Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
To-many or to-one? all-in-one! efficient purely functional multi-maps with type-heterogeneous hash-tries

An immutable multi-map is a many-to-many map data structure with expected fast insert and lookup operations. This data structure is used for applications processing graphs or many-to-many relations as applied in compilers, runtimes of programming languages, or in static analysis of object-oriented systems. Collection data structures are assumed to carefully balance execution time of operations with memory consumption characteristics and need to scale gracefully from a few elements to multiple gigabytes at least. When processing larger in-memory data sets the overhead of the data structure encoding itself becomes a memory usage bottleneck, dominating the overall performance. In this paper we propose AXIOM, a novel hash-trie data structure that allows for a highly efficient and type-safe multi-map encoding by distinguishing inlined values of singleton sets from nested sets of multi-mappings. AXIOM strictly generalizes over previous hash-trie data structures by supporting the processing of fine-grained type-heterogeneous content on the implementation level (while API and language support for type-heterogeneity are not scope of this paper). We detail the design and optimizations of AXIOM and further compare it against state-of-the-art immutable maps and multi-maps in Java, Scala and Clojure. We isolate key differences using microbenchmarks and validate the resulting conclusions on a case study in static analysis. AXIOM reduces the key-value storage overhead by 1.87x; with specializing and inlining across collection boundaries it improves by 5.1x.
CAABL-AF (California Study of Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation): Mortality and Stroke, 2005 to 2013

Background: Ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) is superior to medical therapy for rhythm control. We compared stroke and mortality among patients undergoing ablation for AF to matched controls in a large multiethnic population. Methods: Using discharge and surgical records from California nonfederal hospitals, we identified patients who had ablation and principal diagnosis of AF with at least 1 prior hospitalization for AF. We excluded cases with valve disease, open maze, other arrhythmias, or implantable devices. Matched controls were selected based on years of AF diagnosis, age, sex, and being alive the same number of days from the initial AF encounter to the ablation date. Clinical outcomes, including mortality, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic stroke, were assessed using a weighted proportional hazard model, adjusting for demographics, prior admissions with AF before the ablation, calendar year, and presence of chronic comorbidities. Results: There were 4169 ablation cases and 4169 weighted-matched controls; 39% percent of the ablation group was >65 years, 72% men, 84% white; mean follow-up was up to 3.6±0.9 years. In adjusted models, ablation was associated with significantly lower mortality (per patient-years) 0.9% versus 1.9%, hazard ratio=0.59 (P<0.0001; confidence interval: 0.45–0.77); ischemic stroke (>30 days post-ablation ⩽5 years), 0.37% versus 0.59%, hazard ratio=0.68 (P=0.04; confidence interval: 0.47–0.97); hemorrhagic stroke 0.11% versus 0.35%, hazard ratio=0.36 (P=0.001; confidence interval: 0.20–0.64) compared with controls. Conclusions: In this large population-based study of hospitalized patients with nonvalvular AF, ablation was associated with lower mortality, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke compared with controls.
Organizational Factors and Burnout of Perioperative Nurses

Background: Knowing the organizational factors that predict burnout in perioperative nurses is paramount for improving the care of patients and promoting nurses’ psychosocial well-being and health. Objective: To determine the influence of organizational factors of the perioperative nurse's work environment on the three burnout dimensions: emotional exhaustion, despersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 136 nurses in a perioperative care unit at a university hospital in Barcelona, Spain. Data were collected using a demographic data form, and the Spanish versions of the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index and Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results: Findings showed emotional exhaustion in 43% (56) of nurses, depersonalization in 21% (28), and reduced personal accomplisment in 53% (69). The degree of general burnout was moderate. The work environment was considered unfavourable as only one factor of five was favourable (Nursing foundations of quality care). Multiple regression analyses showed three organizational factors were associated with all three dimensions of burnout: “Nurse manager ability, leadership, and support of nurses”; “Staffing and resources adequacy”; and “Nursing foundations of quality care”. Conclusions: In this study three organizational factors played a significant role in predicting burnout among perioperative nurses. We recommend hospital management implement policies to improve these organizational factors. Promoting positive leadership styles, providing necessary resources, and creating a positive climate in the work environment could increase psychosocial wellbeing and decrease burnout among perioperative nurses.
Convergent thinking and traumatic brain injury: an investigation of performance on the remote associate test

ABSTRACT Objective: While deficits in several cognitive domains following moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been well documented, little is known about the impact of TBI on creativity. In the current study, our goal is to determine whether convergent problem solving, which contributes to creative thinking, is impaired following TBI. Methods: We administered a test of convergent problem solving, the Remote Associate Task (RAT), as well as a battery of neuropsychological tests, to 29 individuals with TBI and 20 healthy comparisons. Results: A mixed-effect regression analysis revealed that individuals with TBI were significantly less likely to produce a correct response, although on average they attempted to respond to the same number of items. Moreover, we found that the TBI (but not the comparison) group’s performance on the RAT was significantly and positively associated with verbal learning and memory, providing further evidence supporting the association between declarative memory and creative convergent thinking. Conclusion: In summary, our findings reveal that convergent thinking can be compromised by moderate-to-severe TBI, furthering our understanding of the higher-level cognitive sequelae of TBI.
Cortical superficial siderosis

Objective To determine the prevalence of cortical superficial siderosis (cSS), its clinical and neuroimaging associated markers, and its influence on the risk of recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in a prospective observational ICH cohort. Methods We investigated clinical and radiologic markers associated with cSS using multivariable analysis. In survival analyses, we used Cox models to identify predictors of recurrent ICH after adjusting for potential confounders. Results Of the 258 patients included in the study, 49 (19%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 14%–24%) had cSS at baseline. Clinical factors independently associated with the presence of cSS were increasing age (odds ratio [OR] 1.03 per 1-year increase, 95% CI 1.001–1.06, p = 0.044), preexisting dementia (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.05–6.51, p = 0.039), and history of ICH (OR 4.02, 95% CI 1.24–12.95, p = 0.02). Among radiologic biomarkers, factors independently associated with the presence of cSS were ICH lobar location (OR 24.841, 95% CI 3.2–14.47, p < 0.001), severe white matter hyperintensities score (OR 5.51, 95% CI 1.17–5.78, p = 0.019), and absence of lacune (OR 4.46, 95% CI 1.06–5.22, p = 0.035). During a median follow-up of 6.4 (interquartile range 2.9–8.4) years, recurrent ICH occurred in 19 patients. Only disseminated cSS (hazard ratio 4.69, 95% CI 1.49–14.71, p = 0.008), not the presence or absence of cSS or focal cSS on baseline MRI, was associated with recurrent symptomatic ICH. Conclusion In a prospective observational cohort of spontaneous ICH, clinical and radiologic markers associated with cSS suggest the implication of underlying cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Disseminated cSS may become a key prognostic neuroimaging marker of recurrent ICH that could be monitored in future clinical trials dedicated to patients with ICH.
The Utility of Next-Generation Sequencing for Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders: Experience from a Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory

Introduction Primary immune deficiency disorders (PIDs) are a group of diseases with profound defects in immune cells. The traditional diagnostics have evolved from clinical evaluation, flow cytometry, western blotting, and Sanger sequencing to focusing on small groups of genes. However, this is not sufficient to confirm the suspicion of certain PIDs. Our innovative approach to diagnostics outlines the algorithm for PIDs and the clinical utility of immunophenotyping with a custom-designed multigene panel. Materials and Methods We have designed a diagnostic algorithm based on flow cytometry studies to classify the patients; then the selected multigene panel was sequenced. In silico analysis for mutations was carried out using SIFT, Polyphen-2, and MutationTaster. Results and Discussion The causative mutation was identified in 46% of PIDs. Based on these results, this new algorithm including immune phenotyping and NGS for PIDs was suggested for the clinical use. Conclusions This study provides a thorough validation of diagnostic algorithm and indicates that still the traditional methods can be used to collect significant information related to design of most current diagnostics. The benefits of such testing are for diagnosis and prevention including the prenatal and preimplantation diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and research.
Aspirational Brand Choice and Underage Alcohol Use.

OBJECTIVE Marketing aims to foster brand allegiance, and alcohol is a heavily marketed commodity. We hypothesize that exposed youth who are able to identify an aspirational alcohol brand will be at higher risk for underage drinking. METHOD U.S. youth ages 15-20 (N = 2,012; 51% female) were surveyed twice in 2011-2013. Aspirational brand was assessed by asking, "If you could drink any brand you want, what is the name of the brand of alcohol you would choose? " Multivariable logistic regression tested associations between having an aspirational brand at baseline and onset of ever, binge (≥6 drinks/occasion), and hazardous drinking (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption ≥ 4). RESULTS Baseline ever, binge, and hazardous drinking prevalence was 55%, 26%, and 19%, respectively; 47% reported having an aspirational brand, of whom 20% were nondrinkers. Top five reported brands were Budweiser, Smirnoff, Corona, Jack Daniels, and Bacardi, all heavily advertised brands. Older age, male gender, sensation seeking, and peer/parent drinking were associated with having an aspirational brand. After we controlled for these confounders, having an aspirational brand was independently associated cross-sectionally with greater risk of ever, binge, and hazardous drinking (adjusted odds ratio = 4.47, 95% CI [3.33, 6.00], 4.84 [3.41, 6.86], and 5.46 [3.63, 8.23], respectively) and longitudinally with initiation of binge and hazardous drinking (1.80 [1.19, 2.73] and 2.02 [1.33, 3.06], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Having an aspirational alcohol brand is both common and independently associated with subsequent underage alcohol use and misuse. Further studies examining how youth interact with and are affected by branded advertising are critical to guide development of effective education and policy interventions.
Reinforcing Adversarial Robustness using Model Confidence Induced by Adversarial Training

In this paper we study leveraging confidence information induced by adversarial training to reinforce adversarial robustness of a given adversarially trained model. A natural measure of confidence is $\|F({\bf x})\|_\infty$ (i.e. how confident $F$ is about its prediction? ). We start by analyzing an adversarial training formulation proposed by Madry et al. We demonstrate that, under a variety of instantiations, an only somewhat good solution to their objective induces confidence to be a discriminator, which can distinguish between right and wrong model predictions in a neighborhood of a point sampled from the underlying distribution. Based on this, we propose Highly Confident Near Neighbor (${\tt HCNN}$), a framework that combines confidence information and nearest neighbor search, to reinforce adversarial robustness of a base model. We give algorithms in this framework and perform a detailed empirical study. We report encouraging experimental results that support our analysis, and also discuss problems we observed with existing adversarial training.
Strength and conditioning in adolescent female athletes

ABSTRACT Despite evidence that strength and conditioning (S&C) programs decrease injury risk and increase sport performance, young females are rarely offered S&C programs comparable to those of their male counterparts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current body of available literature regarding S&C in adolescent female athletes, describe potential benefits, and generate recommendations for S&C programs for female adolescent athletes. This systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Systematic searches of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases were conducted using the following keywords: ‘female athletes,’ ‘injury prevention,’ ‘adolescent,’ ‘physical fitness,’ ‘strength,’ ‘female adolescent,’ and ‘conditioning. ’ Studies included in this review evaluated the effectiveness of S&C protocols and/or the habits and attitudes of coaches and athletic trainers working with female adolescent athletes. Seven articles evaluating S&C programs for the adolescent female athlete were used as the basis for this systematic review. These articles described current protocols and/or factors that should be taken into account when designing S&C programs. The identified articles focused on improving the strength of adolescent female athletes, decreasing the risk of injury, and exposing female athletes to the benefits of S&C that are routinely afforded to their male counterparts. Despite the critical potential benefits of S&C training, such as improved landing mechanics, coaches and athletic trainers do not routinely implement S&C programs for female adolescent athletes. The lack of such programs is largely due to misconceptions surrounding female athletes, such as the perception that females fear bulking up. S&C programs for adolescent female athletes should incorporate stretching of the hip adductors, targeted hamstring, gluteal and quadriceps strengthening, and a synergistic adaptation model, which tailors training protocols to an athlete’s pubertal stage.
More than the Money: Work Culture Challenges for Women Anesthesiologists

Dr Jones is an anesthesiologist at an outpatient surgical center. While in the pre-op bay finishing the discussion with her patient with regard to the anesthetic plan, including risks and benefits, in order to obtain informed consent, the surgeon enters. Without acknowledging her presence, Dr Smith, an orthopedic surgeon, walks into the room, greets the patient, and asks him if he has any last minute questions about the procedure. The patient states that he needs to use the restroom before his knee surgery. Dr Smith looks at the woman in scrubs at the bedside and says, “Sure. The nurse here can help you to the bathroom,” and exits the room. That woman is Dr Jones, the physician anesthesiologist.
Epstein-Barr Virus DNA Enhances Diptericin Expression and Increases Hemocyte Numbers in Drosophila melanogaster via the Immune Deficiency Pathway

Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several malignancies and autoimmune diseases in humans. The following EBV infection and establishment of latency, recurrences frequently occur resulting in potential viral DNA shedding, which may then trigger the activation of immune pathways. We have previously demonstrated that levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17, which is associated with several autoimmune diseases, are increased in response to EBV DNA injection in mice. Whether other pro-inflammatory pathways are induced in EBV DNA pathobiology remains to be investigated. The complexity of mammalian immune systems presents a challenge to studying differential activities of their intricate immune pathways in response to a particular immune stimulus. In this study, we used Drosophila melanogaster to identify innate humoral and cellular immune pathways that are activated in response to EBV DNA. Injection of wild-type adult flies with EBV DNA induced the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway resulting in enhanced expression of the antimicrobial peptide diptericin. Furthermore, EBV DNA increased the number of hemocytes in flies. Conditional silencing of the IMD pathway decreased diptericin expression in addition to curbing of hemocyte proliferation in response to challenge with EBV DNA. Comparatively, upon injecting mice with EBV DNA, we detected enhanced expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα); this enhancement is rather comparable to IMD pathway activation in flies. This study hence indicates that D. melanogaster could possibly be utilized to identify immune mediators that may also play a role in the response to EBV DNA in higher systems.
Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes

Background and objective: For a high level athlete, it is essential to ensure optimal energy as well as macro- and micro-nutrient and fluid intakes, in order to improve their performance during training and competition. Protein intake should be 1.2–2.1 g/kg/d, whereas the requirements for carbohydrate and fat intakes should be >5g/kg/d and 20–35% of energy, respectively. The micronutrient and fluid intakes in athletes were compared to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations, respectively. This study aimed to characterize and compare the nutritional habits of athletes at the preparatory and competitive phase, and to test if their nutritional intakes were in accordance with the recommendations. Materials and methods: A total of 276 professional athletes were assessed. To evaluate their nutritional intake, the athletes completed a 7 days food record. Under reporting was defined using a ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 1.1. Body composition was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: Almost half (49%) of the athletes from the final sample reported lower measured intakes of carbohydrates and 27% reported a higher consumption of proteins than what was recommended. In both the preparatory and competitive phases, the micronutrients with a higher mismatch between the actual and recommended intakes were vitamins D and E, magnesium, folate, calcium, and zinc for both sexes, and iron intake for females. A large proportion of athletes reported a lower water intake. Compared to the recommendations, males reported a higher intake of carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins E, calcium, and magnesium (p <0.05) in the competitive phase, while females reported a lower ingestion of water, vitamins A and D, and calcium (p <0.05) in the preparatory phase. Conclusions: Overall, in the preparatory and competitive phases of the season, athletes reported a macro- and micro-nutrient intake below the recommendations, especially in the female athletic population. Dietary intakes in athletes need to be optimized and adjusted to their requirements, according to sex and sport, so as to avoid compromising health and performance.
Résultats de la chirurgie laparoscopique pour la hernie de l’aine: l’expérience Tunisienne

La hernie de l'aine de l'adulte reste une affection fréquente en chirurgie digestive. De nombreuses techniques de réparation ont été décrites à ce jour dont les procédés laparoscopiques. Deux méthodes furent rapidement adoptées par les différents praticiens pour le traitement chirurgical des hernies de l'aine par laparoscopie: la méthode laparoscopique totalement extra péritonéale (TEP) et la méthode laparoscopique transpéritonéale (TAPP). Le but était d'étudier la faisabilité de la cure de hernie de l'aine par cœlioscopie et de décrire ses résultats du point de vue récidive herniaire et douleur post opératoire. Ce travail était une étude rétrospective, uni centrique, et transversale, portant sur des patients opérés par des chirurgiens du service de chirurgie A La Rabta pour hernie de l'aine par voie laparoscopique, sur une période de 8 ans allant de janvier 2006 à décembre 2013. Le principal critère de jugement était la récidive herniaire. La douleur post opératoire et les complications étaient les critères de jugement secondaires. Nous avons colligés 104 hernies chez 92 patients respectant les critères d'inclusion de notre étude. La moyenne d'âge de nos patients était de 48 Ans (19-83). L'approche TAPP était la plus utilisée: 94 cas (90%) TAPP contre 10 cas TEP. Aucune complication per opératoires n'a été signalée. Le taux de conversion de notre série était nul. La mortalité opératoire était aussi nulle. La morbidité postopératoire était de 5% (5 patients). Elle était à type d'hématome dans 3 cas et de sérum dans 2 cas. La durée moyenne d'hospitalisation était de 1.2 jours (1-4jours). Le séjour post opératoire n'avait pas dépassé 2 jours chez 94% des patients. Seulement 2 patients avaient présenté une récidive. Les douleurs chroniques postopératoires étaient notées chez seulement 3 patients. Notre étude a montré que la cure de hernie de l'aine par laparoscopie a apporté un confort considérable à nos patients en ce qui concerne les phénomènes douloureux, les durées d'hospitalisation et d'arrêt de travail. Les résultats obtenus dans cette série sont bons et conformes aux résultats déjà publiés dans la littérature. Ceci nous encourage à poursuivre l'utilisation de ces techniques et à contrôler nos résultats à plus long terme.
Rolling and scrolling: The portrayal of marijuana cigars (blunts) on YouTube

ABSTRACT Background: Blunts are partially or fully hollowed-out cigars or cigarillos that are filled with marijuana. Despite the high prevalence of blunt use, very few studies assess this specific method of cannabis administration. YouTube, a popular video-sharing website, has the potential to provide insights into blunt use. Methods: The purpose of this study was to examine the content of YouTube videos that discuss blunts. A sample of 41 videos was coded for content. Results: The 41 videos had a total of 27,579,636 views. Most of the individuals in the videos were male (85%) and many appeared to be White (80%) and under the age of 25 (46%). Only 34% of the videos had an age restriction. The majority of messages in the videos promoted blunt use (93%) and showed at least one person rolling (76%) and/or smoking (66%) a blunt. The videos mainly consisted of introductions to blunt use (76%) and tips and personal experiences with blunt use (73%). Conclusions: YouTube videos on blunt use are readily available and primarily promote the use of blunts. Future research should continue to monitor YouTube content and develop videos on social media platforms that inform consumers of the health effects associated with blunt use.