Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Data assimilation of satellite-retrieved ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide with ECMWF's Composition-IFS

Abstract. Daily global analyses and 5-day forecasts are generated in the context of the European Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) project using an extended version of the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The IFS now includes modules for chemistry, deposition and emission of reactive gases, aerosols, and greenhouse gases, and the 4-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme makes use of multiple satellite observations of atmospheric composition in addition to meteorological observations. This paper describes the data assimilation setup of the new Composition-IFS (C-IFS) with respect to reactive gases and validates analysis fields of ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for the year 2008 against independent observations and a control run without data assimilation. The largest improvement in CO by assimilation of Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) CO columns is seen in the lower troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropics during winter, and during the South African biomass-burning season. The assimilation of several O3 total column and stratospheric profile retrievals greatly improves the total column, stratospheric and upper tropospheric O3 analysis fields relative to the control run. The impact on lower tropospheric ozone, which comes from the residual of the total column and stratospheric profile O3 data, is smaller, but nevertheless there is some improvement particularly in the NH during winter and spring. The impact of the assimilation of tropospheric NO2 columns from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is small because of the short lifetime of NO2, suggesting that NO2 observations would be better used to adjust emissions instead of initial conditions. The results further indicate that the quality of the tropospheric analyses and of the stratospheric ozone analysis obtained with the C-IFS system has improved compared to the previous "coupled" model system of MACC.
Mechanical and Combustion Characteristics of Oil Palm Biomass Fuel Briquette

Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) and Mesocarp Fiber (MF) are residues from oil palm which are treated as waste in most oil palm production mills. PKS was pulverized and sieved into different grain particle sizes of 350 µm, 250 µm and 150 µm. The pulverized PKS were then mixed with MF in the ratios 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30, respectively, with cassava back peel as the binder. After thorough mixing, a 200 kN force was placed on each sample in moulds to form briquette. Mechanical and combustion characteristics of the briquettes were determined to ascertain their efficiency as solid fuel. The results of the mechanical assessment revealed that the fuel briquette with 90 % PKS of 350 µm and 10 % MF displayed poor mechanical strength compared to other samples while fuel sample with 90 % PKS of 250 µm and 10 MF gave best results in terms of the combustion property.
Grapevine leaf stripe disease symptoms (esca complex) are reduced by a nutrients and seaweed mixture

Grapevine leaf stripe disease (GLSD) seriously reduces the quality and quantity of grape production, and results in a shorter lifespan of vineyards. Recent research has shown that foliar applications of nutrients influence the development of GLSD foliar symptoms. Based on this knowledge the effect of foliar applications of a mixture of calcium chloride, magnesium nitrate and Fucales seaweed extract on the development of leaf symptoms was evaluated over a 3-year period from 2010 to 2012. Nine foliar applications of the full mixture and its individual mineral components, also in different combinations, were tested in three different vineyards, one of cv. Trebbiano d’Abruzzo and two of cv. Montepulciano d’Abruzzo in the Teramo province (Abruzzo, Italy). Treatments were applied every 10 days from the beginning of vegetative growth to pre-bunch closure. The final results were similar in all the three vineyards and in the three years leading to a significant reduction of symptom development in the vines treated with the full mixture, while lower effects were obtained by applying partial combinations or single components. Both quantity and quality of grapes from the treated vines increased, while no phytotoxic or other unwanted effects on grape growth were detected. Vines treated with the full mixture showed an increase in trans -resveratrol and flavonoids content, and a higher accumulation of calcium oxalate in crystal druses in the leaf mesophyll. These data can be a useful base to set up a control strategy against GLSD and give some input for better understanding the mechanisms involved in foliar symptom expression in GLSD.
Caustic Ingestions in Pediatric Patients

Caustic ingestions continue to cause significant morbidity in children. The extent of mucosal injury from caustic ingestion depends on the concentration and pH of the substance in addition to the viscosity, location of contact, and contact time. Esophageal stricture is one of the most common sequelae of caustic injury. Review of proper household storage should be considered at well child visits as a measure of caustic ingestions prevention.
Stereo-PIV measurements of spatio-temporal turbulence correlations in an axisymmetric jet

Stereoscopic three-component particle image velocimetry (3C-PIV) measurements have been made in a turbulent round jet to investigate the spatio-temporal correlations that are the origin of aerodynamic noise. Restricting attention to subsonic, isothermal jets, measurements were taken in a water flow experiment where, for the same Reynolds number and nozzle size, the shortest time scale of the dynamically important turbulent structures is more than an order of magnitude greater that in equivalent airflow experiments, greatly facilitating time-resolved PIV measurements. Results obtained (for a jet nozzle diameter and velocity of 40 mm and $1~\text{m}~\text{s}^{-1}$ , giving $\mathit{Re}=4\times 10^{4}$ ) show that, on the basis of both single-point statistics and two-point quantities (correlation functions, integral length scales) the present incompressible flow data are in excellent agreement with published compressible, subsonic airflow measurements. The 3C-PIV data are first compared to higher-spatial-resolution 2C-PIV data and observed to be in good agreement, although some deterioration in quality for higher-order correlations caused by high-frequency noise in the 3C-PIV data is noted. A filter method to correct for this is proposed, based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the 3C-PIV data. The corrected data are then used to construct correlation maps at the second- and fourth-order level for all velocity components. The present data are in accordance with existing hot-wire measurements, but provide significantly more detailed information on correlation components than has previously been available. The measured relative magnitudes of various components of the two-point fourth-order turbulence correlation coefficient ( $R_{ij,kl}$ ) – the fundamental building block for free shear flow aerodynamic noise sources – are presented and represent a valuable source of validation data for acoustic source modelling. The relationship between fourth-order and second-order velocity correlations is also examined, based on an assumption of a quasi-Gaussian nearly normal p.d. f. for the velocity fluctuations. The present results indicate that this approximation shows reasonable agreement for the measured relative magnitudes of several correlation components; however, areas of discrepancy are identified, indicating the need for work on alternative models such as the shell turbulence concept of Afsar (Eur. J. Mech. (B/Fluids), vol. 31, 2012, pp. 129–139).
Equilibrium Models of Personal Bankruptcy: A Survey

A comparison of models and results from selected papers on personal bankruptcy establishes how particular modeling assumptions matter for the implications of bankruptcy. For example, it can be argued that only under income processes that allow for large shocks to net worth can bankruptcy play a role in improving welfare. However, despite the progress evident from the work so far, questions remain, the resolution of which is critical to forming a definitive view of the role for personal default.
Building climate resilient agriculture through traditional floating rice in flash flood affected areas of the North bank plains zone of Assam

Department of Agrometeorology, BN College of Agriculture, Assam Agricultural University, Biswanath Chariali-784176, Assam; All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture, Biswanath Chariali Center, BN College of Agriculture, AAU, Biswanath Chariali-784176, Assam; ICARCentral Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad500059, Telengana; Assam Agriculture University, Jorhat –785013, Assam, India E-mail: neogprasanta@rediffmail.com
Foreign direct investment and trade policy openness in Sub-Saharan Africa

In contrast to previous studies on the relationship between trade openness and FDI inflows, this study develops a new measure of trade openness. Principal component analysis was employed to generate an index to capture trade policy openness. The study used cost of exporting and importing as well as the number of days and the number of documentation it takes to complete a trade transaction (both import and export) in the doing business indicators dataset to create an index for trade policy openness. This provides a better measure of trade openness compared with the traditional measure of trade openness which takes into the volume of trade. The traditional measure of trade openness may be affected by more than ordinary trade policy of an economy. Other factors such as access to foreign markets, the size of the internal market and the size of the an ecnomy can probably affect the trade to GDP ratio. However trade policy openness is free of these problems. The study employed both static and dynamic panel estimation technique to analyse the relationship between trade policy openness and FDI inflow for 29 sub Saharan African countries. The result from the study indicates that, policy openness affect FDI inflows positively. The study recommends that, more efforts should be targeted at reducing cost of trade and also increases the ease of cross boarder trading activities. This would ensure the flow of required level of FDI to the region for economic transformation.
Critical Features Predicting Sustained Implementation of School-Wide Positive Behavior Support.

The current study explored the extent to which a common measure of perceived implementation of critical features of School-wide Positive Behavior Support (SWPBS) predicted fidelity of implementation 3 years later. Respondents included school personnel from 261 schools across the United States implementing SWPBS. School teams completed the PBIS Self-Assessment Survey to self-assess fidelity of implementation in different SWPBS settings (school-wide, nonclassroom, classroom, individual). These scores were then analyzed to assess whether certain items predicted the fidelity of SWPBS implementation, as assessed through another fidelity of implementation measure, the School-wide Benchmarks of Quality, 3 years later. Regression analyses indicated that self-reported fidelity of implementation of Classrooms Systems significantly predicted both sustained implementation and student outcomes, as assessed through levels of Office Discipline Referrals. Within Classroom Systems, regular acknowledgement of expected behaviors, matching instruction to student ability, and access to additional support were the strongest predictors of sustained implementation. Results are discussed in terms of critical areas for focusing SWPBS training to increase the likelihood of sustained implementation.
Crosslinguistic Effects in L2Acquisition: Strong/Weak Resultatives and the Directional/LocationalInterpretation of PPs in L2 English by Japanese Speakers

We report on an experimental study that investigates L2 acquisition of English Strong/Weak Resultatives and the Directional/Locational interpretation of prepositional phrases (PPs) in English by Japanese speakers and discuss possible crosslinguistic effects in their L2 acquisition process. Although the three sentences in (1) have the same NP-V-NP-AP sequence, the relations between the secondary predicate AP, and the argument it is predicated of, are different.
Iron uptake in Ustilago maydis: studies with fluorescent ferrichrome analogues.

Iron uptake by the phytopathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis was studied using synthetic biomimetic ferrichrome analogues and their fluorescently labelled derivatives as structural and dynamic probes, respectively. The use of structurally distinct analogues enabled determination of the structural requirements for recognition by the fungal iron-uptake system. The application of fluorescently labelled derivatives which convert from a non-fluorescent to a fluorescent state upon iron (III) release enabled monitoring of iron uptake in real time both fluorimetrically and microscopically. Different rates of 55Fe uptake were found for two structurally distinct synthetic analogues, B9 and B5, which differ in their amino acid building blocks. B9 mediated uptake of 55Fe at a higher rate than B5. The behaviour of the fluorescent derivatives B9-Ant (anthracene-labelled B9) and B5-Ant (anthracene-labelled B5) paralleled that of their non-labelled precursors. Exposure of fungal cells to B9-Ant led to a higher increase of fluorescence in the medium than exposure to B5-Ant, indicating a more effective iron uptake from B9-Ant. By using fluorescence microscopy it was possible to trace the label of B9-Ant. Fluorescence was localized in regularly shaped vesicles in the treated cells. The rate of fluorescence appearance within the cells lagged behind the rate of iron uptake, suggesting use of the siderophores for iron storage.
Why is physical education more stimulating for pupils who are more satisfied with their own body?

Objective: This study explored whether pupils’ state body satisfaction during physical education related to the degree to which they indicated that physical education stimulated them to engage in sports activities outside of school. It also investigated whether pupils’ self-determined motivation mediated this relationship, such that pupils with higher body satisfaction were more likely to value and enjoy the lessons, and to indicate they would re-engage in the activities outside of physical education. Methods: The study involved 506 13–14-year-old pupils (51.19% girls) in England, who completed validated questionnaires to measure perceived body satisfaction, motivation for physical education and the perceived sport promoting role of physical education. Results: Results showed that body satisfaction positively related to the perceived sport promoting role of physical education in girls. The relationship between state body satisfaction during physical education and the perceived sport promoting role of physical education was partially mediated by pupils’ self-determined motivation. Conclusion: Pupils who felt more comfortable and satisfied with their physical appearance seemed to value and enjoy physical lessons more, and this more positive experience stimulated them to re-engage in the activities outside school.
Stability of soybean yield through different sowing periods

Soybean yield is highly affected by sowing period and there are significant productivity losses when sowings are done outward a relatively restricted period in many regions of Brazil. Breeding cultivars less sensitive to photoperiod and to temperature variations is desirable for adaptation to wider sowing period and wider latitude range and also make irrigated soybean cultivation possible during the fall-winter seasons in frost free regions. The possibility of selecting high yielding and stable lines for yield during various sowing periods was studied by analyzing the behavior of 100 non-selected advanced lines (F9 and F10), from each one of all possible biparental crosses involving the genotypes BR85-29009, OCEPAR 8, FT-2, and BR-13. Experiments were set up in a completely randomized design with single-plant hill plots and received supplementary irrigation. Sowing was on Sept 27, Oct 20, Nov 17, and Dec 17 in 1993/94 and Sept 20, Oct 20, Nov 17, and Dec 14 in 1994/95 at Londrina, PR, Brazil. Procedures of regression analysis and minimum variance among planting date means were efficient for selecting stable lines during the four sowing seasons. It was possible to select stable and high yielding genotypes through the four sowing periods in all the crosses. No specific cross was clearly better to produce a greater number of stable genotypes.
Recommendable block sizes: a case study on Finnish official variety trials of barley cultivars

Well-established results in the current statistical literature imply that plant breeders should use incomplete block designs wherever spatial variability exists and the number of treatments is large. But the theoretical position does not indicate the recommendable number of cultivars in an incomplete block. In this study we used data from 28 official variety trials conducted in Finland during the period 2001–2005 to study the effect of block size on the efficiency of testing pairwise yield differences of barley cultivars and cultivar rankings. In previous trials some 6–7 cultivars have usually been included in one block. Our results imply that the efficiency of testing procedures could be improved by using a block size as small as 4–5. The results further imply that if an experiment with an incomplete block design is well planned to mitigate the effects of within-block heterogeneity, the spatial mixed model techniques and the conventional analysis of variance techniques have approximately the same efficiency in testing pairwise yield differences. Thus, if appropriate blocking strategies are used in planning the trials, there is usually no need to change the conventional practice followed in statistical analysis.
Design expertise in three different collaborative practices

The work field of designers is changing drastically. A designer is not only a creator of products and technical artifacts, moreover he is an entrepreneurial designer who inspires and enables business innovation on a strategic level. The essence of design is the creation of a vision about tomorrowâs world with all its aspects. Important here is that all different aspects need to become connected via collaboration with many different stakeholders. Only if this is done successfully, value for all stakeholders is created and the innovation will become a success. This makes collaboration a crucial aspect of todayâs innovations. Since we do not have much knowledge about the nature of this collaboration, we questioned in this paper if we could specify and identify design collaboration. We interviewed 33 practitioners in various fields about the application of their design expertise. We found three different collaborative practices with their own identity because they differ with respect to their knowledge sharing and â integrating processes and because design expertise is used differently.
Institutions and growth: Testing the spatial effect using weight matrix based on the institutional distance concept

This study augments a standard growth model with institutional controls, and models the spatial dependence using geographical and institutional weight matrices. Spatial Durbin model is shown to be the most appropriate to describe the data and political institutions weight matrix best explains the institutional distance concept since it produces identical results to the exogenous geographical-based distance matrix. Overall, the findings give evidence to the institutional quality effects, particularly the security of property rights, on economic growth in the developing countries. We also find evidence of an indirect route of institutions spillover where institutions in a country lead to economic improvement in that country and generate positive effects on the neighbouring countries’ income growth. Furthermore, our study is able to show that countries with similar political institutional settings have an increased spatial dependence and converge to a similar level of growth.
A Preisach method for estimating absolute paleofield intensity under the constraint of using only isothermal measurements: 1. Theoretical framework

[1] The theoretical framework for a new nonheating method of determining absolute ancient magnetic field intensities (paleointensities) is described. The approach is based on a thermally activated Preisach model for interacting, randomly orientated single-domain grains with uniaxial anisotropy. The model includes theoretical features not accommodated by previous nonheating paleointensity methods; for example, it includes magnetostatic interactions, allows for variable cooling rates, and can identify, isolate, and reject unstable remanence carriers, i.e., multidomain and superparamagnetic contributions. The input Preisach distribution from which the acquisition of a thermal remanent magnetization (TRM) of a given rock sample can be simulated is obtained from information contained in the sample's first-order reversal curve distribution. The paleointensity estimate is determined by comparing the alternating field demagnetization spectrum of the sample's natural remanent magnetization and its simulated TRM. In the companion paper, the protocol is rigorously tested using a suite of historical samples.
Calf muscle strain injuries in sport: a systematic review of risk factors for injury

Objective To systematically review the literature to identify risk factors for calf strain injury, and to direct future research into calf muscle injuries. Design Systematic review Data sources Database searches conducted for Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, AMED, AUSPORT, SportDiscus, PEDro and Cochrane Library. Manual reference checks, ahead of press searches, citation tracking. From inception to June 2016. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Studies evaluating and presenting data related to intrinsic or extrinsic risk factors for sustaining future calf injury. Results Ten studies were obtained for review. Subjects across football, Australian football, rugby union, basketball and triathlon were reported on, representing 5397 athletes and 518 calf/ lower leg muscle injuries. Best evidence synthesis highlights chronological age and previous history of calf strain are the strongest risk factors for future calf muscle injury. Previous lower limb injuries (hamstring, quadriceps, adductor, knee) show some limited evidence for an association. Numerous factors lack evidence of an association, including height, weight, gender and side dominance. Summary/conclusion Increasing age and previous calf strain injury are the most predictive of future calf injury. The overall paucity of evidence and the trend for studies of a high risk of bias show that further research needs to be undertaken.