Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An experimental and analytical study of oxygen depletion in stirred cell suspensions.

The determination and maintenance of constant low but non-zero levels of oxygen is critical in the study of the radiation chemical interactions of nitroimidazoles in mammalian cells in vitro. As well, many of these chemicals have increased toxicity toward hypoxic compared to aerobic cells, although absolute hypoxia probably is not required. Both of these phenomena must be investigated in systems where significant consumption of oxygen takes place, either through radiation depletion or by cellular metabolism. In this paper an analysis has been made of the form of oxygen depletion in stirred cell suspensions with overlying gas phase, and it has been found to conform to the relationship (C(t) - C/sub infinity/) = (C(0) - C/sub infinity/) exp(-k/sub 1/t), where C/sub infinity/ = C/sub g/ - R/k/sub 1/. Here C(t) is the oxygen tension throughout the solution; C/sub g/, the equivalent level in the overlying gas phase; R (concentration units per sec), the depletion rate; k/sub 1/ (sec/sup -1/), a physical constant independent of oxygen concentration and depletion rate; and C/sub infinity/, the oxygen level in solution approached at long times. This relationship has been confirmed in detail using a Clark-type oxygen sensor and a high-stability amplifier design due to Koch.more » Since oxygen levels down to a few hundred parts per million can be determined with accuracy, it has been possible to measure precisely the oxygen levels present in our experimental systems. Implications of these results for the interpretation of data obtained in stirred cell suspension with overlying gas phase under conditions of consumption are discussed. « less
Capital Structure Inertia and Product Market Competition

Based on a sample of US non-financial and non-utility firms over fiscal years from 1990 to 2010, this paper empirically examines how capital structure inertia differs across industries and to what extend such differences can be explained by product market competition. We find that firms in more competitive industries tend to be more inert with their capital structure decisions. This result could be explained by the disciplinary effect of debt, which serves as a substitute to product market competition. When product market competition is low, managers are more active with regard to capital structure decisions, especially debt use to constrain the free cash flow problem. In addition, we explore the explanatory power of transaction costs, which is a common explanation for capital structure inertia. Our results show that large firms are more inert than small firms. This provides evidence that transaction costs, at least, do not play a critical role in explaining capital structure inertia.
THE INFLUENCE OF CONSUMERS' TIE STRENGTH, HOMOPHILY AND SOURCE CREDIBILITY TOWARD ELECTRONIC WORD-OF-MOUTH (EWOM) BEHAVIOR

Electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) in the form of online product reviews can influence the sales of a product and/or service, and that informational‐based determinants are very important to consumers when evaluating reviews. The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of consumers’ tie strength, homophily, and source credibility toward electronic word-of-mouth behavior (eWOM). This research used quantitative analyze. The method used to analyze the data is the Multiple Regression Analysis. The population observed is the consumer who ever buy outfit product through online services and give publication via electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) located in Manado, North Sulawesi with sample size as many as 100 respondents. The result from this research is tie strength and source credibility influences the electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) behavior both simultaneously and partially. While homophily has no significant influence to the electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) behavior partially. This research suggests that tie strength is the dominant influence variable toward electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) behavior. It means that the consumers of outfit product in Manado considered closeness is the important factor that influenced consumer to exchange information online. Keywords: tie-strength, homophily, source credibility
Planning, Organizing, and Conducting a 2-Week Study Abroad Trip for Undergraduate Students: Guidelines for First-Time Faculty

This article provides specific recommendations to help faculty members organize, plan, and conduct a short-term overseas study tour. Specifically, strategies are presented to help with managing student anxiety in the pretrip sessions, acclimating the students to their new environment in the early part of the trip, balancing academic content with cultural activities, selecting types of learning activities, and facilitating a student exchange with a local university. A secondary goal of this article is to discuss common on-the-ground problems that the faculty leader may face in the host country. Strategies are presented to help the faculty leader respond to these problems (or prevent them from occurring in the first place).
Corporate Governance and Firm Performance in Indian Pharmaceutical Sector

Corporate governance has received a lot of attention in India because of the scandals that have taken place in the corporate world in the last two decades. Investors are also concerned over the relationship between corporate governance and performance indicators. In this context, our study empirically examines the impact of corporate governance on firm performance for Indian firms for the period 2001-2010. We utilize a range of measures of corporate governance including board size, outside directors, number of meetings held and firm performance variables covering both market-based and financial indicators. For empirical analysis, different specifications like fixed effects and simultaneous equation method have been employed for the robustness of the results. Findings of the analysis suggest that corporate governance has a significant impact on firm performance.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE STRATEGIC PLANNING IN PUBLIC TRANSIT SYSTEMS

The purpose of this paper is to identify the characteristics of strategic planning systems of transit agencies that enhance these agencies’ ability to respond effectively to federal legislative requirements and mandates. Analysis of data from 54 transit agencies, using structural equations, revealed that strategic planning enhances a transit agency’s ability to respond effectively to federal legislative requirements and demands of host communities. This is particularly so when it is designed to consolidate the various unit action-plans into a system-wide strategic plan. Additionally, for strategic planning to be effective, it should receive more than a lip service from top and unit or division level managers, it requires the involvement and commitment of top and division or unit managers, and it should be designed to have an external orientation. That is, it should focus on an organization’s responsiveness to the demands of its customers and it should identify and exploit future growth opportunities. Furthermore, effective strategic planning requires involvement of employees, particularly those who will be responsible for the implementation of the resulting plan, and it must fit the management and decision making styles of the top and unit or division level managers. These characteristics are intended to provide guidelines to agencies intending to use strategic planning as a tool of effective strategic management.
Estimating Capacity For Sharing in a Privately Owned Workstation Environment

The author analyzes workstation patterns in order to understand opportunities for exploiting idle capacity. This study is based on traces of users workstation activity in a university environment. It identifies two areas where enhancements can be made. One area is the ability of a manager of the shared capacity of a workstation cluster to schedule jobs with deadline constraints. This opportunity is the result of the ability to make good predictions of the time-varying amount of capacity that is available for sharing. A prediction strategy is developed that is shown to have only a small amount of error. For the second area of enhancement, it is shown that it is feasible to allocate partitions of workstations for specific periods. This aids those users who on occasion need exclusive access to several machines. The author examines the profile of periods during which exclusive access to partitions can be given, the rate that owners preempt users of partitions, and the distribution of interpreemption intervals. >
Cooperative and Non-cooperative R&D in Oligopoly with Spillovers

This paper examines the positive and normative effects of cooperative R&D--whereby member firms commit themselves to the joint profit-maximizing level of R&D in a "precompetitive stage" but remain fierce competitors in the product market--vis-a-vis noncooperative R&D, socially first-best R&D, and socially second-best R&D. In the presence of sufficiently large R&D spillovers, neither noncooperative nor cooperative equilibria achieve even second-best R&D levels. In the absence of spillover effects, however, while the cooperative R&D level remains socially insufficient, the noncooperative level may overshoot first- and second-best levels of R&D. Copyright 1992 by American Economic Association. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Pustular drug eruption induced by ferrous fumarate.

Ferrous fumarate Pustular drug eruption Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis Generalized pustular psoriasis Aoi Iti, MD, Department of Dermatology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036 (Japan) Although ferrous agents are commonly used clinically, they rarely induce allergic skin eruptions. Moreover, drug eruptions of the pustular type are uncommon and include simple pustular drug eruption, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) [1] and generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) [2]. Here, we describe a case of pustular drup eruption induced by ferrous fumarate. A 36-year-old woman was first seen at our clinic on September 14, 1994, because of a generalized exanthematous pustular eruption. She had been given ferrous fumarate (Ferrum®), carbazochrome sodium sulfonate (Adona®) and tranexamic acid (Transamin®), because of
Custeio alvo: utilização do sistema de gerenciamento de lucro pelos fabricantes de veículos automotores com indústri no Brasil

In this study there had been researched the automobile manufactures established in Brazil, aiming to verify if the use of the Target Costing system for cost and profit planning practiced by the companies is adherent to the theory. It is an exploratory research which has used a questionnaire to obtain the data. The questionnaire was based on the steps used by Monden (1999), which should be followed by the automobile manufacturers when using the target costing system. A number of 16 companies that produce commercial vehicles to the population in general were selected, excluding the companies that produce vehicles concerned to rural areas. The analysis was shorten to 5 companies that replied to the questionnaire, making it approximately 31% of the companies, which, on the other hand are responsible for 70% of all vehicles manufactured. The conclusion is that the companies analyzed use the cost system named target costing, according to the Monden (1999) theory, and perform with great intensity during the production process and the planning of new products.
The moderating effects of exclusive dealing agreements on distributor satisfaction

This study explores the effects that exclusive dealing agreements have on distributors' interests and preferences. The research work was conducted in order to examine the moderating effect of these agreements on the overall satisfaction attained by the distributor in the relationship. Three antecedents of the distributor's satisfaction were considered: the supplier's competitive strength, the supplier's attitudes and the economic outcomes achieved by the reseller. Hypotheses are developed and tested in order to observe whether the influence of each of these factors on overall satisfaction changes in the presence of an exclusive dealing agreement. The results show that this vertical restriction mainly affects the relationship between the supplier's attitudes and the distributor's satisfaction.
Long-term prognosis of acute lateral ankle ligamentous sprains : high incidence of recurrences and residual symptoms

Background. Acute lateral ankle ligamentous sprains (ALALS) are common injuries. This injury does not always have a favourable long-term outcome. Studies reporting the prognosis of ALALS after functional treatment are scarce. Objective. To determine the prognosis of functionally treated ALALS, in terms of recurrent ALALS and residual symptoms. Study design. Retrospective cohort study. Setting. Patients were recruited from 20 family practices, nine physical therapy practices, the emergency departments of a regional hospital and a university hospital. Patients. Adult patients with an ALALS caused by an inversion trauma were invited to participate in this study 2.5–5 years after their initial injury. Independent variables. Functional treatment of the initial ALALS. Main outcome measures. Acute lateral ankle ligamentous sprain recurrences and residual symptoms. Results. A total of 44 patients were included, with an average follow-up period after the initial ankle sprain of 204 weeks (range 150–274 weeks). Eight patients (18.1%) had reinjured their ankle. Explicit pain around the ankle joint at physical examination was experienced by 45.5%. Clinical symptoms of anterior ankle impingement were present in 25% (all athletes), with radiologically confirmed tibiotalar osteophyte bone formation in 82% of them. Conclusions. A large proportion of patients with ALALS experience recurrences and persistent symptoms after their initial ankle injury. The high percentage of patients with anterior ankle impingement syndromes illustrates the need for early assessment of this impairment in patients with persistent complaints.
Assessment on Problems Associated with Artificial Insemination Services in West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia

The study was conducted to assess the problems associated with artificial insemination service in 10 districts of West Gojjam Zone during October 2011 to May 2012. The study was performed by questionnaire survey on 15 Artificial insemination technicians (AIT) and 412 dairy cattle owners. The insemination services were performed on 410 cows and heifers in the selected districts. There was no statistically significant difference ( =12.988, P>0.05) in Weekends and holidays service usages. However, 2 there was a significant difference among the study districts in shortage of AIT, shortage of input, distance from dairy owners home to artificial insemination (AI) service and inefficiency of AIT (p<0.05). The least service of artificial insemination in Weekends and holidays found in Mecha district (60%) whereas shortage of AIT were found in Sekela district (60%); shortage of input found in Sekela district (52.5%),, distance found in Gonji Kolela district (60%) and inefficiency of AIT found in Sekela (62.5%) districts. Dairy cattle owners responded that the cows and heifers were passing without breeding from AI and natural mating 126 (44.21%), used natural mating 118 (41.4%) and keep the next time AI 41(14.39%) from 285 (100%) non satisfaction owners in AI service due to different problem and was statistically significant (P<0.05). The inseminated cows and heifers were non-pregnant in different cases like age, breed, time of insemination and estrus detection and was statistically significant (P<0.05). The questionnaire surveys indicated that artificial insemination is not doing well in all the districts of the zone. Therefore, that artificial insemination service requires urgent measures to change the situation before collapsed totally and to achieve a success.
Determinants and Barriers to Bilateral Trade: A Study on Developing Economies

World trade has grown rapidly. Several factors are highlighted by literature as a driving force behind the growth of world trade. Reduction in barriers to trade is one of them. A comprehensive empirical investigation is carried to ascertain the trade reducing and increasing effect of barriers to trade which are also known determinants of trade. The modified gravity model developed in this study analyses the effect of GDP, distance,remittances, FDI, transportation cost, exchange rate, inflation, population, import and export on trade flows. The study revealed that the population, import and transportation cost, distance, Tariff imposed by trading partner, FDI and Population of trading country are the determinants and significantly affect exports of developing economies. The study also ascertain that transportation cost, distance, population of trading partner, FDI of both trading countries and remittances of trading partner are the determinants that have major impact on import of developing nations.
Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Rhizobia Isolated from Root Nodule of Crotolaria junceae L. Grown in Assam

In the present study 14 bacterial strains were isolated from root nodule of Crotolaria junceae L. from 4 different sites of Assam. The isolates were investigated for their morphological characteristics. Three different confirmatory tests were performed with the isolates. The isolates were also investigated for their biochemical characteristics and compared with biochemical characteristics of reference strains Rhizobium leguminoserum MTCC-99, Bradyrhizobium japonicum MTCC-120 and Mesorhizobium thiogangeticum MTCC-7001 obtained from IMTECH, Chandigarh. The isolates showed close similarity in their morphological features but showed variation in confirmatory test results. The study revealed that most of the isolates are closely related to Rhizobium leguminoserum MTCC-99 and Mesorhizobium thiogangeticum MTCC-7001 based on their morphological and biochemical characteristic.
Effect of strategy, structure and performance variables on store brand market share

The results obtained by store brands in a large number of markets have been favoured by a set of factors. Prominent among these factors are the actions by manufacturers and distributors on price and differentiation, market competition at both a manufacturer and a retailer level, and the economic-financial results of the latter for the product categories in which they work with a store brand. This research presents an explanatory fixed effects panel model of the market share of these brands that shows clearly the influence of the variables of competitive strategy, structure and performance. The study is applied to the Spanish market for 50 consumer product categories over 5 years, from 1996 to 2000.
Maternal and infant gene–folate interactions and the risk of neural tube defects

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are common, serious malformations with a complex etiology that suggests involvement of both genetic and environmental factors. The authors evaluated maternal or offspring folate‐related gene variants and interactions between the gene variants and maternal intake of folates on the risk of NTDs in their offspring. A case–control study was conducted on mothers and/or their fetuses and infants who were born in California from 1999 to 2003 with an NTD (cases n = 222, including 24 mother–infant pairs) or without a major malformation (controls n = 454, including 186 mother–infant pairs). Maternal intake of folates was assessed by food frequency questionnaire and genotyping was performed on samples from mothers and infants. For mothers in the lowest folate‐intake group, risk of NTDs in offspring was significantly decreased for maternal MTHFR SNPs rs1476413, rs1801131, and rs1801133 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.55, 80% confidence interval [CI]: 0.20, 1.48; OR = 0.58, 80% CI: 0.24, 1.43; OR = 0.69, 80% CI: 0.41, 1.17, respectively), and TYMS SNPs rs502396 and rs699517 (OR = 0.91, 80% CI: 0.53, 1.56; OR = 0.70, 80% CI: 0.38, 1.29). A gene‐only effect was observed for maternal SHMT1 SNP rs669340 (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.96). When there was low maternal folate intake, risk of NTDs was significantly increased for infant MTHFD1 SNPs rs2236224, rs2236225, and rs11627387 (OR = 1.58, 80% CI: 0.99, 2.51; OR = 1.53, 80% CI: 0.95, 2.47; OR = 4.25, 80% CI: 2.33, 7.75, respectively) and SHMT1 SNP rs12939757 (OR = 2.01, 80% CI: 1.20, 3.37), but decreased for TYMS SNP rs2847153 (OR = 0.73, 80% CI: 0.37, 1.45). Although power to detect interaction effects was low for this birth defects association study, the gene–folate interactions observed in this study represent preliminary findings that will be useful for informing future studies on the complex etiology of NTDs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Influence of Communication Channels on Internet Banking Adoption

This paper addresses the influence of communication channels or source ofinformation particularly, media norm (mass media) and personal norm(word of mouth) on the intention to use Internet Banking (IB) amongYemenis. Empirical data was collected using the survey questionnaireapproach. Questionnaires were distributed randomly to 1000 bankcustomers in the Yemeni capital. A total of 369 completed questionnaireswere used for the analysis. The study reveals that both norms influence theintention to use IB. It was also illustrated that the intention norms portrayedin mass media and word-of-mouth significantly influence the respondents’decision to adopt Internet Banking.
In vivo and In vitro Regulation of Type I IFN Synthesis by Synergistic Effects of CD40 and Type II IFN1

During cognate interaction with CD40 ligand (CD154)-expressing T cells, Ag-presenting accessory cells are activated for increased cytokine synthetic and costimulatory function. We examined whether CD40 modulates in vivo innate immune function over time, hypothesizing that distinct cytokine responses evolve to delayed microbial exposure. C3H/HeN mice pretreated with activating anti-CD40 Ab (FGK45) produced 10-fold more serum IFN-γ and IL-12 p70 to delayed, but not synchronous, challenge with LPS. A novel finding was that LPS-induced IFN-α increased by 20-fold in mice pretreated for 24 h, but not 6 h or less, with anti-CD40. Anti-CD40-pretreated C57BL/6 RAG-2−/− mice similarly increased IFN-α responses to delayed LPS challenge, confirming mediation by innate immunity. Type I IFNR- and IFN-γ-deficient mice treated with anti-CD40 failed to expand serum IFN-α responses to LPS challenge. Combined pretreatment with anti-CD40 and anti-IFN-γ mAb showed that IFN-γ produced after anti-CD40 pretreatment, but before LPS challenge, was necessary for IFN-α synthetic enhancement. Anti-CD40 also increased polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C))-inducible IFN-α by 5-fold in an IFN-γ-dependent fashion, but did not significantly increase IFN-α production to CpG or Pam3Cys challenges. Poly(IC)-stimulated splenocytes from anti-CD40-pretreated mice produced 4-fold more IFN-α than controls and production associated with CD11c+ cells. Finally, rIFN-γ and anti-CD40 combined synergistically to increase poly(IC)-inducible IFN-α synthetic capacity in bone marrow dendritic cells. We conclude that innate immune production of IFN-α is cooperatively regulated by CD40 and IFN-γ acting on dendritic cells, suggesting a unique mechanism by which innate immune function evolves in response to specific adaptive immune signals.