Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of National Culture Differences in User Adoption of Social Netowrking

Social networking sites are extremely popular around the world with millions of users logging in daily to reconnect with their friends or find new ones. Using Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture and diffusion of innovation as theoretical basis this paper investigates whether users of social networking websites perceive and adopt online social networking differently across different cultures, specifically focusing on Morocco and the United States. Most studies of social networking websites have focused on the users in the United States. This research proposes a unique cross cultural comparison of social networking and its diffusion in different countries.
A Case of Bidirectional Metaphor: a Computer as a Human Being and the Reverse

The prevailing computer technologies, having inevitably shaped our activity and surroundings, have also pervaded human thoughts, feelings, language and self-perception. The interaction between the human being and the computer has become so close and all-embracing, that the difference between human and machine is hard to pinpoint and in some cases ceases to exist. This interrelation is well reflected in language, which demonstrates the diffusion of computing terms applied to human thoughts, processes and interactions – and vice versa. A person with exceptional memory or calculation skills has “a computer in his/her brain” or forgetting unimportant things is “deleting unnecessary files” in one’s mind. On the other hand, a computer’s central processing unit is its “brain”, a computer can put itself to “sleep” and computers interchanging data are “talking to” each other. The crossed meanings result from metaphorical mappings, which, in the tradition of Cognitive Metaphor Theory, are defined as A COMPUTER IS A HUMAN BEING and A HUMAN BEING IS A COMPUTER. The existence of reverse mappings raises questions about the directionality of the computer-human metaphors, which will be discussed in the present paper. The aim of this article is to reveal the conceptualization of computers as human beings and vice versa as metaphoric mappings that exhibit reverse source-target orientation and are, therefore, qualitatively different. To achieve this aim, the following research objectives have been set: • to provide a theoretical background for conceptual metaphor analysis; • to discuss the etymology of the word “computer” and the development of its meanings through lexicographic definitions; • to collect and classify metaphoric expressions explicating metaphors under analysis in the English language; • to reveal the personification of the computer as a conceptual metaphor A COMPUTER IS A HUMAN BEING and the metaphorization of the human being as a computer via A HUMAN BEING IS A COMPUTER mapping, their qualitative differences and implications. Since linguistic metaphors form the main directly observable evidence for conceptual metaphors, one of research methods in this investigation is the qualitative analysis of conceptual metaphors manifested in the use of language. The corpus-based approach (in contrast to corpus-driven) has been undertaken: the potential linguistic realizations of the metaphors have been established using intuition and dictionaries and then investigated trawling concordances from the corpus. The data for this research have been retrieved from two electronic corpora of the English language: the British National Corpus (http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc) and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (http://www. americancorpus.org). The results obtained have been discussed to accompany the scientific literature analysis dealing with previous studies in the field of computer-human interaction, metaphor in technology language, cognitive psychology, etc.
TREATMENT OF PULP AND PAPER MILL WASTEWATER BY POLY-ALUMINUM-SILICATE- CHLORIDE (PASIC) THROUGH COAGULATION- FLOCCULATION PROCESS

The coagulation-flocculation process of new inorganic polymer coagulant, Poly-AluminumSilicate-Chloride (PASiC) in the treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater has been studied. The experiments were carried out in jar tests with PAlSiC dosages range of 10-45 mg/L, pH range of 59, rapid mixing at 200 rpm for 2 min, followed by slow mixing at 40 rpm for 15 min and settling for 30 min. The effectiveness of PASiC was measured based on the reduction of turbidity and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). PASiC is found to give the highest efficiency in the treatment of the pulp and paper mill wastewater among the other coagulants. It can achieve greater than 90% of turbidity and COD reduction at an optimum dosage of 40 mg/L and pH of 7. A comparison of PASiC performance with that of alum and poly aluminum chloride (PAC) showed that the coagulation efficiency of PASiC is more effective than alum and PAC. The optimum dosages of PASiC, PAC and alum in the removal of turbidity and COD reduction are 45, 150 and 200 mg/L with 93.13, 82.86 and 80.64% for turbidity removal and 91.12, 80.43 and 75.64% for COD reduction respectively. This result suggests that single-polymer system can be used alone in the coagulation-flocculation process due to the efficiency of the PASiC.
The dynamics of liquidity in a limit order market

This paper develops a multivariate framework to study liquidity in an order driven market. It allows for analyzing various dimensions of liquidity (prices, depth, and duration) and for capturing the interactions between them. In addition, we investigate resiliency, i.e. how fast best prices, depths and duration recover to their initial, pre-shock level after the market has been hit by a liquidity shock. Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of incorporating different dimensions of liquidity in the analysis. In case of a negative liquidity shock, we find a permanent effect on prices, with returns (in absolute value) ranging from 0.06 to 0.16%, depending on size and tick size of the stock. Also, we find an initial widening of the spread, but it becomes smaller again in subsequent periods. On the other hand, depth at the best prices increases, initially with up to 20%. Symmetric results are obtained for a positive liquidity shock. A second main conclusion is that an analysis of liquidity should also allow for asymmetries in dynamics at bid and ask side of the market, while at the same time accounting for the existence of a relationship between them. JEL Classification: G10
Relationships between Nursing Practice Stress and Stress Coping of Nursing Students in Korea

본 연구는 일 지역 간호대학생의 임상실습 스트레스와 그에 대한 스트레스 대처의 관련성을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 한국의 C 도시에 위치한 2개 대학의 간호학생을 대상으로 하였으며, 자료수집은 연구참여에 동의한 사람 160명을 대상으로 2012년 3월부터 9월까지 구조화된 설문지를 이용하여 수행하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 18.0을 이용하여 분석하였고, 서술통계, 피어슨 상관분석 등을 이용하였다. 연구결과 임상실습 스트레스 점수는 평균 $2.72{\pm}6.2$ 였으며, 스트레스 대처점수는 $2.60{\pm}0.37$ 이었다. 스트레스 대처양상 중 희망적 사고는 오리엔테이션(r=0.32, p 【This study was done to identify the relationships between nursing practice stress and stress coping for the nursing students in Korea. Data were collected at 2 universities located in C city in Korea. Participants were 160 nursing students. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18.0 using descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Nursing practice stress was $2.72{\pm}6.2$ . Stress coping was $2.60{\pm}0.37$ . Stress was correlated with wishful thinking coping strategy when doing orientation (r=0.32, p】
L-arginine and N-carbamoylglutamic acid supplementation enhance young rabbit growth and immunity by regulating intestinal microbial community

Objective An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of L-arginine (L-Arg) and N-carbamoylglutamic acid (NCG) on the growth, metabolism, immunity and community of cecal bacterial flora of weanling and young rabbits. Methods Eighteen normal-grade male weanling Japanese White rabbits (JWR) were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups with or without L-Arg and NCG supplementation. The whole feeding process was divided into weanling stage (day 37 to 65) and young stage (day 66 to 85). The effects of L-Arg and NCG on the growth, metabolism, immunity and development of the ileum and jejunum were compared via nutrient metabolism experiments and histological assessment. The different communities of cecal bacterial flora affected by L-Arg and NCG were assessed using high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis. Results The addition of L-Arg and NCG enhanced the growth of weanling and young rabbit by increasing the nitrogen metabolism, protein efficiency ratio, and biological value, as well as feed intake and daily weight gain. Both L-Arg and NCG increased the concentration of immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, and IgG. NCG was superior to L-Arg in promoting intestinal villus development by increasing villus height, villus height/crypt depth index, and reducing the crypt depth. The effects of L-Arg and NCG on the cecal bacterial flora were mainly concentrated in different genera, including Parabacteroides, Roseburia, dgA-11_gut_group, Alistipes, Bacteroides, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005. These bacteria function mainly in amino acid transport and metabolism, energy production and conversion, lipid transport and metabolism, recombination and repair, cell cycle control, cell division, and cell motility. Conclusion L-Arg and NCG can promote the growth and immunity of weanling and young JWR, as well as effecting the jejunum and ileum villi. L-Arg and NCG have different effects in the promotion of nutrient utilization, relieving inflammation and enhancing adaptability through regulating microbial community.
ELM behavior in ASDEX Upgrade with and without nitrogen seeding

The Type I ELM behavior in ASDEX Upgrade with full W plasma facing components is studied in terms of time scales and energy losses for a large set of shots characterized by similar operational parameters but different nitrogen seeding rate and input power. ELMs with no nitrogen can have two typical behaviors, that can be classified depending on their duration, the long and the short ELMs. The work shows that both short and long ELMs have a similar first phase, but the long ELMs are characterized by a second phase with further energy losses. The second phase disappears when nitrogen is seeded with a flux rate above 1022 (e s−1). The phenomenon is compatible with a threshold effect. The presence of the second phase is related to a high divertor/scrape-off layer (SOL) temperature and/or to a low pedestal temperature. The ELM energy losses of the two phases are regulated by different mechanisms. The energy losses of the first phase increase with nitrogen which, in turn, produce the increase of the pedestal temperature. So the energy losses of the first phase are regulated by the pedestal top parameters and the increase with nitrogen is due to the decreasing pedestal collisionality. The energy losses of the second phase are related to the divertor/SOL conditions. The long ELMs energy losses increase with increasing divertor temperature and with the number of the expelled filaments. In terms of the power lost by the plasma, the nitrogen seeding increases the power losses of the short ELMs. The long ELMs have a first phase with power losses comparable to the short ELMs losses. Assuming no major difference in the wetted area, these results suggest that (i) the nitrogen might increase the divertor heat fluxes during the short ELMs and that (ii) the long ELMs, despite the longer time scale, are not beneficial in terms of divertor heat loads.
Trace Elemental Analysis in Epileptic Children

We have measured trace elements in epileptic patients. Levels of trace elements are very fluctuating in comparison to the healthy controls. The levels of Zn, Fe and Cu are higher in comparison to healthy normal children about 64%, 55% and 33% respectively. The levels of Cu are just fifty percent to levels of Zn. The levels of Ca, K and Mg are higher about 10%, 9.027% and 4.2% in comparison to normal children. Sodium levels were very low in comparison to all the trace elements and are higher about 3.2% than controls. The multiple correlation coefficients between Na, K and Ca, i.e. (RNa.KCa) has a value 0.4993 in comparison to healthy children. Multiple correlation coefficients between Fe, Cu and Zn, i.e. (RFe.CuZn) has a value 0.4366. The multiple correlation coefficients RNa.Kca and RFe.CuZn are found lower. These elements were strongly correlated with other. The multiple correlation coefficients such as RK.NaCa, RCa.K. Na, RMg.NaK, RNa.MgK, RK.MgNa, RCu.FeZn and RZn.FeCu were also evaluated and found on higher side from normal range. Trace elements may act as a catalytic agent for enzyme system of the cells. The minimum requirements of living objects for essential trace elements may be expressed in proportions or concentrations of the total dry food taken everyday. A tolerance of the human system may be fluctuated according to intake of these elements.
Total atmospheric mercury deposition in forested areas in South Korea

Abstract. In this study, mercury (Hg) was sampled weekly in dry and wet deposition and throughfall and monthly in litterfall, and as it was volatilized from soil from August 2008 to February 2010 to identify the factors influencing the amount of atmospheric Hg deposited to forested areas in a temperate deciduous forest in South Korea. For this location there was no significant correlation between the estimated monthly dry deposition flux (litterfall + throughfall – wet deposition) (6.7 µg m−2 yr−1) and directly measured dry deposition (9.9 µg m−2 yr−1) likely due primarily to Hg losses from the litterfall collector. Dry deposition fluxes in cold seasons (fall and winter) were lower than in warmer seasons (spring and summer). The volume-weighted mean (VWM) Hg concentrations in both precipitation and throughfall were highest in winter, likely due to increased scavenging by snow events. Since South Korea experiences abundant rainfall in summer, VWM Hg concentrations in summer were lower than in other seasons. Litterfall fluxes were highest in the late fall to early winter, when leaves were dropped from the trees (September to November). The cumulative annual Hg emission flux from soil was 6.8 µg m−2 yr−1. Based on these data, the yearly deposition fluxes of Hg calculated using two input approaches (wet deposition + dry deposition or throughfall + litterfall) were 6.8 and 3.6 µg m−2 yr−1, respectively. This is the first reported study which measured the amount of atmospheric Hg deposited to forested areas in South Korea, and thus our results provide useful information to compare against data related to Hg fate and transport in this part of the world.
Karyological Analysis and Nature Polymorphics of Nucleolar Organizer Regions in the Dusky Leaf Monkey, Trachypithecus obscurus (Primate, Colobinae), by Conventional, GTG-, CBG-Banding, and High-Resolution Techniques

A discovery of polymorphic nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) and karyological analysis in the dusky leaf monkey (Trachypithecus obscurus) from Thailand were studied. Blood samples were taken from 2 male and 1 female leaf monkeys. After standard whole blood lymphocytes had been cultured at 37°C for 96 h in presence of colchicine, metaphase spreads were performed on microscopic slides and air-dried. Conventional, GBG-, CBG-banding and high-resolution techniques were applied to stain the chromosomes. The results showed that the diploid chromosome number of T. obscurus was 2n=44 and the fundamental number (NF) for both sexes was 88. The types of autosomes were 6 large metacentric, 12 large submetacentric, 2 large acrocentric, 4 medium metacentric, 10 medium submetacentric, 2 small metacentric, 4 small submetacentric, and 2 small acrocentric chromosomes. The X chromosome was a large submetacentric chromosome and the Y chromosome was a small submetacentric chromosome. In addition, the long arm near centromere of chromosome pair 17 showed clearly observable NORs. This is the first report on nature polymorphism in NORs in T. obscurus. The results showed that a heteromorphism of 1 female had different size of NORs for chromosome pair 17s, while 2 males had an equal size of both chromosome pair 17s with a homomorphism. From the GTG-banding and high-resolution techniques, the numbers of bands and locations in the T. obscurus were 235 and 314, respectively, and each chromosome pair could be clearly differentiated. CBG-banding showed C-positive (dark bands) on the centromeres of all autosomes but showed C-negative (light bands) on the Y chromosome. Moreover, we also found interstitial dark bands on the telomeres of long arms which result from centric fusion or tandem fusion. The karyotype formula for T. obscurus could be deduced as: 2n (diploid) 44=L6 +Lsm 12+L2+M4+M 10+S2+ S4+S2+ sex chromosomes.
The Carnegie Supernova Project I: photometry data release of low-redshift stripped-envelope supernovae

The first phase of the Carnegie Supernova Project (CSP-I) was a dedicated supernova follow-up program based at the Las Campanas Observatory that collected science data of young, low-redshift supernovae between 2004 and 2009. Presented in this paper is the CSP-I photometric data release of low-redshift stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae. The data consist of optical (uBgVri) photometry of 34 objects, with a subset of 26 having near-infrared (YJH) photometry. Twenty objects have optical pre-maximum coverage with a subset of 12 beginning at least five days prior to the epoch of B-band maximum brightness. In the near-infrared, 17 objects have pre-maximum observations with a subset of 14 beginning at least five days prior to the epoch of J-band maximum brightness. Analysis of this photometric data release is presented in companion papers focusing on techniques to estimate host-galaxy extinction (Stritzinger et al., submitted) and the light-curve and progenitor star properties of the sample (Taddia et al., submitted). The analysis of an accompanying visual-wavelength spectroscopy sample of ~150 spectra will be the subject of a future paper.
Compensation Committee Quality and Effective Executive Remuneration

Grounding in the agency theory, this paper questions whether high quality compensation committee influences the design of executive remuneration towards the alignment of the contrasting interests between managers and shareholders. Relying on a comprehensive approach that captures the compensation committee quality based on different attributes (i.e. independence, interlocking directorates, directors appointed by minorities) we conduct a two-step empirical analysis. First, we illustrate the evolution over time of the stock option plan characteristics and construct an illustrative diagram that shows the linkages between the attributes of the compensation committee quality and the elements of the option plans. Second, we run a probit regression analysis to deeply investigate the picture emerging from the diagram. Our results document that the quality of compensation committee significantly affects the assignment of incentive stock option plans. The paper evidence advances the knowledge in the literature on compensation committee and executive remuneration, by highlighting that structural characteristics of the committee other than independence of its members play a pivotal role in writing effective remuneration contracts for the executives. Our findings are also useful for investors and policymakers.
Reduction of truncated Kit Expression in Men with Abnormal Semen Parameters, Globozoospermia and History of Low or Fertilization Failure

Objective Phospholipase C zeta 1 (PLCζ) is one of the main sperm factor involved in oocyte activation and other factors may assist this factor to induce successful fertilization. Microinjection of recombinant tr-kit, a truncated form of c-kit receptor, into metaphase II-arrested mouse oocytes initiate egg activation. Considering the potential roles of tr- KIT during spermiogenesis and fertilization, we aimed to assess expression of tr-KIT in sperm of men with normal and abnormal parameters and also in infertile men with previous failed fertilization and globozoospermia. Materials and Methods This experimental study was conducted from September 2015 to July 2016 on 30 normozoospermic and 20 abnormozoospermic samples for experiment one, and also was carried out on 10 globozoospermic men, 10 men with a history low or failed fertilization and 13 fertile men for experiment two. Semen parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation were assessed according to WHO protocol, and TUNEL assay. Sperm tr- KIT was evaluated by flow cytometry, immunostaining and western blot. Results The results show that tr-KIT mainly was detected in post-acrosomal, equatorial and tail regions. Percentage of tr-KIT-positive spermatozoa in abnormozoospermic men was significantly lower than normozoospermic men. Also significant correlations were observed between sperm tr-KIT with sperm count (r=0.8, P<0.001), motility (r=0.31, P=0.03) and abnormal morphology (r=-0.6, P<0.001). Expression of tr-KIT protein was significantly lower in infertile men with low/ failed fertilization and globozoospermia compared to fertile men. The significant correlation was also observed between tr-KIT protein with fertilization rate (r=-0.46, P=0.04). In addition, significant correlations were observed between sperm DNA fragmentation with fertilization rate (r=-0.56, P=0.019) and tr-KIT protein (r=-0.38, P=0.04). Conclusion tr-KIT may play a direct or indirect role in fertilization. Therefore, to increase our insight regarding the role of tr-KIT in fertilization further research is warranted.
Singular solutions with asymptotic expansion of linear partial differential equations in the complex domain

Consider the linear partial differential equation P (z, ∂z)u(z) = f(z) in C , where f(z) is not holomorphic on K = {z0 = 0}, but it has an asymptotic expansion with respect to z0 as z0 → 0 in some sectorial region. We show under some conditions on P (z, ∂z) that there exists a solution u(z) which has an asymptotic expansion of the same type as that of f(z). §0. Introduction Let P (z, ∂z) be a linear partial differential operator with holomorphic coefficients in a neighborhood Ω of z = 0 in C and K = {z0 = 0}. Consider the equation P (z, ∂z)u(z) = f(z), (0.1) where f(z) is holomorphic except on K, but f(z) has an asymptotic expansion f(z) ∼ ∑ n fn(z ′)zn 0 as z0 → 0 in some sectorial region with respect to z0. In the present paper we study the existence of solutions. Firstly we remark that if we require nothing about the behavior of u(z) near K, there exists a solution u(z) with singularities on K under some conditions on the principal symbol of P (z, ∂z). But the singularities of u(z) may be much stronger than those of f(z) (see [1], [2], [5] and [9]). Communicated by T. Kawai. Received April 18, 2001. Revised May 17, 2002 and March 3, 2003. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification(s): Primary 35A20; Secondary 35B40, 35C20.
The Impact of M&A Announcement and Financing Strategy on Stock Returns: Evidence from BRICKS Markets

In this paper, we examine if M&A announcements and methods of financing these deals affect stock returns. Data is used for BRICKS from the period 2005-2009 and standard event study methodology is used for this purpose. We find significant pre-event returns for 5 out of 6 sample countries. This indicates possible leakages in the information system, which may not be surprising, given the emerging nature of these markets. Three of the BRICKS countries, i.e. India, South Korea and China provide significantly negative post-event returns while strong positive returns are observed in case of South Africa. The extra normal post-event returns defy semi-strong efficiency for majority of sample markets. We further find that M&A announcements do not significantly alter the trading liquidity and pricing efficiency of the sample stocks. However, return volatility does decline on post event basis. It is also observed that while stock financed mergers are value creating, cash financed mergers seem to be value destroying in the short run. The study is extremely relevant for common shareholders, global fund managers as well as financial regulators. The present research contributes to corporate restructuring as well as market efficiency literature, especially for emerging markets.