Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Examining the Relationship between Referee Self-efficacy and General Self-efficacy Levels of Football, Basketball and Handball Referees

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between referee self-efficacy and general self-efficacy levels of football, basketball and handball referees in terms of gender, refereeing branch, age and refereeing experience. Study group was created within a convenience sampling method. 195 referees, 14% (n = 27) female and 86% (n = 168) male, who perform active refereeing within Turkish Football, Basketball and Handball Federations during 2016-2017 season participated in the study. The personal information form, Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) developed by Karacam and Pulur (2017) and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) developed by Aypay (2010) were used as data collection tools. The analysis of the data was conducted using SPSS 21 and AMOS programs. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, t-test and one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) were used in determining the relationships between variables, binary and multiple comparisons, respectively. The REFS total scores levels of football, basketball and handball referees show a significant difference in favor of male referees. A significant difference was found between REFS total scores levels of football, basketball and handball referees and physical fitness sub-dimension, and refereeing branches in favor of football and basketball referees. There is a positive and significant relationship between football, basketball and handball referees' game knowledge, decision making, pressure, communication, total scores in REFS, and refereeing experience. There is a positive and significant relationship between football, basketball and handball referees' physical fitness, game knowledge, decision making, pressure, communication, total scores in GES and REFS.
Explaining international performance: marketing mix, planning, and their interaction

The extent of globalization of many world markets has made international marketing a crucial determinant of firms’ performance. Most prior research used few measures of performance and explanatory strategy variables and, in some cases, did not discuss their reliability and validity. The research reported here includes a more comprehensive set of performance variables and investigates the reliability and validity of these measures of performance, as well as explanatory variables’ measures. Research hypotheses about export performance as an outcome of international firm strategies covering channels of distribution, product, promotion, pricing, and planning are tested by data from a mail survey and from in‐depth interviews. The findings are used to suggest managerial implications in the context of international marketing strategy.
Responses of citrus rootstock ovules to colchicine applications in vitro.

An in vitro study was conducted to produce autotetraploid citrus rootstocks using various colchicine levels. Immature fruits from open pollinated flowers of the four rootstocks viz. Sacthon Citrumello, Carrizo Citrange, Yuma Citrange and Brazilian Sour Orange were harvested 12 to 14 weeks of post-anthesis. Undeveloped ovules of each rootstock were cultured on the Murashige and Tucker basal medium supplemented with 500 mg/l malt extract. Various colchicine levels including 0.00, 0.01 and 0.10% were tested. Ovules were transferred to colchicine-free medium three weeks post inoculation and every eight weeks subsequently. Germinated embryos with roots and shoots were acclimatized and planted in pots. Results showed that an inverse relationship existed between seed germination and colchicine application. Plantlet regeneration from all citrus rootstocks varieties was suppressed dominantly at 0.1% level of colchicine. Morphological and cytological parameters were studied for confirmation of polyploidy. Chromosome study revealed 8 tetraploid plants with 0.10% treatment and 3 tetraploid with . 01% treatment were found.
The internationalization of digital born global firms Contextual factors and behavioral implications

Digital startups are becoming increasingly important in the global economy and are undertaking internationalization at an exceptional speed. While doing so they are using new types of internationalization strategies, some of them seem very effective to reach growth using scarce resources. Due to their novelty, the internationalization behavior of digital startups has mainly been described in general terms, without taking the firms’ different contexts and characteristics into account. However, on the basis of ten case studies, this thesis demonstrates the importance of the firm’s context as an influencer of a firm’s internationalization. These case firms follow different patterns both inline and in contrast to internationalization theory, showing that current internationalization theory is insufficient when understanding these young digital firms whom internationalize early, so called born global firms. This study identifies seven external and internal contextual factors that seem to influence the internationalization behavior, they are: a firm’s market, firm characteristics, its business model, value proposition, product characteristics, product availability and type of customers. Overall, the thesis suggests how these contextual characteristics influence the internationalization of these ten digital startup firms. In addition, the thesis proposes a practical checklist for any digital startup looking to internationalize.
Reconsidering diversity–productivity relationships: directness of productivity estimates matters

Despite extensive research efforts, the controversy over diversity–productivity (D–P) patterns in natural communities still looms large. Recent meta-analyses suggest that unimodal D–P relationships tend to pre-dominate in plant studies, while positively linear relationships are more common in animal studies. These patterns, however, are based on studies in which productivity is estimated either directly, based on the biomass or energy of the studied organisms, or indirectly, according to the productivity of lower trophic levels, and various surrogates. Our analysis shows that the distribution of D–P patterns is sensitive to the directness of productivity estimates in animal studies but not in plant studies. Analysis of D–P patterns should be based on direct productivity estimates of the studied organisms, especially in comparative meta-analyses of communities from multiple trophic levels, where productivity is often affected nonlinearly by indirect factors or when complex feedback interactions are expected between productivity and diversity.
Grammatical Impairment of Case Assignment in Japanese Children with Specific Language Impairment

本研究では, 日本語を母語とする3名の特異的言語障害児 (9歳7ヵ月～13歳3ヵ月) を対象に主格, 対格, 与格の3種の文法格に関する文法知識についての調査を行った. 調査では, 誘導産出課題と呼ばれる実験的手法を用いた. 実験で得られた結果は, 5名の健常児の言語データと比較分析した. その結果, まず総合結果からSLI児は健常児よりも格付与の能力が劣るという知見が得られた. さらにSLI児の格付与の能力はかき混ぜ文において著しく劣るということがわかった. SLI児の特異な格付与のパターンは宣言的記憶に支えられた補助ストラテジーによるものであるとする仮説に基づいて, SLI児の示した格付与の誤用パターンを分析した.
Low temperature MIR to submillimeter mass absorption coefficient of interstellar dust analogues

A wealth of data from the Herschel and Planck satellites and now from ALMA, revealing cold dust thermal emission, is available for astronomical environments ranging from interstellar clouds, cold clumps, circumstellar envelops, and protoplanetary disks. The interpretation of these observations relies on the understanding and modeling of cold dust emission and on the knowledge of the dust optical properties. The aim of this work is to provide astronomers with a set of spectroscopic data of realistic interstellar dust analogues that can be used to interpret the observations. Glassy silicates of mean composition (1-x)MgO - xSiO2 with x = 0.35, 0.40 and 0.50 were synthesized. The mass absorption coefficient (MAC) of the samples was measured in the spectral domain 30 - 1000 $\mu$m for grain temperature in the range 300 K - 10 K and at room temperature in the 5 - 40 $\mu$m domain. We find that the MAC of all samples varies with the grains temperature. In the FIR/submm, and above 30K, the MAC value at a given wavelength increases with the temperature as thermally activated absorption processes appear. The studied materials exhibit different and complex behaviors at long wavelengths (lambda $\geq$ 200 to 700 $\mu$m depending on the samples) and the MAC cannot be approximated by a single power law in ${\lambda}^{-\beta}$. These behaviors are attributed to the amorphous nature of dust and to the amount and nature of the defects within this amorphous structure. Above 20 $\mu$m, the measured MAC are much higher than the MAC calculated from interstellar silicate dust models indicating that the analogues measured in this study are more emissive than the silicates in cosmic dust models. This has important astrophysical implications because masses are overestimated by the models. Moreover, constraints on elemental abundance of heavy elements in cosmic dust models are relaxed
Stirred Tank Fluid Flow Simulation with Two Lattice Boltzmann Methods

In the present study, commonly used weakly compressible lattice Boltzmann method and Guo incompressible lattice Boltzmann method have been used to simulate fluid flow in a stirred tank. For this purpose a 3D Parallel code has been developed in the framework of the lattice Boltzmann method. This program has been used for simulation of flow at different geometries such as 2D channel flow and 3D stirred tank flow. It has been shown that in addition to elimination of compressibility error, the Guo incompressible method eliminates mass leakage error from the fluid flow simulations although its implementation is as easy as the weakly compressible Lattice Boltzmann method. For example in presented stirred tank problem mass leakage in Guo method is about 0% while for LBGK method is about 1.4%. By the way, comparison between results of the two methods shows that differences in local flow quantities are negligible in both methods; however, for overall flow quantities, the results of Guo incompressible method are more accurate than those of weakly compressible method.
Knowledge of Adjective Reference by Monolingual Spanish- and English-Speaking Children

Resumen Previous studies (Waxman, Senghas and Benveniste, 1997 and Waxman and Guasti 2009) have concluded that there are crosslinguistic differences in the interpretation of adjectives by English, French, Spanish and Italianmonolingual speaking children. Their results show that only Spanish and Italian-speaking children categorized a novel adjective as an object responding in the same way for the categorization of a noun. According to the authors this is due to the Determiner-Adjective syntactic constructions in these languages that refer to the named objects or entities and to other members of that object category (e.g. los pobres). The present study looks more precisely at the interpretation of adjectives by presenting a task in which children had to recognize adjectives as properties of objects and it explores the role of syntax and morphology as informative linguistic sources for their acquisition by using four different linguistic contexts. The results show that Englishand Spanishmonolingual speaking children do understand that adjectives refer to properties and not to objects responding in a different way for a categorization of an adjective. Estudios anteriores (Waxman, Senghas and Benveniste, 1997 and Waxman and Guasti 2009) han concluido que existen diferencias croslinguisticas en la interpretacion de los adjetivos por parte de los ninos monolingues que hablan ingles, frances, espanol e italiano. Sus resultados muestran que solamente los ninos que hablan espanol e italiano categorizan un adjetivo nuevo como un objeto respondiendo igual que a la categorizacion de un sustantivo. Los autores explican que esto se debe a las construcciones sintacticas de Articulo-Adjetivo en las lenguas mencionadas que se refieren a los objetos o entidades nombrados y a otros miembros de la categoria del objeto, por ejemplo: los pobres. El presente estudio analiza mas precisamente la interpretacion de los adjetivos presentando una tarea en el que el nino tiene que reconocer a los adjetivos como propiedades de objetos y explora el papel de la sintaxis y la morfologia como recursos informativos linguisticos para la adquisicion de los adjetivos utilizando cuatro diferentes contextos linguisticos. Los resultados muestran que los ninos hablantes monolingues de ingles y espanol entienden que los adjetivos se refieren a las propiedades y no a los objetos respondiendo en forma diferente sobre la categorizacion de un adjetivo. Keywords/Palabras clave language acquisition, adjectives, linguistic cues, crosslinguistic differences. adquisicion del lenguaje, adjetivos, senales linguisticas, diferencias croslinguisticas. This linguistics article is available in Entrehojas: Revista de Estudios Hispanicos: http://ir.lib. uwo.ca/entrehojas/vol4/iss1/8
Milking-time tests in conventional and quarter-individual milking systems

Ein Einfluss der Melkmaschine auf die Eutergesundheit ist schon seit uber 100 Jahren bekannt. Ein neues viertelindividuelles Melksystem (Multilactor®, Siliconform GmbH, Turkheim, Germany) wurde in den letzten funf Jahren entwickelt, um die nachteiligen Einflusse und Belastungen auf das Eutergewebe und das Zitzengewebe zu reduzieren. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, den Effekt des Milchflusses auf den mittleren Vakuumabfall wahrend der b- und d-Phase bei konventionellen und Einzelschlauchmelksystemen mit Hilfe von Messungen unter Melkbedingungen (International Dairy Federation IDF, 1999) zu charakterisieren. Die Untersuchungen wurden in zwei Tandem-Melkstanden durchgefuhrt, in denen ein konventionelles System (CON) und ein viertelindividuelles Melksystem, der Multilactor® (MULTI) (mit periodischem Lufteinlass) eingebaut waren. Das Vakuumverhalten wurde an verschiedenen Punkten im Melkzeug erfasst und die Milchflusskurven mit Hilfe des LactoCorders® (WMB, Balgach, Switzerland) aufgezeichnet. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass bei einem mittleren Milchfluss von ungefahr 5,0 l/min/Euter das mittlere Vakuum an der Zitze wahrend der b-Phase 30,2 kPa im CON und 27,7 kPa im MULTI betrug (n.s.). Das mittlere zitzenendige Vakuum in der d-Phase hingegen unterschied sich signifikant voneinander. Es betrug 28,5 kPa fur CON und 16,3 kPa fur MULTI. Der Grund fur die hohe Vakuumdifferenz zwischen den beiden Systemen liegt vermutlich darin begrundet, dass der Multilactor® Melkbecher mit periodischem Lufteinlass verwendet. Die Ergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass der periodische Lufteinlass auch bei viertelindividuellen Systemen eingesetzt werden kann.
Feed Consumption, Body Weight Gain and Carcass Characteristics of Jeju Native Cattle and Its Crossbreds Fed for Short Fattening Period

This study was conducted to compare the growth performance and carcass evaluation of Jeju native cattle (JNC) and its crossbreds (CBK = 25 JNC: 50 Charolais: 25 Brahman and BCBK = 62.5 JNC: 25 Charolais: 12.5 Brahman) fed for a short fattening period. Eight male calves each of JNC (80.40±10), CBK (113.50±12.3), and BCBK (100.3±9.5) were weaned at 4 month of age and were fed similar diets for 18 months of their age. All animals were fed a growing ration until 12 months of age and thereafter switched to a fattening ration far a period of 6 months. Final body weight (BW) and BW gain were significantly higher in CBK and BCBK compared with JNC. The CBK and BCBK gained 27.42% and 25.99% more BW, respectively, compared with JNC. The CBK and BCBK animals consumed significantly less DM than JNC to gain a unit of BW. Body weight gain, DM intake and feed conversion efficiency were similar between CBK and BCBK. Weight of hot and cold carcass, ribs, boneless meat and Longissimus dorsi muscle area were significantly different among JNC and its crossbreds. The heaviest carcass was observed in CBK followed by BCBK and JNC. Carcass, chest and femur lengths were greater in CBK and BCBK compared with JNC. Chest width, chest depth and hip width were similar in JNC and its crossbreds. Femur width was significantly greater in CBK compared with BCBK and JNC. Femur depth and chest girth were significantly greater in CBK and BCBK compared with JNC. Weight and fat yield in different carcass cuts were greater in crossbreds compared to JNC. Percent moisture, crude ash, and crude protein of meat were similar in JNC and its crossbreds. Percent crude fat in beef was significantly greater in JNC compared with its crossbreds. Beef shear force value, percent water holding capacity, juiciness and tenderness were significantly greater for JNC compared to its crossbreds. In conclusion, CBK and BCBK have shown greater growth rates and produced heavier carcasses with good degree of fatness when compared with JNC.
Facilitating and Rewarding Creativity during New Product Development

In an effort to improve creativity in the new product development process, many firms offer incentive programs, creativity training programs, or both. However, creativity continues to be a construct that is not well understood in marketing, and little research has examined the joint influence of such initiatives on creative outcomes. As a result, there is considerable variance in the way firms approach these issues. A qualitative study of 20 firms indicates that 15 offered some type of incentive program, whereas only 7 engaged in creativity training (a subset of the firms used both). Given that previous research has consistently found that extrinsic rewards offered in isolation actually undermine the creative process (by reducing intrinsic motivation), it seems that many firms may be unwittingly hampering their own creative efforts. However, two experiments demonstrate that the effect of rewards can be made positive if offered in conjunction with appropriate training. Specifically, product creativity was highest when the monetary reward was paired with a dedicated creative training technique. The training alters the influence of the reward such that it reinforces, rather than undermines, intrinsic motivation. Managers can improve the effectiveness of their creative efforts by leveraging the use of incentives and training in combination.
Emissions corridors preserving the Atlantic ocean thermohaline circulation

The Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) transports large amounts of heat northward, acting as a heating system for the northern North Atlantic and north-western Europe. Paleo-reconstructions and a large number of model simulations have shown the THC to be stable only within certain limits beyond which the circulation shuts down. In this paper we derive emission corridors for the 21 century preserving the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. To this end a multi-gas reduced-form climate model has been coupled to a dynamic four-box model of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Both models allow for the relevant uncertainties (i.e., climate and hydrological sensitivity) to be taken into account. The emission corridors are calculated along the conceptual and methodological lines of the tolerable windows approach. The corridor boundaries demarcate time-dependent limits beyond which either the THC collapses or the mitigation burden to avoid such an event becomes intolerable. Accordingly, the corridors represent the maneuvering space for any climate policy committed to preserve the THC without endangering future economic growth. Results show a large dependence of the width of the emission corridors on hydrological sensitivity, which is a measure for the amount of additional freshwater entering the North Atlantic, and on climate sensitivity.
Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice by the Use of Iterative Processes

The aim of this study is to study learning the positional ten base notation by the increase of students’ test scores during the learning study process. Five teachers, one researcher and 53 students participated. Three research lessons in three different groups of students were conducted. The improvement in the third lesson (C) correlates with the more developed theoretical based assumptions the design is made, which resulted in a pattern of variation that stronger pointed out the aspect needed to discern to understand the object of learning in a new and more developed way. The differences in the third research lesson (C) was significant** p=0.005 while the differences in research lessons A and B were not significant.
Fracture Mechanics of an Elastic Softening Material like Concrete

Concrete is modelled as a linear elastic softening material and introduced into fracture mechanics. A discrete crack is considered with softening zones at the crack tips. Following the approach of Dugdale/Barenblatt, closing stresses are applied to the crack faces in the softening zone. The stresses are described by a power function. Relations are worked out between the remote stress on a cracked plate, the tensile strength of the material and the size of the softening zone. The finite width of a plate is considered and so are various stress distributions of the softening zone. Experiments were performed to estabilish the stress-strain behaviour of concrete in deformation-controlled uniaxial tensile loading. Furthermore, it was investigated whether cyclic loading affects the static envelope curve. A qualitative model is presented which illustrates the effect of prepeak cyclic loading on deformation and stress distribution in a specimen. The results show that nonlinear fracture mechanics can be applied to concrete. The loadbearing capacity of a cracked plate can be predicted with reasonable accuracy. As appears from the experiments, the application of this approach to cyclic loading is very promising.
A Regional Multiplier Approach to Estimating the Impact of Cash Transfers on the Market: The Case of Cash Transfers in Rural Malawi

This article analyses the impact on the local economy of an emergency cash-transfer programme in rural Malawi. The results are of interest, given the growing use of cash transfers as development aid as well as the increasing popularity of such transfers as a form of social protection across sub-Saharan Africa. It uses a form of social accounting matrix to show that there are widespread benefits for the regional economy as a whole (with multiplier estimates of 2.02 to 2.45), especially during the most 'lean' periods of the year, and for small farmers and small businesses in particular, as this is where poorer households' purchases are focused; education and health also benefit. Copyright 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.