Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Upper Critical Zone in the Swartklip Sector, north-western Bushveld Complex, on the farm Wilgerspruit 2JQ: II. Origin by intrusion of ultramafic sills with concomitant partial melting of host norite-anorthosite cumulates

In the Bushveld Complex, the ultramafic (orthopyroxenite/harzburgite with chromitite) layers that host most of the PGE and chromite mineralization in the Upper Critical Zone display well-documented discordant basal contacts with their anorthositic and noritic host rocks. Whilst not so well documented, there is evidence that the upper contacts of these units are also discordant. We review the nature of the contacts between the ultramafic units and adjacent plagioclase-rich lithologies. These include contact phenomena like pegmatoidal lithologies and thin magmatic reaction chromite stringers. We conclude that most, if not all, ultramafic layers were intruded as sills into pre-existing norite/anorthosite cumulates. The sequence of norites and anorthosites that hosts the ultramafic layers was built up by a prior series of multiple tholeiitic (A-type) magma intrusions. The spectrum of lithologies from melanorite through to (mottled) anorthosite represents differing degrees of partial melting in response to these successive magma influxes. Density and competence contrasts between layers of plagioclase-rich rocks in turn provided pathways for sill propagation of subsequent ultramafic (U-type) magmas. The ultramafic magmas further modified the host norites and anorthosites by processes of partial melting and metasomatism. The ultramafic units themselves accumulated as composite sills in response to multiple magma injections. In the western Bushveld Complex, particularly including the Swartklip Sector in the north-western part of the complex, the Merensky Reef is represented by various facies that occur at different levels in the host stratigraphy. This phenomenon has been referred to by the term “regional potholing”, and has been attributed to the erosion of footwall cumulates by new influxes of magma. We suggest that a series of step-and-stair-type transitions of intruding sills to successive stratigraphic levels might more appropriately explain the various facies of the Merensky Reef.
Determinants of emergence of antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Studies were carried out to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. Monthly surveillance of gonococcal isolates showed the prevalence of gonococci with high-level, plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance (TRNG) to be about 15% for three consecutive 6-mo periods. Over the same period, the prevalence of gonococci with chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin G steadily increased, from 0% to 9% and then to 21%. From April to July 1987, while chromosomally mediated penicillin resistance was rapidly increasing, a more intensive study was conducted. Patients infected with TRNG reported significantly more lifetime sexual partners (P less than .05) but otherwise resembled patients infected with antibiotic-sensitive gonococci. Patients infected with chromosomally mediated penicillin-resistant gonococci differed from other patients. In addition to reporting more lifetime partners (P less than .05), patients with chromosomally mediated penicillin-resistant gonorrhea were more likely to be older (P less than .05) and more often reported past episodes of gonorrhea (P less than .05), greater numbers of recent sexual partners (P less than .05), new sexual partners (P less than .05), prostitute contact (P = .06), and parenteral drug use or sexual partners who were drug users (P = .07). The introduction of antibiotic-resistant N. gonorrhoeae into communities may be attributable to a subset of patients who practice "risky behaviors" and who could be targeted for disease intervention activities.
"I'll never drink like that again": characteristics of alcohol-related incidents and predictors of motivation to change in college students.

OBJECTIVE Alcohol use and its associated behaviors are among the most common reasons for medical treatment and disciplinary infractions among college students. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of students who had recent serious alcohol-related incidents and to identify predictors of motivation to change alcohol use and heavy drinking in particular, with specific attention to gender. METHOD Students (N = 227; 52% female) who had been mandated to attend a session of alcohol education following alcohol-related medical treatment and/or a disciplinary infraction were assessed on their alcohol use, alcohol problems, characteristics of their alcohol-related incident, reactions to the incident, attributions about the incident, and motivation to change drinking and heavy drinking. Path and regression analyses were used to identify the individual and incident-related characteristics that were related to motivation to change. RESULTS Perceived aversiveness of the incident was directly and positively related to motivation to change drinking and heavy drinking. Alcohol consumption in the month before the incident and past-year alcohol problems were negatively related to motivation to change heavy drinking, and women were more motivated to change heavy drinking than men. The more students consumed in the incident, the more likely they were to feel responsible for it, and the more responsible they felt about the incident, the greater its aversiveness. CONCLUSIONS Individual and incident-related characteristics are both directly and indirectly associated with motivation to change following an alcohol-related incident, and therefore have implications for interventions with college drinkers who have experienced an alcohol-related incident.
Changes in fatty acid content and composition in silage maize during grain filling.

BACKGROUND The stage of maturity at harvest has a major effect on the fatty acid (FA) content and composition of forage plants consumed by dairy cows. The present study investigated the dynamics of FA content and composition in stover (leaves and stem) and ears (cob, shank and husks) of two maize genotypes (G2 and G6) grown on sandy and clay soils and harvested at 14, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days after flowering (DAF). In addition, the FA content and composition of six maize genotypes (G1-G6) grown on the two soil types were compared at the normal harvest time of early genotypes in the Netherlands (70 DAF). RESULTS The contents of total FAs and major individual FAs in both stover and ears changed significantly (P < 0.001) during the grain-filling period (14-84 DAF). In stover the contents of C16:0, C18:2, C18:3 and total FAs declined (P < 0.001) while those of C18:0 and C18:1 increased (P < 0.001) with progressive grain filling. The rate of decline in C18:3 and total FA contents was slower during 14-56 DAF as compared with 56-84 DAF. In ears, the contents of C16:0, C18:1, C18:2 and total FAs increased up to 56 DAF and then remained more or less constant until 84 DAF. At 70 DAF the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in both stover and ears did not differ among the six genotypes. However, the average contents of C16:0, C18:3 and total FAs in stover were higher (P < 0.05) on clay soil, whereas those of C18:0 and C18:1 were higher on sandy soil. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that the maximum PUFA content in silage maize is harvested around 56 DAF, in the present study at a T(sum) of 927 °C.d or at an ear dry matter content of 440 g kg(-1) , which is before the onset of rapid senescence. Any further delay in harvesting will cause a rapid decline in C18:3 content in maize silages.
Evaluating the Accuracy of Google Translate for Diabetes Education Material

Background Approximately 21% of the US population speaks a language other than English at home; many of these individuals cannot effectively communicate in English. Hispanic and Chinese Americans, in particular, are the two largest minority groups having low health literacy in the United States. Fortunately, machine-generated translations represent a novel tool that non-English speakers can use to receive and relay health education information when human interpreters are not available. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the Google Translate website when translating health information from English to Spanish and English to Chinese. Methods The pamphlet, “You are the heart of your family…take care of it,” is a health education sheet for diabetes patients that outlines six tips for behavior change. Two professional translators translated the original English sentences into Spanish and Chinese. We recruited 6 certified translators (3 Spanish and 3 Chinese) to conduct blinded evaluations of the following versions: (1) sentences translated by Google Translate, and (2) sentences translated by a professional human translator. Evaluators rated the sentences on four scales: fluency, adequacy, meaning, and severity. We performed descriptive analysis to examine differences between these two versions. Results Cronbach's alpha values exhibited high degrees of agreement on the rating outcome of both evaluator groups: . 919 for the Spanish evaluators and . 972 for the Chinese evaluators. The readability of the sentences in this study ranged from 2.8 to 9.0 (mean 5.4, SD 2.7). The correlation coefficients between the grade level and translation accuracy for all sentences translated by Google were negative (eg, rMeaning=-.660), which indicates that Google provided accurate translation for simple sentences. However, the likelihood of incorrect translation increased when the original English sentences required higher grade levels to comprehend. The Chinese human translator provided more accurate translation compared to Google. The Spanish human translator, on the other hand, did not provide a significantly better translation compared to Google. Conclusion Google produced a more accurate translation from English to Spanish than English to Chinese. Some sentences translated by Google from English to Chinese exhibit the potential to result in delayed patient care. We recommend continuous training and credential practice standards for professional medical translators to enhance patient safety as well as providing health education information in multiple languages.
Changes of epidural blood flow after epidural administration of epinephrine in young rats

For caudal epidural analgesia, the needle is inserted at a site where vessels are abundant. To avoid complications related to intravascular administration of the local anesthetic, epinephrine is usually added, but there is no evidence about the safety of epidural administration of epinephrine in pediatric patients. The objective of this study was to assess the changes in epidural blood flow after epidural injection of epinephrine in young rats.
Effect of soil temperature on root resistance: implications for different trees under Mediterranean conditions.

The effect of temperature on radial root hydraulic specific resistance (Rp) is a known phenomenon; however, the impact ofRpvariations expected from soil temperature changes over the tree root system is unknown. The present article analyses the relations hip ofRpwith temperature in olive 'Picual' and a hybrid rootstock, GF677, at five different temperatures, showing that a variation of 3- and 4.5-folds exists for olive 'Picual' and GF677 in the range from 10 to 20 °C. The functions obtained were scaled up to show the theoretical changes of total radial root system resistance in a common tree orchard in a Mediterranean climate at a daily and seasonal scale, using recorded soil temperature values: a difference between summer and winter of 3.5-fold for olive 'Picual' and 9-fold for GF677 was observed. Nevertheless,Rpchanges are not only related to temperature, as cavitation or circadian rhythms in aquaporin expression may also play a role. The results obtained from an experiment with the two cultivars submitted to constant pressure and temperature during several hours exhibited a variation inRp, but this was of lower magnitude than that observed due to temperature changes. Finally, a comparison ofRpat 25 °C between GF677 and GN15 (another rootstock obtained from the same parental as GF677) showed significant differences. According to our results, diurnal and seasonal changes inRpdue to temperature variations are of significant importance, and it would therefore be advisable to assess them explicitly into soil-plant-atmosphere continuum models.
Ceramic-On-Ceramic Joints: A Suitable Alternative Material Combination?

Total hip replacement (THR) surgery has been available for several decades and is now a relatively common procedure. Since the introduction of the Charnley metal-on-ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) hip prosthesis, THR is seen as one of the most successful orthopaedic operations available today. There are currently over 80,000 hip re‐ placement procedures carried out in England and Wales [1] each year and THR has now be‐ come more popular with the younger, more active patient. This is shown in the statistics reported in the National Joint Registry; 12% of the patients who undergo THR are under the age of 55 and 85% of these are recorded as being either fit and healthy (16%) or with mild disease that is not incapacitating (69%) [1]. However, failure of these artificial joints does oc‐ cur, leading to the need for revision surgery; approximately 10% of the THR procedures re‐ ported are revision operations [1].
Left ventricular twist and circumferential strain in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease.

BACKGROUND During the cardiac cycle, the ventricle undergoes a twisting motion because of the oblique orientation of the left ventricular (LV) myofibers. This can be quantified by speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE). In mitral regurgitation (MR) in humans, the short axis deformation has been suggested as being pivotal to LV function. Decreased and delayed LV twist has been described in experimental MR, but has not been studied in myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). HYPOTHESES (1) Magnitude (CSt) and rate (CSRs) of systolic circumferential deformation decrease before the onset of congestive heart failure (CHF); (2) magnitude and rate of LV twist decrease, and onset of untwist is delayed, with increasing MMVD severity. ANIMALS A total of 97 privately owned small- to medium-sized dogs. METHODS Severity of MMVD was assessed by echocardiography and presence of clinical signs of CHF. Magnitude and rate of LV twist and circumferential deformation were evaluated by STE. RESULTS Dogs with CHF receiving treatment had increased CSt, CSRs, early diastolic untwisting rate, and delayed onset of untwist compared to dogs with minimal MMVD and increased systolic twist compared to dogs with mild MMVD (all P < .01). CSt and time to onset of untwist increased with echocardiographic variables of MR severity (all P < .002). CSRs and several LV twist variables decreased with increasing systolic LV internal diameter (all P < .01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE No STE-derived variable was decreased before onset of CHF. In dogs with CHF receiving treatment, the delayed onset of relaxation might indicate LV dysfunction and the hyperdynamic CSt and LV twist reflect compensatory mechanisms.
First Human Isolate of Mycobacterium poriferae in the Sputum of a Patient with Chronic Bronchitis

Mycobacterium poriferae was described in 1987 by Padgitt and Moshier ([6][1]), who reported its isolation from cell suspensions of the marine sponge Halichondria bowerbanski. The microorganism consists of rapidly growing, strongly acid-fast, Gram-positive rods. Optimal growth occurs between 28 and
X-linked lissencephaly with absent corpus callosum and ambiguous genitalia.

Lissencephaly has been described in over 10 distinct malformation syndromes. Recently, we have recognized 5 children from four unrelated families with an almost identical disorder comprising lissencephaly with a posterior-to-anterior gradient and only moderate increase in thickness of the cortex, absent corpus callosum, neonatal-onset epilepsy, hypothalamic dysfunction including deficient temperature regulation, and ambiguous genitalia in genotypic males. Our observation of 5 affected males in one of these families is consistent with an X-linked pattern of inheritance. However, it differs in many regards from the X-linked form of isolated lissencephaly sequence that is associated with mutations of the XLIS (DCX) gene. Therefore, we propose that this disorder comprises a new X-linked malformation syndrome, which we refer to as X-linked lissencephaly with ambiguous genitalia (XLA-G).
Regulating iron storage and metabolism with RNA: an overview of posttranscriptional controls of intracellular iron homeostasis

Iron (Fe) is a double‐edged sword for most living organisms. Although it is essential for the catalytic activity of a large number of enzymes, ferrous iron (Fe2+) becomes cytotoxic in the presence of normal respiratory by‐products such as H2O2. Because of this toxicity, intracellular iron concentrations ought to be regulated by elaborated homeostasis systems that, despite decades of extensive studies, have not yet revealed all of their surprising arrays of mechanistic details. Within the last few years, our understanding of iron metabolism has revealed that posttranscriptional regulation represents a major contribution to iron homeostasis in a host of organisms. While the small RNA RyhB regulates iron homeostasis in bacteria, its functional homolog protein Cth2 performs a similar task in yeasts. Recent advances in the elucidation of the mechanism of action and functions of RyhB have been made in Escherichia coli. In addition, other RyhB‐like small RNAs have been identified in several bacterial species, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Vibrio cholerae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Shigella spp. These recent findings have shed light on the complexity of iron homeostasis. WIREs RNA 2012, 3:26–36. doi: 10.1002/wrna.102
Polyethylene glycol-attached antioxidant enzymes decrease pulmonary oxygen toxicity in rats.

When exposed continuously to hyperoxia (100% O2, 760 Torr barometric pressure), rats pretreated with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-attached superoxide dismutase and catalase (PEG-SOD + PEG-CAT) lived longer (79.1 + 7.6 h) than rats pretreated with saline (60.7 +/- 2.1 h) or PEG-inactivated-SOD + PEG-inactivated-CAT (62.3 +/- 1.6 h). Rats pretreated with PEG-SOD + PEG-CAT also had less hyperoxia-induced acute oxidative edematous lung injury, as assessed by increases in lung oxidized glutathione (GSSG) contents, pleural effusions, and lung lavage albumin concentrations than saline-pretreated rats. Rats pretreated with the long-lived conjugates PEG-inactivated-SOD + PEG-inactivated-CAT or PEG-albumin also had decreased acute oxidative edematous lung injury compared with rats pretreated with PEG, SOD + CAT + PEG, SOD + CAT, or saline. In vitro studies suggested that PEG itself may have contributed to protection by scavenging hydroxyl radical (.OH) but not superoxide (O2-.) or H2O2. Compared with more effective endogenous (via preexposure to hypoxia) or exogenous (via liposomes) means for increasing lung antioxidant enzymes, PEG enzymes are less protective against lung injury from continuous hyperoxia.
Surface sizing application of waterborne epoxy resin on low basis weight paper

Reducing basis weight could lead to huge savings of forest resources as well as energy consumption and waste treatment in the papermaking process. However, low basis weight paper generally lacks normal strength and stiffness. The lower the basis weight of the paper, the more important is surface sizing. Highly cross-linked cured epoxy resin, due to its epoxy group and phenyl group, has gained such outstanding mechanical properties and dimensional stability that it could be utilized to enhance paper strength and stiffness through surface sizing when incorporated with oxidized starch. In this study, the impacts of sizing volume, fluid temperature, curing agent, and curing system dosage on sizing were investigated. Our results indicated that a rigid resin layer and interpenetrating polymer network formed on the surface and in the inner layer of the paper, respectively. The formed resin layers strongly support the paper and thus resulted in the improvement of strength and stiffness.
Simulated Annealing metaheuristic to solve the optimal power flow

The optimal power flow problem has been widely studied in order to improve power systems operation and planning. For real power systems, the problem is formulated as a non-linear and as a large combinatorial problem. The first approaches used to solve this problem were based on mathematical methods which required huge computational efforts. Lately, artificial intelligence techniques, such as metaheuristics based on biological processes, were adopted. Metaheuristics require lower computational resources, which is a clear advantage for addressing the problem in large power systems. This paper proposes a methodology to solve optimal power flow on economic dispatch context using a Simulated Annealing algorithm inspired on the cooling temperature process seen in metallurgy. The main contribution of the proposed method is the specific neighborhood generation according to the optimal power flow problem characteristics. The proposed methodology has been tested with IEEE 6 bus and 30 bus networks. The obtained results are compared with other well-known methodologies presented in the literature, showing the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Neuroprotection for Retinal Detachment

RRD, the most common type of retinal detachment (RD), occurs when tractional forces produce full-thickness retinal breaks through which liquefied vitreous infiltrates the subretinal space. In the setting of blunt trauma, the rapid reexpansion of the globe after sudden compression along the anterior-posterior axis exerts traction on the vitreous base resulting in retinal tears and dialysis. Additional risk factors for RRD include high myopia and a history of cataract surgery. Detachments can also occur by exudative (eg, serous) or purely tractional mechanisms with respective etiologies including age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. In all cases, separation of photoreceptors from the retinal pigmented epithelial cell (RPE) compromises their nutritional and metabolic support. RRD occurs at an annual incidence of approximately 12 per 100,000 people in the United States with similar rates described in the Scottish population. Atraumatic RRD is 6 to 10 times more common than traumatic detachment in predominantly adult populations, but trauma is the leading cause of detachment within other populations. Nonpenetrating trauma accounts for nearly 50% of RRDs in pediatric patients. Traumatic RRD is also common among particular adult subgroups, such as boxers. Finally, RD can occur within the constellation of findings that accompany open-globe injuries and complicates up to 31% of pediatric cases and up to 20% of adult cases. Surgical management of RRD yields high rates of anatomic success. Repair of primary uncomplicated RRD by scleral buckle, pars plana vitrectomy, or combined scleral buckle-pars plana vitrectomy usually produces final anatomic reattachment rates of at least 90% and more
Results from the MenA conjugate vaccine ( PsA-TT ) randomized controlled trials in infants and young children Executive summary

To overcome the limited immunogenicity of the meningococcal group A (MenA) polysaccharide (Ps) vaccine, the protein conjugation technology was applied to the development of MenAfriVac® (Serum Institute of India Ltd.). The MenA Ps is covalently conjugated to a protein, which acts as an immunologic carrier. MenAfriVac is a purified MenA polysaccharide tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugated vaccine (10 μg of conjugate per dose). In December 2009, Drug Controller General of India (DCGI), the Indian National Regulatory Agency, granted MenAfriVac a Marketing Authorization (MA) and WHO prequalification was obtained on 23 June 2010.