Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Airflow on the Hygrothermal Behavior of Highly Insulated Pitched Roof Systems

Two important design parameters in insulated pitched roofs are (1) vapor-permeable versus vapor-tight underlays and (2) ventilated versus nonventilated roof constructions. In order to study the influence of both parameters on the hygrothermal performance, highly insulated pitched roof systems were constructed at the K.U. Leuven Vliet test building. During two years of testing, their hygrothermal response has been studied in detail. The roof eaves were redesigned between the first and the second year, with the main objective being to increase their wind-tightness. The temperature and heat flux distributions show the importance of natural and forced air convection. The impact of air transfer shows that traditional thermal performance indicators, such as the conduction-related U-factor, no longer have a clear physical meaning. Measurements of the relative humidity fields, the moisture content in the rafters, and the occurrence of condensation confirmed the importance of air flow, not only for thermal but also for hygric performance. Air leakage measurements reveal the impact of minor perforations, with the leakage linked to the inside-outside temperature difference, wind direction, and wind speed. The air infiltration experiments show a clear relation between wind speed and direction and the magnitude and direction of the air flows in the roof sections. The performance differences between the ventilated and the nonventilated roofs and between the roofs with a vapor-permeable underlay and those with a vapor-tight underlay are overshadowed by these air and wind flow effects. A comparison with previous test roof results also indicates that the very low density of the mineral wool used increases the importance of wind and air flow in and through the roof sections.
A hybrid approach to operating system discovery based on diagnosis

The objective of operating system (OS) discovery is to find which OSs are running on computers in a given network. There are two existing strategies for OS discovery—active and passive—each having fundamental limitations. This paper discusses how the theory of diagnosis can be used to address, in a simple and elegant way, the problems associated with OS discovery. The problems are formalized in a logical framework and solutions are obtained through automated reasoning. The result of using such a knowledge‐oriented approach is a natural unification of the active and passive methods of OS discovery in a hybrid approach. This paper also illustrates the benefits of the hybrid approach by comparing its accuracy with other existing OS discovery tools through a large‐scale experiment.
A Meta-Analysis of the CSI Effect : The Impact of Popular Media on Jurors ’ Perception of Forensic Evidence

The CSI effect describes the perception in the criminal justice system, popular media, and general population that consumption of crime-based television programming focusing on the forensic sciences has created a juror bias toward the requirement of forensic evidence at trial to justify a conviction. It is proposed that this bias has resulted in increasing the burden of proof laid upon the state at trial from beyond a reasonable doubt to beyond any doubt. This raised standard of proof has allowed guilty defendants to go free because of this bias. This article provides a meta-analysis of empirical studies of the CSI effect that examine the behavior of jurors and the influence of popular media on the trial decision-making process. Physical evidence cannot be wrong; it doesn’t lie. It’s not influenced by emotion or prejudice; it’s not confused by the excite-
Resistant starch from high amylose maize (HAM‐RS2) and Dietary butyrate reduce abdominal fat by a different apparent mechanism

Obesity is a health concern. Resistant starch (RS) type 2 from high‐amylose maize (HAM‐RS2) and dietary sodium butyrate (SB) reduce abdominal fat in rodents. RS treatment is associated with increased gut hormones peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1), but it is not known if SB increases these hormones.
Spiritual Development: A Comparative Study of the Theory of Fowler and Sandhu

Despite a large number of studies conducted on spirituality so far, there is still no consensus on the definition of spirituality. For the purpose of this chapter, spirituality is defined as “the motivational and emotional source of an individual’s quest for a personally defined relationship with people and the non-human environment; for some, it includes a connectedness with a higher being leading to enhanced feelings of well-being, inner peace, and life satisfaction” (Wong, 2006, p. 624). Spirituality is differentiated from religion as every person can have his sense of spirituality, including an atheist. However, not everyone adheres to religious beliefs. At the same time, spirituality which covers a wider spectrum overlaps many aspects of religion. In this chapter, there are numerous instances where spirituality and religion need to be addressed simultaneously when such a dichotomy is not always possible. It is not uncommon to find in, literature, where the terms ‘spiritual development,’ ‘faith development’ and ‘development of religious understanding’ are used interchangeably. In reality, they do not mean the same thing (Thompson & Randall, 1999). Spiritual
The Effect of Household Head Characteristics on Poverty and its Intensity in Rural Households of West Azerbaijan Province

Purpose- In the present study, the impact of the household head's features on poverty and its intensity in rural households was investigated using the data related to income cost of rural households of West Azerbaijan during 2014 . Design/methodology/approach- To this end, the relative poverty line of the rural households was first estimated in this study. Then, the effect of household characteristics on the intensity of poverty and its incidence was examined as well. The two-step Heckman model was used in this regard through which the impact of variables on household poverty was explored and the likelihood of household poverty was calculated. Afterward, assessing the poverty intensity of poor households, the effect of the study variables on the intensity of poverty of these households was investigated . Findings- The results of the study showed that the age, marital status, employment, and literacy level of the household head had a significantly positive effect on decreasing the incidence of poverty of the households. In addition, being married, the higher level of education, and employment of the household head, and also increasing the number of employed members in the household alleviated the severity of poverty among rural households. and therefore, to reduce the level of divorce in the society. Originality/value- In this article, an attempt has been made to study the influence of individual characteristics of the household head on poverty incidence and its severity in rural households of West Azerbaijan Province using the relative poverty line system. Moreover, based on the aim of the study, the severity of poverty and its incidence are to be separately investigated .
Using crash severity to identify safe walking distance in vicinity of schools

Walking to and from school can help children adopt physical activity habits for life. It can also assist in reducing traffic congestion, parking difficulties, and the associated environmental impacts. However, the factors influencing the crash severity of this group of pedestrians need to be analysed to decrease the risk, and severity of vehicle-pedestrian crashes. Pedestrians with less than 18 years of age or school-aged pedestrians are involved in about 18 per-cents of vehicle-pedestrian crashes in Melbourne metropolitan area. Providing a safe walking environment for school-aged pedestrians could encourage children and their parents to walk between home and school. This paper aims at identifying the vehicle-pedestrian crash severity contributing factors and introducing safe walking distance to schools. These findings could assist in applying effective countermeasures to reduce the vehicle-pedestrian crash severity and improve the safety of this group of pedestrians. In this research, Boosted Decision Tree (BDT) model has been applied to identify significant factors on vehiclepedestrian crash severity. Results from BDT model show that the distance between home and school is the most significant factor in vehicle-pedestrian crash severity of school-aged pedestrians. In addition, applying Patrial Dependence Plot (PDP) identifies that the probability of crashes being fatal in 500 meters vicinity of schools is less than other shorter distances. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) analysis in GIS shows that only 3.4% of crashes within the 500m walking distance from schools are in high and extreme crash severity. These results could assist in identifying safe walking distance for school-aged pedestrians and applying necessary safety programs.
Reproducible Fog Simulation for Testing Automotive Surround Sensors

Intelligent vehicles use surround sensors such as radar, lidar and camera to perceive their local environment. The generated information are processed by a control unit to identify critical traffic situations such as rear-end collisions and trigger reversible or irreversible safety systems. Incorrect measurements can result in accidents with fatal consequences. Therefore, high reliability and accuracy is a mandatory requirement. The performance of surround sensors depend on the ambient atmosphere and weather conditions. It is known that fog has a negative influence on wave propagation especially in the visible range. Hence, surround sensors must be tested under realistic conditions. To cope with this problem, this paper presents a novel setup together with a test methodology to investigate the influence of fog on automotive radar, lidar and camera sensors. Based on static indoor tests, we have shown that the measurements are consistent with literature and enable reproducible testing.
Formulation and Evaluation of Diclofenac Transdermal Gel

INTRODUCTION The Transdermal drug delivery systems are selfcontained, discrete dosage forms which when applied to intact skin deliver the drug through the skin at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation[1]. At present, the most common form of delivery of drugs is the oral route. While this has the notable advantages of easy administration, it also has significant drawbacks namely poor bioavailability due to hepatic metabolism (first pass) and the tendency to produce rapid blood level spikes leading to a need for high and /or frequent dosing, which can be both cost prohibitive and involvement[2]. To overcome these difficulties there is a need for the development of new drug delivery system; which will improve the therapeutic efficacy and safety of drugs by more precise (i.e. site specific), spatial and temporal placement within the body thereby reducing both size and number of doses. One of the methods most often utilized has been Transdermal delivery. This delivery transport therapeutic substance through the skin for systemic effect. The success of Transdermal delivery depends on the ability of the drug to permeate the skin in sufficient quantities to achieve its desired therapeutic effects. The skin is very effective as a selective penetration barrier. Percutaneous absorption involves the passage of the drug molecule from the skin surface into the stratum corneum under the influence of a concentration gradient and its subsequent diffusion through the stratum corneum and underlying epidermis through the dermis and into the blood circulation. The skin behaves as a passive barrier to the penetrating molecule. The stratum corneum provides the greatest resistance to penetration and it is the rate-limiting step in percutaneous absorption[3]. Gels are transparent to opaque semisolids containing a high ratio of solvent to gelling agent merge or entangle to form a three-dimensional colloidal network structure. This network limits fluid flow by entrapment and immobilization of the solvent molecules. The network structure is also responsible for a gel resistance to deformation and therefore, its Research Article
Comparison of tributyltin compound effects on the alga Scenedesmus quadricauda and the benthic organisms Tubifex tubifex and Chironomus plumosus.

The inhibitory and toxic effects of five tributyltin compounds and one dibutyltin compound were determined under standardized conditions on the freshwater plankton alga Scenedesmus quadricauda and the benthic organisms Tubifex tubifex and Chironomus plumosus. Observed were the mortality of benthos after 96 h and the inhibition of growth, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll a content of the alga after 12 days of cultivation. The effects of the compounds were expressed as LC50 values for mortality and EC50 values for inhibition. Attention was focused on the influence of the bound X anion on the toxicological effects of the test compounds [dibutyltin bis(N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (DBTC); bis(tributyltin 3,4,5, 6-tetrachlorophthalate (TBTP); tributyltin sulfaminate (TBTS); tributyltin N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (TBTC); tributyltin naphthenate (TBTN); bis(tributyltin) oxide) (TBTO)]. From the results obtained the following conclusions can be made: For benthic organisms the anionic group N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate as well as the anionic inorganic group oxide had a very large toxic effect. The lowest efficiency was indicated for the 3,4,5,6-tetrachlorophthalate anion. When the positions of the tested compounds with respect to dependence of the bound anion were evaluated for the alga, it was concluded that the position of the anionic group in inhibitory rank orders depended on the parameter. The efficiency of the organic anion N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate was low in all divisions tested (especially for photosynthesis inhibition). Strong effects for all parameters tested were noted for the compound with organic anion 3,4, 5,6-tetrachlorophthalate as well as the compound with the inorganic anion oxide, except for photosynthesis inhibition. From the results obtained the following rank orders of toxicity and/or inhibition are established: T. tubifex-TBTO>TBTC>TBTN>DBTC>TBTS>TBTP; Ch. plumosus-TBTS>/=TBTC>TBTO>TBTN>DBTC>TBT P; S. quadricauda, growth inhibition--TBTO>TBTP>TBTN>TBTC>DBTC=TBTS; S. quadricauda, chlorophyll a content-TBTO>/=DBTC>TBTP=TBTC>TBTN=TBTS; S. quadricauda, photosynthesis inhibition--TBTP>TBTS>/=TBTN>DBTC>TBTO>TBTC.
Reinforcement Learning-Based Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging With Forecasted Price

This paper proposes a novel demand response method that aims at reducing the long-term cost of charging the battery of an individual plug-in electric vehicle (PEV). The problem is cast as a daily decision-making problem for choosing the amount of energy to be charged in the PEV battery within a day. We model the problem as a Markov decision process (MDP) with unknown transition probabilities. A batch reinforcement-learning (RL) algorithm is proposed for learning an optimum cost-reducing charging policy from a batch of transition samples and making cost-reducing charging decisions in new situations. In order to capture the day-to-day differences of electricity charging costs, the method makes use of actual electricity prices for the current day and predicted electricity prices for the following day. A Bayesian neural network is employed for predicting the electricity prices. For constructing the RL training dataset, we use historical prices. A linear-programming-based method is developed for creating a dataset of optimal charging decisions. Different charging scenarios are simulated for each day of the historical time frame using the set of past electricity prices. Simulation results using real-world pricing data demonstrate cost savings of 10%–50% for the PEV owner when using the proposed charging method.
Convergence of a Higher Order Scheme for the Korteweg-De Vries Equation

We study the convergence of higher order schemes for the Cauchy problem associated with the KdV equation. More precisely, we design a Galerkin-type implicit scheme which has higher order accuracy in space and first order accuracy in time. The convergence is established for initial data in $L^2$, and we show that the scheme converges strongly in $L^2(0,T;L^2_{{loc}}(\mathbb{R}))$ to a weak solution. Finally, the convergence is illustrated by several numerical examples.
Examining the Association between Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Style in Nurse Leaders

Background: Emotional intelligence (EI) and transformational leadership (TL) style are linked to leadership effectiveness. At our organization, there is a gap in knowledge around EI and TL in our nurse leaders. Objective: To assess the relationship of EI and TL among nurse leaders, appraise participants ability to accurately define EI, assess their belief that education can increase the level of EI, and discover the learning method preference to increase their level of EI. Methods: We used a descriptive-comparative survey design with a sample of nurse leaders working at a Northeast academic medical center. Participants included clinical nurse managers, nurse administrators, patient care directors, and directors of nursing. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue-SF), and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire 5X (MLQ-5X). A Pearson correlation was calculated using the mean scores on the TEIQue-SF and MLQ-5X. Frequencies and percents were calculated for the ability to define EI, and beliefs and preferences related to EI education. Results: Fifty-six of 127 (44%) nurse leaders responded. A significant, positive correlation (r = 0.523, p < .001) was found between the mean TEIQue-SF scores (M = 5.69, SD = 0.51) and MLQ-5X (M =3.25, SD = 0.35). Most participants were unable to accurately define EI (n =42, 75%), believed that education would increase EI (n = 45, 80.4%), and preferred classroom learning methods (n = 31, 55.4%). Conclusion: The correlation between EI and TL in nurse leaders supports further education and training in EI to improve patient outcomes. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND LEADERSHIP STYLE 3
Ideology and Low Intergroup Contact Bright Minds and Dark Attitudes : Lower Cognitive Ability Predicts Greater Prejudice Through Right-Wing

Despite their important implications for interpersonal behaviors and relations, cognitive abilities have been largely ignored as explanations of prejudice. We proposed and tested mediation models in which lower cognitive ability predicts greater prejudice, an effect mediated through the endorsement of right-wing ideologies (social conservatism, right-wing authoritarianism) and low levels of contact with out-groups. In an analysis of two large-scale, nationally representative United Kingdom data sets (N = 15,874), we found that lower general intelligence (g) in childhood predicts greater racism in adulthood, and this effect was largely mediated via conservative ideology. A secondary analysis of a U.S. data set confirmed a predictive effect of poor abstract-reasoning skills on antihomosexual prejudice, a relation partially mediated by both authoritarianism and low levels of intergroup contact. All analyses controlled for education and socioeconomic status. Our results suggest that cognitive abilities play a critical, albeit underappreciated, role in prejudice. Consequently, we recommend a heightened focus on cognitive ability in research on prejudice and a better integration of cognitive ability into prejudice models.
TOWARDS THE INDUSTRIAL ASSESSMENT OF BIRD STRIKE SIMULATIONS ON COMPOSITE LAMINATE STRUCTURES

This work presents some results oriented on numerical capability linked to soft body impact analyses of aircraft upper-cap zones or fuselage zones made of composite materials. Two important criteria are studied: the numerical efficiency of such computations (evaluated at different levels and parts) and associated strategies to enhance the global numerical prediction of such use-cases. These points have been addressed through a benchmark with an industrial code. In such numerical investigations, it results in the formulation of guidelines for choice of modelling, results in terms of numerical predictability and some limitations about available tools: the bird impactor assumptions, the nonnegligible pre-strain effect on high velocity impact configurations (HVI) and the numerical methods and strategies suited for structural use-cases allowing reasonable computation times.
Development of mental accounting in young children's economic decision making

A child version of mental accounting tasks has been administrated on 180 3- to 5-year-olds to tentatively investigate the development of young children's mental accounting. The results show that the development of young children's mental accounting varies along with age in the three ways in which the non-fungibility effect of mental accounting takes effect. In the expenditure loss task (ELT), mental accounting develops very slowly, from . 03 at age 3 to . 08 at age 5; in the income source task (IST), it develops still slowly, from . 10 at age 3 to . 27 at age 5; in the saving intention task (SIT), it develops much better than that in the above two tasks, from . 33 at age 3 to . 57 at age 5. There is no difference according to sex in the effect of mental accounting in young children's economic decision-making.
Financial literacy for developing countries in Africa: A review of concept, significance and research opportunities

The objective of this review article is to show the concepts and significance of financial literacy and how it can contribute to improving socio economic wellbeing, financial sector development, poverty reduction and sustainable growth in developing countries in Africa. The review covered recent literatures on financial literacy; both theoretical and empirical. The review showed that level of financial literacy is low both in developed and developing countries, but policy and academic response in developing countries in general and Africa in particular is at low level. The results of limited empirical studies implemented to evaluate financial education programs, including those in few African countries, showed that enhancing financial literacy and personal financial decision making capabilities of people would enhance the outcome of financial inclusion and other poverty reduction initiatives for the fact financially literate people can demand and properly use beneficial financial services such as savings, microcredit, insurance. Moreover, enhancing financial literacy is at the advantage of financial service providers and contributes to the development of a stable financial system, a sustainable economic growth. Thus, policy makers and academics in African developing countries need to understand the level of financial literacy in the population in order to devise suitable financial education and other related policy interventions to improve personal financial literacy for its benefits of enhancing individual socio economic welfare and building an inclusive financial system and sustainable economic growth. Key words: Financial literacy, concept and significance, developing countries, African.
Growth and flowering response of snapdragons after release from apical dominance

Plants of an early flowering Antirrhinum cultivar ‘Chimes White’ were pinched at 4, 5, 6, and 7 leaf-pair stage to observe the effects on flowering time and plant quality. Though control plants flowered earlier (81 days) than the pinched ones, they produced less number of flower buds. Flower time and rate of progress to flowering in pinched plants increased linearly and significantly. The quality of pinched plants regarding branch numbers, leaf area, plant height, plant fresh weight etc. was significantly improved in all treatments. Many plant growth parameters were successfully fitted by the second degree polynomial model whereas linear model indicated a good fit in reproductive development.