Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
External cephalic version at term. A randomized controlled trial using tocolysis.

OBJECTIVE To assess the role of external cephalic version (ECV) at term, using tocolysis. DESIGN A randomized controlled trial over a 12 month period. SETTING Harare Maternity Hospital, Harare, Zimbabwe. SUBJECTS 208 women with breech presentation at term were recruited after satisfying eligibility criteria. There were 103 women in the study group and 105 in the control group. At the end of the study a further 104 women were recruited for ECV. INTERVENTION ECV attempted after intravenous injection of 10 micrograms of hexaprenaline, using either forward or backward somersault over a maximum period of 5 min. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Success rate in terms of presentation during labour, need for caesarean section, and various variables related to fetal outcome. RESULTS ECV reduced the frequency of breech presentation during labour from 83% to 17% and that of caesarean section from 33% to 13%. There were no troublesome complications from the procedure. CONCLUSION In carefully selected women with breech presentation, ECV at term using tocolysis, safely reduced the rate of breech presentation in labour and also the caesarean section rate. Further research is needed to determine the role of ECV in early labour.
A Self-Aligned Two-Step Reactive Ion Etching Process for Nanopatterning Magnetic Tunnel Junctions on 300 mm Wafers

We demonstrated a self-aligned two-step reactive ion etching (RIE) process to pattern high density magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) arrays. We did the RIE for the top electrode (TE) and stop in the middle of the tunnel barrier. A nitride conformal film was coated on the device pillars as a dielectric spacer. The conformal spacer protects the tunnel barrier from shorting by redeposition and provides a mask for the bottom electrode (BE) RIE. We used this process and completed perpendicular MTJ devices with our process flow. We tested the devices by measuring magnetic field switching and spin transfer torque switching. We get tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) up to 100%, switching current as low as 60 μA at 100 ns, switching current density Jc0 as low as 2.5 × 106 A/cm2 and endurance above 109 for devices as small as 50 nm in diameter. The results are compared with devices from a TE RIE only process, and we find minimum damage was made by the BE RIE. We also discuss the size dependence of MTJ parameters such as TMR and free layer coercive field and offset field, which is very related to the RIE process.
Sigma 1 receptor‐mediated increase in hippocampal extracellular dopamine contributes to the mechanism of the anticonvulsant action of neuropeptide Y

The potent anticonvulsant properties of neuropeptide Y (NPY) are generally attributed to a Y2 receptor‐mediated inhibition of glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Independent studies have shown that NPY increases brain dopamine content, possibly via interaction with sigma 1 receptors. Recently, we showed that increased extracellular hippocampal dopamine attenuates pilocarpine‐induced limbic seizures via activation of hippocampal D2 receptors. Our aim in this study was to elucidate the role of increased hippocampal dopamine in the mechanism of the anticonvulsant action of NPY and to investigate the involvement of Y2 and sigma 1 receptors in this process. Limbic seizures were evoked in freely moving rats by intrahippocampal administration of pilocarpine via a microdialysis probe. NPY was administered intracerebroventricularly, intrahippocampally via the microdialysis probe, or coadministered intrahippocampally with the D2 receptor antagonist remoxipride, the Y2 receptor antagonist BIIE0246 or the sigma 1 receptor antagonist BD1047. Changes in hippocampal extracellular dopamine were monitored, and behavioural changes indicative of seizure activity were scored. Intracerebroventricular (10 nmol/3 µL) and intrahippocampal (20–50 µm) NPY administration increased hippocampal dopamine and attenuated pilocarpine‐induced seizures. Hippocampal D2 receptor blockade (4 µm remoxipride) reversed the anticonvulsant effect of NPY. Y2 receptor blockade (1 µm BIIE0246) reversed the anticonvulsant effect of NPY but did not prevent NPY‐induced increases in hippocampal dopamine. Sigma 1 receptor blockade (10 µm BD1047) abolished NPY‐induced increases in hippocampal dopamine and reversed the anticonvulsant effect of NPY. Our results indicate that NPY‐induced increases in hippocampal dopamine are mediated via sigma 1 receptors and contribute to the anticonvulsant effect of NPY via increased activation of hippocampal D2 receptors. This novel mechanism of anticonvulsant action of NPY is separate from, and may be complementary to, the well established Y2 receptor‐mediated inhibition of hippocampal excitability.
An Aeromonas salmonicida gene which influences a-protein expression in Escherichia coli encodes a protein containing an ATP-binding cassette and maps beside the surface array protein gene

A conserved Aeromonas salmonicida gene (abcA) affecting expression of the surface array protein gene (vapA) in Escherichia coli was identified. The 924-bp gene starts 205 bp after vapA and codes for a protein with a deduced molecular weight (M(r)) of 34,015 containing an N-terminal P-loop and significant homology to the ATP-binding cassette transport protein superfamily. AbcA was identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) by using T7 polymerase expression and DNA-directed translation and was copurified with the sarkosyl-soluble cytoplasmic membrane fraction. The protein displayed aberrant migration during SDS-PAGE. A lacZ fusion containing 128 bp of upstream sequence and 387 bases in the 5' end of abcA was constructed, and the beta-galactosidase activity of the abcA-lacZ fusion gene was shown to be similar in E. coli and A. salmonicida. The 130,000-M(r) AbcA-LacZ fusion protein was purified, and by using an ATP affinity column, the 129 AbcA N-terminal P-loop-containing residues were shown to bind ATP.
High Disease Burden of Diarrhea Due to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among Rural Egyptian Infants and Young Children

ABSTRACT The incidence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea among Egyptian children was 1.5 episodes per child per year and accounted for 66% of all first episodes of diarrhea after birth. The incidence increased from 1.7 episodes per child per year in the first 6 months of life to 2.3 in the second 6 months and declined thereafter.
Songs of Darwin's finches diverge when a new species enters the community

Bird species sing different songs and as a result rarely breed with each other. Species are not static but can shift in acoustic and morphological space, yet maintain their distinctiveness. Investigating such a situation in a community of Darwin's finches sheds light on the origin and maintenance of premating barriers between species. Explanations for songs divergence generally invoke morphological changes to the sound-producing apparatus, environmental changes influencing transmitting properties of song, avoidance of acoustical interference with other species, and random processes including copying errors. We investigated changes in songs of Geospiza fortis (medium ground finch) and Geospiza scandens (cactus ground finch) from 1978 to 2010 on Daphne Major Island, Galápagos. The habitat did not change significantly; however, the finch community changed. The socially aggressive congener Geospiza magnirostris (large ground finch), singing in the same frequency band (2–4 kHz), colonized Daphne in 1983 and increased in numbers. Temporal features of the songs of G. fortis and G. scandens, especially trill rate and song duration, diverged from G. magnirostris songs as it became increasingly common. Changes in song were not a passive consequence of a change in beak morphology. Instead they arose as a bias during song imprinting and production. Sons of both G. fortis and G. scandens sang faster songs than their respective fathers and thereby differed more from G. magnirostris in their songs than did their fathers. Divergence from an aversive or confusing stimulus during learning illustrates a “peak shift” that may be a common feature of song evolution and speciation.
Gradenigo syndrome: an unexpected otitis complication

Introduction : Gradenigo syndrome (also known as apical petrositis) is a clinical triad of otitis media, trigeminal neuralgia and ipsilateral abducens nerve palsy. In the era of antibiotic therapy, it is an exceptional but potentially life threatening complication of acute otitis media, requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment. Case report : A seven-year-old girl with previous history of otitis, presented with left ear pain, headache, diplopia and fever. Diagnosis of Gradenigo syndrome was established and she was treated with systemic broad-spectrum antibiotics and myringotomy with timpanostomy tube placement. Clinical outcome was favourable. Conclusion : This case documents therapeutic success and total recovery with a conservative approach in an immunocompe
Predisposition for breast cancer in carriers of constitutional translocation 11q;22q.

A translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 11 and 22, t(11;22)(q23;q11), is the most frequent constitutional reciprocal translocation in man. This chromosome abnormality has not previously been reported to be associated with an increased risk for neoplasia. The observation of one patient with a constitutional translocation t(11q;22q) and breast cancer prompted us to study the relationship between these two conditions. The incidence of breast cancer was determined in carriers of t(11q;22q). The karyotypes were determined by QFQ-banding, and the breakpoints were then further characterized by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Eight families with a total of 22 balanced carriers were found. In five of these families there was one case of breast cancer each. In another family a case of an unknown malignancy was reported in one member. No other malignancies were found among these patients. The number of breast cancer cases was significantly higher than expected among the translocation carriers (P < .001). The chromosomal breakpoints showed the same localization with the markers used, in the seven families studied. The association of constitutional translocation t(11q;22q) and breast cancer identifies a subset of patients with a highly increased risk for breast cancer who would benefit from counseling and screening. It also suggests the involvement of genes on 11q and/or 22q, in the tumorigenesis of breast cancer.
Developmental Dynamics of Intergroup Contact and Intergroup Attitudes: Long-Term Effects in Adolescence and Early Adulthood.

Intergroup contact represents a powerful way to improve intergroup attitudes and to overcome prejudice and discrimination. However, long-term effects of intergroup contact that consider social network dynamics have rarely been studied at a young age. Study 1 validated an optimized social network approach to investigate intergroup contact (N = 6,457; Mage = 14.91 years). Study 2 explored the developmental trajectories of intergroup contact by applying this validated network approach in a cross-sequential design (four-cohort-four-wave; N = 3,815; 13-26 years). Accelerated growth curve models showed that contact predicts the development of attitudes in adolescence, whereas acquired attitudes buffer against decreasing contact in adulthood. Findings highlight the potential of social network analysis and the developmental importance of early intergroup contact experiences.
SOME APPROACHES TO CONTROLLING DEPREDATIONS BY CROWS AND JAYS IN TULARE COUNTY

In 1966 Tulare County nut growers became keenly aware of an ever increasing problem to their . industry--the common crow. Growers requested help in solving this problem. The Tulare County Agricultural Co11VT1issioner's Office undertook this program with the assistance of the U. S. Fish and Wild! ife Service and California State Department of Agriculture . Growers in the county estimated losses to be anywhere from 6% to 18% of the i r nut crops. Monetary losses to almond growers have reached estimates of over $85,000 during one season . Walnut growers have reported observing crows carrying off nuts day after day, amounting to hundreds of pounds during the season. In one instance, a I . 5 acre pistachio nut orchard located near a roost was · raided by 40 crows and completely destroyed in 5 days.
Yeast mastitis in dairy cows in the middle-eastern part of Poland

The aim of study was to assess the incidence of mycotic mastitis in the middle-eastern part of Poland, and to determine genera and species of yeasts, which cause this kind of inflammation. The study involved 2,122 milk samples from cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis from the Lublin and Warsaw regions. The aseptic samples of milk or infected secretions were cultured on the agar and Sabouraud medium with addition of chloramphenicol. Fungi constituted 7.07% of all aetiological agents of mastitis. Four species of fungi were isolated: Candida, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, and Cryptococcus. Candida sp. was most commonly isolated. The most abundant species included C. krusei, C. kefyr, and C. lusitaniae. Yeast-like fungi were most frequently isolated at the end of winter and in spring.
Geographic and Ethnic Distribution of β-Thalassemia Mutations in Uttar Pradesh, India

We have studied the geographic and ethinic distribution of mutations in 376 subjects who were carriers of β-thalassemia, and identified the mutations in 365 chromosomes. The majority of the β-thalassemia carriers were of Uttar Pradesh (India) origin. Their pattern of mutations differed from the other states of India and from those families who had migrated from Pakistan. The frequency of the NS-I-5 (G→C) and 619 bp deletion mutations were 64.3 and 2.5%, respectively, among families originating from Uttar Pradesh, compared to a prevalence of 37.5 and 27.5%, respectively in the population of Pakistani immigrants. Of the 10 common Asian Indian mutations, only eight were observed in subjects studied from different parts of India. By use of the amplification refractory mutation system along with DNA sequencing techniques, the mutations were successfully identified in 97.1% of subjects, while 11 cases (2.9%) still remain to be characterized by single strand conformation polymorphism and sequencing analyses. The application of this knowledge has facilitated the successful implementation of the program of genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis of β-tbalassemia, thus helping to avoid the birth of an affected child in India.
Clinical Outcomes After Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Comparison of Cortical Bone Trajectory and Conventional Pedicle Screw Insertion

Study Design: This study is a retrospective cohort study using prospectively collected data. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) using the cortical bone trajectory (CBT) and conventional pedicle screw (PS) techniques. Summary of Background Data: There are few published studies to date comparing PLIF using CBT technique with PLIF using the conventional PS technique. Methods: We studied 119 consecutive patients who underwent single-level PLIF between 2010 and 2014 with a minimum 12-month follow-up. Forty-two patients underwent CBT-PLIF (the CBT group) and 77 underwent conventional PS-PLIF (the PS group). Clinical outcomes were assessed by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ) and visual analog scale (VAS). To assess perioperative pain, a 6-point Numeric Rating Scale score and the total amount of diclofenac sodium suppositories used were recorded. The operative time and blood loss were recorded. Muscle damage was evaluated by serum creatine kinase concentrations. Fusion status was evaluated using 3-dimensional computed tomography 12 months postoperatively. We used inverse probability of treatment weighting based on the propensity score to reduce confounding factors. Results: There were no significant between-group differences in operative time or fusion rates, whereas the CBT group experienced significantly less blood loss, lower postoperative creatine kinase levels, less diclofenac sodium suppositories, and lower Numeric Rating Scale scores than the PS group did. The change in the JOABPEQ subdomain score for social life function 1 month postoperatively was the only significantly different factor among the JOABPEQ and VAS scores. Conclusions: Both procedures were comparable in terms of clinical outcomes and fusion rates, but CBT-PLIF provided the additional benefits of less blood loss, less intraoperative muscle damage, less perioperative pain, and earlier recovery to normal activities.
Lending Relationships and the Effect of Bank Distress: Evidence from the 2007-2009 Financial Crisis

We study the role of lending relationships in the transmission of bank distress to nonfinancial firms using the 2007-2008 financial crisis and a sample of publicly traded firms from 34 countries. We examine the effect of both bank-specific shocks (announcements of bank asset write-downs) and systemic shocks (failure of Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers) that produced heterogeneous effects across banks. We find that bank distress is associated with equity valuation losses to borrower firms that have the strongest lending relationships with banks. The effect of relationship bank distress is not offset by borrowers’ access to public debt markets. Additionally, the effect is concentrated in firms with the greatest information asymmetry problems and with the weakest financial positions at the time of the shock. Overall, our findings suggest that the strength of firms’ lending ties with banks is a key determinant of their degree of bank dependence and exposure to bank distress. * We thank for helpful comments Murillo Campello, Sudheer Chava, Qinglei Dai, Harry DeAngelo, Isil Erel, Victoria Ivashina, Oguzhan Ozbas, Marco Pagano, Lori Santikian, Joao Santos, David Scharfstein, Jeremy Stein, and David Yermack; conference participants at the 2011 Western Finance Association Meetings, the 2011 FIRS Annual Conference, and the 5th California Corporate Finance Conference; and seminar participants at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, University of Rotterdam, University of Southern California, and Tilburg University. We thank John Bai for excellent research assistance. † Corresponding author: University of Southern California, Marshall School, 3670 Trousdale Parkway, BRI-308, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1427, U.S.; E-mail: daniel.carvalho@marshall.usc. edu.
Strategic behaviors in selecting retrieval cues in gifted, normal achieving and learning-disabled children.

This study investigated organized strategies and self-checking behaviors in selecting retrieval cues in gifted, normal-achieving and learning disabled children. The results indicated that compared to the others, LD children lacked self-checking skills. Moreover, they were less exhaustive than the others in their selective search of retrieval cues. However, they did use some form of organized strategy in selecting the retrieval cues. Such organized strategy appears to be less efficient than that of gifted children. Additionally, unlike the gifted, both normal-achieving and LD children failed to choose retrieval cues of maximal use in aiding recall. The results also indicated that prior recall of the story resulted in all children choosing more items of most thematic importance. Generally, the results were taken to support Torgesen's conceptualization of LD children as inactive learners.
Polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperprolactinemia are distinct entities

The aims of the present study were to identify the cause of hyperprolactinemia in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to compare prolactin (PRL) levels between PCOS women without hyperprolactinemia and women with insulin resistance and without PCOS. A group of 82 women (age: 27.1 ± 7.6 years) with PCOS was included in the study. Their PRL levels were measured and compared with those of women with insulin resistance without PCOS (controls; n = 42; age: 29.2 ± 8.2 years). Among the 82 PCOS women, 13 (16%) presented high PRL levels (103.9 ± 136.0 μg/l). The causes of hyperprolactinemia were: pituitary tumor (responding to cabergoline) in nine cases (69%; PRL range: 28.6 – 538 μg/l); oral hormonal contraceptive treatment in two cases (15%; PRL: 46 and 55 μg/l, respectively); and use of buspirone and tianeptine in one case (8%; PRL: 37.1 μg/l); one case (8%; PRL: 34.4 μg/l) had macroprolactinemia. In drug-induced hyperprolactinemic patients PRL levels normalized after treatment interruption. The average PRL level in the 69 remaining patients was 12.1 ± 5.5 μg/l, a value not statistically different from that of the control group (11.8 ± 4.9 μg/l). This result leads us to conclude that PCOS patients with increased PRL levels must be investigated for other causes of hyperprolactinemia, because hyperprolactinemia is not a clinical manifestation of PCOS.
Disinfection of Airborne Organisms by Ultraviolet‐C Radiation and Sunlight

Abstract : This report provides background information on UV radiation, selected organisms of potential interest to aerosol researchers, and an overview of the effects of UV light on aerosolized organisms. Aerosol generation methodology and equipment, as well as test methodology used at U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC), are provided as examples for researchers to compare to their own methodology or as guidance for those newer to this field.
Eğik El Yazısıyla Okuma Yazma Öğrenen Öğrencilerin, Eğik El Yazısına İlişkin Durumları

Nitel olarak gerceklestirilen bu arastirmada 2013-2014 egitim ogretim yilinda egik el yazisi ile ilkokuma ve yazma ogrenip liseye devam eden 65 ogrencinin egik el yazisi hakkindaki dusuncelerinin neler oldugu, egik el yazisi kullanmayi surdurme durumlari, egik el yazisini kacinci sinifa kadar kullandiklari ve egik el yazisini birakma nedenleri incelenmistir. Arastirma sonucunda 65 ogrenciden bitisik egik yazi icin 22 olumlu 156 olumsuz ifade alinmistir. Ogrencilerin bitisik egik yaziyi terk etmeye 3. siniftan basladiklari gorulmektedir. 3. sinifta 2, 4. sinifta 5, 5. sinifta 11, 6. sinifta 23, 7. sinifta 10 ve 8. sinifta 14 ogrencinin el yazisini terk ettigi ve 8. sinif itibariyle el yazisinin tamamen terk edildigi calismada gorulmektedir.
Addressing the cognitive and social influence inhibitors during the ideation stages of technology roadmapping workshops

Technology roadmapping workshops are essentially a social mechanism for exploring, creating, shaping and implementing ideas. The front-end of a roadmapping session is based on brainstorming in order to tap into the group's diverse knowledge. The aim of this idea stimulation activity is to capture and share as many perspectives as possible across the full scope of the area of interest. The premise to such group brainstorming is that the sharing and exchange of ideas leads to cognitive stimulation resulting in a greater overall group idea generation performance in terms of the number, variety and originality of ideas. However, it must be recognized that the ideation stage in a roadmapping workshop is a complex psychosocial phenomenon with underlying cognitive and social processes. Thus, there are downsides to group interactions and these must be addressed in order to fully benefit from the power of a roadmapping workshop. This paper will highlight and discuss the key cognitive and social inhibitors involved. These include: production blocking, evaluation apprehension, free riding/social loafing, low norm setting/matching. Facilitation actions and process adjustments to counter such negative factors will be identified so as to provide a psychosocial basis for improving the running of roadmapping workshops.