Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Fermentation Time on the Chemical Composition of Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaf Teas

【Morus alba (Mulberry) leaves were exposed to fermentation for varying amounts of time: no fermentation (0 min, MANF), medial fermentation (10 h, MAMF), and full fermentation (24 h, MAFF). The chemical compositions of the teas were determined and compared with those of commercial Camellia sinensis teas. The results showed that mulberry leaf teas contained significantly higher amounts of ash and fat than Camellia sinensis tea. Compared with Camellia sinensis teas, all mulberry leaf teas contained significantly more total free amino acids (24.26~54.25mg L-glutamic acid equivalent $g^{-1}$ ), but the concentration of caffeine was relatively low for mulberry leaf teas. High thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin contents were found in all mulberry leaf teas, but ascorbic acid and pyridoxine were found at higher levels in Camellia sinensis teas than in mulberry leaf teas. Color measurements demonstrated that mulberry leaf tea infusions generally had lower $a^*$ (greenness) and $b^*$ (yellowness) values than Camellia sinensis tea infusions. All infusions exhibited low turbidity levels (less than 10%). The contents of total phenols were measured as 71.8 and 74.9mg 100 $ml^{-1}$ infusion in MANF and MAFF, respectively, but the MAMF tea infusion showed significantly lower total phenols (64.6mg 100 $ml^{-1}$ infusion). The total flavonoid contents of mulberry leaf tea infusions were lower (8.9~20.6mg 100 $ml^{-1}$ infusion) than those of Camellia sinensis teas and thus had lower antioxidant capacities (DPPH: 326.8~526.9 ${\mu}M$ trolox equivalent $g^{-1}$ and FRAP: 364.6~387.6 ${\mu}M$ trolox equivalent $g^{-1}$ ) than Camellia sinensis teas. The amounts of ${\gamma}$ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) and rutin were higher in fermented mulberry leaf teas; the level of GABA increased with increasing fermentation time and the content was highest in MAFF, but rutin content was highest in MAMF. 】
Theory of the condensed state in a system of excited atoms

The condensed excited state (CES) produced as a result of collectivization of excited electrons in atoms, molecules, or impurity centers in solids is investigated theoretically. The transition to the CES is similar in many respects to the Mott insulator-metal transition, and the condensed phase itself possesses many of the characteristic features of semiconductor electron-hole liquids. At high excitation levels of the condensing atoms, exchange and correlation effects are significant, and the density of the electron liquid in the CES is strongly inhomogeneous. The quasiequilibrium CES is investigated by the methods of the pseudopotential and density-functional theory.
Ethics and Aspiration in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning

campus Institutional Review Board (IRB), which monitors work with human subjects? Are students human subjects? Do I need their informed consent to begin my work? To publish it? The scholarship of teaching and learning calls on us to “make teaching community property” (Lee Shulman’s phrase), but what are the appropriate boundaries between public and private? Who owns what goes on in the classroom? Who benefits, and who is at risk, when the complex dynamics of teaching and learning are documented and publicly represented? As one of the leaders of Carnegie’s program on the scholarship of teaching and learning (the Carnegie Academy for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning—or CASTL, as we call it), I’ve heard these questions in many variations, and I’ve heard them with greater frequency over the past few years. I hear them from the 114 faculty, from some twenty fields, who have been selected as fellows with CASTL’s center for advanced study, and I hear them on campuses (some 200 now) participating in the program. Ethical issues were the topic of a discussion at a session on the scholarship of teaching and learning I attended at the American Sociological Association meeting in summer 2001, and at a special forum at the Modern Language Association meeting in December 2001. Questions about ethics turned up recently, as well, in discussion on a national listserv of faculty developers, with participants I N T R O D U C T I O N
Synthesis of Ti2SnC under Optimized Experimental Parameters of Pressureless Spark Plasma Sintering Assisted by Al Addition

As an effective and novel rapid sintering technology with the advantages of fast heating speed and short sintering time, SPS has been applied to the research and development of various materials. After sintering at 1325°C, Ti5Sn3 and Sn occurred as impurities accompanying the synthesis of Ti2SnC with a raw powder mixture of Ti/Sn/C = 2/1/1 (molar ratio). But by addition of 0.2 molar Al, and further optimization of sintering parameters at 1400°C for 10 min, almost fully pure Ti2SnC was obtained with a clear layered microstructure. The reaction mechanism analysis suggests that this beneficial effect of Al could be attributed to the suppression of decomposition of Ti2SnC by formation of Ti2SnxAl1−xC solid solution at a high sintering temperature. The present study reports a novel route to synthesize Ti2SnC by PL-SPS with a self-designed graphite die, and Al was also proposed as a sintering aid to remove impurities.
Ecohydrology Bearings-Invited Commentary The ecohydrology of roots in rocks

Large portions of the world are characterized by shallow soil underlain by weathered bedrock or cemented soil horizons. The implications of this substrate condition for ecohydrological processes have not been systematically explored, but misrepresentation in models could have profound consequences for climate prediction and global vegetation modelling. An issue of particular uncertainty is the characterization of water storage for these regions. A limited number of case studies have shown that plant water uptake is not restricted to shallow soils but can involve uptake from rock layers below. The mechanisms governing root–rock interactions are only beginning to be investigated. Research is needed to further characterize the dynamics of water recharge and depletion in weathered bedrock, to develop a better understanding of plant adaptations and rooting patterns required for effective use of bedrock-stored water, and to explore consequences for below-ground competition. Copyright  2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economic freedom and growth: A panel cointegration approach

This study uses three-country group panel data from 1993 to 2011 in examining the long-run effect of tax burdens (fiscal freedom index) and government regulations of business (business freedom index) on economic growth. The outcome of the panel cointegration approach suggests that the variables have a long-run relationship with economic growth. The study finds all the signs of the variables used to be consistent with theoretical expectations. Regarding the variables of interest, it is also found that the fiscal freedom has a positive and significant effect on economic growth for all three-country groups. In addition, the business freedom has a positive and significant effect for only two-country groups. The study finds that tax burdens and government regulations play an important role on economic growth for most countries in the sample. To harness economic growth prospects, the study offers recommendations for policy makers to consider. Key words: Business freedom, Fiscal freedom, Tax burden, Economic growth, Panel cointegration.JEL: E02, E44, F41, H10, P12.
Overexpression of MACC 1 and the association with hepatocyte growth factor / c-Met in epithelial ovarian cancer

Metastasis‐associated in colon cancer‐1 (MACC1) is a gene that has been newly identified by a genome‐wide search for differentially expressed genes in human colon cancer tissues, metastases and normal tissues. MACC1 exerts an important role in colon cancer metastasis through upregula‐ tion of the c‐Met proto‐oncogene. The tyrosine kinase receptor encoded by the c‐Met oncogene exhibits the unusual property of mediating the invasive growth of epithelial cells upon binding with the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). MACC1 has been investigated with regard to colon carcinoma and MACC1 expression is associated with metastasis in various types of human cancer. However, the value of MACC1 as a potential biomarker for ovarian cancer remains unknown, although the c‐Met/HGF receptor has been shown to be over‐ expressed in epithelial ovarian cancer tissues. To investigate the role of MACC1 in epithelial ovarian tumors, the expression levels of MACC1 mRNA in ovarian tumor specimens were analyzed together with the prognostic significance. MACC1 protein expression was also detected in the epithelial ovarian tissue specimens, and the effects of MACC1 overexpression on ovarian cancer migration, invasion and prognosis were evaluated. Due to the close association between MACC1 and c‐Met expression levels in colon cancer, the expression levels of HGF/c‐Met in the ovarian specimens were also examined to determine whether such a correlation is also present in epithelial ovarian cancer. A total of 92 epithelial ovarian tissue samples were used to assess the expression levels of MACC1 mRNA and protein using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical methods, respectively. The serum levels of MACC1 protein expression in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The results indicated that MACC1 may be important in the malignant progression of epithelial ovarian tumors, in particular for early stage patients. Thus, MACC1 may become a predictor of prognosis and a therapeutic target in the treatment of ovarian tumors. The combined detection of MACC1 and HGF/c‐Met is therefore important in assessing the prognosis of patients with malignant epithelial ovarian tumors.
7 UNDERSTANDING THE DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY IN DECISION-MAKING TEAMS

Changing work-force demographics and new organizational forms are increasing the diversity of work teams in general and decision-making teams in particular. Given these environmental changes, work teams that are diverse in terms of sex, race, ethnicity, national origin, area of expertise, organizational affiliation, and many other personal characteristics are increasingly common. Diversity may lead to a variety of different consequences for decision-making teams. Consider, as a hypothetical example, an academic selection committee searching for a department chair. The members' diverse perspectives would undoubtedly influence the decision process. If managed well, their discussions might eventually result in the hiring of a Nobel laureate. If badly mismanaged, others at higher levels might usurp the selection committee's choice of a new leader. The purpose of this chapter is to present a framework for understanding the dynamics of diversity in work teams. We first describe the types of diversity that characterize today's work teams. Next, we present a general framework for analyzing how
7 Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks

Introduction Panic attacks (PAs) are an important set of anxiety symptoms and are defined in different editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: DSM (APA 1987, 1994). PAs are a common phenomenon that many people will experience at some point during their lives. A distinction is made between PAs and Panic Disorder (PD); the latter being characterized by recurrent PAs (Horwath, Gould & Weissman 2011). Despite some minor changes, the definition of PAs is largely comparable across the recent editions of the DSM (DSM-III, DSM-IV, DSM-5) (APA 1987, 1994, 2013). These are defined as periods of intense fear or discomfort in which at least 4 of the following 13 symptoms develop quickly, reaching a peak within 10 minutes: (1) palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate, (2) sweating, (3) trembling or shaking, (4) sensations of shortness of breath or smothering, (5) feeling of choking, (6) chest pain or discomfort, (7) nausea or abdominal distress, (8) feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint, (9) derealization or depersonalization, (10) fear of losing control or going crazy, (11) fear of dying, (12) numbness or tingling sensations, (13) chills or hot flushes. To diagnose PD, PAs should not be attributable to a general medical condition (such as hyperthyroidism or myocardial ischemia) or to substances (such as caffeine or amphetamine; Roberson-Nay & Kendler 2011). It should be noted that in DSM-IV, PAs were only coded in the context of a specific diagnosis, such as PD or agoraphobia. However, in DSM-5 PAs are conceptualized as a generic specifier and prognostic factor for severity of diagnosis, course, and comorbidity across different disorders. Thus, for example, an individual may have a major depressive disorder with PAs. Therefore, although the epidemiological data we present in this chapter are for DSM-IV PD, we also present the epidemiological data on PAs separately from PD (see also de Jonge et al. 2016). In DSM-IV, the essential feature of PD is the presence of recurrent, unexpected PAs. In addition, at least one of the attacks must be followed by one month or more of at least one of the following:
Evaluation of the estrogenic effects of UV filters on the sergeant major damselfish, Abudefduf saxatilis

Oxybenzone, octyl salicylate, and octinoxate are compounds used in a variety of products as a protection against exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Concerns have emerged regarding their environmental safety as previous studies have shown that they tend to bioaccumulate and act as potential xenoestrogens in aquatic organisms. To our knowledge no studies have investigated their impact on tropical reef-associated species. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the estrogenic effects of these three compounds on the abundant, reef-associated sergeant major damselfish, Abudefduf saxatilis. As no genomic information of A. saxatilis was available, the first part of the study was to isolate and to sequence the vitellogenin (VTG) and beta-actin genes. In the second part, the potential estrogenicity of the three compounds in juvenile fish (<5 cm) was studied using gene expression and protein synthesis analyses to evaluate the induction of VTG. Fish were exposed to doses of 5, 25, and 50 µg per gram of oxybenzone, octyl salicylate, octinoxate, and to a mixture of them in a similar proportion to the one used in commercial personal care products. An increment in alkali-labile phosphate was observed in all treatments, but it was only statistically significant in the positive control (17 beta-estradiol). Relative gene expression was only statistically augmented in the positive control. La oxibenzona, el octil salicilato y el octinoxato son compuestos empleados en una gran variedad de productos como proteccion contra la exposicion a la radiacion ultravioleta. En los ultimos anos ha aumentado la preocupacion en cuanto a su seguridad ambiental, ya que estudios han demostrado que tienden a bioacumularse y actuar como xenoendocrinos en organismos acuaticos. A la fecha, no se han realizado estudios sobre su impacto en especies asociadas a arrecifes tropicales. Por ello, el presente trabajo investiga los efectos estrogenicos de tres filtros ultravioleta en el pez sargento, Abudefduf saxatilis. Dada la falta de informacion genomica disponible para A. saxatilis, una primera parte del estudio consistio en aislar y secuenciar los genes de la vitelogenina (VTG) y beta-actina. En una segunda etapa, se estudiaron los efectos estrogenicos de estos tres compuestos evaluando la induccion de la expresion genetica y de la sintesis de la VTG en organismos juveniles (<5 cm). Los peces se inyectaron intraperitonealmente con dosis de 5, 25 y 50 µg por gramo peso humedo de oxibenzona, octil salicilato, octinoxato y una mezcla de ellos en proporciones similares a las empleadas en las lociones comerciales. Aunque se observo un aumento en la produccion de fosforo labil al alcali en todas las muestras tratadas con los filtros UV, el incremento solo fue estadisticamente significativo en el control positivo (17 beta-estradiol). El incremento en la expresion relativa del gen fue tambien estadisticamente significativo unicamente en el control positivo.
Quantum phase transitions in semi-local quantum liquids

We consider several types of quantum critical phenomena from finite-density gauge-gravity duality which to different degrees lie outside the Landau-Ginsburg-Wilson paradigm. These include: (1) a "bifurcating" critical point, for which the order parameter remains gapped at the critical point, and thus is not driven by soft order parameter fluctuations. Rather it appears to be driven by "confinement" which arises when two fixed points annihilate and lose conformality. On the condensed side, there is an infinite tower of condensed states and the nonlinear response of the tower exhibits an infinite spiral structure; (2) a "hybridized" critical point which can be described by a standard Landau-Ginsburg sector of order parameter fluctuations hybridized with a strongly coupled sector; (3) a "marginal" critical point which is obtained by tuning the above two critical points to occur together and whose bosonic fluctuation spectrum coincides with that postulated to underly the "Marginal Fermi Liquid" description of the optimally doped cuprates.
PRIVATE LABELS, RENT SHIFTING AND CONSUMER WELFARE

This paper investigates a retailer's decision to introduce a private label and asks how the retailer's access to a private label may affect the pricing of substitute national brands. We consider a model with two vertically differentiated national brand manufacturers that negotiate sequentially with a monopolist retailer over two-part tariffs. We find that when the retailer decides to introduce a private label, this generates a price increase for one of the two national brands. Moreover, when we endogenise the order of negotiations, we find that i) the retailer? s private label is always introduced, and ii) the private label always causes a price increase for the high-quality national brand only. In our model, this price increase does not occur due to a price discrimination effect, as in Gabrielsen and Sorgard (2007) ["Private labels, price rivalry, and public policy", European Economic Review, (51), 403-424], but as a result of a rent-shifting effect. The welfare implications of private label introduction are discussed.
Decision-making ability of patients undergoing invasive medical procedures

Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Confl icts of interest: There are no confl icts of interest to declare. Abstract Objective: To evaluate the decision-making process in patients, adults, and the elderly, who have undergone invasive medical procedures. Methods: A cross-sectional, quantitative study, conducted over a period of 14 months, including 300 inpatients aged over 18 years old, divided into adults and elderly, and by sex, who had undergone invasive medical procedures. The Moral-Psychological Development tool was used to evaluate their decision-making capacity. Results: A statistically signifi cant difference was identifi ed in the level of education of adults in relation to the elderly (P=0.0001), where adults had more years of study than the elderly. Only two participants did not demonstrate the ability to make decisions in their best interest. Conclusion: The results demonstrate the importance of involving elderly patients in decision-making about their medical treatment. Therefore, it is fundamental to develop strategies that properly reach this population, enabling autonomy and also self-determination in this stage of life.
Treatment of Gastric Ulcers with Fenugreek Seed Extract; In Vitro, In Vivo and In Silico Approaches

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antiulcer or gastroprotective potential of fenugreek seed aqueous extract using in vitro and in vivo models and to elucidate the possible mechanism of fenugreek seeds by in silico analysis on H+/K+ ATPase receptor, a crucial target for mediating the gastroprotective effect. Human gastric carcinoma epithelial cell line was used as an in vitro model to study the gastro protective effect of fenugreek aqueous extract over a concentration range of 0.1-10 µg/ml by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay against ethanol (15%). In vivo gastroprotective effect of the extract was assessed in adult Sprague Dawley rats of either sex at three doses viz., 200, 600 and 1000 mg/kg against ethanol (90%). Pantoprazole sodium (50 mg/kg) and misoprostol sodium (20 µg/kg) were used as positive control. The flavonoids and saponins reported in the extract were assessed for possible interactions at H+/K+ ATPase receptor site by in silico analysis. In the human gastric carcinoma epithelial cells, Fenugreek protected against the damage induced by ethanol at 5 µg/ml; whereas a protection of 67% at the dose of 1000 mg/kg was observed in the animal studies. The flavonoid derivatives namely vitexin-7-O-glucoside, vicenin-2, orientin and luteolin showed good interactions on H+/K+ ATPase while the saponins lacked good interaction in in silico analysis. Fenugreek seed extract showed gastroprotection in both: in vitro and in vivo studies. The possible mechanism of action for the extract was elucidated by in silico studies.
Cortisol levels, burnout and engagement in university employees

People’s psychological relationship with work can be conceptualized as a continuum ranging from negative experiences of professional burnout to positive experiences, known as engagement. A retrospective ex post facto study was carried out for the purpose of exploring and measuring the degree of relation of professional burnout and job engagement to cortisol levels and the filing of claims for medical costs among university employees. One hundred ninety-nine subjects participated. A weak positive relation was found between the factor Emotional Exhaustion and cortisol levels, as well as a negative relationship between health symptoms and cortisol levels. No differences in burnout and cortisol levels were found between subjects who put in claims for health services and those who do not, or in health service claims when paired with the factors of professional burnout and cortisol levels. We conclude that low levels of cortisol could be related to engagement levels, and are related to low levels of professional burnout. We suggest that organization management should pay attention not just to administrative issues, but also to factors of organizational structure, the redesign of substantive activities, and the development of competencies for life development, as a way of contributing to overall organizational effectiveness