Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF CURRY LEAF AQUEOUS EXTRACT AGAINST LEAD ACETATE- INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RAT KIDNEYS

Objective: Aim of the study is to find therapeutic potentials of aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii (CuLE) against lead induced oxidative damage in renal tissues of rats. Methods: Rats were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with lead acetate (15mg/kg body weight), another group was pre-treated with CuLE (50 mg / kg, fed orally), the positive control group was fed CuLE (50 mg / kg), and the control animals received vehicle treatment (i.p.) for 7 consecutive days. Concentration of lead in renal tissue was quantified using AAS study. The changes in the activity of the different bio-markers of renal damage, biomarkers of oxidative stress, activities of the antioxidant and some of the mitochondrial enzymes were studied. Histomorphology was studied through H-E staining and alteration in tissue collagen level was studied through Sirius red staining and confocal imaging. Results: Lead acetate caused changes in all the parameters evaluated. All these changes were ameliorated when the rats were pre-treated with CuLE. Concentrations of lead in kidneys were also decreased following pre-treatment of rats with CuLE.
Molecular Cloning of MAP Kinase Genes and In silico Identification of their Downstream Transcription Factors Involved in Pathogenesis of Karnal bunt(Tilletia indica) of Wheat

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways control diverse cellular functions in pathogenic fungi, including sexual differentiation, stress response, and maintenance of cell wall integrity. Here we identified and characterized T indica MAPK genes, which are homologues to the other fungi viz. Pmk1 (Pathogenicity MAP Kinase-1) and Fus3 that is known to play an important role in pathogenicity and mating pheromone response during fungal development. It was performed through gene specific genomic DNA amplification, cloning, sequencing, homology match, annotation, motif analysis, structure prediction and protein-protein interaction. Comparative genomics approaches were applied for studying the role of such genes involved in pathogenesis. These analyses give new insights into similarities and dissimilarities as well as specific characteristics of T indica genomes when compared with Saccharomyces cerevisae and Ustilago maydis . Multiple sequence alignment and motif analysis of these genes revealed high conserveness. The result of structure prediction showed that the models are authentic with 88.9% residues are found in most favored regions in TiFus3 while 83.1% residues in TiPmk1. Key functional regulations of these genes involved numerous biological processes including fungal development and pathogenesis can also be achieved through understanding of protein- protein interaction using a downstream target Ste12p transcription factor. Interaction between two different pairs of protein i.e. TiPmk1 with Ste12p and TiFus3 with Ste12p showed that TiPmk1 interact with Ste12p with -551.19 kcal total energy while TiFus3 interact with Ste12p -157.76 kcal total energy. There is currently no direct evidence for any direct activation of this transcription factor by MAP kinase in T indica , in silico interaction study provides ample opportunities to validate its role in the pathogenesis and fungal development. Thus, it will ultimately lead to help in the development of novel strategies for controlling the Karnal bunt (KB) disease of wheat, incited by T indica.
Two-dimensional modeling of density and thermal structure of dense circumstellar outflowing disks

Context. Evolution of massive stars is affected by a significant loss of mass either via (nearly) spherically symmetric stellar winds or by aspherical mass-loss mechanisms, namely the outflowing equatorial disks. However, the scenario that leads to the formation of a disk or rings of gas and dust around massive stars is still under debate. Aims. We study the hydrodynamic and thermal structure of optically thick, dense parts of outflowing circumstellar disks that may be formed around various types of critically rotating massive stars, for example, Be stars, B[e] supergiant (sgB[e]) stars or Pop III stars. Methods. We specify the optical depth of the disk along the line-of-sight from stellar poles. Within the optically thick dense region we calculate the vertical disk thermal structure using the diffusion approximation while for the optically thin outer layers we assume a local thermodynamic equilibrium with the impinging stellar irradiation. We use two of our own types of hydrodynamic codes: two-dimensional operator-split numerical code and unsplit code based on the Roe's method. Results. Our models show the geometric distribution and contribution of viscous heating that begins to dominate in the central part of the disk. In the models of dense viscous disks the viscosity increases the central temperature up to several tens of thousands of Kelvins. The high mass-loss rates and high viscosity lead to instabilities with significant waves or bumps in density and temperature in the very inner disk region. Conclusions. The two-dimensional radial-vertical models of dense outflowing disks including the full Navier-Stokes viscosity terms show very high temperatures that are however limited to only the central disk cores inside the optically thick area, while near the edge of the optically thick region the temperature may be low enough for the existence of neutral hydrogen.
A composite species‐level phylogeny of the ‘Insectivora’ (Mammalia: Order Lipotyphla Haeckel, 1866)

The first MRP (matrix representation with parsimony) supertree phylogeny of the Lipotyphla is presented, covering all the families that were considered to make up the traditional mammalian order Insectivora. The phylogeny does not examine relationships within the shrew subfamily Crocidurinae, but all other taxa are considered at the species level, drawing upon 41 years of systematic literature and combining information from 47 published sources. The MRP technique is also critically discussed. This study will be of use to comparative biology studies of the Lipotyphla (or of mammals as a whole) and is a rigorous review of past systematic work, as well as clearly demonstrating our current level of knowledge. The supertree clearly details a strong imbalance in phylogenetic understanding across the taxon: a great deal is known about the hedgehogs and gymnures (Erinaceidae), the New World moles (Talpidae), Palaearctic species of Sorex (subgenus Sorex )a nd the relationships between genera of red-toothed shrews (Soricinae). The supertree, however, clearly shows areas where our knowledge is conflicting or non-existent, and these gaps do not always correspond to obscure species: nothing is known about the systematics of Old World mole genera. Also very little is known about golden moles (Chrysochloridae) and the shrew-tenrec genus Microgale ,s ome of the most threatened mammals on Earth.
Extracted pearl grass effect on broiler carcass kept on Escherichia coli - sprayed litter.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of hexane and acetic ethyl extracted pearlgrass as feed additive in the ration on carcass of broiler chickens where the litter was sprayed byEscherichia coli. The experiment was assigned to Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatmentsand 4 replications. The treatments were level of pearl grass extract added into the ration; 0 (R0, control),0.8 (R1), 1.6 (R2), 2.4 (R3) dan 3.2 (R4) gram per kilogram ration. After 3 weeks of age, litters weresprayed by Escherichia coli as much as 106 CFU/100 ml liquid agar. Then, chickens were kept until 6weeks of age. Result showed that there was no significant different among treatments groups on chickencarcass and there was no any adverse effect on liver and intestines. It is concluded that extracted pearlgrass could be utilized as natural feed additive source to produce carcass of broiler chicken where theirlitter was sprayed by E. coli bacteria.
An evaluation and interpretation of CZCS-derived patterns on the adriatic shelf

The aim of the present paper is to investigate further the previously observed dichotomy in the Adriatic waters influenced by the Po river. To that end, an existing algorithm for pigment concentration retrieval has been improved and applied to the reprocessing of selected summer 1981 and winter 1981/1982 images of the Adriatic Sea. The sensitivity loss correction procedure has been included in the retrieval algorithm and rendered coherent with the atmospheric correction model. The model was also updated to allow for multiple Rayleigh scattering, and site-specific calibrated for case 2 waters of the Northern Adriatic. Our analysis of the images reinforces the previous finding (Clement et al., 1987) that two types of CZCS-derived patterns can be observed on the Adriatic shelf: one, elongated, trapped along the Italian coastline; and another wide, irregularly spread into the basin interior. However, according to our results, the two patterns are not seasonally restricted, i. e. both may occur in summer and in winter. In summer, when the Northern Adriatic is stratified, the Po-influenced waters spread at the surface into the basin interior. A lower Po discharge may restrain the river-affected waters to a narrow coastal band. In winter, when the Northern Adriatic is vertically well mixed, the river-affected waters remain confined to the Italian coastal strip all the way down the shelf edge and into the Southern Adriatic. However, strong episodes of spatially heterogeneous bura wind can provoke intrusions into the basin interior.
Modelling Economic Growth Based on Economic Freedom and Social Progress

Economic growth is one of the most widely studied issues in the specialised literature. Economic growth highlights those changes that occur in enhancing macroeconomic results that are not expressed independently, but in close connection with its determinants. This article aims at modelling the economic growth of the member states of the European Union in relation to the economic freedom index and the index of economic progress. We consider the following objectives: the study of the intensity of relationships between GDP per capita and index of economic freedom on one hand, and social progress index on the other; modelling growth relative index of economic freedom and social progress index for the EU Member States Union. To investigate these topics, we have used descriptive analysis, analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. We have developed a multiple regression model to study the influence that the index of economic freedom and of the social progress index have on the growth rate of GDP per capita in countries which have the status of member the European Union. Through variance analysis, we have concluded that there are significant differences among the average GDP per capita in the European countries according the membership of the European Union. Keywords: modelling economic growth, economic freedom, social progress, european countries
EVALUATION OF THE MODEL OF EDUCATION IN ISLAMIC ECONOMICS AND FINANCE: Empirical Evidences From Indonesia and United Kingdom

This study attempts to evaluate the model of education in Islamic economics and finance that currently adopted in Indonesia and United Kingdom. The study employs the method of Analytic Network Process (ANP). This study decomposes the problem by way of undertaking in-depth interviews and questionnaires as preliminary steps to all stakes holders in these countries comprising practitioners, academicians, experts and users. In order to evaluate and measure these differences, pair-wise comparison is conducted followed by synthesis method to come up with appropriate solutions. The root of the problem comprises of internal and external, while the solution includes short term as well as long terms with strategic policy as the last outcome. The finding of this study demonstrates different results in every cluster of respective countries. Moreover, the findings reveal that quite a few challenges lie ahead in applying the best model to be used as teaching materials in these countries.
Demografía de las cooperativas en tiempos de crisis

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar como la crisis de 2008 afecto a la demografia empresarial de las cooperativas y comparar su situacion con la de los anos anteriores y posteriores a la misma. Para ello se acota el periodo de crisis y se define un periodo pre-crisis y uno post-crisis. El estudio avanza a traves de tres campos de analisis como son la dinamica empresarial, el componente estructural y el ambito territorial. La dinamica empresarial se estudia a traves de la evolucion de las tasas de entrada, salida y supervivencia. El componente estructural presenta los efectos de la crisis distinguiendo por tamano y por clase de cooperativa. Por ultimo, en el ambito territorial se aplica la tecnica de analisis regional Shift-Share para identificar y descomponer el crecimiento del empleo cooperativo entre el efecto regional y el efecto sectorial. Entre los resultados obtenidos destacamos los siguientes. Primero, la crisis incremento el comportamiento pro-ciclico de las cooperativas. Segundo, fueron las medianas y grandes cooperativas las que mostraron mayor resistencia al tiempo que la antiguedad fue un garante de supervivencia pero no de preservacion de empleo. Tercero, se produjo un proceso de creacion de cooperativas y/o de incremento de su empleo ligado a la cobertura de necesidades y servicios de forma conjunta. Cuarto, en terminos sectoriales las cifras senalan al sector industrial y al de la construccion como los mas afectados por la crisis. Por ultimo y en comparacion con los anos anteriores a la crisis, se detectan cambios importantes en las CCAA que presentaban ventajas de localizacion para las cooperativas.
Credit Risk Management Practices of Micro Finance Institutions in Ethiopia– A Brief Literature Review

In this study an attempt has been made to gather relevant literature in the area of credit risk management practices of micro finance institution with special reference to Ethiopia. Micro finance provides financial help to the unbanked sections of the society. Since microfinance is a system that distributes small loans to poor people in order for them to generate income and start their own small businesses, it has the ability to lessen poverty as well as promote entrepreneurship, social and economic development in poor communities. At the same time microfinance portfolios are exposed to various kinds of risks due to their inherent characteristic especially credit risk. The Ethiopian Microfinance sector is one of the fastest growing financial institutions in the world today serving about 2.7 million borrowers with portfolio of Birr 9.2 Billion(AEMFI performance analysis report, 2014). The sustainability of Micro Finance Institutions(MFIs) that reach a large number of rural and urban poor who are not served by the conventional financial institutions, such as the commercial banks, has been a prime element of the new development strategy of Ethiopia (Wolday 2010). With this scenario as a background, the currents study attempts to bring together available literature on credit risk management in microfinance institutions with special reference to Ethiopia. Key Words—Credit risk, Credit risk management, Microfinance
Mandatory Disclosure and the Protection of Investors

IT HE Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 have escaped the fate of many other early New Deal programs. Some of their companions, such as the National Industrial Recovery Act, were declared unconstitutional; others such as the Robinson-Patman Act, have fallen into desuetude; still others, such as Social Security, have been so changed that they would be unrecognizable to their creators. Many of the New Deal programs of regulation lost their political support and were replaced by deregulation; communications and transportation are prime examples. The securities laws, however, have retained not only their support but also their structure. They had and still have two basic components: a prohibition against fraud, and requirements of disclosure when securities are issued and periodically thereafter. The notorious complexities of securities practice arise from defining the details of disclosure and ascertaining which transactions are covered by the disclosure requirements. There is very little substantive regulation of investments. To be sure, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) occasionally uses the rubric of disclosure to affect substance, as when it demands that insiders not trade without making "disclosures" that would make trading pointless, when it requires that a going private deal "disclose" that the price is "fair," and when it insists that the price of accelerated registration of a prospectus is "disclosure" that directors will not be indemnified for certain wrongs.
Effects of Atorvastatin and Niacin, Alone and in Combination, On Lowering Serum LDL-Cholesterol and Lipoprotein (a) in Hyperlipidemia Patients

Background & objectives: Effects of statins on serum lipids in hyperlipidemia are not well defined. We compared the effects of atorvastatin and niacin, alone and combination, on lowering serum LDL-C and Lp (a) and increasing HDL-C in hyperlipidemia patients. Patients and methods: A total of 150 adult patients (Group-A) with hyperlipidemia and 100 normal adults controls (Group-B) were included in the study. The fasting blood samples were taken and serum (I°) were stored frozen until analysed for TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and Lp (a). The 50 patients (Group A1) were prescribed Atorvastatin (10 mg once daily for 3 months), 50 patients (Group A2) were prescribed Niacin (50 mg twice daily for 3 months) and 50 patients (Group A3) were prescribed combination of the two drugs with same doses for 3 months. Blood samples were taken again at follow up and serum (II°) was stored frozen until analysed for lipids by biochemical methods. Results: Lipid parameters (mg/dl), i.e. TG, TC, LDL-C, & Lp(a), were raised and HDL-C was reduced in patients (Group-A) compared to controls (Group-B); Atovastatin (10 mg/ day) and Niacin (50 mg/2day) significantly lowered TG,TC, LDL-C & Lp(a) and raised HDL-C in Group A1 and Group A2 respectively; Combination therapy (atorvastatin: 10 mg/day + Niacin : 50 mg*2/day) was much more effective in lowering TG, TC, LDL-C & LP(a) and raising HDL-C in Group A3. Conclusions: The effects of combination therapy of the two drugs were much higher than their effects alone and therefore, can be adopted in hyperlipidemia patients.
Seasonal changes in the North Atlantic subtropical Gyre

The eastern part of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre is found in the region between the Azores and the Cape Verde Islands. A study of the gyre structure in the area east of 35°W between 8°N and 41°N is presented. The geostrophic flow field determined from historical temperature-salinity data sets by objective analysis indicates seasonal variations in shape but no significant changes in the magnitude of volume transports. The eastern part of the gyre has a larger east-west and smaller north-south extension in summer compared with the winter season. The center shifts by about 2° latitude to the south from winter to summer. Long-term temperature time series (6.5 years) from a mooring near the Azores are consistent with these results, showing always a consistent temperature increase at the beginning of the year which is apparently due to the displacement of the northeastern part of the gyre. A comparison between the mean flow fields and fields obtained from individual zonal sections indicates large deviations north and south of the gyre but small deviations within the gyre.
Towards sustainable food systems: the concept of agroecology and how it questions current research practices. A review

Introduction. Multiple environmental and socio-economic indicators show that our current agriculture and the organization of the food system need to be revised. Agroecology has been proposed as a promising concept for achieving greater sustainability. This paper offers an overview and discussion of the concept based on existing literature and case studies, and explores the way it questions our current research approaches and education paradigms. Literature. In order to improve the sustainability of agriculture, the use of external and chemical inputs needs to be minimized. Agroecological farming practices seek to optimize ecological processes, thus minimizing the need for external inputs by providing an array of ecosystem services. Implementing such practices challenges the current structure of the food system, which has been criticized for its lack of social relevance and economic viability. An agroecological approach includes all stakeholders, from field to fork, in the discussion, design and development of future food systems. This inclusion of various disciplines and stakeholders raises issues about scientists and their research practices, as well as about the education of the next generation of scientists. Conclusions. Agroecology is based on the concept that agricultural practices and food systems cannot be dissociated because they belong to the same natural and socio-economic context. Clearly, agroecology is not a silver-bullet, but its principles can serve as avenues for rethinking the current approaches towards achieving greater sustainability. Adapting research approaches in line with indicators that promote inter- and transdisciplinary research is essential if progress is to be made.
Performance of Three Alternative Surfacing Processes on Black Spruce Wood and Their Effects on Water-Based Coating Adhesion

Surface quality and water-based coating performance of samples prepared by oblique cutting, helical planing, and face milling were studied. Oblique cutting and helical planing generated surfaces with similar features. Samples had little subsurface damage and fibrillation, and few cell lumens were accessible on the surface to favor coating penetration. As a result, these samples had lower surface roughness and wetting properties than face-milled ones. Face-milled samples were defined by more subsurface damage, fibrillation, and open lumens that favored coating penetration. However, the pull-off strength of face-milled samples was significantly lower after accelerated weathering than the oblique-cut or helical-planed samples. Hence, oblique cutting and helical planing are suitable for preparing surfaces of black spruce prior to coating application. No correlations were detected between surface quality parameters and adhesion, which indicates that pull-off tests have to be determined to quantify coating adhesion on surfaces of this wood species.
Dietary Reconstruction of the Okhotsk Culture of Hokkaido, Japan, Based on Nitrogen Composition of Amino Acids: Implications for Correction of 14C Marine Reservoir Effects on Human Bones

The relative contribution of marine-derived carbon in the ancient diet is essential for correcting the marine reservoir effect on the radiocarbon age of archaeological human remains. In this study, we evaluated the marine protein consumption of 3 human populations from the Okhotsk culture (about AD 550–1200) in Hokkaido, Japan, based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions in bulk bone collagen as well as the nitrogen isotopic composition of glutamic acid and phenylalanine. Despite the similarity of carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of bulk collagens, nitrogen isotopic composition of their constituent amino acids suggests differences in fur seal contributions among northern Hokkaido (0–24% for Kafukai 1, 0–10% for Hamanaka 2) and eastern Hokkaido (78–80% for Moyoro) populations. It suggests that nitrogen composition of glutamic acid and phenylalanine could provide a detailed picture of ancient human subsistence.