Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The critical binary star separation for a planetary system origin of white dwarf pollution

The atmospheres of between one quarter and one half of observed single white dwarfs in the Milky Way contain heavy element pollution from planetary debris. The pollution observed in white dwarfs in binary star systems is, however, less clear, because companion star winds can generate a stream of matter which is accreted by the white dwarf. Here, we (i) discuss the necessity or lack thereof of a major planet in order to pollute a white dwarf with orbiting minor planets in both single and binary systems, and (ii) determine the critical binary separation beyond which the accretion source is from a planetary system. We hence obtain user-friendly functions relating this distance to the masses and radii of both stars, the companion wind, and the accretion rate on to the white dwarf, for a wide variety of published accretion prescriptions. We find that for the majority of white dwarfs in known binaries, if pollution is detected, then that pollution should originate from planetary material.
The Black Cutworm as a Potential Human Food

Problem statement: The black cutworms (Agrotis ipsilon) were grown in an artificial medium to evaluate their potential as a human food. Approach: The culture was started from moths and the life cycle and culture structure were evaluated. There was an initial adjustment period of 3 days during which the growth of the larvae was very slow. The size of the larvae increased reaching maximum weight and length after 23 days and then declined as the larvae entered the pupation stage. For an efficient production system, the larvae should be harvested after 21 days. The moisture content of the medium may present an important management problem for commercial production. Results: A system in which the eggs are separated from the adults and hatched in separate cages would alleviate the danger of losing the new larvae due to fungal disease. The high moisture content of the larvae (60%) could also cause handling and storage problems. Drying and grinding the larvae would reduce them to easily manageable forms and would improve their marketability as novel food. The moisture, ash, carbohydrate, protein and fat contents were, 13.4, 12.1, 7.5, 53.1 and 13.9% (dry basis), respectively. The larval time index (time to produced one gram) was 3.20 d g-1 weight. Considering the fact that a female moth produces 1200 eggs, the population time index is 3.90 min g-1 weight. Because the larvae seem to be a promising source of protein for human consumption, further research is required to evaluate their growth characteristics on low substrates. Conclusion: The research should also evaluate the quality of larval protein (amino acid profile) and other nutritional values such as vitamins and minerals. The effects of environmental parameters, such as temperature, relative humidity and CO2 and heat production on food consumption and protein yield, should also be investigated. This information will aid in the design of an optimal production system of insect protein.
Direct versus Indirect Explicit Methods of Enhancing EFL Students’ English Grammatical Competence: A Concept Checking-based Consciousness-raising Tasks Model

Two approaches to grammar instruction are often discussed in the ESL literature: direct explicit grammar instruction (DEGI) (deduction) and indirect explicit grammar instruction (IEGI) (induction). This study aims to explore the effects of indirect explicit grammar instruction on EFL learners’ mastery of English tenses. Ninety-four eleventh-graders were conveniently selected and randomly assigned into either the experimental group (EG) or the control group (CG). A pre-post tests design was used to collect the data. Before and after the treatment, the following tests were administered: rule analysis, grammar, and speaking. A delayed written test was given to both groups to assess students’ retention of structure acquired; in addition, a questionnaire was provided to the EG to investigate their perception on the treatment. The results indicated that the EG significantly outperformed the CG in the analysis of grammar rules and the oral proficiency, except for the use of grammar structures in a pre-defined context. Convincingly, there was a positive correlation between the grammar rules and their subsequent use. This validates the cause and effect of grammar rules’ acquisition and the use of them in receptive and productive stages. Also, the EG had favorable attitudes towards the instruction. This study may provide practical implications and techniques for improving EFL students’ grammar performance in high schools in Vietnam.
A BIFURCATION PROBLEM FOR THE BIHARMONIC OPERATOR

We investigate the number of the solutions for the biharmonic boundary value problem with a variable coefficient non-linear term. We get a theorem which shows the existence of m weak solutions for the biharmonic problem with variable coefficient. We obtain this result by using the critical point theory induced from the invariant function and invariant linear subspace.
The Surface Chemistry of Imogolite

Imogolite is a tubular aluminosilicate which is common in Andosols and Spodosols. The high pH at point-of-zero charge at the outer parts of the tube and the anomalously high chloride adsorption of imogolite suggested that there may be structural charge associated with this mineral. The structural charge may arise because of changes in bond valence imposed by the incorporation of orthosilicate anions in a gibbsite-type sheet. By using a Basic Stem Model approach, it is shown that the surface charge properties of imogolite are explained if the mean Al-O bond valence of the outer -Al2OH groups is higher than the inner -Al2OHSiO3 groups. Hence, a weak positive charge is developed on the outer tube walls whereas a negative charge develops in the tubular pores. The best model fits were obtained where either one or two units of structural charge per unit cell of tube were assumed. The model may also explain why imogolite tubes are normally aggregated in large bundles in close hexagonal packing, because bound counterions may hold the tubes together. However, to arrive at good model descriptions, the deprotonation of -Al2OH groups must occur at a higher pH than that expected when assuming that all surface oxygens form two hydrogen bridges with H2O. A more precise structure of imogolite is required to test fully this hypothesis.
Formal Welfarism and Intergenerational Equity

The formulation of the problem of justice among generations as the problem of finding an ordering of infinite utility streams is examined within the "social welfare functional" approach to social choice. This formulation usually presumes a double reduction, not only the classical "welfarist" reduction, according to which "utility" provides all the information required to construct a social evaluation rule, but also the aggregation of the individual utility levels at each generation into a single utility level. We shall argue that this second type of reduction obliterates the relationship between the values judgments made in the social evaluation ofthe welfare of the presently living generation with that of future generations and does not emphasize the capacity for many social evaluation criteria (including pure utilitarianism and Leximin) to "proliferate" from the present generation to any larger set of generations. Our results concerning the orderings generated by such proliferating rules are compared to characterisations already given in the literature.
Youth’s Conceptualization of Peace, Violence, and Bullying and the Strategies They Employ to Address the Violence and Bullying in their Lives

viii Chapter 1: Introduction to the study . 1 Description of Research Problem . 1 Justification and Rationale . 2 Boys and Girls Club . 2 Reading Peace Pal Mentorship Program . 4 Reading Peace Pals Complementary Studies . 10 Overview of Theoretical Framework . 14 Purpose Statement, Research Problem, and Questions . 20 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 23 Peace Education History, Purpose, and Definition . 23 Youth Violence and Bullying . 26 Mentorship . 29 Violence Prevention Education . 30 Evaluation of Peace Education Programs . 32 Art and Conflict Resolution . 36 Utilization of Art with Youth . 38 Narratives and Conflict Resolution . 41 The Utilization of Narratives with Youth . 42 Youth Conceptualization of Peace . 43
Toward an Integrated View of Ionospheric Plasma Instabilities: 3. Explicit Growth Rate and Oscillation Frequency for Arbitrary Altitude

General analytic expressions are derived for the growth rate γ and oscillation frequency in the ion frame ωr′ of unstable plasma waves generated by ionospheric plasma instabilities including the Farley‐Buneman instability (FBI) and the gradient‐drift instability (GDI). The explicit expressions are developed for arbitrary altitude and scales in the local approximation. Limits of applicability are carefully considered focusing on the dependence on the electron density gradients G=∇n/n and wavelengths λ. It is shown that the key parameter that controls the applicability is the growth rate γ normalized to the ion collision frequency νi, with the developed expressions being valid for slow growths γ/νi<0.1. It is also shown that the commonly used assumption about the equivalency of the wave phase velocity Vph and the plasma drift velocity Vd fails in the F region at gradients as weak as G=10−5m−1. The developed analytic expressions for arbitrary altitude/scale offer a straightforward way of reconciling various altitude‐ and scale‐specific cases (e.g., FBI/GDI modes in the E region), with the often‐neglected ion inertia shown to play a critical role in the reconciliation. The new ion inertia effect is found to be represented by the quantity νi2+ωr′2−1 in the growth rate expression. The effect is found to reduce the standard FBI factor and amplify the GDI factor, and, due to the inverse relationship with the ion inertia, the effect becomes progressively stronger at larger altitudes and/or wavelengths.
Doubling the farm income through the promoting of pigeonpea based intercropping system: A review

In order to ensure self-sufficiency, the current pulses requirement in the country is estimated at 22.5 MT. Keeping in view the trends in population growth rate and that several other options besides pulses are now available for meeting protein requirements of the people due to change in food habits of masses, the pulse requirement in the country is projected at 32 MT by the year 2030 and 39 million tonnes by the year 2050. This necessitates an annual growth rate of 2.2% requiring a phenomenal shift in research, technology generation, its dissemination, and commercialization along with capacity building in frontier areas of research. In every five year interval productivity will have to be enhanced by an average of about 80 kg/ha over the previous one to achieve a final productivity rate of 950 kg/ha by the end of 2025 and 1335 kg/ha by the end of 2050. The above-stated projections have been made assuming that practically it will be feasible to increase about 4 million ha additional area under pulses. The current per capita availability is estimated at 41.6 g/capita/day which was quite low (31.8 g) in 2000. Cultivation of pulses on poor soils under rainfed conditions with minimum inputs and care subject these crops to severe yield losses not only due to edaphic, abiotic and socio-economic factors but also due to confounding effects of various biotic stresses. High influence of environmental factors and their interactions with genotype are the major production constraint in pulses which lead to a limited gain in terms of productivity in most of the pulses. Therefore, for increasing of production of pulses, intercropping systems found to more beneficial in comparison to sole cropping systems in respect to profitability and soil fertility.
Validation of a Convolution Integral for Conductivity Imaging

Magnetic induction tomography has been under consideration for imaging electrical conductivity distributions within the human body. Multi-coil systems are most commonly employed for this task, requiring a numerical solution of Maxwell’s equations at each position of the coil array. An alternative uses a single coil placed near the conductive target while measuring coil self-impedance changes at a number of unique locations. Recently, a closed-form solution of Maxwell’s equations, in the form of a 3D convolution integral, was found for a single coil consisting of concentric circular loops that relates impedance change (loss) to an arbitrary conductivity. Its development required spatially uniform permittivity and permeability, yet showed quantitative agreement with experiment. Here, we provide a much more rigorous test of the convolution integral in experiments that allow large permittivity changes across coil dimensions. Loss is measured while the coil is placed at known positions relative to plastic columns of variable diameter which are filled with salt solutions of varying conductivity. In all cases, coil loss varies linearly with conductivity and with zero intercept. Quantitative agreement is observed only when column diameter is greater than or equal to coil diameter. Because of linearity, the convolution integral is useful for image reconstruction, though contrast could be either reduced or enhanced in those circumstances when relative permittivity change exceeds ∼ 70.
Gravity Currents in Confined Channels with Environmental Shear

AbstractThis study examines properties of gravity currents in confined channels with sheared environmental flow. Under the assumptions of steady and inviscid flow, two-dimensional analytic solutions are obtained for a wide range of shear values. The slope of a gravity current interface just above the surface increases as environmental shear α increases, which is consistent with previous studies, although here it is shown that the interface slope can exceed 80° for nondimensional shear α > 2. Then the inviscid-flow analytic solutions are compared with two- and three-dimensional numerical model simulations, which are turbulent and thus have dissipation. The simulated current depths are systematically lower, compared to a previous study, apparently because of different numerical techniques in this study that allow for a faster transition to turbulence along the gravity current interface. Furthermore, simulated gravity current depths are 10%–40% lower than the inviscid analytic values. To explain the model-pr.
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF INFILLED RC FRAMES WITH IMPLEMENTATION OF A MASONRY PANEL MODELS

The influence of infill panels on the response of RC frames under seismic excitations has been subject of a lot of experimental and theoretical investigations in the last decade. Infill panels are widely used as interior partitions and external walls in buildings, but they are usually treated as non-structural elements and in a lot of cases not included in the design. The main reason that the infilled panels are not included in the design is due to the inherent uncertainty associated to the numerous parameters on which the behaviour of the infill panels depends. Important source of uncertainty is the type of interaction between the infill and the frame, which strongly influences the behaviour of the infilled frame by changing the load-resisting mechanisms of its individual components. In this paper are shown the results from numerical nonlinear analysis of infilled frames with emphasis on the formulation of the infill panel model. Calculation and selection of the model parameters for the case study frames are given. The results from nonlinear analysis of the bare and infilled frames are compared and some conclusions are made in view of new EC8.
Micromorphological Analysis of Soil Structure Modifications Caused by Different Cultivation Implements

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Micromorphological analysis of soil structure modifications caused by different cultivation implements Anne Gebhardt
Soil water models a review

The development of soil water models, including those which deal with soil water uptake by plant roots, are reviewed and compared. Major assumptions employed in the three types of models, the physical based-, the budget-, and the combination ones, are discussed. The physical basedand the combination models can be easily adopted to a wide range of soil, climate and crop conditions. Their major drawback of requiring extensive knowledge of soil and crop characteristics limits the widespread use of this approach at the present time. On the other hand, the budget models require a low level of input, but need to be recalibrated if they are used in environments other than those for which they were derived. Suggestions are made regarding future use if the models are employed for areal soil water estimates.
Maximizing Glucose Production From Palm Kernel Cake (Pkc) From Which Residual Oil Was Removed Supercritically Via Solid State Fermentation (Ssf) Method Using Trichoderma Reesi Isolate Pro-A1

The present trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of incubation temperature, pH and time during solid state fermentation (SSF) of PKC substrates using Trichoderma Isolate Pro-A, on glucose production from the substrates before and after the residual oil is extracted via Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) technique. Residual oil was removed from one portion of 250μM-sized Palm Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) substrate, using SC-CO2 as the solvent in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique (Oil-less treatment), whereas no residual oil was removed from the other portion of the substrate (Oily treatment). Both treatments (Oil-less and Oily) were subjected to SSF, using Trichoderma Isolate Pro-A incubated at three temperatures (20, 30 and 40°C), three pHs (3, 5 and 7) and at four time intervals (4, 8, 12 and 16 hours) accordingly, and the glucose concentration produced during SSF was quantified. Results showed that glucose production by the fungus from both treatments was significantly higher at 30°C, at pH 5 and at incubation time of 16 hours accordingly. However, the glucose production by Trichoderma reesi was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the Oil-less PKC treatment, from which the residual oil had been removed through the SFE technique. The results of this trial suggest that the removal of residual oil from PKC enhances its use as substrate for glucose production via SSF, using Trichoderma reesi. The results also indicate that temperature, pH and incubation time are important factors to consider during SSF with the green fungus (Trichoderma reesi). It is concluded here, based on the results of this study, that SSF at temperature of 30°C, at pH 5 and incubation time of 16 hr are ideal for higher glucose production by Trichoderma reesi on PKC substrates.
On the difference between γ-ray-detected and non-γ-ray-detected pulsars

We compare radio profile widths of young, energetic gamma-ray-detected and non-gamma-ray-detected pulsars. We find that the latter typically have wider radio profiles, with the boundary between the two samples exhibiting a dependence on the rate of rotational energy loss. We also find that within the sample of gamma-ray-detected pulsars, radio profile width is correlated with both the separation of the main gamma-ray peaks and the presence of narrow gamma-ray components. These findings lead us to propose that these pulsars form a single population where the main factors determining gamma ray detectability are the rate of rotational energy loss and the proximity of the line of sight to the rotation axis. The expected magnetic inclination angle distribution will be different for radio pulsars with and without detectable gamma rays, naturally leading to the observed differences. Our results also suggest that the geometry of existing radio and outer-magnetosphere gamma-ray emission models are at least qualitatively realistic, implying that information about the viewing geometry can be extracted from profile properties of pulsars.
Heterogeneous distribution of the dynamic source parameters of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake

[1] The spatial and temporal distribution of the stress on the fault plane of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake is calculated from kinematic inversion results using a three-dimensional finite difference method for solving the elastodynamic equations. We analyze the relations between stress and slip for all grid positions on the fault, and use these relations to infer the friction law for the rupture. The dynamic source parameters were also determined. Our results show that for most of the points on the fault, the relation between stress and slip was consistent with the slip-weakening law during the rupture process, especially for those points with large slip. However, consistency with the velocity-weakening law is not clear from the observed relation between stress and slip velocity. The distributions of the dynamic parameters on the fault are very heterogeneous. The peak value of the static stress drop is ∼35 MPa. In general, high stress drop occurred in the areas with large slip. The estimated strength excesses are generally small suggesting that the tectonic shear stress had reached the level of the fault strength before the main shock. The slip-weakening distance Dc and the fracture energy Gc are proportional to the final slip. The aftershock activity correlates with the spatial distribution of dynamic source parameters. Usually, the aftershocks near the fault plane are concentrated in regions with small or negative static stress drop, and there were few aftershocks in regions which had large values of critical slip-weakening distance Dc.
Characterizing Seismogenic Fault Structures in Oklahoma Using a Relocated Template‐Matched Catalog

Oklahoma is one of the most seismically active places in the United States as a result of industry activities. To characterize the fault networks responsible for these earthquakes in Oklahoma, we relocated a large-scale template-matching catalog between 2010 and 2016 using the GrowClust algorithm. This relocated catalog is currently the most complete statewide catalog for Oklahoma during this seven year window. Using this relocated catalog, we identified seismogenic fault segments by developing an algorithm (FaultID) that clusters earthquakes and then identifies linear trends within each cluster. Considering the large number of earthquakes in Oklahoma, this algorithm made the process of identifying previously unmapped seismogenic faults more approachable and objective. We identify approximately 2500 seismogenic fault segments that are in general agreement with focal mechanisms and optimally oriented relative to maximum principle stress measurements. We demonstrate that these fault orientations can be used to approximate the maximum principle stress orientations. Supplemental Content: Relocated earthquake catalog in Oklahoma between 2010 and 2016 and a table of the seismogenic fault segments identified with the FaultID algorithm.