Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EHME: a New Word Database for Research in Basque Language

Abstract This article presents EHME, the frequency dictionary of Basque structure, an online program that enables researchers in psycholinguistics to extract word and nonword stimuli, based on a broad range of statistics concerning the properties of Basque words. The database consists of 22.7 million tokens, and properties available include morphological structure frequency and word-similarity measures, apart from classical indexes: word frequency, orthographic structure, orthographic similarity, bigram and biphone frequency, and syllable-based measures. Measures are indexed at the lemma, morpheme and word level. We include reliability and validation analysis. The application is freely available, and enables the user to extract words based on concrete statistical criteria 1 , as well as to obtain statistical characteristics from a list of words 2 .
Influence of terminal components for suppression of high-frequency transients in GIS

Reportedly, switching operation in gas insulated substation (GIS) leads to deformation of transformer winding and bushing failures. This paper presents practicable method that is investigated for mitigation of overvoltage magnitude and resonance frequency amplitude of very fast transients (VFT) at the power transformer. Properties of this method are simple and inexpensive with at least changes in installed GIS. This method can be changing in the type and length of terminal components. Also alteration of load side terminal and source side terminal are examined. Computer simulation has been done using the alternative transients program (ATP), a widely used version of EMTP.
Mobile Commerce App Adoption: Consumer Behavior Differences between Europe and Asia

Title: ‘Mobile Commerce App Adoption: Consumer Behavior Differences between Europe and Asia’ Research Question: 1. What are the differences between European and Asian consumer behavior of adopting m-commerce apps? 2. Why is there a different level of m-commerce app adoption between European and Asian consumers? Research Purpose: The purpose of this research is to investigate the reasons why consumer adoption behavior of m-commerce apps in the European market differs from those in the Asian market. Our findings will contribute to helping to raise their level of m-commerce app adoption in the European market. Method: This research is a qualitative study and utilizes survey as a research design. Interviews designed according to a theoretical framework were used to collect data for analysis. The interviews were conducted in four countries: UK, Sweden, China and South Korea. Conclusion: Our results showed that European consumers lacked knowledge and were unable to perceive the full conveniences of using apps, compared to Asian respondents. What’s more European consumers placed a lot of importance on risks and anxieties when adopting apps. Findings showed that these differences could be explained through Hofstede’s cultural dimensions.
The absorption of antibodies from immune sera by the gut of the young rat

Antibodies from immune rat serum administered by mouth to young rats up to 18 days of age pass readily into the circulation. Thereafter the capacity to absorb antibodies from the gut declines rapidly and could not be detected beyond 21 days of age. Antibody could be detected in the circulation of the young rat within ½ h of administration and had reached a maximum concentration in 3 h. Immune sera prepared in mice, rabbits, cows and fowl were administered also and the results were compared with those obtained with immune sera prepared in rats. Agglutinins prepared in mice entered nearly as freely as those prepared in rats; those prepared in rabbits significantly more slowly than either. Agglutinins prepared in cows or in fowl did not appear to enter at all within the limits of the sensitivity of the technique. Incomplete agglutinins to sheep red cells prepared in rats entered as readily as complete agglutinins to Salmonella pullorum prepared also in rats.
Bosma arhinia microphthalmia syndrome

Bosma et al. [ 1981 ] delineated a syndrome affecting two unrelated males with severe hypoplasia of the nose and eyes, palatal abnormalities, deficient taste and smell, inguinal hernias, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with cryptorchidism, and normal intelligence. Other patients with this syndrome have been reported as cases of arhinia with associated defects. During embryonic development, the nasal placodes form 28 days after conception shortly after the optic vesicles makes contact with the overlying surface ectoderm at 26–27 days, and both layers invaginate to form the eyes between 34 and 44 days. Mice with homozygous mutations of Pax6, manifest underdevelopment of ocular and nasal structures, and a network of developmentally regulated genes function downstream of Pax6 to form nasal, ocular, and pituitary structures. These genes represent candidate genes for this disorder, and familial recurrence of Bosma syndrome has been reported to occur. This report describes two sporadic unrelated cases of this rare syndrome and briefly reviews the findings in previously reported cases. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GC‐FID determination of cocaine and its metabolites in human bile and vitreous humor

Gas chromatography was used in combination with flame ionization detection (GC‐FID) to develop a method for determining cocaine and its two metabolites, benzoylecgonine (BEG) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME), in bile and vitreous humor. The method used a 12 m × 0.2 mm i.d. column of 0.33 µm film thickness packed with 5% phenylmethylsiloxane, and proadifen as a reference compound. Drug‐free bile and vitreous humor samples were used to prepare solutions of the target compounds at concentrations over the range 0.1–4 µg ml−1 that were subjected to solid‐phase extraction through Bond Elut Certify columns and derivatized with 99:1 (v/v) N,O‐bis‐trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (BSTFA)/trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS). Calibration graphs were highly linear, with correlation coefficients above 0.99 in all instances. Also, the precision of the method was found to be quite acceptable, with coefficients of variation less than 5% for bile and less than 7% for vitreous humor. The average extraction yields ranged from 73.6% to 91.2% for bile and from 71.5% to 92.2% for vitreous humor. The proposed method was used to analyse 26 samples of bile and as many of vitreous humor from individuals fatally poisoned by cocaine, whether alone or in combination with other drugs. The mean drug levels found were 0.75 and 1.54 µg ml−1 for cocaine in bile and vitreous humor, respectively, 6.35 and 0.94 µg ml−1 for BEG, and 2.18 and 0.61 µg ml−1 for EME. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NA gene frequencies in the German population, determined by polymerase chain reaction with sequence‐specific primers

BACKGROUND: The granulocyte antigens NA1 and NA2 are often targets of granulocyte antibodies causing immune neutropenia. Currently, NA typing relies on the properties of the typing sera or antibodies and the techniques used. Therefore, the technique of polymerase chain reaction with sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) was adapted for DNA‐based NA typing and was used for determining the NA gene frequencies in the German population. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The genomic DNA of 160 unrelated healthy individuals was typed for NA1 and NA2 by PCR‐SSP. In 60 granulocyte samples, the NA phenotype was additionally determined by the antigen capture assay and the granulocyte immunofluorescence test (GIFT) and correlated with the genotyping results. RESULTS: Results of the antigen capture assay and PCR‐SSP correlated precisely, whereas nine individuals were typed heterozygous only by GIFT. The gene frequencies were 0.35 for NA1 and 0.65 for NA2. CONCLUSION: The NA2 gene is more frequent in the German population than the NA1 gene, as determined by genotyping using PCR‐SSP. In contrast to GIFT, which showed an error rate for NA typing of 15 percent, PCR‐SSP and the antigen‐capture assay are more reliable methods of NA typing of granulocytes.
Differential sensitivity of mouse pronuclei and zygote cytoplasm to Hoechst staining and ultraviolet irradiation.

The exposure of mouse zygotes pre-stained with Hoechst 33342 to u.v. irradiation for 20-30 sec significantly or completely inhibited development to blastocysts in vitro. However, development to the blastocyst stage of enucleated eggs receiving pronuclei from untreated eggs was as good as that of control reconstituted eggs when the cytoplasm originated from eggs exposed to u.v. irradiation for 20-30 sec, but was significantly lower when the cytoplasm was from eggs exposed for 40 sec. The chromosomes at the second metaphase stage could be removed with 15 sec of exposure to u.v. irradiation under a fluorescence microscope. Most eggs enucleated at the second metaphase that received a single inner cell mass nucleus (75%) showed pronuclear formation 6 h after activation; 23% of them developed to morphologically normal 2-cell eggs and 5% developed to blastocysts. These results demonstrate that the cytoplasm of mouse zygotes is more resistant to u.v. irradiation after Hoechst staining. Eggs at the second metaphase, from which chromosomes have been removed under a fluorescence microscope, can therefore be used as cytoplasm recipients for nuclear transplantation of inner cell mass nuclei.
Role of the mTOR complex 1 pathway in the in vivo maintenance of the intestinal mucosa by oral intake of amino acids

Aim: Oral intake of nutrients is often compromised in elderly, multimorbid patients, but parenteral nutrition causes intestinal atrophy and impairs intestinal function. To uncover the molecular mechanisms by which amino acids are involved in intestinal atrophy and recovery, we studied whether the rapamycin‐sensitive mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway is involved in this process.
Influence of different intravascular volume therapies on platelet function in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.

The influence of four different kinds of intravascular volume replacement on platelet function was investigated in 60 patients undergoing elective aortocoronary bypass grafting using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In a randomized sequence, high-molecular weight hydroxyethyl starch solution (HMW-HES, mean molecular weight [Mw] 450,000 d), low-molecular weight HES (LMW-HES, Mw 200,000 d), 3.5% gelatin or 5% albumin were infused preoperatively to double reduced filling pressure (pulmonary capillary wedge pressure [PCWP] < 5 mm Hg). Fifteen untreated patients served as a control. Platelet function was assessed by aggregometry using turbidometric technique (inductors: ADP, epinephrine, collagen). Maximum aggregation, maximum gradient of aggregation, and platelet volume were measured before, during, and after CPB until the first postoperative day. HMW-HES 840 +/- 90 mL, LMW 850 +/- 100 mL, gelatin 950 +/- 110 mL, and albumin 810 +/- 100 mL were given preoperatively. Maximum platelet aggregation (ranging from -23% to -44% relative from baseline value) and maximum gradient of platelet aggregation (ranging from -26% to -45% relative from baseline values) were reduced only in the HMW-HES patients. After CPB, aggregometry also was impaired most markedly in these patients. The other volume groups showed less reduction in platelet aggregation and were similar to the untreated control. On the first postoperative day, aggregation variables had returned almost to baseline in all patients. Platelet volume was the same among the groups within the investigation period. Postbypass blood loss was highest in the HMW-HES group (890 +/- 180 mL). There was significant (P < 0.04) correlation in this group between blood loss and change in platelet aggregation. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
AN ABJS BEST PAPER: Analysis of Anatomic Periarticular Tibial Plate Fit on Normal Adults

Implant manufacturers are producing anatomically contoured periarticular plates to improve the treatment of proximal tibia fractures. We assessed the accuracy of the designation anatomic. We applied eight-hole medial and lateral anatomically contoured periarticular plates to 101 cadaveric tibiae. The tibiae and the plate fits were mapped, quantified, and analyzed using a MicroScribe® G2LX digi tizer, Rhinoceros® software, and MATLAB® software. By corresponding the clinical appearance of good fit with our digital findings, we created numerical criteria for plate fit in three planes: coronal (volume of free space between the plate and bone), sagittal (alignment with the tibial plateau and shaft), and axial (match in curvature between the proximal horizontal part of the plate and the tibial plateau). An anatomic fit should mirror the shape of the tibia in all three planes, and only four medial and four lateral plate fits qualified. Recognizing and understanding the substantial variations in fit that exist between anatomically contoured plates and the tibia may help lead to a more stable fixation and prevent malreduction of the fracture and/or soft tissue impingement.
Resistance to type 1 interferons is a major determinant of HIV-1 transmission fitness

Significance Effective prevention strategies are urgently needed to control the spread of HIV-1. A critical barrier to developing such strategies is the lack of understanding of the host antiviral defenses that control HIV-1 replication in the mucosa at the site of entry. Here, we characterized viruses from matched donor and recipient pairs to determine whether transmitted HIV-1 strains exhibit traits that increase their transmission fitness. Characterizing 300 limiting dilution-derived isolates, we identified several properties that enhance virus replication in the face of a vigorous innate immune response, of which resistance to type 1 IFNs is the most important. These results provide new insights into the HIV-1 transmission process and define possible new targets for AIDS prevention and therapy. Sexual transmission of HIV-1 is an inefficient process, with only one or few variants of the donor quasispecies establishing the new infection. A critical, and as yet unresolved, question is whether the mucosal bottleneck selects for viruses with increased transmission fitness. Here, we characterized 300 limiting dilution-derived virus isolates from the plasma, and in some instances genital secretions, of eight HIV-1 donor and recipient pairs. Although there were no differences in the amount of virion-associated envelope glycoprotein, recipient isolates were on average threefold more infectious (P = 0.0001), replicated to 1.4-fold higher titers (P = 0.004), were released from infected cells 4.2-fold more efficiently (P < 0.00001), and were significantly more resistant to type I IFNs than the corresponding donor isolates. Remarkably, transmitted viruses exhibited 7.8-fold higher IFNα2 (P < 0.00001) and 39-fold higher IFNβ (P < 0.00001) half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) than did donor isolates, and their odds of replicating in CD4+ T cells at the highest IFNα2 and IFNβ doses were 35-fold (P < 0.00001) and 250-fold (P < 0.00001) greater, respectively. Interestingly, pretreatment of CD4+ T cells with IFNβ, but not IFNα2, selected donor plasma isolates that exhibited a transmitted virus-like phenotype, and such viruses were also detected in the donor genital tract. These data indicate that transmitted viruses are phenotypically distinct, and that increased IFN resistance represents their most distinguishing property. Thus, the mucosal bottleneck selects for viruses that are able to replicate and spread efficiently in the face of a potent innate immune response.
Insights into Integrase resistance to Dolutegravir , Elvitegravir and Raltegravir-strand transfer inhibitors of HIV-1 : A computational approach

Integrase (IN) is an important enzyme for the replication of the type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV1), and an essential target for the development of anti-HIV drugs. The enzyme is currently targeted by first and secondgeneration inhibitors [raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir (EVG) and dolutegravir (DTG)]. Of these, resistance to RAL and EVG is associated with three main pathways involving key mutations at positions N155H, Q148K/R/H, and Y143R/C within the IN gene. Although new resistance mutations appear to confer only low levels of cross-resistance to secondgeneration drugs (DTG), the Q148 pathway with numerous secondary mutations has the potential to significantly decrease susceptibility to all inhibitors of IN. In order to get insights into the development of IN resistance to first and second generation inhibitors using in silico approaches, in this study, one of the clinically essential mutant (MT)-Q148R of IN was modeled and docked with inhibitors. The MT model was built using template and wild type (WT) 4E1M of HIV-1 integrase. Docking results indicate that in MT-Q148R, the score was lower with respect to all inhibitors in comparison to the WT. In this study, the MT-Q148R of IN from HIV-1 displayed low affinity, this could be attributed to less number of interactions principally hydrogen and halogen bonds with the inhibitors (DTG, EVG and RAL), compared to WT. Therefore, it can be suggested that the MT could not bind efficiently with inhibitors owing to its structural changes due to substitution to mediate its inhibitory activity, eventually leads to DTG, EVG and RAL resistance.
Erythrokeratodermia variabilis in a Jewish Kurdish family

A Jewish family, originating from Kurdistan and presenting erythrokeratodermia variabilis in three consecutive generations, is described. The major features were the variable age of onset (from early infancy to 6 years) and the distinctive cutaneous lesions with demarcated erythematous hyperkeratotic plaques with irregular borders. The affected members had mild to severe expressions of the disease. The skin lesions were not influenced by puberty, pregnancy or old age. None of the patients had lesions of the palms and soles or abnormal neurological signs.
Identification of a transcription factor which interacts with the distal domain of the adenovirus IVa2 promoter

For efficient in vitro transcription from the adenovirus IVa2 promoter, two upstream control regions, one proximal to the RNA initiation site at nucleotide position (np) -39 to -48 and the other a distal domain between np -152 and -179, are necessary. By using the band competition assay of Strauss and Varshavsky (Cell 37:889, 1984), we identified a factor which binds to the IVa2 promoter. Competition studies with various deletion mutants demonstrated that the region present 152 to 160 base pairs upstream of the IVa2 transcription start site was necessary for binding of this factor. DNase I footprinting assays demonstrated directly that this factor interacted with the distal domain of the IVa2 promoter. This factor was necessary for efficient transcription from the IVa2 promoter, as evidenced by the ability of a DNA fragment containing the binding site for this factor to inhibit transcription. Its role in bidirectional activation of transcription from major late and IVa2 promoters is discussed.
How Does Functional Disability Affect Depressive Symptoms in Late Life? The Role of Perceived Social Support and Psychological Resources∗

This study examines the process whereby functional disability amplifies depressive symptoms through decreasing perceived social support and psychological resources. The study analyzed two waves of panel data (1986 to 1992) of a large sample of older adults from the National Institutes of Aging Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. The results of longitudinal change models and path analyses show that the perceived availability of a confidant, satisfaction with support, sense of control, and self-esteem mediate the effects of disability on increments in depressive symptoms in late life. Psychological resources play a dominant role in mediating the effects of functional impairment. Scales of sense of control and self-esteem account for 53 percent of the total effect of baseline disability and 43 percent of the total effect of changes in disability on changes in the CES-D depression scale. Self-esteem appears to be the strongest mediator.
Maternal component in the familial aggregation of hypertension

To assess maternal versus paternal contributions to the familial aggregation of hypertension, we examined family history data from 344 hypertensive probands (69 African American, 153 US Caucasian, 122 Greek Caucasian) ascertained without respect to parental hypertension status. The proportion of hypertensive mothers (81.7, 65.0 and 84.8% for African Americans, US Caucasians and Greek Caucasians, respectively) of these probands was significantly greater than the proportion of hypertensive fathers (50.0, 44.9 and 48.3%, respectively) in all three ethnic groups. The lifetime risk of hypertension was significantly greater for mothers compared with fathers of these hypertensive probands (p<0.001). Examination of the proband's siblings indicated that maternal history of hypertension was associated with greater lifetime risk for hypertension than paternal history (p<0.01). In conclusion, we observe a consistent maternal component in the inheritance of hypertension. Although we cannot separate a maternal genetic from epigenetic or environmental effect, our findings suggest that genetic research should include studies of the mitochondrial as well as nuclear genome. Furthermore, when assessing a patient's risk for hypertension, particular attention should be paid to the maternal family history.
A comparison of three methods of analysis for age-period-cohort models with application to incidence data on non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

BACKGROUND Various methods of analysis have been used to study age-period-cohort models. The main aim of this paper is to illustrate and compare three such methods. Those of Clayton and Schifflers, Robertson and Boyle, and De Carli and La Vecchia. The main differences between these methods lie in their approach to distinguish between linear-period and linear-cohort effects. Clayton and Schifflers do not attempt to solve this identification problem, whereas Robertson and Boyle, and De Carli and La Vecchia attempt to tackle this question. METHODS In order to study the assumptions and problems of these methods, we analysed data from 2678 subjects aged 30-84 in Yorkshire, UK, who were diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) during the period 1978-1991. Loglinear Poisson models were used to examine the effects of age, period and cohort. RESULTS All three methods of analysis agree that, after stratification for sex and county, the age-standardized rate has been increasing at about 5% per year. The Robertson-Boyle method differed from the Clayton-Schifflers method in showing a significant non-linear cohort effect, and a significant county-cohort interaction. The method of De Carli-La Vecchia agreed more closely with Clayton-Schifflers than with Robertson-Boyle. CONCLUSIONS The linear increase in incidence would lead to a doubling of the number of cases within 15 years. There is controversy over whether the identification problem can be solved and should be solved. Many authors would not rely on the results of the methods of Robertson and Boyle, or De Carli and La Vacchia.