Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Managing Adaptive Challenges

We interviewed eight principals from Bermuda and Florida about how they identify and manage their most pressing challenges. Their challenges are composed of both adaptive and technical work, requiring leaders to learn to diagnose and manage them. Challenges focused on change and were traced to accountability contexts, yet accountability was not the driving force for all principals. Neither external demands nor principals themselves dictated whether the problem was technical or adaptive; instead, it was the nature of the problem itself. Leadership preparation programs are encouraged to provide a framework to address managing phases of adaptive, technical, and mixed challenges.
Imaging cortical dynamics of language processing with the event-related optical signal

Language processing involves the rapid interaction of multiple brain regions. The study of its neurophysiological bases would therefore benefit from neuroimaging techniques combining both good spatial and good temporal resolution. Here we use the event-related optical signal (EROS), a recently developed imaging method, to reveal rapid interactions between left superior/middle temporal cortices (S/MTC) and inferior frontal cortices (IFC) during the processing of semantically or syntactically anomalous sentences. Participants were presented with sentences of these types intermixed with nonanomalous control sentences and were required to judge their acceptability. ERPs were recorded simultaneously with EROS and showed the typical activities that are elicited when processing anomalous stimuli: the N400 and the P600 for semantic and syntactic anomalies, respectively. The EROS response to semantically anomalous words showed increased activity in the S/MTC (corresponding in time with the N400), followed by IFC activity. Syntactically anomalous words evoked a similar sequence, with a temporal-lobe EROS response (corresponding in time with the P600), followed by frontal activity. However, the S/MTC activity corresponding to a semantic anomaly was more ventral than that corresponding to a syntactic anomaly. These data suggest that activation related to anomaly processing in sentences proceeds from temporal to frontal brain regions for both semantic and syntactic anomalies. This first EROS study investigating language processing shows that EROS can be used to image rapid interactions across cortical areas.
Integrated Knowledge Translation: Illustrated with Outcome Research in Mental Health

Through this article the authors present a case summary of the early phases of research conducted with an Integrated Knowledge Translation (iKT) approach utilizing four factors: research question, research approach, feasibility, and outcome. iKT refers to an approach for conducting research in which community partners, referred to as knowledge users, are engaged in the entire research process. In this collaborative approach, knowledge users and researchers jointly devise the entire research agenda beginning with the development of the research question(s), determination of a feasible research design and feasible methods, interpretation of the results, dissemination of the findings, and the translation of knowledge into practice or policy decisions. Engaging clinical or community partners in the research enterprise can enhance the utility of the research results and facilitate its uptake. This collaboration can be a complex arrangement and flexibility may be required to accommodate the various configurations that the collaboration can take. For example, the research question can be jointly determined and refined; however, one person must take the responsibility for orchestrating the project, including preparing the proposal and application to the Research Ethics Board. This collaborative effort also requires the simultaneous navigation of barriers and facilitators to the research enterprise. Navigating these elements becomes part of the conduct of research with the potential for rewarding results, including an enriched work experience for clinical partners and investigators. One practice implication is that iKT may be considered of great utility to service providers due to its field friendly nature.
Diminished gallbladder motility in Rotund leptin-resistant obese mice.

BACKGROUND Obesity is a risk factor for cholesterol gallstone formation, but the pathogenesis of this phenomenon remains unclear. Most human obesity is associated with diabetes and leptin-resistance. Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that diabetic leptin-resistant (Lep(db)) obese mice have low biliary cholesterol saturation indices, enlarged gallbladders and diminished gallbladder response to neurotransmitters. Recently, a novel leptin-resistant mouse strain Lepr(db-rtnd) (Rotund) has been discovered. Rotund mice are also obese, diabetic, and have an abnormal leptin receptor. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that leptin-resistant obese Rotund mice would have large gallbladders and reduced biliary motility. METHODS Eight-week-old control (C57BL/6J, N=12) and Rotund leptin-resistant (Lepr(db-rnd), N=9) mice were fed a non- lithogenic diet for four weeks. Animals were fasted and underwent cholecystectomy. Gallbladder volumes were recorded, and contractile responses (N/cm(2)) to acetylcholine (10(-5) M), Neuropeptide Y (10(-8,-7,-6) M), and cholecystokinin (10(-10,-9,-8,-7) M) were measured. Results were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test. RESULTS Compared to control mice, Rotund mice had larger body weights, higher serum glucose levels, and greater gallbladder volumes (p<0.05). Rotund gallbladders had less contractility (p<0.05)) to acetylcholine and cholecystokinin than control mice. Responses to Neuropeptide Y were also less, but not statistically significant, in the Rotund mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that leptin-resistant Rotund mice have (1) enlarged gallbladders with (2) diminished contractility compared to lean control mice. Therefore, this study confirms that leptin-resistance is associated with abnormal biliary motility and may lead to gallstone formation in leptin-resistant obesity.
Numerical study of a symmetric submerged spatial hydraulic jump

ABSTRACT Hydraulic jumps are often employed as energy dissipators below hydraulic structures. If a high-velocity conduit drains into an expanding open channel a spatial hydraulic jump can be formed. Even though this type of hydraulic jump is common in civil engineering practice, it has not received sufficient consideration by researchers. Three-dimensional, unsteady detached eddy simulation of a symmetric submerged spatial hydraulic jump was carried out to evaluate the turbulent flow features. The volume of fluid multiphase model was used to capture the free surface. The complete three-dimensional flow features of symmetric submerged hydraulic jump are reported herein for the first time. The three-dimensional jump roller was found to be stronger near the side walls than at the centre. The instantaneous vortex shedding from the conduit outlet was also captured by the simulations. To describe the internal structure of turbulence within a symmetric submerged spatial hydraulic jump, the coherent flow structures are qualitatively and quantitatively examined using a vortex identification technique and proper orthogonal decomposition.
Demographic determinants of household energy use in the United States

Projections of energy demand over the coming decades are critically important to understanding and anticipating future resource requirements and environmental impacts such as acid rain, local air pollution, and climate change (e.g., Nakicenovic et al. 2000). Household consumption of energy for space heating and cooling, lighting, appliances, transportation, and other energy services is a key driver of national energy demand. A number of demographic factors such as population size, age structure, and levels of urbanization have potentially important direct and indirect influences on household demand. For example, aging may have direct consequences since energy consumption tends to change over the lifespan (Yamasaki and Tominaga 1997); aging could also have indirect impacts through an associated decline in household size and consequently a loss of economies of scale in energy use at the household level. However, the treatment of population-related variables in energy projections has been essentially limited to considerations of changes in population size alone (O'Neill, MacKellar, and Lutz 2001; Gaffin 1998), even though significant changes in other factors, especially age structure, are anticipated in all regions of the world. Improvements to the development of credible projections of energy demand through a better understanding of demographic determinants of energy use would be valuable for several reasons. First, they would clarify the outlook for the potential range of projected environmental consequences of energy-related emissions. Second, they would allow better estimates of the costs of reducing emissions, which are sensitive to baseline emissions projections. Cost estimates play a key role in the current debate over appropriate climate change policy. And third, understanding energy demand across different demographic groups can help assess the potential distributional effects of emissions-reduction efforts. We first briefly review the principal approaches to the incorporation of demographic factors in current studies of energy use and associated greenhouse gas emissions, as well as recent work on determinants of household energy use. We then present a case study of demographic influences on household energy consumption in the United States.
Pectin Methylesteri fi cation Impacts the Relationship between Photosynthesis and Plant Growth 1 [ OPEN ]

Photosynthesis occurs in mesophyll cells of specialized organs such as leaves. The rigid cell wall encapsulating photosynthetic cells controls the expansion and distribution of cells within photosynthetic tissues. The relationship between photosynthesis and plant growth is affected by leaf area. However, the underlying genetic mechanisms affecting carbon partitioning to different aspects of leaf growth are not known. To fill this gap, we analyzed Arabidopsis plants with altered levels of pectin methylesterification, which is known to modulate cell wall plasticity and plant growth. Pectin methylesterification levels were varied through manipulation of cotton Golgi-related (CGR) 2 or 3 genes encoding two functionally redundant pectin methyltransferases. Increased levels of methylesterification in a line over-expressing CGR2 (CGR2OX) resulted in highly expanded leaves with enhanced intercellular air spaces; reduced methylesterification in a mutant lacking both CGR-genes 2 and 3 (cgr2/3) resulted in thin but dense leaf mesophyll that limited CO2 diffusion to chloroplasts. Leaf, root, and plant dry weight were enhanced in CGR2OX but decreased in cgr2/3. Differences in growth between wild type and the CGR-mutants can be explained by carbon partitioning but not by variations in area-based photosynthesis. Therefore, photosynthesis drives growth through alterations in carbon partitioning to new leaf area growth and leaf mass per unit leaf area; however, CGR-mediated pectin methylesterification acts as a primary factor in this relationship through modulation of the expansion and positioning of the cells in leaves, which in turn drive carbon partitioning by generating dynamic carbon demands in leaf area growth and leaf mass per unit leaf area.
Development of genetically homogenised populations of the crown rust pathogen (Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii ) for disease trait dissection in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

Genetic analysis of host resistance to the crown rust pathogen of ryegrasses has traditionally involved the use of composite urediniospore collections, which may contain multiple genotypes and virulence races. Consequently, discrimination between major gene responses to alternative races and quantitative resistance has proved challenging for disease trait-dissection studies.Amethod of propagation on detached leaves has been used to derive genetically homogenised crown rust pathogen lines from bulked spore collections obtained from five distinct Australian locations. Spores from individual pustules were repeatedly reinoculated onto fresh leaves. Amplicon complexity was assessed at the conclusion of each cycle using crown rust pathogen expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs. The mean number of amplification products per isolate declined over successive rounds of reinfection. The number of rounds of sequential infection required for decay to stable levels was dependent on the diversity present within the bulked spore collection. Large-scale propagation of the putative homogenised populations developed in the present study may provide inoculum for infection studies to allow quantitative trait loci mapping of specific gene-for-gene responses. The methodology has significant applications for the pyramiding of resistance genes specific to diverse crown rust pathogen genotypes during cultivar development and for pathotyping of existing elite germplasm. This approach is also applicable to other Puccinia species.
Azathioprine / 6-mercaptopurine versus 5-aminosalicylic for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Background: Debate exists regarding to whether thiopurine therapy is as effective as 5-aminosalicylic (5-ASA, mesalazine) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, we aimed to review the efficacy of azathioprine (AZA) and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and to conduct a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to compare the efficacy and safety of AZA/6-MP and 5-ASA in IBD. Methods: Selection of studies: Randomized controlled trials comparing AZA/6-MP with 5-ASA was included in the meta-analysis. Search strategy: Electronic and manual. Study quality: Independently assessed by two reviewers. Data synthesis: By “intention-to-treat”. Results: Eight trials (572 IBD patients) were included in the meta-analysis. All trials stated random allocation and reported withdrawal and dropout. Most of the trials reported blind, allocation concealment, intentionto-treat analysis, the calculation of sample size. Six studies showed that AZA/6-MP had lower relapse rate than 5-ASA (RR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.55-0.95). Three studies showed that AZA/6-MP had higher remission rate than 5-ASA (RR: 3.30, 95% CI: 1.80-6.05). Compared with 5-ASA, AZA/6-MP did not show significant differences for endoscopic recurrence rate and therapeutic failure rate. Compared with 5-ASA, AZA/6-MP did not increase adverse events (RR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.87-1.55). Conclusion: All the eligible trials were of high methodological quality. Thiopurine drugs (AZA/6-MP) are more effective than 5-ASA for the treatment of IBD.
Heterogeneous Patterns of Financial Development: Implications for Asian Financial Integration

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes detailed differences in patterns of financial development across the major Asian economies, including three of the region's largest economies (China, Japan and South Korea), to understand how these differences might affect possibilities for greater regional financial integration. In particular, the paper argues that heterogeneous patterns of financial development, and not just differences in levels of financial development, may present an economic challenge to regional financial integration efforts, aside from possible political challenges. The paper provides background on the case for financial openness, Asian experiences with financial integration, and regional economic responses to external shocks. It also discusses policy options, including regulatory reform and coordination, and possible risk management policies and institutions, in the context of heterogeneous patterns of financial development.
Mycosarcoma (Ustilaginaceae), a resurrected generic name for corn smut (Ustilago maydis) and its close relatives with hypertrophied, tubular sori

Ustilago is a polyphyletic genus of smut fungi found mainly on Poaceae. The development of a taxonomy that reflects phylogeny requires subdivision of Ustilago into smaller monophyletic genera. Several separate systematic analyses have determined that Macalpinomyces mackinlayi, M. tubiformis, Tolyposporella pachycarpa, Ustilago bouriquetii and U. maydis, occupy a unique phylogenetic position within the Ustilaginaceae. A previously introduced monotypic generic name typified by U. maydis, Mycosarcoma, is available to accommodate these species, which resolves one component of polyphyly for Ustilago s. lat. in Ustilaginaceae. An emended description of Mycosarcoma is provided to reflect the morphological synapomorphies of this monophyletic group. A specimen of Ustilago maydis that has had its genome sequenced is designated as a neotype for this species. Taxonomic stability will further be provided by a forthcoming proposal to conserve the name Uredo maydis over Lycoperdon zeae, which has priority by date, in order to preserve the well-known epithet maydis.
Highly pathogenic adapted HIV-1 strains limit host immunity and dictate rapid disease progression

Objective:The study of HIV-1 rapid progressors has been limited to specific case reports. Nevertheless, identification and characterization of the viral and host factors involved in rapid progression are crucial when attempting to uncover the correlates of rapid disease outcome. Design:We carried out comparative functional analyses in rapid progressors (n = 46) and standard progressors (n = 46) early after HIV-1 seroconversion (⩽1 year). The viral traits tested were viral replicative capacity, co-receptor usage, and genomic variation. Host CD8+ T-cell responses, humoral activity, and HLA immunogenetic markers were also determined. Results:Our data demonstrate an unusual convergence of highly pathogenic HIV-1 strains in rapid progressors. Compared with standard progressors, rapid progressor viral strains show higher in-vitro replicative capacity (81.5 vs. 67.9%; P = 0.025) and greater X4/DM co-receptor usage (26.3 vs. 2.8%; P = 0.006) in early infection. Limited or absent functional HIV-1 CD8+ T-cell responses and neutralizing activity were measured in rapid progressors. Moreover, the increase in common HLA allele-restricted CD8+ T-cell escape mutations in rapid progressors acts as a signature of uncontrolled HIV-1 replication and early impairment of adaptive cellular responses. Conclusion:Our data support a dominant role for viral factors in rapid progressors. Robust HIV-1 replication and intrinsic viral properties limit host adaptive immune responses, thus driving rapid disease progression.
The Social Organization of Work.

1. The Evolution Of Work. 2. Studying The World Of Work. 3. Work And The Family. 4. Seeking Job Satisfaction. 5. Disruptions, Barriers, And Stress In Work. 6. Collective Responses To Work. 7. Technology And Organization. 8. Manufacturing. 9. The High-Technology Workplace. 10. Services. 11. Professions And Professionals. 12. Executives, Managers, And Administrators. 13. Clerical Workers And Sales Workers. 14. Marginal, Contingent, And Peripheral Jobs. 15. The World Of The Large Corporation. 16. Work In A Global Economy. 17. The Future Of Work. Appendix Tables: Employment And Earnings By Occupation And Gender.
In vitro digestion, antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of two species of Ruta: Ruta chalepensis and Ruta montana

Abstract Context: Ruta genus (Rutaceae) is abundantly used and described in the most ancient systematic records of medical practice of the Mediterranean world. In Tunisia, this genus is represented by two medicinal and aromatic shrubs: Ruta chalepensis L. and Ruta montana L. Objective: This study investigates the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChE) activities before and after in vitro gastrointestinal metabolism of leaf decoction of R. chalepensis and R. montana. Materials and methods: We study, in vitro, the effect of the gastrointestinal juices gastric (1.75 mL) or pancreatic (2.5 mL) juices, on the biological activity by the measurement of the antioxidant activity and AChE inhibition during 4 h of decoction extract obtained from the leaves of the two species of Ruta. Results: The results showed that the ability to inhibit the AChE enzyme was similar; being the greatest inhibitory activity exhibited by the ethanol extract (IC50 = 12 ± 1.1 μg/mL) obtained from leaves of R. chalepensis. Conclusion: In conclusion, we showed that there was no appreciable degradation and that the activity was kept constant after gastric and pancreatic juice digestion.
Understanding the Impact of Negative and Positive Traveler Reviews

This research utilizes theories of social influence and price anchoring to provide insights into the psychological processes underlying travel purchases in the presence of online reviews. Two experiments were conducted in which subjects chose between two resorts for a Las Vegas vacation in a 2 × 3 experimental design that manipulated social influence (unanimous, non-unanimous reviews) and price (10%, 30%, and 50% higher or lower). Social influence was in the form of negative (experiment 1) or positive (experiment 2) traveler reviews. Perceptions of quality and value as well as discount to purchase/willingness to pay were measured. Results indicate that no amount of price reduction was sufficient to offset the impact of unanimously negative reviews, although an extreme price reduction influenced decisions when negative reviews were not unanimous. Price anchoring occurred for positive reviews, such that a higher reference price increased willingness to pay.
Alternative bibliometrics from impact factor improved the esteem of a journal in a 2-year-ahead annual-citation calculation: multivariate analysis of gastroenterology and hepatology journals

Introduction A deeper understanding of supplementary bibliometrics beyond the impact factor might provide researchers with a better understanding of the citation process. This study presents a multivariate analysis of gastroenterology and hepatology journals to evaluate the predictive ability of seven bibliometrics in the Web of Science to calculate total cites over a 2-year period. Methods Coincidentally, bibliometrics appearing during 2008, 2009, and 2010, with their corresponding cites in 2010, 2011, and 2012, were recorded from the Journal Citation Reports Science Edition. A linear mixed-effects design using random slopes and intercepts was performed on 51 out of 74 journals in the Gastroenterology and Hepatology category. Result There was a significant global effect size (R2=0.992; P<0.001), which yielded a total variance of 99.2%. The strongest predictors in the model were the Eigenfactor Score and Cited Half-life (P<0.001), followed by the Number of Articles (P=0.011) and the Immediacy Index (P=0.021). The impact factor was not a significant predictor. Conclusion The Eigenfactor Score and Cited Half-life predictors might be the new standards to assess the influence and importance of scientific journals; this approach may help researchers select journals in which to publish their work.