Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Retrosplenial cortex is required for the retrieval of remote memory for auditory cues

The restrosplenial cortex (RSC) has a well-established role in contextual and spatial learning and memory, consistent with its known connectivity with visuo-spatial association areas. In contrast, RSC appears to have little involvement with delay fear conditioning to an auditory cue. However, all previous studies have examined the contribution of the RSC to recently acquired auditory fear memories. Since neocortical regions have been implicated in the permanent storage of remote memories, we examined the contribution of the RSC to remotely acquired auditory fear memories. In Experiment 1, retrieval of a remotely acquired auditory fear memory was impaired when permanent lesions (either electrolytic or neurotoxic) were made several weeks after initial conditioning. In Experiment 2, using a chemogenetic approach, we observed impairments in the retrieval of remote memory for an auditory cue when the RSC was temporarily inactivated during testing. In Experiment 3, after injection of a retrograde tracer into the RSC, we observed labeled cells in primary and secondary auditory cortices, as well as the claustrum, indicating that the RSC receives direct projections from auditory regions. Overall our results indicate the RSC has a critical role in the retrieval of remotely acquired auditory fear memories, and we suggest this is related to the quality of the memory, with less precise memories being RSC dependent.
The Influence of Previous Traumatic Experiences on Haitian Child Refugees' Conceptualization of Fear

This study investigates how children’s experiences as Haitian refugees influence the development of atypical childhood fears. Eighteen child refugees were interviewed about their personal primary fear objects and their interpretation of fear in a series of drawing and picture observation exercises. Five of these eighteen children were Haitian refugees. Each of the refugee children had one adult representative who was interviewed about the child, the family’s demographic information, and the child’s previous traumatic experiences in his/her native country. The refugee children and their adult representatives’ responses to the interview questions were coded and analyzed according to themes. Results suggest that Haitian refugee children have a higher rate of moderately life-threatening and lifethreatening previous traumatic experiences. Results also indicate that the majority of Haitian refugee children reported amphibians as their primary fear objects, suggesting that the geographic location and characteristics of Haiti contribute to the development of Haitian children’s primary fear objects. While animal and imaginary/cultural creatures may be the most prominently identified and interpreted Haitian fear, Haitian refugee children may interpret more lifethreatening fears when prompted by the image of a child under a tree.
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS Pathogenesis and Treatment of Kidney Disease and Hypertension Analgesic Use and Change in Kidney Function in Apparently Healthy Men

● Background: Studies using a single creatinine measurement have yielded inconsistent results regarding analgesic use and kidney function. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study of 4,494 US male physicians who provided blood samples in both 1982 and 1996. Outcomes measured were increase in plasma creatinine level of 0.3 mg/dL or greater (>26.5 mol/L) and decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 29.0 mL/min/1.73 m2 or greater during this 14-year period. Self-reported use of aspirin, acetaminophen, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was classified as never (<12 pills during the study period), 12 to 1,499 pills, 1,500 to 2,499 pills, and 2,500 or greater pills during the study period. Results: Blood measurements made 14 years apart showed increased creatinine levels in 242 participants and decreased GFRs in 224 participants. Compared with never use, multivariableadjusted odds ratios (ORs) of increased creatinine levels were 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43 to 2.23) for 2,500 or greater pills of aspirin, 1.02 (95% CI, 0.55 to 1.90) for 2,500 or greater pills of acetaminophen, and 1.12 (95% CI, 0.67 to 1.87) for 2,500 or greater pills of other NSAIDs. For decreased GFRs, ORs for intake of 2,500 or greater pills were 0.75 (95% CI, 0.35 to 1.57) for aspirin, 1.22 (95% CI, 0.66 to 2.26) for acetaminophen, and 1.11 (95% CI, 0.65 to 1.90) for other NSAIDs. Use of aspirin, but not acetaminophen or other NSAIDs, was associated with a reduced risk for change in kidney function in participants without cardiovascular risk factors and a possible but nonsignificant increase in those with cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusion: Occasional to moderate analgesic intake of aspirin, acetaminophen, or NSAIDs does not appear to increase the risk for decline in kidney function during a period of 14 years. Am J Kidney Dis 42:234-244. © 2003 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
Noradrenaline upregulates T‐type calcium channels in rat pinealocytes

The mammalian pineal gland is a neuroendocrine organ that responds to circadian and seasonal rhythms. Its major function is to secrete melatonin as a hormonal night signal in response to nocturnal delivery of noradrenaline from sympathetic neurons. Culturing rat pinealocytes in noradrenaline for 24 h induced a low‐voltage activated transient Ca2+ current whose pharmacology and kinetics corresponded to a CaV3.1 T‐type channel. The upregulation of the T‐type Ca2+ current is initiated by β‐adrenergic receptors, cyclic AMP and cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase. Messenger RNA for CaV3.1 T‐type channels is significantly elevated by noradrenaline at 8 h and 24 h. The noradrenaline‐induced T‐type channel mediated an increased Ca2+ entry and supported modest transient electrical responses to depolarizing stimuli, revealing the potential for circadian regulation of pinealocyte electrical excitability and Ca2+ signalling.
Continuity of care: is it cost effective?

OBJECTIVE To examine the association between the degree of healthcare provider continuity and healthcare utilization and costs. STUDY DESIGN A longitudinal, prospective, observational study. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data on patients with arthritis, asthma, epigastric pain/peptic ulcer disease, hypertension, and otitis media were collected at each of 6 health maintenance organizations (HMOs). Outcome variables included the number of prescriptions for the target disease and the cost, total number of prescriptions and the cost, the number of outpatient visits, and the number of hospital admissions. Disease-specific severity of illness, type of visit, and provider information were obtained at each encounter. HMO profit status, visit copay, gatekeeper strictness, formulary limitations, use of multisource (generic) drugs, gender, number of months in the study, age, and severity of illness were controlled in the analyses. RESULTS There were 12,997 patients followed for more than 99,000 outpatient visits, 1000 hospitalizations, and more than 240,000 prescriptions. Increasing the number of primary or specialty care providers a patient encountered during the study generally was associated with increased utilization and costs when HMO and patient characteristics were controlled. The number of specialty care providers also increased as the number of primary care providers increased. The incremental increase in pharmacy costs per patient per year with each additional provider ranged between $19 in subjects with otitis media to $58 in subjects with hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Continuity of care was associated with a reduction in resource utilization and costs. As healthcare delivery systems are designed, care continuity should be promoted.
Atezolizumab, an Anti-Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Antibody, in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Long-Term Safety, Clinical Activity, and Immune Correlates From a Phase Ia Study.

PURPOSE The objective was to determine the safety and clinical activity of atezolizumab (MPDL3280A), a humanized programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody, in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Exploratory biomarkers were analyzed and associated with outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventy patients with metastatic RCC, including clear cell (ccRCC; n = 63) and non-clear cell (ncc; n = 7) histologies, received atezolizumab intravenously every 3 weeks. PD-L1 expression was scored at four diagnostic levels (0/1/2/3) that were based on PD-L1 staining on tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (IC) with the SP142 assay. Primary end points were safety and toxicity; secondary end points assessed clinical activity per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 and immune-related response criteria. Plasma and tissue were analyzed for potential biomarkers of atezolizumab response. RESULTS Grade 3 treatment-related and immune-mediated adverse events occurred in 17% and 4% of patients, respectively, and there were no grade 4 or 5 events. Sixty-three patients with ccRCC were evaluable for overall survival (median, 28.9 months; 95% CI, 20.0 months to not reached) and progression-free survival (median, 5.6 months; 95% CI, 3.9 to 8.2 months), and 62 patients were evaluable for objective response rate (ORR; 15%; 95% CI, 7% to 26%). ORR was evaluated on the basis of PD-L1 IC expression (IC1/2/3: n = 33; 18%; 95% CI, 7% to 35%; and IC0: n = 22; 9%; 95% CI, 1% to 29%). The ORR for patients with Fuhrman grade 4 and/or sarcomatoid histology was 22% (n = 18; 95% CI, 6% to 48%). Decreases in circulating plasma markers and acute-phase proteins and an increased baseline effector T-cell-to-regulatory T-cell gene expression ratio correlated with response to atezolizumab. CONCLUSION Atezolizumab demonstrated a manageable safety profile and promising antitumor activity in patients with metastatic RCC. Correlative studies identified potential predictive and pharmacodynamic biomarkers. These results have guided ongoing studies and combinations with atezolizumab in RCC.
Amino acids and the regulation of methyl balance in humans

Purpose of reviewTo outline recent advances in our understanding of the metabolic basis for the maintenance of cellular S-adenosylmethionine levels and, thus, for facilitating the many crucial methylation reactions in the body. Amino acids are intimately involved in these processes. Recent findingsThe application of stable-isotope methodology has permitted accurate estimation of the total transmethylation flux in humans. Chemical balance studies have identified the quantitatively major transmethylation reactions. New evidence points to a key role for deranged S-adenosylmethionine metabolism in the pathogenesis of liver disease. Mutations in key enzymes point to the importance of methyl metabolism in closure of the neural tube, synthesis of creatine and metabolic clearance of methionine. Dietary interventions designed to affect S-adenosylmethionine availability to pregnant mice have been shown to modulate the epigenetic DNA methylation of specific genes. SummaryThese findings are of relevance to the pathogenesis of neural tube defects as well as the interaction between a genetic polymorphism and nutritional status. They also address the issue of methyl group availability and epigenetic regulation. Finally, they are also relevant to the etiology of cirrhosis and steatohepatitis.
Sexual and reproductive health problems and service needs of university students in south east Ethiopia: Exploratory qualitative study

In developing countries, youths have been disproportionately affected by reproductive health problems due to their risky behaviors. Reproductive health problems have been prominent in areas where large youth population found. Therefore, this exploratory qualitative study has assessed sexual and reproductive health problems and service needs of university students. In this study, majority of students don’t have adequate awareness on sexual and reproductive health risks and have exhibited high risk reproductive health behaviors. Although, there are immense and diversified sexual and reproductive health problems, health care services utilization was negligible. Lack of information about available health services and absence of specific services that meet the needs of youth were the major reported reasons for low sexual and reproductive health service utilization. Therefore, comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services giving emphasis to peer education, IEC and/or BCC trainings, establishing SRH/HIV/AIDS resource center and making the university clinic youth friendly are recommended interventions.
The Relationship between Demography and Competency towards Organizational Commitment of Banking Sector in Malaysia

This paper focuses on the relationship between demography and competency towards organizational commitment in banking sector in Malaysia. The respondents of this study were managers, executives and clerks. The sample size of the respondents is 297. For this study, simple random sampling was adopted. Descriptive analyses were conducted. The data for the study was collected through the mail questionnaires and face to face interviewed. Data from the questionnaires were coded and entered accordingly into the SPSS statistical software. The findings of this study show that the highly educated people may have developed higher commitment towards the organization. The findings also show that there is a low, medium and significant correlation between demography and organizational commitment and there is a low and significant correlation between competency and organizational commitment.
QUANTITATIVE IN VITRO STUDIES ON STIMULATION OF MURINE HAEMOPOIETIC CELLS BY COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR

A new standardization method for Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF) is described and criteria are introduced which enables stimulating activity to be assessed independent of absolute colony numbers. With this method CSF preparations from different sources are compared and evidence is presented that suggests an identical mechanism of action for these substances. Data are presented on the increase in colony numbers that is induced by the addition of erythrocyte lysates to the cultures. The relationship between colony forming cells that are stimulated by CSF alone and cells stimulated by the combined action of CSF and erythrocyte lysate is discussed.
Male Donor‐derived Cells in the Brains of Female Sex‐mismatched Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients: A Y‐Chromosome Specific In situ Hybridization Study

In five female bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients of sex-mismatched donor marrow, Y-chromosome specific in situ hybridization was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the medulla to detect the male donor marrow-derived cells. Y-chromosome-bearing cells (Y-cells), thereby donor-derived, were matched with leukocyte common antigen (LCA)-reactive cells in adjacent sections immunostained with anti-LCA antibody. Y-cells included mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) within the vessel lumen and infiltrating the perivascular space and parenchyma, and “perivascular cells. ” We have, therefore, concluded that donor marrow-derived MNL, though limited in number, do enter the normal-appearing brain and can transform to “perivascular cells” in human BMT recipients. It remains, however, to be confirmed whether MNL entering the normal adult CNS parenchyma transform to ramified microglia.
Trends in Telephone Outcomes, 2008 - 2015

This report documents trends in telephone survey dispositions for many major survey firms since the start of the “cell phone period” of survey research, roughly 2008 to the present. Findings for this period show a stark decline in productivity on landlines with some encouraging news for the future of cell phone research.
Long‐term outcome of interferon‐α‐induced autoimmune thyroid disorders in chronic hepatitis C

Abstract: Background: Autoimmune thyroid disorders are among the well‐known adverse effects of interferon‐α (IFN‐α) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. However, there are few reports regarding the long‐term outcome of this complication. We aimed to evaluate the natural history of IFN‐α‐induced autoimmune thyroid disorders with long‐term follow‐up.
Is revascularization and limb salvage always the best treatment for critical limb ischemia?

Contemporary care of critical limb ischemia (CLI) consists of near universal attempts at aggressive limb salvage. In our opinion this approach is excessively lesion focused and inadequately patient focused. Subgroups of the CLI population currently undergoing extensive limb salvage efforts may be better served with primary amputation or nonoperative management. We describe limitations in the knowledge base underlying modern care of CLI. First, our understanding of the natural history of CLI is limited, with minimal ability to identify at-risk patients and prevent disease progression. Most patients with symptomatic CLI have a tremendous disease burden, with poor baseline function, including loss of ability to ambulate and ability to live independently in many and abbreviated survival for most. Second, surgical treatment is graft and limb focused, with only modest understanding of the effects of treatment on patient morbidity and function. While surgical revascularization may prevent limb loss, this outcome does not universally result in ambulation or functional independence. Third, the advantage of revascularization over primary amputation in patients who do not regain independent ambulation is unclear. Fourth, the influence of the extent of ischemic foot lesions on overall outcomes has not been clearly defined. Finally, even if limb ischemia can be relieved, a critical concern remains the high cardiovascular mortality risk in the CLI population. We do not know if cardiovascular risk factor modification can modify this natural history. We do not know whether a chronically ischemic limb may actually increase the systemic risk for myocardial infarction or stroke by inducing a proinflammatory state and generating reactive oxygen species. 1 What is clear is that further study of CLI is needed in the form of clinical trials with patient-oriented rather than limb-oriented outcomes. We will briefly examine the reasons for each of these statements. We will then propose an approach to addressing acquisition of the data relevant to each issue, including proposal for some relevant clinical trials.
IN VITRO SENSITIVITY OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS AND CANDIDA ALBICANS TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS

Strains of fresh clinical isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans have been tested in vitro for their sensitivity to eight drugs used in the therapy of monilial and trichomonal vaginitis. Three of the chemotherapeutic agents, chlorchinaldol, clotrimazole and broxyquinoline, were effective against both organisms. Tinidazole and metronidazole were active against T. vaginalis. The strains of C. albicans were also sensitive to trichomycin, natamycin and nystatin. Tinidazole was the most effective trichomonacide, clotrimazole and chlorchinaldol were most effective against C. albicans, while chlorchinaldol had the best in vitro effect against both organisms. The ranges of the MICs are compared to values previously reported.
Potential Morbidity in Pregnancy Due to U.T.I. Examination of Urine in Routine Screening

Untreated bacteriuria during pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. It is cost effective to screen for bacteriuria if the prevalence rate is 2% or more. The prevalence rate in this study was 3.6%. 67% of the aetiological agents belonged to the coliform group and balance 33% were staphylococci. All isolates were sensitive to nitrofurantoin. There was no association between bacteriuria and risk factors such as gestational diabetes, past urinary tract infection, multiparity, advanced maternal age, lower education level, advanced gestational age and lower socioeconomic status. Screening of pregnant mothers is reported to be cost effective if the prevalence rates are ≥2%. It is recommended to screen pregnant mothers early in their pregnancy and treat those with significant bacteriuria as this could significantly minimize adverse maternal and foetal outcomes.
Molecular biology underlying the clinical heterogeneity of prostate cancer: an update.

CONTEXT Recent studies have uncovered a number of possible mechanisms by which prostate cancers can become resistant to systemic androgen deprivation, most involving androgen-independent reactivation of the androgen receptor. Genome-wide expression analysis with microarrays has identified a wide array of genes that are differentially expressed in metastatic prostate cancers compared to primary nonrecurrent tumors. Recently, recurrent gene fusions between TMPRSS2 and ETS family genes have been identified and extensively studied for their role in prostatic carcinoma. OBJECTIVE To review the recent developments in the molecular biology of prostate cancer, including those pertaining to the androgen receptor and the newly identified TMPRSS2-related translocations. DATA SOURCES Literature review and personal experience. CONCLUSIONS Prostatic adenocarcinoma is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with a broad spectrum of pathologic and molecular characteristics and clinical behaviors. Numerous mechanisms contribute to the development of resistance to androgen ablation therapy, resulting in ligand-independent reactivation of the androgen receptor, including amplification, mutation, phosphorylation, and activation of coreceptors. Multiple translocations of members of the ETS oncogene family are present in approximately half of clinically localized prostate cancers. TMPRSS2:ERG gene rearrangement appears to be an early event in prostate cancer and is not observed in benign or hyperplastic prostatic epithelium. Duplication of TMPRSS2:ERG appears to predict a worse prognosis. The relationship between TMPRSS2:ERG gene rearrangement and other morphologic and prognostic parameters of prostate cancer is still unclear.
Modeling and analysis of semiconductor manufacturing systems with degraded behavior using Petri nets and siphons

Degraded behavior, such as reworks, failures, and maintenance, of a semiconductor manufacturing system (SMS) is not negligible in practice. When modeled by Petri nets, degraded behavior may be represented as initially-unmarked elementary circuits, interpreted as local processing cycles. Most existing "well-behaved" net classes for manufacturing have problems with describing such cycles and thus may have difficulties in modeling SMSs. We extend the class of nets in Jeng and DiCesare (1995) into the class of RCN* merged nets that model SMSs with such cycles. To model an SMS, we first describe the behavior of each resource type using a state-machine module, called RCN. Any RCN can be constructed as a connection of acyclic sub-nets called blocks, where one of them denotes the normal behavior of the resource type and the others denote its degraded behavior. Next, an RCN* merged net for the entire system is built by fusing all modules, conforming to three constraints, along their common transition sub-nets, which represent their synchronization. In the analysis of RCN* merged nets, we prove that their liveness and reversibility depend on the absence of unmarked siphons, which are structural objects that mixed integer programming can check rapidly. Examples are given to illustrate the proposed approach.
Mere Exposure as a Signal: Company Objectives and Research Propositions

As companies spend more and more money on product placement, what do they hope to gain from it? The current research answers this question by combing two divergent literature streams: mere exposure and signaling theory and proposing that this type of contact with the product is an example of mere exposure used as a signal by companies in presenting themselves to the consumer. To develop this theoretical framework, eighteen research propositions are proposed. Combining these two divergent literature streams provides a new perspective on how companies can communicate with consumers: companies may send a signal to consumers using mere exposure.