Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A multi-faculty exploration of academic dishonesty

Background: A cademic dishonesty by students, in a learning context, is known to occur, but remains a complex issue. What constitutes academic “cheating” may vary between institutions, cultures and attitudes. What is meant by dishonesty in academic contexts is also unclear. It may be related to factors such as advances in learning information technology, a greater movement towards coursework assessment, the relevance of programmes to future career aspirations, and more external factors such as culture, traditions and gender. Method: We surveyed students from six different programmes at a multi-faculty university in the UKðn¼1162 students),using a previously validated, self-completion questionnaire. Results were subject to descriptive and comparative analysis.Students studying pharmacy, humanities, business, biomedical science, physiotherapy and education were sampled. Results: The prevalence of admitted dishonest behaviours varied according to degree programme (ANOVA,p,0:0001Þand gender (t-test,p,0:001Þ:There was also variation in what is perceived as dishonest behaviour, with students being ambivalent about some behaviours (e.g. “cut and paste” from internet sources). Conclusion: The extent of dishonest behaviour in this sample varied between the different faculties. There was also considerable variation between the types of dishonest behaviour exhibited by students. There is a clear need to further e xamine the causes and learning habits associated with cheating behaviour in higher education
Interactive comment on “ Quantifying light absorption and its source attribution of insoluble light-absorbing particles in Tibet an Plateau glaciers from 2013 – 2015 ” by Xin Wang et al

high, when compared to other studies from the Tibetan plateau and the Himalaya. A strength of the manuscript is the extent of data presented. The amount of work that goes into collecting samples from such remote and harsh locations as the Tibetan plateau often seems to be neglected in the larger community. Here the authors have performed measurements covering large areas that presumably have different sources of LAP, as well as different meteorology affecting the glaciers. Publishing these measurements would be of benefit to the public, and this should be possible after some structural and interpretational changes are made. Along with the suggested changes, the language needs to be reviewed carefully, in order to make sure that future readers will interpret the claims and results of the paper correctly. See below for both major and specific comments.
Varieties of Capitalism and Institutional Complementarities in the Macroeconomy

Using aggregate analysis, this paper examines the core contentions of the "varieties of capitalism" perspective on comparative capitalism. We construct a coordination index to assess whether the institutional features of liberal and coordinated market economies conform to the predictions of the theory. We test the contention that institutional complementarities occur across sub-spheres of the macroeconomy by examining the correspondence of institutions across sub-spheres and estimating the impact of complementarities in labor relations and corporate governance on rates of growth. To assess the stability of the institutional features central to the theory, we assess the dynamics of institutional change in recent years. The evidence suggests that there are powerful interaction effects among institutions across sub-spheres of the political economy that must be considered if the economic impact of institutional change in any one sphere is to be accurately assessed.
Genetic erosion of barley in North Shewa Zone of Oromiya Region, Ethiopia

This study was conducted during the cropping season of 2010 at Degem wereda. The objectives were to assess the extent of genetic erosion of barley and justify reasons for its conservation at community and household levels. Formal and informal surveys were made aimed at assessing causes for genetic erosion and quantify the level of genetic erosion. Collected data were subjected to descriptive statistics; Chi-square test and relative regression analysis and analyzed with SPSS software version 15. Accordingly, 17 farmers’ variety (FV’s) were grown before 1994 and during 2010 only 5 FV’s (35%) were grown. The estimated loss accounts for 65%. The major causes for genetic erosion were introduction of improved varieties, replacement of other crops, weather variability, and change in land use pattern and lack of policy support (76, 14, 14, 8, 13 and 90%, respectively). Moreover, socio-economic factors affected genetic erosion and statistically and highly significant at p<0.001 for Chi-square and at p<0.05 for regression analysis. Wealth of traditional sayings, poems and songs gave a picture of the importance of barley in society’s daily life. Therefore, attention should be given to conservation of farmers’ varieties. Involving farmers’ participation is very important in order to use their indigenous knowledge for conservation of FVs’, varieties end-use and share their socio-cultural preferences. On farm conservation strategies should be practiced for FVs’ sustainable use and attain food security. Key words: Genetic erosion, barley, conservation, varieties.
The patho-physiology of Trypanosoma congolense in Scottish Blackface sheep: influence of diet on digestive function

The influence of types of roughage, barley straw (diet B) versus lucerne hay (diet U, on the patho-physiology of a T. congolense infection was compared in eight pairs of Scottish Blackface male twin Iambs. One animal of each twin pair was infected and the other used as a pair1ed control. Voluntary food intake, body weight, digestive function, various blood haematological and biochemical measurements were made. Voluntary organic matter intake decreased significantly after the T. congolense infection, the decrease being greater in the diet L group than in the diet B group lambs (P < 0.01). The apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein and organic matter were significantly lower in the infected lambs (P < 0.01). Mean retention time of the roughage through the digestive tract in the animals given barley straw was significantly longer (P < 0.05) due to a 10UIer rumen outflow rate constant (P < 0.01). Infection resulted in longer mean retention times (P < 0.01). Packed cell volume (PCV) was significantly lower before infection in the animals given diet B (P < 0.01). After infection, diet (P < 0.01) and infection (P < 0.01) had an additive effect on PCV. The anaemia was both macrocytic (P < 0.05) and hypochromic (P < 0.01). Diet B resulted in higher plasma cholesterol (P < 0.05), but lower plasma urea (P < 0.01) and albumin (P < 0.01) concentrations before infection than diet L. The T. congolense infection significantly lowered plasma cholesterol (P < 0.01) and increased plasma urea (P < 0.01) concentrations compared with the uninfected controls. Plasma albumin concentrations decreased, but were more affected by nutrition (P < 0.01) than by infection (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the patho-physiological effects of the T. congolense infection in the Scottish Blackface Iambs were affected by the type of roughage offered, but that these effects were additive rather than interactive to the effects of infection.
Variation in grain weight among Iranian wheat cultivars: the importance of stem carbohydrate reserves in determining final grain weight under source limited conditions.

Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) plants accumulate fructan and sucrose in their stems during vegetative growth, which are remobilized during grain filling. The aims of the study were to evaluate the grain weight susceptibility of different wheat cultivars to decreased source leaf capacity, and to assess the contribution of stem carbohydrate reserves to the variation of grain weight in source-limited plants. Eighty-one wheat cultivars (mainly T. aestivum and few T. durum ) were grown in the field in two consecutive years. Plants were fully defoliated or partially defoliated, leaving only the flag leaf attached, at anthesis or 14 days after anthesis (14 DAA) and final grain weight compared with non-defoliated control plants. The effect of defoliation tended to be smaller in modern varieties compared to older varieties, and in cultivars bred for subtropical regions compared to those bred for cold climates. Two contrasting varieties were grown under controlled environment conditions for physiological analysis: cv. Hamon, which showed no response to defoliation and cv. Maron, which strongly affected by defoliation. The non-responsive cultivar Hamon accumulated 4-5 times more water soluble carbohydrate (predominantly fructan) in the stems than cv. Maron. In control and defoliated plants of both cultivars, almost all of the stem carbohydrate reserves were remobilized during grain filling. These results suggest that cv. Hamon has sufficient stem carbohydrate reserves to support normal grain filling even if leaf area has been severely reduced. In contrast, the much smaller stem reserves in cv. Maron can only partially compensate for loss of photosynthetic capacity, leading to a marked reduction in final grain weight after defoliation. It is concluded that differences in stem carbohydrate reserves are likely to be a major factor underlying the variation in the effect of defoliation on final grain weight among wheat cultivars grown in the field.
Moderating Role of Logistics Information Technology on the Logistics Relationships and Logistics Service Quality

An amount of research has shown that the adoption of technological innovations is the most important tool for enterprises to keep their competitive advantage. Recently, a body of evidence shows that logistics companies can increase their performance by employing new technologies. Many logistics companies began to improve their operation efficiency by continuous implementation of information or automation technologies according to their business characteristics. Logistics companies should employed new information technologies to raise their service capability in the e-commerce age. The main purpose of this study was to examine the impact of logistics relationships on logistics service quality with logistics information technology as moderator. A total of 109 feedbacks received from the 250 questionnaires distributed. Analysis was done to determine the most significant domain influencing logistics service quality. Results revealed that trust, commitment, communication and satisfactions influence the service quality except for bonding which showed no influence on the logistics service quality. The logistics information technology had no moderate effects on the relationship between logistics relationships and logistics service quality; however, the existence of trust and communication has made the moderation effect viable. The present study makes contribution to the logistics practitioners in practicing harmonized business strategy and suggestion for future studies. This study explore the relationships marketing in developing new construct for relationships dimension, which to explain the significant influence to the logistics industry and also to look for empirical evidence, on the relationships constructs, and contribution to the logistics industry.
Interest Rate Control Rules and Macroeconomic Stability in a Heterogeneous Two-Country Model

We analyze relations between several types of interest rate control rules and equilibrium determinacy using a two-country model featuring preference and production parameters that may differ between countries, in which two kinds of goods are tradable. Such heterogeneity may violate the Taylor principle, which implies that aggressive monetary policy is desirable to attain determinate equilibrium. We evaluate the forms of interest rate control needed to attain macroeconomic stability in consideration of the heterogeneity.
Year‐to‐year variation in carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) assemblages on the Åland Islands, south‐west Finland

(1) To investigate changes in structure of carabid assemblages between sites on the main island of Åland and five small nearby islands between 1982 and 1999. (2) To determine whether island differences observed in one year is mirrored in another one. (3) To examine changes in abundance levels of individual carabid species on these islands since 1982. (4) To compare the proportion of flightless species on the main island of Åland with those on the small islands.
Screening for CYP2C19 Gene variants in a healthy Jordanian population

Purpose: To genotype healthy Jordanian population from three different provinces (Amman, Zarqa and Irbid) for cytochrome P4502C19 and to identify the allelic distribution of CYP2C19 variants in comparison with other findings around the world. Methods: Healthy Jordanian volunteers were recruited from government hospitals. Two hundred and sixty volunteers were included in the study regardless of sex and age. CYP2C19*2, *3,*4, *5, and *6 alleles were studied using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) technique. Results: The results show that the Jordanian population tested exhibited 9 genotypes out of the 21 expected CYP2C19 genotypes. CYP2C19*1/*1 and *2/*2 genotypes were the most prominent in the sample population, while CYP2C19*2/*5 was the least prevalent genotype. The frequencies of the CYP2C19 variants did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Allele frequency of CYP2C19*2 in the Jordanian population was statistically different from that found in most Europeans, North and South Americans, Africans, and some Asian ethnic communities but not with South-East Asian populations (China, Chinese-Taiwanese, and Philippines) and Australian Aborigines. Conclusion: The findings of this study confirm the importance of CYP2C19 genotyping prior to drug therapy administration to achieve optimal dosage and cost-effective therapy. Keywords: Cytochrome P450, RFLP-PCR, Allele frequency, Pharmacogenetics, Optimal dosage, Costeffective therapy
Optically Thick H i Does Not Dominate Dark Gas in the Local ISM

The local interstellar medium (ISM) is suffused with “dark” gas, identified by excess infrared and gamma-ray emission, yet undetected by standard ISM tracers such as neutral hydrogen (H i) or carbon monoxide emission. Based on observed dust properties from Planck, recent studies have argued that H i mixed with dust is strongly saturated and that dark gas is dominated by optically thick H i. We test this hypothesis by reproducing this model using data from Planck and new 21 cm emission maps from GALFA-H i—the first large-area 21 cm emission survey with comparable angular resolution to Planck. We compare the results with those from a large sample of H i column densities based on direct observations of H i optical depth, and find that the inferred column density corrections are significantly lower than those inferred by the Planck-based model. Further, we rule out the hypothesis that the pencil-beam H i absorption sight lines preferentially miss opaque “blobs” with small covering fraction, as these structures require densities and pressures that are incompatible with ISM conditions. Our results support the picture that excess dust emission in the local ISM is not dominated by optically thick H i, but is rather a combination of intrinsic changes in dust grain emissivities and H2 missed by CO observations.
The relation between excess control and cost of capital

Purpose - – The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between dominant shareholders, whose voting rights exceed cash flow rights (excess control), and firms’ cost of capital, including both equity capital and debt. Design/methodology/approach - – This research is conducted in Canada over a four-year period from 2002 to 2005 and uses panel data of 155 S&P/TSX firms. The weighted average cost of capital is regressed on excess control using fixed-effect regressions in a two-stage least squares framework. Findings - – The paper finds evidence that the cost of capital increases with excess control. The paper also confirms that for firms incorporated under the less protective Quebec incorporation law the excess control and, therefore, cost of capital is higher than for firms incorporated in the other provinces under the common law regime. Originality value - – Prior work examined the relationship between excess control and firm value, mostly Tobin's
Spin Hall Effect

It is proposed that when a charge current circulates in a paramagnetic metal a transverse spin imbalance will be generated, giving rise to a ``spin Hall voltage. '' Similarly, it is proposed that when a spin current circulates a transverse charge imbalance will be generated, giving rise to a Hall voltage, in the absence of charge current and magnetic field. Based on these principles we propose an experiment to generate and detect a spin current in a paramagnetic metal.
Origin, HP/LT metamorphism and cooling of ophiolitic mélanges in southern Evia (NW Cyclades), Greece

Basic and ultrabasic blocks within ophiolitic mélanges of the Cycladic Blueschist Unit in southern Evia provide a detailed insight into its ocean floor igneous and hydrothermal evolution, as well as the regional poly‐metamorphism occurring during Alpine orogenesis. The upper structural levels (Mt. Ochi exposures) are dominated by metamorphosed wehrlites, gabbros and highly light rare earth element (LREE)‐enriched pillow basalts, whereas the underlying Tsaki mélange consists of basic protoliths with much less fractionated REE patterns as well as mantle harzburgites. Most of the metabasites show Nb anomalies, indicative of derivation from a subduction‐affected mantle. The igneous bodies were juxtaposed and incorporated into the enclosing sedimentary sequences prior to high‐pressure/low‐temperature (HP/LT) metamorphism (M1). Glaucophane, epidote, sodic clinopyroxene and high‐Si phengite constitute the Eocene M1 assemblage, which is estimated to have formed at >11 kbar and 400–450 °C. High δ18O values of M1 minerals in Ochi metagabbros indicate that the formation of the high‐pressure assemblage was controlled by infiltration of fluids from the dehydrating host sediments. Cooling during decompression is indicated by an overprinting (M2, Early Miocene) pumpellyite–actinolite facies assemblage in metabasic rocks, calculated to have developed at P<8 kbar and T <350 °C. Possible mechanisms for such cooling include: exhumation from shallower burial levels relative to the eclogites of the NW Cyclades, accretion of colder rocks from below and extensional unroofing by low‐angle normal faults and detachments. The occurrence of sodic augite in the M2 assemblage of Tsaki metagabbros indicates that rocks at the base of the Blueschist Unit cooled faster or longer than their higher level Ochi counterparts. This suggests that differential cooling of the blueschists was enhanced by the underthrusting of colder rock units.
Algorithmic-Technique for Compensating MemoryErrors in JPEG2000 Standard

The rapid growth of image compression has dramatically increased to reduce memory size without degrading the quality of the image. This paper provides adaptive memory compensation errors in JPEG2000. Furthermore, we use algorithm-specific techniques such as DWT to compensate memory consumption and propose Huffman coding, MQ-Coding for compensating the memory errors without the need of tile memory. The Huffman coder can be used to compress and store large amount of data in a memory. These techniques do not require any additional memory can minimize the memory requirements having the less computation complexity with larger area and power consumption. The proposed architecture is to use SPIHT in addition with DWT. It is used to increase the image quality as well as the compression rates. By this method, memory compensation and memory errors can be reduced. The image quality can be increased with the help of DWT and SPIHT.
Affluence and emission tradeoffs: evidence from Indonesian households' carbon footprint

Abstract This study estimates Indonesian households’ carbon emissions that are attributed to their expenditures in 2005 and 2009 to analyze the pattern, distribution and drivers of their carbon footprint. Employing an input-output-emission-expenditure framework, the authors find a significant difference in household carbon emissions between different affluence levels, regions and educational levels. They also find that, while many household characteristics influence emissions, total expenditure is by far the most important determinant of household emissions, both across households and over time. Consequently, emissions inequality is very similar to expenditure inequality across households. The decomposition analysis confirms that changes in emissions are predominantly due to rising expenditures between the two periods, while expenditure elasticities analysis suggests that the rise in household emissions is mainly caused by the overall rise in total household expenditure, and not by shifting consumption shares among consumption categories. The paper discusses policy options for Indonesia to reduce this very strong expenditure–emissions link.
Medium-Term Effects of the Oportunidades Program Package, including Nutrition, on Education of Rural Children Age 0-8 in 1997

* The authors wrote this paper as consultants to the Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica (INSP) 2004 ongoing evaluation of Oportunidades under a subcontract to Behrman (PI) on “Impacto de la nutricion en la educacion de los ninos en edad escolar en areas rurales” with additional support from the Mellon Foundation/Population Studies Center (PSC)/University of Pennsylvania grant to Todd (P.I.) on “Long-term Impact Evaluation of the Oportunidades Program in Rural Mexico. ” Behrman is the Director of the PSC and W.R. Kenan Jr. Professor of Economics, Economics Department, McNeil 160, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6297, USA; 1 215 898 7704; fax 1 215 898 2124; jbehrman@econ.sas. upenn.edu. Parker is a Profesora/Investigadora, Division de Economia, CIDE, Carretera Mexico-Toluca No. 3655, 1210 Mexico DF Mexico, (52) 5727-9800 ext. 2728, 2701, Fax: (52) 5727-9878, susan.parker@cide.edu and is spending the 2004-5 academic year as a Visiting Scholar at the PSC, McNeil 239, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6297, USA; 1 215 898 5652; fax 1 215 898 2124. Todd is Associate Professor of Economics and a PSC Research Associate, Economics Department, McNeil 160, University of Pennsylvania, 3718 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6297, USA; 1 215 898 4084; fax 1 215 573 2057; petra@athena.sas. upenn.edu. The authors thank Erica Soler Hampejsek for useful research assistance for this paper, Paul Glewwe and two anonymous referees for helpful comments on the previous version of the paper, and the Inter-American Development Bank, INSP and Oportunidades, particularly Bernardo Hernandez, Iliana Yaschine, and Citlalli Hernandez, for help in various dimensions of preparing this report. The authors alone, and not INSP, the Mellon Foundation, the PSC, nor Oportunidades, are responsible for any errors in this study.