Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Novel Formulation for Steady and Decaying Turbulent Line Vortices

Abstract Based on the n-family of laminar vortex formulation, a new generalized model applicable to the turbulent kind is presented. The self-similarity of the phenomenon allows, through the application of Vatistas and Aboelkassem (2006) simple variable transformation, to simulate its decay phase. For the steady-state case, given the Vatistas et al. (1991) exponent n, the value of the turbulent intensity parameter , intrinsic in the azimuthal velocity formula, is found by fitting the analytical tangential velocity to various experimental profiles with different effective Reynolds numbers using the Least Square Error (LSE) method. Alike to the laminar n-family, n = 2 gives the smallest error and thus the best approximation. Also taking  to be constant or varying with the radius produces insignificant differences in the velocity profile. Thus, in order to close the system, the tangential velocity with n = 2 and a constant  that minimizes the error is inducted into the analysis. When  is plotted against the effective Reynolds number, a coherent relationship amongst the two emerges. An empirical equation, which connects the two properties, is then constructed. This gives the ability to researchers to approximate the velocity (tangential, axial and radial components) using only three parameters: the effective Reynolds number, the core radius, and the maximum tangential velocity. Application of the abovementioned variable transformation to the steady turbulent vortex yields its corresponding decaying version. The validity of the model is tested for several laminar and turbulent cases. The tangential velocity decay of fixed wing aircraft wake, and rotating helicopter blade tip turbulent vortices, approximated using the new model provides more realistic results than the traditional circulation approach. The profiles of the last property, that is routinely used in aviation to define the hazard threshold in order to provide a safe aircraft separation distance in large airports, is found to be lacking in representing the real cases of diminishing vortices. The previous lies on the fact that the assumed flattening of the circulation curve at large radii, applicable to laminar cases it is not true when the vortex is turbulent. Consequently, the prescribed value of the radius (e.g. 7 times the core radius) to represent the circulation at “infinity” proposed by Squire (1965) and Iversen (1976), implemented also in numerous other models like Burnham and Hallock (1982) and Proctor (2000), must be reconsidered. Future work should focus on the definition of the hazard threshold based on the tangential velocity instead of its circulation signature.
Factors Influencing Elementary Mathematics Teachers’ Beliefs in Reform-Based Teaching

I investigated a reform based teachers’ beliefs about the nature of mathematics, teaching mathematics, and learning mathematics, and the factors leading to their formation. I interviewed and observed a reform-based elementary mathematics teacher with 13 years’ experience teaching first grade. She held a Platonist/problem solver view of mathematics, explainer view of teaching, and an active view of learning and was influenced by her husband, preschool son, past teachers, certification, professional development, and teaching experience. I found personal factors outside of education could significantly support beliefs in reform-based teaching and speculate that reflection on personal factors could initiate belief change.
Individual Differences in Personality and Reasoning Traits between Individuals Accused of Murder and Those Who have not Committed Murder

This article proposes a theoretical-experimental study regarding subjects who have committed murder, for the purpose of identifying the differences in terms of reasoning, cognitive schemas and personality traits. For this, new theoretical-experimental tendencies in humanities, sciences and law have been approached and a study was proposed in the Romanian population, with regard to individual differences in the act of murder. The study included 492 individuals residing in several cities of Romania. There were two samples: the first included incarcerated subjects and the second included subjects outside the correctional system. The gender distribution was equal (50% women, 50% men), with the average age being 34, and the average education level was 10-12 grades. A part of the research results confirmed certain study goals, while others had a major impact on outlining the theoretical-experimental descriptions required in this paper.
Comparison between Consistent Coupled-Mode System and Eigenfunction Matching Method for Solving Water Wave Scattering

Both the consistent coupled-mode system (CCMS) and the eigenfunction matching method (EMM) are well-known models for simulating the propagation of small-amplitude water waves over variable bathymetry. In this study, a thorough comparison is performed through numerical experiments. For the CCMS, a bottom-sloping mode is coupled in the mildslope equation with evanescent modes, then the CCMS are discretized by the finite-element method with high-order shape functions. For the EMM, the bottom profile is approximated in terms of successive flat shelves separated by abrupt steps, and then eigensolutions on the shelves are matched by the conservation of mass and momentum. To perform error analysis, numerical solutions are compared with Roseau's analytical solution and the semi-analytical solutions of the integral equation method. Numerical results indicate that the CCMS and EMM are accurate up to six and four decimal places, respectively. On the other hand, the EMM is more efficient for short waves because multiple waves can be approximated by few shelves. In addition, improvements in their accuracy over the mild-slope system without bottomsloping mode are shown to be significant.
Land use response to agricultural policy and market movements on Finnish dairy-farms

Voimakkaat muutokset karkea- ja vakirehujen hintasuhteissa seka peltoalatuissa voivat vaikuttaa nautakarjatilojen pellon kayttoon ja nautojen ruokintaan. EU-jasenyyden myota tapahtuneiden maatalouspolitiikan muutosten onkin arvioitu johtavan nautakarjatiloilla karkearehujen korvaamiseen rehuviljapohjaisilla vakirehuilla jopa siina maarin, etta nautojen hyvinvointi saattaa heikentya. Tassa tutkimuksessa selvitettiin ekonometristen mallien avulla, miten pinta-alaperusteiset tuet, rehujen hintasuhteet ja tilakoon kasvu ovat vaikuttaneet maidontuotantoa harjoittavien kirjanpitotilojen rehun tuotantoon.Tulokset tukevat nakemysta, etta vakirehujen kaytto nautojen ruokinnassa on lisaantynyt ensisijaisesti EU-jasenyyden aiheuttaman rehuviljan hinnan alenemisen eika niinkaan pinta-alaperusteisten tukien lisaantymisen vuoksi. Etenkin tuotantoaan laajentaneilla maitotiloilla on hyodynnetty edullista rehuviljaa ja rehuntuotannon mittakaavaetuja keskittymalla nurmen viljelyyn ja lisaamalla ostorehujen kayttoa. Sen sijaan suorat tuet eivat nayta lyhyella aikavalilla vaikuttavan maitotilojen pellon kayttoon, joka oli melko joustamatonta suhteessa rehuvilja- ja nurmialoille maksettaviin tukiin. Tutkimustulosten mukaan myos tilakoko merkitsevasti vaikuttaa maitotilojen pellonkayttoon ja tilan ulkopuolelta ostettavien rehujen maaraan. Tilan peltoalan kasvu lisaa rehuviljan viljelya, mutta maidontuotantoa laajennettaessa nurmikasvien viljelyalat kasvavat ja ostorehujen kaytto lisaantyy. Vapautunut maitokiintioiden kauppa siirtaa merkitsevasti tuotanto-oikeuksia kasvuhakuisille maidontuottajille.
Comparative Effect of Different Levels of Probiotics (Protexin) on Hemato-chemical Profile in Broilers

The intent of the present study was to evaluate the effect of five different levels (0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 gm/ton) of probiotic (Protexin) supplemented in feed (Finisher) on blood profile of broiler chicken. Three hundred seventy five broilers (four weeks old) were randomly divided into 15 replicates having 25 birds in each replicate. These replicates were assigned to five dietary Treatments (0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 gm/ton protexin supplemented in feed) having three replicate in each treatment group. Each diet was offered to three pens of 25 broilers each. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from 15 birds per treatment group. There was no mortality recorded at higher levels of probiotic in both strains. Results revealed that hematological values, serum urea, serum creatinine, serum triglycerides, serum high-density lipoprotein level, serum cholesterol level and serum low-density lipoprotein concentrations among all the groups were not affected (P>0.05) by treatments. However, blood hemoglobin concentration, serum glucose level and serum total protein concentration were increased significantly (P<0.05) in blood of birds feeding finisher ration supplemented with protexin. It was concluded that different levels of protexin in finisher ration of broiler may improve some of the blood parameters.
OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION, POLITICAL CONNECTION AND AUDIT FEES: SOME EVIDENCE FROM MALAYSIAN CAPITAL MARKET

The purpose of our study is to examine how share ownership concentration and political connection determine audit fees in Malaysia. These two determinants, ownership concentration and political connection, are very important, especially, in the context of Malaysia where many companies have very high share ownership concentration and are politically connected. We examine 162 companies listed on the Malaysian Stock Exchange and employ cross-sectional regression analysis to determine the relationship between ownership concentration, political connection and audit fees. We observe that highly concentrated share ownership firms are able to influence priorities of the board to focus on the provision of resources rather than monitoring. Our results suggest a negative association between audit fees and politically connected firms. We also find that higher proportion of independent directors on the audit committee of politically connected firms demand auditors to put additional efforts on the politically connected firms which leads to an increment in the audit fee charged. This suggests that regulators should encourage companies to form an effective audit committee for high quality audit services to ensure that firm is able to minimize the risk exposure. The findings of the study are appealing to literature of political connection and audit fees.
Statistics of Coronal Dimmings Associated with Coronal Mass Ejections. II. Relationship between Coronal Dimmings and Their Associated CMEs

We present a statistical study of 62 coronal dimming events associated with Earth-directed coronal mass ejections (CMEs) during the quasi-quadrature period of STEREO and the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). This unique setting allows us to study both phenomena in great detail and compare characteristic quantities statistically. Coronal dimmings are observed on-disk by the SDO/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, while the CME kinematics during the impulsive acceleration phase is studied close to the limb with STEREO/EUVI and COR, minimizing projection effects. The dimming area, its total unsigned magnetic flux, and its total brightness, reflecting properties of the total dimming region at its final extent, show the highest correlations with the CME mass (c ∼ 0.6–0.7). Their corresponding time derivatives, describing the dynamics of the dimming evolution, show the strongest correlations with the CME peak velocity (c ∼ 0.6). The highest correlation of c = 0.68 ± 0.08 is found with the mean intensity of dimmings, indicating that the lower the CME starts in the corona, the faster it propagates. No significant correlation between dimming parameters and the CME acceleration was found. However, for events where high-cadence STEREO observations were available, the mean unsigned magnetic field density in the dimming regions tends to be positively correlated with the CME peak acceleration (c = 0.42 ± 0.20). This suggests that stronger magnetic fields result in higher Lorentz forces providing stronger driving force for the CME acceleration. Specific coronal dimming parameters correlate with both CME and flare quantities providing further evidence for the flare-CME feedback relationship. For events in which the CME occurs together with a flare, coronal dimmings statistically reflect the properties of both phenomena.
Estimating Current Forest Attributes from Paneled Inventory Data Using Plot-Level Imputation: A Study from the Pacific Northwest

Information on current forest condition is essential to assess and characterize resources and to support resource management and policy decisions. The 1998 Farm Bill mandates the US Forest Service to conduct annual inventories to provide annual updates of each state's forest. In annual inventories, the sample size of I year (panel) is only a portion of the full sample and therefore the precision of the estimations for any given year is low. To achieve higher precision, the Forest Inventory and Analysis program uses a moving average (MA), which combines the data of multiple panels, as default estimator. The MA can result in biased estimates of current conditions and alternative methods are sought. Alternatives to MA have not yet been explored in the Pacific Northwest. Data from Oregon and Washington national forests were used to examine a weighted moving average (WMA) and three imputation approaches: most similar neighbor, gradient nearest neighbor, and randomForest (RF). Using the most recent measurements of the variables of interest as ancillary variables, RF provided almost unbiased estimates that were comparable to those of the MA and WMA estimators in terms of root mean square error. FOR. SCI. 55(1 ):64-71.
Backtesting lambda value at risk

ABSTRACT A new risk measure, lambda value at risk (), has been recently proposed as a generalization of value at risk (VaR). appears attractive for its potential ability to solve several problems of VaR. This paper provides the first study on the backtesting of . We propose three nonparametric tests which exploit different features. Two tests are based on simple results of probability theory. One test is unilateral and is more suitable for small samples of observations. A second test is bilateral and provides an asymptotic result. A third test is based on simulations and allows for a more accurate comparison among computed with different assumptions on the asset return distribution. Finally, we perform a backtesting exercise that confirms a higher performance of in respect to VaR especially when it is estimated with distributions that better capture tail behavior.
Speech presentation: A preliminary review from multiple perspectives

Abstract Speech presentation, largely a stylistic notion, attracts scholars’ attention from various fields. While narrative theory is devoted to studies on language in fiction and treats speech presentation in close relation with narrator’s distance from the narrative and intervention in the character’s utterance, linguistic perspectives range from categorical classification of speech presentation structures to theoretical exploration into its nature and function. In the meantime stylistics recognizes the compositional and communicative process of speech presentation in narrative and examines linguistic devices by which the narrator orients the reader and creates a text’s style. This paper reviews a number of approaches to speech presentation and the distinctive features of each approach shed light on further stylistic studies on this important discursive phenomenon.
Sigma Phase Formation and Embrittlement of Cast Iron-Chromium-Nickel (Fe-Cr-Ni) Alloys

HK alloy is a member of the heat resistant cast alloy family (H-Series) steels. They are widely used in the petrochemical industry for components requiring enhanced high temperature properties. Microstructural changes occurring at high temperature clearly affects its mechanical properties. These properties have been shown in HK-40 steel subjected to high-temperature degradation and prone to the formation of sigma phase. The investigation carried out included metallurgical analysis, materials characterization and mechanical analysis. Metallurgical analysis included advanced metallography techniques to characterize its microstructure morphology and properties. Significant depletion of vital precipitates observed that definitely degraded its high temperature properties. Mechanical analysis included hardness profile, tensile testing of samples taken from the tree supports and tested in room temperature and in 800°C environments. Experimental results revealed that the structure of HK-40 affected by the formation of the high temperature brittle sigma-s-phase. Nonetheless, mechanical properties did not suffer much at higher temperature.
Madrasah Tsanawiyah Principal Competency-Based Supervision Management Model

This research aims to develop a competency-based supervision model as a strategy to address the quality of education issues in Madrasah Tsanawiyah . The specific objective of this research is to identify various aspects that need to be prepared in supervision development, designing and piloting the model and analyzing the effectiveness of the competency-based supervision model by the principal of madrasah in teacher’s professionalism improvement. The research method used Research and Development (R&D) with the following stages: research and information gathering, planning, product development, testing, and final product improvement stage. The supervision activities consist of three activities, namely planning, implementation and supervision follow-up. The supervision planning activity is technical guidance planning. The planning is centered on the principal as a supervisor and teacher involvement as the supervision object. The supervision implementation is held twice every semester towards teacher and learning by using directive model. The supervision follow-up activities are learning improvements. The overall supervision implementation has gone well with the score of 83.3. Most of the M adrasah s have conducted scheduled and periodic supervision. The development of supervision modell that emphasizes the Madrasah Tsanawiyah principal’s competence strengthening is done by developing the focus and objectives of the supervision, not only in the academic aspect, but also the managerial aspect and the human resources improvement through the implementation of collaborative management.
Seismic wave propagation in cracked porous media

Summary The movement of interstitial fluids within a cracked solid can have a significant effect on the properties of seismic waves of long wavelength propagating through the solid. We consider three distinct mechanisms of wave-induced fluid flow: flow through connections between cracks in an otherwise non-porous material, fluid movement within partially saturated cracks, and diffusion from the cracks into a porous matrix material. In each case the cracks may be aligned or randomly oriented, leading, respectively, to anisotropic or isotropic wave speeds and attenuation factors. In general, seismic velocities exhibit behaviour that is intermediate between that of empty cracks and that of isolated liquid-filled cracks if fluid flow is significant. In the range of frequencies for which considerable fluid flow occurs there is high attenuation and dispersion of seismic waves. Fluid flow may be on either a wavelength scale or a local scale depending on the model and whether the cracks are aligned or randomly oriented, resulting in completely different effects on seismic wave propagation. A numerical analysis shows that all models can have an effect over the exploration seismic frequency range.
Identification of microflora of freshwater fish caught in the Driksna river and pond in Latvia

Identification of freshwater fish microflora is an important tool for evaluation of quality and safety of fish intended for human consumption. The aim of the present study was to detect the microflora of freshwater fish caught by fishermen. Altogether, 23 samples of freshwater fish were collected from fishermen from two different water sources – Driksna river and pond in Dobele. For detection of microbiological contamination, fish samples were tested for the total bacterial count (TBC), coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae and zoonotic pathogenic microorganisms Salmonella spp. , Listeria spp. , and Yersinia spp. Identification of bacterial species was carried out by the MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. TBC ranged from 2.7 to 4.78 log10 CFU g and 3.68 to 4.11 log10 CFU g, coliforms from 2.55 to 4.10 log10 CFU g and 1.38 to 2.73 log10 CFU g, Enterobacteriaceae from 1.95 to 4.05 log10 CFU g and 1.72 to 2.69 log10 CFU g in pond and river fish samples, respectively. Between two fishing locations, fish caught in pond carried the significantly higher number of TBC, coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae than fish from the river (P>0.05). Freshwater fish microflora consisted of Pseudomonas spp. (55%), Serratia spp. (7%), Candida spp. (6%), Rahnella spp. (7%), Pantoea spp. (9%), Aeromonas spp. (5%), Buttiauxella spp. (8%), Stenotrophonomas spp. (2%) and Enterobacter spp. (1%). Salmonella spp. , Listeria spp. and Yersinia spp. were not identified. Despite the human pathogenic microorganisms were not identified in the present study, the composition of microflora and especially the abundance of Pseudomonas spp. indicates that the fish are prone to spoilage process development that potentially may alter the quality of freshwater fish meat.
How do changes along the risk chain affect flood risk?

Abstract. Flood risk is impacted by a range of physical and socio-economic processes. Hence, the quantification of flood risk ideally considers the complete flood risk chain, from atmospheric processes through catchment and river system processes to damage mechanisms in the affected areas. Although it is generally accepted that a multitude of changes along the risk chain can occur and impact flood risk, there is a lack of knowledge of how and to what extent changes in influencing factors propagate through the chain and finally affect flood risk. To fill this gap, we present a comprehensive sensitivity analysis which considers changes in all risk components, i.e. changes in climate, catchment, river system, land use, assets, and vulnerability. The application of this framework to the mesoscale Mulde catchment in Germany shows that flood risk can vary dramatically as a consequence of plausible change scenarios. It further reveals that components that have not received much attention, such as changes in dike systems or in vulnerability, may outweigh changes in often investigated components, such as climate. Although the specific results are conditional on the case study area and the selected assumptions, they emphasize the need for a broader consideration of potential drivers of change in a comprehensive way. Hence, our approach contributes to a better understanding of how the different risk components influence the overall flood risk.