Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distinct features of neurotransmitter systems in the human brain with focus on the galanin system in locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe

Significance For decades rodents have been used to explore normal brain functions and mechanisms underlying brain diseases. Such data often have been the basis in the search for new drugs. In this study we selected chemical markers associated with central noradrenaline and serotonin neurons, key systems in research on and current treatment of depression, and studied their expression with in situ hybridization in postmortem human brains. The results show some distinct species differences between human and rodent noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons which may better inform the development of novel anxiolytic/antidepressant drugs. Using riboprobe in situ hybridization, we studied the localization of the transcripts for the neuropeptide galanin and its receptors (GalR1–R3), tryptophan hydroxylase 2, tyrosine hydroxylase, and nitric oxide synthase as well as the three vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT 1–3) in the locus coeruleus (LC) and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) regions of postmortem human brains. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used also. Galanin and GalR3 mRNA were found in many noradrenergic LC neurons, and GalR3 overlapped with serotonin neurons in the DRN. The qPCR analysis at the LC level ranked the transcripts in the following order in the LC: galanin >> GalR3 >> GalR1 > GalR2; in the DRN the ranking was galanin >> GalR3 >> GalR1 = GalR2. In forebrain regions the ranking was GalR1 > galanin > GalR2. VGLUT1 and -2 were strongly expressed in the pontine nuclei but could not be detected in LC or serotonin neurons. VGLUT2 transcripts were found in very small, nonpigmented cells in the LC and in the lateral and dorsal aspects of the periaqueductal central gray. Nitric oxide synthase was not detected in serotonin neurons. These findings show distinct differences between the human brain and rodents, especially rat, in the distribution of the galanin system and some other transmitter systems. For example, GalR3 seems to be the important galanin receptor in both the human LC and DRN versus GalR1 and -2 in the rodent brain. Such knowledge may be important when considering therapeutic principles and drug development.
Walking the Walk: Selective Hedging and Inside Ownership

Firms commonly engage in a practice known as ‘selective hedging’, i.e. adjusting the timing and size of hedging programs based on market views. In this paper I examine if corporate governance arrangements influence the extent of selective hedging using hand-collected data from the oil and gas industry. I find that selective hedging increases in inside ownership, suggesting that managers hedge more selectively when outside monitoring is weak. It also suggests that managers are confident since they are betting money that is to some extent their own. Selective hedging is associated with lower realized derivative cash flows and lower firm value, however, suggesting that these managers are prone to over-confidence.
Empirical Analysis of Farmers' Drought Risk Perception: Objective Factors, Personal Circumstances, and Social Influence

Drought‐induced water shortage and salinization are a global threat to agricultural production. With climate change, drought risk is expected to increase as drought events are assumed to occur more frequently and to become more severe. The agricultural sector's adaptive capacity largely depends on farmers’ drought risk perceptions. Understanding the formation of farmers’ drought risk perceptions is a prerequisite to designing effective and efficient public drought risk management strategies. Various strands of literature point at different factors shaping individual risk perceptions. Economic theory points at objective risk variables, whereas psychology and sociology identify subjective risk variables. This study investigates and compares the contribution of objective and subjective factors in explaining farmers’ drought risk perception by means of survey data analysis. Data on risk perceptions, farm characteristics, and various other personality traits were collected from farmers located in the southwest Netherlands. From comparing the explanatory power of objective and subjective risk factors in separate models and a full model of risk perception, it can be concluded that farmers’ risk perceptions are shaped by both rational and emotional factors. In a full risk perception model, being located in an area with external water supply, owning fields with salinization issues, cultivating drought‐/salt‐sensitive crops, farm revenue, drought risk experience, and perceived control are significant explanatory variables of farmers’ drought risk perceptions.
hapbin: An Efficient Program for Performing Haplotype-Based Scans for Positive Selection in Large Genomic Datasets

Understanding how the genome is shaped by selective processes forms an integral part of modern biology. However, as genomic datasets continue to grow larger it is becoming increasingly difficult to apply traditional statistics for detecting signatures of selection to these cohorts. There is therefore a pressing need for the development of the next generation of computational and analytical tools for detecting signatures of selection in large genomic datasets. Here, we present hapbin, an efficient multithreaded implementation of extended haplotype homzygosity-based statistics for detecting selection, which is up to 3,400 times faster than the current fastest implementations of these algorithms.
No association between 12 dopaminergic genes and schizophrenia in a large Dutch sample

It has been suggested that genes involved in dopamine neurotransmission contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. However, reported associations of the disorder with genetic markers in dopaminergic genes have yielded inconsistent results. Possible explanations are differences in phenotyping, genetic heterogeneity, low marker informativity, and the use of small sample sizes. Here, we present a two‐stage analysis of 12 dopaminergic genes in a large sample of Dutch schizophrenic patients. To reduce genetic heterogeneity, only patients with at least three Caucasian grandparents of Dutch ancestry were ascertained. An efficient genotyping strategy was used, in which polymorphic microsatellite markers were first screened for association in DNA pools. Promising results were followed up by individual genotyping in an extended sample. The pooled samples consisted of 208 schizophrenic patients and 288 unmatched control individuals. For each of the genes, more than one microsatellite marker was selected where possible, either intragenic or close to the gene. After correcting for multiple testing, significantly different allele frequencies were detected for DRD5 marker D4S615. Subsequently, we individually genotyped this particular marker and another DRD5 marker, as well as a DRD3 marker that could not be analyzed using the pooling strategy. This was done in an extended sample of 282 schizophrenic patients and a control sample of 585 individuals. In this second stage of the study, we found no association between these three markers and schizophrenia. The results of our comprehensive analysis provide no evidence for association between schizophrenia and 12 dopaminergic genes in a large Dutch sample. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of efficiency of waste reverse logistics for recycling

Brazil is an agricultural country with the highest pesticide consumption in the world. Historically, pesticide packaging has not been disposed of properly. A federal law requires the chemical industry to provide proper waste management for pesticide-related products. A reverse logistics program was implemented, which has been hailed a great success. This program was designed to target large rural communities, where economy of scale can take place. Over the last 10 years, the recovery rate has been very poor in most small rural communities. The objective of this study was to analyze the case of this compulsory reverse logistics program for pesticide packaging under the recent Brazilian Waste Management Policy, which enforces recycling as the main waste management solution. This results of this exploratory research indicate that despite its aggregate success, the reverse logistics program is not efficient for small rural communities. It is not possible to use the same logistic strategy for small and large communities. The results also indicate that recycling might not be the optimal solution, especially in developing countries with unsatisfactory recycling infrastructure and large transportation costs. Postponement and speculation strategies could be applied for improving reverse logistics performance. In most compulsory reverse logistics programs, there is no economical solution. Companies should comply with the law by ranking cost-effective alternatives.
The Resolution of Corporate Distress Inside and Outside of the Courtroom

This paper focuses on a theoretical well-worked area in corporate finance which however, lacks (at least) recent empirical evidence, namely the interaction between corporate distress and creditor concentration. We tackle this topic by providing a large sample evidence on the resolution of distress and distressed firms’ debt structure/concentration using a new database of publicly listed U.S. firms. We are able to analyze firms restructuring out-of-court and firms filing for formal bankruptcy procedure between 1999 and 2010. Our results suggest that both workout processes are efficient in generating sufficient information for an optim al liquidation versus reorganization decision thereby sorting efficient from ineffi cient firms. The feasible workout process depends on the concentration structure of debt, i.e. dispersed or concentrated. Financially distressed firms with concentrated debt can restructure out-of-court. Firms with dispersed debt have to undergo a formal bankruptcy procedure due to hold-out issues and thereby incur more distortion to their businesses. However, several Chapter 11 characteristics, such as prepackaging and DIP financing, speed up the procedure and thereby help financially distressed firms to emerge as reorganized from Chapter 11 rather quickly.
Multifocal structure of the T cell – dendritic cell synapse

The structure of immunological synapses formed between murine naive T cells and mature dendritic cells has been subjected to a quantitative analysis. Immunofluorescence images of synapses formed in the absence of antigen show a diffuse synaptic accumulation of CD3 and LFA‐1. In electron microscopy, these antigen‐free synapses present a number of tight appositions (cleft size ∼15 nm), all along the synapse. These tight appositions cover a significantly larger surface fraction of antigen‐dependent synapses. In immunofluorescence, antigen‐dependent synapses show multiple patches of CD3 and LFA‐1 with a variable overlap. A similar distribution is observed for PKCθ and talin. A concentric organization characteristic of prototypical synapses is rarely observed, even when dendritic cells are paralyzed by cytoskeletal poisons. In T–DC synapses, the interaction surface is composed of several tens of submicronic contact spots, with no large‐scale segregation of CD3 and LFA‐1. As a comparison, in T–B synapses, a central cluster of CD3 is frequently observed by immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy reveals a central tight apposition. Our data show that it is inappropriate to consider the concentric structure as a “mature synapse” and multifocal structures as immature.
Variance Risk Premium and Investment Uncertainty

This article documents that variance risk premium decreases investments by the firms. The premium increases the value of waiting to invest in the real-option framework; risky volatility adds to the hedge value of postponing non-recoverable project costs. Empirically, we also find a negative relation between the variance risk premium and the firms' investment. In particular, the relation is more important for investment-grade firms with low historical volatility and high volatility risk premium. In a preliminary analysis, we report a puzzling conservative investment behavior by the investment-grade firms, which only can be addressed by considering the premium.
Effect of phytosterol structure on thermal polymerization of heated soybean oil

This study determined the effect of phytosterol structure, including the degree of unsaturation and the presence of an ethylidene group in the side chain, on the thermal polymerization of heated soybean oil. Indigenous tocopherols and phytosterols were removed from soybean oil by molecular distillation. Pure phytosterols were added back to the stripped soybean oil at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 5 mg/g oil (0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 wt-%). These oils were heated at 180 °C over a period of 8 h, and triacylglycerol dimers and polymers, fatty acid composition, and residual phytosterol content were determined. None of the phytosterols prevented triacylglycerol dimer and polymer formation when used at 0.5 mg/g; however, phytosterols with two or more double bonds, regardless of the presence of an ethylidene group in the side chain, provided slight protection when added at 1 mg/g. Ergosterol addition at 5 mg/g reduced polymer formation by 16-20% compared to the control oil, but at this level none of the other phytosterols provided protection of any practical significance. Thus, under the conditions used for this heating study, the degree of phytosterol unsaturation was more important for its anti-polymerization activity than the presence of an ethylidene group.
Histo‐cytological diagnostic accuracy in lung cancer

The majority of patients with lung cancer are treated on the basis of a diagnosis made from the analysis of a small tumour biopsy or a cytological sample and histotype is becoming a critical variable in clinical workup as it has led to the introduction of newer biologically targeted therapies. Consequently, simply classifying cancers as small cell lung cancers or non‐small cell lung cancers is no longer sufficient.
Interactive brand experience pathways to customer-brand engagement and value co-creation

Purpose The paper aims to address a question posed by Ruth Bolton (2011):“What kinds of interactive experiences lead to favourable customer engagement rates”? Design/methodology/approach Building on the literature, the paper develops different interactive experience pathways for both functional and hedonic brands. Findings The different pathways are developed formally for both brand types. Different facets of brand experience and different facets of interactivity are entailed for each brand type. The models are illustrated with actual brands. Research limitations/implications The study is primarily conceptual and requires empirical testing. The purpose of the paper is to motivate academics to explore the nature of interactive experiences in whatever way they choose. Practical implications The different interactive experience pathways between functional and hedonic brands imply different engagement and co-creation strategies by firms. Generally, a richer set of engagement options are relevant to the hedonic brand. However, using the Domino’s Pizza example, the paper suggests that functional brands can extend their repertoire of engagement tools by borrowing inspiration from the hedonic brands. Social implications There is a major social or community aspect to interactive experiences. Moreover, some of the brands used as examples in the paper, such as Patagonia, have major social or environmental impacts. Originality/value This original research pioneers the discovery and coding of the nature of interactive brand experiences. Hitherto, the domain can be construed as the idiomatic, “elephant in the room”, an important topic but not discussed. The conversation has now begun.
PNEUMONIA IN THE OLDER PATIENT *

It certainly would be desirable, if not exciting, if one could state that pneumonia no longer is “the old man’s final friend. ” I can’t, for those quoted words are true and are likely to remain so for some time to come. In fact, we have not yet learned to prevent the disease, nor to treat it adequately when it is well established. Virtually every patient over 60 with any kind of lingering disease will die of pneumonia. There are, however, a few new facts about the infected lung in the elderly which may help to elucidate some of the problems. Among these are a greater understanding of the aging process in general, a clearer picture of the change in pulmonary functioning after age 60, a recognition of the patterns of pneumonia-causing microbes and their relative virulence, and the advent of some new preparations for the specific therapy of microbial pneumonia. Each of these factors is reviewed briefly in this paper.
Spatiotemporal Patterns and Dispersal of Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Peanut-Cotton Farmscapes

ABSTRACT In the southeast United States, a field of peanuts, Arachis hypogaea L. , is often closely associated with a field of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. The objective of this 4-yr on-farm study was to examine and compare the spatiotemporal patterns and dispersal of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula L. , and the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), in six of these peanut-cotton farmscapes. GS+ Version 9 was used to generate interpolated estimates of stink bug density by inverse distance weighting. Interpolated stink bug population raster maps were constructed using ArcMap Version 9.2. This technique was used to show any change in distribution of stink bugs in the farmscape over time. SADIE (spatial analysis by distance indices) methodology was used to examine spatial aggregation of individual stink bug species and spatial association of the two stink bug species in the individual crops. Altogether, the spatiotemporal analyses for the farmscapes showed that some N. viridula and E. servus nymphs and adults that develop in peanuts disperse into cotton. When these stink bugs disperse from peanuts into cotton, they aggregate in cotton at the interface, or common boundary, of the two crops while feeding on cotton bolls. Therefore, there is a pronounced edge effect observed in the distribution of stink bugs as they colonize the new crop, cotton. The driving force for the spatiotemporal distribution and dispersal of both stink bug species in peanut-cotton farmscapes seems to be availability of food in time and space mitigated by landscape structure. Thus, an understanding of farmscape ecology of stink bugs and their natural enemies is necessary to strategically place, in time and space, biologically based management strategies that control stink bug populations while conserving natural enemies and the environment and reducing off-farm inputs.
Ozone as fungicide in rice grains

A atividade fungiostatica pode, principalmente durante o armazenamento, levar a rapida deterioracao na qualidade nutricional dos graos e reduzir seu aproveitamento e inutilizacao em processo industrial pela contaminacao com toxinas (aflatoxinas entre outras). Dentre as tecnologias apontadas como promissoras no controle desses microrganismos se destaca a ozonizacao. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, determinar a concentracao e o tempo de saturacao do gas ozonio em graos de arroz e definir o tempo de ozonizacao eficaz na desinfeccao de fungos e leveduras. Graos de arroz (14,3% b.u.) foram inoculados com Penicillium spp. e Aspergillus spp. e posteriormente sua ozonizacao foi realizada na concentracao de 10,13 mg L-1, em fluxo continuo de 1,0 L min -1, em cinco periodos de exposicao (12, 24, 36, 48 e 60 h). A concentracao e o tempo de saturacao do gas ozonio nos graos de arroz foram de 5 mg L-1 e 13,97 min, respectivamente. Observou-se reducao em 3,8 ciclos log (100%) na contagem de leveduras e completa inibicao para os fungos dos generos Aspergillus e Penicillium nos graos ozonizados.
Expected Returns and Risk in the Stock Market

We present new evidence on the predictability of aggregate market returns by developing two new prediction models, one risk-based, and the other purely statistical. The pricing kernel model expresses the expected return as the covariance of the market return with a pricing kernel that is a linear function of portfolio returns. The discount rate model predicts the expected return directly as a function of weighted past portfolio returns. These models provide independent evidence of predictability, with R2 of 16-19% for 1-year returns. We show that innovations in the pricing kernel are associated with the cash flow component of the market return.
Risedronate does not Enhance Fixation or BMD in Revision Cups: Randomised Study with Three Years follow-up

Background Bisphosphonates may improve implant fixation by inhibition of bone resorption and stimulation of osteoblasts by up regulation of BMP-2. However, there are few clinical studies in this area. Questions/purpose Does treatment with oral bisphosphonates improve implant fixation and bone remodelling around the acetabular component after revision arthroplasty with or without use of morselised allograft? Patients and methods Fifty-three patients received university pharmacy blinded medication for three months: 5 mg risedronate or placebo one dosage and 1 g calcium carbonate and 800IE cholecalciferol per day. Forty-one patients were operated upon with revision of the cup. The revisions were performed with an uncemented (Trilogy, Zimmer, Warsaw, USA) or a cemented (Ogee, Depuy Int, England) cup. Radiostereometric analysis was obtained within one week after the operation, at three and six months, and after one, two and three years to study cup migration. Bone mineral density was measured postoperatively, at six months, one and two years, using DEXA. The presence and extension of radiolucent lines and graft remodelling were studied on conventional radiography. Results The risendronate group revealed less anterior-posterior rotation at 6 months. We found no significant differences in migration at three years, change in bone mineral density, or graft remodelling and radiolucent lines formation between groups. Conclusions We could not demonstrate any beneficial effects of oral administration of risedronate on the fixation, bone mineral density or bone remodelling of revision cups using various amount of bone graft.
Agency Cost of CEO Perquisite in the Bank Loan Contracts

This study investigates whether CEO perquisite of borrowing firms plays any significant role, both in terms of price and non-price settings, in financial contracts and reveals that lending banks demand significantly higher return (spread), more collateral, and stricter covenants from firms with higher CEO perks. These results hold after adjusting for CEO attributes, compensation schemes, and corporate governance of the borrowing firm. Therefore this study draws the conclusion that banks consider CEO perquisite as one type of agency cost when they make the lending decisions.
Ten Years after Pneumonectomy for Carcinoma

Martin Roth, Dr. Peter Sainsbury, Dr. William Sargant, Dr. Michael Shepherd, Dr. Eliot Slater, Dr. J. M. Tanner, Dr. J. K. Wing, and Dr. Marthe Vogt for their kindly and enlightening instruction. I must, of course, thank the Mental Health Research Fund for inviting me to give this first annual lecture; in doing so, I should like to pay a tribute to the remarkable achievements of the Fund in its first ten years, not least in stimulating our collective conscience to the need for psychiatric research. REFERENCES Fraser, R. (1947). Rep. industr. Hith Res. Bd, No. 90. H.M.S.O. , London. Harris, H. , and Whittaker, M. (1962). Ciba Foundation Symposium on Enzymes and Drug Action, p. 301. Churchill, London. Kalow, W. , and Genest, K. (1957). Canad. J. Biochem. , 35, 339. Lejeune, J., Turpin, R. , and Gautier, M. (1959). Ann. G6ndt. , 1, 41. Moorhead, P. S. , Nowell, P. C. , Mellman, W. J., Battips, D. M. , and Hungerford, D. A. (1960). Exp. Cell Res., 20, 613.