Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Large-core breast biopsy: abnormal salivary cortisol profiles associated with uncertainty of diagnosis.

PURPOSE To determine whether uncertainty of the diagnosis after large-core breast biopsy (LCBB) adversely affects biochemical stress levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was institutional review board approved and HIPAA compliant, and all patients gave written informed consent. One hundred fifty women aged 18-86 years collected four salivary cortisol samples per day for 5 days after LCBB. t Tests were used to compare diurnal cortisol slopes among three groups: patients who did not have a final diagnosis (uncertain group), patients who knew they had cancer (known malignant group), and patients who knew they had benign disease (known benign group). RESULTS Women learned their diagnosis on days 1-6 (mean, day 2.4) after LCBB. Analysis was truncated at day 5, when the data from a sufficient number of patients from each group were available for meaningful analysis: 16 patients from the known malignant group, 37 from the known benign group, and 73 from the uncertain group, which totaled 126 patients. The mean cortisol slope for the women with an uncertain diagnosis (-0.092 ln [microg/dL]/hr; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.113 ln [microg/dL]/hr, -0.072 ln [microg/dL]/hr) was significantly flatter (less desirable) than that for the women who learned that they had benign disease (-0.154 ln [microg/dL]/hr; 95% CI: -0.197 ln [microg/dL]/hr, -0.111 ln [microg/dL]/hr; P = .014) but not significantly different from that for the women who learned that they had malignant disease (-0.110 ln [microg/dL]/hr; 95% CI: -0.147 ln [microg/dL]/hr, -0.073 ln [microg/dL]/hr; P = .421). CONCLUSION Uncertainty about the final diagnosis after LCBB is associated with substantial biochemical distress, which may have adverse effects on immune defense and wound healing. Results indicate the need for more rapid communication of biopsy results.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AND GROWTH OF SMES IN NAIROBI COUNTY

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and growth of SME’s in Nairobi County. The study adopted descriptive research design. The population of this study comprised of 380 SME’s in Nairobi County. The sample size of the study was made up of 114 respondents drawn from both manufacturing and service SME’s in Nairobi County. Primary information for the study was collected through questionnaires. Descriptive analysis was used to determine the proportions and frequency of the variables. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to facilitate data analysis. The results showed that innovativeness had a positive relationship with growth of SME’s in Nairobi County. Risk taking propensity also significantly influences growth of SME’s in Nairobi County. The results of the study further found that Proactiveness was positively related with growth of SME’s in Nairobi County. It was also noted that competitive aggressiveness influences growth of SME’s in Nairobi County. Finally firm autonomy influences the growth of SME’s in Nairobi County. The results added to the body of knowledge by confirming that entrepreneurial orientation influences growth of SME’s. The study concluded that SME’s should embrace entrepreneurial orientation in order to enhance their growth trend in the Nairobi County. The study further concluded that the established regression model was fit for foresting and could be used for forecasting growth of SME’s in Nairobi County. The study recommended that the policy makers should embrace entrepreneurial orientation in their business in order to enhance growth. SME’s should review their practices and policies in line with the entrepreneurial orientations. It also recommended that future studies including other sectors in the economy and SME’s in other counties be carried out. These findings would provide an increase in knowledge and a rich data base for future research, which can then be compared with the results of this study. Keywords: Innovativeness, Risk Taking, Proactiveness , Competitive Aggressiveness, Autonomy, SMEs
Pengaruh Pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility Terhadap Tax Avoidance Dengan Gender Sebagai Variabel Moderasi (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2016)

ABSTRACT This research is aim to provide empirical evidence of the influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to tax avoidance by genderas moderating variavble . The sample is listed manufactures corporation in Indonesia Stock Exchange, according to purposive sampling method which produces 65 companies. Observation period is 2016. Independent variable disclosure of CSR is measured by using Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) 63 indicator. Dependent variable tax avoidance is measured by using effective tax rate (ETR). Gender moderating variable is measured by the proportion of the women in company’s board of commissioners and board of directors. The data in this research is analized by using SPSS with Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) method.The result of this research shows that CSR disclosure provides the negative effect totax avoidance. Gender (the proportion of women in company councils) has strengthened the effect of CSR disclosure on tax avoidance practice. Keywords : Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Gender, Tax Avoidance Correspondence to : apriliankusuma@gmail.com, e.suprapti@yahoo.com
Efficacy of Gene Transfer through the Round Window Membrane: An in vitro Model

The viral vector-transgene soaked gelatin-sponge method has been shown to be successful in mediating transgene expression across an intact round window membrane (RWM) in mouse in vivo. However, there are many confounding factors which make it difficult to evaluate the role of the RWM in gene transfer. We have created an in vitro model to test the feasibility of gene delivery through an intact RWM. The round window including the bony niche of a CD1 mouse was removed under an operating microscope and fixed with adhesive on the base of a petri dish through which a hole had been drilled. Toluidine blue was injected into the niche containing a hyaluronic acid ester sponge against the round window membrane. The niche was closed with a fascia. A plastic tube containing PBS was fixed on the opposite side, from where the samples were collected at different time points. The concentration of toluidine blue was evaluated spectrophotometrically. An adenoviral vector containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker gene was injected into the niche. Samples were collected from the opposite side at different time points. The presence of the vector was studied with GFP PCR. We also modulated the permeability of the RWM by treating it with clinically applicable detergents, histamine or silver nitrate. Silver nitrate and trichloracetic acid caused destruction of the surface epithelium of the RWM as shown by light microscopy. Both toluidine blue and adenoviral vectors passed through the RWM in a time-dependent fashion. RWM cells expressed GFP after Ad-GFP treatment. The permeability of the RWM was decreased after treatment with different detergents, histamine or silver nitrate. RWM offers an atraumatic route to the inner ear. Compared with more invasive gene delivery methods, this technique represents a safer and clinically more viable route of cochlear gene delivery.
The Role of Music in Viral Video Advertisements

Drawing on theoretical insights from multidisciplinary research in the fields of Advertising, Digital Media and Internet Marketing, this research paper is set out to explore the role of music in viral video advertisements. More specifically, this paper investigates the effect that music fit and music popularity have in driving large numbers of Social Media users to share the same video advertisement in social networks and consequently improve the video's virality. In order to investigate whether music fit and music popularity impact a Social Media user's decision to share a video advertisement in social networks, it was decided to develop three new versions of a video advertisement that already went viral and examine whether they could be as shareable as the original video if the background music was different. The results suggest that music fit has an impact on the decision of a Social Media user to share a video advertisement in social networks. Moreover, background music being popular alone does not significantly increase the likelihood of sharing the video advertisement. However, when the background music used is popular and it also fits the video advertisement's plot and visuals, then the Social Media users' likelihood of sharing the video advertisement in social networks is significantly increased. Overall, by taking into consideration the conclusions drawn by this study, online media producers and marketing practitioners can start developing online video advertisements that are more likely to go viral. Consequently, this will improve the possibility of creating online "buzz" while also assisting them in meeting other key Viral Marketing objectives.
FACTORS INFLUENCING PONZI SCHEME PARTICIPATION IN NIGERIA

This study examined the factors influencing Ponzi scheme participation in Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 384 participants for the study. Descriptive statistic and One-Way ANOVA was employed to analyze the data. The result of the analysis revealed that friends’ recommendation, expected benefits, current economic situations, ease of obtaining funds and the get rich quick syndrome were the most influencing factors on Ponzi scheme participation and these factors were significant with the gender, age, marital status, employment status and educational level at 5% level of significance. The study concluded that ponzi scheme participation was mostly influenced by friend’s recommendation, expected benefit, current economic situations, ease of obtaining funds and the Get rich quick syndrome. Therefore, the study recommended that the Nigerian government should integrate Ponzi schemes into the Nigerian financial system and subject them to the country’s regulatory environment to minimize the consequences of future failure of the schemes.
Spot and overnight urine are inappropriate to assess population sodium intake.

We thank Khoyska and colleagues for their interest in our paper, “Systematic review of studies comparing 24-hour and spot urine collections for estimating population salt intake” (1), for their comments (2), and for the opportunity to answer and clarify differences in approach. As stated, our objective was to “to examine the usefulness of urine sodium excretion in spot or timed urine samples to estimate population dietary Na intake” with the intent of informing public policy on the best way to monitor population salt intake within the framework of a public health surveillance program. Our review examines the totality of evidence in the literature, and largely follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidance. The studies that examine spot versus 24-hour urine nearly all utilized correlation analyses that, while appropriate for comparing individuals, are inappropriate for addressing the question of how to assess population averages. Further, and although not the focus of our review, we found no studies designed to appropriately assess individual salt intake with spot urines that would require multiple days of 24-hour urine sampling and spot urine sampling. Single 24hour urine collections are valid for assessing population salt intake, but are not accurate for individual daily salt intake, which varies from day to day. More to the focus of our review on population sodium intake, there were no definitive studies for assessing population sodium intake with spot urine samples, and few with adequate design and data analysis. The comments of Khoyska and colleagues are perplexing, as there is no validity to a pooled analysis of erroneous and inadequate measures. Furthermore, the use of ‘spot’ or ‘timed’ urine collections that are part of the 24-hour collection will affect correlations to a different extent since they are inherently intercorrelated. These flaws are also present in the study cited by Khoyska and colleagues (3). Rigorously pooling data from poorly designed and inappropriately analyzed studies does not produce a result that has validity. We do suggest, as do Mann and Gerber (4), that a suitable validation study be carried out using ‘independent’ samples, as would be done in a surveillance program. Indeed, when such a validation is carried out, the results suggest significant bias with the use of ‘spot’ urines with poor reliability and reproducibility in assessing ‘group mean’ sodium excretion compared to 24-hour collections (5). Clearly there is a need to develop appropriate validation studies using adequate analytical methodologies. Until this new evidence becomes available, 24-hour urine collections should be recommended for monitoring population salt reduction programs.
Relationships between surface‐bound and internalized copper and cadmium and toxicity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

In the present study, the adsorption and uptake of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were examined to establish fundamental toxicity relationships to glutathione and cell‐growth endpoints. Establishing these fundamental relationships of metal accumulation and toxicity metrics is necessary to subsequently implement an algal biotic ligand model. The glutathione response was similar to the response measured from growth endpoints for both internal and adsorbed Cu, indicating that glutathione may be a useful biomarker of toxicity. The glutathione response with Cd contrasted markedly with that observed with Cu and was therefore observed to be a metal‐specific biomarker. The density of sites binding metals and the related stability constants for the algal cell surface were also determined. Short exposures to metals (2 h) were conducted, and we determined 6.0 × 10−6 mol/g sites binding Cu and 2.0 × 10−6 mol/g sites binding Cd and conditional stability constants as log K′ = 7.2 and log K′ = 6.7 for Cu and Cd, respectively. Experiments were also conducted to determine the effect on toxicity endpoints of varying nitrate concentrations and different humic acids (HA) in the exposure media. Varying nitrate concentrations did not have an effect on cell growth over 24 h. The surface‐adsorbed Cu measurements from the experiments with HA depended on the type and concentration of HA. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:324–335. © 2011 SETAC
Bypass grafting with coronary endarterectomy: immediate and long-term results.

BACKGROUND Increased morbidity and mortality have been associated with coronary artery bypass grafting when an adjunctive coronary endarterectomy is performed. In this study we retrospectively reviewed our experience with coronary bypass and endarterectomy to evaluate the early and late outcome and to determine the independent predictors of early mortality and morbidity of this procedure. METHODS Between May 1989 and December 2000, 107 patients underwent myocardial revascularization with coronary endarterectomy to achieve a complete revascularization. There were 90 men and 17 women; the mean age was 64 +/- 8.1 years. Sixty-three (58.9%) patients had a previous myocardial infarction, and 29 (27.1%) were operated on on an emergency basis. An ejection fraction of less than 30% was present in 9 (8.4%) patients. The most frequently endarterectomized vessel was the left coronary artery (74.8%). Follow-up information was obtained from 97 patients (100% of the long-term survivors). RESULTS There were 5 (4.7%) early deaths. The 72-month survival was 91.2% +/- 4.9%. Seventy-seven (83.7%) of the survivors were symptom free, and 15 (16.3%) were in Canadian Cardiovascular Society class II to III. An improvement of the ejection fraction after the operation was shown in the 97 patients who underwent echocardiographic control (P =.03) and angiography. The 30.4-month patency rate of the endarteriectomized coronary arteries was 72% +/- 11%. CONCLUSION Coronary endarterectomy is a safe and effective procedure for achieving a complete revascularization in patients with end-stage coronary disease.
The Asp299Gly Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphism in advanced aortic atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND Recently, the common Asp299Gly polymorphism of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) was found to be associated with a reduced incidence of acute myocardial infarction and carotid atherosclerosis. As TLR-4 signalling is causally involved in atherogenesis, the polymorphism was postulated to impart protection from atherosclerosis. To explore a potential atheroprotective effect, we studied the association between the Asp299Gly polymorphism and atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients undergoing angiography for suspected renovascular disease. METHODS 140 hypertensive subjects underwent intraarterial digital subtraction angiography, during which the presence of atherosclerotic lesions was assessed at the level of the abdominal aorta and renal arteries. Extensiveness of disease was classified as follows: atherosclerosis confined to the abdominal aorta, unilateral renal artery stenosis or bilateral renal artery stenosis. Subsequently, genotyping for the +896 A>G (Asp299Gly) single nucleotide polymorphism was performed in all patients. In statistical analyses 17 patients were excluded because of incomplete data (n=3) or a diagnosis of fibromuscular disease (n=14). RESULTS 21 patients were found heterozygous for the 299Gly allele, whereas none of the subjects were 299Gly homozygous (299Gly allele frequency 7.8%). The prevalence of the 299Gly allele in atherosclerotic patients was not different from the prevalence observed in subjects without atherosclerotic lesions (16.9 vs 15.5%, p=0.83). Moreover, 299Gly carriership was not associated with the extensiveness of (advanced) aortic atherosclerosis (p=0.64). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the Asp299Gly TLR-4 receptor polymorphism is not associated with the prevalence nor extensiveness of (advanced) aortic atherosclerosis.
Happiness among the elderly in communities: a study in senior clubs of Chonburi Province, Thailand.

AIM To study the levels of happiness perception in the elderly in different regions, and determine the reasons affecting it. METHODS The Thai Happiness Indicators: THI-15; 2001 were used in this study of 306 participants (> or =60 years) in different regions: rural, suburban, and urban. The elderly were chosen by chance from those belonging to Thai senior clubs in opportunistic random. RESULTS The elderly perceived their happiness as good, fair, and poor, respectively, 12.4%, 37.9%, and 49.7%. There was a difference in happiness perception among the regions: poor happiness perception (64.5%, 61.2%, and 22.8% in rural, suburban, and urban areas, respectively) (P < 0.001). We also verified that there was a difference in poor happiness perception between males (57.9%) and females (42.2%) (P < 0.01). There were differences in the happiness perception among people with different levels of education (chi(2) (4, N = 306) = 14.15, P = 0.007). There was also a difference between happiness perceptions as related to occupation: the results showed elderly who were not working had a better score of happiness perception than the elderly who had to work. CONCLUSIONS Although we cannot generalize from the results the happiness of all Thai elderly, the present study found that formal education, geographical areas, and gender can influence happiness. Health-care providers should be concerned about and provide the proper intervention and/or activities in order to alleviate the mental health problems among the elderly in communities, especially the elderly who are identified with poor happiness.
Lanczos bidiagonalization-based inverse solution methods applied to electrical imaging of the heart by using reduced lead-sets: A simulation study

Abstract In inverse problem of electrocardiography (ECG), electrical activity of the heart is estimated from body surface potential measurements. This electrical activity provides useful information about the state of the heart, thus it may help clinicians diagnose and treat heart diseases before they cause serious health problems. For practical application of the method, having fewer number of electrodes for data acquisition is an advantage. Additionally, inverse problem of ECG is ill-posed due to attenuation and smoothing within the body. Therefore, the solution of ECG inverse problem has to be regularized. In this study, we constrain ourselves to two Lanczos-bidiagonalization-based inverse solution methods, namely, Lanczos least-squares QR (L-LSQR) factorization and Lanczos truncated total least-squares (L-TTLS). Tikhonov regularization is also implemented as a base for comparison for these methods. We use body surface measurements simulated using epicardial potentials measured from the surface of canine hearts. In these experiments, the hearts are stimulated from the ventricles at various sites, mimicking ectopic beats. Torso potentials are obtained from these epicardial measurements by multiplying them with the forward transfer matrix and adding Gaussian distributed noise. We solve the inverse problem using different number of leads on the body surface (771, 192, 64, and 32 leads), and assess the performances of these regularization methods for the reduced lead-sets. These reduced lead-sets are selected from the primary 771-lead configuration by using two main approaches. The first approach is manually selecting appropriate leads, and the second one uses the inverse problem approach to select leads sequentially. The results show that the L-TTLS method is more successful in reconstructing epicardial potentials than the L-LSQR method. The L-TTLS method is faster than the Tikhonov regularization, since it benefits from bidiagonal form of the forward matrix. Reducing the number of electrodes to 64 has a small effect on the solutions, but with 32 leads, inverse solutions get less precise, and the difference between the results of Tikhonov regularization and L-TTLS method becomes less significant.
Validating Teacher Effects on Students’ Attitudes and Behaviors: Evidence from Random Assignment of Teachers to Students

There is growing interest among researchers, policy makers, and practitioners in identifying teachers who are skilled at improving student outcomes beyond test scores. However, questions remain about the validity of these teacher effect estimates. Leveraging the random assignment of teachers to classes, I find that teachers have causal effects on their students’ self-reported behavior in class, self-efficacy in math, and happiness in class that are similar in magnitude to effects on math test scores. Weak correlations between teacher effects on different student outcomes indicate that these measures capture unique skills that teachers bring to the classroom. Teacher effects calculated in nonexperimental data are related to these same outcomes following random assignment, revealing that they contain important information content on teachers. However, for some nonexperimental teacher effect estimates, large and potentially important degrees of bias remain. These results suggest that researchers and policy makers should proceed with caution when using these measures. They likely are more appropriate for low-stakes decisions—such as matching teachers to professional development—than for high-stakes personnel decisions and accountability.