Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tropical Diseases Lacking Adequate Control Measures: Dengue, Leishmaniasis, and African Trypanosomiasis -- Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries

Dengue leishmaniasis and African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) are serious diseases that the World Health Organization (WHO) characterizes as lacking effective control measures. They are transmitted by insect vectors and can result in epidemic outbreaks. Specific treatment is unavailable for dengue although good supportive treatment can drastically reduce mortality. For the leishmaniases and for sleeping sickness treatment relies largely on antiquated drugs based on antimony and arsenic respectively. Sustained control of the insect vectors is difficult for dengue and leishmaniasis because their high reproductive potential allows the vector populations to recover quickly after intervention wherever adequate breeding conditions exist. By contrast tsetse flies the vectors for sleeping sickness have a much lower reproductive potential and could be eliminated over large areas given adequate organization and surveillance. Through the African Union African nations are developing a large-scale initiative for area-wide elimination of tsetse flies partly because of sleeping sickness but also because of their importance as vectors of animal trypanosomiasis which poses a serious constraint to livestock development and agriculture. (excerpt)
CHANGE-DETECTION WITH LIMITED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS By

This work will focus on giving a perceptual system the ability to detect changes while maintaining its understanding of the environment. Most change detection systems can only perceive the change in the environment. They are not capable of processing the other objects in the environment. Nor are they capable of understanding what type of change they have just detected. This system aims to detect the difference between a novel object introduced to the environment and a known object moved within the environment while still segmenting the image. The image segmentation will use very high dimensional feature vectors. These will be obtained from multiple training images, and each percept will be given a specific label. The feature vectors will then be converted into sparse vectors and arranged in an approximate nearest neighbor (NN) search tree. The new image’s sparse vectors will scale the tree based on the Euclidian distances of the current sparse vector to the tree leaf nodes. The label from the leaf nodes will be selected as the representation of the percept in the new image. The novel objects will be detected based on a threshold distance from the leaf leave node. If this distance exceeds the threshold the object will be considered novel. The moved objects will be determined by a previously trained look up table (LUT). The LUT will hold a list of acceptable labels in for each pixel, and will be created from a series of training images. The results from the experiments show that this system is capable of learning the objects in an environment and understanding how the environment changes.
Embodied emotion concepts: How generating words about pride and disappointment influences posture

Embodiment theories predict that activating conceptual knowledge about emotions can be accompanied by re-experiencing bodily states, since simulations of sensory, motor, and introspective experiences form the foundation of conceptual representations of emotion. In the present study, we examine whether the activation of the specific emotion concepts of pride and disappointment are embodied in the sense that they are accompanied by changes in posture. Participants generated words associated with pride and disappointment while posture height was measured. Results show that during the generation of disappointment words participants decreased their posture height more than when participants generated pride words. This finding suggests that the activation of conceptual knowledge about disappointment can lead to a spontaneous expression of the associated body posture. In contrast to posture changes along the vertical axis, movement along the horizontal axis was not influenced by concept activation. In addition to bodily simulation the data also indicated introspective simulation, since feelings of disappointment increased after generating disappointment words. The current study provides the first evidence for the claim that the activation of conceptual knowledge about emotion can instantiate spontaneous simulations at a behavioral level. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model flames in the Boussinesq limit: Rising bubbles

Using the Boussinesq buoyancy approximation, we study a bubble of reaction products rising in the reactant fluid under the influence of gravity. Reaction on the surface of the bubble (the flame) results in an increase of the volume of the bubble. We consider fluids with low Prandtl and high Froude numbers (heat diffusion dominates over viscous dissipation, and burning dominates over gravitational effects). We show that, under these conditions, all initially small bubbles follow the same growth pattern, regardless of the flame speed, the reaction type, the gravity, the viscosity, the initial size, and, to some extent, the initial shape of the bubble. In the initial stage of this similarity solution a bubble grows radially in an essentially motionless fluid until it reaches some critical size, which is determined by the laminar flame speed, the gravitational acceleration, and the Atwood number. Once the bubble reaches the critical size, convection becomes significant and the bubble evolves into a more complicated, mushroom-like shape. The similarity solution is expressed using the critical bubble size for the unit length and the critical size divided by the laminar flame speed as the unit time.
Structure and Evolution of Deeply Developed Convective Cells in a Long-Lived Cumulonimbus Cloud under a Weak Vertical WindShear Condition

The structure and evolution of deeply developed convective cells within a long-lived multicellular cumulonimbus cloud that developed over the Huaihe River Basin in China on 13 July 1998 during the GAME/HUBEX were studied, mainly using the observational data of Doppler radars. The lifetime of the cumulonimbus cloud was longer than 3.5 hours, and its maximum echo-top height was 19 km AGL. The atmospheric condition was characterized by a large CAPE (2300 J kg ), and weak vertical wind shear (1.6 m s 1 km 1 toward the north-northeast below 5 km AGL). In the mature stage of the cloud, a large radar-echo region stronger than 40 dBZ was observed. It was almost upright, and showed almost the same horizontal areas between 5 and 15 km AGL. Two strong updrafts existed around the upshear and downshear parts of the strong echo region, and they tilted toward the downshear and upshear sides, respectively. A downdraft developed in the eastern part of the cloud, where a cell-relative northeasterly wind was present at the low and middle levels; however, the wind was not observed in the synoptic-scale environment. The downdraft was located between the two updrafts. A descending northeasterly airflow continuously lifted the low-level air coming into the upshear-side updraft from the southwestern (upshear) side. The downdraft, and its surface outflow, did not cut off the supply of low-level air coming into the downshear-side updraft from the northern (downshear) side. The vigorous development of the cumulonimbus cloud in the mature stage was caused by the development of these adjacent convective cells. Significant processes in the formation of the mature structure are the maintenance of the upshear-side convective cell, and the change of the downshear-side updraft from downshear-tilting to upshear-tilting in association with the intensification of the downdraft in the cell-relative northeasterly wind.
Sparse Linear Models and L1-Regularized 2SLS with High-Dimensional Endogenous Regressors and Instruments

We explore the validity of the 2-stage least squares estimator with l_{1}-regularization in both stages, for linear triangular models where the numbers of endogenous regressors in the main equation and instruments in the first-stage equations can exceed the sample size, and the regression coefficients are sufficiently sparse. For this l_{1}-regularized 2-stage least squares estimator, we first establish finite-sample performance bounds and then provide a simple practical method (with asymptotic guarantees) for choosing the regularization parameter. We also sketch an inference strategy built upon this practical method.
Nonuniform quantum well infrared photodetectors

A nonuniform quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) structure is proposed. By changing the doping concentration and barrier width of each quantum well, the electric field distribution can be tailored. The nonuniform QWIPs show excellent performance compared with conventional uniform structures. The dark current is about an order of magnitude lower and the background limited temperature increases to 77 K. A detectivity of 2.0×1010 cm Hz1/2/W and a responsivity of 0.25 A/W at 8.2 μm have been obtained for these devices. A simple picture of electric field distribution within the structure is described to explain the results.
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF SPONTANEOUS ADVERSE DRUG REACTION REPORTING SYSTEM IN HOSPITALS-AN OVERVIEW

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are global problems of major concern which leads to morbidity and mortality. It causes 30 of hospitalized patients and lead 2-6 of all medical admissions. Spontaneous reporting of ADRs is the cornerstone of pharmacovigilance and is essential for maintaining patient safety. The necessity of a spontaneous ADR surveillance system is addressed by many authorities like World Health Organization, Food and Drug Administration, Joint Commission International and Uppsala monitoring center. However, existing postmarketing surveillance systems massively rely on spontaneous reports of ADRs which suffer from serious underreporting, latency, and inconsistent reporting. Studies estimated that only 6–10 of all ADRs are reported in hospitals. It is a very low percentage to go in deep and analyze the reason for the same and to resolve that underlying factors. Researchers proved that knowledge, attitude and false perceptions about the ADRs are the major challenges in the spontaneous reporting of ADRs. Which includes personal, professional, system related and organization related conflicts. Majority of them can improve by doing the system and personal targeted implications. Identifying, analyzing and working on these issues can improve the ADR surveillance system in hospitals to attain the patient safety. Understanding the pharmacovigilance, identifying and sorting out the obstacles of spontaneous reporting through an efficient pharmacovigilance department, continuous educational interventions, patient centered surveillance programs, health care team work efforts towards the detection of ADRs and implementation of the computer or personal assisted ADR trigger tool programs can furnish out a successful pharmacovigilance system in the hospitals and thereby we can constitute a good quality health care system. Key words: Spontaneous reporting system, adverse drug reaction, pharmacovigilance, Patient safety
Matching remotely sensed and field-measured tree size distributions

Undetected trees and inaccuracies in the predicted allometric relationships of tree stem attributes seriously constrain single-tree remote sensing of seminatural forests. A new approach to compensate for these error sources was developed by applying a histogram matching technique to map the transformation between the cumulative distribution functions of crown radii extracted from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data and field-measured stem diameters (dbh, outside bark measured at 1.3 m aboveground). The ALS-based crown data were corrected for the censoring effect caused by overlapping tree crowns, assuming that the forest is an outcome of a homogeneous, marked Poisson process with independent marks of the crown radii. The transformation between the cumulative distribution functions was described by a polynomial regression model. The approach was tested for the prediction of plot-level stem number (N), quadratic mean diameter (DQM), and basal area (G) in a managed boreal forest. Of the 40 plots studied, a total of 18 plots met the assumptions of the Poisson process and independent marks. In these plots, the predicted N, DQM, and G had best-case root mean squared errors of 299 stems·ha−1 (27.6%), 2.1 cm (13.1%), and 2.9 m2·ha−1 (13.0%), respectively, and the null hypothesis that the mean difference between the measured and predicted values was 0 was not rejected (p > 0.05). Considerably less accurate results were obtained for the plots that did not meet the assumptions. However, the goodness-of-fit of the predicted diameter distribution was especially improved compared with the single-tree remote sensing prediction, and observations realistically obtainable with ALS data showed potential to further localize the predictions. Remarkably, predictions of N showing no evidence against zero bias were derived solely based on the ALS data for the plots meeting the assumptions made, and limited training data are proposed to be adequate for predicting the stem diameter distribution, DQM, and G. Although this study was based on ALS data, we discuss the possibility of using other remotely sensed data as well. Taken together with the low requirements for field reference data, the presented approach provides interesting practical possibilities that are not typically proposed in the forest remote sensing literature.
Motivational climate and attitudes towards exercise in Greek senior high school: A year-long intervention

The purpose of this study was the application of a year-long intervention program, in typical Greek physical education school classes, which aimed to change motivational climate, goal orientations, motivation, and students' attitudes toward exercise and nutrition. Participants in the intervention program included 105 Grade-10 students, and 529 students of the same age took part as a control grou|pImmediately after the intervention, students in the experimental group compared to the control group: (a) had more positive attitudes toward exercise, participation in sports, and eating fruit; (b) perceived the motivational climate of the class as more task involving and less ego involving; and (c) spent more time exercising per session. The small significant effects that disappeared 10 months after the intervention imply that further theory development and interventions are needed.
Ice platelets below Weddell Sea landfast sea ice

Abstract Basal melt of ice shelves may lead to an accumulation of disc-shaped ice platelets underneath nearby sea ice, to form a sub-ice platelet layer. Here we present the seasonal cycle of sea ice attached to the Ekström Ice Shelf, Antarctica, and the underlying platelet layer in 2012. Ice platelets emerged from the cavity and interacted with the fast-ice cover of Atka Bay as early as June. Episodic accumulations throughout winter and spring led to an average platelet-layer thickness of 4 m by December 2012, with local maxima of up to 10 m. The additional buoyancy partly prevented surface flooding and snow-ice formation, despite a thick snow cover. Subsequent thinning of the platelet layer from December onwards was associated with an inflow of warm surface water. The combination of model studies with observed fast-ice thickness revealed an average ice-volume fraction in the platelet layer of 0.25 ± 0.1. We found that nearly half of the combined solid sea-ice and ice-platelet volume in this area is generated by heat transfer to the ocean rather than to the atmosphere. The total ice-platelet volume underlying Atka Bay fast ice was equivalent to more than one-fifth of the annual basal melt volume under the Ekström Ice Shelf.
Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning, Volume 31, 2004 A STUDY OF BUSINESS GAME STOCK PRICE ALGORITHMS

ABSTRACT A number of studies have examined the algorithms business games use to simulate real-world company functions. This study extends that research tradition into the area of the firm's stock price algorithm while increasing the range of validaties consid-ered. An investigation of the stock price algorithms associated with six computer-based management games revealed diversity in the number and treatment of the variables used to create company stock prices. This diversity created radically different firm stock prices. These valuations also differed under company conditions of economic growth and decline. Most stock price results would meet a face validity test under conditions of im-proving firm performance but most would be challenged under conditions of company decline. INTRODUCTION For a great number of years computer-based game users had little direct knowledge of the quality of the algorithms their games used to model the firm's functions and outputs. Although there were early minor exceptions to this rule, such as the American Management Association's
Bioactive and Toxic Products found in Euphorbia Sp.

Euphorbia species contain methyl esters and derivatives as well as diterpene polyesters and other terpene compounds. The oil consists mainly of sesquiterpenes, and a small percentage of monoterpenes and aliphatic compounds. Eleinol (57.5%) was found to be the major constituent among the 24 compounds identified in Euphorbia teheranica Boiss. Other constituents found in Euphorbia species include ingenol 3-angelate kaempferol, scopoletin, kaempferol 3-O-glucopyranoside, quercetin, vanillic acid. Domestic sheep and goats can consume considerable amounts of leafy spurge and are used to help control it, but even these species may suffer a toxic response at high levels of intake. We conducted bioassay-guided fractionations of leafy spurge in an attempt to isolate toxic and aversive compounds. These bioassay-guided fractionations led to identification of ingenol and one of its diesters as two toxic compounds in leafy spurge that are potentially aversive to cattle. In an animal study, mice with chronic oral treatment of a polysaccharide extract from Euphorbia kansui had elevated enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase accompanied by a corresponding decrease in malondialdehyde after strenuous exercise.
Design Value of the Compressive Strength for Bamboo Fiber-Reinforced Composite Based on a Reliability Analysis

The objective of this study was to determine the design value for the compressive strength (CS) for bamboo fiber-reinforced composite (BFRC) based on a reliability analysis. A total of 180 specimens were subjected to static compressive testing. The CS of the BFRC was significantly higher than that of raw bamboo and other bamboo-based composites, and its cumulative probability distribution accorded with a normal distribution. Furthermore, a calculation program of the reliability index (β) was developed by adopting the first-order second-moment method. Results of the reliability analysis indicate that β increases nonlinearly not only with the enhancement of the partial coefficient but also with the live-to-dead load ratio in all the simulation load cases. The simulation load case of the maximum and minimum β is G+LO and G+LS, respectively. To meet the target reliability requirement, it is suggested that the design value of CS for BFRC be 43.247 MPa and the partial coefficient be 2.0.
Changes in nocturnal heart rate variability and endurance performance during a high-intensity or high-volume endurance training period in recreational endurance runners

Partanen, Juho 2014. Changes in nocturnal heart rate variability and endurance performance during a high-intensity or high-volume endurance training period in recreational endurance runners. Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla. 59 pages. It is known that endurance training affects the modulation of the autonomic nervous system and heart rate variability (HRV). As a method HRV may be a potential tool to monitor trainability and endurance training adaptation. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in nocturnal HRV indices and endurance running performance during high-intensity versus high-volume endurance training. In total, 28 recreational male and female endurance runners (35 ± 8 year, VO2max 50 ± 5 ml/kg/min) were matched into two training groups after the 8-week basic training period (BTP) according to HRV, endurance performance and training adaptation during BTP. During the 8-week hard training period (HTP), the high-intensity training (HIT) group (n=14) increased training intensity and the high-volume training (HVT) group (n=14) increased training volume from level of BTP. Basal nocturnal HRV indices (RMSSD, SDNN, LFP, HFP, TP) and endurance running performance were measured at baseline, after BTP and HTP. In the HIT group, VO2max (3.7 %, p=0.005) and Vpeak (2.4 %, p=0.002) improved significantly during HTP, whereas no changes were observed in the HVT group. Similarly, nocturnal HRV indices (RMSSD: 11.6 %, p=0.034; SDNN: 11.4 %, p=0.005; TP: 2.4 %, p=0.040) increased only in the HIT group but not in the HVT group. Significant correlations were observed between endurance training adaptation and changes in nocturnal HRV indices (∆VO2max, ∆TP: r=0.54, p=0.045 and ∆Vpeak, ∆SDNN: r=0.55, p=0.050) in the HIT group. This study showed that high-intensity endurance training induced greater changes in nocturnal HRV indices and endurance running performance compared with high-volume training. In order to lead significant changes in nocturnal HRV indices among recreational endurance runners high-intensity endurance training seems to be needed. Finally, the present findings support the suggestion of HRV as a monitoring tool of endurance training adaptation.
Rational Synthesis of Metal–Organic Framework Nanocubes and Nanosheets Using Selective Modulators and Their Morphology-Dependent Gas-Sorption Properties

Nanocubes and nanosheets of [Cu2(ndc)2(dabco)]n metal–organic framework (ndc = 1,4-naphthalene dicarboxylate; dabco = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) were synthesized by using simultaneously acetic acid and pyridine or only pyridine, respectively, as selective modulators. This approach can tailor crystal growing on different directions for the size- and shape-controlled synthesis of metal–organic framework (MOF) nanocrystals whose structure is composed of two or more types of linkers using selective modulators. These MOF nanocrystals exhibit high crystallinity and higher CO2 uptakes compared to that of the bulk MOF material or of the [Cu2(ndc)2(dabco)]n nanorods generated by using only acetic acid as the selective modulator, which may be due to the morphology effect on their gas sorption properties.
THE PERIPHYTON COMMUNITIES OF A MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT ZBIOROWISKA PERYFITONU MIEJSKIEJ OCZYSZCZALNI ŚCIEKÓW

The study was undertaken to determine the composition of periphyton and its quantitative development during consecutive stages of wastewater treatment in a flow-type purification plant with the biological part serving as a modified Bardenpho system (Hajdow, Lublin, south-eastern Poland). The periphyton was sampled from the wastewater plant walls at all main stages of water purification. The following groups of organisms: algae, fungi, flagellates, testate amoeba, ciliates, rotifers, and nematodes were identified in the composition of periphyton. At the end of the purification process, the proportion of metazoa and protozoa in the periphyton of the successive chambers increased, while the abundance of flagellates declined. In all the sampling points studied, protozoa and metazoa formed the basis of the periphyton community and their proportion ranged from 75 to 95%.