Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tympanostomy tube placements, sociodemographic factors and parental expectations for management of acute otitis media in Iceland

Background. Widespread antimicrobial use is a risk factor for development of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial treatment of acute otitis media (AOM) may not always be necessary. Little is known about the influence of parental expectations on physicians’ decision-making in relation to treatment of AOM. Evidence is insufficient as to whether tympanostomy tube placement reduces antibiotic consumption. Methods. We randomly selected 1030 children 1 to 6 years old living in 4 geographic areas in Iceland to be invited to participate in the study. Information about sociodemographic factors, antimicrobial prescriptions and their indications during the preceding 12 months, tympanostomy tube placements and parental views on antimicrobial use and bacterial resistance were obtained from a questionnaire completed by the parents and medical records. Results. The incidence of AOM episodes resulting in antimicrobial prescription for 804 children recruited into the study was 0.7 (95% confidence interval, 0.6 to 0.8) per child per year, highest among children age 1 year, i.e. 1.8 prescriptions (95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 2.2). The cumulative incidence of tympanostomy tube placements was ∼30%. Antimicrobial use during the preceding 8 weeks for children with and without tubes did not differ (P = 0.36). Fifteen percent of children with tubes had received antimicrobials during the preceding 8 weeks at last once for AOM compared with 14% of those without tubes (P = 0.97). Parents in the area where antimicrobial consumption was lowest were less likely to accept antimicrobial treatment than parents in the other areas (P = 0.005). Parents of children who had previously received antimicrobials for AOM were more likely to accept antimicrobials (P = 0.04). Conclusions. Parental expectations to antimicrobial treatment and awareness about resistance development appear to influence treatment strategies for AOM. The high rate of tympanostomy tube placement in preschool children does not result in reduced antimicrobial consumption.
Organization of vertebrate retinas.

JL he vertebrate retina is a portion of nervous tissue that has long been of interest both to investigators of brain function and of the visual process. It is one of the most accessible parts of the central nervous system; it can be easily and precisely stimulated with patterns of light; and its output, via the optic nerve, can be readily monitored. Recent studies employing electron microscopy and intracellular recording techniques have described the synaptic contacts in the vertebrate retina and the electrical responses of the six principal types of retinal cells. This new information, coupled with the knowledge of the retinal cells derived from light microscopy, permits us to infer probable sites of interaction and major synaptic pathways that occur within the vertebrate retina. In this paper I shall review some of this recent
Precipitation Diagrams of Struvite and Dissolution Kinetics of Different Struvite Morphologies

Spontaneous precipitation in the systems MgCl 2 -H 3 PO 4 -NH 4 OH-NaCl (0.15 mol dm - 3 )-H 2 O, MgSO 4 -NH 4 H 2 PO 4 -H 2 O and MgSO 4 -NH 4 H 2 PO 4 -NaCl (0.15 mol dm - 3 )-H 2 O was studied at 25 and 37 °C and initial pH = 4. Precipitates aged for 24 hours and 30 days were characterized by means of chemical analyses, X-ray diffractometry, FT-IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. Struvite was found to be the predominant phase formed in a wide range of reactant concentrations. The thermodynamic solubility products of struvite, K s 0 = c(Mg 2 + ). γ 2 . c(NH 4 + ). γ 1 . c(PO 4 3 - ). γ 3 , (pK s 0 = 13.359 ′ 0.284 at 25 °C and pK s 0 = 13.269 ′ 0.113 at 37 °C) were calculated from the final, equilibrium, pH values taking all the relevant magnesium, phosphate and ammonium species into account. The dissolution kinetics of dendrites and rod-like crystals of struvite in water was followed by recording pH as a function of time and the linear dependence of the dissolution rate on the absolute undersaturation was found. The dissolution rate constants k d i s s were found to be 0.075, 0.103 and 0.152 dm 3 mol - 2 / 3 s - 1 for rod-like crystals, and 0.331, 0.286 and 0.596 dm 3 mol - 2 / 3 s - 1 for dendrites at 25, 30 and 37 °C, respectively. The activation energy for the dissolution of rod-like crystals was found to be (44.8 ′ 1.1) kJ mol - 1 and that for dendrites (37.6 ′ 1.6) kJ moles. Analysis of the kinetic data suggests the diffusion of constituting ions away from the surface of the dissolving crystal or the desorption of ions from the crystal adsorption layer as the possible rate determining mechanisms of struvite dissolution.
IMPACT OF BLEACHING STRESS ON THE FUNCTION OF THE OXYGEN EVOLVING COMPLEX OF ZOOXANTHELLAE FROM SCLERACTINIAN CORALS 1

Global climate change is leading to the rise of ocean temperatures and is triggering mass coral bleaching events on reefs around the world. The expulsion of the symbiotic dinoflagellate algae is believed to occur as a result of damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of these symbionts, although the specific site of initial impact is yet to be conclusively resolved. Here, the sensitivity of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) to bleaching stress was studied as well as its natural variation between seasons. The artificial electron donor, diphenyl carbazide (DPC), was added to cultured, freshly isolated and expelled (bleaching treatments only) zooxanthellae suspensions. Chl a fluorescence and oxygen production measurements showed that upon addition of DPC, no restoration of diminished photochemical efficiency occurred under control or bleaching conditions. This result was consistent between 12 h and 5 d bleaching treatments on Pocilloporadamicornis, indicating that the OEC is not the primary site of damage, and that zooxanthellae expulsion from the host is a nonselective process with respect to the functioning of the OEC. Further experiments measuring fast induction curves (FICs) revealed that in both summer and winter, the temperature when OEC function was lost occurred between 7°C and 14°C above the sea surface temperature. FIC and oxygen production measurements of P. damicornis during exposure to bleaching stress demonstrated that the thermotolerance of the OEC increased above the temperature of the bleaching treatment over a 4 h period. This finding indicates that the OEC has the capacity to acclimate between seasons and remains functional at temperatures well above bleaching thresholds.
Resistance training predicts 6-yr body composition change in postmenopausal women.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the association of exercise frequency (ExFreq) and volume (total weight lifted by military press and squats (SQ)) with change in body composition among postmenopausal women participating in a progressive resistance training study. METHODS Previously, sedentary women (n = 122, age = 56.3 +/- 4.3 yr) were followed for 6 yr. At 6 yr, there were women who had been randomly assigned to resistance training at baseline (n = 65) controls that were permitted to cross over to the exercise program at 1 yr (n = 32) and 25 true controls. Exercisers and crossovers directed to perform eight core exercises for two sets of eight repetitions at 70%-80% of one-repetition maximum, three times weekly, plus progressive weight bearing, stretching, and balance. Body weight and fat were measured at baseline and annually using anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Average change in body weight and total body fat were 0.83 +/- 5.39 and 0.64 +/- 4.95 kg at 6 yr, respectively. In multiple linear regression, ExFreq, military press, and SQ were significantly inversely associated with change in body weight (standardized beta coefficient (SBC) = -0.22 to -0.28, P < 0.01), fat (SBC = -0.25 to -0.33, P < 0.01), and trunk fat (SBC = -0.20 to -0.31, P < 0.03) after adjusting for age, years on hormone therapy, change in lean soft tissue, baseline body composition, and baseline habitual exercise. The lowest tertile of SQ (equivalent to 2.5% attendance) demonstrated significant gain in weight, fat, and trunk fat over 6 yr (P < 0.004), whereas the highest tertile SQ (equivalent to 64% attendance) was able to maintain their weight, total, and regional fat. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that resistance training is a viable long-term method to prevent weight gain and deleterious changes in body composition in postmenopausal women.
Phylogenetic relationships of Iberian cyprinids: systematic and biogeographical implications

The phylogenetic relationships among all Iberian endemic cyprinids were inferred using the complete nucleotide sequence of the cytochrome b gene. The inferred molecular phylogeny included representatives from Central European, Asian and North African species, and is highly congruent with previous phylogenies based on osteological characters. Iberian cyprinids were grouped into only five, very speciose lineages (with the exception of the monotypic Anaecypris): Barbus, Luciobarbus,Chondrostoma, Leuciscus and Anaecypris. The existence of such a relatively small number of Iberian cyprinid lineages can be explained by the historical isolation of the Iberian Peninsula. North African and Asian barbels are the sister group of Iberian Luciobarbus, supporting a south–eastern route of colonization of the Iberian Peninsula for this subgenus. Within leuciscins, Anaecypris hispanica was considered a relict species as it could not be related to any other Iberian cyprinid. The phylogenetic relationships among the main lineages of Iberian cyprinids based on cytochrome b sequence data supported the traditional division of the Cyprinidae into two subfamilies: Cyprininae and Leuciscinae.
A MULTICENTRE COMPARATIVE TRIAL OF SODIUM VALPROATE AND CARBAMAZEPINE IN PAEDIATRIC EPILEPSY

The long‐term efficacy and adverse‐event profiles of sodium valproate and carbamazepine in children with newly diagnosed primary generalised or partial epilepsy were compared at 63 outpatient clinics. Children with two or more generalised tonic‐clonic or partial seizures in the previous six months were randomised to oral sodium valproate (N = 130) or oral carbamazepine (N = 130) and followed for three years as outpatients. Dosages were increased as needed until seizures were controlled or toxicity developed. Sodium valproate and carbamazepine were equally effective in achieving high levels of seizure control in both primary generalised seizures and partial seizures with or without generalisation. Adverse events were mostly mild, few necessitating drug withdrawal. Those particularly associated with valproate were weight increase, alopecia and appetite increase, and with carbamazepine, rashes, somnolence, diplopia and abnormal gait/ataxia.
A Technological Typology of Prismatic Blades and Debitage From Ojo de Agua, Chiapas, Mexico

Abstract A technological typology for the description and analysis of Mesoamerican obsidian industries is proposed, and its relative merits vis-à-vis Sheets's (1975a) “behavioral” typology are briefly explored. The typology is used to classify and describe a pristine deposit of obsidian-blade refuse recovered from the Early Classic Maya site of Ojo de Agua, Chiapas, Mexico. Analysis of this deposit revealed that the obsidian artifacts were manufacturing refuse resulting from the production of fine prismatic blades from polyhedral cores imported from highland Guatemala. The obsidian refuse was recovered from a workshop dump rather than from an actual workshop.
Estrogenic antagonism of metabolic effects of administered growth hormone.

ABSTRACT In 3 mildly osteoporotic male patients, human growth hormone administration produced increased urinary calcium and hydroxyproline excretion without reduction of fecal calcium, effects considered compatible with increased bone resorption. During growth hormone therapy, the serum phosphorus rose without definite reduction of urinary phosphorus excretion, suggesting a possible nonrenal origin of the hyperphosphatemic action of growth hormone. The expected anabolic effects of growth hormone were also observed, including reduction of blood urea nitrogen and of urinary nitrogen excretion. Superimposed estrogen therapy reduced the elevations of urinary calcium, urinary hydroxyproline, and of serum phosphorus, and antagonized the nitrogen-retaining effects of growth hormone. While there was no significant reduction in urinary phosphorus excretion during growth hormone therapy, concomitant estrogen administration appeared to produce detectable phosphaturia in 2 patients. The favorable effect of estrogen u.
Efecto de la frecuencia de ordeño sobre la producción, fraccionamiento y parámetros de calidad de la leche en las cabras canarias

Resumen En zonas donde se explotan animales de alta produccion lechera habitualmente se realizan dos ordenos al dia, cuya eficacia esta apoyada por los estudios que otorgan un incremento elevado de las producciones al aumentar la frecuencia de ordeno. Sin embargo la totalidad de las ganaderias caprinas del Archipielago Canario realizan un solo ordeno diario. Este habito se vio favorecido especificamente en las islas por la costumbre de elaborar el queso justo despues de haber ordenado, lo que implicaba una tarea exigente y dificil de realizar dos veces al dia. Las mejoras tecnologicas producidas en el sector caprino en los ultimos anos con la proliferacion de maquinaria de ordeno, tanques de refrigeracion e industrias con circuito de recogida de la leche, hacia pensar que la variacion en la frecuencia de ordeno permitiria incrementar los rendimientos de los rebanos pero estudios previos en cabras Tinerfenas reportaron incrementos entre solo el 6 y 8%. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral fue estudiar el efecto de la frecuencia de ordeno unilateral, en las tres razas de cabras de las Islas Canarias (Majorera, Tinerfena, y Palmera), sobre la produccion, calidad de la leche, y fraccionamiento lechero, ya que la implicacion economica de estos parametros en unas producciones ganaderas cada vez mas tecnificadas y dependientes de los costos de mano de obra, justifican la realizacion de trabajos encaminados a conocer la respuesta de las poblaciones caprinas al ordeno mecanico. Ademas, se evaluo el efecto de la oxitocina, hormona responsable de la eyeccion de la leche, endogena y exogena sobre los parametros lecheros en cabras no ordenadas inmediatamente. Por ultimo, se estudio la respuesta de los indicadores de la permeabilidad de las uniones celulares del epitelio mamario a intervalos de ordeno superiores de 24 h, para determinar el grado de adaptacion de las cabras canarias a intervalos de ordeno mas largos, lo cual es interesante para el desarrollo de programas de seleccion, en zonas que asi lo requieran.
Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, 2nd Edition

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Diffusion and Adoption of CDC Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infections in US Hospitals

Abstract Since 1981, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has been publishing Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infections as a useful reference tool in infection control. The extent to which practices recommended by CDC to reduce hospital-acquired infections have been successfully diffused and adopted were evaluated in a stratified random sample of 445 US hospitals that were sent a questionnaire in 1985. The data suggest that over 84% of infection control practitioner respondents (78% response rate) are aware of each guideline, although small hospitals (<50 beds) are least likely to be aware of the guidelines or to have reviewed them thoroughly. Adoption of the recommendations remains far from universal, ranging from 23% to 75% for 16 specific recommendations investigated. Smaller hospitals were significantly less likely than large hospitals to have adopted each suggested policy. Recommendations that carried Category I rankings were more likely to be adopted, as were those procedures that had cost-savings implications.
Unstable Solutions of Nonautonomous Linear Differential Equations

The fact that the eigenvalues of the family of matrices $A(t)$ do not determine the stability of nonautonomous differential equations $x'=A(t)x$ is well known. This point is often illustrated using examples in which the matrices $A(t)$ have constant eigenvalues with negative real part, but the solutions of the corresponding differential equation grow in time. Here we provide an intuitive, geometric explanation of the idea that underlies these examples. The discussion is accompanied by a number of animations and easily modifiable Mathematica programs. We conclude with a discussion of possible extensions of the ideas that may provide suitable topics for undergraduate research.
Isolation and characterization of circulating immune complexes from patients with pneumococcal pneumonia

Circulating immune complexes (CIC) were isolated from serum samples from patients with bacteremic and nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Overall, 63% (26 of 41) of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia had elevated levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-containing CIC. IgM-containing CIC were identified in samples from only three patients. Serum samples from nonbacteremic patients contained significantly higher levels of IgG-containing CIC (96.6 +/- 111.7 micrograms/ml) than did samples from bacteremic patients (31.7 +/- 26.9 micrograms/ml) during week 1 in hospital (P less than 0.05). Immune complexes levels did not correlate with IgG concentrations in serum or anticapsular antibody levels. Immune complexes from nonbacteremic patients had sedimentation coefficients of greater than 19s by density gradient ultracentrifugation. In contrast, CIC from bacteremic patients had smaller coefficients, of between 9s and 14s. Pneumococcal capsular antigens were identified in concentrated dissociated CIC from both patient groups by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.
Orientation dependence of the ionization of CO and NO in an intense femtosecond two-color laser field

Two-color (800- and 400-nm) short (45-fs) linearly polarized pulses are used to ionize and dissociate CO and NO. The emission of C{sup q+}, N{sup q+}, and O{sup +} fragments indicates that the higher ionization rate occurs when the peak electric field points from C to O in CO and from N to O in NO. This preferred direction is in agreement with that predicted by Stark-corrected strong-field-approximation calculations.
The effect of muscle energy techniques on disability and pain scores in individuals with low back pain.

CLINICAL SCENARIO Low back pain is the most common type of pain reported by adults in the United States. A variety of manual therapy techniques are used in the management of low back pain to reduce pain, improve function, and reduce disability. In recent years, muscle energy techniques have been increasingly used in clinics to treat low back pain. By definition, a muscle energy technique involves the patient performing a voluntary muscle contraction "in a precisely controlled direction, against a distinctly executed counter force applied by the operator. " Muscle energy techniques provide a conservative alternative for clinicians treating patients with precautions or contraindications to joint manipulation.
Generation of microwave signals with a dual-frequency distributed feedback fiber laser

We present the full characterization of the beatnote of an erbium doped distributed feedback fiber laser (DFB-FL) operating on two orthogonally polarized eigenstates around 1.55 μm. The dual-frequency laser (DFL) in the free running regime generates a microwave signals around 1 GHz with a RIN lower than -115 dB/Hz over the range 50 kHz-10 MHz and a phase noise of -67 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz of the RF carrier. Up to 600 MHz tunability of the RF beatnote is obtained by mechanical stress applied to the cavity.
AEGIS: The Diversity of Bright Near-IR-selected Distant Red Galaxies

We use deep and wide near-infrared (NIR) imaging from the Palomar telescope combined with DEEP2 spectroscopy and HST and Chandra imaging to investigate the nature of galaxies that are red in NIR colors. We locate these "distant red galaxies" (DRGs) through the color cut (J - K)Vega > 2.3 over 0.7 deg2, where we find 1010 DRG candidates down to Ks = 20.5. We combine 95 high-quality spectroscopic redshifts with photometric redshifts from BRIJK photometry to determine the redshift and stellar mass distributions for these systems, and the morphological/structural and X-ray properties for 107 DRGs in the Extended Groth Strip. We find that many bright (J - K)Vega > 2.3 galaxies with Ks < 20.5 are at redshifts z < 2, with 64% in the range 1 < z < 2. The stellar mass distributions for these galaxies are broad, ranging from 109 to 1012 M☉, but with most z > 2 systems being massive with M* > 1011 M☉. HST imaging shows that the structural properties and morphologies of DRGs are also diverse, with the majority elliptical/compact (57%) and the remainder edge-on spiral (7%) and peculiar (29%). The DRGs at z < 1.4 with high-quality spectroscopic redshifts are generally compact, with small half-light radii, and span a range in rest-frame optical properties. The spectral energy distribution for the DRGs at z < 1.4 differs from higher redshift DRGs: they are bluer by 1 mag in observed (I - J) color. A pure IR color selection of high-redshift populations is not sufficient to identify unique populations, and other colors or spectroscopic redshifts are needed to produce homogeneous samples.
Mechanisms of antibacterial action in the respiratory system.

Perhaps the most striking finding in relation to the antibacterial activity in the respiratory system is the sterility of the bronchopulmonary apparatus from the primary bronchi downward. That these structures are ordinarily sterile, despite the continuous entry of droplet nuclei containing bacteria, has been known for more than 50 years (3). The mechanism by which the bronchopulmonary tree retains its sterility under ordinary circumstances is just beginning to be understood. Our attention was drawn to the problem by the considerations that if, in fact, the bronchopulmonary tree were normally sterile, and if in chronic bronchitis the lower bronchial secretions were ordinarily heavily populated with bacteria, there might be a basis for investigating the pathogenesis of chronic bronchopulmonary infections from the standpoint of breakdown of mechanism of local antibacterial activity. Initial investigations, therefore, were directed toward the study of the bacteriological flora of the bronchopulmonary secretions, with the use of extreme precautions to avoid contamination of the cultured material by bacteria coming from the upper respiratory passages. These studies (10) confirmed earlier observations (1, 11) that bacteria were rarely found in the bronchopulmonary secretions unless there was manifest inflammation or exudation. By the same token, when such exudation was found, the bacteria tended to be present in large numbers (>106 colonies per milliliter of secretion), and often the bacteria in the bronchial secretions were