Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antisocial behavioral syndromes and DSM-IV alcohol use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

BACKGROUND Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), syndromal adult antisocial behavior (AABS) without conduct disorder (CD) before age 15, and CD without progression to ASPD ("CD only") are highly prevalent among adults with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Among patients in AUD treatment, antisocial behavioral syndromes are associated with more severe AUDs and poorer treatment outcomes. Comparative data concerning associations of antisocial syndromes with clinical characteristics of AUDs and the sociodemographic and clinical correlates of these syndromes among general population adults with AUDs have not previously been available. This study examines prevalences and correlates of antisocial syndromes among adults with lifetime Diagnostic and Statistical Manual--Version IV (DSM-IV) AUDs, and describes associations of these syndromes with clinical characteristics of AUDs, in the general U.S. population. METHODS This report is based on the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n=43,093, response rate=81%). Respondents (n=11,843) with lifetime AUDs were classified according to whether they met criteria for ASPD, AABS, "CD only," or no antisocial syndrome. Correlates of antisocial syndromes were examined using contingency table approaches and normal theory analyses of variance. Associations of antisocial syndromes with clinical characteristics of AUDs, including number of lifetime episodes, duration of longest or only episode, and alcohol consumption during period of heaviest drinking were examined using normal theory and logistic regression. RESULTS Sociodemographic and clinical correlates of antisocial syndromes among respondents with AUDs were consistent with results from prior studies. Antisocial syndromes were significantly associated with phenomenology of AUDs, particularly ASPD with the most severe clinical presentations. Associations with AABS were similar to but more modest than those with ASPD; those with "CD only" were weaker and less consistent. Patterns of associations between antisocial syndromes and clinical characteristics of AUDs were generally similar between men and women. CONCLUSIONS Antisocial syndromes, particularly ASPD, appear to identify a more pernicious clinical profile of AUDs among adults in the general U.S. population.
Laparoscopic Treatment of Uncomplicated Common Bile Duct Stones: What Is the Evidence?

The introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) around 1990 changed the strategy for treatment of common bile duct stones (CBDS) in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Previously the treatment had been a one-stage procedure, with conventional open cholecystectomy along with a choledocholithotomy. Today, the strategy is predominantly a two-stage procedure with preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and stone clearance followed by LC. Less commonly, endoscopic treatment is performed postoperatively or as a one-stage procedure intraoperatively in the operating room. Other less used onestage procedures are endoscopic treatment without subsequent planned LC, LC and expectant management of CBDS, or conventional open cholecystectomy with a choledocholithotomy. A laparoscopic one-stage procedure is possible today, and is a standard method in selected surgical centres. The optimal treatment is unknown, with many stategies currently being used in the management of uncomplicated CBDS. The purpose of the present review is to evaluate laparoscopic treatment of CBDS compared with the other treatment strategies in the presence of uncomplicated CBDS.
A survey of methods for encrypted traffic classification and analysis

With the widespread use of encrypted data transport, network traffic encryption is becoming a standard nowadays. This presents a challenge for traffic measurement, especially for analysis and anomaly detection methods, which are dependent on the type of network traffic. In this paper, we survey existing approaches for classification and analysis of encrypted traffic. First, we describe the most widespread encryption protocols used throughout the Internet. We show that the initiation of an encrypted connection and the protocol structure give away much information for encrypted traffic classification and analysis. Then, we survey payload and feature‐based classification methods for encrypted traffic and categorize them using an established taxonomy. The advantage of some of described classification methods is the ability to recognize the encrypted application protocol in addition to the encryption protocol. Finally, we make a comprehensive comparison of the surveyed feature‐based classification methods and present their weaknesses and strengths. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selection for Virulent Dengue Viruses Occurs in Humans and Mosquitoes

ABSTRACT Dengue is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease in humans. The spread of both mosquito vectors and viruses has led to the resurgence of epidemic dengue fever (a self-limited flu-like syndrome) and the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (severe dengue with bleeding abnormalities) in urban centers of the tropics. There are no animal or laboratory models of dengue disease; indirect evidence suggests that dengue viruses differ in virulence, including their pathogenicities for humans and epidemic potential. We developed two assay systems (using human dendritic cells and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes) for measuring differences in virus replication that correlate with the potential to cause hemorrhagic dengue and increased virus transmission. Infection and growth experiments showed that dengue serotype 2 viruses causing dengue hemorrhagic fever epidemics (Southeast Asian genotype) can outcompete viruses that cause dengue fever only (American genotype). This fact implies that Southeast Asian genotype viruses will continue to displace other viruses, causing more hemorrhagic dengue epidemics.
Allelopathic research in Brazil

In this article, we review allelopathy studies conducted in Brazil or involving plant species that occur in the country. Conceptions and misconceptions associated with allelopathy, as well as some international criteria to be applied in allelopathic research, are presented and discussed. We observed a sharp increase in the number of papers on this subject conducted in Brazil between 1991 and 2010. However, most studies are conducted under laboratory conditions, lack a clear hypothesis or a solid justification, and typically make use of target species that do not co-exist with the donor species under natural conditions. We also found that most studies do not take the additional steps in order to purify and identify the bioactive molecules. We recommend that further studies be conducted in order to explore the potential of plant biodiversity in Brazil. Such studies could lead to the development of new molecular structures (allelochemicals) that could be used in the control of pests and weeds, thereby reducing the use of the harmful synthetic herbicides that are currently being widely employed.
Anorexia Nervosa and Baby Gazing

The uncommon behaviour of baby gazing is described in a patient who had also suffered three episodes of anorexia nervosa. The baby gazing responded to joint therapeutic interviews leading to the patient and her husband resolving their different views about having a family and the patient becoming pregnant. Even then there was a minor recurrence of anorexic behaviour which yielded to treatment.
Reactive Oxygen Species and Vascular Signal Transduction Mechanisms

Sources of reactive O2 species in the vessel wall that potentially contribute to the control of vascular tone include NADPH oxidases, arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes, xanthine oxidase, nitric oxide synthase and mitochondria. Specific physiological stimuli (such as changes in PO2) as well as pathophysiological stimuli control the production of reactive O2 species by many of these sources. Certain key reactive O2 species activate specific signalling mechanisms that control vascular tone, often through processes involving the metabolism of these species. The production of prostaglandins and cyclic GMP are some of the most sensitive systems regulated by hydrogen peroxide; whereas the conversion of nitric oxide (NO) to peroxynitrite (ONOO−) and inhibition of the stimulation of the cytosolic form of guanylate cyclase are processes that are very sensitive to superoxide anion (O2·−). High levels of NO production readily result in the formation of significant amounts of ONOO−, because NO competes with superoxide dismutase for the metabolism of cellular O2·− and thereby activates additional signalling mechanisms such as regulation through thiol nitrosation. As the levels of individual reactive O2 species increase, other signalling mechanisms likely to participate in vascular responses to oxidant injury seem to become activated. Thus, evidence is developing to support the concept that reactive O2 species are important contributors to the control of vascular tone.
Beneficial Effects of Fresh and Fermented Kimchi in Prediabetic Individuals

Background: With the increased incidence of diabetes mellitus, the importance of early intervention in prediabetes has been emphasized. We previously reported that fermented kimchi, a traditional Korean food, reduced body weight and improved metabolic factors in overweight participants. We hypothesized that kimchi and its fermented form would have beneficial effects on glucose metabolism in patients with prediabetes. Methods: A total of 21 participants with prediabetes were enrolled. During the first 8 weeks, they consumed either fresh (1-day-old) or fermented (10-day-old) kimchi. After a 4-week washout period, they switched to the other type of kimchi for the next 8 weeks. Results: Consumption of both types of kimchi significantly decreased body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference. Fermented kimchi decreased insulin resistance, and increased insulin sensitivity, QUICKI and disposition index values (p = 0.004 and 0.028, respectively). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) decreased significantly in the fermented kimchi group. The percentages of participants who showed improved glucose tolerance were 9.5 and 33.3% in the fresh and fermented kimchi groups, respectively. Conclusions: Consumption of kimchi had beneficial effects on glucose metabolism-related and anthropometric factors in participants with prediabetes. Fermented kimchi had additional effects on BP and insulin resistance/sensitivity. The percentage of participants who showed improvement in glucose tolerance was high in the fermented kimchi group.
Cloning and expression of an inducible lymphoid‐specific, protein tyrosine phosphatase (HePTPase)

Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylating events have been shown to be central to the process of growth regulation and signal transduction. We report here, the identification of a new gene with a tyrosine phosphatase domain (EC 3.1.3.48) which is expressed exclusively in thymus and spleen. A cDNA of 2760 bp encodes a 339‐amino acid, intracellular, single‐domain tyrosine phosphatase. When expressed as a glutathionine‐S‐transferase fusion protein, efficient lysis of p‐nitrophenyl phosphate is noted, indicating in vitro enzymatic activity of the cloned gene product. Normal mouse lymphocytes increase mRNA expression 10‐15‐fold upon stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, lipo‐polysaccharide or anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody. This new hematopoietic tyrosine phosphatase, (HePTP), may play a role in the regulation of T and B lymphocyte development and signal transduction.
Survey of unlicensed and off label drug use in paediatric wards in European countries

Abstract Objective: To determine the extent of use of unlicensed and off label drugs in children in hospital in five European countries. Design: Prospective study of drugs administered to children in general paediatric medical wards over four weeks. Setting: Children's wards in five hospitals (one each in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands). Subjects: Children aged 4 days to 16 years admitted to general paediatric medical wards. Main outcome measure: Proportion of drugs that were used in an unlicensed or off label manner. Results: 2262 drug prescriptions were administered to 624 children in the five hospitals. Almost half of all drug prescriptions (1036; 46%) were either unlicensed or off label. Of these 1036, 872 were off label and 164 were unlicensed. Over half of the patients (421; 67%) received an unlicensed or off label drug prescription. Conclusions: Use of off label or unlicensed drugs to treat children is widespread. This problem is likely to affect children throughout Europe and requires European action. Key messages Many drugs are not tested in children, which means that they are not specifically licensed for use in children Licensed drugs are often prescribed outside the terms of the product license (off label) in relation to age, indication, dose of frequency, route of administration, or formulation Over two thirds (67%) of 624 children admitted to wards in five European hospitals received drugs prescribed in an unlicensed or off label manner 39% of the 2262 drug prescriptions given to children were off label The problem of off label and unlicensed drug prescribing in children is a European problem that requires European action
The Metal/Liquid Interface: the Charge Injection Process

An attempt has been made to analyze the experimental observations published over the past years on charge injection into liquids, and to examine the criteria developed for charge injection into vacuum or gases as to their applicability to liquids. It was concluded that the emission sites on metal cathodes are smaller than originally assumed. The Fowler-Nordheim or modified Schottky emission laws do not define uniquely either the emission area, the local field enhancement, or the prevailing work function. Experimental studies reported here suggest these submicroscopic sites to be either grain boundaries, protrusions of molecular dimensions, or minute dust particles. Apparently only a few of these sites actually emit electrons at any instant of time.
Insight into the effects of different cropping systems on soil bacterial community and tobacco bacterial wilt rate

Rotation is an effective strategy to control crop disease and improve plant health. However, the effects of crop rotation on soil bacterial community composition and structure, and crop health remain unclear. In this study, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we explored the soil bacterial communities under four different cropping systems, continuous tobacco cropping (control group), tobacco‐maize rotation, tobacco‐lily rotation, and tobacco‐turnip rotation. Results of detrended correspondence analysis and dissimilarity tests showed that soil bacterial community composition and structure changed significantly among the four groups, such that Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria were more abundant in the maize rotation group (16.6 and 11.5%, respectively) than in the control (8.5 and 7.1%, respectively). Compared with the control group (57.78%), maize and lily were effective rotation crops in controlling tobacco bacterial wilt (about 23.54 and 48.67%). On the other hand, tobacco bacterial wilt rate was increased in the turnip rotation (59.62%) relative to the control. Further study revealed that the abundances of several bacterial populations were directly correlated with tobacco bacterial wilt. For example, Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria were significantly negatively correlated to the tobacco bacterial wilt rate, so they may be probiotic bacteria. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that soil pH and calcium content were key factors in determining soil bacterial communities. In conclusion, our study revealed the composition and structure of bacterial communities under four different cropping systems and may unveil molecular mechanisms for the interactions between soil microorganisms and crop health.
Specificity of Toxocara ELISA in tropical populations

Summary The diagnosis of human infection by Toxocara canis relies heavily upon serological tests, the specificity of which can be inadequate in regions of endemic helminthiasis. When different population groups of tropical Venezuela were evaluated using ELISA based upon Toxocara excretory‐secretory antigen (TcES A), solid‐phase adsorption of the sera with extracts of a wide variety of non‐homologous parasites revealed the existence of significant cross‐reactivity. This was effectively and conveniently overcome when the test sera were incubated in the presence of the soluble parasite extracts in a competitive inhibition ELISA. The mean reduction of ELISA values caused by pre‐adsorption of the sera tested was 32‐2%, and that caused by competitive inhibition was 42‐3%, the effects of these two procedures being strongly correlated (r=0.83). The magnitude of the reduction was inversely proportional to the actual ELISA value (r=‐0.55), and ranged from a mean of 68.0% in sera from apparently healthy individuals of medium‐high socio‐economic level, down to 28.1% in heavily parasitized Amazon Indians. Ascaris showed the greatest degree of cross‐reactivity in these tests, although under conditions of competitive inhibition even sera with high levels of antibody against this parasite could be negative in Toxocara ELISA. Western blotting revealed a major 81 400 D component that was shared between Ascaris and TcESA.
Improved signal constellations for differential unitary space-time modulations with more than two transmit antennas

In this paper, we propose new and improved unitary signal constellations for differential unitary space-time modulations utilizing more than two transmit antennas. The proposed unitary designs are constructed from fundamental building blocks which comprise the generator matrices of diagonal cyclic codes, and the 2/spl times/2 and 3/spl times/3 rotational matrices. The performances of the proposed codes are superior to those of previously proposed codes.
The Role of 18F-FDG PET/CT and MRI in Assessing Pathological Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Purpose. We performed this meta-analysis to determine the utilities of 18F-FDG PET/CT and MRI in assessing the pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in the same cohort of patients with breast cancer. Methods. Two reviewers systematically searched on PubMed, Scopus, and Springer (from the beginning of 1992 to Aug. 1, 2015) for the eligible articles. Heterogeneity, pooled sensitivity and specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve were calculated to estimate the diagnostic efficacy of 18F-FDG PET/CT and MRI. Results. A total of 6 studies including 382 pathologically confirmed patients were eligible. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of 18F-FDG PET/CT were 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76–0.93) and 0.72 (95% CI: 0.49–0.87), respectively. Pooled sensitivity and specificity of MRI were 0.65 (95% CI: 0.45–0.80) and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.75–0.95), respectively. The area under the SROC curve of 18F-FDG PET/CT and MRI was 0.88 and 0.84, respectively. Conclusion. Study indicated that 18F-FDG PET/CT had a higher sensitivity and MRI had a higher specificity in assessing pCR in breast cancer patients. Therefore, the combined use of these two imaging modalities may have great potential to improve the diagnostic performance in assessing pCR after NAC.
Ecology of Ebolavirus: A Review of Current Knowledge, Speculations and Future Research Directions

TFiloviruses particularly Ebola and Marburg viruses causes deadly hemorrhagic fevers in humans and non-human primates particularly the great apes (chimpanzees and gorillas). Ebola virus disease (EVD), which is also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is caused by Ebola virus, which has a case fatality rate of up to 90% [1-3]. Ebola virus is among the most dangerous microorganisms today. It has been classified as Category A biothreat pathogen [4-6] and Biosafety Level 4 organism [4,6,7]. Ebola and Marburg virus have been linked to several sporadic outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever especially in East and Central Africa [7-9]. Ebolavirus has been described as pathogen causing emerging and re-emerging zoonotic disease outbreaks in humans [7,10,11]. There are indicators that the frequency, scale and severity of outbreaks are increasing. For nearly 40 years, the science community has been researching on Ebola virus. Recent findings suggest that outbreaks of Ebola virus might not just be sporadic as previously thought, but could be linked to changes in ecology that brought humans in close proximity to natural / primary host and immediate hosts of Ebola virus due to human exploitation of previously unoccupied forest ecosystems.
Pragmatics of negation 1 Running head: PRAGMATICS OF NEGATION Negation is only hard to process when it is pragmatically infelicitous

Negation is a fundamental element of language and logical systems, but processing negative sentences can be challenging. Early investigations suggested that this difficulty was due to the representational challenge of adding an additional logical element to a proposition, but in more recent work, supportive contexts mitigate the processing costs of negation, suggesting a pragmatic explanation. We make a strong test of this pragmatic hypothesis by directly comparing speakers and listeners. Speakers produce negative sentences more often when they are both relevant and informative. Listeners in turn are fastest to respond to sentences that they expect speakers to produce. Since negative sentences are only difficult in contexts when they are unlikely to be produced, representing negation is likely less difficult than previously supposed.
Ocular involvement in patients with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

OBJECTIVES To describe ocular disease in 3 patients with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) and to identify the frequency of such ocular involvement. METHODS Medical record reviews. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, we calculated the frequency of ocular involvement among pediatric patients with systemic PTLD after liver transplantation. RESULTS Each patient had bilateral anterior chamber cells. Biopsy of an iris nodule from a patient who had undergone cardiac transplantation confirmed the diagnosis of PTLD, but no signs of systemic PTLD were found. The other 2 patients had systemic PTLD after liver transplantation; 1 presented with iris nodules in both eyes and a subretinal mass in the left eye, while the other had bilateral anterior chamber cells only. Ocular signs improved slowly after reduction of immunosuppressive drug therapy. Ophthalmological examinations were performed on 22 of 25 pediatric patients with PTLD after liver transplantation; 2 had ocular disease. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated a 20% risk of ocular involvement at 3 years after development of PTLD (95% confidence intervals, 0%-50%). CONCLUSIONS Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder should be considered in the differential diagnosis of uveitis after organ transplantation. Anterior chamber cells and iris nodules are the most common ocular signs, but the posterior segment can be involved. Ocular involvement can occur without evidence of systemic disease and can be asymptomatic. Reduction of immunosuppressive drug therapy is an appropriate treatment.