Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Hyperkinetic Child: a Behavioural, Electrodermal and EEG Investigation

Ten hyperkinetic children were compared with a matched group of normal controls on the basis of behavioural measurements, electrodermal recordings and spectral analysis of the EEG. All the behavioural measures (total motor activity, speed of movement, and noisiness) differentiated the two groups in the predicted directions. The groups did not differ significantly in respect of the skin admittance (a.c. conductance) level or the EEG alpha rhythm propagation time. These findings provide no support for the hypothesis that hyperkinetic children are under‐aroused. The best differentiation between the groups was provided by the EEG coherence function. The hyperkinetic group showed a significantly higher coherence within the hemisphere than the controls at frequencies up to 8Hz. It is speculated that this may reflect diminished cortical processing of information in the patients by comparison with the controls.
Pharmacological Management of the Obese Patient

Being obese goes beyond moral failure or a character flaw. Obesity has the defining characteristics of a chronic disease for which there is no cure. Treatment may require lifelong treatment which may include pharmacotherapy. Experience with long term use of obesity drugs is limited but evidence suggests that pharmacotherapy can improve patient outcomes and patient outlook. With current obesity drugs, weight loss is usually modest but clinically significant satisfying the FDA threshold for drug effectiveness. This weight loss is associated with clinically significant improvements in many obesity co morbidities and risk factors and could eliminate some risk factors with continued use. When used in conjunction with a comprehensive program for weight management, obesity drugs can reduce appetite or hunger, increase satiety, provide improved control over aberrant eating behaviors and modify food seeking behaviors. Pharmacotherapy can enhance weight loss and compliance during the periods of weight loss and in maintaining that weight loss, increasing physical activity and may enhance a focus on making life long changes. This article will discuss mechanisms of action of obesity drugs, theories of altered body defense of body weight, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved obesity drugs, and off-label use of FDA approved drugs. The value of over-the counter (OTC) medications and diet supplements, as well as fat substitutes in the treatment of obesity drugs will be explored. Obesity drugs awaiting FDA approval and compounds under development will be reviewed. The section on approaches to drug management will include clinical considerations for; who should receive pharmacotherapy and when, length of treatment and drug discontinuation, weight regain and the role of pharmacotherapy.
Parental influences on earliest memories

Recently, independent lines of research have indirectly supported the notion that social variables, especially parent–child relationships, have a significant impact on adults’ memories of their early life. In order to directly assess this Italian students were asked to recall as many memories involving parents as they could from before the age of 6 in a 3-minute timed recall task (i.e., memory fluency). They also filled out assessments about parental involvement in their lives as well as the quality of their relationships with their mothers and fathers. We found that, for males, the more involved the parents and the warmer the relationships between sons and both their mothers and their fathers, the more early memories, the more positive early memories, and the more episodic memories men recalled. For women, the warmer the relationship with their mothers, the earlier their earliest memory. Results are discussed in terms of gendered parent–child interactions as well as McAdam's emergent life-story theory.
Biology and Treatment of Skeletal Manifestations in Multiple Myeloma

MM is frequently associated with the development of osteolytic bone lesions, osteoporosis and pathological fractures. Bone destruction in MM is caused by osteoclasts recruited in areas adjacent to myeloma plasma cells; their contact triggers both cell types to secrete soluble factors sustaining one each other’s activation and proliferation. Osteoclasts differentiate and maturate upon binding of the receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), secreted by bone marrow microenvironmental cells, to its receptor (RANK) on osteoclast progenitors, while osteoprotegerin (OPG), a natural decoy receptor, can block the aforementioned ligation. At the same time osteoblasts are inactivated by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway inhibitor, Dickkopf-1 protein (DKK-1), secreted by malignant plasma cells. Furthermore, DKK-1 deregulates the OPG/RANKL equilibrium, promoting osteoclastogenesis. Myeloma bone disease (MBD) can be treated with myeloma-directed chemotherapy and agents inhibiting bone resorption such as aminobisphosphonates, although new promising biology driven monoclonal antibodies targeting osteoclastogenesis mechanisms are emerging. Palliative MBD treatment includes analgesics, orthotics, radiation therapy, vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. In case of spinal cord compression, radiation therapy or surgical decompression, should be instantly performed, along with steroid administration. Surgery may also be an option especially in case of weight-bearing bone fractures. MBD is a morbid complication and should be carefully managed because it deteriorates patients’ quality of life and worsens disease outcome.
Einfluß einer 10%igen und 6%igen Hydroxyäthylstärkelösung (MG 200000/0,62) im Vergleich mit einer 10%igen Dextranlösung (MG 40000) auf die Fließeigenschaften des Blutes und den Gewebesauerstoffdruck von Patienten mit Claudicatio intermittens

In einer randomisierten Doppelblind-Cross-over-Studie bei 10 Patienten mit Claudicatio intermittens wurden 2 Konzentrationen (6% und 10%) einer Hydroxyathylstarkelosung vom mittleren Molekulargewicht 200000 und einem Substitutionsgrad von 0,62 mit einer lOpigen niedermolekularen Dextranlosung (mittleres Molekulargewicht 40000) verglichen. Untersucht wurden neben einigen hamorheologischen Parametern das Verhalten des Gewebesauerstoffdruckes direkt in der ischamischen Unterschenkelmuskulatur bei Patienten (mit chronisch arterieller Verschluskrankheit Stadium lib). 500 ml der genannten Infusionslosung wurden in wochentlichem Abstand innerhalb von 30 min infundiert. Mesparameter wie der Gewebesauerstoffdruck und die Flieseigenschaften des Blutes wurden vor, unmittelbar nach der 30minutigen Infusion und zu den Zeitpunkten 30, 60, 90, 120 und 180 min nach Infusionsende ermittelt. Es fand sich eine Senkung der Hamatokritwerte und der Vollblutviskositat, die bei den lOpigen Losungen am ausgepragtesten war. Die Plasmaviskositat stieg ebenfalls sowohl bei der 10%igen Dextranlosung als auch bei der 10%igen Hydroxyathylstarkelosung deutlich an. Dieses Verhalten war bei der 6%igen Losung weniger ausgepragt. Bei der Messung der Erythrozytenaggregation ergibt sich eine Steigerung der Werte nach Infusion, welche bei der 10%igen Hydroxyathylstarkelosung deutlicher ausgepragt war als bei der 6%igen. Der Gewebesauerstoffdruck als Mas fur die Versorgung des Gewebes mit Sauerstoff blieb bei der hypervolamischen Hamodilution trotz verminderter Hamatokritwerte in der Dextrangruppe wie in der 10%igen HAES-Gruppe in etwa konstant, stieg jedoch bei der 6%igen HAES 200000/0.62-Gruppe statistisch signifikant an. Diese Untersuchungen zeigen, das die 6%ige Hydroxyathylstarkelosung vom Molekulargewicht 200000 und mit einem Substitutionsgrad von 0,62 einen statistisch signifikanten protrahierten Anstieg des Gewebesauerstoffdruckes in der ischamischen Unterschenkelmuskulatur zur Folge hat, wahrend dies weder fur die 10%ige Losung dieser Substanz noch fur die 10%ige Losung von niedermolekularem Dextran der Fall ist. Aufgrund der vorliegenden Daten sollte bei der chronisch arteriellen Verschluskrankheit der 6%igen Hydroxyathylstarkelosung vom Molekulargewicht 200000 und vom Substitutionsgrad 0,62 der Vorzug vor der 10%igen Hydroxyathylstarkelosung (MG 200000/0,62) wie auch vor der 10%igen Losung von niedermolekularem Dextran gegeben werden.
A study of meningiomas in South Africa: Investigating a correlation between clinical presentation, histopathology and genetic markers

Objective. To determine whether there are certain genetic markers which correlate with particular clinical characteristics of meningiomas including multiplicity, recurrence and calvarial erosion. Methods. Thirty-eight South African-born patients with meningiomas were recruited for this study. At surgery, blood and tumour specimens were obtained for histopathological, cytogenetic and molecular analysis. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosomes 1p and 22q were investigated and the NF2 gene on 22q12.2 was screened for disease-causing mutations. Results. The commonest tumour locations were convexity (25%) and parasagittal (21%). The histology results showed that 86.8% of the patients had Grade I tumours and the remainder had Grade II tumours. A pathogenic nonsense mutation, R341X in the NF2 gene was found in only one patient. LOH on each of chromosomes 1p and 22q was observed in 44.7% of patients, but in different individuals. Significant associations were found between having specific tumour characteristics and both male gender (p-value = 0.0059) and 22q LOH (p-value = 0.0425). We estimated that having 22q LOH makes an individual approximately four times more likely to develop a tumour that exhibits multiplicity, recurrence or calvarial erosion (OR = 4.8; 95% CI: 1.2–23.4). Adjusting for gender strengthened this effect (OR = 6.1; 95% CI: 1.1–48.7). Conclusions. Our data indicate that male patients and patients with a meningioma that has 22q LOH are more likely to develop tumours exhibiting multiplicity, recurrence or calvarial erosion. We recommend that this subset of patients should be followed up more closely. Further study is needed to determine the benefit of adjuvant radiation therapy in this scenario.
The Physiology and Biochemistry of Lactation.

This book presents a critical and authoritative review of present knowledge of the complex physiological and biochemical processes involved in the growth and function of the mammary gland. The material is presented in a logical and interesting manner, and there is a complete list of references and an index of authors and subjects. Although there is little mention of the human mammary gland, many of the mammalian studies are thought-provoking to a person interested in human breast feeding. The first three chapters are devoted largely to the endocrine and neuroendocrine control of lactation. The fourth chapter on physiology should be of special interest to those who teach mothers to breast feed. In the last two chapters a thorough account is given of the synthesis of fat, lactose, and protein in the mammary gland.
Isle of Wight Studies, 1964–1974

The Isle of Wight Studies began in 1964–65 with a series of epidemiological studies of educational, psychiatric and physical disorders in 9- to 11-year-old children. These early studies were financed by the Department of Education and Science and the Foundation for Child Development (then the Association for the Aid of Crippled Children). The findings were fully reported in two books (Rutter, Tizard & Whitmore, 1970; Rutter, Graham & Yule, 1970) and only brief details are included here.
Segmental patterns of rib‐vertebra angles in chest radiographs of children: Changes related to rib level, age, sex, side and significance for scoliosis

Rib‐vertebra angles (RVAs) were measured (T1–12) on the chest radiographs of 412 children aged 0–17 years attending the hospital with minimal disorders or diseases (boys 193, girls 219). A new method for measuring RVAs is used and the asymmetry of rib‐vertebra angles is calculated as rib‐vertebra angle differences (RVADs). The data are analysed in three age groups—infancy, childhood, and puberty, after the classification of Karlberg (1989).
What do we know about recovery interventions used in the management of delayed-onset muscle soreness?

Since the pioneering work of Hough in 1902 (1) the term ‘delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)’ has dominated the field of athletic recovery. DOMS typically occurs after exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD), particularly if the exercise is unaccustomed or involves a large amount of eccentric (muscle lengthening) contractions. The symptoms of EIMD manifest as a temporary reduction in muscle force, disturbed proprioceptive acuity, increases in inflammatory markers both within the injured muscle and in the blood as well as increased muscle soreness, stiffness and swelling. The intensity of discomfort and soreness associated with DOMS increases within the first 24 hours, peaks between 24 and 72 hours, before subsiding and eventually disappearing 5-7 days after the exercise. Consequently, DOMS may interfere with athletic training or competition and several recovery interventions have been utilised by athletes and coaches in an attempt to offset the negative effects.
Drug prescribing patterns for outpatients in three hospitals in north-west Ethiopia

Background: Information about drug utilization at the out patient departments of the Hospitals in Ethiopia is scanty although a large segment of the patients are being served at the outpatient departments. Objective: To evaluate and compare patterns of drug prescribing practiced in the outpatient departments of three hospitals. Methods: Case notes of outpatients attending the Gondar teaching hospital (n=2023), Bahir Dar regional hospital (n=2597) and Debre Tabor rural hospital (n=1808) were reviewed retrospectively over one year period. Results: The leading diagnoses in the three hospitals were similar and include disease of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, sexually transmitted and skin. The average number of drugs per patient was 0.98 in Gondar, 1.8 in Bahir Dar and 2.2 in Debre Tabor hospitals. Antibacterials including anti-TB drugs (40-51%) and analgesics (11-49%) were the most frequently prescribed drugs in the three hospitals. Conclusion: The average number of drugs prescribed per patent was within the acceptable range. Deviation of prescribing pattern among the outpatients possibly reflects the availability of drugs, attitude (habit) of the prescriber and diagnostic profiles and facilities. Much remains to be done to promote rational selection and use of drugs in hospitals. [Ethiop.J.Health Dev. 2002;16(2):183-189]
Predictors of Interval Mammography Screening: Results of a Longitudinal Study

ABSTRACT We report results of a longitudinal study to examine prospective predictors of interval mammography screening. Subjects were recruited through random-digit dialing, at which time baseline information was obtained. Two additional telephone interviews were conducted at 12 and 24 months post baseline. Of the 485 women who completed all three interviews, 35% had obtained interval screening during the 24-month follow-up period. Interval screening was defined as having at least one mammogram during months 1–12 and one during months 13–24 of the follow-up period. Additionally, 34% of the sample had only one screening mammogram during the 24-month follow-up period, and 31% had none. Bivariate and multivariate analyses indicated that having had a recent screening mammogram was the strongest predictor of interval screening. Additional predictors tended to be access factors, such as income, health insurance, and concern regarding cost. Attitudinal or belief factors that have often been related to repeat scr.
Quantitative determination of periplocymarin in rat plasma and tissue by LC-MS/MS: application to pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study.

A simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of periplocymarin in biological samples was developed and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study of periplocymarin after oral administration of periplocin. Biological samples were processed with ethyl acetate by liquid-liquid extraction, and diazepam was used as the internal standard. Periplocymarin was analyzed on a C18 column with isocratic eluted mobile phase composed of methanol and water (containing 0.1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min (73:27, v/v). Detection was performed on a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer using positive-ion mode electrospray ionization in the selected reaction monitoring mode. The MS/MS ion transitions monitored were m/z 535.3→355.1 and 285.1→193.0 for periplocymarin and diazepam, respectively. Good linearity was observed over the concentration ranges. The lower limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/mL in plasma and tested tissues. The intra-and inter-day precisions (relative standard deviation) were <10.2 and 10.5%, respectively, and accuracies (relative error) were between -6.8 and 8.9%. Recoveries in plasma and tissue were >90%. The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies of periplocymarin in rats. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of cognitive teletherapy on reported everyday memory behaviours of persons with chronic traumatic brain injury

Primary objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an errorless training approach, Spaced Retrieval (SR) training delivered over the telephone, on the reported everyday memory problems of adults with chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI). Research design: The study was a randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods: Thirty-eight participants received either SR training or didactic strategy instruction (SI). Participants in both groups identified three memory-related goals and were paired to receive the same total telephone contact time. The main outcome measures were frequency of reported memory problems and perceived quality of life. Results: Participants in the SR group reported significantly more treatment goal mastery/strategy use than those in the SI group, immediately and at 1-month post-training. Caregivers reported similarly significant between-groups differences in everyday use of treatment behaviours at 1 month. Both groups reported some generalized strategy use to other non-targeted behaviours and decreased frequency of reported memory problems, but there were no significant between-groups differences in participant or caregiver reports of generalized strategy use or reported memory problems at either time-point. There was no change in perceived quality of life in either group. Conclusions: SR treatment delivered by phone produced significantly more treatment goal mastery/strategy use and maintenance than SI; however, both treatments improved reported everyday memory functioning for persons with TBI, without significant group differences on measures of generalized strategy use or perceived quality of life.
Semantic memory organization during the early stage of recovery from traumatic brain injury

Primary objective: This study used an object definitions test to examine semantic memory and the organization of semantic knowledge during the early stage of recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). Research design: Twenty-four participants with moderate-to-severe TBI and 24 controls described three living and three non-living objects as if they were describing them to someone who had never heard of or seen such things before. Methods and procedures: The verbal definitions were examined at a feature level and for whether they communicated the core concept (i.e. could a blind rater identify the object). Main outcomes and results: Compared to the control group, the TBI group less often provided object definitions that communicated the core concept and included superordinate category information. The TBI group also produced a smaller proportion of physical specific features and the production of fewer physical specific features was associated with lower production of the core concept. Despite these group differences, both groups produced more specific feature information about the objects than general feature information; and more physical specific features for living objects and associative specific features for non-living objects. Conclusions: The findings were interpreted as suggesting a decreased efficiency in ability to access semantic information following moderate-to-severe TBI, which influenced core concept production, despite intact organization of semantic knowledge.
Recent biomarker approaches in the diagnosis of frontotemporal lobar degeneration/Neurochemische Ansätze in der Diagnose der Frontotemporalen Lobärdegeneration

Abstract Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a heterogeneous group of syndromes with different symptoms. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration is mostly used as a clinical umbrella term for different diseases. In some clinical subtypes of the FTLD spectrum, a close correlation with underlying pathology can be found. Neuroimaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging and position emission tomography help to detect neuroanatomical lesions and therefore obtain relevance for in vivo prediction of neurodegeneration. However, there is still a lack of neurochemical biomarkers helping to differentiate between underlying histopathologies. The following review gives an overview about present neurochemical biomarker studies and perspective approaches in the diagnosis of FTLD. Zusammenfassung Die frontotemporale Lobärdegeneration umfasst eine heterogene Gruppe von Syndromen, deren klinische Symptomatik sehr vielfältig ist. Die frontotemporale Lobärdegeneration ein überbegriff für unterschiedliche Erkrankungen. Für einige dieser klinischen Untergruppen im FTLD-Spektrum kann ein enger Zusammenhang mit der zugrundeliegenden Neuropathologie gefunden werden. Mit Hilfe von Bildgebungstechniken, wie der Kernspintomographie (MRT) und der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET), können neuroanatomische Veränderungen festgestellt werden und sind damit von hoher Relevanz neurodegenerative Veränderungen zu Lebzeiten vorherzusagen. Jedoch gibt es immer noch keine neurochemischen Biomarker, mit deren Hilfe man einzelne histopathologische Subtypen unterscheiden kann. Die folgende übersicht stellt die derzeitigen Biomarker-Studien und künftige Ansätze zur Diagnosestellung der frontotemporalen Lobärdegeneration dar.
Prescription medication use in persons many years following traumatic brain injury

Background: This research study examined the prevalence of prescription medication use in persons many years following moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting and subjects: Consecutive records were examined of persons with moderate-to-severe TBI who were discharged from a large rehabilitation hospital in Pennsylvania from 1973–1989. Consenting participants (n= 306) were interviewed, who were traced up to 24 years post-injury. Data on current use of prescription medications, in addition to demographic characteristics and health conditions were collected from the participants. Results: The prevalence of prescription medication was 58.9% in the sample, greater in females (65.6%) than in males (56.1%). The most prescribed medication types were anti-convulsants (25.8%) followed by anti-depressants (8.2%), painkillers (8.2%) and anti-anxiety medications (5.9%). On average, persons with TBI were prescribed 2.64 (SD = 2.14) medications with a range of 1–12. Conclusion: The research findings indicate a high prevalence of prescription medications in persons with past history of TBI. There is also a high prevalence of anti-convulsants medication use.