Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Noise trader risk: the case of Jewish Colonial Trust and Bank Leumi Stocks

Jewish Colonial Trust (JCT) and Bank Leumi Le-Israel (BLL), called here the sub-company and the main company, are two companies whose stocks are traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE). We demonstrate that although the assets of the sub company consist solely of the stocks of the main company (accounting for 5% of that company's total shares), and that most of the sub company's shares are held by only a few major stockholders, a Noise Trader Risk (NTR) exists. The NTR causes the market value of the sub company to deviate from its theoretical value and the prices of the two stocks not to move together. The NTR, however, decreases as the awareness of the investors regarding the sub company's theoretical value increases, and as the return horizon becomes longer.
Entrepreneurial Strategic Posture and Performance in Foreign Markets: The Critical Role of International Learning Effort

Drawing from the attention-based view of the firm, this study adds to research on the entrepreneurial process of early and rapid internationalization by investigating the mediating role of international learning effort in the relationship between international young ventures’ entrepreneurial strategic posture and international performance and explores how external and internal factors might moderate this role. Using data from international young ventures based in China, the authors show that an entrepreneurial strategic posture enhances international performance through the intensity of learning efforts expended in foreign markets. Furthermore, the findings reveal that this mediating effect of international learning effort is more pronounced at higher levels of external competitive intensity and intrafirm social interaction. This study has great significance for the increasing body of research on international new ventures in that it reveals a critical behavioral mechanism that underpins the learning advantages of these ventures.
Membrane viewpoint on black holes: Properties and evolution of the stretched horizon.

This paper derives the ‘‘membrane formalism’’ for black holes. The membrane formalism rewrites the standard mathematical theory of black holes in a language and notation which (we hope) will facilitate research in black-hole astrophysics: The horizon of a black hole is replaced by a surrogate ‘‘stretched horizon,’’ which is viewed as a 2-dimensional membrane that resides in 3-dimensional space and evolves in response to driving forces from the external universe. This membrane, following ideas of Damour and Znajek, is regarded as made from a 2-dimensional viscous fluid that is electrically charged and electrically conducting and has finite entropy and temperature, but cannot conduct heat. The interaction of the stretched horizon with the external universe is described in terms of familiar laws for the horizon’s fluid, e.g., the Navier-Stokes equation, Ohm’s law, a tidal-force equation, and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Because these laws have familiar forms, they are likely to help astrophysicists understand intuitively and compute quantitatively the behaviors of black holes in complex external environments. Previous papers have developed and elucidated electromagnetic aspects of the membrane formalism for time-independent rotating holes. This paper derives the full formalism for dynamical, evolving holes, with one exception: In its present form the formalism is not equipped to handle horizon caustics, where new generators attach themselves to the horizon.
GENDER AND CORRUPTION: A SURVEY OF THE EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE

I provide an overview of the literature that explores whether there are gender differences in corruption using economic decision-making experiments designed to simulate corrupt transactions usually involving acts of bribery between a firm and a government official. A primary focus of the chapter is to critically examine this evidence with a view to addressing the following question: will increased female participation in public life – both in government and bureaucracy – lead to reduced corruption? I find that across a wide variety of experiments, studying different aspects of corruption, it is either the case that women behave in a more pro-social and less corrupt manner than men or that there are no significant gender differences. There are no studies that find men to be less corrupt. Consequently, I conclude by arguing that we can answer the question posed above in the affirmative.
The purpose of expatriation: : Why women undertake international assignments

Women international assignees have historically been successful, but they make up a relatively low proportion of organizationally assigned expatriates. By appreciating the factors that encourage women to undertake internationally mobile careers, organizations can widen their talent pool. Using a triangulated, qualitative research approach set within two case study firms in the oil and gas exploration and production industry, this article identifies contrasting views between female assignees and their organizations with respect to the purpose of expatriation and the factors women take into consideration in their decision to undertake it. This research is based on analysis of organizational policy; a survey of 71 women expatriates and in-depth, semistructured interviews with 26 female assignees (selected from the survey returns using stratified sampling); and interviews with 14 human resource professionals responsible for international mobility policy design and implementation. Career, family, and financial precondition effects are identified. From these, a model is proposed to link stated organizational assignment purpose with women's participation rationales, and recommendations for practice to increase expatriate gender diversity are set out.
Fine‐scale population genetic structure of a wildlife disease vector: the southern house mosquito on the island of Hawaii

The southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, is a widespread tropical and subtropical disease vector. In the Hawaiian Islands, where it was introduced accidentally almost two centuries ago, it is considered the primary vector of avian malaria and pox. Avian malaria in particular has contributed to the extinction and endangerment of Hawaii's native avifauna, and has altered the altitudinal distribution of native bird populations. We examined the population genetic structure of Cx. quinquefasciatus on the island of Hawaii at a smaller spatial scale than has previously been attempted, with particular emphasis on the effects of elevation on population genetic structure. We found significant genetic differentiation among populations and patterns of isolation by distance within the island. Elevation per se did not have a limiting effect on gene flow; however, there was significantly lower genetic diversity among populations at mid elevations compared to those at low elevations. A recent sample taken from just above the predicted upper altitudinal distribution of Cx. quinquefasciatus on the island of Hawaii was confirmed as being a temporary summer population and appeared to consist of individuals from more than one source population. Our results indicate effects of elevation gradients on genetic structure that are consistent with known effects of elevation on population dynamics of this disease vector.
Probabilistic reasoning in deluded, depressed and normal subjects : effects of task difficulty and meaningful versus non-meaningful material

Background. Research indicates that deluded patients ‘jump to conclusions’ on probabilistic reasoning tasks. Two experiments were carried out with patients suffering from persecutory delusions and depressed and normal controls in order to determine whether this response bias is affected by task difficulty and the meaningfulness of the materials. Methods. Tasks were variants of those employed by Huq et al. (1988) and Garety et al. (1991). In Experiment 1, subjects judged which of two bags a sequence of coloured beads had been taken from. Difficulty was manipulated by varying the ratios of coloured beads in the bags. In Experiment 2, a neutral condition required judgements about coloured beads drawn whereas, in meaningful conditions, subjects had to judge whether personality characteristics described one of two individuals. Results. In Experiment 1, estimates of certainty varied with task difficulty, and there was no evidence of ‘jumping to conclusions’ in the deluded group. In Experiment 2, all groups reached an initial level of certainty and reduced their estimates of certainty following disconfirmatory evidence more quickly in the meaningful conditions. Both clinical groups expressed higher certainty levels in early trials, and a greater magnitude of reduction in certainty following disconfirmatory information. These group differences were more evident in the meaningful conditions than in the neutral conditions. Conclusions. Probabilistic reasoning is affected by task difficulty and meaningfulness of materials in both deluded and depressed subjects. Observed reasoning abnormalities were not specific to the deluded group.
The organization of prefrontocaudate projections and their laminar origin in the macaque monkey: A retrograde study using HRP‐gel

The organization of the prefrontocaudate connection in the macaque monkey was studied with a polyacrylamide gel of horseradish peroxidase that was injected, after callosotomy, into the head of the caudate nucleus. Tissues were processed for peroxidase activity with tetramethylbenzidine. Retrogradely labeled cells appeared bilaterally in the prefrontal cortex, and ipsilaterally in the premotor area, frontal operculum, insula, and rostral region of the temporal cortex. In the prefrontal cortex, labeled cells were located in cortical layers 2–6. In layer 2, labeled cells were occasionally seen. In layer 3, a considerable number of labeled cells were seen and were mainly distributed in its lower part. They were pyramidal cells. Layer 4 contained a considerable number of labeled cells that were pyramidal or round. Somal sizes of these labeled cells were from 5 to 15 μm, but none of the cells less than 5 μm were labeled. Layer 5 was densely packed with labeled cells, though at a higher density in its upper part (5a). They were pyramidal cells. In layer 6, pyramidal or fusiform cells were labeled at a lower density than in layer 5. The laminar pattern and density of labeled cells were different among various regions of the prefrontal cortex, but, in general, the supragranular labeling tended to frequently occur in the regions containing the numerous labeled cells. There was a topographical relationship between the prefrontal regions containing the majority of labeled cells and the injection sites in the head of the caudate nucleus: the medial orbitofrontal cortex and the medial surface extending downward from the rostral sulcus project ipsilaterally to the medialmost portion of the ventromedial part of the head of the nucleus, the lateral orbitofrontal cortex projects to the ventromedial part of the head of the nucleus, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ventral to the principal sulcus projects to the central part of the head of the nucleus. Our findings in the macaque monkey indicate that the corticocaudate connection is similar in laminar organization of efferent neurons to the corticocortical connections.
Chromosomal aberrations in the peripheral blood of patients with metal-on-metal hip bearings.

BACKGROUND Approximately one-third of patients undergoing joint replacement are under sixty years of age. Many of these patients may be exposed to wear debris from the orthopaedic implant for several decades. Clinical follow-up of this group of patients has been short compared with the lifetimes of the patients, and the long-term effects of this chronic exposure are unknown. METHODS By using cytogenetic biomarkers (twenty-four-color fluorescent in situ hybridization [FISH]), we analyzed the peripheral blood leukocytes for chromosomal aberrations in three groups of subjects: (1) six age and sex-matched control subjects who had no implant and did not smoke (control group), (2) five subjects in whom an implant with a metal-on-metal articulation had been in situ for an average of thirty-five years (metal-on-metal group), and (3) four subjects in whom a metal-on-metal implant had been revised to a metal-on-polyethylene articulation at an average of twenty-two years (revised group). RESULTS The number of chromosomal aberrations in the metal-on-metal group was greater than that in the control group. Specifically, the percentage of aneuploidy gain was three times greater (p = 0.01) in the metal-on-metal group. Structural aberrations were not seen in the control group, and this difference was highly significant (p = 0.003). Also, the number of chromosomal aberrations in the metal-on-metal group was greater than that in the revised group. Specifically, the percentage of structural aberrations was thirty-one-fold higher (p = 0.013). The percentage of aneuploidy gain in the metal-on-metal group was about twice that in the revised group, although this difference was not significant (p = 0.37). The percentage of aneuploidy gain in the revised group was about double that in the control group, although this difference was also not significant (p = 0.41). Translocations were seen only in subjects with a metal-on-metal articulation. CONCLUSIONS The clinical consequences of the chromosomal changes seen in this study are unknown, and it is unknown if the changes are present in other cells in the body. The results emphasize the need for additional investigations into the effect of chronic exposure to elevated levels of metal ions produced by orthopaedic implants.
Union Coverage and Work-Related Training in the Construction Industry

Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, the author estimates the impact of union coverage on training in the United States, comparing the construction industry with other broad industry sectors. The author finds no statistically significant union training effect in construction or other private-sector industries for employer-paid training. For a more broadly defined job-training measure, however, a large union effect is found in construction, and a smaller, yet statistically significant, effect is found in other private-sector industries. The results are not entirely consistent with either the standard human capital model or models of imperfect competition.
Examining Huntington’s disease patient and informant concordance on frontally mediated behaviors

Introduction: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a genetic, neurodegenerative disease that affects cognitive, psychiatric and motor functioning. Frontal subcortical circuits are impacted by disease pathology, resulting in frontally mediated behavioral dysfunction. The purpose of this study was (a) to examine the relationship between both patient and informant reports of frontally mediated behaviors and disease progression and (b) to determine rate of agreement between patient and informant reports of these behaviors in relation to disease progression. Method: Twenty-six HD patients and their informants participated in the study at the University of South Florida. Patient–informant pairs completed the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe) Self and Family ratings forms, respectively. UHDRS (Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale) motor scores were obtained from medical records as an index of disease progression. Results: Only informant report of frontally mediated behaviors of apathy, disinhibition, and executive dysfunction was related to neurological examination results. On average, ratings by patients with less severe motor symptoms were comparable to informant ratings, suggesting intact awareness of deficits. In contrast, ratings of patients with more severe motor symptoms were discrepant from informant data, with informants providing more severe ratings than patients. Conclusions: HD patients may show intact awareness of frontally mediated behaviors in less severe stages but become increasingly unaware in more severe stages of the disease. This underscores the importance of clinical decisions regarding patient versus informant report at various stages of the disease.
The Nephroprotective Properties of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in Kidney Transplantation: Experimental Facts and Clinical Proofs

Adaptive responses to hypoxia, including hypoxia‐inducible factor signaling, allow the cell to satisfy its basal metabolic demand and avoid death, but these responses can also be deleterious by promoting inflammation, cell dedifferentiation and fibrogenesis. Therefore, targeting hypoxia constitutes a promising therapeutic avenue. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) appeared as a good candidate therapy because its hematopoietic properties could reverse anemia, and its tissue‐protective properties could reduce cell death and limit maladaptive cellular responses to hypoxia. Despite experimental evidence on the nephroprotecive properties of rhEPO, recent clinical trials provided evidence that rhEPO was ineffective in preventing delayed graft function after ischemic acute injury but that the normalization of hemoglobin values preserved kidney function deterioration and reduced graft loss. Our aim here is to provide a survey of the rationale for evaluating the administration of rhEPO in the setting of kidney transplantation. We will discuss the intriguing findings that emerged from the clinical trials and the discrepancies between promising experimental results and negative clinical studies, as well as the differences in terms of the benefits and safety profiles of the normalization of hemoglobin values in chronic kidney disease patients and kidney transplant patients.
Pharmacodynamic interaction studies of Ginkgo biloba with cilostazol and clopidogrel in healthy human subjects.

AIMS Ginkgo biloba is available as an over-the-counter drug and reported to cause haemorrhage when coadministered with other antiplatelet agents. We set out to study the interactions of G. biloba with cilostazol and clopidogrel. METHODS A randomized, open-label, crossover study of 10 healthy male volunteers. The dosage schedules were 120 mg G. biloba, 240 mg G. biloba, 100 mg cilostazol, 200 mg cilostazol, 75 mg clopidogrel, 150 mg clopidogrel, 120 mg G. biloba+ 100 mg cilostazol and 120 mg G. biloba+ 75 mg clopidogrel. Platelet aggregation, platelet count, bleeding time and clotting time were measured 0 and 6 h after drug administration. Platelet aggregation was performed using a dual channel aggregometer, by the turbimetric technique using adenosine diphosphate 5 micromol and 10 micromol, and collagen 1 microg ml(-1). RESULTS Platelet inhibition with the combination of G. biloba and clopidogrel or cilostazol was not statistically significant compared with individual doses of drugs, with all the three aggregants. There was significant (P < 0.05) potentiation of prolongation of bleeding time with the combination of cilostazol and G. biloba compared with individual doses of both the drugs. There was no significant change in clotting time and platelet count. CONCLUSIONS Coadministration of G. biloba either with cilostazol or clopidogrel did not enhance antiplatelet activity compared with individual agents. Ginkgo biloba potentiated the bleeding time prolongation effect of cilostazol. There was no significant correlation between prolongation of bleeding time and inhibition of platelet aggregation.
External Adjustment and Equilibrium Exchange Rate in Brazil

This paper investigates the factors behind the significant improvement in Brazil's external accounts and wide fluctuations of the real exchange rate since the floating of the real in 1999. Particular attention is devoted to the strong appreciation of the real from 2003-05. Econometric estimates of of behavioral equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) model for Brazil show that most of this appreciation was an equilibrium response to improved economic fundamentals.
Disentangling the racial test score gap: Probing the evidence in a large urban school district

We examine the size and distribution of the gap in test scores across races within New York City public schools and the factors that explain these gaps. While gaps are partially explained by differences in student characteristics, such as poverty, differences in schools attended are also important. At the same time, substantial within-school gaps remain and are only partly explained by differences in academic preparation across students from different race groups. Controlling for differences in classrooms attended explains little of the remaining gap, suggesting little role for within-school inequities in resources. There is some evidence that school characteristics matter. Race gaps are negatively correlated with school size-implying small schools may be helpful. In addition, the trade-off between the size and experience of the teaching staff in urban schools may carry unintended consequences for within-school race gaps. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
The influence of life events on physical activity patterns of Dutch older adults: A life history method

Objective: Physical activity (PA) can improve well-being and health during older age. This study explored how life events influence PA patterns of older adults. Design: Seventeen interviews with older adults were conducted using a life history method. PA patterns during the life course were identified, including information on when, how and why changes in PA occurred. Results: Four different response patterns that affect PA patterns after life events (e.g. death of partner) were discerned as follows: ‘I want to be physically active, but there are too many barriers’, ‘I have reached a point in my life where I do not have to be so active any more’, ‘I need to exercise now if I want to live the life I want’ and ‘I have always been active and cannot do without PA’. Which response pattern an older adult held was strongly related to PA development during earlier life (physical capital), and present and future self-conceptions. Conclusions: When developing interventions to enhance PA in older age, it is important to take into account the diversity of views on PA, based on physical capital and current and future self-conceptions. The life history method appeared valuable, providing a thorough understanding of changes in PA patterns.
Balanced Skills and Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurs are generalists who put together teams of people and assemble resources and capital. To do this effectively, they must have a general set of skills. Individuals may be endowed with a general set of skills, but endowments can be augmented by investment in human capital. It is shown that formal schooling is used to supplement the skill set of those who choose to become entrepreneurs.