-society interfaces: an interactive approach in science communication

Science shops provide independent, participatory research support to civil society. They both use traditional science communication techniques to produce usable results, and they are part of an interactive science communication system. They work from the democratic motive for science and technology (S&T) communication, helping to articulate civil society issues, putting citizens’ requests on the research agenda, and supporting citizens in the subsequent use of research results. The process includes more than two one-way flows of ‘questions’ and ‘answers’. As an independent, trusted source, science shops can have a special position as facilitators in risk communication. Science shops benefit research, higher education and civil society simultaneously.
The Entrepreneurial Ladder in Transition and Non-Transition Economies

Abstract This paper compares (former) transition and non-transition economies in Europe and Asia with respect to the opportunities available to achieve entrepreneurial progress. In addition, the differential impacts of three perceived environmental barriers to new venture creation are investigated. Entrepreneurial progress is measured using five levels of incremental entrepreneurial involvement. Data from the 2009 “Flash Eurobarometer Survey on Entrepreneurship, No. 283” by the European Commission, which covers all 27 EU Member States, five other European countries, China, Japan, South Korea, and the U.S., are used. China is found to have a forward position during the early stages of entrepreneurial progress, which contrasts with a lack of early-stage entrepreneurial potential in Japan and South Korea. However, converting nascent activities into a business start-up seems to be the most difficult in China and the U.S. Furthermore, we find that perceived environmental constraints hinder entrepreneurial progress most in (former) European transition countries.
Shoestring Democracy: Gated Condominiums and Market-Rate Cooperatives in New York

ABSTRACT: This article develops the concept of shoestring democracy as a way to characterize the resulting social relations of private governance structures embedded in two types of collective housing schemes found in New York City and the adjoining suburbs: gated condominium communities (gated condominiums) and market-rate cooperative apartment complexes (co-ops). Drawing from ethnographies of gated condominiums and co-ops in New York City and neighboring Nassau County, New York, we compare these two forms of collective home ownership regarding the impact of private governance structures on residents and their sense of representation and participation in ongoing community life. “Shoestring democracy” encompasses a broad range of behaviors utilized to insulate residents from local conflicts and disagreements, and limits rather than promotes political participation. The greatest differences between the co-ops and gated condominiums were found in discussions of safety and security, in that condominium residents have developed an elaborate discourse of the fear of crime and others, especially racialized others, to explain why they moved to their secured communities. Co-op interviewees, on the other hand, generally felt a sense of safety in their buildings, often due to the gatekeeper effect of the co-op board and doormen. In gated communities, covenants, contracts, and deed restrictions (CC&Rs) guarantee that most problems are resolved before they start. While the same can be said for co-ops, interviewees find that these rules and regulations seem to mystify everyday governing practices for the average co-op resident. Moral minimalism and a lack of structural and procedural knowledge may insulate residents from local conflicts and disagreement, but also may discourage civic participation. Exploring the apathy residents expressed about participation and a lack of representation suggests that although the Rochdale principles of cooperation that are the legal and social basis for co-ops may have been important at one time, current practices of private governing boards do more to restrict participatory democratic practices than encourage them. The policy implications are outlined with suggestions of how to make homeowners associations and co-op boards more accountable and encourage greater adherence to the original co-op mandate.
Acute radiation dermatitis and pneumonitis in Japanese breast cancer patients with whole breast hypofractionated radiotherapy compared to conventional radiotherapy.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate acute morbidity, radiation dermatitis and pneumonitis, of Japanese patients treated with whole breast hypofractionated radiotherapy (RT) after breast-conserving surgery (BCS), compared to conventional RT. METHODS Japanese patients who received whole breast RT after BCS between October 2003 and September 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who had selected the conventional or hypofractionated schedule received whole breast irradiation of 50 Gy in 25 fractions plus boost or 40 Gy in 16 fractions plus boost. Radiation dermatitis and symptomatic pneumonitis were graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0. RESULTS Of 443 consecutive patients, 377 (85%) received the conventional schedule and 66 (15%) received the hypofractionated schedule. Of patients treated with the conventional schedule, Grade 0, 1, 2 and 3 radiation dermatitis were observed in 16 (4%), 278 (74%), 77 (20%) and 6 (2%), respectively. Of patients treated with the hypofractionated schedule, Grade 0, 1, 2 and 3 dermatitis were observed in 11 (17%), 49 (74%), 5 (8%) and 1 (1%), respectively. Grade 2-3 dermatitis by the hypofractionated schedule (9%) was observed less frequently than that by the conventional schedule (22%) (chi-square test; P = 0.016). Moreover, of patients treated with the conventional schedule, 4 (1%) had Grade 2 radiation pneumonitis. No patient treated with the hypofractionated schedule had symptomatic pneumonitis. CONCLUSIONS Radiation dermatitis and pneumonitis in Japanese patients treated with the hypofractionated schedule is acceptable. Especially, radiation dermatitis by the hypofractionated schedule is milder than that by the conventional schedule.
Relationships of work–family conflict with business and marriage outcomes in Taiwanese copreneurial women

This study used bidirectional interrole conflict measures to examine the permeability of work and family domains, and to further investigate the relationships of work–family conflict with business and marriage outcomes in copreneurial women. Analytical results from 202 Taiwanese copreneurial women were summarized as follows: (1) family boundaries were more permeable than work domains; (2) work–family conflict is negatively related to perceived business success and marriage satisfaction; and (3) work-to-family conflict predicts marriage satisfaction, whereas family-to-work conflict predicts perceived business success. The results were interpreted and implications were discussed in terms of consulting strategies of work–family management strategies and participative management techniques in family business.