Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Processor, Assembler, and Compiler Design Education Using an FPGA

This paper reports the design of two courses, "embedded hardware'' and "embedded software" offered in 2008 spring semester at Hiroshima University. These courses use 16-bit processor TINYCPU, cross assembler TINYASM, and cross compiler TINYC. They are designed very simple and compact: The total number of lines of the source code is only 427. Thus, students can understandthe entire design easily, and can learn the basics of computer and embedded system, including processor architecture, assembler and compiler design, assembler programming in a unified way by experiment.
Ga2O3 MOSFETs Using Spin-On-Glass Source/Drain Doping Technology

We report the first demonstration of source/drain (S/D) doping using tin (Sn) doped spin-on-glass (SOG) on Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> power MOSFET. The effectiveness of SOG doping is verified by a comparative experiment on semi-insulating Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> substrates. A specific contact resistance of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\rho _{c}= 2.1\pm 1.4\times 10^{-5}\,\,\Omega \cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula>cm<sup>2</sup> is obtained to the SOG doped layer. The thermal diffusion behavior of Sn in Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is investigated as well. MOSFETs with SOG S/D doping is fabricated on 200-nm epitaxial Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> layer with an average effective doping of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times 10^{17}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/cm<sup>3</sup>. An increased peak output drain current density of 40 mA/mm is achieved due to reduced S/D resistance. The maximum transconductance (g<sub>m</sub>) is extracted to be 1.23 mS/mm for a device with <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm{L_g}= 2 \mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The device also shows a large ON/ OFF ratio of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10^{8}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and breakdown voltage of 382 V.
Why Don't Coastal Residents Choose to Evacuate for Hurricanes?

A multinomial choice framework was used to analyze data from hypothetical storm forecast scenarios administered via mail survey to a random sample of U.S. Gulf Coast residents. Results indicate that the issuance of a mandatory evacuation notice and the presence of higher wind speeds had the largest influence on increasing the likelihood of evacuation. Age, race, disability, distance, and education were significant in explaining one's decision to wait relative to choosing to evacuate. Blacks and disabled individuals were strictly less likely to wait and more likely to make an immediate evacuation decision. Hurricane Katrina evacuees and those with an evacuation destination identified were also more likely to decide to evacuate, but were also more likely to wait before deciding. Results indicate that residents of mobile homes were more likely to either evacuate or wait before making a decision, but strictly less likely not to evacuate. Respondents very confident in being rescued were strictly more likely not to evacuate. Results indicate that not having an evacuation destination identified was the most influential factor regarding the likelihood of not knowing what choice to make.
Identification of a Dolabellane Type Diterpene Synthase and other Root-Expressed Diterpene Synthases in Arabidopsis

Arabidopsis thaliana maintains a complex metabolism for the production of secondary or specialized metabolites. Such metabolites include volatile and semivolatile terpenes, which have been associated with direct and indirect defensive activities in flowers and leaves. In comparison, the structural diversity and function of terpenes in Arabidopsis roots has remained largely unexplored despite a substantial number of root-expressed genes in the Arabidopsis terpene synthase (TPS) gene family. We show that five root-expressed TPSs of an expanded subfamily-a type clade in the Arabidopsis TPS family function as class I diterpene synthases that predominantly convert geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to different semi-volatile diterpene products, which are in part detectable at low levels in the ecotypes Columbia (Col) and Cape Verde Island (Cvi). The enzyme TPS20 produces a macrocyclic dolabellane diterpene alcohol and a dolabellane-related diterpene olefin named dolathaliatriene with a so far unknown C6-C11 bicyclic scaffold besides several minor olefin products. The TPS20 compounds occur in all tissues of Cvi but are absent in the Col ecotype because of deletion and substitution mutations in the Col TPS20 sequence. The primary TPS20 diterpene products retard the growth of the root rot pathogen Pythium irregulare but only at concentrations exceeding those in planta. Together, our results demonstrate that divergence and pseudogenization in the Arabidopsis TPS gene family allow for structural plasticity in diterpene profiles of above- and belowground tissues.
Rare-earth vs. heavy metal pigments and their colors from first principles

Many inorganic pigments contain heavy metals hazardous to health and environment. Much attention has been devoted to the quest for nontoxic alternatives based on rare-earth elements. However, the computation of colors from first principles is a challenge to electronic structure methods, especially for materials with localized f-orbitals. Here, starting from atomic positions only, we compute the colors of the red pigment cerium fluorosulfide as well as mercury sulfide (classic vermilion). Our methodology uses many-body theories to compute the optical absorption combined with an intermediate length-scale modelization to assess how coloration depends on film thickness, pigment concentration, and granularity. We introduce a quantitative criterion for the performance of a pigment. While for mercury sulfide, this criterion is satisfied because of large transition matrix elements between wide bands, cerium fluorosulfide presents an alternative paradigm: the bright red color is shown to stem from the combined effect of the quasi-2D and the localized nature of states. Our work shows the power of modern computational methods, with implications for the theoretical design of materials with specific optical properties.
International Money and Capitalist Crisis: The Anatomy of Global Disintegration

François Gauthier "Brett, E.A. International Money and Capitalist Crisis : The Anatomy of Global Disintegration. London-Boulder (Col.), Heineman-Westview Press, 1983, 278 p." Études internationales 151 (1984): 229–231. DOI : 10.7202/701630ar Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. [https://apropos.erudit. org/fr/usagers/politiquedutilisation/]
Patients’ experiences of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: a qualitative systematic review and synthesis

Objective To review and synthesise qualitative research studies that have explored patients’ experience of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Design Systematic review and meta-synthesis of 7 original papers, using metaethnography. Setting Studies conducted in Denmark, France and Sweden. Participants 116 patients who had undergone DBS and 9 spouses of patients. Results Prior to surgery, the experience of advancing PD is one of considerable loss and a feeling of loss of control. There are significant hopes for what DBS can bring. Following surgery, a sense of euphoria is described by many, although this does not persist and there is a need for significant transitions following this. We suggest that normality as a concept is core to the experience of DBS and that a sense of control may be a key condition for normality. Experience of DBS for patients and spouses, and of the transitions that they must undertake, is influenced by their hopes of what surgery will enable them to achieve, or regain (ie, a new normality). Conclusions There is a need for further qualitative research to understand the nature of these transitions to inform how best patients and their spouses can be supported by healthcare professionals before, during and after DBS. In assessing the outcomes of DBS and other treatments in advanced PD, we should consider how to capture holistic concepts such as normality and control. Studies that examine the outcomes of DBS require longer term follow-up.
Racial Dynamics of Subprime Mortgage Lending at the Peak

Subprime mortgage lending in the early 2000s was a leading cause of the Great Recession. From 2003 to 2006, subprime loans jumped from 7.6% of the mortgage market to 20.1%, with black and Latino borrowers receiving a disproportionate share. This article leveraged the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data and multinomial regression to model home-purchase mortgage lending in 2006, the peak of the housing boom. The findings expose a complicated story of race and income. Consistent with previous research, blacks and Latinos were more likely and Asians less likely to receive subprime loans than whites were. Income was positively associated with receipt of subprime loans for minorities, whereas the opposite was true for whites. When expensive (jumbo) loans were excluded from the sample, regressions found an even stronger, positive association between income and subprime likelihood for minorities, supporting the theory that wealthier minorities were targeted for subprime loans when they could have qualified for prime loans. This finding also provides another example of an aspect of American life in which minorities are unable to leverage higher class position in the same way as whites are. Contrary to previous research, model estimates did not find that borrowers paid a penalty (in increased likelihood of subprime outcome) for buying homes in minority communities.
HR flexibility and firm performance: analysis of a multi-level causal model

Human resource flexibility as a construct, how it develops, and its effect on firm performance have not received adequate attention in strategic HRM literature in spite of their obvious importance in today's dynamic competitive environment. Based on a study of 98 manufacturing and 103 service firms in India, this paper addresses these issues by developing and testing a multi-level model that attempts to explore the ‘black box’ of the interlinkages between the various components of HR flexibility and firm-level human, operational, and financial outcomes. The results suggest that a certain set of ambidextrous HR practices constitute a distinct dimension of HR flexibility, beyond the dimensions of flexibilities of skill, behaviour and HR practices as already identified in the existing literature. Evidences from both manufacturing and service sectors support the notion of HR value chain that suggests that HR system has a direct impact on firm-level HR outcomes which are most proximal, and its effects on increasingly more distal operational and financial outcomes are mediated by HR outcomes that it produces. Another important finding is that HR practices as a system have both direct and indirect (mediated by behavioural flexibility) effects on firm-level HR outcomes. Existence of significant direct effects highlights the important role that HR practices play as a structural mechanism in achieving superior firm performance.
Mechanism of soft and hard breakdown in hexagonal boron nitride 2D dielectrics

In this study, we investigate the physical mechanism of soft and hard dielectric breakdown using conductive atomic force microscope (CAFM) as a nanoscale spectroscopy tool on blanket hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) films with thickness of ∼ 4 nm grown on Cu substrate. The soft breakdown regime involves vacancies/defects (boron and/or nitrogen) rich percolation path formation while the hard breakdown regime shows nano-pore formation that involves removal of h-BN layers and formation of a metallic contact due to CAFM tip adhesion with the Cu substrate. Reduction of Weibull slope for successive soft breakdown events due to multiple ramp voltage tests at each location confirms the validity of the percolation model. We observe a concavity in the breakdown voltage distribution that can be explained by the thickness variations in h-BN layers. The clustering model is shown to be good candidate to describe the breakdown voltage distributions.
Threat captures attention but does not affect learning of contextual regularities

ABSTRACT Some of the stimulus features that guide visual attention are abstract properties of objects such as potential threat to one's survival, whereas others are complex configurations such as visual contexts that are learned through past experiences. The present study investigated the two functions that guide visual attention, threat detection and learning of contextual regularities, in visual search. Search arrays contained images of threat and non-threat objects, and their locations were fixed on some trials but random on other trials. Although they were irrelevant to the visual search task, threat objects facilitated attention capture and impaired attention disengagement. Search time improved for fixed configurations more than for random configurations, reflecting learning of visual contexts. Nevertheless, threat detection had little influence on learning of the contextual regularities. The results suggest that factors guiding visual attention are different from factors that influence learning to guide visual attention.
Dual Psychological Processes Underlying Public Stigma and the Implications for Reducing Stigma

People with serious illness or disability are often burdened with social stigma that promotes a cycle of poverty via unemployment, inadequate housing and threats to mental health. Stigma may be conceptualized in terms of self-stigma (e.g., shame and lowered self-esteem) or public stigma (e.g., the general public′s prejudice towards the stigmatized). This article examines two psychological processes that underlie public stigma: associative processes and rule-based processes. Associative processes are quick and relatively automatic whereas rule-based processes take longer to manifest themselves and involve deliberate thinking. Associative and rule-based thinking require different assessment instruments, follow a different time course and lead to different effects (e.g., stigma-by-association vs attributional processing that results in blame). Of greatest importance is the fact that each process may require a different stigma-prevention strategy.
The Impact of Improving Nutrition During Early Childhood on Education Among Guatemalan Adults

Using a longitudinal survey from rural Guatemala, we examine the effect of an early childhood nutritional intervention on adult educational outcomes. An intent-to-treat model yields substantial effects of an experimental intervention that provided highly nutritious food supplements to children, a quarter century after it ended: increases of 1.2 grades completed for women and one quarter SD on standardised reading comprehension and non-verbal cognitive ability tests for both women and men. Two-stage least squares results that endogenise the actual supplement intakes corroborate these magnitudes. Improving the nutrient intakes of very young children can have substantial, long-term, educational consequences.
Elite Decision Makers' Strategic Use of European Integration and Globalisation Discourses: Irish and Danish Banking Sector Reforms in the 1990s and 2000s

This article investigates decision makers' strategic use of European integration and globalisation discourses to justify and coordinate national sector reforms. This is done using the example of banking sector reforms in two small European Union (EU) member states, Ireland and Denmark. Two key arguments are put forward: (1) National governments' ability to make credible claims about their ability to influence the direction of European integration is crucial in enabling them to justify sector reforms. Thus, as a full member of the European Monetary Union (EMU), Irish decision makers are able to make credible claims about their influence on European financial integration, an option not available to Danish decision makers since Denmark is not a Eurozone member; (2) Globalisation comprises a particularly compelling set of discourses which enables decision makers to carry through sector reforms in line with European integration measures, even in the absence of national commitment to the latter. Discourses of globalisation have thus become ‘the last resort’ for Danish decision makers in justifying and coordinating reforms that are in line with EU regulations and recommendations.
Outcomes of cystocele repair surgery in relation to different anesthesia methods

Objective. To investigate outcomes of cystocele surgery by different anesthesia and evaluation of patient satisfaction. Design. Population‐based, retrospective study. Setting. All clinics that included patients in the Swedish National Register for Gynecological Surgery. Population. A total of 1,364 women who underwent cystocele repair from January 2006 to June 2009. Methods. The study population was retrieved from the Register among women who had surgery and where there was complete information on concurrently used anesthesia. Clinical variables were compared. Peri‐ and postoperative complications were investigated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to identify independent factors for patient satisfaction. Main outcome measures. Time to recovery, complications and patient satisfaction. Results. We found a wide variation between hospitals with respect to use of local anesthesia (LA) in cystocele surgery. Length of hospital stay, duration of use of postoperative painkilling drugs, and patient‐reported time to return to daily activity were shorter in the LA group compared to the other two anesthesia forms. Postoperative complications did not differ between groups. Age (≥50 years) and patient‐reported complications were independent factors related to patient satisfaction (OR 3.05; 95%CI 1.36–6.82 and OR 0.21; 95%CI 0.12–0.36, respectively). Patient satisfaction did not relate to methods of anesthesia. Conclusion. Cystocele surgery can be performed safely using LA thus limiting the use of more invasive anesthesia methods. LA benefits patients and should be increasingly used.
Are Social Networks the Ties that Bind Families to Neighborhoods?

This paper examines the impact of intra-neighborhood social ties on the inter-neighborhood residential mobility of families with children using data from the 1997 and 2002 Child Development Supplements (CDS) of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Results suggest that local kinship ties and the social networks of children deter the inter-neighborhood mobility of families with children. Among low-income families, local social ties are even more ‘binding’. These results have important implications for community development policy and housing programs that emphasize inter-neighborhood mobility.
Measuring Market Power in U.S. Industry

Non-competitive conduct can be assessed by estimating the size of the markup or Lerner index achieved in a market. The markup implies a price elasticity of demand faced by the representative firm. For a given markup, non-competitive conduct is greater the more elastic is the market elasticity of demand. The ratio of the firm's to the market elasticity is a measure of non-competitive conduct that is insensitive to the value of the monopoly. To implement this measure, both the firm's and the market elasticities of demand must be estimated. Hall shows how to estimate the markup, and hence the elasticity faced by the firm, from the cyclical behavior of productivity. To estimate the market elasticity, an instrumental variables procedure exploiting a covariance restriction between productivity shocks and demand shocks is used. Results for broad sectors of private industry and for non-durable manufacturing industries display a wide range of monopoly power.
Subxiphoid and subcostal arch "Three ports" thoracoscopic extended thymectomy for myasthenia gravis.

Background The approaches to thoracoscopic thymectomy in myasthenia gravis (MG) are debatable. We developed a novel approach via subxiphoid and subcostal arch, with a significantly shorter duration of operation and hospital stay, less estimated blood loss, and lower postoperative pain. Methods From December 2012 to December 2014, 77 myasthenia gravis patients with or without thymoma underwent thoracoscopic extended thymectomy at our hospital. Among them, 41 patients were operated via the subxiphoid and subcostal arch approach and the other 36 via the conventional unilateral approach. The patient outcomes were retrospectively reviewed and evaluated. Results The thoracoscopic extended thymectomy was performed safely via the subxiphoid and subcostal arch approach. In this approach, no drainage tube was inserted after operation except in the first two patients. Two of the 41 patients were switched to trans-sternal approach due to the tight adhesion between the thymoma and the left innominate vein. No major complications occurred. Compared with the unilateral approach, the duration of the procedure via subxiphoid and subcostal arch was significantly shorter, with less estimated blood loss, shorter hospital-stay and lower postoperative pain (P<0.001). The cosmetic scores were comparable between the two groups (P=0.369). Conclusions The novel subxiphoid and subcostal arch approach is technically feasible and safe. It is an acceptable alternative to conventional thoracoscopic extended thymectomy.
Leadership Structure and Corporate Governance in Switzerland

The question of whether the CEO should also serve as chairman of the board is one of the most hotly debated issues in the recent corporate governance discussion. While agencytheoretic arguments advocate a separation of decision and control functions, the empirical evidence focusing on U.S. companies is not conclusive. In this context evidence from a country with a different practice of CEO succession may provide important new insights with respect to the question of whether one leadership structure should generally be preferred to the other one. This article fills this gap by investigating the valuation effects of leadership structure in Switzerland where - in contrast to the U.S. - a separation of the CEO and chairman functions is common. Consistent with the majority of prior research focusing on the U.S. the authors found no evidence of a systematic and significant difference in valuation between firms with combined and firms with separated functions. They also investigated whether leadership structure is related to firm-level corporate governance characteristics and found a similar curvilinear relationship between leadership structure and managerial shareholdings as is observed between firm value and managerial shareholdings. An implication is that possible agency costs associated with a combined function are mitigated by a higher incentive alignment of the CEO/chairman through an adequate level of managerial shareholdings. Over the last few years corporate governance became an important investment criterion, which is for example reflected in the emergence of various corporate governance ratings. The authors of this article additionally investigated whether firm value is significantly related to firm level corporate governance as measured by a broad survey-based index for a representative sample of Swiss firms. They documented a positive and significant relationship between the corporate governance index and firm valuation. This finding is robust to controlling for a series of additional governance mechanisms related to ownership structure, board characteristics, and leverage as well as a potential endogeneity of these mechanisms.