Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microvascular obstruction by intracoronary delivery of mesenchymal stem cells and quantification of resulting myocardial infarction by cardiac magnetic resonance.

Intracoronary injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been proposed as a potential therapeutic option in repair of the ischemic- or infarct-damaged heart. However, because MSCs are large (rounded up cells are ≈22 to 25 μm diameter), an important consideration of this approach is the potential of these cells to induce myocardial damage by microvascular obstruction as has been reported previously.1 We present cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) images, with corresponding biochemical and histological data from 2 healthy sheep in which 25 or 75×106 MSCs were injected through an over-the-wire balloon catheter into the mid left anterior descending coronary artery with the balloon inflated briefly before and during the infusion of the cell suspension. The MSC had been prepared as described previously and filtered with a 20-μm filter.2 Serial troponin levels were measured for 24 hours and, weight-adjusted gadolinium (Multihance; 0.1 mmol/kg) was injected 45 minutes before …
Role of Mg2+ and pH in the modification of Salmonella lipid A after endocytosis by macrophage tumour cells

Lipid A of Salmonella typhimurium is covalently modified with additional acyl and/or polar substituents in response to activation of the PhoP/PhoQ and/or PmrA/PmrB signalling systems, which are induced by growth at low Mg2+ concentrations and mild acid pH respectively. Although these conditions are thought to exist within macrophage phagolysosomes, no direct evidence for lipid A modification after endocytosis has been presented. To address this issue, we grew S. typhimurium inside RAW264.7 cells in the presence of 32Pi, and then isolated the labelled lipid A fraction, which was found to be extensively derivatized with phosphoethanolamine, aminoarabinose, 2‐hydroxymyristate and/or palmitate moieties. S. typhimurium grown in tissue culture medium synthesized lipid A molecules lacking all these substituents with the exception of the 2‐hydroxymyristate chain, which was still present. Using defined minimal media to simulate the intracellular pH and Mg2+ concentrations of endosomes, we found that lipid A of S. typhimurium grown in an acidic, low‐Mg2+ medium closely resembled lipid A isolated from bacteria internalized by RAW264.7 cells. A subset of S. typhimurium lipid A modifications were induced by low Mg2+ alone. Escherichia coli K‐12 W3110 modified its lipid A molecules in response to growth under acidic but not low‐Mg2+ conditions. Growth in a high‐Mg2+, mildly alkaline medium resulted in suppression of most lipid A modifications with the exception of the 2‐hydroxymyristate in S. typhimurium. Although lpxO transcription was stimulated by growth on low Mg2+, the biosynthesis of lipid A species containing 2‐hydroxymyristate was independent of PhoP/PhoQ and PmrA/PmrB in S. typhimurium. Our labelling methods should be applicable to studies of lipid A modifications induced by endocytosis of diverse bacteria.
Borrelia burgdorferi migrates into joint capsules and causes an up-regulation of interleukin-8 in synovial membranes of dogs experimentally infected with ticks

Twenty 6-week-old specific-pathogen-free beagles were infected with Borrelia burgdorferi by tick challenge, and five uninfected dogs served as controls. During the study, all dogs were monitored for infection, clinical signs, and antibody response against B. burgdorferi. During episodes of lameness or postmortem, synovial fluids from each dog were examined for volume, cell number, polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) content, cell viability, and chemotactic activity. Twenty-five tissues collected postmortem from each dog were tested for interleukin-8 (IL-8) mRNA, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA, presence of live spirochetes, and histopathological changes. Thirteen infected dogs (group A), which seroconverted rapidly (maximum titers within 50 to 90 days), developed acute and severe mono- or oligoarthritis almost exclusively in the limb closest to the tick bite (median incubation period, 66 days). Synovial fluids of the arthritic joints collected during episodes of lameness had significantly elevated volume, cell count, PMN proportion, cell viability, and chemotactic activity for PMNs. The remaining joints of the same animals contained synovial fluids with elevated chemotactic activity and cell viability. Twelve dogs tested positive for IL-8 mRNA in multiple tissues (synovia, pericardium, and peritoneum), and 10 dogs expressed TNF-alpha mRNA, but only in the tributary lymph nodes of the inflamed joints. Histological examinations revealed severe poly- or oligoarthritis and moderate to severe cortical hyperplasia in draining lymph nodes of the inflamed joints in all 13 dogs. Seven infected dogs with mild or no clinical signs (group B) seroconverted slowly (peak titers after 90 days), and only some joint fluids showed chemotactic activity, which on average was lower than that in inflamed and noninflamed joints from dogs in group A. Four dogs expressed IL-8 mRNA (in the synovia and pericardium), and three dogs had TNF-alpha mRNA in tributary lymph nodes. Histologically, nonsuppurative arthritis was found in multiple joints, and mild to moderate cortical hyperplasia was found in draining lymph nodes. Five uninfected dogs without lameness (group C) had normal synovial fluids and tissues. In all infected dogs, live spirochetes were demonstrated more frequently in tissues of the somatic quadrant closest to the tick bite than in tissues further from the site of infection, suggesting that dissemination of B. burgdorferi occurs more by migration than by blood-borne spread. From these studies employing a canine model of B. burgdorferi infection, we conclude that IL-8 is involved in the pathogenesis of acute Lyme arthritis.
Gyrification patterns in monozygotic twin pairs varying in discordance for autism

In order to disentangle genetic and environmental contributions to cortical anomalies in children with autism, we investigated cortical folding patterns in a cohort of 14 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs who displayed a range of phenotypic discordance for autism, and 14 typically developing community controls. Cortical folding was assessed with the gyrification index, which was calculated on high resolution anatomic MR images. We found that the cortical folding patterns across most lobar regions of the cerebral cortex was highly discordant within MZ twin pairs. In addition, children with autism and their co‐twins exhibited increased cortical folding in the right parietal lobe, relative to age‐ and gender‐matched typical developing children. Increased folding in the right parietal lobe was associated with more symptoms of autism for co‐twins. Finally, the robust association between cortical folding and IQ observed in typical children was not observed in either children with autism or their co‐twins. These findings, which contribute to our understanding of the limits of genetic liability in autism, suggest that anomalies in the structural integrity of the cortex in this PDD may disrupt the association between cortical folding and intelligence that has been reported in typical individuals, and may account, in part, for the deficits in visual spatial attention and in social cognition that have been reported in children with autism.
Reduced Cortical Synaptic Plasticity and GluR1 Expression Associated with Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Deficiency

Lack of expression of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), due to silencing of the FMR1 gene, causes the Fragile X syndrome. Although FMRP was characterized previously to be an RNA binding protein, little is known about its function or the mechanisms underlying the Fragile X syndrome. Here we report that the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor subunit, GluR1, was decreased in the cortical synapses, but not in the hippocampus or cerebellum, of FMR1 gene knockout mice. Reduced long-term potentiation (LTP) was also found in the cortex but not in the hippocampus. Another RNA binding protein, FXR; the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit, NR2; and other learning-related proteins including c-fos, synapsin, myelin proteolipid protein, and cAMP response element binding protein were not different between FMR1 gene knockout and wild-type mice. These findings suggest that the depressed cortical GluR1 expression and LTP associated with FMRP deficiency could contribute to the Fragile X phenotype.
A comparison of the results of carpal tunnel release in patients in different age groups.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The age of the patient at the onset of the disease may influence its course and outcome of the treatment. The objective of this study was to compare outcomes of carpal tunnel release in patients in different age ranges. MATERIAL AND METHODS The records from the register of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome who were operated on in the authors' department over a period of two years (between 2009 and 2011) were analyzed. A total of 386 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, 322 female (83%) and 64 male (17%) with a mean age of 57 (range: 30-81) years were divided into three sub-groups according to their age: 40 years or less (n = 28), 41-65 years (n = 248) and over 65 years (n = 73). All patients received mini-open carpal tunnel release. The results were assessed at 6 months after the operation by the Levine questionnaire and measurements of grip and pinch strengths as well as sensation of a light touch by the filament test. RESULTS At the six-month follow-up, all patients showed significant resolution of symptoms as assessed by the Levine symptom score (from 3.3 to 1.4) and significant improvement of the dexterity of the hand, as assessed by the Levine function score (from 3.0-3.2 to 1.6-1.8). All patients showed significant improvement of sensation of a light touch and in-crease of grip and pinch strengths. However, patients older than 60 years showed less improvement of the total grip strength of the hand. CONCLUSION Patients with carpal tunnel syndrome at any age may expect a similar benefit from surgery.
Griscelli syndrome: a model system to study vesicular trafficking

Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in either the myosin VA (GS1), RAB27A (GS2) or melanophilin (GS3) genes. The three GS subtypes are commonly characterized by pigment dilution of the skin and hair, due to defects involving melanosome transport in melanocytes. Here, we review how detailed studies concerning GS have contributed to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in vesicle transport and membrane trafficking processes. Additionally, we demonstrate that the identification and biological analysis of novel disease‐causing mutations highlighted the functional importance of the RAB27A‐MLPH‐MYO5A tripartite complex in intracellular melanosome transport. As the small GTPase Rab27a is able to interact with multiple effectors, including Slp2‐a and Myrip, we report on their presumed role in melanosome transport. Furthermore, we summarize data suggesting that RAB27B and RAB27A are functionally redundant and hereby provide further insight into the pathogenesis of GS2. Finally, we discuss how the gathered knowledge about the RAB27A‐MLPH‐MYO5A tripartite complex can be translated into a possible therapeutic application to reduce (hyper)pigmentation of the skin.
Internet Alcohol Marketing and Underage Alcohol Use

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Internet alcohol marketing is not well studied despite its prevalence and potential accessibility and attractiveness to youth. The objective was to examine longitudinal associations between self-reported engagement with Internet alcohol marketing and alcohol use transitions in youth. METHODS: A US sample of 2012 youths aged 15 to 20 was surveyed in 2011. An Internet alcohol marketing receptivity score was developed, based on number of positive responses to seeing alcohol advertising on the Internet, visiting alcohol brand Web sites, being an online alcohol brand fan, and cued recall of alcohol brand home page images. We assessed the association between baseline marketing receptivity and both ever drinking and binge drinking (≥6 drinks per occasion) at 1-year follow-up with multiple logistic regression, controlling for baseline drinking status, Internet use, sociodemographics, personality characteristics, and peer or parent drinking. RESULTS: At baseline, ever-drinking and binge-drinking prevalence was 55% and 27%, respectively. Many (59%) reported seeing Internet alcohol advertising, but few reported going to an alcohol Web site (6%) or being an online fan (3%). Higher Internet use, sensation seeking, having family or peers who drank, and past alcohol use were associated with Internet alcohol marketing receptivity, and a score of 1 or 2 was independently associated with greater adjusted odds of initiating binge drinking (odds ratio 1.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–2.78 and odds ratio 2.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–4.37 respectively) but not with initiation of ever drinking. CONCLUSIONS: Although high levels of engagement with Internet alcohol marketing were uncommon, most underage youths reported seeing it, and we found a prospective association between receptivity to this type of alcohol marketing and future problem drinking, making additional research and ongoing surveillance important.
Group Synchronization for Haptic Media in a Networked Real-Time Game

SUMMARY This paper investigates the effects of group (or interdestination) synchronization control over haptic media in a networked game where two players move objects competitively by manipulating haptic interface devices. The group synchronization control adjusts the output timing of haptic media among multiple players. By experiment, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the control. We also discuss the fairness between the two players quantitatively.
New floral , sedimentological and isotopic investigation of the Triassic – Jurassic boundary strata in Jameson Land , East Greenland

Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PR, U.K. stephen.hesselbo@earth.ox. ac.uk Department of Geology, The Field Museum, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois, 60606, USA. Laboratory of Palaeontology, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, 1 N. Balcescu Ave., 70111, Bucharest, Romania. Geological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
Circulating inhibitor of gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion by hypothalamic neurons in uremia.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested a neuroendocrine defect underlying uremic hypogonadism, characterized by a reduced secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). METHODS We studied the GnRH-producing GT1-7 cell line and the LH-producing LbetaT-2 pituitary cell line under uremic conditions to investigate whether substances circulating in uremic plasma directly affect hypothalamic or pituitary hormone secretion. The cells were incubated with serum from 5/6-nephrectomized or sham-nephrectomized castrated rats, respectively. Furthermore, GT1 cells were incubated with delipidated sera, serum subfractions separated by molecular weight, or several peptide hormones. Cellular viability, apoptosis rate and extracellular hormone degradation were assessed separately. GnRH and LH were measured by RIA in supernatants and cell lysates. GnRH gene expression was assessed by Northern blot. RESULTS Uremic serum caused a reduction of extracellular GnRH concentration by 31%, whereas intracellular GnRH increased by 12%. This effect was independent of serum lipids and enzymatic GnRH degradation but was abolished by trypsin digestion. Cellular viability, apoptosis rates and GnRH gene expression did not differ between the two groups. The inhibitory activity was recovered from the high-molecular weight fraction, whereas the fraction <5 kD had stimulatory activity. In contrast, uremic serum did not affect LH secretion from LbetaT-2 cells, indicating that the hypoactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary gonadotrope unit results from an inhibition at the hypothalamic rather than the pituitary level. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that uremic serum contains macromolecular and hydrophilic peptide(s) able to specifically suppress the neurosecretion of GnRH from GT1-7 cells.
Efficacy of chemotherapy after first-line gefitinib therapy in EGFR mutation-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer-data from a randomized Phase III study comparing gefitinib with carboplatin plus paclitaxel (NEJ002).

OBJECTIVE Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors are effective as first-line therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients harboring epidermal growth factor receptor mutations. However, it is unknown whether second-line platinum-based chemotherapy after epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy could lead to better outcomes. We evaluated the efficacy of second-line platinum-based chemotherapy after gefitinib for advanced non-small cell lung cancers harboring epidermal growth factor receptor mutations (the NEJ002 study). METHODS Seventy-one non-small cell lung cancers, treated with gefitinib as first-line therapy and then receiving platinum-based chemotherapy as second-line therapy were evaluated in NEJ002. Patients were evaluated for antitumor response to second-line chemotherapy by computed tomography according to the criteria of the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors group (version 1.0). RESULTS Of the 71 patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy after first-line gefitinib, a partial response was documented in 25.4% (18/71), stable disease in 43.7% (31/71) and progression of disease in 21.1% (15/71). The objective response and disease control rates were 25.4% (18/71) and 69% (49/71), respectively. There was no significant difference between first- and second-line chemotherapy in objective response and disease control rates for advanced non-small cell lung cancer harboring activating epidermal growth factor receptor mutations. In the analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor mutation types, the objective responses of deletions in exon 19 and a point mutation in exon 21 (L858R) were 27.3% (9/33) and 28.1% (9/32), respectively, but these differences between objective response rates were not significant. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of second-line platinum-based chemotherapy followed at progression by gefitinib was similar to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy, and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation types did not influence the efficacy of second-line platinum-based chemotherapy.
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in twins; genetic or environmental factors

The etiology of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) remains obscure. Over 120 years after the condition has become a clinical entity the debate whether the cause of IHPS is genetic, environmental or both, has not yet reached a final conclusion. Herein, we present a pair of monozygotic male twins with IHPS together with a review of the literature. We aimed to support genetic pre‐disposition in the epidemiology of IHPS, adding a twin data to the literature and to review the associated articles about the pathogenesis and inheritance patterns.
An efficient modulation identification algorithm without constellation map knowledge

In the design of software defined radio (SDR) and cognitive radio (CR), new and flexible digital baseband algorithms are required for generating and decoding a variety of waveforms. Especially, blind identification of the waveform parameters, modulation types, and synchronization parameters are extremely important. In this article, we propose a modulation identification algorithm in which no a priori information is assumed about the constellation map. The proposed algorithm can identify the modulation, even if short data record is available. Moreover, numerical results are provided to show the performance of the proposed approach under certain assumptions.
"Me versus just us versus us all" categorization and cooperation in nested social dilemmas.

In its generic form, a social dilemma poses a conflict between private and collective interests. People are often faced, however, with a conflict between private, (sub)group, and collective interests. This study examines participants' simultaneous weighing of these 3 nested interests. The results show that increasing the salience of social categorization of any level of the hierarchy (i.e., 6 individuals, 2 subgroups. 1 collective) increases participants' concern for and contributions to the corresponding level of interest (Experiment 1). One can promote concern for and contributions to the collective interest, which are lowest under categorization as 2 subgroups, by individuating the members of the individuals' own subgroup and/or the opposing subgroup (Experiment 2) and by cross-categorization with the opposing subgroup (Experiment 3).
Measuring crackles.

Crackles heard on auscultation can be represented graphically as a time-amplitude plot of the associated waveform. To assess the relative merits of several measures which might be considered for machine implementation in diagnostic instruments, we compared the reproducibility of those based on the initial voltage deflection which begins a crackle with those based on the largest deflection. The latter group showed less interobserver and less intraobserver variability when the same crackles were measured twice by each of two observers. Crackles from a teaching tape, categorized as fine and coarse, were used in this study. The ability of the various measures tested to distinguish between fine and coarse crackles on an individual basis was assessed and found to favor the measures based on the largest deflection. They showed an average of 9.96 percent incorrectly classified crackles, as opposed to 19.53 percent for the two measures based on the initial deflection.
THE LIMITATIONS OF ULTRASONIC FETAL CEPHALOMETRY

The sources of error inherent in many commonly used measuring instruments are well understood and documented. This is not the case for ultrasound equipment when used to assess the rate of growth of the fetal skull in utero. This paper describes various sources of error which can affect the measurement of the fetal biparietal diameter; it also describes a method by which an operator might assess his own degree of competence. We conclude that these sources of error have been insufficiently appreciated in the past and while it is possible to determine the growth rate of the fetal skull the time interval necessary to measure this with a clinically realistic degree of confidence is not less than three weeks. If ultrasound methods of measurement are to find a place in clinical practice the techniques need to be more stringently appraised.