Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Increase in signal-to-noise ratio of > 10,000 times in liquid-state NMR

A method for obtaining strongly polarized nuclear spins in solution has been developed. The method uses low temperature, high magnetic field, and dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) to strongly polarize nuclear spins in the solid state. The solid sample is subsequently dissolved rapidly in a suitable solvent to create a solution of molecules with hyperpolarized nuclear spins. The polarization is performed in a DNP polarizer, consisting of a super-conducting magnet (3.35 T) and a liquid-helium cooled sample space. The sample is irradiated with microwaves at ≈94 GHz. Subsequent to polarization, the sample is dissolved by an injection system inside the DNP magnet. The dissolution process effectively preserves the nuclear polarization. The resulting hyperpolarized liquid sample can be transferred to a high-resolution NMR spectrometer, where an enhanced NMR signal can be acquired, or it may be used as an agent for in vivo imaging or spectroscopy. In this article we describe the use of the method on aqueous solutions of [13C]urea. Polarizations of 37% for 13C and 7.8% for 15N, respectively, were obtained after the dissolution. These polarizations correspond to an enhancement of 44,400 for 13C and 23,500 for 15N, respectively, compared with thermal equilibrium at 9.4 T and room temperature. The method can be used generally for signal enhancement and reduction of measurement time in liquid-state NMR and opens up for a variety of in vitro and in vivo applications of DNP-enhanced NMR.
The Effect of Emotion on Risk Decision Making: A Computer Stimulate

Emotion is an important variable, which affect decision making, but how emotion to affect risk decision making is still unsolved problem. The paper explored the relation emotion and risk decision making by introducing emotion (positive emotion、negative emotion and control group) and Gender ( male and female) variables. The results showed that the main effect of emotion and gender were significant, but the cross effect of emotion and gender is not significant. Emotion and gender play an important role in risk decision making. The individuals with positive emotion were inclined to risk seeking, but the individuals with negative emotion were inclined to risk adverse. Relative to male, female was inclined to risk adverse. Personality difference resulted in gender difference.
The amino acid-fermenting clostridia.

Summary: Representative strains of 30 named species of clostridia were tested for their ability to grow in a semidefined medium containing either 1 % (w/v) glucose or 3 % (w/v) acid-hydrolysed casein as an energy source. Strains from 15 species were selected empirically as amino acid-fermenting types by comparing growth in the two media. After growth in 3 % casein hydrolysate medium the organisms were removed and their amino acid utilization determined by examining the culture supernatants. The organisms were then divided into four main groups. The characteristic features of each group are as follows: group I, the utilization of proline with the production of δ-amino valeric acid; group II, mainly arginine and/or glycine utilized; group III, the utilization of glutamic acid, serine and histidine; group IV, serine and threonine utilized. Possible implications of these findings for the taxonomy of clostridia are discussed.
A Java-Based Direct Monte Carlo Simulation of a Nano-Scale Pulse Detonation Engine

Recently, the Aerospace community has focused much of its effort on the development of micro-air vehicle technology. The treatment of problems at the micro-scale and nano-scale levels has traditionally been difficult, and one of the most challenging aspects of the design of these aircraft is the development of compact propulsion systems for them. Here, the pulse detonation engine is proposed as a means of propulsion for micro-air vehicles and nano-air vehicles and its performance is simulated using a DSMC flow solver. The major problem arising when attempting to implement the pulse detonation engine at such small length scales is the dominance of the wall effects inside the detonation chamber. To alleviate the loss of thrust due to wall effects, an adiabatic wall boundary condition was developed, ultimately affecting a thermodynamic environment that is more favorable for the formation of a detonation wave, while maintaining real-wall viscous effects. The chemistry and physics of the pulse detonation processes are then simulated in order to determine the minimum allowable combustion chamber dimensions to facilitate ample thrust for the micro-air vehicle and nano-air vehicle problems. The code discussed in this paper is written in Java 2 and compiled using both GNU GCJ v.1. 0 and Sun Java Development Kit 1.3. 1. Traditionally, FORTRAN has been used for the solution of scientific problems, but more recently, C and C++ have replaced FORTRAN in some cases. With an increase in computer power, however comes the ability to develop larger software packages, thus spawning the need for a more robust computational tool. The object-oriented structure of Java lends itself very well to the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo flow solver and to particle based flow solvers in general. In particular, the relatively complex particle sorting routine used in G.A. Birdís original DSMC flow solver [1] can be replaced by a much simpler one in an object oriented program environment. Although a similar object oriented environment exits in C++, Javaís intrinsic multi-threading capability, which C++ lacks, makes the problem quite amenable to solution on multiple processors in a shared memory environment without the added complexity of MPI or OpenMP. Furthermore, Javaís graphical capabilities can be particularly useful in monitoring the solution as it is averaged over many ensembles. The trade-off, of course, is a mild performance degradation as compared to FORTRAN and C/C++ on some computer systems. However, the difference in performance is found to be surprisingly small as compared to FORTRAN and, in some cases, Java even outperformed the FORTRAN 90 solution to an identical problem.
Symmetry-Forbidden Resonant Raman Scatt ering in Cu 2 O

We have observed resonant Raman scattering from the two longitudinal branches of the Raman-forbidden ${F}_{1u}$ modes of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O. The agreement between our measured scattering cross section as a function of excitation frequency and a calculated cross section which assumes an intraband Fr\"ohlich electron-phonon interaction is good. This represents a quantitative confirmation of the resonant-Raman-scattering theory proposed by Martin.
Instrumented Measurement of Glenohumeral Joint Laxity and its Relationship to Passive Range of Motion and Generalized Joint Laxity

The purpose of this study was to objectively characterize in vivo glenohumeral joint laxity using an instrumented shoulder arthrometer. Secondary objectives were to examine the relationship of glenohumeral joint laxity with passive range of motion and generalized joint laxity. Fifty-one recreational athletes with no history of shoulder injury or long-term participation in overhead sports participated in this study. Anterior and posterior laxity data were obtained at displacement forces of 67, 89, 111, and 134 N. Bilateral passive shoulder range of motion measures were obtained, and a modified Beighton Mobility Score was used to quantify generalized joint laxity. There were no significant differences in glenohumeral joint laxity between the right and left shoulders (P values 0.14 to 0.73). No significant differences in laxity were seen between directions (F(1,400) 1.35, P 0.25). However, significant differences were observed between force levels (F(3,400) 27.17, P <0.0001). No moderate or stronger correlations between laxity, passive range of motion, and generalized joint laxity were seen. These data confirm the presence of a wide spectrum of symmetric laxity in subjects that fails to correlate strongly with passive range of motion or generalized joint laxity.
Transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor in human pancreatic cancer

Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been reported as an important molecular abnormality in human pancreatic cancer. There is in vitro evidence that simultaneous overproduction of one of its ligands, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF‐alpha), might result in an autocrine loop with an increased proliferation signal. We analysed by immunocytochemical staining a retrospective series of human pancreatic cancers, chronic pancreatitis, and normal fetal and adult pancreatic tissues for the presence of TGF‐alpha and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Ductal epithelial cells showed TGF‐alpha immunoreactivity in both normal tissue and chronic pancreatitis, and 95 per cent of tumours showed strong immunoreactivity. In contrast, EGF immunoreactivity was not found in normal pancreas, but was expressed in 12 per cent of pancreatic carcinomas. Well‐defined areas of EGF immunoreactivity in exocrine ducts showing reactive changes in pancreatitis might represent a benign response to tissue damage similar to that previously described in the gastric mucosa.
Statistical Analysis of Random Telegraph Signal Maximum Transition Amplitudes in an Irradiated CMOS Image Sensor

This paper aims to propose a new approach to model the Dark Current Random Telegraph Signal (DC-RTS) maximum transition distribution in irradiated CMOS Image Sensors (CIS). Based on some outcomes of the Extreme Value Theory (EVT), it can be used to predict this distribution at the end of a given space mission. An example of application of this methodology is presented in detail.
Prevalent Vertebral Fractures in Black Women and White Women

Vertebral fractures are the most common osteoporotic fracture. Hip and clinical fractures are less common in black women, but there is little information on vertebral fractures. We studied 7860 white and 472 black women ≥65 yr of age enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Prevalent vertebral fractures were identified from lateral spine radiographs using vertebral morphometry and defined if any vertebral height ratio was >3 SD below race‐specific means for each vertebral level. Information on risk factors was obtained by questionnaire or examination. Lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck BMD and BMC were measured by DXA. The prevalence of vertebral fractures was 10.6% in black and 19.1% in white women. In age‐adjusted logistic regression models, a 1 SD decrease in femoral neck BMD was associated with 47% increased odds of fracture in black women (OR = 1.47; 95% CI, 1.12–1.94) and 80% increased odds in white women (OR = 1.80; 95% CI, 1.68–1.94; interaction p = 0.14). The overall lower odds of fracture among black women compared with white women was independent of femoral neck BMD and other risk factors (OR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.37–0.72). However, the prevalence of vertebral fractures increased with increasing number of risk factors in both groups. The prevalence of vertebral fractures is lower in black compared with white women but increases with age, low BMD, and number of risk factors.
Perforated pit membranes in imperforate tracheary elements of some angiosperms.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The structure of pit membranes in angiosperms has not been fully examined and our understanding about the structure is incomplete. Therefore, this study aims to illustrate the micromorphology of pit membranes in fibres and tracheids of woody species from various families. METHODS Specimens from ten species from ten genera and eight families were prepared using two techniques and examined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS Interfibre pit membranes with an average diameter of <4 microm were frequently perforated or appeared to be very porous. In contrast, pit membranes in imperforate tracheary elements with distinctly bordered pits and an average diameter of >or=4 microm were homogeneous and densely packed with microfibrils. These differences were observed consistently not only among species but also within a single species in which different types of imperforate tracheary elements were present. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the structure of interfibre pit membranes differs among cell types and the differences are closely associated with the specialization of the fibre cells. It is suggested that perforated pit membranes between specialized fibres contribute to the dehydration of the fibre cells at or soon after maturation.
Identification of wild type and variants of oestrogen receptors in polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leucocytes

Objective Leucocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases. Clinical and epidemiological observations indicate that the sex steroid hormones, particularly oestrogens, may regulate leucocyte functions. The assumption that oestrogens have a direct effect on leucocytes has to be supported by identification of functional oestrogen receptors (ER) in leucocytes. This study aimed at investigating the presence of ER subtypes in different types of leucocytes isolated from peripheral blood of female and male donors.
SOA formation from the photooxidation of α -pinene: systematic exploration of the simulation of chamber data

Abstract. Chemical mechanisms play an important role in simulating the atmospheric chemistry of volatile organic compound oxidation. Comparison of mechanism simulations with laboratory chamber data tests our level of understanding of the prevailing chemistry as well as the dynamic processes occurring in the chamber itself. α-Pinene photooxidation is a well-studied system experimentally, for which detailed chemical mechanisms have been formulated. Here, we present the results of simulating low-NO α-pinene photooxidation experiments conducted in the Caltech chamber with the Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere (GECKO-A) under varying concentrations of seed particles and OH levels. Unexpectedly, experiments conducted at low and high OH levels yield the same secondary organic aerosol (SOA) growth, whereas GECKO-A predicts greater SOA growth under high OH levels. SOA formation in the chamber is a result of a competition among the rates of gas-phase oxidation to low-volatility products, wall deposition of these products, and condensation into the aerosol phase. Various processes – such as photolysis of condensed-phase products, particle-phase dimerization, and peroxy radical autoxidation – are explored to rationalize the observations. In order to explain the observed similar SOA growth at different OH levels, we conclude that vapor wall loss in the Caltech chamber is likely of order 10−5 s−1, consistent with previous experimental measurements in that chamber. We find that GECKO-A tends to overpredict the contribution to SOA of later-generation oxidation products under high-OH conditions. Moreover, we propose that autoxidation may alternatively resolve some or all of the measurement–model discrepancy, but this hypothesis cannot be confirmed until more explicit mechanisms are established for α-pinene autoxidation. The key role of the interplay among oxidation rate, product volatility, and vapor–wall deposition in chamber experiments is illustrated.
A no-reference perceptual blurriness metric based fast super-resolution of still pictures using sparse representation

In recent years, perceptually-driven super-resolution (SR) methods have been proposed to lower computational complexity. Furthermore, sparse representation based super-resolution is known to produce competitive high-resolution images with lower computational costs compared to other SR methods. Nevertheless, super-resolution is still difficult to be implemented with substantially low processing power for real-time applications. In order to speed up the processing time of SR, much effort has been made with efficient methods, which selectively incorporate elaborate computation algorithms for perceptually sensitive image regions based on a metric, such as just noticeable distortion (JND). Inspired by the previous works, we first propose a novel fast super-resolution method with sparse representation, which incorporates a no-reference just noticeable blur (JNB) metric. That is, the proposed fast super-resolution method efficiently generates super-resolution images by selectively applying a sparse representation method for perceptually sensitive image areas which are detected based on the JNB metric. Experimental results show that our JNB-based fast super-resolution method is about 4 times faster than a non-perceptual sparse representation based SR method for 256× 256 test LR images. Compared to a JND-based SR method, the proposed fast JNB-based SR method is about 3 times faster, with approximately 0.1 dB higher PSNR and a slightly higher SSIM value in average. This indicates that our proposed perceptual JNB-based SR method generates high-quality SR images with much lower computational costs, opening a new possibility for real-time hardware implementations.
Retrieval of nitric oxide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere from SCIAMACHY limb spectra

Abstract. We use the ultra-violet (UV) spectra in the range 230–300 nm from the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) to retrieve the nitric oxide (NO) number densities from atmospheric emissions in the gamma-bands in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Using 3-D ray tracing, a 2-D retrieval grid, and regularisation with respect to altitude and latitude, we retrieve a whole semi-orbit simultaneously for the altitude range from 60 to 160 km. We present details of the retrieval algorithm, first results, and initial comparisons to data from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS). Our results agree on average well with MIPAS data and are in line with previously published measurements from other instruments. For the time of available measurements in 2008–2011, we achieve a vertical resolution of 5–10 km in the altitude range 70–140 km and a horizontal resolution of about 9° from 60° S–60° N. With this we have independent measurements of the NO densities in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere with approximately global coverage. This data can be further used to validate climate models or as input for them.
Thermodynamic analysis of ion effects on the binding and conformational equilibria of proteins and nucleic acids: the roles of ion association or release, screening, and ion effects on water activity

The purpose of this review is to examine the various effects of low- molecular-weight electrolytes on the associations and interactions of proteins and nucleic acids. Our primary interest is in general electrostatic effects, rather than chemical effects (specific interactions) of particular ions (e.g. transition metals, protons). We consider those interactions in which a variation in salt concentration has a significant effect on the macromolecular equilibrium, and analyse the effects of salt in these situations in terms of (i) direct participation of ions in the biopolymer reaction, (ii) Debye—Hückel screening by salt ions of the charge interactions on the biopolymers, and (iii) the reduction in water activity brought about at high salt concentrations.
A comparison of long‐term outcomes of portal versus systemic venous drainage in pancreatic transplantation: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Pancreas transplantation venous effluent can be drained via the portal vein or the systemic circulation; however, no recommendation exists for the ideal technique. A systematic review of the literature from 1989 through 2014 using PubMed, CINHAL, and Cochrane Library for portal versus systemic venous drainage was undertaken. Only studies on humans and published in English were considered. Measures of glycemic control and total cholesterol were synthesized for meta‐analysis utilizing random‐effects models. Of 166 articles retrieved, 15 articles were included for meta‐analysis. Patient and graft survival were comparable in a large database study as well as in the only randomized control study. No differences in complications were seen when exocrine drainage was enteric for the systemic venous group. Fasting insulin (−34.13 pmol/mL, p < 0.001) was significantly lower within the portal drained group; however, fasting blood glucose levels (−3.4 mg/dL, p = 0.32) and hemoglobin A1C levels (mean difference 0.124%, p = 0.25) were comparable. Total cholesterol levels (−3.62 mg/dL, p = 0.447), as well as other measures of lipids, showed no difference. Based on this systematic review and meta‐analysis, there is no evidence of differences in outcomes or metabolic control in patients undergoing pancreatic transplant with portal venous drainage compared to the systemic venous drainage.
A study of congenital cardiac disease in a neonatal population – the validity of echocardiography undertaken by a neonatologist

Objectives: To estimate the incidence of, and profile the spread of, congenital cardiac defects, and to assess the accuracy of the echocardiographic diagnosis as performed by a neonatologist. Design: Hospital-based study. Methods: All neonates meeting our criterions, specifically those with a persistent murmur 48 hours after birth, underwent an echocardiographic examination to exclude an underlying congenital cardiac defect. All scans performed by the neonatologist were videotaped and reviewed by a paediatric cardiologist. We assessed concordance according to inter-rater agreement. Results: Out of 11,085 live births, there were 83 infants with a congenital cardiac defect, giving an incidence of 7.49 per 1000 live births, with 95% confidence interval from 5.88 to 9.09. Of the infants with a murmur persisting at or greater than 48 hours after birth, who had a median age of 4.5 days, 75% had a congenital heart defect, with ventricular septal defect being the commonest, encountered in 56.7% of cases. Concordance between the neonatologist and the cardiologist was good, with Cohen's Kappa coefficient being calculated at 0.68, and 95% confidence interval from 0.51 to 0.85. Conclusion: The incidence of congenital cardiac malformations as determined in our hospital-based study in the United Arab Emirates is similar to that described in the Gulf region and worldwide. A persistent murmur at or greater than 48 hours after birth is strongly suggestive of an underlying congenital cardiac malformation. Our experience shows that a neonatologist appropriately trained in echocardiography can perform as well as a paediatric cardiologist. Where specialist resources are limited, this allows for early diagnosis, earlier referral if necessary, and early institution of appropriate therapy.