Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Single-Fault Fixes and Its Impact on Fault Localization

Several fault predictors were proposed in the context of Spectrum-based Fault Localization approaches to rank software components in order of suspiciousness of being the root-cause of observed failures. Previous work has also shown that some of the fault predictors (near-)optimally rank software components, provided that there is one fault in the system. Despite this, further work is being spent on creating more complex, computationally expensive, model-based techniques that can handle multiple-faulted scenarios accurately. However, our hypothesis is that when software is being developed, bugs arise one-at-a-time and therefore can be considered as single-faulted scenarios. We describe an approach to mine repositories, find bug-fixes, and catalog them according to the number of faults they fix, to assess the prevalence of single-fault fixes. Our empirical study using 279 open-source projects reveals that there is a prevalence of single-fault fixes, with over 82% of all fixes only eliminating one bug from the system, enabling the use of simpler, (near-)optimal, fault predictors. Moreover, we draw on the practical implications of our findings to influence and set direction for future research.
The Effect of Subject Characteristics and Respirator Features on Respirator Fit

A recent study was conducted to compare five fit test methods for screening out poor-fitting N95 filtering-facepiece respirators. Eighteen models of NIOSH-certified, N95 filtering-facepiece respirators were used to assess the fit test methods by using a simulated workplace protection factor (SWPF) test. The purpose of this companion study was to investigate the effect of subject characteristics (gender and face dimensions) and respirator features on respirator fit. The respirator features studied were design style (folding and cup style) and number of sizes available (one size fits all, two sizes, and three sizes). Thirty-three subjects participated in this study. Each was measured for 12 face dimensions using traditional calipers and tape. From this group, 25 subjects with face size categories 1 to 10 tested each respirator. The SWPF test protocol entailed using the PortaCount Plus to determine a SWPF based on total penetration (face-seal leakage plus filter penetration) while the subject performed six simulated workplace movements. Six tests were conducted for each subject/respirator model combination with redonning between tests. The respirator design style (folding style and cup style) did not have a significant effect on respirator fit in this study. The number of respirator sizes available for a model had significant impact on respirator fit on the panel for cup-style respirators with one and two sizes available. There was no significant difference in the geometric mean fit factor between male and female subjects for 16 of the 18 respirator models. Subsets of one to six face dimensions were found to be significantly correlated with SWPFs (p < 0.05) in 16 of the 33 respirator model/respirator size combinations. Bigonial breadth, face width, face length, and nose protrusion appeared the most in subsets (five or six) of face dimensions and their multiple linear regression coefficients were significantly different from zero (p < 0.05). Lip length was found in only one subset. The use of face length and lip length as the criteria to define the current half-facepiece respirator fit test panel may need to be reconsidered when revising the panel. Based on the findings from this and previous studies, face length and face width are recommended measurements that should be used for defining the panel for half-facepiece respirators.
TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN CHILDREN DURING EXERCISE

ABSTRACT: Gullestad, R. (Institute of Work Physiology and Institute of Zoophysiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway). Temperature regulation in children during exercise. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:257, 1975–Rectal and skin temperature and sweat rate were measured in eight 11‐year‐old boys exercising one hour on a bicycle ergometer at each of three different work loads. Rectal temperature rose according to the relative work load and reached a steady state level after a shorter time than had been previously observed in adult subjects. A good relationship was observed between the levelling off value of rectal temperature during work and the relative work load, but the value of rectal temperature at rest just before the start of work affects this steady state value. The average skin temperature was kept fairly constant during exercise except on the heaviest work load (70%), during which it rose about 1o mainly as a result of the rise in skin temperature on the arm, hand and thigh. Temperature increases on skin locations in general were minimal except on the back where the temperature decreased slightly. Sweat rate showed a close relationship to the absolute work load, and in this report the conclusion is supported that the 11‐year‐old boys regulate their body temperature during exercise at constant work load in the same way as do adult subjects.
Plonowanie grochu siewnego w zależności od sposobu uprawy roli i poziomu nawożenia mineralnego

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad wpływem upraszczania uprawy roli na plonowanie zróżnicowanego nawożenia mineralnego. Badania przeprowadzono w latach 1999– –2006 w GD Czesławice na glebie płowej wytworzonej z lessu, II klasy bonitacyjnej. Zastosowanie bezorkowej uprawy roli istotnie (o 6,8%) obniżało plon nasion grochu w porównaniu z klasyczną uprawą płużną. Zmniejszenie plonu nasion po uprawie bezpłużnej wynikało głównie z mniejszej obsady roślin na 1 m2. Poziom nawożenia mineralnego nie miał istotnego wpływu na plonowanie grochu. Jedynie masa 1000 nasion była po zastosowaniu większego nawożenia istotnie mniejsza.
Regulation of forskolin interactions with type I, II, V, and VI adenylyl cyclases by Gs alpha.

Several forms of adenylyl cyclase (types I, II, V, and VI) have been expressed using the recombinant baculovirus expression system in Sf9 cells. The activation of type I adenylyl cyclase by forskolin and Gs alpha was not greater than additive. In contrast, there was synergistic activation of type II, V, and VI adenylyl cyclases by Gs alpha and forskolin. Gs alpha potentiated the effect of forskolin on type II adenylyl cyclase to the greatest extent. Type I and II adenylyl cyclases were photolabeled specifically by an iodinated photoaffinity derivative of forskolin ([125I]-6-AIPP-Fsk). Type I adenylyl cyclase was photolabeled efficiently in the absence of Gs alpha, and the addition of Gs alpha only slightly increased the labeling efficiency. In contrast, type II adenylyl cyclase was not photolabeled efficiently in the absence of Gs alpha, and the addition of Gs alpha greatly enhanced the labeling efficiency. Photolabeling of type V and VI adenylyl cyclases was detected only in the presence of Gs alpha. Neither calcium/calmodulin nor G protein beta gamma subunits modulated the photolabeling of type I or II adenylyl cyclases. Another iodinated derivative of forskolin, [125I]-6-IHPP-fsk, bound to Sf9 cell membranes expressing type I adenylyl cyclase with high affinity in a filtration binding assay, and the specific binding was not enhanced by the addition of Gs alpha. In contrast, specific binding of [125I]-6-IHPP-Fsk to membranes expressing type II adenylyl cyclase was detected only in the presence of Gs alpha. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Building trust in internet banking: a trustworthiness perspective

Purpose – Based on the trust theory, the purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the role of trustworthiness and trust in users’ intentions to continue using internet banking. Further, the authors position the trust beliefs of competence, benevolence, integrity, and shared values as key antecedents of trustworthiness and trust. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire survey was used to collect responses from 227 actual users of internet banking in Malaysian context. A PLS analysis was conducted to explore the relationships between trusting beliefs, trustworthiness, trust, and internet banking use. Findings – Empirical findings show that trusting beliefs of consistency, integrity, and shared values determine the trustworthiness and trust in internet banking. Moreover, trust was found to mediate the relationship between trustworthiness and internet banking use. Practical implications – The study findings help managers understand the factors that determine Malaysia users trust and trustworthiness perceptions in internet banking. With reports indicated increase in internet banking use in Malaysia, the study findings provide important insights into enhancing users’ trust in internet banking for future transactions. Originality/value – Unlike previous studies that have largely focussed on technology factors, this study based on trust theory proposes that trust is important for users to continue using internet banking services. In developing this trust, the authors propose that trustworthiness is of vital importance. Further, the authors propose and show that trusting beliefs of competence, integrity and shared values influence user trustworthiness and trust in internet banking use. Thus, this study extends the understanding of the internet banking use in Malaysian context.
Expression of Two Types of Nitric Oxide Synthase mRNA in Human Neuroblastoma Cell Lines

Abstract: Expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was studied in nine human neuroblastoma and two human glioblastoma cell lines. Neuronal NOS (n‐NOS) mRNA of ∼10 kb was detected in four of the nine neuroblastoma cell lines by northern blot analysis using human n‐NOS cDNA as a probe. Expression of the n‐NOS mRNA was also detected in another neuroblastoma cell line in a subsequent reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) study, but no n‐NOS mRNA expression was observed in the other four neuroblastoma cell lines or in the glioblastoma cell lines. The level of NOS activity correlated well with that of n‐NOS mRNA expression in neuroblastoma cell lines expressing n‐NOS mRNA. Western blot analysis showed that the n‐NOS expressed in neuroblastoma cells was a 160‐kDa protein reacted with anti‐n‐NOS antibody. By using the RT‐PCR method, a short n‐NOS (n‐NOS‐2) mRNA with a 315‐bp inframe deletion from the entire n‐NOS (n‐NOS‐1) mRNA was detected in the human neuroblastoma cells. The structural diversity of human n‐NOS mRNA was demonstrated for the first time.
A framework for data collection system with sensor networks in disaster circumstances

This paper describes a data collection system with sensor networks and an access network to detect damage in a disaster and to transmit the data to an emergency operation center. The sensor networks collect damage data from various devices installed in a building in advance, detect conditions of people trapped beneath rubble, and inform the location. The networks introduce a unicast-based routing protocol for energy-saving and secure communications. The access network, on the other hand, collects damage assessment information with the sensor networks in disaster sites. It introduces a hybrid network scheme combining ad hoc networks and a cellular network to achieve quick accurate data collection from a large number of nodes. Fundamental validation was carried out on the impact of node density in the sensor networks. In addition, experiments showed the access network is capable of improving reachability sufficiently by a few hops even in a heavy damage.
A low cost test data compression technique for high n-detection fault coverage

This paper presents a test data compression scheme that combines weighted random pattern testing and LFSR reseeding. Test patterns generated by the proposed decompressor can achieve high n-detection fault coverage. The proposed technique computes weight sets from a set of test cubes that are generated by a traditional 1-detection ATPG tool. The computed weight sets are modified to achieve high n-detection fault coverage. The proposed decompressor can be implemented with low area overhead. Since the proposed technique requires no special ATPG that is customized for the proposed scheme, it can compress test patterns generated by any ATPG tool and generate test patterns from the compressed test data that achieve high n-detection fault coverage. Experimental results show that test patterns generated by the proposed decompressor can achieve very high 5-detection stuck-at fault coverage and high compression for large benchmark circuits.
[Comparative effects of low and medium molecular hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions on hemorrhagic shock in rats].

BACKGROUND Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions are frequently used plasma expanders. We examined the effects of medium-HES (mean molecular weight of 130,000 dalton) and low-HES (mean molecular weight of 70,000 dalton) on the survival rates (Exp. I), colloid osmotic pressure (COP) (Exp. II) and coagulation (Exp. III) with rats in hemorrhagic shock. METHODS Hemorrhagic shock was induced by removing 55% (Exp. I) and 20% (Exp. II and III) of the circulating blood volume. Saline, low-HES or medium-HES of the same volume with the removed blood was intravenously infused immediately after bleeding. RESULTS Exp. I: In survival rate, effect of medium-HES was significantly superior to that of saline. Exp. II: The COP of medium-HES group was significantly higher than that of saline group 3 hrs after hemorrhagic shock. Exp. III: There were no changes in von Willerbrand factor and factor VIII 3 hrs after hemorrhagic shock among saline, low-HES and medium-HES. CONCLUSIONS Medium-HES and low-HES are efficacious plasma volume substitutes; however, the ability of medium-HES to prolong maintenance of COP better than low-HES is a finding that would be significant in a clinical setting involving preoperative blood management and extreme blood loss.
Depressive symptoms and disability in acute and chronic back pain patients

Depression and level of disability are evaluated in acute and chronic low back pain (LBP) patients. To assess the possibility that some somatic symptoms are confounded with pain, the items of the Beck Depression Inventory arc divided into a cognitive-affective and somatic subscale. The sample consisted of 37 chronic LBP patients. 41 acute LBP patients, and 28 healthy participants. The level of disability was assessed by the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire. Chronic LBP patients, but not acute LBP patients, have more depressive symptoms than controls. Additionally, chronic LBP patients report more somatic symptoms of depression (e.g. emo ltional and self disturbance complaints) than cognitive-affective symptoms. Finally, correlation statistics reveal significant relations between the level of disability and depression scores. Whereas chronic patients show a significant correlation between the somatic subscale and level of disability, in acute patients the cognitive-affective subscale is significantly related to the level of disability. The findings suggest careful consideration of whether somatic symptoms of depression are related to pain when using self-report measurements of depression in pain patients. The separation of cognitive-affective and somatic symptoms of depression to evaluate pain problems seems appropriate.
Modèles probabilistes pour les fréquences de mots et la recherche d'information. (Probabilistic Models of Document Collections)

Nous nous interessons a la fois a la modelisation des frequences des mots dans les collections textuelles et aux modeles probabilistes de recherche d'information (RI). Concernant les modeles statistiques de frequences de mots, nous portons notre attention sur l'etude du phenomene de rafale (burstiness). Nous etablissons une propriete sur les distributions de probabilite caracterisant leur capacite a modeliser ce phenomene et nous etudions ensuite les distributions Beta Negative Binomial et Log-Logistique pour la modelisation des frequences de mots. Nous portons ensuite notre attention sur les modeles probabilistes de RI et leur proprietes fondamentales. Nous pouvons montrer que les modeles classiques ne reposent pas sur des lois de probabilite en rafale, meme si des proprietes fondamentales comme la concavite des modeles permettent implicitement de le prendre en compte. Nous introduisons ensuite une nouvelle famille de modeles probabiliste pour la recherche d'information, fonde sur la notion d'information de Shannon et qui permet d'etablir un lien consequent entre les proprietes importantes des modeles de RI et le phenomene de rafale. Enfin, nous etudions empiriquement et theoriquement les modeles de retro-pertinence. Nous proposons un cadre theorique qui permet ainsi d'expliquer leurs caracteristiques empiriques et leur performances. Ceci permet entre autres de mettre en avant les proprietes importantes des modeles de retro-pertinence et de montrer que certains modeles de reference sont deficients.
An Analysis of the Duration of Fentanyl and Its Metabolites in Urine and Saliva

This study was undertaken to determine if metabolites of fentanyl might be useful in the detection and monitoring of substance abuse. The presence of fentanyl and two of its metabolites in the urine and saliva of seven female patients receiving small doses (110 ±56 μg) of fentanyl was studied up to 96 h from the time of administration. Fentanyl and its two metabolites (norfentanyl and despropionylfentanyl) were extracted from samples and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Unchanged fentanyl was detectable in urine in all patients immediately postoperatively and in 3 of 7 patients at 24 h. By 72 h, fentanyl was undetectable. Norfentanyl was present in larger quantities than fentanyl immediately postoperatively and was detected in all patients at 48 h and in 4 of 7 patients at 96 h. Despropionylfentanyl was not detected in any of the urine specimens tested. Neither fentanyl nor its metabolites could be detected consistently at any time in saliva. Saliva testing does not appear to be a viable alternative to urine testing based on this study. Urinary norfentanyl might be considered as the substance of choice when testing for fentanyl abuse.
Kinin‐B2 receptor expression and activity during differentiation of embryonic rat neurospheres

Neural progenitor cells were isolated from rat fetal telencephalon and proliferate as neurospheres in the presence of EGF, FGF‐2, and heparin. In the absence of these growth factors, neurospheres differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Using an embryonal carcinoma cell line as in vitro differentiation model, we have already demonstrated the presence of an autocrine loop system between kinin‐B2 receptor activity and secretion of its ligand bradykinin (BK) as prerequisites for final neuronal differentiation (Martins et al., J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 19576–19586). The aim of this study was to verify the activity of the kallikrein‐kinin system (KKS) during neural progenitor cell differentiation. Immunofluorescence studies and flow cytometry analysis revealed increases in glial fibrillary acidic protein and β‐3 tubulin expression and decrease in the number of nestin‐positive cells along neurospheres differentiation, indicating the transition of neural progenitor cells to astrocytes and neurons. Kinin‐B2 receptor expression and activity, secretion of BK into the medium, and presence of high‐molecular weight kininogen suggest the participation of the KKS in neurosphere differentiation. Functional kinin‐B2 receptors and BK secretion indicate an autocrine loop during neurosphere differentiation to neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, reflecting events occurring during early brain development. © 2008 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Aging and the interaction of sensory cortical function and structure

Even the healthiest older adults experience changes in cognitive and sensory function. Studies show that older adults have reduced neural responses to sensory information. However, it is well known that sensory systems do not act in isolation but function cooperatively to either enhance or suppress neural responses to individual environmental stimuli. Very little research has been dedicated to understanding how aging affects the interactions between sensory systems, especially cross‐modal deactivations or the ability of one sensory system (e.g., audition) to suppress the neural responses in another sensory system cortex (e.g., vision). Such cross‐modal interactions have been implicated in attentional shifts between sensory modalities and could account for increased distractibility in older adults. To assess age‐related changes in cross‐modal deactivations, functional MRI studies were performed in 61 adults between 18 and 80 years old during simple auditory and visual discrimination tasks. Results within visual cortex confirmed previous findings of decreased responses to visual stimuli for older adults. Age‐related changes in the visual cortical response to auditory stimuli were, however, much more complex and suggested an alteration with age in the functional interactions between the senses. Ventral visual cortical regions exhibited cross‐modal deactivations in younger but not older adults, whereas more dorsal aspects of visual cortex were suppressed in older but not younger adults. These differences in deactivation also remained after adjusting for age‐related reductions in brain volume of sensory cortex. Thus, functional differences in cortical activity between older and younger adults cannot solely be accounted for by differences in gray matter volume. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systems Analysis and Design: Current Practices

The process to develop computer-based information systems has changed significantly within the last ten years. Research was conducted to determine how organizations currently perform systems analysis and design. Responding organizations provided evaluations of their current approaches and tools. The results should provide insights for information systems practitioners and have implications for educational efforts and research in the information systems field.
Development of eosinophilic inflammation is independent of B–T cell interaction in a chronic house dust mite‐driven asthma model

Chronic exposure to environmental triggers, such as house dust mite (HDM), drives T helper 2 (Th2) cell‐mediated asthma. Recent evidence has shown that B–T cell interaction, and in particular germinal centre reactions and follicular T helper (Tfh) cells are required for the development of eosinophilic airway inflammation in HDM‐driven models containing a sensitization and challenge phase. Whether B–T cell interactions are essential for pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation following chronic allergen provocation remains unknown.
A New Dimension of Organizational Justice: Procedural Voice

Dimensionality of the Colquitt justice measures was investigated across a wide range of service occupations. Structural equation modeling of data from 410 survey respondents found support for the 4-factor model of justice (procedural, distributive, interpersonal, and informational), although significant improvement of model fit was obtained by including a new latent variable, “procedural voice,” which taps employees' desire to express their views and feelings and influence results. The model was confirmed in a second sample (N = 505) in the same organization six months later.
Parameters affecting the adsorption of plantaricin 423, a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum 423 isolated from sorghum beer

Plantaricin 423 is bactericidal to logarithmic and stationary‐phase cells of Enterococcus sp. HKLHS and L. sakei DSM 20017. Detection of extracellular DNA and β‐galactosidase suggests that the mode of action is most probably by destabilizing of the cell membrane. Adsorption of plantaricin 423 to target cells ranged from 17% for Streptococcus caprinus ATCC 700066 to 67% for Lactobacillus plantarum LMG 13556, Lactobacillus curvatus DF38, Listeria innocua LMG 13568 and Lactobacillus sakei DSM 20017. Treatment of Enterococcus sp. HKLHS and L. sakei DSM 20017 with Triton X‐100, Triton X‐114 and chloroform increased the adsorption of plantaricin.