Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Confirmation of a low HER 2 positivity rate of breast carcinomas-limitations of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization

Background: Accurate assessment of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) of invasive breast cancer is essential to treatment decisions since the advent of targeted therapy with the humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab and the dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib. In the literature, the percentage of HER2overexpressed/amplified breast carcinomas range from 3% to 30%. The routinely assigned low rate of 9% of HER2overexpressed breast carcinomas alarmed one of our gynecologists who requested to confirm our HER2 test results. Methods: A small study of 83 patients with breast carcinoma was designed to reexamine the routinely assessed HER2 status using immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results: The low rate of 9% of HER2-overexpressed/amplified breast tumors (DIN1C-3, invasive carcinoma) could be confirmed. However, FISH revealed two false positive cases and one false negative case. Moreover a case with an equivocal result in FISH was detected. Conclusion: The HER2 positivity rate may be as low as 9%. The novel ASCO/CAP criteria for assessing immunohistochemical results in HER 2 testing reduce the false positive rate of HER2. First-line testing with immunohistochemistry may obscure false positive and false negative test results. In heterogeneous carcinomas even fluorescence in situ hybridization may not succeed in a correct evaluation of HER2.
Determinants of household expenditure on education in rural India

NCAER 2 NCAER Working Papers primarily disseminate the results of research work done at or for the National Council of Applied Economic Research. They can be cited or quoted only with full acknowledgement of the Council. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not imply endorsement by the Council. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ABSTRACT Using the NCAER survey data on Human Development in rural India (HDI) (1994), supplemented by other sources, the paper examines the extent of household expenditure on education by different groups of population, the elasticity of household expenditure on education to changes in household income on the one hand and government expenditure on education on the other and the determinants of family expenditures on education. It has been found that there is nothing like 'free' education in India. Household expenditures on education are sizeable; households from even lower socioeconomic background—Scheduled Castes/Tribes, low income groups—all spend considerable amounts on acquiring education, including specifically elementary education, which is expected to be provided free to all by the State. Important items of household expenditures consist of books, uniforms and fees. Even in the case of government primary and upper primary schools, students seem to be paying huge amounts of fees—examination and other fees. It is also found that households do not discriminate much against spending on girls' education; substantial differences exist in household expenditures between expenditure on children attending government schools, government-aided schools and private schools. Among the determinants of household expenditures, household characteristics—particularly household income and the educational level of the head of the household—are found to be important. Other important determinants include demographic burden of the household (size of the household), caste and religion. Generally, gender is believed to be a very significant determinant of household expenditures on education. This is not necessarily true in all cases. School related variables chosen—the incentives such as midday meals, uniforms, textbooks and stationery, etc., and the availability of school within the habitation—are also quite important. Coefficients of elasticity clearly show that government expenditures and household expenditures do not substitute each other, instead they complement each other. So if the government wishes to mobilise household finances for education, it is important that the government …
Caring for a child with severe intellectual disability in China: The example of Rett syndrome

Purpose: Rett syndrome is one of several genetic disorders known to cause severe intellectual and physical disability, mostly in girls. Girls affected by Rett syndrome appear to develop normally in the first 6 months of life, after which the usual clinical presentation comprises regression of communication and hand skills, the appearance of hand stereotypies and impaired gait. Intellectual disability affects more than 1.5% of the population of children in developing countries yet we know little about the daily lives and support services available for them and their caregivers. Method: This qualitative study explored the daily experiences of 14 mothers and one grandmother caring for a child with Rett syndrome in China via telephone interviews. Results: Participants reported a lack of education, rehabilitation and support services available to them. Limited access to information reduced families’ capacity to adequately meet the needs of their child. These gaps were further exacerbated by discrimination and perceived stigma from some members of the community. Conclusions: Additional support services and educational programs at the governmental level can improve the quality of life of persons with an intellectual disability and their families and programs involving community participation in the care of people with disabilities may help to address discrimination. Implications for Rehabilitation Little is known about the lives of girls with Rett syndrome in China, a genetic condition associated with severe disability. Most girls experienced home-based care with limited access to appropriate equipment, education and rehabilitation. Limited information and discrimination and stigma from some community members reduced families’ abilities to meet their child’s needs. Greater access to health, education and information services in China should be supported.
Network Community Detection with A Successive Spectral Relaxation Method

With invaluable theoretical and practical benefits, the problem of partitioning networks for community structures has attracted significant research attention in scientific and engineering disciplines. In literature, Newman's modularity measure is routinely applied to quantify the quality of a given partition, and thereby maximizing the measure provides a principled way of detecting communities in networks. Unfortunately, the exact optimization of the measure is computationally NP-complete and only applicable to very small networks. Approximation approaches have to be sought to scale to large networks. To address the computational issue, we proposed a new method to identify the partition decisions. Coupled with an iterative rounding strategy and a fast constrained power method, our work achieves tight and effective spectral relaxations. The proposed method was evaluated thoroughly on both real and synthetic networks. Compared with state-of-the-art approaches, the method obtained comparable, if not better, qualities. Meanwhile, it is highly suitable for parallel execution and reported a nearly linear improvement in running speed when increasing the number of computing nodes, which thereby provides a practical tool for partitioning very large networks.
CRYOLITE INDUCED MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE IN THE COMPOUND EYE OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Treatment of the larvae of the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster with 10, 20, and 40 ppm of the F-containing insecticide cryolite (Na3AlF6) through its normal food resulted in abnormal morphology of its compound eye. A ridge-like appearance of the mechanosensory bristles of the ommatidia was apparent by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Interestingly, ommatidial disorganization was greater with 10 ppm cryolite than with 20 and 40 ppm. These results indicate that the use of cryolite as an insecticide in fruit orchards may cause morphological alterations in a non-target organism.
Behavioral Biases, Investor Performance, and Wealth Transfers between Investor Groups

Using a very large and special database that includes the entire universe of orders and trades of Indian investors over eighteen months, the present study makes several new contributions to the existing literature on the role of behavioral biases in stock market performance of investors. We consider the relative e ffects of disposition e ffect and investor overconfidence in a unifi ed framework. The framework also includes other investor-specifi c factors that have been identifi ed in the existing literature as important in explaining investor performance. We also investigate whether the magnitude of the two behavioral biases di ffers among separate categories of investors, including individual investors, non-financial corporations and financial institutions and, importantly, if and how the eff ects of the biases on trading performance vary across di fferent investor categories. Finally, we examine the joint e ffects of investor category and the magnitude of behavioral biases on an investor's performance. We find that individual investors suff er from higher disposition coffeficient as well as higher sensitivity of disposition bias to performance than the other investor categories. The results identify disposition bias as a direct channel of wealth transfer between investor categories.
The impact of the entrepreneur's personality on the strategy-formation and planning process in SMEs

The objective of this study was to explore the impact of the entrepreneur's character on the development of strategy in small- to medium-sized firms. While researchers have looked at entrepreneurial traits in order to explain business start-up and growth, little attention has been paid to the possible interactions between entrepreneurial types and the strategic choices they make. This study identified two main types of entrepreneurs, the pragmatist and the charismatic entrepreneur, which resulted in different patterns of strategic behaviour. The research suggested that different types of entrepreneurs faced diflcrent problems, and that their responses to crises varied. The study suggests that the charismatic entrepreneurs were forced to review their propensity to take risk, share power and involve more people in the decision-making process and this resulted in a more rational, planned approach to the strategy-making process. Financial planning became a priority for both types of entrepreneur.
Towards a Post-Structural View of Competition: Three Cases of Horizontal Merger

We examine the question of adaptive firm conduct using longitudinal product-level data from three large horizontal mergers in the food manufacturing industry. Our model is grounded in a ? poststructural? view of competition that we deduce from recent writings from the fields of strategy, organizational ecology, and industrial organization. Consistent with this model, we find that the influence of horizontal merger on product performance (i.e., rent) varies with the product niche, time, the specific firms that merged, and dominance of the product, and its market scope.
The tweet smell of celebrity success: Explaining variation in Twitter adoption among a diverse group of young adults

What motivates young adults to start using the popular microblogging site Twitter? Can we identify any systematic patterns of adoption or is use of the service randomly distributed among internet users of this demographic? Drawing on unique longitudinal data surveying 505 diverse young American adults about their internet uses at two points in time (2009, 2010), this article looks at what explains the uptake of Twitter during the year when the site saw considerable increase in use. We find that African Americans are more likely to use the service as are those with higher internet skills. Results also suggest that interest in celebrity and entertainment news is a significant predictor of Twitter use mediating the effect of race among a diverse group of young adults. In contrast, interest in local and national news, international news, and politics shows no relationship to Twitter adoption in this population segment.
Effect of Knowledge Transfer and Spillover on Product Innovativeness: The Case of Manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Kenya

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of knowledge transfer and spillover on product innovativeness (PI) in the context of manufacturing SMEs. in Kisumu, Kenya. To answer the questions this empirical study raised, a sample of 126 MSEs on the basis of the manufacturing hubs of Kisumu, Kenya. This study provided evidence in support of knowledge transfer and on the contrary, knowledge spillover on PI. Further research is needed to confirm and extend the present results by replicating the principal features of this study with MSEs in other regions within Kenya. The conclusions drawn from this study could inform efforts in designing different knowledge transfer supportive actions for different manufacturing MSEs based on their product knowledge gaps within the wider innovation policy initiatives. Keywords : Small and medium-sized enterprises, Manufacturing, knowledge transfer and spillover, Product Innovativeness, Kenya
Group therapy for schizophrenia: a practical approach.

Schizophrenics have been treated in groups since the method was introduced early in the century. Lazell (1921) was the first to report a special therapeutic advantage in group therapy for schizophrenic patients, and over the years, other authors have reported success with the group method, with some claiming that this is the preferable way to treat schizophrenia. Various advantages for group therapy have been cited. Payn (1965 and 1974), for example, noted that providing socializing experiences for patients tends to diminish anxiety, improve reality testing, increase self-esteem, and reduce necessity for hospitalization. Others have suggested that group-treated patients take neuroleptic drugs more consistently (O'Brien et al. 1972), but this has not been verified in controlled studies with urine or blood level determinations. Striking improvement in social functioning of schizophrenics has been reported by several authors (Masnik et al. 1971, Schultz and Ross 1955, and Donlon, Rada, and Knight 1973), and increased staff enthusiasm also seems to be a consistent finding (Masnik et al. 1971, O'Brien et al. 1972, and Herz et al. 1974).
The Self-Concept and Conjugal Loss: Evidence for Structural Change

The self-concept is often considered to be a personal resource that individuals may use to cope with life stressors, but little is known about how this entity might itself change in response to profound stress. The present study examines structural change in self-concept following conjugal loss in later life. Analyses were conducted on data collected from 57 widows every 4 months over the first 2 years post-loss. The first objective was to explore the adequacy of an operational definition of the self-concept as a latent construct lying at the confluence of self-esteem, perceived environmental mastery, and optimism. Because confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported this theoretically based conceptualization, the second objective of the study was to model stability and change in the structure of the self-concept over the 2-year study period. Results suggested that there is both stability and change in the self-system during the adjustment to major life stress.
Social bonds and supplier allocation of resources to business customers

Purpose of the paper and literature addressed This paper addresses questions about the effect that social bonds between relationship partners have on the way in which a supplier allocates resources to its relationship with a buyer. Two key questions the paper addresses are the following. In business markets, does strength of social bonds that a supplier perceives with a specific customer influence the supplier’s allocations of financial, physical, time, and intangible resources to this customer relative to other customers? If social bonding does uniquely impact supplier allocation of resources to customers, does the impact vary by length of the supplier-customer relationship? The paper proposes and empirically examines three alternative theories (honeymoon, maturity, and imprinting theories) that indicate how suppliers’ perceptions of social bonds with customers influence the suppliers’ allocations of resources and also examines the proposition that social bonding contributes uniquely to supplier allocations. Honeymoon theory is the proposal that the positive influence of social bonding on supplier resource allocation is greatest in relatively new supplier-customer relationships versus long-term relationships. Maturity theory proposes the opposite—the positive influence of social bonding on supplier resources allocation is greatest in long-term versus new relationships. Imprinting theory proposes that no interaction occurs between the effects of social bonding and length of supplier-customer relationship on supplier resource allocations. The theoretical grounding for the study extends the IMP stream of research, using ideas including the concepts of relationship marketing theory and Homans’ framework for social behavior.
Sleeping with the Enemy: Taxes and Former IRS Employees

We investigate the financial and tax considerations associated with hiring former IRS employees and whether these hires are associated with subsequent tax payments or settlements. Utilizing professional profiles on LinkedIn between 1980 and 2012, we identify 1,697 episodes where 1,252 full-time IRS employees were hired by 784 unique public corporations. We find that firms tend to hire IRS employees prior to significant economic downturns and that firms hiring IRS personnel are associated with higher GAAP effective tax rates, tax penalties and tax shelter probabilities. Using a propensity matched sample, we find that after making an IRS hire, firms exhibit reduced effective tax rates, reduced tax rate volatility but continue to be associated with higher book-tax differences, tax settlements, and penalties.
Intellectual Property Provisions in North-South Trade Agreements

Using a repeated game approach, this paper models a North-South trade agreement under which North offers South improved market access (via a tariff reduction) if South agrees to prevent local imitation by strengthening its protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs). We show that such an agreement arises in equilibrium if South's imitative capacity is neither too high nor too low. The paper also considers a scenario where Southern protection of IPRs is induced via a North-South transfer. A comparison of the two instruments shows that one instrument does not unambiguously dominate the other in terms of sustaining cooperation. We also analyze whether and how the availability of the second instrument affects cooperation given that one instrument is already available.
Telerehabilitation In South Africa – Is There A Way Forward?

South Africa, like the rest of sub-Saharan Africa, has a disproportionate burden of disease and a shortage of health professionals. Telemedicine has been identified as a possible way of overcoming part of the problem but telemedicine has not been widely adopted. In the public sector hospitals in South Africa which serve 82% of the population there are 2.5 physiotherapists and 2 occupational therapists per 100,000 people served. The extent of telerehabilitation in South Africa is unknown. A literature review of telerehabilitation found no papers from South Africa. A survey of the heads of university departments of physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech and language pathology revealed limited knowledge of telerehabilitation. Telerehabilitation services are confined to follow-up of patients at some institutions by telephone, fax or email. There is need to raise awareness among therapists if telerehabilitation is to become a reality in South Africa. Future actions are outlined.
The relationship between prestimulus-alpha amplitude and visual evoked potential amplitude.

Root-mean-square (RMS) amplitude derived from power spectral measures in the alpha band of the 1 s prestimulus EEG were related to the peak-to-peak amplitude of the N1 and P2 components (N1P2PP) of the visual evoked potential (VEP) in 7 male subjects. Stimuli were low intensity flashes delivered randomly between 2 and 6 whole seconds. Trials were rank ordered according to the levels of prestimulus alpha amplitude and were partitioned into groups of 40 trials each (25 groups per data set). Averaged VEPs were computed from these groups and scattergrams of N1P2PP and enhancement factor (following the approach by Başar, 1980) vs. prestimulus alpha amplitude were produced. There was a correlation of 0.74 (p less than .0001) between prestimulus alpha amplitude and N1P2PP, and all seven subjects displayed a general inverse relationship between VEP enhancement and prestimulus alpha amplitude, replicating the results of Başar. However, we observed an exponential relationship, rather than the linear relationship reported by Başar.
Online buying innovativeness: effects of perceived value, perceived risk and perceived enjoyment

This paper proposes a model using the Structural Equation Modeling technique to identify the influence of perceived value, perceived risk and perceived enjoyment on online shoppers' innovativeness in relation to adoption of online shopping. A self-administered questionnaire was used to gather information from 554 respondents. Results from Structural Equation Modeling reveals that perceived risk was an important indicator not to be overlooked by e-retailers to evaluate Malaysian Internet users' innovative behaviour in online shopping with respect to their attitude toward online shopping. Consideration of perceived risk factor by e-retailers could improve the Malaysian online shoppers' innovative behaviour and thus create added value in their decision to shop through virtual stores than traditional/physical shopping stores. When consumers enjoy positive experience in shopping for products via the Internet, they will increase the amount of online purchases. Results from this study would greatly aid online marketing managers in developing successful targeting and positioning strategies to gain better insights about the purchase behaviour of innovative online shoppers, and constitute a future research foundation area for a more scrupulous analysis by both information systems analysts and marketing researchers.
POT1 Association with TRF2 Regulates Telomere Length

ABSTRACT Deleting the OB folds encoding the telomeric single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding activity of the human telomeric protein POT1 induces significant telomere elongation, suggesting that at least one critical aspect of the regulation of telomere length is disrupted by this POT1ΔOB mutant protein. POT1 is known to associate with two proteins through the protein interaction domain retained in POT1ΔOB—the telomeric double-stranded DNA-binding protein TRF2 and the telomere-associated protein TPP1. We report that introducing a mutation that reduces association of POT1 with TRF2, but not a mutation that reduces the association with TPP1, abrogates the ability of POT1ΔOB to promote telomere elongation. Mechanistically, expression of POT1ΔOB reduced the association of TRF2 with POT1, RAP1, and TIN2; however, of these proteins, only ectopic expression of POT1 suppressed the telomere elongation induced by POT1ΔOB. Lastly, replacing endogenous POT1 with a full-length POT1 mutant defective in the association with TRF2 induced telomere elongation. Thus, we conclude that the association of POT1 with both ssDNA and TRF2 is critical for telomere length homeostasis.