Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unified field equations coupling four forces and principle of interaction dynamics

The main objective of this article is to postulate a principle of interaction dynamics (PID) and to derive field equations coupling the four fundamental interactions based on first principles. PID is a least action principle subject to div$_A$-free constraints for the variational element with $A$ being gauge potentials. The Lagrangian action is uniquely determined by 1) the principle of general relativity, 2) the $U(1)$, $SU(2)$ and $SU(3)$ gauge invariances, 3) the Lorentz invariance, and 4) the principle of representation invariance (PRI), introduced in [11]. The unified field equations are then derived using PID. The field model spontaneously breaks the gauge symmetries, and gives rise to a new mass generation mechanism. The unified field model introduces a natural duality between the mediators and their dual mediators, and can be easily decoupled to study each individual interaction when other interactions are negligible. The unified field model, together with PRI and PID applied to individual interactions, provides clear explanations and solutions to a number of outstanding challenges in physics and cosmology, including e.g. the dark energy and dark matter phenomena, the quark confinement, asymptotic freedom, short-range nature of both strong and weak interactions, decay mechanism of sub-atomic particles, baryon asymmetry, and the solar neutrino problem.
Program Synthesis for Character Level Language Modeling

We propose a statistical model applicable to character level language modeling and show that it is a good fit for both, program source code and English text. The model is parameterized by a program from a domain-specific language (DSL) that allows expressing non-trivial data dependencies. Learning is done in two phases: (i) we synthesize a program from the DSL, essentially learning a good representation for the data, and (ii) we learn parameters from the training data – the process is done via counting, as in simple language models such as n-gram. Our experiments show that the precision of our model is comparable to that of neural networks while sharing a number of advantages with n-gram models such as fast query time and the capability to quickly add and remove training data samples. Further, the model is parameterized by a program that can be manually inspected, understood and updated, addressing a major problem of neural networks.
Title Recovery of dilute aqueous butanol by membrane vapor extraction with dodecane or mesitylene Permalink

A novel, nearly isothermal, nonselective-membrane separation process, membrane vapor extraction (MVE), efficiently recovers butanol from a dilute aqueous solution, for example, from a fermentation broth (Liu et al., 2015). In MVE, feed and solvent liquids are not in contact; they are separated by vapor. Therefore, compared to conventional extraction, MVE avoids formation of difficult-to-separate emulsions. In MVE, a semi-volatile aqueous solute (e.g., butanol) vaporizes at the upstream side of a membrane, diffuses as a vapor through the membrane pores, and subsequently condenses and dissolves into a high-boiling nonpolar solvent, favorable to the solute but not to water. Design analysis of a 1.5-m long, 30-m membrane-area countercurrent MVE unit for processing 2-wt% aqueous butanol by dodecane solvent at 40 °C indicates over 90% recovery of the feed butanol with essentially no water loss and with very low energy requirement (Liu et al., 2015). The separation factor is over 1500. However, the published design study gives no experimental evidence for the calculated MVE separation. Here, we present experimental data to validate the MVE process. We use an omniphobic (i.e., hydrophobic and oleophobic), 0.2-μm pore-diameter Versapor®200 R membrane (Pall Corporation, Exton, PA) housed in a 6-cm wide by 10-cm long plate-and-frame channeled flow cell with 0.8-cm gap thickness. Membrane transfer area is 28 cm. The membrane flow cell is designed for minimal axial concentration change and is operated in the transient mode between two recirculating flow loops. 2-wt% aqueous butanol is extracted into dodecane or mesitylene at 25 or 40 °C. Also, 1.5-wt% furfural is extracted into dodecane at 40 °C. Since vapor transport across the membrane contributes minimal resistance, MVE performance is governed by mass transfer through feed and solvent boundary layers. Mass-transfer coefficients are determined from the Graetz-Lévêque analysis of laminar thin-slit flow (Bird et al., 2002). Predicted extraction performance agrees well with experiment using no adjustable parameters. Consistent with the initial multistage-design analysis (Liu et al., 2015), our new bench-scale experimental results confirm that MVE is a viable separation process to recover dilute semi-volatile biosolutes from water with minimal energy requirement. Preliminary analysis of downstream solute recovery from the extract via distillation is more efficient than that for pervaporation because of insignificant water carry over through the MVE membrane.
Higher education: testing the efficacy of height adjustable sit-stand desks in college classrooms

Sedentary behavior has been found to have independent and negative associations with several cardiometabolic risk factors while interrupting prolonged sedentary time may ameliorate these associations. College classrooms are a traditionally sedentary microenvironment and understudied setting for sedentary interventions. Introducing sitstand desks into college classrooms may be an effective and sustainable approach to reduce classroom sedentary time of college students. The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of replacing seated desks with sit-stand desks in a college classroom on student’s classroom standing time and sit-stand transitions, as well as health-related and academic behaviors. We recruited 304 undergraduate college students taking one of 14 classes being taught in one of two small classrooms (25 seats per class) to participate. Using a crossover design, each student’s classroom sitting and standing time were measured by selfreport and objectively (direct observation via video camera surveillance) after having access to only seated desks or only sit-stand desks for six continuous weeks. A process evaluation survey was administered at the end of the study to explore student’s and instructor’s perceptions of the intervention and its impact on student engagement and health. The results suggest that students stood about 9.5% of class time on average when given access to sit-stand desks and about 1.5% of class time when using traditional seated desks, as measured by objective video surveillance data. There was no significant change in sit-stand transitions between sit-stand desks and seated desks. Students reported that a
Evaluation of Avocado Germplasm Using Microsatellite Markers

Three horticultural races of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) are known: Guatemalan, Mexican, and West Indian. Each race has unique characteristics and current commercial varieties have been selected from within the races or from interracial hybrids. Using 14 microsatellite loci we investigated the genetic variation among 224 accessions (394 plants) maintained at the National Germplasm Repository (NGR) in Miami, Fla. , and a set of 34 clones from the University of California South Coast Field Station (SCFS) located in Irvine, Calif. The 14 microsatellite loci had an average of 18.8 alleles per locus and average unbiased genetic diversity was 0.83. The total propagation error in the collection, i.e., plants that had been incorrectly labeled or grafted, was estimated to be 7.0%. Although many unique alleles did exist, no useful race-specific markers were found. A general concordance between the horticultural race and the clusters obtained from molecular data was observed. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCA) grouped the Guatemalan and Mexican races into two distinct clusters. The West Indian also grouped into a unique major cluster but with an outlying group. Using the PCA a change in the racial designation or interracial hybrid status for 50 accessions (19.7%) is proposed. The unbiased gene diversity estimate was highest in the Mexican and Guatemalan races and lower in the West Indian group. This demonstrates the need to collect more of the West Indian germplasm to broaden the genetic diversity and to emphasize the identification of individuals conferring resistance to Phytophthora Root Rot (PRR). The avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is an evergreen sub- tropical tree that is native from Mexico to northern South America and produces a fruit that is unique and nutritious. This fruit was known by the Aztecs as ahuacacuauhitl, which was later shortened by the Spaniards to aguacate. In the United States avocado was introduced into Florida in 1833, California in 1848 and to Hawaii by 1855 (Nakasone and Paull, 1998). Major commercial produc- tion of avocado in the United States is limited to California and Florida. In 2000, global production exceeded 2.4 MMT and the major producers were Mexico, Indonesia, South Africa and the United States (Anonymous, 2001). P.americana has been subdivided into three horticultural groups: Mexican (P. americana var. drymifolia (Schect. & Cham.) Blake), Guatemalan (P. americana var. guatemalensis Wms.) and West Indian (P. americana var. americana Mill.) races. The West Indian race is known to be from the lowland areas of the Pacific coast of Central America and not the West Indies, while the Guatemalan and Mexican races are native to specific highland areas in each country (Scora and Bergh, 1992). The collection at the NGR-Miami contains 224 accessions with all three races represented, as well as hybrids between them. The earliest introductions were collected by Wilson Popenoe in Guatemala in the 1920s, and the newest introductions were collected by Avraham Ben-Ya∑ acov throughout Central and South America during the 1990s (Ben-Ya∑ acov, 1995; Popenoe,
Effects of methionine source, arginine: lysine ratio and sodium chloride level in the diets of grower broilers reared under high-temperature conditions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of methionine sources (DL-methionine 99% powder (DLM) or methionine hydroxy analog liquid 88% (HMTBA)), arginine:lysine (Arg:Lys) ratio and sodium chloride (NaCl) content in the diet of broilers on their performance, carcass yield, serum biochemistry, duodenal mucosal morphology, and immune response. Birds were kept under high temperature conditions during the grower phase and were inoculated or not with an antigen. The use of HMTBA promoted better live performance and carcass yield than the use of DLM. Diets with 1.05 Arg:Lys ratio resulted in better live performance, higher carcass and breast meat yields, longer villi, shallower crypts, and stronger immune response when broilers were challenged than the 1.40 ratio. The dietary supplementation of 6.0 g NaCl/kg promoted better growth performance and carcass weight than 2.0 g NaCl/kg. There was no influence of the different methionine sources or NaCl concentrations on any evaluated intestinal morphology parameter or immune response, nor of any interactions between these sources of variation.
Proceedings of AIS SIGSAND European symposium on systems analysis and design: Practice and research

Requirements management provides the basis for systems development. Literature posits that projects fail for the same reasons as 30 years ago citing poor requirements determination as a causal factor. Although literature offers diverse materials proposing various approaches to requirements management this paper presents a perspective gained through an empirical setting. It offers ‘rich insight’ into difficulties experienced within a large, complex bureaucratic project arena that adopted a JAD approach. Theory states that cultural constraints inherent within organizations impact upon requirements determination. Although this case study research holds this premise to be true, the findings build on this theory by determining the issues behind these barriers that suggest some implications for practice. Hence it provides meaningful insight for other similar development contexts within comparable bureaucratic settings. Indeed Fitzgerald (2000) suggests that it is the case that practice should inform theory and this is another of the paper’s contributions.
Comparison between Conventional Convective Heating and Microwave Heating: An FTIR Spectroscopy Study of the Effects of Microwave Oven Cooking of Bovine Breast Meat

The effects of microwave energy and conventional convective heating on bovine meat were studied in the mid-infrared region by FTIR spectroscopy, to highlight the differences between the two cooking methods. Samples of 100 g of bovine breast meat were cooked using three treatments: heating in a conventional electric oven at the temperature of 165°C for 16 min, heating in a microwave oven at 800 W for 95 sec, and heating in the same microwave oven at 650 W for 160 sec. Significant decreases in intensity of vibration bands of CH2 methylene group at 1921 and 1853 cm-1 and of the carbonyl band at 1742 cm-1 were observed after microwave heating with respect to heating in a conventional oven, showing that Maillard reaction occurs partially using microwave oven. Spectral analysis in the amide I region after microwave cooking at 800 W for 95 sec showed that an increase in intensity occurred in the region from 1665 to 1690 cm-1 which can be attributed to β-turns, characteristic of disorder processes in the protein. Further analysis after microwave cooking at 650 W for 160 sec evidenced major increase in intensity of β-turns content and the appearance of significant increases of β-sheet component at 1635 cm-1 and 1695 cm-1 that can be attributed to aggregated β-sheets structures.
Contribution of previous legumes to soil fertility and millet yields in West African Sahel

Studies on combined effects of 4 legume crops residues and rock phosphate application on pearl millet yield were undertaken on sandy acid soil field from 2012 to 2015 at ICRISAT Sahelian center (ISC)-Sadore, Niger. The objective of the experiment was to assess the best combination of legume species x rate of crop residue x rock phosphate doses that can sustainably improve pearl millet yield in cereal monoculture system with a low input cost and minimum soil tillage. Over 3 years, the residual effect of previous legume crop residue significantly improved not only the grain yield (P<0.001) and dry residue yields (P<0.001) but also the growth parameters of pearl millet than millet mono-cropping. Treatments with or without natural rock phosphate did not show any statistical differences on millet yield while adding a micro dose of urea improved significantly the yield (P<0.001). The interaction effects of preceding legume crops in rotation with millet and restitution of dry residue on the earlier mentioned parameters across 3 years mono-cropping were studied in this experiment. Key words: Millet, legume, cropping system, soil fertility.
Moderate deviations for two sample t-statistics

Let X 1 ,. ,X n 1 be a random sample from a population with mean µ 1 and variance , and X 1 ,. ,X n 1 be a random sample from another population with mean µ 2 and variance independent of { X i ,1 ≤ i ≤ n 1 }. Consider the two sample t-statistic . This paper shows that ln P(T ≥ x) ~ -x ²/2 for any x := x(n 1 ,n 2 ) satisfying x → ∞, x = o(n 1 + n 2 ) 1/2 as n 1 ,n 2 → ∞ provided 0 c 1 ≤ n 1 /n 2 ≤ c 2 E|X 1 | 3 , E|Y 1 | 3 , then holds uniformly in x ∈ (O,o((n 1 + n 2 ) 1/6 ))
Stellar Populations of over 1000 z ∼ 0.8 Galaxies from LEGA-C: Ages and Star Formation Histories from Dn4000 and Hδ

Drawing from the LEGA-C data set, we present the spectroscopic view of the stellar population across a large volume- and mass-selected sample of galaxies at large look-back time. We measure the 4000 Å break (Dn4000) and Balmer absorption line strengths (probed by Hδ) from 1019 high-quality spectra of z = 0.6–1.0 galaxies with M* = 2 × 1010M⊙ to 3 × 1011M⊙. Our analysis serves as a first illustration of the power of high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio continuum spectroscopy at intermediate redshifts as a qualitatively new tool to constrain galaxy formation models. The observed Dn4000–EW(Hδ) distribution of our sample overlaps with the distribution traced by present-day galaxies, but z ∼ 0.8 galaxies populate that locus in a fundamentally different manner. While old galaxies dominate the present-day population at all stellar masses >2 × 1010M⊙, we see a bimodal Dn4000–EW(Hδ) distribution at z ∼ 0.8, implying a bimodal light-weighted age distribution. The light-weighted age depends strongly on stellar mass, with the most massive galaxies >1 × 1011M⊙ being almost all older than 2 Gyr. At the same time, we estimate that galaxies in this high-mass range are only ∼3 Gyr younger than their z ∼ 0.1 counterparts, at odds with purely passive evolution given a difference in look-back time of >5 Gyr; younger galaxies must grow to >1011M⊙ in the meantime, or small amounts of young stars must keep the light-weighted ages young. Star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 0.8 have stronger Hδ absorption than present-day galaxies with the same Dn4000, implying larger short-term variations in star formation activity.
Evaluating Synergies and Trade-Offs among Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Explorative Analyses of Development Paths in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa

Understanding the linkages between multiple targets of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) may help to integrate different sectoral programmes and develop coherent cross-sectoral policy to explore synergies. Synergy is interaction among two or more actions, which will lead to an impact greater or less than the sum of individual effects. Therefore, synergy can be positive or negative (trade-off). This paper aims at developing an analytical framework to evaluate sectoral linkages and examine potential synergies and trade-offs among various SDGs’ goals and targets. Synergies and trade-offs related to energy access (SDG7), clean water and sanitation access (SDG6), food security and sustainable agriculture (SDG2) and poverty alleviation (SDG1) have been evaluated from the perspective of developing countries using examples from South Asia (Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka) and Sub-Saharan Africa (Ghana, Ethiopia and Rwanda), and historical data for the period between 1990 and 2012. The analytical framework includes both qualitative and quantitative methods. Network analysis technique has been used for exploring the conceptual linkage among different indicators, and capturing the targets associated with SDGs. Advanced Sustainability Analysis (ASA) developed under the European framework programme has been used for quantifying the synergies and trade-offs among sustainability indicators. The analysis showed strong synergy among various SDG targets. Interestingly, the potential synergy differs from country to country and over time. Ghana and Sri Lanka had relatively higher potential synergy, whereas Rwanda and Nepal had relatively lower potential synergy among the various targets. Higher synergy values were evidenced in those cases where the policy have recognized and emphasized on linkages among cross-sectoral targets.
Motif formation and industry specific topologies in the Japanese business firm network

Motifs and roles are basic quantities for the characterization of interactions among 3-node subsets in complex networks. In this work, we investigate how the distribution of 3-node motifs can be influenced by modifying the rules of an evolving network model while keeping the statistics of simpler network characteristics, such as the link density and the degree distribution, invariant. We exemplify this problem for the special case of the Japanese Business Firm Network, where a well-studied and relatively simple yet realistic evolving network model is available, and compare the resulting motif distribution in the real-world and simulated networks. To better approximate the motif distribution of the real-world network in the model, we introduce both subgraph dependent and global additional rules. We find that a specific rule that allows only for the merging process between nodes with similar link directionality patterns reduces the observed excess of densely connected motifs with bidirectional links. Our study improves the mechanistic understanding of motif formation in evolving network models to better describe the characteristic features of real-world networks with a scale-free topology.
Soil Chemical Dynamics after Calcium Silicate Addition to a Northern Hardwood Forest

Acidic deposition has resulted in the loss of available soil Ca from base-poor soils in the northeastern United States. In 1999, wollastonite (CaSiO₃) was experimentally added to a watershed at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire in an attempt to restore the base saturation of the soil to its estimated pre-acidification level. We measured the total Ca in the O horizon and the top 10 cm of mineral soil to track the fate of the added Ca. We also measured soil pH and exchangeable cations to assess the impact of the treatment on soil acidity. In the first 11 yr after treatment, Ca was transported downward through the forest floor and upper mineral soil in a progressive fashion. By Year 11, at least 650 kg ha⁻¹ of the 1028 kg ha⁻¹ of Ca that was added to the watershed was no longer in the O horizon or the top 10 cm of mineral soil. Soil pH and exchangeable Ca concentrations increased significantly in organic and mineral soils after treatment. Exchangeable H and Al concentrations decreased significantly. The pool of exchangeable Ca increased significantly after treatment, peaking in the O horizons 3 yr after treatment and in the upper mineral soil 7 yr after treatment. The pools of exchangeable Al and H steadily and significantly decreased through the study period. Only about 3% of the added Ca was exported from the watershed in stream water after 11 yr. Wollastonite treatment was thus an effective means of increasing available pools of Ca in this forest ecosystem.
Trait Emotional Intelligence is related to risk-taking through negative mood and anticipated fear

Abstract. Existing research showed that negative mood and the anticipated fear of bad outcomes lead people to prefer risk-averse tendencies, and these effects have often been implicitly considered as a universal phenomenon. Nevertheless, interactionist accounts emphasized the importance of both person and situation in predicting outcomes. We aimed to prove whether trait Emotional Intelligence (EI; a person’s characteristic) was related to risk-taking through factors naturally occurring in decision-making processes (i.e., negative mood and anticipated fear). One hundred fifty-eight participants completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the anticipated fear rating and the hot-Columbia Card Task (CCT; a risk-taking measure), 1 month following assessment of trait EI. Results showed that negative mood and anticipated fear were two simultaneous mediators of the relationship between trait EI and risk-taking.
Copper in the Ocean Environment

A number of studies were reviewed that investigate copper concentrations in ocean water, sediments and organisms. The purpose of reviewing the studies was to compare natural versus anthropogenic copper concentrations. It was found that large variations in concentrations do occur in ocean water, sediments and organisms due to both naturally occurring and anthropogenic copper. Copper is an essential micronutrient to both plants and animals. As such, organisms were found to have mechanisms to deal with copper levels in their environment from both natural and anthropogenic copper within the ranges studied. It was also concluded that when studying copper in the environment both natural varying copper levels and varying concentrations due to anthropogenic copper must be considered.