Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A New Old Measure of Intergenerational Mobility: Iowa 1915 to 1940∗

Was economic mobility high during the first half of the twentieth century in the United States? I combine two historical data sources to estimate intergenerational income mobility between 1915 and 1940. I match fathers from the Iowa State Census of 1915 to their sons in the 1940 Federal Census, the first state and federal censuses with data on income and years of education. In my sample of fathers and sons, I estimate a lower intergenerational elasticity of income than is found in modern studies of the United States, suggesting higher levels of income mobility. Income mobility measured with relative income ranks also show higher mobility historically. Intergenerational mobility of education is higher in my sample than in modern measures as well. I find sons in rural counties in 1915 to have more mobility of both income and education than urban sons. Lacking data on income, past studies of historical intergenerational mobility have relied on occupation transition data for fathers and sons to measure mobility. When I compute standard measures of occupational mobility for my sample, I find levels of mobility between 1915 and 1940 to be larger than modern estimates, confirming the higher mobility I find in income measures. This suggests that the standard estimates of historical occupational mobility may be accurate substitutes for measures of income mobility when income data does not exist. ∗I thank Claudia Goldin, Lawrence Katz, Rick Hornbeck, Nathan Nunn, Gary Solon, and Sandy Jencks for detailed comments and suggestions, as well as Raj Chetty, Ed Glaeser, Simon Jaeger, Akos Lada, Robert Margo, Christopher Muller, Martin Rotemberg, Bryce Millett Steinberg, Patrick Turley, and seminar participants at the Cliometrics World Congress, the Harvard Labor Lunch, the Harvard Economic History Tea, and in the Harvard Multidisciplinary Program in Inequality & Social Policy. Viroopa Volla, Andrew Creamer, Justin Meretab, and especially Alex Velez-Green all provided excellent research assistance. This research has been supported by the NSF-IGERT Multidisciplinary Program in Inequality & Social Policy at Harvard University (Grant No. 0333403). †PhD Candidate, Department of Economics, Harvard University, email: jfeigenb@fas.harvard. edu, site: scholar.harvard. edu/jfeigenbaum.
Almost Convergent Sequence Space Derived by Generalized Fibonacci Matrix and Fibonacci Core

Considerable interest in this article is to introduce the sequence spaceb f(r;s) derived by generalized difference Fibonacci matrix in which r;s2 Rnf0g, also to discuss and compare with some wellknown spaces defined previously. In addition to those, after demonstrating that the spacesb f(r;s) andb are linearly isomorphic, we have determined the and duals of spaceb f(r;s) and have characterized some matrix classes on this space. As a conclusion, we have also found out that the space has not a Schauder basis. Lastly, we have presented the Fibonacci core of a complex-valued sequence and deal with inclusion theorems with respect to Fibonacci core type.
IMPACT OF WALKING SPEED AND SLOPE OF THE GROUND ON AXIAL FORCE OF POLES IN NORDIC WALKING

Background: Nordic walking (NW), due to its attractiveness and convenience of equipment, is becoming more popular and utilised in the areas of sports, recreation and physiotherapy. Some of its impacts on load to the body have not yet been sufficiently explored. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the impact of walking speed and slope of the ground on the magnitude of axial forces, transferred to the poles by upper extremities during NW. Methods: The study was participated in by 17 healthy subjects, aged 25.9 ± 3.6 years, who went through 12 independent measurements on a treadmill in various speeds (6.0; 6.6; 7.2 and 7.8 km * h-1) and slopes (0; 5 and 7.5%). These measurements provided us with values of basic spatiotemporal variables, characterizing NW performance and force variables, acting on the poles. Results: Increased walking speed led to increase in cycle frequency (p < .001) and increase in peak poling force and average poling force (p < .001). Poling time reduced with increasing speed (p < .001). Increase in slope of ground had no significant impact on the magnitude of time and dynamic variables. Conclusions: Increased walking speed during NW increases the force, generated by the upper extremities on the poles. During NW it is possible to prefer walking speed rather than to change the slope of the ground for those patients, who are indicated to strengthen upper extremities.
Relational and partitive inalienable possession in Slave

Agreement asymmetries seen in Slave, a Dene language of Northern Canada, suggest that its inalienable class of nouns must be further divided into two subclasses: partitive inalienable nouns (body parts, goods, and possessions) and relational inalienable nouns (kinship terms). While all possessums, regardless of noun class, determine subject agreement, the partitive inalienable possessor determines object agreement, and this is not the case with alienable and relational nouns, which always have the possessum as the target of agreement (Rice, 1989). This paper argues that this is a product of the way that object agreement is formed in the language, in conjunction with variation in the position of the possessor in possessive construction across the three classes of nouns.
The Impact of Schooling Reform on Returns to Education in Malaysia

The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of education reforms on earnings. One of the significant changes in the Malaysian education system was the schooling reform of 1970 that changed the medium of instruction from the English language to the Malaysian national language. Using data from the Household Income Surveys of 2002 and 2004, this paper updates the private rate of return to education. Applying a homogenous return model, using an ordinary least square (OLS) regression indicates that the private rate of returns to education is close to the world average. Using the Instrumental Variable approach, however, the impact of the schooling reforms indicates that the private rate of return to education is higher than the average.
Phytosociology and Behavior of Weeds in Maize as Influenced by Spatial Arrangements

Using the right spatial arrangement is a sustainable way to prevent or at least delay the emergence of weeds in the crop production. This study evaluated the influence of row spacing and plant density of maize on weed control based on the phytosociological survey. It was conducted on an Oxisol textured medium in a 400 m2 area under semiarid conditions. The hybrid maize 30F53YH was managed under a no-till cropping system with three types of row spacing (0.35 m, 0.50 m, and 0.70 m) and three plant densities (5.0 plants m-2, 6.5 plants m-2, and 8.0 plants m-2). The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with four replications in a factorial arrangement 3 × 3. The phytosociological survey of the weeds was randomly performed four times in each subplot, using the inventory square (0.5 m × 0.5 m). The collected data were analyzed using the R statistical program. Among the specimen’s families identified on the field, three of them need to be highlighted due to its high values of density, frequency, and dominance. These families were Fabaceae, Poaceae, and Amaranthaceae. Also, it was identified that the Leucaena leucocephala species may be classified as a weed, as it acted as an invasive species on maize. The weed control was greatly influenced by the interaction of both parameters rather than only row spacing or the plant density factor. The results showed that the reduced spacing and high crop population decreased the presence of weeds in the maize crop.
Experimental study of the effect of limestone grading on some mechanical properties of concrete

This study reports the experimental work undertaken to investigate the optimum grading of limestone to be used in concrete mixes. 36 concrete cubes were prepared for testing. Four different Fineness Moduli and grading were tested 2.4, 2.6, 2.92 and 3. For all tests, the cubes were left in curing until testing at the age of 3, 7 and 28 days respectively. Samples were loaded to failure and the average compressive strength was used for comparison purposes. Flow table test has been performed on the fresh concrete directly after mixing to measure workability and the average of the maximum concrete spread parallel to the two edges of the table was recorded. Results revealed that the optimum Fineness Modulus for the limestone to be used as fine aggregate in the concrete mix to get maximum compressive strength is 2.78. The flow table tests revealed an increment in the workability of fresh concrete with higher Fineness Modulus of limestone used in the concrete mix as fine aggregate. The workability of the optimum Fineness Modulus, 2.78, was found to be 412 mm which is a mix with considerable workability. An ideal grading has been recommended in this research study and checked to match the ASTM grading requirements for fine aggregate.
Pre-Task Planning Time Strategies for the Production of Request and Refusal Speech Acts in L2 English

There is a growing consensus that implementation of planning time exerts an effect on oral speech production oflearners. Research has yet to find out what strategies are used by learners in oral speech production. To contribute tothis ongoing debate, the present study examined activation of sociopragmatic, pragmalinguistic, and contentknowledge strategies employed by learners in pre-task planning time to produce answers. Ten M.A. students andPh.D. candidates majoring in TEFL gave their answers to oral request and refusal DCTs through think-aloudprotocol. The results revealed that the pre-task planning time caused the participants to activate a high degree ofsociopragmatic, pragmalinguistic, and content knowledge awareness. Therefore, implementation of planning time inspeaking tests may help individuals to produce more fluent and socially appropriate utterances.
Demography of the lizard Sceloporus grammicus: exploring temporal variation in population dynamics

We conducted a 5 year demographic study in one population of the viviparous lizard Sceloporus grammicus Wiegmann, 1828 in central Mexico. The population was structured in three size classes (juveniles, small adults, and asymptotic adults) for which we estimated annual survival and fecundity rates. A population projection matrix was con- structed for each annual transition. All of them resulted in finite rates of population growth (l) that, although variable from year to year (from 0.808 to 1.065), were not significantly different than unity, indicating population stability. Elastic- ity analysis revealed that survival staying in the same size class was the demographic process that made the greatest con- tribution to l values in most years. Similarly, the stasis of large adults was the vital rate with the highest relative importance for population persistence. To incorporate the observed yearly variation in long-term population projections, we used a mean matrix, a stochastic simulation, and a resampling procedure. All these resulted in long-term population growth rates that were not significantly different than unity. Our results indicate overall demographic stability for the studied population of S. grammicus. Resume´ : Nous avons meneune etude demographique de 5 ans sur une population du lezard vivipare Sceloporus grammi- cus Wiegmann, 1828 dans le centre du Mexique. La population est structuree en trois classes de taille (jeunes, petits adultes, adultes de taille asymptotique) pour lesquelles nous avons estimeles taux annuels de survie et de fecondite ´. Nous avons construit une matrice demographique de projection pour chaque transition annuelle. Toutes les matrices donnent des taux reels de croissance de la population (l) qui, bien que variables d'une anneeal'autre (de 0,808 a 1,065), ne different pas significativement de 1, ce qui indique une population stable. Une analyse d'elasticitemontre que la survie des indi- vidus qui restent dans la meme classe de taille est le processus demographique qui contribue le plus aux valeurs de l la plupart des annees. De meme, la stase des grands adultes est le taux vital qui presente l'importance relative la plus grande pour la persistance de la population. Afin d'incorporer les variations annuelles observees dans les projections demographiques a long terme, nous avons utiliseune matrice moyenne, une simulation stochastique et une procedure de re ´-echantillonnage. Toutes ces methodes ont fourni des taux de croissance de population qui ne different pas significative- ment de l'unite ´. Nos resultats indiquent globalement la stabilitedemographique de la population de S. grammicus que nous avons etudiee. (Traduit par la Redaction)
High-frequency full-wave analysis of interconnects with inhomogeneous dielectrics through an enhance

The paper deals with the inclusion of inhomogeneous dielectrics in a full-wave transmission line model for high-frequency analysis of interconnects. This “enhanced” transmission line model is derived from a full-wave integral formulation of the electromagnetic problem, and the inclusion of dielectrics is performed by an accurate semi-analytical evaluation of the Green functions for layered planar structures. The resulting model has a computational cost typical of a TL model but is able to perform a full-wave analysis in frequency ranges where the standard TL model may no longer be used. Moreover, as shown in the proposed examples, the model gives the possibility to investigate separately several phenomena affecting the high-frequency behavior of interconnects, like losses in dielectrics, unwanted radiation and excitation of parasitic modes.
On a problem in simultaneous Diophantine approximation: Schmidt’s conjecture

For any i;j > 0 with i + j = 1, let Bad(i;j) denote the set of points (x;y) 2 R 2 for which maxfkqxk 1=i ; kqyk 1=j g > c=q for all q 2 N. Here c = c(x;y) is a positive constant. Our main result implies that any nite intersection of such sets has full dimension. This settles a conjecture of Wolfgang M. Schmidt in the theory of simultaneous Diophantine approximation.
How accurate is MRI in prediction of musculoskeletal tumors -A prospective evaluation

Background: To determine the accuracy of MRI in determining the characteristics of musculoskeletal tumors, [including both skeletal (primary/secondary) and soft tissue tumors] and correlation of MRI findings with histopathological study. Methods: 50 consecutive patients referred to the department of radiodiagnosis, of Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, were included in this study. MRI was performed on 1.5 Tesla superconducting system (MAGNETOM Avanto, Siemens). After localizer sequences, T1W T2W, and STIR images, Fat saturated and post contrast T1W, images were obtained in sagittal, coronal planes, axial planes. Additional sequences like dynamic angiography and spectroscopy were taken when required and when feasible, especially in soft tissue tumors. Results: Features that indicated benignity of soft tissue tumors (under musculo skeletal tumors) are size (< than 6 cm), homogeneity in T2 signal, absence of oedema, necrosis, haemorrhage, fascial penetration, bone changes. Presence of abnormal blood vessels in dynamic angiography, presence of choline peak in spectroscopy was clue to malignancy. A correct histological diagnosis is reached on the basis of imaging studies alone is 66 % of cases. The sensitivity for a MRI diagnosis of bone and soft tissue tumour was 100 % and accuracy was 98 %. Specificity of detecting benignity and malignancy is 94.7%. Conclusion: Diagnosis of musculoskeletal tumors is best made by a combination of clinical and plain picture imaging parameters rather than by any single MR characteristic, except lipomas. When a lesion has a non-specific MR imaging appearance, it is useful to formulate a suitably ordered differential diagnosis based on tumour prevalence, age.
Credit-Worthiness Tests and Interbank Competition

This paper analyzes a competitive credit market where banks use imperfect and independent tests to assess the ability of a potential creditor to repay credit. The banks compete by announcing interest rates at which they will provide credit to those applicants who pass the banks' tests. The proportion of applicants who pass the test of at least one bank increases with the number of banks providing credit, so the average credit-worthiness decreases. It is then shown that in a situation where all banks charge the same interest rate, a bank always has the incentive to undercut in order to improve the average credit-worthiness of its own clientele. This feature represents the major difference from the situations in standard Bertrand and Bertrand-Edgeworth models. Copyright 1990 by The Econometric Society.
Impact of Liquidity Level on the Monetary Policy Transmission Effectiveness of the Moroccan Central Bank (Bank Al Maghrib)

In the context of international financial crisis, this paper aims to analyze the impact of the liquidity level on the monetary policy transmission effectiveness of the Moroccan Central Bank (Bank Al Maghrib, BAM). After a long period of liquidity excess, the Moroccan banking system through, since 2007, a liquidity shortage that forces BAM to inject a regular and massive quantity of liquidity. Thus, to evaluate the influence of liquidity level on the monetary policy transmission effectiveness of Bank Al Maghrib, we apply a VAR modeling over the period 1998-2012, by distinguishing the period of liquidity excess and liquidity shortage and using two types of liquidity indicators. Our results show that in an excess liquidity period the monetary policy transmission would be less efficient, especially in the longer term. Instead, a liquidity shortage situation makes it more effective.
Protective Effect of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) Water Extract Against Nephrotoxicity Induced by Cisplatin of Male Rats

The present study was conducted in order to examine the protective effect of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) water extract (LGWE) against nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin of male Albino rats. Thirty five adult male Albino rats weighing between 120-140g were randomly separated into five different groups (7rats each). Groupl was a normal control group (-ve), fed on basal diet. Group 2 was the positive control group (+ve) fed on basal diet for 6 weeks and then injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with a single dose of cisplatin 5mg/kg of body weight. Groups 3, 4 and 5 fed the same as group2 and received 5, 7.5 and 10% lemon grass water extract, respectively, for 6 weeks and then injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with the same dose of cisplatin. Five days later all rats in all groups were sacrificed and the blood was collected for biochemical and histopathological investigations. Cisplatin treatment caused significantly increase in serum malondialdehyde, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine as well as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase (p<0.05) in +ve control group compared to —ve control group. Rats which were fed LGWE (groups 3, 4 and 5) showed marked reduction in the same biochemical investigations compared to +ve control group. Reduced glutathione (GSH), serum sodium and potassium mean values were decreased in +ve control group compared to —ve control rats. Feeding LGWE in groups 3, 4 and 5 showed a rise in the same biochemical parameters compared to +ve control group. 2, 2-Dipheny1-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), half maximal inhibitory concentration (ICH) and total phenolic content of lemon grass was assayed. Parallel to the above mentioned changes, cisplatin treatment enhances renal damage as evidenced by sharp impairment of kidney function corresponds to biochemical parameters and histopathological findings. Additionally, feeding LGWE caused gradually histopathological improvement in renal tissues in groups 3, 4 and 5. These results of this present study indicated that aqueous extracts of Cymbopogon citratus has antinephrotoxic properties against cisplatin induced renal oxidative damage in rats which might be ascribed to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging property. According to these above results, it is recommended to conduct further studies on the use of LGWE and possible protection of human beings against nephrotoxicity.
Quasar Astrophysics with the Space Interferometry Mission

Abstract Precision optical astrometry of quasars and active galaxies can provide important insight into the spatial distribution and variability of emission in compact nuclei. SIM — the Space Interferometry Mission — will be the first optical interferometer capable of precision astrometry on quasars. Although it is not expected to resolve the emission, it will be very sensitive to astrometric shifts, for objects as faint as R magnitude 20. In its wide-angle mode, SIM will yield 4 microarcsecond absolute positions, and proper motions to about 2 microarcsecond/yr. A variety of AGN phenomena are expected to be visible to SIM on these scales, including time and spectral dependence in position offsets between accretion disk and jet emission. SIM should be able to answer the following questions. Does the most compact optical emission from an AGN come from an accretion disk or from a relativistic jet? Do the relative positions of the radio core and optical photocentre of quasars used for the reference frame tie change on the timescales of their photometric variability? Do the cores of galaxies harbour binary supermassive black holes remaining from galaxy mergers? In this paper we briefly describe the operation of SIM and the quasar measurements it will make. We estimate the size of the astrometric signatures which may be expected, and we discuss prospects for using astrometry as a fundamental tool for understanding quasar nuclei.
End-User Attitudes toward EDM Use in Construction Project Work: Case Study

This paper reports on a cross-sectional case study of a large construction project in which electronic document management (EDM) was used. Attitudes toward EDM from the perspective of individual end-users were investigated. Responses from a survey were combined with data from system usage log files to obtain an overview of attitudes prevalent in different user segments of the total population of 334 users. The survey was followed by semistructured interviews with representative users. A strong majority of users from all segments of the project group considered EDM as a valuable aid in their work processes, despite certain functional limitations of the system used and the complexity of the information mass. Based on the study a model describing the key factors affecting end-user EDM adoption is proposed. The model draws on insight from earlier studies of EDM enabled projects and theoretical frameworks on technology acceptance and success of information systems, as well as the insights gained from the case study.