Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predictive factors for dementia in Parkinson's disease

Cowi t ive deter iorat ion and dementia related t o idiopathic Parkinson's disease was assessed before and after a 8-10 years ' period of levodopa treatment. Before treatment t he mean age of the 79 pa t i en t s examined was 57.5 y r s and the duration of t h e i r disease 7.6 yrs . On t he basis of various neuropsychological tests, including t h e WAIS and other measures f o r c o g i t i v e functions, and c l i n i c a l assessment, 42% of t h e 79 pa t i en t s were assessed as mildly t o moderately deteriorated. A t t h e end of t h e follow-up period, progressive deter iorat ion i n verbal, visuos p a t i a l and memory processes i n 69% of the 52 pa t i en t s was observed. I n over half of these deter iorated pa t i en t s t he progressive change was moderate t o severe w i t h a l s o c l i n i c a l signs of dementia, whereas the rest showed subcl inical but s ignifi can t cognitive changes. One t h i r d of the follow-up pa t i en t s preserved t h e i r i n t e l l e c t u a l s k i l l s r e l a t i v e l y i n t a c t . The dementing process had a highly s ignifi can t re la t ionship with cen t r a l atrophy of t he brain (1).
Structure of Undecidable Problems in Automata Theory

The purpose of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the structure of undecidable problems in automata theory by investigating the degree of unsolvability of these problems. This is achieved by using Turing machines with oracles to define when one undecidable problem can be reduced to another and to establish an infinite hierarchy of (equivalent) undecidable problems. This hierarchy is then used to classify well-known undecidable problems about various families of automata and formal languages and to study the relations between these problems. This approach reveals a well defined structuring of the undecidable problems and permits a more systematic study of these problems and their relation to various families of automata.
Smile Intensity in Photographs Predicts Longevity

Emotions affect personalities and life outcomes by influencing how people think, behave, and interact with others (Izard, 1971). People with positive emotions are happier and have more stable personalities, more stable marriages, and better cognitive and interpersonal skills than those with negative emotions, throughout the life span (Harker & Keltner, 2001; Hertenstein, Hansel, Butts, & Hile, 2009). Facial expressions are a barometer of the emotions (Izard, 1971), and like emotions, they vary in form and intensity. Studies by Ekman, Friesen, and their colleagues (e.g., Ekman & Friesen, 1978; Ekman, Levenson, & Friesen, 1983; Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen, 1990) have shown that it is possible to identify different emotional states from facial expressions. Previous studies have found that positive emotions, as inferred from smile intensity in childhood photos and college yearbook photos, are correlated with marriage stability and satisfaction (Harker & Keltner, 2001; Hertenstein et al., 2009). The present study is the first to link smile intensity to a biological outcome: longevity. Little information (other than smile intensity) was available regarding the individuals in the previously mentioned photo studies. In the current study, however, we were able to include many additional factors known to influence longevity because of the group we elected to evaluate. We focused on Major League Baseball (MLB) players because detailed statistics are available for each player (dating back prior to 1900), and because MLB players represent a homogeneous occupational group. We (and other researchers) have used this database to examine numerous factors related to longevity (Abel & Kruger, 2005, 2006, 2007; Kalist & Peng, 2007).
Cultural Variance in the Interpersonal Effects of Anger in Negotiations

The current research is the first investigation of how the effects of expressing discrete emotions in negotiations vary across cultures. In a hypothetical negotiation scenario (Study 1) and a computer-mediated negotiation simulation (Study 2), expressing anger (relative to not expressing anger) elicited larger concessions from European American negotiators, but smaller concessions from Asian and Asian American negotiators. A third study provided evidence that this effect is due to different cultural norms about the appropriateness of anger expressions in negotiations: When we explicitly manipulated anger expressions to be appropriate, Asian and Asian American negotiators made larger concessions to the angry opponent, and their concessions were as large as was typical for European American negotiators; when we explicitly manipulated anger expressions to be inappropriate, European American negotiators made smaller concessions to the angry opponent, and their concessions were as small as was typical for Asian and Asian American negotiators. Implications for current understanding of culture, emotions, and negotiations are discussed.
Refinements of the Nondeterministic Time and Space Hierarchies

We give sufficient conditions for NTIME(T , ) ~ NTIME(T2) and NSPACE(Sl) 1 NSPACE(S2)· These resul ts extend those of Cook [31 and Ibarra [81, respectively. We actually conclude that NTIME(T1) 1 2 in some cases where it is unknown whether DTIME(T 1 ) 1 DTIME(T2). Our results for space allow us to settle a question raised by Ibarra [9), thus completing his proof that nondeterministic two-way finite automata with k+2 heads accept more languages than those with only k heads.
Direct Evidence for the Role of Inhibition in Resolving Interference in Memory

Interference from competing material at retrieval is a major cause of memory failure. We tested the hypothesis that such interference can be overcome by suppressing competing responses. In a three-phase task, participants in the critical interference condition first performed a vowel-counting task (Phase 1) that included pairs of orthographically similar words (e.g., allergy and analogy). After a delay, participants were asked to solve word fragments (e.g., a _ l _ _ gy) that resembled both words in a pair they had seen, but could be completed only by one of these words (Phase 2). We then measured the consequence of having successfully resolved interference in Phase 2 by asking participants to read a list of words, including rejected competitor words (i.e., the word in each pair that could not be used to solve the word fragments), as quickly as possible (Phase 3). Participants in the interference condition were slower to name the competitor words than participants in conditions that did not require interference resolution. These results constitute direct evidence for the role of active suppression in resolving interference during memory retrieval.
How Magic Changes Our Expectations About Autism

In the vanishing-ball illusion, the magician’s social cues misdirect the audience’s expectations and attention so that the audience “sees” a ball vanish in the air. Because individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are less sensitive to social cues and have superior perception for nonsocial details compared with typically developing individuals, we predicted that they would be less susceptible to the illusion. Surprisingly, the opposite result was found, as individuals with ASD were more susceptible to the illusion than a comparison group. Eye-tracking data indicated that subtle temporal delays in allocating attention might explain their heightened susceptibility. Additionally, although individuals with ASD showed typical patterns of looking to the magician’s face and eyes, they were slower to launch their first saccade to the face and had difficulty in fixating the fast-moving observable ball. Considered together, the results indicate that individuals with ASD have difficulties in rapidly allocating attention toward both people and moving objects.
Barriers to Care, Illness Intrusiveness, and Depressive Symptoms in Youth with Juvenile Rheumatic Diseases

The role of illness intrusiveness in the barriers to care → depressive symptom association in youth with juvenile rheumatic diseases (JRDs) was examined. Sixty-six youth completed the Child Depression Inventory and the Illness Intrusiveness Scale-Child; parents completed the Barriers to Care Questionnaire and the Illness Intrusiveness Scale-Parent. Healthcare barriers and parent illness intrusiveness had direct effects on child illness intrusiveness, which was subsequently associated with youth depressive symptoms. Child illness intrusiveness mediated the barriers to care → depressive symptom association, particularly under conditions of low parent illness intrusiveness. Findings suggest that parent appraisals directly influence child illness appraisals related to adjustment outcomes. Healthcare barriers contribute to youth outcomes in the absence of maladaptive parent illness perceptions.
Sequential circuit synthesis using input delays

This paper describes a new type of circuit realization for asynchronous sequential circuits of the type described by Huffman and Caldwell. This new realization differs from conventional realizations in that delay elements are associated with the input lines. A synthesis procedure is developed for this new type of circuit, and it is proved that a large class of sequential circuits can be realized in this way without including any delay elements in the feedback loops. This class includes sequential circuits containing essential hazards. It is also shown with an example that the resulting circuits can sometimes contain fewer feedback loops and be more economical than conventional circuit realizations.
How Important Is an Apology to You?

Apologies are commonly used to deal with transgressions in relationships. Results to date, however, indicate that the positive effects of apologies vary widely, and the match between people’s judgments of apologies and the true value of apologies has not been studied. Building on the affective and behavioral forecasting literature, we predicted that people would overestimate how much they value apologies in reality. Across three experimental studies, our results showed that after having been betrayed by another party (or after imagining this to be the case), people (a) rated the value of an apology much more highly when they imagined receiving an apology than when they actually received an apology and (b) displayed greater trusting behavior when they imagined receiving an apology than when they actually received an apology. These results suggest that people are prone to forecasting errors regarding the effectiveness of an apology and that they tend to overvalue the impact of receiving one.
Seeing the Mind Behind the Art

Museumgoers often scoff that costly abstract expressionist paintings could have been made by a child and have mistaken paintings by chimpanzees for professional art. To test whether people really conflate paintings by professionals with paintings by children and animals, we showed art and nonart students paired images, one by an abstract expressionist and one by a child or animal, and asked which they liked more and which they judged as better. The first set of pairs was presented without labels; the second set had labels (e.g., “artist,” “child”) that were either correct or reversed. Participants preferred professional paintings and judged them as better than the nonprofessional paintings even when the labels were reversed. Art students preferred professional works more often than did nonart students, but the two groups’ judgments did not differ. Participants in both groups were more likely to justify their selections of professional than of nonprofessional works in terms of artists’ intentions. The world of abstract art is more accessible than people realize.
Are We More Moral Than We Think?

Can people accurately predict how they will act in a moral dilemma? Our research suggests that in some situations, they cannot, and that emotions play a pivotal role in this dissociation between behavior and forecasting. In the current experiment, individuals in a moral action condition cheated significantly less on a math task than participants in a forecasting condition predicted they themselves would cheat. Furthermore, we found that participants in the action condition displayed significantly more physiological arousal, as measured by preejection period, skin conductance response (SCR), and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and that the underestimation effect was mediated by SCR and RSA together. This research suggests that the affective arousal present during real-life moral dilemmas may not be fully engaged during moral forecasting, and that this may account for the moral forecasting errors that individuals make. This research has the potential to inform past work in the field of moral psychology, which has largely ignored actual behavior.
Ironic Effects of Dietary Supplementation

The use of dietary supplements and the health status of individuals have an asymmetrical relationship: The growing market for dietary supplements appears not to be associated with an improvement in public health. Building on the notion of licensing, or the tendency for positive choices to license subsequent self-indulgent choices, we argue that because dietary supplements are perceived as conferring health advantages, use of such supplements may create an illusory sense of invulnerability that disinhibits unhealthy behaviors. In two experiments, participants who took placebo pills that they believed were dietary supplements exhibited the licensing effect across multiple forms of health-related behavior: They expressed less desire to engage in exercise and more desire to engage in hedonic activities (Experiment 1), expressed greater preference for a buffet over an organic meal (Experiment 1), and walked less to benefit their health (Experiment 2) compared with participants who were told the pills were a placebo. A mediational analysis indicated that perceived invulnerability was an underlying mechanism for these effects. Thus, a license associated with the use of dietary supplements may operate within cycles of behaviors that alternately protect and endanger health.
Collaborative platform using knowledge cartography - ToxNuc-E

Our research revolves around a platform called ToxNuc-E entirely dedicated to the research activities in studying effects of nuclear toxicology on plants and animals. Here, researchers from different domains interact and exchange information using our platform as the common ground involving new concepts, methods and services to encourage collaborative work for their research activities. The work is based on the co-operation and collaboration between biologist, chemists, sociology specialists and engineers building the platform. In our proposal we attempt to capture the individual information and then share it with every other member of the platform to build a group representation of knowledge, attracting and encouraging people to participate in collaborative tasks.
A test of two methods of radiographically deriving long bone cross-sectional properties compared to direct sectioning of the diaphysis

Numerous studies have made use of cross-sectional geometry to describe the distribution of cortical bone in long bone diaphyses. Several methods can be used to measure or estimate cross-sectional contours. Direct sectioning (DSM) of the diaphysis is not appropriate in most curatorial contexts, and is commonly substituted with methods based upon bi-planar radiography: a latex cast method (LCM) or an eccentric elliptical method (EEM). Previous studies have demonstrated that the EEM provides accurate estimates of area measurements, while providing less accurate estimates of second moments of area (Biknevicius & Ruff, 1992; Runestad et al., 1993; Lazenby, 1997). The LCM has been commonly employed, as a way to estimate section contours more accurately, yet the validity of this method has not been adequately documented. This study measures the agreement of these methods against DSM of long bone diaphyses using 21 sections of canine tibiae derived from a study of total hip arthroplasty. The accuracy and agreement of these methods is evaluated using reduced major axis regression, paired sample t-tests and tests for agreement (Bland & Altman, 1986). The results illustrate that the LCM provides a reasonable estimate of cross-sectional dimensions, producing cross-sectional properties that are on average within 5% of properties derived from the DSM. The EEM is found to provide adequate estimates of true cross-sectional areas, but poor estimates of second moments of area. The use of the LCM is supported for all cross- sectional properties, but the EEM is only accurate in total area, cortical area and percent cortical area estimates. Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When Social Networking Is Not Working

The popular media have publicized the idea that social networking Web sites (e.g., Facebook) may enrich the interpersonal lives of people who struggle to make social connections. The opportunity that such sites provide for self-disclosure—a necessary component in the development of intimacy—could be especially beneficial for people with low self-esteem, who are normally hesitant to self-disclose and who have difficulty maintaining satisfying relationships. We suspected that posting on Facebook would reduce the perceived riskiness of self-disclosure, thus encouraging people with low self-esteem to express themselves more openly. In three studies, we examined whether such individuals see Facebook as a safe and appealing medium for self-disclosure, and whether their actual Facebook posts enabled them to reap social rewards. We found that although people with low self-esteem considered Facebook an appealing venue for self-disclosure, the low positivity and high negativity of their disclosures elicited undesirable responses from other people.
A Bilingual Advantage in Visual Language Discrimination in Infancy

The origins of the bilingual advantage in various cognitive tasks are largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that bilinguals’ early capacities to track their native languages separately and learn about the properties of each may be at the origin of such differences. Spanish-Catalan bilingual and Spanish or Catalan monolingual infants watched silent video recordings of French-English bilingual speakers and were tested on their ability to discern when the language changed from French to English or vice versa. The infants’ performance was compared with that of previously tested French-English bilingual and English monolingual infants. Although all groups of monolingual infants failed to detect the change between English and French, both groups of bilingual infants succeeded. These findings reveal that bilingual experience can modulate the attentional system even without explicit training or feedback. They provide a basis for explaining the ontogeny of the general cognitive advantages of bilinguals.
Identifying the Bad Guy in a Lineup Using Confidence Judgments Under Deadline Pressure

Eyewitness-identification tests often culminate in witnesses not picking the culprit or identifying innocent suspects. We tested a radical alternative to the traditional lineup procedure used in such tests. Rather than making a positive identification, witnesses made confidence judgments under a short deadline about whether each lineup member was the culprit. We compared this deadline procedure with the traditional sequential-lineup procedure in three experiments with retention intervals ranging from 5 min to 1 week. A classification algorithm that identified confidence criteria that optimally discriminated accurate from inaccurate decisions revealed that decision accuracy was 24% to 66% higher under the deadline procedure than under the traditional procedure. Confidence profiles across lineup stimuli were more informative than were identification decisions about the likelihood that an individual witness recognized the culprit or correctly recognized that the culprit was not present. Large differences between the maximum and the next-highest confidence value signaled very high accuracy. Future support for this procedure across varied conditions would highlight a viable alternative to the problematic lineup procedures that have traditionally been used by law enforcement.
Memory and Cognitive Control in Task Switching

Cognitive control and memory are fundamentally intertwined, but interactions between the two have only recently received sustained research interest. In the study reported here, we used a novel paradigm to investigate how control influences memory encoding and, conversely, how memory measures can provide new insight into flexible cognitive control. Participants switched between classifying objects and words, then were tested for their recognition memory of items presented in this task-switching phase. Task switching impaired memory for task-relevant information but actually improved memory for task-irrelevant information, which indicates that control demands reduced the selectivity of memory encoding rather than causing a general memory decline. Recognition memory strength provided a robust trial-by-trial measure of the effectiveness of cognitive control that “predicted” earlier task-switching performance. It also revealed a substantial influence of bottom-up factors on between-task competition, but only on trials in which participants had to switch from one type of classification to the other. Collectively, our findings illustrate how cognitive control and bottom-up factors interact to simultaneously influence both current performance and future memory.
Intentional enterprise architecture

This paper documents a number of observations that may provide the basis for how User Requirements Notation (URN), currently the subject of ITU-T Z.150 and Z.151, can act as a modelling approach atop which normative guidance for architecture rationale or decision capture of System Safety and other concerns may be applied to Architecture Descriptions to act as an Assurance Justification. URN is thus offered as a means to fill recognized gaps in ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010 as the means for rationale capture. Moreover, the goal-oriented or goal-refinement aspects of URN may be viewed as an analogue of the Claims-Argument-Evidence style of argument ISO/IEC/IEEE 15026 proposes. URN certainly can compete with Goal Structured Notation (GSN). Stealing then from the tension between safety viewpoints at the University of York (UK) and those at MIT (US), and looking at ideas from outside those cliques (but alluded to by those cliques), the potential for integration of safety argument philosophies into Architecture Descriptions, so as to arrive at Intentional Enterprise Architecture, is investigated. All roads appear to lead to URN.
Facial Structure Is Indicative of Explicit Support for Prejudicial Beliefs

We present three studies examining whether male facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is correlated with racial prejudice and whether observers are sensitive to fWHR when assessing prejudice in other people. Our results indicate that males with a greater fWHR are more likely to explicitly endorse racially prejudicial beliefs, though fWHR was unrelated to implicit bias. Participants evaluated targets with a greater fWHR as more likely to be prejudiced and accurately evaluated the degree to which targets reported prejudicial attitudes. Finally, compared with majority-group members, racial-minority participants reported greater motivation to accurately evaluate prejudice. This motivation mediated the relationship between minority- or majority-group membership and the accuracy of evaluations of prejudice, which indicates that motivation augments sensitivity to fWHR. Together, the results of these three studies demonstrate that fWHR is a reliable indicator of explicitly endorsed racial prejudice and that observers can use fWHR to accurately assess another person’s explicit prejudice.