Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contract duration and player performance in Serie

1. Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between players’ contract duration and their productivity in the professional football. The underlying theoretical ideas relate to moral hazard and shirking behaviour. We explore the links between players’ contract duration and their productivity in Italian Serie A. Specifically, the focus of the paper is to see whether or not the length of a contract has an effect of player’s performance during the period of that contract. Using an unbalanced panel of 1574 player-observations from the Italian Serie A that cover seven seasons (2000-01, 2001-02, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2006-07, 2008-09, 2009-10), we examine how players performance – measured by an objective player performance index – varies with the number of years left under contract. We find robust evidence that players performance significantly decreases in the last year of a contract. This finding contrasts with the literature suggesting that moral hazard is widespread in football. An explanation for our findings is assortative (and efficient) job matching in professional football. The most productive players are given new contract offers prior to expiry while less productive players are allowed to run down their contracts to their termination dates. JEL: L83
Stock return anomalies: Evidence from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the presence of stock return anomalies for stocks listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, covering the period from 1985 to 2010. Explanatory variables include market capitalization, book-to-market equity ratio, momentum in stock returns, net share issues, yield-to-book equity ratio, accrual of operational assets and growth in total assets. It is demonstrated that the sorted returns approach, compared to either correlation or regression analysis, provides much more detailed information regarding the relationships between explanatory variables and stock returns. We find that the anomalous behaviour of stocks on the JSE is in many respects similar to the behaviour observed by Fama and French on the NYSE, and that anomalous return behaviour is still present after compensating for risk. Different types of anomalous behaviour are present within different stock size categories. This study provides further evidence against accepting the EMH in its strong or semi-strong form, as the information used is all publicly available.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF CYCLIN D1 AND KI 67 IN PREMALIGNANT AND MALIGNANT PROSTATIC LESIONS.

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF CYCLIN D1 AND KI 67 IN PREMALIGNANT AND MALIGNANT PROSTATIC LESIONS. Samia M. Gabal MD1, Samar A. El Sheikh M.D1, Hala M. El-hanbuli MD2, Maram M. Ayoub, M.B. B.Ch2. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University1 and Fayoum University2, Egypt.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF PHASE I PERIODONTAL THERAPIES ON SERUM LIPID PROFILE IN PATIENTS WITH GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS

Recent studies have shown that periodontal infections are associated with atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Hypercholesterolemia, particularly elevations in serum levels of LDL and triglycerides appear to be the major risk factors for atherosclerosis. Experiments carried out on animals have also demonstrated the relationship between periodontitis and hyperlipidemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of phase I periodontal therapies, including education of hygiene, scaling and root planing on decreased serum levels of triglycerides and cholesterol in patients with generalized periodontitis. In this case-control study, 40 patients with moderate generalized periodontitis, who had referred to a dental clinic during 6 months (from September 23, 2013 to March 20, 2014), were selected (20 subjects as the intervention group and 20 subjects as the control group). After a thorough explanation about the type of research, an informed and written consent was obtained from all patients. For all patients before periodontal treatment, the following were measured and recorded: Plaque index, probing depth, bleeding on probing, analysis of adhesion as well as total cholesterol levels, high density cholesterol (HDL) levels and low-density cholesterol (LDL) levels. Then, the intervention group received periodontal treatment and oral hygiene instruction. Approximately 1 week after periodontal treatment, blood lipids levels were again measured. Lipid testing was simultaneously performed for the control group as well. For statistical data analysis, the SPSS software Ver. 16 and the statistical paired-t test were used. The first phase of periodontal therapy in cases led to reduced levels of triglycerides and cholesterol compared to the situation before treatment (P 0.05). In the control group, the mean levels of triglycerides, cholesterol and its components showed no differences at the end of the study compared to the values before the treatment (P > 0.05). Based on the findings in this study, it can be concluded that the first phase of periodontal treatments associated with oral hygiene can reduce periodontal infection, and thus leads to reduced serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Since hyperlipidemia can increase the risk of developing arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, control of localized infections such as periodontal infections is important.
Mechanisms of virus dissemination in bone marrow of 3 HIV-1 – infected humanized BLT mice 4 5 6

1 2 Mechanisms of virus dissemination in bone marrow of 3 HIV-1–infected humanized BLT mice 4 5 6 Mark S. Ladinsky, Wannisa Khamaikawin , Yujin Jung, Samantha Lin, Jennifer Lam, 7 Dong Sung An, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Collin Kieffer 8 9 10 Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 11 CA 91125, USA. 12 13 School of Nursing, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 14 188 BSRB, 615 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA 15 16 Present address: Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 17 Bangkok 10520, Thailand 18
Influence of Plant Population Density on Growth and Yield of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni L.)

Objective: An experiment was conducted at Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center in the production season of 2013/14 and 2014/15 with the objective of identifying the best combination of intra and inter-row spacing for optimum plant population density of stevia. Methods: The experiment was conducted using five intra-row spacing (20cm, 25cm, 30cm, 35cm, and 40cm) and three inter-row spacing (40cm, 50cm and 60cm) with total treatment combination of fifteen that were laid out in factorial RCBD design with three replications. In 2013/14 cropping season the maximum fresh leaf weight (19467kg ha-1), fresh above-ground biomass (25002kg ha-1) and dry leaf weigh (7834kg ha-1) were obtained from the combined pacing of 20cm intra-row and 40cm inter-row spacing. In 2014/15 cropping season, the maximum fresh leaf weight (16470.1 kg ha-1) and (14433.9kg ha-1), fresh above-ground biomass (27547kg ha-1) and (23619.8kg ha-1) and dry leaf weight (4773.7 kg ha-1) and (4314.0 kg ha-1) were obtained from 20cm intra-row and 40cm inter-row spacing respectively. Results: Although the study showed that the highest Stevia herbage yield per unit area was recorded from the combined spacing of 20cm intra-row and 40cm inter-row spacing, considering the difficult condition we met during weeding and watering, we, therefore; suggest that the best combined intra-row and inter-row spacing for Stevia is 25cm x 40cm to attain maximum yield under appropriate management conditions at Wondo genet and similar locations.
Quasar 2175 Å dust absorbers – II. Correlation analysis and relationship with other absorption line systems

We present the cold neutral content (H I and C I gas) of 13 quasar 2175 \AA$ $ dust absorbers (2DAs) at $z$ = 1.6 - 2.5 to investigate the correlation between the presence of the UV extinction bump with other physical characteristics. These 2DAs were initially selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys I - III and followed up with the Keck-II telescope and the Multiple Mirror Telescope as detailed in our Paper I. We perform a correlation analysis between metallicity, redshift, depletion level, velocity width, and explore relationships between 2DAs and other absorption line systems. The 2DAs on average have higher metallicity, higher depletion levels, and larger velocity widths than Damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorbers (DLAs) or subDLAs. The correlation between [Zn/H] and [Fe/Zn] or [Zn/H] and log$\Delta$V$_{90}$ can be used as alternative stellar mass estimators based on the well-established mass-metallicity relation. The estimated stellar masses of the 2DAs in this sample are in the range of $\sim$ 10$^9$ to $\sim$2 $\times$ 10$^{11}$ $M_{\odot}$ with a median value of $\sim$2 $\times$ 10$^{10}$ $M_{\odot}$. The relationship with other quasar absorption line systems can be described as (1) 2DAs are a subset of Mg II and Fe II absorbers, (2) 2DAs are preferentially metal-strong DLAs/subDLAs, (3) More importantly, all of the 2DAs show C I detections with logN(C I) $>$ 14.0 cm$^{-2}$, (4) 2DAs can be used as molecular gas tracers. Their host galaxies are likely to be chemically enriched, evolved, massive (more massive than typical DLA/subDLA galaxies), and presumably star-forming galaxies.
The Recovery Curve of Soleus and Gastrocnemius H-Reflex After Applying Tripolar Electrical Stimulation on the Anesthetized Skin of Vertebral Column: An Emphasis on the Early and Secondary Facilitation Phases

Introduction: Computer modeling studies have shown that depolarization of the posterior and anterior root fibers can be achieved by surface tripolar electrical stimulation. This study investigated the soleus and gastrocnemius H-reflex recovery curve after applying tripolar electrical stimulation on the anesthetized skin of vertebral column. We emphasized on the early and secondary facilitation phases of the H-reflex recovery curve. Material and Methods: A total of 15 healthy nonathletic female volunteers (mean±SD age: 27.20±3.17 years) were enrolled in this study. H-reflex recovery curves of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles were recorded before skin anesthesia and then 15 minutes after it (with lidocaine 10%) and finally after application of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator (TENS) or placebo TENS (TENS on/off). Tripolar TENS with pulse width of 300 µs, frequency of 80 Hz and intensity of 1.5 times of the sensory threshold was used for 15 minutes at the level of T11. To record the H-reflex recovery curve, 34 paired stimuli were used with the intensity of 30% H max and interstimulus intervals between 1 and 202 ms. After drawing the H-reflex recovery curve, amplitude, slope, area under the curve, and threshold of the early and secondary facilitation phases were calculated. Results: After application of topical lidocaine, the sensory threshold of the skin vertebral column increased significantly. Fifteen minutes after applying local anesthesia, peak amplitude, slope, and area under the curve of the early facilitation phase significantly decreased in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. After tripolar TENS application on the anesthetized skin of vertebral column, the slope of the early facilitation phase decreased significantly in the soleus (P=0.047). Also, area under the curve of the secondary facilitation phase significantly increased in both muscles. Conclusion: These findings suggest the excitatory effect of skin anesthesia on the motoneurons activities. Changing the H-reflex recovery curve after application of tripolar TENS on the anesthetized skin may confirm deep penetration of this type of electrical stimulation.
On the relation between ‘true’ numbers of Northeast Arctic cod and VPA- or survey-based abundance estimates

When assessing Northeast Arctic cod it is assumed that the estimates of numbers at age generated by a converged VPA type analysis are equal, on average, to the true numbers at age. Based on fishery independent survey data, we show that it is likely that the converged VPA estimates are biased, especially so for small cohorts. The probable cause of this bias is either inaccurate catch data including erroneous age readings and/or using the wrong functional form in the VPA tuning procedure. We provide evidence that it is appropriate to assume that the expected survey-based estimates are proportional to actual abundance. Therefore, we suggest that proportionality should be assumed for all ages when calculating survey catchability (i.e. in the VPA tuning procedure) or using the survey to estimate abundance directly. Since the converged VPA estimates of small cohorts seem to have a relatively high bias compared with those for large cohorts, only the converged VPA estimates for large cohorts should be used in the tuning process. This will not eliminate the bias in the VPA estimates caused by the tuning procedure, but it should reduce it.
Shoestring: Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Classification With Severely Limited Labeled Data

Graph-based semi-supervised learning has been shown to be one of the most effective classification approaches, as it can exploit connectivity patterns between labeled and unlabeled samples to improve learning performance. However, we show that existing techniques perform poorly when labeled data are severely limited. To address the problem of semi-supervised learning in the presence of severely limited labeled samples, we propose a new framework, called {\em Shoestring}, that incorporates metric learning into the paradigm of graph-based semi-supervised learning. In particular, our base model consists of a graph embedding network, followed by a metric learning network that learns a semantic metric space to represent the semantic similarity between the sparsely labeled and large numbers of unlabeled samples. Then the classification can be performed by clustering the unlabeled samples according to the learned semantic space. We empirically demonstrate Shoestring's superiority over many baselines, including graph convolutional networks, label propagation and their recent label-efficient variations (IGCN and GLP). We show that our framework achieves state-of-the-art performance for node classification in the low-data regime. In addition, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework on image classification tasks in the few-shot learning regime, with significant gains on miniImageNet ($2.57\%\sim3.59\%$) and tieredImageNet ($1.05\%\sim2.70\%$).
Pharmaceutical discovery as a complex system of decisions Œ Emergence: Complexity and Organization

In an article to appear shortly (McCarthy et al., 2006) the NPD process has been shown to be a complex adaptive system. In earlier articles (Allen & Ebeling, 1983; Allen, 2001; Allen & Strathern, 2005) the theory behind the emergent nature of the innovation and the new product development process has been presented and discussed, linking it to the inherent uncertainties involved in system instabilities when new dimensions and descriptors are turned on. This is the fuzzy front end of the innovation process and corresponds in practice to “the period between when an opportunity is first considered and when an idea is judged ready for development” (Kim & Wilemon, 2002). In the fuzzy front end, ambiguity about the performance of the idea prevails, preventing it from being transferred to development where it becomes increasingly expensive to rework or kill non-performing product ideas as one proceeds through the process (Verganti, 1997; Thomke & Fujimoto, 2000).
The transition period for a dairy cow is from two to three weeks prepartum until two to three weeks postpartum

The transition period for a dairy cow begins two to three weeks prepartum and continues until two to three weeks postpartum. The term transition is to underscore the important physiological, metabolic and nutritional changes occurring in this time frame. It constitutes a turning point in the productive cycle of the cow from one lactation to the next. The manner in which these changes occur and how they are managed are of great importance as they are closely linked to clinical and subclinical postpartum diseases that can significantly affect productivity and profitability.
Assessment of psychosocial factors at work: A systematic review

This paper presents a systematic review of Brazilian and international studies on the assessment of psychosocial factors, published between 2009 and 2015, with emphasis on the analysis of assessment instruments. One of the main interests of this review was to identify, in the published articles, the use of principles of Positive Psychology in the analysis of factors of prevention, promotion and health protection of workers. A total of 5,724 articles were found. Articles that were repeated or not written in Portuguese, English or Spanish were excluded. Thus, after analysis, 410 articles remained. Of these, 69 articles that dealt directly with the evaluation of psychosocial factors at work were selected. Most studies address the pathogenesis of psychosocial factors, but there is increasing number of studies that combine the analyses of pathogenic factors with motivational factors in health promotion and in the study of preserved positive aspects. We found that although the findings indicate an incipient movement concerning some protective factors (social support, creativity, engagement, etc.), there are still few studies in the Positive Psychology approach. We suggest that further studies test integrative theoretical models or stressors and motivational factors to deepen the understanding of the protective factors and positive aspects associated with psychosocial factors at work.
Diving by wintering Black Ducks: an assessment of atypical foraging

The American Black Duck Anas rubripes usually feeds by tipping up or dabbling although it has also been reported to dive in deeper water (Kutz 1940; Kear & Johnsgard 1968), especially during winter when shallow water freezes. Bourget & Chapdelaine (1975) argued that diving is in­ efficient for surface feeding ducks but they did not quantify the success of this foraging technique. We compared several aspects of diving and tipping up by Black Ducks to determine if the success of these foraging techniques differed, and if so, to examine the factors that contributed to the difference.
Summertime herbivory of coastal mesozooplankton and metazoan microplankton in the northern Baltic

Size-specific grazing by the coastal zooplankton community in the northern Baltic was studied during the summer. Experiments on grazing by mesozooplankton and metazoan microplankton, fractionated by filtration through 140 and 40 pm mesh, were carried out in the laboratory with two '4C-labelled algae cultures, Brachiomonas submarina (size 10 to 15 pm) and Pavlova lutheri (size 4 to 6 pm). Zooplankton grazing on 2 size groups ( > l 0 pm and 2 to 10 pm) of naturally occurring phytoplankton was also estimated. Mesozooplankton was composed of copepods Acartia spp. and Eurytemora affin~s, the cladoceran Bosn~ina longispina maritlrna, rotifers Synchaeta spp. and meroplankton; metazoan microplankton consisted mostly of copepod nauplii and rotifers. IvIesozooplankton had greater biomass and higher community clearance rate (CCR) when feeding on B. submarina than had metazoan microplankton. For mesozooplankton, the CCR on B. submarina was dependent on successional changes of total biomass of copepods and cladocerans, whereas the CCR on P. lutheri was variable, probably because of less efficient grazing by copepods. The CCR of metazoan microplankton on the test algae was variable and unpredictable, possibly because of the varying biomass specific clearance rates (BSCR) of rotifers and different naupliar stages of copepods. The mean CCR on P. lutheri did not differ between mesozooplankton and metazoan mlcroplankton, because of the higher mean BSCR of the latter. The daily grazing of mesozooplankton on naturally occurring phytoplankton was estimated to average 9% of the daily primary production when rotifers, meroplankton or copepods were predominant, but 42% when B. longispina maritima was predominant. The integrated grazing of the mesozooplankton and metazoan microzooplankton was estimated to account for 13 and 6%, respectively, of primary production during summer.
VALIDATION OF JAEGER OXYCON MOBILE PORTABLE METABOLIC SYSTEM.

INTRODUCTION The use of portable metabolic systems has increased during field tests. Thus, the objective of this study was to carry out a validation of Jaeger Oxycon Mobile (OM) portable metabolic system, taking as gold standar the automated metabolic system Jaeger Oxycon Pro (OP), which validity has been demonstrated previously (1). MATERIAL AND METHODS Six subjects participated voluntary in the study. The experimental protocol consisted of two incremental tests on a treadmill with a stepped protocol (2 min for each step) between 11 and 17 Km/h. One or other system was used in each test, in random order, and tests were carried out with one day rest among them. During each step of speed, data for VO2, VCO2, VE and RER were averaged every 15 seconds for its later analysis. The differences in the measures for VO2, VCO2, VE and RER were evaluated with a tStudent test for related samples. To check the validity for OM, Bland and Altman’s procedure were followed (2). The significance level was fixed at p<0,05. RESULTS All subjects reached a maximum speed of 17 Km/h in both tests, what confirms its reproductibility. The comparision of means showed significant differences for VO2 between 12 and 17 Km/h when both systems were compared. In the same way, significant differences were observed for RER in all speeds except at 11 Km/h. VCO2 showed a tendency to be overestimated by OM, but significant differences were not observed. Likewise, VE didn’t show significant differences for any speed. Bias for VO2 and RER were 411,65 ± 267,5 ml/min and -0,12 ± 0,06 respectively when data were treated in all. These differences represented a mean error of 8,9 and 12% respectively. For VCO2 and VE, bias were lower, 39,43 ± 212,6 ml/min and -1,26 ± 8,46 L/min. DISCUSSION The main result of this study showed a OM systematic error in the measurement of VO2 and RER. Since VE didn’t show significant differences in any case, we can assume that the Triple V R © (i. e. volume measurement) makes correct and reliable measures, so the differences found for VO2 could be related with to the different methods used in both devices (3). Our results are consistent with those presented by Perret and Mueller (3), but our bias are larger. This disagreement can be due to the differences in the ergometer used, treadmill in our case. Thus, we conclude that OM makes systematic errors that could be corrected with regression analisys to obtain comparable measurements until manufacturer improve software and hardware. REFERENCES 1. Foss O, Hallen, J. Validity and stability of a computerized metabolic system with mixing chamber. Int J Sports Med. 2005 Sep; 26(7): 569-75. 2. Bland JM, Altman, DG. Statistical methods for assesing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986 Feb; 1(8476): 307-10. 3. Perret C, Mueller G. Validation of a new portable ergospirometric device (Oxycon Mobile) during exercise. Int J Sports Med. 2006 May; 27(5): 363-7.