Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychiatry as a career choice compared with other specialties: A survey of medical students

AIMS AND METHOD The aim of this study was to determine the attitudes of medical students in the UK towards different specialties as career options and to ascertain the position of psychiatry among these specialties. Students belonging to a London medical school completed a questionnaire. RESULTS Among the 301 students who completed the survey, psychiatry was the least popular clinical specialty. The study revealed that the students had a number of misconceptions about psychiatry. A family history of mental illness was significantly associated with choosing psychiatry as a career. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Considering the unpopularity of the specialty, it is likely that recruitment of psychiatrists will continue to be a major problem for the foreseeable future. Measures need to be taken to dispel the misconceptions about psychiatry.
The Effects of a Recovery-Focused Program for Stress Management in Women —An Exploratory Study

Current research indicates that stress problems primarily could be conceptualized as deficiencies in recovery and recuperation between stress periods. Accordingly, interventions should put more emphasis on this aspect. A group based intervention program focusing exclusively on recovery behavior in everyday life was evaluated in this quasi-experimental, waiting-list control group study, where the control group was also treated in a second phase. Thirty-two self-referred female subjects, considering themselves in need of treatment for stress related health problems, were available for analyzes. Fifteen of these constituted the first phase treatment group (INT), while the remaining 17 subjects were placed on waiting list (WLC). Adding a few late applicants leaved 20 subjects later treated in the second intervention phase. Significant and clinically meaningful positive effects emerged in the INT—compared to the WLC-group on recovery behaviors, stress—and recovery experiences, as well as on burnout symptoms, worry, anxiety and depression. Secondary analyzes of all treated subjects indicated that the positive change the primary clinical endpoint was predicted by the increase in frequency of recovery behaviors and by the decrease in the worry level. Thus, the present intervention model merits further research with more rigorous experimental design as well as with follow-up assessments.
A low power CMOS voltage reference circuit with sub threshold MOSFETs

In this paper, a novel approach is proposed for the design of low power CMOS band gap reference circuit. In the literature, an inversion technique is proposed to make the voltage reference to be independent of temperature by using parasitic bipolar transistors. In the above technique, this paper proposes the use of MOSFETs operating in sub threshold region for generating a voltage with negative temperature coefficient. The performance of the proposed scheme is studied by implementing the band gap reference circuit for 1.2 V in TSMC035 CMOS process. Studies through Mentorgraphics IC station and Eldo simulator demonstrate that the proposed scheme has a voltage reference with temperature coefficient of less than 50 ppm/°C over the temperature range of −10°C to 120°C. The proposed scheme results in 18 times lesser area and dissipates ten times lower power compared with that using parasitic bipolar transistors. The circuit technique has been validated using both NMOS and PMOS diode connected sub threshold MOSFETs for generating voltages with negative temperature coefficient.
Presidential symposium : Individualized diagnosis for tailored treatment of breast cancer In vivo single molecular imaging and sentinel node navigation by nanotechnology for molecular targeting drug-delivery systems and tailor-made medicine

The recent advances in nanotechnology have a great potential to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases. Nanomaterials for medical applications are expected to grasp pharmacokinetics and the toxicity for application to medical treatment on the aspect of safety of the nanomaterials and nanodevices. We describe a generation of CdSe nanoparticles [quantum dots (QDs)] conjugated with monoclonal anti-HER2 antibody (Trastuzumab), for single molecular in vivo imaging of breast cancer cells. We established a high-resolution in vivo 3D microscopic system for a novel imaging method at the molecular level. The cancer cells expressing HER2 protein were visualized by the nanoparticles in vivo at subcellular resolution, suggesting future utilization of the system in medical applications to improve drug-delivery systems to target the primary and metastatic tumors for made-to-order treatment. We also describe sentinel node navigation using fluorescent nanoparticles for breast cancer surgery in experimental model, which have shown the potential to be an alternative to existing tracers in the detection of the sentinel node if we select the appropriate particle size and wavelength. Future innovation in cancer imaging by nanotechnology and novel measurement technology will provide great improvement, not only in the clinical field but also in basic medical science for the development of medicine.
Pharmacotherapy of adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: review of evidence-based practices and future directions

Background: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorder in children and adolescents with well-known clinical consequences and functional outcomes that affect individuals throughout their lifespan. The diagnosis of adult ADHD is often a clinical diagnosis made on the basis of behavioral symptoms that begin early in life, and persist over time across different settings. Objective: Although pharmacotherapy is a first-line treatment option for ADHD across all age groups, there is a relative paucity of well-designed and well-controlled studies evaluating the treatment outcomes in adult ADHD. In this review, evidence-based pharmacotherapy of adult ADHD and directions of future research are critically examined. Methods: A literature search from 1980 to 2007, restricting papers to English, using PUBMED and PsychInfo was performed. Studies were examined based on empirically derived criteria. Results: The reviewed body of evidence strongly supports the use of pharmacotherapy as a first-line therapeutic option for the treatment of adults with ADHD.
Changes in drug prescription patterns in schizophrenia in five years

Changes in drug prescription patterns in schizophrenia in five years Objective: The aim of this retrospective study is to investigate changes in the prescription patterns for inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia in 1999 and 2004. Method: A total of 1218 inpatient admissions to a general hospital adult psychiatry unit in 1999 and 2004 were examined retrospectively. Total 298 patients (138 in 1999 and 160 in 2004) were diagnosed with schizophrenia according to the criteria of DSM-IV. Demographics and medical data of the patients and the prescribed antipsychotics were reviewed. Chi-square and t-tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Data showed that typical antipsychotic prescription rate decreased from 53.6% in 1999 to 34.4% in 2004, while the atypical antipsychotic prescription rate increased from 43.5% in 1999 to 54.4% in 2004. Also combined antipsychotic prescription rate (polypharmacy) increased from 11.6% in 1999 to 20% in 2004 and anticholinergic prescription rate decreased from 53.3% in 1999 to 24.4% in 2004. Discussion: The findings of this study confirm the results of previous studies that atypical antipsychotics appear to be displacing typical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia. It is interesting that antipsychotic combination therapy rates have almost doubled within the period studied and no correlation was found between good drug adherence and the type of antipsychotic used.
Analysis of coital activity, number of sexual partners, and non-use of condoms among High School students in Namibia: Implications for the ABC approach

Understanding sexual risk behaviours is important in monitoring the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS preventive interventions such as the ABC (abstinence, be faithful, and use a condom) approach. This study analysed the sexual activity, numbers of sexual partners, and non-use of condoms among Namibian High School students. A randomised cross-sectional survey was carried out in 18 High Schools located in six educational regions (a directorate headed by a director responsible for all schools in the region). Data were collected from 829 students that completed a structured questionnaire. Analysis of data was done using parametric and non-parametric statistics. The results showed that 16.1% of students had their coital debut at 8 years of age. Students that were male, in rural areas, Kavango region and Kavango ethnic group, and in Grade 9 had significantly lower ages of coital debut. Caprivi region had highest significant proportion of students that were sexually active. Male gender, Herero ethnicity, HIV testing, invincibility to HIV infection, and boyfriend-girlfriend relationships were positively associated with increased sexual activity. Students that were male and from the Damara-Nama, Lozi, and Herero ethnic groups had significantly higher mean numbers of sexual partners. The mean number of times that students did not use condoms was significantly higher in urban areas, Caprivi region, and among students from the Herero ethnic group. Determinants of condom use were also revealed. The findings of this study highlight the need for disaggregated data in order to target specific A, B, and C messages to appropriate sub-groups of Namibian High School students who are at a higher risk of HIV/AIDS infection. Key words: Coitus, sexual partners, condoms, High School students, Namibia, ABC
High School Physical Education Students' Heart Rates During Different Activities

8 JOPERD • Volume 80 No. 9 • November/December 2009 What Was the Question? Researchers have found that different types of activities taught in physical education demonstrate a wide range of intensities, with team games eliciting the highest percentage of moderate-tovigorous physical activity (MVPA), followed by individual activities, individual games, and movement activities. Several studies have shown a difference between the intensity of physical activity during physical education for boys compared to girls, although prior research has primarily focused on elementary and middle school programs. Laurson, Brown, Cullen, and Dennis (2008), citing recent calls for schools to assume leadership roles in promoting physical activity, examined the intensity of different types of high school physical education activities by measuring students’ heart rate responses. A secondary purpose was to identify how these responses vary by gender and grade level.
Ethnic differences among a community cohort of individuals with dual diagnosis in South London

Background: Little is known about the characteristics of individuals from Black minority ethnic groups in the UK with psychosis and co-occurring substance misuse. Aim: To examine and compare with a White group the characteristics of a community cohort of dually diagnosed individuals from Black minority ethnic groups. Method: People with psychosis and comorbid substance misuse (dual diagnosis) were identified through structured ratings by case managers. Data regarding their social and clinical characteristics were collected from staff and clients. Results: According to case managers, Black British-born individuals were more likely to misuse cannabis than the White group and to have been compulsorily hospitalized or reportedly involved in violence over an 18 month period. Conclusion: Attention should be paid in the development of dual diagnosis interventions to ethnic variations in patterns of comorbid substance use. Declaration of interest: The study was funded by the Maudsley NHS Trust.
A Survey on Antibiotic Usage in Pigs and Poultry Birds in Abia State, Nigeria

A survey was conducted (June 2011 to May 2012) on antibiotic usage of 90 poultry farms and 72 piggery farms from 17 local government areas of Abia State, Nigeria. Survey questionnaires were used to identify and prioritize the antibiotics most effective and frequently used, current therapeutic and sub-therapeutic antibiotic usage patterns. The result showed that 65% of poultry and 75% of piggery farms failed to do laboratory analysis prior antibiotic usage and on most farms (70% for poultry, 65% for piggery) antibiotics were administered by the owner/manager. The mode of administration of the antibiotics was 80% through water in poultry and 80% through injection in piggery and 40% of the farmers said they always completed the course of antibiotic treatment. Twelve antibiotics including beta-lactams, streptomycin, tetracycline, macrolides, sulfa-drugs, cephalosporin etc. were used on these farms. These antibiotics were used mainly on weekly basis in poultry (65%) and fortnightly in piggery (40%). The result of this survey suggested that antibiotics are used extensively on poultry and piggery farms for therapeutics, prophylactic and growth purposes. Tetracycline and streptomycin were the most widely used antibiotics to treat mainly enteritis and pneumonia. There is a considerable variation in the management practices on poultry and piggery farms associated with antibiotic use. It is anticipated that the findings of this survey will help to develop new strategies for prudent use of antibiotics in piggery and poultry farms in Abia State, Nigeria.
Treating ‘AIDS blindness’: A critical pedagogical approach to HIV education at tertiary level

HIV and AIDS affect all South Africans, irrespective of gender, race, age and economic status. Teachers should therefore be able to meaningfully integrate HIV content into the school curriculum. However, pre-service teacher education programmes still do not pay adequate attention to HIV education, particularly in institutions where students are being prepared to work in environments that are perceived to be unaffected by the consequences of the pandemic. This article advocates that HIV education should be integrated into contexts of privilege and presents evidence of the influence that a critical pedagogical approach can have on changing student perceptions of the need to address HIV in and through their teaching. We led 109 Post-graduate Certificate of Education students through a series of activities that required them to critically reflect on their feelings, attitudes and perceived skills with regard to HIV and AIDS education; to identify potential areas of personal change; and to begin to imagine alternative professional possibilities. We generated qualitative data through drawings, group discussions, individual written reflections, and a voluntary focus group. A content analysis of the data revealed that the participating students initially felt incompetent to incorporate HIV and related issues into their teaching, and felt hesitant and uncomfortable at the prospect. However, a critical reflection on their thinking, both individually and in a group setting, served to shift them towards a more holistic, critical and humanising understanding of the pandemic and the role they could play as future teachers in helping to mitigate its impact. The findings provide evidence that a critical pedagogical approach — particularly with groups who believe that HIV and AIDS is not something that concerns them — can provide an effective way to mediate the knowledge, skills and attitudes that competent teachers need in today's world.
Assessment of Subpleural Opacities on High-Resolution CT

consensus. Results: The patients consisted of COP (n=14), NSIP (n=13), UIP (n =10), fibrosis associated with connective tissue disease or drug toxicity (n=4), CEP (n=4), ChurgStrauss syndrome (n=2), DIP (n=1) and AIP (n=1). The predominant findings were consolidation (57%) with a peribronchovascular distribution (57%) in the COP patients, GGO (69%) and the associated focal reticular densities (61%) in the NSIP patients, and reticular or reticulonodular densities with a paucity of GGO in the UIP patients (100%). For the diagnosis of COP, NSIP and UIP, the use of HRCT demonstrated a high sensitivity (86%, 85% and 90%, respectively), specificity (97%, 86% and 95%) and accuracy (94%, 86% and 94%). Conclusion: Although an overlap of CT findings is seen for diseases showing subpleural opacities, consolidation with a subpleural and peribronchovascular distribution is highly suggestive for COP, subpleural GGO is highly suggestive of NSIP, subpleural reticular or reticulonodular densities with a paucity of GGO is highly suggestive of UIP, and subpleural consolidation accompanied by reticular densities is suggestive of fibrosis.
The Effects of Organizational Variables on Hospital Costs in Georgia

We analyze 87 acute care hospitals in the state of Georgia and evaluate how hospital organizational structure variables impact normalized facility costs. We apply Linear Regression Analysis method from statistics to identify the significance of major organization variables on hospital cost variations. To explain variations in hospital costs in this study, we focus on the following organizational structure variables: ownership type, financial structure, location, bed size, breadth of services, and teaching status. The results of our regression model show that increasing breadth of services, hospitals located in rural regions, and not-for-profit organizations are all expected to experience higher hospital costs per bed than their counterparts. The findings of this study can be used to make educated decisions to help hospitals in Georgia be financially stronger and stay in business. The results can also lead to new and existing hospital organizations to better understand how particular changes in a facility impact cost. Additionally with this insight, facility managers can use this knowledge to better understand cost behavior of their facilities and be more accurate in facility cost management.
Epidemiological and Pathological Aspects of Cervical Cancer in Ivory Coast

Cervical cancer is the most common and the leading cause of women death in developing countries. Purpose : To specify the epidemiological and pathological characteristics of cervical cancers in Ivory Coast. Material and methods : This was a retrospective and descriptive study on the cervical cancers histologically confirmed and identified from the registers for recording laboratory of pathological anatomy of Abidjan teaching hospital. The study period was 24 years (January 1984 to December 2007). The parameters analyzed were: frequency, age, socio-demographic status, macroscopic and histological aspects and the prognosis. Results : The cervical cancer represented 78.78% (2064 cases) of gynecological cancers, 42.71% of woman cancer and 17.41% of all cancers. The average age was 48.36 years ranging from 2 to 88 years and a peak incidence between 45-54 years (29%). Multiparity was observed 57.04% (n = 231) and the low socioeconomic level was predominant (70.41%). Concerning pathological examination, the tumor lesions were predominantly budding (51.52%). Squamous cell carcinomas (92.88%) were the most frequent of histological types with 95.1% (n = 1823) of invasive carcinomas. The average age of patients with squamous cell carcinoma was 49 years with 41.5 years for intraepithelial carcinomas and 46.8 years for invasive carcinomas. At the prognosis, squamous cell carcinomas were diagnosed most often in stage pT2 (57.41%) and with extra-cervical represented 66.4% (n = 519). Conclusion : Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in Ivory Coast taking into account male and female together. Its poor prognosis associated with late diagnosis should encourage the establishment of a cytology screening program.
Attracting female sex workers to HIV testing and counselling in Ethiopia: a qualitative study with sex workers in Addis Ababa

Despite growing efforts to increase HIV testing and counselling (HTC) services for most at risk populations in Ethiopia, the use of these services by female sex workers (FSWs) remains low. With rising numbers of FSWs in Addis Ketema and concerns about their high risk behaviours, exploring and addressing the barriers to uptake is crucial. This qualitative study explores the barriers to utilising HTC facilities and identifies the motives and motivations of FSWs who seek HTC through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with female sex workers, healthcare workers and key informants. Results indicate that FSWs face numerous barriers including inability to seek treatment if found to be positive due to the requirement of an identity (ID) card many do not own. Many FSWs reported discriminatory behaviour from healthcare workers and a lack of dedicated services. What is clear from the findings is that distinct strategies, which differ from those of the broader population, are required to attract FSWs — strategies which take into account the barriers and maximise the reported motives and motivations for testing.
Choice in HIV testing: the acceptability and anticipated use of a self-administered at-home oral HIV test among South Africans

Combination HIV prevention is being widely promoted by funders. This strategy aims to offer HIV prevention choices that can be selected and combined to decrease HIV risk in ways that fit with each individual’s situation. Treatment as prevention and pre-exposure prophylaxis are two new evidence-based strategies to decrease HIV incidence, both of which require high HIV testing rates to be effective, and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has set a goal of 90% of HIV-positive individuals knowing their status by 2030. However, HIV testing rates in many countries remain suboptimal. Just as no single HIV prevention method is ideal for all people in all situations, no single HIV testing modality is likely to be acceptable to everyone. By offering HIV testing choices, we may be able to increase testing rates. However, many low-resourced countries have been slow to take up new HIV testing options such as the self-administered at-home oral HIV test that is currently available in the United States. In this paper, we present findings from 20 in-depth interviews, conducted in 2010, documenting opinions about self-administered at-home oral HIV testing, a testing modality still largely unavailable in Africa. Participants were clients of three primary healthcare clinics in South Africa. Self-testing was seen as enabling confidentiality/privacy, saving time, and facilitating testing together with partners. However, concerns were raised about psychological distress when testing at home without a counsellor. Some suggested this concern could be minimised by having experienced clinic-based HIV testing and counselling before getting self-testing kits for home use. Thus, self-administered HIV testing could be an option added to the current testing modalities to address some important barriers to testing.