Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Perspective on the Dependency Core Calculus

This paper presents a simple but equally expressive vari- ant on the terminating fragment of the Dependency Core Calculus (DCC) of Abadi et al. [2]. DCC is a concise and elegant calculus for tracking dependency. The calculus has applications in, among other areas, information flow control, slicing, and binding time analysis. However, in this paper we show that it is possible to replace a core technical device in DCC with an alternative, simpler, formulation. The calculus has a denotational semantics in the same domain as DCC, using which we prove that the two calculi are equivalent. As a proof of concept to show that our calculus provides a simple analysis of dependency we implement it in Haskell, obtaining a simpler implementation compared to previous work [4].
Synergy of rising nitrogen depositions and atmospheric CO2 on land carbon uptake moderately offsets global warming

Increased carbon uptake of land in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and nitrogen deposition could slow down the rate of CO2 increase and facilitate climate change mitigation. Using a coupled model of climate, ocean, and land biogeochemistry, we show that atmospheric nitrogen deposition and atmospheric CO2 have a strong synergistic effect on the carbon uptake of land. Our best estimate of the global land carbon uptake in the 1990s is 1.34 PgC/yr. The synergistic effect could explain 47% of this carbon uptake, which is higher than either the effect of increasing nitrogen deposition (29%) or CO2 fertilization (24%). By 2030, rising carbon uptake on land has a potential to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentration by about 41 ppm out of which 16 ppm reduction would come from the synergetic response of land to the CO2 and nitrogen fertilization effects. The strength of the synergy depends largely on the cooccurrence of high nitrogen deposition regions with nonagricultural ecosystems. Our study suggests that reforestation and sensible ecosystem management in industrialized regions may have larger potential for climate change mitigation than anticipated.
Slow Release of Potash Fertilizer Through Polymer Coating

Slow release of fertilizers is one of the means of minimizing the fertilizer loss. This can be achieved by using different types of coatings, like Plaster of paris, Wax etc. Present study is envisaged to study the dissolution rate of water soluble polymer coated potash prepared in the form of a cylindrical pellet. The polymer used is Polyacrylamide which is also useful in reducing soil erosion. The variables studied are quantity of fertilizer, quantity of water surrounding the pellet, replenishment time. It has been observed that lower the quantity of fertilizer and lower the quantity of water, slower the release is. The strength of the pellet is observed to play a vital role in the studies on replenishment time. Conductivity measurements are carried out for finding out the dissolution of potash into water. For highlighting the effectiveness of coating, the dissolution studies in the absence of polymer coating are also carried out.
Atomistic Simulations of Functional Au144(SR)60 Gold Nanoparticles in Aqueous Environment

Charged monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been studied in aqueous solution by performing atomistic molecular dynamics simulations at physiological temperature (310 K). Particular attention has been paid to electrostatic properties that modulate the formation of a complex comprised of the nanoparticle together with surrounding ions and water. We focus on Au144 nanoparticles that comprise a nearly spherical Au core (diameter ∼2 nm), a passivating Au–S interface, and functionalized alkanethiol chains. Cationic and anionic AuNPs have been modeled with amine and carboxyl terminal groups and Cl–/Na+ counterions, respectively. The radial distribution functions show that the side chains and terminal groups show significant flexibility. The orientation of water is distinct in the first solvation shell, and AuNPs cause a long-range effect in the solvent structure. The radial electrostatic potential displays a minimum for AuNP– at 1.9 nm from the center of the nanoparticle, marking a preferable loc.
Integration policies and immigrants' labor market outcomes in Europe

This article assesses whether two integration policy measures (labor market training and counseling) reach the immigrants who need them and whether these policies improve immigrants’ labor market situations. We first examine the comprehensiveness of integration policies by linking Migration Integration Policy Index scores of immigrants’ labor market mobility with levels of immigrant participation in labor market training and counseling in 15 European countries. We find that provision with labor market training does not entirely correspond to policy intentions, whereas labor market counseling more closely achieves policies’ proclaimed aims. Second, we carry out propensity score matching analysis to estimate the effectiveness of immigrants’ integration policies. We find that labor market training and counseling do not improve immigrants’ employability or job status in three of the four analyzed countries, which lends weak support to the productivity skills argument, emphasizing instead the validity of the signaling and selection perspectives.
A review of the Pan-African evolution of the Arabian Shield

Recent fieldwork and the synthesis and reappraisal of aeromagnetic, geologic, structural, geochemical, and geochronologic data have provided a new perspective on the structural evolution and geologic history of the Arabian Shield. Although Paleoproterozoic rocks are present in the eastern part of the Shield, its geologic evolution was mainly concentrated in the period from 900 to 550 Ma during which the formation, amalgamation, and final Pan-African cratonization of several tectonostratigraphic terranes took place. The terranes are separated by major NW-trending faults and by N-, NW- and NE-oriented suture zones lined by serpentinized ultramafic rocks (ophiolites). Terrane analysis using the lithostratigraphy and geochronology of suture zones, fault zones, overlapping basins, and stitching plutons, has helped to constrain the geologic history of the Arabian Shield. Ophiolites and volcanic-arcs have been dated at between 900 and 680 Ma, with the southern terrane of Asir being older than the Midyan terrane in the north and the Ar Rayn terrane in the east. Final cratonization of the terranes between 680 and 610 Ma induced a network of anastomosing, strike-slip faults consisting of the N-trending Nabitah belt, the major NW-striking left-lateral transpressive faults (early Najd faults), lined by gneiss domes and associated with sedimentary basins, and N- to NE-trending right-lateral transpressive faults. Following the Pan-African cratonization, widespread alkaline granitization was contemporaneous with the deposition of the Jibalah volcanic and sedimentary rocks in transtensional pull-apart basins. Crustal thinning was governed by the Najd fault system of left-lateral transform faults that controlled the formation of the Jibalah basins and was synchronous with the emplacement of major E- to NW-trending dike swarms throughout the Arabian Shield. The extensional episode ended with a marine transgression in which carbonates were deposited in the Jibalah basins. Continuation of the thinning process may explain the subsequent deposition of the marine formations of the lower Paleozoic cover. Our interpretation of the distribution and chronology of orogenic zones does not correspond entirely to those proposed in earlier studies. In particular, the N-trending Nabitah and NW-trending Najd fault zones are shown to be part of the same history of oblique transpressional accretion rather than being two distinct events related to accretion and dispersion of the terranes.
A Large-Scale Analysis of Route Choice Behavior of Taxi Drivers using Floating Car Data in Shanghai

Understanding taxi drivers’ route choice behavior is still a theoretical and empirical challenge. For this end, tradition approaches construct rational choice models and predict deterministically the outcome from a finite set of choices. Although useful, this modeling approach omits a large proportion of elements such as number of left turns, road type, travel distance and travel time that can influence taxi drivers’ choices in real world. Under this context, the case of Shanghai is of particular interest because it is composed of an enormous amount of taxi drivers’ Floating Car Data and includes a large area of traveling activities. In contrast with traditional formal modeling approach, this thesis empirically studies the influence of selected features on the route choice behavior of taxi drivers with a case study in Shanghai. This large-scale analysis uses more than 650 million GPS points and around 3.6 million valid routes from the Floating Car Data. The thesis resolves the questions about whether the shortest routes determine the choice of taxi drivers, and to what extent other potential elements may impact decision making of taxi drivers. Utilizing Floating Car Data in Shanghai, the analysis proceeds first with data pre-processing step which reordered, cleaned and extracted data of interest, as well as using map matching to integrate GPS points to the road network for further analysis. Then an overall pattern of taxi service activities is presented which includes travel areas, frequencies, durations, etc. Thereafter, two types of analyses are conducted. The first type is comparison analysis which compares the real and the shortest routes in terms of both route-based features and segment-based features. The second type is preference analysis that formulates scenarios and compares different features in each scenario once at a time. While real routes to some extent overlap with the shortest routes with an average value of 46%, the results show that other features, especially the road type, road usage frequency, speed limit and observed travel speed, have impacts on the route choices. In the general situation, the best scenario in combination with travel distance and road usage frequency predicts 53.56% of real routes compare to 46.61% in the shortest routes. In long distant trips, the scenario with road type and travel distance predicts 51.79% of real routes compared to 13.25% in the shortest routes. What comes as surprise is the insignificance of number of turns in the results in contrast to previous scholarly findings.
Institutional Sources of Change in the Formal Structure of Organizations: The Diffusion of Civil Service Reform, 1880-1935

The authors are jointly responsible forthe theoretical argumentand analysis. M. Craig Brown suggested the topic of civil service reform. Maureen J. McConaghy, Nancy Brandon Tuma, Glenn R. Carroll, and P. Y Liu provided methodological advice, Sharon Stevens aided early computational work. Both of us are grateful to Phillip Bonacich for his advice throughout the research, and to Marshall W. Meyer, John W. Meyer, William G. Roy, Herman Turk, Richard A. Berk, David McFarland, Oscar Grusky, and Jeffrey Pfeffer fortheir helpful comments on an eariner draft. This paper investigates the diffusion and institutionalization of change in formal organization structure, using data on the adoption of civil service reform by cities. It is shown thatwhen civil service procedures are required bythe state, they diffuse rapidly and directly from the state to each city. When the procedures are not so legitimated, they diffuse gradually and the underlying sources of adoption change overtime. In the lattercase, early adoption of civil service by cities is related to internal organizational requirements, with city characteristics predicting adoption, while late adoption is related to institutional definitions of legitimate structural form, so that city characteristics no longer predict the adoption decision. Overall, the findings provide strong support for the argument that the adoption of a policy or program by an organization is importantly determined by the extent to which the measure is institutionalizedwhether by law or by gradual legitimation.
Sea ice production and water mass modification in the eastern Laptev Sea

A simple polynya flux model driven by standard atmospheric forcing is used to investigate the ice formation that took place during an exceptionally strong and consistent western New Siberian (WNS) polynya event in 2004 in the Laptev Sea. Whether formation rates are high enough to erode the stratification of the water column beneath is examined by adding the brine released during the 2004 polynya event to the average winter density stratification of the water body, preconditioned by summers with a cyclonic atmospheric forcing (comparatively weakly stratified water column). Beforehand, the model performance is tested through a simulation of a well-documented event in April 2008. Neglecting the replenishment of water masses by advection into the polynya area, we find the probability for the occurrence of density-driven convection down to the bottom to be low. Our findings can be explained by the distinct vertical density gradient that characterizes the area of the WNS polynya and the apparent lack of extreme events in the eastern Laptev Sea. The simple approach is expected to be sufficiently rigorous, since the simulated event is exceptionally strong and consistent, the ice production and salt rejection rates are likely to be overestimated, and the amount of salt rejected is distrusted over a comparatively weakly stratified water column. We conclude that the observed erosion of the halocline and formation of vertically mixed water layers during a WNS polynya event is therefore predominantly related to wind- and tidally driven turbulent mixing processes.
Dynamics of disruptive innovations in outperforming global brands: a study in Mexico

This paper aims to determine consumers' internal preference structure for branded and refillable printing cartridges under the perspective of theory of disruptive innovations. In the study region, users may choose to buy a new branded printing cartridge or, once purchased, refill it or have it refilled for further use, displacing the purchase of a new branded cartridge. Drawing on choice-based conjoint techniques and on the basis of 84 sample observations, we assessed the relative importance of price, lifespan, reliability, and quality as critical factors for choosing between branded and refillable printing cartridges. Results of the study show that consumers in market segments, low and high value reliability and quality as main drivers but price is valued higher by high-end consumers and branded printing cartridges' users. Lifespan of the product was found to have a very low contribution to utility. Results are discussed from the perspective of new product development.
Breakthrough Treatment for Mantle Cell Lymphoma

MCL has a dismal prognosis (“the worst lymphoma to have”), with a median OS rate of 3 years only. Prognosis of limited stage disease is almost similar to that of stage lll MCL No curative therapy has been established so far. The US FDA granted breakthrough therapy designations to a bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, acalabrutinib in MCL patients who have previously received at least one line of therapy. Furthermore, the combination of bortezomib and a retinoid compound, fenretinide is synergistically cytotoxic against MCL lines and warrants further evaluation in vivo and in clinical trials. In addition, the combination of anti-Mcl-1 lipidoid nanoparticles with other forms of targeted therapy offers hope for reducing or replacing cytotoxic chemotherapy as standard treatment for MCL that over express Mcl-1. Abbreviations : SOX11: Sry-related high-mobility-group box; MCL: Mantle Cell Lymphoma; NHL: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma; OS: Overall Survival; CLL: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia; SLL: Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma; FL: Follicular Lymphoma; PLL: Prolymphocytic Leukemia; MIPI: MCL International Prognostic Index; FISH: Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization; MRD: Minimal Residual Disease; ASO-qPCR: Allele-Specific Oligonucleotide Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction; ISMCN: In situ mantle cell neoplasia; BM: Bone Marrow; siRNA: Short interfering RNA; ASCT: Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation; PR: Partial Response; R-HyperCVAD: rituximab + cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, dexamethasone alternating with methotrexate and cytarabine; R-CHOP: rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, Vincristine, and prednisone; R-CVP: rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone; R-FC: rituximab, fludarabine, and cyclophosphamide; BR: bendamustine with rituximab, R-DHAP: rituximab, dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin; VcR-CVAD: bortezomib, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone; VR-CAP: bortezomib, rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone. Cite this article: Nahla A M Hamed. Break Through Treatment for Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 1(4)2017. BJSTR.MS.ID.000322. DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2017. 01.000322 Introduction MCL is an aggressive small B-cell lymphoma [1] that is derived from naïve, pre-germinal center cells of primary follicles or mantle regions of secondary follicles [2]. It constitutes nearly 6-8% of all NHL in Europe and North America. The median age at diagnosis is 65 years with a male preponderance of 3 to 1 [3]. These patients are typically Caucasian (about 2:1) [4]. A family history of hematopoietic malignancies has been linked with a 2-fold increased risk of MCL. The risk of MCL is linked with European strains of the Borrelia burgdorferi infection particularly when manifesting as acrodermatitis atrophicans. But, there is still a lack of solid evidence for such association. Body mass index, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake and severe immune suppression have not been implicated as risk factors for MCL [4].
Molecular Replacement in Cancer Therapy: Reversing Cancer Metabolic and Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Fatigue and the Adverse Effects of Cancer Therapy

Introduction: Cancers are associated with excess cellular oxidative stress, and during cancer treatment the addition of drug-induced oxidative stress can limit the effectiveness of therapy and cause a number of side effects, such as fatigue, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, as well as more serious adverse effects, including cardiomyopathy, peripheral neuropathy, hepatotoxicity and pulmonary fibrosis. Method: Review of the pertinent literature on oxidative stress during cancer cytotoxic therapy and the use of Molecular Replacement methods to reduce adverse effects by replacement of damaged cellular molecules. Discussion: Most of the adverse effects of cancer therapy are due to oxidative stress-mediated damage to normal tissues. For example, loss of efficiency in the electron transport chain caused by membrane peroxidation and reduction in coenzyme Q10 can occur during cytotoxic therapy using anthracyclines, alkylating agents, platinum coordination complexes, epipodophyllotoxins and camptothecins. Molecular Replacement and antioxidant administration mitigates the damage to normal tissues and reduces the adverse effects of cancer therapy without loss of therapeutic effect. Summary: The acute and chronic adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy can be reduced by Molecular Replacement. Molecular Replacement of membrane lipids and enzymatic cofactors, such as coenzyme Q10, by administering nutritional supplements with antioxidants can prevent oxidative membrane damage and reductions of cofactors in normal tissues, respectively, restoring mitochondrial and other cellular functions and reducing chemotherapy adverse effects, such as cardiotoxicity, without significantly affecting therapeutic benefit. Recent clinical trials using cancer and non-cancer patients with chronic fatigue have shown the benefit of Molecular Replacement Therapy plus antioxidants in reducing the damage to mitochondrial membranes, restoring mitochondrial electron transport function, reducing fatigue and protecting cellular structures and enzymes from oxidative damage.
Resampling variance estimation in surveys with missing data

We discuss variance estimation by resampling in surveys in which data are missing. We derive a formula for jackknife linearization in the case of calibrated estimation with deterministic regression imputation, and compare the resulting variance estimates with balanced repeated replication with and without grouping, the bootstrap, the block jackknife, and multiple imputation, for simulated data based on the Swiss Household Budget Survey. Jackknife linearisation, the bootstrap, and multiple imputation perform best in terms of relative bias and mean square error. Some key words: Balanced repeated replication; Bootstrap; Calibration; Influence function; Jackknife; Linearization; Missing data; Multiple imputation. ∗Sylvain Sardy is a postdoctoral researcher and Anthony Davison is Professor of Statistics, both at Institute of Mathematics, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Station 8, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, (http://stat.epfl.ch). This work was performed in the context of the European Union project DACSEIS (http://www.dacseis.ch). We thank the other members of the DACSEIS team for their valuable collaboration.
Fish avoidance of research vessels and the efficacy of noise-reduced vessels: a review

Received 25 April 2012; accepted 18 August 2012. It has long been recognized that fish can avoid approaching vessels and that these behaviours can bias fishery surveys. Underwater noise is considered the primary stimulus, and standards for research vessel noise have been established to minimize fish reactions. We review the literature on fish reactions to vessels appearing since these recommendations were made, focusing on acoustic surveys, and compare how fish react to noise-reduced and conventional vessels. Reactions to approaching vessels are variable and difficult to predict. However, the behaviour can bias acoustic abundance measurements, and should be considered when performing acoustic surveys. The few comparisons of acoustic abundance measurements from noise-reduced and conventional vessels are contradictory, but demonstrate that the sound pressure level, on which the noise-reduction criterion is based, is insufficient to explain how fish react to survey vessels. Further research is needed to identify the stimuli fish perceive from approaching vessels and the factors affecting whether fish perceiving these stimuli will react before further recommendations to reduce vessel-avoidance reactions can be made. In the interim, measurement of the biases introduced by fish avoidance reactions during surveys, and timing of surveys when fish are in a less reactive state, may reduce errors introduced by vessel avoidance.