Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical properties analysis of file modification in open-source software repositories

Mining the evolutionary rules of source code files can be conducted by analyzing the data generated in the development of open source software. In this paper, the development log information of two famous open source projects is collected and the statistical distribution of the number of developers corresponding to class files modification is analyzed by statistical method. As a result, we discover that the statistical distribution of the number of developers corresponding to class files modification fellows approximately an exponential distribution. In addition, we analyze the features of function and structure of two kinds of class files and discover that both class files developed by developers who have too many modification behaviors to their projects and class files modified by too many developers tend to be more complex. The statistical analysis of these two projects may provide new insights into the research on studying the evolution of open source software, choosing appropriate programmers to refactor open source software and allocating task of maintenance for open source software.
What's Shared in Movement Kinematics: Investigating Co-representation of Actions Through Movement

In recent years, psychological research has shown a growing interest in the study of human social interaction. This has led researchers to develop new paradigms and to formulate new theories about how people adjust minds and bodies when interacting with each other (Schilbach et al., 2013; Gallotti et al., 2017). One intriguing question that arises when dealing with social interactions concerns what information actors share about each other when involved in a joint action. One of the most influential theories in this field states that, given the fundamental social nature of joint actions, people have the tendency to represent and map both one's own and others' task demands (Sebanz et al., 2003, 2005). However, this view has recently been challenged by proponents of the “referential coding account” who have criticized the apparent nonsocial nature of the tasks and methodologies used to formulate and support the co-representation theory (Dolk et al., 2011, 2014). In the present opinion article, we briefly describe the experimental paradigms often employed to study the co-representation theory (section Co-representation theory: proponents and opponents). Then, we illustrate potential methodological issues related to these paradigms (section A methodological problem), and finally we propose a new strategy, based on the characterization of movement kinematics, to address the open question about what is shared in shared actions (section A motor solution).
Dynamic study on the impact of non-financial information quality on technological innovation in enterprises

Non-financial information has gradually become an important basis for investors to understand the true value of the company. Technological innovation is a special kind of investment which can help companies to overcome the limitations of the law of marginal returns and break the stalemate in the production efficiency. By sorting out the economic consequences of non-financial information quality and the effect of technological innovation on research literature both at home and abroad, it has been found that few people have studied the relationship between the quality of non-financial information and the technological innovation of enterprises. The research on the relationship between the two helps to expand and deepen the research on the economic consequences of non-financial information which will help to enrich and develop the theory of economic growth.
Statistical Learning Impairments as a Consequence of Stroke

Statistical learning is the implicit learning of the contingencies between sequential stimuli, typically from mere exposure. It is present from infancy onward, and plays a role in functions from language learning to selective attention. Despite these observations, there are few data on whether statistical learning capacity changes with age or after brain injury. In order to examine how brain injury affects the ability to learn and update statistical representations, we had young control and healthy elder participants, as well as participants with either left or right brain injury, perform an auditory statistical learning task. Participants listened to two languages with made-up words that were defined by the transition probability between syllables. Following passive listening, learning was assessed with a two-alternative forced choice test for the most familiar word. As in previous studies, we found that young controls have a learning capacity limitation for statistical learning; a second language is less well learned than the first, and this statistical learning capacity limit is attenuated with age. Additionally, we found that brain damaged patients, whether with left or right hemispheric damage, showed impaired statistical learning. This impairment was not explained by aphasia or cognitive deficits. As statistical learning is a critical skill for daily life, a better appreciation of the nature of this impairment will improve our understanding of the cognitive effects of brain injury and could lead to new rehabilitation strategies.
Vanishing quantum oscillations in Dirac semimetal ZrTe5

Significance Topological materials exhibit a nontrivial Berry phase, experimental determination of which heavily relies on a straightforward phase analysis of quantum oscillations. We report the observation of a striking spin-zero effect in quantum oscillations of topological materials. The concomitant phase inversion underlines a largely overlooked phase factor in previous oscillation analysis of topological materials. Moreover, our results indicate that the Berry phase in ZrTe5 remains nontrivial in the presence of a magnetic field and support a field-driven line node phase. One of the characteristics of topological materials is their nontrivial Berry phase. Experimental determination of this phase largely relies on a phase analysis of quantum oscillations. We study the angular dependence of the oscillations in a Dirac material ZrTe5 and observe a striking spin-zero effect (i.e., vanishing oscillations accompanied with a phase inversion). This indicates that the Berry phase in ZrTe5 remains nontrivial for arbitrary field direction, in contrast with previous reports. The Zeeman splitting is found to be proportional to the magnetic field based on the condition for the spin-zero effect in a Dirac band. Moreover, it is suggested that the Dirac band in ZrTe5 is likely transformed into a line node other than Weyl points for the field directions at which the spin zero occurs. The results underline a largely overlooked spin factor when determining the Berry phase from quantum oscillations.
A Comparison of Optic Neuritis in Asian and in Western Countries

Acute demyelinating optic neuritis is a common optic neuropathy in young adults. There is usually satisfactory visual recovery. However, some patients convert to multiple sclerosis (MS) with potential sequelae of neurological disability. The Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial in the United States was conducted prospectively for 15 years and provided valuable data about clinical course, efficacy of steroid treatment, and risk of conversion to MS. Compared to the many studies in Western countries, research concerning optic neuritis in Asia has so far not been extensive. However, cumulative evidence shows that various features of this disorder differ between patients of Caucasian and Oriental descent. In this article we review up-to-date studies on optic neuritis in Asia and compare the results with prior literature. Prospective and multi-centre studies are currently underway in these regions to increase our understanding of optic neuritis in Asia.
Elegance as Complexity Reduction in Systems Design

Elegance is often invoked as a characteristic of good design, but it cannot be pursued as a design objective because of the absence of actionable definitions that can be translated into design strategies and metrics. In this work, we analyze elegance in the context of systems engineering using a perspective that integrates visual art, Gestalt psychology, neuroscience, and complexity theory. In particular, we measure elegance as effective complexity and theorize that it can be achieved by a process of complexity resolution based on the adoption of eight visual heuristics. We present an empirical study in which a sample of systems engineers were asked to assess alternative representations of a same system and show that effective complexity is strongly correlated to perceived elegance and systems effectiveness. Our results are consistent with independent findings obtained in other fields including design and psychology of perception showing that good design must embed an effective level of complexity achievable through a mix of familiarity and novelty.
Current Progress on Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Gamma Agonist as an Emerging Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: An Update

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β within the brain parenchyma resulting in a significant decline in cognitive functions. The pathophysiological conditions of the disease are recognized by the perturbation of synaptic function, energy and lipid metabolism. In Addition deposition of amyloid plaques also triggers inflammation upon the induction of microglia. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors known to play important role in the regulation of glucose ab-sorption, homeostasis of lipid metabolism and are further known to involved in repressing the expression of genes related to inflammation. Therefore, agonists of this receptor represent an attractive therapeutic target for AD. Recently, both clinical and preclinical studies showed that use of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist improves both learning and memory along with other AD related pathology. Thus, PPARγ signifies a significant new therapeutic target in treating AD. In this review, we have shed some light on the recent progress of how, PPARγ agonist selectively modulated different cellular targets in AD and its amazing potential in the treatment of AD.
Revisiting The Vertex Cache: Understanding and Optimizing Vertex Processing on the modern GPU

In this paper, we question the premise that graphics hardware uses a post-transform cache to avoid redundant vertex shader invocations. A large body of existing work on optimizing indexed triangle sets for rendering speed is based upon this widely-accepted assumption. We conclusively show that this assumption does not hold up on modern graphics hardware. We design and conduct experiments that demonstrate the behavior of current hardware of all major vendors to be inconsistent with the presence of a common post-transform cache. Our results strongly suggest that modern hardware rather relies on a batch-based approach, most likely for reasons of scalability. A more thorough investigation based on these initial experiments allows us to partially uncover the actual strategies implemented on graphics processors today. We reevaluate existing mesh optimization algorithms in light of these new findings and present a new mesh optimization algorithm designed from the ground up to target architectures that rely on batch-based vertex reuse. In an extensive evaluation, we measure and compare the real-world performance of various optimization algorithms on modern hardware. Our results show that some established algorithms still perform well. However, if the batching strategy of the target architecture is known, our approach can significantly outperform these previous state-of-the-art methods.
An Elementary Introduction to Information Geometry

In this survey, we describe the fundamental differential-geometric structures of information manifolds, state the fundamental theorem of information geometry, and illustrate some use cases of these information manifolds in information sciences. The exposition is self-contained by concisely introducing the necessary concepts of differential geometry. Proofs are omitted for brevity.
Noiseprint: A CNN-Based Camera Model Fingerprint

Forensic analyses of digital images rely heavily on the traces of in-camera and out-camera processes left on the acquired images. Such traces represent a sort of camera fingerprint. If one is able to recover them, by suppressing the high-level scene content and other disturbances, a number of forensic tasks can be easily accomplished. A notable example is the PRNU pattern, which can be regarded as a device fingerprint, and has received great attention in multimedia forensics. In this paper, we propose a method to extract a camera model fingerprint, called noiseprint, where the scene content is largely suppressed and model-related artifacts are enhanced. This is obtained by means of a Siamese network, which is trained with pairs of image patches coming from the same (label +1) or different (label −1) cameras. Although the noiseprints can be used for a large variety of forensic tasks, in this paper we focus on image forgery localization. Experiments on several datasets widespread in the forensic community show noiseprint-based methods to provide state-of-the-art performance.
Impact of Efavirenz-, Ritonavir-Boosted Lopinavir-, and Nevirapine-Based Antiretroviral Regimens on the Pharmacokinetics of Lumefantrine and Safety of Artemether-Lumefantrine in Plasmodium falciparum-Negative HIV-Infected Malawian Adults Stabilized on Antiretroviral Therapy

There is conflicting evidence of the impact of commonly used antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) on the pharmacokinetics of lumefantrine and the safety profile of artemether-lumefantrine. We compared the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to 14 days (AUC0–14 days) of lumefantrine and the safety profile of artemether-lumefantrine in malaria-negative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults in two steps. ABSTRACT There is conflicting evidence of the impact of commonly used antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) on the pharmacokinetics of lumefantrine and the safety profile of artemether-lumefantrine. We compared the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to 14 days (AUC0–14 days) of lumefantrine and the safety profile of artemether-lumefantrine in malaria-negative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults in two steps. In step 1, a half-dose adult course of artemether-lumefantrine was administered as a safety check in four groups (n = 6/group): (i) antiretroviral naive, (ii) nevirapine-based ART, (iii) efavirenz-based ART, and (iv) ritonavir-boosted lopinavir-based ART. In step 2, a standard-dose adult course of artemether-lumefantrine was administered to a different cohort in three groups (n = 10 to 15/group): (i) antiretroviral naive, (ii) efavirenz-based ART, and (iii) ritonavir-boosted lopinavir-based ART. In step 1, lumefantrine's AUC0–14 days was 53% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27 to 0.82) lower in the efavirenz-based ART group than in the ART-naive group and was 2.4 (95% CI, 1.58 to 3.62) and 2.9(95% CI, 1.75 to 4.72) times higher in the nevirapine- and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir groups, respectively. In step 2, lumefantrine's AUC0–14 days was 1.9 (95% CI, 1.26 to 3.00) times higher in the ritonavir-boosted lopinavir group and not significantly different between the efavirenz- and ART-naive groups (0.99 [95% CI, 0.63 to 1.57]). Frequent cases of hematological abnormalities (thrombocytopenia and neutropenia) were observed in the nevirapine group in step 1, leading to a recommendation from the data and safety monitoring board not to include a nevirapine group in step 2. Artemether-lumefantrine was well tolerated in the other groups. The therapeutic implications of these findings need to be evaluated among HIV-malaria-coinfected adults. (This study has been registered at the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry under numbers PACTR2010030001871293 and PACTR2010030001971409.)
Multi-Timescale Drowsiness Characterization Based on a Video of a Driver’s Face

Drowsiness is a major cause of fatal accidents, in particular in transportation. It is therefore crucial to develop automatic, real-time drowsiness characterization systems designed to issue accurate and timely warnings of drowsiness to the driver. In practice, the least intrusive, physiology-based approach is to remotely monitor, via cameras, facial expressions indicative of drowsiness such as slow and long eye closures. Since the system’s decisions are based upon facial expressions in a given time window, there exists a trade-off between accuracy (best achieved with long windows, i.e., at long timescales) and responsiveness (best achieved with short windows, i.e., at short timescales). To deal with this trade-off, we develop a multi-timescale drowsiness characterization system composed of four binary drowsiness classifiers operating at four distinct timescales (5 s, 15 s, 30 s, and 60 s) and trained jointly. We introduce a multi-timescale ground truth of drowsiness, based on the reaction times (RTs) performed during standard Psychomotor Vigilance Tasks (PVTs), that strategically enables our system to characterize drowsiness with diverse trade-offs between accuracy and responsiveness. We evaluated our system on 29 subjects via leave-one-subject-out cross-validation and obtained strong results, i.e., global accuracies of 70%, 85%, 89%, and 94% for the four classifiers operating at increasing timescales, respectively.
The Effect of 40-Hz Light Therapy on Amyloid Load in Patients with Prodromal and Clinical Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. AD pathology is characterized by abnormal aggregation of the proteins amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau. No effective disease modifying therapies are currently available. A short-duration intervention with 40 Hz light flicker has been shown to reduce brain Aβ load in transgenic mice. We aimed to test the effect of a similar short-duration 40 Hz light flicker regime in human AD patients. We utilized a Light Emitting Diode (LED) light bulb with a 40 Hz flicker. Six Aβ positive patients received 10 days of light therapy, had 2 hours of daily exposure, and underwent a postintervention PiB PET on day 11. After 10 days of light therapy, no significant decrease of PiB SUVR values was detected in any volumes of interest tested (primary visual cortex, visual association cortex, lateral parietal cortex, precuneus, and posterior cingulate) or in the total motor cortex, and longer treatments may be necessary to induce amyloid removal in humans.
Small‐Molecule Neuromedin U Receptor 2 Agonists Suppress Food Intake and Decrease Visceral Fat in Animal Models

Obesity is a growing public health concern, with 37.5% of the adult population in need of therapeutics that are more efficacious with a better side effect profile. An innovative target in this regard is neuromedin U, a neuropeptide shown to suppress food intake and attenuate weight gain in animal models. These effects of neuromedin U on feeding behavior are thought to be related to agonism at the centrally expressed neuromedin U receptor 2 (NMUR2). As peptides present unique challenges that limit their therapeutic potential, the discovery of small‐molecule NMUR2 agonists is needed to validate the targets therapeutic value, but to date, none have been evaluated in any animal model of disease. We therefore assessed two small‐molecule NMUR2 agonists for their in vitro signaling and their in vivo efficacy. The NMUR2 agonists were synthesized and both NMUR2 agonists, NY0116 and NY0128, decreased cAMP while stimulating calcium signaling in stably expressing NMUR2 HEK293 cells. When small‐molecule NMUR2 agonists were tested in vivo, acute administration significantly decreased high‐fat diet consumption. Repeated administration of the compounds decreased body weight and more specifically, decreased the percentage of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in obese mice. These results have confirmed small‐molecule NMUR2 agonists are efficacious in animal models to decrease fat content, food intake, and body weight, suggesting NMUR2 is a promising therapeutic target for metabolic disorders.
Transcriptional switch for programmed cell death in pith parenchyma of sorghum stems

Significance Sugar and ethanol productivity from the sugar juice of grass stems depends on their water content. Pith parenchyma cells function as a water storage tissue in plant stems, and the death of these cells reduces stem water content. In this study, we identified a gene, long referred to as D, in a promising energy grass, Sorghum bicolor, that is responsible for reducing stem water content. D and its Arabidopsis ortholog encode master transcriptional switches that induce programmed death of stem pith parenchyma cells by activating autolytic enzymes. Identifying D as the gene involved in programmed death of plant pith parenchyma cells will provide an approach to breeding crops for sugar and ethanol production. Pith parenchyma cells store water in various plant organs. These cells are especially important for producing sugar and ethanol from the sugar juice of grass stems. In many plants, the death of pith parenchyma cells reduces their stem water content. Previous studies proposed that a hypothetical D gene might be responsible for the death of stem pith parenchyma cells in Sorghum bicolor, a promising energy grass, although its identity and molecular function are unknown. Here, we identify the D gene and note that it is located on chromosome 6 in agreement with previous predictions. Sorghum varieties with a functional D allele had stems enriched with dry, dead pith parenchyma cells, whereas those with each of six independent nonfunctional D alleles had stems enriched with juicy, living pith parenchyma cells. D expression was spatiotemporally coupled with the appearance of dead, air-filled pith parenchyma cells in sorghum stems. Among D homologs that are present in flowering plants, Arabidopsis ANAC074 also is required for the death of stem pith parenchyma cells. D and ANAC074 encode previously uncharacterized NAC transcription factors and are sufficient to ectopically induce programmed death of Arabidopsis culture cells via the activation of autolytic enzymes. Taken together, these results indicate that D and its Arabidopsis ortholog, ANAC074, are master transcriptional switches that induce programmed death of stem pith parenchyma cells. Thus, targeting the D gene will provide an approach to breeding crops for sugar and ethanol production.