Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning through teaching mathematics : development of teachers' knowledge and expertise in practice

Introduction Part I: Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives on Teachers' Learning through Teaching Chapter 1 Roza Leikin and Rina Zazkis Teachers' opportunities to learn mathematics through teaching Chapter 2 John Mason Attention and intention: Learning about teaching through teaching Chapter 3 Ron Tzur What and How might mathematics teachers learn via teaching: Contributions to closing an unspoken gap Chapter 4 Roza Leikin Learning through teaching though the lens of multiple solution tasks Part II: Examples of Learning through teaching: Pedagogical mathematics Interlude 1 Chapter 5 Rina Zazkis What have I learned: Mathematical insights and pedagogical implication Chapter 6 Marcelo Borba and Rubia B. A. Zulatto Dialogical education and learning mathematics online from teachers. Chapter 7 Carolyn Kieran and Jose Guzman Role of task and technology in provoking teacher change: A case of proofs and proving in high school Algebra Chapter 8 Nick Jackiw and Nathalie Sinclair Learning through teaching when teaching machines: Discursive interaction design in Sketchpad Chapter 13 Robin Marcus and Daniel Chazan What experienced teachers have learned from helping students think about solving equations in the one-variable-first algebra curriculum Part III: Examples of Learning through teaching: Mathematical pedagogy Interlude 2 Chapter 9 Michal Yerushalmy and Shulamit Elikan Exploring reform ideas of teaching Algebra: Analysis of videotaped episodes and conversations about them Chapter 10 Peter Liljedahl On rapid professional growth: cases of learning through teaching Chapter 11 Lara Alcock Interactions between teaching and research:Developing pedagogical content knowledge for Real Analysis Chapter 12 Helen Doerr and Stephen Lerman Teachers learning from their teaching: The case of communicative practices Chapter 14 Dave Hewitt Feedback: Expanding a repertoire and making choices Conclusion.
Modelling the frontal lobes in health and disease

A simplified model of the architecture of the frontal lobes, the ACTION network, is applied to study the task of temporal sequence storage and generation. In particular we analyse the manner in which a hard-wired model of such storage is affected by damage corresponding to loss of dopamine. We find support for the DeLong model of 1990, in which the subthalamic nucleus in the indirect path plays an important role.
Performance analysis of a new fuzzy handoff algorithm by an indoor propagation simulator

A fuzzy logic handoff algorithm using membership functions was introduced to enhance control stability. Its performance is analyzed and compared with conventional binary logic handoff by using an indoor propagation simulator on a workstation. The indoor simulation models tracing 13 rays over a cross corridor in addition to the previous open corridor exhibit good propagation with violent multipath fadings. A new fuzzy algorithm which refers to the signal intensity of the base station to be switched over shows a highly enhanced handoff stability.
TEMPATIONS OF POWER AND CERTAINTY

In our search for guiding principles out of which to conduct therapy, we encounter two temptations: temptations of power and certainty. When therapists do not adequately account for the position of our clients, we fall prey to the temptation of certainty. When we attempt to impose corrections from such certainty, we fall victim to the temptation of power. Colonization occurs in therapy when our commitment to “expert knowledge” blinds us to the experience in the room. This paper offers suggestions for sidestepping power/certainty by constrating therapies of power and certainty with therapies of curiosity and empowernment.
Low-delay reconstruction of punctured frame-coded streams

Multiple description (MD) coding has recently been recognized as an interesting option for data communication over lossy networks. Among the proposed techniques, Multiple Description using frames has received attention because of its possible advantages over error correcting codes. In frame-based MD, the input signal is analyzed with a redundant filterbank and synthesized with a dual filterbank which is the pseudo-inverse of the analysis linear operator. In this paper, we consider the problem of signal reconstruction in the presence of coefficient loss, which requires to compute the pseudo-inverse operator relative to the received coefficients after random losses. The computation of the dual operator using known techniques can be totally unpractical for many applications. We propose a novel algorithm for the computation of the dual frame which can be implemented with reasonable complexity and allows for low-delay reconstruction of the input stream.
The Role of the online learner: onsite students becoming online learners

As universities are offering tuition through online learning environments, “onsite students” in higher education are increasingly becoming “online learners”. Since the medium for learning (and teaching) online is a digital environment, and at a distance, the role taken by students and teaching staff is different to the one these are used to in onsite, traditional settings. Therefore the Role of the Online Learner, presented in this paper, is key to onsite students who are to become online learners. This role consists of five competences: Operational, Cognitive, Collaborative, Self-directing, Course-specific. These five competences integrate the various skills, strategies, attitudes and awareness that make up the role of online learner, which learners use to perform efficiently online. They also make up the basis of a tutorial for would-be online learners, going over the Role of the Online Learner by means of concepts, examples and reflective activities. This tutorial, available to students in the author’s website, is also helpful to teaching and counselling staff in guiding their students to become online learners.
2 Bootstrap-based bias correction for FE 2 . 1 Model , assumptions and FE estimator

This article describes a new Stata routine, xtbcfe, that performs the iterative bootstrap-based bias correction for the fixed e↵ects (FE) estimator in dynamic panels proposed by Everaert and Pozzi (Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 2007). We first simplify the core of their algorithm using the invariance principle and subsequently extend it to allow for unbalanced and higher order dynamic panels. We implement various bootstrap error resampling schemes to account for general heteroscedasticity and contemporaneous cross-sectional dependence. Inference can be performed using a bootstrapped variance-covariance matrix or percentile intervals. Monte Carlo simulations show that the simplification of the original algorithm results in a further bias reduction for very small T . The Monte Carlo results also support the bootstrap-based bias correction in higher order dynamic panels and panels with cross-sectional dependence. We illustrate the routine with an empirical example estimating a dynamic labour demand function.
Computer Investment, Computer Networks and Productivity

Researchers in a large empirical literature find significant relationships between computers and labor productivity, but the estimated size of that relationship varies considerably. In this paper, we estimate the relationships among computers, computer networks, and plant-level productivity in U.S. manufacturing. Using new data on computer investment, we develop a sample with the best proxies for computer and total capital that the data allow us to construct. We find that computer networks and computer inputs have separate, positive, and significant relationships with U.S. manufacturing plant-level productivity. Keywords: computer input; information technology; labor productivity
A textbook of belief dynamics - theory change and database updating

Preface. Suggested Courses. 1. Having Beliefs. 1+. Basic Tools. 2. Giving Up Beliefs. 2+. The Logic of Contraction. 3. Taking on Beliefs. 3+. The Logic of Revision. 4. Hidden Structures of Belief. 4+. The Logic of Base-Generated Operations. 5. Believing and Hypothesizing. 5+. Extending the Formal Language. 6. Afterthought. 6+. Some Unsolved Problems. Suggested Readings. Bibliography. Symbol Index. Name Index.
Measurements of Active Messages Performance on the CM-5

Active Messages is a versatile and efficient communication architecture that offers significant performance improvement over conventional message-passing approach. The Active Messages architecture achieves its efficiency by carefully integrating the hardware capabilities of the underlying machine with the software layers above it. By taking a minimalistic approach, each Active Messages primitive is highly optimized and therefore its performance is sensitive to the particular design choices being made. In this report, we compare the performance of two implementations of Active Messages on the CM-5, CMAM version 2.7 and CMAML in CMMD version 3.1. final, and investigate how the design trade-offs affect the performance of the different Active Message functions. At the same time, we also develop a new benchmark framework that can be applied to measure the performance of message passing libraries in general.
Is Smoking an Occupational Risk? 1

The systemic effects of smoking in relation to occupational health, especially as regards effects on the cardiovascular system, were discussed by Dr D M Davies, Occupational Health Adviser to British Petroleum. Smoking products may be of importance in occupational health terms by prejudicing physiological function and transforming innocuous into harmful materials. They can also increase the body burden of materials to which exposure occurs at work or augment effects on target organs which are already compromised by workplace materials. In the latter case, the combined impact on the cardiovascular system of carbon monoxide from smoking and of potentially cardiotoxic materials in the workplace such as carbon disulphide, arsenic and arsine, chloroand fluorohydrocarbons, nitrates, cadmium and other metals, methylene chloride and some ring and straight-chain hydrocarbons, is particularly important. The cardiovascular effects of nicotine on blood pressure, pulse, vascular tone and cardiac rhythm are short-lived, but carbon monoxide has longlasting effects. Dr Davies demonstrated that in a sealed environment with a mean ambient CO level of 25 parts/to", the mean carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) of non-smokers rises from less than 1% in fresh air to over 4%, while that of smokers rises from about 4% outside to a mean of 8% inside. Since a rise of 2% or 3% in COHb can cause angina in predisposed subjects, such increases, in the region of 4%, might be significant in terms of cardiovascular health under conditions of continuous CO exposure, and this is, in effect, what habitual smokers subject themselves to. Tests with healthy non-smoking volunteers subjected to prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide in an experimental facility showed that at 15 parts/In" 3 out of 16 subjects developed ECG changes, mainly alterations in the P waves, while at 50 parts/IO" 6 out of 15 showed similar changes, compared with none of 14 subjects at oparts/If)", The threshold limit value is 50 parts/Hi", and at 75 parts/Itl" 7 of 10 subjects developed ECG changes. In some cases the effects
Using MODE to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of cloud cover forecasts from high‐resolution NWP models

Cloud forecasts pose a particularly difficult challenge to verification through the three‐dimensional structure of cloud. Two‐dimensional total cloud forecasts from one convection‐permitting and one near‐convection‐resolving Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model are compared to a cloud analysis using the Method for Object‐based Diagnostic Evaluation (MODE) and MODE Time Domain (TD) which is currently being developed to also consider the time dimension. This study attempts to quantify the spatial and temporal evolution of specifically persistent (static) and systematic cloud scenarios where the cloud boundaries change only slowly. These scenarios can lead to significant cloud and temperature errors if the locations of these boundaries are not well forecast. MODE and MODE TD are used to identify and compare the number of cloud free objects, their evolution over time in terms of area or volume. The results show that including the time dimension provides a different perspective to the assessment, but that the choice of method‐specific parameters is critical for enabling the matching of time objects. Crucially, model‐relative behaviour can be isolated, and the specific characteristics of the cloud analyses are also quantifiable, and need to be accounted for when interpreting results. Copyright © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown copyright, the Met Office
Two Sides of the Coin

The increasing popularity of social network sites (SNSs) in election campaigns provides a unique climate for scholarly inquiry. The study reported here builds upon Zhang, Johnson, Seltzer, and Bichard and investigates the impact of different types of SNS use on voters’ attitudes and behavior during the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign. Sites such as Facebook, Google Plus, Twitter, and YouTube are included to offer a robust assessment of distinct relationships. A national online panel of Internet users was utilized to examine reliance on SNSs and the multiple consequences on political attitudes and behavior such as political participation, political interest, selective exposure, selective avoidance, and strength of party affiliation. The findings are evaluated for theoretical and practical implications on democratic governance.
Data Model Patterns: Conventions of Thought

From the Publisher: Learning the basics of a modeling technique is not the same as learning how to use and apply it. To develop a data model of an organization is to gain insights into its nature that do not come easily. Indeed, analysts are often expected to understand subtleties of an organization's structure that may have evaded people who have worked there for years. Here's help for those analysts who have learned the basics of data modeling (or "entity/relationship modeling") but who need to obtain the insights required to prepare a good model of a real business. Structures common to many types of business are analyzed in areas such as accounting, material requirements planning, process manufacturing, contracts, laboratories, and documents. Topics In each chapter, high-level data models are drawn from the following business areas: The Enterprise and Its World The Things of the Enterprise Procedures and Activities Contracts Accounting The Laboratory Material Requirements Planning Process Manufacturing Documents Lower-Level Conventions
Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Maize Genotypes Improved for Tolerance to Low Nitrogen and Drought Stress Alpha

Introduction In the past two decades, maize has spread rapidly into the savannas, replacing traditional cereal crops such as sorghum and millet; particularly in areas with good access to fertilizer inputs and markets (CIMMYT, 1996). In the West African moist savannas, higher radiation levels, lower night temperatures, and reduced incidence of disease and insect pests have helped to increase maize yield potentials in comparison with the traditional area for maize cultivation (Kassam et al., 1975). Soils in the savanna are mainly kaolinitic Alfisols that are low in organic matter and cation exchange capacity (Carsky and Iwuafor, 1995). Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient in maize production in the savannas of West and Central Africa (Carsky and Iwuafor, 1995). Originally, resource-poor farmers relied on shifting cultivation or bush fallow for soil fertility maintenance. However, because of increasing population pressure, there is an intensification of land use. As a result, nutrients and organic matter in the soil are depleted and crop yields steadily decrease. Land-use intensification is only feasible if the nutrients depleted during cultivation are replenished.
Studies of the Problem-Solving Process in Engineering

Three sets of parallel R&D projects are examined. The data analyzed were gathered by means of Solution Development Records — a form which provides a weekly estimate of the probability of adoption of the approaches under consideration as possible solutions to a technical problem. It is found that the longer an approach is held in a favored position, the more difficult it is to reject. Furthermore, the number of alternative technical approaches considered bears a relation to judged solution quality. Groups producing higher rated solutions generated fewer approaches during the course of the project, and they more closely approach an ideal strategy of trading approaches off on a two-at-a-time basis than do their poorer performing rivals.
Three Kinds of Velocity Structure Function in Turbulent Flows

Based on the local multi-scale eddy structures in turbulent flows, we elucidate the essential difference between the real turbulent field with a finite Reynolds number and the Kolmogorov fully developed random field. The motion of fluid particles in the real turbulent field is not fully random. There exist multi-scale structures due to the effect of viscosity. Actually the movements of fluid particles in the turbulent field are restricted by such eddy structures. Furthermore, concept of the locally averaged velocity structure function is put forward to describe the relative strain distortion of two adjacent turbulent eddy structures at a certain scale. The time sequence of the longitudinal velocity component at different vertical locations in turbulent boundary layer has been elaborately measured by the constant temperature anemometry of model 1FA-300 in a wind tunnel. The experiment proves that the locally averaged velocity structure function is in agreement with the wavelet-coefficient structure function.
Formation of low-level meso-scale southwest jet during seasonal rainfall

The meso-scale feature and energy budget of a low-level southwest jet were analyzed using the data collected during the heavy rainfall events that occurred between July 20 - 27, 1998 over the basin of the Changjiang. And the dynamic mechanism for the formation and maintenance of the meso-scale low-level jet under the condition of the low-level heterogeneous large-scale south wind was investigated using a shallow water model. The results can explain the mechanism of the formation of the meso-scale jet in this event and the importance of the heterogeneous large-scale horizontal motion in the formation of the meso-scale jet.
STUDI KOMPARASI PENGGUNAAN LABORATORIUM VIRTUAL DAN LABORATORIUM RIIL DALAM PEMBELAJARAN STUDENT TEAMS ACHIEVEMENT DIVISION (STAD) TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR DITINJAU DARI KREATIVITAS SISWA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: Pengaruh penggunaan metode STAD menggunakan laboratorium virtual dan laboratorium riil terhadap prestasi belajar siswa pada materi pokok sistem koloid, Pengaruh kreativitas terhadap prestasi belajar pada materi pokok sistem koloid, Interaksi antara pembelajaran STAD menggunakan laboratorium virtual dan riil dengan kreativitas siswa terhadap prestasi belajar siswa pada materi pokok sistem koloid. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan rancangan penelitian desain faktorial 2x2. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik cluster random sampling . Sampel penelitian yaitu kelas XI IPA 1 dan XI IPA 2 . Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan teknik tes dan nontes.Teknik tes untuk prestasi kognitif, non tes untuk kreativitas, dan prestasi afektif. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis variansi dua jalan dengan sel tak sama. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh ada pengaruh metode pembelajaran STAD menggunakan laboratorium virtual dan STAD menggunakan laboratorium riil terhadap prestasi belajar siswa pada aspek kognitif siswa dan tidak terdapat pengaruh metode pembelajaran metode STAD menggunakan laboratorium virtual dan STAD menggunakan laboraorium riil pada prestasi afektif siswa, Tidak terdapat pengaruh kreativitas terhadap prestasi belajar siswa baik aspek kognitif maupun afektif siswa, Tidak terdapat interaksi antara metode pembelajaran STAD menggunakan laboratorium virtual dengan kreativitas siswa tinggi dan rendah terhadap prestasi belajar siswa baik aspek kognitif maupun afektif siswa. Kata Kunci : STAD , laboratorium virtual dan laboratorium riil, Kreativitas, Prestasi belajar, Sistem Koloid
The computational basis of interactive skill

My claim is that it can be computationally efficient to incorporate redundant actions into skilled behavior. My studies of how people improve at playing the videogame Tetris show that part of getting better means getting faster, which is what standard theories of skill learning predict. However, my data also reveal that sometimes getting better involves doing more backtracking in the task environment rather than doing less. This finding opposes standard views of expertise in which increases in skill are driven by improvements internal to the agent, with external changes reflecting better honed internal reasoning, motor, or recognition processes. By implementing a series of computer models, I discovered that even for a skilled perception model of expertise, backtracking is adaptive because it can help constrain the problem that needs to be solved. In particular, I argue that the perceptual computation required for Tetris is more efficiently done by serial search than by fully parallel pattern recognition. If skilled perception ie completely parallel, then there is no way to use external action to facilitate processing because processing happens instantly. But because serial search is in fact more efficient, external actions can play a role in skilled recognition. Hence, I provide a computational reason for skilled players' redundant interactions with the Tetris game.
Quantitative Assessment of the Impact of Automatic Static Analysis Issues on Time Efficiency

Background: Automatic Static Analysis (ASA) tools analyze source code and look for code patterns (aka smells) that might cause defective behavior or might degrade other dimensions of software quality, e.g. efficiency. There are many potentially negative code patterns, and ASA tools typically report a huge list of them even in small programs. Moreover, so far, little evidence is available about the negative impact on performance of code patterns identified by such tools. A consequence is that programmers cannot appreciate the benefits of ASA tools and tend not to include them in their workflow. Aims: Quantitatively assess the impact of issues signaled by ASA tools on time efficiency. Method: We select 20 issues and for each of them we set up two source code fragments: one containing the issue and the corresponding refactored version, functionally identical but without the issue. We set up three different platforms, isolated from network and other user programs, then we execute the code fragments, and measure the execution time of both code versions. Results: We find that eleven issues have an actual negative impact on performance. We also compute for each issue an estimation for the delay provoked by a single execution. Conclusions: We produce a set of issues with a verified negative impact on performance. They can be checked easily with an analysis tool and code can be refactored to obtain a provably more efficient code. We also provide the estimated delay cost of each issue in the environments where we conduct the tests. These results can be improved with the help of other researchers: repeating the tests in several platforms would make it possible to build up a wider benchmark