Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE LIME DEFICIENCY OF DIABETES

INTRODUCTION Bocker1in 1853 and Neubauer2in 1856 reported that diabetic patients excreted more lime salts in their urine than normal individuals. In 1889 Toralbo3came to a similar conclusion from his findings. Since that time many observations have been recorded, and the conclusion has been reached that diabetics suffer from a loss of calcium from their body. Some of these studies we shall review in detail. Von Moraczewski4in 1897 found in one case of diabetes mellitus, on a mixed diet, a retention of nitrogen and chlorin coincident with a loss of calcium and phosphorus, the phosphorus loss being nearly three times as great as the calcium loss. The phosphorus loss was 32 per cent. of the intake and the calcium loss 11 per cent. of the intake. On an animal diet containing much less chlorin and lime, and somewhat less phosphorus, the nitrogen balance
Tissue Angiotensin II During Progression or Ventricular Hypertrophy to Heart Failure in Hypertensive Rats; Differential Effects on PKCε and PKCβ

Abstract K. Inagaki, Y. Iwanaga, N. Sarai, Y. Onozawa, H. T akenaka, D. Mochly-Rosen and Y. Kihara. Tissue Angiotensin II During Progression of Ventricular Hypertrophy to Heart Failure in Hypertensive Rats; Differential Effects on PKCe and PKCβ. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (2002) 34 , 1377–1385. The protein kinase C (PKC) family has been implicated as second messengers in mechanosensitive modulation of cardiac hypertrophy. However, little information is available on the role of expression and activation of specific cardiac PKC isozymes during development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and failure (LVF). Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed an 8% salt diet developed systemic hypertension and concentric LVH at 11 weeks of age that is followed by left ventricle (LV) dilatation and global hypokinesis at 17 weeks. Among several PKC isozymes expressed in the LV myocardium, only PKCe showed a 94% increase at the LVH stage. At the LVF stage, however, PKCe returned to the control level, whereas PKCβI and βII increased by 158% and 155%, respectively. Hearts were studied at each stage using the Langendorff set-up, and a LV balloon was inflated to achieve an equivalent diastolic wall stress. Following mechanical stretch, PKCe was significantly activated in LVH myocardium in which tissue angiotensin II levels were increased by 59%. Pre-treatment with valsartan, an AT 1 -receptor blocker, abolished the stretch-mediated PKCe activation. Mechanical stretch no longer induced PKCe activation in LVF. Chronic administration of valsartan blunted the progression of LVF and inhibited the increase in PKCβ. Mechanosensitive PKCe activation is augmented and therefore may contribute to the development of compensatory hypertrophy. This effect was dependent on activation of tissue angiotensin II. However, this compensatory mechanism becomes inactive in LVF, where PKCβ may participate in the progression to cardiac dysfunction and LV remodeling.
Prescription pattern of antibiotic and analgesic in endodontic treatment in Kuwaiti population: A self-administered Survey

Introduction: Surgical and non-surgical endodontic treatment of involved teeth can necessitate prescription of analgesics and antimicrobials. The literature suggests confusion amongst practitioners regarding the need for adjunctive medication, mainly during non-surgical endodontic treatment, often leading to over-prescription. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the current clinical practice of dentists participated in this study with respect to antibiotic and analgesic prescription patterns in their endodontic treatment management in Kuwait. Materials and Methods: Prescription patterns for antibiotics and analgesics were analyzed based on the responses to self-administered questionnaire ( n = 169). Information was collected based on different clinical endodontic diagnostic scenarios. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software version 17.0 to determine relationships between prescription patterns, age, gender, and dental qualification (specialists and general dentists). Results: Ninety-two percent of dentists prescribed analgesics for the management of endodontic pain. While 16% prescribed antibiotics for severe dental pain; 62% prescribed antibiotics for acute apical abscesses. Significantly more male dentists prescribed antibiotics for dental pain than female dentists. No significant difference was found between general dental practitioners' and specialists' attitude toward drug prescriptions. Amoxicillin and ibuprofen were the most commonly prescribed medications. Conclusion: While the majority of dentists appeared to prescribe antibiotics and analgesics appropriately, some did not. This research confirmed previous studies and established a need for imparting information of evidence-based prescriptions protocols for the dentists surveyed in this study in Kuwait.
Long-term Excess Mortality of 244 Familial and 1502 Sporadic One-Year Survivors of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Compared With a Matched Eastern Finnish Catchment Population

BACKGROUND:Saccular intracranial aneurysms (sIAs) develop in 2% of the population. Rupture of the sIA wall causes almost all cases of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). OBJECTIVE:We analyzed the long-term excess mortality of 244 familial and 1502 sporadic 1-year survivors of aSAH from sIA compared with a matched Eastern Finnish catchment population. METHODS:The Kuopio Neurosurgery Database contains 1746 one-year survivors of aSAH (1980-2007) from a defined population. The median follow-up time, until death (n = 494) or the end of 2008, was 12 years. Relative survival ratios were calculated compared with the matched (sex, age, calendar time) catchment population. Relative excess risk of death (RER) was estimated for variables known on admission for aSAH as well as Glasgow Outcome Scale score at 12 months. RESULTS:There was 12% excess mortality at 15 years (cumulative relative survival ratio: 0.88; 95% confidence interval: 0.85-0.91). Independent risk factors were male sex (RER: 1.6), age older than 64 years (RER: 2.9), ruptured basilar tip sIA (RER: 4.5), severe hydrocephalus on admission (RER: 3.6), no occlusive therapy (RER: 6.0), and Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of 2, 3, or 4 at 12 months (RER: 23, 4.1, 2.1, respectively), but not familial sIA disease. There were lethal rebleeds from 13 of the 1440 clipped sIAs, 2 of the 265 coiled sIAs, and 2 from the 17 nonoccluded sIAs, and 14 new lethal bleeds from other sIAs. CONCLUSION:The impact of both sporadic and familial aSAH and their sequelae in the central nervous and cardiovascular systems may cause long-term morbidity and mortality. The complex sIA disease may predispose to other vascular events later in life. The causes of the long-term excess mortality are heterogeneous, and more detailed analyses are required.
Preconditioning actions of aldosterone through p38 signaling modulation in isolated rat hearts.

Although persistent excessive actions of aldosterone have unfavorable effects on the cardiovascular system, primarily via mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-dependent pathways, the pathophysiological significance of aldosterone cascade activation in heart diseases has not yet been fully clarified. We herein examined the effects of short-term aldosterone stimulation at a physiological dose on cardiac function during ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). In order to study the effects of aldosterone preconditioning, male Wistar rat Langendorff hearts were perfused with 10(-9) mol/l of aldosterone for 10 min before ischemia, and the response to IRI was assessed. Although aldosterone did not affect the baseline hemodynamic parameters, preconditioning actions of aldosterone significantly improved the recovery in left ventricular contractility and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure associated with a reduced activity of creatine phosphokinase released into the perfusate after ischemia-reperfusion. Notably, the MR inhibitor eplerenone did not abrogate these beneficial effects. Biochemical analyses revealed that p38MAPK phosphorylation was significantly increased during aldosterone preconditioning before ischemia, whereas its phosphorylation was substantially attenuated during sustained ischemia-reperfusion, compared with the results for in the non-preconditioned control hearts. This dual regulation of p38MAPK was not affected by eplerenone. The phosphorylation levels of other MAPKs were not altered by aldosterone preconditioning. In conclusion, the temporal induction of the aldosterone cascade, at a physiological dose, has favorable effects on cardiac functional recovery and injury following ischemia-reperfusion in a MR-independent manner. Phasic dynamism of p38MAPK activation may play a key role in the physiological compensatory pathway of aldosterone under severe cardiac pathological conditions.
Inhibitory roles of the mammalian GnIH ortholog RFRP3 in testicular activities in adult mice.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of in vivo and in vitro treatments with RFamide-related peptide 3 (RFRP3), a mammalian gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone ortholog, on testicular activities, i.e. spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis, in mice. Mice were treated in vivo with different doses of RFRP3 (control: 0.02 μg, 0.2 μg, and 2.0 μg/day) for 8 days. For in vitro study, the testes of mice were evaluated with different doses of RFRP3 (control: 1 and 10 ng/ml) with or without LH (control: 10 and 100 ng/ml) for 24 h at 37 °C. RFRP3 treatment produced significant changes in the body mass, circulating steroid level, and testicular activity in mice. RFRP3 treatment also caused dose-dependent histological changes in spermatogenesis, such as decline in germ cell proliferation and survival markers and increase in apoptotic markers in testis. Both in vivo and in vitro studies showed the inhibitory effect of RFRP3 on testosterone synthesis in the testis. RFRP3 inhibited the expression of the receptor for LH (LHCGR), STAR protein, cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (CYP11A1) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the testis, and testosterone secretion dose dependently. This study also suggested that the inhibitory effect of RFRP3 in the testis may be mediated through local production of GnRH. Thus, RFRP3 inhibits testicular steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis either indirectly through GnRH or by directly influencing germ cell proliferation, survival, and apoptosis.
Progesterone-induced activation of membrane-bound progesterone receptors in murine macrophage cells.

Parturition is an inflammatory process mediated to a significant extent by macrophages. Progesterone (P4) maintains uterine quiescence in pregnancy, and a proposed functional withdrawal of P4 classically regulated by nuclear progesterone receptors (nPRs) leads to labor. P4 can affect the functions of macrophages despite the reported lack of expression of nPRs in these immune cells. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effects of the activation of the putative membrane-associated PR on the function of macrophages (a key cell for parturition) and discuss the implications of these findings for pregnancy and parturition. In murine macrophage cells (RAW 264.7), activation of mPRs by P4 modified to be active only extracellularly by conjugation to BSA (P4BSA, 1.0×10(-7) mol/l) caused a pro-inflammatory shift in the mRNA expression profile, with significant upregulation of the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2 (Ptgs2)), Il1B, and Tnf and downregulation of membrane progesterone receptor alpha (Paqr7) and oxytocin receptor (Oxtr). Pretreatment with PD98059, a MEK1/2 inhibitor, significantly reduced P4BSA-induced expression of mRNA of Il1B, Tnf, and Ptgs2. Inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) by H89 blocked P4BSA-induced expression of Il1B and Tnf mRNA. P4BSA induced rapid phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and CREB (a downstream target of PKA). This phosphorylation was inhibited by pretreatment with PD98059 and H89, respectively, revealing that MEK1/2 and PKA are two of the components involved in mPR signaling. Taken together, these results indicate that changes in membrane progesterone receptor alpha expression and signaling in macrophages are associated with the inflammatory responses; and that these changes might contribute to the functional withdrawal of P4 related to labor.
RECONSTITUTION OF 7S MOLECULES FROM L AND H POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS OF ANTIBODIES AND GAMMA-GLOBULINS.

Admixture of separated L and H polypeptide chains of 7S γ-globulins under appropriate conditions has been found to result in the reconstitution of 7S molecules. The chains were mixed in 0.5 N propionic acid and when dialyzed into neutral aqueous buffers interacted to form reconstituted material in greater than 30 per cent yield. This material had sedimentation coefficients of 6S to 7S, a weight average molecular weight of 160,000, and its antigenic structure and electrophoretic properties were the same as those of 7S γ-globulin. By the use of I131 and I125 labels on the different types of chains, combined with ultracentrifugation of chain mixtures in sucrose density gradients, the 7S product was found to contain both isotopes in ratios consistent with the presence of two L and two H chains. After hydrolysis with papain, the reconstituted material yielded products resembling S and F fragments. All of the isotope corresponding to L chains was found in the counterpart of the S fragment; the isotope corresponding to the H chain fraction was present in both fragments. The activity reconstituted from chains of a purified guinea pig antibody to f1 phage was found to be associated mainly with the 7S material. Hybrid molecules containing rabbit L chains and human H chains and of human L chains and rabbit H chains were formed by the same techniques of reconstitution. It was found that the interchain disulfide bonds of native 7S γ-globulins could be broken and reoxidized, as could those of reconstituted 7S material. Reduced L and H chains mixed in propionic acid, dialyzed against neutral buffers containing mercaptan, then against neutral buffers in the absence of mercaptan, formed stable 7S molecules of molecular weight 160,000, which were dissociable only after reduction.
Influence of nutritional status on metabolic responses to exercise in donkeys

Summary The metabolic consequences of submaximal exercise following long term nutritional deprivation were investigated in 6 donkeys. Animals were fed all roughage diets, either adequate (Timothy hay: H) or deficient in energy and protein (wheat straw: S) in a crossover design. After 8–10 weeks of dietary adaptation, responses to 60 min of moderate intensity draft loading exercise were compared. Jugular blood was sampled at rest and during exercise for glucose, lactate and free fatty acids (FFA) concentrations, haematocrit, Cortisol and insulin levels. Heart rate (HR) was monitored electronically. Resting lactate concentration was higher in animals fed hay (H) than in animals fed straw (S); only in S animals, however, did post exercise lactate concentration (1.55 ± 0.9 mmol/l) exceed pre-exercise lactate concentration (0.6 ± 0.1 mmol/l). Hypoglycemia occurred in all animals in early exercise but was more pronounced in S animals. Straw-fed animals had higher FFA concentrations at rest than H animals (mean ± s.e. 433 ± 71 vs. 102 ± 9 μmol/l). Plasma FFA concentrations declined precipitously in S animals at the onset of exercise, thereafter FFA increased over resting concentrations in both diets. Cortisol concentrations were higher at all times in H animals and increased during exercise regardless of diet. Insulin was lower in S animals and decreased during exercise in both diet groups. Resting HR was lower in S than in H animals (mean ± s.e. 34 ± 2 vs. 45 ± 2 beats/min). Exercising HR was greater in S animals. These data suggest that long term undernutrition in donkeys leads to decreased carbohydrate reserves, diminished maximal aerobic capacity and endocrine alterations. Work difficulty and stress level may increase, with possible negative implications for animal health and endurance.
Increasing serotonin concentrations alter calcium and energy metabolism in dairy cows.

A 4×4 Latin square design in which varied doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/kg) of 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan (5-HTP, a serotonin precursor) were intravenously infused into late-lactation, non-pregnant Holstein dairy cows was used to determine the effects of serotonin on calcium and energy metabolism. Infusion periods lasted 4 days, with a 5-day washout between periods. Cows were infused at a constant rate for 1 h each day. Blood was collected pre- and 5, 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min post-infusion, urine was collected pre- and post-infusion, and milk was collected daily. All of the 5-HTP doses increased systemic serotonin as compared to the 0 mg/kg dose, and the 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg doses increased circulating glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and decreased beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHBA) concentrations. Treatment of cows with either 1.0 or 1.5 mg/kg 5-HTP doses decreased urine calcium elimination, and the 1.5 mg/kg dose increased milk calcium concentrations. No differences were detected in the heart rates, respiration rates, or body temperatures of the cows; however, manure scores and defecation frequency were affected. Indeed, cows that received 5-HTP defecated more, and the consistency of their manure was softer. Treatment of late-lactation dairy cows with 5-HTP improved energy metabolism, decreased loss of calcium into urine, and increased calcium secretion into milk. Further research should target the effects of increasing serotonin during the transition period to determine any benefits for post-parturient calcium and glucose metabolism.
The epidemiology of Koala retrovirus

新奇なコアラレトロウィルス（KoRV）と呼ばれるガンマレトロウィルスが2000年にコアラより分離された。 残念なことに引き続き行われた調査から，KoRVはオーストラリアのコアラの個体群に広く拡がっているようである。 現在KoRVは，活発に内因性化する過程にある外因性レトロウィルスの唯一の知られている例であり，非常にユニークなウイルスである。 現在KoRVが病気の原因となる直接的で明確な証拠はわずかであるが，KoRV感染がコアラの臨床上，通常よく診断される種々の新生物や，様々な免疫不全症の病因として重要な役割を果たしている可能性があるか，もしくはその確率が高い。 KoRVは，近縁であるオーストラリア固有のげっ歯類であるバートンメロミス（Melomys burtoni）のレトロウィルスの異種間交差感染を介して出現した可能性がある。 これら2種のウィルスは，第三番目のレトロウィルスであるテナガザル白血病ウィルス（GALV）に対しても近縁である。 GALVは白血病を罹患していたタイの捕獲下のテナガザルから1960年代後半に最初に分離された。 しかし，現在に至るまでGALVの感染源は不明である。
MEDICATION MANAGEMENT SKILLS OF NURSING STUDENTS: COMPARING THE STUDENTS AND THEIR INSTRUCTORS EVALUATION IN TWO UNIVERSITIES

Background: Nurses have critical roles in the process of medication. Evaluating the process of medication helps nursing educators and students to determine the present status and then, improve the quality of care. Objective: The current study was conducted to compare the self-evaluation of nursing students in their own medication skills with the evaluation done by clinical instructors, in Qom’s Azad University and Arak University of Medical Sciences, in 2011. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted. Data gathered using a self-report questionnaire and an observation checklist. A total of 141 students and 10 instructors participated in the study. SPSS software (version 13) was employed to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon rank test were used. Results: The mean scores for the domain of medication preparation were 2.51 ± 0.55 and 2.58 ± 0.57 based on the students’ self-evaluation and the instructors' evaluation of the students, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the total mean scores of ‘medication preparation’ in the two evaluation methods (P > 0.05). The highest mean score was achieved in the domain of drug administration both in the self-evaluation and evaluation by the instructors. A significant difference was observed between the total mean scores of ‘drug administration’ in the two evaluation methods (P < 0.05). The domain ‘post medication nursing care’ has got the lowest mean score among the three domains both from the perspective of the students and that of the instructors. The mean scores of different domains of medication management were close in the two universities. Conclusions: The present study showed that the nursing students are not quite competent in the process of medication therapy both from their own and their clinical instructors’ perspectives. This finding shows the urgent need to implement some actions to strengthen the students’ skills in medication therapy.
Occupational Therapists as Primary Health Promoters: Opportunities and Barriers

Over the last two decades, there has been a growing international interest by some associations of occupational therapy and their respective members in the contribution that occupational therapists can make to the multidisciplinary field of health promotion. More recently, the College of Occupational Therapists in the United Kingdom has recommended that occupational therapists take a more proactive stance in the health promotion arena and has advocated the World Health Organisation's Ottawa Charter principles to inform this professional development. In this paper, a critical assessment is made of the opportunities for and the barriers to the adoption of a primary health promotion role by occupational therapists working in the United Kingdom and how the principles advocated in the charter might reflect a more distinctive occupational therapy approach to the promotion of health. It is argued that a paradigm shift would be required if the profession moved towards a primary health promotion agenda.
3D Human Lifting Motion Prediction with Different Performance Measures

This paper presents an optimization-based method for predicting a human dynamic lifting task. The three-dimensional digital human skeletal model has 55 degrees of freedom. Lifting motion is generated by minimizing an objective function (human performance measure) subjected to basic physical and kinematical constraints. Four objective functions are investigated in the formulation: the dynamic effort, the balance criterion, the maximum shear force at spine joint and the maximum pressure force at spine joint. The simulation results show that various human performance measures predict different lifting strategies: the balance and shear force performance measures predict back-lifting motion and the dynamic effort and pressure force performance measures generate squat-lifting motion. In addition, the effects of box locations on the lifting strategies are also studied. All kinematics and kinetic data are successfully predicted for the lifting motion by using the predictive dynamics algorithm and the optimal solution was obtained in about one minute.