Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observations of the Sun's magnetic field during the recent solar maximum

[1] We present new observations and analyses of the Sun’s magnetic field and coronal holes. Using magnetic field observations from the Wilcox Solar Observatory, we present a simple means whereby the tilt angle of the current sheet can be calculated. We use a data set covering the last 26 years, which shows for the first time how the dipole component rotated once during a full 22-year solar cycle. We show how this influenced the current sheet. At solar minimum, the Sun’s coronal magnetic field was essentially dipolar and aligned parallel to the spin axis. As a result, the heliospheric current sheet was flat and had very little warp. Around solar maximum, the dipole was perpendicular to the spin axis, and the ratio of quadrupole to dipole strength was high for much of the time. This meant that the current sheet was tilted and highly warped, and reached up to high latitudes. Surprisingly, there were also times close to solar maximum when the quadrupole/dipole ratio was low, and the current sheet was relatively flat, but still highly inclined. We apply for the first time to solar magnetic data a method, which quantitatively analyses the quadrupole component of the magnetic field. From the terms of the expansion of the observed photospheric magnetic field, we compute the position of the poles of the magnetic field. We combine for the first time over an extended period of time magnetic field data from the Wilcox Solar Observatory with coronal hole positions taken from the National Solar Observatory/Kitt Peak. We find that the position of the coronal holes followed the motion of the poles of the magnetic field as the poles moved over the surface of the Sun and that the polar coronal holes broke up into groups of smaller like-polarity holes as the poles approached the midlatitude regions and the quadrupole became more important. We discuss the implications for energetic particle observations at Ulysses. INDEX TERMS: 7509 Solar Physics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy: Corona; 7511 Solar Physics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy: Coronal holes; 7524 Solar Physics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy: Magnetic fields; 7514 Solar Physics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy: Energetic particles (2114); KEYWORDS: current sheet, source surface, Sun’s dipole, Sun’s quadrupole, coronal holes, solar maximum
Glacial cycles and carbon dioxide: A conceptual model

The correlation between Antarctic temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is a key feature of Quaternary climate cycles. The cycle is characterised by pronounced temporal asymmetry; with rapid increase in both temperature and CO2 at the glacial termination. Here I compare observed climate cycles with results from a simple model which predicts the evolution of global temperature and carbon dioxide over the glacial‐interglacial cycle. The model includes a term which parameterises deep ocean release of CO2 in response to warming, and thereby amplifies the glacial cycle. In this model, temperature rises lead CO2 increases at the glacial termination, but it is the feedback between these two quantities that drives the abrupt warming during the transition from glacial to interglacial periods.
The Catalysing Role of In-House R&D in Fostering the Complementarity of Innovative Inputs

The aim of this study is to test the possible catalysing role of in-house R&D in fostering the complementarity of innovative inputs on a sample of 3045 manufacturing firms drawn from the third Italian Community Innovation Survey (1998 - 2000). The interactions between four different sources of innovation - internal and external R&D, embodied and disembodied technological acquisitions - have been simultaneously explored through the two (direct and indirect) testing frameworks for complementarity. Results from both the approaches show that the innovative process is a phenomenon combining within itself both complementarity and substitutability relationships, depending both on the typology of the targeted innovation output and on the particular combination of innovative inputs we focus on. In particular, it is in-house R&D that seems to create the precondition allowing firms to enjoy complementarity effects. Indeed, the possibility of exploiting synergies between different innovative inputs turns out to be subordinated to having undertaken a minimum amount of internal R&D. The implication of this result is that a role for in-house R&D emerges, beyond its direct effect in generating an innovative output: even if internal research is not a necessary precondition for a firm to be innovative, it should still be carried out because of its important role in the generation of synergies that amplify the impacts of the other innovative inputs it interacts with.
On Fracture-Related Causes for Reduction in Tensile Strength of Southern Pine Lumber at Low Moisture Content

A combination of lumber testing and finite element-fracture mechanics simulation was used to determine the influence of moisture content on the tensile strength of southern pine dimension lumber. This research confirmed that tensile strength degrades as equilibrium moisture content drops below 12%. The simulations allowed tracking of the individual influence of different clear wood properties on the tensile strength of lumber specimens. The finite element results suggest that lumber containing knots more closely approaches idealized linear elastic behavior as the wood becomes extremely dry. For green lumber, the model appears to be overly conservative, possibly because stress concentrations are reduced by inelastic response perpendicular to the grain.
Influences of perinatal conditions on adult body size and intellectual performance: a register-based cohort study

In perinatal epidemiological research, mortality has been a central outcome. Compared to later periods in life, perinatal mortality has been, and still is, considerable. However, as perinatal mortality has decreased to a gratifying extent, perinatal and neonatal morbidity, as well as long-term health outcomes and their possible perinatal origin have come into focus. The first period of life is increasingly thought to be important in the aetiology of adult health and disease. Recent evidence suggests that factors acting in foetal life, during critical periods of growth and development, may biologically ‘programme’ adult chronic disease. Later experiences may modify these effects. Hence, adult chronic disease may also reflect cumulative lifetime unhealthy exposures. Health in early adulthood may be regarded as an intermediate variable on a causal pathway between intrauterine influences and adult disease development. Thus, elucidating influences of perinatal conditions on health in early adulthood may provide a better understanding of the “web of causation” linking early life exposures and adult disease. This article is based on a doctoral thesis in preparation, and two of its papers from a nationwide historical cohort study. The study assesses possible associations between perinatal conditions on one hand and adult body size and intelligence on the other.
Analysis of Factors Associated with the Size of Receipt Reinvestment Cocoa Farming

This research aimed to find out the factors that have a relationship to the size of farm receipts reinvestment cocoa farmers do. This research implemented in Luwu district for six months from August 2013 to January 2014. The research method used was quantitative method (Chi square analysis). The results showed that factors related to the size of farm receipts reinvestment cocoa farmers did, are: motivation, land area, the amount of production, household income, attention, perception, cocoa farming experience, the ability to accept risks, the ability to save, the response of farmers advanced to farmers and the price level.
Alginate Oligomers Inhibit Growth of Bacteria Causing Bovine Mastitis and Potentiate the Activity of Antibiotics Commonly Used For Treatment of the Disease

Alginate oligomers have been shown to disrupt microbial biofilms and reduce minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for many clinically relevant antibiotics to a range of human pathogens. The antibiofilm and potentiating effects of alginate oligomers has previously been focussed on bacterial and fungal strains that play significant roles in chronic human infections. This study on the effects of an alginate oligomer (OligoG CF-5/20) on bacteria that cause bovine mastitis is the first report that investigates a significant disease in animal health. The effect of OligoG CF-5/20 on the inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin, erythromycin, cephalothin and lincomycin to a test panel of nine bacterial strains associated with bovine mastitis were investigated. Two different media were used for cultivation, the standard Mueller-Hinton normally used for bacterial MIC determination, and a skimmed milk medium to mimic the native growth conditions for mastitis bacteria. OligoG CF-5/20 was shown to inhibit growth of all strains tested, and demonstrated a 2 to 8 fold reduction in MICs for erythromycin, cephalothin and lincomycin. The data highlights a potential role for alginate oligomers in potentiating the efficacy of antibiotics, and thereby potentially reducing antibiotic use, in the treatment of mastitis in dairy cattle.
Performance of a Gas Turbine Power Plant

Population of the world is increasing and so the demand of energy for domestic and industrial use. Worldwide efforts are being meet to produce energy from renewable resources but it is impossible to replace the fossil fuel resource of energy. Gas turbine remains the main energy converter of fossil fuel both for its liquid and gaseous states. This paper analyzes the performance of a unit of an actual power plant situated at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The power plant has G.E. gas turbine units which operate as simple gas turbine units at peak demand periods and as a part of combined power plant unit at other periods of operation. The performance of the unit has been evaluated from the actual data from the unit obtained around the year. The study reveals that for gas turbine cycle an increase in compressor inlet temperature increases efficiency of compressor whereas turbine efficiency decreases. Exit temperature of the unit increases with the increase in inlet temperature of compressor that results in enhanced pollution. The exergy and energy efficiencies of the whole unit show dependence on compressor inlet temperature. Plant efficiency and mass of steam produced increase with the increase in the turbine inlet temperature.
Evaluating The Student Experience of Inquiry-Based Learning: An Educational Initiative

This paper outlines the development, implementation and evaluation of two honours level inquiry-based learning (IBL) modules, one in a pre-registration and one in a post-registration nursing programme within a modern university. Although IBL has been embraced by nursing curricula as a means of developing effective practitioners to meet the needs of a complex, changing healthcare environment, the evidence to support its adoption remains variable. The literature identifies effective curriculum design, facilitation, motivation and cooperation of learners as key in achieving effective IBL. Scenarios to stimulate IBL were developed from practice for these modules, with contributions from practitioners to ensure currency and relevancy. Student evaluation of the modules revealed that one scenario lacked focus leading to some uncertainty for students. Both student groups encountered some anxiety, particularly during the IBL process and workload was perceived by students as heavier than for traditional methods of teaching and learning. Both groups reported effective facilitation. Although no claims can be made concerning improvement in conceptual thinking within this study, pre-registration students’ assessment results in this module were higher than their dissertation module. However, post-registration students’ marks were lower when compared with a previous cohort. This small educational initiative raises questions about the importance of content, inquiry process, social interaction and overall effectiveness of IBL methods.
The Financial Performance Comparison of Islamic Bank in Indonesia with Islamic Bank in UK

The purpose of this study was to determine how the performance difference between Islamic banks in Indonesia by Islamic banks in the UK, which has cultural and religious backgrounds are different from each other. In this study use financial statements of Islamic banking in Indonesia and in the United Kingdom in the five-year period, existing data will be processed and calculated its financial performance using the Mann-Whitney U test using SPSS data processing tools. The results of this study found that there are differences in terms of profit and there is no difference in terms of capital structure in Islamic banks in Indonesia by Islamic banks in the UK. In this study, there are some limitations as to the number of samples is very little, many companies do not publish their financial statements, many companies that do not have separate financial statements (non-consolidated). The implications of this study showed that the difference of financial performance in Islamic banks in Indonesia by Islamic banks in the UK, this difference could have occurred because of cultural and religious backgrounds are different from each other between Indonesia and the UK. Suggestions for further research are expected to increase the number of samples in which more like adding a non-Muslim state in Europe, and also increase the ratio of the value of performance measurement used in comparing the financial performance of banks.
THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN KENYA BY: NJERU BENEDICT NYAGA A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE MASTER OF SCIENCE IN FINANCE

v List of Figures and Tables . vii ABBREVIATIONS . viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Background of the Study . 1 1.1.1 Foreign Direct Investment . 1 1.1.2 Economic Growth . 3 1.1.3 Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth . 4 1.1.4 Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Kenya . 5 1.2 Statement of the Problem . 6 1.3 Objectives of the Study . 8 1.4 Significance of the Study . 8 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW . 9 2.
Climate Impacts of Large-Scale Wind Farms as Parameterized in a Global Climate Model

The local, regional, and global climate impacts of a large-scale global deployment of wind power in regionally high densities over land are investigated for a 60-yr period. Wind farms are represented as elevated momentum sinks as well as enhanced turbulence to represent turbine blade mixing in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5), a global climate model. For a total installed capacity of 2.5TW, to provide 16% of the world’s projected electricity demand in 2050, minimal impacts are found both regionally and globally on temperature, sensible and latent heat fluxes, cloud, and precipitation. A mean near-surface warming of 0.12 6 0.07K is seen within the wind farms, with a global-mean temperature change of 20.013 6 0.015K. Impactsonwindspeedandturbulencearemorepronouncedbutlargelyconfinedwithinthewindfarm areas. Increasing the wind farm areas to provide an installed capacity of 10TW, or 65% of the 2050 electricity demand, causes further impacts; however, they remain slight overall. Maximum temperature changes are less than 0.5K in the wind farm areas. To provide 20TW of installed capacity, or 130% of the 2050 electricity demand, impacts both within thewind farms andbeyond becomemore pronounced,with a doubling in turbine density. However, maximum temperature changes remain less than 0.7K. Representing wind farms instead as an increase in surface roughness generally produces similar mean results; however, maximum changes increase, and influences on wind and turbulence are exaggerated. Overall, wind farm impacts are much weaker than those expected from greenhouse gas emissions, with very slight global-mean climate impacts.
Analysis of condensable hydrocarbons in gasification processes

Biomass gasification is a primary process step for the production of biofuels. The gasification process produces a combustible gas mixture which consists of a wide range of species from permanent gases to condensable hydrocarbons, collectively known as tar. Tar starts to condense at temperatures around 350°C, causing blockage and fouling of downstream equipment such as heat exchangers. The conventional means of gas cleaning are based on various methods of scrubbing to remove all condensable species, including steam. However, these systems suffer losses in terms of low heat recovery, and the chemical energy of the tar is removed from the product, thus lowering the overall efficiency. An alternative to scrubbing is catalytic reforming of the produced tar into light gas species by means of primary or secondary measures. The benefit of tar reforming is that the energy content of the tar is retained in the produced gas. Furthermore, if the tar is reduced to low enough levels, the heat recovery of the process can be increased. This study investigates the concepts of primary and secondary measures by introducing a catalytic material directly into the Chalmers DFB gasifier (primary measure) and by utilizing an additional reactor for catalytic reforming of the produced gas (secondary measure). These two concepts differ in terms of operation and cost, as well as in the type of gas that comes into contact with the catalytic material. For the primary measures, the catalytic material is introduced to a newly formed pyrolysis gas, whereas the gas entering the secondary measure equipment has already evolved due to its time in the gasifier. Overall, both concepts resulted in significantly decreased levels of tar. However, the composition of the remaining tar differed between the two concepts, as well as the added amounts of oxygen. Sufficient quantification of all components of the produced gas is required to evaluate the performance of a gasifier system. However, as the produced gas comprise such a wide range of species, several different measurement techniques are required. This requirement often results in incomplete quantification as the individual measurements have limitations as to which species can be detected. The SPA method for tar measurement was evaluated to determine the detection limits and reproducibility of the method. Species ranging from phenol to coronene were measured with a relative standard deviation well within 10%; however, the light species ranging from benzene to xylene were not sufficiently adsorbed to the employed SPA column. A high-temperature reactor, for thermal cracking of all gas species into CO, CO2, H2, and H2O, was constructed to measure the total elemental yields of C, H, O, and N in the raw gas.
Resistance management and the ecology of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in subtropical Australia

Subtropical Australia is a demonstrated hotspot for phosphine resistance in stored product pests. Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum are common pests of stored grain in this region and management of these pests is increasingly impeded through the spread of resistance to phosphine, the most desirable control method. A number of field-oriented studies were conducted from the 1970’s to 1990’s to understand the ecology of these pests in subtropical Australia, including seasonal abundance, flight and population growth in stored grain. To manage the evolution and spread of resistance we require an understanding of movement of these beetles among foci of infestation. This paper presents preliminary analyses of two aspects of new research on these species: (1) a trapping program using pheromones to investigate beetle numbers in spatial and temporal contexts, and (2) characterisation of beetles leaving infested farm silos. Adults of both species were trapped throughout the year with the lowest numbers corresponding to the coldest part of the year. The coldest trapping period had mean maximum and minimum temperatures of 21.1 and 3.5°C respectively. Trapping also revealed distinct differences between the two species, both in terms of numbers caught and where they were caught. In general, more R. dominica were caught than T. castaneum , similar numbers of R. dominica were caught near farm silos and in paddocks at least 1 km from the nearest silo, and more T. castaneum were caught near silos than in paddocks. Individual adults intercepted flying from farm silos are being characterised in the laboratory, and results to date show that these adults are long-lived, the females have mated before emigrating and are highly fecund. By undertaking research of the type summarised here we aim to develop an understanding of how these two species interact with their environment and how these interactions influence resistance development. Keywords : Ecology, Rhyzopertha dominica, Tribolium castaneum , Australia
Predicting whistle-blowing intention among supervisors in Malaysia

The function of whistle-blowing as an effective internal control mechanism has long been accepted around the globe. Several individual factors have been considered as predictive variables of whistle-blowing intention. However, findings are still inconclusive. Using the theory of planned behaviour as a framework, this study examines the relationship between the selected predictive variables (internal locus of control, work experience and ethics training) and whistle-blowing intention. Data were collected randomly from 311 supervisors within large manufacturing companies in Malaysia. Applying multiple regression analysis, results indicated that work experience and ethics training are significantly related to whistle-blowing intention. On the other hand, there is no significant relationship between internal locus of control and whistle-blowing intention. Implications for theory and practice from the findings are discussed
Corrosion Behavior of 6101 Aluminum Alloy Strands for Automotive Wires

Microstructural states produced by each step of the manufacturing process leading to the production of automotive strand arms in 6101 aluminum alloy (AA6101) for wiring harnesses were investigated in relation to their corrosion behavior in NaCl solution. The observed corrosion morphology,i.e., pitting corrosion or intergranular corrosion, was strongly dependent on the precipitation state, i.e., mainly the presence of intergranular Mg2Si precipitates. A ‘grain size – corrosion resistance’ relationship was also evidenced with an ennoblement of the corrosion potential for wires heavily cold drawn, which were characterized by a nanometric grain size. Dislocation density as well as the homogeneity of alloying element distribution were also found to be relevant parameters for explaining the electrochemical behavior of each microstructural state. Plastic deformation and recrystallization phenomena occurring during the manufacturing process were found to be associated with redistribution of alloying elements, which impeded the formation of intergranular Mg2Si precipitates. Therefore, in the present study, the cold drawing process was found to increase the intergranular corrosion resistance of AA6101.