Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Occlusal anomalies in Finnish students related to age, sex, absent permanent teeth and orthodontic treatment.

Occlusal anomalies in 451 Finnish undergraduates were recorded. Details of previous orthodontic treatment were obtained from a structured questionnaire. Forty two per cent of the subjects had at least one occlusal anomaly; crossbite (19%) and distal molar occlusion (15%) were most common. The incidence of mandibular overjet, anterior open bite and crossbite was higher among subjects with a history of orthodontic treatment. In males, orthodontic treatment was also related to increased frequency of extreme maxillary overjet and distal molar occlusion; there was more distal molar occlusion in males who had lost permanent teeth anterior to the first molars. The patterns of demand for orthodontic treatment differ in males and females. In cross-sectional investigation of young adults with a moderate number of extracted permanent teeth there was no correlation between the numbers of subjects with tooth loss and occurrence of occlusal anomalies. In studies of the frequency of occlusal anomalies, histories of previous orthodontic treatment of extraction of permanent teeth should be given consideration. Orthodontic treatment, even when successful, may not completely eliminate malocclusion traits to the extent that they would not be detected in epidemiological registration of malocclusion.
Protection Against Diabetes and Improved NK/NKT Cell Performance in NOD.NK1.1 Mice Congenic at the NK Complex1

The NK1.1 cell surface receptor, which belongs to the NKR-P1 gene cluster, has been bred onto nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice for two purposes. The first was to tag NK and NKT cells for easier experimental identification of those subsets and better analysis of their implication in type 1 diabetes. The second was to produce a congenic strain carrying Idd6, a susceptibility locus that has been repeatedly mapped in the vicinity of the NKR-P1 gene cluster and the NK complex, to explore the impact of this locus upon autoimmune diabetes. NOD.NK1.1 mice express the NK1.1 marker selectively on the surface of their NK and NKT cell subsets. In addition, the mice manifest reduced disease incidence and improved NK and NKT cell performance, as compared with wild-type NOD mice. The association of those two features in the same congenic strain constitutes a strong argument in favor of Idd6 being associated to the NK complex. This could explain at the same time the multiple alterations of innate immunity reported in NOD mice and the fact that disease onset can be readily modified by boosting the innate immune system of the mouse.
The Effect of Leverage, Board of Commissioner, Foreign Ownership, Company Age, and Company Size Towards the Disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Implementation

"Objective – The objective of this research is to examine the effect of leverage, board of commissioner, foreign ownership, company age and company size towards the disclosure of CSR implementation. Leverage was measured by debt to asset ratio (DAR), board of commissioner was measured by the number of commissioners, company age was measured by the difference of research year and listing year, and company size was measured by the in total asset. Methodology/Technique – This research uses the published reports and financial statements of 55 companies listed in the manufacturing sector of the Indonesia Stock Exchange from the period of 2013-2014. Selection was based on purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using the multiple regression approach. Findings – The results showed that leverage that was measured by the DAR, board of commissioners, foreign ownership, company age, and company size, all simultaneously, have a significant effect towards the disclosure of CSR implementation. The board of commissioner has a positive significant effect towards the disclosures of CSR implementation while leverage that was measured by DAR, foreign ownership, company age, and company size have no effect towards the disclosures of CSR implementation. Novelty – This research proves that bigger companies tend to implement CSR more broadly so the disclosure of CSR implementation can be on a wider scope too. "
Suicide among subjects with personality disorders.

OBJECTIVE There have been few psychological autopsy studies of suicide among individuals with personality disorders. The possible specificity of characteristics of suicide among such individuals has been little investigated. METHOD A random sample of 229 subjects who committed suicide, representing all suicide victims in Finland within a 12-month period, were comprehensively examined by using the psychological autopsy method and were diagnosed according to DSM-III-R criteria. Within this random sample the authors investigated all subjects with axis II personality disorders (N = 67) and divided them into clusters B (N = 43), C (N = 23), and A (N = 1). Individuals with clusters B and C personality disorders were separately compared with sex- and age-matched suicide victims without personality disorder, in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, comorbid axis I and III syndromes, treatment histories, previous suicide attempts, communication of suicide intent, and suicide methods. RESULTS All suicide victims with a personality disorder received at least one axis I diagnosis. In 95% this included a depressive syndrome, a psychoactive substance use disorder, or both. Individuals with cluster B personality disorders were more likely than comparison subjects to have psychoactive substance use disorders (79% versus 40%) and previous nonfatal suicide attempts (70% versus 37%) and were less likely to have axis III physical disorders (29% versus 50%). Subjects with cluster C personality disorders were not found to differ from the control subjects in any of the variables examined. CONCLUSIONS Suicide victims with personality disorders were almost always found to have had current depressive syndromes, psychoactive substance use disorders, or both. Suicide victims with cluster B personality disorders differed from other suicide victims in several characteristics, while those with cluster C personality disorders did not.
Export of Vacuolar Manganese by AtNRAMP3 and AtNRAMP4 Is Required for Optimal Photosynthesis and Growth under Manganese Deficiency1[W]

Manganese (Mn) is an essential element, acting as cofactor in numerous enzymes. In particular, a Mn cluster is indispensable for the function of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II. Metal transporters of the Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein (NRAMP) family have the ability to transport both iron and Mn. AtNRAMP3 and AtNRAMP4 are required for iron mobilization in germinating seeds. The results reported here show that, in adult Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants, AtNRAMP3 and AtNRAMP4 have an important role in Mn homeostasis. Vacuolar Mn accumulation in mesophyll cells of rosette leaves of adult nramp3nramp4 double mutant plants was dramatically increased when compared with the wild type. This suggests that a considerable proportion of the cellular Mn pool passes through the vacuole and is retrieved in an AtNRAMP3/AtNRAMP4-dependent manner. The impaired Mn release from mesophyll vacuoles of nramp3nramp4 double mutant plants is associated with reduced growth under Mn deficiency. However, leaf AtNRAMP3 and AtNRAMP4 protein levels are unaffected by Mn supply. Under Mn deficiency, nramp3nramp4 plants contain less functional photosystem II than the wild type. These data are consistent with a shortage of Mn to produce functional photosystem II, whereas mitochondrial Mn-dependent superoxide dismutase activity is maintained under Mn deficiency in both genotypes. The results presented here suggest an important role for AtNRAMP3/AtNRAMP4-dependent Mn transit through the vacuole prior to the import into chloroplasts of mesophyll cells.
Leveraging marketer-generated appeals in online brand communities

The proliferation of online brand communities has shifted control over brands from firms to consumers. Demonstrating how marketers can stimulate consumers to use these opportunities and engage with the brand in such communities, the purpose of this paper is to address the effectiveness of normative and utilitarian appeals commonly employed in practice for enhancing engagement intensity and brand equity in turn. ,This paper presents two studies at an individual user level. The first study builds on matched data on marketing actions, user behavior, and user perceptions from a Facebook brand community. The second study uses an experiment with members of a firm-hosted online brand community. The authors employ seemingly unrelated regressions while controlling for self-selection. ,Marketer-generated appeals have a positive effect on brand equity that is mediated by engagement intensity. However, the strength of these effects depends highly on community, user, and relationship characteristics. ,Generally speaking, marketer-generated appeals are effective tools for marketers to build brand equity through enhanced user engagement. However, their effectiveness can be improved when managers use a targeted approach. To offer precise managerial guidance, this paper shows how entertainment value, content consumption asymmetry (e.g. whether a user prefers user-generated content over marketer-generated content), and membership duration increase or lower the impact of appeals in building the brand through engagement intensity. ,The authors provide evidence that appeals designed to drive user engagement in online brand communities are effective tools for boosting brand equity.
Coupled Initialization of Multi-Channel Non-Negative Matrix Factorization Based on Spatial and Spectral Information

Multi-channel non-negative matrix factorization (MNMF) is a multi-channel extension of NMF and often outperforms NMF because it can deal with spatial and spectral information simultaneously. On the other hand, MNMF has a larger number of parameters and its performance heavily depends on the initial values. MNMF factorizes an observation matrix into four matrices: spatial correlation, basis, cluster-indicator latent variables, and activation matrices. This paper proposes effective initialization methods for these matrices. First, the spatial correlation matrix, which shows the largest initial value dependencies, is initialized using the cross-spectrum method from enhanced speech by binary masking. Second, when the target is speech, constructing bases from phonemes existing in an utterance can improve the performance: this paper proposes a speech bases selection by using automatic speech recognition (ASR). Third, we also propose an initialization method for the cluster-indicator latent variables that couple the spatial and spectral information, which can achieve the simultaneous optimization of above two matrices. Experiments on a noisy ASR task show that the proposed initialization significantly improves the performance of MNMF by reducing the initial value dependencies.
A study to explore the impact of working in a social enterprise on employee health and wellbeing in Greater Manchester

BACKGROUND: Adverse psychosocial work environments, i.e. a lack of ‘good’ work, are implicated in the aetiology of mental and physical health problems that represent a significant, and in some cases growing, public health burden and cost to the UK economy. The contribution that an increased provision of ‘good’ work can make to improving population health, and addressing inequalities, is recognised by local and national government. There is some theoretical support, and limited empirical evidence to suggest, that social enterprises – organisations with social aims that use profits for that purpose – may provide ‘good’ work that positively impacts upon employee health and wellbeing. AIMS: This study aimed to explore the impact of working in a social enterprise on employee health and wellbeing through the lens of ‘good’ work. METHODS: A mixed-methods approach was used. Stage One involved a ‘mapping’ exercise of the Greater Manchester (GM) social enterprise sector. This provided a sampling frame for subsequent stages. In Stage Two, social enterprise employees (n = 21) in the region were interviewed. The findings informed the development of a questionnaire, designed to assess employees’ health, wellbeing and work quality. The questionnaire was distributed in Stage Three, to all organisations identified by the mapping exercise. Results were compared to data provided by a national survey of UK employees and the general population. RESULTS: The mapping exercise found 177 active GM social enterprises. The interviews suggested social enterprises provide ‘good’ work and highlighted potential pathways through which working in a social enterprise might positively impact upon health and wellbeing. The questionnaire results provided support for the interview findings and indicated, in comparison to national data, that GM social enterprise employees (n = 212) have significantly more control over work, support at work, job satisfaction and job-related wellbeing. The findings contributed to the development of a conceptual model and partly evidence how working in a social enterprise may lead to improved health and wellbeing outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this study suggests that social enterprises provide ‘good’ work environments that, in a number of ways, could be conducive to employee health and wellbeing. This is a notable finding given the contribution ‘good’ work can make to population health and adds to the understanding of how working in a social enterprise might impact on employee health and wellbeing.
The role of bacterial protein tyrosine phosphatases in the regulation of the biosynthesis of secreted polysaccharides.

SIGNIFICANCE Tyrosine phosphorylation and associated protein tyrosine phosphatases are gaining prominence as critical mechanisms in the regulation of fundamental processes in a wide variety of bacteria. In particular, these phosphatases have been associated with the control of the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharides and extracellular polysaccharides, critically important virulence factors for bacteria. RECENT ADVANCES Deletion and overexpression of the phosphatases result in altered polysaccharide biosynthesis in a range of bacteria. The recent structures of associated auto-phosphorylating tyrosine kinases have suggested that the phosphatases may be critical for the cycling of the kinases between monomers and higher order oligomers. CRITICAL ISSUES Additional substrates of the phosphatases apart from cognate kinases are currently being identified. These are likely to be critical to our understanding of the mechanism by which polysaccharide biosynthesis is regulated. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Ultimately, these protein tyrosine phosphatases are an attractive target for the development of novel antimicrobials. This is particularly the case for the polymerase and histidinol phosphatase family, which is predominantly found in bacteria. Furthermore, the determination of bacterial tyrosine phosphoproteomes will likely help to uncover the fundamental roles, mechanism, and critical importance of these phosphatases in a wide range of bacteria.
Corporate Sustainability Performance Over the Firm Life Cycle: Levels, Determinants, and the Impact on Accounting Performance

In this paper, we empirically investigate the levels and the determinants of corporate sustainability performance (CSP) in different stages of the firm life cycle, as well as the impact of CSP on accounting-based corporate financial performance (CFP). Based on an international sample of 26,902 firm-year observations for the period 2002 to 2014, we use Dickinson’s (2011) firm life cycle measure based on cash flow patterns, Thomson Reuters ESG Research Data (formerly known as ASSET4) as CSP proxy, and return on assets to proxy accounting performance. Drawing on stakeholder theory and the resource based view, we hypothesize and find that CSP differs significantly across the life cycle stages and is lower before and after the mature stage. Free funds available increase CSP during the growth, mature and the shake-out stages. This finding can be attributed to strategic differentiation efforts and also hints towards opportunistic management behavior, i.e., managers might pursue sustainability measures as discretionary investments to keep resources within their spheres of influence. Shareholder concentration reduces CSP in the introduction, growth, mature and shake-out stages. Combined with the results regarding free funds, this finding could be attributed to the limitation of discretionary spending. We find a significantly positive effect of CSP on CFP in the growth, mature and shake-out stages, giving impetus to the CSP business case.
Discriminative Feature Learning from SAR Images

Clustering of Earth Observation (EO) images has gained a high amount of attention in remote sensing and data mining. Here, each image is represented by a high-dimensional feature vector which could be computed as the results of coding algorithms of extracted local descriptors or raw pixel values. In this work, we propose to learn the features using discriminative Nonnegative Matrix factorization (DNMF) to represent each image. Here, we use the label of some images to produce new representation of images with more discriminative property. To validate our algorithm, we apply the proposed algorithm on a dataset of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and compare the results with the results of state-of-the-art techniques for image representation. The results confirm the capability of the proposed method in learning discriminative features leading to higher accuracy in clustering.
Reproducibility of motor effects induced by successive subcutaneous apomorphine injections in Parkinson's disease.

We performed a crossover study of apomorphine-induced motor response reproducibility in 10 parkinsonian patients with the "on-off" phenomenon. On 2 separate days, each patient received two successive identical s.c. apomorphine injections, the second injection being randomly administered either 10 or 80 min after the end of the first apomorphine-induced motor benefit. Latency (12.3 +/- 4.5 min) and duration (61.9 +/- 13.3 min) of motor effects were similar in all tests. A transient worsening of the parkinsonian state after a motor improvement induced by apomorphine occurred in most of the patients. Therefore, the duration and severity of the "off" period after a motor improvement does not seem to influence the efficacy of a second apomorphine administration.
Accounting quality and terms of debt: Evidence from IFRS firms

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES This thesis analyzes the relation between accounting quality and terms of debt. The purpose is to examine whether firms with high accounting quality are able to obtain debt financing at better terms (i.e. with lower interest rate, less securitization and longer maturity) than firms with low accounting quality. DATA The empirical data is provided by a large, globally operating credit rating agency. It comprises both original (reported by firms) and adjusted (modified by the rating agency) financial statement figures. The research sample consists of 842 firm-year observations from years 2005-2007. It includes data from 61 industries and 47 countries. All sample firms report under the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). RESULTS I find evidence supporting the hypothesis that accounting quality is incorporated into debt contracts. The information risk from lower accounting quality is, however, mainly reflected in the interest rate: the lower the accounting quality, the higher the interest rate. The evidence on the association between accounting quality and securitization and maturity is weaker and somewhat mixed. I also find that financial statement adjustments made by the rating agency, in general, make the sample firms look more risky. For a majority of firms, the adjustments increase leverage and decrease profitability ratios. Overall, the results indicate that (1) lenders consider borrowers’ accounting quality when they determine the terms of debt contract and (2) the financial statement adjustments made by the rating agency provide information that is useful to lenders.
Timing of flagellar gene expression in the Caulobacter cell cycle is determined by a transcriptional cascade of positive regulatory genes

The Caulobacter crescentus flagellar (fla) genes are organized in a regulatory hierarchy in which genes at each level are required for expression of those at the next lower level. To determine the role of this hierarchy in the timing of fla gene expression, we have examined the organization and cell cycle regulation of genes located in the hook gene cluster. As shown here, this cluster is organized into four multicistronic transcription units flaN, flbG, flaO, and flbF that contain fla genes plus a fifth transcription unit II.1 of unknown function. Transcription unit II.1 is regulated independently of the fla gene hierarchy, and it is expressed with a unique pattern of periodicity very late in the cell cycle. The flaN, flbG, and flaO operons are all transcribed periodically, and flaO, which is near the top of the hierarchy and required in trans for the activation of flaN and flbG operons, is expressed earlier in the cell cycle than the other two transcription units. We have shown that delaying flaO transcription by fusing it to the II.1 promoter also delayed the subsequent expression of the flbG operon and the 27- and 25-kDa flagellin genes that are at the bottom of the regulatory hierarchy. Thus, the sequence and timing of fla gene expression in the cell cycle are determined in large measure by the positions of these genes in the regulatory hierarchy. These results also suggest that periodic transcription is a general feature of fla gene expression in C. crescentus.
Tax Avoidance, Income Diversion, and Shareholder Value: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment

I exploit a quasi-natural experiment provided by a tax reform in Korea to examine the effect of corporate tax avoidance on firm value, and the interaction between the corporate tax system and corporate governance. First, I find that investors perceive tax avoidance to be, on average, a value enhancing activity. Second, the market response to the tax reform is consistent both with the notion that higher tax rates can worsen corporate governance outcomes by increasing the return from income diversion, and that stricter tax enforcement can actually increase firm value. The results are robust to alternative specifications and explanations.
Email communication in project management: A bane or a blessing?

Background: Project success used to be measured solely in terms of efficiency metrics such as scope, cost and time; however, there are proposals that more attention should be paid to process-related performance factors such as communication. The advent of email has significantly impacted the way the world communicates. Objectives: This study investigates the preference of email communication relative to other communication mediums in project environments and the effect of email communication on feelings of stress and overload in the workplace. Method: A survey with 430 responses was conducted to determine the communication preferences of project practitioners in a typical project. The average rank and frequency response methods were used to analyse the data. Results: The findings indicate that the communication preferences of project practitioners still support the media richness theory and that face-to-face communication is the preferred communication medium in most situations. Despite email being disruptive and a cause of stress, the respondents did not indicate being overloaded because of email. Conclusion: Even though there has been a dramatic shift towards email and electronic communication in projects, face-to-face communication is still the most preferred communication type for most situations. Furthermore, email is perceived as an effective tool to delegate, can be used to build and develop relationships and trust, and is an efficient and effective tool that contributes to project communication success.