Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extrapolation of plasma clearance to understand species differences in toxicokinetics of bisphenol A

Abstract 1. Understanding species differences in the toxicokinetics of bisphenol A (BPA) is central to setting acceptable exposure limits for human exposures to BPA. BPA toxicokinetics have been well studied, with controlled oral dosing studies in several species and across a wide dose range. 2. We analyzed the available toxicokinetic data for BPA following oral dosing to assess potential species differences and dose dependencies. BPA is rapidly conjugated and detoxified in all species. The toxicokinetics of BPA can be well described using non-compartmental analyses. 3. Several studies measured free (unconjugated) BPA in blood and reported area under the curve (AUC) of free BPA in blood of mice, rats, monkeys, chimpanzees and humans following controlled oral doses. Extrinsic clearance was calculated and analyzed across species and dose using allometric scaling. 4. The results indicate free BPA clearance is well described using allometric scaling with high correlation coefficients across all species and doses up to 10 mg/kg. The results indicate a human equivalent dose factor (HEDf) of 0.9 is appropriate for extrapolating a point of departure from mice and rats to a human equivalent dose (HED), thereby replacing default uncertainty factors for animal to human toxicokinetics.
Mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism and neural tube defects.

BACKGROUND Neural tube defects (NTDs) are one of the most common birth defects in humans. Maternal intake of folic acid was linked to prevention of NTDs in the 1970s. This realization led to the establishment of mandatory and/or voluntary food folic acid fortification programs in many countries that have reduced the incidence of NTDs by up to 70% in humans. Despite 40 years of intensive research, the biochemical mechanisms underlying the protective effects of folic acid remain unknown. RESULTS Recent research reveals a role for mitochondrial folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism in neural tube closure. CONCLUSION In this article, we review the evidence linking NTDs to aberrant mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism in humans and mouse models. The potential of formate, a product of mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism, to prevent NTDs is also discussed.
Tailored eradication therapy based on fecal Helicobacter pylori clarithromycin sensitivities

Background and Aim: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication rates using the PPI/AC regimen (proton pump inhibitor + amoxicillin + clarithromycin) are declining. We trialed tailoring eradication regimens according to clarithromycin (CAM) susceptibility.
Methylphenidate modifies the motion of the circadian clock Lamotrigine in mood disorders and cocaine dependence Cortical glutamate in postpartum depression CNO Evil ? Considerations for the Use of DREADDs in Behavioral Neuroscience

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Oropharyngeal teratoma, oral duplication, cervical diplomyelia and anencephaly in a 22-week fetus: A review of the craniofacial teratoma syndrome.

BACKGROUND Oropharyngeal teratoma may occur by itself or together with other craniofacial malformations, most commonly cleft palate. Oropharyngeal teratoma may be also seen in association with frontonasal dysplasia and/or various degrees of craniofacial duplication. The nosology of these sporadic disorders is poorly defined. CASE AND REVIEW We report on a 22-week fetus with a protruding nasopharyngeal teratoma, partial oral duplication, anencephaly, multiple costo-vertebral segmentation defects, and cervical diplomyelia. A review of the literature identified 48 patients published from 1931 to 2013 with co-existing clefting and duplication anomalies of the cephalic pole. Thoracic and abdominal midline anomalies were reported 13 times. CONCLUSION The term "craniofacial teratoma syndrome" is introduced to define this phenotype as a recognizable developmental field defect of the cephalic pole. Developmental pathogenesis is discussed with a focus on pleiotropy and stereotaxis. The observation of midline findings suggestive of holoprosencephaly in a few previously reported cases suggests a role for the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in this malformation pattern.
Strategic advocacy and maternal mortality: moving targets and the millennium development goals

The UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the latest international development strategy. The debates around the choice of MDGs, and the first steps of implementation, have threatened to push many women's health concerns off the policy map. But I argue in this article that there is space for feminist action around the remaining MDG on reducing maternal mortality. I discuss strategies to address maternal mortality and emphasise the importance of all women having access to EmOC (emergency obstetric care) in the event of birth complications. Using this MDG, we have an important opening for strategic advocacy focused on accountable health systems that can deliver the care necessary to save women's lives and improve their health. That focus will enable us to demand that attention be given to the globalisation policies that have contributed to the devastation of health systems in many parts of the world.
Evaluating cost and resource use associated with pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart disease: Empiric estimates and sources of variation.

BACKGROUND Newborn screening for critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) using pulse oximetry is being implemented in the United States and internationally; however, few data are available on the associated in-hospital costs and use of resources. METHODS Time and motion study in well-baby nurseries at two large urban hospitals in Utah using different approaches to pulse oximetry screening. Two observers recorded the time for each screening step together with provider and equipment characteristics. Structured questionnaire provided additional information on labor and equipment costs. RESULTS Fifty-three CCHD screens were observed. At site A (n = 22), screening was mostly done by medical assistants (95%) using disposable probes (100%); at site B (n = 31), screening was mostly performed by certified nursing assistants (90%) using reusable probes (90%). Considering only first screens (n = 53), the median screen time was 8.6 min (range: 3.2-23.2), with no significant difference between sites. The overall cost ($ in 2014) of screening per baby was $24.52 at site A and $2.60 at site B. Nearly all the variation in cost (90%) was due to the cost of disposable probes; labor costs were similar between sites. CONCLUSION CCHD screening by means of pulse oximetry is reasonably fast for most babies, leading to relative small labor costs with little variation by provider type. The main driver of costs is equipment: in a high throughput setting, reusable probes are currently associated with considerable cost saving compared with disposable probes. As programs expand to universal screening, improved and cheaper technologies could lead to considerable economies of scale.
The development of on-farm welfare assessment protocols for foxes and mink: the WelFur project

The WelFur project aims at the development of on-farm welfare assessment protocols for farmed foxes (the blue fox [Vulpes lagopus], the silver fox [Vulpes vulpes]) and mink (Neovison vison). The WelFur protocols are based on Welfare Quality® (WQ) principles and criteria. Here, we describe the WelFur protocols after two years of developmental work. Reviews for each of the 12 WQ welfare criteria were written for foxes and mink to identify the welfare measures that have been used in scientific studies. The reviews formed the basis for potential measures to be included in the WelFur protocols. All measures were evaluated for their validity, reliability and feasibility. At present, we have identified 15 fox and 9 mink animal-based (or outcome-based) welfare measures, and 11 and 13 input-based (resource-based or management-based) measures. For both foxes and mink, each of the four WQ principles is judged by at least one criterion, and seven out of the 12 criteria include animal-based measures. The protocols will be piloted in 2012. Using the WQ project and protocols as a model has been a fruitful approach in developing the WelFur protocols. The effects of the WelFur protocols will provide benchmarks from which the welfare of animals on European fur farms can be assessed.
Distribution of abo, rhesus blood groups and haemoglobin electrophoresis among the undergraduate students of Niger delta university Nigeria

Summary: The distribution of ABO, Rhesus blood groups and haemoglobin electrophoresis among 200 undergraduate students of Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria randomly selected were studied. Blood samples were collected by venepuncture from the antecubital vein. The blood sample were transferred into EDTA bottle and mixed. The determination of the ABO, Rhesus (RhD) blood groups and haemoglobin electrophoresis was done. The results showed that blood group O had the highest percentage distribution of 49% followed by blood groups A and B with 22% respectively and the least percentage distribution was blood group AB which is 7%. Rh-D positive rate was 98% and that of Rh-D negative was found to be 2%. The percentage distribution for the haemoglobin electrophoresis pattern for HbAA, HbAS, HbSS, HbAC and HbSC were 66%, 26%, 2%, 2%, and 4% respectively. HbAA and HbAS occurred more frequently than other haemoglobin variants in this study.
Prevalence of neural tube defects in a rural area of north india from 2001 to 2014: A population-based survey.

BACKGROUND Neural tube defects (NTDs) are one of the commonest birth defects. There was paucity of community-based data on occurrence of NTDs in India, especially from rural parts of the country. Against this background, the current study was carried out with main objectives to determine the prevalence of NTDs and its specific types (anencephaly, spina bifida and encephalocele) in a rural community setting over the time period 2001 to 2014. METHODS This was a community-based cross-sectional study carried out in 28 villages of Ballabgarh Tehsil of Faridabad district in north India (population ∼ 96,000). A household survey was undertaken by trained multi-purpose workers who enquired ever-married women about history of conception with outcome as NTD during the study period. The probable case of NTD was determined using a colored pictorial card with photographs of different types of NTDs. These cases were confirmed by doctors. RESULTS A total of 26,946 live births occurred during the years 2001 to 2014. A total of 140 confirmed cases of NTDs were identified. The live birth prevalence of NTDs was 24.1 per 10,000 live births (95% confidence interval, 18.8-30.6). The birth prevalence of NTDs for the years 2008 to 2014 was 50.8 (95% confidence interval, 39.9-63.8) per 10,000 live and stillbirths. The most common type of NTD was found to be spina bifida followed by anencephaly and encephalocele. CONCLUSION We found high prevalence of NTDs in rural community settings from north India for years 2001 to 2014.Birth Defects Research 109:203-210, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genomic approaches to the assessment of human spina bifida risk

Structural birth defects are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children world‐wide, affecting as much as 6% of all live births. Among these conditions, neural tube defects (NTDs), including spina bifida and anencephaly, arise from a combination of complex gene and environment interactions that are as yet poorly understood within human populations. Rapid advances in massively parallel DNA sequencing and bioinformatics allow for analyses of the entire genome beyond the 2% of the genomic sequence covering protein coding regions. Efforts to collect and analyze these large datasets hold promise for illuminating gene network variations and eventually epigenetic events that increase individual risk for failure to close the neural tube. In this review, we discuss current challenges for DNA genome sequence analysis of NTD affected populations, and compare experience in the field with other complex genetic disorders for which large datasets are accumulating. The ultimate goal of this research is to find strategies for optimizing conditions that promote healthy birth outcomes for individual couples. Birth Defects Research 109:120–128, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance of acidified 14C‐urea capsule breath test during pantoprazole and ranitidine treatment

Background and Aim: Urea breath test (UBT) results could be false negative in patients taking antisecretory drugs. This effect would be prevented by citric acid administration during UBT. We prospectively investigated whether acidified 14C‐urea capsule prevents false negative UBT results in patients taking antisecretory drugs and show interference with the duration of medications.
Dental neglect among college going adolescents in Virajpet, India

Introduction: Dental neglect (DN) has been defined as behavior and attitudes which are likely to have detrimental consequences for the individual's oral health, or more specifically as failure to take precautions to maintain oral health, failure to obtain needed dental care, and physical neglect of the oral cavity. Aim: The aim was to assess the association of DN with dental caries and oral hygiene among adolescents in Virajpet, India. Materials and Methods: A total of six hundred adolescents aged 15-18 years were selected. DN was recorded using self-administered questionnaire. Oral health status was clinically assessed using simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) and dental caries through dentition status as per WHO criteria. Results: The mean DN score for this population was 10.18. Sociodemographic variables and Dental Attendance pattern were significantly associated with DN. Mean decayed missing filled value and OHI-S values were also significantly associated with DN. Conclusion: The present study revealed that variations in DN exist in relation to sociodemographic characteristics and pattern of dental attendance. In addition, oral health status was significantly associated with DN among adolescents.
Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the embryo-fetal development in Wistar rats.

BACKGROUND Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) is an herbal medicine used for treating neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular insufficiency, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, and also vestibular disturbance. Some components of GBE have presented estrogenic effects and, in a previous study, high dosages of GBE caused intra-uterine growth retardation in fetuses of Wistar rats treated during the fetogenesis period. METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats were treated, through gavage, with different dosages of aqueous GBE (3.5, 7.0, and 14.0 mg/Kg/day), during the tubal transit and implantation period. Rats were killed on the 15th day of pregnancy and the following parameters were evaluated: clinical symptoms of maternal toxicity; maternal body weight; feed and water intake; maternal liver, kidney, and ovary weights; number of corpora lutea; implants per group ratio; pre- and post-implantation loss per group ratio; live fetuses mean; dead fetuses percentage; fetus and placenta weight per offspring ratio; and fetal external malformation. RESULTS No significant alteration was found for both the maternal and embryonic parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The GBE treatment in pregnant Wistar rats, during the tubal transit and implantation period, caused no toxic effect on the maternal organism and did not induce embryonic death, growth retardation, and/or fetal malformations.
Trimalleolar fractures of the ankle. An end result study.

: Fifty-one trimalleolar ankle fractures in 50 patients were evaluated subjectively, objectively, and roentgenographically at an average of 42 months following injury. Anatomic reduction of the posterior marginal fragment was achieved in 6 of 7 ankles treated by open reduction and internal fixation of the fragment. Anatomic reduction of the posterior marginal fragment was achieved in three of 44 ankles treated by closed reduction and in none of the eight with large fragments. End results rated as fair or poor occurred more frequently among those patients with large posterior lip fragments and those with residual subluxation of the talus. The incidence of moderate or marked post-traumatic arthritis was greatly increased in those patients with residual subluxation of the talus. Post-traumatic arthritis was present in 11 of 12 patients with moderate or severe pain and in 11 of 17 with moderate or marked restriction of motion. Failure to reduce a posterior lip fracture involving less than 25 per cent of the tibial articular surface did not affect the overall end result significantly. In ankles with a posterior marginal fragment involving 25 per cent or more of the articular surface, open treatment was associated with better subjective, objective, and roentgenographic end results than closed treatment.
Still dreaming: Service users' employment, education & training goals

Background: Enabling service users to find and keep real jobs is a significant strand of UK mental health policy. An evidence-based approach to employment support is well documented, but is not widely implemented in the UK. Aim: To inform the development of vocational services in South Essex by ascertaining service users' employment, education and training goals. Method: Face-to-face interviews with a randomly selected sample of service users on enhanced CPA carried out by a team of service user researchers using an adapted version of a questionnaire developed for a previous similar survey. A postal survey of a further randomly selected sample of service users on enhanced CPA using a brief version of the questionnaire was also carried out. Results: Interviews were carried out with 82 service users. A further 159 returned a postal questionnaire. 42.7% had no regular day time activity. Only 15% were in paid work. 60.6% were definitely interested in finding work. Seventy-seven percent of respondents to the interviews who were interested in work were not currently receiving support to achieve this. The main help wanted was support in work, help with mental health problems and benefits advice. The main barriers identified were employers' attitudes and threat to benefits. Service user researchers reported benefits from undertaking the work. Conclusions: High numbers of mental health service users are interested in pursuing employment, education or training goals but currently lack the support they need to do so. Implementation of an evidence-based approach to employment support has the potential to enable service users to achieve their goals. Service users are well able to undertake research with considerable benefits for themselves and other stakeholders. Declaration of interest: None.
Manutenção do aleitamento materno de recém-nascidos pré-termo: revisão integrativa da literatur

ABSTRACT This integrative review was performed with the objective to evaluate the available evidence regarding the factors associated with maintaining the breastfeeding of preterm newborns. The search was performed on the MEDLINE and LILACS databases using the descriptors “breast feeding” and “infant, premature”. The sample included twenty studies with an evidence level of 2 and 4, which pointed out facilitating and hindering aspects associated with maintaining breastfeeding. There is a need for multidisciplinary interventions in the health follow-up program, including educational strategies that promote mother-baby attachment and family welcoming. Special care should be given to the social, economical and cultural conditions of the family, as well as the clinical demands of the preterm newborns to maintain breastfeeding. Descriptors: Breast Feeding; Nursing; Infant, Premature; Weaning.
Can wire‐guided cannulation reduce the risk of post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis? A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background and Aim: The use of wire‐guided cannulation (WGC) for prevention of post‐endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) is controversial. The aim of the present study was to assess the overall effect of WGC for PEP compared with conventional contrast‐assisted cannulation by carrying out a meta‐analysis of all available randomized controlled trials (RCT).
Massive Blood Transfusion During Hospitalization for Delivery in New York State, 1998–2007

OBJECTIVE: To define the frequency, risk factors, and outcomes of massive transfusion in obstetrics. METHODS: The State Inpatient Dataset for New York (1998–2007) was used to identify all delivery hospitalizations for hospitals that reported at least one delivery-related transfusion per year. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between maternal age, race, and relevant clinical variables and the risk of massive blood transfusion defined as 10 or more units of blood recorded. RESULTS: Massive blood transfusion complicated 6 of every 10,000 deliveries with cases observed even in the smallest facilities. Risk factors with the strongest independent associations with massive blood transfusion included abnormal placentation (1.6/10,000 deliveries, adjusted odds ratio [OR] 18.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 14.7–23.3), placental abruption (1.0/10,000, adjusted OR 14.6, 95% CI 11.2–19.0), severe preeclampsia (0.8/10,000, adjusted OR 10.4, 95% CI 7.7–14.2), and intrauterine fetal demise (0.7/10,000, adjusted OR 5.5, 95% CI 3.9–7.8). The most common etiologies of massive blood transfusion were abnormal placentation (26.6% of cases), uterine atony (21.2%), placental abruption (16.7%), and postpartum hemorrhage associated with coagulopathy (15.0%). A disproportionate number of women who received a massive blood transfusion experienced severe morbidity including renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, and in-hospital death. CONCLUSION: Massive blood transfusion was infrequent, regardless of facility size. In the presence of known risk for receipt of massive blood transfusion, women should be informed of this possibility, should deliver in a well-resourced facility if possible, and should receive appropriate blood product preparation and venous access in advance of delivery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II