Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Average X-ray/Gamma-ray Spectra of Seyfert Galaxies from Ginga and OSSE

Abstract : We have obtained the first average 2-500 keV spectra of Seyfert galaxies, using the data from Ginga and GRO OSSE. Our sample contains 3 classes of objects with markedly different spectra: radio-quiet Seyfert 1s and 2s, and radio-loud Seyfert 1s. The average radio-quiet Seyfert 1 spectrum is well- fitted by a power law continuum with the energy spectral index approximately equal 0.9, a Compton reflection component corresponding to a ~ 2x covering solid angle, and ionized absorption. There is a high-energy cutoff in the incident power law continuum: the e-folding energy is E(sub c) approximately equal 0.6 (sup +0.8, sub -0.3)MeV. The simplest model that describes this spectrum is Comptonization in a relativistic optically-thin thermal corona above the surface of an accretion disk. Radio-quiet Seyfert 2s show strong neutral absorption, and there is an indication that their X-ray power laws are intrinsically harder, although the Seyfert 1 spectrum with = 0.9 and strong reflection cannot be ruled out by the data. Finally, the radio-loud Seyfert spectrum has alpha approximately equal 0.7, moderate neutral absorption, E (sub c) = 0.4(sup +0.7, sub -0.2) MeV, and no or little Compton reflection. This is incompatible with the radio-quiet Seyfert 1 spectrum, and probably indicating that the X-rays are beamed away from the accretion disk in these objects. The average spectra of Seyferts integrated over redshift with a power law evolution can explain the hard X-ray spectrum of the cosmic background. The hump at ~ 30 keV in that spectrum is due to the dominant contribution of Seyfert 2s.
Temporal Evolution of Social Innovation: What Matters?

Variations in patterns of innovation propagation found across complex networks are governed by the preference for an innovation and the topology (or connectivity pattern) of a network. This paper incorporates the interplay of these two features, which has received scant attention so far, in a simple model to study the temporal evolution of innovation in a social network. An individual upon interaction with an acceptor in the neighborhood progresses from an uninformed state to being informed before accepting the innovation, with a probability $\lambda$ that specifies the preference for innovation. Using only one intermediate information acquisition stage, the model concisely brings out a variety of patterns. Time taken to attain maximum velocity in a class of connectivity $k$ and population $N_k$ depends on $\lambda^{-2}k^{-2}N_{k}^{1/2}$. More importantly, we establish the lower bound that the average connectivity of a random network having minimum connectivity as low as 2 can attain and still be able to .
Oxidative stress in scleroderma: maintenance of scleroderma fibroblast phenotype by the constitutive up-regulation of reactive oxygen species generation through the NADPH oxidase complex pathway.

OBJECTIVE To explore the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the in vitro activation of skin fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS Fibroblasts were obtained from involved skin of patients with limited or diffuse SSc. Oxidative activity imaging in living cells was carried out using confocal microscopy. Levels of O2- and H2O2 released from fibroblasts were estimated by the superoxide dismutase (SOD)-inhibitable cytochrome c reduction and homovanilic acid assays, respectively. To verify NADPH oxidase activation, the light membrane of fibroblasts was immunoblotted with an anti-p47phox-specific antibody. Fibroblasts were stimulated with various cytokines and growth factors to determine whether any of these factors modulate ROS generation. Cell proliferation was estimated by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Northern blot analysis was used to study alpha1 and alpha2 type I collagen gene expression. RESULTS Unstimulated skin fibroblasts from SSc patients released more O2- and H2O2 in vitro through the NADPH oxidase complex pathway than did normal fibroblasts, since incubation of SSc fibroblasts with diphenylene iodonium, a flavoprotein inhibitor, suppressed the generation of ROS. This suppression was not seen with rotenone, a mitochondrial oxidase inhibitor, or allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Furthermore, the cytosolic component of NADPH oxidase, p47phox, was translocated to the plasma membrane of resting SSc fibroblasts. A transient increase in ROS production was induced in normal but not in SSc fibroblasts by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), platelet-derived growth factor type BB (PDGF-BB), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1), and H2O2. Treatment of normal and SSc fibroblasts with tumor necrosis factor a (TNFalpha), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon-alpha (IFNalpha), IFNgamma, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSP), G-CSF, or connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) had no effect on ROS generation. Constitutive ROS production by SSc fibroblasts was not inhibited when these cells were treated with catalase, SOD, IL-1 receptor antagonist, or antibodies blocking the effect of TGFbeta1, PDGF-BB, and other agonists (IL-4, IL-6, TNFalpha, CTGF). In contrast, treatment of SSc fibroblasts with the membrane-permeant antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine inhibited ROS production, and this was accompanied by decreased proliferation of these cells and down-regulation of alpha1(I) and alpha2(I) collagen messenger RNA. CONCLUSION The constitutive intracellular production of ROS by SSc fibroblasts derives from the activation of an NADPH oxidase-like system and is essential to fibroblast proliferation and expression of type I collagen genes in SSc cells. Our results also exclude O2-, H2O2, IL-1beta, TGFbeta1, PDGF-BB, IL-4, IL-6, TNFalpha, or CTGF as mediators of a positive, autocrine feedback mechanism of ROS generation.
Sensorless position identification of permanent magnet motor by zero voltage vector

The paper presents a simple sensorless method, which can be used to determine poles position of a permanent magnet axial flux motor. Described method is related to impact of a back electromotive force on current shape produced when a zero voltage vector is applied. A goal of this method is poles position detection for speed range from 2% of nominal speed of the motor. The goal of zero voltage vector method is fulfilling gap between method for initial position detecting e.g. PIPCRM and simple back electromotive force estimation method. Presented method has been tested on experimental set using 40 kVA / 16 poles / 3000 rpm axial flux permanent magnet motor.
Acetabular Labral Reconstruction With an Iliotibial Band Autograft

Background: Injury to the acetabular labrum results from multiple causes including femoroacetabular impingement, dysplasia, and acute trauma. The patient’s labrum can be reconstructed utilizing an iliotibial band autograft that is tubularized and fixed to the acetabular rim, substituting for the patient’s own labrum. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the midterm results of this technique with a follow-up from 3 to 6 years after reconstruction. The hypothesis was that midterm results would show excellent patient-reported outcomes and high patient satisfaction with outcome. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A retrospective review of a prospectively collected registry was undertaken that identified 75 patients (76 hips) who underwent arthroscopic labral reconstruction using an iliotibial band autograft by a single surgeon from February 2005 to August 2008. Modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Hip Outcome Score (HOS), and patient satisfaction level (on a scale of 1-10) were recorded preoperatively and postoperatively annually. Survivorship analysis curves were created to evaluate the effectiveness of this technique. Results: Among 76 hips, 19 progressed to total hip arthroplasty at an average of 28 months from the procedure. Mean survivor time (no arthroplasty) was 59.1 months (95% CI, 53.9-64.4). Follow-up on the surviving hips was available for 49 patients (86%) with a mean follow-up time of 49 months (range, 36-70 months). The mHHS significantly increased from a preoperative mean of 58.9 to the most recent follow-up score averaging 83 (P = .0001); HOS values in the sports and the activities of daily living subscales also increased significantly (P = .0001 and P = .001, respectively). Median patient satisfaction with outcome was 8. A joint space of ≤2 mm was found to be a poor prognostic factor for survival of the hip. Conclusion: Arthroscopic labral reconstruction using an iliotibial band autograft resulted in a survivorship of 56 months. Of the 76% of patients who did not require total hip arthroplasty, improvement in function and high satisfaction with outcome were reported. Joint space of ≤2 mm is a contraindication for acetabular labral reconstruction.
Emergence of the Uncommon Clone ST944/ST78 Carrying blaOXA-40-like and blaCTX-M-like Genes Among Carbapenem-Nonsusceptible Acinetobacter baumannii in Moscow, Russia.

Carbapenem-nonsusceptible (Carba-NS) Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as an important cause of nosocomial infections. In the present study, we characterized 91 Carba-NS A. baumannii isolates collected from patients of surgical departments and intensive care units at three hospitals in Moscow in 2012-2015. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using the Oxford (Oxf) scheme identified 16 sequence types (STs) of three clonal complexes (CCs), including CC92Oxf (67%), CC109Oxf (1%), CC944Oxf (29%), and the singleton ST1100Oxf (3%). CC944Oxf was composed of ST944Oxf (n = 16) and two of its newly described single locus variants ST1103Oxf (n = 3) and ST1104Oxf (n = 7); all the three STs were identical to the Pasteur (Pas) MLST scheme ST78. All CC944Oxf/ST78Pas isolates were blaOXA-40-like positive and all but one isolate harbored a blaCTX-M-like gene. ST944Oxf was the only ST found in each of the three study hospitals. Biofilm growth capacity was similar among Carba-NS and nonclonal carbapenem-susceptible isolates. Our data demonstrate the predominance of two clonal lineages among Carba-NS A. baumannii. One of these, the uncommon blaOXA-40-like/blaCTX-M-like-positive clone of CC944Oxf/ST78Pas, seems to be endemic in Russia.
Acute kidney injury from different poisonous substances

AIM To report our experience of acute kidney injury (AKI) developed after exposure to poisonous substance. METHODS Retrospective study where data was collected from case records of patients coming to this institute during January 1990 to May 2016. This institution is a tertiary care center for renal care in the metropolitan city of Karachi, Pakistan. History of ingested substance, symptoms on presentation, basic laboratory tests on arrival, mode of treatment and outcome were recorded from all patients and are presented here. Patients developing AKI after snake envenomation or scorpion stings are not included in this study. RESULTS During studied period 184 cases of AKI developing after poisoning were seen at our institution. The largest group was from paraphenyline diamine poisoning comprising 135 patients, followed by methanol in 8, organophosphorus compounds in 5, paraquat in 5, copper sulphate in 5, tartaric acid in 4, phenobarbitone in 3 and benzodiazipines, datura, rat killer, fish gall bladder, arsenic, boiler water, ammonium dichromate, acetic acid and herbs with lesser frequency. In 8 patients multiple substances were ingested in combination. Renal replacement therapy was required in 96% of patients. Complete recovery was seen in 72.28% patients, 20% died during acute phase of illness. CONCLUSION It is important to report poisonous substances causing vital organ failure to increase awareness among general population as well as health care providers.
TOWARDS ADAPTIVE MUSIC GENERATION BY REINFORCEMENT LEARNING OF MUSICAL TENSION

Although music is often deﬁned as the “language of emo-tion”, the exact nature of the relationship between musical parameters and the emotional response of the listener remains an open question. Whereas traditional psychological research usually focuses on an analytical approach, involving the rating of static sounds or preexisting musical pieces, we propose a synthetic approach based on a novel adaptive interactive music system controlled by an autonomous reinforcement learning agent. Preliminary results suggest an autonomous mapping from musical parameters (such as tempo, articulation and dynamics) to the perception of tension is possible. This paves the way for interesting applications in music therapy, interactive gam-ing, and physiologically-based musical instruments.
Temperatures in Earth's Core Based on Melting and Phase Transformation Experiments on Iron

Experiments on melting and phase transformations on iron in a laser-heated, diamond-anvil cell to a pressure of 150 gigapascals (approximately 1.5 million atmospheres) show that iron melts at the central core pressure of 363.85 gigapascals at 6350 � 350 kelvin. The central core temperature corresponding to the upper temperature of iron melting is 6150 kelvin. The pressure dependence of iron melting temperature is such that a simple model can be used to explain the inner solid core and the outer liquid core. The inner core is nearly isothermal (6150 kelvin at the center to 6130 kelvin at the inner core-outer core boundary), is made of hexagonal closest-packed iron, and is about 1 percent solid (MgSiO3 + MgO). By the inclusion of less than 2 percent of solid impurities with iron, the outer core densities along a thermal gradient (6130 kelvin at the base of the outer core and 4000 kelvin at the top) can be matched with the average seismic densities of the core.
The Relationship Between Transformational Leadership, Empowerment and Organizational Commitment: a Mediating Model Testing

The human resource development literature highlights that properly implemented transformational leadership style may have a significant impact on the organizational commitment. More importantly, a thorough review of such relationships reveals that the effect of transformational leadership on organizational commitment is indirectly affected by empowerment. The nature of this relationship is given less attention in the organizational leadership models; therefore, this study was conducted to examine the influence of empowerment in the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment using a sample of 118 usable questionnaires gathered from employees who have worked in one US subsidiary firm in Sarawak, Malaysia (ONEUSFIRM). Outcomes of Stepwise regression analysis showed that the relationship between empowerment and transformational leadership is positively and significantly correlated with the organizational commitment. This result confirms empowerment acts as a full mediating variable in the transformational leadership model of the organizational sample. Further, conclusion and implications of this study are elaborated.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR): serum antibodies in cattle in Saskatchewan.

During the past three years IBR virus infection of beef cattle in Western Canada has resulted in moderate to crippling losses from abortion (6). The desirability or practicality of a mass-vaccination programme has provoked extensive debate on the safety and efficacy of the attenuated virus vaccines (5). Prior to 1971 in Saskatchewan, vaccination with IBR vaccines was not widely advocated by the veterinary profession (5, 6) and was apparently not widely practiced. Therefore, we believed that a serological survey of beef herds in this province would be of value as an indicator of the relative susceptibility of the cattle population. This information could also be useful in formulating official vaccination policies. In addition, it was of interest to compare such data with previous surveys from Ontario, Quebec and Alberta (1, 2, 3). During the period June 7 to July 12, 1971, 1077 bovine sera for IBR serum-neutralization (SN) tests were selected from the sera submitted to the Animal Pathology Laboratory for brucellosis testing. For the SN test sera were saved from all the cattle in herds of 10 or less animals; in herds of more than 10 animals, sera were selected initially from 10 animals (on the basis of age distribution), and then from one animal from each additional group of 10 animals. The 115 herds selected from south-central Saskatchewan (see Figure 1) for this survey had the following composition: 30 herds of less than five aniimals; 18 herds of five to nine animals; 64 herds of 10 to 100 animals; and three herds of 100 to 150 animals. The sera were heated at 56°C for 30 minutes prior to testing. In the SN test, the sera were tested at a 1:2 dilution against 50 to 100
Adult‐type pulmonary function tests in infants without respiratory disease

A new method that permits the measurement of adult‐type maximal expiratory flow‐volume curves and fractional lung volumes in sedated infants was recently described. The purpose of this study was to define the normal range for these new measures of pulmonary function in infants and young children. Measurements of forced expiratory flows and fractional lung volume were made on 35 occasions in 22 children (ages 3–120 weeks) without respiratory disease. Maximal expiratory flow‐volume curves were measured by the raised lung volume, thoracoabdominal compression technique. Functional residual capacity (FRC) was measured plethysmographically.
The average cost of pressure ulcer management in a community dwelling spinal cord injury population

Pressure ulcers (PUs) are a common secondary complication experienced by community dwelling individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). There is a paucity of literature on the health economic impact of PU in SCI population from a societal perspective. The objective of this study was to determine the resource use and costs in 2010 Canadian dollars of a community dwelling SCI individual experiencing a PU from a societal perspective. A non‐comparative cost analysis was conducted on a cohort of community dwelling SCI individuals from Ontario, Canada. Medical resource use was recorded over the study period. Unit costs associated with these resources were collected from publicly available sources and published literature. Average monthly cost was calculated based on 7‐month follow‐up. Costs were stratified by age, PU history, severity level, location of SCI, duration of current PU and PU surface area. Sensitivity analyses were also carried out. Among the 12 study participants, total average monthly cost per community dwelling SCI individual with a PU was $4745. Hospital admission costs represented the greatest percentage of the total cost (62%). Sensitivity analysis showed that the total average monthly costs were most sensitive to variations in hospitalisation costs.
Developmental expression of three proteins from the first gene of the RNA polymerase sigma 43 operon of Bacillus subtilis

The first gene of the Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase sigma 43 operon, P23, has a protein-coding capacity of 23,000 daltons. Sequence analysis revealed three potential translational initiation sites within the same reading frame, which could encode proteins of 23,000 (P23), 19,000 (P19), and 9,000 (P9) daltons, respectively. An internal promoter (P3), which is expressed only during the sporulation stage, is located between the second and the third translational start sites. By protein fusion to the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene, we showed that all three translational initiation sites of the P23 gene are used in vivo in both E. coli and B. subtilis, and regulation for differential expression of the three proteins during the development of B. subtilis is coupled to the transcriptional promoter switching mechanism. The physiological function of these multiple gene products is unknown and is currently under investigation.
Attentional set-shifting and social abilities in children with schizotypal and comorbid autism spectrum disorders

Objective: While diagnostically independent, autism and schizotypal disorders can co-occur. Their concurrent impact on outcomes and phenotypes has not been investigated. We investigated the impact of comorbid autism and schizotypal disorders in children on executive functioning and socio-pragmatic skills – core features of both disorders. Method: Executive functioning (assessed with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery) and socio-pragmatic skills (assessed using the Melbourne Assessment of Schizotypy in Kids) were investigated in a total of 67 (6–12 year old) children with autism (n = 15; M/F = 10/5), schizotypal disorder (n = 8; M/F = 5/3) and comorbid autism and schizotypal disorder (n = 12; M/F = 5/7) and typically developing children (n = 32; M/F = 17/15). Results: Both the autism and schizotypal disorder groups performed more poorly than the typically developing group on socio-pragmatic skills and overall performance (i.e. number of stages completed) of the intra-/extra-dimensional set-shifting task (all ps < 0.001). Clear distinctions between the autism and schizotypal groups were present in the intra-/extra-dimensional task relative to the typically developing group – the autism group had difficulties with extra-dimensional shifts (p < 0.001), and the schizotypal disorder group with intra-dimensional shifts (p = 0.08). Interestingly, the overall performance of the comorbid group on the intra-/extra-dimensional task was not significantly different from the typically developing group, and they were superior to both the autism (p = 0.019) and schizotypal disorder (p = 0.042) groups on socio-pragmatic skills. Conclusion: The phenotypical overlap between autism and schizotypal disorders may be precipitated by different cognitive styles and/or mechanisms associated with attention and information processing. We propose that sustaining and switching attention represent two poles of irregularities across the autism and schizotypal spectra, which appear to converge in a compensatory manner in the comorbid group. Our findings highlight the importance of investigating children with a dual diagnosis of autism and schizotypal disorders, and raise intriguing questions about possible mechanisms to explain the attenuated impairment observed in the group of children with comorbid autism and schizotpyal disorders.
Pair programming for information systems students new to programming: Students’ experiences and teachers’ challenges

Pair programming is a programming technique where two programmers work on one programming task simultaneously. One programmer is designated as the driver while the other one is a navigator. In this paper we report of an experiment to gauge experiences and attitudes towards pair programming of information systems students new to programming. The paper also reports on the challenges educators may face in incorporating pair programming in their teaching. The findings of this paper will be useful to educators who are considering incorporating pair programming in their teaching.
Transitional behavior between self-Kerr and cross-Kerr effects by two photons

The transitional behavior of the two-photon Kerr effect between the self-Kerr and cross-Kerr cases is investigated. To this end, we have developed a semiclassical method for evaluating the two-photon Kerr effect that is applicable to any two-photon input state. It is revealed that the maximum Kerr effect is obtained when the second photon is input with a delay time that corresponds to the absorption time of the first photon by the optical material.