Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological and clinical profile of Japanese Encephalitis in Bengdubi garrison in West Bengal

Introduction: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is viral encephalitis that causes high morbidity and mortality and is endemic in large parts of West Bengal. Subclinical infections greatly outnumber overt cases of JE. The objective of this study was to detect cases of inapparent infections and the disease burden of JE in Bendubi garrison considered to be ‘endemic’ for JE. Methods: JE disease burden was evaluated by detection of anti-JEV IgM in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 510 cases of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) reporting to the base hospital in Bengdubi while inapparent infections were evaluated by detection of serum anti-JE IgG antibodies in a matched sample of 511 individuals. Results: Fourteen (2.7%) of the 510 symptomatic cases that had presented to the hospital with fever or/and symptoms of acute encephalitis, tested positive for JEV infection. In the asymptomatic cohort, 429 out of 511 (83.9%) tested positive for the IgG antibody to JEV, giving an apparent: inapparent ratio of 1: 31. Conclusion: The overall incidence of JE cases was lower than that reported from other ‘endemic’ regions of West Bengal. Residents of the area developed IgG antibodies and hence longterm immunity against JE, probably as a result of repeated subclinical infections. Anti-mosquito measures, JE vaccination and environmental modifications can break the transmission cycle and eventually eradicate JE completely.
A Climatological Study of the Local “Karakkaze” Wind, with a Focus on Temperature Change

This study revealed that the Karakkaze events accompanied by rising temperature are more frequent than those accompanied by dropping temperature. This finding contrasted with the general belief for many years that the Karakkaze is a bora-type local wind. By focusing on the temporal evolution of temperature and wind, we were able to characterize three types of Karakkazes as follows: the surface wind speed and temperature both increase in the morning and then decrease in the afternoon (type Foehn-D); during the night, the temperature increases or stops decreasing, and the surface wind speed increases (type Foehn-N); and in the morning, the temperature decreases or stops increasing, and the surface wind speed increases (type Bora). As a result, we found that among the 238 Karakkazes that we identified, 103 were type Foehn-D events, 56 were type Foehn-N events, and 79 were type Bora events. (Citation: Nishi, A., and H. Kusaka, 2019: A climatological study of the local “Karakkaze” wind, with a focus on temperature change. SOLA, 15, 149−153, doi:10.2151/sola.2019-027.)
The Effects of a 1998 Observing System Change on MERRA‐2‐Based Ozone Profile Simulations

Model simulations of ozone (O3) driven by meteorological reanalyses are useful for filling observational gaps and interpreting observed O3 variability and trends. However, the transport circulation of reanalysis products is impacted by changes to the observing system (the data assimilated into the reanalyses). We examine the impacts of these changes on simulated O3 from two models, Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) Chemistry Transport Model (GMI CTM) and Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research Applications version 2 (MERRA‐2) GMI Replay (M2 GMI Replay) simulation, using observations from global ozonesondes (>50,000 profiles) and satellites from 1980 to 2016. Both models are constrained by meteorology from the NASA MERRA‐2 reanalysis, and both use versions of NASA's GMI chemical mechanism. We focus on an observing system change affecting simulated O3 after 1998, associated with the assimilation of temperature and humidity data from new microwave profiling satellites. A large post‐1998 O3 increase, mainly confined to 15–20‐km altitude, of ~10 Dobson units (DU) in midlatitudes occurs in the GMI CTM, worsening the bias compared to observations. In contrast, an increase in M2 GMI Replay simulation O3 of ~10 DU is observed only near −60° latitude, reducing the bias compared to observations. The GMI CTM O3 high biases display a Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO)‐like periodicity that result from excessive transport from the tropical stratosphere to the midlatitude lower stratosphere during the QBO westerly phase. We quantify O3 discontinuities caused by MERRA‐2 observing system changes and demonstrate how the MERRA‐2 Global Modeling Initiative Replay simulation dampens the effects of these changes and QBO‐driven artifacts on simulated lower stratospheric and total O3. We caution against using simulations driven by a reanalysis to derive multidecadal O3 trends, especially prior to 1998.
“It Takes a Village”: On UX Librarianship and Building UX Capacity in Libraries

ABSTRACT With growing interest in applying user experience (UX) methods to improve library interfaces, spaces, and services, it is critical to gain a deeper understanding of the organizational factors influencing libraries' adoption and incorporation of UX expertise. This article reports the results of semi-structured interviews with 16 UX librarians and focuses on how the positions were created, the benefits they have brought to their library, their biggest challenges, and the extent that their work is understood throughout the library. The article concludes with a preliminary model of library UX maturity and six critical directions for the future of UX librarianship.
CO2 Fertilization Confounds Tree‐Ring Records of Regional Hydroclimate at Northeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

Understanding historical hydroclimate change during the last millennium is of fundamental importance for forecasting and evaluating the regional hydrologic cycle and water security under global warming. Here we compared observations of tree‐ring stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ18O), tree‐ring widths, lake sediments estimates of regional hydroclimate, and glacier advance and retreat for northeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, China. The hydroclimate dynamics in our composite isotope record is similar to that derived from the juniper tree‐ring widths throughout the last millennium until the latter half of the twentieth century, after which they diverged with the tree‐ring widths indicating an unprecedented wet period while the isotopic results, sediment proxies, and glaciers demonstrated a drying pattern. Rising atmospheric CO2 promoted increases in canopy‐scale intrinsic water‐use efficiency and growth, causing tree‐ring widths to overestimate the regional hydroclimate signal in the growth record. Thus, our study suggests that CO2 fertilization over the last century may confound hydroclimate reconstructions inferred from juniper tree‐ring width at northeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, which may cause overestimates of water resources. Correction for CO2‐induced changes in tree‐ring widths may be necessary to accurately utilize tree rings for paleoclimate reconstructions.
Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Precipitation Extremities of Eastern Nepal in the Last Two Decades (1997–2016)

In recent days there have been discussions regarding the impact of climate change and its vagaries of the weather, particularly concerning extreme events. Nepal, being a mountainous country, is more susceptible to precipitation extreme events and related hazards, which hinder the socioeconomic development of the nation. In this regard, this study aimed to address this phenomenon for one of the most naturally and socioeconomically important regions of Nepal, namely, Eastern Nepal. The data were collected for the period of 1997 to 2016. The interdecadal comparison for two periods (1997–2006 and 2007–2016) was maintained for the calculation of extreme precipitation indices as per recommended by Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices. Linear trends were calculated by using Mann‐Kendall and Sen's Slope estimator. The average annual precipitation was found to be decreasing at an alarming rate of −20 mm/year in the last two decades' tenure. In case of extreme precipitation events, consecutive dry days, one of the frequency indices, showed a solo increase in its trend (mostly significant). Meanwhile, all the intensity indices of extreme precipitation showed decreasing trends (mostly insignificant). Thus, it can be concluded that Eastern Nepal has witnessed some significant drier days in the last two decades, as the events of heavy, very heavy, extremely heavy precipitation events, and annual wet day precipitation (PRCPTOT) were found to be decreasing. The same phenomena were also seen in the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42 V7 satellite precipitation product for whole Nepal.
Diamond in the rough: Pursuing disaster justice in Surat, India

Perhaps no country in the world is as vulnerable on so many fronts to climate change as India. With 7000 kilometers of coastline, the vast Himalayan glaciers, and nearly 70 million hectares of forests, India is especially vulnerable to warmer temperatures, erratic precipitation, higher seas, and swifter storms. Then there are India’s cities, where all of these trends threaten public health and safety on a grand scale—portending heat waves, drought, thicker smog, coastal storms, and blown-out sewers. Yet, my travels on the subcontinent revealed glints of hope, cities thrown on the ropes by climate change, but effectively fighting back. One is Surat—India’s bustling, no-nonsense city, near the Arabian Sea. There I spoke with city officials, business leaders, and public health experts. I perused the aeration basins of a water treatment plant, climbed the floodgates of a major river embankment, and threaded my way through a township built to replace a flood-prone slum. I even toured a diamond-polishing facility that turns out to be very relevant to this climate story. In sum, Surat is making impressive progress that other cities in the developing world can surely learn from. While the city seems poised for prosperity, its fortune depends on its ability to improve flood control, protect public health, and expand access to safe housing. Success in Surat requires disaster justice. Before entering the city, we will first examine the threat posed by climate change in the Global South and its relationship to disaster, along the way sorting out a series of justice-oriented concerns related to climate, disaster, and the environment. Because disaster justice emphasizes the role of unequal vulnerabilities among social groups, we will next consider the relationship between such social vulnerabilities and the concept of justice. We will see what other cities in the world might learn from India’s Diamond Capital.
Balancing land management under livestock keeping regimes: A case study of Ruvu and Zigi catchments in Tanzania

Land degradation has become a global concern that requires countries to take prompt actions. The objective of the study was to assess land management in respect to activities of livestock keeping in the Ruvu and Zigi river basins in Eastern Tanzania. The two basins attract a huge number of livestock from nearby and relatively distant areas in pursuit of pasture and water resources. The results indicated that modes of livestock keeping differs with more free grazing in the lowland and zero grazing in the mountainous areas. Overall, the free grazing in the lowland is dominated by seasonal movement of livestock in and out of the basins in various times of the year. Of the two basins, Ruvu is highly affected by haphazard livestock keeping compared to Zigi. Challenges associated with excessive number of livestock include forest degradation, increased incidences of wildfire, soil degradation, poor maintenance of water resources and ensued conflicts with crop farmers. The number of livestock involved in both basins is under reported due to the non-cooperation received from the pastoralists during livestock census. Pastoralists in the two basins often times defies the government decrees prohibiting movement of livestock from district to another. Limited conflicts have been reported among pastoralists from different tribes while the situation is critical with crop farmers. This study observed that monitoring of livestock movement in the two basins is crucial. The study recommends assessment of the carrying capacities of the basins and subsequent development of the basin-wide rangeland management plans. Key words: Rangeland management, livestock management, land degradation, water catchment.
Numerical Modeling of the Generation of Tertiary Gravity Waves in the Mesosphere and Thermosphere During Strong Mountain Wave Events Over the Southern Andes

We investigate the effects on the mesosphere and thermosphere from a strong mountain wave (MW) event over the wintertime Southern Andes using a gravity wave (GW)‐resolving global circulation model. During this event, MWs break and attenuate at z∼50–80 km, thereby creating local body forces that generate large‐scale secondary GWs having concentric ring structure with horizontal wavelengths λH=500–2,000 km, horizontal phase speeds cH=70–100 m/s, and periods τr∼3–10 hr. These secondary GWs dissipate in the upper mesosphere and thermosphere, thereby creating local body forces. These forces have horizontal sizes of 180–800 km, depending on the constructive/destructive interference between wave packets and the overall sizes of the wave packets. The largest body force is at z=80–130 km, has an amplitude of ∼2,400 m/s/day, and is located ∼1,000 km east of the Southern Andes. This force excites medium‐ and large‐scale “tertiary GWs” having concentric ring structure, with λH increasing with radius from the centers of the rings. Near the Southern Andes, these tertiary GWs have cH=120–160 m/s, λH=350–2,000 km, and τr∼4–9 hr. Some of the larger‐λH tertiary GWs propagate to the west coast of Africa with very large phase speeds of cH≃420 m/s. The GW potential energy density increases exponentially at z∼95–115 km, decreases at z∼115–125 km where most of the secondary GWs dissipate, and increases again at z>125 km from the tertiary GWs. Thus, strong MW events result in the generation of medium‐ to large‐scale fast tertiary GWs in the mesosphere and thermosphere via this multistep vertical coupling mechanism.
Broad-band properties of the hard X-ray cataclysmic variables IGR J00234+6141 and 1RXS J213344.1+510725

A significant number of cataclysmic variables were detected as hard X-ray sources in the INTEGRAL survey, most of them of the magnetic intermediate polar type. We present a detailed X-ray broad-band study of two new sources, IGR J00234+6141 and 1RXS J213344.1+510725, that allow us to classify them as secure members of the intermediate polar class. Timing and spectral analysis of IGR J00234+6141 are based on a XMM-Newton observation and INTEGRAL publicly available data. For 1RXS J213344.1+510725 we use XMM-Newton and Suzaku observations at different epochs, as well as INTEGRAL publicly available data. We determine a spin period of 561.64 +/- 0.56 s for the white dwarf in IGR J00234+6141. The X-ray pulses are observed up to about 2 keV. From XMM-Newton and Suzaku observations of 1RXS J213344.1+510725, we find a rotational period of 570.862 +/- 0.034 s. The observations span three epochs where the pulsation is observed to change at different energies both in amplitude and shape. In both objects, the spectral analysis spanned over a wide energy range, from 0.3 to 100 keV, shows the presence of multiple emission components absorbed by dense material. The X-ray spectrum of IGR J00234+6141 is consistent with a multi-temperature plasma with a maximum temperature of about 50 keV. In 1RXS J213344.1+510725, multiple optically thin components are inferred, as well as an optically thick (blackbody) soft X-ray emission with a temperature of about 100 eV. This latter adds 1RXS J213344.1+510725 to the growing group of soft X-ray intermediate polars. (abridged)
Acoustic modeling and feature selection for speech recognition

The standard hidden Markov model (HMM) has been proved to be the most successful model for speech recognition. A most widely addressed problem of the HMM is the assumption of independent observations given the state sequence. In the past few years, a wide range of state-space models and graphical models, such as segmental models and switching linear dynamical systems, have been applied to the speech recognition task. An underlying difficulty of those proposed systems is the tradeoff of computational complexity and representation capability. This thesis presents some results and explorations which indicate that recognition performance can be improved by incorporating acoustic phonetic prior information into a nonlinear state-space model and by incorporating more discriminative measurements to a support vector machine (SVM) and HMM combined system. The investigation of the thesis can be divided into three parts. In the first part, a nonlinear dynamic system is proposed for formant tracking. Compared to previous formant trackers depending on least squares estimation of LPC coefficients, MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) and ESPRIT (Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques) are used to improve the accuracy of formant estimation. Furthermore, a mixture of nonlinear dynamic systems is developed to improve the performance of formant tracking. In the second part, the formant tracker system is extended to perform phoneme recognition. The results indicate that the incapability of estimating the system measurement error prevents the system from performing well in the phoneme recognition tasks. In the third part, an SVM and HMM combined system is used to prove that the formant information is indeed useful to distinguish different phonemes. And the result in this part suggests that the output of the SVM can be treated as a particular case of discriminant transformation of the original acoustic space and might be useful for speech recognition.
Measuring Urban Greenspace Distribution Equity: The Importance of Appropriate Methodological Approaches

Urban greenspace can provide physical and mental health benefits to residents, potentially reducing health inequalities associated with socioeconomic deprivation. The distribution of urban greenspace is an important social justice issue, and consequently is increasingly studied. However, there is little consistency between studies in terms of methods and definitions. There is no consensus on what comprises the most appropriate geographic units of analysis or how to capture residents’ experience of their neighbourhood, leading to the possibility of bias. Several complementary aspects of distribution equity have been defined, yet few studies investigate more than one of these. There are also alternative methods for measuring each aspect of distribution. All of these can lead to conflicting conclusions, which we demonstrate by calculating three aspects of equity for two units of aggregation and three neighbourhood sizes for a single study area. We make several methodological recommendations, including taking steps to capture the relevant neighbourhood as experienced by residents accurately as possible, and suggest that using small-area aggregations may not result in unacceptable levels of information loss. However, a consideration of the local context is critical both in interpreting individual studies and understanding differing results.
Comparative analysis of user searching in domain-specific and domain-independent digital libraries

This note reports preliminary results of a comparative transaction log analysis study of user searching in two digital libraries in the United States — a large-scale digital library in the domain of US history and a domain-independent federal-level digital library that aggregates digital collections regardless of their subject scope. This investigation reveals similarities in user search behavior among the two types of digital libraries with regard to rate of collection-level search use and application of search limits, most often occurring search categories, etc. At the same time, notable differences are observed in the rate of fielded search and phrase search use, average search query length and frequencies, and distribution of some search categories. This study provides empirical data to support digital library developers’ decision making regarding audience-based information organization in large-scale digital libraries.
Groundwater Flow Under a Paleo‐Ice Stream of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet and Its Implications for the Formation of Stargard Drumlin Field, NW Poland

Subglacial groundwater flow was an integral part of glaciological systems of past ice sheets, but its impact on the origin of active‐ice landforms remains unexplored. Using numerical experiments, we attempt to constrain groundwater flow dynamics under a major paleo‐ice stream of the southern Scandinavian Ice Sheet and its impact on the formation of the Stargard drumlin field. Flow models show a total reorganization of groundwater dynamics under the advancing ice stream to a depth of up to ~200 m. A mosaic of intervening groundwater recharge and discharge areas originates, whereby the same areas may experience multiple shifts in flow directions. A prominent time‐ and space‐transgressive pressure pump recharges groundwater in a subglacial zone up to about 20 km within the ice margin and discharges it in front of the ice sheet. The simulated groundwater flow pattern suggests that drumlins occupying a portion of the ice stream area occur preferentially where groundwater upwells and discharges at the ice/bed interface. Consistent with the geological composition, a possible drumlin‐forming mechanism involves an excess of pressurized water under the ice reducing the strength of the subglacial deposits and facilitating glacial erosion, erosion by turbulent meltwater flows or both, streamlining antecedent deposits into drumlin shapes. This study emphasizes the importance of causal feedback between subglacial groundwater flow and the ice sheet dynamics and suggests an impact of the former on the formation of streamlined subglacial landforms in general.
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Disconnect Between Hadley Cell and Subtropical Jet Variability and Response to Increased CO2

The subtropical jet (STJ) is thought to coexist with the edge of the Hadley cell (HC). However, recent studies reveal that the location of the STJ is poorly correlated with the latitude of the poleward edge of the HC. Here we use output from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 to show that a weaker STJ is associated with a more poleward HC edge interannually, but there is a strengthening of the STJ and expansion of the HC in response to increased CO2. The HC expansion caused by increased CO2 is much more rapid than the strengthening of the STJ. It is suggested that the differing response times and relationships between interannual variations and increased CO2 are due to differing sensitivities of the HC and STJ to shifts in the eddy momentum fluxes.