Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Judgments of the short-term and long-term effects of conflict episodes on relationship cohesion.

Judgments of the Short and Long Term Effects of Conflict Episodes on Relationship Cohesion September 1984 Darryl Ross Hickman. B. A. , University of South Carolina Directed by: Professor George Levinger This study examined judgments of the shortand long-term effects of described conflict episodes on levels of relationship cohesion. Two hundred respondents who were presently living in college dormitories rated fifty short vignettes which described: (1) the gender of hypothetical college roommates, (2) how long they had lived together, (3) their present feeling of closeness, (A) how many times conflict over a single issue had occurred, (5) the nature of this conflict, and (6) how the roommates dealt with the conflict. Respondents rated: (a) the amount of change in how roommates felt toward each other right after the described episode, and (b) how well the roommates would get along in the future. It was found that ratings of the short-term effects of the conflict episodes were greater than the long-term effects. However, there were differences in groups of respondents in how they made these ratings and how they were affected by the different vignette
Insights from Behavioral Economics on How Labor Markets Work

I discuss some key issues raised by behavioral economics for better understanding the working of the labor market. Amongst the key points in this paper are: (i) a revised modeling of the labor supply curve, with a specific focus on the target income approach (ii) elaborating on the importance of effort variability for understanding labor supply, including a narrative on efficiency wage and x-efficiency theory (includes the importance of fairness) (iii) building upon x-efficiency and efficiency wage theory to better understand the demand side of the labor market (iv) discussing some of the cognitive/informational/institutional factors affecting decision-making, including modeling the role of errors or biases in labor market decisions for both the supply and demand side of the labor market (v) insights of experimental economics for labor market behavior (vi) the importance behavioral economics for better understanding the stylizing facts of labor markets. This paper also compares conventional to behavioral theoretical approaches labor markets, their different underlying assumptions, and analytical predictions, with implications for public policy and institutional design. Also compared are the errors and biases and the bounded rationality approaches labor market analysis. They produce different analytical predictions as well as having different implications for public policy and institutional design.
MYCOBIOTA AND MYCOTOXINS IN FRESHLY HARVESTED AND STORED MAIZE

The incidence of mycobiota and mycotoxin levels were investigated in the freshly harvested maize kernel samples from October 2014 and in the samples of stored maize kernels from February 2015. Toxigenic fungal species (moulds) were isolated, cultivated and identified on agar plates according to standard mycological methods, while mycotoxins were detected by enzyme- linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). Mycological analyses of kernels showed the presence of toxigenic species from genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. Among the Aspergillus species, Aspergillus flavus was identified with higher incidence in the stored kernels (10.25%), than in freshly harvested kernels (3.67%) whereas A. parasiticus was the predominant species in the freshly harvested kernels (4.17%) compared to the stored kernels (0%). From the genus Fusarium three species were identified: F. graminearum, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides, with the incidence of 1.08%, 8% and 25.75%, respectively in freshly harvested kernels and the incidence of 2.50%, 7.10% and 29.75%, respectively in the stored kernels. Species from genus Penicillium had higher incidence in freshly harvested kernels (14.25%) than in the stored kernels (9%). In addition, tested samples of harvested and stored maize kernels were 100% positive with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and total fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 (FBs). The mean levels of AFB1, DON and FBs were 2.77 μg kg -1 , 117.83 μg kg -1 , and 3700.84 μg kg -1 , respectively in the freshly harvested kernels and a mean levels of 2.16 μg kg -1 , 2034.40 μg kg -1 , and 5976.50 μg kg -1 , respectively in the stored maize kernels. In the freshly harvested maize kernel samples, statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) positive correlations of kernel moisture content with the incidence of Penicillium spp. (r = 0.47), and levels of AFB1 (r = 0.46) and FBs (r = 0.47), and between the incidence of Penicillium spp. and level of AFB1 (r = 0.53) were established. In the stored maize kernel samples, statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) positive correlations were found between the incidence of F. subglutinans and level of FBs (r = 0.50) and between levels AFB1 and FBs (r = 0.52). A highly significant
Self-concept and self-esteem: How the content of the self-concept reveals sources and functions of self-esteem

The relations of content of self-concept to self-esteem may reflect the role of different factors in developing self-esteem. On the basis of theories describing sources of self-esteem, we distinguished four domains of self-beliefs: agency, morality, strength and energy to act, and acceptance by others, which we hypothesized to be related to self-esteem. In two studies, involving 411 university students, the relationship between self-esteem and self-concept was examined. The results confirmed relative independence of these four domains. Self-evaluation of agency was the strongest predictor of selfesteem, followed by self-evaluation of strength and energy to act, and self-evaluation of acceptance by others. Selfevaluation regarding morality turned out to have either no or negative relationship with self-esteem. The results supported the theories assuming that either perception of one’s own agency or acceptance by others are sources of self-esteem.
Influence of a stochastic parameterization on the frequency of occurrence of North Pacific weather regimes in the ECMWF model

One common problem of many atmospheric circulation models is the overestimation of the mean westerly winds in the mid‐latitude North Pacific. This westerly wind bias is also a prominent feature in a recent version of the ECMWF model. Here we use the ECMWF model to investigate whether the use of stochastic parameterizations help reduce this error, using the concept of weather regimes. The focus is on the winter season when the atmospheric regime structure is most pronounced. It is shown that the operational version of the ECMWF stochastic physics scheme has little impact on the frequency of occurrence of North Pacific weather regimes. A recently developed scheme, however, which is based on combining a cellular automaton with a stochastic backscatter component, leads to substantial improvements in the simulation of the frequency of occurrence of North Pacific weather regimes and therefore a reduction of the westerly wind bias.
HIV Prevalence and HIV-Related Sexual Practices among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Portuguese Bathhouses

Background: To determine the perceived prevalence (the response of known HIV diagnosis) and trends of HIV infection among mem who have sex with men (MSM) frequenting gay bathhouses; and (2) to identify the risk factors associated sexual practices. Methods: A total of 424 MSM (Mean age 35.64, SD=10.05) recruited through informal social networks and the Internet participated in this study. Most participants were single and self-identified as gay (66.7%). Participants were asked to recall their sexual experiences while visiting a bathhouse for sexual purposes. Results: 9.4% (n=40) of participants reported being HIV positive and approximately 14.5% (n=62) reported not knowing their status. MSM visited the bathhouses 1.76 times per month (SD=2.12) and involved themselves with 3 men (on average) per each visit. Statistically significant differences between having sex with or without a condom were found (p<0.001) reflect that risky behavior occurs (95% CI). Risk practices involving fluid exchange (condomless practices) were also reported. Ejaculation in the mouth was reported by 29.3% to 48.9% of all participants, and ejaculation in the anus was reported by 15.8% to 17.4% of all participants. Linear regression indicated that sex role, substance use, sexual orientation and number of monthly visits were predictors of sexual practices involving fluid exchange. Conclusion: Results from this study show that HIV prevalence and HIV-related practices is high among MSM who use bathhouses to engage in sexual activity, and this can serve as a reference for researchers interested in these behavioral patterns and for local authorities aiming to promote health education among MSM.
Exploring regulatory interactions among young children and their teachers : a focus on teachers’ monitoring activities

This study explored the differences in teachers’ monitoring of children during socio-emotional challenges children face in day care. Furthermore, the study investigated the association between teachers’ monitoring activities and children’s strategy use targeted at regulating emotions and behavior in these challenging situations. The data consist of 44 video-recorded events of challenging situations. First, quantitative associations were explored between teachers’ monitoring and children’s use of different strategies, as well as children’s possible adaptation of strategy use. Furthermore, these interactions were explored qualitatively, describing the ways teachers’ active monitoring manifested and contributed to the children’s strategy use. The results show that teachers’ active monitoring was associated with children’s adaptation of strategy use during the challenge. Qualitative exploration further illustrated how teachers’ active monitoring in challenging situations enabled the teachers to adjust their support for children and further, help children adapt strategy use. In contrast, weak monitoring resulted in less adequate support, leading to children repeating ineffective strategies or turning back to less constructive ways of resolving the challenges instead of adapting their behavior according to the situational demands. The findings highlight the importance of teachers’ constant monitoring of children’s behavior, so that the teachers can identify the need for support when children experience challenging situations, as they are the situations in which children can learn to manage challenges and adapt their regulatory behavior according to the demands of the situation.
The impact of the business environment on the availability of trade credit to new SMEs in South Africa

This study investigates the impact of the business environment on the availability of trade credit to new SMEs in South Africa. The literature identifies 78 questionnaire items. Exploratory factor analysis reduces the items to 44 items under nine factors that include both internal factors and external factors. The internal factors were labeled as managerial competencies, collateral, networking and business and financial information. The external factors were labeled macroeconomic, legal, ethics, crime and corruption. Empirical research was conducted to investigate the impact of the nine factors on the availability of trade credit to new SMEs. The instrument used was the self-administered questionnaire. The statistical analyses included factor analysis, item analysis and Pearson correlation. The results show that both the internal and external factors significantly impact on the availability of trade credit to new SMEs. Key words: Business environment, new SMEs, trade credit
Blackwater treatment via combination of sedimentation tank and hybrid wetlands for unrestricted reuse in Egypt.

The present study aims at investigating the performance of hybrid constructed wetlands (CWs) for blackwater treatment. A pilot study of real blackwater samples was conducted in this investigation. This research describes an integrated system consisting of the sedimentation process as primary treatment followed by hybrid horizontal–vertical flow wetland for the treatment of concentrated blackwater as a strong wastewater. The results showed that the sedimentation tank was able to remove about 56.8%, 64.8%, and 58.0% for TSS, BOD, and COD, respectively, for the raw blackwater. When the effluent of the sedimentation tank was further treated by the subsurface horizontal wetland, the removal efficiency of TSS, BOD, and COD increased to 82.9%, 88.0%, and 87.1%, respectively. For upgrading the treated effluent, it was further subjected to vertical wetland. The overall removal of the pollution parameters of the combined system reached 97.4%, 98.0%, and 98.5% for TSS, BOD, and COD, respectively. As a result, the final effluent complied with the National Regulatory Standards for unrestricted water reuse. The present investigation concluded that the hybrid CWs offer a low-cost alternative for wastewater treatment, according to the climate of Africa, Middle East, arid, and semiarid areas. Such hybrid system could be implemented easily if the land area is available.
Examining the simple and multiple relationship of parenting styles and early life trauma with narcissistic personality in university students

According to the high prevalence of narcissistic personality among normal populations, this study was conducted to found out the simple and multiple relationships of parenting styles and early traumas with narcissism personality in university students. The statistical society of current research included all students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz. To perform this research, 314 students (159 female, 155 male) were selected by multistage randomly sampling method and complete narcissism personality inventory 16 items (Ames et al, 2006), parenting styles ( bum rind, 1990) and early trauma inventory. The data of questionnaire were analyzed by multiple regressions in stepwise and entry methods . The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that 66 percent narcissism personality variance in students was explained by parenting styles and traumas in early life. Also, early life trauma, avoidant and secure attachment emerged as the strongest predictors of narcissism personality in students. Given the role of parenting styles and early life trauma on the making of narcissistic personality in students, recommended that a set of training program will be used by specialist to prevent the narcissistic personality tendency.
Budget Balance through Revenue or Spending Adjustment: Evidence from Pakistan

Government cannot roll over the debt forever (ponzi game is not allowed). In the long run, inter-temporal budget constraint has to be satisfied, which is possible either through government spending adjustment or increasing government revenues. So current budget deficit calls for adjustment, in the future, in spending or revenues. There are four hypotheses, in the literature, in this regard: the tax-and-spending hypothesis, the spending-and-tax hypothesis, bi-directional causality between government revenues and government expenditures, and independence of taxes and expenditures hypothesis. The last hypothesis, however, have negative implications, in the long run, in terms of debt sustainability and inflation. The empirical literature give mixed result on the intertemporal relationship between government expenditures and taxes due to various time periods analysed, lag length specifications, and methodology used in the study. Manage and Marlow (1986), Blackley (1986), and Ram (1988) support ̳the tax and spending‘ hypothesis. Anderson, Wallace, and Warner (1986), Von Furstenberg, Green, and Jeong (1986) and Jones and Joulfaian (1991) support ̳the spending-and-tax‘ hypothesis. Miller and Russek (1989) find bi-directional causality, whereas Baghestani and McNown (1994) find that government expenditures and taxes are not affected by budget deficit. Most of the studies available, in this regard, have focused on the experiences of developed economies and the issue has not been investigated for the case of developing countries. So this study aims at testing the four hypotheses, stated above, in the context of inter-temporal budget constraint for the case of Pakistan using data over the period 1961 to 2008. For this, reaction of fiscal policy instruments to lagged fiscal deficit has been estimated. More specifically, it is investigated how government adjusts taxes, government expenditures and/or total debt in response to fiscal deficit. While estimating government‘s fiscal policy response to budget deficit, econometric issues related to non-stationarity of taxes, government expenditures and debt are important. Most of the times, data on government expenditures, taxes and debt are non-stationary. On the other hand, intertemporal budget constraint requires stationarity of
Long-term starspot evolution, activity cycle and orbital period variation of RT Lacertae

A sequence of V -band light curves of the active close binary RT Lacertae (G5+G9 IV), extending from 1965 to 2000, is presented and analysed to derive the spot distribution and evolution on the component stars. In our modelling approach, the Roche geometry and Kurucz's atmospheric models were adopted. The resulting maps of the spot surface distribution were regularized by means of the Maximum Entropy and Tikhonov criteria to take full advantage of the increased geometrical resolution during eclipses. By comparing the maps obtained with these two criteria, it was possible to discriminate between surface features actually required by the data and artifacts introduced by the regularization process. Satisfactory ts were obtained assuming spots on both components and the unspotted V -band luminosity ratio: LG5=LG9 IV =0 :65 0:05. The more massive G5 primary appears to be the most active star in the system and its spotted areas are mainly responsible for the light curve distortions. The yearly spot distributions on both components indicate that their spot patterns consist of two components, one uniformly and the other non-uniformly distributed in longitude, the latter suggesting the presence of preferential longitudes. In particular, spots are concentrated around the substellar points and their antipodes on both stars. The eclipse scanning reveals spots with diameters of40, or possibly smaller, on the hemisphere of the primary star being occulted. The primary shows clear evidence for a short-term activity cycle with a period of8: 5y r and a possible long-term cycle with a period of approximately 35 yr. The variation of the spot migration rate may be related with surface dierential rotation, with a lower limit of = 3:2 10 3 . The G9 IV secondary does not show evidence for an activity cycle, its spot coverage appearing rather constant at15 20% of its surface. The relative amplitude of its surface dierential rotation, as indicated by the variation of the spot migration rate, is = 2:7 10 3 . The variation of the orbital period shows a correlation with the activity level of the primary component. Specically, the decreases of the orbital period appear to be associated with minimum spottedness and sizeable changes of the surface spot distribution that may be related to increases of the rotation rate of the spot pattern. Conversely, an episode of increase of the orbital period was related to an increase of the spotted area on the primary star. Such results support the recently proposed models that connect the perturbations of the orbital dynamics with the variation of the gure of equilibrium of the active components, due to the operation of non-linear hydromagnetic dynamos in their extended convective envelopes.
Biodiversity and ecology of Culicidae and Simuliidae probable vectors of infectious diseases in villages of the Sanaga mid valley, Cameroon: Influence of the Sanaga River

Most riverine villages of the Sanaga river are known endemic for vector-borne diseases. Two cross sectional surveys were set during two seasons in villages of the Sanaga mid valley to identify main Simuliids and mosquitoes genus and species, their specific biotopes and fluctuations of their abundance with respect to distance from the river banks and seasons. The study villages are located close to 5 and 35 km from the Sanaga river edges. Both larva and adult stages were assessed using known methods. All adults Simuliids, larvae and nymphs were identified as Simulium damnosum. Larvae and nymphs were collected only in the river stream and adults near the banks, farms and near households. Adults and larvae abundance was greater in the rainy season whereas nymphs were more abundant in the dry season. Endophilic mosquitoes harvested were Anopheles and Culex. Their abundance was greater in villages close to the river. Species and resting densities varied with distance from the river edges. Culicidae larvae collected belonged to Aedes, Anopheles and Culex. Fourteen species were identified, 3 of Anopheles, 5 of Aedes and 6 of Culex. Some species showed broad specificity to biotopes. This study indicates that mosquito fauna is more diversified at larval stage in the Sanaga mid valley; some having broad specificity to breading sites. The Sanaga river harbours most of the species found in the water bodies. Indoor adult mosquitoes are less diversified indicating that most of the mosquito found at larval stage may breed mostly outdoor. Simulium larvae and pupae breed specifically in the falls and rapids of the Sanaga stream. Both sexes of adult Simulium are found near the river, whereas only females are found near households and in farms. Adults Simulium density decreases with the distance from the river with two picks of abundance in the day. Key words: Biodiversity, Culicidae, Simuliidae, Sanaga River.
Probable maximum precipitation and climate change

Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is the greatest accumulation of precipitation for a given duration meteorologically possible for an area. Climate change effects on PMP are analyzed, in particular, maximization of moisture and persistent upward motion, using both climate model simulations and conceptual models of relevant meteorological systems. Climate model simulations indicate a substantial future increase in mean and maximum water vapor concentrations. For the RCP8.5 scenario, the changes in maximum values for the continental United States are approximately 20%–30% by 2071–2100. The magnitudes of the maximum water vapor changes follow temperature changes with an approximate Clausius‐Clapeyron relationship. Model‐simulated changes in maximum vertical and horizontal winds are too small to offset water vapor changes. Thus, our conclusion is that the most scientifically sound projection is that PMP values will increase in the future due to higher levels of atmospheric moisture content and consequent higher levels of moisture transport into storms.