Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SUBSIDENCE CONTROL ON RIVER MORPHOLOGY AND 1 GRAIN SIZE IN THE GANGA PLAIN 2

The Ganga Plain represents a large proportion of the current foreland 14 basin to the Himalaya. The Himalayan-sourced waters irrigate the Plain via major river 15 networks that support approximately 10% of the global population. However, some of 16 these rivers are also the source of devastating floods. The tendency for some of these 17 rivers to flood is directly linked to their large scale morphology. In general, the rivers 18 that drain the east Ganga Plain have channels that are perched at a higher elevation 19 relative to their floodplain, leading to more frequent channel avulsion and flooding. In 20 contrast, those further west have channels that are incised into the floodplain and are 21 historically less prone to flooding. Understanding the controls on these contrasting river 22 forms is fundamental to determining the sensitivity of these systems to projected climate 23 change and the growing water resource demands across the Plain. Here, we present a new 24 basin scale approach to quantifying floodplain and channel topography that identifies 25 areas where channels are super-elevated or entrenched relative to their adjacent 26 floodplain. We explore the probable controls on these observations through an analysis 27 of basin subsidence rates, sediment grain size data and sediment supply from the main 28 river systems that traverse the Plain (Yamuna, Ganga, Karnali, Gandak and Kosi 29 rivers). Subsidence rates are approximated by combining basement profiles derived 30 from seismic data with known convergence velocities; results suggest a more slowly 31 subsiding basin in the west than the east. Grain size fining rates are also used as a proxy 32 for relative subsidence rates along the strike of the basin; the results also indicate higher 33 fining rates (and hence subsidence rates for given sediment supply) in the east. By 34 integrating these observations, we propose that higher subsidence rates are responsible 35 for a deeper basin in the east with perched, low gradient river systems that are relatively 36 insensitive to climatically driven changes in base-level. In contrast, the lower subsidence 37 rates in the west are associated with a higher elevation basin topography, and entrenched 38 river systems recording climatically induced lowering of river base-levels during the 39 Holocene. 40 41 42
Boundaries of the Firm: Insights From International Entry Mode Research

Deciding on the boundaries of a firm as it expands abroad is a critical decision for managers. Despite the rapid growth in research addressing this issue, many questions remain unanswered. In this article, the authors review the international entry mode choice literature, identify weaknesses and shortcomings, and provide suggestions on how researchers can add to the knowledge of mode choice and help managers make better international boundary decisions.
Promoting the informal sector as a source of gainful employment in developing countries: insights from Ghana

Although the informal sector continues to be the main source of employment in developing countries, little empirical research has been conducted into the human resource management (HRM) issues surrounding this sector in sub-Saharan Africa. Against this background, this study seeks to highlight the HRM issues, such as training and employment strategy, which are assuming increasing importance in the informal sector in developing countries. After reviewing the marginalist and structuralist debates on the informal sector, the paper looks at the Ghanaian government's attempt to transform the sector into a source of national economic development, entrepreneurship and self-employment. As part of this examination, the paper explores the question of whether the government's strategies can provide jobs for all who need them. Based on the evidence of the empirical research, the paper argues that although the current Ghanaian government's informal employment strategy is a product of political expediency and, therefore, prone to pitfalls, it nevertheless constitutes a worthwhile attempt to combat unemployment in the long term. The paper also contends that in environments of perpetual economic crisis, which undermine the ability of sub-Saharan African (SSA) governments to generate adequate growth, it makes good socio-economic sense to promote the informal sector as a significant source of employment. The government's strategy should, therefore, be seen as an attempt to help the informal sector generate a level of employment above the marginal and survival. In this respect, the Ghanaian experience provides useful lessons for other SSA countries grappling with similar unemployment problems.
Use of Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients with Kidney Disease

The number of medications used to treat different types of seizures has increased over the last 10–15 years. Most of the newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are likely to be unfamiliar to many nephrologists. For both the older and newer AEDs, basic pharmacokinetic information, recommendations for drug dosing in patients with reduced kidney function or who are on dialysis, and adverse renal and fluid‐electrolyte effects are reviewed. Newer AEDs are less likely to have significant drug–drug interactions than older agents, but are more likely to need dosage adjustment in patients with reduced kidney function. The most common renal toxicities of these drugs include metabolic acidosis, hyponatremia, and nephrolithiasis; interstitial nephritis and other adverse effects are less common. Little is known about the clearance of most of the newer AEDs with high‐efficiency hemodialyzers or with peritoneal dialysis. Monitoring of drug levels when available, careful clinical assessment of patients taking AEDs, and close collaboration with neurologists is essential to the management of patients taking AEDs.
150 GB, 6-Layer Write Once Disc for Blu-ray Disc System

This report is on a 50 GB 6-layer write once disc with the newly developed recording materials for blu-ray disc system. We achieved the optimum recording powers and the jitter values less than 160 mW and 8.0% for each layer at the user data recording rate of 72 Mbps. This result shows feasibility of realization of 6-layered recordable blu-ray disc
Explaining the Vientiane Action Programme: ASEAN and the institutionalisation of human rights

Abstract Existing explanations for the emergence of human rights on the political agenda in ASEAN focus either on the role of external pressure on ASEAN member states to ‘do something’, or on the way those states copied the form, but not the function, of other regional organisations such as the EU. Both approaches tacitly acknowledge that given the strong preference for intergovernmental governance displayed by ASEAN, regardless of interpretations, that it was states that drove the institutionalisation of rights forwards. Through examining in detail the causes and consequences of the Vientiane Action Programme this article disagrees with that assertion. At crucial moments before and after 2004 it was the Working Group for the Establishment of an ASEAN Human Rights Mechanism, a track III actor, which both inserted human rights into ASEAN discussions and forged the link between protecting those rights and the continuing success of ASEAN's security goals. Through understanding the role of the Working Group as a norm entrepreneur, assisting in the localisation of human rights standards, this article suggests that existing explanations of ASEAN institutionalisation need to be revised to include a wider range of political dynamics than previously were acknowledged.
Serving the world's poor: innovation at the base of the economic pyramid

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that there are common challenges and approaches in serving low‐income customers in developing markets, and that these can be articulated and refined to get better business results.Design/methodology/approach – This article derives from research on serving customers at the bottom of the economic pyramid in industries such as fast‐moving consumer goods (fmcg), financial services, telecommunications, construction, health care and home appliances. A two‐year research project was undertaken to test the hypothesis that there were common challenges and approaches in serving bottom of the economic pyramid customers, and that these could be articulated and refined to get better business results. Field visits were made to China, Egypt, India, Mexico and the Philippines, and in‐depth interviews took place with companies that had succeeded in serving customers living in poverty. Companies were identified from the existing body of literature, observation an.
Don't Ask and You Shall Not Receive: Why Future American Workers with Disabilities are Reluctant to Demand Legally Required Accommodations

Although the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was enacted nearly two decades ago, it has not provided many of the expected benefits to disabled individuals, and it appears that reluctance to request accommodations is part of the problem (Baldridge & Veiga, 2001). Baldridge and Veiga (2001) provided a framework for examining the reasons why individuals with disabilities might fail to request needed accommodations. The current study tested a model based on this framework, examining the factors that affect whether individuals with disabilities request needed accommodations. The results indicate that personal assessments (i.e., concerns about requesting *Portions of this manuscript were presented at the 2005 Southern Management Association Annual Meetings in Charleston, SC, and they appeared in the conference proceedings. The pilot study was conducted as part of the honors thesis completed by Jennifer Schlosberg at the University of Hartford.
Defective interfering virus associated with A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/83 influenza virus

The A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/1/83 influenza virus, isolated from a respiratory infection of chickens, is an avirulent H5N2 virus containing subgenomic RNAs (W.J. Bean, Y. Kawaoka, J.M. Wood, J.E. Pearson, and R.G. Webster, J. Virol. 54:151-160, 1985). We show here that defective interfering particles are present in this virus population. The virus had a low ratio of plaque-forming to hemagglutinating units and produced interference with standard virus multiplication in infectious center reduction assays. Subgenomic RNAs were identified as internally deleted polymerase RNAs. We have confirmed that this virus protects chickens from lethal H5N2 influenza virus infection. This protective effect appeared to be due to the inhibition of virulent virus multiplication. Additionally, subgenomic RNAs derived from polymerase RNAs were detected in 5 of 18 RNA preparations from animal influenza virus isolates. Therefore, defective interfering particles are sometimes produced in natural influenza virus infections, not just under laboratory conditions. These particles may be capable of suppressing the pathogenic effect of virulent virus infections in nature.
Pedestrian Detection using a boosted cascade of Histogram of Oriented Gradients.

[ANGLES] Pedestrian detection has been an active area of research in recent years; its interest relies on the potential positive impact on quality of life of the related applications (surveillance systems, automotive safety, robotics, multimedia content analysis, assistive technology and advanced interactive interfaces, among others). The large variability of human appearances, poses and context conditions makes pedestrian detection to be one of the most challenging tasks in computer vision. Although many significant approaches have been proposed lately, pedestrian detection still offers a wide framework of improvement, mainly in terms of accuracy and efficiency. The present thesis aims to study the influence of different training parameters values on the performance of a pedestrian detector. First, a pedestrian detector, using a boosted cascade of Histograms of Oriented Gradients, is built from scratch. Afterwards, a sensitivity analysis is carried out taking into account significant variables, such as the number of training samples, the feature (HOG) or classifier (SVM) parameters, the feature selection technique, the negatives resampling treatment and the typology of the employed weak classifier.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Biobehavioral Therapy in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Literature Review

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) involve a heterogeneous group of clinical conditions affecting the stomatognathic system and its related structures. Because the etiology of these disorders is still unclear, a wide range of therapeutic solutions has been proposed in the literature, including occlusal appliances, physical therapies, drugs, and biobehavioral modalities. Biobehavioral therapy could have a beneficial effect in the treatment of TMDs because of the reportedly high prevalence of psychological dysfunction in TMD patients. The authors reviewed the biobehavioral modalities used to achieve pain relief in patients affected by such disorders, with the aim of synthesizing data on the effectiveness these therapeutic approaches. Literature data suggest that the inclusion of biobehavioral interventions in the management of TMDs may be reasonable, even if no conclusions can be drawn about their long-term effectiveness.
Does Macroeconomic Reform Cause Structural Adjustment? Lessons from Poland

Abstract According to widely held views, stabilization policies and macroeconomic reforms are not by themselves sufficient to cause true structural change. Recent Polish experience has shown, however, that much structural adjustment, in the sense of efficiency-augmenting changes in resource use, has taken place despite the slow pace of institutional transformation. The macroeconomic reforms that form the core of the Balcerowicz plan were the achievement of price and exchange-rate stability, price and trade liberalization, and the end of enterprise-specific taxes and subsidies. This paper argues that economic events of the past 2 years have been dominated by the unraveling of distortions that characterized the prereform economy, not Keynesian recession and recovery, and that this adjustment has been brought on by these macroeconomic reforms. J. Comp. Econom. , June 1994, 18 (3), pp. 376-409. International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC 20431.
Modeling Collective Rationality: An Nonparametric Test on Experimental Data

We provide a . first nonparametric (revealed preference) test of the collective consumption model on the basis of experimental data. By using nonparametric testing tools and experimental data, we avoid the usual problems associated with parametric tests (e.g. non-verifiable parametric structure) and the use of ‘real life’ data sets (e.g. preference heterogeneity). In addition, our collective rationality test complements the existing nonparametric-experimental evidence on individual rationality. Focusing on dyads, we find that all observed consumption choices are consistent with the nonparametric collective rationality conditions. In fact, the consistency results for the parsimonious ‘egoistic’ collective consumption model (as a tool for describing dyads’ choice behavior) are closely similar to those for the individual rationality model (as a tool for describing individuals’.choice behavior). This suggest that for simple consumption decision settings, such as that considered in our experiment, the egoistic model may be useful for practical analysis. Still, our results also suggest that the more general collective consumption model, which accounts for consumption externalities and public consumption, can be useful even for modeling such simple decision settings. In fact, we can interpret that the appropriate model specification also depends on the specific dyad type (e.g. friends or partners; gender composition) and choice setting (e.g. public consumption or not) at hand.
PAN 2017: Author Profiling - Gender and Language Variety Prediction

We present the results of gender and language variety identification performed on the tweet corpus prepared for the PAN 2017 Author profiling shared task. Our approach consists of tweet preprocessing, feature construction, feature weighting and classification model construction. We propose a Logistic regression classifier, where the main features are different types of character and word n-grams. Additional features include POS n-grams, emoji and document sentiment information, character flooding and language variety word lists. Our model achieved the best results on the Portuguese test set in both—gender and language variety—prediction tasks with the obtained accuracy of 0.8600 and 0.9838, respectively. The worst accuracy was achieved on the Arabic test set.
Structure of a High Fidelity DNA Polymerase Bound to a Benzo[a]pyrene Adduct That Blocks Replication*

Of the carcinogens to which humans are most frequently exposed, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene (BP) is one of the most ubiquitous. BP is a byproduct of grilled foods and tobacco and fuel combustion and has long been linked to various human cancers, particularly lung and skin. BP is metabolized to diol epoxides that covalently modify DNA bases to form bulky adducts that block DNA synthesis by replicative or high fidelity DNA polymerases. Here we present the structure of a high fidelity polymerase from a thermostable strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus (Bacillus fragment) bound to the most common BP-derived N2-guanine adduct base-paired with cytosine. The BP adduct adopts a conformation that places the polycyclic BP moiety in the nascent DNA minor groove and is the first structure of a minor groove adduct bound to a polymerase. Orientation of the BP moiety into the nascent DNA minor groove results in extensive disruption to the interactions between the adducted DNA duplex and the polymerase. The disruptions revealed by the structure of Bacillus fragment bound to a BP adduct provide a molecular basis for rationalizing the potent blocking effect on replication exerted by BP adducts.
Shifting Power? Assessing the Impact of Transparency and Accountability Initiatives

Summary Accountability and transparency initiatives have taken democratisation, governance, aid and development circles by storm since the turn of the century. Many actors involved with them – as donors, funders, programme managers, implementers and researchers – are now keen to know more about what these initiatives are achieving. This paper arises from a review of the impact and effectiveness of transparency and accountability initiatives which gathered and analysed existing evidence, discussed how it could be improved, and evaluated how impact and effectiveness could be enhanced. This paper takes the discussion further, by delving into what lies behind the methodological and evaluative debates currently surrounding governance and accountability work. It illustrates how choices about methods are made in the context of impact assessment designs driven by different objectives and different ideological and epistemological underpinnings. We argue that these differences are articulated as methodological debates, obscuring vital issues underlying accountability work, which are about power and politics, not methodological technicalities. In line with this argument, there is a need to re-think what impact means in relation to accountability initiatives, and to governance and social change efforts more broadly. This represents a serious challenge to the prevailing impact paradigm, posed by the realities of unaccountable governance, unproven accountability programming and uncertain evidence of impact. A learning approach to evaluation and final impact assessment would give power and politics a central place in monitoring and evaluation systems, continually test and revise assumptions about theories of change and ensure the engagement of marginalised people in assessment processes. Such an approach is essential if donors and policy makers are to develop a reliable evidence base to demonstrate that transparency and accountability work is of real value to poor and vulnerable people.
Improving survival among HIV-infected injection drug users: how should we define success?

More than a decade after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) became available, extensive literature has documented the dramatic impact of HAART in reducing progression to AIDS and in improving survival among HIV-infected persons. However, a lingering issue regarding the effectiveness of HAART has been whether the survival benefit is fully extended to all risk groups—in particular, to injection drug users (IDUs). In this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Muga et al. [1] provide evidence that the duration of survival among HIV-infected IDUs in Barcelona, Spain, has improved during the HAART era. In fact, among IDUs who were admitted to a drug treatment program since 1997, mortality rates for persons with and persons without HIV infection were roughly equivalent. The study reinforces the fact that HIV treatments are indeed effective among IDUs, and it highlights the discrepant results observed in comparisons of the effectiveness of HAART among IDU and non-IDU populations.
Do Insiders Make Better CEOs than Outsiders

Each year, 10%-15% of major U.S. corporations change their chief executive officers. The majority of these corporations (80% -85%) select their new CEOs from outside their organizations. Why do they prefer outsiders? Do insiders make better CEOs than do outsiders? Some of the nation's most respected companies-including GE, GM, IBM, and CocaCola-seem to think so. In his book Theory Z, William Ouchi asserts that promoting executives from inside is a characteristic of well managed companies in both Japan and the United States; the policy provides employees with opportunities to advance within the company and thus creates a sense of loyalty and stability. ' Thomas J. Peters and Robert H. Waterman, in In Search of Excellence, echo this sentiment.2 According to them, successful American companies motivate their employees by providing job security and creating a "feeling of family. " These organizations rarely hire managers from the outside. The most convincing argument for hiring insiders has been advanced by John Kotter.3 He asserts that successful managers acquire expertise through long tenure with one company (or companies in one industry). According to Kotter, insiders have advantage over outsiders for two reasons. First, insiders are more knowledgeable than outsiders about a firm's specific products, competitors, markets, customers, and employees. This knowledge helps managers understand a large, complex, and diverse sets of activities and make appropriate decisions. Second, insiders have established social networks-including superiors, subordinates, peers, and others-through which they gain the information and support needed to perform their job. Outsiders must devote a considerable amount of time to establishing such networks. While most companies replace their CEOs with insiders, a small number of companies hire insiders. Why? Researchers agree that troubled companies often need to hire outside CEOs because they are more likely than insiders to be able to alter existing strategies and values that caused the current problems.4 Outsiders are likely to take decisive action to turn around a bad situation, while insiders are likely to be slow in recognizing the urgency of current problems and may pursue the old strategies that are no longer effective. Chrysler and International Harvester recently replaced their CEOs with outsiders in the hope that the new CEO would turn aound their ailing operations. Given the above observations, experts generally suggest that troubled firms hire outsiders to turn around their operations and successful firms select insiders to sustain their superb performance. Although this view has been widely held in management literature, it has not been empirically tested. The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to investigate the differential effects of outsiders and outsiders on corporate performance (as measured by profitability and stock price), and (2) to discern actual CEO hiring practices.