Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence for charm-bottom tetraquarks and the mass dependence of heavy-light tetraquark states from lattice QCD

We continue our study of heavy-light four-quark states and find evidence from lattice QCD for the existence of a strong-interaction-stable $I(J^P)=0(1^+)$ $ud\bar{c}\bar{b}$ tetraquark with mass in the range of 15 to 61 MeV below $\bar{D}B^*$ threshold. Since this range includes the electromagnetic $\bar{D}B\gamma$ decay threshold, current uncertainties do not allow us to determine whether such a state would decay electromagnetically, or only weakly. We also perform a study at fixed pion mass, with NRQCD for the heavy quarks, simulating $qq^\prime \bar{b}^\prime \bar{b}$ and $q q^\prime \bar{b}^\prime\bar{b}^\prime$ tetraquarks with $q,\, q^\prime =ud$ or $\ell s$ and variable, unphysical $m_{b^\prime}$ in order to investigate the heavy mass-dependence of such tetraquark states. We find that the dependence of the binding energy follows a phenomenologically-expected form and that, though NRQCD breaks down before $m_{b^\prime}=m_c$ is reached, the results at higher $m_{b^\prime}$ clearly identify the $ud\bar{b}^\prime \bar{b}$ channel as the most likely to support a strong-interaction-stable tetraquark state at $m_{b^\prime}=m_c$. This observation serves to motivate the direct $ud\bar{c}\bar{b}$ simulation. Throughout we use dynamical $n_f=2+1$ ensembles with pion masses $m_\pi=$415, 299, and 164 MeV reaching down almost to the physical point, a relativistic heavy quark prescription for the charm quark, and NRQCD for the bottom quark(s).
Examining the Coverage of a National Deposit Library: A Case Study in the Netherlands

Generally, the purpose of deposit libraries is to gather all publications as part of the national cultural heritage and preserve them for future generations. A study was undertaken to determine the coverage of the deposit collection of the National Library of the Netherlands. Coverage amounted to circa 95% for books with an ISBN and circa 70% for books without an ISBN. In both cases, the method of list checking was applied. However, definitive statements cannot be made for three reasons: uncertainties about the appropriateness of the checklists, difficulties in assessing the relevance of missing titles and the possibility that coverage increases over time due to late arrival of publications. Failure analysis showed that lacunae were caused by occasional failures from publishers rather than a structural lack of cooperation. Increasing coverage therefore would require list checking at a large scale on a yearly basis. Procedures are described to reduce the workload on undertaking such a regular review. At present, no comparable studies were identified in the published literature. The authors hope that this paper will stimulate other countries to examine coverage of the collection of their Deposit Libraries and to publish the results of any studies that have been done. The methodology followed in this study may be helpful to other countries wishing to perform similar studies.
Maternal influences on offspring size variation and viability in wild European lobster Homarus gammarus

In many marine species, large females tend to produce more robust offspring than small females. However, knowledge on maternal influences in decapod crustaceans is limited. This is unfortunate since many decapod populations are being intensively harvested and show signs of 'juvenescence', i.e. the loss of large (and presumably old) individuals. In this study, we quantified maternal influences in European lobster Homarus gammarus from Skagerrak, southern Norway. His- torical lobster catches in Skagerrak were substantial but the stock has suffered a major decline over the past 30 to 40 yr and is currently red listed as near threatened according to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) criteria. We studied eggs and larvae from wild-caught ovigerous females ranging in carapace length from 79 to 152 mm (n = 45). Mean egg size increased while sib- ling size variation decreased significantly with increasing maternal size. Mean larval size at hatching was closely linked to both maternal size and mean egg size. A laboratory experiment showed a weak but significant nonlinear increase in pelagic larval survival with increasing mean egg size in the absence of food. These findings suggest that maternal influences on offspring quality could be a sig- nificant source of variation in lobster recruitment. Consequently, maternal influences could be an important source of error in fisheries science and management if they are assumed to be absent or unimportant.
Enumeration of sandy sediment bacteria: search for optimal protocol

We examined and compared a variety of existing protocols for enumeration of bacteria from marine sandy sediments. The focus was on how to dislodge bacteria from sediment particles; a commercial blender, an ultrasonic cleaner, and an ultrasonic cell disrupter were tested. The ultrasonic cell disrupter was found to be the most efficient device for bacterial dislodgment. With a 5 mm microtip vibrating at 109 amplitude and 20 kHz, the optimal sonication time of small (<0 5 cm3) samples was 180 s. Having identified the optimal dislodgment treatment, we went through other steps of sediment bacteria enumeration (use of surfactants, thoroughness of sample washing, bacterial staining and counterstaining, etc.), striving for additional ways of improvement. The result was a protocol that, in our study, gave bacterial counts superior to those obtained by any other protocol currently in use
WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE FRYE STANDARD , THE FEDERAL RULES OF EVIDENCE , AND THE DAUBERT CRITERIA WHEN YOU GO TO COURT THE ADMISSABILITY OF EXPERT TESTIMONY , INCLUDING TESTIMONY ON SCIENCE , BY MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS

Following a discussion of the Frye Standard, the relevant Federal Rules of Evidence, the Daubert opinion and dicta, as well as expert testimony by mental health professionals, this paper specifically addresses how The Perception-ofRelationships Test (PORT) and Bricklin Perceptual Scales (BPS) meet the criteria for admissibility of scientific evidence by demonstrating the following: Both tests are testable and have been tested, with a combined database of 3,880 subjects. The tests have been published and peer-reviewed. They have a known error rate, and the predictive accuracy of the tests ranges between 88 and 92 percent agreement between test-based assertions and a wide range of validating criteria. A study found the tests to be the most widely used custody tests for children in the country, indicating that they have found general acceptance. Many test manual updates plus current revisions of the manuals have provided test users with information to maximize reliability and validity of the tests. Village Publishing 73 Valley Drive Furlong, PA 18925 800-553-7678 800-633-7223 www.vp411. com COPYRIGHT 2009 THIS PAPER MAY BE FREELY COPIED OR
Learning to Drive by Observing the Best and Synthesizing the Worst

Our goal is to train a policy for autonomous driving via imitation learning that is robust enough to drive a real vehicle. We find that standard behavior cloning is insufficient for handling complex driving scenarios, even when we leverage a perception system for preprocessing the input and a controller for executing the output on the car: 30 million examples are still not enough. We propose exposing the learner to synthesized data in the form of perturbations to the expert’s driving, which creates interesting situations such as collisions and/or going off the road. Rather than purely imitating all data, we augment the imitation loss with additional losses that penalize undesirable events and encourage progress – the perturbations then provide an important signal for these losses and lead to robustness of the learned model. We show that the model can handle complex situations in simulation, and present ablation experiments that emphasize the importance of each of our proposed changes and show that the model is responding to the appropriate causal factors. Finally, we demonstrate the model driving a car in the real world.
Finite Element Modeling for a Morphometric and Mechanical Characterization of Trabecular Bone from High Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Finite element analysis is an engineering method for the numerical analysis of complex structures. This book provides a bird's eye view on this very broad matter through 27 original and innovative research studies exhibiting various investigation directions. Through its chapters the reader will have access to works related to Biomedical Engineering, Materials Engineering, Process Analysis and Civil Engineering. The text is addressed not only to researchers, but also to professional engineers, engineering lecturers and students seeking to gain a better understanding of where Finite Element Analysis stands today.
A Theory of Human Motivation

1. The integrated wholeness of the organism must be one of the foundation stones of motivation theory. 2. The hunger drive (or any other physiological drive) was rejected as a centering point or model for a definitive theory of motivation. Any drive that is somatically based and localizable was shown to be atypical rather than typical in human motivation. 3. Such a theory should stress and center itself upon ultimate or basic goals rather than partial or superficial ones, upon ends rather than means to these ends. Such a stress would imply a more central place for unconscious than for conscious motivations. 4. There are usually available various cultural paths to the same goal. Therefore conscious, specific, local-cultural desires are not as fundamental in motivation theory as the more basic, unconscious goals. 5. Any motivated behavior, either preparatory or consummatory, must be understood to be a channel through which many basic needs may be simultaneously expressed or satisfied. Typically an act has more than one motivation. 6. Practically all organismic states are to be understood as motivated and as motivating. 7. Human needs arrange themselves in hierarchies of prepotency. That is to say, the appearance of one need usually rests on the prior satisfaction of another, more pre-potent need. Man is a perpetually wanting animal. Also no need or drive can be treated as if it were isolated or discrete; every drive is related to the state of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of other drives. 8. Lists of drives will get us nowhere for various theoretical and practical reasons. Furthermore any classification of motivations
2 0 1 5 WORKING PAPER SERIES 3

We examine 567 estimates of habit formation from 69 studies published in peer-reviewed journals. In contrast to previous results for most fields of empirical economics, we find no publication bias in the literature. The median estimated strength of habit formation equals 0.4, but the estimates vary widely both within and across studies. We use Bayesian model averaging to assign a pattern to this variance while taking into account model uncertainty. Studies using micro data report consistently smaller estimates than macro studies: 0.1 vs. 0.6 on average. The difference remains large when we control for 21 other study aspects, such as data frequency, geographical coverage, variable definition, estimation approach, and publication characteristics. We also find that estimates of external habit formation tend to be substantially larger than those of internal habits, that evidence for habits weakens when researchers use higher data frequencies, and that estimates differ systematically across countries. Abstrakt V tomto článku analyzujeme 567 odhadů tvorby zvyků ve spotřebě zveřejněných v 69 studiích publikovaných v recenzovaných časopisech. Na rozdíl od předchozích výsledků pro většinu oborů empirické ekonomie v této literatuře nenalézáme žádné stopy publikační selektivity. Mediánový odhad síly tvorby zvyků dosahuje hodnoty 0,4, ale jednotlivé odhady se značně liší mezi studiemi i v rámci studií. K vysvětlení rozdílů mezi odhady využíváme metodu bayesovského modelového průměrování, které bere v úvahu modelovou nejistotu. Studie, které používají mikroekonomická data, prezentují konzistentně nižší odhady než studie, které se spoléhají na makroekonomická data: v průměru 0,1 oproti 0,6. Tento rozdíl zůstává velký, i když bereme v úvahu 21 dodatečných aspektů studií, jako jsou frekvence použitých dat, geografické pokrytí, definice proměnných, metoda odhadu a publikační charakteristiky. Naše výsledky dále naznačují, že odhady externí tvorby zvyků jsou obvykle výrazně vyšší než odhady interních zvyků, že odhadnutá tvorba zvyků bývá nižší na vyšších frekvencích dat a že odhady se systematicky liší mezi zeměmi. JEL Codes: C83, D12, E21.
Vitamin Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease

• Objective: To review the evidence of the effectiveness of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). • Methods: Qualitative assessment of the literature. • Results: Data do not support the hypothesized cardioprotective effect of supplemental vitamin A, and there is a suggestion of toxicity with higher doses. Interventional studies with β-carotene fail to support any benefit on CVD and many suggest harm from β-carotene supplementation. Observational studies of vitamin C supplementation have yielded variable results. Small interventional studies with surrogate endpoints and large prospective interventions overall have not shown a benefit of vitamin E on preventing CVD. Meta-analyses of these large studies corroborate the lack of effect of vitamin E. A benefit of folate on CVD risk has been demonstrated, but recent fortification of grains in the United States with folate might limit the translation of these study results into current practice. Nicotinic acid decreases the risk of CVD through its effect on lipids, but side effects limit its use. The majority of vitamin combination studies suggest no benefit, and several notable vitamin combination studies raise the concern that some combinations may cause harm. Perhaps the strongest beneficial effect with multivitamins is seen in those with or at risk for baseline vitamin deficiencies. • Conclusion: Data from this review do not support the use of vitamins for primary or secondary prevention of CVD. Indeed, there is even the suggestion of possible harm in some groups. Thus, careful consideration is needed prior to prescribing or condoning supplemental vitamin use for the prevention or treatment of CVD.
Anthropology and the Predicaments of Holism

[Extract] We remember seeing a T-shirt inscription once; "Anthropologists Do It in Context. " It was part of a string of T-shirt inscriptions - perhaps inspired by the 1990s "Just Do It" advertising campaign by Nike - that used double entendres to describe professions: "Photographers Do It in the Dark" and "Landscape Gardeners Do It Horizontally. " For most anthropologists, it is probably obvious what "doing it in context" means. Context is about locating descriptions of particular phenomena within a wider setting that throws light on these phenomena. It is about making sense of observations by connecting them to larger experiential, meaningful, cultural, functional, or social wholes. Context is about grounding data; about methodological, literary, and political circumspection; and about parts and wholes. Context, in short, is about holism, one of the hallmarks - along with ethnographic fieldwork and intercultural comparison - of social and cultural anthropology. As hallmarks go, however, holism is an odd one. For one thing, it is not given that it means the same thing to all anthropologists - in fact, it is pretty clear that there is no easy consensus. Second, holism is a highly problematic concept, and has been so for several decades. The likely gut reaction of many contemporary anthropologists to a volume on holism is therefore that holism is a fraught term that is best avoided. Nevertheless, we will argue that in spite of its ambivalence and lack of consensus, holism is still at the heart of the anthropological endeavor and that contemporary qualms about the concept are in fact symptomatic of a new emergence and experimental approach to the anthropological tradition of holism. The contributions to this volume demonstrate the variety and critical depth of current attempts to engage and rethink anthropological holism.
Large Mammal Use of Linear Remnant Forests in an Industrial Pulpwood Plantation in Sumatra, Indonesia

Riparian forests are often the last remaining areas of natural vegetation in agricultural and plantation forestry landscapes. Covering millions of hectares of land in Indonesia, industrial pulpwood plantations have rapidly replaced native forests. Our study aimed to better understand the conservation importance of linear remnants of riparian forest by examining their use by larger (>1 kg) mammal species. Our study site was located within an extensive acacia (Acacia mangium) plantation adjoining Tesso Nilo National Park in Sumatra, Indonesia. Camera traps were used to detect mammals at 57 sites to assess the effects of corridor design and land cover covariates and species behavioral traits on mammal habitat use of four linear riparian forests. We recorded 17 species (including one International Union for Conservation of Nature [IUCN] Critically Endangered, two Endangered, and four Vulnerable) in riparian forests inside the plantation, including the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), Malay tapir (Tapirus indicus), and sun bear (Helarctos malayanus). Some threatened species were only detected in the park buffer zone. Species varied in their responses to riparian forests, but distance to the national park, remnant width, and percent forest cover around the camera site were common predictors of remnant use. Many mammal species used riparian forests regardless of whether they were surrounded by intact acacia forests or recently cleared land. Our results indicate that linear remnant riparian forests ≤ 200 m in width can facilitate local (< 4 km) movements of many large mammal species in Sumatra, but wider riparian remnants would likely be more effective at promoting mammal movements over longer distances.
Contextual Constraints on the Comprehension of Relative Clause Sentences in Chinese: ERPs Evidence *

This paper reports two event-related potentials (ERPs) studies designed to test the universal and language-specific characteristics of cognitive mechanisms and their neurocognitive substrates during the real-time processing of sentence integration in Chinese. Native Chinese (Mandarin) speakers read sentences with different kinds of relative clauses (RC, subject-/object-extracted) when the RC modified the grammatical subject of the matrix clause (Experiment 1a) and the grammatical object of the matrix clause (Experiment 1b). The between-subject Modifying Type (subject-/object-modifying) factor varies on the syntactic constraints of the initial contextual phrase. While Experiment 1a uses contextual phrase of optional adjunct that is constraint-free for syntactic mapping, Experiment 1b uses contextual phrase of an essential sentence mapping that provides strong processing expectation for sentence integration. Cross-experiment comparisons of convergent ERP results on the embedded RC words indicate distinctive morphology and scalp topography of related ERPs that vary with the contextual constraints. While both experiments found a working memory ERP (bilateral anterior negativity) for keeping the filler-gap dependency meaningfully tractable, the integration ERP effects (N400 & P600) were found only when the RCs were under strong contextual constraints in meaning in Experiment 1b. This context effect occurs as early as the processed RC words being encountered (~200ms) for the identification of word class. In addition, the results also indicate an ERP effect, the N400-P600 complex, that may be related to a language-specific property of Chinese reading. In a nutshell, the context-dependent lexical effect (~200ms) and the N400-P600 complex suggest an interactive model of sentence processing in Chinese. This model is compatible with the linguistic observation that the comprehension of a Chinese text relies heavily on semantically-derived information based on the initial guidance of syntactic mapping.
Exploring Motives for Smartphone Exercise App Use

i Approval Page . iv Acknowledgements . v Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 5 Self-Efficacy . 5 Emotional Needs . 7 Uses and Gratifications Theory . 9 Self-Monitoring . 12 Competition . 16 Informational Social Support . 20 Emotional Social Support . 20 Diffusion of Innovations . 21 Narcissism . 23 Well-Being . 24 Chapter 3: Methodology . 26 Survey Procedures . 26 Measures . 27 Competition . 27 Informational Social Support . 28 Emotional Social Support . 29 Exercise App Self-Monitoring Scale . 29 EGrats Scale . 30 Exercise App Use . 31 Technology Cluster . 32 Exercise Technology Cluster . 32
The ‘long tail’ of anthropogenic CO2 decline in the atmosphere and its consequences for post-closure performance assessments for disposal of radioactive wastes

Abstract The extended timescales involved in the decay of radioactive wastes to safe levels mean that geological disposal facilities must continue to function effectively long into the future. It is therefore essential to consider long-term climate evolution in post-closure performance assessments in order to evaluate a geological disposal system's response and robustness to a variety of potential environmental changes, driven by both natural and anthropogenic forcings. In this paper, we illustrate the multiple decay components that characterize the primary driver of climate change - atmospheric CO2 - in response to fossil fuel carbon emissions. We perform a multi-exponential analysis on a series of atmospheric CO2 decay curves predicted by an Earth system model and create an empirical response function that encapsulates the long-term (>1 kyr) removal of excess CO2 from the atmosphere. We present this response function as a simple tool for rapidly projecting the future atmospheric CO2concentration resulting from any plausible cumulative release of CO2. We discuss the implications of the long 'tail' to this atmospheric CO2 decay curve, both in terms of future climate evolution as well as potential impacts on radioactive waste repositories.