Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trends and Determinants of Australian Managed Fund Transaction Costs

The present paper examines the often-overlooked managed fund fee that is incurred when investors enter and exit managed fund products. The present paper documents that transaction costs for investors, measured by the application-redemption spread, are above stock market brokerage rates although they have declined since 1995. The study analyses the relationship between this transaction fee and several variables. In summary, retail fund transaction costs are positively related to retail funds' assets under management, whilst this relationship is negative for larger wholesale funds, consistent with economies of scale. Direct entry and exit fees and initial commissions are positively related to transaction costs which raises the possibility that the commissions are used to levy soft-dollar payments. The paper also documents a relationship between transaction costs and fund flows which differs between retail and wholesale funds. Overall, the findings are consistent with the proposition that the various fees are used by managers as interchangeable and the different fee regimes reflect different products and markets. Copyright (c) AFAANZ, 2003. Published by Blackwell Publishing.
Social Stratification and Welfare Regimes for the Twenty-first Century: Revisiting The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism

In the last decade, the literature surrounding the political economy of welfare states in advanced industrial democracies has relied extensively on the welfare state typology developed by Gøsta Esping-Andersen in his seminal book, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Since that time there has been much debate about whether and to what degree the features of welfare policies highlighted in this work have changed in the last twenty-five years. While scholars have used these data as a framework, the substance of the framework itself—the underlying indicators of benefit generosity and stratification—has largely escaped criticism due to the absence of data that permit any. Yet such knowledge is essential to understand fully the welfare states of Europe and other industrial countries in the twenty-first century. The authors have recently updated Esping-Andersen's decommodification index. This article examines the "social stratification" index, reanalyzing and updating through the 1990s the indicators used by Esping-Andersen. As with earlier reexaminations of the index of decommodification, this reanalysis produces considerably less empirical support for coherent welfare "regimes. " Moreover, evidence of coherent regimes has become even less clear-cut over the last quarter century.
Pharmacokinetics of single-dose cefmetazole following intramuscular administration of cefmetazole sodium to healthy male volunteers

The tolerance and pharmacokinetics of cefmetazole were studied in healthy male volunteers who received a placebo (sterile saline) or a single dose of cefmetazole sodium intramuscularly. Drug-treated volunteers received one of four doses, 0.375, 0.750, 1, or 2 g. The drug was well tolerated, with no adverse medical events or laboratory changes observed during the study that could affect the pharmacokinetic interpretation of the data. Cefmetazole concentrations were determined by using a specific high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Serum cefmetazole concentrations were well described by a one-compartment open model with first-order absorption and elimination. Cefmetazole was rapidly absorbed in most volunteers, with a mean time to maximum concentration in serum of 1.24 +/- 0.12 h (+/- standard error of the mean), and the mean maximum concentration in serum increased from 17.0 +/- 1.6 to 74.2 +/- 9.5 micrograms/ml over the 0.375- to 2-g dose range. Maximum concentrations in serum, areas under serum concentration-time curve, and urinary excretion of intact drug increased in proportion to cefmetazole sodium dose. Times at which maximum concentrations in serum occurred, apparent volumes of distribution, steady-state volumes of distribution, absorption and elimination half-lives, and systemic clearances did not change significantly (P greater than 0.05) with drug dose. Although absorption and elimination half-lives were not significantly different in 10 of 40 volunteers (P greater than 0.05), in a majority of subjects elimination half-lives were approximately 10 times longer than absorption half-lives. The mean recovery of intact drug in urine ranged from 68.8 to 86.0% over the dose range studied, with a mean recovery over all doses of 77.1 +/- 2.4%. Rental clearances were significantly lower (P < 0.05) for the two lowest doses (93.0 and 84.3 versus 115.0 and 118.0 ml/min); these differences are not considered clinically important. The results of this study indicate that cefmetazole pharmacokinetics are linear after administration of single intramuscular doses ranging from 0.375 to 2 g, that clinically relevant concentrations of cefmetazole in serum (1 to 2 micrograms/ml) persist in a majority of volunteers for more than 8 h after administration of 0.750-g or higher doses, and that clinically relevant concentrations of cefmetazole continue to be excreted in urine 8 to 12 h after administration of 0.375- to 2-g doses.
Effect of Terminalia chebula Extract and Chlorhexidine on Salivary pH and Periodontal Health: 2 Weeks Randomized Control Trial

A double blind, randomized, controlled study with three parallel treatment groups was done to evaluate the efficacy of a Terminalia chebula 10% mouth rinse compared with chlorhexidine 0.12% mouth rinse, applied two times daily for 2 weeks, in the treatment of dental plaque and gingivitis. Seventy‐eight patients were included in the study. The efficacy variables were periodontal indices on days 0, 7 and 14 after commencement of therapy. Twenty six patients received chlorhexidine mouth rinse, twenty six Terminalia chebula mouth rinse and twenty six received saline solution. The clinical parameters were significantly reduced by both chlorhexidine and Terminalia chebula mouth rinse although no significant difference was seen between the two groups (P > 0.05). This study demonstrated that Terminalia chebula mouth rinse is effective in reducing microbial plaque, gingival inflammation and neutralizing salivary pH. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitotic Centromere-associated Kinesin (MCAK) Mediates Paclitaxel Resistance*

Background: Mutations causing paclitaxel resistance stimulate microtubule detachment from centrosomes. Results: Depletion of mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) reverses microtubule detachment and paclitaxel resistance. Conclusion: MCAK plays a pivotal role in the mechanism of microtubule detachment and drug resistance. Significance: The ability of MCAK to reverse paclitaxel resistance identifies modulators of microtubule detachment as important new drug targets. Paclitaxel has powerful anticancer activity, but some tumors are inherently resistant to the drug, whereas others are initially sensitive but acquire resistance during treatment. To deal with this problem, it will be necessary to understand the mechanisms of drug action and resistance. Recent studies indicate that paclitaxel blocks cell division by inhibiting the detachment of microtubules from centrosomes. Here, we demonstrate that mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK), a kinesin-related protein that destabilizes microtubules, plays an important role in microtubule detachment. Depletion of MCAK altered mitotic spindle morphology, increased the frequency of lagging chromosomes, and inhibited the proliferation of WT CHO cells, confirming that it is an essential protein for cell division. In contrast, MCAK depletion rescued the proliferation of mutant paclitaxel-dependent cell lines that are unable to divide because of defective spindle function resulting from altered α-tubulin or class III β-tubulin overexpression. In concert with the correction of mitotic defects, loss of MCAK reversed an aberrantly high frequency of microtubule detachment in the mutant cells and increased their sensitivity to paclitaxel. The results indicate that MCAK affects cell sensitivity to mitotic inhibitors by modulating the frequency of microtubule detachment, and they demonstrate that changes in a microtubule-interacting protein can reverse the effects of mutant tubulin expression.
Selection and Influence: Interest Groups and Congressional Voting on Trade Policy

Studies of the effects of interest groups on congressional roll-call voting typically view party and ideology as competing factors and rely on a factoral model of interests or a sectoral model including only interest groups with a direct stake in the vote. We depart from that strategy in several ways. We define interest groups at the level of Standard Industrial Classification two-digit codes and observe the universe of interests. For 1979–90, we use measures of geographically and nongeographically based economic interests to estimate the representative's party and ideology. We also consider the factor endowments of individuals within a district to examine their impact on floor votes. We then investigate the influence of these interests on members' party affiliation and ideology, as well as a pool of five floor votes on foreign trade, using instrumental variables for party and ideology. Economic interests account for a substantial portion of the variance in all cases, and models that also include other explanatory variables are highly accurate in estimating floor votes.
Internationalization of biotechnology start-ups: Geographic location and mimetic behaviour

The objective of this article is to understand the extent to which location in a geographic cluster can explain international alliance formation. Geographic clusters are characterized by several dimensions: agglomeration economies, institutional forces and a manager’s mental models create the environment within the cluster. Therefore, to develop the research propositions, which were tested on a sample of US biotechnology start-ups, the study specifically analysed cluster size and firm competitive behaviour within the cluster to explain the propensity of a start-up to engage in new international alliances. It also examined the potential moderating effect of cluster evolution. Results show that merely being located in a geographic cluster in itself does not increase the probability of forming a new international alliance. Within clusters, internationalization of start-ups through alliance formation results mainly from mimetic behaviour.
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHERS IN AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA

There is now a serious public outcry concerning the crisis in Nigerian education. National Conferences, Seminars and Workshops have bemoaned the multifaceted cause of this “falling standards” of education. There has been frantic search for solutions to the poor standard of teaching schools in the country. Some stakeholders have continued to blame teachers for the appalling performance of students in examinations. Across some states of the federation, where education summits were organized, experts strongly recommended re-training programs for both public and private school teachers. It is in recognition of this, that the Federal Government has directed the National Teachers Institute (NTI) to re-train teachers in Nigeria. In this era of globalization, it is imperative that teachers are adequately prepared to function effectively in a challenging global environment. The challenges of globalization demands teachers who are competent, effective, and dynamic in their orientation. This paper examined the concepts of teachers’ education; establishment of Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria (TRCN); models of continuing professional development; The National Teachers Institute (NTI) and retraining of teachers under the Millennium Development Goals Projects (MDGs). The study concluded that continuous professional development of teachers would definitely bring a positive change into Nigerian educational system that would produce good, well seasoned and great leaders of tomorrow.
Making Women's Land Rights a Reality in Uganda: Advocacy for Co-Ownership by Spouses

My name is Agote Mary. I am 30 years old. I am a wife of Akia Akospheri. We stay in Angodi village, Kachango Parish, Gogonya sub-county. I got married when I was 16 years old. My husband is a shopkeeper and I am a housewife. He paid 5 heads of cattle when he was going to marry me. We had been peaceful until my husband decided to bring another wife whom he cohabited with from 1996. [H]e chased me out of the home. He wants my father to pay back the five heads of cattle so that he can marry the new wife. We bought land together. I contributed by digging on other peoples [sic] land for money, but now since he has chased me away, I cannot get anything. He also refused me to go with my children and every time they come to see me he beats them. I have reported him to the District Probation Officer, but he has done nothing because he and my husband . are former
Accounting Restatements and the Timeliness of Disclosures

SYNOPSIS: Regulators are concerned that during the process of restating financial statements, firms fail to provide timely progress updates, and delay earnings announcements and regulatory filings. To reduce these perceived lags in disclosure, an advisory group to the Securities and Exchange Commission recommends more use of catch-up adjustments rather than restatements to correct accounting errors. Some investor groups oppose the recommendations because they fear that preparers will begin to correct important errors through catch-up adjustments, which are less transparent than restatements. We inform this debate by examining (1) the length of disclosure lags around restatements to understand the extent of the problem, and (2) the causes of disclosure lags to evaluate whether the reforms would address the root causes of the lags. We find that lengthy lags are uncommon and appear to be largely unavoidable consequences of fraud investigations. When fraud is a factor, the firm typically takes weeks or month.
Gastroesophageal Reflux: A Critical Factor in Pediatric Subglottic Stenosis

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) plays a causative role in the development of subglottic stenosis (SGS) in children. This study examined the impact of aggressive antireflux therapy on the clinical outcomes of 35 children. Since 1994, 25 children were treated aggressively with omeprazole and cis-apride before endoscopic surgical repair of their stenoses, which ranged from Cotton grades 1 to 3. Nine patients became asymptomatic on antireflux therapy alone. Endoscopic repair was performed in 16 patients. Endoscopic repair failed in only 1, who required tracheotomy. Before 1994, all children undergoing endoscopic repair of SGS were treated perioperatively for reflux. Endoscopic repair failed in 10 of the 57 children, and all required tracheotomy. The clinical outcome of these 10 patients after aggressive antireflux therapy is described. Five of the 10 have been decannulated. The role of double pH probe testing and the importance of the pharyngeal probe for monitoring the response to antireflux medication are described. The probe data suggest that in some instances GER may be limited to perioperative stress, but in many cases, especially in premature infants with SGS, GER can persist unabated for years and is not outgrown as the patient matures.
Categorization and Perceptual Learning: An Analogue of the Face Inversion Effect

This paper reports two experiments that investigate the extent to which it is plausible to suppose that an associatively based mechanism for perceptual learning acts as the basis for the effects of inversion on identification, recognition, matching and discrimination of faces (and certain other stimuli rendered familiar by expertise, e.g. gundogs). In the first experiment, an inversion effect that is contingent both on familiarity with a category and on the category possessing prototypical structure is demonstrated using discrimination learning of chequerboard stimuli. The second experiment demonstrates that the inversion effect found in Experiment 1 can generalize to a recognition paradigm as well. These results are discussed within the framework provided by associative learning theory, and a parallel is drawn with models employing a norm-based coding in similarity space. The conclusion is that it would be remarkable if the inversion effects demonstrated with the abstract categories used in the experiments reported here were not implicated in the inversion effects found with other classes of stimuli, whilst conceding that the analogy is not complete, particularly in the case of faces.
Managerial Overconfidence and Accounting Conservatism

Overconfident managers overestimate future returns from their firms’ investments. Thus, we predict that overconfident managers will tend to delay loss recognition and generally use less conservative accounting. Furthermore, we test whether external monitoring helps to mitigate this effect. Using measures of both conditional and unconditional conservatism respectively, we find robust evidence of a negative relation between CEO overconfidence and accounting conservatism. We further find that external monitoring does not appear to mitigate this effect. Our findings add to the growing literature on overconfidence and complement the findings by Schrand and Zechman [2011] that overconfidence affects financial reporting behavior.
Long‐term benefit from prednisone therapy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Two successive, 6-month, randomized, double-blind, controlled trials of prednisone showed that 0.75 ing/kg/d was the optimal dose to improve strength in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We attempted to maintain 93 boys on that dose for an additional 2 years. During the 3 years of observation, the decline in average muscle strength scores of all boys taking prednisone was 0.072 units/yr, as compared with an expected decline of 0.341 units/yr from natural history controls. The occurrence of side effects in some boys prevented maintenance of the full dose, which may have lessened the response. At the time of last visit, dosages ranged from 0.15 mg/kg to 0.75 mg/kg. In addition to maintaining their strength, several of the boys actually improved their performance in lifting kilogram weights and in some timed function tests. Treatment of DMD with prednisone significantly slows the progression of weakness and loss of function for at least 3 years.
Elevated Soluble ADAM8 in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Patients with Eosinophilic Pneumonia

Background: ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family members, characterized by a metalloprotease and a disintegrin domain, are membrane-anchored glycoproteins involved in proteolysis and cell adhesion. ADAM8 might have an important role in allergic inflammation. It can cleave a variety of substrates and is a sheddase for VCAM-1 and CD23, the low-affinity IgE receptors. Methods: To evaluate the contribution of ADAM8 to the pathogenesis of eosinophilic pneumonia (EP), we measured the concentrations of soluble ADAM8 (sADAM8) and its substrates, soluble VCAM-1 (sVCAM-1) and soluble CD23 (sCD23), in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with smoking-induced acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP), chronic idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP), and drug-induced eosinophilic pneumonia (drug-EP). Results: The sADAM8 and sVCAM-1 concentrations were increased in AEP and CEP. The sCD23 concentration was elevated in AEP. In AEP, but not CEP, the sADAM8 concentration significantly correlated with those of both sVCAM and sCD23. Conclusion: The pathogenesis of AEP, CEP, and drug-EP was distinct with regard to ADAM8. Our results are the first to associate ADAM8 with eosinophilic responses and lung inflammation in humans.
Bivariate causality between exchange rates and stock prices in South Asia

This article examines the relationship between exchange rates and stock prices in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka using daily data over a six-year period from 1995 to 2001. Both the Engle–Granger two-step and Johansen cointegration methods suggest that there is no long-run equilibrium relationship between these two financial variables in any of the four countries. Granger causality tests find that there is uni-directional causality running from exchange rates to stock prices in India and Sri Lanka, but in Bangladesh and Pakistan exchange rates and stock prices are independent.
Sub-national Responses to Climate Change in England: Evidence from Local Area Agreements

Abstract The machinery of governance to address climate change at the sub-national level in England continues to evolve. Drawing on documentary evidence and the views of civil servants and local authority officials from the English West Midlands, this article explores the process through an examination of the inclusion of climate change indicators in the recent round of Local Area Agreements (LAAs), negotiated between central government and local authorities and Local Strategic Partnerships. Considerable popularity has been accorded these indicators nationally, but there are important variations in the pattern of take up. Moreover, significant uncertainties surround the contribution of local measures to reduce CO2 emissions and the targets attached to measures to adapt to climate change are seen as undemanding. Conversely, the impending Carbon Reduction Commitment will act as a powerful incentive for public bodies to cut CO2 emissions from their estates. Although potentially contributing to greater coherence in tackling climate change, achieving collective action through LAAs will prove problematic.
Typologies of bootstrap financing behavior in small ventures

Bootstrapping behavior in small ventures is examined in this study through a prism of typologies to advance our understanding of entrepreneurial behavior. Based on a survey of 91 entrepreneurs in small ventures and interviews with 10 entrepreneurs, this study develops a taxonomy of strategies for bootstrapping behavior and explores the strategies' constitutive elements and underlying logics. The statistically identified ‘chunks’ of entrepreneurial bootstrap behavior formed a basis for further qualitative exploration and confirmation of a taxonomy of such behavior. The study offers a multifaceted image of bootstrap financing practiced in small ventures by proposing discriminating strategy profiles. By delineating the nature of three entrepreneurial strategy profiles and their underlying logics, and highlighting their effects, the present research contributes to the understanding of how small ventures orient themselves to resource mobilization and gives insights into why entrepreneurs use specific bootstrapping strategies. The taxonomy outlines three bootstrap financing strategies for resource mobilization in small ventures: ‘quick-fix bootstrappers’, which emphasize temporary access to resources and prefer internally oriented activities for such purposes; ‘proactive bootstrappers’, which focus on operational resource issues; and ‘efficient bootstrappers’, which prefer activities that are externally and vertically oriented, up or down in the value creation chain.
EXPORT‐LED GROWTH HYPOTHESIS: FURTHER ECONOMETRIC EVIDENCE FROM SOUTH ASIA

This paper examines the export-led growth (ELG) hypothesis for five South Asian countries through cointegration and multivariate Granger causality tests. Strong support for a long-run relationship among exports, imports, and real output for all the countries except Sri Lanka were found. Feedback effects between exports and GDP for Bangladesh and Nepal and unidirectional causality from exports to output in the case of Pakistan were found. No causality between these variables was found for Sri Lanka and India, although for India GDP and exports did induce imports. A feedback effect between imports and GDP was also documented for Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal, as well as unidirectional causality from imports to output growth for Sri Lanka. These and other findings are discussed from the standpoint of the export-led growth hypothesis.