Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A 1-Year Prospective Analysis of Ice Climbing Injuries

Objective: To describe rates, patterns, and causes of acute injuries in an increasingly popular outdoor sport. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: One winter season ranging from November 2011 to March 2011. Participants: Seventy ice climbers from 13 different countries and various performance levels. Main Outcome Measures: Participants were asked to complete a monthly Internet-based survey regarding their completed hours of training and competitions and eventual sustained injuries. Results: During 4275 hours of ice climbing, 42 injuries occurred, of which 81.0% were defined as mild, 16.6% as moderate, and 2.4% as severe. The calculated injury rate was 9.8 injuries per 1000 hours of sports exposure. Intermediate ice climbers had a significantly higher injury risk compared with advanced ice climbers (odds ratio, 2.55; 95% confidence intervals, 1.17-5.54; P = 0.018). About 73.8% of all injuries occurred on a frozen waterfall, icicles, or icefalls, whereas 4.8% occurred on artificial ice walls. The head was the most injured body part (47.6%), followed by the knee (14.3%) and the shoulder (11.9%). The most common types of injuries were abrasions (38.1%), contusions (35.7%), and joint sprains (7.1%). Falling ice was the main circumstance leading to injury (59.5%). All athletes with a head injury wore a helmet; however, only 35.0% mentioned they used protective goggles. Conclusion: Ice climbing is a sport with moderate risk for injury with most of the reported injuries being of minor severity. However, severe and fatal injuries, although less common, also occur. Advanced ice climbers with greater experience and skill level have a lower overall injury risk.
Distinct Binding Affinities of Mac-1 and LFA-1 in Neutrophil Activation

Macrophage-1 Ag (Mac-1) and lymphocyte function-associated Ag-1 (LFA-1), two β2 integrins expressed on neutrophils (PMNs), mediate PMN recruitment cascade by binding to intercellular adhesive molecule 1. Distinct functions of LFA-1–initiating PMN slow rolling and firm adhesion but Mac-1–mediating cell crawling are assumed to be governed by the differences in their binding affinities and kinetic rates. In this study, we applied an adhesion frequency approach to compare their kinetics in the quiescent and activated states using three molecular systems, constitutively expressed receptors on PMNs, wild-type and high-affinity (HA) full-length constructs transfected on 293T cells, and wild-type and HA recombinant extracellular constructs. Data indicate that the difference in binding affinity between Mac-1 and LFA-1 is on-rate dominated with slightly or moderately varied off-rate. This finding was further confirmed when both β2 integrins were activated by chemokines (fMLF or IL-8), divalent cations (Mg2+ or Mn2+), or disulfide bond lockage on an HA state. Structural analyses reveal that such the kinetics difference is likely attributed to the distinct conformations at the interface of Mac-1 or LFA-1 and intercellular adhesive molecule 1. This work furthers the understandings in the kinetic differences between Mac-1 and LFA-1 and in their biological correlations with molecular activation and structural bases.
New Ether-à-go-go K+ Channel Family Members Localized in Human Telencephalon*

A cDNA encoding a novel voltage-gated K+ channel protein was isolated from human brain. This protein, termed BEC1, is 46% identical to rat elk in theether-à-go-go K+ channel family. TheBEC1 gene maps to the 12q13 region of the human genome. Northern blot analysis indicates that BEC1 is exclusively expressed in human brain, where the expression is concentrated in the telencephalic areas such as the cerebral cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and striatum. By in situ hybridization, BEC1 is detected in the CA1–CA3 pyramidal cell layers and the dentate gyrus granule cell layers of the hippocampus. Specific signals are also found in neocortical neurons. Transfection of mammalian L929 and Chinese hamster ovary cells with BEC1 cDNA induces a voltage-gated outward current with a fast inactivation component. This current is insensitive to tetraethylammonium and quinidine. Additionally, a second related gene BEC2 was isolated from human brain. BEC2 is also brain-specific, located in the neocortex and the striatum, and functional as a channel gene. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that BEC1 andBEC2 constitute a subfamily, together with elk, in the ether-à-go-go family. The two genes may be involved in cellular excitability of restricted neurons in the human central nervous system.
How a secondary school as an organization defines and embeds the term college readiness

v List of Tables . x Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 Societal Norms and Expectations . 2 Policies and Reform Initiatives that Address College Readiness . 5 College Readiness . 13 Problem Statement . 16 Purpose Statement . 17 Theoretical Framework . 18 Significance of the Proposed Research . 23 Delimitations . 27 Conclusion . 29 Chapter 2: Review of the Literature . 31 Organizational and Institutional Environments . 32 Student Academic Readiness . 34 Institutional Theory . 37 Conclusion . 46 Chapter 3: Methodology . 48
When is a word a word?

ABSTRACT Although adult-based words co-occur in the period of transition to speech with a variety of non-word vocalizations, little attention has been given to the formidable problem of identifying these earliest words. This paper specifies explicit, maximally ‘inclusive’ identification procedures, with criteria based on both phonetic and contextual parameters. A formal system for evaluating phonetic match is suggested, as well as a set of child-derived functional categories reflecting use in context. Analysis of word use across two samples of 10 children each, followed from 0;9 to 1;4, provides evidence to suggest that context-bound words can be ‘trained’ by focusing on eliciting language, but that the timing of context-flexible word use remains independent of such training.
Piecewise Latent Variables for Neural Variational Text Processing

Advances in neural variational inference have facilitated the learning of powerful directed graphical models with continuous latent variables, such as variational autoencoders. The hope is that such models will learn to represent rich, multi-modal latent factors in real-world data, such as natural language text. However, current models often assume simplistic priors on the latent variables - such as the uni-modal Gaussian distribution - which are incapable of representing complex latent factors efficiently. To overcome this restriction, we propose the simple, but highly flexible, piecewise constant distribution. This distribution has the capacity to represent an exponential number of modes of a latent target distribution, while remaining mathematically tractable. Our results demonstrate that incorporating this new latent distribution into different models yields substantial improvements in natural language processing tasks such as document modeling and natural language generation for dialogue.
Does the Object-Based Attention Effect Reflect a Benefit or a Cost?

Object-based attention would result if target appearing at an invalid location on the same object is detected more quickly than target on an equidistant location on different object (e.g., Egly, Driver, & Rafal, 1994). Three experiments examined the form of object-based attention typical object-based attention paradigms elicit (object-based benefits from the spread of attention across objects or object-based costs for switching attention between objects). Without a measurement of the time to switch attention from one location to another in the absence of objects, it is not possible to assess the relative costs or benefits of objects on attention. By adding an object-absent condition to typical object-based attention paradigms, the present experiments found that object-based attention is best described in terms of the cost to switch attention between objects.
Effects of Education Policy on Job Satisfaction for Secondary School Teachers in Same District

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of education policy on job satisfaction for secondary school teachers in Same District. Specifically, the study intended to examine elements in the 1995 national Education and Training Policy (ETP) on job satisfaction to secondary school teachers; to assess perceptions of secondary school teachers on their job satisfaction; and to evaluate general views of community about secondary school teachers’ job satisfaction. The study was qualitative in nature and was supplemented by quantitative approach. The data were collected through questionnaire, interviews, observations and documentary review. However, secondary sources such as written materials like books were also used to collect data to supplement primary sources. A sample of 132 (N=132) respondents were surveyed in Same District. The descriptive statistics techniques revealed that teachers were significantly dissatisfied with both monetary and non-momentary incentives. Furthermore, the study revealed that, except location of schools there were no significant differences in teachers’ job satisfaction in relation to other aspects of demographic data. The study shows that the unfulfilled strategies of the 1995 ETP on teachers’ working conditions were one of the factors that demoralize secondary school teachers in the District. This study proposes that national Education Policy makers should make strategies that the government can meet in the near future. Again, both policy makers and implementers of the policy should rely on Maslow’s theory of need to motivate secondary school teachers to the level of self-actualization. Furthermore, all schools should be self-sufficient in teachers’ houses and classrooms; and teachers in difficult living condition should be paid hardship allowances as stated in the policy.
Politicians’ Self-Reported Social Media Activities and Perceptions: Results From Four Surveys Among German Parliamentarians

The growing importance of social media in the political arena seems to be in line with the mediatization of politics thesis, which states that mediated communication is becoming more important in politics and increasingly influences political processes. However, how politicians’ social media activities and politicians’ perceptions concerning social media have developed over time has rarely been examined. Moreover, it is unclear how the politicians’ activities and perceptions are related to each other. Referring to theoretical approaches, such as the influence of presumed influence approach, four surveys were conducted among German parliamentarians (MPs) between 2012 and 2016 (n = 194/149/170/118). The results indicate that the MPs’ self-reported social media activities and perceptions have remained remarkably constant since 2012. Regression analyses indicate that MPs’ self-reported social media activities and perceptions are hardly related to each other. This raises the question whether mediatization processes are indeed driven by politicians’ perceptions about media influences.
Effects of phototherapy on the production of cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and on systemic antibody responses in patients with psoriasis

Exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation results in the suppression of many cell‐mediated immune responses, and recent studies using mice and murine cells in vitro suggest a shift from a T‐helper 1 (Th1) to a Th2 type of response on irradiation. Active psoriasis is considered to be a Th1‐type disorder, chiefly on the basis of the cytokines produced by inflammatory cells in psoriatic lesions. We investigated the effect of phototherapy in patients with psoriasis on the cytokine profile of mitogen‐stimulated mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and the concentration of IgG subclasses and IgE in the plasma. Eight patients were irradiated with a broad‐band UV source (Sylvania UV6; 280–400 nm) three times a week and another eight with a narrow‐band UVB source (Philips TL‐01; 311–313 nm). Peripheral blood was collected before therapy started and after 1–4 weeks of therapy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated in vitro with phytohemagglutinin; proliferation was measured by incorporation of tritiated thymidine and culture supernatants assayed for interleukin (IL)−2, −4 and −10 and γ‐interferon (IFN) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Lymphoproliferation was not consistently affected by 4 weeks of UV6 therapy, and there was also no consistent change in the production of IL‐2, IL‐10 or γ‐IFN. In contrast, 4 weeks of TL‐01 therapy significantly suppressed lymphoproliferative responses. In addition the production of IL‐2, IL‐10 and γ‐IFN was lowered after 1 week of TL‐01 therapy, and this was even more apparent after the treatment had been extended to 4 weeks. IL‐4 concentrations were below detectable levels in all the samples throughout the study. The amounts of IgG1, −2, −3 and −4 and IgE in the plasma of the patients did not vary with either of the two phototherapies. Thus, although no evidence was obtained to indicate that UV6 exposure affected T‐helper subsets in psoriasis, TL‐01 inhibited the activity of both Th1 and Th2 subsets while not altering plasma antibody concentrations.
Decision criteria for rational selection of homogeneous genotyping platforms for pharmacogenomics testing in clinical diagnostics

Abstract Background: Genotyping is crucial for the identification of genetic markers underlying the development of neoplastic diseases and for determining individual variations in response to specific drugs. Technologies which can accurately identify genetic polymorphisms will dramatically affect routine diagnostic processes and future therapeutic developments in personalized medicine. However, such methods need to fulfill the principles of analytical validation to determine their suitability to assess nucleotide polymorphisms in target genes. Approach: This article reviews recent developments in homogeneous technologies for the genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Here, homogeneous methods essentially refer to “single-tube” assays performed in a liquid phase. For the appropriate choice of any method, several criteria must be considered: 1) detection of known genetic variations; 2) analytical performance including specificity, sensitivity and robustness of the method; 3) availability of large platforms and required equipment; 4) suitability of platforms and tests for routine diagnostics; 5) suitability for high throughput implementation. Content: This review is intended to provide the reader with an understanding of these various technologies for pharmacogenomic testing in the routine clinical laboratory. A brief overview is provided on the available technologies for the detection of known mutations, a specific description of the homogeneous platforms currently employed in genotyping analysis, and considerations regarding the proper assessment of the analytical performance of these methods. Based on the criteria proposed here, potential users may evaluate advantages and limitations of the various analytical platforms and identify the most appropriate platform according to their specific setting and diagnostic needs. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:447–59.
EQUITY AND ACCESS : EXAMINING OPPORTUNITIES OF ADVANCED PLACEMENT FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDENTS

Elaine A. Campbell, EQUITY AND ACCESS: EXAMINING OPPORTUNITIES OF ADVANCED PLACEMENT® FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDENTS (Under the direction of Dr. Kermit Buckner). Department of Educational Leadership, August 2014. This research study used Invitational Education Theory to examine the attitudes and perceptions educators have concerning college-level coursework and the potential impact these attitudes and perceptions had on the enrollment of African American students in AP coursework. The data acquired was obtained from educators in two high schools located in the southeastern part of the United States using the Equal Opportunity Schools Staff Survey. Findings from this research are discussed in relation to the definition, function, and characteristics of an inviting school environment. Uncovered attitudes and perceptions were analyzed and then categorized according to the four defined functioning levels of Invitational Education Theory. This assessment helped to determine the learning environment created and maintained for students and provide information targeting the school environment possibly impacting African American students’ participating in AP coursework. This study seeks to contribute to the existing research regarding the disparities in enrollment existing between African American students and their White peers in Advanced Placement® coursework offerings in the high school setting. EQUITY AND ACCESS: EXAMINING OPPORTUNITIES OF ADVANCED PLACEMENT FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDENTS A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Educational Leadership East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment Of the requirements for the Degree
Initial outcome following invasive cardiac electrophysiologic studies and radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation

Background: Cardiac electrophysiologic study and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) have become an established mode of treatment for patients with refractory arrhythmias. These procedures are carried out regularly at the cardiac catheterization laboratory of Madras Medical Mission India. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate our experience with cardiac electrophysiologic studies (EPS) and RFA catheter of atrial fibrillation (AF). Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study carried out in the Cardiac Electrophysiology Department of the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, India. All cases diagnosed to have AF following cardiac EPS between January 2010 and April 2014 was selected for the study. The records, which were obtained from the Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinical Research Office of Madras Medical Mission, were reviewed. Forty-nine cases were chosen for analysis, using SPSS statistical software version 15. Results: There were 49 patients, 23 males and 26 females. The mean age was 57.53 years. Commonly associated diseases were diabetes mellitus 8 (16.3%), hypertension 18 (36.7%), and coronary heart disease 14 (28.5%). The ventricular rate was rapid most cases (91.2%). AF was diagnosed as being paroxysmal in 40 (81.6%), persistent in 5 (10.2%), chronic in 3 (6.1%), and lone in 1 (2.0%). Ablation was carried out in 28 (57.1%), the success rate being 90% for pulmonary vein isolation, and 90.9% for atrioventricular node ablation. Complication rate was 2.04%. Conclusions: Treatment of AF by RFA is highly effective and safe.
Inadequate Testing, Time Pressure, and (Over) Confidence: A Tale of Continuous Integration Users

Continuous Integration (CI) prescribes that changes should be integrated into the main codebase as often as possible and that the system should be built frequently. To support CI, a number of software tools have been developed. However, little is known about the main reasons for build breakage and whether CI delivers its promise of early problem detection and smooth integration. To shed light on this issue, we conducted a survey with 158 CI users. Through a qualitative investigation we found that inadequate testing is the most common technical reason related to build breakage, whereas lack of time plays a role on the social reasons. Still, although some respondents reported that CI usage increases the confidence that the code is in a known state, some respondents also reported that there is a false sense of confidence when blindly trusting tests.
Leadership, Change and the Future of Community Colleges

The mantra we continuously heard throughout the fall 2008 political campaigns was the need forchange, a term that has become synonymous with a better future and the avenue to prosperity.Nowhere does the change narrative ring louder and truer than at the community college. Many of uswho have spent our careers in community colleges realize that our institutions, like our local, state andfederal governments, must undergo significant change in order to stay viable in the future. However, justlike our government and political leaders, there is a very large gap between what community collegeleaders say they need to do to prepare their colleges for the future, and what actually is done. Clearly, itis time for us to get beyond all the rhetoric and begin to act.
Market Reform and the Central City: Moscow Revisited

In a follow-up study to a paper published earlier in this journal (Bater et al., 1994) a prominent Canadian geographer and two Russian colleagues examine the impact of the new political economy on central Moscow's employment structure, housing stock, and land use. The paper focuses on the scale of investment in capital construction, dimensions of change in population and socioeconomic structure, and opinions of residents in Moscow's Central Prefecture regarding the impact of these changes. The assessment of socioeconomic structure and residents' opinions is based on the results of a questionnaire survey of a sample of residents of the Central Prefecture conducted in October 1997. A similar survey of residents of the Central Prefecture conducted in October 1993 will serve as a benchmark. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: E24, 131, R14, R31. 4 figures, 4 tables, 21 references.
Gout in a rheumatology clinic: results of EULAR/ACR guidelines-compliant treatment

Objective: Surveys of treatment results of gout in primary care have shown that less than 25% of patients reach the recommended treatment target (serum urate < 0.36 mmol/l). The aim of this study was to measure the results of a specialized European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology (EULAR/ACR) guidelines-based treatment of gout in a rheumatology clinic. Method: Data from consecutive new crystal-proven gout patients were analysed in a prospective observational study. Results: The study included 100 patients: 88 males aged 62.1 ± 13.1 years (mean ± sd) and 12 females aged 74.1 ± 6.9 years. Disease duration was 8.6 ± 6.9 years, and the disease pattern was monoarticular, oligoarticular, polyarticular, and tophaceous in 18, 37, 25, and 20 patients, respectively. Overall, 42% had tried urate-lowering treatment (ULT) ever and 15% were on ULT at entry. ULT was initiated or intensified in a treat-to-target (T2T) approach in 93 patients, with flare prophylactic colchicine treatment in 90 patients. T2T was successfully reached in 85 patients after 4.7 ± 3.9 months and 82 patients reached a state of well-controlled disease (T2T reached for 3 months and no flares or anti-inflammatory treatment for 1 month) after 10.4 ± 5.6 months. Ten patients did not reach T2T owing to low compliance and five patients did not reach T2T owing to adverse effects or nephropathy. Conclusion: EULAR/ACR guidelines-compliant treatment in a rheumatology clinic with verified diagnosis, patient education, T2T with ULT, and flare prophylaxis led to successful treatment results in 85% of patients.
Multicultural Considerations in Work Processes

The Integrative Decision Space (I-DecS), a multi-faceted model with accompanying simulation algorithm, was designed to facilitate modeling and simulation of cultural differences among personnel in a work process. This system, originally developed for military coalitions, has been extended to address issues facing multinational corporations. Factors that influence the decision process of both individual and team decision-makers have been identified. A system architecture was developed that includes component models for work processes, cultural predispositions, organizational climate, personnel experience and training, and the complexity of the specific tasks. The interaction of these models using the integrating algorithm provides a multi-faceted view of a decision process. As multinational corporations address issues of globalization, the I-DecS Analytical System (AnSys) can offer insights to the consequences of multiple cultures interacting in a work process.