Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURE AND FORMATION OF cD GALAXIES : NGC 6166 IN ABELL 2199 *

Hobby–Eberly Telescope (HET) spectroscopy is used to measure the velocity dispersion profile of the nearest prototypical cD galaxy, NGC 6166 in the cluster Abell 2199. We also present composite surface photometry from many telescopes. We confirm the defining feature of a cD galaxy; i.e., (we suggest), a halo of stars that fills the cluster center and that is controlled dynamically by cluster gravity, not by the central galaxy. Our HET spectroscopy shows that the velocity dispersion of NGC 6166 rises from σ ≃ 300 km s in the inner ∼ ′′ r 10 to σ = ± 865 58 km s at r ∼ 100′′ in the cD halo. This extends published observations of an outward σ increase and shows for the first time that σ rises all the way to the cluster velocity dispersion of 819 ± 32 km s. We also observe that the main body of NGC 6166 moves at +206 ± 39 km s with respect to the cluster mean velocity, but the velocity of the inner cD halo is ∼70 km s closer to the cluster velocity. These results support our picture that cD halos consist of stars that were stripped from individual cluster galaxies by fast tidal encounters. However, our photometry does not confirm the widespread view that cD halos are identifiable as an extra, lowsurface-brightness component that is photometrically distinct from the inner, steep-Sérsic-function main body of an otherwise-normal giant elliptical galaxy. Instead, all of the brightness profile of NGC 6166 outside its core is described to ±0.037 Vmag arcsec by a single Sérsic function with index ≃ n 8.3. The cD halo is not recognizable from photometry alone. This blurs the distinction between cluster-dominated cD halos and the similarly-large-Sérsic-index halos of giant, core-boxy-nonrotating ellipticals. These halos are believed to be accreted onto compact, high-redshift progenitors (“red nuggets”) by large numbers of minor mergers. They belong dynamically to their central galaxies. Still, cDs and core-boxy-nonrotating Es may be more similar than we think: both may have outer halos made largely via minor mergers and the accumulation of tidal debris. We construct a main-body+cD-halo decomposition that fits both the brightness and dispersion profiles. To fit σ r ( ), we need to force the component Sérsic indices to be smaller than a minimum-χ2 photometric decomposition would suggest. The main body has ≃ − ≃ M 22.8 30% V of the total galaxy light. The cD halo has ≃ − M 23.7 V , ∼1/2 mag brighter than the brightest galaxy in the Virgo cluster. A mass model based on published cluster dynamics and X-ray observations fits our observations if the tangential dispersion is larger than the radial dispersion at ≃ ′′ r 20 – ′′ 60 . The cD halo is as enhanced in α element abundances as the main body of NGC 6166. Quenching of star formation in 1 Gyr suggests that the center of Abell 2199 has been special for a long time during which dynamical evolution has liberated a large mass of now-intracluster stars.
VARIATIONS IN ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE HEART AS THE PREGNANCY PROGRESSES

Background: Pregnancy is a physiological condition that brings a considerable alteration in hemodynamic activity of the maternal heart. It is very important to understand the cardiac functioning of maternal heart during normal pregnancy because apart from obstetric causes, cardiac disorders are the main cause of mortality in females . Study of electrical activity of the heart is a simple noninvasive and cost effective method which can also raise alarm about the pathological changes in the cardiac function. Aims & Objective: To study the intervals of Electrocardiogram (ECG) in pregnant women and to compare the same with healthy non pregnant women. Materials and Methods: A total of 223 females fulfilling the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study. They were divided into four groups - nonpregnant/control group (n=30), 1st trimester (n=36), 2nd trimester (n=64) and 3rd trimester (n= 93). ECG was recorded in lead II. Heart rate, PR, QT interval and QTc were also calculated. These parameters were compared between the groups using one way ANOVA test. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: An increase in heart rate and QTc interval and decrease in PR interval was observed in pregnant women when compared with the heart rate of nonpregnant females. This was statistically insignificant when compared between controls and 1st trimester. However a significant change was observed between control group and 2nd/3rd trimester groups. This change was also observed significantly within the pregnant groups when compared with each other. Conclusion: The cardiovascular hemodynamic adaptation to pregnancy is a well-established physiological fact which was also apparent in this study. Further we noticed a significant change in electrical activity in pregnancy in terms of PR, QT and QTc intervals. These changes became more significant after 1st trimester and peaking during the 3rd trimester.
On the Gas Content and Efficiency of AGN Feedback in Low-redshift Quasars

The interstellar medium is crucial to understanding the physics of active galaxies and the coevolution between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies. However, direct gas measurements are limited by sensitivity and other uncertainties. Dust provides an efficient indirect probe of the total gas. We apply this technique to a large sample of quasars, whose total gas content would be prohibitively expensive to measure. We present a comprehensive study of the full (1 to 500 μm) infrared spectral energy distributions of 87 redshift <0.5 quasars selected from the Palomar-Green sample, using photometric measurements from 2MASS, WISE, and Herschel, combined with Spitzer mid-infrared (5–40 μm) spectra. With a newly developed Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo fitting method, we decompose various overlapping contributions to the integrated spectral energy distribution, including starlight, warm dust from the torus, and cooler dust on galaxy scales. This procedure yields a robust dust mass, which we use to infer the gas mass, using a gas-to-dust ratio constrained by the host galaxy stellar mass. Most (90%) quasar hosts have gas fractions similar to those of massive, star-forming galaxies, although a minority (10%) seem genuinely gas-deficient, resembling present-day massive early-type galaxies. This result indicates that “quasar mode” feedback does not occur or is ineffective in the host galaxies of low-redshift quasars. We also find that quasars can boost the interstellar radiation field and heat dust on galactic scales. This cautions against the common practice of using the far-infrared luminosity to estimate the host galaxy star formation rate.
NONTARGET BIRD EXPOSURE TO DRC-1339 DURING FALL IN NORTH DAKOTA AND SPRING IN SOUTH DAKOTA

Blackbirds frequently usc ripening sunflower (HeOanlhus ar~nuu. 5%; 26% reported damage 5.1096, 15% reported 1 0 ~ 2 5 % damage and 6% reported damage 25% to 100%. Similar results were reported for South Dakota (Lamey e t al.
Women Empowerment through Open and Distance Learning In Zimbabwe

The primary aim of the study was to uncover demographic and socio-economic details and reasons for opting for open and distance learning. Although the focus was on women learners, the study adopted a gender approach in assessing access to university education through open and distance learning in order to study both men and women. This helped to interrogate, articulate and analyse the gender construction of distance education learners and delivery of open and distance learning at the Zimbabwe Open University. Women constitute a substantial proportion of those marginalised by conventional systems of learning at university level. The problems of access to tertiary education are mostly restrictive socio-economic factors. Data collection techniques included interviews, focus groups and document reviews. Using the elicitation approach, forty-five learners and seven graduates were selected on the basis of representativeness in terms of academic level and discipline. Data were analysed using statistical tests and descriptive or thematic analysis. The study revealed that a significant number of respondents were working married women with children who found open and distance learning framework more compatible with their multiple tasks; household chores, education, wage work, family, relatives and community at large. The findings showed that open and distance learning helped women to circumvent constraints of time, space, resources and socio-economic barriers thereby significantly contributing to their empowerment. A majority of women took a break to attend to their multiple duties either during or after undergraduate studies.
Alterations in human placental renin-angiotensin system in normotensive and pre- eclamptic pregnancies in women who delivered at high altitude and after acute hypoxia- reoxygenation insult

Lesia O. Kurlak, Hiten D. Mistry, Tereza Cindrova-Davies, Graham J. Burton & Fiona Broughton Pipkin 1 Division of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, UK 2 Division of Hypertension, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland. Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK
Resilience in agri-food supply chains: a critical analysis of the literature and synthesis of a novel framework

Purpose Resilience in agri-food supply chains (AFSCs) is an area of significant importance due to growing supply chain volatility. While the majority of research exploring supply chain resilience has originated from a supply chain management perspective, many other disciplines (such as environmental systems science and the social sciences) have also explored the topic. As complex social, economic and environmental constructs, the priority of resilience in AFSCs goes far beyond the company specific focus of supply chain management works and would conceivably benefit from including more diverse academic disciplines. However, this is hindered by inconsistencies in terminology and the conceptual components of resilience across different disciplines. The purpose of this study is to use a systematic literature review to identify which multidisciplinary aspects of resilience are applicable to AFSCs and to generate a novel AFSC resilience framework. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a structured and multidisciplinary review of 137 articles in the resilience literature followed by critical analysis and synthesis of findings to generate new knowledge in the form of a novel AFSC resilience framework. Findings Findings indicate that the complexity of AFSCs and subsequent exposure to almost constant external interference means that disruptions cannot be seen as a one-off event; thus, resilience must concern the ability to not only maintain core function but also adapt to changing conditions. Practical implications A number of resilience elements can be used to enhance resilience, but their selection and implementation must be carefully matched to relevant phases of disruption and assessed on their broader supply chain impacts. In particular, the focus must be on overall impact on the ability of the supply chain as a whole to provide food security rather than to boost individual company performance. Originality/value The research novelty lies in the utilisation of wider understandings of resilience from various research fields to propose a rigorous and food-specific resilience framework with end consumer food security as its main focus.
Feasibility of Jatropha Oil for Biodiesel: Economic Analysis

Jatropha curcas L. (also called the physic nut) is found to be a potential alternative source of renewable energy since its cultivation and oil extraction contribute to sustainable development, poverty alleviation, combating of desertification and women empowerment in developing countries. The jatropha seeds after three years of cultivation have an oil yield between 1-4 tonnes and 2.5-12 tonnes per hectare when rain fed and irrigated respectively. The Operational and maintenance costs for the oil extraction are minimal, and can be estimated at approximately 10 – 15% of the capital cost per year. In Ghana, for instance, in 2010, whilst the cost of jatropha oil and kerosene were estimated to be US$0.085/liter and US$1.23/liter respectively, the cost of biodiesel from jatropha oil and petroleum diesel were also estimated at US$0.99/liter and US$1.21/liter respectively. This indication gives jatropha oil the best ‘candidate’ for ‘green kerosene’ and biodiesel in diesel engines and particularly in multi-functional platforms (MFPs) used agro-processing/industrial applications in rural areas of Ghana. This paper presents a comparative technical feasibility of jatropha oil as fuel and biodiesel in MFPs. It also presents the findings from a study carried out in Ghana with respect to the promotion of jatropha oil as a fuel in rural areas of Ghana.
Genetic diversity of the Striped Hamster is density- and seasonal-dependent

Aim: The Striped Hamster (Cricetulus barabensis) is characterized by high reproductive ability, seasonal breeding feature, and fluctuation on population abundance in different years and seasons. Fluctuation on population abundance is assumed to affect genetic diversity. However, the relationship between the genetic diversity and the abundance of Striped Hamster population is less understood. Methods: In this study, the Striped Hamsters were captured from Wu village of Shandong province in the autumn and spring from 2004-2008, and that both seasonal populations and yearly populations were studied. Genetic structure of the Striped Hamsters was studied by using DNA microsatellite markers. The relative density of the Striped Hamster was estimated by the rate of trap success. Temporal variation of the genetic structure and the trap success were analysed to determine the correlation between the genetic structure and the trap success. Result: The results showed that the genetic structure and the population density were significantly fluctuated with the time. The genetic diversity of the Striped Hamster population was positively correlated with the population density and the increase of the genetic diversity was correlated with the decrease in population density between spring and autumn population. Conclusion: The specific reasons for these results may be caused by density- and seasonal-dependent dispersal of the Striped Hamster, which is in accordance with Elton hypothesis.
BEHAVIOUR OF GRANULAR MATERIALS IN RELATION TO THEIR FABRIC DEPENDENCIES

The roles of dilatancy and fabric on the behaviour of granular materials are both numerically and experimentally explored for the study of material instability and failure. This investigation has two basic ingredients: namely a stress dilatancy model with microstructural information embedded through a fabric tensor, and an experimental rendition of force transmission and structure in an assembly of 2-D photoelastic disks. In order to highlight material instability, model simulations of sand behaviour are carried out in axi-symmetric stress conditions along proportional strain paths with varying degrees of controlled dilation (or compaction) including isochoric deformations as a special case. It is shown that sand, otherwise stable under isochoric (undrained) conditions, can actually succumb to an instability or a liquefaction behaviour under other loading paths. This suggests that flow type of failures in soils may not be necessarily restricted to the classic saturated loose sand case in undrained conditions, but could manifest itself under other conditions as well.
The Effects of Functional Therapy on Motor Development in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Objectives The cause of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease is still unknown. It appears that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in its pathogenesis. Recent studies reveal that in addition to the CNS, immune cells synthesis neurotransmitters so that these catecholamines can regulate immune functions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the dopamine receptor gene expression profiles on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rheumatoid arthritis patients in comparison with normal individuals. Material & Methods In the present study, we investigated dopamine receptor gene expression in PBMCs of 40 RA patients and 40 healthy individuals using Real Time-PCR.The specificities of the obtained Real time PCR products for the respective dopamine receptors fragments were confirmed by sequenced analysis capillary system Results We found that DRD1-DRD5 types of dopamine receptors genes expression profiles of rheumatoid arthritis patients differ compared to healthy individuals. Moreover, a significant difference of DR2 and DR4 gene expression was seen in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Conclusion This study showed that some types of dopamine receptors genes expression profiles alter in rheumatoid arthritis patients with comparison to healthy individuals Moreover, this alteration possibly could result in dysfunction of dopaminergic system in immune cells and finally lead to rheumatoid arthritis.
Interplanetary magnetic field control of dayside transient event occurrence and motion in the ionosphere and magnetosphere

Abstract. The pressure pulse model for dayside transient ionospheric events predicts dawnward moving events at and prior to local noon during periods of spiral interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation, but duskward moving events at and after local noon during rarer periods of orthospiral IMF orientation. We use this model to interpret ground and geosynchronous magnetometer observations of a duskward-moving transient event that occurred on 10 August 1995 during a period of orthospiral IMF orientation. We then survey geosynchronous GOES-8, 9, and 10 magnetometer observations to determine the directions of motion for 67 isolated magnetic impulse events seen in South Pole magnetograms from 1995-1999. The occurrence patterns and directions of motion inferred from both case and statistical studies are consistent with pressure pulse model predictions. Key words. Interplanetary physics (Interplanetary magnetic fields; discontinuities) – Magnetospheric physics (Magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions)
Dynamic performance of Indonesian public companies: An analysis of financial decision behavior

Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of financial decision behavior on firm performance of Indonesian public companies using panel data. The dynamic generalized method of moment is utilized in this study. The results show that firm performance is dynamic in nature, which indicates that last year performance affects current performance significantly. Empirical result of financial decision behavior shows that investment, leverage, and dividend per share (DPS) have significant impact on firm performance. Specifically, investment has negative impact on firm performance. Meanwhile leverage has negative effects on return on assets (ROA), but positively affects Tobin’s Q. Moreover, DPS positively affects ROA and Tobin’s Q. This finding suggests that investment decision of Indonesian firms is overinvestment, indicated with higher investment affects firm performance negatively. Similarly with leverage, the finding reveals that Indonesian public companies borrowed external fund more than they required (overleverage). The positive effect of DPS on firm performance implies that dividends payout to shareholders create good signal to the market, in which managers uses dividend to deliver private information to the market. However, based on the coefficient of financial decision variables, the impact is more on the market performance and less on the accounting performance.
Penetration of mantle plumes through depleted lithosphere

[1] Laboratory experiments and numerical calculations are used to study how a laminar thermal plume deforms and penetrates a buoyant and viscous layer, which serves as an analog for continental lithosphere. The viscosity contrast between the two liquids and the buoyancy ratio B (the ratio between the intrinsic chemical density contrast and the thermal density contrast due to temperature differences) are varied by 3 orders of magnitude and 1 order of magnitude, respectively. The manner of plume-lithosphere interaction is not sensitive to the viscosity contrast, which sets the timescale for displacement of the interface, and depends mostly on the B value, which sets the magnitude and shape of interface deformation. Heating of the upper layer by plume material plays an important role. For B > 0.6, plume material spreads beneath the interface and applies a buoyancy force which deforms the interface. For B < 0.6, true plume penetration into the upper layer occurs with a significant vertical velocity component. With time, the upper layer may become unstable and develop an active upwelling which entrains material from the lower layer. Approximate scaling laws allow prediction of interface displacement as a function of time for the whole parameter range studied. Applied to the continental lithosphere, these results show that true plume penetration through Archean lithosphere requires thermal anomalies larger than 300 K corresponding to buoyancy fluxes in excess of those determined today for the Hawaiian plume. Mantle plumes have different effects on lithospheres of different ages and composition, which precludes diagnosis of a single “typical” plume signature.
An Economic Analysis of Risk, Management, and Agricultural Technology

This paper uses conditional quantile regression to analyze the effects of genetically modified (GM) seed technology and management on production risk in agriculture, with an application to the distribution of corn yield in Wisconsin. Using the certainty equivalent (CE) as a welfare measure, our analysis decomposes the welfare effects of risk, management, and agricultural technology into two parts: mean effects and risk premium (measuring the cost of risk). We document how biotechnology and management interact to improve agricultural productivity and reduce farm risk exposure. For corn, we find that GM European Corn Borer (GM-ECB) technology consistently increases CE (the increase ranging from +4.6% to +11.8%) and that a significant part of this increase can come from risk reduction. We also show that the benefits of the GMECB biotechnology are heterogeneous: they vary significantly across regions as well as across management schemes
The “Wahl-O-Mat” in the course of the German Federal Election 2013 – Effects of a German VAA on users’ election-relevant political knowledge

Ideally, voters should be fully informed about party positions on important political issues and vote for the political party, which suits their own interests and ideas best. Yet, in general, political knowledge is quite low among the public. Moreover it is distributed unequally among social segments. Therefore the legitimacy of representative democracy is challenged. The German “Wahl-O-Mat” aims at informing the electorate on party positions and at fostering “correct voting”. During the campaign for the Bundestag election 2013 the “Wahl-O-Mat” was used more than 10 million times. In this article we ask in how far the “Wahl-O-Mat” contributes to voters’ political knowledge on parties’ positions on selected political issues. Our analysis is based on an online pre-experimental design conducted two weeks before the election. The main results show that using the “Wahl-O-Mat” increases knowledge on party positions, but only to a small degree. Besides improvements of information levels, the number of “don’t know”-answers also rises. The degree to which individuals are able to learn depends strongly on pre-existing knowledge levels. The latter in turn are determined by motivation and resources.