Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Drying Methods, Solid-Solvent Ratio, Extraction Time and Extraction Temperature on Phenolic Antioxidants and Antioxidant Activity of Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel (Combretaceae) Leaves Water Extract

Hot water extract of Guiera senegalensis leaves is used traditionally by women in Katsina State, Nigeria during postpartum period for general wellbeing. However the preparation of this beverage has not been optimized so far, which may underestimate its health benefit potentials. In this study, the effects of drying methods (air, oven and sun), solid- solvent ratio (1:10- 1:30), extraction time (30- 180 min) and extraction temperature (25- 85°C) on phenolic antioxidants and antioxidant activity of G. senegalensis were studied using Single Factor Experiment (SFE). Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) assays were used to determine the phenolic antioxidants. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring scavenging effect on 2,2 ꞌ - diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) using phosphomolybdate assay. Results showed that extraction conditions significantly (P<0.05) affect phenolic antioxidants extraction and antioxidant properties of G. senegalensis leaves water extract. The optimal conditions were air drying using 1:10 solid – solvent ratio for 60 minutes at 40°C with values of 2720.37 mg QE/g DW for TFC, 1431.74mg GAE/100g DW for TPC, 96.73% for DPPH scavenging, 2797.04mg AAE/100g DW for FRAP and 1144.49mg AAE/100g DW for TAC. TFC was found to be significantly correlated with TAC (r 2 = 0.851; P<0.01) and TPC with DPPH (r 2 = 0.732: P<0.05) under the influence of drying methods. TFC was also significantly correlated with TAC (r 2 = 0.683; P<0.01) and DPPH (r 2 = 0.538; P<0.01) under the effect of solid- solvent ratio. Negative significant correlations were found between TFC and FRAP (r 2 = -0.369; P<0.01), DPPH and FRAP (r 2 = -0.591; P<0.01) under the influence of extraction temperature. However, poor correlations were observed among all variables under the influence of extraction time.
Potential influence of climate-induced vegetation shifts on future land use and associated land carbon fluxes in Northern Eurasia

Climate change will alter ecosystem metabolism and may lead to a redistribution of vegetation and changes in fire regimes in Northern Eurasia over the 21st century. Land management decisions will interact with these climate-driven changes to reshape the region’s landscape. Here we present an assessment of the potential consequences of climate change on land use and associated land carbon sink activity for Northern Eurasia in the context of climate-induced vegetation shifts. Under a ‘business-as-usual’ scenario, climate-induced vegetation shifts allow expansion of areas devoted to food crop production (15%) and pastures (39%) over the 21st century. Under a climate stabilization scenario, climate-induced vegetation shifts permit expansion of areas devoted to cellulosic biofuel production (25%) and pastures (21%), but reduce the expansion of areas devoted to food crop production by 10%. In both climate scenarios, vegetation shifts further reduce the areas devoted to timber production by 6–8% over this same time period. Fire associated with climate-induced vegetation shifts causes the region to become more of a carbon source than if no vegetation shifts occur. Consideration of the interactions between climate-induced vegetation shifts and human activities through a modeling framework has provided clues to how humans may be able to adapt to a changing world and identified the trade-offs, including unintended consequences, associated with proposed climate/energy policies.
Socioeconomic Status andMortality Contribution of health care access and psychological distress among U.S. adults with diagnosed diabetes

OBJECTIVEdAlthough several studies have examined the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and mortality in the general population, few have investigated this relationship among people with diabetes. This study sought to determine how risk of mortality associated with measures of SES among adults with diagnosed diabetes is mitigated by association with demographics, comorbidities, diabetes treatment, psychological distress, or health care access and utilization.
Validating performance of automotive materials at high strain rate for improved crash design

This paper investigates sources of performance variability in high velocity testing of automotive crash structures. Sources of variability, or so called noise factors, present in a testing environment, arise from uncertainty in structural properties, joints, boundary conditions and measurement system. A box structure, which is representative of a crash component, is designed and fabricated from a high strength Dual Phase sheet steel. Crush tests are conducted at low and high speed. Such tests intend to validate a component model and material strain rate sensitivity data determined from high speed tensile testing. To support experimental investigations, stochastic modeling is used to investigate the effect of noise factors on crash structure performance variability, and to identify suitable performance measures to validate a component model and material strain rate sensitivity data. The results of the project will enable the measurement of more reliable strain rate sensitivity data for improved crashworthiness predictions of automotive structures.
Analysis of Temperature Trends over Limpopo Province, South Africa

Detailed analyses of trends in annual and seasonal minimum and maximum temperatures, as well as the diurnal temperature range, were investigated over Limpopo Province, South Africa, for the period 1950 to 1999. Daily data from 30 catchments were used to analyze the trends. Overall there was an increase of 0.12°C per decade in the mean annual temperature for the 30 catchments, over the 50 year period. A non-uniform pattern of changes in temperature was evident across the different catchments; 13% of the catchments showed negative trends while 87% showed positive trends in their annual mean temperature. Furthermore, 20% of catchments showed negative trends while 80% of catchments showed positive trends in their diurnal temperature range. The seasonal trends showed variability in mean temperature increase, of about 0.18°C per decade in winter and 0.09oC per decade in summer. The significance of this work lies in the linkage of temperature to the hydrological cycle.
Knowledge Sharing : Integrating the Reward Systems and Social Network

Mechanisms to Motivate Knowledge Sharing: Integrating the Reward Systems and Social Network Perspectives: Sheng-Wei Lin Louis Yi-Shih Lo Article information: To cite this document: Sheng-Wei Lin Louis Yi-Shih Lo , (2015),"Mechanisms to Motivate Knowledge Sharing: Integrating the Reward Systems and Social Network Perspectives", Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 19 Iss 2 pp. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi. org/10.1108/JKM-05-2014-0209
2 Sensitization of the Incentive Value of Drugs

In 1993, Robinson and Berridge published their first review that laid out the incentive sensitization theory of addiction (Robinson and Berridge 1993 Brain Res Rev 18:247). Its basic point is that repeated exposure to drugs of abuse causes hypersensitivity to drugs and drug-associated stimuli of the neural circuits mediating incentive salience, an important way in which motivational stimuli influence behavior. In laymen’s terms, it states that this drug-induced hypersensitivity of motivational circuitry would mediate an increase in drug “wanting,” thus being responsible for the dramatically exaggerated motivation for drugs displayed by addicts. This theory has been exceptionally influential, as evidenced by the fact that the original review paper about this theory (Robinson and Berridge 1993 Brain Res Rev 18:247) has been cited 2,277 times so far, and subsequent updates of this view L.J.M.J. Vanderschuren (*) Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands e-mail: l.j.m.j.vanderschuren@umcutrecht.nl R.C. Pierce Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA Curr Topics Behav Neurosci, DOI 10.1007/7854_2009_21 # Springer‐Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 (Robinson and Berridge 2000 Addiction 95(Suppl 2):S91; Robinson and Berridge 2001 Addiction 96:103; Robinson and Berridge 2003 Ann Rev Psychol 54:25) have been cited 274, 297, and 365 times, respectively, adding up to more than 3,200 citations within 15 years. The present chapter aims to delineate the merits and limitations of the incentive sensitization view of addiction, and whether incentive sensitization occurs in humans. We conclude that since incentive sensitization most prominently occurs after the first few drug exposures, it may represent an important initial step in the addiction process. During the expression of full-blown addiction, characterized by loss of control over drug intake and use of large quantities of drugs, the expression of incentive sensitization may be transiently suppressed. However, detoxification and the gradual disappearance of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms may unmask sensitization, which could then play an important role in the high risk of relapse.
Contribution WILLINGNESS-TO-PAY FOR COMMUNITY BASED HEALTH INSURANCE BY FARMING HOUSEHOLDS : A CASE STUDY OF HYGEIA COMMUNITY HEALTH PLAN IN KWARA STATE , NIGERIA

The mechanism of healthcare financing available to the poor especially the farming households has been a source of worry in Nigeria. In a bid to find solution to this problem, an alternative financing scheme that will cater for healthcare expenditure of vulnerable rural farming households has been proposed. This study therefore examined the willingness-to-pay for Community Based Health Insurance (Hygiea) Scheme by farming households in Kwara state, Nigeria. 175 farming households were proportionately selected and interviewed from Edu local government area of the state. The study employed the Contingent valuation and Ordinary least square methods to analyse the average amount households are willing to pay and the factors influencing their willingness to pay respectively. The result of the study revealed that the rural farming households were willing to pay an average of N2, 139.43 per person per year (1.1 USD per person per month). The age of the household head, farm size and household monthly income were found to significantly influence the maximum amount the farming households are willing to pay. The study therefore recommended that the government should create an enabling environment that would encourage the establishment and operation of private health insurance schemes in rural areas.
HOW INTERNET USERS DIFFER IN ON-LINE ACTIVITIES: THE INFLUENCE OF THEIR CHARACTERISTICS ON WHAT THEY DO ON-LINE by

THEIR CHARACTERISTICS ON WHAT THEY DO ON-LINE by XIN DAI (Under the direction of Brenda Cude) ABSTRACT This study investigated the influence of Internet users’ demographic characteristics (age, income, education, gender, and race) and on-line characteristics (Internet experience, Internet connectedness, and access location) on their adoption of online transactions (on-line shopping, on-line financial services, and on-line auctions). A model based on the diffusion of innovations theory was proposed to explain such influence. Logistic regression was used to analyze the independent variables’ effects on the dependent variables. Income, education, race, access location, on-line experience, and how connected the user felt to the Internet were significant in explaining Internet users’ shopping on-line. Education, on-line experience, and how connected the user felt to the Internet were significant in explaining Internet users’ adoption of on-line financial services. Gender, age, on-line experience, and how connected the user felt to the Internet were significant in explaining Internet users’ adoption of on-line auctions.
Farmers’ Perceived Transaction Costs in Relation to Slaughterhouses of Different Ownership Structure

The raison-d’ˆ of traditional cooperatives is claimed to be their capacity to reduce farmers’ transaction costs. Hence, one would expect transaction costs to increase when a traditional cooperative is transformed into a hybrid cooperative. The present study investigates this hypothesis. The empirical data originates from a survey with suppliers of Swedish Meats, a cooperative that used to dominate the Swedish meat sector. However, it lost the cooperative elements as external investors got a share of the ownership in 2007. Results indicate that the importance of typical drivers of perceived transaction costs are not homogeneously distributed. A subgroup of respondents still considers the former cooperative as a safe and trustworthy partner with reliable market information. Successful, entrepreneurial farmers instead perceive higher transaction costs when dealing with the hybrid cooperative. Geographical location and neighboring networks are insignificant. In general, the results confirm that the hybrid cooperative has lost its role as a cooperative. (JEL citations: D230, L140, P130) C
Assessing Innovation: A 360‐Degree Appraisal Study

This study examines the evaluation of innovation in a wider competency framework and within a 360‐degree rating procedure among managerial‐level job holders. The total sample of 2,979 individuals consisted of 296 target employees and their 318 bosses, 1208 peers, 828 direct reports, and 329 others who provided ratings on a competency framework. The results showed significant differences in innovation‐related competence ratings between different raters. Self-ratings were significantly lower compared to the overall observer ratings and were correlated only with peer ratings. Different patterns of results were found for the lower and upper quartiles based on self-ratings. For instance, no correlations were observed between self-ratings and the ratings of any observers in the group of best self-rated individuals. Implications for practice and future research in assessment and evaluation of innovation are discussed in conclusion.
Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: Does Entrepreneurship Bolster Economic Expansion in Africa?

Entrepreneurship, with its focus on opportunities, is often seen as one of the cornerstones of poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). One of the key objectives of modern economics is to determine factors that influence the economic development. This paper, therefore, seeks to discuss entrepreneurship as one of the factors that influence the economy of a nation, either directly or indirectly. It is a fact that entrepreneurship plays a significant part in shaping the landscape of a country’s economy. Economists and policy makers recognize this fact. In fact, entrepreneurship is the engine of economic growth and it has come to be perceived as a catalytic agent for expansion and promotion of productive activities in every sphere of economic life all over the world. This research will focus on finding out how entrepreneurship influences the economy of sub-Saharan Africa. The main objective of this paper is to show the significant effect of entrepreneur towards economic prosperity. The paper argues that entrepreneur is positively correlated to economic growth than foreign aid. The paper shows that entrepreneurship positively explains the variations in the growth of African countries. It is, thus, reasonable to contend that entrepreneurship in developing economies including Africa even if replicative is instrumental to unlocking economic growth, create employment and reduce poverty. The paper further examines some of the challenges faced by entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa and provide some policy recommendations.
resistance to oncokinase inhibition Enhancer-targeted genome editing selectively blocks innate Material Supplemental

Material Supplemental http://genome.cshlp. org/genome/suppl/2014/02/28/gr.166231. 113.DC1. html P<P Published online January 17, 2014 in advance of the print journal. Manuscript Accepted manuscript is likely to differ from the final, published version. Peer-reviewed and accepted for publication but not copyedited or typeset; accepted License Commons Creative . http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ described at a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported), as ). After six months, it is available under http://genome.cshlp. org/site/misc/terms.xhtml first six months after the full-issue publication date (see This article is distributed exclusively by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the
Running Head : Spinal projections of phrenic afferents

Limited data are available regarding the spinal projections of afferent fibers in the phrenic nerve. We describe a method that robustly labels phrenic afferent spinal projections in adult rats. The proximal end of the cut phrenic nerve was secured in a microtube filled with a transganglionic tracer (cholera toxin β-subunit, CT-β, or Cascade Blue) and tissues harvested 96-hrs later. Robust CT-β labeling occurred in C3-C5 dorsal root ganglia cell bodies and phrenic afferent projections were identified in the mid-cervical dorsal horn (laminae I-III), intermediate gray matter (laminae IV, VII) and near the central canal (laminae X). Afferent fiber labeling was reduced or absent when CT-β was delivered to the intrapleural space or directly to the hemidiaphragm. Soaking the phrenic nerve with Cascade Blue also produced robust labeling of mid-cervical dorsal root ganglia cells bodies, and primary afferent fibers were observed in spinal grey matter and dorsal white matter. Our results show that the ‘nerve soak’ method effectively labels both phrenic motoneurons and phrenic afferent projections, and show that primary afferent project throughout the ipsilateral mid-cervical gray matter.
Reproductive biology of the Square-tailed Black Bulbul Hypsipetes ganeesa in the Western Ghats, India

Black bulbuls (genus: Hypsipetes) are a poorly known group of passerine birds, distributed widely in Africa and southern Asia. In this article, I provide the first detailed examination of the reproductive biology of Square-tailed Black Bulbul Hypsipetes ganeesa based on 81 nests studied in Silent Valley National Park, Western Ghats, southern India, from 2003 through 2005. Breeding occurred from January to June with peak egg laying during April–May. The small open-cup nests were placed 1.2–11 m off the ground in trees 2–15 m tall. Black Bulbul used ten plant species as nest substrates, with about half of the nests placed together in Glochidion ellipticum, and Wendlandia notoniana. Clutch size was two in more than 96% of nests. Incubation, and nestling periods were 13, and 12 days, respectively. Overall nest success rate was 12.84%. Egg, and nestling predation were the main causes of nest failures. In general, most life history traits of the Square-tailed Black Bulbul were similar to those reported for other members of the family; however, this comparison is constrained by the paucity of information on the breeding biology of most Hypsipetes species, and indicates the need for further studies of life histories in the genus.
Climatic cycles inferred from the aminostratigraphy and aminochronology of Quaternary dunes and palaeosols from the eastern islands of the Canary Archipelago

Aminochronological and aminostratigraphical methods have been used to study the Quaternary aeolian deposits from the islands located east of the Canary Archipelago (Fuerteventura and Lanzarote islands and La Graciosa, Montaña Clara and Alegranza islets). The extent of racemisation/epimerisation of four amino acids (isoleucine, aspartic acid, phenylalanine and glutamic acid) was measured in land snail shells of the genus Theba. The age calculation algorithms of these amino acids have been determined to permit the numerical dating of these deposits. Eight Aminozones, each defining dune/palaeosol‐formation episodes, have been distinguished and dated at 48.6 ± 6.4, 42.5 ± 6.0, 37.8 ± 4.6, 29.4 ± 4.8, 22.4 ± 4.5, 14.9 ± 3.6, 11.0 ± 4.0 and 5.4 ± 1.1 ka BP, the first five of them defining cycles of 5–7 ka.
Public Debt-to-GDP Ratio in New EU Member States: Cut the Numerator or Increase the Denominator?

This paper analyses public debt determinants in EU new member states. The aim is to examine the fiscal position of these countries, as well as to offer proposals for a more successful containment of the rising debt levels. The paper attempts to answer the key question: does fiscal consolidation (the numerator) or economic growth (the denominator) have a stronger impact in determining the debt-to-GDP ratio? Results of the panel data analysis showed that by achieving a more balanced government budget, public debt growth decreases, but the effect is rather small. Conversely, estimated GDP growth parameters are much greater. Results imply that the sovereign debt crisis should be resolved by stimulating economic growth, while bearing in mind the high price of potentially irresponsible public finance management.
Conservation and Improvement Strategy for Fogera Cattle: A Lesson for Ethiopia Ingenious Cattle Breed Resource

The paper is initiated to design appropriate conservation strategies and breeding scheme for Fogera cattle breed that will be used as a guide for other Ethiopian indigenous cattle breed. Two types of data, on-farm and on-station, were used; the on-farm data was collected from three districts, namely, Fogera, Dera, and Bahir Dar Zuria; those are expected as the home of the breed. A total of 150 farmers, which are knowledgeable and having at least one cattle of Fogera phenotype in their herd, were purposively selected and interviewed. Additionally, farmer’s focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted to capture the historical background, population, and distribution of the breed. SPSS (version 16) and index method was used to analyze the quantitative and scoring data’s, respectively. A meeting at national and regional level was also conducted to evaluate the existing conservation strategy and to identify the major stakeholders for the strategy. The main reasons to conserve Fogera breed are due to presence of interrelated constraints, presence of unique traits of the breed, better attitude of farmers, and decreasing population trend of the breed. Community-based in situ conservation strategy, to ensure the participation of the community, was designed for the breed. With the conservation strategy, related activities like feed development, animal health interventions, market linkage, and development of cooperatives will be implemented to improve the working environment. The stakeholders that are identified as an actor in the strategy should realize their honest participation for the sustainability of conservation and improvement of the breed.