Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS KESALAHAN MENYELESAIKAN SOAL PEMBUKTIAN GEOMETRI EUCLID DITINJAU DARI GENDER PADA MAHASISWA IKIP BUDI UTOMO MALANG

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tentang jenis, dan penyebab kesalahan mahasiswa IKIP Budi Utomo Malang dalam menyelesaikan soal pembuktian Geometri Euclid serta pengaruh gender dalam menyelesaikan soal pembuktian tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi: (1) tes yang digunakan untuk mengetahui letak kesalahan mahasiswa dalam menyelesaiakan soal pembuktian Geometri Euclid serta adakah pengaruh gender di dalamnya; (2) wawancara yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan data factor penyebab kesalahan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian Kesalahan menyelesaikan soal pembuktian Geometri Euclid yang dilakukan mahasiswa IKIP Budi Utomo Malang diantaranya adalah kesalahan konseptual pada soal no 1 sebayak 32 % sedangkan pada soal no 2 sebanyak 25. 17%, kesalahan prosedural pada soal no 1 sebayak 26,67% sedangkan pada soal no 2 sebanyak 30.83%,serta kesalahan teknis hanya terjadi pada saat mengerjakan soal no 1 yaitu sebayak 0.83%. Perbedaan gender pada saat menyelesaikan soal pembuktian Geometri Euclid perbedaannya tidak signifikan sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh gender dalam menyelesaikan soal pembuktian geometri Euclid. Banyak penyebab mahasiswa melakukan kesalahan dalam menyelesaikan soal-soal pembeuktian Geometri Euclid salah satunya adalah mahasiswa kesulitan dalam mencari alasan pada langkah-langkah pembuktian bangun geometri Kata kunci: Kesalahan, Pembuktian, Geometri Euclid, Gender
Human cortical glial tumors contain neural stem‐like cells expressing astroglial and neuronal markers in vitro

Neural stem cells from neurogenic regions of mammalian CNS are clonogenic in an in vitro culture system exploiting serum and anchorage withdrawal in medium supplemented with methyl cellulose and the pleiotropic growth factors EGF, FGF2, and insulin. The aim of this study was to test whether cortical glial tumors contain stem‐like cells capable, under this culture system, of forming clones showing intraclonal heterogeneity in the expression of neural lineage‐specific proteins. The high frequencies of clone‐forming cells (about 0.1–10 × 10−3) in clinical tumor specimens with mutated p53, and in neurogenic regions of normal human CNS, suggest that the ability to form clones in this culture system is induced epigenetically. RT‐PCR analyses of populations of normal brain‐ and tumor‐derived sister clones revealed transcripts for nestin, neuron‐specific enolase, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). However, the tumor‐derived clones were different from clones derived from neurogenic regions of normal brain in the expression of transcripts specific for genes associated with neural cell fate determination via the Notch‐signaling pathway (Delta and Jagged), and cell survival at G2 or mitotic phases (Survivin). Moreover, the individual glioma‐derived clones contain cells immunopositive separately for GFAP or neuronal β‐III tubulin, as well as single cells coexpressing both glial and neuronal markers. The data suggest that the latent critical stem cell characteristics can be epigenetically induced by growth conditions not only in cells from neurogenic regions of normal CNS but also in cells from cortical glial tumors. Moreover, tumor stem‐like cells with genetically defective responses to epigenetic stimuli may contribute to gliomagenesis and the developmental pathological heterogeneity of glial tumors. GLIA 39:193–206, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HEARING OF MICROWAVE PULSES BY HUMANS AND ANIMALS: EFFECTS, MECHANISM, AND THRESHOLDS

The hearing of microwave pulses is a unique exception to the airborne or bone-conducted sound energy normally encountered in human auditory perception. The hearing apparatus commonly responds to airborne or bone-conducted acoustic or sound pressure waves in the audible frequency range. But the hearing of microwave pulses involves electromagnetic waves whose frequency ranges from hundreds of MHz to tens of GHz. Since electromagnetic waves (e.g., light) are seen but not heard, the report of auditory perception of microwave pulses was at once astonishing and intriguing. Moreover, it stood in sharp contrast to the responses associated with continuous-wave microwave radiation. Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that the microwave auditory phenomenon does not arise from an interaction of microwave pulses directly with the auditory nerves or neurons along the auditory neurophysiological pathways of the central nervous system. Instead, the microwave pulse, upon absorption by soft tissues in the head, launches a thermoelastic wave of acoustic pressure that travels by bone conduction to the inner ear. There, it activates the cochlear receptors via the same process involved for normal hearing. Aside from tissue heating, microwave auditory effect is the most widely accepted biological effect of microwave radiation with a known mechanism of interaction: the thermoelastic theory. The phenomenon, mechanism, power requirement, pressure amplitude, and auditory thresholds of microwave hearing are discussed in this paper. A specific emphasis is placed on human exposures to wireless communication fields and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coils.
Merkel cell polyomavirus infection and host defence in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma

Background and purpose: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and often aggressive skin cancer that usually arises in elderly individuals. MCC is frequently associated with ultraviolet radiation exposure and immunosuppressive conditions. The majority of MCCs harbor Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), a newly discovered human cancer virus. Several studies have indicated its importance in MCC tumorigenesis. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the frequency of MCPyV infection in MCC and to investigate its associations with patient and tumor characteristics, and with survival. In addition, we aimed to investigate the associations between MCPyV infection with cell cycle regulatory protein expression, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) family protein expression, TP53, KIT and PDGFRA mutations, and their associations with clinicopathological factors. We also determined the frequency and type of leukocytes that infiltrate MCC, and their associations with the presence of MCPyV DNA in MCC and clinicopathological factors including disease outcome. Experimental design: The study was based on a population-wide MCC patient series from Finland, with the MCCs diagnosed in 1979 to 2004, and the corresponding archival formalinfixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples. The patients were identified from the files of the Finnish Cancer Registry. MCPyV DNA was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR, tumor infiltrating immune cells were identified and the expression of MCPyV large T (LT) antigen and other proteins was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Gene mutations were investigated using PCR and DNA sequencing. Protein expression was usually assessed from tissue microarray (TMA) sections, while the numbers of tumor infiltrating leukocytes were counted from full tumor tissue sections. The associations between the molecular and host response factors studied and the clinicopathological factors including survival were investigated using conventional statistical tests, such as Kaplan-Meier survival analyses and Cox’s proportional hazards models.
ß-Carotene and Lung Cancer in Smokers: Review of Hypotheses and Status of Research

A number of epidemiological studies have reported associations of β-carotene plasma levels or intake with decreased lung cancer risk. However, intervention studies in smokers have unexpectedly reported increased lung tumor rates after high, long-term, β-carotene supplementation. Recently, detailed analyses by stratification for smoking habits of several large, long-term intervention or epidemiological trials are now available. The ATBC study, the CARET study, the Antioxidant Polyp Prevention trial, and the E3N study provide evidence that the adverse effects of β-carotene supplementation are correlated with the smoking status of the study participants. In contrast, the Physician Health Study, the Linxian trial, and a pooled analysis of 7 epidemiological cohort studies have not supported this evidence. The ferret and A/J mouse lung cancer model have been used to investigate the mechanism of interaction of β-carotene with carcinogens in the lung. Both models have specific advantages and disadvantages. There are a number of hypotheses concerning the β-carotene/tobacco smoke interaction including alterations of retinoid metabolism and signaling pathways and interaction with CYP enzymes and pro-oxidation/DNA oxidation. The animal models consistently demonstrate negative effects only in the ferret, and following dosing with β-carotene in corn oil at pharmacological dosages. No effects or even protective effects against smoke or carcinogen exposure were observed when β-carotene was applied at physiological dosages or in combination with vitamins C and E, either as a mixture or in a stable formulation. In conclusion, human and animal studies have shown that specific circumstances, among them heavy smoking, seem to influence the effect of high β-carotene intakes. In normal, healthy, nonsmoking populations, there is evidence of beneficial effects.
2016 Revision of the SCAI position statement on public reporting

The public reporting of institutional and individual operator results of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) is intended to provide meaningful information to the public and enhance the delivery of superlative health care. By giving consumers specific outcome data [1], patients will be empowered to participate more fully in decisions concerning their medical care. The influence that public reports wield could increase if publicly reported information proves to be an accurate representation of “value” in health care delivery, and if third-party payers use this information to allocate reimbursement in a value-based system [2]. Despite these well-intended goals, there is uncertainty whether existing programs correctly identify highand low-performing PCI centers and operators. Moreover, there is emerging evidence that public reporting can deleteriously influence case selection by encouraging risk avoidance behaviors. Thus, potentially beneficial procedures might be withheld from high-risk patients who can derive the greatest benefit, because operators and facilities fear being labeled as outliers [3–8]. This position statement updates the prior Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) Policy on Public Reporting [1]. SCAI continues to endorse public reporting, provided the reports are not misleading, deliver meaningful information to consumers to help inform their choices, and facilitate quality improvement. Offering the public accurate and understandable metrics, including measures to assess the appropriateness of case selection, are essential to achieve this aim.
Energy models for delay testing

We present a new formulation of the delay testing problem as an energy minimization problem. Two important applications have motivated this work. First, it can be used to efficiently generate robust and nonrobust tests for path delay faults in scan and hold type of sequential circuits. Second, It allows the design of a special class of delay fault testable circuits, called (k,K)-circuits, that have polynomial-time test generation complexity. For the new formulation, the relationship between input and output signal states of a logic gate for an arbitrary pair of input vectors is expressed through an energy function. The minimum-energy states of this function correspond to signal values that are consistent with the gate's logic function. The function also implicitly includes the information about the potential hazards due to arbitrary delay distributions in the circuit. The energy function for the circuit is the summation of the individual gate energy functions. To derive tests for a given delay fault, this function is suitably modified such that any minimum-energy state is guaranteed to be a test. The specific modifications to the energy function depend on the type (robust or nonrobust, with or without hazards) of delay test desired. For (k, K)-circuits, we show that the energy function can be minimized in polynomial-time. For general circuits, where the problem still has an exponential complexity, the recently proposed transitive closure based test generation technique is very effective in generating tests. This approach efficiently determines a delay test or establishes that no test is possible for the given delay fault. We report experimental results on various sequential benchmark circuits (full-scan versions) showing the feasibility and practicality of the new methods. >
Apoptosis of human Breast Cancer Cells induced by Ethylacetate Extracts of Propolis

Problem statement: Propolis has been ethno medically claimed to possess a wide array of biological activities including anticancer activity. The purpose of this research was to verify the folklore claim. Approach: This study was performed in a human breast carcinoma cell, MCF-7. Extract of propolis from different solvent, ethylacetate and n-buthanol showed induced apoptotic cells was detected by flow cytometry. Results: The results demonstrated that ethylacetate extract of propolis can induce apoptosis in MCF-7 as large as 13.21% during the 24 h incubation. On the other hand, doxorubicin is able to induce apoptosis as large as 18.89% during the 24 h incubation. Conclusion: The extracts of propolis ethylacetate had cytotoxic activity and triggers apoptosis on MCF-7 cells.
Recent advances in the molecular biology of Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli, causal organism of ratoon stunting disease

Twelve years ago our understanding of ratoon stunting disease (RSD) was confined almost exclusively to diagnosis of the disease and control via farm hygiene, with little understanding of the biology of the interaction between the causal agent (Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli) and the host plant sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). Since then, research has focused on developing the molecular tools to dissect L. xyli subsp. xyli, so that better control strategies can be developed to prevent losses from RSD. Within this review, we give a brief overview of the progression in research on L. xyli subsp. xyli and highlight future challenges. After a brief historical background on RSD, we discuss the development of molecular tools such as transformation and transposon mutagenesis and discuss the apparent lack of genetic diversity within the L. xyli subsp. xyli world population. We go on to discuss the sequencing of the genome of L. xyli subsp. xyli, describe the key findings and suggest some future research based on known deficiencies that will capitalise on this tremendous knowledge base to which we now have access.
Clinical Implications of Delay in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Stage Breast Cancer

Original Article Open Access Clinical Implications of Delay in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Stage Breast Cancer Dennis L Citrin , Sara J Mortensen , Shelly K Smekens ND , Christina M Shannon ND , James F Grutsch b a Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Zion, IL, USA; b University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Regression grading in neoadjuvant treated pancreatic cancer: an interobserver study

Aim Several regression grading systems have been proposed for neoadjuvant chemoradiation-treated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This study aimed to examine the utility, reproducibility and level of concordance of three most frequently used grading systems. Methods Four gastrointestinal pathologists used the College of American Pathologists (CAP), Evans, MD Anderson Cancer Centre (MDA) regression grading systems to grade 14 selected cases (7–20 slides from each case) of neoadjuvant chemoradiation-treated PDAC. A postscoring discussion with each pathologist was conducted. The results were entered into a standardised data collection form and statistical analyses were performed. Results There was little concordance across the three systems. The Kendall coefficient of concordance agreement scores were: CAP: 2-poor, 2-fair; Evans: 1-fair, 1-moderate, 2-good; MDA: 1-poor, 2-moderate, 1-good. Interpretation in all three grades in the CAP grading system was a source of discrepancy. Furthermore, using fibrosis as a criterion to assess regression was contentious. In the Evans system, quantifying tumour destruction using arbitrary percentage cut-offs (ie, 9% vs 10%; 50% vs 51%, etc) was imprecise and subjective. Although the MDA system generated greatest concordance, this was due to ‘oversimplification’ surrounding wide, arbitrarily assigned thresholds of 5% of tumour. Conclusions All systems lacked precision and clarity for accurate regression grading. Presently the clinical utility and impact of histological regression grading in patient management is questionable. There is a need to re-evaluate regression grading in the pancreas and establish a reproducible, clinically relevant grading system.
Altered erector spinae activity and trunk motion occurs with moderate and severe unilateral hip OA

People with hip osteoarthritis (OA) demonstrate altered movement patterns in the hip joint, as well as the pelvis and spine. While kinematic changes have been described in the literature, little is known about the associated erector spinae (ES) activity. Increased or prolonged ES activity may contribute to the low back pain often associated with hip OA. Using a cross‐sectional cohort study, 3D trunk motions and ES surface electromyography were recorded on 19 individuals with severe OA (SOA), 20 with moderate hip OA (MOA), and 19 asymptomatic (ASYM) individuals during treadmill walking, using standardized collection and processing procedures. Principal component analysis was used to derive electromyographic amplitude and temporal waveform features. Three‐dimensional thoracic motion in a global system, and thoraco‐lumbar motion was calculated. Various statistical analyses determined between group differences (α = 0.05). In the sagittal plane, thoracic motion was greater in the SOA group (p < 0.001), whereas the ASYM group used less thoraco‐lumbar motion than either OA group (p ≤ 0.002). Greater frontal plane angular excursion during early stance was found in the thoracic region in the SOA group (p ≤ 0.001) . With increasing OA severity, bilateral ES activity increased during the swing phase of gait (p < 0.001), whereas during stance, the SOA ipsilateral ES activity was higher than other groups (p < 0.001). Statement of clinical significance: with moderate and severe OA, sagittal, and frontal trunk motion increases during gait. ES activity during the entire gait cycle is more sustained with increased disease severity, which may aide our understanding of low back pain associated with hip OA. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1826–1832, 2018.
Concentric Cylinder Bioreactor for Production of Tissue Engineered Cartilage: Effect of Seeding Density and Hydrodynamic Loading on Construct Development

A concentric cylinder bioreactor has been developed to culture tissue engineered cartilage constructs under hydrodynamic loading. This bioreactor operates in a low shear stress environment, has a large growth area for construct production, allows for dynamic seeding of constructs, and provides for a uniform loading environment. Porous poly‐lactic acid constructs, seeded dynamically in the bioreactor using isolated bovine chondrocytes, were cultured for 4 weeks at three seeding densities (60, 80, 100 × 106 cells per bioreactor) and three different shear stresses (imposed at 19, 38, and 76 rpm) to characterize the effect of chondrocyte density and hydrodynamic loading on construct growth. Construct seeding efficiency with chondrocytes is greater than 95% within 24 h. Extensive chondrocyte proliferation and matrix deposition are achieved so that after 28 days in culture, constructs from bioreactors seeded at the highest cell densities contain up to 15 × 106 cells, 2 mg GAG, and 3.5 mg collagen per construct and exhibit morphology similar to that of native cartilage. Bioreactors seeded with 60 million chondrocytes do not exhibit robust proliferation or matrix deposition and do not achieve morphology similar to that of native cartilage. In cultures under different steady hydrodynamic loading, the data demonstrate that higher shear stress suppresses matrix GAG deposition and encourages collagen incorporation. In contrast, under dynamic hydrodynamic loading conditions, cartilage constructs exhibit robust matrix collagen and GAG deposition. The data demonstrate that the concentric cylinder bioreactor provides a favorable hydrodynamic environment for cartilage construct growth and differentiation. Notably, construct matrix accumulation can be manipulated by hydrodynamic loading. This bioreactor is useful for fundamental studies of construct growth and to assess the significance of cell density, nutrients, and hydrodynamic loading on cartilage development. In addition, studies of cartilage tissue engineering in the well‐characterized, uniform environment of the concentric cylinder bioreactor will develop important knowledge of bioprocessing parameters critical for large‐scale production of engineered tissues.
Evidence-Based Recommendations for Local-Regional Control of Gastric Cancer

INTRODUCTION When Goldilocks dined uninvited on ursine cuisine, she experimentally, but unscientifically, migrated from extremes until finding a dish she proclaimed ‘‘just right. ’’ With our view of gastric cancer treatment now sharpened by the lens of prospective randomized inquiry, a more defensible, data-driven ‘‘just right’’ has recently been achieved. Between the therapeutic extremes of ‘‘too much’’ and ‘‘too little,’’ a pragmatic middle ground of optimal therapy can now be highlighted.