Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Review of Childhood Diabetes Research in the Middle East Region

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic disorder in children and is caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency, with or without insulin resistance. There are several different forms of childhood DM. Children can suffer from neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM), type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY), autoimmune monogenic, mitochondrial, syndromic and as yet unclassified forms of DM. The Middle East has one of the highest incidences of several types of DM in children; however, it is unclear whether pediatric diabetes is an active area of research in the Middle East and if ongoing, which research areas are of priority for DM in children. Objectives: To review the literature on childhood DM related to research in the Middle East, summarize results, identify opportunities for research and make observations and recommendations for collaborative studies in pediatric DM. Methods: We conducted a thorough and systematic literature review by adhering to a list recommended by PRISMA. We retrieved original papers written in English that focus on childhood DM research, using electronic bibliographic databases containing publications from the year 2000 until October 2018. For our final assessment, we retrieved 429 full-text articles and selected 95 articles, based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Our literature review suggests that childhood DM research undertaken in the Middle East has focused mainly on reporting retrospective review of case notes, a few prospective case studies, systemic reviews, questionnaire-based studies, and case reports. These reported studies have focused mostly on the incidence/prevalence of different types of DM in childhood. No studies report on the establishment of National Childhood Diabetes Registries. There is a lack of consolidated studies focusing on national epidemiology data of different types of childhood DM (such as NDM, T1DM, T2DM, MODY, and syndromic forms) and no studies reporting on clinical trials in children with DM. Conclusions: Investing in and funding basic and translational childhood diabetes research and encouraging collaborative studies, will bring enormous benefits financially, economically, and socially for the whole of the Middle East region.
Investigating the level of awareness and extent of financial risk protection among the population in Enugu state, southeast Nigeria

Objective: The study investigated the level of awareness and extent of financial risk protection among the population in Enugu state, southeast Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A mixed-method approach involving cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative methods was adopted for data collection and analysis. The study was conducted in two purposively selected urban and rural local government settings in Enugu North and East senatorial zones, respectively. Results: The quantitative results show that most of the respondents (77.1%) were women and 80.2% were married. Slightly above a quarter of the respondents (25.6%) were self-employed, whereas 29.1% were main income earners. Out-of-pocket (OOP) dominates payment mechanisms (94.9%), whereas more than half (54.4%) of the respondents went to patent medicine dealers for treatment in the last one month. Logistic regression shows overall significance in use of prepayment mechanisms with χ2 = 56.57 and P = 0.001. More so, finding indicates that 55.9% of respondents have heard of prepayment mechanisms mainly from television (30.4%) and radio program (20.2%), while 89.5% has not used any prepayment mechanism in the State. Conclusion: OOP still dominates payment mechanism in Enugu state. Although over half of the respondents (55.9%) have heard of prepayment mechanisms, approximately 90% has not used any prepayment mechanism in the State. This calls for policy that will ensure moving away from OOP payment to prepayment mechanism through health system strengthening and awareness creation for the populace.
The Effect of Emotional Valence and Arousal on Visuo-Spatial Working Memory: Incidental Emotional Learning and Memory for Object-Location

Remembering places in which emotional events occur is essential for individual’s survival. However, the mechanisms through which emotions modulate information processing in working memory, especially in the visuo-spatial domain, is little understood and controversial. The present research was aimed at investigating the effect of incidentally learned emotional stimuli on visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM) performance by using a modified version of the object-location task. Eight black rectangles appeared simultaneously on a computer screen; this was immediately followed by the sequential presentation of eight pictures (selected from IAPS) superimposed onto each rectangle. Pictures were selected considering the two main dimensions of emotions: valence and arousal. Immediately after presentation, participants had to relocate the rectangles in the original position as accurately as possible. In the first experiment arousal and valence were manipulated either as between-subject (Experiment 1A) or as within-subject factors (Experiment 1B and 1C). Results showed that negative pictures enhanced memory for object location only when they were presented with neutral ones within the same encoding trial. This enhancing effect of emotion on memory for object location was replicated also with positive pictures. In Experiment 2 the arousal level of negative pictures was manipulated between-subjects (high vs. low) while maintaining valence as a within-subject factor (negative vs. neutral). Objects associated with negative pictures were better relocated, independently of arousal. In Experiment 3 the role of emotional valence was further ascertained by manipulating valence as a within-subject factor (neutral vs. negative in Experiment 3A; neutral vs. positive in Experiment 3B) and maintaining similar levels of arousal among pictures. A significant effect of valence on memory for location was observed in both experiments. Finally, in Experiment 4, when positive and negative pictures were encoded in the same trial, no significant effect of valence on memory for object location was observed. Taken together results suggest that emotions enhance spatial memory performance when neutral and emotional stimuli compete with one another for access into the working memory system. In this competitive mechanism, an interplay between valence and arousal seems to be at work.
The Impact of Ayahuasca on Suicidality: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial

Suicide is a major public health problem. Given increasing suicide rates and limitations surrounding current interventions, there is an urgent need for innovative interventions for suicidality. Although ayahuasca has been shown to target mental health concerns associated with suicidality (i.e., depression and hopelessness), research has not yet explored the impact of ayahuasca on suicidality. Therefore, we conducted secondary analyses of a randomized placebo-controlled trial in which individuals with treatment-resistant depression were administered one dose of ayahuasca (n = 14) or placebo (n = 15). Suicidality was assessed by a trained psychiatrist at baseline, as well as 1 day, 2 days, and 7 days after the intervention. A fixed-effects linear mixed model, as well as between and within-groups Cohen's d effect sizes were used to examine changes in suicidality. Controlling for baseline suicidality, we found a significant effect for time (p < .05). The effect of the intervention (i.e., ayahuasca vs. placebo) trended toward significance (p = .088). At all time points, we found medium between-group effect sizes (i.e., ayahuasca vs. placebo; day 1 Cohen’s d = 0.58; day 2 d = 0.56; day 7 d = 0.67), as well as large within-group (ayahuasca; day 1 Cohen's d = 1.33; day 2 d = 1.42; day 7 d = 1.19) effect sizes, for decreases in suicidality. Conclusions: This research is the first to explore the impact of ayahuasca on suicidality. The findings suggest that ayahuasca may show potential as an intervention for suicidality. We highlight important limitations of the study, potential mechanisms, and future directions for research on ayahuasca as an intervention for suicidality. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials. gov, identifier NCT02914769.
Dependent Sums and Dependent Products in Bishop's Set Theory

According to the standard, non type-theoretic accounts of Bishop’s constructivism (BISH), dependent functions are not necessary to BISH. Dependent functions though, are explicitly used by Bishop in his definition of the intersection of a family of subsets, and they are necessary to the definition of arbitrary products. In this paper we present the basic notions and principles of CSFT, a semiformal constructive theory of sets and functions intended to be a minimal, adequate and faithful, in Feferman’s sense, semi-formalisation of Bishop’s set theory (BST). We define the notions of dependent sum (or exterior union) and dependent product of set-indexed families of sets within CSFT, and we prove the distributivity of ∏ over ∑ i.e., the translation of the type-theoretic axiom of choice within CSFT. We also define the notions of dependent sum (or interior union) and dependent product of set-indexed families of subsets within CSFT. For these definitions we extend BST with the universe of sets V0 and the universe of functions V1. 2012 ACM Subject Classification Theory of computation → Constructive mathematics
Explicit Memorization for Recurrent Neural Networks with Autoencoders

Recurrent neural networks are difficult to train due to the vanishing and exploding gradient problem. Most of the solutions in the literature revolve around the design of new models able to mitigate this issue. However, they ignore the training algorithm, relying on gradient descent and end-to-end training. In this extended abstract, we propose a conceptual separation of recurrent models into two components: a feature extractor and a memory. We introduce the Linear Memory Network, a recurrent model based on this conceptual framework. The separation of the two components allows us to concentrate on the development of better memory models and training algorithms. We exploit this model to design several algorithms to train the LMN and its hierarchical extension and initialize the memory based on the optimal solution of the linear autoencoder for sequences. After the initialization, the autoencoder is implicitly used as an explicit memory by encoding and decoding the entire sequence of hidden states in its memory. The experimental results show that using these algorithms, designed for memorization, we can improve the results of recurrent models on a variety of tasks.
The Education of Children with Special Needs in Cameroon : The Role of Teachers and parent towards Inclusive Education

The education of children with Special Needs is a world wide phenomenon which many international bodies, governments and organisations have come to realise its importance thereby striving for the need for inclusion. Laws, legislations and policies have been put forward to encourage the education of these children in regular schools. In most cases these laws are made without taking into consideration the training capacities of the teachers, suitable physical school environment in terms of infrastructures for accessibility, the large classroom sizes in relation to the student/teacher ratio and most importantly instructional materials and resources. The core implementers of this policy are the teachers whose role is very vital for the education of children in regular school settings. Parents on the other hand as one of the stakeholders of education have a great role to play in their children’s schooling. They act as partners to the teachers and their role cannot be minimized even though schools have traditionally kept them at arm’s length. What is commonly seen in most schools is that parents are been instructed with a view to the physical and moral welfare of their children without listening to what the parents have to contribute. The purpose of this study was to investigate and explore the role of Teachers and Parents towards the education of children with disabilities in Regular Secondary Schools in the Cameroonian setting. The study was conducted in two schools in the Buea District in Cameroon. The main informants were four teachers and two parents. A case study design orientated to qualitative research approach using several research methods was used to collect empirical data. The methods include interviews as the main research method, and supportive methods such as document consultation, field notes and informal talks as additional sources. The results obtained show that teachers’ views of the understanding of the concept of inclusive education vary. Some of the teachers were aware of the theoretical understanding and meaning while others could not identify with the concept appellation. Also the study shows that generally teachers in regular schools turn to be
Forgive and forget: Self‐stabilizing swarms in spite of Byzantine robots

In this article, we consider the case in which a swarm of robots collaborates in a mission, where a few of the robots behave maliciously. These malicious Byzantine robots may be temporally or constantly controlled by an adversary. The scope is synchronized full information robot operations, where a robot that does not follow the program/policy of the swarm is immediately identified and can be remembered as Byzantine. As robots may be suspected of being Byzantine due to benign temporal malfunctions, it is imperative to forgive and forget, otherwise, a robot cannot assume collaborative actions with any other robot in the swarm. Still, remembering for a while may facilitate a policy of surrounding, isolating and freezing the movement of the misbehaving robots, by several robots, allowing the rest to perform the swarm task with no intervention. We demonstrate the need to periodically forgive and forget to realize swarm several tasks including patrolling/cleaning in the presence of possible Byzantine robots. The policy for achieving the task consists of blocking the movement of the Byzantine robot(s) by some of the robots, while the rest patrol/clean the plane.
New Perspectives on Music in Rehabilitation of Executive and Attention Functions

Modern music therapy, starting around the middle of the twentieth century was primarily conceived to promote emotional well-being and to facilitate social group association and integration. Therefore, it was rooted mostly in social science concepts. More recently, music as therapy began to move decidedly toward perspectives of neuroscience. This has been facilitated by the advent of neuroimaging techniques that help uncover the therapeutic mechanisms for non-musical goals in the brain processes underlying music perception, cognition, and production. In this paper, we focus on executive function (EF) and attentional processes (AP) that are central for cognitive rehabilitation efforts. To this end, we summarize existing behavioral as well as neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies in musicians, non-musicians, and clinical populations. Musical improvisation and instrumental playing may have some potential for EF/AP stimulation and neurorehabilitation. However, more neuroimaging studies are needed to investigate the neural mechanisms for the active musical performance. Furthermore, more randomized clinical trials combined with neuroimaging techniques are warranted to demonstrate the specific efficacy and neuroplasticity induced by music-based interventions.
Edge Effects on Seedling Diversity Are Mediated by Impacts of Fungi and Insects on Seedling Recruitment but Not Survival

Growing awareness of the role of enemies in plant community dynamics has led to ecologists exploring how plant-enemy interactions change in human-modified systems. Proximity to forest edges was found to weaken the role of two groups of plant enemies—insect herbivores and fungal pathogens—in increasing plant diversity during the seed-to-seedling transition. However, it is less clear whether edge effects similarly compromise the diversifying effects of fungi and insects on established seedlings. We examined this question in a human-modified wet tropical forest in the Western Ghats of southern India. Over an annual cycle of recruitment, in 730 seedling plots (1 x 1-m each) arrayed at distances 0-100 m from the forest edge across 15 locations in a 30 km2 landscape, we suppressed the activity of fungal pathogens and insect herbivores by applying fungicide and insecticide to soil, seeds, and seedlings. Suppressing fungi and insects reduced diversity mainly for seedling recruits and not for seedlings that had already established. However, pesticide effects were only apparent at 90-100 m from forest edges. Specifically, in the interior sites, fungi and insect activity increased recruit diversity, which helped maintain local seedling diversity even though diversity of established seedlings declined with annual mortality. By comparison, canopy openness affected neither the diversity of survivors from the initial seedling cohort nor total seedling diversity after an annual cycle of recruitment. Our results indicate that insects and fungi promote diversity more prominently during early seedling establishment rather than through impacts on post-establishment seedling survival. Thus, edge effects can weaken the diversifying effects of plant-insect and plant-fungal interactions during recruitment and thereby modify the seedling template available for the future tree community in human-modified forests.
STUDY OF THE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES OF REFRACTIVE ERROR WITH EMPHASIS ON SPECTACLE USAGES IN STUDENTS OF RURAL CENTRAL INDIA.

ABSTRACTAim: To Study the knowledge, attitude and practices of refractive errors with emphasis on spectacle usages instudents of rural central India.Background: Refractive error is the most common cause of blindness which can be corrected easily by usingsimple modality like spectacles but because of ignorance, stigmas and cost related issues it is underutilized. Thisstudy was conducted in order to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices of refractive errors with theemphasis on spectacle usages amongst students of rural central India.Material and method: This was a prospective cross sectional study conducted amongst high school going studentsof rural central India.Result: Amongst 255 respondents, 165 males and 90 females. Most of the respondents believed that mostcommon reasons for low vision were nutritional deficiency(68%) followed by bad eye care(56%), hereditary(47%)and trauma to eyes(18%). Most of the participants were aware about spectacles (92%) as a modality to correct lowvision. Very few knew about surgery (14%) and contact lenses (54%). The respondents refused to use spectacles atall if needed because of likely teasing from colleagues as well as problem with handling of glass (71%), fear ofrejection from opposite sex (65%) and for fear of being labeled as blind (48%). Conclusion: Stigmas regarding refractive errors and modalities to correct it is prevalent amongst high schoolstudents of rural central India.KEY WORDS: Refractive error, stigma, Knowledge, attitude, practice.
Use and user's satisfaction in library resources and services: A study in Tezpur University (India)

This study is an investigation of use of library resources, user’s satisfaction in library resources and services and information seeking behaviors of the students and research scholars of Tezpur University. 200 questionnaires were distributed among students and research scholars of Tezpur University to collect relevant data. 79.5%(159) library users responded where 32.07%(51) respondents visited Central library, Tezpur University everyday for borrowing library books. It is found that 82.39%(131) users borrowed text books, (79.87%)(127) consulted journals and 75.47%(120) read news papers to meet their information needs. Library is playing vital role to meet multidimensional demands of students, and research scholar for information and knowledge. It is felt that user guidance is necessary to help library users to meet their information needs and make users aware of the available library resources and services. Key words: Library resources, library services, users’ behavior, library collection, user’s satisfactions.
Survival rate of dental implant placement by conventional or flapless surgery in controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A systematic review

Introduction: Dental implant may serve as a choice of treatment for replacement of missing tooth in diabetic patients with their well-controlled glycemic index. To minimize postoperative complications, dental surgical procedures comprises mainly two types, namely conventional and flapless surgery. Objective: The aim of this review is to find the survival rate of the dental implant when placed with either of the technique, that is, conventional or flapless in patients with controlled Type 2 diabetes mellitus from published studies. Materials and Methods: A total of 14 studies were included from PubMed database related to the survival rate of dental implant placement by conventional or flapless surgery among patients with controlled diabetes mellitus. The cumulative mean of dental implant survival rate by conventional and flapless techniques calculated from included studies is 94.2% and 92.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The survival rate of dental implant placement by conventional and flapless techniques is similar. As few studies on flapless technique are available, therefore researchers in future should explore its advantages and disadvantages.
Migration Patterns of Upland Sandpipers in the Western Hemisphere

Integrated models of the ecology of migratory species requires tracking of individual migratory organisms throughout the annual cycle. Here, we report the first information on the movement patterns of nine Upland Sandpipers (Bartramia longicauda) that were captured at breeding sites in Kansas and Massachusetts, and tracked with GPS and PTT tags to nonbreeding sites in South America. Upland Sandpipers were extreme migrants that regularly made nonstop flights that were >5,000 km in length and lasted up to 7 days. Sandpipers traveled up to 20,000 km per year in their annual movements. Our project resulted in a series of new discoveries. Sandpipers regularly crossed major ecological barriers during migration, which included long oceanic flights, high elevation mountains, and tropical forests. Migrating birds used known stopover sites in the central flyway of North America and eastern slope of the Andes in South America, and a subset of birds wintered in core nonbreeding sites in the Pampas ecoregion of Uruguay and Argentina. We documented new staging sites at canefields in the mountain valleys of Colombia, grasslands in the Llanos of Venezuela, and at airports along the Atlantic Coast of the US. Unexpectedly, some sandpipers spent the nonbreeding season on river islands in the Amazon basin, and pastures in the Cerrado ecoregion of Brazil; areas not previously known to host overwintering Upland Sandpipers. Like many other migratory birds in the Western Hemisphere, Upland Sandpipers had elliptical migration routes within the Southern Hemisphere, moved among separate activity areas during the nonbreeding season, migrated faster during southbound than northbound migration, and spent more time at nonbreeding than breeding sites. Collectively, the birds used sites across much of northern South America as a broad front migrant. Overall, the migratory patterns of Upland Sandpipers were more similar to migratory landbirds than to shorebirds that typically stage at wetlands and coastal estuaries. Upland Sandpipers should be buffered against habitat loss and degradation at local sites within their migratory range, but it may be difficult to protect specific sites or broad landscapes that would be needed to conserve a high percentage of the global population.