Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PAPER Community assembly processes shape an altitudinal gradient of forest biodiversity

Aim Spatial patterns in biodiversity along environmental gradients are a central theme in ecology. However, the ways in which local assembly processes control changes in species turnover (b-diversity) along broader gradients have been less well documented. In this study, we aimed to elucidate factors and processes governing the altitudinal gradients in the b-diversity of woody plants and grounddwelling oribatid mites. Location Shiretoko National Park in Hokkaido, Japan. Methods The diversity of plants and oribatids was investigated in seven plots (each containing 10 subplots) at different altitudes, and the b-diversity of the two organism groups was calculated for each altitude.The dependence of b-diversity on the size of the species pool (g-diversity) is an issue of long-standing importance.We therefore used null modelling, which randomly shuffles individuals among subplots while preserving the g-diversity, the relative abundance of each species per plot and the number of individuals per subplot. This approach enabled us to estimate how much the observed b-diversity deviates from the expected b-diversity under stochastic assembly processes.Environmental data were collected to evaluate the possible effects of habitat condition/heterogeneity on community processes. Results In plants, deterministic processes dominated in the low-productivity, high-altitude stands because of the finer-scale niche partitioning seen among small individuals within less-stratified stands. In the structurally developed, low-altitude stands, the community structure was more strongly affected by stochasticity, probably resulting from one-sided competition such that the canopy trees intercept the majority of light,a primary resource for plants,and therefore the small understorey individuals had limited access to light.Among the oribatids,the altitudinal gradient of b-diversity was less evident than among the studied plants. However, this nonlinearity does not support the notion that local assembly processes contribute little to the spatial pattern of b-diversity. Indeed, local-scale environmental heterogeneity favoured a more deterministic assembly of oribatids at a given altitude.
OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF SRI LANKAN LISTED COMPANIES

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of ownership concentration and the other endogenous factors on the financial performance of companies listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange. Both pooled and ordinary least squares regressions are used to analyze the data. The return on assets (ROA) is used as the performance measure. One study finding is that the ownership concentration within these listed companies does not have a statistically significant positive relationship with the ROA. However, the study indicates that firm size, quick ratio and ratio of inventory investment to total assets have positive impacts on the ROA. But the debt ratio is negatively related to the financial performance of the listed companies.
The Effects of Globalisation n OECD Income Inequality : A static and dynamic analysis

Using the World Income Inequality Database and a static and d ynamic panel data analysis, this paper analyses the correlation betwe en income inequality in the OECD countries and economic globalization, measured by trade openn ess and foreign direct investment, for the period 1995-2007. The static analysis, conducted by means of the fixed-effects estimator, suggests that trade openness reduces inequality, wh ereas FDI is positively linked to inequality. Some control variables, such as unemployment and in flation, also have a positive effect on inequality. When we control for endogeneity, using the system GMM estimator with the Windmeijer correction for small samples, the result s also show that trade openness decreases income inequality and that the FDI effect on inequa lity is not significant. The country’s economic growth causes inequality to increase, acco rding to the findings of both our static and dynamic analyses.
How Can Reading Comprehension Strategies and Recall Be Improved in Elementary School Students

The purpose of this article was to analyze whether students in the first grade of primary school who were taught using a direct instruction method improved their use of reading comprehension strategies and their text recall. The participants were 48 firstcourse Primary School students. The design was quasiexperimental with a pretest and two posttest measures in both groups (control and experimental). The instrument applied to collect the data was the Contextualized Scale for the Evaluation of Learning Strategies. The findings favor direct instruction in first course. Thus, in the majority of the students who participated in our direct instruction method, the results showed an improvement in reading comprehension strategies and text recall.
EFL Students’ Responses on Oral Corrective Feedbacks and Uptakes in SpeakingClass

The study aims to find out the responses of Oral Corrective Feedback and Students’ Uptake on EFL students’ learning process in speaking class and to identify the most frequent type of oral corrective feedback and uptakes by one non-native teacher and EFL students. To find out the responses and the types, the classroom observation and interview were done. The results revealed that explicit correction is the most frequent type of oral corrective feedback used by the teacher and self- repair as the most frequent type of students’ uptakes. Regarding the responses of giving oral corrective feedback, the student admitted that 1) they became aware of their own errors; 2) they were motivated to improve their speaking skill; 3) their pronunciation and grammar input improved; and, 4) their vocabulary enriched. In spite of the positive responses of the students on the explicit correction, a further study should be done with a different level of English proficiency in order to obtain comprehensive contributions to the importance of feedbacks and uptakes in the learning process.
HOW PROXIMITY OF LAND USE AFFECTS STREAM FISH AND HABITAT

This study quantified the unique variation in stream fish and habitat and a land use disturbance index (LDI) at a variety of spatial scales: catchment, eight riparian polygons that varied in width and length (e.g. 50 m to all upstream reaches), upstream polygons of 1.6 and 3.2 km and the residual upland area of each site watershed not accounted for by each polygon. The analyses confirmed a hockey stick-shaped relationship between the fish community and the LDI, with sensitive species only present below an LDI of 11. The largest variation for most metrics was explained by the largest polygons, suggesting that local riparian conditions were not as important predictors of stream condition. LDI in upland areas, where zero-order streams occur, was also an important predictor of fish biomass and taxa richness. Contrary to expected, additive models with both catchment and riparian corridors provided minimal increases in predictive power, and no improvement in model performance occurred when data sets were stratified into sites below the LDI threshold. Finally, there was considerable covariation in the template and stressor predictor variables that made it difficult to quantify the unique variation in biological and physical responses accounted for by land use. That the 1600-m proximal polygon provided the best predictor of the fish community and temperature is supportive of there being some proximal effects of land use. Overall, our findings suggest that stream management must consider processes that occur in the entire upstream catchment and the entire riparian corridor, including the headwaters for success. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. key words: stream; fish community; habitat; riparian; proximity effects; landscape; land use; modelling Received 26 October 2011; Revised 17 April 2012; Accepted 16 May 2012
PALAEOLITHIC ZOOARCHAEOLOGY IN MYANMAR: A REVIEW AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

The Anyathian culture, one of the prominent stone arte-fact traditions in Mainland Southeast Asia spanning the Pleistocene and Holocene, has been frequently described at archaeological sites in the central belt of Myanmar. Human exploitative patterns of plant and animal re-sources relating to the Anyathian are obscure due to the paucity of systematic stratigraphic excavations in Myan-mar. However, recent research in the States of Shan and Kayin has shown that Myanmar has the potential to contribute to a better understanding of human subsistence economies at hunter-gatherer sites throughout the Pleistocene and Holocene. This study reviews faunal evidence recovered in association with stone artefacts at hunter-gatherer sites throughout Myanmar and illustrates the significance that further, more intensive research and better chronometric dating has for developing our understanding of foraging strategies in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene in Myanmar.
HAKIKAT PEMBELAJARAN YANG EFEKTIF

Penggunaan metode dalam pencapaian hasil pembelajaran yang diinginkan, pemilihan, penetapan, dan pengembangan metode berdasarkan pada kondisi pembelajaran yang ada. Pembelajaran dapat efektif apabila mencapai tujuan pembelajaran yang diinginkan sesuai dengan indikator pencapaian. Guru sebagai pembimbing diharapkan mampu menciptakan kondisi yang strategi yang dapat membuat peserta didik nyaman dalam mengikuti proses pembelajaran tersebut. proses belajar mengajar hendaknya guru dapat mengarahkan dan membimbing siswa untuk aktif dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar sehingga tercipta suatu interaksi yang baik antara guru dengan siswa maupun siswa dengan siswa. Untuk meningkatkan cara belajar yang efektif diperlukan strategi yang tepat agar pembelajaran dapat berjalan dengan optimal dan efektif
Self-regulated learning: the effect on student’s mathematics achievement

Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) is a very important ability for students in learning process. Students who have Self-Regulated Learning will be able to plan goals, plan strategies, manage behaviors, and evaluate self-improvement. The purpose of this article is to analyze the results of research on the effects of self-regulated learning on student’s mathematics achievement. The role of self-regulated learning is important to the mathematics achievement because it is a factor that makes the learning process more effective. In this article, there are 11 research results related to it. Based on the results of these studies, it can be concluded that students who have high self-regulated learning tend to have high motivation and achievement and vice versa, students who have lower self-regulated learning tend to have low achievement. Self-regulated learning is a cyclical process that includes three phases. 1) forethought phase that includes task analysis (goal setting, strategic planning) and self-motivation beliefs (self-efficacy, goal orientation). 2) performance/volitional control that includes self-control (self-instruction, attention focusing, task strategies). 3) self-reflection that includes self-reflection (self-judgment, self-evaluation) and self-reaction (self-satisfaction).
Application of Bat Algorithm for Texture Image Classification

Textural feature extraction of image is a basic work for image analysis. A number of approaches have been put forward to describe texture features quantitatively, such as gray level co-occurrence matrix, fractal wavelet, Gabor wavelet and local binary pattern etc, among them texture feature extracted based on “tuned” mask will not suffer from rotation and scale of images. However, it needs to take a lot of time to learn the tuned mask with the traditional methods and could not acquire the satisfying mask sometimes. In essence, it is a very hard combinational optimization problem and easy to fall into the local optimum with mountain climbing method. Bat algorithm is a newly proposed meta-heuristic optimization, which is employed to tune the optimal mask in the paper. The procedure of bat algorithm to learn the tuned mask is detailed. Experiments results testifies that the proposed method is propitious to draw texture features, its performance is better than the simple particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm based mask tuning scheme, which is a robust approach for texture image analysis.
Conversion Aversion: Environmental Learning and PBS Viewer Preferences

Public Broadcasting System (PBS) television plays a unique role in informal learning for the US public. The network is generally perceived as one of the most reliable sources for information and has established itself as a primary distributor of natural history documentaries. Despite this long history, there is little survey data on what motivates viewership or how nature documentary viewing relates to environmental values, lifestyle choices, and learning outcomes. This article reports on a study of Californian PBS viewers’ environmental identity, values, patterns of visiting parks, reactions to the desirability of a series of nature program scenarios, and their reasons for these reactions. Results revealed that viewers who had visited a park or viewed another nature program in the past two years were more likely to watch PBS programs on environmental topics irrespective of the scenario, and were more likely to feel that their identity is interconnected with nature. However, analysis of comments suggested that there were a handful of priorities that may present challenges to attracting these viewers, such as a mistrust of science and political motives for producing nature documentaries. The paper suggests that nature program viewing is an identity reinforcing behavior where information is used to elaborate on existing values and beliefs. By understanding these priorities, environmental educators may be able to strategically shape programming and promotion to broaden and diversify audiences for nature documentaries.
Forest structure of artificial islands in the Tucuruí dam reservoir in northern Brazil: a test core-area model

Construction of hydroelectric dams in tropical regions has been contributing significantly to forest fragmentation. Alterations at edges of forest fragments impact plant communities that suffer increases in tree damage and dead, and decreases in seedling recruitment. This study aimed to test the core-area model in a fragmented landscape caused by construction of a hydroelectric power plant in the Brazilian Amazon. We studied variations in forest structure between the margin and interiors of 17 islands of 8-100 hectares in the Tucurui dam reservoir, in two plots (30 and >100m from the margin) per island. Mean tree density, basal area, seedling density and forest cover did not significantly differ between marginal and interior island plots. Also, no significant differences were found in liana density, dead tree or damage for margin and interior plots. The peculiar topographic conditions associated with the matrix habitat and shapes of the island seem to extend edge effects to the islands' centers independently of the island size, giving the interior similar physical microclimatic conditions as at the edges. We propose a protocol for assessing the ecological impacts of edge effects in fragments of natural habitat surrounded by induced (artificial) edges. The protocol involves three steps: (1) identification of focal taxa of particular conservation or management interest, (2) measurement of an "edge function" that describes the response of these taxa to induced edges, and (3) use of a "Core-Area Model" to extrapolate edge function parameters to existing or novel situations.
Finding efficient strategies in 3-versus-2 small-sided games of youth soccer players

Most existing game analysis attempts do not consider situational context information sufficiently for the assessments of tactical behaviour. The purpose of this case study was to apply a new analysis approach, so far only used for 1-versus-1 analyses in soccer, to small-sided games and to identify and analyse therewith the efficiency of tactical patterns in 3-versus-2 game play. Therefore, 279 games, performed by an elite youth soccer team, were recorded by video and a position tracking system. The data was processed by the new approach, including unsupervised machine learning routines and artificial intelligence methods. Two crucial moments were used to analyse the occurring tactical patterns for the specific game: T0 (time instant of the shot) and T1 (time instant of the last action before the shot). For both moments typical tactical patterns, considering the spatio-temporal context of the situations were found. By combining the patterns of both moments, hidden tactical strategies were identified and their efficiencies calculated. The most significant result is that offence attempts have the highest scoring probability when played via the wings near to the goal line and the final pass, before the shot, is given against the playing direction into the centre of the field.
Human cell therapy for venous leg ulcers

Non-healing, chronic venous leg ulcers are sometimes mistakenly described as acute wounds that progress from hemostasis to inflammation but then become stuck in the inflammatory phase of healing. Typical explanations for this include colonization by bacteria, tissue infection, or the formation of bacterial biofilms. When standard care with debridement and compression bandaging fails to promote healing, therapeutic approaches shift to more aggressive surgical debridement, antimicrobial therapy, and the use of biological dressings or autologous grafts. A pathophysiologic view of persistent venous hypertension reveals the primary role of dermal inflammation, leading eventually to skin ulceration in a manner distinctly different from an acute wound. Subsequent to ulceration, additional inflammatory responses to invading pathogens can become important, but the underlying inflammatory state must be controlled before healing can take place, even with the use of skin grafts or cultured autologous skin cells. The prior belief that allogeneic keratinocytes and fibroblasts could engraft has given way to a more sophisticated consideration of the immunologic interplay between inflamed tissue and applied cells. This review briefly summarizes the history of cell therapy for venous leg ulcers, with a focus on concepts that have been tested in clinical trials, and a consideration of future development approaches.
Evaluation of an educational handout on knowledge about toxoplasmosis

AIMS: The study sought to determine the factors associated with prior knowledge about toxoplasmosis, and to assess what participants learned after reading an educational handout. METHODS: Participants were recruited at two sites in California: a public meeting about water quality in Morro Bay; and at the Women Infants and Children’s Nutrition Program office or La Leche League meetings in Yolo County. Demographic differences between sites were compared using Fisher’s exact test, and change in knowledge before and after reading the handout using Mantel-Haenszel methodology. RESULTS: Non-Hispanic white participants were more likely than those of Hispanic ethnicity (62% vs. 20%, respectively) to have prior knowledge about toxoplasmosis. The most common source of information was newspapers (36%). Only 16% had obtained information from medical professionals. After reading the handout, 85% of participants identified Toxoplasma gondii as a parasite and 98% identified cats as the source of oocysts. Ninety-eight percent of participants who read the handout were aware they could acquire infection from cat faeces, 94% from meat, 78% from soil or in utero, and 69% from unwashed vegetables. Fewer (59%) recognized all sources. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge about toxoplasmosis increased in all areas evaluated, but gaps remained, particularly with regard to environmental sources of Toxoplasma gondii infection and clinical manifestations of disease. In addition to care in handling cat faeces/litter and avoidance of undercooked meat, healthcare providers counseling pregnant women should emphasize the importance of wearing gloves when gardening, hand washing after handling soil or meat, and rinsing fresh vegetables thoroughly before consumption.
AN APPROACH TO A COMPREHENSIVE MOHO DEPTH MAP AND CRUSTAND UPPER MANTLE VELOCITY MODEL FOR IRAN

The main purpose of the present study is to develop a comprehensive Moho depth map and crust and upper mantle velocity model for Iran. This will allow for more precise computation of travel time and thereby also more precise hypocenter estimation of the recorded events in Iran. For this purpose all available depth and velocity data relevant to this region has been matched and compiled. In the locations that there were no local data, available global data has been replaced. Based on these results Iran has been divided into 8 regions of varying seismicity and velocity structure.
Vegetation Re‐development After Fen Meadow Restoration by Topsoil Removal and Hay Transfer

We investigated the effects of different restoration treatments on the development of fen meadow communities: (1) depth of topsoil removal, with shallow (circa 20 cm) and deep (circa 40 cm) soil removal applied, (2) transfer of seed‐containing hay, and (3) access of large animals. We carried out a full factorial experiment with all combinations of these factors and monitored it for 4 years. We studied the effect of seed availability in the soil seed bank on species abundance in the vegetation and compared it to the effect of species introduction by hay. We observed large differences in species composition between different treatments after 4 years. The combination of hay transfer, deep soil removal, and exclusion of large animals resulted in a community with highest similarity to the target vegetation. We found that the transfer of seeds with hay had a larger effect on species abundance than the soil seed bank. Hay transfer appeared to have important consequences on vegetation development because it speeded up the establishment of the target vegetation.
Framing effects on foreign policy: experimental evidence from emerging countries and the Argentine-Brazilian rivalry

Civil society plays an increasingly important role in the formulation of foreign policy in emerging countries. This article investigates whether public opinion is sensitive to framing effects regarding foreign policy. Data from a survey experiment with a sample of 1,530 students at the Universidad de Buenos Aires and the Universidad Nacional de Avellaneda, we find that participants are sensitive to framing effects on foreign affairs. The interviewees changed their preferences when stimulated by information regarding Brazilian economic growth and military expenditure in comparison with Argentina. In turn, this effect was more pronounced among a) people who tend to stay less informed regarding foreign affairs and b) individuals who are more nationalistic.
Gründungserfolg von Wissenschaftlern an deutschen Hochschulen

Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags analysieren wir Einflusse auf den Grundungsprozess und Grundungserfolg von Wissenschaftlern. Lediglich jeder sechste Wissenschaftler, der vor drei Jahren eine Grundungsidee hatte, wurde unternehmerisch aktiv. Die meisten Wissenschaftler geben ihre Grundungsidee aber nicht auf, sondern bleiben weiter am Ball und grunden womoglich noch in Zukunft. Darunter befinden sich vor allem Wissenschaftler mit Erfindungen, bei denen der Weg bis zur Kommerzialisierung besonders lang zu sein scheint. Wissenschaftlerinnen nehmen Hemmnisse wie fehlende finanzielle Ressourcen kritischer wahr und brechen die Grundung auch haufiger ab. Indem sie haufiger neue Arbeitsplatze schaffen, sind Teamgrundungen wirtschaftlich erfolgreicher als Einzelgrundungen. Grunder aus der Wissenschaft sind uberwiegend nebenberuflich unternehmerisch aktiv.