Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of nanofluid ph on natural convection

The vast majority of experimental studies of nanofluids under natural convection have shown that the heat transfer rate decreases in contrast to observations of increased heat transfer rate for forced convection and boiling heat transfer. This surprising result has not been fully understood and the purpose of this study is to shed light on the physics behind the decrease of heat transfer in Al2O3 – deionised (DI) H2O nanofluids under natural convection. A classical Rayleigh-Benard configuration has been employed, where the test medium is heated from the bottom and cooled from the top of an optically accessible chamber, while the sidewalls are insulated. Al2O3 – H2O nanofluids with nanoparticle concentration within the range of 0.03 to 0.12 vol. % are used and tested under turbulent natural convection, Rayleigh number Ra ~ 10 9 , until steady state conditions are reached. For the synthesis of the nanofluid, pure DI water and high purity nanopowder, supplied by two different vendors, are involved with and without adopting the electrostatic stabilization method. The temperature measurements at different locations around the chamber allow the quantification of the natural convection heat transfer coefficient and the corresponding Nusselt and Rayleigh numbers. All the measured quantities are compared with those for DI water that serves as a benchmark in this study. It is found that the presence of nanoparticles systematically decreases the heat transfer performance of the base fluid under natural convection. An explanation for the reported degradation can be attributed to the buoyant and gravitational forces acting in the system that appear to be inadequate to ensure or maintain good nanofluid mixing. The results also show that as the nanoparticle concentration increases, the temperature of the heating plate increases, suggesting the presence of an additional thermal barrier imposed at the hot plate of the chamber. This can be attributed to the formation of a stationary thin layer structure of nanoparticles and liquid close to the heating plate that is qualitatively observed to increase in thickness as the nanoparticle concentration increases. The addition of a small amount of acetic acid to control the pH value of the nanofluid reduces the thickness of the thin layer structure close to the hot plate, leading to reduction of the rate of heat transfer decrease. A similar behaviour is observed when a different nanopowder that forms an acidic suspension is used. This behaviour is credited to the significantly increased nanofluid stability attained through the electrostatic stabilization method. Such a method takes advantage of the repulsive forces imposed due to the electric double layers that surround individual nanoparticles. The understanding of the influence of the nanofluid pH on the stability of nanosuspensions and its impact on heat transfer rate can lead to future guidelines for the effective use of nanofluids.
The Return of the Size Anomaly: Evidence from the German Stock Market

This paper examines the size-effect in the German stock market and intends to address several unanswered issues on this widely known anomaly. Unlike recent evidence of a reversal of the size anomaly we document a conditional relation between size and returns. We also detect strong momentum across size portfolios. Our results indicate that the marginal effect of firm size on stock returns is conditional on the firm’s past performance. We use an instrumental variable estimation to address Berk’s critique of a simultaneity bias in prior studies on the small firm effect and to investigate the economic rationale behind firm size as an explanatory variable for the variation in stock returns. The analysis in this paper indicates that firm size captures firm characteristic components in stock returns and that this regularity cannot be explained by differences in systematic risk.
An update on the cutaneous manifestations of coeliac disease and non-coeliac gluten sensitivity

Abstract Introduction: Coeliac disease is a gluten-induced immune-mediated enteropathy, characterised by the expression of specific genotypes and the production of autoantibodies. The inflammatory process specifically targets the intestinal mucosa, but gastrointestinal and extraintestinal signs and symptoms can also be present. Non-coeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) can be diagnosed in individuals who have intestinal and/or extraintestinal symptoms related to the ingestion of gluten, but do not have autoantibodies and do not suffer from lesions in the duodenal mucosa. Among the extraintestinal manifestations, cutaneous manifestations are the most common for both diseases. Purpose: We conducted this review to illustrate the common and uncommon features underlying the association of coeliac disease and NCGS with cutaneous manifestations related to gluten ingestion. Areas covered: The roles of innate and adaptive immunity in the cutaneous appearance of gluten sensitivity will be discussed.
Plasma Profiles of Insulin-like Growth Factor-I for 24 Hours and after Injection of Bovine Growth Hormone in Dairy Heifers

牛血中インシュリン様成長因子-I(IGF-1)のラジオイムノアッセイ(RIA)による測定法を検討するとともに,ホルスタイン種の育成雌牛の血中GHとIGF-Iの日周変動ならびに牛成長ホルモン(GH)投与に対する垂中IGF-Iへの影響を測定して次の成績を得た. 血中におけるIGF-IはIGF結合蛋白質と固く結合しているため,酸エタノール抽出を行ない,次いで二抗体法によるRIAを測定した. 血中GHはRIAで測定した. 平常状態における血中GHとIGF-Iの日周変動を観察するため,乳用育成牛4頭(ホルスタイン種,雌,12カ月齢)に頚静脈カテーテルを装着し15分間隔で24時間にわたる採血を行なった. 血中GHは不規則な脈波状濃度変化を示したが,給飼により分泌が抑制された. 一方,血中IGF-Iの日周変動は小さかった,各個体の24時間のGHの平均値±標準偏差(ng/ml)はそれぞれ3. 1±2.2,5.0±4.3,7.0±6.0,9,5±11. 7となり,対応する個体のIGF-Iはそれぞれ34.3±5.5,36.5±6.7,41.2±11.0,48.6±6. 1であり,平均血中GH濃度の高い個体は高い平均血中IGF-I濃度を示した. (r=0.98,P<0.05)また,遺伝子組み替え技術により製造されたGH(rbGH,500μg/kgBW)を12カ月齢育成雌牛4頭に1回皮下投与して血中GHおよびIGF-Iの濃度変化を観察した. 血中GHは投与4-6時間後に最高値(4時間後:154±47ng/ml,6時間後:155±56ng/ml)を示し,その後徐々に減少,32時間以内に投与前値に回復した,一方,血中IGF-IはGH投与6時間後から上昇し始め,10時間後に投与前に比べて有意に高くなり(P<0.01),72時間後においても投与前値を上回った(P<0.01).
Mid‐Holocene ENSO: Issues in quantitative model‐proxy data comparisons

(1) Evaluation of climate model simulations using observed data contributes to the assessment of confidence in model predictions of future climate change. The mid-Holocene represents an opportunity to evaluate model simulations of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in comparison with coral proxy evidence of reduced ENSO amplitude. Quantitative comparisons between coral records and model output have been limited by (1) the use of different measures of ENSO amplitude, (2) possible sampling of natural variability in short records, and (3) uncertainty about the stationarity of the relationship between central Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability and ENSO signals at the coral site. We examine these issues using modern and fossil coral records from the western Pacific and model simulations of preindustrial and mid-Holocene climate. As a measure of ENSO amplitude, the standard deviation is found to be preferable to event frequency or size as event-based measures are highly dependent on the choice of threshold and may be unreliable for a small number of events. Model ENSO amplitude is found to be strongly dependent on the choice of averaging period, with calendar year averages smoothing the seasonal ENSO signal. A relatively robust relationship between SST variability in the NINO3.4 region and the ENSO SST and precipitation anomalies archived in corals is demonstrated for the instrumental period and for a set of model simulations. Remaining uncertainty about changes in ENSO teleconnections under paleoclimate conditions implies the need for additional proxy records from ENSO- sensitive regions before quantitative reconstructions of ENSO amplitude can be used to evaluate model sensitivity.
Evaluation of genetic diversity in different genotypes of Gerbera jamesonii Bolus using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers

Genetic diversity within Gerbera jamesonii Bolus is the key to genetic improvement of this important ornamental species. In the present study, genetic diversity of 12 accessions of gerbera was assessed through random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. A total of 40 RAPD primers belonging to OPD, OPE, OPF and OPG series of universal primers set were used out of which, only 10 primers produced clear, reproducible and scorable bands. Ten (10) decamer RAPD primers produced a total of 49 scorable bands from 12 genotypes of G. jamesonii Bolus, out of which 42 were polymorphic and seven were monomorphic. The percentage of polymorphism ranged from a maximum of 100.00% by OPE-02, OPE-14, OPF-18, OPG-18, OPG-16 and OPG-17 to a minimum of 50.00% by OPE-08. The RAPD profiles generated were further evaluated for studying the Jaccard’s similarity coefficient. The average genetic similarity coefficient for the 12 accessions evaluated by Jaccard index was 0.66 ranging from 0.35 to 0.86. The RAPD amplification data were used to obtain similarity matrix and for generation of dendrogram using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) method. Based on the dendrogram, all 12 genotypes could be distinctly divided into two clusters and the accession CF Orange was found most dissimilar from other accessions. This study shows that DNA based molecular marker RAPD is a powerful, less time consuming and cost effective molecular technique for assessment of genetic diversity among different genotypes of G. jamesonii Bolus. The availability of these gerbera RAPD markers would facilitate the use of molecular markers in gerbera breeding and genetic studies Keywords: Gerbera jamesonii Bolus, molecular markers, genetic diversity, RAPD African Journal of Biotechnology , Vol. 13(10), pp. 1117-1122, 5 March, 2014
Optical side-band generation in THz Fabry-Perot laser cavities

Optical nonlinearities in semiconductor laser cavities can be exploited to characterize the properties of laser radiation or perform high speed frequency conversion operations. For example, nonlinear up-conversion inside the cavity of quantum cascade lasers allows the use of near infrared optical components to measure high-speed terahertz or mid-infrared optical effects. This letter investigates two aspects of cavity up-conversion which control both the bandwidth and up-converted power: waveguide dispersion and cavity feedback. Specifically, we up-convert multi-mode Fabry Perot terahertz laser emission and detect each THz mode as a sideband signal on an optical carrier in the near infrared. Analysis of these results shows that a single frequency near infrared laser can up-convert terahertz modes spanning a bandwidth of approximately 220 GHz, limited by the group index mismatch between the near infrared and terahertz waves. Second, transfer matrix techniques are used to study strong cavity feedback on all .
Ethnobotany and Prioritization of Some Selected Tree Species in South-western Cameroon

An ethnobotanical investigation was carried out in 12 villages in Manyu and Fako Divisions, South-western Cameroon to determine economic potentials and priorities of eight non-timber forest products (NTFPs) tree species and three tree crops. Gross farmer income in Manyu was found to be 30% from NTFPs and 70% from established tree crops, while in Fako it was 15% and 85% respectively. The yield of tree crops (160-1047 kg/farmer/year) was higher than NTFPs (0.3-273kg/farmer/year). Some 21 diseases were treated using 10 tree species. Farmers assigned highest priority for NTFPs to Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke) Baill. , Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Heckel, Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H.J.Lam, Irvingia wombolu Vermoesen, Cola lepidota K. Schum. and Garcinia kola Heckel for their cultural and medicinal values implying potential need for their conservation.
Social inequalities in lawsuits for drugs

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar as acoes judiciais que solicitaram medicamentos considerando o perfil economico de seus impetrantes. Foram analisadas as acoes judiciais deferidas contra Goiânia, GO, no periodo de 2003 a 2007, totalizando 1378. Descreveram-se as caracteristicas demograficas dos impetrantes, as doencas relatadas, os medicamentos solicitados, a origem do servico de assistencia e o condutor da acao. Os enderecos dos impetrantes foram geoprocessados e distribuidos em quatro grupos classificados de acordo com a renda media da populacao. Foi observado que os moradores de regioes ricas impetraram mais acoes, 1,7 acoes/1000 habitantes em comparacao com 0,55/1000 na regiao mais pobre. Os custos das acoes judiciais tambem foram maiores nessas regioes, sendo quatro vezes mais caros dos que as das regioes mais pobres. As doencas cronicas estavam presentes na maioria das acoes; entre os impetrantes que moravam em regioes mais pobres, as doencas agudas e de menor complexidade tiveram mais destaque. Assim, as diferencas sociais sao refletidas na concessao do direito a saude.
Effects of submerged and anaerobic fermentations on cassava flour (Lafun)

Cassava tubers for processing into cassava flour, Lafun a Nigerian locally fermented product was subjected to two different types of fermentations: submerged and anaerobic fermentation for 72 h. Physicochemical changes that occurred during fermentation and their influence on the functional, rheological and sensory properties of the resulting flour were investigated. There was no significant difference in rate of decrease of pH and hydrocyanide under both fermentation conditions but titratable acidity differed significantly (p<0.05). Crude fibre, crude protein, ash, swelling index and final viscosity were significantly higher (p<0.05) in flour from submerged fermentation. Lafun from submerged fermentation had greater sensory quality and higher consumer preference than that of anaerobic fermentation. Key words: Cassava fermentation, physicochemical, functional, pasting properties.
Mixed Signals: to what extent does male wage scarring vary with the characteristics of the local labour market in which unemployment was experienced?

I test the hypothesis that unemployment experienced in high unemployment regions is less likely to be viewed by employers as a negative productivity signal, and more as a characteristic of the region. This predicts that unemployment's short-run negative wage effects will be mitigated if experienced in high unemployment regions. If so, then what long-term implications does this have for future wage growth (Wage Scarring)? How important is regional heterogeneity in driving wage outcomes? Continuous work-life histories are matched to the regional context in which individuals reside. This novel data set permits control for the timing of career disruptions, as well as regional location at the time of displacement, whilst searching and at re-employment. Persistent wage penalties are found, conditional on previous labour market status. Seminal UK research concludes that the first spell of non-employment carries the highest penalty. Considering unemployment and inactivity, no reduction in the penalty associated with incidence of inactivity is found. Strong regional differences are found in the impact of redundancy on wage growth. This is contingent on labour market tight-ness and urbanity of the region in which unemployment was experienced. Redundancy followed by unemployment in areas of high economic activity is equally damaging for future earnings potential, independent of age. Moreover, robust evidence is found supporting the main hypothesis in the UK, on average and for over 45s made redundant in their previous jobs.
A Calibrate Auction-conjoint Experiment to Elicit Consumer Valuation of Sustainable Farming: Is Agro-systems Preservation Relevant?

This paper analyses the role of agro-systems preservation on making food choices. It employs the “Calibrate Auction-Conjoint Valuation method” (CACM), which relates hypothetical conjoint valuation of product attributes with real market behavior using real economic incentives. The paper also allows comparing the hypothetical and nonhypothetical valuations in order to value the difference between the theoretic and the incentive-compatible WTP for a same respondent and within a single experiment. Thus the paper aims at testing for: 1) the internal consistency on people’s behavior towards sustainable agriculture, and 2) the relevance of the price attribute versus agro-ecosystems preservation for a fresh product. Results suggest that Spanish respondents’ valuation of an agricultural product highly depends on the type of system used for its production. Nevertheless, respondents mainly differ between sustainable and non sustainable production, and do not discriminate between organic and integrated systems. In addition, both the price and the protection of the environment are the most important elements taken into account when purchasing. Moreover, consumers tend to overestimate their WTP in hypothetical settings (60% of the sample). Finally, factors such as gender, respondents’ knowledge towards organic production and practices, health concerns, trust on organic marketing agents and risk perception are significant on explaining differences between individual’s hypothetical and non-hypothetical experiments.
Environmental Particle Emissions due to Automated Drilling of Polypropylene Composites and Nanocomposites Reinforced with Talc, Montmorillonite and Wollastonite

In this study, the effect on nanoparticle emissions due to drilling on Polypropylene (PP) reinforced with 20% talc, 5% montmorillonite (MMT) and 5% Wollastonite (WO) is investigated. The study is the first to explore the nanoparticle release from WO and talc reinforced composites and compares the results to previously researched MMT. With 5% WO, equivalent tensile properties with a 10 % weight reduction were obtained relative to the reference 20% talc sample. The materials were fabricated through injection moulding. The nanorelease studies were undertaken using the controlled drilling methodology for nanoparticle exposure assessment developed within the European Commission funded SIRENA Life 11 ENV/ES/506 project. Measurements were taken using CPC and DMS50 equipment for real-time characterization and measurements. The particle number concentration (of particles <1000nm) and particle size distribution (4.87nm – 562.34nm) of the particles emitted during drilling were evaluated to investigate the effect of the silicate fillers on the particles released. The nano-filled samples exhibited a 33% decrease (MMT sample) or a 30% increase (WO sample) on the average particle number concentration released in comparison to the neat polypropylene sample. The size distribution data displayed a substantial percentage of the particles released from the PP, PP/WO and PP/MMT samples to be between 5-20nm, whereas the PP/talc sample emitted larger particle diameters.
An analysis of the contribution of leadership to organisational performance using complexity science

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the leadership tasks at the different hierarchical levels in the organisation in terms of the teleological approaches to complexity science.Design/methodology/approach – It is based upon a theoretical discussion linked to conceptual and managerial frameworks in conjunction with a conceptual analysis.Findings – The introduced conceptual and managerial frameworks provide a foundation to the understanding of organisational performance. They also strive to offer a foundation of understanding to management and leadership and how they complement each other.Research limitations/implications – It is not easy to empirically substantiate complexity in conceptual and managerial frameworks. The authors use teleological approaches of complexity science in an unorthodox way that need validation in a broader context offering opportunities for further research.Practical implications – We need to think differently about organisational performance and how we present and ref.
Modifying Mindfulness: A Christian Translation of Mindfulness

Recently, psychologists have been captivated by the utility of mindfulness in treating a number of psychological problems. Despite the prevalence of mindfulness based treatments, Christian psychologists have done surprisingly little work towards integrating mindfulness, an originally Buddhist concept, with a Christian worldview. Using Johnson's (2007) translation metaphor, I proposed a Christian translation of mindfulness. In order to produce a faithful translation, I first described mindfulness as it appears in the psychological literature. Next, I translated the different elements of Kabat-Zinn’s (1994) definition of mindfulness as well as a number of proposed mindfulness change mechanisms into a Christian worldview, showing how such a translation captures the core components of mindfulness while also expanding and enriching the concept. I then argued that prayer, when understood as entering into the ongoing and eternal conversation of the triune God, is a faithful final translation of mindfulness. Like mindfulness more generally, such mindful prayer is a liturgical practice that with practice, changes one’s “feel for the world” in such a way that one’s automatic nonconscious responses—those which lie midway between instinct and conscious decision-making—are transformed. Christian mindfulness, when MODIFYING MINDFULNESS iv understood as entering into the eternal conversation of God, leads us more deeply into the story of God’s redemption and is one means through which we learn to “feel” our way within that story. A Christian translation of mindfulness not only connects us with the story of redemption, it brings us into loving and intimate community with God and others; in contrast the mindfulness found in psychology, which leaves a person to delve into his or her own experience alone. Lastly, I suggested directions for future research based on my Christian translation of mindfulness. MODIFYING MINDFULNESS v Table of
Pedagogies for Inclusion in Finnish PE: The Teachers' Perspective

This paper analyses teachers' points of view regarding the changes and differentiations in their teaching content and didactic choices that they find necessary to ensure the participation of children with disabilities in physical education (PE) classes. The study consists of a qualitative approach that utilised semi-structured interviews, field notes and participant observation as data collection tools. Three subject teachers of PE, four special education teachers and one class teacher located in the Metropolitan area of Helsinki participated in the research. Given this small sample group, the results of the study make no claims for generalisability, but the findings could help other teachers share their perspectives and justify their educational choices. Findings revealed that the participants faced challenges when teaching in inclusive settings by making pedagogical modifications to ensure a learning environment suitable for all students. The findings from the research identified two main didactic approaches for including pupils with special needs in physical activities: The adaption of rules and equipment of traditional sports, and the implementation of suitable sports niches or specific games. The research also identified strategies for creating supportive learning environments and the importance of perceived teaching competence in adapted physical education (APE).
A Near-Infrared Survey of the N49 Region around the Soft Gamma Repeater SGR 0526–66

We report the results of a deep near-infrared survey with the Very Large Telescope/Infrared Spectrometer and Array Camera of the environment of the supernova remnant N49 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, which contains the soft gamma repeater SGR 0526-66. Two of the four confirmed SGRs are potentially associated with compact stellar clusters. We thus searched for a similar association of SGR 0526-66 and imaged a young stellar cluster at a projected distance of ~30 pc from the SGR. This constitutes the third cluster-SGR link and lends support to scenarios in which SGR progenitors originate in young dusty clusters. If confirmed, the cluster-SGR association constrains the age and thus the initial mass of SGR progenitors.