Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Cellulase Production and Biodegradation of Artemisia annua L . wastes by A spergillus niger and Trichoderma viride

Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride isolated from soils of Artemisia annua L. plantations were used for the production of cellulases using submerged state fermentation (SmF). Artemisia annua process waste was used as the substrate for the fermentation. The fermentation broth was further assayed for various parameters including effects of incubation period, different concentrations of Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), incubation temperature and pH on enzyme production. The results indicated that the test fungi had their peak enzyme activity of 126 and 913 IU/mL respectively on the 3 d of incubation. At 3% conc. of CMC, A. niger and T. viride had their highest enzyme production of 181.5 and 222.6 IU/mL respectively. The lowest enzyme production of 127.3 and 138.9 IU/mL was recorded for the two fungi at 0.5% conc. of CMC. Aspergillus niger had its peak of 166.2 IU/mL at incubation temperature of 30C and 189 IU/mL for T. viride at 50C. The optimum pH for enzyme production for A. niger and T. viride was pH 3 producing 227 and 239 IU/mL enzymes respectively.
Display of Empathy and Perception of Out-Group Members

The goal of the present study was to examine whether empathy, when shown by a member of a stigmatized out-group, increases liking and rapport, and whether this effect generalizes to the out-group as a whole. Eighty-nine participants were asked to narrate a sad autobiographical event in the presence of a confederate who was either an in-group or an out-group member. During the interaction, the confederate either kept a neutral demeanour throughout or showed facial expressions congruent with the story content. Overall, participants rated both the in-group and the outgroup confederate more positively when they displayed a congruent facial expression. However, this increase in liking did not generalize to the outgroup to which the confederate belonged. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for multicultural countries, including New Zealand.
Fixed-Ratio Schedules Increase Generalized Self-Control: Preference for Large Rewards Despite High Effort or Punishment

Three experiments investigated the effects of fixed-ratio reinforcement on generalized self-control involving high effort and punishment. In Experiment 1, rats received food in a runway for the completion of each round trip (continuous-reinforcement group) or every fifth round trip (fixedratio group). Control rats received food at the same temporal intervals as these groups but without any instrumental requirement. When all rats were next given a series of choices between a large food reward requiring high lever force versus a small reward requiring low lever force, the fixed-ratio rats showed the greatest self-control. In Experiments 2 and 3, rats were rewarded on a continuous or fixed-ratio schedule followed by choice between a large food reward accompanied by intermittent shock versus a small or absent food reward without shock. The fixed-ratio rats again showed the greatest self-control. Self-control refers to an individual's decision to undergo the increased costs that may be necessary to achieve the larger of alternative goals. In the natural environment, self-control may involve a required long delay of reinforcement (Mischel, 1974), high effort (Eisenberger, Mitchell, & Masterson, 1985; Mischel, 1974), or punishment (Dollard & Miller, 1950). Most research on self-control involves delay, the choice between the early receipt of a small reinforcer versus the deferred delivery of a large reinforcer (Ainslie, 1974, 1975; Logue, 1988; Navarick & Fantino, 1976; Rachlin, 1974, 1976; Rachfin & Green, 1972). A variety of findings suggest that self-control involving delay is hindered by the precipitous decrease of the value of reinforcers with initial delay, there being a slower decline with further delay (Aiuslie, 1974; Ainslie & Herrnstein, 1981; Green, Fisher, Perlow, & Sherman, 1981; Green & Snyderman, 1980; Navarick & Fantino, 1976; Rachlin & Green, 1972). Research using pigeons, rats, and children indicates that the effects of reinforcement delay depend on experience, with the repeated receipt of long delays acting to increase subsequent self-control in both familiar and novel contexts (Eisenberger & Adornetto, 1986; Eisenberger & Masterson, 1986; Eisenberger, Masterson, & Lowman, 1982; Logue & Mazur, 1981; Logue, Rodriguez, Pena-Correal, & Mauro, 1984; Mazur & Logne, 1978). The present research investigates the possibility that experience with rewarded high effort might produce similar generalized effects on self-control involving required effort and punishment. Adding a response requirement to delay was found to lessen pigeons" choice of a delayed large reward (Grossbard & Mazur, 1986), indicating that required high effort may reduce selfcontrol. Research on the generalized effects of rewarded high effort suggests that effort training might increase self-control involving effort. Various findings suggest that required high effort with one or more behaviors raises the effort subse
The Influences of Brand Innovation on Customer Value : Using Double-Distal Mediators of Brand Perception and Brand Equity

The purpose of this study is to verify the situation of innovative activities held by a Japanese motor corporation in Taiwan versus customer value, using brand perception and brand equity as the mediators. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted on chiefs of sections (and higher-level) at a particular Japanese motor corporation in Taiwan. Simple random sampling was used to carry out the job of sampling to yield higher sample response rates. The overall model’s goodness-of-fit effect concerning the structural and measurement models were verified using linear Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Regarding the path coefficients for implicit/unobservable variables in the structural model, the MacKinnon PRODCLIN 2 program was employed to test how significant the model’s total effect, specific mediating effects and direct effects are. Research results showed that: (1) the overall model had a statistically significant total effect, which suggests a distal mediating effect in the model constructed by the author; (2) the brand innovation exerted a significantly direct effect on customer value; (3) both brand perception and brand equity exerted significant and almost the same specific mediating effects.
Full Title : Kinematic and kinetic analysis of maximal velocity deadlifts performed with and without the inclusion of chain resistance Short Title : Explosive resistance training with variable-and non-variable loads

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the deadlift could be effectively incorporated with explosive resistance training (ERT), and to investigate whether the inclusion of chains enhanced the suitability of the deadlift for ERT. Twenty three resistance trained athletes performed the deadlift with 30, 50 and 70% 1RM loads at submaximal velocity, maximal velocity, and maximal velocity with the inclusion of two chain loads equal to 20 or 40% of the subjects 1RM. All trials were performed on force platforms with markers attached to the barbell to calculate velocity and acceleration using a motion capture system. Significant increases in force, velocity, power, rate of force development and length of the acceleration phase (p < 0.05) were obtained when repetition velocity increased from submaximal to maximal. During maximal velocity repetitions with a constant resistance the mean length of the acceleration phase ranged from 73.2 (± 7.2%) to 84.9 (± 12.2%) of the overall movement. Compared to using a constant resistance the inclusion of chains enabled greater force to be maintained to the end of the concentric action and significantly increased peak force and impulse (p < 0.05), whilst concurrently decreasing velocity, power and rate of force development (p < 0.05). The effects of chains were influenced by the magnitude of the chain and barbell resistance, with greater increases and decreases in mechanical variables obtained when heavier chain and barbell loads were used. The results of the investigation suggest that the deadlift can be incorporated effectively in ERT programs. Coaches and athletes should be aware that the inclusion of heavy chains may have both positive and negative effects on kinematics and kinetics of an exercise.
INDIRECT MEASURES OF PLANT NUTRIENTS 1

Indirect, non-destructive sensor-based methods of plant and soil analyses could replace many of the wet chemistry testing methods that are in place today. Over 140 years have past since Justus von Liebig first employed soil testing in 1850. Today, simultaneous analyses of moisture, organic carbon (C), and total nitrogen (N) in plants and soils using non-destructive near infrared reflectance spectrophotometry are possible. Recent work has targeted indirect measurements of the nutrient status in soils using spectral radiance data collected from growing crop canopies. The use of spectral measurements from plant canopies has heen driven, in part, by newer variable rate technologies which apply nutrients to prescribed areas. More recent work has documented significant soil variabiliry on a 1 m scale. Because of this, indirect measures are necessary to avoid the cost of chemical analyses (10,000 samples requiredper hectare) and to avoid on-the-go chemistry. Also, in order for application technologies to be environmentally sensitive, they must treat the resolution where real differences, exist in the field. Present state-of-the-art methods can sense N deficiencies in winter wheat (December February) on a 1 m scale and apply variable foliar N on-the-go at 15 kph. These indirect methods rely on indices developed using the sufficiency concept that originally applied only to immobile nutrients. Plant canopy sensing methods allow for sufficiency to be used for both immobile and mobile nutrients since intensity and capacity can be integrated into one component, total nutrient uptake.
Naturally enhanced ion-line spectra around the equatorial 150-km region

For many years strong radar echoes coming from 140-170 km altitudes at low latitudes have been associated to the existence of field-aligned irregularities (FAIs) (the so called 150-km echoes). In this work, we present frequency spectra as well as angular distribution of 150-km echoes. When the 150-km region is observed with beams perpendic- ular to the magnetic field ( B) the observed radar spectra are very narrow with spectral widths between 3-12 m/s. On the other hand, when few-degrees off-perpendicular beams are used, the radar spectra are wide with spectral widths compa- rable to those expected from ion-acoustic waves at these alti- tudes (>1000 m/s). Moreover the off-perpendicular spectral width increases with increasing altitude. The strength of the received echoes is one to two orders of magnitude stronger than the expected level of waves in thermal equilibrium at these altitudes. Such enhancement is not due to an increase in electron density. Except for the enhancement in power, the spectra characteristics of off-perpendicular and perpendicu- lar echoes are in reasonable agreement with expected inco- herent scatter spectra at these angles and altitudes. 150-km echoes are usually observed in narrow layers (2 to 5). Bistatic common volume observations as well as observations made few kilometers apart show that, for most of the layers, there is very high correlation on power fluctuations without a notice- able time separation between simultaneous echoes observed with Off-perpendicular and Perpendicular beams. However, in one of the central layers, the echoes are the strongest in the perpendicular beam and absent or very weak in the off- perpendicular beams, suggesting that they are generated by a plasma instability. Our results indicate that most echoes around 150-km region are not as aspect sensitive as originally thought, and they come from waves that have been enhanced above waves in thermal equilibrium.
Ecology of the Endemic Land Crab Johngarthia malpilensis (Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae), a Poorly Known Species from the Tropical Eastern Pacific1

ABSTRACT Johngarthia malpilensis (Faxon, 1893) is the least studied of the eight American species of Gecarcinidae. This land crab is considered endemic to Malpelo, an oceanic island of the Colombian Pacific. Several aspects of its ecology were investigated between 2003 and 2006. We estimated its population density, distribution, daily activity, reproduction, interactions, and diet by marking and monitoring 909 individuals. During our visits we recorded crabs of sizes from 5 to 82 mm carapace width. Johngarthia malpilensis shelters mainly in fissures and hollows between rocks. It is distributed all over the main island except in very steep sectors. An average density of 0.41 adults m−2 and 0.55 juveniles m−2 produced an estimated total population of 833,000. Johngarthia malpilensis showed high mobility, with crabs covering distances over 450 m in a few days on highly irregular surfaces. Activity was higher from dusk till dawn and lowest around noon. Release of larvae took place during the high tides associated with the new moon, at least during the rainy season. It is omnivorous and opportunistic, consuming practically every available resource. The crab is occasionally preyed upon by an endemic lizard and migratory birds. Its general ecology is very similar to that of J. planatus, a closely related species. As a voracious omnivore J. malpilensis is one of the most important components of Malpelo's food web.
A Hotelling Model with a Ceiling on the Stock of Pollution

The Kyoto Protocol aims to stabilize the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere, which is mainly caused by the burning of nonrenewable resources such as coal in power generation. We ask how a ceiling on the stock of emissions may a.ect the textbook Hotelling model. We show that when the ceiling is binding, both the low-cost nonrenewable resource (coal) and the high-cost renewable resource (solar energy) may be used jointly. Emissions may be reduced at any given time through abatement or by replacing coal with solar energy, but not both. If energy demand declines in the long run, we obtain a zigzag pattern of resource use: coal is used first, followed by the joint use of coal and clean solar energy when the ceiling is tight, reverting to coal again when emissions are no longer binding, and finally to solar energy when coal is exhausted.
Implications of Motivating Operations for the Functional Analysis of Consumer Choice

The present article introduces the concept of Motivating Operation (MO) to the context of consumer choice and discusses the function of the concept of MO in the context of the Behavioral Perspective Model (BPM). Including MO as part of the consumer behavior setting leads to a more comprehensive analysis and, as a result, improves our understanding of the complex world of contingencies operating within consumer situations. First, the concept of MO helps to distinguish between discriminative and motivational functions of antecedents in the consumer behavior setting. Second, the MO concept includes both unlearned and learned motivating effects. Third, we will argue that some types of rules could also be MOs. A functional analysis of consumer choice should take into consideration the concept of MO because it is a contribution to the ongoing discussion to describe and classify antecedent variables that influence consumer behavior.
Important Contribution of α-Neurexins to Ca2+-Triggered Exocytosis of Secretory Granules

α-Neurexins constitute a family of neuronal cell surface molecules that are essential for efficient neurotransmission, because mice lacking two or all three α-neurexin genes show a severe reduction of synaptic release. Although analyses of α-neurexin knock-outs and transgenic rescue animals suggested an involvement of voltage-dependent Ca2+channels, it remained unclear whether α-neurexins have a general role in Ca2+-dependent exocytosis and how they may affect Ca2+ channels. Here we show by membrane capacitance measurements from melanotrophs in acute pituitary gland slices that release from endocrine cells is diminished by >50% in adult α-neurexin double knock-out and newborn triple knock-out mice. There is a reduction of the cell volume in mutant melanotrophs; however, no ultrastructural changes in size or intracellular distribution of the secretory granules were observed. Recordings of Ca2+ currents from melanotrophs, transfected human embryonic kidney cells, and brainstem neurons reveal that α-neurexins do not affect the activation or inactivation properties of Ca2+ channels directly but may be responsible for coupling them to release-ready vesicles and metabotropic receptors. Our data support a general and essential role for α-neurexins in Ca2+-triggered exocytosis that is similarly important for secretion from neurons and endocrine cells.
Continuously stratified flow dynamics over a hollow

[1] To study the effects of bathymetric depressions (hollows) on continuously stratified flows, measurements of current velocity and water density profiles were obtained over two hollows in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Measurements showed an acceleration of the middepth flow as it moved toward the deepest part of the hollow, in contrast to the deceleration expected from two-dimensional Bernoulli-type dynamics. The acceleration was attributed to lateral water intrusions that were most apparent during floods, as corroborated by observations in a transverse section that crossed the deepest part of one of the hollows. The flow acceleration toward the deepest part of the hollows during flood, favored by lateral water intrusions, was deflected toward the right (looking landward) owing to Coriolis accelerations. In general, during ebb and flood, the dynamics over the hollows could be explained with three-dimensional Bernoulli-type dynamics (pressure gradient balanced by advection) modified by Coriolis acceleration. Outside the hollows, the dynamics were between pressure gradient and friction (stress divergence). The transition from frictionally dominated dynamics (outside the hollow) to advection-dominated dynamics (inside the hollow) appears at the region where the bathymetric slope equals the bottom drag coefficient.
Evaluation of multiple laboratory methods in the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis

Introduction: Tuberculosis remains a worldwide public health problem. The emergence of human immunodeficiency virus infections (HIV) has further complicated the disease burden as it has rapidly increased the risk of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). EPTB is an important clinical entity. The precise diagnosis is very important because early detection of cases and effective treatment if instituted at the right time completely cures the patients of the disease. Objectives: To find out sensitivity and specificity of Ziehl-Neelsens staining (ZN), Auramine staining, and rapid slide culture technique (RSC), comparing them with growth on Lowenstein-Jensens medium (ZN) as the gold standard. Materials and Methods: The present study included 66 clinical specimens from patients suspected of EPTB inclusive of HIV-infected patients. They were subjected to ZN and Fluorescent method of staining, culturing by LJ and RSC method, and comparing growth on LJ medium as the gold standard. Results and Conclusion: Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated in 24.2%. Nontuberculosis Mycobacterium was isolated in 6% of the 66 samples processed. The highest number of isolation was from lymph node aspirates (83.3%). 2% of the samples were HIV seropositive.
State-Business Relations and Improvement of Corporate Governance in Russia

In this paper, we analyze the influence of the state on the improvement of corporate governance in Russia of the early 2000s. Taking into account the low quality of market institutions in the 1990s (i.e., the market failure phenomenon), we assume that state intervention as the "second best" institution had a positive impact in this case. Using a dataset of 822 joint-stock companies, we tested this hypothesis in two types of corporate models - state-owned or mixed firms and "politically connected" firms. The first model confirmed a strong positive influence of state ownership on the corporate governance in Russia in 2001-2004. The estimation results of this model are statistically robust in different specifications. We connect this result with attempts of the Russian government to use standard mechanisms and procedures of corporate governance to defend its property rights in its relations with state-owned and mixed enterprises.
INFLUENCE OF PROHEXADIONE-CALCIUM ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF ‘0900 ZIRAAT’ SWEET CHERRY

Effects of prohexadione-calcium (ProCa, 125 and 250 mgL) and ProCa + ammonium sulfate (AMS, 500 mgL) treatments on vegetative characteristics (shoot growth, branch diameter, trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), canopy volume, number of flower per cm, number of fruits per cm) and quality parameters (fruit size, flesh firmness, color, titratable acidity and soluble solids content (SSC)) of ‘0900 Ziraat’ sweet cherry were investigated in this study. Solutions were sprayed when the shoots were just 10 cm long in 2014 and 2015. As compared to control, in 2015, TCSA decreased only with ProCa treatments (125 and 250 mgL) and canopy volume and shoot length decreased with all treatments. On the other hand, number of flower and fruit per cm significantly increased with all treatments. While there were not significant differences in fruit size, flesh firmness, color, SSC and titratable acidity values were significantly lower in 250 mgL ProCa and 250 mgL ProCa + AMS treatments. It was concluded that ProCa treatments could be used as an efficient tool for suppression of shoot growth and to increase the number of flower and fruits per cm in ‘0900 Ziraat’ sweet cherry cultivar.
Assessing Influence in Variable Selection Problems

Abstract Variable selection techniques are often used in combination with multiple linear regression to produce a parsimonious model that fits the data well. It is clearly undesirable for the final model to depend strongly on the inclusion of a few influential cases in the data set. This article discusses a measure of influence of single cases on the final model, based on a similar measure used in ordinary multiple regression. When variables are selected objectively, deletion of individual cases can strongly affect the choice of model. The influence of individual cases on the parameters of the selected model are often assessed as part of the model building process. However, such conditional measures fail to evaluate the influence of the cases on the variable selection process. Modern computing environments make it feasible to use an unconditional criterion to determine the influence of each case on the selection procedure. A number of examples are discussed to illustrate the differences between these appr.
Bioelectromagnetics Between-CountryComparisonofWhole-Body SARFromPersonal ExposureData in UrbanAreas

Wout Joseph,* Patrizia Frei,MartinRo« o« sli, GˇnterVermeeren,JohnBolte, Gyo« rgyThuro¤ czy, PeterGajšek, Tomaž Trček, EvelynMohler, Pe¤ ter Juha¤ sz, Viktoria Finta, and LucMartens Department of InformationTechnology, GhentUniversity/IBBT,Ghent, Belgium SwissTropicalandPublicHealth Institute, Basel, Switzerland University ofBasel, Basel, Switzerland Laboratory forRadiationResearch, National Institute forPublicHealthand the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven,TheNetherlands Department ofNon-IonizingRadiation, NationalResearch Institute forRadiobiology andRadiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary FrenchNational Institute for IndustrialEnvironment andRisks (INERIS),Verneuilen Halatte, France Institute of Non-IonizingRadiation, Ljubljana, Slovenia Facultyof Science, Department ofAtomicPhysics, Institute of Physics, Eo« tvo« s Lora¤ nd University, Budapest, Hungary