Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tree Shaped in Channels Parallel and Counter Flow Through Heat Exchanger Heat Transfer and Flow Investigation of Characteristic

In this study, a heat exchanger system capable of working on tree-shaped three-level parallel and counter f low basis was designed and manufactured based on the branched Fractal like f low channel structure. A similar phylum of heat exchanger on discs onto one surface of the lower and upper plates and both surfaces of middle plate, 156 Branched-micro channels with cylindrical sections were opened in three levels symmetrically with each other at different levels and diameters. According to the parallel and counter f low type based open circuit and closed circuit principle, the f luid enters the system at equal thermal capacity ratios from the axial or radial connection points and discharges. In the open circuit operating conditions, the heating water is in the temperature range of 35-45°C and the f low rate is 2,0-4,0 lt / min. Similarly, in the closed circuit operating conditions, the heating water is in temperature range of 45-60°C and the f low rate is 2,0-4,0 lt/ min. During the experimental work, the temperature and hydrodynamic characteristics of the system are controlled through software written in the MATLAB R2013b package program. Experimental and numerical analyzes were carried out using ANSYS-Fluent ready packet programs. In the analysis, in the increasing f low rate, positions of some external and lateral channels are determined as cause of the decreasing in level of velocity. The result, requirement of designation as the bifurcation geometry divides the mass f low rate equally for each level of branching, is obtained. The results show that increase in level of branches is not important on the f luid channels which includes this kind (fractal) branch channel with tree-shaped. The results also show that, in the branched model heat exchanger, for opened and closed circuits, parallel f low (increasing branching levels, heating unit and cooling unit) is more efficient than the counter f low (increasing branching levels heating unit and decreasing branching level cooling unit) conditions. INTRODUCTION
Rare Earth Element in Greenschist Facies Rock from Bantimala Complex, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

The occurrences of rare earth elements (REE) have been determined using Laser Ablation Inductive Couple Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) method from greenschist facies rock in Bantimala Complex, South Sulawesi. Greenschist facies rocks occur as a product of low grade metamorphism along with HP metamorphic rock, including eclogite and blueschist facies rocks. Major element result show that the greenschist facies rocks were derived from various affinities, ranging from mid oceanic ridge basalt to upper continental crust which has an intermediate to basic composition. They were also enriched in rock with intermediate composition, particularly quartz-epidote chlorite schist whereas other rocks which have a more basic affinity show relatively low content of REE. All the greenschist facies rocks were characterized by a moderate irregular REE pattern with some variation showing LREE enrichment except those from albite actinolite schist. Generally, the ∑REEs+Y ranges from 9 – 786 ppm with average of 173 ppm. The LREE was much concentrated than the HREE except for albite actinolite schist by a factor of 2.36 – 6.27, which suggested that the LREE content in greenschist facies rocks were derived from intermediate rock composition rather than basaltic composition. It is shown from the study that REE were relatively immobile during low grade metamorphism.
Effects of forestry ditch cleaning and supplementary ditching on water quality

The effects of ditch cleaning and additional ditching of forest land were studied at a site in central Finland. The results from the two first years demonstrate that the influence of these measures on water quality is very similar to that of new forest ditching, i.e. the increases in total solids, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, pH and buffering capacity are of the same order of magnitude. On the other hand, the amount of ammonia increased more than in most new ditchings in Finland. Nitrate nitrogen load increased due to the high cocentrations during the snow melt in April-May 1994 and the variability in iron and manganese cocentrations were more pronounced. The amount of total solids deposited on artificial surfaces (plastic plates) in the brook Ruununsuonoja increased four-fold, mineral solids five-fold and organic solids 3.5-fold after ditching. The most striking changes in the microalgal flora in the first year after ditching of the Ruununsuo drainage area were the decline in the mainly acidophilic diatoms of the family Eunotia and in the green algae and the increase in family Euglenophyceae and the diatom genera Nitzschia and Tabellaria, mainly due to the increase in pH, nutrient status and organic matter in the brook.
Effects of salt stress on photosynthetic characteristics and leaf cell structure of 'Yinhong' grape seedlings

Salt stress is one of the major environmental factors affecting plants; it causes many changes in plant metabolism, such as decreasing the capacity and efficiency of photosynthesis and inhibiting growth. Salt stress also changes leaf cell structure. Therefore, plant growth, photosynthesis, and leaf cell structure are often used as indicators of salt stress injury in plants. In response to salt stress, plants have evolved diverse mechanisms that can mitigate the effects of stress and lead to improved plant tolerance. In this study, 1鄄year鄄old potted seedlings of ‘ Yinghong爷 grape were used to examine their changes in growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and leaf cell structure under different levels of salt stress, ranging from NaCl concentrations of 0% to 0.8%. The goal of this experiment was to provide reference information for grape cultivation in salty soils. Because of the complexity of the soil composition in the natural state, the actual salt concentration of soil is difficult to control. Thus, to investigate the responses of grape seedlings to specific and precise salt concentration conditions, a total of 100 potted seedlings were divided into five groups, and 20 seedlings each were placed into Hoagland hydroponic culture with one of five salt concentrations, specifically 0%, 0. 2%, 0. 4%, 0. 6%, and 0.8% NaCl. The chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the grape seedlings were measured every 15 days, and the characteristics of the growth and leaf cell structure were measured after 45 days. In this
UCLA On-Line Working Paper Series Title

Overweight and obesity constitute a growing and significant public health problem; increasing incidence and prevalence of overweight in young children is of particular concern. This study examines the question of whether participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) may play a role in risk for early childhood overweight. We conducted a case-control study including 555 WIC participant children ages 3-5 years who were either overweight (BMI >95 percentile of reference standard) or normal weight (BMI 25-75 percentile). The hypothesis was two-sided, since there are logical reasons why WIC participation might be either preventive or promotive of overweight in young children. The population is large majority (95%) Hispanic, a group that has been documented to have the highest rates of overweight and obesity in adults and children. The independent variable of interest (“Family Dose of WIC”) was constructed as cumulative history of WIC program participation for the entire family, adjusted for reported breaks in participation, and then expressed as person-years. Family dose of WIC did not differ between cases and controls, and had a median of 12.6 person-years. In multivariate logistic regression analyses controlled for a number of variables, “family dose of WIC” had no predictive power. Only mother’s BMI and child height were significantly predictive of child overweight; number of hours of television watching showed a slight but non-significant relationship to overweight risk and number of hours of sleep at night a slight but nonsignificant negative relationship. There is no indication that cumulative time of WIC program participation influences risk of early childhood overweight.
Effect of the Electric Field on the Antibacterial Activity of Au Nanoparticles on Some Gram-positive and Gram- negative Bacteria

Metal nanoparticles are being extensively used in various biomedical applications due to their small size to volume ratio and extensive thermal stability. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are an obvious choice due to their amenability of synthesis and functionalization, less toxicity and ease of detection. The synthesis and bioactivity of gold nanoparticles has been extensively studied. The present study was focused on method to increase the activity and the efficacy of the antibacterial activity of gold nanoparticles which produced by laser ablation of 1064 nm wavelength and three energy powers (400,500,600) mJ were applied to produced gold nanoparticles with different sizes on Gram-positive isolate (Staphylococcus aureus) and the Gram-negative isolate(Pseudomonas aeroginosa). It was found that using the agar well diffusion assay method which showed that the individually of AuNPs of 0.2 mg/ml concentration have no synergistic effect on the studied Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas. So, a new modified technique was made on these AuNPs with the same concentration to increase their antibacterial activity, is exposure the gold nanoparticles colloidal to 1500 v/m applied electric field which resulting to be an effective AuNPs with inhibition properties against Gram-positive isolates (Staphylococcus aureus) contrary to nanoparticles that was not exposed to electric field with the same concentration.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PHYTOCHEMICAL AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF JUSTICIA SECUNDA VAHL

Medicinal plants are a primary source of healing and widely used for the treatment of various ailments. This present study evaluates phytochemicals and in vitro antioxidant activities of the methanolic leaf extract of Justicia secunda, Acanthaceae family. Fresh leaves of the plant were collected, and shade dried. The dry leaves were pulverized, and the resultant powder extracted with 0.1% hydrogen chloride (HCl) in methanol, and 1% HCl in methanol respectively. Extracts obtained were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant assays. Results obtained confirm the presence of saponinis, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, and alkaloids in equal degree in both 0.1% and 1% HCl methanolic leaf extract. Concentrations of anthocyanins, phenols and phlobatannins were quantitatively higher in 0.1% HCl extract as compared to 1% HCl extract. However, the presence of carbohydrates was not confirmed in either extracts. The results also indicated that phenolic and anthocyanins content of the leaf extracts were significantly higher (p 0.05) in both extracts. The antioxidant scavenging efficacy showed that higher percentage inhibition was observed from the 0.1% HCl methanolic extract of Justicia secunda in its ability to scavenge hydrogen peroxide, 1,1 – diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, and superoxide anion. Overall, from this study, it could be concluded that Justicia secunda may be a good source of phytochemicals and natural antioxidants that will be useful in the food, medicine, and pharmaceutical industries.
The Culture of Taxation: Definition and Conceptual Approaches for Tax Administration

A problem of tax administration in many countries is that governments cannot collect all the taxes that are owed to them under the statutes. It is argued here that one primary reason for this is the “culture of taxation”. The primary objective of this paper is to synthesize the concept of the culture of taxation and the approaches used to study it. Previous literature in the area of tax compliance, tax evasion, tax administration and tax reforms are examined from the viewpoint of both taxpayers and tax collectors. The results based on this literature show that differences in the culture of taxation bring about different tax collection outcomes.
When Safe Means ‘Dangerous’: A Corpus Investigation of Risk Communication in the Media

The mass media has an important role in informing the general public about emerging health risks. Content-based studies of risk communication in the media have revealed a tendency to exaggerate risks or simplify science, but linguistic studies in this area are still scarce. This paper outlines a corpus based investigation of media reporting on the discovery of minute amounts of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) and Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in drinking water. There is no concrete evidence that these residuals pose any threat to human health in such minute amounts, but the natural scientific uncertainty and professional risk language surrounding contaminants have sparked considerable media attention in both the US and the UK. In fact, these have lead to Congress-level discussions about changes to the way contaminants are regulated in the US. Comparing media reports that appeared in newspaper articles, magazines and web-based media in the UK and the US with those to appear on water company and public health organisation websites, our use of quantitative and qualitative corpus linguistic techniques revealed strikingly different patterns for the language used to represent contaminants and their risks. While water organisation reports demonstrated a clear tendency to downplay the probability and severity of the risk posed by contaminants, the linguistic and rhetorical features identified in media texts place the focus on the potentiality of contaminants as an unconfirmed threat to public and environmental health. We discuss the implications of these findings for the role of the media in the communication of health risks, and for communication about water contaminants.
The relationship between transformational leadership and leadership effectiveness in Kenyan indigenous banks

Orientation: Effective leadership is critical to the survival and growth of organisations. For such leadership to be realised, organisational leaders need to be competent in transformational leadership, which is described as a situation in which the leader and followers empower and shape each other’s behaviour to attain a desired goal. Research purpose: The purpose of this study is to empirically test the relationship between transformational leadership competency and leadership effectiveness in Kenyan indigenous banks. Motivation for this study: In spite of the fact that indigenous banks have been performing better recently, their overall poor performance is cause for concern. This study was motivated by a desire to establish the extent to which the recent improvement is attributable to transformational leadership competency and effectiveness. It is also anticipated that this investigation can highlight aspects of leadership which require more attention in order to sustain improved performance. Research design, approach and method: The study utilised a survey method to collect both quantitative and qualitative data while probability and non-probability techniques were used to sample target population. With 494 respondents targeted in the study, 257 responses were received and analysed. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modelling with Cronbach’s alpha, confirmatory factor analysis and goodness-of-fit indices for analysis and for testing relationships. Main findings: The overall findings confirm that a strong relationship exists between transformational leadership competencies and leadership effectiveness among the leaders of the indigenous banks in Kenya. Practical/managerial implication: Based on the findings of this study, Kenyan indigenous banks are able to identify specific and essential transformational leadership competencies and leadership effectiveness attributes. Contribution: The study has identified that transformational leadership abilities of inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualised consideration and idealised influence, together with the leadership effectiveness indicators of cross-cultural competency, influence, follow commitment, versatility and group organisation are essential for the effectiveness of Kenyan banks.
Effects of ideology on citizen evaluation and satisfaction with local administration

During the last two decades, political scientists have found that satisfaction paradigm, coming from marketing and management schools, could be applied to explain citizen satisfaction with a public provider. Another line of research has also found the effects of ideology on the evaluation of public action. However, the study of how ideology affects the mechanism of quality-satisfaction has not been sufficiently examined. The main objective of this research is to explore the influence of personal ideology in the perceived-quality satisfaction relationship. These results could be relevant for the debate about the convenience of using subjective data as valid metric of administrative action's efficacy. Using data from a survey in nine Spanish cities, and using structural equations techniques, it has been verified that the ideology would not only be attenuating the strength of the relationship between perceived quality and satisfaction, at least in these specific contexts, but it would be showing some unexpected pattern of influence.
In the vanguard of openness : which innovation capabilities should KIBS focus on?

A major question in the research on openness concerns its connection to in-house innovation activities. Building on the notion of the innovation value chain, scholars have started to assess the relevance of external parties during the distinct phases in which knowledge is translated into business value. The possibility to substitute internal capabilities is particularly interesting in the domain of knowledge intensive business services (KIBS), which are relatively open by their very nature. On the basis of a literature review and an in-depth case study, we assess the opportunities for KIBS to rely on the knowledge and competences of external partners when pursuing innovation. We argue that openness can substitute a KIBS? internal capabilities for both the explorative and exploitative aspects of service innovation, but is of less relevance for the intermediate translation of raw ideas into marketable service propositions. Using panel-data from a survey conducted in the Netherlands, we show that openness in KIBS only has an interaction effect with the capability of conceptualizing. Our contribution lays in the demonstration of a functional limitation to substituting innovation capabilities for openness.
A decision support tool for improving value chain resilience to critical materials in manufacturing

A number of non-energy materials have been identified by the EU as being critical to the manufacturing sector and wider economy. A material is termed a critical material when it has a “high economic importance combined with a high risk of supply shortage” relative to other materials as defined by the EU. This criticality of specific raw materials will become increasingly acute as the escalating use of finite resources continues, driven by increasing consumer demand for an ever wider variety of products by a growing global population. Critical materials are vital elements in the value chain yet many manufacturers are unaware if they are affected by the use of a critical material in their operations. We have previously developed a framework that takes a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and mitigating risk associated with critical materials bilaterally up and down the value chain. In this paper we examine how this framework can be facilitated for application in industry through the specification and development of a decision support tool.
Band Alignment and Optical Properties of ( ZrO 2 ) 0 . 66 ( HfO 2 ) 0

(ZrO2)0.66(HfO2)0.34 dielectric films on p-Si (100) were grown by atomic layer deposition method, for which the conduction band offsets, valence band offsets and band gaps were obtained by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy. The band gap, valence and conduction band offset values for (ZrO2)0.66(HfO2)0.34 dielectric thin film, grown on Si substrate were about 5.34, 2.35 and 1.87 eV respectively. This band alignment was similar to that of ZrO2. In addition, the dielectric function (k, ω), index of refraction n and the extinction coefficient k for the (ZrO2)0.66(HfO2)0.34 thin films were obtained from a quantitative analysis of REELS data by comparison to detailed dielectric response model calculations using the QUEELS-ε (k,ω)-REELS software package. These optical properties are similar with ZrO2 dielectric thin films.
Evaluation of the risk of coal workers pneumoconiosis (CWP): a case study for the Turkish hardcoal mining.

Occupational lung diseases such as coal workers pneumoconiosis coal workers pneumoconiosis (CWP) in mines are attributed to many factors. In this study, an attempt has been made to estimate the risk of pneumoconiosis for miners, accounting for their individual and workplace characteristics in Turkish hardcoal mines. Logistic regression modeling is used to assess the association between risk factor and probability of CWP occurrence. The case study results have revealed that individual and workplace characteristics of the miners have some significant effect on the risk of pneumoconiosis. It has been found that average workplace dust concentrations, occupational categories, and collieries bear some insignificant difference in their CWP susceptibility. However, duration of exposure, age of first exposure to dust, and workers’ educational background show significant differences in their risk of CWP occurrence. Based on the logistic model results, it has been inferred that, among the five collieries and occupational groups considered, Amasra colliery and face workers with elementary school education and exposure period over 15 years are more susceptible towards CWP compared to the others. Key words: Occupational disease, pneumoconiosis, coal workers, coal workers pneumoconiosis (CWP), risk, logit, logistic model.
THE EFFECT OF BOARD AND AUDIT COMMITTEE INDEPENDENCE ON EARNINGS MANAGEMENT IN SPAIN

This paper investigates the role played by the board and the audit committee as a mean to improve the quality of financial statements’ information in Spanish firms. We use abnormal accruals as a measure of earnings management and therefore as a proxy of the quality of financial statements. Additionally, we analyse from an agency theory perspective whether the ownership structure affects the managerial incentives to manipulate the firms’ results. Results show that the board and audit committee independence mitigates accounting manipulation practices. However, we find no evidence that the ownership structure affects the extent of corporate earnings management. We have also found that financial leverage is an incentive for the managers to manipulate accounting figures. Our findings are in line with the Spanish authorities’ recommendations to foment the formation of independent mechanisms of control.