Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seeking care for nonurgent medical conditions in the emergency department: through the eyes of the patient.

INTRODUCTION The policy goal of shifting nonurgent visits from the emergency department to nonemergency health care settings is commonly devised, planned, and implemented without considering patients' perspectives. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the context in which patients choose to seek health care in an emergency department. Human science provided the framework for this exploratory descriptive research study. METHODS This study was conducted at an urban, university emergency department in Denver, Colo. Uninsured adult patients triaged as nonurgent who were being discharged home were eligible to participate. Eligible patients from 15 randomly selected shifts were asked to participate. Following their ED visit, open-ended interviews began with the question, "Can you tell me the story, or the chain of events, that led to your coming to the emergency department today? " Each interview was audiotaped. Transcripts were analyzed to identify common themes. Patients also rated their severity of illness from 1 (not severe) to 5 (life-threatening), and they rated their satisfaction with the health care they received from 1 (not satisfied) to 5 (extremely satisfied). RESULTS The 30 study participants ranged in age from 17 to 60 years; 22 participants (73%) were women. Most patients (73%) rated their severity of illness as 3 or less and their satisfaction with the health care they received as 4 or more (83%). Five themes for seeking care were identified: (1) toughing it out, (2) symptoms overwhelming self-care measures, (3) calling a friend, (4) nowhere else to go, and (5) convenience. Despite the fact that the patients had nonurgent medical problems, their stories revealed that distress in their lives had influenced their need for emergency care. CONCLUSIONS Access was prominent in the minds of uninsured patients seeking ED care for nonurgent medical diagnoses. Typically, patients did not perceive themselves as having an urgent problem, had been unsuccessful in gaining access to alternative non-ED health care settings, and found the emergency department to be a convenient and quality source of health care. The patients' stories relayed a context for ED visits that goes beyond medical diagnoses. This perspective has important implications for quality care delivery and for including patients in planning ways to access emergency health care.
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a screening test in prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE Prostate specific antigen (PSA) with digital rectal examination is used for diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa), where definite diagnosis can only be made by prostate biopsy. Recently neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a lipocalin family member glycoprotein, come into prominence as a cancer biomarker. This study is aimed to test serum NGAL as a diagnostic biomarker for PCa and discriminate PCa from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIAL AND METHODS In this prospective study, 90 patients who underwent transrectal ultrasound-guided 12-core prostate biopsy between May 2015 and September 2015, were evaluated. Histopathologically diagnosed 45 PCa and 45 BPH patients were enrolled in this study. Serum NGAL and PSA levels of all participants were measured, then these data were evaluated by statistical programs. RESULTS When sensitivity fixed to 80% specificity of NGAL was better than PSA (49%, 31% respectively). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that NGAL alone or its combined use with PSA have better area under curve (AUC) results than PSA alone (0.662, 0.693, and 0.623 respectively). CONCLUSION In conclusion NGAL gave promising results such as increased sensitivity and a better AUC values in order to distinguish PCa from BPH. NGAL showed a potential to be a non-invasive biomarker which may decrease the number of unnecessary biopsies.
Employment in Schools in India

In the present article, we highlight the role that schools play in the Indian labour market. Using data from two rounds of the National Sample Survey, we provide estimates for the number of individuals employed in schools and the share of schools in the overall labour force in the country. We find that the share of schools in the overall labour force has increased between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Further, we also analyse the differences in these estimates across regions and gender as well. We find that despite the decline in female labour force in rural areas, number of females employed in schools in rural areas has increased over time. Additionally, we find that schools constituted the largest share in the overall female labour force employed in the services sector in the country. JEL: I20, J21
Effect of climate variability on crop income and indigenous adaptation strategies of households

Purpose This study aims to examine the effect of climate variability on smallholders’ crop income and the determinants of indigenous adaptation strategies in three districts (Mieso, Goba-koricha and Doba) of West Hararghe Zone of Ethiopia. These three districts are located in high-moisture-stress areas because of crop season rainfall variability. Design/methodology/approach Primary data collected from 400 sample households were used for identifying factors that affect households’ crop income. The study used ordinary least square (OLS) regression to examine the effect of climate variability. Given this, binary logit model was used to assess smallholders’ adaptation behavior. Finally, the study used multinomial logistic regression to identify determinants of smallholders’ indigenous adaptation strategies. Findings The OLS regression result shows that variability in rainfall during the cropping season has a significant and negative effect, and cropland and livestock level have a positive effect on farmers’ crop income. The multinomial logistic regression result reveals that households adopt hybrid crops (maize and sorghum) and dry-sowing adaptation strategies if there is shortage during the cropping season. Variability in rainfall at the time of sowing and the growing are main factors in the area’s crop production. Cropland increment has positive and significant effect on employing each adaptation strategy. The probability of adopting techniques such as water harvesting, hybrid seeds and dry sowing significantly reduces if a household has a large livestock. Originality/value The three districts are remote and accessibility is difficult without due support from institutions. Thus, this study was conducted on the basis of the primary data collected by the researchers after securing grant from Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA).
Determinants of intellectual capital disclosure in the IPOs and its impact on underpricing: evidence from Indonesia

We investigate the determinants of intellectual capital (IC) disclosure in the prospectus of initial public offering (IPO). Going deeper, we also examine the impact of IC disclosure on underpricing. By studying 86 IPOs of Indonesian firms over the period of 2000-2014, we do find that ownership retention and underwriting portion have a positive effect on the extent to which IC is disclosed. Moreover, our results reveal that IC disclosure is negatively correlated with the level of underpricing. In addition, evidence is also found that IC disclosure mediates the link between underwriting portion and underpricing.
An Analysis of the Patenting Rates of Canada’s Ethnic Populations

Abstract:Dans cet article, nous estimons les taux de brevetage que l’on observe parmi la population canadienne d’origine ethnique entre 1986 et 2011 ; pour cela, nous avons recours aux noms des inventeurs pour déterminer leur ethnicité, et aux données de l’Enquête nationale auprès des ménages qui portent sur l’ascendance ethnique pour estimer la taille des populations ethniques. Nos résultats révèlent des taux de brevetage plus élevés parmi les minorités ethniques du pays, particulièrement chez les citoyens d’ascendance coréenne, japonaise et chinoise. Les Canadiens d’origine immigrante ont ainsi obtenu un tiers des brevets accordés au pays ces dernières années, même si ces citoyens ne forment qu’un quart de la population. Les caractéristiques liées au capital humain, en particulier la proportion des individus ayant un doctorat ou ayant étudié et travaillant dans les domaines des sciences, de la technologie, de l’ingénierie et des mathématiques, sont le plus grand avantage dont bénéficient les Canadiens d’origine ethnique en matière de brevetage. Nos résultats indiquent également que les immigrants ayant fait leurs études à l’étranger obtiennent plus de brevets que ceux qui les ont faites au Canada, ce qui va à l’encontre du programme de sélection d’immigrants qui favorise les personnes qui viennent s’installer au pays pour étudier. Abstract:We estimate patenting rates for Canada’s ethnic populations between 1986 and 2011, using inventor names to identify ethnicity and Census and National Household Survey ancestry data to estimate ethnic populations. The results reveal higher patenting rates for Canada’s ethnic minorities, particularly for Canadians with Korean, Japanese, and Chinese ancestry, and suggest that immigrants accounted for one-third of Canadian patents in recent years, despite making up less than one-quarter of the adult population. Human capital characteristics, in particular the share with a PhD and the shares educated and employed in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields, account for most of the ethnic minority advantage in patenting. Our results also point to larger patenting contributions by foreign-educated compared with Canadian-educated immigrants, which runs counter to current immigrant selection policies favouring international students.
Pathogenesis of Brucella abortus in Chicken Embryos

Chicken embryos inoculated with Brucella abortus at 6, 10, and 12 days of incubation were examined by light and electron microscopy. B. abortus was identified by avidin-biolin immunoperoxidase and immunogold techniques. Death occurred from 2 to 5 days post-inoculation, depending on age of the embryo and route of inoculation. B. abortus was recovered from all infected eggs. Brucellae had spread throughout all tissues and localized preferentially within cells of mesodermal derivation. Organ distribution and degree of bacterial replication varied with age of the embryo at lime of inoculation. In 6-day-old embryos, B. abortus localized preferentially in endoderm and mesoderm of yolk sac wall, extra- and intraembryonic serosal epithelia, and glomeruli of the mesonephros. In 10- and 12-day-old embryos. B. abortus spread to all tissues; renal glomeruli, liver, spleen, and heart were most severely infected. Intracellular B. abortus was within the rough endoplasmic reticulum of mesenchymal, mesothelial, yolk endodermal, and hepatic cells. In mononuclear phagocytes, endothelial cells, and granulocytes, bacteria were within membrane-bound vacuoles. Intracellular replication of B. abortus in embryonic tissues, especially yolk endoderm, closely resembled that in experimental infections of trophoblasts.
Childhood adversities and risk for suicidal ideation and attempts: a longitudinal population-based study

Background. Developmental adversities may be risk factors for adult suicidal behavior, but this relationship has rarely been studied prospectively. The present study examined the association between childhood adversities and new onset suicidal ideation and attempts in an adult population-based sample. Method. The study used a large community mental health survey (the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study; n=7076, age range 18–64 years). Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between childhood adversities and new onset of suicidal ideation and attempts over 3 years of longitudinal follow-up. Results. During the study period 85 new cases of suicidal ideation and 39 new onset suicide attempts were observed. The incidence rate for new suicide ideation was 0·67% per year and the incidence rate for new suicide attempts was 0·28% per year. Childhood neglect, psychological abuse and physical abuse were strongly associated with new onset suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Odds ratios (ORs) ranged from 2·80 to 4·66 for new onset suicidal ideation and from 3·60 to 5·43 for new onset suicide attempts. The total number of adversities reported had a strong graded relationship to new onset suicidal ideation and attempts. These associations remained significant after controlling for the effects of mental disorders. Conclusions. Childhood abuse and multiple adversities are strongly associated with future suicidal behavior and the mental disorders assessed in the present study do not fully account for this effect. A comprehensive understanding of suicidal behavior must take childhood adversities into account.
A Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converter for Medium-Voltage Variable-Speed Motor Drives

Modular multilevel converters (MMC) have revolutionized the voltage-sourced converter-based high-voltage direct current transmission, but not yet got widespread application in medium-voltage variable-speed motor drives, because of the large capacitor voltage ripples at low motor speeds. In this paper, a novel hybrid MMC topology is introduced, which significantly reduces the voltage ripple of capacitors, particularly at low motor speeds. Moreover, this topology does not introduce any motor common-mode voltage; as a result, there are no insulation and bearing current problems. Additionally, the current stress can remain at rated value throughout the whole speed range; thus, no device needs to be oversized and converter efficiency can be ensured. Operating principle of this hybrid topology is explained, and control schemes are also developed. Validity and performance of the proposed topology are verified by simulation and experimental results.
Negative Alternations in Bilingual Speech: The Case of Chipilo, Mexico

In the present study, I investigate the phenomenon of negative doubling (e.g., no fui no ‘I did not go NEG’) in Mexico, in the town of Chipilo, a bilingual Italo-Mexican community, which has preserved Veneto, a minority language for over 100 years. It is predicted that Italo-Mexican bilinguals have transferred a second final no from Veneto, a language, which exhibits negative doubling, into Spanish, a language that does not allow a repetition of the same negator prosodically in the sentence final position. This study analysed the data of 117 participants (Chipilenos, mixed groups, and monolingual speakers) classified into two sex groups, two age groups (18-34, 35-70), and four ethnicity groups in order to examine the frequency of negative doubling in Spanish and investigate which social and linguistic factors favour the distribution of the phenomenon. All the participants performed a combination of semi-spontaneous speech, as well as two controlled tasks (a Preference forced choice and a Sentence Repetition Tasks). The results suggest a transfer effect from Veneto into Spanish in the bilingual speech only, specifically in the discourse of males, participants with two Chipileno parents and participants with a Chipileno father. The results from one of the controlled tasks showed that second negative mention, as a linguistic factor had a strong effect on elicitation of negation doubling, specifically among young speakers. Overall, by combining both traditional sociolinguistic interview methods with controlled tasks, I was able to better elicit negation and understand the situation of languages in
Is There a Male-Breadwinner Norm? The Hazards of Inferring Preferences from Marriage Market Outcomes

ABSTRACT We find that distributions of spousal earnings gaps provide no identifying information for the male-breadwinner norm, nor such a norm’s consequences for gender inequality. First, we show that simple marital matching models— without norm-related assumptions—closely replicate U.S. distributions of wife-husband earnings gaps. Second, we show that the discontinuity in this distribution as wives start to outearn husbands reflects not breadwinner norms, but rather a point mass of equal-earning couples. We conclude by arguing that the point mass may also threaten other tests of the male breadwinner hypothesis and proposing several robustness checks that future research should utilize.
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy

Objectives: This is a cross-sectional, observational study to determine the frequency and associated features of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in a large, diverse sample of infected individuals in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART). Methods: A total of 1,555 HIV-infected adults were recruited from 6 university clinics across the United States, with minimal exclusions. We used standardized neuromedical, psychiatric, and neuropsychological (NP) examinations, and recently published criteria for diagnosing HAND and classifying 3 levels of comorbidity (minimal to severe non-HIV risks for NP impairment). Results: Fifty-two percent of the total sample had NP impairment, with higher rates in groups with greater comorbidity burden (40%, 59%, and 83%). Prevalence estimates for specific HAND diagnoses (excluding severely confounded cases) were 33% for asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, 12% for mild neurocognitive disorder, and only 2% for HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Among participants with minimal comorbidities (n = 843), history of low nadir CD4 was a strong predictor of impairment, and the lowest impairment rate on CART occurred in the subset with suppressed plasma viral loads and nadir CD4 ≥200 cells/mm3 (30% vs 47% in remaining subgroups). Conclusions: The most severe HAND diagnosis (HAD) was rare, but milder forms of impairment remained common, even among those receiving CART who had minimal comorbidities. Future studies should clarify whether early disease events (e.g., profound CD4 decline) may trigger chronic CNS changes, and whether early CART prevents or reverses these changes.
Conditions not attributable to a mental disorder in Dutch psychiatric out-patients

Background. According to DSM-III-R V-code conditions refer to marital relationships, family circumstances, interpersonal relationships, or stressful life events that are not attributable to a mental disorder but that are the focus of treatment. The purpose of the present study was to assess the prevalence and patient and treatment characteristics of adult psychiatric out-patients diagnosed with V-code conditions. Methods. The records of all 5660 consecutive admissions to a psychiatric out-patient clinic over a 12-year period were studied retrospectively. On the basis of both primary and secondary DSM-III-R diagnoses on Axis I, two subgroups of patients were compared: (1) patients with V-code conditions; and (2) patients with mental disorders. Results. Fourteen per cent of the patients had a V-code condition and no mental disorder, while the remaining patients were diagnosed with mental disorder (with or without an additional V-code condition). Comparisons of sociodemographic and clinical severity characteristics of the two groups indicated that patients with V-code conditions tended to have a higher socio-economic status and to present with less severe problems as assessed both by the primary therapist and the Symptom-Checklist-90. With respect to service use and treatment outcome variables, it appeared that V-code patients tended to be more frequently treated by couple/family therapy and to receive a slightly lower number of treatment sessions. Conclusions. The pattern of results in The Netherlands seems comparable to results of previous North American studies. Implications of these findings for future studies and for use of mental health services are discussed.
Validity, reliability and reproducibility of three methods used to measure tooth widths for Bolton analyses

Abstract Background Vernier calipers have traditionally been used as the ‘gold-standard’ for tooth width measurements. New digital methods may prove to be as valid, reliable and reproducible as caliper measurements. Aims To determine the validity, reliability and reproducibility of mesio-distal crown measurements made with calipers, using the DigiModel method and on digital photographs, and to determine the validity, reliability and reproducibility when the measurements are employed in Bolton tooth size analyses. Methods Twenty-five consecutive study models were used. The maximum mesio-distal crown widths of 12 teeth in each arch (first molar to first molar) were measured with digital calipers, using the DigiModel software (OrthoProof, Caulfield South, Victoria, Australia) and on standardised digital photographs of the models by eight examiners. One examiner measured all models three times using the three measurement methods, two examiners measured all models once using the three measurement methods and five examiners measured all models once using the calipers only. Validity for the widths of individual teeth, the mean tooth width and the Bolton ratios were assessed using a general linear model two-way analysis of variance and pair-wise comparisons between the two digital methods and the calipers. Reliability was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha and reproducibility with the intra-class correlation coefficient. Results There were statistically significant differences between the tooth widths measured with DigiModel and the calipers (p < 0.001) and with the calipers and digital photographs (p < 0.001). However these discrepancies were judged not to be clinically significant. The Cronbach’s alpha scores for all methods were classified as ‘excellent’. The intra-class correlation coefficient values exceeded 0.75 for the digital calipers, 0.79 for DigiModel and 0.54 for the digital photographs. Conclusions The validities of DigiModel and digital photographs for tooth width measurements and Bolton analyses are clinically acceptable. The reliability of both methods is also excellent. However, DigiModel software provided more accurate Bolton’s ratios and demonstrated greater reproducibility than the digital photographs.