Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Feeding Children: in the Beginning — Nutrition and Pregnancy

The health and well-being of every child is affected by both the quality and quantity of food, but when does nutrition first begin to be important? Is it after the birth or from the moment of conception, or perhaps even before this? This paper will focus on the nutritional status of the mother, before as well as during pregnancy, and its relationship to the birth weight and subsequent health of the child. Pre-pregnant weight is a major factor affecting birth weight; underweight women may be at increased risk of delivering a low birth weight infant and of complications of pregnancy, whilst those who are excessively obese are at greater risk of gestational diabetes and hypertension. Animal studies have demonstrated that severe vitamin and mineral deficiencies have dramatic effects on reproductive outcome, and there is now growing evidence that even marginal deficiencies in women may have deleterious effects on pregnancy outcome. Nutrition interventions which involve low-risk women appear to have little effect but beneficial effects have been demonstrated in interventions directed at high-risk women. Information about nutrition should be the mainstay of any advice given to prospective parents.
Radiographic Distribution of Drops and Sprays within the Sinonasal Cavities

Background Topical nasal sprays are commonly prescribed for sinonasal disease. Nasal drops applied in a head-down position are described alternatively to sprays. Multiple research methods have investigated the deposition pattern of intranasal medications, each with limitations. This pilot study analyzed the use of a conebeam computed tomography (CBCT) scanner to study deposition patterns of intranasal sprays and drops using radiopaque contrast solution. Methods Nine volunteers participated in this two-trial study. In trial 1, participants instilled 3 sprays of contrast into each nostril. After 3 minutes a CBCT scan was performed. In trial 2, 3 drops of contrast were instilled into the participants’ nostrils in the “vertex-to-floor” position. Again, after 3 minutes a CBCT scan was performed. Two otolaryngologists and a neuroradiologist reviewed the images and scored 21 sites within the sinonasal cavity for the presence of contrast. Results Contrast was detected in the nasal vestibule and inferior nasal vault in nearly every trial with the spray and drops. Nasal spray was more diffusely distributed within the nasal cavity and was detected at a greater proportion on the floor of the nose, inferior meatus, anterior inferior nasal cavity, and nasopharynx. Neither spray nor drops were consistently detected in spaces superior to the middle turbinate. Conclusion Radiopaque contrast delivered by nasal spray and drops were detected by the CBCT scanner, with a significant difference at one subsite. Neither spray nor drops were detected in superior nasal spaces. The CBCT scan provides an alternative to conventional CT scans in future studies using this technique.
New Space Vector Modulation Strategies to Reduce Inductor Current Ripple of Z-Source Inverter

ZSVM1, ZSVM2, and ZSVM6 are three traditional space vector modulation (SVM) strategies for three-phase Z-source inverter. The shoot-through times of ZSVM1, ZSVM2, and ZSVM6 are divided into two equal parts, four equal parts, and six equal parts, respectively. Although these control strategies are easy to be implemented in program, their inductor current ripples are not optimized, causing large current ripple. This paper proposes new SVM strategies, named ZSVMD6 and ZSVMD1, for reducing inductor current ripples of Z-source inverter. The principle of volt–second balance is used in the proposed strategies to divide shoot-through times in real time. So every divided shoot-through time is not equal, and changing in real time. The divided shoot-through time can ensure that the sum of the inductor charging current ripple and discharging current ripple is zero at each time, therefore reducing the inductor current ripples. The derivation details of the proposed strategies are given. The inductor current ripples of the proposed strategies and traditional ones are compared and analyzed. Simulation and experiment results show that the inductor current ripples of the proposed strategies are much lower than that of the traditional ones, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed strategies.
Pathological changes and organochlorine residues in tissues of wild otters (Lutra lutra)

In 1984 two adult, wild otters (Lutra lutra) from north Norfolk were subjected to full post mortem examinations. One was found dead and the other sick. Both were thin. No evidence of infectious disease was found, but there were organochlorine concentrations of 433 and 75 mg/kg of fat (69 per cent polychlorinated biphenyls in both) in skeletal muscle. Leiomyoma of the reproductive tract and adrenocortical hyperplasia in one otter were similar to age associated changes in other mammals. Integumentary, including pedal, lesions were present in both otters. The possibility that the pedal lesions were caused by the toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls is discussed.
Serotonin and Epilepsy: The Story Continues

Commentary The observation that mood disorders and epilepsy often go hand in hand is certainly not new. Indeed, the reported prevalence of depression in patients with epilepsy has been reported to range between 12 and 40 percent in various patient populations and settings. One recent meta-analysis suggested and overall prevalence of active depression of about 24% (1). Left inadequately treated, depression may not only contribute to decreased quality of life but may also contribute to increased healthcare costs and decreased economic productivity (2). In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who have pharmacologically refractory seizures, depression may be even more common and severe. Despite common misperceptions, this apparent relationship is likely bidirectional. Not only are patients with epilepsy at increased risk of developing depression, but patients with psychiatric comorbidities are at substantially greater risk of developing epilepsy (3). Given this relationship, is it truly appropriate to consider mood and seizure disorders as simply comorbidities? The answer to that question will require an understanding of the neurobiological associations between the two disorders. While much progress has been made in both highlighting the importance and clinical identification of this common, debilitating comorbidity in our patients, our understanding of its neurobiological underpinnings is still rather unclear. While the biochemical causes of depression in patients with epilepsy are most certainly multifactorial (4, 5), the role of serotonin dysregulation and epilepsy has become an increasingly interesting story. Serotonin neurotransmission is important in modulating cortical excitatory and inhibitory balance in the brain. Both animal models and limited clinical experience suggest that reduced serotonergic tone is associated with seizure genesis and exacerbation (6) and that enhanced serotonergic activity may have anticonvulsant effects (7, 8). Previous work using PET has demonstrated reductions in binding of serotonin (5-HT1A) in mesial temporal structures in patients with TLE (9), and that patients with TLE with major depression may show greater reductions in 5HT1A binding than patients with TLE who are not depressed (10, 11). Taken together, experimental data and studies in patients clearly demonstrate impaired 5-HT binding in patients with epilepsy. Alterations in 5-HT1A receptor density is only one part of the story. The serotonin transporter (5-HTT) is the key regulator in serotonergic transmission and is primarily responsible for 5-HT inactivation via selective reuptake. Studies have suggested a possible role for genetic polymorphisms of this transporter in patients with TLE (12), with some data hinting that greater 5-HTT activity, leading to reduced synaptic 5-HT, might be associated with poorer response to antiepileptic drugs in patients with TLE (13). Now, in a report by Martinez and colleagues, 13 patients with TLE were compared with 29 healthy volunteers who The 5-HT1A receptor and 5-HT transporter in temporal lobe epilepsy.
Altering Portion Sizes and Eating Rate to Attenuate Gorging During a Fast Food Meal: Effects on Energy Intake

OBJECTIVE. Eating large amounts of food at a rapid rate, defined as gorging, may contribute to excess energy intake. We aimed to evaluate whether altering portion sizes and eating rate could decrease energy intake during an extra-large fast food meal. METHODS. Subjects were adolescents (n = 18), 13 to 17 years of age, who reported eating fast food ≥1 time per week. BMI exceeded the 80th percentile for all subjects. Three feeding conditions were evaluated with a crossover design. Total amounts and types of foods and beverage served during the meal were held constant across conditions, equaling ∼125% of that consumed during a baseline assessment visit when subjects were offered unlimited amounts. The meal (chicken nuggets, French fries, and cola) was presented as 1 large serving at a single time point (condition A, standard), portioned into 4 smaller servings presented at a single time point (condition B, effects of portioning), or portioned into 4 smaller servings presented at 15-minute intervals (condition C, effects of portioning and eating rate). Energy intake across conditions was compared by using analysis of variance. RESULTS. Energy intake was not significantly different, whether expressed in kilojoules (mean ± SEM: condition A, 5552 ± 357 kJ; condition B, 5321 ± 433 kJ; condition C, 5762 ± 500 kJ) or relative to total daily energy expenditure (mean ± SEM: condition A, 51.9 ± 3.5%; condition B, 48.2 ± 4.0%; condition C, 53.0 ± 4.3%). CONCLUSIONS. Adolescents consumed ∼50% of energy needs regardless of manipulations in portion sizes and eating rate to attenuate gorging. This finding suggests that nutritional factors inherent to fast food, such as low levels of dietary fiber, high palatability, high energy density, high fat content, high glycemic load, and high content of sugar in liquid form promote excess energy intake.
The impact of widespread regulatory neofunctionalization on homeolog gene evolution following whole-genome duplication in maize

Whole-genome duplications are a widespread feature of plant genome evolution, having been detected in all flowering plant lineages. Despite the prevalence of these events, the extent to which duplicated genes (homeolog gene pairs) functionally diverge (neofunctionalization) is unclear. We present a genome-wide analysis of molecular evolution and regulatory neofunctionalization in maize (Zea mays L.). We demonstrate that 13% of all homeolog gene pairs in maize are regulatory neofunctionalized in leaves, and that regulatory neofunctionalized genes experience enhanced purifying selection. We show that significantly more genes have been regulatory neofunctionalized in foliar leaves than in husk leaves and that both leaf types have experienced selection for distinct functional roles. Furthermore, we demonstrate that biased subgenome expression dominance occurs only in the presence of regulatory neofunctionalization and that in nonregulatory neofunctionalized genes subgenome dominance is progressively acquired during development. Taken together, our study reveals several novel insights into the evolution of maize, genes, and gene expression, and provides a general model for gene evolution following whole-genome duplication in plants.
A prospective, randomized-controlled clinical trial to evaluate bone preservation using implants with different geometry placed into extraction sockets in the maxilla.

AIM The primary objective of this study was to determine the association between the size of the void established by using two different implant configurations and the amount of buccal/palatal bone loss that occurred during 16 weeks of healing following their installation into extraction sockets. MATERIAL AND METHODS The clinical trial was designed as a prospective, randomized-controlled parallel-group multicenter study. Adults in need of one or more implants replacing teeth to be removed in the maxilla within the region 15-25 were recruited. Following tooth extraction, the site was randomly allocated to receive either a cylindrical (group A) or a tapered implant (group B). After implant installation, a series of measurements were made to determine the dimension of the ridge and the void between the implant and the extraction socket. These measurements were repeated at the re-entry procedure after 16 weeks. RESULTS The study demonstrated that the removal of single teeth and the immediate placement of an implant resulted in marked alterations of the dimension of the buccal ridge (43% and 30%) and the horizontal (80-63%) as well as the vertical (69-65%) gap between the implant and the bone walls. Although the dimensional changes were not significantly different between the two-implant configurations, both the horizontal and the vertical gap changes were greater in group A than in group B. CONCLUSIONS Implant placement into extraction sockets will result in significant bone reduction of the alveolar ridge.
Effect of substrate polishing on the growth of graphene on 3C–SiC(111)/Si(111) by high temperature annealing

We analyse the effects of substrate polishing and of the epilayer thickness on the quality of graphene layers grown by high temperature annealing on 3C–SiC(111)/Si(111) by scanning tunnelling microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction and high resolution angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The results provide a comprehensive set of data confirming the superior quality of the graphene layers obtained on polished substrates, and the limitations of the growth obtained on unpolished surfaces.
Near drowning: Is emergency department cardiopulmonary resuscitation or intensive care unit cerebral resuscitation indicated?

Objectivesa) To report the neurologic outcome of a series of near-drowning victims treated with supportive management without aggressive cerebral resuscitation; and b) to identify patient characteristics that indicate prognosis and guide therapy at the scene, the Emergency Department, and in the intensive care unit (ICU). DesignRetrospective review of all near-drowning patients requiring admission to the ICU over a 6-yr period (1/1/82 to 12/31/88). Hospital records were examined for the circumstances of submersion and rescue, patient condition on arrival in the Emergency Department and ICU, treatments, hospital course, and ultimate outcome. SettingEmergency departments of the referring hospital and ICU of Children's Hospital. PatientsForty-four pediatric submersion victims were treated with therapy limited to the support of vital functions. Three patients who met cold-water drowning criteria were excluded from the analysis for predictors of neurologic outcome. InterventionsNone. Measurements and Main ResultsIn our warm-water near-drowning patients, 56% survived neurologically intact, 32% survived in a persistent vegetative state, and the remaining 32% died. Unreactive pupils in the Emergency Department and a Glasgow Coma Score of ≤5 on arrival to the ICU were the best independent predictors of poor neurologic outcome (odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals 374 [17 to 16,000] and 51 [5 to 2,200], respectively). However, no predictor was absolute and two nonhypothermic patients who arrived to the Emergency Department without vital signs, requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation and cardiotonic medications, had full neurologic recovery. ConclusionsOur results cast further doubt on the utility of aggressive forms of cerebral monitoring and resuscitation and emphasize the need for initial full resuscitation in the Emergency Department. (Crit Care Med 1993; 21:368–373)
Adaptation of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors to alcohol exposure: studies with stably transfected cells.

We studied the adaptation of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor function to chronic ethanol exposure in cells stably transfected with the following GABAA receptor subunits: alpha-1 beta-2 gamma-2L, alpha-1 beta-2 gamma-2S, alpha-1 beta-3 gamma-2S, alpha-1 beta-1, alpha-5 beta-3 gamma-3 and alpha-6 beta-3 gamma-2S. Chronic exposure to ethanol resulted in a decrease in muscimol-stimulated 36Cl- flux and a decrease in modulation of that flux by ethanol, flunitrazepam, methyl-6,7-4-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate and pregnanolone without any change in the modulation by pentobarbital or zinc. Direct activation of the GABAA receptor by pentobarbital was enhanced by chronic ethanol treatment. Reduction of the action of muscimol, ethanol and flunitrazepam differed in the duration and amount of ethanol required to see an effect. Reduction of the action of ethanol of alpha-1 beta-2 gamma-2L cells occurred within 15 min and was near-maximal for 25 mM ethanol, whereas reduction of the actions of muscimol and flunitrazepam actions required hours of exposure and higher concentrations of ethanol. Chronic ethanol exposure produced a reduction in the Emax value for the action of muscimol for all six subunit combinations, but quantification of surface receptors by immunolabeling showed no change in GABAA receptor density. The differences in alcohol sensitivity and time courses for different effects of ethanol indicate multiple mechanisms of adaptation of GABAA receptors. Use of stably transfected cells rules out "subunit substitution" as a mechanism for these changes and points to post-translational changes (e.g., phosphorylation, receptor assembly) as the most likely mechanisms. These in vitro findings are compared with results from in vivo studies.
The role of cGMP in the physiological and molecular responses of the right ventricle to pressure overload

• What is the topic of this review? The topic of the review is the physiological and molecular responses of the right ventricle to pressure overload and the role of the cGMP–phosphodiesterase 5 signalling pathway on right ventricular hypertrophy and function. • What advances does it highlight? Right ventricular dysfunction is a major determinant of prognosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. In this review, we discuss the molecular physiological/ pathophysiological response of the right ventricle to high‐pressure overload, with special emphasis on cGMP–phosphodiesterase 5 signalling.
Cdk1: Unsung Hero of S Phase?

Cdk2 has been viewed as a key cell cycle regulator that is essential for S phase progression. The recent discovery that Cdk2 is not required for cell proliferation in mice now shows that other factors must be able to replace Cdk2 in stimulating DNA replication. Experiments performed in Xenopus egg extracts identify the mitotic protein kinases Cdk1/Cyclin B and Cdk1/Cyclin A as likely candidates. These observations raise the intriguing possibility that Cdk1 normally participates in genome duplication in wild type cells.
Michael Muthukrishna , Joseph Henrich Innovation in the collective brain

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Action research, change and methodological rigour.

AIM To critically examine concepts of methodological rigour in action research and consider how these affect its capacity to enable change. KEY ISSUES Action research is potentially attractive to managers of nursing because it is a problem-focused approach. As action research is identified as a continuum of definitions and philosophies rather than a single approach, caution is expressed that the search for definition may obscure the underlying process of change. Issues of reliability and validity are explored, suggesting that concern for methodological rigour may limit the potential for change and improvement in practice. Ethical issues in action research are considered identifying areas for tension between researchers, managers and practitioners. Some examples of action research in nursing are discussed. CONCLUSION Action research may be valuable in individual practitioners' development or in fostering collaboration between academe and practice. However the demands for methodological rigour in research limit its effectiveness as a strategy for managing change.
Effects of Pitch and Timing Expectancy on Musical Emotion

Pitch and timing information work hand in hand to create a coherent piece of music, but what happens when this information goes against the norm? Relationships between musical expectancy and emotional responses were investigated in a study conducted with 40 participants: 20 musicians and 20 nonmusicians. Participants took part in one of two behavioral paradigms measuring continuous expectancy or emotional responses (arousal and valence) while listening to folk melodies that exhibited either high or low pitch predictability and high- or low- onset predictability. The causal influence of pitch predictability was investigated in an additional condition in which pitch was artificially manipulated and a comparison was conducted between original and manipulated forms; the dynamic correlative influence of pitch and timing information and its perception on emotional change during listening was evaluated using cross-sectional time series analysis. The results indicate that pitch and onset predictability are consistent predictors of perceived expectancy and emotional response, with onset carrying more weight than pitch. In addition, musicians and nonmusicians do not differ in their responses possibly due to shared cultural background and knowledge. The results demonstrate in a controlled lab-based setting a precise, quantitative relationship between the predictability of musical structure, expectation, and emotional response.
The Old Boy Network: Gender Differences in the Impact of Social Networks on Remuneration in Top Executive Jobs

Using an original dataset describing the career history of some 16,000 senior executives and members of the non-executive board of US, UK, French and German companies, we investigate gender differences in the use of social networks and their impact on earnings. There is a large gender wage gap: women (who make up 8.8% of our sample) earned average salaries of $168,000 in 2008, only 70% of the average $241,000 earned by men. This is not due to differences in age, experience or education levels. Women are more likely than men to be non-executives, whose salaries are lower; nevertheless, a substantial gender gap still exists among executives. We construct measures of the number of currently influential people each individual has encountered previously in his or her career. We find that executive men's salaries are an increasing function of the number of such individuals they have encountered in the past while women's are not. Controlling for this discrepancy, there is no longer a significant gender gap among executives. These findings are robust to the use of different years, to the use of salaried versus non-salaried remuneration, and to the use of panel estimation to control rigorously for unobserved individual heterogeneity. In contrast to executives, the salaries of non-executive board members do not display a significant gender wage gap, nor any gender difference in the effectiveness with which men and women leverage their links into salaries. This suggests that adoption of gender quotas for board membership, as has been enacted or proposed recently in several European countries, is unlikely to reduce the gender gap in earnings so long as such quotas do not distinguish between executive and non-executive board members.