Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ALFVÉN WAVE SOLAR MODEL (AWSoM): CORONAL HEATING

We present a new version of the Alfvén wave solar model, a global model from the upper chromosphere to the corona and the heliosphere. The coronal heating and solar wind acceleration are addressed with low-frequency Alfvén wave turbulence. The injection of Alfvén wave energy at the inner boundary is such that the Poynting flux is proportional to the magnetic field strength. The three-dimensional magnetic field topology is simulated using data from photospheric magnetic field measurements. This model does not impose open-closed magnetic field boundaries; those develop self-consistently. The physics include the following. (1) The model employs three different temperatures, namely the isotropic electron temperature and the parallel and perpendicular ion temperatures. The firehose, mirror, and ion–cyclotron instabilities due to the developing ion temperature anisotropy are accounted for. (2) The Alfvén waves are partially reflected by the Alfvén speed gradient and the vorticity along the field lines. The resulting counter-propagating waves are responsible for the nonlinear turbulent cascade. The balanced turbulence due to uncorrelated waves near the apex of the closed field lines and the resulting elevated temperatures are addressed. (3) To apportion the wave dissipation to the three temperatures, we employ the results of the theories of linear wave damping and nonlinear stochastic heating. (4) We have incorporated the collisional and collisionless electron heat conduction. We compare the simulated multi-wavelength extreme ultraviolet images of CR2107 with the observations from STEREO/EUVI and the Solar Dynamics Observatory/AIA instruments. We demonstrate that the reflection due to strong magnetic fields in the proximity of active regions sufficiently intensifies the dissipation and observable emission.
High-resolution ground verification, cluster analysis and optical model of reef substrate coverage on Landsat TM imagery (Red Sea, Egypt)

A combination of high-resolution ground verification, cluster analysis using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data, and optical modelling, was applied to Red Sea reef substrate. Ground verification, in an area of 3 by 20 pixels (90 by 600 m) with one metre scale resolution, identified the presence of 30 different bottom types that were later reduced to twelve dominant bottom types. A combination of bispectral plots and principal component analysis using spectral bands 1, 2 and 3 confirmed the presence of nine bottom types. The identified clusters were separated and used as a training set to classify substrate. Optical modelling, using literature radiance values and coverage of the original twelve dominant bottom types and a simple model for atmospheric and water column absorption, revealed a difference of up to 60 W m -2 between predicted substrate radiance and the satellite sensor values in the reef top area. Considering the simple atmospheric correction model, the lack of in situ radiance measurements and the uncertainties with respect to possible changes in bottom type distribution since the acquisition of the 14 year old image, the results show the potential use of satellite imagery for reef research in both biological and geological analysis through very precise and semi-quantitative ground verification, including in situ reflectance measurements.
Socioemotional Wealth and Business Risks in Family-controlled Firms: Evidence from Spanish Olive Oil Mills

This paper challenges the prevalent notion that family-owned firms are more risk averse than publicly owned firms. Using behavioral theory, we argue that for family firms, the primary reference point is the loss of their socioemotional wealth, and to avoid those losses, family firms are willing to accept a significant risk to their performance; yet at the same time, they avoid risky business decisions that might aggravate that risk. Thus, we propose that the predictions of behavioral theory differ depending on family ownership. We confirm our hypotheses using a population of 1,237 family-owned olive oil mills in Southern Spain who faced the choice during a 54-year period of becoming a member of a cooperative, a decision associated with loss of family control but lower business risk, or remaining independent, which preserves the family's socioemotional wealth but greatly increases its performance hazard. As shown in this study, family firms may be risk willing and risk averse at the same time.
Genetic characterization of the marine ichthyotoxic flagellate Pseudochattonella farcimen (Heterokonta) and phylogenetic relationships among heterokonts.

In most cases, the proliferation of marine planktonic alga is ecologically beneficial for the marine food web. However, harmful algal blooms can have negative effects by causing fish kills. In this PhD thesis particularly one ichthyotoxic phytoflagellate that has caused massive blooms in Scandinavian waters since its first live record in 1998, has been studied. The first objective of this thesis was to determine the phylogeny and systematic position of this organism. The species name Pseudochattonella farcimen sp. nov. was proposed as it was found to be different from, but closely related to P. verruculosa, previously described as the Raphidophyte Chattonella verruculosa Y. Hara et Chihara from Japan. Ultrastructure, morphology and pigment composition as well as phylogenetic analyses of nuclear rDNA confirmed that the genus Pseudochattonella belong to the heterokont class Dictyochophyceae – and not Raphidophyceae as previously believed. Florenciellales, a new order within the Dictyochophyceae was proposed, which embraces the three species Florenciella parvula Eikrem, P. farcimen and P. verruculosa. A further aim of this thesis was to genetically characterize P. farcimen and related species, and determine the genetic diversity within and between Pseudochattonella species. Genetic evidence for a separation of the two Pseudochattonella species was found in nuclear rDNA as well as in protein coding DNA sequences from mitochondria and chloroplast. Another objective was to develop molecular methods for detection of this species, as well as determine the identity of bloom-forming Pseudochattonella species in various geographical regions. Finally this work was brought into a broader perspective as P. farcimen was included in a multigene phylogenetic analysis. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses improved the heterokont tree compared to previous rDNA analyses. Except for the positioning of Chrysophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae and Pinguiophyceae, all main branches of Ochrophyta were resolved. Further all plastid-free heterotrophic heterokonts were placed sister to Ochrophyta with robust support.
The Role of TSC Proteins in Regulating Cell Adhesion and Motility

Abstract : The goal of this project was to define the molecular signaling mechanisms by which TSCI and TSC2 proteins regulate cell adhesion and motility as it relates to the genetic disorder tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). The pathogenesis of TSC that develops due to the loss-of-function of tumor suppressors TSCI and TSC2 proteins represents an extremely complex and not fully understood interplay of deregulated cell functions. The neurological manifestations of TSC are related to brain lesions named tubers that have been defined as a neuronal migration disorder and occur due to aberrant neuronal motility during brain development. As a result of aberrant neuronal motility affected individuals may suffer from seizures mental retardation and autism. Thus TSC represents a major cause of developmental disorders and epilepsy in the pediatric population. The central hypothesis of this proposal was: TSC proteins regulate cell adhesion and motility and loss of either TSCI or TSC2 function alters cell adhesion and induces aberrant motility promoting the pathological conditions associated with TSC Pl3K and small GTPases RhoA and RacI respectively serve as the upstream modulator and downstream effectors of TSCI and TSC2 proteins. The significance of this work relates to better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the pathobiology of TSC such that new therapeutic targets can be identified to treat this devastating disease.
Induced representations of reductive p -adic groups. II. On irreducible representations of GL ( n )

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EXIST’s Gamma-Ray Burst Sensitivity

We use semianalytic techniques to evaluate the burst sensitivity of designs for the EXIST hard X-ray survey mission. Applying these techniques to the mission design proposed for the Beyond Einstein program, we find that with its very large field of view and faint gamma-ray burst detection threshold, EXIST will detect and localize approximately two bursts per day, a large fraction of which may be at high redshift. We estimate that EXIST’s maximum sensitivity will be ~4 times greater than that of Swift’s Burst Alert Telescope. Bursts will be localized to better than 40″ at threshold, with a burst position as good as a few arcseconds for strong bursts. EXIST’s combination of three different detector systems will provide spectra from 3 keV to more than 10 MeV. Thus, EXIST will enable a major leap in the understanding of bursts, their evolution, environment, and utility as cosmological probes.
Head models of healthy and depressed adults for simulating the electric fields of non-invasive electric brain stimulation

During the past decade, it became clear that the electric field elicited by non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are substantially influenced by variations in individual head and brain anatomy. In addition to structural variations in the healthy, several psychiatric disorders are characterized by anatomical alterations that are likely to further constrain the intracerebral effects of NIBS. Here, we present high-resolution realistic head models derived from structural magnetic resonance imaging data of 19 healthy adults and 19 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD). By using a freely available software package for modelling the electric fields induced by different NIBS protocols, we show that our head models are well-suited for assessing inter-individual and between-group variability in the magnitude and focality of tDCS-induced electric fields for two protocols targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Restructuring the Classroom: Conditions for Productive Small Groups

Moving beyond the general question of effectiveness of small group learning, this conceptual review proposes conditions under which the use of small groups in classrooms can be productive. Included in the review is recent research that manipulates various features of cooperative learning as well as studies of the relationship of interaction in small groups to outcomes. The analysis develops propositions concerning the kinds of discourse that are productive of different types of learning as well as propositions concerning how desirable kinds of interaction may be fostered. Whereas limited exchange of information and explanation are adequate for routine learning in collaborative seatwork, more open exchange and elaborated discussion are necessary for conceptual learning with group tasks and ill-structured problems. Moreover, task instructions, student preparation, and the nature of the teacher role that are eminently suitable for supporting interaction in more routine learning tasks may result in unduly constraining the discussion in less structured tasks where the objective is conceptual learning. The research reviewed also suggests that it is necessary to treat problems of status within small groups engaged in group tasks with ill-structured problems. With a focus on task and interaction, the analysis attempts to move away from the debates about intrinsic and extrinsic rewards and goal and resource interdependence that have characterized research in cooperative learning.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulence with Scalar Transfer around Complex Geometries Using the Immersed Boundary Method and Fully Conservative Higher-Order Finite-Difference Schemes

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulence is a powerful tool for the detailed investigation of a three-dimensional turbulent flow field, although the applications of DNS are currently restricted to moderate Reynolds numbers owing to limitations in computer resources. The numerical methods for DNS of turbulent flows are broadly categorized into the spectral method and finite difference method according to their numerical method (The finite element method is also used for coupling problems of fluid-structure interaction, but this method is beyond the scope of this chapter). The spectral method is highly accurate; however, owing to the numerical procedure involved, its application is limited to simple domains such as a cubic domain. On the other hand, the finite difference method can be applied to complex geometries, although its accuracy is generally lower than that of the spectral method. However, with recent developments in fully conservative higher-order finite-difference schemes (Morinishi et al. 1998), in the higher-order compact scheme originally developed for compressible flows (Lele 1992), and in the immersed boundary method for handling complex wall geometries (Fadlun et al. 2000; Ikeno & Kajishima 2007), DNS with spectral-like accuracy can be carried out around complex geometries with scalar transfer. In this chapter, we demonstrate the method for performing DNS of incompressible turbulent flows with scalar transfer around complex geometries. In the first section, we present the results for the canonical channel flow with scalar transfer obtained using our DNS code and compare them with results obtained using the spectral method (Iwamoto et al. 2002; Kasagi et al. 1992). Then, we describe the numerical methods for the DNS of turbulent fields with scalar transfer around and downstream of regular and fractal grids (Hurst & Vassilicos 2007; Seoud & Vassilicos 2007; Mazellier & Vassilicos 2010) as an example of flow around complex geometries. The turbulence-generating grids are reproduced using the immersed boundary method (Fadlun 2000) with a direct forcing scheme in the Navier-Stokes equations. The fractional step method is employed for solving the governing equations. The use of Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulen Scalar Transfer Around Complex Geometries Using the Im ersed Boundary Method an Conservative Higher-Order Finite-Difference Schemes 3
Meme Kitlelerinde Tru-Cut Biyopsinin Yararlılığı

Amac: Bu calismanin amaci, meme kitlelerinde ultrasonografi kilavuzlugunda yapilan tru-cut biyopsinin tanisal yararliligini arastirmaktir. Metod: Kasim-2009 ile Mayis-2014 tarihleri arasinda hastanemiz Radyoloji Bolumunde ultrasonografik ve mamografik olarak memede kitlesel lezyon saptanan ve ultrasonografi kilavuzlugunda tru-cut biyopsisi yapilan 103 ardisik kadin olgunun kayitlari retrospektif olarak incelendi. Bu lezyonlarda radyolojikpatolojik tanisal uyum ve memedeki yerlesimleri degerlendirildi. Bulgular: Olgularin ortalama yasi 47 idi. Lezyon buyuklugu 5 mm ile 80 mm arasinda degismekte olup ortalama boyut 20,45 mm'ydi. Kitlelerin %52.4'u sag memede, %47,6'si sol memede olup en sik ust dis kadran (%49,5) yerlesimliydi. Ust ic kadranda %18,4, alt ic kadranda %8,7, alt dis kadranda %18,4 oranda izlenirken, lezyonlarin sadece %4,9'u retroareolar bolgeye yerlesimliydi. Malign ve benign lezyonlarin memede yerlesimleri arasinda istatistiksel fark izlenmedi. Histopatolojik degerlendirmede lezyonlarin 53'u (%51,4) benign ve 50'si (%48,6) maligndi. Lezyonlarin radyolojik siniflamasi ile patolojik tanilari arasinda BIRADS 3 ve BIRADS 5'te tam uyum mevcuttu. BIRADS 4 olarak siniflandirilan 20 olgunun 9'u benign tani alirken 11 tanesi malign tani aldi. Sonuc: Ultrasonografi kilavuzlugunda yapilan tru-cut biyopsileri, hizli uygulanan ve hizli sonuc alinan, daha guvenilir preoperatif planlamaya olanak saglayan, yuksek guvenilirlikli bir yontemdir
Semantic Memory Association, Procedural Grammar Syntax and Episodic Modality Coordination as Three Interactive Neural Processes Organizing Language: A Model

In the declarative/procedural model of language, it assumes the semantic words as declarative memories while the grammatical syntax as procedural rules, whereas it is herein suggested that different words associate with different cortical modalities, so that it is necessary to consider the modality coordination of words episodic in meanings in sentences. In evidence, stuttering is intact on grammar but impaired on fluency, so that the dopaminergic system, with antagonists alleviating and genes phenotyping stuttering, may involve linguistic modality disorganization. Reversely, the gamma band correlates with word congruency, so that the cholinergic projections may help cortical modality coordination. There are present discourse deficits, so that story narration also requires cortical modality coordination. In these respects, semantic memory association, procedural grammar syntax and episodic modality coordination interact to organize language from word to sentence to story, so that it herein extends the present declarative/procedural model underlying two kinds of neural processes to semantic/syntactic/episodic model of three kinds of neural processes for depiction and simulation of language.
The Design and Implementation of a Grief Support Program in a Faith-Based Setting

Although grief itself is not a pathological condition, adequate support before and after loss can prevent grief becoming unresolved or complicated. Complicated grief (CG) is often diagnosed when severe bereavement symptoms persist over six months following a loss, and it affects an estimated 3-25% of the general population (Fujisawa, Kato, Miyashita, Nakajima, Ito, & Kim, 2010). Complicated grief can result in longstanding psychological issues such as depression and substance abuse. One group that is at particular risk for CG is older lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals. This population is significantly represented at Most Holy Redeemer Catholic Church (MHR) in San Francisco, California. Thus, a grief support program with special sensitivity to older gays was designed and implemented at MHR in 2013-2014. The MHR program included one-on-one counseling, educational venues, healing rituals, and grief groups. Qualitative evaluations of all interventions revealed overwhelmingly positive outcomes. In a Likert scale survey, participants of one of the program’s educational events expressed significantly high satisfaction with this intervention. A structured six-week group was evaluated with a paired t-test of pre and post-test Comprehensive Bereavement Index (CBI) scores and a qualitative survey. Although the CBI results were not statistically significant, there was improvement in the pre and post-test results. The lessons learned from this project will hopefully serve as a resource for MHR and for other faith-based and community programs. Most Holy Redeemer’s program has also allowed its facilitators to examine the wider psychosocial needs of MHR and its surrounding community.
Iterative Transformer Network for 3D Point Cloud

3D point cloud is an efficient and flexible representation of 3D structures. Recently, neural networks operating on point clouds have shown superior performance on 3D understanding tasks such as shape classification and part segmentation. However, performance on such tasks is evaluated on complete shapes aligned in a canonical frame, while real world 3D data are partial and unaligned. A key challenge in learning from partial, unaligned point cloud data is to learn features that are invariant or equivariant with respect to geometric transformations. To address this challenge, we propose the Iterative Transformer Network (IT-Net), a network module that canonicalizes the pose of a partial object with a series of 3D rigid transformations predicted in an iterative fashion. We demonstrate the efficacy of IT-Net as an anytime pose estimator from partial point clouds without using complete object models. Further, we show that IT-Net achieves superior performance over alternative 3D transformer networks on various tasks, such as partial shape classification and object part segmentation.
Pathobiology of cancer and clinical biochemistry

Abstract Early diagnosis of cancer clearly reduces morbidity and mortality, and a sizable number of cancers could be prevented at the secondary level with appropriate diagnostic tools. In early detection, biochemical analyses are highly supportive of the cytological and/or histopathological assessments. Among children, cancers probably originate from altered signaling pathways attributable to developmental genetic disorders. In adults, generally preventable risk factors, e.g., cigarette smoking, infections, unhealthy lifestyle and obesity, create a state of inflammation and associated oxidative imbalance, which may progress to malignancy. Pathological mechanisms of cancer are associated with abnormal expressions of various endogenous molecules that can be used as tumor biomarkers. Evaluation of such markers in different phases along the disease course plays a crucial role in clinical management and prognosis. Definitely, the current trend of active research on neoplastic mechanisms will help the clinical biochemistry laboratories to provide a better service.
Harnessing complexity: Analysis methodology and ethical framework to facilitate utilization of video data in evaluations

This study explores the potential uses of crowd-sourced data analysis methods for qualitative, open-coding analysis of video data in evaluation. An overview of the history, strengths and limitations of crowdsourcing research and evaluation projects is provided, and a range of studies utilizing similar methodologies are cited. The video data coded was user-generated video reviews of various products, and coding from crowd-sourced participants was compared with coding from a control group of trained evaluators. The findings indicated that crowd-sourced participants provide more analytic data than required, and provided both detailed descriptive codes and candid overall impressions of the video data. The broad conclusions from this study indicate that while there are specific limitations, the crowdsourcing methodology offers considerable potential advantages for evaluators, including saving time and money in coding video data and benefiting from the analytic perspective of a broader group of participants.