Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coniacian sandstones from the North Sudetic Synclinorium revisited: palaeoenvironmental and palaeogeographical reconstructions based on trace fossil analysis and associated body fossils

Abstract The Coniacian quartz sandstones (Żerkowice Member, Rakowice Wielkie Formation) that crop out at quarries near Czaple-Nowa Wieś Grodziska (North Sudetic Synclinorium) contain a low-diversity assemblage of trace fossils: Gyrochorte isp. , Ophiomorpha nodosa Lundgren, 1891, Ophiomorpha isp. , Phycodes cf. curvipalmatum (Pollard, 1981), ? Phycodes isp. , Planolites cf. beverleyensis (Billings, 1862), Thalassinoides paradoxicus Woodward, 1830 and ? Thalassinoides isp. Moreover, interesting compound burrow systems, here referred to as Thalassinoides-Phycodes cf. palmatus and ? Thalassinoides-Phycodes, were recognised at the Czaple Quarry. Additionally, ? Gyrochorte isp. , Phycodes cf. flabellum (Miller and Dyer, 1878) and ? Treptichnus isp. were encountered at correlative levels in the Rakowice Małe Quarry. Some of these ichnotaxa have not been recorded previously from Coniacian sandstones of the Żerkowice Member. Additionally, in slabs of these sandstones, the gastropod Nerinea bicincta Bronn, 1836 and the bivalve Lima haidingeri Zittel, 1866 were found. These interesting finds, in particular the gastropods, were already noted from the study area in the first half of the twentieth century by Scupin (1912–1913). Ethologically, the trace fossil assemblage is represented by domichnia or domichnia/fodinichnia (Ophiomorpha, Thalassinoides), fodinichnia (Phycodes) and pascichnia (Gyrochorte, Planolites). The compound burrow systems (Thalassinoides-Phycodes) are interpreted as dwelling/feeding structures. The possible tracemakers are crustaceans (Ophiomorpha, Thalassinoides) or worm-like animals (annelids and other) (Planolites, ? Phycodes, Gyrochorte and ? Treptichnus). The assemblage of trace fossils is characteristic of the Skolithos ichnofacies and Cruziana ichnofacies, typical of shallow-marine settings. Ichnological studies, as well as the presence of accompanying fossils (bivalves, gastropods), confirm the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Żerkowice Member sandstones by Leszczyński (2010). That author interpreted the Coniacian sandstones as bar and storm deposits laid down in a shallow epicontinental sea (mainly the foreshore-upper shoreface; up to the middle shoreface) under normal oxygenation and salinity, in soft substrate, above fair-weather wave base. The deposition of the Żerkowice Member sandstones is linked to a regression that started after uplift of the southeastern part of the North Sudetic Synclinorium.
Technological Progress and the Future of Kuznets Curve's

We use OECD members' data to ascertain that new-born technological inventions increase the degree of inequality but that this declines as the technology disperses into the overall economy (e.g., Galor and Tsiddon, 1997; Weil, 2005). Therefore, we show explicitly that Kuznets curve does not converge to a single inverted U-curve but fluctuates through technological progress as a sine curve.
The effects of self-congruity on brand attitude : the moderating impact of different usage situations

Self-congruity theory is a much researched construct in marketing literature. Nevertheless, the results found are controversial and there is a lack of consensus about several factors including which variables moderate the self-congruity effect. In an effort to lessen some of the controversy, this study investigates how different usage situations influence the effects of consumers’ self-congruity evaluations on brand attitude. Moreover, rapid technological developments influence consumers’ behavior, affecting the success of marketing efforts. Therefore, as one of the firsts, our research includes the presence of social media in connection to self-congruity theory. Based on a study with 116 respondents, we tested the self-congruity effect for three different usage situations: public, private and private with social media. It was found that the selfcongruity effect was strongest in public usage situations, followed by private with social media usage situations. No significant results were found for private usage situations. In addition, further tests show that the self-congruity effect on brand attitude diminishes or even completely disappears when measured together with other variables such as quality, taste, and brand knowledge. These findings have interesting implications for measurement of symbolic brand effects and marketing theory. Firstly, based on the results that the self-congruity effect disappears when measured together with other variables, we can infer that self-congruity should always be tested together with other attributes to avoid any measurement bias. Moreover, the varying effects of perceived self-congruity in different usage situations is valuable information for brands and can be used to optimize their marketing efficiency.
Design of a Dairy Cooling Thermal Storage supported with Secondary Refrigeration Cooling Unit

This manuscript presents the comparison of using the cold water and brine as a storage source of refrigeration for milk cooing process based on the accumulator volume and power consumed at variable of cooling load. Also presents the effective of using cold storage in term of accumulator to reduce the refrigeration capacity and energy saving.This manuscript begins with a derivation of mathematical model represents of cooling system followed with a computer program to integrate and simulate the appropriate equations to evaluate accumulator volume and power required for water and brine system. The results showed that the accumulator volume using cold water was 58 m 3 and 59.21 m 3 for cold brine at the same conditions with 206 kW of maximumcooling load, peak duration of 3.5 hours, water temperature difference 2 C, and operating period of refrigerating unit up to 17 hours a day. Also, it was found the power required to operate the compressor of water system around 45%less than the power needed to operate the compressor of cold brine system.
Fattened cattle marketing systems in Moretna Jiru District, North Shoa Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

The study was conducted in Moretna Jiru district, North Shoa zones of Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia from February 2014 to January 2016 to assess fattening cattle marketing system. The primary and secondary data were collected through structured interview, focus group discussion and direct filed observation. Statistical package for social science (SPSS 16) were used to analyze data. In the study area, most respondents (94.8%) did not record cattle history but 75% of respondents have recorded their cost analysis. Producers, traders and brokers were the main actors in fattened cattle marketing in the study area. Producers and brokers took the first and third rank respectively but brokers have a significant impact on bargaining. Traditionally, producers and traders invite the persons who made bargaining which is called “fintir”. This was done by contributing equal amount of money from (seller and buyer). Most (45.0%) respondents bought cattle from South Wollo district market and 66.7% respondents were sold at village market. Majority of respondents in the study area obtain marketing information from market visit and neighbors. The maximum and minimum price of fattened cattle in the study area in 2015 was 58,000 and 21,000 Ethiopian birr (2566 and 927 US dollars) respectively. Majority (98.3%) of the respondents reported the occurrence of market fluctuation in fattening cattle due to different reasons. Fasting was the main cause (42.4%) for market fluctuation. Most respondents traveled on foot to buy and sell fattened cattle. The major challenge to transport fattened cattle to and from market was found to be transportation facilities. All of the producers and brokers did not have any license on fattening cattle for marketing and only 5% of trader’s respondents had a license. This research was used to generate baseline information on fattened cattle market. Key words: Infrastructure, license, market actors, marketing fluctuation, market information.
Meaning Negotiation of LEP Learners in Communicative Tasks

This study aims to explore Limited English Language Proficiency (LEP) learners’ meaning negotiation in communicative tasks . In particular, the frequency of meaning negotiation (MN), types and frequency of MN trigger as well as participants’ perceptions of the communicative tasks in relation to their L2 language development were explored. A total number of 8 participants were engaged in both open and closed communicative tasks designed for the purpose of this study. Data from stimulated recall interviews and structured interviews were used to consolidate the primary data. It was found that the closed communicative task can yield greater meaning negotiation compared to open communicative task. Meaning negotiation in closed communicative task was mainly triggered by task complexity and lexical difficulties, which might be due to the task design. Meanwhile, meaning negotiation in the open communicative task was mainly caused by the delivery of vague message . I t was found that meaning negotiation can be a potential platform to facilitate language development among learners, particularly through clarification requests which can create the linguistic urgency to push LEP learners to expand their interlanguage. Thus, ESL teachers might want to equip LEP learners with effective meaning negotiation strategies, particularly clarification requests, to better equip these learners with the skills to modify their language output during communicative tasks. Keywords: Meaning negotiation; open communicative task; closed communicative task; MN trigger; LEP learners
Earnings Quality in U.K. Private Firms

UK private and public companies face substantially equivalent regulation on auditing, accounting standards and taxes. We hypothesize that private-company financial reporting nevertheless is lower quality due to different market demand, regulation notwithstanding. A large UK sample supports this hypothesis. Quality is operationalized using Basu's (1997) time-series measure of timely loss recognition and a new accruals-based method. The result is not affected by controls for size, leverage, industry membership and auditor size, or by allowing endogenous listing choice. The result enhances understanding of private companies, which are predominant in the economy. It also provides insight into the economics of accounting standards.
A primitive species of Chilotherium (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the Late Miocene of the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China)

China), is described. This early Late Miocene species is the earliest and most primitive in the genus Chilotherium. Compared with the other Late Miocene species of Chilotherium, a tentative lineage of C. primigenius C.wimani other species of Chilotherium is proposed. A Late Miocene Asian radiation is suggested for this genus, starting from Linxia C. primigenius. The origin and dispersal history of the genus Chilotherium are discussed and correlated with major faunal exchanges. The sequence of the Late Miocene Hipparion fauna in the Linxia Basin, which yields the remains described herein, is also discussed.
The Changing Distribution of Income: Evidence and Explanations

Abstract This article is concerned with the economics of the distribution of income, emphasizing aspects which have been missing from the recent literature. It begins with factor shares and the rise in real interest rates. These are important in their own right and in relation to the determination of wage differentials. The paper questions the conventional wisdom which locates rising inequality and unemployment solely in a shift in demand away from unskilled workers. This explanation is too partial in its approach, is hard to reconcile with the empirical evidence, and ignores labour market institutions and the role of social norms. In seeking to explain the experience of different countries, we need to look not just at wages but also at the capital market, and should not be limited to a simple competitive supply-and-demand story.
Diffuse Galactic Gamma-ray Emission with H.E.S.S.

Diffuse gamma-ray emission is the most prominent observable signature of celestial cosmic-ray interactions at high energies. While already being investigated at GeVenergies over several decades, assessments of diffuse gamma-ray emission at TeVenergies remain sparse. After completion of the systematic survey of the inner Galaxy, the H.E. S.S. experiment is in a prime position to observe large-scale diffuse emission at TeVenergies. Data of the H.E. S.S. Galactic Plane Survey are investigated in regions off known gamma-ray sources. Corresponding gamma-ray flux measurements were made over an extensive grid of celestial locations. Longitudinal and latitudinal profiles of the observed gamma-ray fluxes show characteristic excess emission not attributable to known gamma-ray sources. For the first time large-scale gamma-ray emission along the Galactic plane using imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes has been observed. While the background subtraction technique limits the ability to recover modest variation on the scale of the H.E. S.S. field of view or larger, which is characteristic of the inverse Compton scatter-induced Galactic diffuse emission, contributions of neutral pion decay as well as emission from unresolved gamma-ray sources can be recovered in the observed signal to a large fraction. Calculations show that the minimum gamma-ray emission from pi(0) decay represents a significant contribution to the total signal. This detection is interpreted as a mix of diffuse Galactic gamma-ray emission and unresolved sources.
Sediment residence time distributions: Theory and application from bed elevation measurements

Travel distance and residence time probability distributions are the key components of stochastic models for coarse sediment transport. Residence time for individual grains is difficult to measure, and residence time distributions appropriate to field and laboratory settings are typically inferred theoretically or from overall transport characteristics. However, bed elevation time series collected using sonar transducers and lidar can be translated into empirical residence time distributions at each elevation in the bed and for the entire bed thickness. Sediment residence time at a given depth can be conceptualized as a stochastic return time process on a finite interval. Overall sediment residence time is an average of residence times at all depths weighted by the likelihood of deposition at each depth. Theory and experiment show that when tracers are seeded on the bed surface, power law residence time will be observed until a timescale set by the bed thickness and bed fluctuation statistics. After this time, the long‐time (global) residence time distribution will take exponential form. Crossover time is the time of transition from power law to exponential behavior. The crossover time in flume studies can be on the order of seconds to minutes, while that in rivers can be days to years.
High soil solution carbon and nitrogen concentrations in a drained Atlantic bog are reduced to natural levels by 10 years of rewetting

Anthropogenic drainage of peatlands releases additional greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, and dissolved carbon (C) and nutrients to downstream ecosystems. Rewetting drained peatlands offers a possibility to reduce nitrogen (N) and C losses. In this study, we investigate the impact of drainage and rewetting on the cycling of dissolved C and N as well as on dissolved gases, over a period of 1 year and a period of 4 months. We chose four sites within one Atlantic bog complex: a near-natural site, two drained grasslands with different mean groundwater levels and a former peat cutting area rewetted 10 years ago. Our results clearly indicate that long-term drainage has increased the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ammonium, nitrate and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) compared to the near-natural site. DON and ammonium contributed the most to the total dissolved nitrogen. Nitrate concentrations below the mean groundwater table were negligible. The concentrations of DOC and N species increased with drainage depth. In the deeply-drained grassland, with a mean annual water table of 45 cm below surface, DOC concentrations were twice as high as in the partially rewetted grassland with a mean annual water table of 28 cm below surface. The deeply drained grassland had some of the highest-ever observed DOC concentrations of 195.8 ± 77.3 mg L −1 with maximum values of >400 mg L −1 . In general, dissolved organic matter (DOM) at the drained sites was enriched in aromatic moieties and showed a higher degradation status (lower DOC to DON ratio) compared to the near-natural site. At the drained sites, the C to N ratios of the uppermost peat layer were the same as of DOM in the peat profile. This suggests that the uppermost degraded peat layer is the main source of DOM. Nearly constant DOM quality through the profile furthermore indicated that DOM moving downwards through the drained sites remained largely biogeochemically unchanged. Unlike DOM concentration, DOM quality and dissolved N species distribution were similar in the two grasslands and thus unaffected by the drainage depth. Methane production during the winter months at the drained sites was limited to the subsoil, which was quasi-permanently water saturated. The recovery of the water table in the winter months led to the production of nitrous oxide around mean water table depth at the drained sites. The rewetted and the near-natural site had comparable DOM quantity and quality (DOC to DON ratio and aromaticity). 10 years after rewetting quasi-pristine biogeochemical conditions have been re-established under continuously water logged conditions in the former peat cut area. Only the elevated dissolved methane and ammonium concentrations reflected the former disturbance by drainage and peat extraction. Rewetting via polder technique seems to be an appropriate way to revitalize peatlands on longer timescales and to improve the water quality of downstream water bodies.
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES Euler Equations, Subjective Expectations and Income Shocks

In this paper, we make three substantive contributions: first, we use elicited subjective income expectations to identify the levels of permanent and transitory income shocks in a life-cycle framework; second, we use these shocks to assess whether households’ consumption is insulated from them; third, we use the shock data to estimate an Euler equation for consumption. We find that households are able to smooth transitory shocks, but adjust their consumption in response to permanent shocks, albeit not fully. The estimates of the Euler equation parameters with and without expectational errors are similar, which is consistent with rational expectations. We break new ground by combining data on subjective expectations about future income from the Michigan Survey with micro data on actual income from the Consumer Expenditure Survey.
Where are human subjects in Big Data research? The emerging ethics divide

There are growing discontinuities between the research practices of data science and established tools of research ethics regulation. Some of the core commitments of existing research ethics regulations, such as the distinction between research and practice, cannot be cleanly exported from biomedical research to data science research. Such discontinuities have led some data science practitioners and researchers to move toward rejecting ethics regulations outright. These shifts occur at the same time as a proposal for major revisions to the Common Rule—the primary regulation governing human-subjects research in the USA—is under consideration for the first time in decades. We contextualize these revisions in long-running complaints about regulation of social science research and argue data science should be understood as continuous with social sciences in this regard. The proposed regulations are more flexible and scalable to the methods of non-biomedical research, yet problematically largely exclude data science methods from human-subjects regulation, particularly uses of public datasets. The ethical frameworks for Big Data research are highly contested and in flux, and the potential harms of data science research are unpredictable. We examine several contentious cases of research harms in data science, including the 2014 Facebook emotional contagion study and the 2016 use of geographical data techniques to identify the pseudonymous artist Banksy. To address disputes about application of human-subjects research ethics in data science, critical data studies should offer a historically nuanced theory of “data subjectivity” responsive to the epistemic methods, harms and benefits of data science and commerce.
Effects of Abiotic Factors on the Geographic Distribution of Body Size Variation and Chromosomal Polymorphisms in Two Neotropical Grasshopper Species (Dichroplus: Melanoplinae: Acrididae)

We review the effects of abiotic factors on body size in two grasshopper species with large geographical distributions: Dichroplus pratensis and D. vittatus, inhabiting Argentina in diverse natural habitats. Geographical spans for both species provide an opportunity to study the effects of changes in abiotic factors on body size. The analyses of body size distribution in both species revealed a converse Bergmannian pattern: body size is positively correlated with latitude, altitude, and seasonality that influences time available for development and growth. Allen’s rule is also inverted. Morphological variability increases towards the ends of the Bergmannian clines and, in D. pratensis, is related with a central-marginal distribution of chromosomal variants that influence recombination. The converse Bergmannian patterns influence sexual size dimorphism in both species but in different fashions. Body size variation at a microspatial scale in D. pratensis is extremely sensitive to microclimatic clines. We finally compare our results with those for other Orthopteran species.
ANODE MATERIALS BASED ON GRAPHENE FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES

Despite modern technological advances, the creation of powerful, energy-intensive and environmentally friendly energy storage devices is an actual problem. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which have a high density of stored energy and low self-discharge, are the priority in the list of advanced energy storage devices. Performance of LIB depends on the composition and structure of the materials used to create the cathodes and anodes. Recently, among the new materials focusing on graphene combines a number of unique properties of the defining prospects use as electrode materials. This review summarizes the modern main achievements of the period from 2013 by 2015 in the area of graphene application and composite materials on its basis, as materials for the LIB electrodes.
Will it pass? Predicting the outcome of a source code review

It has been observed that allowing source code changes to be made only after source code reviews has a positive impact on the quality and lifetime of the resulting software. In some cases, code review processes take quite a long time and this negatively affects software development costs and employee job satisfaction. Establishing mechanisms that predict what kind of feedback reviewers will provide and what revisions they will ask for can reduce the number of times this problem occurs. Thanks to such mechanisms, developers can improve the maturity of their code change requests before the review process starts. In this way, when they start the review, the process may advance quickly and more smoothly. In this study, as a first step towards this goal, we developed a mechanism to identify whether a change proposal would require any revisions or not for approval.