Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PC Based Model of the Epileptic Brain

Epilepsy is known since ancient history and affects the lives of millions. Due to various physiological and ethical reasons, it is extremely difficult to conduct thorough examination of the human brain. As a result, even after millennia of identifying epilepsy and treating it, we know relatively little about what is causing epilepsy and what is the best way to manage it. In order to meet this challenge, we develop an artificial neural network, one that allows us to mimic several aspects of the epileptic brain. Our model is based on a specially designed neuron “cell”, and the network is formed in a manner that offers several degrees of flexibility in its formation. This allows us to control the formation of the brain model in several levels: starting with the neurotransmitter and up to properties of the entire network. We compare the activity of our model to that recorded from real brains of real patients, and demonstrate resemblance in key properties of the neuronal activity. Using this artificial network offers an easier experimental platform that manifests epileptic-like behavior, which allows to investigate the underlying mechanisms causing epilepsy on one hand, and to examine potential treatments on the other hand. The model can be adopted to manifest other physiological properties that can be suitable for modeling other neurological disorders.
Scalar Conservation Laws with Boundary Conditions and Rough Data Measure Solutions

Uniqueness and existence of $L^$#x221E;$ solutions to initial boundary value problems for scalar conservation laws, with continuous flux functions, is derived by $L^1$ contraction of Young measure solutions. The classical Kruzkov entropies, extended in Bardos, LeRoux and Nedelec’s sense to boundary value problems, are sufficient for the contraction. The uniqueness proof uses the essence of Kruzkov’s idea with his symmetric entropy and entropy flux functions, but the usual doubling of variables technique is replaced by the simpler fact that mollified measure solutions are in fact smooth solutions. The mollified measures turn out to have not only weak but also strong boundary entropy flux traces. Another advantage with the Young measure analysis is that the usual assumption of Lipschitz continuous flux functions can be relaxed to continuous fluxes, with little additional work
The Paradox of Liquid Loans

Banks have a reduced incentive to monitor when credit is dispersed because they do not ultimately bear all the credit risk, and this arises in settings such as multiplebank lending syndicates or when there is a secondary loan market. We present novel evidence on long run borrower performance in favour of the view that the lead bank's monitoring effort, as reflected in its syndicate lending stake, matters. Greater retained interest materially lowers the probability that the borrower defaults and improves profitability and investment-grade status three years after syndication. And this positive effect is priced in by equityholders at the time a syndication is announced. The lead bank's exposure matters more for opaque and weak firms, as well as in times of loose credit standards as reflected in loans syndicated during booms. We illustrate how credit dispersion and transfer exacerbate agency problems in a simple theoretical framework. Monitoring incentives are diluted not only by the fact that each bank is not exposed to the full credit risk, but also by the fact that there are other banks who may potentially monitor. We also show that a situation where banks stop monitoring due to the ability to sell their credit risk in a secondary market is ultimately unstable, although it may be possible for banks to shirk in the short-run.
Is Menstrual Bleeding A Problem For Adolescents And Students?

Objectives: To determine the length and intensity of monthly bleeding using the characteristics of the pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBAC) in a cohort of school girls and university students aged under 26 years and to determine the percentage of this cohort with a PBAC score >100. Design: Evidence obtained from several timed series with or without the intervention. Prospective observational study Design Classification: Ii-3 Setting: Secondary school and university centre Patients: 82 secondary school and university students aged 12-25 years. Interventions: They completed a PBAC prospectively within their last menstruation Methods: The sample was divided into three age groups (12-16, 17-20, 21-25 years). The link between variables was determined using the 2 test, Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient, binary or multinomial logistic regression, the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis H test (significance level 5%). Measurements and main results: Overall, an average of 19.72% menstrual hygiene products (MHP) were discarded per menstruation (95% CI: 17.18-22.26). The sanitary pads and tampons discarded were of low or medium capacity. The average of PBAC score was 171.01 (95% CI: 142.39-199.64) and 68% of the sample had a PBAC score >100. Conclusions: The PBAC score did not show any relation to age or length of cycle, although it was linked to the number of bleeding days. The PBAC could facilitate identification of women at risk from menstrual bleeding disorders and enable appropriate measures to be taken in primary care womens’ health clinics.
An extension of generalized Taylor dispersion in unbounded homogeneous shear flows to run-and-tumble chemotactic bacteria

In the absence of flow, the biased random walk of bacteria such as Escherichia coli is modeled by straight runs punctuated by random changes in direction, tumbles. We model chemotaxis by allowing the tumble rate of a run to depend on the component of swimming velocity in the direction of the chemoattractant gradient. In the well-studied situation of weak bias in tumble rate, bacteria disperse over a diffusive time scale, and the evolution of density satisfies the classic Keller–Segel advection-diffusion equation. In this paper, we model swimming bacteria being advected and rotated by an unbounded homogeneous shear flow. The flow field alters the trajectories of individuals and thus affects the macroscopic dispersion of a population. We adapt the formal framework of generalized Taylor dispersion theory to make it applicable for run-and-tumble bacteria with an arbitrary bias in tumble rate. This enables us to obtain a macroscopic description of the dispersion of bacteria. For the particular case of simple s.
Anticonsumption Choices Performed in a Drinking Culture: Normative Struggles and Repairs

This article explores the normative barriers to anti-consumption practices and highlights that not-for-profit organizations have an important role to play in facilitating the rejection of consumption. The study is based on thirteen phenomenological interviews with individuals who engaged in one month of alcohol abstinence and illustrates three cultural barriers to rejecting alcohol consumption, namely: the collective obligation to participate in entrenched sharing practices, the collective expectation to reciprocate in gift-giving practices of alcoholic commodities, and the identification of abstinence as deviant nonconformity. The study also discusses the role of nonprofits as change agents within society, emphasizing their ability to mobilize disenfranchised groups, give voice to unpopular causes and facilitate community building that breeds trust and cooperation.
Description of the Friesian Horse population of South Africa and Namibia

Data obtained from the Friesian Horse Studbook of Southern Africa and Friesian Horse Breeders\' Society of South Africa were analyzed to describe and evaluate the population regarding inbreeding and morphological body measurements. Eight different body measurements (height at withers, height of back, height of croup, body length, length of cannon forelimb and hind limb, circumference of cannon bone fore- and hind limb) recorded on 232 horses were included for analyses. The pedigrees of 696 horses were used for estimation of inbreeding coefficients. A total of 25% of the horses included in the data was inbred, with inbreeding coefficients ranging from 0.07% to 27.8%. A positive trend in the average inbreeding per year was observed, but the rate of inbreeding was relatively low. Recording of pedigree information will be essential for long-term evaluation of inbreeding in the Friesian Horse and the recording of objective body measurements is recommended for inclusion in selection programs. Key Words: Body measurements, Linear scoring, Heritability, Inbreeding South African Journal of Animal Science Vol.34(3) 2004: 149-157
Understanding Conceptualisations of Female Sex Addiction and Recovery Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom Relatively little research has been carried out into female sex addiction. There is even less regarding understandings of lived experiences of sex addiction among females. Consequently, the purpose of the present study was to examine the experiences of female sex addiction (from onset to recovery). This was done by investigating the experiences and conceptualisations of three women who self-reported as having had a historical problem with sex addiction. An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) methodology was applied in the current research process in which three female participants shared their journey through the onset, progression, and recovery of sex addiction. The IPA produced five superordinate themes that accounted for the varying degrees of sexual addiction among a British sample of females: (1) “Focus on self as a sex addict”; (2) “Uncontrollable desire”; (3) “Undesirable feelings”; (4) “Derision”; and (5) “Self help, treatment and recovery”. The implications of these findings towards the understanding and the need for the implementation of treatment are discussed.
Stellar laboratories - II. New Zn iv and Zn v oscillator strengths and their validation in the hot white dwarfs G191−B2B and RE 0503−289

Context. For the spectral analysis of high-resolution and high-signal-to-noise (S/N) spectra of hot stars, state-of-the-art non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) model atmospheres are mandatory. These are strongly dependent on the reliability of the atomic data that is used for their calculation. In a recent analysis of the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum of the DA-type white dwarf G191−B2B, 21 Zn iv lines were newly identified. Because of the lack of Zn iv data, transition probabilities of the isoelectronic Ge vi were adapted for a first, coarse determination of the photospheric Zn abundance. Aims. Reliable Zn iv and Zn v oscillator strengths are used to improve the Zn abundance determination and to identify more Zn lines in the spectra of G191−B2B and the DO-type white dwarf RE 0503−289. Methods. We performed new calculations of Zn iv and Zn v oscillator strengths to consider their radiative and collisional boundbound transitions in detail in our NLTE stellar-atmosphere models for the analysis of the Zn iv – v spectrum exhibited in highresolution and high-S/N UV observations of G191−B2B and RE 0503−289. Results. In the UV spectrum of G191−B2B, we identify 31 Zn iv and 16 Znv lines. Most of these are identified for the first time in any star. We can reproduce well almost all of them at log Zn = −5.52 ± 0.2 (mass fraction, about 1.7 times solar). In particular, the Zn iv / Zn v ionization equilibrium, which is a very sensitive Teff indicator, is well reproduced with the previously determined Teff = 60 000 ± 2000 K and log g = 7.60 ± 0.05. In the spectrum of RE 0503−289, we identified 128 Zn v lines for the first time and determined log Zn = −3.57 ± 0.2 (155 times solar). Conclusions. Reliable measurements and calculations of atomic data are a pre-requisite for stellar-atmosphere modeling. Observed Zn iv and Zn v line profiles in two white dwarf (G191−B2B and RE 0503−289) ultraviolet spectra were well reproduced with our newly calculated oscillator strengths. This allowed us to determine the photospheric Zn abundance of these two stars precisely.
GRAVITATIONAL CLUSTERING IN STOCHASTIC SYSTEMS OF STICKY PARTICLES

We give a quantitative analysis of clustering in a stochastic model of one- dimensional gas. At time zero the gas consists of n identical particles that are randomly distributed on the real line and have zero initial speeds. Particles begin to move under the forces of mutual attraction. When particles collide, they stick together forming a new particle, called cluster, whose mass and speed are deflned by the laws of conservation. We are interested in the asymptotic behavior of Kn(t) as n ! 1, where Kn(t) denotes the number of clusters at time t in the system with n initial particles. Our main result is a functional limit theorem for Kn(t). Its proof is based on the discovered localization property of the aggregation process, which states that the behavior of each particle is essentially deflned by the motion of neighbor particles.
Effect of fruit extracts of some environmentally be nign green corrosion inhibitors on corrosion of mild steel in hydrochlor ic acid solution

The inhibition of the corrosion of mild steel in hy drochloric acid solution by the fruits extract of S hahjan ( Moringa oleifera ), Pipali ( Piper longum ) and Orange ( Citrus aurantium ) has been studied using weight loss, electrochemic al impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization and linear polarization techniques. Inhibition wa s found to increase with increasing concentration of the extra ct. The effect of temperature, immersion time and a cid concentration on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in 1 M HCl with addition of extract was also studied. The adso rption of the extract on the mild steel surface obeyed the Langmu ir adsorption isotherm. Values of inhibition effici ency calculated from weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are i n good agreement. Polarization curves showed that fruits e xtract behaves as a mixed-type inhibitor in hydroch loric acid. The activation energy as well as other thermodynamic pa rameters for the inhibition process was calculated. The adsorbed film on mild steel surface containing fruits extrac t was also measured by Fourier transform infrared s pectroscopy (FTIR). The results obtained showed that the fruits extract could serve as effective inhibitor of the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid media.
Kin discrimination in sticklebacks is mediated by social learning rather than innate recognition

Theory predicts several advantages for animals to recognize kin. These include inbreeding avoidance and an increase in inclusive fitness. In shoaling species, kin recognition may lead to an increased amount of altruism among shoal members. Adult, non-reproductive three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, prefer to shoal with kin. This preference was shown for familiar as well as for unfamiliar individuals. However, whether it is based on learned cues of familiar individuals or on innate mechanisms like self-referent phenotype matching or ‘true’ kin recognition through recognition alleles remains unknown. In our experiments, juvenile fish were given the choice between shoals that differed in relatedness and familiarity. The number of testfish who joined each group indicated that sticklebacks prefer to shoal with familiar kin when the alternative shoal was composed of unfamiliar non-kin. When one shoal consisted of familiar kin while the second consisted of familiar non-kin testfish did not show any preference. Kin recognition in sticklebacks is thus most likely mediated by social learning.
Fire-Side Corrosion: A Case Study of Failed Tubes of a Fossil Fuel Boiler

The failures of superheater and reheater boiler tubes operating in a power plant utilizing natural gas or mazut as a fuel have been analysed and the fire-side corrosion has been suggested as the main reason for the failure in boiler tubes. The tubes have been provided by a fossil fuel power plant in Iran and optical and electron microscopy investigations have been performed on the tubes as well as the corrosion products on their surfaces. The results showed that the thickness of the failed tubes is not uniform which suggests that fire-side corrosion has happened on the tubes. Fire-side corrosion is caused by the reaction of combustion products with oxide layers on the tube surface resulting in metal loss and consequently tubes fracture. However, the tubes corrosion behaviour did not follow the conventional models of the fire-side corrosion. Given that, using the corrosion monitoring techniques for these boiler tubes seems essential. As a result, the thickness of the boiler tubes in different parts of the boiler has been recorded and critical points are selected accordingly. Such critical points are selected for installation of corrosion monitoring probes.
Discard Mortality of Trawl-Caught Lingcod in Relation to Tow Duration and Time on Deck

Abstract The lingcod Ophiodon elongatus is a benthic marine fish commonly caught by groundfish trawlers and discarded due to low catch limits. Managers must account for the mortality of bycatch to assess population status accurately. Our objectives were to estimate the actual mortality of trawl-discarded lingcod (50–84 cm) and describe their physiological stress response to capture. We investigated three major factors of the trawling operation that may influence lingcod survival: tow duration, fish size, and the amount of time fish were on the deck of the vessel. Survival was monitored for 21 d and each surviving animal was then physically and physiologically evaluated. The results showed that regardless of the duration of the tow, lingcod survival was 100% for animals discarded immediately after the cod end was emptied on deck. All lingcod captured during a tow of average commercial duration demonstrated a maximal stress response, measured by plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate concentrations. As expec.
Multiple Scattering Effects in Pulsed Radar Systems: An Intercomparison Study

Abstract In this paper, two different numerical methods capable of computing multiple scattering effects in pulsed-radar systems are compared. Both methods are based on the solution of the time-dependent vectorial form of the radiative transfer equation: one exploits the successive order of scattering approximation, the other a forward Monte Carlo technique. Different benchmark results are presented (including layers of monodisperse spherical water and ice particles), which are of specific interest for W-band spaceborne cloud radars such as CloudSat’s or EarthCARE’s cloud profiling radars. Results demonstrate a good agreement between the two methods. The pros and cons of the two models are discussed, with a particular focus on the validity of the second order of scattering approximation.
TARGET ARTICLE: Singles in Society and in Science

We suggest that single adults in contemporary American society are targets of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination, a phenomenon we will call singlism. Singlism is an outgrowth of a largely uncontested set of beliefs, the Ideology of Marriage and Family. Its premises include the assumptions that the sexual partnership is the one truly important peer relationship and that people who have such partnerships are happier and more fulfilled than those who do not. We use published claims about the greater happiness of married people to illustrate how the scientific enterprise seems to be influenced by the ideology. We propose that people who are single-particularly women who have always been single-fare better than the ideology would predict because they do have positive, enduring, and important interpersonal relationships. The persistence of singlism is especially puzzling considering that actual differences based on civil (marital) status seem to be qualified and small, the number of singles is growing, and sensitivity to other varieties of prejudice is acute. By way of explanation, we consider arguments from evolutionary psychology, attachment theory, a social problems perspective, the growth of the cult of the couple, and the appeal of an ideology that offers a simple and compelling worldview.
Impact of Applied Potential on the Structural and Non-lubricated Wear Composite Coating in Petrochemical Industry

The need to improve the structural properties of materials in petrochemical industry, due to recurring failure, has motivated this study. The effect of deposition potential on structural integrity, surface topography and micromechanical progression of Zn based induced aluminium and TiO2 alloy coating series on mild steel was studied. The wear stability and microhardness behaviour of the developed composite coating was examined via, respectively, sliding reciprocating rig and dura scan diamond based microhardness tester. The structural reliability was inspected with scanning electron microscope equipped with EDS, and atomic force microscope. The results showed that the superb structural crystal resulted into a significant increase in the microhardness, and into a decrease in wear plastic deformation in a non-lubricated system. The precipitation of the deposits enforces stable crystal orientation and compact grains growth. The work has established that up to 13wt% TiO2 on zinc rich bath, a solid composite coating on mild steel, can be used to improve the service life of coating for stable structural properties.
Mineralogy and paragenesis of the McAllister Sn-Ta-bearing pegmatite, Coosa County, Alabama

The McAllister SnTa deposit (Alabama) is localized in a complex pegmatite that contains large zones of mineralized late-stage replacement-type saccharoidal albite and nearly monomineralic muscovite 'greisen-like' pipes. The dyke is at least 450 m long and averages approximately 9 m in thickness. At least two 'greisen-like' pipes, as much as 7.6 m by 4.5 m in cross-section and extending at least 76 m down a steep easterly pitch, occur near the center of the dyke. The dyke is hosted by an approximately 300-Maold pluton of a group referred to as the Rockford Granite, a mesozonal to epizonal two-mica, peraluminous tin-bearing granite. The pluton is genetically affiliated with a welldefmed sequence of simple to complex pegmatite dykes and quartz-cassiterite veins that occur near its margin and within the immediately adjacent metasedimentary rocks of the Wedowee Group. An apparent tin-depleted «6 ppm Sn) halo exists around the McAllister dyke from about 1 m to more than 4 m. The 'greisen' pipes, which hold disordered wodginite, some containing more than 72 wt. % TazOs, represent the latest mineralizing event in an HzO-rich and F-poor environment related to crystallization from rarealkaliand rare-metal-rich fluids derived from the granitepegmatite system. Minerals identified within the primary pegmatite and its albitized portions are: quartz, albite, Kfeldspar, spodumene, muscovite, beryl, apatite, zircon, cassiterite, columbite-tantalite, tapiolite, lithiophorite, topaz, pyrite, and vivianite. Late-stage 'greisen-like' pipes contain muscovite, quartz, disordered wodginite, uranmicrolite, and zircon. Extremely late kaolinite also occurs, largely a result of surficial weathering. W odginite crystals are generally subhedral to euhedral, and have simple morphology, showing forms {IOO}, {lOl}, {111} and {01O}. The disordered wodginite locally contains 1.5 to 2.0 wt. % zrOz and 0.8 wt. % UOz. Refinement of X-ray ,powder data yielded: a 9.497t4), b 11.456(4), c 5.140(3) A, (3 90°33(2)', V 559.19(32) A3, Z = I, 60(1)% ordered. Based on an ordered structure, with A'! 'F4Bs032' structural formulas range from (Mnz.S6Fel~7D0.Q7h;4.00(Tal.99Snl. z3Feti~z TiO.19UO. OZDo.3sh;4.oo(T~. 41 NbI.S9h;s03Z3 ~o (Mnz.osFet. 75 00.17 h:4.00(SnZ.01 Tio. 75Tao. 71Zr 0.37FeO. 16h:4.00(Ta6.6S Nb1.3z}ES032' Mossbauer data for wodginite indicate that 17% of the total iron is ferric and 7% of the total tin is Snz+. Cassiterite contains 1.4 to 2.7 wt. % TazOs, 0.5 to 1.1 wt. % NbZ05, and 0.5 to 1.1 wt. % FeO.