Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A unified approach towards the development of Swedish as L2: a processability account

This paper has two main objectives: (a) to put the vast body of research on Swedish as a second language (SSL) into one coherent framework; and (b) to test the predictions deriving from processability theory (Pienemann, 1998a, 1998b) for Swedish against this empirical database. We will survey the 14 most prominent research projects on SSL covering wide areas of syntax and morphology in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. This survey is the first to be carried out for Swedish, and it will bring the body of two decades of research into one unified framework. We proceed in the following steps: First, a brief summary of processability theory is given. Then the theory is used to generate a unifying framework for the development of the specific L2 grammatical system (Swedish). Finally, the new framework is tested in the above-mentioned empirical studies. (Less)
An investigation to determine the effect of short-term low-dye taping on vertical ground reaction forces in asymptomatic PES planus, cavus and normal feet

Low -Dye taping is a method commonly used in sport participation and normal daily activity (Harradine, Herrington and Wright, 2001). It has been indicated in support of injured structures, decreasing edema and protection against re-injury (Reid, 1992:232). Contrary to these beliefs, studies have shown that low -dye anti-pronatory control is lost after relatively short episodes of exercise (Ator et al., 1991 and Vicenzino et aL, 1997). The variations in dynamic foot function with low -dye taping is not well understood, although tapin.g of the foot in low-dye type method has been advocated by many authors (Brantingham et aL, 1992, Ryan, 1995 and Chandler and Kibler, 1993). It was the purpose of this study to investigate the maximum ground reaction force and percentage contact time within 10 demarcated regions of the foot in asymptomatic patient with pes planus, cavus and normal medial longitudinal arches at four time intervals over 24 hours. Having established its baseline function it may serve as point of reference for clinical trials that wish to determine the role of taping as part of the management of symptomatic feet. This trial consisted of 60 participants with asymptomatic feet that were divided into three groups of 20. Participants were divided into three groups depending on their respective foot structures. To qualify for one of the three groups subjects had to either have flexible low, high or normal medial longitudinal arches. Maximum ground reaction forces (GRF) and Percent contact time was obtained for each of the three groups and for each of four visits. GRF were obtained with the aid of a registered orthotist who has agreed to work with the researcher on this project using the RSscan International 1m footscan plate system (Appendix L). The data was interpreted and analyzed using the RSscan Clinical Version 7.08 software package.
BrO, blizzards, and drivers of polar tropospheric ozone depletion events

Abstract. The source of bromine that drives polar boundary layer ozone depletion events (ODEs) is still open to some debate. While ODEs are generally noted to form under conditions of a shallow stable boundary layer, observations of depleted air under high wind conditions are taken as being transport-related. Here we report observations from Antarctica in which an unusually large cloud of BrO formed over the Weddell Sea. The enhanced BrO was observed over Halley station in coastal Antarctica, providing an opportunity to probe the conditions within an active "bromine explosion" event. On this occasion, enhanced BrO and depleted boundary layer ozone coincided with high wind speeds and saline blowing snow. We derive a simple model to consider the environmental conditions that favour ODEs and find two maxima, one at low wind/stable boundary layer and one at high wind speeds with blowing snow. Modelling calculations aiming to reproduce the wider regional or global impacts of ODEs, either via radiative effects or as a halogen source, will also need to account for high wind speed mechanisms.
Heterogeneity of the Carnegie Effect

The Carnegie effect is the harm inherited wealth does to a recipient’s work effort. Carnegie effect estimates are few, reflecting that such effects are hard to trace. Most previous studies rely on data from limited-size surveys. We use information from administrative data covering the entire Norwegian population, enabling an examination of the heterogeneity of the Carnegie effect. Estimation results show significant reductions in labor supply for recipients of large inheritances. We find that Carnegie effects differ according to transfer size, the recipient’s age and eligibility for other transfer programs, and the existence of new heirs in the family chain.
Corporate Social Responsibility in Fast Emerging Economies (Environmental Perspective in Qatar) Conceptual Framework

Although several literatures have argued that corporate social responsibility activities can benefit the corporations in different aspects such as revenue growth, access to capital, risk management and license to operate, human capital, and brand value and reputation, yet, other studies suggest that corporations may fail to gain full competitiveness from environmental practices. Therefore, further investigation is required, particularly in emerging economies such as Qatar. This paper aims to design a framework for the purpose to be tested in Qatar industrial sector. Several contributions are expected to be achieved by testing the moderating and mediating influences of some variables help in understanding the relationship between CSR particularly environmental practices and organizational performance.
Title Bias in Qualitative Measures of Concordance for Rodent Carcinogenicity Tests

According to current policy, chemicals are evaluated for possible cancer risk to humans at low dose by testing in bioassays, where high doses of the chemical are given to rodents. Thus, risk is extrapolated from high dose in rodents to low dose in humans. The accuracy of these extrapolations is generally unveri able, since data on humans are limited. However, it is feasible to examine the accuracy of extrapolations from mice to rats. If mice and rats are similar with respect to carcinogenesis, this provides some evidence in favor of inter-species extrapolations; conversely, if mice and rats are di erent, this casts doubt on the validity of extrapolations from mice to humans. One measure of inter-species agreement is concordance, the percentage of chemicals that are classi ed the same way as to carcinogenicity in mice and rats. Observed concordance in NCI/NTP bioassays is around 75%, which may seem on the low side| because mice and rats are closely related species tested under the same experimental conditions. Theoretically, observed concordance could under-estimate true concordance, due to measurement error in the bioassays. Thus, bias in concordance is of policy interest. Expanding on previous work by Piegorsch et al. (1992), we show that the bias in observed concordance can be either positive or negative: an observed concordance of 75% can arise if the true concordance is anything between 20% and 100%. In particular, observed concordance can seriously overestimate true concordance. We also consider quantitative correlations of carcinogenic potency. Following Bernstein et al. (1985), we show these correlations can be explained by statistical artifact. Our simulations expand on previous work by considering both carcinogens and non-carcinogens, while distinguishing between \observed" and \true" potencies. Thus, we develop a complete statistical model for chemicals and bioassays; within this model, biases in quantitative and qualitative concordance can be examined. A variety of models more or less t the data, with quite di erent implications for bias. Therefore, given our present state of knowledge, it seems unlikely that true concordance can be determined from bioassay data.
A comparison of new particle formation events in the boundary layer at three different sites in Europe

1) Department of Physics, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland 2) Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany 3) Istituto di Scienze dell’Atmosfera e del Clima Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, I-40129 Bologna, Italy 4) Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio Unit, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland 5) Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland 6) Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
The Latitudinal Dependence of Atmospheric Jet Scales and Macroturbulent Energy Cascades

The latitudinal width of atmospheric eddy-driven jets and scales of macroturbulence are examined latitude by latitude over a wide range of rotation rates using a high-resolution idealized GCM. It is found that for each latitude, through all rotation rates, the jet spacing scales with the Rhines scale. These simulations show the presence of a ‘‘supercriticality latitude’’ within the baroclinic zone, where poleward (equatorward) of this latitude, the Rhines scale is larger (smaller) than the Rossby deformation radius. Poleward of this latitude, a classic geostrophic turbulence picture appears with a 2 5 /3 spectral slope of inverse cascade from the deformation radius up to the Rhines scale. A shallower slope than the 23 slope of enstrophy cascade is found fromthedeformationradiusdowntotheviscosityscaleasaresultofthebroadinputofbarocliniceddykinetic energy. At these latitudes, eddy‐eddy interactions transfer barotropic eddy kinetic energy from the input scales of baroclinic eddy kinetic energy up to the jet scale and down to smaller scales. For the Earth case, this latitude is outside the baroclinic zone and therefore an inverse cascade does not appear. Equatorward of the supercriticality latitude, the 2 5 /3 slope of inverse cascade vanishes, eddy‐mean flow interactions play an important role in the balance, and the spectrum follows a 23 slope from the Rhines scale down to smaller scales, similar to what is observed on Earth. Moreover, the length scale of the energy-containing zonal wavenumber is equal to (larger than) the jet scale poleward (equatorward) of the supercriticality latitude.
Soybean proteinase inhibitor and the foraging strategy of free flying honeybees

En tant que pollinisateurs des cultures, les abeilles domestiques (Apis mellifera L.) sont susceptibles de butiner sur des plantes genetiquement modifiees resistantes aux insectes. Les inhibiteurs de protease (IP) sont des produits de transgene de plus en plus utilises dans le cadre de la lutte contre les ravageurs des cultures. Ils tuent ou limitent la croissance des insectes en perturbant la digestion des proteines. Il existe differentes classes d'IP dont l'efficacite depend des proteases digestives presentes chez l'insecte. Or l'Abeille possede dans son tube digestif des proteases a serine. Ainsi les abeilles qui butineraient sur des plantes transgeniques exprimant des inhibiteurs de protease a serine pourraient etre affectees par ce produit de transgene. Des etudes precedentes au laboratoire au niveau individuel ont montre qu'une exposition a un inhibiteur de protease, le Bowman-Birk Inhibitor (BBI) diminuait la physiologie digestive, les capacites l'apprentissage et la survie des abeilles. Cependant, en situation naturelle, les abeilles ont la possibilite d'eviter les sources de nourritures contaminees par des inhibiteurs de protease. Or tres peu de travaux ont porte sur les comportements de choix des pollinisateurs faces a des sources contaminees. Nous avons evalue les strategies de butinage d'environ une centaine d'abeilles en vol libre. Une experience temoin, dans laquelle nous avons modifie la concentration en sucre du nectar, a verifie que ce protocole permettait bien de discriminer des variations dans les strategies de butinage (Fig. 1a, 2a, 3a). Nous nous sommes alors interesses au comportement de 150 abeilles, issues d'une autre colonie, ayant effectue plus de 7700 visites sur deux fleurs artificielles dont l'une etait contaminee par du BBI a 100 μg. mL -1 (une concentration correspondant a la fourchette haute du niveau de production in planta). Nous avons evalue l'impact du BBI sur le nombre moyen de visites par heure sur chaque fleur (Fig. 1), sur la duree passee sur la fleur (Fig. 2), et sur les intervalles de temps entre les visites de chaque individu (Fig. 3). L'analyse statistique des donnees de duree a ete realisee au moyen de modeles de Cox. Au cours de cette etude, nous avons montre que le BBI a la concentration de 100 μg. mL -1 n'affectait pas la strategie de butinage des abeilles. De plus, le protocole d'analyse de l'evitement des ressources alimentaires par l'Abeille propose ici pourrait constituer une methode plus generale d'evaluation de abeilles a l'echelle de la colonie.
Collisional excitation and ionization of hydrogen by return current in solar flares

First a problem of the transport of electron beams with high energy fluxes into the cold chromosphere during the flare is presented. Then it is shown that the problem might be solved by the return current formed by superthermal (runaway) electrons. In such a case the return current electrons could influence hydrogen excitations and ionizations. Therefore, we computed collisional rates of such a return current and compared them with those of the thermal plasma and of a monoenergetic (10 keV) electron beam with the energy flux $F_{\rm E} = 10^{12}~\mbox{erg\,cm}^{-2}\,\mbox{ s}^{-1}$ penetrating into the flare atmosphere described by the F1 model (Machado et al. [CITE]). We show that in this situation the return current collisional rates can be dominant for some transitions.
Consciousness in historical time: Tacitus on the Suiones

Since knowability must emanate from the single individual, singularity constitutes the frame of reference, and the embodiment of knowing is expected to emerge through individual text production. Furthermore, the basis of the presented studies will consist of text materials with unknown frame factors. This is especially underlined by the fact that history at the Times of Tacitus was an art, not a science. It follows that only the individual text producer, namely Tacitus himself, can provide the unique physical space-time context. Only he has the capability to produce a discourse on the given subject. This capacity is contributing to the fact that the present approach is binding intentional dynamics to the production of textual movement patterns. Finally, structure cannot be imposed a priory, but can only be discovered. Thus, the question to be answered need to address the kind of structure that is establishing itself during production. The Latin text of Tacitus on the Suiones makes up the precondition for the establishment of Potential Energy Surfaces (PES) as well as Free Energy Surfaces (FES). In two separate although connected studies, strings of graphemes provide the foundation for the unfolding as well as folding of their textual resonance spaces. Thereby, produced and shaped consciousness can be established and described structurally with two global state attractors, carrying the inclusive names of Safeguard for Intention and Mastery for the Orientation. Hence, the basic focus will be on textual pattern dynamics as outcome of a subtle interplay between intentionality and orientation, for which the AaO axiom provides the proper foundation.
Low Pressure-Driven Injection Characterization for SCR Applications

Aqueous Urea is a non-toxic and stable ammonia carrier and its injection and mixing represent the basis for the most common de-NOx technology for mobile applications. The reactant feed preparation process is defined by evaporation, thermolysis and hydrolysis of the liquid mixture upstream the Selective Catalytic Reduction reactor, and it is strongly dependent on the interaction between spray and gaseous flow. Low-pressure driven injectors are the common industrial standard for these applications, and their behavior in almost-ambient pressure cross flows is significantly different from any in-cylinder application. For this reason, two substantially different injectors in terms of geometry and design are experimentally studied, characterizing drop sizes and velocities through Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) and liquid mass spatial distribution through Shadow Imaging (SI). The measurements involve the analysis of the spray in quiescent air conditions, gathering information at the closest to the nozzle reliable location. Distilled water and Urea Water Solution are characterized, clearly showing that the spray evolution is only slightly affected by the mixture composition. These experimental findings act as the basis for the construction of a numerical description of liquid injection within the Lagrangian tracking framework inside 3D finite volume CFD simulations. A robust injection model is defined, pointing out the singularities of the system and identifying the most critical aspects. The proposed model is built on the direct definition of a droplet diameter distribution, putting particular attention in the droplet-to-parcel ratio definition. One of the two injectors is taken as the input and the other one, which shows a considerable different design and spray pattern is used as a test for the modeling approach. The simulation setup is then assessed in cross-flow conditions and validated on data gathered in a synthetic exhaust gas test bench, where the injectors are installed in an optically accessible chamber, allowing PDA and SI measurements over a wide range of thermal and kinematic cross flow conditions, representative of typical Diesel after-treatment systems. Good agreement with the experimental data is obtained, highlighting how the definition of the initial spray droplet kinematic properties is the key feature in the correct description of a spray for SCR applications, regardless of the Urea mass fraction in the mixture. The evolution of the liquid plume inside a realistic after-treatment channel size geometry shows that most of the momentum of the spray is carried by the largest droplets, which are the ones to be correctly described to address important issues in the Urea Water Solution dosing; these are responsible for the excessive wall impingement and subsequent formation of solid deposits. Specific care is applied in the definition of a reasonable CFD framework, determining mesh sizes and sub-model setups able to fulfill affordable computational costs, according to the current industrial standards.
ANNUAL SURVIVAL OF ADULT AMERICAN REDSTARTS AND OVENBIRDS IN THE SOUTHERN BOREAL FOREST

Abstract Using constant effort (1993–1996) and playback mist netting with color banding (1996–1999), we estimated annual survival rates of Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) and American Redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla) at four sites in the boreal forest of central Saskatchewan. For both species, the model that best described our data included a residency index that differentiated individuals caught more than once within the breeding season of initial capture (residents) from individuals caught only once (transients). Transients had considerably lower recapture rates than residents. The residency index was a more effective means of addressing violations of the homogeneity of capture assumption inherent in Cormack-Jolly-Seber models than a two-stage or age-structured model. We detected no significant differences in survival or recapture rate of male Ovenbirds between constant effort and playback mist netting techniques, although our estimate of annual survival for male Ovenbirds captured using playback (0.62 ± 0.06 SE) was higher than when we used constant effort netting (0.44 ± 0.13 SE). We observed no significant differences in survival between male (n = 99) and female (n = 113) American Redstarts or between second-year (n = 50) and after-second-year (n = 49) American Redstart males (overall survival = 0.55 ± 0.09 SE). For Ovenbirds, the model that best fit the data incorporated sex specific differences in survival with females (n = 76) having lower survival (0.21 ± 0.09 SE) than males (n = 197, 0.60 ± 0.12 SE). Without accounting for the presence of transient birds in our models, our estimates of survival would have been unrealistically low. Residency indices based on the number of times an individual was captured within a season seem to provide an effective means to account for transients.
GRADUAL THINNING SYNTHESIS FOR LINEAR ARRAY BASED ON ITERATIVE FOURIER TECHNIQUES

In this paper, a modifled iterative fourier technique (MIFT) for thinning uniformly spaced linear arrays featuring a minimum sidelobe level as well as narrow beam is presented. Since IFT is a thinning procedure which has to be performed many trial times with difierent initial element distributions to get the optimum solution, it is, to some extent, time consuming. Moreover, in each trial of IFT, the number of iterations is usually low, which makes the method tend to be trapped in local solution even with a large number of trials. Therefore, the similar procedures for both MIFT and IFT are to derive the element excitations from the prescribed array factor using successive forward and backward Fourier transforms, and array thinning is accomplished by setting the amplitudes of a predetermined number of the largest element excitations to unity while the others to zero during each iteration cycle. Furthermore, in MIFT, based on the idea of gradual thinning which is inspired by perturbation theory, an adaptively changed flll factor is proposed to modify IFT with the purpose of accelerating computational speed and facilitating convergence. The immediate result caused by this modifled flll factor can be embodied in two points. One point is that unlike the random number of iterations contained in difierent trials of IFT, the number of iterations in all trials of MIFT is a flxed value and only predetermined by the array inherent features (symmetrical or asymmetrical) and flll factor. Therefore, su-cient iterations are ensured in each trial to efiectively help the algorithm avoid trapping. The other point is that when MIFT is performed, the array elements are gradually truncated, which maintains the most useful element excitations while maximally excludes the bad excitations, so that the optimum solution
The paradox of international sign. The Importance of deaf-hearing encounters for deaf-deaf communication across sign language borders

Standing in the lobby of a hotel in Washington, DC, waiting to check in among a crowd of deaf people from many different countries, Anja Hiddinga’s ten-year-old deaf son became friendly with a man from Egypt. They chatted along, although the little one did not know any Egyptian Sign Language or American Sign Language (ASL), and it was not Sign Language of the Netherlands they were conversing in either. In communicating back and forth, the conversation seemed to develop quite easily. Other interactions across sign language borders in that lobby were similar, with deaf people arriving from all over the world to attend the Deaf Way II conference and festival. The week of performances, lectures, and other events that followed was impressive for many reasons but particularly because of this very circumstance, the relative ease with which deaf people from different countries seemed to interact with one another in international sign. Equally impressive is the process of interpretation to and from international sign for the benefit of multilingual deaf audiences at other international (deaf) conferences. In contradiction to the well-known misunderstanding of many hearing people that there is only one sign language, international sign, a construct bridging different signed languages, is an enigmatic phenomenon. How can one communicate without a shared language? The actual form of international sign (IS) depends on the shared context at large, which includes not only shared experiences and shared knowledge of the surroundings but also shared knowledge of any spoken and signed languages (including English and American Sign Language, but depending on the region it may also be Sign Language of the Netherlands or British