Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aeroacoustic Investigations on a Cold Jet by Means of Simultaneous PIV and Microphone Measurements

Simultaneous PIV and microphone measurements have been performed on a cold jet at three different Mach-numbers from M = 0.5 to M = 0.9. The measurements were conducted in a synchronized manner so as to enable the calculation of the cross-correlation between the acoustic pressure and flow quantities derived from the measured velocity uctuations. 10, 000 PIV snapshots per field of view have been recorded. The main idea of the concept presented here was to use the coeffcient matrix obtained from the aforementioned correlation to identify regularities in the near-field fluctuations that are related to the radiated sound field. Results will be presented for the M = 0.5 case and a microphone positioned at an angle of 35° to the jet-axis.
Myeloid p38α signaling promotes intestinal IGF‐1 production and inflammation‐associated tumorigenesis

The protein kinase p38α plays a key role in cell homeostasis, and p38α signaling in intestinal epithelial cells protects against colitis‐induced tumorigenesis. However, little is known on the contribution of p38α signaling in intestinal stromal cells. Here, we show that myeloid cell‐specific downregulation of p38α protects mice against inflammation‐associated colon tumorigenesis. The reduced tumorigenesis correlates with impaired detection in the colon of crucial chemokines for immune cell recruitment. We identify insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) as a novel mediator of the p38α pathway in macrophages. Moreover, using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we confirm the implication of IGF‐1 produced by myeloid cells in colon inflammation and tumorigenesis. We also show a correlation between IGF‐1 pathway activation and the infiltration of myeloid cells with active p38α in colon samples from patients with ulcerative colitis or colon cancer. Altogether, our results uncover an important role for myeloid IGF‐1 downstream of p38α in colitis‐associated tumorigenesis and suggest the interest in evaluating IGF‐1 therapies for inflammation‐associated intestinal diseases, taking into consideration IGF‐1 signaling and immune cell infiltration in patient biopsies.
Blood Flow in Small Tubes : Quantifying the Transition to the Non-Newtonian Regime

In small vessels blood is usually treated as a Newtonian fluid down to diameters of about 200 μm. We investigate the flow of red blood cell (RBC) suspensions driven through small tubes (diameters 10− 150 μm) in the range marking the transition from arterioles and venules to the largest capillary vessels. The results of the simulations combined with previous simulations of uniform shear flow and experimental data show that for diameters less than about 100 μm the suspension’s stress cannot be described as a continuum, even a heterogeneous one. We employ the Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) model, which has been successfully used to predict human blood bulk viscosity in homogeneous shear flow (Fedosov et al. 2011). In tube flow the cross-stream stress gradient induces an inhomogeneous distribution of RBCs featuring a centerline cell density peak, and a cell-free layer (CFL) next to the wall. For a neutrally buoyant suspension the imposed linear shear-stress distribution together with the differentiable velocity distribution allow the calculation of the local viscosity across the tube section. The viscosity across the section as a function of the strain rate is found to be essentially independent of tube size for the larger diameters and is determined by the local hematocrit (H) and shear rate. Other RBC properties such as asphericity, deformation, and cell-flow orientation exhibit similar dependence for the larger tube diameters. As the tube size decreases below about 100 μm in diameter, the viscosity in the central region departs from the large-tube similarity function of the shear rate, since H increases significantly towards the centerline. The dependence of shear stress on tube size, in addition to the expected local shear rate and local hematocrit, implies that blood flow in small tubes cannot be described as a heterogeneous continuum. Based on the analysis of the DPD simulations and on available experimental results, we propose a simple velocity-slip model that can be used in conjunction with continuum based simulations.
Effects of Replacing Maize Bran with Maize Cob on Nutrients Utilization, Rumen Metabolites and Microbes of Red Sokoto Bucks

It was estimated that by 2020, the demand for livestock products will double and meat and milk production in the developing countries like Nigeria will grow at annual rates of 2.7 and 3.2% respectively [1]. Meeting these demands will be constrained by the inability of the producers to feed their animals adequately throughout the year. also stated that because of the direct competition between man and animals over the conventional feed resources, it becomes imperative to maximize the use of crop by-products in feeding animals especially the small ruminants [1]. This will involve finding alternative supplementary feed sources that are cheap and nutritionally adequate, readily available and not in direct use by humans [2]. The authors further stated that devising a means of evaluating agro-processing wastes to supplement limiting nutrients such as protein and energy becomes essential.
The Development of a Conversational Agent Mentor Interface Using Short Message Service (SMS)

Previous studies have investigated the role of embodied conversational agents in providing mentoring advice in faculty- student relationships. One limitation is the need for the protégé to visit a specific website to access the agent (mentor). This paper presents the design and development of a conversational agent mentor that uses a more pervasive application for dialogue, short message service (SMS). The SMS conversational agent has been constructed to be used as a virtual mentor, to mentor undergraduate computer science majors at a Historically Black College (HBCU) who are considering pursuing a graduate degree in computing. This study has been designed to compare the effectiveness of the SMS conversational agent to the original conversational agent, an embodied conversational agent (ECA).
Poststimulus Events and Habituation : Effect of S 1 – S 2 Pairing on Habituation of S 1

Repeated presentation of a single stimulus produces habituation—engages a learning process that results in a reduction of the ability of the stimulus to evoke its customary response. Repeated stimulus presentation is a feature of the standard procedure for classical conditioning, although, in this case, subjects experience repeated presentations of 2 stimuli occurring in sequence: S1–S2. We ask how habituation to each of these stimuli (S1 and S2) is influenced by this form of sequential presentation and what implications any effects might have for the understanding of both conditioning and habituation itself. Our review of the experimental evidence demonstrates no clear effect on habituation to S2 of preceding this stimulus with S1. Habituation to S1, however, is attenuated or prevented by the occurrence of S2: Some orienting responses are maintained when S2 follows S1 inconsistently; other responses (habituation of which may be taken to indicate a reduction in the effective salience of the stimulus) are maintained when a salient S2 reliably follows S1. We discuss the implications of these changes in the properties of S1 for associative theories of conditioning and, in particular, for the proposal that the rules that govern changes in the associability of a stimulus differ from those governing changes in its effective salience.
Resiliency of juvenile walleye pollock to projected levels of ocean acidification

As atmospheric concentrations of CO2 rise, the pH of high-latitude oceans is pre- dicted to decrease by 0.3 to 0.5 units by 2100. Several biological consequences of ocean acidifica- tion across this pH range have already been documented in invertebrates and tropical marine fishes. However, little work has been done examining potential responses of the temperate and boreal marine fish species that support major fisheries. In 2 experiments, we examined the growth responses of juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma at ambient and 3 elevated CO2 lev- els. In a short-term experiment with yearlings, CO2 treatment had no significant effect on growth or condition after 6 wk of rearing. Elevated CO2 levels (>450 µatm) increased the rate of otolith deposition, but did not affect otolith elemental composition. In a second experiment, growth in length of sub-yearlings over 12 wk at 8°C was 7.2% faster in the 2 higher CO2 treatments (>1200 µatm) than in the lower CO2 treatments (<900 µatm). Growth of sub-yearlings measured during 11 subsequent weeks of rearing at 2.5°C did not differ among CO2 treatments. There was no effect of CO2 treatment on condition factor following either phase of the experiment. Sub- yearling consumption rates were not directly affected by CO2 treatment, confirming that growth at elevated CO2 levels is not maintained through compensatory feeding. While not exhaustive of potential interactive environmental factors, these experiments demonstrate a general resiliency of growth energetics in juvenile walleye pollock to the direct effects of CO2 changes predicted for the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea in the next century.
Light intensity preference of juvenile pikeperch Sander lucioperca (L.)

Light intensity preference of the pikeperch was tested in 1-m2 tanks divided into four lateral compartments with a hole in the middle to allow the fish to move between compartments. Two experiments were carried out with both 0+ and 1+ pikeperch: one testing intensities from 25 to 300 lx and the other from 1 to 50 lx. Light preference was observed individually for 5 days at 8, 11, 14 and 17 h. On the first and fifth day, the preference was tested without differences in light intensity (control). In both experiments, both age groups showed preference for the lowest available light intensity. Preference for low light intensity in pikeperch may be related to innate activity and feeding behaviour and to avoidance of harmful effects of light. It is suggested that under aquaculture operations, pikeperch should be reared under very dim conditions.
Laminar, Transitional, and Turbulent Flows in Rotor-Stator Cavities

This article reviews the range of flows that may be created within thin cylindrical or annular cavities due to the rotation of one of the confining disks. At low Reynolds numbers, the rotation gives rise to an axisymmetric, radially outward motion near the rotor with a return flow along the stationary disk. As the Reynolds number is raised, this base flow gives way to a shear flow populated by discrete vortices, whether of cylindrical or spiral form, near both the rotating and stationary disks. At Reynolds numbers high enough for turbulent flow to occur, in the twentieth century both experimental and computational studies treated the flow as axisymmetric and steady. Recent research has shown, however, that complex organized structures also persist in the turbulent regime.
Preparation of WO3 Nanoparticles Using Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide Supermolecular Template

Problem statement: WO 3 is one of the most interested metal oxides because of its application as catalysts, sensors, electrochromic d evices, ceramic, solar cell, pigments and so on. Mo re investigation is needed to find the good and low co st method for preparation of WO 3 nanoparticles with uniform morphology and narrow distribution using a surfactant mediated method. Approach: In this study, the synthesis of WO 3 nanoparticles was accomplished using a cationic su rfactant (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) as the organic supermolecular template and WCl 6 and NH 4OH as the inorganic precursor and counter ion source, respect ively. The effects of reaction temperature and surfactant concentration in particle size of result ant WO 3 nanoparticles were investigated. Results: The different ranges of particle size and size distribu tion were obtained using different surfactant concentration and reaction temperature. The WO 3 particles in the nanometer range (3-15 nm) with uniform morphology and narrow distribution were obtained by optimization of reaction condition. X- ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, variable pressure scanning electron microscope, X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used to characterize the final products. The nanomaterials WO 3 showed different pattern in UV-Vis spectroscopy compare to the bulk WO 3. Conclusion: A relatively simple and effective procedure for syn thesis of WO 3 nanoparticles with mean size below 10 nm, narrow size distribution and high monodispersity using CTAB supramolecular template had been developed and optimized.
Comparison between warming up effect of isokinetic training and pulsed shortwave on Quadriceps muscle strength

Background: Adequate warm up before exercise, not only decreased delayed onset muscle soreness occurred but also elevated skin and body temperature through increased whole blood volume, and improve exercise performance. The purpose: To compare between the immediate effects of pulsed shortwave diathermy versus isokinetic training on Quadriceps muscle peak torque. Subjects and Methods: Forty healthy males with mean age (26.7±5.82) years were assigned into two equal groups. Group I received isokinetic exercise training of Quadriceps muscle in the form of concentric-eccentric training at 60°/sec. Group II received pulsed shortwave diathermy 20 minutes for the Quadriceps muscle. Isokinetic dynamometer was used for training and evaluation of isokinetic concentric and eccentric peak torques of the dominant Quadriceps muscle. Results: For group I, there were no significant differences between prestudy and post-study in mean values of concentric and eccentric peak torque of Quadriceps muscle. For group II, the mean values of concentric and eccentric peak torque of Quadriceps muscle increased significantly post-study. Conclusion: Pulsed shortwave diathermy improves concentric and eccentric peak torque of the dominant Quadriceps muscle better than the isokinetic training in healthy males.
Muc 4 – ErbB 2 Complex Formation and Signaling in Polarized CACO-2 Epithelial Cells Indicate That Muc 4 Acts as an Unorthodox Ligand for ErbB 2

Muc4 serves as an intramembrane ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2. The time to complex formation and the stoichiometry of the complex were determined to be <15 min and 1:1 by analyses of Muc4 and ErbB2 coexpressed in insect cells and A375 tumor cells. In polarized CACO-2 cells, Muc4 expression causes relocalization of ErbB2, but not its heterodimerization partner ErbB3, to the apical cell surface, effectively segregating the two receptors. The apically located ErbB2 is phosphorylated on tyrosines 1139 and 1248. The phosphorylated ErbB2 in CACO-2 cells recruits the cytoplasmic adaptor protein Grb2, consistent with previous studies showing phosphotyrosine 1139 to be a Grb2 binding site. To address the issue of downstream signaling from apical ErbB2, we analyzed the three MAPK pathways of mammalian cells, Erk, p38, and JNK. Consistent with the more differentiated phenotype of the CACO-2 cells, p38 phosphorylation was robustly increased by Muc4 expression, with a consequent activation of Akt. In contrast, Erk and JNK phosphorylation was not changed. The ability of Muc4 to segregate ErbB2 and other ErbB receptors and to alter downstream signaling cascades in polarized epithelial cells suggests that it has a role in regulating ErbB2 in differentiated epithelia.
Chitosan gold nanoparticles induce cell death in HeLa and MCF-7 cells through reactive oxygen species production

Background Nanotechnology has gained important interest, especially in the development of new therapies; the application of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the treatment and detection of diseases is a growing trend in this field. As cancer represents a serious health problem around the world, AuNPs are studied as potential drugs or drug carriers for anticancer agents. Recent studies show that AuNPs stabilized with chitosan (CH) possess interesting biological activities, including potential antitumor effects that could be selective to cancer cells. Materials and methods In this study, we synthesized sodium citrate-AuNPs and CH-capped AuNPs of 3–10 nm, and analyzed their cytotoxicity in cervical (HeLa) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cells, and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Then, we evaluated the clonogenic potential, cell cycle, nuclear alterations, caspase dependence, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HeLa and MCF-7 cells after chitosan gold nanoparticles (CH-AuNPs) exposure. Results Our data showed that CH-AuNPs are cytotoxic in a dose-dependent manner in the cancer cell lines tested, while they induce low cytotoxicity in PBMCs. Sodium citrate gold nanoparticles did not show cytotoxic effects. In both HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines, CH-AuNPs inhibit clonogenic potential without inducing cell cycle arrest or nuclear alterations. The cell death mechanism is specific for the type of cancer cell line tested, as it depends on caspase activation in HeLa cells, whereas it is caspase independent in MCF-7 cells. In all cases, ROS production is mandatory for cell death induction by CH-AuNPs, as ROS inhibition with N-acetyl cysteine inhibits cell death. Conclusion Our results show that CH-AuNPs are selective for HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cells, rather than normal PBMCs, and that ROS production seems to be a conserved feature of the cell death mechanism induced by CH-AuNPs. These results improve the knowledge of CH-AuNPs and open the way to the design of new pharmacological strategies using these agents against cancer.
Improving 3D NAND Flash Memory Lifetime by Tolerating Early Retention Loss and Process Variation

Compared to planar (i.e., two-dimensional) NAND flash memory, 3D NAND flash memory uses a new flash cell design, and vertically stacks dozens of silicon layers in a single chip. This allows 3D NAND flash memory to increase storage density using a much less aggressive manufacturing process technology than planar NAND flash memory. The circuit-level and structural changes in 3D NAND flash memory significantly alter how different error sources affect the reliability of the memory. In this paper, through experimental characterization of real, state-of-the-art 3D NAND flash memory chips, we find that 3D NAND flash memory exhibits three new error sources that were not previously observed in planar NAND flash memory: (1) layer-to-layer process variation, a new phenomenon specific to the 3D nature of the device, where the average error rate of each 3D-stacked layer in a chip is significantly different; (2) early retention loss, a new phenomenon where the number of errors due to charge leakage increases quickly within several hours after programming; and (3) retention interference, a new phenomenon where the rate at which charge leaks from a flash cell is dependent on the data value stored in the neighboring cell. Based on our experimental results, we develop new analytical models of layer-to-layer process variation and retention loss in 3D NAND flash memory. Motivated by our new findings and models, we develop four new techniques to mitigate process variation and early retention loss in 3D NAND flash memory. Our first technique, Layer Variation Aware Reading (LaVAR), reduces the effect of layer-to-layer process variation by fine-tuning the read reference voltage separately for each layer. Our second technique, Layer-Interleaved Redundant Array of Independent Disks (LI-RAID), uses information about layer-to-layer process variation to intelligently group pages under the RAID error recovery technique in a manner that reduces the likelihood that the recovery of a group fails significantly earlier than the recovery of other groups. Our third technique, Retention Model Aware Reading (ReMAR), reduces retention errors in 3D NAND flash memory by tracking the retention time of the data using our new retention model and adapting the read reference voltage to data age. Our fourth technique, Retention Interference Aware Neighbor-Cell Assisted Correction (ReNAC), adapts the read reference voltage to the amount of retention interference a page has experienced, in order to re-read the data after a read operation fails. These four techniques are complementary, and can be combined together to significantly improve flash memory reliability. Compared to a state-of-the-art baseline, our techniques, when combined, improve flash memory lifetime by 1.85×. Alternatively, if a NAND flash vendor wants to keep the lifetime of the 3D NAND flash memory device constant, our techniques reduce the storage overhead required to hold error correction information by 78.9%.
Fibromyalgia and temporomandibular dysfunction: a literature review

Introduction and objective: Several studies have associated temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and fibromyalgia (FM) finding a wide variation of results. The aim of this study was to review the literature about the relationship between TMD and FM. Literature review: For many years, TMD and FM were considered different clinical entities, but recently, some authors have reported that these two clinical situations have similarities. It is important to emphasize that both in FM and TMD pain is the main symptom, including pain in face, mandible, and headache. Besides, these pain syndromes are characterized by a decrease in pain threshold and in the capacity of attenuation of descending systems of pain modulation. The relationship of comorbidity between TMD and FM may indicate, therefore, the existence of some form of central sensitization, which is common to both diseases, sharing neurochemical events. In addition, it was found that the presence of TMD is a common finding in FM patients. Conclusions: It can be concluded that FM and TMD are distinct clinical entities, although they share common signs and symptoms, especially those related to pain. Furthermore, it was observed that ISSN: Printed version: 1806-7727 Electronic version: 1984-5685 RSBO. 2011 Jan-Mar;8(1):81-7
Group flow in small groups of middle school mathematics students

This paper investigates situations in middle school mathematics classroom settlings where group flow seemed to be occurring, identifies observable characteristics that distinguished them as being group flow experiences, and suggests conditions which may encourage the occurrence of group flow. The focus was on the observation of small groups engaged in mathematics tasks in a regular classroom setting by the teacher-researcher through video and audio taping. Theoretical frameworks used to analyse the recordings were Sawyer's (2003c) model of group flow (following from M . Csikszentimihalyi's theory of flow), and the conditions required for the emergence of collective learning systems proposed by Davis and Simmt (2003). This paper suggests if the conditions for the emergence of a collective learning system are present, a group is more likely to develop and maintain a collective zone of proximal development where ideas can be negotiated. As a collective understanding emerges for the group and group flow becomes a possibility, certain behaviours that are both physical (posture, positioning, gestures, facial expression) and verbal (tone of voice, echoing and repeating words/phrases, rate of speech, fragmentation of speech) are observed. Group flow appears to manifest itself in a quicker form of these physical and verbal behaviours, a synchronization of action for instance a physical closeness, an echoing of gestures and phrases, a quick fragmented way of speaking where members seemed to be finishing off each other's sentences that suggests a parallel synchronization of thought. The more that group members appear to be "of one mind," the more likely it is that group flow may be observed.