Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automated program recognition by graph parsing

The recognition of standard computational structures (cliches) in a program can help an experienced programmer understand the program. Based on the known relationships between the cliches, a hierarchical description of the program's design can be recovered. We develop and study a graph parsing approach to automating program recognition in which programs are represented as attributed dataflow graphs and a library of cliches is encoded as an attributed graph grammar. Graph parsing is used to recognize cliches in the code. We demonstrate that this graph parsing approach is a feasible and useful way to automate program recognition. In studying this approach, we have experimented with two medium-sized, real-world simulator programs. There are three aspects of our study. First, we evaluate our representation's ability to suppress many common forms of program variation which hinder recognition. We find that our recognition approach is robust under syntactic, organizational, and implementational variation, as well as variation due to delocalization, unfamiliar code, and some function-sharing optimizations. Second, we investigate the expressiveness of our graph formalism for capturing programming cliches. The formalism is able to concisely encode algorithmic and data aggregation cliches. Third, we empirically and analytically study the computational cost of our recognition approach with respect to the real-world simulator programs. We find that although our graph parsing algorithm is exponential in the worst case, its complexity is reduced in its practical application to program recognition. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Coordinative compounds in Greek: lexical access and representation

two lexical decision tasks, one with overt and one with masked priming, were carried out in order to explore lexical access and mental representation of coordinative compounds in modern Greek. results of both experiments showed strong priming effects in both first and second constituent recognition when primed by the whole compound, pointing to lexical access through robust decomposition and, consequently, a structured mental representation where both constituents contribute equally. the study provides some initial insights about co rdination at the lexical level and also discusses the role of different relational information between constituents during lexical access of compounds.
The Cambridge Handbook of Learner Corpus Research

1. Introduction: learner corpus research - past, present and future Sylviane Granger, Gaetanelle Gilquin and Fanny Meunier Part I. Learner Corpus Design and Methodology: 2. From design to collection of learner corpora Gaetanelle Gilquin 3. Learner corpus methodology Marcus Callies 4. Learner corpora and psycholinguistics Philip Durrant and Anna Siyanova-Chanturia 5. Annotating learner corpora Bertus van Rooy 6. Speech annotation of learner corpora Nicolas Ballier and Philippe Martin 7. Error annotation systems Anke Ludeling and Hagen Hirschmann 8. Statistics for learner corpus research Stefan Th. Gries Part II. Analysis of Learner Language: 9. Learner corpora and lexis Tom Cobb and Marlise Horst 10. Learner corpora and phraseology Signe Oksefjell Ebeling and Hilde Hasselgard 11. Learner corpora and grammar Tom Rankin 12. Learner corpora and discourse JoAnne Neff-van Aertselaer 13. Learner corpora and pragmatics Nina Vyatkina and Joseph Cunningham Part III. Learner Corpus Research and Second Language Acquisition: 14. Second language acquisition theory and learner corpus research Florence Myles 15. Transfer and learner corpus research John Osborne 16. Learner corpora and formulaic language in second language acquisition research Nick C. Ellis, Rita Simpson-Vlach, Ute Romer, Matthew Brook O'Donnell and Stefanie Wulff 17. Developmental patterns in learner corpora Fanny Meunier 18. Variability in learner corpora Annelie Adel 19. Learner corpora and learning context Joybrato Mukherjee and Sandra Gotz Part IV. Learner Corpus Research and Language Teaching: 20. The learner corpus as a pedagogic corpus Angela Chambers 21. Learner corpora and language for academic and specific purposes Lynne Flowerdew 22. The contribution of learner corpora to reference and instructional materials design Sylviane Granger 23. Learner corpora and language testing Fiona Barker, Angeliki Salamoura and Nick Saville Part V. Learner Corpus Research and Natural Language Processing: 24. Learner corpora and natural language processing Detmar Meurers 25. Automatic grammar- and spell-checking for language learners Claudia Leacock, Martin Chodorow and Joel Tetreault 26. Learner corpora and automated scoring Derrick Higgins, Chaitanya Ramineni and Klaus Zechner 27. Learner corpora and native language identification Scott Jarvis and Magali Paquot.
Saliency and Tracking in Compressed Video

Visual saliency is the propensity of a part of the scene to attract attention. Computational modeling of visual saliency has become an important research problem in recent years, with applications in quality assessment, compression, object tracking, and so on. While most saliency estimation models for dynamic scenes operate on raw video, their high computational complexity is a serious drawback when it comes to practical applications. Our approach for decreasing the complexity and memory requirements is to avoid decoding the compressed bitstream as much as possible. Since most modern cameras incorporate video encoders, this paves the way for in-camera saliency estimation, which could be useful in a variety of computer vision applications. In this dissertation we present compresseddomain features that are highly indicative of saliency in natural video. Using these features, we construct two simple and effective saliency estimation models for compressed video. The proposed models have been extensively tested on two ground truth datasets using several accuracy metrics, and shown to yield considerable improvement over several state-of-the-art compressed-domain and pixel-domain saliency models. Another contribution is a tracking algorithm that also uses only compressed-domain information to isolate moving regions and estimate their trajectories. The algorithm has been tested on a number of standard sequences, and the results demonstrate its advantages over state-of-the-art for compresseddomain tracking and segmentation, with over 30% improvement in F-measure.
Liderazgo transformacional y liderazgo transaccional: un análisis de la estructura factorial del Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) en una muestra española

El Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) es, desde hace dos decadas, uno de los instrumentos mas utilizados para medir el liderazgo en el ambito organizacional. Sin embargo, la estructura factorial propuesta por los autores del cuestionario ha recibido diversas criticas. El objetivo de este trabajo es comprobar el ajuste de dicha estructura factorial y de otros posibles modelos alternativos utilizando una version espanola del MLQ. Para ello, se aplico el analisis factorial confi rmatorio a los resultados obtenidos en una muestra de 954 participantes. Los resultados revelan que el modelo que mejor ajuste presenta es el que esta formado por cuatro factores: liderazgo transformacional, liderazgo facilitador del desarrollo/transaccional, liderazgo correctivo y liderazgo pasivo/evitador. Este modelo es parsimonioso y teoricamente coherente. Transformational and transactional leadership: An analysis of the factor structure of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) in a Spanish sample. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) has been one of the most commonly used instruments to assess leadership in organizational settings for the last two decades. However, the factor structure proposed by the MLQ authors has received some criticism. The aim of this work is to examine the fi t indices of several alternative factor models suggested by the literature. In order to accomplish this objective, we conducted confi rmatory factor analyses in a sample of 954 participants using a Spanish version of the MLQ. Results show that the model that produces the better fi t with the data consists of four factors: transformational leadership, developmental/transactional leadership, corrective leadership and avoidant/passive leadership. This model is parsimonious and consistent with the MLQ literature.
Prosodylab-aligner: A tool for forced alignment of laboratory speech

The Penn Forced Aligner automates the alignment process using the Hidden Markov Model Toolkit (HTK). The core of Prosodylab-Aligner is align. py, a script which performs acoustic model training and alignment. This script automates calls to HTK and SoX, an open-source command-line tool which is capable of resampling audio. The included README file provides instructions for installing HTK and SoX on Linux and Mac OS X, and can also be run on Windows. During training, the model is initialized with flat-start monophones, which are then submitted to a single round of model estimation. Then, a tied-state 'small pause' model is inserted and used in a second round of estimation. The data is then aligned once to choose the most likely pronunciation of all homonyms. Web audio is downloaded from Ramp, a company which indexes radio and television programming, including NBC, PBS, Fox and CBS Radio, and processed using standard UNIX tools.
When do people use simple heuristics, and how can we tell?

(from the chapter) Examined whether people use simple heuristics and discussed 2 possible approaches to identifying these strategies: process analysis and outcome analysis. The authors describe various decision strategies and outline an experiment in which participants had to choose among alternatives under low and high time pressure. The process- and outcome-oriented approaches are described and the experiment is used as an illustration for the methodological problems in identifying strategies. The authors review some studies that have investigated conditions that should have an impact on decision strategies, including time pressure. Evidence suggests that heuristics with a cue-wise information search can describe individuals' decision strategies for choice tasks. Results indicate that people indeed use smart and simple decision strategies. ((c) 2000 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved)
Literacy in Kiswahili.

Kiswahili is a little-studied but widely spoken language with its origins in East Africa. This chapter introduces the topic of literacy in Kiswahili by summarising some information about the language and its history. Following this, work on the development of reading and spelling in Kiswahili is reviewed. Learning to read Kiswahili is generally a rapid, all-or-nothing process. However, spelling development is not so straightforward, even in this regularly spelled language, because a variety of factors other than the phoneme–grapheme relationship contribute to spelling. This chapter concludes with an illustration of how the study of this language can illuminate our knowledge of literacy development in languages other than English.
What it Really Takes to Handle Exceptional Conditions

Handling exceptions, errors, and alternative flows are a critical part of defining good use cases and designing good software. Correct handling of esceptional conditions is not only necessary for correct realization of requirements and for system reliability, but is also an important factor in usability. This paper details a systematic approach to the design of exception handling in object-oriented
Language-Teaching Games And Contests

Introduction 1. Structure Games 2. Vocabulary Games 3. Spelling Games 4. Pronunciation Games 5. Number Games 6. Listen-and-do Games 7. Read-and-do Games 8. Games and Writing 9. Miming and Role-Play - 'Language Club' Games 10. Discussion Games Bibliography Published Games and Simulations Index
Evaluation of Basic Physics Subject Matter Knowledge of Prospective Elementary Science Teachers

The purpose of this study is to find out prospective elementary science teachers’ base knowledge concerning their field. This research was applied at Education Faculty of Pamukkale University in the Department of Science Teaching. In this research, prospective teachers were given a achievement test in which there were 24 multiple-choice test and 24 open-ended questions. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS). At the end of this research it has been deduced that the knowledge of physics of the teacher candidates is not enough. It is seen that the level of inadequacy of their knowledge changed from class to class, level to level, but when applied to different genders, there was no difference.
PDL++: an optimizing generator language for register transfer design

PDL++, an optimizing generator language for register transfer systems lets users write C++ programs that generate register transfer machines and optimize the logic design using misII. It is shown that a register transfer generator language greatly simplifies the description of many sequential systems, mainly because it frees the designer from worrying about design optimization and makes the generating process more natural: the generator program is often nearly identical to the program which computes the function itself. <<ETX>>
Modelling the sensor and actuator operations of the ElectroMechanical Film EMFi

The ElectroMechanical Film (EMFi) is a thin, cellular, biaxially oriented polypropylene film coated with metal electrodes. Elementary models with one air gap structure have been previously proposed to describe the EMFi's operation as a sensor and as an actuator. In this work a model based on a multiple air gap structure is presented and shown to reduce into a model with one air gap. The models are based on charge layers on the polypropylene/air interfaces and on the film's surfaces. The models are evaluated with some experimental results.
Helical antennas with nonuniform helix diameter

On this paper the helical antenna is considered with different helix diameters, uniform, linear, exponential and logarithmic diameter variations are considered. In each case, the radiation fields in the principal planes, the gains, axial ratio and current distributions are obtained. Also the input impedance is calculated as the frequency varies around the design values for each case. In all cases the pitch is taken constant. The numerical evaluations indicate that the exponential helix gives better performance.
Commuting Patterns of Workers in a Village of Barddhaman District, West Bengal

Commuting helps to keep balance between residence and workplace of workers. With growing accessibility and connectivity, the importance of commuting is increasing all over the world. It is becoming a major substitute to migration. In commute-studies, commute-pattern is an important chapter. It highlights commuters’ directions of movement, distance they cover, modes of transport they use, the time they take to commute, etc. Unlike the urban-based commute pattern, commute pattern in rural areas are relatively an under-researched issue. In fact, traditionally rural people are thought to carry a sedentary lifestyle. Using primary data, this study aims to explore the commute patterns of rural workers located in the village of Gandharbapur of Barddhaman district of West Bengal, India. All the commuters were found to be engaged in non-farm work. Commuters stem from two major groups. One group of commuters is accumulated farm-income induced. They possess sufficient agricultural land. Investing their surplus farm-income, they have established non-farm works. The second group of commuters is poverty-driven. They are landless poor or are marginal farmers and to escape poverty, they have slipped into these works. Located beyond the suburban area (Memari being the nearest town), most commuters commute to nearby rural areas. Due to non-availability of public transport, women commute less than men do. Regular-paid government employees commute longer than other workers commute. The article concludes with a summary of findings and recommendations for further research.
Student change in understanding of statistical variation after instruction and after two years: An application of Rasch analysis

Data collected from students involved in a project examining change in understanding of statistical variation in relation to the chance and data curriculum after instruction and after two years, are the basis for the analysis reported in this study. Comparisons are made, using partial credit Rasch analysis, between successive grades (3, 5, 7, and 9), within students after instruction, within students after two years, and between students in the four grades after two years depending on whether they were involved in the instructional intervention or not. Results show varying magnitudes of differences among grades, differing improvements after instruction, but little difference between Intervention and Non-Intervention groups after a two year period.
Decentralized Cloud Computing Platforms - Building a Global Marketplace for Computing Power

Abstract This thesis describes a basis for decentralized cloud computing platforms; a suggested protocol to be used for such a platform; and places decentralized networks and their origins in a technical and practical context. The problem domain includes how to distribute work and how to verify computations within a decentralized network. To mitigate attacks on the network by internal and external actors, a combination of incentives and free market principles are used. The protocol is utilizing a general-purpose blockchain as well as other more established forms of network communication. Arbitration between network participants is realized using smart contracts. A reference implementation of the protocol, named Zeppelin, has been partially realized in the Ethereum general-purpose blockchain, and deployed on a small-scale network. The reference implementation is highly modular and demonstrates the ability for decentralized applications to use both a traditional backend and a blockchainbased backend. By using a blockchain, some application data and business logic is stored and executed on a global virtual machine, distributed between participating nodes. The reference implementation should be regarded as a proof-of-concept of the proposed protocol, and is not yet ready for a production release. This is largely attributed to the fact that general-purpose blockchains are currently in a very early development phase and can not yet be used reliably.
Finite population sampling and inference : a prediction approach

Introduction to Prediction Theory. Prediction Theory Under the General Linear Model. Bias-Robustness. Robustness and Efficiency. Variance Estimation. Stratified Populations. Models with Qualitative Auxiliaries. Clustered Populations. Robust Variance Estimation in Two-Stage Cluster Sampling. Alternative Variance Estimation Methods. Special Topics and Open Questions. Appendices. Bibliography. Answers to Select Exercises. Indexes.
Extraction and coordination in phrase structure grammar and categorial grammar

A large proportion of computationally-oriented theories of grammar operate within the confines of monostratality (i.e. there is only one level of syntactic analysis), compositionality (i.e. the meaning of an expression is determined by the meanings of its syntactic parts, plus their manner of combination), and adjacency (i.e. the only operation on terminal strings is concatenation). This thesis looks at two major approaches falling within these bounds: that based on phrase structure grammar (e.g. Gazdar), and that based on categorial grammar (e.g. Steedman). The theories are examined with reference to extraction and coordination constructions; crucially a range of 'compound' extraction and coordination phenomena are brought to bear. It is argued that the early phrase structure grammar metarules can characterise operations generating compound phenomena, but in so doing require a categorial-like category system. It is also argued that while categorial grammar contains an adequate category apparatus, Steedman's primitives such as composition do not extend to cover the full range of data. A theory is therefore presented integrating the approaches of Gazdar and Steedman. The central issue as regards processing is derivational equivalence: the grammars under consideration typically generate many semantically equivalent derivations of an expression. This problem is addressed by showing how to axiomatise derivational equivalence, and a parser is presented which employs the axiomatisation to avoid following equivalent paths.
Open Distributed Processing and Multimedia

From the Publisher: The need to support multimedia in ODP environments in a major challenge when setting up such networks. This book has been written specifically to address the problems of supporting multimedia applications, such as desktop conferencing, multimedia email, video on-demand systems and virtual reality environments, in ODP standards and platforms. This book provides an introduction to the field of ODP, with detailed descriptions of ISO's, RM-ODP, OMG's, CORBA and Open Group's DCE a description of the requirements of distributed multimedia applications (in terms of support for continuous media, quality of service, real-time synchronization and mutliparty communications) an evaluation of these ODP platforms with respect to their support for multimedia a detailed description of an architecture for ODP standards and platforms supporting multimedia a description of two proof-of-concept demonstrators focusing on the programming model and on engineering support This book is based on the research generated by teh SUMO project, a collaboration between Centre Nationale d'Etudes Telecommunications (CNET) France and Telecom at Issy les Molineaux, France, and Lancaster University in the UK. 0201177943B04062001
Reusing Online Resources: A Sustainable Approach to E-Learning

From the Publisher: To improve the cost effectiveness and sustainability of e-learning, many national and international initiatives are pioneering new ways in which educators can share their curricula with teachers and learners around the world. To enable this global sharing, educators must learn to design, manage and implement reusable electronic educational resources. This unique book outlines approaches to sharing and reusing resources for e-learning. Drawing upon research by 30 prominent scholars from seven countries, the authors offer multiple perspectives from schools, continuing and higher education institutions as well as industry. It is essential reading for those implementing e-learning in education and corporate training, including teachers, trainers, academics, educational developers and support staff as well as senior managers.