Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When Words Are Called For: A Defense of Ordinary Language Philosophy

A new form of philosophizing known as ordinary language philosophy took root in England after the Second World War, promising a fresh start and a way out of long-standing dead-end philosophical debates. Pioneered by Wittgenstein, Austin, and others, OLP is now widely rumored, within mainstream analytic philosophy, to have been seriously discredited, and consequently its perspective is ignored. Avner Baz begs to differ. In "When Words Are Called For", he shows how the prevailing arguments against OLP collapse under close scrutiny. All of them, he claims, presuppose one version or another of the very conception of word-meaning that OLP calls into question and takes to be responsible for many traditional philosophical difficulties. Worse, analytic philosophy itself has suffered as a result of its failure to take OLP's perspective seriously. Baz blames a neglect of OLP's insights for seemingly irresolvable disputes over the methodological relevance of "intuitions" in philosophy and for misunderstandings between contextualists and anti-contextualists (or "invariantists") in epistemology. Baz goes on to explore the deep affinities between Kant's work and OLP and suggests ways that OLP could be applied to other philosophically troublesome concepts. "When Words Are Called For" defends OLP not as a doctrine but as a form of practice that might provide a viable alternative to work currently carried out within mainstream analytic philosophy. Accordingly, Baz does not merely argue for OLP but, all the more convincingly, practices it in this eye-opening book.
Variable effects of aging on frontal lobe contributions to memory

Declarative memory declines with age, but there is profound variation in the severity of this decline. Healthy elderly adults with high or low memory scores and young adults viewed words under semantic or non-semantic encoding conditions while undergoing fMRI. Young adults had superior memory for the words, and elderly adults with high memory scores had better memory for the words than those with low memory scores. The elderly with high scores had left lateral and medial prefrontal activations for semantic encoding equal to the young, and greater right prefrontal activation than the young. The elderly with low scores had reduced activations in all three regions relative to the elderly with high memory scores. Thus, successful aging was characterized by preserved left prefrontal and enhanced right prefrontal activation that may have provided compensatory encoding resources.
Lack of influence of rs4680 (COMT) and rs6276 (DRD2) on diagnosis and clinical outcomes in patients with major depression

Abstract Objective. The gene coding for the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and the one coding for the dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) have been linked with major depression (MD) and with the response to antidepressants in several studies. However, contrasting findings have been reported as well. The aim of the present study is, therefore, to investigate possible influences of rs4680 within COMT and rs6276 within DRD2, analyzed both individually and in combination, on the diagnosis and clinical outcomes in a sample of Korean MD patients treated with antidepressants. Methods. Totally, 184 Korean in-patients suffering from MD treated with either paroxetine or venlafaxine and 220 healthy control subjects were included in the present study. Depression severity was assessed by means of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Results. We were not able to find any association between the two variants under investigation and diagnosis of MD, as well as with antidepressant response. Conclusions. Although limited by several factors, including the small sample size and the impossibility to extend our findings to patients treated with different antidepressants, the results of our study provide support to the notion that these variants might not play a major role in the etiology and clinical outcomes of MD.
Spatial Attention in Visual Search for Features and Feature Conjunctions

Spatial attention was measured in visual search tasks using a spatial probe Both speed and accuracy measures showed that in a conjunction task, spatial attention was allocated to locations according to the presence of target features Also, contrary to some predictions, spatial attention was used when a clearly distinguishable feature defined the target The results raise questions about any account that assumes separate mechanisms for feature and conjunction search The probe method demonstrated here allows a very direct measurement of attentional allocation, and may uncover aspects of selection not revealed by visual search
The Effect of Entrepreneurial Behaviour on Farm Performance among Small-scale Farmers: Case of Niono Zone, Mali

This study examines the determinant of Entrepreneurial Behaviour (EB) on farm performance among small-scale rice farmers in Niono zone, Mali. The data of the study were collected from 236 randomly selected farmers who had less than 5 hectares, through a semi-structured questionnaire. Sale, profitability and post-harvest losses (PHLs) were used as farm performance indicators. The data analysis was carried out using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on selected EB, and multivariate Tobit model to examine determinant of EB farm performance. The diagnostic test indicated the absence of collinearity issues while post-estimation test of CFA indicated good fitness of the model and reliability and validity of data. The results of the research show that EB of as initiation and innovativeness, household head’s years of schooling and the amount credit in the counter-season improved farm performance by reducing PHLs. Land size , farm assets values and access to model farms improved farm performance by increasing both sales and profitability. The study concluded EB improved farm performance, and its determinant is enforced by other socio-economic and institutional factors of small-scale farmers. The study recommended enhancing more EB as well as establishing better business environment to incentivize farming business towards commercial-oriented farming. This can be done through more training, access to land, improving farmers’ investment ability and sharing of information, techniques and technologies among farmers.
An inhibitory effects of interleukin-1a on basal gonadotropin release in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey: reversal by a corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1), an important component of the immune system, has recently been shown to influence the release of several hormones in the rodent. In this paper, the effectiveness of IL-1a in modulating basal gonadotropin secretion as well as cortisol release in the primate has been investigated. Eight adult ovariectomized rhesus monkeys were given a 30-min intracerebroventricular infusion of physiological saline (n = 5), various doses of IL-1a (17 micrograms n = 5; 8.5 micrograms; n = 3; 4.2 micrograms n = 5; and 2.1 micrograms n = 4) or IL-1a plus a CRF antagonist (n = 5). LH and FSH concentrations were measured at 15-min intervals during the 3-h preinfusion baseline control and the 5-h postinfusion period, while cortisol concentrations were determined at 45-min intervals. While LH concentrations remained unchanged in the monkeys receiving saline only, they decreased significantly after the 30-min IL-1a infusion. By hour 5 after IL-1a administration, mean (+/- SE) hourly areas under the LH curves (expressed as a percentage of preinfusion baseline) were 27.7% +/- 7.3 (17 micrograms IL-1a), 31.9% +/- 8.4 (8.5 micrograms), 33.3% +/- 5.5 (4.2 micrograms), and 39% +/- 4.0 (2.1 micrograms) (P less than 0.05 vs. morning control). FSH concentrations were also significantly decreased after IL-1a, 17 micrograms: by hour 5, they were 67.4% +/- 5.0 of baseline control. While cortisol concentrations decreased thoughout the experiment in the animals receiving saline, they increased with all IL-1a doses: overall mean (+/- SE) postinfusion concentrations were 21.8 +/- 1.1 (saline), 49.5 +/- 2.2 (IL-1a, 17 micrograms), 35.1 +/- 1.9 (8.5 micrograms), 45.7 +/- 1.5 (4.2 micrograms), and 39.5 +/- 1.5 (2.1 micrograms) micrograms/dl (P less than 0.05 IL-1a vs. saline). Concomitant infusion of the CRF antagonist, [D-Phe12, NLE 21,38caMe LEU37] CRF (12-41), (120-360 micrograms), prevented the IL-1a induced LH inhibition. By hour 5, areas under LH curves were 33.5% +/- 1.7 for IL-1a alone and 99.2% +/- 4.2 (NS vs. saline) for IL-1a + CRF antagonist. The CRF antagonist also blocked the ability of IL-1a to increase cortisol secretion: mean cortisol concentrations were 28.6 +/- 1.4 micrograms/dl (NS vs. saline). The results clearly indicate that the cytokine IL-1a inhibits pulsatile LH and FSH secretion in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey and demonstrate that this inhibition is causally related to the activation of CRF by this cytokine. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Intraexaminer and Interexaminer Repeatability of the Alternate Cover Test Using Different Prism Neutralization Endpoints

Purpose. The alternate cover test (ACT) measures the magnitude of a deviation, but different prism endpoints may be used. This study investigated the intraexaminer and interexaminer repeatability of the ACT using two different prism neutralization endpoints. Methods. To determine repeatability of two prism neutralization endpoints (first neutral and midpoint of reversal), two experienced examiners measured near point phoria on 72 subjects. Measurements were repeated with examiners masked to each other and the first results. Paired t-tests were used to assess interexaminer and intraexaminer repeatability and the agreement between different prism endpoints for each examiner within each session. Signed and absolute differences in phoria magnitude were calculated. Results. For two different test sessions with the same examiner using the same prism neutralization endpoint (intraexaminer repeatability), none were significant except examiner 1 using first neutral (p = 0.038). Average signed differences (ASD’s) between two test sessions for each comparison were <0.5 prism diopter (pd) with SD’s of ≤2.56 pd. Absolute differences ranged from 1.30 to 1.89 pd. When two different examiners used the same prism endpoint within the same session (interexaminer repeatability), there were no significant differences between examiners. ASD’s between the two examiners for each comparison were ≤0.53 pd with SD’s ≤2.03 pd. The absolute differences ranged from 1.19 to 1.67 pd. Comparisons of the two different prism endpoints by the same examiner at a single test session were all significantly different (p < 0.005), but the differences (<1 pd between the two endpoints) were not clinically significant. ASD’s were <1 pd with SD <2 pd. Absolute differences ranged from 1 to 1.58 pd. Conclusions. With experienced examiners, either prism endpoint provides high interexaminer and intraexaminer repeatability (≤0.5 pd). Although the two prism endpoints differ statistically, the differences are not clinically significant.
Contribution of Toll‐like receptor signaling to germinal center antibody responses

Summary: Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) have emerged as one of the most important families of innate immune receptors for initiating inflammation and also for promoting adaptive immune responses. Recent studies have examined the ability of TLRs to promote antibody responses, including T‐cell‐dependent antibody responses. Initial study suggested that TLR stimulation promotes primarily an extrafollicular antibody response, which rapidly produces moderate affinity antibodies made by short‐lived plasma cells. Recent studies, however, have shown that TLRs can also enhance the germinal center response, which produces high affinity class‐switched antibody made by long‐lived plasma cells. TLR stimulation can increase the magnitude of the latter response and also enhance selection for high affinity IgG. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the roles of TLRs in B cells and also in other cell types for enhancement of antibody responses, with an emphasis on T‐cell‐dependent and germinal center antibody responses.
The Effect of Integrating Reporting on Earnings Quality: A Study of Family Firms in Indonesia

Objective - The implementation of integrated reporting (IR), which is a composite of financial and non-financial information, in one single report makes financial reporting more comprehensive and more transparent. Transparent information in IR gives annual reporting of family firms a higher earnings quality. Methodology/Technique - This research aims to examine the effect of IR on earnings quality of family firms in the mining industry on the Indonesian Stock Exchange between 2014 and 2017. Findings - The results of this study indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between integrating reporting and earnings quality. These results confirm that firms that use integrated reporting tend to show higher earnings quality. The study also finds that larger sized companies and larger leverage amounts equals a higher volume of information disclosed. Novelty – The motivation of this research is to examine IR issues that are relatively new. Type of Paper - Empirical. Keywords: Earnings Quality; Family Firms; Financial Reporting; Indonesia; Integrated Reporting. JEL Classification: M40, M41, M49.
Agreement between two measures of alcohol consumption.

Responses on the Quantity-Frequency Questionnaire (QF) were compared with those on the self-report diary. The QF was administered to 778 general practice patients prior to their consultation and the same patients completed the diary at home within 24 hours. The diary overestimated the number of nondrinkers in the population relative to the QF and classified a higher proportion of patients as heavy drinkers. The QF failed to detect 78% of heavy drinkers identified by the diary. Significantly (p less than .001) more alcohol was reported to be consumed overall on the diary (mean, 10.51 drinks/week) than on the QF (mean, 6.87 drinks/week). The relationship between responses on the two measures was nonlinear. At low consumption levels patients indicated drinking twice as much on the diary as on the QF, but the magnitude of the reported consumption difference decreased with increasing consumption levels. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for self-report measures of alcohol consumption.
PENGARUH SELF ASSESSMENT SYSTEM, PEMERIKSAAN PAJAK, DAN PENAGIHAN PAJAK TERHADAP PENERIMAAN PAJAK PERTAMBAHAN NILAI (PPN) (Studi Kasus pada Kantor Pelayanan Pajak (KPP) Pratama Majalaya Tahun 2013-2016)

Pajak memiliki peranan yang sangat penting bagi penerimaan negara. Penerimaan pajak menyumbang sekitar 70% dari seluruh penerimaan negara. Namun, pada kenyataannya jumlah penerimaan pajak sering kali tidak tercapai. Belum optimalnya PPN merupakan salah satu penyebabnya. Hal tersebut disebabkan wewenang PKP dalam self assessment system , sehingga masih banyaknya PKP yang belum mematuhi peraturan perpajakan. Oleh karena itu, dalam mengoptimalkan penerimaan PPN, pemerintah terus melakukan upaya penegakan hukum yakni pemeriksaan pajak dan penagihan pajak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh self assessment system, pemeriksaan pajak, dan penagihan pajak baik secara simultan maupun parsial terhadap penerimaan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai (PPN) di KPP Pratama Majalaya. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara dokumentasi data yang bersumber dari laporan KPP Pratama Majalaya. Berdasarkan pengumpulan sampel yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling , diperoleh jumlah sampel penelitian sebanyak 48 bulan sampel penelitian selama periode 2013 hingga 2016. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan Software IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa self assessment system, pemeriksaan pajak, dan penagihan pajak secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penerimaan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai (PPN) di KPP Pratama Majalaya. Selanjutnya, secara parsial hanya variabel self assessment system yang berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap penerimaan Pajak Pertambahan Nilai (PPN). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut KPP Pratama Majalaya sebaiknya terus melaksanakan kegiatan sosialisasi dan penyuluhan secara berkala. Sehingga kegiatan tersebut dapat terus meningkatnya kesadaran wajib pajak dan pelaksanaan self assessment system dapat terus berjalan lebih baik lagi.
Comment on: PH20 is not expressed in murine CNS and oligodendrocyte precursor cells

Comment on: PH20 is not expressed in murine CNS and oligodendrocyte precursor cells Larry S. Sherman* & Stephen A. Back Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
Effect of Firm Characteristics on the Financial Performance of Energy and Petroleum Firms Listed in the Nairobi Securities Exchange

This study sought to examine the effect of firms characteristics namely board size, liquidity, firm size, age and leverage on the financial performance. Financial performance is measured by ROA. Descriptive research design was used to find out the effects of firm characteristics on performance of the firm. The study was carried out for all petroleum and energy firms listed at the NSE as from 2010 to 2017. It was evidenced in the study that leverage and liquidity were statistically significant correlated with financial performance. The remaining variables were not significantly correlated. The coefficients for firm size, board size and leverage were positively related to firm financial performance while firm age and liquidity were negatively related to firm financial performance. The study had limitation in terms of scope because it only concentrated on energy and petroleum firms listed in NSE. The study focused only on five characteristics namely, age, size, leverage, liquidity and board size in establishing performance of the firms at NSE. The study only concentrated on a specific sector of the economy i.e. energy and petroleum. The study recommends the use of proportionate debt financing in relation to total capital financing is profitable, therefore the firms should use debt financing up to a point where any extra debt financing causes net cost to the firms. The firms should also increase their asset base so as to influence competitive power.
Five-year results of a randomised comparison of titanium-nitride-oxide-coated stents with zotarolimus-eluting stents for coronary revascularisation.

AIMS Stents with a passive coating of titanium-nitride-oxide (TiNO) have been compared with Endeavor® zotarolimus-eluting stents (E-ZES) with regard to the primary endpoint of in-stent late lumen loss at six to eight months. The objective of the present analysis was to compare the long-term outcomes of TiNO stents with E-ZES up to five years of clinical follow-up. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 302 patients had been randomly allocated to treatment with TiNO or E-ZES. Up to five years of follow-up, major adverse cardiac events (MACE), the composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or clinically indicated target vessel revascularisation (TLR), were observed in 27.6% of patients treated with TiNO stents and 25.3% of patients treated with E-ZES (RR 1.13, 95% CI: 0.72-1.75, p=0.60), with the majority of events related to clinically indicated TVR (TiNO 21.7% versus E-ZES 20.7%, RR 1.10, 95% CI: 0.67-1.81). There were no differences with respect to individual events including cardiac death, myocardial infarction or stent thrombosis between the two treatment arms up to five years of follow-up. A majority of patients remained free from angina throughout the entire study duration (TiNO 77.3% versus E-ZES 76.1%, p=0.92). CONCLUSIONS Final five-year outcomes of the TIDE trial comparing TiNO stents with E-ZES revealed increased rates of MACE driven primarily by clinically indicated TVR. The TIDE trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00492908.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Capital Allocation Efficiency: Evidence from Australia and New Zealand

This paper studies the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on firm’s capital allocation efficiency in Australia and New Zealand. I use ESG ratings to measure CSR. The empirical results show that the overall ESG performance, the environmental dimension performance, and the social dimension performance are not significantly associated with a firm’s investment efficiency. Only CSR policies or initiatives which are essentially costly to a firm are negatively associated with a firm’s investment efficiency. These findings are robust to an alternative measure of corporate investment. The results suggest that when CSR initiatives reduce a firm's capital and other critical resources, those resources are not deployed for identifying and funding growth options, resulting in investment less likely to maximize shareholders’ wealth. JEL classification: M14 G30 G32
18F-Fluoromisonidazole PET Uptake Is Correlated with Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Hypoxia is a common feature of cancer and a prognostic factor for many types of cancer. 18F-fluoromisonidazole (18F-FMISO) PET can detect tumor hypoxia noninvasively. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a key player in the transcriptional response to low oxygen tension in many types of cancer. Its activity is mainly dependent on the stability and modification of HIF-1α, which is a composition of HIF-1. However, it is unclear whether 18F-FMISO PET can identify HIF-1α expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The present study was performed to elucidate the correlation between 18F-FMISO PET findings and HIF-1α expression in OSCC. Methods: Twenty-three patients (age range, 42–84 y; 15 men, 8 women) with OSCC were enrolled in this study. The T-stages of cancer were T1 in 1 patient, T2 in 9, T3 in 2, and T4a in 11. The N-stages were N0 in 13 patients, N1 in 5, and N2 in 5. Each patient underwent 18F-FMISO and 18F-FDG PET before surgery, and the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of both PET studies was measured. HIF-1α expression in the operation materials was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. The SUVmax of both PET studies and HIF-1α findings were compared statistically. Results: 18F-FMISO PET detected uptake in the primary site in 14 of the 23 patients (61%). The median SUVmax of 18F-FMISO and 18F-FDG PET in the primary site was 1.83 (range, 0.8–2.7) and 16.5 (range, 1.0–32.3), respectively. There was a weak significant correlation between 18F-FMISO and 18F-FDG PET SUVmax (P = 0.02, r = 0.48). HIF-1α expression was clearly detected in 11 of the 23 patients (48%). The 18F-FMISO PET SUVmax was significantly higher in the HIF-1α–positive cases than in the HIF-1α–negative cases (median, 2.1; range, 1.5–2.4, vs. median, 1.6; range, 0.8–2.0, respectively) (P = 0.002). However, there were no significant correlations between 18F-FDG PET SUVmax and HIF-1α expression (median, 21.8; range, 7.7–29.1 vs. 1.0–32.2) (P = 0.06). Conclusion: 18F-FMISO uptake in the primary site of OSCC indicates a hypoxic environment with HIF-1α expression.