Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trends in the unequal pay of women and men across three British generations

Since 1970, women's employment rates and average pay have increased in real terms and relative to men's. This thesis presents a statistical analysis of trends in women's and men's work and pay across three British generations over the period 1972-2004. This analysis uses longitudinal data from the 1946, 1958 and 1970 British Birth Cohort Studies. Contributing to the methodological literature, an analysis of the links between different theories of labour market discrimination and alternative measures of unequal pay is presented. This includes a detailed examination of different approaches to treating employment selectivity bias in the analysis of wages. On the basis of this work, two measures of unequal pay are quantified using the cohort data. The first analysis focuses on trends in women's and men's pay opportunities, taking into account those estimated for the non-working population. The motivation is that low pay opportunities may create work disincentives, particularly for women with children. The results suggest that the cross-cohort increase in women's relative pay opportunities is understated in the pay trends for employees. The second analysis looks at unequal pay for women and men with similar levels of education and experience. The results suggest that unequal treatment has decreased across the cohorts, but not disappeared. In the 1970 cohort, even women who had not had children by the age of 34 were paid less, on average, than similarly qualified men. Women who spent time out of work or who worked part-time after having children experienced decreases in their pay relative to men and to other women. The thesis concludes that gender inequality has reduced across three British generations, but that it persists for the youngest. The lasting shift toward more equal pay since the introduction of the 1970 Equal Pay Act is evidence that legislation makes a difference.
Optimization of the extraction parameters of Aloe Vera polyphenols and study of antioxidant and antifungal activities: application to molds isolated from durum wheat

Abstract The main objectives of this work are to optimize the extraction parameters, to test the antioxidant activity of Aloe Vera extract and to study the impact of this extract on deteriorating molds of Algerian variety of wheat (CIRTA). The extraction was optimized by central composite design. Determination of the polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins was performed by using colorimetric assays. Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds were performed by RPHPLC-UV method. The antioxidant activity was tested by three methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,20-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and CUPRAC (Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity), the antifungal activity of Aloe Vera extract on isolated strains from durum wheat were tested by dilution in a solid medium method. The optimum of total phenolic got was1,044 x 104 µg GAE/g of dry extract. The extract is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins. The analysis of phenolic compounds of Aloe Vera by RP-HPLC-UV revealed seven phenolic compounds. Strong antioxidant activity was obtained for Aloe Vera extract. Purification and microscopic study of isolated strains gave the possibility of identifying four strains: Alternaria spp1, Alternaria spp2, Penicillium spp, and Aspergillus spp. the antifungal potential of Aloe Veravaries according to the fungal genera and the concentrations of extract used.
A Novel Approach for Estimating Formation Permeability and Revisiting After-Closure Analysis of Diagnostic Fracture-Injection Tests

Estimating reservoir-flow capacity is crucial for production estimation, hydraulic-fracturing design, and field development. Laboratory experiments can be used to measure the permeability of rock samples, but the results might not be representative at a field scale because of reservoir heterogeneity and pre-existing natural-fracture systems. Diagnostic fracture-injection tests (DFITs) have now become standard practice to estimate formation pore pressure and formation permeability. However, in low-permeability reservoirs, after-closure radial flow is often absent and this can result in significant uncertainties in interpreting DFIT data. In addition, the established methods for analyzing DFIT data make two oversimplified assumptions: Carter leakoff and constant fracture compliance (or stiffness) during fracture closure. However, both assumptions are violated during fracture closure; therefore, G-function-based models and subsequent related work can lead to an incorrect interpretation and are not capable of consistently fitting both before- and after-closure data coherently. Moreover, current after-closure analysis relies on classic well-test solutions with a constant injection rate. In reality, a “constant injection rate” does not equal “constant leakoff rate into the formation,” because more than 90% of the injected fluid stays inside the fracture at the end of pumping instead of leaking into the formation. The variable leakoff rate clearly violates the constant-rate boundary condition used in existing well-test solutions. In this study, we extend our previous work and derive time-convolution solutions to pressure-transient behavior of a closing fracture with infinite and finite fracture conductivity. We show that the G-function and the square-root-of-time models are only special cases of our general solutions. In addition, we found that after-closure linear-flow and bilinear-flow analysis can be used to infer pore pressure reliably but fail to estimate other parameters correctly. Most importantly, we present a new approach to history match the entire duration of DFIT data to estimate formation-flow capacity, even without knowing closure stress and the roughness properties of the fracture surface. Our approach adds significant value to DFIT interpretation and uncertainty analysis, especially in unconventional reservoirs where the absence of after-closure radial flow is the norm. Two representative field cases are also presented and discussed.
Factors Affecting Clergy-Psychologist Referral Patterns

Recent research on clergy-psychologist collaboration has resulted in helpful principles for clergy and psychologists working together, but very little is known about what specific characteristics in clergy are appealing to psychologists and vice versa. Two experimental survey studies are reported, both exploring characteristics that enhance or hinder collaboration. In Study 1, Southern Baptist pastors rated the likelihood of referring to a counselor who was identified as either a Biblical Counselor or a Christian Psychologist, and was identified as either being excellent in interpersonal skills or as using scripture and prayer in counseling. Pastors demonstrated a preference for counselors using scripture and prayer in counseling over those described as having excellent interpersonal skills. In Study 2, psychologist respondents rated the likelihood of referring to a clergyperson who was identified either as a Baptist or a Unitarian universalist, and was identified either as seminary trained or as having a doctoral degree from a prestigious divinity school. Psychologists demonstrated a preference for those with a doctoral degree. The weak effect sizes and comments offered on the surveys suggest that the individual relationship between clergy and psychologist is much more salient than particular demographic characteristics when considering the possibility of collaboration.
Massive binaries in the Cepheus OB2/3 region. Constraining the formation mechanism of massive stars

Context. Two different formation scenarios for stars of masses larger than 10 M exist. Although simulations within both scenarios are capable of producing stars up to the highest observed masses, the relevance of the two formation scenarios for massive star-formation is not yet clear. Aims. We aim to detect companions to massive stars to constrain the binary parameters of the multiple systems. These findings will help to constrain the formation of massive stars. Methods. We performed z′-band observations of massive and intermediate-mass stars in the Cep OB2/3 associations with the Lucky imaging camera AstraLux on the 2.2 m telescope of the Calar Alto observatory. The analysis aimed at detecting binary systems with separations out to 2. ′′2 (∼1700 AU), the inner limit depending on the contrast. The maximum contrast of 7 mag in z′ (corresponding to a mass contrast of 17:1 versus an O9V primary) requires a minimum separation of 0. ′′7 (∼550 AU). Results. We found 28 new companions for our sample of 148 intermediate-mass and massive stars in Cep OB2/3. The companion star fraction of the massive stars is 0.7; about 50% of the systems are triples. The mass function of the companions to the massive stars is strongly top-heavy. We found that the sample parameters closely agreed with those found in the Orion Trapezium cluster. Conclusions. The multiplicity of massive stars seems to be significantly higher than that of intermediate-mass stars, independently of the environment. The comparison of our findings with the theories of massive star-formation favor the formation of massive stars by the fragmentation of proto-stellar cores combined with competitive accretion.
The Consequences of Customer Related Social Stressors on Frontline Staffs in Health Care Centers: An Empirical Study in North Cyprus

iii ÖZ . iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT . vi LIST OF TABLES . ix LIST OF FIGURES . x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . xi 1INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Aim of the study.2 1.2 Scope of the study . 2 1.3 Methadology of the study . 3 1.4 Limitation of the study . 3 2 LITERATURE REVIEW. 4 2.1 Service industry. 4 2.2 Charactristics of service: . 6 2.3 Health care service . 9 2.4 Employees in health care service . 10 2.5 Stress in health care service staffs: . 11 2.5. 1 Impact of stress on health service staff: . 13 2.6 Customer related social stressors: . 14 2.7 Emotional exasution:. 16 2.7. 1 Factors causes emotional exaustion . 18 viii 2.8 Job satisfaction in service industry . 18 2.9 Turn over intention in service inndustry . 20 2.10 The conceptual model and hypotheses of the Study . 27 3 METHODOLOGY AND DATA ANALYSIS . 28 3.1 Health care sector in North Cyprus . 28 3.2 Questionnaire design . 29 3. 3 Sample . 30 3.4 Survey Instrument . 30 3.5 Findings . 31 3.5. 1 Age . 31 3.5. 2 Gender . 32 3.5. 3 Level of Education . 33 3.5. 4 Monthly Income . 34 3.5. 5 Nationality . 35 3.5. 6 Maritual statues . 36 3.5. 7 Length of Work . 37 3.6 Data analysis . 37 3.7 Results . 39 4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 49 4.1 Conclusion and Manegerial Implication . 49 4.2 Limitations and implications for future study . 52 REFERENCES . 53 APPENDIX OR APPENDICES . 71 Appendix A: . 72
Individualistic vs community modelling of species distributions under climate change.

Studies investigating the consequences of future climate changes on species distributions usually start with the assumption that species respond to climate changes in an individualistic fashion. This assumption has led researchers to use bioclimate envelope models that use present climate-range relationships to characterize species’ limits of tolerance to climate, and then apply climate-change scenarios to enable projections of altered species distributions. However, there are techniques that combine climate variables together with information on the composition of assemblages to enable projections that are expected to mimic community dynamics. Here, we compare, for the first time, the performance of GLM (generalized linear model) and CQO (canonical quadratic ordination; a type of community-based GLM) for projecting distributions of species under climate change scenarios. We found that projections from these two methods varied both in terms of accuracy (GLM providing generally more accurate projections than CQO) and in the broad diversity patterns yielded (higher species richness values projected with CQO). Model outputs were also affected by species-specific traits, such as species range size and species geographical positions, supporting the view that methods are sensitive to different degrees of equilibrium of species distributions with climate. This study reveals differences in projections between individual- and community-based approaches that require further scrutiny, but it does not find support for unsupervised use community-based models for investigating climate change impacts on species distributions. Reasons for this lack of support are discussed.
Ownership Structure and Stock Repurchase Policy: Evidence from France

This article studies the relationship between ownership structure of French companies and their stock repurchase policy. According to financial theory, the presence of institutional investors negatively influences repurchasing policy because the preference of these investors is to reinvest in projects. The theoretical hypotheses of interest alignment and entrenchment have been used to justify the relationship between management stockholding and repurchasing policy. We tested the validity of our hypotheses on a sample of 40 French companies using data from 2004-2008. The results show that institutional investors positively affect the repurchase because institutional investors can control managers by forcing them to repurchase stocks to pay their excess cash flows. Moreover, we found a positive relationship between management stockholding and the repurchase. This finding is explained by the power of entrenchment from the repurchase that can raise the stockholding percentage of managers who repurchase the stocks.
Implementation of a novel music-face pairing task to increase facial affect recognition in the broad autism phenotype

Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often have difficulty recognizing emotions in facial expressions (Wallace, Coleman, & Bailey, 2008). Facial expression processing impairments are also seen in individuals with traits that fall within the broad autism phenotype (BAP; Kadak, Demirel, Yavuz, & Demir, 2014), a continuum of characteristics involving impaired reciprocal social skills, restrictive and repetitive behaviours, and atypical communication (Pickles et al., 2000). Deficits in facial affect recognition are known to contribute to reductions in social understanding and interaction in individuals with ASD (Wallace, Sebastian, Pellicano, Parr, & Bailey, 2010) and lower BAP scores (Losh & Piven, 2007). In two separate studies, undergraduate psychology students completed a novel MusicFace Pairing Task (MFPT), which involved the presentation of specialized hierarchical patterns of chords and notes called modes (designed to elicit a specific emotion) with congruent or incongruent facial expressions. BAP characteristics (i.e., pragmatic language difficulties, aloofness, and rigidity) were measured using the Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ; Hurley, Losh, Parlier, Reznick, & Piven, 2007). Previous research demonstrates that individuals with ASD have accurate perception in music and respond well to music-based interventions designed to improve emotional understanding (Katagiri, 2009; LaGasse,2014; Sharda et al., 2018). As such, the MFPT was expected to help individuals, particularly those scoring high BAPQ Total and subscale scores, to perceive expressions in faces faster and more accurately than before training. In both studies, all participants were more accurate and faster at recognizing negative emotions (i.e., fear, anger, sadness, and disgust) after completing the MFPT. In Study 1, participants with pragmatic language difficulties improved less on the expression recognition task after training than participants with no such difficulties. In Study 2, EMOTIONS IN MUSIC AND FACES 3 participants with higher aloof scores showed greater improvement in expression recognition after training than those with lower aloof scores. Overall, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of repeated music-face pairing trials to enhance facial affect processing in those with characteristics of the BAP. These results suggest that individuals with specific characteristics of the BAP may respond differently to music-based training designed to improve facial affect recognition. Future research on facial affect recognition interventions should consider differences among subcomponents of the BAP in addition to overall autistic characteristics. EMOTIONS IN MUSIC AND FACES 4
Non Gaussianities from quantum decoherence during inflation

Inflationary cosmological perturbations of quantum-mechanical origin generically interact with all degrees of freedom present in the early Universe. Therefore, they must be viewed as an open quantum system in interaction with an environment. This implies that, under some conditions, decoherence can take place. The presence of the environment can also induce modifications in the power spectrum, thus offering an observational probe of cosmic decoherence. Here, we demonstrate that this also leads to non Gaussianities that we calculate using the Lindblad equation formalism. We show that, while the bispectrum remains zero, the four-point correlation functions become non-vanishing. Using the Cosmic Microwave Background measurements of the trispectrum by the Planck satellite, we derive constraints on the strength of the interaction between the perturbations and the environment and show that, in some regimes, they are more stringent than those arising from the power spectrum.
The Effect of Weaving on the Strength of Kevlar KM2 Single Fibers at Different Loading Rates

Abstract : Understanding the mechanical behavior of woven Kevlar fibers at high loading rates is needed to develop material models that mathematically represent the deformation and failure for computer codes that are being developed or used to simulate high loading-rate events such as impact on fiber-based protective items. When fibers are woven into fabric, they may get damaged, thus reducing their strength. In order to understand the effect of weaving on the strength of Kevlar fabric, individual fibers from both the warp and weft directions must be studied. In this experimental study, the strengths of warp and weft fibers from plain-woven Kevlar KM2 fabric, as well as unwoven virgin fibers, are measured and compared to quantify any damage due to weaving. The fiber responses are evaluated at low, intermediate, and high strain rates, with 5-mm-gauge-length samples. Low- and intermediate-rate mechanical deformation experiments are conducted using the Bose ElectroForce test system, and the corresponding high-rate experiments are conducted using a split Hopkinson tension bar modified for fiber characterization. This report presents a comparison of strengths of woven fibers with that of unwoven fibers to determine the possible degradation of strength at different loading rates due to weaving.
Operating Performance and the Method of Payment in Takeovers

Abstract This study investigates the relation between the method of payment in acquisitions, earnings management, and operating performance for a large sample of firms that conducted acquisitions between 1985 and 1997. Prior to their acquisitions, acquirers exhibit levels of operating performance that exceed that of their respective industry peers. We find no evidence that acquirers manage their earnings prior to acquisitions, despite the possible incentives of managers who plan stock-based acquisitions to temporarily inflate their stock's purchasing power. Subsequent to acquisitions, acquirers continue to exhibit superior performance relative to their industry and experience significantly higher levels of operating performance than control firms with similar pre-event operating performance. Although the extant literature documents significant relations between the form of acquisition payment, announcement returns, and the post-acquisition excess return of acquirers, we find no evidence that the method of payment conveys information about the acquirer's future operating performance.
Oxide‐bearing and FeO‐rich clasts in aubrites

Abstract— We report the occurrence of an oxide‐bearing clast and an FeO‐rich clast from aubrites. The FeO‐rich clast in Pesyanoe is dominated by olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts with mineral compositions slightly less FeO‐rich than is typical for H chondrites. In Allan Hills (ALH) 84008, the oxide‐bearing clast consists of a single forsterite grain rimmed by an array of sulfides, oxides, and phosphides. We consider a number of possible origins. We can exclude formation by melting of oxide‐bearing chondrules and CAIs formed in enstatite chondrites. The Pesyanoe clast may have formed in a more oxidized region of the aubrite parent body or, more likely, is a foreign clast from a more oxidized parent body. The ALH 84008 clast likely formed by reaction between sulfides and silicates as a result of cooling, oxidation, or de‐sulfidization. This clast appears to be the first oxide‐bearing clast from an aubritic breccia that formed on the aubrite parent body. Identification of additional oxide‐bearing clasts in aubrites could shed light on whether this was a widespread phenomenon and the origin of these enigmatic objects.
Direct measurement of the charge distribution along a biased carbon nanotube bundle using electron holography

Nanowires and nanotubes can be examined in the transmission electron microscope under an applied bias. Here we introduce a model-independent method, which allows the charge distribution along a nanowire or nanotube to be measured directly from the Laplacian of an electron holographic phase image. We present results from a biased bundle of carbon nanotubes, in which we show that the charge density increases linearly with distance from its base, reaching a value of ∼0.8 electrons/nm near its tip.
Density and'spectral Measurements using a 34 GHz Interferometry System

Interferometry was used to investigate the impact of the plasma plume of the University of Michigan P5 thruster on microwave signals. Measurements were made at 34 GHz using a newly built Ka-band interferometer and also at 17 GHz similar to other measurements made on Hall thrusters [2,4]. Very close to the thruster’s exit plane (.05 m) a peak phase shift of 32 and 60 degrees at 34 and 17 GHz, respectively, was measured. At 0.5 m from the P5 exit plane, the peak phase shift measured was 16 degrees at 34 GHz and 9 degrees at 17 GHz. Signal attenuation measurements howed at . 05 m from the thruster’s exit plane around 1.2 dB of signal attenuation for 17 GHz and about 0.5 dB of attenuation for 34 GHz on centerline of the thruster. Electron densities profiles were calculated using Abel inversion on the phase shift measurements. At a discharge voltage of 300 V and a discharge current of 10 A, a peak electron density of about 4elO cm” was found . 05 m from the exit plane. At 300 V, 5 A, and . 05. m from the exit plane, a peak density of 2.2elO cmm3 was found. Spectral measurements of a signal propagating through the plasma plume were also made showing that the presence of specific harmonics is strongly dependent on operating conditions. tic= r= R= i= n= 8= Nomenclature (f/8.98)*, Critical or cutoff density Radial distance from center of the plume Maximum plume radius Wavelength of a wave Electron density Phase of a wave
Measuring School Engagement: Validation and Measurement Equivalence of the Student Engagement Scale on Angolan Male and Female Adolescents

Department of Educational and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain. Department of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain. Language and Literature Teaching, Faculty of Teacher Training, University of Valencia, Spain. Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain. Departamento de Ciencias da Educacao, Instituto Superior de Ciencias da Educacao, Universidade Katyavala Bwila, Benguela, Angola.