Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stimulation Retards Teeth Eruption and Eye Opening in the Rat

I t has been claimed that preweaning stimulation of rodents accelerates physical development (e.g., Levine, 1959). An opportunity to study this effect arose in an experiment on orientation in neonates. Rat pups were placed individually in an elliptical arena (392 sq. cm.) for 3 min./day, and on each trial a record of morphological development was made. As animals were tested at different ages a correlation between development and amount of 'handling' can be drawn. Subjects were litters (culled to 4 pups each at birth) of 12 primiparous hooded rats (strain PVG/C), allocated equally to 3 groups tested on ( 1 ) Days 1 to 14 after birth, (2 ) Days 6 to 10 only, or ( 3 ) Days 10 to 14 only. On each treacment day a litter was away from the mother in an incubator (28 f lS°C.) for 20 min.; litters were not disturbed except for testing. Comparisons were made on the two indices, eruption of teeth and eye opening, that allowed reliable quantification. The criteria were ( a ) both upper and lower incisors erupted at 10 days of age, and ( b ) boch eyes fully open at 14 days. Group 1 had significantly fewer pups with teech present than Group 2 or 3 (2-tailed Fisher exact probability test, Ps < ,017 and < ,002 respectively). Similarly, Group 1 had significantly fewer pups with eyes open than Group 3 (2-tailed Fisher exact probability test, P < .05). No weight differences attributable to treatment could be found at time of testing or at weaning. So the group having the greater amount of contact with the experimencer was retarded on both eruption of teech and opening of eyes. The conclusion that stimulation does not enhance these developments contradicts the widely held view but is consistent with work showing delayed eye opening in rats exposed in an open field for 2 hr. (Tobach & Schneirla, 1962) and similarly with the study by Altman, Das, and Anderson (1968) which found reduction in brain weight following handling. It is also congruent with the ecological notion rhac detrimental effects may be expected to follow disturbance of a litter.
New High Step-Up Multilevel Converter Topology With Self-Voltage Balancing Ability and Its Optimization Analysis

In this paper, a new cascaded high step-up multilevel converter topology is designed, which is based on the series connection of several switched-capacitor submultilevel units. The voltage gain of proposed multilevel converter is related to the number of used switches-capacitor units. The main advantage of proposed topology is inherent voltage balancing of used capacitors. The proposed cascade topology is optimized to minimize the number of capacitors, power switches, and the value of voltage on switches for given levels. The proposed topology is compared with other high step-up multilevel converter topologies and conventional structures. The comparison results show that the presented structure requires the least number of switches and dc sources. Moreover, the voltage on the switches of proposed topology is low. In order to confirm the operation of proposed high step-up multilevel converter, both experimental and simulation works are provided.
Perceptual and Conceptual Processes in a Case of Left-Sided Spatial Inattention

A considerable amount of literature has been accumulating on a phenomenon shown as "hemispatial blindness," "unilateral visuospatial agnosia," and "unilateral spatial inattention" (Battersby, 1956, pp. 410-411). Patients with this syndrome show a marked lack of responsiveness to one-half of the spatial field. They neglect details on one side of space in such activities as reading, ,drawing, eating, and dressing. An inclusive list of clinical manifestations are (Critchley, 1951 ) : (1) relative unilateral neglect of a limb, ( 2 ) disorder of memory and conception of spatial relationships, both two-dimensional and tridimensional, ( 3 ) subtle defects in highest level of sensory integration such as is found in tactile inattention, ( 4 ) difficulties in quasi-automatic motor performance, as found in constructional and dressing apraxias, ( 5 ) language handicaps as in the parietal agraphia of Lange. Investigators of this phenomenon have usually been concerned with the locus of the brain damage, many placing it in the non-dominant parietal lobe (Denny-Brown, Meyer, & Horenstein, 1952 ) . However, Critchley ( 195 1 ) represents a conservative view in his warning against rigid localization, pointing among other things to the many inconsistencies found in post-mortem examinations. The lack of responsiveness has been explained variously in terms of extinction (Denny-Brown, et al., 1952 ) and inattention (Gitchley, 195 1 ) with no general agreement. In this paper, a single case of unilateral spacial inattention will be presented with special emphasis on the psychological analysis of the deficit. Since the patient under study was a 60-yr. -old commercial artist still skilled in graphic expression, his productions revealed more clearly some of the features of the inattention process.
Modern Drug Treatment for Peptic Ulcer

Four simple yardsticks can be used in assessing the value of medical treatment for peptic ulcer: remission of symptoms, demonstration of ulcer healing, clinical evidence of relapse and the occurrence of complications. The rates of clinical relapse and remission of symptoms are subjective guides and so are clearly open to observer bias. It is important, therefore, that when these standards are used the clinical observer should not be aware of which patients are receiving the test and which the control treatment. Complication rates of bleeding and perforation are simple and obvious measures but, at least in the United Kingdom, these manifestations are too infrequent to be useful in comparing different treatments. Radiological assessment of ulcer healing, preferably by a radiologist who does not know the treatments in use, offers a good objective measure of response to treatment for gastric ulcer, but the radiological assessment of healing of duodenal ulcer is impeded by the difficulties of distinguishing scarring from active ulceration.
Primary Gallbladder Sarcoma: A Clinicopathologic Study of 15 Cases, Heterogeneous Sarcomas With Poor Outcome, Except Pediatric Botryoid Rhabdomyosarcoma

Background Primary gallbladder sarcoma (PGBS) is rare, with only 39 documented cases, with the predominant type being leiomyosarcoma. Design Cases recorded as “gallbladder sarcoma” were retrieved from our files; the clinicopathologic features were reviewed and recorded. Only primary gallbladder wall mesenchymal tumors were included. Epithelial tumors, mixed tumors (carcinosarcoma or sarcomatoid carcinoma), tumors extending into the gallbladder from the abdomen, or sarcoma with other known primaries were excluded. Result PGBS occurred in 4 males and 11 females with the adult median age of 68.5 (range: 24 to 88 y, n=12) and 3 children ages 1.5 to 3 years, the latter all with botryoid embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Patients presented with acute and/or chronic cholecystitis, abdominal pain, weight loss, pruritis, elevated alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin, and leukocytosis. The median tumor size was 4.5 cm, mean tumor size 5.7 cm, and range 2.0 to 14.0 cm. Most PGBS involved the entire wall and ulcerated the mucosa. PGBSs were diagnosed as 7 myxofibrosarcomas [malignant fibrous histiocytoma, storiform pleomorphic to myxoid, 2 with an unusual fibromyxoid sarcoma-like (Evans-like), and pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor-like mixture], 2 leiomyosarcomas, 1 gastrointestinal stromal tumor-like (GIST-like), 3 botryoid embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS), and 2 epithelioid angiosarcomas. Diagnosis was based on morphology and immunohistochemistry. A diagnosis of LMS required myoid-intersecting fascicles and diffuse, strong immunoreactivity for smooth muscle actin +/− desmin. RMS revealed myxoid grape-like hypocellular tumor with stellate cells, mild atypia, mitoses and desmin, and myoregulatory protein (MyoD1) and skeletal muscle-specific myogenin (Myf4) reactivity. The GIST-like sarcoma was palisaded and myoid-like but failed to stain for CD34 or CD117. Angiosarcomas demonstrated an extravascular proliferation of atypical epithelioid endothelial cells, and mitotic activity. All cases were negative for S100 protein, HMB45, keratins, and CK18. All patients received cholecystectomy and 6 known adjuvant therapy. Follow-up of 12 revealed that 7 patients died of disease within 3 weeks to 1 year and 4 months after diagnosis, 3 died of unknown causes, and 2, both adjuvant therapy treated botryoid RMS in young children, were alive without disease 11 and 27 years later. Conclusions PGBSs are rare. Carcinosarcoma, spindle cell carcinoma (by use of keratins and CK18), and melanoma must first be excluded. A variety of sarcoma types are found, yet malignant fibrous histiocytoma is the predominant variant, more common than LMS. GIST is a controversial sarcoma in gallbladder; angiosarcoma can rarely occur in this location. PGBS mainly occur in older female adults and have overall poor prognosis. A subgroup of adjuvant therapy-treated botryoid embryonal RMS in the gallbladder of young children, although rare, can have excellent prognosis.
Exression and PI3K/AKT Pathway in Gastric Cancer and its Blockade Suppresses Tumor Growth and Metastasis

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the formation and progression of many malignancies, and has been shown to be an important therapeutic target for cancer. In the present study, human gastric adenocarcinoma tissues of different grades (N=45) were collected. The protein expression of PI3Kp85α and phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) was evaluated immunohistochemically in the biopsy samples. PI3K/AKT pathway was blocked by constructed recombinant small hairpin RNA adenovirus vector rAd5-PI3Kp85α (rAd5-P) used to transfect into human gastric cancer SGC-7901cell line. The transfection efficiency of rAd5-P in SGC-7901 cells was observed under fluorescent microscope. The expression of PI3Kp85α, p-AKT, Ki-67 and matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2) was detected by Real-time PCR and Western blot assays. Cell proliferative activities and metastatic capabilities were determined by MTT and Transwell assays. As a consequence, the protein expression of PI3Kp85α and p-AKT was respectively observed in 80.0% and 82.2% gastric adenocarcinoma tissues, elevating with the ascending order of tumor malignancy. Targeted blockade of PI3K pathway decreased the expression of PI3Kp85α, p-AKT, Ki-67 and MMP-2, and inhibited the proliferative activities and metastatic capabilities of gastric cancer cells. In conclusion, PI3Kp85a and p-AKT were strongly expressed in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues, and targeted blockade of PI3K pathway may inhibit gastric cancer growth and metastasis through down-regulation of Ki-67 and MMP-2 expression. PI3K/AKT pathway may represent an important therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
Kinetics of plasmid segregation in Escherichia coli

Low copy‐number bacterial replicons occupy specific locations in their host cells. Production of a GFP‐Lac repressor hybrid protein in cells carrying F or P1 plasmids tagged with a lac operator array reveals that in smaller (younger) cells these plasmids are seen mainly as a single fluorescent focus at mid‐cell, whereas larger cells tend to have two foci, one at each quarter‐cell position. Duplication of the central focus is presumed to represent active partition of plasmid copies. We report here our investigation by time‐lapse microscopy of the subsequent movement of these copies to the quarter positions. Following duplication of the central focus, the new foci migrated rapidly and directly to their quarter‐cell destinations, where they remained until the next cell cycle. The speed of movement was about five times faster than poleward migration of oriC and 50 times faster than cell elongation. Aberrant positioning of mini‐F lacking its sopC centromere demonstrated the requirement for the partition system in this localization process. From the measured number of F plasmid copies per cell it appears that each migrating focus contains two or more plasmid molecules. The molecular basis of this clustering, and evidence for phasing of the partition event in the cell cycle, are discussed.
Why Do Adults Engage in Cyberbullying on Social Media? An Integration of Online Disinhibition and Deindividuation Effects with the Social Structure and Social Learning Model

The dramatic increase in social media use has challenged traditional social structures and shifted a great deal of interpersonal communication from the physical world to cyberspace. Much of this social media communication has been positive: Anyone around the world who has access to the Internet has the potential to communicate with and attract a massive global audience. Unfortunately, such ubiquitous communication can be also used for negative purposes such as cyberbullying, which is the focus of this paper. Previous research on cyberbullying, consisting of 135 articles, has improved the understanding of why individuals—mostly adolescents—engage in cyberbullying. However, our study addresses two key gaps in this literature: (1) how the information technology (IT) artifact fosters/inhibits cyberbullying and (2) why people are socialized to engage in cyberbullying. To address these gaps, we propose the social media cyberbullying model (SMCBM), which modifies Akers’ [Akers RL (2011) Social Learning and Socia.
Oligohistidine Tag Mutagenesis of the λ Holin Gene

ABSTRACT Holins are a diverse group of small integral membrane proteins elaborated by bacteriophages to lyse bacterial hosts and effect release of progeny phages in a precisely timed manner. Recently, the holinS gene of phage λ was overexpressed and the holin protein was purified to homogeneity by means of an oligohistidine tag procedure and immobilized metal affinity chromatography (D. L. Smith, D. K. Struck, J. M. Scholtz, and R. Young, J. Bacteriol. 180:2531–2540, 1998). Numerous locations within the S gene were tested as sites for an oligohistidine-tag-encoding insertion which preserves holin function. The lysis phenotypes of these alleles, expressed from moderate-copy-number transactivation plasmids, were characterized. A striking class of mutants, previously referred to as early-dominant, have been found to have severe lysis defects but are fully functional in the presence of wild-type protein. Results presented here reveal that the early-dominance phenotype is independent of S107 inhibitor function. The results provide insight into the mechanism of hole formation and indicate that, while oligomerization is required in the pathway to hole formation, a nucleation event may also be required.
Aspergillus species strain m39 produces two naphtho‐γ‐pyrones that reverse drug resistance in human KB cells

One thousand fungi and Actinomycetes were investigated to see whether they produced compounds that reverse multidrug resistance in KB cells. Only one Aspergillus strain M39 produced agents with resistance‐reversing activity and these compounds were identified to be rubrofusarin B and dianhydro‐aurasperone C. Rubrofusarin B only slightly reversed the resistance of KB‐C2 cells to Adriamycin and daunomycin, partially reversed the resistance to chromomycin A3, and almost completely reversed the resistance to vincristine and mitomycin C. Purified dianhydro‐aurasperone C and rubrofusarin B had similar effects on drug resistance in KB‐8‐5 cells. Dianhydro‐aurasperone C enhanced the accumulation of vinblastine in KB‐8‐5 cells and inhibited the efflux of vinblastine from the cells. Dianhydro‐aurasperone C and rubrofusarin B at 10 μ M completely inhibited 3H‐azidopine photolabelling of P‐glycoprotein. The two products of Aspergillus strain M39 appear to reverse multi‐drug resistance by interacting with P‐glycoprotein and inhibiting its role as an active efflux pump.
Alternatively Spliced Lipin Isoforms Exhibit Distinct Expression Pattern, Subcellular Localization, and Role in Adipogenesis*

We recently identified mutations in the Lpin1 (lipin) gene to be responsible for lipodystrophy in the fatty liver dystrophy (fld) mouse strain. Previous studies revealed that lipin plays a critical role in adipogenesis, explaining the adipose-deficient phenotype of the fld mouse. In the current study, we demonstrate that alternative mRNA splicing generates two lipin isoforms, lipin-α and lipin-β, which are differentially expressed during adipocyte differentiation. Lipin-α expression peaks at day 2 of 3T3-L1 cell differentiation, after which its levels gradually decrease. In contrast, lipin-β expression is transiently elevated at 10 h, followed by a drop to background levels at 20 h and a gradual increase between days 2 and 6 of differentiation. The two lipin isoforms also exhibit differences in subcellular localization. Lipin-α is predominantly nuclear, whereas lipin-β is primarily located in the cytoplasm of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, suggesting distinct cellular functions. Using primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts expressing either lipin-α or lipin-β, we demonstrate functional differences between the two isoforms. Whereas lipin-α is required for adipocyte differentiation, the predominant effect of lipin-β expression is the induction of lipogenic genes. In vivo, overexpression of lipin-β specifically in mature adipocytes leads to elevated expression of lipogenic genes and adipocyte hypertrophy, confirming a role of lipin-β in the regulation of lipogenesis. In conclusion, our data suggest that the two lipin isoforms have distinct, but complementary, functions in adipogenesis, with lipin-α playing a primary role in differentiation and lipin-β being predominantly involved in lipogenesis.
Complement‐Fixing Antibodies to the AD‐169 Strain of Cytomegalovirus in Banked Blood

One thousand consecutive units of blood, on which donor data could be obtained, were titered for the presence of complement‐fixing (CF) antibodies to the AD‐169 strain of cytomegalovirus. Twenty‐one per cent of the units had a positive titer at a significant level. Blood obtained through commercial sources had a distinctly higher incidence of specific antibody than that obtained from a predominantly student population. Because of the high incidence of CF antibodies to the cytomegaloviruses, a decision to exclude blood from use in transfusion would seriously affect the already critical blood shortage. However, the fact that use of such blood for transfusion is associated with significant danger (especially in certain critical patient populations) makes it important that further studies be carried out to provide the data necessary for a wise decision.
ON THE NATURE OF THE PRESSOR ACTION OF RENIN

1. Tachyphylaxis occurs when renin is repeatedly injected into dogs and cats regardless of whether they are normal, anesthetized, pithed, hepatectomized, suprarenalectomized, nephrectomized, or eviscerated. 2. The pressor response to renin in brief experiments is independent of the height of the arterial pressure or the presence of the suprarenals. Evisceration and large doses of ergotamine reduce the response. It is largely uninfluenced by pithing, intracisternal injection of renin, cocaine, strychnine, caffeine, and infusion of sodium bicarbonate or hydrochloric acid. It may be slightly increased by large blood transfusions or hepatectomy but the result is short lived. 3. There is no parallelism between the pressor responses to carotid sinus stimulation, adrenine, and tyramine on the one hand and renin on the other. 4. Section of the brain may be followed by depressor responses to renin. 5. Intracisternal injection of renin elicits no significant rise in blood pressure or other circulatory manifestations. 6. Continuous infusion of renin produces a prolonged rise of arterial pressure in normal and chronically suprarenalectomized dogs, but the pressure ultimately falls despite continued infusion. 7. Tachyphylaxis develops in the isolated rabbit's ear perfused with blood and small doses of renin. The same blood perfused through a second ear causes no vasoconstriction when renin is added. Addition of renin-activator restores the ability of renin to cause constriction. 8. Renin alone causes no vasoconstriction when perfused with Ringer's solution, but renin plus renin-activator restores activity. Tachyphylaxis does not develop when Ringer's solution is employed instead of recirculating blood. 9. Blood from animals made tachyphylactic by repeated injections of renin is lacking in activator and also fails to cause vasoconstriction in the rabbit's ear when renin and renin-activator are added. 10. Renin-activator is lost and tachyphylaxis develops more slowly during continuous infusion of renin. Blood pressure may fall after a period of renin infusion despite the pressure in the blood of excess renin. Injection of partially purified activator restores the activator content of the blood as demonstrated in the rabbit's ear, but no rise in arterial pressure occurs.
Soya milk exerts different effects on plasma amino acid responses and incretin hormone secretion compared with cows’ milk in healthy, young men

Abstract Apart from the well-known action of insulin, the mechanism by which soya and cows’ milk improve postprandial glycaemia control was examined. In total, twelve healthy, young, Chinese men were studied on three separate occasions, in random order with isovolumetric (322 ml) control water, soya milk and cows’ milk. Plasma total amino acid concentrations increased 30 min after test meals consumption and were higher after soya milk (230 %) and cow milk (240 %) consumption compared with water. Cows’ milk ingestion induced higher branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) (40 %) than soya milk. Postprandial incretin concentrations increased after meal consumption. Cows’ milk meal was accompanied by higher incremental AUC (iAUC) (170 %) for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) compared with soya milk and control (P=0·06). However, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) concentrations increased to significantly greater levels after soya milk consumption (iAUC 60 % higher) compared with cows’ milk and control. Consumption of both soya and cows’ milk with carbohydrates induced a similar reduction in glycaemic response through a different mechanism, beyond insulin action. Plasma amino acids (alanine and arginine), and incretins in particular (GIP was stimulated), may be involved in the hyperinsulinaemia after soya milk meals. However, BCAA and GLP-1 release may be responsible for the reduced glycaemia after cows’ milk consumption by delaying gastric emptying. This could be the result of different milk protein/amino acid composition, but also differences in milk carbohydrate composition (i.e. lactose v. sucrose). It can be concluded that soya milk is a good alternative to cows’ milk with regard to glycaemic regulation, with different mechanisms involved.
National representation in the anaesthesia literature: a bibliometric analysis of highly cited anaesthesia journals *

While previous studies have investigated the country of origin of anaesthetic publications, they have generally used a medline computer search to identify original articles and have often excluded non‐English language articles. We undertook a hand‐search of journals in the Journal Citation Reports® using the subject category of Anesthesiology. We quantified the number of original articles, editorials, review articles, case reports and correspondence attributed to each country. We also calculated the proportion of articles of each type from countries of each national income category. We analysed 9684 articles published in 2007 and 2008. The United States published more original articles than any other country. High‐income countries published 89.2% of original articles, middle‐income countries 10.5%, and low‐income countries just 0.3%. There were more articles published by middle‐income countries during the study period than a decade earlier, notably from Turkey, China and India. We discuss barriers to publications from low‐income countries.