Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acetylation of the carcinogen N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene by acetyl Coenzyme A to form a reactive ester.

Nonenzymatic acetylation of various carcinogenic hydroxamic acids was studied with acetyl-1-14C-CoA as the acetyl donor. Formation of acetate esters was studied by determination of the benzene-extractable radioactivity. Interaction of these esters in vitro at pH 7.5 with methionine and guanosine was used as a measure of their reactivity. N -Hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene was acetylated to a much greater extent than 2-aminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, or its ring-hydroxylated derivatives. The reaction was dependent on pH and the type of buffer, period of incubation, and the concentrations of acetyl-CoA and N -hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. With 5 min of incubation and KHCO3-KOH buffer, the pH optimum was found to be 10. On the basis of its ultraviolet absorption spectrum, RF value after paper chromatography, lability to alkali, and characteristic reaction products with methionine and guanosine, the acetylated reaction product of N -hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene has been characterized as N -acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. Among various N -hydroxy derivatives tested, N -hydroxyurethane and its N -methyl derivatives were acetylated most rapidly. It is suggested that acetate esters of hydroxamic acids may also be some of the ultimate carcinogenic metabolites of carcinogenic hydroxamic acids.
Two-Dimensional Modeling of N-Channel MOSFETs including Radiation-Induced Interface and Oxide Charge

A model of the radiation-induced changes produced in n-channel MOSFETs is presented. The model is applicable for the unirradiated device and accurately predicts device characteristics for doses of up to 500 krad(Si). The model is verified by comparing the results obtained with the model to n-channel MOSFETS for doses 0, 10, 50, 100 and 500 krad(Si). Detailed comparison of the model with a 7.8-¿m channel length transistor, to eliminate short-channel effects, shows excellent agreement between the model and measured current-voltage characteristics in the subthreshold region, the triode region, and the saturation region. Analysis of the model parameters shows that the oxide charge and interface trap density are linear with dose in these devices. The mobility decrease used in the model can best be accounted for by the combined effects of scattering from oxide and interface charge in the channel.
Endogenous Effort Norms in Hierarchical Firms

This paper studies how a three-layer hierarchical firm (principal-supervisor-agent) optimally creates effort norms for its employees. The key assumption is that effort norms are affected by the example of superiors. In equilibrium, norms are eroded as one moves down the hierarchy. The reason is that, because exerting effort is costly, the supervisor only partially complies with the principal's example, and thereby transmits a lower norm to the agent. The principal optimally responds to norm erosion by setting a higher example to begin with. In equilibrium, norm erosion gives rise to three inefficiencies: the principal works too hard, the supervisor's norm is too high, and the agent's norm is too low. To reduce these inefficiencies, firms should keep the extent of hierarchy to a minimum, promote employees with the strongest sensitivity to social norms, and distort man agerial spans of control.
Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in granulosa and thecal cells from bovine ovarian follicles at different stages of development.

Because IGFBP inhibit IGF-stimulated cellular proliferation and differentiation, it is hypothesized that variations among IGFBP in individual follicles might contribute to the regulation of recruitment, selection, dominance, and turnover of ovarian follicles. Sources of IGFBP in fluid of bovine follicles are not well established; thus, objectives of this study were to determine levels of IGFBP binding activities and messenger RNA (mRNA) in granulosa and theca interna cells at different stages of follicular development (small [< 6 mm], medium [6 to < 8 mm], and large [> or = 8 mm]) and to characterize associations of these levels measured in the cells with levels of IGFBP and steroids in follicular fluid. Thecal and granulosa cells from large healthy follicles contained two- to twentyfold less (P < 0.05) IGFBP-2, -3, and -5 than cells from small, medium, and large atretic follicles. Thecal cells from small, medium, and large atretic follicles contained more (P < 0.05) IGFBP-3 and -4 than granulosa cells from these follicles, whereas granulosa cells from these follicles contained more IGFBP-2 activity than thecal cells. Differences in IGF binding activity were paralleled by differences in levels of mRNA for the respective IGFBP. Developmental differences in IGFBP activity in follicular fluid were positively associated with activity in granulosa and/or thecal cells, with the exception of IGFBP-4, which was low in fluid from large healthy follicles but markedly increased (mRNA and binding activity) in granulosa cells from these follicles. It is concluded that developmental changes in follicular fluid IGFBP-2 and -5 binding activities seem to be controlled in part by alterations in synthesis of these IGFBP by granulosa and thecal cells, whereas diminished IGFBP-4 in fluid from large healthy follicles occurs concomitantly with increased levels of IGFBP-4 mRNA and activity in granulosa cells, implicating posttranslational regulation by specific proteases.
Alkaloids from Some Amaryllidaceae Species and Their Cholinesterase Activity

Alkaloid extracts of four Amaryllidaceae species were studied with respect to their acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and alkaloid patterns. Twenty-one alkaloids were determined by GC/MS, and seventeen of them identified from their mass spectra and retention times. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid extract of Nerine filamentosa is the first phytochemical investigation of this species. Promising erythrocytic acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity was demonstrated by the alkaloid extracts of Narcissus poeticus var recurvus, Nerine filifolia and N. filamentosa (IC50,HuAChE = 6.0 ± 0.1 μg/mL; IC50,HuAChE = 18.5 ± 0.8 μg/mL, IC50,HuAChE = 21.6 ± 1.1 μg/mL). The most potent inhibitory activity against serum butyrylcholinesterase was shown by extracts of Sternbergia lutea and Nerine filamentosa (IC50,HuBuChE = 3.7 ± 0.1 μg/mL; IC50,HuBuChE = 13.0 ± 0.7 μg/mL).
Nuclear changes in necrotic HL‐60 cells

Cell death in eukaryotes can occur by either apoptosis or necrosis. Apoptosis is characterized by well‐defined nuclear changes which are thought to be the consequence of both proteolysis and DNA fragmentation. On the other hand, the nuclear modifications that occur during necrosis are largely less known. Here, we have investigated whether or not nuclear modifications occur during ethanol‐induced necrotic cell death of HL‐60 cells. By means of immunofluorescence staining, we demonstrate that the patterns given by antibodies directed against some nuclear proteins (lamin B1, NuMA, topoisomerase IIα, SC‐35, B23/nucleophosmin) changed in necrotic cells. The changes in the spatial distribution of NuMA strongly resembled those described to occur during apoptosis. On the contrary, the fluorescent pattern characteristic for other nuclear proteins (C23/nucleolin, UBF, fibrillarin, RNA polymerase I) did not change during necrosis. By immunoblotting analysis, we observed that some nuclear proteins (SAF‐A, SATB1, NuMA) were cleaved during necrosis, and in the case of SATB1, the apoptotic signature fragment of 70 kDa was also present to the same extent in necrotic samples. Caspase inhibitors did not prevent proteolytic cleavage of the aforementioned polypeptides during necrosis, while they were effective if apoptosis was induced. In contrast, lamin B1 and topoisomerase IIα were uncleaved in necrotic cells, whereas they were proteolyzed during apoptosis. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that slight morphological changes were present in the nuclear matrix fraction prepared from necrotic cells. However, these modifications (mainly consisting of a rarefaction of the inner fibrogranular network) were not as striking as those we have previously described in apoptotic HL‐60 cells. Taken together, our results indicate that during necrosis marked biochemical and morphological changes do occur at the nuclear level. These alterations are quite distinct from those known to take place during apoptosis. Our results identify additional biochemical and morphological criteria that could be used to discriminate between the two types of cell death. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 36: 19–31, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebral metabolic correlates as potential predictors of response to anterior cingulotomy for treatment of major depression.

OBJECT Neurosurgical procedures are a viable intervention for severe, treatment-refractory major depression, although they have been associated with only modest rates of efficacy. The purpose of this study was to identify possible neuroimaging predictors of treatment response to anterior cingulotomy in patients with major depression. METHODS Thirteen patients underwent stereotactic anterior cingulotomy for treatment-refractory major depression. Symptom severity was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) both before and approximately 12 months after surgery. The authors performed [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (PET) studies in all patients preoperatively. Statistical parametric mapping methods were used to test for loci of significant correlation between preoperative regional cerebral metabolism and postoperative reduction in BDI scores. The mean (+/- standard deviation) change in the BDI score from the preoperative period (43.7 +/- 7.8) to the postoperative period (30.5 +/- 21.3) was 33.1 +/- 45.4%. Two loci--the left subgenual prefrontal cortex and left thalamus--were identified as sites at which preoperative metabolism was significantly correlated with subsequent improvement in depressive symptom severity following cingulotomy. Specifically, higher preoperative rates of metabolism at these loci were associated with better postoperative results. CONCLUSIONS Possible PET scanning predictors of treatment response were identified in patients with major depression who had undergone anterior cingulotomy. Further research will be necessary to determine the reproducibility of this finding. If confirmed, the availability of an index for noninvasively predicting a patient's response to cingulotomy for the treatment of major depression would be of great clinical value.
VARIATIONS IN THE MORPHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE OF THE CORONOID PROCESS OF HUMAN MANDIBLE

The morphological appearance of the coronoid processes (processus condyloideus) of both sides of 120 dry adult human mandibles, 75 males and 45 females of Gujarat region origin, were studied in order to classify the variations. Three types were evident: 1. Triangular 2. Rounded and 3. Hook shaped. Triangular coronoid processes were found in 130 (54.17%) sides, rounded in 59 (24.58%), and Hook shaped in 51 (21.25%) sides. Triangular coronoid processes were found bilaterally in 108, Rounded in 46 and Hook shaped in 38 sides of mandibles. The incidence of the hook shaped type was almost equal in male and female mandibles; in the triangular type it was slightly more in the male mandibles and for the rounded type it was slightly more in the female mandibles. Coronoid process is an easily harvested bone that can be used for Faciomaxillary Surgeries.
Image encryption by chaos mixing

The need for image encryption is constantly on the rise and has led to the emergence of many techniques in literature. In recent years, many chaos-based encryption techniques have developed with more or less success. In this study, we suggest one such approach using two oscillators. Mixed chaotic maps from the Colpitts and Duffing oscillators were used to encrypt images, which helped to increase the key space to 2448 ≃ 7.26 × 10134. The authors also succeeded to reduce the encryption time by saving the mixed chaotic maps and reusing them as need arose. The proposed system was tested on well-known images like Lena, NebulaM83, Mandrill and Clown.
Predictors of intention to quit smoking among hospital male staff

Smoking is the most preventable cause of premature death in the world. And its disadvantages imposes heavy financial burden on the health system. Due to the great advances in health education, health care approach to identify factors associated with smoking cessation changed and models of health education emphasized, and most useful of them are transtheoretical model (TTM). This study examined predictors of smoking cessation among male staff in the hospitals. This study included a convenience sample of 200 current and former smokers staff employed at four hospitals. The instruments included decisional balance scale, self-efficacy scale, processes of change scale (behavioral and experiential), and stages of change which self-reportly completed. The results showed that 66.5% of participant were located in earlier stage of change, self-efficacy and processes of change and decisional balance significantly correlate with stage of change, and experiential processes of change (β=0.067), self-efficacy (β=-0.059) and behavioral processes (β=0.027) were the strongest predictor of stage of change respectively. The results revealed that increases in readiness to quit smoking were significantly predicted by mechanisms of self-efficacy and experiential process of change such as environmental reevaluation and behavioral process of change such as stimulus control and counter conditioning, which can lead to positive progress in stage of change in smokers. These results support the application of TTM for smoking cessation interventions and indicate that the procedure was very effective in improving intention to quit smoking among hospitals staff.
Early granuloma formation after aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is regulated by neutrophils via CXCR3‐signaling chemokines

Among the first cells to invade a site of infection, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) play an important role in the control of numerous infections. While PMN are considered critical for control of acute infections, their role in chronic infections remains less well understood. Here we report that PMN are essential for accurate early granuloma formation during chronic M. tuberculosis infection without influencing mycobacterial growth restriction. The PMN‐mediated regulation of granuloma formation depended on chemokines signaling through CXCR3, in particular MIG, as indicated by immune histochemical analysis of lung sections from C57BL/6 wild‐type and CXCR3–/– mutant mice and supported by microarray transcriptome analysis. Hence, PMN play a central role in regulating the focal granulomatous response in the lung, and this early granuloma formation can be segregated from long‐term protection against pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection.
Chromium(III) oxide nanoparticles induced remarkable oxidative stress and apoptosis on culture cells

Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3) is used for industrial applications such as catalysts and pigments. In the classical form, namely the fine particle, Cr2O3 is insoluble and chemically stable. It is classified as a low‐toxicity chromium compound. Recently, industrial application of nanoparticles (a new form composed of small particles with a diameter of ≤100 nm, in at least one dimension) has been increasing. Cellular effects induced by Cr2O3 nanoparticles are not known. To shed light upon this, the release of soluble chromium from Cr2O3 nano‐ and fine‐particles in culture medium was compared. Fine Cr2O3 particles were insoluble in the culture medium; on the contrary, Cr2O3 nanoparticles released soluble hexavalent chromium into the culture medium. Cr2O3 nanoparticles showed severe cytotoxicity. The effect of Cr2O3 nanoparticles on cell viability was higher than that of fine particles. Cr2O3 nanoparticles showed cytotoxicity equal to that of hexavalent chromium (K2Cr2O7). Human lung carcinoma A549 cells and human keratinocyte HaCaT cells showed an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and activation of antioxidant defense systems on exposure to Cr2O3 nanoparticles. Exposure of Cr2O3 nanoparticles led to caspase‐3 activation, showing that the decrease in cell viability by exposure to Cr2O3 nanoparticles was caused by apoptosis. Cellular responses were stronger in the Cr2O3 nanoparticles‐exposed cells than in fine Cr2O3‐ and CrCl3‐exposed cells. Cellular uptake of Cr2O3 particles were observed in nano‐ and fine‐particles. The cellular influence of the extracellular soluble trivalent chromium was lower than that of Cr2O3 nanoparticles. Cr2O3 nanoparticles showed cytotoxicity by hexavalent chromium released at outside and inside of cells. The cellular influences of Cr2O3 nanoparticles matched those of hexavalent chromium. In conclusion, Cr2O3 nanoparticles have a high cytotoxic potential. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 2013.
Vanishing Configurations in Network Dynamics with Asynchronous Updates

We consider Boolean dynamics for biological networks where stochasticity is introduced through asynchronous updates. An exact method is given for finding states which can reach a steady state with positive probability, and a method is given for finding states which cannot reach other steady states. The methods are based on computational commutative algebra. The algorithms are applied to dynamics of a cell survival network to determine node assignments that exclude termination in a cancerous state.
Oral and nasal administration of chicken type II collagen suppresses adjuvant arthritis in rats with intestinal lesions induced by meloxicam.

AIM To investigate the curative effects of oral and nasal administration of chicken type II collagen (CII) on adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rats with meloxicam-induced intestinal lesions. METHODS AA model in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with or without intestinal lesions induced by meloxicam was established and those rats were divided randomly into six groups which included AA model, AA model+meloxicam, AA model+oral CII, AA model+nasal CII, AA model+ meloxicam+oral C II and AA model+meloxicam+nasal CII (n = 12). Rats was treated with meloxicam intragastrically for 7 d from d 14 after immunization with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), and then treated with chicken CII intragastrically or nasally for 7 d. Histological changes of right hind knees were examined. Hind paw secondary swelling and intestinal lesions were evaluated. Synoviocyte proliferation was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and diamine oxidase (DAO) from supernatants of intestinal homogenates were assayed by spectrophotometric analysis. RESULTS Intragastrical administration of meloxicam (1.5 mg/kg) induced multiple intestinal lesions in AA rats. There was a significant decrease of intestinal DAO activities in AA+meloxicam group (P<0.01) and AA model group (P<0.01) compared with normal group. DAO activities of intestinal homogenates in AA+meloxicam group were significantly less than those in AA rats (P<0.01). There was a significant increase of intestinal MPO activities in AA+meloxicam group compared with normal control (P<0.01). Oral or nasal administration of CII (20 microg/kg) could suppress the secondary hind paw swelling(P<0.05 for oral CII; P<0.01 for nasal CII), synoviocyte proliferation (P<0.01) and histopathological degradation in AA rats, but they had no significant effects on DAO and MPO changes. However, oral administration of CII (20 microg/kg) showed the limited efficacy on arthritis in AA+meloxicam model and the curative effects of nasal CII (20 microg/kg) were shown to be more efficient than that of oral CII (20 microg/kg) both in AA model and in AA+meloxicam model (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Oral administration of CII shows the limited efficacy on arthritis in AA rats with intestinal lesions, and nasal administration of CII is more efficient than oral administration of CII to induce mucosal tolerance in AA rats.
Reorganization of Verbal Memory Function in Early Onset Left Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the issue of reorganization of verbal memory function following early insult to the left mesial temporal region. It was hypothesized that reorganization of memory function was most likely to occur in those patients with an early age of seizure onset who have a more limited degree of extra-hippocampal neuropathology. Fifty-four patients with epilepsy of unequivocal left temporal lobe origin were classified into four groups on the basis of the presence/absence of hippocampal sclerosis and degree of postoperative seizure relief. Measures of verbal learning and memory as well as nonmemory measures were administered both before and 6 to 8 months after anterior temporal lobectomy. Findings were consistent with the reorganization proposal. The clinical and theoretical significance of the findings are discussed.
DNA polymorphism of introns 1 and 2 of prolactin receptor gene and its association with litter size in goats.

The prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene was studied as a candidate gene for the high prolificacy of Jining Grey goats. Polymorphisms in intron 1 and intron 2 of PRLR gene were detected in high prolificacy (Jining Grey) and low prolificacy (Boer, Wendeng dairy, Liaoning Cashmere and Beijing) native goats using PCR-SSCP. For intron 1, five genotypes (AA, AH, AK, HH and HK) were identified in Jining Grey goats, and two (AA and AK) in the other four breeds. The Jining Grey does of genotype HH, HK, AH and AK delivered by 0.65, 0.62, 0.59 and 0.57 more kids (P<0.01) than those of genotype AA, respectively. For intron 2, three genotypes (CC, CD and DD) were detected in Boer goats, and two (CC and CD) in the other four breeds. The Jining Grey does of genotype CD delivered by 0.55 (P<0.01) more kids than those of genotype CC.
THE EFFECT OF ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION AGAINST INHIBIN AND OF FSH SUPPLEMENTATION ON OVULATION RATE IN HEIFERS

Inhibin is released during late prophase by suppressing the FSH secretion without affecting LH secretion. Immunization against inhibin will increase FSH synthesis leading to ovulation rate. As both immunization against inhibin and FSH injection could increase ovulation rate, therefore, an interaction of both treatment should act synergically or addively. Immunized group (n=10) were immunized with bIa(129)Tyr30 against inhibin, whereas control group (n=10) were given ovalbumin alone. The result shown that inhibin antibody titer increased from 18.80 ± 4.00%(sem) D-28 to 22.90 ± 4.37%(sem) D-14. Moreover, evaluation on ovulation rate for both control and immunized groups were 6.1 ± 1.83 and 9.2 ± 2.44 ( p<0.01), respectively. However, there was no significant increased on ovulation rate as a result of synergy between immunization and exogenous FSH treatment ( 6.1 ± 1.83 v 9.2 ± 2.44 ; p>0.20).