Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spotlight on the Subject Knowledge of Chemistry Librarians: Results of a Survey

A survey of academic chemistry librarians concerning how they obtain and maintain subject knowledge found that 86% took college level chemistry courses, 64% have a science degree, and 43% have a degree in chemistry. To continue their education, respondents spend an average of 4 hours and 42 minutes each week on professional development activities such as scanning core science journals, subscribing to science discussion lists, surfing the World Wide Web, attending lectures, conferences, and workshops, and personal contact with academic faculty and scientists. Of these activities, discussion lists, personal contact, and scanning core journals were the most frequently utilized resource types. A ranking of the top resources exploited by the respondents is also included.
Conditioned pain modulation predicts exercise-induced hypoalgesia in healthy adults.

INTRODUCTION Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is the concept that pain inhibits pain and has potential rehabilitation implications for exercise prescription. The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in pressure pain perception after a thermal conditioning stimulus (i.e., CPM) was attenuated with aging and whether CPM predicted pain relief after exercise (exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH)) in healthy young and older adults. METHODS Twenty young (21.9 ± 3.3 yr, 10 men) and 19 older (72.0 ± 4.5 yr, 10 men) adults participated in three sessions: one familiarization and two experimental (EIH and CPM) sessions. Pressure pain perception was assessed using a weighted Lucite edge placed on the right index finger for 1 min. EIH was determined by measuring pressure pain perception before and after prolonged submaximal isometric contraction of the elbow flexors. CPM was assessed by measuring pressure pain perception at the finger while the foot was immersed in neutral water versus painful ice water. RESULTS Young, but not older, adults reported a decrease in pressure pain at the finger while their foot was immersed in the ice water bath compared with the neutral bath (i.e., CPM, trial-age: P = 0.001). Pressure pain ratings decreased after exercise (P = 0.03) that was perceived as painful (peak arm pain, 7.0 ± 3.3) for both young and older adults. Regression analysis showed that after controlling for age and baseline pain, CPM predicted EIH (model adjusted R = 0.23, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS CPM was attenuated in older adults, as measured with a noxious pressure stimulus after a thermal conditioning stimulus, and adults with greater CPM were more likely to report greater EIH.
Correlation of bcl‐2 and p53 expression in primary breast tumors and corresponding metastatic lymph nodes

The p53 tumor suppressor gene product participated in G1 cell cycle arrest or cell death. Loss of function was associated with poor outcome in patients with breast carcinoma. bcl‐2 prevented apoptosis induced by c‐myc or growth factor deprivation. High bcl‐2 expression in breast tumor tissue specimens appears to be associated with favorable prognostic factors. However, Bcl‐2 and p53 expression in primary tumor tissue specimens versus metastatic lymph node specimens in breast carcinoma has not been studied. The current study compared Bcl‐2 and p53 expression in primary breast carcinoma tissue specimens with Bcl‐2 and p53 expression in axillary lymph node specimens.
Association of disease with isolation and virulence of Rhodococcus equi from farm soil and foals with pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether isolation and virulence of Rhodococcus equi from soil and infected foals are associated with clinical disease. DESIGN Cross-sectional and case-control study. SAMPLE POPULATION R equi isolates from 50 foals with pneumonia and soil samples from 33 farms with and 33 farms without a history of R equi infection (affected and control, respectively). PROCEDURE R equi was selectively isolated from soil samples. Soil and clinical isolates were evaluated for virulence-associated protein antigen plasmids (VapA-P) and resistance to the beta-lactam antibiotics penicillin G and cephalothin. Microbiologic cultures and VapA-P assays were performed at 2 independent laboratories. RESULTS VapA-P was detected in 49 of 50 (98%) clinical isolates; there was complete agreement between laboratories. Rhodococcus equi was isolated from soil on 28 of 33 (84.8%) affected farms and 24 of 33 (72.7%) control farms, but there was poor agreement between laboratories. Virulence-associated protein antigen plasmids were detected on 14 of 66 (21.2%) farms by either laboratory, but results agreed for only 1 of the 14 VapA-P-positive farms. We did not detect significant associations between disease status and isolation of R equi from soil, detection of VapA-P in soil isolates, or resistance of soil isolates to beta-lactam antibiotics. No association between beta-lactam antibiotic resistance and presence of VapA-P was detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE On the basis of soil microbiologic culture and VapA-P assay results, it is not possible to determine whether foals on a given farm are at increased risk of developing disease caused by R equi.
Features of adenoma and colonoscopy associated with recurrent colorectal neoplasia based on a large community-based study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS We investigated adenoma and colonoscopy characteristics that are associated with recurrent colorectal neoplasia based on data from community-based surveillance practice. METHODS We analyzed data of 2990 consecutive patients (55% male; mean age 61 years) newly diagnosed with adenomas from 1988 to 2002 at 10 hospitals throughout The Netherlands. Medical records were reviewed until December 1, 2008. We excluded patients with hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) syndromes, a history of CRC, inflammatory bowel disease, or without surveillance data. We analyzed associations among adenoma number, size, grade of dysplasia, villous histology, and location with recurrence of advanced adenoma (AA) and nonadvanced adenoma (NAA). We performed a multivariable multinomial logistic regression analysis to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS During the surveillance period, 203 (7%) patients were diagnosed with AA and 954 (32%) patients with NAA. The remaining 1833 (61%) patients had no adenomas during a median follow-up of 48 months. Factors associated with AA during the surveillance period included baseline number of adenomas (ORs ranging from 1.6 for 2 adenomas; 95% CI: 1.1-2.4 to 3.3 for ≥5 adenomas; 95% CI: 1.7-6.6), adenoma size ≥10 mm (OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2-2.3), villous histology (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2-3.2), proximal location (OR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2-2.3), insufficient bowel preparation (OR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.6-7.4), and only distal colonoscopy reach (OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.2-8.5). Adenoma number had the greatest association with NAA. High-grade dysplasia was not associated with AA or NAA. CONCLUSIONS Large size and number, villous histology, proximal location of adenomas, insufficient bowel preparation, and poor colonoscopy reach were associated with detection of AA during surveillance based on data from community-based practice. These characteristics should be used jointly to develop surveillance policies for adenoma patients.
The time-course of broiler intestinal microbiota development after administration of cecal contents to incubating eggs

Background The microbial populations that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are known to influence the health and growth performance of the host. Clean hatcheries and machine-based incubation practices in the commercial poultry industry can lead to the acquisition of aberrant microbiota in the GIT of chickens and a very high level of bird-to-bird variation. The lack of microbial profile flock uniformity presents challenges for harnessing and manipulating intestinal bacteria to better serve the host. Methods Cecal contents from high or low performing chickens were used to inoculate the surface of eggs prior to hatching and then the initial gut colonisation was monitored and subsequent changes in gut microbiota composition were followed over time. Two different cecal treatment groups were compared to an untreated control group (n = 32). Bacterial communities were characterised using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing techniques. Results Cecal microbiota transfer via egg surface application did not transfer the performance profile of the donors to the recipient birds. One of the cecal inoculations provided a more uniform gut microbiota, but this was not reproduced in the second group with a different inoculum. Development of the intestinal community was reproducible in all three groups with some genera like Lactobacillus showing no change, others like Faecalibacterium increased in abundance slowly and steadily over time and others like Enterobacter were abundant only in the first days of life. Discussion The cecal treatment reduced bird-to-bird variation in microbiota composition. Although the high FCR performance of donor birds was not transferred with the cecal microbiota, all three groups, including the control, performed better than standard for the breed. The pattern of microbiota development was similar in all three flocks, indicating that the normal processes of microbiota acquisition largely swamped any effect of the cecal material applied to eggs.
Effect of salbutamol on muscle strength and endurance performance in nonasthmatic men.

PURPOSE The ergogenic effect of acute beta2-adrenergic agonist administration in nonasthmatic individuals has not been clearly demonstrated. Therefore, the acute effects of oral administration of the beta2-adrenergic agonist salbutamol (4 mg) on muscle strength and endurance performance were studied in 16 nonasthmatic men in a double-blind randomized cross-over study. METHODS Peak expiratory flow (Mini Wright Peakflowmeter), isokinetic strength of the knee extensors and knee flexors at four angular velocities (Cybex II dynamometer), and endurance performance in a cycle ergometer test until exhaustion at 70% of maximal workload were measured. RESULTS Peak expiratory flow increased from 601 +/- 67 L x min(-1) to 629 +/- 64 L x min(-1) after salbutamol (P < 0.05). Peak torque was higher after salbutamol than after placebo (4.4% for the knee extensors, 4.9% for the knee flexors) (P < 0.05). Mean endurance time increased from 3,039 +/- 1,031 s after placebo to 3,439 +/- 1,287 s after salbutamol (P = 0.19). When four subjects complaining about adverse side effects were excluded from the analysis, the increase in endurance time (729 +/- 1,007 s or 29%) was statistically significant (P <-0.05). Salbutamol did not affect VO2, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, and plasma free fatty acid and glycerol concentration during exercise; plasma lactate and potassium concentrations were increased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions of this study, oral salbutamol appears to be an effective ergogenic aid in nonasthmatic individuals not experiencing adverse side effects.
Investigation of Goats??Milk Adulteration with Cows??Milk by PCR

Goats' milk adulteration with cows' milk is becoming a big problem. In the past, the urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assay with different motility of αS1-casein has been applied for the identification of cows' milk adulteration. The detection sensitivity is 1.0%. The aim of this study was to develop a faster and more sensitive method to detect cows' milk which may be present in adulterated goats' milk and goats' milk powder. The published primer was targeted at highly conserved regions in bovine mitochondrial DNA (a 271 bp amplicon). This amplicon was cloned and sequenced to further confirm bovine specific sequence. The chelex-100 was used to separate bovine somatic cells from goats' milk or goats' milk powder samples. Random sampling of different brands of goats' milk powder and tablets from various regions of Taiwan showed the adulterated rate was 20 out of 80 (25%) in goats' milk powders and 12 out of 24 (50%) in goats' milk tablets. With this system, as low as 0.1% cows' milk or cows' milk powder in goat milk or goat milk powder could be identified. This chelex DNA isolation approach provides a fast, highly reproducible and sensitive method for detecting the adulteration of goats' milk products.
Nuclear cross sections for gamma ray deexcitation line production by secondary neutrons in the Earth's atmosphere

[1] Interactions of galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles with nuclei in the Earth's atmosphere produce secondary neutrons. Secondary neutrons with energies greater than a few MeV interact with atmospheric nuclei and produce gamma ray lines. The relative intensities of these lines depend on the shape of the neutron energy spectrum, and so their measurement with satellite detectors provides neutron spectral information complementary to direct observation. Reliable interpretation of such line measurements requires accurate knowledge of the production cross sections. Because the atmospheric neutron spectrum at these energies is very hard (falling by less than a factor of 10 from 10 to 100 MeV), higher-energy neutrons contribute significantly to line production. Knowledge of the cross sections at these higher energies is critical for accurate line yield predictions. In this paper we evaluate and present the most important cross sections for deexcitation line production by neutron interactions with the Earth's atmosphere, with emphasis on extending them to higher neutron energies, using both laboratory measurements and the nuclear reaction code TALYS to obtain the cross sections from a few to >200 MeV. Using these cross sections, we also demonstrate the sensitivity of gamma ray line ratios for providing information about the ∼1–200 MeV atmospheric neutron spectrum.
The Emergence of Los Angeles as a Fashion Hub

The US fashion industry is a useful lens through which to view the transformation of the country’s urban economic systems. Initially an industrial vanguard, fashion has evolved into a more design-oriented sector and a central part of the ‘cognitive-cultural economy’. Fashion is also a clear demonstration of place-specific comparative advantage and specialisation, intensely linked to ‘place in product’. The paper traces the fashion industry’s evolution from 1986 to 2007, focusing on New York and Los Angeles. The composition of the industry in each locale demonstrates each city’s comparative advantage and these advantages may be key determinants of their future fortunes. Using geographical information systems (GIS), fashion’s current spatial form is studied. Within the industry’s sub-sectors, spatial patterns and similar geographical clustering emerge. The industry may be facing somewhat of a reconfiguring of its economic geography; however, the fashion industry’s spatial-structural patterns persist within each city. We also find that fashion, like high technology and Hollywood, tends to produce regional network agglomerations, strong headquarter cities and co-location of particular sectors. Our findings are consistent with the larger theoretical and empirical observations on the post-industrial landscape.
Incidence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Coliforms in Broiler Products at the North West Province of South Africa

This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence and antibiotic resistance of coliforms in raw and readyto-eat broiler products in the North West Province of South Africa. A total of 120 raw and 60 ready-to-eat samples obtained from butcheries and supermarkets were screened for the presence of coliforms. Coliform species were identified by correlating cultural characteristics on MacConkey and Blood agars and biochemical reactions on Enteropluri-test®/API 20NE. Identified isolates were then tested for antibiotic resistance by disk diffusion method using ampicillin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), amikacin (30 μg), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxasole (25 μg), cefotaxime (30 μg), meropenem (10 μg), gentamicin (10 μg) and erythromycin (15 μg). The results showed that 75% (n = 90/total raw) of raw and 25% (n = 15/total RTE) of RTE products were contaminated with various genera of coliforms. A high frequency of resistance was manifested to ampicillin (93.6%) and erythromycin (97.9%), whereas resistance to other antibiotics tested was moderate to low (27.7% to 6.4%). However, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (from raw chicken) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (from polony) were both resistant to seven out of the eight antibiotics tested. The results indicate that consumption of poultry products can increase consumer exposure to antibiotic resistant organisms. This is the first report on the incidence, in RTE foods in the NWP of South Africa, of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a bacterium that easily transfers antibiotic-resistance genes to other bacterial species/genera in the same family.
Framing Guidelines for Multi-Scale Map Design Using Databases at Multiple Resolutions

This paper extends European research on generating cartographic base maps at multiple scales from a single detailed database. Similar to the European work, we emphasize reference maps. In contrast to the Europeans' focus on data generalization, we emphasize changes to the map display, including symbol design or symbol modification. We also work from databases compiled at multiple resolutions rather than constructing all representations from a single high-resolution database. We report results demonstrating how symbol change combined with selection and elimination of subsets of features can produce maps through almost the entire range of map scales spanning 1:10,000 to 1:5,000,000. We demonstrate a method of establishing specific map display scales at which symbol modification should be imposed. We present a prototype decision tool called ScaleMaster that can guide multi-scale map design across a small or large range of data resolutions, display scales, and map purposes.
Contribution of Heat Transfer to Turbine Blades and Vanes for High Temperature Industrial Gas Turbines Part 1: Film Cooling

Abstract: This paper deals with the contribution of heat transfer to increase the turbine inlet temperature of industrial gas turbines in order to attain efficient and environmentally benign engines. High efficiency film cooling, in the form of shaped film cooling and full coverage film cooling, is one of the most important cooling technologies. Corresponding heat transfer tests to optimize the film cooling effectiveness are shown and discussed in this first part of the contribution.
Uterine Decidual Response Occurs in Estrogen Receptor-α-Deficient Mice.

Embryo-uterine interactions leading to the attachment reaction is followed by stromal cell proliferation and differentiation into decidual cells (decidualization) at the sites of blastocyst apposition. In rodents, decidualization is also induced by application of an artificial stimulus (intraluminal oil infusion) in a pseudopregnant uterus, or to one that has been appropriately prepared by exogenous progesterone (P4) and estrogen. The process of decidualization is under the control of these steroids in the presence of blastocysts or deciduogenic stimuli. Although it is well known that estrogen is required for the induction of progesterone receptors in the uterus, the functional importance of estrogen in the process of decidualization is poorly understood. To better understand the role of estrogenic actions in decidualization, we used wild-type and estrogen receptor-α knock-out (ERKO) mice for induction of decidualization employing a defined steroid hormonal treatment schedule. Our results demonstrate that.
Ketamine Sedation During Spinal Anesthesia for Arthroscopic Knee Surgery Reduced the Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Markers

We studied the effect of ketamine sedation on oxidative stress during arthroscopic knee surgery with tourniquet application by determining blood and tissue malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and hypoxanthine (HPX) levels. Thirty ASA I–II patients undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery with tourniquet were randomly divided into two groups. Spinal anesthesia induced with 12.5 mg bupivacaine was administered to all patients. In the ketamine group, after IV administration of 0.01 mg/kg midazolam, a continuous infusion of ketamine (0.5 mg · kg−1 · h−1) was used until the end of surgery whereas the placebo group received a volume-equivalent placebo infusion. Ramsey Sedation Scale (RSS) was used for assessing the sedation level. Venous blood and synovial membrane tissue samples were obtained before ketamine infusion, at 30 min of tourniquet ischemia, and at 5 min after tourniquet deflation for MDA and HPX measurements. Tissue MDA and HPX levels were significantly less in the ketamine group than the control group after reperfusion. RSS scores were higher in the ketamine group without any adverse effect. We conclude that ketamine sedation attenuates lipid peroxidation markers in arthroscopic knee surgery with tourniquet application.
Designer Psychostimulants in Urine by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,

Designer psychostimulants are known by recreational drug users to produce a complex array of adrenergic and hallucinogenic effects. Many of these drugs are not targeted during routine toxicology testing and as a consequence, they are rarely reported. The purpose of this study was to develop a procedure for the detection of 15 psychostimulants in urine using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS), specifically 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐bromophenethylamine (2C‐B), 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐chlorophenethylamine (2C‐C), 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐methylphenethylamine (2C‐D), 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐ethylphenethylamine (2C‐E), 2,5‐dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C‐H), 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodophenethylamine (2C‐I), 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐ethylthiophenethylamine (2C‐T‐2), 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐isopropylthiophenethylamine (2C‐T‐4), 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐propylthiophenethylamine (2C‐T‐7), 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐bromoamphetamine (DOB), 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐chloroamphetamine (DOC), 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐ethylamphetamine (DOET), 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodoamphetamine (DOI), 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐methylamphetamine (DOM), and 4‐methylthioamphetamine (4‐MTA). Analytical recoveries using solid‐phase extraction were 64–92% and the limit of detection was 0.5 ng/mL for all drugs except 2C‐B (1 ng/mL). The assay was evaluated in terms of analytical recovery, precision, accuracy, linearity, matrix effect, and interferences. The technique allows for the simultaneous detection of 15 psychostimulants at sub‐ng/mL concentrations.
Paternal occupational exposure to electro‐magnetic fields as a risk factor for cancer in children and young adults: A case‐control study from the North of England

Numerous studies have implied that paternal occupational exposures, in particular electromagnetic fields (EMF) and ionizing radiation, may be involved in the etiology of childhood cancers. We investigated whether an association exists between paternal occupations at birth involving such exposures and cancer risk in offspring, using data from the Northern Region Young Persons' Malignant Disease Registry (NRYPMDR).
Perioperative Outcome of Dyssomnia Patients on Chronic Methylphenidate Use

Methylphenidate is frequently prescribed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, and other sleep disorders requiring psychostimulants. Our report is based on 2 different clinical experiences of patients with chronic methylphenidate use, undergoing general anesthesia. These cases contrast different strategies of taking versus withholding the drug treatment on the day of surgery. From the standpoint of anesthetic management and patient safety, the concerns for perioperative methylphenidate use are mainly related to cardiovascular stability and possible counteraction of sedatives and anesthetics.