Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Numerical model predictions of autogenic fluvial terraces and comparison to climate change expectations

Terraces eroded into sediment (alluvial) and bedrock (strath) preserve an important history of river activity. River terraces are thought to form when a river switches from a period of slow vertical incision and valley widening to fast vertical incision and terrace abandonment. Consequently, terraces are often interpreted to reflect changing external drivers including tectonics, sea level, and climate. In contrast, the intrinsic unsteadiness of lateral migration in rivers may generate terraces even under constant rates of vertical incision without external forcing. To explore this mechanism, we simulate landscape evolution by a vertically incising, meandering river and isolate the age and geometry of autogenic river terraces. Modeled autogenic terraces form for a wide range of lateral and vertical incision rates and are often paired and longitudinally extensive for intermediate ratios of vertical‐to‐lateral erosion rate. Autogenic terraces have a characteristic reoccurrence time that scales with the time for relief generation. There is a preservation bias against older terraces due to reworking of previously visited parts of the valley. Evolving, spatial differences in bank strength between bedrock and sediment reduce terrace formation frequency and length, favor pairing, and can explain sublinear terrace margins at valley boundaries. Age differences and geometries for modeled autogenic terraces are consistent, in cases, with natural terraces and overlap with metrics commonly attributed to terrace formation due to climate change. We suggest a new phase space of terrace properties that may allow differentiation of autogenic terraces from terraces formed by external drivers.
Oral rehydration salt-liquid as a storage medium for avulsed tooth.

AIM To evaluate the efficacy of oral rehydration salt-liquid as a suitable medium for maintaining the periodontal ligament cell viability over different time periods and to compare its efficacy with that of two other storage media, Hanks' balanced salt solu1tion and milk. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 130 sound- and caries-free premolars extracted atraumatically for orthodontic reasons were selected. Of these teeth, 120 premolars were randomly divided into three experimental groups comprising 40 teeth each, for immersion in three different experimental storage media. Each tooth was subjected to 30 or 60 min of extra oral dry time. Each experimental group was further subdivided into two groups comprising 10 teeth each, based on the immersion time of 45 and 90 min, respectively. Of the remaining 10 premolars, five teeth each formed positive and negative controls. All teeth were subjected to collagenase II and dispase assay. Trypan blue dye exclusion test was used to determine the viability of the periodontal ligament cells. The number of viable cells was counted using Neubauer's chamber. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using one-way anova and post hoc Tukey's tests. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between Hanks' balanced salt solution and Oral Rehydration Solution-Liquid. CONCLUSION Oral Rehydration Solution-Liquid as a storage medium was found to be as efficient as Hanks balanced salt solution to maintain the viability of periodontal ligament cells, and it was found to be better than milk.
Inhibition of cancer cell growth by all‐ trans retinoic acid and its analog N‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl) retinamide: a possible mechanism of action via regulation of retinoid receptors expression

In order to better understand the mechanisms that underlie the antiproliferative effect of retinoids, we have examined the response of human carcinoma cell lines to all‐trans retinoic acid (RA) and N‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4HPR) in terms of cell growth, apoptosis and regulation of retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) mRNA. GLC82 (lung adenocarcinoma), BGC823 (stomach adenocarcinoma) and EC109 (esophageal squamous carcinoma) cells were treated with 10 μM of RA or 4HPR for various length of time and analyzed. The results show that growth inhibition by RA and 4HPR in GLC82 and BGC823 cells correlates with the induction of RARβ2 gene, whereas RA resistance in EC109 cells parallels loss of RARβ2 induction. Exogenous RARβ2 expression did not restore RA responsiveness in EC109 cells, but potentiated 4HPR‐induced growth inhibition, suggesting that 4HPR acts at least in part via the RARβ receptor. We speculate that the loss of RARβ2 inducibility in EC109 cells may be due to an unknown repressor. Int. J. Cancer 78:248–254, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dissociating anticipation from perception: Acute pain activates default mode network

Few studies have explored the effect of acute pain on attentional networks and on the default mode network. Moreover, these studies convey conflicting results, seemingly caused by design. To reassess this issue, we studied 20 healthy subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging while delivering painful electric shocks. The design was purposely constructed to separate rest, anticipation, and pain perception. We found that default mode network activity in response to pain was biphasic. It deactivated during anticipation when the dorsal attentional network was activated. During pain perception, the default mode network was activated, as were attentional networks. The left posterior fusiform gyrus showed the same dynamics as the default mode network, and its activity was negatively correlated to the subject's pain intensity rating. The associative pregenual anterior cingulate cortex seemed to play a key role in these coactivations. These results concur with data from the literature showing that enhanced pain perception results in greater default mode network activity and that the anticorrelation between the default mode network and the dorsal attentional network disappears in chronic pain patients. Hum Brain Mapp 34:2228–2243, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultimate Ownership, Income Management, and Legal and Extra‐Legal Institutions

This study provides evidence of the role of both legal and extra‐legal institutions in limiting the income management induced by the detachment of control rights from the cash flow rights of ultimate owners. The tests use a unique, comprehensive data set for firm‐level control and ownership structures from 9 East Asian and 13 Western European countries. Univariate regressions show that income management that is induced by the wedge between control rights and cash flow rights is significantly limited in countries with high statutory protection of minority rights (proxied by legal tradition, minority rights protection, the efficiency of the judicial system, or disclosure standards) and effective extra‐legal institutions (proxied by the effectiveness of competition laws, diffusion of the press, and tax compliance). Furthermore, multiple regression results show that a common law tradition and an efficient judicial system subsume the effects of the other legal institutions, and that a high rate of tax compliance subsumes the effects of the other extra‐legal institutions in curbing insider income management. It is surprising that a high rate of tax compliance ultimately has a greater effect than legal tradition and the efficiency of the judicial system. Although this finding is unexpected, given prior evidence on the dominant roles of legal institutions in macroeconomic issues and corporate policies, it is consistent with the recent argument that effective tax enforcement is like a public good in that it can reduce insiders' private control benefits. An implication of this finding is that closer attention to extra‐legal institutions has the potential to enhance our understanding of the institutional reforms needed to limit insider private control benefits.
Fuzzy modelling control for aircraft automatic landing system

Aircraft landing control based on fuzzy modelling networks is presented. The proposed scheme uses a fuzzy controller combined with a linearized inverse aircraft model. A multi-layered fuzzy neural network is used as the controller, providing the control signals at each stage of the aircraft-landing phase. The algorithm used to train the network is the Backpropagation Through Time. The linearized inverse aircraft model provides the error signals that will be used to back-propagate through the controller at each stage. The objective of this study is to improve the performance of conventional automatic landing systems. The simulation results are described for the automatic landing system of a commercial aeroplane. Tracking performance and robustness are demonstrated through software simulations. Simulation results show that the fuzzy controller can successfully expand the safety envelope to include more hostile environments such as severe turbulence.
Subcuticular Bacteria Associated With Two Common New Zealand Echinoderms: Characterization Using 16S rRNA Sequence Analysis and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization

Many echinoderms contain subcuticular bacteria (SCB), symbionts which reside in the lumen between the host's epidermal cells and outer cuticle. This relationship is common, existing in about 60% of echinoderms studied so far, yet the function of SCB remains largely unknown. In this study, phylogenetic analysis was carried out on 16S rRNA sequences obtained from echinoderm-associated bacteria, resulting in the identification of four species of putative SCB. All four bacteria were identified from the holothurian Stichopus mollis, and two of the four were also found in the asteroid Patiriella sp. Two of these bacteria belong to the Alphaproteobacteria, and two to the Gammaproteobacteria. In addition to phylogenetic analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays were carried out on Patiriella sp. , S. mollis, and the asteroid Astrostole scabra. Results showed that Patiriella sp. and S. mollis contain SCB, in agreement with the phylogenetic analysis, while SCB were not detected in A. scabra. Of the bacteria detected using FISH, more than 80% were recognized as belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria in both host species. However, in S. mollis about 20% of the detected SCB successfully hybridized with the Gammaproteobacteria-specific probe, whereas bacteria belonging to this class were never observed in Patiriella sp. This is only the second study to characterize SCB by molecular means, and is the first to identify SCB in situ using FISH.
Sample Complexity of Multi-Item Profit Maximization

We study the design of pricing mechanisms and auctions when the mechanism designer does not know the distribution of buyers' values. Instead the mechanism designer receives a set of samples from this distribution and his goal is to use the sample to design a pricing mechanism or auction with high expected profit. We provide generalization guarantees which bound the difference between average profit on the sample and expected profit over the distribution. These bounds are directly proportional to the intrinsic complexity of the mechanism class the designer is optimizing over. We present a single, overarching theorem that uses empirical Rademacher complexity to measure the intrinsic complexity of a variety of widely-studied single- and multi-item auction classes, including affine maximizer auctions, mixed-bundling auctions, and second-price item auctions. Despite the extensive applicability of our main theorem, we match and improve over the best-known generalization guarantees for many auction classes. This all-encompassing theorem also applies to multi- and single-item pricing mechanisms in both multi- and single-unit settings, such as linear and non-linear pricing mechanisms. Finally, our central theorem allows us to easily derive generalization guarantees for every class in several finely grained hierarchies of auction and pricing mechanism classes. We demonstrate how to determine the precise level in a hierarchy with the optimal tradeoff between profit and generalization using structural profit maximization. The mechanism classes we study are significantly different from well-understood function classes typically found in machine learning, so bounding their complexity requires a sharp understanding of the interplay between mechanism parameters and buyer valuations.
Expression of proteins with dimethylarginines in Escherichia coli for protein–protein interaction studies

Protein arginine methylation often modulates protein–protein interactions. To isolate a sufficient quantity of proteins enriched in methyl arginine(s) from natural sources for biochemical studies is laborious and difficult. We describe here an expression system that produces recombinant proteins that are enriched in ω‐NG,NG‐asymmetry dimethylarginines. A yeast type I arginine methyltransferase gene (HMT1) is put on a plasmid under the control of the Escherichia coli methionine aminopeptidase promoter for constitutive expression. The protein targeted for post‐translational modification is put on the same plasmid behind a T7 promoter for inducible expression of His6‐tagged proteins. Sbp1p and Stm1p were used as model proteins to examine this expression system. The 13 arginines within the arginine‐glycine‐rich motif of Sbp1p and the RGG sequence near the C terminus of Stm1p were methylated. Unexpectedly, the arginine residue on the thrombin cleavage site (LVPRGS) of the fusion proteins can also be methylated by Hmt1p. Sbp1p and Sbp1p/hmt1 were covalently attached to solid supports for the isolation of interacting proteins. The results indicate that arginine methylation on Sbp1p exerts both positive and negative effects on protein–protein interaction.
THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF RADON REMEDIATION IN SCHOOLS

Radon remediation in schools was identified early on as a potential priority for governments. The exposure reduction attributable to schools remediation can be substantial (1). Epidemiological and technical radon research has produced information which has enabled attention to be turned to specific effectiveness questions regarding radon identification and remediation programmes in buildings, including schools. Decision making about policy implementation has been an integral part of these programmes and questions have been raised about the economic implications of the regulations (2-5). Very few attempts to answer the economic questions related to proposed and adopted policies for schools remediation have been made, though several authors have suggested possible hypotheses (6).
Safety and Tolerability of Aclidinium Administered Intravenously and Absolute Bioavailability of Inhaled Aclidinium in Healthy Male Participants

Aclidinium bromide is a long‐acting muscarinic antagonist in development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment. This 2‐part, phase I study evaluated the safety and tolerability of single ascending intravenous (IV) doses of aclidinium to determine its maximum tolerated dose (MTD; part I) and its absolute bioavailability (part II). Healthy male participants (N = 24) were randomized (1:1) in each part: 3‐period crossover, placebo‐controlled, single‐ascending, alternating IV doses of aclidinium (25–400 μg) in part I and 2‐period crossover, single‐alternating IV and inhaled doses of aclidinium (200 μg) in part II. A ≥7‐day washout separated treatment periods. Pharmacokinetic data were collected in both parts. Following IV or inhaled aclidinium, time to reach maximum plasma concentration following drug administration (tmax) was 5 to 7 minutes for all doses. After maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax), aclidinium was rapidly cleared from plasma. Aclidinium absolute bioavailability was <5% following a single inhaled 200‐μg dose. Urinary excretion of unchanged aclidinium was very low, with a greater amount of inactive metabolites excreted compared with aclidinium, all of which were recovered within 12 hours postdose. The MTD following IV administration was not reached; all single IV (25–400 μg) and inhaled doses (200 μg) were well tolerated. In conclusion, the low and short‐lived bioavailability of aclidinium and the low incidence of systemic side effects contribute to its positive safety and tolerability profile.
10.6 A 0.74V 200μW multi-standard transceiver digital baseband in 40nm LP-CMOS for 2.4GHz Bluetooth Smart / ZigBee / IEEE 802.15.6 personal area networks

Ultra-low-power (ULP), short-range wireless connectivity is becoming increasingly relevant to a wide range of sensor and actuator node applications, ranging from consumer lifestyle to medical applications. In recent years, a multitude of wireless standards has been proposed to meet differing requirements of individual application domains such as data rates, range, QoS, peak and average power consumption. From a commercial perspective, a single radio component that is capable of supporting multiple wireless standards - targeting multiple application domains/markets - while reducing integration costs is highly preferable. At the same time, the multi-standard support may not compromise low-power operation or silicon area.
Glucocorticoid resistance in childhood leukaemia: mechanisms and modulation

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a central component in contemporary paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treatment protocols. GC resistance has an adverse impact on clinical outcome in childhood leukaemia. Mechanisms of GC resistance have been described in cell line models, but have largely remained elusive in clinical specimens. GCs exert their cytotoxic effect through the induction of apoptosis. Recent advances in knowledge about the apoptotic pathway have opened a whole new field of drug resistance research and identified a large number of potential targets for enhancing GC action. It is of importance, however, to realize that lymphoid tumours are among the few cell types that can respond to GC exposure by initiating their apoptotic programme (in several non-lymphoid tumours GCs induce proliferation or inhibit apoptosis). Very little is known about the GC-mediated gene-regulatory events preceding the apoptotic cascade. The main challenge facing today’s researchers in steroid resistance research is to unravel this part of the GC-induced apoptotic pathway. This review summarizes the efforts to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of GC-induced apoptosis and resistance, with particular reference to childhood leukaemia. Several strategies are also discussed for modulating or circumventing this type of drug resistance.
Effects of intramuscular dexmedetomidine in combination with ketamine or alfaxalone in swine.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the use of intramuscular (IM) premedication with dexmedetomidine in combination with ketamine or alfaxalone in pigs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, 'blinded' trial. ANIMALS Fourteen healthy 2-month-old Landrace × Large White pigs weighing 21.5 ± 0.6 kg. METHODS Animals were distributed randomly into two groups: group KD (n = 7) was given 10 mg kg(-1) IM ketamine + 10 μg kg(-1) IM dexmedetomidine; and group AD (n = 7) was given 5 mg kg(-1) IM alfaxalone + 10 μg kg(-1) IM dexmedetomidine mixed in the same syringe. Pain on injection, degree of sedation and quality of induction were scored. The time from induction of anaesthesia to recumbency was recorded. Once pigs were recumbent, reflexes were evaluated. Pulse and respiratory rates, end-tidal carbon dioxide and arterial oxygen saturation were recorded at 5 and 10 minutes after drug administration. Data were compared using a two-way anova or a t-test for unpaired data as relevant. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (range). RESULTS Two animals in both groups showed slight pain on drug injection. The time to lateral recumbency in group KD [187 ± 34 seconds (153-230)] was similar to group AD [206 ± 36 seconds (150-248)]. In group AD, sedation was deeper, and the quality of anaesthetic induction was smoother. When moved for anaesthesia, five pigs in group KD vocalized. There were no differences between groups in pulse rates, arterial oxygen saturation and end-tidal carbon dioxide; however, the respiratory rate at 10 minutes was significantly higher in group KD than in group AD. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IM dexmedetomidine in combination with ketamine in pigs induced moderate to deep sedation and fair to smooth induction of anaesthesia. When dexmedetomidine was combined with alfaxalone, sedation was deeper, and induction was of a better quality.
Low carbohydrate ketogenic diet enhances cardiac tolerance to global ischaemia

Summary — The cardio-protective effects of a low carbohydrate ketogenic diet following global ischaemic injury as compared to rats fed a normal and high carbohydrate diet for a period of 19 weeks, were investigated.The reperfusion recovery of coronary flow was highly significant in the low carbohydrate ketogenic diet group. Although the initial reperfusion recovery of the pressure developed in the left ventricle, Pmax was similar in all groups, after 15 minutes, the momentum for faster recovery was maintained in the low carbohydrate ketogenic diet group. Ultrastructural observations of the cardiac muscles have shown that there was a decrease in the number of mitochondria in rats fed a high carbohydrate diet and an increase in the number of mitochondria in those fed a low carbohydrate ketogenic diet as compared to the normal diet group. This study demonstrates that a low carbohydrate ketogenic diet is cardio-protective functionally. Introduction — Ischaemia and reperfusion lead to cell death. These pathways are regulated and hence are subjected to therapeutic intervention. Previously, we have shown that a low carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) reduces the risk factors for heart disease in obese patients.This study is aimed at understanding the cardio-protective effects of LCKD following global ischaemic injury in rats. Materials and methods — Rats weighing 190-250 g were divided into normal diet (ND), LCKD and high carbohydrate diet (HCD) groups consisting of six animals in each group. Specific diets were given to each group for a period of 19 weeks. Changes in body weight, ultrastructure of the cardiac muscles and the cardio-protective effects of the LCKD group as compared to the ND and HCD groups were investigated in rats following global ischaemic injury. Results — Electron microscopic studies have shown that there was a decrease in the number of mitochondria in rats fed a high carbohydrate diet and an increase in the number of mitochondria in those fed a low carbohydrate ketogenic diet as compared to the normal diet group. Rats on LCKD had a remarkable tolerance to ischaemia and a faster recovery of cardiac function following reperfusion. The initial reperfusion recovery of the pressure developed in the left ventricle, Pmax was similar in all groups. However, after 15 minutes, the momentum for faster recovery was significantly maintained in the LCKD group (P < 0.05). The reperfusion recovery of coronary flow was highly significant (P < 0.05) in the LCKD regime.The increase in left ventricle end diastolic pressure, coronary vascular resistance and the changes in body weight were not significant between the experimental groups. Discussion and conclusion — This is a unique study showing ultrastructural variation in cardiac muscle in relation to cardio-protective function in rats fed a low carbohydrate ketogenic diet. This study suggests that the LCKD is cardio-protective functionally.The underlying mechanism of the cardioprotective effect of an LCKD needs to be elucidated.