Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Novel light-curable materials containing experimental bioactive micro-fillers remineralise mineral-depleted bonded-dentine interfaces

This study aimed at evaluating the therapeutic remineralising effects of innovative light-curable materials (LCMs) containing two experimental calcium silicate-based micro-fillers (TCS) modified with β-TCP only or β-TCP, zinc oxide (ZnO)/polyacrylic acid (PAA) on mineral-depleted bonded-dentine interfaces in simulated body fluids (SBFS). Three experimental LCMs were formulated: (1) resin A, containing a β-TCP-modified TCS (βTCS) micro-filler; (2) resin B, containing a polycarboxylated β-TCP/ZnO-modified TCS (βZn-TCS) micro-filler; and 3) resin C, containing no filler (control). Acid-etched (35% H3PO4) dentine specimens were bonded using the three LCMs and submitted to atomic force microscope (AFM)/nano-indentation analysis to evaluate the modulus of elasticity (Ei) and hardness (Hi) across the interface after SBFS storage (24 h/1 m/3 m). The ultramorphology and micropermeability of the resin–dentine interface were evaluated using confocal laser microscopy. Resin–dentine sticks were created and submitted to microtensile bond strength (μTBS) test (SBFS: 24 h/3 m). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed after de-bonding. The LCMs containing the experimental bioactive micro-fillers reduced the micropermeability and induced a significant increase of the Ei and Hi along the bonding interface. The specimens created using the resin B (βZn-TCS) attained the highest μTBS values both after 24 h and 3 m of SBFS storage. In conclusion, the innovative bioactive light-curable materials tested in this study are able to induce a therapeutic remineralising effect on the nano-mechanical properties and on the sealing ability of mineral-depleted resin–dentine interfaces. The contemporary idea of minimally invasive operative treatment, where therapeutic restorations are performed to combat the carious process and remineralise the dental hard tissues, may be satisfied by using such resin-base systems, containing βTCS or βZn-TCS bioactive micro-fillers.
Determination of regional tumor blood flow by krypton‐85

Krypton‐85 clearance techniques have been employed to determine regional blood flow in experimental tumors. Quantitative measurement of blood flow is simplified by the fact that Krypton is almost completely excreted in a single passage through the lungs, thus eliminating significant recirculation. To complete the calculations, it is first necessary to determine the partition coefficient of Krypton between blood and tumor tissue by a double‐isotope technique. Tumor tissue was saturated with Krypton when the animal inhaled the gas for 20 min. After inhalation was discontinued, clearance curves were recorded by beta count over the exposed tumor. This study confirmed previous reports that tumor blood flow is surprisingly low, averaging . 29 ml/Gm/min. Clinical use of this method is possible in situations where a beta counter can be placed on the surface of the tumor.
Antenatal diagnosis of hereditary fetal growth retardation with aminoaciduria, cholestasis, iron overload, and lactic acidosis in the newborn infant

Objective. A prenatal diagnosis of the fetus for a mother of two previously deceased infants who died from the recently described autosomal recessive disease (OMIM 603358). The infants presented with intrauterine growth retardation, aminoaciduria, cholestasis, iron overload, severe lactic acidosis, and early death (GRACILE syndrome).
A New Osteostracan Fauna from the Devonian of the Welsh Borderlands and Observations on the Taxonomy and Growth of Osteostraci

ABSTRACT The Osteostraci are a morphologically diverse group of jawless fishes considered as sister taxon to jawed vertebrates. Fossil Osteostraci therefore have wide-reaching ramifications for our understanding of the origin and evolution of gnathostomes. Their utility in this context is currently impeded by rudimentary taxonomy of faunas from the United Kingdom. Principal among these is a well-preserved, previously undescribed fauna from the Early Devonian (Lochkovian) of Wayne Herbert Quarry, Herefordshire. Here we provide a description of new osteostracan material from this fauna. Anatomical observations of the character-rich, taxonomically informative headshield, combined with quantitative measurements, have permitted identification of 15 variable characters. From these, seven discrete morphogroups are recognized and used to establish the taxonomy of the material. This includes two new species of Zenaspididae (Zenaspis waynensis and Diademaspis janvieri), two new species of Cornuata incertae sedis (Janaspis newtonensis and J. punctata), two indeterminate species, and Pattenaspis whitei, which is redescribed on the basis of new material. Our analyses indicate that cornuate osteostracan species are likely over-split due to erection of new taxa based on poorly preserved type specimens, inadequate consideration of taphonomic character loss, and over-reliance on continuous rather than discrete characters. Furthermore, patterns of dermoskeleton ornamentation and tessellation of Diademaspis janvieri and Cornuata, gen. indet. , sp. B are used to infer mechanisms of dermoskeletal growth. These new data allow incorporation of this fauna into scenarios of osteostracan evolution, considerations of gnathostome origin, and studies of global Lochkovian diversity.
Monocarboxylate transporters: past, present, and future.

We review here the 14 members of the Monocarboxylate transporter family (MCTs), their relationship based on sequence homology. The range of substrates transported by different members of this family extends from the standard monocarboxylate metabolites, lactic and pyruvic acids, to aromatic amino acids and thyroid hormones. The family is denoted Solute Carrier Family 16, or SLC16, among 43 SLC families constituting more than 300 members, which are annotated regularly at the website http://www.bioparadigms. org/slc/intro.htm. MCTs classically transport metabolites across plasma membranes with direction controlled by proton and metabolite concentrations independently of energy input, but they may also function in subcellular membranes. Their regulation may be complex, and they are implicated in leukocyte-mediated immunity, hypoxia induced cellular responses, and partitioning of the energy supply in several tissues. We focus here on histologic evidence (involving human tissue where available) and the first four 'classical' members; but we do annotate all 14, and note several candidate or proven genetic diseases that have arisen from MCT mutations. The review progresses through the following sections: (1) MCT1-4: genetics, kinetics, and modulation; (2) Chaperonins and targeting cofactors; (3) Tissue distribution of MCTs; (4) Intercellular lactate/pyruvate shuttles; (5) Transcriptional and translational regulation of MCTs; (6) Properties of other MCTs; and (7) Subcellular localization of MCTs and some future considerations. Along the way we posit questions or suggestions for future research.
Disc stability and neutral hydrogen as a tracer of dark matter

We derive the projected surface mass distribution Sigma_M for spherically symmetric mass distributions having an arbitrary rotation curve. For a galaxy with a flat rotation curve and an ISM disk having a constant Toomre stability parameter, Q, the ISM surface mass density Sigma_g as well as Sigma_M both fall off as 1/R. We use published data on a sample of 20 well studied galaxies to show that ISM disks do maintain a constant Q over radii usually encompassing more than 50% of the HI mass. The power law slope in Sigma_g covers a range of exponents and is well correlated with the slope in the epicyclic frequency. This implies that the ISM disk is responding to the potential, and hence that secular evolution is important for setting the structure of ISM disks. We show that the gas to total mass ratio should be anti-correlated with the maximum rotational velocity, and that the sample falls on the expected relationship. A very steep fall off in Sigma_g is required at the outermost radii to keep the mass and angular momentum content finite for typical rotation curve shapes, and is observed. The observation that HI traces dark matter over a significant range of radii in galaxies is thus due to the disks stabilising themselves in a normal dark matter dominated potential. This explanation is consistent with the cold dark matter paradigm.
Positive and Negative Cloud-to Ground Lightning

Positive cloud-to ground lightning (+ CGL) occurs in a minor fraction of all thunderstorms [1]. We propose that the microscopic mechanism is the same as in the more common negative CGL, whereas the different polarity is due to the macroscopic cloud dynamics [2]. The origin of collisional charging involves three stages in the basic process [3]. In the first stage kinetic roughening of the surface is induced by rapid growth from the vapor, causing an increased density of grain boundaries, steps and dislocations. Ionization of water molecules is enhanced on the thus roughened surfaces. Because the OHions remain bound to the surface while positive ions migrate into the ice crystal, a charged double layer is formed. The grain boundary area is proportional to the deposition rate of new molecules, and because the OHions are localized at the grain boundaries, the surface charge density, and hence contact potential, is proportional to the growth rate. The second stage is an ice-ice collision, where a temporary liquefaction is caused by the inelastic energy loss. Melting liberates the negative surface ions into the melt liquid, but the major fraction of the positive ions remain in the crystal. The third stage is separation, when the two particles take roughly equal shares of the melt liquid. Thus, the particle that had the greater roughening, and hence growth rate, loses net negative charge. We have tested the theory on a detailed experiment [4], and obtain quantitative agreement using only one adjustable constant. A recent study [5] adopts the general outlines of our theory [3], but modifies it in certain details, and offers it as a new model. These modifications are detailed in a comment and criticism [6].
RFID Adoption Issues: Analysis of Organizational Benefits and Risks

What makes companies such as Wal-Mart in the U.S., Metro Group in Germany and Tesco in the United Kingdom, so willing to adopt RFID technology? More precisely, what are those factors that matter most and least to firms when considering an investment in RFID? And how does the importance of such factors vary between adopters and non-adopters? The answers to these questions are important because they indicate where future development effort should be directed to increase the rate of RFID adoption. To begin, we conducted a large survey of 133 RFID Journal readers. The industries represented in the sample include: wholesale trade, retail trade, transportation and communications, business services, communication services, manufacturing, finance and insurance, mining, government administration and defense. Firm size was well distributed, with 39% of the sample from small sized firms (less than 20 employees), 21% from medium sized firms (20 to 200 employees) and 40% from large firms (more than 200 employees). The methodology used to conduct this study allowed us to calculate the relative importance of 21 attributes that influence the decision to invest in RFID. The results indicate that those factors that matter “most” during the RFID investment decision are: (1) the benefits that RFID offers in terms of improved data quality, reliability and timeliness, (2) the amount of top management commitment by senior managers to provide resources that will support investment in RFID, and (3) improved alignment of information between suppliers and customers. One of the most interesting aspects of the study is that it shows quite clearly which attributes respondents are willing to abandon first. In other words, the factors that matter “least” to the RFID investment decision are: (1) privacy threats, (2) security threats and (3) standards ambiguity. Finally, the results reveal important differences between RFID adopters and non adopters. In the case of adopters, the perceived opportunity to derive strategic benefits from RFID through improved decision making is critical. Not surprisingly, the non adopting firms are primarily concerned with the high acquisition and other costs associated with RFID technology.
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) Gene Polymorphism and its Impact on Reproductive Traits of Pigs

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequencies of alleles and genotypes of the Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) gene (ID: 399503) in Landrace, Large White and Duroc pigs in Russia and to evaluate the impact on productive traits of pigs. Polymorphism was genotyped using PCR-RFLP method. In the course of studies we observed a different distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of different breeds. In all breeds under study all three genotypes AA, AB, BB were determined. The results of this study suggest that the LIF gene promotes the reproductive traits of pigs. The AA genotype sows compared to BB genotype analogues have better Total Number of Born (TNB) and Number Born Alive (NBA) by 1.4 and 1.3 (p<0.01) in Landrace sows, 1.3 and 0.9 (p<0.05) in Large White and 2.0 and 3.3 (p<0.001) in Duroc, respectively. The AB genotype sows exhibit intermediate values, which testifies the concentration of a favorable A allele in the pig genotype of animals contributing to the fertility. Our research revealed a positive effect of A allele and AA genotype that indicates the possibility to use this polymorphism in improving reproduction traits of sows.
Nutritional influences on laminitis, sole ulcer and bruised sole in Friesian cows

The effect of feeding a low fibre, high starch diet in early lactation on the incidence of laminitis and sole ulcers in Friesian dairy cows was studied. After calving the herd had been divided and fed one of two diets. Cows fed the low fibre, high starch ration had a 68 per cent incidence of clinical laminitis and a 64 per cent incidence of sole ulcers. Cows fed the higher fibre diet had only 8 per cent clinical laminitis and 8 per cent sole ulcers. The implications of these findings are discussed.
iMarNet : an ocean biogeochemistry model intercomparison project within a common physical ocean modelling framework

Ocean biogeochemistry (OBGC) models span a wide variety of complexities, including highly simplified nutrient-restoring schemes, nutrient–phytoplankton– zooplankton–detritus (NPZD) models that crudely represent the marine biota, models that represent a broader trophic structure by grouping organisms as plankton functional types (PFTs) based on their biogeochemical role (dynamic green ocean models) and ecosystem models that group organisms by ecological function and trait. OBGC models are now integral components of Earth system models (ESMs), but they compete for computing resources with higher resolution dynamical setups and with other components such as atmospheric chemistry and terrestrial vegetation schemes. As such, the choice of OBGC in ESMs needs to balance model complexity and realism alongside relative computing cost. Here we present an intercomparison of six OBGC models that were candidates for implementation within the next UK Earth system model (UKESM1). The models cover a large range of biological complexity (from 7 to 57 tracers) but all include representations of at least the nitrogen, carbon, alkalinity and oxygen cycles. Each OBGC model was coupled to the ocean general circulation model Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) and results from physically identical hindcast simulations were compared. Model skill was evaluated for biogeochemical metrics of global-scale bulk properties using conventional statistical techniques. The computing cost of each model was also measured in standardised tests run at two resource levels. No model is shown to consistently outperform all other models across all metrics. Nonetheless, the simpler models are broadly closer to observations across a number of fields and thus offer a highefficiency option for ESMs that prioritise high-resolution climate dynamics. However, simpler models provide limited insight into more complex marine biogeochemical processes and ecosystem pathways, and a parallel approach of lowresolution climate dynamics and high-complexity biogeochemistry is desirable in order to provide additional insights into biogeochemistry–climate interactions.
Spatial expression and autoregulation of hetR, a gene involved in the control of heterocyst development in Anabaena

The spatially patterned differentiation of hetero‐cysts in the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena requires a functional hetR gene. Transcriptional fusions to luxAB show that hetR is transcribed at a low level throughout the filament when Anabaena is grown with combined nitrogen, and that induction of the gene begins within 2 h following nitrogen deprivation. By 3.5 h, induction is localized to spaced foci. By 6h, there is an overall induction of at least threefold in whole cultures, reflecting at least a 20‐fold increase within spatially separated cells. The induction requires the presence of a functional hetR gene, indicating that hetR is autoregulatory. Full induction of a heterocyst structural gene, hepA, also requires a functional hetR locus.
Toward Comparing the Touchscreen Interaction Patterns of Kids and Adults

Touchscreen interactions are increasingly more commonplace with the mainstream adoption of devices like the iPad and iPhone. Kids are using their parents’ devices for entertainment, learning, and discovery, but the interactions have not always been designed with kids in mind. In this paper we discuss the results of our explorations of differences between children and adults on a dataset of touch-and gesture-based interactions. We find evidence for significant differences and discuss how these can be considered in design.
Income, Self-Selection, and Return and Onward Interprovincial Migration in Canada

Estimated returns to migration based on comparison of individual migrants may be biased owing to self-selection in the migration process. Using data derived from the 1986 Canadian census, I will study the effects of expected wage differentials in determining the return or onward migration decision of nonnative adults aged 20 to 64 years. Evidence was found that return migrations were in the ‘right’ direction, as they are observed to respond to provincial economic variables (that is, average employment growth and income levels) in a rational manner. After accounting for self-selectivity, I found that results indicate that return migrants (individuals migrating back to their province of birth) are negatively selected, and experience lower income levels, following the return migration, than onward migrants would have, had they chosen the return migration option. This drop in expected wages decreases the propensity associated with making a return migration. Despite this drop in income, the large proportion selecting the return migration option suggests the importance of the province of birth in the mental map of nonnative migrants.
Herpes Simplex Virus Mutants with Multiple Substitutions Affecting DNA Binding of UL42 Are Impaired for Viral Replication and DNA Synthesis

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus mutants with single substitutions that decrease DNA binding by the DNA polymerase processivity subunit UL42 are only modestly impaired for viral replication. In this study, recombinant viruses harboring two or four of these mutations were constructed. The more substitutions, the more severe the defects in viral replication and DNA synthesis, suggesting that DNA binding by UL42 is important for these processes.
Corporate Cost of Borrowing: TRACE on Syndicated Loans

Traditionally, the cost of debt is seen as solely dependent on firm or debt characteristics. However, a firm's cost of debt might also be impacted by the informational environment, thereby offering a link between security transparency, asset pricing, and corporate finance. This paper measures the spillover effect of increased information transparency in the corporate bond market on the cost of private debt using a natural experiment, the introduction of TRACE. I find that TRACE reduces the relative loan spread for bond-issuing firms compared to firms without bonds. Further, during the introduction of TRACE, firms with bonds that are already covered by TRACE pay lower spreads than firms with bonds that are not yet captured by TRACE. This suggests a spillover effect of TRACE on loan spreads that is not only present for firms with bonds compared to firms without bonds, but also one that was visible among firms with bonds outstanding.
In vitro biomechanical analysis of three anterior thoracolumbar implants.

OBJECT The goal of this study was to evaluate the comparative efficacy of three commonly used anterior thoracolumbar implants: the anterior thoracolumbar locking plate (ATLP), the smooth-rod Kaneda (SRK), and the Z-plate. METHODS In vitro testing was performed using the T9-L3 segments of human cadaver spines. An L-1 corpectomy was performed, and stabilization was achieved using one of three anterior devices: the ATLP in nine spines, the SRK in 10, and the Z-plate in 10. Specimens were load tested with 1.5-, 3-, 4.5-, and 6-Nm in flexion and extension, right and left lateral bending, and right and left axial rotation. Angular motion was monitored using two video cameras that tracked light-emitting diodes attached to the vertebral bodies. Testing was performed in the intact state in spines stabilized with one of the three aforementioned devices after the devices had been fatigued to 5000 cycles at +/- 3 Nm and after bilateral facetectomy. There was no difference in the stability of the intact spines with use of the three devices. There were no differences between the SRK- and Z-plate-instrumented spines in any state. In extension testing, the mean angular rotation (+/- standard deviation) of spines instrumented with the SRK (4.7 +/- 3.2 degrees) and Z-plate devices (3.3 +/- 2.3 degrees) was more rigid than that observed in the ATLP-stabilized spines (9 +/- 4.8 degrees). In flexion testing after induction of fatigue, however, only the SRK (4.2 +/- 3.2 degrees) was stiffer than the ATLP (8.9 +/- 4.9 degrees). Also, in extension postfatigue, only the SRK (2.4 +/- 3.4 degrees) provided more rigid fixation than the ATLP (6.4 +/- 2.9 degrees). All three devices were equally unstable after bilateral facetectomy. The SRK and Z-plate anterior thoracolumbar implants were both more rigid than the ATLP, and of the former two the SRK was stiffer. CONCLUSIONS The authors' results suggest that in cases in which profile and ease of application are not of paramount importance, the SRK has an advantage over the other two tested implants in achieving rigid fixation immediately postoperatively.