Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of univariate and multivariate bias correction on hydrological impact projections in alpine catchments

Abstract. Alpine catchments show a high sensitivity to climate variation as they include the elevation range of the snow line. Therefore, the correct representation of climate variables and their interdependence is crucial when describing or predicting hydrological processes. When using climate model simulations in hydrological impact studies, forcing meteorological data are usually downscaled and bias corrected, most often by univariate approaches such as quantile mapping of individual variables, neglecting the relationships that exist between climate variables. In this study we test the hypothesis that the explicit consideration of the relation between air temperature and precipitation will affect hydrological impact modelling in a snow-dominated mountain environment. Glacio-hydrological simulations were performed for two partly glacierized alpine catchments using a recently developed multivariate bias correction method to post-process EURO-CORDEX regional climate model outputs between 1976 and 2099. These simulations were compared to those obtained by using the common univariate quantile mapping for bias correction. As both methods correct each climate variable's distribution in the same way, the marginal distributions of the individual variables show no differences. Yet, regarding the interdependence of precipitation and air temperature, clear differences are notable in the studied catchments. Simultaneous correction based on the multivariate approach led to more precipitation below air temperatures of 0 ∘C and therefore more simulated snowfall than with the data of the univariate approach. This difference translated to considerable consequences for the hydrological responses of the catchments. The multivariate bias-correction-forced simulations showed distinctly different results for projected snow cover characteristics, snowmelt-driven streamflow components, and expected glacier disappearance dates. In all aspects – the fraction of precipitation above and below 0 ∘C, the simulated snow water equivalents, glacier volumes, and the streamflow regime – simulations resulting from the multivariate-corrected data corresponded better with reference data than the results of univariate bias correction. Differences in simulated total streamflow due to the different bias correction approaches may be considered negligible given the generally large spread of the projections, but systematic differences in the seasonally delayed streamflow components from snowmelt in particular will matter from a planning perspective. While this study does not allow conclusive evidence that multivariate bias correction approaches are generally preferable, it clearly demonstrates that incorporating or ignoring inter-variable relationships between air temperature and precipitation data can impact the conclusions drawn in hydrological climate change impact studies in snow-dominated environments.
Co-Infection of Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV) with Malaria in Gbalegi, Idanre and State Hospital, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

The study investigated the prevalence of HIV co-infection with malaria in Gbalegi area of Idanre local government and State Hospital Akure Ondo State Nigeria. A total of 150 blood samples were collected from individuals using lancet and heparinised capillary tubes. Thin and thick blood smears were used to identify different Plasmodium species for malarial infection while Abbot - determine and Stat-pak kits were used for HIV screening. Although the highest prevalence of malaria with HIV co-infection among the different occupation group in State Hospital Akure was found to be highest (36.8%) among civil servants than in others while there was no HIV co infection with malaria in people screened in Gbalegi. Reasons for the high prevalence of malaria and co-infection with HIV were discussed and it has shown that individuals with HIV infection are highly susceptible to malarial infection.
The social facilitation of bullying : a multilevel analysis

ii Preface. iii Table of Contents . iv Chapter 1: Introduction . 6 1.1 Overview. 6 1.2 Problem Statement . 7 1.3 Research Question . 8 Chapter 2: Literature Review. 9 2.1 Overview. 9 2.2 Forms of Bullying . 9 2.3 Psychosocial Correlates of Bullying. 9 2.4 Social Cognitive Theory . 11 2.4.1 Moral Disengagement. 13 2.5 Group Socialization Theory. 18 Chapter 3: Overview of the Current Investigation. 25 3.1 Study 1 . 25 3.2 Study 2 . 26 Chapter 4: Study 1 . 27 4.1 Method . 27 4.2 Procedure . 27 4.3 Participants. 28 4.4 Measures . 29
Using Self-Determination of Senior College Students with Disabilities to Predict Their Quality of Life One Year after Graduation.

The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation and predictive relationship between self-determination and quality of life of college students with disabilities. Subjects were 145 senior college students recruited from northern Taiwan. Subjects' age ranged from 22 to 25 years and their disabilities varied, including visual impairments (n = 16), hearing impairments (n = 17), speech/language impairment (n = 6), physical disabilities (n = 40), specific learning disability (n = 26), emotional and behavior disorders (n = 5), multiple disabilities (n = 4), autism (n = 23), and health impairments (n = 8). Two measures, the Self-Determination Scale for College Students (SDSCS) and WHOQOL-BREF were used to collect data. The subjects completed the SDSCS in their senior year of college, whereas the WHOQOL-BREF data were collected one year after their graduation. The Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses were used to assess the correlation between the SDSCS and the WHOQOL-BREF. Results showed that positive correlations were found between self-determination and quality of life. Subjects’ scores on the SDSCS subscales (Self-Realization, Psychological Empowerment, Autonomy) were able to explain between 30.3%-53.2% of the total variance of their scores on the WHOQOL-BREF domains (Psychological, Social Relationships, Environment). The results of this study re-confirmed the positive correlation between self-determination and quality of life of individuals with disabilities. Furthermore, the study highlighted that self-determination not only has an immediate impact on quality of life for people with disabilities, but it seems to have a long-lasting effect. Suggestions and implications are provided.
Attenuation Correction Effects in Rainfall Estimation at X-Band Dual-Polarization Radar: Evaluation with a Dense Rain Gauge Network

The effects of attenuation correction in rainfall estimation with X-band dual-polarization radar were investigated with a dense rain gauge network. The calibration bias in reflectivity ( ) was corrected using a self-consistency principle. The attenuation correction of and the differential reflectivity ( ) were performed by a path integration method. After attenuation correction, and were significantly improved, and their scatter plots matched well with the theoretical relationship between and . The comparisons between the radar rainfall estimation and the rain gauge rainfall were investigated using the bulk statistics with different temporal accumulations and spatial averages. The bias significantly improves from 70% to 0% with . However, the improvement with was relatively small, from 3% to 1%. This indicated that rainfall estimation using a polarimetric variable was more robust at attenuation than was a single polarimetric variable method. The bias did not show improvement in comparisons between the temporal accumulations or the spatial averages in either rainfall estimation method. However, the random error improved from 68% to 25% with different temporal accumulations or spatial averages. This result indicates that temporal accumulation or spatial average (aggregation) is important to reduce random error.
A Biased View of Topology as a Tool in Functional Analysis

A survey about “Topology as a tool in functional analysis” would be such a giant enterprise that we have, naturally, chosen to give here “Our biased views of topology as a tool in functional analysis”. The consequence of this is that a big portion of this long paper deals with topics that we have been actively working on during the past years. These topics range from metrizability of compact spaces (and their consequences in functional analysis), networks in topological spaces (and their consequences in renorming theory of Banach spaces), distances to spaces of functions (and their applications to the study of pointwise and weak compactness), James’ weak compactness theorem (and their applications to variational problems and risk measures). Some of the results collected here are a few years old while many others are brand new. A few of them are first published here and most of them have been often used in different areas since their publication. The survey is completed with a section devoted to references to some of what we consider the last major achievements in the area in recent years.
A closer look at rock physics models and their assisted interpretation in seismic exploration

Subsurface rocks and their fluid content along with their architecture affect reflected seismic waves through variations in their travel time, reflection amplitude, and phase within the field of exploration seismology. The combined effects of these factors make subsurface interpretation by using reflection waves very difficult. Therefore, assistance from other subsurface disciplines is needed if we intend to make a more accurate image of the subsurface. In this regard, rock physics acts as an integrated tool to combine subsurface information from different disciplines in a set of relationships between engineering (petrophysical) properties and their relevant geophysical variations, or more specifically, elastic variations. As a matter of fact, rock physics is required for a better understanding of rock properties if we intend to have a full understanding of our reservoir properties and their fluid content. This paper reviews some of the most important rock physics models and their application within the field of seismic exploration. These models are generally valid for the given conditions in which they are derived, and as a result, having a good understanding of their physical and geological limitations can help a lot with accurate rock physics modeling and interpretation. In this regard, this paper is an attempt to create a better understanding of such models, using different references and my personal experiences with these models. The application contexts of the models presented in this paper are not limited to the discussed scenarios. These scenarios are the ones that are commonly used and have shown a good prediction power in practice.
User Acceptance In Sharing Economy - A Study Of Transportation Network Companies In China

User acceptance research has been one of the most prominent topics in the field of information systems. The phenomenon has been researched for many digital technologies in various contexts. This study will focus on user acceptance of digitally-embedded Transport Network Companies (TNCs) in China. The sheer size and uniqueness of the Chinese mobile economy fostered rapid development of sharing economy firms. The state of the art UTAUT2 model has been used in this research with an explanatory purpose and deductive approach to explain the user acceptance of TNC in China. Each of the individual factors of UTAUT2 have been individually tested with Simple Linear Regression to determine their influence on user acceptance. These calculations were executed upon quantitative data from an electronically distributed survey. The finding provides insights of user acceptance of mobile digital technologies. Upon analysis of the findings, research and practical implications have been drawn. For example, the findings provide guidance to the emerging market of TNC by providing managerial recommendations for how TNCs can raise user acceptance and market share.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF CuS THIN FILMS DEPOSITED USING DIFFERENT BATH PROCESSES

In this work, we present the influence of the reaction time of a complex substance (trisodium citrate) with a copper source (Cu2SO45H2O) on the structural, morphological and optical properties of CuS thin films deposited at 55-70 min. using chemical bath deposition onto glass substrate. In the first process, trisodium citrate and Cu2SO45H2O were mixed for 1 min, while the substances were mixed for 1 h. in the second process. The hexagonal structure of the deposited polycrystalline thin films with a preferred orientation along (130) was determined by the XRD technique except for the thin films deposited at 70 min. The surface roughnesses of the thin films were different from each other. The direct optical band gaps of CuS thin films obtained from the first process were found to be 2.39-2.45, whereas those of the second process were found to be 2.34-2.48 eV.
Analysis of the Stability of the Riemann Problem for a Simplified Model in Magnetogasdynamics Yujin

The generalized Riemann problem for a simplified model of one-dimensional ideal gas in magnetogasdynamics in a neighborhood of the origin (t > 0) in the (x, t) plane is considered. According to the different cases of the corresponding Riemann solutions, we construct the perturbed solutions uniquely with the characteristic method. We find that, for some case, the contact discontinuity appears after perturbation while there is no contact discontinuity of the corresponding Riemann solution. For most cases, the Riemann solutions are stable and the perturbation can not affect the corresponding Riemann solutions. While, for some few cases, the forward (backward) rarefaction wave can be transformed into the forward (backward) shock wave which shows that the Riemann solutions are unstable under such local small perturbations of the Riemann initial data.
Effect of Sodium Nutrition on Chlorophyll a/b Ratios in C4 Plants

Methods for the determination of chlorophyll were compared in Amaranthus tricolor, Kochia childsii and Chloris gayana. From sequential extraction data, 96% ethanol appeared to be more efficient than 80% acetone in extracting chlorophyll from these plants. The chlorophyll a/b ratio was significantly lower in sodium-deficient compared to normal C4 plants. Of the group I elements, only sodium, irrespective of the salt supplied to deficient cultures, restored the chlorophyll a/b ratios to the value observed in normal plants. The concentration of sodium required to increase the chlorophyll a/b ratio in leaves of sodium-deficient plants was similar to that required to bring about the growth responses. The increase of the chlorophyll a/b ratio occurred at an early stage during recovery from sodium deficiency preceding the increase in chlorophyll concentration and the growth response. It is therefore likely that the low chlorophyll a/b ratio may be intrinsically associated with the condition of sodium deficiency.
A theorem on geometric rigidity and the derivation of nonlinear plate theory from three‐dimensional elasticity

The energy functional of nonlinear plate theory is a curvature functional for surfaces first proposed on physical grounds by G. Kirchhoff in 1850. We show that it arises as a Γ‐limit of three‐dimensional nonlinear elasticity theory as the thickness of a plate goes to zero. A key ingredient in the proof is a sharp rigidity estimate for maps v : U → ℝn, U ⊂ ℝn. We show that the L2‐distance of ∇v from a single rotation matrix is bounded by a multiple of the L2‐distance from the group SO(n) of all rotations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hygroscopicity and chemical composition of Antarctic sub-micrometre aerosol particles and observations of new particle formation

Abstract. The Antarctic near-coastal sub-micrometre aerosol particle features in summer were characterised based on measured data on aerosol hygroscopicity, size distributions, volatility and chemical ion and organic carbon mass concentrations. Hysplit model was used to calculate the history of the air masses to predict the particle origin. Additional measurements of meteorological parameters were utilised. The hygroscopic properties of particles mostly resembled those of marine aerosols. The measurements took place at 130 km from the Southern Ocean, which was the most significant factor affecting the particle properties. This is explained by the lack of additional sources on the continent of Antarctica. The Southern Ocean was thus a likely source of the particles and nucleating and condensing vapours. The particles were very hygroscopic (HGF 1.75 at 90 nm) and very volatile. Most of the sub-100 nm particle volume volatilised below 100 °C. Based on chemical data, particle hygroscopic and volatile properties were explained by a large fraction of non-neutralised sulphuric acid together with organic material. The hygroscopic growth factors assessed from chemical data were similar to measured. Hygroscopicity was higher in dry continental air masses compared with the moist marine air masses. This was explained by the aging of the marine organic species and lower methanesulphonic acid volume fraction together with the changes in the inorganic aerosol chemistry as the aerosol had travelled long time over the continental Antarctica. Special focus was directed in detailed examination of the observed new particle formation events. Indications of the preference of negative over positive ions in nucleation could be detected. However, in a detailed case study, the neutral particles dominated the particle formation process. Freshly nucleated particles had the smallest hygroscopic growth factors, which increased subsequent to particle aging.
Stabilizing the Long-time Behavior of the Navier-Stokes Equations and Damped Euler Systems by Fast Oscillating Forces

Author(s): Cyranka, Jacek; Mucha, Piotr B; Titi, Edriss S; Zgliczynski, Piotr | Abstract: The paper studies the issue of stability of solutions to the Navier-Stokes and damped Euler systems in periodic boxes. We show that under action of fast oscillating-in- time external forces all two dimensional regular solutions converge to a time periodic flow. Unexpectedly, effects of stabilization can be also obtained for systems with stationary forces with large total momentum (average of the velocity). Thanks to the Galilean transformation and space boundary conditions, the stationary force changes into one with time oscillations. In the three dimensional case we show an analogical result for weak solutions to the Navier- Stokes equations.
Agile Learning: Sprinting through the Semester.

This paper introduces agile learning, a novel pedagogical approach that applies the processes and principles of agile software development to the context of learning. Agile learning is characterized by short project cycles, called sprints, in which a usable deliverable is fully planned, designed, built, tested, reviewed, and launched. An undergraduate elective Computer Information Systems course on web development was redesigned to implement a semester-long agile learning experience. Results of a student survey conducted at the end of the semester reveal that agile learning combines learning and application of learning, while allowing students to fail more and fail faster. At the same time, agile learning takes longer than traditional project-based learning and makes it easier for students to fall behind. Nevertheless, students indicated a strong preference for agile learning over traditional projectbased learning. Importantly, students' preference for and performance in agile learning was not influenced by their learning style. However, agile learning requires significant amount of planning, balancing the need to provide instructions with the need to provide explanations, as well as significant amount of one-on-one student support.
Wh-questions in Hodeidi Arabic: A Phase-based Approach

The study investigates the syntax of wh-questions in Hodeidi Arabic, presents a satisfactory account of their syntactic behavior, and provides an answer to the following questions within Chomsky's (1999, 2000, 2001, 2005, and 2006) Phase-Based approach. 1. Does Hodeidi Arabic allow the fronting of wh-questions to the left periphery of the clause in overt syntax? 2. Can wh-questions in Hodeidi Arabic be accounted for neatly within Chomsky's Phase-Based approach? It shows that wh-phrase movement in Hodeidi Arabic is an obligatorily syntactic movement where the wh-phrase has to undergo fronting to the left periphery of the clause. In exploring the interaction between wh-questions in Hodeidi Arabic and the Phase-Based analysis, it has been shown that the minimalist analysis proposed in Hodeidi Arabic can provide further support to Chomsky's Phase-Based approach. It can be observed that Hodeidi Arabic obeys the Phase Impenetrability Condition proposed in Chomsky (2001); it has been observed that when all syntactic operations in a given phase have been completed, the complement or the domain of the phase becomes impenetrable to any further syntactic operations. This happens when the structure is sent to the interface levels for interpretation. Furthermore, in the syntactic derivation of subject and object wh-questions, it can be observed that both the subject and object wh-phrases have to pass through certain phases till they reach [Spec, CP]. At the end of the derivation, the head C and its specifier (the subject/object wh-phrase) undergo transfer to the PF and LF levels for proper representations, and hence the clause is interpreted as an interrogative.
Employment Protection Regulations and New Hiring

In the real world, there are various regulations concerned with the dismissal of employees. We consider the effects of dismissal regulations with a simple incomplete labor contract model. Under moral hazard, the existence of a regulation always increases wage level and decreases firms' profits. However, the regulation can improve social welfare if workers' outside option is sufficiently low. Furthermore, we will show that the regulation can enhance new hiring.
Board Monitoring, Management Contracting and Earnings Management: An Evidence from ASX Listed Companies

This study investigates the influence of board monitoring and management contracting on earnings management. The strengthening of corporate governance following the Enron era was designed to gain investors’ confidence and ensure the truthfulness of financial information. Contracting is employed as an instrument to align the interests of agents with those of shareholders which are ultimately to maximise the value and minimise monitoring costs. By developing measures of board monitoring in accordance with the Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations (CGPR) released by the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) Corporate Governance Council (2009) and management contracting, this study presents evidence in an Australian context that both board monitoring and management contacting influence the extent of earnings management individually and collectively. Using a sample of 138 ASX listed companies, this study finds that discretionary accruals have shown various patterns across a range of observation periods. A higher incidence of CEO duality is significantly related to lower levels of earnings management. The independence of the boards is associated with higher levels of earnings management. The results show that managerial ownership has a positive effect on discretionary accruals. Furthermore, the impact of managerial ownership outweighs the impact of board monitoring on returned earnings, particularly on the reporting of income-increasing accruals. It is observed that the strategic shareholdings of senior management have more impact on earnings than short-term incentives. This demonstrates that long-term managerial ownership is a more effective way of aligning the interests of mangers with those of shareholders than short-term compensation such as bonus plan.