Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Value and Process of Marketing Strategy: Review of literature

Marketing strategy represents a key element of success for organizations. Executing an effective marketing strategy is just as important as conceptualizing and creating it. Through marketing strategy implementation firms employ scarce resources through marketing capabilities in order to attain the set goals and targets. In order to illustrate the value of marketing strategy and the process of implementation a detailed literature review was performed. A total of (Number of Studies Depending On the References Count, After Employee Deletion) studies on the topic of marketing strategy have been examined. The meta-analysis uncovers two distinct but related features to marketing strategy content: marketing strategy decisions and marketing strategy decision implementation. The literature also suggests there is a relationship of marketing strategy, and marketing mix elements on organizational performance, and emphasizes a further need to perform conceptual and empirical studies. The originality and value of the review lies in the fact that marketing strategy has been analyzed both in terms of its outcomes and as a process that does not yield satisfactory results without effective implementation.
Real-time, controlled OH-initiated oxidation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol

Abstract. The chemical complexity of atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) requires novel methods for characterization of its components and description of its atmospheric processing-induced transformations. We present the first field deployment of the Toronto Photooxidation Tube (TPOT), a field-deployable flow reactor for the controlled exposure of ambient aerosol to OH radicals. The system alternates between sampling of (1) (unreacted) ambient aerosol, (2) aerosol exposed to UV light and subjected to a ~4 to 10 °C temperature increase, and (3) aerosol that is oxidized by OH (in addition to the aforementioned UV exposure/temperature increase). This allows both characterization of the aging process and classification of aerosol in terms of its volatility and reaction-based properties. Summertime measurements by an aerosol mass spectrometer coupled to the TPOT were performed in the remote forest of western Canada, resulting in aerosol dominated by biogenic secondary organic aerosol. Volatilization/UV exposure resulted in an approximately 10 to 25% decrease in organic mass and resulted in a slight increase in oxygenation. OH oxidation resulted in a further organic mass decrease (additional ~25%) and yielded an aerosol with O:C values comparable to those characteristic of low volatility, highly oxygenated OA. Most OH-induced changes occurred within ~3 day-equivalents of atmospheric processing, with further reactions generally proceeding at a greatly reduced rate. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the TPOT data yielded five factors. One factor is related to primary biomass burning organic aerosol, while the others describe oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) components in terms of reactivity and volatility: (1) volatile and reactive; (2) non-volatile and reactive; (3) non-volatile and reactive early-generation product; (4) non-volatile and non-reactive product. This PMF classification of aerosol components directly in terms of reactivity and volatility is enabled by the TPOT-modulated perturbation of aerosol composition, and is not otherwise accessible. The particle-phase reaction end products have mass spectra similar to the low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosol (LV-OOA) factors widely reported in the literature, providing supporting evidence for aged organic aerosol formation from OH-driven oxidation processes.
MIXED INTERIOR AND BOUNDARY NODAL BUBBLING SOLUTIONS FOR A sinh-POISSON EQUATION

We consider here the semilinear equation Δu + 2e 2 sinh u = 0 posed on a bounded smooth domain Ω in ℝ 2 with homogeneous Neumann boundary condition, where e > 0 is a small parameter. We show that for any given nonnegative integers k and l with k+l≥1, there exists a family of solutions u e that develops 2k interior and 2l boundary singularities for e sufficiently small, with the property that where (ξ 1 ,., ξ 2(k+l) ) are critical points of some functional defined explicitly in terms of the associated Green function.
Geology and geophysics at the archeological park of Vulci (central Italy)

The Vulci archeological site was object of interest by the Soprintendenza ai beni culturali dell’Etruria meridionale (Italian government department responsible for southern Etruria’s cultural heritage) since the beginning of the 20th century. In 2001, the Ministero dei Beni Culturali (Italian ministry of cultural heritage) along with the local authorities, opened a natural-archeological park. In this area, it lies most of the ancient Etruscan city of Velch (today known by its Latin name, Vulci) including the Osteria Necropolis that is the object of this study. Recently, new archaeological excavations were made and the local authorities needed major geological information about the volcanic lithotypes where the Etruscans used to build their necropolis. The aim of this study is to define the geological and geophysical characteristics of the rock lithotypes present in the Vulci park. For this purpose, a geological map of the area (1:10000) has been realized. Moreover, two different geophysical methods were applied: measurements of magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity tomography. Magnetic susceptibility analyses clearly identify magnetic contrasts between different lithotypes; the characteristics of the pyroclastic flow that originated the Sorano unit 2 and its vertical facies variations are well recorded by this parameter that along with lithostratigraphic observations provides information about the depositional conditions. Two electrical resistivity tomographies were performed, which show the Sorano unit 2 thickness to be of c. 7 m with resistivity values ranging from 200 to 400 Ω·m. This kind of multidisciplinary approach resulted to be suitable to study this type of archaeological sites, revealing that areas characterized by a relevant thickness and wide areal extension of volcanic lithotypes can be a potential site where Etruscans might have excavated their necropolis.
ON THE STANDARDIZATION OF VERTICAL ACCURACY FIGURES IN DEMS

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) play a key role in hydrological risk prevention and mitigation: hydraulic numeric simulations, slope and aspect maps all heavily rely on DEMs. Hydraulic numeric simulations require the used DEM to have a defined accuracy, in order to obtain reliable results. Are the DEM accuracy figures clearly and uniquely defined? The paper focuses on some issues concerning DEM accuracy definition and assessment. Two DEM accuracy definitions can be found in literature: accuracy at the interpolated point and accuracy at the nodes. The former can be estimated by means of randomly distributed check points, while the latter by means of check points coincident with the nodes. The two considered accuracy figures are often treated as equivalent, but they aren't. Given the same DEM, assessing it through one or the other approach gives different results. Our paper performs an in-depth characterization of the two figures and proposes standardization coefficients.
Matching children and substitute homes: some theoretical and empirical notions

Matching describes the process of selecting the substitute home for a child who needs to be placed away from the care of his/her birth parents. However, very little theorizing is done about matching and there is also a lack of systematic investigation into models of practice currently in use. Most importantly, very little is known about frontline matching practices in different socio-historical child welfare contexts. This paper aims to explore the concept of matching by addressing it theoretically and empirically as a decision-making practice in social work. Based on the analysis of phone interviews (49) and focus group interviews (five groups with 18 child welfare practitioners) in Finland, we claim that matching includes a high degree of navigation: decision-making balances between professional discretion, legal norms and principles, subjective views of the children and their parents as well as the economic and bureaucratic conditions of the service provision administration in the municipality. Navigation is shadowed by uncertainty and compromises. The analysis suggests that the notion of matching needs further analysis as it plays an important role in child welfare decision-making. The interplay between frontline practice and the socio-historical context needs to be further addressed.
Magnetohydrostatic modelling of stellar coronae

We introduce to the stellar physics community a method of modelling stellar coronae that can be considered to be an extension of the potential field. In this approach, the magnetic field is coupled to the background atmosphere. The model is magnetohydrostatic and is a balance between the Lorentz force, the pressure gradient and gravity. Analytical solutions are possible and we consider a particular class of equilibria in this paper. The model contains two free parameters and the effects of these on both the geometry and topology of the coronal magnetic field are investigated. A demonstration of the approach is given using a magnetogram derived from Zeeman–Doppler imaging of the 0.75 M⊙ M-dwarf star GJ 182.
Surface-geophysical techniques used to detect existing and infilled scour holes near bridge piers

Introduction. _^ Purpose and scope.2 Previous investigations.3 Principles of surface-geophysical techniques . 3 Fathometer profiling . 5 Continuous seismic-reflection profiling.5 Ground-penetrating radar.7 Equipment and modification.8 Fathometer systems.8 Continuous seismic-reflection profiling systems. 10 Ground-penetrating radar system. 12 Position-recording system.13 Data collection near bridge piers . 14 Collection of geophysical data. 14 Collection of verification data. 15 Processing techniques applied to surface-geophysical and position data. 16 Fathometer and position data. 16 Color Fathometer and continuous seismic-reflection profiling data. 19 Ground-penetrating radar data.22 Results of surface-geophysical techniques at selected bridge sites. 24 Old Baldwin Bridge, Old Saybrook.24 New Baldwin Bridge, Old Saybrook.26 Route 14 Bridge, Canterbury.31 Bulkeley Bridge, Hartford.31 Route 4 Bridge, Farmington . 36 Route 2 Bridge, Norwich.37 Future equipment modifications and research needs . 38 Summary and conclusions.39 References cited.42
Optimal disinfection times for seeds of Mediterranean orchids propagated on nutrient media

A time-consuming yet mandatory step during in vitro sexual propagation of orchids is the treatment of seeds with a disinfecting solution that also serves to scarify the seeds. If the seeds are not properly disinfected, microorganisms grow within the culture vessel, thus reducing the efficacy of the process and burdening the operation with unnecessary materials and labour. On the other hand, a long period of disinfection may damage the seed. The literature is inconclusive with respect to the proper combination of solution strength and duration of the treatment, especially with respect to Mediterranean orchids. The objective of this research is to determine optimal disinfection/scarification times for two species with thin and thick seed coats, respectively. Seeds of Anacamptis laxiflora (Lam.) and Himantoglossum robertianum (Loisel.) were treated in 1% NaClO solution for 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45 minutes and sown in modified organic Malmgren medium. Logistic regression models were fitted to the results. Due to the small number of observations per treatment, regression models of infection rates on treatment duration had no more predictive ability than the mean infection rate. On the other hand, regression models of germination rates on treatment duration proved statistically significant or nearly so. Treatment of only a few minutes in 1% NaClO seems to be optimal for seeds with relatively permeable seed coats such as those of A. laxiflora (Lam.). Conversely, treatment of 45 minutes in 1% NaClO may be inadequate for seeds with relatively impermeable seed coats such as those of H. robertianum (Loisel.).
Germination of African oil bean ( Pentaclethra macrophylla , Benth . ) seeds grown in crude oil polluted soil *

Background: An assessment of the germination of African oil bean seeds as affected by crude oil pollution of soil was carried out in Asaba, Nigeria in 2008. Six (0.0, 1.4, 2.8, 5.3, 11.2 and 22.4% by weight per 1.6kg of weight of soil sample) crude oil concentrations in soil served as the treatments. A randomized complete block design was adopted with four replications. Results: The results showed that no significant differences (P>0.05) existed between the Pentaclethra macrophylla seeds sown in the unpolluted (0.0%) and those planted in the 1.4% level of oil pollution as regards percentage germination, days to germination and rate of germination. Significant differences (P≤0.05) were however observed in the germination characteristics of P. macrophylla seeds sown in soils as the concentration of oil in soils increased. Conclusion: The study has established that crude oil pollution of soil has a significant effect of reducing the viability of Pentaclethra macrophylla seeds. It is also demonstrated in the study that crude oil application to soil significantly delayed and reduced the rate of germination of Pentaclethra macrophylla seeds while the minimum (critical) level of crude oil pollution that Pentaclethra macrophylla seeds can tolerate with respect to germination is 1.4% wet weight.
Mixed culture (shrimps, oysters and macroalgae) to improve the productivity, and reduce the environmental impact to coastal ecosystem caused by shrimp hatcheries in Mexico

In Mexico, shrimp hatcheries have been developed as intensive monocultures, resulting in hatcheries management troubles, economic losses and environmental impact. Therefore, the aim of this work was compare to a traditional culture vs. a mixed culture. Shrimp juveniles were distributed in aquariums and ponds at the same density (51 shrimps/m2) but ponds, also had oysters and macroalgae. Shrimps in aquaria and ponds were feed with same food amount. Water was change each two days, but in ponds only 20%. To compare traditional vs. mixed culture, shrimp’s growth, feed efficiency conversion and nutrients concentration, in aquariums and ponds were recorded. At experiment’s end, shrimps grew 35% more in ponds than aquariums; feed efficiency conversion was 0.68 units lower in ponds than aquariums, and NH4 concentrations were close to 3 and 1 mg/L in aquariums and ponds respectively. The mean increase weight in oyster and macroalgae, was 4.04 and 19.3 g respectively. Therefore, mixed culture has many ecological and economic advantages over traditional culture. Therefore it is suggested that scaling this technology to commercial level, in addition to shrimps, oysters and macroalgae are produced, which could be used for human consumption and animal fodder respectively. Also, this model improves water quality and reduces the environmental impact. Key words: Shrimp-monoculture, mixed-culture, oysters, macroalgae, higher productivity, water quality, environmental impact
Globalised Labour Markets? International Rent Sharing Across 47 Countries

We present evidence about the role of rent sharing in fostering the interdependence of labour markets around the world. Our results draw on a firm-level panel of more than 2,000 multinationals and more than 5,000 of their affiliates, covering 47 home and host countries. We find considerable evidence that multinationals share profits internationally, by paying higher wages to their workers in foreign affiliates in periods of higher profits. This occurs even across continents, and not only within Europe, as shown in earlier research. The results are robust to different tests, including a falsification exercise based on 'matched' parents. Finally, we show that different measures of the heterogeneity between parents and affiliates tend to increase rent sharing while the number of affiliates tends to decrease rent sharing, results we argue are consistent with bargaining views.
When the non-contrast-enhanced phase is unnecessary in abdominal computed tomography scans? A retrospective analysis of 244 cases

Objective: To evaluate the necessity of the non contrast-enhanced phase in abdominal computed tomography scans. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study was developed, evaluating 244 consecutive abdominal computed tomography scans both with and without contrast injection. Initially, the contrast-enhanced images were analyzed (first analysis). Subsequently, the observers had access to the non-contrast-enhanced images for a second analysis. The primary and secondary diagnoses were established as a function of the clinical indications for each study (such as tumor staging, acute abdomen, investigation for abdominal collection and hepatocellular carcinoma, among others). Finally, the changes in the diagnoses resulting from the addition of the non-contrast-enhanced phase were evaluated. Results: Only one (0.4%; p > 0.999; non-statistically significant) out of the 244 reviewed cases had the diagnosis changed after the reading of non-contrast-enhanced images. As the secondary diagnoses are considered, 35 (14%) cases presented changes after the second analysis, as follows: nephrolithiasis (10%), steatosis (3%), adrenal nodule (0.7%) and cholelithiasis (0.3%). Conclusion: For the clinical indications of tumor staging, acute abdomen, investigation of abdominal collections and hepatocellular carcinoma, the non-contrast-enhanced phase can be excluded from abdominal computed tomography studies with no significant impact on the diagnosis.
What' s the Value of Service-Learning to the Community?

This article reports the outcomes of a study involving service-learners in a tutoring program with 260 elementary school children. Compared to a non-tutored group, the tutored children had higher one-year gains in Stanford Achievement Test (SAT/9) scores in math and spelling. Children and their teachers gave high ratings to the tutors and believed that tutoring helped the children learn. Tutor similarity to the children along a number of dimensions was associated with stronger reading gains. Teachers gave higher evaluations to tutors who expressed intentions to be involved in civic action, while children gave higher marks to tutors who valued diversity and believed in social justice.
Comparing the Smoking Topography of Usual Brand Cigarettes in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Smokers

Introduction: Most pregnant smokers report abruptly reducing their cigarettes per day (CPD) by ~50% shortly after learning of pregnancy and of making further smaller reductions over the remainder of their pregnancy. Laboratory and naturalistic studies with non-pregnant smokers have found that these types of reductions often lead to changes in smoking topography (i.e., changes in smoking intensity to maintain a desired bloodnicotine level). 19, 20 If pregnant women engage in compensatory smoking, they may expose themselves and their offspring to the same level of toxicants despite reporting reductions in CPD. Methods: Pregnant and non-pregnant female smokers (n = 17 and 91, respectively) participated. At the experimental session, after biochemical confirmation of acute abstinence, all participants smoked one of their usual brand cigarettes ad lib through a Borgwaldt CReSS Desktop Smoking Topography device. Carbon monoxide (CO) and measures of nicotine withdrawal, craving, and reinforcement derived from smoking were also collected. Results: The two groups did not differ on any demographic or smoking characteristics at screening, except nicotine metabolism rate, which as expected, was faster in pregnant smokers. Analyses suggest that none of the smoking topography parameters differed between pregnant and non-pregnant smokers, although pregnant smokers had a significantly smaller CO boost. Both groups reported similar levels of relief of withdrawal and craving after smoking, but other self-report data suggest that pregnant smoker find smoking less reinforcing than non-pregnant smokers. Conclusions: Pregnant smokers do not smoke cigarettes differently as compared to nonpregnant female smokers, but appear to find smoking less reinforcing.
Dynamical Seasonal Predictability of the Asian Summer Monsoon

Ensembles of hindcasts from seven models are analyzed to evaluate dynamical seasonal predictability of 850hPa wind and rainfall for the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) during 1987, 1988, and 1993. These integrations were performed using observed sea surface temperatures and from observed initial conditions. The experiments were designed by the Climate Variability and Predictability, Working Group on Seasonal to Interannual Prediction as part of the Seasonal Prediction Model Intercomparison Project. Integrations from the European Union Prediction of Climate Variations on Seasonal to Interannual Timescales experiment are also evaluated. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐National Center for Atmospheric Research and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalyses and observed pentad rainfall form the baseline against which the hindcasts are judged. Pattern correlations and root-mean-square differences indicate errors in the simulation of the time mean low-level flow and the rainfall exceed observational uncertainty. Most models simulate the subseasonal EOFs that are associated with the dominant variations of the 850-hPa flow during the ASM, but not with the fidelity exhibited by the reanalyses as determined using pattern correlations. Pattern correlations indicate that the first EOF, associated with the tropical convergence zone being located over the continental landmass, is best simulated. The higher-order EOFs are less well simulated, and errors in the magnitude and location of their associated precipitation anomalies compromise dynamical seasonal predictability and are related to errors of the mean state. In most instances the models fail to properly project the subseasonal EOFs/principal components onto the interannual variability with the result that hindcasts of the 850-hPa flow and rainfall are poor. In cases where the observed EOFs are known to be related to the boundary forcing, the failure of the models to properly project the EOFs onto the interannual variability indicates that the models are not setting up observed teleconnection patterns.
On weak type inequalities for rare maximal functions

The study of one-dimensional rare maximal functions was started in [4, 5]. The main result in [5] was obtained with the help of some general procedure. The goal of the present article is to adapt the procedure (we call it “dyadic crystallization”) to the multidimensional setting and to demonstrate that rare maximal functions have properties not better than the Strong Maximal Function. The well-known Jessen–Marcinkiewicz–Zygmund theorem [6] states that the differentiation basis of all n-dimensional intervals differentiates a.e. the integrals of all functions from L(log L)n−1. The importance of this theorem is discussed, for example, in [3, 7]. Miguel de Guzmán [2, 3] found the quantitative version of the theorem by proving the following weak type estimate for the corresponding maximal function Mf (the so-called “Strong Maximal Function”): (1) |{x : Mf(x) > λ}| . \|f(x)| λ ( 1 + log |f(x)| λ )n−1 dx where . denotes inequality with a constant depending only on dimension. This is the best possible estimate as can be easily seen from the following example which is a multidimensional dyadic version of the well-known Bohr construction (see Note 1 in [1]). Let Q be the unit cube, m be an arbitrary positive integer, α ≡ (i1, . . . , in) be such that i1 + · · · + in = m and Iα ≡ [0, 2 i1 ] × · · · × [0, 2n ]. Then it is clear that |Iα| = 2 m, Q ⊂ Iα and |Q ∩ Iα| = 2 |Iα|. Hence Xm ≡ ⋃ i1+···+in=m Iα ⊂ {x : MχQ(x) ≥ 2 }. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 42B25.