Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The relationships between learning outcomes and methods of teaching anatomy as perceived by medical students

The best method to teach anatomy continues to be widely debated. Many UK medical schools have recently changed their course structure with the use of cadaveric dissection declining. A recent study by Patel and Moxham ([ 2008 ] Clin. Anat. 21:182–189) found that professional anatomists viewed dissection to be the most suitable method to fulfil anatomical learning outcomes. The opinion of 580 second year medical students across two UK medical schools was surveyed. A methodology similar to that employed by Patel and Moxham ([ 2008 ] Clin. Anat. 21:182–189) aimed to explore which teaching methods students considered best to fulfil a prescribed set of anatomical learning outcomes. A total of 302 responses were returned (52%). Difference in students' opinion with regard to the teaching methods was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). A statistically significant agreement was found between the opinions of students from Imperial and Nottingham, and between the anatomists and the students, regarding the effectiveness of all teaching methods at meeting learning outcomes. Dissection was overall most “fit for purpose” in meeting learning outcomes, but no single teaching modality met all aspects of the curriculum. Dissection should remain a leading teaching modality in modern medical school anatomy courses. In addition to its role in the teaching of anatomy, it enables learning in a social context and holds broader learning opportunities to help future doctors best fulfill Good Medical Practice guidelines (General Medical Council, 2006 ). This, however, should be in the context of a multi‐modal approach to the teaching of anatomy. Clin. Anat. 24:489–497, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distal splenorenal vs. portal‐systemic shunts after hemorrhage from varices: A randomized controlled trial

Between 1975 and 1983, 303 cirrhotic patients with endoscopically proven major variceal hemorrhage were admitted to the participating hospitals of the Boston‐New Haven Collaborative Liver Group. Of these, 274 were evaluated for admission to a prospective, randomized controlled trial comparing portal‐systemic shunts with distal splenorenal shunts. The criteria for inclusion were as follows: (i) a portohepatic pressure gradient ≥ 12 mmHg; (ii) angiographic evidence of antegrade portal venous flow; (iii) angiographic demonstration that the inferior vena cava and portal, splenic and left renal veins were anatomically suitable for either a portal‐systemic or distal splenorenal shunt, and (iv) the patient was a reasonable operative risk. Eighty‐one patients from the six participating hospitals fulfilled the criteria and consented to participate. Thirty‐eight patients were randomly assigned to have portal‐systemic shunt and 43 to have distal splenorenal shunt.
Stigmatization of Overweight and Obese Peers among Children

Children get involved in social categorization. Thus, they are able to stigmatize peers as well as to show in-group favoritism theorized by Tajfel and Turner (1986). Moreover, according to Aboud's Cognitive-Developmental Theory (1988, 2003) the intensity of children's stereotypes and negative attitudes toward socially devalued group members changes with age, in line with their cognitive development. In our Western society, which addresses especially females with the message that thinness is beauty, self-efficacy, power, and success, being overweight or obese is one of the most socially devalued and stigmatized conditions among children. Thus, overweight and obese children are more likely to be personally and socially devalued compared to their average size peers. Starting with these theoretical reflections, the objectives of this mini-review are to examine if: (1) obese children show in-group favoritism and thus show less anti-fat attitudes than their thin and normal weight peers; (2) fat stigma is more prevalent toward overweight and obese girls than toward boys; (3) the intensity of weight-related stigma changes with the cognitive development of children.
Primary biliary cirrhosis once rare, now common in the United Kingdom?

There is a widespread impression that the number of patients with the autoimmune liver disease primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is increasing, although its incidence and prevalence vary widely. Using thorough case‐finding methods and rigorous definitions to assess changes in incidence and prevalence with time and to explore the symptomatology and mortality of the disease in a large group of unselected patients, we performed a descriptive epidemiological study of PBC in a well defined population over a fixed period of time using established diagnostic criteria and with clinical follow‐up of all cases. In a population of 2.05 million in northern England 770 definite or probable PBC cases were identified. Prevalence rose from 201.9 per 106 in the adult population and 541.4 per 106 women over 40 in 1987 to 334.6 per 106 adults and 939.8 per 106 women over 40 in 1994. Incidence was 23 per 106 in 1987 and 32.2 per 106 in 1994. Three hundred patients died in median follow‐up of 6.27 years (141 liver deaths); the standardized mortality ratio was 2.85. At presumed diagnosis, 60.9% had no symptoms of liver disease. By June 1994 62% of prevalent patients had liver symptoms. PBC is apparently increasing. It is still unclear whether this is because of a true increase, case finding, or increased disease awareness. The study draws attention to (1) high mortality from liver disease and non–liver‐related causes even in patients initially with no liver symptoms and (2) apparently poor diagnostic awareness of the disease.
The mitochondrial genome of the primary screwworm fly Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

The complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax was determined. This genome is 16 022 bp in size and corresponds to a typical Brachycera mtDNA. A Serine start codon for COI and incomplete termination codons for COII, NADH 5 and NADH 4 genes were described. The nucleotide composition of C. hominivorax mtDNA is 77% AT‐rich, reflected in the predominance of AT‐rich codons in protein‐coding genes. Non‐optimal codon usage was commonly observed in C. hominivorax mitochondrial genes. Phylogenetic analysis distributed the Acalypterate species as a monophyletic group and assembled the C. hominivorax (Calyptratae) and the Acalyptratae in a typical Brachycera cluster. The identification of diagnostic restriction sites on the sequenced mitochondrial genome and the correlation with previous RFLP analysis are discussed.
Modified VP22 Localizes to the Cell Nucleus during Synchronized Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection

ABSTRACT The UL49 gene product (VP22) of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) is a virion phosphoprotein which accumulates inside infected cells at late stages of infection. We previously (J. A. Blaho, C. Mitchell, and B. Roizman, J. Biol. Chem. 269:17401–17410, 1994) discovered that the form of VP22 packaged into infectious virions differed from VP22 extracted from infected-cell nuclei in that the virion-associated form had a higher electrophoretic mobility in denaturing gels. Based on these results, we proposed that VP22 in virions was “undermodified” in some way. The goal of this study is to document the biological and biochemical properties of VP22 throughout the entire course of a productive HSV-1 infection. We now report the following. (i) VP22 found in infected cells is distributed in at least three distinct subcellular localizations, which we define as cytoplasmic, diffuse, and nuclear, as measured by indirect immunofluorescence. (ii) Using a synchronized infection system, we determined that VP22 exists predominantly in the cytoplasm early in infection and accumulates in the nucleus late in infection. (iii) While cytoplasmic VP22 colocalizes with the HSV-1 glycoprotein D early in infection, the nuclear form of VP22 is not restricted to replication compartments which accumulate ICP4. (iv) VP22 migrates as at least three unique electrophoretic species in denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate-DATD-polyacrylamide gels. VP22a, VP22b, and VP22c have high, intermediate, and low mobility, respectively. (v) The relative distribution of the various forms of VP22 derived from infected whole-cell extracts varies during the course of infection such that low-mobility species predominate at early times and high-mobility forms accumulate later. (vi) The highest-mobility forms of VP22 partition with the cytoplasmic fraction of infected cells, while the lowest-mobility forms are associated with the nuclear fraction. (vii) Finally, full-length VP22 which partitions in the nucleus incorporates radiolabel from [32P]orthophosphate whereas cytoplasmic VP22 does not. Based on these results, we conclude that modification of VP22 coincides with its appearance in the nucleus during the course of productive HSV-1 infection.
On the Accuracy and Parallelism of GPGPU-Powered Incremental Clustering Algorithms

Incremental clustering algorithms play a vital role in various applications such as massive data analysis and real-time data processing. Typical application scenarios of incremental clustering raise high demand on computing power of the hardware platform. Parallel computing is a common solution to meet this demand. Moreover, General Purpose Graphic Processing Unit (GPGPU) is a promising parallel computing device. Nevertheless, the incremental clustering algorithm is facing a dilemma between clustering accuracy and parallelism when they are powered by GPGPU. We formally analyzed the cause of this dilemma. First, we formalized concepts relevant to incremental clustering like evolving granularity. Second, we formally proved two theorems. The first theorem proves the relation between clustering accuracy and evolving granularity. Additionally, this theorem analyzes the upper and lower bounds of different-to-same mis-affiliation. Fewer occurrences of such mis-affiliation mean higher accuracy. The second theorem reveals the relation between parallelism and evolving granularity. Smaller work-depth means superior parallelism. Through the proofs, we conclude that accuracy of an incremental clustering algorithm is negatively related to evolving granularity while parallelism is positively related to the granularity. Thus the contradictory relations cause the dilemma. Finally, we validated the relations through a demo algorithm. Experiment results verified theoretical conclusions.
Specific clinical and brain MRI features in mentally retarded patients with mutations in the Oligophrenin‐1 gene

Oligophrenin‐1 (OPHN‐1) gene disruption is known as responsible for so called “non‐specific” X‐linked mental retardation (MR) Billuart et al. [1998: Nature 392:923–926]. In order to search for a possible specific clinical and radiological profile for mutation in the OPHN‐1 gene, clinical and 3D brain MRI studies were performed in the two families with a known mutation in OPHN‐1 reported so far: a 19‐year‐old female with an X;12 balanced translocation encompassing OPHN‐1, and four affected males of family MRX60 sharing a frameshift mutation in OPHN‐1. Clinical data shared by affected individuals were neonatal hypotonia with motor delay but no obvious ataxia, marked strabismus, early onset complex partial seizures, and moderate to severe MR. Brain MRIs performed in three individuals exhibited a specific vermian dysgenesis including an incomplete sulcation of anterior and posterior vermis with the most prominent defect in lobules VI and VII. In addition, a non‐specific cerebral cortico‐subcortical atrophy was also observed. These clinical and radiological features suggest a distinct clinico‐radiological syndrome. These preliminary data need to be confirmed in other families and will be helpful for further targeted mutation screening of the OPHN‐1 gene in male patients with similar clinico‐radiological features. In addition, OPHN‐1 inactivation should be considered as a relevant model of developmental vermis disorganization, leading to a better understanding of the possible role of the cerebellum in MR. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prospective evaluation of effects of broad-spectrum antibiotics on gastrointestinal yeast colonization of humans

This study evaluated the effects of broad-spectrum antibiotics on the gastrointestinal (G.I.) yeast flora of humans and correlated the findings with those obtained from a mouse model of G.I. colonization by Candida albicans. We prospectively studied 46 adult cancer patients who received one of five broad-spectrum antibiotics (ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, imipenem-cilastatin, and aztreonam) as therapy for infections. Quantitative examination of yeast colonization of stools was conducted at the baseline, at the end of antibiotic treatment, and 1 week after discontinuation of therapy. Antibiotics with anaerobic activity (ticarcillin-clavulanic acid) or high G.I. concentrations (ceftriaxone) caused a higher and more sustained increase in G.I. colonization by yeasts than did antibiotics with poor anaerobic activity (ceftazidime and aztreonam) or a low G.I. concentration (imipenem-cilastatin). These results were similar to those obtained with a mouse model of G.I. colonization by C. albicans that involved the same antibiotics. Hence, the mouse model may be useful for evaluation of yeast colonization of the human G.I. tract.
Development and Evaluation of an Emulsified Paraffin Wax Dispenser for Season-Long Mating Disruption of Grapholita molesta in Commercial Peach Orchards

Abstract The University of California at Davis patented the use of emulsified wax to release pheromones for mating disruption. Advantages of these dispensers include low cost, self-adhesion, and biodegradation. We compared the efficacy and practicality of Confuse-OFM, a commercial emulsified wax formulation of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), pheromone with those of CheckMate OFM-F sprayable pheromone and Isomate-M 100 polyethylene tube dispensers in commercial peach (Prunus spp.) orchards. Efficacy was measured with male captures in pheromone-, virgin female-, and liquid attractant-baited bucket traps as well as by noting injury to shoots and fruit. Two applications of Confuse-OFM were as effective as two applications of CheckMate OFM-F and one application of Isomate-M 100. However, Confuse-OFM was tedious to apply and wasted pheromone with an initially high release rate. We developed a new emulsified wax formulation (Wax Dollops) that maintained release rates above a 5 mg/ha/h threshold twice as long as Confuse-OFM in the laboratory. Field trials confirmed that one application of 3-ml dollops (590 dollops per ha) provided season-long (≈15 wk) control equivalent to that of Isomate-M 100 and Confuse-OFM applied as described above. Several applicators were developed for Wax Dollops, including a pneumatic gun that shot dollops >2 m. However, the most efficient method for application was wiping dollops onto tree branches by using a flat-bladed spatula. This research was the basis for a new line of commercial pheromone pest control products equally effective to current commercial formulations but with advantages in cost and flexibility.
Frequency, Location, and Age and Sex Distribution of Various Types of Gastric Polyp

Data on the frequency and location of the various types of gastric polyps are highly inconsistent. In a retrospective analysis of 5515 gastric polyps obtained from 4852 patients in the period between 1969 and 1989, including reexamination of 197 surgical, 1572 polypectomy, and 3746 biopsy specimens, the most frequent types found were Elster's glandular cysts (fundic gland polyps) (47.0%), followed by hyperplasiogenous polyp (28.3%), tubular adenoma (9.0%), adenocarcinoma (7.2%), inflammatory fibroid polyp (3.1%), carcinoid tumor (1.7%), Brunner's gland heterotopia (1.2%), and tubulopapillary adenoma (1.0%). Peutz-Jeghers polyps, juvenile polyps, and pancreatic heterotopia were found in younger patients (mean ages: 33.39 and 45 years, respectively), whereas the age of most patients (66%) with glandular cysts was between 40 and 69 years. Patients with any of the other types of gastric polyps were mostly (55-100%) over 60 years of age at the time of diagnosis. Glandular cysts, hyperplasiogenous polyps, inflammatory fibroid polyps, and carcinoid tumors were significantly more common in women, while all the other polyps were more or less equally distributed between the sexes. Glandular cysts and carcinoid tumors were relatively small (mean diameter 8 mm), and were mostly located in the corpus (100% and 83%, respectively). Medium-sized pancreatic heterotopias, Brunner's gland heterotopias, and inflammatory fibroid polyps (mean sizes 7-10 mm) were usually located in the antrum (100%, 81%, 80%, respectively), while the other polyps had an average size of between 10 and 16 mm and were distributed equally throughout the stomach. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor is associated with better prognosis in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma: Correlation with MET expression

The purpose of this study was to examine the prognostic significance of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF‐1R) expression alone and in relation to the expression of the MET‐ receptor and the MET‐homologous receptor RON, in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL). Tumour samples from patients with cHL (n = 202; median age 37.5 years) were analysed retrospectively for IGF‐R1, MET or RON expression by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays. The median follow‐up time was 3.7 years (range, 0.1–20 years). Twenty‐nine patients (14.3%) expressed IGF‐1R protein in Hodgkin/Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells, which was associated with a better overall survival (OS) (P = 0.036). IGF‐1R expression was closely associated with MET receptor expression and low level of lactate dehydrogenase. In patients with cHL receiving doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine, those expressing IGF‐1R showed a trend towards better OS and event‐free survival than IGF‐1R‐negative patients (P = 0.129 and P = 0.115 respectively), but statistical significance was not reached. This study suggests that IGF‐1R expression could be associated with better clinical outcome in cHL but is significantly associated with the expression of MET receptor.
ATP Synthase Repression in Tobacco Restricts Photosynthetic Electron Transport, CO2 Assimilation, and Plant Growth by Overacidification of the Thylakoid Lumen[OA]

The authors use a transgenic approach to show that a close adjustment of ATP synthase activity to linear electron flux is essential for fine-tuning the proton motive force. If ATP synthase activity is too low, lumen overacidification restricts linear electron flux and initiates photoprotective mechanisms (nonphotochemical quenching) in low light, diminishing the quantum efficiency of CO2 fixation. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants strictly adjust the contents of both ATP synthase and cytochrome b6f complex to the metabolic demand for ATP and NADPH. While the cytochrome b6f complex catalyzes the rate-limiting step of photosynthetic electron flux and thereby controls assimilation, the functional significance of the ATP synthase adjustment is unknown. Here, we reduced ATP synthase accumulation by an antisense approach directed against the essential nuclear-encoded γ-subunit (AtpC) and by the introduction of point mutations into the translation initiation codon of the plastid-encoded atpB gene (encoding the essential β-subunit) via chloroplast transformation. Both strategies yielded transformants with ATP synthase contents ranging from 100 to <10% of wild-type levels. While the accumulation of the components of the linear electron transport chain was largely unaltered, linear electron flux was strongly inhibited due to decreased rates of plastoquinol reoxidation at the cytochrome b6f complex (photosynthetic control). Also, nonphotochemical quenching was triggered at very low light intensities, strongly reducing the quantum efficiency of CO2 fixation. We show evidence that this is due to an increased steady state proton motive force, resulting in strong lumen overacidification, which in turn represses photosynthesis due to photosynthetic control and dissipation of excitation energy in the antenna bed.
Immunohistochemical Characterization of Canine Neuroepithelial Tumors

The expression of cell differentiation and proliferation markers of canine neuroepithelial tumors was examined immunohistochemically to identify the histogenesis of these tumors. Astrocytomas (n = 4) consisted of cells positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nestin and a few cells positive for doublecortin (DCX). Immunoreactive cells for receptor tyrosine kinases (epidermal growth factor receptor and c-erbB2) and their downstream molecules (phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and phospho-Akt) were often detected in astrocytomas, especially in medium- and high-grade tumors. Gliomatosis cerebri (n = 3) consisted of cells positive for ionized calcium–binding adaptor molecule 1 and GFAP, including a minor population of cells positive for nestin, DCX, and beta III tubulin, suggesting their glial differentiation. In choroid plexus tumors (n = 4), most tumor cells were positive for cytokeratins AE1/AE3 and 18, and few were positive for GFAP. The majority of cells of oligodendrogliomas (n = 5) were DCX positive, but the tumors also contained minor populations of cells positive for GFAP, nestin, or beta III tubulin. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs; n = 2) consisted of heterogeneous cell populations, and the tumor cells were positive for nestin, beta III tubulin, and DCX, suggesting glial and neuronal differentiation. The major population of neuroblastoma cells (n = 3) were positive for beta III tubulin and DCX, suggesting single neuronal differentiation. As for antiapoptotic cell death molecules, most tumor cells in the choroid plexus tumors, PNETs, and neuroblastomas were intensely positive for Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, whereas those in gliomatosis cerebri were almost negative. In astrocytomas, Bcl-xL-positive cells predominated over Bcl-2-positive cells, but the opposite was observed in oligodendrogliomas. The immunohistochemical results were analyzed by hierarchical clustering, and the constructed dendrogram clearly indicated a novel position of oligodendrogliomas: the primitive glial and neuronal differentiation.
Common infectious agents in multiple sclerosis: a case—control study in children

Environmental factors, in particular infections, have been linked with the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). The association of Epstein—Barr virus infection with childhood onset of MS has been recently recognized. As other infections characteristically experienced during childhood have not yet been studied in larger cohorts of paediatric MS, we conducted a study on 152 German children with MS (age at onset <16 years) and matched controls in the hope of gaining evidence for their possible aetiological role in MS. Patterns of antibody responses were determined to a range of infections which, in prior studies principally on adult patients, had revealed possible associations with MS. In this study on children the serology of several infections showed associations with MS. In the exceptional case of Chlamydia pneumoniae there was a significantly higher prevalence of IgM antibody but, more typically, as in the case of influenza A, measles, parainfluenza 2, varicella/zoster viruses and particularly to the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) lysate antigen, there were significantly higher concentrations of IgG antibody. Additional investigations, however, make it highly unlikely that a relevant number of children have experienced infections with HSV-2. In general this study supports and emphasizes a complex infectious and immunologic background of MS. Multiple Sclerosis 2008; 14: 136—139. http://msj.sagepub. com