Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Chinavia hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Peanut-Cotton Farmscapes

The green stink bug, Chinavia hilaris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a pest of cotton in the southeastern United States, but little is known concerning its spatiotemporal distribution in agricultural farmscapes. Therefore, spatiotemporal distribution of C. hilaris in farmscapes where cotton fields adjoined peanut was examined weekly. Spatial patterns of C. hilaris counts were analyzed using SADIE (Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices) methodology. Interpolated maps of C. hilaris density were used to visualize abundance and distribution of C. hilaris in crops. For the six peanut-cotton farmscapes studied, the frequency of C. hilaris in cotton (94.8%) was significantly higher than in peanut (5.2%), and nymphs were rarely detected in peanut, indicating that peanut was not a source of C. hilaris into cotton. Significantly, aggregated spatial distributions were detected in cotton. Maps of local clustering indices depicted patches of C. hilaris in cotton, mainly at field edges including the peanut-to-cotton interface. Black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) and elderberry (Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis [L.] R. Bolli) grew in habitats adjacent to crops, C. hilaris were captured in pheromone-baited stink bug traps in these habitats, and in most instances, C. hilaris were observed feeding on black cherry and elderberry in these habitats before colonization of cotton. Spatial distribution of C. hilaris in these farmscapes revealed that C. hilaris colonized cotton field edges near these two noncrop hosts. Altogether, these findings suggest that black cherry and elderberry were sources of C. hilaris into cotton. Factors affecting the spatiotemporal dynamics of C. hilaris in peanut-cotton farmscapes are discussed.
Surgical interventions for treating acute Achilles tendon ruptures.

BACKGROUND There is a lack of consensus on the best management of the acute Achilles tendon rupture. Treatment can be broadly classified into surgical (open or percutaneous) and non-surgical (cast immobilisation or functional bracing). OBJECTIVES To evaluate the relative effects of surgical versus non-surgical treatment, or different surgical interventions, for acute Achilles tendon ruptures in adults. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register (July 2009), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2009, Issue 3), MEDLINE (1966 to 20th July 2009), EMBASE (1966 to 2009 week 29), CINAHL (1983 to July 2007) and reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing surgical versus non-surgical treatment or different surgical methods for acute Achilles tendon ruptures in adults. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected potentially eligible trials; trials were then assessed for quality using a 10-item scale. Where possible, data were pooled. MAIN RESULTS Twelve trials involving 844 participants were included. One trial tested two comparisons.Quality assessment revealed a poor level of methodological rigour in many studies, particularly with regard to concealment of allocation and the lack of assessor blinding.Open surgical treatment compared with non-surgical treatment (6 trials, 536 participants) was associated with a statistically significant lower risk of rerupture (risk ratio (RR) 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21 to 0.77), but a higher risk of other complications including infection (RR 4.89, 95% CI 1.09 to 21.91), adhesions and disturbed skin sensibility (numbness). Functional status including sporting activity was variably and often incompletely reported, including frequent use of non standardised outcome measures, and the results were inconclusive.Open surgical repair compared with percutaneous repair (4 trials, 174 participants) was associated with a higher risk of infection (RR 9.32, 95% CI 1.77 to 49.16). These figures should be interpreted with caution because of the small numbers involved. Similarly, no definitive conclusions could be made regarding different tendon repair techniques (3 trials, 147 participants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Open surgical treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures significantly reduces the risk of rerupture compared with non-surgical treatment, but produces significantly higher risks of other complications, including wound infection. The latter may be reduced by performing surgery percutaneously.
Xp11 neoplasm with melanocytic differentiation of the prostate harbouring the novel NONO–TFE3 gene fusion: report of a unique case expanding the gene fusion spectrum

Recently, an increasing number of TFE3 rearrangement‐associated tumours have been reported, such as TFE3 rearrangement‐associated perivascular epithelioid cell tumours (PEComas), melanotic Xp11 translocation renal cancers and melanotic Xp11 neoplasms. We have suggested that these tumours belong to a single clinicopathological spectrum. ‘Xp11 neoplasm with melanocytic differentiation’ or ‘melanotic Xp11 neoplasm’ have been proposed to designate this unique neoplasm. Herein, we describe the first case of an Xp11 neoplasm with melanocytic differentiation to be described in the prostate, bearing the novel NONO–TFE3 gene fusion. This study both adds to the spectrum regarding melanotic Xp11 neoplasms and expands its gene fusion spectrum. Moreover, we discuss the relationship of these rare tumours to neoplasms such as conventional PEComas, alveolar soft part sarcomas, malignant melanomas, clear cell sarcomas and Xp11 translocation renal cancers.
Germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS): evolution of the current nomenclature for testicular pre‐invasive germ cell malignancy

The pre‐invasive lesion associated with post‐pubertal malignant germ cell tumours of the testis was first recognized in the early 1970s and confirmed by a number of observational and follow‐up studies. Until this year, this scientific story has been confused by resistance to the entity and disagreement on its name. Initially termed ‘carcinoma in situ’ (CIS), it has also been known as ‘intratubular germ cell neoplasia, unclassified’ (IGCNU) and ‘testicular intraepithelial neoplasia’ (TIN). In this paper, we review the history of discovery and controversy concerning these names and introduce the reasoning for uniting behind a new name, endorsed unanimously at the World Health Organization (WHO) consensus classification 2016: germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS).
Raising Education Outcomes in Spain

Impressive progress has been made in raising participation in early childhood education as well as tertiary educational attainment over the past 30 years. However, the inflow of poorly educated youth into the labour market is unusually heavy for a high-income country, largely on account of high drop-out rates in lower secondary education which, in turn, reflect one of the highest grade repetition rates in the OECD. The supply of workers with intermediate vocational skills is surprisingly low, despite the high return, in terms of labour market outcomes that these skills offer, even if they have recently deteriorated. There is room to raise learning outcomes up to the end of compulsory school, as measured by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), although, owing to a compressed distribution of such outcomes, the share of poorly performing pupils is not unusually large. While significant reforms have been undertaken to address these problems, more measures are needed to reduce grade repetition and raise education outcomes, by improving accountability of schools and school staff, as well as by raising school autonomy further than has already occurred. Vocational training needs to become more attractive. In tertiary education, few Spanish universities have attained a high level of international standing, and scope remains to improve the contribution tertiary attainment can make to gains in economic welfare, notably by reforming funding arrangements.
Prevalencia de infección urinaria, uropatógenos y perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana

Introduction: urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most prevalent bacterial infections; its etiological agents include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Enterococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp and Staphylococcus spp, which have different prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility profiles among populations. Objective: to determine the prevalence of UTI, uropathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility profile in an Institution of Health Services of Medellin, 2011-2012. Methods: prevalence study in 1959 patients seen in a tertiary health institution. Summary measures, ratios, prevalence ratios, chi-square and Fisher were calculated. Effect modification (confusion or interaction) with stratified analysis and models in binary logistic regression models in 21.0® was quantified. Results: the prevalence of UTI was 31%; the main etiological agents were E. coli 69%, Enterococcus spp 11% and Klebsiella spp 8%. UTI and E. coli infection were statistically higher in women and older adults. The higher frequency of E. coli resistance was 61% for ampicilin, 48% for nalidixic acid, 48% for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 42% for ciprofloxacin, while for klebsiella spp was 23% for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 22% for ampicillin-sulbactam and 19% for cephalothin. Conclusion: the high prevalence of UTI, the multiplicity of isolated uropathogens, identificationof high risk groups and diversity of antibiotic resistance profiles, show the need to develop local research to guide actions in health and epidemiological surveillance according to the particularities of each population.
Acute ischaemic lung injury due to pulmonary vascular obstruction

We have encountered cases of a distinctive myxomatous alveolar wall thickening around pulmonary infarctions, and have termed it ‘acute ischaemic lung injury’ (AILI). In this study we determined if pulmonary infarction is the only cause of AILI and have elucidated its histological features.
Too Much Oil

Fear for oil exhaustion and its consequences on economic growth has been a driver of a rich literature on exhaustible resources from the 1970s onwards. But our view on oil has remarkably changed and we now worry how we should constrain climate change damages associated with oil and other fossil fuel use. In this climate change debate, economists have pointed to a green paradox: when policy makers stimulate the development of non-carbon energy sources to (partly) replace fossil fuels in the future, oil markets may anticipate a future reduction in demand and increase current supply. The availability of ‘green’ technologies may increase damages. The insight comes from the basic exhaustible resource model. We reproduce the green paradox and to facilitate discussion differentiate between a weak and a strong version, related to short-term and long-term effects, respectively. Then we analyze the green paradox in 2 standard modifications of the exhaustible resource model. We find that increasing fossil fuel extraction costs counteracts the strong green paradox, while with imperfect energy substitutes both the weak and strong green paradox may vanish.
Estimated long term health effects of the Chernobyl accident

Apart from the dramatic increase in thyroid cancer in those exposed as children, there is no evidence to date of a major public health impact as a result of radiation exposure due to the Chernobyl accident in the three most affected countries (Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine). Although some increases in the frequency of cancer in exposed populations have been reported ,these results are difficult to interpret, mainly because of differences in the intensity and method of follow-up between exposed populations and the general population with which they are compared. If the experience of the survivors of the atomic bombing of Japan and of other exposed populations is applicable, the major radiological impact of the accident will be cases of cancer. The total lifetime numbers of excess cancers will be greatest among the `liquidators` (emergency and recovery workers) and among the residents of `contaminated` territories, of the order of 2000 to 2500 among each group (the size of the exposed populations is 200,000 liquidators and 3,700,000 residents of `contaminated` areas). These increases would be difficult to detect epidemiologically against an expected background number of 41500 and 433000 cases of cancer respectively among the two groups. The exposures for populations due to the Chernobyl accident are different in type and pattern from those of the survivors of the atomic bombing of Japan. Thus predictions derived from studies of these populations are uncertain. The extent of the incidence of thyroid cancer was not envisaged. Since only ten years have lapsed since the accident, continued monitoring of the health of the population is essential to assess the public health impact.
Homocysteine is Elevated in COPD

In 2000, Yi and Melnyk found that plasma total homocysteine is positively associated with parallel increases in plasma S-adenosylhomocysteine and concentrations and lymphocyte DNA hypomethylation. This lead Medina and Urdiales (2001) to speculate on an indirect mechanism for homocysteine pathogenicity secondary to inhibition of DNA methytransferase and that is the disruption of DNA methylation patterns leading to alterations in gene expression which may be of significance in chronic diseases many of which are associated with elevation in homocysteine. Elevated plasma homocysteine has been associated with neural tube defects, cognitive impairment in the elderly, psoriasis and some tumours (Refsum 1998). Hyperhomocysteinaemia has also been associated with cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, venous thrombosis, diabetes mellitus and renal failure (Okuyan et al, 2010; Refsum et al, 1998; Givvimani et al, 2011; Kim et al, 2011; Hankey & Eikelboom, 1999; Dominguez et al, 2010; Wile et al, 2010; Austen et al, 2003). Plasma HCY has also been related to clinical outcome in acute respiratory diseases (Tsangaris et al, 2009). This widespread involvement of homocysteine in disease explains the current interest of both basic and clinical biomedical scientists in this amino acid and thus the explosion of articles containing homocysteine as keyword.
Challenging diagnostic issues in adenomatous polyps with epithelial misplacement in bowel cancer screening: 5 years’ experience of the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme Expert Board

The diagnostic difficulties of differentiating epithelial misplacement from invasive cancer in colorectal adenomatous polyps have been recognised for many years. Nevertheless, the introduction of population screening in the UK has resulted in extraordinary diagnostic problems. Larger sigmoid colonic adenomatous polyps, which are those most likely to show epithelial misplacement, are specifically selected into such screening programmes, because these polyps are likely to bleed and screening is based on the detection of occult blood. The diagnostic challenges associated with this particular phenomenon have necessitated the institution of an ‘Expert Board’: this is a review of the first five years of its practice, during which time 256 polyps from 249 patients have been assessed. Indeed, the Expert Board contains three pathologists, because those pathologists do not necessarily agree, and a consensus diagnosis is required to drive appropriate patient management. However, this study has shown substantial levels of agreement between the three Expert Board pathologists, whereby the ultimate diagnosis has been changed, from that of the original referral diagnosis, by the Expert Board for half of all the polyps, in the substantial majority from malignant to benign. In 3% of polyp cases, the Expert Board consensus has been the dual diagnosis of both epithelial misplacement and adenocarcinoma, further illustrating the diagnostic difficulties. The Expert Board of the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme in the UK represents a unique and successful development in response to an extraordinary diagnostic conundrum created by the particular characteristics of bowel cancer screening.
Clinicopathological significance of a solid component in papillary thyroid carcinoma

Solid variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (SVPTC) is characterized by a solid component (SC) involving more than 50% of the tumour with the preservation of the classical cytological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, the clinical significance of SC in PTC has been rarely examined. Herein, we investigated retrospectively the clinicopathological features of PTC with various degrees (10–85%) of SC (PTCSC).
Blood pressure lowering efficacy of angiotensin receptor blockers for primary hypertension.

BACKGROUND Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely prescribed for hypertension so it is essential to determine and compare their effects on blood pressure (BP), heart rate and withdrawals due to adverse effects (WDAE). OBJECTIVES To quantify the dose-related systolic and/or diastolic BP lowering efficacy of ARBs versus placebo in the treatment of primary hypertension. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2007, Issue 1), MEDLINE (1966 to February 2007), EMBASE (1988 to February 2007) and reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA Double-blind, randomized, controlled trials evaluating the BP lowering efficacy of fixed-dose monotherapy with an ARB compared with placebo for a duration of 3 to 12 weeks in patients with primary hypertension. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We contacted study authors for additional information. WDAE information was collected from the trials. MAIN RESULTS Forty six RCTs evaluated the dose-related trough BP lowering efficacy of 9 ARBs in 13 451 participants with a baseline BP of 156/101 mm Hg. The data do not suggest that any one ARB is better or worse at lowering BP. A dose of 1/8 or 1/4 of the manufacturers' maximum recommended daily dose (Max) achieved a BP lowering effect that was 60 to 70% of the BP lowering effect of Max. A dose of 1/2 Max achieved a BP lowering effect that was 80% of Max. ARB doses above Max did not significantly lower BP more than Max. Due to evidence of publication bias, the largest trials provide the best estimate of the trough BP lowering efficacy for ARBs as a class of drugs: -8 mm Hg for SBP and -5 mm Hg for DBP. ARBs reduced BP measured 1 to 12 hours after the dose by about 12/7 mm Hg. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The evidence from this review suggests that there are no clinically meaningful BP lowering differences between available ARBs. The BP lowering effect of ARBs is modest and similar to ACE inhibitors as a class; the magnitude of average trough BP lowering for ARBs at maximum recommended doses and above is -8/-5 mmHg. Furthermore, 60 to 70% of this trough BP lowering effect occurs with recommended starting doses. The review did not provide a good estimate of the incidence of harms associated with ARBs because of the short duration of the trials and the lack of reporting of adverse effects in many of the trials.
Clinicopathological analysis of 12 patients with Epstein–Barr virus‐positive primary intestinal T/natural killer‐cell lymphoma (EBV+ ITNKL)

Epstein–Barr virus‐positive (EBV+) intestinal T/natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma (ITNKL) is an uncommon tumour with an extremely aggressive clinical behaviour. However, the clinicopathological characteristics of this tumour, including T cell receptor (TCR) phenotype and the patient's background, remain unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the detailed clinicopathological profile of EBV+ ITNKL.
ctivities of fenbendazole in comparison with albendazole against chinococcus multilocularis metacestodes in vitro and in a murine nfection model

The current chemotherapeutic treatment of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in humans is based on albendazole and/or mebendazole. However, the costs of treatment, life-long consumption of drugs, parasitostatic rather than parasiticidal activity of chemotherapy, and high recurrence rates after treatment interruption warrant more efficient treatment options. Experimental treatment of mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes with fenbendazole revealed similar efficacy to albendazole. Inspection of parasite tissue from infected and benzimidazole-treated mice by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated drug-induced alterations within the germinal layer of the parasites, and most notably an almost complete absence of microtriches. On the other hand, upon in vitro exposure of metacestodes to benzimidazoles, no phosphoglucose isomerase activity could be detected in medium supernatants during treatment with any of these drugs, indicating that in vitro treatment did not severely affect the viability of metacestode tissue. Corresponding TEM analysis also revealed a dramatic shortening/retraction of microtriches as a hallmark of benzimidazole action, and as a consequence separation of the acellular laminated layer from the cellular germinal layer. Since TEM did not reveal any microtubule-based structures within Echinococcus microtriches, this effect cannot be explained by the previously described mechanism of action of benzimidazoles targeting -tubulin, thus benzimidazoles must interact with additional targets that have not been yet identified. In addition, these results indicate the potential usefulness of fenbendazole for the chemotherapy of AE.
Intra-arterial infusion of chemotherapy in the treatment of penile cancer.

OBJECTIVE Patients with penile cancer sometimes refuse surgery under the consideration of cosmetic and functional impact. The efficacy of intra-arterial (IA) chemotherapy for penile cancer has not been well defined. METHODS Five patients with penile cancer, receiving at least two courses of IA chemotherapy, were analyzed from January 2005 to January 2009. These patients all refused surgery initially. The drug combinations were as follows: methotrexate, mitomycin C, bleomycin, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. Carboplatin was used instead of cisplatin for one patient with renal insufficiency. RESULTS The overall response rate (complete or partial) was 100%. One case achieved complete remission and four cases achieved partial remission. Among the partial responders, three cases underwent subsequent partial penectomy to preserve partial appearance. Mild (Grades I-II) anorexia is the most common adverse effect of IA chemotherapy. Hematological toxicity included two episodes of Grade III anemia and one episode of Grade III febrile neutropenia. CONCLUSIONS Organ- and function-sparing approaches are proposed using combination therapies, especially for those with huge tumor burden. Our preliminary data indicated that a combination of IA neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery may have the potential to achieve the goal in the treatment of penile cancer with negative lymph node.
TRYPSIN, RUTOSIDE AND BROMELAIN ALONE AND FIXED DOSE COMBINATION: A NATURAL, SAFER AND EFFECTIVE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT

Millions of patients worldwide with chronic musculoskeletal symptoms are on long term therapy with non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). But the unfortunate fact is that these drugs have common and potentially severe adverse effects, including renal impairment, gastrointestinal complications and cardiotoxicity. The cardiotoxic effect produced by these drugs is particularly worrying because many patients have both cardiovascular disease and musculoskeletal disease. Clinicians and medical researchers worldwide are in general agreement that pharmacologic pain treatment for musculoskeletal conditions is unsatisfactory and the irrationale use of NSAIDs in such conditions is adding the agony of the patients. Thus new drugs ar e needed to replace NSAIDs to treat musculoskeletal diseases. Newer natural and safer alternatives identified in recent past are Bromelain, Trypsin and Rutoside. Their combination to treat inflammatory diseases is a coming out with promising results.