Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emergency obstetric referrals at a university teaching hospital, Nigeria.

OBJECTIVE To identify factors in our unbooked obstetric emergency cases that contribute to the increase in maternal mortality. DESIGN A retrospective study. SETTING Maternity Ward, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, between January 1966 and December 1999. SUBJECTS Four hundred and thirty five cases of emergency obstetric referrals treated during the review period. RESULTS The incidence of unbooked obstetric emergencies is 9.5% and the high risk obstetric group, the primigravida and grand multiparous women constituted 63% of it. Majority (80%) of the patients belonged to the lower socio-economic class and prolonged and obstructed labour were the commonest mode of presentation. Sources of referrals were hospital/clinics (46%), maternity homes (23%), traditional birth attendants (TBAs)(16%) and prayer houses (2.3%). There were obvious delays at the referral sources and most of the patients presented in poor clinical states. Forty per cent of total maternal mortality in the hospital were attributed to unbooked cases with haemorrhage and sepsis being the major causes. Also perinatal mortality of 40.2% was recorded. CONCLUSION Lack of basic education and poverty are the major identifiable risk factors. Improving health care facilities, female education, regular training courses for medical personnel and elimination of quacks are advocated.
A Simulation Study of the Switching Times of 22- and 17-nm Gate-Length SOI nFETs on High Mobility Substrates and Si

The switching times of ultrathin body semiconductor-on-insulator n-channel field-effect transistors with 22- and 17-nm gate lengths are simulated, and the results obtained for four high mobility substrates (Ge, GaAs, InP, and In0.53Ga0.47As) are compared to Si. Both intrinsic and extrinsic device structures are simulated, and a detailed accounting of device behavior is given. The most important assumptions in this paper are as follows: 1) All devices meet a 270-nA / mum leakage specification at VDD = 1 V, including band-to-band tunneling, and 2) an ideal gate insulator is posited which obtains negligible gate leakage and surface scattering for all semiconductors. From the extrinsic device results, it is found that, at a 22-nm gate length, switching times for the semiconductors considered vary, at most, by a factor of two, while at 17 nm, they vary by, at most, a factor of 2.5; in both cases, In0.53Ga0. 47As provides the best switching time, and Si, the worst switching time.
Gamma‐hydroxybutyrate – a drug of abuse

γ‐Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a drug of abuse that causes euphoria, anxiolysis, and hypnosis. The recent rise in the recreational intake of GHB, as well as its association with ‘drug rape’, has turned the attention to GHB in acute hospital settings. Acutely admitted GHB intoxicated patients may display various levels of sedation or coma, but may also show paradoxical agitation, combativeness, or self‐injurious behaviors. The symptoms can be nonspecific and the definite diagnosis therefore normally relies on the detection of GHB in blood or body fluids, which is an analysis that may not be promptly available. As a basis for understanding the clinical features of GHB intoxication and abuse, we here review the pharmacological and neurophysiological knowledge about GHB, which stems from decades of clinical and basic GHB research. In addition, we discuss the latest discoveries in the quest for distinct GHB receptors in the brain, and their possible implications for future therapies of GHB abuse.
Defined Benefit Versus Defined Contribution Pension Plans: What are the Real Tradeoffs?

Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution plans have significantly different characteristics with respect to the risks faced by employers and employees, the sensitivity of benefits to inflation, the flexibility of funding, and the importance of governmental supervision. In this paper, we examine some of the main tradeoffs involved in the choice between DB and DC plans. Our most general conclusion is that neither plan type can be said to wholly dominate the other from the perspective of employee welfare.The major advantage of DB plans is the potential they offer to provide a stable replacement rate of final income to workers. If the replacement rate is the relevant variable for worker retirement utility, then DB plans offer some degree of insurance against real wage risk. Of course, protection offered to workers is risk borne by the firm. As real wages change, funding rates must correspondingly adjust. However, to the extent that real wage risk is largely diversifiable to employers, and nondiversifiable to employees, the replacement rate stability should be viewed as an advantage of DB plans. The advantages of DC plans are most apparent during periods of inflation uncertainty. These are: the predictability of the value of pension wealth, the ability to invest in inflation-hedged portfolios rather than nominal DB annuities,and the fully-funded nature of the DC plan. Finally, the DC plan has the advantage that workers can more easily determine the true present value of the pension benefit they earn in any year, although they may have more incertainty about future pension-benefit flows at retirement. Measuring the present value of accruing defined benefits is difficult at best and imposes severe informational requirements on workers. Such difficulties could lead workers to misvalue their total compensation, and result in misinformed behavior.
Analysis of simian immunodeficiency virus sequence variation in tissues of rhesus macaques with simian AIDS

One rhesus macaque displayed severe encephalomyelitis and another displayed severe enterocolitis following infection with molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strain SIVmac239. Little or no free anti-SIV antibody developed in these two macaques, and they died relatively quickly (4 to 6 months) after infection. Manifestation of the tissue-specific disease in these macaques was associated with the emergence of variants with high replicative capacity for macrophages and primary infection of tissue macrophages. The nature of sequence variation in the central region (vif, vpr, and vpx), the env gene, and the nef long terminal repeat (LTR) region in brain, colon, and other tissues was examined to see whether specific genetic changes were associated with SIV replication in brain or gut. Sequence analysis revealed strong conservation of the intergenic central region, nef, and the LTR. However, analysis of env sequences in these two macaques and one other revealed significant, interesting patterns of sequence variation. (i) Changes in env that were found previously to contribute to the replicative ability of SIVmac for macrophages in culture were present in the tissues of these animals. (ii) The greatest variability was located in the regions between V1 and V2 and from "V3" through C3 in gp120, which are different in location from the variable regions observed previously in animals with strong antibody responses and long-term persistent infection. (iii) The predominant sequence change of D-->N at position 385 in C3 is most surprising, since this change in both SIV and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 has been associated with dramatically diminished affinity for CD4 and replication in vitro. (iv) The nature of sequence changes at some positions (146, 178, 345, 385, and "V3") suggests that viral replication in brain and gut may be facilitated by specific sequence changes in env in addition to those that impart a general ability to replicate well in macrophages. These results demonstrate that complex selective pressures, including immune responses and varying cell and tissue specificity, can influence the nature of sequence changes in env.
Commercial Gentrification and Entrepreneurial Governance in Shanghai: A Case Study of Taikang Road Creative Cluster

Commercial gentrification—based on the adaptive reuse of historic dwellings for upscale shopping, dining and culture—is emerging as a new model of neighbourhood regeneration in China. Through an analysis of Shanghai's urban restructuring and a case study of Taikang Road Creative Cluster, this article demonstrates that entrepreneurial local government is a key facilitator. Conscious of the synergistic value of restored urban heritage with conspicuous consumption, tourism and even the creative industries, local officials have utilised their urban planning authority to open up urban heritage to a host of gentrifiers including businesses, artists and creative firms. In terms of social outcomes, some local residents have capitalised on inflated property values and gained the opportunity to move out of poverty. Nevertheless, socially exclusive outcomes have also been evident, as commercialisation eroded the living environment of rural migrants and other poor residents.
Pricing Currency Derivatives Under the Benchmark Approach

This paper considers the realistic modelling of derivative contracts on exchange rates. We propose a stochastic volatility model that recovers not only the typically observed implied volatility smiles and skews for short dated vanilla foreign exchange options but allows one also to price payoffs in foreign currencies, lower than possible under classical risk neutral pricing, in particular, for long dated derivatives. The main reason for this important feature is the strict supermartingale property of benchmarked savings accounts under the real world probability measure, which the calibrated parameters identify under the proposed model. Using a real dataset on vanilla option quotes, we calibrate our model on a triangle of currencies and find that the risk neutral approach fails for the calibrated model, while the benchmark approach still works.
Which Organizational Attributes Are Amenable to External Reform? An Empirical Study of African Public Financial Management

ABSTRACT Many externally motivated public sector reforms produce less change than expected. This article argues that we should expect limited reform results in respect of certain organizational attributes. Applying institutional theory on isomorphism, the argument is simply that reforms are harder where they influence organizational characteristics that (i) are difficult to observe externally, (ii) are core to the organization, and (iii) involve actors with whom the externally defined change agenda is unlikely to resonate normatively. These arguments are tested in an analysis of Public Financial Management (PFM) reform in Africa, where evidence is supportive. The article contributes to public management literature, and comparative studies in particular, by applying a well-suited theory to the study of public sector change. The approach and findings should be of particular interest to the development community, shedding light on why reforms routinely underperform—in PFM and beyond, extending to topics like externally driven nation building.
Interaction of nucleolin with ribosomal RNA genes and its role in RNA polymerase I transcription

Nucleolin is a multi-functional nucleolar protein that is required for ribosomal RNA gene (rRNA) transcription in vivo, but the mechanism by which nucleolin modulates RNA polymerase I (RNAPI) transcription is not well understood. Nucleolin depletion results in an increase in the heterochromatin mark H3K9me2 and a decrease in H4K12Ac and H3K4me3 euchromatin histone marks in rRNA genes. ChIP-seq experiments identified an enrichment of nucleolin in the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) coding and promoter region. Nucleolin is preferentially associated with unmethylated rRNA genes and its depletion leads to the accumulation of RNAPI at the beginning of the transcription unit and a decrease in UBF along the coding and promoter regions. Nucleolin is able to affect the binding of transcription termination factor-1 on the promoter-proximal terminator T0, thus inhibiting the recruitment of TIP5 and HDAC1 and the establishment of a repressive heterochromatin state. These results reveal the importance of nucleolin for the maintenance of the euchromatin state and transcription elongation of rDNA.
Evidence on the Irish stock market's reaction to dividend announcements

This study investigates the manner in which the Irish stock market responds to company announcements about dividend payments. In particular, the paper examines whether the predictions of the ‘signalling’ hypothesis hold or if more recent findings (which suggest that there is little value-relevant information contained in dividend changes) better characterize the Irish market. Data were obtained for a sample of 50 companies whose shares were traded on the Dublin Stock Exchange from 1987 to 2001. Abnormal returns were then calculated for the whole sample and for various dividend–earnings change combinations. The results suggest that dividend announcements are important for Irish investors, but earnings signals appear to have a stronger impact on equity values.
Galactosamine‐induced fulminant hepatic necrosis in unanesthetized canines

A large animal model of fulminant hepatic necrosis is necessary to test the efficacy of artificial liver support systems. A recent model was developed using D‐galactosamine in anesthetized dogs. Because of the difficulties encountered with prolonged anesthesia, a similar protocol was used in 10 unanesthetized dogs. Intravenous infusions of D‐galactosamine (1.0 to 1.5 gm/kg) did not result in uniform death of all animals at 72 hours or development of hypoglycemia. Severe hepatic necrosis was observed in all animals, but residual hepatocyte viability was evident in some. All animals developed severe consumption coagulopathy with histological evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in four. A clinical picture characteristic of endotoxic shock was observed in most animals as a terminal event. The presence of endotoxin was confirmed in all dogs tested after 12 hours (7/10). The differences observed between this model and the anesthetized model are probably because of the toxic synergism between halothane and D‐galactosamine. Neither model seems satisfactory for the testing of artificial liver support systems. The halothane model requires extremely long periods of anesthesia and mechanical ventilation. The present model does not cause uniform or universal death of the animals within 3 days. Foremost, both models result in DIC and endotoxic shock, neither of which is likely to respond to bioartificial liver support or treatment with conventional dialysis membranes.
Deciphering Faces: Quantifiable Visual Cues to Weight

Body weight plays a crucial role in mate choice, as weight is related to both attractiveness and health. People are quite accurate at judging weight in faces, but the cues used to make these judgments have not been defined. This study consisted of two parts. First, we wanted to identify quantifiable facial cues that are related to body weight, as defined by body mass index (BMI). Second, we wanted to test whether people use these cues to judge weight. In study 1, we recruited two groups of Caucasian and two groups of African participants, determined their BMI and measured their 2-D facial images for: width-to-height ratio, perimeter-to-area ratio, and cheek-to-jaw-width ratio. All three measures were significantly related to BMI in males, while the width-to-height and cheek-to-jaw-width ratios were significantly related to BMI in females. In study 2, these images were rated for perceived weight by Caucasian observers. We showed that these observers use all three cues to judge weight in African and Caucasian faces of both sexes. These three facial cues, width-to-height ratio, perimeter-to-area ratio, and cheek-to-jaw-width ratio, are therefore not only related to actual weight but provide a basis for perceptual attributes as well.
Seven common misconceptions about human resource practices: Research findings versus practitioner beliefs

Executive Overview Recent research suggests that HR practices can have considerable impact on both individual and organizational performance. These findings strongly suggest that not knowing this HR research can be costly to organizations. In this article, we pinpoint areas where HR practitioners seem to be most unaware of research findings related to effective HR practices, based on responses by a large sample of HR managers. The seven questions that exhibited the greatest disagreement between current research findings and respondents' beliefs are explored, along with their management implications and suggestions for implementing the findings.
A FAIRNESS HEURISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE PRIMACY EFFECT OF REPUTATION ON PERCEIVED OF PRIVACY POLICY AND PRIVACY SEALS

When faced with the risk-benefit dilemma in online era, how would users make their decisions by procedural justice information as distributive justice information is uncertain? The literature implied reputation, privacy policy and seals can be regarded as the factors, which would eliminate users’ privacy concern, build trust and incentivize transaction. However, research-to- date is lacking of a comprehensive model to indicate practitioners whenever and however which factor is the core compared with others or their efforts are equal. Drawing upon the fairness heuristic theory, this paper explores the impact of the three factors on them. The results from an experimental study show that the primacy effects of reputation on perceived of privacy policy and seals exist. Theoretical and practical implications arising from our results were offered.
RANKL/RANK/OPG Polymorphisms and Heel Quantitative Ultrasound in Young Adults

Background The receptor activator of the nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), and the osteoprotegerin (OPG) signaling pathway play an important role in the regulation of bone remodeling and osteoclast differentiation. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a relatively recent and noninvasive method providing structural information on microstructure, bone elasticity, and connectivity. However, in contrast to bone mineral density measurements, the possible association of the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway with heel QUS has not been analyzed. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess, for the first time, the contribution of the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway genes in the genetic background of heel QUS parameters. Methods Ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of RANKL (rs9594759, rs12585014, rs7988338, rs2148073), RANK (rs1805034, rs12458117, rs3018362), and OPG (rs4355801, rs3102735, rs2073618) were selected as genetic markers and genotyped using Open Array technology in 575 self-reported Caucasian individuals aged 18–25. Bone mass in the right calcaneus was estimated with QUS to obtain the broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) measurement (dB/MHz). Linear regression analyses were performed to test the possible association between the SNPs and BUA. Results Linear regression analysis of all the tested SNPs revealed no significant association with the BUA parameter after adjusting for age, gender, weight, height, physical activity, and calcium intake. The lowest p-value was observed for the rs9594759 RANKL polymorphism and heel QUS (p = .06; b* = −.075, 95% CI [−0.960, 0.028]). Conclusion Our results suggest that the polymorphism of the RANKL, RANK, and OPG genes does not make a significant genetic contribution to heel ultrasound measurements in a population of young Caucasian adults. Further studies replicating the results in independent populations are needed to support these initial findings.
Cerebellar atrophy demonstrated by computed tomography

We studied 55 cases of cerebellar atrophy identified by computerized tomography. Atrophy was determined by subjective assessment and objective measurements (superior cerebellar cistern, fourth ventricle, and brainstem). Different patterns of cerebellar atrophy were related to clinical diagnoses. A high incidence of vermal atrophy was observed in primary cerebellar degeneration and chronic alcoholism. More than half the patients with alcoholism had hemispheral atrophy. Vermal atrophy and enlargement of superior cerebellar cisterns (but not hemispheral atrophy) were associated with carcinomatous cerebellar degeneration. Atrophy caused by chronic phenytoin usage showed a specific pattern of enlargement of the cisterna magna, cerebellopontine angle, and superior cerebellar cisterns. Supratentorial atrophy was increased significantly only in the alcoholics. In general, limb ataxia, dysarthria, and nystagmus were related to hemispheral but not to vermal atrophy.
Language Acquisition and Brain Development

Language acquisition is one of the most fundamental human traits, and it is obviously the brain that undergoes the developmental changes. During the years of language acquisition, the brain not only stores linguistic information but also adapts to the grammatical regularities of language. Recent advances in functional neuroimaging have substantially contributed to systems-level analyses of brain development. In this Viewpoint, I review the current understanding of how the “final state” of language acquisition is represented in the mature brain and summarize new findings on cortical plasticity for second language acquisition, focusing particularly on the function of the grammar center.
Understanding the Determinants of Single-family Residential Redevelopment in the Inner-ring Suburbs of Chicago

This study identifies the determinants of single-family residential redevelopment considering both individual housing physical and locational characteristics and the socioeconomic characteristics of the neighbourhood and district within which the house is located. A non-nested multilevel logit analysis is performed on a parcel-level dataset of all single-family residential parcels located within 128 inner-ring suburbs of Chicago, between 2000 and 2010. Findings indicate that properties with smaller houses, lower floor-area to lot-size ratios, and lower ratios of their value to that of their neighbourhood, as well as properties located in high-quality school districts, are more likely to be redeveloped. The median property value of a neighbourhood does not have a large effect on whether a property is redeveloped, but neighbourhoods with higher proportions of Black and Hispanic residents were significantly less likely to experience redevelopment.
The driving forces of collective action among policy actors: Value, power, and social capital

This study explores the core factors for the policy actors to select their policy partners in the policy processes, focusing on the mechanism underpinning the communication density between policy actors in the networks. For the purpose, this study identifies three major candidate groups: policy actors’ values, policy actors’ power, and social capital between policy actors. Then, with the relational data collected by the survey on the Korean international migration policy processes, we try to find core factors affecting communication density between policy actors. The results show that the most influential factors are found in the group of social capital while the variables around policy actors’ value systems are shown to be statistically insignificant, and that what is more important is not the trust based on receiver’s social reputation but the instant trust created during the policy process. This research also indicates that formal voting power is one of the significant variables in deciding the communication density between policy actors.