Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Symbolic Meanings of Wildland Fire: A Study of Residents in the U.S. Inland Northwest

This study uses symbolic interactionism as a basis for understanding the salience and fundamental meanings of wildland fire to wildland–urban interface (WUI) residents. It contributes to an understanding of how WUI residents actually view wildland fire, its role in forest ecosystems, and its attendant risks for human settlements. Three focus groups were conducted with residents of the wildland–urban interface near Spokane, Washington. Results indicate a high level of salience of wildland fire to participants' daily lives and significant concern about the risk of fire events. It also revealed strikingly different frames of reference for fires burning in the WUI or in areas away from human settlement. The study concludes with considerations for building shared meanings of wildland fire among WUI residents and managers.
Imagining and Rationalizing Opportunities: Inductive Reasoning and the Creation and Justification of New Ventures

We argue that creating novel ventures consists of inductive analogical or metaphorical reasoning, which generates a platform for the creation and commercialization of novel ventures and facilitates the comprehension and justification of a venture. We argue that such inductive reasoning is shaped by two determinants (the applicability of prior entrepreneurial experience and the motivation to resolve uncertainty and acquire legitimacy) that interrelate to predict and explain patterns of analogical and metaphorical reasoning by which novice and experienced entrepreneurs construct meaning for themselves as well as others in the early stages of creating a venture.
Unruly Entrepreneurs: Russian Worker Responses to Insecure Formal Employment

The article adds to research on in-work poverty, ‘precarious’ work and informal economic activity. It provides ethnographic data on mobility between formal and informal work in Russia; industrial ‘normative’ employment is seen as precarious due to on-the-job insecurity (Standing 2011). Insecurity is understood through the prism of low-wages, lack of control over work processes, but above all the imperative on workers to become flexible, self-regulating subjects of the reformed neoliberal Russia. The discourse of self-governmentality is contrasted by informants to interpretations of more benign production regimes under socialism (Burawoy 1992). Exit strategies from, and discourses of resistance to, the new strictures of waged employment are then examined. These are sustained by access to an embedded blue-collar identity, and the social networks that support and reinforce such ties.
Identification of neuroglycan C and interacting partners as potential susceptibility genes for schizophrenia in a Southern Chinese population

Chromosome 3p was reported by previous studies as one of the regions showing strong evidence of linkage with schizophrenia. We performed a fine‐mapping association study of a 6‐Mb high‐LD and gene‐rich region on 3p in a Southern Chinese sample of 489 schizophrenia patients and 519 controls to search for susceptibility genes. In the initial screen, 4 SNPs out of the 144 tag SNPs genotyped were nominally significant (P < 0.05). One of the most significant SNPs (rs3732530, P = 0.0048) was a non‐synonymous SNP in the neuroglycan C (NGC, also known as CSPG5) gene, which belongs to the neuregulin family. The gene prioritization program Endeavor ranked NGC 8th out of the 129 genes in the 6‐Mb region and the highest among the genes within the same LD block. Further genotyping of NGC revealed 3 more SNPs to be nominally associated with schizophrenia. Three other genes (NRG1, ErbB3, ErbB4) involved in the neuregulin pathways were subsequently genotyped. Interaction analysis by multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) revealed a significant two‐SNP interaction between NGC and NRG1 (P = 0.015) and three‐SNP interactions between NRG1 and ErbB4 (P = 0.009). The gene NGC is exclusively expressed in the brain. It is implicated in neurodevelopment in rats and was previously shown to promote neurite outgrowth. Methamphetamine, a drug that may induce psychotic symptoms, was reported to alter the expression of NGC. Taken together, these results suggest that NGC may be a novel candidate gene, and neuregulin signaling pathways may play an important role in schizophrenia. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Implications of Accounting Research for the SEC's Consideration of International Accounting Standards for U.S. Securities Offerings

This paper discusses certain implications of capital‐markets‐based academic accounting research for the assessment of International Accounting Standards (IAS) by the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission (SEC). The SEC's assessment criteria are comprehensiveness, high quality (comparability, transparency and full disclosure) and rigorous interpretation and application. Existing academic research has few implications for comprehensiveness, transparency and full disclosure, in part because no agreed‐upon metrics for measuring these constructs have been developed. Indirect implications for interpretation and application might be drawn from cross‐jurisdictional comparisons of income and cash flow volatility and value relevance, provided certain strong assumptions are met. Using Form 20‐F reconciliation data, research has documented extensive evidence of noncomparabilities between U.S. GAAP financial statements and statements prepared for the same firms under both various non‐U.S. GAAPs and IAS, and some evidenc.
Allocentric Spatial Performance Higher in Early-Blind and Sighted Adults Than in Retinopathy-of-Prematurity Adults

The question as to whether people totally blind since infancy process allocentric or external spatial information like the sighted has caused considerable debate within the literature. Due to the extreme rarity of the population, researchers have often included individuals with retinopathy of prematurity (RoP—over oxygenation at birth) within the sample. However, RoP is inextricably confounded with prematurity per se. Prematurity, without visual disability, has been associated with spatial processing difficulties. In this experiment, blindfolded sighted participants and two groups of functionally totally blind participants heard text descriptions from a survey (allocentric) or route (egocentric) perspective. One blind group lost their sight due to RoP and a second group before 24 months of age. The accuracy of participants’ mental representations derived from the text descriptions was assessed via questions and maps. The RoP participants had lower scores than the sighted and early blind, who performed similarly. In other words, it was not visual impairment alone that resulted in impaired allocentric spatial performance in this task but visual impairment together with RoP. This finding may help explain the contradictions within the existing literature on the role of vision in allocentric spatial processing.
What should you pay to host a party? An economic analysis of hosting sports mega-events

Governments all over the world put huge amounts of money into bidding for, and then hosting, sports events like Football’s World Cup or the Olympic Games. They also give money to professional sports teams and other mega-events to encourage them to locate within a particular constituency. This article examines the statistical relationship between tourism and three Football World Cups and five Olympic Games, finding very little positive effect. Given this conclusion, the article looks at why governments continue to bid for these competitions. It presents evidence that shows that these sports contests make people happy, and argues that politicians capitalize on this feel-good factor; harnessing the hubris associated with these events for political gain. The article then contends that the best way to reduce the politics associated with bidding for mega-events is to allocate them via an auction, rather than the wasteful rent-seeking methods that are currently used.
Significance of Training and Post Training Evaluation for Employee Effectiveness: An Empirical Study on Sainsbury’s Supermarket Ltd, UK

Knowledge, Skills and attitudes are the most essential ingredient for efficient conduct of business through the human resources of an organization. But the impact of these valuable ingredients is often reduced by lack of effective training program. The research paper tries to highlight the necessity of effective training and after training evaluation in designing and implementing training programs for the employees in the retail sector specifically for Sainsbury’s supermarket Ltd, UK. The main purpose of this study is to find the answer of how training refers to the acquisitions of knowledge, skill and attitudes. The paper also facilitates the organization to better understand the necessity of post training evaluation leading to effective employee engagement in designing improved training programs to seize the present and future training opportunities.
Pattern of Injuries in Fatal Motorcycle Accidents Seen in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital: An Autopsy-Based Study

BACKGROUND: Deaths from motorcycle accident injuries have remained a major public health issue in Nigeria over the years. AIM: The study is to determine the age and gender distribution of the victims and to identify the cause of death and the anatomical pattern of injuries seen. METHODOLOGY: This is a 5-year autopsy-based study of all motorcycle accident deaths seen in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital between December 2009 and November 2014. The data were retrieved from autopsy reports, hospital case notes extracts from police diary and were analysed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: Motorcycle accidents accounted for 156 (2.8%) of all the autopsies done (5,661), and 156 (18.4%) of all Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) autopsies (849) performed over the study period, with a male: female ratio of 6:1. The peak age of victims was 31-40 years (30.9%). Head injuries accounted for most (41.4%) of the injuries seen, and the majority of the victims died of craniocerebral injury 53 (50.7%). CONCLUSION: This study showed that males in the fourth decade of life are the major victims of motorcycle accident death. The majority of the victims were the rider of the motorcycle. Most of them died of the craniocerebral injury.
Brakes to organic market enlargement in Spain: consumers and retailers attitudes and willingness to pay

In Spain, consumption of organic products has not kept pace with production. Up till now, foreign markets have been a natural destination for excess supply. However, world trade liberalization might cause important commercial problems to Spanish producers that could be partially solved by enlarging the domestic market. The goal of this paper is to assess the opportunity for such enlargement focusing on two main aspects: consumers’ and retailers’ attitudes and willingness to pay for organic products. Concerns about health, natural diets or environmental issues could stimulate consumption, while retailing dynamism and competition to gain new market segments might favour distribution. Both aspects are investigated through two surveys addressed to consumers and retailers in two Spanish towns. The results confirm that only a small proportion of consumers and distributors show attitudes that might favour demand expansion. The most sensitized segments are willing to pay more for organic products, but this premium is still very far from the prevailing gap between conventional and organic food products.
Improved tracing of hepatitis B virus transmission chains by phylogenetic analysis based on C region sequences

An effective vaccine is available for the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is a very contagious human pathogen. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection is very low in the Netherlands (<0.5%), and no universal vaccination is in place. Instead, a program of vaccination for targeted groups at high risk of HBV exposure has been implemented. Because transmission of HBV can occur by various routes, the effectiveness of this targeted vaccination strategy is difficult to assess. Molecular typing data for the surface protein encoding gene of HBV isolates, in combination with epidemiological data, provide some insight into the main transmission routes. Due to the low mutation rate of the HBV genome, many isolates have identical S region sequences, which hampers phylogenetic analysis and identification of transmission chains. The molecular epidemiological analysis of acute HBV isolates based on the surface and core protein encoding regions were compared. The nucleotide diversity found in the C region was statistically significant greater (1.5 times) than in the S region, and phylogenetic analysis based on the C region showed a higher resolution. C region analysis resulted in an almost 50% reduction of genotype A isolates with identical sequences. C region analysis also indicated that no long‐chain transmission of genotype D strains is occurring in the Netherlands, as all genotype D isolates have unique C region sequences. Defining the goals of molecular typing of HBV isolates should precede the choice for phylogenetic analysis on the basis of either C or S region sequences. J. Med. Virol. 80:233–241, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Salaries, Turnover, and Performance in the Federal Criminal Justice System*

The effect of salaries on turnover and performance is analyzed for U.S. attorneys in office during the years 1969 through 1999. Lower salaries are shown to increase the turnover of U.S. attorneys, and higher turnover is shown to reduce output. Two features distinguish U.S. attorneys (chief federal prosecutors) from other public‐ and private‐sector employees. First, since 1977, U.S. attorney salaries have been tied to the salaries of members of Congress and are thus exogenously determined. Second, there are public measures for the output of U.S. attorneys. Both features simplify the study of the effect of salaries on turnover and performance.
Open Service Innovation in the Global Banking Industry: Inside-Out Versus Outside-In Strategies

The past several decades have witnessed the adoption and diffusion of open innovation processes across a variety of organizational and industry contexts. Despite significant scholarly investigation into open innovation's importance to firms' R&D strategies, a deep theoretical understanding of the open innovation framework remains elusive. This study contributes to this burgeoning literature by providing new theoretical and practical underpinnings of the open innovation framework. Specifically, we conduct a comparative case study of two global banks to articulate the theoretical underpinning of this approach in the micropractices and microfoundations of the two firms. Although all organizations practice some combination of internal and external sourcing of innovation, we find that there is a tendency for these practices to fall into two broad categories: inside-out open innovation and outside-in open innovation. Our comparative case study formalizes these two forms of open innovation as mechanisms to align.
Multimodal therapies for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder

Purpose of review To evaluate the current literature for processes of care and outcomes of multimodal therapies for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Recent findings Treatments for high-risk bladder cancer remain an active area of investigation. Despite evidence of the benefits, the use of chemotherapy, either neoadjuvant or adjuvant, remains underutilized. Given patient preference or baseline comorbidities, multimodal bladder-preserving strategies have been employed by several institutions, with rates of overall survival similar to radical cystectomy series. Late complications associated with these treatments were recently described. Future management strategies for solid tumors will incorporate a personalized approach based upon molecular diagnostic tools to predict risk of recurrence, progression, and response to specific therapeutic agents. Summary Multimodal paradigms for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma have demonstrated favorable clinical outcomes relative to radical cystectomy alone. Further work through properly conducted randomized trials and accurate individual-level risk assessments will facilitate the determination of the optimal candidates and timing for these treatments.
The determinants of hotels' marketing managers' green marketing behaviour

Little is known about the factors underlying the pro-environmental behaviour of marketing managers. This paper explores the determinants of green marketing practices in the Red Sea hotel sector in Egypt. The research model assesses green marketing practices against the personal and organisational values of the marketing managers, together with a range of organisational and demographic variables expected to influence hotels' environmental behaviour. From a valid sample of 89 marketing managers responsible for 194 hotels, it was found that organisational contextual variables, and in particular targeting Western tourists, being affiliated to an international hotel chain and the marketers' own demographics, including age, academic subject studied and gender, were the best predictors of more proactive green marketing. Personal environmental values did not explain the pro-environmental behaviour of marketers, and the organisational environmental values that had explained part of their ethical behaviour had resulted from voluntarism rather than utilitarian or conformance-based values. Government policies also appeared to be ineffective determinants. The implications for green marketing practices are also discussed.
Assessing the energy-efficiency information gap: results from a survey of home energy auditors

Commercial and residential buildings are responsible for 42 % of all U.S. energy consumption and 41 % of U.S. CO2 emissions. Engineering studies identify several investments in new energy-efficiency equipment or building retrofits that would more than pay for themselves in terms of lower future energy costs, but homeowners and businesses generally do not have good information about how to take advantage of these opportunities. Energy auditors make up a growing industry of professionals who evaluate building energy use and provide this information to building owners. This paper reports the results of a survey of nearly 500 home energy auditors and contractors that Resources for the Future conducted in summer 2011. The survey asked about the characteristics of these businesses and the services they provide, the degree to which homeowners follow up on their recommendations, and the respondents’ opinions on barriers to home energy retrofits and the role for government. Findings from the survey suggest that the audit industry only partially is filling the information gap. Not enough homeowners know about or understand audits, and the follow-through on recommendations once they do have audits is incomplete. But the survey findings suggest that low energy prices and the high cost of retrofits may be more responsible for these outcomes than failures of information.
Study Finds that Knowledge of Pay Process Can Beat Out Amount of Pay in Employee Retention, Organizational Effectiveness

This article is based on some of the findings of a major research study just published by WorldatWork (formerly American Compensation Association) entitled The Knowledge of Pay Study: E-mails from the Frontline. Surveying more than 6,000 managers and employees in 26 major U.S. and Canadian organizations, the study found close connections between employees' knowledge of their organization's pay structure and their ability to align their own behaviors and goals to those of the organization—leading them to feel a greater sense of company loyalty and to contribute to the effectiveness of the organization. But it also found that such knowledge is far from universal, and identifies the gaps that need to be filled. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stock Price Fragility

We study the relation between the ownership structure of financial assets and non-fundamental risk. We define an asset to be fragile if it is susceptible to non-fundamental shifts in demand. An asset can be fragile because of concentrated ownership, or because its owners face correlated or volatile liquidity shocks, i.e., they must buy or sell at the same time. We formalize this idea and apply it to mutual fund ownership of US stocks. Consistent with our predictions, fragility strongly predicts price volatility. We then extend the logic of fragility to investigate two natural extensions: (1) the forecast of stock return comovement and (2) the potentially destabilizing impact of arbitrageurs on stock prices.
Do workers benefit from ethical trade? Assessing codes of labour practice in global production systems

Abstract Corporate codes of labour practice have proliferated as a result of trade union and ngo campaigns against poor labour conditions in global production. Analysis of global production systems highlights the complexity of commercial networks and the wider social and institutional environment in which codes operate. It posits tensions between a corporate approach focusing on compliance with outcome standards and a civil society approach focusing on process rights. A detailed study of codes operated by companies in the UK Ethical Trading Initiative finds that codes have led to improvements in outcome standards but little change in process rights for workers. The authors conclude that corporate codes have a role to play in improving labour standards, but are currently doing little to challenge existing commercial practices or embedded social relations that underpin poor labour standards in global production systems.
Explaining Sociospatial Patterns in South East Queensland, Australia: Social Homophily versus Structural Homophily

Model simulations of residential segregation have shown that even modest levels of social homophily (or wishing to live near residents with similar social characteristics) gives rise to distinct spatial patterns of residential segregation. However, this proposition has been contested where social homophily is modest. This paper contrasts two explanations for urban sociospatial patterns (socioeconomic and demographic spatial patterns) in a region where social homophily is modest-South East Queensland (SEQ). The research question is whether sociospatial patterns are better explained by social homophily or by structural homophily. In other words, are they better explained by residents wishing to live in neighborhoods with similar people (social homophily), or by residents with similar social characteristics finding similar neighborhood physical attributes important, and thus moving to neighborhoods with similar people (structural homophily). SEQ residents were asked how important various reasons were in choosing their neighborhood. The survey data were linked to neighborhood social characteristics from census data with the aid of geographic information systems. Six neighborhood social characteristics in SEQ were investigated. Social homophily explained a small, though statistically significant, level of spatial variation in socioeconomic and ethnic (non-Western) environments. However, it did not explain any variation in the other four neighborhood social characteristics which related to household structure: that is, younger nonnuclear household environments; nuclear family environments; and older nonnuclear household environments, or disadvantaged environments. Moreover, structural homophily explained much more variation than did social homophily in all six neighborhood social characteristics. In regions such as SEQ, spatial patterns can largely be explained by structural homophily. Thus, modest levels of social homophily are not necessarily important in explaining sociospatial patterning.