Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sovereign Default and Maturity Choice ECONOMIC

This study develops a novel model of endogenous sovereign debt maturity choice that rationalizes various stylized facts about debt maturity and the yield spread curve: ﬁrst, sovereign debt duration and maturity generally exceed one year, and co-move positively with the business cycle. Second, sovereign yield spread curves are usually non-linear and upward-sloped
Simulation of harvester productivity in selective and boom-corridor thinning of young forests

Abstract Forest management practices may change in the future, due to increases in the extraction of forest fuel in first thinnings. Simulation models can be used to aid in developing new harvesting systems. We used such an approach to assess the productivity of innovative systems in various thinnings of young stands with wide ranges of mean breast height diameter (1.5–15.6 cm), stems per hectare (1000–19,100), and mean height (2.3–14.6 m). The results show that selective multiple-tree-handling increases productivity by 20–46% compared to single-tree-handling. If the trees are cut in boom-corridors (10×1 or 2 m strips between strip roads), productivity increases up to 41%, compared to selective multiple-tree-handling. Moreover, if the trees are felled using area-based felling systems, productivity increases by 33–199%, compared to selective multiple-tree-handling. For any given harvesting intensity, productivity increased the most in the densest stands with small trees. The results were used to derive time consumption functions. Comparisons with time study results suggest that our simulation model successfully mimicked productivity in real-life forest operations, hence the model and derived functions should be useful for cost calculations and evaluating forest management scenarios in diverse stands.
Effect of different concentrations and ratios of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate on growth of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium) Microcystis aeruginosa isolated from the Nakdong River, Korea

Microcystis aeruginosa causes harmful algal blooms in the Nakdong River of Korea. We studied the effect of different concentrations and ratios of ammonium (NH4), nitrate (NO3), and phosphate (PO4) on growth of this species in BG-11 medium: each nutrient alone, NO3 : NH4 ratio, the N : P ratio with fixed total N (TN), and the N : P ratio with fixed total P (TP). The single nutrient experiments indicated that M. aeruginosa had the highest growth rate at NH4 and NO3 concentrations of 500 μM, and at a PO4 concentration of 5 μM. The NO3 : NH4 ratio experiments showed that M. aeruginosa had the highest growth rate at a ratio of 1 : 1 when TN was 100 μM and 250 μM, and the lowest growth rate at a ratio of 1 : 1 when the TN was 500 μM. The N : P ratio with fixed TN experiments indicated that M. aeruginosa had the highest growth rates at 50 : 1, 20 : 1, and 100 : 1 ratios when the TN was 100, 250, and 500 μM, respectively. In contrast, the N : P ratio with fixed TP experiments showed that M. aeruginosa had the highest growth rates at 200 : 1 ratio at all tested TP concentrations. In conclusion, our results imply that the NO3 : NH4 ratio and the PO4 concentration affect the early stage of growth of M. aeruginosa. In particular, our results suggest that the maximum growth of M. aeruginosa is not simply affected by the NO3 : NH4 ratio and the N : P ratio, but is determined by the TN concentration if a certain minimum PO4 concentration is present.
The Relationship between Structural Change and Inequality: A Conceptual Overview with Special Reference to Developing Asia

Structural change has a far-reaching impact on inequality. Extensive structural change is both a cause and consequence of the exceptionally rapid economic growth, which enabled developing Asia to raise living standards and reduce poverty at a historically unprecedented rate. The region has already begun the difficult and complex task of addressing inequality arising from structural change. There is a growing recognition that more sustainable growth supported by broad-based political and social support requires a growth strategy, which provides equality of opportunity, especially in education and employment. The newly developing more inclusive growth philosophy envisions expanded social protection systems and social safety nets to protect the poor and the vulnerable.
Cows ’ Milk is Responsible for Human Reproductive Disorders

The role of environmental compounds with estrogenic activity in the development of male reproductive disorders has been a source of great concern. Among the routes of human exposure to estrogens, we are particularly concerned about cows ユ milk, which contains considerable amounts of estrogens. The major sources of animal-derived estrogens in the human diet are milk and dairy products, which account for 60-70% of the estrogens consumed. Humans consume milk obtained from cows in the latter half of pregnancy, when the estrogen levels in cows are markedly elevated. The milk that we now consume may be quite unlike that consumed 100 years ago. Modern genetically-improved dairy cows, such as the Holstein are usually fed a combination of grass and concentrates (grain/protein mixes and various by-products), allowing them to lactate during the latter half of pregnancy, even at 220 days of gestation. We are certain that milk is responsible, at least in part, for some human reproductive disorders.
When is a linear functional multiplicative

We prove here by elementary arguments a generalization of a theorem by Gleason, Kahane and Zelazko: If <p is a linear functional on an algebra with unit A such that <p(l) = 1 and <p(u) # 0 for any invertible u va. A, then <p is multiplicative, provided the spectrum of each element in A is bounded. We present also other conditions which may replace the assumptions on A in the theorem above.
A combined measurement of cosmic growth and expansion from clusters of galaxies, the CMB and galaxy clustering

Combining galaxy cluster data from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey and the Chandra Xray Observatory, cosmic microwave background data from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, and galaxy clustering data from the WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey, the 6-degree Field Galaxy Survey and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III, we test for consistency the cosmic growth of structure predicted by General Relativity (GR) and the cosmic expansion history predicted by the cosmological constant plus cold dark matter paradigm (�CDM). The combination of these three independent, well studied measurements of the evolution of the mean energy density and its fluctuations is able to break strong degeneracies between model parameters. We model the key properties of cosmic growth with the normalization of the matter power spectrum, σ8, and the cosmic growth index, γ, and those of cosmic expansion with the mean matter density, m, the Hubble constant, H0, and a kinematical parameter equivalent to that for the dark energy equation of state, w. For a spatially flat geometry, w = −1, and allowing for systematic uncertainties, we obtain σ8 = 0.785± 0.019 and γ = 0.570 +0.064 0.063 (at the 68.3 per cent confidence level). Allowing both w and γ to vary we find w = −0.950 +0.069 0.070 and γ = 0.533 ± 0.080. To further tighten the constraints on the expansion parameters, we also include supernova, Cepheid variable and baryon acoustic oscillation data. For w = −1, we have γ = 0.616±0.061. For our most general model with a free w, we measure m = 0.278 +0.012 0.011 , H0 = 70.0 ± 1.3 km s 1 Mpc 1 and w = −0.987 +0.054 0.053 for the expansion parameters, and σ8 = 0.789 ± 0.019 and γ = 0.604±0.078 for the growth parameters. These results are in excellent agreement with GR+�CDM (γ ≃ 0.55; w = −1) and represent the tightest and most robust simultaneous constraint on cosmic growth and expansion to date.
The Impact of Intercollegiate Sports Competitions on the Overall Educational Achievement of Participants in Some Selected Nigerian Universities

Intercollegiate sports and its effect on undergraduates has been of global concern to scholars. This study however seeks to have a clearer picture of the concept of intercollegiate sports competition and whether it has any significant impact on the overall academic achievement of participants in some selected Universities in Nigeria. One hundred and twenty (120) respondents from some selected Universities in South-South geo-political zone in Nigeria made up the sample for this study. A validated self structured questionnaire was the instrument used. Frequency counts, simple percentages and the chi-square (x 2 ) were the descriptive and inferential statistics used to analyze the data obtained at a 0.05 level of significance. The results indicate amongst others that participating in intercollegiate sports competition has significant positive impact on the overall academic achievements of participants. In light of this, this study recommends amongst others that coaches in Nigerian Universities must ensure that they monitor the performances of their athletes to see that they do not suffer academically. Emphasis must be placed on the management of time efficiently by athletes. Keywords : Sports Competition, Participants, Academic Achievement, Classroom, Lectures, Athletes, Performance
Generalized Higgs inflation

We study Higgs inflation in the context of generalized G-inflation, i.e. the most general single-field inflation model with second-order field equations. The four variants of Higgs inflation proposed so far in the literature can be accommodated at one time in our framework. We also propose yet another class of Higgs inflation, the running Einstein inflation model, that can naturally arise from the generalized G-inflation framework. As a result, five Higgs inflation models in all should be discussed on an equal footing. Concise formulas for primordial fluctuations in these generalized Higgs inflation models are provided, which will be helpful to determine which model is favored from the future experiments and observations such as the Large Hadron Collider and the Planck satellite.
Quotient closed subcategories of quiver representations

Abstract Let $Q$ be a finite quiver without oriented cycles, and let $k$ be an algebraically closed field. The main result in this paper is that there is a natural bijection between the elements in the associated Weyl group $W_{Q}$ and the cofinite additive quotient closed subcategories of the category of finite dimensional right modules over $kQ$. We prove this correspondence by linking these subcategories to certain ideals in the preprojective algebra associated to $Q$, which are also indexed by elements of $W_{Q}$.
A Review of the World's Active Seabird Restoration Projects

Within the past several decades, seabird populations have been actively restored in locales where they were reduced or extirpated. Chick translocation, acoustic vocalization playbacks, and decoys are now used widely to lure breeding seabirds to restoration sites. In this first worldwide review of seabird restoration projects we evaluate the factors affecting project success or failure and recommend future directions for management. We identified 128 active restoration projects that were implemented to protect 47 seabird species in 100 locales spanning 14 countries since active restoration methods were pioneered in 1973. Active seabird restoration can achieve conservation goals for threatened and endangered species, and for species affected by anthropogenic impacts (e.g., oil spills, invasive species, fisheries). It also can be used to relocate populations from undesired breeding locales to more favorable locations, and to establish multiple breeding locations to reduce risks posed by catastrophic events. Active restoration can help to restore ecological processes, as large seabird colonies function to cycle marine nutrients to terrestrial ecosystems and create habitats for commensal species. Active restoration is especially appropriate where the original causes of decline are no longer working to suppress colony establishment and growth. Successful restoration efforts require careful planning and long-term commitments. We introduce the different forms of active seabird restoration techniques, review their utility for different seabird species, and use case studies to suggest how to optimize this technique to restore seabird species globally. Wildlife managers can use this review to guide their seabird restoration projects in the planning, implementation, and monitoring stages; tailor their restoration to seabird-specific life histories; and identify areas for further research to improve restoration utility in the future. 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Title: Evaluation of a Microfluidic Based Cell Culture Platform with Primary Human Hepatocytes for the Prediction of Hepatic Clearance in Human Authors:

Integral to the discovery of new pharmaceutical entities is the ability to predict in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters from early stage in vitro data generated prior to the onset of clinical testing. Within the pharmaceutical industry, a whole host of assay methods and mathematical models exist to predict the in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters of drug candidates. One of the most important pharmacokinetic properties of new drug candidates predicted from these methods and models is the hepatic clearance. Current methods, while useful, are still limited in their predictive efficacy. In order to address this issue, we have established a novel microfluidic in vitro culture system, the patented HμREL device. The device comprises multiple compartments that are designed to be proportional to the physiological architectures and enhanced with the consideration * Revision/Rebuttal Notes
System Aliasing in Dynamic Network Reconstruction:Issues on Low Sampling Frequencies

Network reconstruction of dynamical continuous-time (CT) systems is motivated by applications in many fields. Due to experimental limitations, especially in biology, data can be sampled at low frequencies, leading to significant challenges in network inference. We introduce the concept of “system aliasing” and characterize the minimal sampling frequency that allows reconstruction of CT systems from low sampled data. A test criterion is also proposed to detect the presence of system aliasing. With no system aliasing, this article provides an algorithm to reconstruct dynamic networks from full-state measurements in the presence of noise. With system aliasing, we add additional prior information such as sparsity to overcome the lack of identifiability. This article opens new directions in modeling of network systems where samples have significant costs. Such tools are essential to process available data in applications subject to experimental limitations.
DOUBLE DCO+ RINGS REVEAL CO ICE DESORPTION IN THE OUTER DISK AROUND IM LUP

In a protoplanetary disk, a combination of thermal and non-thermal desorption processes regulate where volatiles are liberated from icy grain mantles into the gas phase. Non-thermal desorption should result in volatile-enriched gas in disk-regions where complete freeze-out is otherwise expected. We present Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array observations of the disk around the young star IM Lup in 1.4 mm continuum, C18O 2–1, H13CO+ 3–2 and DCO+ 3–2 emission at ∼0. ″5 resolution. The images of these dust and gas tracers are clearly resolved. The DCO+ line exhibits a striking pair of concentric rings of emission that peak at radii of ∼0. ″6 and 2″ (∼90 and 300 AU, respectively). Based on disk chemistry model comparison, the inner DCO+ ring is associated with the balance of CO freeze-out and thermal desorption due to a radial decrease in disk temperature. The outer DCO+ ring is explained by non-thermal desorption of CO ice in the low-column-density outer disk, repopulating the disk midplane with cold CO gas. The CO gas then reacts with abundant H2D+ to form the observed DCO+ outer ring. These observations demonstrate that spatially resolved DCO+ emission can be used to trace otherwise hidden cold gas reservoirs in the outmost disk regions, opening a new window onto their chemistry and kinematics.
The effect of self-management with family participation on medication adherence among patients with schizophrenia in Indonesia: A pilot study

Purpose: Medication adherence is essential for schizophrenia patients to prevent relapse and re-hospitalization. This study showed that self-management can enhance medication adherence among patients with schizophrenia. In addition, the role of family is very important for treating schizophrenic patients. This study aimed to examine the effect of self-management with family participation on medication adherence behaviors and attitude toward medication among patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Twelve patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and their families were assigned into control and experimental groups. Self-management with family participation is a one-month program which involved patients and their families to perform self-management method and included education and counseling sessions with follow up using telephone and face-to-face meetings every week. The pretest and posttest data were collected using the medication adherence behavior questionnaire and Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI-30 items). Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the difference between the two groups. Results: The results showed that subjects receiving self-management with family participation reported significant improvement in medication adherence behavior (U = 2, p < .05, p = .01) and positive attitude toward medication (U = 3, p < .05, p = .02) than those receiving the usual care. Conclusion: This study revealed that self-management with family participation could enhance medication adherence behaviors and attitude toward medication among patients with schizophrenia.
Simple anthropometric measurements to predict dyslipidemias in Mexican school-age children: a cross-sectional study

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the best predictors of dyslipidemias in Mexican obese children using different anthropometric and body composition measurements. Methods: In an observational, cross-sectional study, 905 children from 5 schools were measured for weight, height, waist and hip circumference, and triceps and subscapular skinfolds. A fasting blood sample was taken from a random sub-sample of 306 children to determine lipid profile. Abnormal total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, total cholesterol to HDL ratio, and LDL to HDL ratio, were determined. Logistic regressions and ROC analysis were carried out to determine the best anthropometric predictors of these risk factors. Results: Prevalence of elevated total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol was 14%, 56% and 58%, respectively. In logistic regressions, BMI and triceps skinfold had the highest odds ratios to predict elevated total cholesterol (1.05, 95% CI: 0.97 - 1.14; 1.07, 1.01 - 1.13, respectively), triglycerides (1.19, 1.11 - 1.27; 1.12, 1.08 - 1.17, respectively), LDL cholesterol (1.11, 1.04 - 1.18; 1.09, 1.05 - 1.14, respectively), total cholesterol to HDL ratio (1.06, 1.00-1.14; 1.07,1.03-1.12, respectively) and LDL to HDL ratio risk (1.08,1.01-1.15; 1.07, 1.03-1.12, respectively). After BMI and triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold also predicted dyslipidemias, except for low HDL; both skinfolds had a narrower odds ratio confidence interval than BMI. In ROC analysis, subscapular skinfold was the best predictor of elevated triglycerides with an AUC ≥ 0.7. Conclusion: Anthropometric measurements are not strongly associated with dyslipidemias in Mexican children. However, since triceps and subscapular skinfolds were better predictors than other anthropometry measures, they may be a simple way to predict dyslipidemias in Mexican children.
FACULTATIVE REST-PHASE HYPOTHERMIA IN FREE-RANGING WHITE-THROATED SPARROWS

Abstract Shallow facultative rest-phase hypothermia has been reported in a number of passerine families, but few published data exist about its use by free- ranging birds. We used temperature-sensitive radio- transmitters to determine whether White-throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) employ nocturnal hypothermia during winter. We measured skin temperatures of 24 free-ranging sparrows between 13:00 and 14:00 and between 02:00 and 03:00 for each of three days and nights per subject. The average nightly skin- temperature reduction per individual was 3.4 ± 1.0°C (SD). Skin temperature reductions ranged from 0.2°C to 7.0°C among all individuals. There was a significant negative correlation between the magnitude of skin temperature decline and nighttime ambient temperature. Additionally, we found a negative trend between depth of hypothermia and a body density index. Fase de Reposo Hipotérmica Facultativa en Individuos de Zonotrichia albicollis que se Desplazan Libremente Resumen. La fase de reposo facultativa somera ha sido mencionada para un número de familias de paseriformes, pero existen pocos datos publicados sobre su uso por parte de aves que se desplazan libremente. Usamos radio transmisores sensibles a la temperatura para determinar si Zonotrichia albicollis emplea hipotermia nocturna durante el invierno. Medimos la temperatura de la piel de 24 individuos que se desplazan libremente entre las 13:00 y 14:00 y entre las 02:00 y 03:00 durante tres días y tres noches por individuo. La reducción nocturna promedio de la temperatura de la piel por individuo fue 3.4 ± 1.0°C (DE). Las reducciones de la temperatura de la piel variaron entre 0.2°C y 7.0°C considerando todos los individuos. Hubo una correlación negativa significativa entre la disminución de la magnitud de la temperatura de la piel y la temperatura ambiental nocturna. Adicionalmente, encontramos una tendencia negativa entre la profundidad de la hipotermia y el índice de densidad corporal.
Linkage analysis in a full-sib family of an outbreeding plant species: overview and consequences for applications

Linkage analysis and map construction using molecular markers is far more complicated in full-sib families of outbreeding plant species than in progenies derived from homozygous parents. Markers may vary in the number of segregating alleles. One or both parents may be heterozygous, markers may be dominant or codominant and usually the linkage phases of marker pairs are unknown. Because of these differences, marker pairs provide different amounts of information for the estimation of recombination frequencies and the linkage phases of the markers in the two parents, and usually these have to be estimated simultaneously. In this paper we present a complete overview of all possible configurations of marker pairs segregating in full-sib families. Maximum likelihood estimators for the recombination frequency and LOD score formulas are presented for all cases. Statistical properties of the estimators are studied analytically and by simulation. Specific problems of dominant markers, in particular with respect to the probability of detecting linkage, the probability of obtaining zero estimates, and the ability to distinguish linkage phase combinations, and consequences for mapping studies in outbred progenies are discussed.
The Galaxy in Context: Structural, Kinematic, and Integrated Properties

Our Galaxy, the Milky Way, is a benchmark for understanding disk galaxies. It is the only galaxy whose formation history can be studied using the full distribution of stars from faint dwarfs to supergiants. The oldest components provide us with unique insight into how galaxies form and evolve over billions of years. The Galaxy is a luminous (L⋆) barred spiral with a central box/peanut bulge, a dominant disk, and a diffuse stellar halo. Based on global properties, it falls in the sparsely populated “green valley” region of the galaxy color-magnitude diagram. Here we review the key integrated, structural and kinematic parameters of the Galaxy, and point to uncertainties as well as directions for future progress. Galactic studies will continue to play a fundamental role far into the future because there are measurements that can only be made in the near field and much of contemporary astrophysics depends on such observations.