Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Review on the effects of dual-fuel operation, using diesel and gaseous fuels, on emissions and performance

In recent years the automotive industry has been forced to reduce the harmful and pollutant emissions emitted by direct injected diesel engines. To accomplish this difficult task various solutions have been proposed. One of these proposed solutions is the usage of gaseous fuels in addition to the use of liquid diesel. These gaseous fuels have more gasoline-like properties, such as high octane numbers, and are thereby are resistant against auto-ignition. Diesel on the other hand, has a high cetane number which makes it prone to auto-ignition. In this case the gaseous fuel is injected in the inlet manifold, and the diesel is direct injected in the cylinder at the end of the compression stroke. Thereby the diesel fuel spontaneously ignites and acts as an ignition source. The main goals for the use of a dual-fuel operation with diesel and gaseous fuels are the reduction of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission. Furthermore, the application of such a dual-fuel operation can offer potential economic and efficiency advantages. Depending on the gaseous fuel used these goals can be achieved. In general, dual-fuel combustion of gaseous fuels and diesel decreases soot emissions compared with normal diesel combustion except for syngas. Furthermore, increasing load and/or gaseous fuel content leads to a further decrease in soot emissions. Both the application natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas as gaseous fuel offer the possibility to diminish nitrogen oxide emissions probably due to homogenous mixture compositions and/or decreased mixture temperatures. However, the using hydrogen or syngas in dual-fuel combustion tends to increase nitrogen oxide emissions; this might be due to the higher flame temperatures and combustion rates of these gasses. Furthermore, the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxides tend to increase for all evaluated gaseous fuels with dual fuel combustion mainly due to incomplete combustion of mixture trapped in crevices. Efficiencies of the different gaseous fuels are in the same order of magnitude. Some seem to lead to slight efficiency improvements (hydrogen and LPG) while others result in a slight decrease (natural gas and syngas). However, the significant price difference of natural gas and LPG compared to diesel can offer a considerable economic advantage.
Observations of apparent superslow wave propagation in solar prominences

Phase mixing of standing continuum Alfven waves and/or continuum slow waves in atmospheric magnetic structures such as coronal arcades can create the apparent effect of a wave propagating across the magnetic field. We observe a prominence with SDO/AIA on 2015 March 15 and find the presence of oscillatory motion. We aim to demonstrate that interpreting this motion as a magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) wave is faulty. We also connect the decrease of the apparent velocity over time with the phase mixing process, which depends on the curvature of the magnetic field lines. By measuring the displacement of the prominence at different heights to calculate the apparent velocity, we show that the propagation slows down over time, in accordance with the theoretical work of Kaneko et al. We also show that this propagation speed drops below what is to be expected for even slow MHD waves for those circumstances. We use a modified Kippenhahn-Schluter prominence model to calculate the curvature of the magnetic field and fit our observations accordingly. Measuring three of the apparent waves, we get apparent velocities of 14, 8, and 4 km/s. Fitting a simple model for the magnetic field configuration, we obtain that the filament is located 103 Mm below the magnetic centre. We also obtain that the scale of the magnetic field strength in the vertical direction plays no role in the concept of apparent superslow waves and that the moment of excitation of the waves happened roughly one oscillation period before the end of the eruption that excited the oscillation. Some of the observed phase velocities are lower than expected for slow modes for the circumstances, showing that they rather fit with the concept of apparent superslow propagation. A fit with our magnetic field model allows for inferring the magnetic geometry of the prominence.
Dehairs Carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of the fauna from the Broken Spur hydrothermal vent ®

The carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of 18 faunistic groups collected during the 39th cruise of the R.V. ``Akademik Mstislav Keldysh'' in September 1996 at the Broken Spur vent ®eld, MAR, was studied. The trophic structure of the Broken Spur vent community is considered. All age stages of the shrimp Rimicaris exoculata living 5 m below the main aggregations at black smokers show higher dN and more depleted dC values than the same stages inhabiting the black smokers themselves. The shrimps R. exoculata and Chorocaris chacei demonstrate ontogenetic changes in dC (the former also in dN), with smaller individuals showing higher dN and more depleted dC values than larger shrimps. Benthopelagic and benthic components of the vent community dier signi®cantly in dC and dN, the benthic fauna being less dependent upon chemosynthetic production.
Essential oil of Elionurushensii (Schum) from “Plateau des Cataractes” in Congo- Brazzaville: Variation of the Chemical Composition and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity

The aim of the present work is to study the seasonal variation of the chemical profile of the essential oil extracted from Elionurushensii and to evaluate its antioxidant activity. Elionurushensii is usually used by local people as théiform drink to relieve aches. The essential oil analyzed by GC-MS presents a different chemical composition in accordance with its origin (aerial part or root). The oil of the aerial part (stems, leaves and flowering tops) is rich in para-menthe dienolisomers (38-49%), the main ones are: the trans-para-mentha 1 (7), 8-dien 2-ol (10.45-20.83%), cis-para-mentha 1 (7), 8-dien-2-ol (10.30-18.81%), trans-para-mentha -2,8-dien-1-ol (5.32 and 16.22%) and cis-para-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol (3.85-6.39%). The roots are rather rich in aristolone (14-48%) and her chemical structure was confirmed by the analyzes in H and C NMR. The limonene is also a leading major both of the essential oil of the aerial part (2.21-19.28%) than that of the roots (9.73-30.44%). The antioxidant activity of the oil was evaluated. The essential oil of the aerial part distillates enriched in major compounds present an inhibiting power DPPH greater than that of complete essential oil, but low compared to that of vitamin C.
The effect of different levels of irrigation with superabsorbent (S.A.P) treatment on growth and development of Myrobalan (Prunus cerasifera) seedling

This study was conducted with the main purpose to investigate the effect of super absorbent polymer and different levels of irrigation on characteristics of Myrobalan (Prunus cerasifera) seedling. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete design with five level (0.0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3%) super absorbent polymer and three levels of water irrigation including 4 day (control), 8 and 12 day from germination until two month and each of these levels was repeated ten replication at Khorasan Razavi Natural Resources and Agricultural Research Center. During the experiment, the plants different physicomorpholigic such as plant height, number and surface of the leaf, fresh and dry weight of plant, number of root, root height and diameter of plant were estimated. The results indicated that the effect of interaction between super absorbent and water stress was significant on some of quantity characteristics of P. cerasifera. In all traits, a significant decrease was observed with increase in stress level. The highest plant height, number and surface area of the leaf, fresh and dry weight and diameter of plant was related to irrigation after 4 days with 3% polymer application and the lowest was related to irrigation after 12 days with no application of polymer. The results indicated that using S.A. P controlled of relationship soil, water and plant, decrease water stress.
Almond and peanut flours suppelmented with iron as potential ingredients to develop gluten-free cookies

Brazil is the second biggest worldwide producer of cookies and there are many varieties in the market; however, only a few are gluten-free. The objectives of this work were to formulate two gluten-free cookies added with iron, peanut or almond, and analyze their physicochemical, chromatic and sensory properties. Moisture, instrumental color (L*, a*, b* and C*), ash, proteins, lipids, iron, carbohydrates (estimated by difference), and water activity were determined. The acceptance of the products was assessed by 115 untrained taste panelists using a five-point hedonic scale. The data collected from the physicochemical analyses were submitted to Levene's, ANOVA, and Tukey's tests, which showed statistical difference (p < 0.05) in all the attributes for centesimal composition, water activity, and color of the cookies. Peanut and almond cookies could be considered sources of iron once they presented at least 15% of the daily recommended value of intake. They also garnered acceptance indexes of 80 and 85%, respectively, concluding that both formulations developed in this study were source of iron and contained high concentration of lipids and proteins with great sensory acceptance, suggesting their potential consumption by gluten-intolerants.
Spatial and temporal variations in nutrient limitation of seagrass Posidonia oceanica growth in the NW Mediterranean

The extent and seasonality of nutrient limitation of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile in the Costa Brava littoral (NW Mediterranean) in 5 meadows was investigated by means of repeated nutrient additions along a year cycle. Nutrient additions had a modest effect on leaf growth. The response to fertilization varied considerably among meadows, with those meadows consistently maintaining low (300 μM dissolved inorganic nitrogen and 9 μM soluble reactive phosphorus) dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations in sediment pore waters showing the greatest response to fertilization. The seasonality of the growth response to fertilization was consistent with calculated nutrient deficiencies, which were greatest in late spring and summer. Nutrient deficiency was alleviated in the fall, partially due to reduced growth, but also to nutrient reclamation from old leaves, which represented 20% and 18% of the annual nitrogen and phosphorus incorporation, respectively. The relative deficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus differed among sites, with the highest response found in P-deficient meadows. Nutrient limitation of P. oceanica meadows was greatest in late spring and summer, but differed greatly in magnitude and nature (nitrogen vs phosphorus) depending on local nutrient regimes.
The outcomes of extending uterine incision transversely or cephalocaudally in patients with previous cesarean section: a prospective randomized controlled study

Objective: The comparison of intraoperative and postoperative outcomes of extending uterine incision transversely or cephalocaudally in patients with previous cesarean section. Methods: In our prospective randomized controlled study, we divided patients who undergone cesarean section in our hospital due to repeated cesarean indication between July 2014 and June 2015 into two groups according to the cephalocaudal or transverse extension of uterine incision. We recorded the demographic characteristics and intraoperative and postoperative data of all patients included in the study. We assessed the differences between cephalocaudal and transverse extensions of uterine incision as well as statistical data obtained. Results: We did not found any statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of bleeding volume, transfusion need, uterine artery damage, bladder damage, and atony development. We found that the incision extension was significantly low in those with cephalocaudally extended Kerr incision compared to the transverse group (p<0.05). Accordingly, we found that additional suture need was significantly lower (p<0.05). Conclusion: Extension on incision line and additional suture need are higher in the group with transversely extended uterine incision.
HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF M . SEMITENDINOSUS IN GERMAN LANDRACE PIGS AT BIRTH AND MARKET WEIGHT ADAMOVI

Current intensive pig meat production conditions impose the need to expand the knowledge about skeletal muscle characteristics, with the aim to improve both production of pig lean meat and meat quality. Histological and biochemical characteristics of the muscle highly infl uence the quality of meat, with muscle fi ber number, size and fi ber type distribution being important constituents. The objective of this study was to examine the structure of m. semitendinosus of piglets at birth, and slaughter pigs at the end of fattening. Total muscle fi ber number was 350 x 103 in newborn piglets and increased up to nearly 900 x 103 in slaughter pigs. At birth, the muscle consisted of 3.76% primary fi bers and 96.24% secondary fi bers. At slaughter, slow-twitch oxidative fi bers represented 21% of the total muscle fi ber number, fast-twitch oxidative fi bers represented 28 % while the majority of fi bers (52%) in m. semitendinosus were of fast twitch glycolitic type. Obtained results indicate that postnatal muscle growth is accomplished mainly by muscle fi ber hypertrophy.
Feasibility of planctomycetes as a nutritional or supplementary food source for Daphnia spp

Daphnia magna is widely used as a standard organism in ecotoxicology assays. It plays a key role in energy transfer in freshwater food webs as a primary consumer, grazing on microalgae, yeast and bacteria. Daphnids are commonly reared in the laboratory using microalgae cultures but alternative or complementary sources are important to reduce the dependency on a single food source. The role played in nature by planctomycetes as a food source for other higher trophic levels is still unknown. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of Rhodopirellula rubra strain LF2 as a nutritional or a supplementary food source for D. magna and Daphnia longispina . Life-history assays were conducted with daphnids fed with R. rubra in exponential and stationary growth phases, in three concentrations. Additionally, its adequacy as a supplement to the microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata was tested. In general, both daphnids showed impairment in all the parameters evaluated, especially when fed with R. rubra . However, when daphnids were fed with the two food sources, no changes were recorded for the rate of population increase. At the tested concentrations, R. rubra was not a good alternative food source in the daphnid diet.
Constitutional Rules, Informal Institutions and Agricultural Protection in Developing and Industrial Countries: Theory and Empirical Evidence

This paper empirically investigates the interaction of formal and informal political institutions as well as lobbying in determining the ability of agriculture to avoid taxation or attract government transfers. Based on our theory we identify specific interaction effects between district size and characteristic political as well as demographic framework constellation, that determine two different regimes, e.g. an u-shape and an inverse u-shape relation between district size and the level of agricultural protection. Further, our theory implies specific different patterns of how these interaction effects impact on agricultural protection levels in developing and industrialized countries. Using time-series-cross-section (TSCS) data, this paper tackles the quantitative assessment of the theoretical implications. We estimate the latent regime of agricultural protection and assess the opposing quantitative relationships. We check our results for robustness concerning dynamic specification issues and latent heterogeneity. Furthermore we gauge the possible endogeneity of institutions via an extended treatment framework.
Economic valuation of improved solid waste management in Eldoret Municipality

Due to high rates of population growth and increasing household disposable incomes Eldoret town is facing enormous solid waste generation. Yet solid waste management is a public good that may not be optimally provided under perfectly competitive market conditions due to indivisibility and non-excludability in consumption. Most attempts at solving waste problems in Kenya have focused on supply-side of waste disposal and collection which have not succeeded, but this paper suggest the use of demand-oriented valuation. The study analyses economic value of improved solid waste management in Eldoret municipality based on 199 sampled household respondents. A contingent valuation method (CVM) and multiple regression techniques are used to identify the determinants of willingness to pay (WTP) values. Results show that residents are WTP on average Kshs 363 per month for solid waste management improvements. This indicates peoples' desire for change in improved waste management. The WTP are influenced by income, education, age and total disposal methods available to the household. The WTP estimates can be used by urban planners and administrators to determine the socially optimal charges for solid waste services and use it as a tool to estimate taxable revenues.
On The Face Milling Burr Formation Mechanisms and Minimization Strategies at High Tool Engagement

It has been recognized that on ductile materials, high radial tool engagement conditions produce the largest burrs in face milling operations. Ideally, high radial engagement is avoided by configuring the tool path such that the mill is kept within the feasible offset region –a region that satisfies user requirements– of a given workpiece geometry and material. Fulfillment of this condition, however, is often difficult due to geometrical complexity of the manufactured components and cycle time constraints. For this reason there is great motivation to minimize burr formation at high tool engagement. In this paper, the mechanisms of burr formation and the effect of cutting parameters under high radial engagement are investigated, and possible burr minimization strategies are discussed. To this end, face milling tests results conducted by CODEF members and other researchers on different materials were examined. The proposed minimization strategies focus on the optimization of the following parameters: depth of cut, insert nose sharpness, lead angle, and axial rake angle, to promote a transition from primary to secondary burr formation.
Genomics in small populations: the MRY breed

A feasibility study for a genomic evaluation for the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel (MRY) Red and White dual purpose breed was conducted. Aim was to improve genetic progress in this small population. For this, 550 MRY bulls were genotyped from the German and Dutch-Flemish populations. Added reliability of genomic evaluation was assessed in a validation study using approximately (trait dependent) 400 bulls as training population and another 100 as validation bulls. Mean gain in reliability over parent average was 8.4 percent (7.4 EDC). For production traits added reliability was on average 15.9 percent (1.2 EDC). For conformation added reliability averaged 9.6 percent (2.3 EDC). For functional traits, added reliability tended to be low. As a result of this study, a genomic evaluation for the MRY breed will be implemented in the breeding program. Another 2,000 cows are currently being genotyped to improve evaluation accuracies. __________________________________________________________________________________
INFLUENCE OF MEVALONIC ACID AND LINALOOL ON LIMONENE ACCUMULATION IN CALLUS TISSUES OF CITRUS GRANDIS OSBECK

Effect on callus growth was studied for Citrus grandis cultured with feeding of exogenous mevalonic acid (MVA) at concentrations of 0.04, 0.08, 0.38, 0.77, 1.15 and 1.54 mM. Similar effect with linalool ranging from 10 to 200 nl was studied under various incubation periods. The growth was proportional to the concentrations of precursors used meaning that higher precursors concentrations influenced more growth on C. grandis callus culture. Mevalonic acid and linalool showed quite similar precursor feeding effects on limonene accumulation of C. grandis callus cultures. It was revealed that limonene production was triggered with the introduction of MVA and linalool even at low concentration. Limonene accumulation was detected as early as week four and continued to increase at about 0.0030 and 0.0032 mg/g with MVA and linalool, respectively, after the seventh week incubation. In comparison to the unfed cultures, no limonene was detected from the callus up to eight weeks in incubation. Keywords : C/rrusgrarafo/Limonene/Linalool/Mevalonic acid Abbreviations: 2,4-D: 2,4 — Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, ABA: Abscisic acid, MVA : Mevalonic acid
Coping, Personality, and Resilience in Emerging Adults by Victoria C. Patterson A Thesis Submitted to Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Honours Psychology, B.A. April, 2014 Halifax, Nova Scotia

The research on resilience is largely focused on its development in children, workers in high-stress jobs, and ill or injured persons. However, relatively little is known about its relationship with coping mechanisms and personality. The present study focused on the relationship between personality traits, specific coping mechanisms, broad coping styles, exercise type and frequency, and resilience in a sample of 221 university students aged 18 to 25 years old. Measures included the General Health Questionnaire, Connor Davidson Resilience Scale, COPE Inventory, Mini IPIP, and Academic Self-Efficacy Scale. A hierarchical linear regression revealed that neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness were significant personality predictors of resilience and acceptance, turning to religion, and avoidant coping were the strongest coping predictors of resilience, although the latter was an inverse relationship. In terms of specific coping mechanisms, the strongest correlations were planning, positive reinterpretation, active coping, and behavioural disengagement. This study highlights the factors that are most strongly associated with resiliency in emerging adults, such as problem-focused coping mechanisms, positive reinterpretation of stressful events, having a social network, and not giving up in times of difficulty. The results emphasize the importance of utilizing effective coping mechanisms that address the source of the stress, maintaining a positive attitude, and persevering.