Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiology of guinea‐pig supraoptic neurones: role of a hyperpolarization‐activated cation current in phasic firing.

1. Immunocytochemically identified magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) in the guinea‐pig supraoptic nucleus (SON) were studied using the in vitro intracellular recording technique. Cells were identified as containing arginine vasopressin (AVP) or oxytocin (OT) following recordings made with biocytin‐filled electrodes. Both AVP and OT MNCs demonstrated a fusiform or pyramidal shape (15‐20 microns by 26‐39 microns), with two to three processes. There were no significant differences in the proportion of AVP and OT cells in the retrochiasmatic (caudal) versus the rostral slices. 2. No significant differences in passive membrane properties were observed between AVP and OT cells, except that AVP cells exhibited a significantly broader action potential width (1.51 +/‐ 0.1 ms, n = 11) than did OT cells (1.01 +/‐ 0.08 ms, n = 7). 3. Firing patterns were recorded for 100 MNCs, 41% of which fired in a phasic manner (repeated clustering of action potentials into bursts). Of the seventy‐seven cells which were immunocytochemically identified, only AVP‐containing MNCs displayed phasic firing. Phasic firing occurred only in MNCs demonstrating a depolarizing potential which followed hyperpolarizing after‐potentials (HAPs). The presence of the depolarizing potential was not always associated with phasic firing, however, as both OT cells and non‐phasic AVP cells sometimes exhibited a depolarizing potential. 4. In 160 MNCs examined for the presence of the time‐dependent inward rectification (TDR in current clamp, or Ih in voltage clamp), a significant difference in the proportion of cells expressing the Ih was observed in the two cell types. The Ih was expressed in forty‐five of fifty‐four AVP MNCs (83%) and in six of fifteen OT MNCs (40%). No significant association was found with firing pattern. 5. The Ih exhibited properties similar to those found in other CNS and peripheral tissues. It appeared on steps to potentials more hyperpolarized than ‐65 mV. It was augmented by raising the extracellular potassium concentration, blocked by 2 mM CsCl, and insensitive to 100‐500 microM BaCl2. Activation followed a single exponential, and the time constant of activation was voltage dependent. 6. The adenylate cyclase activator forskolin increased the Ih and shifted its activation curve to more depolarized levels. In cells recorded for several hours, the Ih varied in amplitude, suggesting intrinsic modulation, possibly by intracellular second messenger systems. The Ih in guinea‐pig SON MNCs appears to serve an excitatory role, bringing cells closer to firing threshold.
Remission, dropouts, and adverse drug reaction rates in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of head-to-head trials

ABSTRACT Objective: To summarize remission rates and dropouts due to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or lack of efficacy (LoE) of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in treating major depressive disorder. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, IPA, and the Cochrane International Library from 1980–2005. Meta-analysis summarized outcomes from head-to-head randomized clinical trials comparing ≥ 2 drugs from three antidepressants classes (SNRIs, and/or SSRIs, and/or TCAs) followed by ≥ 6 weeks of treatment. Remission was a final Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) score ≤ 7 or Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) ≤ 12. Intent-to-treat data were combined across study arms using random effects models, producing point estimates with 95% confidence intervals. Results: We obtained data from 30 arms of 15 head-to-head trials with 2458 patients. SNRIs had the highest ITT remission rate (49.0%), then TCAs (44.1%), and SSRIs (37.7%) ( p > 0.05 for SNRIs versus TCAs; p < 0.001 for TCAs versus SSRIs and SNRIs versus SSRIs). When categorized as inpatients ( n = 582) and outpatients ( n = 1613), SNRIs had the highest remission rates (52.0% for 144 inpatients and 49.3% for 559 outpatients). SNRIs had lowest overall dropouts (26.1%), followed by SSRIs (28.4%), and TCAs (35.7%). Dropouts due to ADRs and LoE were 10.3% and 6.2% for SNRIs, 8.3% and 7.2% for SSRIs, and 19.8% and 9.9% for TCAs, respectively ( p > 0.05 for ADR dropouts only). One limitation was the inclusion of only venlafaxine‐XR; results may not be the same for immediate release forms. In addition, few studies reported remission rates. Conclusions: SNRIs had the highest efficacy remission rates (statistically significant for inpatients and outpatients), and the lowest overall dropout rates, suggesting clinical superiority in treating major depression.
Health survey of 167 pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Finland

Only a limited amount of information is available about health status of pet rabbits. The aim of this study was to obtain data about the health status of pet rabbits considered healthy by the owners in Finland. Physical examination and lateral abdominal and lateral skull radiography were performed on 167 pet rabbits of which 118 (70.7 per cent) had abnormal findings in at least one examination. The most common findings were acquired dental disease (n=67, 40.1 per cent), vertebral column deformities and degenerative lesions (n=52, 31.1 per cent), skin disorders (n=28, 16.8 per cent) and eye disorders (n=12, 7.2 per cent). Vertebral column angulating deformities were significantly more common in dwarf lop rabbits (P≤0.001). The prevalence of health disorders was significantly higher in rabbits over three years of age of which 51 (82.3 per cent) had findings in at least one examination (P<0.05). Rabbits as prey animals hide their illness, which cause difficulties to owners to recognise health problems. Because of the high prevalence of clinical and radiological findings in apparently healthy pet rabbits, regular physical examinations are advised, especially for animals over three years old.
Extirpation of Macroalgae (Sargassum spp.) on the Subtropical East Australian Coast

Abstract: Populations of large brown algae of the Laminariales and Fucales (Phaeophyta) have declined or been extirpated from many locations on temperate coasts worldwide. We conducted field surveys and a literature review, and examined herbarium specimens, through which we discovered previously unreported extirpations of large brown algal species from a tropical and subtropical coastline. Sargassum amaliae, S. aquifolium, S. carpophyllum, S. polycystum, and S. spinifex were common habitat‐forming macroalgae that supported diverse assemblages of invertebrates and smaller algae before urbanization began in 1970 along the 45‐km length of Sunshine Coast in Queensland, Australia. Causes of these extirpations are not known, but are consistent with losses of other large brown algal species from coastal areas undergoing urbanization or eutrophication. Sargassum spp. do not have the characteristics thought to protect marine species from extinction (large geographical ranges, occurrence on many different substrata, long‐distance dispersal). Some local Sargassum spp. are endemic to eastern Australia. Abundance of Sargassum is limited by suitable substrata on the sandy southern Queensland coast (370 km). These substrata are 12 rocky headlands separated by long (5–105 km) sandy beaches. Most multicellular propagules (the only motile stage in Sargassum) settle within 1–3 m of parental thalli, which restricts long‐distance dispersal needed to maintain connectivity among populations and to recolonize areas of the headlands from which populations have been extirpated. Local Sargassum spp. could be categorized as data deficient by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), but the IUCN vulnerable category is more accurate given extirpations, limited habitat, and the lack of connectivity among populations.
Measuring Regional Variations of Entrepreneurial Intent in India

This study reports the first use of a newly developed approach to measuring entrepreneurial intent (EI) among regional populations in India. An improved EI scale is needed to avoid the problems that undermine previous attempts to accurately measure EI—especially the confounding of intentions with similar but theoretically distinct constructs such as beliefs, attitudes and expectations. This new 12-item scale is employed to measure EI levels of 335 participants in three regions of India: Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. Moderately high levels of EI are observed in each location, but the level in Kolkata is found to be significantly higher than the other two regions, contrary to popular expectations. The use of this improved scale is recommended to researchers and policymakers interested in entrepreneurship in India.
Cloning and Characterization of a Mammalian Lithium-sensitive Bisphosphate 3′-Nucleotidase Inhibited by Inositol 1,4-Bisphosphate*

Discovery of a structurally conserved metal-dependent lithium-inhibited phosphomonoesterase protein family has identified several potential cellular targets of lithium as used to treat manic depression. Here we describe identification of a novel family member using a “computer cloning” strategy. Human and murine cDNA clones encoded proteins sharing 92% identity and were highly expressed in kidney. Native and recombinant protein harbored intrinsic magnesium-dependent bisphosphate nucleotidase activity (BPntase), which removed the 3′-phosphate from 3′-5′ bisphosphate nucleosides and 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate with K m andV max values of 0.5 μm and 40 μmol/min/mg. Lithium uncompetitively inhibited activity with aK i of 157 μm. Interestingly, BPntase was competitively inhibited by inositol 1,4-bisphosphate with aK i of 15 μm. Expression of mammalian BPntase complemented defects in hal2/met22 mutant yeast. These data suggest that BPntase’s physiologic role in nucleotide metabolism may be regulated by inositol signaling pathways. The presence of high levels of BPntase in the kidney are provocative in light of the roles of bisphosphorylated nucleotides in regulating salt tolerance, sulfur assimilation, detoxification, and lithium toxicity. We propose that inhibition of human BPntase may account for lithium-induced nephrotoxicity, which may be overcome by supplementation of current therapeutic regimes with inhibitors of nucleotide biosynthesis, such as methionine.
Adhesive Papillae of Phallusia mamillata Larvae: Morphology and Innervation

Abstract The swimming larvae of most solitary ascidians belonging to the Ascidiidae family bear three anterior, simple conic adhesive papillae. They secrete adhesive substances that are used to effect transitory settlement at the beginning of the metamorphosis. The adhesive papillae of newly hatched Phallusia mamillata larvae examined by the SEM are covered by the tunic. When the larvae are about to settle, the tunic becomes fenestrated over the central part of the papilla and bulb-ended microvilli protrude through the holes. These papillae have two types of elongated cells: many peripheral cells and few larger central cells with microvilli and bundles of microtubules oriented along the major axis of the cells. We have done immunofluorescence experiments with an anti-β-tubulin monoclonal antibody (clone 2-28-33) reacting with axonal microtubules. Only the central cells of the papillae were stained and the axons appeared to arise from the proximal ends of these cells. These axons form a long nerve that reaches the brain vesicle. Branches of the same nerve appear to connect to the basal ends of the peripheral cells. By confocal laser microscopy we were able to follow the course of the papillary nerve. The two nerves connecting the dorsal papillae fuse together into a single nerve that runs posteriorly. The nerve connecting the ventral papilla runs posteriorly for a long tract before fusing with the nerve of the dorsal papillae just near the brain. The reported observations raise the hypothesis that the central cells of the adhesive papillae might be primary sensory neurons and that they may have chemosensory function.
Sister chromatid gene conversion is a prominent double‐strand break repair pathway in mammalian cells

In mammalian cells, repair of DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) occurs by both homologous and non‐homologous mechanisms. By definition, homologous recombination requires a template with sufficient sequence identity to the damaged molecule in order to direct repair. We now show that the sister chromatid acts as a repair template in a substantial proportion of DSB repair events. The outcome of sister chromatid repair is primarily gene conversion unassociated with reciprocal exchange. This contrasts with expectations from the classical DSB repair model originally proposed for yeast meiotic recombination, but is consistent with models in which recombination is coupled intimately with replication. These results may explain why cytologically observable sister chromatid exchanges are induced only weakly by DNA‐damaging agents that cause strand breaks, since most homologous repair events would not be observed. A preference for non‐crossover events between sister chromatids suggests that crossovers, although genetically silent, may be disfavored for other reasons. Possibly, a general bias against crossing over in mitotic cells exists to reduce the potential for genome alterations when other homologous repair templates are utilized.
IL‐10 prevents aging‐associated inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle

Altered energy balance and insulin resistance are important characteristics of aging. Skeletal muscle is a major site of glucose disposal, and the role of aging‐associated inflammation in skeletal muscle insulin resistance remains unclear. To investigate, we examined glucose metabolism in 18‐mo‐old transgenic mice with muscle‐specific overexpression of IL‐10 (MIL10) and in wild‐type mice during hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamping. Despite similar fat mass and energy balance, MIL10 mice were protected from aging‐associated insulin resistance with significant increases in glucose infusion rates, whole‐body glucose turnover, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake (~60%; P <0.05), as compared to age‐matched WT mice. This protective effect was associated with decreased muscle inflammation, but no changes in adipose tissue inflammation in aging MIL10 mice. These results demonstrate the importance of skeletal muscle inflammation in aging‐mediated insulin resistance, and our findings further implicate a potential therapeutic role of anti‐inflammatory cytokine in the treatment of aging‐mediated insulin resistance. —Dagdeviren, S. , Jung, D. Y. , Friedline, R. H. , Noh, H. L. , Kim, J. H. , Patel, P. R. , Tsitsilianos, N. , Inashima, K. , Tran, D. A. , Hu, X. , Loubato, M. M. , Craige, S. M. , Kwon, J. Y. , Lee, K. W. , Kim, J. K. IL‐10 prevents aging‐associated inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. FASEB J. 31, 701–710 (2017). http://www.fasebj. org
Atrial natriuretic hormone inhibits angiotensin II-stimulated sympathetic nerve activity in humans.

We examined the effect of intravenous infusion of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) on the response of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) to infused angiotensin II (ANG II) in humans. Infusion of saline alone or ANH (10 ng.kg-1.min-1) alone produced no significant change in MSNA, whereas the infusion of ANG II (5 ng.kg-1.min-1) alone caused a decrease in MSNA. Because elevations in arterial pressure (AP) and central venous pressure (CVP) also occurred due to ANG II, such elevations in AP and CVP could inhibit MSNA via baroreflexes. Then, the effect of ANG II on AP and CVP was inhibited by the simultaneous infusion of nitroprusside (N). Infusion of ANG II (5 ng.kg-1.min-1) produced significant increases in MSNA when ANG II was infused along with N. However, the simultaneously infused ANH (10 ng.kg-1.min-1) abolished the increases in MSNA induced by ANG II when the elevation in AP and CVP was inhibited by N. Thus ANH inhibits ANG II-induced sympathetic activation in humans. The results suggest that ANH may modulate sympathetic nerve activity at least in part by antagonizing the action of ANG II.
High‐resolution X‐ray imaging of Plasmodium falciparum‐infected red blood cells

Methods for imaging cellular architecture and ultimately macromolecular complexes and individual proteins, within a cellular environment, are an important goal for cell and molecular biology. Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) is a method of lensless imaging that can be applied to any individual finite object. A diffraction pattern from a single biological structure is recorded and an iterative Fourier transform between real space and reciprocal space is used to reconstruct information about the architecture of the sample to high resolution. As a test system for cellular imaging, we have applied CDI to an important human pathogen, the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. We have employed a novel CDI approach, known as Fresnel CDI, which uses illumination with a curved incident wavefront, to image red blood cells infected with malaria parasites. We have examined the intrinsic X‐ray absorption contrast of these cells and compared them with cells contrasted with heavy metal stains or immunogold labeling. We compare CDI images with data obtained from the same cells using scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and scanning X‐ray fluorescence microscopy. We show that CDI can offer new information both within and at the surface of complex biological specimens at a spatial resolution of better than 40 nm. and we demonstrate an imaging modality that conveniently combines scanning X‐ray fluorescence microscopy with CDI. The data provide independent confirmation of the validity of the coherent diffractive image and demonstrate that CDI offers the potential to become an important and reliable new high‐resolution imaging modality for cell biology. CDI can detect features at high resolution within unsectioned cells. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
MRI of mouse models of neurological disorders

MRI has contributed to significant advances in the understanding of neurological diseases in humans. It has also been used to evaluate the spectrum of mouse models spanning from developmental abnormalities during embryogenesis, evaluation of transgenic and knockout models, through various neurological diseases such as stroke, tumors, degenerative and inflammatory diseases. The MRI techniques used clinically are technically more challenging in the mouse because of the size of the brain; however, mouse imaging provides researchers with the ability to explore cellular and molecular imaging that one day may translate into clinical practice. This article presents an overview of the use of MRI in mouse models of a variety of neurological disorders and a brief review of cellular imaging using magnetically tagged cells in the mouse central nervous system. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potentially avoidable hospitalizations: inequalities in rates between US socioeconomic groups.

OBJECTIVES The National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) was used to evaluate potentially avoidable hospital conditions as an indicator of equity and efficiency in the US health care system. METHODS With the use of 1990 data from the NHDS, the National Health Interview Survey, and the census, national rates of hospitalization were calculated for avoidable conditions by age, race, median income of zip code, and insurance status. RESULTS An estimated 3.1 million hospitalizations were for potentially avoidable conditions. This was 12% of all hospitalizations in 1990 (excluding psychiatric admissions, women with deliveries, and newborns). Rates of potentially avoidable hospitalizations were higher for persons living in middle- and low-income areas than for persons living in high-income areas, and were higher among Blacks than among Whites. These class and racial differences were also found among the privately insured. Differences among income and racial groups for persons aged 65 and over were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Inequalities in potentially avoidable hospitalizations suggest inequity and inefficiency in the health care delivery system. Avoidable hospital conditions are a useful national indicator to monitor access to care.
Psychiatric adjustment in adolescents with a history of chronic fatigue syndrome.

OBJECTIVE To ascertain psychiatric adjustment in youngsters with a history of childhood chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). METHOD Subjects were 25 children and adolescents with CFS who were seen in tertiary pediatric/psychiatric clinics (mean age 15.6 years, seen a mean of 45.5 months after illness onset; 17 subjects had recovered and 8 were still ill) and 15 healthy matched controls. Youngsters and their parents (usually mothers) were interviewed and completed questionnaires. Instruments used included the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and the Harter Self-Esteem Questionnaire. RESULTS At assessment, psychiatric disorders (mainly anxiety and depressive disorders) were present in half the subjects with a history of CFS, a rate significantly higher than in healthy controls. On the CBCL youngsters with a history of CFS had an excess of psychological symptoms and decreased social competence. On the Harter Self-Esteem Questionnaire they reported reduced self-esteem, especially in social competence. Anxiety disorders were significantly more common in recovered subjects than in those with active CFS illness status. CONCLUSIONS Psychiatric disorders were found to be increased in adolescents with a history of severe CFS; CFS may enhance the risk for or share common predisposing factors with anxiety disorders.
Treating youth agression and related problems in a social services agency

Family TIES (training in essential skills) is a multilevel treatment program for helping youth with anger, aggression, and interconnected problems. It is embedded within a social service centre that provides child protective and youth offender services. In this article we summarize the program‘s origin and theoretical foundation, and discuss the results of a preliminary investigation. Based on the premise that youth problems emerge largely from family discord, the program involves (a) teaching prosocial and anger management skills to youth, (b) training parents to become supportive coaches for their children, and (c) enacting effective family problem solving within the context of multifamily group sessions. The intention is to replace negative family processes with constructive communication between family members, positive expectations about one another, and shared beliefs in the family‘s capacity to arrive at mutually agreeable solutions to problems. As part of an internal investigation of the program, youth-report and parent-report measures of youth behaviour, youth social skills, youth and parent anger, parenting, and family functioning were administered prior to and after delivery of the program. Positive changes were found in principal measures of interest, i.e., reductions in youth aggression, rule breaking, and anger; improved parental monitoring; and fewer family functioning problems. The results provide justification for evaluating Family TIES using an experimental design. * Correspondence: Stephen Ellenbogen, School of Social Work, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John‘s, A1C 5S7, Canada. E-mail: sellenbogen@mun.ca No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted commercially in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. Stephen Ellenbogen, Robert Calame, Kim Parker et al. 162