Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temporal trends in adults’ sports participation patterns in England between 1997 and 2006: the Health Survey for England

Objective: To examine temporal trends in participation in sport and exercise activities in England between 1997 and 2006 while taking into account wider societal changes. Design: A series of annual cross-sectional surveys. Setting and participants: Nationally representative samples of men (n = 27 217) and women (n = 33 721) aged ⩾16 years. Main outcome measures: Any (more than once every 4 weeks) and regular (more than once a week) participation in overall sport and exercise and a number of sport and exercise groupings (eg cycling, swimming, gym and fitness club-based activities (G/FC), racquet sports). Time point (1997/98, 2003/04, 2006) was the main dependent variable. Results: Age-standardised overall regular participation changed from 40.8% in 1997/98 to 41.2% in 2006 for men (multivariable-adjusted participation OR = 1.11 in 2006, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.19, p<0.001) and from 31.2% to 33.9% for women (1.21, 1.13 to 1.29, p<0.001). Regular G/FC increased from 17.0% to 19.2% for men (1.19, 1.09 to 1.30) and from 15.9% to 18.7% for women (1.23, 1.14 to 1.33) and regular running increased from 2.4% to 4.0% for women only (1.84, 1.56 to 2.18). Overall increases were apparent only in older adults (⩾45 years) (1.25, 1.16 to 1.35, p<0.001). Young men (16–29 years) had reduced ORs for cycling (0.72, 0.58 to 0.88, p = 0.008), dancing (0.60, 0.45 to 0.82, p = 0.001), running (0.78, 0.64 to 0.94, p<0.001) and racquet sports (0.60, 0.42 to 0.86, p = 0.003). In men, increases were pronounced only among men from non-manual social classes, higher income households and white ethnic backgrounds. Conclusions: Sports and exercise participation in England has changed between 1997 and 2006 as the result of increases among middle-aged and older adults and decreases among young men. There are no signs that the participation gap between less and more advantaged population groups is narrowing.
Trade Diversification and Crisis Transmission: A Case Study of Thailand†

type="main"> The international trade literature suggests trade concentration is an important factor in the amplification of the global financial crisis. However, the relationship between trade concentration and transmission of the subprime crisis is empirically weak. Thailand is one of the countries with declining reliance on the advanced economies, yet it was greatly affected by the recent crisis. This might result because the formation of global supply chains creates both direct and indirect trade linkages. In this paper, the authors include the effects of both linkages to examine their connection to the transmission of external shocks, as experienced by the Thai economy. If total trade linkages are calculated, Thailand is still found to be highly exposed to advanced markets. Simulation using a computational general equilibrium model also indicates that the country was seriously affected by the financial crisis through indirect channels.
Recollection of the Sea Cruise: The Role of Cruise Photos and Other Passengers on the Ship

ABSTRACT This study examines (1) which cruise experience induces the recollection of the cruise trip, (2) the role of recollection in cruisers' future behaviors, and (3) the moderating roles of photo purchases and interactions with other cruisers in the formation of recollection. This study analyzed an empirical data collected from 300 luxury cruisers. The results indicate that four dimensions of cruise experiences (education, entertainment, aesthetics, and escapism) generated the cruiser's recollection. In addition, photo purchases and interactions with other cruisers had significant moderating effects on the relationship between education and recollection. Finally, a cruiser's recollection enhanced behavioral intentions.
C-shaped root canal configuration: A review of literature

The aim is to review and discuss the etiology, incidence, anatomic features, classification, diagnosis and management of the C-shaped canal configuration. C-shaped canal configuration is a variation that has a racial predilection and is commonly seen in mandibular second molars. The intricacies present in this variation of canal morphology can pose a challenge to the clinician during negotiation, debridement and obturation. Manual and electronic searches of literature were performed from 1979 to 2012, in Pub Med by crossing the keywords: C-shaped canals, mandibular second molar, mandibular first premolar, root canal morphology. Knowledge of the C-shaped canal configuration is essential to achieve success in endodontic therapy. Radiographic and clinical diagnoses can aid in identification and negotiation of the fan-shaped areas and intricacies of the C-shaped anatomy. Effective management of this anomalous canal configuration can be achieved with rotary and hand instrumentation assisted with sonics and ultrasonics. Modifications in the obturation techniques will ensure a 3-dimensional fill of the canal system and chamber retained restorations like amalgam or composites, serve as satisfactory post endodontic restorations.
A study of the mechanism of keratinization of human epidermal cells

The cornified epithelium of the human skin separates the organism from its environment, protects it from minor chemical and physical injuries, inhibits evaporation of body fluids, and to some extent prevents loss of heat. Its production and maintenance is a most important function of the epidermis. The regeneration of the epidermis of the human skin has been extensively studied by Pinkus ( '52), Lobitz and Holyoke ('54). These investigators observed that if the cornified epithelium was removed by stripping of the skin surface with Scotch tape the first response occurred not in the upper portion of the epidermis but in the basal cells which swelled to almost twice their original size. This stage was soon followed by considerable unrest in all epidermal layers and by accumulation of large quantities of glycogen in the basal cells. A peak of mitotic activity was reached after 48 hours in both basal and spinous cells. Following this, the epidermal cells of the deeper layers were pushed to higher levels and in turn differentiated into horny cells. After 5
Learning-Based Caching in Cloud-Aided Wireless Networks

This letter studies content caching in cloud-aided wireless networks, where small cell base stations with limited storage are connected to the cloud via limited capacity fronthaul links. By formulating a utility (inverse of service delay) maximization problem, we propose a cache update algorithm based on spatio-temporal traffic demands. To account for the large number of contents, we propose a content clustering algorithm to group similar contents. Subsequently, with the aid of regret learning at small cell base stations and the cloud, each base station caches contents based on the learned content popularity subject to its storage constraints. The performance of the proposed caching algorithm is evaluated for sparse and dense environments, while investigating the tradeoff between global and local class popularity. Simulation results show 15% and 40% gains in the proposed method compared to various baselines.
Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate up-regulates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor gene expression and enhances hormone action.

We have previously shown that the abundance of vitamin D receptors (VDR) in cultured cells is increased by mitogens such as serum and growth factors, whereas activation of protein kinase-C (PK-C) causes inhibition of VDR gene expression. This study examines the effect of the cAMP-activated protein kinase-A (PK-A) second messenger system on VDR abundance and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] action. Elevation of intracellular cAMP levels in NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts by forskolin or (Bu)2cAMP caused a substantial (8- to 12-fold) increase in VDR abundance, as measured by ligand binding and Western blot analysis. The time course of the forskolin effect on VDR expression was complex. An early rise in VDR abundance occurred at 4 h, followed by a decrease and then a broad secondary rise at 18 h. At the mRNA level, forskolin caused a rapid rise in VDR transcripts after 1 h of exposure, a peak at 2 h, followed by a decline and a subsequent increase at 15 h. Activation of PK-C with the phorbol ester phorbol myristate acetate abolished the forskolin-induced increase in VDR protein and mRNA abundance. NIH-3T3 cells were stably transfected with phOC-CAT, a plasmid carrying a human osteocalcin promoter fragment containing the vitamin D response element fused to the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment of transfected cells induced a dose-dependent increase in CAT activity. Up- or down-regulation of VDR in these transfected cells by forskolin or phorbol myristate acetate pretreatment, respectively, resulted in corresponding enhancement or attenuation of 1,25-(OH)2D3-inducible CAT activity. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pricing Options on Forwards in Energy Markets: The Role of Mean Reversion's Speed

Consider the problem of pricing options on forwards in energy markets, when spot prices follow a geometric multi-factor model in which several rates of mean reversion appear. In this paper, we investigate the role played by slow mean reversion when pricing and hedging options on forwards. In particular, we determine both upper and lower bounds for the error one makes neglecting low rates of mean reversion in the spot price dynamics in a jump diffusion setting. When including stochastic volatility as well as time dependent mean reversion into the model, we quantify a bound for the maximum error one makes.
The three institutionalisms and institutional dynamics: understanding endogenous and exogenous change

Although new institutionalism has long been criticised for presenting overly static accounts of social reality, that critique is becoming increasingly unwarranted. In recent years, historical, ideational and rational choice institutionalists have produced a rich body of literature on mechanisms and processes of institutional change. This article reviews this emerging literature and concludes that the most promising avenue for future research is to further explore the potential for combining insights from the three subtypes of institutionalism. In the hopes of encouraging future studies of institutional change to engage more explicitly in theoretical integration, this article proposes a sequential approach to combining insights from different traditions and providing comprehensive accounts of exogenous and endogenous processes of institutional change.
Assessment of the Prevalence of Abnormal Hysteroscopic Findings in Infertile Women Undergoing ART

Background: The endometrium plays an important role in implantation of good quality embryos in ART. Many studies have proved the negative impact of intra uterine pathologies on reproductive outcome whether spontaneous pregnancy or ART, because uterine anomalies may be associated with many obstetric complications such as miscarriage, preterm birth, premature rupture of membrane, malpresentation, postpartum bleeding and retained placenta. Aim of the work: This study aims to assess the prevalence of abnormal hysteroscopic findings among infertile women undergoing ART at Ain Shams Maternity University Hospital over the period from January 2007 to January 2017. Patients and Methods: This descriptive retrospective study was carried out on infertile couples planned for ART who were sent to ECDU for hysteroscopy in Early Cancer Detection Unit (ECDU), Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital. Case reports From January 2007 to January 2017 were reviewed. Results: The most prevalent congenital abnormality was endometrial polyp (18.4%) followed by uterine septum (6.9%). Conclusion: This study concluded that the most common uterine abnormality was endometrial polyp (18.4%), followed by uterine septum in 6.9% of patients. Also, thick endometrium was very common with a prevalence of 12.9%. Therefore, based on this high prevalence of abnormalities, this study is in agreement with the opinion that all women should be offered hysteroscopy, even if they have normal vaginal ultrasound and hysterosalpingography, because this is supposed to increase the detection rate of minor abnormalities, which theoretically will improve the reproductive outcome. Still, further interventional randomized controlled trials (RCT) are needed to verify the positive impact of routine use of hysteroscopy prior to ART.
Linkage disequilibrium, haplotype and association studies of a chromosome 4 GABA receptor gene cluster: Candidate gene variants for addictions

Strong genetic contributions to individual differences in vulnerability to addictions are well supported by classical genetic studies. Linkage and association genome scans for addiction vulnerability have provided converging evidence for several chromosomal regions which are likely to harbor allelic variants that contribute to such vulnerability. We and others have delineated a candidate addiction‐associated chromosome 4p12 “rSA3” region based on convergent data from association genome scanning studies in polysubstance abusers [Uhl et al. ( 2001 ); Am J Hum Genet 69(6):1290–1300], linkage‐based studies in alcoholism [Long et al. ( 1998 ); Am J Med Genet 81(3):216–221; Reich et al. ( 1998 ); Am J Med Genet 81(3):207–215] and association‐based studies for alcoholism and association‐based studies for individual differences in electroencephalographic (EEG) spectral power phenotypes [Porjesz et al. ( 2002 ); Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(6):3729–3733; Edenberg et al. ( 2004 ); Am J Hum Genet 74(4):705–714]. The rSA3 region contains interesting candidate genes that encode the alpha 2, alpha 4, beta 1, and gamma 1 receptor subunits for the principal brain inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) [Covault et al. ( 2004 ); Am J Med Genet Part B 129B:104–109; Edenberg et al. ( 2004 ); Am J Hum Genet 74(4):705–714; Lappalainen et al. ( 2005 ); Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29(4):493–498]. We now report assessment of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes in this region in three samples of substance abusers and controls. These results delineate the haplotypes and patterns of linkage disequilibrium in this region, focus attention of the GABRA2 gene and identify modest associations between GABRA2 genotypes and addiction phenotypes. These results are consistent with modest roles for GABRA2 variants in addiction vulnerabilities. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Location, morphology, and central projections of mesencephalic trigeminal neurons innervating rat masticatory muscles studied by axonal transport of choleragenoid‐horseradish peroxidase

Retrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to the B‐fragment of cholera toxin (B‐HRP) was used to study the location, morphology, and central projections of mesencephalic trigeminal (Me5) neurons innervating rat masticatory muscles. Labeled Me5 cell bodies were found throughout the Me5 nucleus from a level slightly caudal to the trigeminal motor nucleus to the level of the superior colliculus 5 mm further rostrally. Occasionally, labeled Me5 cells were observed in the anterior medullary velum, in the cerebellum, and in the brainstem contralateral to the B‐HRP injection. The vast majority of the labeled Me5 cells were pseudounipolar, but multipolar cells were also found. Extensive central projections from labeled Me5 cells could be seen extending from the nucleus of Darkschewitsch rostrally to the C2 segment caudally. Small but consistent projections from Me5 neurons were observed in nuclear islands among the incoming Me5 root fibers. Trigeminal and hypoglossal motor nuclei received direct projections from Me5 cells, but not the facial motor nucleus. The most prominent Me5 projections appeared in the brainstem reticular formation, including the supratrigeminal nucleus. Smaller projections also extended into the main sensory trigeminal nucleus, trigeminal subnucleus oralis, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Effect of Breakfast Type on Total Daily Energy Intake and Body Mass Index: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between breakfast type, energy intake and body mass index (BMI). We hypothesized not only that breakfast consumption itself is associated with BMI, but that the type of food eaten at breakfast also affects BMI. Methods: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), a large, population-based study conducted in the United States from 1988 to 1994, were analyzed for breakfast type, total daily energy intake, and BMI. The analyzed breakfast categories were “Skippers,” “Meat/eggs,” “Ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC),” “Cooked cereal,” “Breads,” “Quick Breads,” “Fruits/vegetables,” “Dairy,” “Fats/sweets,” and “Beverages. ” Analysis of covariance was used to estimate adjusted mean body mass index (BMI) and energy intake (kcal) as dependent variables. Covariates included age, gender, race, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity and poverty index ratio. Results: Subjects who ate RTEC, Cooked cereal, or Quick Breads for breakfast had significantly lower BMI compared to Skippers and Meat and Egg eaters (p ≤ 0.01). Breakfast skippers and fruit/vegetable eaters had the lowest daily energy intake. The Meat and Eggs eaters had the highest daily energy intake and one of the highest BMIs. Conclusions: This analysis provides evidence that skipping breakfast is not an effective way to manage weight. Eating cereal (ready-to-eat or cooked cereal) or quick breads for breakfast is associated with significantly lower body mass index compared to skipping breakfast or eating meats and/or eggs for breakfast.
Fabrication of Cr-doped fibers employing drawing-tower technique with powder-in-tube

The Cr-doped fibers (CDFs) were successfully fabricated employing drawing-tower technique with non-silica powder-in-tube (PIT) design. The far field pattern (FFP), transmission loss, and fluorescence intensity are measured and discussed in this paper. The achievement in CDFs may make it possible to be developed as a broadband fiber amplifier and light source.
Autonomic cardiovascular neuropathy in Sjögren's syndrome. A controlled study.

OBJECTIVE To test patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) for evidence of autonomic neuropathy. METHODS Thirty-two patients with primary SS and 22 age and sex matched healthy individuals were asked specific questions about symptoms suggestive of autonomic neuropathy, and were subjected to a battery of 5 cardiovascular tests: response of blood pressure to sustained hand grip, Valsalva maneuver, heart rate response to deep breathing, and heart rate and blood pressure response to standing up. The chi-squared test with Yates' correction and 95% confidence intervals were used for statistical analysis of the results. RESULTS Sixteen patients (50%) had symptoms of autonomic neuropathy when specifically asked versus none of the controls (p < 0.0005). The frequency of abnormal responses to the tests was 68.8% in patients and 12.7% in controls (p < 0.0001). Severe autonomic cardiovascular neuropathy was found in 87.5% of the patients but in none of the healthy individuals (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that autonomic neuropathy is a feature of a significant portion of the SS population, and such patients should have appropriate evaluation. Similarly, patients with unexplained autonomic neuropathy should be investigated for evidence of SS.
Systematic Analysis of White Pox Disease in Acropora palmata of the Florida Keys and Role of Serratia marcescens

ABSTRACT White pox disease (WPD) affects the threatened elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata. Owing in part to the lack of a rapid and simple diagnostic test, there have been few systematic assessments of the prevalence of acroporid serratiosis (caused specifically by Serratia marcescens) versus general WPD signs. Six reefs in the Florida Keys were surveyed between 2011 and 2013 to determine the disease status of A. palmata and the prevalence of S. marcescens. WPD was noted at four of the six reefs, with WPD lesions found on 8 to 40% of the colonies surveyed. S. marcescens was detected in 26.9% (7/26) of the WPD lesions and in mucus from apparently healthy colonies both during and outside of disease events (9%; 18/201). S. marcescens was detected with greater frequency in A. palmata than in the overlying water column, regardless of disease status (P = 0.0177). S. marcescens could not be cultured from A. palmata but was isolated from healthy colonies of other coral species and was identified as pathogenic pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type PDR60. WPD lesions were frequently observed on the reef, but unlike in prior outbreaks, no whole-colony death was observed. Pathogenic S. marcescens was circulating on the reef but did not appear to be the primary pathogen in these recent WPD episodes, suggesting that other pathogens or stressors may contribute to signs of WPD. Results highlight the critical importance of diagnostics in coral disease investigations, especially given that field manifestation of disease may be similar, regardless of the etiological agent.
Changes in Hip Muscles After Above‐Knee Amputation

To learn about the changes appearing in hip muscles after an above-knee amputation, 3-dimensional reconstructions of the hip and thigh region of 12 patients with above-knee amputations were made based on transverse magnetic resonance images. In all patients, the amputations were done at least 2 years before the study and were necessitated by trauma or osteosarcoma. The results show that, at higher amputation levels, the geometry of the once-biarticular muscles was changed. The cleaved muscles (40%--60%) and the intact muscles (0--30%) at the amputated side were atrophied. The amount of atrophy of the intact muscles at the amputated side was related to stump length. To avoid an abduction contracture in 8 patients with amputations, the iliotibial tract was not fixed. In 4 of these 8 patients, a flexion contracture was visible. If the tract was not fixed, the hip extension torque of the gluteus maximus, which inserts into the tract, decreased. As a result, the risk of appearance of a flexion contracture increased because the strongest hip flexor (iliopsoas muscle) was not involved in the amputation. Abduction contracture could be avoided only if the hip adductors were fixed accurately, especially at higher amputation levels.