Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationship of bispectral index values, haemodynamic changes and recovery times during sevoflurane or propofol anaesthesia in rabbits

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the degree of hypnosis achieved during propofol or sevoflurane anaesthesia in rabbits using bispectral index (BIS), and to evaluate its usefulness as a predictor of both haemodynamic changes during anaesthesia and recovery times. Twenty adult male New Zealand White rabbits, average weight 4.4 ± 0.4 kg, were used for this study. Animals were randomly allocated to one of two groups with 10 rabbits/group. An electroencephalographic recording was obtained from each conscious rabbit prior to drug administration. All animals received buprenorphine as a preanaesthetic medication (0.05 mg/kg, intravenous [i.v.]). Anaesthesia was induced with propofol (8 mg/kg, i.v.) in all animals; 10 rabbits were maintained with sevoflurane via inhalation (1 minimum alveolar concentration – end-tidal sevoflurane concentration of 3.7% – at a fresh gas flow rate of 3 L/min; group I), and 10 were maintained with i.v. propofol (0.6 mg/kg/min; group II). The rabbits were orotracheally intubated and spontaneous ventilation was maintained throughout the study (100% oxygen). After abdominal surgery through a ventral midline laparotomy, rabbits were allowed to recover from anaesthesia. Cardiovascular variables and BIS values were recorded at intervals throughout the procedure, as was the duration of recovery from anaesthesia. In both groups, mean BIS values were significantly decreased immediately after induction, compared with baseline values obtained during consciousness. Anaesthetic depth (evaluated by clinical observation) was similar in both groups; however, group II rabbits had significantly higher (P<0.001) BIS values from 30 s before incision until anaesthesia was discontinued. There was no significant difference in BIS recorded 1 and 5 min after incision as compared with values obtained 30 s before incision in either group. During sevoflurane or propofol administration, correlations were found between BIS values and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), and between BIS values and heart rate (HR). Mean BIS values at discontinuation of administration of the anaesthetic agent were greater in group II (69.1 ± 6.0) than in group I (49.3 ± 2.2). However, recovery from anaesthesia was significantly longer in group II (38.4 ± 7.2 min) than in group I (11.5 ± 2.5 min). In conclusion, BIS can be used to differentiate between conscious and unconscious states during anaesthesia in rabbits. BIS values derived from an electroencephalogram at the end of anaesthesia were not useful for predicting the speed of anaesthetic recovery in sevoflurane or propofol-anaesthetized rabbits undergoing abdominal surgery. Despite the correlation found between BIS and haemodynamic parameters, its usefulness as a predictor of clinically important changes in arterial blood pressure and HR in anaesthetized rabbits was limited.
Livestock odour dispersion modeling: a review

Abstract This paper reviewed the studies of livestock odour dispersion modeling including odor sources, odor emission rate, odor characteristics and measurements, odor dispersion modeling methods, and methods and results of adapting industrial air dispersion models for livestock odor dispersion simulations. The Gaussian plume models, Puff models, Fluctuating models and other models that have been used in livestock odour dispersion modeling were explicitly reviewed. Research work on validation or evaluation of industrial air dispersion models using various field odour plume measurement results and the various relationships between odour concentration and odour intensity generated by different studies were also discussed. Although many Gaussian models have been applied in livestock odour dispersion and achieved relatively satisfactory results, there are many differences between industrial gas and livestock odour, including emission sources, travel distance, measurement methods, that can challenge the use of Gaussian models. Since the existing commercial models are originally designed for industrial gas dispersion, it is necessary to develop a new model that can accurately predict livestock odour concentrations downwind the sources. Finally, a fluctuating model that can deal with multiple sources and variable emission rates was suggested for livestock odour dispersion with proper diffusion coefficients within the interest short distance.
Development and Testing of Polar Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Part I: Greenland Ice Sheet Meteorology*

A polar-optimized version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) was developed to fill climate and synoptic needs of the polar science community and to achieve an improved regional performance. To continue the goal of enhanced polar mesoscale modeling, polar optimization should now be applied toward the state-of-the-art Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Evaluations and optimizations are especially needed for the boundary layer parameterization, cloud physics, snow surface physics, and sea ice treatment. Testing and development work for Polar WRF begins with simulations for ice sheet surface conditions using a Greenland-area domain with 24-km resolution. The winter month December 2002 and the summer month June 2001 are simulated with WRF, version 2.1. 1, in a series of 48-h integrations initialized daily at 0000 UTC. The results motivated several improvements to Polar WRF, especially to the Noah land surface model (LSM) and the snowpack treatment. Different physics packages for WRF are evaluated with December 2002 simulations that show variable forecast skill when verified with the automatic weather station observations. The WRF simulation with the combination of the modified Noah LSM, the Mellor–Yamada–Janjic ´ boundary layer parameterization, and the WRF single-moment microphysics produced results that reach or exceed the success standards of a Polar MM5 simulation for December 2002. For summer simulations of June 2001, WRF simulates an improved surface energy balance, and shows forecast skill nearly equal to that of Polar MM5.
Effects of Energy Intake on Performance, Mobilization and Retention of Body Tissue, and Metabolic Parameters in Dairy Cows with Special Regard to Effects of Pre-partum Nutrition on Lactation - A Review -

The present review focuses on the effects of energy intake on performance, changes in body tissue during lactation, and metabolic parameters in dairy cows. Especially, pre-partum nutrition and its influence on lactation are emphasized. In recent decades the increase in genetic potential of dairy cows has increased milk yield. This fact sharpens the problem of a negative energy balance in early lactation because the amount of energy required for maintenance and milk production exceeds the amount of energy cows can consume. Around parturition, reduced feed intake reinforces the situation. Continuing negative energy balance causes decreasing milk yield, fertility problems, and incidence of metabolic diseases. Hence, the cow has to rely on body reserves that were stored in late lactation and the dry period. It is evident that the nutritional status pre-partum acts as the key factor for milk yield and fertility parameters in the following lactation. Cows overfed during the foregoing gestation and which have gained large quantities of body fat have lower dry matter intake along with the need to mobilize larger quantities of body reserves in lactation. The milk yield in the following lactation is lower than in cows fed according to their requirements. Cows restrictively fed in late gestation have a higher feed intake in lactation and a lower mobilization of body reserves. The effect of energy intake post-partum plays only a minor role for performance parameters in lactation. Lipid mobilized from body reserves makes a substantial contribution to the energetic cost of milk production in early lactation and adipose tissue undergoes specific metabolic alterations. Adipose tissue is degraded to free fatty acids, which are used in liver for energy purposes. High lipid mobilisation promotes the development of a fatty liver and therefore a reduced gluconeogenesis.
Bilateral Retinal Detachments After Intravitreal Injection of Adipose-Derived 'Stem Cells' in a Patient With Exudative Macular Degeneration.

A 77-year-old woman with exudative macular degeneration underwent bilateral intravitreal injections of "stem cells" at a clinic in Georgia. One month and 3 months after injection, she developed retinal detachments in the left and right eyes, respectively. Increased awareness within the medical community of such poor outcomes is critical so that clinics offering untested practices that have been shown to be potentially harmful to patients can be identified and brought under U.S. Food and Drug Administration oversight. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2017;48:772-775. ].
Covalent binding of zomepirac glucuronide to proteins: evidence for a Schiff base mechanism.

Carboxylic acids can undergo irreversible binding to proteins via their acyl glucuronide metabolites. Such binding occurs in humans and in vitro for bilirubin and the anti-inflammatory drugs zomepirac and tolmetin and may have toxicological significance. The mechanism of the binding is uncertain, but is thought to involve nucleophilic displacement of glucuronic acid by free cysteine thiols, tyrosine, or lysine residues of the protein. We now present evidence, using zomepirac glucuronide, for an alternative mechanism where irreversible binding occurs by isomerization of the glucuronide and formation of an imine linkage between the glucuronic acid moiety of the conjugate and a lysine or terminal amino group of the protein. Involvement of a protein thiol in the binding mechanism was ruled out by experiments with the thiol blocking agent, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. Moreover, significant irreversible binding occurred when the cysteine free protein, alpha s1-casein, was incubated in solution with zomepirac glucuronide in vitro. When zomepirac glucuronide was added to solutions with albumin in the presence of the imine trapping reagent, sodium cyanide, or the reducing agent, sodium cyanoborohydride, irreversible binding of zomepirac increased 8.3- and 5.5-fold relative to controls, respectively, after 6 hr at 37 degrees C. The product formed after treatment of solutions of zomepirac glucuronide and albumin with sodium cyanoborohydride was stable in dilute acid, whereas similar acid treatment of zomepirac-albumin adduct from control incubations, obtained after sodium cyanide exposure, released 30% of the total adduct. Only isomeric conjugates of zomepirac glucuronide were released from zomepirac-albumin adduct by mild acid; no beta 1-isomer was detected. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Inhibiting heat shock protein 90 and the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway impairs metabolic homeostasis and leads to cell death in human pancreatic cancer cells

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway play crucial roles in the homeostasis of pancreatic cancer cells. This study combined for the first time the HSP90 inhibitor ganetespib (Gan) and the proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib (Carf) to target key mechanisms of homeostasis in pancreatic cancer. It was hypothesized that Gan plus Carf would elicit potent antitumor activity by modulating complementary homeostatic processes.
Febrile Convulsions. A Reappraisal

Heritable Disorders in Orthopaedic Practice. By RUTH WYNNE-DAVIES. (Pp. xi + 231; illustrated + tables. C4.75.) Oxford: Blackwell. 1973. This commendably brief book serves a number of useful purposes. It indicates the inheritance of many deformities and disorders of the musculoskeletal system and, particularly for the less common conditions, offers a succinct description aided by admirable line drawings of the main clinical and radiological features. The 6 chapters of the book deal with generalized developmental diseases of the skeleton, from achondroplasia to rarities such as cartilage-hair hypoplasia and Jansen's metaphysial dysostosis; malformation syndromes with or without chromosome anomalies; heritable diseases of joints, connective tissue, and muscle; and localized developmental disorders. This last chapter includes many of the common orthopaedic conditions such as congenital dislocation of the hip, club foot, and scoliosis, in which inheritance is a partial factor. The first chapter of the book forms an introduction to clinical genetics and the end of the book gives a tabulated list of heritable disorders and a list of genetic advisory centres. The clinician faced with a difficult problem in diagnosis in generalized bone disease, or who requires information for the genetic counselling of parents, will find this book an invaluable aid. For those who require more detailed information, key references are given; but for the purposes for which this book was intended, the average clinician will find most of the immediate information that he needs to know without having to search for it in more extensive monographs and individual articles. Paediatricians and orthopaedic surgeons in training will also value the close-packed and useful information that it contains. This is not just a library reference book but one that should be available in every consulting room of those who are concerned with the diagnosis and management of deformities in childhood.
Defective retroviruses can disperse in the human genome by intracellular transposition

Using an assay for retrotransposition detection (T. Heidmann, O. Heidmann, and J. F. Nicolas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2219-2223, 1988), we demonstrated that a defective retrovirus deleted for the gag, pol, and env open reading frames can disperse in the genome of human HeLa cells by intracellular transposition, at a frequency close to 10(-6) events per cell per generation. Transposition requires cooperation in trans for the gag and pol gene products and may be associated with the release of low amounts of noninfectious retroviruslike particles which are the hallmarks but not the intermediates of this transposition process. Similar events could account for the dispersion at high copy number of some of the human endogenous sequences related to retroviruses and for the occurrence of noninfectious retroviruslike particles in human placenta and several tumor cell lines (reviewed by E. Larsson, N. Kato, and M. Cohen, Curr. Top. Microbiol, Immunol, 148:115-132, 1989).
Stable Overexpression of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Mitochondria Identifies Hydrogen Peroxide as a Major Oxidant in the AP-1-mediated Induction of Matrix-degrading Metalloprotease-1*

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important second messengers for the induction of several genes in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Here we addressed the question of whether isolated, unbalanced overexpression of the antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) may modulate signal transduction cascades, finally leading to connective tissue degradation, a hallmark in carcinogenesis and aging. Therefore, we generated stably Mn-SOD-overexpressing fibroblasts with an up to 4.6-fold increase in Mn-SOD activity. The Mn-SOD-overexpressing cells revealed specific resistance to the superoxide anion (O⨪2)-generating agent paraquat, whereas no resistance to UVA-generated oxidative stress was found. Treatment of the Mn-SOD-overexpressing cells with various ROS-generating systems resulted (due to the enhanced dismutation of superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide) in an up to 9.5-fold increase in matrix-degrading metalloprotease-1 (MMP-1) mRNA levels. A similar increase in MMP-1 mRNA was also seen when the intracellular H2O2 concentration was increased by the inhibition of different H2O2-detoxifying pathways. Furthermore, prooxidant conditions led to a strong induction of c-jun and c-fos mRNA levels resulting in a 4-fold higher transactivation of the transcription factor AP-1 in the Mn-SOD-overexpressing cells. Collectively, we have found that enhanced Mn-SOD activity, via an unbalanced H2O2overproduction and detoxification, induces MMP-1 mRNA levels, and this effect is at least partly mediated by the DNA recognition sequence AP-1.
Vagal afferent modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission in the rat.

1. The effects of vagal afferent stimulation (VAS) on spinal nociceptive transmission and the spinal pathway(s) mediating VAS-produced effects were examined in pentobarbital sodium- and urethane-anesthetized, paralyzed rats. The 60 units studied responded to mechanical stimuli and noxious heating (50 degrees C) of cutaneous receptive fields confined to the glabrous skin of the toes and footpads. Recording sites were located in laminae I-VI of the L3-L5 spinal segments. 2. VAS facilitated and inhibited neuronal responses to heat. In pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, responses of most (24/44) units were facilitated by low and inhibited by higher intensities of VAS. Responses of some units (15/44) were only inhibited and others (4/44) only facilitated by VAS. Inhibition produced by VAS was intensity-, pulse width-, frequency-, and stimulation duration-dependent. In urethane-anesthetized rats, responses of 6/16 units were initially facilitated, then inhibited as the intensity of VAS was increased; responses of nine units were inhibited by VAS. Quantitative comparisons of recruitment indices, mean thresholds for inhibition and mean intensities to inhibit unit responses to heat to 50% of control revealed no significant differences between the two anesthetic conditions. 3. The effects of VAS on neuronal responses to heat were dissociable from its effect on blood pressure. Regardless of the effect of VAS on unit responses to noxious heat, VAS consistently produced intensity-dependent depressor responses. The latencies to onset of inhibition and facilitation by VAS were determined by a cumulative sum technique and bin-by-bin analysis of peristimulus time histograms. The apparent latencies were 91 +/- 11 (SE) ms for inhibition and 278 +/- 59 ms for facilitation, both of which occurred before changes in blood pressure. Finally, microinjections of lidocaine into the ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) or transections of the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) of the thoracic spinal cord attenuated VAS-produced effects on neuronal responses, but did not affect VAS-induced depressor responses. 4. The responses of 11 dorsal horn units to graded noxious heating of the skin were studied; the stimulus-response functions (SRF) were linear and monotonic throughout the temperature range examined (42-52 degrees C). VAS at intensities which inhibited unit responses to heat significantly decreased the slope of the SRF. VAS at intensities which facilitated unit responses to heat produced a leftward, parallel shift of the SRF. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
p16INK4A as a marker for cervical dyskaryosis: CIN and cGIN in cervical biopsies and ThinPrep™ smears

Aim: To examine the potential of p16INK4A as a biomarker for dysplastic squamous and glandular cells of the cervix in tissue sections and ThinPrep™ smears. Methods: Immunocytochemical analysis of p16INK4A expression was performed on 22 normal cervical tissue samples, five cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (cGIN), 38 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN1), 33 CIN2, 46 CIN3, and 10 invasive cancer cases (eight squamous and two adenocarcinomas). All samples were formalin fixed and paraffin wax embedded, and immunohistochemical analysis was carried out using a mouse monoclonal anti-p16INK4A antibody after antigen unmasking. The staining intensity was assessed using a 0 to 3 scoring system. In addition, the expression status of p16INK4A was examined in 12 normal ThinPrep smears, one smear exhibiting cGIN, and a total of 20 smears exhibiting mild, moderate, and severe dyskaryosis. Human papillomavirus (HPV) detection was carried out using a modified SYBR green assay system. Fluorogenic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and solution phase PCR were used for specific HPV typing. Results: p16INK4A immunoreactivity was absent in all normal cervical tissues examined. Dysplastic squamous and glandular cells were positive for p16INK4A expression in all cases included in this study, except for one CIN3 case. p16INK4A expression was mainly nuclear in CIN1 cases, and both nuclear and cytoplasmic in CIN2, CIN3, cGIN, and invasive cases. All cases positive for HPV expressed the p16INK4A protein, although not all cases found positive for p16INK4A were HPV positive. In general, the p16INK4A staining intensity was lower in cases negative for HPV or those containing a low risk HPV type. Conclusion: This pattern of overexpression demonstrates the potential use of p16INK4A as a diagnostic marker for cervical squamous and also glandular neoplastic lesions. In addition, the technique can be used to identify individual dyskaryotic cells in ThinPrep smears. Thus, p16INK4A is a useful marker of cervical dyskaryosis.
Being Different and Vulnerable: Experiences of Immigrant African Women Who Have Been Circumcised and Sought Maternity Care in Sweden

The purpose of the study was to explore the encounters with the health care system in Sweden of women from Somalia, Eritrea, and Sudan who have been genitally cut. A qualitative study was performed through interviews with 22 women originally from Somalia, Sudan, and Eritrea who were living in Sweden. The women experienced being different and vulnerable, suffering from being abandoned and mutilated, and they felt exposed in the encounter with the Swedish health care personnel and tried to adapt to a new cultural context. The results of this study indicate a need for more individualized, culturally adjusted care and support and a need for systematic education about female genital cutting for Swedish health care workers.
Clapping in chimpanzees: evidence of exclusive hand preference in a spontaneous, bimanual gesture

An increased understanding of spontaneous bimanual tasks performed by chimpanzees would enhance the ongoing debate on population handedness in this species, and thus shed light on the evolution of hemispheric lateralization in humans. However, documentation of such bimanual activities has been largely absent in the literature because such behavior is infrequently observed in the natural repertoire of this species. This study presents data on a simple, spontaneous bimanual gesture–“clap”–that was investigated in a naturalistic group of 26 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Sixteen individuals exhibited a total of 657 bouts of clapping directed toward humans, usually in the context of food availability. Most individuals were exclusive in their dominant hand preference, but since there was no population bias to the right or the left, the population is placed at level 3 of McGrew and Marchant's [Yearbbook of Physical Anthropology 40:201–232, 1997] laterality framework. This is the first reported evidence of level 3 laterality in a non‐tool‐using task. Clapping increased in frequency with age, being common in adults, present at lower rates in adolescents, and absent in infants and juveniles. There was no effect of rearing or sex. The lack of population bias to the left or right for this bimanual gesture has implications for the debate on the evolution of language. Am. J. Primatol. 68:1081–1088, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.