Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cryptic diversity hides host and habitat specialization in a gorgonian‐algal symbiosis

Shallow water anthozoans, the major builders of modern coral reefs, enhance their metabolic and calcification rates with algal symbionts. Controversy exists over whether these anthozoan–algae associations are flexible over the lifetimes of individual hosts, promoting acclimative plasticity, or are closely linked, such that hosts and symbionts co‐evolve across generations. Given the diversity of algal symbionts and the morphological plasticity of many host species, cryptic variation within either partner could potentially confound studies of anthozoan‐algal associations. Here, we used ribosomal, organelle and nuclear sequences, along with microsatellite variation, to study the relationship between lineages of a common Caribbean gorgonian and its algal symbionts. The gorgonian Eunicea flexuosa is a broadcast spawner, composed of two recently diverged, genetically distinct lineages largely segregated by depth. We sampled colonies of the two lineages across depth gradients at three Caribbean locations. We find that each host lineage is associated with a unique Symbiodinium B1/184 phylotype. This relationship between host and symbiont is maintained when host colonies are reciprocally transplanted, although cases of within phylotype switching were also observed. Even when the phylotypes of both partners are present at intermediate depths, the specificity between host and symbiont lineages remained absolute. Unrecognized cryptic diversity may mask host‐symbiont specificity and change the inference of evolutionary processes in mutualistic associations. Symbiotic specificity thus likely contributes to the ecological divergence of the two partners, generating species diversity within coral reefs.
Striatal response to reward anticipation: evidence for a systems-level intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia.

IMPORTANCE Attenuated ventral striatal response during reward anticipation is a core feature of schizophrenia that is seen in prodromal, drug-naive, and chronic schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia is highly heritable, raising the possibility that this phenotype is related to the genetic risk for the disorder. OBJECTIVE To examine a large sample of healthy first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients and compare their neural responses to reward anticipation with those of carefully matched controls without a family psychiatric history. To further support the utility of this phenotype, we studied its test-retest reliability, its potential brain structural contributions, and the effects of a protective missense variant in neuregulin 1 (NRG1) linked to schizophrenia by meta-analysis (ie, rs10503929). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Examination of a well-established monetary reward anticipation paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging at a university hospital; voxel-based morphometry; test-retest reliability analysis of striatal activations in an independent sample of 25 healthy participants scanned twice with the same task; and imaging genetics analysis of the control group. A total of 54 healthy first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients and 80 controls matched for demographic, psychological, clinical, and task performance characteristics were studied. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Blood oxygen level-dependent response during reward anticipation, analysis of intraclass correlations of functional contrasts, and associations between striatal gray matter volume and NRG1 genotype. RESULTS Compared with controls, healthy first-degree relatives showed a highly significant decrease in ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation (familywise error-corrected P < .03 for multiple comparisons across the whole brain). Supplemental analyses confirmed that the identified systems-level functional phenotype is reliable (with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.59-0.73), independent of local gray matter volume (with no corresponding group differences and no correlation to function, and with all uncorrected P values >.05), and affected by the NRG1 genotype (higher striatal responses in controls with the protective rs10503929 C allele; familywise error-corrected P < .03 for ventral striatal response). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Healthy first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients show altered striatal activation during reward anticipation in a directionality and localization consistent with prior patient findings. This provides evidence for a functional neural system mechanism related to familial risk. The phenotype can be assessed reliably, is independent of alterations in striatal structure, and is influenced by a schizophrenia candidate gene variant in NRG1. These data encourage us to further investigate the genetic and molecular contributions to this phenotype.
Effects of metformin plus rosuvastatin on hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome patients with hyperlipidemia and impaired glucose tolerance

Aim: We aimed to compare the effects of metformin and metformin-rosuvastatin combination therapies on hyperandrogenism in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Patients and methods: Thirty-eight PCOS patients with hyperlipidemia and impaired glucose tolerance, who were followed at Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism out-patient clinic of Cerrahpasa Medical School were included in the study. Twenty patients had lifestyle changes and metformin (2000 mg/day) therapy (M group) and 18 had statin (rosuvastatin 10 mg/day) in addition to this therapy (MR group). Total and free testosterone, DHEAS, FSH, LH, estrodiol, fasting glucose, insulin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, lipid parameters and homeostasis model assesment index (HOMAIR) were evaluated for each patient before and 12 weeks after the treatment. Results: After 12 weeks of treatment body mass index (BMI), insulin and glucose levels, HOMA-IR had similar decreaments in both groups, whereas there was a greater decline of the total and free testosterone levels in MR group (p<0.001, p=0.004, respectively). DHEAS levels did not change in M group, however, significantly decreased in MR group after treatment (p=0.8, p=0.002, respectively). As expected hsCRP, triglyceride, total and LDL-cholesterol levels decreased more in MR group. Conclusion: Metformin and rosuvastatin combination therapy could lead to a better reduction on hyperandrogenism and on atherosclerosis-related factors in PCOS, in addition to improving lipid parameters.
LEAN BODY MASS AND FAT IN OBESE CHILDREN.

Measurements of total body potassium in obese children were made in the whole body scintillation counter, and from this value lean body mass was calculated, and then fat by difference. A series of normal children was available for comparison. There was a good correlation between total body fat and relative body weight, abdominal circumference, and buttocks circumference, and a fair correlation with triceps skin-fold thickness. Although the series is a small one, it suggests that there are two types of obesity in childhood. The first is characterized by increased LBM in addition to fat, by a tendency to tallness and advanced bone age, and to have been overweight since infancy. The second group shows no increase in LBM; these subjects tend to have a normal bone age, to be of average height, and the majority have become obese during the childhood years.
Intravenous itasetron: establishing the effective dose range for the prophylactic control of acute emesis in cancer patients undergoing high-dose cisplatin chemotherapy.

Nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy are a major cause of distress to patients and reduce compliance with potentially beneficial treatment. Itasetron hydrochloride is a new 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) antagonist with potent antiemetic properties. It is more potent than ondansetron in animal models and in early clinical studies it demonstrates a long half-life and does not undergo hepatic biotransformation before elimination. The aim of this open, uncontrolled study was to establish the effective dose range of itasetron hydrochloride given intravenously (i.v.) to patients due to receive high-dose cisplatin chemotherapy (50-120 mg/m2) for the first time. Thirty-nine patients were enrolled in the trial and received a single i.v. infusion of itasetron hydrochloride at a dose of 17-280 microg/kg body weight before commencing the cisplatin infusion (median dose 90-110 mg/m2). Antiemetic protection was demonstrated by doses in the range of 35-280 microg/kg. The 17 microg/kg dose was not effective. Treatment failure (>5 emetic episodes/24 hours) was reported in only six (16%) of the 38 evaluable patients over all treatment groups. Adverse events were generally mild or moderate and of a similar type and incidence to those of current 5-HT3 antagonists. Physicians' and patients' assessments of efficacy and tolerability of itasetron hydrochloride were similar, the majority rating the treatment as 'good' or 'very good'. In conclusion, itasetron hydrochloride is effective in the dose range 35-280 microg/kg in preventing cisplatin-induced emesis. Taken together with results from a larger dose-finding study, a dose corresponding to 35 microg/kg (equivalent to 2.5 mg itasetron, calculated as free base) has been pursued in Phase III studies with the i.v. formulation.
Phenotypic and molecular diversity of haemoglobin H disease: a Greek experience

Haemoglobin H (Hb H) disease is the severest form of α‐thalassaemia compatible with post‐natal life and occurs when α‐thalassaemia mutations interact to reduce α‐globin synthesis to levels approximately equivalent to the output of a single α‐globin gene. Hb H disease has variable clinical expression, mainly related to underlying genotypes. The spectrum of α‐thalassaemia determinants in Greece appears greater than in any other population studied and, in 75 Greek Hb H disease patients, we found 12 α‐thalassaemia mutations interacting to produce 15 Hb H disease genotypes. Evaluation of haematological, biochemical and clinical findings, and correlation with genotypes, defined genetic predictors of disease severity and factors involved in disease progression. In accordance with previous reports, patients with non‐deletion α‐thalassaemia mutations had more severe clinical expression. Additionally, we found that all patients with the most severe phenotypes had α‐thalassaemic globin variants. Phenotypic severity was not simply related to the degree of α‐globin deficiency: high Hb H levels were found to exacerbate anaemia by negatively influencing tissue oxygenation, and both Hb H and α‐thalassaemic haemoglobin variants appear to reduce red cell survival within the bone marrow and circulation. Together with the long‐term follow‐up in many patients, this report provides comprehensive information for management of Hb H disease and appropriate family counselling.
Rumen development in the calf

1. Thirty Ayrshire bull calves were used in an experiment to study the effects of diets containing different proportions of concentrates to hay on rumen development at 12 weeks of age. In addition, six milk-fed calves were slaughtered at 3 weeks of age for comparison. 2. Restriction of the maximum daily allowance of concentrates to the lower levels was accompanied by an increase in the voluntary intake of hay, but the performance of calves from 3 to 12 weeks of age was significantly better in calves given the high-concentrate diets. 3. The weight of contents of the reticulo-rumen increased from 0.7 kg at 3 weeks of age in the milk-fed calf to 7.7 kg and 10.9 kg at 12 weeks in calves given the high-concentrate and high-roughage diets respectively. Between 68 and 79% of the total contents of the alimentary tract was contained in the reticulo-rumen of the ruminant calf. The weight of contents of the omasum was significantly greater in calves given 1.36 kg concentrates/day than in those given either 0.45 or 2.27 kg concentrates/day. Equations were developed from the results by which the weight of contents of the various parts of the alimentary tract, and hence empty body weight in the live animal, can be determined from a knowledge of the live weight and daily consumption of concentrates and hay, 4. Volume displacement of the reticulo-rumen tended to increase with increase in the proportion of hay in the diet. The volume displacement of the omasum increased in response to concentrate intake up to a maximum of 1.36 kg/day and thereafter declined, but the nature of the diet had no significant effect on the volume displacement of the abomasum. 5. Calves given the high-concentrate diets had a significantly greater weight of reticulo-rumen tissue at 12 weeks than those given the high-roughage diets. 6. Whereas the thickness of the muscular wall of the rumen did not differ significantly between treatments, there was an increase in the length and density of papillas, particularly in the anterior dorsal and ventral sacs of the rumen, as the intake of concentrates was increased. The results show the marked relationship between the performance of the animal and an advanced stage of development of the rumen papillas.
EFFECTS OF MALACHITE GREEN AND ITS MAJOR METABOLITE, LEUCOMALACHITE GREEN, IN MICROMASS CULTURES OF RAT EMBRYONIC CELLS

Embryonic mesenchyme limb (LB) and midbrain (CNS) cells cultured at high density were exposed to different concentrations of the fungicide malachite green (MG) and its major metabolite leucomalachite green (LMG). The concentration response curves were analysed, and two endpoints were calculated: the concentrations (µg/mL) that produced 50% inhibition of viability/proliferation (IC50-P) and differentiation (IC50-D). In LB as well as in CNS cultures, dose-dependent inhibition of both processes was observed. MG was approximately 200 to 300 times more toxic than LMG. The reduction of cell survival and differentiation took place at similar concentrations (P/D~1). IC5-P values ranged from 0.02-0.08 and 5-17µg/mL for MG and LMG, respectively. Malachite green was strongly teratogenic in both, LB and CNS cultures (IC50-D<10 µg/mL). The mean IC50-D (µg/mL) for LMG was 15.6±0.41 (LB) and 3.7±0.15 (CNS).
Regulation and function of epithelial secreted phospholipase A2 group X in asthma.

RATIONALE Indirect airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a fundamental feature of asthma that is manifest as exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Secreted phospholipase A2 group X (sPLA2-X) plays a key role in regulating eicosanoid formation and the development of inflammation and AHR in murine models. OBJECTIVES We sought to examine sPLA2-X in the airway epithelium and airway wall of patients with asthma, the relationship to AHR in humans, and the regulation and function of sPLA2-X within the epithelium. METHODS We precisely phenotyped 34 patients with asthma (19 with and 15 without EIB) and 10 normal control subjects to examine in vivo differences in epithelial gene expression, quantitative morphometry of endobronchial biopsies, and levels of secreted protein. The regulation of sPLA2-X gene (PLA2G10) expression was examined in primary airway epithelial cell cultures. The function of epithelial sPLA2-X in eicosanoid formation was examined using PLA2 inhibitors and murine tracheal epithelial cells with Pla2g10 deletion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We found that sPLA2-X protein is increased in the airways of patients with asthma and that epithelial-derived sPLA2-X may be increased in association with indirect AHR. The expression of sPLA2-X increases during in vitro epithelial differentiation; is regulated by inflammatory signals including tumor necrosis factor, IL-13, and IL-17; and is both secreted from the epithelium and directly participates in the release of arachidonic acid by epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal a relationship between epithelial-derived sPLA2-X and indirect AHR in asthma and that sPLA2-X serves as an epithelial regulator of inflammatory eicosanoid formation. Therapies targeting epithelial sPLA2-X may be useful in asthma.
Molecular characterization of a haemagglutinating and non haemagglutinating rabbit haemorrhagic disease viruses from Egypt.

Abdel Hameed I. Bazid, Mohammed M. AboElkhair, Alaa G. Abdel-Razik, Rania Salim, Hesham A. Sultan, Hussein A. Hussein Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat city, Minoufiya, Egypt Department of Poultry and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat city, Minoufiya, Egypt Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
The colorimetric estimation of formaldehyde by means of the Hantzsch reaction.

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Assessing the importance of dietborne cadmium and particle characteristics on bioavailability and bioaccumulation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

To investigate the impact of multiple cadmium exposure pathways on bioavailability and bioaccumulation, Caenorhabditis elegans were exposed to either dissolved cadmium or to both particulate (dietborne) and dissolved cadmium. The dietborne metal exposure scenarios included evaluations of two bacteria species (Escherichia coli and Arthrobacter globiformis), varying bacteria concentrations, artificial particles (with different surface functional groups or coated with lipopolysaccharides), as well as a mixture of both bacteria and artificial particles. Total cadmium concentration in the nematodes was used as a proxy for total metal accumulation. Internal cadmium availability was determined using the cadmium‐responsive gene‐1 (cdr‐1) transcript level, as quantified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Particle‐associated exposure was the predominant contributor to cadmium bio‐availability and bioaccumulation; however, no clear relationship between cdr‐1 expression and cadmium body burden was observed. The quality and quantity of particles, rather than the total particle‐associated metal load, was of primary importance in regulating cadmium uptake and accumulation. Nematodes exposed to cadmium‐contaminated bacteria displayed significantly higher levels of cdr‐1 expression relative to artificial particles. Furthermore, C. elegans displayed a statistically significant difference in cadmium accumulation patterns between the biotic diet, abiotic particles, and aqueous phase. Waterborne exposure caused an increase in total cadmium body burden following inhibition of the P‐glycoprotein transport system in nematodes. This may suggest that cadmium taken up by the aqueous phase is detoxified preferentially by excretion.
Assessing Context-Specific Attributions During Couples’ Conflict Interactions

Two studies were conducted to develop and validate a six-item scale for measuring context-specific attributions regarding the extent to which people either blame or exonerate partners during couples’ conflicts. Context-specific attributions pertain to appraisals made during a single episode of relationship conflict, and the scale was expected to be distinct from existing attribution scales measuring people’s schemas regarding the types of attributions they typically make. Study 1 included 2,452 people in marriage or cohabitating relationships; Study 2 included 172 people in dating relationships, and participants in both studies completed Internet questionnaires. Item response theory was used to create an attribution scale using the fewest number of items to discriminate reliably across the full range of attribution levels. The resulting scale produced an expected pattern of convergent and divergent correlations with other context-specific measures, including two types of underlying concerns and three types of emotion. The context-specific attribution scale explained variance in these criterion variables that could not be explained by other existing scales that assess attributions at the schematic level.
Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate in HIV-Infected Adults in Africa: Comparison of Cockcroft–Gault and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Formulae

Background Cockcroft–Gault (CG) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formulae are recommended for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation, but neither has been validated or directly compared longitudinally in HIV-infected patients or in Africa. Methods We investigated differences between formulae in baseline GFR, GFR changes and incidence of impaired GFR after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 3,316 HIV-infected adults in Africa, considering sex, age, body mass index and baseline laboratory parameters as predictors. Results Participants were 65% women, median age 36.8 years, median weight 56.7 kg. Baseline GFR was lower using CG (median 89 ml/min/1.73 m2, 7.4% <60 ml/ min/1.73 m2) versus MDRD (103 ml/min/1.73 m2, 3.1% <60 ml/min/1.73 m2). At 36 weeks, median CG-GFR increased (92 ml/min/1.73 m2), whereas MDRD-GFR decreased (96 ml/min/1.73 m2). Weight (explicitly a factor in CG only) concurrently increased to 62.0 kg. GFR changes from weeks 36–96 (after weight stabilization) were similar across formulae. By 96 weeks, 56 patients developed severe GFR impairment (<30 ml/min/1.73 m2) using one or both formulae (both n=45, CG n=7, MDRD n=4) compared with only 24 by serum creatinine alone. Multivariate models identified different sets of predictors for each formula. Conclusions Although severe GFR impairments are similarly classified by different formulae, moderate impairments were more frequently identified using CG-GFR versus MDRD-GFR (with Black ethnicity correction factor 1.21), and creatinine alone had low sensitivity. Given overestimation in underweight patients and sensitivity to weight changes, this MDRD formula might not necessarily be superior for monitoring ART in African HIV-infected adults.