Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The cohomology of the moduli space of curves at infinite level

Full level-n structures on smooth, complex curves are trivializations of the n-torsion points of their Jacobians. We give an algebraic proof that the etale cohomology of the moduli space of smooth, complex curves of genus at least 2 with "infinite level structure" vanishes in degrees above 4g-5. This yields a new perspective on a result of Harer who showed such vanishing already at finite level via topological methods. We obtain similar results for moduli spaces of stable curves and curves of compact type which are not covered by Harer's methods. The key ingredients in the proof are a vanishing statement for certain constructible sheaves on perfectoid spaces and a comparison of the etale cohomology of different towers of Deligne-Mumford stacks in the presence of ramification.
Effect of Various Levels of Protein in Diet Based on Total and

It is well known that not all of the amino acids in feed stuffs are digested by the bird and become available for protein synthesis. It is also known that there is considerable variation between and often within, protein sources of individual amino acids within a feedstuff may differ considerably. The vegetable proteins are the major protein source in poultry feed. Their inclusion to poultry feed is 28% and accounts for about 33.5% of the total feed cost in commercial poultry (Sarwar et al. 2002). Thus, it is important to know which level of dietary protein is suitable for broiler performance. There have been a number of papers demonstrating the advantages of using digestible rather than total amino acids to formulate broiler diets. These have generally used poor quality ingredients in large amounts, such as cottonseed meal (Fernandez et al. 1995), or over-processed meals (Fernandez and Parsons, 1996) to demonstrate an advantage. There are very few published papers that have demonstrated a significant improvement in practical diets for layers and for broilers formulated on the basis of digestible amino acids when several conventional dietary ingredients have been combined (Dari et al. 2005; Ayasan et al. 2009). The purpose of this experiment is to test the hypothesis that H. Ghorbanali, A. Zarei and H. Noruzian
Partitionable sets, almost partitionable sets, and their applications

This paper introduces almost partitionable sets (APSs) to generalize the known concept of partitionable sets. These notions provide a unified frame to construct Z ‐cyclic patterned starter whist tournaments and cyclic balanced sampling plans excluding contiguous units. The existences of partitionable sets and APSs are investigated. As an application, a large number of optical orthogonal codes achieving the Johnson bound or the Johnson bound minus one are constructed.
The Values of Prothrombin Time among HIV Positive Patients in FMC Owerri

Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate or breast milk of the infected person to HIV free person. Within these body fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. The four major routes of transmission are unsafe sex, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth (perinatal transmission). (Fox et al., 1992). Viruses such as HIV cannot grow or reproduce on their own, the need to infect the cells of a living organism in order to replicate. The human immune system usually detects and kills viruses fairly quickly, but HIV attacks the immune system itself, the very thing that would normally get rid of the virus. (Ascher et al., 1990) ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 4 (2015) pp. 911-916 http://www.ijcmas. com
Acta Polytechnica

Whichever the application field, every material forming process generates residual stresses on the surface. While they are likely to enhance the aimed properties of the final mechanical part, these stresses may also drastically reduce them and result in early failures. Therefore, understanding the residual stress state remains a major challenge when coating complex parts, especially as most characterization methods at the microscopic scale involve specific sample preparation procedures which may affect the residual stresses field. This work investigates the residual stress state that exists in chromium oxide coatings deposited via Atmospheric Plasma Spray (APS), using two pioneering techniques featuring high spatial resolution: Scanning Microwave Microscopy and Raman MicroSpectroscopy. The first technique combines the measurement of microwave electromagnetic capacities of a Vector Network Analyzer with the subnanometric resolution of an Atomic Force Microscope: it thus enables performing depth investigations at very accurately defined positions of the probe on the surface. The second technique relies on the principle of photons inelastic scattering and involves a laser beam aiming at the material sample: it allows a fine characterization of the microstructure as well as defects and stresses detection via molecular vibratory signatures. The investigation scale is limited here to a few cubic micrometers. Due to the highly localized scales of our investigations, which also depend on the device, the objective of our procedure required that the comparison should be made not on individual points but on definite mapped areas, every spot being analyzed and post-treated one after another, with optimum measuring parameters. Results have been correlated with XRD measurements to cross-check the average amount of stress observed over a wider area.
EPITHELIAL HYPERPLASTIC LARYNGEAL LESIONS: AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH WORK IN SLOVENIA AND FURTHER PROSPECTS DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF PROFESSOR VINKO KAMBIČ EPITELIJSKE HIPERPLASTIČNE SPREMEMBE SLUZNICE GRLA: PREGLED RAZISKOVALNEGA DELA V SLOVENIJI IN POGLEDI V PRIHODNOST

The article, dedicated to the memory of Professor Vinko Kambic, provides a review of research work on epithe- lial hyperplastic laryngeal lesions (EHLL) in Slovenia. It is large- ly thanks to Professor Kambic, who recognized the importance of these challenging problems in laryngology more than three decades ago and studied them systematically throughout his long professional career. His views on etiology, histomorpho- logic classification with terminological problems and modali- ties of treatment of EHLL, have been published worldwide, in- ternationally accepted and supported by the European Soci- ety of Pathology. Among his greatest achievements, an original histologic grad- ing system of EHLL, the Kambic-Lenart classification, has to be highlighted. The classification, which was further supplement- ed by the members of the Working group on EHLL of the Euro- pean Society of Pathology in 1997 and renamed the Ljubljana classification, was devised to cater to specific laryngeal issues. This grading system has been found to be more precise for daily diagnostic work than other classifications and provides data closely correlated to the biological behaviour of the le- sions. The results confirm that the central focus of the Ljublja- na classification is atypical (or risky) epithelium. For practi- cal purposes, the Ljubljana classification has been based sole- ly on pathohistological criteria of traditional light microscopy. However, for diagnostically difficult cases and when the bio- logical behaviour of recurrent precancerous lesions is to be assessed, additional sophisticated techniques can be of help. Professor Kambic's team of collaborators owes him a debt of sincere thanks for his long years of teaching, watchful guid- ance of scientific work, and sincere friendship. With the deep- est sense of appreciation for what Professor Kambic did for the development, progress and international recognition of the entire research work of EHLL in Slovenia, we will certainly continue to follow his scientific guidance and his visions of the
A comparison of milk fatty acid profile among three different dairy production systems in Los Ríos District, Chile

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar tres sistemas distintos de produccion lechera en la Region de Los Rios, Chile, con enfasis en el perfil de acidos grasos de la leche. Para ello se seleccionaron nueve predios representativos sobre la base de una encuesta y se clasificaron en tres sistemas de produccion: pastoril (GS), mixto (MX) y racion totalmente mezclada (TMR). Muestras de leche de estanque se obtuvieron mensualmente durante 18 meses, para su posterior analisis de composicion de leche y perfil de acidos grasos. Los sistemas pastoril y mixto tuvieron la mayor concentracion de acidos grasos n-3 y acido rumenico, lo que se asocio al alto consumo de pradera. Las muestras de leche de los sistemas pastoril y mixto tuvieron mas del doble de acido rumenico que la leche del sistema TMR al final del invierno y durante la primavera. Estos resultados concuerdan con estudios previos que mostraron altas concentraciones de acidos grasos beneficiosos para la salud en leche de sistemas pastoriles.
Angular Correlation Function Estimators Accounting for Contamination from Probabilistic Distance Measurements

With the advent of surveys containing millions to billions of galaxies, it is imperative to develop analysis techniques that utilize the available statistical power. In galaxy clustering, even small sample contamination arising from distance uncertainties can lead to large artifacts, which the standard estimator for two-point correlation functions does not account for. We first introduce a formalism, termed decontamination, that corrects for sample contamination by utilizing the observed cross-correlations in the contaminated samples; this corrects any correlation function estimator for contamination. Using this formalism, we present a new estimator that uses the standard estimator to measure correlation functions in the contaminated samples but then corrects for contamination. We also introduce a weighted estimator that assigns each galaxy a weight in each redshift bin based on its probability of being in that bin. We demonstrate that these estimators effectively recover the true correlation functions and their covariance matrices. Our estimators can correct for sample contamination caused by misclassification between object types as well as photometric redshifts; they should be particularly helpful for studies of galaxy evolution and baryonic acoustic oscillations, where forward modeling the clustering signal using the contaminated redshift distribution is undesirable.
Convergence Analysis of a Momentum Algorithm with Adaptive Step Size for Non Convex Optimization

Although ADAM is a very popular algorithm for optimizing the weights of neural networks, it has been recently shown that it can diverge even in simple convex optimization examples. Several variants of ADAM have been proposed to circumvent this convergence issue. In this work, we study the ADAM algorithm for smooth nonconvex optimization under a boundedness assumption on the adaptive learning rate. The bound on the adaptive step size depends on the Lipschitz constant of the gradient of the objective function and provides safe theoretical adaptive step sizes. Under this boundedness assumption, we show a novel first order convergence rate result in both deterministic and stochastic contexts. Furthermore, we establish convergence rates of the function value sequence using the Kurdyka-Łojasiewicz property.
Exploring the high-mass end of the stellar mass function of star-forming galaxies at cosmic noon

We present the high-mass end of the galaxy stellar mass function using the largest sample to date (5352) of star-forming galaxies with M⋆ > 1011 M⊙ at cosmic noon, 1.5 < z < 3.5. This sample is uniformly selected across 17.2 deg2 (∼0.44 Gpc3 comoving volume from 1.5 < z < 3.5), mitigating the effects of cosmic variance and encompassing a wide range of environments. This area, a factor of 10 larger than previous studies, provides robust statistics at the high-mass end. Using multiwavelength data in the Spitzer/HETDEX Exploratory Large Area (SHELA) footprint, we find that the SHELA footprint star-forming galaxy stellar mass function is steeply declining at the high-mass end probing values as high as ∼10−4 Mpc3 dex−1 and as low as ∼5 × 10−8 Mpc3 dex−1 across a stellar mass range of log(M⋆/M⊙) ∼ 11–12. We compare our empirical star-forming galaxy stellar mass function at the high-mass end to three types of numerical models: hydrodynamical models from IllustrisTNG, abundance matching from the UniverseMachine, and three different semi-analytical models (SAMs; SAG, SAGE, GALACTICUS). At redshifts 1.5 < z < 3.5, we find that results from IllustrisTNG and abundance matching models agree within a factor of ∼2–10, however the three SAMs strongly underestimate (up to a factor of 1000) the number density of massive galaxies. We discuss the implications of these results for our understanding of galaxy evolution.
Optimal Decentralized Distributed Algorithms for Stochastic Convex Optimization.

We consider stochastic convex optimization problems with affine constraints and develop several methods using either primal or dual approach to solve it. In the primal case, we use special penalization technique to make the initial problem more convenient for using optimization methods. We propose algorithms to solve it based on Similar Triangles Method with Inexact Proximal Step for the convex smooth and strongly convex smooth objective functions and methods based on Gradient Sliding algorithm to solve the same problems in the non-smooth case. We prove the convergence guarantees in the smooth convex case with deterministic first-order oracle. We propose and analyze three novel methods to handle stochastic convex optimization problems with affine constraints: SPDSTM, R-RRMA-AC-SA$^2$ and SSTM_sc. All methods use stochastic dual oracle. SPDSTM is the stochastic primal-dual modification of STM and it is applied for the dual problem when the primal functional is strongly convex and Lipschitz continuous on some ball. We extend the result from Dvinskikh & Gasnikov (2019) for this method to the case when only biased stochastic oracle is available. R-RRMA-AC-SA$^2$ is an accelerated stochastic method based on the restarts of RRMA-AC-SA$^2$ from Foster et al. (2019) and SSTM_sc is just stochastic STM for strongly convex problems. Both methods are applied to the dual problem when the primal functional is strongly convex, smooth and Lipschitz continuous on some ball and use stochastic dual first-order oracle. We develop convergence analysis for these methods for the unbiased and biased oracles respectively. Finally, we apply all aforementioned results and approaches to solve the decentralized distributed optimization problem and discuss the optimality of the obtained results in terms of communication rounds and the number of oracle calls per node.
Formulation and properties of a divergence used to compare probability measures without absolute continuity

This paper develops a new divergence that generalizes relative entropy and can be used to compare probability measures without a requirement of absolute continuity. We establish properties of the divergence, and in particular derive and exploit a representation as an infimum convolution of optimal transport cost and relative entropy. Also included are examples of computation and approximation of the divergence, and the demonstration of properties that are useful when one quantifies model uncertainty.
Rank-based Lasso -- efficient methods for high-dimensional robust model selection

We consider the problem of identifying signiﬁcant predictors in large data bases, where the response variable depends on the linear combination of explanatory variables through an unknown link function, corrupted with the noise from the unknown distribution. We utilize the natural, robust and efﬁcient approach, which relies on replacing values of the response variables by their ranks and then identifying signiﬁcant predictors by using well known Lasso. We provide new consistency results for the proposed procedure (called ,,RankLasso”) and extend the scope of its applications by proposing its thresholded and adaptive versions. Our theoretical results show that these modiﬁcations can identify the set of relevant predictors under much wider range of data generating scenarios than regular RankLasso. Theoretical results are supported by the simulation study and the real data analysis, which show that our methods can properly identify relevant predictors, even when the error terms come from the Cauchy distribution and the link function is nonlinear. They also demonstrate the superiority of the modiﬁed versions of RankLasso in the case when predictors are substantially correlated. The numerical study shows also that RankLasso performs substantially better in model selection than LADLasso, which is a well established methodology for robust model selection.
Studying strong phase transitions in neutron stars with gravitational waves

The composition of neutron stars at the extreme densities reached in their cores is currently unknown. Besides nuclear matter of normal neutrons and protons, the cores of neutron stars might harbor exotic matter such as deconfined quarks. In this paper we study strong hadron-quark phase transitions in the context of gravitational wave observations of inspiraling neutron stars. We consider upcoming detections of neutron star coalescences and model the neutron star equations of state with phase transitions through the Constant-Speed-of-Sound parametrization. We use the fact that neutron star binaries with one or more hadron-quark hybrid stars can exhibit qualitatively different tidal properties than binaries with hadronic stars of the same mass, and hierarchically model the masses and tidal properties of simulated populations of binary neutron star inspiral signals. We explore the parameter space of phase transitions and discuss under which conditions future observations of binary neutron star inspirals can identify this effect and constrain its properties, in particular the threshold density at which the transition happens and the strength of the transition. We find that if the detected population of binary neutron stars contains both hadronic and hybrid stars, the onset mass and strength of a sufficiently strong phase transition can be constrained with 50-100 detections. If the detected neutron stars are exclusively hadronic or hybrid, then it is possible to place lower or upper limits on the transition density and strength.
Potential Field: Interpretable and Unified Representation for Trajectory Prediction

Predicting an agent's future trajectory is a challenging task given the complicated stimuli (environmental/inertial/social) of motion. Prior works learn individual stimulus from different modules and fuse the representations in an end-to-end manner, which makes it hard to understand what are actually captured and how they are fused. In this work, we borrow the notion of potential field from physics as an interpretable and unified representation to model all stimuli. This allows us to not only supervise the intermediate learning process, but also have a coherent method to fuse the information of different sources. From the generated potential fields, we further estimate future motion direction and speed, which are modeled as Gaussian distributions to account for the multi-modal nature of the problem. The final prediction results are generated by recurrently moving past location based on the estimated motion direction and speed. We show state-of-the-art results on the ETH, UCY, and Stanford Drone datasets.
Probing small scale primordial power spectrum with 21cm line global signal

We argue that the global signal of neutral hydrogen 21cm line can be a powerful probe of primordial power spectrum on small scales. Since the amplitude of small scale primordial fluctuations is important to determine the early structure formation and the timing when the sources of Lyman ${\alpha}$ photons are produced, they in turn affect the neutral hydrogen 21cm line signal. We show that the information of the position of the absorption trough can severely constrain the small scale amplitude of primordial fluctuations once astrophysical parameters relevant to the 21cm line signal are fixed. We also discuss how the uncertainties of astrophysical parameters affect the constraints.
Towards Visually Explaining Variational Autoencoders

Recent advances in Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model interpretability have led to impressive progress in visualizing and understanding model predictions. In particular, gradient-based visual attention methods have driven much recent effort in using visual attention maps as a means for visual explanations. A key problem, however, is these methods are designed for classification and categorization tasks, and their extension to explaining generative models, e.g., variational autoencoders (VAE) is not trivial. In this work, we take a step towards bridging this crucial gap, proposing the first technique to visually explain VAEs by means of gradient-based attention. We present methods to generate visual attention from the learned latent space, and also demonstrate such attention explanations serve more than just explaining VAE predictions. We show how these attention maps can be used to localize anomalies in images, demonstrating state-of-the-art performance on the MVTec-AD dataset. We also show how they can be infused into model training, helping bootstrap the VAE into learning improved latent space disentanglement, demonstrated on the Dsprites dataset.
Sexual Behavior, Health, And Medical Male Circumcision In Nyanza Province, Kenya

Three randomized controlled trials (RCT) in Africa have demonstrated the efficacy of male circumcision (MC) in reducing the risk of female-to-male HIV transmission by approximately 60%. Following these results, the United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS and the World Health Organization recommended MC as an important additional strategy for HIV prevention. Kenya was one of the first priority countries to initiate the national MC scale-up. However, questions remain about whether the promotion of MC as an HIV prevention intervention will translate into a decline in HIV incidence in the general population. Risk compensation—defined as an increase in risky behavior in response to the perceived risk reduction following an intervention—is an important possible mechanism that could negatively impact the effectiveness of MC programs. To assess the concerns about risk compensation, we conducted a prospective observational study to monitor the sexual risk behaviors of circumcised men before and after circumcision and compare them to the behaviors of uncircumcised controls over 24 months of follow-up. As a secondary objective, we also aimed to evaluate the impact of circumcision on sexual health and function. Finally, we sought to conduct an in-depth investigation of one of the understudied HIV risk behaviors—sexual partner concurrency—among circumcised and uncircumcised men, based on an earlier study of risk compensation embedded in the MC RCT in Kisumu, Kenya. We found no evidence of risk compensation. To the contrary, both circumcised and uncircumcised men significantly reduced their HIV risk behaviors over two years. In our evaluation of penile coital injuries as one measure of sexual health, we found that coital cuts, scratches, abrasions, soreness, and bleeding were quite common among young Kenyan men. We observed a significant decline in penile coital injuries following MC, with reductions evident as early as six months after the procedure, and identified several factors associated with penile coital injuries. Sexual concurrency was also common in this population, but not associated with circumcision. Our results enabled policy makers throughout the region to make evidence-based decisions about medical MC implementation and alleviated several concerns and barriers associated with widespread circumcision scale-up.