Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structural and Functional Neuroanatomy Chapter 8 Attention

The ability to effectively deal with the overwhelming amount of information present in the environment at any given time requires humans to focus on some things and ignore others. For example, imagine attempting to read a book in a crowded public place. This requires the reader to focus on the words on the page and ignore the sounds of conversations going on in the background, allowing an effective focus on the task at hand. The process by which people can both select relevant and suppress irrelevant environmental information refers to a number of processes collectively referred to as “attention. ” From an information-processing standpoint, attention can be conceptualized as operating not as a single, monolithic process, but rather a group of more fragmented, domain-specific processes. For instance, in the example above, attention is required to select or suppress information across more than one sensory modality. In addition, attention can select information based on its location in space, its identity, or its relevance to current goals. For this reason, research in the cognitive and brain sciences has typically focused on specific subcomponents of attentional processing. One broad distinction that has been made in the study of attention has been between the control of attention (i.e., how attention selects stimuli) and the subsequent effects of attention (i.e., what is the fate of stimuli once attended to). Within the domain of control, attentional selection can occur as the result of cognitive (top-down) or stimulus-driven (bottom-up) processes. In turn, these selection processes can bias theway inwhich information provided by the environment is interpreted. Since the majority of research on attention has focused on the visual system, the discussion of attention in this chapter will center primarily on the control of different aspects of visual attention. However, many of the principles discussed below hold true for the selection of information across other sensory domains.This chapter will outline relevant behavioral measures related to the control of attention, and functional theories of attention based on such measures. The major focus will be on the control of visual attention in both normal and neurologically impaired individuals, mapping functional theories of attention onto what is known about the cerebral structures subserving this process.
PERKINSIODENDRON , A NEW GENUS IN THE STYRACACEAE BASED ON MORPHOLOGY AND DNA SEQUENCES

Halesia (Styracaceae) has been considered to comprise three species, two from the eastern United States (H. carolina, H. diptera), and one from China (H. macgregorii). In a prior phylogenetic study of the Styracaceae, analysis of morphological data yielded a clade comprising the three species whereas molecular data (nuclear ITS and plastid rbcL and trnL-trnF) yielded a placement of H. macgregorii as sister to Rehderodendron, with the two North American species of Halesia placed outside of this clade. We further investigated the phylogenetic placement of H. macgregorii relative to other genera in the family with an expanded molecular data set. The results corroborate prior analyses placing H. macgregorii with Rehderodendron rather than with the North American species of Halesia. On this basis, combined with an assessment of morphological character variation among H. macgregorii, the other (North American) species of Halesia, and Rehderodendron, we erect Perkinsiodendron as a new genus in the Styracaceae to accommodate H. macgregorii and form the new combination P. macgregorii. We also provide a lectotype for the species. This change has implications for biogeographical analyses based on generic circumscriptions.
X box-binding protein 1 regulates angiogenesis in human pancreatic adenocarcinomas.

PURPOSE Tumors encounter endoplasmic reticulum stress during tumor growth and activate an adaptive pathway known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Because this pathway is induced by the tumor microenvironment, it is a promising target for cancer therapy. We have previously demonstrated that X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1), a key regulator of the UPR, was required for survival under hypoxia and critical for tumor growth in tumor xenografts. In this study, we investigated the role of XBP-1 in regulating tumor angiogenesis. METHODS We used an intradermal angiogenesis model to quantify the effect of XBP-1 on angiogenesis. We also used a human tumor xenograft model to assay for tumor growth delay. We determined vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA. Finally, we stained human pancreatic adenocarcinoma specimens for XBP-1 expression and correlated the expression pattern of XBP-1 with CD31 (endothelial cell marker) expression. RESULTS We demonstrated that XBP-1 is essential for angiogenesis during early tumor growth. Inhibiting XBP-1 expression by short-hairpin RNA sequence specific for XBP-1 reduced blood vessel formation in tumors from mouse embryonic fibroblast cells and human fibrosarcoma tumor cells (HT1080). Expressing a dominant-negative form of IRE1alpha also reduced blood vessel formation in tumors. Moreover, expression of spliced XBP-1 (XBP-1s) restored angiogenesis in IRE1alpha dominant-negative expressing cells. We further demonstrated that XBP-1-mediated angiogenesis does not depend on VEGF. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the IRE1alpha-XBP-1 branch of the UPR modulates a complex proangiogenic, VEGF-independent response that depends on signals received from the tumor microenvironment.
Maternal breast milk long‐chain n‐3 fatty acids are associated with increased risk of atopy in breastfed infants

Background Australia has one of the highest prevalence rates internationally of allergic conditions, such as asthma and eczema. Atopy is one hallmark for the development of allergic disease and predisposes to allergic inflammation in the target organs. ω‐3 (n‐3) fatty acids (FAs) are thought to act as precursors to the formation of less active inflammatory mediators, with the potential to reduce inflammation.
Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs Federal Reserve Board , Washington , D . C . Secondary Market Liquidity and the Optimal Capital Structure

We present a model where endogenous liquidity generates a feedback loop between secondary market liquidity and firms’ financing decisions in primary markets. The model features two key frictions: a costly state verification problem in primary markets, and search frictions in over-the-counter secondary markets. Our concept of liquidity depends endogenously on illiquid assets put up for sale relative to the resources available for buying those assets in the secondary market. Liquidity determines the liquidity premium, which affects issuance in the primary market, and this effect feeds back into secondary market liquidity by changing the composition of investors’ portfolios. We show that the privately optimal allocations are inefficient because investors and firms fail to internalize how their behavior affects secondary market liquidity. These inefficiencies are established analytically through a set of wedge expressions for key efficiency margins. Our analysis provides a rationale for the effect of quantitative easing on secondary and primary capital markets and the real economy.
Exomic sequencing of medullary thyroid cancer reveals dominant and mutually exclusive oncogenic mutations in RET and RAS.

CONTEXT Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a rare thyroid cancer that can occur sporadically or as part of a hereditary syndrome. OBJECTIVE To explore the genetic origin of MTC, we sequenced the protein coding exons of approximately 21,000 genes in 17 sporadic MTCs. PATIENTS AND DESIGN We sequenced the exomes of 17 sporadic MTCs and validated the frequency of all recurrently mutated genes and other genes of interest in an independent cohort of 40 MTCs comprised of both sporadic and hereditary MTC. RESULTS We discovered 305 high-confidence mutations in the 17 sporadic MTCs in the discovery phase, or approximately 17.9 somatic mutations per tumor. Mutations in RET, HRAS, and KRAS genes were identified as the principal driver mutations in MTC. All of the other additional somatic mutations, including mutations in spliceosome and DNA repair pathways, were not recurrent in additional tumors. Tumors without RET, HRAS, or KRAS mutations appeared to have significantly fewer mutations overall in protein coding exons. CONCLUSIONS Approximately 90% of MTCs had mutually exclusive mutations in RET, HRAS, and KRAS, suggesting that RET and RAS are the predominant driver pathways in MTC. Relatively few mutations overall and no commonly recurrent driver mutations other than RET, HRAS, and KRAS were seen in the MTC exome.
SHAKE TABLE EVALUATION OF SCREEN GRID CORE INSULATED CONCRETE FORM WALLS

The in-plane behavior of screen grid insulated concrete form (SGICF) walls was evaluated using full scale shake table experiments. The wall specimens utilized dry fit insulated form blocks made from recycled expanded polystyrene granules that were bonded together with cement. When stacked, the cavities in the blocks formed a grid of cores that are evenly spaced vertically and horizontally. Each wall was built on top of a foundation block that was designed such that failure would occur within the walls themselves. The walls consisted of four circular vertical cores and five circular horizontal cores reinforced with a single rebar placed nominally in the center of each core. Fiber-reinforced concrete was used in one of the walls to evaluate the effect on failure modes, drift capacity and shear strength. The results showed that the use of fiber-reinforced concrete in the cores had not significantly improved the drift capacity and had exhibited lower strengths than the wall with conventional concrete. These outcomes were mainly attributed to voids in the cores that had resulted despite similarities in workability of the concrete mixes and in techniques used to place the concrete in the walls. 1 Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Portland State University, OR 97201 (email: anwer@pdx.edu) 2 Instructor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Tikrit University, Tikrit , Iraq (email: dr.anwersabah@tu.edu.iq ) 3 Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Portland State University, OR 97201 (email: dusicka@pdx.edu ) Mohammed A, Dusicka P. Shake table evaluation of screen grid core insulated concrete form walls. Proceedings of the 11 National Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA. 2018. Eleventh U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering Integrating Science, Engineering & Policy June 25-29, 2018 Los Angeles, California SHAKE TABLE EVALUATION OF SCREEN GRID CORE INSULATED CONCRETE FORM WALLS A. Mohammed and P. Dusicka
Rational dosing of gabapentin and pregabalin in chronic kidney disease

php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php). Journal of Pain Research 2017:10 275–278 Journal of Pain Research Dovepress
LASER 2014 Learning from Authoritative Security Experiment Results

• Background. The security and privacy communities have become increasingly interested in results from behavioral economics and psychology to help frame decisions so that users can make better privacy and security choices. One such result in the literature suggests that cognitive disfluency (presenting questions in a hard-to-read font) reduces selfdisclosure. • Aim. To examine the replicability and reliability of the effect of disfluency on self-disclosure, in order to test whether such approaches might be used to promote safer security and privacy behaviors. • Method. We conducted a series of survey studies on human subjects with two conditions disfluent and fluent font. The surveys were completed online (390 participants throughout the United States), on tablets (93 students) and with pen and paper (three studies with 89, 61, and 59 students). The pen and paper studies replicated the original study exactly. We ran an independent samples t-test to check for significant differences between the averages of desirable responses across the two conditions. • Results. In all but one case, participants did not show lower self-disclosure rates under disfluent conditions using an independent samples t-test. We re-analyzed the original data and our data using the same statistical test (paired t-test) as used in the original paper, and only the data from the original published studies supported the hypothesis. • Conclusions.We argue that the effect of disfluency on disclosure originally reported in the literature might result from the choice of statistical analysis, and that disfluency does not reliably or consistently affect self-disclosure. Thus, disfluency may not be relied on for interface designers trying to improve security or privacy decision making.
Three-dimensional Supersonic Boundary Layer Separation Induced by Curved Sidewall

The swept shock wave boundary layer interactions occur widely in the internal and external flow relevant to the hypersonic aircraft. A typical example is the interaction between an oblique detonation wave and a sidewall boundary layer. In order to reduce the boundary layer separation, the planar surface is replaced by the curved surface to generate sidewall compression [1]. Despite the fact that the compression waves will finally form a strong shock wave, the curved sidewall is able to reduce the extent of bottom wall boundary layer separation. According to this idea, a three-dimensional supersonic boundary layer separation induced by a curved sidewall is studied in this paper, in which the sidewall generates a compression wave fan and focus into a planar shock wave.
Systemic lupus erythematosus in Lebanon

The present study describes the clinical characteristics of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) from the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), one of the largest teaching hospitals in Lebanon. This is a retrospective chart review of 100 SLE patients seen over a 20 y period. There were 86 females and 14 males, with a median age of 26 y. 85 patients were Lebanese and 15 patients were Palestinians. The main clinical features were arthritis and/or arthralgias seen in 95% of our patients, followed by malar rash (52%), and renal involvement (50%). Of the hematological manifestations, thrombocytopenia was most commonly seen in 33% of patients, followed by leucopenia in 17% and hemolytic anemia in 10% Oral ulcers and serositis were both seen in 40% of patients. Less frequent manifestations included discoid lupus (19%), neuropsychiatric manifestations (19%), and photosensitivity (16%). Antinuclear antibodies were detected in 87% of patients, whereas anti-DNA antibodies were seen in 50% of cases. 25 patients (25%) had a false-positive VDRL. A comparison between our findings and 3 other Arab SLE groups revealed a higher incidence of oral ulcers, discoid lupus, articular manifestations, thrombocytopenia and false-positive VDRL, and a lower incidence of photosensitivity, leucopenia, neuropsychiatric manifestations, and anti-DNA antibodies.
Performance Measurement Model for Agriculture Extension Services for Sustainable Livelihood of the Farmers: Evidences from India

Extensive services to agriculture are continuously evolving in less-developed economies like India. With a focus on productivity and farmers’ livelihood improvement, Indian agriculture sector has witness a wide range of reforms in past decades. However, the unsustainable, fragmented and decentralized approach has attracted nationwide debate and criticism about the effectiveness of these reforms. In this study, empirically at the micro level, we investigated the impact of the government reforms and initiatives to address current challenges of agricultural extension services in India. We firstly identified the gap between the required demand of small and marginalized farmers from the public extension services and the services supplied to them. Further, based on the identified supply-demand interface, we develop the performance measurement metrics to derive the famers’ satisfaction level. This study considered many factors which may be predictors of farmers’ requirement from the extension providers. We attempted to understand the interplay of those factors using correlation and factor analysis and then using ordinal logistic regression we regressed the constructs with the farmers’ requirement indicator variable to the satisfaction level to derive package appropriateness factors. The farmers’ perception of the service parameters are then used within the model to figure out gaps in the requirement of farmers and the services being provided to them by the government organizations within Meghalaya, a State of India.
Alzheimer and vascular dementias and driving. A prospective road and laboratory study.

OBJECTIVE To characterize on-the-road, behind-the-wheel driving abilities and related laboratory performances of subjects with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia. DESIGN Prospective, experimental study involving two mild dementia and three age and health control groups. Road test reliability and validity were assessed. SETTING Greater western Los Angeles. Subjects were enrolled from the community by referral and from the Veterans Affairs dementia and diabetes clinics. PARTICIPANTS Eighty-seven driving subjects were enrolled; 83 completed the study. A sample of eligible dementia clinic subjects consisting of 15 mild AD patients met National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association probable AD criteria, while 12 met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition and Hachinski diagnostic criteria for multi-infarct dementia (vascular dementia). Clinic control subjects consisted of 15 age-matched patients with diabetes and without a history of stroke or dementia. Community controls consisted of 26 healthy, age-matched, older subjects (> 60 years) and 16 young subjects (20 to 35 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Drive score from the Sepulveda (Calif) road test and laboratory measures of attention, perception, and memory. RESULTS The drive scores in the mild AD group (mean, 22.1; SD, 3.8) and in the vascular dementia group (mean, 24.0; SD, 7.8) differed significantly (P < .001 studentized range test) from the drive scores in the diabetic control group (mean, 31.5; SD, 3.9), the older control group (mean, 32.6; SD, 2.8), and the young control group (mean, 33.6; SD, 3.2). Drive score among the three control groups did not vary significantly. Short-term memory (Sternberg), visual tracking, and Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination scores correlated best with drive score, with a cumulative R2 of 0.68. Drive score and number of collisions and moving violations per 1000 miles driven were negatively correlated (r = -0.38; P < .02). CONCLUSIONS Based on this study, type and degree of cognitive impairment are better predictors of driving skills than age or medical diagnosis per se. Specific testing protocols for drivers with potential cognitive impairment may detect unsafe drivers more effectively than using age or medical diagnosis alone as criteria for license restriction or revocation.
An improved method for rapid isolation of DNA and RNA from leaves, flowers and roots of blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] for detection of begomovirus infection and RT-PCR.

Blackgram is an important pulse crop grown for its protein rich seeds. Its tissues are rich in polyphenols which hampered pure nucleic acid extraction and thus use of molecular techniques in breeding programme. In this study, a well established DNA extraction method for legumes, Gem-CTAB method has been modified to isolate PCR compatible DNA from blackgram in a quick and economical way from a very small tissue. The amplification rate of DNA extracted through modified Gem-CTAB method was found to be high compared to Gem-CTAB method for begomovirus specific genes. While for RNA isolation, among different protocols, column based kit method followed by lithium chloride precipitation yielded high quality RNA for leaves compatible with RT-PCR. For flowers and roots, kit method alone or with its modifications yielded pure RNA. The above modified nucleic acid extraction method yielded PCR compatible DNA and RNA from phenolics rich blackgram tissues.
Effects of common medications on cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage

Cerebral vasospasm is a common and serious complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). At present, no consistently effective preventative and therapeutic measures are available, perhaps because of incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of vasospasm. Experimental studies provide evidence that the incidence and severity of vasospasm after SAH can be modulated by drugs that affect neurotransmitter levels, intracellular signalling mechanisms, vascular smooth muscle function, inflammation and cellular proliferation, and the concentration of ‘spasmogenic’ factors. Preliminary clinical studies indicate that some illicit drugs and common prescription medications can have similar effects in humans. Recognition of these pharmacological effects is important because medications that can worsen or alleviate vasospasm are frequently administered to SAH patients to treat coincident medical problems.
Relative Resistance in Different Cultivars of Pakistani Cotton against Cotton Whitefly

A total of 10 cultivars of cotton were screened against whitefly in the agro-climate of Faisalabad. Observations were taken on weekly basis and per leaf population of whitefly was taken from 14-07-2005 to 22-92005. The results indicated that NIAB-778 was most susceptible as compared with all other tested cultivars, in contrast MNH-768 was resistant against whitefly. Moreover results revealed that during the observation period whitefly ranged from 0.99-2.57/leaf. From the result it was clear that month of August was the most favorable for whitefly, because during this month population was maximum.
Valuing Others : Evidence from Economics

Human social skills are widely studied among very different disciplines. In this chapter, we review, discuss, and relate evidence concerning the process of valuing others’ perspectives, preferences, and behaviors from an economic, psychological, and neurobiological viewpoint. This process of valuing others (or otherregarding preferences) can be understood as weighing others’ preferences to adapt our own behavior and achieve adequate social interaction. We first review economic research related to decision-making in social contexts, with emphasis on how decisionmaking has integrated other-regarding preferences into the decisionmaking algorithm. By means of social and developmental psychology research, we then review how social skills develop from identification to understanding others. Finally, we discuss the neurobiological mechanisms underlying social skills and social decision-making, focusing on those systems that can participate in processes of valuing others preferences. As a conclusion, we highlight five points that we believe an interdisciplinary approach should take into account. We thus intend to generate a starting point for building a more extensive explicatory bridge among the different disciplines that study complex human social behavior.