Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Processing of cloud condensation nuclei by collision-coalescence in a mesoscale model

[1] The Naval Research Laboratory's Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) is employed to explore the relative importance of source, sink, and transport processes in producing an accurate forecast of the aerosol-cloud-drizzle system. Cloud processing, defined to be the reduction of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) via collision-coalescence, is not uniquely related to total particle concentration, a behavior which stems from the roughly inverse dependence on cloud droplet concentration between autoconversion and accretion depletion terms. Instead, the behavior of cloud processing in COAMPS suggests relationships (scalings) based on cloud base drizzle rate (R) and cloud droplet concentration (Nc). Cloud processing is found to be correlated with drizzle, a relationship that can be represented as a power law for drizzle rates less than 0.6 mm d−1. A scaling for cloud processing based on the product of Nc and R is accurate over a wider range of drizzle rates. Results from large eddy simulation with size-resolved microphysical processes demonstrate reasonable agreement with COAMPS and the two parameter scaling. Entrainment plays an important role in strongly modulating the mean marine boundary layer (MBL) concentration, both increasing and decreasing CCN, depending upon the entrainment velocity we and the difference between MBL and free tropospheric CCN concentrations. The importance of entrainment suggests that transport processes, especially in the vertical, play a fundamental role in the overall MBL CCN balance. In situ sources rates of CCN, taken to represent heterogeneous chemical processes and sea salt flux of submicron size particles from the ocean surface, must be unrealistically large in order to be of the same magnitude as cloud processing. Because of the prevailing importance of cloud processing and entrainment over timescales of a typical mesoscale forecast, we argue that incorporating accurate vertical aerosol profiles into the model update cycles, either from remote sensing or from global chemistry models, is more important than highly constrained local CCN source rates.
Frost flowers and sea-salt aerosols over seasonal sea-ice areas in north-western Greenland

Sea salts and halogens in aerosols, frost flowers, and brine play an important role in atmospheric chemistry in polar regions. Simultaneous sampling and observations of frost flowers, brine, and aerosol particles were conducted around Siorapaluk in northwestern Greenland during December 2013 to March 2014. Results show that watersoluble frost flower and brine components are sea-salt components (e.g., Na, Cl, Mg2+, K, Ca2+, Br, and iodine). Concentration factors of sea-salt components of frost flowers and brine relative to seawater were 1.14–3.67. Sea-salt enrichment of Mg2+, K, Ca2+, and halogens (Cl, Br, and iodine) in frost flowers is associated with sea-salt fractionation by precipitation of mirabilite and hydrohalite. High aerosol number concentrations correspond to the occurrence of higher abundance of sea-salt particles in both coarse and fine modes, and blowing snow and strong winds. Aerosol number concentrations, particularly in coarse mode, are increased considerably by release from the sea-ice surface under strong wind conditions. Sulfate depletion by sea-salt fractionation was found to be limited in sea-salt aerosols because of the presence of non-sea-salt (NSS) SO2− 4 . However, coarse and fine sea-salt particles were found to be rich in Mg. Strong Mg enrichment might be more likely to proceed in fine seasalt particles. Magnesium-rich sea-salt particles might be released from the surface of snow and slush layer (brine) on sea ice and frost flowers. Mirabilite-like and ikaite-like particles were identified only in aerosol samples collected near new sea-ice areas. From the field evidence and results from earlier studies, we propose and describe sea-salt cycles in seasonal sea-ice areas.
Effects of some Insecticides Applied in Sublethal Concentrations on the Survival and Longevity of Aphidius ervi (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) Adults

The effects of four insecticides (dimethoate, pirimicarb, imidacloprid, and spinosad) applied in an ST4 Potter tower at sublethal concentrations (50% of those recommended commercially for aphid control) were studied in the laboratory on the aphidiid Aphidius ervi (Haliday) adults, an important parasitoid of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). The most selective treatment on the hymenopteran was imidacloprid, followed in decreasing order by spinosad, pirimicarb, and finally dimethoate, which quickly eliminated the parasitoid and thus its capacity to produce progeny. Three toxicity groups were distinguished in the study. The least damaging treatment to adults of A. ervi was imidacloprid, followed by a group of medium toxicity made up of spinosad and pirimicarb, and lastly dimethoate, which was extremely toxic to A. pisum.
Instrumental Variable Models for Discrete Outcomes

Single equation instrumental variable models for discrete outcomes are shown to be set identifying, not point identifying, for the structural functions that deliver the values of the discrete outcome. Bounds on identified sets are derived for a general nonparametric model and sharp set identification is demonstrated in the binary outcome case. Point identification is typically not achieved by imposing parametric restrictions. The extent of an identified set varies with the strength and support of instruments, and typically shrinks as the support of a discrete outcome grows. The paper extends the analysis of structural quantile functions with endogenous arguments to cases in which there are discrete outcomes. Copyright 2010 The Econometric Society.
Engineering students’ conceptions of entrepreneurial learning as part of their education

The purpose of this study was to examine what kinds of conceptions of entrepreneurial learning engineering students expressed in an entrepreneurship course integrated in their study programme. The data were collected during an entrepreneurship course in Estonia that was organised for fourth-year engineering students, using video-recorded group interviews (N = 48) and individual in-depth interviews (N = 16). As a result of the phenomenographic analysis, four qualitatively distinctive conceptions of entrepreneurial learning were discerned. Entrepreneurial learning was seen to involve (1) applying entrepreneurial ideas to engineering, (2) understanding entrepreneurial issues in a new way, (3) action-oriented personal development, and (4) self-realising through collective effort. These qualitatively distinct categories differed from each other in four dimensions of variation: nature of learning, response to pedagogy, relation to teamwork, and learning outcomes.
A review on SPT-based liquefaction potential evaluation to assess the possibility of performing a risk management

Liquefaction is a serious natural hazard in susceptible regions which are prone to earthquakes. According to empirical and field studies, insufficiency of liquefaction assessment methods in determining liquefaction through clays and high prediction errors has caused an unceasing new development. In this article we present a comprehensive history review to organize literature on the liquefaction potential evaluation published prior to 2017. We consider deterministic approach based on SPT (Standard Penetration Test) records to create an appropriate connection between the different methods, facilitate reviewing the development of correlations in the past and current decades, assess both the cyclic stress and the flow liquefactions in a unified system, compile the latest research developments and identify the main sources as a database for the future investigators. The study attempts to assess cyclic stress method (1971) and Chinese criteria (1982) in evaluating the liquefaction potential and to discuss the insufficiencies of these methods with reference to the liquefactions caused by the Chi-chi (Taiwan) and Adapazari (Turkey) earthquakes in 1999. Besides, the absence of soil improvement on the basis of vulnerability and performance is identified as a research gap in this study.
INJECTION SPRAY ANALYSES FROM MEDIUM SPEED ENGINES USING MARINE FUELS

The achievement of future exhaust gas emission limits for medium speed ship engines requires the application of modern, flexible fuel injection systems. However, ship diesel engines are typically operated with a wide range of fuels, which differ significantly in composition and properties. Consequently, a considerable impact of the fuel type on combustion process and emission generation is to be expected. In order to deliver basic information of spray properties and mixture generation process used for the development and improvement of simulation models as well as the examination of engine experimental data a number of experiments were carried out at the University of Rostock. Two modern heavy fuel capable common-rail injectors of medium speed engines have been applied to a pressurised research chamber. By means of different optical measurement methods injection sprays were analysed regarding their different macroscopic and microscopic spray parameters, i.e. spray penetration length, cone angle, droplet size and velocity. Measurements were performed using diesel test fuel or diesel fuel respectively, a heavy fuel oil (HFO) and a fuel water emulsion (FWE 18%) consisting of diesel and 18% water. While the latter was only applied for cold chamber tests, a few more measurements have been done at a chamber temperature of 650 K using diesel fuel and HFO. The measurements clearly indicate a strong impact of fuel type on spray parameters. Paper ID ILASS08-6-9
An interpersonal comparison of lone and group rape offences

Abstract This study explores differences between group and lone sexual assaults, using a framework of interpersonal dimensions of dominance–submission and cooperation–hostility (Alison & Stein, Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 12, 515–538, 2001). From archival sources, 120 cases (60 group and 60 lone offender assaults) were content analysed for offender, victim and context variables. A number of behavioural characteristics were found to differ between group and lone rape. Specifically, more hostile interactions were involved in group rape, including increased violence. Additionally, (pseudo-) submissive offender behaviour was more frequent in lone assaults, including the offender's use of a confidence approach and associated greater victim dominance. The psychological implications are discussed, with particular reference to the circumplex dimensions and principles, and how these can inform the treatment of both offenders and their victims.
Random times and time projections

Random times and their associated time projections are discussed within the context of quantum probability theory. A stochastic integral repre- sentation for time projections is obtained, and their order structure is investi- gated. A quantum analogue of the classical result relating the range and bounded stoppings of the stochastic integral is proved.
A snapshot on service location patterns: the service sector in the United States of America in 1980 1 .

This paper inspects agglomeration patterns of workers by sector in 1980 the US by taking special care of the service market. The main aim is to show that the service sector also agglomerates although to a lesser extent than manufacturing or agriculture. To illustrate each case, the paper uses both Locational Gini Coefficients by
Airline codeshare alliances with antitrust immunity and their competitive effects on international passenger output : an application to monopolistic and oligopolistic network structures on the trans-Atlantic market

The air travel sector is one of the world ́s most regulated industries. Yet, as the environment of air travel business have been heading towards more consolidated airline market structures, it highlights some vital questions regarding competition outcomes on airline alliance formations. Airline alliances take many forms depending on the degree of integration. The most distinguished types are code-share alliances and antitrust-immunised alliances. Code-sharing effectively expands the route network of each partner airline so as to increase the alliance network size without needing to add planes. Receiving antitrust immunity enables an alliance to collude legally on some routes, thus avoiding the negative externality of double marginalisation caused by “sub fares”. Moreover, alliance routes are characterised as both parallel and complementary in nature. The former refers to routes where airlines competed prior to the alliance, and the later where partners link up networks to feed traffic to each other. This thesis aims at analysing the positive and negative attributes resulting from alliance formation. Specifically, the investigation answers whether code-sharing contracts increase traffic levels, and subsequently, if granting antitrust immunity induces that effect. To answer these questions the research uses passenger output data from the 1989-2007 period. Testing partner traffic, non-partner traffic, and total traffic for three different alliances on the transAtlantic market shows that code-sharing indeed has a positive effect on traffic volumes, fortifying prevailing research. However, this thesis argues that the supportive nature of this empirical finding is dependent on statistical test characteristics. The statistical test performed in this paper shows that results with respect to code-sharing may not hold when correcting passenger output for aggregated levels. Furthermore, antitrust immunity is found positive and significant in most tests, suggesting that granting antitrust immunity, to these alliances, is justifiable from an authority perspective. In addition, findings using a constructive estimation indicate that antitrust immunity in the LH/UA case may not be de facto Pareto optimal. In order to pursue defending this claim, however, further and more fundamental analysis is required. Finally, investigating code-sharing in a monopoly network, the paper argue that airlines conceivably increase load factors and extract higher yields resulting from holding up code-sharing capacity growth.
INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN STRESS‐INDUCED HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SCAVENGING BY THE ULVOID MACROALGA ULVA LACTUCA 1

We investigated the presence and kinetics of the oxidative stress response in intertidal and subtidal individuals of the ulvoid macroalga Ulva lactuca L. Stress responses, as measured with both enzymatic and fluorescent‐based antioxidant assays, differed between individuals collected from a subtidal and an intertidal habitat. Subtidal individuals secreted significantly more hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) than intertidal individuals when subjected to osmotic stress or desiccation. The activity of reactive‐oxygen‐scavenging enzymes and the ability to scavenge exogenous H2O2 were lower in subtidal than in intertidal individuals, suggesting that subtidal individuals are less stress tolerant. In vitro experimentation demonstrated that millimolar concentrations of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and its breakdown products could efficiently scavenge H2O2, with DMSP being a less‐effective scavenger than dimethyl sulfide (DMS), acrylic acid, and acrylate. The addition of H2O2 at concentrations of 2.5 mM or greater induced the cleavage of DMSP into DMS and acrylic acid in subtidal individuals. Intertidal individuals were affected in the same manner with the addition of 5 mM H2O2. There were no differences in the amounts of DMSP cleavage in subtidal and intertidal algae when the algae were subjected to hyposaline conditions. Our data suggest that the oxidative‐stress‐induced cleavage of DMSP affords products with efficient H2O2‐scavenging abilities. In addition, U. lactuca individuals growing in intertidal habitats are better acclimatized to changing environments and thus have a higher threshold for oxidative stress than conspecifics in subtidal habitats.
Impact of Zn/Cr Ratio on ZnCrOx-SAPO-34 Bifunctional Catalyst for Direct Conversion of Syngas to Light Olefins

 Abstract — Light olefins are important building blocks for chemical industry. Direct conversion of syngas to light olefins has been investigated for decades. Meanwhile, the limit for light olefins selectivity described by Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) distribution model is still a great challenge to conventional Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The emerging strategy called oxide-zeolite concept (OX-ZEO) is a promising way to get rid of this limit. ZnCrO x was prepared by co-precipitation method and (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 was used as precipitant. SAPO-34 was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, and Tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) was used as template, while silica sol, pseudo-boehmite, and phosphoric acid were Al, Si and P source, respectively. The bifunctional catalyst was prepared by mechanical mixing of ZnCrO x and SAPO-34. Catalytic reactions were carried out under H 2 /CO=2, 380 ℃, 1 MPa and 6000 mLꞏg cat-1 ꞏh -1 in a fixed-bed reactor with a quartz lining. Catalysts were characterized by XRD, N 2 adsorption-desorption, NH 3 -TPD, H 2 -TPR, and CO-TPD. The addition of Al as structure promoter enhances CO conversion and selectivity to light olefins. Zn/Cr ratio, which decides the active component content and chemisorption property of the catalyst, influences CO conversion and selectivity to light olefins at the same time. C 2-4= distribution of 86% among hydrocarbons at CO conversion of 14% was reached when Zn/Cr=1.5.
RIGHT-TURN TREATMENT FOR SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS

Historically, engineers have designed intersections characterized by sizeable right-turn volumes using a variety of strategies. For example, channelization in the form of a painted island, small raised island, or a large raised island is one element often incorporated into the design. In addition, traffic control may be addressed using right-turn-on-red, dedicated turn lanes with stop control, or dedicated turn lanes with yield control. This paper focuses on how Cobb County, Georgia, located in the metro-Atlanta area, handles these right-turn movements. The study identifies application of various right-turn strategies based on observed field operation conditions. A comparative analysis of applications based on a two-year crash history helps to identify (preliminarily) possible safety limitations associated with the various right-turn strategies. The primary objective of this study is to share considerations, strategies, and limitations of the various right-turn configurations and to identify strategies appropriate for further in-depth analysis.
The Association between Communication, Customer Relationship Management and Organisational Performance: Evidence from the Saudi Arabia Hospitals

This research aims to examine the influence of the communication, customer relationship management on organisational performance among Saudi Arabia Hospitals. Furthermore, to exam the study model, the survey questionnaire was used to collect data 154 hospitals randomly chosen from 259 government hospitals in Saudi Arabia. For data analysis, the Partial Least Squares (PLS) structural equation modeling was used. In addition, this study found a positive and significant association between communication, customer relationship management, and organisational performance. Ultimately, this study offers some limitations and suggestions for future researchers.
Studies on woloszynskioid dinoflagellates IX: ultrastructure, cyst formation and phylogeny of the ‘red-snow’ alga Borghiella pascheri (Suchlandt) Moestrup (= Glenodinium pascheri, Woloszynskia pascheri, Gyrodinium nivalis)

ABSTRACT Red snow caused by dinoflagellates is a phenomenon rarely reported, described from the European Alps from 1914 onwards, and subsequently observed outside Europe on several occasions in Ontario, Canada. Considerable taxonomic confusion exists regarding the identity of the organism(s) causing red snow, but the most recent occurrence in 2016 in Ontario has now allowed detailed studies, including LM, SEM, TEM and molecular sequencing of the causative species. We conclude that the two species originally described as the cause of red snow, Glenodinium pascheri and Gyrodinium nivale, are synonymous and that the appropriate name for the organism is Borghiella pascheri (syn. Woloszynskia pascheri) as suggested by Moestrup & Calado in the recent volume of the Süsswasserflora. The central part of Borghiella pascheri cells is tomato red and filled with numerous organelles, whose ultrastructure indicates modified chloroplasts. Lack of cultures has prevented chemical characterization of the red pigment. Formation of temporary cysts was common in the samples. Transformation of the motile cells into temporary cysts was followed in detail, and the cysts were shown to be surrounded by the fused inner membranes of the amphiesmal vesicles, which became the cell membrane of the cysts, covered by the fused pellicle precursors. The cell membrane from the motile cell was discarded together with the outer amphiesmal vesicle membrane and the thin thecal plates, and the temporary cysts were therefore not surrounded by any pattern of vesicles. Sexual reproduction resulted in the formation of hypnozygotes. Although the species possessed several unusual features, DNA sequencing showed it to belong to Borghiella. The culture established in 1965 from the Botanical Garden in Göttingen, Germany and generally identified as Woloszynskia pascheri belongs to a separate species of Borghiella, to be described separately.The occurrence of red snow caused by dinoflagellates is discussed.
The effects of R&D intensity and internationalization on the performance of non-high-tech SMEs

Research and Development (R&D) investment is seen as a fundamental driver of high-tech small and medium-sized (SME) firm performance. However, the same driver may be constraining growth among non-high-tech SMEs as it increases the level of risk faced by such firms. We challenge this argument by examining the relationship between R&D intensity and performance among non-high-tech SMEs. While the size of R&D investments is, by definition, limited in the non-high-tech sector, our study shows that such investments are important for non-high-tech firms. There is, however, an inverted U-shaped relationship between R&D intensity and performance among non-high-tech SMEs. Furthermore, increased internationalization leads non-high-tech SMEs to exploit their R&D investment more effectively to enhance firm performance, provided that R&D investment levels exceed a critical threshold.