Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sentencing the Green-Collar Offender: Punishment, Culpability, and Environmental Crime

The federal sentencing guidelines for environmental crimes reflect an ad hoc, largely incoherent approach to guidelines development. In some cases of minimal culpability, the guidelines recommend sentences far in excess of what seems theoretically justifiable. This article develops a new culpability-based approach to environmental sentencing and proposes specific reforms to the federal guidelines based on the theoretical model.
Supervisory Board and Company Borrowing: The Case of Developing Economics

: The objective of this paper is to find out the effects of the independence and size of the supervisory board on company borrowing in a two-tier board system. Unlike prior studies, such as in the United States, the current study is conducted in a developing country that has adapted a Continental European System. This study uses panel data analysis for 1,981 observations of 283 Indonesian listed companies in the 2004-2010 period. The control variables are Return on Assets (ROA), quality of audit, age, size and firm growth. Before panel data analysis is run, the outlier and normality tests are used. In addition, test of random-effect or fixed-effect model is conducted. This work finds that supervisory board independence has a negative effect on company borrowing. Further, firm profitability has a consistent effect on company borrowing.
Pregnant in Prison—The Incarcerated Woman’s Experience: A Preliminary Descriptive Study

This is an exploratory study of depression in pregnant women incarcerated in a state prison in California. It was hypothesized that the inmates would experience higher levels of postpartum depression than would nonincarcerated women who have recently given birth. Participants were 120 inmates who recently gave birth while incarcerated. They were interviewed and given the Beck Depression Inventory. It was found that none of the participants were clinically depressed. Descriptive statistics are presented in detail. A qualitative component of the study explored the life experiences of pregnancy by participants. Future research will empirically address the lack of depression or negative reaction to incarcerated pregnancy
Early phase adaptations of single vs. multiple sets of strength training on upper and lower body strength gains

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of single sets vs. multiple sets on different muscle groups peak torque (PT) in untrained subjects. Twenty four untrained males were randomly assigned into one of two groups: 1) knee extension three sets and elbow flexion single set (3K-1E; n = 11), or 2) knee extension single set and elbow flexion three sets (1K-3E; n = 13). Subjects trained 2 days/week for 6 weeks and each workout consisted of 1 leg press exercise and 1 barbell curl. Training intensity started at 8 repetition maximum (RM). Strength was expressed as a concentric PT at 60 ◦ /s. ANOVA revealed that the increase in PT of the knee extensors from week 0 to 6 was significantly greater in the 3K-1E group (11.5%) than in the 1K-3E (4.0%) group, while no difference existed in the PT gains of the elbow flexors between 3K-1E (9.2%) and 1K-3E (7.8%). It was concluded that performing three sets of strength training is superior to one set for increasing strength of the knee extensors while single-set training protocols for the elbow flexors might be sufficient for untrained individuals in the early phases of a strength-training program.
THE AETIOLOGY, COURSE AND SURGICAL ASPECTS OF PANCREATITIS: A REVIEW OF 108 CASES

Summary 1. A consecutive series of 10s cases of pancreatitis comprised 29 patients who had a single acute attack, 73 who developed chronic relapsing pancreatitis, and 6 who presentedwith chronic “silent pancreatitis. 2. Gall-stones in 46 patients and alcoholism in 24 patients were common associated conditions. Trauma, vascular disease and viral infection were true aetiological factors in some cases. 3. Laboratory studies disclosed jaundice in 29 cases, hyperlipaemia in 24 cases, disturbed glucose tolerance in 27 cases and an abnormal secretin test in 14 cases. 4. Surgical biopsies in relapsing pancreatitis showed a wide variety of histological appearances. 5. Ten deaths resulted from pancreatitis. Frank diabetes occurred in 16 patients and was directly related to the frequency of attacks of pancreatitis. Pancreatic insufficiency with steatorrhoea was rare except in chronic insidious pancreatitis. 6. In relapsing pancreatitis, remissions of two or more years eventually occurred in 44 per cent. of all cases, and in 36 per cent. of those who were not treated surgically. It is suggested that results of surgical treatment in pancreatitis be evaluated in terms of the expected cure rate in patients not receiving surgery.
Ergenlerde Okul Aidiyeti, Okul İşlevleri ve Psikolojik Uyum Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Bu çalışmada ergenlerde okul aidiyet duygusu, okul işlevleri ve psikolojik uyum arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini yaşları 11 ile 18 arasında değişen, ortaokul ve lisede öğrenci olan 333 ergen oluşturmaktadır (Ortalama = 15.45; ss = 1.75). Katılımcıların %55.9’u (186) kız ve %44.1’i (147) erkektir. Korelasyon analiz sonuçları, ergenlerde okul aidiyeti artarken içselleştirilmiş ve dışsallaştırılmış problemlerin azaldığını ve okul işlevlerinde de anlamlı bir artışın olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Yol (path) analiz sonuçları, okul aidiyetinin öğrencilerin akademik başarı, öğrenmeden zevk alma, eğitimsel amaçlar, akademik yeterlik, akademik doyum ve prososyal davranımlarını pozitif yönde ve anlamlı düzeyde yordadığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca sonuçlar okul aidiyetinin ergenlerde içselleştirilmiş ve dışsallaştırılmış problemleri negatif yönde ve anlamlı düzeyde yordadığını ortaya koymuştur. Okul aidiyet duygusu, akademik başarı değişkeni hariç, diğer tüm değişkenler üzerinde güçlü bir yordayıcı etkiye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçları alan yazın ışığında tartışılmış ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
The Relationship between Academic Motivation and Academic Achievement in Medical Students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

Introduction: Despite their ascribed intellectual ability and achieved academic pursuits, medical students’ academic achievement is influenced by academic motivation. This study is an endeavor to examine the role of academic motivation in the academic achievement of medical students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: In this cross-sectional correlational study, out of the total 422 medical students, from 4th to final year during the academic year 2007-08, at school of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 344 participated in completion of the Inventory of School Motivation(ISM), comprising of 43 items and measuring 8 aspects of motivation. The gold standard for academic achievement was their average academic marks at pre-clinical and clinical levels. Data were computer analyzed, using SPSS 15.1 and running a couple of descriptive and analytical tests including Pearson Correlation and t-student. Results: Higher motivation scores in areas of competition, effort, social concern, and task was accompanied by higher average marks at pre-clinical as well as clinical levels. However, the later ones showed greater motivation for social power as compared to the former group. Task and Competition motivation for boys was higher than girls. Conclusion: In view of our observations, students' academic achievement requires coordination and interaction between different aspects of motivation.
The Student Factor Analysis Choosing Biology as A Options Subject of Computer-Based National Examination

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence learners in choosing Biology as the subject of choice of UNBK and analyze the most dominant factor in influencing learners choose Biology as the preferred subject of UNBK. This research is a mixed method research using sequential mix method with qualitative-quantitative sequential explanatory strategy. The population in this study are students of science majors class XII who choose Biology in SMA N 1 Pecangaan and SMA N 1 Jepara, amounting to 208 learners. The technique of sampling data using random sampling technique. Determination of the number of samples using Isaac and Michael formula with a 95% confidence level, so that obtained at least 131 samples from 208 members of the population. The results of this study indicate: (1) There are 9 factors that influence the Friends and Parents, Interests and Motivation, Ideals and Profession of Parents, Ability, Teacher and Parents, School Environment, Perception, and Interest and Achievement. The most dominant factor affecting is Friends and Parents with an eigenvalue of 6,922 which can explain the variant variation of 24.723% of cumulative variance percentage of 71,675%.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CARING AMONG ELDERLY WITH END OF LIFE

The elderly pottentially getting multimorbid disease and chronic disease. Chronic disease through the elderly need an end of life care. The purpose of this study was to found the factors related to the perceptions of end of life care using health belief models. Design of these study was explanatory survey with cross sectional approached. The samples were 118 elderlies in Puskesmas Jatikalen area, Nganjuk Regency. Independent variables were demography (age and gender), sosiopsychological (social class), structural (knowledge), perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. Dependent variable was end of life care. Data were collected by interview using questionnaire. Data were analyzed using chi square. Factors related to end of life care in the elderly were age (p value = 0.049), gender (p value = 0.001), social class (p value = 0.002), knowledge (p value = 0.0048), perceived susceptibility (p-value = 0.039), perceived seriousness (p-value = 0.025), perceived benefits (p-value = 0.000), and perceived barriers (p-value = 0.000). The factors related to the end of life care are age, gender, social class, knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. This study was recommended to apply to the elderly with chronic illnesses, especially at community. Keywords: end of life care, elderly, health belief model
Phacoemulsification versus manual small incision cataract surgery for treatment of cataract

Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of sutureless scleral tunnel manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) on the postoperative astigmatism in comparison with the effect of phacoemulsification. Background Nonphaco sutureless cataract extraction retains most of the advantages of phacoemulsification with comparable visual outcome and is affordable. Materials and methods Phacoemulsification and MSICS were performed in 20 eyes of 20 patients. Both techniques were performed at the Department of Ophthalmology, Menoufia University Hospital, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. The study was conducted between 1 September 2011 and 28 February 2013. The outcome was evaluated in both techniques in terms of early visual rehabilitation, surgically induced astigmatism, and final best-corrected visual acuity. Results Of the 20 patients who underwent phacoemulsification, 60% were male patients and 40% were female patients. Of the 20 patients who underwent MSICS, 45% were male patients and 55% were female patients. Both surgical techniques achieved excellent visual outcomes with low complication rates. The initial visual recovery on the first postoperative day was better in the patients who underwent phacoemulsification, with the uncorrected visual acuity better than or equal to 6/18 in 75% of the patients, whereas the percentage was 60% in the MSICS group. The initial difference was nearly equalized within 4 weeks. At the sixth month, 85% of the patients in the MSICS group had uncorrected visual acuity better than or equal to 6/18 versus 90% of the patients in the phacoemulsification group. The surgically induced astigmatism at the sixth month was comparable in both techniques, 1.18 ΁ 0.2 D in the phacoemulsification group versus 1.2 ΁ 0.23 D in the MSICS group. Conclusion Both phacoemulsification and MSICS achieved excellent visual outcomes with low complication rates. MSICS is less technology dependent; hence, it is less expensive and more appropriate for treatment of advanced cataracts prevalent in the developing world.
Serum YKL-40 is elevated in children with pneumonia and RSV infection

Background Associations between levels of the chitinase-like protein YKL-40 ( CHI3L1 ) and airway inflammation and remodeling have been shown in adults (Chupp et al. NEJM 2007;357:2016-27) and children (Konradsen et al. JACI 2013; 132:328-35) with asthma. Aim As certain infecting pathogens may be associated with the later development of asthma, we aimed to further investigate the involvement of YKL-40 in asthma by analysing levels in children with different airway infections. Methods Blood was obtained from children with acute rhinovirus (RV)-induced bronchial obstruction (6 mth-4 yr, n=19), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced bronchiolitis ( CHI3L1 rs4950928 genotype. Results Serum YKL-40 was higher in children with pneumonia and RSV, compared to controls, but unaltered in those with RV. We also confirm that CHI3L1 rs4950928 genotype significantly affects YKL-40 levels whereby the -131 CC allele was associated with elevated serum YKL-40 in the patient groups examined (CC>CG>GG, p Conclusion We show that invasive airway infections, such as bacterial pneumonia and RSV-induced bronchiolitis, are characterized by increased levels of serum YKL-40 in children. This finding further supports the clinical utility of YKL-40 as a biomarker in airway diseases.
Typical and atypical clinical signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction and delayed seeking of professional care among blacks

BACKGROUND Despite the fact that the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction is inversely related to the time between the onset of signs and symptoms and definitive therapy, long delays in seeking treatment have been reported consistently. A variety of reasons for the delays have been suggested. Because such delays are associated with longer hospital stays and higher mortality and morbidity, interventions that reduce delays are especially important. PURPOSE To examine research on patients with myocardial infarction who delay seeking professional treatment and the factors related to the delay, and to review studies indicating that black patients have premonitory clinical signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction and changes in the structure and function of the cardiovascular system that are different from those in whites. METHODS Studies were reviewed by using MEDLINE and by doing a manual search of relevant research journals in cardiovascular, nursing, and behavioral medicine published since 1970. Data published by the United States Department of Health and Human Services and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research were also reviewed. RESULTS Although the lengths of the delays have varied considerably, blacks have generally experienced longer delays than whites between acute onset of signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction and arrival at the emergency department. Studies show that black patients have a lower incidence of classic chest pain or discomfort but an increased incidence of dyspnea, whereas white patients are much more likely to complain of chest pain. CONCLUSION Culturally sensitive public education about typical and atypical premonitory clinical signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction and the significance of early treatment of myocardial infarction in blacks is needed.
Prevalence and bacterial susceptibility of hospital acquired urinary tract infection

PURPOSE: Urinary tract infection is the most common nosocomially acquired infection. It is important to know the etiology and antibiotic susceptibility infectious agents to guide the initial empirical treatment. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of bacterial strains and their antibiotic susceptibility in nosocomially acquired urinary tract infection in a university hospital between January and June 2003. METHODS: We analyzed the data of 188 patients with positive urine culture (= 105 colony-forming units/mL) following a period of 48 hours after admission. RESULTS: Half of patients were male. Mean age was 50.26 ± 22.7 (SD), range 3 months to 88 years. Gram-negative bacteria were the agent in approximately 80% of cases. The most common pathogens were E. coli (26%), Klebsiella sp. (15%), P. aeruginosa (15%) and Enterococcus sp. (11%). The overall bacteria susceptibility showed that the pathogens were more sensible to imipenem (83%), second or third generation cephalosporin and aminoglycosides; and were highly resistant to ampicillin (27%) and cefalothin (30%). It is important to note the low susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (42%) and norfloxacin (43%). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that if one can not wait the results of urine culture, the best choices to begin empiric treatment are imipenem, second or third generation cephalosporin and aminoglycosides. Cefalothin and ampicillin are quite ineffective to treat these infections.
Hubungan antara Fungsi Keluarga dan Kualitas Hidup Lansia

Background: Family is the smallest unit of a society. Health status of family member is inter-related with various problem faced by other family members. In theory, family function disorder may cause health problem of the family members. The current increasing number of the elderly leads to problem in the health and function in the elderly. This study aimed to examine the association between family function and the quality of life of the elderly. Methods: This was an analitic-observasional cross sectional study. A sample of 41 old people aged 60 years or older was selected from Kelompok Jantung Sehat Surya Group Kediri. The dependent variable under study was quality of life of the elderly. The independent variable under study was family function. The confounding factor to control for included age, sex, type of family, and employment status. The variables were pre-tested for its validity and reliability. The data were analyzed by use of chi square and multiple logistic regression, on SPSS 17.0. Results: Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that elderly who came from a well-functioning family had 25 times higher probalility to have better quality of life than those who came from poorlyfunctioning family (OR = 24.9, p = 0.040 ; CI 95% 1.2 to 533.0). Conclusion: Family function has strong positive association with quality of life of the elderly. Family doctors are recommended to provide information and education to families in order to increase family function. Keywords: family function, quality of life, elderly.
Overpassivization of English Unaccusatives Revisited: A Look Behind the Scenes

Choi, Jungeun. 2019. Overpassivization of English unaccusatives revisited: A look behind the scenes. Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics 19-3, 407-431. This paper examines what causes Korean learners of English to struggle to acquire English unaccusative constructions by investigating the learners’ decisions in a grammaticality judgment test. Unlike other related studies, this paper took a closer look behind the test results in order to reveal what lies in learners’ overpassivization of these forms. It also considered differences among English language proficiency levels in the sources of overpassivization errors. A total of 67 Korean learners of English participated in the study, and some of them were asked for a retrospective interview based on their answers in the test. The results showed that overpassivization depended on the inherent verb types and the presence of passive morphemes in L1 translation. Moreover, the effects of such factors differed according to L2 proficiency. As for the learners’ underlying mechanism for the construction, three primary causes were found: the conceptual presence of external causers, the inanimacy of the subject, the knowledge of lexical items. Based on the results, pedagogical implications are suggested.
Eat your greens: the Scottish consumer's perspective on fruit and vegetables

The diet of people in Scotland is agreed to be low in fruit and vegetables. In the light of recent World Health Organization recommendations to eat five portions of fruit and vegetables a day, a study of Scottish meal-providers was carried out, to assess the consumers' perspective on the new guidelines. The survey was qualitative, consisting of eight discussion groups in five centres throughout Scotland. This paper discusses: the influence of shopping patterns with reference to constraints of time and money; consumer reaction to the idea of five portions of fruit and vegetables per day in the light of existing perceptions about portion size and meal composition; perceived barriers to change in diet, and ways to improve the Scottish diet.
Emergent interprofessionalism: an exploratory study of health graduates' transition into contemporary professional practice

ii List of Figures . vii List of Tables . vii Attestation of authorship . viii Acknowledgements . ix Ethics approval . x Chapter One Introduction . 1 1.1 Background . 5 1.1.1 Contemporary health care contexts . 6 1.1.2 Focus on practice . 9 1.1.3 Focus on education . 13 1.1. 4 New Zealand health context . 15 1.2 Positioning the researcher . 17 1.3 Positioning the research . 21 Chapter Two Literature Review . 25 2.
Cardiac Biomarkers in End-Stage Renal Disease

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) often suffer from cardiovascular complications and comorbidities. For example, 55% of ESRD patients suffer from congestive heart failure (CHF) and cardiovascular diseases account for the majority of deaths among ESRD patients (Herzog, Ma, & Collins, 1998; National Institutes of Health; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; Bethesda, 2007). It is, therefore, of great importance to diagnose the underlying cardiac pathologies and to provide accurate risk stratification in ESRD patients. Over the years, a number of accurate and sensitive biochemical markers have been introduced that have greatly advanced the diagnosis and risk stratification of cardiovascular diseases. The most prominent of these biochemical markers are the cardiac troponins (cTn, either T or I) and the brain natriuretic peptides (BNPs) and their use has revolutionized the diagnosis and risk stratification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and CHF respectively (A. S. Maisel et al., 2002; Thygesen, Alpert, & White, 2007). However, in the setting of ESRD, cardiac troponin concentrations can be elevated in the absence of apparent cardiac damage or clinical symptoms (Apple, Murakami, Pearce, & Herzog, 2004; Aviles et al., 2002; C. deFilippi et al., 2003; Havekes et al., 2006; Sommerer, Beimler, et al., 2007). Similarly, BNP and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) concentrations are virtually always increased in ESRD patients (Apple et al., 2004; Madsen et al., 2007). The presence of such continuously elevated cardiac troponin, BNP and NT-proBNP concentrations can interfere with their diagnostic and prognostic potential in ESRD patients (David et al., 2008; Pimenta et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2007). In this chapter, we will elaborate on the frequency of these cardiac biomarker elevations and discuss the underlying mechanisms behind them. In addition, we discuss the diagnostic and prognostic impact of these elevations and present approaches to improve the usefulness of cTn, BNP and NT-proBNP measurements.