Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
[Effects of increasing spinal hyperbaric lidocaine concentrations on spinal cord and meninges: experimental study in dogs].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Lidocaine concentration potentially able to determine nervous tissue injury is still not well established. This study aimed at investigating the effect of increasing spinal lidocaine concentrations in single injection through Quincke needle. METHODS After the Animal Experiment Ethical Committee approval, 40 adult animals were anesthetized with fentanyl and etomidate and submitted to spinal puncture with 22G 21/2 Quincke needle for the introduction of 1 mL of 7.5% glucose solution in 10 seconds - Group 1; 5% lidocaine in 7.5% glucose solution - Group 2; 7.5% lidocaine in 7.5% glucose solution - Group 3; 10% lidocaine in 7.5% glucose solution - Group 4. After intravenous anesthesia recovery and in the presence of spinal block, the following parameters were observed: presence of motor block, anal sphincter tone (normal or relaxed) and sensory block level in different cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral dermatomes. Animals remained in captivity for 72 hours. Anal sphincter tone, hind paws mobility, painful fore and hind paws and sacral, lumbar and thoracic dermatomes sensitivity were evaluated. Were euthanized by electrocution under anesthesia and spinal cord and meningeal lumbar and sacral portions were removed for histological exam under optic microscopy. RESULTS No Group 1 and 2 animal presented clinical or histological injuries. Three Group 3 animals presented hind paws motor changes and anal sphincter relaxation with foci of posterior necrosis (two dogs) and fascial necrosis in all spinal cord surface (one dog). In a different animal of this group in which foci of necrosis were observed in less than 5% histological field, no clinical changes were found. Seven Group 4 animals presented clinical changes (paralysis or decreased muscle strength in hind paws, anal sphincter relaxation) or histological changes (spinal cord surface band necrosis or nervous tissue necrosis foci). CONCLUSIONS In this study, spinal lidocaine in concentrations above 7.5% in single injection through Quincke needle has determined histological changes on spinal cord, but not on meninges.
Cadmium and zinc in pregnancy and lactation.

Radioactive cadmium (109Cd) and zinc (65Zn) were injected subcutaneously into pregnant rats. More cadmium than zinc was found in the placentae. After birth, newborns showed detectable 109Cd only in liver, gastrointestinal tract, and in the brain tissue. Zinc 65 was present in all newborns’ tissues. During lactation, highest output of 65Zn was in colostrum and, on subsequent days, 65Zn in milk declined rapidly. Cadmium 109 in milk was present in low concentration throughout the lactation period. Rats injected with 109Cd and 65Zn after parturition excreted these isotopes in milk in a similiar pattern. Newborns nursed on radioactive milk showed rapid absorption of 65Zn, whereas 109Cd accumulated primarily in the intestinal tract; a lesser quantity of 109Cd was deposited in the liver. In other organs, only 65Zn was found. The lactating mammary gland contained more 109Cd than 65Zn; after lactation, 65Zn was depleted, whereas 109Cd remained in mammary tissue.
Econometric overview and evidence from recent Finnish studies case studies :

In this report we give an overview of econometric case study method. We review some key econometric case studies and then we present our own case studies that were conducted under the project “Econometric Case Studies on the Impact of Workplace Innovations”. We present some evaluation criteria for econometric case studies as an approach and position our studies in the context of the approach. * Corresponding author. Helsinki School of Economics. Contact: panu.kalmi@hse.fi, tel. +358 40 749 6875 ** Hamilton College. *** Helsinki School of Economics and ETLA. The authors are grateful to support from the Academy of Finland (Project No. 206027) and The Finnish Work Environment Fund (Grant No. 103313). Jones’ work was supported in part by a Foundation for Economic Education Fellowship and NSF SES0522117 for which he is grateful. This report was prepared as a final report for the Finnish Work Environment Fund.
ANALYSIS OF VORTEX PACKETS AND REYNOLDS STRESS IN A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

Sets of stereo PIV measurements were obtained in streamwise-spanwise planes of a turbulent boundary layer with Reτ = 1060. Two-point spatial correlations obtained from fields in the logarithmic region revealed that both streamwise-streamwise (Ruu) and streamwise-wall-normal (Ruw) correlations were significant for streamwise displacements of more than 1500 wall units. Zero crossing data for the streamwise fluctuating component u revealed that streamwise strips between zero crossings of 1500 wall units or longer occurred more frequently for negative u than positive u. This result suggested that the long streamwise correlations in Ruu are dominated by slower streamwise structures. Additional analysis of Rww correlations suggested that the long slow-moving streamwise structures contain discrete zones of strong upwash over extended streamwise distances as might occur within packets of angled hairpin vortices. At a wall-normal location outside of the log region (z/δ = 0.5), the correlations were shorter in the streamwise direction and broader in the spanwise direction. All of the correlation results are consistent with earlier studies (Ganapathisubramani et al, 2003) in which a feature detection algorithm identified packets of hairpins in the log region but not in the outer region.
Throwing and catching movements exhibit post-activation potentiation effects following fatigue

Many sport and exercise activities require powerful movements of the upper body. Despite their importance, there is a paucity of research examining stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) activities occurring in the upper limbs. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of fatigue on throwing performance (height of throw) and biomechanical factors of the upper limbs (reactive strength index; hand contact time) using a specially constructed sledge apparatus for the upper body. Ten male subjects aged between 19 and 21 years performed a series of rebound throws (RBT) in a non-fatigued state to obtain a maximal baseline throw score. Subjects then performed a RBT fatiguing protocol on the upper body sledge followed by further RBT, at 15, 45, 120 and 300-seconds post fatigue. Markers on the subjects' limb and the sledge were analysed using Motion Analysis Corporation 3-D kinematic analysis system (200 Hz). Throwing height, contact time and reactive strength index were determined. Mean throwing height and reactive strength index showed significant decreases following fatigue and increases during recovery (p < 0.05). The results confirm the presence of post-activation potentiation (PAP) in RBT performance. This finding could be useful when optimising recovery periods in training or implementing complex training methods.
Resolving Peer Disagreements Through Imprecise Probabilities

Two compelling principles, the Reasonable Range Principle and the Preservation of Irrelevant Evidence Principle, are necessary conditions that any response to peer disagreements ought to abide by. The Reasonable Range Principle maintains that a resolution to a peer disagreement should not fall outside the range of views expressed by the peers in their dispute, whereas the Preservation of Irrelevant Evidence (PIE) Principle maintains that a resolution strategy should be able to preserve unanimous judgments of evidential irrelevance among the peers. No standard Bayesian resolution strategy satisfies the PIE Principle, however, and we give a loss aversion argument in support of PIE and against Bayes. The theory of imprecise probability allows one to satisfy both principles, and we introduce the notion of a set-based credal judgment to frame and address a range of subtle issues that arise in peer disagreements.
Vimentin expression in benign and malignant breast epithelium.

AIMS--To determine vimentin expression in epithelial cells in benign breast disease and malignant breast tumours; to assess the value of vimentin expression as a prognostic indicator in breast carcinoma. METHODS--Frozen and formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded sections from 78 carcinomas, three phyllodes tumours, 19 fibroadenomas and 19 cases of fibrocystic disease were examined with a monoclonal antibody from the V9 clone. A correlation between vimentin expression and known prognostic indicators was sought in ductal carcinomas. The intracellular localisation of vimentin was examined in benign and malignant lesions. RESULTS--Vimentin expression was identified on frozen section in the cells of ductal (53%), lobular (86%), and mucinous (33%) carcinomas and in the luminal epithelium of fibroadenomas (68%), cases of fibrocystic disease (47%), and a malignant phyllodes tumour. Formalin fixation reduced the percentage of carcinomas and cases of benign disease in which vimentin was detected. This reduction was more pronounced in fibroadenoma and fibrocystic disease than in ductal carcinoma. Associations were identified between vimentin expression as detected on frozen section and tumour grade, size, number of lymph nodes affected, oestrogen receptor content and growth fraction. Only the association with grade was significant (p = 0.045). There was no significant correlation between any of these prognostic variables and vimentin expression on paraffin wax sections. There was no difference in the intracellular localisation of vimentin staining between benign and malignant lesions, or between low and high grade ductal carcinomas. CONCLUSION--There is some loss of vimentin immunoreactivity after formalin fixation. Vimentin expression does not assist in differentiating between benign and malignant breast disease, but is correlated with tumour grade in ductal carcinoma.
Steroidal glycosides from the underground parts of Solanum sodomaeum.

A new steroidal glycoside has been isolated from the underground parts of Solanum sodomaeum L. , along with seven known steroidal glycosides. Their chemical structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical evidence, and the structure of one known pregnane type glycoside was corrected. In addition, their antiproliferative activity against human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells was investigated, and five compounds exhibited stronger activity than cisplatin.
Channel engineering for the reduction of random-dopant-placement-induced threshold voltage fluctuation

A simple model is proposed, which is able to calculate V/sub TH/ standard deviation due to random dopant placement in the channel, for arbitrary vertical impurity distributions. Substantial decrease in V/sub TH/ fluctuation, while keeping V/sub TH/ the same, is confirmed for low surface impurity channel MOSFETs, in agreement with the model prediction.
REPERFUSION INJURY IN THE HUMAN FOREARM IS MILD AND NOT ATTENUATED BY SHORT‐TERM ISCHAEMIC PRECONDITIONING

1. Ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) injury is an important contributor to tissue damage and has been shown to be attenuated by preconditioning (PC) in some animal models. A recent report has suggested that the forearm can be used for the study of this phenomenon in humans. We aimed to reproduce and further characterize this model.
Density functional theory study on the copper ( II ) complex of benzimidazole

The geometry, electronic structure and chemical reactivity of a copper(II) complex of benzimidazole, are discussed on the basis of quantum chemical density functional theory calculations using B3LYP method with the 631G(d,p) basis set. The calculated highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) with frontier orbital gap were presented. Frontier molecular orbital analysis showed that the energies of HOMO and LUMO orbitals are –5.8875 and –0.9546 eV, respectively. The experimental infrared spectrum was compared with calculated and complete vibrational assignment was provided. The electrostatic potential was calculated in order to investigate the reaction properties of the molecule. Keywords— copper(II) complex of benzimidazole, quantum chemical calculations, geometry optimization, electronic properties
Induced Mesocrystal-Formation, Hydrothermal Growth and Magnetic Properties of α-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles in Salt-Rich Aqueous Solutions

Iron oxide nanoparticles are widely prevalent in our aqueous environment (e.g., streams, seawater, hydrothermal vents). Their aggregation and crystal growth depend on their chemical surroundings, for instance just a change in pH or salt concentration can greatly affect this. In turn this influences their properties, mobility, fate, and environmental impact. We studied the growth of α-Fe2O3 (hematite), starting from 8 nm hematite particles in weakly acidic (HNO3) aqueous suspension with different states of particle aggregation, using salt (NaCl and NaH2PO4) to control their initial aggregation state. The samples were then subject to hydrothermal treatment at 100–140 °C. We followed the development in aggregation state and particle size by dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, small angle neutron scattering and transmission electron microscopy, and the magnetic properties by Mossbauer spectroscopy. The addition of NaCl and NaH2PO4 both led to aggregation, but NaCl led to linear chains of hematite nanoparticles (oriented parallel to their hexagonal c-axis), such that the crystalline lattice planes of neighboring hematite particles were aligned. However, despite this oriented alignment, the particles did not merge and coalesce. Rather they remained stable as mesocrystals until heat-treated. In turn, the addition of NaCl significantly increases the rate of growth during hydrothermal treatment, probably because the nanoparticles, due to the chain formation, are already aligned and in close proximity. With hydrothermal treatment, the magnetic properties of the particles transform from those characteristic of small (aggregated) hematite nanoparticles to those of particles with more bulk-like properties such as Morin transition and suppression of superparamagnetic relaxation, in correspondence with the growth of particle size.
Surgical Strategy for Spinal Metastases

Study Design. A new surgical strategy for treatment of patients with spinal metastases was designed, and 61 patients were treated based on this strategy. Objectives. To propose a new surgical strategy for the treatment of patients with spinal metastases. Summary of Background Data. A preoperative score composed of six parameters has been proposed by Tokuhashi et al for the prognostic assessment of patients with metastases to the spine. Their scoring system was designed for deciding between excisional or palliative procedures. Recently, aggressive surgery, such as total en bloc spondylectomy for spinal metastases, has been advocated for selected patients. Surgical strategies should include various treatments ranging from wide or marginal excision to palliative treatment with hospice care. Methods. Sixty-seven patients with spinal metastases who had been treated from 1987–1991 were reviewed, and prognostic factors were evaluated retrospectively (phase 1). A new scoring system for spinal metastases that was designed based on these data consists of three prognostic factors: 1) grade of malignancy (slow growth, 1 point; moderate growth, 2 points; rapid growth, 4 points), 2) visceral metastases (no metastasis, 0 points; treatable, 2 points: untreatable, 4 points), and 3) bone metastases (solitary or isolated, 1 point; multiple, 2 points). These three factors were added together to give a prognostic score between 2–10. The treatment goal for each patient was set according to this prognostic score. The strategy for each patient was decided along with the treatment goal: a prognostic score of 2–3 points suggested a wide or marginal excision for long-term local control; 4–5 points indicated marginal or intralesional excision for middle-term local control; 6–7 points justified palliative surgery for short-term palliation; and 8–10 points indicated nonoperative supportive care. Sixty-one patients were treated prospectively according to this surgical strategy between 1993–1996 (phase 2). The extent of the spinal metastases was stratified using the surgical classification of spinal tumors, and technically appropriate and feasible surgery was performed, such as en bloc spondylectomy, piecemeal thorough excision, curettage, or palliative surgery. Results. The mean survival time of the 28 patients treated with wide or marginal excision was 38.2 months (26 had successful local control). The mean survival time of the 13 patients treated with intralesional excision was 21.5 months (nine had successful local control). The mean survival time of the 11 patients treated with palliative surgery and stabilization was 10.1 months (eight had successful local control). The mean survival time of the patients with terminal care was 5.3 months. Conclusions. A new surgical strategy for spinal metastases based on the prognostic scoring system is proposed. This strategy provides appropriate guidelines for treatment in all patients with spinal metastases.
Localization, Differential Expression and Retrograde Axonal Transport Suggest Physiological Role of FGF‐2 in Spinal Autonomic Neurons of the Rat

Fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2) has marked pharmacological neurotrophic effects on lesioned spinal autonomic neurons following target removal of the adrenal medulla, yet expression and axonal transport in autonomic neurons remain to be shown. We show here FGF‐2 and FGF receptor type 1 (FGFR1) protein and mRNA expression in preganglionic intermediolateral neurons of the rat thoracic spinal cord. While immunoreactivity of both FGF‐2 and FGFR1 co‐localize to intermediolateral neurons, mRNA transcripts of FGFR1, but not of FGF‐2, are detectable in intermediolateral preparations by RNase protection analysis, suggesting protein translocation in viva Unilateral microinjection of 125iodinated FGF‐2 into the adrenal medulla (a major target of intermediolateral neurons) results in significant accumulation of specific radioactivity in thoracic spinal cord tissue, including the intermediolateral neurons, and the ipsilateral splanchnic nerve. Emulsion autoradiography demonstrated labelling over ipsilateral intermediolateral neurons only. Neuronal co‐localization of FGF‐2/FGFR1 protein, differential mRNA expression, specific retrograde axonal transport and the known neurotrophic actions in vivo, strongly suggest unique physiological roles of FGF‐2 in the autonomic nervous system.
Developed a Reduced Kinetic Model for HCCI Combustion of DME and Coupled with CFD Model

the paper presented a reduced dimethyl ether (DME) combustion model for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) using the sensitivity analysis and rate of production analysis approaches. This model consists of 28 species and 32 reactions. It shows great agreement with the detailed model in terms of ignition timing and species concentrations. Spatially three-dimensional calculations were conducted to couple with reduced model using the FLUENT code. The results show that the computation times are acceptable and the accuracy does not drop. As a new Engine combustion mode, HCCI operation shows high efficiency and low pollutant emissions; and therefore attracted extensive investigations. This combustion process is mainly controlled by chemical kinetics in comparison with the conventional combustion in IC (Internal Combustion) engines. The HCCI combustion of DME involves two stages: the first- stage is the low temperature oxidation (LTO) which takes place in the temperature range 700~900k; the second-stage is the high temperature oxidation (HTO) taking place in the temperature above 1100k. Nowadays the simulation of HCCI can be divided into two kinds. One uses the zero-dimensional model with detailed chemical kinetic model. These models can predict the pollutant generation, the ignition delay time, but they can not reflect the influence of flow to the combustion. The other way uses the spatial model, two-dimensional or three-dimensional. These models use the ultimately simple reaction mechanism because the combination of CFD computations with detailed chemistry leads to excessive computation times, and is not achievable with current computer capability. The detailed chemical model of DME consists of 372 reactions for 89 species (developed by Curran et.al (1)). Although this model is considerably simpler than other heavier fuels such as n-heptane (over 2400 reactions and 500 species), it is still beyond the current ordinary PC performance if it is to be included in the multidimensional calculations. Thus, a reduced chemical reaction mechanism for DME is generated to couple with the CFD model. The whole paper is composed of four sections. The first section describes Sensitivity Analysis and the Rate-of- Production (ROP) Analysis approaches. The second part shows the processes to develop the reduced mechanism; then the third part compares the reduced mechanism with the detailed mechanism; the last part describes the results that reduced mechanism coupled with three-dimensional CFD model.
Clinical Experience with Tranexamic Acid during Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty

We examined whether a single 1-gram preoperative dose of tranexamic acid (TXA) was effective in reducing 1) allogeneic blood transfusion, 2) haemoglobin (Hb) decreases, and 3) perioperative blood loss following primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) and resurfacing hip arthroplasty (RHA). One hundred and thirty-two patients (88 THA, 44 RHA; 66M, 66F; mean age = 58.2 years) who received TXA were compared with a control group matched for starting Hb, body mass index (BMI), age and gender. For the THR, transfusion rates were 4.5% and 19.3% for the TXA and control groups, respectively (p = 0.001) with no difference for the resurfacing patients. The mean overall Hb decrease was significantly lower in the TXA treatment groups for both THA and RHA patients (p<0.0001 and p = 0.01 respectively). 1 g of tranexamic acid administered preoperatively significantly reduced the mean decrease in haemoglobin as well as risk of transfusion.
Grammatical and pragmatic factors in the interpretation of Japanese null and overt pronouns

Abstract Pronoun interpretation in English has been demonstrated to be sensitive to an interaction between grammatical and pragmatically driven factors. This study investigated the interpretation of pronouns in Japanese, which has both null and overt forms. Thirty-two native speakers of Japanese per experiment participated in passage completion studies with transfer-of-possession contexts (Experiment 1) or implicit causality contexts (Experiment 2), varying prompt type, aspect, and topic/nominative-marking of the previous subject. Two judges annotated reference and coherence relations in the completed passages. Japanese overt pronouns were revealed to pattern closely with English overt pronouns in their sensitivity to pragmatic factors, whereas null pronouns showed a mixed resilience to pragmatic factors. Topic-marking only showed marginal effects on reference in limited contexts. Despite different degrees of sensitivity to pragmatic factors, Japanese null and overt pronouns were both mostly subject-biased, casting doubt on the existence of a division of labor between the two forms. There was also an intrinsic link between reference and coherence relations throughout the experiments. We discuss the overall results in terms of language specificity and universality, the latter of which includes interactions between grammatical and pragmatic factors and the importance of discourse coherence in the interpretation of various pronouns across languages.