Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
TOTAL ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM OF PLASMA IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: X. The Acidosis of Nephritis.

The present paper represents an extension of the work outlined in number VII of this series, "Factors causing acidosis in nephritis" (1), with an attempt to explain in part the disturbances of the total acidbase equilibrium of the serum which were there described. The acidosis, a term applied to conditions in which the concentration of bicarbonate of serum is low, appeared to be due to several different types of electrolyte disturbances of which the chief were reduction of total base and increase of undetermined acid (i.e., acids other than bicarbonate, chloride, phosphate and protein). Phosphate increases seemed to play a less important r6le. Variable changes in the level of Cl, usually reductions in its concentration, were observed with great frequency. To the data then presented many observations have been added, and collateral studies, bearing especially on chloride metabolism, have been made.
Robust Truckload Relay Network Design Under Demand Uncertainty

This research addresses the issue of incorporating demand uncertainty in the strategic design of relay networks for truckload transportation. An existing composite variable mathematical model for the design of hybrid relay networks is extended by developing its robust counterpart. The proposed approach considers uncertainty in the number of truckloads to be dispatched between a pair of nodes in the network which is characterized by a symmetric interval around the expected demand value. A two-step heuristic approach is used to solve the robust model. Several numerical experiments are carried out to study the differences between the solutions obtained with the robust approach and those generated by the existing deterministic model. In particular, we were interested in understating how different levels of uncertainty affect total cost of the system and the configuration of the resulting networks. At the end, numerical results are discussed and directions for future research are presented.
CARACTERIZACIÓN DE GERMOPLASMA DE MAÍZ QUE COMBINA UN ALTO CONTENIDO DE ACEITE Y POLIEMBRIONÍA

El incremento de la calidad nutrimental del grano de maiz ( Zea mays L.) puede lograrse al combinar fuentes de germoplasma que se complementen en cuanto a su alto contenido de aceite y calidad proteica. En este trabajo se utilizo una poblacion de alta poliembrionia (PE) como fuente de calidad proteica y otra poblacion de alto contenido de aceite (AA) para generar combinaciones de germoplasma PE:AA en dosis de 0:100, 12.5:87.5, 25:75, 37.5:62.5, 50:50, 62.5:37.5, 75:25, 87.5:12.5 y 100:0% con el objeto de encontrar la complementacion referida. Las variables de respuesta fueron: germinacion (GE) y poliembrionia (PE) en plantulas en invernadero, y contenidos de grasa cruda (GC), proteina cruda (PC) y lisina (Lis) en harina de grano completo. El diseno experimental utilizado fue completamente al azar con tres repeticiones. La comparacion de medias fue con la prueba de Tukey (β = 0.05). Los resultados indican diferencias para todas las variables evaluadas (p ≤ 0.01). Las proporciones optimas (PE:AA) para calidad nutrimental en grano fueron las combinaciones de 50:50 (Lis = 2.7% y GC = 6.9%), valores superiores al de maiz normal. El caracter PE confiere a la poblacion poliembrionica el valor mas alto para lisina (4%), mientras que el AA presento el valor mas alto en grasa cruda (8.3%). Las dosis de germoplasma evaluadas en este trabajo presentan potencial para generar variedades especializadas de maiz con calidad nutrimental del grano.
Initial infectious dose dictates the innate, adaptive, and memory responses to influenza in the respiratory tract

Factors from the virus and the host contribute to influenza virus pathogenicity and to the development of immunity. This study thoroughly examined the effects of an initial infectious dose of virus and unveiled new findings concerning the antiviral and inflammatory responses, innate and adaptive immunity, memory responses, and protection against secondary heterologous infection. Our results demonstrated that the initial infectious dose significantly affects the gene expression of antiviral (IFN‐β) and inflammatory (TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β) cytokines and of enzymes involved in nitrosative/oxidative stress (iNOS, HO‐1, NQO1) early in the response to influenza. This response correlated with significantly increased recruitment of innate immune cells into the lungs of infected mice. We showed that this response also alters the subsequent accumulation of activated IFN‐γ+ CD44hi CD62Llo influenza‐specific CD8+ T cells into the lungs of infected mice through increased T cell‐recruiting chemokine gene expression (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL10). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the initial infectious dose determines the generation and the distribution of memory CD8+ T cell subsets without affecting trafficking mechanisms. This impacted on immune protection against heterologous infection. Lastly, we showed that the effects on innate and adaptive immunity were not dependent on influenza strain or on the genetic background of the host. Collectively, our data show for the first time and in detail that the initial infectious dose of influenza determines the development of several aspects of antiviral immunity. This study provides new insights on virus‐host interaction in the generation of the global immune response to influenza.
Sample-Optimal Identity Testing with High Probability

We study the problem of testing identity against a given distribution (a.k.a. goodness-of-fit) with a focus on the high confidence regime. More precisely, given samples from an unknown distribution $p$ over $n$ elements, an explicitly given distribution $q$, and parameters $0< \epsilon, \delta < 1$, we wish to distinguish, with probability at least $1-\delta$, whether the distributions are identical versus $\epsilon$-far in total variation (or statistical) distance. Existing work has focused on the constant confidence regime, i.e., the case that $\delta = \Omega(1)$, for which the sample complexity of identity testing is known to be $\Theta(\sqrt{n}/\epsilon^2)$. Typical applications of distribution property testing require small values of the confidence parameter $\delta$ (which correspond to small "$p$-values" in the statistical hypothesis testing terminology). Prior work achieved arbitrarily small values of $\delta$ via black-box amplification, which multiplies the required number of samples by $\Theta(\log(1/\delta))$. We show that this upper bound is suboptimal for any $\delta = o(1)$, and give a new identity tester that achieves the optimal sample complexity. Our new upper and lower bounds show that the optimal sample complexity of identity testing is \[ \Theta\left( \frac{1}{\epsilon^2}\left(\sqrt{n \log(1/\delta)} + \log(1/\delta) \right)\right) \] for any $n, \epsilon$, and $\delta$. For the special case of uniformity testing, where the given distribution is the uniform distribution $U_n$ over the domain, our new tester is surprisingly simple: to test whether $p = U_n$ versus $\mathrm{d}_{TV}(p, U_n) \geq \epsilon$, we simply threshold $\mathrm{d}_{TV}(\hat{p}, U_n)$, where $\hat{p}$ is the empirical probability distribution. We believe that our novel analysis techniques may be useful for other distribution testing problems as well.
Combined glutathione S-transferase T1 and M1 positive genotypes afford protection against type 2 diabetes in Japanese.

INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species and a reduction in antioxidant defenses. The aim of this study is to determine the association between the incidence of Type 2 diabetes and gene polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase (GST), which modulates oxidative stress. MATERIALS & METHODS The associations between the incidence of Type 2 diabetes and the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes were analyzed in 469 Japanese participants in a health-screening program. RESULTS The clinical characteristics and smoking status were obtained from the health screening record. The incidence of diabetes was 1.5-fold higher in the GSTT1 and GSTM1 null (-) genotype than the GSTT1 and GSTM1 present (+) genotype, respectively. Although the effect of each null genotype was not significant, the combined GSTT1+/GSTM1+ genotypes conferred a significant reduction in risk of diabetes in comparison with the other combinations of genotypes (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 0.30; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.12-0.71). In stratified analyses by smoking status, the incidence of diabetes was significantly higher in never-smokers with the GSTT1- genotype than those with the GSTT1+ genotype (OR: 2.85; 95% CI: 1.17-6.94) and increased significantly in current smokers (OR: 5.91; 95% CI: 1.96-17.88). The effect of the GSTM1- genotype was significant only in current smokers. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the GSTT1- and GSTT1-/GSTM1- genotypes are independent risk factors for development of Type 2 diabetes regardless of the smoking status of the patient, and that these genotypes and current smoking were interactively associated with the incidence of Type 2 diabetes.
ANALYSIS OF EARLY-NINETEENTH-CENTURY MUSCOGEE CREEK FUR TRADE AT A UNITED STATES FACTORY STORE

Abstract We conducted an analysis of economic transaction records from the Fort Wilkinson Factory Store in central Georgia in an attempt to understand trade behaviors by the Muscogee Creek people of the southeastern United States. Between February 4, 1804, and November 29, 1806, factory personnel recorded 2,168 trade transactions at Fort Wilkinson. During this period, 38,226.5 deerskins and skins, 482 hides and rawhides, and 569 furs entered the fort. In exchange for these items, the Creek Indians primarily received cloth, followed by manufactured items such as kettles, gun supplies, and consumable groceries. We analyze the month-by-month exchange trends and compare the trade-good assemblages to archaeological sites that represent Creek occupations that date to the same time period in Georgia and Alabama. Further, we assess the biases of the data and interpret the data in relation to existing historical and archaeological studies of the Muscogee Creek people.
Tracking Control of the Uncertain Heat and Wave Equation via Power-Fractional and Sliding-Mode Techniques

In the present paper, preliminary results towards the generalization to the infinite-dimensional setting of some well-known robust finite-dimensional control algorithms are illustrated. More specifically, we deal with the tracking problem for some classes of linear uncertain infinite-dimensional systems evolving in Hilbert spaces. We design distributed variable-structure stabilizers that are shown to be effective in the presence of external disturbances. The main focus of the present paper is on the rejection of nonvanishing external disturbances. The generalization to the infinite-dimensional setting of the well-known finite-dimensional controllers, namely the “power-fractional” controller [S. P. Bhat and D. S. Bernstein, SIAM J. Control Optim. , 38 (2000), pp. 751-766] and two “second-order sliding-mode” control algorithms (the “twisting” and “supertwisting” algorithms [L. Fridman and A. Levant, Higher order sliding modes as a natural phenomenon in control theory, in Robust Control via Variable Structure and Lyapunov Techniques, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996, pp. 107-133; A. Levant, Internat. J. Control, 58 (1993), pp. 1247-1263]), is the main contribution of the present investigation. First, the “distributed twisting” control algorithm is developed to address the asymptotic state tracking of the perturbed wave equation. Next, the finite-time state tracking of the unperturbed heat equation is provided by means of a “distributed power-fractional” controller. Finally, the “distributed supertwisting” controller is suggested to address the asymptotic state tracking of the heat equation in spite of the presence of persistent disturbances. Constructive proofs of stability are developed via the Lyapunov functional technique, which leads to simple tuning rules for the controller parameters. Simulation results are discussed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.
ESP at the Tertiary Level: Current Situation, Application and Expectation

English for Specific Purposes is an obligatory subject for the first two levels at the Sudanese Universities. It is taught as a university requirement. Accordingly, the students obsess is how to pass the examination not achieve any development in the language field. Even the teachers concentrate on the content rather than the skills, which the students ought to gain. This paper addresses the issue of English for Specific Purposes (ESP). It defines ESP with brief glimpse of its history and it attempts to highlight the line of demarcation of ESP and AEP. Moreover, it will endeavor the objectives of core course of ESP at the tertiary level in Sudanese Universities. Furthermore, how we should mobilize all the efforts to overcome the difficulties to promote the students competency in English language in their very field of specialization. As technology has created change in all aspects of society, it is also changing our expectations of what students must learn in order to function effectively. We should exploit the modern technologies effectively to radically change from teacher-centered approach to student-centered approach in teaching ESP. Consequently, the availability of computer and its utilization in different fields of specialization will be very facilitative and motivating for at least the contemporary generation.
Non – Asymptotic Bounds for Autoregressive Time Series Modeling

The subject of this paper is autoregressive (AR) modeling of a stationary, Gaussian discrete time process, based on a finite sequence of observations. The process is assumed to admit an AR(∞) representation with exponentially decaying coefficients. We adopt the nonparametric minimax framework and study how well can the process be approximated by a finite order AR model. A lower bound on the accuracy of AR approximations is derived, and a non-asymptotic upper bound on the accuracy of the regularized least squares estimator is established. It is shown that with a “proper” choice of the model order, this estimator is minimax optimal in order. These considerations lead also to a non-asymptotic upper bound on the mean squared error of the associated one step predictor. A numerical study compares the common model selection procedures to the minimax optimal order choice.
Internet Routing and Related Topology Issues

In most domains of the Internet network, the traffic demands are routed on a single-path defined as the shortest one according to a set of administrative weights. Most of the time, the values set by the administrator (or the default ones) are such that there are many paths of the same length between the extremities of some demands. However, if the shortest paths are not unique, it might become difficult for an Internet domain administrator to predict and control the traffic flows in the network. Moreover, the sequence order of packets can be changed when many paths are used leading to some end-to-end delays. It is hence an important issue to ensure that each shortest path is unique according to a given set of administrative weights. We show that it is possible to determine a set of small integer weights (smaller than 6 times the radius of the network) such that all links are used and every demand is routed on a unique shortest path. Above and beyond this uniqueness requirement, network administrators wishing to exploit the available resources would like to control the whole routing pattern. The problem they face consists of determining a set of weights enforcing a given routing policy. We formulate this problem using linear programs, and we show how integer weights can be computed by heuristics with guaranteed worst-case performances. Some conditions on the given routing, necessary for the existence of a solution, are derived. Both necessary and sufficient conditions are also provided, together with some other useful properties, in the case of particular graphs such as cycles and cacti.
Comparative degree and type of sensitization to common indoor and outdoor allergens in subjects with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma

Background and objectives The determinants of variability in the clinical expression of atopy are still to be documented. The goals of this study were to determine, in subjects with a clinical diagnosis of symptomatic asthma or rhinitis, what is the possible contribution of different types of indoor and outdoor allergens to the development of their disease, by looking at the prevalence and degree of sensitization to these allergens according to age and gender.
Estimación de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos y metales pesados asociados con la quema de caña de azúcar en el valle geográfico del río Cauca, Colombia

La presente investigacion evaluo la presencia de hidrocarburos aromaticos policiclicos (HAP) y metales pesados producto de la quema de cana de azucar en el valle geografico del rio Cauca. Para ello, se considero una subpoblacion de 240 muestras, integradas durante 24 horas, de material particulado menor a 10 micras (PM 10 ), colectadas durante octubre del 2010 y febrero del 2011 en los corregimientos del Bolo San Isidro (zona altamente expuesta) y Ricaurte (zona de control) de los municipios de Palmira y Bolivar, respectivamente. En parte de esta subpoblacion, se realizo una caracterizacion quimica relacionada con la identificacion de los HAP pertenecientes a la lista de contaminantes prioritarios de la United States Environmental Protection Agency, siguiendo el metodo EPA TO-13A. Adicionalmente, se considero la caracterizacion quimica de compuestos metalicos en 108 de estas muestras de acuerdo con el metodo EPA IO-3.1. Mediante la aplicacion del analisis de componentes principales (ACP), el analisis factorial con rotacion varimax y una serie de correlaciones estadisticas se identificaron los posibles metales y HAP trazadores de quema de cana de azucar. A partir de este estudio, se pudo concluir que los HAP asociados con el PM 10 procedente del valle geografico del rio Cauca, posiblemente atribuidos a la quema de cana de azucar en la zona de alta exposicion, son: Pyr, Phe y Flt, mientras los metales relacionados con esta fuente de emision directa e indirectamente son, a saber: Fe, Mn, Si y Cu.
Revisiting the issue of the credibility of simulation studies in telecommunication networks: highlighting the results of a comprehensive survey of IEEE publications

In a series of papers by Pawlikowski and his team, they warned about a deep crisis of credibility in simulation studies for the performance evaluation of telecommunication networks. The goal of this article is to revisit the investigation on simulation credibility and to extend the previous research in this area by presenting the results of a comprehensive survey of over 8370 IEEE publications (2007-2009) on telecommunication networks which appeared in the proceedings of IEEE Transactions on Communications (TC), IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TN), IEEE Infocom, IEEE ICC, and IEEE Globecom. These proceedings were selected based on their popularity and relevance to our study. Besides simulation credibility, we also report on the commonly used simulation tools and performance analysis methodology adopted by the authors of the surveyed papers. Our findings show that a significant number of authors did not provide information of the simulation tools used or, even when they did, there was not enough information about the CI or SE of simulation results presented in the surveyed papers. Thus, there is no significant change with respect to quality and credibility of the simulation studies revised and the deep crisis of credibility still remains. The research design most authors prefer is a hybrid one where both simulation and analytic methods are being used for network performance analysis. Finally, we provide guidelines for the best practice of using simulation tools for the performance evaluation of telecommunication networks.
Stakeholder Theory and "The Corporate Objective Revisited"

Stakeholder theory begins with the assumption that values are necessarily and explicitly a part of doing business. It asks managers to articulate the shared sense of the value they create, and what brings its core stakeholders together. It also pushes managers to be clear about how they want to do business, specifically what kinds of relationships they want and need to create with their stakeholders to deliver on their purpose. This paper offers a response to Sundaram and Inkpen's article "The Corporate Objective Revisited" by clarifying misconceptions about stakeholder theory and concluding that truth and freedom are best served by seeing business and ethics as connected.
A content analysis of physiotherapy for postural control in people with stroke: An observational study

Purpose. The lack of information about the content of therapy packages is a frequent criticism in stroke rehabilitation research. This study aimed to describe, in detail, the content of one aspect of physiotherapy; the rehabilitation of postural control. Methods. The design was a cross-sectional survey and the setting was in 11 NHS Trusts. The participants were 35 stroke physiotherapists working in acute and rehabilitation settings who recorded the treatment of 132 patients in 644 treatment sessions using the Stroke Physiotherapy Intervention Recording Tool. Analysis was carried out by descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVAS and chi-squares which were used to describe content of interventions and effects of the aim of treatment. Results and conclusions. Physiotherapists' clinical practice focused on therapist-led interventions, which aimed to normalize muscle tone and promote normal movement patterns. The most frequent interventions were ‘preparation for treatment’ (n = 1969, 43%), ‘practising balance and walking activities’ (n = 1583, 34%) and ‘practising functional tasks’ (n = 703, 15%). Interventions to encourage independence or activity outside the treatment session were rarely used. This pattern was seen regardless of the aim of treatment (the restoration of sitting balance, standing balance or stepping/walking).
Flexible Hybrid MM/MoM Technique for the CAD and Optimization of Arbitrarily Shaped 3D Waveguide Components

A hybrid mode-matching (MM) / method-of-moment (MoM) technique is applied for modeling arbitrarily shaped 3D waveguide structures. Using the free-space Green's function, the attractive feature of this technique is the high flexibility of the MoM combined with the efficiency of the MM method. Its versatility is demonstrated at examples of practical interest, a compensated magic-tee and a combline filter with round posts. The efficiency and accuracy of the method is verified by reference calculations and measurements.