Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Whatever it takes: The Real Effects of Unconventional Monetary Policy_4

On July 26, 2012 the ECB’s president Mario Draghi announced to do “whatever it takes” to preserve the Euro and subsequently launched the Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) Program, which led to a significant increase in the value of sovereign bonds issued by European periphery countries. As a result, the OMT announcement indirectly recapitalized periphery country banks due to their significant holdings of these bonds. However, the regained stability of the European banking sector has not fully transferred into economic growth. We show that this development can at least partially be explained by zombie lending motives of banks that still remained undercapitalized after the OMT announcement. While banks that benefited from the announcement increased their overall loan supply, this supply was mostly targeted towards low-quality firms with pre-existing lending relationships with these banks. As a result, there was no positive impact on real economic activity like employment or investment. Instead, these firms mainly used the newly acquired funds to build up cash reserves. Finally, we document that creditworthy firms in industries with a prevalence of zombie firms suffered significantly from the credit misallocation, which slowed down the economic recovery. The authors appreciate helpful comments from Taylor Begley, Ruediger Fahlenbrach, Luc Laeven, Steven Ongena, Saverio Simonelli, Marti Subrahmanyam, and Annette Vissing-Jorgensen. Furthermore, we thank conference participants at the Third Conference on Sovereign Bond Markets, the Sixteenth Jacques Polak Annual Research Conference, and the CEPR/RELTIF Meetings in Milan and Capri as well as seminar participants at Utah, Rutgers, the European Central Bank, Rotterdam, Leuven, the Austrian Central Bank, Amsterdam, Lausanne, and Frankfurt. We are grateful to the Assonime/ CEPR Research Programme on Restarting European Long-Term Investment Finance (RELTIF) for financial support of the research in this paper. Hirsch gratefully acknowledges support from the Research Center SAFE, funded by the State of Hessen initiative for research Loewe. Eufinger gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Public-Private Sector Research Center of the IESE Business School, as well as, the Europlace Institute of Finance (EIF) and the Labex Louis Bachelier. Furthermore, we are grateful to Katharina Bergant for excellent research assistance. Corresponding author: Viral V. Acharya, Phone: +1-212-998-0354, Fax: +1-212-995-4256, Email: vacharya@stern.nyu. edu, Leonard N. Stern School of Business, 44 West 4th Street, Suite 9-84, New York, NY 10012. New York University, CEPR, and NBER Erasmus University Rotterdam IESE Business School Goethe University Frankfurt and SAFE
An Efficient Cluster based Routing Protocol using Hybrid FCM-Q LEACH for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Vehicular ad-hoc Network(VANET)comprise of vehicles with dedicated access points of communication. It transmits and receives the information from the Sensor Nodes (SNs) and environment to manage the traffic loads. So, the routing of destination, manage the speed and direction of vehicles are major issues in VANETs. The routing issue in VANETs overcome by using the hybridization of two clustering techniques Fuzzy C Means (FCM) and QuadratureLow Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy (Q-LEACH). First, the FCM based clustering cluster the network and then the network optimize by Q-LEACH. During the clustering process, the optimal Cluster Head (CH)chosen for aggregating the data from the SNs. This proposed method is named as FCM-Q LEACH-VANET. The communication from the Road Side Unit (RSU) to the Base Station (BS)was performed by using IEEE 802.11p protocol for minimizing the transmission time from the source (SN) to the BS. The performance of FCM-Q LEACH-VANET was analysed in terms of energy consumption, network latency, total packet sends and throughput. The result showed that the throughput of the FCM-Q LEACH-VANET is more compared to the existing IDVR protocol.
Anatomical, chemical, and mechanical properties of fibrovascular bundles of Salacca (snake fruit) frond

This research presents the anatomical, chemical, and mechanical properties of fibro-vascular bundles (FVBs) from two species of Salacca (snake fruit) frond: Salaccca sumatrana Becc. and Salacca zalacca Gaert (Voss). The anatomical properties were observed in the cross-section by light microscopy and digital microscopy. The anatomical observation focused on the location of the inner and outer vascular system. In the chemical analysis, FVBs were characterized for cellulose, hemicellulose, Klason lignin, and extractive content. Tensile strength and Young’s modulus were investigated, and the structural implications were considered. The FVBs from salacca frond contained vascular tissue in the cross section had new and different vascular type. Generally, the vascular tissue has a wider area than the sclerenchyma tissue. The FVBs of S. sumatrana and S. zalacca contained 41.75 and 44.60 wt% cellulose, 31.36 and 36.39 wt% hemicellulose, and 27.90 and 33.00 wt% lignin, respectively. The hot water solubility and ethanol-toluene solubility of FVBs of S. sumatrana and S. zalacca showed that extractive content were 2.96 wt% and 5.55 wt%; 18.54 wt% and 25.00 wt. %, respectively. As the diameter of FVBs increased, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus decreased. Increased FVB density will directly increase tensile strength and Young’s modulus. Based on the result, it was concluded that the FVBs of salacca type had significantly different properties compared to other palms’ FVBs, and this study confirmed the correlation between the physical and mechanical properties of the FVBs from salacca frond.
A Macroeconomic Vulnerability Model for the Euro Area

Macroeconomic imbalances increase the vulnerability of an economy to adverse shocks, which in turn can lead to crises with severe economic and social costs. We propose an early warning model that predicts such crises. We identify a set of macroeconomic indicators capturing domestic and external imbalances that jointly predict severe recessions (i.e. growth crises) in a multivariate discrete choice framework. The approach allows us to quantify an economy's macroeconomic vulnerabilities at any point in time. In particular, the model would have pointed early on to emerging vulnerabilities in all the euro area countries that registered severe recessions in the years after 2007. We also show that the model can be applied beyond the euro area crisis in that its main results remain robust to changes in assumptions and sample composition.
Has mobility decreased? Reassessing regional labour market adjustments in Europe and the US

The economic turmoil that resulted from the financial and sovereign debt crises has increased heterogeneity in European labour markets. In 2012, the unemployment rate in Spain, for example, rose to 25%, but it dropped to nearly 5% in Germany. Crucially, heterogeneity is large not only between countries but also within. In France, Belgium and Spain the highest regional unemployment rates were twice as high as the lowest. In Italy, as an extreme example, the unemployment rate in Veneto was just a third of the unemployment rates in Campania or Sardinia. Moreover, this regional heterogeneity has increased since 2008 (see Marelli, Patuelli, and Signorelli, 2012). This development raises the question of how regional labour markets adjust to diverse macroeconomic developments and whether the role of labour mobility has changed. Interstate migration in the US, for example, is at its lowest value since World War II
The Needs of Grandparents and Grandchildren in a Socially and Geographically Distanced World: A Case Study

Grandparents and grandchildren are important parts of each other's lives. However, they may not be able to always be co-located to interact and share activities. We conducted case studies to explore how grandparents and grandchildren use video calls to spend time with each other, when being co-located is not possible for extended periods of time. We found that aspects such as framing and camera work, unilateral and shared activities, and contextual awareness are especially relevant for this type of interaction, especially for children. We additionally provide potential design and exploration avenues for future research.
Knowledge , Attitude and Perception of Secondary School Students on Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Disease in Onitsha Metropolis , Anambra State , Nigeria

Ebola hemorrhagic fever disease is a health problem in most countries in West Africa Nigeria inclusive. Knowledge, Attitude and Perception (KAP) of secondary school students in Onitsha metropolis about Ebola hemorrhagic fever disease were critically evaluated between April and July 2016. Structured questionnaire were used to obtain information from the students on their socio-demographic characteristics, KAP about causes, transmission and prevention of Ebola hemorrhagic fever disease. Ages of the students range from 13 and 19 years. Students had good general knowledge of Ebola viral disease 388 (65.8%) only 118 (20%) were able to associate Ebola with a virus, on mode of transmission and spread of Ebola viral disease; contact between infected human and animals 202 (34.2%), contact with the fluid of infected human and bush meat 148 (25.1%), contact with anybody 240 (40.7%). Three hundred and twenty (54.2%) believe that Ebola has no treatment option, 425 (72.3%) prefer treatment at home rather than visit hospitals or health facilities when they have fever. Knowledge of hand washing after defecation and public interactions was significant among the students. Health promotion and advocacy on Ebola hemorrhagic fever disease is very important in all secondary schools in the country to avoid repeat outbreak.
Party s Discipline and Political Dynasties Revisiting the Role of Term Limits in Electoral Systems

We discuss the role of term limits in electoral systems by observing that elected o¢ cials may form a political chainby which the position subject to the term limit provision is handed over to a peer member of the same party. The theoretical model allows for political chains and for the transmission of political expertise among partiesmembers. Using a panel of 1,203 Italian municipalities, from 1998 to 2006, we nd a signi cant expertisee¤ect, by which rstterm mayors, who already served as o¢ cials in the previous term, behave more e¢ ciently than rst-term mayors without any previous experience. We nd no evidence of peculiar spending patterns by politicians at their last term of o¢ ce.
Numerical performance and accuracy of wake interaction noise prediction models

The numerical performance and accuracy of different features of a wake interaction noise prediction model have been investigated by analysing the results obtained on the geometry of an existing contra-rotating fan. The source and propagation effects have been considered separately. First, the effect of modelling the source either with a parallel or with a skew gust formulation, based on Amiet’s theory, has been investigated. The choice of the response function and its computation have been discussed. Then, the propagation formula has been modified to take into account the effect of the geometry of the blades on the retarded time of the emission.
Thunderstorms / Lightning Generated Sprite and Associated Phenomena

The study of the thunderstorms has advanced rapidly during the past century and lots of efforts have been made towards the understanding of lightning, thunderstorms and their associated optical phenomena such as sprites, elves, blue get etc. Even though, thunderstorms and lightning are well understood, but our knowledge on sprites and associated phenomena, is limited. In this paper, we review the distribution of thunderstorm/lightning and their association with optical emissions. Detailed discussions on lightning generated sprites and various natural phenomena associated with them are also included. Recent results in this emerging field are summarized.
WHITES ' EXPLANATIONS OF BLACKS ' SOCIOECONOMIC UNDERACHIEVEMENT : INDIVIDUALISM , STRUCTURALISM , AND STATUS INCONSISTENCY

This research attempts to determine whether different status consistency and inconsistency types are systematically associated with whites’ acceptance of individual and structural factors in explaining blacks’ low socioeconomic status. Employing data from the General Social Surveys 1985-1994, I explore this question, separately for males and females, using logistic regression analysis. I find that, compared to status consistent individuals, status inconsistent overachievers are more likely to hold "individualist" explanations while status inconsistent underachievers are more likely to hold "structuralist" explanations. Additionally, although there is a faint suggestion that white females are a bit more sympathetic toward blacks’ crippled status than white males, it nevertheless fails to surpass conventional levels of statistical significance. The overall absence of such effects, given the fact that white females have been the subject of sexism themselves, raises a question of dual nature of "whiteness," i.e., white females as both oppressors and oppressed. [126] --------------[127]
Prepared for submission to JHEP Topology of Fermi Surfaces and Anomaly Inflows

We derive a rigorous classification of topologically stable Fermi surfaces of noninteracting, discrete translation-invariant systems from electronic band theory, adiabatic evolution and their topological interpretations. For systems on an infinite crystal it is shown that there can only be topologically unstable Fermi surfaces. For systems on a halfspace and with a gapped bulk, our derivation naturally yields a K -theory classification. Given the d − 1-dimensional surface Brillouin zone Xs of a d-dimensional half-space, our result implies that different classes of globally stable Fermi surfaces belong in K−1 (Xs) for systems with only discrete translation-invariance. This result has a chiral anomaly inflow interpretation, as it reduces to the spectral flow for d = 2. Through equivariant homotopy methods we extend these results for symmetry classes AI, AII, C and D and discuss their corresponding anomaly inflow interpretation. ar X iv :1 50 9. 01 63 5v 3 [ co nd -m at . m es -h al l] 1 6 N ov 2 01 6
A Checklist of the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Republic of Uzbekistan with a review and summary of species distribution

Taxonomy dependent, four amphibian (three toads and a frog) and 57 reptile species (a tortoise, 36 lizards and 20 snakes) appear confirmed as occurring within the Republic of Uzbekistan. One of these species, Szczerbak’s even-fingered gecko Alsophylax szczerbaki, has perhaps been extirpated. The presence of a further two taxa, i.e., long-legged bent-toed gecko Tenuidactylus longipes and multi-ocellated racerunner Eremias multiocellata is unclear (but both probably absent), whilst the standing of Turkestan salamander Hynobius turkestanicus remains an enigma. Species distributions in Uzbekistan are summarised based on a literature review supplemented by recent field observations.
New Concepts in Nutritional Management of Transition Dairy Cows

The importance of managing cows for transition period success is unquestioned in the dairy industry. Large amounts of research have been conducted during the past 10 to 15 years regarding various aspects of transition period nutrition and health, including various dietary strategies and use of different additives and compounds designed to facilitate the cow’s adaptation to lactation (reviewed by Overton and Waldron, 2004). Despite this research and simultaneous outreach focus to the dairy industry, the transition period remains a problematic area on many commercial dairy farms, and metabolic disorders continue to occur at economically important rates (Burhans et al., 2003). Certainly, there are situations in which we have full understanding of the nutritional approaches required on a dairy farm, yet have difficulty with day to day implementation of sound management practices. However, we still lack substantial definitive understanding of certain aspects of transition biology (e.g., metabolic regulation, immune function, and stress biology) and their implications for transition cow success, together with potential interactions with nutritional management of dairy cows during this timeframe.
Chapter 1 From Models to the Management of Diffusion

A better understanding of why and how innovations are adopted (or not) can help us to develop more realistic business plans and public policies. Diffusion is the means by which innovations are translated into social and economic benefits. We know that the impact of the use of innovations is around four times that of their generation (Geroski, 1991, 1994). In particular, the widespread adoption of process innovations has the most significant benefit (Griliches, 1984): technological innovations are the source of productivity and quality improvements; organizational innovations are the basis of many social, health and educational gains; and commercial innovations create new services and products (Bessant and Tidd, 2007; Tidd and Bessant, 2009). However, the benefits of innovations can take 10–15 years to be fully effected (Jaffe, 1986), and in practice most innovations fail to be adopted widely, so they have limited social or economic impact. There are many barriers to the widespread adoption of innovations, including:
“Absolute or Relative?” – Exploring the Choice Between Leaderboard Types in an Image Tagging Task

Allowing users to customize gamification has been shown to be promising, but how much freedom and which types of options users should receive is still unclear. In this paper, focusing on low-effort customization, we considered giving users the choice between an absolute (seeing all opponents) and a relative (seeing opponents that are just below and above their own rank) leaderboard in the context of image tagging. Results of two studies showed that, although the task performance is not affected significantly, offering this choice is appreciated, and users’ preferences for the type of leaderboard are moderated by the number of opponents on it.
The effect of task characteristics on listening comprehension

This study focused on the effect of two factors of complexity and salience and the mixture of both on listening comprehension. Advanced learners were divided into four separate groups (complex-salience-mixture-control) and each group was tested by different listening tests. Each group received a pre-test, 10 sessions of during-test instructions and a final post-test. The results showed that the mixture group which had two factors of complexity and salience in their tests showed a significant change in their performance from pre to posttest. The difference between the scores of post-test for the complex and salience groups was somehow significant compared with the pre-test scores, but these scores of the two mentioned groups were not as much significant as were the scores of the Mix group.
CAREER SATISFACTION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS IN MALAYSIA : THE EFFECT OF CAREER GOAL DEVELOPMENT

As fast-track individuals with special knowledge and expertise, engineers have great expectations and ambitions for their careers and are known for striving for psychological success and climbing the career ladder. Nevertheless, several factors have influenced the well-being of engineers, including conflicts between personal goals and expectations with available advancement opportunities, work autonomy, and work demand. As a result, engineers in Malaysia are considered to be unhappy workers. This scenario will likely worsen if little attention is given to researching the engineer's individual well-being. Thus, it is appropriate to conduct a study that assesses the level of individual well-being among Malaysian engineers using career goal development as a predictor. This study applied a self-administered questionnaire to collect data. A total of 500 questions were distributed to registered professional engineers, and 387 completed questionnaires were returned for analysis. The measures used in the study were adopted from previous studies with acceptable reliabilities, and the research hypotheses were investigated through correlation and path analysis using PLS. The research findings have provided useful information on the positive influence of protean career orientation on psychological wellbeing. Furthermore, the results showed that career goal development has a positive influence on individual well-being. The implications of these findings contribute to the understanding of the process through which career attitude affects individual well-being, which will be discussed.
The Effect of 2 , 4 , 5T on Embryogenic Tissue Formation in Rose

2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) has recently been reported to induce somatic embryogenesis in Rosa hybrida L. ‘HARwelcome’ (Livin’ Easy). This study takes a closer look at the effect 2,4,5-T on embryogenic tissue and somatic embryo morphology in ‘HARwelcome’ (Livin’ Easy). Anatomical studies were conducted to gain insight into the types of tissue initiated by treatment with 2,4,5-T. The findings showed that only two out of 10 morphologically different presumptive embryogenic tissue (PET) types were embryogenic. The morphological traits of PET described in this study could be useful as early selection criteria for embryogenic tissue in rose. Somatic embryo morphology in ‘HARwelcome’ (Livin’ Easy) was heterogeneous in cotyledon number. There was no significant difference in germination rates amongst somatic embryos with varying numbers of cotyledons indicating that cotyledon number would not be a useful indicator of germination potential. A histological study showed that shoots arose from cotyledon axillary meristems or adventitiously from hypocotyl regions, thus suggesting that cotyledon development occurred despite a lack of shoot apical meristem formation. 2,4,5-T and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were compared to gauge their effectiveness to induce embryogenic tissue in eight other rose cultivars. Five out of the eight cultivars produced embryogenic tissue when treated with 2,4,5-T compared to only two cultivars when treated with 2,4-D. The results support the premise that individual genotypes within a given species vary greatly in terms of the conditions required for embryogenic induction. These findings also demonstrate that 2,4,5-T may be useful for initiating embryogenic tissue in cultivars unresponsive to 2,4-D. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________