Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of subsurface drainage, crop rotation, and tillage on crop yield in Fargo clay soil

Subsurface drainage has recently become common for agriculturally productive clay soils in the Northern Great Plains of United States. However, evidence-based recommendations regarding best combinations of drainage, tillage, and crop rotation are lacking on these frigid clay soils. Therefore, a four-year (2014 to 2017) study was conducted in the Red River Valley of eastern North Dakota to evaluate the effects of subsurface drainage (i.e., conventional drainage [OT], controlled drainage [CD], and no drainage [check]), crop rotation (i.e., continuous corn [Zea mays L.; CC] and corn–soybean [Glycine max {L.} Merr.; CS] rotation), and tillage (i.e., chisel plow [CH], no-till [NT], and strip till [ST]) on crop yields. Drainage, crop rotation, tillage, and their interactions significantly affected corn yields during 2014 to 2017. Corn yield was similar between drainage treatments except during 2014 and 2015 when no drainage yielded 22% and 8% higher, respectively, than drained treatments. Corn in rotation (CS) produced 28%, 53%, and 8% significantly higher yields than CC in 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. The CH corn yielded 12%, 9%, and 8% significantly higher than other tillage treatments in 2014, 2016, and 2017. However, ST yielded 5% significantly higher in 2015 than NT. Among all drainage, tillage, and crop rotation combinations, the four-year corn yield average was significantly highest for the no drainage, CH, and CS combination (10.98 Mg ha−1 [163.42 bu ac−1]). Drainage and tillage did not affect soybean yields throughout the study, except during the drought year of 2017 when CH averaged across all drainage treatments and CH in combination with no drainage yielded 18% higher than all other treatments (4.5 Mg ha−1 [66.97 bu ac−1]).
Paying for health services in developing countries : an overview

This paper presents an overview of the principal issues, problems, and policy options in financing health services in developing countries. The shortcomings of existing policies, which finance health care to a significant extent from public revenue sources, are reviewed. Alternative approaches are identified and examined, with particular attention to: (i) opportunities for greater cost recovery from users, through fees for services and/or fees for health care "coverage", (ii) the potential role of risk-sharing arrangements, which can range from large, formal insurance plans to small, informal community-based cooperatives, (iii) the public/private mix in both providing and financing care, and (iv) the structuring of subsidies and their incentive effects. Issues relating to these options are discussed concerning efficiency, equity, financial viability (and chronic underfunding "crises"), ability and willingness to pay (and demand elasticities), externalities, users' lack of complete information or understanding of health problems and service benefits, and "merit good" and "public good" arguments, along with several other considerations. The conclusions argue that present policies need to be substantially reoriented in many countries. The conventional and still growing faith that health care should be totally paid for and administered by government needs to be vigorously challenged. Yet extreme care in developing alternative strategies also is critical, lest sweeping pro-cost-recovery, pro-private-sector reforms be adopted when in fact a more selective approach, recognizing the inherent requirements of different types of services (e.g., preventive vs. curative), is needed. Within this context of reform tailored to service-specific factors, there appears to be considerable scope for having users bear a larger share of health care costs, preferably through a combination of fees for services and fees for coverage, rather than either alone. The most clearcut target for greater cost recovery is non-referral curative care, which together with referral services accounts for over two thirds of health expenditure. Fees for many preventive services should remain below marginal private cost, and in some cases should be zero or even negative (i.e., there should be incentive payments). Data on many of these points is very limited. Nevertheless, the basic arguments are not intrinsically different from those used for other sectors, where similar data constraints exist as well. The economic principles appealed to are well known. A case can be made for more research, but this should not deter country officials from taking immediate action where warranted. Much progress in reforming fee schedules, public/ private roles, and subsidy structures is possible, even with current evidence, before the question "How far is too far? " becomes critical. The initial incremental steps in such reforms can help generate valuable dditional information needed in designing subsequent measures.
Cranial osteology of the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Martillichthys renwickae (Neopterygii, Pachycormiformes) with comments on the evolution and ecology of edentulous pachycormiforms

Our understanding of the ecology and phylogenetic relationships of Pachycormiformes, a group of Mesozoic stem teleosts including the iconic Leedsichthys, has often been hindered by a lack of comprehensive morphological information. Micro‐CT scanning of an articulated, although flattened, cranium of the edentulous Martillichthys renwickae from the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Oxford Clay of the UK reveals previously unknown internal details of the most complete suspension‐feeding pachycormiform skull known, including the palate, braincase and branchial skeleton. The latter preserves gill rakers with elongate, pointed projections similar to those of Asthenocormus, in contrast to the finer fimbriations associated with Leedsichthys. We also reinterpret some previously described features, including dermal bone patterns of the snout, skull roof and lower jaw, and the morphology of the ventral hyoid arch. These new anatomical data reinforce the phylogenetic placement of Martillichthys as part of the Jurassic clade of edentulous pachycormiforms. The elongate skull geometry of these Jurassic taxa is strikingly similar to that of Ohmdenia, the sister taxon to edentulous pachycormiforms, but contrasts sharply with the morphology of the Late Cretaceous edentulous pachycormiform Bonnerichthys, raising questions over the phylogenetic relationships among these taxa. Most significantly, Martillichthys shows specialized characters with a restricted phylogenetic distribution among suspension‐feeding pachycormiforms, including the distinctive gill rakers and a greatly extended occipital stalk. Our analysis of Martillichthys supports past interpretations of a close relationship with Asthenocormus, and provides a model for interpreting the less complete remains of other members of this enigmatic group of fishes.
The importance of user's perception for beach management

Many beach typologies exist. In this paper, beaches are differentiated into four main classes: urban, semi-urban, rural and remote. One hundred and forty beach user surveys were carried out in Portugal and 142 in Wales for the four different beach types; respectively four in SW Portugal (Vasco da Gama, São Torpes, Grande de Porto Covo and Ilha do Pessegueiro) and four (Coney beach, Newton, Southerndown, and Llangennith) in South Wales, UK during June and September 2007. For all eight beaches, results suggested that beach users give particular importance to three aspects: litter (97% in Portugal, 74% in Wales), water quality (95% in Portugal and 60% in Wales) and safety (81% in Portugal and 59% in Wales). On remote beaches, users considered the scenic aspect to be most important whilst in urban beaches, facilities and car parking aspects were deemed to be the prime factors, suggesting that correct and effective beach management planning should always take cognisance of beach typology.
Analysis of an Updated Paleointensity Database (QPI‐PINT) for 65–200 Ma: Implications for the Long‐Term History of Dipole Moment Through the Mesozoic

The global paleointensity database for 65–200 Ma was analyzed using a modified suite of paleointensity quality criteria (QPI) such that the likely reliability of measurements is assessed objectively and as consistently as possible across the diverse data set. This interval was chosen because of dramatic extremes of geomagnetic polarity reversal frequency ranging from greater than 10 reversals per million years in the Jurassic hyperactivity period (155–171 Ma) to effectively zero during the Cretaceous Normal Superchron (CNS; 84–126 Ma). Various attempts to establish a relationship between the strength of Earth's magnetic field and the reversal frequency have been made by previous studies, but no consensus has yet been reached primarily because of large uncertainties in paleointensity estimates and sensitivity of these estimates to data selection approaches. It is critical to overcome this problem because the evolution of the dipole moment is a first order constraint on the behavior of the geodynamo. Here we show that conventional statistical tests and Bayesian changepoint modeling consistently indicate the strongest median/average virtual dipole moment during the CNS. In addition, the CNS and Jurassic hyperactivity period are characterized by the highest and lowest percentage of virtual dipole moments exceeding the overall median for the 65‐ to 200‐Ma interval, respectively. These observations suggest that the superchron dynamo was able to generate stronger fields than the dynamo operating in the frequently reversing regime. While the precise mechanism remains unclear, our results are compatible with the hypothesis that field strength and reversal rate variation are controlled by changes in core‐mantle boundary thermochemical conditions.
Probing the Sources of Uncertainty in Transient Warming on Different Timescales

The rate of transient warming is determined by a number of factors, notably the radiative forcing from increasing CO2 concentrations and the net radiative feedback. Uncertainty in transient warming comes from both the uncertainty in each factor and from the warming's sensitivity to uncertainty in each factor. An energy balance model is used to untangle these two components of uncertainty in transient warming, which is shown to be most sensitive to uncertainty in the forcing and not to uncertainty in radiative feedbacks. Additionally, uncertainty in the efficacy of ocean heat uptake is more important than uncertainty in the rate of ocean heat uptake. Three further implications are as follows: (1) transient warming is highly sensitive to uncertainty in emissions, (2) caution is warranted when extrapolating future warming trends from short‐lived climate perturbations, and (3) climate models tuned using the historical record are highly sensitive to assumptions made about the historical forcing.
Multivariate Analysis Based on Geochemical, Isotopic, and Mineralogical Compositions of Uranium-Rich Samples

The chemical and isotopic (U, Pb, Sr) signatures for a suite (n = 23) of pristine (>80 wt. % UO2) and altered uraninite samples (>70–80 wt. % UO2) from various locations worldwide have been determined for the purpose of identifying potential fingerprints for nuclear forensic analysis. The characterization of the uraninite samples included determination of major, minor and trace element contents, Sr, Pb, and U isotopic compositions, and secondary mineral assemblages. Due to the multivariate approach adopted in this study, principal component analysis (PCA) has been employed to allow the direct comparison of multiple variable types. The PCA results indicate that the geological origin (sandstone, metamorphite, intrusive, granite and unconformity) of pristine uraninite can be readily identified utilizing various combinations of major and/or trace element concentrations with isotopic compositions.
Winter and Summer Rossby Wave Sources in the CMIP5 Models

The Rossby wave source (RWS) in the upper troposphere plays an important role in the tropical‐extratropical teleconnections. Using the daily outputs from the Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models, the overall model performances in simulating the climatological Rossby wave sources in both winter and summer are evaluated. The ensemble mean of the CMIP5 models can simulate the large‐scale geographical distributions of the RWS reasonably close to the observations, with the simulations of RWS in general better in the Southern Hemisphere. For the Northern Hemisphere, most models overestimate the subtropical RWS but underestimate the midlatitude RWS in both winter and summer. Many models even fail to simulate the seasonal source‐sink shift of RWS in East Asia. Greatest intermodel differences are shown in East Asia, western North America in both seasons, and in the subtropical belt in winter hemisphere. Possible reasons for the model biases in RWS are further investigated. In the Northern Hemisphere, our analysis shows that model performance in simulating the local divergence, which might relate to the overly smoothed topography in Asia and western North America in the model, is most responsible for the biases of the RWS simulations. In the Southern Hemisphere, the bias in subtropical divergence pattern and tropical convection all contribute to the intermodel divergence of RWS simulation.
Detection of Brucella spp. in artisan cheese commercialized in Parnaíba, Piauí state, Brazil

The aim of this study was to detect Brucella spp. in artisanal cheese commercialized in Parnaiba city, Piaui state, Brazil. For this study, 30 samples of curd cheese (500g) were randomly collected from different points in the commercialization process. In the laboratory, 25g aliquots of the samples were suspended in Brucella broth; after this procedure, 10µL aliquots of this suspension were sown in Thayer Martin agar plates that were supplemented with 10% defibrinated sheep blood and VCNT antimicrobials. After inoculation, the samples were incubated at 37°C in microaerophilic conditions for 14 days. The suspected morphological colonies were identified and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). From thirty samples of microbiologically analyzed cheeses, six samples (20%) were confirmed by PCR as bacteria from the Brucella genus. The detection of Brucella spp. was confirmed in cheese commercialized in markets or a public square (3.33%), bakery (3.33%) and small market (13.33%). Brucella spp. was detected in artisanal cheese commercialized in different points from Parnaiba city. Guidelines for the establishment of good practices for the production of artisanal cheese should be determined by the competent authorities. However, for the better control of human brucellosis it is necessary to control or eradicate bovine brucellosis in the herds.
Geochemistry and Sm‐Nd chronology of a Stannern‐group eucrite, Northwest Africa 7188

We report the results of a detailed study of the basaltic eucrite Northwest Africa (NWA) 7188, including its mineralogical and bulk geochemical characteristics, oxygen isotopic composition, and 147,146Sm‐143,142Nd mineral isochron ages. The texture and chemical composition of pyroxene and plagioclase demonstrate that NWA 7188 is a monomict eucrite with a metamorphic grade of type 4. The oxygen isotopic composition and the Fe/Mn ratios of pyroxene confirmed that NWA 7188 belongs to the howardite–eucrite–diogenite meteorite suite, generally considered to originate from asteroid 4 Vesta. Whole‐rock TiO2, La, and Hf concentrations and a CI chondrite‐normalized rare earth element pattern are in good agreement with those of representative Stannern‐group eucrites. The 147,146Sm‐143,142Nd isochrons for NWA 7188 yielded ages of 4582 ± 190 and 4554 +17/−19 Ma, respectively. The closure temperature of the Sm‐Nd system for different fractions of NWA 7188 was estimated to be >865 °C, suggesting that the Sm‐Nd decay system has either been resistant to reheating at ~800 °C during the global metamorphism or only partially reset. Therefore, the 146Sm‐142Nd age of NWA 7188 corresponds to the period of initial crystallization of basaltic magmas and/or global metamorphism on the parent body, and is unlikely to reflect Sm‐Nd disturbance by late reheating and impact events. In either case, NWA 7188 is a rare Stannern‐group eucrite that preserves the chronological information regarding the initial crustal evolution of Vesta.
LINKING MULTIVARIATE OBSERVATIONS OF THE LAND SURFACE TO VEGETATION PROPERTIES AND ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES

LINKING MULTIVARIATE OBSERVATIONS OF THE LAND SURFACE TO VEGETATION PROPERTIES AND ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES by Stephen C. Hagen University of New Hampshire, December, 2006 Remotely sensed images from satellites and aircrafts, as well as regional networks and monitoring stations such as eddy flux towers, are collecting large volumes of multivariate data that contain information about the land surface and ecosystem processes. To derive from these systems information and knowledge relevant to how the Earth system functions and how it is changing, we need tools that to filter and mine the large data streams currently being acquired at different spatial and temporal scales. A challenge for Earth System Science lies in accurately identifying and portraying the relationships between the measurements at the sensor and quantity o f interest (i.e. ecosystem process or land surface property). In this document, topics in the modeling of multivariate data sets are explored in four independent studies. These studies use a range of process-based and statistical modeling techniques to relate remote observations to ecologically relevant attributes. Each study also includes an analysis of factors contributing to uncertainty. The first three studies
Book Review: Mathematics in Medicine and the Life Sciences

of Great Britain (A D M Jackson, 1966, Brit. J. med. Educ. 1, 25) attention is called to the fact that pediatric surgery is only recognized in 14 of 26 of these schools. The management of surgical problems in the very young has so many distinctive features that all undergraduates should have an opportunity for contact with these specific problems. It is well written and well presented, and makes easy and stimulating reading. Principal references are given to direct the reader to more specialized study. The illustrations are good, but some are unnecessarily large. The authors have dismissed a considerable number of oetiological myths, but have perpetuated the one that the distribution of a facial port-wine stain follows the distribution of cutaneous nerves. Further editions will almost certainly see an increase in size though the price will have to be restrained if the book is to have the wide circulation which it deserves. It is a very suitable addition to staff libraries in hospitals where children are dealt with by general surgical and casualty teams.
Yakhtashian (Artinskian–Early Kungurian) cyanobacteria and calcareous algae from the Carnic Alps (Austria/Italy)

The Lower Permian calcareous algae are revised in the Zweikofel, Zottachkopf and Trogkofel formations of the Carnic Alps (Austria–Italy border). The cyanobacteria and red algae are Nostocites, Archaeolithoporella, Renalcis, Gahkumella, Koivaella, Girvanella, Mitcheldeania, Clinortonella, Garwoodia, Parachaetetes, and Archaeolithophyllum lamellosum Wray. Among the possible Bryopsidales, Homannisiphon is emphasized, and the phylloid algae are formally assigned to the family Anchicodiaceae emend. with the tribe Anchicodiae nomen translatum synonymized with Ivanoviae, and the genera Anchicodium, Kansaphyllum, Iranophyllum, Ivanovia, Eugonophyllum, Calcipatera, and Neoanchicodium. The new and emended species of phylloid algae are Eugonophyllum magnum (Endo) emend. (synonymous with Succodium duisbergi Homann), and Calcipatera schoenlaubi n. sp. Among the Dasycladales, the tribe Anthracoporellae n. trib. is described; the epimastoporaceans are revised; and Gyroporella, Macroporella, Mizzia and Connexia are mentioned. Among the Epimastoporaceae, the genera Epimastopora, Epimastoporella, Globuliferoporella and Pseudoepimastopora are emended and re-described as Epimastopora emend. , Epiastopora n. gen., Pseudoepimastopora emend. , and Globuliferoporella emend. Epimastopora japonica Endo is formally designated as the type species of Epimastopora emend. ; E. likana Kochansky and Herak and E. cf. izawaikensis Endo are other regional representatives of Epimastopora emend. ; Globuliferoporella piai (Kordé) n. comb. emend. is proposed as type species in replacement of G. symmetrica sensu Chuvashov non Johnson; and Atractyliopsis carnica Flügel is re-assigned to Pseudoepimastopora emend. Among the Algospongia, the genera Claracrusta, Ungdarella and Efluegelia are analyzed. Flügel’s “Algen Sporen” are interpreted as desmae of sponges. Pseudovermiporellids, tubiphytids and ellesmerellids, considered here as foraminifers, are described in a second paper. Karl Krainer. Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Karl.Krainer@uibk.ac. at Daniel Vachard. Collegial and International Research Centre of Active Seniors (CIRCAS), 1 rue desTilleuls, 59152 Gruson, France. Daniel.Vachard@free.fr Maria Schaffhauser, Tiroler Landesmuseum, Fachbereich Erdwissenschaften, Krajnc Straße 1, 6060 Hall, Austria. M.Schaffhauser@tiroler-landesmuseen.at KRAINER, VACHARD, & SCHAFFHAUSER: YAKHTASHIAN ALGAE, CARNIC ALPS 2
Assessing potential impacts of multiple stressors on riverine phytoplankton community by integrated models

Increasing pressures from both natural disturbance and anthropogenic activities challenge river ecosystem resilience. A better understanding of the ecological balancing of structure under multiple stressors is thus critical for sustainable future as well as human wellbeing. Phytoplankton are one of the important autotrophs in the river ecosystem. They are sensitively reflecting multiple filters. However, studies on how flow regime, land-use pattern, physicochemical condition and spatial factors overall affect the lotic phytoplankton community are still scarce. This study aims to examine riverine phytoplankton community structure in relation to combined abiotic gradients, and to consider the potential responses under changing status. Study area is located in a lowland catchment Treene, Germany. We establish an integrated modelling framework in combination of hydrological model with ecological models. The investigations show high spatial and temporal variations of phytoplankton community. Benthic diatom is dominant in most of the study area. Euglenophyta show higher existence percentage in the headwaters and exhibit a strong positive correlation to the share of agricultural land-use. Microcystis has found with high abundance downstream of a lake. Higher phosphorous concentration directly causes the increase of Microcystis population. Both species and traits composition more relate to hydrological and local physicochemical heterogeneity than to species dispersal, which confirm the suitability of lowland phytoplankton-based bioassessment in the study area. Due to the importance of flow regime in shaping pelagic algal community, it is necessary to include hydrological variables in biodiversity conservation. The shares of forest land-use area have outstanding explanation to the variation of species richness. Our findings emphasize the significance of preservation of forest area in protecting the aquatic algal biodiversity for maintaining the river ecosystem functioning.