Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The development of trust in parents of hospitalized children.

ISSUES AND PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of trust in parents of hospitalized children. METHODS Using grounded theory, semistructured interviews were conducted with 15 parents of children previously hospitalized, focusing on parents' experiences during their child's hospitalization. Data were analyzed using a constant comparative process. Themes and the core variable were identified and a model of trust developed. RESULTS The core variable related to the development of trust in healthcare providers was whether parents' expectations for care were met. Thematic areas that influenced whether expectations for care were met included preexisting trust; evaluation of care, including evaluation of technical skills and the meeting of parental and child needs; and behaviors of nurses and other healthcare providers that inhibited and fostered trust. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Strategies to enhance trust are discussed.
Multifocal hypointense cerebral lesions on gradient-echo MR are associated with chronic hypertension.

PURPOSE To investigate the basis for multifocal hypointense lesions within the brain as identified on T2*-weighted gradient-echo MR imaging in patients with no known or presumed cause of these lesions. METHODS In the first of a two-part study design, we retrospectively reviewed a case series of 38 patients whose gradient-echo MR images showed multiple hypointense lesions within the brain parenchyma. Thirty-one cases in which the cause was known or presumed (eg, head trauma or cavernous angioma) were excluded from further review. The MR studies and clinical findings of the remaining seven cases were reexamined. In the second part, using a cohort study design with respect to hypertension, we prospectively reviewed the gradient-echo images from MR studies of 65 patients and control subjects enrolled in two ongoing clinical studies, one on "possible vascular dementia" (n = 33) and the other on "possible motor neuron disorder" (n = 32). RESULTS In the first part of the study, we found seven cases with a pattern of multiple hypointense lesions involving the deep gray matter nuclei, especially the basal ganglia (n = 6) and thalamus (n = 5). In addition, involvement of the corona radiata (n = 5), brain stem (n = 4), and cerebellum (n = 3) was seen. Clinical review revealed a history of chronic hypertension in all seven patients. In the cohort study, we found three of 65 persons who had two or more focal hypointense lesions that involved the basal ganglia or thalami. Review of the clinical data showed that all three patients were being treated for hypertension; also, all three were patients from the "possible vascular dementia" group. CONCLUSIONS The MR imaging pattern of multifocal hypointense lesions within the basal ganglia, thalamus, and other deep cerebral structures is more commonly found among patients with a history of chronic hypertension than in patients without chronic hypertension.
Allostery and cooperativity revisited

Although phenomenlogical models that account for cooperativity in allosteric systems date back to the early and mid‐60's (e.g., the KNF and MWC models), there is resurgent interest in the topic due to the recent experimental and computational studies that attempted to reveal, at an atomistic level, how allostery actually works. In this review, using systems for which atomistic simulations have been carried out in our groups as examples, we describe the current understanding of allostery, how the mechanisms go beyond the classical MWC/Pauling‐KNF descriptions, and point out that the “new view” of allostery, emphasizing “population shifts,” is, in fact, an “old view. ” The presentation offers not only an up‐to‐date description of allostery from a theoretical/computational perspective, but also helps to resolve several outstanding issues concerning allostery.
Do we need a routine mental stress test for ischemic heart disease and arrhythmias?

T he effect of mental activity on the cardiovascular system has been well known since ancient times. Hippocrates had already observed that “. fear, intimidation, sorrow, anger . ” may lead to palpitations. In his initial report on a “disorder of the breast” William Heberden mentions a “disturbance of the mind” among other incidents triggering angina pectoris attacks. Recent data provide evidence that mental stress may trigger the appearance of ischemic attacks or arrhythmias.
Chick RGS2L demonstrates concentration‐dependent selectivity for pertussis toxin‐sensitive and ‐insensitive pathways that inhibit L‐type Ca2+ channels

In neuronal cells, the influx of Ca2+ ions through voltage‐dependent L‐type calcium (L) channels couples excitation to multiple cellular functions. In addition to voltage, several neurotransmitters, hormones and cytokines regulate L channel gating via binding to G‐protein‐coupled receptors. Intracellular molecules that modify G‐protein activity – such as regulator of G‐protein‐signalling (RGS) proteins – are therefore potential candidates for regulating Ca2+ influx through L channels. Here we show that a novel RGS2 splice variant from chick dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, RGS2L, reduces bradykinin (BK)‐mediated inhibition of neuronal L channels and accelerates recovery from inhibition. Chick RGS2 reduces the inhibition mediated by both the pertussis toxin (PTX)‐sensitive (Gi/o‐coupled) and the PTX‐insensitive (presumably Gq/11‐coupled) pathways. However, we demonstrate for the first time in a living cell that the extent of coupling to each pathway varies with RGS2L concentration. A low concentration of recombinant chick RGS2L (10 nm) preferentially reduces the inhibition mediated by the PTX‐insensitive pathway, whereas a 100‐fold higher concentration attenuates both PTX‐sensitive‐ and PTX‐insensitive‐mediated components equally. Our data suggest that factors promoting RGS2L gene induction may regulate Ca2+ influx through L channels by recruiting low‐affinity interactions with Gi/o that are absent at basal RGS2L levels.
Changes in Response Properties and Receptive Fields of Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons in Rats after Surgical Incision in Hairy Skin

Background: Mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia associated with chemical irritant application are mediated by spinal high-threshold (HT) as well as wide-dynamic-range neurons as a result of “central sensitization. ” Because the pathophysiology of pain is thought to differ depending on the type of injury and may vary between hairy and glabrous skin, the authors examined changes in properties of spinal dorsal horn neurons after surgical incisions in hairy skin of rats to obtain insights into the mechanisms of postoperative pain. Methods: Withdrawal responses to punctate mechanical stimulation and gentle brushing were measured in awake rats in an area adjacent to the injured site (primary area) and in an area 2 cm from the injured site (secondary area) after 1-cm longitudinal incisions through the hairy skin, fascia, and muscle had been made in the hindquarters. In a separate study, responses of spinal wide-dynamic-range, HT, and low-threshold neurons to nonnoxious and noxious stimuli were recorded before and after similar incisions had been made in the centers of their receptive fields. Effects of spinal application of the &ggr;-aminobutyric acid A receptor antagonist bicuculline (15 &mgr;g) on responses of HT neurons were then studied. Results: Awake rats showed primary and secondary hyperalgesia to punctate mechanical stimulation 30 min after the incision and thereafter for 4 days and 1 day, respectively. Mechanical allodynia associated with brush stimulation was only seen in the primary area 30 min after the incision and thereafter for 1 day. The incision resulted in increases in activity of wide-dynamic-range neurons (receptive field sizes and responses to both innocuous and noxious stimuli). HT neurons did not respond to innocuous stimulation and showed very small increases or no changes in receptive field size and responses to noxious stimuli after the incision. However, the majority of HT neurons began to respond to innocuous stimuli after application of bicuculline (15 &mgr;g/50 &mgr;l) to the spinal cord. Conclusions: The results suggest that wide-dynamic-range neurons are responsible for behavioral hyperexcitability after surgical incision but that HT neurons are not involved in the hyperexcitability, despite the fact that HT neurons are capable of responding to innocuous stimuli by reversal of &ggr;-aminobutyric acid–mediated inhibition.
Prognosis of giant cell tumor of bone. Histopathological analysis of 15 cases and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is the evaluation of certain markers determining the prognosis of giant cell tumor of bone. METHODS A clinicopathological analysis of 15 cases of giant cell tumor is presented. RESULTS Giant cell tumor of bone mainly affects women with an average age of 34 years and is located in the upper and distal ends of the long tubular bones (93.3%). 60% of the tumor biopsies was Grade I, 33.3 % Grade II and 6.7% Grade III. The recurrence rate was 33.3% and the malignant transformation was 13.3%. CONCLUSIONS Prognosis of giant cell tumor of bone is likely to be mistaken if it is based only on the histological picture. On the contrary, considering important parameters, such as tumor location, size and tumor aggressiveness, frequency of recurrences and type of surgical management, one may predict in most cases the clinical outcome of the neoplastic process.
Interobserver Agreement, Intraobserver Reliability, and the Rorschach Comprehensive System

Interrater agreement and reliability for the Rorschach have recently come under increasing scrutiny. This is the second report examining methods of Comprehensive System reliability using principles derived from observational methodology and applied behavioral analysis. This study examined a previous nonpatient sample of 20 protocols (N = 412 responses) and also examined a new clinical sample of 20 protocols (N = 374 responses) diagnosed with Research Diagnostic Criteria. Reliability was analyzed at multiple levels of Comprehensive System data, including response-level individual codes and coding decisions and ratios, percentages, and derivations from the Structural Summary. With a number of exceptions, most Comprehensive System codes, coding decisions, and summary scores yield acceptable, and in many instances excellent, levels of reliability. Limitations arising from the nature of Rorschach data and Comprehensive System coding criteria are discussed.
Trypsin Action on the Growth of Sendai Virus in Tissue Culture Cells II. Restoration of the Hemolytic Activity of L Cell-Borne Sendai Virus by Trypsin

Sendai virus grown in L cells (L Sendai) caused little hemolysis, whereas the one grown in fertile eggs (egg Sendai) induced distinct hemolysis. Enzymatic treatment with trypsin at low concentrations markedly enhanced the hemolytic activity of L Sendai but not that of egg Sendai. Both sonic treatment and freezing and thawing greatly enhanced the hemolytic activity of egg Sendai, but they gave little enhancing effect on that of L Sendai which could, however, be greatly increased by successive treatment with trypsin. Dose response and kinetic experiments on the trypsin effect have suggested that a similarity exists in the inhibitory mechanism of infectivity for L cells and hemolytic activity of L Sendai. Treatment of L cells with trypsin at later stages of infection released a highly hemolytic L Sendai from those cells. The present study, by reference to the density centrifugation studies in a previous report (4), has shown that a variation in infectivity for L cells and in the hemolytic activity of L Sendai is a type of host-controlled modification distinguishable from the density variation.
Ever Rising Expectations: the Determinants of Subjective Welfare in Croatia

The focus of this paper is the subjective welfare of the individual in the case of Croatia, a country that in the 1990s carried out a transformation from a socialist to a market-based economy while being at war as a result of the break-up of the former Yugoslavia. Subjective welfare is commonly found to be different from welfare as measured by objective criteria such as income. This difference is first explored by profiling poverty based on the two measures, and here the largest difference is found among those who are not objectively poor. Further the determinants of subjective welfare are analyzed in an ordered probit model broadly grouped as objective variables of personal or household circumstances, and measures of relative income, individual income compared with different reference groups. The results show that, apart from absolute income, which leaves large room for other explanations, relative income is the strongest determinant. This can be connected to the transition heritage of Croatia and is also in line with what has been found in other countries.
Inhibiting lung elastase activity enables lung growth in mechanically ventilated newborn mice.

RATIONALE Mechanical ventilation with O₂-rich gas (MV-O₂) offers life-saving treatment for respiratory failure, but also promotes lung injury. We previously reported that MV-O2 of newborn mice increased lung elastase activity, causing elastin degradation and redistribution of elastic fibers from septal tips to alveolar walls. These changes were associated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β activation and increased apoptosis leading to defective alveolarization and lung growth arrest, as seen in neonatal chronic lung disease. OBJECTIVES To determine if intratracheal treatment of newborn mice with the serine elastase inhibitor elafin would prevent MV-O₂-induced lung elastin degradation and the ensuing cascade of events causing lung growth arrest. METHODS Five-day-old mice were treated via tracheotomy with recombinant human elafin or vehicle (lactated-Ringer solution), followed by MV with 40% O₂ for 8-24 hours; control animals breathed 40% O₂ without MV. At study's end, lungs were harvested to assess key variables noted below. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS MV-O₂ of vehicle-treated pups increased lung elastase and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity when compared with unventilated control animals, causing elastin degradation (urine desmosine doubled), TGF-β activation (pSmad-2 tripled), and apoptosis (cleaved-caspase-3 increased 10-fold). Quantitative lung histology showed larger and fewer alveoli, greater inflammation, and scattered elastic fibers. Elafin blocked these MV-O₂-induced changes. CONCLUSIONS Intratracheal elafin, by blocking lung protease activity, prevented MV-O₂-induced elastin degradation, TGF-β activation, apoptosis, and dispersion of matrix elastin, and attenuated lung structural abnormalities noted in vehicle-treated mice after 24 hours of MV-O₂. These findings suggest that elastin breakdown contributes to defective lung growth in response to MV-O₂ and might be targeted therapeutically to prevent MV-O₂-induced lung injury.
The Role of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in the Management of Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a well-established method to optimize dosing regimens in individual patients for drugs that are characterized by a narrow therapeutic range and large interindividual pharmacokinetic variability. For some antiretroviral drugs, mainly nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors, TDM has been proposed as a means to improve the response in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. In contrast, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors do not show a predictable plasma concentration-response (toxicity, efficacy) relationship, and intracellular analyses are expensive. Therefore, TDM is generally not recommended for this class of drugs. TDM has been successfully applied in the clinical practice for certain antiretroviral drugs, but there are ongoing research efforts on the use and refinement of TDM for human immunodeficiency virus treatment, and convincing data from randomized trials are still needed. The best pharmacokinetic measures of drug exposure such as trough and peak concentrations or concentration ratios have not been unambiguously established.
I, we, and the effects of others on me: how self-construal level moderates social comparison effects.

In 5 studies, the authors investigate the impact of self-activation on the occurrence and direction of social comparison effects. They show that self-evaluative comparison effects are more likely to occur when self-related cognitions are made cognitively accessible. Contrast occurs when personal self-construals ("I") are accessible, whereas assimilation occurs when social self-construals ("we") are activated. These effects of self-construal activation are similar to the impact of self-unrelated information processing styles that are often associated with personal and social self-accessibility (i.e., differentiation and integration mind-sets). However, whereas self-construal activation elicits self-serving social comparisons, activation of self-unrelated processing styles results in non-self-serving social comparison effects. Implications of these results for understanding the cognitive processes underlying social comparison effects are discussed.
Proof Only Proof Only The Nrd 1-like protein Seb 1 coordinates cotranscriptional 3 ′ end processing and polyadenylation site selection

Jean-François Lemay, Samuel Marguerat, Marc Larochelle, Xiaochuan Liu, Rob van Nues, Judit Hunyadkürti, Mainul Hoque, Bin Tian, Sander Granneman, Jürg Bähler, and François Bachand RNA Group, Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada; MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, LondonW12 0NN, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, andMolecular Genetics, Rutgers New JerseyMedical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom Q1 Q2
Mg-Protoporphyrin IX and Heme Control HEMA, the Gene Encoding the First Specific Step of Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

ABSTRACT HEMA encodes glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR), which catalyzes the first step specific for tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in plants, archaea, and most eubacteria. In higher plants, GluTR is feedback inhibited by heme and intermediates of chlorophyll biosynthesis. It plays a key role in controlling flux through the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway. This enzyme, which in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is encoded by a single gene (HEMA), exhibits homology to GluTRs of higher plants and cyanobacteria. HEMA mRNA accumulation was inducible not only by light but also by treatment of dark-adapted cells with Mg-protoporphyrin IX (MgProto) or hemin. The specificity of these tetrapyrroles as inducers was demonstrated by the absence of induction observed upon the feeding of protoporphyrin IX, the precursor of both heme and MgProto, or chlorophyllide. The HEMA mRNA accumulation following treatment of cells with light and hemin was accompanied by increased amounts of GluTR. However, the feeding of MgProto did not suggest a role for Mg-tetrapyrroles in posttranscriptional regulation. The induction by light but not that by the tetrapyrroles was prevented by inhibition of cytoplasmic protein synthesis. Since MgProto is synthesized exclusively in plastids and heme is synthesized in plastids and mitochondria, the data suggest a role of these compounds as organellar signals that control expression of the nuclear HEMA gene.
Association between the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-related traits in healthy adults

Background The dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) is an established genetic risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Therefore, we hypothesized that DAT1 may also influence the manifestation of ADHD-related traits in the normal population. Methods A quantitative association study was carried out on 1289 healthy adults. ADHD-related traits were measured using the 25-item Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS-25). This scale is a self-administered instrument intended to retrospectively measure features of childhood ADHD. Previous studies typically identified three component factors: (i) impulsivity, (ii) inattention, and (iii) mood instability. Our group found that these factors were associated with various diagnoses, such as bipolar disorder and major depression. Six polymorphic markers within the DAT1 gene (rs27072, rs11133767, rs429699, rs27048, rs2937639), including the 3′-untranslated region variable number of tandem repeats, were used as genetic markers. Results The WURS-25 total score was not associated with any of the markers that we examined. However, the mood instability trait was associated significantly with rs2937639 in male participants (P=0.008); this result was supported by several haplotype-wise findings among the surrounding markers (P=0.00001–0.004). Conclusion Our study results suggest that DAT1 polymorphisms may modulate mood instability traits in the normal population. Considering that mood instability tends to persist through the entire course of ADHD and is highly prevalent in many diseases that are comorbid with ADHD, this trait may be a core endophenotype that defines the role of the DAT1 gene in various psychiatric conditions.
Exploiting Unannotated Corpora for Tagging and Chunking

We present a method that exploits unannotated corpora for compensating the paucity of annotated training data on the chunking and tagging tasks. It collects and compresses feature frequencies from a large unannotated corpus for use by linear classifiers. Experiments on two tasks show that it consistently produces significant performance improvements.
Using Autopoiesis to Redefine Data, Information and Knowledge

The definition of knowledge has always been a contentious issue in knowledge management. Effective knowledge management requires a definition of knowledge that is consistent, useful and true. Whilst most definitions today fulfil the first two criteria, none accurately address all three, including the true, biological nature of knowledge. This is where autopoiesis can help. Autopoiesis was developed to try answer the question of what makes something living, using a scientific methodology. It proposes living things are discrete, self-producing entities and constantly cognising entities. Autopoiesis has long inspired definitions of knowledge, with ideas such as: knowledge cannot be transferred, or knowledge can only be created by the potential ‘knower’. Using the theory of autopoiesis, it is possible to create a biologically grounded model of knowledge, representing the latest thinking in neuroscience. However, before this new, biologically grounded model of knowledge can be integrated into new or existing knowledge management theories, it needs to be tested, else it falls into the trap of being conceptual, and remaining that way. This paper uses the theory of autopoiesis to redefine the concepts of data, information and, most importantly, knowledge, and goes on to develop a model of knowledge that has the potential to be used as a new foundation for knowledge management.