Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How widespread is Parthenium hysterophorus and its biological control agent Zygogramma bicolorata in South Asia

Summary Parthenium hysterophorus is a weed of global signifi- cance causing severe economic, environmental, human and animal health problems in Asia, Africa, Australia and the Pacific. In South Asia, P. hysterophorus occurs in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal. A host-specific leaf-feeding beetle Zygogramma bicolorata from Mexico was introduced into India in 1984, as a biological control agent for P. hysterophorus. In this study, a GIS-based distribution map of P. hysterophorus and its biological control agent Z. bicolorata in South Asia based on meta-analysis is presented. The map highlights the limited published information on P. hysterophorus incidence in many of the states and territories in India, as well as in neighbouring Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan. Incidence of Z. bicolorata was recorded as three distinct clusters, covering many states in India. In Pakistan, Z. bicolorata was recorded in the Punjab region bordering India. A CLIMEX model based on the current distribution of Z. bicolorata in India suggests that the geographic range of this agent in India and Pakistan can extend to other P. hysterophorus-infested areas in the region. The CLIMEX model also suggests that all of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, and parts of Nepal are climatically suitable for Z. bicolorata.
DESIGN OF T-BEAM BRIDGE BY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD AND AASHOT SPECIFICATION

A simple span T-beam bridge was analyzed by using AASHTO specifications and Loadings as a one dimensional structure, then a threedimensional structure was carried out by using finite element plate for the deck slab and beam elements for the main beam. Both models were subjected to 1.5 AASHTO Loadings and at certain locations to produce maximum bending moment and maximum shear. The results were analyzed and it was found that the results obtained from the finite element model are smaller than the results obtained from one dimensional analysis, which means that the results obtained from AASHTO loadings are conservative.
DROSOPHILIDAE OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS , WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES

A 1977 collection of Drosophilidae from 3 major islands of the Galapagos yielded 774 specimens. Of 10 species not recorded previously, 2 are new and are here described. One of these appears to be characteristic of the arid zone in Isla Santa Cruz but cannot be considered endemic until comparable continental habitats are studied. Of the 15 species found, 7 are cosmopolitan and 6 are well-known Neotropical species, suggesting an affinity to Ecuador. We conclude that the drosophilid fauna of the Galapagos is depauperate and consider earlier suggestions that a rich fauna exists to be erroneous. In the last 25 years, faunal surveys ofthe world Drosophilidae have produced many surprises. The number of described species has become very large, just over 2500 (Wheeler 1981). Although about 12 species are virtually worldwide, each realm has its own distinctive fauna. Some intriguing oddities occur, such as the parasites of spittle insects, of spiders, of Simulium larvae, of frog eggs and of land crabs (see Ashburner 1981 for review). Perhaps the greatest geographical surprise is the exuberance of the endemic fauna of Hawaii. More than 25% ofthe world count of species of Drosophilidae are endemic to these rather small oceanic islands. The species in Hawaii range from minute Scaptomyza (body length 1.6 mm) to giant Drosophila with a wing spread of about 22 mm. This extraordinary situation appears to be unique in Oceania and, indeed, in the rest of the world (Hardy & Kaneshiro 1981). Although a number of general entomological surveys ofthe Galapagos Islands have been made (e.g., Linsley & Usinger 1966), very few Drosophilidae have been recorded; in fact Wheeler (1961) listed only 4 described and 1 undescribed species. Most general entomological collections tend to overlook small insects like Drosophilidae and it usually takes a specialist to locate them. Accordingly, the senior author visited the 1. Department of Genetics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. 2. Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de Sao Paulo, Caixa Postal 7172, Sao Paulo, Brasil. 3. Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. 240 International Journal of Entomology Vol. 25, no. 4 Galapagos for 2 weeks in May of 1977 with the specific purpose of investigating the fauna of Drosophilidae. Collecting methods that have proven successful in the tropics of both hemispheres and in Hawaii were used. The results suggest that the Galapagos has a rather depauperate drosophilid fauna. Although we record here 15 species of the family, most are widespread members ofthe Neotropical fauna. Of 2 new species found, 1 occurs in substantial numbers in the cactus forests of lowland Isla Santa Cruz. The circumstances surrounding its discovery are intriguing and more study is highly desirable. The other, a species of Scaptomyza, was found at high altitude on 2 islands.
Juha Peltonen Effects of Oxygen Fraction in Inspired Air on Cardiorespiratory Responses and Exercise Performance

Peltonen, Juha Effects of oxygen fraction in inspired air on cardiorespiratory responses and exercise performance Jyväskylä, University of Jyväskylä, 2002, 86 p. (Studies in Sport, Physical Education and Health, ISSN 0356-1070; 80) ISBN 951-39-1116-0 Finnish summary Diss. The present series of studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between exercise performance and oxygen uptake (V O2) by altering the fraction of oxygen in inspired air (FIO2) in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms that regulate and limit physical work capacity. A total of 29 endurance athletes were examined in hyperoxia (FIO2 0.293 – 0.622), normoxia (FIO2 0.209) and hypoxia (FIO2 0.150-0.166). Hypoxia impaired (mean 14.7%) and hyperoxia improved (12.2%) maximal oxygen uptake (V O2max) in comparison with normoxia. Impaired V O2max was accompanied by a decrement in exercise performance (Pmax) in hypoxia (7.3%). Also, Pmax tended to be higher in hyperoxia (3.6%) than in normoxia. Thus, in both hypoxia and hyperoxia, the change in V O2max exceeded the change in Pmax. Maximal cardiac output ( Q max) was reduced (8.8%) in acute hypoxia when compared with normoxia. The reduction in V O2max in acute hypoxia is therefore explained both by the narrowing of the arterio-venous O2 difference and reduced Q max. The reduced Q max in hypoxia and the finding that hypoxia had a tendency to diminish the sum of integrated electromyography signals during maximal exercise in comparison with normoxia and hyperoxia both suggest that the central nervous system (CNS) is among those factors that limit exercise performance and V O2max in acute hypoxia. Therefore, reduced Q max and V O2max in acute hypoxia may be the result rather than the cause of reduced Pmax and skeletal muscle recruitment, which can be interpreted to support the “central governor” hypothesis. However, further studies are needed to indicate the existence and mode of action of the proposed “central governor”. This study indicates that some of those responses that previously were expected to occur only in chronic hypoxia can also be seen in acute phase, at least in highly trained endurance athletes. This study also indicates that exercise performance and V O2max may not be dependent only on the O2 delivery and utilization, but also on other factors including factors possibly linked to CNS function.
Water Conductivity Measurements based on Electromagnetic fields

Changes of salinity in a water medium can generate important damages in flora and fauna. Salinity can also provoke material damages as corrosion or deterioration of instruments. Water salinity is directly related to the conductivity. When a liquid contains dissolved salts, the amount of ions in the medium increases. In this situation, if a magnetic field is located in the medium, its magnitudes will be affected by the ions movements. In this paper, we are going to present a practical study which compares four models based on two coils in order to measure the water conductivity. Our test bench includes several samples of salty dissolutions from which we will extract the output voltage registered in the induced coil. As we will see, there are some combinations of coils that present better sensitivity than others when differentiating the conductivity of a liquid. We will determine in this paper what the best combination of coils is to implement low cost conductivity sensors. Key-Words: Conductivity sensor, inductive coils, solenoid, toroid, magnetic field.
Value Maximization and the Acquisition Process

L ike the rest of us, corporate managers have many personal goals and ambitions, only one of which is to get rich. The way they try to run their companies reflects these personal goals. Shareholders, in contrast, deprived of the pleasures of running the company, only care about getting rich from the stock they own. Hence, when managers ignore profits to keep up traditional lines of business, conflicts are bound to arise. While many academic papers teach us that shareholder and market pressure will still force managers to maximize value, the newspapers remind us that this is not always the case. Much corporate behavior seems best understood in terms of managers running the show largely as they please. The takeover wave of the 1980s put the manager-shareholder conflict to a new test. Where other checks on management failed, hostile takeovers could now wrest control from managers who ignored the interests of their shareholders. More so than ever before, fear of such disciplinary takeovers has forced managers to listen to shareholder wishes. But even now, many acquisitions are not of this disciplinary variety. Ironically, making acquisitions is often just the quickest and easiest way for managers to expand the scope of their control by directing the firm's cash flows into new ventures. In this paper, we appraise the acquisition process from the managerial perspective. Has the pressure brought by hostile takeovers effectively restricted non-
Charge carrier dynamics in organic semiconductors and their donor-acceptor composites: Numerical modeling of time-resolved photocurrent

We present a model that describes nanosecond (ns) time-scale photocurrent dynamics in functionalized anthradithiophene (ADT) films and ADT-based donor-acceptor (D/A) composites. By fitting numerically simulated photocurrents to experimental data, we quantify contributions of multiple pathways of charge carrier photogeneration to the photocurrent, as well as extract parameters that characterize charge transport (CT) in organic films including charge carrier mobilities, trap densities, hole trap depth, and trapping and recombination rates. In pristine ADT films, simulations revealed two competing charge photogeneration pathways: fast, occurring on picosecond (ps) or sub-ps time scales with efficiencies below 10%, and slow, which proceeds at the time scale of tens of nanoseconds, with efficiencies of about 11%–12%, at the applied electric fields of 40–80 kV/cm. The relative contribution of these pathways to the photocurrent was electric field dependent, with the contribution of the fast process increasing wi.
Dummy eye measurements of microsaccades: Testing the influence of system noise and head movements on microsaccade detection in a popular video-based eye tracker

Whereas early studies of microsaccades have predominantly relied on custom-built eye trackers and manual tagging of microsaccades, more recent work tends to use video-based eye tracking and automated algorithms for microsaccade detection. While data from these newer studies suggest that microsaccades can be reliably detected with video-based systems, this has not been systematically evaluated. I here present a method and data examining microsaccade detection in an often used video-based system (the Eyelink II system) and a commonly used detection algorithm (Engbert & Kliegl, 2003; Engbert & Mergenthaler, 2006). Recordings from human participants and those obtained using a pair of dummy eyes, mounted on a pair of glasses either worn by a human participant (i.e., with head motion) or a dummy head (no head motion) were compared. Three experiments were conducted. The first experiment suggests that when microsaccade measurements make use of the pupil detection mode, microsaccade detections in the absence of eye movements are sparse in the absence of head movements, but frequent with head movements (despite the use of a chin rest). A second experiment demonstrates that by using measurements that rely on a combination of corneal reflection and pupil detection, false microsaccade detections can be largely avoided as long as a binocular criterion is used. A third experiment examines whether past results may have been affected by possible incorrect detections due to small head movements. It shows that despite the many detections due to head movements, the typical modulation of microsaccade rate after stimulus onset is found only when recording from the participants’ eyes.
Assumptions about footprint layer heights influence the quantification of emission sources: a case study for Cyprus

Abstract. Lagrangian particle dispersion models (LPDMs) in backward mode are widely used to quantify the impact of transboundary pollution on downwind sites. Most LPDM applications count particles with a technique that introduces a so-called footprint layer (FL) with constant height, in which passing air tracer particles are assumed to be affected by surface emissions. The mixing layer dynamics are represented by the underlying meteorological model. This particle counting technique implicitly assumes that the atmosphere is well mixed in the FL. We have performed backward trajectory simulations with the FLEXPART model starting at Cyprus to calculate the sensitivity to emissions of upwind pollution sources. The emission sensitivity is used to quantify source contributions at the receptor and support the interpretation of ground measurements carried out during the CYPHEX campaign in July 2014. Here we analyse the effects of different constant and dynamic FL height assumptions. The results show that calculations with FL heights of 100 and 300 m yield similar but still discernible results. Comparison of calculations with FL heights constant at 300 m and dynamically following the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height exhibits systematic differences, with daytime and night-time sensitivity differences compensating for each other. The differences at daytime when a well-mixed PBL can be assumed indicate that residual inaccuracies in the representation of the mixing layer dynamics in the trajectories may introduce errors in the impact assessment on downwind sites. Emissions from vegetation fires are mixed up by pyrogenic convection which is not represented in FLEXPART. Neglecting this convection may lead to severe over- or underestimations of the downwind smoke concentrations. Introducing an extreme fire source from a different year in our study period and using fire-observation-based plume heights as reference, we find an overestimation of more than 60 % by the constant FL height assumptions used for surface emissions. Assuming a FL that follows the PBL may reproduce the peak of the smoke plume passing through but erroneously elevates the background for shallow stable PBL heights. It might thus be a reasonable assumption for open biomass burning emissions wherever observation-based injection heights are not available.
Damping of magnetorheological elastomers

The damping property of magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) is characterized by a modified dynamic mechanical-magnetic coupled analyzer. The influence of external magnetic flux density, damping of matrix, content of iron particles, dynamic strain and driving frequency on the MREs’ damping was investigated experimentally. The results indicate that the MREs’ damping property depends on the interfacial slip between the inner particles and the matrix. Different from the general composite materials, the interfacial slip in MRE is affected by the external applied magnetic field.
Effects of social rank on welfare and performance of gestating sows housed in two group sizes

Objectives: To compare welfare and performance among low-, middle-, and high-ranking sows in two group sizes of gestation pens. Materials and methods: Pregnant sows (n = 152) were allocated to four pens of 26 sows (large-group pen) and eight pens of six sows (small-group pen) with floor feeding. Social rank was based on outcomes of aggression during mixing. Skin lesions were assessed for all sows and salivary cortisol concentrations were measured for 32 focal sows. Performance during gestation and lactation was recorded for all sows. Results: Across the two group sizes, low-ranking sows fought less frequently, but had higher salivary cortisol concentrations and sustained similar skin lesions at mixing compared to high-ranking sows. Low-ranking sows had more skin lesions 5 weeks after mixing, gained less weight during gestation, and had lower body weight before farrowing than high-ranking sows. Social rank did not affect litter size farrowed, litter size weaned, or litter weight at weaning. Implications: Under the conditions of this study, regardless of the group size adopted, low-ranking sows have poorer welfare than high-ranking sows in a group housing system with floor feeding, demonstrated by their having more skin lesions, higher cortisol levels, and less weight gain during the gestation period than high-ranking sows.
Effects of Humidity and formance of Milk Powder Baghouses

A bench scale filtration apparatus was used to investigate the influence of powder composition, and temperature and humidity of the carrier gas on the structure of the filter cake formed in milk powder baghouses. Two types of powder, a skim milk powder (SMP) and a high fat milk protein concentrate (MPC) were filtered from air using a polyester filter, at a range of temperatures and humidity levels. The filter cake mass and pressure drop were measured and used to calculate the cake permeability, and the filter cake structure was examined using a microscope. Increased stickiness of particles resulted in the appearance of dendritic structures in the filter cake and hence an increase in porosity and reduction in cake resistance. Cake resistance in SMP was lowest at the highest relative humidity tested, indicating that cohesion in SMP was primarily due to the glass transition of amorphous lactose. The cake resistance in MPC was lowest at the highest temperatures tested, but was not affected by relative humidity, indicating that cohesion in this powder was primarily due to melted fat. In general, the MPC formed a more permeable filter cake and exhibited much higher deposition onto the filter than the SMP. The deposition rate of SMP powder decreased at higher relative humidity. The cause of this effect could not be determined, however likely explanations are increased agglomeration and gravitational settling of stickier powder prior to reaching the filter, or the breakage of fragile dendritic structures formed by sticky powder. The deposition rate of MPC was not affected by either temperature or humidity.
Stratospheric ozone chemistry in the Antarctic: what determines the lowest ozone values reached and their recovery?

Abstract. Balloon-borne observations of ozone from the South Pole Station have been reported to reach ozone mixing ratios below the detection limit of about 10 ppbv at the 70 hPa level by late September. After reaching a minimum, ozone mixing ratios increase to above 1 ppmv on the 70 hPa level by late December. While the basic mechanisms causing the ozone hole have been known for more than 20 yr, the detailed chemical processes determining how low the local concentration can fall, and how it recovers from the minimum have not been explored so far. Both of these aspects are investigated here by analysing results from the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). As ozone falls below about 0.5 ppmv, a balance is maintained by gas phase production of both HCl and HOCl followed by heterogeneous reaction between these two compounds in these simulations. Thereafter, a very rapid, irreversible chlorine deactivation into HCl can occur, either when ozone drops to values low enough for gas phase HCl production to exceed chlorine activation processes or when temperatures increase above the polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) threshold. As a consequence, the timing and mixing ratio of the minimum ozone depends sensitively on model parameters, including the ozone initialisation. The subsequent ozone increase between October and December is linked mainly to photochemical ozone production, caused by oxygen photolysis and by the oxidation of carbon monoxide and methane.
Kleptoparasitic prey competition in shoaling fish: effects of familiarity and prey distribution

Familiarity is thought to stabilize dominance hierarchies and reduce aggressive interactions within groups of socially living animals. Though familiarity has been widely studied in shoaling fish, few studies have investigated changes in prey competition as a function of time spent together within groups of initially unfamiliar individuals. In this study, we created shoals of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and monitored changes in foraging rates and related competitive behaviors within shoals over a 4-week period in experimental series where prey was spatially and temporally concentrated or dispersed. Prey share was unequal under both prey distribution modes, and disparity in prey share was not seen to change as trials progressed. Interestingly, the contest rate for prey items fell over time when individuals were competing for dispersed prey but not when prey were concentrated. We found no evidence that fish showed association preferences for either group members that had consumed a greater or lesser proportion of prey during trials. Though the intensity of competition may be reduced by increased group stability in nature, this is likely to be strongly dependent on the way prey resources are distributed through space and time. Copyright 2006.
Taming Macroeconomic Instability: Monetary and Macro Prudential Policy Interactions in an Agent-Based Model

We develop an agent-based model to study the macroeconomic impact of alternative macro prudential regulations and their possible interactions with different monetary policy rules. The aim is to shed light on the most appropriate policy mix to achieve the resilience of the banking sector and foster macroeconomic stability. Simulation results show that a triple-mandate Taylor rule, focused on output gap, inflation and credit growth, and a Basel III prudential regulation is the best policy mix to improve the stability of the banking sector and smooth output fluctuations. Moreover, we consider the different levers of Basel III and their combinations. We find that minimum capital requirements and counter-cyclical capital buffers allow to achieve results close to the Basel III first-best with a much more simplified regulatory framework. Finally, the components of Basel III are non-additive: the inclusion of an additional lever does not always improve the performance of the macro prudential regulation.