Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differentiated Access : Challenges of Equitable and Sustainable Groundwater Exploitation in Tanzania

Groundwater is an important resource for a large share of the global population and economies. Although groundwater dependence in most sub-Saharan African countries is relatively low at the national level, localized overexploitation is occurring, leading to a decline in groundwater levels and quality deterioration. Currently, the sustainable and equitable governance of groundwater, both through promotion and regulation, is turning out to be a key challenge in many sub-Saharan African countries. This paper uses case studies of urban groundwater governance in Arusha, and rural groundwater development in the Pangani basin, to analyse how the current policy and regulation inadvertently creates spaces for asymmetric access to (good quality) groundwater resources in Tanzania. It shows how the groundwater landscape is evolving into a situation where small users (farmers and households) rely on springs and shallow wells, while large users (commercial users and urban water authorities) are encouraged to sink deep boreholes. Amidst a lack of knowledge and enforcing capacity, exacerbated by different priorities among government actors, the water access rights of shallow well and spring users are being threatened by increased groundwater exploitation. Hence, the current groundwater policy and institutional setup do not only empower larger actors to gain disproportionate access to the groundwater resources, but presents this as a benefit for small users whose water security will supposedly increase.
Effects of prey abundance and light intensity on nutrition of a mixotrophic flagellate and its competitive relationship with an obligate heterotroph

The mixotroph Poterioochromonas malhamensis was grown in batch and semicontinuous cultures in order to examine the dependence of phagotrophy versus phototrophy at bacterial densities similar to those found in oligo- and mesotrophic lakes in combination with differing light regimes. In addition, the growth rates and biomass accumulation of the mixotroph were compared to those of the heterotroph Spumella elongata grown under similar conditions. In P. malhamensis, primary production rates and cell-specific chlorophyll a concentrations were significantly higher when grown at low bacterial densities, and the carbon cell-(1) gained by photosynthesis corresponded to 79% of the carbon cell-(1) gained by bacterial ingestion. Furthermore, due to a longer exponential growth phase, cell densities and biomass of P. malhamensis were significantly higher when the mixotroph was cultured in high light than in darkness. As a result, the cumulative biomass of the mixotroph was significantly higher in the light treatments than the biomass of the heterotroph at similar bacterial densities. These results suggest that photosynthesis may contribute more to the nutrition of P. Malhamensis in lakes with low bacterial abundances than previously suggested, and that the mixotroph's capacity for photosynthesis enables it to dominate in terms of biomass over the heterotroph. (Less)
Glucose metabolism in cattle given sugar cane based diets supplemented with varying quantities of rice polishings

1. Glucose entry rates were measured with [2−3H]glucose in groups of cattle given sugar-cane diets and between o and 1200 g rice polishings. 2. In the first experiment measurements of glucose metabolism were estimated in four animals (one of each being given 0, 400, 600 and 1000 g supplement) over 24 h using a repeated single injection at 6 h intervals and sampling blood for 3 h. 3. The results indicated that in a short time period of each isotope experiment relatively steady-state conditions existed since the plot of log specific radioactivity v. time was linear with a high correlation coefficient. 4. The pattern of glucose entry rates was variable over the 24 h period being highest shortly after feeding and then declining to quite low levels immediately before the next feed, 24 h later. However, the more rice polishings that were made available to the cattle, the higher the glucose entry rate at 4–7 h, and it remained higher for a longer time. 5. In the second experiment with nineteen animals there was a linear relationship between the glucose entry rate (measured 4–7 h after feeding) and the amount of rice polishings consumed by the animal. 6. The results suggest that glucose is being made available in quite large quantities from the supplement. Using the means of these estimates over 24 h to predict glucose entry rate on a daily basis, it is suggested that at least 50% of the starch in the rice polishings was made available to the animal as glucose. 7. The results are discussed in relation to the suggestion that the availability of glucose may be limiting nutrient in cattle given low-protein diets.
Consequences of variable accessibility for anaphor resolution in Chinese

The two self-paced reading studies presented here investigate the real-time processing of the complex reflexive taziji in Mandarin Chinese. [1] found that real-time anaphor resolution is not fully constrained by syntactic Binding Theory (BT), and that BT-inaccessible antecedents compete during anaphor resolution if they are sufficiently prominent. To shed light on what factors influence this prominence, we investigated whether the variable accessibility of possessor NPs in Chinese renders them more prominent than their English counterparts. Our results suggest that Chinese possessor NPs are indeed prominent enough to be activated, in contrast to English possessors, even when they are not licensed by BT. Our findings also suggest that gendermarking on pronouns – which is marked in written but not in spoken Chinese – does not constrain real-time processing of written language as strongly as animacy factors do.
Characterization of murine B-cell epitopes on the Mycobacterium leprae proline-rich antigen by use of synthetic peptides

Using synthetic peptides representing overlapping sequences of the 100-amino-acid-long N-terminal region of the proline-rich antigen of Mycobacterium leprae (PRA), we have mapped the epitopes in the primary structure of PRA recognized by four monoclonal antibodies. The M. leprae-specific monoclonal antibody F47-9 recognized the amino acid sequence LGSAYP (residues 34 to 39). Both monoclonal antibodies F67-1 and F67-5 recognized the sequence YPPP within the repeated sequence of PRA at four sites (residues 38 to 41, 50 to 53, 60 to 63, and 70 to 73). Monoclonal antibody F126-5 recognized the sequence SYPPP, also within the repeat, at three sites (residues 49 to 53, 59 to 63, and 69 to 73). All three epitopes appeared to be linear as far as can be determined by this approach.
Lymphoma in inflammatory bowel disease

Nine patients with lymphoma occurring in association with inflammatory bowel disease were admitted to The Mount Sinai Hospital between 1960 and 1983. Five (two men and three women) occurred among 1156 patients (0.43%) with ulcerative colitis (UC) and four (men), among 1480 patients (0.27%) with Crohn's disease (CD), a strong male preponderance in the latter group. In all four of the patients with CD and in four of the five patients with UC, the lymphomas were extraintestinal. The mean age of onset of UC in these patients was late (46 years, 19 years older than in our overall series), with lymphomas occurring a mean of only 12 years later. By contrast, patients with CD had bowel disease much younger (mean age, 26 years), and their lymphomas appeared after a longer disease duration (mean, 24 years). The risk factors for the one patient with colonic lymphoma were similar to those with colitis‐associated colorectal carcinoma: extensive and long‐standing colitis and relatively young age when malignant disease developed. Four of the patients with lymphoma had associated colonic carcinoma; in three of them, the carcinoma appeared within the first decade of colitis, an unusual occurrence. A second malignant lesion also occurred in three patients with UC.
Improvement of Protein Structure Prediction and Analysis by Data Fusion and Mountain Clustering Approaches

In this dissertation, we focus on two issues concerning protein structure prediction and analysis. First, we have applied a two-level classification strategy called hierarchical learning architecture (HLA) using neural networks to differentiate proteins according to their classes and folding patterns and then use a combinatorial fusion technique to facilitate feature selection and combination for improving predictive accuracy in protein structure classification. When applying combinatorial fusion to the protein fold prediction problem using neural networks with HLA, the resulting classification has an overall prediction accuracy rate of 87% for four classes and 69.6% for 27 folding categories. These rates are higher than previous results and it demonstrates that data fusion is a viable method for feature selection and combination in the prediction and classification of protein structure. Second, we propose an algorithm named Structural Mountain Clustering Method (SMCM) to find a library of short 3-D structural motifs (building blocks) for construction of 3-D structures of proteins/peptides. The algorithm finds the building blocks based on an estimate
Matching real-ear targets for adult hearing aid fittings: NAL-NL1 and DSL v5.0 prescriptive formulae La correspondance des cibles in situ pour l’ajustement des appareils auditifs chez les adultes : formules prescriptives NAL-NL1 vs DSL v5.0

The value of using real-ear measures when fitting hearing aids has been well researched and the information is readily available in the literature. However, a review of recent research showed that there is limited evidence to determine whether real-ear targets for gain and output can be achieved with current technology. Seven experienced clinicians fitted hearing aids to real-ear targets using one of two prescriptive methods: National Acoustic Laboratories, Non-Linear, version 1 (NAL-NL1) and Desired Sensation Level, version 5 (DSL v5.0, adult targets). One hundred ears were assessed for DSL v5.0 and 134 ears were assessed for NAL-NL1 to determine how closely the fittings matched real ear targets. The results indicate that a hearing aid can be matched to target within ±5 db regardless of the number of gain adjustment handles, the manufacturer, or the style; with the exception of severe/profound hearing loss, particularly in the high frequencies.
Would Brand Recall Impact the Customer Buying Behavior of Mobiles

There are various studies that had stated that brand recall has a great impact on the buying behaviour of customers. The aim was to study the effectiveness and response of customers towards TV advertisements provided by major mobile phone companies. Attempts had been made to know the growth pattern, market share and advertising strategies adopted by leading mobile service providers. The literature revealed the influence of different communication strategies on the purchasing behaviour, also how branding effect the choice of a consumer while making any purchase. The study has been done on primary data and the customers buying intentions with aided and unaided recall were also studied. Different variables that were considered significant for such studies were Interest-Value, EffectiveImpact, Perceived Informative Value, Comprehensibility, Believability, Memorability. The sample size was 150 respondents due to list wise deletion at the time of analysis. The study finally concluded that brand recall through TV Commercials has a significant impact on the consumer buying behavior. It was also seen that advertisement with humor were easier to recall and had a lasting impact.
Happiness and Forgiveness among College Students

088 Introduction Happiness is based on the questions of why some people are happier than others or why some have more capacity for happiness after experiencing negative situations. It refers to the subjective assessment of whether a person is happy or unhappy, can be evaluated as a psychological state of well-being or contentment (Lyubomirsky, 2001). Individuals who have a high level of subjective happiness have more positive thoughts about themselves (Lee & Im, 2007), more satisfying social relationships, and spend less time alone (Diener & Seligman, 2002). Studies on subjective happiness have shown a positive relationship with life satisfaction (Garcia & Siddiqui, 2009), subjective vitality (Akin, 2012), selfperceptions of well-being (Diener, 2002), satisfying relationships (Diener & Seligman, 2002), mental health (Liem, Lustig, & Dillon, 2010), and self-acceptance (Krause & Ellison, 2003; Maltby et al., 2004). In contrast, subjective happiness was negatively associated with presence of depressive symptoms (Chaplin, 2006). Forgiveness is a way of feeling and acting that involves not only letting go of negative feelings toward a person who has hurt or offended you, but also approaching him or her in a more compassionate way. Recent studies have shown that people who forgive feel happier, less worried, and more positive, both about themselves and about the person(s) that hurt them, than do people who are not as forgiving. College students who were more forgiving had lower blood pressure, heart rate, and bodily responses to stress. Enright, Freedman, and Rique (1998) view forgiveness as a "willingness to abandon one's right to resentment, negative judgment, and indifferent behavior toward one who unjustly hurt us, while fostering the undeserved qualities of compassion, generosity, and even love toward him or her" Maltby & Barber (2005) examined the relationship between forgiveness and happiness using a twoISSN-0976 9218 Indian Journal of Psychological Science, V-7, No.1 (088-093)
Optimal Control based Intelligent Controller for Active Suspension System

Suspension systems play a vital role in providing comfortable and safe vehicle ride. This paper proposes a controller that is developed by combining optimal control and intelligent control techniques to minimize the vehicle’s body vertical displacement. The actuator control force is also reduced through this integration. The numerical simulation results have been provided for the non-linear quarter vehicle suspension system using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The comparison between uncontrolled suspension systems, Linear Quadratic Regulator Controller based active suspension system, and active suspension system using Optimal Control based Intelligent Controller are presented and thoroughly explained. [Jamil M, Janjua AA, Rafique I, Butt SI, Ayaz Y, Gilani SO. Optimal Control based Intelligent Controller for Active Suspension System. Life Sci J 2013; 10(12s):653-659] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite. com. 105 Key-words: Active Suspension System, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) Controller, Optimal Control based Intelligent Controller, MATLAB/SIMULINK (Licensed Version)
Vertical and Horizontal Seismic Impedance Moments , and Corner Frequencies

Magnitudes of the current seismic moment have been modified by taking into account of mass density and Poisson's ratio of the rock layers based on the expressions of vertical and horizontal dynamic rock masses, and the dip angle of earthquake fault. The vertical magnitude of the seismic impedance moment has been defined as the ratio of the seismic moment and shear velocity of the rock layer. The ratio of the vertical and horizontal seismic impedance moments increases with the increase in the Poisson's ratio. The new expressions of vertical and horizontal magnitudes of seismic impedance moments and corner frequencies have also been presented and compared with the magnitudes of the current seismic moments and corner frequencies.
A Biologically Plausible Neuron Model of Mental Rotation

This thesis presents a biologically plausible account of mental rotation. To this end, there is evidence that mental rotation is a spatial imagery task that can invoke a variety of strategies, depending on the nature of the stimuli. This thesis uses simple but unfamiliar stimuli, which engenders a continuous, whole-unit rotation. The model is comprised of 43,000 simulated neurons spread across a variety of neuron ensembles. These ensembles work together to form a neuronal representation of the spatial map entailed by the stimuli, then rotates that spatial map into a series of new orientations according to simulated movement along an intended axis of rotation. Two sets of simulations were run: one focusing on the biological accuracy of spatial maps, with the second focusing on the biological accuracy of neurons. Overall, both sets of simulations were able to re-produce the reaction times found in behavioural studies of mental rotation
Wilms' tumor: the experience of the pediatric unit of Kasr El-Aini center of radiation oncology and nuclear medicine (NEMROCK).

AIM OF THE WORK The aim of the present work is to study the treatment results of Wilms' tumor patients who had attended the pediatric unit of Kasr El-Aini center of radiation oncology and nuclear Medicine (NEMROCK) from January 1994 to January 2001. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-two new Wilms' tumor patients attended the clinic (NEMROCK) from January 1994 until January 2001. The diagnosis was confirmed pathologically. Stage I included 22 cases, stage II 17 cases, stage III 16 cases, and stage IV included 4 cases, whereas stage V included only 3 cases. Stage I cases received 6 months of vincristine and dactinomycin. Stage II with favorable histology (FH) received 1 year of vincristine and dactinomycin. Stage III and IV received 1 year of vincristine, dactinomycin and doxorubicin. Abdominal radiation therapy, 1080cGY, was given in case of tumor spillage during surgery either to the involved flank or the whole abdomen depending on whether contamination was limited to the flank only or the whole abdomen. In addition, radiation was given to metastatic sites in stage IV. Stages II, III, IV with unfavorable histology (UH) received 1 year of dactinomycin, vincristine, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in addition to radiation therapy. Stage V cases were diagnosed by surgical biopsy and were managed according to stage and pathology. RESULTS Forty patients (64.5%) had favorable histology while twenty-two patients (35.5%) had unfavorable histology. The 4-year overall survival rate was 70.1%. Stage I, II, and stages III+IV+V with favorable histology had a 4-year overall survival of 82.3%, 56% and 41%, respectively. Stages I to IV with unfavorable histology had a 4- year survival of 65.7%. CONCLUSION Multivariate analysis revealed that stage and residual disease after surgery significantly affected overall survival; while histopathology and stage affected significantly disease-free survival. Moreover, our study revealed that residual disease after surgery affected significantly the incidence of local recurrence and distant metastases.
A Delphi Approach To Characterising 'Relapse' as Used in Uk Clinical Practice

Background: 'Relapse' is a common outcome indicator in intervention studies in schizophrenia. In community studies it is froqucntly equated with hospitalisation and in psychopharmacological studies with predetermined symptom scores. Its clinical meaning, however, remains undefined. Method: Consensus on the defining features of 'relapse' in schizophrenia used by academic and clinical schizophrenia experts in the UK, was investigated using a four stage Delphi process. A two panel, four stage, Delphi based methodology was used to investigate the implicit meanings of 'relapse' in clinical practice. A multi disciplinary panel of twelve members each listed anonymously ten indicators of relapse. A second panel, of ten experienced psychiatrists, rated the 188 submitted indicators from essential-unimportant (1-5). This panel completed a one day workshop during the remaining Delphi rounds ending with a structured discussion of the results. Results: Very strong consensus was achieved on the relative importance of potential relapse indicators. There was complete agreement about some aspects of a definition of relapse (such as recurrence of positive symptoms) and a number of the complex issues underlying the concept were clearly articulated. Conclusions: This four stage Delphi process achieved consensus on core features of relapse. The elucidation of the "softer" features at the threshold between normal fluctuations in functioning and the start of relapse require continuing investigations.
Safety Aspects and Cholesterol-Lowering Efficacy of Chitosan Tablets

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two different doses of chitosan on serum fat-soluble vitamin concentrations, cholesterol concentrations, and other safety parameters. Methods: A total of 65 men and women consumed 0, 4.5, 6.75 g per day of chitosan or 6.75 g per day glucomannan for eight weeks in a parallel, placebo-controlled, single-blind study. Altogether, 56 participants completed the study. Results: No differences were detected among the treatments in serum vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin E, 25-hydroxyvitamin D), carotenes (α- and β-carotene), clinical chemistry or hematology measurements. The changes in the total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations among the study groups were not statistically significant. Conclusion: In the present study, the consumption of chitosan tablets was found to be safe, but there was no significant effect on cholesterol concentration.
Reduced skin homing by functional Treg in vitiligo

In human vitiligo, cutaneous depigmentation involves cytotoxic activity of autoreactive T cells. It was hypothesized that depigmentation can progress in the absence of regulatory T cells (Treg). The percentage of Treg among skin infiltrating T cells was evaluated by immunoenzymatic double staining for CD3 and FoxP3, revealing drastically reduced numbers of Treg in non‐lesional, perilesional and lesional vitiligo skin. Assessment of the circulating Treg pool by FACS analysis of CD4, CD25, CD127 and FoxP3 expression, and mixed lymphocyte reactions in presence and absence of sorted Treg revealed no systemic drop in the abundance or activity of Treg in vitiligo patients. Expression of skin homing receptors CCR4, CCR5, CCR8 and CLA was comparable among circulating vitiligo and control Treg. Treg from either source were equally capable of migrating towards CCR4 ligand and skin homing chemokine CCL22, yet significantly reduced expression of CCL22 in vitiligo skin observed by immunohistochemistry may explain failure of circulating, functional Treg to home to the skin in vitiligo. The paucity of Treg in vitiligo skin is likely crucial for perpetual anti‐melanocyte reactivity in progressive disease.
AN EMPIRICAL MODEL TO PREDICT ENTEROTOXIN A PRODUCTION BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

A mathematical model to predict the prod uction of Enterotoxin A by Staphylococcus aureus was developed and analyzed. The model includes two rate constants: one that describes a linear stage and other that describes an exponentia l stage of the production of toxins that occurs during the stationary phase of bacterial growth. Th e model was fitted to four published data sets obtained for different products subjected to differ ent conditions of storage. Results showed a good agreement between the experimental data and the mod l which indicates that such equation may provide useful information for risk assessment stud ies.