Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Facilitating normative judgments of conditional probability: frequency or nested sets?

Recent probability judgment research contrasts two opposing views. Some theorists have emphasized the role of frequency representations in facilitating probabilistic correctness; opponents have noted that visualizing the probabilistic structure of the task sufficiently facilitates normative reasoning. In the current experiment, the following conditional probability task, an isomorph of the "Problem of Three Prisoners" was tested. "A factory manufactures artificial gemstones. Each gemstone has a 1/3 chance of being blurred, a 1/3 chance of being cracked, and a 1/3 chance of being clear. An inspection machine removes all cracked gemstones, and retains all clear gemstones. However, the machine removes 1/2 of the blurred gemstones. What is the chance that a gemstone is blurred after the inspection? " A 2 x 2 design was administered. The first variable was the use of frequency instruction. The second manipulation was the use of a roulette-wheel diagram that illustrated a "nested-sets" relationship between the prior and the posterior probabilities. Results from two experiments showed that frequency alone had modest effects, while the nested-sets instruction achieved a superior facilitation of normative reasoning. The third experiment compared the roulette-wheel diagram to tree diagrams that also showed the nested-sets relationship. The roulette-wheel diagram outperformed the tree diagrams in facilitation of probabilistic reasoning. Implications for understanding the nature of intuitive probability judgments are discussed.
Brain Uptake of L‐Tryptophan and Diazepam: The Role of Plasma Protein Binding

Abstract: The brain uptake index (BUI) of L‐jtryptophan and diazepam into the right and left hemispheres and the cerebellum has been measured after a bolus injection into the carotid artery of the anaesthetised rat. The effect of a range of albumin concentrations (38 μM to 1.4 mM; 0.25‐9 g/100 ml) on the viscosity and osmotic pressure ot the bolus was studied as a preliminary to the brain uptake experiments. Dextran (Mr 60,000‐90,000) was included in the injection to ensure constant viscosity and osmotic pressure. An increase in albumin concentration up to 2 g/100 ml substantially reduced the BUI of L‐tryptophan, but a further increase in albumin concentration up to 9 g/100 ml respited in only a slow fall in the BUI of L‐tryptophan which was not proportional to the larger fall in the concentration of unbound L‐tryptophan. Furthermore, the use of norharmane as an inhibitor of L‐tryptophan binding did not reveal a simple relationship between its unbound concentration and BUI. A decrease in the unbound concentration of diazepam also reduced its BUI, but again there was no straightforward relationship between this and unbound diazepam concentration. The differences observed in the BUI of inulin from solutions of either dextran or albumin indicate not only that each mac‐romolecule may exert particular effects on the BUI, perhaps by an influence on cerebral blood flow, but also show how difficult it is to devise solutions for injection which differ in respect of only one variable, that of the unbound ligand concentration.
Variant of the coracobrachialis muscle with a tunnel for the median nerve and brachial artery

This case report documents a variation in the insertion of the coracobrachialis muscle of the right arm of an adult male cadaver of unknown age. In addition to the normal insertion of the coracobrachialis muscle into the middle of the medial border of the humerus, an additional slender tendon passed inferiorly, crossing anterior to the median nerve and brachial artery before attaching to the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Most of the proximal part of the tendon gave rise to an aponeurotic expansion that inserted into the distal medial border of the humerus. The tendinous insertion and aponeurotic expansion may represent a variant of the coracobrachialis longus (Wood's) muscle and the internal brachial ligament, respectively. The median nerve and brachial artery traversed a tunnel bounded by the additional tendon and aponeurotic expansion as well as the usual humeral insertion of the coracobrachialis muscle. The clinical implication of this variation is that it may be a cause of median nerve entrapment and brachial artery compression. Clin. Anat. 17:139–143, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Towards quality indicators for assertive outreach programmes for severely impaired substance abusers: concept mapping with Dutch experts.

OBJECTIVE We investigated the concept of 'quality of assertive outreach programmes for severely impaired substance abusers' with the aim of developing a conceptual framework as the basis for an assessment instrument. DESIGN We held a concept-mapping session with 13 experts in 2003. Fifty measurable elements of quality were mentioned and rated in terms of relative importance on a Likert-type response scale. Subsequently, the experts grouped the statements that were similar in content. The resulting concept map and additional interpretation made up the final quality framework. SETTING/STUDY PARTICIPANTS: Theoretical sampling was used to select Dutch managers, team leaders, and service providers from different assertive outreach delivery systems for substance abusers. Variation in both perspective and region was reflected in the sample. RESULTS Nine aspects of quality were formulated: preconditions for care, preconditions for service providers' work, relationship to regular care, service providers' activities and goals, service providers' skills, the role of repression, optimal care for the client, goals of assertive outreach, and nuisance reduction to society. Each aspect was presented using a selection of measurable elements. CONCLUSIONS According to the experts, optimal assertive outreach depends on a broad range of aspects that were later classified in three regions: structure, process, and outcomes. Saturation of the elements has not been proved so far. Nevertheless, it is promising that the framework's regions are supported by theory and that it is largely in accordance with clients' perspectives on assertive community treatment.
Thymoma. A comparative study of clinical stages, histologic features, and survival in 200 cases

Two hundred thymomas, surgically treated between 1955 and 1982 at the Marie Lannelongue Surgical Center, were subjected to statistical analysis, comparing clinical stages and histologic types and relating them to survival. Clinical stages were defined as follows. Stage I: no invasiveness, total excision; Stage II: localized invasiveness (no more than two mediastinal structures); Stage III: largely invasive, with or without distant tumorous grafts, lymph node deposits, or metastases. Four histologic types were retained: (1) spindle or oval cell type thymoma, (2) lymphocyte‐rich thymoma, (3) differentiated epithelial thymoma, and (4) undifferentiated epithelial thymoma. Invasiveness remained a major prognostic factor, but the degree of invasion did not affect the survival rate or always justify radical surgery. Thus, the survival rate dropped from 85% at 5 years and 80% at 10 years in noninvasive tumors to 50% and 35%, respectively, in invasive tumors, but without significant difference between moderately invasive Stage II and largely invasive Stage III tumors. Histologic typing indicated a good correlation between the degree of differentiation of the tumors and prognosis. The survival rates were 80% at 5 years and 75% at 10 years for spindle cell type 1 and lymphocyte‐rich type 2 thymomas, 75% at 5 years and 50% at 10 years for differentiated epithelial type 3, and nil at 5 years for undifferentiated type 4 thymomas. Although invasiveness often paralleled histologic typing, they appeared as two distinct parameters with separate prognostic significance, particularly in differentiated and undifferentiated epithelial tumors. One hundred five patients had myasthenia gravis and 14 had another autoimmune disease. The associated syndromes were no longer an adverse factor in the prognosis of thymoma.
CNBP mediates neural crest cell expansion by controlling cell proliferation and cell survival during rostral head development

Striking conservation in various organisms suggests that cellular nucleic acid binding protein (CNBP) plays a fundamental biological role across different species. Recently, it was reported that CNBP is required for forebrain formation during chick and mouse embryogenesis. In this study, we have used the zebrafish model system to expand and contextualize the basic understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CNBP activity during vertebrate head development. We show that zebrafish cnbp is expressed in the anterior CNS in a similar fashion as has been observed in early chick and mouse embryos. Using antisense morpholino oligonucleotide knockdown assays, we show that CNBP depletion causes forebrain truncation while trunk development appears normal. A substantial reduction in cell proliferation and an increase in cell death were observed in the anterior regions of cnbp morphant embryos, mainly within the cnbp expression territory. In situ hybridization assays show that CNBP depletion does not affect CNS patterning while it does cause depletion of neural crest derivatives. Our data suggest an essential role for CNBP in mediating neural crest expansion by controlling proliferation and cell survival rather than via a cell fate switch during rostral head development. This possible role of CNBP may not only explain the craniofacial anomalies observed in zebrafish but also those reported for mice and chicken and, moreover, demonstrates that CNBP plays an essential and conserved role during vertebrate head development. J. Cell. Biochem. 102: 1553–1570, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) cutting date and planting density on weed suppression in Georgia, USA

A field study was conducted in 2008 and 2009 at the USDA, ARS, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit in Griffin, GA, to investigate weed suppression by sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L). The objectives were to (1) evaluate the effects of apical meristem removal (AMR) at three dates [5, 6, and 7 wks after planting (WAP) on May 14, 2008 and May 21, 2009] and (2) assess the impact of seeding rates (11, 28, and 45 kg ha−1) on weed biomass reduction. Weed species were identified at 4, 8, and 12 wks after sunn hemp planting. Sunn hemp cutting date had no significant effect on weed suppression in 2008 but significant differences for grass weeds at 4, 8, and 12 WAP and for yellow nutsedge at 8 and 12 WAP did occur when compared to the control in 2009. In comparison to the sunn hemp-free control plot in 2009, all three seeding rates had reduced grass weed dry weights at 4, 8, and 12 WAP. The total mass of yellow nutsedge when grown with sunn hemp was reduced compared to the total mass of yellow nutsedge grown in the weedy check for all seeding rates at 8 and 12 WAP. Lower grass weed biomass was observed by 12 WAP for cutting dates and seeding rates during 2008 and 2009. Sunn hemp cutting date and seeding rate reduced branch numbers in both years. The reduction in sunn hemp seeding rates revealed a decrease in weed populations.
Incident parameter estimation

The paper proposes a sampled data based estimation methodology to reconstruct local incident parameter of the macroscopic Incident Traffic Flow (ITF) models. The key idea in ITF models is to dynamically relax the traffic mean speed to the traffic equilibrium one based of an time and space varying incident term. First, the analysis of incident corrupted traffic flow models, described as an inhomogenuous nonlinear Partial Differential Equation (PDE), is presented in continuous time. Second, space and time discretization techniques are applied to derive traffic management oriented ITF models. Online parameter estimation is suggested to capture the severity of incident throughout the proposed parameter, i.e. to estimate the incident parameter. Numerical example is carried out to show the viability of macroscopic incident parameter estimation technique using data obtained from a high-fidelity microscopic simulation.
Diagnostic value of a second generation CA 15‐3 antibody to detect adenocarcinoma in body cavity effusions

Detecting malignant cells in body cavity effusions can be diagnostically challenging. Several monoclonal antibodies have been studied to improve the diagnostic yield of effusion cytology but without widespread acceptance. The CA 15‐3 antibody has demonstrated high sensitivity but limited specificity for breast carcinoma in surgical pathology. A second generation CA 15‐3 antibody has been developed that has not been studied in serous effusions to the authors' knowledge. The authors examined this second generation CA 15‐3 antibody for its diagnostic utility in detecting adenocarcinomas in this cytologic setting.
Stereopsis-processing regions in the human parieto-occipital cortex

We performed fMRI on the human parieto-occipital cortex in order to identify the neural processing regions of stereopsis. Visual stimulation for stereopsis was performed with a random-dot stereogram displayed in the image guides of a new binocular visual stimulation device that we developed. Interestingly, regions from the dorsal portion of the occipital lobe to the superior parietal lobule were activated by binocular disparity, while the inferior parietal lobule was not activated. Moreover, these regions were shown as dominant in the right hemisphere. Functional brain mapping revealed that the processing regions of stereopsis were dorsally located in parieto-occipital cortex, and that the superior parietal lobule is an important region for neural processing of human stereopsis.
Identification of a Feline Leukemia Virus Variant That Can Use THTR1, FLVCR1, and FLVCR2 for Infection

ABSTRACT The pathogenic subgroup C feline leukemia virus (FeLV-C) arises in infected cats as a result of mutations in the envelope (Env) of the subgroup A FeLV (FeLV-A). To better understand emergence of FeLV-C and potential FeLV intermediates that may arise, we characterized FeLV Env sequences from the primary FY981 FeLV isolate previously derived from an anemic cat. Here, we report the characterization of the novel FY981 FeLV Env that is highly related to FeLV-A Env but whose variable region A (VRA) receptor recognition sequence partially resembles the VRA sequence from the prototypical FeLV-C/Sarma Env. Pseudotype viruses bearing FY981 Env were capable of infecting feline, human, and guinea pig cells, suggestive of a subgroup C phenotype, but also infected porcine ST-IOWA cells that are normally resistant to FeLV-C and to FeLV-A. Analysis of the host receptor used by FY981 suggests that FY981 can use both the FeLV-C receptor FLVCR1 and the feline FeLV-A receptor THTR1 for infection. However, our results suggest that FY981 infection of ST-IOWA cells is not mediated by the porcine homologue of FLVCR1 and THTR1 but by an alternative receptor, which we have now identified as the FLVCR1-related protein FLVCR2. Together, our results suggest that FY981 FeLV uses FLVCR1, FLVCR2, and THTR1 as receptors. Our findings suggest the possibility that pathogenic FeLV-C arises in FeLV-infected cats through intermediates that are multitropic in their receptor use.
Analysis of Optimal Finite Element Meshes in R1

A theory of a posteriori estimates for the finite element method has been developed. On the basis of this theory, for a two-point boundary-value problem the existence of a unique optimal mesh distribution is proved and its properties are analyzed. This mesh is characterized in terms of certain, easily computable local error indicators which in turn allow for a simple adaptive construction of the mesh and also permit the computation of a very effective a posteriori error bound. While the error estimates are asymptotic in nature, numerical experiments show the results to be excellent already for 10% accuracy. The approaches are not restricted to the model problem considered here only for clarity; in fact, they allow for rather straightforward extensions to more general problems in one dimension as well as to higher-order elements. 11 tables.
Motor control and sequencing of boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) during computer game play

The motor control of 49 unmedicated boys clinically diagnosed with ADHD, case-matched with 49 non-ADHD boys, was assessed while playing Crash Bandicoot I, a SonyTM Playstation platform computer video game. In Crash Bandicoot participants control the movements of a small-animated figure through a hazardous jungle environment. Operationally defined measures of motor control were designated by (1) the stage of the game completed (ie, the number of obstacles successfully passed) before losing the figure's ‘life’, (2) the level of complexity that the stage represented and (3) the time taken to get to that point during the video game play. These measures were assessed under contrasting conditions of low or high working memory and distracter loads. Four tasks were administered (totalling 12 trials), incorporating both with and without distracter conditions. For those trials with the distracter, a segment of the television show The Simpsons was simultaneously played on a television screen adjacent to the computer game monitor. A 5-way MANOVA revealed that ADHD boys took less time to complete their trials under the direct condition (ie, no working memory load) on Crash Bandicoot, compared to their matched non-ADHD peers. When the task required additional working memory, however, the ADHD boys took significantly longer. Cumulative frequency plots of game performance revealed that in terms of the number of obstacles completed, the control participants successfully navigated more obstacles on the low working memory load task than the ADHD participants, but that the performance of the two groups was less distinguishable on the high working memory load task. The findings have implications for assessment and management of children with ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The boundaries of the internalizing and externalizing genetic spectra in men and women

Background The distribution and co-morbidity of common psychiatric disorders can be largely explained as manifestations of two broad psychopathological spectra of internalizing and externalizing disorders. Twin studies suggest that these spectra arise from genetic factors. Method Structural equation twin modeling was applied to interview and questionnaire data on personality traits and lifetime psychiatric disorders on more than 5300 members of male–male (MM) and female–female (FF) twin pairs. Results The best-fitting models for both the externalizing and internalizing spectra differed significantly in males and females. In males, the externalizing genetic common factor was best indexed by four disorders in the following order: antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), drug abuse/dependence (DAD), alcohol abuse dependence (AAD) and conduct disorder (CD). In females, the four disorders most closely related to the externalizing common factor were, in order: DAD, AAD, nicotine dependence (ND) and ASPD. Personality traits of novelty seeking (NS) and extraversion (E) better indexed the genetic externalizing spectrum in females than in males. In both males and females, major depression (MD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) best indexed the genetic internalizing common factor. Panic disorder (PD) and agoraphobia (AgP) better reflected the internalizing genetic common factor in women, and neuroticism (N) in men. Genetic correlations between the two spectra were estimated at + 0.53 in males and + 0.52 in females. Conclusions The disorders that optimally index the genetic liability to externalizing and internalizing disorders in the general population differ meaningfully in men and women. In both sexes, these genetic spectra are better assessed by psychiatric disorders than by personality traits.
Suicide rates in five-year age-bands after the age of 60 years: the international landscape†

Background: There is paucity of studies examining suicide rates in narrow five-year age-bands after the age of 60 years. This study examined suicide rates in eight five-year age-bands between the age of 60 and 99 years because this will allow more precise comparison between the young old (60–79 years) and the oldest old (80+ years) age groups. Methods: Data on the number of suicides (International Classification of Diseases – ICD-10 codes, X60-84) in each of the eight five-year age-bands between the age-bands 60–64 years and 95–99 years in both gender for as many years as possible from 2000 were ascertained from three sources: colleagues with access to national data, national statisics office websites and email contact with the national statistics offices. The population size for the corresponding years and age-bands was estimated for each country using data provided by the United Nations website. Results: In men, suicide rates continued to increase for each of the seven five-year age-bands from 60–64 years to 90–94 years age-band, and then declined slightly for the 95–99 year age-band. In women, suicide rates continued to increase for each of the six five-year age-bands from 60–64 years to 85–89 years age-bands, and then declined slightly for the 90–94 years and 95–99 years age-bands. Conclusions: The overall global suicide rates for each of the eight five-year age-bands are sufficiently large for them to constitute a public health concern. This is especially important given the ongoing rise in the elderly population size and the paucity of data on risk and protective factors for suicide in the five-year age-bands after the age of 60 years.
Heat Stress Impairs Repeated Jump Ability After Competitive Elite Soccer Games

Abstract Mohr, M and Krustrup, P. Heat stress impairs repeated jump ability after competitive elite soccer games. J Strength Cond Res 27(3): 683–689, 2013—This study examined the effect of environmental heat stress on repeated jump performance after elite competitive soccer games. Male elite soccer players (n = 19) from 2 Scandinavian teams participated (age: 26.7 ± 1.0 years, height: 181.7 ± 1.1 cm, body mass: 75.8 ± 1.0 kg). The players had a Yo-Yo IR2 performance of 1,032 ± 42 m (range: 920–1,400 m). The players took part in the Champions League Qualification, where 6 games (3 home and 3 away) were played. The home games took place at an average ambient temperature of 12.2 ± 0.5° C (control game; CON) and the away games in hot conditions (30.0 ± 0.3° C; HOT). In the resting condition (Baseline) and immediately after CON and HOT, the players performed a repeated countermovement jump (CMJ) test consisting of 5 jumps separated by 5 seconds of recovery. Game-induced body mass loss was determined based on change in body mass after correction for fluid intake. The net loss of body mass was 3.1 ± 0.3% in HOT, which was higher (p < 0.05) than in CON (1.7 ± 0.2%). Mean CMJ performance after HOT was 37.9 ± 1.1 cm, which was 6.0% lower (p < 0.05) than Baseline (40.3 ± 1.1 cm) and tended (p = 0.08) to be lower than in the CON (39.6 ± 1.2 cm). The mean CMJ performance after CON was not different from Baseline. Peak CMJ performance after HOT was 41.1 ± 1.1 cm, which was not different from either Baseline or CON (42.0 ± 1.1 and 41.7 ± 1.2 cm, respectively). The relative decline in repeated CMJ performance from Baseline to after HOT correlated (r = 0.60; p < 0.05) to relative net loss in body mass during HOT. This study demonstrates that repeated CMJ performance deteriorates after a soccer game played in warm environmental settings, which is partly associated with severe dehydration.