Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shield the young harvest from devouring blight — Charles Darwin, Joseph Banks, Thomas Knight and wheat rust: Discovery, adventure and ‘getting our message out’

Abstract1969: the year of the first moon landing (20 July), the Woodstock Festival in upstate New York (15–18 August), and, (coinciding with the last day of Woodstock! ), the beginning of the Australasian Plant Pathology Society [first annual general meeting at the 41st Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science meeting, Adelaide (18 August) (Purss 1994)]. All had a lengthy gestation and challenges along the way. All have changed the world! In the 17th President’s Address to the Australasian Plant Pathology Society, David Guest (2001), noted: ‘I became a plant pathologist because the mechanisms organisms use to communicate fascinate me’. Well, I became a plant pathologist because I am a gardener at heart. But I have learned along the way that communication is a critical issue — not only the communication among and between microorganisms and plants, but also that between plant pathologists, farmers, politicians and communities. And, communication that is timely, inspiring and, (preferably) accurate, often yields the most favourable outcomes. In this paper, I will explore some of the early communication relating to plant disease, particularly wheat rusts. I refer to Erasmus and Charles Darwin, Joseph Banks, Thomas Knight, and some pioneering Australian researchers, and the roles of conferences, publications and newspapers, to highlight how ‘getting our message out’ was as important in the 19th and early 20th centuries as it is now. And, finally, I will consider how a scientific society in the 21st century still has relevance and the potential to change the world.
Accurate Characterization of TWTA Distortion in Multicarrier Operation by Means of a Correlation-Based Method

Complex payload architectures, together with the use of high-order digital modulations and advanced coding schemes, call for an accurate evaluation of traveling-wave tube amplifier (TWTA) nonlinearity impairments. To assess in a simple yet accurate manner the level of signal distortion generated by the TWTA nonlinearity, we adopt a correlation-based methodology. The proposed method provides an accurate evaluation of the TWTA intermodulation, particularly in the presence of multicarrier operation with nonconstant envelope modulations.
Corporate sustainable business practices and talent attraction

Purpose This study aims to investigate whether organizations can leverage on their sustainable business practices to attract valuable talents to gain competitive advantage over their competitors. Design/methodology/approach Using factorial design, the authors conducted an experiment to assess the attractiveness of an organization in line with the social identity theory, based on the Bursa Malaysia corporate social responsibility (CSR) framework attributes (including environmental performance, community relation, workplace and marketplace performance). Findings The findings of the current study supported the notion of social identity theory, as study subjects were attracted more to organizations with high corporate sustainable business (CSB) practices than organizations with low CSB practices. Specifically, findings of the current study revealed that job applicants have a higher intention to join and willingness to accept a job offer from organizations with more sustainable business practices. Research limitations/implications This study is limited by its sample size and selection, self-reported measures and its cross-sectional nature. Practical implications Understanding the most preferred attribute of CSB practices will enable organizations to focus their valuable resources rightfully to market their CSR efforts for obtaining higher organizational attractiveness and competitive advantage. Social implications As many organizations perceive sustainable outcomes to be costly, demonstrating the positive link between CSB practices and organizational attractiveness for talents warrants a win-win paradigm. Originality/value Talented workforce is essential for differentiating an organization from its competitors. As human resources are mostly unique and non-imitable, it has been recommended as a newly minted strategy to enable organization to achieve sustainable competitive advantages.
Network Identification and Flux Quantification of Glucose Metabolism in Rhodobacter sphaeroides under Photoheterotrophic H2-Producing Conditions

ABSTRACT The nonsulfur purple bacteria that exhibit unusual metabolic versatility can produce hydrogen gas (H2) using the electrons derived from metabolism of organic compounds during photoheterotrophic growth. Here, based on 13C tracer experiments, we identified the network of glucose metabolism and quantified intracellular carbon fluxes in Rhodobacter sphaeroides KD131 grown under H2-producing conditions. Moreover, we investigated how the intracellular fluxes in R. sphaeroides responded to knockout mutations in hydrogenase and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate synthase genes, which led to increased H2 yield. The relative contribution of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway and Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle to glucose metabolism differed significantly in hydrogenase-deficient mutants, and this flux change contributed to the increased formation of the redox equivalent NADH. Disruption of hydrogenase and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate synthase resulted in a significantly increased flux through the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and a reduced flux through the malic enzyme. A remarkable increase in the flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a major NADH producer, was observed for the mutant strains. The in vivo regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle flux in photoheterotrophic R. sphaeroides was discussed based on the measurements of in vitro enzyme activities and intracellular concentrations of NADH and NAD+. Overall, our results provide quantitative insights into how photoheterotrophic cells manipulate the metabolic network and redistribute intracellular fluxes to generate more electrons for increased H2 production.
The relationship between price, amounts of saturated and trans fats, and nutrient content claims on margarines and oils.

PURPOSE Modifications to the amount and type of fat in the diet are recommended as strategies to help reduce heart disease risk. Individuals can choose from a variety of margarines and oils to alter their intakes of different types of fats, and nutrient content claims on product labels (e.g., 'low in saturated fat') can help them quickly identify healthful products. However, margarines and oils vary in price. METHODS To examine the relationship between the price and amounts of saturated and trans fats in margarines and oils, and the relationship between price and the presence of nutrient content claims, price and label information were recorded for margarines (n=229) and oils (n=342) sold in the major supermarkets within the Greater Toronto Area. RESULTS Linear regression analysis revealed a negative relationship between the price and amounts of saturated fat and trans fats in margarines, but not in oils. Margarines with a nutrient content claim were significantly more expensive than were those without a claim. CONCLUSIONS The findings for margarines are of particular concern for lower income groups for whom budgetary constraints result in the purchase of lower priced foods, and also raise important questions about the usefulness of nutrient content claims in guiding food selections.
Impact of hospital atmosphere on perceived health care outcome.

PURPOSE Healthcare service quality studies primarily examine the relationships between patients' perceived quality and satisfaction with healthcare services, clinical effectiveness, service use, recommendations and value for money. These studies suggest that patient-independent quality dimensions (structure, process and outcome) are antecedents to quality. The purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative by looking at the relationship between hospital atmosphere and healthcare quality with perceived outcome. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Data were collected from Finland, India, Nigeria and the People's Republic of China. Regression analysis used perceived outcome as the dependent variable and atmosphere and healthcare service quality as independent variables. Findings - Results showed that atmosphere and healthcare service quality have a statistically significant relationship with patient perceived outcomes. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS The sample size was small and the sampling units were selected on convenience; thus, caution must be exercised in generalizing the findings. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The study determined that service quality and atmosphere are considered significant for developing and developed nations. This result could have significant implications for policy makers and service providers developing healthcare quality and hospital atmosphere. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Studies concentrate on healthcare outcome primarily regarding population health status, mortality, morbidity, customer satisfaction, loyalty, quality of life, customer behavior and consumption. However, the study exposes how patients perceive their health after treatment. Furthermore, the authors develop the healthcare service literature by considering atmosphere and perceived outcome.
Lack of correlation between the type of COL1A1 or COL1A2 mutation and hearing loss in osteogenesis imperfecta patients

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is caused by mutations in COL1A1 and COL1A2 that code for the α1 and α2 chains of type I collagen. Phenotypes correlate with the mutation types in that COL1A1 null mutations lead to OI type I, and structural mutations in α1(I) or α2(I) lead to more severe OI types (II–IV). However, correlative analysis between mutation types and OI associated hearing loss has not been previously performed. A total of 54 Finnish OI patients with previously diagnosed hearing loss or age 35 or more years were analyzed here for mutations in COL1A1 or COL1A2. Altogether 49 mutations were identified, of which 41 were novel. The 49 mutations represented the molecular genetic background of 41.1% of the Finnish OI population. A total of 38 mutations were in COL1A1 and 11 were in COL1A2. Of these, 16 were glycine substitutions and 16 were splicing mutations in α1(I) or α2(I). In addition, 17 null allele mutations were detected in COL1A1. A total of 32 patients (65.3%) with a mutation had hearing loss. That is slightly more than in our previous population study on Finnish adults with OI (57.9%). The association between the mutation types and OI type was statistically evident. Patients with COL1A1 mutations more frequently had blue scleras than those with COL1A2 mutations. In addition, patients with COL1A2 mutations tended to be shorter than those with COL1A1 mutations. However, no correlation was found between the mutated gene or mutation type and hearing pattern. These results suggest that the basis of hearing loss in OI is complex, and it is a result of multifactorial, still unknown genetic effects. Hum Mutat 24:147–154, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transient expression of the neurofilament proteins NF‐L and NF‐M by Schwann cells is regulated by axonal contact

Expression of the genes that encode neurofilament proteins is considered to be confined normally to neurons. However, in demyelinating peripheral nerves Schwann cells upregulate the mRNA for the medium‐sized neurofilament protein (NF‐M), and cultured Schwann cells of the myelin‐forming phenotype can also synthesize and incorporate NF‐M protein into their intermediate filament (IF) cytoskeleton. The purpose of this study was to establish how axonal contact might influence glial neurofilament gene expression and regulate the synthesis of neurofilament proteins. We show that the gene encoding NF‐M is expressed at early stages of differentiation in myelin‐forming Schwann cells in vivo; nevertheless, little NF‐M protein can be detected in these cells. The transient induction of NF‐M mRNA is also apparent in dedifferentiating Schwann cells during Wallerian degeneration. In these Schwann cells the mRNAs for NF‐M and NF‐L (the smallest polypeptide), but not NF‐H (the largest neurofilament subunit), are coordinately expressed. In contrast to differentiating myelin‐forming Schwann cells, the cells of degenerating nerves express both NF‐M and NF‐L polypeptides. Restoration of axonal contact in the growing nerve stimulates the recapitulation of Schwann cell differentiation including the elevation of NF‐M and NF‐L mRNA expression. These results demonstrate that the transient induction of neurofilament mRNAs in Schwann cells is a feature of both differentiation and dedifferentiation. However translation of these mRNAs is confined to Schwann cells deprived of axonal contact either by nerve injury or by culture in the absence of axons. These findings suggest that the expression of the NF‐M and NF‐L polypeptides is an important characteristic of those Schwann cells that will contribute to the repair of damaged peripheral nerves. J. Neurosci. Res. 50:291–299, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Faculty Role Perceptions at University Level

This study was designed to explore the role perceptions of faculty members at a public sector university of Pakistan focusing on role conflict, role ambiguity and faculty satisfaction. The opinions of personally approached 299 teachers were surveyed through a questionnaire. The data was analyzed by calculating frequency of responses, mean and standard deviation, and by applying t-test. The results showed existence of role conflict, role ambiguity, and job satisfaction on the part of faculty of the university. Gender-wise and subject-wise differences were observed in the faculty perceptions on role conflict and role ambiguity. As regards job satisfaction, both Arts and Science teachers held similar views but male teachers’ perceptions were significantly different from their female counterparts. It is recommended that university management must focus on clear job description, provision of required resources, effective supervision, and employee-sensitive HR policy.
The Socio-economic Impacts of GM Cotton in Burkina Faso: Does Farm Structure Affect How Benefits are Distributed?

The diffusion of genetically modified (GM) cotton has been rapid in many of the major cotton-producing countries. Initially concentrated in developed countries, e.g., United States and Australia, and more recently in the emerging Asian economies of India and China, global adoption of GM cotton reached 68% (25 out of 37 million ha) in 2014 (International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications [ISAAA], 2014). The most widely adopted type of GM cotton is Bt cotton. Genetic engineering techniques inserted genes into cotton to encode and promote the production, within the plant, of proteins toxic to certain caterpillar pests (e.g., Helicoverpa armigera) of cotton to protect plants from bollworms (Perlak et al., 2001). In Bt cotton, these proteins, Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab, are encoded by genes originating from the common soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). These Cry proteins are both highly effective in killing certain lepidopteran larvae (caterpillars) but do not target other insects, unlike conventional pesticides, many of which kill across a wide spectrum of both targeted and non-targeted (sometimes beneficial) insects1 (Greenplate et al., 2003; Höfte & Whiteley, 1989; MacIntosh et al., 1990; Sims, 1997). Once ingested, the Cry proteins bind to specific molecular receptors on the lining of the caterpillar’s gut, where they create holes and quickly cause death (Höfte & Whiteley, 1989). Bt cotton has greatly advanced pest management by reducing the number of chemical sprays applied to control bollworms. In most regions of the world, bollworm spraying constitutes the largest share of pesticide applications and are typically the most pernicious to human and environmental health2 (Hossain et al., 2004; Huesing & English, 2004; Qaim & de Janvry, 2005; Qaim & Zilberman, 2003). Significant impacts of Bt cotton have been consistently reported over the past two decades—improved control of pests, enhanced yield performance, reduced production costs, farming risk and increasing profitability, and secondary environment benefits (Carpenter, 2010; Edge, Benedict, Carroll, & Reding, 2001). In most regions, Bt cotton has been shown to reduce insecticide sprayings by about twothirds (Vitale & Greenplate, 2012). When combined
Full investigation of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) presenting to four different clinical specialties reveals significant differences and undiagnosed morbidity

Objective: This study aimed to compare the spectrum of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) symptoms in patients from four different specialist clinics. Design: A prospective cross-sectional observational study. Setting: The study was conducted at the infertility, gynaecology, endocrine and dermatology clinics at Leeds General Infirmary, U.K. Patients: Seventy women presenting with features of PCOS: 20 from infertility, 17 from gynaecology, 17 from dermatology and 16 from endocrine clinics. Interventions: Participants were assessed for symptoms and signs of PCOS and underwent a full endocrine and metabolic profile and a pelvic ultrasound scan. Results: All subjects had experienced menstrual problems, 81% were overweight, 86% had polycystic ovaries on ultrasound, 56% had hirsutism, 53% had acne, 23% had acanthosis nigricans, 16% had alopecia and 38% had previously undiagnosed impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or diabetes. A significant difference between the four clinic groups existed with regard to menstrual patterns (p = 0.0234), frequency distribution of presenting symptoms and the percentages of patients with PCOS who had already been diagnosed as having PCOS (p = 0.0088). Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the full spectrum of PCOS as presented to different specialty clinics. Not only is the syndrome under diagnosed but also are the significant associated morbidities such as IGT and type 2 diabetes. Different specialists need to appreciate the spectrum of health problems for women with PCOS that may extend beyond the specific symptoms that precipitated the initial referral.
Labour force building in a rapidly expanding sector

Abstract Between 1991 and 2010, jobs in the knowledge-intensive IT services sector in Sweden increased from 30,000 to 104,000. Departing from recent theoretical insights suggesting that the skill composition of worker inflows is an indicator of knowledge relevant to employers, we investigate labour inflows into the sector. Who were the people getting jobs in this expanding sector? And, how were their skills valued by employers as the sector evolved? Our findings suggest that sectoral evolution was not reflected in how the skills of incoming workers were valued, but rather in who was hired into the sector. The paper suggests that the analysis of worker inflows is a tool for investigating the evolution of both sectors and their knowledge bases. It provides some lessons for industrial and educational policies regarding technologically turbulent industries, and takes the first step towards developing an approach that integrates industry dynamics with labour force sourcing and evolution.
Housing Demand, Cost-of-Living Inequality, and the Affordability Crisis

Since 1970, housing's relative price, share of expenditure, and ``unaffordability'' have all grown. We estimate housing demand using a novel compensated framework over space and an uncompensated framework over time. Our specifications pass tests imposed by rationality and household mobility. Housing demand is income and price inelastic, and appears to fall with household size. We provide a numerical non-homothetic constant elasticity of substitution utility function for improved quantitative modeling. An ideal cost-of-living index demonstrates that the poor have been disproportionately impacted by rising relative rents, which have greatly amplified increases in real income inequality.
Assessing the impact of the predictors of organisational citizenship behaviour in the hospitality industry in Zimbabwe

The importance of Oganisational citizenship behavior (OCB) is widely acknowledged by many practitioners and academicians in Zimbabwe and the world over. However, there is generally limited literature on OCB in Zimbabwe as there are few studies that were carried out especially on the Zimbabwean hospitality industry. To address this dearth of published studies, the current study attempts to examine the factors that influence OCB. The conceptualised model and four hypotheses are empirically validated using a sample of 200 non-managerial hospitality industry employees who were randomly selected from three identified categories of hotels which were stratified according to the hotel star rating (3, 4, and 5 star hotels categories). The data were analysed using descriptive, correlation and regression analyses. The results indicate that the individual, organizational and leadership characteristics are significant predictors of OCB. However, task characteristics emerged as an insignificant factor to OCB. The findings have implications to hospitality management in Zimbabwe who are advised to make efforts of ensuring proper individual, organizational and leadership characteristics among employees and management so as to enforce OCB.
Pathways through Graduate School and into Careers. Executive Summary.

The report, Pathways Through Graduate School and Into Careers, calls for such changes in graduate education’s link to the workforce. It also calls for greater collaboration from key stakeholders in higher education and business and recommends broadening graduate education to include the development of professional skills essential to students’ success. The report was produced by a commission of university and business leaders convened by the Council of Graduate Schools (CGS) and Educational Testing Service (ETS).
Involvement of Histone H3 (Ser10) Phosphorylation in Chromosome Condensation Without Cdc2 Kinase and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Pig Oocytes1

Abstract When oocytes resume meiosis, chromosomes start to condense and Cdc2 kinase becomes activated. However, recent findings show that the chromosome condensation does not always correlate with the Cdc2 kinase activity in pig oocytes. The objectives of this study were to examine 1) the correlation between chromosome condensation and histone H3 phosphorylation at serine 10 (Ser10) during the meiotic maturation of pig oocytes and 2) the effects of protein phosphatase 1/2A (PP1/ PP2A) inhibitors on the chromosome condensation and the involvement of Cdc2 kinase, MAP kinase, and histone H3 kinase in this process. The phosphorylation of histone H3 (Ser10) was first detected in the clump of condensed chromosomes at the diakinesis stage and was maintained until metaphase II. The kinase assay showed that histone H3 kinase activity was low in oocytes at the germinal vesicle stage (GV) and increased at the diakinesis stage and that high activity was maintained until metaphase II. Treatment of GV-oocytes with okadaic acid (OA) or calyculin-A (CL-A), the PP1/PP2A inhibitors, induced rapid chromosome condensation with histone H3 (Ser10) phosphorylation after 2 h. Both histone H3 kinase and MAP kinase were activated in the treated oocytes, although Cdc2 kinase was not activated. In the oocytes treated with CL-A and the MEK inhibitor U0126, neither Cdc2 kinase nor MAP kinase were activated and no oocytes underwent germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), although histone H3 kinase was still activated and the chromosomes condensed with histone H3 (Ser10) phosphorylation. These results suggest that the phosphorylation of histone H3 (Ser10) occurs in condensed chromosomes during maturation in pig oocytes. Furthermore, the chromosome condensation is correlated with histone H3 kinase activity but not with Cdc2 kinase and MAP kinase activities.