Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
U.S. Brewing Industry Profitability: A Simultaneous Determination of Structure, Conduct, and Performance

Abstract The U.S. brewing industry plays an important role in the U.S. economy. Although the number of firms has increased in the industry, the industry overall has remained very concentrated, with a three-firm concentration ratio of 81% in 2000 (Stack 2000). Increasing concentration in the U.S brewing industry raises public policy concerns due to the potential impact of concentration on market performance and efficiency, for example, the recent decision by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) to block the proposed merger between AB–InBev and Mexico’s Groupo Modelo. Employing an improved version of the structure-conduct-performance (SCP) approach, we examine the relationship between concentration and profitability in the U.S. brewing industry. Our results support the hypothesis that market concentration impacts market performance. We, however, did not address the issue of collusive conduct or market power explicitly.
Comprehension of Graphs and Tables Depend on the Task: Empirical Evidence from Two Web-Based Studies

Graphs and tables are an effective means of communication. However, relatively little experimental work exists examining differences between various formats in how well people understand provided information. We conducted two web-based experiments with a large, diverse sample to explore the effects of display format on respondents’ comprehension. We found that comprehension depended on task. Graphs were better for estimating differences; however, tables were better when estimating equality and sums. We found 3D display formats reduced comprehension of pie charts but not of bar charts. Although pie charts never assisted comprehension, they often did not significantly impair comprehension either. Comprehension based on a 3-way table was as good as that for clustered bar charts but was worse for divided bar charts. Information can be conveyed graphically even with 3-way tables, but the choice of display format needs to be sensitive to the task at hand.
In vivo/in vitro Studies of the Effects of the Type II Arabinogalactan Isolated from Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek on the Gastrointestinal Tract of Rats

Type II arabinogalactan (AG) is a polysaccharide found in Maytenus ilicifolia (Celastraceae), a plant reputed as gastroprotective. Oral and intraperitoneal administration of the AG protected rats from gastric ulcers induced by ethanol. No alteration of mechanisms related to acid gastric secretion and gastrointestinal motility were observed. In vitro, the AG showed a potent scavenging activity against the radical of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) with an IC50 value of 9.3 μM. However, the mechanism of the gastroprotective action remains to be identified.
Imidazolium Dicyanoargentates

New imidazolium dicyanoargentate salts were synthesized by treatment of 2-chloro-1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazolium chloride (2a) with an excess of silver cyanide in acetonitrile to afford 2-chloro-1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazolium dicyanoargentate (3) and its conversion into the corresponding 2-cyano-1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazolium dicyanoargentate (4) by reaction with an excess amount of potassium cyanide. The crystal structures of 3 and 4 are reported Graphical Abstract Imidazolium Dicyanoargentates
Utilization of alternative marine fuels for gas turbine power plant onboard ships

ABSTRACT Marine transportation industry is undergoing a number of problems. Some of these problems are associated with conventional marine fuel-oils. Many researchers have showed that fuel-oil is considered as the main component that causes both environmental and economic problems, especially with the continuous rising of fuel cost. This paper investigates the capability of using natural gas and hydrogen as alternative fuel instead of diesel oil for marine gas turbine, the effect of the alternative fuel on gas turbine thermodynamic performance and the employed mathematical model. The results showed that since the natural gas is categorized as hydrocarbon fuel, the thermodynamic performance of the gas turbine cycle using the natural gas was found to be close to the diesel case performance. The gas turbine thermal efficiency was found to be 1% less in the case of hydrogen compared to the original case of diesel.
A Coefficient of Correlation Based on Ratios of Ranks and Anti-ranks

Summary Rank association is a fundamental tool to express dependence for ordinal data. Measures of rank correlation have been developed in several contexts for more than a century and we were able to cite more than thirty of these coefficients, from simple ones to relatively complicated definitions involving one or more systems of weights. However, only a few of these can actually be considered reasonable measures of concordance/discordance. The main drawback with the vast majority of coefficients is their resistance-to-change which appears to be of limited value for the purposes of rank comparisons that are intrinsically robust. In this article, a new non-parametric correlation coefficient is defined that is based on ratios of two ranks. In comparing it with existing coefficients, it was found to be extremely sensitive to permutation patterns.We have illustrated the potential improvement that our index may provide in economic contexts by comparing published results with those obtained through the use of this new index. The success that we have had suggests that our index may have important applications wherever the discriminatory power of the rank correlation coefficient ought to be particularly strong.
Accumulation of Tetracoumaroyl Spermine in Matricaria chamomilla during Floral Development and Nitrogen Deficiency

The new natural polyamine conjugate 1N,5N,10N,14N-tetracoumaroyl spermine (tetracoumaroyl spermine) recently isolated from chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) flower heads is applicable for the treatment of several human disorders such as depression and anxiety. High variability in the level of tetracoumaroyl spermine is found in commercial tisanes. Accumulation of tetracoumaroyl spermine was tested during fl oral development, and nitrogen deficiency was chosen as its putative limiting environmental factor. It was observed that tetracoumaroyl spermine is present mainly in tubular flowers, reaching its maximal content during the 3rd phase of flowering when the corollae of tubular flowers start to open. The later observed decrease could result from a release of pollen that also contains a considerable amount of tetracoumaroyl spermine. It is likely that tetracoumaroyl spermine plays an important role in pollen development, and so, despite overall N-deficiency in the plants, tetracoumaroyl spermine is accumulated at the same or even higher rate than in the flowers of the N-sufficient control.
From a 'Liberal' to a 'Social democratic' welfare state: the translation of the English Compact into a Swedish context

Abstract England was one of the first countries to install a Compact to regulate the relationship between state and civil society and since then several other countries have followed and initiated national Agreements, Charters or Concordats. Despite a growing academic interest into such national Compact models we have insufficient knowledge of how such ideas ‘from abroad’ are adapted and molded to fit with ‘domestic’ legacies, institutions and power disparities. The purpose of this article is to analyze the translation of the English Compact into a Swedish context and above all how domestic Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) acted to adjust such an international model to a national context. The article draws upon studies of written documents and interviews with key actors (politicians and CSO representatives) and two main conclusions are being presented. First, the article demonstrates that CSOs played an important role as translation agents as they identified the Compact idea long before key decision makers did, yet that the complete translation of the Compact model into a Swedish context was dependent upon the political will and ownership of central decision-makers. Second, the article demonstrates that the translation process was not as ordered as sometimes depicted within the translation literature and instead chains of translation processes was detected. These findings address a need to open up the translation perspective for the analysis of multiple types of translation agents and to understand translation as a nested process, in which one translation process might very well be interrelated with other parallel translation processes.
Income taxes and endogenous fluctuations: a generalization

Abstract This paper offers an integrated framework of one- and two-sector optimal . growth models for the dynamic analysis of the joint effects of distorting taxes and production externalities. We investigate how capital and labor income tax rates influence local dynamics near a steady state depending on the sizes of externalities. Our results clarify how tax rates on factor income affect the range of the sizes of externalities that induce indeterminacy. We find that the possibility of indeterminacy is significantly higher for given values of externalities, the labor supply elasticity and the elasticity of intertemporal substitution in consumption if capital income tax rates are increased from zero to values similar to those in many countries.
Reader, Word, and Character Attributes Contributing to Chinese Children’s Concept of Word

ABSTRACT Concept of word—the awareness of how words differ from nonwords or other linguistic properties—is important to learning to read Chinese because words in Chinese texts are not separated by space, and most characters can be productively compounded with other characters to form new words. The current study examined the effects of reader, word, and character attributes on Chinese children’s concept of word in text. A total of 164 fifth-grade Chinese children participated in this study. Concept of word was measured by children’s lexical decisions about words and nonwords embedded in strings of characters. Cross-classified multilevel logistic models showed that reader attributes, including reading comprehension, vocabulary knowledge, and morphological awareness, interacted with certain word or character attributes in predicting children’s lexical decisions about words or nonwords. This study sheds light on the complex relationships between reader, word, and character attributes in the formation of concept of word in Chinese.
Effective radiative forcing in the aerosol-climate model CAM5.3-MARC-ARG

We quantify the effective radiative forcing (ERF) of anthropogenic aerosols modelled by the aerosol-climate model CAM5.3-MARC-ARG. CAM5.3-MARC-ARG is a new configuration of the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3 (CAM5.3) in which the default aerosol module has been replaced by the two-Moment, Multi-Modal, Mixing-state-resolving Aerosol model for Research of Climate (MARC). CAM5.3-MARC-ARG uses the default ARG aerosol activation scheme, consistent with the default configuration of CAM5.3. We compute differences between simulations using year-1850 aerosol emissions and simulations using year-2000 aerosol emissions in order to assess the radiative effects of anthropogenic aerosols. We compare the aerosol column burdens, cloud properties, and radiative effects produced by CAM5.3-MARC-ARG with those produced by the default configuration of CAM5.3, which uses the modal aerosol module with three log-normal modes (MAM3). Compared with MAM3, we find that MARC produces stronger cooling via the direct radiative effect, stronger cooling via the surface albedo radiative effect, and stronger warming via the cloud longwave radiative effect. The global mean cloud shortwave radiative effect is similar between MARC and MAM3, although the regional distributions differ. Overall, MARC produces a global mean net ERF of -1.75$\pm$0.04 W m$^{-2}$, which is stronger than the global mean net ERF of -1.57$\pm$0.04 W m$^{-2}$ produced by MAM3. The regional distribution of ERF also differs between MARC and MAM3, largely due to differences in the regional distribution of the cloud shortwave radiative effect. We conclude that the specific representation of aerosols in global climate models, including aerosol mixing state, has important implications for climate modelling.
Records in the presence of a linear trend

Records from the sequence Yn = Xn + cn, n ≧ 1 are analyzed, where {Xn } is a strictly stationary random sequence. We prove various limit theorems for the record rate, record times, and record values. The situation when {Xn } is a stationary Gaussian process is considered with special attention given to Gaussian ARMA sequences. Data for the 400 and 800 metre races are used to illustrate these results.
Estimating spatio-temporal receptive fields of auditory and visual neurons from their responses to natural stimuli

We present a generalized reverse correlation technique that can be used to estimate the spatio-temporal receptive fields (STRFs) of sensory neurons from their responses to arbitrary stimuli such as auditory vocalizations or natural visual scenes. The general solution for STRF estimation requires normalization of the stimulus-response cross-correlation by the stimulus auto-correlation matrix. When the second-order stimulus statistics are stationary, normalization involves only the diagonal elements of the Fourier-transformed auto-correlation matrix (the power spectrum). In the non-stationary case normalization requires the entire auto-correlation matrix. We present modelling studies that demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of this method as well as neurophysiological data comparing STRFs estimated using natural versus synthetic stimulus ensembles. For both auditory and visual neurons, STRFs obtained with these different stimuli are similar, but exhibit systematic differences that may be functionally significant. This method should be useful for determining what aspects of natural signals are represented by sensory neurons and may reveal novel response properties of these neurons.
Density effects on post-shock turbulence structure and dynamics

Turbulence structure resulting from multi-fluid or multi-species, variable-density isotropic turbulence interaction with a Mach 2 shock is studied using turbulence-resolving shock-capturing simulations and Eulerian (grid) and Lagrangian (particle) methods. The complex roles that density plays in the modification of turbulence by the shock wave are identified. Statistical analyses of the velocity gradient tensor (VGT) show that density variations significantly change the turbulence structure and flow topology. Specifically, a stronger symmetrization of the joint probability density function (PDF) of second and third invariants of the anisotropic VGT, PDF $(Q^{\ast },R^{\ast })$ , as well as the PDF of the vortex stretching contribution to the enstrophy equation, are observed in the multi-species case. Furthermore, subsequent to the interaction with the shock, turbulent statistics also acquire a differential distribution in regions having different densities. This results in a nearly symmetric PDF $(Q^{\ast },R^{\ast })$ in heavy-fluid regions, while the light-fluid regions retain the characteristic tear-drop shape. To understand this behaviour and the return to ‘standard’ turbulence structure as the flow evolves away from the shock, Lagrangian dynamics of the VGT and its invariants is studied by considering particle residence times and conditional particle variables in different flow regions. The pressure Hessian contributions to the VGT invariants transport equations are shown to be not only affected by the shock wave, but also by the density in the multi-fluid case, making them critically important to the flow dynamics and turbulence structure.
Bubbling solutions for a planar exponential nonlinear elliptic equation with a singular source

Let $\Omega$ be a bounded domain in $\mathbb{R}^2$ with smooth boundary, we study the following elliptic Dirichlet problem \begin{equation*} \aligned \left\{\aligned &-\Delta\upsilon= e^{\upsilon}-s\phi_1-4\pi\alpha\delta_p-h(x)\,\,\,\, \,\textrm{in}\,\,\,\,\,\Omega,\\[2mm] &\upsilon=0 \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad \quad\qquad\qquad\quad\quad\, \textrm{on}\,\ \,\partial\Omega, \endaligned\right. \endaligned \end{equation*} where $s>0$ is a large parameter, $h\in C^{0,\gamma}(\overline{\Omega})$, $p\in\Omega$, $\alpha\in(-1,+\infty)\setminus\mathbb{N}$, $\delta_p$ denotes the Dirac measure supported at point $p$ and $\phi_1$ is a positive first eigenfunction of the problem $-\Delta\phi=\lambda\phi$ under Dirichlet boundary condition in $\Omega$. If $p$ is a strict local maximum point of $\phi_1$, we show that such a problem has a family of solutions $\upsilon_s$ with arbitrary $m$ bubbles accumulating to $p$, and the quantity $\int_{\Omega}e^{\upsilon_s}\rightarrow8\pi(m+1+\alpha)\phi_1(p)$ as $s\rightarrow+\infty$.
Producers of Popular Science Web Videos. Between New Professionalism and Old Gender Issues

This article provides an overview of the web video production context related to science communication, based on a quantitative analysis of 190 YouTube videos. The authors explore the main characteristics and ongoing strategies of producers, focusing on three topics: professionalism, producer's gender and age profile, and community building. In the discussion, the authors compare the quantitative results with recently published qualitative research on producers of popular science web videos. This complementary approach gives further evidence on the main characteristics of most popular science communicators on YouTube, it shows a new type of professionalism that surpasses the hitherto existing distinction between User Generated Content (UGC) and Professional Generated Content (PGC), raises gender issues, and questions the participatory culture of science communicators on YouTube.
Metallicity has followed local gravitational potential of galaxies since z = 3

The MZ relation between stellar mass (M*) and metallicity (Z) of nearby galaxies has been described as both a global and local property, i.e. valid also on sub-galaxy scales. Here, we show that Z has remained a local property, following the gravitational potential, since z = 3. In absorption, the MZ relation has been well studied, and was in place already at z = 5.1. A recent absorption study of gamma-ray burst galaxies revealed a close match to damped Lyα (DLA) galaxies, surprising due to their vastly different impact parameters and leading the authors to suggest that local metallicity follows the local gravitational potential. In this paper, we formulate an observational test of this hypothesis. The test, in essence, forms a prediction that the velocity dispersion of the absorbing gas in galaxy haloes, normalized by the central velocity dispersion, must follow a steep log scale slope of −0.015 dex $\rm kpc^{-1}$ as a function of impact parameter out to at least 20–30 kpc. We then compile an archival data and literature-based sample of galaxies seen in both emission and absorption suitable for the test, and find that current data confirm the hypothesis out to 40–60 kpc. In addition, we show that the distribution of the velocity offsets between zem and zabs favours a model where DLA systems are composed of individual sub-clouds distributed along the entire path through the halo, and disfavours a model where they are one single cloud with a bulk motion and internal sub-structure.
The Generalization Error of Random Features Regression: Precise Asymptotics and the Double Descent Curve

Deep learning methods operate in regimes that defy the traditional statistical mindset. Neural network architectures often contain more parameters than training samples, and are so rich that they can interpolate the observed labels, even if the latter are replaced by pure noise. Despite their huge complexity, the same architectures achieve small generalization error on real data.
Adversarial Reprogramming of Text Classification Neural Networks

In this work, we develop methods to repurpose text classification neural networks for alternate tasks without modifying the network architecture or parameters. We propose a context based vocabulary remapping method that performs a computationally inexpensive input transformation to reprogram a victim classification model for a new set of sequences. We propose algorithms for training such an input transformation in both white box and black box settings where the adversary may or may not have access to the victim model’s architecture and parameters. We demonstrate the application of our model and the vulnerability of neural networks by adversarially repurposing various text-classification models including LSTM, bi-directional LSTM and CNN for alternate classification tasks.
Living with Neighbors. I. Observational Clues to Hydrodynamic Impact of Neighboring Galaxies on Star Formation

Galaxies in pairs show enhanced star formation (SF) compared to their counterparts in isolation, which is often explained by the tidal effect of neighboring galaxies. Recent observations, however, reported that galaxies paired with early-type neighbors do not undergo the SF enhancement. Here we revisit the influence of neighbors using a large sample of paired galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and a carefully constructed control sample of isolated counterparts. We find that star-forming neighbors enhance SF, and even more so for more star-forming (and closer) neighbors, which can be attributed to collisions of interstellar medium (ISM) leading to SF. We further find that, contrary to the anticipated tidal effect, quiescent neighbors quench SF, and even more so for more quiescent (and closer) neighbors. This seems to be due to removal of gas reservoirs via ram pressure stripping and gas accretion cut off by hot gas halos of quiescent neighbors, on top of their paucity of ISM to collide to form stars. Our findings, especially the intimate connection of SF to the status and strength of neighbors’ SF, imply that the hydrodynamic mechanisms, along with the tidal effect, play a crucial role during the early phase of galactic interactions.
An introduction to symmetries in stellarators

The field of plasma physics is broad, with applications in astrophysical and solar phenomena, laser experiments, electronics, and nuclear fusion. Rather than provide a comprehensive introduction to plasma physics, the goal of this document is to explain several important concepts for magnetic confinement in a stellarator. Specifically, we aim to provide the requisite background material in order to discuss challenges related to stellarator equilibrium models, as well as quasisymmetry. Both of these concepts are related to `hidden symmetries' in 3D systems. Tokamaks have a symmetry with respect to rotation about the toroidal angle, ensuring the existence of continuously nested magnetic surfaces and single particle confinement. While stellarators lack this symmetry, we will discuss how magnetic fields in a stellarators can be approximately integrable, providing some nested magnetic surfaces. Furthermore, single particle confinement can also be comparable to that in a tokamak through application of the quasisymmetry concept.