Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Increased peak oxygen consumption of trained muscle requires increased electron flux capacity.

The importance of the training-induced increase in mitochondrial capacity in realizing the increase in maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) of trained muscle was evaluated using an isolated perfused rat hindlimb preparation at a high blood flow (approximately 80 ml.min-1.100 g-1) during tetanic contractions. Rats trained for 8-12 wk by treadmill running exhibited an approximately 25% increase in muscle VO2max (5.62 +/- 0.31 to 7.06 +/- 0.64 mumol.min-1.g-1), an increase in mitochondrial enzyme activity (approximately 70% for cytochrome oxidase and approximately 55% for NADH cytochrome-c reductase), and an increase in tissue capillarity (14%) that is expected to increase the O2 exchange capacity of the tissue. Muscle VO2max of sedentary (n = 34) and trained (n = 30) animals was determined, and electron transport capacity was acutely managed with myxothiazol, a tight-binding inhibitor of complex III. Inhibition of complex III was similar among 1) the low- and high-oxidative fibers and 2) the superficial and deep mitochondrial populations within muscle. Inhibition of NADH cytochrome-c reductase activity resulted in reductions in muscle VO2max with similar dose responses (mean effective dose of approximately 0.2 microM) of myxothiazol added to the perfusion medium. The extraction of O2 by the contracting muscle decreased as VO2max declined. The increase in muscle VO2max observed in the muscle of trained animals was eliminated when its electron transport capacity was reduced to that observed in normal sedentary rat muscle. Thus, the exercise-induced adaptation of an increased muscle mitochondrial content appears to be essential for trained muscle to exhibit its increased O2 flux capacity. The results of the present experiment illustrate the importance of mitochondrial adaptations in muscle remodeled by exercise training.
Comparison of Volumetric Values of Transabdominal and Transrectal Ecosonography with Regard to Postoperative Prostatic Weight in Hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most frequent pathologies of the males. Characterized by a chronic and progressive growth of the prostate gland, causing a blockage of the outflow of urine, clinically manifesting itself in socalled lower urinary tract symptoms. In more advanced stages the obstruction of the flow can become chronic, appearing complications such as acute retention of urine, infection or kidney failure. In addition, patients may require surgery due to the disease itself or by any of the complications. [1].
SAFETY study: alanine aminotransferase cutoff values are set too high for reliable detection of pediatric chronic liver disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS The appropriate alanine aminotransferase (ALT) threshold value to use for diagnosis of chronic liver disease in children is unknown. We sought to develop gender-specific, biology-based, pediatric ALT thresholds. METHODS The Screening ALT for Elevation in Today's Youth (SAFETY) study collected observational data from acute care children's hospitals, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999-2006), overweight children with and without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and children with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. The study compared the sensitivity and specificity of ALT thresholds currently used by children's hospitals vs study-derived, gender-specific, biology-based, ALT thresholds for detecting children with NAFLD, HCV, or HBV. RESULTS The median upper limit of ALT at children's hospitals was 53 U/L (range, 30-90 U/L). The 95th percentile levels for ALT in healthy weight, metabolically normal, liver disease-free, NHANES pediatric participants were 25.8 U/L (boys) and 22.1 U/L (girls). The concordance statistics of these NHANES-derived thresholds for liver disease detection were 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74-0.96) in boys and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.83-0.99) in girls for NAFLD, 0.80 (95% CI: 0.70-0.91) in boys and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.69-0.89) in girls for HBV, and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.77-0.95) in boys and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.75-0.93) in girls for HCV. Using current children's hospitals ALT thresholds, the median sensitivity for detection of NAFLD, HBV, and HCV ranged from 32% to 48%; median specificity was 92% (boys) and 96% (girls). Using NHANES-derived thresholds, the sensitivities were 72% (boys) and 82% (girls); specificities were 79% (boys) and 85% (girls). CONCLUSIONS The upper limit of ALT used in children's hospitals varies widely and is set too high to reliably detect chronic liver disease. Biology-based thresholds provide higher sensitivity and only slightly less specificity. Clinical guidelines for use of screening ALT and exclusion criteria for clinical trials should be modified.
Performance of two ELISAs for antifilaggrin autoantibodies, using either affinity purified or deiminated recombinant human filaggrin, in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE To develop a standardisable enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using human filaggrin, for detection of antifilaggrin autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To compare the diagnostic performance of the ELISA with those of reference tests: "antikeratin antibodies" ("AKA"), and antibodies to human epidermis filaggrin detected by immunoblotting (AhFA-IB). METHODS Two ELISAs were developed using either affinity purified neutral-acidic human epidermis filaggrin (AhFA-ELISA-pur) or a recombinant human filaggrin deiminated in vitro (AhFA-ELISA-rec) as immunosorbent. Antifilaggrin autoantibodies were assayed in 714 serum samples from patients with well characterised rheumatic diseases, including 241 RA and 473 other rheumatic diseases, using the two ELISAs. "AKA" and AhFA-IB tests were carried out in the same series of patients. The diagnostic performance of the four tests was compared and their relationships analysed. RESULTS The titres of "AKA", AhFA-IB, and the AhFA-ELISAs correlated strongly with each other. The diagnostic sensitivity of the AhFA-ELISA-rec, which was better than that of AhFA-ELISA-pur, was 0.52 for a specificity of 0.95. This performance was similar to those of "AKA" or AhFA-IB. However, combining AhFA-ELISA-rec with AhFA-IB led to a diagnostic sensitivity of 0.55 for a specificity of 0.99. CONCLUSION A simple and easily standardisable ELISA for detection of antifilaggrin autoantibodies was developed and validated on a large series of patients using a citrullinated recombinant human filaggrin. The diagnostic performance of the test was similar to that of the "AKA" and AhFA-IB. Nevertheless, combining the AhFA-ELISA-rec with one of the other tests clearly enhanced the performance.
Resilience: Distinct Construct or Conglomerate of Existing Traits?

Since its inception in mainstream scientific psychology, resilience has emerged as a popular, yet controversial, construct. As evidenced in the target article, this controversy can be attributed, at least in part, to current conceptual and methodological difficulties hampering understanding of the construct. Chief among these concerns is the discriminant validity of resilience with respect to conceptually similar individual differences constructs, such as hardiness, mental toughness, adaptability, and even the five-factor personality dimensions. Advances in research on resilience, and ultimately the utility of the construct in applied settings, hinge on its distinction from related concepts.
Hysteretic Rotating Characteristics of an HTS Induction/Synchronous Motor

We report on hysteretic rotating characteristics of a 20 kW class high-temperature superconducting induction/synchronous motor, which is operated in liquid nitrogen (77 K). We show that the hysteretic characteristic shows the peak value of power conversion efficiency in decreasing primary voltage from the appropriate higher one. We also develop an analysis model based on a motor's voltage equation, in which the nonlinear current transport property of the high-temperature superconductor windings is taken into account. Our report shows the possibility of higher efficiency control of the motor by effective utilization of the aforementioned hysteretic behavior
Characterisation of the growth regulating gene IMP3, a candidate for Silver-Russell syndrome

Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is characterised by pre- and postnatal growth restriction in association with other clinically recognised dysmorphic features such as triangular facies, asymmetry, and fifth finger clinodactyly.1–3 Since the major diagnostic features involve reduced growth, it is tempting to postulate that altered expression of a protein within a growth factor cascade may be causative. There have been numerous documented defects of genes coding for proteins in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signalling pathways, whether the receptors, ligands, or signal modulators, which result in a SRS-like phenotype. Probands with ring chromosomes or deletions involving the 15q26-qter region present with growth failure and SRS-like features.4–11 It has been proposed that the phenotypes are the result of hemizygosity at the IGF1 receptor ( IGF1R ) gene. We have shown, however, that hemizygosity at this locus is not a common cause of SRS.9,11 In addition, it has been well documented that maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 7 is present in approximately 10% of SRS cases13–16 and no consistent regions of isodisomy have been shown for the full length of the chromosome.17 This suggests that there are imprinted genes on chromosome 7, which when disrupted are responsible for the phenotype. Recently two independently reported candidate gene regions on chromosome 7 containing imprinted genes defined by cytogenetic disruptions in SRS probands have been reported. Two unrelated probands with maternally transmitted duplications of 7p11.2-p13 define the first region.10,18 Recently, a number of other cytogenetic disruptions including balanced translocations and inversions within this region have been described in association with the SRS or SRS-like phenotype19 (Monk et al , manuscript submitted). This candidate gene region contains the growth related genes insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 1 and 3 ( IGFBP s) and growth factor binding protein 10 …
Social Influence on Induced Food Preference in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

In this paper, we investigate the role of sociality in changing an induced food preference in captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), in the particular case of interactions between animals with contrasting information. After modifying a food preference by making a preferred food unpalatable for pairs of individuals (labelled as conditioned individuals) we recorded food choice under three experimental conditions: pairs interacting (one conditioned pair with one non-conditioned pair); pairs separated (conditioned and non-conditioned pairs by themselves the day after the social condition); control (conditioned and non-conditioned pairs alone). The main results was that only the conditioned individuals modified their food choice, consuming significantly more of the spontaneously preferred food during the pairs interacting and pairs separated conditions, but not during the control condition.
Diagnosis of lipid malabsorption in patients with chronic pancreatitis: a new indirect test using postprandial plasma apolipoprotein B-48

Objective:This study was done to evaluate a new test for fat malabsorption caused by chronic pancreatitis. Postprandial plasma apolipoprotein B-48 was measured as an indicator of the intestinal assimilation of exogenous lipid.Methods:Twenty-three patients with chronic pancreatitis, including 19 insulin-treated diabetic patients, were compared with 14 healthy subjects and seven type-1 diabetic patients. Each was given a test meal containing 40 g lipid; the triglyceride apolipoprotein B-48 concentrations in chylomicrons were determined 240 min later.Results:The postprandial chylomicron apolipoprotein B-48 concentrations in the three groups were statistically different at 240 min: pancreatitis versus controls, p < 0.01, and pancreatitis versus type-1 diabetes subjects, p < 0.01. The Δ plasma apo B-48, the change in apolipoprotein B-48 between 0 and 240 min, was significantly smaller in chronic pancreatitis patients than in controls (p < 0.001) and type-1 diabetes subjects (p < 0.001). The sensitivity of the test was better than 89% for a Δ apo B-48 threshold value of 0.42 mg/dl.Conclusions:This new indirect test is relatively simple to use and could be practical for evaluating exogenous lipid malabsorption due to chronic pancreatitis.
Campylobacter jejuni CsrA Mediates Oxidative Stress Responses, Biofilm Formation, and Host Cell Invasion

ABSTRACT The putative global posttranscriptional regulator csrA was mutated in Campylobacter jejuni 81-176. The csrA mutant was attenuated in surviving oxidative stress. CsrA also contributed to biofilm formation and adherence to and invasion of INT407 intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting a regulatory role for CsrA in C. jejuni pathogenesis.
Caste‐biases in gene expression are specific to developmental stage in the ant Formica exsecta

Understanding how a single genome creates and maintains distinct phenotypes is a central goal in evolutionary biology. Social insects are a striking example of co‐opted genetic backgrounds giving rise to dramatically different phenotypes, such as queen and worker castes. A conserved set of molecular pathways, previously envisioned as a set of ‘toolkit’ genes, has been hypothesized to underlie queen and worker phenotypes in independently evolved social insect lineages. Here, we investigated the toolkit from a developmental point of view, using RNA‐Seq to compare caste‐biased gene expression patterns across three life stages (pupae, emerging adult and old adult) and two female castes (queens and workers) in the ant Formica exsecta. We found that the number of genes with caste‐biased expression increases dramatically from pupal to old adult stages. This result suggests that phenotypic differences between queens and workers at the pupal stage may derive from a relatively low number of caste‐biased genes, compared to higher number of genes required to maintain caste differences at the adult stage. Gene expression patterns were more similar among castes within developmental stages than within castes despite the extensive phenotypic differences between queens and workers. Caste‐biased expression was highly variable among life stages at the level of single genes, but more consistent when gene functions (gene ontology terms) were investigated. Finally, we found that a large part of putative toolkit genes were caste‐biased at least in some life stages in F. exsecta, and the caste‐biases, but not their direction, were more often shared between F. exsecta and other ant species than between F. exsecta and bees. Our results indicate that gene expression should be examined across several developmental stages to fully reveal the genetic basis of polyphenisms.
Arsenate-Resistant Genes in Egyptian Rice Cultivars as Soil Pollution Sensors

The main objective of the present study was to investigate arsenate [As (V)] resistance genes in rice cultivars grown in arsenic contaminated Egyptian soil in order to genetically induce resistance against arsenic in the local rice varieties as well as defining contaminated rice grains and/or soil. Three local rice cultivars; Sakha 102-104 were cultivated on modified Murashige and Skoog Basal Medium (MS medium) containing elevated concentrations of arsenate (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/l). The three varieties showed different resistant attitudes against arsenate with Sakha 104 being the most resistant. Extracted messenger RNA (mRNA) from treated and untreated Sakha 104 plantlets was scanned using differential display to demonstrate the arsenate resistant genes using three different arbitrary primers. About 100 different RNAs with (1500 bp - 50 bp) were obtained from which seven were up-regulated genes, subjected to DNA cloning using TOPO TA system and the selected clones were sequenced. The sequence analysis described four genes out of the seven namely disease resistance protein RPM1, Epstein-Barr virus EBNA-1-like, CwfJ family protein and outer membrane lipoprotein OmlA while the other three genes were hypothetical proteins. It is concluded the four induced genes in the resistant rice cultivar considered as a direct response to arsenic soil pollution. Genes detected in the present study can be used as geno-sensors for rice grains and soil contamination with As (V). Moreover, local rice cultivars may be genetically modified with such genes to induce high resistance and to overcome arsenic soil pollution.
Sleep patterns in preschool-age children with autism, developmental delay, and typical development.

OBJECTIVE A prominent noncore symptom of autistic disorder is disturbed sleep, but relatively few studies have investigated this symptom. METHOD A multimethod approach assessed the quantity and quality of sleep in 194 children (68 with autism [AUT], 57 with developmental delay without autism [DD], 69 with typical development) recorded over 1 week. Parent perceptions, structured questionnaires, and actigraphy were compared. In addition, problem sleep as defined by parents was compared with research diagnostic criteria for behavioral insomnia obtained from actigraph recordings. RESULTS On actigraphy, children in the DD group, after sleep onset, exhibited more and longer awakenings than the other two groups. In contrast, children in the AUT group exhibited less total sleep time in 24 hours than the other two groups. Parent reports of sleep problems were higher in the AUT and DD groups than the typical development group, but parent reports did not concur with more objective RDC for behavioral insomnia. Parent reports of sleep problems in all of the groups were significantly associated with increased self-reports of stress. Total 24-hour sleep durations for all of the groups were shorter than recommended for preschool-age children. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides objective evidence that sleep patterns are different in preschool children across the categories of AUT, DD, or typical development.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF CERVICAL INCOMPETENCE

Cervical insuffi ciency is primarily a clinical diagnosis, characterized by recurrent painless dilation and spontaneous midtrimester birth, usually of a living fetus. The diagnosis is usually retrospective and made only after poor obstetric outcomes have occurred (or rarely, are in evolution). Because there are few proven objective criteria, and lack of a specifi c histologic diagnosis other than a rare, gross cervical malformation, a careful history and review of the past obstetric records are crucial to making an accurate diagnosis. Unfortunately, in many instances, the records are incomplete or unavailable, and many women cannot provide a reliable history. Even with excellent records and a complete history, clinicians might disagree on the diagnosis in all but the most classic cases. Confounding factors in the history, medical records. or current physical assessment might be used to either support or refute the diagnosis, based on their perceived importance. The physician managing a patient who experiences a spontaneous midtrimester birth is in the optimal position to assess whether the typical clinical criteria for cervical incompetence were present. Because cervical incompetence is generally a retrospective diagnosis and depends on a history of untoward outcomes, clinicians have sought criteria that might lead to a prospective and more objective diagnosis. In women considered to be “at risk” for cervical incompetence, based on an atypical history or because of other identifi ed “risk factors,” serial examinations may be performed to detect progressive shortening and dilation, leading to a presumptive diagnosis of incompetence, which may be amenable to therapeutic intervention (Table 25-1). Cervical Incompetence
Fragile site X chromosomes and X‐linked mental retardation in severely retarded boys in a northern Swedish county. A prevalence study

In an unselected series of 96 severely mentally retarded boys (IQ < 50) born 1959–70 in a northern Swedish county, six had a fragile site on the distal end of the X chromosome (FraXq 28). The prevalence of the fragile X syndrome in severely retarded boys was 6 %. Next to trisomy 21, this fragile X syndrome appears to be the most common single cause of severe mental retardation in boys.
Ultrasonography of sciatic nerve endometriosis

Introduction: We describe the ultrasonographic findings of sciatic nerve endometriosis. Methods: Two premenopausal women with catamenial sciatica symptoms were examined, the first without a history of endometriosis, the second with previously confirmed endometriosis of the ovary. Ultrasonography, extending from the sciatic notch to the level of the ischial tuberosity showed that the sciatic nerve was “engulfed” in a large, perineural, hypoechogenic, inhomogeneous lesion with an irregular contour corresponding to an endometrioma. The nerve was enlarged, but it was discernible within the lesion, except at its most cranial part. MRI of the pelvis showed intrapelvic extension in both patients. Results: The first patient was treated with a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist, leading to complete morphological regression and normalization of nerve structure, parallel with symptomatic resolution. Conclusions: These cases illustrate that ultrasound is a feasible imaging modality for sciatic nerve endometriosis that may even be used to monitor morphological regression of endometrial tissue during treatment. Muscle Nerve 54: 500–505, 2016
Optimal control of an elastic crane-trolley-load system - a case study for optimal control of coupled ODE-PDE systems

ABSTRACT We present a mathematical model of a crane-trolley-load model, where the crane beam is subject to the partial differential equation (PDE) of static linear elasticity and the motion of the load is described by the dynamics of a pendulum that is fixed to a trolley moving along the crane beam. The resulting problem serves as a case study for optimal control of fully coupled partial and ordinary differential equations (ODEs). This particular type of coupled systems arises from many applications involving mechanical multi-body systems. We motivate the coupled ODE-PDE model, show its analytical well-posedness locally in time and examine the corresponding optimal control problem numerically by means of a projected gradient method with Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) update.