Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Origins and Implications of Language Effects in Multilingual Surveys: A MIMIC Approach with Application to Latino Political Attitudes

The study of Latino public opinion has renewed interest in the relationship between language and survey response. However, extant research generally relies on statistical methods that cannot distinguish between two related yet distinct types of language effects in Latino surveys: (1) differences in attitude and (2) differences in measures of attitude. The former reflects varied levels of a latent attitude between English and Spanish interviewees. The latter—formally known as Differential Item Functioning (DIF)—refers to linguistic differences in the interpretation of survey items, which lead Latino respondents to misreport their level of attitude. This paper proposes Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes models to decouple these two types of language effects. Using this modeling framework, I examine language differences in measures of subjective and factual political attitudes from the Latino National Survey (2006). I find that the language of interview systematically colors Latinos' interpretation of survey items, even after controlling for measurement error and individual differences in the latent variable being assessed. I then show through an applied analysis how ignoring language DIF can yield misleading inferences about hypothesized relationships between variables. Together, these findings highlight a need for greater theoretical work on the psychological origins of language effects in multilingual political surveys.
Pathogenicity of influenza virus

INTRODUCTION . 303 CRIMRIA OF PATHOGENICITY FOR SET ECTING STRAINS OF DIFFERING VIRULENCE . 304 SURVIVAL ON AND PENETRATION OF THE RESPIRATORY MUCOUS MEMBRANES. 305 REPLICATION OF VIRUS IN AND RELEASE FROM HOST CELLS: TISSUE SPECIFICITY. 307 Replication in Tissue Culture Cells . 307 Replication In Vivo . 308 Replication in human tissue . 308 Replication in ferret tissue . 309 Replication in mouse tissue . 310 COUNTERACTING NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE MECHANISMS . 311 COUNTERACTING IMMUNOSPECIFIC DEFENSE MECHANISMS . 312 SPREAD OF VIRUS: BARRIERS AND TISSUE SPECIFICITY . 313 DAMAGE TO THE ADULT, FETUS, AND NEONATE . 315 Damage to Adults . 316 Respiratory effects . 316 Constitutional effects. 316 Damage to the Fetus . 317 Damage to Neonates. 317 Possible Mechanisms of Cell Damage . 318 EXACERBATION OF BACTERIAL INFECTION. 319 VIRULENCE IN RELATION TO GENETIC ANALYSIS. 319 CONCLUSIONS . 321 LITERATURE CTED . 321
Technological changes underlying innovation in services: The case of healthcare and financial service sector in Japan and Korea

Industry develops new technologies and adopts them to improve products and processes. Since IT has an important effect on products, processes, organizations, it brought changes to overall industry. Service sectors improve processes or develop new business models using IT, such as ERP, electronic data processing method. This paper's purpose is to identify which technologies drive innovation in the service sector by focusing on the healthcares service and financial service, by analyzing the interaction between technologies and services. Through analyzing patent, we attempt to figure out which service sector develops technology actively, or adopts passively from suppliers. Korean and Japanese patent data are collected and analyzed by network analysis and quantitative analysis. We try to measure the technological activities by searching keywords of service, and by comparison of IPC subclasses. The results of the analysis give an understanding of technological activities and technology networking in the service sector. Implications and future research directions for sustainable growth in the service industry are discussed at the end.
Reduced water and sodium intakes associated with high levels of natriuretic factor following common bile duct ligation in the rabbit

Renal failure complicating obstructive jaundice (OJ) is probably linked to reduction of the extracellular water compartment. To elucidate the mechanism by which OJ leads to isotonic water depletion we studied a group of rabbits with OJ after common bile duct ligation (n = 17) and another group of sham operated rabbits (n = 14) for 10 days. Water intake and balance for two study periods (1–4 and 7–10 days after operation) were calculated. Renal function, sodium balance and plasma atrial natriuretic factor were determined on the fourth and tenth days after operation. Water intake and balance were lower in the OJ group both in the first study period (230 versus 519 ml/days 1–4, P<0–001; and—2·4 versus 279 ml/days 1–4, P < 0·0001 respectively) and in the second study period (260 versus 865 ml/days 7–10, P< 0·0001; and 11 versus 379 ml/days 7–10, P< 0·000 7 respectively). Sodium intake was negligible in the OJ group both on day four (0·73 versus 7·75 mM/24 h, P<0·0001) and on day 10 (0·78 versus 15·78 mM/24 h, P<0·0001). As a result plasma osmolality did not change. Day 10 urine osmolality and osmolar clearance were reduced in the OJ group (653 versus 1103 mOsm/kg, P<0·0001 and 0·09 versus 0·25 ml/min, P<0·0001 respectively) together with a decreased creatinine clearance (3 versus 77 ml/min, P<0·0001). Atrial natriuretic factor was increased in jaundiced rabbits (day 4, 22·7 versus 7·5 fmol/ml, P<0·0001; and day 10, 26·5 versus 11·2 fmol/ml, P<0·02). These findings suggest that OJ leads to an isotonic volume depletion resulting from abnormalities of the extracellular volume regulating mechanisms. These appear to be secondary to an inappropriate elevation of the atrial natriuretic factor plasma concentration.
The critical shortage of speech-language pathologists in the public school setting: features of the work environment that affect recruitment and retention.

PURPOSE The primary focus of this study was to elicit the perspectives of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) regarding features of the work environment that contribute to and/or hinder recruitment and retention in the public school setting. METHOD A questionnaire was distributed to SLPs employed in 10 school districts in Central Florida representing small, medium, and large school districts. The primary goal of the questionnaire was to elicit the perspectives of school-based SLPs regarding (a) factors in the work environment that contribute to retention, (b) factors in the work environment that hinder retention, and (c) issues that may contribute to the recruitment and retention of SLPs in the school setting. A total of 382 questionnaires was obtained, yielding a 64.5% response rate. RESULTS The participants ranked working with children, school schedule, and educational setting as primary reasons for their satisfaction with working in the public school setting. The participants ranked workload, role ambiguity, salary, and caseload as primary reasons for their dissatisfaction with working in the public school setting. CONCLUSION Themes emerged from the data that provide insight into several factors that serve as powerful influences in understanding issues of recruitment and retention of SLPs in the public school setting.
Setting Analytical Goals for Random Analytical Situations

Strategies abound for the setting of analytical goals in clinical chemistry. Many, especially those more recently proposed br particular clinical situations, are concerned with tests used in diagnosis. We suggest a general theory for the setting of goals in situations that specifically involve the monitoring of individuals. Goals are calculated from the bormula CVA < [(i 2/2Z2)-CV51”2, where CVA is the analytical imprecision (as coefficient of variation, CV); &is the percentage change in serial results that is considered clinically significant; Z is the Z-statistic, which depends only on the probability selected for statistical significance; and CVB is the average inherent within-subject biological variation (as CV). Examples given show applications in hematology and in monitoring diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, and hepatitis. The derived goals are for total random analytical error (imprecision and intermittent systematic variation), and provide objective criteria that should be achieved in practice. The effect of analytical variability on both variability in test results and the probability that a stated change can be considered significant should be calculated whether or not the goals are attained.
Prevalence, specificity and risk of red blood cell alloantibodies among hospitalised Hubei Han Chinese patients.

BACKGROUND The prevalence, specificity and risk of red blood cell alloantibodies vary widely among different geographic areas, races, and diseases and according to different methods of study, but no data are available on the Chinese Han population, who were investigated in the present study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antibody screening was conducted among 42,517 hospitalised Hubei Han Chinese individuals using column agglutination technology. Samples that were positive in antibody screening were subjected to antibody identification by the tube test. Clinical data, including gender, age, race, transfusion history and records of alloantibody detection, transfusion reactions or haemolytic disease of the newborn, were collected to analyse the prevalence and specificity of alloantibodies and complications associated with them. RESULTS A total of 212 patients with alloantibodies were identified among 42,517 patients, yielding a prevalence of 0.50% in this study. Significantly different prevalence rates were observed according to age and sex. The most frequently identified alloantibodies were anti-E (87/212, 41.0%), anti-D (45/212, 21.2%), anti-M (41/212, 19.3%) and a combination of anti-E and anti-c (13/212, 6.1%). Haemolytic disease was observed in 13 infants with anti-D, three infants with anti-E and one infant with anti-Fy(a) alloantibodies. Delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions occurred in four patients with alloantibodies. DISCUSSION In hospitalised Hubei Han Chinese individuals, the overall prevalence of alloantibodies was 0.50%, with anti-E, anti-D and anti-M being the most frequently identified alloantibodies. These results indicate that anti-D and anti-E alloantibodies were major risk factors for haemolytic disease of the newborn or delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions in this study population.
Assessing the relationship between preterm delivery and various microorganisms recovered from the lower genital tract

Objective. To determine if the likelihood of preterm delivery is more dependent on the specific organisms present in the vagina than on the presence of bacterial vaginosis. Methods. We evaluated the vaginal fluid of a prospective cohort of women at 23–32 weeks of gestation with signs and symptoms of preterm labor and intact membranes. Forward stepwise logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between preterm delivery and the presence of anaerobic bacteria, Gardnerella, ureaplasmas and mycoplasmas, and sialidase. Results. The cohort included 137 women, and complete delivery information was available for 134 of them. The rate of preterm delivery was 28% (37 of 134). Mycoplasma genitalium independently was associated with spontaneous preterm delivery (OR 3.48; 95% CI 1.41, 8.57). After controlling for this factor, none of the other variables were significantly prognostic for spontaneous preterm delivery (residual overall p = 0.19). Conclusion. The presence of Mycoplasma genitalium in the vagina of pregnant women is an independent risk factor for spontaneous preterm delivery.
Joint Hypermobility and Joint Range of Motion in Young Dancers

BackgroundJoint range of motion (ROM) refers to the extent of movement of the joint, recorded using standard goniometers. Joint hypermobility (JHM) is a condition in which most of the synovial joints move beyond the “normal” limits. Joint hypermobility is recognized as a feature of heritable disorders of the connective tissue and can be identified mostly by the Beighton scale. Data on the possible relationship between JHM and joint ROM are lacking in the literature. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between JHM and joint ROM in the different lower-extremity joints in young dancers. MethodsJoint hypermobility and ROM were assessed among 240 female dancers, aged 8 to 16 years, and 226 nondancers of similar age. ResultsThe prevalence of JHM is significantly higher among dancers compared with the control subjects (P < 0.001). Joints’ ROM is higher among dancers with JHM compared with dancers without JHM (P < 0.05). This phenomenon, however, is age dependent; as in young dancers (aged 8–10 years), this pertains only to the ankle dorsiflexion ROM. In adolescent dancers (aged 11–13 years), this relationship has been observed in most joints: ankle/foot en pointe, ankle dorsiflexion, hip external rotation, hip abduction, and hip extension. In mature dancers (aged 14–16 years), dancers with JHM had greater ROM in ankle/foot en pointe, hip abduction, and knee flexion (P < 0.05). Conclusions(1) Joint ROM and JHM are associated one with the other; (2) the relationship between joint ROM and JHM is age dependent; and (3) JHM is common among young nonprofessional dancers compared with control subjects. The main clinical implications of the current study are to try and reduce the risk of injuries among JHM dancers by developing proprioceptive trainings to improve the correct alignment of the hyperextended joints, to increase their muscle strength for better stabilization of the hypermobile joints, and to provide them additional balancing and stabilizing exercises for their supporting muscles.
Study of clinical mastitis in British dairy herds with bulk milk somatic cell counts less than 150,000 cells/ml

A 12-month prospective study of clinical mastitis was conducted in 482 British dairy herds with a bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) of less than 150,000 cells/ml. The mean proportion of cows in the herd with clinical mastitis was 23.1 per cent (range 0 to 80), with a mean of 1.50 quarter cases per cow. The mean incidence rate of clinical mastitis was 36.7 quarter cases per 100 cow years (range 0 to 208.2). Twelve per cent of the quarter cases showed systemic signs, including inappetence and severe lethargy. Over 22 per cent of quarter cases occurred in the first seven days of lactation and over 50 per cent occurred in the first 90 days of lactation. Cluster analysis indicated that the main difference between herds with a low and average incidence of mastitis was the proportion of clinical cases occurring in the first seven days of lactation, 14 per cent compared with 44 per cent, respectively. The risk of severe clinical mastitis compared with mild clinical mastitis decreased significantly as the individual cow somatic cell count (scc) in the month before clinical mastitis was diagnosed increased.
Effective Reduction of Neuronal Death by Inhibiting Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication in a Rodent Model of Global Transient Cerebral Ischemia

Gap junctions assemble astrocytes into syncytia, allowing exchange of metabolites, catabolites, and second-messenger molecules. Connexin43 is the predominant connexin of astrocytic gap junctions. The distribution of gap junction protein connexin43 was analyzed in different subfields of the hippocampal formation as a function of time after transient forebrain ischemia. One decisive key step in understanding why an ischemic insult gradually expands may be to establish how gap junction channels permit dying cells in the ischemic focus to communicate, in particular, with viable cells. The role of gap junctional intercellular communication in the hippocampus under ischemic conditions could be decisive for cell death propagation. We found that the vulnerable CA1/CA2 subfields have a higher density of gap junctions than the resistant CA3/CA4 areas, that changes in the distribution of connexin43 immunoreactivity may correlate with the phenomenon of selective vulnerability, and that inhibition of astrocytic gap junction permeability by octanol restricts the flow of undesirable neurotoxins that could potentially exacerbate neuronal damage. This provides a novel perspective for analysis of the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia.
Induction potential of fluconazole toward drug-metabolizing enzymes in rats

The induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes in rat liver was studied after subchronic administration of the new triazole antifungal agent fluconazole. The administered doses were 10, 40, and 160 mg/kg per day for 7 days. Fluconazole behaved as a high-magnitude inducer and significantly increased cytochrome P-450 concentrations already at 10 mg/kg (+42%). Cytochrome P-450 induction by fluconazole was dose dependent and reached a value of 302% of the control value at the dose of 160 mg/kg. The induction effects on cytochrome P-450 were also reflected in the drug-metabolizing enzyme activities in hepatic microsomes of pretreated rats. Fluconazole (160 mg/kg per day) preferentially induced the demethylase activities of N,N-dimethylaniline and p-nitroanisole to 258 and 281% of the control values, respectively. The detoxification enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase was significantly lowered by fluconazole at the highest dose. A possible link between the induction potential and the pharmacokinetic properties of triazole antifungal agents is discussed.
When One Cue is not Enough: Combining Fast and Frugal Heuristics with Compound Cue Processing

One-reason decision-making heuristics as proposed by Gigerenzer, Todd, and the ABC Research Group (1999) have been shown to perform accurately. However, such strategies cannot deal with compound cues. We propose the Take The Best Configural Cue (TTB-Configural) as a fast and frugal heuristic that processes compound cues. In a series of three experiments, we analysed whether participants used this heuristic when making cue-based inferences on which of two alternatives had a higher criterion value. In two of the experiments, two cues were amalgamated into a valid compound cue by applying the AND or the OR logical rule, respectively. In the third experiment, there was no valid compound cue. Within each experiment, we also manipulated causal mental models through instructions. In the configural causal model, cues were said to act through the same causal mechanism. In the elemental causal model, cues were said to act through different causal mechanisms. In the neutral causal model, the causal mechanism was not specified. When a highly valid compound existed, and participants had a configural causal model, for the majority of them the strategy that could best account for their choices was TTB-Configural. Otherwise, the strategy that best predicted their choices was the Take The Best (TTB) heuristic.
Differences in mechanisms of transformation by independent feline sarcoma virus isolates

The Gardner and Snyder-Theilen isolates of feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) have previously been shown to encode high-molecular-weight polyproteins with a transforming function and an associated tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity. Cells transformed by these viruses exhibited morphological alterations, elevated levels of phosphotyrosine, and a reduced capacity for binding epidermal growth factor. In addition, polyproteins encoded by both of these FeSV isolates bound to, and phosphorylated tyrosine acceptor sites within, a 150,000-molecular-weight cellular substrate (P150). McDonough FeSV-transformed cells resembled Gardner and Snyder-Theilen FeSV transformants with respect to morphological changes and a reduced capacity for epidermal growth factor binding. in contrast to the other two FeSV isolates, however, McDonough FeSV encoded as its major translational product a high-molecular-weight polyprotein with probable transforming function but without protein kinase activity detectable under similar assay conditions. Moreover, total cellular levels of phosphotyrosine remained unaltered in McDonough FeSV-transformed cells, and the major McDonough FeSV polyprotein translational product lacked binding affinity for P150. These findings argue for differences in the mechanisms of transformation by these independently derived FeSV isolates.
5-n-Alkylresorcinols from encysting Azotobacter vinelandii: isolation and characterization

Azotobacter vinelandii was found to form novel lipid compounds when encystment was initiated by 0.2% beta-hydroxybutyrate. An examination of these compounds led to the isolation and characterization of 5-n-heneicosylresorcinol, 5-n-tricosylresorcinol, and their galactoside derivatives.
Pre-operative chemoradiotherapy with oral capecitabine in locally advanced, resectable rectal cancer.

PURPOSE The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of pre-operative chemoradiotherapy with oral capecitabine in Greek patients with locally advanced, resectable rectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty patients, 16 men and 14 women with a median age of 58 years (range, 21-75 years), with potentially resectable T3NO (30%), T3N1 (53%) and T4NO-1 (17%) rectal cancer, were treated with capecitabine (825 mg/m(2), twice daily for 7 days/week) and concomitant radiotherapy (50.4 Gy/28 fractions) for 5.5 weeks. Patients underwent surgery with total mesorectal excision 4-6 weeks later followed by 4-months of post-operative treatment with capecitabine. The primary end-point was to determine the clinical and pathological response, safety profile, preservation of the sphincter mechanism and rate of peri-operative complications. RESULTS The median distance of rectal tumors from the anal verge was 7 cm. All patients had curative resection. Downstaging rate was 84% (25/30) on endorectal ultrasonography and 75% (22/30) on pathology findings. Pathological complete response rate was 23% (7/30). No patient had grade 4 toxicity. Grade 3 toxicity occurred in 3 patients (10%) and consisted mainly of leucopenia (6%) and hand-foot syndrome (4%). Mild or moderate toxicity was frequent, but always reversible. Twenty-four patients (80%) received sphincter-preserving surgical procedures. Peni-operative complications were seen in 6 (20%) patients and included mechanical ileus (3%), delayed wound healing (7%), wound infection (7%) and anastomotic leakage (3%). CONCLUSION Pre-operative chemoradiotherapy with oral capecitabine in locally advanced, resectable rectal cancer achieves significant rates of tumor downstaging and sphincter preservation with a favorable safety profile.
High Diet Overlap between Native Small‐Bodied Fishes and Nonnative Fathead Minnow in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona

AbstractRiver regulation may mediate the interactions among native and nonnative species, potentially favoring nonnative species and contributing to the decline of native populations. We examined food resource use and diet overlap among small-bodied fishes in the Grand Canyon section of the Colorado River as a first step in evaluating potential resource competition. We compared the diets of the predominant small-bodied fishes (native Speckled Dace Rhinichthys osculus, juvenile Flannelmouth Sucker Catostomus latipinnis, and juvenile Bluehead Sucker C. discobolus, and nonnative Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas) across seasons at four sites downstream of Glen Canyon Dam using nonmetric multidimensional scaling and Schoener's similarity index. The diets of these fishes included diatoms, amorphous detritus, aquatic invertebrates (especially simuliid and chironomid larvae), terrestrial invertebrates, and terrestrial vegetation. Diets varied with season and were affected by high turbidity. Fish consumed more a.
The case for voluntary smallpox vaccination.

The former Soviet Union developed variola virus, which causes smallpox, for use as a biologic weapon, and supplies may have fallen into other hands. As Lev Sandakhchiyev, the director of Russia's Vektor Institute, has warned, “All you need is a sick fanatic to get to a populated place. ”1 U.S. experts agree.2,3 The benefits of preemptive, voluntary vaccination are great. One immediate outcome is deterrence. Vaccination before exposure dramatically reduces the value of smallpox as a weapon; in the case of an attack, the number of unimmunized persons will be greatly reduced, and the outbreak will be much easier to .