Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Note on Mean-Variance Hedging of Non-Attainable Claims

A market is described by two correlated asset prices. But only one of them is traded while the contingent claim is a function of both assets. We solve the mean-variance hedging prob- lem completely and prove that the optimal strategy consists of a modified pure hedge expressible in terms of the obervation process and a Merton-type investment.
BOUNDED FORCING AXIOMS AND BAUMGARTNER'S CONJECTURE

We study the spectrum of forcing notions between the iter- ations of �-closed followed by ccc forcings and the proper forcings. This includes the hierarchy of �-proper forcings for indecomposable countable ordinalsas well as the Axiom A forcings. We focus on the bounded forcing axioms for the hierarchy of �-proper forcings and connect them to a hierarchy of weak club guessing principles. We show that they are, in a sense, dual to each other. In particular, these weak club guessing principles separate the bounded forcing axioms for distinct countable indecomposable ordinals. In the study of forcings completely embed- dable into an iteration of �-closed followed by ccc forcing, we present an equivalent characterization of this class in terms of Baumgartner's Axiom A. This resolves a well-known conjecture of Baumgartner from the 1980's.
Animal model of arthritis and myositis induced by the Mayaro virus

Background The Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an endemic arbovirus in South American countries, where it is responsible for sporadic outbreaks of Mayaro fever. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, ocular pain, rash, myalgia, and debilitating and persistent polyarthralgia. Understanding the mechanisms associated with MAYV-induced arthritis is of great importance due to the potential for its emergence, urbanization and dispersion to other regions. Methods 15-day old Balb/c mice were infected by two distinct pathways, below the forelimb and in the rear footpad. Animals were observed for a period of 21 days. During this time, they were monitored every 24 hours for disease signs, such as weight loss and muscle weakness. Histological damage in the muscles and joints was evaluated 3, 7, 10, 15 and 20 days post-infection. The cytokine profile in serum and muscles during MAYV infection was evaluated by flow cytometry at different post-infection times. For pain analysis, the animals were submitted to the von Frey test and titre in different organs was evaluated throughout the study to obtain viral kinetics. Findings Infection by two distinct pathways, below the forelimb and in the rear footpad, resulted in a homogeneous viral spread and the development of acute disease in animals. Clinical signs were observed such as ruffled fur, hunched posture, eye irritation and slight gait alteration. In the physical test, both groups presented loss of resistance, which was associated with histopathological damage, including myositis, arthritis, tenosynovitis and periostitis. The immune response was characterized by a strong inflammatory response mediated by the cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and INF-γ and chemokine MCP-1, followed by the action of IL-10 and IL-4 cytokines. Interpretation The results showed that Balb/c mice represent a promising model to study mechanisms involved in MAYV pathogenesis and for future antiviral testing.
Measurement in education: test scores and beyond

Data is the new gold. In education, this debate focusses specifically on test scores; whether used for evaluating schools or teachers, assessing social mobility or investigating children’s skill development. However, the perfect data do not exist. The value of any data analysis depends crucially on how the data were collected, which individuals are covered and how the data were treated. This thesis investigates how to use the potential, while avoiding the pitfalls of rich education data. Four separate studies assess the consequences of selective data collection and selective testing, non-response bias, measurement error and the use of aggregated test scores.
Decay of Correlations for the Hardcore Model on the $d$-regular Random Graph

A key insight from statistical physics about spin systems on random graphs is the central role played by Gibbs measures on trees. We determine the local weak limit of the hardcore model on random regular graphs asymptotically until just below its condensation threshold, showing that it converges in probability locally in a strong sense to the free boundary condition Gibbs measure on the tree. As a consequence we show that the reconstruction threshold on the random graph, indicative of the onset of point to set spatial correlations, is equal to the reconstruction threshold on the $d$-regular tree for which we determine precise asymptotics. We expect that our methods will generalize to a wide range of spin systems for which the second moment method holds.
Multiscale Variability of the Flow during the North American Monsoon Experiment

Abstract The 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) provided an unprecedented observing network for studying the structure and evolution of the North American monsoon. This paper focuses on multiscale characteristics of the flow during NAME from the large scale to the mesoscale using atmospheric sounding data from the enhanced observing network. The onset of the 2004 summer monsoon over the NAME region accompanied the typical northward shift of the upper-level anticyclone or monsoon high over northern Mexico into the southwestern United States, but in 2004 this shift occurred slightly later than normal and the monsoon high did not extend as far north as usual. Consequently, precipitation over the southwestern United States was slightly below normal, although increased troughiness over the Great Plains contributed to increased rainfall over eastern New Mexico and western Texas. The first major pulse of moisture into the Southwest occurred around 13 July in association with a strong Gulf of Californi.
Towards Faithfully Interpretable NLP Systems: How Should We Define and Evaluate Faithfulness?

With the growing popularity of deep-learning based NLP models, comes a need for interpretable systems. But what is interpretability, and what constitutes a high-quality interpretation? In this opinion piece we reflect on the current state of interpretability evaluation research. We call for more clearly differentiating between different desired criteria an interpretation should satisfy, and focus on the faithfulness criteria. We survey the literature with respect to faithfulness evaluation, and arrange the current approaches around three assumptions, providing an explicit form to how faithfulness is “defined” by the community. We provide concrete guidelines on how evaluation of interpretation methods should and should not be conducted. Finally, we claim that the current binary definition for faithfulness sets a potentially unrealistic bar for being considered faithful. We call for discarding the binary notion of faithfulness in favor of a more graded one, which we believe will be of greater practical utility.
Avaliação hematológica de éguas em lactação mantidas a pasto

Considerando que o rebanho equino no Brasil esta estimado em 5.496. 817 cabecas, sendo 1.375. 419 na regiao nordeste (BRASIL, 2009), pouco ainda foi publicado em relacao a hematologia equina baseando-se em contadores hematologicos, apesar de alguns artigos terem sido publicados avaliando as celulas sanguineas em outras especies e ate em outras racas de equinos (ELLAH et al., 2011). O hemograma e um exame muito utilizado na clinica medica equina, sendo um indicador de alteracoes que podem nao ser percebidas ao exame clinico, alem de servir como procedimento para avaliar a saude animal e auxiliar na obtencao de um diagnostico. A avaliacao dos elementos celulares do sangue, quantitativamente e qualitativamente, fornece informacoes indispensaveis ao controle evolutivo das doencas (FAILACE, 2006). Neste sentido e recomendada a obtencao de novos parâmetros de referencia na medida em que alteracoes ocorram na fase analitica do processamento da amostra (ASVCP, 2011).
Landmark Experiments in Twentieth Century Physics

George L Trigg London: Edward Arnold 1977 pp x + 309 price £11.50 (cased), £6.50 (paperback) It is a curious feature of many undergraduate physics courses that the students undertake a great deal of work in the laboratory but in the lecture hall little mention is made of experiment. Instead the experimental facts are mentioned as if they might have been received on tablets of stone.
The SPEAR science payload

The SPEAR micro-satellite payload consists of dual imaging spectrographs optimized for detection of the faint, diffuse FUV (900-1750 Å) radiation emitted from interstellar gas. The instrument provides spectral resolution, R~750, and long slit imaging of <10' over a large (8°x5') field of view. We enhance the sensitivity by using shutters and filters for removal of background noise. Each spectrograph channel uses identically figured optics: a parabolic-cylinder entrance mirror and a constant-ruled ellipsoidal grating. Two microchannel plate photon-counting detectors share a single delay-line encoding system. A payload electronics system conditions data and controls the instrument. We will describe the design and predicted performance of the SPEAR instrument system and its elements.
Observational Analysis of an Upper-Level Inverted Trough during the 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment

Abstract Upper-level inverted troughs (IVs) associated with midlatitude breaking Rossby waves or tropical upper-troposphere troughs (TUTTs) have been identified as important contributors to the variability of rainfall in the North American monsoon (NAM) region. However, little attention has been given to the dynamics of these systems owing to the sparse observational network over the NAM region. High temporal and spatial observations taken during the 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) are utilized to analyze a significant IV that passed over northwestern Mexico from 10 to 13 July 2004. The Colorado State University gridded dataset, which is independent of model analysis over land, is the primary data source used in this study. Results show that the 10–13 July IV disturbance was characterized by a warm anomaly around 100 hPa and a cold anomaly that extended from 200 to 700 hPa. The strongest cyclonic circulation was in the upper levels around 200 hPa. Quasigeostrophic (QG) diagnostics indicate t.
What are the Factors that Determine Startup Intentions among Korean Youth

The purpose of this study are to identify factors and characteristics that determine startup intentions among Korean youth, and derive policy implications for promoting startup intentions and providing support measures to influence startup activities. We used data from the 2013 Graduate Occupational Mobility Survey (GOMS) provided by Korea Employment Information Service (KEIS), which was analyzed using logistic regressions that included each factor at several levels. The results are as follows. Youth residing in the Seoul area were most likely to have startup intentions compared to all other regions, except Gyeongnam and Gyeongbuk provinces. Compared to graduates of four-year universities, graduates of twoor three-year technical colleges were more likely to have startup intentions. Job-seeking training programs offered by schools and the government when enrolled in school, had no significant effect on startup intentions. Lastly, having more job experience after graduation was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of having startup intentions.
Letters to the Editor Unified Treatment Recommendations: a Response to Rvachew and Nowak (2001) Independent Variables Dependent Variables

A recent report by Rvachew and Nowak (2001) would seem to call into question some of the work of Gierut and colleagues has shown that treatment of more complex targets results in system-wide changes in phonological acquisition (see Gierut, 2001, for a review). Our purpose here is to show that Rvachew and Nowak's findings do not challenge earlier findings, but in fact, they extend the generalizability of those results in positive ways. In order to fully appreciate the compatibility of these studies, a comparative summary of the studies by Gierut et al. and Rvachew and Nowak is presented below. Briefly, Gierut et al. (1987) examined the role of a child's productive phonological knowledge in generalization learning. Productive phono-logical knowledge refers to a child's linguistic competence and performance as determined by their phonetic and phonemic inventory, the distribution of sounds, the use of phonological rules and/or phonotactic constraints, and the underlying lexical representation of morphemes. Taking these basic properties of sound systems into consideration, six types of phonological knowledge were then established to characterize children's phonological systems (Gierut, 1985). These types formed a continuum from most-to-least phonological knowledge of the target phonology , with Type 1 knowledge describing sound productions consistently correct relative to the adult target (i.e., most knowledge) and Type 6 knowledge indicating consistently incorrect productions relative to the adult target (i.e., least knowledge). Gierut et al. conducted three related investigations to test the psychological reality of claims about phono-logical knowledge against learning by 6 preschool children with functional phonological delays. Studies 1 and 3 provided descriptive characterizations of each child's phonological knowledge prior to treatment and following treatment, respectively. Study 2 was a multiple baseline (multiple probe) across-subjects experiment wherein each child was taught three sounds in sequence from either most-to-least knowledge or the reverse, least-to-most knowledge, as based on their unique knowledge continuum. The dependent variable was generalization learning to treated and untreated sounds along the knowledge continuum (i.e., most and least knowledge). Quantitative results, based on percentages of accurate sound production, indicated that children taught in either treatment sequence, most-to-least or least-to-most knowledge, evidenced generalization learning for sounds of which they had most knowledge pretreatment (cf. Dinnsen & Elbert, 1984). Qualitative results, based on change in knowledge type, indicated that children taught in either treatment sequence also evidenced positive changes in their knowledge Letters 383 continuum for the treated sounds. Thus, either treatment sequence, most-to-least or …
Full Title: THE WEAK-FORM EFFICIENCY OF CHINESE STOCK MARKETS: THIN TRADING, NONLINEARITY AND EPISODIC SERIAL DEPENDENCIES Authors:

Abstract: Motivated by the shortcomings of earlier Chinese efficiency studies, the present paper re-examines the weak-form efficiency of Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges. Specifically, our adopted methodologies mitigate the confounding effect of thin trading on autocorrelation, detect both linear and nonlinear serial dependencies in the adjusted returns series, and capture the persistence of dependency structures over time. The result shows that the adjusted returns series from both markets follow a random walk for long periods of time, only to be interspersed with brief periods of strong linear and/or nonlinear dependency structures. This suggests that there are certain time periods when new information is not fully reflected into stock prices. Another interesting finding is that the existence of serial dependencies in both the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges follows one another closely after October 1997. It indicates that both markets responded in a similar way to influences from political, economic, social and institutional changes.
Diskussionsbeiträge Der Fakultät Für Wirtschaftswissenschaft Der Fernuniversität in Hagen Herausgegeben Vom Dekan Der Fakultät Alle Rechte Liegen Bei Den Autoren a Hybrid Algorithm for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Three‐dimensional Loading Constraints a Hybrid Algorithm for the Capac

The capacitated vehicle routing problem with three‐dimensional loading constraints combines capacitated vehicle routing and three‐dimensional loading with additional packing constraints which concern, for example, unloading operations. An efficient hybrid algorithm including a tabu search algorithm for routing and a tree search algorithm for loading is introduced. Computational results are presented for all publicly available test instances. Most of the best solutions previously reported in literature have been improved while the computational effort is drastically reduced compared to other methods.
Revision of Jn-00986-2009r1

26 Voltage–sensitive dye activity within the thin, unfoliated turtle cerebellar cortex (Cb) was 27 recorded in vitro during eighth cranial nerve (nVIII) stimulation. Short latency responses were localized 28 to the middle of the lateral edges of both ipsilateral and contralateral Cb (vestibulocerebellum; vCb). 29 Even with a severed contralateral Cb peduncle, stimulation of the nVIII ipsilateral to the intact 30 peduncle evoked contralateral vCb responses with a mean latency of only 0.25 ms after the ipsilateral 31 responses, even though the distance between them was ~5 mm. We investigated whether a rapidly 32 conducting commissure exists between each vCb by stimulating one of them directly. Responses in both 33 vCb spread sagittally but, surprisingly, there was no sequential activation along a transverse Cb beam 34 between them. In contrast, stimulation medial to either vCb evoked transverse beams that required ~20 35 ms to cross the Cb. Therefore, the rapid commissural connection between each vCb is not mediated by 36 slowly conducting parallel fibers. Also, the vCb was not strongly activated by climbing fiber stimulation, 37 suggesting that inputs to vCb involve distinct cerebellar circuits. 38 Responses between the two vCb remained following knife cuts through the rostral and caudal Cb 39 along the midline, through both peduncles, and even shallow midline cuts to the middle Cb through its 40 white matter and granule cell layer. Commissural responses were still observed only with a narrow 41 transverse bridge between each vCb or in thick transverse Cb slices. HRP transport from one vCb labeled 42 transverse axons traveling within the Purkinje cell layer that were larger than parallel fibers and lacked 43 varicosities. In sagittal sections, cross-section profiles of myelinated axons were observed around 44 Purkinje cells midway between the rostral and caudal Cb. This novel pathway for transverse 45 communication between lateral edges of turtle Cb suggests that afferents may directly conduct vestibular 46 information rapidly across the Cb to coordinate vestibulomotor reflex behaviors. 47 48
SEMI-IMPLICIT DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR THE STEADY STATE COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS

We deal with the numerical solution of the system of the compressible NavierStokes equations with the aid of the interior penalty Galerkin method. We employ a semiimplicit time discretization which leads to the solution of a sequence of linear algebraic systems. We present an efficient solution strategy of these systems with a focus on steadystate problems. Our approach is based on a simple adaptive technique for the choice of the time step and a relatively weak stopping criterion for iterative linear algebraic solvers. The presented numerical experiments show that the proposed strategy is efficient for steady-state problems using various grids, polynomial degrees of approximations and flow regimes. Particularly we show that the computational time for the solution of these systems is smaller than the computational time for their preparation. Finally, we apply this strategy with a minor modification to an unsteady flow. This work is a part of the research project MSM 0021620839 financed by the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic and was partly supported by the Grant No. 201/08/0012 of the Czech Grant Agency. Additionally, this work is a part of the research project ADIGMA, No. AST5-CT-2006-030719 financed within the 3 Call of the 6 European Framework Programme.
Do Stop Losses Work? the Disposition Effect, Stop Losses and Investor Demographics

The disposition effect is an investment bias where investors are reluctant to realise losses yet have a propensity to realise gains. The disposition effect is a well documented bias throughout the world and this paper offers findings on UK individual investors. The methodology used is survival analysis of roundtrip positions because this enables accurate estimates of predictive variables which dispose investors to exhibit this bias. The findings show that stop losses, age and sophistication have a sizeable effect at reducing both the reluctance to realise losses and eagerness to realise gains. When stop loss utilisation is regressed at the roundtrip position level, the reluctance to realise losses is reversed in this sample but the eagerness to trade remains. This observation is comparable to the asymmetric relationship found in other research into the disposition effect.
Curvilinear Effects of Consumer Loyalty Determinants in Relational Exchanges

Drawing from need, motivation, and social exchange theories, this study conceptualizes and empirically examines the differential curvilinear effects of multiple determinants of loyalty intentions, including transactional satisfaction, trust, and value for relational exchanges. The authors conceptualize trust as a “motivator,” satisfaction as a “hygiene,” and value as a “bivalent” factor in consumer loyalty mechanisms. Using consumer data on relational exchanges in two different service contexts—retail clothing and nonbusiness airline travel—and accounting for different sources of error—namely, measurement, common method, and response style—the authors empirically investigate the hypothesized mechanisms. The data support the motivator, or the enhancing role of trust, and the hygiene, or the maintaining role of satisfaction, on loyalty intentions in both contexts. Although the authors also obtain consistent results for the influence of value, its role is aligned with a hygiene mechanism, not a bivalent mechanism. The authors contribute to the study of loyalty antecedents by (1) theoretically proposing the nature and shape of the influence of different loyalty determinants, (2) considering the simultaneous and differential effects of multiple determinants, and (3) drawing implications from the results for theory and managerial practice.