Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC COPY NUMBER OF THREE PLASMIDS FROM WHEAT BLUE DWARF PHYTOPLASMA

Three plasmids of wheat blue dwarf (WBD) phytoplasma, named pWBD1, pWBD2 and pWBD3, were cloned and confirmed by southern blot. They were 3449 bp, 3601 bp and 3844 bp in length, respectively, and encoded fifteen proteins in all, which included five secreted proteins and five membrane proteins, as well as the replication-associated protein (Rep), copy number control protein (Cop) and single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB). Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of Rep proteins from 16 phytoplasma type II extrachromosomal DNA molecules (EC-DNAs) and geminiviruses indicated that pWBD1 and pWBD2 were most closely related to pPaWBNy-1 from paulownia witches’ broom phytoplasma Nanyang strain, while pWBD3 was most closely related to pPaWBNy-2. Real time PCR analysis revealed that the copy numbers of WBD phytoplasma plasmids had tissue specificity in infected periwinkle and changed in the course of infection. The copy numbers of plasmids were higher in the tissues below the graft union, especially in the roots. pWBD1 copy number changed little during infection, whilst pWBD2 and pWBD3 copy number peaked three months after symptom appearance.
Mobilization and transport of coarse woody debris to the oceans triggered by an extreme tropical storm

A significant consequence of Typhoon Morakot in August 2009 was the production of vast volumes of driftwood in Pacific Asia. We have quantified the flux of this coarse woody debris (CWD) to the oceans from typhoon‐triggered landslides in Taiwan, where Morakot made landfall, by combining remote sensing (using FORMOSAT‐2 imagery and aerial photography), analysis of forest biomass, and field observations. A total of 3.8–8.4 Tg CWD was transported to the oceans, carrying 1.8–4.0 Tg of organic carbon. In addition to the local effects on the marine and coastal environment from such a highly concentrated flux of carbon and nutrients, storm‐driven mobilization of CWD may represent a significant, if infrequent, transfer of terrestrial biomass to the oceans. If the frequency of relatively rare, extreme storms such as Morakot increases in a changing climate, this transport mechanism may play an important role in feedbacks between global climate, storm intensity, and carbon cycling.
Public resistance to privatisation in water and energy

Since the 1990s, development agencies and international institutions have promoted private-sector involvement in infrastructure, assuming that this would inject both investment and efficiency into the under-performing public sector. In the water and energy sectors, these expectations have not been fulfilled. Private-sector investment in developing countries is falling, multinational companies have failed to make sustainable returns on their investments, and the process of privatisation in water and energy has proved widely unpopular and encountered strong political opposition. This paper examines the role of this opposition in delaying, cancelling, or reversing the privatisation of water and energy. Local civil society has successfully mobilised highly effective political activity, its opposition being based on the perceived conflicts between privatisation and equity, and over the role of the state and community in these sectors. Such opposition has involved dynamic interactions with existing political parties and structures, including the use of existing electoral and judicial mechanisms. Its success poses challenges for the multilateral and donor community, NGOs, the opposition campaigns themselves, and the future of national systems of electricity and water.
An Economic Approach to the Ecological Issues of Urban Stormwater Runoff: A Case Study of the Allen Creek Watershed in Monroe County, New York

iv INTRODUCTION 1 Hydrologic Background 1 Economic Background 4 Case Study 8 METHODOLOGY 12 Theoretical Economic Model 12 Empirical Economic Model 20 The Study Area and Data 20 Marginal Damage Estimation 22 Marginal Abatement Estimation 30 Model for Urban Stormwater Runoff Cost Minimization 33 RESULTS 34 Hedonic Model 34 Optimal Model for Current Conditions 37 Optimal Model for Developed Condition 41 Community Abatement Burden 44 DISCUSSION & RECOMMENDATIONS 47 LITERATURE CITED 51 APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY 54 APPENDIX B: CALCULATIONS 56
The impact of financial repression on interest rate spreads in Venezuela

This paper empirically examines the effect of financial repression on interest rates spreads in Venezuela. In order to have a measure of financial repression, we built an index that captures the opportunity cost of regulatory restrictions on banking operations, such reserve requirements, mandatory lending programs, and the cost of financial transactions taxes. After controlling for other bank-level and systemic determinants, results of panel regressions suggest that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between the overall index of financial repression and interest rate spreads. Adriana Arreaza Corporacion Andina de Fomento aarreaza@caf.com Wegner Huskey Universidad Catolica Andres Bello Jesus Zumeta Universidad Catolica Andres Bello
Physical Properties of Ice Cream Containing Cress Seed and Flaxseed Mucilages Compared with Commercial Guar Gum

The effect of using ethanol precipitated cress seed (CSM) and flaxseed (FSM) mucilages in ice cream manufacture compared with commercial Guar Gum (GG) was studied. Ten treatments of ice cream mixes consisted of 10.0% milk fat, 11.5% MSNF and 15.0% sucrose were prepared. The CSM, FSM and GG were added separately at the rates of 0.025, 0.05 and 0.10% (w/w) to create 9 treatments. The latter batch had no polysaccharides' serve as a control. The results showed that the using of CSM and FSM had no significant effect on pH value, acidity content and surface tension of ice cream mix compared with GG or control mix. Protein load was the highest in ice cream mix containing 0.025% GG and CSM, however, protein load decreased, as GG or CSM concentration increased. The ice cream mix containing 0.025% GG exhibited lowest viscosity, while that containing 0.05% GG exhibited highest viscosity compared with those containing other polysaccharides at the same portion. As addition rate of 0.1%, mix containing FSM was higher than that containing CSM, however, mix containing GG separated into two layers. The overrun was the highest in the frozen ice cream containing 0.025% FSM or CSM but the lowest in that containing 0.05% GG. The decrease in hardness of ice cream was related to the increase in mix viscosity more than the increase in overrun percentage. Finally, addition of 0.025% FSM, CSM or commercial GG was the best percentage to improve the physical and sensorial properties of ice cream.
Characterization of FeOOH nanoparticles and amorphous silica matrix in an FeOOH-Sio 2 nanocomposite

A nanocomposite with an FeOOH/SiO2 ratio equal to 17.7 wt% and the pertinent matrix, obtained by etching away the nanoparticles through reaction with hydrochloric acid, were investigated by XRD, TGA-DTA, heliostereopicnometry, BET, and TEM techniques. The study shows the presence in the nanocomposite of ferrihydrite nanoparticles phase with average dimensions around 4 nm. The FeOOH nanoparticles structure was analyzed by synchrotron X-ray diffraction data using the distribution difference curve method. The porous structure of the matrix resulting by etching away the nanoparticles differs significantly from that of a pure SiO2 sample obtained by hydrolysis of TEOS under the same operative conditions followed in the nanocomposite preparation.
Spatial distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria across eight freshwater lakes in sediments from Jiangsu of China

Ammonia-oxidizingarchaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) play an important role innitrogen transformation in freshwater sediments. However, it is still unclear towhat extent the distribution patterns of these microorganisms are affected bythe freshwater sediment across a large geographical scale. This study wasdesigned to gain insight into the heterogeneity distribution of AOA and AOB in32 freshwater sediments from a wide range of ecologic types. Real-time quantitative polymerasechain reaction PCR(qPCR) combined with the terminal restrictionfragment length polymorphism(T-RFLP) were employed to characterize the abundance, diversity, and communitystructure of the AOA and AOB in 32 freshwater sediments. AOA and AOB wereubiquitous in all sediments, and archaeal amoA far outnumbered bacterial amoA inmost sediments with lower organic matters. The abundance of AOA and AOB did notvary with the freshwater ecological type (macrophyte dominated region and algaedominated region). Based on the T-RFLP of an amoA gene, this research found that organicmatters in pore water rather than other factors affect the AOA communitystructure in sediments, while the AOB were not significantly different in thefreshwater sediments. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all archaeal amoAsequences fell within either the Crenarchaeotal Group (CG) I.1b or the CGI.1asubgroup, and all AOB clustered with genus Nitrosomonas or Nitrosospira. The data obtained inthis study elucidates the role of ammonia-oxidizing archaea andammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the nitrogen cycle of freshwater ecosystems.
Materially & Geometrically Nonlinear Woven Composite Micro-mechanical Model with Failure for Finite Element Simulations

A computational micro-mechanical material model of woven fabric composite material is developed to simulate failure. The material model is based on repeated unit cell approach. The fiber reorientation is accounted for in the effective stiffness calculation. Material non-linearity due to the shear stresses in the impregnated yarns and the matrix material is included in the model. Micromechanical failure criteria determine the stiffness degradation for the constituent materials. The developed material model with failure is programmed as user defined subroutine in the LS-DYNA finite element code with explicit time integration. The code is used to simulate the failure behavior of woven composite structures. The results of finite element simulations are compared with available test results. The model shows good agreement with the experimental results and good computational efficiency required for finite element simulations of woven composite structures.
Normal forms of analytic perturbations of quasihomogeneous vector fields: Rigidity, invariant analytic sets and exponentially small approximation

Dans cet article, nous etudions des germes de champs de vecteurs holomorphes qui sont des perturbations « d'ordres superieurs » de champs de vecteurs quasi-homogenes au voisinage de l'origine de ℂ n , point fixe des champs consideres. Nous definissons une condition « diophantienne » sur le champ quasi-homogene initial S qui assure que si une telle perturbation de S est formellement conjuguee a S alors elle l'est aussi holomorphiquement. Nous etudions le probleme de mise sous forme normale relativement a S. Nous donnons une condition suffisante assurant l'existence d'une transfor- mation holomorphe vers une forme normale. Lorsque cette condition n'est pas satisfaite, nous mon- trons neanmoins, sous une condition raisonnable, l'existence d'une normalisation formelle Gevrey vers une forme normale Gevrey. Enfin, nous montrons l'existence d'une approximation exponentiellement bonne de la dynamique par une forme normale partielle.
Evaluating co-channel distortion ratio in microwave power amplifiers

Laboratory results, obtained with a novel setup for a corrected co-channel distortion ratio, validate the idea that no matter the notch width, a conventional noise-power-ratio test produces optimistic small-signal in-band distortion measurements, when compared to a hypothetical continuous spectrum excitation test by the authors. This paper also generalizes previous memoryless mildly nonlinear behavior predictions to saturated and frequency-dependent regimes. Finally, a close agreement between measurement results and harmonic-balance simulated data provided an alternative means of corrected co-channel power-ratio evaluation.
Biphasic haustorial differentiation of coffee rust ( Hemileia vastatrix race II ) associated with defence responses in resistant and susceptible coffee cultivars

D. A. Ramiro, J. Escoute, A. -S. Petitot, M. Nicole, M. P. Maluf and D. Fernandez* Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR186 IRD ⁄ CIRAD ⁄ Univ. Montpellier2, Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs (RPB), BP64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5; Cirad, UMR1096 DAP, Montpellier RIO Imaging, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; and Embrapa Café, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Centro de Café ‘Alcides Carvalho’, CP 28, 13.001-970 Campinas, Brazil
A Study of Features of Backpack Carrying Methods by Schoolchildren: A Population-Based Study

Background: Nowadays, backpack is the best and most commonly used tool for carrying books and stationery by students. There are huge evidences which confirmed that carrying method of school backpack influences on the students’ health status. The aim of this study was to determine of features of backpack carrying methods by schoolchildren.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 650 primary schoolchildren in Gonabad city (Iran) in 2017. Using both a made researcher’s questionnaire and observation, we collected the required data. The gathered data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22.0). Results: The results showedthat 85.87% of student carried their backpacks in the incorrect way. Although 83.13% of the students used both straps of his/her backpacks, there was a backpack between the two scapulae in only 55% of the students. Besides, just 31.3% of their backpacks were attached to back of the respondents. In terms of appropriateness of the size between students and backpacks, only 40.1% of the students used a suitably sized backpack with their own body structure. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that there were significant association between backpack carrying methods of the students and their age, gender, school grade type of school (governmental, non-governmental) (P<0.001). Conclusion: Findings of the study showed that most ofthe studentsdo not carry their backpack by proper method. Therefore, educational and executive interventions are necessary in order to prevent future musculoskeletal disorders in students.
The Relationship between Self-Efficacy, Achievement Motivation and Negligence in Students

The main purpose of the present research is to study the relation between self-efficiency and achievement motivation and procrastination of students of Bachelor’s program. The correlational research method was used to determine the relations among the variables of the research. The statistical population includes all students of Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, from which 150 male students and 150 female students were selected as sample based on multistage random sampling method. In order to collect information in the present research, Scherer self-efficiency evaluation questionnaires, Hermans achievement motive and Takman negligence were used. The research findings were analyzed based on descriptive statistics, T test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariable regression methods. The research findings indicate negative relation between two variables of self-efficiency and achievement motive and negligence. On the other hand, there is a significant positive relation between achievement motive and self-efficiency. In addition, achievement motive shows more anticipating power for negligence as compared with self-efficiency.
Prospects of organic farming in hill farms of Nepal

Agriculture is the most important industry contributing about 37.0% to national GDP and provides livelihood for over 65.7% of the population of Nepal. Chemical based agriculture has destroyed the ecosystem, declined natural resource base, provided diminishing returns, reduced food self-sufficiency, forced for migration, disrupted food security and export opportunities. The landscape with diversified flora, fauna, ecosystem, and manpower availability gives opportunity to organize movement of organic agriculture thus some products of Nepal like tea and coffee have already been certified as organic products and have good export returns. The practice of producing organic vegetables, fruit, milk, meat, fishes and their product are also increasing. Thulodurlung VDC of Lalitpur district is the one which is becoming popular for producing organic coffee. Hence the study is conducted at this site and also at nearby village Chamranbesi VDC of Kavre district. The study was aimed to examine the existing status of farming as well as prospects of other organic crops including vegetables, cereals and dairy products. Different approaches such as PRA, FGD, Household survey and Key informants' interviews were used to collect the information. Data collected were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The overall findings showed that organic farming can be successfully done in both sites. However, it is easier to achieve the result in Thulodurlung as compared to Chamranbesi. There is a growing attitude of sound biological and livestock based farming. Lack of functional road, unavailability of irrigation water, disease and pest infestation on crops are major challenges. On a commercial scale, apart from organic coffee, other farm and organic dairy products such as ghee, cheese, butter need to be marketed. There is an instant need of attention on sound marketing strategies, technology of processing the harvest and overall improvement in the capacity of farmer to produce organic crops.
Snowball Planets as a Possible Type of Water-Rich Terrestrial Planet in Extrasolar Planetary Systems

Terrestrial planets with abundant water have multiple climate modes, including an ice-free, a partially ice-covered, and a globally ice-covered state. Recent geological studies have revealed that the Earth experienced global glaciations in its history (“snowball Earth” hypothesis). In the snowball glaciations, liquid water is thought to have existed under the ice shell because of geothermal heat flow from the Earth’s interior. Here, by analogy with the snowball glaciations, I discuss the conditions for an extrasolar terrestrial planet which is covered with ice but has an internal ocean for the timescale of planetary evolution owing to geothermal heat flow from the planetary interior. I show that liquid water can exist if the planetary mass and the water abundance are comparable to the Earth, although a planet with a mass <0.4 M⊕ (M⊕ is the Earth’s mass) would not be able to maintain the internal ocean. Liquid water would be absolutely stable for a planet with a mass ≳4 M⊕ (i.e., super-Earth) either on its surface or beneath the ice, irrespective of planetary orbit and luminosity of the central star. Searches for terrestrial planets in extrasolar planetary systems should consider such a “snowball planet,” which is a possible type of water-rich terrestrial planet other than an Earth-like “ocean planet. ”
Applicative constructions and suppletive verbs in Hiaki

Several intransitive verbs of motion or posture in Hiaki exhibit verb-stem suppletion conditioned by the number of the subject. ere are also a few suppletive transitive verbs conditioned by the number of the object. We argue in this paper that suppletion in these verb roots is triggered only by underlying objects, and that the intransitive members of this class of verbs are unaccusative. To show this, we exploit the properties of the Hiaki applicative morpheme, whi is productive with any agentive verb, transitive or intransitive, but may not occur with verbs with the general properties of unaccusative verbs. We show that the intransitive suppletive verbs may not co-occur with the applicative/benefactive morpheme -ria, despite the fact that several of them are apparently semantically/pragmatically appropriate as potential benefactive actions.
Stochastic Dynamics of Keplerian Accretion Disks

In this work we study the growth of perturbations in Keplerian disks. Despite the asymptotic stability of the disk, a subset of optimal perturbations are found to exhibit large transient growth. The transient growth is due to the nonnormality of the underlying operator which governs the perturbation dynamics. It is shown that the amplifying perturbations produce positive momentum fluxes and a tendency of outward angular momentum expulsion during amplification. We calculate the statistical steady state that emerges under white forcing in space and time. The perturbation structure is found to be organized in coherent structures that invariably export angular momentum outward. The radial structure of the resulting angular momentum flux is in agreement with the predictions of the equilibrium theory of accretion disks. The effect of spatial localization and temporal band limiting of the forcing on the maintained momentum fluxes is investigated. We find that if the forcing is broadband and adequately distributed, accretion to the main body can be maintained by stochastic forcing.
Estimation of stochastic scale with best-worst data

Recently there has been a steady stream of literature advocating the best-worst response mechanism, where respondents are asked to sequentially choose the best and worst alternatives in a choice set, resulting in a partial or complete ranking of the alternatives. In this paper, we present an empirical study in which respondents were encouraged to respond using repeated best-worst, but were nonetheless free to respond in any order they preferred. Models are estimated that account for three alternative response processes: conventional ranking of the alternatives from best to worst, sequential best-worst choice, and two best choices followed by two worst choices. While the sequential best-worst models perform best, the sensitivities retrieved are consistent across all three models. We find strong evidence of stochastic scale heterogeneity across respondents, where the extent of this heterogeneity is also consistent across all three model forms. However, deterministic scale heterogeneity, that accounts for differences in scale across each of the pseudo-observations, is not consistent across the model forms, with respect to the implied rank of the observation. Rather, the consistency is with the number of alternatives associated with the pseudo-observation, with scale decreasing as the number of alternatives decreases. A test of alternative specifications of the panel in the mixture model used to identify stochastic scale identifies that scale should be invariant across the full set of responses by an individual, rather than just the responses from each rank from that individual. Despite an overall finding that the sensitivities retrieved are robust to the assumption of the completion order of the ranking within the model, differences in sensitivities retrieved from each best-worst choice raise concerns with pooling the data across best-worst choices, in line with concerns raised previously with rankings data.
An Endogenous Money Perspective on the Post-Crisis Monetary Policy Debate

A number of debates are taking place regarding the appropriate response of monetary policy both to the crisis and the Great Recession that followed, particularly in regard to interest on reserve balances and so-called unconventional monetary policy operations. This paper describes in detail an endogenous money perspective on the interactions between central bank operations and banks, and then shows that interest on reserve balances does not impede the transmission of monetary policy, while quantitative easing does not necessarily enhance it.