Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Maximum mass-loss rates of line-driven winds of massive stars

We develop a theoretical treatment that allows us to determine the maximum mass-loss rate of a hot rotating star with a wind that is accelerated by radiation pressure due to spectral lines, taking into account finite disk correction as well as the eect of photon tiring but neglecting multiple scattering. The maximum mass-loss rate of a star is obtained by subsequent numerical integrations of the momentum equation from an assumed position of the sonic point onwards for increasing values of the mass loss, until the wind can no longer escape. For stars rotating below 80% of the critical velocity the decrease in the velocity far out in the wind due to the maximisation of the mass loss is negligible. Stars rotating at >80% of the critical speed have a kinked velocity law connected with the highest possible mass-loss rate. In such cases the wind velocity increases up to typically a few stellar radii, and decreases subsequently almost ballistically outwards. In these cases the terminal wind velocity is much smaller than the maximum wind velocity. For O-type main-sequence stars, the maximum mass-loss rates derived from our formalism are somewhat smaller than those derived for self-regulated line-driven winds including multiple scattering. For B-type supergiants, however, the maximum mass-loss rate is higher by about a factor 1.5-2. Including rotation, but without gravity darkening, results in a maximum mass-loss rate that is twice as high as for a non-rotating star.
Managerial Capital and the Market for CEOs

This paper reconciles two pronounced trends in U.S. corporate governance: the increase in pay levels for top executives, and the increasing prevalence of appointing CEOs through external hiring rather than internal promotions. We propose that these trends reflect a shift in the relative importance of "managerial ability" (transferable across companies) and "firm-specific human capital" (valuable only within the organization). We show that if the supply of workers in the corporate sector is relatively elastic, an increase in the relative importance of managerial ability leads to fewer promotions, more external hires, and an increase in equilibrium average wages for CEOs. We test our model using CEO pay and turnover data from 1970 to 2000. We show that CEO compensation is higher for CEOs hired from outside their firm, and for CEOs in industries where outside hiring is prevalent.
A Rapid Method to Estimate Population Variables for African Elephants

Abstract We developed a noninvasive method to estimate reproductive and survival parameters for free-ranging African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana africana) and used these to estimate finite population growth rates. We used published data from 2 populations with known growth rates and birth and survival histories to validate our technique. Based on body measurements, our method yielded estimates of age at first and last calving, calving interval, and age-specific survival rates that were similar to those determined during long-term studies at both Addo Elephant National Park and Amboseli National Park. Our technique generated population data required to estimate population growth rates. The method may be particularly useful where censuses yield imprecise estimates or where long-term population data are unavailable.
The search for a new development planning/policy mode: Problems of expertise in the transition period

The former system and practice of planning in Yugoslavia collapsed as early as towards the end of 1980s, not to be substituted for in the sequel by a new and legitimate development planning mode that has been compatible with the key processes and factors of the post-socialist transition, i.e., political pluralisation, privatisation, marketisation, and so forth. Under the recent circumstances, a number of new ‘ideologies of planning’ came to the surface, thereby rendering the current practice a peculiar mix of various concepts of ‘quasi/pseudo planning’ exercises, imbued with new biases, partisanship dominating the public scene, the notion of public interests almost lost, low transparency regarding the value and interest background of planning, etc. In effect, two general practices have been dominating the planning area, i.e., ‘crisis management’, and ‘planning-supporting-the-wild-privatisation-and-marketisation’. To a large extent, this has been caused by a poor experience, i.e., a lack of planners/experts to work under the new circumstances (‘transition’), paralleled by a lack of critical mass of social and economic actors interested in the sustainable development matters and supportive to them, and a wide spread anti-planning stance among the political and economic elites (‘architects of the transitional reforms’). A more modernising and emancipatory model, e.g., ‘planning-supporting-complex-transformation of society’, seems to be still out of sight for some time to come. As the new coherent planning theory might not be expected for a longer period, preferably a preliminary planning heuristics would have to be elaborated, to more or less ‘safely’ direct the practice within the strategic framework defined. In this context, a number of specific issues of expertise would also have to be resolved, ranging from general theoretical and methodological issues, via practical methodologies, to the key issues within the triangle power – knowledge – action. Specifically, this should also apply to the majority of development planning policy documents that have been worked out in the recent period.
Rival Growth Prospects and Equity Prices: Evidence from Mass Layoff Announcements

We investigate the impact of mass layoff announcements on the equity value of industry rivals. When a layoff announcement conveys good (bad) news for the announcer, rivals on average witness a 0.44 percent increase (0.60 percent decrease) in cumulative abnormal stock returns. This effect is concentrated on rivals with high growth opportunities. Consistent with this finding, we also show that our results are strongest in technology industries, where growth opportunities matter the most. Our results suggest that investors perceive layoff announcements as news about industry prospects rather than just the announcer.
Effect of Genetic Polymorphism of Bovine Growth Hormone Gene on Preweaning Growth Traits in a Thai Multibreed Beef Population

Growth hormone (GH) gene was investigated as a candidate gene for birth weight (BW) and weaning weight (WW) in a population of multibreed beef cattle of three crossbreds. Beef cattle involved consisted of Charolais, Brahman and Thai local native with different breed fractions. Screening polymorphisms within bovine GH gene was performed by using a single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method and the result was confirmed by a sequencing analysis. To identify polymorphic sites within the bovine GH gene, primers were designed revealing 6 PCR fragments (GH1 to GH6). Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found in the bovine GH gene of this cattle population. Two SNPs were found within the GH1 and GH2 fragments at nucleotide position 303 and 218 bp. The other two SNPs were located at position 208 and 388 bp of the GH5 fragment. No polymorphisms were found in the GH3, GH4 and GH6 fragments, respectively. The genotypic frequencies of GH1 were found to be 5.40, 85.40 and 9.20 percents for A1A1 A1B1 and B1B1, respectively. The genotypic frequencies of GH2 were found to be 90.00, 8.46 and 1.54 percents for A2A2, A2B2 and A2C2, respectively. The GH5 were found to be 2.31, 30.77, 17.69, 13.85 and 35.38 percents for A5A5, A5B5, B5C5, B5D5 and C5D5 genotypes, respectively. Considering haplotype of four polymorphic sites, only 17 haplotypes were identified in this population. The 212 and 215 haplotypes were found at a high frequency. Effect of four SNPs in each region genotype regions of GH for BW and WW indicated that GH1 influenced both BW and WW. However, the GH5 influenced only for BW (P<0.01). Animals with B1B1 of GH1 had the highest BW and WW but animals with A1A1 had the lowest of both traits (P<0.05). Animals with C5D5 of GH5 had the highest BW but animals with A5A5 had lowest BW (P<0.05). Moreover, haplotype of four SNPs were analysed and the results showed the animals with 313 and 325 haplotypes obtained high BW and WW, respectively (P<0.05). However, animals with 111 and 234 haplotypes obtained low BW and WW, respectively (P<0.05). Therefore, the producers should select animals with B1B1 and C5D5 genotypes to obtain high BW and WW. Moreover, mating system should be considered because intra- and inter-genic polymorphic regions or haplotypes has an effect on
Relevance of the formal red meat classification system to the South African informal livestock sector

In 1992 the South African meat industry was deregulated and this led to the formation of the new Marketing of Agricultural Products Act, Act no. 47 of 1996. The Act made provisions for producers to sell animals to customers of their own choice at mutually agreed prices. Thus, producers in the informal sector took advantage of the free marketing system. The result was a substantial increase in the number of animals slaughtered in the informal sector. Unfortunately the requirements for animal identification are not always observed in this sector. Challenges faced by communal farmers which include the multipurpose roles of livestock, lack of slaughter facilities within reasonable distance and lack of access to market information make them less willing to sell their animals through the formal market. The formal market is characterised by meat inspection and carcass classification which scare away the communal farmers for fear of income loss through animal condemnation. The informal sector might not recognise the importance of formal carcass classification. There is need to direct research and development efforts to address marketing constraints faced by communal farmers, and to promote formal marketing of livestock for meat quality assurance and a fair return to the farmers. This review seeks to assess the relevance of formal classification of red meat carcasses to the informal sector, make recommendations on ways to ameliorate the undesirable effect of the classification system on the informal sector, and identify possible areas which need further research to develop the classification system in South Africa.
Data Collapse of Energy Loss in Soft Magnetic Materials as a Way for Testing Measurement Set

In 1995 the leading European Laboratories busy with measurements of the electrical steel magnetic properties were trying to compare the measurement results of the power loss in electrical sheet steel under the conditions of rotating and alternating flux [1]. The six participating laboratories applied different measurement methods, similar only in some cases. According to this report the results for non-oriented materials were in fairly good agreement, whereas for grain-oriented materials the results differed considerably. The observed dispersion was attributed to several factors. For the purposes of this paper we distinguish the two of them: the geometry of the sample (size, shape) and the way for assessment of uncertainty contributions. Taking from [1] the idea of the inter-comparison of measurement data of the energy losses in soft magnetic materials (SMM), we perform such an inter-comparison with data taken in two laboratories [2–4], however under the conditions of axial and alternating flux. We show that the interference of the sample’s geometry can be scaled off and this factor does not interfere on the data inter-comparison. Moreover, the material type can be scaled off from the dependence of energy losses vs. the peak of induction and magnetizing frequencies. This property of SMM allows comparing different measurement sets. Successively, this fact allows introducing an absolute measure of uncertainty characterizing the given measurement set. Therefore, the way for assessing the uncertainty contributions would not interfere with the above mentioned data comparison.
DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE LEUKEMIA BY FLOWCYTOMETRY IN POPULATION OF TRIPURA, NORTH-EAST INDIA

The aim of this study was to diagnose acute leukemia in the population of Tripura using 3-lasers 7-color Flowcytometer. Immunophenotyping was done on peripheral blood samples of acute leukemia cases, by using 2-tube basic AML antibody panel. Samples collected from Regional Cancer Centre, Agartala included in this study 15 Acute Leukemia cases, reported during 2013 & 2014. Among them, 4 were ALL and 11 were AML cases. Out of 15 cases, 12 were adults (9 men and 3 women ranging from 17 to 77 years of age) and 3 were from pediatric patients. A strong correlation (r=0.92) is obtained between the blast cell count by microscopy &flowcytometry. Moreover, this Immunophenotyping procedure on peripheral blood samples also allowed an efficient discrimination between the various cell lineages and facilitated the accurate leukemic blast cell percentage.
CIPS test for Unit Root in Panel Data: further Monte Carlo results

This paper analyzes, through Monte Carlo experiments, the behaviour of Pesaran's CIPS test for the null of a unit root in panel data when (i) the assumption of a single common factor in the specification of the cross-section dependence is violated and (ii) the autoregressive order of the residuals is estimated. The simulation analysis points to the single common factor as a fundamental assumption for a suitable behaviour of the CIPS test and suggests that the test delivers the best performance when the truncation lag is estimated as a deterministic function of the sample size.
India at the WTO: Evolving Priorities, Unaltered Paradigm

India’s stance at the WTO has undergone a sea change since the beginning of the Uruguay Round. This paper attempts to trace the shifting coordinates of India’s position at the WTO. By focussing on three specific areas of negotiations, namely agriculture, services and TRIPS, the paper presents a theoretical analysis of how India’s stance at the WTO has evolved over time and whether it reflects any paradigm shift. In the light of international relations theory we argue that although the priorities and coordinates of India’s stance at the WTO have shifted over time, the underlying ‘neo-realist’ position adopted by India remains by and large unaltered. A postura da India na OMC passou por uma mudanca radical desde o inicio da Rodada Uruguai. Este artigo tenta tracar as coordenadas de mudanca de posicao da India na OMC. Ao concentrar-se em tres areas especificas de negociacoes, ou seja, agricultura, servicos e TRIPS, o trabalho apresenta uma analise teorica de como a postura da India na OMC tem evoluido ao longo do tempo e reflete qualquer mudanca de paradigma. A luz da teoria das relacoes internacionais que afirmam que, embora as prioridades e as coordenadas da posicao da India na OMC tem mudado ao longo do tempo, a posicao subjacente "neo-realista", aprovado pela India permanece em grande parte inalterada.
Crystalline curvature flow of planar networks

We consider the evolution of a polycrystalline material with three or more phases, in the presence of an even crystalline anisotropy. We analyze existence, uniqueness, regularity and stability of the flow. In particular, if the flow becomes unstable at a finite time, we prove that an additional segment ( or even an arc) at the triple junction may develop in order to decrease the energy and make the flow stable at subsequent times. We discuss some examples of collapsing situations that lead to changes of topology, such as the collision of two triple junctions.
Effects of Eucalyptus grandis Leaf Litter Decomposition on the Growth and Resistance Physiology Traits of Eremochloa ophiuroides

In order to investigate the effect of decomposing leaf litter of Eucalyptus grandis ( E. grandis ) on the growth trait and resistance physiology of Eremochloa ophiuroides ( E. ophiuroides ), three treatments with different amounts of leaf litter were designed in this study, including A1 (30 g/pot), A2 (60 g/pot), A3 (90 g/pot), and a group without treatment (0 g/pot, CK), The blank experiment group with distilled fallen leaves were set as mentioned above. The results showed that growth traits (root length, plant height, fresh weight and dry weight) were significantly inhibited along with the increasing amounts of E. grandis leaf litter. The activity of CAT and SOD increased at low content of leaf litter and less processing time, but significantly dropped over time. The activity of POD was inhibited at all tested time, and all treatments were significantly lower than that in CK. The MDA content of CK was similar to that in A1 and A2, but significantly lower than that in A3 at the 30 th day after sowing, and three treatments were significantly higher than that in CK after sowing for 60 days and 90 days. The soluble sugar content went up with the increase of leaf litter content at all time points, while the change of soluble protein contents was opposite. This study demonstrated that the decomposing leaf litter of E. grandis had obviously allelopathic effect on the growth and resistance physiology characteristics of E. ophiuroides , which should be controlled rationally in the E. grandis plantation.
Serum Copper and Plasma Protein Status in Normal Pregnancy

Background: Gradual alteration of serum copper and some plasma protein levels may occur with advancement of pregnancy, which is associated with increased maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Objective: To observe serum copper and plasma protein levels in normal pregnant women of different trimesters in order to find out their nutritional status. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka, between 1st January 2010 and December 2010. Ninety normal pregnant women of different trimesters with age 20-30 years were included in the study group. They were selected from Out Patient Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SSMC. Age matched 30 non-pregnant women were taken as control. Serum copper level was measured by Spectrophotometric method, serum total protein and albumin levels were estimated by standard method. Statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA, Bonferroni and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test as applicable. Results: Serum Cu levels were significantly higher in all trimesters of pregnant women compared to control. Again, this value was significantly higher in 3rd trimester than that of in 1st and 2nd trimester and also in 2nd trimester than that of in 1st trimester. In addition, mean serum total protein level was significantly lower in 3rd trimester than control but no statistically significant difference was observed among different trimesters. Again, mean serum albumin level was significantly lower in 2nd and 3rd trimester than 1st trimester and control. In addition, serum Cu concentration showed significant positive correlation with different trimesters of gestation. Conclusion: This study reveals that hypercupremia along with hypoproteinemia occur in pregnant women from 1st to 3rd trimester of gestation. This gradual alteration of micro and macronutrients become more profound with advancement of pregnancy. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/jbsp.v7i2. 14452 J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2012, December; 7(2): 66-71
The panchromatic spectroscopic evolution of the classical CO nova V339 Delphini (Nova Del 2013) until X-ray turnoff

Context. Classical novae are the product of thermonuclear runaway-initiated explosions occurring on accreting white dwarfs. Aims. V339 Del (Nova Delphinus 2013) was one of the brightest classical novae of the last hundred years. Spectroscopy and photometry are available from γ -rays through infrared at stages that have frequently not been observed well. The complete data set is intended to provide a benchmark for comparison with modeling and for understanding more sparsely monitored historical classical and recurrent novae. This paper is the first in the series of reports on the development of the nova. We report here on the early stages of the outburst, through the X-ray active stage. Methods. A time sequence of optical, flux calibrated high resolution spectra was obtained with the Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT) using FIES simultaneously, or contemporaneously, with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope during the early stages of the outburst. These were supplemented with Mercator /HERMES optical spectra. High resolution IUE ultraviolet spectra of OS And 1986, taken during the Fe curtain phase, served as a template for the distance determination. We used standard plasma diagnostics (e.g., [O III] and [N II] line ratios, and the H β line flux) to constrain electron densities and temperatures of the ejecta. Using Monte Carlo modeling of the ejecta, we derived the structure, filling factor, and mass from comparisons of the optical and ultraviolet line profiles. Results. We derive an extinction of E ( B − V ) = 0.23 ± 0.05 from the spectral energy distribution, the interstellar absorption, and H I emission lines. The distance, about 4−4.5 kpc, is in agreement with the inferred distance from near infrared interferometry. The maximum velocity was about 2500 km s -1 , measured from the UV resonance and optical profiles. The ejecta showed considerable fine structure in all transitions, much of which persisted as emission knots. The line profiles were modeled using a bipolar conical structure for the ejecta within a relatively restricted range of parameters. For V339 Del, we find that an inclination to the line of sight of about 35°−55°, an opening angle of 60°−80°, and an inner radius Δ R / R ( t ) ≈ 0.3 based on v rad,max matches the permitted and intercombination lines. The filling factor is f ≈ 0.1, and the derived range in the ejecta mass is (2−3) × 10 -5 M ⊙ .
SALIVARY ALPHA AMYLASE LEVELS DURING PRIMARY TOOTH EXTRACTION IN CHILDREN AGED 6–11 YEARS

Objective: Patients generally experience some level of anxiety during dental treatments. Salivary alpha amylase (SAA) can be used as a biomarker for anxiety. This study aimed to compare SAA levels between children who had never and had undergone tooth extraction procedures with a local anesthetic injection. Methods: Thirty-seven participants aged 6–11 years who were to undergo the extraction of primary teeth at the Dental and Oral Educational Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, were enrolled. The subjects were divided into two groups: One group consists of 20 children who had never undergone a tooth extraction, and the other group consists of 17 children who had undergone tooth extraction. From all children, one saliva sample was collected using a portable saliva strip 10 min before (t0), shortly after (t1), and 10 min after (t2) local anesthetic injection, and the SAA activity was determined using a portable Nipro Cocoro Meter device. The SAA levels of both groups were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: There were significant differences in SAA levels at t0 (p=0.001), t1 (p=0.018), and t2 (p=0.021) in both groups. Anxiety is a combination of behavioral and physiological reactions. SAA release is regulated by autonomic innervation, and the SAA level increases owing to acute stress. Conclusion: Dentists should note patients’ negative dental experiences to provide more effective and less traumatic treatment.