Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contact finite element stress analysis of the hip joint

Two‐dimensional finite element analyses were conducted of the normal hip using contact elements at the joint surface. The models studied were constructed for a slice through the pubis, acetabulum, and ilium. In the analyses the proximal femur was pressed into the acetabulum and intraarticular pressures and principal stresses in the joint region were determined for different load magnitudes and directions and various boundary conditions. Three sets of boundary conditions were examined: (a) deformable pubic symphysis, (b) rigid pubic symphysis, and (c) simulations of experimental studies. In the deformable model the pubic symphysis was free to displace in the sagittal plane and rotate. In the rigid model the pubic symphysis was rigidly fixed. Superoposterior loading resulted in high‐contact pressures at the acetabular dome for all sets of boundary conditions. For the deformable model subject to a more medially directed load the acetabulum closed in such a manner as to squeeze the head of the femur creating high‐contact pressures superiorly and inferiorly. This resulted in significant compressive stresses in the superior dome cancellous bone and inferior cancellous bone. The cumulative effect of this squeezing action with normal biological remodeling may cause elongation of the femoral head resulting in asphericity and incongruity of the unloaded hip joint articular surfaces. Rigidly fixing the pubic symphysis stiffened the model and resulted in principal stress patterns that did not reflect trabecular density or orientations as well as those of the deformable pubic symphysis model. Finite element simulations of previous experimental studies modeled the close proximity of the fixation to the fixation to the excised acetablulum. These boundary conditions prevented the squeezing caused by pelvis deformations. The resulting contact areas, pressure distributions, and bone stresses were very different from those of more anatomic, deformable pubic symphysis model. These findings demonstrate the sensitivity of hip contact pressures and stresses to imposed boundary conditions and indicate that care should be taken to simulate anatomic conditions in experimental and theoretical studies.
Salmonellae and salmonellosis associated with milk and milk products. A review.

Abstract There has been a renewed interest in the occurrence of salmonellae in food products, prompted mainly by recent disclosures that the organisms were recovered from a wide variety of foods. The 1,200 or more serotypes of these Gram-negative, facultative, asporogenous, rod-shaped bacteria are all considered to be human pathogens. In man they can cause enteric fevers (i.e., typhoid fever and related ailments), gastroenteritis, and septicemias. Treatment of salmonellosis is often difficult, and a limited number of patients continue to shed the organisms for extended periods even though they appear to be recovered. During 1966 there were approximately 17,000 reported cases of salmonellosis in the United States. This is an increase from 6,693 in 1957. Cases of typhoid fever decreased by nearly 75% during this same period. It is believed by some that the number of reported salmonellosis cases represents from 1 to 5% of the actual cases in the United States. Reported deaths in the United States from all types of salmonellosis averaged slightly less than 100 annually during the 1957–1966 period. Although most outbreaks of human salmonellosis are attributable to such animal products as eggs and meat (mainly poulry), dairy products, on occasion, have been reported as vehicles for the spread of this ailment. Salmonellae grow at temperatures of 5.5 to 45C, at α w values of 0.945 to 0.999, are retarded by acids and are inactivated if the pH is low enough, are destroyed by conventional pasteurization treatments, are easily destroyed by chlorine and quaternary ammonium compounds, can survive but not grow in media with 15 to 30% sodium chloride, and may be inhibited by sorbic acid. Salmonellae are known to occur in raw milk, but the frequency and level are unknown. Consumption of contaminated raw milk has led to outbreaks of salmonellosis. Pasteurized milk, too, has been responsible for disseminating these organisms which occurred in the product through contamination after heating. Occurrence of salmonellae in certain dairy products has been demonstrated in the United States and elsewhere. This review of the literature further discusses the circumstances under which these organisms may occur in dairy products or ingredients used in combination with dairy products in the preparation of various foods.
The Importance of Habitat in the Ecology of Decomposition on Rabbit Carcasses in Malaysia: Implications in Forensic Entomology

ABSTRACT The stages of decomposition and the faunal succession on rabbit carcasses in three different habitats, namely jungle, rural, and highland areas, were studied. Three New Zealand White rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) carcasses weighing ∼2kg were sampled daily until the decomposition process was completed. Representative specimens of adult flies, larvae, pupa, and mites were collected from the carcasses and processed in the laboratory. There were differences in decomposition rate and faunal succession between the carcasses. The fastest rate of decomposition was recorded in rural area, and the slowest rate of decomposition was recorded in highland area. The carcasses exhibited the same pattern of colonization by adult flies, but the dominant species of larvae and adult flies on each carcass in specific habitats were different. The primary species of flies recorded in jungle were Chrysomya megacephala F. , Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), Chrysomya chani Kurahashi, Chrysomya villenuevi Patton, Chrysomya nigripes Aubertin, Chrysomya pinguis (Walker), Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Wiedemann), Hemipyrellia tagaliana (Bigot), Hypopyiopsis fumipennis (Walker), Hypopygiopsis violacea (Macquart), and Hydrotaea spinigera Stein represented by both adults and larvae. Musca domestica L. , Atherigona sp. , Lioproctia pattoni (Senior-White), Lioproctia saprianovae Pape & Bänziger, and Seniorwhitea princeps (Wiedemann) were represented by adults only. The biodiversity of flies in the rural area were C. megacephala, C. rufifacies, H. ligurriens, Fannia canicularis L. , Hydrotaea chalcogaster (Wiedemann), and Hyd. spinigera represented by both adults and larvae, meanwhile M. domestica, Atherigona sp. , Boettcherisca peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy), Parasarcophaga taenionota Wiedemann, Parasarcophaga scopariiformis Senior-White, and S. princeps were represented by adults only. The species of flies collected in the highland area were Lucilia porphyrina (Walker), C. megacephala, C. rufifacies, C. villenuevi, C. pinguis, H. ligurriens, Hyd. spinigera, Hyd. chalcogaster, F. canicularis, and Boettcherisca highlandica Kurahashi & Tan represented by both adults and larvae, whereas C. nigripes, Chrysomya thanomthini Kurahashi & Tumrasvin, M. domestica, Atherigona sp. , Parasarcophaga albiceps Meigen, P. taenionota, Sepsidae, Phoridae, and Millichidae were represented by adults only. Faunal succession followed the sequence of dominant flies, i.e., Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae, Sepsidae, and lastly Stratiomyidae for jungle, or Sepsidae for rural and highland studies. Mites, from suborders Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, Astigmatina, and Oribatida, were also recovered throughout decomposition, which could be used for future implementation in forensic investigations. The data obtained from this study could provide more accurate indicators for local forensic scientists in solving criminal cases especially on the determination of time and primary location of death.
Accuracy of food photographs for quantifying food servings in a lunch meal setting among Danish children and adults

BACKGROUND Visual aids, such as food photographs, are widely used in estimating food quantities in dietary surveys. The present study aimed to assess how accurately Danish adults and children can estimate food portion sizes using 37 series of photographs illustrating four to six different portion sizes under real-life conditions; determine whether adults were more accurate than children; and estimate the error caused by using portion size photographs to estimate weights of foods consumed in macronutrient calculation. METHODS Six hundred and twenty-two adults and 109 children were recruited in three workplace canteens and in two schools, respectively, to estimate their lunchtime portions based on photographs. Participants were instructed to keep the foods separated on their plate when taking lunch. Participants thereafter estimated their own portions by looking at the relevant series of photographs. The actual food portions were then weighed. RESULTS The proportion of correct estimations was 42% overall (range 19-77%). The mean difference (%) between estimated and actual weight was 17% (range 1-111%). Small portion size photographs were more often used correctly compared to larger portion photographs. Children had as many correct estimations as adults, although they overestimated portions more. Participants using fractions of (or more than) one photograph to estimate the portion of a food had significantly larger errors. When calculating the macronutrient content of a weekly menu using the estimated portion sizes, protein had the largest error (29%). CONCLUSIONS When used in a real-life situation, the portion size photographs validated in the present study showed a certain inaccuracy compared to the actual weights.
One‐Stage Versus Two‐Stage Anterior and Posterior Spinal Reconstruction in Adults Comparison of Outcomes Including Nutritional Status, Complication Rates, Hospital Costs, and Other Factors

Twenty-four patients undergoing anterior and posterior spinal fusion were preoperatively assessed and at weekly intervals during their hospitalization for the following: serum albumin, transferrin, total lymphocyte count, skin anergy and anthropometric measurements. Eleven patients underwant staged anterior and posterior spinal reconstruction and 13 patients underwent similar procedures in a combined fashion. The groups were similar in age, sex, diagnosis, and number of levels fused. Results of these tests were kept as well as operative time, blood loss, transfusion requirements, wound healing problems, infection, length of hospital stay, patient satisfaction, and total cost. All 24 patients had normal preoperative nutritional parameters. Seven patients in the staged group and ten in the combined group became malnourished after surgery. No patient in the combined group developed infection or a wound healing problem. Wound infections developed in two of the seven patients in the staged group after their second procedure. The average number of units of blood transfused and the operating time were similar for both groups. The average length of hospital stay for the staged group was 20 days compared to 13 days for the combined group. Total hospital bills averaged 30% less in the combined group. All patients stated that they preferred to have the procedures done under the same anesthetic. The authors conclude that protein and calorie malnutrition develops to an appreciable extent in adults undergoing anterior and posterior spinal reconstructive procedures. It therefore increases the postoperative morbidity if staged surgical procedures are performed too close together as is currently done by many spine surgeons. Wound and other infections are the most closely related problems associated with postoperative protein mainutrition. Fewer infections complications might therefore result if the surgical procedures can be performed under one anesthetic, as reported in this study. In addition, the combined approach is advantageous for patient satisfaction and economic consderations.
The effect of intrafetal infusion of metyrapone on arterial blood pressure and on the arterial blood pressure response to angiotensin II in the sheep fetus during late gestation

While the impact of exogenous glucocorticoids on the fetal cardiovascular system has been well defined, relatively few studies have characterised the role of endogenous fetal glucocorticoids in the regulation of arterial blood pressure (BP) during late gestation. We have therefore infused metyrapone, an inhibitor of cortisol biosynthesis, into fetal sheep from 125 days gestation (when fetal cortisol concentrations are low) and from 137 days gestation (when fetal cortisol concentrations are increasing) and measured fetal plasma cortisol, 11‐desoxycortisol and ACTH, fetal systolic, diastolic and mean arterial BP, heart rate, and the fetal BP responses to increasing doses of angiotensin II (AII). At 125 days gestation, there was a significant increase in fetal plasma ACTH and 11‐desoxycortisol by 24 h after (+24 h) the start of the metyrapone infusion, and plasma cortisol concentrations were not different at +24 h when compared with pre‐infusion values. Whilst the initial fall in circulating cortisol concentrations may have been transient, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial BP were ∼5–6 mmHg lower (P < 0.05) in metyrapone‐ than in vehicle‐infused fetuses at 24–48 h after the start of the infusion. When metyrapone was infused from 137/138 days gestation, there was a significant decrease in plasma cortisol concentrations by +6 h, which was followed by an increase back to pre‐infusion values. While cortisol concentrations decreased, there was no change in fetal mean arterial BP during the first 24 h after the start of metyrapone infusion. Mean fetal arterial BP values at 137–139 days gestation were not different in fetuses that had been infused with either vehicle or metyrapone from 125 days gestation or with metyrapone from 137–138 days gestation. At 137–139 days gestation, however, arterial BP responses to increasing doses of AII were significantly blunted in fetuses that had been infused with metyrapone from 125 days gestation, when compared with fetuses that had been infused with metyrapone from 137/138 days gestation or with vehicle from 125 days gestation. The dissociation of the gestational age increase in arterial BP and the effects of intrafetal AII on fetal arterial BP indicates that increase in fetal BP with gestational age is not entirely a result of an increased vascular responsiveness to endogenous AII. Furthermore there may be a critical window during late gestation when the actions of cortisol contribute to the development of vascular responsiveness to AII.
Supply of an Entirely Passive AC Network Through a Double-Infeed HVDC System

A double-infeed HVdc (DI-HVdc) system, combining a conventional HVdc transmission and voltage-source converter-based HVdc (VSC-HVdc) technology, is proposed in this paper for supplying an entirely passive ac network. The new concept and detailed model for starting HVdc using VSC-HVdc is provided and control strategies of the whole system are designed. Aiming to validate the steady state, dynamic and transient performances of the proposed DI-HVdc system, the process of starting HVdc using VSC-HVdc and ac faults conditions are simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results show that HVdc can start successfully using VSC-HVdc and the whole system has favorable dynamic and transient performances under ac faults conditions. Finally, the prospects of DI-HVdc are discussed.
Three Variations in Dental Arch Form Estimated by a Quadratic Equation

The shape of the human dental arcades has been qualitatively described as semiellipsoid (G. V. BLACK, Descriptive Anatomy of the Human Teeth, 1894), paraboloid (E. H. ANGLE, Dent Cosmos 41:248, 1899), U-shaped (R. MARTIN, Lehrbuch der Anthropologie, 1914), horseshoe-shaped (A. HR.DLICKA, Practical Anthropometry, 1920) and catenary (M. A. MACCONAIL and E. A. SCHER, Dent Rec 69:285302). More recently, the computer has been used to mathematically fit the curvature of the dental arches by exponential (T. HAYASHI, Bull Tokyo Med Dent Univ 3:175-218, 1957), Fourier series (K. H. Lu, Biometrics 21:491-502, 1965), and fourth degree polynomial equations (K. H. Lu, Arch Oral Biol 11:1057-1069, 1966). Of these methods the fourth, fifth, or sixth degree least squares polynomial regression equations give the most accurate and reproducible likeness of arch form (faithfully reproducing symmetries and asymmetries) and arch length (C. SANIN ET AL, J Dent Res 49: 885, 1970). However, the fitted curves are not descriptive and no satisfactory statistical method exists for comparing the coefficients. Furthermore, the statistics of coefficients are difficult to interpret. The known variability of the human dental arch is responsible, at least partially, for the many qualitative descriptions. Generally, one of three curves (ellipsoidal, parabolic, or hyperbolic) will compare favorably with a human dental arch. But, some humans may have Ushaped or horseshoe-shaped dental arches. This paper describes a method for defining the individual arch form as one of three mathematical curves.
QUADRATIC FBSDE WITH GENERALIZED BURGERS' TYPE NONLINEARITIES, PERTURBATIONS AND LARGE DEVIATIONS

We discuss BSDE with drivers containing nonlinearities of the type p(y)|z| and p(y)|z|2 with p a polynomial of any degree. Sufficient conditions are given for the existence and uniqueness of solutions as well as comparison results. We then connect the results to the Markovian FBSDE setting, discussing applications in the theory of PDE perturbation and stating a result concerning a large deviations principle for the first component of the solution to the BSDE.
A Bipolar-Selected Phase Change Memory Featuring Multi-Level Cell Storage

In this paper, a 90-nm 128-Mcell non-volatile memory based on phase-change Ge2-Sb2-TeB alloy is presented. Memory cells are bipolar selected, and are based on a /xtrench architecture. Experimental investigation on multi-level cell (MLC) storage is addressed exploiting the chip MLC capability. To this end, a programming algorithm suitable for 2 bit/cell storage achieving tightly placed inner states (in terms of cell current or resistance) is proposed. Measurements showed the possibility of placing the required distinct cell current distributions, thus demonstrating the feasibility of the MLC phase-change memory (PCM) storage concept. Endurance tests were also carried out. Cumulative distribu tions after 2-bit/cell programming before cycling and after 100 k program cycles followed by 1 h/150 degC bake are presented. Experimental results on MLC endurance are also provided from a 180-nm 8-Mb PCM demonstrator with the same mutrench cell structure.
Monoclonal Antibodies as Treatment Modalities in Head and Neck Cancers

The standard treatments of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) causes disturbance to normal surrounding tissues, systemic toxicities and functional problems with eating, speaking, and breathing. With early detection, many of these cancers can be effectively treated, but treatment should also focus on retaining the function of the proximal nerves, tissues and vasculature surrounding the tumor. With current research focused on understanding pathogenesis of these cancers in a molecular level, targeted therapy using monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), can be modified and directed towards tumor genes, proteins and signal pathways with the potential to reduce unfavorable side effects of current treatments. This review will highlight the current MoAb therapies used in HNSCC, and discuss ongoing research efforts to develop novel treatment agents with potential to improve efficacy, increase overall survival (OS) rates and reduce toxicities.
Association and path analysis for seed yield and component characters in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Genotypic and phenotypic correlation among seed yield and eleven component characters were studied in 11 genotypes of sunflower. Association analysis of parents revealed that number of seeds/head, 100-seed weight, head diameter and per cent seed filling had high significant positive correlation with seed yield. Number of seeds/head, 100 seed weight, head diameter and per cent seed filling also had significant positive intercorrelation among themselves. Number of seeds/head, per cent seed filling, hull content and plant height influence the seed yield directly whereas 100-seed weight influenced indirectly through no.of seeds/head and per cent seed filling. Very high indirect contribution for most of the traits is through number of seeds/head. Hence, this trait should be given priority in sunflower seed yield improvement programme.
Phylogenetic relationships in the bovid subfamily Antilopinae based on mitochondrial DNA sequences.

A molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Antilopinae was determined using the two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase III. The tribe Antilopini is monophyletic with Antidorcas marsupialis and Litocranius walleri basal to the large genus Gazella. Antilope cervicapra falls within Gazella. This placement would either make Gazella paraphyletic or require that the genus name Gazella be changed to Antilope. Gazella thomsonii is supported as a subspecies of G. rufifrons. Most members of the tribe Neotragini are sister species to the Antilopini, but the Neotragini is rendered paraphyletic by a deep placement of Neotragus moschatus.
Perceived behavioural control and coping planning predict dental brushing behaviour among Iranian adolescents.

BACKGROUND AND AIM The aim of this prospective study was to test the role of the direct predictors in the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), perceived behavioural control (PBC) and intention as well as action planning and coping planning as predictors of changes in dental brushing behaviour among Iranian adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS One thousand students were selected from 57 high schools in Qazvin, IR Iran. N = 983 participants completed an initial questionnaire at Time 1 and they were asked to complete a follow-up questionnaire 1 month later (Time 2). At Time 1, PBC, behavioural intention, action planning and coping planning were assessed. Dental brushing behaviour was assessed both at Time 1 and 4 weeks later at Time 2. A hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to examine the predictive validity of PBC, intention, action planning and coping planning both, as main effects and as interactions on dental brushing behaviour. RESULTS Past behaviour, gender and age explained 46.5% of the variance in dental brushing at Time 2 in step 1. Adding intention to brush, PBC, action planning and coping planning in the second and third step explained an additional 24.9% of the variance in dental brushing at Time 2. Adding the interactions terms for action planning × coping planning, action planning × PBC and coping planning × PBC further increased the predictive validity of the model by 6.00% over and above the main effects. CONCLUSION Intentions, PBC, action planning and coping planning are predictive variables for oral self-care behaviour. This finding suggests that an intervention simultaneously targeting PBC, action planning and coping planning might be particularly promising to promote oral self-care in adolescence.