Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The XMM-Newton Wide Angle Survey (XWAS)

Aims. This programme is aimed at obtaining one of the largest X-ray selected samples of identified active galactic nuclei to date in order to characterise such a population at intermediate fluxes, where most of the Universe's accretion power originates.We present the XMM-NewtonWide Angle Survey (XWAS), a new catalogue of almost a thousand X-ray sources spectroscopically identified through optical observations. Methods. A sample of X-ray sources detected in 68 XMM-Newton pointed observations was selected for optical multi-fibre spectroscopy. Optical counterparts and corresponding photometry of the X-ray sources were obtained from the SuperCOSMOS Sky Survey. Candidates for spectroscopy were initially selected with magnitudes down to R ~ 21, with preference for X-ray sources having a flux F0.5-4.5keV = 10-14 erg s-1 cm-2. Optical spectroscopic observations were made using the Two Degree Field of the Anglo Australian Telescope, and the resulting spectra were classified based on optical emission lines. Results. We have identified through optical spectroscopy 940 X-ray sources over O ~ 11.8 deg2 of the sky. Source populations in our sample can be summarised as 65% broad line active galactic nuclei (BLAGN), 16% narrow emission line galaxies (NELGs), 6% absorption line galaxies (ALGs) and 13% stars. An active nucleus is also likely to be present in the large majority of the X-ray sources spectroscopically classified as NELGs or ALGs. Sources lie in high-galactic latitude (|b| 20 deg) XMM-Newton fields mainly in the southern hemisphere. Owing to the large parameter space in redshift (0 = z = 4.25) and flux (10-15 = F0.5-4.5keV = 10-12 erg s-1 cm-2) covered by the XWAS this work provides an excellent resource for the further study of subsamples and particular cases. The overall properties of the extragalactic objects are presented in this paper. These include the redshift and luminosity distributions, optical and X-ray colours and X-ray-to-optical flux ratios. © ESO 2013.
Management of head injury in children less than 2 years of age : high time for a guideline

The assessment of children aged less than two years who present with head injury poses a challenge to the examining doctor due to the inability of the patient to give a history. A literature search found only two sets of guidelines which include the management of children less than 2 years of age, namely the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Harvard (DEMCHH) guidelines. A retrospective study was carried to assess current practice in the A&E department of St. Luke’s Hospital. Our study showed that most patients (94%) underwent radiological investigation and more than 55% were advised admission. The development and implementation of evidence based guidelines would decrease the number of radiological investigations performed and the number of patient admissions.
Can kittiwakes smell? Experimental evidence in a larid species

Birds have long been thought to have a poor sense ofsmell, although they have the proper anatomical andneurological structures for detecting olfactory cues(Roper 1999). However, in the past decade several birdspecies have been shown to use smell in various contexts,such as foraging (Nevitt et al. 1995), navigation (Wallraff2004), selection of nest materials (Petit et al. 2002,Gwinner & Berger 2008), nest location (Bonadonna B Banana group, n = 27), meltwater fromfrozen Capelin Mallotus villosus (Fish group, n = 26), orfresh water (Control group, n = 27). This experimentwas carried out during the second half of the incubationperiod (14–20 June). Leaves were used as the method of odour deliverybecause being common on Middleton they were lesslikely to elicit a reaction relative to an entirely novelobject. Cotton swabs used to spread the scent on leaves
Study on scan techniques dedicated for analysis of Computed Tomography (CT) system performance

Abstract: This paper represents the subjective method and objective method, which were dedicated for the assessment of spatial and density resolution in CT system, and analyses the influence rule of scan parameters on the spatial and density resolution of CT image. The comparative study of the two methods was carried out in 3 ICT systems under the certain acquisition conditions, we found that the test result of subject method is significantly higher than the result of object method during the spatial resolution test, and then the test result and relationship between two methods was discussed, At last, this paper discusses the parameters of the best density resolution under the same power.
Revealing the Driving Forces of Mid-Cities Urban Growth Patterns Using Spatial Modeling: a Case Study of Los Ángeles, Chile

City growth and changes in land-use patterns cause various important social and environmental impacts. To understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of these processes, the factors that drive urban development must be identified and analyzed, especially those factors that can be used to predict future changes and their potential environmental effects. Our objectives were to quantify the relationship between urban growth and its driving forces and to predict the spatial growth pattern based on historical land-use changes for the city of Los Angeles in central Chile. This involved the analysis of images from 1978, 1992, and 1998 and characterization of the spatial pattern of land-use change; the construction of digital coverage in GIS; the selection of predictive variables through univariate analysis; the construction of logistic regression models using growth vs. nongrowth for 1978-1992 as the dependent variable; and the prediction of the probability of land-use change by applying the regression model to the 1992-1998 period. To investigate the influence of spatial scale, we constructed several sets of models that contained (1) only distance variables, e.g., distance to highways; (2) only scale-dependent density variables, e.g., density of urban area within a 600-m radius; (3) both distance and density variables; and (4) both distance and density variables at several spatial scales. The environmental variables were included in all models. The combination of distance and density variables at several scales is required to appropriately capture the multiscale urban growth process. The best models correctly predict ~90% of the observed land-use changes for 1992-1998. The distance to access roads, densities of the urban road system and urbanized area at various scales, and soil type were the strongest predictors of the growth pattern. Other variables were less important or not significant in explaining the urban growth process. Our approach, which combines spatial modeling tools and GIS, significantly advances the understanding of urban growth patterns, provides an important contribution to urban planning and management, and can be applied widely.
Changing Implicit and Explicit Prejudice Insights from the Associative-Propositional Evaluation Model

Although overt prejudice has declined in many societies over the past decades, new advancements in intergroup relations research have uncovered various kinds of subtle biases that continue to prevail despite increases in egalitarian values. Understanding the processes that may produce inconsistencies between spontaneous affective responses and self-reported explicit evaluations can provide deeper insights into conceptually different forms of prejudice, including both overt and subtle variants. In the present article, research on prejudice reduction is reviewed from the perspective of the associative-propositional evaluation (APE) model, which considers evaluations through the processes of associative activation and propositional validation. The APE model’s potential for integrating different conceptualizations of overt and subtle prejudice and the application of the model to prejudice reduction are discussed.
The Impact Of Climate Change On Food Production And Security And Its Adaptation Programs In Indonesia

The increased intensity and frequency of storms, drought and flooding, altered hydrological cycles and precipitation variance have implications for future food availability. Many developing countries, in fact, already contend with chronic food problems. Climate change presents yet another significant challenge to be met. While overall food production may not be threatened, those least able to cope will likely bear additional adverse impacts. As a consequence, climate change has threatened food security in many developing countries, including Indonesia. While the adverse impacts of climate change will affect the poor, actual impacts will depend on socio-economic conditions as on the biophysical processes involved. Managing these risks is an imperative necessity for Indonesia. Policies and investments supporting sustainable agricultural practices and technological progress can help mitigate the effects of climate change on agriculture and food security while increasing the capacity of people and societies to adapt. Simulation based on climate data from 1971 to 2006 indicated that Indonesia agricultural production is more sensitive to temperature increase rather than rainfall decrease. A combination of these two climate components has significant impact on the country’s food balance by 2050. It is estimated that the deficit will be 90 million tons of husked rice by 2050. This rice deficit can not be met only with a single effort, by improving cropping areas, crop productivity, cropping intensity or consumption alone. Only multiple adaptation programs could save Indonesia from this rice deficit. The feasible adaptation programs include improvement in cropping areas, crop productivity, cropping intensity and consumption.
Characteristics of Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers Dendrocopos minor on irruptive autumn movement along the coast of southern Norway

The Lesser Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos minor is a facultative autumn migrant in Fennoscandia, but there is little published information about its migratory ecology. Analysing data from 26 years (1990–2015) of trapping at Lista Bird Observatory, southern Norway, we found that autumn migration varied in relation to sex and age in this species. Annual numbers of trapped birds fluctuated between 0 and 19 but there was no significant temporal trend in the numbers of birds trapped. However, the numbers were positively correlated with similar data from Falsterbo Bird Observatory in southern Sweden. Thus, the annual fluctuation of Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers at Lista probably reflects the situation across larger parts of the southern Scandinavian Peninsula. In total, 96% of the birds trapped at Lista (n = 136) were in their first calendar year, showing clear evidence for differential migration in the species. There was no sex bias in the material but the median arrival date was about 14 days earlier in males than in females. Wing length increased over the season in both sexes, although the explanatory value of this seasonal progression was low. Also, body mass was higher in males than in females and increased with date of trapping when body size (wing length) was controlled for. Our findings comply with the hypothesis that annual fluctuation in the number of migrating Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers is caused by varying breeding success in the source population(s), mediated by intra-specific competition (the competitive release hypothesis).
Authoritarianism and Political Culture in Argentina and Chile in the Mid-1960S

The rise of authoritarian regimes in Latin America has fueled a long-standing interest in the social bases of democratic and authoritarian political systems. One commonly asserted explanation posits a close relationship between political structure and political culture, holding that authoritarian regimes are likely both to stem from and to perpetuate authoritarian political cultures (Kornhauser 1959; Inkeles 1961; Lip-set 1960, 1981). Some theorists have applied this thesis to Latin American politics, linking, for example, Argentina's frequent experiences with authoritarian governments with the presumed authoritarianism of its citizenry (Fillol 1961; Alexander 1968; Lipset 1960, 1981).
PREMATURELY-BORN CHILDREN

ii LIST OF TABLES. vi LIST OF FIGURES. ix INTRODUCTION. 1 Prematurity. 3 Cognitive Outcomes in the United States. 5 Behavioral and Attention Outcomes. 6 Executive Functioning. 7 Impact of Prematurity on Parental Well-being. 10 Long-term Impact of Prematurity on Parental Outcomes. 12 Impact of Parental Well-being on Child Outcomes. 14 Parental Self-efficacy and Knowledge of Child Development. 17 Moderators and Mediators. 20 Social and Familial Support and Parental Well-being. 20 Limitations in the Literature on Social Support. 22 Conclusion. 25 OBJECTIVES. 26 Aim 1. 26 Aim 2. 27 Aim 3. 27 METHOD. 28 Participants. 28 Procedure. 29 Measures. 30
Improved estimates for neutral air temperatures at 90 km and 78°N using satellite and meteor radar data

A technique for using satellite‐derived temperatures to calibrate initial estimates of 90 km temperatures measured by meteor wind radar is presented. Temperatures derived from the Nippon/Norway Svalbard Meteor Radar, situated on Svalbard at 78°N, 16°E, are calibrated using data from the Aura spacecraft's Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) experiment. The calibration was performed in a two‐step process: after an initial calibration of first‐guess temperatures, results were used to adjust the MLS values to reflect daily means rather than the 0200–1100 UT observation period of the satellite instrument; thereafter the calibration was repeated with the revised MLS temperatures. The resulting temperature time series represents a marked improvement on earlier results calibrated using hydroxyl emission and potassium/K‐Lidar observations, as the uncertainty is reduced from 17 to 7 K. These latest results represent a new step toward reliable and continual monitoring of upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere temperature.
A multidirectional model for tertiary-level disciplinary writing

Genre approaches to academic writing are still enjoying wide support among pedagogues and applied linguists in the UK, US and Australia. However, genre-based pedagogies have been widely criticised for their explicit teaching of discourse structure and their emphasis on lexis and grammar. This article aims to demonstrate that the foundational principles of genre approaches are reconcilable with postmodern ways of reasoning and with most post-process approaches in language teaching. It is suggested that current method and postmethod pedagogies share an underlying component structure; they only differ with regard to their emphases. Based on the notion of 'principled pragmatism' a multidirectional, genre-focused model for teaching and learning academic writing in a tertiary education context is designed and justified.
The Subjects That the Pre-service Classroom Teachers Perceive as Difficult in Elementary Mathematics Curriculum

OECD-PISA which evaluates the education quality of Europe focused on mathematics, and Turkey was ranked 50 among 72 countries. When the mathematics literacy was analyzed in terms of years, it is seen that the performance of the students in Turkey in PISA 2015 was lower compared to PISA 2009 and PISA 2012. This shows that students have difficulty in comprehending the subjects in the mathematics curriculum. Therefore, learning experiences designed for the pupils to have rich mathematics experiences during elementary school is of higher importance. At this point, it is necessary to know the subjects that the pre-service teachers, who will be teachers of the future, are challenged in teaching mathematics. Therefore, the purpose of study is to determine the subjects in which elementary school pre-service teachers perceive teaching in elementary school mathematics as difficult and to examine the causes of these difficulties. The case study method is used in this study and the participants of the study are 120 pre-service classroom teachers who study in the fourth grade in a state university. Participants were administered a 19-item learning difficulty index covering mathematics learning areas of 1-4 grades (n = 120). The distribution of answers given by the pre-service teachers for each topic and the learning difficulty index for each topic were calculated. Interviews were done with the pre-service teachers in response to their responses to the questionnaire items to understand the causes of the difficulties. In interviews conducted one by one, the pre-service teachers were asked general mathematics lecture notes, mathematics fear level and the reasons for the topics they found difficult to teach.
The Term Structure of the Price of Variance Risk

We estimate the term structure of the price of variance risk (PVR), which helps distinguish between competing asset-pricing theories. First, we measure the PVR as proportional to the Sharpe ratio of short-term holding returns of delta-neutral index straddles; second, we estimate the PVR in a Heston (1993) stochastic-volatility model. In both cases, the estimation is performed separately for different maturities. We find the PVR is negative and decreases in absolute value with maturity; it is more negative and its term structure is steeper when volatility is high. These findings are inconsistent with calibrations of established asset-pricing models that assume constant risk aversion across maturities.
Impact of Visualisation Strategy for Subjective Quality Assessment of Point Clouds

Point clouds have recently emerged as a promising and practical solution to code 3D visual information for immersive applications. Among other challenges, objective and subjective quality assessments are still open problems for this type of visual data representation. In this paper, we investigate the impact of already proposed subjective evaluation methodologies in order to assess the visual quality of point clouds in different display environments (e.g. on a desktop versus an augmented reality head-mounted-display) creating different types of experiences to users. Advantages and drawbacks of the above visualization strategies are compared to each other based on a rigorous statistical analysis.
Transparency and Reputation: The Publication of Central Bank Forecasts

Abstract Transparency has become one of the key features of monetary policy. This paper analyzes the reputational incentives related to transparency, focusing on the publication of central bank forecasts. A simple dynamic monetary policy game shows how transparency reduces inflation, as has been found empirically. Furthermore, the endogenous choice of transparency is analyzed. Although transparency exposes weak central banks, the negative market feedback in response to secrecy could provide a sufficiently strong inducement to become transparent. Thus, reputational concerns could lead to transparency, even without formal disclosure requirements.
Recent Progress in the Identification of Non-Invasive Biomarkers to Support the Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease in Clinical Practice and to Assist Human Clinical Trials

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that manifests itself by progressive dementia accompanied by memory deterioration usually in elderlies and is becoming the public health crisis of the 21st century. Currently, there are an estimated 35 Million patients affected by the disease, and this number is expected to burgeon to 115 million by the year 2050 (WHO, 2012). In the United States alone, one patient is diagnosed with AD every 67 seconds according to the Alzheimer’s Association website.
Effect of date palm cultivar on fecundity and development of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus.

The reproductive behavior and development of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera Dryophthoridae) was studied in laboratory by rearing it on five popular date palm cultivars, viz., „Barhi‟, „Beraim‟, „Ruthana‟, „Sukkary‟ and „Wannana‟, and sugarcane with an objective to determine the host-plant effects. Observations were made on the number and rate of eggs laid, incubation period, hatching percentage, larval and pupal developmental periods, adult longevity and sex ratio. The cultivars „Sukkari‟, „Ruthana‟ and „Barhi‟ favored oviposition and development of red palm weevil comparatively. The „Ruthana‟ cultivar recorded highest number of eggs / female (392.50 ± 1.558 eggs) at the highest rate (4.17 ± 0.021 eggs / female / day), the longest pupal developmental period (19.30 ± 0.259 days) and the strongest female bias in the sex-ratio (56:48 per cent). The „Sukkary‟ cultivar showed longest male (111.20 ± 1.426 days) and female (120.80 ± 0.188 days) lifespan, fastest completion of larval period (29.66 ± 0.132 days) and highest (96%) egg-hatching percentage. Adults from „Barhi‟ recorded second longest (male 104.10 ± 0.883 and female 98.90 ± 0.613 days, respectively) lifespan. On the other hand, „Beraim‟ and „Wanana‟ cultivars showed developmental delay in the lifecycle of red palm weevil. Both the cultivars showed lowest egg-hatching percentage (92%), the lowest adult longevities (less than 81 days), lowest egg-laying (less than 240 eggs) in a lifetime and longest duration of immature stages (over 70 days). The observations from sugarcane revealed lower oviposition and hatching percentage, and longer period for adult emergence than the date palm cultivars.
Dual Labor Markets and Business Cycles

In this paper, we model a dynamic general equilibrium model of a small open developing economy. We model labor markets as including both formal and informal urban employment as well as rural employment. We find that modelling dual labor markets helps explain why output in developing economies may fall even as labor inputs remain constant during financial crises. An external financial shock may lead to a reallocation of labor from productive formal sectors of the economy to less productive informal sectors.
Using Case-based Reasoning and Artificial Neural Networks for the Efficient Prediction of Dust Storms

A dust storm is a meteorological phenomenon that commonly occurs in desert regions where strong winds blow away the loose sand and dirt from dry surfaces. That could lead to transported soil from one place to another, through suspension and saltation. In this paper, we propose how past dust storm events could assist in forecasting of new dust storms as well as potential actions to mitigate their potential impact. To illustrate this concept a hybrid approach is proposed using a combination of case-based reasoning and artificial neural networks which indirectly estimate the similarity among past storm cases with any new ones. Our approach reveals that case-based reasoning may have a solid potential of being used in successful prediction and possible mitigation of extreme weather forecasting.