Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Briefly Presented Masked Emotional Facial Expressions on Gaze Behavior: An Eye-Tracking Study

Orientation of gaze toward specific regions of the face such as the eyes or the mouth helps to correctly identify the underlying emotion. The present eye-tracking study investigates whether facial features diagnostic of specific emotional facial expressions are processed preferentially, even when presented outside of subjective awareness. Eye movements of 73 healthy individuals were recorded while completing an affective priming task. Primes (pictures of happy, neutral, sad, angry, and fearful facial expressions) were presented for 50 ms with forward and backward masking. Participants had to evaluate subsequently presented neutral faces. Results of an awareness check indicated that participants were subjectively unaware of the emotional primes. No affective priming effects were observed but briefly presented emotional facial expressions elicited early eye movements toward diagnostic regions of the face. Participants oriented their gaze more rapidly to the eye region of the neutral mask after a fearful facial expression. After a happy facial expression, participants oriented their gaze more rapidly to the mouth region of the neutral mask. Moreover, participants dwelled longest on the eye region after a fearful facial expression, and the dwell time on the mouth region was longest for happy facial expressions. Our findings support the idea that briefly presented fearful and happy facial expressions trigger an automatic mechanism that is sensitive to the distribution of relevant facial features and facilitates the orientation of gaze toward them.
Long-term Pooled Safety Analysis of Palbociclib in Combination With Endocrine Therapy for HR+/HER2- Advanced Breast Cancer

Abstract Background Palbociclib administered with endocrine therapy was tolerable when the overall incidence of toxicities was assessed separately for three PALOMA studies. This study analyzed pooled, longer-term PALOMA safety data longitudinally. Methods Data were pooled from three randomized phase II and III studies (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00721409, NCT01740427, NCT01942135) of hormone receptor–positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2‒negative advanced breast cancer patients. Front-line patients were randomly assigned to receive letrozole with/without palbociclib (PALOMA-1) or letrozole plus palbociclib/placebo (PALOMA-2). In PALOMA-3, patients with prior endocrine resistance received fulvestrant plus palbociclib/placebo. The cumulative event rates of adverse events (AEs), reporting up to 50 months of treatment, were assessed over time. Results Patients who received endocrine therapy (n = 1343) were included in this pooled analysis (872 were also treated with palbociclib, and 471 were not). The most common AEs with palbociclib plus endocrine therapy were neutropenia and infections (any grade, 80.6% and 54.7%, respectively), which were higher than in the endocrine monotherapy arm (any grade, 5.3% and 36.9%). The most common hematologic AEs (≥15.0% in the palbociclib arm) were more likely to be reported in the initial months of the study, after which time the cumulative event rate did not substantially increase. With palbociclib plus endocrine therapy, any grade AEs leading to permanent discontinuation over three years occurred in only 8.3% of patients. Conclusions Based on these long-term safety analyses, there is no evidence of specific cumulative or delayed toxicities with palbociclib plus endocrine therapy, supporting the ongoing investigation of palbociclib plus endocrine therapy in early breast cancer (NCT02513394).
The Effect of Maturation on Performance During Repeated Sprints With Self-Selected Versus Standardized Recovery Intervals in Youth Footballers.

PURPOSE The purpose of this experiment was to assess performance during repeated sprints utilizing self-selected recovery intervals in youth football (soccer) players at different stages of maturation. METHODS Quota sampling method was used to recruit 14 prepeak height velocity (PHV) and 14 post-PHV participants for the study (N = 28; age = 13 [0.9] y, stature = 162.5 [10.8] cm, mass = 50.2 [12.7] kg). Players performed repeated sprints comprising 10 × 30 m efforts under 2 experimental conditions: using 30-second and self-selected recovery intervals. Magnitude of effects for within- and between-group differences were reported using effect size (ES) statistics ± 90% confidence intervals and percentage differences. RESULTS The decline in sprint performance was likely lower in the pre-PHV compared with the post-PHV group during the standardized recovery trial (between-group difference = 37%; ES = 0.41 ± 0.51), and likely lower in the post-PHV group during the self-selected recovery trial (between-group difference = 50%; ES = 0.45 ± 0.54). Mean recovery duration was likely shorter in the pre-PHV compared with the post-PHV group during the self-selected recovery trial (between-group difference = 26.1%; ES = 0.47 ± 0.45). CONCLUSION This is the first study to show that during repeated sprints with self-selected recovery, pre-PHV children have an impaired ability to accurately interpret physical capabilities in the context of the task compared with post-PHV adolescents.
Sources of Error in IRT Trait Estimation

In item response theory (IRT), item response probabilities are a function of item characteristics and latent trait scores. Within an IRT framework, trait score misestimation results from (a) random error, (b) the trait score estimation method, (c) errors in item parameter estimation, and (d) model misspecification. This study investigated the relative effects of these error sources on the bias and confidence interval coverage rates for trait scores. Our results showed that overall, bias values were close to 0, and coverage rates were fairly accurate for central trait scores and trait estimation methods that did not use a strong Bayesian prior. However, certain types of model misspecifications were found to produce severely biased trait estimates with poor coverage rates, especially at extremes of the latent trait continuum. It is demonstrated that biased trait estimates result from estimated item response functions (IRFs) that exhibit systematic conditional bias, and that these conditionally biased IRFs may not be detected by model or item fit indices. One consequence of these results is that certain types of model misspecifications can lead to estimated trait scores that are nonlinearly related to the data-generating latent trait. Implications for item and trait score estimation and interpretation are discussed.
Estimating the contribution of key populations towards the spread of HIV in Dakar, Senegal

Key populations including female sex workers (FSW) and men who have sex with men (MSM) bear a disproportionate burden of HIV. However, the role of focusing prevention efforts on these groups for reducing a country's HIV epidemic is debated. We estimate the extent to which HIV transmission among FSW and MSM contributes to overall HIV transmission in Dakar, Senegal, using a dynamic assessment of the population attributable fraction (PAF).
Expression of PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation

Abstract We studied the expression of programed death 1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligands (PD-L1/-L2) by immunohistochemistry and its association with clinicopathological features in 81 posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) following solid organ transplantation. Overall, 67% (54/81) of the PTLDs were positive in any of the three immunostainings. PD-1 was detected on tumor-infiltrating cells in 41% (33/81) of the PTLDs. PD-L1 was expressed on ≥5% of the tumor cells in 50% (40/80) and PD-L2 in 32% (23/72) of the PTLDs. All Burkitt lymphomas were PD-L1 negative. Expression of PD-L1 tended to be associated with non-germinal center-type of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (63% vs. 33% in GC-type, p = .14) and latent membrane protein-1+ PTLD (76% vs. 44% in LPM1-, p = .09). Heart recipients had more frequent PTLDs with PD-1+ microenvironment (p = .01). The frequent expression of PD-1 or -L1/-L2 in PTLD warrants further clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of PD-(L)1 inhibitors for refractory PTLD.
E‐learning and health inequality aversion: A questionnaire experiment

Abstract In principle, questionnaire data on public views about hypothetical trade‐offs between improving total health and reducing health inequality can provide useful normative health inequality aversion parameter benchmarks for policymakers faced with real trade‐offs of this kind. However, trade‐off questions can be hard to understand, and one standard type of question finds that a high proportion of respondents—sometimes a majority—appear to give exclusive priority to reducing health inequality. We developed and tested two e‐learning interventions designed to help respondents understand this question more completely. The interventions were a video animation, exposing respondents to rival points of view, and a spreadsheet‐based questionnaire that provided feedback on implied trade‐offs. We found large effects of both interventions in reducing the proportion of respondents giving exclusive priority to reducing health inequality, though the median responses still implied a high degree of health inequality aversion and—unlike the video—the spreadsheet‐based intervention introduced a substantial new minority of non‐egalitarian responses. E‐learning may introduce as well as avoid biases but merits further research and may be useful in other questionnaire studies involving trade‐offs between conflicting values.
The Social Function of Autobiographical Stories in the Personal and Virtual World: An Initial Investigation

Receiving another's autobiographical story may serve to elicit feelings of liking and empathy for the story sharer. Research has mostly examined social functions of autobiographical stories for in-person communications. The current experiment (N = 60) examined whether levels of liking, closeness, and empathy felt for a stranger (female confederate) after receiving her story depended on if (a) the story was received in-person or through instant message (IM), and (b) the story was positive or negative. Liking and having empathy for the stranger was higher in the in-person conditions compared to IM conditions. This effect was mediated by how engaged participants were with the story. Participants liked the stranger more after receiving the positive autobiographical story, but they felt more empathy toward her after the negative autobiographical story. The discussion considers parameters of the communication platform and people's perceptions of stories as explanations for the results. Limitations are considered.
When Is Literal Meaning Inhibited? Evidence From Nonsense in the Metaphor-Induced Lexical Forgetting Paradigm

A common feature of metaphoric language processing is a conflict between literal and figurative aspects of meaning. A consequence of this is the need to select the most appropriate meaning among competing associates when we encounter such phrases. The goal of the present experiments was to adapt the “impossible” retrieval approach of previous retrieval-induced and problem-solving-induced forgetting (RIF; PSIF) studies to test for the use of inhibitory mechanisms during metaphor comprehension. To achieve this goal, a series of 3 studies assessed forgetting following the processing of nonsense metaphors that were unlikely to lead to viable interpretations within a short period of time (Jealousy is a barn). In the first 2 experiments, processing nonsense metaphors led to reduced recall for previously studied literal associates. In a 3rd study, processing nonsense metaphors led to longer recognition latencies for literal associates on a cue-independent task. In contrast, no evidence of forgetting was seen because of the processing of familiar metaphors in any study. Because participants are unlikely to reach a viable interpretation of these nonsense metaphors, and because results were similar using recall and cue-independent recognition measures, these results provide novel support for an inhibitory account for this forgetting effect over a blocking or cue-based interference account.
Hypothesis Testing in the Real World

Critics of null hypothesis significance testing suggest that (a) its basic logic is invalid and (b) it addresses a question that is of no interest. In contrast to (a), I argue that the underlying logic of hypothesis testing is actually extremely straightforward and compelling. To substantiate that, I present examples showing that hypothesis testing logic is routinely used in everyday life. These same examples also refute (b) by showing circumstances in which the logic of hypothesis testing addresses a question of prime interest. Null hypothesis significance testing may sometimes be misunderstood or misapplied, but these problems should be addressed by improved education.
Lifestyle and demographic factors associated with human semen quality and sperm function

ABSTRACT In this study, we sought to investigate the effect of lifestyle and demographic factors on classic and functional semen parameters. Three hundred and twenty-eight subjects who underwent semen analysis were recruited. Routine SA, sperm vitality, acrosome reaction (AR) assay and sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) were analyzed. Demographic and lifestyle information, including (1) BMI, (2) current smoking and alcohol drinking frequency, (3) sleep habits, (4) daily fluid intake, (5) weekly meat intake, (6) sports frequency, (7) trouser cell phone use, (8) age, and (9) abstinence time, were collected. Generalized additive models were used to analyze the possible non-linear association. The results showed that total sperm count (TSC) was significantly associated with age (P = 0.001), abstinence time (P = 0.001) and daily coffee intake (P = 0.044). Semen volume was significantly associated with age (P < 0.001) and daily coffee intake (P < 0.001). Sperm concentration was significantly associated with abstinence time (P = 0.011) and average sleep duration (P = 0.010). Sperm motility was significantly associated with age (P = 0.002) and daily juice intake (P = 0.001). Total motile sperm count was significantly associated with age (P = 0.003) and abstinence time (P = 0.009). DFI was significantly associated with age (P = 0.002), irregular sleeping habit (P = 0.008) and abstinence time (P = 0.032). The percentage of AR sperm was significantly associated with daily juice intake (P = 0.013). In conclusion, DFI and TSC were the most sensitive semen parameters for demographic and lifestyle features, whereas age had more influence on semen parameters than other demographic and lifestyle features. Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; SA: semen analysis; AR: acrosome reaction; DFI: DNA fragmentation index; GAM: generalized additive model; TSC: total sperm count; TMC: total motile sperm count; IUI: intrauterine insemination; SCSA: sperm chromatin structure assay; SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; CBAVD: congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens; NEQAS: national external quality assessment service; HTF: human tubal fluid; HSA: human serum albumin.
Comparative study of the effect of bilastine and cetirizine on cognitive functions at ground level and at an altitude of 4,000 m simulated in hypobaric chamber: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study

ABSTRACT Introduction: Antihistamines are easily accessible and cover the vast majority of the medical therapy of allergic rhinitis. However, their systemic administration may more frequently associate with their well-known side-effect, sedation, which is a serious problem in persons in safety-critical jobs such as aviation. We have a poor understanding whether a non-sedative antihistamine has an impact on vigilance when hypobaric hypoxia occurs during flight. Methods: In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over study the effect of 20 mg bilastine was compared to 10 mg cetirizine and to placebo (20 mg pyridoxine) in 33 individuals at ground level and at 4,000 m altitude simulated in hypobaric chamber. Levels of vigilance, ultrashort memory, combined distributive attention, monotony tolerance and peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) were assessed. Results: Bilastine did not impair the tested abilities in comparison with the control groups either at ground level or hypobaric hypoxia. Administration of cetirizine increased the number of errors at ground level. At the simulated altitude, already impaired results were additionally demonstrated with regards to the distributive attention test. Conclusions: From the two examined antihistamines, bilastine should be the preferred medication for by individuals who require constant attention and are exposed to hypobaric hypoxia.
A comparison between video otoscopy and standard tympanometry findings in adults living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in South Africa

Background Literature suggests that there is a correlation between video otoscopy and standard tympanometry findings. However, there is limited evidence on whether these two measures are comparable in the identification of middle ear pathologies in adults living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Objective This study aimed to determine the correlation between video otoscopy and standard tympanometry with 226 Hz probe tone in the identification of middle ear pathologies in adults living with HIV in Limpopo, South Africa. Method A prospective, non-experimental, comparative design was employed on HIV-positive adults aged 18 years and older. All participants underwent basic audiological assessment including case history interviews, video otoscopy, tympanometry with a 226 Hz probe tone and pure tone audiometry. Two ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialists independently analysed video otoscopic images and provided their reports to the researcher, and these were compared to the tympanometry results. The IBM SPSS v.24 was used for data analysis, including the use of Cohen’s kappa to determine the agreement between the two procedures. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to determine the strength of the correlation between tympanometry and video otoscopy. Results A total of 87 adults (N = 161 ears) took part in the study. Middle ear pathology was observed in 8% (n = 13) of the sample when tympanometry was used, and this increased to 10.6% (n = 17) when video otoscopy was utilised. Kappa statistics found a good agreement (k = 0.7) between the diagnoses made by two ENTs. However, there was poor agreement (k = 0.2) between the diagnoses by video otoscopy and tympanometry. Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated weak correlation between video otoscopy and tympanometry (r = 0.195). Conclusion Findings from this study suggest that video otoscopy may be more accurate in the identification of middle ear pathologies in adults living with HIV when compared to tympanometry. These findings have training implications in the use of video otoscopy to ensure accuracy and reliability. Clinical implications of current findings include the use of both video otoscopy and tympanometry in a complementary manner for more sensitive identification of middle ear pathologies in this population. Lastly, tele-audiologic implications of the use of video otoscopy to increase access in resource-constrained contexts are raised.
Increasing the mobility of EEG data collection using a Latte Panda computer

Background Electroencephalography (EEG) experiments often require several computers to ensure accurate stimulus presentation and data collection. However, this requirement can make it more difficult to perform such experiments in mobile settings within, or outside, the laboratory New Method Computer miniaturisation and increasing processing power allow for EEG experiments to become more portable. Our goal is to show that a Latte Panda, a small Windows 10 computer, can be used to accurately collect EEG data in a similar manner to a laptop. Using a stationary bike, we also demonstrate that the Latte Panda will allow for more portable EEG experiments. Results Significant and reliable MMN and P3 responses, event-related potentials (ERPs) typically associated with auditory oddball tasks, were observed and were consistent when using either the laptop or Latte Panda for EEG data collection. Similar MMN and P3 ERPs were also measured in the sitting and stationary biking conditions while using a Latte Panda for data collection. Comparison with Existing Method Data recorded by the Latte Panda computer produced comparable and equally reliable results to the laptop. As well, similar ERPs during sitting and biking would suggest that EEG experiments can be conducted in more mobile situations despite the increased noise and artefacts associated with muscle movement. Conclusions Our results show that the Latte Panda is a low-cost, more portable alternative to a laptop computer for recording EEG data. Such a device will further allow for more portable and mobile EEG experimentation in a wider variety of environments.
Lactobacillus paracasei HD1.7 used as a starter modulates the bacterial community and metabolome profile during fermentation of Chinese cabbage

The effects of Lactobacillus paracasei HD1.7 on the bacterial community and metabolome profile during the fermentation of pickled Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis) were investigated using high‐throughput sequencing and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The HD1.7‐inoculated samples showed a consistently higher acidity and larger colony forming units until the middle stage of fermentation. The operational taxonomic units and bacterial richness and diversity declined. Lactobacillus was consistently the most abundant followed by Lactococcus, while Lactococcus was initially dominant and then replaced by Lactobacillus in control samples. The HD1.7 starter significantly promoted the growth of more acid‐resistant Lactobacillus, inhibited the growth of pathogens and accelerated and enhanced the consumption of free sugars. Eleven categories and 109 kinds of metabolites were identified using GC‐MS. Esters and aldehydes were the most abundant categories. Principal component analysis plots showed a similar metabolome shift route but a faster fermentation process due to HD1.7 inoculation.