Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A description of next-step switching versus augmentation practices for outpatients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder enrolled in an academic specialty clinic.

BACKGROUND There is a paucity of naturalistic studies from depression specialty clinics describing the next-step (augmentation versus switching) practices of clinicians for outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD) resistant to an antidepressant trial of adequate dose and duration. METHODS Eighty-five MDD outpatients enrolled in one of two specialty clinics, who had not achieved remission after a first adequate prospective antidepressant trial conducted at the clinic underwent either augmentation (n = 36) or switching (n=49) of their antidepressant regimen. Outcome was defined with the use of the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) Scale. RESULTS Nonresponders (CGI-I>3) following the first antidepressant trial were more likely to have their treatment switched than patients who experienced incomplete response (CGI-I<4, CGI-S>1) (67.2% versus 28.5%, p = 0.001). Incomplete responders during the first trial who went on to receive augmentation had higher remission rates (60.0% versus 0%, p=0.01), lower endpoint depression severity scores (1.8 +/- 1.1 versus 3.3 +/- 0.8, p = 0.01) and greater clinical improvement scores (1.6 +/- 1.1 versus 3.0 +/- 0.0, p=0.03) than incomplete responders who had their antidepressant regimen switched. Although nonresponders to the first treatment who were switched experienced greater symptom improvement than nonresponders who were augmented (2.7 +/- 1.1 versus 3.4 +/- 1.2, p=0.03), there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between these two groups with respect to remission rates (18.6% versus 14.2%, respectively) and endpoint depressive severity (3.0 +/- 1.4 versus 3.4 +/- 1.4, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In this nonrandomized, naturalistic treatment setting, nonresponders to an adequate, prospective antidepressant trial were more likely to have their antidepressant regimen switched, while patients with incomplete response during the first trial were more likely to have their regimen augmented. In addition, patients with incomplete response who had their treatment augmented had better outcome than patients with incomplete response who had their treatment switched.
Associations of small dense low-density lipoprotein and adiponectin with complications of type 2 diabetes

Abstract Background: Small dense low-density lipoprotein (sd-LDL) has been demonstrated to be associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The proposed atherogenic properties of hypoadiponectinemia might be mediated through increased sd-LDL. In this study, the associations of sd-LDL with cardiovascular and other complications of diabetes, and also with plasma levels of adiponectin, were investigated in diabetic patients. Methods: 173 patients, with documented type 2 diabetes mellitus, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Laboratory, anthropometric, and clinical characteristics were all determined. The presence of CVD, hypertention, and microalbuminuria were also evaluated. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance was calculated. Results: Sd-LDL concentrations were significantly lower in patients with CVD than those without CVD (p = 0.020); and also lower in hypertensive patients relative to non-hypertensive ones (p = 0.008). Serum levels of adiponectin were significantly lower in patients with CVD (p < 0.001), and hypertension (p = 0.002), compared with those without each of these complications. Sd-LDL and adiponectin concentrations were positively correlated (r = 0.36, p < 0.001). Sd-LDL was also significantly associated with HbA1c (r = 0.24, p = 0.002). Conclusion: Our data suggest that decreased levels of adiponectin might be associated with developing complications of diabetes. This study did not provide any supportive results for the association of increased sd-LDL concentrations with CVD; neither for its association with other complications of diabetes.
Effects of a Media Campaign on Back Beliefs is Sustained 3 Years After Its Cessation

Study Design. Quasi-experimental, nonrandomized, nonequivalent, parallel group-controlled study involving before and after telephone surveys of the general population. Objective. To measure the magnitude of any sustained change in population beliefs about back pain 3 years after cessation of a population-based intervention designed to alter beliefs about back pain. Summary of Background Data. A media campaign, which ran between September 1997 and December 1999 in Victoria, Australia, provided simple evidence-based advice about back pain. Following the campaign, there were significant improvements in both community and physicians' beliefs about back pain, as well as a decline in number of workers' compensation back claims. Methods. The campaign's impact on population beliefs about back pain and fear-avoidance beliefs was measured using telephone surveys. Demographically identical population groups in Victoria and the adjacent control state, New South Wales, were surveyed at 4 times: before, during, immediately after, and 3 years after the media campaign in Victoria (surveys 1−4, respectively). Back beliefs were measured using the Back Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ) (possible score 9–45, for which a higher score indicates a more positive belief about low back trouble). Fear-avoidance beliefs were measured using the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire consisting of 2 subscales for physical activity and work activity (possible scores 0–24 and 0–36, respectively), for which a lower score indicates fewer fear-avoidance beliefs. Results. A total of 6230 individuals in the general population completed the surveys. Large statistically significant improvements in population beliefs about back pain were still observed in Victoria 3 years after cessation of the campaign (mean scores on the BBQ were 26.5, 28.4, 29.7, and 28.8 for surveys 1–4, respectively). No changes were observed in New South Wales (mean scores on the BBQ were 26.3, 26.2, 26.3, and 26.1 for surveys 1–4, respectively). Of those individuals who reported back pain during the previous year, fear-avoidance beliefs aboutphysical activity in Victoria were also significantly better than at baseline (mean scores on the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire for physical activity were 14.0, 12.5, 11.6, and 12.3 for surveys 1–4, respectively). Conclusions. Significant sustained improvements in population beliefs about back pain were observed 3 years after cessation of a media campaign of provision of positive messages about back pain. This result provides further evidence that a primary preventive strategy of altering population beliefs about back pain may be a highly effective way for reducing back-related disability.
Some applications of finite geometry for secure network coding

Abstract In this paper we examine the problem of linear and nonlinear secure network coding from a finite geometric point of view and give some negative and positive results if we require information theoretic security based on Cai and Yeung [N. Cai and R. W. Yeung, Secure Network Coding. Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT 2002), 2002. ]. On the one hand we show that there is no universal secure network coding scheme. On the other hand we give a little improvement of the result of [N. Cai and R. W. Yeung, Secure Network Coding. Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT 2002), 2002. ] for the bound of the size of the coding alphabet, and a bound similar to Feldman et al. [J. Feldman, T. Malkin, C. Stein, and R. A. Servedio, On the Capacity of Secure Network Coding. Proc. 42nd Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, 2004. ]. Furthermore we present results for known linear network codings: we give some necessary and some sufficient conditions for the existence of optimal linear secure network coding, when the coding scheme is given.
Interactions Between Working Memory , Reinforcement Learning and Effort in Value-Based Choice : A New Paradigm and Selective Deficits in Schizophrenia Supplementary Information Computational Model

RLWM Model RLWM includes two modules, a classic incremental RL module with learning rate a, and a WM module that can learn in a single trial (learning rate 1) but is capacity-limited (with capacity K). The WM module is also subject to forgetting. The final action choice is controlled by weighing the contributions of the RL and WM modules’ policies. How much weight is given to WM relative to RL (the mixture parameter) depends on two factors. First, it depends on what the probability is that a stimulus is stored in WM of capacity K. If there are fewer stimuli than WM can hold (nS<=K), then that probability is 1. Otherwise, only K out of ns can be stored. Second, the overall reliance of WM vs. RL is scaled by factor 0<r<1, with higher values reflecting relative greater confidence in WM function. Thus, the weight given to the WM policy relative to RL policy is w = r x min(1, K/nS).
Transitional research in bladder cancer: From molecular pathogenesis to useful tissue biomarkers

Current risk stratification using clinical and pathological parameters in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is insufficient. Additional information on the tumor biology can be derived from molecular biomarkers assessed in surgical UCB specimens and the predictive accuracy of oncologic end points may be improved. Biomarkers may also be used to predict the response to novel multimodal therapeutic approaches. Insights from the molecular pathogenesis of UCB can help identify potential biomarkers. A variety of candidate markers for future clinical use have been identified. However, results from comprehensive validation trials and prospective studies are still lacking. This precludes an application of molecular biomarkers in clinical practice at the moment. In this article, we review a selection of tissue biomarkers that are linked to important steps in molecular pathogenesis of UCB. We focused on biomarkers already tested in patient populations with potential clinical utility.
Autoantibodies in Argentine Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

To determine the presence or absence of subclinical autoimmunity in Caucasian Argentine healthy women with first trimester recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), the sera of 118 healthy women with a history of three or more consecutive abortions and 125 fertile control women without abortions and two children were analyzed for the presence of autoantibodies: immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM anticardiolipin, antinuclear (ANA), antismooth muscle (ASMA), antimitocondrial (AMA), antiliver‐kidney‐microsomal fraction (LKM), antigastric parietal cells (GPC), antineutrophil cytoplasmatic (ANCA) and antibodies antigliadin type IgA and IgG and IgA antitransglutaminase related with celiac disease (CD).
Oxidative Modifications and Down-regulation of Ubiquitin Carboxyl-terminal Hydrolase L1 Associated with Idiopathic Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases*

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the two most common neurodegenerative diseases that occur either in relatively rare, familial forms or in common, sporadic forms. The genetic defects underlying several monogenic familial forms of AD and PD have recently been identified, however, the causes of other AD and PD cases, particularly sporadic cases, remain unclear. To gain insights into the pathogenic mechanisms involved in AD and PD, we used a proteomic approach to identify proteins with altered expression levels and/or oxidative modifications in idiopathic AD and PD brains. Here, we report that the protein level of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), a neuronal de-ubiquitinating enzyme whose mutation has been linked to an early-onset familial PD, is down-regulated in idiopathic PD as well as AD brains. By using a combination of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, we have identified three human brain UCH-L1 isoforms, a full-length form and two amino-terminally truncated forms. Our proteomic analyses reveal that the full-length UCH-L1 is a major target of oxidative damage in AD and PD brains, which is extensively modified by carbonyl formation, methionine oxidation, and cysteine oxidation. Furthermore, immunohistochemical studies show that prominent UCH-L1 immunostaining is associated with neurofibrillary tangles and that the level of soluble UCH-L1 protein is inversely proportional to the number of tangles in AD brains. Together, these results provide evidence supporting a direct link between oxidative damage to the neuronal ubiquitination/de-ubiquitination machinery and the pathogenesis of sporadic AD and PD.
Parathyroid carcinoma: 50-year experience at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation.

BACKGROUND Parathyroid carcinoma is rare, with a reported prevalence of 0.6% to 4.0% in patients presumed to have primary hyperparathyroidism. This study examines the long-term results of surgical therapy and combination chemotherapy. PATIENTS From 1938 to 1988, 1260 operations for primary hyperparathyroidism were performed; only six patients (0.47%) were subsequently found to have parathyroid carcinoma. A seventh patient was referred to our institution after the diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma had been made. RESULTS All patients had excessive hypercalcemia (serum calcium concentration > 12.0 mg/dL) with a range of 12.3 to 18.3 mg/dL. Locally recurrent tumors causing recurrent hypercalcemia were managed by repeated neck exploration and tumor resection. Six of the seven patients (85%) survived 5 years, while four patients (57%) survived 10 years. CONCLUSIONS Diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma rests upon postoperative surveillance of patients who have undergone previous neck exploration and resection of apparently benign adenomas. Long-term survival is possible with repeated resection of locally recurrent tumors.
Aluminum toxicity in renal failure.

As the subject of aluminum toxicity continues to arouse considerable controversy (1, 2), an examination of the currently available scientific evidence is pertinent. The history of aluminum toxicity can be divided into 2 periods before 1970 and after 1970. Arguments in the pre-1970 era, based on hunches but little scientific evidence, centered on whether healthy persons could be safely exposed to the aluminum contained in food (3). water (4), or cooking utensils (5). It is clear retrospectively that as additive to food or water, aluminum salts were probably innocuous in normal subjects. Since 1970 following my initial warnings about the occurrence of hyperaluminemia in renal failure and the possible dangers of aluminum salts in renal disease there has arisen considerable evidence that aluminum is toxic in humans and animals with renal disease. In our early studies one third of patients with renal failure not on dialysis had hyperaluminemia (6); furthermore, our group showed that oral or parenteral administration of aluminum salts caused a frequently fatal disorder in five sixth nephrectomized Weizman institute white rats (7). This was subsequently shown to occur on the basis of an aluminum induced experimental porphyria as demonstrated by Eale's group, whose Wistar rats had no clinical abnormalities but clear biochemical evidence of porphyria (8). Yet Eale's paper from the South African Medical Research Council on Porphyria Research attracted little notice, and two groups surmised that aluminum was not toxic on the basis of their experience with a strain of rat different to the Beersheva group without looking for biochemical evidence of porphyria (1, 9). Subsequently we demonstrated, using 28AL generated in the laboratory, that the liver has a particular affinity for intravenously injected aluminum ion in the healthy non-uremic rat, and this hepatic cellular uptake was preferentially sequestered by the hepatic nuclei and in particular by the DNA in the nuclei (10). This finding was in contrast to that using 28Mg where distribution was according to blood blow and the liver took up about 1/20 of the injected dose, in contrast to aluminum, 40% of which was taken up by the liver. The story of aluminum in the rat and its toxicity was thus clear. We also found The International Journal Of Artificial Organs Vol. 3 no. 2, 1980 p.p.60-61 © by Wichtig Editore sri, 1980
A Rationale for Assessing the Lower-Body Power Profile in Team Sport Athletes

Abstract Nibali, ML, Chapman, DW, Robergs, RA, and Drinkwater, EJ. A rationale for assessing the lower-body power profile in team sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res 27(2): 388–397, 2013—Training at the load that maximizes peak mechanical power (Pmax) is considered superior for the development of power. We aimed to identify the Pmax load (‘optimal load') in the jump squat and to quantify small, moderate, large, and very large substantial differences in power output across a spectrum of loads to identify loads that are substantially different to the optimal, and lastly, to investigate the nature of power production (load-force-velocity profiles). Professional Australian Rules Football (ARF; n = 16) and highly trained Rugby Union (RU; n = 20) players (subdivided into stronger [SP] vs. weaker [WP] players) performed jump squats across incremental loads (0–60 kg). Substantial differences in peak power (W·kg−1) were quantified as 0.2–2.0 of the log transformed between-athlete SD at each load, backtransformed and expressed as a percent with 90% confidence limits (CL). A 0-kg jump squat maximized peak power (ARF: 57.7 ± 10.8 W·kg−1; RU: 61.4 ± 8.5 W·kg−1; SP: 64.4 ± 7.5 W·kg−1; WP: 54.8 ± 9.5 W·kg−1). The range for small to very large substantial differences in power output was 4.5–55.9% (CL: ×/÷1.36) and 2.8–32.4% (CL: ×/÷1.31) in ARF and RU players, whereas in SP and WP, it was 3.7–43.1% (CL: ×/÷1.32) and 4.3–51.7% (CL: ×/÷1.36). Power declined per 10-kg increment in load, 14.1% (CL: ±1.6) and 10.5% (CL: ±1.5) in ARF and RU players and 12.8% (CL: ±1.9) and 11.3% (CL: ±1.7) in SP and WP. The use of a 0-kg load is superior for the development of jump squat maximal power, with moderate to very large declines in power output observed at 10- to 60-kg loads. Yet, performance of heavier load jump squats that are substantially different to the optimal load are important in the development of sport-specific force-velocity qualities and should not be excluded.
Concerning the Origin and Nature of Osteoblasts

Three specimens are described which illustrate the formation of true bone in laparotomy wounds of the epigastric region of the abdomen. The literature dealing with their occurrence is surveyed and it is found that the majority of instances (34 out of 36) occur n laparotomy wounds made in or near the supra-umbilical part of the linea alba. Specimens in the R.C. S. Museum are enumerated illustrating heterotopic formation of bone in organs and parts which have no direct connexion with the skeletal system. An attempt is made to explain their occurrence on the traditional conception of bone-growth, namely, that it is the work of a specialized cell normally confined to the skeletal system. It is concluded that the heterotopic formation of bone cannot be explained unless it be accepted, as is now advocated by Professor Leriche, of Strassburg, that under certain states cells of tissues other than the skeletal can become osteoblastic in nature and in action—a view supported by the results of many recent experimental investigations. The view advocated here, not a novel one, is that “new” osteoblasts arise from the capillary system—especially from buds thrown out by that system when a neighbouring substance or body has to be absorbed. Certain necessary conditions are mentioned, but it is admitted that a full and satisfactory explanation of why supra-umbilical scars are more frequently the site of heterotopic bone formation than laparotomy scars in other parts of the abdomen has not been reached.
In vivo comparison of radiation exposure of dual-energy CT versus low-dose CT versus standard CT for imaging urinary calculi.

PURPOSE Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) is an emerging imaging modality with the unique capability of determining urinary stone composition. This study compares radiation exposure of DECT, standard single-energy CT (SECT), and low-dose renal stone protocol single-energy CT (LDSECT) for the evaluation of nephrolithiasis in a single in vivo patient cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following institutional review board (IRB) approval, we retrospectively reviewed 200 consecutive DECT examinations performed on patients with suspected urolithiasis over a 6-month period. Of these, 35 patients had undergone examination with our LDSECT protocol, and 30 patients had undergone examination of the abdomen and pelvis with our SECT imaging protocol within 2 years of the DECT examination. The CT dose index volume (CTDIvol) was used to compare radiation exposure between scans. Image quality was objectively evaluated by comparing image noise. Statistical evaluation was performed using a Student's t-test. RESULTS DECT performed at 80/140 kVp and 100/140 kVp did not produce a significant difference in radiation exposure compared with LDSECT (p=0.09 and 0.18, respectively). DECT performed at 80/140 kVp and 100/140 kVp produced an average 40% and 31%, respectively, reduction in radiation exposure compared with SECT (p<0.001). For patients imaged with the 100/140 kVp protocol, average values for images noise were higher in the LDSECT images compared with DECT images (p<0.001) and there was no significant difference in image noise between DECT and SECT images in the same patient (p=0.88). Patients imaged with the 80/140 kVp protocol had equivocal image noise compared with LDSECT images (p=0.44), however, DECT images had greater noise compared with SECT images in the same patient (p<0.001). Of the 75 patients included in the study, stone material was available for 16; DECT analysis correctly predicted stone composition in 15/16 patients (93%). CONCLUSION DECT provides knowledge of stone composition in addition to the anatomic information provided by LDSECT/SECT without increasing patient radiation exposure and with minimal impact on image noise.
Developmental Changes of Acoustical Vowel Space before 7 Years of Age

The present study is the seventh year of a longitudinal observation of vowel production in Mandarin-learning children. Major findings in the seventh year are: 1) Unlike the trend of decrease in formant values in the previous stages, decrease in F1 F2 values was not evident at this stage in the boy subject. Up to 7 years of age, no obvious change in formant values was found in the girl subject. In addition to gender difference, they seemed to experience a slow growth at this stage; 2) F1 values are more stable than F2 values in both subjects. They appeared to acquire jaw movement sooner than tongue movement; 3) Decline in variability of F2 can be found from 4 years on in girl subject; 4) Although they have acquired corner vowels at early childhood, F2 values of high front [i] and high back [u] vowels still displayed high variability up to 7 years of age; 5) The earlier trend of shrinkage in F1-F2 vowel area was not found at this stage; 6) No obvious decline in fundamental frequencies was found at this stage in both subjects. Longitudinal data of vowel formant values from the same group of subjects provides important references for assessment and treatment of articulation disorders in children.