Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional profiles underlying vulnerability and resilience in rats exposed to an acute unavoidable stress

A complex interplay between gene and environment influences the vulnerability or the resilience to stressful events. In the acute escape deficit (AED) paradigm, rats exposed to an acute unavoidable stress (AUS) develop impaired reactivity to noxious stimuli. Here we assessed the behavioral and molecular changes in rats exposed to AUS. A genome‐wide microarray experiment generated a comprehensive picture of changes in gene expression in the hippocampus and the frontal cortex of animals exposed or not to AUS. Exposure to AUS resulted in two distinct groups of rats with opposite behavioral profiles: one developing an AED, called “stress vulnerable,” and one that did not develop an AED, called “stress resilient. ” Genome‐wide profiling revealed a low percentage of overlapping mechanisms in the two areas, suggesting that, in the presence of stress, resilience or vulnerability to AUS is sustained by specific changes in gene expression that can either buffer or promote the behavioral and molecular adverse consequences of stress. Specifically, we observed in the frontal cortex a downregulation of the transcript coding for interferon‐β and leukemia inhibitory factor in resilient rats and an upregulation of neuroendocrine related genes, growth hormone and prolactin, in vulnerable rats. In the hippocampus, the muscarinic M2 receptor was downregulated in vulnerable but upregulated in resilient rats. Our findings demonstrate that opposite behavioral responses did not correspond to opposite regulatory changes of the same genes, but resilience rather than vulnerability to stress was associated with specific changes, with little overlap, in the expression of patterns of genes. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detroit Property Tax Delinquency---Social Contract in Crisis

As the country reemerges from the real estate crisis, the City of Detroit, Michigan continues to struggle, and is currently in the midst of bankruptcy proceedings. Falling property values have led to significant reductions in property tax revenues. In addition, the rate of property tax delinquency in Detroit is 48 percent, resulting in uncollected tax revenues of about 20 percent. This high rate of tax delinquency results from a confluence of factors including limited tax enforcement, feelings of tax inequity, and failure to provide public services, all of which have contributed to a breakdown in the social contract between the City and its residents. In this paper we develop a theoretical model of the individual decision to become delinquent on one's property tax payments. We then use detailed parcel-level data to evaluate the factors that affect both the probability that a property owner is tax delinquent and, conditional upon delinquency, the magnitude of the delinquency. Our estimates show that properties that have lower value, longer police response times, are non-homestead (non-owner occupied residential properties), have a higher statutory tax rate, have a higher assessed value relative to sales price, are owned by a financial institution or by a Detroit resident, are delinquent on water bills, and for which the probability of enforcement is low are more likely to be tax delinquent These findings can be used to inform policies targeted at improving tax compliance within the City.
Antioxidants for prevention of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) mainly develops fol lowing ischemic or toxic insults and is characterized by acute tubular injury and kidney dysfunction.1-3 However, pathogenesis of AKI is complex, and promoting events may be completely different, but similar pathways may be implicated in subsequent injury responses.4-8 To study AKI models, various methods were defined for each specific condition. Gentamicin, derived from gram-positive bacteria, has potential in treating aerobic gram-negative bacteria. Gentamicin has been extensively used for inducing AKI in experimental animals and evaluation of kidney protective agents, too. Accumulation of gentamicin in renal proximal tubule cells may trigger renal toxicity, which leads to brush border network injury.9,11 The renal toxicity involves kidneys free radical production and accretion, utilization of antioxidant defense mechanisms, and acute renal tubular cells necrosis,9-12 which leads to diminished glomerular filtration rate and kidney dysfunction. The pathological mechanisms also involve rise of endothelin-1, upregulation of transforming growth factor-β, augmentation of oxidative stress, significant increase in monocyte/macrophage infiltration into the renal cortex and medulla, apoptosis, and also necrosis.10-15 Gentamicin has also been shown to amplify the generation of superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and reactive nitrogen species in the proximal tubular cells and lead to kidney damage.9,10 Most researchers on gentamic in k idney toxicity therefore focused on the use of various ant iox idants . 9 ,10 Indeed, the ro le o f rena l mitochondria on protection against gentamicin kidney toxicity, the role of antioxidants in either protecting or mitigating gentamicin renal toxicity and integrative glomerular and tubular effects and their possible interplay had been described. Thus, it should be noted again that gentamicin administration can induce severe renal toxicity. Therefore, the modalities to protect against gentamicin-induced AKI can apply to the other conditions or agents that act mainly through the generation of reactive oxygen species in the kidney. In fact, AKI is a common clinical entity with high mortality and morbidity rates.8-11 A large number of patients who also have other morbidities such as diabetes mellitus, vascular disease, or chronic kidney diseases are at a high risk to develop AKI due to ischemic and nephrotoxic insults.11-15 In these conditions, it is possible that calcium dobesilate, which is shown to have antioxidant efficacy, is capable of protecting the renal tubular cells against injurious insults. Calcium dobesilate is a strong antioxidant and is safe.16 Various studies have shown that calcium dobesilate acts as a free radicals scavenger; thus, as reported by Jafary and colleagues in the current issue of the Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases,16 it is possible to use it for prevention of renal tubular cell injury.16,17 However, more clinical studies are suggested to fully define its role as kidney protecting agent.
Drivers of Service Satisfaction

The “service-dominant logic” focuses on the firm and the customer cocreating value, as defined by the customer. Achieving this orientation requires firms to understand which components of the service concept are most important to different subsets of customers. However, research on the relative importance to customers of core and peripheral service components has produced mixed results. Using data from the U.S. airline industry, the fact that the relative influence on customer satisfaction of core (e.g., operational performance) and peripheral (e.g., service interactions and physical setting) service components is moderated by customer characteristics is demonstrated. Consistent with Vargo and Lusch's premises that “the customer is always a co-creator of value” and that value is “uniquely and phenomenologically determined by the beneficiary,” the conclusion that a parsimonious model of customer satisfaction demands consideration of both the service concept and customer characteristics is reached.
Regional Intelligence and Suicide Rate in Germany

Regional intelligence proxies (intranational average domain scores from the PISA 2000 and 2003 studies) were not reliably associated with the suicide rate across the states of Germany, thereby not replicating findings of a positive ecological correlation of regional intelligence and suicide prevalence from other within-nation studies (Austria, Belarus, the British Isles, Denmark, The Netherlands, and the USA).
Training and Human Resource Issues in Small E-Businesses: Towards a Research Agenda

A great deal has been written in recent years about the internet and the emergence of e‐businesses operating in the global e‐economy. Although a small proportion of the expanding literature on this topic is based on empirically rigorous research, the bulk of publications tend to be of limited value to small business owner/managers. Furthermore, these publications present a superficial or idealised view of economic transactions that take place over the internet. In terms of general approaches to e‐business, there exist a limited number of “core” theoretical and practical publications to guide a wide range of stakeholders and interested parties, including small business owner/managers. Conspicuously missing from the burgeoning specialist literature is the topic of training and human resources in relation to the adoption and management of small e‐businesses. To redress the imbalance, this article proposes a tentative framework for a research agenda in training and related human resource issues, to support and inform a rapidly growing sector of small e‐businesses, both in Britain and in other industrially developed or developing countries.
The effects of ethanol on the developing cerebellum and eyeblink classical conditioning

In rats, developmental ethanol exposure has been used to model the central nervous system deficits associated with human fetal alcohol syndrome. Binge-like ethanol exposure of neonatal rats depletes cells in the cerebellum, including Purkinje cells, granule cells, and deep nuclear cells, and produces deficits in simple tests of motor coordination. However, the extent to which anatomical damage is related to behavioral deficits has been difficult to estimate. Eyeblink classical conditioning is known to engage a discrete brain stem-cerebellar circuit, making it an ideal test of cerebellar functional integrity after developmental ethanol exposure. Eyeblink conditioning is a simple form of motor learning in which a neutral stimulus (such as a tone) comes to elicit an eyeblink when repeatedly paired with a stimulus that evokes an eyeblink prior to training (such as mild periorbital stimulation). In eyeblink conditioning, one of the deep cerebellar nuclei, the interpositus nucleus, as well as specific Purkinje cell populations, are sites of convergence for tone conditioned stimulus and somatosensory unconditioned stimulus information, and, together with brain stem nuclei, provide the necessary and sufficient substrate for the learned response. A series of studies have shown that eyeblink conditioning is impaired in both weanling and adult rats given binge-like exposure to ethanol as neonates. In addition, interpositus nucleus neurons from ethanol-exposed rats showed impaired activation during eyeblink conditioning. These deficits are accompanied by a permanent reduction in the deep cerebellar nuclear cell population. Because particular cerebellar cell populations are utilized in well-defined ways during eyeblink conditioning, conclusions regarding the underlying neural substrates of behavioral change after developmental ethanol exposure are greatly strengthened.
Arbitrage Involvement and Security Prices

We propose that hedge funds more aggressively buy underpriced stocks when they are allowed to short. To test our proposition, we utilize the institutional feature in Hong Kong in virtue of which only stocks added to a special list can be shorted. Our first-stage analysis uses hedge fund holdings data and provides evidence that the emergency of shortable securities, indeed, causes hedge funds to more aggressively buy seemingly underpriced stocks. Our second-stage analysis presents evidence that hedge funds’ increased involvement in these stocks helps correct underpricing and moves prices in the direction of fundamentals. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017. 2912. This paper was accepted by Lauren Cohen, finance.
INTERPRETING REJECTIONS OF THE BENEFICIAL ACCLIMATION HYPOTHESIS: WHEN IS PHYSIOLOGICAL PLASTICITY ADAPTIVE?

Abstract Although many studies testing the beneficial acclimation hypothesis have rejected it, what these rejections imply about the adaptive value of physiological change remains unclear. Uncertainty arises because the hypothesis focuses on the relative performance of organisms exposed to one environment versus another, whereas the raw material available to evolution is variation in acclimation responses of individual traits. This mismatch is problematic when organisms are exposed to poor environments. In poor environments, the adaptive or maladaptive value of changes in individual traits may be obscured by long-term decrements in organismal condition. A better match between the evolutionary pressures shaping acclimation and the tests used to examine them can be achieved by focusing on the fitness consequences of acclimation changes in individual traits.
Targeting interventions for intra-organizational IT adoption

The acceptance and use of new technology has developed into one of the central research themes in the field of IT/IS. Related literature has proliferated ever since the introduction of the TAM in 1989. The strong knowledge base, however, has hardly materialized into a substantial impact in managerial practice. Managers still struggle with creating intraorganizational adoption of new IT systems and only limitedly apply theoretical insights to target their interventions. This paper aims at synthesizing and disseminating key elements from IT adoption theory to practitioners by developing a straightforward method in which theory is applied for targeting interventions for intra-organizational adoption of a new IT system. The method builds on ten years of TAM research in top ranking MIS journals and consists of a four-step process for developing targeted interventions.
Leaf water potentials measured with a pressure chamber.

Leaf water potentials were estimated from the sum of the balancing pressure measured with a pressure chamber and the osmotic potential of the xylem sap in leafy shoots or leaves. When leaf water potentials in yew, rhododendron, and sunflower were compared with those measured with a thermocouple psychrometer known to indicate accurate values of leaf water potential, determinations were within +/- 2 bars of the psychrometer measurements with sunflower and yew. In rhododendron. water potentials measured with the pressure chamber plus xylem sap were 2.5 bars less negative to 4 bars more negative than psychrometer measurements.The discrepancies in the rhododendron measurements could be attributed, at least in part, to the filling of tissues other than xylem with xylem sap during measurements with the pressure chamber. It was concluded that, although stem characteristics may affect the measurements, pressure chamber determinations were sufficiently close to psychrometer measurements that the pressure chamber may be used for relative measurements of leaf water potentials, especially in sunflower and yew. For accurate determinations of leaf water potential, however, pressure chamber measurements must be calibrated with a thermocouple psychrometer.
Business Continuity Management Factors and Organizational Performance: A study on the Moderating Role of it Capability

The objective of this paper is to examine the moderating effect of IT capability on the relationship between Business Continuity Management (BCM) factors and the organizational performance. The constructs of this paper are defined based on a comprehensive review of recent literature on BCM, organizational performance and IT capability. For this study, the data was collected through various methods including self-administered approach and distribution of questionnaires via electronic and conventional mail. The target population of the study is organizations which are certified with ISO 27001 and ISO 22301 as these organizations are selected as they are deemed to possess considerably higher sense of commitment towards embracing BCM best practices to enhance their business resiliency. The findings of this study indicated that IT capability partially moderated the relationship between BCM factors and organizational performance. The outcome of this study provides important insight to researchers and BCM professionals in understanding on the effects of BCM factors and IT capability on the organizational performance.
Stakeholder management as a predictor of CEO compensation: main effects and interactions with financial performance

We test the effects of stakeholder management on CEOs' salaries, bonuses, stock options, and total compensation. We also examine the extent to which the interaction of stakeholder management and financial performance determines compensation. Using a longitudinal database of 406 Fortune 1000 firms, our results suggest that stakeholder management is relevant to boards of directors when setting CEO compensation. Specifically, we found a significant, negative main effect of stakeholder management on CEO salaries. Further, we found that stakeholder management typically reduces the rewards CEOs may get for increasing levels of financial performance. In tandem, these results indicate that CEOs may jeopardize their personal wealth by pursuing stakeholder-related initiatives. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Cross-Section of Expected Returns in the Secondary Corporate Loan Market

We examine the pricing of characteristics and betas in the cross-section of expected corporate loan returns. Expected loan returns decrease with default beta. Default beta contains information not captured by rating or spread-to-maturity. A three-month formation momentum strategy earns a monthly premium of 122 bps. The effect is robust to various formation and holding periods, cannot be explained by other loan characteristics, and is prominent in loans issued by lowest-rated borrowers. We discover that portfolios including loser loans are riskier, but have lower returns. We find a cross-market correlation between loan and stock momentums. However, each contains additional independent information.
A New Time Synchronization Technique for OFDM Systems

A new simple algorithm for OFDM symbol synchronization is proposed. The proposed algorithm does not assume that the first multipath component is the dominant one. Instead of using a threshold to detect the leading edge of an OFDM symbol, the proposed algorithm uses a metric which is calculated recursively. Two estimation methods are considered, one using the average of the metric results, and the other using the median. Performance results are given for two UWB channel models (CM1 and CM4), exponential, and Rayleigh fading channels which show that the proposed algorithm is superior to other algorithms, particularly at low signal to noise (SNR) ratios.
Assessment of the Balassa-Samuelson Effect in Croatia

The main objective of this paper is to assess the importance of the Balassa-Samuelson effect in Croatia and to quantify its influence on inflation and the real exchange rate. The productivity growth differential between tradable and nontradable sectors within a given country compared to abroad has recently often been used to explain the real appreciation of Central and East European (CEE) transition countries’ currencies against euro, and also to explain the inflation differential between the aforementioned countries and the euro area. Since all new EU member states are obligated to introduce the euro as the national currency, the Balassa-Samuelson effect associated with real convergence could impede nominal convergence and fulfilment of the necessary Maastricht criteria. The main conclusion of this paper is that in the period from 1998:Q1 to 2006:Q3 the Balassa-Samuelson effect in Croatia was not statistically significant, so it should not constitute a barrier to meeting convergence criteria.
Evaluating the Multiple Effects of Retail Promotions on Brand Loyal and Brand Switching Segments

The authors determine the multiple effects of retail promotions on brand loyal and brand switching segments of consumers. Segments are determined by an iterative Bayesian procedure. The variations in within-segment brand shares within a store are related to promotional variables by a logit model estimated by nonlinear least squares. Store share is modeled as a function of store attractiveness, a summary measure of the store's promotional activity on the multiple brands. Finally, category volume is related to overall product category attractiveness in a model that includes both current and lagged effects. The research approach is applied to the IRI ground coffee data. Results include: (1) the market can be characterized by brand loyal segments, each of which buys mostly their favorite brand, and switching segments, each of which switches mainly among different brands of the same type (e.g., drip, percolator), (2) promotional variables have significant effects on within-segment market shares, the effects being different across segments, (3) store share is related significantly to promotional attractiveness of a store, (4) the overall promotional attractiveness of the product category has significant current and lagged effects on category volume, and (5) the lagged effects resulting from consumer purchase acceleration and stockup last longer for brand loyal segments than for switching segments.
[Sequence polymorphism of mtDNA control region in Chinese Qinghai Tibetan ethnic group and Han population].

OBJECT To study sequence polymorphism of mtDNA control region in Chinese Qinghai Tibetan group and Han population. METHODS Venous blood samples from 69 unrelated Qinghai Tibetans and Han individuals were collected and their mtDNA control region sequences were analyzed. Polymorphism indicators were calculated. The genetic distances based on Fst and Rst among eleven groups from different districts include the Qinghai Tibetan and Han population were elucidated using Nei's method. Phylogenetic tree was constructed. RESULTS There were 56 polymorphic loci and 59 loci found in the mtDNA control region of Tibetan group and Han population, respectively. It was indicated by the Rst distance that there was a far distance between Qinghai Tibetan and the other populations (P<0.05), and the distance was much closer between Qinghai Han and Xi'an Han, Mongolian, Changsha Han populations (P>0.05). CONCLUSION There is unique genetic polymorphism of mtDNA control region both in Qinghai Tibetan and Han population. These findings may be useful in forensic identification, population genetic and migration studies.
Sequence requirements for embryonic transcriptional activation of a gastrula‐specific actin gene in Xenopus laevis

Cytoskeletal actin genes undergo developmentally timed transcriptional activation at the gastrula stage of embryonic development in the amphibain Xenopus laevis. To study the regulation of this process, a molecularly marked cloned actin gene has been introduced into living embryos by microinjection, and levels of its transcripts (which are distinct from endogenous actin message) have been measured by RNase protection. In vitro mutagenesis of the marked gene, followed by microinjection and transcriptional analysis of various mutants, has been used to search for gene sequences that participate in accurate transcriptional initiation and developmental control. Deletion mutants containing only 90 nucleotides of upstream sequence undergo correct developmental regulation, while deletion to –33 prevents normal activation of the gene. In the presence of sufficient upstream sequence, an actin–globin fusion gene, containing only 564 nucleotides downstream of the actin gene transcription startsite, is correctly activated. Taken together, these results imply that all sequences necessary for correct temporal regulation reside between –90 and +564 nucleotides, with respect to the transcriptional start site of the actin gene. They further suggest that developmental activation of actin gene transcription may involve either (1) interaction of non‐DNA binding proteins with basal transcription factors, or (2) the concerted action of ubiquitous promoter‐binding factors and factors that interact with downstream regulatory regions.