Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantum generative adversarial learning in a superconducting quantum circuit

A quantum version of generative adversarial learning is experimentally demonstrated with a superconducting circuit. Generative adversarial learning is one of the most exciting recent breakthroughs in machine learning. It has shown splendid performance in a variety of challenging tasks such as image and video generation. More recently, a quantum version of generative adversarial learning has been theoretically proposed and shown to have the potential of exhibiting an exponential advantage over its classical counterpart. Here, we report the first proof-of-principle experimental demonstration of quantum generative adversarial learning in a superconducting quantum circuit. We demonstrate that, after several rounds of adversarial learning, a quantum-state generator can be trained to replicate the statistics of the quantum data output from a quantum channel simulator, with a high fidelity (98.8% on average) so that the discriminator cannot distinguish between the true and the generated data. Our results pave the way for experimentally exploring the intriguing long-sought-after quantum advantages in machine learning tasks with noisy intermediate–scale quantum devices.
Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of intellectual disability

Mental retardation is a developmental disorder and is associated with significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. Currently, it is widely referred to as “intellectual disability (ID)” and “intellectual developmental disorders (IDDs). ” In India, the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016) has introduced the term “intellectual disability” in the place of “mental retardation. ” However, India being a signatory country to the World Health Organization (WHO), where the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) guidelines are adopted in the clinical practice, the term “mental retardation” is still in clinical use (The WHO Working Group on the Classification of Intellectual Disabilities has recommended replacing the term “mental retardation” with “IDD” in ICD-11 [Salvador-Carulla et al., 2011]. Thus, both the terms, intellectual disability and mental retardation, are in use in India. Despite variation in the terminology and the differences in the criteria for diagnosis (e.g., ICD-10; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition [DSM-5]) and assessment of disability (as notified in the guidelines in January 2018, which are based on the RPD Act), it is commonly agreed that significant impairments in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior during the developmental period is the hallmark of the condition [Table 1]. Table 1 Terminology and conceptual issues related to intellectual disability among different diagnostic systems
Raman study of flash-lamp annealed aqueous Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystals

The effect of flash-lamp annealing (FLA) on the re-crystallization of thin films made of colloidal Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystals (NCs) is investigated by Raman spectroscopy. Unlike similar previous studies of NCs synthesized at high temperatures in organic solvents, NCs in this work, which have diameters as small as 2–6 nm, were synthesized under environmentally friendly conditions in aqueous solution using small molecules as stabilizers. We establish the range of FLA conditions providing an efficient re-crystallization in the thin film of NCs, while preserving their kesterite structure and improving their crystallinity remarkably. The formation of secondary phases at higher FLA power densities, as well as the dependence of the formation on the film thickness are also investigated. Importantly, no inert atmosphere for the FLA treatment of the NCs is required, which makes this technology even more suitable for mass production, in particular for printed thin films on flexible substrates.
Situating adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the externalizing spectrum: Etiological, diagnostic, and treatment considerations

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a population prevalence of 5%. However, its prevalence is much higher in mental health and substance use treatment settings. It is associated with significant physical and psychiatric morbidity, as well as social, occupational, and legal consequences. Adult ADHD is considered to be a part of the externalizing spectrum with which it shares both homotypic comorbidity and heterotypic continuity across the lifespan. This is attributable to a shared genetic basis, which interacts with environmental risk factors such as nutritional deficiencies and psychosocial adversity to bring about epigenetic changes. This is seen to result in a lag in brain maturation particularly in the areas of the brain related to executive functioning (top-down regulation) such as the prefrontal and cingulate cortices. This delay when coupled with impairments in reward processing, leads to a preference for immediate small rewards and is common to externalizing disorders. Adult ADHD is increasingly understood to not merely be associated with the classically described symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention, but also issues with motivation, emotional recognition and regulation, excessive mind wandering, and behavioral self-regulation. These symptoms are also observed in other disorders which overlap with the externalizing spectrum such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, antisocial and borderline personality disorder. It is therefore important to develop both broad-based and specific interventions to be able to target these deficits which can reduce the burden and improve outcomes.
High extinction risk for wild coffee species and implications for coffee sector sustainability

Extinction threatens at least 60% of wild coffee species, including those that are key to the future of the global coffee sector. Wild coffee species are critical for coffee crop development and, thus, for sustainability of global coffee production. Despite this fact, the extinction risk and conservation priority status of the world’s coffee species are poorly known. Applying IUCN Red List of Threatened Species criteria to all (124) wild coffee species, we undertook a gap analysis for germplasm collections and protected areas and devised a crop wild relative (CWR) priority system. We found that at least 60% of all coffee species are threatened with extinction, 45% are not held in any germplasm collection, and 28% are not known to occur in any protected area. Existing conservation measures, including those for key coffee CWRs, are inadequate. We propose that wild coffee species are extinction sensitive, especially in an era of accelerated climatic change.
Sleep quality and its association with psychological distress and sleep hygiene: a cross-sectional study among pre-clinical medical students

Objective: This study aimed to investigate subjective sleep quality and its association with demographics, psychological health, and sleep hygiene related behaviors in pre-clinical medical students. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a self-administered questionnaire consisting of demographics, sleep hygiene behaviors, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS21) was handed out to all medical students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences at pre-clinical stage. Results: The questionnaire was filled out by 553 (89.7%) of 616 students approached. About 60% of our sample had a global PSQI score of more than 5 (cut off of poor sleep quality) with mean global PSQI score of 6.32 (SD=2.72). The prevalence of moderate to extremely severe depression, anxiety and stress scores were 26.1%, 29.61%, and 14.5% respectively. Poor sleep quality was associated with later year in the school, psychological distress and several lifestyle behaviors. Constructing a multivariate logistic model, depression, anxiety and some sleep hygiene behaviors were significantly associated with higher PSQI score. Discussion: Our findings suggest that poor sleep quality is a common problem among pre-clinical medical students and is associated with some psychological symptoms and sleep hygiene behaviors. This issue demonstrates necessity of interventions to improve the sleep quality in this population group.
Evaluation of Prevalence and Positions of Mesiodens Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

ABSTRACT Objectives The aim of this retrospective study is to investigate the prevalence, three-dimensional positions and supplementary findings of the presence of a mesiodens by using cone-beam computed tomography. Material and Methods A total of 5000 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, taken between December 2015 and March 2018, from the archive of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, were screened. In sum, 2003 CBCT scans fulfilled inclusion criteria in this study. In addition to number of mesiodens, age and sex of the patients, shape, eruption status and direction, findings of the presence of a mesiodens were also recorded. Mesiodentes were classified according to their positions in frontal, sagittal and axial planes. Results In this study, the prevalence of mesiodens was found 5.04% and to be more frequent in males than in females with the ratio of 1.9 : 1. One hundred thirty maxillary mesiodentes were detected in 101 cases out of 2003 CBCT scans. In 77 cases (76.2%), single mesiodens; in 19 cases (18.8%), two mesiodentes; and in 5 cases (4.9%), three mesiodentes were found. According to our classification, mesiodentes were mostly found in between midlines of central incisors (both the crown and root of mesiodens) in frontal plane, impacted and in contact with central incisors in sagittal plane, anterior to nasopalatine canal and in contact with nasopalatine canal in axial plane. Conclusions Cone-beam computed tomography provides more detailed information about position, neighbouring anatomic structures, and local findings of the presence of mesiodentes in multiplanar sections.
S100 negative granular cell tumor of the oral cavity: dermoscopy and surgical approach*

We report the case of a 47-year-old male patient with S100 negative granular cell tumor of the oral cavity, focusing on dermoscopic features as well as surgical approach, not previously reported in the literature. The study contributes to the literature on dermoscopy and surgical treatment for this tumor and provides a practical approach to differentiating non-neural granular cell tumors and granular cell tumors.
Interlingual identification and the role of foreign language experience in L2 vowel perception

ABSTRACT This article examines the perception of four English vowels (/i, i, ε, æ/) by adult native speakers of German. From the standpoint of German, it appears that English /i, i,ε/ are perceptually similar, if not identical, to German /i, i, ε,/ whereas /ε/ is a “new” vowel for German learners of English. The role of foreign language experience in the perception of second language vowels was examined through labeling responses to members of synthetic continua (beat-bit, bet-bat) in which vowel duration and spectrum were varied factorily. The subjects were relatively experienced and inexperienced second language (L2) learners and a monolingual English control group. The results suggest that L2 experience did not affect perception for the continuum with the two “similar” vowels /i/ and /I/. However, for the continuum involving the “new” vowel /æ/, the experienced Germans more closely resembled the native English speakers than the inexperienced Germans. The predominant use of duration cues in differentiating the English /ε/–/æ/ contrast by the inexperienced Germans suggested that when spectral cues are insufficient to differentiate an L2 vowel contrast, duration will be used.
The Messinian Guadalhorce corridor: the last northern, Atlantic–Mediterranean gateway

Messinian marine deposits of the Guadalhorce River valley in southern Spain record evidence of the last northern gateway that existed between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. They comprise sandstones and conglomerates with unidirectional cross‐bed sets up to nearly 1 km long in their down‐sedimentary‐dip direction. These cross‐bed sets relate to extremely fast (1.0–1.5 m s−1) bottom currents flowing from the Mediterranean into the Atlantic. The Guadalhorce gateway (which had a maximum width of 5 km and a maximum water depth of 120 m) was an important element controlling the Messinian pre‐evaporitic oceanic circulation in the Mediterranean Sea, as it acted as a major outflow channel. Its closure limited the exchange of water between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean to the Rifian corridors of Morocco, inducing water‐mass restriction and stratification in the western Mediterranean immediately prior to the `Messinian Salinity Crisis'.
CISPLATININDUCED RENAL TOXICITY: A SHORT REVIEW

Cisplatin is an antineoplastic agent widely used in chemotherapy of ovarian, lung, bladder, breast, head and neck, and testicular cancers. However, its clinical use was rapidly limited due to unexpected and very severe renal toxicity and effective cancer chemotherapy with this agent has been further complicated by the lack of information concerning the mode of action and the species responsible for eliciting the anticancer activity. In this regard, acute and cumulative renal toxicity associated with histological damage has been shown in both animal and human studies. The present review includes a brief discussion of the nature and underlying mechanism of cisplatin- induced nephrotoxicity. (Nasri H, Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi M, Rafieian-Kopaie M. Cisplatin-induced renal toxicity: A short review. Life Sci J 2014;11(12s):55-63). (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite. com . 9
Chemical weathering in small catchments: climatic and anthropogenic influences.

Chemical denudation through weathering of soil and rock minerals is an important component of the biogeochemistry of ecosystems (Chapter 4). In virtually all environments, weathering results in the neutralization of hydrogen ion (H+) and the production of soluble basic cations (CB:Ca, Mg, K and Na), aluminium and silica (H4Si04). Thus, it has been recognized that weathering plays an important role in the buffering of surface waters (e.g. Johnson, 1984; Bricker and Rice, 1989) and the supply of nutrient cations (Ca, Mg and K) to the soil (e.g. Likens et ai., 1977). Chemical weathering rates are influenced by many edaphic factors. The importance of the mineralogy and geochemistry of the rock being weathered is obvious. Climate also has a major influence. Under pristine conditions, weathering rates should be highest in warm, moist climates. Weathering is also a major sink for H+ in most natural systems (the rare exception being those underlain by sulphide-rich parent material). Thus, environments characterized by high fluxes of acidity are expected to have higher rates of chemical weathering. Since fossil fuel combustion and other human activities produce acidity, it is reasonable to hypothesize that weathering rates are greater in heavily impacted areas. Our goals in this chapter are to summarize what is known from catchment studies about chemical weathering rates in different climatic regimes and the impacts of human activities on weathering rates. Chemical weathering is one of several processes which contribute to the chemical denudation of catchments. However, measured rates of chemical denudation can be used to estimate chemical weathering rates if the rates of biomass accumulation and changes in soil exchangeable cation pools are either measured or assumed to be negligible (Chapter 4). Some of the catchment studies cited in this chapter included direct measurement of these changes. In many of the studies, biomass and soil changes were assumed to be negligible by the original investigators.
ECG Imaging to Detect the Site of Ventricular Ischemia Using Torso Electrodes: A Computational Study

Electrocardiography provides some information useful for ischemic diagnosis. However, more recently there has been substantial growth in the area of ECG imaging, which by solving the inverse problem of electrocardiography aims to produce high-resolution mapping of the electrical and magnetic dynamics of the heart. Most inverse studies use the full resolution of the body surface potential (BSP) to reconstruct the epicardial potentials, however using a limited number of torso electrodes to interpolate the BSP is more clinically relevant and has an important effect on the reconstruction which must be quantified. A circular ischemic lesion on the right ventricle lateral wall 27 mm in radius is reconstructed using three Tikhonov methods along with 6 different electrode configurations ranging from 32 leads to 1,024 leads. The 2nd order Tikhonov solution performed the most accurately (~80% lesion identified) followed by the 1st (~50% lesion identified) and then the 0 order Tikhonov solution performed the worst with a maximum of ~30% lesion identified regardless of how many leads were used. With an increasing number of leads the solution produces less error, and the error becomes more localised around the lesion for all three regularisation methods. In noisy conditions, the relative performance gap of the 1st and 2nd order Tikhonov solutions was reduced, and determining an accurate regularisation parameter became relatively more difficult. Lesions located on the left ventricle walls were also able to be identified but comparatively to the right ventricle lateral wall performed marginally worse with lesions located on the interventricular septum being able to be indicated by the reconstructions but not successfully identified against the error. The quality of reconstruction was found to decrease as the lesion radius decreased, with a lesion radius of <20 mm becoming difficult to correctly identify against the error even when using >512 torso electrodes.
Diagnostic Value of FDG PET-CT Quantitative Parameters and Deauville-Like 5 Point-Scale in Predicting Malignancy of Focal Thyroid Incidentaloma

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of FDG PET-CT metabolic parameters and Deauville-like 5 point-scale to predict malignancy in a population of patients presenting focal thyroid incidentaloma (fTI). Design: This retrospective study included 41 fTI, classified according to cytological and histological data as benign (BL) or malignant lesion (ML). FDG PET-CT semi-quantitative parameters (SUVmax, SUVmean, SUVpeak, MTV, TLG), tumor to liver SUVmean ratio (TLRmax and TLRmean), tumor to blood-pool SUVmean ratio (TBRmax and TBRmean) were calculated. Each fTI was also classified on a Deauville-like 5-point scale (DS) currently used in lymphoma. Comparison between BL and ML was performed for each parameter and a ROC analysis was conducted. Results: All quantitative PET metabolic parameters (SUV parameters, volume based parameters and SUV ratio) were higher in ML compared with BL, yet no significant difference was reported. fTI (uptake) malignancy rate according to DS grades 2, 3, 4, and 5 was, respectively, 25% (1 of 4), 28.6% (2 of 7), 8.3% (1 of 12), and 33.3% (6 of 18) with no significant difference between ML and BL groups. Results of ROC analysis showed that mean TBR had the highest AUC in our cohort (0.66 95%CI [0.41; 0.91]) with a cut-off value of 2.2. Specificity of MTV and TLG was 100% (cut-off values: MTV 9.6 ml, TLG 22.9 g) and their sensitivity was 30 and 40%, respectively. Conclusion: Our study did not highlight any FDG PET/CT parameter predictor of fTI malignancy.
The Effects of Transcutaneous Spinal Direct Current Stimulation on Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical and Neurophysiological Assessment

Background: Central neuropathic pain represents one of the most common symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS) and it seriously affects quality of life. Spinal mechanisms may contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain in MS. Converging evidence from animal models and neurophysiological and clinical studies in humans suggests a potential effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tc-DCS) on neuropathic pain. Spinal application of DCS, i.e., transcutaneous spinal DCS (ts-DCS), may modulate nociception through inhibition of spinal reflexes. Therefore, ts-DCS could represents an effective, safe and well-tolerated treatment for neuropathic pain in MS, a largely unexplored topic. This study is a pilot randomized double-blind sham-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of ts-DCS on central neuropathic pain in MS patients. Methods: Thirty-three MS patients with central neuropathic pain were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups in a double-blind sham-controlled design: anodal ts-DCS group (n = 19, 10 daily 20-min sessions, 2 mA) or sham ts-DCS group (n = 14, 10 daily 20-min sessions, 0 mA). The following clinical outcomes were evaluated before ts-DCS treatment (T0), after 10 days of treatment (T1) and 1 month after the end of treatment (T2): neuropathic pain symptoms inventory (NPSI), Ashworth Scale (AS) for spasticity and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). A subgroup of patients treated with anodal ts-DCS (n = 12) and sham ts-DCS (n = 11) also underwent a parallel neurophysiological study of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) and the NWR temporal summation threshold (TST), two objective markers of pain processing at spinal level. Results: Anodal ts-DCS group showed a significant improvement in NPSI at T1, which persisted at T2, while we did not detect any significant change in AS and FSS. Sham ts-DCS group did not show any significant change in clinical scales. We observed a non-significant trend towards an inhibition of NWR responses in the anodal ts-DCS group at T1 and T2 when compared to baseline. Conclusions: Anodal ts-DCS seems to have an early and persisting (i.e., 1 month after treatment) clinical efficacy on central neuropathic pain in MS patients, probably through modulation of spinal nociception. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials. gov, identifier #NCT02331654.
Determination of Flavonoids and Carotenoids and Their Contributions to Various Colors of Rose Cultivars (Rosa spp.)

Rose is one of the most valuable ornamental crops worldwide. In this study, the composition of hydrophilic and lipophilic pigments in petals of six rose cultivars at seven developing stages was investigated using high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Four anthocyanins, 20 flavonols, and 10 carotenoids were detected in petals of tested cultivars. Major individual anthocyanin, flavonol, and carotenoid were cyanidin/pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside, and (9Z)-violaxanthin, respectively. Significant differences were observed in pigments content in petals of different rose cultivars. The yellow petals of YI and GC exhibited no to very small amounts of anthocyanins, moderate amount of total flavonols, and highest content of total carotenoids. Similarly, pink petals of PF, WQ, and YX showed average concentration of total anthocyanins, highest concentration of total flavonols, and small amount of carotenoids. Further, orange petals of CH showed highest content of total anthocyanins, lowest content of total flavonols, and average content of total carotenoids. Correlation analysis demonstrated that there were many pigments influencing petal colors. Moreover, multiple linear regression indicated that pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, total anthocyanins and (9Z)-violaxanthin were the major factors. In addition, this study showed that orange cultivar CH, pink cultivar PF and yellow cultivar YI can have great potential as a natural source for the extraction of pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside, and (9Z)-violaxanthin, respectively. These investigations would contribute toward understanding the mechanism on the development of flower colors and provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of rose with specific color.