Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diabetes Mellitus and Macrovascular Complications: An epidemiological perspective

It is clearly recognized that patients with NIDDM have an increased risk for CHD. Recent data indicate that persons with glucose concentrations in the nondiabetic range also may be at higher risk for CHD. These associations may not represent cause and effect, however. Emerging data suggest that hyperglycemia and CHD may both arise from hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance. In support of this hypothesis are studies showing that NIDDM and CHD have many risk factors in common, including age, elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, adiposity, and a central pattern of fat distribution. Moreover, these risk factors are frequent concomitants of hyperinsulinemia, itself a risk factor for CHD and perhaps for NIDDM. Although the duration of NIDDM has been infrequently related to risk of CHD, the authors hypothesize that duration of hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance would be a more sensitive marker for risk of CHD. The relation of IDDM to CHD is a different situation. The etiological process leading to IDDM, namely the destruction of β-cells in genetically predisposed persons, is not related to cardiovascular risk. However, IDDM patients still have an excess of CVD, the risk factors for which may vary according to the location of the diseases (e.g., LEAD vs. CHD). There is a strong relationship between proteinuria and CVD, which has led to a general theory of vascular complications in IDDM based on defective heparan sulfate metabolism (Steno hypothesis). Recent evidence challenges parts of this hypothesis, and the possibility is raised that a higher case-fatality rate in a subgroup of patients with both renal and CVD explains part of the renal connection, as does the general worsening of CVD risk factors.
Cellulitis Related to Bioabsorbable Plate and Screws in Infraorbital Rim Fracture

An absorbable plating system is most commonly used to fix the bones in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Many studies focused on the advantages and clinical utility of absorbable plate and screws, but there are no reports on the complications related to these devices. From March 2004 to March 2009, 430 patients with facial bone fractures including infraorbital rim fractures underwent craniomaxillofacial surgery, in which rigid fixation was achieved with an absorbable plate and screws (Stryker, Freiburg, Germany). Five men with a delayed inflammatory reaction and infection at infraorbital rim fracture site were reviewed. Their mean age was 39 (range, 18-53 y), and all patients had maxillary sinusitis. The period from surgery to the onset of symptoms ranged from 3 to 10 weeks with a mean of 5 weeks. One patient was managed with oral antibiotics, but the other 4 patients required incisional drainage with the removal of the plate and screws because of abscess formation. The patients' symptom improved after removing the absorbable plate and screws and saline irrigation, and there was no recurrence of infection during the 12-month follow-up period. When fixing infraorbital fractures, particularly in patients with sinusitis, it is recommended to use short screws to prevent penetration of the maxillary sinus wall. In particular, one should pay attention and use shorter screws owing to the thinness of the medial infraorbital rim.
Antiulcer Activity of the Crude Extract from the Leaves of Casearia Sylvestris

In rats, administration of Casearia sylvestris extract derived from fresh and dried leaves protects stomach mucosa without changing gastric pH. In stress-induced acute lesions, the preventive effect of extract from dried leaves is more effective than extract from fresh leaves. In acetic acid-induced chronic ulcer, both extracts reduce the size of ulceration and increase the number of collagen fibers after 5 days of treatment, and these effects are similar with both extracts. These antiulcer activities of Casearia sylvestris may be due to the presence of volatile oils, tannins and triterpenerelated compounds.
Partial Immunoblotting of 2D-Gels: A Novel Method to Identify Post-Translationally Modified Proteins Exemplified for the Myelin Acetylome

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a key role in regulating protein function, yet their identification is technically demanding. Here, we present a straightforward workflow to systematically identify post-translationally modified proteins based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Upon colloidal Coomassie staining the proteins are partially transferred, and the investigated PTMs are immunodetected. This strategy allows tracking back the immunopositive antigens to the corresponding spots on the original gel, from which they are excised and mass spectrometrically identified. Candidate proteins are validated on the same membrane by immunodetection using a second fluorescence channel. We exemplify the power of partial immunoblotting with the identification of lysine-acetylated proteins in myelin, the oligodendroglial membrane that insulates neuronal axons. The excellent consistency of the detected fluorescence signals at all levels allows the differential comparison of PTMs across multiple conditions. Beyond PTM screening, our multi-level workflow can be readily adapted to clinical applications such as identifying auto-immune antigens or host-pathogen interactions.
Mind the Gap: The Age Dissimilarity between the Chair and the CEO

We study the relation between the chair of the board of directors and the CEO. We argue that substantial age dissimilarity between the two—giving rise to cognitive conflict—increases board monitoring and firm value for firms with greater monitoring needs. We find evidence for our hypothesis using data on German two-tier boards. German law mitigates endogeneity concerns as it prevents CEO duality and also restricts CEO power in other ways. Additional identification attempts include CEO-firm and chair-firm fixed effects, random effects, dynamic panel data estimations, and the use of the 2007 financial crisis as an exogenous shock to monitoring needs. We find that during the crisis, when fast decision making and managerial discretion were needed, the link between age dissimilarity and firm value changed.
Biomarkers in lung adenocarcinoma: a decade of progress.

CONTEXT The analysis of molecular biomarkers in lung adenocarcinoma (ACA) is now a central component of pathologic diagnosis and oncologic care. The identification of an EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement in advanced-stage lung ACA will dictate a change in first-line treatment from standard chemotherapy to targeted inhibition of these oncogenic alterations. Viable approaches to therapeutic targeting of KRAS-mutated ACA are now under investigation, raising the possibility that this too will become an important predictive marker in this tumor type. The recognized array of less common oncogenic alterations in lung ACA, including in the ROS1, RET, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes, is growing rapidly. The therapeutic implications of these findings are, in many cases, still under investigation. OBJECTIVE To focus on the major molecular biomarkers in lung ACA, recommended testing strategies, the implications for targeted therapies, and the mechanisms that drive development of resistance. DATA SOURCES Our current understanding of predictive and prognostic markers in lung ACA is derived from a decade of technical advances, clinical trials, and epidemiologic studies. Many of the newest discoveries have emerged from application of high-throughput next-generation sequencing and gene expression analyses in clinically and pathologically defined cohorts of human lung tumors. CONCLUSIONS Best practices require a solid understanding of relevant biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of patients with lung ACA.
A Prospective Study on Incidence of Bacterial Infections in Portuguese Dialysis Units

Background: Viral infection has been the main epidemiologic concern in the hemodialysis unit; however, bacterial infection is responsible for more than 30% of all causes of morbidity and mortality in our patients, vascular access infection being the culprit in 73% of all bacteremias. Methods: A prospective multicenter cohort study of bacterial infections incidence, conducted from January to July 2004 in five hemodialysis units, to record and track bacterial infections, using a validated database from CDC’s Dialysis Surveillance Network Program. Results: 4,501 patient-months (P-M) were surveilled, being dialyzed through a native fistula (AVF) in 60.6%, a graft (PTFE) in 31.3%, a tunneled catheter (TC) in 7.6%, and a transient catheter (C) in 0.5%. As target events, we registered 166 hospitalizations – 3.7/100 P-M (2.2/100 P-M in patients with AVF, 4 in PTFE, 9.9 in TC, and 19 in C), and 182 intravenous antibiotic courses. Of these 182 antibiotic treatments, 47.8% included vancomycin, only 30% had blood cultures drawn pretreatment, and only 36% were positive. We recorded 98 infections at the vascular access site 2.18/100 P-M (0.95 in AVF, 1.6 in PTFE, 12.6 in TC, and 42.85 in C) and 2.13 infections/100 P-M at other sites. The isolated microorganisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis in 40.1%, Staphylococcus aureus in 30.1%, Pseudomonas in 13.3%, and Escherichia coli in 3.3%. Although we found a diversity of practice patterns, the number of target events (8.4/100 P-M) and the bacterial infections incidence (4.31/100 P-M) were remarkably homogeneous in the five centers. Conclusion: (1) High incidence of bacterial infections, causing major morbidity; (2) infectious risk is vascular access type-dependent, with dramatic rise in catheters; (3) underutilization of blood cultures to orient diagnosis and therapy, and (4) high rates of vancomycin prescription.
Uplink Time-Domain MMSE Channel Estimation for MC-CDMA Systems

An uplink minimum mean square error (MMSE) channel estimator for broadband multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems is investigated. All nodes in the system share the same sub-carriers to convey the pilot symbols. Due to the use of uncoded pilot sequences endowed with time-shifted properties, the base station (BS) has the ability to extract each node's channel impulse response (CIR) from the combined signal in the time-domain without multiuser interference. The feasibility of the investigated method is confirmed by system simulation using BRAN-A broadband wireless channel model.
Field Dependence–Independence in Complex Motor Skills

This study analyzed the relationship between field dependence–independence and complex motor skills. According to the requirements of each sporting activity, subjects' motor system can be mainly controlled through exteroceptive or proprioceptive information. Sport performances require the athlete to disembed himself, other players, or the ball from the background, and decision-making appears to require cognitive restructuring. 26 athletes (13 men and 13 women) involved in acrobatic sports (gymnastics, trampoline, half-pipe snowboard, synchronized 3-m springboard, acrobatic rock, skateboard, and free skating) and 26 athletes (13 men and 13 women) involved in individual racket sports (tennis and table-tennis) completed the Group Embedded Figures Test. Participants (at least 10 years of practice) were from 16 to 35 years of age (M = 22.0, SD = 3.1). No significant difference among athletes on scores for field dependence–independence was evidenced given this expertise, sex, or age. Significantly higher scores were obtained by athletes in acrobatic sports, indicating that they tended to be predominately more field-independent whereas the lower scores were obtained by tennis and table-tennis players.
Efficacy and Safety of Insulin Degludec in a Flexible Dosing Regimen vs Insulin Glargine in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes (BEGIN: Flex T1): A 26-Week Randomized, Treat-to-Target Trial With a 26-Week Extension

Objective: This study investigated the efficacy and safety of insulin degludec (IDeg) once daily (OD), varying injection timing day to day in subjects with type 1 diabetes. Research Design and Methods: This 26-week, open-label, treat-to-target, noninferiority trial compared IDeg forced flexible (Forced-Flex) OD (given in a fixed schedule with a minimum 8 and maximum 40 hours between doses) with IDeg or insulin glargine (IGlar) given at the same time daily OD. In the 26-week extension, all IDeg subjects were transferred to a free-flexible (Free-Flex) regimen, which allowed any-time-of-day dosing, and compared with subjects continued on IGlar. Results: After 26 treatment weeks, mean glycosylated hemoglobin was reduced with IDeg Forced- Flex (−0.40%), IDeg (−0.41%), and IGlar (−0.58%). IDeg Forced-Flex noninferiority was achieved. Fasting plasma glucose reductions were similar with IDeg Forced-Flex and IGlar but greater with IDeg (−2.54 mmol/L) than IDeg Forced-Flex (−1.28 mmol/L) (P = .021). At week 52, IDeg Free-Flex subjects had similar glycosylated hemoglobin but greater fasting plasma glucose reductions than IGlar subjects (−1.07 mmol/L) (P = .005). Confirmed hypoglycemia rates (plasma glucose <3.1 mmol/L or severe hypoglycemia) were similar at weeks 26 and 52. Nocturnal confirmed hypoglycemia was lower with IDeg Forced-Flex vs IDeg (37%; P = .003) and IGlar (40%; P = .001) at week 26 and 25% lower with IDeg Free-Flex vs IGlar (P = .026) at week 52. Conclusions: IDeg can be administered OD at any time of day, with injection timing varied without compromising glycemic control or safety vs same-time-daily IDeg or IGlar. This may improve basal insulin adherence by allowing injection-time adjustment according to individual needs.
Concurrently using rosiglitazone prevents glucosamine‐induced islet β‐Cell apoptosis and dysfunction

Diabetes has merged as a significant health problem. This study aims to examine the effect of concurrently using rosiglitazone (RSG) on inhibiting glucosamine (GlcN)‐induced islet beta cell apoptosis and dysfunction. Using an islet beta cell line, HIT‐T15 cells, as a study platform, the inhibitory effect of RSG on GlcN‐induced pathophysiological changes in islet beta cells was examined. The results showed that treatment with GlcN induced HIT‐T15 cell death via apoptotic pathway, inhibited the expression of Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL, enhanced the expression of Bax, Bid and caspase‐3, reduced the production of ATP and decreased in insulin secretion. The changes were in a GlcN dose‐dependent manner. Concurrently using RSG with GlcN, the induced pathogenic changes in HIT‐T15 cells were abrogated. We conclude that concurrently using RSG can be useful in reducing the GlcN‐induced side effects on islet beta cells that has potential to prevent the complications caused by GlcN in the treatment of diabetes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterizing the Syphilis-Causing Treponema pallidum ssp. pallidum Proteome Using Complementary Mass Spectrometry

Background The spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum ssp. pallidum is the etiological agent of syphilis, a chronic multistage disease. Little is known about the global T. pallidum proteome, therefore mass spectrometry studies are needed to bring insights into pathogenicity and protein expression profiles during infection. Methodology/Principal Findings To better understand the T. pallidum proteome profile during infection, we studied T. pallidum ssp. pallidum DAL-1 strain bacteria isolated from rabbits using complementary mass spectrometry techniques, including multidimensional peptide separation and protein identification via matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) and electrospray ionization (ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap) tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 6033 peptides were detected, corresponding to 557 unique T. pallidum proteins at a high level of confidence, representing 54% of the predicted proteome. A previous gel-based T. pallidum MS proteome study detected 58 of these proteins. One hundred fourteen of the detected proteins were previously annotated as hypothetical or uncharacterized proteins; this is the first account of 106 of these proteins at the protein level. Detected proteins were characterized according to their predicted biological function and localization; half were allocated into a wide range of functional categories. Proteins annotated as potential membrane proteins and proteins with unclear functional annotations were subjected to an additional bioinformatics pipeline analysis to facilitate further characterization. A total of 116 potential membrane proteins were identified, of which 16 have evidence supporting outer membrane localization. We found 8/12 proteins related to the paralogous tpr gene family: TprB, TprC/D, TprE, TprG, TprH, TprI and TprJ. Protein abundance was semi-quantified using label-free spectral counting methods. A low correlation (r = 0.26) was found between previous microarray signal data and protein abundance. Conclusions This is the most comprehensive description of the global T. pallidum proteome to date. These data provide valuable insights into in vivo T. pallidum protein expression, paving the way for improved understanding of the pathogenicity of this enigmatic organism.
Conscious and Subconscious Sensorimotor Synchronization—Prefrontal Cortex and the Influence of Awareness

One of the most compelling challenges for modern neuroscience is the influence of awareness on behavior. We studied prefrontal correlates of conscious and subconscious motor adjustments to changing auditory rhythms using regional cerebral blood flow measurements. At a subconscious level, movement adjustments were performed employing bilateral ventral mediofrontal cortex. Awareness of change without explicit knowledge of the nature of change led to additional ventral prefrontal and premotor but not dorsolateral prefrontal activations. Only fully conscious motor adaptations to a changing rhythmic pattern showed prominent involvement of anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These results demonstrate that while ventral prefrontal areas may be engaged in motor adaptations performed subconsciously, only fully conscious motor control which includes motor planning will involve dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Hypertrophy‐Associated Polymorphisms Ascertained in a Founder Cohort Applied to Heart Failure Risk and Mortality

A three‐stage approach was undertaken using genome‐wide, case‐control, and case‐only association studies to identify genetic variants associated with heart failure mortality. In an Amish founder population (n = 851), cardiac hypertrophy, a trait integral to the adaptive response to failure, was found to be heritable (h2= 0.28, p = 0.0002) and GWAS revealed 21 candidate hypertrophy SNPs. In a case (n = 1,610)‐control (n = 463) study in unrelated Caucasians, one of the SNPs associated with hypertrophy (rs2207418, p = 8 × 10−6), was associated with heart failure, RR = 1.85(1.25–2.73, p = 0.0019). In heart failure cases rs2207418 was associated with increased mortality, HR = 1.51(1.20–1.97, p = 0.0004). There was consistency between studies, with the GG allele being associated with increased ventricular mass (˜13 g/m2) in the Amish, heart failure risk, and heart failure mortality. This SNP is in a gene desert of chromosome 20p12. Five genes are within 2.0 mbp of rs2207418 but with low LD between their SNPs and rs2207418. A region near this SNP is highly conserved in multiple vertebrates (lod score = 1,208). This conservation and the internal consistency across studies suggests that this region has biologic importance in heart failure, potentially acting as an enhancer or repressor element. rs2207418 may be useful for predicting a more progressive form of heart failure that may require aggressive therapy. Clin Trans Sci 2011; Volume 4: 17–23
Análisis de las acciones técnico-tácticas del boxeo de rendimiento

En la presente investigacion se ha realizado la aproximacion al Boxeo distinguiendo diversos aspectos relevantes de la situacion praxica. A partir del marco teorico propuesto por Parlebas (2001) hemos abordado la descripcion de las acciones en el Boxeo de rendimiento. Como primera fase hemos llevado a cabo una aproximacion retrospectiva sobre la evolucion que ha tenido las investigaciones en el Boxeo, para ello se ha realizado una revision de la literatura especifica referente a los diferentes estudios mas representativos y que describan las acciones tecnico-tacticas en el Boxeo, con lo cual hemos consolidado las bases de nuestra investigacion. Una vez acotado el problema de estudio hemos establecido los objetivos (tanto general como especificos), las hipotesis, el diseno empleado en la investigacion y los tipos de analisis empleados. Para llevar a cabo la investigacion se ha realizado dos estudios, primero observacional y despues cualitativo. Respecto al primero, hemos confeccionado la herramienta observacional que combina formatos de campo y sistemas de categorias ofreciendo un mejor nivel de concrecion en los aspectos que estan mas relacionados con la observacion del desarrollo de las acciones tecnico-tacticas del Boxeo de rendimiento. Para determinar la calidad del dato se han utilizado los indices de acuerdo y de asociacion, a los que han ido incorporando nuevos analisis mas exigentes al tiempo que precisos como los empleados habitualmente para expresar la variabilidad a traves de los analisis de la varianza y de generalizabilidad. Finalmente se han realizado los analisis de componentes de varianza y generalizabilidad aplicados al modelo configurado por las facetas definidas para caracterizar el accionar en el Boxeo. Igualmente se recoge analisis secuencial que ha posibilitado la descripcion de las transiciones y patrones conductuales obtenidos en el analisis de las conductas estrategicas, el uso del espacio, las distancias de combates, los tipos y modos de accion tanto ofensiva como defensiva. Tras la configuracion de la herramienta taxonomica y la obtencion de los resultados se ha desarrollado una fase de grupos de discusion con expertos. A partir de las opiniones de los expertos hemos podido contrastar el grado de validez de la propuesta realizada y los aspectos que se consideran relevantes dentro del conjunto de acciones tecnico-tacticas en el Boxeo que se les presento. Una vez terminados los dos estudios anteriormente referidos, se ha llevado a cabo una discusion, mediante la triangulacion de los resultados obtenidos del estudio 1, el estudio 2 y el capitulo de las investigaciones precedentes. Posteriormente se determinaron las conclusiones finales de nuestra investigacion, haciendo las inferencias pertinentes tanto de sus limitaciones, asi como de sus posibles propuestas de futuro.
Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues

Acknowledgments Introduction - Pyong Gap Min Asian Immigration: History and Contemporary Trends - Pyong Gap Min Settlement Patterns and Diversity - Pyong Gap Min The Socioeconomic Attainments of Asian Americans - Arthur Sakamoto and Yu Xie Photo Essay 1: Second Generation Asian Americans - Steven J. Gold Major Issues Related to Asian American Experiences - Pyong Gap Min Photo Essay 2: Chinese Americans - Steven J. Gold Chinese Americans - Morrison Wong Photo Essay 3: Japanese Americans - Steven J. Gold Japanese Americans - Daisuke Akiba Photo Essay 4: Filipino Americans - Steven J. Gold Filipino Americans - Carl L. Bankston III Photo Essay 5: South Asian Americans - Steven J. Gold South Asian Americans - Nazli Kibria Photo Essay 6: Korean Americans - Steven J. Gold Korean Americans - Pyong Gap Min Photo Essay 7: Southeast Asian Americans - Steven J. Gold Vietnamese, Laotian, and Cambodian Americans - Ruben G. Rumbaut Photo Essay 8: Economic Adaptation - Steven J. Gold Future Prospects of Asian Americans - Philip Q. Yang Index About the Editor About the Contributors