Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiplicities and the Subject: Rethinking a Mix-of-Attributes Approach in the Digital World

It has been 30 years since Clark made his call to focus on fundamental structures of media rather than media formats (such as radio or television) and more than 10 years since Eveland proposed a mix-of-attributes approach to media effects. This article suggests that it is time for a reevaluation of the mix-of-attributes approach, noting that there is a continued focus on format when studying media content. We argue for rethinking the assumptions that preempt a mix-of-attributes approach. As a way of accounting for the complexities of how messages move in the digital media ecology, beyond the constraints of singular media formats, we first invoke the concept of multiplicities (concurrent engagement with multiple information sources) and then propose that the role of the subject be foregrounded within a revised mix-of-attributes approach to studying media effects in the digital age.
Evolution in Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea Commers.) - A review

Bougainvillea is a popular ornamental, mostly valued for its multi coloured bracts. It can be used in the garden as a shrub, climber, pot plant or as a specimen plant. By keeping the view of its multiple uses there is always demand for the new coloured and forms of bracts in bougainvillea. All the present day colourful bracted bougainvilleas are developed through bud sports, mutations and inter and intra specific hybridization. There is no record of varieties evolved in bougainvillea through classical breeding in different countries. Present article will provide maximum information generated in India by different re-search institutes on classical and mutation breeding on bougainvillea.
Widespread Outbreaks of a Subtle Condition Leading to Hospitalisation and Death

Long-term cycles in healthcare costs, medical admissions, hospital bed occupancy coupled with periods of increased deaths can be discerned in western health care systems for which there has never been an adequate explanation. A new type of immune-based infectious outbreak, operating via one of the many ubiquitous and persistent viruses appears to be occurring. Given the general difficulty of reaching a definitive diagnosis in the largely elderly population presenting to both primary and secondary care in western countries has led to these outbreaks remaining largely unrecognised. It is tentatively proposed that the ubiquitous herpes virus Cytomegalovirus (CMV) could be implicated in the observed long-term patterns of deaths, hospitalisation and wider costs.
A Comparaison of Methods for Detection of High Frequency Oscillations (HFOs) in Human Intacerberal EEG Recordings

High Frequency Oscillations (HFOs) in the range of 80-500Hz seem to be a reliable bio marker of tissue capable of producing seizures. Visual marking of HFOs related to long duration/multi channel EEG data is extremely tedious, highly time-consuming and inevitably subjective. Therefore, automated and reliable detection of HFOs is much more efficient. The purpose of the present study is to improve in the first stage three existing HFOs detectors (CM V, MP, BMT), and subsequently compare them on the same database. Our main findings are summarized as follows: The efficiency of methods depends on the required sensitivity and the False Discovery Rate (FDR). First, if the required sensitivity below 87% is sufficient for the intended application, CM V method could perform well in terms of low false detection rate (FDR<14%). Secondly, if the application requires a sensitivity between 87% and 92%, the three methods could perform in a similar way in terms of performance, wh ich appro ximately corresponds to an FDR in the range of 14-19%. Finally, if a high sensitivity is required (92% up to 98%), BMT based method can be considered the most efficient and leads to significantly lower FDR values (19% to 23%) co mpared to other methods.
Vulnerability of Household Consumption to Village-level Aggregate Shocks in a Developing Country ∗

Village-level aggregate shocks such as droughts and floods cannot be perfectly insured by risk sharing within a village. Then, what type of households are more vulnerable in terms of a decline in consumption when a village is hit by such natural disasters? This question is investigated in this study by using two-period panel data for the years 2001 and 2004 from rural Pakistan. We propose a methodology to infer the theoretical mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity of households in terms of their vulnerability, and focus on the difference between the across-household-type difference in marginal response to aggregate shocks and that in marginal response to idiosyncratic shocks. The empirical results obtained indicate that the sensitivity of consumption changes to shocks differs across household types, depending on the type of natural disasters. Moreover, land and credit access are effective in mitigating the ill-effects of various types of shocks. Household heads who are educated or elderly and households with a greater number of working members bear a larger burden of the village-level shocks; however, they are not vulnerable to idiosyncratic health shocks. It is revealed that these patterns may be explained by the coexistence of unequal access to credit markets and risk sharing among heterogeneous households in terms of risk tolerance.
Estimating IRT Equating Coefficients for Tests with Polytomously and Dichotomously Scored Items.

Recent years have seen growing use of tests with mixed item formats, e.g., partly containing dichotomously scored items and partly consisting of polytomously scored items. A matching two test characteristic curves method (CCM) for placing these mixed format items on the same metric is described and evaluated in this paper under a common-item linking design in which tests containing a set of common items are administered to two groups of examinees. The BIAS statistics of the recovery equating coefficients across all research conditions are usually expected to be close to zero, as happened in this simulation, and the corresponding root mean squared error (RMSE) statistics, in general, are relatively small. The shapes of the empirical sampling distributions of the estimated equating coefficients obtained from a variety of conditions are symmetric-bell shapes with small variances and few or no outliers or other abnormalities. The CCM is capable of producing accurate transformation of parameter estimates when applied to a test with mixed items as well as to only dichotomously scored or polytomously scored tests. (Contains 3 tables, 4 figures, and 35 references.) (Author/SLD) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** Estimating IRT Equating Coefficients for Tests with Polytomously and Dichotomously Scored Items
Effects of increased concentrations of chloride on the expression of Mn-SOD enzyme in tobacco

Chlorine is one of the ions contributing to salinity, despite being an essential micronutrient. Cl - absorption takes place more easily than other nutrients so, the toxic effects of chlorine on the growth has considered rather than its scarcity. Salt stress can ultimately leads to oxidative stress through ROS increase and antioxidant defense system is induced. Therefore, in this study the effect of different concentration of chlorine in irrigation water on the expression of manganese superoxide dismutase was investigated as an indicator of antioxidant defense system activation. Seedlings of tobacco were treated with different concentrations, i.e. 2, 4, 8 mM of CaCl 2 . Evaluation of Mn-SOD isoenzyme gene expression was performed using RT-qPCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR) at 0, 3, 6 and 12 hours after treatment. The results showed Mn-SOD gene transcription increased after 3 h treatment with 8 mM CaCl 2 and peaked at 6 hours. Based on the observed changes, concentrations of calcium chloride greater than 8 mM in water used for irrigation of tobacco causes stress that results in activation of antioxidant response.
Freshwater Raphidophyceae from the State of Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil

This paper presents a floristic survey of Raphidophyceae (Heterokontophyta) found in three freshwater environments in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, based on samples collected bimonthly from September 1988 to August 1991. A total of 117 samples were collected, and eight of these contained cells of raphidophytes. Altogether five raphidophyte species, representing the genera Gonyostomum (2), Merotrichia (1), and Vacuolaria (2) were identified. Four species are new records for the State of Rio de Janeiro (G. semen, G. depressum, M. bacillata, V. virescens var. virescens), and one is reported for the first time in Brazil (V. viridis). Gonyostomum semen and V. virescens var. virescens are the most widespread taxa in the area, found in 50 and 25% of the total of samples, respectively. With the exception of M. bacillata and V. viridis, most of the taxa occurred in a natural oligotrophic lake with acidic waters, in accordance with the preference of raphidophytes for low pH. This study clearly supports the need for more extensive taxonomic surveys on these raphidophytes, based on field and cultured samples and under light and electron microscopy, to confirm the taxonomic identity of the previously reported species and to expand the knowledge of the taxa in Brazil. The bloom of G. semen reported here, together with its gradual dominance in the aquatic systems in the State of Rio de Janeiro seems to conform to the recent spread of this species into new areas, and can be viewed as a potential risk for environmental health.
Biosorption of Nickel (II) from Aqueous Solution Using Waste Tea (Camella cinencis) Materials

Biosorption is potentially an attractive technology for treatment of waste water for retaining heavy metals from dilute solutions. Several research in environmental biotechnology have shown that many biosorbents present in our environment have the capacity to remove heavy metals from solutions. This paper presents the result of studies carried out on sorption of nickel ions from aqueous solutions by waste tea ( Camellia cinencis ) powder as a low cost sorbent. The biosorption experiment were performed under various conditions such as different initial metal concentrations, pH and reaction time. It was found that, different concentration of nickel solution reached equilibrium at different times. About 0.2g of waste tea powder was found to be enough to remove 98% of 10g/L nickel ion concentration from 30ml metal solution. The optimum pH was found to be 5. The pseudo first order, pseudo second order, Elovich, intraparticle diffusion and parabolic diffusion models were used to describe the kinetic data. The data were best fitted with pseudo second order kinetic model for nickel. The experimental adsorption also reasonably fitted well the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm.
Oral Carcinoma, HPV Infection, Arsenic Exposure-their Correlation in WestBengal, India

Objective: The aim is to find out any possible correlation between HPV infection and oral carcinoma along with this metal toxicity. Methods: Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan. Patients attending our hospital were screened for the presence of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. The subjects were administered a standard questionnaire. The buccal swab and hair samples (107 cases and 50 controls) were collected after obtaining informed consent from all the corresponding subjects, and were analysed for detection of HPV 16 DNA and arsenic level analysis, respectively. Results: 22.5% of malignant samples showed the presence of HPV 16 DNA. 80% of cases showed their arsenic count above the safe limit (0.8 μg/g). Conclusion: A considerable percentage of malignant samples showed the presence of HPV16 DNA, indicating that there may be a correlation between HPV infection and oral malignancy in this population. A higher percentage of cases showing an elevated arsenic count states a possible link between arsenic toxicity and the development of this disease. However, a higher population size and statistical analysis are required for a proper conclusion.
Insider Trading, News Releases and Ownership Concentration

This paper investigates the market's reaction to U.K. insider transactions and analyzes whether the reaction depends on the firm's ownership. We present three major findings. First, differences in regulation between the U.K. and United States, in particular the speedier reporting of trades in the U.K., may explain the observed larger abnormal returns in the U.K. Second, ownership by directors and outside shareholders has an impact on the abnormal returns. Third, it is important to adjust for news released before directors' trades. In particular, trades preceded by news on mergers and acquisitions and CEO replacements contain significantly less information.
Evaluation of the relationship between compliance with professional ethics and job satisfaction among nurses

Background and Purpose: Professional ethics is one of the foremost components of every occupation. The ethical standards are essential to the improvement of quality of care. On the other hand, job satisfaction is a critical challenge for healthcare organizations. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between compliance with professional ethics and job satisfaction among nurses. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 142 nurses employed in the teaching hospitals of Sari, Iran. Participants were selected via stratified random sampling. Data collection tools were Cadozier's professional ethics questionnaire (2002), and Warr, Cook, and Wall's job satisfaction scale (1979). Data analysis was performed in SPSS V.14 using t-tests, Pearson's correlation-coefficient, and one- way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: In this study, the majority of the participants were female (90.1%), registered nurses (81.7%), and had bachelor's degree (92.3%). Mean scores of compliance with professional ethics and job satisfaction were 62.01±6.92 and 47.86±9.94, respectively. No significant correlation was observed between compliance with the professional ethics and job satisfaction (P=0.113). Moreover, there was a significant association between the observance of professional ethics and work experience of the nurses (P=0.032). Accordingly, nurses with more than 10 years of work experience had greater compliance with professional ethics. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, compliance with professional ethics and job satisfaction are independent from each other. This may be due to the fact that in nursing professional ethics has a intrinsic and independent feature in compared to other parameters, such as payment equity, job bonus, and promotion, which could increase or reduce job satisfaction among these healthcare providers.
The Determinants of Debt and (Private-) Equity Financing in Young Innovative SMEs: Evidence from Germany

Financial theory creates a puzzle. Some authors argue that high-risk entrepreneurs choose debt contracts instead of equity contracts since risky but high returns are of relatively more value for a loan-financed firm. On the contrary, authors who focus explicitly on start-up finance predict that entrepreneurs are the more likely to seek equity-like venture capital contracts, the more risky their projects are. Our paper makes a first step to resolve this puzzle empirically. We present microeconometric evidence on the determinants of debt and equity financing in young and innovative SMEs. We pay special attention to the role of risk for the choice of the financing method. Since risk is not directly observable we use different indicators for financial and project risk. It turns out that our data generally confirms the hypothesis that the probability that a young high-tech firm receives equity financing is an increasing function of the financial risk. With regard to the intrinsic project risk, our results are less conclusive, as some of our indicators of a risky project are found to have a negative effect on the likelihood to be financed by private equity.
TO CREDIT AND GENDER ENTREPRENEURIAL DISPARITIES : THE CASE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN INFORMAL SECTOR 1

This article aims to analyze the nature of South African entrepreneurship and to assess the extent to which obstacles and especially liquidity constraints faced by women may differ from those met by men during the phase of firm settlement. This study shows that women in the informal sector who are less educated and more burdened by unemployment are more “necessity-based” or “push” entrepreneurs than their male counterparts. They appear to have greater difficulty in accumulating sufficient personal assets than their male counterparts. They thus rely more often on stokvel or money lenders to access credit than men.
Opening up Decision Making: The View from the Black Stool

Set on its current course thirty years ago by Herbert Simon's notions of bounded rationality and sequential stages, the research literature of organizational decision making is claimed in this paper to have suffered from three major limitations labeled reification, dehumanization, and isolation. In particular, it has been stuck along a continuum between the cerebral rationality of the stage theories at one end and the apparent irrationality of the theory of organized anarchies at the other. This paper seeks to open up decision making in three respects. First, the concept of “decision” is opened up to the ambiguities that surround the relationship between commitment and action. Second, the decision maker is opened up to history and experience, to affect and inspiration, and especially to the critical role of insight in transcending the bounds of cerebral rationality. Third, the process of decision making is opened up to a host of dynamic linkages, so that isolated traces of single decisions come to be seen as interwoven networks of issues. The paper concludes with a plea to open up research itself to the development of richer theory on these important processes.
Nubia–Arabia–Eurasia plate motions and the dynamics of Mediterranean and Middle East tectonics

SUMMARY We use geodetic and plate tectonic observations to constrain the tectonic evolution of the Nubia–Arabia–Eurasia plate system. Two phases of slowing of Nubia–Eurasia convergence, each of which resulted in an ∼50 per cent decrease in the rate of convergence, coincided with the initiation of Nubia–Arabia continental rifting along the Red Sea and Somalia–Arabia rifting along the Gulf of Aden at 24 ± 4 Ma, and the initiation of oceanic rifting along the full extent of the Gulf of Aden at 11 ± 2 Ma. In addition, both the northern and southern Red Sea (Nubia–Arabia plate boundary) underwent changes in the configuration of extension at 11 ± 2 Ma, including the transfer of extension from the Suez Rift to the Gulf of Aqaba/Dead Sea fault system in the north, and from the central Red Sea Basin (Bab al Mandab) to the Afar volcanic zone in the south. While Nubia–Eurasia convergence slowed, the rate of Arabia–Eurasia convergence remained constant within the resolution of our observations, and is indistinguishable from the present-day global positioning system rate. The timing of the initial slowing of Nubia–Eurasia convergence (24 ± 4 Ma) corresponds to the initiation of extensional tectonics in the Mediterranean Basin, and the second phase of slowing to changes in the character of Mediterranean extension reported at ∼11 Ma. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that changes in Nubia–Eurasia convergence, and associated Nubia–Arabia divergence, are the fundamental cause of both Mediterranean and Middle East post-Late Oligocene tectonics. We speculate about the implications of these kinematic relationships for the dynamics of Nubia–Arabia–Eurasia plate interactions, and favour the interpretation that slowing of Nubia–Eurasia convergence, and the resulting tectonic changes in the Mediterranean Basin and Middle East, resulted from a decrease in slab pull from the Arabia-subducted lithosphere across the Nubia–Arabia, evolving plate boundary.
The first plesiosaurian (Sauropterygia, Pliosauridae) remains described from the Jurassic of Poland

Plesiosaur remains are rare in Poland. The first confidently documented occurrence of the group from the Jurassic of Poland is reported. The specimens comprise three isolated teeth of a pliosaurid (Pliosauridae, Thalassophonea). These were found in Upper Jurassic (lower Oxfordian) sediments and were collected from Zalas Quarry, near Kraków, in southern Poland. Fossils from the vicinity of the Zalas area have been collected since the 1800s, yet no report of vertebrate remains has previously been described. Dean R. Lomax. School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. dean.lomax@manchester.ac. uk and Doncaster Museum & Art Gallery, Chequer Rd, Doncaster, DN1 2AE, UK
Design and experiments of multi-stage coil gun system

An electromagnetic launcher (EML) is a device used to propel and accelerate a projectile by converting electrical energy into kinetic energy. A coil gun, which is a type of EML, can propel a projectile without any mechanical friction so that there is no theoretical limit to the velocity. A multi-stage system is a way to raise the effectiveness of the coil gun. It accelerates the projectile by controlling the relations between each stage of the solenoid and projectile. Since a multi-stage system controls the time needed to apply electric current to the coil depending on the position of the projectile, the switching time is extremely important. We performed a finite element analysis using MAXWELL to determine the extent to which the velocity of a multi-stage coil gun improved compared to a single-stage coil gun. In addition, we verified the two-stage performance through timing control by designing and producing a two-stage coil gun based on our research results for a single-stage coil gun. The velocity was increased by 34 % compared to the single-stage coil gun, and the error compared to the analysis result was 16.4 %.
Radicalization revisited: violence, politics and the skills of the body

For more than a decade, ‘radicalization’ has been a keyword in our understanding of terrorism. From the outset, radicalization was conceived of as an intellectual process through which an individual would increasingly come under a spell of extremist ideas. This ideological understanding of radicalization still prevails. In a 2015 speech on extremism, British Prime Minister David Cameron, for instance, claimed that the ‘root cause of the threat we face is the extremist ideology itself’. But the way we understand radicalization has specific consequences for the way we manage and fight the scourge of terrorism. Considering recent events, including the November 2015 Paris attacks, the present article sets out to reassess the above-mentioned intellectualist understanding of radicalization and come up with new suggestions as to how radicalization may be understood today. Initially, the article suggests that ideology is not necessarily a precondition for violence, but that a prior experience with violence is more often a precondition for engaging an extremist ideology. Such experience with violence can be both domestic and international, obtained in Europe or Syria and other conflict zones. In the second part of the article it is argued that although radicalization is often conceived of as an individual process, pathways towards terrorism are inherently social and political. Finally, the article argues that by stressing the importance of ideology and ideological processes, concepts of radicalization have abstracted away from another factor that is pivotal for understanding pathways towards terrorist violence: the skills and capacities of the body.