Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Performance Assessment of a Street‐Drainage Bioretention System

Event‐based, flow‐paced composite sampling was carried out at the inlet and outlet of a street‐side bioretention facility in Seattle, Washington, to assess its ability to reduce street runoff quantity and pollutants. Over 2.5 years, 48 to 74% of the incoming runoff was lost to infiltration and evaporation. Outlet pollutant concentrations were significantly lower than those at the inlet for nearly all monitored constituents. In terms of mass, the system retained most of the incoming pollutants. Besides soluble reactive phosphorus (the mass of which possibly increased), dissolved copper was the least effectively retained; at least 58% of dissolved copper (and potentially as much as 79%) was captured by the system. Motor oil was removed most effectively, with 92 to 96% of the incoming motor oil not leaving the system. The results indicate that bioretention systems can achieve a high level of runoff retention and treatment in real‐weather conditions.
Phrenic nerve stimulation

Summary Weakness of the limbs and respiratory muscles has increasingly been found to be a frequent event that complicates the medical history of patients in Intensive Care. The problem normally affects more serious cases and presents as muscular weakness leading to flaccid paralysis and difficulty in weaning patients off mechanical ventilation. This latter sign leads the intensivist to suspect possible involvement of the neuromuscular respiratory system. Unfortunately, in‐depth clinical assessment of the neuromuscular respiratory system is difficult with critically ill patients, and electrophysiological studies have been used instead to overcome this problem. Of these latter, electric and electromagnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerve have been successful (along with needle electromyography of the diaphragm) in identifying the causes of neuromuscular respiratory insufficiency, especially in Intensive Care. In this brief chapter, we will be discussing the technique of electric stimulation of the phrenic nerve and neuromuscular respiratory insufficiency within the field of critical illness polyneuropathy.
Insulin and Microtubules in Rat Adipocytes

Insulin appears to promote microtubule assemblty in rat adipocytes. Neithler oxytocin nor high concentrations of glucose has this effect. Colchicine inihibits stimulation by insulin of lipid and glycogen synthesis without influencing stimulation by insulin of glucose oxidation. The anabolic effects of oxytocin or high concentrations of glucose are not inhibited by colchicine. The "directive effect" of insulin may involve microtubules.
Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson's disease

Over the last decade, the importance of cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson's disease (PDD) has been increasingly recognized. Investigators have proposed criteria for PD dementia, and mild cognitive impairment. Risk profiles associated with the development of dementia based on demographic, neurological, neuropsychological, imaging, and genetic investigations have been delineated. The FDA has approved a treatment for PDD, and efforts now are directed toward intervention at earlier stages of cognitive impairment. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Induction of hepatic glycogenesis in the fetal rat.

We have performed an in vivo study to test the hypothesis that induction of fetal hepatic glycogenesis is stimulated by insulin and involves activation of protein phosphatase type-1. Control animals and the following two experimental groups were studied: maternal fasting for 48 h prior to term and chronic maternal hyperinsulinemia for 5 days prior to term. Maternal fasting led to decreased fetal hepatic glycogen content and fetal growth retardation. In contrast, no decrease in fetal hepatic glycogen content or fetal weight occurred with maternal hyperinsulinemia despite fetal hypoglycemia and fetal hypoinsulinemia. In neither model were fetal hepatic synthase phosphatase or phosphorylase phosphatase activities affected. In control fetuses, the appearance of hepatic glycogen from days 17 to 21 of gestation correlated with induction of glycogen synthase. Phosphorylase phosphatase and synthase phosphatase activities already were present on day 17 of gestation and changed little through term. However, phosphatase catalytic protein reactive with anti-phosphatase type-1 antibodies did increase approximately fivefold from day 18 to 21. In adult animals fasted for 48 h, 50% of hepatic glycogen synthase phosphatase activity was lost, whereas phosphorylase phosphatase activity was stimulated fourfold. The apparent size of protein phosphatase type-1 catalytic subunit as detected by Western immunoblotting was altered by fasting in the adult but not by substrate restriction (maternal fasting) in the fetus. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The acute effects intensity and volume of strength training on running performance

Abstract Strength training has been shown to cause acute detrimental effects on running performance. However, there is limited investigation on the effect of various strength training variables, whilst controlling eccentric contraction velocity, on running performance. The present study examined the effects of intensity and volume (i.e. whole body vs. lower body only) of strength training with slow eccentric contractions on running economy (RE) [i.e. below anaerobic threshold (AT)] and time-to-exhaustion (TTE) (i.e. above AT) 6 hours post. Fifteen trained and moderately endurance trained male runners undertook high-intensity whole body (HW), high-intensity lower body only (HL) and low-intensity whole body (LW) strength training sessions with slow eccentric contractions (i.e. 1:4 second concentric-to-eccentric contraction) in random order. Six hours following each strength training session, a RE test with TTE was conducted. The results showed that HW, HL and LW sessions had no effect on RE and that LW session had no effect on TTE (P≥0.05). However, HW and HL sessions significantly reduced TTE (P<0.05). These findings demonstrate that a 6-hour recovery period following HW, HL and LW sessions may minimize attenuation in endurance training performance below AT, although caution should be taken for endurance training sessions above AT amongst trained and moderately endurance trained runners.
Mycobacteria, genes and the ‘hygiene hypothesis’

Purpose of reviewThe ‘hygiene hypothesis’ suggests that a relationship exists between improved hygiene and an increase in allergic diseases. As an underlying mechanism for this hypothesis it is proposed that due to the lack of microbial stimulation either a misbalance in T helper type responses or a misbalance in regulatory mechanisms develops. As yet, however, a specific infectious factor responsible for the hygiene hypothesis has not been found. Recent findingsAnimal models have lent support for mycobacteria as important candidates in the hygiene hypothesis. These animal studies have also suggested that mycobacterial treatment generated regulatory mechanisms which restored the immune balance. In contrast, the relationship between mycobacterial infection or treatment and the development of allergy and asthma in humans is unclear and highly controversial. SummaryMycobacteria have been found to unambiguously reduce allergic and asthmatic manifestations, suggesting that mycobacteria perhaps can be used as an ‘anti-asthma’ vaccine. Conflicting results in humans, however, confirm that the complex and multifactorial interactions between the environment and the genetic background of the individual contribute to the development of allergic disease. Therefore, the hygiene hypothesis should involve the genetic and the environmental background of the individual.
Unexpected Tumor Incidence in Surgically Removed Unilateral and Bilateral Nasal Polyps

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the postoperative tumor incidence on routine histopathologic examination of surgical specimens in patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery with the preoperative diagnosis of unilateral or bilateral nasal polyposis. Methods: Patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery with the preoperative diagnosis of unilateral or bilateral nasal polyposis between 2000 and 2009 were included in the study as the 2 separate groups. In both groups, tumor incidence that had been noticed on routine postoperative histopathologic examination was recorded retrospectively. Patients who had a preoperative diagnosis other than nasal polyposis, determined on biopsy, were excluded. Results: Of 251 patients included, 197 had the preoperative diagnosis of bilateral nasal polyposis, and 54 had unilateral nasal polyposis. No tumor was diagnosed on postoperative histopathologic examinations in patients with preoperative bilateral nasal polyposis. Seven patients (12.96%) with the preoperative diagnosis of unilateral nasal polyposis had tumors on postoperative histopathologic examinations. Two of these 7 patients had malignant tumors that were reported preoperatively by intranasal biopsy as inflammatory polyps. Conclusions: Diagnosis of a neoplasia is an extremely rare situation, unless there are special findings of tumor in patients with preoperative diagnosis of bilateral nasal polyposis. On the other hand, histopathologic examinations should be carried out in every case operated with preoperative diagnosis of unilateral nasal polyposis, as the tumor incidence is higher.
Bruchpilot Promotes Active Zone Assembly, Ca2+ Channel Clustering, and Vesicle Release

The molecular organization of presynaptic active zones during calcium influx–triggered neurotransmitter release is the focus of intense investigation. The Drosophila coiled-coil domain protein Bruchpilot (BRP) was observed in donut-shaped structures centered at active zones of neuromuscular synapses by using subdiffraction resolution STED (stimulated emission depletion) fluorescence microscopy. At brp mutant active zones, electron-dense projections (T-bars) were entirely lost, Ca2+ channels were reduced in density, evoked vesicle release was depressed, and short-term plasticity was altered. BRP-like proteins seem to establish proximity between Ca2+ channels and vesicles to allow efficient transmitter release and patterned synaptic plasticity.
Type 2 nitric oxide synthase and protein nitration in chronic lung infection

Inflammation in the lung can lead to increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and enhanced NO production. It has been postulated that the resultant highly reactive NO metabolites may have an important role in host defence, although they might also contribute to tissue damage. However, in a number of inflammatory lung diseases, including bronchiectasis, iNOS expression is increased but no elevation of airway NO can be detected. A potential explanation for this finding is that NO is rapidly scavenged by reaction with superoxide radicals, forming peroxynitrite, which is preferentially metabolized via nitration and nitrosation reactions. To test this hypothesis, anaesthetized, specific pathogen‐free rats were inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa incorporated into agar beads (chronically infected group) or sterile agar beads (control group). Ten to 15 days later, the lungs were isolated and fixed. Pseudomonas organisms were isolated from the lungs of the chronically infected group. These lungs showed extensive inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue damage, which were not observed in control lungs. Expression of iNOS was increased in the chronically infected group when compared with the control group. However, the mean number of cells staining for nitrotyrosine in the chronically infected group was not significantly different from that in the controls, nor was there an excess of nitrotyrosine, nitrate, nitrite or nitrosothiol concentrations in the infected lungs. Thus, no evidence was found of increased NO metabolites in chronically infected lungs, including products of the peroxynitrite pathway. These findings suggest that chronic infection does not cause increased iNOS activity in the lung, despite increased expression of iNOS. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cerebral atrophy in psychiatric patients.

1. The early clinical symptoms of 40 patients with cerebral atrophy subsequently demonstrated by pneumoencephalogram are reviewed. In 25 cases the earliest abnormalities noted were not memory loss or impairment, but paranoid ideas, depression, neurosis, or psychopathy. 2. Clinical data of the patients with cerebral atrophy were compared with those of a control group who were suspected of having cerebral atrophy, but had normal pneumoencephalograms. The diagnosis of cerebral atrophy is found to be positively correlated with 3 factors: (a) presence of memory impairment by history or examination, (b) presence of abnormal findings on neurological examination, and (c) age over 40. With the absence of any 1of these factors the probability of demonstrating cerebral atrophy radiologically is considerably diminished and with the absence of any 2 the probability becomes extremely small. 3. Cerebral atrophy was found in 5 patients with depression, of the 40-60 age group, without evidence of memory impairment or abno.
Effect of vanillin on toxicant‐induced mutation and mitotic recombination in proliferating somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster

Vanillin (VA; C8H8O3) is a flavoring agent that in previous studies has both increased and decreased the genotoxicity of chemical agents, depending on the nature of both the agent and the genetic event measured. The ability of VA to modulate the mutagenicity and recombinogenicity of three different monoalkylating agents, N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU), N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea (MNU), and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and the intercalating agent bleomycin (BLEO) was examined using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster. While neither the mutagenicity nor the recombinagenicity of ENU or MNU was modified by posttreatment with VA, EMS‐induced genetic toxicity was enhanced by as much as 30%. This overall enhancement included a synergistic increase in mitotic recombination and a lesser decrease in mutation. Posttreatment with VA also produced an increase in the genotoxicity of BLEO, which was characterized by increases of 120% and 180% for 0.5% and 1% VA, respectively. This enhancement was restricted to an increase in recombinational events, since no alteration in BLEO‐induced mutation was observed. The data suggest that the major VA‐modulatory action on genotoxicity in D. melanogaster is related to its synergistic effects on somatic recombination, which has a greater consequence on overall genotoxicity than its antimutagenic effects. Since the SMART assay is specifically sensitive to mitotic crossing‐over, our data suggest that VA promotes toxicant‐induced homologous recombination, at least in the proliferative cells of Drosophila. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A HEMATOLOGICAL APPROACH TO BASQUE ISOLATION IN TWO FRENCH BASQUE VILLAGES *

The Basques of northwest Spain and southwest France are a longrecognized but, until recently, ill-defined isolate. They speak a language that to this day defies affiliation with any known linguistic family. Their customs, if not aboriginal, include a variety of archaic elements attesting to cultural isolation of considerable time-depth. And since the 1930’s they have exhibited one after another a series of blood group allele frequencies so different from that of other European populations that they are now generally regarded as a genetic isolate as well. Their high frequency of 0 and the virtual non-existence of B were reported in the 1 9 3 0 ’ ~ ~ A decade later Etcheverry produced evidence for a uniquely high incidence of Rh-negative among Basque emigres in Argentina, and this was confirmed not long thereafter for Basques in the European hearth.3,498,9913y14y17 In the 1950’s, Alberdi and other^^'^' reported evidence of another aberrant allele frequency among the Basques, namely the unusually low incidence for a European population of the Duffy allele Fya. The question of Basque isolation, already fascinating on linguistic and cultural grounds, became even more inviting as the evidence piled up that here, in the heart of Europe, the Basques represented an isolate in three dimensions: linquistic, cultural, and biological. And the total research, of which this survey is but
Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 phage F116 to sodium hypochlorite

The development of viral resistance to sodium hypochlorite was investigated using the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage F116 as a model system. This phage was chosen because of its structural characteristics and former investigations conducted in this laboratory. F116 was shown to be sensitive to a sodium hypochlorite concentration of 0·0075 g l−1 (available chlorine) which produced a 5 log10 reduction in titre in a suspension test. Survival bacteriophages challenged with this sodium hypochlorite concentration were isolated, propagated and challenged again with the same and higher concentrations of the biocide. It was observed that progeny virions were becoming increasingly resistant to sodium hypochlorite challenges up to a concentration of 0·0175 g l−1 of available chlorine. It was also noticed that 1–2 log10 of F116 virions from resistant phage lysates remained sensitive to the biocide. An electron microscopical investigation of F116 resistant lysates showed that the phage resistance to sodium hypochlorite was not caused by F116 particles aggregation. Furthermore, no morphological difference between the sensitive and resistant F116 particles to sodium hypochlorite was identified.
Rifaximin versus nonabsorbable disaccharides in the management of hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis

Objective To compare the positive and negative effects of rifaximin and nonabsorbable disaccharides in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Methods We used the method recommended by The Cochrane Collaboration to perform a meta-analysis of comparative randomized trials of rifaximin and nonabsorbable disaccharides. Results Seven randomized controlled trials were identified, but only five trials involving 264 patients met all the inclusion criteria. There was no significant difference between rifaximin and nonabsorbable disaccharides on improvement in patients with hepatic encephalopathy [relative risk (RR) 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.85–1.38; P=0.53]. RR was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.85–1.13; P=0.74) for acute hepatic encephalopathy in 157 patients and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.40–1.88; P=0.72) for chronic hepatic encephalopathy in 96 patients, respectively. There was no significant difference between rifaximin and nonabsorbable disaccharides on diarrhea (RR=0.90; 95% CI: 0.17–4.70; P=0.90). However, a significant difference in favor of rifaximin on abdominal pain (RR=0.28; 95% CI: 0.08–0.95; P=0.04) was identified. Conclusion Rifaximin is not superior to nonabsorbable disaccharides for acute or chronic hepatic encephalopathy in the long-term or short-term treatment except that it may be better tolerated. Further studies on larger populations are required to provide more sufficient evidence for assessment of the use of rifaximin.
Some effects of anesthetics on the evoked responses in the auditory cortex of cats.

Electrical responses evoked by click from cat cortex were recorded with the help of an electronic averaging device, the effect of different anesthetics being studied in six cats. The normal response shows an initial positive wave complex usually consisting of two components, a 1 and a 2 , separated by a negative b 1 wave. This complex is followed by a negative b 2 wave and a late slow positive a 3 wave. In sedation or light anesthesia caused by pentobarbital the positive a 1 -a 2 wave complex is either decreased in size or unchanged. With moderate to deep anesthesia the complex first decreases, then increases in size. In very deep anesthesia all waves disappear. Paraldehyde, ether and ethyl chloride anesthesia resemble pentobarbital in their action. Chloralose and chloroform differ from the other agents in that enhancement of both the positive wave complex and the succeeding negative wave occur more promptly, to a larger degree, and for a longer time.
Cystic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Clinicopathologic Study

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are typically solid neoplasms but in rare instances may present as cystic lesions. This unusual presentation can make clinical diagnosis challenging. In addition, the clinical and histopathologic characteristics of cystic PanNETs are poorly defined. We identified 53 cystic PanNETs in our single-institution experience of 491 surgically resected PanNETs. Similar to solid PanNETs, cystic PanNETs developed with an equal sex distribution and over a wide age range (23 to 91 y; mean, 52 y). The unusual cystic appearance made radiologic differentiation from other cystic pancreatic neoplasms difficult with a misdiagnosis in 23 of 53 (43%) cases. An association between cystic PanNETs and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or multifocal disease [5 of 53 (9%) and 7 of 53 (13%), respectively] was not observed as compared with solid PanNETs (P=0.34 and P=0.31, respectively). Grossly, cystic PanNETs were predominantly located in the tail of the pancreas (n=28, 53%) and were similar in size (mean, 3.3 cm) to solid PanNETs (mean, 4.1 cm; P=0.12). All cysts were unilocular (n=53, 100%) and filled with clear to straw-colored fluid. Larger cysts were sometimes noted to be hemorrhagic. Histologically, the cysts were lined by a thin fibrous band that separated the cyst from the neoplastic cells. In comparison with their solid counterparts, cystic PanNETs were less likely to demonstrate tumor necrosis (6%; P=0.04), perineural invasion (8%; P<0.001), vascular invasion (4%; P<0.001), regional lymph node metastasis (13%; P<0.001), and synchronous distant metastasis (4%; P=0.015). The neoplastic cells of the cystic PanNETs were well differentiated (n=53, 100%) with a low mitotic rate and low Ki-67 proliferation index (range, 0.2% to 11%; mean, 1.8%). On the basis of both the American Joint Cancer Committee and European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society staging systems, the majority of cystic PanNETs presented at a lower pathologic stage as compared with solid PanNETs. In summary, cystic PanNETs are a distinctive subgroup of PanNETs with unique clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features.
Bicycle-Wheel Spoke Patterns and Spoke Fatigue

The radial, lateral, and tangential stiffness of spoked bicycle wheels depends upon the rim's bending inertia, torsional inertia, the spoke sizes, and the spoke geometry. The spokes of three rear bicycle wheels of different spoke patterns were instrumented with strain gauges in order to investigate the effect of the spoke pattern on the spoke strain and fatigue resistance properties of the wheels. Spoke strains due to radial loads were measured in the laboratory. Time records of the strain of a right pulling spoke were collected from each of the wheels under actual riding conditions. Analytical, numerical, laboratory, and field studies show that spoke strains due to radial loads and in service conditions are insensitive to the spoke pattern. Small variations in the spoke strains between the wheels in the road tests can be attributed to variations in the loads, but do not significantly affect the fatigue life of the wheels.