Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aging effect of different types of composite resin restoration on shear bond strength to different orthodontic adhesives with sapphire bracket (In vitro comparative study)

This study was performed to determine the effect of aging of different types of composite material restorations on: Shear bond strength (SBS) to light cure and no mix chemical cure orthodontic adhesives with sapphire bracket and the debonding failure sites. Materials and methods: One hundred forty four composite disks were made from three different composite resin materials which are: 3M Filtek Z250, 3M filtek Z350 and 3M Valux plus, each group with (48) disks each, then according to the duration of storage each group was subdivided into two equal groups one of them stored for one day and the other was stored for one month, then each group was further subdivided into two equal subgroups with (12) disks each one bonded with light cure orthodontic adhesive and the other with no mix chemical cure adhesive. The sample was tested for bond strength using the universal testing machine and the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was inspected under the stereomicroscope. Results: The results revealed that there was a highly significant difference among the three types of composite materials bonded with light cure orthodontic adhesive as showed by ANOVA test, while the T test showed that there was no significant difference between the two storage durations and also between the two orthodontic adhesives for both Filtek Z250 and Valux plus. Conclusions: The highest (SBS) values were obtained from Filtek Z350 samples than other two types of composite. All the samples stored for one day showed higher values of (SBS) than those stored for one month.
Ascites and venous carbon dioxide tensions in juvenile chickens of highly selected genotypes and native strains

A previous study by this group demonstrated that a high carbon dioxide tension in venous blood (pvCO2) of juvenile broiler chickens is a reliable predictor for ascites susceptibility. In a new experiment with five highly selected genetic stocks and two ascites resistant old breeds we studied levels and variability of pvCO2 within each stock at an early age. Effects of different selection traits (principally growth rate) between fast growing sire lines and slower growing dam lines and a commercial hybrid on blood gas (pCO2, pO2) tensions, pH and haematocrit in venous and arterial blood were examined at different ages and compared to values found in ascites resistant breeds. All birds were housed in floor pens in a climate controlled room and subjected to an ascites-predisposing cold environment. From each stock, 16 birds with the highest (high risk: HRc) and 16 birds with the lowest (low risk: LRc) pvCO2 values were selected at 12 days of age. These birds were marked for future blood sampling to determine changes in haematological characteristics with age and to relate these values to ascites susceptibility. At day 14, eight non-selected birds from each stock were randomly chosen for dissection to determine initial pulmonary arterial pressure index (API) values. Subsequently, all birds were allotted to 8 floor pens (13 birds per pen including two HRc and two LRc birds) per stock. Production performances from 104 birds per stock were measured from 16 to 33 days of age (feed intake (FI); feed conversion ratio (FCR); body weight (BW) at day 33). Mortality was recorded during the complete experimental period. At 5 wk of age, all HRc and LRc birds were necropsied and API values were recorded, which was used to classify the severity of the ascites syndrome. A convincing effect of pvCO2 values in juvenile chickens on API at 5 wk of age in modern lines confirmed results obtained in the previous study. At an early age, pvO2 values were much less predictive for high pulmonary pressure induced ascites at wk 5 than pvCO2 values. Hypercapnia combined with low blood pH values and followed by hypoxemia (inducing high haematocrit values) provoked a marked high incidence of ascites and high API values in modern breeds. A total absence of ascitic symptoms within native breeds corresponded with unchanged low API values during ageing from 12 to 33 days of age and with lower pCO2 values in venous and arterial blood compared to modern breeds at all ages. The pvCO2 difference (mean values) between HRc and LRc groups were similar for all modern lines irrespective of age and showed no relationship to growth rate. API, as a reliable indicator for ascites susceptibility, of modern breed chickens correlated with pvCO2 values, but not with growth rate. The high correlation between pvCO2 in juvenile chickens and API values at 5 wk of age indicated that a strong genetic selection pressure on low pvCO2 values at an early age will be an effective method to reduce decisively the occurrence of the ascites syndrome at sea level.
SOMATIC TRAITS AND MOTOR SKILL ABILITIES IN TOP-CLASS PROFESSIONAL SPEED CLIMBERS COMPARED TO RECREATIONAL CLIMBERS

Aim of the study. To determine the basic parameters of speed climbers’ somatic constitution and to determine whether high levels of strength and speed capability characterise top-class speed climbers. Material and methods. The study examined 5 competitors holding top positions in the Polish Mountaineering Association speed climbing ranking (during the 2009 season). The control group consisted of 10 recreational climbers. Measurements were taken of height, body mass, upper limb length and percentage level of fat; then, Body Mass Index was calculated. Strength ability was measured using dynamometric tests of the maximal local static strength of upper limbs. The following tests were used to determine the level of motor ability in subjects (standing broad jump, envelope run, sit-ups, sit and reach and spread sit, as well as a test for the maximum rate of movement of upper limbs). Maximal anaerobic work (MAW) was calculated. Results. It was established that the best competitors in speed climbing have significantly higher levels of explosive strength and maximal anaerobic work, better muscle mobilisation ability, and higher torso strength and endurance. Clear but statistically insignificant differences between the groups were observed in strength tests and flexibility. Both professional and recreational climbers presented similar levels of the somatic traits studied. Conclusions. High standards in speed climbing are connected with higher levels of speed capability. The scale of differences is a proof of the importance of speed capability in speed climbing. The importance of high upper limb muscle strength in climbing was confirmed. Amongst the somatic traits studied, only body mass can be treated as influencing the results in speed climbing. Climbing as an activity can be described in various ways: as beautiful, giving a sense of power, satisfying but also frustrating. It is easy to see that it is a natural and instinctive action – all it needs is to watch children, who feel the need to climb on everything they see [1]. Sport climbing is a relatively young discipline, with no long tradition and history characteristic of older Olympic competitions. Recent years have seen rapid development of sport climbing, its ever-increasing popularity and availability to every person willing to try it. The emergence of many new climbing centres with modern artificial walls installed makes it easy to enjoy climbing without the need to travel far into the mountains. These centres also present opportunities to organise all types
FDI VS EXPORTS IN A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM RICARDIAN MODEL Abstract

In a two-country general equilibrium Ricardian model, we propose a model in which countries compete in the same sectors via exports or FDI. Factor endowments are important in that they affect relative wages and the range of goods countries produce. Effects of factor endowments on FDI depend on the interaction of FDI and trade barriers. Transportation costs do favor FDI at the expense of exports, but reduce trade and investment. Finally, in contrast to the new trade theory, across industries, it is the relatively less productive firms that engage in FDI while the relatively more productive firms export. JEL Classification: F11, F12
A survey of the stellar rotation in barred galaxies

We present stellar velocity- and velocity dispersion- data for 13 SB0 galaxies and one SBa, based on 61 spectra collected during a long-term project developed at ESO. Our primary goal is to provide a database widest as possible for the study of the stellar velocity and veloc- ity dispersion elds and for future modeling. New data are presented for six galaxies, while for the remaining SB0s particular kinematical aspects were already discussed in previous papers. We found the following results: a) emission lines were detected in our spectra only for 4 out of 14 galaxies con- sidered. When present, they reveal a very peculiar kine- matics, including counter-rotation, warps or radial flows. b) A new case of gas counter-rotation has been found: NGC 7079. c) The velocity dispersion along the bar has a smoother trend than in the rest of the galaxy. However there is, in general, a similarity between the velocity dis- persion trend (decreasing or flat) measured along the bar and that outside it. d) The existence of a waving pattern in the stellar rotation curves of bars is conrmed for the galaxies of our sample seen inclined between 30 and 50. In addition to this eect, the percentage of non-circular stellar motions present in the barred galaxies studied may reach the 20%.
Stratigraphy and chronology of the Stent tephra, a c. 4000 year old distal silicic tephra from Taupo Volcanic Centre, New Zealand

Abstract Tephrostratigraphic and chronologic studies in two areas of the North Island have identified a previously unrecorded, thin, distal silicic tephra derived from the Taupo Volcanic Centre. In Taranaki, three radiocarbon ages of the uncorrelated tephra are consistent with the independent radiocarbon chronology obtained from enveloping Egmont‐sourced tephras. In western Bay of Plenty, where the uncorrelated tephra is also directly dated, it is overlain by Whakaipo Tephra (c. 2.7 ka) and underlain by Hinemaiaia Tephra (c. 4.5 ka). From these sites in Taranaki and western Bay of Plenty, seven radiocarbon dates obtained on the uncorrelated silicic tephra yield an error‐weighted mean age of 3970 ±31 conventional radiocarbon years B.P. The ages on the uncorrelated tephra (informally referred to as Stent tephra) from both areas are statistically identical but significantly different from those on both Waimihia and Hinemaiaia Tephras. The occurrence of Stent tephra in Taranaki, c. 160 km upwind from the post.
Stability and diversity of the genetic structure of a Shewanella putrefaciens population in the water column of the central Baltic

The genetic structure of a Shewanella putrefaciens population, the dominant culturable denitrifier in the low oxygen and anoxic water of the central Baltic, was investigated using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) genotyping. Five different procedures were used for the isolation of strains from 2 depth profiles in the Gotland Deep, sampled during 2 consecutive summers (1986 and 1987). The conditions in the water column were comparable for both sampling periods, i.e, the water colun~n was stratified and characterized by pronounced chem~cal gradients in both years. A total of 59 S. putrefaciens isolates were obtained in 1986 and 54 S. putrefaciens strains in 1987. Identification of the isolates, to the species level, was carried out using low-molecular-weight (LMW) RNA profiling RAPD fingerprinting, using 3 random decamer primers, enabled the detection of subpopulations within the S. pufrefaclens population. Thirteen different RAPD genotypes were defined, based upon Neighbor Joining (NJ) and unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) clustering. The range of RAPD genotypes varied with the isolation procedures, indicating different bacterial clones with different physiological traits within the population, i.e. specific clones were obtained with specific isolation procedures. Thus, the isolation procedure is not merely selective at the species level, but at the clonal level of a given species as well. The strilung observation was that all strains isolated in 1987 clustered with RAPD genotypes already found in 1986. This is interpreted as stability over time of the genetic structure of the S. putrefaciens population in the water column of the central Baltic.
Exchange Rate Determination in Developing Economies

This paper identifies the determinants of nominal exchange rate movements in less developed countries operating the flexible exchange rate system. Factors peculiar to such countries which are believed to potently drive their nominal ex-change rates are incorporated into the resulting model. In particular, the weather, parallel market exchange rate and its associated premium as well as corrupt practices enter the model. While all four factors should play crucial roles in ex-plaining short-run variations in the exchange rate, corrupt practices may still be at work in the long-run. However, those more advanced developing countries that have succeeded in instituting a relatively more effective legal system stem-ming the tide of corruption, and, also characterized by a near absence of parallel exchange rate market, may follow the standard model of exchange rate in the literature.
Family Planning Service Utilization and Its Associated Factors among Married Women in Benchi-Maji Zone, Southwest, Ethiopia: Community-Based Crosssectional Study

In Ethiopia, contraceptive use has doubled in the last five years, but women still bears an average of five children and 25% of married women want to space or limit their births but are not currently using contraception. So that, the purpose of this study was to assess Family planning services utilization and its associated factors among married women in Benchi-Maji Zone, Southwest, Ethiopia. A community based cross sectional study was carried out to collect data from 801 randomly selected married women in the reproductive age group from six Kebles (lowest administrative unit). Pretested and structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The collected data was entered into a computer using Epi-Data version 3.0 then exported to SPSS for Windows version 20.0 for further analysis. Logistic regression was used to identify important predictors of family planning service utilization. Out of 765 study participants, 82.61% were current users of at least one of Family Planning (FP) method and majority of them were using methods to space birth interval 452 (71.5%), to prevent unwanted pregnancy 198 (31.3%), followed by to promote health of born children 149 (23.6%). Knowledge about the benefits of FP and postnatal care follow up during their last delivery showed statistically significant associations with FP service utilization. Mothers who have mentioned at least one benefit of FP were about seventy times (AOR 71 95 % CI 25-202) more likely to ever use either of the FP methods and who have PNC follow up during their last delivery were about four times more likely (AOR 3.795 % CI 1.6-9.0) to use either of the FP methods in comparison with those mothers who haven’t attended for Postnatal care at all. Most of the study participants prefer to use short-term family planning methods. It is important to promote longterm family planning methods to get a desire outcome among married women. Women are more receptive of FP during post-natal visits. It is desirable to utilize that visit for promotion of long-term FP methods among married women.
Physicochemical Characteristics, in Vitro Fermentation Indicators, Gas Production Kinetics, and Degradability of Solid Herbal Waste as Alternative Feed Source for Ruminants

The aims of this research were to study the nutrient and secondary metabolite contents of solid herbal wastes (SHW) that were preserved by freeze drying, sun drying and silage, as well as to analyze their effects on in vitro fermentation indicators i.e., gas production kinetics and degradability of solid herbal waste. Physical and chemical properties on three forms of SHW (sun dry, freeze dry, and silage) were characterized and then an in vitro gas production experiment was performed to determine the kinetics of gas production, methane production, NH3, microbial protein, and SHW degradability. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added to the three treatments to determine the biological activity of tannins. Results showed that all three preparations of SHW still contained high nutrient and plant secondary metabolite contents. Gas production, methane, NH3, microbial protein, in vitro degradability of dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVDOM) of SHW silage were lower (P<0.05) compared to sun dry and freeze dry. These results were apparently due to the high content of secondary metabolites especially tannin. It can be concluded that solid herbal wastes (SHW) can be used as an alternative feed ingredients for ruminants with attention to the content of secondary metabolites that can affect the process of fermentation and digestibility in the rumen.
The structure of corporate ownership and firm performance: Sri Lankan evidence

This paper examines the impact of ownership structure and concentration on firm performance in Sri Lanka, an emerging market in Asia. The study estimates a series of regressions using pooled data for a sample of Sri Lankan-listed firms to investigate the impact of ownership concentration and structure on firm performance based on agency theory framework, using both accounting and market-based performance indicators. The results of the study provide evidence for a strong positive relationship between ownership concentration and accounting performance measures. This suggests that a greater concentration of ownership leads to better performance. However, we found no significant impact using market-based performance measures, which suggests the existence of numerous market inefficiencies and anomalies. Furthermore, the findings of the study show that ownership structure does not have a significant distinguishable effect on performance.
Effect of mixed use of thyme and fennel oils on biochemical properties and electrolytes in rainbow trout as a response to Yersinia ruckeri infection

The aim of study was to compare the effects of supplementation of food with herbal oils (Thymus vulgaris and Foeniculum vulgare) on biochemical properties and electrolytes of rainbow trout infected with Yersinia ruckeri. In total, 120 healthy fish (mean weight 84 ± 1.02 g) were equally divided into four experimental groups. The experimental study was carried out for one week. The first group was control without supplementation and infection, the second group was infected and without oil supplementation, the third group was supplemented with oils (10 ml·100 g-1 rates) for one week and infected with Y. ruckeri and the last group was oil supplemented without infection. Results indicated that fish fed with dietary supplements showed enhanced bactericidal activity, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglyceride and bilirubin compared to the control (P < 0.05). As the value of herbal oils was increased in diets, the plasma glucose level decreased. The levels of K, Na, Ca, and Mg increased whereas Cl values decreased, compared to the control. It can be concluded that diet supplementation with herb oils used in this study can increase disease resistance by increasing levels of some biochemical parameters and electrolytes in rainbow trout to Y. ruckeri infection.
Protective immunity of recombinant LipL21 and I-LipL21 against Leptospira interrogans serovar Autumnalis N2 infection.

INTRODUCTION Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the spirochete of genus Leptospira with widespread distribution in tropical, subtropical and temperate zones. Leptospirosis is often confused with other febrile illnesses including jaundice, dengue, and malaria. Generally, the disease is often underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Though leptospirosis is curable with antibiotic treatment, the laboratory diagnosis of the disease is specialized and open to interpretation with multiple kits available to detect the different serological markers of Leptospira. Moreover, when leptospirosis is misdiagnosed, the disease can lead to multi-organ failure and may have fatal effects. There is a need for strategies to develop vaccines and prevent leptospirosis. In the present study, the immunogenic potential of leptospiral recombinant protein LipL21 (rLipL21) and its truncated form I-LipL21 (rI-LipL21) was evaluated. METHODOLOGY The recombinant proteins were established in cyclophosphamide treated BALB/c mice model infected with L. interrogans serovar Autumnalis strain N2. RESULTS The vaccination study showed 66% and 83% survivability among mice immunized with rLipL21 and rI-LipL21 respectively and post-challenge with leptospiral strain N2 compared to control groups that showed 100% lethality. Additionally, a significant increase in antibody levels and cytokine levels (TNF-a, IFN-γ and IL-10) was observed evidencing a marked stimulation of both humoral and cell-mediated immune response in mice immunized with rLipL21/rI-LipL21 compared to whole cell leptospiral lysate (WCL). CONCLUSIONS This study evidenced protective immunization against leptospirosis with rLipL21 and rI-LipL21 recombinant proteins and are potential candidates for the development of leptospiral vaccine.
Urban freight transport from a local authority perspective - a literature review

On the path towards sustainability for the urban area, local authorities make decisions that affect freight transport. However, in many ways, urban freight transport is a neglected issue. The purpose of this paper is to map out the current status of urban freight transport research from a local authority perspective. A literature review is performed, looking through research in urban freight transport during the last 15 years. The review presents a large amount of references and it is clear that the area of urban freight transport has gained a larger interest during the later part of the time period studied. Research mainly focuses on freight measures (pilot actions) performed in an urban context, but the local authority perspective is lacking in many aspects. The review shows some areas that local authorities need to consider when working with freight transport in the urban area, according to the literature: measures; monitoring and evaluation; performance indicators; transfer of knowledge between cities/countries; and, stakeholder involvement.
Dislocation dynamics in non-convex domains using finite elements with embedded discontinuities

The standard strategy developed by Van der Giessen and Needleman (1995 Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 3 689) to simulate dislocation dynamics in two-dimensional finite domains was modified to account for the effect of dislocations leaving the crystal through a free surface in the case of arbitrary non-convex domains. The new approach incorporates the displacement jumps across the slip segments of the dislocations that have exited the crystal within the finite element analysis carried out to compute the image stresses on the dislocations due to the finite boundaries. This is done in a simple computationally efficient way by embedding the discontinuities in the finite element solution, a strategy often used in the numerical simulation of crack propagation in solids. Two academic examples are presented to validate and demonstrate the extended model and its implementation within a finite element program is detailed in the appendix.