Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Loughborough University Institutional Repository Conditional inference and advanced mathematical study

Many mathematicians and curriculum bodies have argued in favour of the theory of formal discipline: that studying advanced mathematics develops one’s ability to reason logically. In this paper we explore this view by directly comparing the inferences drawn from abstract conditional statements by advanced mathematics students and well-educated arts students. The mathematics students in the study were found to endorse fewer invalid conditional inferences than the arts students, but they did not endorse significantly more valid inferences. We establish that both groups tended to endorse more inferences which led to negated conclusions than inferences which led to affirmative conclusions (a phenomenon known as the negative conclusion effect). In contrast, however, we demonstrate that, unlike the arts students, the mathematics students did not exhibit the affirmative premise effect: the tendency to endorse more inferences with affirmative premises than with negated premises. We speculate that this latter result may be due to an increased ability for successful mathematics students to be able to ‘see through’ opaque representations. Overall, our data are consistent with a version of the formal discipline view. However, there are important caveats; in particular, we demonstrate that there is no simplistic relationship between the study of advanced mathematics and conditional inference behaviour.
Cirrus and water vapor transport in the tropical tropopause layer - Part 1: A specific case modeling study

In a simulation of a tropical-tropopause-layer (TTL) cirrus forced by a large-scale equatorial Kelvin wave, the radiatively induced mesoscale dynamics of the cloud ac- tively contributes to the transport of water vapor in the verti- cal direction. In a typical TTL cirrus, the heating that results from ab- sorption of radiation by ice crystals induces a mesoscale cir- culation. Advection of water vapor by the radiatively induced circulation leads to upward advection of the cloudy air. Up- ward advection of the cloudy air is equivalent to upward transport of water vapor when the air above the cloud is drier than the cloudy air. On the other hand, ice nucleation and de- positional growth, followed by sedimentation and sublima- tion lead to downward transport of water vapor. Under the conditions specific to our simulation, the up- ward transport of water vapor by the mesoscale circulation dominates the downward transport by microphysical pro- cesses. The net result is upward transport of water vapor, which is equivalent to hydration of the lower stratosphere. Sensitivity to model conditions and parameters will be dis- cussed in a follow-up paper.
Motorization and the Provision of Roads in Countries and Cities

Using panel data from 50 countries and 35 urban areas (covering a wide range of country incomes), the authors summarize trends in motorization and the provision of roads, and they examine the ratio of motor vehicles to roads in a production function framework at both national and urban levels. They find regularities very strong across countries and urban areas and over time. Among their sometimes surprising findings: (1) Economic development increases demand for transport, reliance on cars and trucks, and road provision. (2) Motorization expands at the same rate as per capita income, but the auto fleet expands more rapidly, and commercial vehicles less rapidly, than income. At early stages of motorization, commercial vehicles comprise a large share of the motor vehicle fleet. Passenger transport by automobile becomes more prominent as income grows. Both country and urban data show evidence of similar saturation levels for car and total motor vehicle ownership. (3) The presence of railways at the national level reduces commercial vehicle ownership but not car ownership, suggesting that rail is competitive for freight but not for passenger travel as incomes grow. (4) Nationally, road networks expand more slowly than incomes, but paved road networks expand at the same time as incomes. Road provision appears to be quite responsive to demand nationally. (5) For specific urban areas, per capita road length is positively associated with national income level but changes little over time, showing that history or urban endowments matter. The annexation of surrounding developed area appears to play a big role in expanding urban road length. Urban areas average roughly 15 times more road length per unit area, and seven times more vehicles per kilometer of road, than countries -and a saturation level exists for urban road length per unit of area. (6) Vehicles per kilometer of road are positively associated with income, with (proxies for) land prices, and with low gasoline prices.
Optimal Placement of Distributed Generations in Radial Distribution Systems Using Various PSO and DE Algorithms

Distributed generations (DGs) have been continuously integrating into the distribution systems. Size and site of distributed generations have significant impacts on the system real power losses reduction and voltage profile improvement in the radial distribution systems. In this paper, recent and more dynamic PSO as well as improved DE algorithms are used for optimum placement of distributed generations in radial distribution systems. The objective of this paper is to minimize distribution system real power losses by the least possible injected power from distributed generations. To assess different PSO and DE algorithms capabilities, simulations carried out on two IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus standard radial distribution systems. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.5755/j01.eee. 19.10. 1941
Rn-222 soil fluxes from ambient Rn-222 activity and eddy covariance measurements of CO 2

We present a new methodology, which we call Single Pair of Observations Technique with Eddy Covariance (SPOT-EC), to estimate regional-scale surface fluxes of 222Rn from tower-based observations of 222Rn activity concentration, CO2 mole fractions and direct CO2 flux measurements from eddy covariance. For specific events, the regional (222Rn) surface flux is calculated from short-term changes in ambient (222Rn) activity concentration scaled by the ratio of the mean CO2 surface flux for the specific event to the change in its observed mole fraction. The resulting 222Rn surface emissions are integrated in time (between the moment of observation and the last prior background levels) and space (i.e. over the footprint of the observations). The measurement uncertainty obtained is about ±15 % for diurnal events and about ±10 % for longerterm (e.g. seasonal or annual) means. The method does not provide continuous observations, but reliable daily averages can be obtained. We applied our method to in situ observations from two sites in the Netherlands: Cabauw station (CBW) and Lutjewad station (LUT). For LUT, which is an intensive agricultural site, we estimated a mean 222Rn surface flux of (0.29± 0.02) atoms cm−2 s−1 with values > 0.5 atoms cm−2 s−1 to the south and southeast. For CBW we estimated a mean 222Rn surface flux of (0.63± 0.04) atoms cm−2 s−1. The highest values were observed to the south-west, where the soil type is mainly river clay. For both stations good agreement was found between our results and those from measurements with soil chambers and two recently published 222Rn soil flux maps for Europe. At both sites, large spatial and temporal variability of 222Rn surface fluxes were observed which would be impractical to measure with a soil chamber. SPOT-EC, therefore, offers an important new tool for estimating regional-scale 222Rn surface fluxes. Practical applications furthermore include calibration of process-based 222Rn soil flux models, validation of atmospheric transport models and performing regional-scale inversions, e.g. of greenhouse gases via the SPOT 222Rntracer method.
Small sample efficiency gains from a first observation correction for Hatanaka's estimator of the lagged dependent variable-serial correlation regression model

Evidence presented by Fomby and Guilkey (1983) suggests that Hatanaka's estimator of the coefficients in the lagged dependent variable-serial correlation regression model performs poorly, not because of poor selection of the estimate of the autocorrelation coefficient, but because of the lack of a first observation correction. This study conducts a Monte Carlo investigationof the small sample efficiency gains obtainable from a first observation correction suggested by Harvey (1981). Results presented here indicate that substantial gains result from the first observation correction. However, in comparing Hatanaka's procedure with first observation correction to maximum likelihood search, it appears that ignoring the determinantal term of the full likelihood function causes some loss of small sample efficiency. Thus, when computer costsand programming constraints are not binding, maximum likelihood search is to be recommended. In contrast, users who have access to only rudimentary least squares programs wou.
Superconductivity and calorimetric studies of Pr 1 . 85 Ce 0 . 15 CuO 4 + d under different annealing conditions

Polycrystalline samples of electron-doped Pr1.85Ce0. 15CuO4+d have been prepared under different annealing conditions and investigated by means of X-ray-diffraction, oxygen content analysis, electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and low temperature specific heat measurements. X-ray-diffraction patterns show that samples contain a single T0 phase. The superconducting transition temperatures Tcm taken with the onset of diamagnetism in magnetic-susceptibility measurements are 20 and 19.5K for sample annealed in flowing Ar gas and in vacuum ( 10 3 torr), respectively. The data of the samples, which are annealed in flowing Ar gas, show clear evidence for an aT 2 term at zero magnetic field in superconducting electronic specific heat, and are consistent with d-wave superconductivity. However, this behavior is not observed in the other sample, which is annealed in vacuum. These results indicate that different heat treatments affect the oxygen content, homogeneity, superconducting transition temperature Tc, superconducting volume fraction, and the superconducting pairing symmetry of Pr1.85Ce0. 15CuO4+d. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Occupational stress, organisational commitment and ill-health of employees at a higher education institution in South Africa

The objectives of this study were to assess the indicators and moderators of occupational stress at a higher education institution in South Africa, as well as differences based on language and years of experience at the institution. A cross-sectional survey design was used. The participants included academic and support staff at a higher education institution (N = 372). An Organisational Stress Screening Tool (ASSET) and a biographical questionnaire were administered. Workload, control, work relationships and pay and benefits were the major occupational stressors in the institution. Compared to the international norm, participants reported higher levels of physical and psychological ill-health and perceived lack of commitment from the organisation. Analysis of variance revealed differences in occupational stress levels for all the biographical variables tested. Organisational commitment moderated the effect of occupational stress on ill-health. OPSOMMING Die doelstellings van hierdie studie was om die aanwysers en verligtende faktore van beroepstres in ’n hoeronderwysinstansie in Suid-Afrika te identifiseer, asook moontlike verskille gebaseer op taal en jare ervaring by die instansie te bepaal. ’n Dwarsdeursnee-opnameontwerp is gebruik. Die deelnemers het bestaan uit akademiese en ondersteuningspersoneel verbonde aan ’n hoeronderwysinstansie (N = 372). ’n Organisasiestresgraderingsinstrument (ASSET) en ’n biografiese vraelys is afgeneem. Oorlading, kontrole, werksverhoudinge en salaris en byvoordele was die vernaamste stressore in die instelling. Vergeleke met die internasionale norm, het deelnemers hoer vlakke van fisieke en psigologiese ongesondheid gerapporteer, en ook ’n gebrek aan verbondenheid komende van die werkgewer ervaar. Variansieanalise het verskille in werkstresvlakke uitgewys vir al die biografiese veranderlikes wat getoets is. Organisasieverbondenheid het die effek van beroepstres op ongesondheid gematig.
THE ROLE OF CONSUMER IDENTIFICATION ON THE EFFECTS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IN THE SPANISH HOTEL

One of the most important aspects in the field of hospitality marketing is to investigate the path to customer loyalty. In addition, another line of research is the construct of corporate social responsibility (CSR) that has recently been incorporated in the customer loyalty model. Therefore, this paper examines the effects of CSR associations on hotel customer loyalty by including the mediation effects of customer-company identification (C-C identification) and customer satisfaction. To test the proposed model empirically, personal surveys of hotel customers were conducted in the Spanish region of Cantabria using a structured questionnaire. The study finds that CSR associations have a direct effect on both C-C identification and customer satisfaction as well as an indirect effect on hotel customer loyalty via these two constructs. Second, C-C identification has a direct effect on hotel customer loyalty. This study contributes to the literature by incorporating three different perspectives of hotel customer loyalty ― CSR associations, C-C identification and customer satisfaction― into one general framework that highlights the central role played by C-C identification along the path from CSR associations to hotel customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Multi sensor reanalysis of total ozone

Abstract. A single coherent total ozone dataset, called the Multi Sensor Reanalysis (MSR), has been created from all available ozone column data measured by polar orbiting satellites in the near-ultraviolet Huggins band in the last thirty years. Fourteen total ozone satellite retrieval datasets from the instruments TOMS (on the satellites Nimbus-7 and Earth Probe), SBUV (Nimbus-7, NOAA-9, NOAA-11 and NOAA-16), GOME (ERS-2), SCIAMACHY (Envisat), OMI (EOS-Aura), and GOME-2 (Metop-A) have been used in the MSR. As first step a bias correction scheme is applied to all satellite observations, based on independent ground-based total ozone data from the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Data Center. The correction is a function of solar zenith angle, viewing angle, time (trend), and effective ozone temperature. As second step data assimilation was applied to create a global dataset of total ozone analyses. The data assimilation method is a sub-optimal implementation of the Kalman filter technique, and is based on a chemical transport model driven by ECMWF meteorological fields. The chemical transport model provides a detailed description of (stratospheric) transport and uses parameterisations for gas-phase and ozone hole chemistry. The MSR dataset results from a 30-year data assimilation run with the 14 corrected satellite datasets as input, and is available on a grid of 1× 1 1/2° with a sample frequency of 6 h for the complete time period (1978–2008). The Observation-minus-Analysis (OmA) statistics show that the bias of the MSR analyses is less than 1% with an RMS standard deviation of about 2% as compared to the corrected satellite observations used.
Microbiological evaluation of Suya (dried smoked meat) sold in Adoand Akure, South West Nigeria

Ready to eat suya (dried smoked meat) samples were collected from suya processors in four different locations within Ado-Ekiti and Akure, two state capitals in South West, Nigeria. Studies on the microbiological quality of suya was carried out. The moisture contents ranged from 47.80 to 50.00% (Ado) and 46.50 to 52.01% (Akure). The bacteria counts for the samples were 0.30 – 0.4 × 105 cfu/g (Ado) and 0.3 – 0.85 × 105 cfu/g (Akure) while fungi counts; ranged from 0.10 – 0.2 × 105 cfu /g (Ado) and 0.10 – 0.22 × 105 cfu/g (Akure). Fifteen (15) general of microflora were isolated, characterized and identified. The isolated were eight (8) bacteria, four (4) molds and three (3) yeast. The following species recorded maximum percentage occurrence; Staphylococcus, coliforms and Aspergillus spp. The isolation of probable potential pathogens from suya samples analyzed is of public health significance.
Structure of charmed baryons studied by pionic decays

We investigate the decays of the charmed baryons aiming at the systematic understanding of hadron internal structures based on the quark model by paying attention to heavy quark symmetry. We evaluate the decay widths from the one-pion emission for the known excited states, Λc*(2595), Λc*(2625), Λc*(2765), Λc*(2880), and Λc*(2940), as well as for the ground states Σc(2455) and Σc*(2520). The decay properties of the lower excited charmed baryons are well explained, and several important predictions for higher excited baryons are given. We find that the axial-vector-type coupling of the pion to the light quarks is essential, which is expected from chiral symmetry, to reproduce the decay widths especially of the low-lying Λc* baryons. We emphasize the importance of the branching ratios of Γ(Σc*π)/Γ(Σcπ) for the study of the nature of higher excited Λc* baryons.
Helper, Guard or Mediator? Teachers' Space for Action in "The Cultural Rucksack," a Norwegian National Program for Arts and Culture in Schools.

Arts encounters in schools are often portrayed as encounters between art/artists and children. However, in such encounters, teachers are most often involved. The study presented discusses teachers’ experiences with and space for action within The Cultural Rucksack; a national program for arts and culture in Norwegian schools. Observations and qualitative interviews show, on one hand, that teachers are pleased that students and teachers are able to enjoy professional arts and culture at school. On the other hand, a series of dilemmas, challenges and tensions are evident in the teachers’ statements and actions. The teachers statements about the programme are characterized by a positive attitude, still, the teachers state that they lack of influence over the programme. A perceived twosomeness between artists and students makes the teachers almost redundant as teachers. As a result, teachers have to position themselves in other ways to regain a place within the programme; as artists’ helpers, students’ guards, or as mediators between artists and students. The study presented is IJEA Vol. 14 Special Issue 1.11 http://www.ijea. org/v14si1/ 2 part of a three-year national and interdisciplinary research project on The Cultural Rucksack that was commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Culture.
Painting the full picture: The conversion of economic, cultural, social and symbolic capital

This article explores how and why entrepreneurs convert their available economic, cultural, social and symbolic capital. We utilise Bourdieu’s theory of practice as a conceptual framework to explore the lived experiences of 10 craft entrepreneurs. This study reveals that transforming capital is a natural and enjoyable process, with our findings highlighting the convertible, multifaceted nature of different forms of capital. We also uncover previously unidentified forms of capital conversions and demonstrate that the conversion process can involve multiple forms of capital. Furthermore, our findings show that craft entrepreneurs give no primacy to economic capital, whose transformations form part of a larger process of capital conversion.
A study on Correlation involved in knowledge, adoption and awareness indices of livestock farmers versus independent variables

There exists highly significant and positive correlation between overall knowledge score (knowledge index) of selected five animal husbandry practices and some socio- economic, socio-psychological variables and all the communication variables. Regarding adoption of ten selected animal husbandry practices, there lies the negative and significant correlation between family type, family size, number of family members, with the overall adoption score (adoption index) at 1% level. But variables like family education score was negatively and significantly correlated with adoption index at 5% level. Variables like education, farm power, and economic status were found to be negative ly and significantly correlated with the awareness index at 1% level. While in Spearman’s correlation, In case of knowledge index, there were positive and significant relationship between knowledge index and independent variables. There exists negative and significant correlation between overall adoption score (adoption index) of selected animal husbandry practices and some socio-economic variables. There were positive and highly significant relationship between overall awareness score (awareness index) and some communication variables.
Off and Running? Technology, Trade, and the Rising Demand for Skilled Workers in Latin America

The authors describe the evolution of relative wages in five Latin American countries-Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. They use repeated cross-sections of household surveys, and decompose the evolution of relative wages into factors associated with changes in relative supply and relative demand. The authors have three main conclusions: 1) Increases in the relative wages of the most skilled (university-educated) workers took place concurrently with increases in their relative abundance in all of the countries except Brazil. This is strong evidence of increases in the demand for skilled workers. 2) Increases in the wage bill of skilled workers occurred largely within sectors, and in the same sectors in different countries, which is consistent with skill-biased technological change. 3) Trade appears to be an important transmission mechanism. Increases in the demand for the most skilled workers took place at a time when countries in Latin America considerably increased the penetration of imports, including imports of capital goods. The authors show that changes in the volume and research and development intensity of imports are significantly related to changes in the demand for more skilled workers in Latin America. Their research complements earlier work on the effects of technology transmitted through trade on productivity and on the demand for skilled labor.
Teamwork in Integrated Design Projects: Understanding the Effects of Trust, Conflict, and Collaboration on Performance

Teamwork during integrated design projects is complex. We address this by investigating how trust, collaboration, and conflict evolve over time to affect performance. Our results stem from data gathered using validated self-report questionnaires with 38 participants in 5 multidisciplinary teams at three points in time during a 6-week integrated design competition. Results show that without collaboration, trust and conflict have no bearing on performance. In addition to an unambiguous practical outcome—fostering collaboration helps build trust and manage conflict—our study points to theoretical developments: as trust- and conflict-performance relations grow over time, so does collaboration's mediating effect.