Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Langton and Lewis on “Intrinsic”*

Langton and Lewis say that an object is "accompanied" iff it coexists "with some contingent object wholly distinct from itself. " (Langton and Lewis 1998, p. 333) A "lonely" or "unaccompanied" object is one that is not accompanied. We will also speak of an object being "accompanied by an F" iff it coexists with some F wholly distinct from itself. This works very nicely for the obvious examples. It works for being cubical, being 50 km from a capital city, and being lonely (intrinsic, extrinsic, extrinsic, respectively). But it doesn't work for every property. Langton and Lewis note that disjunctive properties cause trouble: they give the example of being cubical and lonely, or else non-cubical and accompanied. This property is independent of accompaniment, but intuitively is extrinsic. Other disjunctive properties are intuitively intrinsic (the property of being cubical or spherical, for example), so a new test must be prescribed for them.
Our experience using the vertical rectus abdominis muscle flap for reconstruction in 12 patients with dehiscence of a median sternotomy wound and mediastinitis

The vertical rectus abdominis (VRAM) flap has been used for reconstruction of sternal defects, particularly in the inferior third, since it was first described 20 years ago. We describe 12 patients with mediastinitis or chronic sternal osteomyelitis after sternotomy treated between 1994 and 1997, nine performed at the Royal Hospitals Trust, London. Sternal osteomyelitis and mediastinitis after median sternotomy is an uncommon (0.4%–8.4%) but often fatal condition. Vascularised pedicles are the treatment of choice, and VRAM flaps were used in all cases. We report good long-term outcome with a follow up of 2–5 years, and no long-term morbidity relating to the VRAM reconstruction. We had only one partial failure of a flap. The operations were largely done in hospitals away from the plastic surgical unit in extremely sick patients, which illustrates the importance of multidisciplinary management to reduce hospital stay, mortality, and morbidity. We argue that early involvement of plastic surgical specialists in the treatment of sternal dehiscence is essential to ensure a successful outcome.
Microarray analysis in human hepatocytes suggests a mechanism for hepatotoxicity induced by trovafloxacin

Idiosyncratic drug toxicity, defined as toxicity that is dose independent, host dependent, and usually cannot be predicted during preclinical or early phases of clinical trials, is a particularly confounding complication of drug development. An understanding of the mechanisms that lead to idiosyncratic liver toxicity would be extremely beneficial for the development of new compounds. We used microarray analysis on isolated human hepatocytes to understand the mechanisms underlying the idiosyncratic toxicity induced by trovafloxacin. Our results clearly distinguish trovafloxacin from other marketed quinolone agents and identify unique gene changes induced by trovafloxacin that are involved in mitochondrial damage, RNA processing, transcription, and inflammation that may suggest a mechanism for the hepatotoxicity induced by this agent. In conclusion, this work establishes the basis for future microarray analysis of new compounds to determine the presence of these expression changes and their usefulness in predicting idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the HEPATOLOGY website (http://interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270‐9139/suppmat/index.html). (HEPATOLOGY 2005;41:177–186.)
Extended transmission of two H5/H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens

SUMMARY Transmission experiments are useful for investigating the mechanisms of low pathogenic notifiable avian influenza virus (LPNAI) transmission. In this study, the hypothesis that inoculation-infected chickens are more infectious than contact-infected chickens was tested. To this end, extended transmission experiments with one H5N2 and one H7N1 LPAIV which had previously been characterized in a series of standard transmission experiments were conducted in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. For the H5N2 LPAIV, the infectivity of contact-infected chickens was similar to the infectivity of inoculated chickens. Despite results from a previous study suggesting the H7N1 LPAIV strain to be similarly infectious to SPF chickens as the H5N2 LPAIV strain, the acquisition of contact-infected chickens proved more difficult for H7N1 LPAIV. It was assumed that this might have been a consequence of the length and timing of the exposure period. In conclusion, for LPNAIVs that first seemed equally infectious, short-term transmissibility may vary considerably.
HerMES: LYMAN BREAK GALAXIES INDIVIDUALLY DETECTED AT 0.7 ⩽ z ⩽ 2.0 IN GOODS-N WITH HERSCHEL/SPIRE

As part of the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey we have investigated the rest-frame far-infrared (FIR) properties of a sample of more than 4800 Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey North field. Most LBGs are not detected individually, but we do detect a sub-sample of 12 objects at 0.7 < z < 1.6 and one object at z = 2.0. The ones detected by Herschel SPIRE have redder observed NUV − U and U − R colors than the others, while the undetected ones have colors consistent with average LBGs at z > 2.5. The UV-to-FIR spectral energy distributions of the objects detected in the rest-frame FIR are investigated using the code cigale to estimate physical parameters. We find that LBGs detected by SPIRE are high-mass, luminous infrared galaxies. It appears that LBGs are located in a triangle-shaped region in the AFUV versus log LFUV = 0 diagram limited by AFUV = 0 at the bottom and by a diagonal following the temporal evolution of the most massive galaxies from the bottom right to the top left of the diagram. This upper envelop can be used as upper limits for the UV dust attenuation as a function of LFUV. The limits of this region are well explained using a closed-box model, where the chemical evolution of galaxies produces metals, which in turn lead to higher dust attenuation when the galaxies age.
Development of ELISAs for diagnosis of acute typhoid fever in Nigerian children

Improved serodiagnostic tests for typhoid fever (TF) are needed for surveillance, to facilitate patient management, curb antibiotic resistance, and inform public health programs. To address this need, IgA, IgM and IgG ELISAs using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hemolysin E (t1477) protein were conducted on 86 Nigerian pediatric TF and 29 non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) cases, 178 culture-negative febrile cases, 28 “other” (i.e., non-Salmonella) pediatric infections, and 48 healthy Nigerian children. The best discrimination was achieved between TF and healthy children. LPS-specific IgA and IgM provided receiver operator characteristic areas under the curve (ROC AUC) values of 0.963 and 0.968, respectively, and 0.978 for IgA+M combined. Similar performance was achieved with t1477-specific IgA and IgM (0.968 and 0.968, respectively; 0.976 combined). IgG against LPS and t1477 was less accurate for discriminating these groups, possibly as a consequence of previous exposure, although ROC AUC values were still high (0.928 and 0.932, respectively). Importantly, discrimination between TF and children with other infections was maintained by LPS-specific IgA and IgM (AUC = 0.903 and 0.934, respectively; 0.938 combined), and slightly reduced for IgG (0.909), while t1477-specific IgG performed best (0.914). A similar pattern was seen when comparing TF with other infections from outside Nigeria. The t1477 may be recognized by cross-reactive antibodies from other acute infections, although a robust IgG response may provide some diagnostic utility in populations where incidence of other infections is low, such as in children. The data are consistent with IgA and IgM against S. Typhi LPS being specific markers of acute TF.
Clinical and Demographic Factors Associated With Receipt of Non Guideline-concordant Initial Therapy for Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer

Objectives:To determine the extent to which initial therapy for nonmetastatic prostate cancer was concordant with nationally recognized guidelines using supplemented cancer registry data and what factors were associated with receipt of nonguideline-concordant care. Methods:Initial therapy for 8229 nonmetastatic prostate cancer cases diagnosed in 2004 from cancer registries in 7 states was abstracted as part of the Centers for Disease Control’s Patterns of Care Breast and Prostate Cancer study conducted during 2007 to 2009. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network clinical practice guidelines version 1.2002 was used as the standard of care based on recurrence risk group and life expectancy (LE). A multivariable model was used to determine risk factors associated with receipt of nonguideline-concordant care. Results:Nearly 80% with nonmetastatic prostate cancer received guideline-concordant care for initial therapy. Receipt of nonguideline-concordant care (including receiving either less aggressive therapy or more aggressive therapy than indicated) was related to older age, African American race/ethnicity, being unmarried, rural residence, and especially to being in the high recurrence risk group where receiving less aggressive therapy than indicated occurred more often than receiving more aggressive therapy (adjusted OR=4.2; 95% CL, 3.5-5.2 vs. low-risk group). Compared with life table estimates adjusted for comorbidity, physicians tended to underestimate LE. Conclusions:Receipt of less aggressive therapy than indicated among high-risk group men with >5-year LE based on life table estimates adjusted for comorbidity was a concern. Physicians may tend to underestimate 5-year survival among this group and should be alerted to the importance of recommending aggressive therapy when warranted. However, based on more recent guidelines, among those with low-risk disease, the proportion considered to be receiving less aggressive therapy than indicated may now be lower because active surveillance is now considered appropriate.
Voltage shape of impulse breakdown in internal insulation of VI

Experimental studies of impulse dielectric strength of the samples, differed by the most probable area of initiation and path of breakdown have been carried out. Two types of samples have been considered: 1) providing the breakdown of the contact gap and 2) providing combined breakdown, including flashover along the insulator. It has been established that if the discharge current is limited by the resistor the breakdowns of such samples have substantially different typical shapes and durations of the voltage drop. The authors suggest that analysis of voltage drop can help in determining the area of breakdown.
Membrane-receptor initiated proliferative effects of dienogest in human breast cancer cells

Objectives: Dienogest (DNG) is already used in hormone therapy, since recently being also the progestogenic component of the first estradiol based contraceptive pill. Data on breast cancer risk are currently not available. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is highly expressed in tissues of breast cancer patients and has already been proposed as a predictor for breast cancer risk. Methods: MCF-7 cells overexpressing PGRMC1 were stimulated with DNG, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), norethisterone (NET) and progesterone (P) as well as sequentially and continuously combined with estradiol (E2). Results: DNG and MPA alone elicited a significant proliferation at 10–6 and 10–5 M. NET increased cell proliferation at all concentrations tested whereas P showed no effect. E2 alone elicited a significant increase at 10−10 M, no effect was seen at 10–12 M. Addition of the progestins (10–6 M) to E2 at 10−10 M had, compared to E2 only, no additional proliferating effect. However, at the low E2 concentration, DNG, MPA and NET significantly increased the E2-stimulated cell proliferation. Conclusion: DNG increased proliferation alone and in combination with low E2 concentrations. Thus a progestogen-derived breast cancer risk in the presence of low E2 concentrations cannot be excluded at least in women overexpressing PGRMC1.
Obstetric and psychological characteristics of women choosing epidural analgesia during labour: A cohort study

Objectives To investigate the obstetric and psychological characteristics of women who opt to use epidural analgesia (EDA) during labour and the impact of participating in labour preparation courses on women’s decisions to use EDA. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Setting Akershus University Hospital, Norway. Population 2596 women with singleton pregnancies and intended vaginal delivery. Methods Data were collected using two self-completed questionnaires at pregnancy weeks 17 and 32. Fear of childbirth was assessed by the Wijma Delivery Expectancy Questionnaire (W-DEQ). Symptoms of anxiety were measured by the Hopkins Symptom Check List (SCL-25) and depression by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Obstetric and socio-demographic information was retrieved from birth records at the maternity ward. Main outcome measure Preference for EDA was indicated by the questionnaire item “I would prefer an epidural regardless” on a 4-point scale (1 = highly agree, 4 = highly disagree) at pregnancy week 32. Results Twenty-one percent of the women (540/2596) answered that they would choose EDA as the only alternative method of analgesia during labour. Counselling for fear of childbirth [OR 3.23 (95%CI 2.12; 4.92)] and W-DEQ sum score ≥ 85 [OR 2.95 (95%CI 2.06; 4.23)] were significantly (p<0.001) associated with choice of EDA. Participation in labour preparation courses was significantly (p = 0.008) associated with a reduction of intended use of EDA during labour [OR 0.67 (95%CI 0.49; 0.90)]. Conclusion Fear of childbirth is significantly associated with women’s choice of EDA during labour. On the other hand, women that participate in labour preparation courses would rather consider other methods of analgesia during labour.
Natalizumab disproportionately increases circulating pre-B and B cells in multiple sclerosis

Background: Natalizumab, a humanized anti-α4 integrin monoclonal antibody, reduces relapses and disease progression in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Whereas its presumed mode of action is inhibition of T cell/monocyte entry into the brain, little is known about its specific effect on B cells, which are increasingly recognized to participate in MS pathogenesis. Methods: We obtained serial blood samples from 17 patients before and during natalizumab therapy for relapsing-remitting MS for up to 16 months, and blood samples from 10 untreated patients with MS and 13 healthy donors. We determined numbers of mature and immature lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD138, and CD10 in 111 samples. We analyzed marker transcripts for immature hematopoietic cells by quantitative PCR for CD34, Vpreβ1 (pre-B lymphocyte gene 1), and DNTT (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase) in 65 samples. Results: Natalizumab therapy increased CD19+ mature B cells more than other lymphocytes/monocytes in blood (2.8-fold versus 1.3–1.8-fold increase in cells/μL; p < 0.01). Even greater was the increase of immature CD19+CD10+ pre-B cells (7.4-fold; p < 0.01). This pattern remained stable during treatment for up to 16 months. Transcripts of lymphocyte precursors (Vpreβ1 and DNTT) were elevated more than transcripts for CD34. Conclusions: Circulating B cells and especially pre-B cells are most prominently elevated among the studied immune cell subsets, raising the possibility that the effects and side effects of natalizumab are partly mediated by actions on B cells.
MiR-26b suppresses tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion by directly targeting COX-2 in lung cancer.

OBJECTIVE Lung cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite recent advances in clinical and experimental oncology, the prognosis of patients with NSCLC still remains poor and the average survival time of patients suffer from lung cancer is low. Therefore, the potential mechanism accounting for the tumorigenesis of NSCLC is still needed to be explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS A lentiviral vector over-expressing miR-26b in A549 lung cancer cells was constructed. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion analysis were measured by cell counting kit (MTT), would healing assay and Transwell assay. Direct target of miR-26b in A549 cells was examined using bioinformatics and Luciferase assay. RESULTS Herein, we found that over-expression of miR-26b significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 lung cancer cell in vitro and suppressed the growth of established tumors in vivo. By using bioinformatics, we found that COX-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2) is one of the potential targets of miR-26b. Moreover, miR-26b was found to negatively regulate COX-2 protein level by directly targeting its 3'UTR. In addition, depletion of endogenous COX-2 by the specific siRNA could mimic the function of miR-26b overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate that miR-26b could suppress lung cancer cells proliferation, migration and invasion by directly negative regulation of COX-2. MiR-26b could serve as a novel potential marker for NSCLC therapy.
Parameter Optimization in Jet Flow Control

1. Motivation and objectives The control of turbulent jet flows has applications in combustion, aerodynamic noise, and jet propulsion. In combustion processes it is important to enhance the turbulent mixing of the chemical species to make the process more efficient and reduce the concentration of pollutants. Acoustic emission of an aircraft can be reduced by controlling flow unsteadiness that produces noise. Enhanced mixing in aircraft propulsion systems decreases the plume temperature and suppresses infrared radiation. The mixing rate of a turbulent jet can be significantly altered by applying a suitable excitation at the jet orifice. Various experiments have been carried out to study the reaction of jets to external forcing (Crow 1971, Ho 1982, Lee 1985, Parekh 1987, Parekh 1988). It has been shown that a large spreading of the jet can be achieved with a small mass flow actuation if suitable frequencies are chosen (Parekh 1996). Here, it is assumed that a large spreading angle corresponds to efficient mixing of a passive scalar transported by the flow with the surrounding air. Numerical simulations of compressible and incompressible jet flows have been carried out that confirm many observations made in experiments with periodically forced jets (Freund 1998, Freund 1999, Danaila 1998, Urbin 1997). An automatic search for optimal actuation parameters was carried out by Koumoutsakos et al. 1998. This work showed that evolution strategies are capable of finding suitable actuations for a vortex model and direct numerical simulations of compressible jets. In this paper we compare the effects of helical and combined axial and helical forcing on a jet. We combine evolution strategies with direct numerical simulation (DNS) to search for the actuation parameters that maximize the spreading of the jet. An objective function that measures the spreading of the jet evaluates the performance of a given set of actuation parameters. The evolution strategy searches for the optimal actuation by automatically varying the parameters and calculating their objective function value. Solutions that lead to a pronounced spreading are found within reasonable time although the evaluation of the objective function, the DNS of the jet, is expensive. It has been shown in experiments that jet mixing can be significantly enhanced by using dual-frequency actuation (Parekh & Reynolds 1987, 1988). Our simulations confirm that a combined axial and helical actuation is much more efficient with respect to jet mixing than a helical actuation alone.
Application du calcul de Malliavin aux problèmes de contrôle singulier

Notre principale preoccupation dans cette these est d'etudier les problemes de controle mixtes reguliers-singuliers, ou la variable de controle comporte deux composantes, la premiere etant absolument continue et la seconde singuliere. Les coefficients du processus d'etat ainsi que la fonction cout et le cout terminal sont des fonctions aleatoires, Notre resultat principal est de determiner les conditions necessaires d'optimalite, aussi connu comme le principe du maximum stochastique de Pontriagin en utilisant des techniques de calcul de Malliavin. Le processus adjoint, qui joue un role cle dans le principe du maximum stochastique, est donne en fonction des derivees de Malliavin de processus d'Etat optimal.
Mixed disulfides of acyl carrier protein and coenzyme A with specific soluble proteins in Escherichia coli

Three soluble proteins in Escherichia coli specifically from mixed disulfides with either acyl carrier protein or coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was attached to one of these proteins, and the amount bound depended on the cellular coenzyme A concentration. The other two proteins were mixed disulfides between acyl carrier protein and each of the two 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthases.
Cerebellar stimulation in the management of medically intractable epilepsy: a systematic and critical review.

OBJECT The wide application of deep brain stimulation in the management of movement as well as other degenerative neurological and psychiatric disorders has renewed the interest in using deep brain stimulation in the management of medically intractable epilepsy. Various stimulation targets have been used with significantly varying results in aborting seizure activity. Electrical cerebellar stimulation (CS) has been used for more than 50 years in the management of epilepsy, with conflicting results. In the current study, the authors review the pertinent literature to outline the role of CS in the management of medically refractory epilepsy. METHODS The PubMed medical database was systematically searched for the following terms: "cerebellar," "epilepsy," "stimulation," and "treatment," and all their combinations. Case reports were excluded from this study. RESULTS The pertinent articles were categorized into 2 large groups: animal experimental and human clinical studies. Particular emphasis on the following aspects was given when reviewing the human clinical studies: their methodological characteristics, the number of participants, their seizure types, the implantation technique and its associated complications, the exact stimulation target, the stimulation technique, the seizure outcome, and the patients' psychological and social poststimulation status. Three clinical double-blind studies were found, with similar implantation surgical technique, stimulation target, and stimulation parameters, but quite contradictory results. Two of these studies failed to demonstrate any significant seizure reduction, whereas the third one showed a significant poststimulation decrease in seizure frequency. All possible factors responsible for these differences in the findings are analyzed in the present study. CONCLUSIONS Cerebellar stimulation seems to remain a stimulation target worth exploring for defining its potential in the treatment of medically intractable epilepsy, although the data from the double-blind clinical studies that were performed failed to establish a clear benefit in regard to seizure frequency. A large-scale, double-blind clinical study is required for accurately defining the efficacy of CS in epilepsy treatment.