Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A laboratory method for determination of anaerobic energy expenditure during sprinting.

Highly trained sprinters, marathon runners and untrained male control subjects were studied during treadmill sprinting. After confirming a workload which elicited exhaustion in just over a minute (mean time to exh. = 64.6 +/- 2.5 sec.), each subject performed sprints of 15, 30, 45 and 60 seconds duration in order that their energy expenditure could be segmented per 15-sec. of sprinting time. During every sprint, O2 consumption was recorded by closed-circuit spirometry. Following each sprint, serial 30-sec. venous blood samples were drawn in order to determine the peak lactate concentration. Energy expenditure was therefore determined as follows: i) aerobic energy from increments in O2 uptake, expressed in Kcal; ii) lactacid energy from increments in peak lactate, with the difference between peaks utilized to calculate the anaerobic glycolytic contribution to that 15-sec. segment, expressed in Kcal according to Margaria; iii) alactacid energy, expended over the initial 15-sec. segments, from the difference between the total energy requirement per 15-sec. less the measured aerobic plus the lactacid contributions. The sprinters expended the greatest (p less than .05) anaerobic energy (46.2 +/- 5.1 Kcal) when compared to either the marathoners (31.6 +/- 5.7 Kcal) or controls (33.0 +/- 1.6 Kcal). The athletic groups demonstrated superior alactacid energy (sprinters = 21.4 +/- 4.4 Kcal; marathoners = 15.8 +/- 2.3 Kcal), both expending a substantial amount of energy from this source (20%) past 30-sec. In contrast, over the initial 30-sec. of sprinting, the control subjects had depleted their alactacid energy (12.2 +/- 3.3 Kcal). Only minor differences were observed in aerobic energy expenditure between the three subject groups throughout the sprint to exhaustion.
Effect of Coordination Function on Strategy Implementation in County Government of Kwale,Kenya

xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Background of the Study . 1 1.1.1 Coordination Function . 2 1.1.2 Strategy Implementation . 4 1.1.3 County Government of Kwale . 5 1.2 Research Problem . 5 1.3 Research Objective . 9 1.4 Value of the Study . 9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW . 10 2.
Alteration of protein profile in rat liver of animals exposed to subacute diazinon: A proteomic approach

Diazinon, an organophosphorus insecticide, is employed to control pests in agriculture. Diazinon may contaminate the environment during the manufacturing process or agricultural application. Previous studies have revealed that diazinon may induce alteration in the protein profile of the liver. Here, a proteomics approach was used to investigate the effects on the protein profile in the liver of rats of subacute oral exposures at 15 mg/kg of diazinon. Liver proteins were separated using 2D‐PAGE, and stained by MS‐compatible silver staining and/or the fluorescent SYPRO® Ruby protein gel stain. Gels were scanned and analyzed using the Image Master software. Differentially displayed protein species were identified using MALDI‐TOF/TOF and MASCOT software. Significantly altered protein species were identified to be involved in apoptosis, cell metabolism, transport, and antioxidant systems. Exposure to diazinon decreased levels of some species of catalase, peroxiredoxin‐6, 3‐ketoacyl‐CoA thiolase, and glucose regulated protein78, whereas the level of protein disulfide‐isomerase A3 increased. Our results suggested that diazinon may induce hepatotoxicity through oxidative stress, apoptosis, and metabolic disorders in rat liver.
The mengovirus leader protein blocks interferon‐α/β gene transcription and inhibits activation of interferon regulatory factor 3

Viral infection of mammalian cells triggers the synthesis and secretion of type I interferons (i.e. IFN‐α/β), which induce the transcription of genes that cause cells to adopt an antiviral state. Many viruses have adapted mechanisms to evade IFN‐α/β‐mediated responses. The leader protein of mengovirus, a picornavirus, has been implicated as an IFN‐α/β antagonist. Here, we show that the leader inhibits the transcription of IFN‐α/β and that both the presence of a zinc finger motif in its N‐terminus and phosphorylation of threonine‐47 are required for this function. Transcription of IFN‐α/β genes relies on the activity of a number of transcription factors, including interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF‐3). We show that the leader interferes with the transactivation activity of IRF‐3 by interfering with its dimerization. Accordingly, mutant viruses with a disturbed leader function were impaired in their ability to suppress IFN‐α/β transcription in vivo. By consequence, the leader mutant viruses had an impaired ability to replicate and spread in normal mice but not in IFNAR‐KO mice, which are incapable of mounting an IFN‐α/β‐dependent antiviral response. These results suggest that the leader, by suppressing IRF3‐mediated IFN‐α/β production, plays an important role in replication and dissemination of mengovirus in its host.
Evolution of the chelicera: a dachshund domain is retained in the deutocerebral appendage of Opiliones (Arthropoda, Chelicerata)

The proximo‐distal axis of the arthropod leg is patterned by mutually antagonistic developmental expression domains of the genes extradenticle, homothorax, dachshund, and Distal‐less. In the deutocerebral appendages (the antennae) of insects and crustaceans, the expression domain of dachshund is frequently either absent or, if present, is not required to pattern medial segments. By contrast, the dachshund domain is entirely absent in the deutocerebral appendages of spiders, the chelicerae. It is unknown whether absence of dachshund expression in the spider chelicera is associated with the two‐segmented morphology of this appendage, or whether all chelicerates lack the dachshund domain in their chelicerae. We investigated gene expression in the harvestman Phalangium opilio, which bears the plesiomorphic three‐segmented chelicera observed in “primitive” chelicerate orders. Consistent with patterns reported in spiders, in the harvestman chelicera homothorax, extradenticle, and Distal‐less have broadly overlapping developmental domains, in contrast with mutually exclusive domains in the legs and pedipalps. However, unlike in spiders, the harvestman chelicera bears a distinct expression domain of dachshund in the proximal segment, the podomere that is putatively lost in derived arachnids. These data suggest that a tripartite proximo‐distal domain structure is ancestral to all arthropod appendages, including deutocerebral appendages. As a corollary, these data also provide an intriguing putative genetic mechanism for the diversity of arachnid chelicerae: loss of developmental domains along the proximo‐distal axis.
Comparative study of the metabolism of drug substrates by human cytochrome P450 3A4 expressed in bacterial, yeast and human lymphoblastoid cells

1. The aim was to compare the metabolic activity of human CYP3A4 expressed in bacteria (E. coli), yeast (S. cerevisiae) and human lymphoblastoid cells (hBl), with the native CYP3A4 activity observed in a panel of human livers. 2. Three CYP3A4 substrates were selected for study: dextromethorphan (DEM), midazolam (MDZ) and diazepam (DZ). The substrate metabolism in each of the four systems was characterized by deriving the kinetic parameters Km or S50, Vmax and intrinsic clearance (CLint) or maximum clearance (CLmax) from the kinetic profiles; the latter differing by 100-fold across the three substrates. 3. The Km or S50 for the formation of metabolites 3-methoxymorphinan (MEM), 1'-hydroxymidazolam (1'-OH MDZ) and 3-hydroxydiazepam (3HDZ) compared well in all systems. For CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of DEM, MDZ and DZ, the Vmax for hBl microsomes were generally 2-9-fold higher than the respective yeast and human liver microsomes and E. coli membrane preparations, resulting in greater CLint or CLmax. In the case of 3HDZ formation, non-linear kinetics were observed for E. coli, hBl microsomes and human liver microsomes, whereas the kinetics observed for S. cerevisiae were linear. 4. The use of native human liver microsomes for drug metabolic studies will always be preferable. However, owing to the limited availability of human tissues, we find it is reasonable to use any of the recombinant systems described herein, since all three recombinant systems gave good predictions of the native human liver enzyme activities.
Dock mediates Scar- and WASp-dependent actin polymerization through interaction with cell adhesion molecules in founder cells and fusion-competent myoblasts

Summary The formation of the larval body wall musculature of Drosophila depends on the asymmetric fusion of two myoblast types, founder cells (FCs) and fusion-competent myoblasts (FCMs). Recent studies have established an essential function of Arp2/3-based actin polymerization during myoblast fusion, formation of a dense actin focus at the site of fusion in FCMs, and a thin sheath of actin in FCs and/or growing muscles. The formation of these actin structures depends on recognition and adhesion of myoblasts that is mediated by cell surface receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily. However, the connection of the cell surface receptors with Arp2/3-based actin polymerization is poorly understood. To date only the SH2-SH3 adaptor protein Crk has been suggested to link cell adhesion with Arp2/3-based actin polymerization in FCMs. Here, we propose that the SH2-SH3 adaptor protein Dock, like Crk, links cell adhesion with actin polymerization. We show that Dock is expressed in FCs and FCMs and colocalizes with the cell adhesion proteins Sns and Duf at cell–cell contact points. Biochemical data in this study indicate that different domains of Dock are involved in binding the cell adhesion molecules Duf, Rst, Sns and Hbs. We emphasize the importance of these interactions by quantifying the enhanced myoblast fusion defects in duf dock, sns dock and hbs dock double mutants. Additionally, we show that Dock interacts biochemically and genetically with Drosophila Scar, Vrp1 and WASp. Based on these data, we propose that Dock links cell adhesion in FCs and FCMs with either Scar– or Vrp1–WASp-dependent Arp2/3 activation.
Glucocorticoids Provoke a Shift from α2‐ to α1‐Adrenoreceptor Activities in Cultured Hypothalamic Slices Leading to Opposite Noradrenaline Effect on Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone Release

Abstract: We have shown previously that noradrenaline (NA) stimulated or inhibited the release of corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) according to the availability of adrenal steroids. The aim of the present work was to examine whether the changes in the NA modulation of CRH release from hypothalamic neurons result from a steroid‐induced plasticity of the adrenergic transduction pathways. From anterior hypothalamic slices cultured in standard medium (i.e., containing adrenal steroids at a final dilution of 61 ± 9 ng/ml), (a) the stimulatory effect of NA on CRH release was reversed in a dose‐dependent manner by increasing concentrations of the α1‐adrenoreceptor antagonist prazosin, (b) activation of protein kinase C by acute treatment with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (0.5 µM, 1 h) mimicked NA stimulation of CRH secretion, and (c) the activation of L‐type Ca2+ channels by Bay K 8644 also produce an increased CRH secretion. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of NA on CRH secretion from slices cultured in steroid‐free medium was markedly reversed by the α2‐adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine, by pretreatment with pertussin toxin, or by the addition of 4‐aminopyridine, a K+‐channel blocker. Acute treatment with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate did not change the inhibitory NA effect. Moreover, all these effects were reversed by daily corticosterone supplementation, for as long as they were tested. These results are consistent with a steroid‐dependent change in the nature of adrenergic receptors and its associated transduction pathways involved in the regulation of CRH secretion in the hypothalamus.
Incidence of lymphomas and other cancers in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients with hemophilia.

OBJECTIVE To determine the types and rates of cancers occurring in excess in the presence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). DESIGN Cohort analytic study of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected subjects followed for up to 12 years. SETTING Fifteen hemophilia treatment centers. PATIENTS A total of 1701 patients with hemophilia, of whom 1065 (63%) were HIV-1 seropositive. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Morphologic classification and incidence rates of cancers. MAIN RESULTS The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after HIV seroconversion averaged 0.15 case per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08 to 0.25) and rose exponentially with increasing duration of HIV infection. Although the greatest absolute risk of lymphoma was in the oldest age group, the relative increase compared with general population rates was 38-fold in subjects 10 to 39 years old and 12-fold in older subjects (P less than .05). The CD4+ T-lymphocyte levels for lymphoma cases were similar to HIV-positive subjects without the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who had been infected for the same length of time. The incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma was increased 200-fold (95% CI, 20 to 700). The incidence of cancers other than non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma were not increased in the HIV-positive subjects (ratio of observed to expected cases, 0.9 [95% CI, 0.4 to 1.9]). The HIV-negative subjects had no significant increase in cancer incidence. CONCLUSIONS HIV infection has restricted effects on cancer incidence that are only partly explained by immunosuppression. Paradoxically, improvements in therapy of HIV infection that prolong survival may lead to further increases in HIV-associated lymphoma.
Sweet's Syndrome Associated With Spinal Surgical Intervention: A Case Report

Study Design. A patient with a medical history of Sweet's Syndrome, an acute neutrophilic dermatosis, was seen at the authors' institution for cervical pain. After undergoing a thorough history‐taking and physical examination and after experiencing no relief with conservative therapy, the patient underwent cervical spine surgery. After the surgical procedure, the patient developed multiple cutaneous lesions that were consistent with the findings associated with an acute recurrence of Sweet's Syndrome. Objectives. To characterize the authors' experience with this unusual histologically documented dermatologic disorder. Summary of Background Data. Sweet's Syndrome is a rare form of neutrophilic dermatosis characterized by recurrent eruptions of painful, edematous, red, tender plaques that are found predominantly on the torso in middle‐aged women. After an extensive literature search, it was noted that this rare and unusual disorder has not been reported previously in association with surgical intervention of any type, including spinal operations. Methods. The patient's postoperative course was documented, and all medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Results. The patient's rash resolved spontaneously. Solid fusion of C5‐C6 occurred. The patient remained neurovascularly intact, and her axial cervical pain decreased significantly from its preoperative levels. Conclusions. Sweet's Syndrome remains a rare dermatologic disorder, which may complicate a routine postoperative course. Patients with Sweet's Syndrome have an exceedingly high rate of other serious medical illness. The effect of Sweet's Syndrome on physiologic bone healing is unknown. In this patient, there was nonunion of the cervical spine, with eventual solid bony union. Perioperatively, patients with this disorder are treated with oral prednisone and oral antibiotics to prevent secondary complications at the surgical wound.
To Test Machine Comprehension, Start by Defining Comprehension

Many tasks aim to measure machine reading comprehension (MRC), often focusing on question types presumed to be difficult. Rarely, however, do task designers start by considering what systems should in fact comprehend. In this paper we make two key contributions. First, we argue that existing approaches do not adequately define comprehension; they are too unsystematic about what content is tested. Second, we present a detailed definition of comprehension—a “Template of Understanding”—for a widely useful class of texts, namely short narratives. We then conduct an experiment that strongly suggests existing systems are not up to the task of narrative understanding as we define it.
Global Commodity Prices and Global Stock Volatility Shocks: Effects Across Countries

This paper investigates the time-varying dynamics of global stock volatility, commodity prices, and domestic output and consumer prices. The main empirical findings of this paper are: (i) stock volatility and commodity price shocks impact each other and the economy in a gradual and endogenous adjustment process; (ii) the impact of a commodity price shock on global stock volatility is far greater during the global financial crisis than at other times; (iii) the effects of global stock volatility on the US output are amplified by the endogenous commodity price responses; (iv) in the long run, shocks to commodity prices (stock market volatility) account for 11.9% (6.6%) and 25.1% (11.6%) of the variation in US output and consumer prices; (v) the effects of global stock volatility shocks on the economy are heterogeneous across nations and relatively larger in the developed countries; (vi) developing/small economies are relatively more vulnerable upon commodity price shocks.
Event‐Related Potentials and the Categorical Perception of Speech Sounds

Objective To determine whether there are physiological correlates of categorical perception. Design Human evoked potentials were recorded in response to computer-modified speech sounds from a nine-stimulus continuum between ha/ and Ida/. In the first experiment, subjects listened to trains composed of 52% ha/ or Ida/ and 6% of each of the other eight stimuli and classified the stimuli as “ban or "da. ” In the second experiment, subjects read a book and ignored trains containing a standard stimulus (p = 80%) and two deviant speech sounds (p = 10% each), one within the same category as the standard and the other across the category-boundary. The third experiment was similar to the first except that the subject was reading. The fourth experiment compared the responses to stimuli that deviated from standards in terms of their phonemic category or intensity. Results An N2-P3 complex was evoked by those stimuli in the more improbable category when the stimuli were attended to in the first experiment. In the second and third experiments, there was a clear mismatch negativity (MMN) for the across-category deviant stimuli when the standard stimulus came from the ha/ end of the continuum. However, when the standard stimulus came from the /da/ end of the continuum, there was no definite MMN. The overall frequency-content of our Ida/ stimulus was broader than that of the ha/ stimulus. A deviant stimulus from the Ida/ end of the continuum thus contained frequencies which were not present in the ha/-standard stimuli and these frequencies could elicit a MMN. In the fourth experiment the MMN evoked by a small change in intensity was much larger than that evoked by a change in phonemic category. Conclusions The N2-P3 complex accurately reflects the phonemic categorization of speech stimuli. The MMN evoked by changes in speech sounds may indicate the detection of acoustic rather than phonetic changes.
Osteosarcoma cell lines display variable individual reactions on wildtype p53 and Rb tumour‐suppressor transgenes

One of the most widely studied gene therapeutic strategies for cancer is the introduction of tumour‐suppressor genes—generally p53—into the target cells. As the genes of p53 and/or retinoblastoma (Rb) are mutated in the major part of osteosarcomas (OS), we aimed to study the effect of p53 and Rb transgenes on a panel of five different osteosarcoma cell lines.
Atopic Background of a Recurrent Papular Eruption of Childhood (Frictional Lichenoid Eruption)

Abstract: Thirty‐five children affected by a recurrent summer and spring papular eruption on the elbows, knees, and backs of the hands were examined retrospectively in order to evaluate the frequency of atopy. It was found that 45.7% were suffering from atopic diseases (atopic eczema, allergic rhinitis, asthma). This high proportion confirms the fact that an underlying atopy may predispose to the occurrence of this dermatosis.
Functional Profiling of Recombinant NS3 Proteases from All Four Serotypes of Dengue Virus Using Tetrapeptide and Octapeptide Substrate Libraries*[boxs]

Regulated proteolysis by the two-component NS2B/NS3 protease of dengue virus is essential for virus replication and the maturation of infectious virions. The functional similarity between the NS2B/NS3 proteases from the four genetically and antigenically distinct serotypes was addressed by characterizing the differences in their substrate specificity using tetrapeptide and octapeptide libraries in a positional scanning format, each containing 130,321 substrates. The proteases from different serotypes were shown to be functionally homologous based on the similarity of their substrate cleavage preferences. A strong preference for basic amino acid residues (Arg/Lys) at the P1 positions was observed, whereas the preferences for the P2-4 sites were in the order of Arg > Thr > Gln/Asn/Lys for P2, Lys > Arg > Asn for P3, and Nle > Leu > Lys > Xaa for P4. The prime site substrate specificity was for small and polar amino acids in P1′ and P3′. In contrast, the P2′ and P4′ substrate positions showed minimal activity. The influence of the P2 and P3 amino acids on ground state binding and the P4 position for transition state stabilization was identified through single substrate kinetics with optimal and suboptimal substrate sequences. The specificities observed for dengue NS2B/NS3 have features in common with the physiological cleavage sites in the dengue polyprotein; however, all sites reveal previously unrecognized suboptimal sequences.
Combined Carbon Monoxide and Cyanide Poisoning: A Place for Treatment?

During fires, victims can inhale significant carbon monoxide (CO) and cyanide (CN) gases, which may cause synergistic toxicity in humans.Oxygen therapy is the specific treatment for CO poisoning, but the treatment of CN toxicity is controversial. To examine the indication for treatment of CN toxicity, we have established a canine model to delineate the natural history of combined CO and CN poisoning. In seven dogs (24 +/- 3 kg), CO gas (201 +/- 43 mL) was administered by closed-circuit inhalation. Then, potassium CN was intravenously (IV) infused (0.072 mg centered dot kg-1 centered dot min-1) for 17.5 +/- 3.0 min. Cardiorespiratory measurements were conducted before and after these toxic challenges. Despite significant CO poisoning (peak carboxyhemoglobin fractions [COHb] = 46% of total hemoglobin [Hb]; elimination t1/2 = 114 +/- 42 min) with attendant decrease in blood O2 content, CO had essentially little effect on any hemodynamic or metabolic variable. On the other hand, CN severely depressed most hemodynamic and metabolic functions. Compared to baseline values, CN caused significant (P < 0.01) decreases in cardiac output (6.4 +/- 2.0 to 3.1 +/- 0.5 L/min) and heart rate (169 +/- 44 to 115 +/- 29 bpm) and decreases in oxygen consumption (VO2) (133 +/- 19 to 69 +/- 21 mL/min) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) (128 +/- 27 to 103 +/- 22 mL/min). However, these critical hemodynamic and metabolic variables recovered to baseline values by 15 min after stopping the CN infusion, except lactic acidosis which persisted for at least 25 min after the CN infusion. The elimination half-life of CN in the blood was 129 min and significant blood [CN] persisted at least 25 min after the CN infusion. We suggest that, after extraction of a victim from a fire, mechanical ventilation alone should facilitate the return of critical body functions, and that the presence of persistent blood [CN] and lactic acidosis indicate the need for specific therapy for CN toxicity. (Anesth Analg 1995;80:671-7)