Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contribution of neurons born during embryonic and adult life to the brain of adult canaries: Regional specificity and delayed birth of neurons in the song‐control nuclei

Neurogenesis occurs in adult song birds, which suggests that neurons born after hatching may contribute to histogenesis and plasticity of the avian brain. However, little is known about the overall contribution to the mature brain of neurons born in juveniles and adults, and how this process affects different regions of the avian brain. In fact, studies of the histogenesis of the avian forebrain have made the classical assumption that neuronal birth ends before hatching. Here we determined the contribution of neurons born before and after hatching to different regions throughout the adult canary brain. Male canaries were injected with [3H]‐thymidine at different times during embryonic, juvenile, and adult life. The position of labeled neurons was mapped in parasagittal brain sections. Because all birds were killed as adults, results indicate the time of birth of neurons that survived to adulthood in different structures of the avian brain. Injection at embryonic day (E) 5 or E9 resulted in labeled neurons in all regions of the neuroaxis. The vast majority of neurons outside of the telencephalon were born before E9. One exception was a discrete region in the dorsal thalamus, a part of the song‐control circuit, where neurons continued to be born after E9. Most regions of the telencephalon had a high proportion of its neurons labeled by the embryonic injections. In particular, archistriatum, anterior neostriatum, and the hippocampus had most of their neurons labeled before hatching. This indicates that many of the telencephalic neurons born in the embryo are long lived and are not replaced by other neurons that continue to be added to the telencephalon after hatching. Neurons labeled by [3H]‐thymidine injections after hatching were restricted to the telencephalon and contributed importantly to many regions. In particular, the avian striatum (lobus parolfactorius, LPO) received a large number of its neurons during the first 20 days of life, but continued to incorporate new neurons throughout juvenile and adult life. Neurons continued to be added to the telencephalon of adults (even in 4‐year‐old birds). The distribution of labeled neurons after [3H]‐thymidine injections in adults was similar to that observed in latter stages of juvenile development. The contribution of neurons born at different ages from embryonic development to adulthood varied among different anatomical subdivisions of the canary brain. This could, in part, explain differences in the cytoarchitecture and plasticity between brain regions. Neurogenesis after hatching may allow the modification of selected brain circuits as the bird matures and ages. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Configuration of innovation and performance in the service industry: evidence from the Taiwanese hotel industry

This study attempts to state some facts about the importance of innovation in the service economy, and especially the hotel industry by classifying the configurations of innovation in Taiwanese hotels, as well as considering the types of innovation configuration that will maximise performance. Technological innovation, organisational innovation, and human capital innovation may be key sources of innovation. This study classified the configurations of innovation based on several innovation activities with two-step cluster analysis. Numerous empirical findings facilitate improved understanding of the relationship between the configurations of innovation and firm performance in the Taiwanese hotel industry.
Building the Eco-social State: Do Welfare Regimes Matter?

Abstract Authors such as Dryzek, Gough and Meadowcroft have indicated that social-democratic welfare states could be in a better position to deal with development of the ‘green’ or ‘eco’ state, and the intersection of social and environmental policies, than conservative or liberal welfare regimes (synergy hypothesis). However, this hypothesis has as yet not been examined in comparative empirical research. Based on comparative empirical data from EUROSTAT, the World Bank, the OECD, the Global Footprint Network and the International Social Survey Programme, we are carrying out two research operations: First, by applying correspondence analysis, we contrast the macro-structural welfare and sustainability indicators of thirty countries and ask whether clusters largely follow the synergy hypothesis. Second, we raise the issue of whether differences in the institutional and organisational capabilities of combining welfare with environmental policies are reflected in people's attitudes and opinions. With regard to the first issue, our results suggest that there is no ‘automatic’ development of the ecostate based on already existing advanced welfare institutions. Representatives of all welfare regimes are spread across established, deadlocked, failing, emerging and endangered ecostates. As for the second issue, the results are mixed. While responses to the statements ‘economic growth always harms the environment’ and ‘governments should pass laws to make ordinary people protect the environment, even if it interferes with people's rights to make their own decisions’ did not vary according to welfare regimes, people from social-democratic countries expressed more often than average their willingness to accept cuts in their standard of living in order to protect the environment.
Non-farm Income Diversification in Rural Ghana: Patterns and Determinants

: Evidence abounds in the rural livelihoods literature that rural households do not only receive a significant proportion of their incomes from non-farm sources, but also it is a significant source of employment for rural folks. This paper examines the pattern and determinants of non-farm income diversification in rural Ghana. Results show that off-farm income constituted 43 percent of rural household income in 2005/6. Female-headed households tend to have larger off-farm income shares compared to male-headed households. Non-farm income shares followed the same gender pattern albeit less pronounced. Unlike in Latin America and Asia, in rural Ghana, non-farm self-employment income is more important than non-farm wage-employment income. Regression results show that the gender composition of households, age, education, and access to credit, electricity and markets are important determinants of multiple non-farm activities and non-farm income. The findings call for strategies that can help rural households maximize the benefits from income diversification.
Clustering of Trade Prices by High‐Frequency and Non–High‐Frequency Trading Firms

We examine clustering of transaction prices in a sample that contains high-frequency trading firms’ transactions. We separate our sample into four categories: transactions with a high-frequency trading firm on both sides of the transaction, on only one side of the transaction (either liquidity provider or liquidity demander), or on neither side of the transaction. We find that transaction price clustering is less frequent when a high-frequency trading firm is on both sides of the transaction than when a high-frequency trading firm is on only one side of the transaction or if a high-frequency trading firm is not involved in the transaction. Further, we find that transactions where the liquidity providing order, which more likely dictates the price, is submitted by a high-frequency trading firm cluster less than when the liquidity providing order is submitted by a non–high-frequency trader. We thus conclude that the tendency of prices to cluster appears to be driven by a distinctly human bias.
Blood Lead in End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Patients who were on Maintainence Haemodialysis.

BACKGROUND In India, there is rising burden of chronic diseases like hypertension and diabetes. It has been estimated that 25-40% of these patients are likely to develop CKD, with a significant percentage requiring renal replacement therapy. Haemodialysis is the most common method which is used to treat advanced and permanent kidney failure. The derangements in the metabolism of several toxic and trace elements such as antimony, arsenic, cadmium, molybdenum, nickel, and selenium have been reported for several decades in patients with chronically reduced renal function. Overall, the available literature suggests that the blood levels of some elements such as cadmium, chromium, fluorine, iodine, lead and vanadium are high in ESRD. AIM AND OBJECTIVES Our aim was to study the levels of blood lead in the End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients who were on Maintenance Haemodialysis (MHD), and to study whether there was any relationship between the blood lead concentration and the duration of MHD. METHODS The blood lead level was determined in 50 healthy subjects with normal renal function and in 50 patients with ESRD who were on MHD. None of them had a history of smoking or any industrial exposure. RESULTS The results of this study revealed that the blood lead level was higher in the ESRD patients who were on MHD than in the healthy adults. The blood lead concentration was found to increase with the duration of the MHD. CONCLUSION The mild increase in the blood lead level with an increase in the duration of MHD in the study population, may be viewed in the wider context that the prolonged exposure to lead, even at low levels may result in CKD by causing interstitial nephritis, hypertension, hyperuricaemia, an increased incidence of hypertension, cerebrovascular disease and cardiovascular disease or the progression of an already existing CKD.
Capital Flows, Interest Payments and the Balance-of-Payments Constrained Growth Model: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis

The analytical framework known as the balance-of-payments constrained growth model introduced by Anthony P. Thirlwall more than two decades ago, and further developed by him and N. Hussain, was a major contribution to understanding the relevance of a foreign exchange constraint on the long-run growth performance of open economies. In its simplest expression this model is known as Thirlwall's law. Recent contributions have revised this analytical model in order to ensure that the pattern of foreign debt accumulation, implicit in the economy's balance-of-payments constrained growth path, is sustainable. Up to now most theoretical presentations of Thirlwall's law do not incorporate interest payments explicitly and, moreover, the empirical studies carried out within this tradition do not take them into account. This omission may be a major shortcoming in the analysis of the long-term growth path of economies-like many developing ones-whose net interest payments abroad are a large debit item in the current account of their balance of payments. In the present paper we introduce an extension of the balance-of-payments constrained growth model that explicitly captures the influence on foreign interest payments of the economy's long-run rate of growth-while at the same time guaranteeing that foreign indebtedness is not on an explosive track-and test its empirical adequacy by applying it to examine the Mexican case. Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2003.
Equal Organic Composition of Capital and Regularity

Equal organic composition of capital (EOCC) is shown to be a necessary and sufficient condition for constant relative prices in no-joint production technologies with neoclassical production functions. It is then proved that such neoclassical technologies are regular (which implies that consumption is well behaved across steady-state equilibria). Regularity is also a necessary and sufficient condition for near aggregation (which implies an aggregate production function with all but one of the usual neoclassical properties). Except perhaps for some fluke cases, the existence of an aggregate production function with all of the usual neoclassical properties (full aggregation) requires the stronger EOCC property.
Diagnostic value of serum CA242, CA 19-9, CA 15-3 and CA 125 in patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder.

BACKGROUND Tumor markers have an increasing significance in the diagnosis and evaluation of tumor, but their role in gallbladder cancer has not been established. The present study was undertaken to determine the utility of serological markers in carcinoma of the gallbladder (CaGB). METHODS This study was carried out in 55 cases and 8 healthy controls presenting to a single surgical unit of the University Hospital, Varanasi, India. CA242, CA19-9, CA15-3 and CA125 were assayed preoperatively in serum of patients with carcinoma of the gallbladder (39), cholelithiasis (16) and healthy controls (8) using ELISA technique. RESULTS Mean concentration of all tumor markers was significantly raised in carcinoma of the gallbladder when compared with cholelithiasis. CA 242 was 12.10 vs 42.19 u/ ml, CA19-9 was 211.27 vs 86.06 uml, CA 15-3 was 71.42 vs 1.93u/ml and CA125 was 253.61 vs 65.5 u/ml <0.05). Sensitivity and specificity were calculated at various cut off points. Significant changes in CAl9-9 and CA242 occurred with advanced stage (p <0.05) and grade of tumor (p<0.00 1). When two tumor markers were combined, like CA242 and CA125, sensitivity and specificity improved to 87.5% and 85.7% respectively. Diagnostic accuracy is highest with a combination of CA 19-9 and CA 125 (80.65%). However, combination of tumor markers did not improve any further sensitivity or specificity of markers. CONCLUSION Assay of CA242, CA15-3, CA19-9 and CA 125 are fairly good markers for discriminating patients of carcinoma of the gallbladder from cholelithiasis. CA242 and CA125 when used together achieved best sensitivity and specificity. Serum markers seem to be less sensitive when used individually in carcinoma of the gallbladder but may prove useful in combination.
The effects of wage compression on general and firm-specific training

The issue of who finances on-the-job training has important implications for labour markets. It is persistently difficult to test empirically whether it is the employer or the employee who carries the costs of general training. This article presents a simple method that compares the effect of wage inequality on duration of general training and firm-specific training. The result is consistent with the proposition that it is the worker who bears a greater part of the costs associated with general training than in the case of firm-specific training.
Recognition v. Disclosure, Auditor Tolerance for Misstatement, and the Reliability of Stock-Compensation and Lease Information

We examine whether information in footnotes might lack reliability because auditors permit more misstatement in disclosed, as opposed to recognized, amounts. In both the stock-compensation and lease settings, audit partners require greater correction of misstatements in recognized amounts than in the equivalent disclosed amounts. Debriefing questions indicate that the partners make these decisions knowingly, even though they expect greater client resistance to correcting recognized amounts, because they view recognized amounts as more material. Partners also spend more time on correction decisions for recognized information. While prior literature suggests that amounts are often relegated to footnotes because they are less reliable, our results suggest that the actual choice to disclose versus recognize can also reduce information reliability. These results have implications for the interpretation of prior research on the reliability of recognized and disclosed numbers, for financial-accounting standard setters who may want to consider the reliability effects of their recognition versus disclosure decisions, and for auditing standard setters who may wish to clarify auditors' responsibilities for preventing misstatements in disclosed amounts.
Inhibitors of LSD1 as a potential therapy for acute myeloid leukemia

ABSTRACT Introduction: Epigenetic dysregulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Alterations in histone methylation lead to aberrant silencing of expression of multiple genes involved in tumor suppression and cell cycling, resulting in myeloid maturation arrest and proliferation of early myeloid progenitors. One promising approach targeting chromatin regulatory proteins is inhibition of lysine specific demethylase-1 (LSD1), an enzyme responsible for demethylation of histone H3 as well as other functions Areas covered: Available literature on LSD1 in normal and malignant hematopoiesis was identified in PubMed and reviewed. Areas addressed here include the biology of LSD1, pharmacologic inhibitors, and preclinical data supporting the rationale for LSD1 inhibition in AML therapy. Expert opinion: LSD1 inhibitors represent a promising novel epigenetic approach for AML therapy. Preclinical studies have revealed that pharmacologic LD1 inhibitors function primarily by altering stem cell programs and restoring myeloid differentiation to AML cells. These effects are markedly enhanced in combination with trans-retinoic acid or histone deacetylase inhibitors with little toxicity. Currently, multiple oral LSD1 inhibitors are undergoing phase 1 investigation in patients with AML. The results of these clinical trials are eagerly awaited.
Reduced hyperpolarization of endothelial cells following high dietary Na+: effects of enalapril and tempol

High dietary Na+ is associated with impaired vascular endothelial function. However, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. In the present study, we investigated whether the endothelial hyperpolarization response to acetylcholine (ACh) exhibited any abnormalities in Wistar rats fed a high‐salt diet (HSD) for 1 month and, if so, whether chronic treatment with the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril or the anti‐oxidant tempol could normalize the response. Membrane potential was recorded using the perforated patch‐clamp technique on the endothelium of rat aorta. Acetylcholine (2 μmol/L) produced a hyperpolarization sensitive to TRAM‐34, a blocker of intermediate‐conductance Ca2+‐sensitive K+ channels (IKCa), but not to apamin, a blocker of small‐conductance Ca2+‐sensitive K+ channels (SKCa). NS309 (3 μmol/L), an activator of SKCa and IKCa channels, produced a hyperpolarization of similar magnitude as ACh. In the HSD group, the ACh‐evoked hyperpolarization was significantly attenuated compared with that in the control group, which was fed normal chow rather than an HSD. Similarly, the hyperpolarization produced by NS309 was weaker in tissues from HSD‐fed rats. Combination of HSD with chronic enalapril treatment (20 mg/kg per day for 1 month) normalized endothelial hyperpolarizing responses to ACh. Chronic tempol treatment (1 mmol/L in tap water for 1 month) prevented the reduced hyperpolarization to ACh. The results of the present study indicate that excess in dietary Na+ results in a failure of endothelial cells to generate normal IKCa channel‐mediated hyperpolarizing responses. Our observations implicate oxidative stress mediated by increased angiotensin II signalling as a mechanism underlying altered endothelial hyperpolarization during dietary salt loading.
“Some are More Open than Others”: Comparing the Impact of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 on Local and Central Government in the UK

Abstract This article examines the impact of freedom of information (FOI) on English local government and compares it with UK central government. It asks whether FOI has increased transparency and accountability and improved decision-making, public understanding, participation or trust. It also looks at whether FOI has affected local leadership, service delivery and partnership work. FOI has not had a “transformative” impact on local government. Local authorities are more transparent, supported by new online disclosure reforms. FOI has also increased accountability but only increased public understanding in a small way. It has had no effect on decision-making except in particularly sensitive issues. It has not increased participation and has had no general impact upon trust. Core activities remain unaffected though private contractors’ information and media use cause concern. The variable openness of institutions depends on context, culture and political leadership. The diversity is also driven by requesters’ varying motivations.
[Central Bank Behavior and the Strategy of Monetary Policy: Observations from Six Industrialized Countries]: Comment

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Costly State Verification with Varying Risk Preferences and Liability

In the scenario of loan contracts with costly state verification, we examine how the properties of the set of states, different risk preferences of debtors and varying liability of lenders affect the structure of optimal repayments. In particular, we show that with risk-averse debtors, a general set of states, a constant observation cost and both unlimited and limited lender liability, the debtor is strictly better off revealing the true state of nature when his realized revenue is low, which implies that optimal debtor consumption has a downward jump around the single switch from observed to unobserved states. If the debtor can destroy revenue or if the debtor is risk neutral, this non-monotonicity of consumption disappears. Moreover, given the loan size, there is more monitoring under debtor-risk aversion than risk neutrality. We present simulations showing that a contract with unlimited lender liability and debtor-risk aversion has a higher expected observation cost but a lower variance of consumption than a contract with limited lender liability. Finally, we discuss the problems of commitment to verification and contract renegotiation in this framework. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2006.