Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhancing New Product Adoption at the Base of the Pyramid: A Contextualized Model

Companies are recognizing and pursuing the opportunity to serve the market known as the base of the pyramid (BOP), i.e., consumers who live in poverty in developing countries. The BOP constitutes the largest remaining global market frontier for businesses. Until recently, it has been ignored because of its seeming unattractiveness and insurmountable challenges compared with middle- and high-income markets. However, BOP consumers desire and are able to pay for quality products tailored to their needs. In response, firms are developing new products specific to the demands and conditions of this low-income population. To innovate effectively, ensuring new products are well received, firms need to know how to enhance new product adoption among these consumers despite the barriers of poverty. We address this need by developing a model of adoption contextualized to the BOP. Based on theories of innovation and poverty, and drawing on the emergent subsistence market literature, we propose that certain new product characteristics, social context dynamics, and marketing environment approaches moderate or counter some of the limits of poverty, making adoption possible. We then discuss the managerial and theoretical implications of our model for innovation practitioners and researchers.
What is the "therapeutic range" for voriconazole?

bioavailability of the parent drug but undergoes extensive, saturable hepatic metabolism, resulting in a nonlinear pharmacokinetic profile in adults [1], Consequently, voriconazole concentrations in serum may vary up to 100-fold from one patient to the next or within an individual patient depending on age, drug dose, concurrent illness, underlying liver function, drug-drug interactions, or genetic polymorphisms affecting cytochrome CYP2C19-mediated metabolism [3, 4]. This pharmacokinetic variability can be unsettling for the prescriber, who is often relying on voriconazole to treat a lifethreatening infection. In fact, it has become increasingly evident that intrapatient and interpatient pharmacokinetic variability of mold-active triazoles (i.e., voriconazole, itracona-
Changing value relevance

This paper investigates value relevance in France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom over the period 1991-2011. In contrast to most previous researches, value relevance is not only measured by coefficients of determination, but also by abnormal pricing errors (Gu, 2007). Three main findings are reported. First, value relevance appears to be stable in the sample countries over the period 1991-2004, after which there is a significant increase in value relevance that appears to be caused by the mandatory adoption of IFRS in 2005. Second, firms experiencing high amounts of business change have significantly lower value relevance than firms experiencing little business change. Finally, there does not appear to be a difference in the value relevance of financial statements in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, countries classified as having a market-oriented financial system, compared to that of financial statements in Germany and France, countries classified as having a bank-oriented financial system.
The Hope and Adaptation Scale (HAS): establishing face and content validity

Purpose: To develop and test the face and content validity of a scale that assesses an individual’s adaptation and expression of hope to a life changing events, disease or trauma. Method: The Hope and Adaptation Scale was developed and tested across three stages. Stage 1 involved the use of a review of literature to conceptually map the tool. Stage 2 required exploratory investigations of the questionnaire by members of an expert panel. Stage 3 assessed the construct validity of the resulting scale. Results: Through the processes of Stage 1 and 2, the tool was developed and reduced to a 3-item scale that assessed a spectrum of hope-related responses and a spectrum of adaptation-related responses. Stage 3 identified fifteen independent health care professionals who assessed the scale. The content validity index of the resultant scale was 0.6 that was above the required level to be acceptable. The hope spectrum responses scored the highest content validity ratio (0.73). Discussion: The proposed scale appears to have face and content validity for application to a various number of events, disease or trauma experiences. Further testing of the scale is required for application in specific population groups.
Role of the Net Assets in Assessing the Relevance of Earnings

This study considers that in Sri Lanka share market, the accounting variables would significantly explain the contemporaneous price, provided that Ohlson (1995) model implicate market efficiency. The study also attempts to explore the benchmarking role of net assets in assessing the value relevance of earnings and dividends. The results indicate positive significant relevance of net assets, earnings and dividends for explaining the price, independently. Pooled and fixed-year effect results of the model imply incremental relevance of accounting variables. However, this is not consistent with year-wise analysis, thus implying that Sri Lankan share market might be of weak form efficiency. The findings are repeatedly confirmed with the fixed-sector results, which are almost similar to fixed-year effect results. The benchmarking role of net assets in exploring the incremental relevance of earnings becomes meaningful only with the pooled analysis. Differently, the relevance of dividends is explored with the proxy role for future earnings, beyond current earnings.
Is Sales Growth of Companies Listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange Mean-Reverting?

Empirical research shows that corporate financial results (measured by sales growth, profitability, earnings growth, leverage, etc.) are characterized by the long-term reversion toward the levels average for the whole economy. In the case of sales growth this means that companies which in a given year show above-average growth in the following periods express the tendency to show slower pace of this growth and companies which in a given year show below-average growth in the following periods express the tendency to show faster pace of growth. In the paper we explore the reversion toward the mean of the sales growth of companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in the period of 2001-2009. The research confirmed the strong tendency of sales growth to revert toward the mean.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRATEGIC ORIENTATION AND SME FIRM PERFORMANCE: DEVELOPING A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This paper develops a conceptual framework for an intended study which will examine the effect of strategic orientation (SO) on firm performance among SMEs. SO is best described as the strategic directions which are put into practice by a firm to produce continuous superior performance. Although it has been argued that SO has a positive effect on firm performance, the idea of direct relationship between SO and firm performance is universal and too simplistic. Previous studies have identified several components of SO but this paper aims to take an integrative perspective of market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation and interaction orientation and their relationship with firm performance.
IMPACT OF 12-WEEK INGESTION OF SODIUM FLUORIDE ON AGGRESSION, SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, AND FERTILITY IN ADULT MALE RATS

SUMMARY: Ingestion of sodium fluoride at 100 and 300 ppm in drinking water for 12 weeks by adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was investigated for effects on territorial aggression, sexual behavior, and fertility. Body weight and absolute and relative testes weights were not affected, but the average weights of epididymis, ventral prostate, seminal vesicles, and preputial glands decreased significantly. A significant decline of spermatogenesis in testes due to a decrease in the number of spermatocytes (primary and secondary) and spermatids in the treatment group is attributed to a significant decrease in testosterone. Sperm motility and density were also significantly decreased in the cauda epididymis and in testes in both NaFtreated groups. In addition, the treatment markedly diminished aggressive and sexual behavioral parameters such as lateralization, boxing bouts, and ventral presenting postures. It also prolonged the time to the first mount, increased the intromission latency, decreased the number of intromissions, prolonged the postejaculatory interval, and increased the number of fetal resorptions in female rats
A new dispersed element in the genome of the catfish Hisonotus leucofrenatus (Teleostei

Eight restriction enzymes were used in the prospection and isolation of repetitive sequences in the genome of the catfish Hisonotus leucofrenatus, a siluriform fish species that presents a large heterochromatic block in the W chromosome. In the tested enzymes, only the BamHI enzyme revealed a distinct band of 224 bp G+C value of 37%. In comparative analyses with sequences already available in the GenBank, the BamHI fragment sequence showed similarity with part of a Lepidoptera transposon. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed that this sequence presents a dispersed pattern in the genome of H. leucofrenatus, forming clusters in some chromosome pairs in the pericentromeric region, which frequently are rich in constitutive heterochromatin. Based on the analysis performed, it can be inferred that the HLBam fragment constitutes a genomically dispersed transposon type element. It can be considered that the findings in this study can contribute to a better understanding of the organization and distribution of transposable elements in the genome of teleost fish.
Soluble MICB serum levels correlate with disease stage and survival rate in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Expression of ligands of natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) immunoreceptors, such as major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A/B (MICA/B), has been proposed to play an important role in tumour immunosurveillance. Soluble forms of MICA/B are increased in sera of cancer patients and are postulated to impair antitumour immune response by downregulating expression of NKG2D immunoreceptors. Serum levels of soluble MICA have been shown to be of diagnostic significance in malignant diseases. AIMS The potential of soluble MICB (sMICB) as a marker for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was investigated. RESULTS sMICB levels did not differ significantly from those in normal control individuals. However, the findings indicate that sMICB levels are significantly increased in stage IV OSCC and high sMICB levels are significantly associated with decreased survival rates in patients.
Effect of the Three Herbal Extracts on Growth Performance, Immune System, Blood Factors and Intestinal Selected Bacterial Population in Broiler Chickens

A research study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three herbal extracts and an antibiotic –virginiamycin- on growth performance, immune system, blood factors and selected intestinal bacterial populations in broiler chickens. A total of four hundred and eighty 1-day old male broiler chicks were assigned to the basal diet (control) , basal diet supplemented with 15 ppm of virginiamycin, basal diets with a 0.1% dose of either thyme (Thymus vulgaris ), coneflower ( Echinacea purpurea ), garlic ( Allium sativum ) or a blend of the three extracts in the drinking water. The highest and the lowest body weight and weight gain were related to virginiamycin and coneflower, (P 0.05). Garlic ( Allium sativum ) significantly reduced the serum levels of cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride as well as significantly increasing the level of HDL. Thyme ( Thymus vulgaris ) improved hematocrit percentage and hemoglobin concentration, but not significantly. The colony forming units of Escherichia coli in digesta of ileo-cecum in the blend group showed a significantly lower number compared with control. However, there was no difference observed in E. coli counts between blend group and others, except for control. The lactic acid bacteria counts in the thyme group increased as compared to other groups, except for coneflower (P< 0.05).
Hedge Fund Investor Activism and Takeovers

We examine long-horizon stock returns around hedge fund activism in a comprehensive sample of 13D filings by portfolio investors between 1993 and 2006. Abnormal returns surrounding investor activism are high for the subset of targets that are acquired ex-post, but not detectably different from zero for targets that remain independent a year after the initial activist request. Announcement returns show a similar pattern. Firms that are targeted by activists are more likely to get acquired than those in a control sample. We argue that the combination of hedge funds’ short investment horizons and their large positions in target firms makes M&A the only attractive exit option. The results also suggest that hedge funds may be better suited to identifying undervalued targets and prompting a takeover, than at engaging in long-term corporate governance or operating issues.
Auditor tenure, non-audit services and earnings conservatism: Evidence from Malaysia

This paper examines the effect of auditor tenure and provision of non-audit services on earnings conservatism. Following Basu (1997), we measure earnings conservatism by using the asymmetric timeliness of earnings model and the time-series test of timeliness in loss recognition model. Using a sample of 2,235 company-year observations from the period 2005-2008, we present evidence that auditor tenure and non-audit services are positively associated with earnings conservatism. These results are robust even after controlling for company size, leverage and growth. We further examine the influence of government-linked companies on the relationship between (1) auditor tenure, (2) provision of non-audit services, and earnings conservatism. We find that our main results hold for non-government linked companies. For government linked companies, we find no association between auditor tenure and earnings conservatism, while the provision of non-audit services is negatively associated with earnings conservatism. This result implies that high provision of non-audit services to government-linked companies lead to impairment of auditor independence. Our additional analysis also shows that auditor tenure and provision of non-audit services are associated with higher earnings conservatism, regardless of whether the companies are audited by industry specialist or non-industry specialist.
Assimilation of SMOS soil moisture into a distributed hydrological model and impacts on the water cycle variables over the Ouémé catchment in Benin

Abstract. Precipitation forcing is usually the main source of uncertainty in hydrology. It is of crucial importance to use accurate forcing in order to obtain a good distribution of the water throughout the basin. For real-time applications, satellite observations allow quasi-real-time precipitation monitoring like the products PERSIANN (Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks, TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) or CMORPH (CPC (Climate Prediction Center) MORPHing). However, especially in West Africa, these precipitation satellite products are highly inaccurate and the water amount can vary by a factor of 2. A post-adjusted version of these products exists but is available with a 2 to 3 month delay, which is not suitable for real-time hydrologic applications. The purpose of this work is to show the possible synergy between quasi-real-time satellite precipitation and soil moisture by assimilating the latter into a hydrological model. Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) soil moisture is assimilated into the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM) model. By adjusting the soil water content, water table depth and streamflow simulations are much improved compared to real-time precipitation without assimilation: soil moisture bias is decreased even at deeper soil layers, correlation of the water table depth is improved from 0.09–0.70 to 0.82–0.87, and the Nash coefficients of the streamflow go from negative to positive. Overall, the statistics tend to get closer to those from the reanalyzed precipitation. Soil moisture assimilation represents a fair alternative to reanalyzed rainfall products, which can take several months before being available, which could lead to a better management of available water resources and extreme events.
Synthetic Molecular Clouds from Supersonic MHD and Non-LTE Radiative Transfer Calculations

The dynamics of molecular clouds is characterized by supersonic random motions in the presence of a magnetic field. We study this situation using numerical solutions of the three-dimensional compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations in a regime of highly supersonic random motions. The non-LTE radiative transfer calculations are performed through the complex density and velocity fields obtained as solutions of the MHD equations, and more than 5 × 105 spectra of 12CO,13CO, and CS are obtained. In this way we build synthetic molecular clouds of 5 and 20 pc diameter, evolved for about one dynamical time from their initial configuration. We use a numerical flow without gravity or external forcing. The flow is super-Alfvénic. Synthetic data consist of sets of 90 × 90 synthetic spectra with 60 velocity channels, in five molecular transitions: J = 1 → 0 and J = 2 → 1 for 12CO and 13CO, and J = 1 → 0 for CS. Although we do not consider the effects of stellar radiation, gravity, or mechanical energy input from discrete sources, our models do contain the basic physics of magnetofluid dynamics and non-LTE radiation transfer and are therefore more realistic than previous calculations. As a result, these synthetic maps and spectra bear a remarkable resemblance to the corresponding observations of real clouds.
Cuticle fluorescence during embryogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana [L.] Heynh.

Cuticle visualized by auramine O fluorescence on developing Arabidopsis thaliana embryos was investigated. Localization of the cuticle was studied on embryos of the zygotic wild Ler ecotype and nine lines of embryonic mutant: CS 2330, CS 3009, CS 3016, CS 3023, CS3025, CS 6330, CS 6340, CS 6343 and CS 6346. In Arabidopsis Ler ecotype embryogenesis, a fluorescing cuticle layer appears on the globular embryo and persists during successive stages of development. Such a layer does not occur on the suspensor. In a similar way, fluorescing cuticle envelops the entire globular and older embryo of embryonic mutants, although the embryos of different mutant lines reach different developmental stages.
Peatland responses to varying interannual moisture conditions as measured by automatic CO2 chambers

Net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) was measured from June 2000 through October 2001 by 10 automatic chambers at a peatland in southeastern New Hampshire. The high temporal frequency of this sampling method permitted detailed examination of NEE as it varied daily and seasonally. Summer of 2001 was significantly drier than the 30‐year average, while summer of 2000 was wetter than normal. Although NEE varied spatially across the peatland with differences in plant species composition and biomass, maximum CO2 uptake was 30–40% larger in the drier summer in evergreen and deciduous shrub communities but the same or lower in sedge sites. Ecosystem respiration rates were 13–84% larger in the drier summer depending on plant growth form with water table and temperature as strong predictors. Ecosystem respiration was also correlated with maximum ecosystem productivity and foliar biomass suggesting that plant processes, water table, and temperature are tightly linked in their control of respiratory losses. The ratio between maximum productivity and respiration declined for evergreen shrub and sedge sites between the wet and dry summer, but increased in deciduous shrub sites. A drier climate may reduce the CO2 sink function of peatlands for some growth forms and increase it for others, suggesting that ecosystem carbon and climate models should account for differences in growth form responses to climate change. It also implies that plant functional types respond on short timescales to changes in moisture, and that the transition from sedges to shrubs could occur rapidly in peatlands under a drier and warmer climate.
Do executive function deficits differentiate between children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and ADHD comorbid with Oppositional Defiant Disorder? A cross-cultural study using performance-based tests and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function

This study examined the differential executive dysfunction of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and those with ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in Han Chinese. A total of 258 children (89 ADHD, 53 ADHD + ODD, 116 controls) completed performance-based executive function tests and had their everyday life executive skills rated by their parents using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Both the ADHD and ADHD + ODD groups performed worse than the controls in the Stroop and Trail-making tests and the BRIEF. The ADHD + ODD group were rated worse than the ADHD group on the BRIEF, but the two groups showed no significant difference in the performance-based tests. These findings suggest Han Chinese children with ADHD display executive dysfunction in performance-based tests and everyday life scenarios, in a similar way to findings in Western counterparts. However, children with ADHD + ODD showed more severe executive dysfunction in everyday life scenarios than those with ADHD only.
Radical hysterectomy with the endoscopic stapler.

OBJECTIVE Morbidity associated with radical hysterectomy is significant. Utilizing the endoscopic stapler for transection of the cardinal ligaments and uterosacral ligaments is a possible method to decrease operative time and blood loss. METHODS Two groups of patients, one group with the stapler used (n = 21) and the other with the traditional method utilized (n = 18), were compared in regard to operative and postoperative morbidity, operative time, and surgical margins. The groups were similar in regard to medical condition, age, and weight. RESULTS Median (243 min versus 284 min) and mean (246 min versus 287 min) operative times were significantly less in the stapler group than in the control group (P < 0.002). Median blood loss was reduced by 20% in the stapler group (400 ml versus 500 ml, P < 0.03). There was no significant difference in febrile morbidity, surgical complications, or length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION Our data suggest significant reduction in blood loss and operative time with the use of the endoscopic stapler.
Asset Prices, Financial and Monetary Stability: Exploring the Nexus

This paper argues that financial imbalances can build up in a low inflation environment and that in some circumstances it is appropriate for policy to respond to contain these imbalances. While identifying financial imbalances ex ante can be difficult, this paper presents empirical evidence that it is not impossible. In particular, sustained rapid credit growth combined with large increases in asset prices appears to increase the probability of an episode of financial instability. The paper also argues that while low and stable inflation promotes financial stability, it also increases the likelihood that excess demand pressures show up first in credit aggregates and asset prices, rather than in goods and services prices. Accordingly, in some situations, a monetary response to credit and asset markets may be appropriate to preserve both financial and monetary stability.