Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Layered deformation in the Taiwan orogen

Lower crustal deformation takes a turn Collisions creating mountain belts frequently involve a tectonic plate plunging into the mantle. Huang et al. connect the deformation of rock from the subducting plate to the surface topography in Taiwan (see the Perspective by Long). Subsurface deformation mapping required interpreting certain seismic wave velocities as they travel through the crust. The subsequent images of Taiwan's deep crust show two distinct layers of deformation. The bottom layer comprises the subducting slab, which is being pulled into the mantle. This mechanically couples with the upper layer of crust, compressing it into a mountain range. Science, this issue p. 720; see also p. 687 A change in the direction of deformation with depth helps explain subduction-driven uplift. [Also see Perspective by Long] The underthrusting of continental crust during mountain building is an issue of debate for orogens at convergent continental margins. We report three-dimensional seismic anisotropic tomography of Taiwan that shows a nearly 90° rotation of anisotropic fabrics across a 10- to 20-kilometer depth, consistent with the presence of two layers of deformation. The upper crust is dominated by collision-related compressional deformation, whereas the lower crust of Taiwan, mostly the crust of the subducted Eurasian plate, is dominated by convergence-parallel shear deformation. We interpret this lower crustal shearing as driven by the continuous sinking of the Eurasian mantle lithosphere when the surface of the subducted plate is coupled with the orogen. The two-layer deformation clearly defines the role of subduction in the formation of the Taiwan mountain belt.
Role of tissue plasminogen activator in the sensitization of methamphetamine‐induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens

We have previously demonstrated that repeated, but not acute, methamphetamine (METH) treatment increases tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) activity in the brain, which is associated with the development of behavioral sensitization to METH. In this study, we investigated whether the tPA‐plasmin system is involved in the development of sensitization in METH‐induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). There was no difference in acute METH‐induced increase in extracellular dopamine levels in the NAc between wild‐type and tPA‐deficient (tPA−/−) mice. Repeated METH treatment resulted in a significant enhancement of METH‐ induced dopamine release in wild‐type mice, but not tPA−/− mice. Microinjection of exogenous tPA or plasmin into the NAc of wild‐type mice significantly potentiated acute METH‐ induced dopamine release. Degradation of laminin was evident in brain tissues incubated with tPA plus plasminogen or plasmin in vitro although tPA or plasminogen alone had no effect. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that microinjection of plasmin into the NAc reduced laminin immunoreactivity without neuronal damage. Our findings suggest that the tPA‐plasmin system participates in the development of behavioral sensitization induced by repeated METH treatment, by regulating the processes underlying the sensitization of METH‐induced dopamine release in the NAc, in which degradation of laminin by plasmin may play a role.
The Development of Strategic Management in the Non-Profit Context: Intellectual Capital in Social Service Non-Profit Organizations

Very little systematic research has examined the applicability of strategic management concepts including SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis, industrial organization, resource-based view and core competency, knowledge-based view, Balanced Scorecard and intellectual capital (IC) through the lens of strategic management development in the non-profit context. This paper aims to examine the above concepts in the light of the unique non-profit environment and determine which one is most applicable to social service non-profit organizations (SSNPOs) in the knowledge economy. Based on a review of the development of strategic management with a focus on the above concepts within the non-profit context, this paper argues that the IC concept is more effective compared with the other concepts in the social service non-profit sector. The paper is considered as a starting point and serves as a milestone in applying IC as a strategic management conceptual framework in the social service non-profit sector. It helps to build a nascent body of literature suggesting that IC can be used as a competent strategic management conceptual framework in the social service non-profit sector. A better understanding of the strategic management development in the non-profit context also helps non-profit leaders to appreciate that IC is the most appropriate strategic management concept in SSNPOs. The increased awareness of the IC concept in SSNPOs, as a result of this paper, will probably generate further research from both academic scholars and non-profit practitioners.
Stress-induced alterations in secretion of corticosteroids, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone in bulls.

Temporal relationships among the peripheral blood concentrations of corticosteroids, progesterone, LH1 and testosterone and stress-induced alterations in the secretion of these hormones were examined in bulls. Blood samples were obtained via jugular cannula from eight bulls at 30-min intervals over a 12-h period. A rectal electroejaculation probe was then inserted with (EE; n = 4) or without (NE; n = 4) electrical stimulation, and ejaculation and blood samples were collected (5-, 15-, and 30-min intervals) over a second 12-h period. Treatments were reversed at the conclusion of this second 12-h period, and blood samples were collected over a third 12-h period. A positive temporal relationship was observed between concentrations of LH and testosterone during the initial 12-h period. During this time, a positive temporal relationship was also observed between concentrations of corticosteroids and progesterone. In contrast, concentrations of corticosteroids and progesterone were negatively correlated with co.
Disentangling fast and slow attentional influences of negative and taboo spoken words in the emotional Stroop paradigm

Although the influence of the emotional content of stimuli on attention has been considered as occurring within trial, recent studies revealed that the presentation of such stimuli would also involve a slow component. The aim of the present study was to investigate fast and slow effects of negative (Exp. 1) and taboo (Exp. 2) spoken words. For this purpose, we used an auditory variant of the emotional Stroop paradigm in which each emotional word was followed by a sequence of neutral words. Replicating results from our previous study, we observed slow but no fast effects of negative and taboo words, which we interpreted as reflecting difficulties to disengage attention from their emotional dimension. Interestingly, while the presentation of a negative word only delayed the processing of the immediately subsequent neutral word, slow effects of taboo words were long-lasting. Nevertheless, such attentional effects were only observed when the emotional words were presented in the first block of trials, suggesting that once participants develop strategies to perform the task, attention-grabbing effects of emotional words disappear. Hence, far from being automatic, the occurrence of these effects would depend on participants' attentional set.
Projecting cancer incidence and mortality using Bayesian age-period-cohort models.

BACKGROUND We present a practical application of an age-period-cohort model in a Bayesian frame-work for making cancer-burden projections. METHODS Second degree autoregressive smoothing was used on the age, period and cohort effects for estimating future incidence and mortality. RESULTS We are able to demonstrate the feasibility, flexibility and strengths of this approach. Compared with previously used methods, it performed better for providing point estimates when past trends continued into the future. However, the extremely wide credible intervals need careful interpretation. DISCUSSION Part of the uncertainty is attributable to the possible inadequacy of the model and not necessarily relevant in the prediction of what would happen if the present trends continue into the future.
RS‐61443 (Mycophenolate Mofetil) A Multicenter Study for Refractory Kidney Transplant Rejection

RS-61443 (mycophenolate mofetil) inhibits a key enzyme fo the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides in T and B lymphocytes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of RS-61443 in patients with refractory renal allograft rejection. Patients eligible for the study had previously undergone anti-rejection therapy with high-dose steroids or OKT3 monoclonal antibody. All rejection episodes were proven by renal biopsy. Successful rescue was achieved in 52 (69%) patients. Rescue was more successful when patients were entered with a creatinine of 4 mg/dL or lower (79%), versus a 52% rescue rate in patients entered with a creatinine of 4 mg/dL or above. Major side effects were predominantly gastrointestinal, but there was no overt nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, or bone marrow suppression. The overall infection rate was 40%, with the spectrum of infections characteristic for the highly immunocompromised patient. The conclude that this pilot study suggests that RS-61443 is effective in refractory kidney allograft rejection. Based on this study, prospectively randomized multi-center trails have been planned and are in progress.
Oncogenic activation of c-ABL by mutation within its last exon

The c-ABL proto-oncogene is a predominantly nuclear localized tyrosine kinase. A random mutagenesis scheme was used to isolate c-ABL mutants whose expression produced a transformed phenotype in rodent fibroblast cells. An in-frame deletion within the central region of the last exon was identified in one ABL mutant. The mechanism of c-ABL oncogenic activation by mutation within the last exon differs both functionally and structurally from those of v-ABL and BCR/ABL. This class of ABL mutants shows increased tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins in vivo but low levels of autophosphorylation. Last-exon ABL mutants are distinguished from v-ABL or BCR/ABL by their inability to transform primary bone marrow cells or support the growth of transformed pre-B cells. These findings define a new mechanism of oncogenic activation for the ABL kinase through mutations in the last exon which do not require amino-terminal deletions or mutations within the src homology regions.
Columbia Law School Davis Polk & Wardwell Tax Policy Colloquium “ DODGING THE TAXMAN : Evidence on Firm Misreporting Behavior and Evasion Substitution ”

Reducing tax evasion is a key priority for many governments, particularly in developing countries. A growing literature has argued that the use of third party information to verify taxpayer self-reports is critical for tax enforcement and the growth of state capacity. However, there may be limits to the effectiveness of third party information if taxpayers can substitute misreporting to less verifiable margins. We present a simple framework to demonstrate the conditions under which substitution will occur and provide strong empirical evidence for substitution behavior by exploiting a natural experiment in Ecuador. We find that when firms are notified by the tax authority about detected revenue discrepancies on previously filed corporate income tax returns, they increase reported revenues, matching the third party estimate when provided. Firms also increase reported costs by 96 cents for every dollar of revenue adjustment, resulting in minor increases in total tax collection. JEL codes: H25, H26, O23 We thank Lorenzo Casaburi, Raj Chetty, John Friedman, Edward Glaeser, James Hines, Lawrence Katz, Henrik Kleven, Wojciech Kopczuk, Michael Kremer, Asim Khwaja, Ben Olken, Andrei Shleifer, Joel Slemrod, and participants at the conferences of the American Economic Association, BREAD, Max Planck Institute, National Tax Association, NBER, NEUDC, PACDEV, Swiss Economists Abroad and in seminars at Brandeis, Columbia, Harvard, Lugano, Williams and the Centro de Estudios Fiscales for helpful comments and discussions. We thank Sajjad Goli, Andrea Lopez Luzuriaga, Marco Martinez del Angel, Parag Pathak, and Lucas Zavala for excellent research assistance. We are exceedingly grateful to the staff of the Centro de Estudios Fiscales and the Departamento de Control of the Ecuadorian Tax Authority for outstanding collaboration and to the Harvard Weatherhead Center, Harvard Taubman Center, and Harvard Business School for research support. George Washington University, pcarrill@gwu.edu. Harvard University and NBER, dpomeranz@hbs.edu. Harvard University and NBER, monica singhal@harvard.edu.
Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer: an analysis from the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (Panc4).

BACKGROUND To evaluate the dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer and to examine the effects of temporal variables. METHODS We analyzed data from 12 case-control studies within the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4), including 6507 pancreatic cases and 12 890 controls. We estimated summary odds ratios (ORs) by pooling study-specific ORs using random-effects models. RESULTS Compared with never smokers, the OR was 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-1.3) for former smokers and 2.2 (95% CI 1.7-2.8) for current cigarette smokers, with a significant increasing trend in risk with increasing number of cigarettes among current smokers (OR=3.4 for ≥35 cigarettes per day, P for trend<0.0001). Risk increased in relation to duration of cigarette smoking up to 40 years of smoking (OR=2.4). No trend in risk was observed for age at starting cigarette smoking, whereas risk decreased with increasing time since cigarette cessation, the OR being 0.98 after 20 years. CONCLUSIONS This uniquely large pooled analysis confirms that current cigarette smoking is associated with a twofold increased risk of pancreatic cancer and that the risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked and duration of smoking. Risk of pancreatic cancer reaches the level of never smokers ∼20 years after quitting.
Wide Area Protection&#8212;Technology and Infrastructures

Wide area measurements have been widely used in the energy management systems (EMS) of power systems for monitoring, operation, and control. In recent years, the advent of synchronized phasor measurements has added another dimension to the field of wide-area measurements. At the same time, the field of protection systems has been dominated by computer based relays, which make it relatively easy to communicate with relays and thus include them in many innovative protection systems. Special Protection Systems (SPS) or Remedial Action Schemes (RAS) are one example of integration of communication and protection systems. In recent years—due to operational demands imposed on transmission networks by deregulation it has become clearer that wide-area measurements and their integration in protection and control systems is a necessity. This paper documents the state-of-the-art in modern sensor, communication, and protection technologies which show great potential for innovations in protection and control systems for the future.
Pulse oximetry for monitoring infants in the delivery room: a review

During the first few minutes of life, oxygen saturation (saturation by pulse oximetry, SpO2) increases from intrapartum levels of 30–40%. 1 In algorithms for neonatal resuscitation published by the International Liaison Committee for Resuscitation,2 European Resuscitation Council3 and Australian Resuscitation Council,4 clinical assessment of an infant’s colour (a measure of oxygenation) and heart rate are used as major action points. However, studies have shown that clinical assessment of colour during neonatal transition is unreliable.5,6 O’Donnell et al 6 showed that the SpO2 at which observers perceived infants to be pink varied widely, ranging from 10% to 100%. Assessing colour is difficult and therefore is a poor proxy for tissue oxygenation during the first few minutes of life. Kattwinkel7 suggested pulse oximetry may help achieve normoxia in the delivery room. The American Heart Association8 suggests that “administration of a variable concentration of oxygen guided by pulse oximetry may improve the ability to achieve normoxia more quickly”. Although “normoxia” and an acceptable time to achieve this during neonatal transition have not been defined, Leone and Finer9 advocate a target “SpO2 of 85 to 90% by three minutes after birth for all infants except in special circumstances”—for example, diaphragmatic hernia or cyanotic congenital heart disease. International surveys show that oximetry is increasingly used during neonatal resuscitation.10,11 To date, there are no evidence-based guidelines for using oximetry to measure an infant’s SpO2 and to guide interventions during neonatal transition after birth. We reviewed the literature to evaluate the evidence on the use of SpO2 measurements immediately after birth. Pulse oximetry measures SpO2 continuously and non-invasively, without the need for calibration, and correlates closely with arterial oxygen saturation.12 Pulse oximetry is based on the red and infrared light-absorption …
Treatment of 741 Italian patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.

BACKGROUND Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a distinctive syndrome characterized by specific symptoms cluster. CFS mostly affects women and often results in severe functional limitation. Its prevalence varies from 0.4 to 2.5% in the general population. In our prior studies on the clinical features of 205 CFS patients we founded immunological and brain abnormalities. In this paper we illustrate our caseload on CFS treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS From January 2000 to December 2005, we evaluated all the patients admitted at the CFS Unit of the Aviano National Cancer Institute, for staging procedures and treatments. Patients not meeting the Fukuda diagnostic criteria were excluded. RESULTS 250 male and 491 female (median age 35.5 and 39.3 years, respectively) were enrolled and treated for CFS. As expected, CFS resulted from previous infectious disease in all patients. Female patients showed to be more affected by symptoms than male patients. The treatment schedules followed by the patients included nutritional supplements alone, corticosteroids, antidepressant/sedative drugs, and antiviral/immunoglobulin drugs. Antiviral/ immunoglobulin drugs achieved the best response (15.3% positive responses vs. 8.3% negative responses; OR 0.44, CI 0.26-0.74, p = 0.002). The carrying out of 4 or more treatments showed a protective effect (OR 0.46, CI 0.28-0.77, p = 0.003). This finding was confirmed in the multivariate analysis, adjusted by type of drugs (OR 0.49, CI 0.28-0.84, p = 0.009) and number of treatments carried out (OR 0.51, CI 0.30-0.86, p = 0.01); these two variables were independent. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that the antiviral/immunoglobulin approach has a longer positive disease free survival in comparison with other approaches. However, CSF still remains a difficult disease to be effectively treated.
Dynamical Hall effect in a two-dimensional classical plasma.

Etude theorique et experimentale des modes collectifs d'un plasma 2D borne dans un champ magnetique, qui presentent des caracteristiques inattendues (manifestations dynamiques de l'effet Hall). En champ intense, observation d'une nouvelle onde 1D magnetiquement localisee, qui se propage le long du perimetre du plasma
Circumcision and sexual behavior: Factors independently associated with human papillomavirus detection among men in the HIM study

There is growing interest in understanding human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and related disease among men. To date there have been numerous studies reporting HPV DNA prevalence among men from several different countries, however, few have incorporated multivariable analyses to determine factors independently associated with male HPV detection. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors independently associated with HPV detection in men ages 18–70 years residing in Brazil (n = 343), Mexico (n = 312), and the United States (US) (n = 333). In samples combined from the coronal sulcus, glans penis, shaft, and scrotum, we evaluated factors associated with any, oncogenic, and nononcogenic HPV infections. In multivariable analyses, detection of any HPV infection was significantly associated with reported race of Asian/Pacific Islander, lifetime and recent number of sexual partners, and having sex in the past 3 months. Oncogenic HPV detection was independently associated with lifetime and recent number of sexual partners, and having sex in the past 3 months. NonOncogenic HPV infection was independently associated with lifetime number of sexual partners. Circumcision, assessed by clinical examination, was associated with reduced risk of HPV detection across all categories of HPV evaluated. HPV detection in men in the current study was strongly related to sexual behavior and circumcision status. Interventions such as circumcision may provide a low‐cost method to reduce HPV infection. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incidence of primary opportunistic infections in two human immunodeficiency virus-infected French clinical cohorts.

BACKGROUND Clinical guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals have been developed on the basis of natural history data collected in the USA. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of primary opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals in geographically distinct cohorts in France. METHODS We conducted our study on 2664 HIV-infected patients from the Tourcoing AIDS Reference Centre and the hospital-based information system of the Groupe d'Epidémiologie Clinique du SIDA en Aquitaine enrolled from January 1987 to September 1995 and followed through December 1995. We estimated: (1) CD4-adjusted incidence rates of seven primary opportunistic infections in the absence of prophylaxis for that specific infection or any antiretroviral drugs other than zidovudine; and (2) CD4 lymphocyte count decline. RESULTS The highest incidence rates for all opportunistic infections studied occurred in patients with CD4 counts < 200/microl. With CD4 counts < 50/microl, the most common opportunistic infections were toxoplasmic encephalitis (12.6 per 100 person-years) and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (11.4 per 100 person-years). Mycobacterium tuberculosis was the least common opportunistic infection (< 5.0/100 person-years). Even with CD4 counts > 300/microl, cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis were reported. The mean CD4 lymphocyte decline per month was 4.6 cells/microl. There was a significant association between HIV risk behaviour and the incidence of cytomegalovirus infection, between calendar year and the incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmic encephalitis and Candida esophagitis, and between geographical area and the incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and cytomegalovirus infection. CONCLUSIONS Geographical differences exist in the incidence of HIV-related opportunistic infections. These results can be used to define local priorities for prophylaxis of opportunistic infections.
Y x Al 1x N Thin Films

Reactive magnetron sputtering was used to deposit YxAl1-xN thin films, 0≤x≤0.22, onto Al2O3(0001) and Si(100) substrates. X-ray diffraction and analytical electron microscopy show that the films are solid solutions. Lattice constants are increasing with Y concentration, in agreement with ab initio calculations. Spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements reveal a band gap decrease from 6.2 eV (x=0) down to 4.5 eV (x=0.22). Theoretical investigations within the special quasirandom structure approach show that the wurtzite structure has the lowest mixing enthalpy for 0≤x≤0.75. PACS 81.15. Cd, 78.20. -e, 64.60. My, 77.84. Bw, 31.15. ASubmitted to Journal of Physics D: Applied physics