Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Estimate of changes in agricultural terrestrial nitrogen pathways and ammonia emissions from 1850 to present in the Community Earth System Model

Abstract. Nitrogen applied to the surface of the land for agricultural purposes represents a significant source of reactive nitrogen (Nr) that can be emitted as a gaseous Nr species, be denitrified to atmospheric nitrogen (N2), run off during rain events or form plant-useable nitrogen in the soil. To investigate the magnitude, temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of nitrogen pathways on a global scale from sources of animal manure and synthetic fertilizer, we developed a mechanistic parameterization of these pathways within a global terrestrial land model, the Community Land Model (CLM). In this first model version the parameterization emphasizes an explicit climate-dependent approach while using highly simplified representations of agricultural practices, including manure management and fertilizer application. The climate-dependent approach explicitly simulates the relationship between meteorological variables and biogeochemical processes to calculate the volatilization of ammonia (NH3), nitrification and runoff of Nr following manure or synthetic fertilizer application. For the year 2000, approximately 125 Tg N yr−1 is applied as manure and 62 Tg N yr−1 is applied as synthetic fertilizer. We estimate the resulting global NH3 emissions are 21 Tg N yr−1 from manure (17 % of manure production) and 12 Tg N yr−1 from fertilizer (19 % of fertilizer application); reactive nitrogen runoff during rain events is calculated as 11 Tg N yr−1 from manure and 5 Tg N yr−1 from fertilizer. The remaining nitrogen from manure (93 Tg N yr−1) and synthetic fertilizer (45 Tg N yr−1) is captured by the canopy or transferred to the soil nitrogen pools. The parameterization was implemented in the CLM from 1850 to 2000 using a transient simulation which predicted that, even though absolute values of all nitrogen pathways are increasing with increased manure and synthetic fertilizer application, partitioning of nitrogen to NH3 emissions from manure is increasing on a percentage basis, from 14 % of nitrogen applied in 1850 (3 Tg NH3 yr−1) to 17 % of nitrogen applied in 2000 (21 Tg NH3 yr−1). Under current manure and synthetic fertilizer application rates we find a global sensitivity of an additional 1 Tg NH3 (approximately 3 % of manure and fertilizer) emitted per year per °C of warming. While the model confirms earlier estimates of nitrogen fluxes made in a range of studies, its key purpose is to provide a theoretical framework that can be employed within a biogeochemical model, that can explicitly respond to climate and that can evolve and improve with further observation.
16 Historical Linguistics and Archaeology : An Uneasy Alliance 1

Historical linguistics and archaeology have a proven record of useful collaborative work. However, the distinctively different nature of the raw material of each discipline can easily lead researchers in the two disciplines toward different conclusions. It is important to recognise that this is perhaps inevitable, but that divergence between the conclusions of the two fields is sometimes the result of over interpretation of negative evidence, a methodological flaw that lies behind some archaeological arguments relating to the prehistory of Island Southeast Asia. Both linguistic and archaeological records will always be fragmentary, and where inferences drawn from them differ dramatically from one another, the most rational evaluation metric is the strength of each argument in terms of how successfully it competes against alternative explanations within its own discipline, not a prioritisation of the evidence of one academic discipline as against another.
A study on the impact of climate change and climate variability on rural women: a case of ward 22 and 28 of Chivi district, Zimbabwe

The thrust of this study was to investigate the impact of climate change and climate variability on rural women. It identifies the reasons why women are more vulnerable to climate change as compared to men and adaptation strategies implemented by women to adapt to the vagaries of climate change. The researcher selected women in ward 22 and 28 using random sampling. During the study, a structured questionnaire consisting of both closed and open-ended questions will be administered to the selected households. Interviews were conducted and each woman from a selected household will be asked the same series of questions and responses are organized so that conclusions can be drawn. Personal observations were also used to see the environment from which the women derive their livelihoods. The research findings show that women are at the frontline of climate change impacts due to the existing gender disparities. These include lack of access to and control of resources, lack of freedom of actions, reproductive role burden, and lack of access to technology as a result of their illiterate as well as lack of participation in decision-makings in climate change interventions. The research findings also depicts that climate change undermines development efforts due to food insecurity resulted from drought and it also widen the gap between the poor and the rich. Therefore, the study recommends economic empowerment of women since the effects of climate change on women are not gender neutral and also to carry out gender analysis in all climate policies, programs, budgets and projects. This helps to address the differing ways in which climate change affects men and women thereby creating gender-sensitive policies. The government should chip in and help to build and strengthen womenâ€™s experiences, knowledge and coping capacities in adaptation policies and ensuring that womenâ€™s needs and interests are incorporated in livelihood adaptation strategies.
Antenna Configuration Method for RF Measurement Based on DOPs in Satellite Formation Flying

Radio frequency (RF) measurement technology provides a relative navigation solution that can be of great importance to have significant potential for application to the satellite groups. With the development of the RF relative measurement sensors, it is found that the antenna configuration of the sensors affects the precision of relative position and attitude measurement. This study proposes improvements to the precision of the sensors by the virtue of the optimal antenna configuration. Furthermore, the concept of dilution of precision (DOP) is extended to the RF relative measurement sensors, and a new dilution called IDOP is proposed as a benchmark to determine the precision of relative position and attitude measurement in engineering applications of the space mission. In order to select the optimal antenna configuration in real time in a scene where the intersatellite position and attitude change dynamically, this study presents an optimal antenna configuration selection strategy and models the antenna configuration selection as a combinatorial optimization problem. Furthermore, the genetic algorithm (GA) with two encoding mechanisms is proposed to solve this problem. Finally, numerical results are presented to verify the robustness.
Galaxy formation efficiency and the multiverse explanation of the cosmological constant with EAGLE simulations

Models of the very early Universe, including inflationary models, are argued to produce varying universe domains with different values of fundamental constants and cosmic parameters. Using the cosmological hydrodynamical simulation code from the EAGLE collaboration, we investigate the effect of the cosmological constant on the formation of galaxies and stars. We simulate universes with values of the cosmological constant ranging from Λ = 0 to Λ0 × 300, where Λ0 is the value of the cosmological constant in our Universe. Because the global star formation rate in our Universe peaks at t = 3.5 Gyr, before the onset of accelerating expansion, increases in Λ of even an order of magnitude have only a small effect on the star formation history and efficiency of the universe. We use our simulations to predict the observed value of the cosmological constant, given a measure of the multiverse. Whether the cosmological constant is successfully predicted depends crucially on the measure. The impact of the cosmological constant on the formation of structure in the universe does not seem to be a sharp enough function of Λ to explain its observed value alone.
Developing Countries' Experience with Neoliberalism and Globalisation

This study analysis developing country’ experiences of the last three decades after many of these countries had adopted neoliberal economic policies. An attempt is being made to study their achievements in terms of reducing poverty and unemployment. Also explores neoliberalism and globalisation and its impact on the process and development of democracy in developing countries in the present framework of global capitalism. I find that despite the disastrous experiences of neoliberal polices, especially in Latin American and African countries, still the international institutions are imposing these policies on the developing countries. It seems that little lesson has been learned from the past. There is a gap in the literature regarding the critical analysis of these polices. In recent years a number of Latin American countries have abandoned neoliberalism and adopted polices to be suitable to their national interests rather than foreign capital. I intend to examine these developments in details. We will briefly analyse the international financial institutions policies such as IMF and World Bank and their close co-operation with World Trade Organisation (WTO). Neoliberal versions of the ‘globalisation’ thesis are challenged, and it is argued that national-level economic process remains central and that the international economy is far from ungovernable. The study also examines India’s recent experiences of neoliberal policies, while in contrast to that Ecuador’s attempt to opt out of neoliberal policies and chart out new economic policies aimed towards more national economic control of resources and with active state intervention in favour of under privileged classes in the country.
Bitcoin Value Analysis Based on Cross-Correlations

Bitcoin is attracting a steadily increasing interest since its first appearance in 2008. Bitcoin price forecasting would be of great practical interest given its role as a relatively new virtual “currency”. This presupposes the modeling and verification of some kind of relation, causal or not, connecting bitcoin price to other “established” factors of economic interest. Towards this goal, cross-correlation analysis is used in this work to investigate relations between bitcoin price and a set of other factors of economic interest. The years 2013 to 2015 are selected as the temporal basis of this research, because earlier bitcoin prices were practically zero. Results reveal a strong correlation between bitcoin and stock market indices or other economical factor values. SWOT analysis for bitcoin is carried out for the same period of time, based on cross-correlation as well as on existing research results. Bitcoin is seen to possess more benefits than risks, while its strong temporal correlations with other economic indices or prices constitute an opportunity to be further explored towards the goal of bitcoin price forecasting.
Lise Öğrencilerinin Menstruasyon Hijyen Konusunda Bilgi/Tutumlari ve Eğitimin Etkinliğini Değerlendirme Knowledge of and Attitude to Menstrual Hygiene of Students in a Vocational School and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Training

Objective: One of the most important factors causing health problems is poor hygiene practised during school age. This problem can be prevented by acquiring correct health habits, as a result of training. In this study, the aim is to determine the knowledge and attitude towards menstrual hygiene of girl students in a vocational school for girls in Ankara and to evaluate the effectiveness of the training implemented in accordance with these results. Methods: Study was planned as intervention, all of the 373 girl students in the 9, 10, 11 th classes in a girls’ vocational high school in slums in Ankara were included in the study. The study group consisted of n=273 students (78.5%) who were at school at the time of data collection, and answered the questionnaire before training (BT) and 3 months after training (AT). All three questionnaires were applied under observation.
Anaerobic treatment of agro-industrial wastewaters for COD removal in expanded granular sludge bed bioreactor

Untreated agro-industrial wastewaters are undesirable in the aquatic environment due to the presence of high organic matter contents. However, they may constitute a large potential for biogas production. The present investigation is focused on three laboratory-scale anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) bioreactors, continuously operated for 60 d under mesophilic condition with the aim of exploring the feasibility of treating three most significant agro-industrial wastewaters in Chiapas, Mexico (i.e., cheese whey, vinasse, and coffee-processing wastewater). The EGSB bioreactors were operated with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 d under stable conditions (i.e., buffer index (BI) of 0.31, 0.34, and 0.03), generating a maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 91, 74, and 96% with an average methane production of 340, 245, and 300 mL/g COD∙d for cheese whey, vinasse, and coffee-processing wastewater, respectively. According to the obtained results, the EGSB bioreactors could be a sustainable alternative to simultaneously solve the environmental problems and to produce bioenergy.
Cooperative Diversity Protocols: A Literature Survey

: Over the last decade, the wireless cooperative networks has matured reasonably, and there has been extensive research on various areas related to wireless cooperative networks such as designing of different cooperative diversity protocols and their performance. The quantity of research being conducted in this area has been increased dramatically in the past few years, due to increasing interest in virtually seeking the advantages of MIMO spatial diversity. Therefore, our aim was to review different cooperative diversity protocols with various issues. Our study is based on three sections i.e., information theoretical, physical and medium access control (MAC) layers approaches. It is indicated that information theoretical approaches can be used to improve the performance of cooperative diversity networks, in terms of high data rate and decreased sensitivity. Moreover, different models at physical layer can be used to exploit spatial diversity, to improve the coding gains and to support the user cooperation between users at the price of lower hardware and spectral costs. It is expressed that MAC layer plays an important role in finding alternative ways, in order to maintain coordination among relays. Most of the MAC protocols are based on distributive coordination function (DCF) IEEE 802.11 standards, which do not provide the coordination among relays. Consequently, further improvement can be done by using cooperative MAC and routing protocols together, to support cooperation among neighbor’s nodes and to minimize transmit energy consumption in the cooperative network. We believe that this paper will fulfill the basic needs in informing the students, engineers and researcher, in getting familiar with this abundant recent research area of cooperative networks, and getting starting research in this area. KeywordsCooperative wireless networks, coopertive diversity protocols, TDMA, FDMA, MAC protocls.
Does flight morphology relate to flight performance? An experimental test with the butterfly **Pararge aegeria**

1. The relationship between maximal acceleration capacity and flight morphology was tested experimentally in the butterfly Pararge aegeria. Such relations are often assumed but seldom tested. 2. In both sexes acceleration capacity was positively correlated with total body mass, thorax mass, forewing area, forewing length, wing loading, aspect ratio and centre of forewing area (centroid). Relationships with total body mass, forewing area, forewing length and wing loading were stronger in males. This can be explained by different mass allocation: males allocate proportionally more mass to the thorax, females more to the abdomen. 3. Evidence for the combined effect of morphological traits on acceleration capacity was found by multivariate analysis. In males and females, a more distant relative centroid and higher relative thorax mass were related to a higher flight capacity. In addition, aspect ratio was positively related to acceleration capacity in males only. 4. Our results support the assumed mechanism behind the relationship between flight morphology and mate-locating behaviour.
Influence of intercropped groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) on the performance of weed control treatments in maize production

Field trials were conducted in 2007 and 2008 early and late wet seasons, respectively at the Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta (070 20`N, 30 23`E) in the forest-savanna transition agroecological zone of South-western Nigeria. Five weed control treatments viz pre-emergence application of commercial formulation of metolachlor plus prometryne (Codal Gold R , 412 EC) at 1.6kg a.i/ha alone, 1.6kg a.i/ha followed by supplementary hoe weeding at 6 weeks after planting (WAP), 2.4kg a.i/ha, two hoe weedings at 3 and 6 WAP and a weedy check were assigned to the main plots while intercropping methods which included four combinations of groundnuts between rows of maize spaced at 50cm and 75cm, as well as sole crops of maize and groundnut constituted the sub-plot treatments. Intercropped groundnut significantly suppressed weed infestation compared with the sole crops of maize and groundnut. Weed infestation was consistently lower in maize planted at intrarow spacing of 75cm in mixture with three groundnut stands in the inter-row between two maize stands and maize planted at 50cm in similar mixture with two groundnut stands compared with the other cropping methods. In both years of study, maximum cob and grain yields were obtained with sole maize spaced at 50cm within rows. Intercropped maize at 75cm produced grain yield comparable to the corresponding sole crop in both years. Intercropped groundnut in maize spaced at 50cm significantly reduced grain yield of maize in 2007 and non-significantly in 2008 compared to the corresponding sole crop. All the weed control methods evaluated resulted in significantly lower weed cover score than the weedy check.
Effects of Ramadan Fasting on the Regulation of Inflammation

The month of Ramadan, as a model of intermittent fasting, is a valuable opportunity to investigate the effects of dietary modifications on human metabolism. Fasting improves insulin sensitivity, reduces atherogenic risk, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of different disorders including atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. Ramadan fasting can positively modulate cardiovascular risks and improves the metabolic syndrome features through suppression of inflammatory responses. In this review we attempt to present recent studies that addressed the regulatory role(s) of this nutritional status on inflammation in patients with inflammatory diseases. These studies suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of fasting is significant and could be considered as a complementary therapeutic approach in treatment of inflammatory disorders in patients.Keywords: Ramadan fasting, Inflammation, Metabolic syndrome, Cardiovascular diseaseAbstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract
p)π reaction using a novel nucleon spin polarimeter

M. H. Sikora, D. P. Watts, D. I. Glazier, P. Aguar-Bartolomé, L. K. Akasoy, J. R. M. Annand, H. J. Arends, K. Bantawa, R. Beck, V. S. Bekrenev, H. Berghäuser, A. Braghieri, D. Branford, W. J. Briscoe, J. Brudvik, S. Cherepnya, R. F. B. Codling, B. T. Demissie, E. J. Downie, P. Drexler, L. V. Fil’kov, B. Freehart, R. Gregor, D. Hamilton, E. Heid, D. Hornidge, I. Jaegle, O. Jahn, T. C. Jude, V. L. Kashevarov, I. Keshelashvili, R. Kondratiev, M. Korolija, M. Kotulla, A. A. Koulbardis, S. P. Kruglov, B. Krusche, V. Lisin, K. Livingston, I. J. D. MacGregor, Y. Maghrbi, D. M. Manley, Z. Marinides, M. Martinez, J. C. McGeorge, B. McKinnon, E. F. McNicoll, D. Mekterovic, V. Metag, S. Micanovic, D. G. Middleton, A. Mushkarenkov, B. M. K. Nefkens, A. Nikolaev, R. Novotny, M. Ostrick, P. B. Otte, B. Oussena, P. Pedroni, F. Pheron, A. Polonski, S. Prakhov, J. Robinson, G. Rosner, T. Rostomyan, S. Schumann, D. I. Sober, A. Starostin, I. I. Strakovsky, I. M. Suarez, I. Supek, M. Thiel, A. Thomas, M. Unverzagt, D. Werthmüller, R. L. Workman, I. Zamboni, and F. Zehr
A Tale of Two Schools: A Practitioner’s Use of Bourdieu’s Theory to Understand Academic Underachievement Among Students at His Inner-City School

This paper describes my journey, as a teacher at a Canadian inner-city elementary school, toward conceptually understanding why many children at my current school repeatedly academically underachieve. I have utilized Bourdieu’s theory of practice as a heuristic to examine how social reproduction operates differently for school children from different social classes and leads to differences in achievement. The first component of this paper establishes a crucial theoretical base for practitioners by describing theory of practice and its key concepts of cultural capital, habitus, field, and symbolic violence, to explicate how social reproduction functions in education, highlighting the roles of institutions and professionals, and the transformative and generative potentials of Bourdieu’s theory. The second component provides important epistemological and methodological considerations regarding how practitioners might conduct successful empirical studies while avoiding the problems that are prevalent in existing empirical literature.
Habitat islands in fire‐prone vegetation: do landscape features influence community composition?

Landscape features, such as rock outcrops and ravines, can act as habitat islands in fire‐prone vegetation by influencing the fire regime. In coastal and sub‐coastal areas of Australia, rock outcrops and pavements form potential habitat islands in a matrix of fire‐prone eucalypt forests. The aim of this study was to compare floristic composition and fire response traits of plants occurring on rocky areas and contrast them with the surrounding matrix.
How) will autonomous driving influence the future shape of city logistics

Many efforts have recently been done to partially or fully automate the driving process and make mobility more controllable and safe. In particular the full autonomous cars should free humans from the strains and dangers of driving while opening new possibilities for the experiencing of the daily life on the move. However, the importance of autonomous driving extends far beyond the mobility of persons (as drivers and passengers). Based on the review of the multidisciplinary literature about autonomous driving, the current contribution will generate hypotheses about the assessment and prediction of the impact of various autonomous driving use cases on city logistics’ problematic areas (mainly Last Mile and End-Consumer Movements).