Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of proximal femoral geometry using digital photographs

The morphologic features of the proximal femur are used in preoperative planning prior to total hip arthroplasty. Recent literature evaluating the anatomy of the proximal femur, as it relates to total hip arthroplasty, has relied heavily on radiographs or computed tomography. We used digital photographs to compare 200 cadaveric femora in individuals who died prior to 40 years of age: 25 African‐American males, 25 African‐American females, 25 Caucasian males, 25 Caucasian females. With our technique and definition, the actual angles and dimensions of the proximal femur that we normally rely on during total hip arthroplasty were measured. There were small, but statistically significant differences, between males and females in neck‐shaft angle, neck inclination, and absolute horizontal and vertical offset. Females tended to have a lower neck‐shaft angle and more neck inclination. When standardizing the offset distances with femoral head diameter, the horizontal offset ratio was higher in female specimens. There was no correlation between horizontal and vertical offset. Improved knowledge of the morphology of the proximal femora will assist the surgeon in restoring the geometry of the proximal femur during total hip arthroplasty. This information also supports the concept of modularity of the femoral neck in order to independently adjust neck‐shaft angle, neck inclination, and horizontal offset. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1399–1404, 2010
Pore properties and pharmacological features of the P2X receptor channel in airway ciliated cells

Airway ciliated cells express an ATP‐gated P2X receptor channel of unknown subunit composition (P2Xcilia) which is modulated by Na+ and by long exposures to ATP. P2Xcilia was investigated by recording currents from freshly dissociated rabbit airway ciliated cells with the patch‐clamp technique in the whole‐cell configuration. During the initial continuous exposure to extracellular ATP, P2Xcilia currents gradually increase in magnitude (priming), yet the permeability to N‐methyl‐d‐glucamine (NMDG) does not change, indicating that priming does not arise from a progressive change in pore diameter. Na+, which readily permeates P2Xcilia receptor channels, was found to inhibit the channel extracellular to the electric field. The rank order of permeability to various monovalent cations is: Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NMDG+ and TEA+, with a relative permeability of 1.35, 1.0, 0.99, 0.91, 0.79, 0.19 and 0.10, respectively. The rank order for the alkali cations follows an Eisenman series XI for a high‐strength field site. Ca2+ has been estimated to be 7‐fold more permeant than Na+. The rise in [Ca2+]i in ciliated cells, induced by the activation of P2Xcilia, is largely inhibited by either Brilliant Blue G or KN‐62, indicating that P2X7 may be a part of P2Xcilia. P2Xcilia is augmented by Zn2+ and by ivermectin, and P2X4 receptor protein is detected by immunolabelling at the basal half of the cilia, strongly suggesting that P2X4 is a component of P2Xcilia receptor channels. Taken together, these results suggest that P2Xcilia is either assembled from P2X4 and P2X7 subunits, or formed from modified P2X4 subunits.
Growth evaluation method by live imaging of Daphnia magna and its application to the estimation of an insect growth regulator

The zooplankton Daphnia magna has been widely used as a test organism to assess the toxicity of chemical substances because of its important position in aquatic ecology and its ease of handling. Among the various endpoints for toxicity evaluation, growth rate is one of the most critical and many studies have been conducted. However, measurement of growth rate was time‐consuming and not an ideal endpoint in terms of screening. In this study, we demonstrated a live imaging method to monitor the growth of daphnids by area measurement. In this method, daphnid images were directly obtained from a swimming chamber and these images were processed for the evaluation of growth. The reliability of this method was confirmed by comparison with the conventional dry weight method of the same animals. The body area of daphnids using this method showed a strong correlation with the dry weight method, with R2 = 0.930. In addition, we quantified the effect of a toxicant, fenoxycarb, on the growth of the animal. Fenoxycarb concentrations of 0, 0.027, 0.27 and 2.7 µg l–1 were tested and their effects on growth were estimated by the live imaging method. In the toxicity test, the area of daphnids decreased significantly with increasing fenoxycarb concentration. These results indicate that the present live imaging method is a reliable approach for daphnid toxicity testing. This method is promising for high‐throughput Daphnia toxicity tests and real‐time individual observations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Influence Of Aging On Outgroup Stereotypes: The Mediating Role Of Cognitive And Motivational Facets Of Deficient Flexibility

Background/Study Context: The current study was designed to examine previously reported findings about age-related changes in drawing stereotypic inferences; specifically, that older adults are more likely than younger adults to stereotype outgroup members. The study replicates previous research and extends it by exploring the cognitive and motivational facets of deficient flexibility underlying this effect and comparing stereotypes towards ingroup and outgroup members. Methods: In the experiment, younger and older adults read stories that allowed for stereotypic inferences. They also completed the Trail Making Test (TMT) and Need for Closure Scale (NFC) as cognitive and motivational measures of deficient flexibility. Results: The results of the experiment revealed that, compared to younger participants, older adults were more likely to rely upon stereotypic inferences when they read a story about outgroup members; however, there were no age-group differences in using stereotypes when they read a story about ingroup members. In addition, the findings showed that making more stereotypical inferences by older versus younger adults in relation to outgroup members was mediated by cognitive (TMT) and motivational (NFC) facets of deficient flexibility. Conclusion: A major implication of these findings is that both cognitive and motivational facets of deficient flexibility contribute to the reliance of older adults on stereotypes compared with younger adults. However, this is only true when older adults process information about outgroup members, but not about ingroup members. Thus, the current research goes beyond previous results by providing direct evidence that ingroup-outgroup perception contributes to stereotyping among older participants.
Galactose removal kinetics during hypoxia in perfused pig liver: reduction of Vmax, but not of intrinsic clearance Vmax/Km

Abstract. The galactose elimination kinetics was examined in five perfused pig livers of 1.2 kg during hypoxia induced by administration of 2, 4 or 7% oxygen in the oxygenator instead of 20% as used in nine control experiments, previously published [1]. Galactose was given as four to five successive constant infusion rates so that successive steady‐state period with galactose concentrations from 0.04 to 5 mmol l‐1 were obtained in each experiment. From the relationship between the calculated elimination rate and the perfusate galactose concentration, values of the maximal elimination rate Vmax and the half saturation concentration Km were calculated. Both Vmax and Km were reduced by hypoxia: the lower the oxygen supply, the greater the reduction. Vmax was about 0.08 mmol min‐1 kg‐1 liver at 2% oxygen and about 0.18 mmol min‐1 kg‐1 liver at 4–7% oxygen; both being significantly lower than the value of 0.43 mmol min‐1 kg‐1 liver at 20% oxygen. Km was about 0.07 mmol l‐1 at 2% oxygen and 0.13 mmol 1‐1 at 7% oxygen; both significantly lower than the value of 0.23 mmol l‐1 at 20% oxygen. A nearly parallel reduction of liver ATP concentration and galactose Vmax indicates that the galactose Vmax may reflect the phosphorylation capacity of the liver cells. The Vmax/Km ratio (intrinsic hepatic clearance) was unchanged during hypoxia.
Debt Overhang and Asymmetric Information in the Secondary Market

We study an informational role of debt overhang when secondary asset markets suffer from information asymmetry. Because of debt overhang, the equityholders of firms with low asset qualities forgo profitable investment. This state-dependent investment decision provides partial information about the firms’ asset qualities to ill-informed asset buyers. Put differently, the agency friction in the primary debt market can alleviate the information friction in the secondary market, increasing the recovery value of assets in default. This informational role of debt overhang is large in bad times. Therefore, policies aimed at stimulating investment during recessions may actually lower the firm value. We provide empirical evidence consistent with our model predictions. ∗We thank Hengjie Ai, Hui Chen, Markus Brunnermeier, and seminar participants at NUS, NTU, and Chicago Booth for their helpful comments. Any remaining errors are ours. †National University of Singapore. Email: ben.charoenwong@nus.edu. sg. ‡Nanyang Technological University. Email: hdoh@ntu.edu. sg. §University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Email: yiyaowang@chicagobooth.edu.
Quantifying tibial plafond fracture severity: Absorbed energy and fragment displacement agree with clinical rank ordering

The energy of producing a fracture is considered one of the most important factors relating to injury severity, prognosis, and risk of complications, yet there has been no objective way to measure this important variable. The purpose of this study was to compare assessments of fracture severity made using new objective computed tomography (CT)–based methods versus the expert opinion of experienced orthopedic traumatologists. Fracture energy, fragment displacement, and soft tissue swelling were quantified in twenty tibial plafond fractures by analyzing injury CT scans. Three experienced orthopedic traumatologists then independently performed a rank order analysis of fracture severity, using plain radiographs. The concordance among the three clinicians ranged from 87% to 91%. Objective fracture severity measurements made with the CT algorithm agreed well with the clinical assessments (fracture energy concordance from 73% to 76%, fragment displacement from 82% to 89%, and soft tissue swelling from 61% to 65%). These are the first objective, CT‐based measures of fracture severity. With further refinement, this conceptually novel method has the potential to serve as a valuable tool to provide objective measurement of fracture severity, allowing one to control for this previously confounding variable in large multicenter studies. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1046–1052, 2008
The Role of Capsid Maturation on Adenovirus Priming for Sequential Uncoating*

Background: Adenovirus proteolytic maturation is required for correct uncoating in the cell. Results: Maturation makes the virion metastable and facilitates penton and peripheral core protein release, as well as cooperative genome ejection. Conclusion: Precursor proteins act as scaffolds favoring assembly. Maturation primes adenovirus for uncoating. Significance: Identifying the molecular determinants of virus stability and uncoating is key to understanding the infectious cycle. Adenovirus assembly concludes with proteolytic processing of several capsid and core proteins. Immature virions containing precursor proteins lack infectivity because they cannot properly uncoat, becoming trapped in early endosomes. Structural studies have shown that precursors increase the network of interactions maintaining virion integrity. Using different biophysical techniques to analyze capsid disruption in vitro, we show that immature virions are more stable than the mature ones under a variety of stress conditions and that maturation primes adenovirus for highly cooperative DNA release. Cryoelectron tomography reveals that under mildly acidic conditions mimicking the early endosome, mature virions release pentons and peripheral core contents. At higher stress levels, both mature and immature capsids crack open. The virus core is completely released from cracked capsids in mature virions, but it remains connected to shell fragments in the immature particle. The extra stability of immature adenovirus does not equate with greater rigidity, because in nanoindentation assays immature virions exhibit greater elasticity than the mature particles. Our results have implications for the role of proteolytic maturation in adenovirus assembly and uncoating. Precursor proteins favor assembly by establishing stable interactions with the appropriate curvature and preventing premature ejection of contents by tightly sealing the capsid vertices. Upon maturation, core organization is looser, particularly at the periphery, and interactions preserving capsid curvature are weakened. The capsid becomes brittle, and pentons are more easily released. Based on these results, we hypothesize that changes in core compaction during maturation may increase capsid internal pressure to trigger proper uncoating of adenovirus.
Domestic violence and its effect on oral health behaviour and oral health status.

INTRODUCTION Violence against women is one of the major public health and human rights problem in the world today. Hence, the present study was conducted with the aim to assess the effect of domestic violence on oral health behavior and oral health status of females attending community outreach programmes in and around Modinagar. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted through the community outreach programmes organized in Modinagar. A structured questionnaire was used to illicit information regarding socio demographic characteristics, oral health behavior and domestic violence. The dental health examination was done to record dental health status, intraoral and extraoral soft tissue injury, tooth fracture and tooth avulsion due to the injury. RESULTS Out of the total 304 women, 204(67.1%) reported positive domestic violence. Psychological violence was found to be severe whereas sexual violence was found to be mild in most of the cases. Significant difference was found between oral hygiene aids used , frequency of tooth brushing, periodontal status, missing teeth, intraoral soft tissue injuries and fractures between both the groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The present study confirmed that domestic violence had significant influence on oral health behavior and oral health status of women. Thus, the dental professionals also should make an attempt to help victims gain access to support and referral services and to provide adequate treatment to them so as to make a positive difference in their lives.
Trends in cancer mortality sex ratios in Europe, 1950-1989.

A study was carried out to analyse trends in cancer mortality sex differentials. This study compared age-standardized sex ratio values for mortality from 18 cancers (or groups of cancers), and total cancer mortality over the period 1950-1989 in 24 European countries, for 4 age groups (all ages, 20-44 years, 45-64 years, and 65 years and over). For lung cancer and other tobacco-related neoplasms, appreciable rises in sex ratio values were observed until the late 1970s, particularly in Southern and Eastern Europe, before levelling off in recent years, particularly among the younger age groups. In the late 1980s, the range of variation in overall age-standardized sex ratios for lung cancer was between 2 and 3 in the United Kingdom and in Nordic countries, and around or over 10 in Southern Europe. In young adults, the decline in sex ratio values observed in Denmark and Sweden (unity), and in other Nordic countries and in the United Kingdom (around or below 2) reflects a levelling of lung cancer in young males and an increase in young females. This clearly indicates that young women are a priority target group for smoking control interventions in Europe. Appreciable cohort effects were also observed for stomach cancer: rises in sex ratio values were greater in, or restricted to, middle- and older age groups, whereas in the young there was some tendency towards a levelling in sex differentials. The overall sex ratio values for stomach cancer were around 2 in most areas of Europe in the late 1980s. For intestinal cancer, sex ratio values showed some tendency to rise, reaching a level of 1.3-1.7 in the late 1980s; steady rises were also registered in sex ratio values for melanoma (skin cancer), reaching 1.5-1.8 in the late 1980s in most countries. These upward trends which were minor or inconsistent at younger ages in several countries became progressively stronger with advancing age. Sex ratio values were below unity for cancers of the gallbladder and the thyroid. Sex ratio values tended to rise also for leukaemia (from 1.2-1.5 to 1.5-1.7), but showed no noticeable trend for lymphomas or myeloma. The overall sex ratio values for total cancer mortality in the 1950s were between 1.2 and 1.4 in most European countries. Thereafter, they rose appreciably in several countries, reaching 1.9 in Czechoslovakia, Italy and Poland, and 2.3 in France. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein decreases cyclic AMP synthesis in rat microglia cultures

We have studied the modulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV 1) protein Tat in microglia and astrocyte cultures obtained from neonatal rat brain. Pretreatment of microglia with recombinant Tat resulted in a dose‐ and time‐dependent decrease of cAMP accumulation induced by subsequent exposure to isoproterenol (1 µm). The inhibitory action of 100 ng/mL Tat approached 50% after 4 h of preincubation and reached a maximum of 70% after 24 h. The Tat‐induced time‐ and dose‐dependent decrease of cAMP accumulation was observed also when microglial cultures were stimulated with the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin (100 µm). In both cases, Tat inhibitory action was 70% reverted by a specific monoclonal anti‐Tat antibody, but was not prevented either by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methyl‐xantine (100 µm) or by a 16‐h pretreatment of microglial cultures with the Gi protein inhibitor pertussis toxin (10 ng/mL). All these results suggested that the viral protein acts at a step of the cAMP transduction pathway other than receptors, G proteins and phosphodiesterases. The target of Tat appeared to be adenylyl cyclase, whose activity was markedly reduced (up to 60%) in membranes prepared from Tat‐treated microglial cells, both in basal conditions and after stimulation with isoproterenol and forskolin. The inability of the competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase NG‐monometyl‐ l‐arginine (20 and 200 µm) to revert Tat action on forskolin‐induced cAMP accumulation, and of two potent nitric oxide donors, PAPA and DETA (0.1–2 m m), to alter forskolin‐induced cAMP accumulation, excluded an involvement of nitric oxide in Tat‐induced adenylyl cyclase inhibition. On the contrary, two inhibitors of nuclear factor κB activation, N‐tosyl‐l‐phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (10 µm) and SN50 (25 µm), markedly prevented the reduction of forskolin‐evoked cAMP accumulation by Tat, suggesting a possible role for this nuclear transcriptional factor in the regulation of adenylyl cyclase by Tat in microglia. This assumption was strengthened by the ability of lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/mL, 4 h) to mimic the inhibitory effect of the viral protein. Conversely, astrocyte cAMP accumulation was unaffected by the viral protein, as tested at various concentrations and time points. Finally, Tat inhibition of microglial adenylyl cyclase was not due to non‐specific cytotoxicity. As cAMP has been reported to exert a neuroprotective role in several in vivo and in vitro models of brain pathologies, and microglia is believed to mediate Tat‐induced neurotoxicity, these results suggest that the ability of Tat to inhibit cAMP synthesis in microglia may contribute to neuronal degeneration and cell death associated with HIV infection.
Phage-typing of Vero-cytotoxin (VT) producing Escherichia coli O157 isolated in the United Kingdom

SUMMARY Vero-cytotoxin (VT) producing Escherichia coli serogroup O157 have been isolated from patients with diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). A phage-typing scheme developed in Canada has been used to type 155 VT+ E. coli O157 serogroup isolated from sporadic infections in the UK since 1983, and 48 strains from HC or HUS outbreaks. Twelve phage types were identified of which three, types 49, 51 and 52, have not been found in North America. All strains carried a 60 × 10 plasmid and most VT1+VT2+ strains also had a 5 × 10 plasmid coding for colicin D production. The majority of strains producing both VT1 and VT2 belonged to phage type 1, or the related types 4, 8 and 14. Most strains producing only VT2 belonged to types 2 or 49. Four outbreaks were included in the survey. Three had strains of a single phage type while strains from the fourth outbreak were more variable. The distribution of phage types throughout the UK showed no marked geographical variations.
Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) Correlation of Histopathology and MRI in Prion Disease

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and other prion diseases are rapidly progressive spongiform encephalopathies that are invariably fatal. Clinical features and magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalogram, and cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities may suggest prion disease, but a definitive diagnosis can only be made by means of neuropathologic examination. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is not routinely used to evaluate patients with suspected prion disease. This study includes 11 cases of definite prion disease in which FDG-PET scans were obtained. There were 8 sporadic CJD cases, 2 genetic CJD cases, and 1 fatal familial insomnia case. Automated FDG-PET analysis revealed parietal region hypometabolism in all cases. Surprisingly, limbic and mesolimbic hypermetabolism were also present in the majority of cases. When FDG-PET hypometabolism was compared with neuropathologic changes (neuronal loss, astrocytosis, spongiosis), hypometabolism was predictive of neuropathology in 80.6% of cortical regions versus 17.6% of subcortical regions. The odds of neuropathologic changes were 2.1 times higher in cortical regions than subcortical regions (P=0.0265). A similar discordance between cortical and subcortical regions was observed between FDG-PET hypometabolism and magnetic resonance imaging diffusion weighted imaging hyperintensity. This study shows that there may be a relationship between FDG-PET hypometabolism and neuropathology in cortical regions in prion disease but it is unlikely to be helpful for diagnosis.