Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hypothermic Liquid Ventilation Prevents Early Hemodynamic Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Mortality After Coronary Artery Occlusion Complicated by Cardiac Arrest in Rabbits

Objectives:Ultrafast and whole-body cooling can be induced by total liquid ventilation with temperature-controlled perfluorocarbons. Our goal was to determine whether this can afford maximal cardio- and neuroprotections through cooling rapidity when coronary occlusion is complicated by cardiac arrest. Design:Prospective, randomized animal study. Setting:Academic research laboratory. Subjects:Male New Zealand rabbits. Interventions:Chronically instrumented rabbits were submitted to coronary artery occlusion and ventricular fibrillation. After 8 minutes of cardiac arrest, animals were resuscitated and submitted to a normothermic follow-up (control group) or to 3 hours of mild hypothermia induced by total liquid ventilation (total liquid ventilation group) or by combination of cold saline infusion and cold blankets application (saline group). Coronary reperfusion was permitted 40 minutes after the onset of occlusion. After awakening, rabbits were followed up during 7 days. Measurements and Main Results:Ten animals were resuscitated in each group. In the control group, all animals secondarily died of cardiac/respiratory failure (8 of 10) or neurological dysfunction (2 of 10). In the saline group, the target temperature of 32°C was achieved within 30–45 minutes after cooling initiation. This slightly reduced infarct size versus control (41% ± 16% vs 54% ± 8% of risk zone, respectively; p < 0.05) but failed to significantly improve cardiac output, neurological recovery, and survival rate (three survivors, six death from cardiac/respiratory failure, and one from neurological dysfunction). Conversely, the 32°C temperature was achieved within 5–10 minutes in the total liquid ventilation group. This led to a dramatic reduction in infarct size (13% ± 4%; p < 0.05 vs other groups) and improvements in cardiac output, neurological recovery, and survival (eight survivors, two deaths from cardiac/respiratory failure). Conclusions:Achieving hypothermia rapidly is critical to improve the cardiovascular outcome after cardiac arrest with underlying myocardial infarction.
Assessing Gull Abundance and Food Availability in Urban Parking Lots

Feeding birds is a common activity throughout the world; yet, little is known about the extent of feeding gulls in urban areas. We monitored 8 parking lots in central Massachusetts, USA, during the fall and winter of 2011 to 2013 in 4 monitoring sessions to document the number of gulls present, the frequency of human–gull feeding interactions, and the effectiveness of signage and direct interaction in reducing human-provisioned food. Parking lots were divided between “education” and “no-education” lots. In education lots, we erected signs about problems caused when people feed birds and also asked people to stop feeding birds. We did not erect signs or ask people to stop feeding birds at no-education lots. We spent >1,200 hours in parking lots (range = 136 to 200 hours per parking lot), and gulls were counted every 20 minutes. We conducted >4,000 counts, and ring-billed gulls (Lorus delawarensis) accounted for 98% of all gulls. Our educational efforts were minimally effective. There were fewer feedings (P = 0.01) in education lots during one of the monitoring sessions but significantly more gulls (P = 0.008) in education lots during 2 monitoring sessions. While there was a marginal decrease (P = 0.055) in the number of feedings after no-education lots were transformed into education lots, there was no difference in gull numbers in these lots (P = 0.16). Education appears to have some influence in reducing the number of people feeding gulls, but our efforts were not able to reduce the number of human feeders or the amount of food enough to influence the number of gulls using parking lots.
ASYMPTOMATIC CARRIAGE OF PROTOZOAN PARASITES IN CHILDREN IN DAY CARE CENTERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

Point prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia carriage among 230 asymptomatic preschool children attending day-care facilities was 1.3% (95% CI: 0.3%–3.8%) for each parasite, with no dual infections. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected by immunomagnetic separation and immunofluorescence microscopy and genotyped: one isolate was Cryptosporidium hominis, the other 2 being skunk and cervine genotypes, rarely found in symptomatic human infection.
A Safety Culture Transformation: Its Effects at a Children’s Hospital

Objective To improve pediatric patient safety at a tertiary, 200-bed children’s hospital by changing the safety culture and implementing processes, practices, and measures to sustain improvements. Although many core quality and safety measures exist for adult acute-care facilities, equivalent measures for pediatrics are lacking. Methods Helen DeVos Children’s Hospital in Grand Rapids, Michigan, part of the Spectrum Health system, led a 2-year initiative beginning in late 2007 to improve pediatric patient safety. Key strategies included safety-based staff training, training in root cause analysis, failure mode classification of events and safety behavior, integration of and collaboration between risk management and clinical staff, consistent coding and classification of serious safety events and adoption of multiple safety metrics, creating a new safety leadership infrastructure, and fostering transparency of data and safety event details. Results The 2-year initiative led to an estimated 68% decrease in the number of serious safety events and adoption of a serious safety event metric reported monthly. In addition, compliance with the ventilator-associated pneumonia bundle rose from 2% to 96%; hand hygiene compliance rates rose from 56% to 95%; and the Children’s Asthma Care-3 core measure, home management plan of care given to patient/caregiver, rose from 0% to 83% within 6 months. Medication errors with serious harm were reduced to only two during the initiative, and ventilator-associated pneumonias dramatically decreased, with only one occurring in 2009. Conclusions The initiative led to key improvements in safety culture and patient safety and also had a broad impact on several clinical quality outcome measures. Using safety metrics improves transparency and enables future benchmarking with peer institutions to help improve pediatric patient safety nationwide. Because of the initiative’s success in our children’s hospital, the entire Spectrum Health system, including more than 16,000 staff members, is now undertaking a similar effort.
Phase II study of predictive biomarker profiles for response targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) in advanced inflammatory breast cancer with lapatinib monotherapy.

PURPOSE Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is one of the most aggressive forms of breast cancer. Lapatinib, an oral reversible inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human EGFR 2 (HER-2), demonstrated clinical activity in four of five IBC patients in phase I trials. We conducted a phase II trial to confirm the sensitivity of IBC to lapatinib, to determine whether response is HER-2 or EGFR dependent, and to elucidate a molecular signature predictive of lapatinib sensitivity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Our open-label multicenter phase II trial (EGF103009) assessed clinical activity and safety of lapatinib monotherapy in patients with recurrent or anthracycline-refractory IBC. Patients were assigned to cohorts A (HER-2-overexpressing [HER-2+]) or B(HER-2-/EGFR+) and fresh pretreatment tumor biopsies were collected. RESULTS Forty-five patients (30 in cohort A; 15 in cohort B) received lapatinib 1,500 mg once daily continuously. Clinical presentation and biomarker analyses demonstrated a tumor molecular signature consistent with IBC. Lapatinib was generally well tolerated, with primarily grade 1/2 skin and GI toxicities. Fifteen patients (50%) in cohort A had clinical responses to lapatinib in skin and/or measurable disease (according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) compared with one patient in cohort B. Within cohort A, phosphorylated (p) HER-3 and lack of p53 expression predicted for response to lapatinib (P < .05). Tumors coexpressing pHER-2 and pHER-3 were more likely to respond to lapatinib (nine of 10 v four of 14; P = .0045). Prior trastuzumab therapy and loss of phosphate and tensin homolog 10 (PTEN) did not preclude response to lapatinib. CONCLUSION Lapatinib is well tolerated with clinical activity in heavily pretreated HER-2+, but not EGFR+/HER-2-, IBC. In this study, coexpression of pHER-2 and pHER-3 in tumors seems to predict for a favorable response to lapatinib. These findings warrant further investigation of lapatinib monotherapy or combination therapy in HER-2+ IBC.
Weighted Characteristic P-vector and Deadlock Control of WS3PR

Current deadlock control approaches for S^3PGR^2 (systems of simple sequential processes with general resources requirement) suffer from incorrect or restricted liveness characterization based on the concept of deadly marked siphons (DMS) and max-controlled siphons. Dead transitions may exist when there are no DMS and the net model is in livelock states. A new liveness condition is developed based on the so-called max^*-controlled siphons to replace that of the restrictive max-controlled siphons. A deadlock control policy is further proposed for WS^3PR (weighted S^3PR (systems of simple sequential processes with resources)) by adding control nodes and arcs for elementary siphons only, reducing significantly the number of monitors compared with existing methods. A counter example is shown to indicate that Li's characteristic P-vector must be weighted. The controlled model for WS^3PR is proposed and its liveness property is proved.
The Mammalian Remains from the Jericho Tell

The last volumes of the report on the excavations at Jericho have been delayed owing to the death of Dame Kathleen Kenyon. This article was written in 1977 as a specialist contribution to the final report but, in view of the delay, Dr Clutton-Brock wishes to present the evidence here so that any observations by her colleagues may be considered before the final publication. The provenance of the material has been correlated with the system designed for the final reports.
Options for postgraduate anatomy education in Australia and New Zealand.

AIMS Medical education in Australia has changed considerably in recent times. As a result, hours dedicated to subjects such as anatomy have been reduced. Young doctors preparing for a career in anatomy-focussed specialties such as surgery and radiology require an indepth knowledge of this subject matter. Many Australian and New Zealand universities now offer postgraduate anatomy courses to address this potential gap in a budding surgeon's education. This article summarises the current options for postgraduate surgical anatomy education in Australia and New Zealand. METHODS All universities in Australia and New Zealand were contacted between September 2010 and December 2010 regarding the nature and content of course offerings. An Internet-based search was also conducted. RESULTS There are currently nine universities in Australia and New Zealand offering postgraduate anatomy courses. Courses vary in contact hours, dissection time, lecture content, and examination methods. There are currently two universities offering a Postgraduate Diploma of Surgical Anatomy - the University of Melbourne, and the University of Otago. University of Western Australia and the University of New England offer a graduate diploma and a graduate certificate, respectively. Several other universities offer courses that deliver quality anatomical education but do not award students a university-recognised qualification. The Australian Orthopaedic Association now offers courses in Perth, Sydney and Brisbane, which delivers anatomy education specific to orthopaedics. CONCLUSIONS There are a number of courses available to budding surgeons and radiologists to help fill the anatomy education void. With the development of such courses questions of accessibility, affordability and equity remain.
The global diffusion of internet attack incidents: analysis of a bad innovation

Diffusion literature to date has not dealt with bad innovations. This article discusses the nature of global temporal diffusion of internet attack incidents – a bad form of innovation. A number of models are investigated to see which one can best fit the Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Centre (CERT/CC) incident data (1988–2001) and explain the rationale behind such attacks. A push-pull model fits the data reasonably well and has better explanatory power than the traditional logistic and exponential models. The parameters of the model can provide measures of both attack imitation and deterrence. The model was subsequently validated with another set of incident data from Federal Computer Incident Response Centre (FedCIRC) and its predictive power was also verified to be reasonable. The implication of this study is that security measures are inadequate as compared to the volume of attack incidents and that serious attention needs to be paid to increase security measures of US firms.
Oral Testosterone Self-Administration in Male Hamsters

The addiction potential of anabolic steroids remains largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate voluntary oral testosterone intake in hamsters. Using a 2-bottle choice test, males preferred an aqueous solution of 200 µg/ml testosterone over vehicle. However, the taste of testosterone is not highly preferred. Addition of testosterone at 400 µg/ml increased fluid consumption from the nonpreferred bottle in a 2-bottle choice test, but cholesterol at the same concentration reduced drinking, suggesting that testosterone reward is not common to all sterols. With food-induced drinking, testosterone maintained fluid intake when food was withdrawn. These data demonstrate that oral self-administration of testosterone is reinforcing in hamsters, suggesting the potential for dependence in human users.
Fatty acid composition of phospholipids from platelets and erythrocytes in multiple sclerosis

The fatty acid composition of the phospholipids of red blood cells and blood platelets has been investigated in multiple sclerosis patients and in normal individuals. The variation in the platelet phospholipid fatty acid pattern in normals has been measured for the first time and has been shown to be small. The relative level of linoleate, expressed as a percentage of the five main fatty acids, was found to be significantly lower in the multiple sclerosis patients than in healthy individuals, both in the red cells and platelets. A highly significant correlation was found between serum linoleate and both platelet and red cell linoleate.
Preservation of the rat blood-testis barrier after ligation of the ductuli efferentes, as demonstrated by intra-arterial perfusion with peroxidase.

Summary. Electron microscope examination of rat testes 1, 3 and 7 days after ligation of the ductuli efferentes showed that the horseradish peroxidase tracer penetrated into the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules, but the marker did not progress beyond the junctional complexes between Sertoli cells. These findings indicate that in spite of the severe morphological changes brought about by ligation, the tight junctions between the Sertoli cells maintain their capacity to act as the testis barrier.
Health-Related Quality-of-Life Results From Multinational Clinical Trials of Insulin Lispro: Assessing benefits of a new diabetes therapy

OBJECTIVE To compare health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with diabetes receiving insulin lispro with patients receiving regular human insulin (Humulin R). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed two randomized comparative studies over a 6-month period (3 months per treatment). Primary analyses used crossover baseline to 3-month changes in HRQOL scores. Ninety-three principal investigators in Canada, France, Germany, and the U.S. participated in these studies. One HRQOL crossover study included 468 patients with type I diabetes; the other HRQOL crossover study included 474 patients with type II diabetes. In both studies, patients were taking insulin at least 2 months before enrollment. Primary outcomes included two generic HRQOL domains, energy/fatigue and health distress, and two diabetes-specific domains, treatment satisfaction and treatment flexibility. Thirty secondary outcomes included both generic and diabetes-specific measures. Secondary outcome domains were controlled for multiplicity in the analyses. RESULTS Primary analyses showed that treatment satisfaction scores (P < 0.001) and treatment flexibility scores (P = 0.001) were higher for insulin lispro in type I diabetic patients. No other significant treatment differences were detected using the data from these 6-month crossover studies. CONCLUSIONS Treatment satisfaction and treatment flexibility were significantly improved in patients with type I diabetes using insulin lispro. Other HRQOL findings were comparable for insulin lispro and regular human insulin. Insulin lispro appears to have a measurable impact on lifestyle benefits in patients with type I diabetes, as demonstrated by increased treatment satisfaction and treatment flexibility.
Optimal Production Planning with Emissions Trading

Emissions trading is a market-based mechanism for curbing emissions, and it has been implemented in Europe, North America, and several other parts of the world. To study its impact on production planning, we develop a dynamic production model, where a manufacturer produces a single product to satisfy random market demands. The manufacturer has access to both a green and a regular production technology, of which the former is more costly but yields fewer emissions. To comply with the emissions regulations, the manufacturer can buy or sell the allowances in each period via forward contracts in an outside market with stochastic trading prices while needing to keep a nonnegative allowance account balance at the end of the planning horizon. We first derive several important structural properties of the model, and based upon them, we characterize the optimal emissions trading and production policies that minimize the manufacturer's expected total discounted cost. In particular, the optimal emissions trading policy is a target interval policy with two thresholds that decrease with the starting inventory level. The optimal production policy is established by first determining the optimal technology choice and then showing the optimality of a base-stock type of production policy. We show that the optimal base-stock level is independent of the starting inventory level and the allowance level when the manufacturer trades the allowance or uses both technologies simultaneously. A numerical study using representative data from the cement industry is conducted to illustrate the analytical results and to examine the value of green technology for the manufacturer.
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy without radiation: Ultrasound localization is as effective as fluoroscopy

Context: Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) is the first-line treatment for renal calculi in most cases. Recent technology has allowed lithotriptor machines to localize stones using fluoroscopy or ultrasound (US). Aim: The aim of this study is to compare stone free rates (SFR) using two techniques. Methods: This is a single center retrospective cohort study. We have studied 95 patients with renal calculi undergoing first SWL treatment with localization using US (48 pts) and fluoroscopy (47 pts). SFR was defined as fragments ≤2 m at 4 weeks post procedure on x-ray or US. Patient records were reviewed. Results: Stone size and location, age and body mass index were comparable between groups. Stones ≤7 mm had better SFR with US 86% (18/21) compared to fluoroscopy 59% (10/17) P= 0.08. Overall the US group had similar SFR to the fluoroscopy group for stones of all sizes and locations with 60% (29/48) compared to 45% (21/47)P= 0.18. Radiation exposure was the biggest difference between techniques with a mean radiation dose (mGy/cm2) in the US group of 103 (0–233) and 2113 (241–7821) in the fluoroscopy group. Radiation use in the US group was due to the use of a single shot pre- and post-procedure, this could be reduced to zero. Conclusions: Our data show equivalent outcomes using US compared to the traditional fluoroscopy localization technique. We would encourage departments to develop the use of US localization to reduce radiation exposure to patients.
Revascularization of a thrombosed, previously stented aorto‐renal graft using combined directional atherectomy and AngioJet thrombectomy

We report an interesting case with bilateral PTFE aorto‐renal grafts of which one graft underwent balloon angioplasty and stenting for proximal stenosis. Combined debulking by AngioJet thrombectomy and Simpsons directional atherectomy was performed within the stent following reocclusion of the graft 9 months later. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 46:85–88, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive–behavioural techniques for general psychiatrists in the management of patients with psychoses

Background Recent research progress showing the benefits of cognitive therapy in schizophrenia leaves the general psychiatrist unsure whether to attempt to use such techniques. Aims To test whether cognitive–behavioural techniques are beneficial in the management of patients with schizophrenia in general psychiatric practice. Method A randomised controlled study comparing the use of cognitive–behavioural techniques and befriending in schizophrenia. Results Significant improvement in symptoms occurred in the group treated with cognitive–behavioural techniques but not in the befriending group. During the 6-month follow-up period the cognitive–behavioural group tended to have shorter periods in hospital. Conclusions General psychiatrists could help their patients with schizophrenia by using cognitive–behavioural techniques. Such techniques are well within the capability of general psychiatrists, but their application would involve more of the consultant's time spent in direct contact with patients with psychoses.
Education or Creativity: What Matters Most for Economic Performance?

Abstract There is a large consensus among social researchers on the positive role that human capital plays in economic performances. The standard way to measure the human capital endowment is to consider the educational attainments of the resident population, usually the share of people with a university degree. Florida (2002) suggested a different measure of human capital—the “creative class”—based on the actual occupations of individuals in specific jobs like science, engineering, the arts, culture, and entertainment. However, the empirical analyses conducted so far have overlooked a serious measurement problem concerning the clear definition of the education and creativity components of human capital. This article aims to disentangle this issue by proposing a disaggregation of human capital into three nonoverlapping categories: creative graduates, bohemians, and noncreative graduates. Using a spatial error model to account for spatial dependence, we assess the concurrent effect of the human capital indicators on total factor productivity for 257 regions of EU27. Our results indicate that highly educated people working in creative occupations are the most relevant component in explaining production efficiency, noncreative graduates exhibit a lower impact, and bohemians do not show a significant effect on regional performance. Moreover, a significant influence is exerted by technological capital, cultural diversity, and industrial and geographic characteristics, thus providing robust evidence that a highly educated, innovative, open, and culturally diverse environment is becoming more central for productivity enhancements.