Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the magnitude of positive feedback between future climate change and the carbon cycle

We use an ocean‐atmosphere general circulation model coupled to land and ocean carbon models to simulate the evolution of climate and atmospheric CO2 from 1860 to 2100. Our model reproduces the observed global mean temperature changes and the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 for the period 1860–2000. For the future, we simulate that the climate change due to CO2 increase will reduce the land carbon uptake, leaving a larger fraction of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere. By 2100, we estimate that atmospheric CO2 will be 18% higher due to the climate change impact on the carbon cycle. Such a positive feedback has also been found by Cox et al. [2000] . However, the amplitude of our feedback is three times smaller than the one they simulated. We show that the partitioning between carbon stored in the living biomass or in the soil, and their respective sensitivity to increased CO2 and climate change largely explain this discrepancy.
Comparative Collective Community-Based Learning: The “Possibilities for Change in American Communities” Program

This article introduces an approach to service learning based on students' collective engagement with a range of community organizations. We explore the particular benefits of this comparative collective community-based (CCC) learning model through a discussion of the “Possibilities for Change in American Communities” program, which was begun by the authors in 2001. The program exposes students to a diverse set of community contexts by integrating a 32-day sleeper-bus trip around the eastern half of the U.S. into a year-long curriculum. We discuss the distinct advantages of such a program as well as the tradeoffs associated with the comparative analysis of multiple communities. We conclude by exploring alternative ways to incorporate the CCC framework within more conventional community-based initiatives.
A BOND-VALENCE APPROACH TO THE STRUCTURE, CHEMISTRY AND PARAGENESIS OF HYDROXY-HYDRATED OXYSALT MINERALS. I. THEORY

The crystal structure of a mineral may be divided into two parts: (1) the structural unit , an array of high-bond-valence polyhedra that is usually anionic in character, and (2) the interstitial complex , an array of large low-valence cations, simple anions and (H 2 O) groups that is usually cationic in character. Interstitial complexes link the structural units with weak cation–anion and hydrogen bonds into a continuous structure, and the breakdown of a structure is usually controlled by the strengths of the weak bonds that link the structural units together. The interstitial complex is (usually) a complex cation, and can be characterized by its Lewis acidity , a measure of the electrophilic character of the complex. The structural unit is (usually) a complex oxyanion, and can be characterized by its Lewis basicity . The interaction between the structural unit and the interstitial complex can be examined using the valence-matching principle from bond-valence theory. If one examines a series of structures with the same structural unit, it is evident that the average coordination of the O atoms of the structural unit varies slightly from one structure to another, producing a range of Lewis basicity for this specific structural unit. In this way, a specific structural unit can be stable over a range of Lewis basicity ( i.e., over a specific pH range). The formula of an interstitial complex may be written in the following way: { [ m ] M + a [ n ] M 2+ b [ l ] M > 3+ c (H 2 O) d (H 2 O) e (OH) f (H 2 O) g } ( a+2b+3c − f )+ , where [ n ], [ m ] and [ l ] are coordination numbers, a, b and c are the numbers of monovalent, divalent and trivalent cations, d is the number of transformer (H 2 O) groups, e is the number of (H 2 O) groups bonded to two interstitial cations or one interstitial cation and one hydrogen bond, f is the number of interstitial (OH) groups, and g is the number of (H 2 O) groups not bonded to any cation. The number of transformer (H 2 O) groups strongly affects the Lewis acidity of the interstitial complex, and the variation in Lewis acidity of a generalized interstitial complex can be graphically represented as a function of the number of transformer (H 2 O) groups. Where the Lewis acidity of a generalized interstitial complex overlaps the range of Lewis basicity of a specific structural unit, the valence-matching principle is satisfied and a stable structural arrangement is possible. A range of borate minerals is examined from this perspective. These ideas show that there are considerable restrictions on the details of the interstitial complexes in even the most complicated of the borates. The impetus at present is to understand what controls the composition of complex oxysalt minerals, and the present approach takes some steps toward this goal.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NEUTRALLY BUOYANT PLUME-DERIVED PARTICLES AT THE EASTERN MANUS BASIN HYDROTHERMAL FIELD, PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Neutrally buoyant particulate matter emitted from hydrothermal plumes in the eastern Manus Basin hydrothermal field, Papua New Guinea, was detected and sampled by CTD-transmissometer surveys during marine expeditions in 1991 and 1993. Characterization of suspended particulate matter has helped to prove that the main sources of venting are along a prominent 20km-long NE–SW-striking felsic volcanic ridge. Elemental composition and particle morphology were determined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy-dispersion spectroscopy. The size distribution and relative abundance of particles were determined by image analysis on selected samples. By looking at the composition of particulate matter, we can infer the origin, maturity and proximity of the source that is producing the particles. Seven types of particles have been morphologically and chemically characterized: i) filaments of probable biogenic origin of a Mn–Fe–Si phase containing traces of Cu and Zn, ii) orblike particles of an Fe–Mn–Si phase containing minor Mg, Al, P, K and Ca, iii) barite, iv) anhydrite, v) colloidal-sized amorph ous iron oxide, vi) an unidentified Si–Fe-rich phase, and vii) widespread biogenic detritus (shrimps, diatoms, silicoflagellates, copepods and unidentified gelatinous organic matter). Most of the particles are <2 � m in size and range from <2 � m for amorphous iron oxide to 100 � m for anhydrite and the Si–Fe-rich phase. Studies on suspended particulate matter constitute an effective way to recognize hydrothermal plumes.
Education Needs of Nurses Regarding Sexuality of the Elderly and the Influencing Factors

Purpose: This study is a descriptive survey research to investigate the education needs of nurses regarding the sexuality of the elderly and the influencing factors. Methods: A total of 231 subjects were included in the study by convenient sampling among nurses who were working in general hospitals or convalescent hospitals located in S city and I city from April 10, 2014 to April 30, 2014. A research tool used to collect data was a selfreporting questionnaire which was composed of 62 questions which involved general characteristics, sex-related characteristics, education needs tool developed by Kim, and sexual knowledge and sexual attitude tool modified by Park and Park. SPSS version 15.0 was used for data analysis by frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation, ttest, ANOVA, Duncan's method as a post hoc, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. Results: The score of education needs, sexual knowledge, and sexual attitude of nurses regarding the sexuality of the elderly was 29.78±4.48/40, 18.97±5.58/29, and 39.03±5.17/52, respectively. In general characteristics, there was a statistically significant difference in education needs (t=2.90, p=.004) and sexual attitude (t=3.13, p=.002) by gender only. In sex-related characteristics, education needs (F=18.99, p=.001; F=27.29, p〈.001; F=12.66, p〈.001), sexual knowledge (F=10.10, p〈.001; F=7.23, p=.001; F=4.84, p=.009), and sexual attitude (F=7.04, p=.001; F=9.53, p〈.001; F=11.58, p=.001) were significantly higher in the group who answered “I need sex education,” “I am willing to have sex education,” and “I want to maintain sexual function when I become an elderly man/woman. ” The education needs of nurses had a positive correlation with sexual attitude (r=.41, p〈.001) and sexual knowledge (r=.35, p〈.001). The factors influencing education needs were sexual attitude (β=.351), which was the most influential, and sexual knowledge (β=.272). The explanatory power of these two factors was 24% for education needs. Conclusion: During the nursing of the elderly, nurses needed to understand the sexuality of the elderly to have a positive view of their sexual needs and to provide appropriate nursing intervention in order to improve the health and quality of life of the elderly by assessing their sexual needs. To achieve this, the development of continuous and systematic education programs including assessment skills with competence and confidence based on adequate sexual knowledge and sexual attitude related to the elderly was necessary.
Is Assortative Mating a Limitation for Intergenerational Mobility? : The Role of the Chilean Privatisation Educational Reform

This research analyses the effects of assortative mating on the level of intergenerational earnings dependency in the context of the Chilean educational reform implemented in the 1980s. It is found that assortative mating in terms of years of schooling explainsaround 20% of the intergenerational earnings dependency levels and that the educational reform increased the levels of assortativemating due to potential student sorting and a general increase inthe educational attainment of the whole Chilean population. In addition, it is found that individual father and father-in-law’s earnings have a similar influence on an individual’s earnings suggesting that people tend to match with people that are similar to their parents.
Spatial and temporal variations in phytoplankton in coral reef and seagrass ecosystems of the Palk Bay, southeast coast of India

Spatial and temporal behavior of distribution of phytoplankton of the coral reef and seagrass environment of the Palk Bay was studied during April 2002 to March 2003. A total of 133 species of phytoplankton was recorded during the study period, of which, 98 species belong to Bacillariophyceae, 15 species belong to Dinophyceae, 12 species belong to Cyanophyceae and 8 species belong to Chlorophyceae. Diatoms (57.14 to 94.10%) contributed more towards the percentage composition of different groups of phytoplankton at the two stations, followed by dinoflagellates (3.12 to 28.57%), blue-greens (2.43 to 12.5%) and greens (3.7 to 7.69%). Higher phytoplankton population density was recorded during the summer season at both stations (St.1. 62,000 cells l -1 and St.2. 55,000 cells l -1 ). Coral reef environment was two-fold more productive (2.10-130.21 mg C m -3 hr -1 ) than the seagrass environment (3.30 - 85.56 mg C m -3 hr -1 ). Chlorophyll 'a' concentration showed higher values at station 1, corresponding to the higher phytoplankton population density recorded at this station along with primary productivity.
Perceptions of Teachers towards the STEM Education and the Constructivist Education Approach: Is the Constructivist Education Approach Preparatory to the STEM Education?

The main purpose of this study is to identify the perceptions of the teachers towards the stem education and the constructivist education approach. The study group of the research consists of 40 primary school teachers, 30 mathematics teachers, 20 science teachers and 15 information technologies teachers, who serve in the city center of Siirt and Batman. Data collection tool of the research, which is a phenomenography study, is a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers. In the study, the data obtained from the interview form was subjected to the descriptive and content analysis methods. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the primary school teachers have positive and negative perceptions towards the STEM education whereas the information technologies teachers have negative perceptions. It was also concluded that mathematics and science teachers have a positive perception of STEM education. Based on the result of the study, some suggestions were presented.
EFFECT OF GINGER AND GARLIC SUPPLEMENT ON GROWTH AND HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF JAPANESE QUAIL ( COTURNIX COTURNIX JAPONICA )

Dept. of Livestock Production and Management, Dept. of Animal Nutrition, Dept. of Veterinary Biochemistry, Dept. of Veterinary Clinical Medicne, Dept. of Preventive Veterinary Medicine,College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Orrisa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. *Corresponding author. e-mail: pravasvet86@gmail.com ABSTRACT: Ginger and Garlic supplement is one of the important natural growth promoters can be used as alternatives to the commercial antibiotics. Japa nese quails are hardy birds which can withstand poor managemental conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ginger and garlic supplement on growth and haemato-biochemical profile of quail. A total number of 300 Japanese quails ( Coturnix coturnix japonica) of one week old were taken randomly, divided into 4 groups (T 0, T 1 , T 2 and T 4 ) having 75 birds each. The trail was lasted for 5 weeks, during which weekly body weight changes were recorded. On 4 th week, T 2 showed the highest body weight (111.67±2.40 gm) significantly (P<0.05) higher than T 0 , T 1 and T 3 Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment and haemato-biochemical parameters like glucose, protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides were measured. It was observed that addition of ginger and garlic powder caused significant (P<0.05) decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride level of the birds. The lowest level of serum cholesterol and triglyceride was observed in group T 1 (99.57±10.11mg/dl and T 2 (88.49±8.31 mg/dl)) respectively. So, it can be concluded that the dietary ginger and garlic supplement not only improves the body weight but also lowers the cholesterol and triglyceride level of Japanese quail.
LANDAU THEORY OF FERROELECTRIC THIN FILMS AND SUPERLATTICES

The Landau Devonshire (LD) theory of phase transitions in ferroelectrics (FE) is applied to studies of thin films, bilayers and superlattices. The theory applied in the study of second order FE thin films is that of Tilley and Žekš; in which the spatial variation 2 P ∇ term and the surface extrapolation length δ are incorporated. A positive value of δ means polarization is depleted at the surface and negative δ means polarization is enhanced. We have obtained much simpler expressions for the polarization profiles compared with the previous work and our results also clarify two discrepancies in the literature. First, the incipient phase transition in the second order FE thin film speculated by Tilley and Žekš is not found in our calculations; and secondly, the claim by Qu et al. that there is a first order phase transition in a FE thin film of second order material is refuted through various methods of calculation. Thermodynamic functions and the temperature dependence of the critical thickness of the film are also calculated analytically. The LD bulk first-order and second-order expressions are used to model FE bilayers of first-order and second-order materials. It is assumed that an intermediate layer produces antiferroelectric coupling between the component films of the bilayer. Some simplifications are made: the materials in both layers are taken to be the same and the average polarization in each of the layers is assumed uniform. Dielectric hysteresis loops (DHLs) of the bilayers are drawn by solving the equilibrium states of the LD free energy expressions numerically. For
New Onset Diabetes After Solid Organ Transplantation

Phuong-Thu T. Pham1, Phuong-Mai T. Pham2, Parikh S1, Son V. Pham3, Phuong-Anh T. Pham4 and Phuong-Chi T. Pham5 1Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Kidney Transplant Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 2Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 3Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Bay Pines VA Medical Center, Bay Pines, Florida 4Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, VA Medical Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 5Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, UCLA-Olive View Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine United States of America
Ju l 2 01 8 Non-singular Green ’ s functions for the unbounded Poisson equation in one , two and three dimensions

In this paper, we derive the non-singular Green’s functions for the unbounded Poisson equation in one, two and three dimensions using a spectral approach to regularize the homogeneous equation. The resulting Green’s functions are relevant to applications which are restricted to a minimum resolved length scale (e.g. a mesh size h) and thus cannot handle the singular Green’s function of the continuous Poisson equation. We furthermore derive the gradient vector of the regularized Green’s function, as this is useful in applications where the Poisson equation represents potential functions of a vector field.
The solar cycle variation of topological structures in the global solar corona

S.J.P. acknowledges financial support from the Isle of Man Government. E.R. P. is grateful to the Leverhulme Trust for his emeritus fellowship. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under the grant agreement SWIFF (project No. 263340, www.swiff.eu).
ON THE RECOVERABILITY OF FORECASTERS’ PREFERENCES

We study the problem of identifying a forecaster’s loss function from observations on forecasts, realizations, and the forecaster’s information set. Essentially different loss functions can lead to the same forecasts in all situations, though within the class of all continuous loss functions, this is strongly nongeneric. With the small set of exceptional cases ruled out, generic nonparametric preference recovery is theoretically possible, but identification depends critically on the amount of variation in the conditional distributions of the process being forecast. There exist processes with sufficient variability to guarantee identification, and much of this variation is also necessary for a process to have universal identifying power. We also briefly address the case in which the econometrician does not fully observe the conditional distributions used by the forecaster, and in this context we provide a practically useful set identification result for loss functions used in forecasting binary variables.
Violent computer games and their effects on state hostility and Physiological arousal

::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::: :::::::::::: An experimental study was conducted to investigate the impact of violent computer games on state hostility, state anxiety and arousal. Participants were undergraduate students, aged from 18 to 25 years. Before the experimental sessions, participants filled in self-report measures concerning their video game habits and were also pre-tested for aggressiveness and trait anxiety. Physiological responses (heart rate and skin conductance) were measured during the experiment. After playing, information about state hostility and state anxiety was collected. The results showed that participants who played the violent game reported significantly higher state hostility, and support the assumption that an aggressive personality moderates the effect of playing a violent game on state hostility. Aggr. Behav. 32:146–158. 2006 r 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Various growth strategies of yellow birch seedlings in multiple-abiotic factor changing environments

Elevated CO(2) concentration, light intensity and soil-sterile conditions are thought as three of the most important factors to affect plant growth and development. However, their combined physiological effect on plants is unknown so far. in this study, we measured the possible individual and combined impacts of the three factors on the growth of yellow birch seedlings (Betula alleghaniensis Britton). our results showed that from individual perspective, elevated CO(2) can significantly increase biomass attributes (e.g., leaf, root, and stem) and root biomass ratio; light intensity can significantly influence traits like total biomass and leaf biomass; while soil conditions can influence traits like height and leaf biomass. From two-way interaction perspective, the interaction CO(2) and soil can significantly influence total plant biomass, root biomass and R:S ratio; the interaction of light and soil significantly influenced the height, basal diameter, stem biomass, and so on; the interaction between CO(2) and light did not significantly influence the plant growth parameters except for branch biomass ratio. From three-way interaction perspective, both traits stem biomass and root biomass were influenced by the co-effect of the three environmental factors. in conclusion, single or interactive effects among CO(2), light intensity and soil conditions can lead to various growth strategies for the yellow birch.
Implications of reef ecosystem change for the stability and maintenance of coral reef islands

Coral reef islands are among the most vulnerable environments on Earth to climate change because they are low lying and largely constructed from unconsolidated sediments that can be readily reworked by waves and currents. These sediments derive entirely from surrounding coral reef and reef flat environments and are thus highly sensitive to ecological transitions that may modify reef community composition and productivity. How such modifications – driven by anthropogenic disturbances and on‐going and projected climatic and environmental change – will impact reef island sediment supply and geomorphic stability remains a critical but poorly resolved question. Here, we review the unique ecological–geomorphological linkages that underpin this question and, using different scenarios of environmental change for which reef sediment production responses can be projected, explore the likely resilience of different island types. In general, sand‐dominated islands are likely to be less resilient than those dominated by rubble grade material. However, because different islands typically have different dominant sediment constituents (usually either coral, benthic foraminifera or Halimeda) and because these respond differently to individual ecological disturbances, island resilience is likely to be highly variable. Islands composed of coral sands are likely to undergo major morphological change under most near‐future ecological change scenarios, while those dominated by Halimeda may be more resilient. Islands composed predominantly of benthic foraminifera (a common state through the Pacific region) are likely to exhibit varying degrees of resilience depending upon the precise combination of ecological disturbances faced. The study demonstrates the critical need for further research bridging the ecological–geomorphological divide to understand: (1) sediment production responses to different ecological and environmental change scenarios; and (2) dependant landform vulnerability.