Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improved Evaluation and Parse Reranking for Combinatory Categorial Grammar

Accurate syntactic parsing of text is crucial for automatically understanding language. This makes parser performance and the metrics used to measure parser performance central to the goals of natural language processing. Unfortunately, the field-standard parser evaluation methods are tied to particular grammar formalisms and testing data, and are uninformative when considering the cross-domain performance of a parser. The wide variety of parsers built on different formalisms makes it difficult to know whether new developments for improving parsing accuracy are relevant across different parsers. For example, supervised reranking of n-best parses has been shown to improve the accuracy of a number of parsers, but the potential benefits of reranking for parsers based on different grammars remains unclear. This thesis addresses several open questions regarding parser evaluation and performance. We assess a new style of parser evaluation for the C&C Combinatory Categorial Grammar parser, demonstrating that an extrinsic task-based evaluation of parsers is meaningful and can be successfully implemented. This improves on traditional evaluation metrics by being formalism-agnostic and requiring no expensive linguistic annotation to supply gold-standard test data. It also provides a fairer assessment of parser performance based on how parsing is used in the field. We develop a parser reranker for the C&C parser, and provide a comprehensive blueprint for implementing the features used by the system. Our initial experiments showed that state-of-the-art features from an existing reranker substantially reduce the performance of the C&C parser. Following a systematic analysis of errors made by the parser, we develop new reranking features that are better tailored to distinguishing cases of these errors. Our experiments showed that these features produce significant performance improvements over the baseline parser without the use of additional annotated data. Through this work we have shown that rerankers can produce respectable accuracy improvements for parsers if they are targeted towards the parser in question and the errors it makes. Insights from our analysis of reranking features and parser error will be useful for other reranker implementations, while our work on evaluation will contribute to more representative methods of evaluating parsing performance. The improved parser performance will lead to improvements in downstream systems, providing for more intelligent information search, storage, and management.
SPECIES CROSSES IN THE GENUS CUCURBITA

Of the ten species comprising the genus Cucurbita only three, C. Pepo L. , C. maxima Duchesne, and C. moschata Duchesne are annual, and these are the only species cultivated in the United States. Obscurity has surrounded their origin and this has given rise to much discussion regarding their nativity. Some convincing evidence regarding the North American origin of C. Pepo has been furnished by Small (2I), who on collecting excursions to Lake Okeechobee, Florida, discovered a "gourd" growing on the southern shores of the lake, which he later found to be very similar to our present cultivated pumpkin. Small states that the foliage, flowers, and seeds of this wild pumpkin are indistinguishable from our economic forms of today, but that the fruit is much smaller, ranging in size from a baseball to that of a croquet ball. The color is pale yellow, and sometimes variegated with green markings. From a " memoir " of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, written in Spain about I575, Small quotes a description of what is no doubt the same general region in which his own excursions were made. One of the regions is designated by Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda as Tocola-a-chile, which when translated means "Gourd place bringing forth," or "Country where gourds are produced. " Small (2I) believes that the wild pumpkin which he found near Lake Okeechobee is the same as the " gourd " mentioned in the old Spanish record of exploration in Florida, and that the Lake Okeechobee region, including the unexplored hammocks of Lake Istokpoga, to which this wild pumpkin is at present restricted, represents the original home of the pumpkin. Small (2I) also observes that the Seminole pumpkin, which pioneer white men found among the Seminole Indians in the region now known as Florida, still grown by the Seminole Indians of today, is a cultivated form of the wild type described above. "The stem and flowers are identical with those of our various cultivated pumpkins. The fruits are larger than in the wild plantand they vary from spheroidal, often much depressed, through pyriform to those with a short stout neck. " It seems quite likely that the pumpkins found among Indian tribes by the early settlers, as well as among some tribes of the present day, have come up through the Seminole pumpkin from the original wild form of the Lake Okeechobee region. This wild pumpkin described by Small (2I) belongs to Cucurbita Pepo and may be considered the prototype of this species.
Temporal variations of Lepidoptera collected in an Eucalyptus plantation in the State of Goiás, Brazil.

Lepidopterans are considered an important group of Eucalyptus pests in Brazil due to severe losses in wood production arising from defoliation. Biweekly collections were made in the State of Goias, Brazil as part of a study of the population dynamics and the effects of temperature and rainfall on Lepidoptera pests of Eucalyptus. Lepidoptera were collected with five light traps installed at two meters high with black light and powered by a 12 volt battery. These insects were divided into groups according to their importance as pests of Eucalyptus: group 1: 11 primary pests; group 2: 10 secondary pests; group 3: 64 species without defined importance to Eucalyptus; and group 4: non-identified species. Among the primary pests, Thyrinteina arnobia (Geometridae), Eupseudosoma aberrans (Arctiidae) and Sarsina violascens (Lymantriidae) were the most frequent, the last two being constant (> 50% of collections) and the first one accessory (25-50%). Idalus admirabilis (Arctiidae) and Eacles imperialis magnifica (Saturniidae) were the most frequent secondary pests, the first being constant and the second accessory. Most of the Lepidoptera species were collected during the coldest and driest months, which indicates that these conditions could favour the occurrence of Lepidoptera outbreaks in plantations of Eucalyptus in this region of Brazil. For this reason, population monitoring of these species should be intensified during these periods.
Adaptive control of non-linear continuous-time systems using neural networks—general relative degree and MIMO cases

Multilayer neural networks are used in a non-linear adaptive control problem. The plant is an unknown feedback linearizable continuous-time system with relative degree 1. The single-input:/single-output system is studied first and then the methodology is extended to control square multi-input/multi-output systems. The control objective is for the plant to track a reference trajectory, and the control law is defined in terms of the outputs of the neural networks. The parameters of the networks are updated on-line according to an augmented tracking error and the network derivatives. A local convergence theorem is given on the convergence of the tracking error. This control algorithm is applied to control a two-input/two-output relative-degree-two system.
Empathic embarrassment responses while viewing romantic-rejection and general embarrassment situations

EMPATHIC EMBARRASSMENT RESPONSES WHILE VIEWING ROMANTIC-REJECTION AND GENERAL EMBARRASSMENT SITUATIONS by Giuliana L. Garbini Empathic embarrassment occurs when an observer experiences embarrassment while viewing another person in an embarrassing situation. It was hypothesized that the type of embarrassment situation, the prior information provided about an embarrassed protagonist, perceived similarity to an embarrassed protagonist, ability to relate to an embarrassed protagonist, and embarrassability would influence empathic embarrassment responses. Participants (N = 208) either read a vignette containing general or specific information about a female embarrassed protagonist or received no prior information about her. They watched an embarrassment situation (romantic-rejection or general) featuring this protagonist and reported their empathic embarrassment responses. They then rated how similar they felt to the protagonist and how able they were to relate to her. Their embarrassability was also assessed. It was found that the general embarrassment situation evoked stronger empathic embarrassment responses than the romantic-rejection embarrassment situation. Further, the amount of prior information did not influence empathic embarrassment responses overall. High perceived similarity, high ability to relate, and high embarrassability all led to stronger empathic embarrassment responses for the romantic-rejection embarrassment situation. For the general embarrassment situation, however, these variables did not influence empathic embarrassment responses. Moreover, when embarrassability was taken into account, the difference in the empathic embarrassment responses between the embarrassment situations disappeared. Table of
MAKING CONNECTIONS IN SCIENCE: ENGAGING WITH ICT TO ENHANCE CURRICULUM UNDERSTANDING

The “Teaching Teachers for the Future” (TTF) project (DEEWR, 2012) provided the La Trobe University School of Education with the opportunity to rethink the integration of Information and Communication Technology in the science curriculum subjects offered in their teacher education programs. The La Trobe University iteration of the Teaching Teachers for the Future (TTF) project focused initially on subject in the second semester, third year of the Bachelor of Education course called the Multi-Disciplinary Science & Technology Integrated Experience (MSTIE). Two pairs of pre-service teachers were placed in the school where the TTF ICT Pedagogy Officer (ICTPO) worked as an ICT specialist. The two teams worked with classroom teachers and the ICTPO to cooperatively plan, teach and evaluate a science curriculum project enhanced by strong ICT integration. The experience was a catalyst for significant educational insight, for the students involved, but also for other pre-service teachers and teachers from the school and university. In the second cycle of the project the ICTPO worked with academics from the university to draw on findings from the first cycle in order to design and implement integrated ICT initiatives in a first semester, second year Science curriculum subject. This structure means that students who will take MSTIE in their third year will have a strong foundation of Science ICT integration on which to base their MSTIE preparation and implementation.
Seminal Plasma pH, Inorganic Phosphate, Total and Ionized Calcium Concentrations In The Assessment of Human Spermatozoa Function.

Introduction: Fertilization in humans is dependent on viability of the male spermatozoa among other factors and there have been conflicting reports on the role of pH, calcium and phosphate concentrations in sperm function. This study therefore aimed to investigate seminal plasma pH, inorganic phosphate, total and ionized calcium concentrations relative to spermatozoa function. Material and Methods: Seminal plasma concentrations of pH, total calcium, ionized calcium (Ca++); inorganic phosphate, motility and spermatozoa count were determined in 80 males by standard methods. Results: Forty-nine of the subjects had normal spermatozoa motility (> 60%) and 31 had hypomotility (< 60%). The hypomotility group exhibited lower calcium ion (Ca2+) concentrations; 0.19+0.01mmol/L compared with normal motility group; 0.24+0.01mmol/L (p<0.001) the latter also had significantly higher inorganic phosphate; 7.83+1.27 while the former had 5.64+1.62mmol/L (p= 0.004). The mean spermatozoa counts for hypomotility and normal motility group were 42.0 ± 13 x 106 , 72.35 + 20 x 106 respectively (p< 0.001). No significant differences were observed in pH, volume of ejaculate and total calcium concentration between the hypomotility and normal motility groups The mean concentrations of pH were 7.51 ± 0.02 and 7.54 ± 0.03 respectively (p= 0.21) and total calcium; 3.10 ± 0.12 and 3.36 ± 0.14mmol/L respectively (p= 0.16 ). There was a significant difference in percentage of abnormal forms in both groups with hypomotile group having 36% compared to mormal motility group with 5% (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Correlations were observed between seminal concentrations of calcium ions, inorganic phosphate, spermatozoa count and motility but not with total calcium concentrations and pH and therefore should be considered in understanding male infertility and preparation of media for sperm preservation for in vitro fertilization.
Comparable vasorelaxant effects of 17α- and 17β-oestradiol on rat mesenteric resistance arteries: an action independent of the oestrogen receptor

17beta-Oestradiol (17betaE(2)) has vasorelaxant properties that may contribute to its beneficial cardiovascular effects. The mechanism of vasorelaxation remains controversial, but does not appear to involve interaction of 17betaE(2) with its nuclear receptor. The present study examined the effects on resistance arteries of 17betaE(2) and its isomer, 17alpha-oestradiol (17alphaE(2)), which does not bind to the classical oestrogen receptor. In arteries precontracted with either noradrenaline or KCl, 17betaE(2) and 17alphaE(2) caused comparable relaxation in a concentration-dependent manner over the concentration range 0.1-10 micromol/l, with no significant difference in the maximal effect obtained. Pre-incubation of the arteries with 17betaE(2) or 17alphaE(2) for 15 min reduced the magnitude and duration of the force generated with both noradrenaline and KCl to a comparable degree. Vasorelaxation induced by either 17betaE(2) or 17alphaE(2) was not blocked by an inhibitor of NO synthase or by protein synthesis inhibitors, indicating that vasodilatation is not dependent upon either NO generation or protein synthesis. In the absence of extracellular calcium, both oestradiols still relaxed arteries precontracted with NA, suggesting that they inhibit intracellular calcium release. Both 17betaE(2) and 17alphaE(2) therefore have important and comparable vasorelaxant properties that do not require interaction with the nuclear oestrogen receptor. Direct interactions with the cell membrane or with ion-channel proteins may be responsible.
Discerning non-disjunction in Down syndrome patients by means of GluK1-(AGAT)n and D21S2055-(GATA)n microsatellites on chromosome 21

INTRODUCTION: Down syndrome (DS), the leading genetic cause of mental retardation, stems from non-disjunction of chromosome 21. AIM: Our aim was to discern non-disjunction in DS patients by genotyping GluK1-(AGAT)n and D21S2055-(GATA)n microsatellites on chromosome 21 using a family-based study design. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have used a PCR and automated DNA sequencing followed by appropriate statistical analysis of genotype data for the present study RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We show that a high power of discrimination and a low probability of matching indicate that both markers may be used to distinguish between two unrelated individuals. That the D21S2055-(GATA)n allele distribution is evenly balanced, is indicated by a high power of exclusion [PE=0.280]. The estimated values of observed heterozygosity and polymorphism information content reveal that relative to GluK1-(AGAT)n[Hobs=0.286], the D21S2055- (GATA)n[Hobs=0.791] marker, is more informative. Though allele frequencies for both polymorphisms do not conform to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium proportions, we were able to discern the parental origin of non-disjunction and also garnered evidence for triallelic (1:1:1) inheritance. The estimated proportion of meiosis-I to meiosis-II errors is 2:1 in maternal and 4:1 in paternal cases for GluK1-(AGAT)n, whereas for D21S2055-(GATA)n, the ratio is 2:1 in both maternal and paternal cases. Results underscore a need to systematically evaluate additional chromosome 21-specific markers in the context of non-disjunction DS.
Costimulation of Effector CD8+ T Cells: Which Receptor is Optimal for Immunotherapy?

site also likely alters the CD8+ T cell effector response and may determine the outcome of the immune response to tumors and infections. However the biological consequence of stimulating these receptors on activated CD8+ T cells is still not well understood. Therefore a major area of current research focuses on elucidating how stimulation of costimulatory receptors alters the functions of effector CD8+ T cells.
Insulin and the insulin‐like growth factors I and II are mitogenic to cultured rat sciatic nerve segments and stimulate [3H]thymidine incorporation through their respective receptors

The factors that control proliferation of Schwann cells during peripheral nerve regeneration are not yet known. In this study we investigated the effects of insulin, insulin‐like growth factor I and II (IGF‐I and IGF‐II), IGF‐I analogues, and factors that interfere with their respective receptors, on [3H]thymidine incorporation into cultured nerve segments from the rat sciatic nerve. Segments cultured in nM (0.1–1.7 nM) concentrations of insulin, truncated IGF‐I (tIGF‐I), long R3IGF‐I, or IGF‐II exhibited an increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation compared with control segments. IGF‐II was most potent. JB1, an IGF‐I antagonist, counteracted the effects of tIGF‐I and insulin. The results suggest that non‐neuronal cells in the nerve segment, probably Schwann cells, possess distinct receptors for insulin, IGF‐I, and IGF‐II and that these receptors may be involved in the control of Schwann cell proliferation during peripheral nerve regeneration. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Influence of Game Design on the Collaborative Problem Solving Process: A Cross-Case Study of Multi-Player Collaborative Gameplay Analysis.

This cross-case study examines the relationships between game design attributes and collaborative problem solving process in the context of multi-player video games. The following game design attributes: sensory stimuli elements, level of challenge, and presentation of game goals and rules were examined to determine their influence on game player’s collaboration and joint problem solving processes. Six participants were placed into four collaborative teams and asked to play at least one video game. Three multiplayer video games were utilized: Portal 2, Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues, and Borderlands. Seven cases were identified based on a combination of teams and video games. Data were collected via observations of teams’ gameplay and discourse as well as through questionnaires filled by the participants. The data from these cases were analyzed at three levels: Within game/within case, within game/across cases, and across games. The results of this study confirm the game design attributes’ potential influence on collaborative problem solving. The findings of this study indicated that the sensory stimuli elements with guidance functionality were more effective in promoting collaboration. In addition, subtle sensory stimuli elements used for guidance purposes were more effective at enhancing the collaborative problem solving activity compared to the prominent sensory stimuli elements. It was also found that when participants felt more challenged due to a complex task they were more willing to work together to solve the problems. However, the increased challenge due to a difficult gameplay mechanics did not promote collaboration especially for the inexperienced teams. The influence of presentation of goals and rules on collaborative problem solving was not robust. This study identified that ambiguous goals and rules promoted more conversation only for groups with healthy team dynamics therefore supported collaborative problem solving. Findings from this study provide empirical evidence on which mechanisms of games promote collaborative learning and provide insight into how game design can support or inhibit collaborative learning. THE INFLUENCE OF GAME DESIGN ON THE COLLABORATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS: A CROSS-CASE STUDY OF MULTI-PLAYER COLLABORATIVE GAMEPLAY ANALYSIS
Annual variation in size-selective mortality of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry

We investigated the size-selective mortality of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry during two consecutive summers that differed markedly in weather conditions. We sampled fry shortly after emergence in June and at the end of August to compare the distributions of back-calculated body size at hatching by examining otolith microstructure. Size-selective mortality was observed in both summers; however, the direction and strength of mortality differed. During the drought conditions of 1995, selective mortality was relatively weak and directed towards the smaller fry in the population. During the flood conditions of 1996, selective mortality was relatively strong and directed towards the larger fry of the same population. Interannual variability in size-selective mortality contributed to significant differences in the mean size of fry at the end of their first summer of life. Size-selective mortality rates estimated from the shifts in fish length at hatching observed during the first summer of life were compara.
CMOS switched-op amp based sample-and-hold circuit

This paper presents a sample-and-hold design that is based on a switched-op amp. By using a switched-opamp topology charge injection errors are greatly reduced by turning off the transistors in saturation instead of triode region. A pseudo-differential topology is used to cancel the remaining signal independent clock feedthrough error. Switched op amps with differential pairs in both weak inversion and strong inversion are designed. Detailed simulation and measurement results of a switched-opamp based sample and hold circuit is used to show its performance superiority over traditional switched capacitor topologies.
Colonization of Submerged Twigs and Branches of Different Wood Genera by Aquatic Macroinvertebrates

Previous studies which investigated macroinvertebrate colonization of submerged wooden substrates in streams and lakes did not consider the wood species. In this study, the genus of randomly collected twigs and branches from two streams was determined microscopically using morphological and structural characteristics of the wood genera. The macroinvertebrate colonization of the wooden substrates was analysed with respect to the different kinds of the twigs and branches. Additionally, an exposition experiment was conducted with the most commonly found wood genera, alder (Alnus) and oak (Quercus), in two different states of decay (freshwood and conditioned wood). The colonization experiment stressed the results of the natural wood samplings that the wood genus plays only a minor role in the colonization by macroinvertebrates.