Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
de Travail n ° 2012-10 Native Language , Spoken Language , Translation and Trade J . MELITZ

We construct new series for common native language and common spoken language for 195 countries, which we use together with series for common official language and linguistic proximity in order to draw inferences about (1) the aggregate impact of all linguistic factors on bilateral trade, (2) whether the linguistic influences come from ethnicity and trust or ease of communication, and (3) in so far they come from ease of communication, to what extent translation and interpreters play a role. The results show that the impact of linguistic factors, all together, is at least twice as great as the usual dummy variable for common language, resting on official language, would say. In addition, ease of communication is far more important than ethnicity and trust. Further, so far as ease of communication is at work, translation and interpreters are extremely important. Finally, ethnicity and trust come into play largely because of immigrants and their influence is otherwise difficult to detect. JEL Classification : F10; F40
Intercropping spring wheat with grain legume for increased production in an organic crop rotation.

The aim of the three-year study was to determine the impact of intercropping spring wheat with grain legumes on yield performance and stability, nitrogen use, weed control and grain quality. The experiment was carried out during 2007–2009 on a loamy Endocalcari-Epihypogleyic Cambisol (CMg-p-w-can) in Dotnuva (55o 24′N). Grain legumes: field pea (Pisum sativum L.), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), bean (Vicia faba L.), vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were sown as intercrops and sole crops and were grown organically for grain. The productivity of spring wheat sole crop or intercrops depended on the species of grain legume, however, the results varied over the experimental years. In 2007, the vetch and wheat intercrop produced a significantly higher grain yield than wheat in sole crop or in the other intercrops. In 2008, no advantages of legume and wheat intercrops were revealed. In 2009, the yield of sole legume crops was lower compared with the total wheat and legume intercrops. The concentration of crude protein was higher in grain yield, when spring wheat had been grown in intercrops. Vetch exhibited the best suppressing ability on weeds compared to all other grain legumes investigated. The total weed mass in spring wheat intercrops with grain legume was lower compared to that in the sole crops.
Eruption style and crystal size distributions: Crystallization of groundmass nanolites in the 2011 Shinmoedake eruption

Abstract Crystallization of groundmass minerals may record the physicochemical conditions of magmatic processes upon eruption and is thus a topic of interdisciplinary research in the disciplines of mineralogy, petrology, and volcanology. Recent studies have reported that the groundmass crystals of some volcanic rocks exhibit a break in their crystal size distribution (CSD) slopes that range from a few micrometers to hundreds of nanometers. The crystals consisting of the finer parts of the break were defined as nanolites. In this study, we report the presence of nanometer-scale crystals down to 1 nm in the pyroclasts of the 2011 eruption of Shinmoedake, the Kirishima volcano group, based on field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We discovered a gap (hiatus) from ~100 to ~30 nm in the size distribution of pyroxene in a dense juvenile fragment of a vulcanian explosion. The pyroxene crystals ~20–30 nm on a diameter were ferroaugite (C2/c), while those a few hundred nanometers in width had a composite structure consisting of the domains of orthopyroxene (Pbca), augite (C2/c), and sub-calcic augite (C2/c). In high-angle annular dark-field scanning TEM images of the same sample, bright spots ~1–2 nm in diameter were recognized with a gap in size from ~10–20 nm titanomagnetite (Fd3m). They are presumed to have Fe-rich compositions, although their phases were too small to be determined. In addition, we found that crystals smaller than a few tens of nanometers for pyroxene and 100 nm for plagioclase did not exist or their number densities were too low for accurate determination. This indicates that there are practical minimum sizes of the crystals. These observations show that nucleation of the nanoscale crystals almost paused (froze) in the late stage of groundmass crystallization, possibly due to a decrease in undercooling, increase in interfacial free energy, and decrease in diffusivity in a dehydrated melt, whereas crystal growth was mostly continuous. In this paper, we introduce the novel term “ultrananolite,” to refer to crystals smaller than 30 nm in diameter, and redefine “nanolite” simply as those 30 nm to 1 µm in width, complementing the size interval of crystals in volcanic groundmass smaller than microlites (1–30 μm). In the transient nucleation process, the presence of subcritical size clusters is required. The observed ultrananolite-sized particles might partly include subcritical clusters. The difference in the slope of CSDs, presence of gaps in size distribution, and minimum crystal size among the eruption styles of the 2011 Shinmoedake eruption may be interpreted by considering the difference in magma residence time and fragmentation pressure in the shallow conduit, and possibly the rewelding process in the crater.
High gene expression levels of VEGFA and CXCL8 in the peritumoral brain zone are associated with the recurrence of glioblastoma: A bioinformatics analysis

The present study aimed to identify differentially regulated genes between the peritumoral brain zone (PBZ) and tumor core (TC) of glioblastoma (GBM), to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms and provide a target for the treatment of tumors. The GSE13276 and GSE116520 datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for the PBZ and TC were obtained using the GEO2R tool. The bioinformatics and evolutionary genomics online tool Venn was used to identify common DEGs between the two datasets. The Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery online tool was used to analyze enriched pathways of the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins online tool was used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs. Hub genes were identified using Cytohubba, a plug-in for Cytoscape. The Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database was utilized to perform survival analysis. In total, 75 DEGs, including 12 upregulated and 63 downregulated genes, were identified. In the GO term analysis, these DEGs were mainly enriched in ‘regulation of angiogenesis’ and ‘central nervous system development’. Furthermore, in the KEGG pathway analysis, the DEGs were mainly enriched in ‘bladder cancer’ and ‘endocytosis’. When filtering the results of the PPI network analysis using Cytohubba, a total of 10 hub genes, including proteolipid protein 1, myelin associated oligodendrocyte basic protein, contactin 2, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, myelin basic protein, myelin associated glycoprotein, SRY-box transcription factor 10, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and plasmolipin, were identified. These hub genes were further subjected to GO term and KEGG pathway analysis, and were revealed to be enriched in ‘central nervous system development’, ‘bladder cancer’ and ‘rheumatoid arthritis’. These hub genes were used to perform survival analysis using the GEPIA database, and it was determined that VEGFA and CXCL8 were significantly associated with a reduction in the overall survival of patients with GBM. In conclusion, the results suggest that the recurrence of GBM is associated with high gene expression levels VEGFA and CXCL8, and the development of the central nervous system.
Improving ecological performance of industrialized building systems in Malaysia

For construction stakeholders to fully embrace sustainability, its long-term benefits and associated risks need to be identified through holistic approaches. Consensus among key stakeholders is very important to the improvement of the ecological performance of industrialized building systems (IBS), a building construction method gaining momentum in Malaysia. A questionnaire survey examines the relative significance of 16 potentially important sustainability factors for IBS applications. To present possible solutions, semi-structured interviews solicit views from experienced IBS practitioners, representing the professions involved. Three most critical factors agreed by key stakeholders are material consumption, waste generation and waste disposal. Using SWOT analysis, the positive and negative aspects of these factors are investigated, with action plans formulated for IBS design practitioners. The SWOT analysis based guidelines have the potential to become part of IBS design briefing documents against which sustainability solutions are contemplated, selected and implemented. Existing knowledge on ecological performance issues is extended by considering the unique characteristics of IBS and identifying not only the benefits, but also the potential risks and challenges of pursuing sustainability. This is largely missing in previous research efforts. Findings to date focus on providing much-needed assistance to IBS designers, who are at the forefront of decision-making with a significant level of project influence. Ongoing work will be directed towards other project development phases and consider the inherent linkage between design decisions and subsequent sustainability deliverables in the project life cycle.
Empirical Link between Macroeconomic Policy Variables and the Performance of Quoted Agro-Based Firms in Nigeria

﻿This paper modeled the determinants of quoted agro-based firm’s performance equation in Nigeria. Time series data employed in the analysis covered the period 2000-2012 and was obtained from Central bank of Nigeria. Data were analyzed using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression technique. To ascertain for stationarity, Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test was conducted on the variables. Result revealed that while Energy consumption per capita (ENRt), Install Capacity Utilization Rate (ICUt),Total Commercial Bank credit to Small Scale Industries (TCBCt), exerted significant positive impact on agro-based performance, exchange rate ( EXRt) impacted negatively on agro-based performance. This underscores the need to pursue policies that would improve energy production in the country, ensure proper funding of the sector and stabilizes exchange rate as the way out.
NUTRIENT CONSUMPTION AND DIGESTIBILITY OF SUGAR CANE DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH SOYBEAN MEAL OR UREA

The present work was developed aiming to verify the effect on intake and digestibility of diets based on sugar cane, whose CP levels were supplemented with concentrate based on soybean meal or different levels of urea, fed to dairy cows. Twelve Holstein dairy cows were used, arranged in three 4 x 4 Latin squares distributed according to the lactation period. After analysing the variance, we proceeded to compare the non-orthogonal contrasts. There was no difference (P>0.05) for the consumption of dry matter/material (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (CHO), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and DM (g/kg 0.75 ) between diets. Between different levels of urea, a linearly decreasing effect for the consumption of NDF kg/day and NDF (% body weight) was verified. There was no difference (P>0.05) for apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, and NFC when comparing different diets. There was linear increase between treatments of urea for CHO digestibility and total nutrient digestive. The soybean meal in the concentrate is not necessary in diets based on sugarcane supplemented with urea. The inclusion of urea is not necessary in diets based on sugar cane supplemented with a base concentrate of soybean meal for dairy cows producing 20 kg/day.
EVALUATIO OF WOU D HEALI G EFFECT OF A POLYHERBAL FORMULATIO BY DIFFERE T CUTA EOUS WOU D MODELS

In present study, a Polyherbal formulation (PHF) containing the hydro alcoholic extracts of root bark of Calotropis gigentea Linn. , leaves of yctanthes arbortristis Linn. , and flower of Tridax procumbens in an optimized ratio (5:3:2) was evaluated in different cutaneous wound models. An Ointment of PHF (10%w/w) was prepared and was applied topically in excision wound model in rats. In dead space and incision wound model oral suspension of PHF at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg was given orally to rats. In excision wound model, PHF ointment showed a significant (p< 0.05) wound contraction rate compared with normal control and standard group i.e. nitrofurazone ointment applied topically (0.2%w/w) on 10 th , 15 th , 20 th day of experiments. In incision model, PHF treated groups showed significant increase (p< 0.05) in tensile strength at 200 mg/kg and at 400 mg/kg compared with normal groups. In dead space model, there was increased weight of granuloma tissue in drug treated groups and significant increase in hydroxyproline contents. Increased hydroxyproline contents showed greater synthesis of collagen.
For What Duration Should a Patient Receive Anticoagulation After an Acute PE ?

Correspondence: Michael L. Scharf, MD, 834 Walnut St., Suite 650, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Tel: 215-955-6590 E-mail: michael.scharf@jefferson.edu Abstract: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is common and the majority of patients survive the acute event. Survivors are at increased risk for adverse outcomes, including persistent thrombi, recurrent embolism, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), and death. Anticoagulation protects against recurrence, which has a high mortality rate. The recommended duration of anticoagulation for patients with reversible PE risk factors is 3 months. For patients with idiopathic PE or persistent risk factors, extended duration of anticoagulation is preferred, balanced with an individual patient’s risk of hemorrhage, which in itself is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Among patients with malignancy who develop venous thromboembolism (VTE), low-molecular-weight heparin is preferred over oral vitamin K antagonists in the fi rst 6 months. Thereafter, anticoagulation should be continued indefi nitely with either low-molecular-weight heparin or oral vitamin K antagonists. Inferior vena cava fi lters are not routinely recommended and should only be used in patients who have a contraindication to anticoagulation. Patients who have had VTE and with persistent or recurrent dyspnea should be evaluated for recurrence of VTE or development of CTEPH. Patients with recurrent VTE should be anticoagulated indefi nitely. Routine screening for CTEPH in asymptomatic patients is not recommended. Echocardiography often provides the fi rst indication of the presence of pulmonary hypertension. Once presence of CTEPH is established by right-sided heart catheterization and perfusion imaging (ie, ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy, computed tomography angiography, or pulmonary angiography), patients should be referred early to a center with expertise, as it is potentially surgically curable by pulmonary endarterectomy. Those who are deemed inoperable after being evaluated may gain symptomatic benefi t from drugs approved for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Lung transplantation may also be an option for patients who are not candidates for pulmonary endarterectomy.
Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – prevalence, risk factors and pathological aspect

HCM is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease in both humans (Liu et al., 1993; Maron et al., 2003) and cats (Meurs et al., 2007; Meurs et al., 2005). It is the most prevalent cardiomyopathy disease in both species; however, several factors preclude accurate determination of the disease frequency. It has been estimated to affect 0.1 0.2% of the human population and is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death in adolescents (including competitive athletes) (Maron et al., 1995). In cats the prevalence is high and it is estimated closed to 16% of the overtly healthy cat population are affected (Cote et al., 2004; Paige et al., 2009; Riesen et al., 2007a). A retrospective echocardiographic study reported that 57.5% of cats initially diagnosed as idiopathic cardiomyopathy (n = 106) were found to have HCM (Ferasin et al., 2003). HCM is a disease of young-to-middle age cats between 8 months to 16 year (mean of onset around 6.5 year) (Kraus et al., 1999; Nakagawa et al., 2002). The youngest documented was 2 months old (Fujii et al., 2001) and was commonly observed in males (Fujii et al., 2001; Granstrom et al., 2011; Liu et al., 1981; Riesen et al., 2007a; Tilley et al., 1977), a pattern which is not seen in humans. Male cats were also observed predisposed to HCM earlier in life and with a more aggressive development of the disease (Atkins et al., 1992; Rush et al., 2002), compared to female cats. Generally, cats are a sedentary animal by nature but stressful situations (e.g. cat fights or chased by dog – increased sympathetic activity of the heart), may induce sudden death in cats with asymptomatic HCM (Kittleson and Kienle, 1998). A cross-sectional echocardiographic study identified a high frequency of 8 10% HCM amongst overtly healthy cats (Riesen et al., 2007a), which suggested that substantial changes to the heart were apparent well before any clinical signs were observed. This asymptomatic incidence of HCM partially explains episodes of sudden death or aortic thromboembolism that occurs in apparently young healthy cats without any obvious clinical signs (Baty et al., 2001; Cote et al., 2004; Liu and Tilley, 1980; Riesen et al., 2007b). Two large retrospective studies reported that the median survival time for cats presented with aortic thromboembolism, congestive heart failure and
Understanding bird collisions with man-made objects: a sensory ecology approach

Sensory ecology investigates the information that underlies an animal’s interactions with its environment. A sensory ecology framework is used here to seek to assess why flying birds collide with prominent structures, such as power lines, fences, communication masts, wind turbines and buildings, which intrude into the open airspace. Such collisions occur under conditions of both high and low visibility. It is argued that a human perspective of the problems posed by these obstacles is unhelpful. Birds live in different visual worlds and key aspects of these differences are summarized. When in flight, birds may turn their heads in both pitch and yaw to look down, either with the binocular field or with the lateral part of an eye’s visual field. Such behaviour may be usual and results in certain species being at least temporarily blind in the direction of travel. Furthermore, even if birds are looking ahead, frontal vision may not be in high resolution. In general, high resolution occurs in the lateral fields of view and frontal vision in birds may be tuned for the detection of movement concerned with the extraction of information from the optical flow field, rather than the detection of high spatial detail. Birds probably employ lateral vision for the detection of conspecifics, foraging opportunities and predators. The detection of these may be more important than simply looking ahead during flight in the open airspace. Birds in flight may predict that the environment ahead is not cluttered. Even if they are facing forward, they may fail to see an obstacle as they may not predict obstructions; perceptually they have no ‘prior’ for human artefacts such as buildings, power wires or wind turbines. Birds have only a restricted range of flight speeds that can be used to adjust their rate of gain of visual information as the sensory challenges of the environment change. It is argued that to reduce collisions with known hazards, something placed upon the ground may be more important than something placed on the obstacle itself. Foraging patches, conspecific models or alerting sounds placed a suitable distance from the hazard may be an effective way of reducing collisions in certain locations. However, there is unlikely to be a single effective way to reduce collisions for multiple species at any one site. Warning or diversion and distraction solutions may need to be tailored for particular target species.
, Isabelle Adaptation and Transmission Reveal Evolutionary Factors of Molecular Dynamics between Two Genogroups and Coxsackievirus B 5 Arise from Population Phylogenetic Patterns of Human

Published Ahead of Print 4 September 2013. 2013, 87(22):12249. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02075-13. J. Virol. Peigue-Lafeuille and Jean-Luc Bailly Terletskaia-Ladwig, Christina Christodoulou, Hélène Schuffenecker, Blenda Böttiger, Sabine Diedrich, Elena Cécile Henquell, Audrey Mirand, Jan Richter, Isabelle Adaptation and Transmission Reveal Evolutionary Factors of Molecular Dynamics between Two Genogroups and Coxsackievirus B5 Arise from Population Phylogenetic Patterns of Human
Agency Theory and Franchising: Some Empirical Results

This article provides an empirical assessment of various agency-theoretic explanations for franchising, including risk sharing, one-sided moral hazard, and two-sided moral hazard. The empirical models use proxies for factors such as risk, moral hazard, and franchisors' need for capital to explain both franchisors' decisions about the terms of their contracts (royalty rates and up-front franchise fees) and the extent to which they use franchising. In this article, I exploit several new sources of data on franchising to construct a cross section of 548 franchisors involved in various business activities in the United States in 1986. The data are most consistent with a model based on two-sided moral hazard. The empirical models are also more successful at explaining the extent to which franchisors choose to franchise stores than at explaining the terms of franchise contracts. Finally, contrary to the predictions of several theoretical models, I find that royalty rates and franchise fees are not negatively related.
Intelligent Sensing Using Multiple Sensors for Material Characterization

This paper presents a concept of an intelligent sensing technique based on modulating the frequency responses of microwave near-field sensors to characterize material parameters. The concept is based on the assumption that the physical parameters being extracted such as fluid concentration are constant over the range of frequency of the sensor. The modulation of the frequency response is based on the interactions between the material under test and multiple sensors. The concept is based on observing the responses of the sensors over a frequency wideband as vectors of many dimensions. The dimensions are then considered as the features for a neural network. With small datasets, the neural networks can produce highly accurate and generalized models. The concept is demonstrated by designing a microwave sensing system based on a two-port microstrip line exciting three-identical planar resonators. For experimental validation, the sensor is used to detect the concentration of a fluid material composed of two pure fluids. Very high accuracy is achieved.