Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Costimulation In Vivo GITR Ligand − Dependent upon, GITR Therapeutically Enhanced by, but Are Not Th2 Responses to Helminth Parasites Can Be

The immune suppression that characterizes human helminth infections can hinder the development of protective immunity or help to reduce pathogenic inﬂammation. Signaling through the T cell costimulator glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) counteracts immune downregulation by augmenting effector T cell responses and abrogating suppression by Foxp3 + regulatory T cells. Thus, superphysiological Ab-mediated GITR costimulation represents a novel therapy for promoting protective immunity toward parasitic helminths, whereas blocking physiological GITR–GITR ligand (GITRL) interactions may provide a mechanism for dampening pathogenic Th2 inﬂammation. We investigated the superphysiological and physiological roles of the GITR–GITRL pathway in the development of protective and pathogenic Th2 responses in murine infection models of ﬁlariasis ( Litomosoides sigmodontis ) and schistosomiasis ( Schistosoma mansoni ). Providing superphysiological GITR costimulation using an agonistic anti-GITR mAb over the ﬁrst 12 d of L. sigmodontis infection initially increased the quantity of Th2 cells, as well as their ability to produce Th2 cytokines. However, as infection progressed, the Th2 responses reverted to normal infection levels, and parasite killing remained unaffected. Despite the Th2-promoting role of superphysiological GITR costimulation, Ab-mediated blockade of the GITR–GITRL pathway did not affect Th2 cell priming or maintenance during L. sigmodontis infection. Blockade of GITR– GITRL interactions during the acute egg phase of S. mansoni infection resulted in reduced Th2 responses, but this effect was conﬁned to the spleen and did not lead
Effect of maternal diabetes and quercetin exposure on the oxidative stress and kidney damage in rat's fetus

Purpose : To investigate the prophylactic effects of quercetin on oxidative stress and damage to kidney in rat's fetus harvested from diabetic mothers. Methods : Female Wistar rats were divided to into four experimental groups: control, quercetin, diabetic, and quercetin-treated diabetic groups (6 rats in each group). Experimental diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) and the female rats were mated with male rats. Thereafter, quercetin was orally administered by oral gavage (75 mg/kg), on 0, 7, 14 and 20 days of gestation. Foetuses were harvested on the 20th day of gestation and their kidneys, removed and the tissues examined biochemically and histopathologically. Subsequently, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were measured in the renal tissue. Results : Maternal diabetes delayed fetal kidney development and renal tubular necrosis, and reduced the number of renal glomeruli, while quercetin decreased the level of these changes. Accordingly, the MDA level increased while catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities decreased in diabetic fetal kidney. These biochemical changes were corrected by quercetin. Conclusion : Quercetin has a protective effect on some biochemical and pathological changes in the kidney of foetuses exposed to maternal diabetes. Keywords : Maternal diabetes, Streptozotocin, Quercetin, Renal teratogenicity, Fetus
NDT_A_168944 1273..1285

Isabel Krug Sarah Giles Chiara Paganini 1Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; 2Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; 3Faculty of Health, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC, Australia Abstract: Emerging evidence suggests that disordered eating, particularly binge-eating symptomatology, is overrepresented within Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) populations. This comorbidity presents a clinical dilemma as current treatment approaches for PCOS emphasize the importance of weight management, diet, exercise, and the potential for harm of such treatment approaches in PCOS patients with comorbid disordered eating. However, limited research has assessed the occurrence of binge eating and disordered eating in PCOS patients. Consequently, little is known about the prevalence of binge eating in PCOS, and the possible etiological processes to explain this comorbidity remain poorly understood. Given the paucity of research on this topic, the aims of this narrative review are fourfold: 1) to outline the main symptoms of PCOS and binge eating; 2) to provide an overview of the prevalence of binge eating in PCOS; 3) to outline possible etiological factors for the comorbidity between PCOS and binge eating; and 4) to provide an overview of management strategies of binge eating in PCOS.
Living in the Forest: Meanings and Use of Recreational Residences

The Forest Service Recreation Residence Program has been operational since the passage of the Occupancy permits Act in 1915. In the initial years the Forest Service actively encouraged summer home occupancy with the view that such occupancy encouraged recreational use and assisted in proper forest management and fire control as well as providing a source of income. Approval of further recreation residence development on public land was discontinued in 1968 as program costs exceeded revenues and the perception that such occupation of public land was elitist and potentially restricted public access to desirable recreation sites. More recently, both the appraisal process and the pursuance of permit violations have become a focus of some political controversy. Recreational residences have often been built by and remain in the same family across generations leading to a strong attachment and identification with a particular forest tract. The study discussed in this paper examines the use of these residences and the meanings of such use to a sample of cottage owners in the Arapahoe-Roosevelt and Pike National Forests in Colorado, USA. A multi-methods approach was used to collect data on cottage use including project analysis, surveys, experiential sampling and in-depth interviews. The rationale underlying the multi-method approach and some preliminary results of this study will be presented in this paper.
Obstacles to the Growth of Alternative Tourism in Greece

In the midst of the recent economic melt-down in Greece, economists are discussing the potential of tourism to pull the country out of its current woes. More than 16 million tourists visit the country annually whereas the sector contributes 15% to the nation's Gross Domestic Product and offers employment to 16% of the work force (Hellenic Statistical Authority, 2010). Concurrently, mass tourism has also caused a rise in pollution, a depletion of water supplies, desertification, rural emigration to urban centers, erosion of coastal areas and a drop in hygienic standards, all of which have had serious economic costs and caused residents to protest the industry’s mode of expansion. To that purpose, alternative types of tourism such as agrotourism and ecotourism have been defined as overarching objectives that complement the strategy for growth and employment. However, a closer look at the spots mostly known for alternative tourism activities shows the parallel emergence of other socio-economic developments that have slowly eroded Greek rural life and intensified the economic disparities between the local social classes. A closer evaluation of the damaging side effects casts doubt on the potential of alternative tourism as practiced today to inject growth into a stagnating economy.
Infinite symmetric groups and combinatorial constructions of topological field theory type

This paper contains a survey of train constructions for infinite symmetric groups and related groups. For certain pairs (a group , a subgroup ) categories are constructed whose morphisms are two-dimensional surfaces tiled by polygons and coloured in a certain way. A product of morphisms is a gluing together of combinatorial bordisms, and functors from the category of bordisms to the category of Hilbert spaces and bounded operators correspond to unitary representations of . The construction has numerous variations: instead of surfaces there can also be one-dimensional objects of Brauer diagram type, multidimensional pseudomanifolds, and bipartite graphs. Bibliography: 66 titles.
Innovator Sorting and Firm Size by Yung-Ling Chi A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved April 2016 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Laura Lindsey, Chair

This paper examines the link between firm size and innovation. Given that innovation is highly reliant on human capital, the ability to attract, motivate, and retain high quality inventors is a key determinant of firm innovation. Firm size may affect these abilities, and small firms are known to account for a disproportionate share of aggregate innovation. I therefore investigate the role that sorting of inventors across firms plays in explaining this disparity. Talented inventors may find employment at a large firm less attractive due to the relative absence of growth options and a lower ability to link compensation to performance. Using inventor-level patent data, I construct employment histories for inventors at U.S. public firms. I find that the most productive inventors are disproportionately likely to move to small firms, while the least productive inventors disproportionately remain at large firms. These results cannot be explained fully by small firms’ superior growth opportunities. In addition, productive innovators’ turnover in small firms is sensitive to the level of option compensation. Taken together, this evidence is consistent with inventor sorting explaining part of the firm size innovation gap.
Factors Enabling and Hindering Participation in Leisure for People with Mental Health Problems

Although leisure is recognised as a key aspect of occupational therapy, few studies have explored it in relation to people with enduring mental health problems. Using a qualitative design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 participants with mental health problems living in the community, randomly selected from clients referred to a local assertive outreach service in South-East England. Initially, the data were analysed for content and the phrases, language and words used; subsequently, emerging themes were identified, which were confirmed by a second occupational therapist. The three themes arising from the data reported here were the number and range of occupations engaged in, the factors enabling participation in leisure and the factors hindering participation in leisure. The range of leisure occupations was similar to that noted in the literature. The main enabling factor was having an adequate network of people to provide support, while the main hindering factors were physical limitations, lack of finances and lack of transport. In the absence of paid employment, leisure was important to the clients. Occupational therapists need to recognise that enhancing the factors enabling participation in leisure and assisting clients to overcome the factors hindering participation in leisure will lead to the increased wellbeing of people with enduring mental health problems.
Inactivation of the AMPK-GATA3-ECHS1 Pathway induces Fatty Acid Synthesis that Promotes Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Growth.

The tumorigenic role and underlying mechanisms of lipid accumulation, commonly observed in many cancers, remains insufficiently understood. In this study we identified an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3)-enoyl-CoA hydratase short-chain 1 (ECHS1) pathway that induces lipid accumulation and promotes cell proliferation in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Decreased expression of ECHS1, which is responsible for inactivation of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and activation of de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis, positively associated with ccRCC progression and predicted poor patient survival. Mechanistically, ECHS1 downregulation induced FA and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) accumulation which inhibited AMPK-promoted expression of GATA3, a transcriptional activator of ECHS1. BCAA accumulation induced activation of mTORC1, de novo FA synthesis, and promoted cell proliferation. Furthermore, GATA3 expression phenocopied ECHS1 in predicting ccRCC progression and patient survival. The AMPK-GATA3-ECHS1 pathway may offer new therapeutic approaches and prognostic assessment for ccRCC in the clinic.
The New English Teacher 10.1

This study investigates the stereotypes and biases held by students at an international university in Thailand towards teachers in terms of race, accent and native speakerness within the context of the internationalization of higher education. It takes a semi-ethnographic approach, interviewing and staying in contact with the participants over a period of about three months. The data were transcribed, coded and organized into themes as they emerged. The findings showed that native and non-native English speaking teachers were stereotyped differently. That certain accents were highly stigmatized and that this stigmatization resulted in the perception of the accents being harder to understand, and furthermore that the blame for misunderstanding was put onto the speaker of the stigmatized accent; whereas with an accent perceived to be native speaker the participant (as listener) would put the blame on themselves. Race was found to be an issue only in the implication that a White identity was associated with native speakerness, and that a non-native accent was sometimes not stigmatized if it came from a White teacher. Another finding was the perceived marginalization of international students. The findings are integrated into existing theories of social connotations (Trudgill & Giles, 1978) and communicative burden (Lippi-Green, 2012), and through these it is discussed how the stigmatization of an accent might affect intelligibility. Finally, implications are looked at and recommendations made in consideration of the findings.
www.econstor.eu Time Is Not Money

Casual observation suggests that people are more generous with their time than with their money. In this paper we present experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis. A third of our subjects demand no compensation for non–monetary investments, whereas almost all subjects demand compensation for equally costly monetary investments. The finding supports the contention that generosity to some extent is symbolic and context dependent, and that social norms encourage generosity in the time domain. JEL classification: C91, J20, L14, Z13.
Phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Trachyspermum ammi.

This paper reviews the morphology, traditional uses, chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities (including analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antiplatelet, antitussive, antiviral, gastroprotective, insecticidal and spermicidal) of Trachyspermum ammi
Exceptional Children Alternate Assessment : Have We Learned Anything New ?

: Since the first review of alternate assessment literature by Browder, Spooner, Algozzine, et al. (2003), educational research related to alternate assessment has rapidly expanded as state and federal policies have required the inclusion of students with disabilities, including students with the most significant cognitive disabilities, in state and school accountability indexes. The purpose of this literature review was to examine the empirical studies conducted since the conception of alternate assessment to evaluate the progress made in this area, using a research framework proposed by Browder et al. We discuss future research directions, particularly as these relate to recent changes in federal policy under No Child Left Behind as well as implications for teachers
Genetic Differentiation of Trichiurus japonicus and T. lepturus (Perciformes: Trichiuridae) Based on Mitochondrial DNA Analysis

Anirban Chakraborty, Futoshi Aranishi, and Yukio Iwatsuki (2006) Genetic differentiation of Trichiurus japonicus and T. lepturus (Perciformes: Trichiuridae) based on mitochondrial DNA analysis. Zoological Studies 45(3): 419-427. The taxonomic status of Trichiurus japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, 1844 as a valid species is still controversial, although it has long been considered to morphometrically and meristically differ from T. lepturus Linnaeus, 1758. A portion of the mitochondrial DNA encoding the 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequence was compared between T. japonicus (obtained from various parts of Japan) and T. lepturus, obtained from the Western Atlantic (around the type locality of T. lepturus) and Indo-Pacific waters. The intraspecific sequence divergences of the partial 16S rRNA gene (at ~600 bp) were calculated to be 0.6% 1.0% and 0.2% -3.0% for T. japonicus and T. lepturus, respectively, while the interspecific divergence was much greater at 4.8% -7.0%. Phylogenetic analysis using a Neighbor-joining algorithm showed that the haplotypes of T. japonicus formed a separate cluster from both the Western Atlantic and Indo-Pacific populations of T. lepturus with no overlap or sharing between them. Furthermore, restriction digestion of unpurified PCR products with the Hinf I restriction enzyme generated reproducible species-specific restriction patterns showing 2 fragments (of 378 and 222 bp) in T. lepturus whereas no cleavage was observed in T. japonicus. This phylogenetic analysis study coupled with PCR- RFLP analysis confirms the validity of T. japonicus as a separate species (in accordance with previous morphometric classification) and rules out any synonymy with T. lepturus. http://zoolstud.sinica. edu.tw/Journals/45.3/419.pdf
Intervertevral body stabilization â the biomechanical significance of endplate

This paper concerns the role of endplate in intervertebral body stabilizations of the spine. The problem of subsidence and the results of biomechanical strength of endplate in the lumbar vertebra were presented. It was found, that the lower endplate has a greater load carrying capacity than the upper endplate. Particularly high tensile strength occurs where the vertebral body passes into vertebral arches. It has been concluded that the implantation procedure should seek to preserve the endplate in at least the most intact state and use the best load-bearing places of embedding the implant.
Railway driving operations and cognitive ergonomics issues in the Norwegian railway : a systems analysis

In this study, an initial systems-based analysis was performed within the Norwegian railway. This approach to system safety attempts to provide information regarding the latent, systemrelated factors leading up to an unwanted event. The primary data includes two semi structured group interviews with safety officials, two individual semi structured interviews with safety officials, one cognitive interview (CI) with a certified train driver, and two ethnographic observations with in-cab interviews. In addition, a total of 542 reports of Signals Passed at Danger (SPAD) were read and analysed. Leaving a station, out on the route, and approaching the station were found to be critical to train driving operations, while switching was suggested as a fourth system critical situation. The results suggest that there are several weaknesses within the Norwegian railway system which are likely contribute to unwanted events.
Prevalence, Etiology and Clinical Characteristics of Biopsy Proven Non-Diabetic Renal Disease in a Population of 67 Diabetic Patients

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has been historically the major cause of kidney disease in diabetic patients. However, recent studies have found a high proportion of diabetic patients with biopsy proven Non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD) or NDRD superimposed on DN. These findings have resurfaced the interest in establishing which of these patients may benefit most from a kidney biopsy. Our study aims to enlighten the prevalence and etiology of biopsy proven NDRD and to explore clinical and morphologic differences encountered in the diabetic patient with NDRD. Methods: Medical records of all diabetic patients who underwent native kidney biopsy for suspected NDRD from January 2016 to December 2018 at Hospital Curry Cabral Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, EPE, were analysed retrospectively. Results: We review medical records of 67 patients. All patients had a diabetes mellitus diagnosis at the time of biopsy and were biopsied for NDRD suspicion. In our population, 55.2% had DN (7.5% presented simultaneously DN and NDRD) and 41.8% had isolated NDRD. The most frequent causes of NDRD were IgA nephropathy (25%) and Chronic Interstitial Nephritis (10.8%). A shorter duration of diabetes had a statistically significant association with NDRD. Conclusions: Nearly half diabetic patients proposed to kidney biopsy have a NDRD. Since kidney biopsy is essential to establish the diagnosis and subsequently provide adequate treatment, this resource should be used in the diabetic diabetic patient with NDRD suspicion, especially in those with a shorter duration of diabetes. Additional data is necessary to establish which patients should be proposed to earlier kidney biopsies.
Improving School Literacy Through Reading Friday Program

This study aims to describe Reading Friday program and its contribution in improving school literacy. The object of this research is Reading Friday program in Tasikmadu Junior High School in Karanganyar, Central Java. Data collection uses observation, interview, and documentation techniques. Data analysis is performed using an interactive model, during collection and after completion of data collection. The results of the study indicate that Reading Friday is a program carried out to increase the literacy of students, which was held on third Friday of each month, can be either in class or outdoor, overseen and assessed by teachers through reading notes in assignment books. Reading Friday program contributes in improving school literacy through four ways: (1) increasing students' reading interest and empowering library, (2) increasing students' productivity in school creative writings/art (3) increasing students' seriousness in learning and their test scores (4) helping students understand school subjects easier.
To What Extent do Investors in a Financial Market Anchor Their Judgments? Evidence from the Hong Kong Horserace Betting Market

This paper explores the use of the anchoring and adjustment heuristic by decision makers in a financial market; in particular, the degree to which horserace bettors anchor their probability judgments on the advantage afforded by a horse‟s barrier-position. The results suggest that under certain conditions bettors anchor on barrier-position information revealed at previous race meetings, but not on the most recent race outcomes. In fact, bettors appear to use the most recent race outcomes appropriately when forming probability estimates; but only when the results are in line with their mental model of barrier-position advantage. Bettors with varying levels of expertise are shown to be subject to anchoring, although greater expertise is generally associated with less anchoring. The paper concludes that the manner and degree of anchoring in real world environ.