Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fusarium oxysporum protects Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings from root disease caused by Fusarium commune

Fusarium root disease can be a serious problem in forest and conservation nurseries in the western United States. Fusarium inoculum is commonly found in most container and bareroot nurseries on healthy and diseased seedlings, in nursery soils, and on conifer seeds. Fusarium spp. within the F. oxysporum species complex have been recognized as pathogens for more than a century, but attempts to distinguish virulence by correlating morphological characteristics with results of pathogenicity tests were unsuccessful. Recent molecular characterization and pathogenicity tests, however, revealed that selected isolates of F. oxysporum are benign on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings. Other morphologically indistinguishable isolates, which can be virulent, were identified as F. commune, a recently described species. In a replicated greenhouse study, inoculating Douglas-fir seedlings with one isolate of F. oxysporum prevented expression of disease caused by a virulent isolate of F. commune. Moreover, seedling survival and growth was unaffected by the presence of the F. oxysporum isolate, and this isolate yielded better biological control than a commercial formulation of Bacillus subtilis. These results demonstrate that an isolate of nonpathogenic F. oxysporum can effectively reduce Fusarium root disease of Douglas-fir caused by F. commune under nursery settings, and this biological control approach has potential for further development.
The analysis on the policy of access to economically affordable housing in china: an area calculation model based on the incentive mechanism design

Currently, the subject of housing in China is of great interest to many researchers, since improvements in living conditions for the largest population in the world have not kept pace with the territory's economic growth. This paper describes basic social housing situations in China, and assesses the inequality in housing reform since 1990s as a result of overall economic improvement. In order to reduce the degree of inequality in China's social housing, this paper is focusing on the policy management of access to economically affordable housing because housing affordability in China is a pressing social and economic issue, particularly for low-income families due to an unreasonable mechanism. The related policies are analyzed in is paper by using incentive mechanism design, which reveals that supervision and announcement system, the restriction in current mechanism, and the area of economically affordable house are critical for the effectiveness of present polices. Furthermore, a housing area calculation model based on the incentive mechanism design is presented and an illustrated case of Beijing City is also conducted, which can maximize the utility of government considering incentive compatibility. Finally, some policy suggestions are explored including enhancing external environment and establishing internal mechanism.
Two-dimensional Modelling of Partial Cavitation with BEM. Analysis of Several Models

The present paper deals with the modelling of steady 2D parti al cavitation on hydrofoils using a Boundary Element Method (BEM) . An extensive analysis is carried out for several models, a non- linear model with the boundary conditions applied on the true cavit y surface and a partially non-linear model with the boundary cond itions applied on the foil surface beneath the cavity. For this seco nd model two variants are considered, one with re-gridding at each it eration step and one without re-gridding. For the non-linear model b a re-entrant jet closure model and a pressure recovery model a implemented. Tests were devised to analyze the relevant featu res of the cavitation phenomenon obtained with the various models . Numerical studies on the convergence behavior, robustness an d CPU time are presented, as well as comparisons between the model s for different foils and loading conditions. The results for there-entrant jet model are compared with other results available in liter ature. Finally, a quality assessment is proposed.
Hall diffusion and the magnetorotational instability in protoplanetary discs

The destabilizing effect of Hall diffusion in a weakly ionized Keplerian disc allows the magnetorotational instability (MRI) to occur for much lower ionization levels than would otherwise be possible. However, simulations incorporating Hall and Ohm diffusion give the impression that the consequences of this for the non-linear saturated state are not as significant as suggested by the linear instability. Close inspection reveals that this is not actually the case as the simulations have not yet probed the Hall-dominated regime. Here we revisit the effect of Hall diffusion on the MRI and the implications for the extent of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in protoplanetary discs, where Hall diffusion dominates over a large range of radii. We conduct a local, linear analysis of the instability for a vertical, weak magnetic field subject to axisymmetric perturbations with a purely vertical wave vector. In contrast to previous analyses, we express the departure from ideal MHD in terms of Hall and Pedersen diffusivities ηH and ηP, which provide transparent notation that is directly connected to the induction equation. This allows us to present a crisp overview of the dependence of the instability on magnetic diffusivity. We present analytic expressions and contours in the ηH–ηP plane for the maximum growth rate and corresponding wavenumber, the upper cut-off for unstable wavenumbers and the loci that divide the plane into regions of different characteristic behaviour. We find that for , where vA is the Alfven speeds and Ω is the Keplerian frequency, Hall diffusion suppresses the MRI irrespective of the value of ηP. In the highly diffusive limit, the magnetic field decouples from the fluid perturbations and simply diffuses in the background Keplerian shear flow. The diffusive MRI reduces to a diffusive plane-parallel shear instability with effective shear rate (3/2)Ω. We give simple analytic expressions for the growth rate and wavenumber of the most unstable mode. We review the varied and confusing parametrizations of magnetic diffusion in discs that have appeared in the literature, and confirm that simulations examining the saturation of the instability under Hall–Ohm diffusion are consistent with the linear analysis and have yet to probe the ‘deep’ Hall regime characteristic of protoplanetary discs where Hall diffusion is expected to overcome resistive damping. Finally, we illustrate the critical effect of Hall diffusion on the extent of dead zones in protoplanetary discs by applying a local stability criterion to a simple model of the minimum-mass solar nebula at 1 au, including X-ray and cosmic ray ionization and a population of 1-m grains. Hall diffusion increases or decreases the MRI-active column density by an order of magnitude or more, depending on whether B is parallel or antiparallel to the rotation axis, respectively. We conclude that existing estimates of the depth of magnetically active layers in protoplanetary discs based on damping by Ohm diffusion are likely to be wildly inaccurate.
Climate Variability and Gender: Emerging Experiences From Western Zambia

Climate change is one of the greatest environmental challenges. It has posed a serious risk to poverty reduction and development, with adverse impacts expected on the environment, food security and natural resources. There is a strong link between gender and climate change and both are considered as cross cutting issues. However, climate variability and gender has been less attended to in terms of linking climate variability to the process of developing relevant environment and natural resource policies for natural resource dependent communities and most literature has lacked a reflection on the participation process of the natural resource dependent communities in the formulation and implementation of these policies especially at the local level and hence this study. This paper uses Sesheke district in Western Zambia and provides a case study of climate variability and genderand relates it to how the livelihoods of natural resource dependent women and men have been affected in the study area. It further reviews the participation of natural resource dependent communities and gender considerations in the formulation of key policies such as the agriculture and environmental policies in the face of climate variability and how these policies have been implemented in practice at the very local level in terms of a gender-responsive funding allocation and disbursement by government for adaptation activities at local level. The study shows that there has been a significant reduction in the annual rainfall from the year 1970 to 2010 and this has affected both men and women by forcing them to adapt to climate variability by using different means. Results show that climate variability has affected rural livelihoods and this has led to particular effects on gender roles. With regards to policy formulation related to agriculture and natural resources, results have shown that whilst the local people were consulted during the formulation of these policies and have taken into consideration the gender dimensions in terms of providing for the active participation of both women and men, the results have revealed an inadequate and unconsolidated approach to the implementation of the policies coupled with gender blind budgeting and poor funding disbursements to the district.
On G-Regular Local Rings

In this article, we define a G-regular local ring as a commutative, noetherian, local ring, over which all totally reflexive modules are free. We study G-regular local rings and observe that they behave similarly to regular local rings. We extend Eisenbud's matrix factorization theorem and Knörrer's periodicity theorem to G-regular local rings.
The Transient Behavior of LC and Ring Oscillators under External Frequency Injection

In this work, time domain analysis is used to solve Adler's equation in order to obtain the required time, for an oscillator under external injection, reaching the steady-state condition. Mathematical approach has been applied to fully describe the transient of frequency acquisition in injection-locked LC and Ring oscillators considering their time-varying nature. Then, the analysis is verified by simulations of a ring as well as a typical RF-LC oscillator. Likewise, the effect of initial phase difference of injection signal on locking time and phase noise is theoretically studied. For Ring oscillators, a delay-based time-domain and perturbation analysis are used to reveal the dependency of circuit parameters to the locking time. Finally, the design insights are deduced which enable the designers to evaluate and minimize the timing budget required to achieve injection locking in designing a fast locking oscillator. The mathematical consequences in this work explain why there is no transient behavior while ring oscillator signal propagates from a stage to another, or why the initial phase shift of injection signal has no effect on the phase noise of oscillator.
The Effect of Holding Time on the Hardness of Case Hardened Mild Steel

The study “the effect of holding time on the hardness of mild steel case hardened with carburizing material energized by cow-bone” has been x-rayed. The mild steel specimens used for the study were carburized in the furnace at 900C at various holding times of 2 hrs, 4 hrs, 6 hrs, and 8 hrs, using 65% charcoal / 35% cow-bone as carburizing material. Hardness values were obtained using Vickers Micro-hardness Tester Machine, from the hardness values, hardness profiles were plotted. The result of the study clearly showed that the hardness of the carburized steel increased with increase in holding time. The hardness profile results were higher for higher holding time (surface hardness: 830 Hv for 2 hrs, 850 Hv for 4 hrs, 900 Hv for 6 hrs and 1000 Hv for 8 hrs) and also the plot of the profile for 8 hrs holding time was higher than that of 6 hrs, and that of 6 hrs was higher than that of 4 hrs, and in that order. This clearly showed that holding time has effect on the hardness of case hardened steel.
Genetic structure of indigenous sheep breeds in Nigeria based on electrophoretic polymorphous systems of transferrin and haemoglobin

The study used 100 indigenous sheep comprising 25 Balami, 25 Uda, 25 Yankassa and 25 West African Dwarf breeds reared extensively. The blood samples were taken from Vena Jugularis, processed according to standard procedure and transferrin and haemoglobin examined using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The observed allele frequencies and genotypes (%) were tested with Hardy-Weinberg’s Equilibrium (χ 2 ). Seven alleles Tf A , Tf B , Tf C , Tf D , Tf E , Tf G and Tf P controlling 23 genotypes were observed at the transferrin locus while two haemoglobin alleles (Hb A and Hb B ) controlling three phenotypesHb AA , Hb AB and Hb BB were detected. Except for the West African Dwarf sheep, all the samples indicated genetic equilibrium revealed by significant difference between observed and expected genotypes at both loci. The observed significant difference between the frequencies of alleles and genotypes at the two studied loci in the West African Dwarf sheep can be used as a source of genetic diversity during selection for improvement. The phylogenetic analysis as viewed by the tree topology suggests that the Balami and Uda may have had the same migration route or may have been the same breed which had only just recently branched off through adaptive. Also, the West African Dwarf sheep may have been the first to branch off the path of migration and thus had more clearly defined migration route or origin.
Note on the NDVI‐LST relationship and the use of temperature‐related drought indices over North America

A comprehensive evaluation of the relationship between vegetation and Land Surface Temperature (LST) over the North America is presented. It is found that the correlations between LST and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) depend on the season‐of‐year and time‐of‐day. For winter, the correlation between NDVI and LST is positive. The strong negative correlations between LST and NDVI are only found during the warm seasons. Thus temperature‐related drought indices may only be used in the warm seasons from May to October, and should be used with caution during cold seasons in North America. The cooling effect of vegetation on LST is stronger during daytime than nighttime. Moreover, the negative correlations between NDVI and LST are much stronger than those between NDVI and the brightness temperature. Therefore using daytime LST for drought monitoring should be more reasonable than using brightness temperature or nighttime LST.
Ethnoveterinary medicine in Africa

Abstract Local knowledge systems have won growing attention and respect within conventional science and in the international development community. Such systems have usually resulted from centuries of local people's empirical observation and experience and typically are highly ecologically sensitive. The information they embody and their associated materials and techniques can be of immense practical value in mounting cost-effective, socio-culturally and politically workable, environmentally benign, and thus sustainable, initiatives to improve human livelihoods and well-being. The present article overviews one pioneering branch of research and development for the continent of Africa: ethnoveterinary medicine. Indigenous healers, ethno-aetiologies, ethnopharmacology and toxicology, vaccination and surgical skills, and selected health-related husbandry practices are described. These data are then analysed from both social scientific and biological-technical perspectives, to identify limitations and potentials in putting African veterinary expertise to work in truly appropriate agricultural development. The authors conclude with recommendations for both immediate and future directions in the study and utilisation of this corpus of valuable, but endangered, knowledge. Résumé Les pratiques des connaissances locales sont de plus en plus considérées et respectées au sein même des sciences conventionnelles et du monde du développement international. Ces procédés sont en général le fruit de l'observation empirique et de l'expérience des gens du pays à travers les siècles, et sont notamment très censés du point de vue écologique. Le savoir qu'ils transmettent, ainsi que l'association des matériaux et des techniques peuvent être d'une énorme valeur pour élever des initiatives qui seraient sumsamment rentables, réalisables aux niveaux socioculturel et politique, sans conséquence sur l'environnement, et done défendables, afin d'améliorer les moyens d'existence et le bien-être de l'homme. L'article en question offre une idée générale sur un secteur pionier des recherches et développements locaux pour le continent africain: la médecine ethnovétérinaire. Il décrit les caracteristiques des guérisseurs indigènes, des sciences ethno-étiologique, ethnopharmacologique et toxicologique, des connaissances en matière de vaccins et de chirurgie, et de quelques pratiques agricoles en lien avec la santé. Ces faits sont alors analysés d'un point de vue à la fois socio-scientifique et bio-technologique, afin d'évaluer dans quelles limites et comment il serait possible d'appliquer les compétences vétérinaires africaines au sein d'un développement agricole vraiment approprié. En conclusion, les auteurs donnent des orientations à la fois pour le présent et le futur, afin d'étudier et d'utiliser au mieux ce recueil de connaissances, précieuses mais compromises.
Evolving therapeutic strategies maintain clinical momentum in melanoma

T he past 5 years have witnessed a watershed moment in the management of metastatic melanoma. Te successes of molecularly targeted and immune-based therapies have transformed it from an aggressively lethal malignancy into one that is readily treatable. Here, we discuss continued eforts to fnd new therapies and broaden the clinical impact of existing options to maintain the unprecedented momentum of improving patient outcomes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PREDATORS AND OFFSPRING INFLUENCE NEST DEFENSE BY ARCTIC AND COMMON TERNS

Abstract Nest defense is a critical aspect of parental care that entails both costs and benefits. The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of nest defense in a colony of Arctic and Common Terns (Sterna paradisaea and S. hirundo, respectively) using observations of natural predators: Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) and Great Black-backed Gulls (L. marinus). Tern nest-defense scores were higher for hunting gulls than for overflying gulls and for gull flights closer to the ground. Defense scores also were significantly higher during the chick stage than during the egg stage. Within the chick stage, response score initially increased with age, but then declined. The results of this study indicate that terns vary their defense in relation to characteristics of predators and offspring that influence the costs and benefits of defense.
Mandatory Social and Environmental Disclosure: A Performance Evaluation of Listed Nigerian Oil and Gas Companies Pre- and Post-Mandatory Disclosure Requirements

Corporate social and environmental disclosure is still evolving and weak in developing countries and to stimulate the practice, many developing countries are putting in place regulations. Code of Corporate Governance for listed companies in Nigeria issued in 2011 mandated certain disclosure. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to assess volume of disclosure by listed Nigerian oil and gas companies six (6) years pre- and six (6) years post the code. Legitimacy theory is employed to underpin the study while corporate characteristics are tested to determine their influence on volume of the disclosure. Modified word count content analysis of annual reports and accounts of sample companies is used to determine volume of disclosure while two sample t-tests give the statistical mean of the disclosure. Panel Corrected Standard Error Regression analysis is used to determine the influence of corporate characteristics on the volume of the disclosure. Results from words counts content analysis indicated 53% increase in volume of social disclosure and 235% increase in volume of environmental disclosure six years post-code over disclosure six years pre-code. Two sample t-tests show that the mean of disclosure six years post code is greater than the mean of disclosure six years pre- code. Panel regression analysis results show that corporate size, have positive and significant relationship with disclosure. Obtained results is perhaps consistent with legitimacy theory.
Extremely high quantum efficiency of donor-acceptor-pair emission in N-and-B-doped 6H-SiC

High-efficiency visible light emission in N-and-B-doped 6H-SiC epilayers was observed in photoluminescence measurements at room temperature. The orange-yellow light emission due to the recombination of donor-acceptor pairs (DAPs) has a broad spectrum with a peak wavelength of 576nm and a full width at half maximum of 110nm at 250K. The high B concentration of more than 1018cm−3 improves the emission efficiency of the DAP recombination at a high temperature. Compared with the photoluminescence spectrum of GaN at 10K, a high quantum efficiency of 95% was estimated for the highly B-doped sample. From time-resolved photoluminescence measurements, a DAP recombination time of 5.0ms was obtained, which is in good agreement with the calculated value by the rate equation with the assumption of a 95% internal quantum efficiency. This is quite promising as a light-emitting medium by optical pumping, as well as monolithic light sources combined with nitride-based light-emitting diodes grown on the DA-doped SiC epilayer.
Physical, rheological and sensory properties of tarhana prepared with two wild edible plants (Trachystemon orientalis (L.) G. Don) and (Portulaca oleracea L.).

Tarhana is a traditional Turkish fermented soup. It is prepared with yoghurt, wheat flour, yeast, some vegetables and spices. In this study, two wild edible plants, kaldirayak (Trachystemon orientalis (L.) G. Don) and purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) were used to increase the dietary fiber content of tarhana, while keeping the viscosity and sensory properties in acceptable levels. Wheat flour was replaced with plants in 3 proportions (10, 20 and 30%). The fermentation activity, color, rheological and sensory properties of the tarhana products were determined. Soluble, insoluble and total dietary fiber values were determined to be 15.36, 23.04 and 38.40 g/100 g in dry weight for kaldirayak and 7.56, 23.11 and 30.67 g/100 g in dry weight for purslane, respectively. It was determined that addition of these plants in high amounts increase the dietary fiber content but decrease the viscosity. The lightness, redness and yellowness values decreased as the concentration of added plant increased. Also, as the enrichment ratio increased, the sensory evaluation points decreased.
Why do you translate? Motivation to volunteer and TED translation

Many organizations today mobilize vast volunteer translation efforts, but there is little research into how the volunteering of translation may be understood in sociological and psychological terms. This paper introduces translation scholars to some of the complexities of investigating volunteering and motivation, informed by research from sociology, behavioural economics and social psychology. It then makes a methodological contribution to the study of volunteer translation motivation by assessing the potential of qualitative analysis of translators' discourse to derive conceptually sound categories of motivation. This methodology is tested on a small set of statements from volunteer translators for TED. The test case prepares the ground for much-needed, larger-scale studies into volunteer translation motivations. The paper concludes by advocating a mixed-methods approach which can accommodate multidimensional perspectives and contexts of volunteering.