Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Race, ethnicity, and management of pain from long-bone fractures: a prospective study of two academic urban emergency departments.

OBJECTIVES The objective was to test the hypothesis that African American and Hispanic patients are less likely to receive analgesics than white patients in two academic urban emergency departments (EDs). METHODS This was a prospective observational study of a convenience sample of patients with long-bone fractures from April 2002 to November 2006 in two academic urban EDs. Eligibility criteria were age 18-55 years, isolated long-bone fracture, and race and ethnicity (Hispanic, African American, and white). The primary outcome was receipt of analgesics; secondary outcomes included receipt of opioids, dose, route, time to first analgesic, and change in pain. Logistic regression was used to adjust the risk of receiving analgesics for patients' initial rating of pain and demographic characteristics. RESULTS Of 1,239 patients with suspected long-bone fractures, 345 patients were eligible: 177 (51%) were Hispanic, 98 (28%) were African American, and 70 (20%) were white. Administration of analgesics was not associated with race or ethnicity. Sixteen percent (95% confidence interval [CI] = 11% to 22%) of Hispanic, 15% (95% CI = 10% to 24%) of African American, and 14% (95% CI = 8% to 24%) of white patients did not receive any analgesics. Seventy-four percent of Hispanic (95% CI = 67% to 80%), 66% of African American (95% CI = 57% to 75%), and 69% (95% CI = 57% to 78%) of white patients received opioid analgesics. After adjustment for covariates, there was no evidence of an association between receipt of analgesics or opioid analgesics and the race or ethnicity of the patients. There were no significant differences in time to treatment, dose, route, or change in pain. CONCLUSIONS Receipt of analgesics for pain from long-bone fractures was not associated with patient race or ethnicity in two academic urban EDs.
Combining rosuvastatin with sartans of different peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activating capacity is not associated with different changes in low-density lipoprotein subfractions and plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A₂.

BACKGROUND Rosuvastatin reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A₂ (Lp-PLA₂) Some sartans partially activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), possibly having a favorable effect on metabolic parameters. Telmisartan is the most potent partial PPARγ activator, followed by irbesartan, whereas olmesartan does not hold such capacity. In an open-label randomized study, we assessed the effects of combining sartans of different PPARγ- activating capacity with rosuvastatin on LDL subfractions and plasma Lp-PLA₂ in patients with mixed dyslipidemia, hypertension, and prediabetes. METHODS Following dietary intervention, patients were allocated randomly to rosuvastatin (10 mg/day) plus telmisartan 80 mg/day (RT group, n = 52) or irbesartan 300 mg/day (RI group, n = 48) or olmesartan 20 mg/day (RO group, n = 51). After 6 months of treatment, changes in LDL subfraction cholesterol and plasma Lp-PLA(2) activity and mass were evaluated blindly. RESULTS A total of 151 patients (73 male; mean age 60 years) were included. Large LDL-C decreased in the RT (-36%), RI (-39%), and RO (-41%) groups (P < 0.001 for all vs. baseline). Small dense LDL-C decreased in the RT (-67%), RI (-58%), and RO (-61%) groups (P < 0.001 for all vs. baseline). All regimens increased LDL particle size versus baseline (RT + 1.4%, P = 0.002; RI + 1.0%, P = 0.04; and RO + 1.4%, P = 0.001). No difference for the change of LDL subfractions and LDL size was noticed among groups. Plasma Lp-PLA₂ activity decreased equally in all groups (RT -38%, RI -38%, RO -43%) (P < 0.001 for all vs. baseline). Plasma Lp-PLA₂ mass decreased similarly in all groups versus baseline (RT -28%, P = 0.001; RI -32%, P = 0.01; and RO -27%, P = 0.001). No difference for the change of Lp-PLA₂ mass or activity was noticed among groups. CONCLUSIONS The combination of rosuvastatin with sartans of different PPARγ-activating capacity did not differentiate alterations of LDL subfraction cholesterol and plasma Lp-PLA(2) activity and mass.
Activation pattern in lower level in the neo-, paleo-, and archicortices.

pattern and sleep pattern of the neocortex respectively,were utilized to study the effects of various kinds of physiological procedures and the effects of drugs upon the brain. After the administration of some kinds of central depressants,especially narcotics(dial-urethane,pentobarbital etc.)often occurred a peculiar anesthetized pattern in the neocortex,and high voltage"arousal"pattern appeared by stimulation.For example,in the works of MURPHY & GELLHORN(1945)1), electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus did not produce ordinary low voltage fast waves in the neocortex under dial-urethane anesthesia,and instead,4-8 cps high amplitude sinusoidal waves were elicited.SLOAN et al. (1950)2)also showed that electrical stimulation of the anterior limbic lobe elicited in some cases high voltage"arousal"pattern in the neocortical area. Similar pattern was also observed in the paleo-cortex(pyriform lobe)and its subcortical nuclei(amygdala),by MACLEAN et al.(1952)3)and described as olfactory-like responses.FEINDEL & GLOOR(1954)"also described 12-16 cps high amplitude waves as"arousal"pattern in the amygdala under pentobarbital anesthesia. In the present paper,the observation of this peculiar pattern in the neo-, paleo-,and archicortices was made and named as the activation pattern in lower level,and the conditions for appearance of this pattern were discussed.
On the Antithrombotic Action of Heparin

Heparin was discovered during World War I and was demonstrated to be an effective antithrombotic agent just prior to World War II. This mucopolysaccharide is unique in that there are sulfate groups bound to amino groups to form sulfaminic linkages. The true molecular weight is unknown, but the smallest fraction with anticoagulant activity has been reported to have a molecular weight of 8,000. Because of its highly negative charge, heparin interferes with numerous reactions involving proteins and, accordingly, has been found to inhibit many well-defined enzyme systems. The physiological role of heparin, however, has yet to be defined, and the suggestion that heparin acts as a natural anticoagulant remains unconfirmed despite its presence in mast cells. Similarly, the "clearing" ofpost-prandial lipemic serum by the heparinactivated enzyme, lipoprotein lipase, has yet to be established as a normal function of heparin. Our laboratory had been involved with the antithrombotic action of heparin in animal models and in man over the past 20 years, during which time several physiological and clinical studies on the action of heparin were undertaken (Wessler 1953 ; Wessler and Fischbein 1954 ; Wessler and Morris 1955; Gurewich et al. 1963; Thomas and Wessler 1964 ; Thomas et al. 1964) incidental to our primary interest in the mechanisms of thrombogenesis and our efforts to uncover a biochemical measure of hypercoagulability. This work, therefore, progressed during a period when the anticoagulant action of heparin was believed to be dependent upon the drug's inhibition of reactions involved in thromboplastin elaboration, thrombin formation, and thrombin deposition, and when it was also believed that heparin enhanced the thrombin inhibitory action of a natural plasma antithrombin. Also during this period, there were a variety of claims and counter-claims concerning the action of heparin on the coagulation system. To wit: that heparin prevented platelet aggregation, and that, in the presence of ADP, it facilitated aggregation; that it potentiated and that it failed to potentiate fibrinolysis; that it produced a transient thrombocytopenia: that it was inactivated by platelet factor 4; that in certain animal models, it contributed to thrombus formation; and that in man, it occasionally aggravated peripheral arterial insufficiency, and even, paradoxically, induced peripheral arterial emboli. While our major effort remained in the area of hypercoagulability, we did note with
Genetic diversity of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain VH region

Summary: The human immunoglobulin heavy chain VH region is one of the most complex regions in the human genome. The high level of diversity of this region has been shown by a number of studies. However, because of the limitations of the conventional experimental methods, it has been difficult to learn the extent of the diversity and the underlying mechanisms. This review describes a number of new genetic approaches developed in the authors' laboratory. By using these approaches, significant progress has been made in assigning different VH sequences to their respective loci, in learning the diversity of gene segment number and composition among the VH haplotypes, and in learning VH gene segment organization in individual haplotypes. Information obtained toward this direction could help in understanding the mechanisms underlying VH region diversity and the biological impact of the VH region diversity.
[Construction of the self].

Der Autor beschreibt den Aufbau des Selbst in einem heuristischen Schichten-Modell. Kommt dem Es dabei die Funktion eines »Grenzorgans« zwischen physischem und seelischem Geschehen zu, so reprasentiert das »Selbst-Organ« Ich die eigentliche Schicht seelischen Erlebens. Dynamisch vertikal verbunden, zeichnet sich das Es primar durch vererbte Affekt- und Bedurfnis-Dispositionen, das Ich hingegen durch seine Beziehung zu Vorstellungsstrukturen aus. Uber die wissenschaftstheoretisch dichotome Konstruktion von allgemeinen Denkinhalten und subjektiven Denkvollzugen wird der Begriff des Selbst zum zentralen Verbindungsstuck zwischen Biologie und Gesellschaft im Individuum, »das Selbst und seine Welt bilden eine Einheit«.
Distribution and Rate of Microbial Processes in an Ammonia-Loaded Air Filter Biofilm

ABSTRACT The in situ activity and distribution of heterotrophic and nitrifying bacteria and their potential interactions were investigated in a full-scale, two-section, trickling filter designed for biological degradation of volatile organics and NH3 in ventilation air from pig farms. The filter biofilm was investigated by microsensor analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization, quantitative PCR, and batch incubation activity measurements. In situ aerobic activity showed a significant decrease through the filter, while the distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was highly skewed toward the filter outlet. Nitrite oxidation was not detected during most of the experimental period, and the AOB activity therefore resulted in NO2−, accumulation, with concentrations often exceeding 100 mM at the filter inlet. The restriction of AOB to the outlet section of the filter was explained by both competition with heterotrophic bacteria for O2 and inhibition by the protonated form of NO2−, HNO2. Product inhibition of AOB growth could explain why this type of filter tends to emit air with a rather constant NH3 concentration irrespective of variations in inlet concentration and airflow.
Experience and Distribution of Attention: Pet Exposure and Infants’ Scanning of Animal Images

Although infants’ cognitions about the world must be influenced by experience, little research has directly assessed the relation between everyday experience and infants’ visual cognition in the laboratory. Eye-tracking procedures were used to measure 4-month-old infants’ eye movements as they visually investigated a series of images. Infants with pet experience (N = 27) directed a greater proportion of their looking at the most informative region of animal stimuli—the head—compared with infants without such experience (N = 21); the two groups of infants did not differ in their scanning of images of human faces or vehicles. Thus, infants’ visual cognitions are influenced by everyday experience, and theories of cognitive development in infancy must account for the effect of experience on development.
TARGETED SURVEILLANCE FOR EUROPEAN BAT LYSSAVIRUSES IN ENGLISH BATS (2003–06)

In 2003–06, targeted (active) surveillance for European bat lyssaviruses (EBLVs) was undertaken throughout England, focusing on two species most likely to host these viruses, Myotis daubentonii and Eptesicus serotinus. Blood was sampled for the detection of EBLV-specific neutralizing antibodies and oropharyngeal swabs were taken for the detection of viral RNA or infectious virus in saliva. Between 2003 and 2006, 273 E. serotinus and 363 M. daubentonii blood samples were tested by the EBLV-1 or EBLV-2 specific modified fluorescent antibody neutralization test. The EBLV-2 antibody prevalence estimate was 1.0–4.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]; mean=2.2%) for M. daubentonii. European bat lyssavirus type 1–specific antibodies were detected only in a single E. serotinus. Other nontarget species (n=5) were sampled in small numbers (n=24), with no EBLV-specific antibody detected. No viral RNA or live virus was detected in any of the oropharyngeal swabs analyzed. Host RNA was detected from 83% of the oropharyngeal swabs analyzed (total swabs 2003–06: n=766). These data show that EBLV-2 is present in M. daubentonii in England. In contrast, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that EBLV-1 is present in E. serotinus in England, although further research is warranted.
[An analysis of the causes, characteristics, and consequences of reexposure to a drug or compound responsible for a hepatotoxicity event].

INTRODUCTION reexposure to a causal agent represents a potentially serious event in hepatotoxicity. OBJECTIVES to assess the characteristics and outcome of cases with positive reexposure. MATERIAL AND METHODS a retrospective study of cases with evidence of positive reexposure included in Registro Español de Hepatopatías Asociadas a Medicamentos, and an analysis of their relation to demographic and clinical variables, causality, course, and consequences. RESULTS of a total of 520 cases 31 (6%) met reexposure criteria. Fatal outcomes, needs for admission, and mean recovery time were all higher for hepatocellular-type toxic injury. The most commonly identified drug class was antibiotics. On most occasions (73%) reexposure to the causal compound escaped notice because of: absence of index case diagnosis, lack of information to patients and their physicians, and (12%) development of cross reactions between structurally similar drugs. CONCLUSIONS accidental reexposure to a drug or a structurally-related compound after an initial hepatotoxicity event is common and may have serious consequences, particularly in hepatocellular-type toxicity. Careful history taking and reflecting diagnostic suspicion in the initial episode s record may reduce the incidence of this iatrogenic event.
Dexamethasone increases hepatotoxicity of MTX in children with brain tumors.

BACKGROUND In the treatment of children with brain tumors, dexamethasone and methotrexate are often utilized simultaneously. As previously shown, dexamethasone can reduce the efficacy of methotrexate in vitro (Anticancer Res. 14: 1585-8). Consequently, DEX has been avoided during high dose methotrexate infusions in a pilot study. METHODS Side effects of methotrexate with dexamethasone (N = 33) were retrospectively compared with the side effects of methotrexate without dexamethasone (N = 24). RESULTS No serious brain edema in any of the groups was observed; there was no difference in bone marrow toxicity, or mucositis. Liver enzymes, however, were significantly higher when methotrexate was given with dexamethasone: GOT [glutamate oxalacetate transaminase] 76 +/- 73 versus 19 +/- 12, GPT (glutamate pyrovate transaminase) 140 +/- 199 versus 39 +/- 31 IU/I (P < 0.01). This higher hepatotoxicity was not related to differences in methotrexate serum-levels. CONCLUSIONS Dexamethasone can be eliminated from high dose methotrexate protocols for children.
Divalproex sodium extended-release for the prophylaxis of migraine headache

The Diamond Headache Clinic first began using valproic acid in 1984. Subsequently, a variety of open-label and then placebo-controlled trials were carried out with valproic acid, followed by an enteric-coated formulation known as divalproex sodium delayed-release. These trials demonstrated a consistent pattern of efficacy and the delayed-release form improved tolerability while offering a twice-daily dosing schedule. This led to the development of an extended-release formulation. This formulation further improved tolerability and led to a once-daily dosing. The pivotal trial conducted in patients with migraine with the extended-release formulation demonstrated efficacy similar to that seen with the delayed-release form.
Source camera identification using footprints from lens aberration

Source camera identification is the process of discerning which camera has been used to capture a particular image. In this paper, we consider the more fundamental problem of trying to classify images captured by a limited number of camera models. Inspired by the previous work that uses sensor imperfection, we propose to use the intrinsic lens aberration as features in the classification. In particular, we focus on lens radial distortion as the primary distinctive feature. For each image under investigation, parameters from pixel intensities and aberration measurements are obtained. We then employ a classifier to identify the source camera of an image. Simulation is carried out to evaluate the success rate of our method. The results show that this is a viable procedure in source camera identification with a high probability of accuracy. Comparing with the procedures using only image intensities, our approach improves the accuracy from 87% to 91%.
Interfering With Inferential, But Not Associative, Processes Underlying Spontaneous Trait Inference

Three studies explore mental processes underlying spontaneous trait inferences about self-informants and the spontaneous trait transference characterizing third-party informants. Process differences are suggested in that instructions prompting a nontrait inference (truth or lie? ) reduce self-informant trait-savings effects and lower self-informant trait judgments. For third-party informants, such instructions have no effect on these outcome variables. Results of a third study are inconsistent with cognitive load as an explanation for these effects. Taken together, these results indicate that inferences, and not merely associations, spontaneously form when processing information about self-informants. The results also show that the inferences and judgments that occur in spontaneous trait transference are not caused by the misidentification of third-party informants as self-informants.
Sleep and Sleepiness among Working and Non‐Working High School Evening Students

The aim of this study was to evaluate patterns of sleepiness, comparing working and non‐working students. The study was conducted on high school students attending evening classes (19:00–22:30 h) at a public school in São Paulo, Brazil. The study group consisted of working (n=51) and non‐working (n=41) students, aged 14–21 yrs. The students answered a questionnaire about working and living conditions and reported health symptoms and diseases. For seven consecutive days, actigraphy measurements were recorded, and the students also filled in a sleep diary. Sleepiness ratings were given six times per day, including upon waking and at bedtime, using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. Statistical analyses included three‐way ANOVA and t‐test. The mean sleep duration during weekdays was shorter among workers (7.2 h) than non‐workers (8.8 h) (t=4.34; p<.01). The mean duration of night awakenings was longer among workers on Tuesdays and Wednesdays (28.2 min) and shorter on Mondays (24.2 min) (t=2.57; p=.03). Among workers, mean napping duration was longer on Mondays and Tuesdays (89.9 min) (t=2.27; p=.03) but shorter on Fridays and Sundays (31.4 min) (t=3.13; p=.03). Sleep efficiency was lower on Fridays among non‐workers. Working students were moderately sleepier than non‐workers during the week and also during class on specific days: Mondays (13:00–15:00 h), Wednesdays (19:00–22:00 h), and Fridays (22:00–00:59 h). The study found that daytime sleepiness of workers is moderately higher in the evening. This might be due to a work effect, reducing the available time for sleep and shortening the sleep duration. Sleepiness and shorter sleep duration can have a negative impact on the quality of life and school development of high school students.
miR-28-3p Is a Cellular Restriction Factor That Inhibits Human T Cell Leukemia Virus, Type 1 (HTLV-1) Replication and Virus Infection*

Background: HTLV-1 has not been reported to be regulated by microRNA. Results: We discovered that cellular miR-28-3p reduces virus replication and infection. Conclusion: miR-28-3p may play an important role in limiting virus spreading. Significance: miR-28-3p may represent a therapeutic target for HTLV-1-infected patients. Human T cell leukemia virus, type 1 (HTLV-1) replication and spread are controlled by different viral and cellular factors. Although several anti-HIV cellular microRNAs have been described, such a regulation for HTLV-1 has not been reported. In this study, we found that miR-28-3p inhibits HTLV-1 virus expression and its replication by targeting a specific site within the genomic gag/pol viral mRNA. Because miR-28-3p is highly expressed in resting T cells, which are resistant to HTLV-1 infection, we investigated a potential protective role of miR-28-3p against de novo HTLV-1 infection. To this end, we developed a new sensitive and quantitative assay on the basis of the detection of products of reverse transcription. We demonstrate that miR-28-3p does not prevent virus receptor interaction or virus entry but, instead, induces a post-entry block at the reverse transcription level. In addition, we found that HTLV-1, subtype 1A isolates corresponding to the Japanese strain ATK-1 present a natural, single-nucleotide polymorphism within the miR-28-3p target site. As a result of this polymorphism, the ATK-1 virus sequence was not inhibited by miR-28. Interestingly, genetic studies on the transmission of the virus has shown that the ATK-1 strain, which carries a Thr-to-Cys transition mutation, is transmitted efficiently between spouses, suggesting that miR-28 may play an important role in HTLV-1 transmission.