Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Modelling of Shaped Charges in the Last Two Decades (1990-2010): A Review

Shaped charges are used for the penetration of targets in all three dimensions of warfare – land, air and naval. With fillings of high explosives compositions inside, they generate a thin high velocity metal jet, which can perforate the targets. Shaped charges can penetrate tanks with thick armour protection, they can destroy bunkers, they can destroy aircraft and are also useful for attacking ships or submarines. Although shaped charges have a very long history since the Second World War, theoretical modelling efforts started with the steady state theory of Birkhoff in 1948. This theory was modified by the non-steady state theory known as the PER theory of shaped charges. Later, several contributions from experimental evidence were incorporated in the theoretical formulations, and the mathematical models were refined by including the virtual origin, and physical qualities of the jet breakup time, defragmentation into particulates time, the diameter of the metal jet, wave amplitude etc. To review the development of theoretical modelling of shaped charges, three stages are defined. The first is the development until 1990, when the theory of shaped charges was fully developed and penetration predictions with fairly good accuracy were possible. The second stage reviews work carried out in the last decade of the 20th century. During this period good experiments were planned, parametric study was carried out and the results incorporated in the mathematical model of shaped charges. The third stage is all work done in the 21st century (2000-2010), when the tools for advanced diagnostics, new fabrication and inspection, as well as new liner materials were incorporated. The anomalies obtained were resolved by further refinements in the developed theoretical models. The unexplored areas of the theoretical modelling of shaped charges are also enumerated in this paper.
A longitudinal study of the relation between psychological workload , job satisfaction , fatigue and musculoskeletal symptoms among female human service organization workers

Larsman, P., & Johansson Hanse, J. A longitudinal study of the relation between psychological workload, job satisfaction, fatigue and musculoskeletal symptoms among female human service organization workers. Göteborg Psychological Reports, 2007, 37, No.1. The aim of the present study was to test a structural model of the relation between psychological workload, job satisfaction and neck/shoulder symptoms with general fatigue as a proposed mediating variable. In this longitudinal two-wave cohort study a questionnaire survey was conducted among female elderlyand child-care workers. The analyses were based on initially symptom free participants (n = 609). Two models were tested using structural equation modeling, with fatigue at baseline and at follow-up as the proposed mediators, respectively. The results indicate that psychological workload at baseline is related to the development of neck/shoulder symptoms at 18-months follow-up. The relation between psychological workload and neck/shoulder symptoms was not mediated by baseline fatigue, however it was partially mediated by fatigue at follow-up. No relation between job satisfaction at baseline and neck/shoulder symptoms at follow-up was found. The findings of the present study add further emphasis to the importance of the psychological workload in the etiology of neck/shoulder symptoms. This means that, in order to reduce these symptoms, it is important to pay attention to the psychosocial conditions at the workplace.
How Conditioning on Posttreatment Variables Can Ruin Your Experiment and What to Do about It

In principle, experiments o↵er a straightforward method for social scientists to accurately estimate causal e↵ects. However, scholars often unwittingly distort treatment e↵ect estimates by conditioning on variables that could be a↵ected by their experimental manipulation. Typical examples include controlling for post-treatment variables in statistical models, eliminating observations based on post-treatment criteria, or subsetting the data based on post-treatment variables. Though these modeling choices are intended to address common problems encountered when conducting experiments, they can bias estimates of causal e↵ects. Moreover, problems associated with conditioning on post-treatment variables remain largely unrecognized in the field, which we show frequently publishes experimental studies using these practices in our discipline’s most prestigious journals. We demonstrate the severity of experimental post-treatment bias analytically and document the magnitude of the potential distortions it induces using visualizations and reanalyses of real-world data. We conclude by providing applied researchers with recommendations for best practice. ⇤Authors are listed in alphabetical order. The data, code, and any additional materials required to replicate all analyses in this article are available on the American Journal of Political Science Dataverse within the Harvard Dataverse Network at http://dx.doi. org/10.7910/DVN/EZSJ1S. We thank David Broockman, Daniel Butler, Eric S. Dickson, Sanford Gordon, and Gregory Huber for sharing replication data and Ryden Butler, Lindsay Keare, Jake McNichol, Ramtin Rahmani, Rebecca Rodriguez, Erin Rossiter, and Caroline Sohr for research assistance. We are also grateful to Dan Butler, Jake Bowers, Scott Cli↵ord, Eric S. Dickson, D.J. Flynn, Sanford Gordon, Gregory Huber, Jonathan Ladd, David Nickerson, Efrén O. Pérez, Julian Schuessler, Molly Roberts, and three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments. All errors are our own.
Hematologic Manifestations of Brucellosis

Background Brucella mellitensis, the most invasive strain of brucella, is the predominant Strain of genus brucella in Iran. It causes variety of hematological abnormalities some of which are frequent and causes difficulties in diagnosis. Objective To find hematological abnormalities of brucellosis in hospitalized patients in an endemic area. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of patients' medical records who were admitted to four university and general hospitals during 8 years was done. Age, sex, clinical findings, laboratory tests including CBC, platelet count, Erythrocytic Sedimentation Rate (ESR), C-Reactive Protein, wright test were assessed. Confirmation of brucellosis was made by wright agglutination test at a titer; ≥1/160. Data were analyzed by Spss16 and Pvalue <0.05 was taken as significant for differences.
Star formation in a stellar mass-selected sample of galaxies to z= 3 from the GOODS-NICMOS Survey

We present a study of the star-forming properties of a stellar mass-selected sample of galaxies in the GOODS (Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey) NICMOS Survey (GNS), based on deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging of the GOODS North and South fields. Using a stellar mass-selected sample, combined with HST/ACS and Spitzer data to measure both ultraviolet (UV) and infrared-derived star formation rates (SFRs), we investigate the star forming properties of a complete sample of ∼1300 galaxies down to log M_*= 9.5 at redshifts 1.5 < z < 3. Eight per cent of the sample is made up of massive galaxies with M_*≥ 10^11 M_⊙. We derive optical colours, dust extinctions and UV and infrared SFR to determine how the SFR changes as a function of both stellar mass and time. Our results show that SFR increases at higher stellar mass such that massive galaxies nearly double their stellar mass from star formation alone over the redshift range studied, but the average value of SFR for a given stellar mass remains constant over this ∼2 Gyr period. Furthermore, we find no strong evolution in the SFR for our sample as a function of mass over our redshift range of interest; in particular we do not find a decline in the SFR among massive galaxies, as is seen at z < 1. The most massive galaxies in our sample (log M_*≥ 11) have high average SFRs with values SFR_UV, corr= 103 ± 75 M_⊙ yr^−1, and yet exhibit red rest-frame (U−B) colours at all redshifts. We conclude that the majority of these red high-redshift massive galaxies are red due to dust extinction. We find that A_2800 increases with stellar mass, and show that between 45 and 85 per cent of massive galaxies harbour dusty star formation. These results show that even just a few Gyr after the first galaxies appear, there are strong relations between the global physical properties of galaxies, driven by stellar mass or another underlying feature of galaxies strongly related to the stellar mass.
Effect of oral administration of propylene glycol during periparturient period on blood biochemical parameters and liver triacylglycerol accumulation in postparturient dairy cows

Effect of propylene glycol administered during the periparturient period on blood biochemical parameters and liver triacylglycerol accumulation was studied in 35 dairy cows. Sixteen control cows were drenched with 400 ml of water per day starting from 7 days before expected calving date to 7 days after calving, while 19 treated cows were drenched with 400 ml of propylene glycol. Body condition scores and milk yield were recorded. Blood samples were collected at 2 weeks prepartum and at 2 and 4 weeks postpartum. Liver samples were collected at 2 weeks prepartum and 4 weeks postpartum. Control cows tended to lose more body condition scores than did treated cows during the first 4 weeks of lactation. Milk yield did not differ between control and treated cows. Serum nonesterified fatty acids concentrations in control cows were significantly higher than the concentrations in treated cows at 2 and 4 weeks postpartum. Serum glucose, triacylglycerol and urea nitrogen concentrations did not differ between the two groups at all sampling periods. Liver triacylglycerol concentrations were similar between 2 groups at 2 weeks prepartum. The concentrations in both groups increased at 2 weeks postpartum, and were significantly higher in control cows than in treated cows. Propylene glycol had an advantage to reduce adipose tissue lipolysis postpartum; as a consequence, reducing liver triacylglycerol accumulation. Key words: dairy cow, fatty liver, propylene glycol.
EOS Microwave Limb Sounder observations of “frozen‐in” anticyclonic air in Arctic summer

A previously unreported phenomenon, a “frozen‐in” anticyclone (FrIAC) after the 2005 Arctic spring vortex breakup, was discovered in Earth Observing System (EOS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) long‐lived trace gas data. A tongue of low‐latitude (high‐N2O, low‐H2O) air was drawn into high latitudes and confined in a tight anticyclone, then advected intact in the summer easterlies through late August. A similar feature in O3 disappeared by early April as a result of chemical processes. The FrIAC was initially advected upright at nearly the same speed at all levels from ∼660 to 1300 K (∼25–45 km); increasing vertical wind shear after early June tilted the FrIAC and weakened it at higher levels. The associated feature in PV disappeared by early June; transport calculations fail to reproduce the remarkable persistence of the FrIAC, suggesting deficiencies in summer high‐latitude winds. The historical PV record suggests that this phenomenon may have occurred several times before. The lack of a persistent signature in O3 or PV, along with its small size and rapid motion, make it unlikely that a FrIAC could have been reliably identified without hemispheric daily long‐lived trace gas profiles such as those from EOS MLS.
Diagnosing the QBO's Influence on Circumpolar Vortex Variability Using MSU Brightness Temperatures and MSU-Derived Winds

Abstract Using brightness temperatures from channels 3 and 4 of the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) as approximations to mean-layer temperatures, the geostrophic winds at 50 mb can be computed through a “bottom-up” approach. When this method is applied at high latitudes during austral winter and spring, it is found that accurate descriptions of the seasonal evolution and interannual variability of the lower-stratospheric circumpolar vortex are obtained. Variations in early-spring vortex strength from year to year appear to relate well to variations in the timing of the first large late-winter wavenumber one event in the lower stratosphere. Since wave forcing of the mean flow in the lower stratosphere is known to be weak, the variability in vortex strength may result from variations in wave-induced subsidence through the downward control principle. Previous studies have demonstrated a biennial harmonic in both extratropical wave forcing and the mean flow, suggesting a link with the equatorially confined quas.
Heat transport in two-dimensional materials by directly solving the phonon Boltzmann equation under Callaway's dual relaxation model

The single mode relaxation time approximation has been demonstrated to greatly underestimate the lattice thermal conductivity of two-dimensional materials due to the collective effect of phonon normal scattering. Callaway’s dual relaxation model represents a good approximation to the otherwise ab initio solution of the phonon Boltzmann equation. In this work we develop a discrete-ordinate-method (DOM) scheme for the numerical solution of the phonon Boltzmann equation under Callaway’s model. Heat transport in a graphene ribbon with different geometries is modeled by our scheme, which produces results quite consistent with the available molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo simulations, and experimental measurements. Callaway’s lattice thermal conductivity model with empirical boundary scattering rates is examined and shown to overestimate or underestimate the direct DOM solution. The length convergence of the lattice thermal conductivity of a rectangular graphene ribbon is explored and found to depend appreciably on the ribbon width, with a semiquantitative correlation provided between the convergence length and the width. Finally, we predict the existence of a phonon Knudsen minimum in a graphene ribbon only at a low system temperature and isotope concentration so that the average normal scattering rate is two orders of magnitude stronger than the intrinsic resistive one. The present work will promote not only the methodology for the solution of the phonon Boltzmann equation but also the theoretical modeling and experimental detection of hydrodynamic phonon transport in two-dimensional materials.
Employee Attitudinal Effects of Perceived Performance Appraisal Use

This research investigates how employee perceptions of performance appraisal use relate to employee satisfaction with the performance appraisal and with the appraiser—the employees’ immediate supervisor. Employee perceptions that appraisals were used for development positively associated with both attitudinal variables, after controlling for justice perceptions, performance, and demographics. Perceptions of PA use for evaluation did not show a significant relationship with either employee attitude. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Is Bisphenol A (BPA) a Threat to Children's Behavior?

Is Bisphenol A (BPA) a Threat to Children’s Behavior? Vicente Mustieles1, Carmen Messerlian2, Iris Reina1, Andrea Rodríguez-Carrillo1, Nicolás Olea1, and Mariana F. Fernández1* *1University of Granada, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM); Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain. 2Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Distribution of protein components of wheat from different regions

The distribution of wheat protein components in different regions was researched to provide a theoretical basis on variety selection, quality improvement and food processing. 146 varieties from eight regions were collected to measure contents of protein components (albumin, globulin, gliadin and glutenin) in different regions for the distribution. The largest variation coefficient occurred in contents of globulin, followed by those of gliadin and albumin, while the contents of glutenin varied with the smallest range. The contents of all protein components belonged to normal distribution. It was discovered that the contents of albumin and globulin skewed towards the high value, while glutenin content skewed towards the low value. Differences on the contents of protein components existed in samples from different regions; the regional distribution of four protein components is: the northern region > the southern region > the western region > the eastern region. The contents of protein components of Yannong 19 in different regions were determined, the results displayed that the distributions of four protein components showed the same trends, although the highest contents occurred in Shanxi as compared to the other three regions (Shandong, Jiangsu and An’hui), and there were little differences among them. Geographical conditions can affect the protein components of wheat, and gliadin and glutenin content can affect wheat quality, so we can designate areas where wheat contains more gliadin and glutenin as our high-quality wheat producing areas, of which Shaanxi is a better choice.
Grafting Rays Fellow Travel Teichmüller Geodesics

Given a measured geodesic lamination on a hyperbolic sur- face, grafting the surface along multiples of the lamination denes a path in Teichmuller space, called the grafting ray. We show that every grafting ray, after reparameterization, is a Teichmuller quasi-geodesic and stays in a bounded neighborhood of some Teichmuller geodesic. As part of our approach, we show that grafting rays have controlled dependence on the starting point. That is, for any measured geodesic lamination , the map of Teichmuller space which is dened by grafting along is L{Lipschitz with respect to the Teichmuller metric, where L is a universal constant. This Lipschitz property follows from an extension of grafting to an open neighborhood of Teichmuller space in the space of quasi-Fuchsian groups.
Ethnic and Gender Diversity in Boards of Directors and Their Relevance to Financial Performance of Malaysian Companies

The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the effect of demographic diversity on boards of directors with regard to firm financial performance. This paper uses secondary data of non-financial listed companies over the period 2000 to 2006. Relevant concepts, propositions, hypotheses and control variables are specially developed to meet our requirements. Demographic diversity is represented by ethnic and gender diversity and performance is measured by return on asset (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). A series of OLS regressions using on the cross-sectional data are also presented. The results seem to be quite inconsistent to prove the relevance of diversity among the board members with regard to financial performance.
Seasonal Use of a New England Estuary by Foraging Contingents of Migratory Striped Bass

Abstract Using acoustic telemetry on migratory striped bass Morone saxatilis in Plum Island Estuary (PIE), Massachusetts, we found that striped bass (335–634 mm total length) tagged in the spring and summer of 2005 (n = 14) and 2006 (n = 46) stayed in the estuary for an average of 66.0 d in 2005 and 72.2 d in 2006. Striped bass spent the most time in two specific reaches: middle Plum Island Sound and lower Rowley River. In both years, three different use-groups of striped bass were observed in PIE. Short-term visitors (n = 24) stayed in the estuary only briefly (range = 5–20 d). Two groups of seasonal residents stayed for more than 30 d, either in the Rowley River (n = 14) or in Plum Island Sound (n = 22). Within PIE, the two seasonal-resident use-groups may be foraging contingents that learn how to feed efficiently in specific parts of the estuary. These distinct within-estuary use patterns could have different implications for striped bass condition and prey impact.
Musical skills and perceived vividness of imagery: differences between musicians and untrained subjects

Fra i processi implicati nella percezione e nelle prestazioni musicali, l'immaginazione mentale e rilevante per l'esecuzione dei movimenti e per apprendere nuove capacita motorie. Una buona vividezza delle immagini motorie viene ipotizzata nei musicisti professionisti rispetto ai non musicisti. Sono stati coinvolti nello studio 102 partecipanti, 51 esperti musicisti e 51 senza specifica istruzione e pratica musicale, appaiati per genere, eta e anni di scolarizzazione. Nel gruppo dei musicisti sono stati rilevati il tempo trascorso dall'inizio della pratica e il tipo di attivita musicale specializzata. Come misure della percezione immaginativa motoria sono stati utilizzati il Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ) e un test di 'percorsi immaginati'. I risultati dimostrano che le componenti soggettive dell'immaginazione (visualizzazione di immagini cinestesiche) discriminano i musicisti esperti dai non musicisti, e che gli anni di pratica costituiscono una rilevante variabile covariata. Among the processes involved in musical perception and performance, mental imagery is relevant for the execution of movements and for learning new motor skills. A greater vividness of motor images was hypothesized in professional musicians than in non-musicians. One hundred and two participants were involved in the study, 51 expert musicians and 51 individuals not involved in specific musical learning or practice, matched by gender, age and education. In the musicians group, the time duration from the beginning of musical activities and the kind of specialized activity were also recorded. As measures of perception of kinesthetic images, the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ) was used for the study, along with a performance measure of imagined paths. Results showed that subjective components of imagery, i.e. the visualization involving kinesthetic imagery, discriminate expert musicians from non musicians, and the amount of practice acts as covariate.
The Anatomy of a Credit Crisis: The Boom and Bust in Farm Land Prices in the United States in the 1920s

Does credit availability exacerbate asset price inflation? What channels could it work through? What are the long run consequences? In this paper we address these questions by examining the farm land price boom (and bust) in the United States that preceded the Great Depression. We find that credit availability likely had a direct effect on inflating land prices. Credit availability may have also amplified the relationship between the perceived improvement in fundamentals and land prices. When the perceived fundamentals soured, however, areas with higher ex ante credit availability suffered a greater fall in land prices, and experienced higher bank failure rates. Land prices stayed low for a number of decades after the bust in areas that had higher credit availability, suggesting that the effects of booms and busts induced by credit availability might be persistent. We draw lessons for regulatory policy.
Mother and Father Attributions for Child Misbehavior: Relations to Child Internalizing and Externalizing Problems

Knowledge of how parents think about their children's misbehavior is important in understanding the behavioral and emotional problems of children. Relations between parent attributions for child misbehavior and child functioning were examined in a community sample of 163 two-parent families of 9–12-year-old boys and girls. Mother and father attributions were assessed along child-responsible and parent-causal dimensions. Both parent- and child-reported internalizing and externalizing problems were measured. Both mother and father child-responsible attributions predicted parent reports of both child internalizing and externalizing problems. For child self-reported functioning, mother parent-causal attributions negatively predicted child internalizing and externalizing problems, and father child-responsible attributions positively predicted child externalizing problems. The results highlight the importance of measuring different kinds of attributions by mothers and fathers, and of considering both parent and.