Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The variation of head and face shapes in female newborns in the South-East of the Caspian sea (Iran-Gorgan)

Anthropometric dimensions are the basis for the evaluation of the health of newborns. This research was conducted in view of the importance of anthropometric indices of the head and face in forensic medicine, surgery, pediatrics and medical imaging. The study was undertaken on 423 normal one - day old female newborns of the Fars and Turkman race (Turkman group: No=211, Fars group No=212). Means and SD of cephalic and prosopic indices in the native Fars group were 78.63± 4.7, 74.3±11.5 and in the Turkman group they were 77.85±8.7, 81.6±9.8 respectively. The dominant and rare types of head shape in the native Fars group were mesocephalic (44.98%) and hyperbrachycephalic (8.96%) respectively, while in the Turkman group they were mesocephalic (38.86%) and hyperbrachycephalic (8.05%). The dominant type of face shape in the native Fars group was hypereuriprosopic (71%) and in the Turkman group it was mesoprosopic (39%). This research determines the possible effects of racial factor on the diversity of head and face shapes in normal female newborns in this region.
Caffeine improves memory performance during distraction in middle‐aged, but not in young or old subjects

The present study evaluated the effect of caffeine (225 mg) on cognitive performance in young, middle‐aged, and old subjects in a placebo‐controlled parallel groups design (n=60). Groups were matched for level of education and sex. Positive effects of caffeine, as compared to placebo, were found in middle‐aged subjects in the first trial of the word learning test. In contrast, caffeine had negative effects on the speed of searching short‐term memory in young subjects. Caffeine had no effect on the intercept, which is an indicator for sensorimotor speed, of a memory scanning task. The middle‐aged subjects appeared to regularly consume twice as much caffeine as the young and old subjects. These results were similar to earlier findings in a large population study. Although statistical analyses with habitual caffeine consumption as a covariate did not yield different results, a caffeine withdrawal effect was hypothesized to be responsible for the reduced cognitive performance of middle‐aged subjects receiving placebo. The habitual use of large amounts of caffeine by middle‐aged subjects may be a means to overcome the age‐related decrease in cognitive functioning that is caused by changes in information processing. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Random Parameter Logit in Open and Distance Learning (ODL) Institutions in Malaysia.

Attention has been drawn to Open Distance Learning (ODL) as a mode for teaching and learning with the advancement in communication via the Internet. Education today has expanded the role of ICT in learning and knowledge generation, leveraging on Internet technology to transmit education across the country. Technology advancement and the introduction of ODL in educationhas created heated competition among these private higher education providers in Malaysia. ODL mode offers a flexible form of learning. Learners of ODL tend to be more challenging to fulfill their needs as they have other commitments in life, therefore, these learners will have certain criteria when choosing their learning education institution. The aim of this study is to investigate the vital attributes contributing in choosing an ODL higher education institution in Malaysia and to explore the consumers’ socioeconomic characteristicswith their willingness-to-pay fees. Although studies on the attributes that influence student choice of a university exist, these have failed to use the choice experiment method to examine the attributes influencing choice of ODL education provider. The sample population was 320 using face-to-face interview. The results would be able to provide ODL education providers in Malaysia with knowledge on making the right marketing strategy.
Gateway illusion or cultural cognition confusion

In this paper, we respond to the critiques presented by Kahan [2017]. Contrary to claims that the scientific consensus message did not significantly influence the key mediator and outcome variables in our model, we show that the experiment in van der Linden et al. [2015] did in fact directly influence key beliefs about climate change. We also clarify that the Gateway Belief Model (GBM) is theoretically well-specified, empirically sound, and as hypothesized, the consensus message exerts a significant indirect influence on support for public action through the mediating variables. We support our conclusions with a large-scale replication. Abstract
European Momentum Strategies, Information Diffusion, and Investor Conservatism

In this paper we conduct an out-of-sample test of two behavioral theories that have been proposed to explain momentum in stock returns. We test the gradual-information-diffusion model of Hong and Stein (1999) and the investor conservatism bias model of Barberis, Shleifer and Vishny (1998) in a sample of 13 European stock markets during the period 1988 to 2001. These two models predict that momentum comes from the (i) gradual dissemination of firm-specific information and (ii) investors' failure to update their beliefs sufficiently when they observe new public information. The findings of this study are consistent with the predictions of the behavioral models of Hong and Stein's (1999) and Barberis et al. (1998). The evidence shows that momentum is the result of the gradual diffusion of private information and investors' psychological conservatism reflected on the systematic errors they make in forming earnings expectations by not updating them adequately relative to their prior beliefs and by undervaluing the statistical weight of new information.
THE ACQUISITION OF SPANISH GRAMMAR BY MEXICAN CHILDREN.

0. In 1958, Jean Berko published the results of a study of English morphology of American children. The methodology devised by Berko permitted her to test for the internalization of grammatical rules. The present study, which relies for the most part on a modification of the methodology used by Berko, is the result of research on the acquisition of Spanish morphology by Mexican children. We shall discuss in general the internalization of Spanish grammatical rules and in particular the age and sex differences and the relative degree of difficulty in the implicit learning of these rules. We shall also compare Berko's results with our own.
Relative outflow enhancements during major geomagnetic storms – Cluster observations

Abstract. The rate of ion outflow from the polar ionosphere is known to vary by orders of magnitude, depending on the geomagnetic activity. However, the upper limit of the outflow rate during the largest geomagnetic storms is not well constrained due to poor spatial coverage during storm events. In this paper, we analyse six major geomagnetic storms between 2001 and 2004 using Cluster data. The six major storms fulfil the criteria of Dst 7+. Since the shape of the magnetospheric regions (plasma mantle, lobe and inner magnetosphere) are distorted during large magnetic storms, we use both plasma beta (β) and ion characteristics to define a spatial box where the upward O+ flux scaled to an ionospheric reference altitude for the extreme event is observed. The relative enhancement of the scaled outflow in the spatial boxes as compared to the data from the full year when the storm occurred is estimated. Only O+ data were used because H+ may have a solar wind origin. The storm time data for most cases showed up as a clearly distinguishable separate peak in the distribution toward the largest fluxes observed. The relative enhancement in the outflow region during storm time is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher compared to less disturbed time. The largest relative scaled outflow enhancement is 83 (7 November 2004) and the highest scaled O+ outflow observed is 2 × 1014 m−2 s−1 (29 October 2003).
Managerial Compensation When Managers are Principals

Prior research has used the principal-agent framework to examine managerial compensation. However, in a number of corporations, managers own enough of their firms’ voting rights to be able to decide with relative impunity how they will be compensated. In a real sense, they are the principals. Using a sample of the largest U.S. corporations, I examine the compensation of such CEOs to see if they are paid more than other CEOs. My overall results provide no support that such CEOs are paid more in cash compensation as well as all forms of direct compensation. The only exception is in some smaller firms, where CEOs are paid more in total compensation when management controls enough of the company’s stock. However, such firms constitute a tiny fraction of the sample firms. For dual-class firms and firms where CEOs control enough of the company’s stock, I find no evidence that such CEOs are paid more.
Is The "Health at Every Size" Approach Useful for Addressing Obesity?

Copyright: © 2012 Reel JJ, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Obesity has been frequently referred to as a global epidemic and recently was called a “pandemic defining the largest public health challenge of the 21st century” [1] Overweight and obesity rates have been estimated at 1.6 billion adults overweight and 400 million as obese. Meanwhile 155 million school-aged children are overweight or obese [1,2]. Being overweight or obese has been associated with a myriad of health consequences (e.g., type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease risk) [3].
Corporealities of violence in southern and eastern Africa

In a recent discussion on the display and concealment of bodies during Rwanda’s 1994 genocide, Nigel Eltringham asserts a common anthropological truism that ‘violence is discursive’, and that ‘the victim’s body is a key vehicle of that discourse’ (2015, 161). This point preambles his argument that scholars should pay ‘the same attention. to post-mortem disposal as has been given to ante-mortem degradation’ (2015, 172) in contexts of violent conflict. His argument points to the need to consider anteand post-mortem violence within continuous, coherent necropolitical frameworks of meaning (Fontein 2010), across often arbitrary or imposed distinctions between life and death. But the argument he develops also questions the validity of differentiating between ‘the instrumental, didactic display of bodies in “cultures of terror”, where the intention is to discipline a population and, in contrast, the concealment of bodies in contexts of genocide, where the intention is to exterminate a population’ (2015, 168). As he shows for Rwanda’s genocide, with comparative examples drawn from Argentina (Robben 2004), Columbia (Uribe 2004) and Zimbabwe (Fontein 2010), this dualism simply does not work. ‘Not all cultures of terror display bodies instrumentally’ and as the Rwandan case clearly shows, ‘not all genocides only involve concealment’ (Eltringham 2015, 167–168). Eltringham builds his case for the didactic and discursive significance of the diverse ways in which corpses were handled and disposed of during Rwanda’s genocide with reference to, amongst other things, Taylor’s well-known analysis of ‘flow/blockage symbolism’ in Rwanda’s conceptions of the body (1999). These, Taylor argued, were reflected in the way that the genocide was carried out, which
Effect of Economic Growth on Income Inequality, Labor Absorption, and Welfare

This research aims to analyze the effect of economic growth on income inequality, labor absorption and economic welfare in Indonesian provinces. A 165 observations of panel data was analyzed using path analysis. The result showed that the economic growth has significant negative effect on income inequality in Indonesian provinces but it has no significant effect on both labor absorption and economic welfare. The labor absorption has significant positive effect on income inequality even though it has no significant effect on economic welfare. In addition, the economic welfare is not significantly influenced by the income inequality.
AND CHANGE THE WORLD The Knowledge Base KickStarting Norway ’ s Rainforest Initiative

In September 2007 two Norwegian NGOs wrote a letter to leading Norwegian politicians urging them to establish a climate initiative for protecting rainforests. Two months later, at the United Nations climate summit in Bali, Norway committed to donate three billion NOK annually to prevent tropical deforestation, making Norway the leading global donor in what has become the REDD+ mechanism (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation). This article provides a detailed analysis of the making of the rainforest initiative, placing particular emphasis on the knowledge base of the initiative, most notably a decisive letter. Close contact with policy makers in the process ensured legitimacy and credibility for the proposal. Important for the initiative’s rapid progression was that it came in the middle of the run-up to the negotiations of a cross-political climate settlement in the Norwegian Parliament. The rainforest initiative became one of the hottest proposals in the climate policy ‘bidding war’ between the government and the opposition. All these events must be seen against the background of 2007 being a year when public concern and media coverage about climate issues peaked. Politicians were under pressure to act, and the rainforest proposal’s perfect fit with the Norwegian climate mitigation main approach of pursuing large-scale cost-effective emission cutbacks abroad made it pass swiftly through the governmental machinery. In conclusion, the article suggests the metaphor of the perfect storm to explain how the NGOs exploited a situation which made the rainforest initiative an indispensable part of Norway’s climate policy.
Polymer‐Relief Microstructures by Inkjet Etching

Inkjet etching can create a variety of structures in polymer films, such as (arrays of) holes or grooves. These form by dissolution where a solvent droplet hits the film, followed by droplet evaporation and polymer redeposition at its pinned contact line. The hole radius, R, scales with the total number of droplets printed at a spot, Ndr, as R ∝ (NdrVdr)0.34. The width of a groove, D, scales with the total number of drops per unit length Ndr/L as D ∝ (Ndr/L)0.56. Theory predicts an exponent of ⅓ and ½, respectively. Possible applications of inkjet etching are in the field of rapid prototyping. Proof of principle for possible electronic applications is given by creating a patterned Cr/Au-bilayer. Printing a dispersion creates polymer composite structures with encapsulated nanoparticles, as shown by SFM.
The Bootstrap and Multiple Comparisons Procedures as Remedy on Doubts about Correctness of ANOVA Results

Aim: To determine and analyse an alternative methodology for the analysis of a set of Likert responses measured on a common attitudinal scale when the primary focus of interest is on the relative importance of items in the set - with primary application to health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures. HRQOL questionnaires usually generate data that manifest evident departures from fundamental assumptions of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) approach, not only because of their discrete, bounded and skewed distributions, but also due to significant correlation between mean scores and their variances. Material and Methods: Questionnaire survey with SF-36 has been conducted among 142 convalescents after acute pancreatitis. The estimated scores of HRQOL were compared with use of the multiple comparisons procedures under Bonferroni-like adjustment, and with the bootstrap procedures. Results: In the data set studied, with the SF-36 outcome, the use of the multiple comparisons and bootstrap procedures for analysing HRQOL data provides results quite similar to conventional ANOVA and Rasch methods, suggested at frames of Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory. Conclusions: These results suggest that the multiple comparisons and bootstrap both are valid methods for analysing HRQOL outcome data, in particular at case of doubts with appropriateness of the standard methods. Moreover, from practical point of view, the processes of the multiple comparisons and bootstrap procedures seems to be much easy to interpret by non-statisticians aimed to practise evidence based health care.
Effectiveness of control flow test coverage criteria using mutation analysis: An experimental study

Empirical studies play an important role in measuring the effectiveness of software testing methods and coverage criteria. This has led us to develop an experimental research to study four major test coverage criteria based on the Control Flow Graphs extracted from the source code of programs. In this study, different implementations of an industrial problem are selected as subject programs and the effectiveness of Edge, Edge-Pair, Prime-Path and All-Path coverage criteria are measured for them by means of mutation analysis. Generating and evaluating large number of mutants without random selection in one hand, and running the experiment against entire input domain on the other hand, increased accuracy of the results and removed effect of using random mutants and test case pools in similar experimental studies. Analyzing the results, we discuss the effectiveness of these four coverage criteria, the effect of employing Sidetrip and Detour touring, and the reliability and maximum power of graph-based coverage criteria. Key words: Software testing, control flow coverage criteria, mutation analysis, empirical study.
The Implementation of Self Instruction and Thought Stopping Group Counseling Techniques to Improve Victim Bullying Self Esteem

The aim of the study is to the test the effectiveness of group counseling by using self instruction and thought stopping techniques to improve self esteem of victim bullying students in the class VII of MTs Al Hikmah Proto Kedungwuni Pekalongan. The research method was experiment with randomized pretest-posttest control group design by involving 21 subjects purposively. The results showed that self instruction and thought stopping techniques were effective to improve self esteem of victim bullying students with different levels of group counseling effectiveness of self instruction technique was higher than thought stopping technique. Group counseling by using self instruction and thought stopping technique are effective to improve the self esteem of victim bullying students of MTs Al Hikmah Proto Kedungwuni Pekalongan
Experimentality: The Friendly Face of Power? The Interactive New Media as Tools of Discretionary Governance and Risk Management

The interactive new media (INM) are a powerful information technology (IT) with contradictory consequences for the nature of work, creativity, and innovation. Digital interactivity shortens both time and distance within and across global networks. It reduces labor time and transaction costs, eases the shift from manual to mental labor, and raises efficiency, productivity, and profits. It facilitates quick responses to changing conditions and new opportunities, and it encourages experimentation, risk taking, discovery, and innovation. IT and INM constitute the technical infrastructure of advanced business and consulting services like advertising, management consulting, and accounting. They are popular components of the globalizing culture industry. But INM are also instruments of discretionary governance and neoliberal governmentality. They have an unaccountable influence on financial, actuarial, cybernetic and ideological forms of power, and they serve to extend the mechanisms of indirect and anonymous social control into everyday life. The INM are widely adopted for purposes of discretionary governance and risk management, but tend to escape autonomous social and democratic regulation. The paper examines the effects of INM on small project teams as well as on aspects of neoliberal experimentality such as informalism and flexibility at work, the hacker work ethic, social networking, and techno-libertarianism. The conclusion reconsiders the intrinsic tension between neoliberal experimentality and governmentality.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors in White Collar Workers Under Shift Work

Abstract Shift work is associated with circadian disruption, disturbs sleep and social life, and modifies disease risk factors, and thus can potentially contribute to various chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study was to follow cardiovascular risk in white collar workers under shift work. Cardiovascular risk was studied in sound-engineering staff in sound-recording production. The study encompassed 168 employees (46% males and 54% females) working under shift work of age 48.04 ± 8.8 years and length of service 21.6 ± 4.6 years. Our data show that 31.1% of the investigated employees were hypertensive, of which 22.6% had preliminary physician’s diagnosis of arterial hypertension, showing comparatively high rates of undiagnosed hypertension, higher in males in comparison to females. The TC and HDL-C were slightly higher with the females, while the triglycerides and TC/HDL-C ratio with the males. High rates of smoking, physical inactivity, overweight and obesity were found with both genders, slightly higher with the females. The preventive approach incorporating regular medical surveillance of shift workers and health promotion covering both life style factors and shift work organization is needed for tackling CVD in shift workers for better cardiovascular health.
The syntactic structure of Locations, Goals, and Sources

Abstract In this article, I argue for a decomposition of the Path head in the syntactic structure for directional expressions. Based on crosslinguistic data showing that different types of paths are of different complexity and, crucially, are subject to a morphological containment relationship, I propose a more detailed structure for directionals. I adopt the orthodox view that Goal paths are built on top of a locative Place projection. However, I suggest that Source paths are built on top of Goal paths. This is evidenced by the morphological makeup of Source-denoting elements in a variety of languages, where the Source marker morphologically contains the Goal marker. Further, I explore the lexicalization of the decomposed Path structure I defend and test the predictions against the empirical domain of syncretisms between the spatial roles Source, Goal, and Location. I show that the decomposed Path structure and the lexicalization theory I adopt capture syncretism patterns that are widely attested among languages and ban those syncretism patterns that are unattested.
The Prediction of Violence in Adult Offenders

Using 88 studies from 1980 to 2006, a meta-analysis compares risk instruments and other psychological measures on their ability to predict general (primarily nonsexual) violence in adults. Little variation was found amongst the mean effect sizes of common actuarial or structured risk instruments (i.e., Historical, Clinical, and Risk Management Violence Risk Assessment Scheme; Level of Supervision Inventory—Revised; Violence Risk Assessment Guide; Statistical Information on Recidivism scale; and Psychopathy Checklist—Revised). Third-generation instruments, dynamic risk factors, and file review plus interview methods had the advantage in predicting violent recidivism. Second-generation instruments, static risk factors, and use of file review were the strongest predictors of institutional violence. Measures derived from criminological-related theories or research produced larger effect sizes than did those of less content relevance. Additional research on existing risk instruments is required to provide more precise point estimates, especially regarding the outcome of institutional violence.