Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Female stress incontinence and uterovaginal prolapse : Collagen turnover and hormone sensitivity in urogenital tissue

Background Prevalence of both stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and uterovaginal prolapse (UP) is high and rising with age. Risk factors include multiparity, obesity, chronic obstructive lung disease and previous gynecological surgery. The underlying pathology is still unknown but may include defective connective tissue. Aims To study collagen turnover markers in urogenital tissue, in order to gain insight regarding a possible altered collagen synthesis or metabolism in SUI and UP, if circulating sex steroids have any influence on collagen turnover and if there are any differences in sex steroids between women with or without SUI. Methods A total of 126 women were consecutively enrolled and classified according to urogenital status into three groups: SUI without UP, N=71; UP without incontinence, N=24; urologically healthy controls without UP, N=31. Urogenital tissue biopsies and serum was collected for analysis of the tissue and serum collagen turnover markers carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP), the carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) and the amino-terminal propeptide of procollagen III (PIIINP) and serum steroids, steroid binding proteins and IGF-I. Result Compared to controls tissue (T-)PIIINP and T-ICTP were significantly lower in SUI and T-PICP and T-PIIINP significantly higher in UP. Tissue collagen turnover markers were positively correlated to serum estradiol-17ß, especially at physiological serum estrone levels, in the controls but not in SUI patients except to a certain degree in premenopausal subjects. Instead of being related to serum estradiol17ß, tissue collagen turnover markers in SUI patients were negatively correlated to serum total and free testosterone. There were no significant differences between comparable subgroups of SUI patients and controls in circulating sex steroids. Conclusions Our findings indicate a reduced collagen breakdown in SUI and an increased collagen turnover in UP, both which may negatively tissue elasticity and strength. Urogenital tissue collagen turnover may be stimulated by estrogen in urologically healthy women but not in SUI patients in general but to a certain degree in premenopausal subjects. The latter finding may indicate menopause related changes as one underlying factor behind SUI. At supraphysiological concentrations estrone may act as a partial estradiol-17B antagonist also in vivo. Urogenital tissue collagen turnover in SUI patients may be inhibited by testosterone, perhaps by inhibition of matrix metalloprotease activity. Our findings emphasize the fact that SUI and UP have two distinctly different etiologies and shall be studied using »clean« patient materials ***
Correction: Chronic Lung Injury by Constitutive Expression of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Leads to Focal Mucous Cell Metaplasia and Cancer

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is an enzyme required for antibody diversification, and it causes DNA mutations and strand breaks. Constitutive AID expression in mice invariably caused lung lesions morphologically similar to human atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), which can be a precursor of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Similar to AAH, mouse AAH-like lesion (MALL) exhibited signs of alveolar differentiation, judging from the expression of alveolar type II (AT2) cell marker surfactant protein C (SP-C). However, electron microscopy indicated that MALL, which possessed certain features of a mucous cell, is distinct from an AAH or AT2 cell. Although MALL developed in all individuals within 30 weeks after birth, lung tumors occurred in only 10%; this suggests that the vast majority of MALLs fail to grow into visible tumors. MALL expressed several recently described markers of lung alveolar regeneration such as p63, keratin 5, keratin 14, leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5), and Lgr6. Increased cell death was observed in the lungs of AID transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice. Based on these observations, we speculate that MALL is a regenerating tissue compensating for cellular loss caused by AID cytotoxicity. AID expression in such regenerating tissue should predispose cells to malignant transformation via its mutagenic activity.
Location and presence of permanent teeth in a complete bilateral cleft lip and palate population.

OBJECTIVE To describe the location and presence of permanent teeth in nonsyndromic complete bilateral cleft lip and palate patients from the Manitoba Centre for Craniofacial Difference. MATERIALS AND METHODS Records of 1570 patients dating back to 1958 were assessed in this retrospective chart review. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients met the inclusion criteria, providing 76 cleft site teeth: A tooth on each side of the cleft was considered to have developed from a single lateral incisor tooth bud. The pattern M was assigned when a tooth was found mesial to the cleft, D when distal, MD when mesial and distal and AB if none was found. Pattern M was noted 9.2% of the time; D, 47.4%; MD, 5.3%; and AB, 38.2%. Teeth outside the cleft site: In the maxilla, agenesis occurred in 11.9% of second premolars and 10.5% of central incisors. In the mandible, agenesis occurred in 4.0% of second premolars, 2.6% of lateral incisors, 2.6% of central incisors, and 2.6% of second molars. CONCLUSIONS The lateral incisor was most commonly found distal to the cleft. Agenesis of the lateral incisor and teeth outside the cleft were more common than in noncleft populations.
Agalsidase alfa for the treatment of Fabry disease: new data on clinical efficacy and safety

Background: Fabry disease is an X-linked disease caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A. The lack of enzyme activity leads to progressive depositions of undegraded glycolipids in a great number of organs, resulting in a multisystemic disorder. Objectives: Enzyme replacement therapy is available for patients with Fabry disease. Two enzyme preparations have been approved in the European Union by the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA): agalsidase beta (Fabrazyme®, Genzyme Corporation), produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells; and agalsidase alfa (Replagal®, Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Inc.), produced in human cell lines. Methods: This review details the latest reports regarding the clinical efficacy and tolerability of agalsidase alfa in patients with Fabry disease. Results: Agalsidase alfa was shown to be effective in treating pain and in reducing heart size in patients with Fabry disease, to stabilize kidney function and to improve hearing, sweating and quality of life. It is able slow down progression of renal failure in patients with end-stage renal disease.
Orthodontic treatment stability predictors: A retrospective longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE To examine medium- to long-term orthodontic treatment stability and its possible association with certain variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a retrospective longitudinal study of 70 postretention patients, the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index was measured at the start (T1) and end (T2) of treatment and between 4 and 10 years afterwards (T3). The stability was considered absolute when the T2 and T3 values were identical and relative when the difference was within the ±5 range. RESULTS Among the 70 patients, 65.8% were female and 34.2% were male. Their mean age was 14.5 years. The mean treatment length was 2.4 years. The mean retention phase was 3.3 years. The mean pre- and posttreatment PAR scores were 29.8 (T1) and 6.3 (T2). The mean T1-T2 difference was 23.6. The mean T2-T3 difference was -0.39. CONCLUSIONS Within the study, 7.1% presented absolute stability and 68.6% presented relative stability. Lower anterior segment alignment and overbite were the most unstable occlusal features and tended to worsen. Fixed retainer (odds ratio [OR] 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10-0.98) as a protective factor and years without retention (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.03-1.68) as a risk factor are predictor variables of instability in the case of lower anterior segment alignment. The PAR value at the end of treatment (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.08-1.54) and extractions (OR 4.76; 95% CI 1.05-21.6) before treatment are predictors for midline instability.
Comparison between two methods of excision and primary closure of pilonidal sinus

Background: Controversy still exists about the best surgical method for the treatment of pilonidal sinus. The aim of this study was to compare two methods of excision and primary closure. Methods: One hundred and seventy-three patients with pilonidal sinus, 119 (69%) men and 54 (31%) women, and a mean age of 23.3±7.5 yrs and divided into two Groups of A (electrocautery) and B (excision) for the removal of pilonidal sinus. Wound complications, hospital stay, times to heal, return to work, patient’s comfort and recurrence rate were recorded for the two groups. The postoperative follow-up was 6 months. Results: All patients were able to resume their normal lives and activities 7-9 days after the operation. Wound infection and recurrence rate were significantly (P<0.05) less prevalent in Group A (5% and 3.8%) than in Group B (1% and 0%). There was no significant difference between two groups in regard to hospital stay, time to heal, time to return to work and patients’ comfort after 6 months of follow-up. Conclusions: The use of electrocautery at the base of the wound is not recommended because it may obscure the exact extent of the pilonidal sinus and increase the rate of recurrences.
Development and Internal Validation of a Predictive Model Including Pulse Oximetry for Hospitalization of Under-Five Children in Bangladesh

Background The reduction in the deaths of millions of children who die from infectious diseases requires early initiation of treatment and improved access to care available in health facilities. A major challenge is the lack of objective evidence to guide front line health workers in the community to recognize critical illness in children earlier in their course. Methods We undertook a prospective observational study of children less than 5 years of age presenting at the outpatient or emergency department of a rural tertiary care hospital between October 2012 and April 2013. Study physicians collected clinical signs and symptoms from the facility records, and with a mobile application performed recordings of oxygen saturation, heart rate and respiratory rate. Facility physicians decided the need for hospital admission without knowledge of the oxygen saturation. Multiple logistic predictive models were tested. Findings Twenty-five percent of the 3374 assessed children, with a median (interquartile range) age of 1.02 (0.42–2.24), were admitted to hospital. We were unable to contact 20% of subjects after their visit. A logistic regression model using continuous oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, temperature and age combined with dichotomous signs of chest indrawing, lethargy, irritability and symptoms of cough, diarrhea and fast or difficult breathing predicted admission to hospital with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.89 (95% confidence interval -CI: 0.87 to 0.90). At a risk threshold of 25% for admission, the sensitivity was 77% (95% CI: 74% to 80%), specificity was 87% (95% CI: 86% to 88%), positive predictive value was 70% (95% CI: 67% to 73%) and negative predictive value was 91% (95% CI: 90% to 92%). Conclusion A model using oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and temperature in combination with readily obtained clinical signs and symptoms predicted the need for hospitalization of critically ill children. External validation of this model in a community setting will be required before adoption into clinical practice.
Reproducibility of measurements in tablet-assisted, PC-aided, and manual cephalometric analysis.

OBJECTIVE To assess the reproducibility of cephalometric measurements performed with software for a tablet, with a program for personal computers (PCs), and manually. MATERIALS AND METHODS The pretreatment lateral cephalograms of 20 patients that were acquired using the same digital cephalometer were collected. Tracings were performed with NemoCeph for Windows (Nemotec), with SmileCeph for iPad (Glace Software), and by hand. Landmark identification was carried out with a mouse-driven cursor using NemoCeph and with a stylus pen on the iPad screen using SmileCeph. Hand tracings were performed on printouts of the cephalograms, using a 0.3-mm 2H pencil and a protractor. Cephalometric landmarks and linear and angular measurements were recorded. All the tracings were done by the same investigator. To evaluate reproducibility, for each cephalometric measurement the agreement between the value derived from NemoCeph, that given by SmileCeph and that measured manually was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Agreement was rated as low for an ICC≤0.75, and an ICC>0.75 was considered indicative of good agreement. Also, differences in measurements between each software and manual tracing were statistically evaluated (P<.05). RESULTS All the measurements had ICC>0.8, indicative of a high agreement among the tracing methods. Relatively lower ICCs occurred for linear measurements related to the occlusal plane and to N perpendicular to the Frankfurt plane. Differences in measurements between both software programs and hand tracing were not statistically significant for any of the cephalometric parameters. CONCLUSION Tablet-assisted, PC-aided, and manual cephalometric tracings showed good agreement.
Prevalence and patterns of permanent tooth agenesis in Down syndrome and their association with craniofacial morphology.

OBJECTIVE To (1) document the prevalence and patterns of hypodontia (permanent tooth agenesis) in Down syndrome (DS) and (2) explore whether maxillary or mandibular hypodontia or simultaneous agenesis of all third molars was associated with differential alterations of the craniofacial morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Longitudinal panoramic radiographs of 25 white patients with DS (12 male, 13 female; mean age, 15.1 years) treated at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, were evaluated to document hypodontia. Cephalometric measurements of subjects with maxillary or mandibular hypodontia or agenesis of all third molars were compared with those of subjects without hypodontia in these regions using analysis of covariance adjusted for age, gender, and proportion of other missing teeth in the total number of missing teeth. RESULTS Hypodontia was seen in 92% of the sample when third molars were considered and in 56% when third molars were not considered. Hypodontia was more prevalent and severe in females. The most frequently agenetic teeth were maxillary and mandibular third molars > maxillary lateral incisors > mandibular second premolars > mandibular incisors > maxillary second premolars > maxillary second molars. Simultaneous agenesis of all third molars was seen in 52% of the sample. Maxillary hypodontia was not associated with significant regional craniofacial differences, while mandibular hypodontia was associated with decreased mandibular length and increased ramus∶body ratio. Agenesis of all third molars was not associated with significant craniofacial differences. CONCLUSIONS Hypodontia is widely prevalent in DS. The effect of the syndrome appears to be stronger than that of regional hypodontia in differentially altering the craniofacial morphology.
Correction: Structural Changes and Lack of HCN1 Channels in the Binaural Auditory Brainstem of the Naked Mole-Rat (Heterocephalus glaber)

Naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber) live in large eu-social, underground colonies in narrow burrows and are exposed to a large repertoire of communication signals but negligible binaural sound localization cues, such as interaural time and intensity differences. We therefore asked whether monaural and binaural auditory brainstem nuclei in the naked mole-rat are differentially adjusted to this acoustic environment. Using antibody stainings against excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic structures, namely the vesicular glutamate transporter VGluT1 and the glycine transporter GlyT2 we identified all major auditory brainstem nuclei except the superior paraolivary nucleus in these animals. Naked mole-rats possess a well structured medial superior olive, with a similar synaptic arrangement to interaural-time-difference encoding animals. The neighboring lateral superior olive, which analyzes interaural intensity differences, is large and elongated, whereas the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, which provides the contralateral inhibitory input to these binaural nuclei, is reduced in size. In contrast, the cochlear nucleus, the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus and the inferior colliculus are not considerably different when compared to other rodent species. Most interestingly, binaural auditory brainstem nuclei lack the membranebound hyperpolarization-activated channel HCN1, a voltage-gated ion channel that greatly contributes to the fast integration times in binaural nuclei of the superior olivary complex in other species. This suggests substantially lengthened membrane time constants and thus prolonged temporal integration of inputs in binaural auditory brainstem neurons and might be linked to the severely degenerated sound localization abilities in these animals. PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone. 0146428 January 13, 2016 1 / 20 a11111
Correction: Quantification of the Blood Platelet Reactivity in the ADP-Induced Model of Non-Lethal Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Mice with the Use of Laser Doppler Flowmetry

Mice of C57Bl strain were used in the study. ADP was injected to the vena cava and blood flow was monitored with the use of a laser Doppler flowmeter in the mesentery. Measurements in platelet-depleted mice, mice pretreated with cangrelor, an ADP receptor antagonist, and eptifibatide, a blocker of fibrinogen binding to GPIIbIIIa, were conducted as the proof-ofconcept in the performed experiments. Intravital microscopy and ex vivo imaging of organs was performed to identify the sites of aggregate formation resulting from ADP injection.
Maxillary incisor inclination of skeletal Class III patients treated with extraction of the upper first premolars and two-jaw surgery: conventional orthognathic surgery vs surgery-first approach.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the differences in the amount and pattern of the maxillary incisor (MXI) inclination change in skeletal Class III patients treated with extraction of the maxillary first premolars (MXP1) and two-jaw surgery (TJS) between conventional orthognathic surgery (COS) and surgery-first approach (SFA). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 60 skeletal Class III patients who had normal maxillary position, prognathic mandible, and mild crowding in the maxillary arch (≤4 mm). The patients were divided into group 1 (COS, n = 36) and group 2 (SFA, n = 24). Lateral cephalograms were taken before treatment (T0), 1 month before surgery (T1), within 1 month after surgery (T2), and after debonding (T3) for COS patients and at T0, T2, and T3 for SFA patients. After measurement of the skeletodental variables, statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS During T0-T2, the amount of MXI inclination change (ΔU1-SN) in group 1 was significantly larger than that in group 2 (-12.8° vs -4.4°; P < .001). During T2-T3, ΔU1-SN in groups 1 and 2 occurred in opposite directions (3.8° vs -5.9°; P < .001). However, the total amount of ΔU1-SN during T0-T3 was not different between groups 1 and 2 (-9.0° vs -10.3°). At T3 the U1-SN values for groups 1 and 2, respectively, moved closer to normal according to the values of the normal range rate (all 83%), relative percentage ratio (102.4% and 100.1%), and achievement ratio (77.7% and 97.8%). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study might provide basic data for predicting the amount and pattern of MXI inclination change in SFA for skeletal Class III TJS patients.
A cephalometric study to investigate the skeletal relationships in patients with increasing severity of hypodontia.

OBJECTIVES To determine the skeletal relationships in patients with hypodontia and analyze the effects of severity and pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pretreatment lateral cephalograms from 277 patients with hypodontia, categorized by the number of missing teeth as mild (1-2), moderate (3-5), or severe (> or =6), were digitized recording angular measurements and ratios and compared with published norms matched for age and gender. Pattern was determined as mandibular, maxillary, bimaxillary, bilateral, anterior, posterior, and anteroposterior. Linear regression models assessed relationships between number of missing teeth and cephalometric parameters, controlling for the pattern of hypodontia. RESULTS For every additional missing tooth, SNA, SNB, and ANB decreased 0.3 degrees , 0.1 degrees , and 0.2 degrees , respectively; this was clinically significant for >4, >10, and >5 missing teeth, respectively. Mandibular to cranial base ratio decreased 0.3% for every additional missing tooth; this was clinically significant for >10 missing teeth. The MMPA decreased 0.3 degrees for every additional missing tooth; this was clinically significant for >7 missing teeth. Percentage LAFH decreased 0.2% for every additional missing tooth; this was significant for >7 missing teeth. Jarabak ratio increased 0.2% for each additional missing tooth; this was clinically significant for >10 missing teeth. Anterior hypodontia significantly decreased most cephalometric parameters. CONCLUSIONS Patients with hypodontia demonstrated a tendency toward a Class III relationship, caused by decreased maxillary and mandibular angular prognathism and MnCB ratio, though the effect was greater on the maxilla than the mandible. Clinical significance was only associated with severe hypodontia. Vertically, there was a tendency toward decreased MMPA and %LAFH; this was clinically relevant only with severe hypodontia. Anterior hypodontia had a significant effect on skeletal relationship.