Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Postcritical-period reversal of effects of monocular deprivation on striate cortex cells in the cat.

1. The possibility that effects of monocular deprivation on cat striate cortex could be reversed after the developmental critical period by removal of the normal eye was investigated. In addition, the time course of any postcriticalperiod reversal was studied. Single-unit recording was conducted in the striate cortex of kittens anesthetized with nitrous oxide.2. Six control kittens were raised with monocular lid suture until they were 4-8 mo old (group MD). In agreement with previous investigators, from 0-10% of the striate cortex cells could be driven by visual stimulation of the deprived eye in these kittens.3. Eleven kittens were raised with monocular lid suture until they were 4-5 mo old, at which time the normal eye was enucleated. In five of these (group MD-DE-immediate), recording was conducted in striate cortex on the day of the enucleation. In these animals, 29-39% of the striate cortex cells could be driven by the deprived eye. In four kittens (group MD-DE-3 mo), the deprived eye remained closed for an additional 3 mo before recording was conducted. In these animals, 17-45% of the striate cortex cells could be driven by the deprived eye. In two kittens (group MD-DE greater than 12 mo), the deprived eye remained closed for 14-15 mo after the normal eye was enucleated. In these kittens, 26-40% of the striate cortex cells could be driven by the deprived eye. Thus, removal of the normal eye after the critical period in monocularly drprived kittens results in a rapid increase in the percent of striate cortex cells that can be driven by visual stimulation of the deprived eye, and there is no further increase in responsiveness over a period of more than a year.4. The receptive-field properties of the cells which responded to the deprived eye following enucleation of the normal eye were usually abnormal; 61% of them had nonspecific receptive fields, 39% of the responsive cells were direction selective, and only 12% were both direction and orientation selective.5. The increase in responsive cells was observed in the striate cortex of both hemispheres. However, the increase was greater in the hemisphere contralateral to the deprived eye. The responsive cells tended to occur in clusters of two to four adjacent cells separated by regions containing nonresponsive cells. These clusters were not related to the horizontal cortical layers; however, they may be related to the ocular dominance columns in striate cortex.6. Several mechanisms were considered for the present findings, including neuronal sprouting, denervation supersensitivity, and release from inhibition. It was suggested that the increased responsiveness to the deprived eye was probably not the result of rapid sprouting in the 4- to 5-mo-old kittens. If this is so, then the results indicate that functional connections from the deprived layers of the DLG to the striate cortex remain following rearing with monocular deprivation.
A role for cellular senescence in birth timing

ABSTRACT Senescence contributes to the local and systemic aging of tissues and has been associated with age-related diseases. Recently, roles for this process during pregnancy have come to light, the dysregulation of which has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth. Here, we summarize recent advances that support a role for senescence in birth timing and propose new aspects of study in this emerging field.
The effect of incarceration during pregnancy on birth outcomes.

OBJECTIVE This study examined the effect of incarceration during pregnancy on infant birth weight. METHODS North Carolina prison records were matched to North Carolina birth certificates and health services records to identify 94 women who were incarcerated during one pregnancy but not incarcerated during another pregnancy. Paired analyses examined differences between the pregnancies in terms of the women's characteristics and use of health services. A generalized estimating equations analysis modeled infant birth weight as a function of the number of days that a woman was incarcerated during pregnancy, accounting for the correlation between the birth weights of two infants born to the same mother and several potentially confounding variables. RESULTS Since the women were significantly more likely to have been incarcerated during the second of the pair of pregnancies, as a group they were significantly older and had more children at the time of the incarcerated pregnancy than at the time of the home pregnancy. After controlling for important covariates, a higher number of pregnancy days spent incarcerated was found to be associated with higher infant birth weight. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that aspects of the prison environment such as shelter and regular meals may enhance pregnancy outcomes among very high risk women. Health professionals should join others in efforts to assure that health-promoting resources such as adequate shelter, nutritional support, and substance abuse treatment programs are available to all pregnant women.
Growth and body composition of preterm infants: influence of nutrient fortification of mother's milk in hospital and breastfeeding post‐hospital discharge

We examined the influence of multi‐nutrient fortification of mother's milk (MM + MNF) compared to supplementation with calcium and phosphorus (MM + CaGP) alone in hospital (in a randomized trial), and of breastfeeding (post‐MM) compared to formula feeding (post‐FF) after hospital discharge with a descriptive analysis of growth and body composition to 1 y corrected age in preterm infants. Anthropometry, nutrient intakes and whole body bone mineral content, lean and fat mass were determined at four time points in the first year after term corrected age. Body composition was determined with dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry. MM + MNF compared to MM + CaGP for preterm infants in the early neonatal period did not appear to influence growth or body composition in the first year. Growth in post‐MM and post‐FF groups was within the normal range of growth references derived from term infants fed mother's milk. Post‐MM infants had lower whole body bone mineral content (132.3 ± 10.4 g) at 6 months corrected age when compared to post‐FF infants (159.4 ± 14.1 g) and greater percent fat mass to 12 months corrected age. These differences may result from the lower calcium, phosphorus and protein intakes in post‐MM compared to post‐FF infants. Our findings demonstrate that dietary practices after hospital discharge likely have a greater impact on body composition in prematurely born infants than dietary practices in hospital. Whether the observed differences in body composition between breastfed and formula‐fed preterm infants have any long‐term consequences requires further investigation.
Differential effects of TNF and LTα in the host defense against M. bovis BCG

Signaling via TNF receptor type 1 (TNFR1) was shown to be crucial in host defense against the intracellular pathogens L. monocytogenes, M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. Toinvestigate the function of TNF and LTα in host defense against M. bovis, mice double deficient for TNF and LTα (TNF / LTα – / –), TNF / LTα – / – mice complemented with a murine LTα transgene (TNF– / –) and LTα – / – mice were infected with BCG and the ensuing pathology was investigated. Control mice showed a normal host defense with early clearance of bacteria. The granulomatous reaction in the liver was accompanied by recruitment of activated macrophages characterized by their acid phosphatase positivity and differentiation into epithelioid cells as well as a coordinated expression of proinflammatory transcripts. In contrast, TNF / LTα – / – mice showed no comparable recruitment of activated macrophages in the liver. Furthermore, these mice showed extensive necrotic pulmonary lesions with massive growth of acid fast bacilli. Reintroduction of LTα as a transgene into TNF / LTα – / – mice prolonged survival but did not restore resistance to BCG. This, at least partially protective role of LTα was further supported by data demonstrating that LTα ‐deficient mice as well were susceptible to BCG infection. In contrast to the deleterious effect of TNF / LTα deficiency in BCG infection, BCG‐infected TNF / LTα – / – mice were tolerant to LPS‐induced shock. These results demonstrate that TNF as well as LTα are involved in murine host defense against BCG and that absence of TNF / LTα protects BCG‐infected mice from LPS mediated shock.
Entrepreneurial Co‐Creation: Societal Impact Through Open Innovation

New open innovation initiatives such as accelerators, living labs, social innovation labs and open labs, involve for-profit and not-for-profit actors working closely together to co-create both business value and societal impacts. However, there is a lack of theoretical underpinning to understand how and why co-creation by actors generate different types of social value in the concurrent pursuit of business and social value. Adopting an inductive case study approach, we find that different types of entrepreneurs who co-exploit co-identified opportunities for co-creation, enables them to generate potentially competing social and business values. We develop four propositions relating to how and why profit orientation and key resource contributions of entrepreneurs co-identifying an opportunity to co-create decide the nature of social value generated. We discuss avenues for future research and practical implications, underlying the importance of developing entrepreneurialism as ways to generate different social impacts through open innovation approaches such as co-creation.
DETERMINANT FACTORS OF FINANCIAL REPORTING QUALITY AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES

The aim of this research was to prove empirically the determining factors that influence the quality of financialreporting and the economic consequences, and there were influence differences of quality attributes of financialreporting to the economic consequences. The research samples were taken by purposive sampling so it obtained141 listed manufacturing businesses from 2001 to 2006. The research used four data analysis technique:auxiliary regression R2, confirmatory factor analysis, simple regression, and multiple regressions. The resultsshowed seven attributes, there were five attributes that gave contribution for financial reporting quality namelyaccrual quality, predictability, smoothness, relevance value, and conservatism while the persistence and timelinessgave small contribution. The five attributes were also different each other. From the thirteen determiningfactors, it showed nine factors that produced significant influences namely operation cycle, sales volatility,firm size, firm age, loss proportion, leverage, environmental risk, institutional ownership, market concentration,and auditor quality, while the other three, they were liquidity, managerial ownership, and investmentgrowth that were not significant. Testing results of economic consequences of quality of financial reportingshowed that the quality of factorial financial reporting influenced negatively and significantly toward informationasymmetry.
ProDigger: Towards Robust Automatic Network Protocol Fingerprint Learning via Byte Embedding

As a prerequisite technique, Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) plays a major role to contemporary network security and management. The key of DPI is a repository of protocol fingerprints. However, inferring and maintaining up-to-date fingerprints for various and new protocols is very difficult in order to adapt them to the continuous evolution of the protocols. In this paper, we propose ProDigger, a robust automatic protocol fingerprint learning framework for DPI traffic recognition. The key insight of ProDigger is that byte embedding, a distributional vector representation of one byte with the ability of capturing the contextual information of packet payload, is prelearned from the protocol traces which is conductive to obtain an efficient numerical representation of packet payloads with different message formats or semantic information. Multiple finegrained clusters are obtained by feeding the constructed packet payload representations to the clustering algorithm. Last, by employing byte-embedding-based payload alignment algorithm to each cluster, we attain the target protocol fingerprints in the form of a series of substrings. We implement our approach and evaluate it on real-world Internet traffic traces. The experimental results demonstrate that ProDigger is capable of identifying the corresponding traffic based on the learned fingerprints and show more excellent performance in terms of Precision and Recall in comparison with the state-of-the-art approach.
The double burden of obesity and iron deficiency on children and adolescents in Greece: the Healthy Growth Study.

BACKGROUND Some small cohort studies have noted that obesity co-exists with lower serum iron levels. The present study aimed to examine the association between being overweight and iron deficiency (ID) in a large cohort of Greek children and adolescents. METHODS A representative sample of 2492 primary schoolchildren aged 9-13 years old was examined. Anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, dietary intake and physical activity data were collected. RESULTS The prevalence of ID and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) was higher in obese boys and girls compared to their normal-weight peers (P < 0.05). Serum ferritin was higher in obese compared to normal-weight boys (P = 0.024) and higher in obese compared to normal-weight and overweight girls (P = 0.001). By contrast, a negative association was found between transferrin saturation and adiposity in both boys and girls (P = 0.001 and P = 0.005). Furthermore, obese girls had significantly higher fibre intake than normal-weight girls (P = 0.048) and also overweight and obese boys and girls recorded significantly fewer pedometer steps than their normal-weight peers (P < 0.001). Finally, obesity more than doubled the likelihood of ID in both boys (odds ratio = 2.83; 95% confidence inteval = 1.65-4.85) and girls (odds ratio = 2.03; 95% confidence interval = 1.08-3.81) after controlling for certain lifestyle and clinical indices as potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that obese children and adolescents were at greater risk for ID and IDA than their normal-weight peers. Low grade inflammation induced by excessive adiposity may be a reason for the observed low iron levels. This is also strengthened by the elevated serum ferritin levels, comprising an acute phase protein that is plausibly increased in inflammation.
B- and T-cell Development Both Involve Activity of the Unfolded Protein Response Pathway*

The unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathway regulates the functional capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum for protein folding. Beyond a role for UPR signaling during terminal differentiation of mature B cells to antibody-secreting plasma cells, the status or importance of UPR signaling during hematopoiesis has not been explored, due in part to difficulties in isolating sufficient quantities of cells at developmentally intermediate stages required for biochemical analysis. Following reconstitution of irradiated mice with hematopoietic cells carrying a fluorescent UPR reporter construct, we found that IRE1 nuclease activity for XBP1 splicing is active at early stages of T- and B-lymphocyte differentiation: in bone marrow pro-B cells and in CD4+CD8+ double positive thymic T cells. IRE1 was not active in B cells at later stages. In T cells, IRE activity was not detected in the more mature CD4+ T-cell population but was active in the CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell population. Multiple signals are likely to be involved in activating IRE1 during lymphocyte differentiation, including rearrangement of antigen receptor genes. Our results show that reporter-transduced hematopoietic stem cells provide a quick and easy means to identify UPR signaling component activation in physiological settings.
Maternal hepatitis B and infant infection among pregnant women living with HIV in South Africa

Globally, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the leading cause of liver‐related mortality. Newborn vaccination, maternal antiviral therapy and administering hepatitis B immune globulin shortly after birth can greatly reduce the risk of perinatal and infant infection. However, evidence‐based policy regarding these interventions in Africa is hampered by gaps in knowledge of HBV epidemiology. We describe maternal chronic hepatitis B (CHB) prevalence and infant infection during the first year of life within a cohort of women living with HIV.
Epileptic seizures after subarachnoid hemorrhage

We srudied predictive factors for the occurrence of epilepsy in 381 consecutive patients admitted within 72 hours after they had a subarachnoid hemorrhage from a reprued itracranial aneursym. Fits occurring in the presence of byponattremia or within 12 hours after the initial bleed, rebleeding, or aneurysm surgery were classifed as associated with these acute events and we did not regard these fits subsequent epileptic seizures. Thirty‐five patients (9%) had one or more epileptic seizures, 12 hours to 1,761 days after the initial bleed (median value, 18 days). The following variables were included in the analysis: sex age, history of hypertension, historyof cardiovascular disease, loss of consciousness at ictus, sum score on the Glasgow Coma Scale on admission, sum score for the amount of cisternal blood and and presence of intraventricular blood based on the initial computed tomography(CT) scan, occurrence of ictal seizures (seizures occurring within 12 hours after the onset), acute hydrocephalus, rebleeding, delayed cerebral ischemia, fluid intake, treatment with tranexamic acid, ventricular drainage, and aneurysm surgery. After multivariate analysis by means of Cox proportional hazards model with stepwise forward selection of the variables, a high cisternal blood score and rebleeding proved to be significantly related to epilepsy (hazard ratio = 2.06, p = 0.040; and hazard ration = 3.02 p = 0016), even after the exclusion of 28 patients who receive perioperative prophylactic anticonvulsant therapy (hazard ratio = 2.31, P = 0.022; and hazard ratio =3.65, p = 0.006, respectively). We conclude that the frequency of epilepsy after the occurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage is substantial and that except for rebleeding and a high cisternal blood score on the intitial CT scan, none of the investigated variables, including the occurrence of epieptic seizures within the first 12 hours following the intial bleed, are related to epilepsy.
Behavior of perforated metal-to-composite joints subjected to tensile loading

Advanced composite materials have many advantages compared to traditional metallic materials including high stiffness- and strength-to-weight ratios, corrosion resistance, damage tolerance, and improved stealth characteristics. Thus, they are being used more often as primary structural members in both civil and military applications. However these materials are not typically applied in isolation due to insufficient stiffness and ductility of composites compared to metallic materials, leading to a rapid expansion of interests in metal and composite combined structures. The design of hybrid metal-to-composite joints is one of the major structural challenges in this area. Hybrid metal-to-composite joints usually entail both material and geometry discontinuities which lead to stiffness mismatch and local stress concentrations. Current research at the U.S. Naval Academy and Imperial College London shows that among the various types of novel metal-to-composite joints, perforated hybrid steel-to-composite joints demonstrate significant potential in naval structural applications. Perforations are cut into the steel increasing the cohesion between steel and composite part of the hybrid joint thus improving the transfer of load between the two parts. In addition to the benefit of mechanical interlocking, it is believed that the perforated steel plate decreases the elastic mismatch between the stiff steel part and the relatively compliant composite part. This paper reviews an Office of Naval Research - sponsored research project focusing on a perforated metal-to-composite joint design subjected to tensile loading.
Passively Acquired Antibodies Suppress Humoral But Not Cell-Mediated Immunity in Mice Immunized with Live Attenuated Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines

A respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine will need to be administered by 1 mo of age to protect young infants; therefore, it will need to be effective in the presence of maternally acquired RSV Abs. In the present study, the immunogenicity and efficacy of two live attenuated RSV vaccine candidates of different level of attenuation were evaluated in mice passively immunized with varying quantities of RSV Abs. The replication of the RSV vaccines was suppressed in the lower, but not the upper, respiratory tract of the passively immunized mice. Immunization with either vaccine candidate was highly efficacious against challenge with wild-type RSV in both passively immunized and control mice. Nonetheless, a high level of immunity was seen even in passively/actively immunized animals that failed to develop a humoral immune response, suggesting that T cells mediated the immunity. Depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in passively/actively immunized and control animals at the time of challenge with wild-type RSV demonstrated that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells made significant independent contributions to the restriction of replication of RSV challenge virus in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Although passively acquired serum RSV Abs suppressed the primary systemic and mucosal Ab responses of IgM, IgG, and IgA isotypes, B lymphocytes were nevertheless primed for robust secondary Ab responses. Thus, immunity mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and Abs can be readily induced in mice by live RSV vaccine candidates in the presence of physiologic levels of RSV neutralizing Abs.
Oxygen Mitigates the Inflammatory Response in a Model of Hemorrhage and Zymosan-Induced Inflammation

ABSTRACT Sequential insults (hits) may change the inflammatory reaction that develops in response to separate single hits (e.g., injury, infection); however, their effects on the long-term clinical outcome are still only partially elucidated. Double-hit models are typically severe and fatal. We characterized in C57BL/6 mice a moderate double-hit model of hemorrhage (35%–40% of total blood volume) and resuscitation, followed by peritoneal injection of zymosan A that induced local and systemic inflammation with 58% mortality. This model allowed exploration of the inflammatory response over time in the surviving mice. We show that after 2 days, mice subjected to the double-hit model had elevated proinflammatory systemic and local peritoneal cytokine response (interleukin [IL]-1&bgr;, tumor necrosis factor-&agr;, IL-6) and moderately elevated anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, transforming growth factor-&bgr;), compared with the single-hit and sham mice. However, this dynamically changed, and by day 7, proinflammatory cytokines were reduced, and anti-inflammatory cytokines were markedly (P < 0.05) elevated in the double-hit group. Mice in the double-hit group that inhaled 100% oxygen intermittently for 6 h every day exhibited markedly reduced serum proinflammatory cytokines as early as day 2 (P < 0.05), inhibited macrophage infiltration into the peritoneum (by 13-fold; P < 0.05), and substantially increased survival rates of 85% (P = 0.00144). Oxygen mitigates the inflammatory response and exerts a beneficial effect on survival in a double-hit model of hemorrhage and zymosan-induced inflammation.