Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Moral Reasoning of Education Students: The Effects of Direct Instruction in Moral Development Theory and Participation in Moral Dilemma Discussion

Background/Context Results of the few studies that have investigated moral reasoning in education students suggest that such reasoning may be less advanced for them than for college students with non–education majors and that education students do not appear to advance in moral reasoning from freshman to senior year. Purpose The purpose of the present study was to test an educational intervention designed to advance moral reasoning scores of undergraduate elementary and secondary education students. Setting The study was conducted in undergraduate classrooms at the University of Nevada, Reno, a Western Land Grant institution. Participants Participants were undergraduate elementary (n = 94) and secondary education majors (n = 98) and undergraduate students majoring in English literature and philosophy (n = 42). Research Design The study was a quasi-experimental design. Data Collection and Analysis Undergraduate education students enrolled in four sections of an introduction to educational psychology course received interventions designed to advance moral reasoning. English and philosophy courses were chosen as control groups. Over a period of 5 weeks, students in the intervention groups were taught moral development theories and participated in online dilemma discussion. An additional 3 weeks were devoted to pretesting and posttesting activities. Results A 2 x 5 mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA; time by group) with repeated measures on time was conducted to analyze pre- and posttest2 DIT P-scores for all five subgroups. Significant increases in mean DIT P-scores were found for the elementary and secondary intervention groups but not for the control groups. Gains in both the elementary and secondary groups were maintained at posttest2 at the end of the semester, but there were no significant differences from posttest1 to posttest2. To determine the effectiveness of hypothetical versus real-life dilemma discussion on moral reasoning, a 2 x 3 mixed ANOVA (time by group) was conducted. The ANOVA main effect for time and the interaction were significant, whereas the main effect for group was not significant. Conclusions/Recommendations Results of the present study support findings of previous studies providing evidence that principled moral reasoning can be advanced by deliberate educational interventions. Future studies should investigate whether gains will be maintained over longer periods of time than a single semester and whether mere gains in moral reasoning scores translate to a broader range of moral behaviors.
Functional Interplay between Acetylation and Methylation of the RelA Subunit of NF-κB

ABSTRACT Posttranslational modifications of the RelA subunit of NF-κB, including acetylation and methylation, play a key role in controlling the strength and duration of its nuclear activity. Whether these modifications are functionally linked is largely unknown. Here, we show that the acetylation of lysine 310 of RelA impairs the Set9-mediated methylation of lysines 314 and 315, which is important for the ubiquitination and degradation of chromatin-associated RelA. Abolishing the acetylation of lysine 310 either by the deacetylase SIRT1 or by mutating lysine 310 to arginine enhances methylation. Conversely, enhancing the acetylation of lysine 310 by depleting SIRT1 or by replacing lysine 310 with acetyl-mimetic glutamine inhibits methylation, thereby decreasing ubiquitination, prolonging the stability of chromatin-associated RelA, and enhancing the transcriptional activity of NF-κB. The acetylation of lysine 310 of RelA interferes with its interaction with Set9. Based on structural modeling of the SET domain of Set9 with RelA, we propose that the positive charge of lysine 310 is critical for the binding of RelA to a negatively charged “exosite” within the SET domain of Set9. Together, these findings demonstrate for the first time an interplay between RelA acetylation and methylation and also provide a novel mechanism for the regulation of lysine methylation by acetylation.
Outcome of right hepatectomies in patients older than 70 years.

HYPOTHESIS The increasing number of elderly patients undergoing liver resections mandates updating of clinical outcomes on this specific population. DESIGN Case series. SETTING A tertiary care teaching hospital. PATIENTS Twenty-three patients older than 70 years who underwent right hepatectomies (including 7 extended right hepatectomies) between January 1, 1995, and October 31, 2001 (group 1) and 99 patients younger than 70 years who underwent 64 right hepatectomies and 35 extended right hepatectomies during the same period (group 2) were included for a total sample population of 122. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Preoperative clinicopathological features, intraoperative factors, in-hospital mortality, postoperative complications, intensive care unit requirement, hospital stay, and course of main biochemical liver function test results of groups 1 and 2 were analyzed and compared. RESULTS The 2 groups were similar for indications for surgery and the presence of underlying liver disease. Group 1 had a higher incidence of associated pulmonary diseases (21.7% vs 5%, P =.02) and patients with an American Society of Anesthesiologists score of III (ie, a patient with severe systemic disease limiting activity, but not incapacitating) (56.5% vs 26.3% of cases, P =.01). There were no differences in intraoperative requirement of packed red blood cells and in operation time. There were no in-hospital deaths in group 1; there were 2 deaths (2%) in group 2. Nine patients (39.1%) in group 1 and 32 patients (32.3%) in group 2 experienced postoperative complications (P =.53), of whom, respectively, 5 (21.7%) and 17 (17.2%) developed transient liver dysfunction (P =.56), and 4 (17.4%) and 5 (5.1%) required a supplementary intesive care unit stay (P =.06). The postoperative stay (mean [SD], 16 [14] days vs 13 [9] days, P =.88) and peak values of the aminotransferase level, total serum bilirubin level, and prothrombin time were similar in the 2 groups. The timing of the peak value of the total serum bilirubin level (mean [SD], 4.1 [4.8] days vs 2.5 [2.5] days, P =.28) and its period of normalization (mean [SD], 9.4 [10.8] days vs 6.7 [5.1] days, P =.67) were also similar for both groups. For patients with malignancies, the 3-year survival rate was 64.2% in group 1 and 53.9% in group 2 (P =.53). CONCLUSION Being older than 70 years should not be a contraindication for major hepatectomies, provided that liver cirrhosis and severe associated medical conditions are ruled out during the preoperative evaluation.
Evaluation of the hygiene status in several meat and dairy processing establishments in R. Macedonia.

The hygiene practice is one of the most important aspects in the production of safe food. The effectiveness of the cleaning and disinfection programs can be evaluated by continuous examination of the microbiological counts of the surfaces and hands of the workers by taking swabs. In a period of 6 months, 717 swabs were examined, 600 of them from working surfaces, and 117 from employees hands, by using the standard swabbing technique. From the meat production premises 453 swabs were sampled from surfaces and 94 swab samples from workers hands. At the dairy establishments, 147 swabs were taken from the surfaces and 23 swabs from employees hands. The samples were tested for total bacteria viable count according to ISO 4833:2003 and the enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae according to ISO 21528-2:2004, and after that the results were evaluated in accordance with Directive 471/2001/EEC. Obtained results from the meat processing plants were the following: 15.6% were unacceptable for total viable count (TVC) and 7.5% were unacceptable for enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae from the swabs taken from surfaces, and 10.6% and 2.1% respectively from the swabs taken from their workers. The results in the milk processing premises were: 9.5% unacceptable for TVC and 2% unacceptable for enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae from the swabs from their surfaces, and 17.4% and 8.7% respectively from the swabs taken from their workers. The results are indicating that although there is a high level of appropriate hygiene practice in all of the food production premises, there is still a percent of unacceptable results, which suggests a lack of hygiene and can emphasis the need for further improvement of the cleaning and disinfecting techniques especially for the surfaces in the meat processing premises and an improvement in the personal hygiene in the dairy industry.
Infantile osteopetrosis, craniosynostosis, and Chiari malformation type I with novel OSTEM1 mutation

We report a case of a 9-month-old Arab infant, with novel OSTEM mutation and unpublished triad of osteopetrosis (OP), craniosynostosis (CS), and Chiari malformation type I (CM1). The index presented with progressive irritability, abnormal movements, following an accidental fall. The history revealed early onset of irritability, progressive visual loss, and global developmental delay, more prominent at the gross motor level and a suspected congenital cytomegalovirus infection. The pregnancy was uneventful with subsequent unremarkable delivery. The parents are Arabs′first cousins with no apparent symptoms or signs of bone disease. Three dimensional brain computed tomography (CT) showed ventriculomegaly, thick calvaria, and CS of the coronal and sagittal sutures. Patient had signs of left lower motor neuron facial palsy, and CT of petrous bones confirms the presence of osteopetrotic petrous with slim mastoid portions of the facial nerve canals both sides. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed CM1. Skeletal survey showed sclerotic skeleton. He needed ventriculoperitoneal shunt and died at 18 months of age. Molecular testing for OSTEM1 gene revealed novel homozygous mutation that segregated from his parents. This novel OSTEM1 gene novel mutation and the combination of OP, infantile CS, and CM1 is to our knowledge never been reported.
Promoting Spontaneous Analogical Transfer: The Role of Category Status

Analogical comparison promotes spontaneous transfer by encouraging a more abstract representation that may be easier to retrieve. The category status hypothesis states that: if knowledge is represented as a relational category, it is easier to activate as a result of categorizing (as opposed to cue-based reminding). To investigate these two pathways to analogical transfer, participants were assigned to different study conditions: 1) standard comparison of two analogs; 2) standard comparison followed by a second comparison of two new analogs; or 3) a guided category-building task based on sequential summarization. Category-building showed a reliably higher rate of spontaneous transfer during an analogical problem solving task than standard comparison (numerically higher than double-comparison). Another experiment measured spontaneous remindings to cues on the basis of matching structure. Category-building showed a reliable advantage over both comparison conditions. This supports categorization as a novel pathway to spontaneous transfer by enhancing retrieval of structurally similar information.
Temporal Stability of the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale for High- and Low-Scoring Normal Subjects

It has been documented that many normal people report hallucinatory experiences. The Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale is widely used to investigate differences between subjects who score high or low in hallucinatory predisposition. In this study we addressed the question of whether scores remain stable over time. We selected 19 high-scoring subjects and 17 low-scoring subjects (upper and lower quartile) from a group of 243 undergraduate students who completed the scale. These two groups retook the scale after a period of 3 to 6 weeks. 81% received the same classification, which supports the view of hallucinatory predisposition as a stable trait; however, for 30% of the subjects the mean rating at the second time differed more than 3 SDs from the mean rating at the first time. In addition, the mean rating of 19% of subjects changed enough so they did not receive the same classification, indicating that state characteristics may also affect these scores.
Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection Induces Autophagy in both Cultured Cells and Human Skin Vesicles

ABSTRACT When grown in cultured cells, varicella-zoster virus (VZV) forms many aberrant light particles and produces low titers. Various studies have explored the reasons for such a phenotype and have pointed to impaired expression of specific late genes and at lysosomal targeting of egressing virions as possible causes. In the studies presented here, we report that the autophagic degradation pathway was induced at late time points after VZV infection of cultured cells, as documented by immunoblot analysis of the cellular proteins LC3B and p62/SQSTM1, along with electron microscopy analysis, which demonstrated the presence of both early autophagosomes and late autophagic compartments. Autophagy was induced in infected cells even in the presence of phosphonoacetic acid, an inhibitor of viral late gene expression, thus suggesting that accumulation of immediate-early and early viral gene products might be the major stimulus for its induction. We also showed that the autophagic response was not dependent on a specific cell substrate, virus strain, or type of inoculum. Finally, using immunofluorescence imaging, we demonstrated autophagosome-specific staining in human zoster vesicles but not in normal skin. Thus, our results document that this innate immune response pathway is a component of the VZV infectious cycle in both cultured cells and the human skin vesicle, the final site of virion formation in the infected human host.
A Categorization Model of Requirements Based on Max‐Neef's Model of Human Needs

Requirements categorization is an inherent part of the requirements engineering activity. Conventional approaches use a designer perspective (requirements organized according to design needs or attributes), a contractual perspective (requirements organized according to procurement or acquisition needs), or a combination of both. Such models present several inconveniences that result in limitation of system affordability: facilitate the generation of overlapping requirements, of design‐dependent requirements, and of a mix of requirements applicable to different levels of the architecture decomposition or to different products. The present research proposes a Need‐based Categorization (NbC) model that is system‐centric: Requirements are organized around the system. Inspired by Max‐Neef's model of human needs, the proposed model supports requirement elicitation by defining only what the system does, how well, where, and what it uses to accomplish it. The model facilitates the identification of constraints that limit the solution tradespace without supporting the satisfaction of new needs, of overlapping requirements, and of requirements that are not applicable to the system. Finally, the proposed model defines requirements in subsets that are associated with value to stakeholders, thus reflecting the actual dependency nature of requirements at a given level of an architecture decomposition, which promotes holistic decisions instead of local optimizations.
Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma

Summary. Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is both a hepatotropic and a lymphotropic virus, has been proposed as a possible causative agent of mixed cryoglobulinaemia. This ‘benign’ lymphoproliferative disorder can switch over to a malignant B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Therefore HCV infection has been investigated in a series of 50 unselected Italian patients with B‐cell NHL. Antibodies against HCV were found in 30% of NHL and HCV viraemia in 32% of cases. HCV‐related markers were detected in 34% (17/50) of our NHL patients; this prevalence is particularly significant when compared with HCV seropositivity in Hodgkin's lymphoma (3%) and healthy controls (1.3%).
An Ion-Pair HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Exogenous Phosphocreatine and Its Metabolite Creatine and Related ATP in Rabbit Plasma and RBC: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study

A specific, precise and accurate ion-pair HPLC-UV method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of phosphocreatine (PCr), and its metabolite creatine (Cr) as well as related ATP in plasma and red blood cell (RBC) of rabbits. After addition of TMP as IS, the samples were deproteinized with 6% PCA. The analytes were separated on a Kromasil C18 column using a tertiary gradient mobile phase composed of buffer A (0.2% KH2PO4 + 0.08% tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen sulphate, pH 3.0), buffer B (buffer A adjusted to pH 7.5 with 1 mol/L NaOH) and MeOH. Detection wavelengths were set at 210 nm for PCr and Cr and 260 nm for ATP and TMP. Some blank samples were initially run for baseline subtraction. The linear detection responses were obtained for PCr concentration over a range of 10 - 7500 mg/ml (plasma) and 5 - 2500 mg/ml (RBC) and for both Cr and ATP concentrations of 10 - 1500 mg/ml (plasma) and 5 - 750 mg/ml (RBC) (r > 0.99). The QC samples of 3 analytes showed intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSD) of - 107%. The method was successfully used to simultaneously determine plasma and RBC concentrations of the 3 analytes and to study pharmacokinetics after iv administration of PCr to rabbits.
Genomic Copy Number Analysis in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: An ADNI Study

Copy number variants (CNVs) are DNA sequence alterations, resulting in gains (duplications) and losses (deletions) of genomic segments. They often overlap genes and may play important roles in disease. Only one published study has examined CNVs in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), and none have examined mild cognitive impairment (MCI). CNV calls were generated in 288 AD, 183 MCI, and 184 healthy control (HC) non-Hispanic Caucasian Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants. After quality control, 222 AD, 136 MCI, and 143 HC participants were entered into case/control association analyses, including candidate gene and whole genome approaches. Although no excess CNV burden was observed in cases (AD and/or MCI) relative to controls (HC), gene-based analyses revealed CNVs overlapping the candidate gene CHRFAM7A, as well as CSMD1, SLC35F2, HNRNPCL1, NRXN1, and ERBB4 regions, only in cases. Replication in larger samples is important, after which regions detected here may be promising targets for resequencing.
Proteomic Analysis of Microvesicles Released by the Human Prostate Cancer Cell Line PC-3

Cancer biomarkers are invaluable tools for cancer detection, prognosis, and treatment. Recently, microvesicles have appeared as a novel source for cancer biomarkers. We present here the results from a proteomic analysis of microvesicles released to the extracellular environment by the metastatic prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Using nanocapillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 266 proteins were identified with two or more peptide sequences. Further analysis showed that 16% of the proteins were classified as extracellular and that intracellular proteins were annotated in a variety of locations. Concerning biological processes, the proteins found in PC-3 cell-released microvesicles are mainly involved in transport, cell organization and biogenesis, metabolic process, response to stimulus, and regulation of biological processes. Several of the proteins identified (tetraspanins, annexins, Rab proteins, integrins, heat shock proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, 14–3-3 proteins) have previously been found in microvesicles isolated from other sources. However, some of the proteins seem to be more specific to the vesicular population released by the metastatic prostate cancer PC-3 cell line. Among these proteins are the tetraspanin protein CD151 and the glycoprotein CUB domain-containing protein 1. Interestingly, our results show these proteins are promising biomarkers for prostate cancer and therefore candidates for clinical validation studies in biological fluids.
Long‐term culture of disaggregated rat osteoclasts: Inhibition of bone resorption and reduction of osteoclast‐like cell number by calcitonin and PTHrP[107‐139]

The islated osteoclast bone resorption assay has proved to be a useful means of examining the response of mammalian and avian osteoclasts to a variety of stimuli. The assay has traditionally been performed over a period of 24 hours. By extending the duration of the osteoclast bone resorption assay, we have been able to assess the long‐term effects of carboxyl‐terminal parathyroid hormone‐related protein (hPTHrP[107‐139]), salmon calcitonin (sCT) and hPTH[1‐34] on bone resorption and TRACP‐positive osteoclast‐like cell number. We found that, in control cultures over a period of up to 144 hours, the osteoclast‐like cells not only remained viable but their numbers also increased. The number of mononucleated and multinucleated osteoclast‐like cells doubled in the first 48 hours before stabilizing over the remainder of the incubation period. Osteoblasts also proliferated, resulting in a resorption response to hPTH [1‐34] being evident from 48 hours onward. hPTHrP[107‐139] persistently inhibited basal and PTH‐stimulated bone resorption for at least 96–144 hours. Where as “escape” from the inhibijtory effect of sCT was seen after 48–72 hours. Decreased numbers of bothe mononucleated and multinucleated TRACP‐positive osteoclast‐like cells were seen by 48 hours in cultures treated with sCT. In contrast, hPTHrP[107‐139] reduced the number of mononuclear TRACP‐positive cells with only a late effect on multinucleated cells. Furthermore, the incsreased number of osteoclast‐like cells seen in response to hPTH[1‐34] was inhibited by carboxyl‐terminal PTHrP. In summary, this study indicates that the extended bone resorption assay system is a complex one where bothe osteoclastic resorption and osteoclast maturation are evident. Using this syste, we have shown that hPTHrP[107‐139] acts as a potent long‐term inhibitor of osteoclastic bone resorption, without evidence of escape from its effect. Its action to reduce the number of mononucleated osteoclst‐like cells suggests that it affects several aspects of osteoclast activity. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic network programming with learning and evolution for adapting to dynamical environments

A new evolutionary algorithm named " genetic network programming, GNP" has been proposed. GNP represents its solutions as network structures, which can improve the expression and search ability. Since GA, GP, and GNP already proposed are based on evolution and they cannot change their solutions until one generation ends, we propose GNP with learning and evolution in order to adapt to a dynamical environment quickly. Learning algorithm improves search speed for solutions and evolutionary algorithm enables GNP to search wide solution space efficiently.