Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Muscle tissue changes with aging

Purpose of reviewThis review article focuses on the changes that occur in muscle with age, specifically the involuntary loss of muscle mass, strength and function, termed sarcopenia. Particular emphasis is given to the metabolic alterations that characterize sarcopenia, and to the potentially treatable causes of this condition, including age-related endocrine and nutritional changes, and inactivity. Recent findingsRecent data reported include those regarding the potential role of insulin resistance in the development of sarcopenia, the potential role of androgens and growth hormone in the treatment of this condition, the usefulness of exercise including both resistance and aerobic training to improve muscle growth and function, and, finally, the possible use of nutritional manipulations to improve muscle mass. SummarySarcopenia is likely a multifactorial condition that impairs physical function and predisposes to disability. It may be prevented or treated with lifestyle interventions and pharmacological treatment. Further long-term investigations are needed, however, to ascertain what type and combinations of interventions are the most efficacious in improving muscle mass and function in older people.
The Current State of Treatment of Adverse Reactions to Injectable Fillers

BACKGROUND Adverse reactions to injectable filler may be challenging to treat. The spectrum of treatment options ranges from immunomodulatory drugs (e.g., glucocorticosteroids) to antibiotics to laser therapy and surgery. OBJECTIVES To assess how adverse reactions were treated and how they processed over time. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants from the Injectable Filler Safety (IFS) Study were reinterviewed to obtain data on the course of adverse reactions and the therapy. RESULTS Forty‐one participants from the IFS Study were reinterviewed; 35 (85%) received treatment, 17 (41%) with a combination of drug therapy and surgery, 14 (34%) with drug therapy only, and four (10%) with a surgical intervention. Six (15%) did not receive any treatment. Fifty‐one percent of all of the treated participants reported treatment‐related adverse reactions. Participants with more severe adverse reactions were more likely to be treated with a combination of drugs and surgery. In all participants, adverse reactions improved. CONCLUSION We certainly need more evidence. Reporting positive and negative treatment outcomes is important to improve our knowledge regarding these reactions. Therefore, registries focusing on adverse reactions to injectable fillers and their treatment should be encouraged. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.
Assessment of Confabulation in Patients with Alcohol-Related Cognitive Disorders: The Nijmegen–Venray Confabulation List (NVCL-20)

Objective: Even though the first awareness of confabulations is often based on observations, only questionnaires and structured interviews quantifying provoked confabulations are available. So far, no tools have been developed to measure spontaneous confabulation. This study describes and validates an observation scale for quantifying confabulation behavior, including spontaneous confabulations, in clinical practice. Method: An observation scale consisting of 20 items was developed, the Nijmegen–Venray Confabulation List-20 (NVCL-20). This scale covers spontaneous confabulation, provoked confabulation, and memory and orientation. Professional caregivers completed the NVCL-20 for 28 Korsakoff (KS) patients and 24 cognitively impaired chronic alcoholics (ALC). Their ratings were related to the Dalla Barba Confabulation Battery (DBCB), Provoked Confabulation Test (PCT), and standard neuropsychological tests. Results: The categories of the NVCL-20 have “good” to “excellent” internal consistency and inter-rater agreement. The KS patients confabulated more (both spontaneously and provoked), and more memory and orientation problems were observed. Correlations with neuropsychological test scores showed that confabulations were associated with memory deficits, but not with intrusions or tests of executive dysfunction. Conclusions: The NVCL-20 is the first instrument that includes items addressing spontaneous confabulation. Administration is reliable, valid and feasible in clinical practice, making it a useful addition to existing confabulating measures.
Programming Techniques: Regular expression search algorithm

A method for locating specific character strings embedded in character text is described and an implementation of this method in the form of a compiler is discussed. The compiler accepts a regular expression as source language and produces an IBM 7094 program as object language. The object program then accepts the text to be searched as input and produces a signal every time an embedded string in the text matches the given regular expression. Examples, problems, and solutions are also presented.
Graft‐versus‐host disease after orthotopic liver transplantation: multivariate analysis of risk factors

Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) is a rare, fatal complication following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). To date, several risk factors have been proposed, but reports on these factors have been inconclusive. This is a retrospective, case–control study of prospectively collected data from 2775 OLTs performed at our institution. Eight cases of GVHD after OLT were diagnosed on the basis of the patient's clinical characteristics, and the findings were confirmed with skin and colonic biopsies. Each case was matched to three controls based on the diagnosis of liver disease, recipient's age, and blood group. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with the development of GVHD after OLT. The univariate and multivariate analyses identified two main risk factors associated with development of GVHD in OLT recipients, a difference between recipient and donor age of >20 yr, and any human leukocyte antigen class I matches. Taking these two risk factors into consideration while matching prospective donors and recipients may reduce further incidence of GVHD in OLT patients. However, further studies are recommended to validate these findings.
Sustained brain activation supporting stop‐signal task performance

Stop‐signal paradigms operationalize a basic test of goal‐directed behaviour whereby an overarching stop goal that is performed intermittently must be maintained throughout ongoing performance of a reaction time go task (go goal). Previous studies of sustained brain activation during stop‐signal task performance in humans did not observe activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) that, in concert with the parietal cortex, is known to subserve goal maintenance. Here we explored the hypothesis that a DLPFC and parietal network has a key role in supporting ongoing stop‐signal task performance. We used a blocked functional magnetic resonance imaging design that included blocks of trials containing typical stop‐signal paradigm stimuli that were performed under three conditions: Stop condition, which required reaction time responding to go stimuli and inhibition of cued responses upon presentation of a stop signal; Go condition, identical except that the tone was ignored; and Passive condition, which required only quiescent attention to stimuli. We found that, whereas a distributed corticothalamic network was more active in Stop compared with Go, only the right DLPFC and bilateral parietal cortex survived after masking that contrast with Stop compared with Passive. These findings indicate that sustained activation of a right dominant frontoparietal network supports stop goal processes during ongoing performance of the stop‐signal task.
Turning point chronology for the Euro-Zone: A Distance Plot Approach

We propose a transparent way of establishing a turning point chronology for the Euro-zone business cycle. Our analysis is achieve by exploiting the concept of recurrence plots, in this case distance plot, to characterize and detect turning points in the business cycle for any economic system. Firstly, we exploit the concept of recurrence plots on the US Industrial Production Index (IPI) series to serve as a beachmark for our analysis since there already exist reference chronology for the US business cycle, provided by the Dating Committee of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). We then use this concept in constructing a turning point chronology for the Euro-zone business cycle. In particular, we show that this approach permits to detect turning points and study the business cycle without a priori assumptions on the statistical properties on the underlying economic indicator.
Corticospinal excitability of the biceps brachii is shoulder position dependent.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of shoulder position on corticospinal excitability (CSE) of the biceps brachii during rest and a 10% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Participants (n = 9) completed two experimental sessions with four conditions: 1) rest, 0° shoulder flexion; 2) 10% MVC, 0° shoulder flexion; 3) rest, 90° shoulder flexion; and 4) 10% MVC, 90° shoulder flexion. Transcranial magnetic, transmastoid electrical, and Erb's point stimulation were used to induce motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), cervicomedullary MEPs (CMEPs), and maximal muscle compound potentials (Mmax), respectively, in the biceps brachii in each condition. At rest, MEP, CMEP, and Mmax amplitudes increased (P < 0.01) by 509.7 ± 118.3%, 113.3 ± 28.3%, and 155.1 ± 47.9%, respectively, at 90° compared with 0°. At 10% MVC, MEP amplitudes did not differ (P = 0.08), but CMEP and Mmax amplitudes increased (P < 0.05) by 32.3 ± 10.5% and 127.9 ± 26.1%, respectively, at 90° compared with 0°. MEP/Mmax increased (P < 0.01) by 224.0 ± 99.1% at rest and decreased (P < 0.05) by 51.3 ± 6.7% at 10% MVC at 90° compared with 0°. CMEP/Mmax was not different (P = 0.22) at rest but decreased (P < 0.01) at 10% MVC by 33.6 ± 6.1% at 90° compared with 0°. EMG increased (P < 0.001) by 8.3 ± 2.0% at rest and decreased (P < 0.001) by 21.4 ± 4.4% at 10% MVC at 90° compared with 0°. In conclusion, CSE of the biceps brachii was dependent on shoulder position, and the pattern of change was altered within the state in which it was measured. The position-dependent changes in Mmax amplitude, EMG, and CSE itself all contribute to the overall change in CSE of the biceps brachii.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that when the shoulder is placed into two common positions for determining elbow flexor force and activation, corticospinal excitability (CSE) of the biceps brachii is both shoulder position and state dependent. At rest, when the shoulder is flexed from 0° to 90°, supraspinal factors predominantly alter CSE, whereas during a slight contraction, spinal factors predominantly alter CSE. Finally, the normalization techniques frequently used by researchers to investigate CSE may under- and overestimate CSE when shoulder position is changed.
Age and climate contribution to observed forest carbon sinks in East Asia

The observed forest carbon sink, i.e. positive net ecosystem productivity (NEP), in East Asia reported by the eddy covariance flux tower network is an integrated result of forests themselves (e.g. age) and abiotic factors such as climate. However the relative contribution of climate alone to that sink is highly uncertain and has been in debate. In this study we de-trended a primary effect of forest age on carbon sinks by a statistical regression model between NEP and forest ages. Then, modeled residual NEP was regressed against climate factors again so that its relative contribution could be evaluated appropriately in the region. The analysis for data from the 2000s showed that forest age appeared to be the primary impact factor on the carbon sink of the region (R2 = 0.347), and the mean annual temperature (MAT) was the second (R2 = 0.23), while the mean annual precipitation effect might not be as apparent as MAT. Particularly for forests in China, climate might contribute to about 31.7% of the total NEP of 0.540 Pg C yr−1. Given that forests in China are relatively young under current climate conditions, we predicted that they would be capable of atmospheric carbon sequestration in the near future.
Effects of EDTA on the Hydration Mechanism of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is commonly used during the preparation of obstructed root canals that face a high risk of root perforation. Such perforations may be repaired with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Due to EDTA’s ability to chelate calcium ions, we hypothesized that EDTA may disrupt the hydration of MTA. Using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, we found that MTA specimens stored in an EDTA solution had no crystalline structure and a Ca/Si molar ratio considerably lower than those obtained for specimens stored in distilled water and normal saline. Poor cell adhesion in EDTA-treated MTA was also noted. X-ray diffraction indicated that the peak corresponding to portlandite, which is normally present in hydrated MTA, was not shown in the EDTA group. The microhardness of EDTA-treated specimens was also significantly reduced (p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that EDTA interferes with the hydration of MTA, resulting in decreased hardness and poor biocompatibility.
The impacts of RRPs on the online consumers' referring likelihood: The moderating role of audience closeness

Many service firms are now using referral reward programs (RRPs) to harness the power of electronic word of mouth and to increase referrals to acquire new customers. However, a persistent problem is that rewards are not always effective. This study examines how incentives would work to actively encourage eWOM, and how incentives would potentially interact with audience strength. In particular, a 2×4 scenario experiment was conducted to examine the impact of incentives and audience closeness on consumers' referring likelihood. The study findings suggest that reward does not necessarily increase the likelihood of eWOM being generated, and audience closeness to be an important variable in explaining eWOM behavior. The findings have important implications, and suggest that referral reward programs targeted at strangers are likely to be more effective than those targeted at family, friends, and acquaintances.
Investigating the effect of place quality and word-of-mouth communication on intention to revisit the city of military service

Word-of-mouth (WoM) communication, one of the most effective and cost-efficient advertising styles, has been adopted by many tourism agencies. A pleasant experience that a person receives during his or her stay in a place leads to his or her trust and satisfaction that will cause a positive or negative attitude towards the city that the place is located, as a result. Every person conveys his or her positive or negative attitude to the people he or she likes (e.g., family members, friends, etc.). This research investigates these issues among 390 military personnel in Tehran through structural equation modelling (SEM) with Smart PLS2. The results show that service quality has an effect on trust and satisfaction from barrack and the city it is located. In addition, the necessity of paying attention to military service men as human capital in internal tourism, through revisiting and WoM communication, is proved.
Moral distress and its influencing factors: A cross-sectional study in China

Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the current situation of moral distress and to explore its influencing factors among Chinese nurses. Methods: This is an exploratory, descriptive design study. A total of 465 clinical nurses from different departments in three Grade-III, Level-A hospitals in Jinan, Shandong Province, completed the questionnaires, including demographics questionnaire, Chinese version of Moral Distress Scale–Revised, and Job Diagnostic Survey. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the university ethics board and the local health service director. Results: The total score of Moral Distress Scale–Revised was 36.01 ± 24.02 points. The mean frequency and intensity scores of moral distress were 1.13 ± 0.49 and 1.09 ± 0.58, respectively. The level of moral distress among Chinese clinical nurses was low, and the frequency and intensity of moral distress were on low to moderate level. The level of moral distress experienced by clinical nurses is associated with demographics features and job characteristics, including age, education degree, department, task significance, autonomy, and dealing with others. Conclusion: Our conclusion suggests that hospital and organizational administrations should attach much importance to the moral distress experienced by clinical nurses in China. Further studies should focus on interventions about how to reduce the levels of the frequency and intensity of moral distress among clinical nurses.
Supply signals, complementarities, and multiplicity in asset prices and information acquisition ∗

Allowing speculation based on private information on a stock’s supply generates (i) complementarity in information acquisition and (ii) multiple equilibria in the financial market and the information market independently in a standard CARA-normal model. Information can be a complement irrespective of the financial market equilibrium coordinated upon and generates multiplicity in the information market. Multiplicity in the financial market exists irrespective of the information market equilibrium and is generated as traders seek to profit from information about the payoffs and the supply of the asset. The multiplicity and complementarity provides insights and explanations for market frenzies and other phenomenon. This extension also allows for general equilibrium analysis of the financial market suggesting that multiplicity is inherent to the CARA-normal framework.
CMOS microelectrode array for bidirectional interaction with neuronal networks

A CMOS metal-electrode-based micro system for bidirectional communication (stimulation and recording) with neuronal cells in vitro is presented. The chip overcomes the interconnect challenge that limits today's bidirectional microelectrode arrays. The microsystem has been fabricated in an industrial CMOS technology with several post-CMOS processing steps to realize 128 biocompatible electrodes and to ensure chip stability in physiological saline. The system comprises all necessary control circuitry and on-chip A/D and D/A conversion. A modular design has been implemented, where individual stimulation- and signal-conditioning circuitry units are associated with each electrode. Stimulation signals with a resolution of 8 bits can be sent to any subset of electrodes at a rate of 60 kHz, while all electrodes of the chip are continuously sampled at a rate of 20 kHz. The circuitry at each electrode can be individually reset to its operating point in order to suppress artifacts evoked by the stimulation pulses. Biological measurements from cultured neuronal networks originating from dissociated cortical tissue of fertilized chicken eggs with amplitudes of up to 500 muVpp are presented
Long-term consequences of being not in employment, education or training as a young adult. Stability and change in three Swedish birth cohorts

ABSTRACT In this article we analyse the development of young adults not in education, employment or training (NEET) in three complete Swedish birth cohorts born in 1975, 1980 and 1985. We analyse the risk for future labour-market exclusion among NEETs, and how this risk varies between three birth cohorts who made the transition from school to work during periods characterised by different opportunity structures for young adults. Analyses using propensity score matching with repeated outcomes show that belonging to the NEET-group in early adulthood has an independent effect on the development of subsequent labour-market risk for both men and women. Moreover, this effect increases across the cohorts. The fact that the degree of labour-market attachment has clear and long-lasting implications indicates that the problems associated with being NEET cannot be reduced to a transient phase. Rather, it seems as though being NEET may be both a step on an already unfavourable life career and a triggering factor for social exclusion.
Media Scandals: Morality and Desire in the Popular Culture Marketplace

Editors. List of Contributors. 1. The Search for Scandal: James Lull and Stephen Hinerman. 2. Scandal and Social Theory: John B. Thompson. 3. "And Besides, the Wench is Dead": Media Scandals and the Globalization of Communication: John Tomlinson. 4. Anxiety, Desire, and Conflict in the American Racial Imagination: Herman Gray. 5. What a Story! Understanding the Audience for Scandal: S. Elizabeth Bird. 6. Character, Celebrity, and Sexual Innuendo in the Mass-Mediated Presidency: Bruce E. Gronbeck. 7. (Don't) Leave Me Alone: Tabloid Narrative and the Michael Jackson Child Abuse Scandal: Stephen Hinerman. 8. Producing Trash, Class, and the Money Shot: A Behind the Scenes Account of Daytime TV Talkshows: Laura Grindstaff. 9. Apollo Undone: The Sports Scandal: David Rowe. 10. Church, Media, and Scandal: Paul A. Soukup. 11. Pushin' it to the Limit: Scandals and Pop Music: Javier Santiago-Lucerna. Index.
Impact of proprioception during the oral phase on initiating the swallowing reflex

We hypothesized that proprioceptive signals during the oral phase play a pivotal role in the initiation of pharyngeal phase during volitional swallowing. Therefore, we tested if swallowing could be modified by changing the amount of proprioceptive feedback from a number of different receptors while holding a food bolus in the mouth and clenching.
Effect of Zeta Potential and Surface Energy on Bacterial Adhesion to Uncoated and Saliva-coated Human Enamel and Dentin

Physicochemical surface characteristics of early plaque-forming bacteria and of human tooth surfaces were measured to establish their role in bacterial adhesion to intact dental tissue slabs. In addition, the influence of an experimental salivary pellicle was evaluated. Strains of S. mutans, S. sanguis, S. salivarius, A. viscosus, and A. odontolyticus showed relatively high surface free energies (range, 99-128 mJ.m-2) and carried a negative surface charge, at both physiological (μ = 0.057) and low (μ = 0.020) ionic strengths of the medium. Very large differences in hydrophobicity were detected when the hexadecane adsorption test was used for measurement. Powdered enamel and dentin were also negatively charged at low ionic strength but were slightly positively charged in the physiological buffer. The surface free energy of enamel and dentin increased upon saliva coating, whereas the surface charge was always negative. The adhesion experiments showed: (1) large differences in the binding of various bacteria to the same surface; (2) an up to 20-fold difference in the binding of the same bacterium to different surfaces, although the binding of some strains was relatively independent of the type of surface or presence of a salivary pellicle; (3) a significant decrease in adhesion when the ionic strength of the medium was lowered, due to increased electrostatic repulsion (however, the adhesion of some bacteria was independent of the ionic strength of the medium); (4) different time-dependent adherence kinetics, depending on both the bacteria and nature of the solid surface; and (5) a propensity for plaque streptococci to bind to uncoated dentin.