Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sex Determination Using Mastoid Process Measurements in Brazilian Skulls

Las caracteristicas del proceso mastoides son de gran utilidad para el diagnostico del sexo. De Paiva & Segre (2003) describieron que era posible el diagnostico del sexo, en base a la determinacion del area del triangulo formado entre los puntos porion, mastoidale y asterion. El proposito de este estudio fue determinar la existencia de dimorfismo sexual en las dimensiones y el area del triangulo mastoideo, mediante analisis estadistico y de funcion discriminante. Se utilizaron 81 craneos de individuos Brasilenos, pertenecientes a la coleccion de la UNIFESP, de sexo y edad conocidos, 50 hombres y 31 mujeres, de entre 40 y 70 anos (media 51.58 anos, DS 7.319). La mayoria de las dimensiones lineales y las areas calculadas fueron mayores en hombres que en mujeres. Solo la distancia porion-mastoidale (Po-Ma), el area del triangulo mastoideo derecho y el area total resultaron mayores y significativas en hombres con p<0.01. El analisis de la funcion discriminante mostro que el conjunto de dimensiones lineales analizadas presenta un bajo poder discriminante (Lambda de Wilks= 0.960, Correlacion Canonica= 0.199), solo Po-Ma permitio clasificar en grupos de hombres y de mujeres con una exactitud general del 64.2%, con una alta sensibilidad para clasificar hombres (93%) y una muy baja sensibilidad para mujeres (17.7%). Estos resultados indican que la determinacion del sexo en base a las dimensiones del triangulo mastoideo, tiende a subestimar a las mujeres, siendo de baja utilidad en la practica.
Optical imaging of propofol‐induced central respiratory depression in medulla–spinal cord preparations from newborn rats

1. Propofol (2,6‐diisopropylphenol) is an intravenous anaesthetic used for the induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia; it also potently and dose‐dependently depresses respiration. The aim of the present study was to analyse propofol‐induced changes in spatiotemporal patterns of inspiratory‐related neural activity and to investigate the involvement of the GABAA receptor by using an optical imaging technique.
Clinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of darexaban, an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, in healthy Caucasian and Japanese subjects

Background. Darexaban (YM150) is a potent direct factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor developed for the prophylaxis of venous and arterial thromboembolic disease. This drug is rapidly and extensively metabolized to darexaban glucuronide (YM‐222714), which is a pharmacologically active metabolite. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), safety and tolerability of ascending multiple oral doses of darexaban in healthy non‐elderly Caucasian and Japanese subjects. Methods. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, single and multiple dose‐escalating study of healthy Caucasian and Japanese male and female subjects was performed. The tested doses were 20, 60, 120 and 240 mg of darexaban. Results. Plasma concentrations of darexaban glucuronide increased with dose, and Cmax and AUC increased dose‐dependently after both single and repeated doses in both Caucasians and Japanese. Cmax was about 17%–19% lower in Caucasians than in Japanese, although AUC appeared to be similar. The time‐profiles of prothrombin time reported as the international normalized ratio (PT‐INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and FXa activity closely followed the time–concentration profile of darexaban glucuronide, and no clear differences were observed in ethnicity. Overall, 38 of the 82 enrolled subjects reported a total of 57 treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Fifty‐five TEAEs were of mild intensity and two were of moderate intensity. Conclusion. It is concluded that single and multiple doses of darexaban are safe and well tolerated up to 240 mg with predictable PK and PD profiles in both Caucasians and Japanese, and that ethnicity does not affect its PK, PD or tolerability. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of licochalcone A on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of nifedipine in rats: possible role of intestinal CYP3A4 and P‐gp inhibition by licochalcone A

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible effects of licochalcone A (a herbal medicine) on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine and its main metabolite, dehydronifedipine, in rats. The pharmacokinetic parameters of nifedipine and/or dehydronifedipine were determined after oral and intravenous administration of nifedipine to rats in the absence (control) and presence of licochalcone A (0.4, 2.0 and 10 mg/kg). The effect of licochalcone A on P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 activity was also evaluated. Nifedipine was mainly metabolized by CYP3A4. Licochalcone A inhibited CYP3A4 enzyme activity in a concentration‐dependent manner with a 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 5.9 μm. In addition, licochalcone A significantly enhanced the cellular accumulation of rhodamine‐123 in MCF‐7/ADR cells overexpressing P‐gp. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC) and the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of oral nifedipine were significantly greater and higher, respectively, with licochalcone A. The metabolite (dehydronifedipine)–parent AUC ratio (MR) in the presence of licochalcone A was significantly smaller compared with the control group. The above data could be due to an inhibition of intestinal CYP3A4 and P‐gp by licochalcone A. The AUCs of intravenous nifedipine were comparable without and with licochalcone A, suggesting that inhibition of hepatic CYP3A4 and P‐gp was almost negligible. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐dose linezolid pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients with impaired renal function especially chronic hemodialysis patients

Renal failure patients were treated with linezolid (LZD) for proven or suspected infections by multi‐resistant Gram‐positive cocci. The aim of this study was to determine if dose adjustment of LZD is needed as a function of renal impairment or not, especially that a significant component of LZD is eliminated unchanged in urine.
Optimal Sliced Latin Hypercube Designs

Sliced Latin hypercube designs (SLHDs) have important applications in designing computer experiments with continuous and categorical factors. However, a randomly generated SLHD can be poor in terms of space-filling, and based on the existing construction method that generates the SLHD column by column using sliced permutation matrices, it is also difficult to search for the optimal SLHD. In this article, we develop a new construction approach that first generates the small Latin hypercube design in each slice and then arranges them together to form the SLHD. The new approach is intuitive and can be easily adapted to generate orthogonal SLHDs and orthogonal array-based SLHDs. More importantly, it enables us to develop general algorithms that can search for the optimal SLHD efficiently.
Optimum Allocation Rule for Accelerated Degradation Tests With a Class of Exponential-Dispersion Degradation Models

Optimum allocation problem in accelerated degradation tests (ADTs) is an important task for reliability analysts. Several researchers have attempted to address this decision problem, but their results have been based only on specific degradation models. Therefore, they lack a unified approach toward general degradation models. This study proposes a class of exponential dispersion (ED) degradation models to overcome this difficulty. Assuming that the underlying degradation path comes from the ED class, we analytically derive the optimum allocation rules (by minimizing the asymptotic variance of the estimated q quantile of product's lifetime) for two-level and three-level ADT allocation problems whether the testing stress levels are prefixed or not. For a three-level allocation problem, we show that all test units should be allocated into two out of three stresses, depending on certain specific conditions. Two examples are used to illustrate the proposed procedure. Furthermore, the penalties of using nonoptimum allocation rules are also addressed. This study demonstrates that a three-level compromise plan with small proportion allocation in the middle stress, in general, is a good strategy for ADT allocation. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Alteration of the intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of valsartan via the concurrent use of gemfibrozil in rats

The present study aimed to examine the potential pharmacokinetic drug interaction between valsartan and gemfibrozil. Compared with the control given valsartan (10 mg/kg) alone, the concurrent use of gemfibrozil (10 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) increased the oral exposure of valsartan in rats. In the presence of gemfibrozil, the Cmax and AUC of oral valsartan increased by 1.7‐ and 2.5‐fold, respectively. Consequently, the oral bioavailability of valsartan was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the presence of gemfibrozil compared with that of the control group. Furthermore, the intravenous pharmacokinetics of valsartan (1 mg/kg) was also altered by pretreatment with oral gemfibrozil (10 mg/kg). The plasma clearance of valsartan was decreased by two‐fold in the presence of gemfibrozil, while the plasma half‐life was not altered. In contrast, both the oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of gemfibrozil were not affected by the concurrent use of valsartan. The cellular uptake of valsartan and gemfibrozil was also investigated by using cells overexpressing OATP1B1 or OATP1B3. Gemfibrozil and gemfibrozil 1‐O‐β glucuronide inhibited the cellular uptake of valsartan with IC50 values (µm) of 39.3 and 20.4, respectively, in MDCK/OATP1B1, while they were less interactive with OATP1B3. The cellular uptake of gemfibrozil was not affected by co‐incubation with valsartan in both cells. Taken together, the present study suggests the potential drug interaction between valsartan and gemfibrozil, at least in part, via the OATP1B1‐mediated transport pathways during hepatic uptake. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Colonization, Its Relationship to Nosocomial Infection, and Efficacy of Control Methods

A NY particular healthy individual is thought to have approximately 100–200 species of bacteria colonizing their oral cavity, although more than 700 species of bacteria have been identified. 1 Although the relationship between the host and bacterium is often mutualistic and of no consequence to the host, it can have serious consequences in the perioperative patient. As organisms become B-lactam-resis-tant, colonization has received increasing attention as a risk factor for development of infection. The objective of this review is to discuss the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)–related hospital infections with a focus on perioperative infections and to discuss methods that attempt to limit colonization and spread of MRSA.
Characterization of loxoprofen transport in Caco‐2 cells: the involvement of a proton‐dependent transport system in the intestinal transport of loxoprofen

Loxoprofen, a propionate non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID), is used widely in East Asian countries. However, little is known about the transport mechanisms contributing to its intestinal absorption. The objectives of this study were to characterize the intestinal transport of loxoprofen using the human intestinal Caco‐2 cell model. The transport of loxoprofen was investigated in cellular uptake studies. The uptake of loxoprofen into Caco‐2 cells was pH‐ and concentration‐dependent, and was described by a Michaelis–Menten equation with passive diffusion (Km: 4.8 mm, Vmax: 142 nmol/mg protein/30 s, and Kd: 2.2 μl/mg protein/30 s). Moreover, the uptake of loxoprofen was inhibited by a typical monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) inhibitor as well as by various monocarboxylates. The uptake of [14C] l‐lactic acid, a typical MCT substrate, in Caco‐2 cells was saturable with relatively high affinity for MCT. Because loxoprofen inhibited the uptake of [14C] l‐lactic acid in a noncompetitive manner, it was unlikely that loxoprofen uptake was mediated by high‐affinity MCT(s). Our results suggest that transport of loxoprofen in Caco‐2 cells is, at least in part, mediated by a proton‐dependent transport system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emotional and Functional Impact of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy on Patients with Primary Breast Cancer

Abstract The present study investigated the psychosocial sequelae of radiotherapy and chemotherapy for primary breast cancer. Negative and positive affect and functional impairment were measured at five intervals between pretreatment and three months after treatment in 78 patients with primary breast cancer who were undergoing radio- or chemotherapy. The radiotherapy patients' negative affect was greatest when therapy began and declined during therapy, whereas chemotherapy patients' negative affect increased during therapy and lasted up to one month therapy ended. The patients' functional, recreational, and home management activities were disrupted, predominantly during the first half of the treatment regimen and their sleep and rest behaviors became more disrupted as they progressed through the course of treatment. The chemotherapy patients' social interactions and alertness declined significantly during therapy. The results suggest that psycho-educational interventions would be advantageous before radiotherapy begins and at discrete intervals during and after chemotherapy.
The Changes in Patient Pattern for Pediatric Supracondylar and Lateral Condylar Humeral Fractures

“This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ” The Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association Volume 50 Number 2 2015 Received July 28, 2014 Revised December 21, 2014 Accepted February 24, 2015 Correspondence to: Hyeon Jun Kim, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 32 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-714, Korea TEL: +82-51-240-2757 FAX: +82-51-254-6757 E-mail: hyeonjun@dau.ac. kr Original Article J Korean Orthop Assoc 2015; 50: 132-136 • http://dx.doi. org/10.4055/jkoa.2015. 50.2. 132 www.jkoa. org
The Distribution of Adenomyomas Containing Uterine Mucosa

At a meeting of the Johns Hopkins Hospital Medical Society in March, 1895, I reported my first case of adenomyoma of the uterus, and since then I have been on the lookout for tumors of this character. From time to time the results of my labors have been recorded either in book form or in the literature. I have been amazed at the widespread distribution of these tumors consisting of nonstriped muscle with islands of uterine mucosa scattered throughout them. In May, 1919, I read a short paper on the subject before the New York State Medical Society at Syracuse. This fragmentary article was published 1 a few months later. In the present paper I shall not attempt to cover the literature on the subject, but I shall confine my remarks to a description of the cases and of the pathologic material that I have personally observed since reporting my
Technical Efficiency and Subsidies in Japanese Public Hospitals

わが国の自治体病院の経営状況を見ると，非効率性の発生が予測される。 そのため本稿では，まず自治体病院の技術効率性を包絡分析法（DEA）によって計測した。 計測には，規模に関して収穫一定（CRS）モデル，投入指向型規模に関して収穫可変（VRS）モデル，産出指向型規模に関して収穫可変モデルの３つのDEAのモデルを用いた。 技術効率性の平均値はCRSモデルの場合には86％，VRSモデルの場合には投入指向モデルでは90％，産出指向モデルでは88％であった。 次に技術効率性についてトービット・モデルにより分析した。 この際には，技術効率性と補助金との間の関係に特に注目した。 分析結果によれば，補助金の割合が多くなればなるほど非効率であることが示された。 その他の要因としては，患者100人当たり検査件数の対数値，病院の立地条件，救急病院の告示の有無，看護の基準，平均在院日数の対数値を考えた。 病院の立地，看護の基準の係数は有意であり，病院の立地が不採算地区にある場合，看護の基準が手厚くなればなるほど非効率的であることが示された。
Antibiotic resistance among indicator bacteria isolated from healthy pigs in New Zealand

Abstract AIM: To determine the resistance to antibiotics among the indictor bacteria, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp, isolated from the faeces of healthy pigs on three conventional pig farms and one organic farm in the North Island of New Zealand. METHODS: Faecal samples, collected at intervals between March and October 2001, were plated onto MacConkey agar and Slanetz-Bartley agar and examined after 1–3 days incubation for colonies resembling E. coli and Enterococcus spp, respectively. Typical colonies were subcultured for further identification and storage. The isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance, using disc diffusion, to ampicillin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Escherichia coli isolates were also tested for resistance to ciprofl oxacin, cotrimoxazole and neomycin. Enterococcus spp isolates were also tested for resistance to vancomycin, erythromycin and virginiamycin. RESULTS: A total of 296 E. coli and 273 Enterococcus spp isolates were obtained from the three conventional farms, and 79 E. coli and 80 Enterococcus spp isolates were obtained from the organic farm. All the E. coli isolates from both the conventional and organic pig farms were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, and all the Enterococcus spp isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, gentamicin and vancomycin. Isolates of E. coli from conventional pig farms were resistant to gentamicin (0.7%), neomycin (0.7%), ampicillin (2.7%), cotrimoxazole (11%), streptomycin (25%) and tetracycline (60%). Enterococcus spp isolates from the same farms were resistant to erythromycin (68%), tetracycline (66%), streptomycin (54%) and virginiamycin (49%). By contrast, for the organic pig farm ⪯5% of either the E. coli or the Enterococcus spp isolates were resistant to any of the antibiotics tested. CONCLUSIONS: On commercial pig farms which used antimicrobial agents, there was a higher level of antimicrobial resistance in the E. coli and Enterococcus spp cultured from the faeces of pigs compared with an organic farm which used no antibiotics. Overall levels of antibiotic resistance in the indicator bacteria isolated from conventional pig farms in this study were similar to those reported for indicator bacteria from pigs in Europe.
A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Mycoplasma agalactiae

Abstract AIM: To develop a real-time PCR for the detection of Mycoplasma agalactiae, using PCR primers targeting the ma-mp81 gene. METHODS: A group of 15 M. agalactiae isolates, 21 other Mycoplasma spp. isolates and 21 other bacterial isolates was used in evaluation of the assay. RESULTS: All M. agalactiae isolates were detected by the assay and none of the non-target isolates was amplified. The analytical detection limit of the assay was 10 fg of purified genomic DNA and 104 cfu/ml milk inoculated with M. agalactiae. When applied to goat-milk samples collected from three herds free of M. agalactiae infection, the assay had a specificity of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: The assay would be useful in a diagnostic laboratory, providing specific, sensitive and rapid detection of M. agalactiae.
Re: Severe haemoptysis associated with seizures in a dog

Extract In the paper by FE James, VS Johnson, ZM Lenard and CS Mansfield published in the New Zealand Veterinary Journal 56, 85–88, 2008, entitled, “Severe haemoptysis associated with seizures in a dog”, the authors reported a case of repeated haemoptysis and radiographically visible severe bilateral alveolar lung pattern in a 7-year-old German Shepherd dog suffering from generalised tonic-clonic seizures. On the basis of several other examination methods, they concluded that “The cause of the haemoptysis could not be defined in this dog, but was considered likely to be due to either severe neurogenic pulmonary oedema or rupture of the pulmonary capillaries secondary to seizures. ” Further in the text they stated that “Haemoptysis associated with severe neurogenic pulmonary oedema, rather than traumatic rupture of the pulmon ary capillaries may have occurred in this dog. ” I agree with these statements.
Variation in ptaquiloside content in bracken (Pteridium esculentum (Forst. f) Cockayne) in New Zealand

Abstract AIM: To examine stands of bracken fern (Pteridium esculentum) from throughout New Zealand for the presence and concentration of ptaquiloside (Pta), and to compare the presence and/or concentrations of Pta in areas where bovine enzootic haematuria (BEH) and/or acute haemorrhagic syndrome (AHS) has been known to occur with those where BEH/AHS has not been recorded. METHODS: Stands of bracken fern were sampled from 275 sites throughout New Zealand. Sixty-two stands were from a regional survey predominantly from the Waikato and Coromandel regions, 27 were from a farm in the King Country where BEH/AHS had been investigated previously, and 186 were from a national survey of the North and South Islands. Sampling sites were from a mixture of grazed paddocks, roadsides, and forest and bush areas. Samples comprised whole young fronds, the tops of unfurling young fronds, or, for the Regional Survey, mature green fronds from the previous season. Pta was extracted from the samples, and measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Information on the occurrence of BEH/AHS at specific locations was obtained from published information and records from animal health laboratories in New Zealand. RESULTS: The 275 samples contained widely varying concentrations of Pta. In the Farm Survey, concentrations ranged from 280–13,300 (mean 3,800) µg/g (on a dry-weight basis) in the 63% of samples that contained Pta. A high proportion of samples from the Regional and National Surveys covering large areas of the country contained no detectable levels of Pta. The majority (61%) of samples from these two surveys which contained Pta were from areas where BEH/AHS was reported to occur. Combining data from all surveys, in areas with reported BEH/AHS, 42% of samples collected contained Pta, compared with 6% where BEH/AHS was not known to occur. CONCLUSIONS: Concentrations of Pta in bracken in New Zealand vary greatly, and in a high proportion of stands Pta is not found. A higher incidence of Pta, and some very high concentrations, are found in areas where BEH/AHS was known to occur.
Detection of Elevated Intracranial Pressure in Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy Using Ultrasonography of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter

Background: Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP) is becoming an increasingly frequent procedure. Pneumoperitoneum and steep trendelenburg positioning associated with this surgery may increase patient’s risk for elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). We conducted a prospective observational trial using ultrasonographic analysis of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) to determine if ICP increased to levels >20 mm Hg during RALRP surgery. Materials and Methods: The study includes 25 patients, without any history of increased ICP, undergoing RALRP. Ultrasonographic analysis of ONSD was performed immediately after induction of general anesthesia and again at the end of the procedure. A threshold value of ≥5.2 mm for ONSD was used for determination of raised ICP (>20 mm Hg). Age, race, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System class, total intraoperative IV fluids, and surgery duration were recorded, as well as, mean arterial pressure (MAP), end-tidal CO2, and end-tidal isoflurane concentration. Results: Mean preinduction ONSD, in the 25 patients studied, was 4.5+0.5 mm and mean postoperative ONSD was 5.5+0.5 mm. Controlling for preinduction ONSD, postoperative ONSD was significantly associated with MAP (P=0.048) and the association of postoperative ONSD with end-tidal CO2 trended toward significance (P=0.072). Conclusions: This study demonstrates an increase in ONSD in patients undergoing RALRP. These findings confirm ICP rises to ≥20 mm Hg during RALRP surgery. This increase in ICP is significantly associated with increasing MAP. Patients with intracranial pathology should be counseled to the risks RALRP may pose with regard to intracranial hypertension.