Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Removal of Cr (VI) from Tannery Effluent and Aqueous Solution by Sequential Treatment with Microfungi and Basidiomycete-Degraded Sawdust

Removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution and tannery effluent in sequence with Cr (VI) resistant microfungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum) and sawdust degraded by basidiomycete (Gloeophyllum sepiarium) was investigated in the laboratory. Initial or primary treatment with microfungi reduced 200 mg/l Cr (VI) in aqueous solution by 64.6% - 78.2% while a markedly lower 0.52 mg/l Cr (VI) in tannery effluent was reduced by 72.4% - 84.6%. However, the residual Cr (VI) in both aqueous solution and tannery effluent was reduced to a non-detectable level after secondary treatment by passage through basidiomycete-degraded sawdust column. The recovery of 65.4% - 87.7% of the Cr (VI) removed by treatment microfungi by elution indicated adsorption as the major mechanism for Cr (VI) removal. The microfungi reduced BOD in tannery effluent by 85.3 ± 5.6 - 92.7 ± 6.8 and concomitantly removed Cr (VI), hence it is hypothesized that non-Cr (VI) constituents of tannery effluent may have interfered with biosorption of Cr (VI) by treatment microfungi. It is concluded that the two-stage sequential treatment process may be of potential cost-saving stratagem for removal of chromium from industrial wastes.
The Future of Aid is in Building Legitimation

The present paper is an essay about the future of aid, understood as a global, durable, social phenomenon. Special attention is attached to the issue of governance, both the governance of aid itself, and institutional reforms in the recipient countries. A short review of literature on the topic serves to support a general thesis that the stream of aid is a stream of capital, and that natural possession of that capital confers palpable economic power to whatever social agent holds it temporarily in the field of their discretionary decision. Both theoretical, and empirical development of the subject is then conducted in order to show that the main cause of unsatisfactory institutional changes in the recipient countries is the fact that aid disturbs the already frail balance between legitimation and economic power in emergent societies. In conclusion, a new paradigm of governing aid is proposed, centred on building legitimation for aid itself, i.e. on using the known experience and history to construe a broad, consistent, normative base for aid programmes. The theory of justice, as proposed by John Rawls, seems to be the right starting point for establishing the primary rules of that normative base. As for the secondary ones, a new institution, namely international arbitration of claims related to aid, is proposed as an interesting solution for progressively building the secondary rules of recognition, in the legitimation of aid.
Monitoring by telemetry reveals differences in movement and survival following hatchery or wild rearing of an endangered fish

Species reintroduction is a management strategy used to conserve endemic fish biodiversity. The present study investigated stocking on-grown endangered trout cod (Maccullochella macquariensis) in the Murrumbidgee River, Australia. The hypothesis that post-juvenile dispersal underpins the long-term scarcity of adults recorded at fingerling stocking locations was also tested. Radio-tracking was used to quantify dispersal of stocked sub-adults (2-year old hatchery fish, n = 27) compared with fish originally stocked as fingerlings (unknown-age wild fish, n = 31), but we encountered poor survivorship of the former group (survivorship = 9% and 95%, respectively, at 13 months post release). The hatchery group exhibited both limited dispersal and large-scale dispersal (up to 55 km) downstream from the release site. Wild fish exhibited limited net dispersal, occupying home-ranges within a 13-km reach and occasionally undertook large-scale excursions (10-70 km). It is concluded that (1) re-establishment of cod populations based on release of on-grown fish is not straightforward, and (2) adults of this species have an ability to disperse away from stocking sites. The study demonstrates the benefit of using radio-tracking to monitor the movement and survivorship of stocked threatened fish and indicates a need to consider the effects of hatchery rearing when conducting fish reintroductions.
Partnerships for tropical conservation

Abstract Achieving effective conservation in the tropics is a global concern but implicates local people. Despite considerable rhetoric about local participation the vast majority of conservation initiatives continue to be devised and controlled by a small group of powerful, external voices. What is widely overlooked is that local people often have positive conservation goals and preferences. These overlap with global values and create a strong precedent for practice, providing the basis for strategic alliances with conservation agencies. Local people can be part of a solution, rather than of the problem, if they are given the opportunity. While as yet unfamiliar to many conservationists, partnerships with local people are working in other natural resource sectors (water, commercial forestry). Strong partnerships entail shared decision making, shared risks and a balance of rights and responsibilities between external conservation agencies and local interest groups. Partnerships are no panacea, but a real commitment to partnership offers conservation outcomes that are more ethical and often more practicable than current models.
Discussion Paper Series Strategic Mass Killings

We provide a model of conict and mass killing decisions, to identify the key variables and situations that make mass killings more likely to occur. We predict that mass killings are most likely in countries with large amounts of natural resources, institutional constraints regarding rent sharing, and low productivity of labor in other sectors. The role of resources like oil, gas and diamonds and other key determinants of mass killings is con rmed by our empirical results based on country level as well as ethnic group level analysis. JEL codes: C73, D74, F51, O12, Q34. Keywords: Mass Killings, Civil War, Natural Resources, Rent Sharing. We wish to thank Carmen Beviá, Paola Conconi, Alex Debbs, Oeindrila Dube, Jon Eguia, Mark Harrison, Macartan Humphreys, Johannes Horner, Navin Kartik, Leandro Magalhaes, Kalle Moene, Carlo Prato, Debraj Ray, Ken Sheeve, Jonah Schulhofer-Wohl, Mathias Thoenig, Nils Weidmann, Alexander Wolitzky, Pierre Yared, Fabrizio Zilibotti, three anonymous referees and especially Canice Prendergast and Tomas Sjostrom for very useful comments. We would also like to thank workshop and seminar participants at EUI, Columbia, NYU, Yale, Princeton, Oslo, LSE, Warwick, ECARES, IMT, Dehli, Barcelona, Madrid, Zurich and Lausanne for stimulating questions, and David Schönholzer, Borek Vasicek, and Peter Van der Windt for excellent research assistance. The usual disclaimer applies. We thank CEPR for sponsoring a conict theory workshop in Gerzensee in July 2009, where the project was conceived. Joan Esteban gratefully acknowledges nancial support from the AXA Research Fund and from the Spanish Government CICYT project n. SEJ2006-00369. Massimo Morelli gratefully acknowledges nancial support by the Program for Economic Research at Columbia University. Dominic Rohner is grateful for the nancial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF grant no. 100014-122636). yInstitut dAnalisis Economica, CSIC, Barcelona. Email: joan.esteban@iae.csic. es. zColumbia University, Department of Political Science and Department of Economics. Email: mm3331@columbia.edu. xUniversity of Zurich. Email: dominic.rohner@econ.uzh. ch.
Interactive comment on “Measurements of aerosol and CCN properties in the Mackenzie River delta (Canadian Arctic) during Spring-Summer transition in May 2014” by Paul Herenz et al

The manuscript by Herenz et al discusses an interpretation of data collected at a ground site in Tuktoyaktuk, Canada, in association with aircraft data during May 2014. This time period is a ‘shoulder season’ in the Arctic, where the spring ‘Arctic Haze’ influence is waning and the atmosphere is beginning to take on summer-like characteristics. The paper discusses two types of air mass influences observed at Tuktoyaktuk, which the authors have called ‘spring-type’ and ‘summer-type’. The spring-type air has characteristics similar to Arctic Haze and the summer-type air has an added influence from Aitken mode particles. The measurements and their analysis are technically sound, and data filtering has been presented appropriately. Some of the conclusions and interpretations of the data are confusing or incomplete in the opinion of this reviewer, and have been pointed out below. In addition, the labeling of ‘spring-type’ and ‘summer-type’ is perhaps generous (particularly ‘summer-type’) as it is not shown that the source region or processes shaping the size distribution during the study period are similar to those in the heart of the summer season (July-August). It is perhaps prudent to label the Aitken-mode containing PNSDs as simply ‘N. Pacific’, since the study does well to describe the highly time-resolved oscillations in air masses during near the springsummer transition, and correlates this with one of two seasonal maxima in methanesulfonic acid (MSA) (Leaitch et al., 2013; Quinn et al., 2007). As a curious point, the authors performed this research in the Canadian Arctic, yet have not cited much of the existing research that has been conducted in the region, so the suggested or argument-supporting citations provided in this review have been skewed slightly to correct for this fact.
Probability Weighting and Asset Prices: Evidence from Mergers and Acquisitions

For mergers and acquisitions with a small failure probability, the average decline in target stock price if the deal fails is much larger than any increase that accompanies deal success. Probability weighting implies that the deal failure probability of such target stocks will be overweighted, leading them to be undervalued. I test whether investors are averse to holding such stocks and find strong supporting evidence. Target stocks with lower ex-ante failure probability yield positive abnormal returns, but other targets do not generate significant abnormal returns. A trading strategy that buys target stocks with low ex-ante failure probability and sells short target stocks with high ex-ante failure probability delivers around 1% abnormal return per month. These abnormal returns are not subsumed by a preference for positive skewness under traditional (expected) utility models; in fact, target stocks with lower ex-ante failure probability have lower betas, lower volatilities, and lower downside risk. I also find that profits from the strategy are significantly higher when arbitrage is more difficult.
Institutional Analysis of Review of Literature Citations

This study had two purposes: to examine the expertise of doctoral students in their use of the scholarly literature and to investigate the use of citation analysis as a tool for collection development. Analysis of 1,842 coded citations gleaned from 30 education dissertations awarded in 2000 from 3 institutions in the United States revealed that journal articles, at 45%, were cited most frequently, followed by monographs (33.9%) and "other" (18.3%), with magazines and Web sites contributing less than 2% each of the total material types cited. The study examined 858 journal and magazine citations, which were found in 239 unique titles. A relatively small number of journals contained a high percentage of the references found in the dissertations analyzed. Based on a design by D. Kohl and L. Wilson (1986), dissertation citations were also scored for scholarliness, currency, and appropriateness of format, and scores on the three criteria were averaged to arrive at a quality rating. Results of interinstitutional comparisons revealed a significant amount of variation and were considered in conjunction with institutional characteristics and published criteria for quality bibliographies. The data suggest that the assumption of doctoral student expertise in their use of the scholarly literature may be overstated and should be examined in relation to their preparation for professional status. For purposes of developing a library's research collection, a core list of titles, generated on the basis of multiple, rather than single, institutional analysis is indicated. (Contains 8 figures, 11 tables, and 28 references.) (Author/SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Characteristics of Education Doctoral Dissertation References: An InterInstitutional Analysis of Review of Literature Citations Penny M. Bei le, David N. Boote, and Elizabeth K. Killingsworth U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 13 This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality a Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. 2 1 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
Rumen Fermentation, Blood Metabolites, and Performance of Sheep Fed Tropical Browse Plants

The in vitro study was designed to evaluate total gas production, dry matter degradability (DMD), and VFA profile; while in vivo study was designed to evaluate nutrient intakes, blood metabolites, and performance of sheep fed native grass mixed with Calliandra calothyrrus (CC), Leucaena leucochepala (LL), Moringa oleifera (MO), Gliricidea sepium (GS), and Artocarpus heterophyllus (AH). The best three from the in vitro results were used to formulate diets in in vivo study. Sixteen male growing sheep (average BW 20 kg) were fed 100% native grass (NG) as control; 70% NG + 30% GS; 70% NG + 30% MO; and 70% NG + 30% AH. Nutrient consumptions, DMD, blood metabolites, and sheep performances were analyzed by using Completely Randomized Design. The in vitro results showed that the total gas production and DMD of CC and LL were the lowest (P<0.05) while the highest was found in GS, MO, and AH treatments (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the in vivo results showed that nutrient intakes (DM, CP, and CF) of GS and AH rations were the highest. The ADG, concentration of albumin, and globulin in all treatments were similar, while total serum protein, triglycerides, and glucose concentration in MO and AH rations were higher than others. Serum cholesterol concentration in MO ration was the lowest, meanwhile the concentration of IgG was the highest (P<0.05). Supplementation of 30% MO was the best choice for optimum rumen fermentation and maintaining health status of local sheep.
Signs are symbols: evidence from the Stroop task

Most languages use spoken arbitrary symbols to access the conceptual system. Moreover, the link from spoken words to meaning is demonstrably automatic. Sign languages, by contrast, employ many iconic manual gestures. While some signs are arbitrary it is unclear whether such arbitrary signs automatically activate the conceptual system. To address this question, we examine the propensity of arbitrary colour signs in American Sign Language (ASL) to induce Stroop interference. Three experiments elicited colour naming of coloured videos depicting colour ASL signs – either congruent or incongruent with video colour – and an unrelated condition. Results showed that colour identification is modulated by its congruency with the ASL sign, and this finding replicated irrespective of response mode – signing vs. button-press – and the presence of congruent trials. These findings indicate that arbitrary signs automatically activate their meanings. We conclude that the capacity to link arbitrary phonological forms and meanings is an amodal design feature of language.
The Disenchantment of Logically Formal Legal Rationality, or Max Weber's Sociology in the Genealogy of the Contemporary Mode of Western Legal Thought

Introduction Max Weber began his sociology of law with a description of the then present of Western legal thought, along with a brief summary of its previous stages. This appreciation begins with a summary description of the Western legal thought of Weber’s time, as it looks from our present one hundred years later, emphasizing the contrast between the mainstream of his time, now called Classical Legal Thought, and its critics in the “social current. ” Part II presents Weber’s sociology of law, comparing and contrasting his approach with that of the social current. The most striking thing about Weber’s sociology of law, from the perspective of legal theory a century after he wrote, is his ambivalent endorsement of legal formalism. This entailed rejection of the social current’s critique, a critique that is close to universally accepted today. In Part III, I explain Weber’s attitude toward legal formalism as motivated by the internal requirements of his theory of domination, in which, after the demise of all earlier modes of legitimation, the Iron Cage of modernity is held together by bureaucrats defined by their adherence to that mode of legal reasoning. Part IV argues that Weber’s approach was inconsistent with the irrationalist and decisionist strands in his own theory of modernity, a theory that helps in understanding the current situation of legal thought, if we take the un-Weberian step of applying it to legal formalism. Finally, Part V
Seasonal variation of lipid composition, weight, and length in juvenile Diporeia spp. (Amphipoda) from lakes Michigan and

Benthic amphipods, Diporeia spp. , were collected during 1988 and 1989 at four sites to compare size and lipid levels of animals living in Lakes Michigan and Ontario: sites were at depths of 45 and 100 m in Lake Michigan and 35 and 125 m in Lake Ontario. In Lake Michigan, the mean length, mass, and lipid levels of individual Diporeia from 45 m were significantly different from those collected from 100 m in 1988; in 1989, only mass and lipid levels were significantly different between depths. In contrast, regardless of the year, the Lake Ontario Diporeia from 35 m were similar in mass and length to those from 125 m, but lipid levels were significantly different between depths. Combined means for total lipid for each lake over similar months revealed higher levels in Lake Ontario than in Lake Michigan Diporeia. Triacylglycerols were the dominant lipid class in all the amphipods, with mean levels reaching a maximum of 84% of the total lipid in individuals from Lake Ontario at 35 m. Trophic state, food-web, and (or) genetic differences are probably responsible for the occurrence of higher lipid levels in Lake Ontario Diporeia than in Lake Michigan Diporeia. Resume : Des amphipodes benthiques, Diporeia spp. , ont ete preleves en 1988 et 1989 dans quatre sites pour comparer la taille et la teneur en lipides des animaux vivant dans les lacs Michigan et Ontario. Les sites de prelevement se situaient a 45 et 100 m dans le cas du lac Michigan et a 35 et 125 m dans le cas du lac Ontario. Dans le lac Michigan, les longueurs, masses et concentrations en lipide moyennes des Diporeia individuels vivant a la profondeur de 45 m differaient de maniere statistiquement significative de celles des organismes preleves a 100 m en 1988; en 1989, seules la masse et la concentration en lipide differaient de maniere significative d'une profondeur a l'autre. A l'oppose, peu importe l'annee, les Diporeia du lac Ontario preleves a une profondeur de 35 m etaient semblables par leur taille et leur masse a ceux qui ont ete preleves a 125 m, mais leur concentration en lipide etait differente de maniere significative. Les moyennes combinees des lipides totaux pour chacun des lacs au cours des memes mois ont revele des concentrations plus elevees dans les Diporeia du lac Ontario que dans ceux du lac Michigan. Les triacylglycerols constituaient la classe de lipide dominante chez tous les amphipodes, les concentrations moyennes atteignant un maximum de 84 % des lipides totaux chez les animaux du lac Ontario vivant a 35 m. L'etat trophique, le reseau alimentaire et (ou) des differences genetiques expliquent probablement les concentrations en lipide plus elevees observees chez les Diporeia du lac Ontario comparativement a ceux du lac Michigan. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Modelling the effects of the sterile insect technique applied to Eldana saccharina Walker in sugarcane

A mathematical model is formulated for the population dynamics of an Eldana saccharina Walker infestation of sugarcane under the influence of partially sterile released insects. The model describes the population growth of and interaction between normal and sterile E.saccharina moths in a temporally variable, but spatially homogeneous environment. The model consists of a deterministic system of difference equations subject to strictly positive initial data. The primary objective of this model is to determine suitable parameters in terms of which the above population growth and interaction may be quantified and according to which E.saccharina infestation levels and the associated sugarcane damage may be measured. Although many models have been formulated in the past describing the sterile insect technique, few of these models describe the technique for Lepidopteran species with more than one life stage and where F1-sterility is relevant. In addition, none of these models consider the technique when fully sterile females and partially sterile males are being released. The model formulated is also the first to describe the technique applied specifically to E.saccharina, and to consider the economic viability of applying the technique to this species. Pertinent decision support is provided to farm managers in terms of the best timing for releases, release ratios and release frequencies.
Mature Cinematic Content for Immature Minds: “Pushing the Envelope” versus “Toning it Down” in Family Films

How does a film's content influence its reception by moviegoers and critics? What movie qualities result in better reviews, a higher box office, and more awards? This study investigates these questions in the specific genre of family films. One strategy is to “push the envelope” by intensifying adult themes and hints of sex and violence. An alternative strategy is to “tone it down,” and keep any adult content to a minimum. A sample of 220 family films was assessed on (a) 15 measures of mature content; (b) multiple measures of film evaluations (3), box office performance (4), and movie honors (3, including children and teenager awards); and (c) 5 control variables. Broadly, this study supports the “pushing the envelope” strategy, especially regarding violence, topics to talk about, jump scenes, blood/gore, and inappropriate music. The optimal mature content for a family film differs markedly from that needed for films in general.