Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning deep taxonomic priors for concept learning from few positive examples

Human concept learning is surprisingly robust, allowing for precise generalizations given only a few positive examples. Bayesian formulations that account for this behavior require elaborate, pre-speciﬁed priors, leaving much of the learning process unexplained. More recent models of concept learning bootstrap from deep representations, but the deep neural networks are themselves trained using millions of positive and negative examples. In machine learning, recent progress in meta-learning has provided large-scale learning algorithms that can learn new concepts from a few examples, but these approaches still assume access to implicit negative evidence. In this paper, we formulate a training paradigm that allows a meta-learning algorithm to solve the problem of concept learning from few positive examples. The algorithm discovers a taxonomic prior useful for learning novel concepts even from held-out supercat-egories and mimics human generalization behavior—the ﬁrst to do so without hand-speciﬁed domain knowledge or negative examples of a novel concept.
Getting to the Bottom of How Language Works

With Patrick around, it always feels that bit more likely that we shall get to the bottom of how language works. This book originated in 2006, when some friends, colleagues, and admirers of Patrick Hanks got together at the prompting of one of them and agreed to compile a Festschrift for him. It is a pleasure to pay tribute here to the original editors – Gregory Grefenstette, Ramesh Krishnamurthy, Karel Pala, and James Pustejovsky – and to the constant enthusiasm and unwavering support of a few early contributors, in particular Igor Mel'čuk and David Wiggins. Special mention must be made here of Anne Urbschat, who first broached the idea and heroically carried it forward virtually unaided for three years. In the summer of 2009, Anne challenged me to take over the project, knock it into shape, and find a publisher. When I came to examine the contributions that Anne had already solicited and obtained, I recognized immediately that this was not a mere ragbag of duti-ful tributes by a small coterie of colleagues, but a major contribution to understanding the lexicon (an area of linguistics of great current interest), by an unusually wide range of leading lexicographers, lexicologists, philosophers of language, and computational linguists. More specifically, the contributions address issues in the analysis of corpus data and definition writing from both a theoretical and a practical point of view. I solicited some additional contributions and rejected a few that did not seem to fit in well with the theme of the book.
Incentives , procedure and the extra mile

We model the widespread intuition that more bureaucratic management can lead to less effort and quality in a principal-agent framework. Introducing a procedure aiming at codifying and easing verification of effort can be socially inefficient yet chosen by the principal. In the model with three performance levels, the agent can either shirk, work or go the extra mile, standard effort decreases the occurrence of bad performance, while the extra mile increases the one of the best and is harder to codify. The usual monotone likelihood ratio property naturally breaks down in such a setting. We show that the procedure makes the extra mile both cheaper and less implemented than without the procedure. The introduction of the procedure has implications for organizational design where the principal faces a trade off between incentive gains from task bundling and verification. JEL classification: D23, D82.
IMMIGRANTS’ INTEGRATION IN OECD COUNTRIES: DOES LABOUR MARKET POLICY MATTER? Draft version

This working paper assesses the quality of immigrants’ integration in OECD labour markets by estimating how an immigration background influences the probability of being active or employed and the expected hourly earnings, for given individual characteristics. Based on comparable data and methodologies across 12 OECD countries, immigrants are shown to lag significantly behind natives in terms of employment and/or wages. The differences narrow as years since settlement elapse, witnessing ongoing assimilation, especially as regards wages. Strong differences in immigrant-to-native gaps are also observed across countries, and the paper shows that they may be explained to a significant extent by differences in labour market policies. Given their specificities in terms of unobservable characteristics and behaviour, as well as discrimination, immigrants are indeed more sensitive to policies like unemployment benefits, the tax wedge and the minimum wage. They are in addition shown to be overrepresented among outsiders in the labour market, and as such highly sensitive to the difference in employment protection legislation between temporary and permanent contracts.
A Combinatorial Vortex Detection and Characterization Algorithm for 2 C 2 D PIV Data

In this study, the vortical wake conditions of water flowing past an oscillating symmetric airfoil are described with velocity vector fields obtained from particle image velocimetry (PIV) data. Vortices are identified and characterized with a combinatorial algorithm and were found to agree well with the Burgers vortex model. Velocity vector fields obtained experimentally are often accompanied by undesirable effects which are not present in numerical data. The algorithm overcomes these limitations in the data sets by making use of three separate detection methods to provide dependable vortex detection in a wide range of wake conditions.
1 UNEMPLOYMENT HYSTERESIS AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN EUROPE

This study examines the unemployment hysteresis hypothesis for 31 European countries, as well as US and Japan, using linear and nonlinear unit root tests. Two types of smooth transition models Exponential Smooth Transition Autoregressive (ESTAR) and Asymmetric Exponential Smooth Transition Autoregressive (AESTAR) are employed to account for alternative nonlinear mean reversion dynamics in unemployment. We also conduct multiple structural break tests and an out-of sample forecasting exercise. Four main results emerge: First, the hysteresis hypothesis is rejected for 60 per cent of the countries in our sample. Second, nonlinear models capture the asymmetries in unemployment dynamics over the business cycle for some countries. Third, many of the series display multiple structural breaks which might point out shifts in mean level of unemployment. Fourth, forecasting powers of our nonlinear models are moderately better than the random walk model in the longer term. The results have policy implications for the debate on the benefits of demand or supply side policies for tackling the current unemployment problem in Europe. 1 Economist, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Ulus, 06100, Ankara, Turkey. e-mail: kurmas.akdogan@tcmb.gov. tr, Phone: (90)3125075472, Fax: (90)3125075732. The views and opinions presented in this study belong to the author and do not necessarily represent those of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey or its staff.
Tumorigenesis and Neoplastic Progression Evidence for a Role of Tumor-Derived Laminin-511 in the Metastatic Progression of Breast Cancer

Most studies investigating laminins (LMs) in breast cancer have focused on LM-111 or LM-332. Little is known, however, about the expression and function of 5 chain-containing LM-511/521 during metastatic progression. Expression of LM-511/521 subunits was examined in genetically related breast tumor lines and corresponding primary tumors and metastases in a syngeneic mouse model using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. The results from our investigation indicate that LM-511 rather than LM-111, -332, or -521 correlates with metastatic potential in mouse mammary tumors. LM-511 was a potent adhesive substrate for both murine and human breast carcinoma cells and promoted strong haptotactic responses in metastatic lines. Haptotaxis was mediated by 3 integrin in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells and was strongly inhibited by blocking antibodies against this integrin subunit. However, whereas nonmetastatic MCF-7 cells migrated toward LM-511 primarily via 3 1 integrin, results from antibody perturbation experiments and flow cytometry analysis suggest that this response is mediated by an as yet unidentified 3 integrin heterodimer (other than 3 1) in MDA-MB-231 cells. These results are consistent with earlier reports implicating 3 integrins in breast cancer progression and support the role of LM511 as a functional substrate regulating breast cancer metastasis. (Am J Pathol 2007, 170:2135–2148; DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060709)
Melitz in GTAP Made Easy : the A 2 M Conversion Method and Result Interpretation

Since the 1970s, Armington has been the workhorse specification of trade in computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. Under Armington, agents substitute between products from different countries. Conceptually, Melitz provides a more attractive approach in which substitution is between products from different firms rather than countries. Other attractive features of Melitz are monopolistic competition and economies of scale from fixed establishment costs for firms and fixed set-up costs on trade links. In this paper, we show how, with little change to existing code, an Armington model can be converted to Melitz by adding a few equations and introducing closure swaps. We apply our Armington-to-Melitz method to the Armington-based Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model to derive GTAPArmington-to-Melitz (GTAP-A2M). We show how results from a CGE model with Melitz industries can be interpreted via back-of-the-envelope calculations. In simulations of the effects of a tariff imposed by North America on imports of apparel, we find greater welfare losses for exporting regions under Melitz than under Armington principally because contraction of apparel output in these regions under Melitz generates an increase in the cost to their households of domestic apparel. Finally, we review two other Melitz-based versions of GTAP: GTAP-HET and a recently published model by Bekkers and Francois.
Ghrelin in Diabetes andMetabolic Syndrome

1 Department of Clinical Nutrition, Food and Health Research Centre, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Campus P.O. Box 1627 FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland 2 Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, 90014 University of Oulu and Research Center of Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
Local Application of Semaphorin 3A Combined with Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Sheet and Anorganic Bovine Bone Granules Enhances Bone Regeneration in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rats

Bone tissue regeneration is considered to be the optimal solution for bone loss. However, diabetic patients have a greater risk of poor bone healing or bone grafting failure than nondiabetics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the complexes of an adipose-derived stem cell sheet (ASC sheet) and Bio-Oss® bone granules on bone healing in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats with the addition of semaphorin 3A (Sema3A). The rat ASC sheets showed stronger osteogenic ability than ASCs in vitro, as indicated by the extracellular matrix mineralization and the expression of osteogenesis-related genes at mRNA level. An ASC sheet combined with Bio-Oss® bone granules promoted bone formation in T2DM rats as indicated by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and histological analysis. In addition, Sema3A promoted the osteogenic differentiation of ASC sheets in vitro and local injection of Sema3A promoted T2DM rats' calvarial bone regeneration based on ASC sheet and Bio-Oss® bone granule complex treatment. In conclusion, the local injection of Sema3A and the complexes of ASC sheet and Bio-Oss® bone granules could promote osseous healing and are potentially useful to improve bone healing for T2DM patients.
Flexor carpi radialis H-reflex in different body positions in patients with post-stroke

Background Spinal stretch reflex (SSR) hyperexcitability reflected by the H-reflex has been reported in more strongly affected extremities after stroke. The H-reflex in the lower extremities is modulated by body position normally and alternatively modulated post-stroke. Objective This study aimed to preliminarily explore how upper extremity (UE) H-reflexes are modulated by body position after stroke, which remains unknown. Materials and methods Three patients after stroke with hemiparesis/hemiplegia were included. Bilateral flexor carpi radialis (FCR) H-reflexes were examined in the supine position while standing. Other clinical evaluations include the modified Ashworth scale (MAS) and postural stability measurement. Results The three cases herein showed that (1) SSR excitability was higher in more strongly affected UEs than less-affected UEs, (2) down-modulation of SSR excitability occurred in less-affected UEs in static standing compared with the supine position, but modulation of SSR excitability in more-affected UEs varied, and (3) bilateral UE SSR excitability in case 3 was down-modulated the most. Moreover, case 3 showed no difference in muscle tone of the more affected UE between supine and standing positions, and case 3 showed the best postural stability. Conclusion Spinal stretch reflex hyperexcitability in strongly affected UEs could commonly occur in different phases of recovery after stroke. Down-modulation of SSR excitability could occur in less-affected UEs in the standing position compared with the supine position, while modulation of SSR excitability might be altered in strongly affected UEs and vary in different phases of recovery. There could be some correlation between postural control and UE SSR hyperexcitability. The H-reflex may help to offer a new perspective on rehabilitation evaluation and interventions to promote UE motor control after stroke.
Toxic leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: A mediation effect of followers© trust and commitment in the middle east

Behery, M. , Al-Nasser, A. D. , Jabeen, F. , Rawas, E. , & Said, A. (2018). TOXIC LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR: A MEDIATION EFFECT OF FOLLOWERS'TRUST AND COMMITMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST. International Journal of Business & Society, 19(3).
On Natural Modes in Two-dimensional Asymmetric and Symmetric Moonpools in Finite Water Depth

‘Moonpools’ are vertical openings, through the deck and hull of ships or offshore oil and gas exploration platform, used for marine and offshore operations such as pipe laying, riser hang off or diver recovery. Being exposed to incident waves or harmonic ship motions, the fluid inside moonpools may perform significant resonant motions. The resonance modes consist in sloshing modes and piston mode, where the entrapped water heaves up and down more or less like a solid. Similar fluid behavior may happen between the hulls of multi-hull vessels or between ships in a side-by-side arrangement, which can be treated as a two-dimensional moonpool (see Fig. 1). Since the large fluid motions inside moonpools may cause negative impacts, it is important to predict the resonance frequencies and modal shapes at the concept design phase. Molin (2001) developed an ingenious method to solve the moonpool problem, based on the assumption that the water depth is infinite and the beams are very large. A series of formulations have been derived to predict the resonance frequencies. However, the results by this method may be not accurate for the case in finite water depth. Based on the domain-decomposition scheme, Faltinsen et al. (2007) carried out theoretical computations on the piston-like steady-state fluid motions in a two-dimensional symmetric moonpools and compared with the experimental data from model test. The predicted resonance frequencies agree well with experiments. By using this method, the fluid domain have to be divided into several subdomains and continuity condition have to be matched at the common boundaries, which may require extensive computations. Zhang & Bandyk (2013, 2014) studied the moonpool resonance for two heaving rectangular bodies in a two-layer fluid, using an eigenfunction matching approach. Based on a higher-order boundary element method, Ning et al. (2015, 2018) developed a fully nonlinear two-dimensional numerical wave flume to investigate the gap resonance. More recently, Molin et al. (2018) applied a new model to study three-dimensional moonpool/gap resonance in finite water depth and the solutions have been improved significantly comparing to the previous model. In the present study, we developed a model to predict the resonance frequencies for two-dimensional asymmetric and symmetric moonpools in finite water depth. The objective is to develop an accurate model for estimation of the natural frequencies for asymmetric and symmetric moonpools, while keep less complicated computations.
Correlation between serum VEGF and glycosylated hemoglobin levels with the efficacy and prognosis of laser photocoagulation in patients with diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a complication of diabetes, is becoming the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. This study aims to explore the associations between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels with the efficacy and prognosis of laser photocoagulation in DR patients. Sixty-five type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without retinopathy were selected as the control group and 183 DR patients formed the case group (the non-proliferative DR (NPDR) and proliferative DR (PDR) groups). Patients in the case group were grouped into effective and ineffective groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for VEGF and micro-column chromatography for HbA1c. The predictive value of VEGF serum and HbA1c levels on the efficacy was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Multi-factor regression analysis was conducted for risk factors that interfere with therapeutic effects of laser photocoagulation. Disease course was positively correlated with VEGF and HbA1c. After treatment, VEGF and HbA1c levels in the PDR group were higher than those in the NPDR group. VEGF and HbA1c levels post-treatment in the effective group were lower than those pre-treatment. VEGF and HbA1c levels in the effective group were also lower than those in the ineffective group. Patients with higher VEGF and HbA1c levels had worse visual acuity restoration and efficacy. Age, disease course, visual acuity, and VEGF level as independent risk factors on affecting therapeutic effects of laser photocoagulation treatment in DR patients. Lower VEGF and HbA1c levels in DR patients had a better efficacy of laser photocoagulation.
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF NON-BRANDED SOFT DRINK ; ADVERSE EFFECTS OF NON-BRANDED SOFT DRINK ON THE RENAL HISTOLOGY-AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN AN ALBINO RAT MODEL

Objectives: Investigating the Adverse effects of non-branded soft drink on the renal histology in an albino rat model. Study Design: Experimental study. Place and Duration: Department of Anatomy, Isra University, in collaboration with Animal House, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam over six months duration 2014. Methodology: A sample of 30 adult Wistar albino rats of was selected according to criteria. Animals were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group A (n=10) control rats, Group B (n=10) control rats given normal diet (12 hours fasting) and Group C (n=10) experimental rats. 35 μ thick renal tissue sections were prepared, stained with H & E and examined by light microscopy. Data was analyzed on statistical software SPSS 21.0 ver (IBM, incorporation, USA) at 95% (α)-level significance was taken at P-value ≤ 0.05. Results: Experimental group C showed an increase in kidney size and weight observed even after 12 hours of fasting (P=0.0001). Histological examination of experimental kidneys show gaping Bowman`s capsules, interstitial edema, glomerular distortion, calcifications, acidophilic hyalinization of renal tubules, vacuolization of epithelial cell, pyknotic nuclei and necrosis. Epithelial cells revealed fragmentation and sloughing in experimental rat kidney. Conclusion: The present study reports deleterious adverse effects of non-branded soft drink on the renal histology in an experimental albino rat model.
Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe

The change of the political regime from the socialist central planning system to a market economy and pluralistic society required the reorganisation not only of agricultural production, but also of the organisations in their support. In the Czech Republic, agricultural production is characterised by a dualistic structure in these days, i.e. private farmers on the one side and corporate farms on the other. However, among both groups some had been economically more successful than others. In general, a varying adoption of production factors, i.e. land, labour and capital is identified as being of influence. Whether their ability to collaborate with other farms is an additional factor, which has been discussed under the concept of social capital since quite some time, will be analysed in this paper. Based on the findings of a survey among a sample of 62 farms by adopting factor and multiple regression analysis it can be deduced that social capital is indeed a significant factor determining the level of farm income. JEL: C31, P32, Q12, Z13
Growth Response of Uapaca . Kirkiana Seedlings to Ectomycorrhizal Inocculation in Sand Growth Media

Symbiotic efficiency of mycorrhizal fungi on the establishment and growth of Uapaca.kirkina seedlings was studied by use of Amanita zambiana, Cantharellus cibarius, Cantharellus sp. , Lactarius deliciosus, and Lactarius edulis. Five grams of the respective fungal inoculum were used in each polythene pots. Treatments were replicated ten times and arranged in a completely randomised design. Seedlings raised in sterilised pine bark were transplanted into the inoculated potted soil and control polythene pots. Growth response of the seedlings was assessed at monthly interval. Seedlings inoculated with an autoclaved mycorrhizal fungi mixture inoculum, had 100% survival rate compared to the seedlings inoculated with the live mixture of mycorrhizal fungi inoculum which had 100% mortality. L. deliciosus inoculated seedlings had the highest growth response followed by the control-1.The paper discusses soil myco-ecological factors that could possibly have influenced seedlings growth response variation.