Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self-Field Effects in Magneto-Thermal Instabilities for Nb-Sn Strands

Recent advancements in the critical current density of conductors, coupled with a large effective filament size, have drawn attention to the problem of magneto-thermal instabilities. At low magnetic fields, the quench current of such high strands is significantly lower than their critical current because of the above-mentioned instabilities. An adiabatic model to calculate the minimum current at which a strand can quench due to magneto-thermal instabilities is developed. The model is based on an dasiaintegralpsila approach already used elsewhere . The main difference with respect to the previous model is the addition of the self-field effect that allows to describe premature quenches of non-magnetized strands and to better calculate the quench current of strongly magnetized strands. The model is in good agreement with experimental results at 4.2 K obtained at Fermilab using virgin Modified Jelly Roll (MJR) strands with a low residual resistivity ratio (RRR) of the stabilizing copper. The prediction of the model at 1.9 K and the results of the tests carried out at CERN, at 4.2 K and 1.9 K, on a 0.8 mm Rod Re-Stack Process (RRP) strand with a low RRR value are discussed. At 1.9 K the test revealed an unexpected strand performance at low fields that might be a sign of a new stability regime.
Natural/spontaneous shunts in non‐cirrhotic portal fibrosis

Large natural/spontaneous shunts on splenoportovenography were demonstrated in 10 of 93 patients with non‐cirrhotic portal fibrosis. There was significantly less bleeding in patients with spontaneous shunt than in those having no shunt. Large oesophageal varices (grade III‐IV) were seen more frequently in patients without spontaneous shunt.
E-tail brand experience’s influence on e-brand trust and e-brand loyalty

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of e-tail brand experience on e-brand trust and e-brand loyalty. The study also tests whether gender moderates this influence. Design/methodology/approach – In all, 429 responses were collected using both offline and online survey methods. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling techniques were performed to test the measurement and structural models using SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0 statistical software. Findings – Empirical results confirm the impact of e-tail brand experience on e-brand trust and e-brand loyalty. Gender was found to moderate the relationships. It was further found that e-tail brand experience developed almost same levels of e-brand trust in both males and females. However, males became more loyal to e-tail brands when they received positive e-tail brand experiences. Practical implications – E-tail brand managers should focus on the design and delivery of unique e-tail brand experiences to develop e-brand .
Random Walk Hypothesis in Emerging Stock Market: Evidence from Nairobi Securities Exchange

Random walk theory explains the concept of efficient markets. The markets are described as efficient because they impound information whether private or public very quickly and reflect it in the prices of stocks traded. Investors therefore cannot outperform the markets based on the information gathered. Emerging stock markets have recorded mixed results with regard to their efficiency. Some scholars have argued that for these markets, efficiency is an evolving matter influenced by markets development. The study therefore examined whether the Nairobi Securities Exchange provides evidence of weak form efficiency for the period 2000-2009. This was done by conducting significance tests (at 0.05 level) for serial correlation and run tests to establish if security prices conform to random walk hypothesis. Results indicate that going by the evolving efficiency argument and contrary to prior period findings, the stock market price data pattern in this study yielded result that is consistent with the random walk hypothesis. Consequently, historical price information contained no useful information to use to beat the market in the period reviewed.
Intelligent Business Process Optimization for the Service Industry

The company's sustainable competitive advantage derives from its capacity to create value for customers and to adapt the operational practices to changing situations. Business processes are the heart of each company. Therefore process excellence has become a key issue. This book introduces a novel approach focusing on the autonomous optimization of business processes by applying sophisticated machine learning techniques such as Relational Reinforcement Learning and Particle Swarm Optimization.
Postradiation sarcoma of bone.

Thirty-four additional cases of sarcoma developing in previously irradiated bone are documented, bringing the total Mayo Clinic experience in sarcoma appearing after radiation therapy to fifty-five instances. The sarcomas arose in normal bone within the radiation treatment field in eleven patients, while they arose in pre-existing bone lesions in sixteen patients. Osteogenic sarcoma and fibrosarcoma were most commonly diagnosed. The outlook in tumors of this nature is poor, the average survival being 1.14 years, with only two long-term survivors. Although a relationship has been established in experimental animals, a direct relationship between exposure to external radiation and the development of sarcoma is not established in man. There is no absolute proof that ionizing radiation caused any of these sarcomas. However, this and other significantly large series add to the mounting circumstantial evidence that the association between ionizing radiation and sarcoma is a real one. It must also be emphasized that this is a rare complication clinically.
Charles A. Dice Center for Research in Financial Economics The Structure of Banker’s Pay

While executive compensation is often blamed for the excessive risk taking by banks, little is known about the operating performance incentives used in the finance industry both prior to and subsequent to the recent crisis. We provide a comprehensive analysis of incentive design–the link of compensation to operating performance–in financial firms and compare incentive structures in financial firms to those in non-financial firms. Top executives in financial firms are paid less than their counterparts in non-financial firms of similar size and performance. Banks (and insurance firms) link a larger fraction of top executive pay to short-term accounting metrics like ROE and EPS and a smaller fraction to (long-term) stock price. Performance targets for bankers are not related to the risk of the bank, and ROE targets are not appropriately adjusted for leverage. Consequently, the design of executive compensation in banking may encourage both high leverage and risk-taking, and our evidence provides a potential explanation for the strong positive correlation that we document between the extent of short-term pay for bank CEOs and the risk of the bank before the financial crisis. JEL Classification: F34, G32, G33, G38, K42
Accounting for Biological Assets: Disclosure, Measurement and Value Relevance.

iv Resumo . v List of abbreviations . vi Table of contents . vii List of tables . x List of annexes . xi List of appendices . xii Chapter 1 Introduction . 1 1.1. Background and motivation . 2 1.2. Purposes . 7 1.3. Theoretical background . 7 1.4. Methodology . 9 1.5. Structure . 10 Chapter 2 Accounting for Biological Assets: Disclosure practices of listed firms . 12 2.
The coincidence of rarity and richness and the potential signature of history in centres of endemism

We investigate the relative importance of stochastic and environmental/topographic effects on the occurrence of avian centres of endemism, evaluating their potential historical importance for broad-scale patterns in species richness across Sub-Saharan Africa. Because species-rich areas are more likely to be centres of endemism by chance alone, we test two null models: Model 1 calculates expected patterns of endemism using a random draw from the occurrence records of the continental assemblage, whereas Model 2 additionally implements the potential role of geometric constraints. Since Model 1 yields better quantitative predictions we use it to identify centres of endemism controlled for richness. Altitudinal range and low seasonality emerge as core environmental predictors for these areas, which contain unusually high species richness compared to other parts of sub-Saharan Africa, even when controlled for environmental differences. This result supports the idea that centres of endemism may represent areas of special evolutionary history, probably as centres of diversification.
An overview of retrospective case‐control studies investigating the relationship between prone sleeping position and SIDS

A critical overview of 19 case‐control studies that have investigated the relationship between prone sleeping position and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is presented. Issues relating to the non‐comparability of the studies are described in terms of: (i) case definition; (ii) selection of controls; (iii) quality of the sleeping position data; (iv) recall bias; and (v) adjustment for confounding factors. All studies showed a positive association (2 out of the 19 studies were not significant) between prone sleeping position and SIDS. Meta‐analysis techniques applied to six of these studies, based on ‘usual’ sleeping position in cases and population representative controls, has confirmed an overall higher risk of SIDS in infants who usually sleep prone. The most common odds ratio for an association between prone sleeping position and SIDS was 2.72 (95% confidence interval 2.27‐3.26). The extent to which the methodological problems of retrospective case‐control studies interfere with our interpretations of this association are discussed.
Evaluation of combined homograft replacement of aortic valve and coronary bypass grafting in patients with aortic stenosis.

suMMARY Between January 1972 and October 1977, 40 patients with aortic stenosis underwent combined homograft replacement of the aortic valve and coronary artery bypass grafting. There were 29 men and 11 women between the ages of 38 years and 69 years (mean 58 years). Twenty-nine patients (73 %) were in class III or IV ofthe NYHA Classification at the time of operation. Peak systolic aortic valve gradients ranged from 30 to 150 mmHg (mean 77 mmHg). Twelve patients (30%) had triple vessel disease, 13 (33%) had double vessel disease, and 15 (37%) had single vessel disease. Left main stem stenosis was present in four (10%). Altogether 59 grafts were inserted (average 1-5 grafts per patient). There were one early death (2.5%) and two late deaths (5%) during a follow-up between six and 62 months (mean 26 months). Thirty-three patients (89%) moved to class I of the NYHA Classification after operation. Four patients (10%) sustained perioperative infarction without deterioration in clinical status. Nineteen patients were reinvestigated by repeat left ventriculography and by graft and coronary angiography between three and 31 months (mean 12 months) after operation. The overall graft patency rate was 92 per cent. Left ventricular function was assessed by computerised radial analysis of segmental wall motion. Abnormalities of segmental wall motion in 12 patients were improved in eight (75%). All these patients had patent grafts. Deterioration in segmental wall motion occurred in two patients (17%) and was associated with graft occlusion in one and myocardial infarction in the other. In two patients abnormalities of segmental wall motion persisted. Both of these patients had had a myocardial infarction before operation. Combined homograft
The Role of Bioeconomy Sectors and Natural Resources in EU Economies: A Social Accounting Matrix-Based Analysis Approach

The bio-based economy will be crucial in achieving a sustainable development, covering all ranges of natural resources. In this sense, it is very relevant to analyze the economic links between the bioeconomic sectors and the rest of the economy, determining their total and decomposed impact on economic growth. One of the major problems in carrying out this analysis is the lack of information and complete databases that allow analysis of the bioeconomy and its effects on other economic activities. To overcome this issue, disaggregated social accounting matrices have been obtained for the highly bio-based sectors of the 28 European Union member states. Using this complex database, a linear multiplier analysis shows the future key role of bio-based sectors in boosting economic development in the EU. Results show that the bioeconomy has not yet unleashed its full potential in terms of output and job creation. Thus, output and employment multipliers show that many sectors related to the bioeconomy are still underperforming compared to the EU average, particularly those with higher value added; although, they are still crucial sectors for the wealth creation.
Structural Insights into the Mechanism of pH-dependent Ligand Binding and Release by the Cation-dependent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor*

The cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CD-MPR) is a key component of the lysosomal enzyme targeting system that binds newly synthesized mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P)-containing acid hydrolases and transports them to endosomal compartments. The interaction between the MPRs and its ligands is pH-dependent; the homodimeric CD-MPR binds lysosomal enzymes optimally in the pH environment of the trans Golgi network (pH ∼ 6.5) and releases its cargo in acidic endosomal compartments (<pH 5.5) and at the cell surface. In addition, CD-MPR binding affinities are modulated by divalent cations. Our previous crystallographic studies have shown that at pH 6.5, the CD-MPR bound to Man-6-P adopts a significantly different quaternary conformation than the CD-MPR in a ligand-unbound state, a feature unique among known lectin structures. To determine whether different pH conditions elicit conformational changes in the receptor that alters ligand binding affinities, we have obtained additional crystal structures representative of the various environments encountered by the receptor including: 1) the CD-MPR bound at pH 6.5 (i.e. trans Golgi network) to a high affinity ligand (the terminally phosphorylated trisaccharide P-Man(α1,2)Man(α1,2)Man-O-(CH2)8COOMe), 2) the CD-MPR at pH 4.8 in an unbound state (i.e. endosome), and 3) the CD-MPR at pH 7.4 (i.e. cell surface). A detailed comparison of the available CD-MPR structures reveals the positional invariability of specific binding pocket residues and implicates intermonomer contact(s), as well as the protonation state of Man-6-P, as regulators of pH-dependent carbohydrate binding.
Topical vitamin K3 (Vit K3, Menadione) prevents erlotinib and cetuximab-induced EGFR inhibition in the skin.

3036 Background: The EGFR inhibitors erlotinib and cetuximab cause skin toxicity in about 75% of patients. The occurrence of skin toxicity correlates with clinical benefit. About half the patients with skin toxicity report significant discomfort. There are currently no scientifically based or proven methods for preventing or treating effectively the skin toxicity secondary to EGFR inhibitors. METHODS We screened a number of EGFR activators and phosphatase inhibitors for their ability to abrogate EGFR inhibition secondary to erlotinib and cetuximab in A431 cells. P-EGFR expression was assessed by western blot analysis. Vit K3 was selected for further in vivo studies. The skin toxicity secondary to the topical application of Vit K3 was evaluated in nude mice. The highest non-toxic concentration was used to determine the ability of topical Vit K3 to prevent EGFR inhibition in the skin of nude mice treated with EGFR inhibitors. RESULTS Vit K3 was the most potent EGFR activator identified, the maximum effect being observed at concentrations of 0.1-0.5 mM. In the presence of erlotinib or cetuximab, 0.1- 0.5 mM Vit K3 completely prevented EGFR inhibition. The maximum non-toxic concentration of Vit K3 applied topically BID × 10 days to nude mice was 15 mM. At this concentration, topical Vit K3 caused P-EGFR upregulation in the skin. In animals treated with erlotinib (100 mg/kg daily × 5 days), there was no detectable P-EGFR expression in the skin not treated with topical Vit K3 whereas P-EGFR expression was completely restored in the skin treated BID x 5 days with topical Vit K3. CONCLUSIONS Vit K3 is one of the first reported agents to prevent/reverse EGFR inhibition secondary to anti-EGFR agents. The results strongly justify the development of a topical formulation of Vit K3 to treat and prevent the cutaneous toxicity secondary to EGFR inhibitors. [Table: see text].
Pathological changes in the lungs of calves following intratracheal exposure to Pasteurella multocida B:2.

Pasteurella multocida B:2 is an etiological agent of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffaloes. It is commonly fatal and considered as one of the most economically important cattle diseases in Southeast Asia. This study describes the pathological changes in the lungs of calves following intra-tracheal challenge with wild-type P. multocida B:2. For this purpose, six calves of 8-month old were selected and divided into two groups of 3 calves. Calves of Group 1 were challenged with intra-tracheal 5 ml inoculum containing 109 cfu/ml of wild-type P. multocida B:2, while the calves of Group 2 were similarly administered with PBS. All the challenged calves of Group 1 showed slight dullness and were found to be inactive within 72 hours after inoculation, but none died. Meanwhile, their lungs showed petechiations and patches of acute pneumonia affecting few lobules. Histological examinations revealed the presence of haemorrhages into the alveoli, whereas some sections showed thickened inter-alveolar septa due to congestion and the presence of neutrophils. However, pulmonary oedema was absent. P. multocida B:2 was successfully isolated from all the calves of Group 1.
Efficiency and Effectiveness Analysis of Village Financial Management (VFM) (Case Study Asahan Regency)

As an implementation of decentralized development, village financial management (VFM) is a financing model in a way to closer the needs of development at the village level. Theoretically, the successful objectives achievement of this authority delegation is if VFM can be done efficiently and effectively. This study aimed to analyze these efficiency and effectiveness of VFM and analyze factors inhibiting. The results showed that 1) VFM in Asahan district has not implemented both efficiently and effectively that shown from the weak implementation of both good governance principles and continuous improvement and, 2) Factors inhibiting the efficiency and effectiveness of VFM are, (i) lack of musrenbang transparency specifically the quality of information, access to information, the transparency mechanism of information and the level of information disclosure, (ii) lack of budgeting transparency, in particular the level of information disclosure, access to information and quality of information, (iii) lack of supervision transparency in particular the level of transparency, information quality and information access, (iv) the weak of oversight participation, especially the satisfaction level of participation and involve the community, and (v) lack of monitoring accountability in particular public complaints mechanism, access to the audit report and the responsibility structure.
Extrahepatic biliary obstruction: magnetic resonance imaging compared with endoscopic ultrasonography.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS The aim of this study was to compare prospectively the diagnostic efficacy of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in extrahepatic biliary obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 50 patients with suspected benign or malignant extrahepatic biliary obstruction underwent MR imaging, including MR cholangiopancreatography, and EUS, within a median time delay of 1 day. The final diagnosis was established by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in 37 cases, intraoperative cholangiography in nine cases, and clinical and biochemical follow-up in four cases. RESULTS In total, 33 patients had extrahepatic biliary obstruction, of benign origin in 21 cases and of malignant origin in 12 cases, whereas 17 had no evidence of obstruction. The sensitivity and specificity of MR imaging were 91% and 94 %, respectively. There were one false-positive and three false-negative results, all related to choledochal sludge. The corresponding values for EUS were 97% and 88%. There were two false-positive results and one false-negative result. False-positive diagnoses were related to the presumed presence of biliary sludge and choledocholithiasis, whereas the false-negative diagnosis occurred in one patient with a final diagnosis of sludge. No significant difference in sensitivity and specificity was observed between the two imaging methods (P>0.05). CONCLUSION In our study MR imaging was as accurate as EUS in the diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary obstruction.
Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health

This paper examines the nutritional and veterinary effects of tannins on ruminants and makes some comparisons with non-ruminants. Tannin chemistry per se is not covered and readers are referred to several excellent reviews instead: (a) Okuda T et al.Heterocycles 30:1195–1218 (1990); (b) Ferreira D and Slade D. Nat Prod Rep 19:517–541 (2002); (c) Yoshida T et al. In Studies in Natural Product Chemistry. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 395–453 (2000); (d) Khanbabaee K and van Ree T. Nat Prod Rep 18:641–649 (2001); (e) Okuda et al.Phytochemistry 55:513–529 (2000). The effects of tannins on rumen micro-organisms are also not reviewed, as these have been addressed by others: (a) McSweeney CS et al.Anim Feed Sci Technol 91:83–93 (2001); (b) Smith AH and Mackie RI. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:1104–1115 (2004). This paper deals first with the nutritional effects of tannins in animal feeds, their qualitative and quantitative diversity, and the implications of tannin–protein complexation. It then summarises the known physiological and harmful effects and discusses the equivocal evidence of the bioavailability of tannins. Issues concerning tannin metabolism and systemic effects are also considered. Opportunities are presented on how to treat feeds with high tannin contents, and some lesser-known but successful feeding strategies are highlighted. Recent research has explored the use of tannins for preventing animal deaths from bloat, for reducing intestinal parasites and for lowering gaseous ammonia and methane emissions. Finally, several tannin assays and a hypothesis are discussed that merit further investigation in order to assess their suitability for predicting animal responses. The aim is to provoke discussion and spur readers into new approaches. An attempt is made to synthesise the emerging information for relating tannin structures with their activities. Although many plants with high levels of tannins produce negative effects and require treatments, others are very useful animal feeds. Our ability to predict whether tannin-containing feeds confer positive or negative effects will depend on interdisciplinary research between animal nutritionists and plant chemists. The elucidation of tannin structure–activity relationships presents exciting opportunities for future feeding strategies that will benefit ruminants and the environment within the contexts of extensive, semi-intensive and some intensive agricultural systems. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry