Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of Domain-General Abilities and Prior Division Competence on Fifth-Graders’ Fraction Understanding

The present study analyzed the relationship between domain-general abilities and fraction knowledge in fifth grade, and investigated the mediating role of division competence in that relationship. Children (n = 175) were assessed in fourth grade on domain-general abilities (selective attention, working memory, fluid intelligence) and on division competence; and in fifth grade on fraction conceptual knowledge. Mediation analyses revealed that domain general abilities were direct predictors of fraction concepts, and division competence mediates the 32% of the effect of working memory and the 17% of the effect of intelligence on fraction knowledge. These findings support the assumptions of those theoretical models of numerical cognition that proposed a central role of general cognitive abilities for mathematics learning and indicate that there are distinct pathways from general cognitive abilities to fraction conceptual knowledge.
Forex Market Prediction Using Multi Discrete Hidden Markov Models

- This paper proposes a new Hidden Markov Model (HMM) approach to pattern discovery using MACD and RSI technical indicators to assist in the HMM forecast. This approach uses three discrete HMMs (DHMM) each of which is trained with different windows size. Having been trained differently, each HMM has a different sensibility to direction variations in the financial time series. With the assistance of the above technical indicators is possible to adapt each of the three different HMM to the market behavior. That is, whenever the indicators suggest a possible change in the market trend the developed approach will use the most sensitive HMM to quickly adapt and predict accordingly to this new trend. The developed approach was tested using FOREX EUR/USD historical data from 2002 to 2013 and is performed a sum of pips to assess the revenue of using the proposed strategy over the 12 years period.
Freshwater river diversions for marsh restoration in Louisiana: Twenty‐six years of changing vegetative cover and marsh area

The restoration of Louisiana's coastal wetlands will be one of the largest, most costly and longest environmental remediation projects undertaken. We use Landsat data to show that freshwater diversions, a major restoration strategy, have not increased vegetation and marsh coverage in three freshwater diversions operating for ∼19 years. Two analytic methods indicate no significant changes in either relative vegetation or overall marsh area from 1984 to 2005 in zones closest to diversion inlets. After Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, these zones sustained dramatic and enduring losses in vegetation and overall marsh area, whereas the changes in similar marshes of the adjacent reference sites were relatively moderate and short‐lived. We suggest that this vulnerability to storm damage reflects the introduction of nutrients in the freshwater diversions (that add insignificant amounts of additional sediments), which promotes poor rhizome and root growth in marshes where below‐ground biomass historically played the dominant role in vertical accretion.
Attachment Representations and Maternal Sensitivity in Low Socioeconomic Status Mothers

According to attachment theory, mental representations are defined as dynamic cognitive guides that organize both perceptual and behavioral aspects of the self, attachment figure, and relationships with others. Based on this assumption, several studies had reported a relationship between attachment representations and the quality of care provided by mothers to their infants. This study explored on the relationship between maternal attachment representations, assessed by a narrative script task, and the quality of maternal care observed at home. Participants were 32 mothers between 19 and 44 years of age (M = 29.6, SD = 6.28) and their children between 8 and 10 months (M = 8.91, SD = 0.96). The results did not show a significant relationship between global scores of participants’ observed care (i.e., maternal sensitivity) and their attachment representations. However, a specific association was found between two dimensions of sensitivity (acceptance and active/animated interactions) and the narrative script that refers to a child’s physical injury event. Additionally, mothers who reported early separation experiences with their children showed a significant association between sensitivity and attachment representations on mother-child scripts. Moreover, these mothers showed lower scores on global sensitivity and on specific behavioral care dimensions, such as sensitive response and acceptance to child’s signals, than those of mothers that did not report separations early in their children’ lives.
Preface to third edition

In going from the previous edition to this third edition, we have made many significant changes. A new chapter, “Biological Systems: Transport of Heat, Mass, and Electric Charge,” has been added. To make room for this new material, Chapter 8, “Machine Design,” of the previous edition has been removed. In Chapter 1,“Introduction,” more details on the setup of user preferences and the use of the MATLAB editor are provided, and the number of exercises has been significantly increased. Also, the Symbolic toolbox has been moved to this chapter. In Chapter 5, “Function Creation and Selected MATLAB Functions,” the section dealing with the differential equation solvers now includes the delay differential equations solver (dde23) and the one-dimensional parabolic–elliptic partial differential equations solver (pdepe). In addition, the range of examples for the ordinary differential equations solver bvp4c has been expanded to better illustrate its wide applicability. Chapter 6, “2D Graphics,” contains twice the number of special-purpose graph functions, more material on the enhancement of graphs, and several new examples replacing those used in the second edition. Chapter 9,“Vibrations,” has been extensively revised and expanded to include a wider range of applications. Chapter 13 “Optimization,” has also been expanded to demonstrate the use of the new Genetic Algorithm and Direct Search toolbox. Overall, the book has been “refreshed” to reflect the authors’ collective experiences with MATLAB, to introduce the new enhancements that are available in the MATLAB editor, and to include some of the new functions that have been introduced since the last edition. Overall, the examples, exercises, and MATLAB functions presented in the book have been increased by more than 25%. The book now contains 190 numbered examples, almost 300 exercises, and more than 375 MATLAB functions that are illustrated. The programs in this edition have been run on Version 2009a.
Fe-Ti oxidesilicate equilibria: Assemblages with fayalitic olivine

abbreviated QUIIF. For pure fayalite the QUIIF assemblage in equilibrium with metallic Fe is isobarically invariant, falling at 1058 + 3 "C and logf, : -14.7 + 0.1 at l-bar pressure. With increasing/o, metallic Fe is lost, and the assemblage becomes isobarically univariant, the ulvdspinel and ilmenite gaining FerOo and FerOr, respectively. The QUIIF assemblage is stable at 942 + l0 "C and l0-'a bars fo, (WM buffer, I bar); at lower temperatures it becomes asymptotic to the FMQ buffer curve. The univariant equilibrium can be expressed by the relation ln Kq,r,,. :3827/T 2.868 + 0.0280(P l)/T (Tin kelvins, P in bars; Kquur : lalr^ar""l/1a'z"."a*"]). Above QUIIF, fayalite and ilmenite are not both stable with titanomagnetite and quartz; below QUIIF, qtrartz and titanomagnetite are not both stable with fayalite and ilmenite. Because QUIIF contains the subassemblage titanomagnetite and ilmenite, it provides redundant information on the temperature and 6, of formation if the presssure can be estimated to within l-2 kbar. If the olivine is not pure FerSiOo, displacement of QUIIF can be calculated by use of a solution model for olivine. Furthermore, if either fayalitic olivine or quartz is absent from the assemblage, QUIIF can be used to calculate the activity of the corresponding component-provided that pressure is known and that the primary compositions of the oxides can be determined. Likewise, if titanomagnetite or ilmenite is missing, QUIIF provides an estimate of a. "roo of aFe2o3. The crystallization of a number of volcanic and plutonic rocks appears to have been controlled by the QUIIF equilibrium, with the oxide assemblages broadly reflecting the silica activity. Those fayalite-bearing rocks that contain ilmenite as the sole oxide are invariably silica-saturated; those with ilmenite and titanomagnetite may be either saturated or undersaturated with respect to silica; and most of those with only titanomagnetite are strongly undersaturated and commonly contain nepheline. The QUIIF equilibrium also adds important constraints to geothermometry. It decreases by an order of magnitude the uncertainty in the two-oxide thermometer that results from precision of analysis; it allows one to estimate oxygen fugacity in rocks where the oxides have re-equilibrated; and even in cases for which no textural evidence remains, it can show the extent to which FeTi oxides have re-equilibrated and indicates what the original compositions must have been.
Monophyly of the Falconiformes Based on Syringeal Morphology

ABSTRACr. -The systematic relationships of the diurnal birds of prey (Falconiformes) are unresolved. The monophyly of the order has not been established, and the relationships of the families within the order and of genera within the three polytypic families are unclear. To derive a phylogeny for the order and to assess the usefulness of the syrinx for resolving the systematics of nonpasserines, I analyzed variation in syringeal morphology of genera within each of the currently recognized families in the order as well as among four orders of outgroups. The phylogeny derived from these syringeal data supports the monophyly of the Falconiformes. In addition, syringeal data provide strong support for the monophyly of three clades within the Falconiformes: the Cathartidae; the Falconidae; and an AccipitrinaeSagittariidae-Pandioninae cluster. The Cathartidae are positioned as basal to the other two clades. Overall results indicate that syringeal morphology is conservative, with most of the informative variation occurring at higher systematic levels. Received 10 May 1993, accepted 24 October 1993.
Influence of upwelling and tropical environments on the breeding development of the intertidal barnacle Tetraclita stalactifera (Lamarck, 1818)

Cabo Frio, with its unique oceanographic conditions, is an important biogeographical transitional region between tropical and sub-tropical waters. This is due to the presence of upwelling from the Central Water of the South Atlantic (CWSA), and the presence of tropical waters from the Brazilian Current (BC) and Coastal Water (CW). The intertidal barnacle, Tetraclita stalactifera, and its brooding stages were analyzed to correlate environmental conditions with reproductive development. Two thermal contrasting sites were chosen: Ponta da Cabeca (PC), which is under the influence of seasonal upwelling, and Ponta da Fortaleza (PF) which experiences tropical influences. At each site, T. stalactifera specimens were collected monthly and their egg lamellae conditions classified into stages from 0 (empty) to IV (ready to release). Our results show a seasonal effect on brooding at the PC site and a continuous development at the PF site. Nauplii larval availability also followed this trend. Differences between the sites could be due to ecological differences related to water temperature and the ecological-physiological response of the barnacles to these differences.
Using GPS and geo‐narratives: a methodological approach for understanding and situating everyday green space encounters

This methods paper contributes to the recent proliferation of methodological innovation aimed at nurturing research encounters and exchanges that facilitate in-depth insights into people's everyday practices and routine place encounters. By drawing on the experiences of an interpretive study seeking to situate people's green space wellbeing practices within their daily lives, we suggest value in using personalised maps – produced using participant accelerometer (physical activity) and Global Positioning System (GPS) data – alongside in-depth and mobile ‘go-along’ qualitative interview approaches. After introducing the study and the methods adopted, the paper discusses three opportunities offered by this mixed method approach to contribute a more nuanced, contextualised understanding of participants' green space experiences. These include: (a) the benefits of engaging participants in the interpretation of their own practices; (b) the value of using maps to provide a visual aid to discussion about the importance of participants' routine, often pre-reflective practices; and (c) the production of a layered appreciation of participants' local green and blue space wellbeing experiences. Used in combination, such methods have the potential to provide a more comprehensive picture of how current green space experiences, be they infrequent and meaningful, or more routine and habitual, are shaped by everyday individual agency, life circumstances and past place experiences.
Health Risk Assessment of Natural Background Radiation in Residents of Khorramabad, Iran

Introduction Radioactive materials naturally exist in the world. Indeed, approximately 82% of human-absorbed radiation doses, which are out of human control, arise from natural sources of radiation including cosmic, terrestrial, and exposure through inhalation or ingestion. Thus, the aim of the present study was to estimate health risk, as well as the effective and organ doses from naturally occurring background radiation in residents living in the vicinity of Khorramabad, Iran. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out in Khorramabad, Iran. The measurements were performed using Geiger-Muller detector (RDS-110) during daylight from April to June, 2015. The natural gamma radiation measurements were made both indoor and outdoor across five regions of Khorramabad (north, south, west, east, and center). Results The estimated mean absorbed dose rate in outdoor and indoor zones were 0.09±0.024 and 0.117±0.032 mSvy-1, respectively. Additionally, the mean annual effective dose was calculated as 0.69±0.19 mSvy-1, while the estimated health risk probability was 0.0345%. Conclusion The average annual effective dose arising from gamma background radiation was higher than global values. Therefore, more studies are required to examine the relationship between radiation-induced effects and the natural background radiation level in Khorramabad.
Delivery of toxic bait in clusters: a modified technique for aerial poisoning of small mammal pests

Sowing 1080 baits for vertebrate pest control in clusters, rather than evenly, could potentially reduce toxin use. We developed a new technique for aerial delivery of 1080 baits in clusters and, in a set of four trials, compared its efficacy in controlling pests against conventional aerial broadcast baiting. In an initial trial where non-toxic prefeeding was not used (Molesworth Station, North Canterbury) we confirmed that aerial delivery of bait clusters is technically feasible and operationally practical. The reductions in possum activity indices achieved with cluster sowing (98.4%) were similar to those achieved with broadcasting sowing (97.8%), despite using 60% less 1080 bait (1 kg ha -1 ). Comparable efficacy against possums was also recorded in the Landsborough Valley, Westland, where aligned prefeeding and an even lower sowing rate of toxic bait were used (0.25 kg ha -1 ). In a third trial (Isolated Hill, Marlborough) the same cluster-sowing approach resulted in large reductions in possum and rat activity indices, but the possum reductions were more spatially variable than with broadcast baiting. At Maruia, Westland, near-total reductions in possum and rat activity were recorded with both broadcast and cluster sowing, even when there was a longer than usual interval (>30 days) between the aligned prefeeding and cluster baiting, and even when a wide (150 m) helicopter-flight-path spacing was used to reduce the cluster sowing rate of toxic bait to just 0.17 kg ha -1 (92% lower than the broadcast sowing rate used). These trials suggest that cluster baiting at lower-than-usual sowing rates could lower operational costs, and substantially reduce toxin usage, while maintaining high control efficacy against rats and possums in most cases. Reduced use of toxin might go some way to allaying public concerns over 1080 usage. Further operational testing is required to refine aerial cluster baiting and to identify the optimal balance between lowering costs and toxin use yet consistently achieving high control efficacy .
Normal Values of Myocardial Blood Flow and Myocardial Flow Reserve Evaluated by 3-Dimensional Dynamic PET/CT

Purpose: For quantitation of myocardial blood flow (MBF), 2-dimensional (2D) 13N-ammonia PET has been utilized. However, most of recent PET systems operate only 3-dimensional (3D) mode, and there are no reports about normal value of MBF measured by 3D PET/CT system. In this study, we evaluated normal values of MBF and myocardial flow reserve (MFR) with 13N-ammonia by using 3D PET/CT system. Comparisons of values between the present study and previously reports with 2D PET systems were carried out.
Analysis of secondary phases precipitation in duplex stainless steels

SUMMARY: The austenitic-ferritic microstructure gives to duplex stainless steels (DSS) a good combination of mechanical and corrosion properties, at a competitive cost. A typical property of DSS is the high pitting resistance that makes them suitable for structural application in very aggressive environments. However the use of DSS is limited by their susceptibility to the formation of dangerous intermetallic phases resulting in detrimental effects on impact toughness and corrosion resistance. This precipitation has received considerable attention and different precipitation sequences (σ-phase, χ-phase and carbides) have been suggested. In this paper, a summary of the investigations concerning the formation of secondary phases, and a comparison among the most common techniques of analysis, are presented. The precipitations have been examined during continuous cooling and isothermal treatments to define times and sequences.
Turnaround Strategies in Established Small Family Firms

This study employs a case-study approach to identify unique characteristics of established small family firms that affect their ability to initiate turnaround strategies when encountering an organizational crisis. In our case studies, we found evidence for family firms employing the standard strategies of top-management changes, infusion of external management expertise, and retrenchment that have been proposed in the general turnaround literature. The implementation of these strategies was, however, moderated by eight characteristics generally associated with family firms, including strong ties to the family firm, internal orientation, altruistic motives, and long-term goal orientation. The introduced framework contributes to a more fine-grained understanding of the turnaround challenges of established family firms and how they can be addressed. This is a topic of substantial practitioner interest considering the high failure rates of family firms.
The role of chlorine in tropospheric chemistry

Abstract. We present a comprehensive simulation of tropospheric chlorine within the GEOS-Chem global 3-D model of oxidant-aerosol-halogen atmospheric chemistry. The simulation includes explicit accounting of chloride mobilization from sea-salt aerosol by acid displacement of HCl and by other heterogeneous processes. Additional sources of tropospheric chlorine (combustion, organochlorines, transport from stratosphere) are small in comparison. Reactive gas-phase chlorine Cl*, including Cl, ClO, Cl2, BrCl, ICl, HOCl, ClNO3, ClNO2, and minor species, is produced by the HCl + OH reaction and by heterogeneous conversion of sea-salt aerosol chloride to BrCl, ClNO2, Cl2, and ICl. The model simulates successfully the observed mixing ratios of HCl in marine air (highest at northern mid-latitudes) and the associated HNO3 decrease from acid displacement. It captures the high ClNO2 mixing ratios observed in continental surface air at night with chlorine of sea salt origin transported inland as HCl and fine aerosol. It simulates successfully the vertical profiles of HCl measured from aircraft, where enhancements in the continental boundary layer can again be explained by transport inland of the marine source. It does not reproduce the boundary layer Cl2 mixing ratios measured in the WINTER aircraft campaign (1–5 ppt in the daytime, low at night); the model is too high at night compared to WINTER observations, which could be due to uncertainty in the rate of the ClNO2 + Cl− reaction, but we have no explanation for the daytime observations. The global mean tropospheric concentration of Cl atoms in the model is 620 cm−3 and contributes 1.0 % of the global oxidation of methane, 20 % of ethane, 14 % of propane, and 4 % of methanol. Chlorine chemistry increases global mean tropospheric BrO by 85 %, mainly through the HOBr + Cl− reaction, and decreases global burdens of tropospheric ozone by 7 % and OH by 3 % through the associated bromine radical chemistry. ClNO2 chemistry drives increases in ozone of up to 8 ppb over polluted continents in winter.
Glutathione related disorders: do seaweeds have potential for cure?

Research on glutathione metabolism has largerly contributed to the advancement of varied disciplines of science over the past century. This ubiquitous wonder molecule distributed in plants animals and microbes has a plethora of functions essential for antioxidant defense, redox balance and cellular regulation to name a few. Dysregulation of glutathione homeostasis and metabolism results in a number of human diseases, including cancer, ageing related disorders, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, metabolic as well as liver diseases. Numerous therapeutic drugs have shown adverse health effects. Amidst the chaos a natural source of Glutathione may be regarded as a ray of hope towards successful management of glutathione related disorders. Seaweeds are rich in bioactive compounds which have important pharmaceutical and biomedical values. Seaweeds specifically grow in inter-tidal zones and deep sea coast lines and are thus exposed to constant variation in their habitat in terms of changing oxygen level due to tides, season, temperature, photoperiod and salinity. Thus they are better adapted to environmental stress which is one of the factors leading to oxidative stress and thus presumed to have better antioxidative defense. While humans have taken limited advantage of natural populations of seaweeds for centuries, it is in recent years that we have come to realize the potential of seaweeds. Seaweeds have the potential to produce a vast array of products ranging from foodstuffs, industrial chemicals to compounds with therapeutic and bioremediation activity virtually from a untapped source. They are also reported to have natural assemblages of glutathione. Thus, the demand of the day is to extract the naturally occurring glutathione and formulate it as a drug (keeping in view its low bioavailability and transient cellular transport) which would act as a promising cure for a variety of disorders.