Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE

Sec. 661. Declaration of purpose; cooperation of agencies; surveys and investigations; donations. 662. Impounding, diverting, or controlling of waters. 663. Impoundment or diversion of waters. 664. Administration; rules and regulations; availability of lands to State agencies. 665. Investigations as to effect of sewage, industrial wastes; reports. 665a. Maintenance of adequate water levels in upper Mississippi River. 666. Authorization of appropriations. 666a. Penalties. 666b. Definitions. 666c. Applicability to Tennessee Valley Authority. 666d. Skagit National Wildlife Refuge; exchange of lands. 666e. Administration of acquired lands. 666f. Wildlife conservation and agricultural, industrial, recreational, and related uses for certain Federal lands; transfer of lands to Secretary of the Interior; administration, development, and disposition. 666g. Classification of lands; industrial leases; moneys subject to section 715s of this title; administration; jurisdiction of Federal agencies. 667. Game management supply depots; appropriations. 667a. Omitted. 667b. Transfer of certain real property for wildlife conservation purposes; reservation of rights. 667c. Publication of designating order. 667d. Reports to Congress. 667e. Repealed.
Competition and Innovation: ICT- and non-ICT-enabled Product and Process Innovations.

The reason for contradictory predictions of the models studying the impact of competi¬tion on innovation is the varying assumptions with respect to competition or innovation type. Thus, we study how the impact of competition changes with different types of innova¬tive Output. In particular, we distinguish between non-ICT - and ICT-enabled product and process innovations. To allow for such flexibility, we apply Bayesian inference techniques and use direct measures of innovative that control for the heterogeneity of innovation Output. Our analysis provides evidence that supports the hypothesis that the effect of market com¬petition on innovation is not alike for all types of innovation. We observe an inverse U-shape relationship between competition and non-ICT-enabled and a clear U-shape dependency for ICT-enabled innovations. However, the results become considerably weaker, once industry effects are taken into account. Thus, although the impact of competition on innovation varies with the type of innovation, other factors seem to have a stronger impact on the incentives to innovate.
Diagnostic Performance of Urinary Osteoprotegrin as A Novel Biomarker for Early Detection of Lupus Nephritis Activity

Background and aim of study: Renal activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is mainly determined by histopathological examination of renal biopsy, but renal biopsy is expensive, invasive, and carries some risk. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is produced by the heart, lungs, kidney, and bone.The current study was aimed to investigate urinary osteoprotegrin as a biomarker for early detection of lupus nephritis activity and as a potential alternative to kidney biopsy. Patients and methods: This study was conducted on 68 patients with systemic lupus erythematosis. Patients were 23 males (33.8%) and 45 females (66.2%) with a mean age of 29.35 ± 12.15 years (range 18–36 years). Patients were divided into two groups, systemic lupus patients with lupus nephritis (group I;43 patients) and systemic lupus patients without lupus nephritis (group II;25 patients). Measurement of urinary OPG (pg/ml) was performed by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) using (Human Osteoprotegerin ELISA Kit). Disease activity was assessed by total systemic lupus erythematosis disease activity index and renal activity by renal systemic lupus erythematosis disease activity index and their correlation with urinary osteoprotegrin was analysed. Kidney biopsy was performed to group1of patients and classified according to International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society 2003. Results: Urinary osteoprotegrin was significantly high in group I compared to group II (pvalue=0.0001). In group I, there was positive correlation between urinary osteoprotegrin and anti-nuclear antibodies, Anti-ds DNA, 24 hrs urinary protein, serum creatinine, hematuria, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, total systemic lupus erythematosis disease activity index and renal activity of systemic lupus erythematosis disease activity index. There was –ve correlation between urinary osteoprotegrin and C3 and C4.The level of urinary osteoprotegrin was higher in classes III and IV of lupus nephritis than classes I,II, and V, but was not statistically significant. The sensitivity and specificity of the urinary osteoprotegrin as a marker of lupus nephritis activity (as determined by the receiver operating curve) were found to be 90.9% and 84.6% respectively with area under curve (0.874), 95% confidence interval 0.771 to 0.942 and P value <0.0001. Conclusion: Our results suggested that urinary osteoprotegrin can be a useful non invasive biomarker for assessment of lupus nephritis activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosis and as an early predictor of lupus nephritis flare.Further larger and longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate that urinary OPG is a potential alternative to kidney biopsy [Emad Abdallah, Samya El-Shishtawy, Nevine Sherif and Mahmoud A. Abdelwahab. Diagnostic performance of urinary osteoprotegrin as a novel biomarker for early detection of lupus nephritis activity. Life Sci J 2015;12(1):75-81]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite. com. 11
Effect of 8-Week Aquatic, Land- based and Combined (Aquatic-Land) Training Programs On Walking Capacity in Women with Multiple Sclerosis (MS): A Burdenko Approach

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease affecting all aspects of life in patients with this disease and causes a wide range of functional problems, including reduced walking capacity. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks aquatic, land-based and combined (aquatic-land (exercise programs according to Burdenko method on the walking capacity measured by 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). This was a pre- post design study. Thirty one women diagnosed with MS, age range 30-50 years, EDSS 0.05). According to the results of this study, the combined and land-based exercises can be suggested for people with MS in order to improve their walking capacity. These methods can be suggested as appropriate non-pharmacologic complementary therapies in the rehabilitation centers.
Modelling Herschel observations of hot molecular gas emission from embedded low-mass protostars

Aims. Young stars interact vigorously with their surroundings, as evident from the highly rotationally excited CO (up to Eu/k = 4000 K) and H2O emission (up to 600 K) detected by the Herschel Space Observatoryin embedded low-mass protostars. Our aim is to construct a model that reproduces the observations quantitatively, to investigate the origin of the emission, and to us e the lines as probes of the various heating mechanisms. Methods. The model consists of a spherical envelope with a power-law density structure and a bipolar outflow cavity. Three heating mechanisms are considered: passive heating by the protostellar luminosity, ultraviolet irradiation of the outflow cav ity walls, and small-scale C-type shocks along the cavity walls. Most of the model parameters are constrained from independent observations; the two remaining free parameters considered here are the protostellar UV luminosity and the shock velocity. Line fluxes are calculated for CO and H2O and compared to Herschel data and complementary ground-based data for the protostars NGC1333 IRAS2A, HH 46 and DK Cha. The three sources are selected to span a range of evolutionary phases (early Stage 0 to late Stage I) and physical characteristics such as luminosity and envelope mass. Results. The bulk of the gas in the envelope, heated by the protostellar luminosity, accounts for 3‐10% of the CO luminosity summed over all rotational lines up to J = 40‐39; it is best probed by low-J CO isotopologue lines such as C 18 O 2‐1 and 3‐2. The UVheated gas and the C-type shocks, probed by 12 CO 10‐9 and higher-J lines, contribute 20‐80% each. The model fits show a tentativ e evolutionary trend: the CO emission is dominated by shocks in the youngest source and by UV-heated gas in the oldest one. This trend is mainly driven by the lower envelope density in more evolved sources. The total H2O line luminosity in all cases is dominated by shocks (> 99%). The exact percentages for both species are uncertain by at least a factor of 2 due to uncertainties in the gas temperature as function of the incident UV flux. However, on a qualitative level and within the context of our model, both UV-heated gas and C-type shocks are needed to reproduce the emission in far-infrared rotational lines of CO and H2O.
Crown fire behaviour in a northern jack pine-black spruce forest

This paper reports on the behaviour of 10 experimental crown fires conducted between 1997 and 2000 during the International Crown Fire Modelling Experiment (ICFME) in Canada's Northwest Territories. The primary goal of ICFME was a replicated series of high-intensity crown fires designed to validate and improve existing theoretical and empirical models of crown fire behaviour. Fire behaviour characteristics were typical for fully developed boreal forest crown fires, with fires advancing at 1570 m/min, consuming significant quantities of fuel (2.85.5 kg/m2) and releasing vast amounts of thermal heat energy. The resulting flame fronts commonly extended 2540 m above the ground with head fire intensities up to 90 000 kW/m. Depth of burn ranged from 1.43.6 cm, representing a 25%65% reduction in the thickness of the forest floor layer. Most of the smaller diameter (<3.0 cm) woody surface fuels were consumed, along with a significant proportion of the larger downed woody material. A high degree of fuel consu.
Effect of fertilizers and weed management practices on weed control in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under middle Gujarat conditions

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during rabiseasons of 2003–04 and 2004–05 to study the “Effect of fertilizers and weed management practices on weed control in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under middle Gujarat conditions. The results revealed that fertilizer treatments did not show significant influence on density and dry weight of weeds, no. of pods plant−1 and weight of 100 seeds (g), but recorded significantly higher seed and straw yields under application of 5 t ha−1 FYM than others barring 5 t ha−1 FYM + 1.5 kg ha−1 Mo. Application of oxadiargyl @ 0.075 kg ha−1 and IC+HW carried out at 20 and 40 DAS recorded minimum density and dry weight of weeds with the weed control efficiency of 76.5 and 71.5 per cent, respectively. Further, significantly higher seed and straw yields were recorded under IC+HW at 20 and 40 DAS as compared to rest of the treatments except application of oxadiargyl @ 0.075 kg ha−1 and pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha−1.
Parallel Chains: Improving Throughput and Latency of Blockchain Protocols via Parallel Composition

Two of the most significant challenges in the design of blockchain protocols is increasing their transaction processing throughput and minimising latency in terms of transaction settlement. In this work we put forth for the first time a formal execution model that enables to express transaction throughput while supporting formal security arguments regarding safety and liveness. We then introduce parallel-chains, a simple yet powerful non-black-box composition technique for blockchain protocols. We showcase our technique by providing two parallel-chains protocol variants, one for the PoS and one for PoW setting, that exhibit optimal throughput under adaptive fail-stop corruptions while they retain their resiliency in the face of Byzantine adversity assuming honest majority of stake or computational power, respectively. We also apply our parallel-chains composition method to improve settlement latency; combining parallel composition with a novel transaction weighing mechanism we show that it is possible to scale down the time required for a transaction to settle by any given constant while maintaining the same level of security.
Significant concentrations of nitryl chloride sustained in the morning: investigations of the causes and impacts on ozone production in a polluted region of northern China

Abstract. Nitryl chloride (ClNO2) is a dominant source of chlorine radical in polluted environment, and can significantly affect the atmospheric oxidative chemistry. However, the abundance of ClNO2 and its exact role are not fully understood under different environmental conditions. During the summer of 2014, we deployed a chemical ionization mass spectrometer to measure ClNO2 and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) at a rural site in the polluted North China Plain. Elevated mixing ratios of ClNO2 (> 350 pptv) were observed at most of the nights with low levels of N2O5 (
What Do Passengers Do During Travel Time? Structured Observations on Buses and Trains

Structured observation is one way to assess how public transport passengers actually use their travel time. This study reports on 812 adult passengers in Wellington, New Zealand. Researchers recorded passenger characteristics and behavior over a 4-minute period, on a range of routes and times, using 12 pre-set codes. Most passengers (65.3%) were “looking ahead/out the window” at some point in the observation period, more on buses than on trains. About one-fifth of all passengers observed were seen reading, more on trains. Other activities included listening on headphones, talking, texting, and sleeping/eyes closed. Activities were compared on the basis of gender, age group, mode, and time of day. Comparisons are made with recent observational and survey studies, with discussion of both methods and results.
Study of factors affecting and causing preterm birth

Preterm birth is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. More than 50% of preterm births are spontaneous. Objectives of this study were predicting risk factors of PTB, studying inter-relationship among factors affecting PTB and studying genetic influence for PTB occurrence. Descriptive study was conducted where questionnaires were filled self reportedly and by caretaking doctors. Mothers with familial vertical history were more likely to deliver PTB (62%). Maternal education was significantly negatively correlated with frequency of PTB (r = -0.959, n = 111, p<0.010). Infections during pregnancy were one of the major causes of PTB (88%), BMI was an important determinant for PTB and interpregnancy interval less than one year had negative impact on PTB (r = -0.988, n = 111, p<0.010). Mother using multivitamins and folic acid during pregnancy had fewer chances (29%) of delivering PTB. The study acknowledged some of the factors that demonstrate relationship with increased PTB frequency in mothers living in dissimilar socioeconomic conditions (r = -0.928, n = 111, p<0.010). The present study serves as a primary data and will be helpful in future research on preterm birth in Balochistan.
The microstructure of non-polar a-plane (11 2¯ 0) InGaN quantum wells

Atom probe tomography and quantitative scanning transmission electron microscopy are used to assess the composition of non-polar a-plane (11-20) InGaN quantum wells for applications in optoelectronics. The average quantum well composition measured by atom probe tomography and quantitative scanning transmission electron microscopy quantitatively agrees with measurements by X-ray diffraction. Atom probe tomography is further applied to study the distribution of indium atoms in non-polar a-plane (11-20) InGaN quantum wells. An inhomogeneous indium distribution is observed by frequency distribution analysis of the atom probe tomography measurements. The optical properties of non-polar (11-20) InGaN quantum wells with indium compositions varying from 7.9% to 20.6% are studied. In contrast to non-polar m-plane (1-100) InGaN quantum wells, the non-polar a-plane (11-20) InGaN quantum wells emit at longer emission wavelengths at the equivalent indium composition. The non-polar a-plane (11-20) quantum wells also show broader spectral linewidths. The longer emission wavelengths and broader spectral linewidths may be related to the observed inhomogeneous indium distribution.
Idleness Convergence Between Black Immigrants and Black Natives Across and Within Generations*

The number of black immigrants living in the US has increased 13-fold from 1970 to 2010, increasing their share of the black population from 1% to 10%. Black immigrants’ labor market outcomes surpass those of native blacks. This paper determines in how far the relative success of black immigrants is passed on to the second generation. If second generation males work, they earn a stunning 29% more than the first generation. But 28% of the black second generation do not work and do not attend school. The joblessness and year-round idleness experienced by many young black men in the US is spilling over to second generation blacks, and blacks who immigrate young. The upward convergence in idleness between black immigrants and black natives should not be thought of as a fixed parameter. Education is a dividing mark: For immigrants without a college degree the convergence is strong, for college-educated immigrants it is weak. Location-specific characteristics play an important role: Counties with high levels of racial segregation experience quicker convergence, highly educated counties experience slower convergence. Both discrimination and assimilation play an important role for the convergence between black immigrants and black natives. Controlling for one mechanism cuts the effect of the other in half as assimilation and discrimination coexist in many counties. *I am grateful to Erik Hurst and Kerwin Charles for their support at all stages of the project. I also thank Steven Durlauf, Steve Levitt, Steve Davis, James Heckman, Alessandra Voena, Derek Neal, Dan Black, Keith Henwood, Christopher Rauh, James Marrone, John-Eric Humphries, the University of Chicago Microlunch and Lifecycle Working Group for helpful comments. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. (DGE-1144082). Any opinion, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. ** University of Chicago, arauh@uchicago.edu.
Significance of umbilical artery doppler velocimetry in the perinatal outcome of growth restricted fetuses

Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) is defined as a condition where the fetus fails to achieve its growth potential with estimated weight below the 10 percentile for their gestational age. The incidence of IUGR is 3-10% of all births. Next to prematurity, IUGR is the second leading cause of perinatal mortality. Compared with appropriately grown counterparts, perinatal mortality rates in growth restricted fetuses are 6 to 10 times greater; perinatal mortality rates as high as 120 per1000 for all cases of IUGR and 80 per 1000 after exclusion of anomalous infants have been reported. The incidence of fetal demise, birth asphyxia, meconium aspiration, neonatal hypoglycemia and hypothermia are all increased, as is the prevalence of abnormal neurological development. IUGR is a sign of chronic hypoxemia. IUGR is seen even when 40% of tertiary villi are affected whereas abnormal umbilical artery waveforms are seen only when 70% of tertiary villi are affected. Hence, umbilical artery Doppler cannot be used as a screening test for IUGR. However, umbilical artery Doppler has the ABSTRACT
Secondary Light Particle Data Base Development Using a Thermodynamic Coalescence Model

ABSTRACT As heavy ions are transported through shielding and interact with shielding materials accurate values of total, elastic scattering, reactions cross sections and angular distributions of the emitted nucleons, light high energy particles such as deuteron, triton, helion, alpha particles and other heavy ions are required in order to design appropriate and adequate shielding to protect the human crews and instruments from ionizing radiations during long duration space missions. Double-differential (energy and angle) light energetic particle production cross sections must be known for ion energies from tens of MeV/nucleon to tens of GeV/nucleon for all emitted light energetic particles for space radiation protection studies. A coalescence thermodynamics model is used to estimate the coalescence radii and emitting source radii for both symmetric and asymmetric systems of heave ion collisions in order to evaluate emitted light particle double differential cross sections.
Benefits of Dual-Career Support for Expatriate Spouses

The purpose of the paper is to explore the benefits of on-assignment dual-career support for expatriate spouses. The article is based on survey data collected from a large organization in the oil and gas industry. The author argues in favor of the hypothesis that dual-career support is beneficial for trailing spouses. Cultural and occupational support is perceived as most favorable. The main limitation is that the study? s focus was solely on the preferences of spouses of employees working in one company in the oil and gas industry. The findings must therefore be understood in the context of this environment. Based on the research results, HR practitioners are advised to set up or adjust their international assignment guidelines to fit the needs of dual-career couples.
The Global Ocean Mass Budget in 1993-2003 Estimated from Sea Level Change

Abstract The mass budget of the ocean in the period 1993–2003 is studied with a general circulation model. The model has a free surface and conserves mass rather than volume; that is, freshwater is exchanged with the atmosphere via precipitation and evaporation and inflow from land is taken into account. The mass is redistributed by the ocean circulation. Furthermore, the ocean’s volume changes by steric expansion with changing temperature and salinity. To estimate the mass changes, the ocean model is constrained by sea level measurements from the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon mission as well as by hydrographic data. The modeled ocean mass change within the years 2002–03 compares favorably to measurements from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and the evolution of the global mean sea level for the period 1993–2003 with annual and interannual variations can be reproduced to a 0.15-cm rms difference. Its trend has been measured as 3.37 mm yr−1 while the constrained model gi.
Optimal protocol for a collective flashing ratchet

We study a system of independent Brownian particles in a flashing ratchet potential that can be turned on or off depending on the position of the particles, with the aim of maximising the speed of the center of mass in the long run. First, an explanation of how to find the optimal protocol using Bellman's principle of optimality for any number of particles is given. Then the problem is numerically solved for a system of 2 particles. Simulations show that the optimal protocol performs better than the maximisation of instantaneous center-of-mass speed, a protocol known to give better results for 2 particles than any open-loop protocol.