Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A critical analysis of tourism, gender and poverty reduction

Research on gender and poverty reduction through tourism has largely focused on the notion of women's “economic empowerment”. Yet, there is still insufficient understanding about what is involved in enabling women to participate in tourism in development contexts and in ensuring they benefit economically. The paper explores the complexity of the changes that necessarily are involved in the relationships between tourism development, gender and poverty reduction, and it does this through two case studies of non-western tourism development settings, one a rural township and World Heritage Site in central Turkey, and the other a parish in south-western Uganda. The analysis identifies a variety of socio-cultural factors that constrained and enabled women and men to engage in tourism development and to benefit from it. It also explores the ways in which individuals negotiated the gendered discourses by resisting and also participating in particular cultural practices. It is concluded that the relationships between tourism, gender and poverty reduction must be approached through a nuanced understanding of the significant changes that are implicated in these relationships, as well as through a consideration of the fluid and contradictory ways in which women and men are positioned, and position themselves, in relation to those changes.
Impact of low carbohydrate information on vegetable demands in the United States

An almost ideal demand system was estimated to examine the impacts of low carbohydrate information on the demand of vegetables in the United States. Analysis was extended to examine the performance of alternative carbohydrate information indices. Results show significant impacts of low carbohydrate information across all included vegetables. Results indicated the superiority of the general and weighted carbohydrate information index specifications.
Up‐regulation of β‐chemokines and down‐modulation of CCR5 co‐receptors inhibit simian immunodeficiency virus transmission in non‐human primates

A non‐cognate mechanism of protection against human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) infection involves up‐regulation of β‐chemokines, which bind and may down‐modulate the CCR5 co‐receptors, thereby preventing transmission of M‐tropic HIV‐1. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate this mechanism in vivo in non‐human primates. Rhesus macaques were immunized by a modified targeted lymph nodes (TLN) route with recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) glycoprotein 120 (gp120) and p27 in alum, and adsorbed recombinant granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) with either interleukin (IL)‐2 or IL‐4. Immunization induced significant increases in the concentrations of CD8 cell‐derived suppressor factor (CD8‐SF), regulated on activation normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α and MIP‐1β, and down‐modulation of the proportion of cells expressing CCR5 (r = 0·737, P < 0·05). The macaques were then challenged with SIVmac 220 by the rectal mucosal route. The plasma SIVmac RNA showed a significant inverse correlation with the CD8‐SF or the concentration of the three β‐chemokines (r = 0·831 and 0·824, P < 0·01), but a positive correlation between the proportion of CCR5+ cells and SIVmac RNA (r = 0·613, P = 0·05). These results demonstrate for the first time in vivo that immunization up‐regulates β‐chemokines, which may down‐modulate CCR5 co‐receptors, and both functions are significantly correlated with the viral load. Hence, the non‐cognate β‐chemokine–CCR5 mechanism should be considered as complementary to specific immunity in vaccination against HIV.
KIER DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES

Recently, some literature on incomplete contracts studies the cases where renegotiations take place inefficiently. We extend the incomplete contract model in Hart (2009) by assuming that one party chooses an action which affects renegotiation costs. In our model, renegotiation costs are determined endogenously. We characterize the condition that she can get higher payoff by manipulating renegotiation costs than when she cannot manipulate renegotiation costs and renegotiations take place efficiently. Whereas she chooses positive renegotiation costs, renegotiations never occur on the equilibrium paths. They work just as “credible threat”. Her equilibrium share ratio of the ex ante bargaining surplus is higher than her bargaining power. As an application, we discuss an investment problem by using a variant of our basic model. We show that the agents mitigate the investment problem by setting some positive renegotiation costs and increasing a high skilled agent’s share ratio of the ex ante bargaining surplus to give her larger incentive of investment.
A Case Study to Examine Student Retention at a Less Selective University with a High Rate of Retention.

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The influence of conditional conservatism on ownership dispersion: An international analysis

ABSTRACT We study the influence of conditional accounting conservatism on domestic investor diversification decisions. We argue that a conservative accounting system that promotes the dissemination of bad news and which constrains managers from engaging in opportunistic activities reduces the need for investors to concentrate their ownership, and consequently helps investors to diversify their investments. Through a country-level analysis we show that increased domestic conditional conservatism and higher domestic diversification opportunities lead to higher levels of domestic ownership diversification. Our results are robust to alternative estimates of conditional conservatism, and indicate that conditionally conservative accounting systems improve risk sharing. These results suggest that the accounting system, and in particular accounting conservatism, is part of the institutional settings embedded in the infrastructures of capital markets.
On Studying the Discourse of Medical Encounters: A Critique of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods and a Proposal for Reasonable Compromise

Studies of doctor-patient communication, although leading to diverse findings, have not lent themselves to replication and also have not captured important features of medical discourse. Quantitative methods alone do not deal with the complexities of medical encounters, usually are not helpful in analyzing the social context of discourse, do not clarify underlying themes and structures, and are costly and tedious to use. With qualitative methods, the selection of discourse for analysis is not straightforward, quality of interpretation is difficult to evaluate, and textual presentation is not clear-cut. Several criteria of an appropriate method offer reasonable compromises in dealing with medical discourse: 1) discourse should be selected through a sampling procedure, preferably a randomized technique; 2) recordings of sampled discourse should be available for review by other observers; 3) standardized rules of transcription should be used; 4) the reliability of transcription should be assessed by multiple observers; 5) procedures of interpretation should be decided in advance, should be validated in relation to theory, and should address both content and structure of texts; 6) the reliability of applying interpretive procedures should be assessed by multiple observers; 7) a summary and excerpts from transcripts should accompany the interpretation, but full transcripts should also be available for review; and 8) texts and interpretations should convey the variability of content and structure across sampled texts. An ongoing study applies these criteria to research on ideology and social control in medical encounters.
Production and survival of projection neurons in a forebrain vocal center of adult male canaries

Neurons are produced in the adult canary telencephalon. Many of these cells are incorporated into the high vocal center (nucleus HVC), which participates in the control of learned song. In the present work, 3H- thymidine and fluorogold were employed to follow the differentiation and survival of HVC neurons born in adulthood. We found that many HVC neurons born in September grow long axons to the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (nucleus RA) and thus become part of the efferent pathway for song control. Many of these new neurons have already established their connections with RA by 30 d after their birth. By 240 d, 75–80% of the September-born HVC neurons project to RA. Most of these new projection neurons survive at least 8 months. The longevity of HVC neurons born in September suggests that these cells remain part of the vocal control circuit long enough to participate in the yearly renewal of the song repertoire.
Risk and Schooling Decisions in Rural Madagascar: a Panel Data Analysis

(english) Most households in rural Madagascar are engaged in agriculture and derive a large share of their income from the production of food or cash crops and from animal husbandry. However, agricultural yields can be extremely volatile due to weather conditions, pests, insects, rodents and other calamities. As a result, households record large fluctuations in their incomes that must be dealt with. Since the usual consumption-smoothing market mechanisms are quite limited in the Malagasy context, households need to rely on nonmarket mechanisms or to adopt multi-faceted strategies to cope with risk. In this paper, we examine the possibility that parents obtain informal income insurance by letting their children work. We test this hypothesis by examining the relationship between household income shocks and human capital investment in children. In particular, we investigate whether children’s propensity to join school and to drop out of school responds to transient shocks. We also investigate issues such as gender and intrahousehold resource allocation. _________________________________ (francais) La plupart des menages ruraux malgaches tirent l’essentiel de leurs revenus de l’agriculture et sont exposes a un fort degre d’incertitude en raison de la frequence et de l’intensite des aleas frappant les champs de culture ou les troupeaux. En l’absence de marches du credit ou de l’assurance, des moyens alternatifs pour eliminer ou attenuer les consequences defavorables de cette incertitude doivent etre trouves par les menages. Dans cet article, nous envisageons la possibilite que la mise au travail des enfants constitue un mecanisme de gestion des risques. Afin de tester cette hypothese, nous examinons les determinants de la scolarisation en cycle primaire d’un echantillon d’enfants issus de menages ruraux. Nous examinons notamment le role des chocs de revenu subis par les menages sur les probabilites d’entree (dans) et de sortie hors de l’ecole de leurs membres en âge d’etre scolarises, en portant une attention particuliere aux questions de genre et d’allocation intra-menage des ressources. Les resultats indiquent que les chocs transitoires de revenu ont un impact significatif sur la probabilite de sortie de l’ecole mais pas sur la probabilite d’entrer a l’ecole. Cela suggere que la descolarisation des enfants les plus âges constitue un mecanisme de gestion du risque pour les menages ruraux.
A Status-Based Model of Market Competition

This article explores the significance of status processes for generating and reproducing hierarchy among producers in a market. It develops a conception of a market as a status order in which each producer's status position circumscribes the producer's actions by providing a unique cost and revenue profile for manufacturing a good of a given level of quality. An examination of pricing behavior among investment banks in the underwriting of corporate securities provides impirical support for this status-based model of market competition. Extension are discussed.
Multi-Agent System-Based Event-Triggered Hybrid Control Scheme for Energy Internet

This paper is concerned with an event-triggered hybrid control for the energy Internet based on a multi-agent system approach with which renewable energy resources can be fully utilized to meet load demand with high security and well dynamical quality. In the design of control, a multi-agent system framework is first constructed. Then, to describe fully the hybrid behaviors of all distributed energy resources and logical relationships between them, a differential hybrid Petri-net model is established, which is an original work. The most important contributions based on this model propose four types of event-triggered hybrid control strategies whereby the multi-agent system implements the hierarchical hybrid control to achieve multiple control objectives. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control is validated by means of simulation results.
Ethanol reward and aversion in mice bred for sensitivity to ethanol withdrawal.

The present study examined mice selectively bred for sensitivity to ethanol withdrawal for differences in the conditioned place preference (CPP) and conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigms. Withdrawal Seizure-Prone (WSP) and Withdrawal Seizure-Resistant (WSR) mice and High Alcohol Withdrawal (HAW) and Low Alcohol Withdrawal (LAW) mice were selectively bred for differences in chronic and acute ethanol withdrawal, respectively. For the CPP experiment, male HAW and LAW (generation 5) mice received four pairings of ethanol (2 g/kg), with a distinctive floor stimulus. On intervening days, mice received saline paired with an alternate floor type. During the preference test, all mice received an injection of saline before 60-min access to both floor types. HAW mice showed conditioned preference for the ethanol-paired floor, whereas LAW mice did not. For the CTA experiments, male HAW, LAW, WSP, and WSR mice were adapted to a 2-hr/day water restriction regimen and subsequently received ethanol injections (0, 2, 2.5, or 4 g/kg, i.p.) immediately after 1-hr access to a NaCl-flavored solution. Dose-dependent reductions in NaCl intake reflected the development of CTA in both HAW/LAW and WSP/WSR lines. However, a smaller magnitude of CTA was observed in WSP mice relative to WSR mice after the first ethanol-NaCl pairing. WSP/WSR mice showed similar reductions of NaCl intake on subsequent conditioning trials. Overall, these data suggest that HAW mice selectively bred for high sensitivity to acute ethanol withdrawal are more sensitive to the rewarding effects of ethanol in the CPP paradigm. This outcome is consistent with a previous study showing greater CPP in WSP mice relative to WSR mice. In the CTA paradigm, sensitivity to ethanol withdrawal in the HAW/ LAW selected lines does not appear to be genetically correlated with sensitivity to the aversive properties of ethanol. However, the difference in acquisition of CTA in WSP/WSR lines suggest that some genes determining ethanol withdrawal severity may also influence initial sensitivity to ethanol's aversive effects.
Unplanned Development of Literary Tourism in Two Municipalities in Rural Sweden

Recently, artistic places and places known from movies have induced an increase in tourism. However, rapid development also challenges the rural planning authorities who are not prepared to manage the high number of tourists. In this paper focus is put on two rural municipalities in southern Sweden. The purpose of this paper is to scrutinize and compare tourism development and tourism planning in these municipalities. This was accomplished by mapping tourism facilities and by in‐depth interviews with the local tourism managers. It is argued that tourism planning should be an integrated part of the rural planning process for achieving sustainable development. However, the case studies show that tourism planning does not reach this requirement. Although tourism is important to the local labor market, the municipal authorities are barely engaged in tourism at all. Instead tourism planning was outsourced to public‐private companies representing mainly the interests of the involved tourism entrepreneurs.
Evaluation of Transient Motion During Gadoxetic Acid–Enhanced Multiphasic Liver Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Free-Breathing Golden-Angle Radial Sparse Parallel Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Objectives The aims of this study were to observe the pattern of transient motion after gadoxetic acid administration including incidence, onset, and duration, and to evaluate the clinical feasibility of free-breathing gadoxetic acid–enhanced liver magnetic resonance imaging using golden-angle radial sparse parallel (GRASP) imaging with respiratory gating. Materials and Methods In this institutional review board–approved prospective study, 59 patients who provided informed consents were analyzed. Free-breathing dynamic T1-weighted images (T1WIs) were obtained using GRASP at 3 T after a standard dose of gadoxetic acid (0.025 mmol/kg) administration at a rate of 1 mL/s, and development of transient motion was monitored, which is defined as a distinctive respiratory frequency alteration of the self-gating MR signals. Early arterial, late arterial, and portal venous phases retrospectively reconstructed with and without respiratory gating and with different temporal resolutions (nongated 13.3-second, gated 13.3-second, gated 6-second T1WI) were evaluated for image quality and motion artifacts. Diagnostic performance in detecting focal liver lesions was compared among the 3 data sets. Results Transient motion (mean duration, 21.5 ± 13.0 seconds) was observed in 40.0% (23/59) of patients, 73.9% (17/23) of which developed within 15 seconds after gadoxetic acid administration. On late arterial phase, motion artifacts were significantly reduced on gated 13.3-second and 6-second T1WI (3.64 ± 0.34, 3.61 ± 0.36, respectively), compared with nongated 13.3-second T1WI (3.12 ± 0.51, P < 0.0001). Overall, image quality was the highest on gated 13.3-second T1WI (3.76 ± 0.39) followed by gated 6-second and nongated 13.3-second T1WI (3.39 ± 0.55, 2.57 ± 0.57, P < 0.0001). Only gated 6-second T1WI showed significantly higher detection performance than nongated 13.3-second T1WI (figure of merit, 0.69 [0.63–0.76]) vs 0.60 [0.56–0.65], P = 0.004). Conclusions Transient motion developed in 40% (23/59) of patients shortly after gadoxetic acid administration, and gated free-breathing T1WI using GRASP was able to consistently provide acceptable arterial phase imaging in patients who exhibited transient motion.
Stock Splits and Bond Yields: Isolating the Signaling Hypothesis

One explanation offered for stock splits is that the split signals positive information by reducing the stock price range in expectation of improved future prospects. Price declines also lead to changes in stock price dynamics, but related securities are not subject to these other changes and therefore can be used to provide a separate assessment of the markets’ interpretation of the split. We examine corporate bond issues around stock splits and find a significant decline in the bond yield spread following stock splits, supporting the signaling hypothesis. We also confirm improvements in forecasted and realized earnings subsequent to stock splits.
The Financial Milieu of the IASB and AASB

This paper considers the implications of the convergence of the accounting standards of the International Accounting Standards Board with those of the Australian Accounting Standard Board. Australia seems well placed to comply with the international accounting standards in 2005, but not quite in the way the boards would have us imagine. While actively seeking funds from large multinational corporations and elite accounting firms, the AASB is dominated by stakeholder groups with what are described as “corefinancial” and “partial-financial” interests. This financial milieu may offer cosy deals for the key stakeholders, but does little in the way of civic responsibilities and accounting service for the wider public.
Testing for Unit Roots in Panel Time‐Series Models with Multiple Level Breaks

This paper proposes two new unit root tests that are appropriate in the presence of an unknown number of structural breaks in the level of the data. One is based on a single time series and the other is based on a panel of multiple series. For the estimation of the number of breaks and their locations, a simple procedure based on outlier detection is proposed. The limiting distributions of the tests are derived and evaluated in small samples using simulation experiments. The implementation of the tests is illustrated using as an example purchasing power parity.
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Interactions between Golgi Tethering Factors and Small GTPases in Plants

Peripheral tethering factors bind to small GTPases in order to obtain their correct location within the Golgi apparatus. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) we visualized interactions between Arabidopsis homologues of tethering factors and small GTPases at the Golgi stacks in planta. Co‐expression of the coiled‐coil proteins AtGRIP and golgin candidate 5 (GC5) [TATA element modulatory factor (TMF)] and the putative post‐Golgi tethering factor AtVPS52 fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) with mRFP (monomeric red fluorescent protein) fusions to the small GTPases AtRab‐H1b, AtRab‐H1c and AtARL1 resulted in reduced GFP lifetimes compared to the control proteins. Interestingly, we observed differences in GFP quenching between the different protein combinations as well as selective quenching of GFP‐AtVPS52‐labelled structures. The data presented here indicate that the FRET‐FLIM technique should prove invaluable in assessing protein interactions in living plant cells at the organelle level.
What Makes Executives Trust Each Other? The Determinants of the Willingness to Rely on Trust in Business Partnerships

This paper is concerned with understanding and identifying factors that affect the willingness of business executives to rely on trust as a governance mechanism in the context of partnerships. An instrument was designed (a short business case study followed by a questionnaire) to collect data on how different executives react to the objective conditions of a business deal. Through the questionnaire, individual willingness to rely on trust, individual reaction to traditional types of trust, and sensitivity to other situations that evolve during the deal were measured. It is shown that willingness to rely on trust varies amongst executives and is not fully determined by the conditions of a deal. Furthermore, consistent with a psycho-sociological approach to trust, it is also shown that demographic factors are related to propensity to rely on trust, and that across nationalities, the sensitivity to factors affecting trust such as partner interaction and external information differ.
Resistance to murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS)

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