Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The reliability of cephalometric measurements in oral and maxillofacial imaging: Cone beam computed tomography versus two-dimensional digital cephalograms

Context: This study compared digital two-dimensional (2D) lateral cephalograms and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) total and half-skull images for the reliability of cephalometric measurements. Aims: (1) To compare the accuracy of cephalometric measurements and reproducibility between the digital and CBCT cephalograms in the Indian population. (2) To compare interobserver variability in landmark identification through their cephalometric measurements by comparing different imaging modalities (CBCT total skull, CBCT half-skull, and conventional lateral cephalogram). (3) To further compare half-skull with the total skull synthesized CBCT and digital cephalograms in the same regard. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients, who had consented with orthodontic treatment, participated in the study. Informed consent was obtained from the patient before the radiographic procedures. 2D digital lateral cephalograms and their corresponding CBCT scans were taken and imported in DICOM format to OnDemand 3D software. Twenty-three landmarks were identified by 3 observers and 9 linear and 14 angular measurements were digitally traced. The values were sent for statistical analysis using ANOVA to check the interobserver reliability between the imaging modalities. Statistical Analysis Used: ANOVA, Student′s t-test, and post hoc test were used for the statistical analysis. Results: The interobserver reliability was high between the modalities. CBCT total skull received an overall intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) value of 0.76. The ICC value for the CBCT half-skull was 0.79 and for the digital cephalograms it was 0.80. The reliability for CBCT total skull was marginally less when compared to the CBCT half-skull and digital cephalograms, but more for the mid-sagittal measurements. Digital cephalograms showed the most variation with measurements of the mandibular plane when compared to CBCT. Conclusions: CBCT has the potential to be used for cephalometrics, especially the half-skull images, but further studies are required to prove whether CBCT total skull images can be used. 2D cephalometry, however, still does remain as the mainstay of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning and cannot be easily replaced by three-dimensional cephalometry.
Serum Albumin, Coronary Heart Disease Risk, and Mortality in an Elderly Cohort

We investigated associations of serum albumin with the incidence and mortality of coronary heart disease among men from the Zutphen Elderly Study. In 1985, 820 men were randomly selected from a population age 64–84 years and were followed for 5 years. We adjusted relative risks for traditional risk factors (age, body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, total and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, and alcohol consumption) and also for baseline health status indicators (white blood cell count, physician's health score, self‐rated health, and history of relevant diseases). Albumin was inversely associated with the incidence of coronary heart disease only among men with elevated total cholesterol levels (≥6.5 mmol per liter). The relative risk for a 1‐standard deviation increase (2.5 gm per liter) in albumin was 0.60 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.38–0.96] and was not altered after additional adjustment for baseline health status. In all men, the relative risk for death due to coronary heart disease was 0.67 (95% CI = 0.49–0.92), and the relative risk was reduced to 0.84 (95% CI = 0.61–1.15) after adjustment for health status. We found comparable health status‐adjusted relative risks for mortality from cardiovascular diseases (relative risk = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.67–1.02) and for mortality from all causes (relative risk = 0.86; 0.73–0.99). Independent of traditional risk factors, moderately low serum albumin is predictive of coronary heart disease and all‐cause mortality in elderly men. Only part of this relation could be explained by baseline health status.
Identification of newborn rats by tattooing

Pups were identified by toe clipping or tattooing the plantar surface of the paws on day 4 after delivery. Their growth, maturation, and reproductive capability were not affected by either identification method. In the toe clipping group, however, the duration until fall in the suspension test was significantly shortened, indicating that this identification method may not be suitable for some behavioural tests. The clipping also disturbs the skeletal investigation of toes and is not recommended from the view point of animal welfare. Palm tattooing, on the other hand, satisfies the fundamental requirements for long-term identification of rats.
Mother–offspring associations in Northern muriquis, Brachyteles hypoxanthus

Maternal care of offspring is ubiquitous among primates, but its duration varies across species due to factors such as dispersal patterns and social dynamics, which influence opportunities for and potential benefits of maternal investment in older offspring, respectively. We examined mother‐offspring associations in wild northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus), in which males are philopatric, females typically disperse before puberty, and social relationships among and between males and females are egalitarian. Associations were systematically recorded between ten mothers, each with two–six offspring in the study group, and all group members from August 2003–May 2004 at the RPPN‐Feliciano Miguel Abdala in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Infants of both sexes received similarly high percentages of their mothers' association time. Mothers without infants also maintained strong associations with their youngest juvenile sons. Mothers did not spend consistently more time associating with either juvenile or adult sons than daughters. Our finding of non‐preferential associations between muriqui mothers and their older male offspring suggests that extended maternal investment in offspring may be of minimal value in their egalitarian society compared with its value for species living in hierarchical societies. Am. J. Primatol. 70:301–305, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age, period and cohort effects on body weight and body mass index in adults: The Doetinchem Cohort Study

Abstract Objective To study the development of body weight with ageing, in a general adult population, taking into account possible period and cohort effects. Design A prospective cohort study with 11 years of follow-up. At baseline and after 6 and 11 years, body weight and height were measured. Setting The Doetinchem Cohort Study, consisting of inhabitants of Doetinchem, a town in a rural area of The Netherlands. Subjects In total, 4070 healthy men and women aged 20–59 years at baseline. Results Increase in BMI with ageing was less profound based on cross-sectional data than based on longitudinal data. More recent-born cohorts had a higher BMI at a given age than cohorts who were born earlier. Increase in mean BMI with ageing was observed in all age groups and was similar for groups with a different educational level. Highest increase in BMI over 11 years was observed in the youngest group, aged 20–29 years at baseline (2·2 [95 % CL 2·0, 2·3] kg/m2), and lowest increase in the oldest group, aged 50–59 years at baseline (1·1 [1·0, 1·3] kg/m2). Conclusions Findings of the present study using longitudinal data suggest that increase in BMI with ageing is underestimated in all age groups by studying cross-sectional data only. Further, weight gain is present in all educational levels and does not stop at middle age.
Effects of subchronic exposure to 2,6‐dinitrotoluene in the northern bobwhite (Colinus Virginianus)

Explosives and their breakdown products are commonly found in soils at U.S. military installations. Many areas where these compounds are found represent useful habitat for ground‐foraging birds. Because these birds likely are exposed to such compounds, we evaluated the oral toxicity of 2,6‐dinitrotoluene (DNT) in a representative ground‐foraging species of management concern. Adult male and female northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) were exposed to either 0, 5, 10, 40, or 60 mg/kg/d via gavage for 60 d (subchronic) following determination of the median acute lethal dose (320 mg/kg). Circulating levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin were significantly decreased in a dose‐dependent manner; however, levels remained within normal ranges. Plasma concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, and potassium, sodium, and chlorine ions were significantly decreased, and circulating levels of uric acid were significantly increased. Decreased body weight, enlarged gallbladders, edematous gastrointestinal tracts, pale kidneys, pale and fibrous livers, and loose stools were consistent observations. The effects found in the clinical chemistries taken together with histopathological abnormalities observed in sections of hepatic and renal tissue suggest that the liver and kidneys are major targets for 2,6‐DNT. Oral exposures to 2,6‐DNT appear to affect northern bobwhite in a manner similar to that of the other main DNT isomer, 2,4‐DNT, but in more subtle ways, adversely affecting the gastrointestinal system and leading to diarrhea and, ultimately, emaciation. The lowest‐observed‐adverse‐effect level is 40 mg/kg/d based on hematological measures, and the no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level is 10 mg/kg/d based on the absence of results indicative of adverse effects.
Differential Infectivity and Division ofToxoplasma gondii in Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes

ABSTRACT When tachyzoites were incubated with human peripheral blood leukocytes in vitro, more monocytes and dendritic cells than neutrophils or lymphocytes were infected. Although tachyzoites were able to divide in each of these cell types, monocytes and dendritic cells were more permissive to rapid tachyzoite division than neutrophils or lymphocytes.
Excitations in liquid 4 He in Geltech silica and localized Bose condensation

We have measured the elementary excitations of liquid ${}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ confined in Geltech silica for temperatures between 35 mK and 2.5 K using inelastic neutron scattering techniques. Geltech is a 40\char21{}50% porous media. The pore volume diameters are concentrated at 25 \AA{} with at most a few percent of the volume consisting of larger pores of diameter less than 70 \AA{}. We observe well-defined phonon\char22{}roton excitations at all wave vectors Q investigated $(0.4l~Ql~2.1 {\AA{}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}). $ Also observed are two-dimensional layer modes propagating in the liquid layers adjacent to the media walls. These are identified as layer modes by measuring the dynamical structure factor of liquid ${}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ as a function of filling of the Geltech. At partial fillings, the energies and lifetimes of the three-dimensional phonon\char21{}roton mode differ somewhat from the bulk superfluid ${}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ values. At full filling they are the same within current precision. Most interestingly, we observe a well-defined phonon\char21{}roton excitation above the superfluid-normal transition ${T}_{c}=0.725 \mathrm{K}$ as determined in a torsional oscillator measurement. Observation of a well defined maxon\char21{}roton above ${T}_{c}$ in Geltech suggests, as in the case of Vycor, that there is localized Bose\char21{}Einstein condensation with phase coherence on short length scales above the macroscopic superfluid transition temperature.
The prognostic significance of angiogenesis in canine mammary tumors.

The purpose of the study was to determine if neovascularization, a measure of angiogenesis, is correlated with metastasis of mammary tumors in dogs. Forty-six paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of benign and malignant canine mammary tumors obtained from 42 clinical cases at the Iowa State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Veterinary Pathology. Of the dogs with malignant tumors, cases with and without lymph node metastasis were chosen. Neovascularization was quantified by light microscopy on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of canine mammary tumors using an avidin biotin immunoperoxidase assay for factor VIII-related antigen. Mean microvessel counts for each group were statistically evaluated using analysis of variance. The mean number of microvessels was highest in the malignant tumors of dogs with lymph node metastasis (44). This number was significantly different from the mean number of microvessels in the benign tumors (28; P = .03) and a trend occurred toward higher microvessel counts in malignant tumors with lymph node metastasis versus malignant tumors of dogs without metastasis (32; P = .1). No significant difference was found between the number of microvessels found in malignant tumors without metastasis versus benign tumors. The trend toward higher microvessel counts in mammary tumors that have metastasized supports the premise that angiogenesis may be an independent and significant prognostic indicator in dogs with malignant mammary tumors, as it is in women with breast cancer.
Poly(I:C) and Lipopolysaccharide Innate Sensing Functions of Circulating Human Myeloid Dendritic Cells Are Affected In Vivo in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients

ABSTRACT The role of peripheral dendritic cells (DCs) in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is unclear. To determine if persistent infection exerts an inhibitory pressure on HCV-specific innate responses, we analyzed DC function in blood through quantification of cell-associated HCV RNA levels in conjunction with multiparametric flow cytometry analysis of pathogen recognition receptor-induced cytokine expression. Independently of the serum viral load, fluorescence-activated cell sorter-purified total DCs had a wide range of cell-associated HCV genomic RNA copy numbers (mean log10, 5.0 per 106 cells; range, 4.3 to 5.8). Here we report that for viremic patients with high viral loads in their total DCs, the myeloid DC (MDC) subset displayed impaired expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) but normal IL-6 or chemokine CCL3 expression in response to poly(I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). IL-6-expressing cells from this subgroup of viremic patients demonstrated a significant increase (sixfold more) in TNF-α− IL-12− cell frequency compared to healthy donors (mean, 38.8% versus 6.5%; P < 0.0001), indicating a functional defect in a subpopulation of cytokine-producing MDCs (∼6% of MDCs). Attenuation of poly(I:C) and LPS innate sensing was HCV RNA density dependent and did not correlate with viremia or deficits in circulating MDC frequencies in HCV-infected patients. Monocytes from these patients were functionally intact, responding normally on a per-cell basis following stimulation, independent of cell-associated HCV RNA levels. Taken together, these data indicate that detection of HCV genomic RNA in DCs and loss of function in the danger signal responsiveness of a small proportion of DCs in vivo are interrelated rather than independent phenomena.
Thermoelectric Characteristics of n-Type Bi2Te3 and p-Type Sb2Te3 Thin Films Prepared by Co-Evaporation and Annealing for Thermopile Sensor Applications

A thermoelectric thin-film device consisting of n-type Bi2Te3 and p-type Sb2Te3 thin-film legs was prepared on a glass substrate by using co-evaporation and annealing process. The Seebeck coefficient and the power factor of the co-evaporated Bi2Te3 film were 130μV/K and 0.7 © 1014W/K2·m, respectively, and became substantially improved to 1160μV/K and 16 © 1014W/K2·m by annealing at 400°C for 20min. While the Seebeck coefficient of the co-evaporated Sb2Te3 thin film was 72 μV/K, it increased significantly to 165­142μV/K by annealing at 200­400°C for 20min. A maximum power factor of 25 © 1014W/K2·m was achieved for the co-evaporated Sb2Te3 film by annealing at 400°C for 20min. A thermopile sensor consisting of 10 pairs of n-type Bi2Te3 and p-type Sb2Te3 thin-film legs exhibited a sensitivity of 2.7mV/K. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2013010]
The effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on early regeneration of sensory axons after nerve crush in the rat

Abstract The effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBO) on sensory axon regeneration was examined in the rat. The sciatic nerve was crushed in both legs. In addition, the distal stump of the sural nerve on one side was made acellular and its blood perfusion was compromised by freezing and thawing. Two experimental groups received hyperbaric exposures (2.5 ATA) to either compressed air (pO2 = 0.5 ATA) or 100% oxygen (pO2 = 2.5 ATA) 90 minutes per day for 6 days. Sensory axon regeneration in the sural nerve was thereafter assessed by the nerve pinch test and immunohistochemical reaction to neurofilament. HBO treatment increased the distances reached by the fastest regenerating sensory axons by about 15% in the distal nerve segments with preserved and with compromised blood perfusion. There was no significant difference between the rats treated with different oxygen tensions. The total number of regenerated axons in the distal sural nerve segments after a simple crush injury was not affected, whereas in the nerve segments with compromised blood perfusion treated by the higher pO2, the axon number was about 30% lower than that in the control group. It is concluded that the beneficial effect of HBO on sensory axon regeneration is not dose‐dependent between 0.5 and 2.5 ATA pO2. Although the exposure to 2.5 ATA of pO2 moderately enhanced early regeneration of the fastest sensory axons, it decreased the number of regenerating axons in the injured nerves with compromised blood perfusion of the distal nerve stump.
Comparing senior executive and project manager perceptions of IT project risk: a Chinese Delphi study

The success rate for information technology (IT) projects continues to be low. With an increasing number of IT projects in developing countries such as China, it is important to understand the risks they are experiencing on IT projects. To date, there has been little research documenting Asian perceptions of IT project risk. In this research, we examine the risks identified by Chinese senior executives (SEs) and project managers (PMs), and compare these two groups. The importance of top management support in IT projects is well documented. Prior research has shown that from the perspective of IT PMs, lack of support from SEs is the number one risk in IT projects. Surprisingly, senior executives' perceptions towards IT project risk have never been systematically examined. One reason why lack of support from senior executives continues to represent a major risk may be that senior executives themselves do not realize the critical role that they can play in helping to deliver successful projects. In this study, we use the Delphi method to compare the risk perceptions of senior executives and project managers. By comparing risk factors selected by each group, zones of concordance and discordance are identified. In terms of perceived importance ascribed to risk factors, PMs tend to focus on lower‐level risks with particular emphasis on risks associated with requirements and user involvement, whereas SEs tend to focus on higher‐level risks such as those risks involving politics, organization structure, process, and culture. Finally, approaches for dealing with risk factors that are seen as important by both SEs and PMs are provided.
Knowledge of Cough Hygiene And Disposal of Sputum in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Background: In India, we have the most number of cases with pulmonary tuberculosis. The one cause of this widespread is negligence of the patients and health workers towards the prevention and control of this disease. Methods And Materials: A Hospital Based cross sectional study over a period of 3 months . Answers related to knowledge and practices related to sputum disposal, care taken while coughing were evaluated as correct or incorrect. The study questioner also contained different aspects related to knowledge of TB . Study technique was by exit interview. Sample size was 100 (Hundred patients). Results: In our study out of 100 patients with tuberculosis 62% was illiterates and 38% was literates. 38% of patients who were educated, 19% of them was following correct cough technique and the rest 19% did not. 32% of patients was aware of the mode of spread of TB, only 22% followed the correct cough technique and 18% followed correct sputum disposal method. Conclusion: This study has found out that knowledge of spread of tuberculosis of cough technique and sputum disposal is very poor in tuberculosis patients. Proper education and counseling regarding the above should be done at the time of diagnosis.
Trade Liberalisation and Wages in Developing Countries

This paper reviews the effects of trade liberalisation on wages in developing countries, and presents new evidence for Brazil. Wages fell substantially in the traded sector after trade liberalisation, consistent with there being reduced rents as industries faced greater competition. After trade liberalisation there was an increase in the marginal returns to college education. Within the traded sector, the impact of increasing openness on wages was insignificant for those in the top two education groups but negative for lower level education groups. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that imported technology raised the relative demand for highly skilled labour. It is widely maintained that one of the causes of the growth of wage inequality in many industrialised countries is a change in the relative demand for skilled workers (Freeman, 1995; Gottschalk and Smeeding, 1997; De Santis, 2002; Acemoglu, 2003). There is little agreement, however, about the underlying causes of the change in the structure of labour demand. Some empirical evidence shows a relationship between an increase in international trade, wage dispersion and the level of employment, which has led a number of economists to conclude that recent internationalisation of economies has contributed to the increase in the dispersion of wages and unemployment (Sachs and Shatz, 1994; Leamer, 1996; Baldwin and Cain, 2000; Haskel and Slaughter, 2001). This proposition is sustained by the theorems of Heckscher and Ohlin and Stolper and Samuelson (HO/ SS). In contrast, other economists have found that technological change, rather than trade, has had the strongest impact on the structure of labour demand, since it is labour saving, especially of less-skilled labour (Berman et al., 1994, 1998;
On the Development and Application of a Framework for Understanding the Properties and Information Quality of Online Reputation Systems

Online reputation systems were created to enable buyers and sellers participating in online transactions to evaluate the reputations of potential trading partners. These systems were then expanded to additional domains targeting the evaluation of encounters with professionals such as university professors, teachers, and physicians. This paper examines key properties of two online reputations systems: eBay’s Feedback Forum and the Rate My Professors online reputation system. A framework for understanding the information quality of online reputation systems is then developed and applied. Implications for designers, teachers, and scholars are discussed.