Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magma storage beneath Grímsvötn volcano, Iceland, constrained by clinopyroxene‐melt thermobarometry and volatiles in melt inclusions and groundmass glass

Basalt eruptions at Grímsvötn volcano, Iceland, are generally of low intensity; however, occasionally, an order of magnitude larger eruptions occur. In order to discuss the reasons for this difference, the degassing budget of S and Cl and crystallization conditions of the eruptive magma were determined from volatile concentration measured in melt inclusion (MI) and groundmass glass and thermobarometry, respectively. Tephra of two of the largest historical eruptions (2011 and 1873) and two much smaller eruptions (2004 and 1823) were investigated. Sulfur and Cl concentrations are higher in groundmass glass of the smaller eruptions due to incomplete outgassing caused by melt quenching in contact with glacial water. Sulfur concentration and degassing budget correlate with erupted magma volumes. Higher volatile concentrations of MI from the larger eruptions reflect important recharge of gas‐rich magma from depth. The recharge causes a high‐magnitude eruption followed by increased eruption frequency over the following decades. Pressure and temperature estimates of crystallization are obtained through equilibrium clinopyroxene‐glass pairs, where crystals adjacent to, and in textural equilibrium with, both groundmass glass and that of MI were measured. An average crystallization pressure of 4 ± 1 kbar corresponding to approximately 15 ± 5 km depth was obtained together with a considerable temperature range, 1065–1175°C. Similar crystallization depths are obtained for the basalt of the 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga rifting event and to a low resistivity layer revealed by magnetotelluric surveys. Therefore, an important magma storage depth is inferred at lower crustal depth above the center of the Iceland mantle plume.
Simple Heuristics for the Choquet Integral Classifier

The Choquet Integral is a successful classification method. However, like other methods, when applied to large data sets where many coefficients have to be optimised, search methods such as genetic algorithms (GA) are used. In this paper, heuristics are developed that can achieve reasonably accurate results by using information gained from the data set. This enables optimisation using a smaller set of coefficients than those needed in the original search space and this may provide a good starting place for a GA search and other optimisation methods. For the purposes of this research, the data used is the Wisconsin Breast Cancer data set, and it is envisaged that the methods described here will generalise onwards to many other optimisation techniques and data sets.
First results on the Be stars observed with the CoRoT satellite

The first sun-like star targeted by MOST was Procyon. This bright star with well-determined parameters and convincing evidence for the existence of p-modes from groundbased observations was expected to be an easy object for us. To our surprise (and to the surprise of many experts) we were unable to identify any p-modes. We returned to Procyon twice. Based on the results from the latest run, with noise levels reduced by a factor of two over previous runs, we are now ready to comment on the nature of Proycon and its oscillation spectrum. Individual Objects: Procyon
Green valley galaxies as a transition population in different environments

We present a comparative analysis of the properties of passive, star-forming and transition (green valley) galaxies, in four discrete environments: field, groups, the outskirts and the core of X-ray clusters. We construct samples of galaxies from the SDSS in these environments so that they are bound to have similar redshift distributions. The classification of galaxies into the three sequences is based on the UV-optical colour $NUV-r$. We study a number of galaxy properties: stellar mass, morphology, specific star formation rate and the history of star formation. The analysis of green valley galaxies reveals that the physical mechanisms responsible for external quenching become more efficient moving from the field to denser environments. We confirm previous findings that green valley galaxies have intermediate morphologies, moreover, we find that this appears to be independent of the environment. Regarding the stellar mass of green valley galaxies, we find that they tend to be more massive in the field than in denser environments. On average, green valley galaxies account for $\sim 20\%$ of all galaxies in groups and X-ray clusters. We find evidence that the field environment is inefficient in transforming low mass galaxies. Green valley galaxies have average star formation histories intermediate between passive and star forming galaxies, and have a clear and consistent dependence on the environment: both, the quenching time, and the amplitude of the star formation rate, decrease towards higher density environments.
On the teaching and learning of physics problem solving

This article presents a six-step problem-solving strategy, aimed at addressing three major problems in the learning and teaching of physics: 1) the demand by physics instructors for effective teaching strategies that could help in the teaching of intuitive conceptual and quantitative reasoning in physics, and how to teach both aspects holistically; 2) the students’ need for suitable methodology that could help students to fill the gap in textbooks on enhancing their mathematical reasoning abilities, which are essential for reinforcing students’ knowledge of conceptual physics; and 3) a deficiency in the teaching of physics leading to students not being taught a coherent physics problem-solving strategy that would enable them to engage in both mathematical and conceptual reasoning. After a review of publications made by the Physics Education Research group(PER), the importance of a structured, systemic methodology to solve physics problems is considered. Then a structured, systemic methodology for solving physics problems is described by extending the well-known problem-solving steps presented by Polya. The proposed strategy includes the following steps: 1. Understand the problem, 2. Provide a qualitative description of the problem, 3. Plan a solution, 4. Carry out the plan, 5. Verify the internal consistency and coherence of the equations used, and 6. Check and evaluate the obtained solution. Finally, an illustrative example is provided: the calculation of the moment of inertia of a thin hollow right circular cone.
Ugrades of beam diagnostics in support of emittance-exchange experiments at the Fermilab A0 photoinjector

The possibility of using electron beam phase space manipulations to support a free-electron laser accelerator design optimization has motivated our research. An ongoing program demonstrating the exchange of transverse horizontal and longitudinal emittances at the Fermilab A0 photoinjector has benefited recently from the upgrade of several of the key diagnostics stations. Accurate measurements of these properties upstream and downstream of the exchanger beamline are needed. Improvements in the screen resolution term and reduced impact of the optical system's depth-of-focus by using YAG:Ce single crystals normal to the beam direction will be described. The requirement to measure small energy spreads (<10 keV) in the spectrometer and the exchange process which resulted in bunch lengths less than 500 fs led to other diagnostics performance adjustments and upgrades as well. A longitudinal to transverse exchange example is also reported.
Electronic properties of molecular solids: the peculiar case of solid picene

Recently, a new organic superconductor, K-intercalated picene, with high transition temperatures Tc (up to 18 K) has been discovered. We have investigated the electronic properties of an undoped relative of this superconductor, solid picene, using a combination of experimental and theoretical methods. Our results provide deep insights into the occupied and unoccupied electronic states.
Role of Social Media in Pre-purchase Consumer Information Search: A Uses and Gratifications Perspective

The ICT’s brought new opportunities for gathering pre-purchase product information. With the help of social media, Consumer Information Search (CIS) has been more refined and specified. The purpose of this study is to identify the need categories of pre-purchase Consumer Information Search based on Uses and Gratifications theory. The model was examined through fully structured questionnaire by using bivariate and factor analysis on a sample of 246 respondents. This study was conducted in Chinese context; therefore results and implication are limited because western social media is quite different than eastern social media. The contribution of this study presented four social media need categories that influence consumer information search (cognitive, social integrative, affective and personal integrative). The finding showed that entertainment and pleasure with social interactions are vital need categories for pre-purchase information search. For enhancing CIS behavior, marketing managers have to provide more information about product & its usage and should use consumer engagement tools for increasing social interaction such as building online brand communities. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015. v6n1p11
Response to Breusch's Critique

PRECIS Dans sa critique de l’article de Davis E.A. Giles et Lindsay M. Tedds, Ta xes and the Canadian Underground Economy (2002), Trevor Breusch souleve deux points majeurs au sujet du processus particulier d’estimation utilise dans cet ouvrage qui a pour resultat de rendre les conclusions sur l’importance et la forme de l’economie souterraine sans effet. Dans leur reponse a la critique de Breusch, les auteurs font remarquer que ces resultats ne signifient pas que la methode statistique generale utilisee dans l’ouvrage est discreditee ni que l’ouvrage lui-meme n’a aucune valeur : la majeure partie de celui-ci n’est pas visee par la critique.
Do acquirers' gain? Evidence from the Chinese and UK consumer product and services market

China has rapidly transformed itself using dynamic reforms through economic transition and regulatory provisions. Consequently, certain firms have undertaken mergers and acquisitions (M&A) to achieve higher market capitalization. However, the extent to which such reforms have affected the Chinese consumer product and services sector largely remains unexplored, particularly compared to a more seasoned market, such as the UK. This study examines a panel of recent M&A events in the consumer product and services market of both China and the UK and evaluates the eventinduced wealth gain to the acquirers. The results suggest that the UK acquirers exhibit a relatively higher return continuation than do their Chinese counterparts. In addition, in contrast to the UK market, the post-event returns for the Chinese market are significantly negative, except for the announcement date. The findings demonstrate that the Chinese consumer market does not respond to M&A announcements to the same extent as does the UK market. Finally, the shareholders wealth gain, as one of the prime motives of M&A, is not duly achieved for the Chinese acquirers, despite the wider reform of the Chinese market.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA (L.) PERS .

Sesb ania grandiflora (L.) Pers is a plant that is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of cold,fever, stomach disorder, diarrhea and jaundice and as skin cleanser. To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of the plant, the antimicrobial activitie s of extracts of the stem bark and leaves were evaluated against some common gram negative and gram positive bacteria and fungi. The study also investi gated the chemical constituents of the plant and the effect of temperature and pH on its antimicrobial ac tivity. Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers has broad spectrum antibacterial activity and a potential source ofnew classes of antibiotics that could be useful for infectious disease chemotherapy and control. The phytochemical constituents of the dried powdered p lant parts were extracted using aqueous and organic solvents (acetone and ethanol). The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of zone of inhibition against both gram negative and gram positive ba cteria and fungi using the disc diffusion method.
On Being Moved by Art: How Reading Fiction Transforms the Self

An experiment tested the hypothesis that art can cause significant changes in the experience of one's own personality traits under laboratory conditions. After completing a set of questionnaires, including the Big-Five Inventory (BFI) and an emotion checklist, the experimental group read the short story The Lady With the Toy Dog by Chekhov, while the control group read a comparison text that had the same content as the story, but was documentary in form. The comparison text was controlled for length, readability, complexity, and interest level. Participants then completed again the BFI and emotion checklist, randomly placed within a larger set of questionnaires. The results show the experimental group experienced significantly greater change in self-reported experience of personality traits than the control group, and that emotion change mediated the effect of art on traits. Further consideration should be given to the role of art in the facilitation of processes of personality growth and maturation.
The impact of source or sink limitations on yield formation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) due to post-anthesis water and nitrogen deficiencies

The experiments were laid out to understand the mechanisms causing yield limitations imposed by post-anthesis water and nitrogen deficiencies in plants with modified source-sink ratios. two soil-water regimes were allotted to the main plots. at anthesis, three levels of n were applied: none, 25% and 50% of total the n supply. Spike-halving caused reduction in grain yield at both water regimes and all n supply levels, showing that the reduction in grain number can not be compensated by a higher individual grain weight. Sink reduction by trimming 50% of the spikelets reduced grain number per ear by 38.5% and increased individual grain weight by 12.0%, which shows the plasticity in grain weight and grain set of wheat if sufficient assimilates are available. additional nitrogen supply at anthesis had no significant effect on the total aboveground biomass, but increased grain yield through more allocation of dry matter to grains. our findings suggest that for rainfed wheat with optimum n supply and supplemental irrigation, wheat growers should choose cultivars with a high grain number per ear and manage the crop to increase grain number per unit of land (sink capacity).
Relative Fourier–Mukai transforms for Weierstraß fibrations, abelian schemes and Fano fibrations

Abstract We study the group of relative Fourier–Mukai transforms for Weierstraß fibrations, abelian schemes and Fano or anti-Fano fibrations. For Weierstraß and Fano or anti-Fano fibrations we describe this group completely. For abelian schemes over an arbitrary base we prove that if two of them are relative Fourier–Mukai partners then there is an isometric isomorphism between the fibre products of each of them and its dual abelian scheme. If the base is normal and the slope map is surjective we show that these two conditions are equivalent. Moreover in this situation we completely determine the group of relative Fourier–Mukai transforms and we prove that the number of relative Fourier–Mukai partners of a given abelian scheme over a normal base is finite.
Comparing galaxy populations in compact and loose groups of galaxies II: brightest group galaxies

Aims. The properties of the brightest galaxies (BCGs) are studied in both compact and loose groups of galaxies in order to better understand the physical mechanisms influencing galaxy evol ution in different environments. Methods. Samples of BCGs are selected in the compact groups identified by McConnachie et al. (2009), and in loose groups taken from Zandivarez & Mart´ inez (2011). The following physical properties of the BCGs in compact groups and in subsamples of loose groups are compared, defined by their mass and total luminosi ty: absolute magnitude, colour, size, surface brightness, stellar mass, concentration and morphological information from the Galaxy Zoo. The fraction of BCGs classified as red and /or early-type as a function of galaxy luminosity are studied. The fraction of t he group's total luminosity contained in the BCG and the difference in luminosity between the BCG and the second-ranked galaxy, are also analysed. Results. Some properties of BCGs in compact and loose groups are comparable. However, BCGs in compact groups are systematically more concentrated and have larger surface brightness than t heir counterparts in both, high- and low-mass loose groups. The fractions of red and early-type BCGs in compact groups are consistent with those of high-mass loose groups. Comparing BCGs in subsamples of compact and loose groups selected for their similar luminosities, BCGs in compact groups are found to be, on average, brighter, more massive, larger, redder and more frequently classified as elliptical. In compact groups, the BCG contains a larger f raction of the system's total luminosity and di ffers more in absolute magnitude from the second-ranked galaxy. Using a simple model, which dry-merges the BCG in loose groups with a random choice among the 2nd, 3rd and 4th-ranked galaxies in the group, and allowing for some star loss in the process, we show that the absolute magnitude distributions of BCGs in compact and loose groups of similar luminosities can be made more alike. Conclusions. BCGs in compact and loose groups are found to be different. Some mechanisms responsible for transforming late-type galaxies into early types, such as mergers, may be more effective within compact groups due to their high densities and small velocity dispersion, which would lead their BCGs along somewhat different evolutionary paths.
Effects of Different Levels of Preharvest Shading on the Storage Quality of Strawberry ( Fragariax ananassaDuchesne ) cv . Ostara I . Physical Characteristics

The effects ofshading developingfruits up to harvest on strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duchesne) cv. 'Ostara ' fruit quality were studied. Plants were shaded with netting ofdifferent levels oflight penetration (74,58, 48,38 and 5% which are denoted by S(J SJ' S2' S3 and S4 respectively). Results showed that effects could only be detected when plants were subjected to a very low level of light intensity, S4 . Location offruits on the plant affected the fresh fruit weight, surface glossiness and fruit firmness significantly. Fruits shaded by leaves were heavier and able to retain surface glossiness longer than exposedfruits.
Increased Winter‐Mean Wave Height, Variability, and Periodicity in the Northeast Atlantic Over 1949–2017

A 69‐year (1948–2017) numerical weather and wave hindcast is used to investigate the interannual variability and trend of winter wave height along the west coast of Europe. Results show that the winter‐mean wave height, variability, and periodicity all increased significantly in the northeast Atlantic over the last seven decades which primarily correlate with changes in the climate indices North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and West Europe Pressure Anomaly (WEPA) affecting atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic. NAO and WEPA primarily explain the increase in winter‐mean wave height and periodicity, respectively, while both WEPA and NAO explain the increase in interannual variability. This increase in trend, variability, and periodicity resulted in more frequent high‐energy winters with high NAO and/or WEPA over the last decades. The ability of climate models to predict the winter NAO and WEPA indices a few months ahead will be crucial to anticipate coastal hazards in this region.
The Causes and Risk-Taking on the Change of CEO Equity-Based Compensation Structure

This paper explores to find out the determinants of the change of CEO equity-based compensation structure. We use the US nonfinancial listed companies as sample and find that when the change of stock return and size increase positively, the percentage of stock compensation and the stock-minus-option compensation relative to last year increase. Moreover, when the change of CEO duality increases positively, the percentage of stock-compensation and the percentage of stock-minus-option compensation relative to last year decrease. The empirical results represent that when firms perform better, sizes are bigger, and when there is a supervision mechanism of CEOs, stock compensation relative to last year will rise. Furthermore, the change of entrenchment index is positively correlated with equity-based compensation relative to last year. We also investigate the relation between equity-based compensation and risk-taking. Option compensation will increase firmsi¯ stock return risk, but stock compensation will decrease firmsi¯ stock return risk. Although there is no obvious conclusion that whether stocks or options are better, this study shows that stock compensation dominates option compensation in the view of risk-taking. We recommend that executive equity-based compensation should mostly consist of restricted stock.
Creating Sustainable and Efficient Transport Interchanges: Some Findings of the City-HUB Project

Urban transport exchange hubs play a key role as an integral part of the transport networks by facilitating relations between public transport modes but also have a function in the city urban planning and in-service facilities [1]. Time savings, urban integration, better use of waiting times and improved operating models are some of the expected benefits of developing efficient city-hubs [2,3]. However, although interchanges are crucial for improving accessibility, there are still problems remaining such as seams or bottlenecks, which are mainly reported in the coordination between the different transport modes and the use of the information systems and management model. In order to examine a part of these problems, the three years (September 2012-February 2015) City-HUB consortium of nine European research institutes from nine countries belonging to the European conference of transport research institutes (ECTRI) project studied 27 multimodal interchanges [4].
Edge channel mixing induced by potential steps in an integer quantum Hall system

We investigate the coherent mixing of co-propagating edge channels in a quantum Hall bar produced by step potentials. In the case of two edge channels it is found that, although a single step induces only a few percent mixing, a series of steps could yield 50% mixing. In addition, a strong mixing is found when the potential height of a single step allows a different number of edge channels on the two sides of the step. Charge density probability has been also calculated even for the case where the step is smoothened.
The Role of Apoptosis in HeLa Cells Expressing HIV-1 Rev

The HIV protein Rev is a nucleolar protein that regulates late gene expression in infected cells by promoting the export of under-spliced viral RNAs Its over-expression can also inhibit progression through mitosis 1995), possibly through its ability to depolymerize microtubules (Watts et al. , 2000). Consequently, Rev may activate the spindle assembly checkpoint in mitotic cells and increase the frequency of apoptosis. Rev also binds the nucleolar protein B23 involved in ribosome maturation and centrosome duplication. Because loss of B23 function stimulates apoptosis (Ahn et al. , 2005), Rev expression may promote apoptosis by inhibiting B23. Regardless of its mechanism, plausible to hypothesize that Rev expression stimulates apoptosis. To test this hypothesis, Rev and three mutants defective multimerization, respectively) and formaldehyde, transiently Rev-GFP, YFP Rev mutants M4, M6, M10