Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observation of energy-time dispersed ion structures in the magnetosheath by CLUSTER: possible signatures of transient acceleration processes at shock

Abstract. We analyse energy-time dispersed ion signatures that have been observed by CLUSTER in the dayside magnetosheath. These events are characterized by sudden increases in the ion flux at energies larger than 10 keV. The high energy ions (30 keV) are first detected, with the transition to the low energy ions (5 keV) lasting about 100 s. These injections are often associated with transient plasma structures of a few minutes in duration, characterized by a hotter, less dense plasma and a diverted flow velocity, thus presenting similarities with "hot flow anomalies". They also involve modifications of the magnetic field direction, suggesting that the shock interacts with a solar wind discontinuity at the time of the event. The injections can originate from the magnetosphere or the shock region. Studying in detail a particular event, we discuss this last hypothesis. We show that the observed energy/time dispersion can be explained by combining a time-of-flight effect with a drift of the source of energetic particles along the shock. We propose that the acceleration results from a Fermi process linked to the interaction of the discontinuity with a quasi-perpendicular shock. This model explains the observed pitch-angle selection of the accelerated particles. The Fermi process acting on the beam of ions reflected from the shock appears to be sufficiently efficient to accelerate over short time scales (less than 30 s) particles at energies above 30 keV. Key words. Magnetospheric physics (solar-wind-magnetosphere interaction; magnetosheath) – Space plasma physics (shock waves)
Sunscreens : Is Looking at Sun Protection Factor Enough ?

The sun protection factor (SPF) has widely been used to evaluate the protective value of sunscreens. However, SPF only reflects the effectiveness of the sunscreen to protect against acute sunburn which is mainly due to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. The deleterious effects of UVB are well known and UVB was believed in the past to be the spectrum responsible for the damages arising from ultraviolet radiation (UVR). However, there has been increasing evidence pointing to the photocarcinogenicity and the photoaging potential of ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation even at suberythemogenic doses. Therefore, broad-spectrum solar protection covering both the UVA and the UVB range is desirable, and choosing sunscreen products simply basing on the SPF value will not be adequate.
How to represent crystal structures for machine learning: Towards fast prediction of electronic properties

High-throughput density functional calculations of solids are highly time-consuming. As an alternative, we propose a machine learning approach for the fast prediction of solid-state properties. To achieve this, local spin-density approximation calculations are used as a training set. We focus on predicting the value of the density of electronic states at the Fermi energy. We find that conventional representations of the input data, such as the Coulomb matrix, are not suitable for the training of learning machines in the case of periodic solids. We propose a novel crystal structure representation for which learning and competitive prediction accuracies become possible within an unrestricted class of spd systems of arbitrary unit-cell size.
A model for telemedicine adoption : a survey of physicians in the provinces of Québec and Nova Scotia

The primary goal of this study is to evaluate and predict factors that could affect physicians' adoption behavior of Telemedicine technology. Based on the theoretical foundations of some of the most recognized technology acceptance models in the academic world, a model is proposed and then empirically tested. A sample of 390 physicians that were, at the time of the survey, either already using or about to use Telemedicine technology were selected to test a number of hypotheses. The Partial Least Square (PLS) method of structural equation modeling was used to assess the relationships between perceptions and behavioral intention to adopt Telemedicine. The outcomes of the study revealed that Perceived Usefulness has a strong and positive impact on physicians' adoption behavior and that Perceived Ease of Use is significantly related to Perceived Usefulness.
Lomerizine, a Ca2+ Channel Blocker, Protects against Neuronal Degeneration within the Visual Center of the Brain after Retinal Damage in Mice

The purpose of this study was to determine whether lomerizine, a Ca2+ channel blocker, protects against neuronal degeneration within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and superior colliculus (SC) after the induction of retinal damage by intravitreal injection of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) in mice. NMDA (20 mM/2 μL) was injected into the vitreous body of the left eye in mice (DAY 0). Lomerizine at 30 mg/kg, p.o. was administered daily from immediately after the injection of NMDA (DAY 0) to 90 days after (DAY 90). To investigate the neuroprotective effects of lomerizine, the retina, dLGN, and SC were examined using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Lomerizine reduced the retinal damage induced by NMDA and partially prevented the transsynaptic neuronal degeneration within dLGN and SC on the contralateral side. Moreover, lomerizine reduced the intravitreal NMDA induced decrease in the light‐induced expression of c‐Fos in the contralateral dLGN (used in this study to evaluate residual vision). These results indicate that lomerizine affords some protection against transsynaptic neuronal degeneration within the visual center of the mouse brain.
Evaluating Temporal and Spatial Variation in Nitrogen Sources along the Lower Reach of Fenhe River (Shanxi Province, China) Using Stable Isotope and Hydrochemical Tracers

Nitrate is one of the most common pollutants in river systems. This study takes the lower reach of Fenhe River as a case study, combined with a multi-isotope and hydrochemical as the tracers to identify nitrate sources in river system. The results show that all samples in the industrial region (IR) and urban region (UR) and 68.8% of the samples in the agriculture region (AR) suffer from nitrate pollution. NO3−–N is the main existing form of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), followed by NH4+–N, which account for 57.9% and 41.9% of the DIN, respectively. The temporal variation in nitrogenous species concentration is clear over the whole hydrological year. The spatial variation is smaller among different sampling sites in the same region but greater among different regions. The main source of nitrogenous species is from anthropogenic rather than natural effects. Multi-isotope analysis shows that denitrification is found in some water samples. Combined with the apportionment of nitrate sources by the IsoSource model and the analysis of the Cl− content, the main source of nitrate in the IR, UR and AR are industrial sewage and manure, domestic sewage and manure, and chemical fertilizers, respectively. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition is also a source of nitrate in the study area.
Italian Air Force Radar and Optical Sensor Experiments for the Detection of Space Objects in LEO Orbit

Italian Air Force (ITAF) recognizes the relevance of a sensor architecture for a Space Surveillance & Tracking (SST) capability to protect its own space and satellite assets and infrastructure against the damage or destruction from collision with other space debris in orbit. In 2011, the Italian Government has delegated the ITAF, with collaboration of Italian Space Agency (ASI) and National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), to study the feasibility of a national architecture using already existent assets and processing capabilities for SST. It was started a survey at national level and an experimentation using radar sensors, property of ITAF and INAF, both in monostatic and bistatic configuration. In 2014, the European Commission, with the Decision 541/2014/EU of 16 th April, established an European SST framework, to promote the use of national assets and processing capabilities of Members State. Those national capabilities have to guarantee an initial European Architecture to provide an SST Services with the huge challenge of gradually becoming self-sufficient and independent in producing an integrated European space surveillance network. The national contribution to European architecture will be composed of both radars and optical sensors since they have different capability and provide complementary type of information regarding targeted object. Collected data from networked sensors will be sent to a national integration centre in order to analyze it and make the orbit determination of the detected space debris using specific software tools. In this paper we briefly describe the potential capabilities of these sensors and the results of preliminary tests carried out separately with a monostatic long range radar and an optical telescope managed by Italian Air Force (ITAF) for the detection of a subset of space objects in LEO orbit with the perspective to perform a sensor data fusion experiment in the near future. In particular, the optical sensor is a telescope properly designed for SST and is able to observe the portion of space above it with a coverage of 360°x90° in azimuth and elevation. The telescope is equipped with two CCD sensors: one with a wide field of view used for surveillance tasks and the second with a narrow field dedicated for tracking specific objects. The sensor is managed by an operating software system that allows user to remotely plan and schedule its daily activity and to make orbit determination and collision risk assessment in a completely automated way.
Protein Quality of Rice Drinks Fortified with Bovine and Porcine Blood Plasma / Calidad Proteica de Bebidas de Arroz Fortificadas con Plasma Sanguíneo de Bovino y Porcino

Abstract. The future of nutrition in Colombia, and perhaps in other developing countries, will depend in large part on the ability of food technology to take full advantage of the food sources available in the country and to adapt and develop new products that will vary and complement the diets of the majority of the population at a low cost. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protein quality of rice-based drinks fortified with bovine and porcine blood plasma. Six treatments were prepared with different levels of fortification (14.5%, 18.5% and 29%). The effects of the plasma type and the addition levels on the protein content, the amino acid profile, and the in vitro digestibility of the drinks were observed. The AOAC method was employed for the determination of the protein content; the amino acid profile was created using HPLC. The protein digestibility was determined by subjecting a dispersion of the drink to the action of a multi-enzymatic solution. The protein content increased with the level of fortification. The drinks fortified with bovine plasma (104%) and porcine plasma (89%) presented a better protein quality index than the unfortified drink. The digestibility of the fortified drinks did not demonstrate significant improvements in comparison with the unfortified drink. The chemical score of the drinks fortified with porcine plasma (71.6) and bovine plasma (78.5) showed that the latter had the best nutritional quality. / Resumen. El futuro de la alimentacion en Colombia y quizas de otros paises en desarrollo va a depender en gran parte de que la tecnologia de alimentos sea capaz de aprovechar las fuentes disponibles de alimentos en el pais y de adaptar y desarrollar nuevos productos que permitan variar y complementar la dieta de la mayoria de la poblacion a bajo costo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad proteica de bebidas a base de arroz fortificadas con plasma sanguineo de bovino y porcino. Se prepararon seis tratamientos con diferentes niveles de fortificacion (14,5%; 18,5% y 29%). Se observo el efecto del tipo de plasma y los niveles de adicion en el contenido proteico, perfil de aminoacidos y digestibilidad in vitro de las bebidas. Se empleo el metodo AOAC para la determinacion del contenido proteico, el perfil de aminoacido se realizo por HPLC. La digestibilidad proteica se determino al someter una dispersion de la bebida a la accion de una solucion multienzimatica. El contenido proteico aumento al incrementar el nivel de fortificacion. Las bebidas fortificadas con plasma de bovino (104%) y porcino (89%) presentaron mejor indice de calidad proteica que la bebida sin fortificar. La digestibilidad de las bebidas fortificadas no mostro una mejora significativa al compararla con la digestibilidad de la bebida sin fortificar. El computo quimico para la bebida fortificada con plasma de porcino (71.6) y bovino (78,5) evidencia que esta ultima es de mejor calidad nutricional.
Malware Detection in Cloud Infrastructures Using Convolutional Neural Networks

A major challenge in Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) clouds is its exposure to malware. Malware can spread rapidly within a datacenter and can cause major disruption to a cloud service provider and its clients. This paper introduces and discusses an effective malware detection approach in cloud infrastructure using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), a deep learning approach. We initially employ a standard 2d CNN by training on metadata available for each of the processes in a virtual machine (VM) obtained by means of the hypervisor. We enhance the CNN classifier accuracy by using a novel 3d CNN (where an input is a collection of samples over a time interval), which greatly helps reduce mislabelled samples during data collection and training. Our experiments are performed on data collected by running various malware (mostly Trojans and Rootkits) on VMs. The malware used in our experiments are randomly selected. This reduces the selection bias of known-to-be highly active malware for easy detection. We demonstrate that our 2d CNN model reaches an accuracy of ⋍ 79%, and our 3d CNN model significantly improves the accuracy to ⋍ 90%.
The Contribution of Physical Geographers to Sustainability Research

A physical geographers’ scope of practice is not defined by any regulatory or academic organization, so perception of the potential contribution of physical geography to sustainability research has been nebulous or informal, at best. In order to understand what physical geographers can do to enhance sustainability, this paper describes a systematic review of peer-reviewed research on sustainability published in three physical geography journals. The results show that physical geographers are active in sustainability research in terms of a spatial perspective, an understanding of human interactions with the environment, and an ability to recognize, interpret, and project environmental change and its impacts. The depth of this understanding is facilitated by a physical geographers’ understanding of the natural world, process and system concepts, the ways that systems are linked and interact, and a willingness to deploy a wide range of methodologies to secure that knowledge. The expertise of physical geographers makes an important contribution to sustainability research and should be considered when multidisciplinary teams are assembled.
Intrinsic emotional relevance of outcomes and prediction error: their influence on early processing of subsequent stimulus during reversal learning

Infrequent events, such as unexpected absence of outcomes (prediction errors), have a detrimental effect on performance of subsequent trial in various cognitive tasks. In the present event-related potential study, we tested whether the influence of prediction error manifests itself in the early cortical processing of subsequent stimuli. Participants performed a reversal learning task in which they saw two alternating pairs of faces and indicated for each pair which one would have a declared target stimulus on its nose. The target switched to the other face after several consecutive trials with correct response, thereby inducing a prediction error, with the switch being indicated by the appearance of a disk (unexpected neutral outcome) or a spider (unexpected unpleasant outcome), depending on the condition. Results showed that after both unexpected and expected unpleasant outcomes, the amplitude of P2 decreased, while after both unexpected neutral and unpleasant outcomes, the amplitude of P1 increased on the following presentation of the pair of faces. Source localization analysis suggested that the differences mainly emanated from the cuneus and precuneus with respect to the P1 and P2 time ranges respectively. We conclude that both the intrinsic emotional relevance of outcomes and prediction error may modulate attention allocation.
Thermal and non-thermal production of dark matter via Z′-portal(s)

We study the genesis of dark matter in the primordial Universe for representative classes of Z′-portals models. For weak-scale Z′ mediators we compute the range of values of the kinetic mixing allowed by WMAP/PLANCK experiments corresponding to a FIMP regime. We show that very small values of δ (10−12≲δ≲10−11) are sufficient to produce the right amount of dark matter. We also analyse the case of very massive gauge mediators, whose mass mZ′ is larger than the reheating temperature, TRH, with a weak-scale coupling gD to ordinary matter. Relic abundance constraints then impose a direct correlation between TRH and the effective scale Λ of the interactions: Λ ∼ 103−105 × TRH. Finally we describe in some detail the process of dark thermalisation and study its consequences on the computation of the relic abundance.
Do protected mealtimes improve inpatient glycaemic control

significant health issue for patients. It has been estimated that up to 20% of people admitted to hospital are undernourished (Edington et al, 2000). The NHS Institute of Innovation and Improvement (NIII) have attempted to address this issue through its implementation of the Productive Ward module. Part of this new initiative incorporates the introduction of protected mealtimes (PRMT) to ward patients (Hospital Caterers Association, 2004). The main purpose of introducing PRMT is to ensure that all patients in hospital receive adequate nutrition and time for meals. Under the PRMT in the authors’ trust, 1 hour is allocated three times a day over meal times for patients to have adequate time to receive and consume their meals without interruption from medical staff and services. Except for emergencies, nursing and medical staff are refrained from interrupting patients over this period. This includes the administration of antidiabetes therapy for the treatment of diabetes. Within the authors’ trust, the PRMT was implemented in the diabetes specialist unit, and inpatients with diabetes were to be managed in a similar fashion. This could potentially compete with the recommendation of the NHS Diabetes document Report Do protected mealtimes improve inpatient glycaemic control?
Stability of discrete-time networked control systems under denial of service attacks

This paper presents stability analysis for linear discrete time networked control systems under denial of service (DoS) attacks. Packet loss due to DoS is modeled using an i.i. d Bernoulli random process such that when a packet is dropped, the controller uses the most recent successfully transmitted packet for control. Stability criteria and a network reliability threshold for stability are established. Two examples, an unstable oscillator and an inverted pendulum system, are presented to demonstrate stability and instability based on the network reliability caused by DoS attacks.
Human Sexuality

A large body of scientific research documents four important gender differences in sexuality. First, on a wide variety of measures, men show greater sexual desire than do women. Second, compared with men, women place greater emphasis on committed relationships as a context for sexuality. Third, aggression is more strongly linked to sexuality for men than for women. Fourth, women's sexuality tends to be more malleable and capable of change over time. These male-female differences are pervasive, affecting thoughts and feelings as well as behavior, and they characterize not only heterosexuals but lesbians and gay men as well. Implications of these patterns are considered.
Bone and Cartilage Healing

Bone and cartilage healing are central to the practice of orthopedic surgery. Orthopaedic treatments should attempt to optimize the cells, scaffold, molecules, and blood supply required for healing. This chapter will describe the components required for successful healing, detail the role of each factor, and outline the complex interactions that occur during the healing processes of bone and cartilage. The cellular processes of bone and cartilage healing will also be examined in detail with a focus on the dynamic repair processes, and the disruptions that impair successful healing particularly as it relates to factors under a surgeon’s control. The clinical importance for understanding the principles of bone and joint healing can be realized when little evidence exists to guide a treatment decision. In the age of evidence-based medicine, surgeons may be obligated to base decisions on basic
MULTICHANNEL LEVEL ALIGNMENT, PART IV: THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PHYSICAL MEASURES AND SUBJECTIVE LEVEL CALIBRATION

In an effort to establish a better understanding of multichannel level alignment, a correlation and regression analysis has been performed of objective metrics and subjective data collected and subsequently reported in parts I-III & V. This study considers subjective data acquired with 9 test signals with different set-ups considering loudspeaker placement, directivity, reproduction bandwidth and absolute reproduction level. Objective metrics considered include linear and weighted SPL and several loudness metrics. A constant specific loudness signal with a high pass filter at 500 Hz is found to provide the best prediction of subjective level alignment under a wide range of practical usage situations with a wide range of metrics.
User requirements analysis for educational games in manufacturing

Computer games become more and more important, as a tool to support education and training at school and university, as well as vocational training in industry. Contrary to the development of business software, the design of a computer game has to follow other development principles, specifically when collecting the end user (potential gamer) requirements. This paper presents two different approaches used to collect end user requirements for the development of computer games to be applied as vocational training tool in the manufacturing industry. These approaches are compared with each other, and analyzed against traditional requirements methods from software engineering. The paper presents the result of the analysis, along with the lessons learnt.
PV power forecast error simulation model

Presence of solar energy driven power sources has been increasing with remarkable trends in recent years. Such growth is mostly related to photovoltaic generation and it is a direct consequence of significant fall in costs for this technology. Such generation, together with load and wind power, requires forecasting in day-ahead operation planning. Furthermore, in power system studies, it is often necessary to simulate performance of such forecasts. This paper presents models for PV power forecast error simulation based on the stochastic process simulation methods. Specificities of PV power forecast error, autocorrelation, correlation and dependence of standard deviation on forecasting horizon, can be reproduced with this model. Furthermore, two distinct models are presented in this paper. First model simulates and superposes forecast error on known PV production time series. Second model is a further improvement of the first model incorporating PV production simulation for purpose of applications in the planning phase when actual data on production is unavailable. Proposed models provide an efficient solution for studies requiring PV power forecast error time series.