Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Retrieval-induced forgetting of words with negative emotionality

Retrieval of a memory can cause forgetting of other related memories. This phenomenon is known as retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF). Previous studies have shown the results with respect to RIF of negative words were mixed, suggesting that it should be reconsidered. We used a stem-cued recall test to re-examine whether RIF occurs for negative words. A total of 30 undergraduate university students (11 male, 19 female) aged 19–22 years (M = 19.83, SD = 0.75) learned target words with neutral and negative emotionality. They then engaged in retrieval practice for half of the neutral and half of the negative targets by completing a word-fragment recall test. Finally a stem-cued recall test encompassing all studied targets was administered. The results of this test revealed that retrieval practice of neutral words caused forgetting of unpractised neutral words, but retrieval practice of negative words did not induce forgetting of unpractised negative words. We attribute the absence of RIF for negative words to baseline deflation or to integration, which were both generated by the inter-relationships between negative words. Further study is needed to clarify which factor, baseline deflation or integration, mainly influences the lack of RIF of negative words.
The impact of Tsunami on psychological well-being in Thailand

The Tsunami on 26 December, 2004, hit six provinces of Thailand and led to considerable loss of lives and property. The mental health needs of survivors were studied. Using the Diagnostic Screening Test for Depression and Stress for Thais, 807 victims were studied in the first two weeks following the tsunami. GHQ-12 was used on 2981 disaster victims within the first two weeks and sequentially in the third, fourth and fifth weeks. In the first week, 19.7% subjects had depression, which rose to 26% in the second week and then fell to 6.8% in the third week and rose again in the following week. The GHQ-12 revealed that above the cut off point of six, 12% subjects had psychological disorder in the second week followed by 15.7% in the third week, which fell to 10.8% in the fourth week and rose marginally again in the fifth week to 12.4%. The normal human response to loss of life among families and friends may be responsible for early high levels but it appears that within a month this starts to settle down. The reasons for this are many. We conclude that disaster management planning and interventions must take psychological morbidity into account.
Corneal Endothelial Morphology in Eyes Implanted With Anterior Chamber Aqueous Shunts

Purpose: To investigate risk factors for lower corneal endothelial cell density after anterior chamber aqueous shunt implantation. Methods: Forty eyes implanted with aqueous shunts were examined using anterior segment optical coherence tomography to document shunt position and specular microscopy for central corneal endothelial cell density (CCED) and peripheral (in the vicinity of the tube) corneal endothelial cell density (PCED). Other clinical parameters relating to shunt implantation were also recorded and analyzed. Results: Mean CCED and PCED were 1537 ± 681 cells per square millimeter and 1310 ± 586 cells per square millimeter. The median follow-up was 36 months (range: 24-72 months) after shunt implantation. There was a significant association among the time from shunt implantation (β coefficient = −0.325; P = 0.040), the degree of peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) in clock hours (β = −0.439; P = 0.004), and the number of previous operations (β = −0.316; P = 0.047) with CCED, whereas the degree of PAS was the only factor associated with PCED (β = −0.391; P = 0.013) on univariate analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the degree of PAS was the only factor associated with CCED (β = −0.351; P = 0.023). There was no correlation between shunt position parameters and corneal cell density. Conclusions: The association between lower corneal cell density and aqueous shunt implantation appeared to be multifactorial, with the degree of PAS to be the most significant. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography is a promising technique for quantifying tube position in the anterior chamber after aqueous shunt implantation.
Reaction of the Pulp to Calcium Hydroxide

Vital pulp amputation goes back as far as the work of Codman (1851). Later Cutler, Sangster, Hopewell-Smith and Davis pioneered in this work. Among the German workers the vital pulp amputation method has been given much attention in the past 10 years. Neuwirth, Hellner, Feldmann, Munch and Herrmann have investigated this problem recently. Hermann produced a drug of Ca(OH)2 in combination with other salts (Calxyl). Many favorable reports have been published concerning uses of this drug. Other drugs and plain dentin dust have been claimed to have produced similar good results (Feldmann, Hellner and others). The inorganic content of dentin is primarily a hydrated tricalcium phosphate and as such should follow the laws of mass action in relation to the solubility product. The blood is normally saturated or supersaturated with Ca and P04 ions, and hence any increase in Ca or P04 ions would cause a precipitation or laying down of calcium salts. A material which contains either Ca or P04 in a combination which would be easily ionized when brought in contact with the surface of the pulp should react in this manner. This probably is the action of Ca(OH)2. The normal mechanism of deposition of bone salts has been shown to depend to a large extent on an increase of P04 ions due to the liberation of inorganic phosphate from blood or tissue by means of a phosphatase enzyme. As bone phosphatase is known to act best in an alkaline medium and as the solubility product decreases with increased alkalinity the conditions here approach an optimum. Ca(OH)2 has a pH of 12.4. Under these conditions there is a high pH and a large abundance of calcium ions and organic mate-
Assessing the specificity of autobiographical memory in individuals at a trait-based vulnerability to bipolar disorder using a sentence completion task

Overgeneral autobiographical memory recall has been associated with the diagnosis of bipolar disorder, but the role of overgenerality in the vulnerability to bipolar disorder remains under-researched. While a previous study suggested that high-risk individuals for bipolar disorder recall emotionally negative memories in specific detail, this is in contrast to memory recall patterns noted in bipolar samples. The Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) used in previous non-clinical studies has also been criticised for not being sensitive to overgenerality due to its repetition of specificity instructions and practice trials. The traditional AMT format may allow some individuals to override their trait-based tendencies to be overgeneral. The current study used a sentence completion task to assess memory specificity in groups of students at a low and high trait-based vulnerability for bipolar disorder. In contrast to previous research, high-risk individuals recalled fewer specific positive memories and greater numbers of overgeneral negative memories than low-risk individuals. These results support the notion that the vulnerability for bipolar disorder might be associated with similar recall biases as demonstrated in bipolar samples, and that the AMT might not be sufficiently sensitive to detect overgenerality in non-clinical groups. The implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
The subjective experience of retrieval-induced forgetting

The objective was to examine whether the lower accessibility of studied items (Rp−) that follows retrieval practice with studied items from the same category (Rp+; retrieval-induced forgetting) is correctly monitored by our cognitive system. If monitored, lower confidence for Rp− items would be expected which, in turn, would allow the control of the retrieval-induced forgetting through the report option. In Experiment 1 the standard retrieval-practice paradigm with categorised word lists was followed by a recognition test with confidence rating and the option to report or withhold the answer. Accuracy showed retrieval-induced forgetting, but there were no differences in confidence. The report option did not affect retrieval-induced forgetting. The confidence–accuracy dissociation could be due to a correct monitoring of the retrieval-induced forgetting joined with a factor that incorrectly increases confidence for Rp− items. Familiarity with the practised category was proposed as this factor and tested in Experiment 2. Despite presenting the categories more times during the retrieval-practice phase to increase their familiarity, confidence ratings were unaffected. In conclusion, this research suggests that retrieval-induced forgetting was not monitored, giving rise to a confidence–accuracy dissociation.
The use of a wearable camera improves autobiographical memory in patients with Alzheimer's disease

Despite the marked impairment of recent episodic memories in Alzheimer's disease, there have been few attempts to rehabilitate these deficits. We used a novel external memory aid to promote recall of episodic memories in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. SenseCam, a small wearable camera, recorded significant events in the lives of six Alzheimer's disease patients. Every two days for two weeks each patient's memory for an event was assessed, followed by a structured review of the SenseCam images. Longer-term recall was tested one and three months later. A written diary control condition followed the same procedure. Across 40 events the SenseCam review method resulted in significantly more details of an event being recalled over two weeks than the written diary method in five out of the six patients. At three months post event, four out of five patients (one had dropped out) recalled significantly more details of events in the SenseCam condition while the other patient showed no significant difference. Viewing SenseCam images of personally experienced events may significantly improve autobiographical memory in patients with even moderate Alzheimer's disease.
Adapting to test structure: Letting testing teach what to learn

We propose that we encode and store information as a function of the particular ways we have used similar information in the past. More specifically, we contend that the experience of retrieval can serve as a powerful cue to the most effective ways to encode similar information in comparable future learning episodes. To explore these ideas, we did two studies in which all participants went through study–test cycles of single category lists while we manipulated the nature of the recognition tests. The recognition tests either included only same-category lures or only different-category lures. The experience of repeated testing leads participants to avoid conceptual-based strategies but only when conceptual knowledge was poorly diagnostic for recognition (i.e., in the same-category lures condition). In a second study with a similar manipulation, we showed that repeated testing with lures from the same category as study items improved performance in a final recall surprise test compared to conditions in which different-category lures were used. Such a difference is akin to the one obtained when encoding instructions focus on distinctive item features compared to cases in which the focus is on relational processing. We suggest that testing requirements lead to adaptive changes at encoding.
Multifocal breast cancer documented in large‐format histology sections

The prognostic significance of molecular phenotype in breast cancer is well established in the literature. Recent studies have demonstrated that subgross lesion distribution (unifocal, multifocal, and diffuse) and disease extent also carry prognostic significance in this disease. However, the correlation of molecular phenotypes with subgross parameters has not yet been investigated in detail.
Memory impairment among people who are homeless: A systematic review

Cognitive impairment may interfere with an individual's ability to function independently in the community and may increase the risk of becoming and remaining homeless. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature on memory deficits among people who are homeless in order to gain a better understanding of its nature, causes and prevalence. Studies that measured memory functioning as an outcome among a sample of homeless persons were included. Data on sampling, outcome measures, facet of memory explored and prevalence of memory impairment were extracted from all selected research studies. Included studies were evaluated using a critical appraisal process targetted for reviewing prevalance studies. Eleven studies were included in the review. Verbal memory was the most commonly studied facet of memory. Potential contributing factors to memory deficits among persons who are homeless were explored in seven studies. Memory deficits were common among the samples of homeless persons studied. However, there was a great deal of variation in the methodology and quality of the included studies. Conceptualisations of “homelessness” also differed across studies. There is a need for more controlled research using validated neuropsychological tools to evaluate memory impairment among people who are homeless.
A National Survey of School Counselors' Perceptions of Multiracial Students.

A total of 1627 school counselors from all 50 states and the District of Columbia participated in a study designed to investigate their personal perceptions of multiracial individuals. Results indicated that school counselors held a wide variety of perceptions and those with 1 to 5 years of experience were more likely to believe that multiracial students experienced more academic and behavioral problems. Middle school counselors were more likely to believe that multiracial students have a more difficult time adjusting to society. School counselors who were unsure if cultural diversity and awareness programs were promoted in their school were also unsure if the physical appearance of multiracial students impacted how they racially identified themselves. Finally, school counselors in schools with a Very Diverse student body believed that multiracial students would experience fewer problems related to identity development if they lived in a diverse community. They also believed the problems experienced by mu.
Diabetic registers: a practice survey of patients’ attitudes

The Fisher Medical Centre is a fully computerized paperless practice caring for 13,500 patients (255 diabetics) in Skipton, North Yorkshire. The St Vincent Declaration encourages the establishment of national/district diabetic registers to facilitate the provision, monitoring and planning of health-care for people with diabetes. Over the past two years there has been a lively debate between the UK government, the British Medical Association (BMA), the British Diabetic Association (BDA) and people with diabetes over the establishment, control and function of such registers. We decided to ask our practice diabetic patients their views on the use of personal medical information to construct a district/national diabetic register. The results of our survey indicate that diabetic patients wish to give consent for the storage on computer and sharing of their personal health records and are in general only too happy for their records to be shared with other health professionals involved in their care. Our diabetic patients also stated a strong preference for proposed regional diabetic registers to hold only non-identifiable or summary patient information.
Extended-release trospium chloride improves quality of life in overactive bladder.

OBJECTIVES Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is a urinary condition that often exerts detrimental effects on an individual's quality of life (QoL). A once-daily, extended-release (ER) formulation of the quaternary amine trospium chloride has recently been developed for the treatment of OAB. The pooled health-related QoL (HRQoL) data from two multicenter, parallel-group, double-blind Phase III studies with trospium chloride ER 60 mg were analyzed. METHODS Subjects aged>or=18 years with urinary urgency, frequency, and an average of >or=1 urge urinary incontinence episode per day on a 3-day bladder diary were randomized (1:1) to receive once-daily trospium 60 mg ER or placebo for 12 weeks. HRQoL was assessed at baseline and at Week 12 using the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) and the OAB questionnaire (OAB-q). RESULTS Overall, 1165 subjects were randomized (trospium ER, n=578; placebo, n=587). Trospium ER produced significantly greater improvements from baseline than placebo in seven of the nine KHQ domains. At Week 12, the improvement in mean OAB-q HRQoL total score (from approximately 52 at baseline) was significantly greater with trospium ER than with placebo (+25.8 vs. +20.7; P=0.0003). Improvements from baseline were seen with trospium ER on all eight of the OAB-q symptom bother scales. CONCLUSIONS Once-daily trospium 60 mg ER improved the QoL of subjects with OAB, as assessed using the KHQ and the OAB-q, in two large Phase III clinical trials.
Peters Anomaly: Review of the Literature

Purpose: Peters anomaly is a rare dramatic finding at birth and can be associated with other systemic malformations. We performed a literature review of multiple case reports and case series to better define the common characteristics and unusual findings associated with Peters anomaly. Methods: A representative case is discussed followed by a literature review of multiple case reports and case series. The literature search was conducted for the years 1969 to 2009. Cases and case series were included in the review of published English ophthalmic literature. Cases were excluded if no information was reported on ocular and systemic malformations or if no information was reported on surgical interventions or outcomes. In addition, if cases did not report laterality of the lesion, they were excluded from the review. Fifty-eight cases were found that fit the above criteria, and the relevant cases were reviewed to better characterize the systemic malformations, interventions, and outcomes associated with Peters anomaly reported in the literature. Results: Fifty-eight cases of Peters anomaly were reviewed. Of those cases reporting sex, 56% were men and 44% of cases were women. In terms of laterality, 67.2% of cases were bilateral versus 32.8% of cases that were unilateral. Moreover, bilateral cases of Peters anomaly were associated with a higher rate of systemic malformations (71.8%) versus unilateral Peters anomaly (36.8%). This difference was significant (P < 0.03 by Fischer exact test). In the 15 eyes where results of penetrating keratoplasty were reported, the overall success rate was 53%. However, the success rate was significantly higher in patients with Peters anomaly type I (87.5%), as opposed to those patients with Peters anomaly type II (14.2%) (P < 0.02 by Fischer exact test). Discussion: The clinical features, epidemiology, genetics, complications, and treatments of Peters anomaly are presented. Cornea specialists who care for pediatric patients should be aware of the common and uncommon associations with Peters anomaly. Although bilateral Peters anomaly is much more commonly associated with systemic malformations, we believe that all patients with Peters anomaly should be screened for systemic malformations by both pediatricians and geneticists and undergo chromosomal analysis and molecular genetic testing.
Magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor of pathologic response in patients treated with neoadjuvant systemic treatment for operable breast cancer

Increased pathologic complete response (pCR) rates observed with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) for some subsets of patients with invasive breast cancer have prompted interest in whether patients who achieved a pCR can be identified preoperatively and potentially spared the morbidity of surgery. The objective of this multicenter, retrospective study was to estimate the accuracy of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting a pCR in the breast.
Consideration of comorbidity in risk stratification prior to prostate biopsy

Previously, the patient‐reported Total Illness Burden Index for Prostate Cancer (TIBI‐CaP) questionnaire and/or the physician‐reported Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) have provided assessments of competing comorbidity during treatment decisions for patients with prostate cancer. In the current study, the authors used these assessments to determine comorbidity and prognosis before prostate biopsy and the subsequent diagnosis of prostate cancer to identify those patients least likely to benefit from treatment.
Khat (Catha edulis): academic, health and psychosocial efects on “mature” students

The leaves of the plant khat (Catha edulis) are commonly chewed in certain countries of East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Chewing of khat leaves has a deep-rooted religious and sociocultural tradition and has a peculiarity of certain influences on the physical, physiological and psychosocial well-being of those involved in the habit of chewing the leaves. The objective of this study was to investigate psychosocial, academic and health implications and reasons for students’ involvement in khat chewing habit. A cross-sectional survey of students aged 22 years and above was studied; Five hundred and twenty eight subjects participated. They were summer school students of Jimma University, Ethiopia. A self structured questionnaire was used in data collection on the socio-demographic, academic, economic and health effects of khat. Results clearly indicated that males dominated in chewing khat (63.52%); 54.9% of khat chewers were Muslims; 46.3% of the students reported focus and concentration on their studies as the reason for chewing khat. Insomnia was the major health problem indicated by 50% of the students; while 71% of the study participants reported being more sociable following khat chewing. Self acclaimed positive academic achievements were reported by 89% of the participants but there were no reported significant effects on objective academic results. It was concluded that to gain concentration and focus was the main reason for students’ khat chewing habit. However, there was no evidence of subjective academic achievement. Key Words: Khat; Catha edulis; academic achievement; health effects; mature students; socioeconomic factors; religion.