Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
INTERNAL MEDICINE RESIDENCY REFORM : TASK FORCE REPORT Reforming Internal Medicine Residency Training

T he structure, process, and outcomes of internal medicine residency training have concerned the profession for over 20 years. Over the last decade the initiative to move to outcomes-based education redefined the competencies physicians should obtain during training. The core principle of outcomes-based education is the objective demonstration that a graduating trainee, whether from medical school or a residency, possesses the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to progress to the next stage of his or her professional career. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) have defined core competencies for physicians shown in Table 1. While both the ACGME and IOM provide a framework for the desired outcomes, medical educators bear the burden of designing the structures and processes to achieve them. Educators face several key challenges in redesigning residency programs. First, residency programs must prepare trainees for a variety of general internal medicine and subspecialty careers. Second, the settings and resources for residency training are highly heterogeneous. Third, an aging and increasingly diverse population, combined with rapidly expanding medical information and procedural technology, challenges all internists to acquire and maintain the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and performance necessary to provide highquality care within their chosen discipline. Finally, growing public dissatisfaction, substantial health care disparities, increased acuity but shorter lengths of stay for hospitalized patients, new work hour requirements, increasing medical student debt, and changing student demographics and lifestyle concerns further complicate residency reform. To provide recommendations for residency reform. The Society of General Internal Medicine (SGIM) convened a task force consisting of physicians representing a broad range of views within general medicine, expertise and experience in clinical education, and who represented internal medicine organizations outside of SGIM (Appendix 1). The task force focused on reform in 5 specific areas: ambulatory education, inpatient education, residency curriculum, health disparities, and life-long learning skills. To prepare this report, 4 subcommittees performed literature reviews that guided a prospective, systematic process to develop the final recommendations. The guiding principles, task force timeline, and the specific findings of the 4 subcommittees can be viewed at www.sgim. org. We acknowledge this report cannot cover all important aspects of residency training. The task force enthusiastically welcomes comments from other educators and internal medicine specialty organizations. Only through active collaboration and serious dialogue can we improve residency training.
Explorer The translational landscape of the splicing factor SRSF 1 and its role in mitosis

The shuttling serine/arginine rich (SR) protein SRSF1 (previously known as SF2/ASF) is a splicing regulator that also activates translation in the cytoplasm. In order to dissect the gene network that is translationally regulated by SRSF1, we performed a high-throughput deep sequencing analysis of polysomal fractions in cells overexpressing SRSF1. We identified approximately 1500 mRNAs that are translational targets of SRSF1. These include mRNAs encoding proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, such as spindle, kinetochore, and M phase proteins, which are essential for accurate chromosome segregation. Indeed, we show that translational activity of SRSF1 is required for normal mitotic progression. Furthermore, we found that mRNAs that display alternative splicing changes upon SRSF1 overexpression are also its translational targets, strongly suggesting that SRSF1 couples pre-mRNA splicing and translation. These data provide insights on the complex role of SRSF1 in the control of gene expression at multiple levels and its implications in cancer. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.02028. 001
THE EFFECT OF OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE AND SUSTAINABILITY REPORT DISCLOSURE TOWARD COMPANY VALUE WITH FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AS INTERVENING VARIABLE

This research aims to know the effect of Ownership Structure and Sustainability Report Disclosure toward Company Value with Financial Performance as Intervening Variable on companies that publish Sustainability Report during 2013-2016. Research design was a causative research. The data population taken from companies publish Sustainability Report and listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during 2013-2016. Sampling method used in this research is purposive sampling. There were 10 companies that fulfilled the sample criterias. So, the data sample in this research were 40. Analysis techniques consisted of multiple regression analysis and path analysis. The result of this research showed that (1) Managerial Ownership directly effects Company Value, (2) Institutional Ownership does not directly effect on Company Value, (3) Sustainability Report Disclosure does not directly effect on Company Value, (4) Managerial Ownership indirectly effects on Company Value with Financial Performance as an intervening variable, (5) Institutional Ownership does not indirectly effect Company Value with Financial Performance as an intervening variable, (6) Sustainability Report Disclosure indirectly effects on Company Value with Financial Performance as an intervening variable. Keywords: Managerial Ownerhsip, Institutional Ownership, Sustainability Report, Financial Performance, and Company Value
The Influence of Individualized Consideration Leadership Behavior on Employee Performance in Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of individualized consideration leadership behaviour on employee performance in Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya. This study targeted the KPMG top 100 SMEs of 2014 in Kenya. A correlational research design was employed to investigate the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Stratified proportionate random sampling techniques were used to obtain a sample of 226 out of a target population of 553 Managers. Data was collected using a closed ended questionnaire. Pearson’s correlation, multiple regression and chi-square techniques were used to analyse the data. The results showed that Individualized Consideration leadership behaviour and Employee Performance in SMEs in Kenya had a strong positive and significant correlation (r(194) = . 925, p< . 000. ), and a positive and significant relationship ( β = .925, t(194)= 33.669, p< . 000. ). The study concluded that high performance is achieved when the leader recognizes employees’ efforts, creates confidence, encourage self-development practices, effective communication as well as mentoring and coaching.
Interleukin‐17A–induced inflammation does not influence the development of nasal polyps in murine model

Nasal polyposis associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by infiltration of many inflammatory cells. Meanwhile, interleukin (IL)‐17A is a well‐known proinflammatory cytokine that induces both eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation. We investigated the role of IL‐17A in the development of nasal polyps in the CRS murine model.
Regional Estimates of Shadow Economy in Lithuania

The aim is to estimate the level of shadow economy in the regions of Lithuania during the year of 2012-2016 after having identified causal factors in this article. The topic is very relevant to such countries of transition economy like Lithuania, where huge separation exists between regions and big cities. Deeper social problems in regions, lack of job places, absence of investments and emigration to bigger cities of a country or abroad create conditions for the growth of criminal offenses and shadow economy. Performed calculations under MIMIC model have shown that the share of indirect taxes, average income, the cases of cigarette smuggling, population of women per 1000 men, the number of criminal offence, children in social risk families and the number of tourists are the main causes for the emergence and growth/decline of shadow economy level. The novelty of the article is that the calculations reveal a significantly higher level of shadow economy in the regions, than at the country level, therefore it is recommended to make calculations at the regional level in order to select measures to more effectively fight with the "shadow". Identified reasons allow formulating the following recommendations for responsible authorities: increase efficiency in tax system, since current excise tax policy has a positive impact on the level of poverty, especially at regional level, deepening of social problems, which as a result contribute to the growth of shadow economy; encourage women’ occupancy, emancipation and attract funding from national and international projects, to promote equal rights in researched regions; increase the level of attractiveness and security level in cities, promote FDI to cities, and effectively use money from EU Structural Funds. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.5755/j01.ee. 29.4. 19438
Drought Analysis and Water Resources Management Inspection in Euphrates–Tigris Basin

Growing population, increasing basin development, and progressively declining water supplies are typical water resources issues in the Middle East. Drought is one of the most damaging climate‐related hazards that affect more people than any other. For identify‐ ing drought‐prone areas in the Euphrates–Tigris Basin, multifold aspects of drought and its features such as the frequency of drought occurrence and its spatial distribution were assessed. The long‐term precipitation data were collected from different meteorological stations of Turkey and Iran, and standard precipitation index (SPI) was calculated. Due to the lack of raw data, the literature works on drought were used in Syria and Iraq to obtain a drought perception in these countries. Moreover, the policy of water resources management and the hydraulic works in these regions were considered. The results show significant changes in the precipitation in these regions over the past decades. The projects undertaken in the basin are not in line with the principles of integrated water resources management and intensify the drought and caused marshland demise in the down‐ stream of the basin. The results of a comprehensive analysis of precipitation variation and water management in this research can alter the policy of water resources management in order to avoid drought in the basin.
Transmembrane Responses of Single Guinea Pig Ventricular Cell to Uniform Electric Field Stimulus

A guinea pig ventricular cell (shown in the top panel) was stained with 50 /xM voltage-sensitive dye di-8-ANEPPS and stimulated with uniform electric field pulses (SI and S2 shown alongside the cell). The field-induced transmembrane responses were recorded optically from 13 sites (overlaid circles) on the cell, each 17 /Ltm in diameter. The boxes numbered 1 through 13 show the transmembrane responses from the corresponding sites. The initial 5-msec duration S1 pulse of 9 V/cm elicited an action potential (F,). The second 10-msec duration S2 pulse of 36 V/cm was applied 20 msec after the onset of SI and induced nonuniform polariza-
Trade and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa

This study investigates how trade openness affects economic growth in developing countries, with a focus on subSaharan Africa (SSA). We use a dynamic growth model with data from 42 SSA countries covering 1980 to 2012. We take the Pooled Mean Group estimation technique, which is suitable for drawing conclusions from dynamic heterogeneous panels by considering long-run equilibrium relations. The empirical evidence indicates that there is a trade threshold below which greater trade openness has beneficial effects on economic growth and above which the trade effect on growth declines. The evidence also indicates an inverted U-curve (Laffer Curve of Trade) response that is robust to changes in trade openness measures and to alternative model specifications, suggesting the non-fragility of the linkage between economic growth and trade openness in sub-Saharan countries. Our findings are promising and support the view that the relation between trade openness and economic growth is not linear for SSA. Accordingly, SSA countries must have more effective trade openness, particularly by productively controlling import levels, so as to boost their economic growth through international trade. Keyword—Trade openness; Economic growth; Sub-Saharan Africa
Chronic inflammation and breast cancer recurrence.

On page #### of this issue, Pierce and colleagues 1 present some of the most persuasive evidence yet that chronic inflammation might increase the risk of breast cancer recurrence. In a multi-site study of 734 women treated successfully for early stage breast cancer, high levels of circulating acute phase proteins (APPs) ~3 years after treatment were associated with a 2-fold elevation in the risk of subsequent disease recurrence and mortality. Risk ratios were similar across primary tumor types (stage, ER/PR status), and independent of potential confounders such as age, estrogen level, and adiposity. These results are consistent with previous studies linking circulating inflammatory markers to progression of metastatic breast cancer 2–8. However, the findings of Pierce et al. are novel in suggesting that serum inflammatory markers might provide early information about disease recurrence risk in patients with no history of metastatic disease and no current evidence of cancer. If the present findings are replicated in larger cohorts with more recurrent cases, post-treatment APP monitoring could provide new a strategy for assessing the risk of breast cancer recurrence in apparently cured patients.
Realizing Industry 4.0 Through STEM Education: But Why STEM Is Not Preferred?

Since the 1760s, industrialization of the world has gone through four revolutions where the 4th revolution has expeditiously taken over from the traditional practices. The Industry 4.0 that embraces the computerization in smart factories requires improved capacities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) fields. Nevertheless, the present circumstances in Malaysia demonstrate that the numbers of youth who decide to follow STEM routes for tertiary education are far less encouraging. Thus, this study aimed to explore the factors affecting university students’ decisions. Data used in this study was obtained from a survey of 102 Diploma in Accountancy students from one of the public universities in Malaysia, who were selected using purposive sampling method. This study employed the descriptive statistical method, principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple regressions analysis. The PCA on the questionnaire measurement items yielded factors accounting for 68.22 per cent of the total variance. In the multiple regression model, low morale attitude, learning experience and return on investment explained 53 per cent of the total variance of perception. This study concludes that the roles of national workforce that consists of education system, culture, and government must be strengthened to enhance STEM education system in Malaysia.
Help or Hindrance? Higher Education and the Route to Ethnic Equality

Upward social mobility has been evident among British ethnic minority communities since the 1960s, and education appears to have had a key role in this process. Despite this, social scientists have been slow to consider the link between education, ethnicity and social stratification. The role of higher education has been particularly neglected. Although there has been some suggestion of an ethnic bias in the allocation of university places, previous work in this area has been limited by the nature of the data that have been available and by the types of analysis that have been conducted. This article includes detailed consideration of the key stages of the university application procedure, and particular attention is given to the role of candidates' predicted and actual A-level grades. Although young people from ethnic minority backgrounds are admitted into university in large numbers, it is suggested that higher education has an ambivalent role in relation to ethnic equality. Institutional biases mean that ethnic minority candidates are filtered into the new university sector, and it is concluded that biases in education and the labour market combine to create a cumulative pattern of ethnic disadvantage.
Nonlinear Summation of Contractions in Cat Muscles

The force produced by cat muscles over time with two stimuli separated by a short interval is approximately three times that produced by a twitch of cat muscles. This facilitation of force production by a second stimulus involves both increases in magnitude and duration of the contraction. Increased magnitude is relatively more important in the fast-twitch plantaris muscle, whereas increased duration is more important in the slow-twitch soleus muscle. The facilitation decays in an approximately exponential manner with the interval between stimuli, having a time constant between one and two times the twitch contraction time in different muscles. I f a third stimulus is added, the greatest facilitation is seen at intervals longer than the twitch contraction time. The drug Dantrolene, which specifically reduces Ca +* release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, eliminates the delayed peak in facilitation with three stimuli. Associated with the increases in force with one or more stimuli are increases in muscle stiffness, which can be measured with small, brief stretches and releases that do not alter the time-course of contraction. The stiffness of soleus muscle reaches a peak after the peak in force. The increasing stiffness of the muscle can considerably facilitate transmission of force generated internally, in addition to any facilitation arising from Ca++-release mechanisms. I N T R O D U C T I O N I f a second s t imulus is s u p e r i m p o s e d on the rising phase o f a twi tch, a lesst h a n l i n e a r s u m m a t i o n o f force genera t ion ("depress ion") is ini t ia l ly obse rved (Stein a n d P a r m i g g i a n i , 1981). At a b o u t the p e a k o f the twi tch, this ear ly depress ion gives w a y to a m o r e t h a n l i n e a r s u m m a t i o n or la ter " f ac i l i t a t ion . " Th i s p a p e r analyzes the n a t u r e a n d t ime-course o f this faci l i ta t ion in detail . Several possible m e c h a n i s m s can be i m a g i n e d for the faci l i ta t ion o f force p r o d u c t i o n by successive st imuli . For example , a fac i l i ta ted release o f C a ++ f rom the sa rcop lasmic r c t i cu lum m i g h t o c c u r s i m i l a r to the wel l -known faci l i ta t ion o f t r a n s m i t t e r release at the n e u r o m u s c u l a r j u n c t i o n (Mal la r t a n d M a r t i n , 1967). Howeve r , the ev idence for a faci l i ta t ion of C a ++ release is J. GEN. PHYSIOL. ~) The Rockefeller University Press 9 0022-1995/81/09/0295/17 $1.00 295 Volume 78 September 1981 295-311 on Jne 1, 2017 D ow nladed fom Published September 1, 1981
Role of Ethylene in Fruit Ripening.

There have arisen two schools of thought concerning the role of ethylene in fruit maturation: the classic view of Kidd and West (26) and Hansen (22) that ethylene is a ripening hormone, and a recent interpretation by Biale et al. (7, 3, 4) that it is a by-product of the ripening process. The original presentation of the by-product theory in this journal (7) was tempered with the reminder that 0.1 ppm ethylene may stimulate ripening, so that "in the absence of any information correlating the internal ethylene content with the rate of ethylene production, one can advance the argument that small quantities sufficient to induce ripening are produced prior to the rise of respiration, but measurable amounts are detected only after the onset of the climacteric. " The development of highly sensitive gas chromatographic instruments makes it feasible to appraise critically those instances in which fruits have been reported to produce ethylene not at all or only after the climacteric has started, and also to determine the content of ethylene within a fruit at the onset of the rise in respiration. Results of such experiments are reported in this communication, and they have a direct bearing on the problem of whether or not ethylene is a natural ripening hormone.
"Dose-Effect-Response" Relationships of Paeoniae Radix Rubra on Alpha-Naphthylisothiocyanate-Induced Acute Cholestatic Hepatitis in Rats

Objective To investigate the hepatoprotective effects of Paeoniae Radix Rubra (PRR) at different doses against alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced acute cholestatic hepatitis in rats. Methods Rats were ig admini- strated with vehicle or PRR ((1, 9, 18, 36, 54, 72, and 81 g/(kg·d)) 3 d before and 2 d after ANIT (60 mg/kg) ig administration. The general status of rats, histopathology of liver, serum alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase levels, were observed at respective time points (24 and 48 h) after ANIT administration. Using cluster analysis and correspondence analysis, the "dose-effect-response" relationships of PRR were evaluated. Results The results showed that compared with model group, the serum biochemistry index significantly decreased with the increasing of PRR dosage (P < 0.01), and the change and necrosis of hepatic cellula, and inflammatory cell infiltration were gradually alleviated. However, the improvement was not obviously found in the low-dose group (1 g/(kg·d)). The cluster analysis and correspondence analysis results showed that different doses of PRR could significantly ameliorate ANIT-induced acute cholestatic hepatitis of rats in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion The experiments show that administration doses of PRR in clinical use should be added properly in order to gain the expectant therapeutic effect, especially in the treatment of heavy acute cholestasis hepatitis.