Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tight Focusing of Optical Beams; A Review - Part 1

Complex amplitude and polarization distribution of an optical beam plays a dominant role in shaping the focused structure of the beam. It is therefore possible to engineer the focal spot using the pupil function manipulation. Helical phase structure arising due to phase singularity in the wave front plays an important role in shaping the focal spot. Tight focusing of an optical beam produces intensity distribution in the focal volume different from the well-known results based on scalar theory, and polarization distribution shows space variant characteristics. In the present paper, roles of the amplitude-, phase-, and polarization distribution on the tightly focused structure of the optical beams are reviewed. Impact of the helical phase structure in the pupil function engineering and subsequently on the focused structure is discussed with special reference to the authors' investigations at IIT Delhi. Certain applications in which tight focusing is desired are briefly discussed. Some miscellaneous investigations are also mentioned.
URBAN CLIMATE RESEARCH IN WARSAW: THE RESULTS OF MICROCLIMATIC NETWORK MEASUREMENTS

The paper presents some aspects of Warsaw’s climate, in particular the urban heat island. UHI changes in different seasons and in different air mass types were analysed over the years 2011-2012. Average UHI in Warsaw is of a diamond shape which reflects the distribution of the densest built area and exceeds 2.0°C in the city centre compared to the airport station. In subtropical air mass, the intensity of UHI on the left side of the Vistula River reached 7.7°C. The basis for the analysis is the microclimatic measurement network of 28 permanent points in Warsaw and its surroundings, operated by IGSO PAS and completed by data from 7 other stations. This dense network became the IGSO PAS’ input into an UHI project titled ‘Development and application of mitigation and adaptation strategies and measures for counteracting the global Urban Heat Islands phenomenon (UHI)’ implemented through the Central Europe Program and co-financed by the ERDF.
Improving Identification and Diagnosis of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury With Evidence: Psychometric Support for the Acute Concussion Evaluation

ObjectivesA dearth of standardized assessment tools exists to properly assess and triage mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in primary care and acute care settings. This article presents evidence of appropriate psychometric properties for the Acute Concussion Evaluation (ACE), a new structured clinical interview. ParticipantsParent informants of 354 patients, aged 3 to 18 years, with suspected mTBI completed the ACE via telephone interview. MeasureAcute Concussion Evaluation. ResultsEvidence is presented for appropriate item-scale membership, internal consistency reliability as well as content, predictive, convergent/divergent, and construct validity of the ACE symptom checklist. ConclusionsOverall, the ACE symptom checklist exhibits reasonably strong psychometric properties as an initial assessment tool for mTBI.
Media-Based Modulation for the Uplink in Massive MIMO Systems

Media-based modulation (MBM) is an attractive modulation scheme, which can achieve high data rates using multiple radio frequency (RF) mirrors (parasitic elements) and fewer transmit antennas/RF chains. In this paper, we consider MBM for the uplink in a massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system consisting of tens of users and tens to hundreds of base station receive antennas. Each user employs MBM with one transmit antenna and multiple RF mirrors placed near it. The on/off status of the RF mirrors conveys information bits in addition to the bits conveyed through conventional modulation symbols. We show that the multiuser MBM (MU-MBM) system achieves very good bit error performance compared to other conventional multiuser MIMO systems. We propose two types of low-complexity detection algorithms for massive MU-MBM systems. The first type is based on compressive sensing that exploits the inherent sparse nature of the MBM transmit vectors. The second type is based on message passing that performs both detection and channel estimation at low computational complexity. To do this, it exploits the “channel hardening” phenomenon that occurs in large MIMO channels. It is shown that the proposed algorithms are not only computationally less complex, but also provide very good bit error performance in massive MU-MBM systems.
Extra-organizational guanxi practices, intra-organizational guanxi practices and trust in management in Chinese firms: Case in Chinese machine manufacturing

Grounded on the background of Chinese firms, this article highlights both the interaction of different forms of Guanxi practices and their functionary mechanism on employeespsila trust in management. Based upon the interview data from China, we both uncovered the positive correlations between different forms of managerial Guanxi practices classified in this study and verified the existence of negative effect of managerial Guanxi practices in employeespsila trust in management. Such relationships, even though we controlled the smallness and newness of our sample according to former researches, are statistically significant, with different representations in various ownership states and saliently affected by outcome favorability. As the explorative study in this topic, this article is expected to be helpful in both business practices and further research as implied in last part of this paper.
Gradient-Singular, Hierarchical Finite Elements for Vector Electromagnetics

New tetrahedral finite elements are described for the analysis of vector electromagnetic fields. They are singular elements that are more accurate than conventional, polynomial-based elements near sharp edges and corners. They are hierarchical, meaning that elements of different orders (accuracies) are available and may be placed together in the same mesh without violating continuity of the field. The elements are formed from a series of scalar singular elements by taking the gradient, and are therefore called gradient singular. Results using the new elements in p-adaptive analysis, orders 1 to 3, demonstrate that when they are used in place of conventional elements the scattering parameters are as much as 10 times more accurate for the same number of unknowns.
Avifaunal changes as a consequence of large‐scale livestock exclusion in the mountains of Central Argentina

Summary 1. In the high Mountains of Cordoba (Central Argentina) large native herbivores were replaced completely by domestic livestock early in the 20th century. Recently, livestock were excluded in a large portion of the mountains to reduce alarming soil erosion rates, leading to an unnatural situation as the area has a long evolutionary history of large herbivore grazing. Many of the birds living in this area are endemic subspecies. Lack of large herbivore grazing can reduce plant diversity, but the response of birds is unknown. 2. We surveyed birds in 46 1·8-ha transects distributed across eight vegetation units under (a) traditional livestock rearing and (b) 4 years of livestock exclusion. We described bird communities per transect using density and richness. The effects of grazing situation and vegetation units on these parameters were analysed by two-way analysis of variance ( anova ). Additionally, we analysed bird composition through detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). 3. Livestock exclusion caused, in all vegetation units, significant reductions in observed bird density and richness when all species were included in the analysis, and when the 12 endemic subspecies were considered separately. An analysis for each guild showed a similar pattern but differences were significant only for richness of insectivorous and granivorous birds. Vegetation units always showed significant differences in bird density and richness, with no significant interactions between vegetation and grazing situations. Community composition described through DCA was different between vegetation units but not between grazing situations. Endemic birds were associated mainly with rocky areas. 4. Synthesis and applications . In areas where large native herbivores are locally extinct, extensive exclusion of domestic livestock is not recommended where bird conservation is also a priority. Where possible, we suggest reintroducing native large herbivores. Where reintroductions are not feasible, livestock must be excluded only from those sites where it is most necessary, and maintained elsewhere at reduced stocking rates. To mimic past natural grazing regimes more effectively, livestock grazing regimes should incorporate temporal fluctuations at seasonal, yearly and decade scales.
An experimental test of a microwave inverse Cerenkov accelerator (MICA)

We describe first tests of one module of a dielectric-lined vacuum "inverse Cerenkov" accelerator. The module was fabricated by Titan-Beta, based on a design for a smooth-bore, slow wave accelerator powered by S-band microwaves from a SLAC klystron which also produces the injected 6 MeV bunched beam from a thermionic cathode rf gun. The dielectric liner (/spl kappa/ = 9.6) has an outer diameter of 3.14 cm, an inner diameter of 8.9 mm (through which the bunches pass), and a length of 30 cm. Power up to 200 kW was launched into the accelerator in the TM/sub 01/ mode. The dimensions of the alumina dielectric were chosen so that the phase velocity of the wave is slowed to just below c. Observations are reported for acceleration and deceleration of the injected bunch, as a function of the relative phase of the bunch injection. An energy change up to 2% was found. The energy change scales in proportion to the axial electric field. Maximum acceleration was limited by microwave breakdown most likely caused by deficiencies in design of the input coupler and not by the limiting breakdown strength of alumina.
Consonantal Variation in Utah English

In this paper, we analyze the frequency of three consonantal variables in Utah English: the glottal stop in words like mountain, [t]-epenthesis in words with /ls/ clusters like salsa, and word-final velar nasals (NG+). Using Amazon Mechanical Turk to collect audio, we gathered 2,795 tokens of these variables. Though relatively few nonmainstream variants were found in our sample, we find indications of phonetic conditioning and that women and younger speakers used some nonmainstream variants more. Ultimately, further work and a larger dataset is required to more fully describe these variables in Utah English.
RABIDEAU AND EDWARDS : NITROGEN AND AMINO ACIDS IN ANDROPOGON 799 Methods Plants

Knowledge of the nitrogen metabolism of plants is of importance for an understanding of the growth and development of the plants themselves and for their evaluation as food for grazing animals. Of particular significance with respect to the latter use is the amino acid composition of the grass proteins. Although a few studies have been made of the amino acid composition of grass proteins (CHIBNALL, 2; LUGG, 8) no studies have ever been made of the amino acid compostion of grasses of range importance in the Southwest. FUDGE and FRAPS (5) have, however, made a fairly extensive study of the total nitrogen composition of certain Texas grasses. A somewhat more limited study involving rye grass, along with certain cereal grasses, has been made by MACVICAR (9). A study of the amino acids in alfalfa made by STEWARD et al. (11), employing the chromatography method, indicated that several amino acids in addition to the amides, glutamine and asparagine, could be extracted with alcohol. This study further lists a number of amino acids which were detected after acid hydrolysis. Radioautography of amino acids containing S35 aided in the identification of various.sulphur containing amino acids. One of the most important considerations with respect to range grasses is the modification of nitrogen content associated with regrowth following grazing. The physiological effects of clipping certain pasture grasses to simulate grazing have been reported by LEUKEL et al. (7). Leukel and his co-workers concluded that frequent clipping reduces the carbohydrate and nitrogen content and favors vegetative rather than reproductive growth. A detailed study of the carbohydrate and nitrogen composition of the roots, stubble, and tops of clipped perennial rye grass plants was made by SULLIVAN and SPRAGUE (13). HOLSCHER (6) has reported decreased growth and dry weight in clipped western wheatgrass, Agropyron Smithii Rydb. and blue grama grass, Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. BUKEY and WEAVER (1) made a similar study of little bluestem, Andropogon scoparius Michx. , and big bluestem, Andropogon furcatus Muhl. The present study deals with both total nitrogen and amino acid content of the King Ranch strain of Andropogon ischaemum L. The investigation was aimed, in part, at determining whether or not the amino acid content remains constant during the growth cycle.
Reasoning about Adaptive Dynamical Systems in the Analysis of Eating Regulation Disorders

To analyse a subject’s mental processes, psychotherapists often face nontrivial properties of adaptive dynamical systems. Analysis of dynamical systems usually is performed using mathematical techniques. Such an analysis is not precisely the type of reasoning performed in psychotherapy practice. In this paper it is shown how practical reasoning about dynamic properties of adaptive dynamical systems within psychotherapy can be described using dynamical logical methods and a high-level language to describe dynamics.
Anthropogenic carbon and heat uptake by the ocean: Will the Southern Ocean remain a major sink?

Vertical exchange in the Southern Ocean between the atmosphere and the surface and deep ocean has a profound influence on the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon and heat, as well as nutrient resupply from the abyss to the surface. Despite this importance, the Southern Ocean, defined here as the stretch of ocean between Antarctica and approximately 30°S, remains the most poorly observed and understood part of the global ocean. Reduced uncertainties in global climate projections will be difficult to achieve without significant progress toward understanding the Southern Ocean’s response to climate forcings. Recent advances in observational and modeling capabilities have the capability to transform our understanding of the Southern Ocean and its role in climate. The global array of profiling Argo floats, combined with satellite data, has produced temperature, salinity, and pressure data with unprecedented spatial coverage. Floats equipped with biogeochemical sensors are beginning to provide the scientific community with measurements essential for studies of the carbon cycle. Numerical models are beginning to resolve spatial scales of 10-20 km, which is adequate for capturing the mesoscale dynamics that are thought to be significant in the mixing and circulation of the Southern Ocean. Finally, the development of state estimates provides us with realistic model solutions that are compatible with modern observational datasets. Despite this progress, many challenges remain. The spatial and temporal sampling coverage in the Southern Ocean remains inadequate. Earth system models continue to have incomplete physics and biogeochemistry and thus rely on parameterizations of several important processes. Interactions between the main components of the climate system – the atmosphere, land, ocean and sea ice – tend to be poorly understood relative to processes in each of these individual components. This joint edition of the US CLIVAR and OCB newsletters includes a series of articles that highlight recent progress and identify the scientific gaps in our knowledge of the Southern Ocean’s role in climate and the ocean’s response to climate forcings. A Joint
Differential Learning as a Key Training Approach to Improve Creative and Tactical Behavior in Soccer

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the effects of a differential-learning program, embedded in small-sided games, on the creative and tactical behavior of youth soccer players. Forty players from under-13 (U13) and under-15 (U15) were allocated into control and experimental groups and were tested using a randomized pretest to posttest design using small-sided games situations. Method: The experimental group participated in a 5-month differential-learning program embodied in small-sided games situations, while the control group participated in a typical small-sided games training program. In-game creativity was assessed through notational analyses of the creative components, and the players’ positional data were used to compute tactical-derived variables. Results: The findings suggested that differential learning facilitated the development of creative components, mainly concerning attempts (U13, small; U15, small), versatility (U13, moderate; U15, small), and originality (U13, unclear; U15, small) of players’ actions. Likewise, the differential-learning approach provided a decrease in fails during the game in both experimental groups (moderate). Moreover, differential learning seemed to favor regularity in pitch-positioning behavior for the distance between players’ dyads (U13, small; U15, small), the distance to the team target (U13, moderate; U15, small), and the distance to the opponent target (U13, moderate; U15, small). Conclusions: The differential-learning program stressed creative and positional behavior in both age groups with a distinct magnitude of effects, with the U13 players demonstrating higher improvements over the U15 players. Overall, these findings confirmed that the technical variability promoted by differential learning nurtures regularity of positioning behavior.
Endoscopic Decompression, Foraminalplasty and Dorsal Rhizotomy forForaminal Stenosis and Lumbar Spondylosis: A Hybrid Procedure in Lieuof Fusion

Surgical treatment of chronic Low Back pain syndrome from an aging spine traditionally focuses on fusion as the ultimate surgical means to eliminate debilitating back pain and sciatica. ” A variety of painful degenerative conditions of the lumbar spine is treated surgically by translaminar decompression and fusion. Spine surgeons trained to perform fusions, with no training in endoscopic surgery are battling an economic crisis of escalating cost and affordability when fusion surgery is recommended for chronic back pain. This is considered the ultimate treatment by surgeons favoring fusion as a means to treat perceived or actual instability and/or deformity supported by imaging studies.
In-Vitro Cellular Responses of Human Dental Primary Cells to Dental Filling Restoratives

In vitro cytotoxicity of six contemporary commercial dental filling restoratives on human dental primary cells, pulp cells (HPCs) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), were tested using WST-1 assay. Continuous 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell lines were used for comparison. The results show that conventional glass-ionomer cement (GIC) Fuji II is not cytotoxic to all the cells. Resin-modified GIC (RMGIC) Fuji II LC is not cytotoxic to both HPCs and HGFs but cytotoxic to 3T3 cells. RMGIC Vitremer and resin composite Z100 are very cytotoxic to all the cells. Resin composite P60 is cytotoxic but much less cytotoxic than Z100. Polycarboxylate cement Durelon is the most cytotoxic among the six tested materials. It was found that continuous 3T3 cell lines were more vulnerable to leachable cytotoxic components than primary HPCs and HGFs. It was also found that the cytotoxcity of the tested materials was dose-dependent.
The foundations of multistakeholding: the problem of the costs of exclusion

Henry Hansmann has argued that ownership is best allocated to the group of patrons for which the total of cost of governance and contracting for all the firm’s patrons combined is minimized. This paper re-founds Hansmann’s model by considering an additional set of costs, the costs of excluding certain groups of patrons from the firm’s decision-making or governance process. The objective, which is Coasean in both spirit and formulation, is to show (1) that firms with “multi-stakeholder governance” emerge to economize on exclusion costs, and (2) that the efficient governance structure minimizes the total cost of membership, contracting and exclusion costs for all the firm’s patrons combined. The paper argues that this setup helps explain so-called “public organisation,” defined as organisations with public interest objectives, and further claims that this model helps explaining the recent emergence of multi-stakeholder enterprises within the third sector.
Comparison between Continuous Thoracic Epidural and Ultrasound Guided Continuous Thoracic Paravertebral Block on Perioperative Analgesia and Hemodynamic Stability in Patients Undergoing Thoracotomy

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy of both continuous thoracic epidural and continuous paravertebral block on perioperative analgesia, hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing thoracotomy. Patients and methods: This prospective, randomized, single blind and clinical study was conducted on 60 patients underwent thoracotomy. These patients were randomly allocated into two equal groups: Group I Thoracic paravertebral analgesia (TPVA): received ultrasound guided thoracic paravertebral catheter and Group II Thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA): received ultrasound guided thoracic epidural catheter. In Both groups a bolus dose of 0.5% bupivacaine then continuous infusion of bupivacaine 0.25% intraoperative followed by postoperative continuous infusion of bupivacaine 0.25% plus 2mcg/ml fentanyl. Visual analogue pain score (VAS) was measured at rest, deep breath and coughing every 6 hrs postoperative and Haemodynamic parameters in form of heart rate and invasive blood pressure were recorded as follow: before block, 10min and 20 min after block, 10 minutes after induction, after lateral position, after skin incision and after rib retraction then postoperative were recorded every 6 hrs. Results: Current study showed no significant differences between both groups as regards VAS at rest, deep breathing and coughing. As regards comparing mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) between both groups, current study showed a significant lower MAP values in TEA group at 10 minutes from bolus dose injection, 20 minutes from bolus dose injection, 10 minutes after induction of general anaesthesia, after lateral position, after skin incision, after rib retraction and six hours postoperative compared to TPVA group. There were no significant differences as regards respiratory rate, spo2, arterial blood base analysis (pH, PaO2 and PaCo2) and peak expiratory flowmeter at1h, 12hrs and 24hrs postoperative. Also there were no significant differences as regards. Total bupivacaine consumption in 24 hrs and Pain rescue analgesia consumption. There was lower nausea, vomiting, itching and no urine retention in TPVA group Conclusion: We recommend that The TPVB is safe and effective and should be always considered as a TEB alternative.
Increase in HFC‐134a emissions in response to the success of the Montreal Protocol

The 1,1,1,2‐tetrafluoroethane (HFC‐134a), an important alternative to CFC‐12 in accordance with the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, is a high global warming potential greenhouse gas. Here we evaluate variations in global and regional HFC‐134a emissions and emission trends, from 1995 to 2010, at a relatively high spatial and temporal (3.75° in longitude × 2.5° in latitude and 8 day) resolution, using surface HFC‐134a measurements. Our results show a progressive increase of global HFC‐134a emissions from 19 ± 2 Gg/yr in 1995 to 167 ± 5 Gg/yr in 2010, with both a slowdown in developed countries and a 20%/yr increase in China since 2005. A seasonal cycle is also seen since 2002, which becomes enhanced over time, with larger values during the boreal summer.