Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TAP: Reducing the Energy of Asymmetric Hybrid Last-Level Cache via Thrashing Aware Placement and Migration

Emerging non-volatile memories (NVMs) have favorable properties, such as low leakage and high density, and have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Among them, spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive random access memory (STT-MRAM) with SRAM-comparable read speed is a good candidate to build large last-level caches (LLCs). However, STT-MRAM suffers from long write latency and high write energy. To mitigate the impact of asymmetric read/write energy and latency, hybrid cache designs have been proposed to combine the merits of STT-MRAM and SRAM. In such a hybrid SRAM/STT-MRAM LLC, intelligent block placement and migration policies are needed to improve the energy efficiency. Prior studies map write-intensive blocks to SRAM and keep read-intensive blocks in STT-MRAM for reducing the energy consumption of hybrid LLCs. The write-intensive/read-intensive blocks are usually captured by sampling the address (PC) of memory access instructions or adding simple access counters in each cache line. Nevertheless, these prior approaches cannot fully capture the energy-harmful access behavior in STT-MRAM, especially the writes caused by repetitive data transfer between the LLC and upper-level caches. In this paper, we find that conflict misses in L2 often generate thrashing blocks which move back and forth between L2 and LLC. If dirty thrashing blocks that incur extensive writes are placed in STT-MRAM, energy consumption would excessively increase, especially when running memory-bound workloads. Thus, we propose a thrashing aware placement and migration policy (TAP) to tackle the challenge. TAP places dirty thrashing blocks into SRAM and migrates clean thrashing blocks from SRAM to STT-MRAM. Evaluation results show that TAP can provide significant energy savings with minimal performance loss.
Rural and non-rural municipalities in the Slovak Republic

ABSTRACT Identifying rural, non-rural or urban areas in Slovakia, Central Europe, is a complex task for extensive transformation of countryside during the last decades. The processes of suburbanization, which started in Slovakia in the 1990s after the change of the political regime, also contributed to this complexity. Therefore, the identification of rural / urban regions is even more difficult. Our research focuses on the application of a multidimensional approach to delimitation of rural and non-rural areas where the aim is to establish a rurality index that presents a more comprehensive definition of the rurality. We used the Factor Analysis of socio-economic data to show rural and non-rural transitional character of municipalities. The resulting data were assigned to spatial polygons of municipalities of the Slovak Republic and visualized as choropleth maps categorizing the spatial units based on the strength of the rurality. In this way, the spatial aspects of rural vs. non-rural character in Slovakia can be perceived and compared with other sources of spatial information.
Which Corporate Social Responsibility Performance Affects the Cost of Equity? Evidence from Korea

This study analyzes the effect of corporate social responsibility activities on the cost of equity in Korea. We find that firms with better corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance generally exhibit cheaper equity financing. Considering three dimensions of CSR separately, we find that a higher “socially responsible management” significantly reduces the cost of equity by 1.13%-1.37% per annum and “Corporate governance” activity also marginally affects the cost of equity, while “environmental management” has no impact. Our result is robust in controlling for systematic risk, size, leverage ratio, and the number of analysts. These results imply that enhancing socially responsible management and corporate governance can increase firm value in Korea, but environmental management is not relevant for firm values. Putting differently, investors tolerate a lower return from firms with more CSR activities, because they expect them to provide sustainable incomes. Future researches can extend our approach to examining the effect on the cost of debt and cost of capital.
Historia del Perú contemporáneo

La historia del Peru de que se da cuenta es este libro es la de los ultimos doscientos anos, comenzando con los sucesos que condujeron a la independencia, y terminando con los avatares del pais en el segundo decenio del siglo veintiuno. El eje organizador de la exposicion son los proyectos de reforma del pais que, aproximadamente, cada medio siglo, modificaron el perfil de la historia peruana y la pusieron en sintonia con los grandes procesos mundiales. Estos proyectos nacieron, por lo general, de una critica a la situacion del momento, haciendo un diagnostico de los males y proponiendo las reformas que los remediasen. No siempre lograron convencer a la gente de la bondad de su alternativa, o no siempre contaron con las circunstancias propicias para su aplicacion, pero cuando lo hicieron, culminaron en un conjunto de logros y fracasos que es este libro hemos procurado delinear con objetividad y cuidado.El libro va dirigido especialmente a los estudiantes de los primeros anos universitarios, pero contiene, asimismo, interpretaciones originales y novedosas para los lectores mas avanzados. Cada capitulo va acompanado de recuerdos estadisticos, ilustraciones y pequenos documentos que amplian detalles de lo expuesto o exponen un argumento distinto al nuestro. Para esta quinta edicion se han introducido importantes actualizaciones, reescribiendose el ultimo capitulo.
A Comparison of Batch, Column and Heap Leaching Efficiencies for the Recovery of Heavy Metals from Artificially Contaminated Simulated Soil

This paper shows the effect of three different leaching processes and 4 different leaching agents on the extraction of five metals of interest from an artificially contaminated simulated soil (SS). For the first time, it is shown that these processes and extractants could be compared directly, as the soil was a constant variable. The interest of this study is that the recovery of metals that are of importance in the circular economy, have been demonstrated from an unusual resource, soil. Metal reserves are constantly decreasing worldwide and alternative resources becoming topical. Urban mining of contaminated land and/or waste sites, therefore, becomes an attractive choice for metal extraction/recovery. This study has shown that metal extraction of up to 50% efficiency could be achieved. Furthermore, EDTA proved to be the best overall extractant when used in batch leaching processes. However, different metals showed preferential recoveries with specific processes and extractants. Therefore the results suggest that the design of a contaminant-specific leaching process performed in a sequential manner could not only leach the metals, but also achieve reasonable separation of the metals.
Prison Riots in Nicaragua: Negotiating Co-Governance Amid Creative Violence and Public Secrecy

In this article, I explore how prison riots, large critical incidents of a collective order, emerge, take place, and alter governance relations in place in the Nicaraguan prison system. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted with prisoners and former prisoners of two Nicaraguan prison facilities, I provide a prisoners’ point of view on the political use of violence in prison, particularly during two large prison riots. While authorities often held that prison conditions combined with the “violent attitudes” of prisoners turned prisons into “powder kegs,” such an interpretation does not allow for an understanding of riots as embedded in prison governance structures and conveniently draws the attention away from underlying issues pertaining to the de facto sharing of power in prison in Nicaragua. I argue that by using what has been termed “creative violence,” prisoners attempt to break through the authorities’ imposed regime of public secrecy and draw attention to these issues, forcing authorities to negotiate. Yet, even if riots then function as a catalyst for changes in co-governance arrangements, they do not appear to be geared at permanently damaging or annihilating the existing arrangements but rather at pressuring the authorities hard enough to make compromises and concessions as to the distribution of power in prison.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Is Associated With a High Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients Leading to Poor Outcomes and a Higher Cost: Results From Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database 2003‐2011

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in hospitalized patients, particularly those with autoimmune disorders. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was analyzed to determine trends in the rate of hospitalization, mortality from VTE, epidemiology, and outcomes in hospitalized patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to assess its impact.
Anxiety in Athletes: Gender and Type of Sport Differences

Abstract The study of anxiety, specifically its relations with sociodemographic variables, has been fruitfull in sport psychology research. This study aimed to investigate athletes’ sport anxiety regarding differences in gender and sport played. An application of structural equation modeling was made, with 601 Portuguese athletes. From them 172 (28.6%) were female and 429 (71.4%) were male. They competed in a variety of individual (e.g., athletics, climbing, orienteering, surfing, swimming, tennis; 42.6%) and team sports (e.g., basketball, handball, rugby, soccer, volleyball; 57.4%). Participants’ age ranged from 12 to 47 years (M = 17.44 years; SD = 4.99). After testing the measurement invariance of the first and second-order models, across gender and type of sport (individual vs. team), latent mean comparisons were investigated and Cohen’s d (1988) statistic was computed to obtain the corresponding effect sizes (Kline, 2016). Significant differences were detected between male and female athletes and between individual and team sports. Female and individual sports athletes presented higher levels of general sports anxiety.The results of this research provided evidence that anxiety is appraised differently by athletes based on their gender and type of sport.
A Finite Element Analysis of the Fatigue Behavior and Risk of Failure of Immediate Provisional Implants

Background: Temporary dental implants are used to support provisional prostheses. The goal of this study was to obtain the stress–number (S–N) curves of cycles of five temporary dental implants employing finite element methods. Additionally, a probabilistic analysis was carried out to obtain the failure probability of each dental implant. Methods: To obtain these curves, first the maximum value of the fracture load was obtained by simulation of a compression test. Subsequently, the fatigue life was simulated by varying each of the loads from the maximum value to a minimum value (10% of the maximum value), and the minimum number of cycles that it should support was calculated. Results: The fatigue limit of titanium in these implants was around 200 MPa with the maximum number of cycles between 64,976 and 256,830. The maximum compression load was between 100 and 80 N. Regarding the probability of failure, all implants were expected to behave similarly. Conclusions: This study of finite elements provided the values of maximum load supported by each of the implants, and the relationship between the stress in the implant and the number of cycles that it could support with a probability of failure. An international standard on how to perform fatigue studies in temporary dental implants was deemed necessary.
Does Bankruptcy Risk Increase Value? Puzzles and Diversification

Stock markets price listed firms, while defaulted firms delist. Due to the lower profits of defaulted firms, the average stock price exceeds firm unconditional expected value. Such price-value wedge originates from a survivorship bias. The wedge is higher for those company types with lower survival probability. This bias thus explains the discount on diversified companies which survive to downturns, while the least profitable among focused companies default. This insight finds support in both the excess survival of US diversified firms compared to focused ones and its co-variation with their discount.
Joint influence of surface erosion and high-latitude ice-sheet extent on Asian dust cycle during the last glacial maximum

Abstract The dust cycle plays an important role in the long-term evolution of the climate and environment. In this paper, an improved climate model including aerosol processes was used to carry out a set of sensitivity experiments and comparative analyses of the effects of high-latitude ice-sheet extent and abnormal dust erosion, as well as Earth’s orbital parameters and atmospheric greenhouse gas content, on dust activities during the last glacial maximum. The comparative analysis found that incorporating the abnormal surface erosion factor alone could increase dust emissions by 2.77-fold and 3.77-fold of the present-day global and Asian dust emissions, respectively. The high-latitude ice-sheet factor caused global dust emissions to increase by 1.25-fold that of the present day. Sensitivity experiments showed that increased surface erosion in Asia during the last glacial maximum made the greatest contribution to the increased dust emissions in Asia, followed by the high-latitude ice-sheet factor, while the contributions of the greenhouse gas content and orbital parameters were relatively weak. Strong dust emissions during the glacial period were therefore not only dependent on the development of the high-latitude ice sheets but were strongly associated with the underlying surface characteristics of local dust source regions.
Does high-frequency immobilisation of sheep post-mortem affect meat quality ?

This study evaluated the impact of a newly developed high frequency immobilisation unit on meat quality traits of lamb carcases. This was achieved by examining pH and temperature profiles, objective meat colour (L*, a*, b*, ratio values 630 nm/580 nm and chroma), shear force, cooking loss and sarcomere length. In total 80 lambs from 3 different consignments were assessed. The animals were killed over two days and of the 40 killed on each kill day, 20 were exposed to the immobiliser and 20 were not. The results showed that the high frequency immobiliser unit had no effect on sarcomere length and pH except when pH was predicted at 25°C. There was also no effect on shear force and cooking loss percentage, but there were some minimal differences for some meat colour traits. These differences were shown in the final GM (rump) measurements only (7 day aged), where cuts from immobilised carcases had a lower L* values and higher a*, b* and chroma values. Overall the results showed that there were minimal effects of the immobilisation treatment which confirms previous anecdotal evidence. The high frequency immobilisation unit has benefits in that it enables abattoir workers to begin processing the carcases safely within approximately 30 seconds of death with no apparent negative effect on meat quality traits. It also means that other electrical inputs can be used to manipulate pH fall, without immobilisation affecting pH.
Floodplain Meadows: Beauty and Utility - A Technical Handbook

Floodplain meadows are beautiful, ancient and fascinating places rich in wildlife and history. Throughout the spring and early summer, they are awash with wildflowers and waving grasses, humming with insects and the birds that depend on them. They provide a vibrant and beautiful spectacle that has now all but disappeared from the UK. Floodplain meadows evolved over many hundreds of years through the need to store the summer grass crop as hay to sustain cattle, sheep and especially horses over the winter months. The system of allowing the vegetation to grow up in the spring, taking a hay crop in midsummer and then grazing the re-growth prevented taller, coarser species from becoming dominant and created the diverse flower-rich sward we see today. Once valued primarily for their key role in commercial agriculture, the few remaining species-rich floodplain meadows are now valued for a wider set of attributes. Floodplain meadows: * generate a sustainable and prized hay crop; * provide an important nectar source for pollinating insects such as bumblebees and hoverflies; * support rare plant communities and are vital sources of seed for the restoration of meadows; * provide flood-storage areas, trap sediment and store carbon, and will be increasingly valued for these functions as the climate changes; and provide a link with the past, a living reminder of the traditional, rural landscapes and the ways of life that created them. A more detailed discussion of the value and history of floodplain meadows is found in Chapter 3. More information on the distribution and conservation of floodplain meadows in the UK can be found in Chapter 4.
Supplementary Material – Scalable Gaussian Process Structured Prediction for Grid Factor Graph Applications

Based on sections 3 and 4 of the main paper, we are in a position to outline the complete algorithm’s complexity. Learning occurs in each weak learner in parallel. For each weak learner t, a onetime setup phase involves computing the kernel matrix from the features, and taking its Cholesky: with |V| subsampled pixels and |Dt| subsampled images, the kernel computation takes O(M), and a Cholesky factorisation takes O(M), where M is |V| × |Dt| + |Y|. Space requirements here are dominated by the storage of the Cholesky matrix. The ESS runtime is dominated by likelihood computations. Each PL computations takes O(|V||Dt||Y|). In practice the number of required MCMC iterations seems adequate when each WL runs for 12 hours. Partial prediction (1c in section 4) is carried out on each weak learner, for each image in sequence. Runtime is dominated by the TRW computation for each image, for each sample Ẽt obtained by ESS. Space requirements are dominated by storing the marginals for each such sample, and by the train-test and test-test kernel matrices: for a weak learner t with |Vtest| pixels in each test image, these matrices contain |V||Vtest| and |Vtest| elements respectively, but they need not be present in memory simultaneously since partial predictions are independent for different images. GPstruct has this in common with other kernel methods that at test time, it needs to evaluate, store and take the Cholesky of these matrices. Aggregate prediction (stage 2 in section 4) is carried out for each image independently and is the fastest stage, consisting of averaging the marginals over weak learners.
Rapid and Simple Detection of Trichosporon asahii by Optimized Colony PCR

Trichosporon asahii is the major pathogen causing invasive trichosporonosis. Conventional methods of its detection are time-consuming or costly and often require complex DNA extraction and purification steps, which hinders rapid clinical diagnosis. In this study, we evaluated colony PCR, which directly uses colonies or trace clinical samples as the template for amplification, for rapid detection of T. asahii infection. Four methods, namely, direct colony, freeze-thaw, glass beads, and enzymolysis, were compared to select the best DNA extraction strategy. We subsequently designed and screened species-specific primers targeting the intergenic spacer 1 (IGS1) of the ribosomal DNA of T. asahii and used them to detect mock infection clinical samples. The species-specific colony PCR based on glass beads proved advantageous, with short procedure time (154.8 ± 0.6 min), good sensitivity (detection limit, 102 CFU/mL), and specificity for T. asahii, indicating that this method can be used for the rapid and simple identification of clinical samples of T. asahii infection.
Assessment of diet quality and its association with nutritional status among fishermen’s children in Terengganu

The aim of this study was to assess diet quality and its association with nutritional status among 7 to 12 years old fishermen’s children in Terengganu. The dietary intake data and nutritional status of 100 fishermen’s children were obtained using twoday 24 hours dietary recall and Body Mass Index. Diet quality of the subjects was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index. 61% of subjects had normal BMI, 22% had a BMI below the normal range, and 17% had their BMI above the normal range. The diet quality of subjects was poor, with mean total HEI score of 50.45±5.27 out of 100 points. The low median scores of the five food groups, particularly for the vegetable (0.83), fruit (0.00) and dairy (0.00) components, indicates the poor compliance of the fishermen’s children with the dietary guidelines. No significant association was found between total HEI score and BMI of the subjects (χ2=0.051, p=0.821). Thus, BMI did not reflect the diet quality of the fishermen’s children in this study. The findings of this study provide additional information on the diet quality and nutritional status of fishermen’s children in Terengganu, on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
Probing the Environmental Toxicity of Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their Components: An In Silico Modeling Approach

Because of the increasing demand of greener solvents, deep eutectic solvents (DES) have just emerged as low-cost alternative solvents for a broad range of applications. However, recent toxicity assay studies showed a non-negligible toxic behavior for these solvents and their components. Alternative in silico-based approaches such as the one proposed here, multitasking-Quantitative Structure Toxicity Relationships (mtk-QSTR), are increasingly used for risk assessment of chemicals to speed up policy decisions. This work reports a mtk-QSTR modeling of 572 DES and their components under multiple experimental conditions. To set up a reliable model from such data, we examined here the use of 0D–2D descriptors along with classification analysis, and the Box–Jenkins approach. This procedure led to a final mtk-QSTR model with high overall accuracy and predictivity (ca. 90%). The model highlights also the crucial role that polarizability, electronegativity, hydrogen-bond donor (HBD), and topological properties play.
Awareness and perception of accounting students towards industrial revolution 4.0

Industrial Revolution (IR) 4.0 is currently at the world’s focus of attention. Initially, the IR 4.0 took placed in manufacturing industry. As time passed by, the implementation of IR 4.0 was spread widely among various types of industry including education. Thus, it is important for students to acquire knowledge on this matter as they will be heavily affected from this day onwards. The purpose of this paper is to examine the awareness on IR 4.0 among accounting students, and the focus is on undergraduate accounting students at Universiti Selangor (UNISEL). The questionnaire, which are categorised into awareness, perception and behaviour category, was distributed, and the data collected were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Findings show that majority of the students are aware and have heard about IR 4.0 but they lack of detail knowledge on the matter. Almost all of them have neutral opinion or unable to form concrete perception regarding various aspects of IR 4.0 and this is evidenced from the result of consistent number of mean for all variables of perception tested in the questionnaire. In terms of behaviour towards IR 4.0, the result shows that most of the students lack of exposure about IR 4.0 but they are keen to know more about it especially during their study period. Finally, recommendations to increase awareness and change the perception about IR 4.0 among students are made.