Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structure of a Caatinga anuran assemblage in Northeastern Brazil

Based on data on diet and microhabitat use, we investigated the importance of current (ecological) and historical factors (phylogenetic) in the organization of an anuran assemblage in temporary ponds in a Caatinga area in Northeastern Brazil. The objective of this study was to verify how diet and microhabitat use influence the community structure, and their determinants. Niche breadth based on microhabitat use was relatively low for all species; thus, we also observed a spatial segregation between Hylidae and other families. The closely related species exhibit a more similar diet; the main prey categories used by Caatinga anurans were Coleoptera, insect larvae and Formicidae. The pseudo-community analysis based on diet and microhabitat use revealed that the observed niche overlap did not differ statistically from random, indicating a lack of detectable competition for these resources. The Canonical Phylogenetic Ordination (CPO) analyses revealed no significant phylogenetic effect on the assemblage, neither for diet nor for microhabitat use. Results suggest that predation and hydroperiod may be the most important factors in determining assemblage patterns, but more studies are needed to support this hypothesis. Keywords: community, Amphibia, ecological factors, historical factors.
Category Stretching: Reorienting Research on Categories in Strategy, Entrepreneurship, and Organization Theory

We advocate for more tolerance in the manner we collectively address categories and categorization in our research. Drawing on the prototype view, organizational scholars have provided a ‘disciplining’ framework to explain how category membership shapes, impacts and limits organizational success. By stretching the existing straightjacket of scholarship on categories, we point to other useful conceptualizations of categories – i.e. the causal model and the goal-based approaches of categorization – and propose that depending on situational circumstances, and beyond a disciplining exercise, categories involve a cognitive test of congruence and a goal satisfying calculus. Unsettling the current consensus about categorical imperatives and market discipline, we suggest also that markets may tolerate more often than thought organizations that blend, span, and stretch categories. We derive implications for research about multi-category membership and mediation in markets, and suggest ways in which work on the theme of categories in the strategy, entrepreneurship, and managerial cognition literatures can be enriched.
Biochemical behavior of bean seeds and grains during storage = Comportamento bioquímico de sementes e grãos de feijão durante o armazenamento

The development of researches about vigor provides greater insight about the physiological behavior of seeds over storage periods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical changes which occurred in beans stored for 360 days. Analyses were performed at 0, 30, 90, 180, 270, and 360 days after receiving the seeds (S1 and S2) and grains (G1 and G2) of BRS Splendor. The following tests were conducted: water content, electrical conductivity, and chemical composition of the soaking solution, where sugars and ions Fe 2+ , Zn, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and K + were quantified. The experimental design was completely randomized split-plot and means were compared through Tukey test (p>0.05). Water content decreased after 90 days, and after 180 days reached an average of 16%. The electrical conductivity showed the greatest loss of solute after 90 days. Larger amounts of soluble sugars were found in S1 and G1. The quantities of potassium and calcium decreased after 360 days, while magnesium increased after 90 days of storage. The electrical conductivity test showed no direct relation to the quantification of the investigated ions. The amount and behavior of amino acids and studied ions did not showed relation to the decrease in vigor of beans.
Aging Salamandrina perspicillata (Savi, 1821) by skeletochronology

We assessed age and first reproduction age in Salamandrina perspicillata females by means of skeletochronological analysis. As we examined sections from the third toe of the hind limbs, the tecnique herewith introduced is non-letal and compatible with ecological investigations. Females reached sexual maturity at four or five years; the oldest female was 12. SVL is a reliable body size index for assessing age (r2 = 0.74).
Genetic variability of Brazilian rice landraces determined by SSR markers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability of rice (Oryza sativa) landraces collected in Brazilian small farms. Twelve simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers characterized 417 landraces collected in 1986, 1987 and 2003, in the state of Goias, Brazil. The number of landraces with long and thin grain type increased in the evaluated period, probably due to market demand. Based on the molecular data, the genetic variability increased during this period and, as per to the factorial correspondence analysis, most of the accessions were grouped according to the year of collection. The incorporation of modern rice cultivars in landrace cultivation areas and the selection carried out by small farmers are the most probable factors responsible for increasing landrace genetic variability, during the evaluated period. Genotype exchange between farmers, selection practice and local environmental adaptation are able to generate novel adapted allele combinations, which can be used by breeding programs, to reinitiate the process.
Rearing Styles, Parents' Attachment Mental State,and Children's Social Abilities: The Link to Peer Acceptance

This paper examines the discriminant effect of mothers' and fathers' attachment working models, the quality of their relationships in everyday settings, and children's social abilities on children's peer acceptance. Participants were thirty-four 7–9 year olds, their mothers, and fathers. Interactions were observed at home and coded on global measures of positive, negative, controlling, disconfirming, correcting behaviors, and neutral conversation. Parents' IWM were assessed by the AAI. Children's peer acceptance and behavioral orientations as a measure of a child's social competence at school were assessed by sociometric techniques. By using both traditional statistical analyses and a multidimensional scaling approach (MDS), in terms of “similarity structure analysis (SSA)” and the “external variables as points technique,” it emerged that children's lack of success among peers associated with social behaviors which were linked to parents' rejecting/neglecting and directive interactive styles, mainly to negative, disconfirming, and a few positive interactions. These parenting styles were significantly affected by adults' insecure IWM.
Growth rates of black caiman (Melanosuchus niger) and spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) from two different Amazonian flooded habitats

Rates of growth and survival in wild populations are affected by the physical environment, biotic interactions, and density-dependent processes, such as growth and fecundity. However, the relative importance of these factors in long- lived reptiles is poorly understood. We analyzed growth rates of Melanosuchus niger and Caiman crocodilus coexisting in two areas of the Brazilian Amazon with very different environmental characteristics. Growth rates of Caiman crocodilus at the two sites were similar, but M. niger grew more slowly in the area with higher productivity and higher density of caimans. Growth rates of the same species from other sites and of the temperate-zone Alligator mississippiensis indicate large differences among sites, but little evidence that these differences are primarily due to differences in productivity or temperature. Demographic models used to estimate sustained yields from caiman harvests should take into account the likely importance of density-dependent growth.
Nectar Bat-Plant Interactions in North American Deserts

Acknowledgements Our research on desert bat-plant interactions was funded by Bat Conservation International, the National Geographic Society, and the U.S. National Science Foundation. We thank A. Tejedor for conducting the stable isotope analyses in the lab of L. Sternberg (University of Miami); the editors of this special issue for inviting us to write this review; J. Nassar and T. Hernández-Hernández for discussion; and an anonymous reviewer for useful comments and suggestions. Abstract
Glacio and hydro-isostasy in the Mediterranean Sea: Clark's zones and role of remote ice sheets

Solving the sea-level equation for a spherically symmetric Earth we study the relative sea-level curves in the Mediterranean Sea in terms of Clark's zones and we explore their sensitivity to the time-history of Late-Pleis- tocene ice aggregates. Since the Mediterranean is an intermediate field region with respect to the former ice sheets, glacio- and hydro-isostasy both contribute to sea-level variations throughout the Holocene. In the bulk of the basin, subsidence of the sea floor results in a monotonous sea-level rise, whereas along continental margins water loading produces the effect of «continental levering», which locally originates marked highstands followed by a sea-level fall. To describe such peculiar pattern of relative sea-level in this and other mid-latitude closed basins we introduce a new Clark's zone (namely, Clark's zone VII). Using a suite of publicly available ice sheet chronologies, we identify for the first time a distinct sensitivity of predictions to the Antarctic ice sheet. In par- ticular, we show that the history of mid to Late Holocene sea-level variations along the coasts of SE Tunisia may mainly reflect the melting of Antarctica, by a consequence of a mutual cancellation of the effects from the North- ern Hemisphere ice-sheets at this specific site. Ice models incorporating a delayed melting of Antarctica may ac- count for the observations across the Mediterranean, but fail to reproduce the SE Tunisia highstand.
Can Private School Subsidies Increase Enrollment for the Poor? The Quetta Urban Fellowship Program

This study evaluates a program designed to stimulate girls' schooling through the creation of private girls' schools in poor urban neighborhoods of Quetta, Pakistan. Enrollment growth in these randomly selected neighborhoods is compared to enrollment growth in otherwise similar neighborhoods that were randomly assigned to a control group. The analysis indicates that the program increased girls' enrollment around 33 percentage points. Boys' enrollment rose as well, partly because boys were allowed to attend the new schools and partly because parents would not send their girls to school without also educating their boys. This outcome suggests that programs targeted at girls can also induce parents to invest more in their boys. The success of the program varied across neighborhoods, although success was not clearly related to the relative wealth of a neighborhood or to parents' level of education. Thus the program offers tremendous promise for increasing enrollment rates in other poor urban areas.
Balancing multiple constraints in model‐data integration: Weights and the parameter block approach

Model data integration (MDI) studies are key to parameterize ecosystem models that synthesize our knowledge about ecosystem function. The use of diverse data sets, however, results in strongly imbalanced contributions of data streams with model fits favoring the largest data stream. This imbalance poses new challenges in the identification of model deficiencies. A standard approach for balancing is to attribute weights to different data streams in the cost function. However, this may result in overestimation of posterior uncertainty. In this study, we propose an alternative: the parameter block approach. The proposed method enables joint optimization of different blocks, i.e., subsets of the parameters, against particular data streams. This method is applicable when specific parameter blocks are related to processes that are more strongly associated with specific observations, i.e., data streams. A comparison of different approaches using simple artificial examples and the DALEC ecosystem model is presented. The unweighted inversion of a DALEC model variant, where artificial structural errors in photosynthesis calculation had been introduced, failed to reveal the resulting biases in fast processes (e.g., turnover). The posterior bias emerged only in parameters related to slower processes (e.g., carbon allocation) constrained by fewer data sets. On the other hand, when weighted or blocked approaches were used, the introduced biases were revealed, as expected, in parameters of fast processes. Ultimately, with the parameter block approach, the transfer of model error was diminished and at the same time the overestimation of posterior uncertainty associated with weighting was prevented.
MALAY SUBTITLES OF SEXUAL REFERENCES AND PROFANE LANGUAGE OF ENGLISH FILMS

Subtitling English films in Malaysia, especially English sexual references and profane language into Malay Subtitles, presents the subtitle with specific constraints and challenges. These are due to the taboo nature of the source language texts which are deemed inappropriate to the Malay society. This article aimed to investigate the issues involved and the procedures the subtitler adopts in dealing with such translation challenges. Vinay and Darbelnet’s (1995) and Koponen’s (2010) model were utilised to examine the accuracy of the Malay subtitle for its corresponding English dialogue by comparing the semantic components in the source text-target text pairs of selected English language films aired on Malaysian Pay TV, Astro. The findings revealed that most of the sexual references and profane language was translated via “equivalence” procedure, while “omission” and “mistranslation” were the common errors made in the translations.
The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure on Financial Performance: Evidence from Credit Institutions in Vietnam

This study examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure and financial performance of banks in Vietnam over the period 2011 – 2016. By using content analysis to approach CSR related data as well as ordinary least square (OLS) estimator to analyse data, the finding of this study indicates that there is a significant negative relationship between CSR disclosure and financial performance of commercial banks in Vietnam. This result might be explained by additional requirements of the law for social responsibility while banks are in difficult situation as a result of economic slowdown during researched period. Together with that, perception of banks’ customers toward banking corporate social responsibility of Vietnam also contributed to build up this negative linkage.
The Influence of Servant Leadership towards Organizational Commitment: The Mediating Role of Trust in Leaders

The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of trust in leaders as a mediator between servant leadership styleand organizational commitment in the context of market research firms in Malaysia. A total of 177 respondentsparticipated in this survey. A correlation analysis was conducted and the result shows that all variables aresignificantly correlated at p < 0.01. In addition, results from the regression analyses indicate that trust in leadersserves as a partial mediator between servant leadership and organizational commitment. Servant leadership andtrust in leaders are crucial to maintain higher organizational commitment among employees. Thus, leaders inorganization should adopt servant leadership style to gain employees’ trust and subsequently employees aremore willing to participate and support in organizational activities.
Comparing linguistic and genetic relationships among east asian populations: a study of the Rh and GM polymorphisms

INTRODUCTION According to palaeoanthropological and archaeological records, East Asia is probably one of the earliest regions settled by our species, Homo sapiens sapiens, after Africa and the Middle East (Lahr and Foley 1994, 1998). Research in this region of the world should thus provide important clues about the history of our species. Moreover, documenting the genetic diversity of East Asian populations is a crucial step in understanding the settlement history of such regions as Japan, insular Southeast Asia and Oceania, as well as the American continent. Continental East Asian populations have recently attracted the attention of molecular anthropologists, as attested by the numerous studies on variation of molecular markers in these populations published during the last four or five years (e.g. Chu et al. 1998; Ding et al. 2000; Karafet et al. 2001; Ke et al. 2001; Oota et al. 2002; Su et al. 1999; Yao et al. 2002a). These studies have provided contradictory results and lead to discrepancies in the interpretation of the genetic history of East Asian populations. There may be several reasons that explain this, including differential or restricted sampling of populations, but most importantly, because each independent component of our genome has its own specific evolutionary history. For instance, gender-specific polymorphisms, such as those studied on the mitochondrial genome and the Y chromosome, have revealed the impact of differential migratory behaviour of men and women on the genetic structure of populations (Oota et al. 2001a; Poloni et al. 1997; Seilestadt et al. 1998). Thus, several polymorphic systems must be analysed to draw more conclusive inferences about the genetic history of populations in East Asia.
The propagation of two-dimensional and axisymmetric viscous gravity currents over a rigid horizontal surface

The viscous gravity current that results when fluid flows along a rigid horizontal surface below fluid of lesser density is analysed using a lubrication-theory approximation. It is shown that the effect on the gravity current of the motion in the upper fluid can be expressed as a condition of zero shear on the unknown upper surface of the gravity current. With the supposition that the volume of heavy fluid increases with time like tα, where α is a constant, a similarity solution to the governing nonlinear partial differential equations is obtained, which describes the shape and rate of propagation of the current. The viscous theory is shown to be valid for t [Gt ] t1, when α < αc and for t [Lt ] t1 when α > αc, where t1, is the transition time at which the inertial and viscous forces are equal, with $\alpha_{\rm c} = \frac{7}{4}$ for a two-dimensional current and αc = 3 for an axisymmetric current. The solutions confirm the functional forms for the spreading relationships determined for α = 1 in the preceding paper by Didden & Maxworthy (1982), as well as evaluating the multiplicative factors appearing in the relationships. The relationships compare very well with experimental measurements of the axisymmetric spreading of silicone oils into air for α = 0 and 1. There is also very good agreement between the theoretical predictions and the measurements of the axisymmetric spreading of salt water into fresh water reported by Didden & Maxworthy and by Britter (1979). The predicted multiplicative constant is within 10% of that measured by Didden & Maxworthy for the spreading of salt water into fresh water in a channel.
QUANTITATIVE SIZE ASSESSMENT OF THE LUMBAR SPINAL CANAL BY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

By determining normal ranges of spinal canal diameters we can make early diagnosis in persons who have lower diameters of spinal canal. These persons are predisposed to spinal canal stenosis that is a major cause of spinal radiculopathies. In different studies performed in several countries, minimum and maximum ranges of spinal canal diameters were different for each population. In this study, we tried to determine the mean values of normal spinal canal diameters and areas in Tabriz and its suburb. 39 healthy, young to mid-age cases were selected. Our study was focused on L3- L4 and L4-L5. The following parameters were measured: the area of cross-section of the vertebral body, the area of cross-section of the dural sac, interarticular diameter, interligamentous diameter, antero-posterior diameter of the lumbar canal, inter-pedicular diameter, and the area of cross-section of the vertebral canal. A correlation between the parameters studied and the height of subjects was significant for interligamentous diameter (for L3/L4 and L4/L5) and interarticular diameter (only at L3/L4), cross-section area of the vertebrae (both L3 and L4), cross-section area of vertebral canal (only at L5 level), area of dural sac (at L3/L4 and L4). It was suggested that these diameters and areas should be interpreted as a unction of height of the subject. Most of diameters studied had smaller means than those in previous studies. This can be attributed to differences between populations and it can be interpreted as predisposition to spinal canal stenosis in our population. © 2007 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved. Acta Medica Iranica, 45(5): 377-382; 2007
Tracking the Response of Phytoplankton following Gyttja Disturbance: a Mesocosm Field Study in Myall Lakes, New South Wales, Australia

This study determined whether artificially mixing gyttja, an organic sediment that contains high levels of NH4, with its overlying waters, affected phytoplankton abundance and species composition in Myall Lake (NSW, Australia). A series of mesocosms was employed, with three mesocosms being designated as controls, i.e. no gyttja mixing, and three others termed impact mesocosms, i.e. in which gyttja was mixed with the overlying waters. Sampling was undertaken during a 5 day period in sediment disturbance, and phytoplankton community variables were recorded at seven intervals, i.e. just prior to disturbance and 30 minutes, 3 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days after gyttja disturbance. Comparisons of these community variables among treatments and over time convincingly demonstrated that overall phytoplankton abundance rose from 20,000 cells/mL just prior to disturbance to between 30,000 cells/mL and 55,000 cells/mL 2 to 4 days after gyttja mixing. This rise in abundance was attributable to a substantial increase in the cyanophycea over the same period. In contrast to the cyanophyceae, the abundance of bacillariophyceae increased sharply following disturbance from 150 to >1000 cell/mL and did not exceed 1000 cell/mL for the duration of the experiment. This supported the hypothesis that gyttja mixing does introduce benthic microalgae into the water column. Sediment disturbance caused differences in species composition in time, with cyanobacteria being mostly influenced taxa. Each period of disturbance between mesocosm have different assemblages of species. Keywords Phytoplankton; Sediment disturbance; Mesocosm; Community structure
Chapter 10 Lutein and the Aging Eye

Lutein is a carotenoid highly concentrated in the macula of the retina. Lutein cannot be synthesized and must be supplied in the diet, for example, dark green leafy vegetable and egg yolk. Lutein is believed to absorb blue light, leading to the protection of retina from light-related damage. It can also protect the retina against oxidative stress and inflammation. In fact, dietary and supplementary lutein have been shown to be associated with possible reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration, a leading cause of elderly blindness, attributed largely to lutein’s antioxidant properties. Lutein is also beneficial as a nutritional supplement in preventing diabetic retinopathy. Moreover, lutein is very safe and widely used. In this chapter, we will discuss the basic chemistry of lutein; its uptake, transport, distribution, and functions in the normal eye. Lastly, the effects of lutein in age-related eye diseases will be summarized.