Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neurocognitive impairment in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia: a meta-analysis

Background Most studies suggested that patients with deficit schizophrenia have more severe impairment compared with patients with non-deficit schizophrenia. However, it is not clear whether deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia are associated with differential neurocognitive profiles. Methods The aim of this meta-analytic review was to compare cognitive performances of deficit and non-deficit patients with each other and with healthy controls. In the current meta-analysis, differences in cognitive abilities between 897 deficit and 1636 non-deficit patients with schizophrenia were examined. Cognitive performances of 899 healthy controls were also compared with 350 patients with deficit and 592 non-deficit schizophrenia. Results Both deficit (d = 1.04–1.53) and non-deficit (d = 0.68–1.19) schizophrenia were associated with significant deficits in all cognitive domains. Deficit patients underperformed non-deficit patients in all cognitive domains (d = 0.24–0.84) and individual tasks (d = 0.39–0.93). The relationship between deficit syndrome and impairment in olfaction, social cognition, verbal fluency, and speed-based cognitive tasks were relatively stronger. Conclusions Our findings suggest that there is consistent evidence for a significant relationship between deficit syndrome and more severe cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.
Influence of the motivational climate in physical education on the intention to practice physical activity or sport

This study is based on the achievement goal theory and intended to verify the effects of the motivational climate of the physical education (PE) on students' motivation, interest, and intention to practice physical activity or sport. In order to meet these objectives, 975 participants, from 13 to 18 years of age, completed the following instruments: PECCS, TEOSQ, IMI, Satisfaction Scale, and the Intention to Practice Physical Activity or Sport. The data were analyzed by means of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results confirmed that the mastery dimension of motivational climate has an influence, directly or indirectly, on task orientation, the three dimensions of intrinsic motivation—interest, perceived competence, and satisfaction—and the intention to practice physical activity or sport, in contrast to ego orientation. On the other hand, the comparison dimension of the motivational climate demonstrated specific effects on each of the variables analyzed, increasing the tension-pressure and negatively affecting the enjoyment and interest of the students. Therefore, in PE, a motivational climate oriented more toward mastery, rather than a competitive climate, should be promoted.
Cell biology and molecular ecology of Francisella tularensis

Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious intracellular bacterium that causes the fulminating disease tularemia, which can be transmitted between mammals by arthorpod vectors. Genomic studies have shown that the F. tularensis has been undergoing genomic decay with the most virulent strains having the lowest number of functional genes. Entry of F. tularensis into macrophages is mediated by looping phagocytosis and is associated with signalling through Syk tyrosine kinase. Within macrophages and arthropod‐derived cells, the Francisella‐containing phagosome matures transiently into an acidified late endosome‐like phagosome with limited fusion to lysosomes followed by rapid bacterial escape into the cytosol within 30–60 min, and bacterial proliferation within the cytosol. The Francisella pathogenicity island, which potentially encodes a putative type VI secretion system, is essential for phagosome biogenesis and bacterial escape into the cytosol within macrophages and arthropod‐derived cells. Initial sensing of F. tularensis in the cytosol triggers IRF‐3‐dependent IFN‐β secretion, type I IFNR‐dependent signalling, activation of the inflammasome mediated by caspase‐1, and a pro‐inflammatory response, which is suppressed by triggering of SHIP. The past few years have witnessed a quantum leap in our understanding of various aspects of this organism and this review will discuss these remarkable advances.
A needs assessment of complementary and alternative medicine education at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine

Introduction: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) encompasses a wide variety of increasingly popular therapies not generally taught in allopathic medical schools but of apparent interest to medical trainees. However, little is known about the learners’ specific needs for improving their CAM clinical skills. Methods: Third-year medical students and internal medicine resident-physicians at the University of Kentucky were invited to participate in a voluntary questionnaire to assess CAM knowledge, skills, attitudes as well as their desired learning methods. Results: Medical students (n = 22) and resident-physicians (n = 39) generally hold favorable attitudes toward CAM but admit to significant knowledge deficits and do not feel adept at counseling their patients about CAM. Students indicate observation and hands-on experiences as their preferred pedagogy while residents favor textbooks, articles, and lectures to learn about CAM. Nevertheless, one resident noted, “any information in any format would be helpful as we get no teaching in this area”. Conclusions: In our sample, learner-driven CAM education at undergraduate and graduate levels is indeed necessary and wanted. In constructing CAM education interventions, attitudes, perceived knowledge deficits, and preferred learning strategies should be considered for the trainees and thus ultimately responsive to the needs of their patients.
Analysis of HL-A incompatibility in human renal transplants.

The matching criteria of counting the number of HL-A incompatibilities, the number of compatible antigens, and of ratios (net histocompatibility ratio) were evaluated. In order to avoid bias, the data were analyzed with the aid of computers, taking many different cutoff points. The probability value of statistical significance can be shown to vary considerably depending on the time selected for evaluating the clinical ranks and the clinical ranks which are considered to be “successful” or “failure. ” Overall, the data indicate that because of the large number of patients who do well in spite of incompatibility, a more suitable means by which successful transplants can be predicted will be required. Since HL-A antigens are still the primary transplantation antigens (as shown by the successful HL-A-identical sibling transplants), empiric knowledge on the types of incompatibilities which can result in good graft survival must be developed.
Material Properties of the Plantar Aponeurosis

Material properties of the plantar aponeurosis were determined by a two-dimensional video tracking method to simultaneously measure the aponeurosis deformation. Failure loads averaged 1189 ± 244 N and were higher in men. Average stiffness of the intact fascia was 203.7 ± 50.5 N/mm at a loading rate of 11.12 N/sec and it did not vary significantly for the loading rates of 11.12 to 1112 N/sec. The high tensile loads required for failure were consistent with clinical and biomechanical studies and indicated the importance of the aponeurosis in foot function and arch stability.
Developmental change in speed of processing during childhood and adolescence.

Throughout childhood and adolescence, there are consistent age differences in speed of processing. Here 72 published studies yielded 1,826 pairs of response times (RTs) in which each pair consisted of adults' mean RT for a condition and the corresponding mean RT for a younger group. The primary results were that (a) children's and adolescents' RTs increase linearly as a function of adult RTs in corresponding conditions and (b) the amount of increase becomes smaller with age in a manner that is well described by an exponential function. These results are consistent with the view that age differences in processing speed reflect some general (i.e., nontask specific) component that changes rapidly during childhood and more slowly during adolescence. Possible candidates for the general component are discussed.
Study of teenage care in one general practice.

Sir, Teenage health issues feature in the Health of the nation,' and it has been suggested that adolescent medicine is sufficiently important to warrant its own medical specialty.2 However, we have doubts regarding the feasibility of this suggestion.3 Work to date reveals health needs which teenagers feel are important, which are different from adult concerns for them.4 Another report shows that teenagers would like to discuss many issues with a concerned adult, who could be their general practitioner.5 Most recently an intervention study has confirmed that teenagers are happy to listen to advice regarding smoking.6 However, there are no descriptive studies of patterns of consultation. We set out to review notes held by our general practice in a Cardiff suburb to determine how often we see our teenage patients in the course of normal surgeries. Data on teenagers are not easily obtained because national morbidity statistics are produced for the age bands 5-14 years and 15-24 years.7 We reviewed a systematic, non-random sample of 22% of the available notes of 11-19 year olds and recorded the medically defined reasons for all face-to-face consultations in 1991. The consultation rates shown in Table 1 should be compared with the consultation rate for the practice as a whole in 1991, which was 4.01 consultations per person. Male and female 11-14 year olds consulted at a similar rate but infrequently compared with the rate for the whole practice. Further assessment of this age group showed consultations for similar reasons, irrespective of sex, with upper respiratory tract infection and skin problems being most common. However, in the older age group males consulted rarely while females consulted at a rate above the practice average. This difference was not solely explained by gynaecological and contraception issues; female patients also consulted with more 'routine' morbidity such as respiratory infections and skin disorders. These results fit into patterns of morbidity previously found.7'8 Of the 58 older teenage girls four had had a termination of pregnancy in 1991 (none had a pregnancy which continued to term)this pregnancy rate of 7% is nearly four times higher than the English rate of 18.6 per 1000 for 14-19 year olds.9 Previous work in the practice revealed that this rate was not unique to 1991. This occurred despite use of oral contraception by 20% of 15 and 16 year olds and 60% of 17-19 year olds in the practice (according to patients notes), suggesting that peripheral suburban estates may need increased resources if the teenage conception rate is to be reduced. Further research is needed into primary care provision of services for teenagers. Such work needs to be put in the context of adolescent health provision as a whole, as teenagers consulting are often uncomfortable in the surgery. '0 We need a coherent theory for teenager care which can be understood by the primary care team if we are to plan appropriate services. As today's teenagers will be tomorrow's adults and parents this would be a worthwhile investment.
Business risk management practices: the influence of state regulatory agencies and non-state sources

1 External influences on business risk management: beyond the state 1 External influences on business risk management: economic and civil 2 Management of food safety and food hygiene risks 3 State regulators 4 Environmental Health Officers 5 Food Standards Agency 7 Non-state regulators 8 Consumers 8 The media 9 Insurance companies 10 Lawyers 11 Pressure groups/NGOs 12 Private consultancy firms 12 Trade associations 13 Discussion 15 Knowledge of state regulation 15 Knowledge of non-state influences 16 Variability 18 Conclusion 19 References 21 The support of the Michael Peacock Charitable Foundation and the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) is gratefully acknowledged. The work was part of the programme of the ESRC Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation. Published by the Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation at the London School of Economics and Political Science Houghton Street London WC2A 2AE UK © London School of Economics and Political Science, 2006
Safety of intraperitoneal administration of paclitaxel after gastrectomy with en‐bloc D2 Lymph node dissection

The aim of this study was to examine the safety, pharmacokinetics, and cytological efficacy against free intraperitoneal cancer cells of intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) with paclitaxel after gastrectomy with en‐bloc D2 lymph node dissection (GD2) in cases of gastric cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) and/or positive cytological findings in peritoneal washings (CFPW).
A chloride conductance activated by adenosine 3',5'‐cyclic monophosphate in the apical membrane of Necturus enterocytes.

1. Intracellular potentials, Cl‐ activity and membrane resistances were measured in Necturus small intestinal epithelium during Cl‐ replacement experiments using conventional or Cl‐ ‐selective double‐barrelled microelectrodes. A Cl‐ conductance, located in the apical membrane and activated by cyclic nucleotides is demonstrated by ion‐substitution experiments. 2. The mean mucosal membrane potential (Em) was ‐35.5 mV. Removal of Cl‐ from the mucosal medium by replacement with gluconate, evoked a sudden depolarization of Em and an immediate increase in the fractional resistance of the mucosal membrane (f(Rm)). The size of the change in Em varied between 3 and 65 mV, corresponding to Cl‐ to K+ permeability ratios between 0.2 and 20. It was inversely related to the initial f(Rm), which ranged from 0.04 to 0.50. 3. Prolonged incubation in low‐Cl‐ solutions led to a reversal of the initial depolarization and to a sustained hyperpolarization accompanied by a marked increase in f(Rm). The new value of Em was close to the K+ equilibrium potential, consistent with a depletion of cellular Cl‐ and the preponderance of a K+ membrane permeability in the absence of Cl‐. This emphasizes the role of Cl‐ in establishing Em. 4. Removal of mucosal Cl‐ produced a fast decrease in intracellular Cl‐, as measured with Cl‐ ‐selective microelectrodes. The efflux was consistent with electrodiffusion across the mucosal membrane. Changes in Em paralleled changes in intracellular Cl‐ activity, indicating the presence of a large Cl‐ conductance. 5. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP or forskolin produced a slow depolarization, a decrease in f(Rm) and an increased change in intracellular potential in low mucosal Cl‐ which on average corresponds to an approximately 15‐fold increase in the relative Cl‐ permeability. These results are consistent with an activation of apical Cl‐ conductance. 6. The selectivity of Cl‐ channels of Necturus enterocytes to different anions was obtained from potential measurements. The sequence of permeabilities was SCN‐ greater than I‐ greater than or equal to Br‐ greater than NO3‐ greater than Cl‐ much greater than HCO3‐ greater than gluconate. This is consistent with a model involving a weak interaction of the anions with the selectivity filter. 7. The selectivity of the anion conductance was maintained after activation with cyclic nucleotides, suggesting a single channel for the permeation of the different anions tested, rather than parallel channels. 8. Derivatives of 9‐anthracene which are potent inhibitors of Cl‐ channels in other systems failed to block the apical Cl‐ conductance of Necturus enterocytes. Chloride conductance was also insensitive to furosemide. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura in Children from Northwestern Spain: A 20-Year Epidemiologic and Clinical Study

IntroductionHenoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a systemic vasculitis characterized by purpuric skin lesions unrelated to any underlying coagulopathy, gastrointestinal manifestations, arthritis, and renal involvement (25,51). Infiltration of small blood vessels with polymorphonuclear leukocytes a
Intra- and inter-individual variation in salivary flow rate, buffer effect, lactobacilli, and mutans streptococci among 11- to 12-year-old schoolchildren.

Both intra- and inter-individual variation in salivary flow rate, buffer effect, and the levels of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were analyzed in 128 11-year-old children. The follow-up period was 9 months, with six saliva samplings done at regular intervals. Inter-individual variation was relatively large in paraffin-stimulated salivary flow rate: low (< 1.0 ml/min) and high (> or = 2.0 ml/min) flow rates were measured in 18% and 13% of the children, respectively. Intraindividual variation during the follow-up period was found in 63% of the boys and in 73% of the girls. The buffer effect stayed stable in all samplings in 59% of the boys and in 42% of the girls. Buffer effect was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in girls than in boys. Mutans streptococci were analyzed by a chair-side method (Strip mutans test) and by cultivation on mitis-salivarius-bacitracin (MSB) agar plates. The results of the two methods correlated highly significantly (r = 0.79, p < 0.001). With the Strip mutans test no variation in test scores occurred in 49% of all subjects in all six samplings, whereas the respective percentage for MSB scores was only 19%. No variation in salivary lactobacilli occurred in only 18% of the subjects, and in 13% the intraindividual variation was as high as > or = 3 logs. These results show that in young teenagers with a developing dentition, simultaneous changes in behavioral, hormonal, and dietary factors make single-point measurements of salivary factors too unreliable for caries-diagnostic or predictive purposes.
Prevention of clindamycin-induced mortality in hamsters by Saccharomyces boulardii

Saccharomyces boulardii, a yeast used in a number of countries for general and antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal illnesses, was examined for possible application in the prevention of clindamycin-induced mortality in the hamster colitis model. Hamsters were given free access to an aqueous 5% suspension of lyophilized yeast for 3 days before and 10 days after administration of a single oral clindamycin dose of from 0.2 to 0.8 mg/kg. Mortality was recorded in groups of 7 to 20 animals every 24 h for 10 to 30 days. Mean cecal concentrations of S. boulardii were greater than 10(6) CFU/ml throughout the yeast administration period. Yeast treatment significantly decreased cumulative percent mortality by an average of 29%. Death onset was not affected by yeast treatment. Cecitis was present in 86% of moribund animals (N = 95) and was absent in all surviving animals examined (N = 27). Toxigenic Clostridium difficile was isolated from 13 of 14 moribund hamsters examined. No adverse effects of the yeast treatment were observed in animals receiving S. boulardii without clindamycin. The results suggest that S. boulardii warrants further evaluation for the prevention of antibiotic-associated colitis.
Basic mechanisms of atrial fibrillation.

By its electrocardiographic inscription, atrial fibrillation (AF) is an easily recognized arrhythmia, yet it remains one of the most vexing arrhythmias to treat. The challenge stems partly from the fact that the common electrocardiographic features mask significant differences in the mechanisms and etiologies of AF in different patients. Differences in etiology suggest that treatment strategies may need to target the underlying arrhythmic mechanisms. This review briefly discusses the mechanisms and pathophysiology of AF.
Expression of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) in Multiple Myeloma: Its Relationship to Bone Marrow Microvessel Density and other Factors of Disease Activity

The expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was studied in plasma cells in bone marrow biopsies from patients with multiple myeloma (MM) using a double immunostaining method. In the same samples, microvessel density (MVD), after staining with anti-CD34 antibodies, was determined before and after chemotherapy. The correlation of PCNA expression and MVD with other myeloma parameters (clinical stage, bone marrow plasma cell infiltration and serum interleukin –6 (IL-6)) was also investigated. The study population included 51 newly diagnosed MM patients, 12 patients in plateau phase after treatment and 15 normal controls. Pretreatment mean ± SE values of PCNA, MVD, plasma cell infiltration and serum IL-6 were significantly higher than post treatment values and controls. Pretreatment PCNA expression correlated significantly with bone marrow MVD (p<0.05) plasma cell infiltration (p<0.01) and IL-6 (p<0.01). These findings show that the proliferative activity of plasma cells is related to the angiogenic activity in the bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients. Both PCNA and MVD correlate with markers of disease activity thus may provide additional information when included in the initial evaluation of myeloma bone marrow biopsies.
Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice

Empirical evidence is presented from 7 samples regarding the factor structure; reliability; and convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of separate measures of internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. The scales reliably measure largely independent constructs and have good convergent and discriminant validity. Examination of the qualitatively distinct affective reactions to violations of own- and other-based standards as a function of the source of motivation to respond without prejudice provides evidence for the predictive validity of the scales. The final study demonstrated that reported stereotype endorsement varies as a function of motivation and whether reports are made in private or publicly Results are discussed in terms of their support for the internal-external distinction and the significance of this distinction for identifying factors that may either promote or thwart prejudice reduction. During the past 50 years, in conjunction with many legislative changes promoting the rights of Black Americans, there have been dramatic changes in Whites' self-reported attitudes toward Blacks. Specifically, several large-scale survey studies suggest that self-reported racial attitudes have become considerably more positive (Greeley & Sheatsley, 1971; Kluegel & Smith, 1986; Schuman, Steeh, & Bobo, 1985; Taylor, Sheatsley, & Greeley, 1978). One of the persistent challenges for prejudice researchers is to understand the motivations underlying such nonprejudiced responses. Do they reflect sincere changes in personal attitudes or are they motivated by social pressure created by changes in the social milieu? In the 1990s, these changes in self-reported attitudes have culminated in a rather pervasive social norm discouraging prejudice toward Blacks in the United States (see Blanchard, Lilly, & Vaughn, 1991; Monteith, Deneen, & Tooman, 1996). This norm, embodied, for example, in "politically correct" (PC) standards, mandates proper speech and behavior and thereby creates social pressure to respond without prejudice (e.g., Adler et al., 1990; D'Souza, 1991). When people fail to comply with these standards, they risk disapproval and, in many cases, sanctions from others. What then are we to make of self-reported attitudes or behaviors that appear to be nonprejudiced? The presence of the rather pervasive external social pressure to respond without prejudice has created enduring dilemmas for both social perceivers and social scientists as they try to discern the motivation(s) underlying (generally socially acceptable) nonprejudiced responses.