Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The qualitative satisfaction model

Notes that the premiss of all efforts to achieve customer satisfaction is the basic assumption that customer satisfaction leads to customer loyalty. Although this thesis sounds reasonable, empirical studies indicate that satisfaction often is only a weak indicator of customer loyalty. This can partly be explained by shortcomings in satisfaction measurement. In applying unidimensional rating scales, it is assumed that customers who give the same satisfaction score also experience the same emotions, cognitions and intentions. This assumption is questionable, for satisfaction also has a qualitative dimension. Presents a qualitative satisfaction model, which results in five different qualitative satisfaction types with different patterns of emotions, cognitions and intentions. Results from an empirical study suggest that these satisfaction types imply different levels of the risk that even satisfied customers terminate a business relationship and switch to competitors.
Selective microenvironmental effects play a role in shaping genetic diversity and structure in a Phaseolus vulgaris L. landrace: implications for on‐farm conservation

Little is known about the organization of landrace diversity and about the forces that shape and maintain within‐ and among‐landrace population diversity. However, this knowledge is essential for conservation and breeding activities. The first aim of this study was to obtain some insight into how variation has been sculptured within a cultivated environment and to identify the loci that potentially underlie selective effects by using a Phaseolus vulgaris L. landrace case study whose natural and human environment and morpho‐physiological traits are known in detail. The second aim of this study was to define an appropriate on‐farm conservation strategy which can serve as a model for other populations. The farmers’ populations of this threatened landrace were examined with 28 single sequence repeat molecular markers. The landrace appears to be a genetically structured population in which substantial diversity is maintained at the subpopulation level (62% of the total variance). Evidence of locus‐specific selective effects was obtained for five of the 13 loci‐differentiating subpopulations. Their role is discussed. Our data suggest that a complex interaction of factors (differential microenvironmental selection pressures by farmers and by biotic and abiotic conditions, migration rate and drift) explains the observed pattern of diversity. Appropriate on‐farm conservation of a structured landrace requires the maintenance of the entire population.
When Does Audit Quality Start to Decline in Firm Audit Tenure? - An International Analysis

This paper investigates the decline in audit quality during an audit firm’s tenure across countries with varying degrees of legal liability. We propose that audit quality can increase through a learning effect in early years but in later years it is likely to decrease due to a bonding effect. Using a quadratic model, we estimate the year when audit quality, measured by earnings quality, starts to decline during an audit firm’s tenure. We propose that the bonding effect should be weaker in countries with stricter legal liability regimes, which implies that the year that audit quality begins to decline should be later in countries with stricter legal liability regimes. We find that it takes 14 to 16 years for countries with stronger legal liability regimes while it only takes 4 to 10 years for countries with weaker legal liability regimes for audit quality to decline. Our results are strong regardless of whether we measure legal liability from the perspective of legal origin (common or code law) or litigation risk. Our findings have implications across the world for the current debate on the mandatory requirement of audit firm rotation across the world.
Results of Surgical Correction of Kyphotic Deformities of the Spine in Ankylosing Spondylitis on the Basis of the Modified Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales

Study Design This is a retrospective study of patient outcome in ankylosing spondylitis patients with fixed kyphotic deformities of the spine who underwent reconstructive surgery. Objectives To measure the multidimensional effects of reconstructive spinal osteotomy in this patient group with a questionnaire-based instrument. Summary of Background Data Between 1979 and 1988, 175 ankylosing spondylitis patients underwent operative treatment for fixed flexion deformities of the spine. One hundred forty-eight of these patients answered the questionnaire correctly and were included in the study. The others either died or were lost to follow-up. Methods The modified Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales with eight scales and 60 items plus six additional summative questions were administered at a mean follow-up period of 4.8 years (range, 2–10 years). The modified Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale measures eight scales-mobility, physical, household, daily, social activity, pain, anxiety, and depression. The Wilcoxon and chi-square test were used for analysis. Results Forty-seven of 60 items showed significant improvement of activity levels or status. Only two items showed a significant impairment of function. Of the patients, 88.4% were very satisfied with the result of the operation; 60.9% were able to return to work. Age, sex, and type of surgical technique did not influence the results. Conclusions The modified Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales approach shows excellent overall improvement of health status after surgery, proving the worth of reconstructive surgery in ankylosing spondylitis patients with fixed kyphotic deformities of the spine.
The role of contact lenses, trauma, and Langerhans cells in a Chinese hamster model of Acanthamoeba keratitis.

PURPOSE To determine the role of contact lenses, corneal trauma, and Langerhans cells in the development of keratitis caused by Acanthamoeba organisms in Chinese hamsters. METHODS Various methods were used to induce corneal infections in Chinese hamsters, including application of parasite-laden contact lenses. The role of corneal epithelial defects in promoting parasite binding was examined in vitro in a microscopic binding assay. The role of corneal abrasion in the development of Acanthamoeba keratitis was also examined in Chinese hamsters exposed to parasite-laden contact lenses. Other experiments evaluated the effect of infiltrating Langerhans cells on the incidence and severity of Acanthamoeba keratitis. RESULTS Corneal epithelial defects promoted extensive parasite binding to abraded corneas compared to intact, nonabraded counterparts. Corneal abrasion was absolutely necessary for the induction of Acanthamoeba keratitis in hamsters infected with contaminated contact lenses. Infection was never detected unless the corneas were abraded before exposure to parasite-laden contact lenses. The presence of Langerhans cells in corneas prevented the development of Acanthamoeba keratitis. CONCLUSIONS The highest incidence of Acanthamoeba keratitis occurs in corneas expressing epithelial defects and exposed to parasite-laden contact lenses. The presence of Langerhans cells in corneas exposed to parasite-laden contact lenses prevents the development of Acanthamoeba keratitis.
Impact of Financial Sector Variables on Shari’a Compliant Cross-Section Stock Returns

Shari’a compliant stocks are the recent development under Islamic finance, whereby stocks are screened through Shari’a compliance filters. This study is conducted to understand and document the important monetary factors contributing in determining stock prices of Shari’a compliant companies in Pakistan. Our sample includes all 97 non-financial companies screened by Al-Meezan Investment Management Ltd; based on accounting results of 2009. We have included four monetary variables in addition to market index in our study for ten years period (2001-10). Results identified two important variables in pricing; however, with the inclusion of market index in analysis, the single important variable in pricing of Shari’a compliant securities is market Beta. Evidence favors CAPM for pricing of securities in local market as market index captures the risk of macroeconomic variables.
THE IMPACT OF SHAREHOLDER GOVERNANCE ON BONDHOLDERS

We investigate the effects of shareholder governance mechanisms on bondholders and document two new findings. First, we find that shareholder control is associated with higher (lower) yields if the firm is exposed (protected) to takeovers. In the presence of shareholder control, the difference in bond yields due to differences in takeover vulnerability can be as high as 66 basis points. Also, suggestive of credit risk differences due to shareholder governance, we find that a bond portfolio that buys issues of firms with both strong shareholder control and high takeover vulnerability and shorts issues of firms without either shareholder control or takeover vulnerability generates an annual return of 1.5%. Second, we investigate whether bondholder governance reduces the credit risk associated with strong shareholder governance. We show that the increase in risk associated with shareholder governance is strongest for issues without event risk covenants that provide protection from takeovers. Therefore, in the absence of event risk covenants, shareholder governance and bondholder interests diverge.
Effect of Donor Kidney Volume on Recipient Outcome: Does the “Dose” Matter?

Background The effect of donor kidney volume on recipient kidney function has not been fully evaluated. Methods We performed a prospective analysis of 125 consecutive living kidney donor/recipient pairs. Donor kidney volume was calculated from pretransplantation computed tomography angiograms using a three-dimensional computerized volume method. Cortical volume was calculated from arterial phase and total volume from delayed phase. Because weight is a surrogate marker for metabolic demands, we looked at the “volume dose” by calculating the ratio of donor kidney volume to recipient weight. Recipient kidney function was assessed by calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate odds of developing eGFR of <60 mL/min per 1.73m2 (eGFR<60) at 12 months. Results Because cortical and total volumes were correlated (R=0.734, P<0.001), we used total kidney volume to evaluate the dose effect. The mean donated volume dose (SD) was 2.13 (0.62) mL/kg. The mean recipient eGFR at 12 months was 63.6 (17.3) mL/min per 1.73 m2, and it correlated with volume dose (r=0.341, P<0.001). Compared with the lowest tertile, those in the highest tertile of donor kidney volume to recipient weight had lower odds ratio of developing eGFR of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (odds ratio, 0.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.07–0.81) in a multivariate logistic regression model. Spline regression suggested that a volume dose greater than 2.5 mL/kg was associated with lowest risk of eGFR of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 at 12 months. Conclusions Donor kidney volume dosing is an important determinant of recipient graft outcomes and may predict recipient kidney function in kidney transplantation.
Deficiencies in education and experience in the management of acute kidney injury among Malawian healthcare workers.

BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common but under-recognised disease process, which carries a high risk of mortality or chronic complications, such as chronic kidney disease and other organ dysfunction. Management of AKI, however, is suboptimal, both in developed settings and in Malawi. This is partly because of deficiencies in AKI education and training. AIM To establish current levels of AKI education in a range of healthcare workers in Malawi. METHODS An AKI symposium was held in Blantyre in March 2015. Delegates were asked to complete a survey at the start of the symposium to assess their clinical experience and education in the management of AKI. RESULTS From 100 delegates, 89 nurses, clinical officers, and physicians, originating from 11 different districts, responded to the survey. Twenty-two percent of healthcare workers (including 28% of district workers of the various cadres and 31% of nurses) had never received teaching on any aspect of renal disease, and 50% (including 63% of district workers and 61% of nurses) had never received teaching specifically on AKI. Forty-four percent did not feel confident managing AKI, and 98% wanted more support managing patients with renal disease. Thirty-four percent (including 55% of district workers) were unaware that haemodialysis was available at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) for the treatment of AKI and 53% (74% of district workers) were unaware that peritoneal dialysis was available for the treatment of AKI in children. Only 33% had ever referred a patient with AKI to QECH. CONCLUSIONS There are deficiencies in education about, and clinical experience in, the management of AKI among Malawian healthcare workers, in addition to limited awareness of the renal service available at QECH. Urgent action is required to address these issues in order to prevent morbidity and mortality from AKI in Malawi.
Investigating the effect of Media Advertising (through TV) on attracting banks clients based on AIDA model: case study of Bank Mellat

Background: To survive in today's competitive market and achieve organizational goals, organizations are more compelled to advertise goods and services and for this aim they use different media to convey the message to the audience and entice them to purchase goods or services. The appropriate strategies and effective advertising is very important in this situation. Given the importance of banks among economic organizations and due to the increasing number of banks and financial institutions and credit organizations’ effective advertising for banks, especially nonstate-owned banks is important. Objective: As well as taking the place of the TV as the most important advertising medium into consideration, this study attempts to investigate the influence of television advertising to attract clients at branches of Bank Mellat in Zanjan based on AIDA model. Results: Results of this study showed that three features of television ads, including creativity and innovation , structure and content, are in high levels and one other features, including repeat in low level can be effective in attracting clients. Conclusion: Based on the findings, we can conclude that media advertising attracts clients attraction based on AIDA model and bank managers and commercial makers must pay more attention to the creativity, innovation, good structure and contents of commercials.
The Role of Business Model Innovation in the Emergence of Markets: A Missing Dimension of Entrepreneurial Strategy?

Current theorizing assumes business models are developed to match firm resources and capabilities to existing market conditions. Consequently, entrepreneurs who successfully introduce new business models that significantly alter existing market preferences and structures are viewed as an anomaly; their success attributed to the strategic failure of incumbents. In contrast, we attribute success to both a co-evolution of individual and collective interests and the entrepreneur’s concerted efforts to align those interests with their strategic vision of a new business model and market. This process combines the experimental and iterative nature of effectuation with a strategic orientation that is fundamentally market driving.
Care-giving expectations and challenges among elders and their adult children in Southern Sri Lanka

ABSTRACT The elderly population in Sri Lanka is growing rapidly. Elders are traditionally cared for in the homes of their adult children, but the shifting socio-economic environment in Sri Lanka challenges this arrangement. This paper describes the dynamics of elder–care-giver relationships in Southern Sri Lanka. Data included four focus group discussions and five in-depth interviews with elderly, and ten in-depth interviews with adult children of the elderly. Discussion guide topics included care-giving arrangements, and roles/responsibilities of elders and care-givers. Using a grounded theory approach, a comprehensive analytic memo was developed and discussed to explore emerging themes on the care-giver dynamic. Both elders and care-givers felt that elders should be taken care of in the home by their children. They pointed to a sense of duty and role modelling of parental care-giving that is passed down through generations. Even as elders desired support from their children, they feared losing their independence, and saw financial autonomy as important for maintaining relationship balance. Care-giving challenges included: households where both the adult child and his/her spouse worked outside the home; households where elders had a disproportionate amount of household work; economically stressed households; and lack of direct communication between elders and care-givers regarding conflicts. Results point to strong values around caring for elderly in the home, but identify challenges to this arrangement in the future.
Hourly Payment and Volunteering: The Effect of Organizational Practices on Decisions About Time Use

We examine how organizational practices making an economic evaluation of time salient, such as hourly pay, can lead people to spend less time on uncompensated work—volunteering. Using nationally representative survey data, in Study 1 we showed that, with other factors that might affect time decisions controlled, people paid by the hour were both less likely to volunteer and spent less time volunteering than counterparts who were not paid hourly. Study 2 showed that having people calculate their hourly wage was associated with decreased willingness to volunteer and that this experimental manipulation only affected people not paid by the hour. Because work organizations are typically institutionalized in every sense of that term (Scott, 1995), with their management practices often assuming a taken-for-granted quality (e.g., Zucker, 1977), people can learn decision rules and ways of thinking at work that they may then take with them into other spheres of their lives. Specifically, people may develop a particular psychology of time and come to make different decisions about time use depending on the management practices relevant to the evaluation of time to which they are exposed. Although we believe that management practices and the dimensions of decisions about time that they may affect are many, we begin our inquiry by focusing on the effects of hourly payment on the decision to volunteer time. We argue that being paid by the hour almost inevitably makes salient an economic frame for the evaluation of time. Being compensated on an hourly basis predisposes people to assess how they spend their time in terms of the monetary returns from their decisions (e.g., Evans, Barley, & Kunda, 2004). We further argue that this monetary or economic frame surrounding time use is particularly relevant for decisions about work and work-like activities. In this article, we focus on volunteering, a theoretically important class of work that is freely undertaken without remuneration (Tilly & Tilly, 1994). Because volunteering has been defined as work done without pay, it is logical to argue that to the extent that the practice of hourly payment increases the salience of the economic evaluation of time, people paid by the hour should be less willing to volunteer and should volunteer less of their time than those not paid by the hour. We used a large nationally representative survey with numerous control variables as well as an experiment in which people calculated their hourly wage to illustrate the effect of the framing of compensation on decisions about time use.
Industry Attributes and Their Influence on Managerial Pay and the Use of Performance Measures

While most prior research has examined how firm characteristics influence the firms’ use of performance measures to evaluate their managers, little research has been conducted on how industry characteristics affect the weights placed on these measures. Industry factors that determine product market competition like product substitutability, market size, and barriers to entry, as well as other factors like investment opportunities and uncertainty/risk in the industry are shown to influence the weights placed on earnings-, stock-, and cost-based performance measures to evaluate managers in firms. Furthermore, whether firms belong to the manufacturing or service industrial sectors, or operate in deregulated versus regulated industries also has an impact on the weights placed on these measures. This study contributes to the literature by providing comprehensive evidence on the importance of considering cost-based performance measures in compensation studies and how industry attributes play a vital role in how firms use performance measures to evaluate their managers.
The value of the ankle-brachial index for diagnosing arterial injury after knee dislocation: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND The risk of arterial injury with knee dislocation is well known. The most effective method for rapidly and accurately diagnosing arterial injury in this setting remains a topic of debate. Both physical examination and arteriography have been advocated, although each of these methods has its critics. The authors propose that the ankle-brachial index (ABI) can accurately predict whether patients with knee dislocations have sustained vascular injury. METHODS A prospective study enrolled 38 patients with knee dislocation to evaluate for potential arterial injury using clinical pulse examination and ABI. Patients with an ABI lower than 0.90 underwent arteriography. Those with an ABI of 0.90 or higher were immobilized and admitted for serial examination and delayed arterial duplex evaluation. RESULTS Of the 38 patients, 11 (29%) had an ABI lower than 0.90. All 11 had arterial injury requiring surgical treatment. The remaining 27 patients had an ABI of 0.90 or higher. None had vascular injury detectable by serial clinical examination or duplex ultrasonography. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of an ABI lower than 0.90 were 100%. The negative predictive value of an ABI that reached 0.90 or higher was 100%. CONCLUSIONS The ABI is a rapid, reliable, noninvasive tool for diagnosing vascular injury associated with knee dislocation. Routine arteriography for all patients with knee dislocation is not supported.
Optimistic Synchronous Multi-Party Contract Signing

A contract is a non-repudiable agreement on a given contract text, i.e., it can be used to prove unanimous agreement between its signatories to any veri er. A contract signing protocol is used to fairly compute a contract so that, even if n 1 of the n signatories misbehave, either all or none of them obtain a contract. Optimistic contract signing protocols use a third party to ensure fairness, but in such a way that the third party is not actively involved in case all parties are honest. Since no satisfactory protocols without any third party exist, this seems to be the best one can hope for. We present the rst optimistic multi-party contract signing protocol for asynchronous networks. Previous constructions supported synchronous networks only. We show how any such contract signing protocol can be used to construct an optimistic, perfectly fair general function evaluation protocol for dishonest majorities. Previous constructions did not use a third party at all but achieved fairness in a probabilistic sense only.