Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MODEL ATMOSPHERES OF IRRADIATED EXOPLANETS: THE INFLUENCE OF STELLAR PARAMETERS, METALLICITY, AND THE C/O RATIO

Many parameters constraining the spectral appearance of exoplanets are still poorly understood. We therefore study the properties of irradiated exoplanet atmospheres over a wide parameter range including metallicity, C/O ratio, and host spectral type. We calculate a grid of 1D radiative-convective atmospheres and emission spectra. We perform the calculations with our new Pressure–Temperature Iterator and Spectral Emission Calculator for Planetary Atmospheres (PETIT) code, assuming chemical equilibrium. The atmospheric structures and spectra are made available online. We find that atmospheres of planets with C/O ratios ∼1 and T eff ? > ≳ 1500 K can exhibit inversions due to heating by the alkalis because the main coolants CH4, H2O, and HCN are depleted. Therefore, temperature inversions possibly occur without the presence of additional absorbers like TiO and VO. At low temperatures we find that the pressure level of the photosphere strongly influences whether the atmospheric opacity is dominated by either water (for low C/O) or methane (for high C/O), or both (regardless of the C/O). For hot, carbon-rich objects this pressure level governs whether the atmosphere is dominated by methane or HCN. Further we find that host stars of late spectral type lead to planetary atmospheres which have shallower, more isothermal temperature profiles. In agreement with prior work we find that for planets with T eff < 1750 ? > K the transition between water or methane dominated spectra occurs at C/O ∼ 0.7, instead of ∼1, because condensation preferentially removes oxygen.
Computational Study of Interaction Between Mult icomponent Plasma and Solid

Prese nted computer model simulates an interaction of low-temperature Ar/O2 plasma with conductive solid substrate. Mixtures of argon with el ec- tronegative gases are often used in material processing technologies. The results can also be used for an analysis of Langmuir probe measurements. Electrostatic potential, number densities of species contained in plasma near the biased sub- strate and fluxes of the species to the substrate are studied in both static and dynamic regimes. Presented two-dimensional simulation was written in C language with additional parallel computing and force calculation libraries. Computational technique is a hybrid Molecular Dynamics / Monte Carlo particle approach with advanced collisions-computing method and a two-dimensional Particle in Cell force calculation.
Biogeography of photoheterotrophic microbes in coastal waters of Australia

22 Introduction.23 Results.27 Discussion.41 Conclusion.47 Methods.48 Supplementary information.56 Chapter 3 Regional heterogeneity and seasonal succession in proteorhodopsin containing microbial assemblages Abstract.64. 64 Introduction.65 Results and Discussion.68 Conclusion.80 Methods.83 Supplementary information.88
EU Legislation to Reduce Carbon Emissions from Cars: Intergovernmental or Supranational Policy Making?

This article examines the making and implementation of the 2009 European Union (EU) regulation on cars and CO 2 emissions (Regulation [EC] No 443/2009). As the first legally binding measure to target the CO 2 emissions of passenger cars, this regulation represents a milestone in EU efforts to reduce the climate impacts of road transport. The analysis draws on two central theoretical perspectives on EU policy making: liberal intergovernmentalism and supranationalism. Both offer important insights, but their explanatory power varies with the policy-making phase in focus. The analysis shows that the Commission and the car industry were instrumental in shaping what eventually became an industry-friendly regulation applicable in all EU countries. However, far from being a case of closed negotiations between the industry and the Commission, Germany and other EU countries defending the interest of manufacturers of high-emission vehicles made use of their powers during the decision-making phase and succeeded in watering down the Commission's proposal.
Molecular analysis of the genetic differentiation among Aphanius fasciatus populations captured from Tunisian coastal and estuary sites.

Aphanius fasciatus is a cyprinodont distributed in the salty coastal water of the central and eastern Mediterranean Sea and occasionally in internal fresh water. In this study, we investigated the genetic structure of three populations of the killifish A. fasciatus captured from Tunisian coast. The genetic diversity of mitochondrial NADH- dehydrogenase subunit 1 (965pb) was addressed on 17 specimens of three populations of Aphanius. fasciatus. Phylogenetic analyses (Maximum likelihood (ML) and neighbour-joining (NJ)) were fully congruent and demonstrated the occurrence of two main groups or clades. The first clade comprises coastal populations (Luza and Sfax sites) while the second includes a population from estuary (Oued Hamdoun site). The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the percentage of variation among groups is considerably higher (72.8%) than within populations (34.32%). The overall Fst value (0.65; p=0.01) supports an extensive genetic structure of the two clades. These data represent an attempt towards the geographic diversification of A. fasciatus and provide new insights for the knowledge of genetic structural patterns and the evolutionary processes occurring in these species.
“GOVERNANCE” PREMIUM? EVIDENCES FROM THE NINE EMERGING MARKETS OF ASIA

This paper hypothesizes the relationships of corporate governance, firm performance, and cost of capital, using the firm-level sample from the nine emerging markets of Asia in 2001 and 2002. Our empirical results confirmed the relationship between the corporate governance and firm performance, measured by the stock return and the rate return on asset, is not significant. Evidence implied that the stock retuen of emergeng markets may be largely influenced by unknown but irrational factors, and their accounting reports of the companies listed in such stock exchange are not trustworthy due to window-dressing. The fundamental value and the value of corporate governance are thus not incorporated intot the re-evaluation of the prices of the related stocks. However, empirical evidence also indicated that the firms with better corporate governance can reduce their costs of capital in a defensive manner, realized when a raise of fund is required.
Awareness towards Occupation Exposure among Health Care Workers of a Tertiary Care Hospital: A KAP Survey

Background and Objectives: Health care workers are under constant exposure to the risk of ooccupational blood-borne infection, which most of the time can be avoided by observing standard precautions. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of health care workers of a sample tertiary care hospital towards occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among health care workers of a 2500 bedded tertiary care hospital. The study instrument was structured and pretested questionnaire designed to measure the knowledge, attitude and practices of the participants towards occupational exposure. Findings: Among the 380 respondents 22.63% gave history of sustaining NSI in the preceding 1 year. The commonest clinical activity to cause NSI among doctors was blood sampling (37.5%) followed by re-capping of needles (31.3%). Although 70.5% of the participants were aware of the immediate step to be followed after NSI, only 47.36% gave partial correct answer to the questions regarding the number of diseases transmitted by NSI, and 44.2% had the correct knowledge about the Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) facilities available in the hospital. Conclusions: The prevention of transmission of blood-borne pathogens among health care workers requires an education-centric approach and a comprehensive infection control protocol along with strict compliance with the practices within the health care delivery system.
DELAY-DEPENDENT STABILITY OF UNCERTAIN DESCRIPTOR SYSTEM WITH INTERVAL TIME-VARYING DELAY

This paper investigates the problem of delay-dependent stability for a class of uncertain descriptor systems with interval time-varying delays. The time-varying delay is assumed to belong to an interval, which means that the lower and upper bounds are available. By introducing some identical equations with free weighting matrices and using some matrix decomposition techniques, the stability criteria, which guarantee the concerned descriptor systems are regular, free and stable, are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities. The stability criteria are applicable to both fast and slow time-varying delay cases. Finally, two numerical examples are given to illustrate the merits of the proposed method.
Study of the 1997 Borneo fires: Quantitative analysis using global area coverage (GAC) satellite data

In 1997 a drought commenced in Southeast Asia, this being directly related to the then ongoing El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. Interaction between land clearance activities and this drought led to massive, uncontrolled vegetation fires that burned large areas of forest and agricultural land, most severely on the Indonesian island of Borneo. A similar situation in 1982–1983 led to the largest uncontrolled forest fire ever documented, damaging around 50,000 km2 of Borneo's forest. This paper investigates the extent to which nighttime advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) global area coverage (GAC) data can be used to detail the spatial and temporal evolution of these large‐scale Indonesian fire events, and particularly the 1997 activity. GAC data are a spatial subsample of the full resolution local area coverage (LAC) AVHRR data, but unlike LAC, they have been archived globally on a daily basis for almost 20 years. Despite the extreme subsampling involved in GAC data production, simulation modeling and analysis of real data indicates that surprisingly reliable fire statistics can be obtained for the 1997 Borneo fire event from GAC imagery. For three dates in October 1997 where coincident LAC and GAC data are available, once numerical adjustment for the GAC subsampling procedure is included, fire counts extracted from LAC and GAC data consistently agree to within 0.15–13%. Time series analysis of the 1997 GAC data indicates that fires began in July in south Kalimantan, principally at the interface between cleared, cultivated land and lowland rain forest. Fire activity moved generally southward and peaked in September 1997. GAC data show the equivalent of 9733 LAC pixels as containing one or more active fires on 2 September. Fire activity declined significantly in November owing to the onset of the monsoon rains, with all fires ceasing by December 1997. Analysis of the cumulative fire map distinguishes peat swamp forest as the most severely affected ecosystem on Borneo, with >20% of this land cover category being identified as directly impacted by active fires. If the performance of GAC data can be shown to extend to other El Niño years and also to less intense periods of burning, then the GAC archive offers a tool for analyzing long‐term changes in the spatiotemporal pattern of fire activity in the region. Any trend can then be investigated for its relation to variations in agriculture, El Niño‐related climate, and other phenomena relevant to regional change in Southeast Asia.
Fatty acid, amino acid and mineral composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) of Indian Himalaya

The present study was conducted to determine fatty acid profile, amino acid and mineral content of rainbow trout from Indian Himalayan region. The crude protein, crude fat and ash content were 19.44, 5.18 and 1.37% respectively. Protein had a well-balanced amino acid composition, with higher amounts of proline. The highest amino acid score was observed for tryptophan followed by isoleucine. Total monounsaturated fatty acids were high followed by saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oleic acid was dominant, followed by palmitic acid and linoleic acid. Among the n-3 PUFAs, DHA was the most dominant followed by linolenic acid. The ratio of n-3/n-6 PUFA was 0.77. Among the minerals, K was high followed by Ca, Na, Fe, Zn, Se and Mn. From the present study, it can be concluded that rainbow trout has a rich amount of quality protein with well-balanced essential amino acids, PUFAs and minerals.
The Effect of Salicylic Acid on some Morphological and Biochemistry Parameters Under Salt Stress in Herb Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus L.)

The Effect of Salicylic Acid on some Morphological and Biochemistry Parameters Under Salt Stress in Herb Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus L.) 1Aminallah Bagherifard, 2Abbas Bagheri, 3Hossein Sabourifard, 4Goodarz Bagherifard, 5Mostaffa Najar ABSTRACT Salicylic acid Because of the role that played in the plant is introduces as the auxin. The Researchers on the study of the ability of salicylic acid to create protective effects on the plant have paid attention to environmental stress. In this experiment was performed interaction between of salinity and salicylic acid on some morphology and biochemical characteristics. This experiment was carried with using a Complete Randomized Blocks Design (CRBD), in three replications. Pot experiment was done in the year 2012 in the educational greenhouse of gardening group of university of agricultural sciences and natural resources Gorgan. The first factor levels of salinity (0, 3 and 6 ds/m) with irrigation water and the second factor levels of salicylic acid (0 and 0/5 and 1 mm salicylic acid) were considered as a foliar spray. Result showed that the increasing the concentration of salicylic acid ( 0/5 to 1 mm ) lead to reduce the length and width of leaves, fresh and dry weight of leaves, the height of the plant and chlorophyll, but increased fresh and dry weight of root. Also, with an increase in salicylic acid phenol, flavonoids and antioxidant activity increased. Reaction of salicylic acid and salinity had significant effects up on biochemical parameters. Integration of salinity on salicylic acid caused a significant increase in flavonoids and antioxidant activity, but on the amount of phenols showed reduction effects. Thus can of salicylic for the appropriate use for the production and increase of biochemical substances for used the artichoke.
Sea turtle hatchling production from Florida (USA) beaches, 2002-2012, with recommendations for analyzing hatching success

We measured sea turtle hatchling production on 16 sea turtle nesting beaches (219.6 km) in Florida (USA) from 2002 to 2012. A standard protocol was used to sample 19 701 loggerhead Caretta caretta, 3809 green turtle Chelonia mydas, and 664 leatherback Dermochelys coriacea nest contents, representing all Florida nesting beaches. We assessed (1) annual variation in hatching (hatched eggs/total eggs) and emergence (emerged hatchlings/total eggs) successes, (2) annual hatchling production, and (3) sources of egg and hatchling mortality. Emergence success rates were extrapolated to all Florida sea turtle nesting beaches using means weighted by each beach’s nesting contribution. Weighted mean emergence success was 51.6% for loggerheads, 50.0% for green turtles, and 38.7% for leatherbacks. These estimates represent survivorship to the time hatchlings emerge from the nest. The estimated annual mean number of hatchlings produced on Florida beaches during the study period was 3 528 180 loggerheads (SD = 1 155 701), 568 098 green turtles (SD = 327 156), and 33 014 leatherbacks (SD = 17 574). Beach erosion from storms and nest predation by mammals were the principal identified sources of egg and hatchling mortality. Average emergence success ranged from 38.8 to 65.0% between years and 41.8 to 61.7% between study beaches, suggesting that a single sample year or location would not adequately represent a sea turtle population in demographic analyses of multiple year classes. We provide recommendations for analyzing hatching success and present a method of analysis that allows the inclusion of partially depredated nests. These nests are typically excluded because the original clutch size and the number of eggs removed by predators may not be known.
Funds from Operations to Total Debt: A More Efficient Measure of Leverage for Capital Structure Decision Making

We advance the understanding of capital structure decision making by building on and expanding prior authors’ work, most notably Frank and Goyal (2009). Using US firms’ data from 1950-2012, we operationalize a new measure of leverage, the ratio of Funds from Operations to Total Debt, which captures 42% of the variation in capital structure compared to 25% by Frank and Goyal. Our findings suggest that prior attempts to explain variation may not have used optimal leverage proxies, relying only on “stock” (balance sheet) accounts, whereas the new proxy is comprised of both “stock” and “flow” (cash flow statement) accounts.
Efficacy of hip protector in preventing fall-related hip fracture among elderly people : A literature review study

Hip fracture among elderly people is identified as a serious health problem worldwide. Because of the potential immediate preventative effection, hip protector drew attention from research field. Plenty of researches were conducted for examining the efficacy of hip protector in preventing fall-related hip fracture among elderly people, and results are conflicting. This literature review study aims to sum up and analyze previous literature, and then provide an overall picture of existing researches results about efficacy of hip protectors. Reviewed articles were collected from Google Scholar, SAGE, Academic Search, PUBMED, and CINAHL. After checking with a structured checklist which is formed from suggestion of Polit et al (2001), 11 studies finally are taken into this literature review study. Inductive and deductive content analysis are employed as data analyzing method for answering three research questions: (1) what results previous literature obtained concerning the efficacy of hip protector in preventing fall-related hip fracture among elderly people? (2) Which factors affected results in reviewed literature concerning the efficacy of hip protector? (3) How reviewed literatures can be interpreted in terms of “quality of life”? The conclusion is (1) overall efficacy of hip protector is not yet established, since results of previous researches are conflicting; (2) factors affecting results of efficacy examination of hip protector could be: adherence, sampling size and resources, sampling processing, the biomechanical capacity of hip protector, hip fracture incidence, and one with high risk of hip fracture is not always likely to wear the protector; (3) quality of life can be directly weakened by fall and hip fracture in physical, mental aspects.
Chemical composition including content of amino acids, minerals and alkaloids in seeds of three lupin species cultivated in Poland

Seeds of six cultivars of yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.), three of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and four of narrow-leaved lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) were analysed for the content of nutrients and antinutritional factors. Batches of seeds harvested during three consecutive years were analysed for each cultivar. Seeds of yellow lupin cultivars contained significantly (P<0.05) more protein (43.5% DM), cystine (2.21 g/16gN), ash (5.4% DM), crude fibre (16.4% DM) and alkaloids (510-1300 mg/kg DM) than seeds of white and narrow-leaved lupins. Seeds of white lupin had significantly more fat (10.5% DM), manganese (670 mg/kg DM), toxic alkaloids (600-950 mg/kg DM) and more threonine and isoleucine (3.77 and 4.39 g/16g N , respectively) as compared to other species. The contents of lysine, cystine and isoleucine in yellow lupin protein and that of threonine in white and narrow-leaved lupin seeds (g/16g N) were negatively correlated with the protein content of seeds.
Inventing songs, inventing worlds: the ‘genesis’ of creative thought and activity in young children’s lives

This article draws on systems views of creativity and their application in music education, to argue that young children’s independent invented song making evolves from their early musico‐communicative interaction with others, is evidential of their capacity for ‘elaboration’, and is foundational in the development of creative thought and activity in music. The argument is explored through the analysis of data generated in a longitudinal study of young children’s (aged four to six years) early music making as composers, song makers, and notators. Focusing specifically on children’s invented song, the article provides case study analysis of the song making of a four‐year‐old girl that explores the musical and lyric content, and the environmental features (context) that support and shape her song making (process) and invented songs (product). The implications of such a view for early childhood theory and practice are discussed.
Private financial infrastructure in Brainport Eindhoven Region:a systems-level approach

III PREFACE & ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . IV MANAGEMENT SUMMARY . V THE AIM OF THIS STUDY . V ANALYTICAL TOOL . V ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS . VI Market Failures in the Innovation System context . vi Structural System Failures in the Innovation System context . vi Overview of Transformational System Failures . vii INSIGHTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR BRAINPORT DEVELOPMENT. VIII APPENDIXES.XII LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES . XIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . XIV CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 BRAINPORT DEVELOPMENT . 1 1.2 CONTEXT DESCRIPTION: BRAINPORT EINDHOVEN REGION . 3 1.2.1 Technology & Innovative Capacity of the Region . 3 1.2.2 Knowledge in the region . 4 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT . 5 1.3.1 Start-Ups and Growing SMEs . 5 1.3. 2 Risk Capital . 7 1.3. 3 Conclusion . 7 1.4 METHODOLOGY . 7 1.4. 1 Research Objective . 7 1.4. 2 Research method: Case study . 8 1.5 DATA COLLECTION . 8 1.5. 1 Written resources . 8 1.5. 2 Interviews. 8 1.6 REPORT STRUCTURE. 9 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ON CONCEPTUAL MODELS FOR ANALYZING BRAINPORT AND ON INTERVENTION RATIONALES. 9 2.1 INNOVATION SYSTEMS . 10 2.1.1 Types of Innovation Systems . 11 2.1.2 Regional Innovation Systems . 12 2.2 ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS . 14 2.2.1 Structural Elements of Innovation Systems . 14 2.2.2 Functional elements of a RIS . 15 2.2.3 Structural Components and Functions. 17 2.3 RATIONALES FOR INTERVENTION IN REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS . 18 2.3.1 Market Failures . 18 2.3. 2 Structural System Failures . 18 2.3. 3 Transformational System Failures . 19 2.4 INTERVENTIONS IN RISS . 19 2.4 CONCLUSION . 19 CHAPTER 3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK . 20 3.1. VENTURE CAPITAL. 21
Overpayment, Financial Distress, and Investor Horizons

This study finds that firms that follow excessive payout policies (over-payers) have significantly higher financial distress risk and lower survival compared to under-payers. Moreover, ceteris paribus, institutional investors with a long-term investment horizon influence firms into over-paying. Our findings, which are robust to a range of financial distress measures and alternative definitions of over-payment, are consistent with risk shifting by long-term investors. The link between over-payment, distress risk, and reduced firm survival persists across alternative matching estimators that reduce the impact of observable confounding effects. Following the extant literature, we study the investment choices of indexer institutional investors to address potential endogeneity in the institutional investment and payout policy relation.