Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
"Growth" in the theory of the firm: What role for entrepreneurship?

When explaining growth, the firm as its generator should be integrated into the theory. In this spirit, the aim of this paper is to connect growth theory to the theory of the firm. Since there is no such a link in neoclassical economics, we propose the Austrian economics as a framework to make a bridge, through the concept of entrepreneurship, between these two theories. We build our theory upon two concepts: the extended Kirznerian concept of entrepreneurship (Kirzner 1999) and those of physical and social technologies (Nelson 2002). Based on these, we differentiate between two types of entrepreneurship, both contributing to growth. The first is innovation which is an entrepreneurial act shifting the production possibility frontier (PPF) out. The second is spread which pushes the economy from an inefficient point towards an efficient one on the PPF. The essence of the firm in our theory resides in these two kinds of entrepreneurial acts.
INTEGRATION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY INTO EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICES FOR STUDENTS WITH EMOTIONAL AND CONDUCT DISORDERS IN CLASSROOM

Mobile technology (MT) may create new opportunities for teachers to enhance the implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) for students with emotional and conduct disorders (ECD) in United States. However, there remains a relative paucity of research reviewing the effectiveness of integrating MT into EBPs, also referred to as emerging practices (EPs). This integrative review provides a synthesis of the research on the effectiveness of EPs for students with ECD in the K-12 classroom environment. A total of 11 empirical studies, published from 2008 to 2018, were reviewed. Results suggest that EPs may increase academic engagement for students with ECD during academic situations. Yet, drawing conclusions remains challenging due to limitations in relation to: (a) the unique power of EPs in isolation from some interfering variables, (b) generalizability of documented findings to various settings. Future research studies should ideally further address the areas of limitation toward conclusive claims concerning the effectiveness of EPs for students with ECD. Keywords: conduct disorders, educational setting, emerging practices, emotional disorders, evidence-based practices, mobile technology.
The Impact of Female Education on Teenage Fertility: Evidence from Turkey

Abstract This paper explores the causal relationship between female education and teenage fertility by exploiting a change in the compulsory schooling law (CSL) in Turkey. Using variation in the exposure to the CSL across cohorts and variation across provinces by the intensity of additional classrooms constructed in the birth provinces as an instrumental variable, the results indicate that primary school completion reduces teenage fertility by 0.37 births and the incidence of teenage childbearing by around 28 percentage points. Exploring heterogeneous effects indicates that female education reduces teenage fertility more in provinces with lower population density and higher agricultural activity. This paper also disentangles intensive- and extensive-margin effects and explores various channels, such as postponing marriage and contraceptive use, linking education and fertility. Finally, this paper demonstrates that there are additional social benefits of education in terms of child health.
Changes in cerebral blood flow and carbohydrate metabolism during acute hyperketonemia.

During starvation, brain energy metabolism in humans changes toward oxidation of ketone bodies. To investigate if this shift is directly coupled to circulating blood concentrations of ketone bodies, we measured global cerebral blood flow (CBF) and global cerebral carbohydrate metabolism with the Kety-Schmidt technique before and during intravenous infusion with ketone bodies. During acute hyperketonemia (mean beta-hydroxybutyrate blood concentration 2.16 mM), cerebral uptake of ketones increased from 1.11 to 5.60 mumol.100 g-1.min-1, counterbalanced by an equivalent reduction of the cerebral glucose metabolism from 25.8 to 17.2 mumol.100 g-1.min-1, with the net result being an unchanged cerebral uptake of carbohydrates. In accordance with this, global cerebral oxygen metabolism was not significantly altered (144 vs. 135 mumol.100 g-1.min-1). The unchanged global cerebral metabolic activity was accompanied by a 39% increase in CBF from 51.0 to 70.9 ml.100 g-1.min-1. Regional analysis of the glucose metabolism by positron emission tomography-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose indicated that mesencephalon does not oxidize ketone bodies to the same extent as the rest of the brain. It was concluded that the immediate oxidation of ketone bodies induced a decrease in cerebral glucose uptake in spite of an adequate glucose supply to the brain. Furthermore, acute hyperketonemia caused a resetting of the coupling between CBF and metabolism that could not be explained by alterations in arterial CO2 tension or pH.
Effects of haloperidol and clozapine on Fos expression in the primate striatum

In cynomolgus monkeys, the typical neuroleptic haloperidol induced strong expression of the immediate early gene product Fos in both the nucleus accumbens shell and the dorsal striatum. In the caudate nucleus, haloperidol induced staining was more marked in the striosomes than the matrix. The atypical neuroleptic clozapine also induced Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens, but, in contrast to haloperidol, had only a small effect in the dorsal striatum. Additionally, clozapine was more potent than haloperidol at inducing Fos-like immunoreactivity in the islands of Calleja. These results are similar to those typically obtained in rodents, and suggest that the basic mechanisms underlying the regional specificity of the effects of atypical neuroleptics are likely be conserved between these two mammalian orders.
Intestinal transport of scutellarein and scutellarin and first-pass metabolism by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-mediated glucuronidation of scutellarein and hydrolysis of scutellarin

Scutellarin (SG) is a bioactive flavonoid used to treat cardiovascular disease. Scutellarein (S) is the aglycone form of SG. This study aimed to characterize their intestinal transport and first-pass metabolism by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-mediated glucuronidation and β-glucuronidase-mediated hydrolysis. Results showed that S is more readily passed through Caco-2 cell monolayers by passive diffusion than SG. SG was the predominant metabolite of S, which was formed during the transportation of S across Caco-2 cell monolayers or following incubation of S with human microsomes. SG was extensively generated in human liver microsomes (HLMs), which was demonstrated by its higher catalyzing efficiency (Clint) in liver microsomes than in human intestinal microsomes (HIMs). Enzymatic kinetic analysis indicated that the catalyzing efficiency of UGT1A9 was the highest among the tested UGTs under the present experimental conditions, followed by UGT1A1 and UGT1A3. No significant P450-mediated hydroxylation of S was found. SG may be hydrolyzed into S in both HLMs and HIMs.
Neural substrates of inhibitory and emotional processing in adolescents with traumatic brain injury.

PURPOSE Disturbances of emotional regulation and social difficulties are common in children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Recent research suggests that developments within ``socio-emotional'' brain systems during early adolescence and more protracted development of "cognitive control'' systems have implications for emotional and behavioral regulation during adolescence. However, few functional neuroimaging studies have directly examined the interaction of these neuropsychological processes in adolescents with TBI. The current study examined how affective processing might modulate inhibitory processing in an Emotional Go/NoGo paradigm. METHOD The study uses a cross-sectional, age, gender, and maternal education matched design.A response inhibition paradigm (i.e., the Go/NoGo task with emotional faces) was used to examine emotional-cognition interaction in 11 adolescents with complicated mild to moderate TBI, at least 12 months post injury, and 14 typically-developing (TD) adolescents using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants saw adult facial expressions of emotions (happy, sad, fearful, and angry) and were instructed to respond (``go'') on all expressions other than angry (``no-go''). RESULTS Preliminary results (p= 0.001 uncorrected, cluster size = 50) showed higher levels of inhibition-related activation in TD adolescents than in adolescents with TBI in several brain regions including anterior cingulate and motor/premotor regions. CONCLUSION These results suggest that TBI in adolescence might alter brain activation patterns and interrupt the development of brain networks governing emotion-cognition interactions.
Quality of Work Life as a Predictor of Work Engagement among the Teaching Faculty at King Abdulaziz University

This study aimed to explore the relationship between quality of work life (QWL) as perceived by teaching faculty at King Abdulaziz University (KAU) and their work engagement (WE). Moreover, the study aimed to analyze how QWL dimensions might predict the faculty’s WE. Walton’s (1975) Criteria for QWL and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), developed by Schaufeli and Bakker (2003), were used to achieve the study’s objectives. The study’s participants comprised 299 teaching faculty members working in the different colleges at KAU. The findings indicated that the faculty was moderately satisfied with QWL at KAU but they reported relatively high levels of WE. The findings showed that QWL and its dimensions are all positively correlated with the WE of the faculty at KAU. Findings also provided evidence that two factors of QWL (development of human capabilities and social relevance) were the only significant predictors of the faculty’s WE.
Comparison of Cak1p-like Cyclin-dependent Kinase-activating Kinases*

Cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) coordinate progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle and require phosphorylation by a cdk-activating kinase (CAK) for full activity. In most eukaryotes Cdk7 is the catalytic subunit of a heterotrimeric CAK (Cdk7-cyclin H-Mat1) that is also involved in transcription as part of the transcription factor IIH complex. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae CAK, Cak1p, is a monomeric protein kinase with an atypical sequence and unusual biochemical properties compared with trimeric CAKs and other protein kinases. We sought to determine whether these properties were shared by a small group of monomeric CAKs that can function in place of CAK1 in S. cerevisiae. We found that Schizosaccharomyces pombe Csk1, Candida albicans Cak1, and Arabidopsis thaliana Cak1At, like Cak1p, all displayed a preference for cyclin-free cdk substrates, were insensitive to the protein kinase inhibitor 5′-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine (FSBA), and were insensitive to mutation of a highly conserved lysine residue found in the nucleotide binding pocket of all protein kinases. The S. pombe andC. albicans kinases also resembled Cak1p in their kinetics of nucleotide and protein substrate utilization. Conservation of these unusual properties in fungi and plants points to shared evolutionary requirements not met by Cdk7 and raises the possibility of developing antifungal agents targeting CAKs.
Adjuvant trans-arterial chemoembolization after hepatectomy significantly improves the prognosis of low-risk patients with R0-stage hepatocellular carcinoma

Background: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is one of the local therapies most commonly used to treat intermediate-stage or advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the clinical benefits of PA-TACE (postoperative adjuvant TACE) for improving prognosis (progress-free survival [PFS] or overall survival [OS]) of low-risk HCC patients with R0-stage HCC after hepatectomy were not very clear. Methods: From January 2005 to December 2012, 180 patients who underwent hepatectomy for HCC treatment were enrolled in this study, and the follow-up of these patients was ended in December 2017. Among these patients, 102 patients were performed PA-TACE 1 month later after R0 hepatectomy and 78 patients without adjuvant TACE after R0 hepatectomy. Survival analysis was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier statistical method. Differences between survival curves of different groups were tested using the univariate log-rank test. Multivariate Cox model was used to search for independent prognostic factors for progression or death and to acquire the adjusted HR. Results: PA-TACE significantly improved the survival of HCC patients received surgical resection. The PFS (progress-free survival) of PA-TACE group (median PFS 52.0 months; 95% CI: 14.0–90.0) was significantly longer than the control group (median PFS 11.1 months; 95% CI: [7.9–14.3]; log-rank P<0.001); and the OS (in PA-TACE group (median OS 90.7 months; 95% CI: 84.4–97.0 months) was also much longer than that of control group (median OS 54.4 months; 95% CI: 38.2–70.6 months; log-rank p<0.001). Moreover, the benefits of PA-TACE are greater for low-risk patients than high-risk patients. Conclusion: In patients with HCC, PA-TACE can significantly prolong progression-free survival and long-term OS. For low-risk patients, the benefits might be greater.
Craniofacial growth studies in orthodontic research — lessons, considerations and controversies

Abstract The distinguishing features of Class I, Class II and Class III craniofacial growth have been subjects of orthodontic research since the middle of the 20th century. However, the moral and practical issues related to studying craniofacial growth in modern times have presented unresolved challenges to researchers. While previous longitudinal growth investigations are typically based on historical data sets, the cephalometric growth studies of contemporary populations must now rely on cross-sectional data. Furthermore, clinical orthodontic research has faced similar ethical challenges in which therapeutic outcomes are analysed using historical control data. These limitations, amongst others, have obscured the conclusions that can be drawn from both types of studies. This article begins with a review of the defining characteristics of Class I, Class II and Class III growth and then explores the limitations of growth studies and the use of historical control groups in orthodontic research.
Molecular and Physiological Analysis of Drought Stress in Arabidopsis Reveals Early Responses Leading to Acclimation in Plant Growth1[C][W][OA]

Plant drought stress response and resistance are complex biological processes that need to be analyzed at a systems level using genomics and physiological approaches to dissect experimental models that address drought stresses encountered by crops in the field. Toward this goal, a controlled, sublethal, moderate drought (mDr) treatment system was developed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) as a reproducible assay for the dissection of plant responses to drought. The drought assay was validated using Arabidopsis mutants in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signaling displaying drought sensitivity and in jasmonate response mutants showing drought resistance, indicating the crucial role of ABA and jasmonate signaling in drought response and acclimation. A comparative transcriptome analysis of soil water deficit drought stress treatments revealed the similarity of early-stage mDr to progressive drought, identifying common and specific stress-responsive genes and their promoter cis-regulatory elements. The dissection of mDr stress responses using a time-course analysis of biochemical, physiological, and molecular processes revealed early accumulation of ABA and induction of associated signaling genes, coinciding with a decrease in stomatal conductance as an early avoidance response to drought stress. This is accompanied by a peak in the expression of expansin genes involved in cell wall expansion, as a preparatory step toward drought acclimation by the adjustment of the cell wall. The time-course analysis of mDr provides a model with three stages of plant responses: an early priming and preconditioning stage, followed by an intermediate stage preparatory for acclimation, and a late stage of new homeostasis with reduced growth.
Assessment of MALDI-TOF MS biotyping for Borrelia burgdorferi sl detection in Ixodes ricinus

Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been demonstrated to be useful for tick identification at the species level. More recently, this tool has been successfully applied for the detection of bacterial pathogens directly in tick vectors. The present work has assessed the detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus tick vector by MALDI-TOF MS. To this aim, experimental infection model of I. ricinus ticks by B. afzelii was carried out and specimens collected in the field were also included in the study. Borrelia infectious status of I. ricinus ticks was molecularly controlled using half-idiosome to classify specimens. Among the 39 ticks engorged on infected mice, 14 were confirmed to be infected by B. afzelii. For field collection, 14.8% (n = 12/81) I. ricinus ticks were validated molecularly as infected by B. burgdorferi sl. To determine the body part allowing the detection of MS protein profile changes between non-infected and B. afzelii infected specimens, ticks were dissected in three compartments (i.e. 4 legs, capitulum and half-idiosome) prior to MS analysis. Highly reproducible MS spectra were obtained for I. ricinus ticks according to the compartment tested and their infectious status. However, no MS profile change was found when paired body part comparison between non-infected and B. afzelii infected specimens was made. Statistical analyses did not succeed to discover, per body part, specific MS peaks distinguishing Borrelia-infected from non-infected ticks whatever their origins, laboratory reared or field collected. Despite the unsuccessful of MALDI-TOF MS to classify tick specimens according to their B. afzelii infectious status, this proteomic tool remains a promising method for rapid, economic and accurate identification of tick species. Moreover, the singularity of MS spectra between legs and half-idiosome of I. ricinus could be used to reinforce this proteomic identification by submission of both these compartments to MS.
The Lignan Pinoresinol Induces Nuclear Translocation of DAF‐16 in Caenorhabditis elegans but has No Effect on Life Span

The lignan pinoresinol is a constituent of flaxseed, sesame seeds and olive oil. Because of different molecular effects reported for this compound, e.g. antioxidative activity, pinoresinol is suggested to cause positive effects on humans. Because experimental data are limited, we have analysed the effects of the lignan on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: in spite of a strong antioxidative capacity detected in an in vitro assay, no antioxidative effects were detectable in vivo. In analogy to this result, no modulation of the sensitivity against thermal stress was detectable. However, incubation with pinoresinol caused an enhanced nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor DAF‐16 (insulin/IGF‐like signalling pathway). Using a strain with an enhanced oxidative stress level (mev‐1 mutant), we clearly see an increase in stress resistance caused by this lignan, but no change in reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of pinoresinol on the life span of the nematode, but no modulation was found, neither in wild‐type nor in mev‐1 mutant nematodes. These results suggest that pinoresinol may exert pharmacologically interesting effects via modulation of the insulin‐like signalling pathway in C. elegans as well as in other species like mammals due to the evolutionary conservation of this signalling pathway. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell blocks of breast FNAs frequently allow diagnosis of invasion or histological classification of proliferative changes

Two major limitations of breast fine needle aspiration (FNA) compared with core needle biopsies (CNB) are the inability to determine whether a cancer is invasive and to classify proliferative lesions. We studied 40 consecutive “rapid cell blocks” from breast FNAs with surgical pathology follow‐up to test whether cell blocks can overcome these limitations. Of 25 carcinomas, invasion could be identified in the cell block sections in 11 (44%). One cystosarcoma phyllodes was suspected based on the cell block sections. Cell blocks from 12 of 14 benign breast FNAs showed sufficient cells to assign a histologic diagnosis of no hyperplasia (1 case, confirmed on follow‐up) and usual hyperplasia (11 cases; confirmed in eight of 11 on follow‐up). Specific histologic diagnoses included intraductal papilloma (2 cases), and in situ lobular neoplasia (2 cases). Cell blocks complement smears and monolayers and appear to overcome major limitations of breast FNA. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:263–269. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
For god and states' rights: euthanasia in the Senate

When Federal Parliament debated the Et/thanasia Laws Bill 1996 (the so-called 'Andrews Bill'), which overturned the Northern Territory Rights of the Terminally III Act 1995, many saw the crucial issue as the Northern Territory's freedom to determine its own legislative directions autonomously. As public debate developed, at least three additional themes became prominent. The first was the moral justifiability of euthanasia: some who might otherwise have supported Territory rights came out against the bill on the grounds that euthanasia was a greater evil than denying sovereignty to Territorians, while others, opposed to euthanasia, nevertheless supported the bill on the ground of Territory autonomy. The second was about representation: given that Australian opinion polls consistently show around seventy per cent of the population in favour of active voluntary euthanasia, a number of observers questioned the right of politicians, many of whom had been elected without their opinions on euthanasia being known to the electorate, to overturn legislation which prima facie reflected public feeling. The third theme to emerge in discussion of the bill concerned a perception that the move to overturn the Territory's Act was the product of a well-organised campaign on the part of religious conservatives. It is this theme which forms the topic of the present discussion.
An improved simulation model for photovoltaic cell

The photovoltaic (PV) system design of a balance of system includes design of a solar module, a battery, an inverter and a charge controller. The study of electrical response of a solar module is important, since it decides the key design parameters. This paper presents an overview and comparative study of electrical response of few existing PV models. A more reliable and accurate model for predicting the PV module output is developed using MATLAB which compensate the temperature effect on series and parallel resistance of the cell. An experiment was carried out to obtain the current voltage (I-V) characteristics for a particular typical 3W module. All simulation results are compared to experimental results. The simulation result of the proposed model shows good match with the experimental results.