Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Title Origins of an Intrinsic Hippocampal EEG Pattern

Sharp waves (SPWs) are irregular waves that originate in field CA3 and spread throughout the hippocampus when animals are alert but immobile or as a component of the sleep EEG. The work described here used rat hippocampal slices to investigate the factors that initiate SPWs and govern their frequency. Acute transection of the mossy fibers reduced the amplitude but not the frequency of SPWs, suggesting that activity in the dentate gyrus may enhance, but is not essential for, the CA3 waves. However, selective destruction of the granule cells and mossy fibers by in vivo colchicine injections profoundly depressed SPW frequency. Reducing mossy fiber release with an mGluR2 receptor agonist or enhancing it with forskolin respectively depressed or increased the incidence of SPWs. Collectively, these results indicate that SPWs can be triggered by constitutive release from the mossy fibers. The waves were not followed by large after-hyperpolarizing potentials and their frequency was not strongly affected by blockers of various slow potassium channels. Antagonists of GABA-B mediated IPSCs also had little effect on incidence. It appears from these results that the spacing of SPWs is not dictated by slow potentials. However, modeling work suggests that the frequency and variance of large mEPSCs from the mossy boutons can account for the temporal distribution of the waves. Together, these results indicate that constitutive release from the mossy fiber terminal boutons regulates the incidence of SPWs and their contribution to information processing in hippocampus. Citation: Rex CS, Colgin LL, Jia Y, Casale M, Yanagihara TK, et al. (2009) Origins of an Intrinsic Hippocampal EEG Pattern. PLoS ONE 4(11): e7761. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone. 0007761 Editor: Clayton T. Dickson, University of Alberta, Canada Received May 4, 2009; Accepted October 15, 2009; Published November 11, 2009 Copyright: 2009 Rex et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work was supported in part by NS051823 (GL) and NS45260 (CMG) from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. CSR was supported by National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke grant NS045540 and LLC was supported by National Institute on Aging grant AG00096. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: glynch@uci.edu ¤a Current address: Centre for the Biology of Memory, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ¤b Current address: Department of Physiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America ¤c Current address: Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
Generations of Advantage: Multigenerational Correlations in Family Wealth

Abstract:Inequality in family wealth is high, yet we know little about how much and how wealth inequality is maintained across generations. We argue that a long-term perspective reflective of wealth's cumulative nature is crucial to understand the extent and channels of wealth reproduction across generations. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics that span nearly half a century, we show that a one-decile increase in parents' wealth position is associated with an increase of about four percentiles in their offspring's wealth position in adulthood. We show that grandparental wealth is a unique predictor of grandchildren's wealth, above and beyond the role of parental wealth, suggesting that a focus on only parent-child dyads understates the importance of family wealth lineages. Second, considering five channels of wealth transmission—gifts and bequests, education, marriage, homeownership, and business ownership—we find that most of the advantages arising from family wealth begin much earlier in the life course than the common focus on bequests implies, even when we consider the wealth of grandparents. We also document the stark disadvantage of African American households in terms of not only their wealth attainment but also their intergenerational wealth mobility compared to whites.
Monoamines block kainate‐ and carbachol‐induced γ‐oscillations but augment stimulus‐induced γ‐oscillations in rat hippocampus in vitro

Monoamines are implicated in a cognitive processes in a variety of brain regions, including the hippocampal formation, where storage and retrieval of information are facilitated by synchronous network activities. We have investigated the effects of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine on carbachol‐, kainate‐, and stimulus‐induced hippocampal γ‐oscillations employing combined extra‐ and intracellular recordings. Monoamines dose‐dependently and reversibly suppressed kainate‐ and carbachol‐induced γ‐oscillations while increasing the frequency. The effect of serotonin was mimicked by fenfluramine, which releases serotonin from presynaptic terminals. Forskolin also suppressed kainate‐ and carbachol‐induced γ‐oscillations. This effect was mimicked by 8‐Br‐cAMP and isoproterenol, an agonist of noradrenergic β‐receptor suggesting that the monoamines‐mediated suppression of these oscillations could involve intracellular cyclic adenosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (AMP). By contrast, stimulus‐induced γ‐oscillations were dose‐dependently augmented in power and duration after monoamines application. Intracellular recordings from pyramidal cells revealed that monoamines prolonged the stimulus‐induced depolarization and membrane potential oscillations. Stimulus‐induced γ‐oscillations were also suppressed by isoproterenol, the D1 agonist SKF‐38393 forskolin, and 8‐Br‐cAMP. This suggests that the augmentation of stimulus‐induced γ‐oscillations by monoamines involves—at least in part—different classes of cells than in case of carbachol‐ and kainate‐induced γ‐oscillations. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing risk assessment: genetic testing and screening for complex disease

This paper reports on the presentations from the second session of a 2‐day workshop on genetic diversity and science communication, organized by the Institute of Genetics. The four talks in this session (by Sarah Cunningham‐Burley, Gail Geller, Michael Hayden, and Theresa Marteau) focused on the topic of risk assessment in the context of genetic testing, screening and preventive medicine for complex disease. Each talk underscored the urgency and importance of evaluating when and for whom risk assessment may be useful. A recurrent theme was the need to attend closely to the diverse ways that risk is constructed, perceived and communicated in a variety of contexts and the significant implications of this for laypersons as well as experts. Although there was no consensus on when genetic risk assessment ceases (or might begin) to be useful, ensuing dialogue between presenters and participants reflected what is perhaps a new and critical engagement with how risk assessment itself is assessed. In response to this impetus, I use the word RISK as a heuristic to identify, extract and amplify four tendencies that appear to advance understandings of risk assessment towards a more explicitly reflexive, interpretive, and situated form of knowing.
Exquisite specificity and peptide epitope recognition promiscuity, properties shared by antibodies from sharks to humans

This review considers definitions of the specificity of antibodies including the development of recent concepts of recognition polyspecificity and epitope promiscuity. Using sets of homologous and unrelated peptides derived from the sequences of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor chains we offer operational definitions of cross‐reactivity by investigating correlations of either identities in amino acid sequence, or in hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity profiles with degree of binding in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Polyreactivity, or polyspecificity, are terms used to denote binding of a monoclonal antibody or purified antibody preparation to large complex molecules that are structurally unrelated, such as thyroglobulin and DNA. As a first approximation, there is a linear correlation between degree of sequence identity or hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and antigenic cross‐binding. However, catastrophic interchanges of amino acids can occur where changing of one amino acid out of 16 in a synthetic peptide essentially eliminates binding to certain antibodies. An operational definition of epitope promiscuity for peptides is the case where two peptides show little or no identity in amino acid sequence but bind strongly to the same antibody as shown by either direct binding or competitive inhibition. Analysis of antibodies of humans and sharks, the two most divergent species in evolution to express antibodies and the combinatorial immune response, indicates that the capacity for both exquisite specificity and epitope recognition promiscuity are essential conserved features of individual vertebrate antibodies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii: molecular karyotypes of drug-resistant lines.

Abstract Serrano, A. E. , Robinson, B. L. , Peters, W. , and Trujillo-Nevarez, K. 1999. Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii: Molecular karyotypes of drug-resistant lines. Experimental Parasitology 91, 93–96.
Adverse Effects Associated With Proton Pump Inhibitors.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been among the most widely prescribed medications in the United States for decades. This is largely due to 2 very common uses of PPIs: treatment of dyspepsia and prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding among patients p r e s c r i b e d a nt i p l at e l e t therapy, coupled with the belief that PPIs have few adverse effects. However, mounting evidence demonstrates that PPIs are associated with a number of adverse effects and are overprescribed. This issue was highlighted in JAMA Internal Medicine’s launch of the Less Is More series in 2010.1,2 Since then, additional evidence of adverse effects of PPIs has accumulated. In this issue of JAMA Internal Medicine, Lazarus et al3 add chronic kidney disease to the list of possible harms of PPIs. To collate data on the adverse effects of PPIs, we surveyed recent studies focusing on systematic reviews. Most of the evidence supporting the adverse effects of PPIs is observational. Thus, it is possible that PPI users are sicker than nonusers, or that adverse effects are caused by other drugs or conditions associated with PPI use. However, some adverse effects have been documented by multiple highquality observational studies and are likely causal (Table). Herein, we summarize recent data on the adverse effects of PPI use.
Quantal phase factors accompanying adiabatic changes

A quantal system in an eigenstate, slowly transported round a circuit C by varying parameters R in its Hamiltonian Ĥ(R), will acquire a geometrical phase factor exp{iγ(C)} in addition to the familiar dynamical phase factor. An explicit general formula for γ(C) is derived in terms of the spectrum and eigenstates of Ĥ(R) over a surface spanning C. If C lies near a degeneracy of Ĥ, γ(C) takes a simple form which includes as a special case the sign change of eigenfunctions of real symmetric matrices round a degeneracy. As an illustration γ(C) is calculated for spinning particles in slowly-changing magnetic fields; although the sign reversal of spinors on rotation is a special case, the effect is predicted to occur for bosons as well as fermions, and a method for observing it is proposed. It is shown that the Aharonov-Bohm effect can be interpreted as a geometrical phase factor.
Strategies Developed for the Treatment of Alzheimer ’ s Disease . Reversible and Pseudo-Irreversible Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase : Structure-Activity Relationships and Drug Design

Although several research strategies have been developed in the last decades, the current therapeutic options for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease are limited to three acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: galantamine, donepezil and rivastigmine. However, they have only offered a modest improvement in memory and cognitive function. Moreover, these drugs show side effects, and relatively low bioavailability among other problems. These features limit their use in medicine and they lead to a great demand for discovering new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. In addition to its important role in cholinergic neurotransmission, acetylcholinesterase also participates in other functions related to neuronal development, differentiation, adhesion and amyloid-β processing. Acetylcholinesterase accelerates amyloid-β aggregation and this effect is sensitive to peripheral anionic site blockers. Both features have lead to the development of dual inhibitors of both catalytic active and peripheral anionic sites. These compounds are promising disease-modifying Alzheimer’s disease drug candidates. On the other hand, due to the pathological complexity of Alzheimer’s disease, multifunctional molecules with two or more complementary biological activities may represent an important advance for the treatment of this disease. All these features are described in detail in the present chapter.
The symptom cluster of fatigue, pain, anxiety, and depression and the effect on the quality of life of women receiving treatment for breast cancer: a multicenter study.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To examine the symptom cluster of fatigue, pain, anxiety, and depression and its effect on the quality of life (QOL) of women receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy for breast cancer. DESIGN Descriptive. SETTING Oncology outpatient sections of four public hospitals in Hong Kong. SAMPLE 215 ethnic Chinese women who were midway through treatment for breast cancer. METHODS Chinese versions of the Brief Fatigue Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Brief Pain Inventory, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy for Breast Cancer, and Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey were used. Spearman rho correlation and structural equation modeling were used to examine the relationships among the study variables. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Breast cancer, fatigue, pain, anxiety, depression, and QOL. FINDINGS Most participants reported mild-to-moderate levels of fatigue and pain. Twenty-one percent and 36% of patients might have had an anxiety or depression disorder, respectively. Significant correlations among the four symptoms supported the existence of the symptom cluster. The participants receiving chemotherapy had inadequate social support, experienced higher levels of symptoms, and were more likely to have a poorer QOL. CONCLUSIONS The findings supported the existence of the symptom cluster that had detrimental effects on QOL. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING This study shed light on a contemporary approach of grouping several related symptoms together. The findings enhance nurses' clinical sensitivity when identifying patients in high-risk groups and provide useful information for designing and prioritizing symptom-management strategies to meet patients' needs.
Distributed computing strategy for structural health monitoring

Monitoring of complex structures to provide real‐time safety and reliability information regarding the structure poses significant technical challenges. To detect damage in large civil infrastructure systems, densely distributed sensors are expected to be required. Use of traditional wired sensors is challenging for such applications because of the cost and difficulty in deploying and maintaining a large wiring plant. Using wireless sensor network is also difficult because large amounts of measured data need to be transferred to a central station. The bandwidth and power requirement to transfer these data may easily exceed the limit of the wireless sensor. Recently rapid advances in smart sensor technologies have made damage detection using a dense array of sensors feasible. The essential feature of a smart sensor is the on‐board microprocessor, which allows smart sensors to make decisions, perform computation, save data locally, etc. By conducting a portion of the computation at the sensor level, only limited information needs to be transferred back to a central station. However, damage detection algorithms which can take advantage of the distributed computing environment offered by smart sensors are currently limited.
Factors Associated With Work Ability in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Cervical Radiculopathy

Study Design. Cross-sectional study. Objective. To investigate the factors associated with work ability in patients undergoing surgery for cervical radiculopathy. Summary of Background Data. Surgery is a common treatment of cervical radiculopathy in people of working age. However, few studies have investigated the impact on the work ability of these patients. Methods. Patients undergoing surgery for cervical radiculopathy (n = 201) were recruited from spine centers in Sweden to complete a battery of questionnaires and physical measures the day before surgery. The associations between various individual, psychological, and work-related factors and self-reported work ability were investigated by Spearman rank correlation coefficient, multivariate linear regression, and forward stepwise regression analyses. Factors that were significant (P < 0.05) in each statistical analysis were entered into the successive analysis to reveal the factors most related to work ability. Work ability was assessed using the Work Ability Index. Results. The mean Work Ability Index score was 28 (SD, 9.0). The forward stepwise regression analysis revealed 6 factors significantly associated with work ability, which explained 62% of the variance in the Work Ability Index. Factors highly correlated with greater work ability included greater self-efficacy in performing self-cares, lower physical load on the neck at work, greater self-reported chance of being able to work in 6 months' time, greater use of active coping strategies, lower frequency of hand weakness, and higher health-related quality of life. Conclusion. Psychological, work-related and individual factors were significantly associated with work ability in patients undergoing surgery for cervical radiculopathy. High self-efficacy was most associated with greater work ability. Consideration of these factors by surgeons preoperatively may provide optimal return to work outcomes after surgery. Level of Evidence: 3
MALTING TIME OF BREWING BARLEY GRAIN AS A FACTOR MODIFYING THE QUALITY OF PILSNER TYPE MALT

The research was aimed at determining the effect of malting time of grain of selected varieties of brewing barley cultivated in Poland on the quality of Pilsner type malts, with consideration given to their extractivity and natural losses. The experimental material was barley grain of the following varieties: Class, Blask, Riviera, Lailla, Hanka, Sebastian, Bolina, Philadelphia, Tolar, and Stratus. Grain fractions of >2.5 mm were used to produce 4, 5 and 6-day Pilsner type malts under laboratory conditions. The grain, malt and the resultant worts were evaluated and determined for the malting usability acc. to Molina-Cano. Analyses demonstrated that the 4, 5 and 6-day malting of barley grain enabled obtaining malts with functional parameters corresponding to standard values. Elongation of the malting time from 4 to 6 days does not elicit any significant changes in the extractivity of malt, nor in the malting usability of grain, however it increases natural losses of the malted matter.
Word of mouth in social learning: The effects of word of mouth advice in the smartphone market

Objectives The objective of this thesis is to examine word of mouth advice and its relationship with product sales and market shares in the context of the smartphone market. The thesis aims to determine the key properties of valuable word of mouth advice from a consumer’s perspective and seeks to identify the effects of sources and transmission methods on the valuation of word of mouth advice. Furthermore, the thesis aims to clarify the market wide effects of positive word of mouth on product market shares through empirical analysis of the effects of word of mouth advice on operation system market shares in the smartphone market. Framework, data and methods The methodology of the thesis is based on building a framework for empirical analysis by reviewing relevant literature on social learning and word of mouth advice and subsequently examining the individual level effects, as well as the market wide effects, of word of mouth advice though empirical analysis of smartphone market related data. The data utilized for the empirical analysis section of the thesis consists of two datasets including survey questionnaire responses and sales figures of smartphone handsets in various markets. The empirical methods utilized in analyzing the datasets include the Heckman selection model as well as the ordinary least squares method, the fixed effects estimation method and the random effects estimation method. Findings The main findings of this thesis are that, in terms of the determinants of valuable advice, the effectiveness of word of mouth is highly correlated with the strength of the social tie between the advice giver and the receiver of the advice. A closer social tie implies a higher rating for the advice received. Other factors contributing positively towards a high probability of a high valuation for advice are active search for advice and the receiver’s familiarity with the subject of advice. Also, a variety of socio-economic factors such as gender and the place of residence of the respondent were found to result in in a higher probability for favorable ratings for advice. In addition to this, in terms of the market wide effects of positive word of mouth, the thesis finds strong correlation between high shares positive word of mouth and high market shares for smartphone operation systems. The findings however experience large variations across markets and more research will be required to completely uncover the nature of the relationship between word of mouth and product sales. While the type of herd behavior implied by social learning theories certainly seems possible as a real world market outcome, more research in the field is needed to determine the actual strength of the phenomenon and the factors contributing to its origins.
Canine and Feline Thelaziosis Caused by Thelazia Callipaeda in Serbia

Abstract Thelazia callipaeda is a parasitic nematode causing ocular infections in different mammalian species and humans, clinically manifested as lacrimation, conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal opacity or corneal ulcer. In this paper, we reported six cases of autochthonous canine and feline thelaziosis on different localities in Serbia. Total of 285 parasites (85 males and 200 females) were collected from the eyes of infected animals (n=6) suffering from uni- or bilateral conjunctivitis, with the number of parasites ranging from 7 to 150 per animal. All parasites were morphologically identified as T. callipaeda, while molecular analyses of cytochrome oxidase 1 (cox1) gene revealed the presence of h1 haplotype, as the unique previously reported in other studies in Europe. Since T. callipaeda is a newly detected parasite in Serbia with the infective potential for humans, there is a necessity for animal owners education and cooperation among professional services in order to control this zoonosis.