Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genesis of Low Backache in Young Adults

Objective: To establish relevance between low back pain and transitional vertebra at lumbosacral junction. Research Design: was qualitative, descriptive and cross sectional. Setting: The study was conducted at the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Fatima Jinnah Medical University/Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore in collaboration with the Departments of Orthopedics, Neurology, Medicine and Neurosurgery of the same hospital who were referring patients with backache for X-Rays. Duration: Study period was six months from Nov 2015 to April 2016. Sample Size and Selection: First 200 patients referred to Radiology Department during the study period with the presenting complaint of low backache and advised MRI. Sampling Technique: Random/ Non Probability and convenient sampling. Materials and Methods: Patients referred to the Radiology Department for X Ray Lumbosacral spine and MRI. These young adults had presenting complains of with low backache referring to one of the legs, restricted body movements first with activity and later at rest, numbness and foot drop. Bony changes and normal variants such as sacralisation and changes occurring in the visualized spine secondary to this variation were first documented on digital X- Rays taken at right angles to one another mostly as frontal and lateral of the lumbosacral spine. The patients were then referred for MRI Lumbosacral Spine, which confirmed not only the bony but also associated soft tissue abnormalities as well. Results: The results of our study showed that sacralisation is a very common finding and manifests in the form of early degenerative changes in the Lumbosacral spine. Conclusion: Identification of a transitional vertebra is important in young adults as it is a common cause of low backache.
Evidence for the Role of Magnetic Source Imaging in the Presurgical Evaluation of Refractory Epilepsy Patients

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) in the field of epilepsy has multiple advantages; just like electroencephalography (EEG), MEG is able to measure the epilepsy specific information (i.e., the brain activity reflecting seizures and/or interictal epileptiform discharges) directly, non-invasively and with a very high temporal resolution (millisecond-range). In addition MEG has a unique sensitivity for tangential sources, resulting in a full picture of the brain activity when combined with EEG. It accurately allows to perform source imaging of focal epileptic activity and functional cortex and shows a specific high sensitivity for a source in the neocortex. In this paper the current evidence and practice for using magnetic source imaging of focal interictal and ictal epileptic activity during the presurgical evaluation of drug resistant patients is being reviewed.
Triple Arthrodesis for Adult-Acquired Flatfoot Deformity

Originally described as a means to address fixed deformities or uncontrolled movement of the hindfoot observed in paralytic foot deformities, triple arthrodesis has evolved into a powerful procedure for the correction of a variety of foot deformities. Over the past decade, multiple advances have been made with respect to diagnostic imaging, fixation options, bone graft substitutes, and postoperative regimens. While this operation requires experience and skill to execute, when properly performed, it allows for correction of deformity and a plantigrade and ideally pain-free foot for ambulation. The purpose of this review is to highlight advances in the procedure and its application to the rigid planovalgus foot. Level of Evidence: Level V, review.
Physiotherapists' Perspectives on the Threats Facing Their Profession in the Areas of Leadership, Burnout, and Branding: A Pan-Canadian Perspective from the Physio Moves Canada Project, Part 3.

Purpose: Physiotherapist is the professional designation of those who provide physiotherapy (PT). Physiotherapists have earned a reputation as important providers of medical and non-medical rehabilitation for Canadians after injury, illness, or surgery. Despite the fact that physiotherapy has a nearly 100-year presence in Canada, some would suggest that practitioners arguably remain under-recognized for the value they offer to the spectrum of health care. Method: In the latter half of 2017, a cross-Canada qualitative study was conducted through which a subgroup of physiotherapists in every Canadian province and in Yukon Territory volunteered to share their perspectives on the threats facing the current practice of physiotherapy in the next 5-15 years. The data were collected from a series of nominal-group-technique-based focus groups and one-on-one interviews and then analyzed to condense the ideas generated into themes. A total of 117 physiotherapy professionals participated in focus sessions or one-on-one interviews as part of the Physio Moves Canada project, which was set up to explore, capture, and synthesize the perspectives of academics, front-line clinicians, and administrators on the future of the profession. Results: This article, the third in a series, describes the results of the descriptive thematic analysis of three identified threats: issues pertaining to professional leadership and direction, clinician burnout, and clarity of the physiotherapy brand. Informed by 11 sub-themes, the results suggest that participants were concerned about the ability of the professional body to mobilize toward shared and common goals while simultaneously defending against external pressures and internal disagreements on what exactly physiotherapy as a discipline is meant to be. Many respondents also identified reasons for optimism if the professional community is able to work together as a large and motivated single entity. Conclusions: The findings are described in terms of possible directions for priority investment of resources or critical reflection by professional leadership, educators, and regulators.
Anti E. coli Activity of Herbal Medicines: a Systematic Literature Review

Escherichia coli is the gram negative bacilli of Entrobacteriaceae family that commonly found in intestinal infections and many infections outside the intestine, like urinary tract infections (UTI), cholecystitis, wound infections, meningitis, septicemia, pulmonary infections, and many more. Plants are rich sources of bioactive compounds, hence they can be effective in a wide variety of diseases. The pandemic spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria (i.e., extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBLPE). Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE),) threaten healthcare Worldwide. The present review is a report of the most effective medicinal plants against E. coli. In this research, the required online database searches were conducted using the key words such as bacteria, E. coli and medicinal plants. Databases of Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were explored to find and explore related articles. Since the incidence of E. coli is high, the aim of this study is to identify and report anti E. coli medicinal plants in Iran. The obtained results showed that there were 51 medicinal herbs that could be considered as the main medicinal plants capable of affecting E. coli
Neurofibrillary Pathology in the Infundibular Nucleus in Relation to Age and Abnormal Hormone Levels

Abstract Objective: to determine whether the decline of testosterone during ageing would make this nucleus more vulnerable for NF changes (i.e. hyperphosphorylated-tau) in men, or that the decline of estrogens in the postmenopausal period would protect the infundibular nucleus in women. Methods: We investigated the infundibular nucleus in postmortem subjects. Brain materials obtained from 29 subjects in the Netherlands Brain Bank were further classified as control subjects and subjects with abnormal hormone conditions. Procedures consisted of tissue collection, immunochemical staining, and analysis of the staining intensity. Results then were collected and concluded using observational methods. Results: Elderly male subjects with low testosterone conditions showed more severe NF changes in the infundibular nucleus than postmenopausal women. The occurrence of NF changes in elderly subjects was generally accompanied by the presence of basket-like nerve terminals staining for ERβ. Conclusion: The sex difference in NF changes in the infundibular nucleus in the elderly is due to hyperphosphorylated-tau induction in low testosterone and ageing condition in men, while in postmenopausal women the declining estrogen levels seem to protect against NF changes in this brain area. Keywords: ageing, estrogen, hyperphosphorylated-tau, infundibular nucleus, testosterone Abstrak Tujuan: untuk menentukan apakah penurunan level testosteron selama proses penuaan menyebabkan nukleus infundibularis menjadi lebih rentan terhadap perubahan neurofibrilar (NF) (misalnya hyperphosphorylated-tau) pada laki-laki atau apakah penurunan level estrogen selama masa pasca-menopause memiliki efek protektif terhadap nukleus infundibular pada perempuan. Metode: Peneliti memeriksa nukleus infundibular pada subjekpost-mortem. Materi berupa jaringan otak dari 29 subjek dari Netherlands Brain Bank lebih lanjut diklasifikasikan sebagai subjek kontrol dan subjek dengan kondisi hormon abnormal. Prosedur terdiri dari pengumpulan jaringan, pewarnaan dengan teknik imunohistokimia, dan analisis dari intensitas pewarnaan. Hasil yang didapat kemudian dikumpulkan dan disimpulkan sesuai dengan metode observasional. Hasil: Subjek laki-laki lanjut usia dengan testosteron rendah menunjukkan perubahan NF yang lebih buruk pada nukleus infundibular dibandingkan dengan wanita postmenopause. Kejadian perubahan NF pada subjek lanjut usia secara umum diikuti oleh munculnya pewarnaan pada ujung saraf berbentuk basket-like yang positif untuk Erβ. Kesimpulan:Perbedaan jenis kelamin terkait perubahan NF pada nukleus infundibular pada subjek lanjut usia terjadi akibat induksi hiperfosforilasi taupada kondisi testosteron yang rendah yang dikombinasi oleh proses penuaan pada pria. Sedangkan pada perempuan pascamenopause, penurunan level estrogen menunjukkan efek protektif terhadap perubahan NF pada area otak ini. Kata kunci: estrogen, hiperfosforilasi protein tau, nukleus infundibularis, penuaan, testosteron
Ovule ontogenesis and megagametophyte development in Onobrychis schahuensis Bornm. (Fabaceae)

The ovule ontogenesis and the megasporogenesis events in Onobrychis schahuensis Bornm. were studied with light microscopy. The primordium is tetra-zonate and gives rise to an anatropous ovule. The archesporium may consist of one or more archesporial cells, but only one of them undergoes meiosis, forming a linear shaped tetrad. Normally, only a single megaspore is functional, which is located in the chalazal position, while the others degenerate very soon. The young ovule is hemianatropous but the mature one is anatropous, crassinucellar, and bitegmic; integuments form a zig- zag micropyle. A 7-celled embryo-sac is formed corresponding to the Polygonum type. The present study provides the first report on embryological characteristics in O. schahuensis. Based on our results and in comparison with prior studies, several characters may have potential taxonomic significance for the Hymenobrychis section, such as the tetra-zonate ovule primordium, anatropous ovule type, dermal origin of the integuments, asymmetrical initiation of the outer integument, linear shaped tetrad with the presence of one functional megaspore, and having 2 young ovules but degeneration of one of them.
PM2.5 chemical composition and spatiotemporal variability during the California Regional PM10/PM2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQS)

[1] The 14-month-long (December 1999 to February 2001) Central California Regional PM10/PM2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQS) consisted of acquiring speciated PM2.5 measurements at 38 sites representing urban, rural, and boundary environments in the San Joaquin Valley air basin. The study's goal was to understand the development of widespread pollution episodes by examining the spatial variability of PM2.5, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and carbonaceous material on annual, seasonal, and episodic timescales. It was found that PM2.5 and NH4NO3 concentrations decrease rapidly as altitude increases, confirming that topography influences the ventilation and transport of pollutants. High PM2.5 levels from November 2000 to January 2001 contributed to 50–75% of annual average concentrations. Contributions from organic matter differed substantially between urban and rural areas. Winter meteorology and intensive residential wood combustion are likely key factors for the winter-nonwinter and urban-rural contrasts that were observed. Short-duration measurements during the intensive operating periods confirm the role of upper air currents on valley-wide transport of NH4NO3. Zones of representation for PM2.5 varied from 5 to 10 km for the urban Fresno and Bakersfield sites, and increased to 15–20 km for the boundary and rural sites. Secondary NH4NO3 occurred region-wide during winter, spreading over a much wider geographical zone than carbonaceous aerosol.
Modelling the Dependence Structure between Equity and Real Estate Markets

Over the last decades, the Australian market for Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITS) has shown substantial growth rates. We apply conditional copula models in order to investigate the dependence structure between the returns from REITS and equity markets in Australia. The dependence between these assets has a significant impact on the diversification potential and risk for a portfolio of multiple assets and is therefore of great interest to portfolio managers and investors. We compare the suggested copula models to a standard variance-covariance approach and a Dynamic Conditional Correlation (DCC) model. We observe significant positive correlations between the considered series. The level of correlation has also increased during the last decade indicating a limited diversification potential of investments in REITS for Australia markets. We also find tail dependence between the examined series that is best modelled by the Student t copula. Finally, we conduct a back-testing Value-at-Risk study for a portfolio that combines investments in real estate and equity. We find that the conditional copula approach outperforms both a static variance-covariance approach and the DCC model with respect to quantifying the risk of extreme negative returns. Our findings suggest that ignoring the complex and dynamic dependence structure in favour of a simple multivariate normal model leads to a significant underestimation of the actual risk.
Harvest rates and foraging strategies in Negev Desert gerbils

We examined the foraging strategy and quantified the foraging traits of two nocturnal rodent species, Allenby’s gerbil (Gerbillus allenbyi) and the greater Egyptian sand gerbil (Gerbillus pyramidum). In the laboratory, both species used two distinct foraging strategies: either they immediately consumed seeds found in a patch (seed tray); or they collected and delivered the seeds to their nest box for later consumption. Moreover, we found a transition in foraging strategy among individual G. allenbyi under laboratory conditions; they all began by consuming the seeds on the tray and, after 7 days on average, switched to the collecting strategy. By contrast, in the field both species used only one foraging strategy; they collected and delivered the seeds to their burrow or to surface caches for later consumption. Furthermore, G. allenbyi and G. pyramidum collected seeds at significantly higher rates in the field than in the laboratory because the seed encounter rates for both species were higher in the field. This suggests that in natural conditions, probably involving predation risk and competitive pressure, gerbils must respond in two ways: (1) they must choose a foraging strategy that reduces predation risk by minimizing time spent feeding outside their burrows; and (2) they must forage more efficiently. In the field, seed handling time of the larger species, G. pyramidum, was shorter than that of the smaller one, G. allenbyi. This difference may give G. pyramidum an advantage when resource levels are high and when most of a forager’s time is spent handling seeds rather than searching for more seeds. Additionally, our field study showed that the seed encounter rate of G. allenbyi was higher than that of G. pyramidum. This difference may give G. allenbyi an advantage when resource levels are low and when searching occupies most of the forager’s time. The different advantages that each species has over the other, under different conditions, may well be factors promoting their coexistence over a wide range of resource densities. Key words: coexistence, encounter rate, foraging strategy, functional response, handling time, harvest rate. [Behav Ecol 12:219–226 (2001)]
evaluation of eXPress glaucoma implant in elderly diabetic patients after 23 g vitrectomy

php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php). Clinical Interventions in Aging 2017:12 653–658 Clinical Interventions in Aging Dovepress
Sorting Through the Many Total-Energy-Cycle Pathways Possible with Early Plug-In Hybrids

Using the “total energy cycle” methodology, we compare U.S. near term (to ~ 2015) alternative pathways for converting energy to light-duty vehicle kilometers of travel (VKT) in plug-in hybrids (PHEVs), hybrids (HEVs), and conventional vehicles (CVs). For PHEVs, we present total energy-per-unit-of-VKT information two ways (1) energy from the grid during charge depletion (CD); (2) energy from stored on-board fossil fuel when charge sustaining (CS). We examine “incremental” sources of supply of liquid fuel such as (a) oil sands from Canada, (b) Fischer-Tropsch diesel via natural gas imported by LNG tanker, and (c) ethanol from cellulosic biomass. We compare such fuel pathways to various possible power converters producing electricity, including (i) new coal boilers, (ii) new integrated, gasified coal combined cycle (IGCC), (iii) existing natural gas fueled combined cycle (NGCC), (iv) existing natural gas combustion turbines, (v) wood-to-electricity, and (vi) wind/solar. We simulate a fuel cell HEV and also consider the possibility of a plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicle (FCV). For the simulated FCV our results address the merits of converting some fuels to hydrogen to power the fuel cell vs. conversion of those same fuels to electricity to charge the PHEV battery. The investigation is confined to a U.S. compact sized car (i.e. a world passenger car). Where most other studies have focused on emissions (greenhouse gases and conventional air pollutants), this study focuses on identification of the pathway providing the most vehicle kilometers from each of five feedstocks examined. The GREET 1.7 fuel cycle model and the new GREET 2.7 vehicle cycle model were used as the foundation for this study. Total energy, energy by fuel type, total greenhouse gases (GHGs), volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), fine particulate (PM2.5) and sulfur oxides (SOx) values are presented. We also isolate the PHEV emissions contribution from varying kWh storage capability of battery packs in HEVs and PHEVs from ~ 16 to 64 km of charge depleting distance. Sensitivity analysis is conducted with respect to the effect of replacing the battery once during the vehicle’s life. The paper includes one appendix that examines several recent studies of interactions of PHEVs with patterns of electric generation and one that provides definitions, acronyms, and fuel consumption estimation steps.
Subtyping Canine Anal Sac Gland Adenocarcinomas by Means of Quantitative Morphology

In this retrospective study, nuclear morphometric parameters of histopathologically confirmed anal sac gland adenocarcinomas were investigated on cytological smears in dogs and compared with the neoplastic subtype. The correlation between morphometric parameters and histopathological subtype was determined using Mann-Whitney U test (Statistica 6.0, StatSoft, USA) at level of significance P<0.05. There were statistically significant differences between all studied morphometric parameters of tubular, rosette and solid anal adenocarcinoma patterns. The results of this preliminary study indicated that nuclear morphometry could be used as an auxiliary method for subtyping canine anal sac gland adenocarcinomas.
Phenomenal Awareness and Consciousness from a Neurobiological Perspective

It is proposed that phenomenal awareness, the ability to be aware of one’s sensations and feelings, emerges from the capacity of evolved brains to represent their own cognitive processes by iterating and reapplying on themselves the cortical operations that generate representations of the outer world. Search for the neuronal substrate of awareness therefore converges with the search for the cognitive mechanisms through which brains represent their environment. The hypothesis is put forward that the mammalian brain uses two complementary representational strategies. One consists of the generation of neurons responding selectively to particular constellations of features and is based on selective recombination of inputs in hierarchically structured feed-forward architectures. The other relies on the dynamic association of feature specific cells into functionally coherent cell assemblies which as a whole represent the constellation of features defining a particular perceptual object. Arguments are presented which favour the notion that the meta-representations supporting awareness are established according to the second strategy. Reviewing experimental data the question is then investigated whether evolved brains utilize assembly codes and if so how assemblies are defined. The hypothesis is forwarded that assemblies self-organize through transient synchronization of the discharges of the respective neurons and evidence is presented that the prerequisites for the occurrence of these synchronization phenomena on the one hand and for awareness on the other are similar. Furthermore, it is argued that self-consciousness cannot be explained in the same way as phenomenal awareness, because it requires for its emergence not only the generation of metarepresentations of the brain’s own cognitive operations but the dialogue between different brains through which these can become aware of their autonomy.