Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Compiler estimation of load imbalance overhead in speculative parallelization

Speculative parallelization is a technique that complements automatic compiler parallelization by allowing code sections that cannot be fully analyzed by the compiler to be aggressively executed in parallel. However, while speculative parallelization can potentially deliver significant speedups, several overheads associated with the technique limit these speedups in practice. We propose a novel compiler model of speculative multithreaded execution that can be used to reason about the overheads and expected resulting performance gains, or losses, from speculative parallelization. This model is based on estimating the likely execution duration of threads, properly takes into account the scheduling restrictions of most speculative execution environments, and can include all speculative parallelization overheads. Also, different from heuristics that attempt to qualitatively estimate potentially "good" or "bad" sections for speculative multithreaded execution, this model allows the compiler to estimate the speedup or slowdown quantitatively. Such quantitative estimate can then be used by the compiler or run-time system to make more complex and educated tradeoff decisions. We use the proposed framework on a number of loops from a collection of SPEC benchmarks that suffer mainly from load imbalance and thread dispatch and commit overheads. Experimental results show that our framework can identify on average 68% of the loops that cause slowdowns and on average 97% of the loops that lead to speedups. In fact, our framework predicts the speedups or slowdowns with an error of less than 20% for an average of 44% of the loops across the benchmarks, and with an error of less than 50% for an average of 84% of the loops. Overall, our framework leads to a performance improvement of 5% on average, and as high as 38%, over a naive approach that attempts to speculatively parallelize all the loops considered.
Robust efficient video fingerprinting

We have developed a video fingerprinting system with robustness and efficiency as the primary and secondary design criteria. In extensive testing, the system has shown robustness to cropping, letter-boxing, sub-titling, blur, drastic compression, frame rate changes, size changes and color changes, as well as to the geometric distortions often associated with camcorder capture in cinema settings. Efficiency is afforded by a novel two-stage detection process in which a fast matching process first computes a number of likely candidates, which are then passed to a second slower process that computes the overall best match with minimal false alarm probability. One key component of the algorithm is a maximally stable volume computation - a three-dimensional generalization of maximally stable extremal regions - that provides a content-centric coordinate system for subsequent hash function computation, independent of any affine transformation or extensive cropping. Other key features include an efficient bin-based polling strategy for initial candidate selection, and a final SIFT feature-based computation for final verification. We describe the algorithm and its performance, and then discuss additional modifications that can provide further improvement to efficiency and accuracy.
Long-term results of living-related donor liver graft transplantation: a single-center analysis of 110 transplants.

BACKGROUND Difficulties of cadaveric donation and serious donor shortage have led to the development and popularization of living-related donor liver graft transplantation (LRLT). Because the history of this procedure is rather short, important aspects specific to this procedure have not been sufficiently documented. The objective of this study was to analyze a single center's 10-year experience with 110 LRLT in pediatric and adult patients with end-stage liver diseases. METHODS The medical records of 110 consecutive patients who underwent LRLT were reviewed. The recipients were comprised of 72 children and 38 adults. The graft volume corresponded to 26-192% of the recipient's standard liver volume. The relationship between pretransplant covariates and patient and graft survival was analyzed. Actuarial patient/graft survival rates were determined at 1, 3, and 5 years. The type and incidence of posttransplant complications were analyzed, as was long-term graft function. RESULTS The 1-, 3-, and 5-year actuarial patient and graft survival rates were 88%, 85%, and 85%, respectively. Log-rank test demonstrated that ABO-compatibility predicted patient survival rate, whereas patient age, underlying disease, patient's clinical status, donor-recipient relation, donor age, and graft volume/standard liver volume ratio did not. Long-term liver function remains excellent. All the donors have returned to normal daily lives with an uneventful course. CONCLUSIONS LRLT is an efficacious procedure that provides excellent short-term and long-term survival. The indication criteria for both recipient and donor were legitimate in this series, except for transplant across ABO-incompatibility. Cautious expansion of this procedure may be justified under the situation of serious shortage of cadaveric donor.
Sleep physiology and pathology: Pertinence to psychiatry

Sleep should not be considered a behavioural state characterized by brain inertia; instead, it is a highly dynamic process involving numerous brainstem areas and all physiological systems of the body. Our understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for sleep regulation has considerably advanced since the discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, about half a century ago. Based on standardized electroencephalographic, electro-oculographic and electromyographic features, two distinct main states periodically alternating throughout the night have been identified: REM and non-REM sleep; the latter is further distinguished into stages 1, 2, 3 and 4. Computerized analysis of sleep recordings yielded more detailed information on sleep physiology and pathology. Although still preliminary, neuroimaging studies promise to elucidate the functional alterations of neuronal substrates during sleep. Regarding sleep disorders, which account for a substantial individual and socio-economic burden, considerable progress has been achieved in terms of their classification, assessment, clinical diagnosis and treatment. Specific sleep disorders within the three major categories, that is, ‘dysomnias’, ‘parasomnias’, and ‘sleep disorders associated with mental, neurologic, or other medical conditions’, exhibit characteristic clinical features; sleep laboratory recordings considerably assist to definitely diagnose several among them. Pertinence of sleep medicine for psychiatrists is obvious, taking into consideration that psychiatric disorders account for the largest diagnostic group of patients with sleep problems. In fact, the basics of this interdisciplinary field should be of special concern both to medical students and clinicians of diverse backgrounds who are interested in acquiring the necessary skills to globally and comprehensively understand and eventually effectively treat their patients.
FOXO 3 Shares Common Targets with ASCL 1 Genome-wide and Inhibits ASCL 1-Dependent Neurogenesis

Ashley E. Webb,1 Elizabeth A. Pollina,1,2 Thomas Vierbuchen,2,3,8,10 Noelia Urbán,7,8 Duygu Ucar,1,8 Dena S. Leeman,1,2,8 Ben Martynoga,7 Madhavi Sewak,4 Thomas A. Rando,5,6 François Guillemot,7,9 Marius Wernig,2,3,9 and Anne Brunet1,2,6,* 1Department of Genetics 2Cancer Biology Program 3Department of Pathology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine 4Computer Science Program 5Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences 6Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 7Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC-National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK 8These authors contributed equally to this work 9These authors contributed equally to this work 10Present address: Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA *Correspondence: abrunet1@stanford.edu http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.celrep. 2013.06. 035 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Humanoid Robot Control by Offline Actor-Critic Learning

: In this paper, we present our results on application of reinforcement learning on full body control of a humanoid robot. The task we try to learn is achieving vertical position of robot’s torso from an initial position of laying ﬂat on the ground. Our experimental setup includes an instance of the NAO robot in the Webots simulation environment. We use an actor-critic neural agent. As this is a work in progress, we only train ofﬂine from a sample of random movements. We present a series of experiments on a simpliﬁed task and a ﬁnal evaluation on the humanoid robot control task that shows improvement over random policy.
Human hypoglossal motor unit activities in exercise

• Motor units (MUs) are the fundamental element of force generation. Here we document the MU activities of the airway dilator muscle genioglossus (GG) during breathing at rest and in heavy exercise. • Based on our observations we suggest that tonic MU activity, albeit with varying degrees of respiratory modulation, is the preponderant activity in the GG motoneuron pool of healthy young adults at rest in the upright position. • Second, we show that exercise‐driven increases in respiratory drive are associated with increased GG electromyographic activity principally due to recruitment of previously silent MUs and to a shift in the firing behaviour of already active MUs to inspiratory phase‐dependent bursting. • Such expiration‐related inhibition may arise secondary to an exercise‐related central enhancement of motoneuron excitability that amplifies the response to afferent input.
A Sequential Convex Semidefinite Programming Algorithm with an Application to Multiple-Load Free Material Optimization

A new method for the efficient solution of a class of convex semidefinite programming (SDP) problems is introduced. The method extends the sequential convex programming (SCP) concept to optimization problems with matrix variables. The basic idea of the new method is to approximate the original optimization problem by a sequence of subproblems, in which nonlinear functions (defined in matrix variables) are approximated by block separable convex functions. The subproblems are semidefinite programs with a favorable structure which can be efficiently solved by existing SDP software. The new method is shown to be globally convergent. The article is concluded by a series of numerical experiments with free material optimization problems demonstrating the effectiveness of the generalized SCP approach.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

A cute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a form of cancer that is characterized by infiltration of the bone marrow, blood, and other tissues by proliferative, clonal, abnormally differentiated, and occasionally poorly differentiated cells of the hematopoietic system. Although it was incurable 50 years ago, AML is now cured in 35 to 40% of adult patients who are 60 years of age or younger and in 5 to 15% of patients who are older than 60 years of age.1 The outcome in older patients who are unable to receive intensive chemotherapy without unacceptable side effects remains dismal, with a median survival of only 5 to 10 months. Although the cytogenetic heterogeneity of AML has been recognized for more than 30 years, the enormous molecular heterogeneity of the disease has become increasingly apparent over the past 15 years. The prognostic importance of this biologic heterogeneity is well accepted, but translation of this new information into improved therapy is just beginning. In this article, we describe recent advances in the disease classification, understanding of the genomic landscape, identification of prognostic factors, current treatment, and new therapies under investigation in types of adult AML other than acute promyelocytic leukemia.
High Fat Diet Affects Reproductive Functions in Female Diet‐Induced Obese and Dietary Resistant Rats

The incidence of ovulatory disorders is common in obese animal models. The mechanism behind this effect is unclear. We hypothesised that a high‐fat (HF) diet induces alterations in neuroendocrine mechanisms resulting in anovulation in diet‐induced obese (DIO) animals. Adult female DIO and diet‐resistant (DR) rats were fed either chow or a HF diet (45% calories from fat) for 6 weeks. Oestrous cyclicity and body weight were monitored regularly. At the end of treatment, rats were implanted with a jugular catheter to monitor luteinising hormone (LH) levels on the day of pro‐oestrous. Rats were sacrificed on the next pro‐oestrous, and their brains and ovaries were collected. Plasma from trunk blood was analysed for oestradiol and leptin concentrations. Ovaries were fixed and sectioned for histological analysis. Brains were removed, frozen and sectioned, and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations in discrete hypothalamic areas were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. A HF diet exposure affected oestrous cyclicity in both DIO and DR rats, with the effect being more pronounced in DIO animals. HF diet exposure increased leptin levels in both DIO and DR rats. Oestradiol levels were low in the DIO‐HF group. NE levels in the hypothalamus were unaffected by HF diet or genotype. A normal LH surge was observed in DR‐Chow rats and LH levels were low in the remaining groups. These results lead to the conclusion that DIO rats have an inherently reduced reproductive capacity and exposure to a HF diet decreases it further. A reduction in oestradiol and LH surge levels could contribute to this effect; however, the underlying mechanisms need to be investigated further.
Orogeny can be very short

In contrast to continent/continent collision, arc–continent collision generates very short-lived orogeny because the buoyancy-driven impedance of the subduction of continental lithosphere, accompanied by arc/suprasubduction-zone ophiolite obduction, is relieved by subduction polarity reversal (flip). This tectonic principle is illustrated by the early Ordovician Grampian Orogeny in the British and Irish Caledonides, in which a wealth of detailed sedimentologic, heavy mineral, and geochronologic data pin the Orogeny to a very short Arenig/Llanvirn event. The Orogeny, from the initial subduction of continental margin sediments to the end of postflip shortening, lasted ≈18 million years (my). The collisional shortening, prograde-metamorphic phase of the Orogeny lasted 8 my, extensional collapse and exhumation of midcrustal rocks lasted 1.5 my, and postflip shortening lasted 4.5 my. Strain rates were a typical plate-boundary-zone 10-15. Metamorphism, to the second sillimanite isograd, with extensive partial melting, occurred within a few my after initial collision, indicating that conductive models for metamorphic heat transfer in Barrovian terrains are incorrect and must be replaced by advective models in which large volumes of mafic/ultramafic magma are emplaced, syn-tectonically, below and into evolving nappe stacks. Arc/continent collision generates fast and very short orogeny, regional metamorphism, and exhumation.
Health, Neurologic, and Cognitive Status of HIV-Infected, Long-Surviving, and Antiretroviral-Naive Ugandan Children

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess the health status and school-age neurodevelopmental progress of antiretroviral treatment (ARVT)–naive, HIV-infected Ugandan children who had been followed as part of cohorts of children born to HIV-infected and -noninfected mothers between 1989 and 1993. METHODS. Twenty-eight children, aged 6 to 12 years, vertically infected with HIV-1 and never treated with ARVT were evaluated in terms of health status, neurologic, and psychometric testing. A randomly selected group of 42 seroreverters and 37 HIV-1 negative children who were age- and gender-matched and who had been followed in the same cohorts were evaluated also. The families studied were homogenous in their socioeconomic status. None of the mothers or children had received ARVT or been exposed to illicit drugs. RESULTS. The HIV-infected children showed significantly more evidence of acute malnutrition. They also had more illness, especially parotitis, otitis media, upper respiratory infections, and lymphadenopathy. However, they did not differ significantly in neurologic and cognitive assessments when compared with age- and gender-matched seroreverter and HIV-negative children. They were in the normal range with respect to neurologic and psychometric development measures. CONCLUSIONS.These children seem to represent a significant subgroup of HIV-infected child survivors for whom the progress of the disease is less aggressive throughout early life. Given the fact that many infants, especially in developing countries, continue to be born without the benefit of perinatal ARVT, there will likely continue to be many older HIV-infected children in the same situation as those described in this follow-up study. They will not have been recognized as being HIV-infected. It is important that such children be identified and offered access to ARVT and other appropriate support services.
Facial expressions and EEG in infants of intrusive and withdrawn mothers with depressive symptoms

When intrusive and withdrawn mothers with depressive symptoms modeled happy, surprised, and sad expressions, their 3‐month‐old infants did not differentially respond to these expressions or show EEG changes. When a stranger modeled these expressions, the infants of intrusive vs. withdrawn mothers looked more at the surprised and sad expressions and showed greater relative right EEG activity in response to the surprise and sad expressions as compared to the happy expressions. These findings suggest that the infants of intrusive mothers with depressive symptoms showed more differential responding to the facial expressions than the infants of withdrawn mothers. In addition, the infants of intrusive vs. infants of withdrawn mothers showed increased salivary cortisol following the interactions, suggesting that they were more stressed by the interactions. Depression and Anxiety 15:10–17, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patients who develop postanesthesia shaking show no difference in postoperative temperature from those who do not develop shaking.

While the cause of postanesthesia shaking (PS) remains unknown, nurses traditionally believe that the etiology of PS is hypothermia. Two theoretical constructs have been proposed to describe the development of PS. The first is based on classic thermoregulation theory. The second is based on spinal reflex hyperactivity. The purpose of this comparison study was to determine if significant differences in postoperative temperature, as well as change in preoperative to postoperative temperature, exists between patients who develop and who do not develop PS. The study also examined the difference in postoperative temperature between women and men. Postoperative axillary temperature was measured on admission to the PACU. The nonprobability convenience sample consisted of patients between the ages of 18 and 89 years who were extubated and breathing spontaneously following general anesthesia. PS developed in 120 of 533 patients. By t-test analysis, there was no statistical significant difference between groups in postoperative mean temperature (P greater than .10) or in preoperative to postoperative mean temperature change (P greater than .40). The group that developed PS had a narrower and higher range of postoperative temperature and a smaller preoperative to postoperative temperature change than those who did not develop PS. In both groups, 52% of the patients were hypothermic (less than 35 degrees C[less than 95 degrees F]) on PACU admission. Women had lower postoperative mean temperature than men (P less than .05). Findings indicate that temperature on PACU admission is not a variable of difference between groups of patients who develop or who do not develop PS. As postoperative temperature decreases, the incidence of PS does not increase. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparable postoperative pulmonary atelectasis in patients given 30% or 80% oxygen during and 2 hours after colon resection.

BACKGROUND High concentrations of inspired oxygen are associated with pulmonary atelectasis but also provide recognized advantages. Consequently, the appropriate inspired oxygen concentration for general surgical use remains controversial. The authors tested the hypothesis that atelectasis and pulmonary dysfunction on the first postoperative day are comparable in patients given 30% or 80% perioperative oxygen. METHODS Thirty patients aged 18-65 yr were anesthetized with isoflurane and randomly assigned to 30% or 80% oxygen during and for 2 h after colon resection. Chest radiographs and pulmonary function tests (forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume) were obtained preoperatively and on the first postoperative day. Arterial blood gas measurements were obtained intraoperatively, after 2 h of recovery, and on the first postoperative day. Computed tomography scans of the chest were also obtained on the first postoperative day. RESULTS Postoperative pulmonary mechanical function was significantly reduced compared with preoperative values, but there was no difference between the groups at either time. Arterial gas partial pressures and the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference were also comparable in the two groups. All preoperative chest radiographs were normal. Postoperative radiographs showed atelectasis in 36% of the patients in the 30%-oxygen group and in 44% of those in the 80%-oxygen group. Relatively small amounts of pulmonary atelectasis (expressed as a percentage of total lung volume) were observed on the computed tomography scans, and the percentages (mean +/- SD) did not differ significantly in the patients given 30% oxygen (2.5% +/- 3.2%) or 80% oxygen (3.0% +/- 1.8%). These data provided a 99% chance of detecting a 2% difference in atelectasis volume at an alpha level of 0.05. CONCLUSIONS Lung volumes, the incidence and severity of atelectasis, and alveolar gas exchange were comparable in patients given 30% and 80% perioperative oxygen. The authors conclude that administration of 80% oxygen in the perioperative period does not worsen lung function. Therefore, patients who may benefit from generous oxygen partial pressures should not be denied supplemental perioperative oxygen for fear of causing atelectasis.
Inhibition of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase by thymidylate derivatives.

The effects of several thymidylate derivatives with reactive substituents on the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of Rauscher murine leukemia virus were investigated. The reactive substituents include haloacetamido groups potentially capable of forming covalent bonds with the enzyme. The kinetics of inhibition with thymidine-3′,5′-di- m -bromoacetamidophenyl phosphate, the most active agent of the series, was competitive with poly(rA)·oligo(dT), the model primer-template used, and noncompetitive with the deoxynucleoside triphosphates. Preincubation of the virus with thymidine-3′,5′-di- m -bromoacetamidophenyl phosphate magnified the inhibition of DNA synthesis. Inhibition of the reactions directed by DNA templates, such as salmon sperm DNA and poly[d(A-T)], was comparable to that found with poly(rA)·oligo(dT). The inhibition of tumor virus DNA polymerase is not selective, since we observed comparable inhibition of a DNA-dependent DNA-polymerase partly purified from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal human blood lymphocytes.