Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cumulative Probability of False-Positive Recall or Biopsy Recommendation After 10 Years of Screening Mammography

BACKGROUND False-positive mammography results are common. Biennial screening may decrease the cumulative probability of false-positive results across many years of repeated screening but could also delay cancer diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To compare the cumulative probability of false-positive results and the stage distribution of incident breast cancer after 10 years of annual or biennial screening mammography. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING 7 mammography registries in the National Cancer Institute-funded Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. PARTICIPANTS 169,456 women who underwent first screening mammography at age 40 to 59 years between 1994 and 2006 and 4492 women with incident invasive breast cancer diagnosed between 1996 and 2006. MEASUREMENTS False-positive recalls and biopsy recommendations stage distribution of incident breast cancer. RESULTS False-positive recall probability was 16.3% at first and 9.6% at subsequent mammography. Probability of false-positive biopsy recommendation was 2.5% at first and 1.0% at subsequent examinations. Availability of comparison mammograms halved the odds of a false-positive recall (adjusted odds ratio, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.45 to 0.56]). When screening began at age 40 years, the cumulative probability of a woman receiving at least 1 false-positive recall after 10 years was 61.3% (CI, 59.4% to 63.1%) with annual and 41.6% (CI, 40.6% to 42.5%) with biennial screening. Cumulative probability of false-positive biopsy recommendation was 7.0% (CI, 6.1% to 7.8%) with annual and 4.8% (CI, 4.4% to 5.2%) with biennial screening. Estimates were similar when screening began at age 50 years. A non-statistically significant increase in the proportion of late-stage cancers was observed with biennial compared with annual screening (absolute increases, 3.3 percentage points [CI, -1.1 to 7.8 percentage points] for women age 40 to 49 years and 2.3 percentage points [CI, -1.0 to 5.7 percentage points] for women age 50 to 59 years) among women with incident breast cancer. LIMITATIONS Few women underwent screening over the entire 10-year period. Radiologist characteristics influence recall rates and were unavailable. Most mammograms were film rather than digital. Incident cancer was analyzed in a small sample of women who developed cancer. CONCLUSION After 10 years of annual screening, more than half of women will receive at least 1 false-positive recall, and 7% to 9% will receive a false-positive biopsy recommendation. Biennial screening appears to reduce the cumulative probability of false-positive results after 10 years but may be associated with a small absolute increase in the probability of late-stage cancer diagnosis. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Cancer Institute.
Regional patterns and correlates of substance use among young men who have sex with men in 7 US urban areas.

OBJECTIVES We sought to characterize substance use patterns in young men who have sex with men (MSM) in 7 US urban areas and sociodemographic characteristics and history associated with such use. METHODS We examined data collected from 1994 through 1998 in a venue-based, cross-sectional survey. RESULTS Among the 3492 participants, 66% reported use of illicit drugs; 28%, use of 3 or more drugs; 29%, frequent drug use (once a week or more); and 4%, injection drug use. These practices were more common among participants who were White, self-identified as bisexual or heterosexual, had run away, or had experienced forced sex. CONCLUSIONS Effective drug prevention and treatment programs addressing local drug-use patterns and associated factors are urgently needed for young MSM, a population with a high rate of illicit drug use.
Progress and limitations in the use of in vitro cell cultures to serve as a permeability screen for the blood-brain barrier.

A relatively simple, widely applicable, and robust in vitro method of predicting blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to central nervous system-acting drugs is an increasing need. A cell-based model offers the potential to account for transcellular and paracellular drug diffusional processes, metabolism, and active transport processes, as well as nondefined interactions between a drug and cellular material that may impact upon a membrane's overall permeability profile. Any in vitro BBB cell model to be utilized for the transendothelial BBB permeability screening of potential central nervous system drugs must display reproducible solute permeability, and a number of other general criteria including: a restrictive paracellular barrier; a physiologically realistic cell architecture; the functional expression of key transporter mechanisms; and allow ease of culture to meet the technical and time constraints of a screening program. This article reviews the range of in vitro cell-based BBB models available, including the primary/low passage bovine and porcine brain endothelial cultures as well as the spectrum of immortalized brain endothelial cell lines that have been established. The article further discusses the benefits and limitations of exploiting such systems as in vitro BBB permeability screens.
Ground-state and thermodynamic properties of the spin-12 Heisenberg model on the triangular lattice

The spin2 triangular lattice antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model has been for a long time the prototypical model of magnetic frustration. However, only very recently this model has been proposed to be realized in the Ba8CoNb6O24 compound. The ground-state and thermodynamic properties are evaluated from a high-temperature series expansions interpolation method, called “entropy method”, and compared to experiments. We find a ground-state energy e0 = −0.5445(2) in perfect agreement with exact diagonalization results. We also calculate the specific heat and entropy at all temperatures, finding a good agreement with the latest experiments, and evaluate which further interactions could improve the comparison. We explore the spatially anisotropic triangular lattice and provide evidence that supports the existence of a gapped spin liquid between the square and triangular lattices.
Prognostic relevance of hyponatremia after first-ever ischemic stroke

IN T R O D U C T IO N : Hyponatremia is examined as a prognostic factor after first-time ischemic cerebrovascular incident (CVA, ischemic stroke). M A T E R IA L S AN D M E TH O D S : 677 patients were analyzed after first-time ischemic stroke and divided into two groups according to sodium concentration: ≤ 135 mmol/L and > 135 mmol/L. R E S U L TS : For patients with sodium levels ≤ 135 mmol/L, the median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 5 points, the median Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was 4 points, and the mortality within 1 month of ischemic stroke was 10.5%. Patients with sodium levels > 135 mmol/L: NIHSS 3 points, mRS 2 points and mortality 1 month after ischemic stroke 3.4%. Mortality within 1 month of ischemic stroke in hyponatremic patients: women 16.4%, men 3.5% (p = 0.0194). Greater disability was seen in eunatremic women as assessed by increased mRS scores (p = 0.005). C O N C L U S IO N S : Hyponatremia is associated with a worsened heath status in patients in the acute and sub-acute phase after first-time ischemic stroke and is associated with increased mortality within 1 month after the stroke. Women with hyponatremia were characterized by greater mortality within one month after their first-ever ischemic stroke. In women with normal serum sodium at the time of stroke, a higher degree of disability was observed as assessed by increased mRS scores compared to men. KEY WO RDS stroke, risk factors, hyponatremia, prognosis Received: 27.01. 2016 Revised: 25.03. 2016 Accepted: 25.03. 2016 Published online: 21.07. 2016 Address for correspondence: Dr hab. n. med. Michał Holecki, Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Ziołowa 45-47, 40-635 Katowice, Poland, tel. 32 359 82 23, e-mail: holomed@gmail.com Copyright © Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach www.annales. sum.edu. pl ANN. ACAD. MED. SILES. (online) 2016; 70: 127–132
Endothelin-1 Gene Variant Lys198Asn and Plasma Endothelin Level in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disorders. Thus, an association between endothelin-1 (EDN1) and OSA can be assumed. We investigated a cohort of 364 consecutive patients (age 57 ± 10 years) with mild to severe OSA for the EDN1 variant Lys198Asn (G/T) and endothelin plasma levels and compared them with 57 controls. The Lys198Asn genotype was significantly associated with the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) with a median of 30/h of sleep for GG, 27/h for GT and 59/h for TT genotype (p < 0.05). Further stratification of patients into 2 groups by body mass index (BMI) revealed a strong association between AHI and Lys198Asn polymorphism in 191 obese patients (p = 0.005), whereas in 173 nonobese patients, we observed no association. A substantial effect by BMI on OSA severity was seen with multiple linear regression (p < 0.001). However, this effect was modified by the Lys198Asn polymorphism and by gender: the AHI increase per unit of BMI was more pronounced in males than in females, and about 1.3 times greater in homozygous carriers of the mutant allele than in other carrier groups. EDN1 plasma levels of untreated OSA patients and of patients treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure were not elevated compared with controls. Our results indicate that the Lys198Asn polymorphism is associated with the severity of OSA in obese subjects. The EDN1 plasma level cannot be used as a marker for OSA or its severity.
A gene expression-based method to diagnose clinically distinct subgroups of diffuse large B cell lymphoma

To classify cancer specimens by their gene expression profiles, we created a statistical method based on Bayes' rule that estimates the probability of membership in one of two cancer subgroups. We used this method to classify diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) biopsy samples into two gene expression subgroups based on data obtained from spotted cDNA microarrays. The germinal center B cell-like (GCB) DLBCL subgroup expressed genes characteristic of normal germinal center B cells whereas the activated B cell-like (ABC) DLBCL subgroup expressed a subset of the genes that are characteristic of plasma cells, particularly those encoding endoplasmic reticulum and golgi proteins involved in secretion. We next used this predictor to discover these subgroups within a second set of DLBCL biopsies that had been profiled by using oligonucleotide microarrays [Shipp, M. A. , et al. (2002) Nat. Med. 8, 68–74]. The GCB and ABC DLBCL subgroups identified in this data set had significantly different 5-yr survival rates after multiagent chemotherapy (62% vs. 26%; P ≤ 0.0051), in accord with analyses of other DLBCL cohorts. These results demonstrate the ability of this gene expression-based predictor to classify DLBCLs into biologically and clinically distinct subgroups irrespective of the method used to measure gene expression.
The Electrical Activities of the Uterus During Pregnancy

In contrast to the current state of knowledge of cardiac and of gastrointestinal electrophysiology, our current knowledge of the physiology of the uterus during pregnancy is still very rudimentary. Despite seminal work performed in the past decades, there are still significant areas that we know little about. In this review, some of these areas are explored. For example, although many studies have tried to find the site of the uterus pacemaker, such a site has not yet been found and its mechanism and location remain, to date, a mystery. Similarly, there is much confusion as to the mechanism of propagation of the electrical impulse. Although the existence of gap junctions, connecting neighboring myometrial cells to each other, have been known since 1977, alternative or additional mechanisms are being suggested such as the potential existence of a network of interstitial cells, similar to the one that is functioning in the gut, or the involvement of stretch receptors to synchronize activity and contraction. In recent years, high-resolution studies have been introduced enabling detailed analysis of the location and spatial patterns of propagation. This work is being developed at the in-vitro level in isolated tissues, in the whole organ and in several animal species. Most recently, a surge in new technology enabling high fidelity and high resolution recording from the human uterus through the abdominal wall are being explored which could ultimately lead to new diagnostic tools and a clearer understanding of the physiology of pregnancies and (premature) labor.
Trunk muscle activity during exercises performed on land and in water.

PURPOSE The study's purpose was to determine whether trunk muscle activity levels are different during spine stability exercises performed in water compared with on land. METHODS Eleven male participants performed four abdominal trunk exercises on land and in water at the depth of the xiphoid. The exercises were abdominal hollowing, abdominal bracing, and anteroposterior and mediolateral pelvic tilts. During the exercises, surface EMG activity of muscles rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique, lower abdominals, multifidus, and erector spinae (ES) were recorded. EMG data were normalized to a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and the subsequent percentage of activity was compared between environments (water and land) with paired t-tests. RESULTS Normalized EMG values for muscles RA, external oblique, lower abdominals, multifidus, and ES were significantly greater for all exercises performed on land than in water (P = 0.026-0.001, effect sizes = 0.52-1.61). The only exception was for mediolateral pelvic tilts where muscle ES values were not different between environments (P = 0.098). CONCLUSIONS When healthy adults perform abdominal hollowing, abdominal bracing, and pelvic tilt exercises in water, most trunk muscles display substantially lower EMG activity when compared with performing the same exercises on land (e.g., abdominal bracing for RA = 20% MVC for land and 10% MVC for water). It is possible that with hydrostatic pressure and buoyancy, trunk muscles play less of a stabilizing role in the aquatic environment, which minimizes their EMG activity levels. Regardless of the mechanism, patients with back pain may find it easier to perform trunk muscle exercises in an aquatic environment first then progress to the land environment because EMG activity may be gradually increased.
Perceived Prevalence and Definitions of Sexual Dysfunction as Predictors of Sexual Function and Satisfaction

Evidence for the influence of sexual beliefs on sexual functioning and satisfaction has mainly emanated from clinical lore. Empirical investigations on this topic remain sparse. This study investigated whether beliefs regarding prevalence and definitions of male and female sexual dysfunctions predicted sexual function and satisfaction in a sample of 131 undergraduate students. Results indicated that higher perceived prevalence of male and female sexual dysfunctions was predictive of lower sexual functioning and poorer sexual satisfaction in women. For the male participants, none of the examined sexual beliefs emerged as significant predictors of their sexual functioning or satisfaction. Surprisingly, it was also found that participants estimated the prevalence of female sexual dysfunctions to be higher than male sexual dysfunctions, while defining male sexual dysfunctions more broadly than female sexual dysfunctions. Possible mechanisms for the findings are provided.
Studies of 50 Hz circularly polarized magnetic fields of up to 350 μT on reproduction and embryo‐fetal development in rats: Exposure during organogenesis or during preimplantation

Groups of mated female Sprague–Dawley rats were simultaneously exposed to 0 (sham exposed), 7, 70, or 350 μT (rms) circularly polarized 50 Hz magnetic fields (MF) for 22 h/day on gestational day 8–15, the period of rat fetal organogenesis (organogenesis study) or from day 0 to day 7 of gestation, the rat preimplantation period (preimplantation study). Developmental toxicity was assessed on gestational day 20. Identical experiments were repeated to confirm reproducibility of both studies. In both studies, statistically significant differences between exposed and sham exposed animals were observed in several measured parameters; however, these differences only appeared in one, but not both replicate experiments and generally at only an isolated exposure level. Because these differences were not reproducible and did not show a dose response relationship, they were not considered related to MF exposure. In the organogenesis study, lower kidney weights of dams were seen at 70 and 350 μT in Experiment 1. Lower dam liver weights and lower mean body weights of viable female and male fetuses were seen at 70 μT in Experiment 2. Otherwise, there were no differences in these parameters or in group means for fetal loss after implantation, number of viable fetuses, fetal body weight and sex ratio, incidences of external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities or variations, or tissue abnormalities after histopathological examination. In the preimplantation study, dam health and indices for reproduction and embryo‐fetal development, including pre or postimplantation loss, number and body weight of live fetuses, and sex ratio, external, skeletal abnormalities and variations, and skeletal ossification did not differ. Dam inorganic phosphorous concentration at 350 μT was elevated in one experiment and depressed in another. In one experiment, visceral abnormalities, primarily thymic remnant in neck and accessory liver lobe, were increased in the 7 μT group. Based on these results from two studies, we conclude that circularly polarized 50 Hz MF exposure of up to 350 μT during the fetal organogenesis or during the preimplantation period does not affect reproduction and embryo‐fetal development in Sprague–Dawley rats. Bioelectromagnetics 23:369–389, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology of Propofol, an Anesthetic Agent with Neuroprotective Properties

Propofol (2,6‐diisopropylphenol) is a versatile, short‐acting, intravenous (i.v.) sedative‐hypnotic agent initially marketed as an anesthetic, and now also widely used for the sedation of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). At the room temperature propofol is an oil and is insoluble in water. It has a remarkable safety profile. Its most common side effects are dose‐dependent hypotension and cardiorespiratory depression. Propofol is a global central nervous system (CNS) depressant. It activates γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors directly, inhibits the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor and modulates calcium influx through slow calcium‐ion channels. Furthermore, at doses that do not produce sedation, propofol has an anxiolytic effect. It has also immunomodulatory activity, and may, therefore, diminish the systemic inflammatory response believed to be responsible for organ dysfunction. Propofol has been reported to have neuroprotective effects. It reduces cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure (ICP), is a potent antioxidant, and has antiinflammatory properties. Laboratory investigations revealed that it might also protect brain from ischemic injury. Propofol formulations contain either disodium edetate (EDTA) or sodium metabisulfite, which have antibacterial and antifungal properties. EDTA is also a chelator of divalent ions such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Recently, EDTA has been reported to exert a neuroprotective effect itself by chelating surplus intracerebral zinc in an ischemia model. This article reviews the neuroprotective effects of propofol and its mechanism of action.
Pilot Trial of Distributed Constraint-Induced Therapy With Trunk Restraint to Improve Poststroke Reach to Grasp and Trunk Kinematics

Background. Constraint-induced therapy (CIT) is effective in improving upper extremity motor function, but evidence is lacking about effectiveness grasp and trunk control. Objective. This study investigated whether distributed CIT combined with trunk restraint (dCIT + TR) benefited movement kinematics of grasping and the trunk, as well as motor ability of the upper extremity, more than dCIT alone. Methods. A total of 45 stroke participants received 2 hours of dCIT + TR, dCIT, or the dose-matched control intervention for 3 weeks. Movement kinematics, motor ability, and daily function were the outcome measures. Movement kinematics included grasping, joint range, and trunk movement at various phases of reach-to-grasp tasks. Motor ability and daily function of all participants were evaluated using the Fugl-Meyer Assessment and the Motor Activity Log. Results. Four to 5 participants in each group were not included for kinematic analysis because of their inability to grasp a can. The dCIT + TR group showed better preplanned grasping movement and less trunk motion at the early phase of the reach-to-grasp movements than the dCIT or control groups. Compared with the controls, the dCIT + TR participants showed better motor ability in the overall and distal arm scores of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment. The dCIT + TR and dCIT participants demonstrated significantly greater functional use of the affected arm. Conclusions. Administering dCIT + TR produced additional benefits by improving grasping control and reversing the compensatory trunk movement at the early phase of a reach-to-grasp movement. The use of experimental tasks beyond and within arm’s length might improve our understanding of optimal upper extremity rehabilitation.
Endovascular Management of Cerebral Vasospasm

CEREBRAL VASOSPASM REMAINS a leading cause of death and disability in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms. The development of endovascular intervention in the past two decades has shown promising results in the treatment of vasospasm. Endovascular techniques that have been used in humans include intra-arterial infusion of vasorelaxants and direct mechanical dilation with transluminal balloon angioplasty. This article reviews the current indications and role of endovascular therapy in the management of cerebral vasospasm, its clinical significance, and potential future therapies.
Turn stability in β‐hairpin peptides: Investigation of peptides containing 3:5 type I G1 bulge turns

The turn‐forming ability of a series of three‐residue sequences was investigated by substituting them into a well‐characterized β‐hairpin peptide. The starting scaffold, bhpW, is a disulfide‐cyclized 10‐residue peptide that folds into a stable β‐hairpin with two antiparallel strands connected by a two‐residue reverse turn. Substitution of the central two residues with the three‐residue test sequences leads to less stable hairpins, as judged by thiol‐disulfide equilibrium measurements. However, analysis of NMR parameters indicated that each molecule retains a significant folded population, and that the type of turn adopted by the three‐residue sequence is the same in all cases. The solution structure of a selected peptide with a PDG turn contained an antiparallel β‐hairpin with a 3:5 type I + G1 bulge turn. Analysis of the energetic contributions of individual turn residues in the series of peptides indicates that substitution effects have significant context dependence, limiting the predictive power of individual amino acid propensities for turn formation. The most stable and least stable sequences were also substituted into a more stable disulfide‐cyclized scaffold and a linear β‐hairpin scaffold. The relative stabilities remained the same, suggesting that experimental measurements in the bhpW context are a useful way to evaluate turn stability for use in protein design projects. Moreover, these scaffolds are capable of displaying a diverse set of turns, which can be exploited for the mimicry of protein loops or for generating libraries of reverse turns.