Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) “Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes” includes ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee, are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA's clinical practice recommendations, please refer to the Standards of Care Introduction. Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes. org/SOC.
Human papillomavirus and p16 in squamous cell carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vagina

We estimated the overall and type‐specific prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and p16 overexpression in vaginal cancer and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN). We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library to identify studies published between 1986 and 2017 using PCR‐based or Hybrid Capture 2 tests to evaluate the presence of HPV DNA and/or using any method to detect p16 overexpression in VaIN, vaginal squamous cell carcinoma (VaSCC), or other types of vaginal cancer. Applying a random effects model, we estimated the pooled prevalence of HPV and p16 overexpression along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. We included 26 studies, reporting HPV prevalence and six studies evaluating p16 overexpression. The pooled HPV prevalences in VaSCC (n = 593) and VaIN (n = 1,374) were 66.7% (95% CI = 54.7–77.8) and 85.2% (95% CI = 78.2–91.0), respectively. Substantial inter‐study heterogeneity was observed, and analyses stratified on geographic region, type of tissue, HPV detection method or PCR primer type did not fully explain the observed heterogeneity. The most predominant HPV type among the HPV positive VaSCC and VaIN cases was HPV16, followed by HPV33, and HPV45 (in VaIN) and HPV18, and HPV33 (in VaSCC). In pooled analyses, 89.9% (95% CI = 81.7–94.6) of HPV positive and 38.9% (95% CI = 0.9–90.0) of HPV negative vaginal cancers were positive for p16 overexpression. Our findings suggest that vaccination against HPV might prevent a substantial proportion of vaginal neoplasia and highlight the need for further studies of the possible clinical value of p16 testing in these patients.
Considering Skin Inhomogeneity in Photoplethysmography-Based Local Pulse Transit Time Measurement

The local measurement of pulse transit time in blood vessels can be implemented using photoplethysmography-based sensors. Therefore, at least two sensors must be placed such that the measured signals originate from the same artery. However, results from our previous research suggest that this kind of measurement does not always provide reliable results. We assumed that the inhomogeneous structure of the skin causes this behavior. Based on this theoretical background related experiments $(\mathbf{n}=\mathbf{8})$ were executed. The results suggest a signal distortion that strongly depends on the mounting position of the sensors. It can be shown that this distortion is presumably responsible for erroneous calculations of pulse transit time.
Opioid and Cannabis Co-Use among Adults with Chronic Pain: Relations to Substance Misuse, Mental Health, and Pain Experience.

OBJECTIVES Opioid misuse constitutes a significant public health problem and is associated with a host of negative outcomes. Despite efforts to curb this increasing epidemic, opioids remain the most widely prescribed class of medications. Prescription opioids are often used to treat chronic pain despite the risks associated with use, and chronic pain remains an important factor in understanding this epidemic. Cannabis is another substance that has recently garnered attention in the chronic pain literature, as increasing numbers of individuals use cannabis to manage chronic pain. Importantly, the co-use of substances generally is associated with poorer outcomes than single substance use, yet little work has examined the impact of opioid-cannabis co-use. METHODS The current study examined the use of opioids alone, compared to use of opioid and cannabis co-use, among adults (n = 450) with chronic pain on mental health, pain, and substance use outcomes. RESULTS Results suggest that, compared to opioid use alone, opioid and cannabis co-use was associated with elevated anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as tobacco, alcohol, cocaine, and sedative use problems, but not pain experience. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight a vulnerable population of polysubstance users with chronic pain, and indicates the need for more comprehensive assessment and treatment of chronic pain.
Comparative Pharmacognosy, Chemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Phania matricarioides (Spreng.) Griseb. Collected from Different Localities in Cuba

Phania matricarioides (Spreng.) Griseb. is a traditionally used plant with various pharmacological properties. However, there are only scarce reports about the phytochemistry and biological activity of this plant. In this work, P. matricarioides was collected from three different localities of Cuba: PmB (collected in Bauta, Artemisa), PmC (collected in Cangrejeras, Artemisa), and PmI (collected in La Lisa, Havana), extracted with aqueous ethanol, and analyzed macroscopically and microscopically. The extracts were screened for phytochemical contents, analyzed by TLC and HPLC, and screened for antioxidant activity using the FRAP and DPPH assays. Macroscopic analysis showed similar results for all samples; however, microscopic, physicochemical and phytochemical studies showed appreciable differences. In particular, the total solid of PmC extract was higher (1.94 ± 0.03%) than the other samples. In HPLC profiles, quercetin was identified in the three samples and a greater similarity between samples PmB and PmI was observed. All samples demonstrated radical-scavenging antioxidant activity by the DPPH assay, which PmC also demonstrated the smaller (p < 0.05) value (IC50 = 27.4 ± 0.1 µg/mL), but was statistically superior (p < 0.05) to vitamin C (IC50 = 23.7 ± 0 µg/mL). Also, in the FRAP assay, a higher vitamin C equivalent of PmC was significantly superior (p < 0.05) to the other extracts at the evaluated concentrations, which is likely due to a higher concentration of quercetin. In conclusion, P. matricarioides could constitute a potential resource in the field of phytotherapeutic products, and the results obtained can contribute to the development of the quality control norms for this species.
Not one Brexit: How local context and social processes influence policy analysis

This paper develops an empirical agent-based model to assess the impacts of Brexit on Scottish cattle farms. We first identify several trends and processes among Scottish cattle farms that were ongoing before Brexit: the lack of succession, the rise of leisure farming, the trend to diversify and industrialise, and, finally, the phenomenon of the “disappearing middle”, characterised by the decline of medium-sized farms and the polarization of farm sizes. We then study the potential impact of Brexit amid the local context and those ongoing social processes. We find that the impact of Brexit is indeed subject to pre-Brexit conditions. For example, whether industrialization is present locally can significantly alter the impact of Brexit. The impact of Brexit also varies by location: we find a clear divide between constituencies in the north (highland and islands), the middle (the central belt) and the south. Finally, we argue that policy analysis of Brexit should consider the heterogeneous social context and the complex social processes under which Brexit occurs. Rather than fitting the world into simple system models and ignoring the evidence when it does not fit, we need to develop policy analysis frameworks that can incorporate real world complexities, so that we can assess the impacts of major events and policy changes in a more meaningful way.
Impact of sex and reproductive status on memory circuitry structure and function in early midlife using structural covariance analysis

Research on age‐related memory alterations traditionally targets individuals aged ≥65 years. However, recent studies emphasize the importance of early aging processes. We therefore aimed to characterize variation in brain gray matter structure in early midlife as a function of sex and menopausal status. Subjects included 94 women (33 premenopausal, 29 perimenopausal, and 32 postmenopausal) and 99 demographically comparable men from the New England Family Study. Subjects were scanned with a high‐resolution T1 sequence on a 3 T whole body scanner. Sex and reproductive‐dependent structural differences were evaluated using Box's M test and analysis of covariances (ANCOVAs) for gray matter volumes. Brain regions of interest included dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), inferior parietal lobule (iPAR), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), hippocampus (HIPP), and parahippocampus. While we observed expected significant sex differences in volume of hippocampus with women of all groups having higher volumes than men relative to cerebrum size, we also found significant differences in the covariance matrices of perimenopausal women compared with postmenopausal women. Associations between ACC and HIPP/iPAR/DLPFC were higher in postmenopausal women and correlated with better memory performance. Findings in this study underscore the importance of sex and reproductive status in early midlife for understanding memory function with aging.
Executive Summary of Stroke Statistics in Korea 2018: A Report from the Epidemiology Research Council of the Korean Stroke Society

Despite the great socioeconomic burden of stroke, there have been few reports of stroke statistics in Korea. In this scenario, the Epidemiologic Research Council of the Korean Stroke Society launched the “Stroke Statistics in Korea” project, aimed at writing a contemporary, comprehensive, and representative report on stroke epidemiology in Korea. This report contains general statistics of stroke, prevalence of behavioral and vascular risk factors, stroke characteristics, pre-hospital system of care, hospital management, quality of stroke care, and outcomes. In this report, we analyzed the most up-to-date and nationally representative databases, rather than performing a systematic review of existing evidence. In summary, one in 40 adults are patients with stroke and 232 subjects per 100,000 experience a stroke event every year. Among the 100 patients with stroke in 2014, 76 had ischemic stroke, 15 had intracerebral hemorrhage, and nine had subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke mortality is gradually declining, but it remains as high as 30 deaths per 100,000 individuals, with regional disparities. As for stroke risk factors, the prevalence of smoking is decreasing in men but not in women, and the prevalence of alcohol drinking is increasing in women but not in men. Population-attributable risk factors vary with age. Smoking plays a role in young-aged individuals, hypertension and diabetes in middle-aged individuals, and atrial fibrillation in the elderly. About four out of 10 hospitalized patients with stroke are visiting an emergency room within 3 hours of symptom onset, and only half use an ambulance. Regarding acute management, the proportion of patients with ischemic stroke receiving intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular treatment was 10.7% and 3.6%, respectively. Decompressive surgery was performed in 1.4% of patients with ischemic stroke and in 28.1% of those with intracerebral hemorrhage. The cumulative incidence of bleeding and fracture at 1 year after stroke was 8.9% and 4.7%, respectively. The direct costs of stroke were about ₩1.68 trillion (KRW), of which ₩1.11 trillion were for ischemic stroke and ₩540 billion for hemorrhagic stroke. The great burden of stroke in Korea can be reduced through more concentrated efforts to control major attributable risk factors for age and sex, reorganize emergency medical service systems to give patients with stroke more opportunities for reperfusion therapy, disseminate stroke unit care, and reduce regional disparities. We hope that this report can contribute to achieving these tasks.
Early weight gain after stopping smoking: a predictor of overall large weight gain? A single-site retrospective cohort study

Objectives Most people gain weight on stopping smoking but the extent of weight gain varies greatly. Interventions aimed at all quitters to prevent weight gain on cessation have proven unpopular but targeting people who have gained excess weight immediately after quitting may improve uptake and cost-effectiveness. We examined whether early large postcessation weight gain predicts overall large weight gain. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Primary care setting—smoking cessation centre in Prague, Czech Republic. Participants Out of 3537 patients treated between 2005 and 2013, 1050 were continuous abstainers (verified by carbon monoxide measurement) at 1-year follow-up and formed the cohort of the current report. 48.7% were women (n=511) with the mean age of 46 (±14.4) years. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, all patients underwent usual tobacco dependence treatment using evidence-based methods. Weight was measured prior to smoking cessation and at each visit after quitting. Results The mean weight gain in the first month (n=763) was 0.79% (±2.03%), in the second month (n=646) was 1.49% (±2.58%), for the third month (n=566) 2.33% (±3.44%) and 4.1% (±5.31%) after 1-year follow-up (n=1050). The regression coefficient per 1% rise in the first 3 months was +0.13% (95% CI −0.04% to 0.30%). A receiver operating curve analysis showed that patients gaining more than 0.98% of their baseline weight during first 3 months had a sensitivity of 66% and specificity of 44% for gaining 7% or more weight by 12 months. In addition, lower body mass index and an increase in appetite at 3 months after quitting were associated with greater weight gain, while using nicotine replacement therapy was associated with less weight gain at 1-year follow-up. Conclusions People who stop smoking and gain a larger amount of weight early after quitting are not more likely to gain excessively at 1 year.
The adjuvant AlhydroGel elicits higher antibody titres than AddaVax when combined with HIV-1 subtype C gp140 from CAP256

With the HIV-1 epidemic in southern Africa still rising, a prophylactic vaccine against the region’s most prolific subtype (subtype C) would be a significant step forward. In this paper we report on the effect of 2 different adjuvants, AddaVax and AlhydroGel, formulated with HIV-1 subtype C gp140, on the development of binding and neutralising antibody titres in rabbits. AddaVax is a squalene-based oil-in-water nano-emulsion (similar to MF59) which can enhance both cellular and humoral immune responses, whilst AlhydroGel (aluminium hydroxide gel) mainly drives a Th2 response. The gp140 gene tested was derived from the superinfecting virus (SU) from participant CAP256 in the CAPRISA 002 Acute infection cohort. The furin cleavage site of the Env protein was replaced with a flexible linker and an I559P mutation introduced. Lectin affinity purified soluble Env protein was mainly trimeric as judged by molecular weight using BN-PAGE and contained intact broadly neutralising epitopes for the V3-glycan supersite (monoclonal antibodies PGT128 and PGT135), the CD4 binding site (VRC01) and the V2-glycan (PG9) but not for the trimer-specific monoclonal antibodies PG16, PGT145 and CAP256-VRC26_08. When this soluble Env protein was tested in rabbits, AlhydroGel significantly enhanced soluble Env and V1V2 binding antibodies when compared to AddaVax. Finally, AlhydroGel resulted in significantly higher neutralization titres for a subtype C Tier 1A virus (MW965.26) and increased neutralization breadth to Tier 1A and 1B viruses. However, no autologous Tier 2 neutralisation was observed. These data suggest that adjuvant selection is critical for developing a successful vaccine and AlhydroGel should be further investigated. Additional purification of trimeric native-like CAP256 Env and/or priming with DNA or MVA might enhance the induction of neutralizing antibodies and possible Tier 2 HIV-1 neutralisation.
Behcet’s disease in Iran: Analysis of 7641 cases

Abstract Objective: To analyze Behcet’s Disease (BD) in Iran, from 1975 to 2018, and compare to 35 large/small reports from other countries. Methods: Patients from all over Iran, when suspected, were sent to the BD Unit. The diagnosis was done by expert opinion. All data were recorded in the BD registry (updated in each follow-up). The data are given in percentage with 95% confidence Intervals. Results: The mean age at onset was 25.6 years. Standard deviation (SD) was 9.8. The mean disease duration was 11.7 years (SD: 8.9). Males were 55.8% (54.7–56.9), Females 44.2% (43.1–45.3), Oral Aphthosis (OA) 97.5% (97.1–97.9), genital aphthosis (GA) 64.4% (63.3–65.5), skin lesions 62.2% (61.1–63.3), ocular lesions 55.6% (54.5–56.7), Joint Manifestations 38.1% (37.0–39.2), Gastrointestinal 6.8% (6.2–7.4), Vascular 8.9% (8.3–9.5), neurological (central–peripheral) 3.9% (3.5–4.3), epididymitis 4.6% (4.1–5.1). Lab tests were positive pathergy test 50.4% (49.3–51.5), elevated ESR 51.1% (50.0–52.2), abnormal urinalysis 13.4% (12.6–14.2). The International Study Group (ISG, 1990) criteria and the International Criteria for Behcet’s Disease (ICBD, 2014) had respectively a sensitivity of 76.2% (75.2–77.2) and 96.6% (96.2–97.0). The specificity was 99.3% (99.1–99.5) and 97.3% (96.9–97.7). The accuracy was 86.4% (85.8–87.0) and 96.9% (96.6–97.2). Conclusion: The most frequent manifestations were OA, GA, skin manifestations, and ocular manifestations.
High- and Low-Frequency Correlations in European Government Bond Spreads and Their Macroeconomic Drivers

We propose to adopt high-frequency DCC-MIDAS models to estimate high- and low-frequency correlations in the 10-year government bond spreads for Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain relative to Germany, from June 1, 2007 to May 31, 2012. The high-frequency component, reflecting financial market conditions, is evaluated at 15-minute frequency, while the low-frequency component, fixed through a month, depends on country-specific macroeconomic conditions. We find strong links between spreads volatility and worsening macroeconomic fundamentals; in presence of similar macroeconomic fundamentals relative spreads move together; the increasing correlation in spreads during the burst of the sovereign debt crisis cannot be entirely ascribed to macroeconomic factors but rather to changes in market liquidity.
Growth Characteristics, Yield and Mineral Content of Redflower ragleaf (Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore) at Different Growth

: Redflower ragleaf (Crassocephal1l11l crepidioides) is an herbal vegetable, animal feed as well as a weed in many countries of tropical and subtropical regions. Growth characteristics, yield and mineral content of redflower ragleaf were evaluated at different growth stages, and in dark-red soil (pH 5.5-6.5), red soil (pH 4.0-5.5) and gray soil (pH 6.5-7.3) in Okinawa to develop cultivation measures. Plant height, leaf number, leaf area and branch number increased slowly until 50 days after seed sowing (DAS) and rapidly from 50 to 70 DAS, thereafter slightly. Capitula appeared at 60 DAS and started maturity at 80 DAS. Yield at 70 and 80 DAS was almost similar, and 2-3 times greater than that at 60 DAS. All the plant growth parameters were significantly higher in gray soil, which resulted in around 3 times greater yield compared to those in dark-red soil or red soil. Capitula appeared earlier in red soil followed by dark-red soil. The plant contained higher Na, K, Ca, P, AI, Fe, Sand Si within 60 DAS, and Mg with the longer growth period. Sodium, K and Mg in the plant were highest for the red soil followed by dark-red soil, whereas Ca was highest for the dark-red soil followed by gray soil, and P and S for the red soil followed by gray soil. Growth characteristics, yield and mineral content indicate that red flower ragleaf could be cultivated in gray soil and harvested at around 70 DAS for higher yield and better quality in Okinawa.
Effect of Some Growth Regulators and Commercial Preparations on the Chlorophyll Content and Mineral Nutrition of Lycopersicum esculentum Mill

The effect of some growth regulators and commercial preparations on N, P, K and chlorophyll contents Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. were examined. Tomato seedlings were grown in sand and after four weeks they were transferred to Hoagland hydroponic culture solution. Growth regulators and commercial preparations were applied to these plants twice, one week and three weeks after transferral, at room temperature. 10 or 20 ppm IAA, GA 3, ABA; 20 ppm Berelex and 15 or 30 ppm Cytozyme were pulverized during the applications. After an eight-week experimental period, not only were morphological observations made, but analyses of chlorophyll for primary productivity and N, P, and K for mineral nutrition were carried out as well. The chlorophyll contents of ABA and cytozyme-treated plants were found to be higher than those of the others. N and K contents were found to increase with cytozyme application, whereas ABA and Berelex applications increased the P content. Morphological changes such as decrease in the growth rate and leaf size in ABA-treated plants, unhealthy growth in GA 3 -treated plants and healthy growth and leaf size increase in cytozyme-treated plants were observed.
Emergency oral contraceptive use among undergraduate female Mizan campus students of Mizan-Tepi university, south nations nationalities and peoples regional state south west, Ethiopia, 2016

Background: Unintended pregnancies are major public health concern in developing countries including Ethiopia. Female university students face unintended pregnancies because most of them are sexually active and exposed to unprotected sporadic premarital sexual intercourse. Emergency contraception is a drug or a device that prevents unintended pregnancy and its consequences. Emergency oral contraceptives are being increasingly used by unmarried young women to prevent unintended pregnancies following unprotected sexual intercourse. However, little is known about Emergency Oral Contraception (EOC) use among female students at higher education in Ethiopia. Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of Emergency Oral Contraceptive (EOC) use among Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan campus undergraduate regular female student 2016. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted on 324 undergraduate female students of Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan campus. Data were collected from March 1-21, 2017. Study participants were selected using stratified sampling technique. Self-administered pretested structured and semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Descriptive analysis was applied to describe the Emergency oral contraceptive use. Results: Regarding utilization of Emergency oral Contraceptives, among those who reported to have sexual intercourse, 78 (82.97%) reported use of Emergency oral Contraceptives and it was 76 (95%) among those who had unprotected sex. Conclusion and recommendation: There is very high level of Emergency oral Contraceptives use among sexually active female undergraduate students who had unprotected sexual intercourse. Given that Emergency oral Contraceptives use among female students is very high among those who reported sexual intercourse we recommend that zonal health department, town heath office, Mizan-Tepi University health Science College and Mizan-Tepi University HIV coordination should give reproductive health education, risk of unprotected sex.