Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distraction Control Processes in Free Recall : Costs and Benefits to

How is semantic memory influenced by individual differences under conditions of distraction? This question was addressed by observing how visual target words—drawn from a single category—were recalled whilst ignoring spoken distracter words that were either members of the same, or members of a different (single) category. Distracter words were presented either synchronously or asynchronously with target words. Recall performance was correlated with participants’ working memory capacity (WMC), which was taken to be an index of the capacity for distracter inhibition. Distraction was greater from semantically similar words and distraction was greater when the words were presented synchronously. WMC was related to disruption only with synchronous, not asynchronous, presentation. Subsequent experiments found more distracter inhibition – as measured by subsequent negative priming of distracters – amongst individuals with higher WMC but this may be dependent on targets and distracters being comparable category exemplars: With less dominant category members as distracters, target recall was impaired – relative to control – only amongst individuals with low WMC. The results demonstrate distracter inhibition occurring only in conditions where target-distracter selection is challenging. Inhibition incurs costs to subsequent performance, but there is an immediate price for not inhibiting.
LEVEL RESPONSE OF A PLAIN AND FILLED ELASTOMER , A 4 ( Solithane 113 ) TO HIGH STRAIN-RATE COMPRESSION , SHEAR , AND TENSILE LOADING 4 Technical Report January 1981

concluded) measurements in the glassy state. The filled Solithane compression response can be approximated by a simple mixture theory using the Hugoniots of plain Solithane and glass. Shear wave measurements in the plain Solithane were used to determine the shear modulus and the shear stress-strain response at several shock compressions. The shear modulus varied between 3 and 9 kbar for compressive stresses ranging between 2 and 14 kbar. With increasing compression, the dynamic shear modulus increases sharply in contrast to quasi-static measurements under pressure. The dynamic shear stress-strain curves show a decreasing modulus with increasing strain and suggest an elastic-plastic response with yield -strength increasing from 0.12 to 0.25 kbar with increasing pressure for the compressive stress range investigated. This direct determination of the shear response will be very valuable for development of constitutive models because this information cannot be obtained from compression data. Tension experiments on plain and filled Solithane show elastic-brittle fracture response for both materials. However, the threshold between no damage and full spall is considerably sharper for the filled Solithane. The sharper threshold is caused by the rapid linking of closely spaced cracks nucleated at the filler-matrix interface. The tensile damage is very localized and the location can be predicted by simple wave interactions. Two experimental methods were attempted to quantify the fracture response on the microsecond time scales and to measure the fracture damage in the recovered specimens. These measurements have given encouraging results, but more work is needed before they can be used successfully. Because of a lack of quantitative measurements in previous studies, we will pursue these measurements further in future work. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE('lfe hla Eneted)
Evaluation of oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes for grain yield and physiological traits.

The aim of this research was i) to evaluate the oat genotypes for grain yield and physiological traits, ii) to investigate the oat genotypes having the highest grain yield in the conditions of research region and the relationships between grain yield and traits, iii) to investigate the genetic improvements of registered oat cultivars for grain yield and traits by the year of release. This research was carried out using 8 oat landraces and 9 registered oat cultivars, sown in a randomized complete block design with four replications, between 2006 and 2008 in Kahramanmaras city conditions. In the research, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content (CC), canopy temperature (CT), leaf area duration (LAD), stomatal conductance (gs), net photosynthetic rate (A), 1000-grain weight (1000-GW), biomass at maturity (BM), grain yield (GY) and harvest index (HI) were investigated. According to the average of two years, genotypes were significantly different for all investigated traits except for CT, gs, A, 1000-GW. The highest grain yield 4246.5 kg ha -1 in the conditions of the region was produced by the ‘Checota’ cultivar. In this research, we found significant and positive relationships between GY and LAI, CC, LAD, HI by the Pearson correlation coefficients. The result of linear regression analysis according to GY and the year of release of registered cultivars showed significant improvements (51.1 kg-1 ha-1 year) in the oat grain yield by the year 1986. There was not any improvement for GY of the cultivars registered after 1986.
Benchmarking atomic data for astrophysics: Fe xviii

Fexviii produces, in the X-ray and extreme ultraviolet, L-shell (n = 2, 3, 4 → 2) spectral lines which are among the brightest ones in e.g. solar flares and in Chandra, XMM-Newton spectra of active stars. Recent R-matrix scattering calculations of Witthoeft et al. (2006, A&A, 446, 361) produce theoretical intensities for some of the brightest transitions increased by large factors (2–3), so it is timely to use these calculations to review and assess all previous line identifications on a quantitative basis. This paper discusses only the most important lines for laboratory and astrophysical applications. Many previous identifications are revised and some tentative ones finally confirmed. Many lines are found to be significantly blended. A considerable number of new identifications are proposed. Excellent agreeement between observed and predicted intensities is found in the majority of cases for the first time. It is therefore now possible to use Fexviii L-shell lines to measure electron densities in laboratory plasmas and temperatures for a wide range of astrophysical sources.
Antarctic sea ice variability and trends, 1979-2010

Analyses of 32 yr (1979–2010) of Arctic sea ice extents and areas derived from satellite passive microwave radiometers are presented for the Northern Hemisphere as a whole and for nine Arctic regions. There is an overall negative yearly trend of −51.5 ± 4.1 × 10 3 km 2 yr −1 (−4.1 ± 0.3% decade −1 ) in sea ice extent for the hemisphere. The yearly sea ice extent trends for the individual Arctic regions are all negative except for the Bering Sea: −3.9 ± 1.1 × 10 3 km 2 yr −1 (−8.7 ± 2.5% decade −1 ) for the Seas of Okhotsk and Japan, +0.3 ± 0.8 × 10 3 km 2 yr −1 (+1.2 ± 2.7% decade −1 ) for the Bering Sea, −4.4 ± 0.7 × 10 3 km 2 yr −1 (−5.1 ± 0.9% decade −1 ) for Hudson Bay, −7.6 ± 1.6 × 10 3 km 2 yr −1 (−8.5 ± 1.8% decade −1 ) for Baffin Bay/Labrador Sea, −0.5 ± 0.3 × 10 3 km 2 yr −1 (−5.9 ± 3.5% decade −1 ) for the Gulf of St. Lawrence, −6.5 ± 1.1 × 10 3 km 2 yr −1 (−8.6 ± 1.5% decade −1 ) for the Greenland Sea, −13.5 ± 2.3 × 10 3 km 2 yr −1 (−9.2 ± 1.6% decade −1 ) for the Kara and Barents Seas, −14.6 ± 2.3 × 10 3 km 2 yr −1 (−2.1 ± 0.3% decade −1 ) for the Arctic Ocean, and −0.9 ± 0.4 × 10 3 km 2 yr −1 (−1.3 ± 0.5% decade −1 ) for the Canadian Archipelago. Similarly, the yearly trends for sea ice areas are all negative except for the Bering Sea. On a seasonal basis for both sea ice extents and areas, the largest negative trend is observed for summer with the next largest negative trend being for autumn. Both the sea ice extent and area trends vary widely by month depending on region and season. For the Northern Hemisphere as a whole, all 12 months show negative sea ice extent trends with a minimum magnitude in May and a maximum magnitude in September, whereas the corresponding sea ice area trends are smaller in magnitude and reach minimum and maximum values in March and September.
ack of stability at more than 12 months of follow-up after anterior ruciate ligament reconstruction using all-inside quadruple-stranded emitendinosus graft with adjustable cortical button fixation in both emoral and tibial sides

Introduction: The use of the semitendinosus tendon alone for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction keeps the gracilis muscle intact and decreases anterior pain in comparison with the use of the patellar tendon. Recently, Lubowitz described a new all-inside technique with an ST4 tendon fixed with a cortical button in both femoral and tibial sides. We hypothesized that this type of graft with cortical button fixation provides well-controlled residual anterior tibial translation (<3 mm). The aim of this study was to assess the results obtained with this technique in terms of laxity and IKDC score at more than 1 year of follow-up. Material and methods: We performed a prospective single-center study to evaluate the results with this procedure with at least 1 year of follow-up. The primary endpoint was the objective IKDC score and side-to-side anterior tibial translation difference. The secondary endpoint was the subjective assessment using the subjective IKDC and Lysholm scores. Tunnel positioning was assessed using the Aglietti criteria. Results: Thirty-five patients were included and reviewed with a mean follow-up of 19.7 months. Sixtythree percent of the patients were male and the mean age at the procedure was 28 years. The IKDC score was A or B in 43% of the patients and C or D in 57%; 54% of the patients had a residual side-to-side anterior tibial translation difference less than 3 mm and 29% presented significant pivot shift (grade C or D). Five patients underwent revision surgery, including one for rupture of the ACL reconstruction. The meniscal status did not influence postoperative laxity and the IKDC grade. Discussion: Our hypothesis was not verified and the postoperative stability of the knee was insufficient. Postoperative side-to-side anterior tibial translation difference remained greater than 3 mm for 16 patients and the analysis seems to indicate that the distal cortical fixation of the graft with an adjusted loop is insufficient. Level of evidence: Prospective study – Level IV. © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
A prehistoric grinding stone quarry in the Egyptian Sahara 67

Anyone who has been trekking in the Sahara has seen the large numbers of grinding stones strewn on the desert floor at long-forgotten occupation sites (Fig. 1). Most of them are remains from a specific time in history – the early to middle Holocene wet phase, between roughly 8,500 and 5,300 BC (Kuper & Kröpelin 2006; all dates in this paper are calibrated), when the Sahara was green as a savannah and thus could sustain widespread human occupation. The Kharga Oasis – a huge depression, featuring the largest of the string of oases in Egypt’s Western Desert – also supported extensive Holocene prehistoric occupation before the rains diminished and people withdrew to the Nile Valley, or clustered around the little water left in the oasis, even until today. The grinding stones in Kharga and elsewhere in the Western Desert (or more broadly the Eastern Sahara) normally consist of a big, flattish oval lower stone and a small, roundish upper stone, which can be moved with one or two hands to grind seed and other vegetable matter, perhaps also mineral pigments. Of course, there is quite some variation in typology, as well as in the materials from which the grinding stones were made. The most frequent stone encountered is silicified sandstone, which is a fairly abundant rock in Kharga and the Western Desert. With all these grinding stones scattered throughout the area, the question arises: Where are the quarries? Were the grinders just procured in an ad hoc manner from the nearest patch of silicified sandstone, or rather as part of organised exploitation? Until recently, no one had an answer to these questions. Not until Dirk Huyge and the present author, while participating in the American University in Cairo’s 2007 North Kharga Oasis Survey (NKOS), started following a string of very peculiar, crude flint hammerstones on a Pleistocene alluvial terrace towards the north scarp of the Kharga depression (Fig. 2 and 3). The hammerstones were clearly produced from pebbles and small boulders of poor, greenish flint that had been deposited on the terrace back in the Pleistocene. Associated with the hammerstones were often a few inexplicable fragments of brown silicified sandstone; obviously minor work of some kind had been going on. We followed the hammerstones up the terrace and, at one point, Dirk wished to do something more in line with his interests, so he left to examine nearby rock art PER STOREMYR
Does Financial Liberalisation Improve Access to Investment Finance in Developing Countries?

Abstract This paper considers the effect of financial liberalisation on access to investment finance using firm level data covering 48 developing and transition countries. An index is presented which measures financial market liberalisation along the following policy dimensions: directed lending, credit controls and reserve requirements, state control of banking, openness of international financial flows, banking market entry, prudential regulation and supervision and securities market development. Categorising firms as financially constrained across four measures, the results indicate that financial liberalisation is robustly associated with a reduction in the probability of being credit constrained, with the effect strongest for young, domestic private small and medium sized enterprises. For Sub-Saharan Africa, the results indicate that financial liberalisation actually increases financing constraints for firms. This may help explain the stylised fact that despite a commitment to financial reform, the predicted growth benefits have not been realised in this region.
Entrepreneurial Diversity and Economic Growth

Most studies investigating the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth treat entrepreneurs as a homogeneous group. This study investigates the impact of entrepreneurial diversity on national economic growth. Using data for 36 countries participating in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor we investigate whether the impact on growth depends on socio-demographic diversity in entrepreneurship (in terms of age, education and gender). We find that in less developed countries older and higher educated entrepreneurs are particularly important for stimulating economic growth, while for developed countries younger entrepreneurs are more important. Accordingly, policy should aim at stimulating particular groups of entrepreneurs, rather than just the number of entrepreneurs.
Influence of different CoCrMo counterfaces on wear in UHMWPE for artificial joints

Wear tests were carried out to study the effect of various counterface materials in the wear behaviour of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE). The materials used as counterfaces were based on varieties of CoCrMo: 1) forged (hand-polished) CoCrMo, 2) forged (mass-finished) CoCrMo, and 3) cast (mass-finished) CoCrMo. Addi-tionally, two coatings were proposed: 1) a CoCrMo coating applied to the forged CoCrMo alloy by means of physical vapour deposition (PVD), and 2) a ZrO2 coating applied to the forged CoCrMo alloy by means of plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition (PACVD). The reciprocating pin-on-flat (RPOF) de-vice for pin-on-disk wear testing was used for this study. The worn surfaces were observed using optical, atomic force and scanning electron microscopes.
The Effects of Stretching Training on Erythrocyte Rheological Properties and Anaerobic Performance in Healthy Young Males

Gönderilme tarihi: 30.03. 2015 Kabul tarihi: 26.05. 2015 Abstract Purpose: Stretching exercise training is used to improve flexibility and performance. This study aimed to investigate the short and long-term effects of stretching exercise on flexibility, performance, red blood cell (RBC) deformability and aggregation. Materials and methods: 7 young male subjects (mean age 20.71±0.52 years) participated in the study. Stretching protocol consisted of 3 repetitions for 60 seconds, 3 days/week, applied for 6 weeks. Blood samples were obtained before and immediately after the first stretching exercise and on the last day of the program. Flexibility measurement was performed, as well as counter movement, squat jump, sprint tests. Hemorheological parameters were determined using an ektacytometer. Results: A significant elevation in flexibility and decrement in sprint time were observed. Following an acute insignificant elevation immediately after the exercise on the first day, RBC deformability was slightly decreased on the last day after the exercise. RBC aggregation significantly decreased immediately after the stretching exercise on the first day, while post-exercise elevation was detected on the 6th week. Conclusion: The results of the current study indicate that the stretching exercise training used to develop physical capacity of the athletes contributes to blood flow and thus, athletic performance of the individual by inducing acute increments in RBC deformability and through decrements in erythrocyte aggregation.
Mitochondrial Dynamics in Stem Cells and Differentiation

Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that continuously change their shape. Their main function is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production; however, they are additionally involved in a variety of cellular phenomena, such as apoptosis, cell cycle, proliferation, differentiation, reprogramming, and aging. The change in mitochondrial morphology is closely related to the functionality of mitochondria. Normal mitochondrial dynamics are critical for cellular function, embryonic development, and tissue formation. Thus, defects in proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics that control mitochondrial fusion and fission can affect cellular differentiation, proliferation, cellular reprogramming, and aging. Here, we review the processes and proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics and their various associated cellular phenomena.
Short-term temperature effects on oxygen and sulfide cycling in a hypersaline cyanobacterial mat (Solar Lake, Egypt)

We investigated short-term temperature effects on oxygen and sulfide cycling with O 2 , pH, and H 2 S microsensors in a hypersaline cyanobacterial mat, incubated in darkness and at a down-welling irradiance, E d (PAR), of 425 μmol photons m -2 s -1 in a laboratory. The incubation temperature was increased from 25 to 40°C in 5°C intervals. Areal rates of gross and net photosynthesis, of O 2 consumption in the aphotic zone and of dark O 2 consumption were maximal at 30°C, i.e. close to the in situ temperature of the natural habitat. Areal rates of dark oxygen consumption showed only a minor temperature dependence as O 2 consumption was diffusion limited at all temperatures. Sulfide production increased strongly with temperature in both the dark and light incubated mat (Q 10 = 1.8 to 3.2), and this led to saturation of sulfide oxidation and an increased sulfide efflux out of the dark incubated mat, which was maximal at 35°C. In the uppermost layer of the dark incubated mat, pH decreased due to aerobic respiration, sulfide oxidation and fermentation, and this decrease was enhanced with temperature. In the light incubated mat, the thickness of the photic zone decreased with temperature from 0.9 to 0.5 mm. Oxygen penetration and peak oxygen concentration decreased with temperature, whereas the upper sulfide boundary and thus the zone of sulfide oxidation rose closer to the mat surface in the light incubated mat. Areal rates of sulfide oxidation increased more than 2-fold from 25 to 40°C in the light incubated mat. The relative contribution of sulfide oxidation to oxygen consumption in the aphotic zone increased significantly with temperature, indicating that at elevated temperatures incomplete sulfide oxidation occurred in the light incubated mat. Both the photosynthetically induced pH maximum and the overall pH of the mat decreased with increasing temperature due to enhanced heterotrophic activity, sulfide oxidation, and a changed depth distribution of these processes. Our data demonstrate a close coupling of oxygen and sulfur cycling in hypersaline microbial mats, that is strongly regulated by temperature.
Overview of Army Tactical Planning Performance Research

Abstract : Essential elements of superior war fighting include tactical planning and battle command. This report reviews research on the human dimension of tactical planning. By aggregating what is known about human styles and capabilities, the Army will be better able to enhance battle command performance. Available research is reviewed and organized into 10 categories. Individual difference research is reviewed that addresses level of expertise, rank, military student populations, and cognitive ability. Findings on the estimate procedures include failure to follow procedures, imprecise procedures, inflexibility of procedures, and excessive time demands. Management of the process covers lack of involvement of staff and commander and poor process management. Information exchange discusses problems in information use, presenting plans to the commander, and communicating interpretations. Battle success relates procedural performance to outcome measures. The other categories address the functions performed in the command and control C2 cycle. Command and control, Task procedures, Human performance, Command estimate, Staff operations, Decision aids.
The Use of Mg(OH)2 in the Final Peroxide Bleaching Stage of Wheat Straw Pulp

Magnesium-based alkali is an attractive alkaline source for the peroxide bleaching of high-yield pulp. However, little information is available on Mg(OH)2 application in the final peroxide bleaching stage of wheat straw pulp. The use of Mg(OH)2 was demonstrated as a partial replacement for NaOH in the peroxide bleaching of a chelated oxygen-delignified wheat straw pulp. The yield, viscosity, and strength properties of bleached pulp significantly increased with increasing replacement ratio of Mg(OH)2, while the chemical oxygen demand load (COD) of filtrate was decreased. For similar brightness of bleached pulp at a 24% replacement ratio of Mg(OH)2, the tensile and tear indices were higher, by 2.1 Nm.g-1 and 1.75 mN*m2.g-1, respectively, than that of control pulp bleached with NaOH as the sole alkaline source. When the MgSO4 was eliminated and the dosage of Na2SiO3 was decreased in the bleaching process, the tear and burst indices of the bleached pulp were also enhanced, with the brightness maintained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that more swelling occurred in the fibers of bleached pulp from the Mg(OH)2-based bleaching process. Fiber analysis indicated that peroxide bleaching with Mg(OH)2 increased the proportion of fiber lengths between 0.20 to 1.20 mm and 1.20 to 7.60 mm.