Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surface Biofilm Interactions in Epizootic Shell Disease of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus)

Epizootic shell disease (ESD) is a persistent malady that affects American lobsters ( Homarus americanus ) in the southern extent of the commercial fishery. Emerging at the turn of the 21st century, ESD presented as bacterial ulcerations on the carapace of affected lobsters. The research presented here examined the bacterial community of the lobster carapace and represented the first such attempt to characterize the lobster surface microbiome. Culture‐independent techniques, such as amplicon length heterogeneity and pyrosequencing, yielded sequence data of hypervariable regions of the genes for ribosomal RNA that upon comparison revealed the likely identities of the taxa present on the lobster carapace. Although some researchers have identified a novel chitinolytic bacterium of the genus Aquimarina ( A. homaria ) as consistently appearing on lobsters with shell disease, this research found no evidence of a correlation of this species with the disease. Instead, analysis revealed that the genus Aquimarina was ubiquitous and correlated only weakly with the diseased state. The data suggest that this disease is not caused by a single pathogen but by a state of dysbiosis where normally occurring microflora emerge as potential opportunistic pathogens when there is some apparent environmental stressor that alters the interaction of the surface biofilm of the lobster. regions within genes that are ubiquitous in all prokaryotes. This research used the first two variable regions of the genes encoding for the small (16S) subunit of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) to discriminate between different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that are surrogates for taxa identifica‐ tion. There are nine such variable regions within this gene.
Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Yields

fertilization on yields of major crops globally at a spatial resolution of 0.5°x0.5°. Yield simulations are based on process-based implementations of gross primary production, growth- and maintenance respiration, water-stress, and biomass allocation, dynamically computing the most suitable crop variety and growing period in each grid cell as described in more detail by Bondeau et al. (2007) and Fader et al. (under review). We present percent changes in agricultural productivity between two 10-year periods: 1996-2005 and 2046-2055, representing the average productivity of the years 2000 and 2050. Management intensity has been calibrated to match national yield levels as reported by FAOSTAT
The Birth Place of the Type Ic Supernova 2007gr

We report our attempts to locate the progenitor of the peculiar Type Ic SN 2007gr in Hubble Space Telescope (HST) preexplosion images of the host galaxy, NGC 1058. Aligning adaptive optics Altair/NIRI imaging of SN 2007gr from the Gemini (North) Telescope with the preexplosion HST WFPC2 images, we identify the supernova (SN) position on the HST frames with an accuracy of 20 mas. Although nothing is detected at the SN position, we show that it lies on the edge of a bright source, 134 ± 23mas (6.9 pc) from its nominal center. On the basis of its luminosity, we suggest that this object is possibly an unresolved, compact, and coeval cluster and that the SN progenitor was a cluster member, although we note that model profile fitting favors a single bright star. We find two solutions for the age of this assumed cluster: 7∓ 0.5 Myr and 20-30 Myr, with turnoff masses of 28 ± 4 M☉ and 12-9 M☉, respectively. Preexplosion ground-based K-band images marginally favor the younger cluster age/higher turnoff mass. Assuming the SN progenitor was a cluster member, the turnoff mass provides the best estimate for its initial mass. More detailed observations, after the SN has faded, should determine whether the progenitor was indeed part of a cluster and, if so, allow an age estimate to within ~2 Myr, thereby favoring either a high-mass single star or lower-mass interacting binary progenitor.
Escaping Violence, Seeking Freedom: Why Children in Bangladesh Migrate to the Street

In Bangladesh, as in many developing countries, there is a widespread belief amongst the public, policymakers and social workers that children `abandon` their families and migrate to the street because of economic poverty. This dominant narrative posits that children whose basic material needs cannot be met within the household move to the street. It ignores and avoids the growing evidence that this is not the case. This paper explores this argument through the analysis of detailed empirical research with children in Bangladesh. It finds that social factors lie behind most street migration and, in particular, that moves to the street are closely associated with violence to, and abuse of, children within the household and local community. These findings are consistent with the wider literature on street migration from other countries. In Bangladesh, those who seek to reduce the flow of children to the streets need to focus on social policy, especially on how to reduce the excessive control and emotional, physical and sexual violence that occurs in some households. Economic growth and reductions in income poverty will be helpful, but they will not be sufficient to reduce street migration by children.
The effects of fluoxetine and environmental enrichment on recovery of function following focal dentate gyrus lesions

New neurons are formed in the dentate gyrus of the mammalian hippocampus throughout adulthood. Rates of adult neurogenesis can be manipulated by pharmacological and environmental factors. Specifically, two factors that lead to increased neurogenesis are the antidepressant fluoxetine which increases the proliferation of neural progenitor cells and environmental enrichment which increases neuronal survival. Although the putative function of adult neurogenesis is unknown, there is accumulating evidence that it plays a role in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory and as a self-repair response following brain insult. The aim of the present study was investigate whether increasing neurogenesis in rats could promote a recovery of spatial function following dentate gyrus damage. Intradentate infusions of colchcine selectively ablated the majority of dorsal dentate gyrus granule cells. Rats where then tested on the Morris water maze and matched to treatment groups. In the treatment paradigm aimed at increasing rates of neurogenesis, rats were given daily saline or fluoxetine injections and either lived in standard housing or a novel enriched environment for 5 weeks with BrdU injections occurring in the middle. Ki67-staining revealed a decrease in cell proliferation associated with the enriched environment. Doublecortin-staining revealed that fluoxetine increased cell survival in the standard housing. BrdU/NeuN-colabeling qualitatively revealed that neurogenesis did occur in the damaged dentate gyrus, but at a low rate. Overall, dentate gyrus lesions significantly decreased the proliferation and survival of new neurons following treatment. We concluded that the colchicine dose used profoundly disrupted the neurogenic niche and that the enriched environment was inhibiting proliferation because it was more stressful than the standard housing. In the post-treatment behavioral testing, lesion rats had significant spatial memory deficits but did improve and enriched rats improved more than standard housed rats. On the probe test, lesion rats outperformed sham rats and lesion rats in the enriched environment outperformed all other rats on target search but not target crossings which may be interpreted as an increased resistance to extinction.
Imaging the Schwarzschild-radius-scale Structure of M87 with the Event Horizon Telescope Using Sparse Modeling

We propose a new imaging technique for radio and optical/infrared interferometry. The proposed technique reconstructs the image from the visibility amplitude and closure phase, which are standard data products of short-millimeter very long baseline interferometers such as the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) and optical/infrared interferometers, by utilizing two regularization functions: the ℓ1-norm and total variation (TV) of the brightness distribution. In the proposed method, optimal regularization parameters, which represent the sparseness and effective spatial resolution of the image, are derived from data themselves using cross-validation (CV). As an application of this technique, we present simulated observations of M87 with the EHT based on four physically motivated models. We confirm that ℓ1 + TV regularization can achieve an optimal resolution of ∼20%–30% of the diffraction limit λ/Dmax, which is the nominal spatial resolution of a radio interferometer. With the proposed technique, the EHT can robustly and reasonably achieve super-resolution sufficient to clearly resolve the black hole shadow. These results make it promising for the EHT to provide an unprecedented view of the event-horizon-scale structure in the vicinity of the supermassive black hole in M87 and also the Galactic center Sgr A*.
Gauge-field-theory solution of the elastic state of a screw dislocation in a dispersive (non-local) crystalline solid

The relaxed state of a type of topological defect (screw dislocation) located in a dispersive (non-local) elastic solid is discussed from a viewpoint of gauge field theory. The starting point of this work is the non-local elastic Lagrangian, that is, like its classic elastic counterpart, globally gauge invariant under the Euclidean group of transformations O(3)▹(3). When compared with gauge solutions of the same problem predicated on the classical elastic Lagrangian, the present solution sheds some interesting insights into the nature of non-locality-gauge field interactions. Both the (3) gauge theory of dislocations (predicated on breaking of the translational symmetry) and the phenomenological non-local elasticity introduce their own respective characteristic length-scale parameters in the elastic equilibrium of dislocations while removing unphysical singularities. In the present work we show that, surprisingly, attempts to elucidate gauge interactions in a dispersive or non-local medium lead to functionally the same solution as in the gauge theory based on local elasticity, albeit, the gauge length-scale must be replaced by an effective length-scale measure. In particular, the non-local and the gauge length-scale combine in a nonlinear fashion to yield the aforementioned effective length-scale. Our results allow one to immediately write the solution of most screw dislocation problems in the gauge non-local theory of defects, provided the counterpart gauge solution based on classical elasticity is known.
SHOCKS AND STAR FORMATION IN STEPHAN'S QUINTET. I. GEMINI SPECTROSCOPY OF Hα-BRIGHT KNOTS

We present a Gemini-GMOS spectroscopic study of Hubble Space Telescope (HST)-selected Hα-emitting regions in Stephan's Quintet (HCG 92), a nearby compact galaxy group, with the aim of disentangling the processes of shock-induced heating and star formation in its intra-group medium. The ≈40 sources are distributed across the system, but most densely concentrated in the ∼kiloparsec-long shock region. Their spectra neatly divide them into narrow- and broad-line emitters, and we decompose the latter into three or more emission peaks corresponding to spatial elements discernible in HST imaging. The emission-line ratios of the two populations of Hα-emitters confirm their nature as H ii regions (90% of the sample) or molecular gas heated by a shock front propagating at ≲300 km s−1. Their redshift distribution reveals interesting three-dimensional structure with respect to gas-phase baryons, with no H ii regions associated with shocked gas, no shocked regions in the intruder galaxy NGC 7318B, and a sharp boundary between shocks and star formation. We conclude that star formation is inhibited substantially, if not entirely, in the shock region. Attributing those H ii regions projected against the shock to the intruder, we find a lopsided distribution of star formation in this galaxy, reminiscent of pileup regions in models of interacting galaxies. The Hα luminosities imply mass outputs, star formation rates, and efficiencies similar to nearby star-forming regions. Two large knots are an exception to this, being comparable in stellar output to the prolific 30 Doradus region. We also examine Stephan's Quintet in the context of compact galaxy group evolution, as a paradigm for intermittent star formation histories in the presence of a rich, X-ray-emitting intra-group medium. All spectra are provided as supplemental materials.
Estimating the returns to schooling: a likelihood approach based on normal mixtures

In this paper we develop likelihood based methods for statistical inference in a joint system of equations for the choice of length of schooling and earnings. The model for schooling choice is assumed to be an ordered probit model, whereas the earnings equation contains variables that are flexible transformations of schooling and experience, with corresponding coefficients that are allowed to be heterogeneous across individuals. Under the assumption that the distribution of the random terms of the model can be expressed as a particular finite mixture of multinormal distributions, we show that the joint probability distribution for schooling and earnings can be expressed on closed form. In an application of our method on Norwegian data, we find that the mixed Gaussian model offers a substantial improvement in fit to the (heavy-tailed) empirical distribution of log-earnings compared to a multinormal benchmark model.
ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENT VELOCITY AND DISTANCE COVERED IN WHEELCHAIR TENNIS ANALIZA HITROSTI GIBANJA IN PREVOŽENE RAZDALJE V

Nove tehnologije omogočajo nove pristope v raziskovanju v športu kar velja tudi za šport invalidov. Raziskava ponuja primerjavo obremenitve (hitrost in prevožena razdalja) med zmagovalci in poraženci ter vrhunskimi in rekreativnimi igralci. 15 teniških igralcev z gibalno oviro je v povprečju prevozilo 613 m na tekmo, 46,1 m v igri in 6,11 m v točki. Našli smo statistično značilne razlike v prevoženi razdalji med zmagovalci/poraženci in vrhunskimi/rekreativnimi igralci. Povprečna hitrost je znašala 0,93 m/s. V povprečni hitrosti smo statistično značilne razlike našli med vrhunskimi in rekreativnimi igralci. Vrhunski teniški igralci so dosegli tudi višjo makimalno hitrost, vendar razlika ni bila statistično značilna. Med zmagovalci in poraženci nismo našli statistično značilnih razlik v povprečni in maksimalni hitrosti. Ključne besede: tenis na vozičku, obremenitev, hitrost, prevožena razdalja ABSTRACT
The Neural Correlates of Moral Thinking: A Meta-Analysis

1 Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. 2 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA. 3 Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. 4 Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA. 5 Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
On deep learning as a remedy for the curse of dimensionality in nonparametric regression

Assuming that a smoothness condition and a suitable restriction on the structure of the regression function hold, it is shown that least squares estimates based on multilayer feedforward neural networks are able to circumvent the curse of dimensionality in nonparametric regression. The proof is based on new approximation results concerning multilayer feedforward neural networks with bounded weights and a bounded number of hidden neurons. The estimates are compared with various other approaches by using simulated data.
CONSTRAINTS ON COSMOLOGY FROM THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND POWER SPECTRUM OF THE 2500 deg2 SPT-SZ SURVEY

We explore extensions to the ΛCDM cosmology using measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) from the recent SPT-SZ survey, along with data from WMAP7 and measurements of H0 and baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO). We check for consistency within ΛCDM between these data sets, and find some tension. The CMB alone gives weak support to physics beyond ΛCDM, due to a slight trend relative to ΛCDM of decreasing power toward smaller angular scales. While it may be due to statistical fluctuation, this trend could also be explained by several extensions. We consider running of the primordial spectral index (dns/dln k), as well as two extensions that modify the damping tail power (the primordial helium abundance Yp and the effective number of neutrino species Neff) and one that modifies the large-scale power due to the integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect (the sum of neutrino masses ∑mν). These extensions have similar observational consequences and are partially degenerate when considered simultaneously. Of the six one-parameter extensions considered, we find CMB to have the largest preference for dns/dln k with −0.046 < dns/dln k < −0.003 at 95% confidence, which strengthens to a 2. 7σ indication of dns/dln k < 0 from CMB+BAO+H0. Detectable dns/dln k ≠ 0 is difficult to explain in the context of single-field, slow-roll inflation models. We find Neff = 3.62 ± 0.48 for the CMB, which tightens to Neff = 3.71 ± 0.35 from CMB+BAO+H0. Larger values of Neff relieve the mild tension between CMB, BAO, and H0. When the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich selected galaxy cluster abundances () data are also included, we obtain Neff = 3.29 ± 0.31. Allowing for ∑mν gives a 3. 0σ detection of ∑mν > 0 from CMB+BAO+H0 +. The median value is (0.32 ± 0.11) eV, a factor of six above the lower bound set by neutrino oscillation observations. All data sets except H0 show some preference for massive neutrinos; data combinations including H0 favor nonzero masses only if BAO data are also included. We also constrain the two-parameter extensions Neff + ∑mν and Neff + Yp to explore constraints on additional light species and big bang nucleosynthesis, respectively.
Testing feedback-modified dark matter haloes with galaxy rotation curves: estimation of halo parameters and consistency with ΛCDM scaling relations

Cosmological $N$-body simulations predict dark matter (DM) haloes with steep central cusps (e.g. NFW, Navarro et al. 1996). This contradicts observations of gas kinematics in low-mass galaxies that imply the existence of shallow DM cores. Baryonic processes such as adiabatic contraction and gas outflows can, in principle, alter the initial DM density profile, yet their relative contributions to the halo transformation remain uncertain. Recent high resolution, cosmological hydrodynamic simulations (Di Cintio et al. 2014, DC14) predict that inner density profiles depend systematically on the ratio of stellar to DM mass (M$_*$/M$_{\text{halo}}$). Using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach, we test the NFW and the M$_*$/M$_{\text{halo}}$-dependent DC14 halo models against a sample of 147 galaxy rotation curves from the new {\it Spitzer} Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves (SPARC) data set. These galaxies all have extended H{\small I} rotation curves from radio interferometry as well as accurate stellar mass density profiles from near-infrared photometry. The DC14 halo profile provides markedly better fits to the data compared to the NFW profile. Unlike NFW, the DC14 halo parameters found in our rotation curve fits naturally fall within two standard deviations of the mass-concentration relation predicted by $\Lambda$CDM and the stellar mass-halo mass relation inferred from abundance matching with few outliers. Halo profiles modified by baryonic processes are therefore more consistent with expectations from $\Lambda$ cold dark matter ($\Lambda$CDM) cosmology and provide better fits to galaxy rotation curves across a wide range of galaxy properties than do halo models that neglect baryonic physics. Our results offer a solution to the decade long cusp-core discrepancy.
MOLECULAR BASIS OF THROMBOPHILIA

Summary Thrombophilia is a multifactorial disorder, involving both genetic and acquired risk factors that affect the balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant factors and lead to increased thrombotic tendency. The severe forms of thrombophilia are caused by a deficiency of natural anticoagulants: antithrombin, protein C and protein S. The advances in DNA technology played an important role in the identification of the exact nature of these deficiencies and opened up new possibilities in genetic research and molecular diagnostics of thrombophilia. The major breakthrough came with the discovery of activated protein C resistance and the Factor V Leiden gene mutation. Shortly afterwards, a variant in the 3’ untranslated region of the Factor II gene (FII G20210A) associated with an increased concentration of Factor II in plasma was described. These two gene variants represent the most common thrombophilic genetic risk factors. Recently, a novel prothrombin mutation (c.1787G>T) was identified in a Japanese family with juvenile thrombosis. This mutation leads to impaired inhibition of mutant thrombin by antithrombin, proposing a new mechanism of thrombophilia named resistance to antithrombin. In the last decade, se veral prothrombotic genetic risk factors have been described, in cluding gene variants associated with defects of natural coagulation inhibitors, increased levels of coagulation factors or their impaired inhibition and defects of the fibrinolytic system. However, most of them are not of diagnostic value, due to their minor or unknown impact on the thrombotic risk. Large-scale DNA analysis systems are now becoming available, opening a new era in the genetic studies of the mole cular basis of thrombophilia.
ENHANCING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CONTROL IN ACHIEVEMENT SETTINGS THROUGH WRITING-BASED ATTRIBUTIONAL RETRAINING

Abstract Attributional retraining (AR) is a psychotherapeutic motivational intervention which consistently produces modest improvements in motivation and performance by encouraging controllable attributions for failure experiences. Research suggests that unsuccessful individuals high in primary control (PC) and low in secondary control (SC) are at risk of failure and may especially benefit from AR techniques. College students' (N= 255) primary and secondary academic control was assessed at the beginning of the first academic semester, after which half of the students received a writing–based AR intervention. Final grades and performance–related perceived success, affect, and attributions were assessed at the end of the academic year. Attributional retraining (No AR, AR) by secondary control (low/high) 2 × 2 ANCOVA analyses for high–primary–control students revealed significant improvements in performance, coupled with decreased perceived success and increased negative affect for unsuccessful, high–PC/low–.
Strength testing variables in dental ceramics

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When the Continental Crust Melts

Partial melting of the continental crust has long been of interest to petrologists as a small-scale phenomenon. Mineral assemblages in the cores of old, eroded mountain chains that formed where continents collided show that the continental crust was buried deeply enough to have melted extensively. Geochemical, experimental, petrological and geodynamic modelling now show that when the continental crust melts the consequences are crustal-scale. The combination of melting and regional deformation is critical: the presence of melt on grain boundaries weakens rocks, and weak rocks deform faster, influencing the way mountain belts grow and how rifts propagate. Tectonic forces also drive the movement of melt out of the lower continental crust, resulting in an irreversible chemical differentiation of the crust.