Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Institutions and Cooperation in an Ecology of Games

Social dilemmas have long been studied formally as cooperation games that pit individual gains against those of the group. In the real world, individuals face an ecology of games where they play many such games simultaneously, often with overlapping co-players. Here, we study an agent-based model of an ecology of public goods games and compare the effectiveness of two institutional mechanisms for promoting cooperation: a simple institution of limited group size (capacity constraints) and a reputational institution based on observed behavior. Reputation is shown to allow much higher relative payoffs for cooperators than do capacity constraints, but only if (1) the rate of reputational information flow is fast enough relative to the rate of social mobility, and (2) cooperators are relatively common in the population. When these conditions are not met, capacity constraints are more effective at protecting the interests of cooperators. Because of the simplicity of the limited-group-size rule, capacity constraints can also generate social organization, which promotes cooperation much more quickly than can reputation. Our results are discussed in terms of both normative prescriptions and evolutionary theory regarding institutions that regulate cooperation. More broadly, the ecology-of-games approach developed here provides an adaptable modeling framework for studying a wide variety of problems in the social sciences.
The Effects of Modes of Information Presentation on Decision-Making: A Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract:This study investigates the impact of modes of information presentation on information dimensions. Twenty-four published studies were reviewed. The results of sixteen of these were cumulated by application of meta-analysis technique. The ensuing results demonstrate that the bar presentation format is slightly better than the tabular one in terms of information precision; however, the face chart is superior to the tabular format with respect to relevancy, and the multicolor presentation is more relevant than the monocolor. In addition, two factors of influence (moderators) were verified. First, personality, which is classified as field-dependent and field-independent, acts as a moderator between color and information relevancy. Second, when comparing line graphical presentations with tabular, task environment has a moderate effect on both timesaving and precision.
Modeling language with structured penalties. (Modélisation du langage à l'aide de pénalités structurées)

La modelisation de la langue naturelle est l? un des defis fondamentaux de l? intelligence artificielle et de la conception de systemes interactifs, avec applications dans les systemes de dialogue, la generation de texte et la traduction automatique. Nous proposons un modele log-lineaire discriminatif donnant la distribution des mots qui suivent un contexte donne. En raison de la parcimonie des donnees, nous proposons un terme de penalite qui code correctement la structure de l? espace fonctionnel pour eviter le sur-apprentissage et d? ameliorer la generalisation, tout en capturant de maniere appropriee les dependances a long terme. Le resultat est un modele efficace qui capte suffisamment les dependances longues sans occasionner une forte augmentation des ressources en espace ou en temps. Dans un modele log-lineaire, les phases d? apprentissage et de tests deviennent de plus en plus cheres avec un nombre croissant de classes. Le nombre de classes dans un modele de langue est la taille du vocabulaire, qui est generalement tres importante. Une astuce courante consiste a appliquer le modele en deux etapes: la premiere etape identifie le cluster le plus probable et la seconde prend le mot le plus probable du cluster choisi. Cette idee peut etre generalisee a une hierarchie de plus grande profondeur avec plusieurs niveaux de regroupement. Cependant, la performance du systeme de classification hierarchique qui en resulte depend du domaine d? application et de la construction d? une bonne hierarchie. Nous etudions differentes strategies pour construire la hierarchie des categories de leurs observations.
Optimal foraging in seasonal environments: implications for residency of Australian flying foxes in food-subsidized urban landscapes

Bats provide important ecosystem services such as pollination of native forests; they are also a source of zoonotic pathogens for humans and domestic animals. Human-induced changes to native habitats may have created more opportunities for bats to reside in urban settings, thus decreasing pollination services to native forests and increasing opportunities for zoonotic transmission. In Australia, fruit bats (Pteropus spp. flying foxes) are increasingly inhabiting urban areas where they feed on anthropogenic food sources with nutritional characteristics and phenology that differ from native habitats. We use optimal foraging theory to investigate the relationship between bat residence time in a patch, the time it takes to search for a new patch (simulating loss of native habitat) and seasonal resource production. We show that it can be beneficial to reside in a patch, even when food productivity is low, as long as foraging intensity is low and the expected searching time is high. A small increase in the expected patch searching time greatly increases the residence time, suggesting nonlinear associations between patch residence and loss of seasonal native resources. We also found that sudden increases in resource consumption due to an influx of new bats has complex effects on patch departure times that again depend on expected searching times and seasonality. Our results suggest that the increased use of urban landscapes by bats may be a response to new spatial and temporal configurations of foraging opportunities. Given that bats are reservoir hosts of zoonotic diseases, our results provide a framework to study the effects of foraging ecology on disease dynamics. One contribution of 14 to a theme isssue ‘Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host–parasite dynamics in wildlife’.
Evaluation of Water Content in Lumbar Intervertebral Discs and Facet Joints Before and After Physiological Loading Using T2 Mapping MRI

Study Design. T2 mapping was used to quantify the water content of lumbar spine intervertebral discs (IVDs) and facet joints before and after physiological loading. Objective. The aim of this study was to clarify the interaction between lumbar spine IVD and facet joints as load-bearing structures by measuring the water content of their matrix after physiological loading using T2 mapping magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Summary of Background Data. To date, few reports have functionally evaluated lumbar spine IVD and facet joints, and their interaction in vivo. T2 mapping may help detect changes in the water content of IVD and articular cartilage of facet joints before and after physiological loading, thereby enabling the evaluation of changes in interacted water retention between IVD and facet joints. Methods. Twenty asymptomatic volunteers (10 female and 10 male volunteers; mean age, 19.3 years; age range, 19–20 years) underwent MRI before and after physiological loading such as lumbar flexion, extension, and rotation. Each IVD from L1/2 to L5/S1 was sliced at center of the disc space, and the T2 value was measured at the nucleus pulposus (NP), anterior annulus fibrosus (AF), posterior AF, and bilateral facet joints. Results. In the NP, T2 values significantly decreased after exercise at every lumbar spinal level. In the anterior AF, there were no significant differences in T2 values at any level. In the posterior AF, T2 values significantly increased only at L4/5. In the bilateral facet joints, T2 values significantly decreased after exercise at every level. Conclusion. There was a significant decrease in the water content of facet joints and the NP at every lumbar spinal level after dynamic loading by physical lumbar exercise. These changes appear to play an important and interactional role in the maintenance of the interstitial matrix in the IVD NP and cartilage in the facet joint. Level of Evidence: 3
COPD and human diaphragm muscle dimensions.

To assess the effect of COPD on diaphragm muscle dimensions, we measured diaphragm muscle mass, thickness, area, and lengths in 18 COPD patients at necropsy. We compared these results with data obtained from 22 non-COPD patients matched with regard to age, height, weight, and sex distribution. In the COPD patients, diaphragm muscle mass was 213 +/- SD 69 g, thickness was . 320 +/- . 055 cm, area was 647 +/- 160 cm2, coronal muscle length was 27.8 +/- 4.0 cm and sagittal muscle length was 15.8 +/- 2.8 cm. These values were within +/- 8 percent of the comparable values in the non-COPD patients, with no significant differences. There was no correlation between diaphragm length and lung volume in 13 COPD patients with TLC and ten with RV measurements. We conclude that over the range of lung volume encountered (TLC 135 +/- 28 percent predicted, RV 102 +/- 29 percent predicted TLC), there is no evidence for permanent shortening of the diaphragm.
A Study of Various Histopathological Features and their Relevance in Pathogenesis of Psoriasis

Background: The pathogenesis of psoriasis is still to be fully unraveled. The immunological theory with T cells at the centre of attraction and peripherally acting cytokines are the present favourites among aetiopathological factors. Histopathology of the skin lesions offers a good study model to understand the pathogenesis of this complex disease. Aims: To study the various histopathological parameters of psoriatic lesions, and to establish their correlation with the pathogenesis of the disorder. Materials and Methods: Eighty eight consecutive histopathologically proven cases of psoriasis were included in the study. Eight common histopathological parameters of psoriasis present in these biopsies were assessed and graded. We then statistically analyzed the relationship of the factors with one another and attempted to establish a better understanding of the pathogenesis of disease. Results: Significant correlations were found between degree of epidermal hyperplasia and inflammatory infiltrate, grade of inflammation and pustules of Kogoj, inflammatory infiltrate and grade of capillary proliferation as also between epidermal hyperplasia and the presence of parakeratosis. Conclusion: The study suggests that the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis is predominantly based on the inflammatory response. This is in consonance with other studies which have suggested that psoriasis is primarily a T lymphocyte based disease. Several treatment modalities are now based on this concept and it is hoped that the future treatment modalities will focus on the central role of inflammatory cells in the pathogenesis of this enigmatic disease.
Efficacy of Mitral Valve Repair as an Adjunct Procedure to Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Moderate Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Trials

Whether moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) should be repaired during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is still uncertain. This meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluated the efficacy of adding mitral valve repair (MVR) to CABG in patients with moderate IMR.
Intracellular Activation of Trypsinogen in Rat Pancreatic Acini After Supramaximal Secretagogue Stimulation: Cysteine Protease and Serine Protease Activity

Objective: The aim of the study was to explore the mechanism by which trypsinogen becomes activated during acute pancreatitis. Methods: Given the ability of cholecystokinin (CCK) to induce pancreatitis in vivo, the effects of high-dose CCK on preparations of isolated pancreatic acini were examined using immunofluorescence techniques for the detection of trypsinogen activation. Acini were pretreated with weak base or serine or cysteine protease inhibitors before CCK hyperstimulation. Results: CCK was found to stimulate the generation of trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP), a marker for trypsinogen processing. The generation of TAP was inhibited by pretreatment with a weak base, chloroquine (40 &mgr;mol/L). TAP generation was also inhibited by pretreatment with serine protease inhibitor FUT-175 (1 &mgr;mol/L) but not cysteine protease inhibitor E64 (0.1 mmol/L) or E64-d (0.1 mmol/L). Although treatment with a high dose of E64-d (1 mmol/L) reduced activation, it also caused cell injury. Conclusions: High-dose CCK stimulated the intracellular activation of trypsinogen within isolated pancreatic acini. This event appears to require an acidic subcellular compartment and serine protease activity. The role for thiol proteases in this model remains unclear.Abbreviations: Asp - aspartic acid, CA1 - carboxypeptidase A1, CCK - cholecystokinin, CCK-8 - cholecystokinin octapeptide, DMSO - dimethyl sulfoxide, EGTA - ethylene glycol-bis(&bgr;-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N&vprime;,N&vprime;-tetraacetic acid, HEPES - N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid, LDH - lactate dehydrogenase, Lys, lysine, PCA1 - procarboxypeptidase A1, PMSF - &agr;-phenyl-methyl sulfonyl fluoride, TAP - trypsinogen activation peptide
Unusual masturbatory practice as an etiological factor in the diagnosis and treatment of sexual dysfunction in young men.

INTRODUCTION Masturbation is a common sexual activity among people of all ages throughout life. It has been traditionally prohibited and judged as immoral and sinful by several religions. Although it is no longer perceived as a negative behavior, masturbation is often omitted in the diagnostic inquiry of patients with sexual problems. AIMS The aims of this study are to increase the awareness of clinicians to the importance of including questions regarding masturbatory habits in the process of sexual history taking, to analyze cases of male sexual dysfunction (SD) associated with unusual masturbatory practices, and to propose a practical tool for clinicians to diagnose and manage such problems. METHODS A clinical study of four cases that include a range of unusual masturbatory practices by young males who applied for sex therapy is described. An intervention plan involving specific questions in case history taking was devised. It was based on detailed understanding of each patient's masturbatory practice and its manifestation in his SD. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Effects of identifying and altering masturbatory practices on sexual function. RESULTS The four men described unusual and awkward masturbatory practices, each of which was associated with different kinds of SD. The unlearning of the masturbatory practices contributed notably to improvement of their sexual function. CONCLUSIONS The four cases in this study indicate that the detailed questioning of masturbatory habits is crucial for a thorough assessment and adequate treatment of sexual problems in men. We propose specific questions on masturbatory behavior as well as a diagnostic and therapeutic flowchart for physicians and sex therapists to address those problems.
Improving the translation of health promotion interventions using effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs in program evaluations.

Bridging the gap between research-based evidence and public health policy and practice is a considerable challenge to public health improvement this century, requiring a rethinking of conventional approaches to health research production and use. Traditionally the process of research translation has been viewed as linear and unidirectional, from epidemiological research to identify health problems and determinants, to efficacy and effectiveness trials and studies of strategies to maximise the implementation and dissemination of evidence-based interventions in practice. A criticism of this approach is the considerable time it takes to achieve translation of health research into practice. Hybrid evaluation designs provide one means of accelerating the research translation process by simultaneously collecting information regarding intervention impacts and implementation and dissemination strategy. However, few health promotion research trials employ such designs and often fail to report information to enable assessment of the feasibility and potential impact of implementation and dissemination strategies. In addition to intervention effects, policy makers and practitioners also want to know the impact of implementation strategies. This commentary will define the three categories of effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs, describe their application in health promotion evaluation, and discuss the potential implications of more systematic use of such designs for the translation of health promotion and evaluation.So what? Greater use of effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs may accelerate research translation by providing more practice- and policy-relevant information to end-users, more quickly.
Becker muscular dystrophy combined with x‐linked Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth neuropathy

A man was identified with two X‐chromosomal neuromuscular disorders, X‐linked Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMTX) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). The neuropathy could be tracked in the family and was found to be caused by a mutation in the connexin32 gene on Xq13.1. The muscular dystrophy was sporadic owing to a de novo deletion in the dystrophin gene located in band Xp21.2. Although these genetic alterations of the same X‐chromosome are considered as physically independent, their combination resulted in a unique phenotype with severe wasting of proximal as well as distal muscles and rapid progression of both conditions. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 23: 818–823, 2000
Subjective judgement in data subsetting: implications for CPUE standardisation and stock assessment of non-target chondrichthyans

Standardisation of catch-per-effort (CPUE) data is an essential component for nearly all stock assessments. The first step in CPUE standardisation is to separate the comparable from the non-comparable catch and effort records and this is normally done based on subjective rules. In the present study, we used catch-and-effort data from the elephant fish (Callorhinchus milii) to illustrate the differences in CPUE when using expert judgement to define different ad hoc selection criteria used to subset these data. The data subsets were then used in the standardisation of CPUE and the stock assessment of elephant fish. The catch-and-effort subsets produced different patterns of precision and trends, each of which led to different estimates (and related uncertainty) of model parameters and management reference points. For most CPUE series, there was a very high probability that the elephant fish stock is overexploited and that overfishing is occurring. The estimates of total allowable catch (TAC) and the uncertainty around these estimates also varied considerably depending on the CPUE series used. Our study shows how sensitive TAC estimation is when there is high uncertainty in the definition of the fishing effort targeted at the species analysed.
Micturition and the soul

There is a close connection between micturition and emotion. Several species use micturition to signal important messages as territorial demarcation and sexual attraction. For this reason, micturition is coordinated not in the spinal cord but in the brainstem, where it is closely connected with the limbic system. In cat, bladder afferents terminate in a cell group in the lateral dorsal horn and lateral part of the intermediate zone. Neurons in this cell group project to supraspinal levels, not to the thalamus but to the central periaqueductal gray (PAG). Neurons in the lateral PAG, not receiving direct sacral cord afferents, project to the pontine micturition center (PMC). The PMC projects directly to the parasympathetic bladder motoneurons and to sacral GABA‐ergic and glycinergic premotor interneurons that inhibit motoneurons in Onuf's nucleus innervating the external striated bladder sphincter. Thus, PMC stimulation causes bladder contraction and bladder sphincter relaxation, i.e., complete micturition. Other than the PAG, only the preoptic area and a cell group in the caudal hypothalamus project directly to the PMC. The ventromedial upper medullary tegmentum also sends projections to the PMC, but they are diffuse and also involve structures that adjoin the PMC. Neuroimaging studies in humans suggest that the systems controlling micturition in cat and human are very similar. It seems that the many structures in the brain that are known to influence micturition use the PAG as relay to the PMC. This basic organization has to be kept in mind in the fight against overactive bladder (OAB) and urge‐incontinence. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:15–20, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: utility of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging in the detection of cortical and subcortical lesions.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is typically characterized by headache, altered mental functioning, seizures, and visual loss associated with imaging findings of bilateral subcortical and cortical edema with a predominantly posterior distribution. Our goal was to determine whether fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging improves the ability to detect subtle peripheral lesions of PRES, as compared with conventional MR techniques. METHODS Sixteen patients with clinical and imaging findings consistent with PRES were studied. Thirteen patients had undergone transplantation and had cyclosporin A neurotoxicity. Fast-FLAIR images were compared with spin-echo proton density- and T2-weighted images. RESULTS FLAIR imaging improved diagnostic confidence and conspicuity of the T2 hyperintense lesions of PRES, typically in the subcortical white matter of the parietooccipital regions bilaterally. On all 23 abnormal MR studies, FLAIR was judged superior to proton density- and T2-weighted images for the detection of PRES in the supratentorial brain. In a mean of 6.7 of 23 studies, FLAIR findings prompted a raise in the grade of disease severity. FLAIR also showed cortical involvement in 94% of patients with PRES and in a mean of 46% of the total lesion burden. In four cases, subtle lesions were virtually undetectable without FLAIR. Brain stem or cerebellar disease was encountered in 56% of patients. CONCLUSION FLAIR improves the ability to diagnose and detect subcortical and cortical lesions in PRES as compared with proton density- and T2-weighted spin-echo images. We therefore believe that FLAIR should be performed in patients with suspected PRES to allow more confident recognition of the often subtle imaging abnormalities.