Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Taxes, Investment, and Capital Structure: A Study of U.S. Firms in the Early 1900s

We analyze capital structure decisions of U.S. firms during 1905-1924, a period characterized by two shocks that provide a unique experiment for studying the primary determinants of financing choices: (i) the introduction of corporate and individual taxes, and (ii) the onset of World War I, which resulted in large, transitory increases in investment outlays by U.S. firms. Although we find little evidence that shocks to corporate and individual taxes have a meaningful influence on observed leverage ratios, we find strong evidence that changes in leverage are positively related to investment outlays and negatively related to operating cash flows. Moreover, the transitory investments made by firms during World War I are associated with transitory increases in debt, especially by firms with relatively low earnings. We conclude that our findings are inconsistent with models that emphasize taxes as a first-order determinant of leverage choices, but broadly consistent with models that link the dynamics of leverage with dynamics of investment opportunities.
Preparing for Civil Disobedience: Indian Sex Workers and the Law

This article deals with the reform of prostitution laws in India. It begins with an outline of the current legislative framework available in this regard and then critically evaluates the various alternatives to the framework that have been proposed through the 1990s by the Indian government, universities and research institutions, the Indian women's movement and sex-worker organizations. Mter undertaking an historical examination of prostitution laws in India from colonial times up to the present, the author recommends the decriminalization of prostitution with a strong emphasis on the protection of the civil rights of prostitute women as a matter of policy. More importantly, the author challenges the underlying assumptions of much Indian feminist theory and practice on the issue, critiques the politics of representation in the law reform process and seeks to highlight the agency of Indian prostitute women in the debate on prostitution laws. PREPARING FOR CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE: . AN INTRODUCTION Scarlot, a prostitute woman l solicits a New York audience as part of her art performance: * SJ.D. Candidate, Harvard Law Schoo! This article miginates from an LL.M. paper written in 1996 under the supenision of Professor Martha Minow at Harvard Law Schoo! The ground work for it commenced in 1993, when I was involved in a study undertaken by the National Law School of India University and commissioned by the Department of Women and Child Welfare, Government of India, to propose legislative reform in the area of prostitution and trafficking. Also, between 1991 and 1993, I was part of a group of law students that worked on prostitution as a fOl"m of labor for the purposes of the Second AllIndia Community-Based Law Reform Competition for law schools and submitted its report in 1993. I I acknowledge at the very beginning the incessant dilemmas that one faces in describing the women who engage in prostitution. In a way, deciding what term to use is a microcosm of all the confusions that surround the policy debate on prostitution. The woman we know as the prostitute has many names in English: prostitute, prostituted woman, whore, sex worker, commercial sex worker, sex trade worker. In the several languages of India, one finds different names depending on the time period and the region in which they worked. Sanskrit literature describes them as lleshya (prostitute), sadharani (public woman), mpajiva (one who earns a living by using hel" charms), ganika (enjoyed by one person or many persons living in a group), ntpadasi (enslaved by her physical beauty) and so on. In colonial times, in Bengal fm example, they were called baijee (dancer),
Satellite observations of changes in snow-covered land surface albedo during spring in the Northern Hemisphere

Abstract. Thirteen years of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface albedo data for the Northern Hemisphere during the spring months (March–May) were analyzed to determine temporal and spatial changes over snow-covered land surfaces. Tendencies in land surface albedo change north of 50° N were analyzed using data on snow cover fraction, air temperature, vegetation index and precipitation. To this end, the study domain was divided into six smaller areas, based on their geographical position and climate similarity. Strong differences were observed between these areas. As expected, snow cover fraction (SCF) has a strong influence on the albedo in the study area and can explain 56 % of variation of albedo in March, 76 % in April and 92 % in May. Therefore the effects of other parameters were investigated only for areas with 100 % SCF. The second largest driver for snow-covered land surface albedo changes is the air temperature when it exceeds a value between −15 and −10 °C, depending on the region. At monthly mean air temperatures below this value no albedo changes are observed. The Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and precipitation amount and frequency were independently examined as possible candidates to explain observed changes in albedo for areas with 100 % SCF. Amount and frequency of precipitation were identified to influence the albedo over some areas in Eurasia and North America, but no clear effects were observed in other areas. EVI is positively correlated with albedo in Chukotka Peninsula and negatively in eastern Siberia. For other regions the spatial variability of the correlation fields is too high to reach any conclusions.
The effect of music background on the emotional appraisal of film sequences

In this study the effects of musical background on the emotional appraisal of film sequences was investigated. Four pairs of polar emotions defined in Plutchik’s model were used as basic emotional qualities: joy-sadness, anticipation-surprise, fear-anger, and trust disgust. In the preliminary study eight film sequences and eight music themes were selected as the best representatives of all eight Plutchik’s emotions. In the main experiment the participant judged the emotional qualities of film-music combinations on eight seven-point scales. Half of the combinations were congruent (e.g. joyful film - joyful music), and half were incongruent (e.g. joyful film - sad music). Results have shown that visual information (film) had greater effects on the emotion appraisal than auditory information (music). The modulation effects of music background depend on emotional qualities. In some incongruent combinations (joysadness) the modulations in the expected directions were obtained (e.g. joyful music reduces the sadness of a sad film), in some cases (anger-fear) no modulation effects were obtained, and in some cases (trust-disgust, anticipation-surprise) the modulation effects were in an unexpected direction (e.g. trustful music increased the appraisal of disgust of a disgusting film). These results suggest that the appraisals of conjoint effects of emotions depend on the medium (film masks the music) and emotional quality (three types of modulation effects).
Building Relationships through a Digital Branch Library: Finding the Community in Community College Library Websites

This study evaluates whether or not community college libraries have in place the characteristics necessary to develop digital branch libraries to meet the expanding and changing needs of their publics. Using Hon and Grunig’s (1999) relationship building criteria as a framework, 98 community college library websites were analyzed to determine if they can be considered digital branch libraries (King, 2009). Digital branches go beyond offering mere functionality to embody relational aspects that are critical to the success of service-based organizations. That is, they provide at least the same level of services as their brick and mortar counterparts through real staff, real collection, real building, and real community. Findings indicate that while aspects of all of King’s criteria were present, representation was inconsistent and often weak; further, the emphasis was on functional features, suggesting a need for greater relationship building practices in order to engage with their publics. Collective results are discussed, and recommendations for improvement and areas of future research are offered.
A study of the controlling parameters of fuel air mixture formation for ECN Spray A

Designing future ultra-high efficiency, ultra-low emission engines requires an in depth understanding of the multiscale, multi-phase phenomena taking place in the combustion chamber. The performance of the fuel delivery system is key in the air fuel mixture formation and hence the combustion characteristics, however in most spray modelling approaches is not considered directly. Thus, it is important to understand how the selection of models that mimic injection process affect predictions. In this paper we present an Eulerian-Lagrangian framework based on OpenFOAM libraries to model spray injection dynamics. The framework accounts for primary droplet formation (based on a parcel method with predefined initial droplet size distribution), secondary droplet breakup, evaporation and heat transfer. In order to account for the interaction of droplets with turbulence, simulations were performed within the LES context with two different turbulence models. A systematic variation of the key injection parameters (parcel number, parcel size distribution) of the parcel method as well as the grid size was considered. Varying the parcel number affects the initial droplet size distribution which in turn, depending on the selection of the turbulence and the evaporation sub-models, affects: spray dispersion; spray penetration; and subsequent droplet size distribution. Results were validated against the baseline experimental data for evaporating ECN Spray A with n-dodecane chosen as a surrogate for Diesel fuel.
Development of an Oxidation‐Resistant High‐Strength Sixth‐Generation Single‐Crystal Superalloy TMS‐238

For jet engines to meet the ever-increasing demands of ecological compatibility, the compositions of Ni-base single-crystal superalloys have continuously evolved to cope with the increase in turbine entry temperature (TET) owing to the design that improve the thermodynamic efficiency of gas turbine engines. Over the past decade, the addition of Ru has been one of the main subjects of focus to enhance the temperature capability and contribute to the development of new generations of single-crystal superalloys. This paper reposts one of the latest Ru-bearing 6th generation superalloys developed by the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), TMS-238. TMS-238 is a promising candidate alloy for future turbine blade applications because it exhibits excellent and well-balanced mechanical and environmental properties.
strengths' use and well-being at work: Test of an intervention program Harmonious passion as an explanation of the relation between signature

Using signature strengths at work has been shown to influence workers’ optimal functioning and well-being. However, little is known about the processes through which signature Corresponding author: Jacques Forest, ORH Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8. Email: forest.jacques@uqam.ca 433134 HUM65910.1177/0018726711433134Forest et al.Human Relations 2012 at Universite du Quebec a Montreal UQAM on August 31, 2012 hum.sagepub. com Downloaded from 1234 Human Relations 65(9) strengths lead to positive outcomes. The present research thus aimed at exploring the role of having a harmonious passion in the relation between using signature strengths and well-being. For this purpose, an intervention was developed where participants (n = 186) completed three activities aiming at developing their knowledge and use of their signature strengths at work. The results showed (1) that the intervention successfully increased participants’ use of their signature strengths, (2) that participants from the experimental group reported a higher use of their signature strengths at the end of the study than participants from the control group, and (3) that increases in the use of signature strengths reported by participants from the experimental group were related to increases in harmonious passion, which in turn led to higher levels of well-being.
Regions unbound: towards a new politics of place

Abstract This paper proposes a non‐territorial reading of a politics of place. Focusing on the politics of contemporary regionalism, it argues that globalisation and the general rise of a society of transnational flows and networks no longer allow a conceptualisation of place politics in terms of spatially bound processes and institutions. The second part of the paper outlines an alternative politics of place that works with the varied distanciated geographies that cut across a given region.
Multinationality Matters in Innovation: The Case of the UK Financial Services

The paper starts with a brief summary of theoretical perspectives on the relationship between multinationality and innovation and the move from a centralized and hierarchical perspective to a more decentralized network‐based one. Four hypotheses are set up to test the relationship between multinationality and innovation, using data from the Community Innovation Survey 12 for the financial services sector. All models control for the size of the enterprise. The results show that multinationality is positively related to innovation activities. The positive impact of being part of a multinational company (MNC) on the propensity to innovate seems largely due to the fact that MNCs operate in different countries rather than, or more than, to the enterprise being part of a group. The relevance of multinationality appears to be higher, the higher the degree of internationalization of the company of which the enterprise is part. The country of origin of the company appears also to be important.
Modeling of the anthropogenic heat flux and its effect on regional meteorology and air quality over the Yangtze River Delta region, China

Abstract. Anthropogenic heat (AH) emissions from human activities caused by urbanization can affect the city environment. Based on the energy consumption and the gridded demographic data, the spatial distribution of AH emission over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region is estimated. Meanwhile, a new method for the AH parameterization is developed in the WRF/Chem model, which incorporates the gridded AH emission data with the seasonal and diurnal variations into the simulations. By running this upgraded WRF/Chem for 2 typical months in 2010, the impacts of AH on the meteorology and air quality over the YRD region are studied. The results show that the AH fluxes over the YRD have been growing in recent decades. In 2010, the annual-mean values of AH over Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang are 14.46, 2.61 and 1.63 W m−2, respectively, with the high value of 113.5 W m−2 occurring in the urban areas of Shanghai. These AH emissions can significantly change the urban heat island and urban-breeze circulations in the cities of the YRD region. In Shanghai, 2 m air temperature increases by 1.6 °C in January and 1.4 °C in July, the PBLH (planetary boundary layer height) rises up by 140 m in January and 160 m in July, and 10 m wind speed is enhanced by 0.7 m s−1 in January and 0.5 m s−1 in July, with a higher increment at night. The enhanced vertical movement can transport more moisture to higher levels, which causes the decrease in water vapor at ground level and the increase in the upper PBL (planetary boundary layer), and thereby induces the accumulative precipitation to increase by 15–30 % over the megacities in July. The adding of AH can impact the spatial and vertical distributions of the simulated pollutants as well. The concentrations of primary air pollutants decrease near the surface and increase at the upper levels, due mainly to the increases in PBLH, surface wind speed and upward air vertical movement. But surface O3 concentrations increase in the urban areas, with maximum changes of 2.5 ppb in January and 4 ppb in July. Chemical direct (the rising up of air temperature directly accelerates surface O3 formation) and indirect (the decrease in NOx at the ground results in the increase in surface O3) effects can play a significant role in O3 changes over this region. The meteorology and air pollution predictions in and around large urban areas are highly sensitive to the anthropogenic heat inputs, suggesting that AH should be considered in the climate and air quality assessments.
Labor‐Market Specialization within Same‐Sex and Difference‐Sex Couples

type="main" xml:id="irel12078-abs-0001"> We use data from the 2000 decennial U.S. Census to compare differences in earnings, hours worked, and labor-force participation between members of different household types, including same-sex couples, different-sex couples, and roommates. Both same-sex and different-sex couples exhibit some degree of household specialization, whereas roommates show little or no degree of specialization. Of all household types, married couples exhibit by far the highest degree of specialization with respect to labor-market outcomes. With respect to differences in earnings and hours, gay male couples are more similar to married couples than lesbian or unmarried heterosexual couples are to married couples.
Comparison of the influence of different chemical forms of selenium and the profiles of CLA isomers in the diet on the fatty acid and amino acid contents in the liver and femoral muscles of rats

The infl uence of diets enriched in 2% CLA isomer mixture (as CLAmixA or CLAmixB) and/or Se as selenate (SeVI) or selenized yeast (Se-Y) on the concentration of fatty acids (FA) and amino acids (AA) in the liver and femoral muscles was studied on 8 groups of 7-8 rats aged 8 weeks. Rats were fed a basal diet for 29 days or diets enriched with two combinations of 2% CLAmixA with/without 2 ppm Se (as SeVI) or 2% CLAmixB with/without 1.2 ppm Se (as Se-Y). The dietary CLAmixB containing the higher concentration of trans10cis12CLA (t10c12CLA) resulted in a higher decrease of body weight gain (BWG) (P<0.1) than the dietary CLAmixA with the lower concentration of t10c12CLA. The diet enriched in SeVI reduced the BWG (P<0.05) in rats. The dietary CLAmixA lowered the concentration of saturated FA (SFA), atherogenic SFA and thrombogenic SFA in the liver and muscles. The value of the Δ9-desaturase index decreased in the liver and muscles of rats fed the diet enriched in CLAmixA or CLAmixB compared with that in the control rats. There were signifi cantly higher (P<0.01) concentrations of c9t11CLA, t10c12CLA, ccCLA and ttCLA in the muscles compared with the concentrations of these isomers in the liver of rats fed the diets enriched in CLAmixA or CLAmixB, regardless the presence of extra Se as Se VI or Se-Y. The ratio (Rt10c12/c9t11) of t10c12CLA and c9t11CLA in the liver and muscles of rats fed the diets enriched in CLA isomers was, regardless of the presence of Se, smaller compared with the values of Rt10c12/c9t11 in the dietary CLA isomers. The concentrations of CLA isomers tended to or signifi cantly increased in the liver and muscles of rats fed diets containing Se and CLA isomers compared with rats fed the diets enriched in CLA isomers. The concentrations of PUFAn-3, PUFAn-6, PUFA and the ratio of PUFA/SFA decreased in the muscles of rats fed the diet with CLAmixA. The results suggest that the dietary CLAmixA containing the higher concentration of ttCLA, regardless of the presence of SeVI, more effi ciently reduced the magnitude of lipoprotein synthesis in muscles than the diet containing CLAmixB with/without Se-Y, Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 16, 2007, 678–695 * Supported in part by the Ministry for Science and Information, Grant No. 2 P06Z 016 29 1 Corresponding author: e-mail: m.czauderna@ifzz.pan. pl 679 CZAUDERNA M. ET AL. while dietary Se-Y most effectively reduced the anti-obesity properties of CLA isomers in rats. The diets enriched in CLA isomers (as CLAmixA or CLAmixB), regardless of the presence of Se VI, led to a decrease in the concentration of methionine (Met) in the liver and the concentration of all amino acids in the muscles, while increasing the concentration of Met in muscles.
Cooperation in the Presence of an Advantaged Outsider

This paper analyzes how the stability of the tacit cooperation within a fringe of sev- eral identical ? rms is affected by the presence of a more e¢ cient ? rm which does not take part in their cooperative agreement. The model assumes that the ? rms of the fringe adopt ? stick and carrot? strategies a la Abreu (1986, 1988) to support cooperation, while the outside ? rm plays its one-period best response function to these strategies, regardless of the history of play. Assuming a linear demand function and constant marginal costs, we then obtain conditions for the coopera- tion within the fringe to be sustainable and focus on the most cooperative symmetric punishment (MCSP) that sustains cooperation. We show that the MCSP is harsher when the number of ? rms involved in the agreement is relatively large or when their relative cost disadvantage is relatively small. However, both a larger number of ? rms and a larger cost disadvantage make it more di¢ cult to sustain the cooperation.
MEASURING THE ULTIMATE HALO MASS OF GALAXY CLUSTERS: REDSHIFTS AND MASS PROFILES FROM THE HECTOSPEC CLUSTER SURVEY (HeCS)

The infall regions of galaxy clusters represent the largest gravitationally bound structures in a ΛCDM universe. Measuring cluster mass profiles into the infall regions provides an estimate of the ultimate mass of these halos. We use the caustic technique to measure cluster mass profiles from galaxy redshifts obtained with the Hectospec Cluster Survey (HeCS), an extensive spectroscopic survey of galaxy clusters with MMT/Hectospec. We survey 58 clusters selected by X-ray flux at 0.1 < z < 0.3. The survey includes 22,680 unique MMT/Hectospec redshifts for individual galaxies; 10,145 of these galaxies are cluster members. For each cluster, we acquired high signal-to-noise spectra for ∼200 cluster members and a comparable number of foreground/background galaxies. The cluster members trace out infall patterns around the clusters. The members define a very narrow red sequence. We demonstrate that the determination of velocity dispersion is insensitive to the inclusion of bluer members (a small fraction of the cluster population). We apply the caustic technique to define membership and estimate the mass profiles to large radii. The ultimate halo mass of clusters (the mass that remains bound in the far future of a ΛCDM universe) is on average (1.99 ± 0.11)M200, a new observational cosmological test in essential agreement with simulations. Summed profiles binned in M200 and in LX demonstrate that the predicted Navarro–Frenk–White form of the density profile is a remarkably good representation of the data in agreement with weak lensing results extending to large radius. The concentration of these summed profiles is also consistent with theoretical predictions.