Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trace metals in intertidal sediment of mangrove- sheltered creeks in Niger Delta, Nigeria: Variability before and after crude oil spillage

Trace metals (Zn, Cu and Pb) fluxes were studied in five intertidal flats at Bodo Creek, Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria in 2006, and re-evaluated in 2010 following two major oil spills that occurred in the creek. This study is the first to look at trace metal loads in the interstitial sediments of Bodo creek. Standard methods were employed in the sampling campaign and analysis. The concentration of all metals under study were higher than stipulated limit by WHO (2006) during post spill analysis. Concentration of Zn did not vary between stations and months pre-spill but did in post-spill, having values slightly higher than WHO (2006) stipulated limit. During the pre-spill sediment analysis, Pb concentrations ranged from no detection to 0.0012 mg/kg in 2006, increasing to 0.169 mg/kg post spill in 2010. Cu content ranged from 0.1312 - 0.1858 and 0.3374 - 0.4504 mg/kg pre- and post-spill, respectively. In addition to oil-induced metal loadings, the metals concentration dynamics show strong correlation with season. Metals had higher concentrations during the dry season due to reduced water volume in the creek and consequently less dilution. Implication for uptake, bioaccumulation and biotransformation by food species in the creek catchment above biosafety limits for user population is stressed and measures to avert public health consequences are advocated. Key words: Trace metals, inter-tidal sediment, Niger Delta, oil pollution.
Continuous Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol (ABE) Fermentation with in Situ Solvent Recovery by Silicalite-1 Filled PDMS/PAN Composite Membrane

The pervaporation (PV) performance of a thin-film silicalite-1 filled PDMS/PAN composite membrane was investigated in the continuous acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) production by a fermentation-PV coupled process. Results showed that continuous removal of ABE from the broth at three different dilution rates greatly increased both the solvent productivity and the glucose utilization rate, in comparison to the control batch fermentation. The high solvent productivity reduced the acid accumulation in the broths because most acids were reassimilated by cells for ABE production. Therefore, a higher total solvent yield of 0.37 g/g was obtained in the fermentation-PV coupled process, with a highly concentrated. condensate containing 89.11-160.00 g/L, ABE. During 268 h of the fermentation-PV coupled process, the PV membrane showed a high ABE separation factor of more than 30 and a total flux of 486-710 g/m(2)h. Membrane fouling was negligible for the three different dilution rates. The solution-diffusion model, especially the mass transfer equation, was proved to be applicable to this coupled process.
STUDIES ON ETIOLOGY AND PROGNOSTIC FACTORS

Primary carcinoma of the vagina (PCV) is a rare disease, with poor survival, mostly affecting elderly women. Due to its rarity the established knowledge originates from studies based on small materials, therefore little is known regarding the genesis, natural history and factors predicting the prognosis. PCV is supposed to have similar etiology and natural history as cervical carcinoma, which however mostly occurs at younger ages. Clinical stage is described as the most important prognostic factor. Against this background the objectives of this thesis were focused on the understanding of the genesis of PCV and its prognostic factors. The material in the retrospective studies (paper I and II) is the largest so far published on PCV. A hypothesis was that factors influencing the age at onset of PCV should be connected directly or indirectly with the genesis of the disease. Epidemiological, clinical and histopathological variables were evaluated in relation to age at diagnosis in a retrospective study of 341 cases of PCV, diagnosed 1956 – 1996. According to the statistical analysis the independent predictor for young age at diagnosis was a history of cervical dysplasia and for old age at diagnosis late menarche. Parity ≥4 as well as nulliparity, smoking and unstable marital status were background factors more common than in the general Swedish female population, but not correlated with age at diagnosis. Clinical and histopathological prognostic factors were evaluated retrospectively in 314 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina. The 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 45 % and in stage I 75%. In the multivariate analysis there were only three factors that independently could predict poor survival: high age at diagnosis, large tumours (≥4cm) and advanced stage. Common background factors with no prognostic significance were prior hysterectomy, other gynecological malignancies and pelvic irradiation. The immunohistochemical expression of laminin-5γ2 chain, an epithelial basement membrane protein, implicated in tumour cell invasion, was investigated in 59 cases of primary vaginal malignancies. All epithelial tumours showed γ2 chain immunoreactivity. High expression of the γ2 chain was a good predictor of poor survival in the univariate analysis, but not in the multivariate analysis. A positive correlation between tumour size and γ2 chain expression could
Assessment of Passive and Active Macroinvertebrate Collection Methods in Adjacent Reaches on the Upper Main Stem of the Susquehanna River

Macroinvertebrates are functional indicators of stream health based upon their sensitivity to pollution. Our study utilized different passive and active benthic macroinvertebrate collection methods (D-net, Surber sampler, rock baskets, and Hester-Dendy multiplate samplers) during the summer and fall of 2012 and 2013. Collections were taken on both sides of the west channel in the west channel of the upper main stem of the Susquehanna River near Shamokin Dam, PA. Sampling sites each included seven locations, one for passive sampling and six longitudinal locations for active sampling. Overall, we collected 50 taxa of macroinvertebrates identified to family-level, which allowed us to calculate pollution tolerance values and other comparative metrics. The Proportional Bray-Curtis Similarity Index analysis describes a very low to moderate overlap between benthic macroinvertebrate communities collected by active and passive methods (2% - 43%). Furthermore, other metrics including the Shannon Diversity and Hilsenhoff Biotic Indices reflected the variability in occurrence of pollution intolerant taxa according to method and location. The greatest variation occurred in percent EPT which showed a range of 0% to 56% in a single sample period using different methods. Passive sampling methods selectively collected colonizers and omitted other taxa (e.g. burrowers and mollusks) illustrating their bias in sampling. Overall, the metrics did not support the use of one technique over another. Rather, they supported the practice of using both passive and active collection methods in order to use macroinvertebrate community estimates to assess water quality in large rivers that have a wetted channel of cobble, silt, and sand like the upper main stem of the Susquehanna River. Based on our results we concluded that active samplers which target different habitats together with passive samplers which allow comparisons from one site to another would be the most appropriate methods to use in the upper main stem of the Susquehanna River.
Constraining high-redshift X-ray sources with next generation 21-cm power spectrum measurements

We use the Fisher matrix formalism and semi-numerical simulations to derive quantitative predictions of the constraints that power spectrum measurements on next-generation interferometers, such as the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) and the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), will place on the characteristics of the X-ray sources that heated the high redshift intergalactic medium. Incorporating observations between $z=5$ and $z=25$, we find that the proposed 331 element HERA and SKA phase 1 will be capable of placing $\lesssim 10\%$ constraints on the spectral properties of these first X-ray sources, even if one is unable to perform measurements within the foreground contaminated "wedge" or the FM band. When accounting for the enhancement in power spectrum amplitude from spin temperature fluctuations, we find that the observable signatures of reionization extend well beyond the peak in the power spectrum usually associated with it. We also find that lower redshift degeneracies between the signatures of heating and reionization physics lead to errors on reionization parameters that are significantly greater than previously predicted. Observations over the heating epoch are able to break these degeneracies and improve our constraints considerably. For these two reasons, 21\,cm observations during the heating epoch significantly enhance our understanding of reionization as well.
Topotactic replacement of augite by omphacite in a blueschist rock from north-west Turkey

Summary Partial replacement of original igneous augite crystals by omphacite during blueschist metamorphism of a dolerite from the Mihalliççik area of north-west Turkey has been studied by transmission electron microscopy. The replacement occurred topotactically, apparently by ion exchange with a fluid phase, which left the basic pyroxene structure unchanged. Cation ordering in the omphacite caused a symmetry change from C-face centred to primitive with the formation of fine-scale antiphase domains. Selected-area diffraction provides evidence for P2 and P2/c space groups for the ordered omphacite though the best ordered areas show a tendency towards P2/n (reflections violating the n-glide are very weak) and also contain fine, wavy, disordered precipitates approximately parallel to (too). It is suggested that the replacement temperature was below the cation-ordering temperature and that the omphacite grew in a metastable, disordered state. Subsequent ordering occurred under irreversible conditions via a series of intermediate structures. The ordering sequence may illustrate the relationship between different ordering schemes in other blueschist pyroxenes.
Measurement of Dielectric Behavior of Fertilized Soil at Microwave Frequency

The paper presents the experimental results which have been carried out for understanding the behavior of soliddielectrics in the form of soil at microwave frequency and check the dielectric and electric response of some fertilizers insoil in presence of microwave energy. A simple and rapid measurement method (two point method) was used to determinethe dielectric constant at microwave frequency. The microwave beam generated by microwave source was reflected bythe dielectric sample which was placed in rectangular waveguide and fundamental mode was considered. The microwavesource reflection klystron of frequency range of X- band was used. The soil samples were prepared by mixing differentconcentrations of some fertilizers in soil. The soils were taken from ‘Behror Alwar (RAJ)’ and different fertilizers ‘Urea,Shree Ram-33, Shree Ram-50P, D.A. P., Mosaic’ were taken from market.
HLA class I and II alleles may influence susceptibility to adult dermatomyositis in a Mexican mestizo population

Objective: To investigate the possible association between HLA and Dermatomyositis (DM) in the Mexican mestizo population. Methods: HLA class I (A and B) and class II (DRB1* and DQB1*) were determined in 36 Mexican mestizo patients with DM and 72 healthy controls. Results: A positive association was identified among alleles HLA A*01:01 (OR 3.5 (1.30-9.54), p<0.012), A* 03:01 (OR 5 (2.11-11.81), p<0.0002), B* 07:02 (OR 3.9 (1.63 - 9.50), p<0.0002), DRB1* 09:01 (OR 5 (2.11- 11.81), p<0.032) and DRB1*01:02 (OR 33.04 (1.86-588.09), p<0.017), and the presence of DM. Protective alleles were identified for the development of disease to DRB1* 16:01 (OR 0.12 (0.015-0.093), p<0.043) and DQB1* 03:02 (OR 0.10 (0.02-0.46), p<0.002). Conclusions: In this study, identification of alleles related to DM in a Mexican mestizo-population showed the participation of HLA in its development, as reported in other-populations.
Transition and Capital Misallocation: The Chinese Case

This paper demonstrates that the allocation of household savings to State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in China, and not to the increasing share of private firms, explains both the patterns of capital flows (FDI entries and the accumulation of foreign assets) and the drop in the consumption share during China's transition. The contribution is to explain these two elements in a dynamic general equilibrium model with TFP growth that differentiates FDI and foreign assets. In addition to other frictions, financial intermediation and SOEs have the crucial role by misdirecting household savings. It modifies firms' labor and capital intensiveness, and creates shifts in savings accumulation and capital flows. Moreover, the increasing share of credit-constrained private firms hinders wage growth, and returns on household savings are low to finance SOEs; these two elements reduce the consumption share. With a calibration adapted to the Chinese economy and deterministic shocks, the model also matches to a large extent the data for a variety of stylized facts over the last 30 years.
Jump Testing and the Speed of Market Adjustment

Asymptotic properties of jump tests rely on the property that any jump occurs within a single time interval no matter what the observation frequency is. Market microstructure effects in relation to news-induced revaluation of the underlying variable is likely to make this an unrealistic assumption for high-frequency transaction data. To capture these microstructure effects, this paper suggests a model in which market prices adjust gradually to jumps in the underlying effcient price. A case study illustrates the empirical relevance of the model, and the performance of different jump tests is investigated here and in a simulation study. Evidence indicates that tests based on the largest of scaled price increments perform better than tests comparing measures of variability. Resolving the matter by testing at lower frequencies turns out to be less straightforward.
TROPHIC STRUCTURE AND THE CESIUM-POTASSIUM RATIO IN PELAGIC ECOSYSTEMS

Collections of plankton and of pelagic squid, fishes, and marine mammals from the Southern California Bight and the eastern tropical Pacific were made to determine what, if any, relationships exist between trophic level and the cesium-potassium (Cs/K) ratio. Numerical trophic level assignments were computed independently from stomach content analysis data and were then compared to concentrations of Cs and K, as determined by atomic absorption spectrometry of muscle tissues, and to the Cs/K ratio, which was found to increase by a factor of 2.4 per trophic step. This increase is higher than that found in inshore food webs, suggesting that pelagic food webs may be more highly structured than those inshore. The need for more rigorous methods for making trophic level assignments is discussed. RESUMEN Se hicieron colecciones de plancton y de calamares peligicos, peces y mamiferos marinos de la Bahia del Sur de California y del Pacific0 oriental tropical para determinar qui relaciones, si las hay, existen entre el nivel trofico y la proporcion de cesio a potasio (Cs/K). Asignaciones numericas de niveles troficos fueron computadas independientemente de 10s datos de analisis de contenidos estomacales, y despuis se compararon con concentraciones de Cs y K determinadas por espectrometria de absoacion atomica de 10s tejidos musculares, y tambien con la proporcion Cs/K, que aumentaba por un factor de 2.4 por etapa trofica. Este incremento es mas alto que aquel que se ha encontrado en redes alimenticias cercanas a la costa, lo que sugiere que las redes alimenticias pelagicas pueden ser mas estructuradas que las que se encuentran cerca de la costa. Se discute la necesidad de de'Contribution Nunther I63 for the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Long Beach. CA 90806 [Manuscript received 22 February 1981 1 DAVID R. YOUNG Marine Services, Dames and Moore 1100 Glendon Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90278
State Complicity in the Sexual Assault of Women : The Fate of Cassandra ?

In this paper I investigate why, despite rampant sexual assaults against women, it is an adamant fact that only a minuscule fraction of their male assailants are convicted. The model embodies the crucial aspect of the criminal justice system based on common law that prosecutors are not the victims’ advocates but, rather, prosecute to serve the public interest. In a simple sequential game framework, I examine the effects of a pervasive feature of sexual assault cases: the police’s exaggerated belief, contrary to facts, of the falsity of women’s reports of assault. This distortion in beliefs adversely affects their endogenous investigational effort on the assaults and on the suspects. Along with the victims’lack of private representation in the court system this, in turn, generates a self-confirming equilibrium in which women’s reports are largely disbelieved, police disbelief ironically encourages some false reporting, few victims choose to report the crimes, and the conviction rate on those cases that are reported and proceed to trial is low. A second feature of sexual assault cases, namely, the sharp attrition in active files as they pass through the criminal justice system (to the extent that it is exogenous) is shown to worsen the outcome– again, through an endogenous investigational response of the police. When the police are allowed to also investigate victims (either in order to discredit them or to prepare for trial), I find that police disbelief of women’s reports induces a de facto substitution of the investigation of victims for the investigation of suspects, worsening the already appalling miscarriage of justice. An attempt to reduce the alleged false reporting by punishing women who are deemed to have lied is shown to be counterproductive. In fact, the attempt is likely to reduce the already-low reporting by genuine victims, inducing a further decrease in conviction rates and an endogenous increase in the frequency of sexual assaults. I finally discuss the policy implications that arise out of the analysis.
SICK BUILDING SYNDROME SYMPTOMS AND PERFORMANCE IN A FIELD LABORATORY STUDY AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY

Thirty female subjects were exposed for 280 minutes to four conditions in balanced order of presentation: to 20°C/40%, 23°C/50%, 26°C/60% RH at10 L/s/p outside air, and to 20°C/40% RH at 3.5 L/s/p. They performed simulated office work throughout each exposure and repeatedly marked a set of visual-analogue scales to indicate their perception of environmental conditions and of the intensity of SBS symptoms at the time. They were repeatedly reminded to adjust their clothing so as to remain in thermal comfort, and succeeded in doing so. Although perceived air quality improved at lower indoor air temperature and humidity and at the higher ventilation rate, this could not be shown to be associated with any effects on task performance. However, subjects reported significantly more intense SBS symptoms associated with decreased productivity, including fatigue, headache and difficulty in thinking clearly, when they were exposed to raised levels of temperature and humidity. INDEX TERMS Temperature, Humidity, Sick Building Syndrome (SBS), Performance, Productivity INTRODUCTION It has previously been shown that Perceived Air Quality (PAQ) can be improved by reducing air temperature and humidity (Fang et al.,1998a,b; Toftum et al., 1998; Fang et al., 1999). Studies with exposures ranging from a few seconds to about five hours show that air is perceived as very fresh and acceptable when it is cold and dry, while warm and humid air is always perceived as stuffy and unacceptable even if the air is clean. High temperature and humidity counteract the beneficial effect of increased ventilation, degrading perceived indoor air quality. From the PAQ point of view, it is therefore beneficial to keep both air temperature and humidity indoors as low as possible, provided that thermal comfort can be maintained. However, it is not yet known whether the improvement of PAQ due to exposure to cool dry air leads to a reduction in the prevalence of SBS symptoms and an increase in the performance of office work. A previous study in which subjects were clothed for comfort at two different air temperatures (Wyon et al., 1975) found no such effect This paper presents further results from an experiment in which the effects of temperature and humidity on perceived air quality were investigated in 280-minute exposures (Fang et al., 1999). The intensity of SBS symptoms and the performance of tasks simulating office work were recorded while the subjects worked at three different levels of indoor air temperature and humidity with 10 L/s/p outside air. The coolest condition was repeated at 3.5 L/s/p. ∗ Contact author email: fl@mek.dtu. dk Proceedings: Indoor Air 2002
Accessing the population of high-redshift Gamma Ray Bursts

Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) are a powerful probe of the high-redshift Universe. We present a tool to estimate the detection rate of high-z GRBs by a generic detector with defined energy band and sensitivity. We base this on a population model that reproduces the observed properties of GRBs detected by Swift, Fermi and CGRO in the hard X-ray and gamma-ray bands. We provide the expected cumulative distributions of the flux and fluence of simulated GRBs in different energy bands. We show that scintillator detectors, operating at relatively high energies (e.g. tens of keV to the MeV), can detect only the most luminous GRBs at high redshifts due to the link between the peak spectral energy and the luminosity (E-peak-L-iso) of GRBs. We show that the best strategy for catching the largest number of high-z bursts is to go softer (e.g. in the soft X-ray band) but with a very high sensitivity. For instance, an imaging soft X-ray detector operating in the 0.2-5 keV energy band reaching a sensitivity, corresponding to a fluence, of similar to 10(-8) erg cm(-2) is expected to detect approximate to 40 GRBs yr(-1) sr(-1) at z \textgreater= 5 (approximate to 3GRBs yr(-1) sr(-1) at z \textgreater= 10). Once high-z GRBs are detected the principal issue is to secure their redshift. To this aim we estimate their NIR afterglow flux at relatively early times and evaluate the effectiveness of following them up and construct usable samples of events with any forthcoming GRB mission dedicated to explore the high-z Universe.
Envisioning a Discussion Dashboard for Collective Intelligence of Web Conversations

Collective Intelligence for wicked problems is urgently needed. To integrate relevant information from discussions across the Web, we need summarization and visualization tools. To show an at-a-glance view of a debate, we envision a discussion dashboard, using automatic information, supplemented where possible, by manual analysis. To make the dashboard easy to conceptualize, we organize it around a simple conceptual model: the Five W’s‐who, what, when, where, why. Our proposed discussion dashboard would present a full, yet digestible, picture of an argumentative Web discussion. Author Keywords