Energy and Risk: Discourse, Framing, and Content

iii PUBLIC ABSTRACT . v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . vi LIST OF TABLES . xvii LIST OF FIGURES . xix LIST OF TEXT BOXES . xxi DEFINITIONS . xxii CHAPTER I. ENERGY AND RISK: DISCOURSE, FRAMING, AND CONTENT . 1 Energy as Risk . 2 Risk Perceptions. 3 Discourse, Frames, and Content . 5 Research Design. 6 Significance . 8 Energy and Risks. 10 Energy as a complex problem . 12 Energy as an economic risk . 12 Energy, food, and water . 13 Energy and climate risk . 14 Energy decision-making . 15 Theoretical Background . 16 Risk . 16 Discourse Analysis . 18 Framing . 19 Content Analysis . 20 Summary. 20 II. PERCEPTIONS OF RISK . 23 Conceptions of Risk . 24 Risk Defined . 28 Risk Perception and Risk Assessment . 29 Changing Nature of Risk . 35 Theories of Risk Perception . 40 Economic Approaches . 42 viii Expected utility . 45 Bounded rationality . 46 Prospect Theory . 47 Individual, Social, and Cultural Perspectives . 50 Revealed preferences . 53 Heuristics and biases . 54 Availability heuristic . 56 Representativeness heuristic . 56 Anchoring and adjustment heuristic . 57 Expressed preferences and psychometrics . 58 Inverse relationships . 61 Criticism of the psychometric paradigm . 62 Demographics and perceptions of risk . 64 White male effect . 65 Affect and risk . 67 Affect heuristic . 69 Anticipated emotions . 72 The feeling of risk . 73 Dual-process theories . 76 Cultural Theory . 78 Cultural Theory worldviews . 79 Cultural Theory and nature . 82 Criticism of Cultural Theory . 83 Cultural cognition of risk . 84 Cultural cognition’s revisions to worldviews . 85 Mechanisms for cultural cognition . 87 Cultural cognition and communication . 89 Criticism of cultural cognition . 89 Social Amplification of Risk Framework . 91 Criticism of the SARF . 96 Rationality . 98 Communication, Uncertainty, Trust, and Risk . 103 Improving Risk Communication . 105 Uncertainty . 108 Trust . 110 Summary and Future Directions of Risk Perception Research . 112 III. DISCOURSE AND FRAMING: THEORIES AND METHODS . 117 Discourse and Framing. 118 Discourse and Change . 122 Intertextuality . 123 Discourse and the Environment . 124 Discourse and Energy Risk . 127 Discourse and the Social Amplification of Risk Framework . 128 Origins and Historical Development of Discourse Analysis . 128 ix Saussure and Structuralism . 129 Wittgenstein and Word Games . 130 The Turn to Language . 131 Poststructuralism . 132 Foucauldian versus Habermasian Approaches to Language . 132 Social Constructionism . 133 Early Discourse Analysis . 136 Approaches to Discourse . 137 Discourse Analysis in Use . 139 Discourse and research questions . 140 Researcher philosophy and research objectives . 141 Texts for analysis . 144 Classification of Discourse Analysis . 145 Jaworski and Coupland's classifications . 146 Pragmatics and speech act theory . 146 Ethnographic approaches . 148 Conversation analysis . 149 Discursive psychology . 150 Interactional sociolinguistics . 152 Narrative analysis . 154 Critical Discourse Analysis . 156 Phillips and Hardy’s varieties of discourse analysis . 158 Framing . 161 Theories and Approaches to Analysis of Frames . 163 Thought frames and communication frames . 164 Micro and macro level frames . 165 Communication studies of framing . 166 Decision frames . 167 Risky choice frames . 167 Attribute frames . 168 Goal f