Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expression of Aquaporin 9 in the Adult Rat Epididymal Epithelium Is Modulated by Androgens1

Abstract Reabsorption of fluid and solutes across the epithelium lining the male excurrent duct is important for adequate sperm maturation, concentration, and storage. Water channels contribute to water movement across epithelia in many tissues. Aquaporin 9 (AQP9) is abundantly expressed in the apical membrane of principal cells that line the epididymis, and in reabsorptive and secretory epithelial cells of the male reproductive tract. In this study we show that the nonsteroidal antiandrogen flutamide, given to adult rats at a dose of 50 mg kg−1 day−1 for 2 wk via osmotic minipumps significantly decreased the amount of AQP9 in the epididymis. This down-regulation was observed by immunofluorescence of cryostat tissue sections and by Western blotting of epididymal brush border membrane preparations. In addition, castrated adult rats showed lower levels of epididymal AQP9 compared with adult controls, whereas systemic testosterone treatment of castrated adult rats induced a recovery of the expression of AQP9 to control levels. These data indicate that the expression of AQP9, a likely candidate for apical transepithelial fluid and solute transport in several regions of the male reproductive tract, is modulated by androgens in the adult rat epididymis.
The SecYEG preprotein translocation channel is a conformationally dynamic and dimeric structure

Escherichia coli preprotein translocase comprises a membrane‐embedded trimeric complex of SecY, SecE and SecG. Previous studies have shown that this complex forms ring‐like assemblies, which are thought to represent the preprotein translocation channel across the membrane. We have analyzed the functional state and the quaternary structure of the SecYEG translocase by employing cross‐linking and blue native gel electrophoresis. The results show that the SecYEG monomer is a highly dynamic structure, spontaneously and reversibly associating into dimers. SecG‐dependent tetramers and higher order SecYEG multimers can also exist in the membrane, but these structures form at high SecYEG concentration or upon overproduction of the complex only. The translocation process does not affect the oligomeric state of the translocase and arrested preproteins can be trapped with SecYEG or SecYE dimers. Dissociation of the dimer into a monomer by detergent induces release of the trapped preprotein. These results provide direct evidence that preproteins cross the bacterial membrane, associated with a translocation channel formed by a dimer of SecYEG.
Why do firms bribe? An empirical study in BRICS economies from 2002 to 2012

This article empirically studies why manufacturing firms bribe the government officials. Firm-level data focusing on the five BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) was acquired from an Enterprise Survey conducted by the World Bank between 2002 and 2012. The BRICS countries represent typical emerging world economies. We acquired country-level data from multiple sources. We then studied both firm-level and country-level reasons why firms bribe and how much money they spend in bribing. We found that smaller size, slower expansion, and more infrastructural defects significantly increase bribery probability. Bribery also tends to occur more frequently in countries with faster development and more political rigidity. The 2007â€“2009 financial crisis also encouraged more bribery.
In vivo biometric evaluation of Schlemm's canal with spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography in pseuduexfoliation glaucoma

To perform in vivo imaging of the Schlemm's canal (SC) with anterior segment spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography [AS‐spectral‐domain (SD)‐OCT] and also to measure its biometric parameters including the SC length and SC area in patients with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) glaucoma.
Interferon-gamma:interleukin 4 ratios and associated type 1 cytokine expression in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue.

OBJECTIVE To compare synovial tissue cytokine mRNA expression between patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and a heterogeneous group of non-autoimmune arthropathies (controls) with respect to type 1/type 2 balance. METHODS Thirty-five JRA (average 9.1 years' disease duration) and 13 control synovial tissues were studied. As a measure of the type 1/type 2 cytokine balance in a subset of the JRA and control tissues, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) mRNA levels were measured by competitive fragment reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. To quantitate additional cytokines relevant to this balance, multiprobe ribonuclease protection assays were employed measuring IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-12 (p35 and p40 subunits). Immunohistochemistry was performed on JRA tissues using antibodies specific for IL-15 and IL-18. RESULTS A higher IFN-gamma:IL-4 ratio (p = 0.034) was found in JRA tissues compared to controls. JRA tissues also displayed higher mRNA levels of IL-12p35 (p = 0.021), IL-15 (p = 0.002), and IL-18 (p = 0.017), but not IL-4 and IL-10. IFN-gamma expression in JRA, but not controls, correlated strongly with IL-12p35 (r = 0.63) and IL-12p40 (r = 0.73) levels. A subset of IL-15+ and IL-18+ cells was detected in JRA synovial tissues, largely within perivascular aggregates. CONCLUSION JRA synovial tissue cytokine expression patterns indicate a type 1 bias, even in the later stages of disease. The strong correlation between IFN-gamma and IL-12 in JRA suggests a prominent role for IL-12 in promoting the type I bias, while IL-15 and IL-18 may also indirectly increase IFN-gamma expression and further bias the immune response.
Soluble CD36− a marker of the (pathophysiological) role of CD36 in the metabolic syndrome?

CD36 is a class B scavenger receptor observed in many cell types and tissues throughout the body. Recent literature has implicated CD36 in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysregulation such as found in obesity, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis. Genetic variation at the CD36 loci have been associated with obesity and lipid components of the metabolic syndrome, with risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Recently, non-cell bound CD36 was identified in human plasma and was termed soluble CD36 (sCD36). In this review we will describe the functions of CD36 in tissues and address the role of sCD36 in the context of the metabolic syndrome. We will also highlight recent findings from human genetic studies looking at the CD36 locus in relation to metabolic profile in the general population. Finally, we present a model in which insulin resistance, oxLDL, low-grade inflammation and liver steatosis may contribute to elevated levels of sCD36.
E-resources: transforming access services for the digital age

Purpose – Libraries spend increasingly large amounts on electronic resources (ERs), but may not have adjusted staffing to support these resources. Assisting users with ER access problems is complex due to the many reasons a resource may be unavailable at a particular time. The objective of this paper is to describe the evolution of a library ER problem‐reporting help desk.Design/methodology/approach – A pilot project was undertaken by librarians at the Texas A&M University Libraries to redesign workflows and staffing to provide an efficient, effective help desk service for solving ER access problems.Findings – Including librarians with experience in licensing and managing ERs in providing help desk services improved response time, problem resolution, systematic information capture, and service expectations and policies, and also led to the development of an ER HelpDesk database with enhanced functionality.Practical implications – Delegating ER problems solely to information technology (IT) staff may seem .
The down‐regulation of IL1α and IL6, in monocytes exposed to extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP)‐treated lymphocytes, is not dependent on lymphocyte phosphatidylserine externalization

Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) has been successfully used to treat some inflammatory conditions. Following ECP, lymphocytes become apoptotic and untreated monocytes, exposed to post‐ECP lymphocytes, reduce proinflammatory cytokine secretion. This study attempted to establish if this monocyte immunosuppression was linked to phosphatidylserine externalization (detected using Annexin V) on the apoptotic lymphocytes. Using density gradient and magnetic separation, lymphocytes were isolated from three cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma and nine chronic graft versus host disease (cGvHD) patients pre‐ECP and prior to re‐infusion (post‐ECP). The collected lymphocytes were cultured overnight and Annexin V levels determined. Peripheral blood was taken from the same patient 20 h later and the monocytes were isolated. The ‘fresh’ monocytes were introduced to each 20 h pre‐ and post‐ECP lymphocyte culture, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Brefeldin A and subsequently tested for intracellular tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 alpha (IL1α), IL1β, IL6 and IL8. For cGvHD patients, the relative levels of IL1α and IL6 were reduced in the untreated, LPS‐stimulated monocytes exposed to post‐ECP lymphocytes. However, the down‐regulation of IL1α and IL6 did not correlate to levels of Annexin V‐positive lymphocytes. ECP‐treated lymphocytes can reduce the ability of LPS‐stimulated monocytes to produce some proinflammatory cytokines; however, this effect is not dependent on phosphatidylserine externalization.
Representation and Reinforcement Learning for Personalized Glycemic Control in Septic Patients

Glycemic control is essential for critical care. However, it is a challenging task because there has been no study on personalized optimal strategies for glycemic control. This work aims to learn personalized optimal glycemic trajectories for severely ill septic patients by learning data-driven policies to identify optimal targeted blood glucose levels as a reference for clinicians. We encoded patient states using a sparse autoencoder and adopted a reinforcement learning paradigm using policy iteration to learn the optimal policy from data. We also estimated the expected return following the policy learned from the recorded glycemic trajectories, which yielded a function indicating the relationship between real blood glucose values and 90-day mortality rates. This suggests that the learned optimal policy could reduce the patients' estimated 90-day mortality rate by 6.3%, from 31% to 24.7%. The result demonstrates that reinforcement learning with appropriate patient state encoding can potentially provide optimal glycemic trajectories and allow clinicians to design a personalized strategy for glycemic control in septic patients.
Robust adaptive flocking control of nonlinear multi-agent systems

This paper studies robust adaptive flocking control of multi-agent systems with nonlinear dynamics. In this setting, the coupling weights, perturbed by asymmetric uncertain parameters, are dynamically updated while the network topology for velocity is fixed. By designing the coupling weights according to the distributed local information on the linked nodes, flock formation can be reached if the network is connected. It is found that flock formation can be achieved if the topology of the updated coupling weights forms a spanning tree. A simulation example is given to illustrate the theoretical analysis.
A Mucosal and Cutaneous Chemokine Ligand for the Lymphocyte Chemoattractant Receptor GPR15

Chemoattractants control lymphocyte recruitment from the blood, contributing to the systemic organization of the immune system. The G protein-linked receptor GPR15 mediates lymphocyte homing to the large intestines and skin. Here we show that the 9 kDa CC-motif containing cationic polypeptide AP57/colon-derived sushi containing domain-2 binding factor (CSBF), encoded by C10orf99 in the human and 2610528A11Rik in the mouse, functions as a chemokine ligand for GPR15 (GPR15L). GPR15L binds GPR15 and attracts GPR15-expressing T cells including lymphocytes in colon-draining lymph nodes and Vγ3+ thymic precursors of dermal epithelial T cells. Patterns of GPR15L expression by epithelial cells in adult mice and humans suggest a homeostatic role for the chemokine in lymphocyte localization to the large intestines, as well as a role in homing to the epidermis during wound healing or inflammation. GPR15L is also significantly expressed in squamous mucosa of the oral cavity and esophagus with still poorly defined regulation. Identification of the chemotactic activity of GPR15L adds to its reported antibacterial and tumor cell growth regulatory functions and suggests the potential of targeting GPR15L–GPR15 interactions for modulation of mucosal and cutaneous inflammation.
Spin currents during ultrafast demagnetization of ferromagnetic bilayers

Ultrafast spin currents induced by femtosecond laser excitation of ferromagnetic metals have been found to contribute to sub-picosecond demagnetization, and to cause a transient enhancement of the magnetization of the bottom Fe layer in a Ni/Ru/Fe layered structure. We analyze the ultrafast magnetization dynamics in such layered structures by element- and femtosecond time-resolved x-ray magnetic circular dichroism, for different Ni and Fe layer thicknesses, Ru and Ta interlayers, and by varying the pump laser fluence. While we do not observe the transient enhancement of the magnetization in Ni/Ru/Fe discovered previously, we do find a reduced demagnetization of the Fe layer compared to a Ni/Ta/Fe layered structure. In the latter, the spin-scattering Ta layer suppresses spin currents from the Ni layer into Fe, consistent with previous results. Any spin current arriving in the lower Fe layer will counteract other, local demagnetization mechanisms such as phonon-mediated spin-flip scattering. We find by increasing the Ni and Fe layer thicknesses in Ni/Ru/Fe a decreasing effect of spin currents on the buried Fe layer, consistent with a mean free path of the laser-induced spin currents of just a few nm. Our results suggest that in order to utilize ultrafast spin currents in an efficient manner, the sample design has to be optimized with these considerations in mind, and further studies clarifying the role of interfaces in the employed layered structures are needed.
Generation and Characterization of Rac3 Knockout Mice

ABSTRACT Rac proteins are members of the Rho family of GTPases involved in the regulation of actin dynamics. The three highly homologous Rac proteins in mammals are the ubiquitous Rac1, the hematopoiesis-specific Rac2, and the least-characterized Rac3. We show here that Rac3 mRNA is widely and specifically expressed in the developing nervous system, with highest concentration at embryonic day 13 in the dorsal root ganglia and ventral spinal cord. At postnatal day 7 Rac3 appears particularly abundant in populations of projection neurons in several regions of the brain, including the fifth layer of the cortex and the CA1-CA3 region of the hippocampus. We generated mice deleted for the Rac3 gene with the aim of analyzing the function of this GTPase in vivo. Rac3 knockout animals survive embryogenesis and show no obvious developmental defects. Interestingly, specific behavioral differences were detected in the Rac3-deficient animals, since motor coordination and motor learning on the rotarod was superior to that of their wild-type littermates. No obvious histological or immunohistological differences were observed at major sites of Rac3 expression. Our results indicate that, in vivo, Rac3 activity is not strictly required for normal development in utero but may be relevant to later events in the development of a functional nervous system.
Intervening Tasks and Visuospatial Memory: The Role of Similarity in Retroactive Interference

Verbal tasks are often administered during the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Test (ROCFT) delay period in order to minimize retroactive interference resulting from similarity between tests (Meyers & Meyers, 1995). However, previous studies showed that similarity between the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II) and intervening tasks administered during the delay period did not affect memory performance on the CVLT-II. In the current study we examined whether intervening tasks similar to the ROCFT would increase retroactive interference compared to dissimilar tasks, thereby negatively impacting visuospatial memory performance. A total of 106 undergraduate students were divided into three groups. Each group completed different intervening tasks during the ROCFT delay interval. Groups did not differ on copy, immediate recall, and delayed recall trials of the ROCFT. However, a repeated-measures ANOVA revealed an interaction between group and trial (p < .001), suggesting group performance on the ROCFT was differentially impacted by the intervening task. Planned comparisons indicated that the group completing two similar non-verbal intervening tasks had poorer memory of the complex figure and performed significantly worse on recognition (p = .003) and percent retention (p < .001) trials, respectively. This suggests that similarity of intervening tasks impacts memory performance on a complex figure test.
Analysis of Human Cell Heterokaryons Demonstrates that Target Cell Restriction of Cyclosporine-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mutants Is Genetically Dominant

ABSTRACT The host cell protein cyclophilin A (CypA) binds to CA of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and promotes HIV-1 infection of target cells. Disruption of the CypA-CA interaction, either by mutation of the CA residue at G89 or P90 or with the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (CsA), reduces HIV-1 infection. Two CA mutants, A92E and G94D, previously were identified by selection for growth of wild-type HIV-1 in cultures of CD4+ HeLa cell cultures containing CsA. Interestingly, infection of some cell lines by these mutants is enhanced in the presence of CsA, while in other cell lines these mutants are minimally affected by the drug. Little is known about this cell-dependent phenotype of the A92E and G94D mutants, except that it is not dependent on expression of the host factor TRIM5α. Here, we show that infection by the A92E and G94D mutants is restricted at an early postentry stage of the HIV-1 life cycle. Analysis of heterokaryons between CsA-dependent HeLa-P4 cells and CsA-independent 293T cells indicated that the CsA-dependent infection by A92E and G94D mutants is due to a dominant cellular restriction. We also show that addition of CsA to target cells inhibits infection by wild-type HIV-1 prior to reverse transcription. Collectively, these results support the existence of a cell-specific human cellular factor capable of restricting HIV-1 at an early postentry step by a CypA-dependent mechanism.
An oral hygiene protocol improves oral health for patients in inpatient stroke rehabilitation

THE OBJECTIVE To determine whether a simple oral hygiene protocol improves the oral health of inpatients in stroke rehabilitation. THE BACKGROUND DATA DISCUSSING THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE FIELD Poor oral health can lead to serious complications, such as pneumonia. The comorbidities associated with stroke, such as dysphagia, hemiparesis and cognitive impairment, can further impede independent oral care. International stroke guidelines recommend routine oral care but stop short of detailing specific regimes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The oral health assessment tool (OHAT) was conducted by speech-language pathologists with 100 patients with and without dysphagia in three metropolitan inpatient stroke rehabilitation facilities. A simple nurse-led oral hygiene regime was then implemented with all participants, which included twice daily tooth brushing and mouth rinsing after lunch, and oral health was measured again one week later. RESULTS Initially, dysphagia was negatively associated with OHAT scores, and independence for oral hygiene was positively associated with oral health. After one week of a simple oral hygiene regime, the OHAT scores available for 89 participants indicated an improvement on average for all participants. In particular, 59% of participants with dysphagia had an improvement of 1 or more points. None of the participants developed pneumonia. CONCLUSION A simple, inexpensive oral hygiene regime resulted in positive outcomes for patients with and without dysphagia in inpatient stroke rehabilitation settings. Oral health assessments and oral hygiene regimes that are simple to implement by the interdisciplinary team can be incorporated into standard stroke care with positive effect.
An evidence‐based approach to human dermatomes

The dermatome is a fundamental concept in human anatomy and of major importance in clinical practice. There are significant variations in current dermatome maps in standard anatomy texts. The aim of this study was to undertake a systematic literature review of the available evidence for the distribution of human dermatomes. Particular emphasis was placed on the technique of ascertainment, the location and extent of each dermatome, the number of subjects studied, and methodologic limitations. Our findings demonstrate that current dermatome maps are inaccurate and based on flawed studies. After selecting the best available evidence, a novel evidence‐based dermatome map was constructed. This represents the most consistent tactile dermatomal areas for each spinal dorsal nerve root found in most individuals. In addition to highlighting the orderly arrangement, areas of consistency and clinical usefulness of dermatomes, their overlap and variability deserve greater emphasis. This review demonstrates the validity of an evidence‐based approach to an anatomical concept. Clin. Anat. 21:363–373, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nephroblastoma Overexpressed (Nov) Inhibits Osteoblastogenesis and Causes Osteopenia*

Nephroblastoma overexpressed (Nov), a member of the Cyr 61, connective tissue growth factor, Nov (CCN) family of proteins, is expressed by osteoblasts, but its function in cells of the osteoblastic lineage is not known. We investigated the effects of Nov overexpression by transducing murine ST-2 stromal and MC3T3 osteoblastic cells with a retroviral vector where Nov is under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter. We also examined the skeletal phenotype of transgenic mice expressing Nov under the control of the human osteocalcin promoter. Overexpression of Nov in ST-2 cells inhibited the appearance of mineralized nodules and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin mRNA levels. Nov overexpression inhibited the effect of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 on the phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8; on the transactivation of 12xSBE-Oc-pGL3, a BMP/Smad signaling reporter construct, and of Wnt 3 on cytoplasmic β-catenin levels; and on the transactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling reporter construct 16xTCF-Luc. Nov overexpression did not activate Notch or transforming growth factor β signaling. Glutathione S-transferase pulldown assays demonstrated direct Nov-BMP interactions. Nov transgenic mice exhibited osteopenia. In conclusion, Nov binds BMP-2 and antagonizes BMP-2 and Wnt activity, and its overexpression inhibits osteoblastogenesis and causes osteopenia.