Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Continuous Dropout

Dropout has been proven to be an effective algorithm for training robust deep networks because of its ability to prevent overfitting by avoiding the co-adaptation of feature detectors. Current explanations of dropout include bagging, naive Bayes, regularization, and sex in evolution. According to the activation patterns of neurons in the human brain, when faced with different situations, the firing rates of neurons are random and continuous, not binary as current dropout does. Inspired by this phenomenon, we extend the traditional binary dropout to continuous dropout. On the one hand, continuous dropout is considerably closer to the activation characteristics of neurons in the human brain than traditional binary dropout. On the other hand, we demonstrate that continuous dropout has the property of avoiding the co-adaptation of feature detectors, which suggests that we can extract more independent feature detectors for model averaging in the test stage. We introduce the proposed continuous dropout to a feedforward neural network and comprehensively compare it with binary dropout, adaptive dropout, and DropConnect on Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research-10, Street View House Numbers, NORB, and ImageNet large scale visual recognition competition-12. Thorough experiments demonstrate that our method performs better in preventing the co-adaptation of feature detectors and improves test performance.
New anti‐lung‐cancer antibody cluster 12 reacts with human folate receptors present on adenocarcinoma

Human folate receptor (hFR, folate‐binding protein) is a single‐chain glycoprotein with high specific affinity for folk acid and methotrexate. We have created 4 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to hFR, all of which react specifically with purified hFR in Western blots. Flow cytometry indicated that the antibodies all had patterns of reactivity against epithelial cell lines similar to that of antibody MW207 (workshop antibody 12), labeling 2 breast‐tumor cell lines and 2 of 5 SCLC without labeling the one non‐small‐cell carcinoma tested. We used the antibodies to trace the in situ distribution of hFR in histologically normal tissues and in lung tumors by a sensitive alkaline‐phasphatase‐anti‐alkaline‐phosphatase immunohistochemical technique. In frozen sections of normal lung, hFR was diffusely distributed on cell membranes of type‐1 and type‐2 pneumocytes and mucociliary and basilar respiratory epithelial cells of distal bronchi. The receptor was focally expressed by mucociliary cells of proximal respiratory mucosa and by macrophages, but was not detected in stromal smooth muscle, fibroblasts or lymphoid cells. In tumors, hFR was heavily and diffusely expressed on cell membranes of 9 of 10 pulmonary adenocarcinomas, S of S bronchi oloalveolar carcinomas and 2 of 2 carcinoid tumors. It was focally expressed in 3 of 5 large‐cell lung carcinomas and was absent from 4 of 5 small‐cell carcinomas, 18 of 22 invasive squamous carcinomas, 2 of 2 in situ squamous carcinomas, and 13 of 13 squamous dysplasias of bronchial mucosa. We conclude that hFR is heavily expressed in situ by normal alveolar and bronchial epithelium and by adenocarcinoma of lung. It is usually absent from small‐cell carcinoma and squamous tumors at levels detectable by immunohistochemistry.
Gamma interferon-induced, nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of vaccinia virus replication

Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) production in the murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells were previously shown to inhibit the replication of the poxviruses vaccinia virus (VV) and ectromelia virus and herpes simplex virus type 1. In the current study, we performed biochemical analyses to determine the stage in the viral life cycle blocked by IFN-gamma-induced NO. Antibodies specific for temporally expressed viral proteins, a VV-specific DNA probe, and transmission electron microscopy were used to show that the cytokine-induced NO inhibited late protein synthesis, DNA replication, and virus particle formation but not expression of the early proteins analyzed. Essentially similar results were obtained with hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside, inhibitors of DNA replication. Enzymatically active iNOS was detected in the lysates of IFN-gamma-treated but not in untreated RAW 264.7 cells. The IFN-gamma-treated RAW 264.7 cells which express iNOS not only were resistant to productive infection but also efficiently blocked the replication of VV in infected bystander cells of epithelial origin. This inhibition was arginine dependent, correlated with nitric production in cultures, and was reversible by the NOS inhibitor N omega-monomethyl-L-arginine.
Talc and silver nitrate induce systemic inflammatory effects during the acute phase of experimental pleurodesis in rabbits.

STUDY OBJECTIVE s: To determine whether talc (TL) and silver nitrate (SN), two effective pleurodesis agents, induce a systemic inflammatory response in the acute phase of experimental pleurodesis in rabbits. DESIGN Samples of blood and pleural fluid were collected after 6, 24, and 48 h from rabbits injected intrapleurally with 3 mL saline solution, TL (400 mg/kg), or 0.5% SN, and were assayed for WBC count, percentage of neutrophils, and levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), interleukin (IL)-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The pleural liquid production was compared in the three different groups. A sample of blood collected from animals preinjection was used as the control. RESULTS At 6 h after pleural injection, the mean blood WBC count and percentage of neutrophils were significantly elevated in the TL group, whereas the mean LDH and IL-8 levels were significantly increased in the SN group. VEGF was undetectable in the preinjection serum and saline solution-injected animals, but was increased in the serum after the pleural injection of both TL and SN to a comparable degree. SN elicited a more intense acute pleural inflammation reaction than did TL, with higher WBC count and IL-8 levels found in the pleural fluid, mainly within the first 6 h. LDH and VEGF levels, and pleural liquid production were also higher for SN, and they increased with time. CONCLUSIONS In the acute phase of pleural injection, TL induced a transient increase in blood WBC count and percentage of neutrophils, while SN induced increases in blood LDH and IL-8 levels. Both TL and SN induced significant increases in blood VEGF levels. SN induced an earlier and more intense acute pleural inflammation than TL. Pleural liquid VEGF levels were higher after SN injection and increased, as did pleural liquid production. These findings suggest that the intrapleural injection of TL and SN produce a systemic inflammatory response that may have a role in the pathogenesis of fever and ARDS, which occur with pleurodesis.
A randomized phase III trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with UFT for completely resected pathological stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: the West Japan Study Group for Lung Cancer Surgery (WJSG)--the 4th study.

PURPOSE To examine the efficacy of UFT, an oral 5-fluorouracil derivative agent, as post-operative adjuvant therapy for pathologic (p-) stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), because a previous randomized study had suggested it was efficacious for early-stage NSCLC patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with completely resected p-stage I, adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma were eligible. A total of 332 patients were randomized to the surgery-alone group (control group) and the treatment group (UFT 400 mg/m(2) for 1 year after surgery, UFT group) after stratification by the histologic types. RESULTS For all patients, the 5- and 8-year survival rates for the UFT group were 82.2% and 73.0%, and those for the control group were 75.9% and 61.2%, respectively; no statistically significant improvement of survival was achieved by UFT administration (P=0.105). For Ad patients, the 5- and 8-year survival rates of the UFT group (n=120) were 85.2% and 79.5%, respectively, which seemed better than those of the control group (n=121) (79.2% and 64.0%, respectively; P=0.081). For squamous cell carcinoma patients, there was also no difference in survival between the control group (n=48) and the UFT group (n=43) (P=0.762). For all pT1 patients, the 5- and 8-year survival rates of the UFT group were 83.6% and 82.1%, respectively, significantly better than those of the control group (77.9% and 57.6%, respectively, P=0.036); UFT was not significantly effective for pT2 patients. For pT1 adenocarcinoma patients, UFT administration markedly improved the survival (P=0.011). CONCLUSION Post-operative UFT administration did not significantly improve post-operative survival of p-stage I NSCLC patients. Subset analyses suggested that UFT might be effective in pT1N0M0 adenocarcinoma patients.
HU and IHF, two homologous histone‐like proteins of Escherichia coli, form different protein‐DNA complexes with short DNA fragments.

Using the gel retardation technique we have studied the protein‐DNA complexes formed between HU–the major histone‐like protein of Escherichia coli–and short DNA fragments. We show that several HU heterodimers bind DNA in a regularly spaced fashion with each heterodimer occupying about 9 base pairs. The alpha 2 and beta 2 HU homodimers form the same structure as the alpha beta heterodimer on double stranded DNA. However when compared to the heterodimer, they bind single stranded DNA with higher affinity. We also show that HU and the Integration Host Factor of E. coli (IHF) form different structures with the same DNA fragments. Moreover, HU seems to enhance the DNA‐binding capacity of IHF to a DNA fragment which does not contain its consensus sequence.
Heterozygous Screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Identifies Dosage-Sensitive Genes That Affect Chromosome Stability

Current techniques for identifying mutations that convey a small increased cancer risk or those that modify cancer risk in carriers of highly penetrant mutations are limited by the statistical power of epidemiologic studies, which require screening of large populations and candidate genes. To identify dosage-sensitive genes that mediate genomic stability, we performed a genomewide screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for heterozygous mutations that increase chromosome instability in a checkpoint-deficient diploid strain. We used two genome stability assays sensitive enough to detect the impact of heterozygous mutations and identified 172 heterozygous gene disruptions that affected chromosome fragment (CF) loss, 45% of which also conferred modest but statistically significant instability of endogenous chromosomes. Analysis of heterozygous deletion of 65 of these genes demonstrated that the majority increased genomic instability in both checkpoint-deficient and wild-type backgrounds. Strains heterozygous for COMA kinetochore complex genes were particularly unstable. Over 50% of the genes identified in this screen have putative human homologs, including CHEK2, ERCC4, and TOPBP1, which are already associated with inherited cancer susceptibility. These findings encourage the incorporation of this orthologous gene list into cancer epidemiology studies and suggest further analysis of heterozygous phenotypes in yeast as models of human disease resulting from haplo-insufficiency.
Assessment of the Diagnostic Value of Duodenal Bulb Histology in Patients With Celiac Disease, Using Multiple Biopsy Sites

Background Multiple endoscopic biopsies from the descending duodenum are usually recognized as the standardized method for the evaluation of mucosal changes in celiac disease (CD). Generally, the duodenal bulb is not considered a useful site for biopsies, owing to some difficulties in histologic evaluation. Goal We wanted to verify if duodenal bulb histology establish a correct diagnosis of CD. Study Fifty-two consecutive children with suspicion of CD and positive antitissue transglutaminase antibodies were enrolled in a prospective fashion. During upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, 2 to 4 biopsies each were taken from descending duodenum distal to the papilla of Vater (D2) and duodenal bulb (B). The histologic lesions were classified according to the modified Oberhuber classification by single pathologist who was blinded to the site of biopsy. Results A total of 52 children had a final diagnosis of CD. The main presenting symptoms were diarrhea 43/52 (82.7%), anemia 40/52 (76.9%), and failure to thrive 32/52 (61.5%). All had type 3 lesion—(a) mild, (b) moderate, or (c) severe—in at least 1 site. There was 45/52 (86.5%) CD patients with lesions of identical type (type 2 or 3) in both biopsy sites. The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes was not significantly different in the descending part of the duodenum as compared with duodenal bulb. Conclusions The biopsies from the duodenal bulb and second part of the duodenum in CD can be equally representative of the underlying disease. The diagnosis of CD can reliably be made even if biopsies are taken from the duodenal bulb rather than distal duodenum or jejunum.
Multi-level Multiple Attentions for Contextual Multimodal Sentiment Analysis

Multimodal sentiment analysis involves identifying sentiment in videos and is a developing field of research. Unlike current works, which model utterances individually, we propose a recurrent model that is able to capture contextual information among utterances. In this paper, we also introduce attentionbased networks for improving both context learning and dynamic feature fusion. Our model shows 6-8% improvement over the state of the art on a benchmark dataset.
Prognostic variables at intake and long-term level of function in schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE This study assessed the relationship between symptoms and cognitive measures at intake and functional outcome 2-8 years later (average 3 years) in first-episode and previously treated schizophrenia patients. METHOD A composite cognitive score was assessed at intake to determine the influence of cognition on later functional outcome. At intake and follow-up, positive and negative symptoms were assessed with the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, and affective symptoms were assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Level of function in seven domains (social function, occupational function, independent living, symptom severity, fullness of life, extent of psychiatric hospitalization, and overall level of function) at intake and follow-up was assessed with the Strauss-Carpenter Level of Function scale. The contributions of sex, education, and duration of illness to functional outcome were also examined. RESULTS The results indicated that symptoms at intake had distinct patterns of prognostic significance for functional outcome in previously treated patients, compared with first-episode patients. In addition, male and female patients differed in the degree to which initial symptoms were correlated with later function. CONCLUSIONS Initial level of function, symptoms, sex, education, and duration of illness are all important predictors for functional outcome in patients with schizophrenia.
Substantial evidence of effect

Pressures for rapid drug development, especially for treatments that may affect public health significantly, drive a need to reconsider what is necessary to establish the “substantial evidence” of efficacy and safety required for regulatory approval. The concept of substantial evidence of effect can be stated fairly simply in principle, but its application to the evaluation of findings from real clinical drug development programs can be quite complicated and depend on circumstances relating to the population studied and the condition being treated. This paper discusses a number of considerations that arise in attempting to address this issue. These include confirmation of efficacy/safety as opposed to replication of results, the use of surrogates for the clinical outcome, ethical considerations, the use of trials aimed at demonstrating equivalence or noninferiority instead of superiority of a new drug, and the balance between benefits and risks. Recent developments such as the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines dealing with statistical principles and choice of control group, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidances interpreting the 1998 Modernization Act identify useful alternative definitions of substantial evidence and also identify when a single study can be enough to demonstrate a clinically important effect. The primary difficulty with the use of noninferiority trials is the need to demonstrate assay sensitivity or validity, i.e., that the trial would have demonstrated the superiority of the active control treatment to placebo had the trial included a placebo group. Failure to demonstrate a significant difference between the presumed active treatments and an inactive control precludes a definitive conclusion of assay validity, but external evidence, e.g., from trials demonstrating the activity of the active control, may yet justify concluding that the trial was assay valid. Issues of interpretation of important unexpected findings are illustrated in the recent experience with the alpha- and beta-blocker carvedilol, where there was a significant reduction in mortality among patients on carvedilol relative to placebo, but a treatment effect could not be demonstrated for the primary outcome. Experience with trials of thrombolytic agents illustrates alternative strategies for demonstrating substantial evidence of effect. Finally, meta-analyses can contribute to the substantial evidence by synthesizing the findings from separate trials to provide a perspective on drug performance in a heterogeneous population of patients that no single trial could provide.
Optical-Flow-Based B-Mode Elastography: Application in the Hypertensive Rat Carotid

Ultrasound elastography is now used worldwide in tissue characterization. The primary premises of elastography are that speckle kinematics reproduces underlying tissue kinematics and that tissue motion can be inferred from speckle tracking. This implicitly assumes that speckle pattern is a material property that can be tracked with respect to time and space. It is then convenient to express the motion of such a material property in terms of total derivative, also known as optical flow (OF) equations. The present paper introduces a new iterative OF-based elastography (OFBE) method devoted to B-mode data. The first OFBE iteration computes axial and lateral displacement fields. Such displacement fields are used for data rigid registration, prior to the second OFBE iteration which computes the 2-D strain tensor. The OFBE method was validated in the common carotid artery of rat hypertension models. The effect of aging on carotid stiffness was investigated in female recombinant inbred rats (RI-17, (n = 2)) in the first experiment. The outcomes of low/high-salt diets were examined in young male Dahl salt-sensitive rats (SS, n = 6; SM12, n = 6; SM9, n = 6) in the second experiment. Good concordance was observed between left and right carotid axial strain measurements with 11.4% relative error, whereas 4.6% relative error occurred between diastolic and systolic axial strain measurements. Old (80 and 85 weeks) RI-17 carotids were determined to be twice as stiff with 5.70 ± 0.97% (strain ± std) as young carotids (30 and 34 weeks) with 13.26 ± 2.73%, p < 0.001. Carotid axial strain measurement also indicated that salt diets had a significant impact on SS (p=0.008) and SM12 (p < 0.001) but not on SM9 (p = 0.881) rats.
Periostin is Down-regulated during Periodontal Inflammation

Periostin, a matricellular adapter protein highly expressed by periodontal ligament fibroblasts, is implicated in the maintenance of periodontal integrity, which is compromised during periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of chronic periodontal inflammation on tissue periostin levels. Periodontal breakdown was induced in a pre-clinical ligature periodontal inflammatory disease model. Periodontal tissue specimens were harvested at baseline, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks and prepared for histologic, immunofluorescence, and micro-CT examination. Statistical analyses were conducted by Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman’s tests. Periostin detection levels were reduced over time in response to the inflammatory process (1 ± 0.05; 0.67 ± 0.03; 0.31 ± 0.02; p < 0.001; baseline, 2, and 4 weeks, respectively). Simultaneously, alveolar bone loss increased from baseline to the 2- and 4-week time-points (0.40 ± 0.02 mm; 1.39 ± 0.08 mm; 1.33 ± 0.15 mm; p < 0.001), which was inversely correlated with the levels of periostin (ρ = -0.545; p < 0.001). In conclusion, periostin PDL tissue levels significantly decrease under chronic inflammatory response and correlate with the detrimental changes to the periodontium over time.
Interactive E-Government: Evaluating the Web Site of the UK Inland Revenue

As government organizations have begun increasingly to communicate and interact with citizens via the Web, providing services has demanded acute understanding of the requirements of users and appropriate tailoring of solutions. In this article, we examine the results of a survey of the quality of a Web site provided by the UK Government. The site is that of the Inland Revenue. The survey was administered directly after the launch of a new system to enable online submission of self-assessed tax returns. The instrument, E-Qual, draws on previous work in Web site usability, information quality, and service interaction quality to provide a rounded framework for assessing e-government offerings. The metrics and qualitative comments provide some detailed insights into the perceptions of users who attempted to interact with the online taxation system. The results point to specific areas in need of development in the Web site, which are found to be consistent with initiatives launched recently by the Inland Revenue.
Dual-Hop Relaying Communications with Cochannel Interference Over $\eta$ - /spl mu/ Fading Channels

This paper provides an analytical framework for the performance evaluation of dual-hop decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative systems operating over η- μ fading channels in the presence of cochannel interference (CCI) and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The interferers are subject to independent but not necessarily identically distributed η- μ fading. For the considered system, assuming multiple interferers at both the relay and the destination, simple accurate analytical expressions for the outage probability (OP), average bit error probability (ABEP), and average capacity are derived. Various numerically evaluated results accompanied with Monte Carlo simulations are presented to corroborate the accuracy of the proposed approximations.
Capitalist development and the peasant economy in Peru

This study analyses the functioning of the peasant economy in Peru in the context of the present predominantly capitalist system. The central themes are the economic relationships of the peasantry to the rest of the economy of the country and the role of the peasant economy in the entire system, together with the changes that have taken place in that role over time. These themes are investigated by means of a study in detail of a sample of peasant communities in the most traditional and backward region of Peru, the southern sierra. The historical process has generated in Peru one of the most extreme cases of inequality, rural poverty and cultural duality. Nowhere else does the notion of 'economic duality' seem more applicable. Thus an investigation of the case of Peru has methodological value for the understanding of the peasant economy throughout Latin America, and the results of this survey have important implications for the whole region.