Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Population of Paraguay through Isonymy

In order to describe the isonymic structure of Paraguay, the distribution of 4,843,868 surnames of 2,882,163 persons was studied in the 18 departments and 237 districts of the nation. The correlations between isonymic and geographic distances for departments were r = 0.713 ± 0.052 for Euclidean distance, 0.597 ± 0.074 for Nei's and 0.582 ± 0.076 for Lasker's, and for districts r = 0.320 ± 0.007, 0.235 ± 0.009 and 0.422 ± 0.008, respectively. Average α was 151 for the entire country, 140.6 ± 6.5 for departments and 108.2 ± 2.7 for districts. The geographical distribution of districts’α is compatible with the settlement of subsequent groups of migrants moving from South towards the Centre and North of Paraguay. The geographical analysis of the first three components of Lasker's isonymy distance matrix is in agreement with such a process. The prevalence of Spanish–Amerindian ethnic groups and the relative absence of indigenous surnames (absence due mainly to the forced surname change of 1848) is in agreement with the diffusion of Spanish speaking males over a low‐density area populated by indigenous groups. The present distribution of Y‐markers and mt‐markers in the available studies in most Latin American populations is compatible with this process.
Mobilization and Disillusion in Rural Korea: The Saemaul Movement in Retrospect

T HE REPUBLIC OF KOREA can claim one of the most impressive economic growth records the world has ever seen. ' In the three decades since the Korean War, it has been transformed from a poor, densely-populated, and resource-scarce country into a substantial industrial power, and one in which the benefits of economic growth have been widely distributed.2 Unlike Taiwan, with which it vies closely and with which it is continually compared, Korea did not begin its postwar development with the advantage of a well-developed agricultural export sector.3 Since World War II, Korea has remained a substantial net importer of food and agricultural products generally.4 The outside world has naturally looked to Korea for the lessons which may be learned. Equally naturally, observers have disagreed about what these lessons might be. A few doctrinaire and influential economists have argued that the lessons lie in adherence to the principle of the freely-functioning market-economy; that South Korea has prospered principally because the government has refused to distort seriously the price signals and incentives derived from free internal and international markets. Korea has exploited its comparative advantage and developed initially through mobilizing its least scarce resource-labour. The evidence suggests, however, that the "market" emphasis in this interpretation is massively incorrect: that the state intervenes heavily and continually, often bypasses the market, and, in crucial sectors, exerts consid-
Neural control of cardiovascular responses and of ventilation during dynamic exercise in man.

1. Nine subjects performed dynamic knee extension by voluntary muscle contractions and by evoked contractions with and without epidural anaesthesia. Four exercise bouts of 10 min each were performed: three of one‐legged knee extension (10, 20 and 30 W) and one of two‐legged knee extension at 2 x 20 W. Epidural anaesthesia was induced with 0.5% bupivacaine or 2% lidocaine. Presence of neural blockade was verified by cutaneous sensory anaesthesia below T8‐T10 and complete paralysis of both legs. 2. Compared to voluntary exercise, control electrically induced exercise resulted in normal or enhanced cardiovascular, metabolic and ventilatory responses. However, during epidural anaesthesia the increase in blood pressure with exercise was abolished. Furthermore, the increases in heart rate, cardiac output and leg blood flow were reduced. In contrast, plasma catecholamines, leg glucose uptake and leg lactate release, arterial carbon dioxide tension and pulmonary ventilation were not affected. Arterial and venous plasma potassium concentrations became elevated but leg potassium release was not increased. 3. The results conform to the idea that a reflex originating in contracting muscle is essential for the normal blood pressure response to dynamic exercise, and that other neural, humoral and haemodynamic mechanisms cannot govern this response. However, control mechanisms other than central command and the exercise pressor reflex can influence heart rate, cardiac output, muscle blood flow and ventilation during dynamic exercise in man.
Humeral Cross‐Sectional Shape in Suspensory Primates and Sloths

Studies on the cross‐sectional geometry of long bones in African apes have documented that shape ratios derived from second moments of area about principle axes (e.g., Imax/Imin) are often correlated with habitual locomotor behaviors. For example, humeral cross‐sections tend to appear more circular in more arboreal and forelimb suspensory chimpanzees compared with terrestrial quadrupedal gorillas. These data support the hypothesis that cross‐sections that are more circular in shape are adapted for multidirectional loading regimes and bending moments encountered when using acrobatic locomotor behaviors. Whether a more circular humerus reflects greater use of forelimb suspension in other primates and nonprimate mammals is unknown. In this study, cross‐sections at or near midshaft of the humerus were obtained from anthropoid primates that differ in their use of forelimb suspension, as well as from two genera of suspensory sloths. Imax/Imin ratios were compared within and between groups, and correlations were made with behavioral data. In broad comparisons, observed differences in morphology follow predicted patterns. Humeri of suspensory sloths are circular. Humeri of the more suspensory hominoids tend to be more circular than those of quadrupedal taxa. Humeri of the suspensory atelines are similar to hominoids, while those of Cebus are more like nonsuspensory cercopithecoids. There is, however, considerable overlap between taxa and within finer comparisons variation between species are not in the predicted direction. Thus, although Imax/Imin ratios of the humerus are informative for characterizing generalized locomotor modes (i.e., forelimb suspensory vs. quadrupedal), additional structural information is needed for more fine‐grained assessments of locomotion. Anat Rec, 296:545–556, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Response of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) to irrigation schedules, sulphur levels and sources in alluvial zone of West Bengal

A field experiment was conducted from 2010 to 2012 at Gayeshpur, West Bengal to investigate the effect of irri- gation schedules, and sources and levels of sulphur on yield and water-use efficiency (WUE) of summer ground- nut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with 3 irrigation schedules (0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 IW/CPE) in main plots and 2 sulphur sources (elemental S and gypsum) along with 4 levels of sulphur (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg/ha) in sub-plots. Pooled results showed that the highest pod (2.03 t/ha) and haulm (3.40 t/ha) yields were observed with 0.75 IW/CPE, whereas maximum WUE of 5.99 kg/ha-mm with 0.5 IW/CPE. The highest pods/plant, 100-kernel weight, shelling out-turn, pod yield, oil yield and sulphur-use efficiency were recorded with 30 kg S/ha, however, maximum oil content (48.7%) with 45 kg S/ha. From the quadratic response curve, the pod yield of 2.09 t/ha was calculated with optimum 35.7 kg S/ha. Sources of sulphur had no significant differences in pod yield, oil yield, nutrient uptake, consumptive use and WUE. Uptake of N, P, K and S was significantly varied with irrigation levels and sulphur doses. Soil residual fertility was not affected by treatments except residual sul- phur. The highest gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost ratio were recorded with 0.75 IW/CPE and 30 kg S/ ha.
Evidence for the contribution of insulin resistance to the development of cachexia in tumor‐bearing mice

Cancer cachexia is a syndrome of unintentional weight loss that is characterized by wasting of both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance have been associated with cancer cachexia. However, it is unknown whether resistance to insulin has a role in the development of cachexia. In the present study, male CD2F1 mice with colon‐26 adenocarcinoma tumors underwent an insulin tolerance test before the onset of weight loss. Compared to mice without tumors, mice with tumors had a profoundly blunted blood glucose response to insulin. Corroborating these findings, mice with tumors had decreased phosphorylation of Akt in quadriceps muscle and epididymal adipose tissue at the end of the study. Expression of Akt‐regulated genes Atrogin‐1, MuRF‐1, and Bnip3 was increased in muscle, suggesting a role for decreased insulin signaling in the induction of both proteasomal proteolysis and autophagy in cachectic muscle. Rosiglitazone treatment increased serum adiponectin, insulin sensitivity, and body weight, and decreased Atrogin‐1 and MuRF‐1 expression in the skeletal muscle of tumor‐bearing mice. In conclusion, insulin resistance is an early event in mice with cachexia induced by colon‐26 tumors. Rosiglitazone improves insulin sensitivity and decreases early markers of cachexia. These data provide evidence that insulin resistance is not only present in cachexia, but also has a role in cachexia pathogenesis. Correction of insulin resistance may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer cachexia.
Small Decision Making Under Uncertainty and Risk

We everyday engage in the 'Small Decision Making (SDM). ' This paper presents an experiment on SDM that consists of the two treatments: (1) the search treatment in the context of SDM under uncertainty, where the decision makers are not disclosed the payoff structure; (2) the choice treatment in the context of SDM under risk, where the decision makers are disclosed the payoff structure. The participants of the experiment participate in the search treatment first, then the choice treatment subsequently. The basic task is a binary choice among two alternatives - one is risky but higher EV and the other is safe alternative with lower EV - with the repetition of hundreds of trials. In the search treatment, the decision makers first make their choices without receiving any prior information on the possible outcomes and probabilities. In the choice treatment, the decision makers are informed of the information on the payoff structure. This paper studies behaviour when the difference in expected payoffs is quite small for a binary choice, and this choice task is repeated for hundreds of times. The results of the search treatment show that the tendency to select best reply to the past, and misestimation of the payoff distribution lead to robust deviations from maximisation. The results of the choice treatment show that the risk-averse decision makers engage in a substantial amount of mixing between a risky alternative and a safe alternative over hundreds of times. This paper proposes a model in which it is optimal for the decision makers to mix.
Structural Reforms at the Zero Bound

The paper uses the a multi-region (reforming euro-area region, rest of euro area, rest of world) version of the QUEST macroeconomic model to analyse the impact of structural reforms on economic activity in a macroeconomic environment in which the zero bound on monetary policy rates is temporarily binding. Following Eggertsson et al. (2014), the simulations focus on reforms with deflationary impact, namely reforms that increase competition and reduce mark-ups and labour costs in the economy. The results suggest that the short-term output response to reforms is less positive at the zero bound compared to 'normal times' and can indeed be negative. Negative net effects are small and rather short-lived, however. Simulations that compare current and pre-announced future reforms question the idea that commitment to future reforms would improve economic conditions compared to reform implementation at the zero bound. According to political economy models, the zero bound may reduce reform intensity by increasing the short-term cost of implementation.
Prior history of head trauma in Parkinson's disease

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between head trauma and Parkinson's disease (PD). A questionnaire was completed by 97 PD patients (mean age 68.6 years, duration of disease 6.4 years) and 64 spouses acting as controls (mean age 63 years). Thirty‐one PD patients reported head trauma before onset of PD (mean 32.3 years earlier), whereas 11 controls reported head injury before completing the survey (mean 26 years earlier) (p < 0.05). Twenty PD patients and five controls reported head injury associated with alteration or loss of consciousness (p < 0.05). Injury occurred a mean of 37.7 years before onset of PD and 37.2 years before survey completion in the two groups, respectively. In both of these comparisons we adjusted the frequencies to eliminate sex differences between groups. Comparison of new frequencies showed differences that were not significant. However, a trend toward significance was observed when examining head trauma with alteration of consciousness. Other investigators have reported similar results indicating that previous head trauma may be a risk factor in the etiology of PD. However, recall bias might have an effect on the outcome of these studies and this is discussed. The relationship between head trauma and PD is still tenuous.
Patterns and Predictors of Changes in Substance Use in Individuals With Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders

Objective: This study examined patterns and predictors of changes in substance use over 1 year in individuals with schizophrenia and affective disorders. We examined patterns of cocaine use over time, baseline predictors of continued cocaine use over 1 year, and predictors of transitions into and out of drug use and treatment. Methods: We recruited 240 individuals with schizophrenia and affective disorders who met DSM-IV criteria for current cocaine dependence or cocaine dependence in early full or sustained full remission and assessed them five times over 12 months. Results: There was no change over time in either the proportion of the sample with at least 1 day of cocaine use in the past month or in the average number of days of cocaine use among those who reported any use. Baseline variables assessing actual substance use were found to predict a decreased likelihood of cocaine use. Several such variables—including self-reported use of cocaine, positive urinalysis results for marijuana, and positive urinalysis results for cocaine—were predictive of transitions into and out of outpatient substance abuse treatment. Readiness to change variables such as self-efficacy and temptation to use drugs showed different predictive patterns for the schizophrenia and affective disorder groups. Conclusions: These findings illustrate how drug use may show a cyclical pattern for those with serious mental illness, in which more severe use—characterized by greater frequency of use and associated problems—is followed by decreased use over time.
How and Why Determinants of Household Welfare Changed in Azerbaijan During the Transition

Drawing on two nationally representative surveys, this paper analyzes how and why determinants of household welfare changed in Azerbaijan during the transition in the period from 1995 to 2002. Household welfare is measured by quartiles of total household consumption per capita. Ordered probit regression was used to estimate the probability that a household belongs to one of the quartiles as a vector of individual, household, and community characteristics. The empirical findings demonstrate that some factors significantly affecting welfare distribution in 1995, such as attachment to the formal labor market and renting land, became insignificant in 2002, while some factors that played no significant role in determining household welfare in 1995, such as having a large number of women in the household and a younger head of the household, become important predictors in 2002. Finally, strong effects of spatial inequalities, large household size, and a large number of dependents in the households were consistent over time. Designing and implementing an effective social protection system, ensuring the accessibility and affordability of university education, gender mainstreaming of poverty reduction policies, and reducing spatial inequalities should be the priorities for Azerbaijan.
Dose‐dependent differential upregulation of CCN1/Cyr61 and CCN3/NOV by the gap junction protein Connexin43 in glioma cells

Gap junctions form channels that allow exchange of materials between cells and are composed of transmembrane protein subunits called connexins. While connexins are believed to mediate cellular signaling by permitting intercellular communication to occur, there is also increasing evidence that suggest connexins may mediate growth control via a junction‐independent mechanism. Connexin43 (Cx43) is the most abundant gap junction protein found in astrocytes, and gliomas exhibit reduced Cx43 expression. We have previously observed that restoration of Cx43 levels in glioma cells led to increased expression of CCN3 (NOV) proteins. We now report that overexpression of Cx43 in C6‐glioma cells (C6‐Cx43) also upregulates the expression of CCN1 (Cyr61). Both CCN1 and CCN3 belong to the Cyr61/Connective tissue growth factor/Nephroblastoma‐overexpressed (CCN) family of secretory proteins. The CCN proteins are tightly associated with the extracellular matrix and have important roles in cell proliferation and migration. CCN1 promotes growth in glioma cells, as shown by the increased proliferation rate of CCN1‐overexpressing C6 cells. In addition to its effect on cell growth, CCN1 also increased the motility of glioma cells in the presence of extracellular substrates such as fibronectin. Gliomas expressing high levels of Cx43 preferentially upregulated CCN3 which resulted in reduced growth rate. CCN3 could also be observed in Cx43 gap junction plaques in confluent C6‐Cx43H culture at the stationary phase of their growth. Our results suggest that the dissimilar growth characteristics between high and low Cx43 expressors may be due to differential regulation of CCN3 by varying levels of Cx43. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 1772–1782, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of remittances on household investments in children's human capital: Evidence from Morocco

Using a nationally-representative household data set from Morocco, the present study seeks to estimate the effects of migrantsâ€™ remittances on household investments in children's human capital. Three findings emerge. First, children in remittance-receiving households are more likely to attend school and less likely to drop out compared with those in non-remittance-receiving households. Second, childrenâ€™s participation in labor market decreases in the presence of international remittances. Third, we find remittances to be associated with significantly lower level of no schooling for girls. These findings support the growing view that remittances can help increase the educational opportunities, especially for female children.
Gene expression profile of amyloid beta protein-injected mouse model for Alzheimer disease

AbstractAim:To investigate the gene expression profile changes in the cerebral cortex of mice injected icv with amyloid beta-protein (Aβ) fragment 25-35 using cDNA microarray.Methods:Balb/c mice were randomly divided into a control group and Aβ-treated group. The Morris water maze test was performed to detect the peffect of Aβ-injection on the learning and memory of mice. Atlas Mouse 1.2 Expression Arrays containing 1176 genes were used to investigate the gene expression pattern of each group.Results:The gene expression profiles showed that 19 genes including TBX1, NF-κB, AP-1/c-Jun, cadherin, integrin, erb-B2, and FGFR1 were up-regulated after 2 weeks of icv administration of Aβ; while 12 genes were down-regulated, including NGF, glucose phosphate isomerase 1, AT motif binding factor 1, Na+/K+-ATPase, and Akt.Conclusion:The results provide important leads for pursuing a more complete understanding of the molecular events of Aβ-injection into mice with Alzheimer disease.
Effects of Subcultural Differences on Country and Product Evaluations: A Replication Study

ABSTRACT This article validates the results of a study by Laroche, Papadopoulos, Heslop, and Bergeron (2003). In contrast to the original study that was carried out in Canada with English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians, this replication examines subcultural differences on country and product evaluations of German-speaking South Tyroleans and Italian-speaking South Tyroleans, who live in the most northern Italian region. Overall, it can be confirmed that country/region and/or nationality may not be a suitable proxy for culture and therefore may not be suitable variables for country-of-origin studies.
Social Security and Divorce

Abstract This paper studies how the likelihood and timing of divorce are influenced by Social Security’s 10-year rule, which provides spousal benefits to divorced people if their marriages lasted at least 10 years. Bunching analysis indicates that approximately 2 % of divorces occurring in the 6 months after 10-year anniversaries would have occurred earlier if not for Social Security’s 10-year rule. For older couples, who are likely more focused on retirement and have greater earning disparities, divorces are approximately 9 % higher in the 2 years after 10-year anniversaries than would be predicted without the abrupt change in Social Security benefits. The increase in divorces after 10 years of marriage appears to come from couples with disparate earning records.
Immunomodulating Activity of Antifungal Drugs

1. The immunomodulating activity of antifungal drugs was reviewed. Although results are conflicting, all azole drugs tend to be immunosuppressive, except for fluconazole, which has no immunologic effect. In contrast, the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AMPH) is immunostimulatory. 2. AMPH induced host resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in mice, whereas no azole drugs did so. 3. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are activated by AMPH, but not by any azole drugs, in terms of the level of their adherence. 4. No azole drugs induce in vitro tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production by macrophages, whereas AMPH slightly but substantially does so. 5. AMPH potently primes macrophages in vitro and in vivo so that they produce large amounts of TNF after the secondary stimulation (triggering) by bacterial lipopolysaccharides or a streptococcal preparation used for antitumor immunotherapy, OK432. 6. Viable or heat-killed Candida albicans cells are capable of inducing in vitro TNF production by macrophages. This activity of the fungal cells is enhanced by AMPH.