Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Risk-Based Approach for Aerothermal/TPS Analysis and Testing

Abstract : The current status of aerothermal and thermal protection system modeling for civilian entry missions is reviewed. For most such missions, the accuracy of our simulations is limited not by the tools and processes currently employed, but rather by reducible deficiencies in the underlying physical models. Improving the accuracy of and reducing the uncertainties in these models will enable a greater understanding of the system level impacts of a particular thermal protection system and of the system operation and risk over the operational life of the system. A strategic plan will be laid out by which key modeling deficiencies can be identified via mission-specific gap analysis. Once these gaps have been identified, the driving component uncertainties are determined via sensitivity analyses. A Monte-Carlo based methodology is presented for physics-based probabilistic uncertainty analysis of aerothermodynamics and thermal protection system material response modeling. These data are then used to advocate for and plan focused testing aimed at reducing key uncertainties. The results of these tests are used to validate or modify existing physical models. Concurrently, a testing methodology is outlined for thermal protection materials. The proposed approach is based on using the results of uncertainty/sensitivity analyses discussed above to tailor ground testing so as to best identify and quantify system performance and risk drivers. A key component of this testing is understanding the relationship between the test and flight environments. No existing ground test facility can simultaneously replicate all aspects of the flight environment, and therefore good models for traceability to flight are critical to ensure a low risk, high reliability thermal protection system design. Finally, the role of flight testing in the overall thermal protection system development strategy is discussed.
Temporal changes in fetal cardiovascular, behavioural, metabolic and endocrine responses to maternally administered dexamethasone in the late gestation fetal sheep

Objective To determine the primary (0–12 h) and secondary (12–24 h) effects of dexamethasone on fetal heart rate, short term heart rate variation, blood pressure, breathing movements and electrocortical activity, blood gas exchange, metabolism and adrenocortical function in the late gestation sheep fetus.
Distinct electrophysiological properties of glutamatergic, cholinergic and GABAergic rat septohippocampal neurons: novel implications for hippocampal rhythmicity

The medial septum‐diagonal band complex (MSDB) contains cholinergic and non‐cholinergic neurons known to play key roles in learning and memory processing, and in the generation of hippocampal theta rhythm. Electrophysiologically, several classes of neurons have been described in the MSDB, but their chemical identity remains to be fully established. By combining electrophysiology with single‐cell RT‐PCR, we have identified four classes of neurons in the MSDB in vitro. The first class displayed slow‐firing and little or no Ih, and expressed choline acetyl‐transferase mRNA (ChAT). The second class was fast‐firing, had a substantial Ih and expressed glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 mRNA (GAD67), sometimes co‐localized with ChAT mRNAs. A third class exhibited fast‐ and burst‐firing, had an important Ih and expressed GAD67 mRNA also occasionally co‐localized with ChAT mRNAs. The ionic mechanism underlying the bursts involved a low‐threshold spike and a prominent Ih current, conductances often associated with pacemaker activity. Interestingly, we identified a fourth class that expressed transcripts solely for one or two of the vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2), but not ChAT or GAD. Some putative glutamatergic neurons displayed electrophysiological properties similar to ChAT‐positive slow‐firing neurons such as the occurrence of a very small Ih, but nearly half of glutamatergic neurons exhibited cluster firing with intrinsically generated voltage‐dependent subthreshold membrane oscillations. Neurons belonging to each of the four described classes were found among septohippocampal neurons by retrograde labelling. We provide results suggesting that slow‐firing cholinergic, fast‐firing and burst‐firing GABAergic, and cluster‐firing glutamatergic neurons, may each uniquely contribute to hippocampal rhythmicity in vivo.
Total and high molecular weight adiponectin and level-modifying polymorphisms of ADIPOQ in centenarians.

INTRODUCTION Adiponectin demonstrates a protective role against the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. The -11377C 〉 G, -11391G 〉 A, and -11426A 〉 G promoter polymorphisms of ADIPOQ gene influence the level of circulating adiponectin. We examined the level of total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin in centenarians and associated it with biochemical parameters. We checked if the expression and concentration-modifying polymorphisms of ADIPOQ are associated with extreme longevity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Total and HMW adiponectin were examined using ELISA in 40 female centenarians. The frequencies of the ADIPOQ polymorphisms were tested by restriction fragment length polymorphism in 148 centenarians, 414 young controls, in 207 myocardial infarction patients, and in 190 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. RESULTS The mean concentration of total adiponectin in centenarians was 13.19 ± 1.37 mg/mL and of HMW adiponectin it was 9.17 ± 1.15 mg/mL. They were positively correlated with HDL (r = 0.4696, p = 0.0025 and r = 0.3912, p = 0.015, respectively), and negatively with BMI (r = -0.3702, p = 0.034 and r = -0.3963, p = 0.025) and triglycerides (r = -0.346, p = 0.028 and r = -0.3227, p = 0.045). A very rare AA genotype of the -11391G 〉 A polymorphism was significantly more common in centenarians than in young controls (p = 0.026) and, while compared to the GG genotype, it was associated with a 2.4-fold higher mean concentration of total adiponectin (26.53 ± 13.29 mg/ mL v. 10.97 ± 4.28 mg/mL) and with an almost 3-fold higher mean HMW adiponectin (20.65 ± 12.72 mg/mL v. 7.36 ± 3.35 mg/mL). CONCLUSIONS Serum adiponectin concentration in female centenarians is associated with biochemical parameters that are favourable for cardiovascular risk. We suggest that adiponectin might be of importance for extreme longevity.
Accuracy of parental reporting of secondhand smoke exposure: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III.

The accuracy of parental reports of youth secondhand smoke exposure has received limited attention in the research literature. Such reports were compared to serum cotinine levels among participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III who were aged 4-16 years. Likely smokers with serum cotinine values of 14 ng/ml or more and self-reported tobacco users were excluded from the analysis (n = 87), leaving 2,524 youth participants. One adult guardian, typically the parent, was asked to identify household smokers and estimate the number of cigarettes smoked in the home. Using cotinine levels of at least 0.2 ng/ml as the criterion, we found the sensitivity and specificity of any reported smokers in the home to be . 65 and . 92, respectively. Spearman correlations between cotinine levels and the number of smokers and the number of cigarettes consumed in the household were . 67 and . 68, respectively, and varied little across subgroups, including age, gender, and ethnicity of the child as well as household poverty status and educational attainment of the parent. Parental reports of household smoking alone fail to capture all youth secondhand smoke exposures, but they correlate well with cotinine levels when expressed as the number of household smokers or the number of cigarettes smoked in the household. Additional research is needed to determine whether reliance on parental reports of secondhand smoke exposure leads to bias in studies examining health outcomes in children and adolescents. Also, additional research is needed to better determine the level of secondhand smoke exposure that is biologically important in children and adolescents.
Conservative estimates of the mass of the neutrino from cosmology

A range of experimental results point to the existence of a massive neutrino. The recent high precision measurements of the cosmic microwave background and the large scale surveys of galaxies can be used to place an upper bound on this mass. In this paper we perform a thorough analysis of all assumptions that go into obtaining a credible limit on . In particular we explore the impact of extending parameter space beyond the current standard cosmological model, the importance of priors and the uncertainties due to biasing in large scale structure. We find that the mass constraints are independent of the choice of parametrization as well as the inclusion of spatial curvature. The results of including the possibility of dark energy and tensor perturbations are shown to depend critically on the datasets used. The difference between an upper bound of 2.2 eV, assuming generic initial conditions, and an upper bound of 0.63 eV, assuming adiabaticity and a galaxy bias of 1, demonstrate the dependence of such a constraint on the assumptions in the analysis.
Comprehension and Assessment of Product Reviews: A Review-Product Congruity Proposition

This work anchors on the theories of cognitive fit and schema congruity to advance a review-product congruity proposition. The proposition states that the effects of product review content (either attribute or experience based) on the product review comprehension (reflected by perceived cognitive effort and review comprehension time) and assessment (manifested by perceived review helpfulness) of a consumer are contingent on the assessed product type (either search or experience product). The results of our first experiment support the proposition by revealing that the two matching conditions, (1) attribute-based reviews describing a search product and (2) experience-based reviews describing an experience product, could lead consumers to perceive higher review helpfulness and lower cognitive effort (subjective measure) to comprehend the reviews. However, the subjective evaluation of cognitive effort is not reinforced by the resulting review comprehension time (an objective assessment of comprehension effort), which suggests that consumers spend significantly more time processing reviews in the presence of the two matching conditions. A second experiment was conducted using the think-aloud method to gain further insights into the effects. We found that under the review-product matching conditions, consumers engage in deeper-level comprehension and expend more time in comprehension without realizing it, compared to consumers under the mismatching conditions. This research extends our current understanding of how review content and product reviews jointly influence the comprehension and assessment behavior of the consumer, and provides guidelines on the identification and the presentation of reviews to facilitate the judgment and decision making of potential consumers.
Bilingüísmo en Colombia

Se analiza el bilinguismo espanol-ingles en la educacion colombiana utilizando el Marco Comun Europeo de Referencia para Lenguas como indicador del dominio del ingles como lengua extranjera en Colombia. Se revisan los resultados obtenidos por los estudiantes y docentes de ingles en examenes internacionales.
Influence of the genotype on the clinical course of the long-QT syndrome. International Long-QT Syndrome Registry Research Group.

BACKGROUND The congenital long-QT syndrome, caused by mutations in cardiac potassium-channel genes (KVLQT1 at the LQT1 locus and HERG at the LQT2 locus) and the sodium-channel gene (SCN5A at the LQT3 locus), has distinct repolarization patterns on electrocardiography, but it is not known whether the genotype influences the clinical course of the disease. METHODS We determined the genotypes of 541 of 1378 members of 38 families enrolled in the International Long-QT Syndrome Registry: 112 had mutations at the LQT1 locus, 72 had mutations at the LQT2 locus, and 62 had mutations at the LQT3 locus. We determined the cumulative probability and lethality of cardiac events (syncope, aborted cardiac arrest, or sudden death) occurring from birth through the age of 40 years according to genotype in the 246 gene carriers and in all 1378 members of the families studied. RESULTS The frequency of cardiac events was higher among subjects with mutations at the LQT1 locus (63 percent) or the LQT2 locus (46 percent) than among subjects with mutations at the LQT3 locus (18 percent) (P<0.001 for the comparison of all three groups). In a multivariate Cox analysis, the genotype and the QT interval corrected for heart rate were significant independent predictors of a first cardiac event. The cumulative mortality through the age of 40 among members of the three groups of families studied was similar; however, the likelihood of dying during a cardiac event was significantly higher (P<0.001) among families with mutations at the LQT3 locus (20 percent) than among those with mutations at the LQT1 locus (4 percent) or the LQT2 locus (4 percent). CONCLUSIONS The genotype of the long-QT syndrome influences the clinical course. The risk of cardiac events is significantly higher among subjects with mutations at the LQT1 or LQT2 locus than among those with mutations at the LQT3 locus. Although cumulative mortality is similar regardless of the genotype, the percentage of cardiac events that are lethal is significantly higher in families with mutations at the LQT3 locus.
Audition: some relations between normal and pathological hearing.

¥e;,':o��f l::g:f: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Binaural Analysis . Understanding Speech . Summary . The Multivariate Approach . TINNITUS . Masking and Tinnitus . Annoyance of Tinnitus . Electrical Stimulation . The Melanin Connection . ACOUSTIC EMISSIONS FROM THE COCHLEA . Cochlear Echoes . Emitted Distortion Products . Microstructure of the Audiogram .
Effect of Class II Amalgam and Composite Restorations on Periodontal Health of Posterior Teeth : An in Vivo Study

Background Periodontal health at the restorative gingival interface continues to represent one of the most difficult challenges. Unfortunately, they only mimic the physical and morphological aspects of teeth, as they are limited by the absence of the ‘ideal material’ that would provide characteristics similar to the normal tooth structure. Aims To determine the influence of class II amalgam and composite restorative materials on plaque accumulation, gingivitis and periodontal pocket depth. Materials and Methods One hundred patients were included in the study. The age ranged between (21-24) years old. The sample was composed of two groups (50 patients each), with an equal ratio of males and females. The tested restoration types were: amalgam class II (MO) and composite class II (MO) of 2-3 years. The following periodontal parameters: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and pocket depth (PD) in mm were recorded for each restored tooth compared with non-restored tooth on the other side of the mouth as a control. Results The results showed that amalgam induce the higher means of plaque, gingivitis and pocket depth compared with composite. The mean of the three parameters, as compared to control group, were statistically higher in the restored amalgam surfaces (p<0.05). For composite restoration the means of the three parameters were also higher but not in significant levels for both plaque index and gingival Index, except for pocket depth of the restored surfaces were significantly higher than the controlled surfaces. However, there were no significant differences in the ranks of the three mesial indices of patients having amalgam in comparison with those having composite. Conclusion This study suggests that composite restorations did not have a significant advantage on periodontal health over amalgam restorations for Class II posterior teeth.
Short-Course Versus Prolonged-Course Antibiotic Therapy for Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia in Critically Ill Adults.

were ICU patients (16 years and older) with HAP (including VAP) diagnosed by clinical, radiologic, and/or quantitative culture. Those with hematologic malignant neoplasms, chemically induced immune suppression, or HIV/AIDS were excluded when possible. The intervention of interest was comparing antibiotic therapy of “short” duration (≤ 8 days) with “prolonged” duration (typically 10-21 days). Primary outcome measures included 28-day mortality, recurrence of pneumonia, and number of antibiotic-free days in a 28-day period. Secondary outcomes included ICU and in-hospital mortality, clinical resolution of pneumonia, relapse of pneumonia, subsequent infection due to “resistant organisms,” duration of ICU and hospital stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, mechanical ventilation– free days, and mortality attributable to HAP. Two review authors independently screened abstracts, assessed full texts using a standardized data extraction form, assessed for risk of bias, and resolved any disagreements by discussion. Six studies met inclusion criteria, with a total of 1088 participants from medical, surgical, cardiothoracic, and neurosurgical ICUs in Africa, Review Question This review sought to assess the effectiveness of short versus prolongedcourse antibiotics for hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) in critically ill adults, including patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). 1
Triamcinolone acetonide mouth rinses for treatment of erosive oral lichen planus: efficacy and risk of fungal over-infection.

OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide mouthrinse for treatment of erosive oral lichen planus (OLP), and to evaluate the risk of fungal over-infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS Clinical records of all cases of erosive and erosive-ulcerative OLP treated in our Oral Medicine Service over the period 1993-2003 were reviewed. All patients had been treated with mouthrinses containing triamcinolone acetonide at 0.3% (T1) or 0.5% (T2). Clinical outcome for each patient was classified at 1, 3 and 6 months after start of treatment as total remission (TR), partial remission (PR) or no remission (NR). Fungal over-infection was also recorded. RESULTS A total of 35 cases were included in the study. Clinical outcomes considering both treatment groups together (T1 + T2) were as follows: at month 1, 28.6% TR, 62.9% PR, 8.6% NR; at month 3, 57.1% TR, 37.1% PR, 5.7% NR; and at month 6, 80.0% TR, 17.1% PR, 2.9% NR. In four patients (11.4%) fungal over-infection was noted during the study period. CONCLUSION Triamcinolone acetonide mouthrinse is an appropriate treatment for erosive OLP, in view of the high efficacy and low risk of fungal over-infection.
Transforming clinical practice amongst community nurses: mentoring for COPD patient self-management.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To report on the process of transforming clinical practice amongst community nurses through a mentoring programme implemented to support self-management amongst community-based sufferers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BACKGROUND The increasing incidence of and health burden from, chronic diseases has led to the emergence of more proactive, integrated chronic disease management approaches across the acute and primary care sectors. An important part of these approaches is the direct involvement of patients in their own care. Despite some difficulties with comparing the benefits of chronic disease self-management programmes, many evaluations report some benefit and all highlight the importance of health professionals in supporting self-management behaviours. In the primary care sector, community nurses are ideally situated to support these behaviours, but to do this effectively transformation of nursing practice must occur. DESIGN Qualitative, longitudinal study informed by action research methods and involving monthly group discussions with community nurse mentors. METHODS Community nurses from four community health centres in Tasmania were trained in motivational interviewing techniques to promote self-management amongst chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Nurses' mentoring experiences were monitored during group discussions and subjected to thematic analysis. RESULTS The paper reports the findings of the first 12 months of the project. In this phase, nurses experienced a transformation in their constructions of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their clinical practice. This involved a shift from a fatalistic, prescriptive, biomedical approach to a primary healthcare approach characterised by empathy, consultation, facilitation and a holistic focus. CONCLUSIONS Community nurses face challenges in supporting chronic disease self-management. These challenges can be overcome and a transformation in clinical practice instilled. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE This study highlights that it is possible to support community nurses to take a lead role in the ongoing management of chronic disease in the community.
A quantitative microprobe analysis of elements in cortical and nuclear cells of the calf lens

The outer cortical cells in the calf lens remain transparent under conditions that produce opacity in central nuclear cells. The nuclear cells opacify by a mechanism of cellular restructuring that is associated with a cytoplasmic phase separation while cortical cells do not opacify by this mechanism. In this study the differences in elemental composition of nuclear and cortical cells were analyzed using X‐ray emission spectroscopy (XES) of tissue that was prepared for scanning electron microscopy. It was necessary to develop special methods of fixation and dehydration to prevent significant distortion of lens tissue and minimize solubilization and redistribution of elements during the histological processing of the tissue. We calibrated the microprobe for the quantitative analysis using gelatin standards which contained known concentrations of sulfur, potassium, phosphorus, chlorine, and cesium. The standard curves were used to determine proportionality constants, which related the intensity of X‐ray emission to the molar concentration of each element, and to determine the minimum detectable levels of each element. An important finding is that the intensity of the X‐ray emission is dependent on sample density only at low protein concentration. At the high protein concentrations that exist in lens, the intensity is not affected by sample density. The results are that (1) normal concentrations of sulfur, phosphorus, and potassium can be localized using this procedure; (2) concentrations of sodium, magnesium, chlorine, and calcium are just below the sensitivity of the present method in the normal lens; 3) lenses that are placed in solutions of monovalent ions have increased concentrations of the ions in both the nucleus and cortex, but only the nuclear cells opacify; and 4) the greatest detectable difference between the cells in the lens nucleus, which opacify, and cells in the lens cortex, which do not opacify, is in the phosphorus content. Cortical cells contain five to six times as much phosphorus as nuclear cells.
Involvement of the liver in dengue infections.

Dengue virus, the causative agent of dengue fever (DF) and more severe forms of the disease – dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) – can infect a number of different types of cells. While monocytes and macrophages are considered to be primary target cells driving the pathology of the disease, numerous studies have implicated the liver as a site of dengue virus replication and both clinical observations and experimental data support a role of the liver in dengue disease. This review aims to provide a brief overview of the data supporting a role of the liver in the pathology of dengue disease.