Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is the Pedestrian going to Cross? Answering by 2D Pose Estimation

Our recent work suggests that, thanks to nowadays powerful CNNs, image-based 2D pose estimation is a promising cue for determining pedestrian intentions such as crossing the road in the path of the ego-vehicle, stopping before entering the road, and starting to walk or bending towards the road. This statement is based on the results obtained on non-naturalistic sequences (Daimler dataset), i.e. in sequences choreographed specifically for performing the study. Fortunately, a new publicly available dataset (JAAD) has appeared recently to allow developing methods for detecting pedestrian intentions in naturalistic driving conditions; more specifically, for addressing the relevant question is the pedestrian going to cross? Accordingly, in this paper we use JAAD to assess the usefulness of 2D pose estimation for answering such a question. We combine CNN-based pedestrian detection, tracking and pose estimation to predict the crossing action from monocular images. Overall, the proposed pipeline provides new state-ofthe-art results.
Five‐minute whole‐heart coronary MRA with sub‐millimeter isotropic resolution, 100% respiratory scan efficiency, and 3D‐PROST reconstruction

To enable whole‐heart 3D coronary magnetic resonance angiography (CMRA) with isotropic sub‐millimeter resolution in a clinically feasible scan time by combining respiratory motion correction with highly accelerated variable density sampling in concert with a novel 3D patch‐based undersampled reconstruction (3D‐PROST).
Urolithiasis in The Pediatric Population − Current Opinion on Epidemiology, Patophysiology, Diagnostic Evaluation and Treatment

Abstract Urolithiasis, a condition in which calculi are found in the urinary tract, has been known for centuries. Although the disease was considered casuistic in the pediatric population, its prevalence is rising among both children and infants. The occurrence of the disease is greater in developed countries, therefore urolithiasis should be considered a lifestyle disease. Its etiopathogenesis has not yet been well understood. Kidney stone formation is influenced by factors such as climate, eating habits, profession, fluid intake, genetic predisposition, urinary tract infections and malformations of the urinary tract. Calculi are usually composed of mixed mineral substances. Only about 30% are made up of one chemical substance, calcium oxalate being the most common. Urolithiasis can be asymptomatic and accidentally diagnosed. Abdominal pain is the most common clinical symptom, however disease presentation among infants is nonspecific. Hematuria is a common clinical finding. Ultrasonography is the most important diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of kidney stone disease. Metabolic evaluation is required in every case of urolithiasis in the pediatric population, as metabolic disorders can be found in the majority of cases in this age group. The spontaneous passage of calculi less than 6mm in diameter is likely. Invasive treatment should be carried out if stones exceed 6mm in diameter or fail to expulse spontaneously. Prophylactic treatment includes adequate fluid intake, healthy eating habits and physical activity to maintain a healthy weight. Urolithiasis is a recurrent disease, therefore long-term treatment, prophylaxis and a lasting change in dietary habits are essential.
Feasibility and effectiveness of computerised cognitive training for memory dysfunction following stroke: A series of single case studies

ABSTRACT Computerised cognitive training (CCT) approaches to memory rehabilitation represent an attractive alternative to traditional approaches; however, there is limited empirical evidence to support their use. An AB with follow up single case design was repeated across five participants to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of CCT on subjective memory in patients with stroke. Target behaviour was subjective everyday and prospective memory failures which were assessed weekly. Following baseline (three weeks), participants completed six weeks of LumosityTM training in their homes. Data were analysed visually and statistically. The frequency of prospective memory failures decreased during intervention for one participant, while the frequency of prospective and everyday memory failures decreased significantly during the follow up period for another participant. Yet, significantly more everyday and prospective memory failures were reported following training by one study participant. No significant change in subjective memory ratings was found for remaining participants. Regarding secondary outcomes, meaningful changes on objective measures of memory were not observed, despite considerable inter-individual variability. Three participants reported improvement in individualised memory goals, while two participants described a decline. Overall, LumosityTM training appears feasible; however, no consistent evidence to support effectiveness of this CCT on subjective or objective memory was found.
A comparison of liveweight gain of lambs weaned early onto a herb-clover mixed sward and weaned conventionally onto a ryegrass-clover pasture and herb-clover mixed sward

Objective The aim of the present study was to identify the impact of early weaning of lambs at approximately seven weeks of age onto a herb-clover mix on the liveweight gain of lambs and their dams. Methods In 2015, twin-born lambs that weighed a minimum of 16 kg (n = 134) were randomly allocated to one of three treatments: i) Early-weaned (58 days after the midpoint of lambing) onto an unrestricted allowance (>1,200 kg dry matter/ha) of herb-clover mix (HerbEW); ii) Lambs+dams unweaned onto an unrestricted allowance of herb-clover mix until conventional weaning (95 days after the midpoint of lambing) (HerbCW); iii) Lambs+ dams unweaned onto an unrestricted allowance of grass-clover pasture until conventional weaning (GrassCW). In 2016, twin-born lambs that weighed a minimum of 16 kg (n = 170) were randomly allocated to one of four treatments: i), ii), iii) (similar to 2015) and iv) Lambs+ dams unweaned onto a restricted allowance (<1,200 kg dry matter/ha) of grass-clover pasture until conventional weaning (93 days after the midpoint of lambing) (Restricted-GrassCW). Results In 2015, liveweight gain from L58 to L95 of HerbCW and GrassCW lambs did not differ (p>0.05), but were greater than HerbEW lambs. In 2016, HerbCW lambs had greater (p<0.05) liveweight gains from L51 to L93 than GrassCW followed by HerbEW and Restricted-GrassCW lambs. In 2015, liveweight gain from L58 to L95 of HerbEW ewes were greater than both GrassCW and HerbCW ewes while in 2016, liveweight gain of from L51 to L93 GrassCW and HerbCW ewes did not differ (p>0.05) but were greater (p<0.05) than those of HerbEW and Restricted-GrassCW ewes. Conclusion These results indicate that when grass-clover pasture supply can be maintained at unrestricted intake level, there may be no benefit of weaning lambs early. However, at restricted pasture conditions lambs can achieve greater liveweight gains when weaned early onto a herb-clover mix.
‘Self-screening’ for malnutrition with an electronic version of the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (‘MUST’) in hospital outpatients: concurrent validity, preference and ease of use

Abstract Self-screening using an electronic version of the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (‘MUST’) has been developed but its implementation requires investigation. A total of 100 outpatients (mean age 50 (sd 16) years; 57 % male) self-screened with an electronic version of ‘MUST’ and were then screened by a healthcare professional (HCP) to assess concurrent validity. Ease of use, time to self-screen and prevalence of malnutrition were also assessed. A further twenty outpatients (mean age 54 (sd 15) years; 55 % male) examined preference between self- screening with paper and electronic versions of ‘MUST’. For the three-category classification of ‘MUST’ (low, medium and high risk), agreement between electronic self-screening and HCP screening was 94 % (κ=0·74, se 0·092; P<0·001). For the two-category classification (low risk; medium+high risk) agreement was 96 % (κ=0·82, se 0·085; P<0·001), comparable with the previously reported paper-based self-screening. In all, 15 % of patients categorised themselves ‘at risk’ of malnutrition (5 % medium, 10 % high). Electronic self-screening took 3 min (sd 1·2 min), 40 % faster than previously reported for the paper-based version. Patients found the tool easy or very easy to understand (99 %) and complete (98 %). Patients that assessed both tools found the electronic tool easier to complete (65 %) and preferred it (55 %) to the paper version. Electronic self-screening using ‘MUST’ in a heterogeneous group of hospital outpatients is acceptable, user-friendly and has ‘substantial to almost-perfect’ agreement with HCP screening. The electronic format appears to be as agreeable and often the preferred format when compared with the validated paper-based ‘MUST’ self-screening tool.
Medicine-based evidence: the case of antidepressants in patients with coronary artery disease

Abstract In individuals with coronary artery disease and concurrent depressive symptomatology, the evidence on the beneficial and harmful effects of antidepressants is very limited. Recently, a study was carried out to describe depressive symptoms and the treatments provided under real-world circumstances to cardiac patients who entered the Mayo Clinic cardiac rehabilitation program. Antidepressant use was associated with reductions in depressive symptoms, but also with poorer cardiovascular outcomes. In this commentary, the results of this study are discussed in view of their clinical implications for everyday clinical practice and for the production of knowledge.
Death as a Consequence of Foreign Body Aspiration in Children

Aim: To analyze the rate of mortality in children with foreign body aspiration (FBA). Methods: We outlined a retrospective review of hospital data of patients between 1971 and 2013. FBA occurring in children 0 year to 14 years was considered for inclusion (patient ages ranged from 0.6 to 15 years, with a median age of 2.2 years). The gender structure within the investigated cases was 75.8% males and 24.2% females. During the study period, 772 patients undergoing rigid bronchoscopy with the diagnosis of FBA were included. Deaths on arrival were excluded. Results: Total rate of mortality (for whole investigated period) was 0.785. For last fifteen years of the investigated period the rate of mortality was zero. Conclusion: For prevention of foreign body aspiration in children and its mortality should be taken two strategies: non-medical (alterations in product design and public education campaigns) and medical (education of medical staff and improvement of equipment).
Bone regeneration with bovine bone impairs orthodontic tooth movement despite proper osseous wound healing in a novel mouse model

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the biological mechanisms underlying alveolar bone regeneration (ABR) and orthodontic tooth movement into bovine bone (BB) regenerated sites. METHODS Two mouse models were established in C57BL/6 mice. The ABR model was based on osseous defects filled with BB. The orthodontic tooth movement-ABR model was used to move a molar into the regenerated site. Osseous morphometric analysis and tooth movement distance were evaluated with micro-CT. Histologic characteristics and osteoclast (OCS) accumulation were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining (TRAP). Expression and location of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANKL) and of osteoprotegerin (OPG) were evaluated by immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS Bone healing peaked at 4 weeks. The distance of the orthodontic tooth movement into the bovine bone was significantly reduced versus that of the nonbovine bone controls. BB particles accumulated along the root's pressure side during orthodontic treatment. Despite the osteoclasts' presence adjacent to the BB particles, no BB resorption was observed. Increased RANKL expression was seen at the orthodontic tooth movement pressure zone, without any change in OPG expression. CONCLUSION The two novel mouse models show that the lack of resorption of BB xenografts renders them inadequate for proper orthodontic tooth movement at a later stage.
Intestine‐specific expression of human chimeric intestinal alkaline phosphatase attenuates Western diet‐induced barrier dysfunction and glucose intolerance

Intestinal epithelial cell derived alkaline phosphatase (IAP) dephosphorylates/detoxifies bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the gut lumen. We have earlier demonstrated that consumption of high‐fat high‐cholesterol containing western type‐diet (WD) significantly reduces IAP activity, increases intestinal permeability leading to increased plasma levels of LPS and glucose intolerance. Furthermore, oral supplementation with curcumin that increased IAP activity improved intestinal barrier function as well as glucose tolerance. To directly test the hypothesis that targeted increase in IAP would protect against WD‐induced metabolic consequences, we developed intestine‐specific IAP transgenic mice where expression of human chimeric IAP is under the control of intestine‐specific villin promoter. This chimeric human IAP contains domains from human IAP and human placental alkaline phosphatase, has a higher turnover number, narrower substrate specificity, and selectivity for bacterial LPS. Chimeric IAP was specifically and uniformly overexpressed in these IAP transgenic (IAPTg) mice along the entire length of the intestine. While IAP activity reduced from proximal P1 segment to distal P9 segment in wild‐type (WT) mice, this activity was maintained in the IAPTg mice. Dietary challenge with WD impaired glucose tolerance in WT mice and this intolerance was attenuated in IAPTg mice. Significant decrease in fecal zonulin, a marker for intestinal barrier dysfunction, in WD fed IAPTg mice and a corresponding decrease in translocation of orally administered nonabsorbable 4 kDa FITC dextran to plasma suggests that IAP overexpression improves intestinal barrier function. Thus, targeted increase in IAP activity represents a novel strategy to improve WD‐induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and glucose intolerance.
Colour vision variation in leaf‐nosed bats (Phyllostomidae): Links to cave roosting and dietary specialization

Bats are a diverse radiation of mammals of enduring interest for understanding the evolution of sensory specialization. Colour vision variation among species has previously been linked to roosting preferences and echolocation form in the suborder Yinpterochiroptera, yet questions remain about the roles of diet and habitat in shaping bat visual ecology. We sequenced OPN1SW and OPN1LW opsin genes for 20 species of leaf‐nosed bats (family Phyllostomidae; suborder Yangochiroptera) with diverse roosting and dietary ecologies, along with one vespertilionid species (Myotis lavali). OPN1LW genes appear intact for all species, and predicted spectral tuning of long‐wavelength opsins varied among lineages. OPN1SW genes appear intact and under purifying selection for Myotis lavali and most phyllostomid bats, with two exceptions: (a) We found evidence of ancient OPN1SW pseudogenization in the vampire bat lineage, and loss‐of‐function mutations in all three species of extant vampire bats; (b) we additionally found a recent, independently derived OPN1SW pseudogene in Lonchophylla mordax, a cave‐roosting species. These mutations in leaf‐nosed bats are independent of the OPN1SW pseudogenization events previously reported in Yinpterochiropterans. Therefore, the evolution of monochromacy (complete colour blindness) has occurred in both suborders of bats and under various evolutionary drivers; we find independent support for the hypothesis that obligate cave roosting drives colour vision loss. We additionally suggest that haematophagous dietary specialization and corresponding selection on nonvisual senses led to loss of colour vision through evolutionary sensory trade‐off. Our results underscore the evolutionary plasticity of opsins among nocturnal mammals.
Multimodel ensembles improve predictions of crop–environment–management interactions

A recent innovation in assessment of climate change impact on agricultural production has been to use crop multimodel ensembles (MMEs). These studies usually find large variability between individual models but that the ensemble mean (e‐mean) and median (e‐median) often seem to predict quite well. However, few studies have specifically been concerned with the predictive quality of those ensemble predictors. We ask what is the predictive quality of e‐mean and e‐median, and how does that depend on the ensemble characteristics. Our empirical results are based on five MME studies applied to wheat, using different data sets but the same 25 crop models. We show that the ensemble predictors have quite high skill and are better than most and sometimes all individual models for most groups of environments and most response variables. Mean squared error of e‐mean decreases monotonically with the size of the ensemble if models are added at random, but has a minimum at usually 2–6 models if best‐fit models are added first. Our theoretical results describe the ensemble using four parameters: average bias, model effect variance, environment effect variance, and interaction variance. We show analytically that mean squared error of prediction (MSEP) of e‐mean will always be smaller than MSEP averaged over models and will be less than MSEP of the best model if squared bias is less than the interaction variance. If models are added to the ensemble at random, MSEP of e‐mean will decrease as the inverse of ensemble size, with a minimum equal to squared bias plus interaction variance. This minimum value is not necessarily small, and so it is important to evaluate the predictive quality of e‐mean for each target population of environments. These results provide new information on the advantages of ensemble predictors, but also show their limitations.
Endometrial cancer risk in postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors

ABSTRACT Introduction: The gynaecological toxicity profile of tamoxifen presents a significant burden to the patients and oncologist as tamoxifen-related side effects result in additional investigations, procedures and referrals. Aromatase inhibitor have been shown to result in significant reduction in gynaecological problems, possibly including endometrial cancer. Areas covered: We reviewed the main breast cancer trials, observation or cohort studies investigating tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor to report on endometrial adverse events and cancer. Expert commentary: Evidence for an increase in endometrial cancers with tamoxifen in breast cancer treated patients is now very clear. Aromatase inhibitors have shown to have a beneficial effect on the endometrium. There is an important need for further studies to clearly determine the influence of aromatase inhibitors on the endometrial in tamoxifen-naïve women. The effect of aromatase inhibitors on gynaecological problems may have potentially a very important impact in clinical practice.
Persistent Zika virus infection in porcine conceptuses is associated with elevated in utero cortisol levels

Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; Prairie Diagnostic Services, Saskatoon, Canada; Canada National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Vitamin D status in Iranian pregnant women and newborns: a systematic review and meta-analysis study

ABSTRACT Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a common health problem worldwide. The present study was conducted to assess the vitamin D status in Iranian pregnant women and newborns. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, Web of Science, CINAHL, Magiran, Iranmedex, SID, Medlib, IranDoc databases, and Google Scholar were searched until 2017. The data were combined using random effects model. p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: In 23 studies including 6,127 Iranian pregnant women were eligible for inclusion. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency based on cutoff points of 10, 20, and 30 ng/ml was estimated to be 42.42% (95%CI: 26.90–57.93), 55.84% (95%CI: 31.75–79.93) and 80.82% (95%CI: 71.20–90.45), respectively. The mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration was estimated to be 15.69 ng/ml (95%CI: 14.39–17.00) in pregnant women. The mean 25(OH)D concentration was estimated to be 14.97 ng/ml (95% CI: 10.63–19.31) in Iranian newborns. The difference in mean 25(OH)D concentration between pregnant women and their newborns was significant (p = 0.0002). Conclusions: Vitamin D status in Iranian pregnant women and newborns are critical. Therefore, paying attention to the issue of vitamin D deficiency in this group should be a health priority in Iran.
Discovering physical concepts with neural networks

Despite the success of neural networks at solving concrete physics problems, their use as a general-purpose tool for scientific discovery is still in its infancy. Here, we approach this problem by modeling a neural network architecture after the human physical reasoning process, which has similarities to representation learning. This allows us to make progress towards the long-term goal of machine-assisted scientific discovery from experimental data without making prior assumptions about the system. We apply this method to toy examples and show that the network finds the physically relevant parameters, exploits conservation laws to make predictions, and can help to gain conceptual insights, e.g., Copernicus' conclusion that the solar system is heliocentric.
Leukemia inhibitory factor and its receptor: expression and regulation in the porcine endometrium throughout the estrous cycle and pregnancy

Objective Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) binds to a heterodimeric receptor composed of LIF receptor (LIFR) and glycoprotein 130 (GP130) to transmit signals into the cell. LIF plays an important role in reproduction by regulating immune response, decidualization, and implantation in several species. However, the expression of LIF and LIFR in the endometrium throughout the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs is not fully understood. Methods We analyzed the expression of LIF and LIFR in the endometrium on days 0 (estrus), 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 of the estrous cycle, and days 12, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 114 of pregnancy, in conceptuses on days 12 and 15, and in chorioallantoic tissues on days 30, 60, 90, and 114 of pregnancy in pigs. We also determined the effects of estrogen and progesterone on the expression of LIF and LIFR in endometrial tissues. Results The expression of LIF increased in the endometrium during the late diestrus phase of the estrous cycle and during mid- to late- pregnancy, while the expression of LIFR increased during early pregnancy. The expression of LIF was induced by increasing doses of estrogen, whereas the expression of LIFR was induced by increasing doses of progesterone. Conclusion These results indicate that the expression of LIF and its receptor LIFR in the endometrium is regulated in a stage-specific manner during the estrous cycle and pregnancy, suggesting that LIF and its receptor signaling system may play critical roles in regulating endometrial function in pigs.