Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The attitudes of chiropractic students towards research at Durban University of Technology

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the attitudes of Chiropractic students towards research at Durban University of Technology (DUT). The Chiropractic profession has made significant progress with regard to the production of high quality and clinically relevant research (Newell and Cunliffe, 2003; Hawk et al, 2008) and the continuation of this research effort will be the responsibility of the graduates that constitute the future profession (Newell and Cunliffe, 2003). Furthermore Cull, Yudkowsky, Schonfeld, Berkowitz and Pan (2003) state that the greatest predictor of this is a positive attitude, therefore it is essential to establish the present attitudes amongst the students. Method: The study was a quantitative questionnaire based, self administered, attitudinal survey. The sample group included all the Chiropractic students registered at DUT (n=185). Results: There was a response rate of 74,59%. The results indicated that on average students thought that the research subjects and courses taught at DUT were not interesting and that they did not adequately prepare them to perform research. The majority of the students felt that the research process was completely vague to them and that they felt insecure about their knowledge of research methodology. It was evident that students thought that DUT staff members placed a great emphasis on research and that they were easy to approach with regards to research. The area of greatest concern was that although students thought that the student researcher relationship was of great importance, they indicated that it was difficult to find a supervisor and they also indicated that inadequate supervision had delayed their research progression. For the most part students thought that research was important and they enjoyed listening to and reading research. However, only slightly positive scores were recorded when students were asked if they wanted to do research in the future, as they felt it was difficult and time consuming. Conclusion: Many factors were significantly associated with positive attitudes towards research at DUT and the strongest correlation between scales was between the importance of research and positive feelings towards research (r=0.713). Most students felt research was important and that it made them more knowledgeable however, if given the choice they would study at an institute where research was not mandatory.
Expenditures and Prices of Antihyperglycemic Medications in the United States: 2002-2013.

A recent study demonstrated widespread substitution of analog for human insulin and rising out-of-pocket costs in privately insured people with type 2 diabetes in the United States.1 Medicaid reimbursements have increased for both human insulin and more costly analog insulins.2 Although studies have described per-person changes in excess medical spending of US adults with diabetes on prescription medications,3 they have not reported trends in expenditures for different classes of antihyperglycemic medications that simultaneously consider changes in use and price.
Antibiotic resistance profiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from various Greek aquatic environments.

1Central Public Health Laboratory, Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece, 2Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Greece, 3Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece, 4Region of Western Greece, Patras, Greece and 5Department of Medical Laboratories Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Athens, Greece
Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States

Reducing the intake of sodium is an important public health goal for Americans. Since the 1970s, an array of public health interventions and national dietary guidelines has sought to reduce sodium intake. However, the U.S. population still consumes more sodium than is recommended, placing individuals at risk for diseases related to elevated blood pressure. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States evaluates and makes recommendations about strategies that could be implemented to reduce dietary sodium intake to levels recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The book reviews past and ongoing efforts to reduce the sodium content of the food supply and to motivate consumers to change behavior. Based on past lessons learned, the book makes recommendations for future initiatives. It is an excellent resource for federal and state public health officials, the processed food and food service industries, health care professionals, consumer advocacy groups, and academic researchers.
Sediment anoxia limits microbial‐driven seagrass carbon remineralization under warming conditions

ABSTRACT Seagrass ecosystems are significant carbon sinks, and their resident microbial communities ultimately determine the quantity and quality of carbon sequestered. However, environmental perturbations have been predicted to affect microbial‐driven seagrass decomposition and subsequent carbon sequestration. Utilizing techniques including 16S‐rDNA sequencing, solid‐state NMR and microsensor profiling, we tested the hypothesis that elevated seawater temperatures and eutrophication enhance the microbial decomposition of seagrass leaf detritus and rhizome/root tissues. Nutrient additions had a negligible effect on seagrass decomposition, indicating an absence of nutrient limitation. Elevated temperatures caused a 19% higher biomass loss for aerobically decaying leaf detritus, coinciding with changes in bacterial community structure and enhanced lignocellulose degradation. Although, community shifts and lignocellulose degradation were also observed for rhizome/root decomposition, anaerobic decay was unaffected by temperature. These observations suggest that oxygen availability constrains the stimulatory effects of temperature increases on bacterial carbon remineralization, possibly through differential temperature effects on bacterial functional groups, including putative aerobic heterotrophs (e.g. Erythrobacteraceae, Hyphomicrobiaceae) and sulfate reducers (e.g. Desulfobacteraceae). Consequently, under elevated seawater temperatures, carbon accumulation rates may diminish due to higher remineralization rates at the sediment surface. Nonetheless, the anoxic conditions ubiquitous to seagrass sediments can provide a degree of carbon protection under warming seawater temperatures. &NA; Graphical Abstract Figure. While elevated seawater temperatures may diminish carbon accumulation at the sediment surface, the anoxic conditions in coastal sediments can provide carbon protection under warming temperatures, thus promoting carbon storage.
Acute Aortic Dissection and Intramural Hematoma: A Systematic Review.

IMPORTANCE Acute aortic syndrome (AAS), a potentially fatal pathologic process within the aortic wall, should be suspected in patients presenting with severe thoracic pain and hypertension. AAS, including aortic dissection (approximately 90% of cases) and intramural hematoma, may be complicated by poor perfusion, aneurysm, or uncontrollable pain and hypertension. AAS is uncommon (approximately 3.5-6.0 per 100,000 patient-years) but rapid diagnosis is imperative as an emergency surgical procedure is frequently necessary. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the current evidence on diagnosis and treatment of AAS. EVIDENCE REVIEW Searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials for articles on diagnosis and treatment of AAS from June 1994 to January 29, 2016, were performed. Only clinical trials and prospective observational studies of 10 or more patients were included. Eighty-two studies (2 randomized clinical trials and 80 observational) describing 57,311 patients were reviewed. FINDINGS Chest or back pain was the most commonly reported presenting symptom of AAS (61.6%-84.8%). Patients were typically aged 60 to 70 years, male (50%-81%), and had hypertension (45%-100%). Sensitivities of computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis of AAS were 100% and 95% to 100%, respectively. Transesophageal echocardiography was 86% to 100% sensitive, whereas D-dimer was 51.7% to 100% sensitive and 32.8% to 89.2% specific among 6 studies (n = 876). An immediate open surgical procedure is needed for dissection of the ascending aorta, given the high mortality (26%-58%) and proximity to the aortic valve and great vessels (with potential for dissection complications such as tamponade). An RCT comparing endovascular surgical procedure to medical management for uncomplicated AAS in the descending aorta (n = 61) revealed no dissection-related deaths in either group. Endovascular surgical procedure was better than medical treatment (97% vs 43%, P < .001) for the primary end point of "favorable aortic remodeling" (false lumen thrombosis and no aortic dilation or rupture). The remaining evidence on therapies was observational, introducing significant selection bias. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Because of the high mortality rate, AAS should be considered and diagnosed promptly in patients presenting with acute chest or back pain and high blood pressure. Computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and transesophageal echocardiography are reliable tools for diagnosing AAS. Available data suggest that open surgical repair is optimal for treating type A (ascending aorta) AAS, whereas thoracic endovascular aortic repair may be optimal for treating type B (descending aorta) AAS. However, evidence is limited by the paucity of randomized trials.
Perceived stress and burnout among medical students during the clinical period of their education

Background: the transition from preclinical to clinical training has been identified as a crucial stage of medical school, regarding student stress and when entering the clinical environs students may become more prone to burnout. Aims: this study aims to determine the prevalence, sources and predictors of high stress level and burnout among medical students at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia during the clinical phase of medical education. Method: this is a cross-sectional survey study of Saudi medical students belong to 4 th , 5 th and 6 th years at Al-Ahssa Medical College during the academic year 2011-12. All 324 regular course attendants were invited in the study with 233 responses (response rate of 71.9%). A self-reported questionnaire was used which covered three categories including 18 items of sources of stress. Short Perceived stress scale and Emotional Exhaustion Subscale of Maslach Burnout Inventory were used to measure stress and burnout. Result : 6 th year students were more likely to cite relationship, hospital and professional issues as stressors. In this study the top stressors cited by final year students were worry about the future, defective clinical skills practice, fear of hurting patient and high parental expectation while they were transportation problems to hospital, fear of infection and time limitation for training in the starting year of clinical period. The prevalence of emotional exhaustion and high level of perceived stress was 76.8 and 71.7% respectively. Year of study was the only single independent risk factor of burnout and high level of stress amongst students of clinical years. Conclusions: clinical phase of medical education is a necessary area of intervention in order to provide a better and less anxious transition between preclinical and clinical phases as well as adoption of new curriculum with integration of preclinical and clinical training of students from an early stage of the education is warranted. Key word: Saudi Arabia – Medical students – Clinical period – Perceived stress – Emotional exhaustion.
Handbook of Diabetes

Introduction to diabetes History of diabetes Diagnosis of diabetes Classification of diabetes Public health aspects of diabetes Normal physiology of insulin secretion and action Epidemiology and aetiology of type 1 diabetes Epidemiology and aetiology of type 2 diabetes Other types of diabetes Assessing control in diabetes Management of type 1 diabetes Management of type 2 diabetes Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma Hypertension in diabetes Control and complications Diabetic eye disease Diabetic nephropathy Diabetic neuropathy Hyperlipidaemia in diabetes Hypertension in diabetes Macrovascular disease in diabetes The diabetic foot Sexual problems in diabetes Gastrointestinal problems in diabetes The skin in diabetes Psychological and psychiatric problems in diabetes Some intercurrent problems in diabetes Pregnancy and diabetes Diabetes in children Diabetes in the elderly Diabetes and lifestyle Organisation of diabetes care.
Comparison of Thaumarchaeotal populations from four deep sea basins

ABSTRACT The nitrogen cycle in the marine environment is strongly affected by ammonia‐oxidizing Thaumarchaeota. In some marine settings, Thaumarchaeotes can comprise a large percentage of the prokaryotic population. To better understand the biogeographic patterns of Thaumarchaeotes, we sought to investigate differences in their abundance and phylogenetic diversity between geographically distinct basins. Samples were collected from four marine basins (The Caspian Sea, the Great Australian Bight, and the Central and Eastern Mediterranean). The concentration of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes and archaeal amoA genes were assessed using qPCR. Minimum entropy decomposition was used to elucidate the fine‐scale diversity of Thaumarchaeotes. We demonstrated that there were significant differences in the abundance and diversity of Thaumarchaeotes between these four basins. The diversity of Thaumarchaeotal oligotypes differed between basins with many oligotypes only present in one of the four basins, which suggests that their distribution showed biogeographic patterning. There were also significant differences in Thaumarchaeotal community structure between these basins. This would suggest that geographically distant, yet geochemically similar basins may house distinct Thaumarchaeaotal populations. These findings suggest that Thaumarchaeota are very diverse and that biogeography in part contributes in determining the diversity and distribution of Thaumarchaeotes.
Hubungan Depresi dan Dukungan Keluarga terhadap Kadar Gula Darah pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 di RSUD Sragen

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that may have debilitating effect toward the whole life of type 2 diabetic patient, not only the physical aspect but also psychological aspect. Depression is one psychological disorder, therefore this condition requires a comprehensive management with involving family on nursing care. The purpose of this study was to identify the correlation among depression and family support with blood glucose level of type 2 DM patients. This study used an analytic correlational design with cross-sectional approach, recruited 166 respondents by purposive sampling method at Outpatient Ward of Internal Medicine Clinic, Sragen Public Hospital on September until November 2008. The CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depressed Mood Scale) was used to assesed depressive symptoms while the DFBC (The Diabetes Family Behavior Checklist ) to determine the total score of family support. Chi Square, t-test independent and a multiple logistic regression were used to examine the relationship of depression and family support with blood glucose. The result revealed that there were significant relationships among depression and blood glucose level ( p value 0,0005) and family support ( p =0,0005). There was no significant correlation between economic status and blood glucose level ( p =0,052). In addition, family support became the most dominant factor related to blood glucose level (OR=10,925). Meanwhile, age, education level, and complications became the confounding factors. It concluded that there were relationship among depression and family support with blood glucose level of type 2 DM patients. The findings of this study suggested that screening individuals with diabetes for depressive symptoms and participation of family would be important aspect of diabetes care.
THE EFFECT OF NON·CONTACT THERAPEUTIC TOUCH ON THE HEALING RATE OF FULL THICKNESS DERMAL WOUNDS

The effect of Noncontact Therapeutic Touch (NClD on the rate of surgical wound healing was examined in a double-blind study. Full-thickness dermal wounds were incised on the lateral deltoid region using a skin punch biopsy instrument, on healthy subjects randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. Subjects were blinded both to group assignment and to the true nature of the active treatment modality in order to control placebo and expectation effects. Incisions were dressed with gas-permeable dressings, and wound surface areas were measured on Days 0, 8, and 16 using a direct tracing method and digitization system. Active and control treatments were comprised ofdaily sessions offive minutes of exposure to a hidden Therapeutic Touch practitioner or to sham exposure. Results showed that treated subjects experienced a significant acceleration in the rate of wound healing as compared to non-treated subjects at day8 (Mann-Whitney U; Z =-5.675; n =44; p<.OO1; 2 tailed), and at day 16 (X2 =16.847, df =1; p<.OO1). Statistical comparisons are dominated by the complete healing of 13 of 23 treated subjects vs. O of 21 control subjects by day 16. Placebo effects and the possible influences of suggestion and expectation of healing were eliminated by isolating the subjects from the Therapeutic Touch practitioner, by blinding them to the nature of the therapy during the study, and by the use of an independent experimenter who was blinded to the nature of the therapy. The findings of this study demonstrate, at least, the potential for NCIT in the healing of full-thickness human dermal wounds.
Changes in glucose metabolism in people with different glucose metabolism disorders at baseline: follow‐up results of a Finnish national diabetes prevention programme

To examine changes in glucose metabolism (fasting and 2‐h glucose) during follow‐up in people with impaired fasting glucose in comparison with changes in people with isolated impaired glucose tolerance, people with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance combined and people with screening‐detected Type 2 diabetes at baseline, among those who participated in a diabetes prevention programme conducted in Finland.
Assessment of the Width of Attached Gingiva in Different Regions of the Mouth in an Indian Subpopulation

The width of the attached gingiva is an important clinical parameter. It has been suggested that a minimal width of attached gingival is necessary, however, the dimension necessary remains an enigma and studies have been inconclusive. The width of the attached gingiva can be determined by subtracting the sulcular depth from the width of keratinised tissue. There are three methods of locating the mucogingival junction, visual method (VM), functional method (FM), and finally the visual method after histochemical staining (HM) used in the current study. 131 subjects were chosen with well aligned dentition and the width of attached gingiva was measured using a periodontal probe, a divider and a magnifying glass. The results show that there is a wide range of widths of attached gingiva; the general trends have been a maximum in the upper incisors and the least in the lower premolars. This is in agreement with other studies. However, the dimension necessary for health remains unknown and studies have been inconclusive. More research needs to focus on this area so that any given width of attached gingiva can be said to be adequate or inadequate, thus making the treatment option easier.
Changes in Medicare Shared Savings Program Savings From 2013 to 2014.

Changes in Medicare Shared Savings Program Savings From 2013 to 2014 In the Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP), participating accountable care organizations (ACOs) are eligible for shared-savings bonuses from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) if spending for their patient population falls below a financial benchmark. In 2013, the first full year of the MSSP, modest spending reductions were entirely offset by bonus payments.1 Program savings beyond 2013 have not been formally evaluated.
Nutrition and maternal health: What women want and can we provide it?

Aim: Maternal dietary behaviours are associated with some maternal and infant health outcomes during and after pregnancy. However, effective Maternal Health Dietetic models of care are limited. The aim of this study was to benchmark our services against other Australian Maternal Health Dietetic services and to describe nutrition knowledge and use of dietetic services in a major Australian women's hospital. Method: During 2008, 15 Australian tertiary Maternal Health Dietetic services were surveyed collecting staffing and service delivery information. Patients in a maternity hospital were also surveyed to assess nutrition knowledge, attitudes, behaviour, education preferences and dietetic service awareness. Results: The benchmarking survey response rate was 73%. There was considerable variation in staffing levels and services delivered. Individual antenatal inpatient and outpatient counselling dominated dietetic time. Few evidence-based models of care or guidelines were used by dietitians. Of the 309 antenatal (RR 24%) and 102 postnatal (RR 17.4%) patients surveyed, half were primiparous; over one-third had prepregnancy body mass indices > 25.9 kg/m2, and average pregnancy weight gain was 14.1 ᠶ. 7 kg. Few antenatal women knew their recommended pregnancy weight gain range. Excessive weight gain occurred in 33.3% to 100% of women (per body mass index range). Women had poor diet quality, despite identifying healthy eating as a personal priority. Nutrition education delivery preferences were identified. Conclusion: Considerable variation exists in Australian Maternal Health Dietetic services and referral guidelines. There is a role for Maternal Health Dietitian/Nutritionists to advocate for improved staffing levels and for the implementation and evaluation of evidence-based services. Potential service delivery improvements are suggested, including a model of dietetic care.
Systematic Review or Meta-analysis Effects of interventions promoting monitoring of medication use and brief messaging on medication adherence for people with Type 2 diabetes : a systematic review of randomized trials

Results A total of 11 trials, comparing 15 interventions, were identified. Only a small minority presented a low risk of bias. Three interventions were based on delivering brief messages, six were based on monitoring medication adherence, and six used both strategies. Messaging interventions included the use of short message service text messages, web-based feedback, and messages delivered through monitoring devices. Monitoring interventions included remote self-reporting of medication and telephone calls with healthcare staff. Improvements in medication adherence were observed in six interventions, although effect sizes were generally moderate. Only two interventions improved both adherence and clinical outcomes. A meta-analysis of five trials (eight interventions) combining monitoring and messaging strategies showed that the pooled difference in medication adherence between intervention and control was moderate and not statistically significant [standardized mean difference = 0.22 (95% CI 0.05; 0.49)]. Only four trials were based on explicit theoretical frameworks.