Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantitative relationships between cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate and lipolysis in adipose tissue during the peripartum period.

The objective was to study the control of lipolysis and to determine kinetic relationships between subcutaneous adipose tissue cyclic AMP concentrations and rates of lipolysis in primiparous dairy cows in late pregnancy and early lactation. Adipose tissue was biopsied from primiparous cows at -30, -15, -5, 5, 15, 30, and 60 d around parturition. Tissue was incubated with the following treatments: basal, no additions; isoproterenol at 10(-5) M; adenosine deaminase at 1 x 10(6) munits/ml; combined isoproteranol and adenosine deaminase; isoproteranol, adenosine deaminase, and 1 mM theophylline. Cyclic AMP was highest at . 25 h and remained elevated for 2 h. Response of cyclic AMP at . 25 h was 5-, 9-, 27-, and 38-fold for the four stimulatory treatments, respectively. Glycerol release at 2 h increased 3-, 2.3-, 2.7-, and 3-fold, respectively. Lipolysis was related logarithmically to cyclic AMP concentrations within and among treatments and times around parturition. Either logarithmic or Michaelis-Menten equations predicted similar maximum lipolysis but increased sensitivity to cyclic AMP in tissue from lactating compared with pregnant heifers. Thus, the sensitivity of response of lipolysis to cAMP may be increased in adipose tissue from first lactation cows. These relationships also may be useful in constructing and improving mechanistic models of adipose and whole animal metabolism.
Design guideline of HfSiON gate dielectrics for 65 nm CMOS generation

Characteristics of sub-100 nm CMOSFETs with HfSiON gate dielectrics with various Hf concentrations (/spl Cscr/;/sub Hf/) have been investigated, and the design guideline to obtain the superior device performance is presented for the first time. It is found that MOSFETs with lower /spl Cscr/;/sub Hf/ results in higher drive current due to lower parasitic resistance (R/sub para/) for the same effective oxide thickness (EOT). Therefore, /spl Cscr/;/sub Hf/ should be kept low in so far as it meets the /spl Iscr/;/sub g/ target in order to obtain good MOSFET performance. It is demonstrated that 50 nm gate CMOSFETs with optimized HfSiON show high drive current of 650 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m and 250 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m for n-and p-MOSFET, respectively, with low gate leakage current (/spl Iscr/;/sub g/) of 0.3 A/cm/sup 2/ while maintaining the thermal stability up to 1050/spl deg/C. This performance exceeds reported value of sub-100 nm CMOSFET with high-k materials.
A pilot study of narrow-band imaging compared to white light bronchoscopy for evaluation of normal airways and premalignant and malignant airways disease.

BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were to characterize the appearance of normal, dysplastic, and frankly malignant airway lesion appearance under narrow-band imaging (NBI), and to determine if NBI, when used in conjunction with white light (WL) bronchoscopy, could improve detection of dysplasia and malignancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a prospective, partially blinded study at a university teaching hospital. Bronchoscopy was performed on 22 patients with known or suspected bronchial dysplasia or malignancy. Full airway examination was performed first under WL bronchoscopy and then under NBI. Directed endobronchial biopsies of likely dysplastic, malignant, and normal (control) areas were then performed and sent for examination by a pathologist blinded to the gross description of the lesion. Pathology interpretations were then compared to the corresponding WL and NBI images. RESULTS There were one malignant and four dysplastic lesions in 22 patients detected by NBI when findings by WL imaging were considered normal. In cases when the WL appearance was abnormal, NBI did not improve the diagnostic yield. The increased rate of detection of dysplasia and malignancy by NBI was statistically significant (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION NBI identified dysplasia or malignancy that was not detected by WL inspection in 23% of subjects. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy of NBI in detection of premalignant airways lesions in an at-risk population.
Analysis of neuritic outgrowth from severed giant axons in Lumbricus terrestris

This study analyzes the detailed morphometric pattern at various postoperative times of neuritic outgrowths from the proximal and distal stumps of two uniquely identifiable axons. Morphological patterns of neuritic outgrowths from stumps of severed axons were compared for medial and lateral giant axons in the central nervous system of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. Outgrowths from proximal and distal stumps were labeled by injection of fluorescent dye into axonal stumps and assessed according to morphometric parameters. Outgrowths from axonal stumps of severed giant axons were statistically indistinguishable for most morphometric measures of neuritic quantity, shape, direction, and location. There were two exceptions to this general rule: 1) proximal stumps of medial giant axons produced significantly more neurites than distal stumps of medial giant axons, and 2) proximal stumps of lateral giant axons produced significantly longer neurites than proximal stumps of medial giant axons. No measure of neuritic outgrowth showed a significant change from the second through seventh postoperative week, suggesting that most outgrowth occurred in the first two postoperative weeks and that neuritic morphology remained stable through the seventh postoperative week. Neurites grew across the lesion site in relatively straight trajectories parallel to the longitudinal axis of the ventral nerve cord and often grew alongside the appropriate axonal stump across the lesion site. The length of neurites growing in close apposition to appropriate axonal stumps or giant axons was much greater than expected, had outgrowth been randomly directed. These data provide a basis for future investigations of the mechanisms that regulate neuritic outgrowth.
Rejuvenating Agriculture with the Help of the Small Farmer

The small farmer might be the solution to the ongoing crisis in the farming sector in India. Policies need to be geared towards helping small farmers perform agricultural operations and marketing their products with greater efficiency. Instead, current policies are hoping to dispossess farmers of their livelihood and push them into some hitherto non-existent industrial gulag.
History of migraine with aura and cortical spreading depression from 1941 and onwards

Several personal descriptions of migraine with aura from 1870 onwards reported a slow, gradual progression of symptoms. Lashley in 1941 meticulously chartered his own auras and concluded that the symptomatology reflected a cortical process progressing with a speed of 3 mm/min across the primary visual cortex. Leão described cortical spreading depression (CSD) in rabbits in 1944 and noticed its similarity to the migraine aura. Despite these scattered pieces of evidence, the prevailing theory was that the migraine aura was caused by a vasospasm and cortical ischaemia. The advent of a technique for measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in 1974 made it possible to detect spreading oligaemia during migraine aura. Between 1981 and 1990 a series of studies of rCBF during migraine attacks showed reduced brain blood flow posteriorly spreading slowly and contiguously anteriorly and crossing borders of supply of major cerebral arteries. These observations refuted the ischaemic hypothesis. The human studies showed initial hyperaemia followed by prolonged hypoperfusion. The relation between aura and CSD was known to cause short-lasting, and therefore not obvious vasodilation and it was considerably strengthened by the demonstration of a long-lasting oligaemia in rats in the wake of CSD. In the primates CSD is not easily elicited, but it has in recent years been clearly demonstrated in patients with brain trauma and stroke. Finally, mutations for familial hemiplegic migraine have been expressed in mice and lower the threshold for CSD. The seminal papers on rCBF and CSD published in the 1980s caused a dramatic shift in our concepts of migraine aura. They moved attention from ischaemia to CSD and thereby to the brain itself, and paved the way for subsequent discoveries of brainstem mechanisms.
The processing of asymmetric and symmetric sentential conjunction

In this study, we examine the predictions for processing of a syntactically articulated theory of the distinction among different interpretations of clausal 'and'. Bjorkman (2010) claims that symmetric 'and' interpretations involve coordination of CPs; these are logical interpretations. Asymmetric interpretations of 'and' involve conjunction of TPs; these are temporal and causal. If the processor is guided by structural considerations, we predict a possible two-way split in the processing costs of these structures. Therefore, this research examines the processing time involved in sentences interpreted as: (i) temporal, (ii) causal, and (iii) logical, versus the distinctions of (i) asymmetric (TP structure), and (ii) symmetric (CP structure). We find that structures involving symmetric 'and' involve longer processing times than those of asymmetric, causal 'and', and although the processing times of structures with logical 'and' are longer than those with temporal 'and', this distinction does not approach statistical significance.
Democracy and decision

Do voters in large scale democracies reliably vote for the electoral outcomes most in their interest? Much of the literature on voting predicts that they do, but this book argues that fully rational voters will not, in fact, consistently vote for the political outcomes they prefer. The authors offer a theory of voting which they term an 'expressive' theory of electoral politics. This theory is shown to be more coherent and more consistent with actual observed voting behaviour. This important book offers a compelling challenge to the central premises of the prevailing theories of voting behaviour.
The human fibroblast receptor for gp86 of human cytomegalovirus is a phosphorylated glycoprotein

A human embryonic lung (HEL) cell receptor for gp86 of human cytomegalovirus that functions in virus-cell fusion was further characterized. Anti-idiotype antibodies that mimic gp86 were used to immunoprecipitate the 92.5-kDa fibroblast membrane receptor for gp86, which was preincubated with various endoglycosidases. The receptor, which has a pI ranging from 5.3 to 5.6, appears to be a glycoprotein with primarily N-linked sugar residues, some of which have high concentrations of mannose and some of which are complex oligosaccharides. Western blots (immunoblots) of electrophoretically transferred receptor incubated with various biotinylated lectins confirmed the presence of sugar moieties, including N-acetylglucosamine, glucose or mannose, and galactose, but not fucose or N-acetylgalactosamine. This gp86 receptor from uninfected HEL cells also incorporated radiolabeled phosphate from orthophosphoric acid, indicating that it is a constitutively phosphorylated receptor.
Evolving Inflation Dynamics: Was it Mean, Variance or Persistence?

This paper carries out another evaluation on a highly debated property of inflation dynamics, namely its persistence. We study inflation dynamics for the United States since 1959 with a time-varying methodology where the intercept, variance and persistence are allowed to vary over time. We witness some permanent changes in these three parameters, with remarkably low end-of-sample estimates for inflation persistence.
Cognitive Mobilization and European Identity

Since World War II, Western Europe has been experiencing a rapid rise in mean levels of income and formal education and a sharp decline in rural population. In the more advanced European countries, ownership of television sets and automobiles has spread widely during the past decade, providing the potential for far broader communication among the various spheres of society. Higher education has developed at a particularly rapid pace. To cite one dramatic example, the number of university students in France has almost tripled in the last ten years. The concern of this article is what this development of the infrastructure of social communications portends from the standpoint of European integration. Karl Deutsch and Daniel Lerner have produced brilliant and provocative analyses of the process which transforms "parochials" into "cosmopolitans. "1 Deutsch describes this process as "social mobilization. "2 For him, the essential change which occurs is the integration of new groups into extensive communications networks, thus expanding their horizons
The Effectiveness of Online Learning : Beyond No Significant Difference and Future Horizons

The physical “brick and mortar” classroom is starting to lose its monopoly as the place of learning. The Internet has made online learning possible, and many researchers and educators are interested in online learning to enhance and improve student learning outcomes while combating the reduction in resources, particularly in higher education. It is imperative that researchers and educators consider the effectiveness of online learning compared to traditional face-to-face format and the factors that influence the effectiveness of online courses. This study examines the evidence of the effectiveness of online learning by organizing and summarizing the findings and challenges of online learning into positive, negative, mixed, and null findings. Particular attention is paid to the meta-analyses on the effectiveness of online learning, the heterogenous outcomes of student learning and the endogenous issue of learning environment choice. Taken as a whole, there is robust evidence to suggest online learning is generally at least as effective as the traditional format. Moreover, this body of literature suggests that researchers should move beyond the “no significant difference” phenomenon and consider the next stage of online learning.
What Do Economics Majors Do and What Do They Earn When They Do it?

This paper uses a recent and rich data set to examine the effect of economics major on individual earnings controlling for personal, occupation, and industry characteristics. We found a pronounced positive earnings gain for economics major relative to other majors; this advantage increases as the major’s level of education increases. We document that roughly half of the earnings advantage can be attributed to access to higher paying occupations and half of the advantage reflects higher pay for economics majors within occupations. Overall, these findings concur with Black et al. (2003).
Explaining differences in age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: A critical review

The diagnosis of autism is often delayed, which translates into a missed opportunity to provide treatment during a critical developmental period. This study reviews studies that assessed factors associated with age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis and provides recommendations on future research, programs, and policies to improve early detection. A search for all peer-reviewed articles containing the words autism, age, and diagnosis in either the title or abstract was performed. A total of 42 studies published from January 1990 through March 2012 were identified. Mean age at diagnosis for all autism spectrum disorders ranged from 38 to 120 months and has decreased over time. Factors associated with earlier diagnosis included greater symptom severity, high socioeconomic status, and greater parental concern about initial symptoms. Family interactions with the health and education systems prior to diagnosis also influenced age at diagnosis. Geographic variation in age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis was identified in a number of studies, suggesting that community resources and state policies play a role in early identification. Early detection efforts should include enhanced parental and provider education on the early recognition of developmental problems, interventions aimed at streamlining the process from first concern to eventual diagnosis, and strategies that target underserved populations.
Dynamic Customer Acquisition and Retention Management

In consulting, finance, and other service industries, customers represent a revenue stream, and must be acquired and retained over time. In this paper, we study the resource allocation problem of a profit maximizing service firm that dynamically allocates its resources toward acquiring new clients and retaining unsatisfied existing ones. The interaction between acquisition and retention in our model is reflected in the cash constraint on total expected spending on acquisition and retention in each period. We formulate this problem as a dynamic program in which the firm makes decisions in both acquisition and retention after observing the current size of its customer base and receiving information about customers in danger of attrition, and we characterize the structure of the optimal acquisition and retention strategy. We show that when the firm's customer base size is relatively low, the firm should spend heavily on acquisition and try to retain every unhappy customer. However, as its customer base grows, the firm should gradually shift its emphasis from acquisition to retention, and it should also aim to strike a balance between acquisition and retention while spending its available resources. Finally, when the customer base is large enough, it may be optimal for the firm to begin spending less in both acquisition and retention. We also extend our analysis to situations where acquisition or retention success rate, as a function of resources allocation, is uncertain and show that the optimal acquisition and retention policy can be surprisingly complex. However, we develop an effective heuristic for that case. This paper aims to provide service managers some analytical principles and effective guidelines on resource allocation between these two significant activities based on their firm's customer base size.
Priming the Identification of Environmental Sounds

Three experiments were conducted using a repetition priming paradigm: Auditory word or environmental sound stimuli were identified by subjects in a pre-test phase, which was followed by a perceptual identification task using either sounds or words in the test phase. Identification of an environmental sound was facilitated by prior presentation of the same sound, but not by prior presentation of a spoken label (Experiments 1 and 2). Similarly, spoken word identification was facilitated by previous presentation of the same word, but not when the word had been used to label an environmental sound (Experiment 1). A degree of abstraction was demonstrated in Experiment 3, which revealed a facilitation effect between similar sounds produced by the same type of source. These results are discussed in terms of the Transfer Appropriate Processing, activation, and systems approaches.
14 MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF USABILITY ISSUES AFFECTING AN ENJOYABLE LEARNING EXPERIENCE – A PATH ANALYSIS APPROACH

Educational applications based on augmented reality (AR) are integrating real objects into a computer environment thus creating a more engaging and enjoyable learning environment for students. The interaction with real objects in an AR setting may lead to usability problem that affect the extent to which the user learning experience is perceived as enjoyable. The objective of this paper is to measure and analyze the negative influence of usability issues on the perceived enjoyment of using a Chemistry AR-based application. In order to better understand and explain students’ perceptions by measuring both direct and indirect effects a two-step approach was taken. During the first step a prediction model is developed based on multi-level multiple linear regression. In the second step the model is refined and estimated using path analysis. The results revealed four factors having a significant influence: quality of the seethrough screen, ease of reading the information on the screen, ease of Chemical elements selection, and fatigue.
Melatonin promotes the in vitro development of pronuclear embryos and increases the efficiency of blastocyst implantation in murine

When a defect occurs in the in vitro development of a pronuclear embryo, the interruption of the subsequent implantation limits the success of assisted conception. This common problem remains to be solved. In this study, we observed that melatonin at its physiological concentration (10−7 m) significantly promoted the in vitro development of murine pronuclear embryos. This was indicated by the increased blastocyst rate, hatching blastocyst rate, and blastocyst cell number with melatonin treatment. In addition, when these blastocysts were implanted into female recipient mice, the pregnancy rates (95.0% versus control 67.8%), litter sizes (4.1 pups/litter versus control 2.7 pups/litter), and postnatal survival rates of offspring (96.84% versus control 81.24%) were significantly improved compared with their non‐melatonin‐treated counterparts. Mechanistic studies revealed that melatonin treatment upregulates gene expression of the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the anti‐apoptotic factor bcl‐2 while downregulating the expression of pro‐apoptotic genes p53 and caspase‐3. Due to these changes, melatonin treatment reduces ROS production and cellular apoptosis during in vitro embryo development and improves the quality of blastocysts. The implantation of blastocysts with higher quality leads to more healthy offspring and increased pup survival.
THE GENETICS OF FLORAL DIVERGENCE AND POSTZYGOTIC BARRIERS BETWEEN OUTCROSSING AND SELFING POPULATIONS OF ARENARIA UNIFLORA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE)

Abstract The genetic architecture of floral traits involved in the evolution of self-pollination provides a window into past processes of mating system divergence. In this study, we use two generations of crosses between highly selfing and predominantly outcrossing populations of Arenaria uniflora (Caryophyllaceae) to determine the minimum number, average dominance relationships, and pleiotropic effects of genetic factors involved in floral divergence. Comparison of the F1 and F2 phenotypic means with the expectations of a completely additive model of gene action revealed a primarily additive genetic basis for floral characters associated with mating system variation. The exception was flower life span, which showed partial dominance of the outcrosser phenology. In contrast to similarly divergent species, the substantial differences in flower size between these A. uniflora populations appear to involve relatively few genes of large effect (minimum number of effective factors = 2.2 ± 2.8 SE). In addition, correlations among traits in the F2 generation indicate that pleiotropy may be an important feature of the genetic architecture of floral evolution in A. uniflora. The evolution of selfing via major modifiers of floral morphology is consistent with other evidence for ecological selection for preemptive self-pollination in A. uniflora. Analyses of the genetic basis of autonomous selfing were complicated by hybrid breakdown in both F1 and F2 generations. Only F1 hybrids showed reductions in female fertility, but about 30% of F1 and F2 hybrids exhibited partial or complete male sterility. Male sterile flowers were characterized by short stamens, reduced petals, and a lack of protandry, as well as indehiscent anthers. This morphological breakdown mimics environmental disruptions of floral development and may result from novel genic interactions in hybrids.