Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Full Issue

ing and Indexing: Articles appearing in The Condor: Ornithological Applications are abstracted and indexed in the databases listed online at www.aoucospubs. org/page/mission. The Condor: Ornithological Applications (ISSN 0010-5422, e-ISSN 1938-5129) is published online weekly by the Cooper Ornithological Society at www.aoucospubs. org and is printed quarterly. Periodicals postage paid at Waco, TX and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Condor: Ornithological Applications, OSNA Business Office, 5400 Bosque Blvd., Suite 680, Waco, TX 76710; business@osnabirds.org. Printed quarterly by Allen Press on Forest Stewardship Council® certified paper. Volume 116, Issue 4, November 2014 DOI: 10.1650/CONDOR-2014.116. 4.TOC
Species Richness and Pollen Loads of Hummingbirds Using Forest Fragments in Southern Costa Rica1

Abstract In many areas of the humid tropics, relatively small patches of forest is the habitat most commonly available for forest-dwelling organisms. To assess resident hummingbird use of forest fragments near the Las Cruces Biological Station in southwestern Costa Rica, we mist-netted birds in five fragments (0.3–20 ha; ca 1300 m elev.) and the station's 226-ha forest preserve (ca 900–1280 m elev.). From January 1994 through mid-March 1999, we recorded 1069 captures of 21 hummingbird species during 49,900 net hours. Species richness, diversity indices, and capture rates increased asymptotically with patch size, as expected. We captured 16 hummingbird species in both the largest fragment (20 ha) and in the nearby forest preserve. Non-forest hummingbirds did not occur more frequently in the fragments than in the preserve, and all fragments supported a mixture of forest-interior and canopy-dwelling hummingbird species, along with a diverse group of hummingbird-pollinated plants. Phaethornis guy was common at all sites and visited >13 plant species in the fragments during the 1998 dry season (based on analyses of pollen collected from the birds' heads). In contrast, Eutoxeres aquila was found at only the largest three sites (10, 20, and 226 ha) and carried pollen from only one plant species during the 1998 dry season. Lampornis castaneoventris, a high-elevation hummingbird species, was far more common in the fragments than in the preserve, while three species typically found at lower elevations were rare in the fragments and common in the preserve. These distribution patterns could be influenced by local climatic differences because the fragments are higher and receive more cloud mist and annual precipitation than the preserve. Our data show that pollen loads on hummingbird species vary, and this has implications for gene flow among hummingbird-pollinated plants. Although our results are consistent with previous reports that hummingbird species may be less affected by deforestation than insectivorous avian species such as army ant followers, it is important to note that from the perspective of the genetics and demographics of hummingbird-pollinated plants, the important issue is whether appropriate pollinator species are able to move plant propagules among subpopulations of plants in fragmented landscapes. We conclude that the biodiversity of tropical forest fragments as small as 10 to 20 ha is high enough to warrant long-term preservation of these areas, especially if they are located near larger tracts of forest.
New or Otherwise Interesting Records of Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi from Belarus. II.

Abstract: Tsurykau, A. , Suija, A. , Heuchert, B. & Kukwa, M. 2016. New or otherwise interesting records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Belarus. II. — Herzogia 29: 164–175. Data on 17 species of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi from Belarus are presented, of which three lichens (Fuscidea pusilla, Protoparmelia hypotremella, and Ropalospora viridis) and 13 lichenicolous fungi (Abrothallus cladoniae, Acremonium lichenicola, Arthonia coronata, Epicladonia simplex, Intralichen lichenicola, Lichenochora obscuroides, Lichenoconium erodens, L. lecanorae, L. pyxidatae, Lichenosticta alcicornaria, Lichenostigma alpinum, Pyrenochaeta xanthoriae, and Syzygospora physciacearum) are new to the country. The facultatively lichenicolous fungus Taeniolina scripta is reported on lichens for the first time from Belarus.
Use-history Effects on Structure and Flora of Caatinga1

Floristic composition and vegetation structure of plants 3 cm stem diameter or greater were compared at four sites in the Agreste of Paraı́ba, Brazil: (1) little disturbed for five decades (LD); (2) grazed fragment, selectively logged 16 years before sampling (GF); (3) naturally regrowing for 30 years after 39 years of agriculture (OR); and (4) naturally regrowing for 20 years after 35 years of agriculture plus 15 years of pasture (NR). Cattle graze frequently in the last three sites but very seldom in LD. The little disturbed site had more species (53) than the other three sites (36, 25, and 11 species in GF, OG, and NG, respectively) and also more (3253, 2780, 2780, and 2115 plants/ha) and larger plants (34.8, 26.8, 18.6, and 7.8 m2/ha), including taller tree species (up to 15 m) absent in the other sites (maximum height: 14, 6, and 5 m). Differences were striking in relation to NR, the site with longer use and shorter regrowth period, which was strongly dominated by only two species: Mimosa tenuiflora (73% relative density and 81% basal area) and Piptadenia stipulacea (21% relative density and 16% basal area). These results indicate that abandoned agricultural sites may take several decades to reestablish vegetation similar to the original.
A Review of Biomechanic and Aerodynamic Considerations of the Avian Thoracic Limb

The wings are the most important part of the flight apparatus of a bird and consist of feathers, bones, muscles, nerves, and patagial skin flaps. The complex kinematics of wing beats and the perfect control of aerodynamics make avian flight possible. An impaired flight can be viewed as an avian lameness; therefore, a better understanding of avian locomotion can help to diagnose and to evaluate the avian patient, especially when perfect flight is required for release of wild birds. Every condition affecting a specific part of the wing can lead to serious biomechanic and aerodynamic consequences during flight. This review summarizes wing mechanics that might be of clinical relevance for avian practitioners considering the current experimental and theoretical scientific knowledge available on avian flight in conjunction with observations of birds in various wildlife centers.
Patterns of Richness and Abundance in a Tropical African Leaf-litter Herpetofauna1

Abstract I compared species richness and habitat correlates of leaf-litter herpetofaunal abundance in undisturbed and selectively logged forests, and an abandoned pine plantation in Kibale National Park, Uganda. I sampled 50 randomly located 25 m2 litter plots in each area during the wet and dry seasons in 1997. Ten anuran, five lizard, and three snake species were captured in plots over the study. Assemblage composition was most similar at logged and unlogged sites. The logged forest herpetofauna had higher species richness and abundance than the unlogged forest, but diversity was greater in the unlogged forest due to greater evenness. In contrast, the pine plantation site had the highest richness, abundance, and evenness of the three study sites, but species composition was distinct from the other areas. Herpetofaunal densities were significantly lower in all three areas during the dry season than in the wet season. During the dry season, soil moisture, litter mass, topography, shrub cover, and number of fallen logs were significant positive predictors of herpetofaunal presence in litter plots, but only soil moisture was significant in the wet season. The interaction of moisture and topography appears to be important in determining seasonal patterns of litter herpetofaunal distribution. Comparison of litter herpetofaunal studies across the tropics have shown that mid-elevation faunas generally support fewer species than lowland faunas. Compared with other tropical mid-elevation litter faunas, Kibale supports an intermediate number of species, but at lower densities than observed at any other mid-elevation site reported in the literature.
Fruit Characteristics of Species Dispersed by the Black Lemur (Eulemur macaco) in the Lokobe Forest, Madagascar1

Abstract I describe the fruit characteristics of species closely associated with black lemur seed dispersal (i.e., species that are often dispersed by the black lemur and only dispersed by the black lemur in the Lokobe Forest). A black lemur group was habituated and observed during the day and night for all months of the year (total 1272 h). When fruits were eaten, the plant species was identified, the maturity of the fruit and treatment of the seeds noted, and the fruit described in terms of ripe fruit color, husk thickness, fruit length, and seed length and width. Black lemur feces were searched for seeds; these were identified and signs of damage noted. Other potential dispersers feeding on the fruits of species eaten by the black lemur were also noted. The black lemurs were seen eating the fruits of 70 species. Of these, 51 species were defined as closely associated with black lemur dispersal and 16 species had seeds that were either often preyed upon or wasted by the black lemur, or were seen being eaten by other potential seed dispersers. Fruits of species in the former group were often dull colored (94% of species); rarely less than 1 cm long (6%); rarely had seeds less than 0.1 cm long or less than 0.1 cm wide (2 and 4%, respectively); never had seeds more than 4 cm long or greater than 2 cm wide; and quite often had either thick husks (49%) or thin husks (51%). In contrast, the fruits of the latter group were often brightly colored (75% of species) and nearly always had a thin husk (94%). Also, this latter group included more small and very large fruits and seeds than the former group. Fruit characteristics significantly associated with the former group were: dull color, thick husk, fruit length greater than 2 cm, seed length 1–4 cm, and seed width 1–2 cm. The extent to which these traits are the result of coevolution between plants and the guild of lemur dispersers that includes the black lemur is not clear, but a coevolved lemur–fruit syndrome remains a possibility.
Learning To Plan And Planning To Learn

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Lectin Binding of the Major Polar Tube Protein (PTP1) and its Role in Invasion

Microsporidia are important parasitic eukaryotic organisms that can infect invertebrates, insects, fish and mammals. While the majority of reported cases of human microsporidiosis involve diarrhea, the spectrum of diseases caused by these organisms includes keratoconjunctivitis, disseminated disease, hepatitis, myositis, sinusitis, nephritis, prostatitis, and cholangitis [8,11]. There are over 144 genera and 1200 described species of microsporidia. Recent molecular phylogeny suggests that the Microsporidia are related to fungi [5,10]. All of the microsporidia contain a unique invasion organelle consisting of a single polar tube, polaroplast and anchoring disc [11]. Upon appropriate stimulation the polar tube is rapidly discharged out of the spore forming a hollow tube through which the sporoplasm passes. The mechanism of the interaction(s) of the polar tube with the host cell membrane remains to be determined. Polar tubes are resistant to dissociation in detergents and acids, but thiol-reducing agents will dissociate polar tubes into their component proteins [11]. We have previously isolated and characterized polar tube proteins (PTPs) using these solubility characteristics [6]. The major polar tube protein (PTP1) of Encephalitozoon hellem was purified to homogeneity from solubilized PTPs using HPLC [6]. This protein was cloned and found to be a proline-rich protein with a predicted mass of 43 kDa [6]. On SDS-PAGE, however, EhPTP1 appears as a broad 55-kDa band [6]. Several potential Nand Olinked glycosylation sites are predicted based on the primary amino acid analysis. Post-translational glycosylation of this protein may be responsible for its aberrant SDS-PAGE migration. Such post-translational modifications may be important for the function of PTP1. We, therefore, undertook a study of the lectin binding of purified polar tube proteins.
A Molecular Biologic Study of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in HIV-Infected Patients in Lima, Peru

Abstract A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the genotype distribution of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in HIV-infected patients who visited two government hospitals in Lima, Peru from January 2000 through March 2003. Microsporidia were detected by microscopy in 105 (3.9%) of 2,672 patients. A total of 212 stool samples from 89 microsporidia-positive patients were genotyped by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene. A 392-bp fragment containing the complete ITS region was amplified and sequenced. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis of these ITS sequences identified 11 distinct genotypes of E. bieneusi (Peru-1 to Peru-11), 6 of which were new genotypes not reported before. The remaining 5 genotypes had nucleotide sequences identical to those previously reported in humans, cats, pigs, and wild mammals. All the 11 E. bieneusi-genotypes identified are genetically related, and members of the group have been previously found in humans, domestic animals, and some wild mammals. Thus, there is a high genetic diversity of E. bieneusi in humans in Peru, and zoonotic transmission is possible if humans are in close contact with infected animals.
Pneumocystis Colonization in HIV-Infected Patients

LAURENCE HUANG, KRISTINA CROTHERS, ALISON MORRIS, GENA GRONER, MELISSA FOX, JOAN R. TURNER, CYNTHIA MERRIFIELD, SHARY EISER, PATRIZIA ZUCCHI and CHARLES B. BEARD Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Positive Health Program, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, and Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
Guidelines for Authors

REFERENCING IN THE TEXT Direct reference, no quote Black feminists such as King (1988), among others, have given primacy to race. lndirect reference, no quote Most prominent is the recognition that these categories reflect binary oppositions (Mohanty, 1988). Direct reference, with quote These arguments are closely linked to what Stanley and Wise (1992:357) call the 'epistemological privilege of the oppressed'. lndirect reference (following direct reference), with quote They call these arguments the 'epistemological privilege of the oppressed' (1992:357). lndirect reference (isolated), with quote These arguments are closely linked to what has been called the 'epistemological privilege of the oppressed' (Stanley and Wise, 1992:357). Author quoted from another work 'Feminism defines itself as a political instance' (De Lauretis, in Mohanty, 1992:357). More than two authors These findings are in line with other findings on role strain of employed mothers (Khaleque et al, 1988). Newspaper or magazine references Married women with high salaries will pay up to 45 percent higher PAYE (Sunday Tribune. July 6. 1986).
Industry Characteristics and FDI Induced Technology Spillovers

While the literature has explored the relationship between FDI and productivity, a consensus has yet to be reached regarding FDI’s impacts on the productivity of local companies in developing host countries. Motivated by various results in the literature, this paper tries to specify the conditions under which industries enjoy horizontal, backward, or forward technology spillovers. Previous works have begun to consider the possibility that technology spillovers may vary depending on foreign affiliate characteristics. Our analysis extends this research and sheds light on the necessity of distinguishing local establishment characteristics when discussing potential benefits from FDI. The results show that horizontal and backward spillovers can occur simultaneously when hosting FDI. However, in order to enjoy forward spillovers, the host government needs to attract FDI in industries different from the industries that enjoy horizontal and backward spillovers. JEL classification: F2; O1; O3
Paleolithic Adaptations and Settlement in Cantabrian Spain

Since 1965 several key problems in human prehistory have come into sharp focus in Western Europe. One of these problems is the nature of the replacement of Neanderthal people by anatomically modern Homo sapiens sapiens. The classic hypothesis favored a sudden replacement of indigenous European Neanderthalers by immigrant, modem humans from.the east (Howell 1951; Vallois 1954). Another position argues for an autochthonous transformation within Europe, involving polyphyletic evolution from Neanderthalers to modern Homo sapiens (Brace 1964; Wolpoff 1981; see also Smith 1982). Common, current interpretations see the evolution of Homo sapiens sapiens among 0 progressive" Neanderthalers in the Near East, probably influenced by other, archaic sapiens populations in Africa or Asia, with a subsequent; progressive replacement in Europe (Howells 1976; Trinkaus and Howells 1979; Stringer 1982; Stringer et al. 1984; Brauer 1984). The evidence from Central Europe suggests the need for less rigid positions: although the case in favor of Neanderthaler-modern Homo sapiens continuity is ambiguous, it is becoming increasingly difficult to deny a significant contribution of Neanderthalers to the gene pool of modern Europeans; possible the transition was catalyzed by the flow of "progressive" genes into Europe, but without a large-scale population influx (Smith 1984). The second problem centers around interpretation of the several stone tool assemblages labeled as Mousterian and, at least in Europe, generally attributed
The Use of Portfolios in Preservice Teacher Education A Critical Appraisal

Portfolios are now extensively used throughout the education system from elementary schools to institutions of higher education. They are used to document and assess students’ learning, teachers’ teaching, and the working of schools and programs. They are part of the process of making decisions on licensure, certification, hiring, promotion and tenure, and program accreditation. Other than the dossiers compiled by higher education faculty members for promotion and tenure or by the few teachers nominated for an award, the use of portfolios in education is a fairly recent phenomenon. In this chapter, we focus exclusively on portfolios in preservice teacher education programs. To understand how and why they are used in this context, however, as well as their meanings and purposes, we first retrace the history of portfolio in education and analyze the first teaching portfolios developed for the purpose of assessing practicing teachers. Following a review of the portfolio literature to clarify differences in portfolio practices and the claims that have been made regarding their use, we raise a number of issues related to whether practicing teacher assessment portfolios constitute a useful model for preservice teacher education programs. We then present and contrast two cases purposefully selected to highlight differences in teacher education use of portfolios. Finally, we comment on how portfolios might be ideally envisioned in preservice teacher education.
Molecular characterization of soil bacteria for improving crop yield in Pakistan.

Nine Gram positive bacterial strains designated as RH-1 to RH-9 were isolated from legumes rhizospheric soil and characterized for plant growth promoting (PGP) activities in legume and cereal crops as well as detailed morphological, phenotypic and biochemical studies. The strains were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and chemotaxonomic traits. Based on comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the strains showed highest similarity (97.9–99.8%) to the genus Bacillus. In vitro growth promoting assay indicated that the strain RH-5 proved potential PGPR by solubilizing highest amount of inorganic P (141 μg mL), positive for nifH gene (+) and produced indole acetic acid (IAA; 0.82 μg mL ) followed by strain RH-2. Phosphorus solubilization in broth culture was associated with significant drop in pH by the strain RH-5 from 7.0 to 4.8. These two strains were further evaluated for plant growth promotion in beans (mung bean; Vigna radiate, mash bean; Vigna mungo) and wheat (Triticum aestivium) under axenic condition. The strain RH-5 proved the best PGPR by increasing crops biomass and grains (wheat; 40-45%, beans; 50%) over un-inoculated control. The chemotaxonomic data (pre dominant menaquinone system: MK-7, DNA G + C content: 40-41 mol%, major cellular fatty acid: anteiso-C15:0) also supported the affiliation of both strains to the genus Bacillus. Phenotypic characterization showed that the strain RH-5 tolerated temperature: 50C, pH: 10 and NaCl: 9%. Phylogenic and genotypic analysis showed the association of strains RH-5 and RH-2 with genus Bacillus having single phylitic lines to Bacilus gibsonii and Bacillus subtilis.
Configuration of the CV 2 X Mode 4 Sidelink PC 5 Interface for Vehicular Communications

The 3GPP has released the C-V2X standard to support V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) communications using the LTE sidelink PC5 interface. This standard includes two modes of operation, and this study focuses on the Mode 4. This mode does not require the support of the cellular infrastructure, and vehicles can autonomously select their sub-channels for their V2V transmissions. The adequate operation of C-V2X Mode 4 requires a careful configuration of its main parameters. This study analyzes the optimum configuration of the parameters that mostly influence the operation and performance of C-V2X or LTE-V Mode 4. This analysis is conducted for different channel loads and traffic conditions. The conclusions obtained are compared with existing studies taking into account the importance of using accurate models for adequately configuring the C-V2X Mode 4 interface. Keywords— Cellular V2X, C-V2X, LTE-V, LTE-V2X, PC5, V2V, vehicular networks, sidelink, semi-persistent scheduling, connected vehicles, automated vehicles, 5G V2X.
Application of SVM Models for Classification of Welded Joints

: Classification algorithm based on the support vector method (SVM) was used in this paper to classify welded joints in two categories, one being good (+1) and the other bad (−1) welded joints. The main aim was to classify welded joints by using recorded sound signals obtained within the MAG welding process, to apply appropriate preprocessing methods (filtering, processing) and then to analyze them by the SVM. This paper proves that machine learning, in this specific case of the support vector methods (SVM) with appropriate input conditions, can be efficiently applied in assessment, i.e. in classification of welded joints, as in this case, in two categories. The basic mathematical structure of the machine learning algorithm is presented by means of the support vector method.