Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Involuntary movement induced by cerebral ischemia: pathogenesis and surgical outcome.

OBJECT Involuntary movement is an uncommon manifestation of a transient ischemic attack. It may be induced by cerebral hemodynamic insufficiency, which is associated with several cerebral ischemic diseases. The authors present three cases of limb shaking due to moyamoya disease (MMD) or radiation-induced middle cerebral artery stenosis, and three additional cases of choreic movement due to MMD. Neuroimaging studies and surgical outcomes in these patients were retrospectively analyzed to investigate the pathological mechanism underlying the symptoms and to provide guidance for the management of involuntary movement disorders in cases of ischemic cerebral disease. METHODS The patient population included two children and four adults with ages at presentation ranging between 7 and 50 years. The initial presenting symptoms were involuntary movements in all six cases. A magnetic resonance imaging finding common in all cases was a small infarct in the frontal corona radiata, which did not extend to the cortex or basal ganglia. A perfusion defect in the frontoparietal cortical and subcortical regions was demonstrated by single-photon emission computerized tomography in all patients. Improved hemodynamic circulation in the frontoparietal cortical and subcortical regions occurred in parallel with clinical improvement following indirect or direct bypass surgery. CONCLUSIONS Ischemic dysfunction of the frontal cortical and subcortical motor pathways rather than that of the basal ganglia was suspected to be the cause of the observed contralateral involuntary movements. Direct and indirect bypass surgery can be used effectively to treat involuntary movements in patients with cerebral ischemic diseases such as MMD and in those with stenosis of an intracranial major artery.
Testing the reliability and validity of different measures of violent video game use in the United States, Singapore, and Germany.

To examine the potential link between violent video game play and aggressive behavior, reliable and valid measures of the level of violence in video games are required. A range of different approaches have been used in the literature, and it is not clear to what extent they converge or measure different constructs. To address this question, three large longitudinal data sets covering at least 12 months were used from the United States (N 1,232), Singapore (N 3,024), and Germany (N 1,715). Violent content was measured through user ratings, expert ratings, and official agency ratings of individual titles as well as through expert ratings of game genres. The different measures were linked to aggressive behavior both cross-sectionally and longitudinally in all three countries and to the normative acceptance of aggression in Germany and Singapore. User ratings, expert ratings, and official agency ratings were found to be reliable. They showed substantial correlations within each culture as well as between the different cultures, indicating high convergent validity. Measures using nominations of game titles and measures using genre lists showed similar relationships with aggressive behavior and aggressive norms, both concurrently and prospectively over 12 months. Recommendations for a best practice approach to the assessment of violent content in video games are derived from the findings.
Effect of gamut expansion of object colours on a simulated six-primary display

This paper evaluates the gamut expansion ratio on a six-primary display by conducting a psychophysical experiment involving real objects. However, no six-primary display was used in this article; it was based on the simulated and virtual RGBCMY display. We first introduce the algorithm for simulating the six-primary display that consists of three stages: (1) colour separation, (2) code condensation, and (3) white point estimation. To ensure that we identify the most suitable gamut expansion ratio for the human perception of the colours of objects, our experiments featured pineapple, loquat, wax apple, peach, plum, carambola, and guava fruits through saturated colours on a monitor. Subjects were asked to identify their preferences for the colours that they observed. Our results show that the most suitable perception range for real objects is from 1.2 to 1.4.
ALVAC-HIV vaccines: clinical trial experience focusing on progress in vaccine development

A decade of clinical trial experience with the preventive use of ALVAC-HIV (Aventis Pasteur) has revealed important information on the safety and immunogenicity of HIV vaccines in general. The ability to induce mucosal immune responses and the feasibility of assessing those responses with a systemically delivered HIV vaccine was recently shown with ALVAC-HIV. A critical advance for the HIV vaccine field was the reported direct relationship between cellular immune responses to ALVAC-HIV vaccine in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B27 and HLA B57 carriers, alleles linked with a favorable HIV prognosis in the setting of natural infection. Other advances include the use of ALVAC-HIV as a heterologous viral boost to enhance cellular responses to an adenovirus-HIV vaccine. All of these observations have important implications for the future of HIV vaccines and need to be considered in the design of the next generation of products.
Self-regulation of driving speed among distracted drivers: An application of driver behavioral adaptation theory

ABSTRACT Objective: The adaptive behavior of mobile phone–distracted drivers has been a topic of much discussion in the recent literature. Both simulator and naturalistic studies suggest that distracted drivers generally select lower driving speeds; however, speed adaptation is not observed among all drivers, and the mechanisms of speed selection are not well understood. The aim of this research was to apply a driver behavioral adaptation model to investigate the speed adaptation of mobile phone–distracted drivers. Methods: The speed selection behavior of drivers was observed in 3 phone conditions including baseline (no conversation) and hands-free and handheld phone conversations in a high-fidelity driving simulator. Speed adaptation in each phone condition was modeled as a function of secondary task demand and self-reported personal/psychological characteristics with a system of seemingly unrelated equations (SURE) accounting for potential correlations due to repeated measures experiment design. Results: Speed adaptation is similar between hands-free and handheld phone conditions, but the predictors of speed adaptation vary across the phone conditions. Though perceived workload of secondary task demand, self-efficacy, attitude toward safety, and driver demographics were significant predictors of speed adaptation in the handheld condition, drivers' familiarity with the hands-free interface, attitude toward safety, and sensation seeking were significant predictors in the hands-free condition. Drivers who reported more positive safety attitudes selected lower driving speeds while using phones. Conclusion: This research confirmed that behavioral adaptation models are suitable for explaining speed adaptation of mobile phone distracted drivers, and future research could be focused on further theoretical refinement.
Identification of Megachilid Species (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) and Other Pollinators in Apple Orchards in Chihuahua, México

Summary Research on the diversity and abundance of taxa pollinators at the community level are essential to know aspects of their biology, ethology, ecology and the impacts on reproduction and plant diversity. Bees have an important role in providing pollination, which is essential to plant reproduction. The objective of the study was to document the diversity and abundance of bee pollinators, with emphasis in Megachilid species, in 2 unmanaged apple orchards, located in Cuauhtémoc and Guerrero, Chihuahua, México. Both orchards had similar conditions, with intermediate levels of adjacent natural/semi-natural habitat. In 2010, 2011 and 2012, special wood nesting traps for capturing Osmia spp. were installed. Four species of solitary pollinator bees of Osmia genus were captured, of which the most represented was Osmia sp.1, with 323 specimens, followed by Osmia sp.2 with 84 specimens, O. lignaria Say with 11 specimens and 3 specimens of O. integra Cresson. Also, other species of bees and wasps visitors of plants with flowers were found such as Trachusa sp. , Anthidium spp. , Megachile pugnata Say, Heriades carinatus Cresson, Xylocopa sp. , Bombus sp. , Ancistrocerus tuberculocephalus (Saussure) and Vespula sp.
A theory of the Hooge parameters of solid-state devices

Handel's theory of quantum 1/f noise is applied to the Hooge parameters of bipolar transistors and various types of FET's. Very low values for the Hooge parameters α<inf>Hn</inf>and α<inf>Hp</inf>for electrons and holes are obtained. For several cases the experimental data seem to agree with the predicted theoretical limit whereas in other cases the mobility 1/f noise is masked by other noise sources. In good GaAs devices the predicted quantum limit for α<inf>Hn</inf>is reached within a factor 5-10. The theory is also applied to the Hg<inf>1-x</inf>Cd<inf>x</inf>Te materials and devices. Because of the very low effective masses involved, the theory predicts values as high as 2 × 10<sup>-4</sup>-2 × 10<sup>-5</sup>, depending on<tex>x</tex>. What remains presently unexplained are the high values of α<inf>H</inf>for semiconductor resistors and long p-n diodes.
PGV04, an HIV-1 gp120 CD4 Binding Site Antibody, Is Broad and Potent in Neutralization but Does Not Induce Conformational Changes Characteristic of CD4

ABSTRACT Recently, several broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnMAbs) directed to the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) of gp120 have been isolated from HIV-1-positive donors. These include VRC01, 3BNC117, and NIH45-46, all of which are capable of neutralizing about 90% of circulating HIV-1 isolates and all of which induce conformational changes in the HIV-1 gp120 monomer similar to those induced by the CD4 receptor. In this study, we characterize PGV04 (also known as VRC-PG04), a MAb with potency and breadth that rivals those of the prototypic VRC01 and 3BNC117. When screened on a large panel of viruses, the neutralizing profile of PGV04 was distinct from those of CD4, b12, and VRC01. Furthermore, the ability of PGV04 to neutralize pseudovirus containing single alanine substitutions exhibited a pattern distinct from those of the other CD4bs MAbs. In particular, substitutions D279A, I420A, and I423A were found to abrogate PGV04 neutralization. In contrast to VRC01, PGV04 did not enhance the binding of 17b or X5 to their epitopes (the CD4-induced [CD4i] site) in the coreceptor region on the gp120 monomer. Furthermore, in contrast to CD4, none of the anti-CD4bs MAbs induced the expression of the 17b epitope on cell surface-expressed cleaved Env trimers. We conclude that potent CD4bs bnMAbs can display differences in the way they recognize and access the CD4bs and that mimicry of CD4, as assessed by inducing conformational changes in monomeric gp120 that lead to enhanced exposure of the CD4i site, is not uniquely correlated with effective neutralization at the site of CD4 binding on HIV-1.
The effect of theory‐based interventions on physical activity participation among overweight/obese individuals: a systematic review

Little attention has been paid to the evaluation of the long‐term impact of theory‐based interventions on physical activity participation among overweight/obese individuals after the interventions have ended. The primary aim of this systematic review was to investigate the long‐term effectiveness of theory‐based interventions increasing physical activity and identify the most effective techniques for behaviour change among overweight/obese individuals. The secondary aim was to investigate the effect of these interventions on theoretical variables. Eighteen studies were reviewed. Among these studies, three reported significant short‐term and two long‐term effects of interventions on physical activity participation. Most of the studies observed a significant short‐ or long‐term effect of time on this behaviour. Theoretical frameworks most often applied included the Behavioural Model and the Social Learning/Cognitive Theory. However, few of the studies reported any impact on theoretical variables. The most prevalent techniques consisted of providing opportunities for social comparison and instruction as well as self‐monitoring. Leading techniques differentiating the experimental group from the control group included prompting practice and intentions formation and barriers identification. Although the combination of these three techniques appears successful, the long‐term impact of theory‐based interventions remains ambiguous.
Fundamental Directivity Limitations of Dense Array Antennas: A Numerical Study Using Hannan’s Embedded Element Efficiency

Hannan introduced in 1964 an embedded element efficiency concept that explains the so-called element-gain paradox in antenna arrays, i.e., that the array gain always is smaller than the sum of the element gains. In the present letter, we show for the first time the usefulness of his approach by evaluating directivities and aperture efficiencies of an array of open-ended waveguides by commercial full-wave electromagnetic (EM) solvers for a large range of element spacing. The results show also that by using embedded element analysis, the realized gain of regular arrays actually becomes equal to the sum of the realized gains of the embedded elements. Thus, the embedded element efficiency is more practical to use in design and numerical analysis than the more commonly used active element pattern approach. We also show that the embedded element efficiency can be approximated by a simple formula when the element spacing is smaller than half-wavelength.
Histopathologic staging at initial diagnosis of mycosis fungoides and the Sézary syndrome. Definition of three distinctive prognostic groups.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal staging evaluation at the time of initial diagnosis of mycosis fungoides or the Sézary syndrome. DESIGN Retrospective review of a uniformly staged inception cohort. SETTING Single-institution tertiary care center. PATIENTS 152 consecutive patients who had mycosis fungoides with or without the Sézary syndrome within 6 months of the initial definitive diagnosis. INTERVENTION A detailed staging evaluation including physical examination, routine laboratory studies, chest roentgenogram, lymphangiogram, peripheral blood smear, lymph node biopsy, bone marrow aspirate or biopsy, and liver biopsy in selected patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Univariate adverse prognostic features at initial diagnosis in patients with mycosis fungoides included (P less than 0.01) one or more cutaneous tumors or generalized erythroderma, adenopathy, blood smear involvement with Sézary cells, lymph node effacement, eosinophilia, and visceral involvement. Important, independent prognostic factors in a multivariate analysis are the presence of visceral disease and type of skin involvement. CONCLUSIONS A staging system based on histopathologic evaluation of skin, lymph nodes, blood, and visceral sites provides more comprehensive prognostic information than clinical evaluation of skin disease and adenopathy. Patients may be divided at initial presentation into three prognostic groups: good-risk patients, who have plaque-only skin disease without lymph node, blood, or visceral involvement (median survival, greater than 12 years); intermediate-risk patients, who have cutaneous tumors, erythroderma, or plaque disease with node or blood involvement but no visceral disease or node effacement (median survival, 5 years); and poor-risk patients, who have visceral involvement or node effacement (median survival, 2.5 years).
Chronic Rejection in Experimental Cardiac Transplantation: Studies in the Lewis‐F344 Model

Despite recognition of chronic vascular injection by numerous investigators since the beginning of experimental and solid organ transplantation, the pathogenesis of graft arteriosclerosis remains poorly understood. We have defined a reproducible model of this disease by transplanting heterotopic cardiac grafts across minor histocompatibility barriers using inbred strains of rat. We found that long-term surviving Lewis grafts in untreated F344 recipients are subjected to a chronic rejection process which results in the development of diffuse graft arteriosclerotic lesions, indistinguishable in appearance from those seen in human cardiac grafts. Immunohistochemical studies confirm that end-stage lesions are similar in composition to human lesions, made up predominantly of vascular smooth muscle cells with occasional monocytes and T cells. Analysis of serial rejecting allografts demonstrates that a distinct inflammatory stage precedes smooth muscle cell accumulation in areas of intimal thickening, suggesting that mononuclear cells play a role in the developing lesion. Endothelial expression of class II and ICAM-1 appears to lead to early mononuclear cell adherence to the endothelium. Analysis using quantitative RT-PCR confirms that MCP-1 is expressed by ED1-positive monocyte/macrophages in rejecting cardiac grafts, suggesting that this chemoattractant may help drive mononuclear cell accumulation in the expanding intima. Immunohistochemical labelling of PDGF, TNF, and IL-1 in vascular lesions suggests that these growth factors may trigger intimal vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in chronically rejecting allografts. Hypercholesterolemia did not enhance the severity of lesion development in long-term surviving allografts, suggesting that lipid levels are not a major etiologic factor in graft arteriosclerotic lesion formation in the Lewis-F344 model. Finally, the dietary manipulation of EFAD reduced graft infiltration by mononuclear cells and markedly diminished arterial lesion development in chronically rejecting grafts. Heparin anologues have previously been shown to inhibit proliferative vascular smooth muscle cell lesions in rats following endothelial injury (Clowes & Karnovsky 1977), and we are currently assessing the role of heparin in the therapy of graft arteriosclerosis in the Lewis-F344 model. We are also investigating the role of CD4-positive mononuclear cells in the pathogenesis of lesion development, using the anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody BWH-4 to deplete recipients of CD4-positive cells (Sayegh et al. 1991). In summary, our studies in the Lewis-F344 model suggest that monocyte/macrophages play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac graft arteriosclerosis. Future studies utilizing this model should help further elucidate the mechanisms resulting in--and help define potential therapies for--chronic rejection in cardiac transplantation.
Inspired by Distraction

Although anecdotes that creative thoughts often arise when one is engaged in an unrelated train of thought date back thousands of years, empirical research has not yet investigated this potentially critical source of inspiration. We used an incubation paradigm to assess whether performance on validated creativity problems (the Unusual Uses Task, or UUT) can be facilitated by engaging in either a demanding task or an undemanding task that maximizes mind wandering. Compared with engaging in a demanding task, rest, or no break, engaging in an undemanding task during an incubation period led to substantial improvements in performance on previously encountered problems. Critically, the context that improved performance after the incubation period was associated with higher levels of mind wandering but not with a greater number of explicitly directed thoughts about the UUT. These data suggest that engaging in simple external tasks that allow the mind to wander may facilitate creative problem solving.
No association between the progesterone receptor gene +331G/A polymorphism and breast cancer.

Progesterone is critical to normal breast development, and its activity is mediated by the progesterone receptor (PR) that is part of the steroid-thyroid-retinoic acid receptor superfamily of transcription factors ([1][1]). A single copy of the progesterone receptor gene ( PGR ), located on
Depth‐dependent influence of different land‐use systems on bacterial biogeography

&NA; Despite progress in understanding microbial biogeography of surface soils, few studies have investigated depth‐dependent distributions of terrestrial microorganisms in subsoils. We leveraged high‐throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes obtained from soils collected from the rare Charitable Research Reserve (Cambridge, ON, Canada) to assess the influence of depth on bacterial communities across various land‐use types. Although bacterial communities were strongly influenced by depth across all sites, the magnitude of this influence was variable and demonstrated that land‐use attributes also played a significant role in shaping soil bacterial communities. Soil pH exhibited a large gradient across samples and strongly influenced shifts in bacterial communities with depth and across different land‐use systems, especially considering that physicochemical conditions showed generally consistent trends with depth. We observed significant (p ≤ 0.001) and strongly correlated taxa with depth and pH, with a strong predominance of positively depth‐correlated OTUs without cultured representatives. These findings highlight the importance of depth in soil biogeographical surveys and that subsurface soils harbour understudied bacterial members with potentially unique and important functions in deeper soil horizons that remain to be characterized.
Objective and Subjective ‘Ought’

This essay offers an account of the truth conditions of sentences involving deontic modals like ‘ought’, designed to capture the difference between objective and subjective kinds of ‘ought’ This account resembles the classical semantics for deontic logic: according to this account, these truths conditions involve a function from the world of evaluation to a domain of worlds (equivalent to a so-called “modal base”), and an ordering of the worlds in such domains; this ordering of the worlds itself arises from two further elements – a probability function and a value function – since this ordering ranks the worlds in accordance with the expected value of certain propositions that are true at those worlds. Thus, a proposition of the form ‘Ought (p)’ is true at a world of evaluation w if and only if p is true at all the top-ranked worlds in the domain assigned to w. This domain of worlds consists of metaphysically possible worlds, while the probability function is defined over a space of epistemically possible worlds (which may include metaphysically impossible worlds, such as worlds where Hesperus is not Phosphorus). Evidence is given that this account assigns the correct truth conditions to a wide range of sentences involving ‘ought’. Since these truth conditions involve both a domain of metaphysically possible worlds and a space of epistemically possible worlds, there are two corresponding kinds of conditional involving ‘ought’, depending on which space of worlds is restricted by the conditional. Finally, some objections that might be raised against this account are answered.