Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Current Financial Crisis and Its Potential Impact on Internally Generated Intangible Assets

Many experts consider that the lack of accounting for internally generated intangible assets is, among otherfactors, to be blamed for the current financial crises. The current accounting regulators have not taken theinitiative towards creation of new accounting standard to identify or to allow the capitalization, recognitionand/or disclosure of these assets. This failure to properly identify, measure, and/or recognize the activitiesassociated with intangible assets, appear at a time when the accounting standards are in the process of regulatoryadjustments due to different view and ideas originating by the SEC, FASB and IASB. This paper explores someof the conceptual issues related to the initial identification of internally generated intangible assets. In addition,we propose an approach to recognize these assets in the financial statements using a hypothetical businesscombination approach.
PLANT‐LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ORIENTATION: THE INFLUENCE OF MANAGEMENT VIEWS AND PLANT CHARACTERISTICS

As customers, the public and other stakeholders are increasingly demanding that manufacturing firms improve their approach to environmental management, some plants have moved to develop an orientation that is increasingly proactive. Synthesizing earlier research, environmental management orientation is defined here to include system analysis and planning, organizational responsibility, and management controls. The relationship between a proactive orientation and two sets of internal factors, specifically the personal views of plant managers and plant-specific characteristics, was tested using survey data from the furniture industry. The production outlook for the plant was critical, with a favorable outlook fostering a more proactive environmental management orientation. After controlling for plant-specific factors, personal views also were influential; an increasing emphasis on short-term economic value was related to a more reactive plant-level orientation. Thus senior corporate management can foster strong plant-level environmental management through a more balanced emphasis on economic and ethical values and continued investment in a plant's long-term viability.
The Efficacy of Trading Suspensions: A Regulatory Action Designed to Prevent the Exploitation of Monopoly Information

WHILE MOST LAWYERS, government officials and security regulators would find it difficult to conceive of an efficient and equitable stock market without existing security regulation, a number of brokers, investors and economists would not find it difficult to do so. Although the merits of each viewpoint have been debated (and specified in an efficient market framework in [23]), the efficacy of current regulation can only be determined by empirical tests. However, to date, most of the empirical research on security regulation has dealt with the role played by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the United States Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934 in improving the economic performance of American security markets [for exceptions, see 23, 24, 25, 34, 35]. More
Stock index and price dynamics in the UK and the US: new evidence from a trading rule and statistical analysis

The predictability of long time series of stock index levels and stock prices is investigated using both statistical and trading rule methodologies. The trading rule analysis uses a double moving-average rule and the methods of Brock, Lakonishok and LeBaron. Results are obtained for the FTA, FTSE-100, DJIA and S&P-500 indices, prices for twelve UK stocks and indices derived from these stock prices. Statistical analysis shows that the index and price series are not random walks. The trading rule analysis generally confirms this conclusion. However, small transaction costs would eliminate the profitability of the moving-average rule. Standard ARMA-ARCH models are estimated for time series of returns and bootstrap methods are used to decide if the models can explain the observed trading statistics. The models provide a reasonable description but there is evidence from the trading rule methodology that standard models sometimes fail to describe the dynamics of the indices and prices. Several comparisons are made: between an index and the stock prices that define the index, between spot levels and futures prices for indices, and between UK and US indices.
The Quote Exception Rule: Giving High Frequency Traders an Unintended Advantage

Under the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Rule 611 exchanges that have not matched a new National Best Bid and Offer (NBBO) can trade at the old NBBO for one second. In 2008, this rule allowed fast traders to earn estimated revenues of $233 million at the expense of slow traders. Furthermore, we find that when the NYSE decreased latency by 600 milliseconds on March 10, 2008, execution quality improved markedly for fast liquidity demanders, but improved only minimally for slow liquidity demanders. However, we find a decrease in volume executed at adverse prices under the faster market conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Designing a Tax Administration Reform Strategy: Experiences and Guidelines

Building on previous FAD work in the tax administration field, this paper defines broad criteria for diagnosing the problems in a country`s tax administration and formulating an appropriate reform strategy. To be effective, this strategy should be based on the size of the tax gap and the country`s particular circumstances. This paper discusses some guiding principles which have provided the basis for successful reforms, including: reducing the tax system`s complexity, encouraging taxpayers` voluntary compliance, differentiating the treatment of taxpayers by their revenue potential, and ensuring the reform`s effective management. Also discussed are specific bottlenecks that hinder the effectiveness of the tax administration`s operations.
Random Matching under Dichotomous Preferences

We consider bilateral matching problems where each person views those on the other side of the market as either acceptable or unacceptable: an acceptable mate is preferred to remaining single, and the latter to an unacceptable mate; all acceptable mates are welfare-wise identical. Using randomization, many efficient and fair matching methods define strategy-proof revelation mechanisms. Randomly selecting a priority ordering of the participants is a simple example. Equalizing as much as possible the probability of getting an acceptable mate across all participants stands out for its normative and incentives properties: the profile of probabilities is Lorenz dominant, and the revelation mechanism is group-strategy-proof for each side of the market. Our results apply to the random assignment problem as well.
Trade Size and Information-Motivated Trading in the Options and Stock Markets

This study investigates the extent of information-motivated trading conditional on trade size in the options and stock markets. We find envidence that the options market is the primary venue for information trading only for small investors, whereas large ivestors do not necessarily trade options rather than stocks when they are informed. With different trading mechanisms in the stock and options markets, this finding implies that investors, when facing different impediments to information-related trading, select different vehicles to exploit their information. We also show that the adverse selection component of the bid-ask spread decreases with option delta, implying that options with greater finanical leverage attract more informed investors. Overall, our results reinforce the notion that the options market is a venue for information-motivated trading.
Home blood pressure monitoring with nurse-led telephone support among patients with hypertension and a history of stroke: a community-based randomized controlled trial

Background: Adequate control of blood pressure reduces the risk of recurrent stroke. We conducted a randomized controlled study to determine whether home blood pressure monitoring with nurse-led telephone support would reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension and a history of stroke. Methods: We recruited 381 participants (mean age 72 years) from outpatient and inpatient stroke clinics between Mar. 1, 2007, and Aug. 31, 2009. Nearly half (45%, 170) of the participants had some disability due to stroke. Participants were visited at home for a baseline assessment and randomly allocated to home blood pressure monitoring (n = 187) or usual care (n = 194). Those in the intervention group were given a monitor, brief training and telephone support. Participants who had home blood pressure readings consistently over target (target < 130/80 mm Hg) were advised to consult their family physician. The main outcome measure was a fall in systolic blood pressure after 12 months, measured by an independent researcher unaware of group allocation. Results: Despite more patients in the intervention group than in the control group having changes to antihypertensive treatment during the trial period (60.1% [98/163] v. 47.6% [78/164], p = 0.02), the fall in systolic blood pressure from baseline did not differ significantly between the groups (adjusted mean difference 0.3 mm Hg, 95% confidence interval –3.6 to 4.2 mm Hg). Subgroup analysis showed significant interaction with disability due to stroke (p = 0.03 at 6 months) and baseline blood pressure (p = 0.03 at 12 months). Interpretation: Overall, home monitoring did not improve blood pressure control in patients with hypertension and a history of stroke. It was associated with a fall in systolic pressure in patients who had uncontrolled blood pressure at baseline and those without disability due to stroke. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT00514800
DEFENCE ECONOMICS: PERSPECTIVES FROM TURKEY. INTRODUCTION

10.1080/10242690801972121 Defence and Peace Economics 24-2694 (print)/1476-8267 (online) Original Articl 2 08 Taylor & Francis 9 30 nurOzsoy ozsoy@p litics.ankara. edu.tr This special issue of Defence and Peace Economics (DPE), entitled ‘Defence Economics: Perspectives From Turkey’ is a collection of five papers presented at the Third Annual International Conference on Business, Management and Economics, held in Çe[ scedi l ] me-Izmir-Turkey between 14 and 17 June, 2007. These papers are valuable contributions to various topics on defence economics. The first paper, entitled ‘Defence Spending and the Macroeconomy: The Case of Turkey’, by Onur Özsoy makes use of a six-variable vector autoregressive model and investigates the impact of defence spending on major macroeconomic variables – namely, government budget, total deficit, growth rates, inflation rates, and the government budget deficit for Turkey for the period 1933–2004. Özsoy derives impulse response functions and also estimates Granger causalities amongst the variables. The main finding is that there is short run causality between defence spending and economic growth. The second paper, by Hasan [ Scedi l ] ahin and Onur Özsoy evaluates one of the best known and most studied topics in the field of defence economics – the arms race between Greece and Turkey – by employing a Markov switching approach. As is well known, Greece and Turkey are two neighbours and NATO allies and have been potential threats to each other for centuries. As a result, any arms race between Greece and Turkey deserves to be researched to derive policy implications. Earlier studies conducted to analyse an arms race between Greece and Turkey mostly used regression approaches and did not obtain any significant results to support an arms race. [ Scedi l ] ahin and Özsoy, following Smith et al. (2000) use a Markov switching method and explore the arms race between these two countries between 1958 and 2004. They found that there is no interdependence between the military expenditure of Greece and Turkey for the studied time period. The further results of [ Scedi l ] ahin and Özsoy’s study indicate that Greece and Turkey independently decide on how much to spend on their defence. Nevertheless, [ Scedi l ] ahin and Özsoy found that shocks negatively affect both countries in the period of their study. A shock causes Greece to increase and Turkey to decrease their defence spending.
A model for the distribution of the number of bids on federal offshore oil leases

Not all Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) federal oil leases receive the same number of bids. Indeed, while some leases receive over a dozen bids, many others receive no bids at all. This leads to uncertainty in the number of bids a lease will receive---uncertainty of potential concern to both bidders and bid takers. We develop a model that suggest there are three fundamentally different types of leases---those with "no," "low," and "high" competition. This provides a basis for bidders and bid takers to explicitly account for some of the differences among leases when preparing bids and when evaluating the bidding. Although we specifically study only OCS federal oil leases, our overall approach and insights should apply equally well to many other situations with uncertain numbers of bids, including mineral leasing in general, as well as military procurement and construction contracting.
Effects of Mastery Learning Approach on Students' Achievement in Physics

This study investigated the effect of Mastery Learning Approach (MLA) on students’ achievement in Physics. Using stratified random sampling, a total of 160 Senior Secondary school II Physics students from four selected Senior Secondary Schools in Bariga and Somolu Local Government Areas of Lagos State was used for the study. Two research questions and hypotheses were formulated and tested respectively. The study was a non-randomized pre-test post-test control group design . Students in the experimental groups was exposed to MLA teaching method while those in the control groups were exposed to the Conventional Teaching Method (CTM). The instruments used in the study were Physics Achievement Test (PAT) to measure students' achievement and a questionnaire on 4point scale was used to measure their attitudes towards Physics. The instrument were pilot tested;r value for PAT=0.7 using split half method and r=0.83 for questionnaire using Cronbach Alpha. T-test, Pearson Correlation and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used in analyzing the data. The result showed that students exposed to MLA performed better than those taught using CTM. Also students with positive attitudes towards Physics performed better than those with negative attitudes towards Physics. Consequently, it is recommended that MLA should be encouraged in schools for improved students’ achievement and positive attitude towards physics.
Damaged Auditor Reputation and Analysts' Forecast Revision Frequency

SUMMARY: In this study, we examine the reaction of financial analysts to the events associated with the collapse of Enron and Arthur Andersen. We present evidence that the change in the frequency of downward revisions from the pre-Enron to Enron period was incrementally higher for Andersen clients than for a control sample of matched Big 4 clients. We also find evidence that Andersen clients had incrementally larger forecast errors and greater forecast dispersion than the matched control firms. Our results suggest that the damaging news about Andersen led to an abnormal increase in uncertainty about other Andersen-audited financial statements, which affected analysts' forecast activity and properties. More generally, our results suggest that analyst behavior is tempered by the analyst's perception of audit quality.
Turkish party system: leaders, vote and institutionalization

Research indicated that partisan affiliation, ideological and economic factors are the main determinants of the voters’ party preferences at Turkish elections. However, as Turkish political parties have been non-institutionalized structures, the role played by their political leaders seems to be larger than life. This paper seeks to assess the relative impact of the party leaders on the voters’ party preferences vis-à-vis ideology, partisan identity and economic satisfaction through empirical analyses with binary logistic regression. The data for the study were compiled as nationally representative surveys of the Turkish voters in June–July 2007 and May–June 2011.
Long-term follow-up and outcome of 39 patients with chronic granulomatous disease.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical long-term course in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) with respect to different CGD subtypes and currently used antimicrobial prophylactic measures. STUDY DESIGN The records of 39 patients with CGD who were monitored during a period of 22 years were reviewed. All infections, infectious complications, and clinical outcomes were documented for a total observation period of 610 patient-years and were stratified with respect to different CGD subtypes. RESULTS Lymphadenitis, skin abscesses, and pneumonia occurred in 87%, 72%, and 59% of the patients, respectively. In 151 microbiologic isolates Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus species, Candida species, Pseudomonas species, and Salmonella species were the most frequently detected microorganisms. There were 167 severe infections requiring hospitalization and intravenous antimicrobial treatment, resulting in an incidence of 3.7 severe infections per 100 patient months (SI/100 PM). Long-term antibiotic prophylaxis significantly reduced the incidence of severe bacterial infections from 4.8 SI/100 PM to 1. 6 SI/100 PM (P =.0035). In contrast, fungal infections increased under antibiotic prophylaxis from a mean incidence of 0.2 SI/100 PM to 1.9 SI/100 PM (P =.04). We found a 50% survival rate through the fourth decade of life, with a plateau after the third decade of life. Patients with a complete absence of cytochrome b(558) showed an earlier manifestation of their disease and a higher incidence of infections and had significant lower survival than patients with only diminished cytochrome b(558) or autosomal recessive CGD. CONCLUSIONS Infections with Aspergillus species have become the major cause of infectious complications and death in patients with CGD. Prophylactic and therapeutic measures are needed to further increase life expectancy and quality for patients with CGD.
Systemic inflammation regulates microglial responses to tissue damage in vivo

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, exist in either a “resting” state associated with physiological tissue surveillance or an “activated” state in neuroinflammation. We recently showed that ATP is the primary chemoattractor to tissue damage in vivo and elicits opposite effects on the motility of activated microglia in vitro through activation of adenosine A2A receptors. However, whether systemic inflammation affects microglial responses to tissue damage in vivo remains largely unknown. Using in vivo two‐photon imaging of mice, we show that injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at levels that can produce both clear neuroinflammation and some features of sepsis significantly reduced the rate of microglial response to laser‐induced ablation injury in vivo. Under proinflammatory conditions, microglial processes initially retracted from the ablation site, but subsequently moved toward and engulfed the damaged area. Analyzing the process dynamics in 3D cultures of primary microglia indicated that only A2A, but not A1 or A3 receptors, mediate process retraction in LPS‐activated microglia. The A2A receptor antagonists caffeine and preladenant reduced adenosine‐mediated process retraction in activated microglia in vitro. Finally, administration of preladenant before induction of laser ablation in vivo accelerated the microglial response to injury following systemic inflammation. The regulation of rapid microglial responses to sites of injury by A2A receptors could have implications for their ability to respond to the neuronal death occurring under conditions of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders. GLIA 2014;62:1345–1360
Human Resource Management Practices and Trust in Public Organizations

Abstract Trust has been acknowledged as a valuable managerial resource within organizations. Working as a lubricant of organizational functioning, trust reduces opportunistic behaviours while it increases voluntary compliance to organizational norms and rules as well as enhancing individual and organizational performance. Considering the importance of trust, it is worthwhile to explore what factors may help build trust within organizations. This research investigates whether perceptions of several human resource management (HRM) practices are associated with trust in government organizations. According to social exchange theory, HRM practices signal management's commitment to employees which in turn leads to greater trust in the organization. Using data from an employee survey conducted for the Georgia Department of Transportation in 2007, this research tests how employee perceptions of HRM practices are related to trust in three distinct levels of management in a large department of state government: trust in department leadership, trust in one's leadership team, and trust in one's supervisor. Binary logit analyses suggest that perceptions of HRM practices focusing on autonomy, compensation, communication, performance appraisal, and career development are associated with trust in public organizations. According to the result, those practices present variation in their leverage on trust in leadership at different levels.
Endothelial dysfunction in MELAS improved by l-arginine supplementation

The authors evaluated endothelial function in patients with MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke) by flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) and found a significant decrease vs controls. Two years of supplementation with oral l-arginine, a nitric oxide precursor, significantly improved endothelial function to control levels and was harmonized with the normalized plasma levels of l-arginine in patients. l-Arginine therapy improved endothelial dysfunction and showed promise in treating strokelike episodes in MELAS.
Another Look at Racial Differences in Housing Prices

The existence of segregated housing has sparked interest in the question of whether blacks pay more for housing. That racial segregation exists is not in doubt. The effect of segregation on housing prices in black versus white submarkets is less clear. The empirical evidence is not conclusive. Past studies have yielded disparate results because they applied different models to one or a few markets. In addition earlier studies often used data from samples taken a decade or more ago, while evidence exists that submarket price differentials change significantly over time. This paper presents estimates of racial submarket price differentials in 39 large Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs). The household level data used are from the Annual Housing Survey, and are both recent (1974-76 data) and extensive (700 to 2,000 degrees of freedom in each of 78 regressions). Separate equations are estimated for owners and renters. The same two models, based on the method of hedonic equations, are employed in every SMSA. We find that in most markets blacks pay less for comparable housing than non-blacks. The average discount for blacks is about 15 per cent for owners and 6 per cent for renters. We also find, as expected, that variation does exist in the estimate for the differential among metropolitan areas.