Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigation of effective Microorganisms (EM) Impact in Water Stress Condition on Growth of Almond (prunus dulcis Mill) Seedling

Almond is cultured at defect water regions as drought farming on the hills. The main problem in these regions is the lack of soil moisture during growth season. Application seedlings, with regards to deeper of root system with comparing to roots produced of vegetative rootstocks, causes to be stable tree in this condition. This study in order to evaluation of water stress effects and Effective microorganisms (Em) on growth and amount of storage nutrition in leaves of almond seedling was conducted in Department of Horticultural Science, agriculture faculty, Ferdowesi University of Mashhad, in 2011. In this research effects of two different Em concentrations (0, 0.5%) by solution in water in 60 day before of drought stress treatments and drought stress treatments with three levels, 100, 66, and 33% of FC on seedling of almond. Using factorial base on randomized complete bloke design (RCBD) in four replications was evaluated. Results showed effects of different Em and irrigation levels on amount of plant growth. It was found that Em increased amount of plant growth, number of leaf, leaf area, fresh and dry weight, storage chlorophyll, N, K and P in leaves. In finally the best plant growth was achieved by treatments of interaction between irrigation level of FC% 100 and Effective microorganisms.
A case study of orographic cyclogenesis over South America

This study presents a synoptic and dynamic analysis of a cyclogenesis event that occurred between July 8 and 9, 1996, over Uruguay, in the region of maximum frequency of cyclogenesis as detected in previous studies. The study is based on isobaric and isentropic analysis of meteorological variables, and also, on potential vorticity perspective. The development of the cyclone occurred as a pre-existent midtropospheric cut-off low, over the Pacific Ocean, which propagated crossing over the Andes at the same time as a strong thermal advection was observed to the west of the mountain ridge. The synoptic analysis of this case revealed that this event can be “classified” as a lee cyclogenesis, since the existence of the mountain barrier was fundamental for the intensification of the surface baroclinicity, which, in turn, led to the formation of the extratropical cyclone. Also, the Andes defined the vertical tilt of the system to the west, favoring the cyclonic vorticity advection at higher levels above the warm thermal advection at low levels, and it defined the final baroclinic configuration that fed the system in its greater development stage. By using potential vorticity inversion, it was possible to evaluate quantitatively the relative contributions of upper- and low-level potential vorticity, as well as bottom temperature anomalies. It was observed that the bottom temperature anomaly was important in the initial development stages, contributing to almost 100% of the total circulation. As the surface cyclone deepened, the contributions of low- and upper- level anomalies became greater. In the stage of maximum development of the system, a phase-locking at low and upper levels seems to occur, where the upper-level advection of cyclonic vorticity, inducing northeasterly flow at surface, had the greater contribution.
Problems and Prospects of Agricultural Information Sources Utilization by Small Scale Farmers: A Case from Nasarawa State of Nigeria

The main objective of this paper is to discuss the process of communication in the Nasarawa State of Nigeria, including the various communication channels and the role of the extension service. This is a review paper. The authors analysed the main concepts including the problems of information utilization by farmers, communication strategies/process and the role of extension service in communicating with the rural farmers. It was observed that one major constraint in information dissemination was the limited number of trained extension workers. The recommendation was to massively increase the number of trained extension personnel as well as expand the critical training facilities in institution of learning.
Study of kinetic shear Alfvén modes driven by ion temperature gradient in tokamak plasmas

Discrete kinetic shear Alfven modes driven by ion temperature gradient (AITG) are investigated in the full gyrokinetic limit. It is shown that AITG instability may occur when the plasma pressure gradient is well below the threshold value for ideal MHD ballooning instabilities and that the critical magnetic shear required to completely stabilize the former is significantly higher than that for the latter. In addition, finite-β (=plasma pressure/magnetic pressure) effects on toroidal electrostatic ion temperature gradient (ITG) modes are studied, and the coexistence of AITG and ITG in a certain parameter regime is demonstrated. The effects of AITG instabilities on plasma confinement are discussed.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF MINERAL PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION IN Serratia marcescens AND Methylobacterium sp

The major goal of the present investigation was to study the mechanism of mineral phosphate solubilization in Serratia marcescens and Methylobacterium sp. All the 157 isolates of S. marcesens and 73 isolates of pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs were screened for their mineral phosphate solubilization phenotype on solid media viz., Modified Sperber’s and TCP agar media. Eight most potent isolates along with one reference strain Serratia marcescens ER2 were further screened for pH drop and Pi release in NBRIP-BPB and TCP broth. Both pH drops and Pi release were highly correlated upto 15 days. AUDS-151 and PPFM87 were the most potent ‘P’ solubilizing isolates. Gluconic acid was detected in the culture supernatants of these isolates through thin layer chromatographic technique. Effect of buffering and phosphate stress on MPS phenotype of these isolates were observed by external supply of tris buffer and K2HPO4 to the MSM agar medium. It indicates the metabolic control of mineral phosphate solubilization by external factors which either resist the change in pH or alters the gene expression. Tn5 mutants were generated from the most potent P solubilizing isolate AUDS-151 by biological (Tn5) mutagenesis. Mutants failed to show MPS activity even after 5 DAI. Strainal identity of AUDS-151 and PPFM-87 was confirmed as S. marcescens and Methylobacterium mesophilicum respectively through 16S rDNA sequencing. All the pqq operon gene (s) were amplified from AUDS-151 and PPFM-87 and the most conserved pqqE gene was cloned into E. coli DH5α from both the isolates. Both the clones pAMK101 and pASK101 were sequenced and showed 97 per cent homology with the Methylobacterium sp. (CPOOOO367) and 94 per cent homology with Serratia marcescens (DQ868536), respectively.
Drying of forage grass seed harvested at different maturity and its utility value in autumn and spring sowing time

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) are important fodder grasses, but in seed production, they are prone to seed shedding and certain yield losses. In practice, seeds are usually harvested at approximately 20–35% moisture content and then are additionally dried to the moisture content of 12% or lower. However, to prevent shedding, seed was harvested at 45% moisture content. The effects of drying temperatures of 70, 60, 50, 40, 30 and 22 °C on germination and dormancy of tall fescue, red fescue, cocksfoot seeds, harvested at moisture contents of 45, 35 and 25 %, were observed in the present study. The analysis was done immediately upon seed drying, then three, eight and fourteen months later, which corresponds to the autumn and spring sowing time in the continental part of central and south-eastern Europe. In all the three species, drying temperature of 70°C, regardless of the moisture content, and 60°C in the combination with a seed moisture content of 45%, reduced germination. After three months, the highest germination was detected in tall fescue harvested at seed moisture of 25% and dried at 50°C. Furthermore, the greatest germination in red fescue and cocksfoot was determined in seeds harvested with the moisture content of 35% and dried at 50°C. After eight months, the highest germination in tall and red fescue were determined in seeds harvested with the moisture content of 25% and dried at 40–50°C, while corresponding values in cocksfoot amounted to 25% and 22–30°C, respectively. A positive and significant correlation was established between seed germination and seedling vigour .
Long Gamma Ray Bursts from binary black holes

We consider a scenario for the longest duration gamma ray bursts, resulting from the collapse of a massive rotating star in a close binary system with a companion black hole. The primary black hole born during the core collapse is first being spun up and increases its mass during the fallback of the stellar envelope just after its birth. As the companion black hole enters the outer envelope, it provides an additional angular momentum to the gas. After the infall and spiral-in towards the primary, the two black holes merge inside the circumbinary disk. The second episode of mass accretion and high final spin of the post-merger black hole prolongs the gamma ray burst central engine activity. The observed events should have two distinct peaks in the electromagnetic signal, separated by the gravitational wave emission. The gravitational recoil of the burst engine is also possible.
Estimating energy-augmenting technological change in developing country industries

Assumptions regarding the magnitude and direction ofenergy-related technological change have long beenrecognized as criticaldeterminants of the outputs and policy conclusions derived fromintegrated assessment models. Particularly in the case of developingcountries, however, empirical analysis of technological change has laggedbehind simulation modeling. This paper presents estimates of sectoralproductivity trends and energy-augmenting technological change forseveral energy-intensive industries in India and South Korea, and, forcomparison, the United States. The key findings are substantialheterogeneity among both industries and countries, and a number of casesof declining energy efficiency. The results are subject to certaintechnical qualifications both in regards to the methodology and to thedirect comparison to integrated assessment parameterizations.Nevertheless, they highlight the importance of closer attention to theempirical basis for common modeling assumptions.
The Last Word: Media Coverage of the Supreme Court of Canada

Acknowledments Judgment Day: A Vignette Introduction: The Supreme Court Under the Media Lens 1 A Year in the Life of the Supreme Court 2 Equal in Alberta: The Vriend Case 3 Court and Spin Country: The Quebec Secession Reference 4 "Sea of Confusion": R. v. Marshall 5 "Parents Can Sleep Soundly": The Queen v. John Robin Sharpe 6 Judges and Journalists Conclusion: Reporting the Supreme Court through a Political Prism Appendix A: Interview Questions Appendix B: Method of Analysis -- Coding Instructions and Sample Code Sheet About the Authors Index
Cue choice and spatial learning ability are affected by habitat complexity in intertidal gobies

Variation in the structural complexity of a habitat is known to have significant affects on the evolution of different populations and can shape behavior, morphology, and life-history traits. Here, we investigated whether habitat complexity influences a species’ capacity for spatial learning and cue choice by comparing the performance of 4 goby species from 2 contrasting habitats in a spatial task. Gobies were collected from dynamic, homogenous sandy shores and stable, spatially complex rock pool habitats. We trained fish to use a T-maze to find a hidden reward and asked whether they used local visual landmarks or body-centered methods for orientation (i.e. turn direction) to do so. It was expected that fish from rock pools would learn the spatial task much faster and use different orientation cues than fish from sandy shores. We found that rock pool species learnt the location of the reward arm much faster, made fewer errors and used both types of cues available (visual landmarks and turn direction) to locate the reward, whereas sand species relied on turn direction significantly more than plant landmarks to orientate. The results of this study provide support for the hypothesis that the spatial complexity of habitats in marine environments has a significant effect on the evolution of fish cognition.
Back to front: a socially-stratified ultrasound tongue imaging study of Scottish English /u/

We explore the vowel space, with a particular focus on the phonetic location (and phonological interpretation) of the vowel /u/ (GOOSE, FOOT) in Scottish accented English, using a socially-stratified articulatory and acoustic corpus of fifteen teenage speakers of both sexes (ECB08). The articulatory data consists of midsagittal tongue contours extracted from ultrasound tongue images, and the acoustic vowel space is modelled with F1 and F2 (in Bark). We explore the methodological issue of how to quickly measure a given vowel’s lingual location relative to others in a space of such tongue curves, given a very small sample from each speaker: we measure the linear distance between the highest point of different tongue curves. This lets us compare the somewhat metaphorical but widely accepted equivalence of frontness in acoustic space to high F2, to a more literal but still indirect measure of frontness, namely the relative closeness of the high points of /u/ and /i/. /e/ and /o/ are also measured, for comparison. We investigate two quite different rotations of the space, which reflect different hypotheses about what is an appropriate orientation for the horizontal axis. Both rotations give similar results, supporting our qualitative analysis of /u/, but we recommend the use of the occlusal plane to define horizontality (preferably measured directly on a speaker-by-speaker basis). In Scottish English, the /u/ vowel has previously been described as approximately central between cardinal vowel 1 and cardinal vowel 8, and high. Our qualitative analysis, supported by our acoustic and articulatory measurement, revises this finding: in these speakers /u/ is indeed front of centre but, however, it is not high – it is in fact a frontish, midhigh (rounded) vowel. Phonologically, a number of interpretations would be available, all of which alter the shape of the Scottish English system by accepting that “/u/” is not high and back. Moreover, /o/ is far closer to cardinal 8 in both acoustic and articulatory senses, and its location in phonetic space strongly suggests that it is (now) the high back vowel of the phonological system. Alternatively, there is no such vowel. We also find articulatory support for the very strong sociophonetic difference in the location of the /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ vowels between more working class and more middle class speakers, and discuss whether this clear phonetic difference should be modelled phonologically.
Crustal thickness of Antarctica estimated using data from gravimetric satellites

Abstract. Computing a better crustal thickness model is still a necessary improvement in Antarctica. In this remote continent where almost all the bedrock is covered by the ice sheet, seismic investigations do not reach a sufficient spatial resolution for geological and geophysical purposes. Here, we present a global map of Antarctic crustal thickness computed from space gravity observations. The DIR5 gravity field model, built from GOCE and GRACE gravimetric data, is inverted with the Parker–Oldenburg iterative algorithm. The BEDMAP products are used to estimate the gravity effect of the ice and the rocky surface. Our result is compared to crustal thickness calculated from seismological studies and the CRUST1.0 and AN1 models. Although the CRUST1.0 model shows a very good agreement with ours, its spatial resolution is larger than the one we obtain with gravimetric data. Finally, we compute a model in which the crust–mantle density contrast is adjusted to fit the Moho depth from the CRUST1.0 model. In East Antarctica, the resulting density contrast clearly shows higher values than in West Antarctica.
Effect of Different Core Exercises Applied During the Season on Strength and Technical Skills of Young Footballers

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of two different types of core training applied during the season on the strength performance and football technical skills of young footballers. A total of 18 footballers average age was 15±0.8years voluntarily participated in the study. Two different core trainings were applied in addition to football technical skills. Before and after the study, the sit-up, standing long jump, push-up, dribbling, passing and shooting performances of players were observed. Data were assessed with the SPSS. In the dynamic group there were statistically significant improvements in all variables apart from shooting and passing, while the static group had statistically significant development of all variables apart from shooting. The control group only had statistically significant development for sit-up performance. While development sufficient to form significant differences between the variables observed in the experimental groups was not observed, there were significant differences for all variables when compared with the control group apart from shooting performance. In conclusion, footballers with eight-week dynamic and static core training added to in-season football training had similar levels of development in terms of strength and football technical skills, with significant development of strength, dribbling and passing skills when compared to a group without core training. In light of this data, eight-week dynamic and static strength training applied to footballers in the development period may be said to be an effective method to develop abdominal muscle strength and explosive strength performance and to develop dribbling and passing skills unique to football.
Diversity of chemistry and excitation conditions in the high-mass star forming complex W33

The object W33 is a giant molecular cloud that contains star forming regions at various evolutionary stages from quiescent clumps to developed H II regions. Since its star forming regions are located at the same distance and the primary material of the birth clouds is probably similar, we conducted a comparative chemical study to trace the chemical footprint of the different phases of evolution. We observed six clumps in W33 with the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) telescope at 280 GHz and the Submillimeter Array (SMA) at 230 GHz. We detected 27 transitions of 10 different molecules in the APEX data and 52 transitions of 16 different molecules in the SMA data. The chemistry on scales larger than $\sim$0.2 pc, which are traced by the APEX data, becomes more complex and diverse the more evolved the star forming region is. On smaller scales traced by the SMA data, the chemical complexity and diversity increase up to the hot core stage. In the H II region phase, the SMA spectra resemble the spectra of the protostellar phase. Either these more complex molecules are destroyed or their emission is not compact enough to be detected with the SMA. Synthetic spectra modelling of the H$_{2}$CO transitions, as detected with the APEX telescope, shows that both a warm and a cold component are needed to obtain a good fit to the emission for all sources except for W33 Main1. The temperatures and column densities of the two components increase during the evolution of the star forming regions. The integrated intensity ratios N$_{2}$H$^{+}$(3$-$2)/CS(6$-$5) and N$_{2}$H$^{+}$(3$-$2)/H$_{2}$CO(4$_{2,2}$$-$3$_{2,1}$) show clear trends as a function of evolutionary stage, luminosity, luminosity-to-mass ratio, and H$_{2}$ peak column density of the clumps and might be usable as chemical clocks.
Molecular Study of Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) Metabolism in the Coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi

The compatible solute dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is made in prodigious amounts by many single-celled marine phytoplankton. Emiliania huxleyi is the most prominent coccolithophore, distributed across the world's oceans and forming regular blooms that can cover over hundred thousand square kilometers. The blooms act as an important source of dimethyl sulfide (DMS). The enzymatic cleavage of DMSP to DMS and either acrylate or a proton 3-hydroxypropionate (3-HP) appears via the action of the enzymes known generically as DMSP lyases. The emitted DMS can be transformed by DMS-consuming bacteria or released into the atmosphere and can be oxidized further to sulfate aerosols that form cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), which may influence global climate by increasing albedo. The metabolism of DMSP was investigated and compared in two E. huxleyi strains (NCMA1516 and 373) previously reported to exhibit low and high DMSP lyase activity, respectively. The EhDddD gene, encoding a putative DMSP lyase, was sequenced in both strains, and an expression analysis of EhDddD was performed. Furthermore, DMSP lyase activity was studied by determining extracellular DMS and DMSP concentrations and in vitro measurements of DMSP lyase activity (DLA). The amino acid sequence of EhDddD in 1516 contains an insertion of one amino acid at the N-terminus compared with 373, which may be aspartate or serine. The amino acid (aa) sequence contains eleven amino acid substitutions between 1516 and 373, of which six are non-conserved. EhDddD encodes an additional C-terminal protein domain of 200 amino acids in length that is missing in bacteria. The additional domain may be involved in the function of the protein or in the regulation of the protein. Expression of the EhDddD gene was 8.414 times higher in 373 than 1516, whereas in vitro DMSP lyase activity was observed to be 60.6 times higher in 373 than 1516. In determination of extracellular DMS and DMSP concentrations, extracts of both strains produced DMS from DMSP, but the DMS production was 0.8 times lower in 373 than 1516. The DMSP concentration in 373 was observed to be 1.2 time higher than 1516. These results did not correlate with in vitro DMSP lyase activity. These results suggest that the observed differences in DMSP lyase activity between E. huxleyi strains are due to structural differences and adaptation to different environmental conditions.
Probiotics - Promotes Periodontal Health? - An Insight

Probiotics are live microorganisms which are dietary supplements that when administered in adequate amounts confer wide range of health benefits. Since, probiotics are now widely used in both medical (such as cancer risk reduction, gastrointestinal tract health, and urinary tract health) and dental specialties (reduction in caries development, in achieving periodontal health, reducing oral malodor, etc.), a thorough knowledge of their risks and benefits are mandatory. Evidence now suggests that probiotics may function not only by direct inhibition of pathogenic micro-organisms, but also by more subtle mechanisms including modulation of the mucosal immune system. Little attention has been paid to the identification of beneficialoral bacterial species. Probiotic technology represents a breakthrough approach to maintaining oral health by using natural beneficial bacteria to provide a natural defense against the pathogenic bacterial species. This review endeavors to introduce the concepts of probiotics in periodontics.