Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Retributive Support for War and Torture

Acknowledgments The survey data analyzed here was collected as part of a collaborative project on “Integrating Research on Domestic and Foreign Policy Opinions,” sponsored by a 2009 International Studies Association Venture Grant. I am very grateful to Bill Chittick for conceiving the project and pursuing the grant, to Jason Reifler for having programmed and administered the survey, and to both of them along with Miroslav Nincic and Jennifer Ramos for writing several of the survey questions utilized here. I am also thankful to Harald Schoen and JCR’s external reviewers for their feedback.
Standardized Unexpected Earnings—1971–77

A RECENT ARTICLE IN this journal [5] measured the informational content of quarterly earnings reports and the effects of this information on stock prices. The empirical evidence presented, covering early 1971 through mid-1974, suggested that unexpected earnings were very significantly related to excess holding period returns and that the adjustment to the unexpected earnings was relatively slow. The semi-strong form of the Efficient Capital Market Hypothesis, while based on the postulate that stock prices respond to unanticipated earnings, leads to the additional hypothesis that the market response to unanticipated earnings changes occurs either before or simultaneously with publication of earnings and hence that unexpected earnings is not significantly correlated with excess returns for any period beginning after the publication date. As Sharpe [7] has noted: "If better-than-expected earnings announcements indicate attractive opportunities for stock purchases days or weeks after the announcement has been made, the market is not performing in a perfectly efficient manner. " The importance of this issue led us to perform additional tests with updated data in an attempt to answer the following questions (with answers contained in the cited tables): 1. What is the distribution of SUE (standardized unexpected earnings)? (Table 1) 2. Were cumulative returns related to unexpected earnings in the period 1974
Inequality in democracy: Insights from an empirical analysis of political dynasties in the 15th Philippine Congress

This article presents metrics to estimate the size of political dynasties in the 15th Congress of the Republic of the Philippines and analyze the relationship between political dynasty and socio-economic outcomes. Results show that political dynasties comprise 70% of jurisdiction-based legislators in the current Congress. They possess higher net worth and win elections by larger margins of victory compared to those not belonging to political dynasties. Jurisdictions of political dynasties are characterized by lower standards of living, lower human development, and higher levels of deprivation and inequality.
Land Tenure and the “Evidence Landscape” in Developing Countries

Abstract The utility of landscape as an important component of cultural geography continues to evolve. This article demonstrates the utility of the landscape concept in reconciling informal and formal land rights. Land tenure has proved to be one of the most perplexing issues in the developing world. The inability of formal and customary property rights systems to effectively connect in ways that provide for tenure security creates dilemmas not easily overcome. Typical manifestations of this incompatibility involve problems relating to land claims and disputes, which rest upon proving access and ownership rights. Such proof is at the heart of both the capital-poverty-property rights argument and the rights recognition approach, as well as noncommodity, identity-based, and service attachments to lands. This article argues that evidence proving (attesting to) rights to land is an important but overlooked domain of interaction for formal and customary tenure systems and is where opportunity resides for a potential contribution to effective cooperation between tenure regimes. Moreover, this evidence is embedded in the same landscapes that are and have been of interest to cultural geography. This “evidence landscape” is examined in the context of its utility and connection to customary tenure and formal law and how it plays a role in attending to tenurial incompatibility in three cases: Mozambique, East Timor, and the Zuni of the United States.
On the comparative evaluation of agricultural income distributions in the European Union

The paper reports a set of operational rules for ranking income distributions that could be used, given appropriate data, to address a range of policy issues concerning the economic welfare of the agricultural community, the comparability of agricultural and non-agricultural incomes, and the extent and depth of poverty in farming. The rules are based on stochastic dominance procedures and are consistent with social preferences for higher incomes and a more equal distribution of income. Their application is illustrated by means of a comparative analysis of the farm family income situation in the member states of the European Union based on Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) data. The inadequacy of FADN data as a basis for inferences about welfare and poverty of farm households is stressed. Copyright 1999 by Oxford University Press.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMBEDDEDNESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIAL PERFORMANCE IN A COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH NETWORK UNDER MANAGED CARE

13 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 15 RESEARCH SITE 19 STUDY FOCUS 20 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 27 CHAPTER TWO: BACKGROUND 29 MENTAL HEALTH POLICY AND HISTORY 30 Lessons from World War II 31 Deinstitutionalization Policy 34 Emergence of a Fragmented System 39 Emphasis on Recovery and Service Integration 44 MANAGED CARE AND BEHAVIOR HEALTH 49 CONTRACTING OUT 58 New Public Management Reform 59 A Political Economic Perspective 61 Problems with Competitive Contracting 63
[Prefrontal cortex neurochemical metabolite levels in major depression and the effects of treatment: an HMRS study].

OBJECTIVE Neuronal degeneration in the prefrontal cortex during depression results in altered production of neurochemical metabolites. The aim of the present study is to examine changes in neurochemical metabolites in the prefrontal cortex and evaluate the effects of psychodrama group therapy and pharmacotherapy on neurochemical metabolism in the first episode depression using 1HMRS methodology. METHOD Eighteen drug-free female patients with diagnosed first-episode major depression according to DSM-IV criteria and 10 healthy female subjects were enrolled in the study. The Hamilton Rating of Depression Scale (HAM-D) was used to asses the severity of depression in each of the study participants. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS) was applied to the right prefrontal cortex both before and after treatment and the concentration of N-Asetil Aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr) were measured. All patients were prescribed ant-depressant medication at the time of the evaluation (essitalopram 10-20 mg/g). In addition, a psychodrama group therapy session was conducted in which 10 patients participated in one 3-hour session each week. HAM-D and 1HMRS were repeated after 16 weeks. RESULTS Prior to treatment, the HAM-D score in the patient group was 14.55±4.55 while the HAM-D score was 3.88±2.47 after 16 weeks of treatment. The severity of symptoms among the patient group was determined to be mild/moderate. No neurochemical abnormalities were identified in the right prefrontal cortex of depressed patients compared to the healthy subjects in the baseline measurements and no significant change was observed in neurochemical metabolites following treatment with pharmacotherapy or pharmacotherapy with group psychotherapy. CONCLUSION Our results identified no neurodegeneration, cell membrane dysfunction, alterations in energy metabolism, or altered neurochemical metabolite levels in patients undergoing a first episode of mild/moderate depression. Further studies will be needed to evaluate the effects of alternate treatments and the presence or absence of neuronal damage during follow-up of patients with depression.
Spiritual Influences on Ability to Engage in Self-Care Activities among Older African Americans

The influence of spiritual factors on the ability of African-American elders to carry out instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) independent of age, gender, education, and self-rated health is explored using the religion-health explanatory model in a cross-sectional sample of 96 African-American community dwelling adults 62 to 93 years of age. The Reed spiritual perspective (SPS) and self-transcendence (STS) scales are used to study spiritual factors (Reed, 1991). The typical respondent was 75 years of age, female, widowed with 10.4 years of education. Self-rated health and age are strongly related to IADL in models that include the other variables (R2 = 0.41, p < 0.01). Those who are younger and those who self-report better health have higher IADL scores than those without these characteristics. Spiritual factors are significantly related to IADL in a model that includes an interaction of STS with education (R2 = 0.50). Among the least educated, STS is associated with higher scores of IADL. Addition of the interaction to the model resulted in a significant positive association of both STS and education with IADL. SPS was unrelated to IADL. Caregivers concerned with functional ability may want to consider interventions based on increasing a sense of self-transcendence, and to consider educational level as a potential moderator of this relationship. Criticism of the religion-health literature has suggested that putative health effects of religion may be exaggerated, because of failure to take confounding variables into account (Sloan, Bagiella, & Powell, 1999). However, this study and a recent survey by Musick, House, and Williams (2004) are evidence that it is just as likely that health benefits of religion would be hidden by confounders as that they would be exaggerated by them.
Model of the dentist-patient consultation in a clinic specializing in the treatment of dental phobic patients: a qualitative study

Thirty semi-structured interviews were conducted with 5 dentists (3 male and 2 female) after first and second consultations with 15 newly enrolled dental phobic patients (2 male and 13 female) in a clinic specializing in the treatment of odontophobia. Analysis of the transcribed interviews was influenced by the principles of grounded theory. Five concepts/higher-order categories were grounded in the data: 1 core category: 'Relatedness, based on affective resonance and concordant roles' and 4 additional higher-order categories: 'the dental phobic patient's emotions'; 'the patient's verbal and non-verbal cues'; 'the dentist's role as a clinician: professional interpersonal skills'; and 'the dentist's role as a fellow-being: general interpersonal skills'. The model developed describes the dynamics of the dentist-patient interaction and has a theoretical application.
The evolution of the Swedish wage structure: new evidence for 1992–2001

Changes in the Swedish wage structure from 1992 to 2001 are investigated and placed in a longer-term perspective. The results show that the increase in overall wage dispersion that began in the early 1980s have continued during the 1990s, and that the increase during the 1990s is driven by increased wage differentials in both the lower and upper half of the wage distribution. The results also show that the university wage premium in Sweden has exhibited a clearly positive trend since the early 1980s whilst the returns to lower levels of education have been constant since the mid 1970s. Unlike the 1980s, relative supply changes do not appear to have been responsible for the rise in the university wage premium over the most recent decade.
The Information Content of the Gilt–equity Yield Ratio

In principle, the gilt-equity yield ratio (GEYR) can be used as a decision criterion for choosing between equity and bonds because the GEYR is sensitive to miss-pricing. However, the GEYR is also influenced by other variables. Consequently, observed movement in the GEYR cannot be confidently attributed to miss-pricing without controlling for the other variables which might cause the GEYR to vary. This paper demonstrates that the GEYR can be used as a signal to switch profitably between equity and bonds provided that the GEYR threshold value indicating a profitable switch is adjusted to incorporate changes in variables such as expected inflation and the equity risk premium. Simple empirical experiments are carried out aimed at evaluating how well the GEYR performs as a trading rule. Copyright 1998 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester
The Effect of an Absorbable Gelatin Dressing Impregnated with Triamcinolone within the Olfactory Cleft on Polypoid Rhinosinusitis Smell Disorders

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory process that causes different clinical symptoms: nasal blockage and congestion, posterior and anterior nasal drip, and smell disorder ranging from reduced olfaction (hyposmia) to complete loss of smell (anosmia). It has been suggested that mechanical blockage of olfactory clef after polypectomy is responsible for the persistent impairment of olfaction in some cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of application of steroids at the olfactory cleft in improving olfactory function in patients who underwent sinus surgery. Methods A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted in Yazd, Iran, between March and December 2012. Eligible patients who had CRS with polyposis and underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery were recruited. An absorbable gelatin dressing combined with triamcinolone (case) or normal saline (control) was applied at the site of surgery. Olfaction was assessed by butanol threshold tests before and 8 weeks after surgery. Results A total of 60 patients were enrolled into the study and were equally divided into triamcinolone and control groups. Subjects in both arms of trial experienced augmentation of smell function throughout the study; however, patients who received triamcinolone had better improvement after 8 weeks (p = 0.007). Complete remission rate was 100% in the triamcinolone group and the corresponding figure was 76% in the control group. Conclusion We suggest that application of triamcinolone at the olfactory cleft can boost the effect of surgery in restoring olfactory function.
Mechanisms of immune suppression in patients with head and neck cancer: Influence on the immune infiltrate of the cancer

Freshly excised human head and neck cancers (219 primary cancers; 64 metastatic lymph node cancers) were analyzed for the immune inhibitory mediators released from the cancer tissues and the immune infiltrate within the tumor. Significant levels of the immune inhibitory mediators transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) were released from these cancers. Also released was granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), whose secretion was associated with an intratumoral presence of CD34+ cells. We have previously shown that CD34+ cells within human head and neck cancers are immune inhibitory granulocyte‐macrophage progenitor cells. The presence of TGF‐β, PGE2 and IL‐10 was associated with a reduced content of CD8+ T‐cells within the cancers. The CD4+ cell content appeared to be less affected by these immune inhibitory mediators. Instead, parameters indicative of CD4+ cell function (p55 IL‐2 receptor expression, release of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ) were diminished in cancers that released higher levels of TGF‐β, IL‐10 and GM‐CSF and had a higher CD34+ cell content. Furthermore, metastatic cancers released higher levels of the soluble immune inhibitory mediators and lower levels of IFN‐γ and IL‐2 than did primary cancers, although CD34+ cells were similarly present in both primary and metastatic cancers. Our results show that human head and neck cancers have a multiplicity of non‐mutually exclusive mechanisms of immune suppression that are most prominently associated with reduced CD8+ cell influx and reduced influx and altered function of intratumoral CD4+ cells. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Precautionary Reserves and the Interbank Market

Extreme disruptions in the interbank market severely hampered the broader financial system during the 2007–08 financial crisis. We use Fedwire data to estimate fed funds trades and track banks’ intraday balances. We show empirical evidence of banks’ precautionary holding of reserves and reluctance to lend linked to documented extreme fed funds rate volatility, including the fed funds rate spiking above the discount rate and crashing to zero. We develop a model of constrained banks that makes new predictions and provides a unified explanation for the stark anomalies during the crisis, our empirical findings, and previous stylized facts from normal times.
Enhanced Cryptcoding: Joint Security and Advanced Dual-Step Quasi-Cyclic LDPC Coding

Data security has always been a major concern and a huge challenge for governments and individuals throughout the world since early times. Recent advances in technology, such as the introduction of cloud computing, make it even a bigger challenge to keep data secure. In parallel, high throughput mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets are designed to support these new technologies. The high throughput requires power-efficient designs to maintain the battery-life. In this paper, we propose a novel Joint Security and Advanced Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) Coding (JSALC) method. The JSALC is composed of two parts: the Joint Security and Advanced LDPC-based Encryption (JSALE) and the dual-step Secure LDPC code for Channel Coding (SLCC). The JSALE is obtained by interlacing Advanced Encryption System (AES)-like rounds and Quasi-Cyclic (QC)-LDPC rows into a single primitive. Both the JSALE code and the SLCC code share the same base quasi-cyclic parity check matrix (PCM) which retains the power efficiency compared to conventional systems. We show that the overall JSALC Frame-Error-Rate (FER) performance outperforms other cryptcoding methods by over 1.5 dB while maintaining the AES-128 security level. Moreover, the JSALC enables error resilience and has higher diffusion than AES-128.
ATP-MgCl2 restores renal microcirculation following trauma and severe hemorrhage.

Although ATP-MgCl2 enhances the recovery of renal function after ischemia and reperfusion, it is not known whether this agent has any beneficial effects on renal microcirculation and function in a nonheparinized model of trauma and severe hemorrhage. To study this, a midline laparotomy was performed (i.e., trauma induced) and the rats were bled to and maintained at a mean arterial pressure of 40 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.32 Pa) until 40% of the maximum shed blood volume was returned in the form of Ringer's lactate (RL) solution. Animals were then resuscitated with 4 times the volume of the shed blood in the form of RL. ATP-MgCl2, 50 mumol/kg body weight, or an equivalent volume of saline, was infused intravenously during and following resuscitation. Renal microcirculation was examined by using colloidal carbon infusion and laser Doppler flow-metry. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was assessed with [3H]inulin clearance and cardiac output (CO) was determined by dye dilution technique. The results indicate that the depressed renal microcirculation following hemorrhage and resuscitation was restored by ATP-MgCl2 treatment. GFR was significantly higher in ATP-MgCl2-treated than saline-treated rats. ATP-MgCl2 also increased urine output, restored the decreased CO, and prevented the occurrence of renal edema after hemorrhage and resuscitation. Thus, ATP-MgCl2 appears to be a useful adjunct to crystalloid resuscitation following trauma and severe hemorrhagic shock even in the absence of blood resuscitation.
Field emission properties of Ex-situ and In-situ iron catalyst-grown carbon nanotubes

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are grown using ex-situ and in-situ iron catalyst sources, and their respective Field Emission (FE) properties are investigated. At similar CNT heights (∼16 μm), it is found that in-situ catalyst-grown CNT film shows better FE properties than ex-situ catalyst-grown CNT film. At the same time, it is found that in-situ CNTs show enlarged tips, forming “thumbtack”-shaped CNT tips. From the simulation study, enlarged CNT tip emits higher FE current, possibly due to the larger emission area. The obtained results demonstrated that in-situ catalyst-grown CNTs show better FE properties than ex-situ catalyst-grown CNTs.
Management Innovation in Smaller Municipal Government

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION has monitored a quarter-century of evolution in innovative management practices in mu nicipal government. Based on the sample of municipalities from which management surveys were drawn, zero-based budgeting and management-by-objectives gave way to performance measurement and benchmarking during this period. With rare exception, the management innovation studies sponsored by the International City/County Management Association (ICMA) have been limited to municipalities with populations of 25,000 and above. Although the survey response rate tends to be higher and innovative management practices more common in larger municipalities (Coplin, Merget, and Bourdeaux 2002), limiting the study of management innovation to the 1,395 municipalities with populations of 25,000 and above is problematic. There are 5,586 municipalities in the population range of 2,500 to 24,999 in the United States, constituting 80 percent of the 6,981 municipalities in the nation with populations of 2,500 and above (ICMA 2002). This article explores management innovation in the 80 percent of municipalities that we know little about, building on the extensive literature established from the 20 percent of mu nicipalities, which have populations of 25,000 and above. Based on a national survey of smaller municipalities, we present the adoption rates of certain management tools and compare them with the rates of larger municipalities obtained from previously published survey results. We then distinguish between adoption and implementation of innovation (see de Lancer Julnes and Holzer 2001) to determine whether the tools that establish the framework of performance management have actually been used to enhance decision-making processes in the core functions of management. Finally, we present the implications of this research and previous studies on management innovation in local government.
Perceived Organizational Support and its Relationship with Institutional Commitment; Evidence from Higher Education Academic Staff

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational commitment of teachers who are working in educational institutes of Pakistan and teaching intermediate or degree classes. The sample size of this study was 232 teachers from different degree colleges of Pakistan. A self administered questionnaire has been used as data collection technique. It consisted two main parts: first part was related to perceive organizational support and second main part related to organizational commitment which was also divided in four sub parts (Commitment to teaching profession, Commitment to teaching, Commitment to team work, commitment to institutes). Pearson's co-relation coefficient test was used for analyzing the relationship between variables through SPSS 16.0. Results exposed that association between organizational commitment of employees and perceived organizational support is positive. The policy implications for managers are also discussed.