Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Depletion Makes the Heart Grow Less Helpful: Helping as a Function of Self-Regulatory Energy and Genetic Relatedness

Often people are faced with conflict between prosocial motivations for helping and selfish impulses that favor not helping. Three studies tested the hypothesis that self-regulation is useful for managing such motivational conflicts. In each study, depleted self-regulatory energy reduced willingness to help others. Participants who broke a habit, relative to participants who followed a habit, later reported reduced willingness to help in hypothetical scenarios (e.g., donating food or money; Studies 1 and 3). Controlling attention while watching a video, relative to watching it normally, reduced volunteering efforts to help a victim of a recent tragedy— but drinking a glucose drink undid this effect (Study 2). Depleted energy reduced helping toward strangers but it did not reduce helping toward family members (Study 3). Helping requires self-regulatory energy to manage conflict between selfish and prosocial motivations—a metabolically expensive process—and thus depleted energy reduces helping and increased energy (glucose) increases helping.
Multiple-Kernel Local-Patch Descriptor

We propose a multiple-kernel local-patch descriptor based on efficient match kernels of patch gradients. It combines two parametrizations of gradient position and direction, each parametrization provides robustness to a different type of patch miss-registration: polar parametrization for noise in the patch dominant orientation detection, Cartesian for imprecise location of the feature point. Even though handcrafted, the proposed method consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on two local patch benchmarks.
The Era‐like GTPase TrmE conditionally activates gadE and glutamate‐dependent acid resistance in Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli survives pH 2 acid stress at a level rivalling Helicobacter pylori. Of the three E. coli acid resistance systems involved, the one most efficient and most studied uses isozymes of glutamate decarboxylase (GadA/GadB) to consume intracellular protons, and a glutamate:γ‐amino butyric acid (GABA) anti‐porter (GadC) to expel GABA in exchange for extracellular glutamate. Because acid resistance is a critical factor in resisting stomach acidity, mechanisms that control this system are extremely important. Here we show that an Era‐like, molecular switch GTPase called TrmE regulates glutamate‐dependent acid resistance. Western blot analysis revealed a TrmE‐dependent, glucose‐induced system and a TrmE‐independent, glucose‐repressed pathway. Gene fusion studies indicated that the TrmE requirement for GadA/B production takes place at both the transcriptional and translational levels. TrmE controls GAD transcription by affecting the expression of GadE, the essential activator of the gadA and gadBC genes. TrmE most probably controls gadE expression indirectly by influencing the synthesis or activity of an unknown regulator that binds the gadE control region. Translational control of GAD production by TrmE appears to be more direct, affecting synthesis of the decarboxylase and the anti‐porter proteins. TrmE GTPase activity was critical for both the transcriptional and translational effects. Thus, TrmE is part of an increasingly complex control network designed to integrate diverse physiological signals and forecast future exposures to extreme acid. The significance of this network extends beyond acid resistance as the target of this control, GadE, regulates numerous genes in addition to gadA/BC.
Wealth Inequality in the Long Run: A Schumpeterian Growth Perspective

This paper extends the analysis of the wealth–income ratio based on the neoclassical model in a Schumpeterian growth framework in which savings are channelled to both tangible and intangible capital investment. Using historical data for 21 OECD countries over the period 1860–2015, we find that the wealth–income ratio and, hence, wealth inequality, is negatively related to the rate of economic growth and positively related to the rates of investment in intangible and tangible assets, as predicted by the theory. Accounting for the innovation-induced counteracting growth effect on the wealth–income ratio, we show that the net effect of investment in intangibles on wealth inequality is positive. Our estimates suggest that intangibles have been a contributing factor in wealth inequality since 1860 and that the marked increase in the investment in intangible assets in the post–WWII period has been a significant driver of wealth inequality since the 1970s.
The effect of relatedness on the response of Adalia bipunctata L. to oviposition deterring cues

Abstract Larvae of aphidophagous ladybirds leave a cue in their tracks that deters oviposition. The influence of relatedness on this behaviour is for the first time explored in this paper. Two-spot ladybird females (Adalia bipunctata L.) under different conditions (young and naive, young and experienced, and old and naive) were exposed either to (i) clean filter paper, (ii) filter paper contaminated with unrelated larval tracks or (iii) filter paper contaminated with related larval tracks from their offspring. Oviposition time was recorded during nine hours. Oviposition was inhibited by larval tracks, and was more so by related than unrelated ones. Experienced females showed the same behaviour but with lower intensity. With old females, response was not significant with any type of larval tracks. This is the first report of the effect of relatedness on a ladybird's response to larval tracks.
My Friends, Editors, Algorithms, and I

Prompted by the ongoing development of content personalization by social networks and mainstream news brands, and recent debates about balancing algorithmic and editorial selection, this study explores what audiences think about news selection mechanisms and why. Analysing data from a 26-country survey (N = 53,314), we report the extent to which audiences believe story selection by editors and story selection by algorithms are good ways to get news online and, using multi-level models, explore the relationships that exist between individuals’ characteristics and those beliefs. The results show that, collectively, audiences believe algorithmic selection guided by a user’s past consumption behaviour is a better way to get news than editorial curation. There are, however, significant variations in these beliefs at the individual level. Age, trust in news, concerns about privacy, mobile news access, paying for news, and six other variables had effects. Our results are partly in line with current general theory on algorithmic appreciation, but diverge in our findings on the relative appreciation of algorithms and experts, and in how the appreciation of algorithms can differ according to the data that drive them. We believe this divergence is partly due to our study’s focus on news, showing algorithmic appreciation has context-specific characteristics.
Chemotherapy for leishmaniasis: biochemical mechanisms, clinical efficacy, and future strategies.

The 1980s have seen significant advances in the treatment of cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral leishmaniasis. Safe regimens of pentavalent antimony in the form of Pentostam (Wellcome Foundation, London; 20 mg of antimony/[kg.d] for 20-30 days) have produced initial cure rates of greater than 90% in these diseases. Biochemical investigations have demonstrated at least three parasite-specific features relevant to the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic agents: (1) Organization of glycolytic enzymes and some enzymes of fatty acid catabolism into organelles (glycosomes) occurs in Leishmania but not in mammalian cells. Since antimony inhibits both amastigote catabolism of glucose via glycolytic enzymes and catabolism of fatty acids, the mechanism of action of antimony may relate to alteration of glycosomal structure or function. (2) Purine analogues can be utilized by the salvage pathway of purine biosynthesis in amastigotes to a greater extent than in mammalian cells, and allopurinol and allopurinol ribonucleoside are metabolized into presumably toxic nucleotides by these means. (3) Amastigote sterol biosynthesis is akin to that of such fungi as Candida in that the major demethylated sterol is of the ergostane series and in that ketoconazole inhibits its synthesis. Preliminary clinical studies suggest that the purines and the sterol inhibitors may have clinical utility as oral agents against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Possible treatment strategies for the classic and experimental agents have been proposed.
Analysis of the pathologic response to primary chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced breast cancer grouped according to estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 status.

PURPOSE In clinical practice, it is possible to classify breast tumors according to estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), and HER2 overexpression: ER negative, PgR negative, and HER2 overexpressing; ER negative, PgR negative, and HER2 negative; ER positive, PgR positive, and HER2 negative; ER positive, PgR positive, and HER2 overexpressing; and the less frequent remaining 4 combinations. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of pathologic complete response (pCR) in patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) treated with neoadjuvant or primary chemotherapy with anthracyclines and taxanes grouped according to ER, PgR, and HER2 status. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with LABC treated with primary chemotherapy including anthracyclines and taxanes were grouped according to ER, PgR, and HER2 status; pCR rates were analyzed using the chi(2) test; and correlations with a P value of < or = 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 103 patients were treated. Only 100 patients were included for the analysis of pCR. Eighteen patients exhibited pCR. The pCR rate for each subgroup was as follows: 39.1% (9 of 23) had ER-negative, PgR-negative, and HER2-negative disease (P < 0.01); 35.7% (5 of 14) had ER-negative, PgR-negative, and HER2-overexpressing disease; 33.3% (3 of 9) had ER-positive, PgR-positive, and HER2-overexpressing disease; and 2.8% (1 of 36) had ER-positive, PgR-positive, and HER2-negative disease (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION In patients with LABC, grouping breast tumors according to ER, PgR, and HER2 status can help predict pCR to primary chemotherapy.
Qualitative and quantitative in vivo assessment of articular cartilage using magnetic resonance imaging.

The molecular organization and biochemical composition that give cartilage the viscoelasticity necessary for load distribution also convey unique magnetic resonance (MR) properties. In that context, MR imaging has the potential to detect cartilage degeneration and regeneration. Magnetization transfer (MT) imaging probes the exchange of magnetization between the bulk water pool and the water pool bound to macromolecules such as collagen and hence MT may be applied for evaluation of collagen integrity. In addition, Gd(DTPA)(2-)-induced T1 changes have been proposed as a surrogate marker of proteoglycan (PG) loss based on the principle that the paramagnetic agent Gd(DTPA)2- penetrates cartilage to an equilibrium concentration inversely proportional to the negative charge density (i.e. the PG concentration). Results obtained in vivo from MT and Gd(DTPA)(2-)-enhanced MRI acquisitions on the goat knee showed early signs of biochemical changes in response to a papain injection. A dose-dependent effect of papain was observed with both approaches over a wide range of PG depletion (i.e. T1 measurement) and collagen damage (i.e. MT measurement) as confirmed with post-mortem biochemistry and histology. Development of MRI protocols for non-invasive assessment of cartilage will facilitate diagnosis and monitoring of treatment efficacy in the clinic.
Effects of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on serum adiponectin levels and some metabolic risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common female endocrine disorder associated with several risk factors of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum adiponectin levels and some metabolic risk factors in PCOS patients. METHODS This double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 64 overweight or obese PCOS patients; aged 20-35 years. Subjects in omega-3 fatty acids (n=32) and placebo (n=32) groups were given 4 omega- 3 fatty acids capsules (each one contained 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 120 mg docosahexanoic acid) or placebo daily for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements and 3-day, 24-hour dietary recalls were collected at the baseline and at the end of the trial. RESULTS The study was completed by 61 subjects. Omega-3 fatty acids significantly increased serum levels of adiponectin (p=0.003) and decreased glucose (p<0.001), insulin (p=0.002), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (p<0.001), total cholesterol (p=0.002) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p=0.003) compared with placebo. Serum levels of triglyceride significantly decreased (p=0.024) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased (p=0.018) in the omega-3 fatty acids group, in comparison with baseline values. No significant changes were shown in serum high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in both groups. CONCLUSION Omega-3 fatty acids had some beneficial effects on serum adiponectin levels, insulin resistance and lipid profile in PCOS patients and may contribute to the improvement of metabolic complications in these patients.
MBD3L1 Is a Transcriptional Repressor That Interacts with Methyl-CpG-binding Protein 2 (MBD2) and Components of the NuRD Complex*

Methyl-CpG-binding domain proteins 2 and 3 (MBD2 and MBD3) are transcriptional repressors that contain methyl-CpG binding domains and are components of a CpG-methylated DNA binding complex named MeCP1. Methyl-CpG-binding protein 3-like 1 (MBD3L1) is a protein with substantial homology to MBD2 and MBD3, but it lacks the methyl-CpG binding domain. MBD3L1 interacts with MBD2 and MBD3 in vitro and in yeast two-hybrid assays. Gel shift experiments with a CpG-methylated DNA probe indicate that recombinant MBD3L1 can supershift an MBD2-methylated DNA complex. In vivo, MBD3L1 associates with and colocalizes with MBD2 but not with MBD3 and is recruited to 5-methylcytosine-rich pericentromeric heterochromatin in mouse cells. In glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays MBD3L1 is found associated with several known components of the MeCP1·NuRD complex, including HDAC1, HDAC2, MTA2, MBD2, RbAp46, and RbAp48, but MBD3 is not found in the MBD3L1-bound fraction. MBD3L1 enhances transcriptional repression of methylated DNA by MBD2. The data are consistent with a role of MBD3L1 as a methylation-dependent transcriptional repressor that may interchange with MBD3 as an MBD2-interacting component of the NuRD complex. MBD3L1 knockout mice were created and were found to be viable and fertile, indicating that MBD3L1 may not be essential or there is functional redundancy (through MBD3) in this pathway. Overall, this study reveals additional complexities in the mechanisms of transcriptional repression by the MBD family proteins.
Large vessel vasculitis and spondyloarthritis: coincidence or associated diseases?

Introduction: Although cardiac complications have been reported in established spondyloarthritis (SpA), little is known about peripheral axial SpA in large vessel vasculitis (LVV). The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SpA in patients with newly diagnosed LVV. Method: Retrospective single-centre analysis of all newly diagnosed LVV patients was performed between January 2011 and December 2012. Vasculitides were confirmed on thoracic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT). Patients completed a standardized questionnaire incorporating the Berlin criteria to assess inflammatory back pain. Existing scans were reassessed for sacroiliitis and ferritin antibodies measured in all patients. Results: Fifteen patients exhibiting new LVV were identified. Diagnosis was confirmed using MRI in nine patients and FDG-PET/CT in six. Six patients (40%) fulfilled American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for giant cell arteritis (GCA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), and nine PMR only. Four patients fulfilled the Berlin criteria for inflammatory back pain, with three demonstrating sacroiliitis on imaging. All remaining patients demonstrated no sacroiliitis. One further patient with LVV lacking features of inflammatory back pain had known psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Patients with coexisting SpA were younger (mean age 57 years vs. 66 years) and had higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (200 mg/L vs. 85 mg/L) at presentation. Four SpA patients and seven out of nine patients with isolated LVV had ferritin antibodies. Conclusions: We have demonstrated a higher than anticipated prevalence of SpA in LVV, given the reported 0.5–1% prevalence in the general population. Coexisting SpA should be considered in LVV patients exhibiting inflammatory back pain despite steroid initiation. Ferritin antibodies demonstrated a similarly high prevalence in aortitis and SpA as reported previously in untreated GCA and PMR.
Threshold suprachoroidal–transretinal stimulation current resulting in retinal damage in rabbits

The purpose of this study is to determine the threshold suprachoroidal–transretinal stimulation (STS) current that results in retinal damage in rabbits. Biphasic STS pulses (anodic first, frequency 20 Hz) were used to stimulate the retina of pigmented rabbits (n = 18) continuously for 1 h using a 100 µm diameter platinum wire electrode. The STS current that induced retinal damage after 1 h was determined by ophthalmoscopy or by fluorescein angiography (FA) independently. The effect of the pulse duration on the threshold current was investigated. Histological studies were performed after electrical stimulation experiments. The threshold for a safe current to the retina was 0.6 mA for a duration of 0.5 ms. The threshold for a safe charge increased approximately linearly with an increase of stimulus duration but the threshold for a safe current decreased logarithmically with an increase of duration. The threshold for a safe electrical energy remained almost constant for all durations. Histological examination showed severe retinal damage when the current exceeded the threshold, with more damage in the inner layers compared with the outer layers of the retina. The threshold for the safe current was higher than that reported for direct stimulation of neural tissues, suggesting that the STS method was safe and able to be used with a retinal prosthesis. Because the threshold for the safe charge was lower with shorter pulse durations, care should be taken using pulses of short durations.
The association between Alzheimer's disease and thyroid disease in Rochester, Minnesota

To determine whether an association exists between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and thyroid disease, we carried out two studies in the population of Rochester, Minnesota. We reviewed medical records of a cohort of 198 women with histologically confirmed Hashimoto's thyroiditis (1935 to 1974) for evidence of subsequent dementia, applying the criteria used for dementia in a previous determination of incidence and prevalence rates in this population. From a total of 4,197 person-years of follow-up, eight cases of AD were diagnosed, whereas the expected number was 5.8. The standardized morbidity ratio was 1.37, which failed to reach statistical significance. The second study was a retrospective case-control comparison that sought any relationship between AD and all thyroid disorders, using a previously identified (1960 to 1979) AD cohort (N = 646) and their age-and sex-matched controls. For myxedema there was a positive association for AD without significance, whereas in Graves' disease there was a significant negative association for AD.
Family, institutional investors ownerships and corporate performance: the case of Indonesia

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the relationship between family and institutional ownerships and corporate performance. Design/methodology/approach Using a panel data of 139 nonfinancial companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2013, this study used generalized least square model. Findings The results show that family ownership has a significant and positive impact on corporate performance, while institutional ownership has significantly and negatively influenced corporate performance. These results imply that family ownership leads to better corporate performance, while institutional ownership leads to lower corporate performance. Research limitations/implications Future research would extend to examine different ownership variables, e.g. domestic, foreign and black shareholders ownerships with different performance measures such as profit margin and return on investments (ROI). Then, their results could be compared to the result of this paper. Practical implications For shareholders and managers, the result of this study provides a base for shareholder on the importance to have the same understanding as management to improve return of capital invested by them (family capital) through firm’s long- and short-term business decision-making. It is possible for management for doing so because their interest is same. Therefore, this can be an interesting incentive for management. This result of this study also provides practical implication for investors (including international investors) with respect to their funds in the firm with family ownership share. By doing so, they will get better and stable ROI compared to nonfamily-owned business. Originality/value This study is original as studies on institutional and family ownerships and corporate performance are limited in the Indonesian context. The use of nonlinearity effect of family ownership and corporate performance in Indonesian case is the first attempt. Therefore, this study contributes to corporate governance literatures by investigating the relationship between family and institutional ownerships and market performance in Indonesian context using the improved methodology.
Use of dielectrophoresis in the fabrication of an atomic force microscope tip with a carbon nanotube: a numerical analysis

To fabricate an atomic force microscope tip with an attached carbon nanotube (CNT), we simulated dielectrophoresis, produced by a nonuniform electric field. We calculated the dielectrophoretic force and torque of CNTs dispersed in a fluid. We then investigated the effect of various parameters such as the initial conditions of the CNT, the distance between the tip and the electrode, and the shape of the tip’s apex. Using the results of the simulation, we examined the assembly conditions for achieving a high success rate. In particular, we found that the optimal distance between the tip and the electrode was 10 µm.