Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils.

BACKGROUND Cyberbullying describes bullying using mobile phones and the internet. Most previous studies have focused on the prevalence of text message and email bullying. METHODS Two surveys with pupils aged 11-16 years: (1) 92 pupils from 14 schools, supplemented by focus groups; (2) 533 pupils from 5 schools, to assess the generalisability of findings from the first study, and investigate relationships of cyberbullying to general internet use. Both studies differentiated cyberbullying inside and outside of school, and 7 media of cyberbullying. RESULTS Both studies found cyberbullying less frequent than traditional bullying, but appreciable, and reported more outside of school than inside. Phone call and text message bullying were most prevalent, with instant messaging bullying in the second study; their impact was perceived as comparable to traditional bullying. Mobile phone/video clip bullying, while rarer, was perceived to have more negative impact. Age and gender differences varied between the two studies. Study 1 found that most cyberbullying was done by one or a few students, usually from the same year group. It often just lasted about a week, but sometimes much longer. The second study found that being a cybervictim, but not a cyberbully, correlated with internet use; many cybervictims were traditional 'bully-victims'. Pupils recommended blocking/avoiding messages, and telling someone, as the best coping strategies; but many cybervictims had told nobody about it. CONCLUSIONS Cyberbullying is an important new kind of bullying, with some different characteristics from traditional bullying. Much happens outside school. Implications for research and practical action are discussed.
Ionic Channel Current Burst Analysis by a Machine Learning Based Approach

A new method to analyze single ionic channel current conduction is presented. It is based on an automatic classification by K-means algorithm and on the concept of information entropy. This method is used to study the conductance of multistate ion current jumps induced by tetanus toxin in planar lipid bilayers. A comparison is presented with the widely used Gaussian best fit approach, whose main drawback is the fact that it is based on the manual choice of the base line and of meaningful fragments of current signal. On the contrary, the proposed method is able to automatically process a great amount of information and to remove spurious transitions and multichannels. The number of levels and their amplitudes do not have to be known a priori. In this way the presented method is able to produce a reliable evaluation of the conductance levels and their characteristic parameters in a short time.
ASSESSMENT OF THE POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DENTAL/ PERIODONTAL CONDITIONS AND SELF-REPORTED REFLUX SYMPTOM INDEX SCORES. A PRELIMINARY STUDY

Objective : Gastroesophageal reflux disease and laryngopharyngeal reflux are common public health problems, which are known to effect oral cavity. Subjective assessment of symptom severity in patients with gastroesophageal reflux and laryngopharyngeal reflux can be made with self-reported “Reflux Symptom Index”. In this study, possible relation of dental and periodontal conditions with Reflux Symptom Index scores was evaluated. Material and Methods : This study was performed with 135 dental outpatients (52 female and 83 male; aged between 18-63 years). Demographic and clinical variables were procured and Reflux Symptom Index (a nine item and 45-point scale questionnaire) scores were evaluated. Dental and periodontal conditions were assessed with DMFT (decayed, missing, filled teeth) index and Community Periodontal Index scores. Patients were divided into two subgroups according to their RSI values (Reflux Symptom Index ≤13; normal and Reflux Symptom Index >13; abnormal) and differences were statistically investigated. Results : Reflux Symptom Index subgroups showed significant difference in all intraoral parameters except decayed teeth number (p 0.05). Conclusion : Self-reported Reflux Symptom Index merits further investigation before declaring dental and periodontal conclusions in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and laryngopharyngeal reflux.
Sound-Particles and Phonons with Spin 1

We present a new model for solids which is based on the stimulated vibration of independent neutral Fermi-atoms, representing independent harmonic oscillators with natural frequencies, which are excited by actions of the longitudinal and transverse elastic waves. Due to application of the principle of elastic wave-particle duality, we predict that the lattice of a solid consists of two type Sound Boson-Particles with spin 1 with finite masses. Namely, these lattice Boson-Particles excite the longitudinal and transverse phonons with spin 1. In this letter, we estimate the masses of Sound Boson-Particles which are around 500 times smaller than the atom mass.
Application of Scanning Electron Microscope to Dislocation Imaging in Steel

With the increase of the use of highstrength steel, the formability control of steel materials with complex phases becomes important, resulting in the requirement for the understanding of the local defect structure, such as dislocations and several boundaries based on both experimental and computational aspects. The characterization of dislocations and other defects has been mainly studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) utilizing diffraction imaging contrast and this has brought us a great success in understanding local dislocation structure and further several interaction models among dislocations and other defects such as solute atoms, impurities, clusters, and precipitation. On the other hand, most structure materials, such as steels, consist of polycrystals, and their mechanical properties must be considered using a more macroscopic view, taking in the picture of the whole material, including the effect of grain boundary, the crystallography of grains, and other heterogeneities of microstructure. The TEM thinfoil analysis of dislocations has some limitations regarding these multi-scale formation and deformation aspects, due to the thin-foil effect and some difficulty in the preparation of TEM thin foils themselves, including the heterogeneous large area. Recently, in order to examine the dislocation structure over a larger area of the materials in question, the electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) technique using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been discussed in various papers. The theory underlying channeling contrast, of course, goes back to the beginning of TEM contrast interpretation in the 1960’s, and it is considered that the defect regions in dislocations should give rise to a modulation of the back-scattered electron (BSE) intensity. In the 1990’s, several examples in attempt to obtain dislocation imaging using SEM with and without a field emission gun, along with the imaging and contrast simulation of the clusters for misfit dislocations at the interface, were demonstrated, for example, in strained Si-Ga layers on silicon [1]. Taking into account the effects of surface stress relaxation, back-scattered electron intensity within electron channeling contrast images of dislocations has been also calculated using a two-beam dynamical diffraction model and the simple treatment of multiple scattering [2]. The imaging of screw dislocations near the surface of Si, Ni, and Ga thin films using the ECCI method have been also studied in the 1990’s, in which the g • b=0 criterion for the dislocation image has been discussed [3]. Based on these results, it was established that the intensity of back-scattered electrons is strongly dependent on the orientation of the incident beam with respect to the crystal lattice. Thus, it was pointed out that the information regarding the crystal orientation and its diffraction conditions Application of Scanning Electron Microscope to Dislocation Imaging in Steel
Increased Transparency in Procurement: The Role of Peer-Effects

Motivated by recent initiatives to increase transparency in procurement, we study the effects of disclosing information about previous purchases in a setting where an organization delegates its purchasing decisions to its employees. When employees can use their own discretion —which may be influenced by personal preferences— to select a supplier, the incentives of the employees and the organization may be misaligned. Disclosing information about previous purchasing decisions made by other employees can reduce or exacerbate his misalignment, as peer effects may come into play. To understand the effects of transparency, we introduce a theoretical model that compares employees’ actions in a setting where they cannot observe each other’s choices, to a setting where they can observe the decision previously made by a peer before making their own. Two behavioral considerations are central to our model: that employees are heterogeneous in their reciprocity towards their employer, and that they experience peer effects in the form of income inequality aversion towards their peer. As a result, our model predicts the existence of negative spillovers as a reciprocal employee is more likely to choose the expensive supplier (which gives him a personal reward) when he observes that a peer did so. A laboratory experiment confirms the existence of negative spillovers and the main behavioral mechanisms described in our model. A surprising result not predicted by our theory, is that employees whose decisions are observed by their peers are less likely to choose the expensive supplier than the employees in the no transparency case. We show that observed employees’ preferences for compliance with the social norm of “appropriate purchasing behavior” explain our data well.
Genetic variation in offspring indirectly influences the quality of maternal behaviour in mice

Conflict over parental investment between parent and offspring is predicted to lead to selection on genes expressed in offspring for traits influencing maternal investment, and on parentally expressed genes affecting offspring behaviour. However, the specific genetic variants that indirectly modify maternal or offspring behaviour remain largely unknown. Using a cross-fostered population of mice, we map maternal behaviour in genetically uniform mothers as a function of genetic variation in offspring and identify loci on offspring chromosomes 5 and 7 that modify maternal behaviour. Conversely, we found that genetic variation among mothers influences offspring development, independent of offspring genotype. Offspring solicitation and maternal behaviour show signs of coadaptation as they are negatively correlated between mothers and their biological offspring, which may be linked to costs of increased solicitation on growth found in our study. Overall, our results show levels of parental provisioning and offspring solicitation are unique to specific genotypes. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.11814. 001
The Puzzle of Abu Ghraib: Understanding State Torture and Political Democracy

The events of Abu Ghraib exposed politicians, journalists, military and law enforcement personnel, NGOs, activists and everyday citizens to the potential brutality of state repression. Observing these events, many were left stunned that a liberal democracy would perpetrate such horrific acts against individuals in its care and this behavior was viewed as aberrant or idiosyncratic. Using data from 146 countries, covering the years 1980-1999, we investigate the extent to which different regimes use torture both in times of peace and in times where domestic tranquility is threatened. We find that rather than aberrant, state-sponsored torture like that in Abu Ghraib is perfectly consistent with previous experience. When confronted with political threats, democracies are as likely as autocracies to employ torture
Applications of quantum Monte Carlo methods in condensed systems

Quantum Monte Carlo methods represent a powerful and broadly applicable computational tool for finding very accurate solutions of the stationary Schrödinger equation for atoms, molecules, solids and a variety of model systems. The algorithms are intrinsically parallel and are able to take full advantage of present-day high-performance computing systems. This review paper concentrates on the fixed-node/fixed-phase diffusion Monte Carlo method with emphasis on its applications to the electronic structure of solids and other extended many-particle systems.
The feasibility of ICT diffusion amongs t African rural wome n: a case study of South Africa and Kenya

This study explores whether ICT use is feasible in the rural areas of South Africa and Kenya by using largely survey research method. The survey involved interviewing 400 women aged between 16-60 from both Kenya and South Africa. The multistage sampling data was obtained from Census household data of the magisterial districts of Umlalazi i.e. Eshowe, Amatikulu, Gigindlovu and Mtunzini (South Africa), and from the subdivisions of the Kaplamai Division in Trans-Nzoia district, i.e. Kimoson, Sinyerere, Sitatunga and Makutano (Kenya). The survey results signify that problems of access and exclusion are still predominant. For instance, while a meagre average of 11(5.4%) of the respondents in South Africa use modern technologies such as the computer/internet, more than half (115: 57.5%) of the respondents faced problems ranging from affordability to distance and time. Additionally, there is a marked correlation between educational level, type of ICTs accessed on one hand and information need and purposes on the other. It is observed that alone, ICTs are insufficient for significant benefits to emerge. Information ethical challenges are identified and recommendations made.
Large Vector Autoregressions with asymmetric priors and time varying volatilities ∗

We propose a new algorithm which allows easy estimation of Vector Autoregressions (VARs) featuring asymmetric priors and time varying volatilities, even when the cross sectional dimension of the system N is particularly large. The algorithm is based on a simple triangularisation which allows to simulate the conditional mean coeffi cients of the VAR by drawing them equation by equation. This strategy reduces the computational complexity by a factor of N with respect to the existing algorithms routinely used in the literature and by practitioners. Importantly, this new algorithm can be easily obtained by modifying just one of the steps of the existing algorithms. We illustrate the benefits of the algorithm with numerical and empirical applications.
[Relationship between interleukin-6 gene-572C/G polymorphism and chronic periodontitis].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene -572C/G polymorphism and the risk of chronic periodontitis disease. METHODS IL-6-572C/G genotype polymorphism was examined in 93 patients with chronic periodontitis and 96 control subjects by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS IL-6-572GG genotype and G allele were more frequent in chronic periodontitis patients than that in control subjects (P<0.05). -572CC, CG and GG genotype frequency were 52.7 % , 40.9 %, 6.4 % in chronic periodontitis patients and 67.7 %, 31.3%, 1.0 % in control subjects, respectively. -572CG + GG genotype and G allele were more frequent in patients than that in control subjects (P<0.05). Compared with CC genotype,the odds ratio for chronic periodontitis was 1.88 (95% CI: 1.04-3.40, P<0.05) for CG + GG genotype. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of -572CG + GG genotype was higher in patients with chronic periodontitis compared with the control subjects. IL-6-572C/G polymorphism may be a genetic susceptibility factor for chronic periodontitis in Chinese Hans population.
Better to Bend than to Break: Sharing Supply Risk Using the Supply-Flexibility Contract

Problem definition: We analyze a contract in which a supplier who is exposed to disruption risk offers a supply-flexibility contract comprising of a wholesale price and a minimum-delivery fraction (“flexibility” fraction) to a buyer facing random demand. The supplier is allowed to deviate below the order quantity by at most the flexibility fraction. The supplier’s regular production is subject to random disruption, but she has access to a reliable expedited supply source at a higher marginal cost. Academic/practical relevance: Despite the prevalence of supply-flexibility contracts in practice, to the best of our knowledge, there is no previous academic literature examining the optimal design of supply-flexibility contracts. As such, the level of flexibility in practice is usually set on an ad-hoc basis, with buyers typically reluctant to share risk with suppliers. Our analysis of supply-flexibility contracts informs practice in two ways: First, using analytically supported arguments, it educates managers on the effects of their decisions on the economic outcomes. Second, it shows that the supply-flexibility contract benefits both the supplier and the buyer, regardless of which player chooses how supply risk is allocated in the supply chain. Methodology: Non-cooperative game theory, non-convex optimization. Results: We derive the supplier-led optimal contract and show that supply chain efficiency improves relative to the price-only contract. More interestingly, even though the buyer lets the supplier decide how the two share supply risk, profits of both the players increase by the introduction of flexibility into the contract. Further, supply flexibility may be even more valuable for the buyer compared with the supplier. Interestingly, the flexibility fraction is not monotone in supplier reliability and a more reliable supplier may even prefer to transfer more risk to the buyer. The robustness of these findings is established on two extensions: one where we study a buyer-led contract (i.e., the buyer chooses the flexibility fraction) and the other where the expedited supply option is available to both the supplier and the buyer. Managerial implications: The supply-flexibility contract is mutually beneficial for both players and yet retains all the advantages of the price-only contract—it is easy to implement, it requires minimal operational and administrative burden, and there is evidence of the use of such contracts in practice. While our focus is not on supply chain coordination, we note that the combination of two mechanisms—the supply-flexibility contract derived in this paper to share supply risk and a buyback contract to share demand risk—yields a coordinating contract.
attentional bottleneck in the human brain

Human information processing is characterized by bottlenecks that constrain throughput. These bottlenecks limit both what we can perceive and what we can act on in multitask settings. Although perceptual and response limitations are often attributed to independent information processing bottlenecks, it has recently been suggested that a common attentional limitation may be responsible for both. To date, however, evidence supporting the existence of such a “unified” bottleneck has been mixed. Here, we tested the unified bottleneck hypothesis using time-resolved fMRI. Experiment 1 isolated brain regions involved in the response selection bottleneck that limits speeded dual-task performance. These same brain regions were not only engaged by a perceptual encoding task in Experiment 2, their activity also tracked delays to a speeded decision-making task caused by concurrent perceptual encoding (Experiment 3). We conclude that a unified attentional bottleneck, including the inferior frontal junction, superior medial frontal cortex, and bilateral insula, temporally limits operations as diverse as perceptual encoding and decision-making.
Zeolite Y synthesis without organic template : The effect of synthesis parameters

In this study, the zeolite Y was synthetized without organic template at low temperature of crystallization (100°C). The effect of crystallization time, aging time and aging temperature on zeoliteY synthesis were investigated. The end products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM). The results revealed that all the three parameters studied in this work have a great effect on crystallinity and final product of the synthesized zeolites. Received 28 Feb 2017, Revised 22 May 2017, Accepted 24 May 2017
Developments in Geophysical Inversion in the Last Decade

Inversion of all types of geophysical data has become common place in the past decade. This is a result of suitable software and hardware becoming widely available as well as an industry which has learned the value of undertaking value added processing to obtain the maximum useful geological signal. Future developments will likely see the addition of some for of artificial intelligence to help guide the inversion processes.
CHAPTER 7 Quality in the GLIMS Glacier Database

Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) is an international initiative to map the world’s glaciers and to build a geospatial database of glacier vector outlines that is usable via the World Wide Web. The GLIMS initiative includes glaciologists at 82 institutions, organized into 27 Regional Centers (RCs), who analyze satellite imagery to map glaciers in their regions of expertise. The results are collected at the U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) and ingested into the GLIMS Glacier Database. A concern for users of the database is data quality. The process of classifying multispectral satellite data to extract vector outlines of glaciers has been automated to some degree, but there remain stages requiring human interpretation. To quantify the repeatability and precision of data provided by different RCs, we designed a method of comparative image analysis whereby analysts at the RCs and NSIDC could derive glacier outlines from the same set of images, chosen to contain a variety of glacier types. We carried out four such experiments. The results were compiled, compared, and analyzed to quantify inter-RC analysis consistency. These comparisons have improved RC ability to produce consistent data, and in addition show that in the lower reaches of a glacier, precision of glacier outlines is typically 3 to 4 pixels. Variability in the accumulation area and over parts of the glacier that are debris covered tends to be higher. The ingest process includes quality control steps that must be passed before data are accepted into the database. These steps ensure that ingested data are well georeferenced and internally consistent. The GLACE experiments and ingest time quality control steps have led to improved quality and consistency of GLIMS data. This chapter presents the GLACE experiments and the quality control steps incorporated in the data ingest process. More recent similar studies are referenced.
GROWTH RESPONSE OF COASTAL DOUGLAS-FIR (PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII [MIRBEL] FRANCO) IN WESTERN OREGON FOLLOWING MECHANICAL COMMERCIAL THINNING DAMAGE

Growth responses of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirbel] Franco) were quantified 14 years following mechanical damage from commercial thinning. Damaged, adjacent, and non-adjacent trees were measured for total height, crown length, and diameter at breast height (DBH) to assess neighbor competitiveness between damaged and undamaged trees. Results indicated that mechanical damage had no significant effect between damaged and undamaged trees relative to adjacent or non-adjacent trees on total tree height, height/diameter curves, basal area growth after thinning, height to crown base, or crown length. However, there was a significant difference in crown length between the damaged and adjacent trees. Trends in height to crown base over tree diameter curves were not significantly different between damaged and undamaged trees of either the adjacent or non-adjacent group.