Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparing adolescents' adjustment and family resilience in divorced families depending on the types of primary caregiver.

AIMS This study compared three different types of primary caregiver in divorced families: father, mother and grandparent(s) and aimed to (1) compare adolescents' perception of their level of adjustment and family resilience and (2) identify the family resilience predictors of adolescents' adjustment. BACKGROUND The Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation guided this study. DESIGN Survey. METHOD Adolescents in divorced families in Korea (n = 178) completed self-administered questionnaires. Family resilience was measured by Family Hardiness Index, Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale, Parent-Adolescent Communication Inventory, Social Support Appraisal Scale, Belief about Parental Divorce and Self-Esteem Scale. Korean-Child Behaviour Checklist was used to assess adolescents' adjustment. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, anova, ancova and multiple regression analysis were used for data analysis. RESULTS The level of adolescents' adjustment was not statistically different among the three groups. However, statistically significant differences were found in family hardiness, family communication and problem-solving/coping skill-seeking help among the family resilience measurements. Adolescents living with mothers reported the highest scores in family hardiness and family communication. The grandparent(s) group sought and accepted help outside of the family more often than did the other groups. Regardless of the types of primary caregiver, a common significant predictor for adolescents' adjustment was their positive belief about parental divorce; whereas high self-esteem and low level of seeking help were additional predictors for the father group and grandparent(s) group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents' belief about parental divorce is a major predictor for adolescents' adjustment to divorced family life. Nursing services that maximise the family resilience predictors found in this study would enhance adolescents' adjustment in divorced families. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE This study provides empirical evidence for nursing care of adolescents who live with differing primary caregivers in divorced families and enhances nurses' understanding of family resilience predictors that influence adolescents' adjustment in divorced families.
Assessing soil quality of Abargay Rangeland in Farta District, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

Rangelands provide many supporting, regulative and provisioning ecosystem services to man. The mounting anthropogenic pressure on them is, however, causing their degradation and decline in productivity. Assessment of their soil quality is important for identifying sustainable land management practices. The present investigation was, therefore, carried out to assess the soil quality of adjoining protected and unprotected units of Abargay rangeland, Farta District. Cluster sampling technique was used to draw soil samples for analyses of different soil quality indicators. The protected rangeland for the last thirty years indicated significantly higher clay and silt fractions, lower bulk density, higher total porosity, higher organic matter and nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) contents, compared to unprotected land. The composite soil quality index, based on scoring of soil quality parameters, viz., bulk density, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium was significantly higher for protected rangeland (0.61) compared to unprotected land (0.45). Accordingly, the quality of protected rangeland was rated as fair, while that of unprotected land as poor. The soil quality of surface layer was relatively better than subsurface layer. The unprotected rangeland had negative impact on different soil quality parameters and required to be put to enclosure to warrant invaluable ecosystem services. The single value soil quality index may be used for assessment and mapping of soil quality of rangelands in Farta, Amhara region. Key words: Protected rangeland, unprotected rangeland, soil properties, soil quality, soil quality index.
Accounting Changes and Stock Prices: An Examination of Selected Uncontrolled Variables

This paper is presented within the context of two streams of research which can be identified in the current literature of empirical accounting research. Both of these research areas deal with changes in accounting methods. The first deals with the motivation for changes in accounting methods. It is represented by such papers as: Gordon, Horwitz, and Meyers [1966], Copeland [1968], Gagnon [1967], and Cushing [1969]-income smoothing; Sorter, Becker, Archibald, and Beaver [1964]-intolerance of ambiguity; Copeland and Shank [1971]-diffusion of innovation; Gosman [1973]firm size, industry classification, and auditors; and Moore [1973]-change in management. In the second research area, attempts are made to discover the consequences of accounting changes in terms of the reaction of capital markets to the output of the accounting process. Appealing to the theory of capital market efficiency [Fama 1970] and to the framework of the two-parameter capital asset pricing model [Sharpe 1964; Lintner 1965], the researchers conclude that a change in accounting method per se has little effect on market price unless accompanied by changes affecting the economic value of the firm. Representative papers are: Kaplan and Roll [1972], Baskin [1972], and Archibald [1972]-investment credit and depreciation; Ball
Generation and Characterization of SULT4A1 Mutant Mouse Models

Sulfotransferase 4A1 (SULT4A1) belongs to the cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) superfamily of enzymes that catalyze sulfonation reactions with a variety of endogenous and exogenous substrates. Of the SULTs, SULT4A1 was shown to have the highest sequence homology between vertebrate species, yet no known function or enzymatic activity has been identified for this orphan SULT. To better understand SULT4A1 function in mammalian brain, two mutant SULT4A1 mouse strains were generated utilizing clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–content-addressable storage (Cas) 9 technology. The first strain possessed a 28-base pair (bp) deletion (Δ28) in exon 1 that resulted in a frameshift mutation with premature termination. The second strain possessed a 12-bp in-frame deletion (Δ12) immediately preceding an active site histidine111 common to the SULT family. Homozygous pups of both strains present with severe and progressive neurologic symptoms, including tremor, absence seizures, abnormal gait, ataxia, decreased weight gain compared with littermates, and death around postnatal days 21–25. SULT4A1 immunostaining was decreased in brains of heterozygous pups and not detectable in homozygous pups of both SULT4A1 mutants. SULT4A1 localization in subcellular fractions of mouse brain showed SULT4A1 associated with mitochondrial, cytosolic, and microsomal fractions, a novel localization pattern for SULTs. Finally, primary cortical neurons derived from embryonic (E15) CD-1 mice expressed high levels of SULT4A1 throughout the cell except in nuclei. Taken together, SULT4A1 appears to be an essential neuronal protein required for normal brain function, at least in mammals. Mouse models will be valuable in future studies to investigate the regulation and functions of SULT4A1 in the mammalian brain.
Information Technology at Rosenbluth Travel: Competitive Advantage in a Rapidly Growing Global Service Company

Over the past ten years, Rosenbluth Travel has grown from a regional travel agency with $40 million in annual sales to one of the five largest travel agencies in the United States, with sales of $1.3 billion. Their strategy was based on exploiting the structural changes initiated by airline deregulation in 1978, including growth of the corporate travel market and increasing economies of scale leading to consolidation. Information technology (IT) was a fundamental part of this strategy. The case sheds light on several theories on gaining competitive advantage through IT; these theories feature technology leadership, leveraging critical resources, the role of IT infrastructure, and switching costs. While these theories contribute to an explanation of Rosenbluth's success, a critical factor appears to be the vision to see an opportunity and the ability to hustle to exploit it.
THE BEST WARM‐UP FOR THE VERTICAL JUMP IN COLLEGE‐AGE ATHLETIC MEN

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of specific and nonspecific warm-ups on the vertical jump test performed by athletic men. Twenty-nine men (18–23 years) in athletics (speed positions in football) performed vertical jump tests on 4 separate days after completing 4 different warm-up protocols. The 4 warm-up protocols were (a) submaximal jump warm-up, (b) weighted jump warm-up, (c) stretching warm-up, and (d) no warm-up. The weighted jump warm-up protocol required 5 countermovement jumps onto a box, with the athletes holding dumbbells equaling 10% of their body weight. The submaximal jump warm-up protocol required the athletes to perform 5 counter-movement jumps at 75% intensity of their past maximum vertical jump score. The stretching warm-up protocol required the athletes to perform 14 different stretches, each held for 20 seconds. The no warm-up protocol required the athletes to perform no activity prior to being tested. Three vertical jumps were measured following each warm-up; the score for analysis was the best jump. The data were analyzed with a repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests. The Bonferroni post hoc tests showed a significant difference (p < 0.001) between the weighted jump warm-up and all other warm-ups. The effect size was 0.380 and the power was 1.00 for the statistical analyses. We concluded that utilizing a weighted resistance warm-up would produce the greatest benefit when performing the vertical jump test.
Linguistic transfer in bilingual children with specific language impairment.

BACKGROUND In the literature so far the limited research on specific language impairment (SLI) in bilingual children has concentrated on linguistic skills in the first language (L1) and/or the second language (L2) without paying attention to the relations between the two types of skills and to the issue of linguistic transfer. AIMS To examine the first and second language proficiency of 75 Turkish-Dutch bilingual children with SLI in the age range between 7 and 11 years living in the Netherlands. A multidimensional perspective on language proficiency was taken in order to assess children's Turkish and Dutch proficiency levels, whereas equivalent tests were used in order to determine language dominance. A second aim was to find out to what extent the children's proficiency in L2 can be predicted from their L1 proficiency, while taking into account their general cognitive abilities. METHODS & PROCEDURES The children's performance on a battery of equivalent language ability tests in Turkish and Dutch was compared at three age levels. By means of analyses of variance, it was explored to what extent the factors of language and grade level as well as their interactions were significant. Bivariate correlations and partial correlations with age level partialled out were computed to examine the relationships between L1 and L2 proficiency levels. Moreover, regression analysis was conducted to find out to what extent the variance in general L2 proficiency levels could be explained by children's L1 proficiency, short-term memory and non-verbal intelligence. OUTCOMES & RESULTS Repeated measures analyses showed that the children had generally higher scores on L1 as compared with L2 and that with progression of age the children's scores in L1 and L2 improved. Medium to high correlations were found between phonological memory, phonological awareness, grammatical skills and story comprehension in the two languages. Regression analysis revealed that children's L2 proficiency levels could be explained by their proficiency levels in L1, even after controlling for children's non-verbal intelligence and working memory. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS It is concluded that children's formal linguistic skills in L1 and L2 tend to be related and that their level of L1 proficiency may help to develop linguistic skills in L2.
Chimeric Muscle and Brain Glycogen Phosphorylases Define Protein Domains Governing Isozyme-specific Responses to Allosteric Activation (*)

Muscle and brain glycogen phosphorylases differ in their responses to activation by phosphorylation and AMP. The muscle isozyme is potently activated by either phosphorylation or AMP. In contrast, the brain isozyme is poorly activated by phosphorylation and its phosphorylated a form is more sensitive to AMP activation when enzyme activity is measured in substrate concentrations and temperatures encountered in the brain. The nonphosphorylated b form of the brain isozyme also differs from the muscle isozyme b form in its stronger affinity and lack of cooperativity for AMP. To identify the structural determinants involved, six enzyme forms, including four chimeric enzymes containing exchanges in amino acid residues 1-88, 89-499, and 500-842 (C terminus), were constructed from rabbit muscle and human brain phosphorylase cDNAs, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified. Kinetic analysis of the b forms indicated that the brain isozyme amino acid 1-88 and 89-499 regions each contribute in an additive fashion to the formation of an AMP site with higher intrinsic affinity but weakened cooperativity, while the same regions of the muscle isozyme each contribute to greater allosteric coupling but weaker AMP affinity. Kinetic analysis of the a forms indicated that the amino acid 89-499 region correlated with the reduced response of the brain isozyme to activation by phosphorylation and the resultant increased sensitivity of the a form to activation by saturating levels of AMP. This isozyme-specific response also correlated with the glycogen affinity of the a forms. Enzymes containing the brain isozyme amino acid 89-499 region exhibited markedly reduced glycogen affinities in the absence of AMP compared to enzymes containing the corresponding muscle isozyme region. Additionally, AMP led to greater increases in glycogen affinity of the former set of enzymes. In contrast, phosphate affinities of all a forms were similar in the absence of AMP and increased approximately the same extent in AMP. The potential importance of a number of isozyme-specific substitutions in these sequence regions is discussed.
Competitive and Comparative Advantage: Towards a Unified Theory of International Trade

ABSTRACT The field of international business/economics is largely dualistic in nature. On one hand is the economics literature which has, for two centuries, focused on the notion of comparative advantage (technology, factor proportions) while on the other is the business literature which has recently developed the concept of competitive advantage. This paper presents a reconciliation of the two based on global value chain/supply chain analysis and the concept of vertical comparative advantage. It is shown that the theory of competitive advantage's epistemological comparative advantage lies with its ‘how to’ approach to developing an advantage, while the theory of comparative advantage's epistemological comparative advantage lies with its account of ‘what is’ and that both are complementary. However, it is also argued that the failure to recognize this complementarity as well as the shortcomings of each have prevented and continue to prevent the emergence of an integrated, empirically-consistent theory of international trade – in short, prevented us from taking advantage of the gains from epistemological trade.
A Double-blind, Placebo- and Flurazepam-controlled Investigation of the Residual Psychomotor and Cognitive Effects of Modified Release Zolpidem in Young Healthy Volunteers

Abstract: Short-acting hypnotic drugs, such as zolpidem, have minimal residual effects but may not provide optimal efficacy throughout the night for all insomnia patients. A modified-release formulation of zolpidem, zolpidem-MR, has been developed to overcome this limitation. This was a phase I, double-blind, 3-way crossover, placebo-controlled study to investigate the residual psychomotor and cognitive effects of a single oral dose of zolpidem-MR 12.5 mg in 18 healthy young adults. Flurazepam 30 mg was used as a positive control. No comparison with standard immediate-release zolpidem was made. Five neuropsychological tests and 2 subjective tests were performed 8 hours after dosing. The safety of zolpidem-MR was also investigated. Performance on the Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency test, Choice Reaction Time, Immediate and Delayed Word Recall, and the Compensatory Tracking Task was significantly impaired by flurazepam but not by zolpidem-MR (with the exception of the Compensatory Tracking Task) or placebo. No significant effects were observed on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. The Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire showed that both drugs improved the ease of getting to sleep and perceived quality of sleep, whereas only flurazepam significantly impaired the ease of awakening. Neither drug scored significantly better than placebo on the Bond and Lader contentedness scale, but both induced a significant difference in calmness; only flurazepam significantly reduced alertness. The safety profile of zolpidem-MR was comparable to placebo. In conclusion, the study showed the good tolerance of zolpidem-MR in terms of residual neuropsychological effects as well as a beneficial effect on sleep quality in young healthy adults.
Evidence for the Involvement of the Mammillary Bodies and Cingulum Bundle in Allocentric Spatial Processing by Rats

Comparisons were made between the behavioural effects of lesions in three inter‐related limbic structures: the mammillary bodies, the fornix and the cingulum bundle/cingulate cortex. Cytotoxic lesions of the mammillary nuclei produced a marked deficit on reinforced T‐maze alternation, but performance gradually improved with practice. Subsequent tests in a cross‐maze and a radial‐arm maze showed that the animals with mammillary body lesions failed to use allocentric cues, but were able to perform normally in an egocentric discrimination. Three groups of rats with different patterns of either crossed or unilateral radio frequency lesions of the cingulate region were given the same tasks. The profile of results indicated that disruption of those fibres in the cingulum bundle connecting the anterior thalamic nuclei with the hippocampal/retrohippocampal region was responsible for the observed impairments to T‐maze alternation and radial‐arm maze performance. There was also evidence that disconnection of frontal connections in the cingulum bundle might affect perseverative behaviour, but not allocentric processing. The results add support to the notion of a functional circuit that involves projections from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and anterior thalamic nuclei, and from there back to hippocampal/ retrohippocampal regions via the cingulum bundle. This circuit appears to be vital for normal allocentric processing.
Networks, Institutions, and Encounters: Information Exchange in Early-Modern Markets

Emerging economies are characterized by the absence of robust legal infrastructures. In these contexts, social networks in the forms of merchant coalitions, kin-groups, and business groups have been shown to have effectively substituted for stable legal institutions by creating systems of reputation and social sanctioning that reduce contract uncertainty and thereby foster trade and commerce. For this reason, repeated interactions and cohesive groups are understood to play a crucial role in early economic development. One-shot market interactions, in contrast, have been linked to the presence of modern legal institutions. We use archival data from an emerging global trade network that developed over the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries to evaluate whether a strong institutional context is necessary for transient, one-shot exchange. We consider patterns of information exchange in the network and find that, contrary expectations there is (1) little evidence of reputation mechanisms, coalition formation, or reciprocity, (2) transient exchange is in evidence, (3) transient exchange predates strong formal governance, and (4) the increasing institutional strength of formal governance is associated with a decrease in transient exchange. We argue that transient exchange in this network of trade was encouraged by a pattern of interaction imposed upon traders by the factory system.
Neuropeptide modulation of photosensitivity. I. Presence, distribution, and characterization of a substance P-like peptide in the lateral eye of Limulus

The lateral eye of Limulus is innervated by an efferent system of fibers containing a substance P-like peptide. They were detected and their distribution was studied using indirect immunocytochemical techniques and monoclonal and serum antibodies. These thin, efferent fibers travel up the optic nerve, cross the lateral plexus, and branch out profusely when reaching the ommatidial layer. Innervation is extended to more than one component of the ommatidia, including the pigment, retinular, and eccentric cells. Immunoreactive staining could be abolished by absorbing the antisera with as little as 1 microM synthetic substance P. The efferent character of the fibers was established by means of ligation experiments, a technique also used to determine their origin in the circumesophageal connectives. Radioimmunoassay with two different C-terminal serum antibodies confirmed the presence of substance P-like material in the eye in the amounts of 61.44 pg/micrograms of protein, or up to 18 ng/eye. Gel filtration chromatography of crude extracts of the lateral eye, followed by radioimmunoassay, revealed an elution pattern extremely similar but not identical to that of synthetic substance P. These results show that a system of efferent fibers containing a substance P- like peptide originates in cells in the circumesophageal ring and innervates the ommatidia of the lateral eye. Their distribution and origin suggest an involvement in the modulation of photosensitivity, as part of a larger, generalized, level-setting regulator that is driven by a circadian clock but can also be activated by other systems.
Financialization in the European Periphery and the Sovereign Debt Crisis: The Portuguese Case

Abstract: The financial sector has acquired great prominence in most developed economies. Some authors argue that the growth of finance is at the root of the financial and economic difficulties of the past decade. This article aims to analyze this claim by looking at financialization in the European periphery, focusing on the Portuguese case. The emergence of this phenomenon is contextualized from a historical, economic and international perspective. Based on the analysis of several indicators, the article concludes that the Portuguese economy exhibits symptoms of financialization that are typically found in Southern European countries and that these differ significantly from the patterns characterizing financialization processes in more advanced economies. The article discusses how the increasing importance of financial actors and motives in the Portuguese economy played a decisive role in the emergence of the crisis.