Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatial organization and social relations in the Eurasian lynx population in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland

The home range size, spacing pattern and intraspecific relations in the lynx Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) were studied in Bialowieza Primeval Forest (eastern Poland), in 1991-1996. Eighteen lynx (11 males and 7 females) were captured and radio-collared. The mean autumn-winter home range size was 165 km2 for males and 94 km2 for females. In spring-summer, it was 143 and 55 km2, respectively. The mean life-time home ranges were 248 km2 for males and 133 km2 for females. Male home range size did not change significantly between autumn-winter and spring-summer seasons, however, their ranges icreased by 40-90% just before and during the mating season (December-March). The home range of females in the autumn-winter season was almost twice as large compared with the spring-summer period (94 vs 55 km2). The smallest home ranges were observed in breeding females during the two months after parturition (10 km) and these grew until the following spring. The home ranges calculated for 5-month periods shifted on average 4 km in adult males, 2.7 in adult females and 4.7 km in subadult males. One of the farthest shifts in the adult male range (8.7 km) was explained by the death of a neighbouring resident. The average overlap between adult males' ranges was 30%, while those between females was 6%. The largest overlap occured between adult males and females (62%) as well as between adult and subadult males (75%). The lynx showed a tendency to avoid each other. The average distance between neighbouring adult males was 11.6 km, and they were never found closer than 1 km to each other. The average distance between neighbouring females was 8.1 km. Besides a few meetings between males and females (during and outside the mating season), they were located separately (4.4 km from each other, on average). In 93% of the cases an adult female was recorded with her dependent kittens. It was concluded that home range size and spacing pattern in male lynx depend on the distribution of females, whereas spacing in females was determined by food-related factors.
Seasonal acceleration of inland ice via longitudinal coupling to marginal ice

Abstract We use an ice-flow model to demonstrate how flow variations initiated in the marginal zone of an ice sheet affect flow farther inland through longitudinal (along-flow) coupling. Our findings allow for an alternate interpretation of seasonal accelerations observed near the equilibrium line of the Greenland ice sheet (Zwally and others, 2002). We demonstrate that these observations can be explained by accelerations initiated up to 12 km closer to the margin where the ice is ∼40% thinner, is heavily crevassed, experiences a seasonal doubling of velocity, and where the ablation rate, surface meltwater flux and ice temperature are likely higher. Our modeling and observations suggest that conditions and processes normally found near ice-sheet margins are adequate for explaining the observations of Zwally and others (2002). This and considerations of the likely subglacial hydrology in the marginal zone lead us to suggest that seasonal accelerations may have limited impact on ice-sheet mass balance even in the face of climate warming.
Is There a Gap Among Gender in Vocational Training Incidence in Labour Market in Albania?

Human capital theory states that the incidence of training should be higher among men than women. Literature have confirmed it in different empirical studies. Recently, there is a small number of studies that have reported the reversed trend: women are now more likely to participate in training than their male counterparts. Using Labour Force Survey data we present a descpritive analysis to evaluate if there are evidences of discrimination; if it’s measurable and which are the determinants of vocational training of men and women employees in the Albanian labor market. Determinants such as improvements in the labour market status of women (Vanden Heuvel, 1997) increased labour force participation rates among women (Green and Zanchi, 1997) are detected in the paper. This paper should be seen as a actual scan of Albanian labour market in context of vocational training incidence and evidences of discrimination among gender.
Magnetic field line reconnection experiments 4. Resistivity, heating, and energy flow

Detailed spatial and temporal measurements of the total vector electric field E and current density J in a plasma with dynamic magnetic field line reconnection have been made. The resistivity calculated via the generalized Ohm's law is found to be spatially inhomogeneous with values exceeding the classical resistivity by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. Resistivity and current density do not maximize in the same locations. The dissipation E · J is determined and analyzed in terms of particle heating and fluid acceleration. Electron heating is found to be the dominant dissipation process in the diffusion region. Independent measurements of the divergence of the Poynting vector ▽ · (E × H), the change in stored magnetic field energy ∂/∂t(B²/2µo), and the dissipation give a consistent, detailed picture of the energy flow. Efficient conversion of electromagnetic energy into particle heating is observed.
Carbohydrate needs of the young athlete

Carbohydrate (CHO) typically provides the majority of energy in the athlete’s diet and is essential to fuel high intensity exercise. Ensuring adequate energy is available to meet the demands of high energy expenditures is important in the young athlete to ensure proper growth, development, and maturation. Physiological and metabolic changes that accompany the transition from childhood to adolescence and to adulthood, combined with the additional energy expenditure arising from exercise, mean that the dietary needs of young athletes require special consideration. However, in contrast to the well-documented literature in adults, little research attention has been given to child and adolescent populations. Thus, the development of specific recommendations for CHO intake in young athletes is difficult. Nevertheless, it is possible to make some general recommendations. Both the total daily CHO intake and the timing of CHO consumption in relation to exercise can determine whether adequate CHO substrate is available for muscles and the central nervous system or whether CHO fuel sources might limit exercise performance. In terms of the overall diet, CHO should contribute to the majority of energy intake, which must be high enough to support growth and maturation whilst fuelling the additional physical activity, and consequently elevated energy expenditure, in young athletes. In particular, CHO is an important fuel for high intensity exercise in young athletes. Decrements in exercise performance, fatigue and changes in body composition may serve as useful indicators that CHO intake may not be adequate, particularly in female adolescent athletes. During exercise, drinks containing CHO could be considered for young athletes engaged in endurance exercise due to the preferential use of exogenous CHO in younger athletes in the pre- or early- pubertal stages. However, evidence on CHO loading and CHO for post-exercise recovery does not appear to be available in children or adolescents. This chapter provides an overview of the available evidence that can be used to inform recommendations for CHO intake and timing in young athletes. Where no direct evidence in young athletes is available, we have relied on the relevant adult-based literature whilst emphasising that the direct translation and application of these findings to children and adolescents must be viewed cautiously.
Age Determinations of Early-M Type Pre-Main Sequence Stars Using a High-Resolution Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Method

We present a method for determining the age of early-M type pre-main sequence (PMS) stars based on estimations of the surface gravity. The surface gravity was measured using high-resolution near-infrared K-band spectroscopy. The age of the PMS stars can be determined from the surface gravity, which correlates with the photospheric contraction. To estimate the surface gravity while avoiding veiling contamination, we developed a surface gravity indicator using equivalent width ratios (EWRs) of nearby absorption lines. We derived a relationship between the ratios of the Sc (22057.8 u A and 22071.3 u A) and Na (22062.4 u A and 22089.7 u A) absorption lines and the surface gravity by observing giants and main-sequence stars. The surface gravities of early-M type stars were determined with an accuracy of 0.1 in logg. The ages of target PMS stars were estimated within a factor of 1.5 by comparing the surface gravity with the evolution model of Baraffe et al. (1998, A&A, 337, 403). The ages of 4 PMS stars were estimated to be older than indicated by previous age determinations made using the photometric method. The EWR method allows estimating the age of PMS stars without contaminating the uncertainty of the distance, extinction, and veiling.
Molecular Identification of Fish Larvae from East Plawangan of Segara Anakan, Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia

Correct identification of fish larvae from East Plawangan is very difficult to be done due to undefined of their morphology, while correct name is an important information for management of that area as spawning and nersery ground. Therefore, so far no scientific report on what species that utilize East Plawangan as their spawning and nursery ground. Cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene provide a precise tool for correct larvae identification. This study aims to test the accuracy of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene on fish larvae identification. The COI gene were amplified and sequenced. The homology of sequences were checked using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Genetic distances were calculated with the help of MEGA 6 software. Taxonomic tree was reconstructed using neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods with 1000 bootstraps repeats. A sum of 24 morphotypes were identified, indicating high diversity of fish that utilize East Plawangan as their spawning and nursery ground. BLAST result showed that seven morphotypes were convincingly identified into species level, while three remaining morphotypes could only be identified at generic level. Taxonomic tree shows clear discrimination among morphotypes. This proved that cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene showed high accuracy on larval species discrimination.
Interactions between methanogenic and nitrate reducing bacteria during the anaerobic digestion of an industrial sulfate rich wastewater

The effect of nitrate addition on the anaerobic digestion of an industrial sulfate rich wastewater was investigated using batch cultures. A high chemical oxygen demand/NO3-N ratio did not favor the dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia. Denitrification was the main nitrate reduction pathway at all chemical oxygen demand/NO3-N ratios tested. A lag phase, presumably caused by a high initial sulfide content, preceded nitrate reduction to molecular nitrogen. During this lag phase, the methane production was not affected by nitrate concentrations as high as 500 mg NO3-N l−1, except for cultures inoculated with a cold-stored consortium. Sulfate reduction in the cultures seemed to be directly prevented by nitrogen oxides. Methane production stopped as soon as denitrification started. Concurrently, an increase of the redox potential and a transient nitrite production were observed. These physical and chemical modifications would be responsible for methanogenesis inhibition. Furthermore, sulfide was consumed during denitrification. It was suggested that denitrification using this electron donor occurred in the system. Finally, it was shown that iron pre-treatment promoted both nitrate reduction to ammonia and the methanogenesis. It appeared that in a sulfide free environment, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia was the main nitrate reduction pathway.
Skull variability of Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766 in Poland

The skull variability of Mustela nivalis Linnaeus, 1766 was studied with regard to age, sexual dimorphism and geographical distribution. The material consisted of 271 skulls from Poland. Linear dimensions of weasel skulls slightly increased with age. The changes in skull proportions were related to braincase diminution and increase in viscerocraniu m. In females, there was an obvious age variation in correlation structures which indicated synchronic growth and periods of stabilization. Sexual dimorphism was expressed by larger dimensions and different proportions in male skulls. The values of coefficients of variation were higher in males than females. Adult skull size was reached earlier by females than by male weasels. The correlation structures of male and female skulls were different. The skull dimensions increase from north-east to south-west Poland. It was revealed, that weasels from Poland but Silesia belong to the subspecies Mustela nivalis vulgaris Erxleben, 1777. Weasels from Silesia may probably form a separate subspecies Mustela nivalis trettaui Kleinschmidt, 1937.
Body Mass and the Energy Budget of Gravid Hawksbill Turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) during the Nesting Season

Abstract Female Hawksbill Turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) nesting along the southeast coastline of the state of Rio Grande do Norte Brazil (6°13′40″S, 35°03′05″W) were captured and weighed during the 2006–07 and 2007–08 nesting seasons. The mean value for the first postoviposition mass was 79.6 kg. Individuals that were subsequently recaptured showed a mean mass change of 1.6 kg in the interval between two consecutive postovipositions (i.e., after one internidal interval). We plotted the mass of the individuals against the curvilinear carapace length. An analysis of residual mass above average body condition reveals that females with good body condition start nesting at the beginning of the season. Preoviposition mass was measured when the female aborted the nesting process. Gross mass change was 5.46 kg. Mean body mass recovery was 3.2 kg. Body mass recovery was always significantly lower than the change in gross mass. This is in agreement with the observed mass loss tendency throughout the breeding season for this species. Mass recovery was analyzed using allometric law, converting both loss in body mass and total egg mass to energy. Using mean turtle body mass, we performed three scenarios for the metabolic maintenance rate of the Hawksbill Turtle during the nesting period. The energy that the turtles expended in egg laying was estimated at 1,183 kJ • d−1. The daily net mass loss for the most realistic scenario converted into energy was 4,213 kJ • d−1. The total daily energy consumption (maintenance plus egg production) was similar to the daily energy from mass loss. This theoretical treatment suggests that, under this scenario, there is no reason for significant extra energy intake during the oviposition period.
Large-scale evaluation of bacterial genome content for the identification of epidemiological and virulence bases in MRSA

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen responsible for a wide diversity of infections ranging from localized to life threatening diseases. From 1961 and the emergence methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), this bacterium has shown particular capacity to survive and adapt to drastic environmental changes and we observed since beginning of the nineties its worldwide spreading. Until recently, S. aureus was considered as the prototype of a nosocomial pathogen but it has now clearly shown also responsible for outbreaks in the community. Several recent reports suggest therefore that the epidemiology of MRSA is changing. The understanding of pathogenicity, virulence and emergence of epidemic clones within MRSA populations is not clearly defined, despite several attempts to identify common molecular features between strains that share similar epidemiological and/or virulence behavior. These studies included: i) pattern profiling of bacterial adhesins, ii) analysis of clonal complex groups, iii) molecular genotyping, or iv) enterotoxins content studies. To date, all approaches failed unraveling correlation between molecular determinants and clinical outcomes. We hypothesize that parameters contributing to strain virulence or to the capacity to evolve from a non-invasive to an invasive behavior are contained within the genetic material of the bacterium. The utilization of massively parallel methods of analysis is therefore ideal to study the contribution of this genetic make-up. Our evaluations are therefore performed on the entire genome including coding sequences (CDS) as well as non coding sequences. Ideally, these determinations should allow appreciating micro and macro evolution of MRSA and identifying specific genomic markers of evolution towards invasive or highly virulent phenotypes.
Gender Differences in Inflammatory Markers among Type 2 Diabetic Subjects

In India currently around 40.9 million people are diabetic and is expected to rise to 69.9 million by 2025unless preventive steps are taken. The so called “Asian Indian Phenotype” refers to certain unique clinicaland biochemical abnormalities. Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases act as two sides of the samecoin. According to Framingham study, diabetic women have an increased cardiovascular risk about 3.5 foldhigher than non diabetic women. In view of the impact of sexual hormones on glucose homeostasis, themolecular pathways involved in insulin resistance suggest a gender specificity mechanism in the developmentof diabetic complications and also seems to progress at a faster rate in females compared to males andwomen benefit less from treatment than do men. Hence a case controlled study was done to mark the genderdifferences in inflammatory markers among newly detected and known type 2 diabetic subjects. The studyincluded 33 women and 17 men in the NDM group and 30 women and 20 men in the DM5 group. Thebiomarkers namely homocysteine (µmol/l), C-reactive protein (mg/l), lipoprotein (a) (mg / dl) and vitaminB12 (pg/ml) were analyzed. It was observed that the Hcy and Lp(a) values were higher in males than thefemales but CRP and Vitamin B12 values were higher in women when compared to males. (24.54±12.59,3.81±1.14, 15.67±14.22 and 280.69±77.03 and among the women it was 17.06 ±5.54, 5.84 ±3.47, 10.55±12.89 and 352.35± 238.02 respectively). Among the DM5 all the values of the inflammatory markers werehigher in males than in females. (It was 24.59 ±5.13, 4.25 ±0.79, 32.70 ±14.54 and 343.43 ±178.39 and inwomen, 17.64 ±5.07, 3.68 ±0.51, 24.25 ± 9.40 and 338.40 ± 158.15 respectively) From these observations itcan be suggested that there are marked differences among the gender in the values of the inflammatorymarkers. It can also be suggested that the process of inflammation begins on the onset of diabetes which canprogress as the disease progresses. Thus periodic analysis is required to efficiently treat the inflammationprocess to avoid complications related to cardio vascular risk
Optimal transportation networks as free Dirichlet regions for the Monge-Kantorovich problem

In the paper the problem of constructing an optimal urban transportation network in a city with given densities of population and of workplaces is studied. The network is modeled by a closed connected set of assigned length, while the optimality condition consists in minimizing the Monge-Kantorovich functional representing the total transportation cost. The cost of trasporting a unit mass between two points is assumed to be proportional to the distance between them when the transportation is carried out outside of the network, and negligible when it is carried out along the network. The same problem can be also viewed as finding an optimal Dirichlet zone minimizing the Monge-Kantorovich cost of transporting the given two measures. The paper basically studies qualitative topological and geometrical properties of optimal networks. A mild regularity result for optimal networks is also provided.
Antibiotic Growth Promoters and Anise Seeds in Broiler Diets

The effect of replacing antibiotic growth promoter (Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate: BMD) by anise seeds as natural growth promoter on broilers performance was studied. One-day old chicks were fed experimental rations for 42 days. The replacement of BMD by anise seeds significantly (P<0.05) increased live body weight, body weight gain and the antibody titer against Newcastle, inficious Bursal and infectious bronchitis diseases. The replacement of BMD by anise seeds also significantly (P<0.05) decreased feed conversion ratio and serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. These findings suggest that anise seeds can replace BMD as growth promoter in broiler rations.
Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm

The ability to transfer best practices internally is critical to a firtn's ability to build competitive advantage through the appropriation of rents from scarce internal knowledge. Just as a firm's distinctive competencies tnight be dificult for other firms to imitate, its best prczctices could be dfficult to imitate internnlly. Yet, little systematic attention has been pcrid to such internal stickiness. The author analyzes itlterrzal stickiness of knowledge transfer crnd tests the resulting model using canonical correlation analysis of a data set consisting of 271 observations of 122 best-practice transfers in eight companies. Contrary to corzverztiorzrzl wisdom that blames primarily motivational factors, the study findings show the major barriers to internal knowledge transfer to be knowledge-related factors such as the recipient's lack oj absorptive capacity, causal anzbiguity, and an arciuous relationship between the source and the recipient. The identification and transfer of best practices cally are hindered less by confidentiality and legal is emerging as one of the most important and obstacles than external transfers, they could be widespread practical management issues of the faster and initially less complicated, all other latter half of the 1990s. Armed with meaningful, things being equal. For those reasons, in an era detailed performance data, firms that use fact- when continuous organizational learning and based management methods such as TQM, bench- relentless performance improvement are needed to marking, and process reengineering can regularly remain competitive, companies must increasingly compare the performance of their units along resort to the internal transfer of capabilitie~. ~ operational dimensions. Sparse but unequivocal Yet, experience shows that transferring capaevidence suggests that such comparisons often bilities within a firm is far from easy. General reveal surprising performance differences between Motors had great difficulty in transferring manuunits, indicating a need to improve knowledge facturing practices between divisions (Kerwin and utilization within the firm (e.g., Chew, Bresnahan, Woodruff, 1992: 74) and IBM had limited suc