Reading and learning to read

1. Knowledge and Beliefs About Reading. The Importance of Belief Systems. How Teachers Come to Know About Reading and Learning to Read. Cognitive Insights into Reading and Learning to Read. Reading from a Language Perspective. Models of Reading. 2. Approaches to Reading Instruction Belief Systems and Approaches to Literacy Instruction. Curriculum Perspectives. Instructional Approaches. Approaches and Strategies in Comprehensive Instruction. 3. Early Literacy: From Birth to School. Children's Development in Early Reading and Writing. Developmentally Appropriate Practices. 4. Inviting Beginners into the Literacy Club. Learning Literacy Through Storybooks. Learning about the Relationships between Speech and Print. Learning About Features of Written Language. Learning About Letters and Sounds. 5. Assessing Reading Performance. Toward a Corroborative Framework for Decision Making. Trends in Assessment. Formal Assessment. Informal Assessment. Portfolio Assessment. 6. Word Identification. Defining Word Identification. Phases of Development in Children's Ability to Identify Words. Approaches and Guidelines for Teaching Phonics. Strategies for Teaching Phonics. Using Meaning and Letter-Word Formation to Identify Words. Rapid Recognition of Words. Balancing Word Identification Instruction. 7. Reading Fluency. Defining Oral Reading Fluency. Developing Oral Reading Fluency. Routines for Fluency Development. Monitoring Oral Reading Fluency. Developing Silent Reading Fluency. 8. Vocabulary Knowledge and Concept Development. The Relationship Between Vocabulary and Comprehension. Experiences, Concepts, and Words. Principles to Guide Vocabulary Instruction. Best Practice: Strategies for Vocabulary and Concept Development. 9. Reading Comprehension. Scaffolding the Development and Use of Comprehension Strategies. Developing Readers' Awareness of Story Structure. Guiding Interactions between Reader and Text. Reading Comprehension and the Web 10. Meeting the Literacy Needs of Diverse Learners. Linguistic Diversity in Literacy Classrooms. Cultural Diversity in Literacy Classrooms. Academic and Cognitive Diversity in Literacy Classrooms. 11. Reading-Writing Connections. Creating Environments for Reading and Writing. Connecting Reading and Writing. Establishing a Predictable Structure for Writing. Reading-Writing-Technology Connections. 12. Bringing Children and Literature Together. Supporting a Community of Readers. Surrounding Children with Literature. Organizing for Literature-Based Instruction. Encouraging Responses to Literature. 13. Basal Readers and Instructional Materials. The First Basals Basal Programs Today. Characteristics of Basal Readers. Making Instructional Decisions. Instructional Materials. 14. Making the Transition to Content Area Texts. Why Are Content Area Textbooks Difficult? Using Literature and Nonfiction Trade Books across the Curriculum. Strategies before Reading. Extending Content Learning through Reading and Writing. 15. Managing and Organizing an Effective Classroom. Improving Instruction. Individualizing Instruction. Putting It All Together: Organizing a Classroom Community. Technology in the Literacy Classroom Appendices: A. Beliefs about Reading Interview B. DeFord Theoretical Orientation to Reading Profile C. Reading and Writing Accomplishments of Young Children by Grade Level D. Trade Books That Repeat Phonic Elements E. Annotated Bibliography of Read-Aloud Books for Developing Phonemic Awareness F. Recommended Books for Multicultural Classrooms G. IRA Standards for Reading Professionals