Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Application of Intelligence Indicators on Secondary School Safety and Security as a Measure of Learning Enhancement

There have recently been a number of violent public attacks in Nigeria and school children have not been spared. This study examines the perception of relationships between staff and students in the application of security measures in secondary schools and the setbacks between teachers and students in the enforcement of educational policy in schools. This study looks at the situation in two Local Government Areas in the Riverine area of Rivers State, Nigeria where the story is the same in terms of the safety and security of school children. This study found fear among students and staff, anxiety, uncertainty, low morale, and absenteeism as a result of bullying and violence. This study identified a number of challenges, which include the absence of electricity, the uncooperative attitude of some Nigerians towards innovation, and lack of funds. This paper echoes the voices of concerned Nigerians and notes that if stringent measures are not put in place to ensure safety in schools, Nigeria risks not producing the men and women it needs (with adequate skills and education) to guide the country in the coming years. This study recommends that federal, state and local governments have emergency notification systems mounted in strategic locations in schools. Governments should provide the infrastructures and control needed to make these systems work.
Urticaria Neonatorum: Accumulation of tryptase‐expressing mast cells in the skin lesions of newborns with Erythema Toxicum

Erythema Toxicum, a rash frequently present in the healthy newborn infant is an innate, immune response to the first commensal micro flora. Flushing and urtication are seen in this manifestation suggesting mast cell (MC) activation and MC derived mediator release. It has recently become evident that MCs participate in the protective, innate immune response against microbes also by secreting products toxic to pathogens such as cathelicidin peptide antibiotics. We hypothesized that MCs contribute to the process of inflammation in Erythema Toxicum and that skin MCs of human newborns express the cathelicidin peptide antibiotic LL‐37. Skin sections were immunostained for MC tryptase. Double immunofluorescence was performed by staining LL‐37 in combination with tryptase. We studied ultra structure of skin MCs with transmission (TEM) and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM). Seven infants with and six infants without the rash, as well as three adults were included. We found numerous tryptase‐expressing MCs recruited around the hair follicles in the lesions of Erythema Toxicum. TEM analysis of MCs exhibited signs of degranulation in the lesion. Neither skin MCs from newborns nor adults did express LL‐37 as judged by confocal and IEM. MCs participate in the inflammatory responses of Erythema Toxicum by taking an active part in the immune system of the hair follicle. However, their immunological activity is not linked to the expression of the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL‐37. A pivotal role of MCs in the innate, inflammatory response at the site of pathogen invasion during the critical time of perinatal colonization is suggested.
Research into inflation and conceptions of earnings

Some of the major findings of ten years' research are reviewed. The main issues are concerned with the impact of inflation on perceptions of prices, pay and pay increases, as well as comprehension problems connected with inflation. Finally the implications of the research are examined for policy-makers engaged in the search for a workable incomes policy.
Policy convergence, politics and comparative penal reform: Sex offender notification schemes in the USA and UK

An important theme in recent comparative penology has concerned the apparent convergence of penal policy between ‘neo-liberal’ Anglophone jurisdictions exemplified by the adoption of a punitive and politicized approach to crime and punishment. At the same time, important divergences from this pattern have been noted in other national contexts, not least in a number of Western European countries. This article returns to these debates in light of the history of the passage of federal and state legislation in the area of sex offender community notification in the United States (Megan’s Law) together with campaigns to enact similar legislation in the UK (Sarah’s Law). We compare the process of policy change on both sides of the Atlantic and analyse the factors shaping key policy decisions. A central objective is to explore the ways in which broader cross-national influences and distinctive national political institutions and structures work to shape the agendas and actual decisions of key policy actors. The article concludes with some observations about the nature of convergence and divergence in the penal policies of different nations.
Promoting Inclusive Growth through the 4Ps

The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) of the Philippines marks its fifth year of implementation in 2013 since its inception in 2008. The first batch of 4Ps beneficiaries will graduate from the program in several months while the government continues to expand its implementation, devising along the way several variants that it deems necessary to address the many facets of poverty. The 4Ps is by far the largest poverty reduction and social development program the Philippine government has ever implemented. Approximately PHP 120 billion have already been allocated to the program up to 2013. The program's dual objectives are social assistance and social development. It provides cash assistance to poor families to alleviate their immediate needs and aims to "break the intergenerational poverty cycle through investments in human capital". As program graduation nears, many questions arise as to what to expect from this program. At this point, it may be fitting to draw together assessments that have been conducted so far and to look into some important issues in terms of design and implementation. This paper seeks to answer the question of whether expanding the program would likely yield better results. It discusses the outstanding issues raised against the program, most especially those that bear on the program's ability to facilitate inclusive growth.
A Pure Estrogen Antagonist Inhibits Cyclin E-Cdk2 Activity in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells and Induces Accumulation of p130-E2F4 Complexes Characteristic of Quiescence*

Estrogen antagonists inhibit cell cycle progression in estrogen-responsive cells, but the molecular mechanisms are not fully defined. Antiestrogen-mediated G0/G1 arrest is associated with decreased cyclin D1 gene expression, inactivation of cyclin D1-cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) 4 complexes, and decreased phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb). We now show that treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with the pure estrogen antagonist ICI 182780 results in inhibition of cyclin E-Cdk2 activity prior to a decrease in the G1 to S phase transition. This decrease was dependent on p21 WAF1/Cip1 since treatment with antisense oligonucleotides to p21 attenuated the effect. Recruitment of p21 to cyclin E-Cdk2 complexes was in turn dependent on decreased cyclin D1 expression since it was apparent following treatment with antisense cyclin D1 oligonucleotides. To define where within the G0to S phase continuum antiestrogen-treated cells arrested, we assessed the relative abundance and phosphorylation state of pocket protein-E2F complexes. While both pRb and p107 levels were significantly decreased, p130 was increased 4-fold and was accompanied by the formation of p130·E2F4 complexes and the accumulation of hyperphophorylated E2F4, putative markers of cellular quiescence. Thus, ICI 182780 inhibits both cyclin D1-Cdk4 and cyclin E-Cdk2 activity, resulting in the arrest of MCF-7 cells in a state with characteristics of quiescence (G0), as opposed to G1 arrest.
Effect of balancing low protein diets for methionine and lysine on performance of early lactation Holstein cows in hot environmental temperature

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of balancing low protein diets for methionine and lysine on performance of early lactation Holstein cows under hot environmental temperature. Twenty one multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation were allocated to three experimental rations including, 1) High protein ration with 17.5% CP, 2) Medium protein ration with 16% CP and 12 g/d rumen protected methionine (RP Met), 3) Low protein ration with 14.5% CP, 14 g/d RP Met and 5 g/d rumen protected lysine. There was no effect of ration on milk yield and milk fat percentage, but milk protein percent, N efficiency for milk production, milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were affected significantly. N excreted in urine, N balance and creatinine concentration in urine decreased significantly by feeding low protein diets. Plasma concentrations of non-essential AA were not affected by treatments but, Methionine, Valine and Leucine concentrations were affected significantly. These results suggest that low protein diets with rumen protected amino acids can be an alternative for high protein diets for dairy cows under hot climates.
Airway obstruction during sleep increases blood pressure without arousal.

Recent studies suggest that arousal is the dominant factor acutely increasing blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea and that neither stimulation of chemoreceptors nor mechanical factors associated with large negative swings in intrapleural pressure substantially contribute to the rise in blood pressure associated with each obstructive apneic event. A canine model of obstructive sleep apnea was used to examine the relative contributions of these mechanisms in the blood pressure response to induced airway obstruction during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep. In part A of the study, the arousal response was eliminated from an obstructive event by restoring airway patency just before the expected arousal, allowing blood pressure responses to be compared between obstructive events with and without arousal. In part B of the study, the protocol of Part A was repeated after pharmacological blockade of the autonomic nervous system with hexamethonium (20 mg/kg iv), eliminating neurally mediated responses due to arousal, stimulation of chemoreceptors, or other reflexes, while maintaining any mechanical effects on blood pressure related to swings in intrapleural pressure. The results of part A (n = 4 dogs) show that obstructive apneic events of 28.5 +/- 3.1 s duration, with arterial hemoglobin desaturation to 92.9 +/- 0.8% and airway pressure swings of -37.6 +/- 6 mmHg, significantly increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 13.8 +/- 1.5 mmHg in the absence of arousal (P < 0.005). In comparison, when arousal was allowed to occur, MAP increased by a further 11.8 +/- 1.2 mmHg (P < 0.01). In part B (n = 3 dogs), there was no change in MAP during the obstructive apneic event, and MAP fell by > 10 mmHg in the postobstruction period whether or not arousal occurred (P < 0.05). We conclude that neural reflexes, but not mechanical factors, substantially contribute to the acute blood pressure response to an obstructive apneic event and that arousal produces a separate, additional acute hypertensive response.
Long‐term decrease of CD4+CD45RA+ T cells and impaired primary immune response after post‐traumatic splenectomy

Congenital or acquired absence of the spleen and functional hyposplenism are associated with abnormalities of host defence such as an increased susceptibility to infection with encapsulated bacteria. The effects of the lack of the spleen on cell‐mediated immunity are largely unknown. In the present study we have investigated peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in healthy adults who had undergone splenectomy because of severe abdominal trauma > 4 years before the study. The results show a significant reduction in the percentage of CD4+ T cells due to a selective and long‐term decrease in the percentage of CD4+CD45RA+ lymphocytes, the CD4+ T‐cell subset mainly involved in primary immune responses to newly encountered antigens. Levels of the reciprocal CD45RO+CD4+ T‐cell subset were comparable between splenectomized and control individuals, as were lymphoproliferative responses and IFN‐gamma production to recall antigens. Decreased levels of CD4+CD45RA+ cells were accompanied by an impairment in primary immune responsiveness, as assessed by investigating T‐cell proliferation to stimulation with keyhole limpet haemocyanin and by measuring antibody responses following primary immunization with a clinically relevant T‐dependent antigen, hepatitis A vaccine, in vivo. These findings suggest a possible role of the spleen in the generation, maintenance and/or differentiation of naive, unprimed T cells or their precursors, which might have a possible functional relevance for primary immune responses following splenectomy.
The Relationship Among Video Quality, Screen Resolution, and Bit Rate

How much bandwidth is required for good quality video for a given screen resolution? Data acquired during two Video Quality Experts Group (VQEG) projects allow at least a partial answer to this question. This international subjective testing produced large amounts of mean opinion score (MOS) data for the screen resolutions QIF, CIF, VGA, and HD; for H.264 and similar modern codecs; and for many bit rates. Those data are assembled in the present report. For each screen resolution, MOS is plotted as a function of bit rate. A plot of all four data sets together shows the bit rate that would be required to achieve a given level of video quality for a given screen resolution. Relations among the four data sets are regular, suggesting that interpolation across screen resolutions might be reasonable. Based on these data, it would be reasonable to choose a bit rate, given a screen resolution; it would not be reasonable to choose a screen resolution given a bit rate.
Isolating the Effect of Disclosure on Information Risk

This study examines companies with two classes of shares that entitle their holders to identical cash flow and voting rights but that are available to mutually exclusive sets of investors: A shares to domestic investors and B shares to foreign investors. Price differences between A and B shares are higher in firms with a greater disparity in the disclosures that they make to domestic and foreign investors. This association is more pronounced when the cost (benefit) of information transfer is higher (lower). The results suggest that disclosure disparity creates meaningful differences in investors' average information precision across A and B shares and thus influences the cross-sectional variation in price differences.
Oral cancer: knowledge, practices and opinions of dentists in Ireland.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Early detection of oral cancer improves prognosis, but the malignancy is often detected at advanced stages, when more aggressive therapies, often with poor and devastating outcomes for the patient, are needed. Oral cancer can be detected by opportunistic screening of oral mucosa without need of sophisticated equipment. Dentists are important in primary and secondary prevention of oral cancer; therefore, assessing their knowledge, opinions and practices is crucial. MATERIALS AND METHODS A questionnaire survey of dentists was conducted regarding knowledge of risk factors and diagnostic concepts of oral cancer, practices of primary and secondary prevention, and opinions of the effectiveness of formal undergraduate training for early detection and prevention of this disease. The survey explored dentists' potential training needs. RESULTS Dentists appear to be generally knowledgeable regarding diagnostic concepts and risk factors. A total of 89% reported providing screening of intra- and extra-oral soft tissue to adult patients (18+) to exclude oral cancer. A total of 27% always provide tobacco use cessation counselling, and 12% provide alcohol moderation/cessation assistance. A total of 54% felt adequately trained to palpate the lymphatic nodes associated with oral cancer. Over half of dentists reported that their knowledge of and training on oral cancer was current; however, 74% reported lack of patient education materials regarding prevention and early detection of oral cancer. CONCLUSIONS The survey findings suggest that dentists are underutilised in the prevention and early detection of oral cancer, and one of the barriers is lack of training. Dentists' knowledge and skills must be reinforced and systematically updated by continuing professional education. Greater emphasis should be placed on the fact that dentists have a larger role to play in the prevention and detection of this malignancy at its early, curable stages.
An Investigation Into Poverty Among Domestic Maids in Lusaka, Zambia

Despite tall claims of GDP growth, Zambian Poverty remained un addressed. Zambia has drafted its first Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) in 2002-2005 and mainstreamed the successive poverty reduction strategies into the National Development Plans beginning with the Fifth National Development Plan (FNDP) 2006-2010. Zambia after independence has progressively moved southwards in terms of GDP growth and achieved the status of Highly Indebted Poor Country (HIPC). Nevertheless, Zambia’s progress reports show some achievements in GDP growth and containing poverty during the initial years of FNDP. The midterm review reports show that there has been a growth in GDP and poverty reduction in Zambia, and more reduction in urban poverty. These claims have led me to find out “Has the GDP growth during the Fifth National Development Plan resulted in poverty reduction among the most vulnerable women workers- the domestic maids in Lusaka? ” In the process of determining this, a review of Zambian Economy, the urban poverty levels; growth in GDP before and after FNDP; and living standards of randomly selected Domestic Maids from different compounds in Lusaka have been analyzed, evaluated and related to poverty reduction, growth and development theories. To support the analysis, a questionnaire (Appendix-I) was designed and data was collected from eight domestic maids. Apart from the primary data collection process, some data was recorded from the offices of Government of Zambia, FNDP, PRSP, and living standard surveys conducted by the United Nations Organization present in Zambia. From the information composed the appropriate data has been utilized effectively to analyze it and arrive at conclusions. In conclusion it is found that the growth in GDP and reduction in poverty levels have no tangible impact on the poverty levels of domestic maids in Lusaka.
Economic Fluctuations, Market Power, and Returns to Scale: Evidence from Firm-Level Data

Recent research on aggregate fluctuations, coupled with ongoing work in industrial organization, has renewed interest in the existence, magnitude, and cyclical pattern of market power and the extent of increasing returns to scale. By exploiting restrictions from dynamic theory and information from financial markets, we present a framework for generating quantitative evidence on market power and returns to scale. Tailoring the econometric model to firm-level panel data, we calculate the percentage differential between price and marginal cost (the Lerner index) in terms of the parameters from the econometric system. Results for firms in eleven industries indicate that there is a great deal of heterogeneity in the extent of market power. Industries with significantly positive Lerner indices tend to have substantial increasing returns in the production technology. We find that there is only a modest relation between our estimated Lerner indices and traditional measures of market power and that, when market power varies temporally, it is usually procyclical. Thus, variations in the markup of price over marginal cost may help dampen aggregate economic fluctuations.
Decreased expression of cellular markers in Epstein‐Barr virus‐positive Hodgkin's disease

Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) has been demonstrated in the Reed–Stenberg cells and their mononuclear variants (Hodgkin cells; H‐RS cells) in a substantial number of Hodgkin's disease (HD) cases. Moreover, EBV can modulate both in vivo and in vitro the expression of several cellular genes, including lymphoid differentiation markers. Therefore we investigated, in 64 cases of HD, the relationship between the presence of EBV and the expression of lymphoid (CD45RB), T‐ (CD3, CD45RO), B‐ (CD20, MB2 antigen, CDw75), and myeloid‐cell lineage markers (CD15), and of activation markers (CD30, EMA, and the 115D8 antigen) on the H‐RS cells. EBV‐positive cases, as demonstrated by the presence of EBER‐1 and ‐2 RNA and LMP‐1 protein expression, showed a significant reduction in the expression on H‐RS cells of T‐cell lineage (CD3, p<0·02), B‐cell lineage (CD20, P<0·005), AND ACTIVATION MARKERS (ema; P<0·002 and the 115D8 antigen; P<0·001) as compared with EBV‐negative cases. No differences were found in the expression of CD15, CD30, CD45RO, CD45RB CDw75, or the MB2 antigen on H‐RS cells in EBV‐positive and EBV‐negative HD cases. Interestingly, in 11 cases of EBV‐negative HD, B‐as well as T‐cell lineage markers could be found on some H‐RS cells. These data suggest that EBV in H‐RS cells is able to down‐regulate the expression of T‐ (CD3) and B‐ (CD20) cell lineage markers and lymphoid activation markers (EMA and the 115D8 antigen). For this reason, the origin of H‐RS cells in HD, as studies by immunohistochemistry, cannot be discussed without taking into account the presence of EBV.
Expression of intestinal MUC17 membrane-bound mucin in inflammatory and neoplastic diseases of the colon

Aim To determine the cellular location and expression of MUC17 mucin in specimens of normal, inflamed and neoplastic colon. Methods Immunohistochemical analysis of human surgical resection specimens (n=106) was performed with a specific antibody to the MUC17 apomucin protein. A semi-quantitative scoring system was used to measure MUC17 expression. In various colon cancer cell lines, the MUC17 expression was examined by immunoblot analysis and normal RT-PCR. Results MUC17 was highly expressed on the surface epithelium and crypts of colonic mucosa. In contrast, the expression of MUC17 was significantly decreased in colonic mucosa of chronic ulcerative colitis (p<0.0001) and ischaemic colitis (p=0.003). Similarly, MUC17 expression was decreased in hyperplastic polyps (p=0.0003), tubular and tubulovillous adenomas (p<0.0001) and colon cancers (p<0.0001). Furthermore, of eight different colon cancer cell lines, MUC17 expression was only detected in LS174T and LS180 cells. Conclusion Results indicate that the potential protective effects of this membrane-bound mucin are primarily or secondarily diminished in inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. Further research is needed to determine the specific role of MUC17 in the pathogenesis of these conditions.