Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Age at smoking onset and the onset of depression and anxiety disorders.

INTRODUCTION Smoking is a known risk indicator for depression and some of the anxiety disorders. No data are available on the role of age at smoking onset in the development of depression and anxiety disorders. We examined the association of smoking onset age on the onset age of depression and anxiety disorders. METHODS Participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety Disorders who developed psychopathology after starting smoking were selected (N = 1,055). The dependent variable was the time to onset of psychopathology after starting smoking, and the independent variable was age at smoking onset. RESULTS The time period between smoking onset and the onset of depression and/or anxiety disorders was 5 years shorter for early-onset smokers than for late-onset smokers. Moreover, a greater percentage of early-onset smokers than late-onset smokers had the first onset of psychopathology within the first 5 years after starting smoking. Age at smoking onset predicted age at psychopathology onset after controlling for the effects of gender, education, and childhood trauma. When separate analyses were done for depression and anxiety disorders, this pattern of results was found only for anxiety disorders. CONCLUSIONS A young age at smoking onset is associated with a shorter time to first onset of an anxiety disorder. This study with psychiatric patients extends previous findings in general population samples that smoking and depression and anxiety disorders are associated.
IGF-I binding proteins, IGF-I binding protein mRNA and IGF-I receptor mRNA in rats with acute renal failure given IGF-I.

BACKGROUND Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I (rhIGF-I) accelerates recovery from acute renal failure (ARF) in rats. IGF-I acts through the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and its actions may be modified by IGF-I binding proteins (IGFBPs). It therefore would be of value to determine the effects of both ARF and rhIGF-I treatment on serum IGFBPs and mRNA for IGFBPs and IGF-IR. METHODS Rats with ARF and sham-operated control rats were randomized to receive rhIGF-I or vehicle injections thrice daily for 72 to 74 hours starting five hours after surgery. Serum IGFPBs 1 to 6 were measured serially, and mRNA for IGFBPs 1 to 6 and for IGF-IR were measured in several tissues obtained 72 to 74 hours after surgery. RESULTS At 72 to 74 hours, serum IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 levels were higher in rhIGF-I treated rats. Serum IGFBP-3 was affected by both ARF and rhIGF-I. IGFBP-4 rose transiently only in ARF groups. At 72 to 74 hours, mRNA for several IGFBPs was reduced in renal cortex of ARF rats. Low mRNA for IGFBP-4 and -6 was observed in renal medulla of the ARF rats, particularly in comparison to the sham-operated rats receiving vehicle. Renal medullary IGFBP-2 mRNA was decreased in ARF and sham rats given rhIGF-I as compared to sham animals given vehicle. Hepatic IGFBP-2 mRNA was higher in both rhIGF-I treated groups versus those given vehicle. Otherwise, there were no differences in IGFBP mRNAs among the four groups in lung, heart, and skeletal muscle. IGF-IR mRNA was decreased in renal cortex and medulla of both ARF groups and was not detected in liver in any group. CONCLUSIONS Thus, ARF and rhIGF-I treatment each affected certain serum IGFBPs and jointly affected some IGFBPs. ARF suppressed gene transcription for renal cortical and medullary IGF-IR and some IGFBPs. rhIGF-I independently affected some renal cortical or medullary IGFBP mRNAs. rhIGF-I increased hepatic IGFBP-2 mRNA and serum IGFBP-2. These effects of ARF or rhIGF-I may influence rhIGF-I actions in rats with ischemic ARF.
News media coverage of direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising: implications for countervailing powers theory

Since a 1997 regulatory shift on the part of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there has been an explosion of televised direct-to-consumer (DTC) pharmaceutical advertising in the United States. The introduction and growth of this form of advertising, as well as other recent evolutions in the health care arena, have altered relationships among key countervailing powers in the health care system, suggesting the need to recast countervailing powers theory so as to account for these changes. Coming from the perspective that the news media play an important role in reflecting the balance of power among the various countervailing powers, the paper advances this theoretical framework through an empirical assessment of the relative prominence of those entities in print news media coverage of the DTC advertising phenomenon. The study finds that `corporate sellers' (pharmaceutical industry) are accorded more prominence in news coverage than are providers, consumers, corporate purchasers, or state players and that DTC critics, in particular, have minimal representation. In addition, the findings point toward two modifications for countervailing powers theory: (1) an incorporation of the role of academic/research organizations, and (2) a consideration of the universe of possibilities with respect to each of the countervailing powers.
Physiological and Anthropometric Correlates of Tackling Ability in Rugby League Players

Gabbett, TJ. Physiological and anthropometric correlates of tackling ability in rugby league players. J Strength Cond Res 23(2): 540-548, 2009-This study investigated the relationship between physiological and anthropometric qualities and tackling ability in rugby league players. Twelve rugby league players (mean ± SD age, 24.4 ± 3.5 years) underwent a standardized 1-on-1 tackling drill in a 10-m grid. Video footage was taken from the rear, side, and front of the defending player. Tackling proficiency was assessed using standardized technical criteria. In addition, all players underwent measurements of anthropometry (stature, body mass, sum of 7 skinfolds, arm, chest, waist, gluteal, thigh, and calf girths, and biepicondylar humerus and femur breadths), somatotype (endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy), acceleration (5- and 10-m sprint), change-of-direction speed (modified 505 test), lower-body muscular power (vertical jump), and upper-body muscular power (overhead medicine ball throw). Differences in tackling ability and physiological and anthropometric qualities between the best (N = 6) and worst (N = 6) tacklers were compared using the Cohen effect size (ES) statistic. Eta coefficients (&eegr;) were used to determine the relationships among physiological and anthropometric qualities and tackling proficiency. Better tacklers were older (ES = 1.9), more experienced (ES = 1.0), shorter (ES = 1.2), lighter (ES = 2.3), and leaner (ES = 1.3) than players with poor tackling proficiency. Better tacklers also had greater levels of mesomorphy (ES = 0.3), acceleration (ES = 2.3), and change-of-direction speed (ES = 0.5) than poor tacklers. The strongest correlates of tackling ability were age (&eegr; = 0.70), skinfold thickness (&eegr; = −0.68), body mass (&eegr; = −0.72), waist girth (&eegr; = −0.79), gluteal girth (&eegr; = −0.74), and level of endomorphy (&eegr; = −0.65). These findings demonstrate that well-developed physiological and anthropometric qualities contribute to effective tackling ability in rugby league players.
Circadian rhythm of fasting and postprandial portal blood flow in cirrhosis

Objective. To examine the relationship of both the unstimulated and the postprandial portal blood flow (PVF) to the time of day and to determine its intra-individual reproducibility over time in patients with liver cirrhosis. Material and methods. In 24 cirrhotic patients, 27 PVF measurements were performed during 24 h on day 0 and day 7 using Doppler ultrasound. Three standard liquid meals were given orally. On day 7, the baseline hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) was also measured. Results. Circadian area under the time curve of PVF was highly reproducible within individuals (r=0.959, p<0.001). It did not correlate with HVPG. Cosinor analysis showed a significant circadian rhythm of PVF (acrophase at 11:44 and amplitude of 9.44%). Maximal postprandial increase in PVF was significantly higher in the morning than at noon or in the evening. Conclusions. PVF is subject to a circadian rhythm and postprandial portal hyperemia shows a diurnal variability. Both are highly reproducible.
Cardiolipin's propensity for phase transition and its reorganization by dynamin-related protein 1 form a basis for mitochondrial membrane fission

Fluid cardiolipin (CL) promotes self-assembly of Drp1, a dynamin-family GTPase involved in mitochondrial fission. Drp1 sequesters CL into condensed membrane platforms and in a GTP-dependent manner increases the propensity of the lipid to undergo a nonbilayer phase transition. CL reorganization generates local membrane constriction for fission.
Assessing the efficacy of spray-delivered ‘eco-friendly’ chemicals for the control and eradication of marine fouling pests

Despite its frequent use in terrestrial and freshwater systems, there is a lack of published experimental research examining the effectiveness of spray-delivered chemicals for the management of non-indigenous and/or unwanted pests in marine habitats. This study tested the efficacy of spraying acetic acid, hydrated lime and sodium hypochlorite for the control of marine fouling assemblages. The chemicals are considered relatively ‘eco-friendly’ due to their low toxicity and reduced environmental persistence compared to synthetic biocides, and they were effective in controlling a wide range of organisms. Pilot trials highlighted acetic acid as the most effective chemical at removing fouling cover, therefore it was selected for more comprehensive full-scale trials. A single spray of 5% acetic acid with an exposure time of 1 min effectively removed up to 55% of the invertebrate species present and 65% of the cover on fouled experimental plates, while one application of 10% acetic acid over 30 min removed up to 78% of species present and 95% of cover. Single-spray treatments of 5% acetic acid reduced cover of the tunicate pest species Didemnum vexillum by up to 100% depending on the exposure duration, while repeat-spraying ensured that even short exposure times (1 min) achieved ∼99% mortality. Both 5 and 10% acetic acid solutions appeared equally effective at removing the majority of algal species. This technique could be used for controlling the introduction of unwanted species or preventing the spread of pests, and is applicable to use on a variety of natural and artificial substrata, or for the treatment of structures that can be removed from the water.
On-site mental health workers in primary care: effects on professional practice.

BACKGROUND Mental health problems are common in primary care and mental health workers (MHWs) are increasingly working in this setting. In addition to treating patients, the introduction of on-site MHWs may lead to changes in the clinical behaviour of primary care providers (PCPs). OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of on-site MHWs in primary care on the clinical behaviour of primary care providers (PCPs). SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group specialised register (18-22 June 1998), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (18-22 June 1998), MEDLINE (1966 to 1998), EMBASE (1980 to 1998), PsychInfo (1984 to 1998), CounselLit (18-22 June 1998), NPCRDC skill-mix in primary care bibliography, and reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials, controlled before and after studies and interrupted time series analyses of MHWs either replacing PCPs as providers of mental health care ('replacement' models) or providing collaborative care/support to PCPs in managing patients' mental health problems ('consultation-liaison' models). The participants were primary care providers. The outcomes included objective PCP behaviours such as diagnosis, prescribing and referral. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality. MAIN RESULTS Thirty-eight studies were included involving more than 460 PCPs and more than 3880 patients. There was some evidence that 'replacement' model MHWs achieved significant short-term reductions in PCP psychotropic prescribing and mental health referral, but the effects were not reliable. Consultation rates were also reduced, but with even less evidence of a consistent effect. There were no indirect effects in prescribing behaviour on the wider population and no consistent pattern to the impact on referrals. 'Indirect' effects on PCP consultation rates were not assessed. There was some evidence that 'consultation-liaison' model MHWs had a direct effect on PCP prescribing behaviour when used as part of complex, multifaceted interventions. Few studies examined the 'indirect' effects of such interventions, and those that did failed to provide evidence that 'direct' effects were generalisable to the wider population or endured once the 'consultation-liaison' intervention was removed. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS This review does not support the hypothesis that adding MHWs to primary care provider organisations in 'replacement' models causes a significant or enduring change in PCP behaviour. 'Consultation-liaison' interventions may cause changes in psychotropic prescribing, but these seem short-term and limited to patients under the direct care of the MHW. Longer-term studies are needed to assess the degree to which demonstrated effects endure over time.
Trends in Colorectal Cancer Test Use among Vulnerable Populations in the United States

Background: Evaluating trends in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening use is critical for understanding screening implementation, and whether population groups targeted for screening are receiving it, consistent with guidelines. This study examines recent national trends in CRC test use, including among vulnerable populations. Methods: We used the 2000, 2003, 2005, and 2008 National Health Interview Survey to examine national trends in CRC screening use overall and for fecal occult blood test (FOBT), sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy. We also assessed trends by race/ethnicity, educational attainment, income, time in the United States, and access to health care. Results: During 2000 to 2008, significant declines in FOBT and sigmoidoscopy use and significant increases in colonoscopy use and in the percentages of adults up-to-date with CRC screening occurred overall and for most population subgroups. Subgroups with consistently lower rates of colonoscopy use and being up-to-date included Hispanics; people with minimal education, low income, or no health insurance; recent immigrants; and those with no usual source of care or physician visits in the past year. Among up-to-date adults, there were few subgroup differences in the type of test by which they were up-to-date (i.e., FOBT, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy). Conclusions: Although use of CRC screening and colonoscopy increased among U.S. adults, including those from vulnerable populations, 45% of adults aged 50 to 75—or nearly 35 million people—were not up-to-date with screening in 2008. Impact: Continued monitoring of CRC screening rates among population subgroups with consistently low utilization is imperative. Improvement in CRC screening rates among all population groups in the United States is still needed. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(8); 1611–21. ©2011 AACR.
Globalizing labor and the world economy: the role of human capital

We develop a dynamic model of the world economy that jointly endogenizes individual decisions about fertility, education and migration. We then use it to compare the short- and long-term effects of immigration restrictions on the world distribution of income. Our calibration strategy replicates the economic and demographic characteristics of the world, and allows us to proxy bilateral migration costs and visa costs for two classes of workers and for each pair of countries. In our benchmark simulations, the world average level of income per worker increases by 12% in the short term and by approximately 52% after one century. These results are highly robust to our identifying strategy and technological assumptions. Sizable differences are obtained when our baseline (pre-liberalization) trajectory involves a rapid income convergence between countries or when we adjust visa costs for a possible upward bias. Our quantitative analysis reveals that the effects of liberalizing migration on human capital accumulation and income are gradual and cumulative. Whatever is the size of the short-term gain, the long-run impact is 4 to 5 times greater (except under a rapid convergence in income).
Somatization among Chinese Depressives in General Practice

Depressive illness was a common clinical syndrome found in general practice in Hong Kong. The phenomenon of somatization among Chinese depressives in general practice was investigated. Patients clinically identified as depressed were compared with organic patients in terms of their presenting complaints and responses to a symptom checklist. Sleep disturbances, general malaise, pains and aches, dizziness, and menopausal symptoms were the most frequent disturbances that prompted Chinese depressives to seek help in general practice. When directly asked, these patients admitted having various psychological features including dysphoric mood, self-reproach, loss of interest in social activities and in sex. Subgroup comparisons showed little sex difference in initial complaints and admitted symptomatology among the depressives. Some age differences were observed in the presenting complaints. The discrepancy between the pattern of presenting complaints and admitted symptoms suggested that patients were aware of their emotional disturbance even though they tended to express these disturbances in somatic terms in their help-seeking processes. Distinction between the expression mode and the recognition mode of somatization was discussed.
A New Family of Ty1-copia-Like Retrotransposons Originated in the Tomato Genome by a Recent Horizontal Transfer Event

Rider is a novel and recently active Ty1-copia-like retrotransposon isolated from the T3238fer mutant of tomato. Structurally, it is delimited by a duplication of target sites and contains two long terminal direct repeats and an internal open reading frame, which encodes a Ty1-copia-type polyprotein with characteristic protein domains required for retrotransposition. The family of Rider elements has an intermediate copy number and is scattered in the chromosomes of tomato. Rider family members in the tomato genome share high sequence similarity, but different structural groups were identified (full-size elements, deletion derivatives, and solo LTRs). Southern blot analysis in Solanaceae species showed that Rider was a Lycopersicon-specific element. Sequence analysis revealed that among other plants, two Arabidopsis elements (named as Rider-like 1 and Rider-like 2) are most similar to Rider in both the coding and noncoding regions. RT–PCR analysis indicates that Rider is constitutively expressed in tomato plants. The phylogeny-based parsimony analysis and the sequence substitution analyses of these data suggest that these Rider-like elements originated from a recent introgression of Rider into the tomato genome by horizontal transfer 1–6 million years ago. Considering its transcriptional activity and the recent insertion of the element into at least two genes, Rider is a recently active retrotransposon in the tomato genome.
In vitro evaluation of five canine tibial plateau leveling methods.

OBJECTIVE To compare application time, accuracy of tibial plateau slope (TPS) correction, presence and magnitude of rotational and angular deformities, and mechanical properties of 5 canine tibial plateau leveling methods. SAMPLE POPULATION 27 canine tibial replicas created by rapid prototyping methods. PROCEDURE The application time, accuracy of TPS correction, presence and magnitude of rotational and angular deformation, and construct axial stiffness of 3 internal fixation methods (tibial plateau leveling osteotomy, tibial wedge osteotomy, and chevron wedge osteotomy [CWO]) and 2 external skeletal fixation (ESF) methods (hinged hybrid circular external fixation and wedge osteotomy linear fixation [WOLF]) were assessed. RESULTS Mean bone model axial stiffness did not differ among methods. Mean application time was more rapid for WOLF than for other methods. Mean TPSs did not differ from our 5 degrees target and were lower for ESF methods, compared with internal fixation methods. Mean postoperative rotational malalignment did not differ from our target or among groups. Mean postoperative medio-lateral angulation did not differ from our target, except for CWO. Internal fixation methods lead to axially stiffer constructs than ESF methods. Reuse of ESF frames did not lead to a decrease in axial stiffness. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The 5 tibial plateau leveling methods had acceptable geometric and mechanical properties. External skeletal fixation methods were more accurate as a result of precise data available for determining the exact magnitude of correction required to achieve a 5 degrees TPS.
Phylogeography of the mole‐shrew (Anourosorex yamashinai) in Taiwan: implications of interglacial refugia in a high‐elevation small mammal

To test the Pleistocene interglacial refugia hypothesis with a high‐elevation mammal, we studied the phylogeography of the mole‐shrew (Anourosorex yamashinai) using partial mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences (737 bases). This shrew is endemic to Taiwan. It is mainly distributed in the highlands from 1000 to 2500 m in elevation. We examined 103 specimens from 24 localities in three mountain ranges of Taiwan and found 36 haplotypes. These haplotypes separated into two major phylogroups (Northern and Southern) plus a minor phylogroup (Houhuan) of only one haplotype. This demonstrated strong association with geography. The formation of these three phylogroups may be the result of interglacial refugia during the middle Pleistocene. Distinct sublineages were not found within each major phylogroup, suggesting that the populations (phylogroups) explosively expanded from the interglacial refugia of ancestral founder haplotypes. The present distribution pattern of haplotypes suggests that Mount Houhuan is an effective refugium in central Taiwan. It was not possible to specify the refugia for the Northern and Southern phylogroups.
Cytopathology: Poster#087 POPULATION-BASED CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING USING HIGH-RISK HPV DNA TEST AND LIQUID-BASED CYTOLOGY IN NORTHERN THAILAND

Background: Combined high-risk HPV (hrHPV) DNA testing and cytology (co-testing) has increasingly gained acceptance in cervical cancer screening. This study was aimed to evaluate the performance of cytology and hrHPV test in population-based samples from women in northern Thailand. Methods: Cervical samples were collected for hybrid capture 2 (HC2) testing and liquid-based cytology from women aged 30–60 years who were residents in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand, between May and September 2011. Women with positive cytology were referred for colposcopy, while women with positive HC2 only were followed for 2 years. Results: Of 2752 women included in this study, 3.0% had positive both tests, 4.1% had positive HC2 only, and 1.3% had positive cytology only. At baseline screening, positive HC2 was observed in 70.6% among cytology-positive women compared with 4.3% among cytology-negative women. High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or worse lesions were histologically detected in 23.5% of women with positive baseline cytology and in 9.8% of women with positive baseline HC2 only on follow-up. Conclusions: hrHPV test is superior to cytology in the early detection of histologic HSIL+ lesions. In northern Thailand, hrHPV testing has a potential to be used as a primary screening test for cervical cancer.