Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statin reverses reduction of adiponectin receptor expression in infarcted heart and in TNF-alpha-treated cardiomyocytes in association with improved glucose uptake.

Statin treatment improves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Thus this study assessed whether statin may affect the myocardial expression levels of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, receptors of adiponectin that enhance insulin sensitivity, and whether statin may improve insulin resistance in cardiomyocytes. Myocardial infarction (MI) was created by the ligation of the left coronary artery in male mice. Expression levels of mRNA and protein levels of AdipoR1 but not of AdipoR2 were significantly decreased in the remote area as well as in the healed infarcted area in the left ventricles 4 wk after MI. Oral administration of pravastatin (50 mg.kg(-1). day(-1) for 4 wk after MI) reversed the decrease in myocardial expression levels of AdipoR1 independently of changes in serum lipid profiles and insulin levels. With the use of cultured cardiomyocytes, incubation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, a mediator of postinfarction myocardial dysfunction, inhibited AdipoR1 mRNA and protein expression levels. Coincubation of the cells with pravastatin reversed the inhibitory effects of TNF-alpha on AdipoR1 expression. In parallel, pravastatin reversed the TNF-alpha-induced decrease in globular adiponectin-induced 2-deoxy-d-[(3)H]glucose uptake in insulin-treated cultured cells. Moreover, this effect of pravastatin was inhibited by the suppression of AdipoR1 expression by small-interfering RNA specific for AdipoR1. Incubation with H(2)O(2) reduced AdipoR1 expression in cultured cardiomyocytes that were attenuated by N-acetyl-l-cysteine or pravastatin. Pravastatin suppressed TNF-alpha-induced intracellular oxidants in cultured cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, pravastatin reversed the reduction of AdipoR1 expression in postinfarction mouse myocardium and in TNF-alpha-treated cardiomyocytes partly through an antioxidative mechanism in association with improved glucose uptake.
Some Relations between Territory, Social Hierarchy, and Leadership in the Green Sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus)

T HERE is a basic and widespread tendency for living things to aggregate, more often than not with mutual benefit (Allee, 1931). Integration of vertebrate aggregates is influenced by three major principles of behavior--territoriality, hierarchy, and leadership. Many species appear to organize in accordance with but one of these principles; nevertheless, in most instances traces of the operation of all three may eventually be recognized. The modern concept of territory was first presented by Altum (1868) and Howard (1907-14). Although many observations have been gathered since Howard's (1920) stimulating book, few detailed studies of territorial behavior are yet available. Noble (1939a) gives a simple, inclusive definition of territory as "any defended area. " Nice (1941) reviews the literature on birds and classifies a number of types of territory with regard to mating, nesting, feeding of young, roosting, etc. Territorial behavior seems to be most varied in birds but is also prevalent in the bony fishes, reptiles, and mammals. Social hierarchies in domestic fowl were described by Schjelderup-Ebbe (1922, 1935). Small flocks of hens maintain a linear system of dominance, which has come to be called the "peck-right. " The dominant bird has the right to peck all the others without, in turn, being pecked; the next in rank can attack all except the first; and so on down the line. Masure and Allee (1934a, b) confirmed the existence of this social order in chickens but found that certain other species of birds have a more flexible type of relation, which they named "peck-dominance. " The dominant individual delivers more blows than it receives, but the subordinate often retaliates, and the outcome of any single contact is not strictly predictable. Masure and Allee observed that certain members of a group are more aggressive in one place than in another, and Allee (1942) suggests that this territoriality may be an underlying factor in the peck-dominance type of society. Still other kinds of relations between territory and hierarchy have been proposed by Diebschlag (1941) for pigeons and by Greenberg and Noble (1939, 1942, 1944) for the American chameleon, Anolis. Diebschlag discovered that pigeons defend both residence points of limited area and "influence spheres," which may extend to an entire laboratory cage. Individuals were observed to engage in peck-dominance exchanges with others that held residence areas within the formers' spheres of influence. Greenberg and Noble recorded similar situations in Anolis lizard groups; however, the relations between the territoryholding males were of the peck-right type. Leadership-followership phenomena 'This study originated from a suggestion by Dr. W. C. Allee, to whom the author is deeply indebted for friendly guidance. Dr. C. M. Breder, Karl P. Schmidt, and Clifford H. Pope read the manuscript and contributed much helpful criticism. 2 Present address: Department of Biology, Roosevelt College, Chicago, Illinois.
Improving the Early Detection of Children with Subtle Developmental Problems

This article briefly reviews the recent literature identifying the possible reasons why children with subtle developmental problems are passing through health care systems undetected. It offers some explanations as to why consequently, in many Western societies, a large number of these children are not identified by health professionals until they reach school age. Early identification is one of the challenges facing health visitors or child health nurses, and it is suggested that if they can utilize the knowledge and experience of parents, the opportunities for early identification and intervention would be dramatically improved.
Antagonist of microRNA‐21 improves balloon injury‐induced rat iliac artery remodeling by regulating proliferation and apoptosis of adventitial fibroblasts and myofibroblasts

Molecular pathways involved in adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) and myofibroblasts (MFs) proliferation and apoptosis contribute to vascular remodeling. MicroRNA‐21 (miR‐21) plays an important role in regulating cellular proliferation and apoptosis of many cell types; however, the effect of miR‐21 on AFs and MFs is still unknown. In this study, we found that miR‐21 was expressed in AFs and overexpressed in MFs. Inhibition of miR‐21 decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of AFs and MFs, and overexpression of miR‐21 with pre‐miR‐21 had the reverse effect. Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), related to cell proliferation and apoptosis, was validated as a direct target of miR‐21 by dual‐luciferase reporter assay and gain and loss of function of miR‐21 in AFs and MFs. PDCD4 knockdown with siRNA partly rescued the reduced proliferation with miR‐21 inhibition and alleviated the increased apoptosis induced by miR‐21 inhibition in AFs and MFs. Moreover, increasing PDCD4 expression by miR‐21 inhibition significantly decreased JNK/c‐Jun activity. In contrast, decreasing PDCD4 expression by pre‐miR‐21 treatment increased JNK/c‐Jun activity, while the effect of miR‐21 inhibition on JNK/c‐Jun activity could be rescued by PDCD4 siRNA. Moreover, miR‐21 inhibition could regulate proliferation and apoptosis of vascular AFs and MFs in vivo. Furthermore, miR‐21 inhibition reversed vascular remodeling induced by balloon injury. In summary, our findings demonstrate that miR‐21 may have a critical role in regulating proliferation and apoptosis of AFs and MFs, and PDCD4 is a functional target gene involved in the miR‐21‐mediated cellular effects in vascular remodeling by a miR‐21/PDCD4/JNK/c‐Jun pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 2989–3001, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Lateral Atlanto–Axial Joint as a Source of Headache in Congenital Atlanto–Occipital Fusion

El Abd OH, Rosenberg D, Gomba L, Isaac Z: The lateral atlanto–axial joint as a source of headache in congenital atlanto–occipital fusion. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2008;87:232–237.A 47-yr-old woman presented with severe right-sided neck pain and headache, predominantly in the right-occipital region, for 3 yrs. The symptoms persisted despite using nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications and undergoing physical therapy. The patient's examination was unremarkable except for reduced neck motion and prominent right-occipital tenderness. Imaging showed congenital fusion of the atlanto–occipital joints bilaterally. A fluoroscopically guided diagnostic right-lateral atlanto–axial joint injection was positive. We are reporting the first case of clinically proven lateral atlanto–axial joint arthropathy with neck pain and headache in a patient with congenital atlanto–occipital joint fusion. Subsequently, the patient received a set of two therapeutic lateral atlanto–axial joint injections. She had remarkable improvement of her headache and neck pain. At 1-yr follow-up, the patient continued to have significant improvement of the right-sided neck pain and headache.
Changing Resident Test Ordering Behavior

Hospital laboratory test volume is increasing, and overutilization contributes to errors and costs. Efforts to reduce laboratory utilization have targeted aspects of ordering behavior, but few have utilized a multilevel collaborative approach. The study team partnered with residents to reduce unnecessary laboratory tests and associated costs through multilevel interventions across the academic medical center. The study team selected laboratory tests for intervention based on cost, volume, and ordering frequency (complete blood count [CBC] and CBC with differential, common electrolytes, blood enzymes, and liver function tests). Interventions were designed collaboratively with residents and targeted components of ordering behavior, including system changes, teaching, social marketing, academic detailing, financial incentives, and audit/feedback. Laboratory ordering was reduced by 8% cumulatively over 3 years, saving $2 019 000. By involving residents at every stage of the intervention and targeting multiple levels simultaneously, laboratory utilization was reduced and cost savings were sustained over 3 years.
Electric Polarization and the Viability of Living Systems: Ion Cyclotron Resonance-Like Interactions

Wellness can be described in physical terms as a state that is a function of the organism's electric polarization vector P(r, t). One can alter P by invasive application of electric fields or by non invasive external pulsed magnetic fields (PMF) or ion cyclotron resonance (ICR)-like combinations of static and sinusoidal magnetic fields. Changes in human (total) body bioimpedance are significantly altered during exposure to ICR magnetic field combinations. The conductivities of polar amino acids in solution exhibit sharp discontinuities at ICR magnetic fields tuned to the specific charge to mass ratio of the amino acid. It has been reported that protein peptide bonds are broken by such amino acid ICR fields. Remarkably, some of these effects are only found at ultra-low AC magnetic intensities, on the order of . 05 μT. This is approximately 103 below accepted levels determined by engineering estimates. Such strikingly low magnetic intensities imply the existence of physically equivalent endogenous weak electric field oscillations. These observations not only make claims related to electromagnetic pollution more credible but also provide a basis for future electromagnetic applications in medicine. They also reinforce the notion that physical factors acting to influence the electric polarization in living organisms play a key role in biology.
Mechanical Stability of Custom and Anatomical Femoral Stems: An Experimental Study in Human Femora

In this study we have compared the mechanical stability of custom (n=8) and anatomical (n=8) uncemented femoral components, following insertion into human cadaveric femurs, during simulated single leg stance and stair climbing. In the custom group two specimens were excluded from the study due to detachment of the greater trochanter during cyclical loading. As a consequence of their mechanical behaviour both types of stems could be divided into subgroups of “unstable” and “stable” implants. In the course of one thousand loading cycles three anatomical stems and one custom stem migrated more than 1 mm, which was interpreted as mechanical loosening. This difference in rate of mechanical loosening was not significant. However, the majority of the stems were remarkably stable and showed micromotion of less than 18 μm and migration of less than 35 μm at the proximal implant-bone interface. The corresponding figures for the tip of the stems were 243 μm and 170 μm, respectively. During torsional loading the custom stems showed less rotatory motion than the anatomical stem (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the magnitude of cyclical micromotion or migration for the two types of femoral stems.
Identification of the gene encoding the major capsid protein of insect iridescent virus type 6 by polymerase chain reaction.

The gene encoding the major capsid protein of Chilo iridescent virus (CIV) has been identified by PCR using oligonucleotide primers corresponding to different regions of the major capsid proteins of Tipula iridescent virus (TIV) and iridescent virus 22 (IV22). A DNA fragment of 0.5 kbp was amplified using two oligonucleotide primers corresponding to the amino acid positions 146 to 153 and 304 to 313 of the major capsid protein of TIV, respectively. The radioactively labelled DNA fragment derived from PCR was hybridized to a CIV gene library. This analysis revealed that only the EcoRI CIV DNA fragment X [2.85 kbp; 0.589 to 0.603 viral map units (m.u.)] hybridized to the amplified DNA fragment. An RNA transcript of about 1.5 kb was identified when the PCR product was used as a hybridization probe. The same RNA transcript was detected when the EcoRI fragments X and Q (5.9 kbp; 0.603 to 0.631 viral m.u.) were used as probes. This indicates that the expected gene is located within map coordinates 0.589 to 0.631 and harbours part of the DNA sequences of fragments Q and X. The analysis of the DNA sequences of this particular region of the CIV genome revealed the presence of one open reding frame of 1401 bp. The DNA sequences of this region encode a protein of 467 amino acid residues with an M(r) of 51.4K. A high degree (64.7%) of amino acid sequence identity was detected between the major capsid protein of TIV and/or IV22 and the amino acid composition of the identified CIV protein.
Effect of resveratrol on platelet activation in hypercholesterolemic rats: CD40-CD40L system as a potential target.

Our aim was to investigate whether trans-resveratrol (t-resveratrol), a red wine constituent known for its cardioprotective effects, was able to influence CD40 ligand (CD40L) and its receptor CD40 in platelets of hypercholesterolemic rats. Sixty Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: control (C), ethanol (E), t-resveratrol (R), hypercholesterolemia (HC), and hypercholesterolemia plus t-resveratrol (HCR). Rats in the C, E, and R groups were fed a normal diet for 80 days. For 20 days before sacrifice, we intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered 0.1 mL ethanol (50% v/v) to the E group, and 0.1 mL t-resveratrol (20 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) to the R group. Rats in the HC and HCR groups were fed a 5% cholesterol diet for 80 days. Rats in the HCR group were administered i.p. 0.1 mL t-resveratrol (20 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) for 20 days before sacrifice. Serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C), and total triglycerides (TG) were assayed with a commercial colorimetric kit. Platelet P-selectin, CD40, and CD40L expression was determined by flow cytometry. sCD40L and IL6 levels were measured by ELISA. In the HC group, we observed a significant increase in serum TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TG, sCD40, and IL-6 levels and platelet activation markers compared with levels in the control group. However, t-resveratrol administration to the HC group (HCR group) attenuated the increase in lipids, sCD40, and IL-6 and down-regulated platelet P-selectin, CD40, and CD40L expressions. A positive correlation was found for serum lipids and all the platelet activation markers. Our study showed that the CD40-CD40L dyad is up-regulated in the presence of hypercholesterolemia and that t-resveratrol administration down-regulated the increase.
Receptor‐mediated endocytosis and exocytosis of transferrin in concanavalin A‐stimulated rat lymphoblasts

Iron‐loaded transferrin has been shown to be necessary for the support of cell proliferation in culture. This function depends upon interaction of transferrin with a specific high‐affinity cell surface receptor. The present report is directed toward determining the consequences of the interaction of transferrin with this receptor on Concanavalin A‐stimulated rat lymphocytes. Three specific questions have been posed: (a) Is transferrin endocytosed following binding to its specific receptor in a temperature‐dependent fashion? (b) Following endocytosis, is the carrier protein released from the cell in a structurally and functionally intact form? and (c) Is the cell surface transferrin receptor also endocytosed following ligand binding? The results provide affirmative answers to all questions. Using two independent probes of the cell surface versus intracellular location of transferrin we observed that cell‐bound transferrin moved from the cell surface to the inside of the cell and subsequently back to the medium. This process occurred in a temperature‐dependent fashion. When cells containing only intracellular transferrin were further incubated at 37°C approximately 80% of cell‐bound transferrin was released to the medium. Nearly all of this material retained reactivity with antibody to transferrin. In addition, exocytosed transferrin exhibited qualitatively and quantitatively equivalent binding reactivity with the transferrin receptor and showed identical electophoretic mobility on SDS gel electrophoresis. Finally, using similar methodology to that employed with transferrin itself, we provide evidence that the specific receptor is also endocytosed.
The Arterial Supply of the Palate: Implications for Closure of Cleft Palates

Little is known of the arterial anatomy of the palate. Injection studies and dissection of a total of 49 cadavers have shown the principal arterial supply of the soft palate to be the ascending pharyngeal artery, which anastomoses with the greater palatine artery at the junction of the hard and soft palates. The position and relations of the branches of the ascending palatine artery put it at risk during palate repair.
Bureaucratic Decision Costs and Endogenous Agency Expertise

This paper analyzes the impact of bureaucratic decision costs on agency expertise. The analysis shows that the effect of the cost associated with adopting a new regulation (the enactment cost) on agency expertise depends on what the agency would do if it remains uninformed. If an uninformed agency would regulate, increasing enactment costs increases agency expertise; if an uninformed agency would retain the status quo, increasing enactment costs decreases agency expertise. These results may influence the behavior of an uninformed overseer, such as a court or legislature, that can manipulate the agency's enactment costs. Such an overseer must balance its interest in influencing agency policy preferences against its interest in increasing agency expertise. The paper explores the implications of these results for various topics in institutional design, including judicial and executive review of regulations, structure-and-process theories of congressional oversight, national security, criminal procedure, and constitutional law.
Inference-driven attention in symbolic and perceptual tasks: Biases toward expected and unexpected inputs

The aims of this paper are (a) to gather support for the hypothesis that some basic mechanisms of attentional deployment (i.e., its high efficiency in dealing with expected and unexpected inputs) meet the requirements of the inferential system and have possibly evolved to support its functioning, and (b) to show that these orienting mechanisms function in very similar ways in two perceptual tasks and in a symbolic task. The general hypothesis and its predictions are sketched in the Introduction, after a discussion of current findings concerning visual attention and the generalities of the inferential system. In the empirical section, three experiments are presented where participants tracked visual trajectories (Experiments 1 and 3) or arithmetic series (Experiments 2 and 3), responding to the onset of a target event (e.g., to a specific number) and to the repetition of an event (e.g., to a number appearing twice consecutively). Target events could be anticipated when they were embedded in regular series/trajectories; they could be anticipated, with the anticipation later disconfirmed, when a regular series/trajectory was abruptly interrupted before the target event occurred; and they could not be anticipated when the series/trajectory was random. Repeated events could not be anticipated. Results show a very similar pattern of allocation in tracking visual trajectories and arithmetic series: Attention is focused on anticipated events; it is defocused and redistributed when an anticipation is not confirmed by ensuing events; however, performance decreases when dealing with random series/trajectory—that is, in the absence of anticipations. In our view, this is due to the fact that confirmed and disconfirmed anticipations are crucial events for “knowledge revision”—that is, the fine tuning of the inferential system to the environment; attentional mechanisms have developed so as to enhance detection of these events, possibly at all levels of inferential processing.
Survival in Childhood Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Insights From the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Disease Management

Background— Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but important cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Methods and Results— We analyzed data from 216 patients ⩽18 years of age at diagnosis who were enrolled in the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term PAH Disease Management (REVEAL). Median age at diagnosis and enrollment was 7 and 15 years, respectively. The most frequent presenting symptom was dyspnea (idiopathic/familial PAH, 53%; PAH associated with congenital heart disease, 30%). Presyncope/syncope was more frequent in patients with idiopathic PAH/familial PAH (36%) than in those with PAH associated with congenital heart disease (4%). At diagnosis, mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance index were 56 mm Hg and 17 Wood units · m2, respectively. Five-year survival from diagnosis for the overall cohort was 74±6%, with no significant difference between the idiopathic PAH/familial PAH (n=122, 75±7%) and PAH associated with congenital heart disease (n=77, 71±13%) cohorts (P=0.53). Older age at diagnosis was the only variable significantly associated with decreased survival from diagnosis. Variables at enrollment that were significantly associated with decreased survival from enrollment included higher pulmonary vascular resistance index, lower-weight z scores, and familial PAH. Additional variables at enrollment, identified in a secondary analysis, that were marginally associated with increased survival from enrollment included acute vasoreactivity (adaptation of conventional pediatric definition; P=0.087) and lower brain natriuretic peptide (P=0.060). None of the 22 patients who were acute responders treated with high-dose calcium channel blockade as monotherapy or combination therapy died within 5 years of diagnosis. Conclusion— Using REVEAL, we identified key predictors of survival in childhood PAH. Refining these prognostic parameters should help clinicians improve outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT00370214.