Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of ultrasound therapy on the repair of Achilles tendon injuries in rats.

The purpose was to determine the effects of selected regimens of ultrasound therapy on the rates of repair of injured Achilles tendons of rats. Specific dependent variables examined were tendon breaking strength and rate of collagen formation. A puncture technique was used to induce injuries to both Achilles tendons of rats. Continuous ultrasound was administered to the left tendon for 4 min per treatment session at an intensity of 1.5 W.cm-2. Rats were sacrificed 2, 5, 9, 15, and 21 d following injury for measurement of tendon breaking strength and 3 and 5 d postinjury for analysis of collagen synthesis. Breaking strength was defined as the minimum force required to completely rupture the tendon. Collagen synthesis was indicated by the conversion of labeled proline to hydroxyproline. The breaking strengths of the treated tendons were significantly greater than strengths of the untreated tendons 5, 9, 15, and 21 d postinjury. Collagen synthesis was increased in the treated tendons compared with the untreated tendons 5 d postinjury. The results indicate that ultrasound treatment increases the rate of repair of injured Achilles tendons of rats. The results are also consistent with an association between increased collagen synthesis and greater breaking strength during tendon repair.
Quantitative weight of evidence assessment of higher-tier studies on the toxicity and risks of neonicotinoid insecticides in honeybees 1: Methods

ABSTRACT A quantitative weight of evidence (QWoE) methodology was developed and used to assess many higher-tier studies on the effects of three neonicotinoid insecticides: clothianidin (CTD), imidacloprid (IMI), and thiamethoxam (TMX) on honeybees. A general problem formulation, a conceptual model for exposures of honeybees, and an analysis plan were developed. A QWoE methodology was used to characterize the quality of the available studies from the literature and unpublished reports of studies conducted by or for the registrants. These higher-tier studies focused on the exposures of honeybees to neonicotinoids via several matrices as measured in the field as well as the effects in experimentally controlled field studies. Reports provided by Bayer Crop Protection and Syngenta Crop Protection and papers from the open literature were assessed in detail, using predefined criteria for quality and relevance to develop scores (on a relative scale of 0–4) to separate the higher-quality from lower-quality studies and those relevant from less-relevant results. The scores from the QWoEs were summarized graphically to illustrate the overall quality of the studies and their relevance. Through mean and standard errors, this method provided graphical and numerical indications of the quality and relevance of the responses observed in the studies and the uncertainty associated with these two metrics. All analyses were conducted transparently and the derivations of the scores were fully documented. The results of these analyses are presented in three companion papers and the QWoE analyses for each insecticide are presented in detailed supplemental information (SI) in these papers.
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Anxious Youth with Comorbid School Refusal: Clinical Presentation and Treatment Response

The present study investigated the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in youth (N = 27) diagnosed with a principal anxiety disorder and school refusal (SR; denial to attend school or difficulty remaining in school). Scant research examines the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for treatment-seeking youth with a primary anxiety disorder and comorbid SR. Effects for youth who completed treatment (N = 12) ranged from d = . 61 to 2.27 based on youthand parent-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as independently rated global functioning. A discussion of treatment drop-out, a case illustration, and treatment recommendations are provided.
The risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in patients with psoriasis: a population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in patients with psoriasis compared with the general population. DESIGN A population-based cohort study using data collected as part of patient's electronic medical record from 1987 to 2002. SETTING General Practice Research Database. PATIENTS Analyses included 146 042 patients with mild psoriasis, 3956 patients with severe psoriasis, and 766 950 patients without psoriasis. Five controls without psoriasis were selected from the same practices and similar cohort entry dates as patients with psoriasis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Clinical diagnoses of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among patients. RESULTS The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for receiving a diagnosis of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in patients with psoriasis compared with controls were 1.39 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37-1.41), 1.31 (95% CI, 1.29-1.34), and 1.44 (95% CI, 1.32-1.57), respectively. The adjusted HR of depression was higher in severe (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.57-1.88) compared with mild psoriasis (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.35-1.40). Younger patients with psoriasis had elevated HRs of outcomes compared with older patients with psoriasis. CONCLUSIONS Patients with psoriasis have an increased risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality. We estimate that in the United Kingdom, in excess of 10 400 diagnoses of depression, 7100 diagnoses of anxiety, and 350 diagnoses of suicidality are attributable to psoriasis annually. It is important for clinicians to evaluate patients with psoriasis for these conditions to improve outcomes. Future investigation should determine the mechanisms by which psoriasis is associated with psychiatric outcomes as well as approaches for prevention.
Airborne Allergens, Endotoxins, and Particulate Matter in Elementary Schools, Results from Germany (LUPE 2)

Allergic disorders are the most common childhood-related chronic diseases in developed countries. It is essential to assess the exposure, especially in schools, where children spend a large portion of their time. We aimed to investigate allergen and endotoxin levels in the air of schools and to observe seasonal variations of these factors. We evaluated airborne concentrations of house dust mites allergens (Der p 1, Der f 1), cat allergen (Fel d 1), and endotoxin in PM10 in 14 classrooms during the school days in the region of Munich, each over 20 consecutive days and in 1 classroom over the course of a year (at 83 days); we also tested outdoor air close to the schools. Endotoxin levels were quantified using two different analytical methods. In addition, indoor air climate parameters were measured. The median daily indoor CO2 and PM10 concentrations in the classrooms ranged from 423 to 3,135 ppm (median: 1,211 ppm) and 9 to 390 μg/m3 (median: 127 μg/m3), respectively. Fel d 1 in the PM10 samples was the most frequently detected allergen, with levels from 0.02 to 1.15 ng/m3 in a total of 301 samples (median: 0.19 ng/m3, 95th percentile: 0.57 ng/m3). Der p 1 and Der f 1 were detected in only 51% and 19% of the samples, with 95th percentiles at 0.5 and 0.3 ng/m3. Endotoxin levels in the PM10 and inhalable dust samples ranged from 0.5 to 84.1 EU/m3 (median: 15.3 EU/m3; 95th percentile: 58.2 EU/m3) and from 0.03 to 115 EU/m3 (median: 8.4 EU/m3; 95th percentile: 27.9 EU/m3). Fel d 1 and endotoxin were found in higher levels in the winter months. The results of the two different indoor sampling techniques for endotoxin were statistically significantly correlated. The results of airborne allergens indicate a generally low exposure level in classrooms. With regard to endotoxin, our study showed higher levels in schools compared with residences.
Incident pain

Incident pain can be a major problem in the management of cancer pain. A simple movement for an otherwise comfortable patient can create significant pain and disability. Parlow and colleagues address this issue in a randomized study using nitrous oxide for incident pain in cancer patients. Many have used this intervention in patients with difficult to control pain based on the anecdotal reports cited. There is a real need for studies such as this one but a number of issues come to mind when reading their paper. The use of the term 'incident pain' is one that has continued to cause confusion and it sometimes seems to be differentiated from breakthrough pain. Are they truly different or is incident pain just one type of breakthrough pain? The model I use in teaching about breakthrough pain is that of ischaemic cardiac pain. Angina presents in a number of ways, related to activity, increased emotion, or may occur at rest or for unknown reasons. Medication with around the clock medicines such that every episode of pain is controlled is not the usual approach to management. Side effects are very likely to occur if such an approach was followed. Instead, cardiac patients with ischaemic heart disease are taught to take nitrates prior to those activities that cause chest pain. Incident pain in a cancer patient in many was is similar to angina, especially when specific events may precipitate the pain. Parlow and colleagues group patients with incident pain into Category 1, Care in bed: turning, bathing, changing bedding; Category 2, Mobilization: to commode, up in chair, to bathroom; and Category 3, Procedures: wound dressing changes, physiotherapy. The investigators anticipated that subjects would have 5-10 episodes in each 12 hour period. Not an overwhelming number. However continued pain associated with the slightest movement causes considerable impact on quality of life and activities of daily living. The methodology used by Parlow and colleagues is worthy of comment. In this study, they randomize days of treatment, comparing seven days of treatment with nitrous oxide with seven days of treatment with air or oxygen, with patients and clinicians blinded to the delivered treatment. Patients are able to take their normal breakthrough pain medicines throughout the study as well as their regular opioids, making the study ethically acceptable. For five of the seven patients, nitrous oxide
Cerebrospinal fluid penetration of amikacin in children with community-acquired bacterial meningitis

The penetration of amikacin into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was studied with 16 children (mean age, 1 year and 9 months; range, 4 months to 8 years) with community-acquired bacterial meningitis. Amikacin was given intravenously at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg of body weight twice daily. CSF was collected on day 1, at the expected peak concentration of amikacin in CSF. The mean (standard deviation) concentration of amikacin in CSF was 1.65 (1.6) mg/liter. Concentrations of amikacin in CSF correlated significantly with CSF glucose levels on admission. The mean concentrations of amikacin in CSF were 2.9, 1.1, and 0.20 mg/liter in patients with CSF glucose levels of < 1, 1 to 2, and > 2 mmol/liter, respectively. Thus, amikacin penetrates the blood-brain barrier substantially in children with bacterial meningitis and achieves particularly high concentrations when CSF glucose level is < 1 mmol/liter on admission.
catena-Poly[(μ-anilido)(μ-1,2-dimethoxyethane-κ3-O,O′:O)sodium]

In the title compound, [Na(C6H5NH)(C4H10O2)], the Na+ cation is coordinated by the N atoms of two anilide anions, two O atoms of a chelating 1,2-dimethoxyethane (dme) ligand and one O atom of an adjacent dme ligand. The coordination polyhedron around Na+ corresponds to a distorted square pyramid with the N atoms of the anilide groups and the O atoms of the chelating dme unit at the base and a third O atom at the apical position. The anilide anions act as μ-bridging ligands and the 1,2-dimethoxyethane molecules display a μ2-κ3-O,O′ coordination mode. As a result of this connectivity, a polymeric chain structure parallel to [100] is formed, consisting of Na2O2 and Na2N2 four-membered rings. It should be noted that the remaining H atom of the anilide NH group is not involved in hydrogen bonding.
Role of ASC in the Mouse Model of Helicobacter pylori Infection

Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase recruitment domain (ASC) is an adaptor molecule activating caspase-1 that stimulates pro-interleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β) and pro-IL-18, two pro-inflammatory cytokines with critical functions in host defense against a variety of pathogens. In this study, we investigated the role of ASC in the host defense against Helicobacter pylori utilizing ASC-deficient mice. Mice were orally inoculated with H. pylori; bacterial load, degree of gastritis, and mucosal levels of inflammatory cytokines were analyzed and compared with those obtained from wild-type mice. We found more prominent H. pylori colonization in ASC-deficient mice, as revealed by colony-forming unit counts. Both groups of mice developed gastritis; however, ASC-deficient mice showed significant attenuation of inflammation despite high H. pylori colonization. ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed complete suppression of IL-1β and IL-18, and substantial reduction of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) expression, in ASC-deficient mice without apparent upregulation of other cytokines, including IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α. These results as a whole indicate that ASC exerts considerable influence on the host defense, acting through IL-1β/IL-18 and subsequent IFN-γ production, which in turn contributes to continuous chronic inflammatory response and consequent reduction of H. pylori colonization.
Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin in pigs and broilers following intravenous, intramuscular, and oral single-dose applications.

Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, was determined in pigs and broilers after intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), or oral (p.o.) administration at a single dose of five (pigs) or 10 mg/kg (broilers). Plasma concentration profiles were analyzed by a compartmental pharmacokinetic method. Following i.v. , i.m. and p.o. doses, the elimination half-lives (t(1/2beta)) were 17.14 +/- 4.14, 25.79 +/- 8.10, 16.67 +/- 4.04 (pigs) and 6.11 +/- 1.50, 5.64 +/- 0.74, 8.20 +/- 3.12 h (broilers), respectively. After single i.m. and p.o. administration, difloxacin was rapidly absorbed, with peak plasma concentrations (C(max)) of 1.77 +/- 0.66, 2.29 +/- 0.85 (pigs) and 2.51 +/- 0.36, 1.00 +/- 0.21 microg/mL (broilers) attained at t(max) of 1.29 +/- 0.26, 1.41 +/- 0.88 (pigs) and 0.86 +/- 0.4, 4.34 +/- 2.40 h (broilers), respectively. Bioavailabilities (F) were (95.3 +/- 28.9)% and (105.7 +/- 37.1)% (pigs) and (77.0 +/- 11.8)% and (54.2 +/- 12.6)% (broilers) after i.m. and p.o. doses, respectively. Apparent distribution volumes(V(d(area))) of 4.91 +/- 1.88 and 3.10 +/- 0.67 L/kg and total body clearances(Cl(B)) of 0.20 +/- 0.06 and 0.37 +/- 0.10 L/kg/h were determined in pigs and broilers, respectively. Areas under the curve (AUC), the half-lives of both absorption and distribution(t(1/2ka), t(1/2alpha)) were also determined. Based on the single-dose pharmacokinetic parameters determined, multiple dosage regimens were recommended as: a dosage of 5 mg/kg given intramuscularly every 24 h in pigs, or administered orally every 24 h at the dosage of 10 mg/kg in broilers, can maintain effective plasma concentrations with bacteria infections, in which MIC(90) are <0.25 microg/mL and <0.1 microg/mL respectively.
Trinucleotide repeat expansion in neurological disease

Expansion of trincleotide repeats is now recognized as a major cause of neurological disease. At least seven disorders result from trinucleotide repeat expansion: X‐linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), two fragile×syndromes of mental retardation (FRAXA and FRAXE), myotonic dystrophy, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), and dentatorubral‐pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA). The expanded trinucleotide repeats are unstable, and the phenomenon of anticipation, i.e., worsening of disease phenotype over successive generations, correlates with increasing expansion size. In this review, we compare the clinical and molecular features of the trinucleotide repeat diseases, which may be classified into two types. Fragile×and myotonic dystrophy are multisystem disorders usually associated with large expansions of untranslated repeats, while the four neurodegenerative disorders, SBMA, Huntington's disease, SCA1, and DRPLA, are caused by smaller expansions of CAG repeats within the protein coding portion of the gene. CAG repeats encode polyglutamine tracts. Polyglutamine tract expansion thus appears to be a common mechanism of inherited neurodegenerative disease. Although polyglutamine tract lenghthening presumably has a toxic gain of function effect in the CAG trinucleotide repeat disorders, the basis of this neuronal toxicity remains unknown.
Feminine Ideology and Sexual Assault

Previous research has not conclusively determined whether traditional femininity increases women’s risk for sexual assault. Certain femininity beliefs, such as valuing deference, may increase risk for sexual assault by discouraging sexual refusal assertiveness (SRA). Other femininity beliefs, such as valuing purity, may promote self-protective behaviors. College women (N = 254) provided self-report data on these beliefs, risk and protective behaviors, and sexual assault experiences. Traditional femininity was not directly associated with experiencing sexual assault. However, specific traditional beliefs were related to behaviors directly associated with risk. High SRA and sexual abstinence simultaneously reduced the odds for sexual assault.
The development of locative expressions in English, Italian, Serbo-Croatian and Turkish

ABSTRACT The ability of children between the ages of 2; 0 and 4; 8 to produce locative pre- or postpositions was investigated in English, Italian, Serbo-Croatian, and Turkish. Across languages, there was a general order of development: (1) ‘in’, ‘on’, ‘under’, and ‘beside’, (2) ‘between’, ‘back’ and ‘front’ with featured objects, (3) ‘back’ and ‘front’ with non-featured objects. This order of development is discussed in terms of nonlinguistic growth in conceptual ability. Language-specific differences in the general pattern of development are discussed in terms of a number of linguistic factors which may facilitate or retard the child's discovery of the linguistic means for encoding concepts.
Association among Serum Organochlorine Pesticide Residues, Glutathione S-Transferase M1 Genetic Polymorphism and Female Breast Cancer

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association among serum organochlorine pesticide residues, glutathione S-transferase M1 genetic polymorphism and female breast cancer. Methods: A 1:1 matched case-control study of 140 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients and 140 non-cancer female patients who consulted the five largest hospitals in the Tangshan city from September 2006 to October 2007. Results: The result showed higher risk of breast cancer among subjects with higher levels of serum DDT and HCH residue, the OR was 3.18 (95%CI, 1.11 - 9.07) and 5.02 (95%CI, 1.64 - 16.56). The value of ORe associated with single environmental factor DDT high residues, and ORg associated with single GSTM1 deletion genotype were respectively 3.86 (1.20 - 12.47) and 1.34 (0.36 - 5.08). The OReg associated with combined action of two factors was 5.59 (1.63 - 18.90), and the value of interaction parameters (γ) equaled 1.24. The value of ORe associated with single environmental factor HCH higher residue and ORg associated with single GSTM1 deletion genotype were respectively 2.73 (0.84 - 8.87) and 1.48 (0.49 - 4.60). The value of OReg associated with combined action of two factors was 3.87 (1.18 - 12.68), and γ equaled 1.38. Conclusion: The results indicated that breast cancer occurrence was the combined result of environmental and genetic factors. The concurrent action of GSTM1 deletion genotype and DDT/HCH enhanced the risk of breast cancer.
Sequence Analysis of the Hypervariable Regions of the 56 kDa Immunodominant Protein Genes of Orientia tsutsugamushi Strains in Malaysia

The DNA sequences encompassing two hypervariable regions, VD II and III of the 56 kDa immunodominant protein gene of 21 Malaysian strains of Orientia tsutsugamushi were determined. Two strains demonstrated a 100% DNA homology with the Gilliam prototype strain, and one with TH1817 strain and TA678 strain respectively. High percentages of DNA similarity (95–99%) were observed with Karp (4 strains), Gilliam (2 strains), TH1817 (4 strains), TC586 (3 strains) and TA763 (1 strain). The remaining strains demonstrated the highest DNA similarity with TA763 (1 strain, 89%), TA678 (1 strain, 86%) and TA686 (1 strain, 87%). Our study provides additional evidence on the existence and the genetic heterogeneity of TA strains of the Southeast Asia and their closely related strains in Malaysia.
Active perception

Action is indelibly tied to perception, and good perception is vital to our survival. Action helps to inform organisms about the world they inhabit, and to accrue information that aids in achieving their goals in a timely manner. In many computer vision applications, action plays no role in understanding an image; yet in natural situations, action and perception are inextricably linked across all levels. This thesis is about building machines that operate in real time in the real world, using actions to aid perception. In the chapters of this thesis, there are many examples of active perception domains, each with challenging problems. We analyze these problems mathematically, propose solutions, and evaluate their performance in real world conditions. In the process, we explore a robust mathematical foundation for understanding active perception, and develop many techniques for practical analysis.
Gender and the Transmission of Risk: A Prospective Study of Adolescent Girls Exposed to Maternal Versus Paternal Interparental Violence

Violence perpetrated by young women typically occurs in close relationships. This study assessed the impact of exposure to interparental violence (IPV) on girls' perpetration of violence within romantic relationships and examined whether this relationship was mediated through sensitivity to interpersonal rejection (RS). Exposure to maternal IPV predicted girls' romantic partner aggression in adolescence and 5 years later in young adulthood. Additionally, girls high on RS were at increased risk of aggression in romantic relationships in adolescence and young adulthood. RS mediated the relationship between IPV and levels of romantic partner aggression in adolescence, but not into young adulthood. These effects remained stable even when paternal IPV and other forms of parental abuse were controlled.