Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Land–Ocean Contrast in Convective Vigor Using Islands

Moist convection is well known to be generally more intense over continental than maritime regions, with larger updraft velocities, graupel, and lightning production. This study explores the transition from maritime to continental convection by comparing the trends in Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) radar and microwave (37 and 85 GHz) observations over islands of increasing size to those simulated by a cloudresolving model. The observed storms were essentially maritime over islands of ,100 km 2 and continental over islands . 10 000 km 2 , with a gradual transition in between. Equivalent radar and microwave quantities were simulated from cloud-resolving runs of the Weather Research andForecasting model viaofflineradiation codes. The model configuration wasidealized,with islands represented by regions of uniform surface heat flux without orography, using a range of initial sounding conditions without strong horizontal winds or aerosols. Simulated storm strength varied with initial sounding, as expected, but also increased sharply with island size in a manner similar to observations. Stronger simulated storms were associated with higher concentrations of large hydrometeors. Although biases varied with different ice microphysical schemes, the trend was similar for all three schemes tested and was also seen in 2D and 3D model configurations. The successful reproduction of the trend with such idealized forcing supports previous suggestions that mesoscale variation in surface heating—rather than any difference in humidity, aerosol, or other aspects of the atmospheric state—is the main reason that convection is more intense over continents and large islands than over oceans. Some dynamical storm aspects, notably the peak rainfall and minimum surface pressure low, were more sensitive to surface forcing than to the atmospheric sounding or ice scheme. Large hydrometeor concentrations and simulated microwave and radar signatures, however, were at least as sensitive to initial humidity levels as to surface forcing and were more sensitive to the ice scheme. IssueswithrunningtheTRMMsimulatoron2Dsimulationsarediscussed,buttheyappeartobelessserious than sensitivities to model microphysics, which were similar in 2D and 3D. This supportsthe furtheruse of 2D simulations to economically explore modeling uncertainties.
Touch-and-Go Pairing in Chromosomes.

Patzelt, V. , "tber die menschliche Epiglottis und die Entwicklung des Epithels in den Nachbargebieten," Zeit. f. Anmat. , 70, 1-178 (1924). Stone, L. S. , "Independence of Taste Organs with Respect to Their Nerve Fibers Demonstrated in Living Salamanders," Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 30, 1256-1257 (1933). Stone, L. S. , "The Origin and Development of Taste Organs in Salamanders Observed in the Living Condition," Jour. Exp. Zool. , 83, 481-506 (1940). Szymonowicz, W. L. , "Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Nervenendigungen in Hautgebilden," Arch. f. mikr. Anat. , 45, 624-654 (1895). Szymonowicz, W. L. , "tber den Bau und die Entwicklung der Nervenendigungen im Entenschnabel," Ibid., 48, 329-358 (1896). Torrey, T. W. , "The Relation of Taste Buds to Their Nerve Fibers," Jour. Comp. Neur. , 59, 203-220 (1934a). Torrey, T. W. , "Temperature Coefficient of Nerve Degeneration," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 20, 303-305 (1934b). Torrey, T. W. , "The Relation of Nerves to Degenerating Taste Buds," Jour. Comp. Neur. , 64,325-336 (1936). Whiteside, B. , "The Regeneration of the Gustatory Apparatus in the Rat," Ibid., 40, 35-45 (1926). Whiteside, B. , "Nerve Overlap in the Gustatory Apparatus of the Rat," Ibid., 44, 363-377 (1927).
The Role of Soil Conservation on Mean Crop Yield and Variance of Yield - Evidence from the Ethiopian Highlands

Land degradation has been one of the major areas of concern in Ethiopia. Governments and development agencies have invested substantial resources to promote land management technologies and reduce land degradation. However, there is little understanding of the impacts that land management technologies have on yield and yield variability. This paper investigates the impact of stone bunds on mean yield and variance of yield, using multiple plot observations per household in low- and highrainfall areas of the Ethiopian highlands. Our analysis incorporated the propensity score matching method, stochastic dominance analysis, and exogenous and endogenous switching regression methods. We found statistically significant and positive impact of stone bunds on yield in low-rainfall areas. This did not hold in high-rainfall areas. We did not find a statistically significant stone-bund impact on production risk in either high- or low-rainfall areas. The results were robust to both parametric and nonparametric analysis. The overall conclusion from the analysis is that the performance of stone bunds varies by agro-ecology type. This implies the need for designing and implementing appropriate technologies that enhance productivity and are better adapted to local conditions.
Behavioral / Systems / Cognitive Phonological Grammar Shapes the Auditory Cortex : A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Charlotte Jacquemot,1,2 Christophe Pallier,3 Denis LeBihan,3 Stanislas Dehaene,3 and Emmanuel Dupoux1 1Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales–Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75006 Paris, France, 2Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris XII, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 94010 Cedex Créteil, France, and 3Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot and Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, 91401 Cedex Orsay, France
Chronic pain and psychiatric morbidity: a comparison between patients attending specialist orthopedics clinic and multidisciplinary pain clinic.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the associations between chronic pain and psychiatric morbidity using interview-based assessments of psychiatric symptomatology. We compared the prevalence of common mental disorder (CMD; consistent with neurotic and somatic symptoms, fatigue, and negative affect), depression, and anxiety disorder(s), and associated factors with these psychiatric illnesses among Chinese patients with chronic pain attending specialist orthopedics clinic and multidisciplinary pain clinic. METHODS A total of 370 patients with chronic pain were recruited from an Orthopedics Clinic (N=185) and a Pain Clinic (N=185) in Hong Kong. Psychiatric morbidity was assessed using the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule. Individual scores for neurotic symptoms and neurotic disorders (including depression and four types of anxiety disorders) were also calculated. RESULTS The reported lifetime prevalence rates of CMD were 35.3% and 75.3% for the Orthopedics and Pain Clinic samples, respectively. Rates of depression and anxiety disorders in the Pain Clinic (57.1% and 23.2%, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the Orthopedics sample (20.2% and 5.9%, respectively) (all P<0.001). Pain characteristics including number of pain sites, pain duration, pain intensity, and pain interference were all significantly associated with psychiatric morbidity after controlling for sociodemographic factors. Pain duration and litigation/compensation status consistently predicted concurrent pain intensity and disability. CONCLUSIONS Chronic pain is associated with psychiatric morbidity. The higher rate of depression than anxiety disorder(s) among patients with chronic pain is consistent with previous studies that have found depression to be highly prevalent in chronic pain.
A brief spiritual beliefs inventory for use in quality of life research in life‐threatening illness

This paper reports on the initial efforts to validate a brief self‐report inventory, the Systems of Belief Inventory(SBI‐15R), for use in quality of life (QOL) and psychosocial research studying adjustment to illness. The SBI‐15R was designed to measure religious and spiritual beliefs and practices, and the social support derived from a community sharing those beliefs. The authors proposed this scale to address the need for greater exploration of spiritual and religious beliefs in QOL, stress and coping research. Phase I: Item generation. The research team identified four domains comprised of 35 items that make up spiritual and religious beliefs and practices. The instrument was piloted in a structured interview format on 12 hospitalized patients with varying sites of cancer. Phase II: Formation of SBI‐54. After these initial efforts, the research team increased the number of items to 54 and adopted a self‐report format. To assess patients' reactions to the questionnaire, the new version was piloted on 50 outpatients with malignant melanoma. Phase III: Initial validation. To begin establishing validation, 301 healthy individuals with no history of cancer or serious illness in the prior year were asked to complete the SBI‐54 and several other instruments. A principal components analysis with varimax rotation of the SBI‐54 identified two factors, in contrast to the four which were hypothesized, one measuring spiritual beliefs and practices, the other measuring social support related to the respondent'rsquo;s religious community. Phase IV: Item reduction of the SBI‐54. A shortened version of the SBI‐54 with 15 items, five from the items identifying factor I and ten from those identifying factor II, was developed to lessen patient burden. The new SBI‐15 correlated highly with the SBI‐54, and demonstrated convergent, divergent, and discriminant validity. Revision of SBI‐15. The investigators rephrased one statement in order to broaden the applicability of the SBI‐15 to patients other than those with a diagnosis of cancer, and to healthy individuals. Discussion. The SBI‐15R met tests of internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, and convergent, divergent, and discriminant validity in both physically healthy and physically ill individuals. The SBI‐15R may have value in measuring religious and spiritual beliefs as a potentially mediating variable in coping with life‐threatening illness, and in the measurement of QOL. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the contribution of group III and IV muscle afferents to the circulatory response to rhythmic exercise in humans

Non‐technical summary We investigated the role of thin fibre muscle afferents in the circulatory response to exercise in humans. The results not only document the importance of continuous afferent feedback from working human skeletal muscle to achieve appropriate haemodynamic and ventilatory responses to exercise but also suggest that the relative contribution of this mechanism is larger than traditionally accepted.
Americans' knowledge and perceived risk of tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) has resurged as a major public health problem in the United States, but there is minimal information on the public's knowledge of TB. The general population must become aware of the seriousness of the reemergence of TB. Using data from the National Health Interview Survey Supplement, this study examined knowledge and perceived risk of TB of 14,727 U.S. respondents. Results demonstrated some general knowledge of TB, several misconceptions, and low concern regarding their risk of contracting TB. Only 10.2% of the respondents perceived risk for themselves. Respondents reported perceived knowledge of TB at a high level, while their actual knowledge was lower. Gender, education, income, and ethnicity were associated with knowledge and perceived risk. Older people responded correctly to questions about TB knowledge more often than younger people. Conclusions were that public health nursing efforts need to be redirected toward health education regarding TB risk and spread, complementing existing screening and therapy programs.
The effect of bilateral palmar digital nerve analgesia on the compressive force experienced by the navicular bone in horses with navicular disease.

Horses with navicular disease have an increased load on the navicular bone in early stance. This has been suggested to be a response to pain in the heel region. Seven horses with clinical, radiographic and scintigraphic signs of navicular disease underwent forceplate and kinematic analysis before and after desensitisation of the heel region with a bilateral palmar digital nerve block. The compressive force exerted on the navicular bone during stance, and stride kinematics, were determined in each state. After regional analgesia of the palmar digital nerves (PDNB) the compressive force on the navicular bone was lower throughout stance. The mean +/- s.d. peak force at the beginning of stance was 7.05+/-1.10 N/kg before, and 6.46+/-1.15 N/kg after PDNB (P = 0.01) and at the end of stance the mean peak values were 5.00+/-2.05 N/kg before, and 4.39+/-1.65 N/kg after PDNB (P = 0.05). We explained this finding as indicating that the horse responds to heel pain (including pain in the navicular region) by contracting the deep digital flexor muscle to unload the heels. This increases the compressive load on the navicular bone, which may cause remodelling and, in some horses, damage to the overlying flexor cartilage, which is then painful and identified as navicular disease. This mechanism identifies navicular disease as a possible end point for a variety of heel related conditions.
Conditional Probabilistic Population Projections: An Application to Climate Change

Future changes in population size, composition, and spatial distribution are key factors in the analysis of climate change, and their future evolution is highly uncertain. In climate change analyses, population uncertainty has traditionally been accounted for by using alternative scenarios spanning a range of outcomes. This paper illustrates how conditional probabilistic projections offer a means of combining probabilistic approaches with the scenario‐based approach typically employed in the development of greenhouse gas emissions projections. The illustration combines a set of emissions scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) with existing probabilistic population projections from IIASA. Results demonstrate that conditional probabilistic projections have the potential to account more fully for uncertainty in emissions within conditional storylines about future development patterns, to provide a context for judging the consistency of individual scenarios with a given storyline, and to provide insight into relative likelihoods across storylines, at least from a demographic perspective. They may also serve as a step toward more comprehensive quantification of uncertainty in emissions projections.
Cleavage of p130Cas in anoikis

p130Cas is a multifunctional signaling adaptor protein. It integrates and relays signals generated from a variety of extracellular stimuli and regulates a number of cellular activities including cell death. In this study, we analyzed the regulation and function of p130Cas in anoikis, a type of apoptosis caused by disruption of cell‐matrix interactions. We found that p130Cas was specifically cleaved during anoikis in anoikis‐sensitive epithelial cells, but not in anoikis‐resistant tumor cells. There is a close correlation between p130Cas cleavage and anoikis. Furthermore, we found that the cleavage of p130Cas, as well as another focal adhesion component FAK, is different from that of caspase substrate PARP and spectrin. Although caspases and calpain were found to be involved in the cleavage of p130Cas, there appear to be other unidentified proteases that are mainly responsible for the cleavage of p130Cas, particularly at the early stage of anoikis. Overexpression of the p130Cas cleavage product induced apoptosis. Taken together, these data suggest that there are novel proteases involved in the cleavage of p130Cas during anoikis, which may be functionally involved in the onset of anoikis. p130Cas may have a dual role in the regulation of anoikis. On one hand, it mediates a survival signal from cell‐matrix interactions when cells are attached to the extracellular matrix. On the other hand, it participates in executing cell death when cell‐matrix interactions are disrupted. These observations provide new insights into the understanding of the function of p130Cas and the molecular mechanism of anoikis. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
[Genome-wide association study based risk prediction model in predicting lung cancer risk in Chinese].

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the predictive power of risk model by combining traditional epidemiological factors and genetic factors. METHODS Our previous GWAS data of lung cancer in Chinese were used in training set (Nanjing and Shanghai: 1473 cases vs. 1962 control) and testing set (Beijing and Wuhan: 858 cases vs. 1 115 control). All the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with lung cancer risk were systematically selected and stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to select independent factors in the training set. The wGRS (weighted genetic score) was further used to calculate genetic risk score. To evaluate the contribution of the genetic factors, 3 risk models were established by using the training set, i.e. smoking model (based on smoking status) , genetic risk model (based on genetic risk score) and combined model (based on smoke and genetic risk score). The predictability of the models were evaluated by the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, area under curve (AUC), net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination index (IDI). Besides, the results were further verified in the testing set. RESULTS In the training set, it was found that the AUC of the smoking, genetic risk and combined models were 0.65 (0.63-0.66), 0.60 (0.59-0.62) and 0.69 (0.67-0.71), respectively. Compared with combined model, the predictive power of other two models significantly declined, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Furthermore, compared with the smoking model, the NRI of the combined model increased by 4.57% (2.23%-6.91%) and IDI increased by 3.11% (2.52%-3.69%) in the training set, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Similarly, in the testing set NRI increased by 2.77%, the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.069) , and IDI increased by 3.16%, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). CONCLUSION This study showed that combining 14 genetic variants with traditional epidemiological factors could improve the predictive power of risk model for lung cancer. The model could be used in the screening of high-risk population of lung cancer in Chinese and provide evidence for the early diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.
Partial trisomy 13 plus partial trisomy 4q due to unusual segregation of translocation chromosomes

The cytogenetic analysis of a 7‐month‐old retarded girl with clinical signs compatible with partial trisomy 13 revealed a translocation t(4;13)(q33;ql4) and an additional derivative chromosome 13. This karyotype probably resulted from 3:1 segregation during meiosis of the patient's mother.
An ABAC Comparison of Two Intensive Interventions for Food Refusal

An ABAC comparison of two treatment packages for food refusal, physical guidance and nonremoval of the spoon, was conducted with two children with limited food acceptance. Both of these treatment packages included prevention of escape from presented food. Subsequent to baseline, one of the two treatment packages was implemented for each child. The treatment packages were implemented ABAC for one child and ACAB for the other child. Once the percentage of bites accepted had increased to at least 75% with the initial exposure to a treatment package, that treatment was withdrawn with a subsequent exposure to the second treatment package. The results indicated that both treatment packages were effective in establishing food acceptance. Also, initial exposure to either of the two treatment packages facilitated acquisition of food acceptance during the second exposure. Parental preference of the treatment package may have been influenced by the order of exposure to the treatment conditions.
Association between sclerostin and bone density in chronic spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in profound bone loss due to muscle paralysis and the inability to ambulate. Sclerostin, a Wnt signaling pathway antagonist produced by osteocytes, is a potent inhibitor of bone formation. Short‐term studies in rodent models have shown increased sclerostin in response to mechanical unloading that is reversed with reloading. These studies suggest that complete spinal cord injury, a condition resulting in mechanical unloading of the paralyzed lower extremities, will be associated with high sclerostin levels. We assessed the relationship between circulating sclerostin and bone density in 39 subjects with chronic SCI and 10 without SCI. We found that greater total limb bone mineral content was significantly associated with greater circulating levels of sclerostin. Sclerostin levels were reduced, not elevated, in subjects with SCI who use a wheelchair compared with those with SCI who walk regularly. Similarly, sclerostin levels were lower in subjects with SCI who use a wheelchair compared with persons without SCI who walk regularly. These findings suggest that circulating sclerostin is a biomarker of osteoporosis severity, not a mediator of ongoing bone loss, in long‐term, chronic paraplegia. This is in contrast to the acute sclerostin‐mediated bone loss shown in animal models of mechanical unloading in which high sclerostin levels suppress bone formation. Because these data indicate important differences in the relationship between mechanical unloading, sclerostin, and bone in chronic SCI compared with short‐term rodent models, it is likely that sclerostin is not a good therapeutic target to treat chronic SCI‐induced osteoporosis. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Predicting Oxygen Content Downstream of Weirs, Spillways and Waterways

At hydraulic structures (e.g. weirs, spillways), air-water transfer of atmospheric gases (e.g. oxygen) occurs by self-aeration along the chute and by flow aeration in the hydraulic jump at the downstream end of the structure. In this paper, experimental data are re-analysed and compared with a numerical method to predict the free-surface aeration. Aeration at hydraulic jumps is also examined and compared with existing correlations. Calculations of free-surface aeration and empirical correlations for hydraulic jump aeration are combined to predict the DO content downstream of weirs and spillways. Good agreement between calculations and prototype data is obtained. The results indicate that self-aeration might contribute to a large part of the oxygenation taking place at hydraulic structures for small water discharges. For large discharges, the reduction or the disappearance of free-surface aeration affects substantially the aeration efficiency.