Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A 3-year follow-up of children with and without behavioral inhibition.

OBJECTIVE Previous work suggested that children of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia were likely to be classified as behaviorally inhibited and that behaviorally inhibited children were likely to develop anxiety disorders. Although these findings suggested that "behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar" may be associated with risk for anxiety disorders in children, longitudinal data were needed to confirm the initial impressions. METHOD Using DSM-III structured interviews, the authors examined psychiatric disorders at 3-year follow-up in children of two independently ascertained, previously described, and preexisting samples of children. One sample was cross sectional and clinically derived (Massachusetts General Hospital at-risk sample), and the other was epidemiologically derived and longitudinal (Kagan et al. Longitudinal Cohort). RESULTS Analyses of follow-up findings revealed significant differences between inhibited and not inhibited children in the rates of multiple > or = 4 psychiatric disorders, multiple > or = 2 anxiety disorders, avoidant disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and agoraphobia. Among inhibited children, the rates of anxiety disorders increased markedly from baseline to follow-up assessments, attaining statistical significance for multiple > or = 2 anxiety disorders and avoidant disorder. Our findings also show there were significant differences between inhibited and not inhibited children in the emergence of multiple > or = 2 anxiety disorders, avoidant disorder, and separation anxiety disorder in children who did not have these diagnoses at baseline. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that inhibited children are at high risk for developing childhood-onset anxiety disorders and provide additional support for the hypothesis that behavioral inhibition is a predictor of later anxiety disorder.
Early Infant Diet and Risk of IDDM in Blacks and Whites: A Matched Case-Control Study

Objective To investigate the role of early infant feeding in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and to determine whether an association exists in both blacks and whites. Resarch Design and Methods Black and white diabetic subjects were recruited from the Allegheny County and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh IDDM Registries. Extensive infant diet histories were obtained from the diabetic subjects and their nondiabetic siblings, who were used as nondiabetic control subjects. Each diabetic subject was matched outside his/her family to an unrelated nondiabetic control subject on birth order, birth year (± 2 yr), and race, which resulted in 211 case-control pairs with a mean birth year of 1967. Results In whites, diabetic subjects were less likely to have been breast-fed than control subjects (odds ratio [OR] 0.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3, 0.9). Breast-feeding prevalence did not differ between black diabetic subjects and control subjects. Duration of overall and exclusive breast-feeding did not differ between diabetic and control subjects in the black and white cohorts. The following analyses, which examined whether the timing of the first breast milk substitute to which the infant was exposed differed between diabetic and control subjects, were conducted for exposure to any breast milk substitute and to breast milk substitutes that were cow's milk based. In whites, age at exposure to any breast milk substitutes and cow's milk-based substitutes were similar between diabetic and control subjects. In blacks, the first exposure to breast milk substitutes occurred significantly earlier for any substitute (5.1 vs. 11.9 wk, P = 0.02) and marginally earlier for cow's milk-based substitutes (3.9 vs. 8.5 wk, P = 0.07) in diabetic subjects compared with control subjects. The first exposure to breast milk substitutes was more likely to occur by 3 mo of age in black diabetic subjects compared with black control subjects (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.1–10.0) after adjusting for maternal age at birth. The addition of breast-feeding status to the model only slightly weakened this association in blacks. Conclusions The analyses of this study cohort suggest that the observed protective effect of breast-feeding on the risk of IDDM may be related to differences in the age at exposure to breast milk substitutes in blacks but not in whites.
Strategic Choice of Electronic Marketplace Functionalities: A Buyer-Supplier Relationship Perspective

This paper explores the important factors affecting the choice of electronic marketplace (EM) functionalities. We propose that buyer-supplier relationship-related factors, such as transaction uncertainty, transaction specific investment, transaction frequency, complexity of product description, and non-contractible factors, can affect the choice of different EM functionalities. A case study method was employed to verify these propositions. We found that transaction frequency and non-contractible factors were two strong indicators of EM functionality choice, and transaction specific investment is a weak indicator. Depending on different types of transaction uncertainty, companies will choose different EM functionalities. Complexity of product description was low in all the cases we studied, and did not appear to affect functionality choice. An additional finding was that supplier power could influence a buyer's choice of different functionalities.
Comprehension of audiovisual speech: Data-based sorting of independent components of fMRI activity

To find out whether decreased intelligibility of natural audiovisual speech would enhance the involvement of the sensorimotor speech comprehension network, we let ten adults to listen and view a video, in which the intelligibility of continuous audio-visual speech was varied by altering the loudness between well-audible, just audible (–18 dB weaker than loud), and mute. Occasionally the voice and articulations were time-reversed, or the whole stimulus was replaced by tone pips of varying intensity. We combined inter-subject correlation (ISC) and independent component analyses (ICA) of 3-T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data in a novel manner by sorting the components by their spatial overlap with a stimulus-specific ISC map and thereby unraveling the most stimulus-related networks. Unlike the general linear model analysis, which revealed only temporaland parietal-lobe activations, the ISC–ICA approach pinpointed several cortical networks related to audiovisual speech processing. A left-hemisphere-dominant network—comprising the left posterior superior temporal sulcus, inferior frontal gyrus, anterior superior temporal gyrus, premotor cortex, and right inferior parietal lobule—was related to comprehension of natural audiovisual speech, with increased activation during decreased speech loudness. Since the ISC-map provides a stimulus-specific spatial template for sorting the ICs, the analysis requires no predetermined temporal models on stimulus timing. This analysis approach is therefore feasible for fMRI studies where hemodynamic variations related to naturalistic and continuous stimuli are difficult to predict.
DO REMNANT OLD‐GROWTH TREES ACCELERATE RATES OF SUCCESSION IN MATURE DOUGLAS‐FIR FORESTS?

Biological legacies left by natural disturbances provide ecological functions throughout forest stand development, but their influences on processes of ecological suc- cession are not completely understood. We investigated the successional role of one type of biological legacy: remnant old-growth trees persisting in mature Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) forests in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. We tested the hypothesis that remnant old-growth Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock) and Thuja plicata (western red cedar) trees enhance the reestablishment of shade-tolerant conifers by increasing the availability of seed. Reestablishment of shade-tolerant conifers is a key process in late-successional forest development because it leads to vertical differentiation of the canopy and eventual codominance of shade-tolerant species. Two study areas were selected in the southern Washington Cascade Range, USA. Both had an unfragmented, mature forest cover that was regenerated naturally following wildfire. Twelve study sites were selected, including sites with and without remnant T. plicata and T. heterophylla. Overstory structure and com- position, microsite variables, and conifer regeneration were systematically sampled using nested belt transects and quadrats. Sites with remnant T. heterophylla and T. plicata had significantly higher densities of conspecific seedlings. Multivariate analyses showed rem- nant T. heterophylla and T. plicata presence and density to be the strongest predictors of seedling densities, although the basal area of mature conspecific trees, relative density, aspect, stand age, and microsite characteristics were important secondary predictors. Mi- crosite variations explained regeneration patchiness. Seedling densities were strongly cor- related with proximity to remnant trees, exhibiting a negative exponential decline with distance. Shade-tolerant conifers are likely to reestablish faster at sites with remnant seed trees, but canopy disturbances are probably necessary for subsequent height growth. Rem- nant shade-tolerant conifers are an important biological legacy and seed source influencing rates of ecological succession in mature P. menziesii stands. Successional and stand de- velopment models should explicitly incorporate this dynamic.
Vascular Implications of Minimally Invasive Plating of Proximal Humerus Fractures

Objectives: Open reduction and internal fixation of proximal humerus fractures through the anterolateral acromial approach, which uses the anterior deltoid raphe and axillary nerve protection, has recently been advocated as a minimally invasive technique. Several recent reports have indicated variable and unpredictable vascular injuries to the humeral-head blood supply after a proximal humerus fracture, and thus a direct approach that minimizes further vascular compromise may be preferable. The purpose of this study was to define the relationship of this surgical interval to the lateral plating zone of the proximal humerus and to the penetrating vascular supply of the humeral head. Design: Cadaveric vascular injection study. Setting: Cadaveric dissection laboratory. Patients: Six cadaveric specimens. Intervention: The anterolateral acromial approach was performed on six cadaveric upper-extremity specimens. A locking proximal humerus plate was applied to the lateral proximal humerus, and the axillary artery was cannulated proximal to the circumflex humeral arteries. Dyed latex polymer was injected and allowed to harden, and dissection was performed to visualize the vasculature of the proximal humerus. Plates were then removed and the specimens were further inspected to examine the blood supply. Main Outcome Measurements: The relationship of the anterolateral acromial approach to the lateral plating zone of the proximal humerus and the vascular supply of the humeral head. Results: In all specimens, the filling of the anterior and posterior vessels that supplied the humeral head were undisturbed after use of the anterolateral acromial approach and locked plating. The blood vessels to the head-penetrating vascular branches were not in the surgical field. A bare spot on the lateral proximal humerus existed in the region of the greater tuberosity, which was 30 mm wide and between two penetrating humeral-head epiphyseal vessels. The nearest penetrating vessels were close to the plate, 4 mm anterior and 7 mm posterior. The anterior humeral circumflex vessel and its ascending branch, which provides critical blood supply to the humeral head, coursed directly in the region of the deltopectoral approach. Conclusions: Minimally invasive techniques have many potential benefits for fracture healing, but new surgical approaches often must be used to take full advantage of these newer methods. Splitting the anterior deltoid raphe from the acromion distally allowed direct access to the lateral plating zone of the proximal humerus. The bare spot in this region may be a safe area for plate application, if the plate is placed appropriately with thorough knowledge of the vascular anatomy. These findings may be of particular importance if the vascular supply to the humeral head has already been partially compromised by preceding trauma. This direct approach to the lateral bare spot on the proximal humerus may minimize iatrogenic vascular injury when treating these fractures.
Expenditures, Efficiency, and Equity in Education: The Federal Government's Role

Economists have long been concerned with educational policies, but, in this decade of educational reform proposals, economists have not made much effort to translate research into direct policy implications. This is particularly true with respect to federal government policies. This paper provides an overview of current federal involvement in education and considers what, if anything, research has to say about potential policy changes. At the outset I should make it clear that I believe that the general alarm about the state of our educational system is warranted. The educational system that produced so much of the wealth and opportunity for advancement in the United States in the past now faces serious problems. At the same time, I am quite skeptical about the efficacy of a much expanded federal role in education at this time.
Fetal Alcohol and Drug Effects

BackgroundAlcohol and drug use by pregnant women are harmful to the developing embryo and fetus. Teasing apart the specific contributions of each substance to adverse child outcome, however, proves difficult in practice. The risks to the neonate include intrauterine growth retardation, birth defects, altered neurobehavior, and withdrawal syndromes. Subsequent behavior, development, and neurologic function may also be impaired. Review SummaryMaternal cigarette smoking carries the greatest risk of impaired fetal growth of any of the substances discussed herein and has been linked to subsequent externalizing behaviors. Alcohol is a well-established teratogen. Heavy exposure to alcohol in a subset of infants is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Mental retardation is one of the main sequelae of alcohol exposure in utero. Fetal marijuana exposure has no consistent effect on outcome. Prenatal cocaine exposure has not been shown to have any detrimental effect on cognition, except as mediated through cocaine effects on head size. Although fetal cocaine exposure has been linked to numerous abnormalities in arousal, attention, and neurologic and neurophysiological function, most such effects appear to be self-limited and restricted to early infancy and childhood. Opiate exposure elicits a well-described withdrawal syndrome affecting central nervous, autonomic, and gastrointestinal systems, which is most severe among methadone-exposed infants. ConclusionMost adverse effects of prenatal drug exposure are self-limited, with catch-up growth and resolution of withdrawal and of prior neurobehavioral abnormalities noted over time. The exception is alcohol, which is linked to life-long impairments (i.e., mental retardation and microcephaly) and possibly cigarette-related behavioral effects. The absence of tangible evidence of detrimental long-term cocaine effects may reflect limitations in the methodology used to identify children at greatest risk for adverse outcome.
Differences between sliding semi‐landmark methods in geometric morphometrics, with an application to human craniofacial and dental variation

Over the last decade, geometric morphometric methods have been applied increasingly to the study of human form. When too few landmarks are available, outlines can be digitized as series of discrete points. The individual points must be slid along a tangential direction so as to remove tangential variation, because contours should be homologous from subject to subject whereas their individual points need not. This variation can be removed by minimizing either bending energy (BE) or Procrustes distance (D) with respect to a mean reference form. Because these two criteria make different assumptions, it becomes necessary to study how these differences modify the results obtained. We performed bootstrapped‐based Goodall's F‐test, Foote's measurement, principal component (PC) and discriminant function analyses on human molars and craniometric data to compare the results obtained by the two criteria. Results show that: (1) F‐scores and P‐values were similar for both criteria; (2) results of Foote's measurement show that both criteria yield different estimates of within‐ and between‐sample variation; (3) there is low correlation between the first PC axes obtained by D and BE; (4) the percentage of correct classification is similar for BE and D, but the ordination of groups along discriminant scores differs between them. The differences between criteria can alter the results when morphological variation in the sample is small, as in the analysis of modern human populations.
Cognitive science and organizational design: a case study of computer conferencing

Many researchers have investigated and speculated about the link between information technology and organizational structure with very mixed results. This paper suggests that part of the reason for these mixed results is the coarseness of previous analyses of both technology and structure. The paper describes a new and much more detailed perspective for investigating this link. Using concepts of object-oriented programming from artificial intelligence, the information processing that occurs in organizations is characterized in terms of the kinds of messages people exchange and the ways they process those messages. The utility of this approach is demonstrated through the analysis of a case in which a reduction in levels of management is coupled with the introduction of a computer conferencing system. The detailed model developed for this case helps explain both macro-level data about thd changes in the organizational structure, and micro-level data about individuals' use of the system.
[Comparison of primary tongue carcinoma with second primary tongue carcinoma after radiotherapy for nasopharynx cancer].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of second primary tumor of tongue (SPTr) after nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPCR) treated with radiotherapy. METHODS Clinical data of 53 patients with SP7T after NPCR (group A) and 252 patients with primary tongue carcinoma (group B) were analyzed retrospectively with regard to clinical characteristics and survival rate (Kaplan-Meier); and multivariate analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS There was no significant difference between group A and group B ( P > 0. 05) in the presenting age, sex, tumor size, cTNM stage, tumor differentiation and the rate of distant metastasis. The overall 5-year survival rates were 41.6% in group A and 56.3% in group B (chi2 = 4.40, P = 0.0359) with a statistically significant difference between two groups. The differences of tumor location (chi2 = 61.18, P = 0.000) and rate of clinical (cN+, chi2 = 6.846, P = 0.009) or pathological lymph node metastasis (pN+, X2 = 3.993, P = 0.046) were also statistically significant between group A and group B, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that age at presence, cTNM stage and with or without neck lymph node dissection were independent risk factors affecting survival. CONCLUSION Second primary tongue carcinoma after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma is likely to occur on the dorsal aspect of the tongue with worse prognosis but with a lower rate of lymph node metastasis than that of primary tongue carcinoma. However, radiotherapy history is not an independent influencing factor on prognosis. Surgical resection or combined modality therapy may give a better prognosis.
Hypoglycemia Prediction Using Machine Learning Models for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Minimizing the occurrence of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes is a challenging task since these patients typically check only 1 to 2 self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) readings per day. Method: We trained a probabilistic model using machine learning algorithms and SMBG values from real patients. Hypoglycemia was defined as a SMBG value < 70 mg/dL. We validated our model using multiple data sets. In addition, we trained a second model, which used patient SMBG values and information about patient medication administration. Results: The optimal number of SMBG values needed by the model was approximately 10 per week. The sensitivity of the model for predicting a hypoglycemia event in the next 24 hours was 92% and the specificity was 70%. In the model that incorporated medication information, the prediction window was for the hour of hypoglycemia, and the specificity improved to 90%. Conclusions: Our machine learning models can predict hypoglycemia events with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. These models—which have been validated retrospectively and if implemented in real time—could be useful tools for reducing hypoglycemia in vulnerable patients.
Resonant tunneling via spin-polarized barrier states in a magnetic tunnel junction

Resonant tunneling through states in the barrier of a magnetic tunnel junction has been analyzed theoretically for the case of a spin-polarized density of barrier states. It is shown that for highly spin-polarized barrier states, the magnetoresistance due to resonant tunneling is enhanced compared to the magnetoresistance due to direct tunneling between the ferromagnetic electrodes. Moreover, it is predicted that whenever the barrier states have a nonzero polarization, tunneling magnetoresistance exists even if only one electrode is magnetic, while the other is not. The above effects have been studied for arbitrary location of the states. In particular, we consider the case of a thin sheet of magnetic dopants in close proximity to and coupled ferromagnetically or antiferromagnetically to one of the electrodes. Depending on the dopant polarization, the distance to the electrode and the type of coupling, the total magnetoresistance can be enhanced or reduced, and may be reversed for antiferromagnetic coupling.
Daily Well-Being: The Role of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness

Emotional well-being is most typically studied in trait or trait-like terms, yet a growing literature indicates that daily (within-person) fluctuations in emotional well-being may be equally important. The present research explored the hypothesis that daily variations may be understood in terms of the degree to which three basic needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—are satisfied in daily activity. Hierarchical linear models were used to examine this hypothesis across 2 weeks of daily activity and well-being reports controlling for trait-level individual differences. Results strongly supported the hypothesis. The authors also examined the social activities that contribute to satisfaction of relatedness needs. The best predictors were meaningful talk and feeling understood and appreciated by interaction partners. Finally, the authors found systematic day-of-the-week variations in emotional well-being and need satisfaction. These results are discussed in terms of the importance of daily activities and the need to consider both trait and day-level determinants of well-being.
Iatrogenic anaemia? A survey of venesection in patients in the Intensive Therapy Unit

In 30 consecutive patients admitted to the Intensive Therapy Unit, the volume of blood taken for investigations was recorded. Results were available for 26 patients. Total venesection volume averaged 336 ml. Venesection volume averaged 55.7 ml/day after the first 24 hours. The mean haemoglobin on admission was 11.5 g/dlitre. Blood loss was related to both APACHE score and length of stay (APACHE.day), to the presence of arterial and central venous catheters, and to the need for mechanical ventilation. Iatrogenic blood loss of this magnitude will cause anaemia if it continues.