Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Risk of Drowning: The "Iceberg Phenomenon" Re-visited

swimming (98%) or other aquatic activity (94%), and more than one third (37%) reported having had a life-threatening submersion experience. Significantly more females had experienced such an incident (females 41%, males 34%). For one third of youth (30%), the experience had made them more cautious around water, but most (66%) reported no aversive effect. The author discusses the value of the iceberg phenomenon as a visual metaphor of the risk of drowning and its implications on the education of young people. Fatal and nonfatal drowning statistics are often used in drowning prevention advocacy as indicators of the magnitude of the problem and its cost to society. Globally in 2004, 175,000 children under the age of 20 years drowned and, for children under the age of 14 years, WHO global annual estimates for nonfatal drowning range from two and three million (World Health Organisation, 2008). It has been estimated that for each fatal drowning, between one and four nonfatal events are serious enough to warrant hospitalization (Meyer, Theodorou, & Berg, 2006). The true extent of submersion incidents that may precipitate or constitute a drowning episode is probably much higher than estimates based on mortality and morbidity alone. While the WHO recommends that outcomes of submersion injury be classified as death, morbidity, and no morbidity (Van Beeck, Branche, Szpilman, Modell, & Bierens, 2005), little is known about the latter category, those who experience a life-threatening drowning incident but who are not hospitalized or who are released from medical care before becoming a public health statistic. Some evidence of the extent of no-morbidity submersion injury is available from rescue statistics. For example, Szpilman (1997) reported that 94% of surf rescue victims requiring medical treatment postrescue were released directly from the site after initial medical
The Location of Cross-Border Mergers & Acquisitions in the USA

The research on the location choice for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is traditionally restricted to a choice between countries. The within-country location choice is less prominent in the literature. If within-country location decisions are considered it is mostly limited to Greenfield investments. The vast majority of FDI, however, takes place in the form of cross-border Mergers & Acquisitions (M&As), and for this form of FDI (empirical) research on location choice within countries has been neglected. In this paper we analyze the within country location-target selection of M&As in the USA. By introducing location choice, and applying the consequences of super-modularity of the model we estimate the within country location choice of (cross-border) M&As. Using a detailed firm level data set for all manufacturing sector M&As across the USA for the period 1985-2012, we compare location choices of cross-border M&As to that of national M&As. We find that: cross-border M&As are more spatially concentrated than national M&As, that cross-border M&As sort into larger agglomerations across the USA than national M&As, and that for both forms of M&As location specific market access in the USA as well as access to the rest of the world (through transport hubs) are key drivers for target selection.
The Imposter Phenomenon and Anxiety among Pre-Service TESOL Teachers

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate anxiety, preparedness and attitudes of pre-service TESOL teachers participating in a Health Literacy Learning program. More specifically the study analyzed the Imposter Phenomenon (IP) and Teacher Anxiety (TchA). Data were gathered using the NSST Imposter Scale, and the Teacher Anxiety Scale. Participants consisted of 15 pre-service TESOL teachers (12 females, 3 males). Results revealed significant differences in examining the influence of IP on confidence about teaching competence t(13) =2.91, p=. 01, and marginally significant results when examining the influence of IP on anxiety about lesson presentation t(13) =1.04 p=. 05. No significant results were found in influences of gender on IP or anxiety, or level of experience on anxiety, p =ns. Future research should examine IP and anxiety among teachers in general, as well as gender differences. Additionally differences among TESOL instructors and general K-12 teachers. 3 THE IMPOSTER PHENOMENON AND ANXIETY
Brand Equity, Efficiency and Valuation of Professional Sports Franchises: The Case of Major League Baseball

Values of professional sports franchises have outpaced even investment returns in recent bull markets. Financial World found the value of professional teams like the Dallas Cowboys, Miami Dolphins and the NY Yankees to exceed $200 million each. In 1996, the average estimated value of Major League Baseball (MLB) teams was $134 million, and most showed double-digit growth in value, although 13 of the 26 teams were in the red. Our research proposes a model to determine the value of a professional sports franchise, by treating the franchise as a brand whose value is enhanced by its key attributes. This approach is appropriate because each franchise represents a single brand firm. Our model takes into account equity enhancing factors like the franchise longevity, historical performance, the number of marquee/award-winning roster players, and market factors such as market size, competition and franchise efficiency. We determine the extent to which a franchise is managed efficiently with respect to inputs like investments in players (player costs) and outputs such as franchise revenue and team performance (win-loss ratio). Using data from 1990-1995 to illustrate our model, we are able to determine (1) the brand equity of MLB franchises, (2) how efficiently each team is managed, and (3) the contribution of marketing factors like brand equity, market size, competition, as well as efficiency, to franchise value. While this paper focuses on MBL, the methodology can easily be extended to other professional sports.
Effects of Replacing Corn with Brown Rice or Brown Rice with Enzyme on Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility in Growing Pigs

A 4 week experiment was designed to study the effects of replacing corn with Chinese brown rice or adding different amylase in brown rice basal diet on growth performance and apparent fecal digestibilities of nutrients in growing pigs. One hundred and eight cross-bred pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Large White), weighing an average of 18.35±0.12 kg, were randomly assigned to 6 treatments with 6 replications per treatment. Diet in treatment 1 was corn-soybean meal basal diet, and in treatment 2, 3 and 4, corn was replaced by brown rice on rates of 33.3%, 66.7% and 100% respectively on the basis of treatment 1. And diets in treatment 5 and 6 were similar to treatment 4 except two kinds of amylases, glucoamylase and α-amylase, were added respectively. The brown rice used in this experiment was husked from one kind of early, long grain, non-glutinous rice (ELGNR, indica rice) in southern China. The results indicated that there was a slight improvement in growth performance of pigs in brown rice treatments (p>0.05). The blood urea nitrogen value in treatment 2 was lower than that in treatment 1 (p 0.05) but not for digestibilities. This experiment shows a positive effect of brown rice on growth performance, especially on nutrient digestibility. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2002. Vol 15, No. 9 : 1334-1340)
Intra-varietal variability in the ‘Chemlali’ variety cultivated in Southeastern Tunisia by ISSR and SSR markers

The olive tree (Olea europaea. L), is a characteristic species of the Mediterranean landscape, this species account numerous varieties that show a wide diversity in their morphology and phenology. The Tunisian olive heritage is also characterized by a rich variety dominated by the presence of two main varieties, Chemlali (Center and South) and Chétoui planted in the North of Tunisia. Various studies of the olive genetic diversity carried out in Tunisia based on molecular or biochemical markers have concerned mainly the different varieties grown in the North and Center of Tunisia. Some varieties have been initiated in the olive cultivated in the South that’s why it is necessary to study the different varieties of olive trees grown mainly in Tunisian south-eastern. This work is aimed to study the genetic variability of intra-varietal olive Chemlali variety collected from different regions of the tunisian south-east, based on molecular markers ISSR and SSR. The detected polymorphism rate is 48.74% and 44.44% respectively. These two markers were found to be very effective in the study of the genetic diversity of these different samples tested. The examination of the two dendrograms obtained with two molecular markers shows the tested samples made genetic affinity groups regardless of their geographic origin.
Estimation of insect infestation dynamics using a temporal sequence of Landsat data Remote Sensing of Environment

The current outbreak of mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae ) in western Canada has been increasing over the past decade and is currently estimated to be impacting 9.2 million hectares, with varying levels of severity. Large area insect monitoring is typically undertaken using manual aerial overview sketch mapping, whereby an interpreter depicts areas of homogenous insect attack conditions onto 1:250,000 or 1:100,000 scale maps. These surveys provide valuable strategic data for management at the provincial scale. The coarse spatial and attribute resolution of these data however, make them inappropriate for ﬁ ne-scale monitoring and operational planning. For instance, it is not possible to estimate the initial timing of attack and year of stand death. In this study, we utilise eight Landsat scenes collected over a 14 year period in north-central British Columbia, Canada, where the infestation has gradually developed both spatially and temporally. After pre-processing and normalising the eight scenes using a relative normalisation procedure, decision tree analysis was applied to classify spectral trajectories of the Normalised Difference Moisture Index (NDMI). From the classi ﬁ ed temporal sequence of images, key parameters were extracted including the presence of beetle disturbance and timing of stand decline. The accuracy of discriminating beetle attack from healthy forest stands was assessed both spatially and temporally using three years of aerial survey data (1996, 2003, and 2004) with results indicating overall classi ﬁ cation accuracies varying between 71 and 86%. As expected, the earliest and least severe attack year (1996), recorded the lowest overall accuracy. The relationship between the timing of stand attack ( i.e. moderate to severe beetle infestation) and NDMI (initial year of detected disturbance) was also explored. The results suggest that there is potential for deriving regional estimates of the year of stand death using Landsat data and decision tree analysis however, a higher temporal frequency of images is required to quantify the timing of mountain pine beetle attack.
Integrated uppermost Campanian–Maastrichtian calcareous nannofossil and foraminiferal biostratigraphic zonation of the northwestern margin of Australia

During the latest Campanian–Maastrichtian the northwestern Australian margin was situated between the cool-water Austral Province to the south and the warm-water Tethyan Province to the north. The transitional nature of calcareous microfossil assemblages on the margin makes application of Tethyan biostratigraphic zonation schemes awkward, as many marker-species are missing or have different ranges. This study presents an integrated uppermost Campanian–Maastrichtian calcareous microfossil zonation based on two Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) holes on the Exmouth Plateau and eight petroleum exploration wells from the Vulcan Sub-basin. The zonation is refined and revised from the previously unpublished KCN (nannofossils), KPF (planktonic foraminifera), KBF (benthonic foraminifera) and KCCM (composite nannofossil and planktonic foraminifera) zonations, which are commonly used for petroleum exploration wells drilled on the northwestern margin. Revision of the zonations has highlighted a major Upper Campanian to lower Upper Maastrichtian disconformity on the Exmouth Plateau, which went largely unnoticed in previous examinations of the ODP material, but had been recorded previously elsewhere on the northwestern margin. The duration of the disconformity in the Vulcan Sub-basin is unclear, since intervals of the succession may be condensed in this area.
Earthquake impacts in old-growth Nothofagus forests in New Zealand

Six stands located on different land forms in mixed old-growth Nothofagus forests in the Matiri Valley (northwest of South Island, New Zealand) were sampled to examine the effects of two recent large earthquakes on tree establishment and tree-ring growth, and how these varied across land forms. 50 trees were cored in each stand to determine age structure and the cores were cross-dated to precisely date unusual periods of radial growth. The 1968 earthquake (M = 7.1, epicentre 35 km from the study area) had no discernible impact on the sampled stands. The impact of the 1929 earthquake (M = 7.7, epicentre 20 km from the study area) varied between stands, depending on whether or not they had been damaged by soil or rock movement. In all stands, the age structures showed a pulse of N. ftisca establishment following the 1929 earthquake, with this species dominating establish- ment in large gaps created by landslides. Smaller gaps, created by branch or tree death, were closed by both N. fusca and N. menziesii. The long period of releases (1929-1945) indicates that direct earthquake damage was not the only cause of tree death, and that many trees died subsequently most likely of pathogen attack or a drought in the early 1930s. The impacts of the 1929 earthquake are compared to a storm in 1905 and a drought in 1974-1978 which also affected forests in the region. Our results confirm that earthquakes are an important factor driving forest dynamics in this tectonically active region, and that the diversity of earthquake impacts is a major source of heterogeneity in forest structure and regeneration.
Generalized type spaces

Ordinary type spaces (Heifetz and Samet, 1998) are essential ingredients of incomplete information games. With ordinary type spaces one can grab the notions of beliefs, belief hierarchies and common prior etc. However, ordinary type spaces cannot handle the notions of finite belief hierarchy and unawareness among others. In this paper we consider a generalization of ordinary type spaces, and introduce the so called generalized type spaces which can grab all notions ordinary type spaces can and more, finite belief hierarchies and unawareness among others. We also demonstrate that the universal generalized type space exists.
Prevalence of Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis in Patients Afflicted with Chronic Back Pain in Babol City, Iran, during 2012 and 2013

Introduction Chronic low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common chronic pains that people pay attention to [1]. Also, it accounts for most referring to clinics and hospitals [2]. Results of studies in the developed countries show that more than 85% of individuals experience back pain during their lifetime [3], that majority of them were treated without recognition analysis at the level of primary treatment services emergency cares and even in most people, this phenomenon was limited itself [4]. Since, principles for back pain do not suggest imaging techniques, and a lumbosacral simple graph will not be helpful in diagnosing the etiology of back pain [5,6]. But about one third of such individuals will be afflicted with chronic back pain that will entail a wide spectrum of inabilities during their lifetime [7]. No definite etiology for chronic LBP is specified in about two third of the individuals [7]. In Iran, there are small numbers of studies in this respect, and results of studies represent high break out of back pain in Iranian population and third grade of chronic LBP in creating load of this disease [8]. Therefore, more comprehensive studies in higher level of treatment services provide possibility of complex imaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and multidirectional X-ray (AP, lateral, oblique) to diagnose the etiology of chronic LBP in approach,
CHALLENGES OF POST-HARVEST RESIDUE MANAGEMENT IN THE LOUISIANA SUGARCANE INDUSTRY

FROM a global perspective, Louisiana's nine-month sugarcane growing season is extremely short. Post-harvest residues can decrease cane yield by 4.5-13.5 tlha. Studies were implemented in the fall of 1998 to identify the reasons for this yield loss and to assess cultural practices that might mitigate against this loss. Soil moisture and temperature were monitored in a replicated study designed to compare the effects of residue removal through bilrniling or mechanical means, versus a non-removal control. Four commercially popular Louisiana sugarcane cultivars were grown with and without residue to determine differences in tolerance to the residue layer. Date and methods of residue removal were also investigated to determine optimal management practices. During winter months, soil temperatures ranged from 8.4 to 26.0°C (mean = 16.8"C) for the non-removal treatment and from 7.6 to 27.3OC (17.5 average) when residues were removed. Soil moisture ranged from 2.0 to 33.3 kPa (mean = 8.0 kPa) for the non-removal treatment compared to 3.4 to 45.0 lcPa (mean = 12.4 lea) when residues were removed. Most varieties responded similarly to residue conditions. Under the nonremoval treatment, sugar yields declined by 0.7 tlha compared to treatments with a Janualy residue reliioval event. The effects of mechanical removal proved similas to burning in terms of yield. Sugar yields declked by 1.2 tlha when residues were burned after January. To avoid yield losses, producers should remove residues in Janua~y through either burning or mechanical means. If residues are removed after January, mechanical methods should be used instead of burning. Increased soil moisture and lower soil temperatures associated with a residue cover appear to be related to sugarcane yield losses in Louisiana where excessive, rather than inadequate, moisture is a limiting factor for growth. Residue removal is pasticularly critical during cold and wet conditions since these environmental factors typically delay the re-emergence of the ratoon crop, which is problematic, given the short Louisiana growing season.
Crises and Hedge Fund Risk

We study the effect of financial crises on hedge fund risk. Using a regime-switching beta model, we separate systematic and idiosyncratic components of hedge fund exposure. The systematic exposure to various risk factors is conditional on market volatility conditions. We find that in the high-volatility regime (when the market is rolling-down and is likely to be in a crisis state) most strategies are negatively and significantly exposed to the Large-Small and Credit Spread risk factors. This suggests that liquidity risk and credit risk are potentially common factors for different hedge fund strategies in the down-state of the market, when volatility is high and returns are very low. We further explore the possibility that all hedge fund strategies exhibit a high volatility regime of the idiosyncratic risk, which could be attributed to contagion among hedge fund strategies. In our sample this event happened only during the Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM) crisis of 1998. Other crises including the recent subprime mortgage crisis affected hedge funds only through systematic risk factors, and did not cause contagion among hedge funds.
Quantitative spectroscopy of Galactic BA-type supergiants I. Atmospheric parameters ,

Context. BA-type supergiants show a high potential as versatile indicators for modern astronomy. This paper constitutes the first in a series that aims at a systematic spectroscopic study of Galactic BA-type supergiants. Various problems will be addressed, including in particular observational constraints on the evolution of massive stars and a determination of abundance gradients in the Milky Way. Aims. The focus here is on the determination of accurate and precise atmospheric parameters for a sample of Galactic BA-type supergiants as prerequisite for all further analysis. Some first applications include a recalibration of functional relationships between spectral-type, intrinsic colours, bolometric corrections and effective temperature, and an exploration of the reddening-free Johnson Q and Stromgren [c1 ]a ndβ-indices as photometric indicators for effective temperatures and gravities of BA-type supergiants. Methods. An extensive grid of theoretical spectra is computed based on a hybrid non-LTE approach, covering the relevant parameter space in effective temperature, surface gravity, helium abundance, microturbulence and elemental abundances. The atmospheric parameters are derived spectroscopically by line-profile fits of our theoretical models to high-resolution and high-S/N spectra obtained at various observatories. Ionization equilibria of multiple metals and the Stark-broadened hydrogen and the neutral helium lines constitute our primary indicators for the parameter determination, supplemented by (spectro-)photometry from the UV to the near-IR. Results. We obtain accurate atmospheric parameters for 35 sample supergiants from a homogeneous analysis. Data on effective temperatures, surface gravities, helium abundances, microturbulence, macroturbulence and rotational velocities are presented. The interstellar reddening and the ratio of total-to-selective extinction towards the stars are determined. Our empirical spectral-type–Teff scale is steeper than reference relations from the literature, the stars are significantly bluer than usually assumed, and bolometric corrections differ significantly from established literature values. Photometric Teff-determinations based on the reddening-free Q-index are found to be of limited use for studies of BA-type supergiants because of large errors of typically ±5% (1σ statistical) ±3% (1σ systematic), compared to a spectroscopically achieved precision of 1−2% (combined statistical and systematic uncertainty with our methodology). The reddening-free [c1]-index and β on the other hand are found to provide useful starting values for high-precision/accuracy analyses, with uncertainties of ±1% ± 2.5% in Teff ,a nd±0.04 ± 0.13 dex in log g (1σ-statistical, 1σ-systematic, respectively).
The interface between research on individual difference variables and teaching practice: The case of cognitive factors and personality

While a substantial body of empirical evidence has been accrued about the role of individual differences in second language acquisition, relatively little is still known about how factors of this kind can mediate the effects of instructional practices as well as how empirically-derived insights can inform foreign language pedagogy, both with respect to shaping certain variables and adjusting instruction to individual learner profiles. The present paper is an attempt to shed light on the interface between research on individual difference factors and teaching practice, focusing upon variables which do not easily lend themselves to external manipulation, namely intelligence, foreign language aptitude, working memory and personality, with the role of the last of these in language learning being admittedly the least obvious. In each case, the main research findings will briefly be outlined, their potential for informing instruction will be considered, and, in the final part, the caveats concerning practical applications of research on the variables in question will be spelled out.