Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE APPRAISAL ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL EXAM ISSUES (A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS)

Appraisal is a system of interpersonal meanings. Martin and Rose (2003:22) explain that the term of appraisal for negotiating our social relationship, by telling our listeners or readers how we feel about things and people (in a word, what our attitudes are). This article tries to analyse the appraisal meaning from the news article. The appraisal analysis using discourse analysis based on Martin and Rose work. Then, the analysis focus on how texts are produced as social practice and how texts represent as an ideology (power struggle). The text is taken from news article from The Jakarta Post. The issues took about national examination issues. The result of analysis show that, the writer found three basic of appraisal meaning namely attitude, amplification and source of the text. The attitude is divided into three parts namely affect (feelings), judgement (character) and appreciation (value). In national exams issues many people give their feeling, judgement and appreciation. By knowing the appraisal analysis we will know how texts are produced as social practice. Also, the national exam issues have an ideology (power struggle). The ideology consist of two parts namely perspective and bias. Perspective refers to how do the people give their opinion, while bias means how do the texts affect the people.
Quantifying contamination of streams by 1080 baits, and their fate in water

Abstract Forty‐eight streams were surveyed during four aerial 1080 operations in New Zealand's South Island to quantify the number of 1080 baits falling into streams. Bait size used in each operation varied considerably: small (2g) baits in Marlborough, medium‐sized (6–7 g) baits in Canterbury and the West Coast, and large (11 g) baits in Lewis Pass. The number of baits found in streams varied widely, and was related only to bait size, with more of the small baits found in streams than the large baits. There was no relationship between stream width or canopy cover and the number of baits found within a stream. These findings suggest that the potential number of baits falling into a stream cannot be calculated from the bait application rate and the stream size. The fate of submerged 1080 baits was also examined in a laboratory flow tank. Submerged baits fragmented within 3–4 days. 1080 was rapidly leached from submerged baits: almost 50% of original 1080 had leached after 5h, and >90% after 24h. Such rapid leaching reflects 1080's high solubility. This finding has implications for water quality monitoring programmes used during 1080 drops, as samples should be collected within 4–8h of potential contamination to detect presence of 1080.
Prevalence of anemia and its relation to socio-demographic factors: cross-sectional study among adolescent boys in urban Meerut, India

Many studies in recent times have highlighted the high prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls in India; however, there is limited published literature on prevalence of anemia among adolescent boys. A cross sectional study was done among school going children across a wide section of society to get a representative sample from urban Meerut. Sample of 400 boys were selected using random sampling across both English and Hindi medium schools. In addition to Hemoglobin estimation, weight and height was recorded, and socio economic history was taken. Overall 43% of the boys were found to be anemic with 23% having moderate to severe anemia. Prevalence of anaemia was significantly higher among children who took 2 meals per day (49%) compared to those who took 3 meals per day (39%). Anemia had no correlation with BMI, with 50% of overweight and obese children having anemia. The prevalence of mild anemia was found to be high even among boys coming from higher socio economic classes, although the prevalence of severe anemia was significantly higher among lower socio economic classes.
From Russia with Blat: Can Informal Networks Help Modernize Russia?

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Moscow has become a global city with a vibrant urban and cultural life-one of the most expensive capitals in the world with famous clubs and restaurants, as well as one of the most popular destinations for city workers and diplomats. Has corruption been instrumental in Moscow's development? The answer is complicated and in many ways a matter of definitions. It depends on whether one considers informal practices-inherited from Soviet times as well as new ones-as corrupt and how one conceptualizes corruption. I will illustrate some of these complications for the case of the Soviet practice of blat, explain its "monetization" and its evolving relationship with corruption in the post-Soviet transition, and analyze the role of informal networks in present-day Russia.
Value premium in the Chinese stock market: free lunch or paid lunch?

In this article we find that value premium exist throughout our sample period 1998–2008. However, the predictability of Book-to-Market (B/M) ratio appears to be unrelated with financial distress risk. In fact, value stocks are less risky than growth stocks in terms of return volatility and estimated financial distress risk. Further, our results suggest that the factor Value Minus Growth (VMG), which is directly related to value premium, is not a pervasive risk measure compared to the market factor and Small Minus Big (SMB) factor. While the size effect seems to be closely related to distress risk, both size and B/M factors do not appear to be driven by financial distress risk.
State Dependency in Price and Wage Setting

The frequency of nominal wage adjustments varies with macroeconomic conditions, but existing models exclude such state dependency in wage setting and assume constant frequency under time-dependent setting. This paper develops a New Keynesian model in which fixed wage-setting costs generate state-dependent wage setting. I find that state-dependent wage setting reduces the real impacts of monetary shocks compared to time-dependent setting. However, when parameterized to reproduce the fluctuations in wage rigidity in the U.S., the state-dependent wage-setting model generates responses to monetary shocks similar to those of the time-dependent model. The trade-off between output gap and inflation variability is also similar between these two models.
Survey Design and the Determinants of Subjective Wellbeing: An Experimental Analysis

We analyse the results of experiments on questionnaire design and interview mode in the first four waves (2008-11) of the UK Understanding Society Innovation Panel survey. The randomised experiments relate to job, health, income, leisure and overall life-satisfaction questions and vary the labeling of response scales, mode of interviewing, and location of questions within the interview. We find significant evidence of an influence of interview mode and question design on the distribution of reported satisfaction measures, particularly for women. Results from the sort of conditional modeling used to address real research questions appear less vulnerable to design influences.
Exploring Ghanaian adolescents’ meaning of health and wellbeing: A psychosocial perspective

There is presently no internationally agreed upon set of indicators for assessing adolescent health and what “health and wellbeing” means to adolescents. The psychosocial context of family, friends, and school plays a crucial role in the construction of health and wellbeing by adolescents. In spite of this, not much is known about the meaning Ghanaian adolescents attach to their health and wellbeing and the role of stress and social support in the construction of this meaning. This study explores how perceived social support and stress influence the construction of the meaning of health and wellbeing to Ghanaian adolescents. Eleven respondents purposively selected from 770 males and females participated in semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed verbatim and analysed with thematic analysis. Findings pointed to the fact that health and wellbeing was largely construed as “ability to perform daily functions,” such as ability to take critical decisions and a general sense of vitality and mental strength. These were influenced by perceived social support (“encouragement and advice” and “religiosity or spirituality”) and stress (“teasing, strictness, quarrels, and arguments”). These findings suggest that effective communication, mutual respect, and support from significant others, in the midst of stressful life events, contribute substantially to a holistic construction and meaning of health and wellbeing by Ghanaian adolescents.
College Students’ Views about Journalism Education in Spain

The paper presents the results of a survey of 1,552 journalism students from five public universities in Spain during academic year 2011-12. The research addresses two objectives: how students evaluate journalism as a degree subject and whether they believe they need this qualification to be a journalist. The results indicate that most students believe the journalism courses are adequate, but almost 25% consider them unnecessary. Students acknowledge the quality of the training received at the specialist faculties but the percentage in Spain is lower than in other countries in the study. A multiple linear regression was used to discover the variables that explain this evaluation. The most influential variable is the course enrolled on, followed by the functions the respondents assign to the faculty. The paper has used data from the largest sample on this subject taken so far, which also includes all courses and data on graduates completing their first university course in journalism as part of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). This study can be a valuable starting point for further research to inform decision-making on the subject. This research is part of the «Journalism Students Project» with participants from seven countries: Australia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Spain, Switzerland and the United States. RESUMEN El artículo presenta los resultados de una encuesta realizada a una muestra de 1.552 estudiantes de Periodismo de cinco universidades públicas durante el curso 2011-12. La investigación aborda dos objetivos: conocer la valoración de los estudiantes respecto a la titulación y averiguar si consideran necesarios los estudios de Periodismo para ejercer la profesión. Los resultados indican que los estudiantes creen apropiados los estudios de Periodismo, pero casi una cuarta parte los considera innecesarios. Los estudiantes valoran la calidad de la formación recibida en las facultades con un aprobado, por debajo de la opinión de la mayoría de los estudiantes de los otros países del estudio. Se ha realizado una regresión lineal múltiple para encontrar qué variables explican dicha valoración; la más influyente es el curso matriculado, seguida de las funciones que los encuestados otorgan a las facultades. El trabajo presenta la virtud de haber contado con datos a partir de la mayor muestra utilizada hasta el momento, que además incluye todos los cursos y datos para las primeras promociones de alumnos de Grado según el Espacio Europeo de En señanza Superior (EEES). Puede ser un punto de partida valioso para posteriores estudios que permitan tomar decisiones a los responsables académicos. El estudio forma parte del «Journalism Students Proyect» con estudiantes de Periodismo de Australia, Brasil, Chile, México, España, Suiza y Estados Unidos.
Sources and Implications of Resource Misallocation: New Evidence from Firm-Level Marginal Products and User Costs

Using micro-data on firm-specific borrowing costs and wages, we demonstrate that distortions in firms’ policies can be empirically measured using firm-level gaps between marginal revenue products and user costs (MRP-cost gaps). We estimate MRP-cost gaps for 4.7 million firm-year observations in Italy between 1997 and 2013: their variation is closely related to the extent of credit and labor market frictions. Using the MRP-cost gaps, we assess the scope of input misallocation in Italy, and its impact on aggregate output and total factor productivity (TFP). The Italian corporate sector could produce 6% to 8% more output by reallocating resources toward higher-value users. Output losses from misallocation are larger (i) during episodes of financial instability, (ii) in non-manufacturing industries, (iii) in areas with less developed institutions and (iv) among high-risk firms. We highlight an important gain/risk tradeoff: gains from reallocation might come at the expense of increasing aggregate financial fragility, because maximizing reallocation gains requires a transfer of resource from large, old, and low-risk firms toward small, young, and high-risk firms.
Interdecadal Change of Winter Precipitation over Southern China in Late 1990s

This study discovered a decreasing phenomenon of interdecadal variation in winter precipitation averaged over southern China since 1998. This study analyzed the difference in the average precipitation in the periods of 1999–2014 and 1980–1998 to determine the cause of reduction in winter precipitation in recent years. The spatial distribution of difference in winter precipitation between the two periods showed that negative anomalies were distributed from the equatorial eastern Pacific to the equatorial central Pacific, whereas positive anomalies were distributed in the subtropical western Pacific, Maritime Continent, and northern part of Australia. This pattern is a typical spatial distribution of precipitation anomalies displayed at La Niña events. On the other hand, most of the northern parts (i.e., above 20°N) in East Asia showed negative anomalies, the centers of which were distributed over southern China. To determine the characteristic of the large-scale atmospheric circulations that caused a difference of spatial distribution in precipitation between the two periods, a difference in 850 hPa streamlines was analyzed between the two periods. In the tropical Pacific, the Walker circulation, in which air ascended from the Maritime Continent and tropical western Pacific and descended at the equatorial central Pacific, was strengthened. Thus, this was caused by a spatial distribution of sea surface temperature, La Niña-like pattern. In the East Asia region, the Hadley circulation, in which air ascended at the southern China Sea and descended at mid-latitude regions in East Asia, was strengthened. This circulation was related to an anomalous pressure system pattern of the west high east low type in East Asia and the strengthening of the East Asian winter monsoon, which can be confirmed through the snow depth, which increased in mid-latitude regions in East Asia in recent years.
Increasing Access to Infrastructure for Africa's Rural Poor

The development community is increasingly in agreement t h at providing adequate hard i n f ra s t ru c t u re (i.e., c a p i t a l i n t e n s i ve infra s t ru c t u re such as ru ra l t e l e c o m m u n i c at i o n s , e l e c t r i f i c at i o n , a n d ru ral roads) is an important step in the p rocess of allev i ating pove rty and p roviding a more equitable set of opportunities for citizens in deve l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s . In infra s t ru c t u re deve l o p m e n t , Africa has lagged behind the We s t e r n H e m i s p h e re for centuries, even tra i l i n g L atin America in recent decades.This has normally been attributed to geog ra p hy and the initial condition of A f r i c a ’s infras t ru c t u re . D i s e a s e , internal distances, a n d sparse population have been import a n t factors as we l l .
The Biolinguistics of Autism: Emergent Perspectives

This contribution attempts to import the study of autism into the biolinguistics program by reviewing the current state of knowledge on its neurobiology, physiology and verbal phenotypes from a comparative vantage point. A closer look at alternative approaches to the primacy of social cognition impairments in autism spectrum disorders suggests fundamental differences in every aspect of language comprehension and production, suggesting productive directions of research in auditory and visual speech processing as well as executive control. Strong emphasis is put on the great heterogeneity of autism phenotypes, raising important caveats towards an all-or-nothing classification of autism. The study of autism brings interesting clues about the nature and evolution of language, in particular its ontological connections with musical and visual perception as well as executive functions and generativity. Success in this endeavor hinges upon expanding beyond the received wisdom of autism as a purely social disorder and favoring a “cognitive style” approach increasingly called for both inside and outside the autistic community.
Goniometric study of young and adult Saanen goats

Using the goniometric method, it is possible to take measures of extension, flexion, abduction, and adduction of a synovial joint. The aim of this study was to use goniometry to compare flexion and extension of fore and hind limbs of Saanen goats at different ages. Flexion and extension angles of the shoulder, elbow, and carpus joints, as well as of the thigh, stifle, and tarsus joints, were measured using a standard goniometer on 10 six-month-old goats and on 15 three-year-old goats. The range of motion was reduced in all joints of the adult animals compared to that of the younger animals, but the difference was statistically significant only for the shoulder, elbow, stifle, and tarsus. It was noted that the greater muscle volume of adult animals influenced the flexion capacity of limbs (statistically verified for all joints), whereas young animals reached a more complete flexion with smaller angles than in adults. Therefore, we have shown that age affects goniometric measurements of synovial joints in Saanen goats. Such data may be useful in evaluation of joints in other goats.
A Macro-Finance Analysis of the Term Structure and Monetary Policy in Japan: Using a Model with Time-Variant Equilibrium Rates of Real Interest and Inflation and with the Zero Lower Bound of Nominal Interest Rates

We study the term structure of interest rates and monetary policy in Japan empirically, using a macro-finance model. In particular, we investigate whether or not Japan's low long-term interest rates can be explained with economic rationality by taking into account some key features of the economy: possible time-variability of perceived equilibrium rates of real interest and inflation, the effect of the zero lower bound of nominal interest rates, and the effect of the zero interest rate commitment by the Bank of Japan. We are also interested in the estimation of the macroeconomic structure based not only on macroeconomic data but also on market interest rate information. Specifically, we use a New Keynesian-type macro structural model and an affine diffusion model of the term structure, taking into account the non-linearity related to the zero interest rate constraint. We estimate the models simultaneously using monthly time-series data including the estimated monthly series of GDP. We find that both the perceived equilibrium rates have been time-variant since the end of 1980s, and that the macro-finance model gives us a rational explanation of low interest rates although there are some caveats in interpreting the results. We also carry out a decomposition of the interest rates into various components, and analyze the causes of model errors.
The Dynamical Evolution of Young Clusters. With a focus on the effects on planetary systems

Stars form in clusters or groups. In these crowded environments, they are likely to experience encounters with one another. These encounters may perturb their planetary systems and cause the ejection of one or more planets. N-body simulations were performed to study the effect of encounters between stars on their planetary systems in young stellar clusters. Two categories of young clusters were modelled : clusters without gas (dry clusters) and clusters containing gas (embedded clusters). In both cases, it was found that a large majority of stars (85 - 95 %) experience at least one encounter with an other star in the first 10 Myr of the cluster evolution. Furthermore, between 5 % and 25 % of solar system-like planetary systems are affected by these encounters.
Substitutability of Savings by Sectors: OECD Experiences

This paper investigates empirically the substitutability of savings among the household, corporate and government sectors in OECD countries. First, theoretical micro-foundations are constructed, wherein, each sector behaves under intertemporal optimization. Second, empirical investigations are conducted based on this theoretical formation. Optimal consumptions is then derived based on the theoretical relationship between household consumption and corporate and government savings. Empirical results indicate that changes in corporate savings marginally offset household savings in OECD countries. This empirical evidence somewhat supports the assertion that households partly pierce the corporate veil and that other factors, such as fluctuations in disposable income and precautionary motives, contribute to the relation between household and corporate savings. However, substitutability of savings between the households and the government is not clearly evident.
The Selection of High-Skilled Emigrants

Abstract We measure selection among high-skilled emigrants from Germany using predicted earnings. Migrants to less equal countries are positively selected relative to nonmigrants, while migrants to more equal countries are negatively selected, consistent with the prediction in Borjas (1987). Positive selection to less equal countries reflects university quality and grades, and negative selection to more equal countries reflects university subject and gender. Migrants to the United States are highly positively selected and concentrated in STEM fields. Our results highlight the relevance of the Borjas model for high-skilled individuals when credit constraints and other migration barriers are unlikely to be binding.
Testing hypotheses about temporary and persistent effects of otter trawling on infauna: changes in diversity rather than abundance

ABSTRACT: A field experiment was conducted to examine the short- and long-term effects of ottertrawling on a macrobenthic infaunal community in shallow subtidal waters of Faxafloi Bay (SW Ice-land) that had never been trawled before. The experimental design consisted of 4 sites trawled 10times and 4 areas left undisturbed (controls). Sampling of fauna and sediments was carried out inJune 1997, immediately after trawling, and subsequently 2 and 7 mo later, in order to investigatelonger term impacts of trawling. No significant treatment effects could be detected on total abun-dance or on multivariate structure, and tests for individual species revealed only a single short-termeffect (for the bivalve Thyasira flexuosa) . However, trawling affected several aspects of diversity withsignificant short-term reduction in species richness and persistent effects on the Shannon-Wienerindex. Power analysis revealed that larger changes were needed to detect changes in abundancecompared to measures of diversity. Analyses of qualitative changes revealed a decreasing trend inabundance of the majority of taxa (especially the rarer ones) immediately after trawling. This was themost likely cause for the reduced diversity and the augmented small-scale variability in species rich-ness. The size of initial impacts and the persistence of effects were largely consistent with those ofprevious studies in similar environments. Similar to other types of environmental impacts in aquaticenvironments, our analyses reveal that impacts of trawling on measures of diversity can be detectedat a high statistical power and that larger effects are necessary to detect impacts on abundances.KEY WORDS: Otter trawl · Experimental fishing · Infauna · Variability · Analysis of variance ·Iceland · Diversity · Power analysis