Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TNF Type 2 Receptor (p75) Lowers the Threshold of T Cell Activation1

T cell activation requires a threshold amount of TCR-mediated signals, an amount that is reduced by signals mediated through costimulatory molecules expressed on the T cell surface. Here the role of TNFR2 (p75) as a putative costimulatory receptor for T cell activation was examined. It was found that p75 deficiency in CD8+ T cells increased the requirements for TCR agonist approximately 5-fold. Furthermore, p75−/− T cells display a marked reduction in the proliferative response to TCR agonist. This hypoproliferative response was associated with delayed kinetics of induction of the acute activation markers CD25 and CD69 as well as a marked decrease in the production of IL-2 and IFN-γ. The net result is that very few cells are recruited into the dividing population. Interestingly, CD28 costimulation was only partially effective in rescuing the proliferative defect of p75−/−CD8+ T cells. Thus, p75 provides an important costimulatory signal in addition to that provided by CD28 toward optimal T cell proliferation.
The Therapist's Voice

Voice, power, anger, and self-care are themes that consistently arise in eating disorders therapy and in the world of spirituality as well. Many clinicians shy away from including reference to religious and spiritual matters and in doing so, miss an important opportunity to expand the therapeutic field. This paper highlights how biblical stories, prayers, and references to spiritual traditions can help patients manage and contain their affects as well as expand their vision of the self.
Evaluation of the Hypertensive Patients in Southeastern Anatolia; Demographic Features and Target Organ Damage

We investigated the socio-demographic characteristics, blood and pulse pressure, and end organ damage of hypertensive patients applying to an outpatient cardiology clinic in southeastern Anatolia. End organ damage in 100 consecutive hypertensive patients was defined by left ventricular hypertrophy, retinopathy, and albuminuria. The determined independent risk factors of left ventricular hypertrophy were advanced age and low educational level; of nephropathy were high pulse pressure and unawareness of the name of anti-hypertensive drug; and for retinopathy were high pulse pressure and female gender. In order to prevent end organ damage, the most important aspect to focus on is patient training and pulse pressure.
The emergence of pathology in gynaecology 1

In this address I propose to recount some gleanings I have made whilst probing the literature and the ideas that were held in past years in the context of pathology and gynaecology. Inevitably, people have to be considered alongside the work for which they are noted in order to do justice to my purpose, and it is advantageous to try to bring together presentday knowledge and those elements from former times that have stood the test of experience.
Caspase-7 Cleavage of Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus ORF57 Confers a Cellular Function against Viral Lytic Gene Expression*

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF57 is a viral early protein essential for KSHV multiplication. We found that B cells derived from cavity-based B cell lymphoma with lytic KSHV infection display activation of caspase-8 and cleavage of ORF57 in the cytoplasm by caspase-7 at the aspartate residue at position 33 from the N terminus. Caspase-7 cleavage of ORF57 is prevented by pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD, caspase-3 and caspase-7 inhibitor z-DEVD, and caspase-7 small interfering RNAs. The caspase-7 cleavage site 30DETD33 in ORF57 is not cleavable by caspase-3, although both enzymes use DEXD as a common cleavage site. B cells with lytic KSHV infection and caspase-7 activation exhibited a greatly reduced level of ORF57. A majority of the cells expressing active caspase-7 appeared to have no detectable ORF57 and vice versa. Upon cleavage with caspase-7, ORF57 was deficient in promoting the expression of viral lytic genes. Inhibiting caspase-7 cleavage of ORF57 in KSHV+ BCBL-1 cells by z-VAD, z-DEVD, or caspase-7 small interfering RNA led to increased expression of viral lytic genes and production of cell-free virus particles. Collectively, our data provide the first compelling evidence that caspase cleavage of ORF57 may represent a cellular function against lytic KSHV infection.
Galaxy Zoo: morphological classifications for 120 000 galaxies in HST legacy imaging

We present the data release paper for the Galaxy Zoo: Hubble (GZH) project. This is the third phase in a large effort to measure reliable, detailed morphologies of galaxies by using crowdsourced visual classifications of colour-composite images. Images in GZH were selected from various publicly released Hubble Space Telescope legacy programmes conducted with the Advanced Camera for Surveys, with filters that probe the rest-frame optical emission from galaxies out to z ∼ 1. The bulk of the sample is selected to have mI814W < 23.5, but goes as faint as mI814W < 26.8 for deep images combined over five epochs. The median redshift of the combined samples is 〈z〉 = 0.9 ± 0.6, with a tail extending out to z ≃ 4. The GZH morphological data include measurements of both bulge- and disc-dominated galaxies, details on spiral disc structure that relate to the Hubble type, bar identification, and numerous measurements of clump identification and geometry. This paper also describes a new method for calibrating morphologies for galaxies of different luminosities and at different redshifts by using artificially redshifted galaxy images as a baseline. The GZH catalogue contains both raw and calibrated morphological vote fractions for 119 849 galaxies, providing the largest data set to date suitable for large-scale studies of galaxy evolution out to z ∼ 1.
The aberrantly expressed long non‐coding RNA in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum of Nrf2‐knockout mice

Nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2) functions as a neuroprotective agent in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to investigate the key long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) correlated with Nrf2, which might provide valuable information for the exploration of pathogenesis of PD. The lncRNA and mRNA expression profiling of substantia nigra and corpus striatum of Nrf2 (−/−) mice model was obtained from microarray analysis. The animal experiments conducted for this study were approved by the ethics committee of Hebei Medical University. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted, including differentially expressed lncRNAs/mRNA (differentially expressed lncRNA, DEL/differentially expressed mRNA, DEM) identification, DEL‐DEM coexpression network construction, and biological functions prediction. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was subjected to validate abnormally expressed DELs and DEMs in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum of Nrf2 (−/−) mice model. A total of 48 DELs (37 down‐regulated and 11 up‐regulated) were identified both in Nrf2 (−/−) substantia nigra and corpus striatum; 96 DEMs and 643 DEMs were identified in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum, respectively. DEL‐DEM coexpressed network was constructed. LncRNA AK076880, AK036620, and AK020330 had high connectivity with DEMs both in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum. These DEMs were significantly enriched in signaling pathways such as the calcium signaling pathway, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and the Wnt signaling pathway. Generally, qRT‐PCR validation results of selected DEMs and DELs were consistent with microarray data. The dysregulated DELs and DEMs in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum of Nrf2 (−/−) mice were identified. Our results might provide useful information for further exploring the pathogenesis mechanism of PD.
Hypotension during endotoxemia in aged humans

Background and objective The aim of this study was to determine possible age-associated differences in human blood pressure regulation during an immunological challenge in healthy subjects. Methods Eight healthy young volunteers (median age 24 yr) and nine healthy elderly volunteers (median age 66 yr) received an intravenous bolus injection of Eschericia coli endotoxin (2 ng kg–1). Blood pressure, heart rate and core temperature were monitored during the first 7 h. Plasma catecholamine concentrations were measured at hourly intervals. Results The elderly showed a significantly more pronounced decrease in mean arterial pressure 4–7 h after endotoxin administration compared with the young controls (ANOVA; age × time;P < 0.0005). This mainly reflected a decrease in the systolic blood pressure in the elderly. The heart rate of both groups increased without difference between groups. Increased plasma epinephrine concentrations were found 2–3 h after endotoxin administration in both groups. Five hours after the endotoxin challenge, the epinephrine concentration had returned to control values in the elderly group only, in spite of decreased blood pressure. Conclusion In conclusion, healthy elderly subjects fail to maintain a constant mean arterial pressure in response to the immunological challenge of endotoxemia.
Communicating suffering in primary stage head and neck cancer.

The findings presented in this discussion seek to make a contribution to quality of life (QOL) research, by highlighting the import of factors affecting the communication of primary stage head and neck cancer patient's experiences of suffering after treatments by their clinicians. Qualitative research methodology based on open-ended interviews with 18 survivors of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Stage I and Stage II, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) were used. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. In this preliminary analysis, three important themes emerged: (1) a self diminished by cancer; (2) the fear of addiction to pain medications; and (3) hopelessness and the loss of meaning in life after SCCHN. Our present findings indicate that SCCHN patients understand their experiences of cancer and under-report their experiences of suffering mainly because of fear. These include fears of: being further diminished by SCCHN, fears of addiction, and an inability to cope with the additional losses associated with SCCHN. As a consequence, and perhaps, because of a failure the part of clinicians and patients to adequately address these fears, SCCHN patients may also experience greater psychological morbidity, becoming fatalistic about biomedicine's ability to restore them to health after cancer, or related symptoms, including pain, despite being 'cured. ' This study provides a perspective on why this under-reporting occurs, thereby potentially enhancing clinician-patient communication and the QOL of SCCHN patients who present with curable disease.
Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea.

BACKGROUND Diarrhoea is a common cause of morbidity and a leading cause of death among children aged less than five years, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It is transmitted by ingesting contaminated food or drink, by direct person-to-person contact, or from contaminated hands. Hand washing is one of a range of hygiene promotion interventions that can interrupt the transmission of diarrhoea-causing pathogens. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of interventions to promote hand washing on diarrhoeal episodes in children and adults. SEARCH STRATEGY In May 2007, we searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2007, Issue 2), MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, PsycINFO, Science Citation Index and Social Science Citation Index, ERIC (1966 to May 2007), SPECTR, Bibliomap, RoRe, The Grey Literature, and reference lists of articles. We also contacted researchers and organizations in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials, where the unit of randomization is an institution (eg day-care centre), household, or community, that compared interventions to promote hand washing or a hygiene promotion that included hand washing with no intervention to promote hand washing. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed trial eligibility and methodological quality. Where appropriate, incidence rate ratios (IRR) were pooled using the generic inverse variance method and random-effects model with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS Fourteen randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. Eight trials were institution-based, five were community-based, and one was in a high-risk group (AIDS patients). Interventions promoting hand washing resulted in a 29% reduction in diarrhoea episodes in institutions in high-income countries (IRR 0.71, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.84; 7 trials) and a 31% reduction in such episodes in communities in low- or middle-income countries (IRR 0.69, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.87; 5 trials). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Hand washing can reduce diarrhoea episodes by about 30%. This significant reduction is comparable to the effect of providing clean water in low-income areas. However, trials with longer follow up and that test different methods of promoting hand washing are needed.
Media advertising effects on consumer perception of orthodontic treatment quality.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of media advertising on consumer perception of orthodontic treatment quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS A survey instrument was designed to evaluate factors influencing consumer selection of an orthodontist and consumer perception of different forms of media advertising (radio, television, newspaper, magazine, direct mail, and billboard) by orthodontic practices. The surveys were distributed by eight orthodontic offices in and around the Richmond, Virginia area. The survey return rate was 97%. RESULTS Respondents most often cited dentist and patient referrals as how they learned of the orthodontic practices they visited (50% to 57%). A caring attitude and good practitioner reputation were the top reasons influencing actual selection of an orthodontist (53% and 49%, respectively). Of respondents, 14% to 24% felt that advertising orthodontists would offer a lower quality of care than nonadvertising orthodontists. Newspaper, magazine, and direct mail advertisements were viewed more favorably than radio, television, and billboard advertisements. Chi-square analyses revealed few statistically significant differences in perception between different income and education groups. CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients do not perceive advertising to reflect poorly on the quality of orthodontic care. However, patients with different income and education levels perceive media advertising differently.
Evidence for a phosphorus-depletion syndrome in man.

Abstract Antacids can impair phosphorus absorption in man. The long-term results of such impaired absorption are not fully appreciated despite knowledge of the vital role of phosphorus in life processes and the serious results of its depletion in animals. To determine depletion in man, studies were performed in three normal subjects and three patients with parathyroid dysfunction during prolonged treatment with antacids. It was found that a syndrome of phosphorus depletion characterized by hypophosphatemia, hypophosphaturia, increased gastrointestinal absorption of calcium, hypercalciuria, increased resorption of skeletal calcium and phosphorus, and debility, with anorexia, weakness, bone pain and malaise, can be produced by prolonged treatment with nonabsorbable antacids such as magnesium-aluminum hydroxides.
Distribution of glutathione S-transferase GSTM1 and GSTT1 null phenotypes in Brazilian Amerindians

The distribution of glutathione S-transferase (GST) GSTM1 and GSTT1 null phenotype frequencies in two Brazilian Amerindian tribes, the Munduruku tribe from Missao Cururu village (79 individuals) and the Kayabi tribe (41 individuals), was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The GST null phenotype frequencies for the Munduruku sample were 0% for GSTM1 and 27% for GSTT1 while for the Kayabi sample the null phenotype frequencies were 27% for GSTM1 and 29% for GSTT1. This is the first report of the absence of the GSTM1 null phenotype in any ethnic group.
Efficacy of Motivational Interviewing in Conjunction with Caries Risk Assessment (MICRA) Programmes in Improving the Dental Health Status of Preschool Children: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE To assess the efficacy of motivational interviewing in conjuction with a caries risk assessment (MICRA) programme to improve the dental health status of preschool children. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomised controlled trial was conducted among 214 parents or caregivers and their children at Health Centre 54, Bangkok, Thailand, from September 2015 to February 2016. The participants were randomised to the intervention and the control groups (107 participants per group). At baseline, the intervention group received a caries risk assessment, individual counseling by using motivational interviewing, and oral hygiene instruction. The intervention group received reinforcement education and individual counseling by motivational interviewing every 3 months. The control group received a routine programme. Participants were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months for plaque index and caries. The data were analysed by using descriptive statistics, the chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, repeated-measures ANOVA, and negative binomial distribution. RESULTS After the 6-month follow-up, participants in the intervention group had a significantly lower plaque index, non-cavitated plus cavitated carious lesions, and cavitated carious lesions when compared to the control group. The intervention group had a lower caries incidence, non-cavitated plus cavitated carious lesions (1.81 times) and cavitated carious lesions (2.04 times) than the control group. CONCLUSION The combination of motivational interviewing and caries risk assessment in one programme decreased early childhood caries in preschool children. It is not known whether the effects are due to the motivational interviewing, the caries risk assessment, or the combination of both.
Cranial Anatomy of Thalassiodracon hawkinsii (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Early Jurassic of Somerset, United Kingdom

ABSTRACT The taxonomy and systematics of the earliest plesiosaurians is poorly resolved. This limits our understanding of the diversification of one of the most successful clades of secondarily aquatic tetrapods. Here we provide a robust diagnosis of Thalassiodracon hawkinsii from the Pre-planorbis Beds (Triassic—Jurassic boundary interval) of the United Kingdom, and suggest that at least two other, previously unrecognized plesiosaurians are present in the same deposits. Computed tomography of an exceptionally preserved skull, and examination of previously undescribed (or briefly described) specimens yields new anatomical data. Thalassiodracon has a dorsomedian ridge on the premaxilla, a squamosal bulb, four premaxillary teeth, and a heterodont maxillary dentition. Several features of Thalassiodracon, including the squmosal bulb, broad anterior termination of the pterygoids, heterodont dentition, and single foramen in the lateral surface of the exoccipital, are plesiomorphic or represent pliosauroid synapomorphies. Among pliosauroids, Thalassiodracon shares a parietal that extends far anteriorly, a broad, interdigitating posterior termination of the premaxilla, and a short posteroventral process of the postorbital with Hauffiosaurus and pliosaurids. Thus, we suggest pliosaurid affinities for Thalassio dracon, in contrast to most recent phylogenetic studies. The early stratigraphic position of Thalassiodracon coincides with the earliest occurrence of Rhomaleosauridae (the sister taxon of Pliosauridae). The relatively long neck and small skull of Thalassiodracon indicate that the robust skeleton and macropredaceous habits of rhomaleosaurids and pliosaurids were derived independently.
Additional Endoscopic Corpus Biopsy May Increase Accuracy of Helicobacter Pylori Detection

Background: This study was designed to determine if it is important to add corpus biopsies to the routine antral ones for identification of H. pylori, especially in case of gastric atrophy and/or intestinalmetaplasia. Methods: This is a prospective multicenter study including three hundred and twenty eight patients with gastritis from June 2014 through Dec.2015. Endoscopic mucosal biopsies from the gastric antrum and corpus were submitted to histological examination according to updated Sydney system for detection of H.pylori. Results: In the study period, a total 328 consecutive patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for different reasons. The mean age of the patients was 39+12 years; 183 (55.7%) were women. H pylori was found positive in 193 (58.8%) of the patients. Combined antral and corpus biopsies increased the result by 20.8% compared to antral biopsies alone and 4.5% compared to corpus biopsies alone. 20.8% of patients infected with H pylori would have been misdiagnosed if testing was based onantrum alone and not combined with corpus. Atrophy and intestinal metaplasia were found in 101(30.8%) and 17(5.2%) of our patients, respectively. Atrophic gastritis was significantly more often in the antrum than the corpus (29.2 VS 11.9%, respectively, p< 0.05). Patients with only positive corpus biopsies showed more incidences of both atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. Detection rates of H pylori decreased as more as atrophy increased regardless of biopsy site. Conclusion: This study clarified that additional gastric corpus biopsy to the antral one increases the sensitivity to detect H pylori infection especially if associated with gastric atrophy.
Conversion of indole acetaldehyde to indoleacetic acid in excised coleoptiles and in coleoptile juice.

probably more than elsewhere in the hierarchy of taxonomic categories, nomenclature and phylogeny come in close contact and are frequently in conflict. This instability in the application of nomenclaturally safe designations for many higher categories is hardly more desirable than it is with regard to the lower categories. New systems of classification are still being advanced, often involving whole sets of new names lacking descriptions, etc. Botanical literature is thus filled with nomina nuda or names not published in conformity with the Rules. At the same time, many widely used designations of higher categories prove, on investigation, to fall short of the requirements for validly published names. As certain proposals regarding family names are now being considered by committees on nomenclature, in preparation for the next International Botanical Congress, similar action regarding the names of higher categories may eventually be expected. A stable nomenclature of higher categories would contribute greatly to the stabilization of a modern system of classification.
Papahu taitapu, gen. et sp. nov., An Early Miocene Stem Odontocete (Cetacea) from New Zealand

ABSTRACT The early Miocene is one of the least understood intervals in cetacean evolution. A new early Miocene dolphin described here, Papahu taitapu, gen. et sp. nov. (family incertae sedis, Cetacea, Odontoceti), is from the Kaipuke Formation (21.7–18.7 Ma) of North West Nelson, New Zealand. The holotype of Papahu taitapu includes a skull with an open mesorostral canal, a broad-based rostrum (broken anteriorly), two pairs of premaxillary foramina, a slight bilateral asymmetry at the antorbital notches, a slight intertemporal constriction exposing the temporal fossa and the lateral wall of the braincase in dorsal view, and single-rooted (and probably homodont) teeth. The periotic has an inflated, spherical pars cochlearis and an anterior process with the anterointernal sulcus and a recurved lateral sulcus well developed. The skull size indicates a body length of about 2 m. Papahu taitapu plots cladistically in a cluster of archaic dolphins variously referred to as Platanistoidea or as stem Odontoceti. It matches no family described so far, but cladistic relationships for comparable odontocetes are not yet resolved enough to justify family placement.