Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE SPIN AND ORIENTATION OF DARK MATTER HALOS WITHIN COSMIC FILAMENTS

Clusters, filaments, sheets, and voids are the building blocks of the cosmic web. Forming dark matter halos respond to these different large-scale environments, and this in turn affects the properties of galaxies hosted by the halos. It is therefore important to understand the systematic correlations of halo properties with the morphology of the cosmic web, as this informs both about galaxy formation physics and possible systematics of weak lensing studies. In this study, we present and compare two distinct algorithms for finding cosmic filaments and sheets, a task which is far less well established than the identification of dark matter halos or voids. One method is based on the smoothed dark matter density field and the other uses the halo distributions directly. We apply both techniques to one high-resolution N-body simulation and reconstruct the filamentary/sheet like network of the dark matter density field. We focus on investigating the properties of the dark matter halos inside these structures, in particular, on the directions of their spins and the orientation of their shapes with respect to the directions of the filaments and sheets. We find that both the spin and the major axes of filament halos with masses ≲1013 h−1 M☉ are preferentially aligned with the direction of the filaments. The spins and major axes of halos in sheets tend to lie parallel to the sheets. There is an opposite mass dependence of the alignment strength for the spin (negative) and major (positive) axes, i.e. with increasing halo mass the major axis tends to be more strongly aligned with the direction of the filament, whereas the alignment between halo spin and filament becomes weaker with increasing halo mass. The alignment strength as a function of the distance to the most massive node halo indicates that there is a transit large-scale environment impact: from the two-dimensional collapse phase of the filament to the three-dimensional collapse phase of the cluster/node halo at small separation. Overall, the two algorithms for filament/sheet identification investigated here agree well with each other. The method based on halos alone can be easily adapted for use with observational data sets.
Foreign Language Teaching in Iran: A Model for Effective EFL Teaching in the Iranian Context

Language teachers play a crucial role in language education. An effective EFL teacher in most cases paves the way for having an effective education. EFL teaching in different contexts bears some differences. The present study discusses the criteria that an effective EFL teacher should present in Iran. Interviews are conducted and 15 participants are interviewed and as a result of the interview, a questionnaire is developed. 90 EFL teachers and students answer to the questionnaire. The participants are male and female, experienced and novice, and of different ages. Multiple regression analysis reveals no relationship between age, gender, experience, and the answers they provide for the questionnaire. Due to factor analysis, 13 components including linguistic and non-linguistic factors are extracted and the results show that the majority of the participants agree with the criteria posed in the questionnaire. The participants’ age, gender, and experience in EFL teaching do not reveal any distinguishing results among them. Consequently, a model is developed to present the criteria for being an Effective EFL teacher in Iran.
Serodiagnosis and Haematological Effect of Anaplasmosis in Goats and Sheep of District Mardan , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan

Anaplasmosis is globally distributed tick-borne disease of livestock with great economic importance in cattle industry. A total of 360 blood samples were randomly collected from three localities; Tehsils Mardan, Katlang and Lund khwar during the study period from January 2014 to December 2014. Microscopic examination of the Giemsa stained blood smears revealed an overall prevalence of blood parasites as 13.89% and 8.33% in sheep and goats respectively. The overall seroprevalence of anaplasmosis in sheep using cELISA was 23.33%. Females (sheeps) were found to be more susceptible 28/114(24.56%) than males 15/66 (22.72%). The prevalence was significantly higher 29/119 (24.36%) in above one year sheep than the younger ones14/61 (22.95%) (P<0.05). The seroprevalence in sheep was significantly (P<0.01) higher in summer. The overall seroprevalence of anaplasmosis in goats using cELISA was 20.56%. Females (goats) were found to be more susceptible 24/110(21.81%) than males 13/70 (18.56%). The prevalence was significantly higher 26/112 (23.21%) in above one year goats than the younger ones11/68 (16.18%) (P<0.05). It was concluded that anaplasmosis is widely distributed in district Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. There is a need for country wide epidemiological studies on ticks and TBDs using advanced serological and molecular techniques.
On Stable Periodic Solutions of One Time Delay System Containing Some Nonideal Relay Nonlinearities

Problems of stabilization and determining of stablility characteristics of steady-state regimes are among the central in a control theory. Especial difficulties can be met when dealing with the systems containing nonlinearities which are nonanalytic function of phase. Different models describing nonlinear effects in real control systems (e.g. servomechanisms, such as servo drives, autopilots, stabilizers etc.) are just concern this type, numerous works are devoted to the analysis of problem of stable oscillations presence in such systems. Time delays appear in control systems frequently and are important due to significant impact on them. They affect substantially on stability properties and configuration of steady state solutions. An accurate simultaneous account of nonlinear effects and time delays allows to receive adequate models of real control systems. This work contains some results concerning to a stability problem for periodic solutions of nonlinear controlled system containing time delay. It corresponds further development of an article: Kamachkin & Stepanov (2009). Main results obtained below might generally be put in connection with classical results of V.I. Zubov’s control theory school (see Zubov (1999), Zubov & Zubov (1996)) and based generally on work Zubov & Zubov (1996). Note that all examples presented here are purely illustrative; some examples concerning to similar systems can be found in Petrov & Gordeev (1979), Varigonda & Georgiou (2001).
Do Aid Donors Specialize and Coordinate within Recipient Countries? The Case of Malawi

Acknowledging that aid proliferation and a lack of coordination impair aid effectiveness, donors have repeatedly promised to specialize and better coordinate their aid activities, most notably in the Paris Declaration of 2005. We exploit geocoded aid data from Malawi to assess whether the country's bilateral and multilateral donors have acted accordingly at the district and sector level. We do not find compelling evidence for increased aid specialization after the Paris Declaration, and the regional division of labor among donors may even have deteriorated. Our within-country evidence thus broadly corroborates what previous studies found at the national level of recipient countries.
Prevalence of Malaria at Booking among Antenatal Clients in a Secondary Health Care Facility in Abeokuta, Nigeria

This study aims to determine the prevalence of malaria and anaemia among pregnant women attending their first antenatal care booking in Abeokuta. Blood samples were collected from 222 randomly selected pregnant women attending their first antenatal clinic in a secondary health facility in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Blood samples were screened for malaria parasites using thick film and observed under the microscope. Anaemia was investigated among subjects using haematocrit. Questionnaires were administered to obtain demographic and medical information and data collected were analysed using SPSS 16.0. The prevalence of malaria parasitaemia was 113(50.90%), and 123(55.0%) were anaemic. The prevalence of anaemia was found to be high 69(61.1%) among the pregnant women that tested positive to malaria parasite compared with those that tested negative (48.6%). A high prevalence of malaria parasite infections (60.0%) was recorded among the teenagers (16-19years) compared to that of their older counterparts; 20-30years 65(47.8%) and above 30years 36(54.5%). A high proportion of the multigravidae (55.9%) were positive for malaria parasite, followed secundigravidae (50.7%), while the primigravidae recorded the lowest 44(47.8%) prevalence of malaria infections. Pregnant women that booked for ANC within their first trimester recorded a relatively low prevalence of malaria parasite infections 20(48.8%) compared to those within their second 90(50.8%) and third trimester 3(75.0%) respectively. many pregnant women who start visiting ANC are already malaria positive and anaemic. While IPTp is not recommended until after quickening, an earlier start of LLIN usage, iron and folate supplementation, even before booking, may be beneficial. As the first step, health education strategies should emphasize early clinic attendance.
Field evidence for aseasonality of reproduction and colony size in the Afrotropical giant mole-rat Fukomys mechowii (Rodentia: Bathyergidae)

ABSTRACT The giant mole-rat, Fukomys mechowii is a cooperatively breeding subterranean mole-rat exhibiting a reproductive division of labour in which usually one, or occasionally two, females are responsible for procreation. In a field study that involved complete excavation of 32 burrow systems, mean colony size was 9.9 individuals (range 7–16). Pregnant reproductive females were found throughout the study period (September 2005 until June 2006), supporting preliminary evidence that reproduction occurs throughout the year. Of the 32 colonies sampled, 10 of 14 in which the reproductive female could be identified as pregnant contained a single reproductive female, while four had two females breeding simultaneously (plural breeding). The population sex ratio was skewed towards females at 1:1.46. Autopsy of pregnant reproductive females (n = 18) revealed that the production of two (10/18 pregnancies) or three (7/18) offspring was the norm, with one case of four embryos being present. These new data increase our fragmentary knowledge of the natural history of this little-studied species.
Profitability index for sires.

Abstract A profitability index for evaluation of sires on predicted lifetime production of daughters and their progeny was developed from sire evaluations for milk yield, fat yield, and stay ability. Indexes of milk and stayability for first lactations were used to calculate proofs for stayability in later lactations. Predicted milk yields were adjusted to the actual age when the records would be made. Breed averages, which are required for the procedure, were calculated from records of daughters of 1192 Holstein-Friesian sires in the Northeast Artificial Insemination Sire Comparison. Proofs for stayability through the first lactation and indexes for stayability in later lactations were used to describe opportunities for genes of the sire to be expressed in a specified year of first or later generations over 15 periods, 13-mo each. These opportunities, when discounted and summed, give the expected number of lactations from one conception. Multiplying the expected number of lactations by milk and fat proofs and net profits per kilogram estimates total economic returns from a single conception. Examples show that stayability may be important in evaluation of sires. The correlation between milk proof and economic evaluation was only . 77.
Organic matter input and processing in two contrasting North Sea sediments: insights from stable isotope and biomass data

Organic matter input and processing was studied in 2 contrasting sediments (Stn 115FINE and Stn 330COARSE) in the southern North Sea. The sediments are subjected to similar hydrodynamic conditions, but Stn 115FINE underlies a high turbidity zone, making it a fine, low-permeability sedi- ment. Monthly data on chlorophyll a (chl a), δ 13 C and δ 15 N of particulate organic matter in the water column and sediment showed that the algal spring bloom deposition created a strong vertical gradi- ent of sedimentary chl a at Stn 115FINE. Macrobenthic biomass (78 ± 60 g C m -2 , mean ± SD) was dom- inated by suspension feeders, suggesting biological mediation of the organic matter input. In con- trast, the offshore Stn 330COARSE is a coarse, high-permeability sediment in which chl a penetrated centimeters deep due to physically mediated input. The macrobenthic community, low in biomass (3.8 ± 2.4 g C m -2 ), was dominated by mobile polychaetes and epibenthic amphipods, which is char- acteristic of physically disturbed sediments. Overall, sediment characteristics played an important but indirect role in the organic matter input and processing. At Stn 115FINE, a large macrobenthic com- munity developed that mediated the input of organic matter to the sediment through herbivore and predatory pathways. At Stn 330COARSE, in contrast, organic matter input seemed to be dominated by physical processes. Overall, the fraction of algal carbon degraded in the sediment was higher at Stn 115FINE than at Stn 330COARSE, indicating that the physical input at Stn 330COARSE was less efficient than the biological input at Stn 115FINE.
Two approaches to supermanifolds

The problem of supplying an analogue of a manifold whose sheaf of functions contains anticommuting elements has been approached in two ways. Either one extends the sheaf of functions formally, as in the category of graded manifolds [3], [8], or one mimicks the usual definition of a manifold, having replaced Eucidean space with a suitable product of the odd and even parts of an exterior algebra as in the category of supermanifolds [6]. This paper establishes the equivalence of the category of supermanifolds with the category of graded manifolds. Introduction. Supermanifolds or graded manifolds were defined to provide a "space" whose "functions" would include anticommuting elements. There have been two approaches to the definition of these objects, emerging from two approaches to the study of the geometry of a manifold. Traditionally, the differential geometer regards the space itself as the primary object, but it is also possible to take the algebraic geometer's point of view and study the geometry of the space through the algebraic structure of its sheaf of functions. Supermanifolds as defined by de Witt [6] for example, follows the first approach, while graded manifolds, as defined by Kostant [8] are inspired by the algebraic geometer's approach. The purpose of this paper is to establish the equivalence of the category of supermanifolds with the category of graded manifolds. In the first section, basic definitions are given and the main theorem is stated. Smooth maps on "super-Euclidean space" are constructed in ? 2, and the proof of the equivalence theorem is given in ? 3. I would like to thank Professor S. Stemnberg for bringing de Witt's work to my attention, and for subsequent discussions, and also Carolyn Schroeder for her help in finding the "right" definition for smooth maps on super-Euclidean space. 1. Definitions and results. All algebras and vector spaces are over the real numbers, although similar constructions could be carried out using complex numbers. All (ordinary) manifolds are considered to be real, smooth, Hausdorff paracompact manifolds. 1.1. DEFINITION. An algebra A is called a Z2-graded algebra (or simply a graded algebra) if A can be written as a direct sum of linear subspaces A = AO @1 A1 such that AiAj c Ai+j(mod2). Received by the editors March 28, 1979. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 58A05.
Proposing a Conceptual Model for Teacher Expertise in ELT

Interest in expertise studies has been shown from the beginning of 21st century so far in quite many fields including art, music, chess, medical sciences, etc. Just recently, applied linguistics has joint this new wave of research and this was an inspiration for conducting the present research. Since the early twenty-first century, expertise studies have been undertaken in a large number of domains. Applied linguistics is relatively a newcomer to the list which makes any study aiming to cast light on some aspect of expertise in this domain worth considering. In the present study, a model is proposed for the construct of teaching expertise in ELT comprised of 8 interrelated factors. Based on a perusal of previous research on expertise in education and the thought patterns and behavior of exemplary teachers of English language these factors were extracted. The direct or indirect effect of each factor on the latent variable, teaching expertise, is indicated in the model. For further content validation, 20 specialists of the field were interviewed. These specialists included university professors of applied linguistics, teacher educators, teacher trainers at the private sector, mentor teachers and experienced teachers. The 8 factors which were extracted from prior research and interviewees’ remarks include: teacher’s language proficiency, pedagogical content knowledge, social recognition, cognitive skills, experience, professional development, contextual knowledge, and learner-centered teaching. These are perceived to be the key constituents of teaching expertise in ELT. This model is aimed to be later used as a basis for developing an instrument for operationalizing the construct of teacher expertise in ELT.
Gravitational wave estimation with bayesian compressed sensing and machine learning

The worldwide excitement that LIGO’s (advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory) February announcement made has refocused the attention of many scientists and experts [1], considering Einstein’s theory of General Relativity (GR) was put forward 100 years ago [2]. Gravitational waves (GWs) are oscillations of space time produced by a changing mass distribution (like two stars orbiting around each other) or by a massive energy release (like supernova explosions). They are a consequence of GR and were first predicted by A. Einstein. Until recently, GW were not possible to detect due to technological limitations. Experimental equipment is needed to be able to detect changes in length down to 10−20 meters. On top of this technical challenge, there was a mathematical challenge to fit the measured data with Einstein’s GR model on the fly. Of the initial attempts to solve the Einstein equations only solutions were found for only certain cases due to the nonlinear nature of Einstein’s GR model. Post Newtonian (PN) theory provides approximations to GW, and Numerical Relativity (NR) provide ‘exact solutions’, but both provide different kind of GW waveform models. Numerical solutions can still computationally expensive, even for supercomputers, this meant that there was need to further reduce the models without any significant loss of accuracy. For detection and analysis we need to compute a bank of theoretical templates, i.e. waveform models, we need around 105 templates, but it depends on the number of parameters employed to compute the waveform and the region of parameter space to explore. Once the bank is computed we cross-correlate each signal with the data stream from the detector. The longer the and more complex the signal is the more expensive this process is and there is need for fast and accurate methods for GW analysis. The work presented here will be a preliminary study to improve previous works [3, 4] using applied mathematical techniques like bayesian compressed sensing and machine learning techniques. These techniques come from previous work done on sparse bayesian modelling as exemplified by the relevance vector machine [5]. The previous work begins by dividing the computation into an ‘offline’ portion, a ‘start up’ portion, and an ‘online’ portion. The ‘offline’ portion takes more time to set up the system for fitting the data, but in the end it makes the ‘online’ time significantly shorter. The method considers the fact that the parameter space is too large to consider so rather than evaluating a parameter space with 1035 possibilities, for every frequency in the frequency space some key assumptions are made. Firstly, only coalescing binary systems are considered because they produce the strongest (highest amplitude) GWs. The parameter space is then further reduced by considering
Phytoplankton production modelling in three marine ecosystems — static versus dynamic approach

Phytoplankton productivity is usually determined from water samples incubated at a number of irradiance levels during several hours. The resultant productivity-irradiance ( P–E) curves are then used to estimate local and/or global phytoplankton production. However, there is growing evidence that these curves, referred as static, underestimate phytoplankton photosynthesis to a great deal, by assuming a stable response to light over the incubation period. One of the drawbacks of static P–E curves is the overestimation of photoinhibition. In this work, three one-dimensional vertically resolved models were developed as simply as possible, to investigate differences and an del), the of these to 72%) ption of a ulations its ic gbetween static and dynamic phytoplankton productivity in three marine ecosystems: a turbid estuary, a coastal area open ocean ecosystem. The results show that, when photoinhibition development time is considered (dynamic mo primary production estimates are always higher than when calculated with the static model. The quantitative importance differences varies with the type of ecosystem and it appears to be more important in coastal areas and estuaries (from 21 than in oceanic waters (10%). Thus, these results suggest that primary production estimates, obtained under the assum static behaviour response to light, may underestimate the real values of global phytoplankton primary production. Calc suggest that the quantitative importance of this underestimation may be larger than the global missing carbon sink. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Does the CO-to-H2 conversion factor depend on the star formation rate?

We present a series of numerical simulations that explore how the ‘X-factor’, XCO – the conversion factor between the observed integrated CO emission and the column density of molecular hydrogen – varies with the environmental conditions in which a molecular cloud is placed. Our investigation is centred around two environmental conditions in particular: the cosmic ray ionization rate (CRIR) and the strength of the interstellar radiation field (ISRF). Since both these properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) have their origins in massive stars, we make the assumption in this paper that both the strength of the ISRF and the CRIR scale linearly with the local star formation rate (SFR). The cloud modelling in this study first involves running numerical simulations that capture the cloud dynamics, as well as the time-dependent chemistry, and ISM heating and cooling. These simulations are then postprocessed with a line radiative transfer code to create synthetic 12CO (1–0) emission maps from which XCO can be calculated. We find that for 104 M virialized clouds with mean density 100 cm−3, XCO is only weakly dependent on the local SFR, varying by a factor of a few over 2 orders of magnitude in SFR. In contrast, we find that for similar clouds but with masses of 105 M, the X-factor will vary by an order of magnitude over the same range in SFR, implying that extragalactic star formation laws should be viewed with caution. However, for denser (104 cm−3), supervirial clouds such as those found at the centre of the Milky Way, the X-factor is once again independent of the local SFR.