Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PNPM Mandiri Perkotaan Kabupaten Kendal

The problem of poverty has led to create a strategy in eradicating its cause. Many inovationsof poverty reduction program had been conducted. One of them wasthe program to improve social capital. This study aimed to determine the effect of social capital, asset ownership, education, type of work and the number of dependents on poverty in a household. The research was conducted in Plantaran village, South Kaliwungu subdistrict, Kendal regency. Logistic method was employed. Primary data was gathered from 97 samples. The result confirmed that the significance level for asset ownership variable was equal to 0.271. Due to its value wasabove 0.05, it was interpreted that asset ownership variables had no significant impact on household poverty. Significance level for the job variable was 0.002. This was interpreted that the jobvariable had a significant influence on Household Poverty, significance level for variable number of dependents reached 0,001. This value was below 0.05. Hence, it meant that the number of dependent variables had a significant influence on Household Poverty and Significance level for variable of Social Capital which was equal to 0.345. It was interpreted that Social Capital variables had no significant influence on Household Poverty. Masalah kemiskinan mendorong pemikiran akan perlunya suatu strategi baru penanggulangan kemiskinan yang lebih menyentuh akar permasalahan kemiskinan. Berbagai inovasi dalam mengem-bangkan program penanggulangan kemiskinan telah dilakukan, salah satunya adalah menumbuhkan modal sosial yang dipandang sebagai salah satu cara yang bisa menyentuh akar permasalahan kemiskinan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh modal sosial, kepemilikan asset, pendidikan jenis pekerjaan dan jumlah tanggungan terhadap kemiskinan dalam sebuah rumah tangga. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Plantaran Kecamatan Kaliwungu Selatan Kabupaten Kendal. Metode adalah regresi logistik, data yang digunakan adalah data primer yang diambil dari 97 sample. Taraf signifikansi untuk variabel Kepemilikan Aset adalah sebesar 0,271. Nilai tersebut di atas 0,05 sehingga diinterpretasikan bahwa variabel kepemilikan aset tidak mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap Kemiskinan rumah tangga, Taraf signifikansi untuk variabel Jenis Pekerjaan adalah sebesar 0,002. Nilai tersebut di bawah 0,05 sehingga diinterpretasikan bahwa variabel Jenis Pekerjaan mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap Kemiskinan Rumah Tangga. Taraf signifikansi untuk variabel Jumlah Tanggung¬an adalah sebesar 0,001. Nilai tersebut di bawah 0,05 sehingga diinterpretasikan bahwa varia¬bel Jumlah tanggungan mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap Kemiskinan Rumah Tangga. Taraf signifikansi untuk variabel Modal Sosial adalah sebesar 0,345 sehingga diinterpretasikan bahwa variabel Modal Sosial tidak mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap Kemiskinan Rumah Tangga.
FSSD: Feature Fusion Single Shot Multibox Detector

SSD (Single Shot Multibox Detector) is one of the best object detection algorithms with both high accuracy and fast speed. However, SSD's feature pyramid detection method makes it hard to fuse the features from different scales. In this paper, we proposed FSSD (Feature Fusion Single Shot Multibox Detector), an enhanced SSD with a novel and lightweight feature fusion module which can improve the performance significantly over SSD with just a little speed drop. In the feature fusion module, features from different layers with different scales are concatenated together, followed by some down-sampling blocks to generate new feature pyramid, which will be fed to multibox detectors to predict the final detection results. On the Pascal VOC 2007 test, our network can achieve 82.7 mAP (mean average precision) at the speed of 65.8 FPS (frame per second) with the input size 300$\times$300 using a single Nvidia 1080Ti GPU. In addition, our result on COCO is also better than the conventional SSD with a large margin. Our FSSD outperforms a lot of state-of-the-art object detection algorithms in both aspects of accuracy and speed. Code is available at this https URL.
Autocrine IL‐10 impairs dendritic cell (DC)‐derived immune responses to mycobacterial infection by suppressing DC trafficking to draining lymph nodes and local IL‐12 production

The production of IL‐12 by dendritic cells (DC) early in an immune response is considered critical for the polarization of CD4+ T lymphocyte response towards a Th1 pattern, a key process in the clearance of intracellular pathogens. Infection of bone marrow‐derived DC with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) induced a concurrent and dose‐dependent releaseof IL‐10 and IL‐12. Here we examined whether the production of IL‐10 by DC affected their IL‐12 response to mycobacterial infection and the generation of protective immune responses in vivo. Compared to wild‐type (WT) DC, DC deficient for IL‐10 synthesis (IL‐10–/–) showed increased IL‐12 production in response to BCG infection and CD40 stimuli in vitro. Moreover, when transferred into mice, infected IL‐10–/– DC were more efficient than WT DC at inducing IFN‐γ production to mycobacterial antigens in the draining lymph nodes (DLN). This effect was associated with increased trafficking of IL‐10–/– DC to the DLN and enhanced IL‐12 production by DC within the DLN. These data show that autocrine IL‐10 exerts a dual inhibitory effect on the induction of primary immune responses by DC: first, by down‐regulating the migration of infected DC to the DLN and second, by modulating the IL‐12 production by DC in the DLN.
Importance of Clinical Decision Making by Experienced Pediatric Surgeons When Children Are Suspected of Having Acute Appendicitis: The Reality in a High-Volume Pediatric Emergency Department

Objective The aim of the present study was to compare the pediatric appendicitis score (PAS), the Alvarado score (AS), white blood cell count (WBC), absolute neutrophil count (ANC), C-reactive protein (CRP) level, procalcitonin level, and ultrasound (US) data, with the appendectomy decisions of pediatric surgeons diagnosing acute appendicitis (AA) in a real-life setting; this was a top-level, high-volume pediatric emergency department (PED) in a developing country. Methods The study was conducted prospectively between January 2012 and June 2013 in the PED of the Tepecik Teaching and Research Hospital in Izmir, Turkey. The study was observational in nature; no attempt was made to influence indications for exploration or the timing thereof. Children aged 4 to 18 years presenting to the PED on suspicion of AA were included. The WBC, ANC, CRP level, and procalcitonin level were measured, and US was performed on all patients on admission. The PAS and AS were calculated. An operative decision was made by each pediatric surgeon who had the results of laboratory and radiological tests. The criterion standard for AA was histopathological assessment. Results Upon receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis, the areas under the ROCs (AUROCs) of the WBC, ANC, CRP level, procalcitonin level, US positivity, PAS, AS, and decisions of pediatric surgeons supported by laboratory and US data were 0.734, 0.741, 0.671, 0.675, 0.670, 0.831, 0.794, and 0.910, respectively. When US data were employed only in cases with PASs 4 to 7, the sensitivity increased but specificity decreased. The sensitivity and specificity of pediatric surgical decisions were 100% and 82.50%, respectively. The difference between the PAS AUROC and the pediatric surgeon decision-making AUROC was significant (P = 0.0393; 95% confidence interval, 0.0470–0.226). Conclusions Good pediatric surgical decision making supported by laboratory and US data for those suspected of AA may be the most effective diagnostic tool in a high-volume PED in a developing country.
IL‐5 and eosinophils mediate the rejection of fully histoincompatible vascularized cardiac allografts: regulatory role of alloreactive CD8+ T lymphocytes and IFN‐γ

CD8+ T lymphocytes are known to inhibit the development of eosinophilia and IL‐5 synthesis in models of experimental lung disease. In transplantation, the rejection of fully mismatched cardiac allografts by recipients depleted of CD8+ T cells is characterized by the recruitment of eosinophils in the rejected organs. We show here that this intragraft eosinophilia is dependent on the production of IL‐5 since hearts transplanted into IL‐5‐deficient recipients depleted of CD8+ cells did not contain eosinophils. More importantly, allograft survival was significantly extended in these animals. In mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), the presence of CD8+ T cells in the responding cell population inhibited the secretion of IL‐5. This inhibition was IFN‐γ dependent since adding neutralizing anti‐IFN‐γ antibodies induced the production of IL‐5. Furthermore, spleen cells isolated from IFN‐γ receptor (IFN‐γR)‐deficient mice secreted IL‐5 upon allogeneic stimulation in primary MLC. In vivo, eosinophilia was observed in allografts rejected by IFN‐γR‐deficient recipients. On the contrary, grafts rejected by IFN‐γR‐deficient mice treated with neutralizing anti‐IL‐5 antibodies did not exhibit eosinophilic infiltration. Our study reveals the capacity of IL‐5‐secreting CD4+ T cells and eosinophils to promote the rejection of heart allograft and demonstrates the importance of CD8+ T cells and IFN‐γ in regulating this pathway of rejection.
Towards bedside washing of stored red blood cells: a prototype of a simple apparatus based on microscale sedimentation in normal gravity

Infusion of by‐products of red blood cell (RBC) storage‐induced degradation as well as of the residual plasma proteins and the anticoagulant‐preservative solution contained in units of stored blood serve no therapeutic purpose and may be harmful to some patients. Here, we describe a prototype of a gravity‐driven system for bedside washing of stored RBCs.
EDUCATIONAL POLICY IN TANZANIA FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THE PRESENT: CONTINUITY AND TRANSFORMATION

This thesis studies the changes in the formal educational policies in Tanzania from independence until the present. Since independence in 1961, the government of Tanzania has attempted several times to reform the educational system to meet their development objectives different objectives and generate desired outcomes. This thesis compares the 1967 Education for Self-Reliance policy with the most recent 1995 Education and Training Policy by taking a historical view of the role of work-oriented education in primary and secondary institutions. Using the framework developed by Wim Hoppers (1996), this study finds that work-oriented education is an important strategy for improving the relevance of the educational system in both policies. However the educational system has undergone noteworthy changes in the approach and focus of work-oriented education during this time. The most significant of these changes is a shift in emphasis from rural-oriented vocational education to technology education as the major focus of work-oriented education, demonstrated through supplementary education policies such as the 2007 Information and Communication Technology policy. This thesis maintains that the continued presence of work-oriented education has important implications for the 1995 Education and Training Policy, particularly because the current work-oriented program shares many of the same challenges that impeded the 1967 Education for Self-Reliance policy. Through historical analysis of past experiences and issues, these challenges must be recognized and addressed in order for the current policy to be successfully implemented and to achieve its work-oriented education objectives.
Significant reductions in alcohol use after hepatitis C treatment: results from the ANRS CO13‐HEPAVIH cohort

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Few data exist on changes to substance use patterns before and after hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment. We used longitudinal data of HIV-HCV co-infected individuals to examine whether receiving pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN)-based therapy irrespective of HCV clearance could modify tobacco, cannabis and alcohol use. DESIGN A prospective cohort of HIV-HCV co-infected individuals was enrolled from 2006. Participants' clinical data were retrieved from medical records and socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics were collected by yearly self-administered questionnaires. SETTING Data were collected across 17 hospitals in France. PARTICIPANTS All HIV-HCV co-infected patients who initiated HCV treatment during follow-up and answered items regarding substance use in at least one yearly questionnaire (258 patients, 671 visits). INTERVENTION HCV treatment consisted of Peg-IFN-based regimens. MEASUREMENTS Four time-varying outcomes: hazardous alcohol use (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-C > 3/4 for women/men), number of alcohol units/month, binge drinking, cannabis and tobacco use. Mixed models assessed the effect of HCV treatment status (not yet treated, treated and HCV-cleared, treated and HCV-chronic) on each outcome. FINDINGS A significant decrease (more than 60% reduction) in both hazardous alcohol use and binge drinking and a reduction of 10 alcohol units/month was observed after HCV treatment (irrespective of HCV clearance). No significant effect of HCV treatment status was found on tobacco use and regular cannabis use, but HCV 'clearers' reported less non-regular use of cannabis. CONCLUSIONS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment appears to help HIV-HCV co-infected patients reduce alcohol use.
Association Between Subjective Obesity Status and Smoking Behavior Among Normal-Weight Women

Smoking and obesity are chief causes of mortality, morbidity, and medical expenditure. However, few studies have investigated the linkage between subjective obesity status and smoking behavior. This study examines whether females in a normal body mass index range who perceive themselves as obese are more likely to smoke than those who do not perceive themselves as obese. Stratifying by age-group, I employed the propensity score matching analysis to control for selection bias. Although body mass index is lower for younger females aged 20 to 39, they are more likely than elder females to consider themselves as obese. Based on a logistic regression, my findings show that younger females who perceive themselves as obese are 21.2% more likely to smoke than females who do not perceive themselves as obese. The positive relationship between perceived obesity status and smoking behavior is also found in the propensity score matching analysis. However, the disparity in smoking prevalence is not detected between elder females who perceive themselves as obese and those who do not. Public education that fosters accurate perception of body shape is imperative in inducing healthy lifestyles and improving social welfare.
Gene regulatory networks and cell lineages that underlie the formation of skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle in vertebrates is formed by two major routes, as illustrated by the mouse embryo. Somites give rise to myogenic progenitors that form all of the muscles of the trunk and limbs. The behavior of these cells and their entry into the myogenic program is controlled by gene regulatory networks, where paired box gene 3 (Pax3) plays a predominant role. Head and some neck muscles do not derive from somites, but mainly form from mesoderm in the pharyngeal region. Entry into the myogenic program also depends on the myogenic determination factor (MyoD) family of genes, but Pax3 is not expressed in these myogenic progenitors, where different gene regulatory networks function, with T-box factor 1 (Tbx1) and paired-like homeodomain factor 2 (Pitx2) as key upstream genes. The regulatory genes that underlie the formation of these muscles are also important players in cardiogenesis, expressed in the second heart field, which is a major source of myocardium and of the pharyngeal arch mesoderm that gives rise to skeletal muscles. The demonstration that both types of striated muscle derive from common progenitors comes from clonal analyses that have established a lineage tree for parts of the myocardium and different head and neck muscles. Evolutionary conservation of the two routes to skeletal muscle in vertebrates extends to chordates, to trunk muscles in the cephlochordate Amphioxus and to muscles derived from cardiopharyngeal mesoderm in the urochordate Ciona, where a related gene regulatory network determines cardiac or skeletal muscle cell fates. In conclusion, Eric Davidson’s visionary contribution to our understanding of gene regulatory networks and their evolution is acknowledged.
Rethinking the role of invertebrate hosts in the life cycle of the amphibian chytridiomycosis pathogen

SUMMARY The amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has recently emerged as a primary factor behind declining global amphibian populations. Much about the basic biology of the pathogen is unknown, however, such as its true ecological niche and life cycle. Here we evaluated invertebrates as infection models by inoculating host species that had previously been suggested to be parasitized in laboratory settings: crayfish (Procambarus alleni) and nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans). We found neither negative effects on either host nor evidence of persistent infection despite using higher inoculum loads and more pathogen genotypes than tested in previous studies. In contrast, addition of Bd to C. elegans cultures had a slight positive effect on host growth. Bd DNA was detected on the carapace of 2/34 crayfish 7 weeks post-inoculation, suggesting some means of persistence in the mesocosm. These results question the role of invertebrates as alternative hosts of Bd and their ability to modulate disease dynamics.
Naturally occurring benzoic acid derivatives retard cancer cell growth by inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDAC)

ABSTRACT Histone deacetylases (HDACs), which modulate the expression of genes, are potential therapeutic targets in several cancers. Targeted inhibition of HDAC prevents the expression of oncogenes thereby help in the treatment of cancers. Hence, several pharmaceutical companies developed inhibitors of HDAC and tested them in preclinical models and in clinical trials. SAHA (suberanilohydroxamic acid) is one such HDAC inhibitor developed for treating breast and colorectal carcinomas. However, due to poor efficacy in clinical trials the utility of SAHA for treating cancers was discouraged. Similarly another HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin-A (TSA) also showed promising results in clinical trials but exhibited severe adverse effects, which dampened the interest of using this molecule for cancer treatment. Therefore, search for developing a potent HDAC inhibitor with minimal side effects still continues. Hence, in this study we have screened benzoic acid and benzoic acid derivatives with hydroxylic (-OH) groups and methoxy (-OCH3) groups for their efficacy to bind to the TSA binding site of HDAC using molecular docking studies. Molecules that showed much stronger affinity (than TSA) to HDAC were tested for inhibiting HDAC expressing cultured cancer cells. DHBA but not Dimethoxy Benzoic Acid (DMBA) inhibited HDAC activity, leading to cancer cell growth inhibition through the induction of ROS and cellular apoptosis mediated by Caspase-3. In addition, DHBA arrested cells in G2/M phase of the cell cycle and elevated the levels of sub-G0-G1 cell population. In summary, results of this study report that DHBA could be a strong HDAC inhibitor and inhibit cancer cell growth more effectively.
1,5-Anhydroglucitol in saliva is a noninvasive marker of short-term glycemic control.

CONTEXT In most ethnicities at least a quarter of all cases with diabetes is assumed to be undiagnosed. Screening for diabetes using saliva has been suggested as an effective approach to identify affected individuals. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to identify a noninvasive metabolic marker of type 2 diabetes in saliva. DESIGN AND SETTING In a case-control study of type 2 diabetes, we used a clinical metabolomics discovery study to screen for diabetes-relevant metabolic readouts in saliva, using blood and urine as a reference. With a combination of three metabolomics platforms based on nontargeted mass spectrometry, we examined 2178 metabolites in saliva, blood plasma, and urine samples from 188 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 181 controls of Arab and Asian ethnicities. RESULTS We found a strong association of type 2 diabetes with 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) in saliva (P = 3.6 × 10(-13)). Levels of 1,5-AG in saliva highly correlated with 1,5-AG levels in blood and inversely correlated with blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. These findings were robust across three different non-Caucasian ethnicities (Arabs, South Asians, and Filipinos), irrespective of body mass index, age, and gender. CONCLUSIONS Clinical studies have already established 1,5-AG in blood as a reliable marker of short-term glycemic control. Our study suggests that 1,5-AG in saliva can be used in national screening programs for undiagnosed diabetes, which are of particular interest for Middle Eastern countries with young populations and exceptionally high diabetes rates.
Abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopause

Abstract Abnormal uterine bleeding is one of the commonest presenting complaints encountered in a gynecologist's office or primary-care setting. The wider availability of diagnostic tools has allowed prompt diagnosis and treatment of an increasing number of menstrual disorders in an office setting. This White Paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of transvaginal ultrasound, blind endometrial sampling and diagnostic hysteroscopy. Once a proper diagnosis has been established, appropriate therapy may be embarked upon. Fortunately, only a minority of such patients will have premalignant or malignant disease. When bleeding is sufficient to cause severe anemia or even hypovolemia, prompt intervention is called for. In most of the cases, however, the abnormal uterine bleeding will be disquieting to the patient and significantly affect her ‘quality of life’. Sometimes, reassurance and expectant management will be sufficient in such patients. Overall, however, in cases of benign disease, some intervention will be required. The use of oral contraceptive pills especially those with a short hormone-free interval, the insertion of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system, the incorporation of newer medical therapies including antifibrinolytic drugs and selective progesterone receptor modulators and minimally invasive treatments have made outpatient therapy increasingly effective. For others, operative hysteroscopy and endometrial ablation are proven therapeutic tools to provide both long- and short-term relief of abnormal uterine bleeding, thus avoiding, or deferring, hysterectomy.