Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of a Conditional Cash Transfer Program on Age of Marriage in India

Child marriage is a violation of human rights, with severe and adverse implications for girls’ well-being and developmental potential. Girls married before age 18 are subject to early or forced sexual relations, face a higher risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, and are more vulnerable to intimate partner violence. Early marriage often leads to early childbearing, which is further associated with poor maternal health outcomes. Beyond the immediate health risks, lower educational attainment leaves girls less equipped for economic advancement.
Strengthening Parental Contributions to School Readiness and Early School Learning.

Research pertaining to implemenLation of the U.S. first national education goal calling for parents to prepare their children for school success is reviewed and synthesized. The report is organized to inform the design of a public awareness Initiative aimed primarily at parents. It reviews research in an effort to guide decisions about the content and methods of efforts to strengthen parents' contributions to their children's early success in school. Four major questions are addressed: (1) To what extent do parent practices and beliefs in the early years contribute to children's success in school? (2) What specific parent practices and beliefs are related to school readiness and success in the child's early years? (3) To what extent are desired parent practices carried out by parents, and how do parents view the task of preparing their child for school? (4) Are printed materials likely to be effective in strengthening parents' understanding of the development of their child's school-related abilities? Implications for practice identified include: (1) targeting initiatives in the early years of parenting; (2) increasing the amount of quality time spent with younrj children; and (3) incorporating an appreciatio% of the cultural and socioeconomic bases of parent behavior and beliefs into programs aimed at parents. Directions for research are also suggested. Contains approximately 165 references. (LB) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *************X********************************************************* IMPMITINIMT OP 11,111M771010 OM. ot Etiresmami IMP Won and finprotoment EDUCATK"VOMNRCE11 O INFORMATION MRI XThii aopanont has been roptintocod reconett hop the potion or orlismottoo orgootalli a Ow Owen him boon mode to morays rapadocion MAW Points at now or opennwo etotatbn ffiSdOCt, mom do no nicoosottli ntentiont *Masi Of RI Motion ioc policy STRENGTHENING PARENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCHOOL READINESS AND EARLY SCHOOL LEARNING
Effects of Parameterized Diffusion on Simulated Hurricanes

AbstractIn this study the authors analyze and interpret the effects of parameterized diffusion on the nearly steady axisymmetric numerical simulations of hurricanes presented in a recent study. In that study it was concluded that horizontal diffusion was the most important control factor for the maximum simulated hurricane intensity. Through budget analysis it is shown here that horizontal diffusion is a major contributor to the angular momentum budget in the boundary layer of the numerically simulated storms. Moreover, a new scale analysis recognizing the anisotropic nature of the parameterized model diffusion shows why the horizontal diffusion plays such a dominant role. A simple analytical model is developed that captures the essence of the effect. The role of vertical diffusion in the boundary layer in the aforementioned numerical simulations is more closely examined here. It is shown that the boundary layer in these simulations is consistent with known analytical solutions in that boundary layer dept.
Effect of Tree Shelters on Survival, Growth, and Wood Quality of 11 Tree Species Commonly Planted in the Southern United States

One-year-old seedlings of 11 commonly used southern urban shade tree species were planted with and without plastic shelters and grown for 3 years (1993- 1995) to determine shelter effects on tree growth, survival, and appearance. Shelters increased the percentage of survival of all species except Katsura tree (Cercidiphyllum japonicum). After 2 years, survival was approximately 85%, compared to 50% for nonsheltered trees, with sheltered sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), nuttall oak (Q. nuttallii), Chinese elm (L/lmus parvifolia), swamp chestnut oak (Q. michauxii), and northern red oak (Q. rubrd) having at least 90% survival. Seventy percent of the sheltered and 88% of the nonsheltered trees that died did so during the first year of the study. Shelters increased height growth of sawtooth oak, green ash, white oak (Q. alba), nuttall oak, eastern redbud (Cerris canadensis), swamp chestnut oak, and northern red oak after 3 years. Shelters had a negative effect on basal diameter of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and Chinese elm during the first 2 years, and a positive effect on basal diameter of swamp chestnut oak in year 1. After 3 years, neither crown area, woody biomass, nor wood density were influenced by shelters. Due to increased survival and height growth, tree shelters may help in establishment of seedling sawtooth oak, green ash, Chinese elm, white oak, redbud, nuttall oak, swamp chestnut oak, and northern red oak in urban areas of the southern United States.
Non-conventional antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with clinical obstetrical APS: prevalence and pregnancies treatment eﬀicacy

Objectives To describe the prevalence of non-conventional APL in patients with obstetrical APS without conventional APL and the impact of treatment on pregnancy outcome. Methods Patients with clinical obstetrical criteria were tested for anti-phosphatidylethanolamine (aPE) IgG/M, anti-prothrombin/phosphatidylserine (anti-PS/PT) IgG/M and anti-annexin V IgG. Pregnancies losses rates were compared between APS, non-conventional APS and non-APL and in untreated pregnancies to treated ones for each group.
Exploring the Effects of Real Effort in a Weak-Link Experiment

We report results from a weak-link i? ½ often also called minimum-effort i? ½ game experiment with multiple Pareto-ranked strict pure-strategy Nash equilibria, using a real-effort rather than a chosen-effort task: subjects have to sort and count coins and their payoff depends on the worst performance in the group. While in the initial rounds our subjects typically coordinate on inefficient outcomes, almost 80 percent of the groups are able to overcome coordination failure in the later rounds. Our results are in stark contrast to results typically reported in the literature.
Scale-Free Property for Degrees and Weights in a Preferential Attachment Random Graph Model

A random graph evolution mechanism is defined. The evolution studied is a combination of the preferential attachment model and the interaction of four vertices. The asymptotic behaviour of the graph is described. It is proved that the graph exhibits a power law degree distribution; in other words, it is scale-free. It turns out that any exponent in can be achieved. The proofs are based on martingale methods.
Surface functionalization of magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles for controlled drug release

The modified sol–gel approach to the synthesis of well-structured magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (M-MSNs) was described, which comprised magnetic nanoparticles resided within the mesoporous nanoparticles. A diversity of surface modification was subjected to systematic investigation using organic silanes, eventually resulting in the decoration with the carboxyl (–COOH), methyl phosphonate (–PO3−), amino (–NH2) and phenyl (–Ph) groups on the surface of M-MSNs. The careful characterizations demonstrated that the modified M-MSNs displayed the specifically charged surfaces and differently porous characters, yet without showing any influence on the shape and size. To exploit their potential in cancer treatment, we extensively studied the drug loading capacity and sustained release behaviour of the modified M-MSNs for representative drugs. The hydrophilically modified M-MSNs with –COOH and –PO3− were beneficial for loading the water-soluble doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) through electrostatic attraction. The results demonstrated that M-MSNs-PO3− achieved a higher loading content and M-MSNs-COOH presented a distinct pH-responsible release behavior. On the other hand, M-MSNs-Ph displayed a controlled release rate in a short term via the weakened hydrogen bonding interaction. The cytotoxicity of modified M-MSNs to normal cells and macrophage uptake indicated that the modified M-MSNs were suitable as drug carriers. These mesoporous nanoparticles were non-toxicity to HeLa cells, while the drug-loaded nanoparticles apparently led to the unambiguous cytotoxicity as a result of the sustained release of drugs. These results have an important implication that the modified M-MSNs are promising as platforms for storing the hydrophilic or hydrophobic anticancer drugs for tumour therapy.
Comparative evaluation of platelet augmentation activity of Carica papaya leaf juice and hydrocortisone in thrombocytopenic rats

Aim The study aims at determining the possible effects of Carica papaya leaf juice and hydrocortisone in increasing the platelet count in thrombocytopenia similar to dengue fever. Methodology The study was carried out on 24 Long Evans Norwegian strain healthy rats to investigate the comparative platelet increasing effect of Carica papaya leaf juice and hydrocortisone in experimentally induced thrombocytopenic rats. Thrombocytopenia was induced by 3 doses of cyclophosphamide (100mg/kg body weight) given subcutaneously. The rats were divided into 4 groups comprising of six animals in each group. These groups included a normal control and a cyclophosphamide induced thrombocytopenic control and the remaining two cyclophosphamide induced thrombocytopenic groups were administered Carica papaya leaf juice and hydrocortisone respectively. The duration of study was 15 days. The clotting time was determined on the 15th day although blood samples were obtained from the rat tails at various time intervals to determine the platelet count. Collected data was tabulated and Statistical analysis was performed by using appropriate significant test. A probability value P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Result Average platelet counts of the test and control groups were (6.89)×10 5 /? L and (6.75)×10 5 /? L respectively before the experiment. In the experiment there was no significant difference in the platelet counts during the first 3 days in either group. However, platelet counts within the test group started to fall after Day 3 and remarkable thrombocytopenia developed after 7days and the average value was (2.68)×10 5 /? L. From day 11 Carica papaya leaf juice and Hydrocortisone was given in two test groups following cyclophosphamide and platelet counts observed to reach a peak level at Day 14 (7.83)×10 5 /? L in case of following Carica papaya leaf juice, and (4.05)×10 5 /? L in case of following Hydrocortisone. The clotting time was determined on day 15 and it was found to be considerably lower (95.5 ± 2.762 sec) in case of Carica papaya leaf juice than (129±3.124 sec) in Hydrocortisone. Conclusion Carica papaya leaf juice has more platelet increasing effect than hydrocortisone and this study also reflects that Carica papaya leaf juice may be a potential candidate for further research leading to the development of a herbal therapeutic agent for thrombocytopenia manifested in diseases such as dengue. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjpp.v30i2. 22681 Bangladesh J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 30(2): 32-40
Clouds in arms

We use astrometry and broad-band photometry from Data Release 2 of the ESA’s Gaia mission to map out low surface-brightness features in the stellar density distribution around the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. The LMC appears to have grown two thin and long stellar streams in its Northern and Southern regions, highly reminiscent of spiral arms. We use computer simulations of the Magellanic Clouds’ in-fall to demonstrate that these arms were likely pulled out of the LMC’s disc due to the combined influence of the SMC’s most recent fly-by and the tidal field of the Milky Way.
Effects of recurrent sand deposition on rocky intertidal organisms: importance of substrate heterogeneity in a fluctuating environment

This research represents a 3-yr (September 1975-June 1978) examination of a southern California rocky intertidal system influenced by variable sand deposition ranging from almost zero to total seasonal inundation over different portions of the study area. An apparent subclimax association of opportunistic macrophytes (Chaetomorpha linum, Cladophora columbiana, Ulva lobata, Enteromorpha intestinalis) and highly-reproductive macroinvertebrates (Tetraclita rubescens, Chtharnalus fissus/dalli, Phragmatoporna californica) dominate by rapidly repopulating those lowlying microhabitats routinely buried by sand. Refuge habitats on slightly elevated rock pinnacles (sand free) were dominated by long-lived molluscs such as Mytilus californianus, Haliotis cracherodii and Lottia gigantea. The lower limits of these biotically-competent taxa (sensu Vermeij. 1978) appear to be determined by the physical smothering action of sand, rather than by the kinds of biological factors documented for other rocky intertidal habitats. The stress-tolerant Anthopleura elegantissima dominates the upper intertidal macroinvertebrate cover because of reproductive, behavioral and physiological adaptations to the stresses of aerial exposure and sand burial. The dominant plant in lower intertidal pools is the biotically-competent Phyllospadix scouleri that tolerates sand because of its large size and its rhizomatous root system which traps and binds sediments. The most numerous of the mobile macroinvertebrates. Tegula funebralis, is able to migrate away from the winter sand inundation to refuge habitats. The research reported here suggests that, with few exceptions, sand-stressed habitats primarily serve as important refuges for 2 functional groups of species: stress-tolerant strategists and opportunistic strategists.
The Effect of Multimedia Glosses on Online Computerized L2 Text Comprehension and Vocabulary Learning of Iranian EFL Learners

This study investigated the effects of different types of multimedia glosses, namely text, picture, and text plus picture on online computerized L2 text comprehension and vocabulary learning of junior high school students. About 60 female Iranian junior high school students were selected from a population pool of 102 volunteers based on their performance on a standard English proficiency test (Nelson). Afterwards, they were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 15, three gloss groups, subsequently exposed to the research treatment and one control group. Taking advantage of the results of the pilot study, some words of the computerized written texts were glossed and hyperlinked by a computer software program. When the students clicked on hyperlinked words, a new page appeared and showed the word with a definition in English (textual gloss group), a picture (pictorial gloss group), or a combination of both definition and picture (textual plus pictorial gloss group). Participants in each experimental group read the texts under one of the three mentioned conditions. Statistical analyses of the results reveal that 1) all multimedia gloss groups comprehended computerized L2 texts significantly better than the control group, 2) A significant difference between the multimedia gloss groups and the control group in the production of the target vocabulary items was found. 3) The mix gloss group insignificantly outperformed the textual and pictorial gloss groups in computerized L2 text comprehension, and 4) regarding vocabulary learning, the mix gloss group significantly outperformed the other two gloss groups. Hence, the findings of this study indicate that utilizing computers and multimedia glosses can be influential in language teaching in general and online L2 text comprehension as well as incidental vocabulary learning in particular.
The impact of service bundles on the mechanism through which functional value and price value affect WOM intent

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute toward the current limited understanding of service bundles by investigating how purchasers of combined product-service bundles (bundle customers) differ from those purchasing a product and associated service separately (non-bundle customers). Design/methodology/approach The hypothesized effects were tested on a representative sample of mobile phone subscribers in Finland, through a multi-group moderated analysis using variance-based structural equation modeling. Findings While functional value had a stronger effect on attitude for bundle customers, price value is a stronger determinant of attitude for non-bundle customers. There was no difference between the groups in terms of how attitude determines the word-of-mouth (WOM) intent. The total influence of functional value on positive WOM intent was stronger for bundle customers vs non-bundle customers; in contrast, the total influence of price value on positive WOM was weaker for the bundle customers. Research limitations/implications Two interrelated frameworks, prospect theory and mental accounting theory, are used to analyze customer response to service bundles. The results demonstrate that bundles play a powerful role in determining engagement behaviors critical to firms. Purchasing a service bundle vs a non-bundle influences how price value and functional value determine attitude and WOM intent in fundamentally different ways. Practical implications In devising communication strategies to maximize positive WOM, managers need to emphasize functional benefits for bundle purchasers and price benefits for non-bundle customers. The results also demonstrate that it is more important for firms to track perceived value, as value and not attitude differentiates WOM generation in the two groups. Originality/value This is the first study to demonstrate how bundle and non-bundle customers determine value, and how functional value and price value determine WOM generation and attitude toward service provider in fundamentally different ways. The comparison of the bundle group where the firm acts as the main resource integrator to a non-bundle group where the customer is the main resource integrator in creating value helps demonstrate the need for firms to treat the two groups in distinct ways.
Producer characteristics and determinants of technical efficiency of tomato based production systems in Ghana

This paper uses cross-sectional data collected from 126 small scale tomato farmers in the forest, forest-savannah transition and the guinea savannah agro-ecological zones in 2011 to examine the characteristics of tomato based producing households in Ghana. It involved a description of the demographic characteristics of sampled farmers and an investigation of the production practices. This study further investigated the determinants of technical efficiency in tomato production among small scale farmers in Ghana. Descriptive statistics was used to present the characteristics of tomato producing households and the stochastic frontier analysis was used to estimate the determinants of technical efficiency and the inefficiency effect models. Results indicated that majority of the sampled tomato farmers were males. Almost half of the farmers had formal education at least up to the basic level. Almost half of the farmers cultivated tomato in both the major and minor seasons. Most of the varieties cultivated are exotic. Pests and diseases were predominant on the farms of majority of the sampled households. Consequently the use of pesticide to control pests and diseases is very common among sampled household. Our analysis further suggests average technical efficiency of 85.4%. In addition, factors such as extension services, land, frequency of weeding and fertilizer positively influenced technical efficiency of tomato farmers. Conversely, factors such as pesticide, labour and the frequency of pesticide application had negative effects on technical efficiency. The findings reveal the need for an effective and sustainable integrated approach to pest and weed management to enhance technical efficiency and productivity in tomato production. Key words: Tomato, production practice, technical efficiency, stochastic frontier production function, pests, diseases, Ghana.
Stability and instability of standing waves for the generalized Davey-Stewartson system

We study the stability and instability properties of standing waves for the equation iu t + � u + a | u | p � 1 u + E 1 ( | u | 2 ) u = 0 in R 2 or R 3 , which derives from the generalized Davey-Stewartson system in the elliptic-elliptic case. We show that if n = 2 and a ( p � 3) < 0, then the standing waves generated by the set of minimizers for the associated variational problem are stable. We also show that if n = 3, a > 0 and 1 + 4 / 3 < p < 5 or a < 0 and 1 < p < 3, then the standing waves are strongly unstable. We employ the concentration compactness principle due to Lions and the compactness lemma due to Lieb to solve the
Migration Without Borders: The Ethics, Economics and Governance of Free Movement

This article develops and discusses the argument that it is difficult to make an ethical or economic case against free movement of workers. The analysis that leads to this conclusion also enables us to demonstrate that free movement is not only feasible but also more efficient compared to restrictive/protectionist policies. Another implication of the analysis in this paper is that a multilateral framework similar to that of World Trade Organisation (WTO) – e.g., a World Migration Organisation (WMO) - would be an optimal arrangement that could enable member countries to tackle externalities and collective action problems associated with international migration. Although free movement and its multilateral governance are not high on governments’ policy agenda, they remain the most rational solutions to international migration problems in the age of globalisation coupled with persistence in international income inequalities.
The Association between the Uncertainty of Future Economic Benefits and Current R&D and Capital Expenditures: Industry and Intertemporal Analyses

Since 1974, R&D expenditures have been fully expensed when incurred partly because R&D activities are claimed to be associated with a high degree of uncertainty in future economic benefits. In this study, we estimate the association between R&D expenditures and capital expenditures (CAPEX) and the variance of future earnings per share and operating income. We show that R&D expenditures lead to higher volatility of future earnings than capital expenditures only in R&D-intensive industries, where industry R&D intensity is measured as the R&D-to-CAPEX ratio. We also find that the stronger association of R&D with uncertainty in future earnings is a recent phenomenon. Finally, we show that in industries that are relatively less dependent on R&D activities, the probability of recovering R&D expenditures is similar to that of capital expenditures. Overall, our results suggest that while some industries engage in a more innovative and uncertain R&D activities, R&D in other industries is less uncertain. These results suggest that the impact of R&D on future performance considerably varies across industries and time periods.