Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Magnesium on Cation Selectivity and Structural Stability in prominent Vertisols of Karnataka

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Mg on ternary (Na-Ca-Mg) exchange and intern structural stability in prominent Vertisols of TBP (Tungabhadra Project) and UKP (Upper Krishna Project) irrigation commands of Karnataka State, India. Surface soil samples representing typical Vertisols derived from granite-gneiss (Gangavati and Kavadimatti), limestone (Devapur and Islampur) and basalt (Kadliwad and Mannapur) were included in the study. These soils were subjected to equilibration with waters of varying sodium adsorption ratio (SAR-5,20,40,60,80 and 100 millimoles per liter1/2) with different Ca/Mg ratio (4:1,2:1,1:1,1:2and 1:4). Exchangeable Na increased as the Mg/Ca ratio increased from 1:4 to 4:1 indicating that Mg charged waters are more detrimental for structural integrity of the soils. Averaged from all SAR treatments, the Mg-Na systems had between 10.5 to 12.1% more exchangeable Na than did the Ca-Na systems. The Mg-induced increase in exchangeable Na was directly related to a preference by the soils for Ca over Mg, which makes Na more competitive against Mg than against Ca. The influence of Mg on soil structural stability was examined by measuring degree of dispersion, capillary raise and moisture diffusivity using Na-Ca-Mg solutions varying with Ca/Mg ratios and SAR values. In order to segregate the specific effect of Mg, separate binary systems (exclusive Ca-Mg solutions with varying concentrations without Na) were used to examine the degree of dispersion. The Mg-Na system developed considerably lower soil moisture diffusivity and higher degree of dispersion as well as capillarity than did the Ca-Na system when equilibrated with solutions having total electrolyte concentration 20 m mol liter-1. Dispersion and water transmission tests confirmed that the effect of Mg was greater than could be explained by the higher exchangeable Na alone in the Mg system or else Mg had a specific effect on clay dispersion. It was obviously proved that Mg does have the effect on clay dispersion in the binary system involving diminishing Ca concentration where Na was completelyexcluded. Our results suggest that exchangeable Mg is about 1/10th, 1/20th, and 1/30th as dispersive as Na in granite-gneiss, limestone and basalt derived soils, respectively.
Spatial distribution of copper, organic matter and pH in agricultural soils affected by mining activities

The Aconcagua River Basin, located in north-central Chile, is an important agricul- tural region of the country. However, several copper mining industries are also lo- cated in this basin. A total of 103 topsoil samples were collected at varying distances from mining industries. There were no statistically significant differences between the sampling areas with regard to organic matter content and copper concentration. However, the sampling areas were significantly different with regard to soil pH. Soils of the Putaendo sampling area exhibited the lowest pH values (mean of 6.3), while the highest pH values (mean of 7.1) were measured in the Catemu - Chagres sampling area. In the sampling areas where mining activities were absent, the to- tal copper concentrations ranged from 70-155 mg kg -1 . These concentrations are a result of the geological setting and/or of applications of copper-containing fungi- cides. High copper concentrations (above 700 mg kg -1 , with a maximum of 4000 mg kg -1 ) were generally observed near mining activities or in areas where mining activities were located nearby and upstream. In these sampling areas, the copper concentrations differed by an order of magnitude in nearby locations. These high and heterogeneously-distributed copper concentrations most likely resulted from either modern or former mining activities.
BARLEY GRAIN MINERAL ANALYSIS AS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT FERTILIZING SYSTEMS AND BY DROUGHT STRESS

The effect of different fertilizing systems and drought stress during grain development on grain minerals of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) was studied in field experiments on a clay-loamy soil during 2007 and 2008 growing seasons. The treatments consisted of three irrigation regimes (main plots) of: Non-stressed (NS, normal irrigation continued until the end of plant physiological maturity), Moderate Stress (MS, irrigation ceased from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of grain filling stage and Severe Stress (SS, irrigation ceased from the beginning of flowering stage up to the end of physiological maturity) along with six fertilizing regimes consisting of no fertilizer application (control) (NF), phosphorous and nitrogen Biofertilizers (BF), 100% Chemical fertilizer (NPK) (CF), Vermicompost (VC) 5 t ha -1 , 50% Chemical fertilizer (NPK)+50% Vermicompost (2.5 t ha -1 ) (CV), and 50% Chemical fertilizer (NPK)+ Biofertilizer (CB), assigned to the sub plots. Drought stress significantly increased grain minerals of N, Zn and Mn by 12, 27, and 7% as compared with control (NS), respectively. Average grain nitrogen concentration in chemical fertilizer (CF) treatment was significantly more than those in the other treatments followed by integrated fertilizing systems (CB and CV). Phosphorous concentration in grains produced in BF fertilizer medium was significantly higher than those in other treatments. Grain Fe and Zn concentrations increased through vermicompost application. However, Mn concentration was higher in grains fertilized with chemical fertilizer. It can be concluded that in barley production under water deficit conditions, grain mineral quality could be improved through integrated fertilizer application.
Entrepreneurial behaviour consequences on small and medium-sized firms' innovation

The European framework regarding innovation is dominated by the assumed objectives of the Lisbon Strategy and by its major reviewing demarches. In this perspective, the paper is based on a proposed model for the entrepreneurial process in Romania, depending on the economical development stage and the competitiveness level of the country, according to which there are set, on the one hand, the relationships between the conditions of the entrepreneurial framework and entrepreneurship, and, on the other hand, between entrepreneurship and innovation output in the cases of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Are More Averse to Social Than Nonsocial Risk

Social risk is a domain of risk in which the costs, benefits, and uncertainty of an action depend on the behavior of another individual. Humans overvalue the costs of a socially risky decision when compared with that of purely economic risk. Here, we played a trust game with 8 female captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to determine whether this bias exists in one of our closest living relatives. A correlation between an individual’s social- and nonsocial-risk attitudes indicated stable individual variation, yet the chimpanzees were more averse to social than nonsocial risk. This indicates differences between social and economic decision making and emotional factors in social risk taking. In another experiment using the same paradigm, subjects played with several partners with whom they had varying relationships. Preexisting relationships did not impact the subjects’ choices. Instead, the apes used a tit-for-tat strategy and were influenced by the outcome of early interactions with a partner.
The public-private sector earnings gap; in Australia: a quantile regression approach

This paper investigates the public-private sector earnings gap for Australian men. It finds that the average earnings of men working in the public sector are larger than the earnings of men employed in the private sector. The difference in the earnings of public and private sector workers is slightly larger for those working in the federal government sector than for those working in the state/local government sector. Using a quantile regression approach, the paper also finds that the wage premium for public sector employment varies substantially along the earnings distribution, with low-paid workers having the largest wage advantage from employment in the public sector. Employment in the private sector has a negative impact on the wages of high-paid workers.
Authors' attitudes to, and awareness and use of, a university institutional repository.

SarahWatson graduated in 2006 from the MSc in Library and Information Studies at City University.This paper is based on her research project dissertation This article reports the findings of an author study at Cranfield University. The study investigated authors’ publishing behaviours, attitudes, concerns, and their awareness and use of their institutional repository (IR), Cranfield QUEprints.The findings suggest that despite a reasonable amount of advocacy many authors had not heard of QUEprints and were not aware of its purpose. Once explained, all authors saw at least one benefit to depositing a copy of their work to QUEprints, but many were unsure how to deposit, preferring to depend on the Library to do the work. The authors voiced few concerns or conditions regarding the inclusion of their work in QUEprints, but felt that it would be an extra, inconvenient step in their workload.This research led to the development of the Embed Project which is investigating how to embed the IR into the research process and thereby encourage more authors to deposit their work.
Quasi-Classical Gravity Effect on Neutrino Oscillations in a Gravitational Field of a Heavy Astrophysical Object

In the framework of quantum field theory, a graviton interacts locally with a quantum state having definite mass, that is, the gravitational mass eigenstate, while a weak boson interacts with a state having definite flavor, that is, the flavor eigenstate. An interaction of a neutrino with an energetic graviton may trigger the collapse of the neutrino to a definite mass eigenstate with probability expressed in terms of PMNS mixing matrix elements. Thus, gravitons would induce quantum decoherence of a coherent neutrino flavor state similarly to how weak bosons induce quantum decoherence of a neutrino in a definite mass state. We demonstrate that such an essentially quantum gravity effect may have strong consequences for neutrino oscillation phenomena in astrophysics due to relatively large scattering cross sections of relativistic neutrinos undergoing large angle radiation of energetic gravitons in gravitational field of a classical massive source (i.e., the quasi-classical case of gravitational Bethe-Heitler scattering). This graviton-induced decoherence is compared to decoherence due to propagation in the presence of the Earth matter effect. Based on this study, we propose a new technique for the indirect detection of energetic gravitons by measuring the flavor composition of astrophysical neutrinos.
The Impact of Mobile Learning on ESP Learners' Performance

This study explores the impact of using mobile phone applications, namely Telegram Messenger, on teaching and learning English in an ESP context. The main objective is to test whether using mobile phone applications have an impact on ESP learners’ performance by mainly investigating the influence such teaching technique can have on learning vocabulary, and how this can affect the learner's’ ability to use grammar correctly and whether their writing skill is improved. The results showed that using mobile phone applications to teach a foreign language skill or subskill is fruitful and does impact learners’ comprehension of vocabulary and grammatical rules. The results specifically indicate that mobile phones can be used in many different ways to teach and learn technical and semi-technical vocabulary easily outside the classroom, however, to teach grammatical rules and writing it is recommended that certain strategies be used due to certain limitations.
Non-intrusive optical study of gas and its exchange in human maxillary sinuses

We demonstrate a novel non-intrusive technique based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy to investigate human maxillary sinuses in vivo. The technique relies on the fact that free gases have much sharper absorption features (typical a few GHz) than the surrounding tissue. Molecular oxygen was detected at 760 nm. Volunteers have been investigated by injecting near-infrared light fibre-optically in contact with the palate inside the mouth. The multiply scattered light was detected externally by a handheld probe on and around the cheek bone. A significant signal difference in oxygen imprint was observed when comparing volunteers with widely different anamnesis regarding maxillary sinus status. Control measurements through the hand and through the cheek below the cheekbone were also performed to investigate any possible oxygen offset in the setup. These provided a consistently non-detectable signal level. The passages between the nasal cavity and the maxillary sinuses were also non-intrusively optically studied, to the best of our knowledge for the first time. These measurements provide information on the channel conductivity which may prove useful in facial sinus diagnostics. The results suggest that a clinical trial together with an ear-nose-throat (ENT) clinic should be carried out to investigate the clinical use of the new technique.
PECTINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF Boeremia strasseri THE CAUSAL AGENT OF BLACK STEM AND RHIZOMES ROT OF PEPPERMINT

Pectinases have multiple nature and various forms which are necessary for hy- drolysis of pectin in natural processes. The pectinolytic activity of three isolates of the pathogenic fungus Boeremia strasseri was demonstrated. The pectinases production was studied using a liquid Mandels-Weber medium, containing 1.0% citric pectin as a carbon source. Optimum pH and temperature for pectinases activity were 4.7 and 40°C respec- tively. The pectinases were totally stable at 40°C for 80 min. The greatest loss of activity was observed during the heating of the enzymes at 70°C.
Evolution of primary sexual characters in reptiles

Variation in sexual traits within and among species arises from past and current biotic and abiotic selective regimes, environmental conditions experienced during ontogeny, and developmental and phylogenetic constraints (Andersson 1994). Our aim with this review is to assess variation in primary sexual characters in relation to abiotic and biotic factors in reptiles. However, as a consequence of modern evolutionary biology, the main focus will be on processes directly targeting the size and function of gametes and their storage from a perspective of ongoing selection, that is mostly postcopulatory sexual selection. In order to do that without replicating previous work in this area, we review the literature with most emphasis on work published since 1997, that is, the year of submission of the last major review in this fi eld (Olsson and Madsen 1998). Pre-1997 information is only considered if crucial for a more complete understanding of conceptual issues. We also deliberately minimize treatment of some areas that we think are still essentially up to date in Olsson and Madsen (1998), including hormone cycles and copulatory organs. A substantial part of the current review is also a phylogenetic analysis of variation in testis size lacking in Olsson and Madsen’s (1998) descriptive presentation, now extended with additional data from the published literature since 1997. To put our treatment into perspective, we start with a brief introduction into general reptilian reproductive biology.
A Comparison between Anxiety and Self-esteem amongst High School Freshman Students(Male and Female) with Amblyopia in Gachsaran in 2015

The present research intends to investigate and compare the relationship between anxiety and self-esteem amongst high school freshman students (male and female) with Amblyopia in Gachsaran city. To this end, all the male and female freshman students (1st Grade) in high school suffering from Amblyopia in Gachsaran participated in the study as the research statistical population among which 80 students, including 40 girls and 40 boys, were selected based on Simple Random Sampling Method. Materials and tools used in this research included Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Cooper-smith Self-esteem Inventory (CSEI) and Snellen chart. In order to analyze results obtained from the present research, t-student test and correlation coefficient were used to investigate the relationship between the variables. Accordingly, the results indicated that: there is a statistically significant relationship between anxiety and self-esteem in students with Amblyopia (PEA‚Â‚0.000). Statistically significant difference in anxiety between male and female students with Amblyopia (PEA‚Â‚0.05) was observed. The results also showed that there is no any statistically significant difference in self-esteem between male and female students with Amblyopia (PEA‚Â‚0.66).
Success in Business-A Brand Equity Perspective

Problem statement: The study has been mainly attempted to find out the impact of the brand equity in overall success of the firm. The research has primarily been created to present a study on the significance of brand equity and its relevance in affecting the financial performance of the organization. Approach: The study has been conducted on the basis of secondary resources. The researches of different authors and theorists on the subject of brand equity and its relevance in affecting the financial performance of the organization have been consulted and analysed to present a research study through this report. Results: The study studies the various research activity carried out on brand equity and its link with the financial performance of the organization. It has been accepted that branding has significant contribution to increase the profitability and the shareholders value which directly leads to the success of the business. Conclusion: The study has provided with a detailed understanding of brand equity. It also represents an original piece of work based on the studies and researches conducted by different researchers made earlier and the information gathered have been analysed to reach to a conclusion as well as open opportunities for further studies and researches.
Monetization Strategies in Free-To-Play Mobile Games : Case: From The Bench

Free-to-play mobile games are very popular amongst players because of their high accessibility. According to the Top Grossing chart in App Store, free-to-play mobile games dominate the chart of the most profitable mobile games in such regions as Russia, United States and Japan. Such statistics demonstrate that the free-to-play business model is very efficient in getting revenue. Therefore, it is an interesting subject to study. The aim of the thesis is to cover the topic of monetization strategies of free-to-play mobile games and find out how different mobile app monetization models affect each other in a free-to-play mobile game. The final goal is to provide improvement recommendation for the mobile game monetization strategy of the case company, From The Bench. The author uses a deductive reasoning throughout the thesis and collects both quantitative and qualitative data. Secondary data is gathered from published materials, books, articles, previous studies and reliable Internet sources. Primary data is collected with an interview with the case company’s representative and an online survey conducted among mobile game players in order to understand their opinions about in-game monetization methods. The thesis includes such theories as mobile application concept, monetization of mobile apps, free-to-play games and ARM Funnel. SWOT analysis was used in order to evaluate mobile game monetization strategy in the case company. The research findings prove that different monetization models may conflict with each other in one free-to-play mobile game. Also, due to the specificity of the audience, the case company can focus on the in-app purchase monetization model and partially remove in-app advertising from the mobile games. Taking into consideration the empirical findings and the theoretical analysis, the recommendations to the case company are provided.
Conditional Sentences in Belief Revison Systems

The ﬁrst chapter of the thesis presents Frank P. Ramsey [1960]’s seminal treat-ment of “If . , then . ” statements. We also explain how Stalnaker and Thomason [1970] picked up on Ramsey’s idea and undertook the task of giving truth conditions for counterfactual conditionals in contrast to Ramsey’s insistence on rational acceptability conditions . The second chapter is concerned with technicalities related to the proof theory of modern conditional logics. A Fitch-style natural deduction system for the Stalnaker / Thomason sentential conditional logic FCS already exists in the literature [Thomason, 1971]. Here we adjust FCS in a way to arrive at a proof system for Lewis’s “o ﬃ cial” conditional logic VC [Lewis, 1973]. We begin with expositions of Stalnaker / Thomason’s CS / FCS and Lewis’s VC. Next, we explain why FCS in its original form is incompatible with VC. Interestingly, it turns out that the strict reiteration rule corresponding to the Uniqueness Assumption (“Stalnaker’s Assumption” in Lewis’s terminology) underlies the incompatibility of FCS and VC. We observe that Stalnaker’s Uniqueness Assumption becomes a very e ﬀ ective proof-theoretic device in natural deduction systems for conditional logics by virtue of allowing us to make use of “indirect conditional proofs”. In FCS, those indirect proofs allow us to derive the VC axioms of centering and rational monotony without need of additional strict reiteration rules. However, the problem we face is that since the characteristic feature of VC is its rejection of Stalnaker’s Assumption, we have no choice but to remove the conditional excluded middle strict reiteration rule and add two new strict reiteration rules (one for centering and one for rational monotony ). After making the necessary adjustments to FCS, and thereby transforming it into FVC (that is, a Fitch-style natural deduction
Susceptibility Pattern of a Clinical Isolate of Staphylococcus aureus to the Combined Activity of a Herbal Preparation of Azadirachta indica and Some Antibiotics

Purpose: To investigated the in vitro antimicrobial interaction between the crude water extract of Azadirachta indica and some standard antibiotics; doxycycline, gentamicin, streptomycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin. Methods: The in vitro interactions were evaluated using a combination of agar diffusion and Checkerboard techniques against Staphylococcus aureus as test microorganism. Results: There were synergistic interactions between the crude extract (0.1 mg/ml or 0.25mg/ml extract) and all the antibiotics used except tetracycline in the agar diffusion technique (p Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, interaction, antibiotics, FIC index