Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contiguity and the Outcome Density Bias in Action–Outcome Contingency Judgements

In cause–outcome contingency judgement tasks, judgements often reflect the actual contingency but are also influenced by the overall probability of the outcome, P(O). Action–outcome instrumental learning tasks can foster a pattern in which judgements of positive contingencies become less positive as P(O) increases. Variable contiguity between the action and the outcome may produce this bias. Experiment 1 recorded judgements of positive contingencies that were largely uninfluenced by P(O) using an immediate contiguity procedure. Experiment 2 directly compared variable versus constant contiguity. The predicted interaction between contiguity and P(O) was observed for positive contingencies. These results stress the sensitivity of the causal learning mechanism to temporal contiguity.
Why Not Ask the Patient? An Evaluation of the Aesthetic Surroundings in Hospitals by Patients

Background The first part of this comprehensive study examined and analyzed strategic plans for the general hospitals in Norway. The concern was to discover the way in which the aesthetic dimension is taken into consideration and what guidelines the strategic plans provide. The result showed a general lack of guidelines, and it was therefore decided to ask patients how they would characterize and evaluate the aesthetics in their environments. Aim The aim of the second part of the study was to find out how the patients evaluate the aesthetics in the general hospitals, and to ascertain their opinion as to how aesthetics influences health and wellness. The theoretical background for the investigation was based on literature studies from the caring sciences, philosophical theories, and results of international research. The purpose of this article is to present the results from the second part of the study addressing the human need for aesthetics in the surroundings and in life in general. The investigation was carried out at 6 general hospitals in Norway. Methods A questionnaire was constructed in which the patients were asked to give their opinion on the aesthetics in the hospital environment and the influence aesthetics might have on health and wellness. The questionnaire contained 22 main questions, each with detailed and specific subquestions. For instance, concerning the question about “art,” patients were asked to evaluate paintings, pictures, tapestries, sculptures, decorations, mosaic works and water decorations, fountains, etc. Findings The results in general showed that aesthetic surroundings are important for health and wellness, according to the patients' opinion. The aesthetics in the hospital environment was evaluated and generally considered to be less than satisfactory by the patients. They felt that the aesthetic issues are not attended to as well as they would have liked. Conclusion In summary it can be concluded that according to the patient experiences, the aesthetic area is a neglected field, and it is important to focus more on this field to understand what high-quality patient care should embrace.
Birth weight and childhood onset type 1 diabetes: population based cohort study

Abstract Objective: To assess the associations between birth weight or gestational age and risk of type 1 diabetes. Design: Population based cohort study by record linkage of the medical birth registry and the National Childhood Diabetes Registry. Setting: Two national registries in Norway. Participants: All live births in Norway between 1974 and 1998 (1 382 602 individuals) contributed a maximum of 15 years of observation, a total of 8 184 994 person years of observation in the period 1989 to 1998. 1824 children with type 1 diabetes were diagnosed between 1989 and 1998. Main outcome measures: Estimates of rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals for type 1 diabetes from Poisson regression analyses. Results: The incidence rate of type 1 diabetes increased almost linearly with birth weight. The rate ratio for children with birth weights 4500 g or more compared with those with birth weights less than 2000 g was 2.21 (95% confidence interval 1.24 to 3.94), test for trend P=0.0001. There was no significant association between gestational age and type 1 diabetes. The results persisted after adjustment for maternal diabetes and other potential confounders. Conclusion: There is a relatively weak but significant association between birth weight and increased risk of type 1 diabetes consistent over a wide range of birth weights. What is already known on this topic Results of case-control studies of birth weight and risk of type 1 diabetes have been inconsistent It is possible that a relatively weak association exists, and large studies are needed to find out if this is the case What this study adds This is the largest study of birth weight and type 1 diabetes published to date, and the first one to use a cohort design The incidence of type 1 diabetes increased almost linearly with increasing birth weight over a wide range of birth weights, independent of gestational age, maternal diabetes, and other potential confounders The trend was highly significant, but the increment in risk with increasing birth weight was still relatively low
Culture's Role in Entrepreneurship; Self-employment out of Dissatisfaction

This paper studies the influence of cultural and economic variables on differences in the level of entrepreneurship hi more than twenty Western nations and Japan, for the period 1974-1994. We combine data on entrepreneurial and economic variables with data on cultural variables. Firot, we consider crocs-uvtinnal relationships between the cultural variables and entrepreneurship. The results yield evidence that, across nations, dissatisfaction with society and with life in general are the main determinants of entrepreneurship. Countries where people are less satisfied have more entrepreneurs. These are often societies with larger power distance, stronger uncertainty avoidance, more bureaucracy and corruption, and which are relatively poor. Subsequently, we carry out regressions including economic and dissatisfaction variables for which time series are available. There are indications for a U-shaped relationship between prosperity and entrepreneurship. Furthermore, unemployment is consistently found to be a significant push factor for self-employment. However, dissatisfaction with life and with society come out again as main determinants of entrepreneurship across nations, even stronger than the economic variables. Finally, by repeating the regressions for several cultural country clusterings, we show that neglecting the role of the cultural context creates an incorrect picture of the influence of the economic determinants on entrepreneurship.
Estimation and Seasonal Adjustment of Population Means Using Data from Repeated Surveys

I consider estimation and seasonal adjustment of population means based on rotating panel surveys carried out at regular time intervals. The analysis uses a dynamic structural model that assumes a decomposition of the mean into a trend-level component and a seasonal component. The model accounts for the correlations between individual panel estimators and for possible rotation group effects. It can be applied to general rotation patterns using either the individual panel estimates or the aggregate sample estimates, depending on data availability. Empirical results illustrating the important features of the procedure are presented.
Intracellular Retention of Glycosylphosphatidyl Inositol-Linked Proteins in Caveolin-Deficient Cells

ABSTRACT The relationship between glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-linked proteins and caveolins remains controversial. Here, we derived fibroblasts from Cav-1 null mouse embryos to study the behavior of GPI-linked proteins in the absence of caveolins. These cells lack morphological caveolae, do not express caveolin-1, and show a ∼95% down-regulation in caveolin-2 expression; these cells also do not express caveolin-3, a muscle-specific caveolin family member. As such, these caveolin-deficient cells represent an ideal tool to study the role of caveolins in GPI-linked protein sorting. We show that in Cav-1 null cells GPI-linked proteins are preferentially retained in an intracellular compartment that we identify as the Golgi complex. This intracellular pool of GPI-linked proteins is not degraded and remains associated with intracellular lipid rafts as judged by its Triton insolubility. In contrast, GPI-linked proteins are transported to the plasma membrane in wild-type cells, as expected. Furthermore, recombinant expression of caveolin-1 or caveolin-3, but not caveolin-2, in Cav-1 null cells complements this phenotype and restores the cell surface expression of GPI-linked proteins. This is perhaps surprising, as GPI-linked proteins are confined to the exoplasmic leaflet of the membrane, while caveolins are cytoplasmically oriented membrane proteins. As caveolin-1 normally undergoes palmitoylation on three cysteine residues (133, 143, and 156), we speculated that palmitoylation might mechanistically couple caveolin-1 to GPI-linked proteins. In support of this hypothesis, we show that palmitoylation of caveolin-1 on residues 143 and 156, but not residue 133, is required to restore cell surface expression of GPI-linked proteins in this complementation assay. We also show that another lipid raft-associated protein, c-Src, is retained intracellularly in Cav-1 null cells. Thus, Golgi-associated caveolins and caveola-like vesicles could represent part of the transport machinery that is necessary for efficiently moving lipid rafts and their associated proteins from the trans-Golgi to the plasma membrane. In further support of these findings, GPI-linked proteins were also retained intracellularly in tissue samples derived from Cav-1 null mice (i.e., lung endothelial and renal epithelial cells) and Cav-3 null mice (skeletal muscle fibers).
Exploring Taiwanses Working Holiday-Makers’ Motivations

This study extends the means–end approach to examine the motivating factors associated with the experiences of working holiday–makers, ranging from tangible attributes (i.e., travel characteristics), to the reasons for traveling and underlying personal values. By using the “laddering” technique and interviewing 60 subjects from Taiwan who had previously completed their working holidays in Australia or New Zealand, the resulting linkages strengthen the ability to probe outcomes and values and derive cognitive representation of tourist behavior, including how working holiday tourism is related to the enhancement of personal values and to meeting tourists’ needs. The study’s findings have implications for researchers and practitioners interested in working holiday tourism.
An emerging consensus on aquaporin translocation as a regulatory mechanism

Abstract Water passes through cell membranes relatively slowly by diffusion. In order to maintain water homeostasis, the rapid and specific regulation of cellular water flow is mediated by the aquaporin (AQP) family of membrane protein water channels. The wide range of tissues that are known to express AQPs is reflected by their involvement in many physiological processes and diseases; thirteen human AQPs have been identified to date and the majority are highly specific for water while others show selectivity for water, glycerol and other small solutes. Receptor mediated translocation, via hormone activation, is an established method of AQP regulation, especially for AQP2. There is now an emerging consensus that the rapid and reversible translocation of other AQPs from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane, triggered by a range of stimuli, confers altered membrane permeability thereby acting as a regulatory mechanism. This review examines the molecular components that may enable such AQP regulation; these include cytoskeletal proteins, kinases, calcium and retention or localization signals. Current knowledge on the dynamic regulation of sub-cellular AQP translocation in response to a specific trigger is explored in the context of the regulation of cellular water flow.
How Plant Managers' Experiences and Attitudes Toward Sustainability Relate to Operational Performance

Managers are increasingly faced with pressure to think not just about profits, but also about their organization's environmental and social performance. This research provides a first examination of operational managers' experiences with and attitudes about employee well‐being and environmental issues, how these factors impact employee well‐being and environmental performance, and how the three performance measures interrelate. We use violations of Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations and Toxic Release Inventory reports of emissions as proxies for employee well‐being and environmental performance. Our findings suggest that operational managers do not (yet) think in sustainability terms. However, employee well‐being and environmental performance do interact in a significant way with operational performance. Hence, operational managers would benefit from a more complete understanding of the relationships among the elements of the triple bottom line.
Strategies of Technology Accumulation by Indian Pharmaceutical Firms: A Multinomial Logit Analysis

Driven by technological race, the survival of the firms largely depends upon the technological proximity they possess. Evolutionary theories emphasized that ‘technology’ is a source of growth and its accumulation is a continuous and path-dependent process that require specific and strategic policies. The hypothesis of the article is, thus that ‘both investments in indigenous research and development (R&D) and royalty payments’ are the dominant sources of technology accumulation in the successful firms. For the analysis, the case study of Indian pharmaceutical industry was done for the period from 2000 to 2011 and the multinomial logit model is used for the analysis. However, both the descriptive and econometric analysis refute the hypothesis. Further, the article tried to estimate the dominant choice of technology accumulation in the sector and to find the characteristics of the firms that lead it to make those specific choices.
Generation and Utilization of Polyclonal Antibodies to a Synthetic C-Terminal Amino Acid Fragment of Divercin V41, a Class IIa Bacteriocin

ABSTRACT Polyclonal antibodies have been generated by immunization of rabbits with a chemically synthesized C-terminal part of divercin V41 (DvnCt) conjugated to the carrier protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The sensitivity and reactivity of the DvnCt-KLH-generated antibodies were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using supernatant from cultures of 13 representative lactic acid bacterium strains, and specificity was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Anti-DvnCt-KLH antibodies were able to recognize not only divercin V41 but also enterocin P and piscicocin V1b, two other members of the class IIa bacteriocins. Production and activity of DvnV41 were evaluated by ELISA and activity tests during the growth of Carnobacterium divergens V41 in MRS medium containing or not containing Tween 80. Divercin V41, enterocin P, and piscicocin V1b were therefore purified by a single-step immunoaffinity chromatography method using a Sepharose matrix CNBr-activated directed binding of anti-DvnCt-KLH polyclonal antibodies.
A systemic complete response of metastatic melanoma to local radiation and immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND Melanoma is a relatively immunogenic tumor, in which infiltration of melanoma cells by T lymphocytes is associated with a better clinical prognosis. We hypothesized that radiation-induced cell death may provide additional stimulation of an anti-tumor immune response in the setting of anti-CTLA-4 treatment. METHODS In a pilot melanoma patient, we prospectively tested this hypothesis. We treated the patient with two cycles of ipilimumab, followed by stereotactic ablative radiotherapy to two of seven hepatic metastases, and two additional cycles of ipilimumab. RESULTS Subsequent positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan indicated that all metastases, including unirradiated liver lesions and an unirradiated axillary lesion, had completely resolved, consistent with a complete response by RECIST. CONCLUSION The use of radiotherapy in combination with targeted immunotherapy as a noninvasive in vivo tumor vaccine strategy appears to be a promising method of enhancing the induction of systemic immune responses and anti-tumor effect.
Toward A Model of International Compensation and Rewards: Learning From how Managers Respond to Variations in Local Host Contexts

Managers and researchers recognize that the tensions created by the interplay of globalization and national environments influence the behaviors of multinational enterprises (MNEs). In order to develop a model that is useful for understanding the effects of the global and local host environments on managerial compensation, we undertook a grounded theory building study of managers in several multinationals. We use the information gained to extend two contemporary perspectives of IHRM: national culture, and strategic alignment. We develop the idea that it is the relative degree of variation (flexibility) within the local host context that is critical to understanding managers' ICRS decisions. We present a different, pragmatic experimentation view of managers' ICRS decision making, which we believe offers insights into the effects of the interplay of the MNE pressures to create integrated global systems and the pressures generated within the local host environments.
A Data-Driven Categorization of Investable Assets

An important objective of asset allocation strategies is the construction of diversified portfolios. In order to approach their target, they strongly depend on the classification of assets. Conventionally, investment decisions are taken on the basis of a partition of the investable universe into asset classes, e.g. cash, equity, bonds, real assets, and alternative investments (hedge funds and private equity). Over the last years this framework has been under revision, and the industry has begun to think more in terms of risk factors or risk classes. This paper aims to contribute to this discussion by presenting a data-driven categorization of investable assets. The methodology used is hierarchical cluster analysis, a data mining technique, which allows grouping objects into categories by similarity. We show that the separation of equities and bonds is reflected in the data-driven categorization, while more complex investments and in particular alternative investments are exposed to a range of diverse risk factors.
The economics of collective knowledge and technological communication

Technological knowledge can be understood as a collective good when it is the outcome of the integration between internal to the firm investments in R&D and learning and the absorption of competencies and technologies provided by external organizations (such as, other firms, universities, R&D centers). Technological communication is a crucial strategy in such dynamic interaction between the firm and the system. Only under effective conditions of technological communication the private and social benefits derived from the exploitation of spillovers are higher than the private losses due to partial inappropriability. The article presents a simple microeconomic framework to understand knowledge production and distribution, integrating the effects and conditions of technological communication within a knowledge production function. The interaction between internal investments in R&D and learning, partial inappropriability, the conditions for the access to external knowledge and the exploitation of spillovers explains increasing returns in the production of knowledge.
Why Do so Many Young American Men Commit Crimes and What Might We Do About it?

This paper shows that participation in crime and involvement with the criminal justice system has reached extraordinary levels among young men. With approximately 2 percent as many men incarcerated as in the labor force, the crime rate should have plummeted. It didn't. Evidence suggests that the depressed labor market for low skill American workers contributed to the continued high level of crime by less educated men, despite incapacitation and the deterrent effect of imprisonment. The costs of incarceration are such that even marginally effective prevention policies can be socially desirable.
Tourists’ Life Satisfaction at Home and Away

This study examined satisfaction with life in the context of seasonal migrants who routinely live at a destination for an extended period of time each year. Findings from 1,257 seasonal migrants in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas indicate that in general the migrants are more active and more satisfied with life at the destination than at their hometowns and that specifically female migrants are more satisfied with life at the destination than male migrants. Importantly, the study also found that the migrants’ satisfaction with culture, health and safety, and financial life domains; their activities both at the destination and in comparison to their activities at home; and their satisfaction with life at home contribute to greater satisfaction with life at the destination. Finally, satisfaction with life at the destination significantly affects the likelihood that the seasonal migrants will return and recommend the destination to others.
Financial intermediation, monitoring, and liquidity

This paper constructs a theoretical model that integrates the two objectives of capital adequacy requirements and deposit insurance, namely avoiding banking crises and protecting small depositors. The paper also addresses the related question: why do banks fund loans with both equity and demand deposits? The model determines the optimal bank capital structure. In comparison with a Diamond-Dybvig bank which funds loans with demand deposits only, a capitalized financial intermediary provides liquidity to its depositors at a lower cost, and channels more funds to the most efficient investments. The model identifies the sources of market failure that may justify banking regulation. Copyright 2008 , Oxford University Press.
Modelling myopic responses to policy: an enhancement to the NIBAX model

Published by the Department for Work and Pensions October 2010 www.dwp. gov.uk Working paper no. 88 ISBN 978-1-84712-871-3 Although the view that at least some people are myopic has featured in contemporary policy debate, little is currently understood about the practical implications of shortsightedness in a realistic policy setting. This report publishes the results of work conducted by the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) to help meet the information gap. The report describes analytical routines that were developed to explore the influence of myopia on savings and labour supply decisions, and which have been supplied to civil servants within DWP and HM Revenue and Customs. Illustrative simulations produced by the analytical routines indicate that myopia can have very profound – and sometimes surprising – behavioural implications. The simulations suggest that myopia will tend to reduce labour supply early in life, increase the use of unsecured credit, and depress aggregate savings. We also find that myopia tends to increase the age of retirement, as individuals attempt to make up for some of their savings short-fall. The simulations also suggest that allowing people to invest in pensions tends to mitigate the behavioural effects of myopia.