Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Freedom and Rationality

This paper deals with Rousseau's idea of freedom in terms of rationality and deliberation. It gives support to Berlin's interpretation of the general will as a rational and objective will but dismisses the idea that Rousseau's theory necessarily leads to authoritarianism. The general will, publicly expressed by the law, may be defined as the rational and self-regarding will agents would have if put in an independent and objective state, i.e. the state of nature. The general and the particular will, henceforth considered from an individual point of view, theoretically constitute two alternative choices for an agent. A special focus will then be placed on the function of the law in the process of individual deliberation. By signalling the general will, the law urges individuals to deliberate and to question the autonomy of their preferences. I shall argue that citizenship denotes for Rousseau the tendency of individuals to favour the general will and to master their natural weakness of will. The achievement of citizenship, however, strongly relies upon man's identification with the community, i.e. patriotism, and upon the emotions stirred by the potential death of the body politic.
Factors influencing fatigue among mothers with hospitalized children: A structural equation model

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to identify the physiological, psychological, and situational factors affecting fatigue among mothers of hospitalized children. DESIGN AND METHODS This study used a cross-sectional descriptive design with a self-report questionnaire. Participants were 211 mothers with children younger than 6 years old who were admitted to general hospitals. Based on the theory of unpleasant symptoms, the physiological, psychological, and situational factors were tested using structural equation modeling. RESULTS Mothers' fatigue was influenced by physiological (β = .24), situational, and psychological factors (β = .17), and situational (β = .37) factors such as the mother's sleeping hours, the child's adaptation to hospitalization, anxiety and having support with their housework. These three factors explained 31.34% of the variance in fatigue. In particular, it was found that the psychological factors exacerbate the negative influence of the situational factors on fatigue. Moreover, the situational factors were most strongly related to mothers' fatigue, and they had an indirect effect via the psychological factors as a mediator. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS It is necessary to implement a nursing intervention that targets the controllable factors such as anxiety and children's adaptation to hospitalization that were identified in this study. Pediatric nursing care should not be limited to treating children's illnesses, but should be extended to providing family-centered care.
Repensando a Saúde

Michael M. Porter e Elizabeth O. Teisberg se colocaram diante de um titulo desafiador: Repensar a saude. A base de todo o trabalho esta orientada a partir de uma analise da complexa e intrigante estrutura do sistema americano de saude. A principal argumentacao dos autores, ao propor o repensar da saude nesse sistema, esta localizada nas modalidades de competicao utilizadas. Tratam a questao da competicao como a causa raiz do insucesso do sistema de saude, com abordagens sobre a competicao de soma zero, competicao com valor em soma positiva e porque a competicao nos servicos de saude se da em nivel equivocado.
Do combined psychological stress examinations predict pregnancy outcome in an assisted reproductive technology program?

PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION To investigate prospectively if the pregnancy outcome in infertile women undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) is predictable by a combination of psychological stress examinations on the day of embryo/blastocyst transfer. MATERIALS AND METHODS From April 2012 to May 2012, 114 women aged 42 years old or less underwent transfer of morphologically-good embryo/blastocyst(s) in the present in vitro fertilization (IVF) center. Immediately before the transfer, salivary secretion was obtained and frozen. α-amylase and cortisol concentrations were quantified using biochemical assays. In addition, patients were asked to answer General Health Questionnaire 28 (GHQ28) and Zung's Self Rating Depression Scale (SDS) following transfer. The results were compared between the pregnant group and non-pregnant group. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the age of the infertile couples between the pregnant group and non-pregnant group as well as body mass index of the infertile women. The GHQ28 and SDS scores were similar between the two groups, as were the salivary α-amylase and cortisol concentrations. CONCLUSION This prospective study failed to demonstrate the predictivity of the pregnancy outcome by psychological stress examinations in infertile women in an ART program, even though these tests were used in combination.
Are Opioid Patches A Patient Safety Issue in Emergency Medicine?-A Forensic Point of View -

Background: Transdermal administration of opioids, especially of fentanyl patches, is common, and its use increases. However, there is a relevant risk of misuse. Few cases have been reported from the pre-hospital setting. We investigated whether forensic data indicate a pre-hospital threat to patient safety by transdermal opioid application systems. Material and methods: We reviewed 2,019 autopsies for opioid patches, subsequent toxicological findings, and emergency treatment prior to death. Results: 15 deceased (0.74%) presented opioid patches at autopsy, 14 with one patch applied (average dose 49.4 μg/h, range 12 100 μg/h). 4 patients were treated by emergency staff prior to death, i. e. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Elevated or fatal opioid doses were not found. Conclusion: In contrast to previous studies, we found no evidence of improper handling of opioid patches. However, the significance of our study is limited. More and wide-spread epidemiologic data will be gained from a forthcoming interdisciplinary cooperation between forensic and clinical institutions.
Author ' s personal copy Radon anomalies precursory to the 2003 M w 1⁄4 6 . 8 Chengkung and 2006 M w 1⁄4 6 . 1 Taitung earthquakes in Taiwan

Contrary to the normally observed increase in groundwater radon that occurs prior to earthquakes, we have measured anomalous decreases in radon concentration prior to the 2003 MW1⁄4 6.8 Chengkung and 2006 MW1⁄4 6.1 Taitung earthquakes that occurred within a 55 km radius from the Antung D1 monitoring well in eastern Taiwan. The v-shaped pattern of radon anomalies recognized at Antung is valuable for detecting the aseismic strain precursory to potentially disastrous earthquakes in a fractured aquifer surrounded by ductile aquitard in seismotectonic environments in this area. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Genetic Diversity among Community Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Causing Outpatient Infections in Australia

ABSTRACT Increasing reports of the appearance of novel nonmultiresistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (MRSA) strains in the community and of the spread of hospital MRSA strains into the community are cause for public health concern. We conducted two national surveys of unique isolates of S. aureus from clinical specimens collected from nonhospitalized patients commencing in 2000 and 2002, respectively. A total of 11.7% of 2,498 isolates from 2000 and 15.4% of 2,486 isolates from 2002 were MRSA. Approximately 54% of the MRSA isolates were nonmultiresistant (resistant to less than three of nine antibiotics) in both surveys. The majority of multiresistant MRSA isolates in both surveys belonged to two strains (strains AUS-2 and AUS-3), as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and resistogram typing. The 3 AUS-2 isolates and 10 of the 11 AUS-3 isolates selected for multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) analysis were ST239-MRSA-III (where ST is the sequence type) and thus belonged to the same clone as the eastern Australian MRSA strain of the 1980s, which spread internationally. Four predominant clones of novel nonmultiresistant MRSA were identified by PFGE, MLST, and SCCmec analysis: ST22-MRSA-IV (strain EMRSA-15), ST1-MRSA-IV (strain WA-1), ST30-MRSA-IV (strain SWP), and ST93-MRSA-IV (strain Queensland). The last three clones are associated with community acquisition. A total of 14 STs were identified in the surveys, including six unique clones of novel nonmultiresistant MRSA, namely, STs 73, 93, 129, 75, and 80slv and a new ST. SCCmec types IV and V were present in diverse genetic backgrounds. These findings provide support for the acquisition of SCCmec by multiple lineages of S. aureus. They also confirm that both hospital and community strains of MRSA are now common in nonhospitalized patients throughout Australia.
Country Brand I Feel Slovenia:First Response from Locals

Abstract The paper analyses the concept of country branding. The focus is placed on influential stakeholders who should participate in country brand development and implementation. Specifically, the important role of local inhabitants is stressed. The paper focuses on the country branding in Slovenia and investigates the residents’ first response to the new brand I feel Slovenia. The research was conducted half a year after the new brand was born. The results imply that the brand has great potential to become successful, since it is generally well recognised and perceived by its largest internal stakeholder group – local inhabitants.
Effect of diethylstilbestrol on utilization of energy by the growing chick.

Increased fat production in diethylstilbestrol-treated chicks was found to be due primarily to increased energy consumption and to a lesser extent to preferential synthesis of fat at the expense of protein tissue. This was shown in experiments comparing normal and estrogen-treated male chicks with respect to gains in live weight, fat and protein at two planes of nutrition, and the yield of metabolizable and productive (net) energy which they obtained from the diet. It was found that the fattening effect could not be due to increased digestibility, increased net energy yield from absorbed nutrients, or lowered heat production. Under the influence of estrogen, total tissue gain expressed in Calories was increased, and was composed of greater fat gain and lower protein gain. Tissue energy gains were a linear function of metabolizable energy consumption. This relationship predicted equal tissue energy gains under pair-feeding conditions, which was confirmed experimentally.
Hard Bias Effect on Magnetic Noise in Different Types of Tunnel Magnetoresistive Heads

Hard bias effect on thermally activated magnetic noise has been investigated through changing the biasing direction in three types of tunnel magnetoresistive (TMR) heads with different head structures and sensor widths. It is found that characteristic variation in the noise spectra is different for different TMR heads. The results can be explained through stiffness field difference in different TMR heads. No additional ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) was observed in accompanying with the hard bias weakness. The resonant frequency as a function of field at different bias angles can be qualitatively accounted for by relevant stiffness field variations.
Efficacy of Tactile-guided Reversal from Cisatracurium-induced Neuromuscular Block

Background Because tactile evaluation is the most common form of clinical neuromuscular monitoring, this study examines the relative efficacy of antagonizing residual block at different levels of recovery of the tactile train-of-four (TOF) response. Methods Anesthesia was induced in 64 adults with 2–5 &mgr;g/kg fentanyl and 1–3 mg/kg propofol and maintained with fentanyl, propofol, and nitrous oxide. The tactile response of the adductor pollicis to TOF stimulation was evaluated at one arm, and the mechanomyographic response was recorded at the other. Patients received 0.15 mg/kg cisatracurium and were randomized to receive 0.07 mg/kg neostigmine on reappearance of the first (group I), second (group II), third (group III), or fourth (group IV) tactile TOF response (16 patients per group). Times from administration of neostigmine until the TOF ratio recovered to 0.7 (R0.7), 0.8 (R0.8), and 0.9 (R0.9) were measured. Results Data are presented as median with range in parentheses. R0.7 was 10.3 (5.9–23.4), 7.6 (3.2–14.1), 5.0 (2.0–18.4), and 4.1 (2.4–11.0) min in groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively (P < 0.05, group I > II, III, and IV, group II > IV). R0.8 was 16.6 (8.9–30.7), 9.8 (5.3–25.0), 8.3 (3.8–27.1), and 7.5 (3.0–74.5) min in groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively (P < 0.05, group I > II, III, and IV, group II > IV). R0.9 was 22.2 (13.9–44.0), 20.2 (6.5–70.5), 17.1 (8.3–46.2), and 16.5 (6.5–143.3) min in groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively (no intergroup differences). Ten minutes after neostigmine, a TOF ratio of 0.7 or greater was achieved in 50, 75, 88, and 93% of patients in groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively (P < 0.05 group I > II, III, and IV). At 30 min, a TOF ratio of 0.9 or less was observed in 21, 13, 13, and 7% of patients in groups I, II, III, and IV respectively (no intergroup differences). Conclusions To achieve rapid (within 10 min) reversal to a TOF ratio of 0.7 in more than 87% of patients, three or four tactile responses should be present at the time of neostigmine administration. It was not possible within 30 min to achieve a TOF ratio of 0.9 in all patients, regardless of the number of tactile responses present at neostigmine administration.
Developing effective feedback on quality of anaesthetic care: what are its most valuable characteristics from a clinical perspective?

Objectives Research suggests that better feedback from quality and safety indicators leads to enhanced capability of clinicians and departments to improve care and change behaviour. The aim of the current study was to investigate the characteristics of feedback perceived by clinicians to be of most value. Methods Data were collected using a survey designed as part of a wider evaluation of a data feedback initiative in anaesthesia. Eighty-nine consultant anaesthetists from two English NHS acute Trusts completed the survey. Multiple linear regression with hierarchical variable entry was used to investigate which characteristics of feedback predict its perceived usefulness for monitoring variation and improving care. Results The final model demonstrated that the relevance of the quality indicators to the specific service area (β = 0.64, p = 0.01) and the credibility of the data as coming from a trustworthy, unbiased source (β = 0.55, p = 0.01) were the significant predictors, having controlled for all other covariates. Conclusion For clinicians to engage with effective quality monitoring and feedback, the perceived local relevance of indicators and trust in the credibility of the resulting data are paramount.
A Line-Based-Clustering Approach for Ball Grid Array Component Inspection in Surface-Mount Technology

In production processes that use surface-mount technology (SMT) for the assembly of printed circuit boards, automated optical inspection is widely employed to diagnose component defects. However, commonly used inspection algorithms can hardly meet reliability and time efficiency requirements simultaneously, especially when applied to the components of high-density and large-scale integration, such as ball grid array (BGA). In this paper, a novel approach is presented to inspect BGA component defects. An adaptive thresholding combined with modified $(\varepsilon, \delta)$-component segmentation is first performed to extract the grayscale image of solder balls. A line-based-clustering method is then proposed to recognize ball array. Simultaneously, accurate position and orientation of BGA are obtained based on the recognition results. Finally, ball features are extracted to diagnose potential defects. The proposed algorithm is implemented on the host computer of Samsung SMT 482 machine. The results obtained show that the proposed approach is suitable for a vast majority of BGAs with different ball arrays and also that it is robust to interferences caused by the image segmentation. Furthermore, compared to Samsung's algorithm, it has significant advantages in time efficiency and high inspection accuracy under nonideal lighting conditions.
Diversification, Innovation, and Imitation Inside the Global Technological Frontier

Recent research highlights the relationship between economic development and productive diversification, which may be hindered by market failures. After identifying stages of diversification in disaggregated export data, the authors develop a metric for the flows of export"discoveries,"or inside-the-frontier innovations in developing countries. They then explore the empirical relationship between economic development and (1) inside-the-frontier-innovation as reflected by the introduction of new export products, (2) export diversification measured by an index of export-revenue concentration, and (3) on-the-frontier innovation as reflected in patents. The data suggest, unsurprisingly, that inside-the-frontier innovation is more common among poor countries than among industrial economies. Overall export diversification increases at low levels of development but declines with development after a high-income point, whereas patenting activity rises exponentially with development. The data also suggest that the relationship between the frequency of export discoveries and economic development is not due to changes in the industrial composition of exports. The authors use a simple model of innovation and imitation to test the hypothesis that the threat of imitation inhibits the discovery of new exports. Econometric evidence suggests that the frequency of export discoveries across countries rises with the returns of export activities (proxied by exogenous export growth during the sample period), but the magnitude of this effect increases with barriers to entry. The count-data estimations deal with unobserved international heterogeneity, and the results are robust to various changes in the specification of the empirical model. This finding supports the hypothesisthat market failures inhibit inside-the-frontier innovation.
Comparative Cross-Species Alternative Splicing in Plants1[W][OA]

Alternative splicing (AS) can add significantly to genome complexity. Plants are thought to exhibit less AS than animals. An algorithm, based on expressed sequence tag (EST) pairs gapped alignment, was developed that takes advantage of the relatively small intron and exon size in plants and directly compares pairs of ESTs to search for AS. EST pairs gapped alignment was first evaluated in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), rice (Oryza sativa), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) for which annotated genome sequence is available and was shown to accurately predict splicing events. The method was then applied to 11 plant species that include 17 cultivars for which enough ESTs are available. The results show a large, 3.7-fold difference in AS rates between plant species with Arabidopsis and rice in the lower range and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in the upper range. Hence, compared to higher animals, plants show a much greater degree of variety in their AS rates and in some plant species the rates of animal and plant AS are comparable although the distribution of AS types may differ. In eudicots but not monocots, a correlation between genome size and AS rates was detected, implying that in eudicots the mechanisms that lead to larger genomes are a driving force for the evolution of AS.
Three Decades of International Guidelines for Environment-Related Education: A Critical Hermeneutic of the United Nations Discourse

The UNESCO-UNEP International Environmental Education Program (1975- 1995) provided impetus for developing, legitimizing, and institutionalizing environmental education. More recently, UNESCO was mandated by the United Nations to carry out a worldwide shift towards education for sus- tainable development. As international organizations’ recommendations and guidelines often act as beacons for the conception and implementation of national formal and nonformal education programs, it is necessary to critically appraise their content. Our hermeneutical analysis of United Nations documents concerning environmental education, which is now sub- sumed to sustainable development, highlights an instrumental view of edu- cation, a resourcist conception of the environment, and an economicist view of development. Such a worldview needs to be discussed.
Oxazolone and ethanol induce colitis in non‐obese diabetic‐severe combined immunodeficiency interleukin‐2Rγnull mice engrafted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Oxazolone‐induced colitis in mice has become a recognized model to study the efficacy of therapeutics targeting the immunological response underlying the development of inflammatory bowel disease. However, this model cannot be used when therapeutics designed to address human targets do not interact with the respective murine counterpart. In this study, we examined the induction of oxazolone mediated colitis in non‐obese diabetic‐severe combined immunodeficiency interleukin‐2Rγnull (NOD‐SCID IL2Rγnull) mice engrafted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC) derived from patients suffering from ulcerative colitis (UC), atopic dermatitis (AD) and healthy volunteers. NOD‐SCID IL2Rγ null mice were engrafted with hPBMC followed by challenge with oxazolone or ethanol vehicle. Mice developed the same symptoms as observed previously in immunocompetent mice. The clinical activity score increased and the colon architecture was characterized by the development of oedema, fibrosis, crypt loss and dense infiltration of predominantly T cells into the lamina propria. Fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis of lymphocytes in the colon identified natural killer (NK) T cells as a major constituent. In contrast to studies with immunocompetent mice, we observed the same phenotype in the group challenged with ethanol vehicle. The phenotype was most pronounced in mice engrafted with PBMC derived from a patient suffering from UC, suggesting that the immunological history of the donors predisposes the engrafted mice to react to ethanol. The model described here has the potential to study the efficacy of therapeutics targeting human lymphocytes in a model which is more reflective of the human disease. In addition, it might be developed to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying the disease.
$K^0_S$ and $\Lambda^0$ production studies in $p\bar p $ collisions at $\sqrt s $ 1800-GeV and 630-GeV

We present a study of the production of K_s^0 and Lambda^0 in inelastic pbar-p collisions at sqrt(s)= 1800 and 630 GeV using data collected by the CDF experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron. Analyses of K_s^0 and Lambda^0 multiplicity and transverse momentum distributions, as well as of the dependencies of the average number and of K_s^0 and Lambda^0 on charged particle multiplicity are reported. Systematic comparisons are performed for the full sample of inelastic collisions, and for the low and high momentum transfer subsamples, at the two energies. The p_T distributions extend above 8 GeV/c, showing a higher than previous measurements. The dependence of the mean K_s^0(Lambda^0) p_T on the charged particle multiplicity for the three samples shows a behavior analogous to that of charged primary tracks.