Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Higher Co-Moments and Downside Beta in Asset Pricing

The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) assumes a linear relationship between an assetA­s return and financial market. However, empirical invalidity of linearity of returns has given birth to other CAPM models. Therefore, this study aims to examine the implication of preference by a risk-averse investor for higher moments and downside risk as investors are assumed to be prudent, temperate and cautious and prefer firms with negative co-skewness, positive co-kurtosis, and downside risk as they yield higher risk premium. To empirically test these theoretical assumptions data of all 901 firms (listed and delisted) in Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) from 2000 to 2016 have been used. Decile portfolios are constructed for cross-sectional and time series analysis. Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and Wald Test are applied to check the robustness of results. The results indicate that co-skewness, co-kurtosis and downside beta are important risk factors but only downside beta is genuinely priced over and above what co-variance risk can explain and CAPM does not significantly capture market risk premium indicating the existence of other risk measures in PSX. The findings can help investors in formulating investment strategies for constructing well-diversified and efficient portfolios and can enable firm managers to take appropriate capital budgeting decisions by appropriately costing equities.
New Principles of Best Practice in Clinical Audit

With the NHS committed to making quality the centre of treatment, clinical audit – a proven and effective process for measuring quality and driving its improvement – has never been a more topical issue. Now thoroughly updated and rewritten, this new edition describes the process by which health professionals, managers and other NHS staff can assess the standard of care they deliver and how closely it corresponds with recommended best practice. It sets out the key principles of clinical audit practice, detailing advances in recent years such as simplified and accelerated audit, improved patient involvement, attention to ethics and methodology and the embedding of clinical audit in organisational governance as well as clinical practice. This book is essential reading for all those who undertake clinical audit or are training to do so, including health practitioners, managers and commissioners in the NHS. It will also be useful to patients who contribute to audit governance.
Causative Organisms of Urinary Tract Infection in Children, and their Antibiotic Susceptibility

Purpose:In caring patients with urinary tract infection(UTI), it is prominent to know causative agents and their antimicrobial susceptibilities, of which domestic data appear somewhat different from those reported in the literature. The study was done to learn the distribution of pathogens causing UTI and their antimicrobial susceptibilities in Korean children. Methods:One hundred forty two inpatients diagnosed with symptomatic UTI in the Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University Hospital from 1997 to 2002 were retrospectively enrolled to analyze relevant information obtained from medical records, including causative agents of UTI and their antimicrobial susceptibilities. Results:The average age of the study patients was 1.9 years with the peak in infants younger than 1 year of age(105 patients), of which 84 patients were younger than 6 months of age. The male to female ratio was 4:1 in
Electronic parts selection during the product development process in Brazilian companies

Electronic products are composed of a dependent and interconnected set of parts that carry out the product ́s internal functions. Consequently, parts selection is crucial for developers. Companies must keep abreast of the new technologies launches during that activity. However, the lack of parts manufacturers in Brazil can prevent access to these launches. The aim of this study is to analyze criteria used by Brazilian companies during the selection of electronic parts in the Product Development Process (PDP), identifying characteristics that influence the selection of components and the major motivators for changes in a product’s bill of materials after its launch. A descriptive survey was used for this purpose. The system and the data collection instrument proposed were validated through pilot testing and applied to a random sample of 75 Brazilian companies that develop electronic products. The results show the importance of selection criteria that consider the product environment, attributing parts qualification activities to the manufacturers and distributors. The criteria are even more important when considering parts with higher added value because of the risk of redesign involved in the process. Moreover, the study shows that the greatest motivator for changes in the bill of materials is in part obsolescence.
Why people commit public procurement fraud? The fraud diamond view

PurposeThis paper aims to discuss the factors that cause individuals to commit fraud, especially in the public procurement context. All this time, an empirical review of public procurement fraud has only focused on the macro and micro level, as well as its losses on the country's economy. This paper highlights individuals’ fraudulent behavior from the four elements of the fraud diamond theory, namely, pressure, opportunity, rationalization and capability.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is a literature review that discusses the fraudulent behavior of bureaucrat as a procurement official in the context of public procurement. This review uses fraud diamond theory as its theoretical framework to explain the attributes to do fraud.FindingsPublic procurement is a high-risk area for fraud (corruption), particularly in the government institution. It cannot be denied that the situation factor (pressure and opportunity) will interact with psychological aspects (rationalization) and individual capability to direct the individuals to commit fraud. This study discusses how existing pressure (motivation) and opportunities are used by individuals who have the capability to rationalize their actions. This literature review also endeavors to shed light on the strategy to prevent, detect and control the causes of fraud.Practical implicationsThis paper provides an understanding of regulators, auditors and other employees in recognizing the characteristics and nature of fraud antecedents. This understanding can help prevent various forms of procurement fraud that occur within their organizations. This paper also can be a guideline to assist public sector organizations in designing effective internal control systems to prevent fraud in the process and practice of public procurement.Social implicationsPublic procurement has a central role that enables the government to allocate the budget effectively and efficiently. Compliance in implementing procurement rules and procedures will improve the quality of public services.Originality/valueThere exists relatively little study outlining the factors underlying of bureaucrats’ (procurement official) opportunistic behavior on procurement activities. The authors focused on bureaucrats’ behavior because they have unique positions of power and responsibility of the procurement process. On the one hand, they have a crucial role in serving the public and safeguarding public assets. On the other hand, they have the ability to collaborate with politicians and business actors in corrupt procurement practices. Therefore, the discussion on this topic is very relevant and interesting.
Scolarisation et acquis des élèves: les indicateurs de résultats dans l’analyse des politiques de l’enseignement en Afrique francophone

Pour assurer l'apprentissage des enfants en Afrique subsaharienne, la qualite educative est au moins aussi importante que la quantite, soit les effectifs scolarises. Un nouvel indicateur est propose pour tenir compte simultanement de ces deux dimensions. Cet indicateur, le" taux de connaissances de base ", mesure la part des connaissances de base acquises par les enfants dans quelques matieres clefs. Entre autres, il permet de mettre les resultats educatifs en relation avec d'autres variables, notamment les depenses educatives. On s'apercoit alors que la relation entre ressources et resultats n'est que tres peu prononcee. L'arbitrage potentiel entre qualite et quantite n'obscurcit plus ce resultat. L'analyse econometrique de cet arbitrage montre d'ailleurs qu'il n'est pas marque et que la pedagogie dans les ecoles primaires d' Afrique francophone subsaharienne semble plutot bien adaptee aux grands nombres. To ensure child learning in sub-Saharan Africa, education quality is at least as important as quantity, 1.e. the number of children enrolled. A new indicator is suggested here to cover both dimensions. This indicator, the "rate of minimum learning achievement», measures the proportion of children reaching a basic knowledge level in some key subject areas. It is well suited to compare educational outcomes with other variables such as, in particular, education spending. The comparison shows that the link between expenditure and outcomes is quite weak. The potential trade-off between quantity and quality can no longer bias this result. Econometric analysis shows that this trade-off is actually not very pronounced in Francophone sub-Saharan Africa and that the pedagogy used in primary schools is rather well adapted to high numbers of pupils.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERMEDIATE AND CAPITAL GOODS IMPORTS, INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: THE CASE OF TURKEY

In this study, the relationship between intermediate goods import (M I ), capital goods imports (M C ), industrial production (IP) and economic growth (GDP) in Turkey was explored by using the quarterly data consist of 32 observations between 2010Q1 – 2017Q4. VAR Granger causality analysis was employed to explore the short-run causality and the direction between variables. It is concluded : a) a bidirectional causality between GDP and M I b ) a bidirectional causality between (IP) and (M I ), c) a unidirectional causality from IP to GDP, d) a unidirectional causality from M C to M I and there is not a causality between IP and M C . “Johansen Co-integration” test results indicated a long-run relationship between, M C , M I , IP and GDP. Variance decomposition test was employed to assess the variability of the dependent variable over time. As a result, while in the first period (quarter) GDP is explained by itself at 100%. However In the tenth period GDP is explained by 18% GDP, 18% M C , 32% M I and 32% IP . As a result, in the short-term, industrial production and intermediate goods importation are the determinants of economic growth. However, in the long-term, capital and intermediate goods importation, industrial production are the determinants of economic growth in Turkey.
Nursing as a spiritual practice : contemporary applicaton of Florence Nightingale's views

Florence Nightingale is widely regarded as the founder of modern nursing. What is less well known is that she also had well-developed ideas about the spiritual aspects of nursing care. Her views draw from both Eastern and Western spiritual traditions and have a startling relevance to nursing practice today. Janet Macrae, both a Nightingale scholar and a nationally recognized expert on therapeutic touch, outlines Nightingale's ideas on spirituality in this book and discusses how a variety of techniques can be used to implement a more spiritual and humane form of nursing care. The techniques, which include yoga, meditation, and relaxation exercises can be used by both nurses and patients.
Causes and consequences of maternal sepsis in the UK

Background: The rate of maternal death from sepsis has increased in several European countries, most notably the UK, where sepsis is now the leading cause of direct maternal death. An increase in maternal mortality also implies an increase in the number of women with severe, life-threatening morbidity. Key information gaps in the understanding of severe maternal sepsis in the UK are: the incidence, main causative organisms, infection sources, and risk factors for severe maternal sepsis. Methods: Four population-based observational studies were conducted to address these evidence gaps. Results: The incidence of severe maternal morbidity from sepsis is increasing in the UK, a trend also evident in the USA. The most common sources are respiratory tract, genital tract and urinary tract infection. The predominant organisms causing infection are E. coli, group A streptococcus, and strong circumstantial evidence of Streptococcus pneumonia. Sepsis progresses very rapidly particularly with group A streptococcal infection. Approximately 20% of women with severe sepsis progress to septic shock and 2% of women die. Risk factors for severe maternal sepsis in the UK with a large effect size are: febrile illness or antibiotics in the 2 weeks prior to onset of severe sepsis (aOR=12.1, 95% CI 8.1-18.0), caesarean section after the onset of labour (aOR= 8.1, 95% CI 4.7-14.0), multiple pregnancy (aOR= 5.8, 95% CI 1.5-21.5), infection with group A streptococcus (aOR=4.8 for progression to septic shock, 95% CI 2.2-10.8), pre-labour caesarean section (aOR= 3.8, 95% CI 2.2-6.6), low socioeconomic status (aOR=2.6, 95% CI 1.03-6.7), and operative vaginal delivery (aOR=2.5, 95% CI 1.3-4.7). Risk factors are significantly cumulative. Conclusions: Infection prior to or after delivery, even if the woman appears to be well, should be a marker for close clinical monitoring. Suspicion of group A streptococcus should be regarded as an obstetric emergency and treated ahead of laboratory confirmation.
Nutrition Communication in Dutch general practice: integration of the patients' perspective and the family doctors' perspective

A sound nutrition advice is important for patients with coronary heart disease, diabetes and obesity. The family doctor has high potential to promote nutrition to their patients through its broad reach, including the hard-to-reach low socio-economic class. Unfortunately, in daily practice of most family doctors, this nutrition communication is not optimal. Therefore, a combination of qualitative and quantitative studies among patients and family doctors was performed in order to explore and assess their communicative characteristics regarding nutrition communication. In our literature review, we searched for studies about the occurrence, the patients' perspective and the family doctors' perspective regarding nutrition communication in general practice. It can be concluded that results about the occurrence of nutrition communication in general practice differed widely. Moreover, patients' perceptions regarding nutrition communication through family doctors appeared to be positive. Family doctors' perceptions were positive too, but they also experienced several barriers, such as lack of time and patient non-compliance. To explore and assess the patients' perspective, we used focus groups, in-depth interviews and face-to-face interview-assisted questionnaires. A discrepancy between perceived relevance and information needs regarding food topics was discovered. Patients' perceptions regarding nutrition communication through family doctors were positive. Whereas patients had difficulties with estimating their nutrition behaviour, nutrition awareness is important as a first step in behavioural change. With our hypothetical model, we were able to unravel the concept of nutrition awareness. Individual variables were more prominent than environmental variables. In addition, gender and age added to our model. Total explained variance appeared to be 54%. In order to explore and assess the family doctors' perspective, we used focus groups and questionnaires. These studies showed that family doctors' were positive about nutrition communication towards their patients. However, they did not always feel capable to communicate about overweight. Moreover, family doctors used a combination of nutrition communication styles, namely informational, reference, motivational, confrontational and holistic nutrition communication styles. Our hypothetical model was tested for each nutrition communication style and showed explained variances up to 57%. Individual variables were the best predictors and socio-demographic variables did not add to the models. It is recommended that family doctors become convinced that patients prefer them for nutrition communication. Raising nutrition awareness among patients is necessary. Finally, we advise that family doctors realise that they can apply different nutrition communication styles.
Cluster headache and related conditions

Cluster headache affects 0.1% of the population and is a severe form of primary headache. This volume of Frontiers in Headache Research is the only up-to-date and comprehensive review of the condition and its related disorders. The book begins with a discussion of the basic circadian biology of the condition followed by an overview of relevant epidemiological studies. Cluster headache is then described in comparison with related disorders, including paroxysmal hemicrania, SUNCT, hemicrania continua and hypnic headache, and the system of classification discussed. The volume then moves on to look at the wealth of basic research into cluster headache, including, animal studies, work on the autonomic nervous system in man, neuropeptide research, studies of biological rhythms, the associated endocrinology, information derived from neuroimaging and the influence of genetic factors. The final sections of the book examine acute treatment, prophylaxis, the potential for surgical treatment and the opportunities for further innovative therapies. The contributing authors are all international specialists in this field.
IMPACT OF MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF INDIAN BANKING SECTOR

In India there are different sectors which play the major role of accelerator in the growth of Indian economy. In this study, the area of focus is financial transactions sector specially banking sector which plays a momentous role in the economic growth by regulating and controlling the demand for and supply of money. Interrelationship between macroeconomic variables and financial performance has been an issue of debate amongst economists, policy makers and scholars at all level of the economies whether developed or developing . The Indian banking sector supports the fastest growing economy of the world but it is grappling with multiple challenges. Primary among them is the changing macroeconomic environment. The impact of macroeconomic variables broadly depends on how the different financial performance indicators of banking industry react according to change in macroeconomic variables and how management can help in assessing these variables. This research paper analyzes the relationship between macroeconomic variables and financial performance indicator and highlights the role of management in changing economic scenario in banking sector. The present study is empirical by nature. Descriptive cum exploratory research design has been used in this study. Various statistical tests such as Johansen cointegration test, ARDL, Granger causality test and regression analysis have been used for data analysis.
Internal youth migration in Uganda: Analyzing associates and employment outcomes

Youth internal migration is seen as a solution to youth unemployment, and this has resulted in over urbanization and its associated negative effects such as congestion, pollution, unemployment, underemployment, and increased crime rates. The study aimed at examining the employment status of youth migrants, assessing the relationship between demographic factors and youth internal migration, investigating the association between socio-economic factors and youth internal migration, and evaluating the association between reasons for migration and migrant employment status. The study used secondary data collected in the youth employment and migration in Eastern and Southern Africa project. In Uganda, the project was carried out in nine districts. The study focused on both men and women aged 18-35 years and a total number of 1524 respondents were interviewed. Results of the study revealed that age, residence, and region had a significant association with migration status (p≤0.05). Age, sex, number of children, region, and reasons for migration had a significant association with self-employment status of the migrant (p<0.05). Marital status, sex, and reasons for migration had an association with the possibility of a migrant youth being employed (p≤0.05). The study recommends that local governments should provide the required infrastructures, social services, and amenities to encourage youths to carry out economic activities so as to develop their places of origin.
Assessment of Infection Control in Dental Clinics at Ibb City, Republic of Yemen: Dentists’ Perspective

Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out the practical infection control procedures from the dentists’ perceptive at hospitals and dental centers at Ibb city in the Republic of Yemen. Method: The data was drawn using a researcher-made questionnaire, random sampling procedures was followed to select 252 dentists from the private, governmental, teaching hospitals and from dental centers at Ibb city in the Republic of Yemen, using a descriptive analysis. Results: The researchers found that the participating dentists agree to the weakness role of the administration regarding infection control where they varied in responding to the role of the dentists during the preparation stage and post treatment stage, but agreed to the treatment phase practices. There was a shortage in practical dealing with the medical waste management and clear shortage in the qualification and training among the nursing staff according to the collected data. The biggest problem with the reviewers who have infectious diseases and didn’t reveal their health status to the dentists with percentage 62.7% dissatisfied the current infection control management, also dissatisfied the role administration of the hospital and the Ministry of the Health. Conclusion: These findings are the first to document the practical infection control and the role of administration in Yemen. The situation is very critical and an action needs to be taken by decision-makers and health organizations.
Threshold effects of inequality on economic growth in the US states: the role of human capital to physical capital ratio

ABSTRACT Theory suggests that the effect of inequality on growth varies with the level of economic development, as captured by the ratio of human capital to physical capital. In particular, the effect is shown to be positive at lower levels of this ratio, and turns negative beyond a threshold in such models. Using a comprehensive panel of annual data for the 48 contiguous US states over the period 1948 to 2014, we find overwhelming evidence in support of this theory, unlike prior work on this topic. Hence, our paper highlights the importance of accurately measuring the process of economic development using data on human capital and physical capital, instead of using proxies that are not theoretically consistent. Understandably, if not done so, policymakers would end up undertaking incorrect decisions.