Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A self-presentation approach to the fundamental attribution error: The norm of internality.

Several studies were designed to assess the validity of the assumption of a general norm placing greater value on internal explanations for behavior than on external explanations for behavior. One study demonstrated that individuals who expressed internal causal attributions received more social approval than those who expressed external causal attributions. A second study, in which subjects rated themselves as giving more internal explanations for events than average others do, also demonstrated the greater positive value associated with internal attributions. In a third study, subjects given the injunction to create a positive impression described themselves as having a stronger bias toward internal attributions than did subjects given the injunction to create a negative impression. The implications of the norm for internality are discussed in relation to the fundamental attribution error (observers' preference for internal attributions when explaining the behavior of others) and in relation to a general self-presentation approach to publicly stated attributions. The implications of this approach are outlined for the actor-observer effect and for social psychological theories. Much of the burgeoning literature on at
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Omani adults.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome by age and sex in the Omani population as defined by the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III [ATP III]) of North America. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed data from a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2001 containing a probability random sample of 1,419 Omani adults aged > or =20 years living in the city of Nizwa. The metabolic syndrome, defined by the ATP III, was defined as having three or more of the following abnormalities: waist circumference >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women, serum triglycerides > or =150 mg/dl (1.69 mmol/l), HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dl (1.04 mmol/l) in men and <50 mg/dl (1.29 mmol/l) in women, systolic blood pressure > or =130 mmHg and/or diastolic > or =85 mmHg or on treatment for hypertension, and fasting serum glucose > or =110 mg/dl (6.1 mmol/l) or on treatment for diabetes. RESULTS The age-adjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 21.0%. The crude prevalence was slightly lower (17.0%). The age-adjusted prevalence was 19.5% among men and 23.0% among women (P = 0.236). Low HDL cholesterol was the most common component (75.4%) of the metabolic syndrome among the study population followed by abdominal obesity (24.6%). Abdominal obesity was markedly higher in women (44.3%) than in men (4.7%). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Oman is similar to that in developed countries. Future prevention and control strategies should not overlook the importance of noncommunicable disease risk factors in rapidly developing countries.
Nicotine during pregnancy: changes induced in neurotransmission, which could heighten proclivity to addict and induce maladaptive control of attention

Prenatal exposure to nicotine, occurring either via maternal smoking or via use of transdermal nicotine patches to facilitate cigarette abstinence by pregnant women, is associated with ∼13% of pregnancies worldwide. Nicotine exposure during gestation has been correlated with several negative physiological and psychosocial outcomes, including heightened risk for aberrant behaviors involving alterations in processing of attention as well as an enhanced liability for development of drug dependency. Nicotine is a terotogen, altering neuronal development of various neurotransmitter systems, and it is likely these alterations participate in postnatal deficits in attention control and facilitate development of drug addiction. This review discusses the alterations in neuronal development within the brain’s major neurotransmitter systems, with special emphasis placed on alterations within the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, in light of the role this cholinergic nucleus plays in attention and addiction. Changes induced within this nucleus by gestational exposure to nicotine, in combination with changes induced in other brain regions, are likely to contribute to the transgenerational burden imposed by nicotine. Although neuroplastic changes induced by nicotine are not likely to act in isolation, and are expected to interact with epigenetic changes induced by preconception exposure to drugs of abuse, unraveling these changes within the developing brain will facilitate eventual development of targeted treatments for the unique vulnerability for arousal disorders and development of addiction within the population of individuals who have been prenatally exposed to nicotine.
Joint Associations of Physical Activity and Aerobic Fitness on the Development of Incident Hypertension: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults

Fitness and physical activity are each inversely associated with the development of hypertension. We tested whether fitness and physical activity were independently associated with the 20-year incidence of hypertension in 4618 men and women. Hypertension was determined in participants who had systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg or who reported antihypertensive medication use. Fitness was estimated based on the duration of a symptom-limited graded exercise treadmill test, and physical activity was self-reported. The incidence rate of hypertension was 13.8 per 1000 person-years (n=1022). Both baseline fitness (hazard ratio: 0.63 [95% CI: 0.56 to 0.70 per SD]; 2.9 minutes) and physical activity (hazard ratio: 0.86 [95% CI: 0.79 to 0.84 per SD]; 297 exercise units) were inversely associated with incident hypertension when included jointly in a model that also adjusted for age, sex, race, baseline smoking status, systolic blood pressure, alcohol intake, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, dietary fiber, dietary sodium, fasting glucose, and body mass index. The magnitude of association between physical activity and hypertension was strongest among participants in the high fitness (hazard ratio: 0.80 [95% CI: 0.68 to 0.94]) category, whereas the magnitude of association between fitness and hypertension was similar across tertiles of physical activity. The estimated proportion of hypertension cases that could be prevented if participants moved to a higher fitness category (ie, preventive fraction) was 34% and varied by race and sex group. Fitness and physical activity are each associated with incident hypertension, and low fitness may account for a substantial proportion of hypertension incidence.
Kindergarten Teachersâ€™ Resilience and Its Relation to the Parental Behaviour of Their Mothers and Fathers / Povezanost otpornosti odgojiteljica s roditeljskim ponašanjem njihovih majki i očeva

AbstractThe number of studies on resilience is rapidly growing, and so is the interest in their implications aiming at fostering resilience of all children; not only those at risk. Many of these studies focus on protective factors that increase the probability of positive developmental outcomes. Protective factors can be recognized at all environmental levels, and the crucial level is family. More specifically, parents are those who have a key role in building children's resilience through parental practices and behaviours. Another important environmental level for fostering resilience from an early age is kindergarten, particularly kindergarten teachers who can also be a relevant protective factor during childhood. Most studies linking parental behaviour and resilience explore this relationship in childhood and adolescence. Additionally, studies on the resilience of kindergarten teachers are also lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to obtain insight into kindergarten teachers' resilience and its relationship with the parental behaviour of their mothers and fathers. The results obtained indicate a rather high level of resilience among kindergarten teachers in general. The results also revealed that those who grew up with supportive parents are more resilient compared to those whose parents were restrictive.Key words: dimensions of resilience in adulthood; protective factors; restrictive parents; supportive parents. ---SažetakSve su brojnija istraživanja koja se bave otpornošću i sve je veće zanimanje za praktične implikacije otpornosti s ciljem razvoja otpornosti u sve djece, a ne samo u one koja su prepoznata kao rizična. Mnoga od tih istraživanja usmjerena su na istraživanje zaštitnih faktora, odnosno onih koji povećavaju vjerojatnost pozitivnih razvojnih ishoda. Ti faktori mogu se prepoznati na svim razinama okoline, ali je obitelj od svih najvažnija. Točnije, roditelji su oni koji svojim roditeljskim ponašanjem imaju ključnu ulogu u razvoju djetetove otpornosti. Još jedna razina okoline važna za razvoj otpornosti je vrtić, posebno odgojitelji/ce koji također mogu biti važan zaštitni faktor tijekom djetinjstva. Većina istraživanja koja se bave odnosom roditeljskog ponašanja i otpornosti tu vezu istražuje tijekom djetinjstva i adolescencije. Nedostaju istraživanja o otpornosti odgajatelja. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je dobiti uvid u otpornost odgojiteljica, kao i ispitati postoje li razlike u otpornosti s obzirom na roditeljsko ponašanje njihovih majki i očeva. Rezultati su pokazali kako odgojiteljice imaju prilično visoku razinu otpornosti, te kako su one koje su odrastale s podržavajućim roditeljima otpornije od onih čiji su roditelji bili restriktivni. Ključne riječi: dimenzije otpornosti u odrasloj dobi; podržavajući roditelji; restriktivni roditelji; zaštitni faktori
A fast higher degree total variation minimization method for image restoration

Based on the spectral decomposition theory, this paper presents a unified analysis of higher degree total variation (HDTV) model for image restoration. Under this framework, HDTV is reinterpreted as a family of weighted L1–L2 mixed norms of image derivatives. Due to the equivalent formulation of HDTV, we construct a modified functional for HDTV-based image restoration. Then, the minimization of the modified functional can be decoupled into two separate sub-problems, which correspond to the deblurring and denoising. Thus, we design a fast and efficient image restoration algorithm using an iterative Wiener deconvolution with fast projected gradient denoising (IWD-FPGD) scheme. Moreover, we show the convergence of the proposed IWD-FPGD algorithm for the special case of second-degree total variation. Finally, the systematic performance comparisons of the proposed IWD-FPGD algorithm demonstrate the effectiveness in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio, structural similarity and convergence rate.
Robust ray intersection with interval arithmetic

For more general types of equations f (t) = 0, the problem of finding roots can be divided into two steps. First the roots must be isolated by finding intervals [ti , ti+1] which are known to contain one and only one root of the function. Secondly, the intervals about each root can be refined by reducing the size of the isolating interval until the root is located as accurately as possible using machine arithmetic.
Hypocretin and Melanin‐Concentrating Hormone in Patients with Huntington Disease

To evaluate whether hypocretin‐1 (orexin‐A) and melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH) neurotransmission are affected in patients with Huntington disease (HD), we immunohistochemically stained hypocretin and MCH neurons and estimated their total numbers in the lateral hypothalamus of both HD patients and matched controls. In addition, hypocretin‐1 levels were determined in prefrontal cortical tissue and post‐mortem ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using a radioimmunoassay. The total number of hypocretin‐1 neurons was significantly reduced by 30% in HD brains (P = 0.015), while the total number of MCH neurons was not significantly altered (P = 0.100). Levels of hypocretin‐1 were 33% lower in the prefrontal cortex of the HD patients (P = 0.025), but ventricular CSF levels were similar to the control values (P = 0.306). Neuronal intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions of mutant huntingtin were present in all HD hypothalami, although with a variable distribution across different hypothalamic structures. We found a specific reduction in hypocretin signaling in patients with HD as MCH cell number was not significantly affected. It remains to be shown whether the moderate decrease in hypocretin neurotransmission could contribute to clinical symptoms. As the number of MCH‐expressing neurons was not affected, alterations in MCH signaling are unlikely to have clinical effects in HD patients.
Collimated jets from the first core

We have performed smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics (SPMHD) simulations demon- strating the production of collimated jets during collapse of 1 Mmolecular cloud cores to form the 'first hydrostatic core' in low-mass star formation. Recently, a number of candidate first-core objects have been observed, including L1448 IRS2E, L1451-mm and Per-Bolo 58, although it is not yet clear that these are first hydrostatic cores. Recent observations of Per-Bolo 58 in particular appear to show collimated, bipolar outflows which are inconsistent with pre- vious theoretical expectations. We show that low-mass first cores can indeed produce tightly collimated jets (opening angles 10 ◦ ) with speeds of ∼2-7 km s −1 , consistent with some of the observed candidates. We have also demonstrated, for the first time, that such phenomena can be successfully captured in SPMHD simulations.
Mutagenesis of the NS2B-NS3-Mediated Cleavage Site in the Flavivirus Capsid Protein Demonstrates a Requirement for Coordinated Processing

ABSTRACT Analysis of flavivirus polyprotein processing has revealed the presence of a substrate for the virus-encoded NS2B-NS3 protease at the carboxy-terminal end of the C (capsid or core) protein. Cleavage at this site has been implicated in the efficient generation of the amino terminus of prM via signal peptidase cleavage. Yellow fever virus has four basic residues (Arg-Lys-Arg-Arg) in the P1 through P4 positions of this cleavage site. Multiple alanine substitutions were made for these residues in order to investigate the substrate specificity and biological significance of this cleavage. Mutants were analyzed by several methods: (i) a cell-free trans processing assay for direct analysis of NS2B-NS3-mediated cleavage; (ii) a transprocessing assay in BHK-21 cells, using a C-prM polyprotein, for analysis of prM production; (iii) an infectivity assay of full-length transcripts to determine plaque-forming ability; and (iv) analysis of proteins expressed from full-length transcripts to assess processing in the context of the complete genome. Mutants that exhibited severe defects in processing in vitro and in vivo were incapable of forming plaques. Mutants that contained two adjacent basic residues within the P1 through P4 region were processed more efficiently in vitro and in vivo, and transcripts bearing these mutations were fully infectious. Furthermore, two naturally occurring plaque-forming revertants were analyzed and shown to have restored protein processing phenotypes in vivo. Finally, the efficient production of prM was shown to be dependent on the proteolytic activity of NS3. These data support a model of two coordinated cleavages, one that generates the carboxy terminus of C and another that generates the amino terminus of prM. A block in the viral protease-mediated cleavage inhibits the production of prM by the signal peptidase, inhibits particle release, and eliminates plaque formation.
Histology, fusion status, and outcome in metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma: A report from the Children's Oncology Group

Distinguishing alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) from embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) has historically been of prognostic and therapeutic importance. However, classification has been complicated by shifting histologic criteria required for an ARMS diagnosis. Children's Oncology Group (COG) studies after IRS‐IV, which included the height of this diagnostic shift, showed both an increased number of ARMS and an increase in the proportion of fusion‐negative ARMS. Following diagnostic standardization and histologic re‐review of ARMS cases enrolled during this era, analysis of low‐risk (D9602) and intermediate‐risk (D9803) rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) studies showed that fusion status rather than histology best predicts prognosis for patients with RMS. This analysis remains to be completed for patients with high‐risk RMS.
Public health and components of particulate matter: The changing assessment of black carbon

Public health and components of particulate matter: The changing assessment of black carbon A. Gwen Eklund, Judith C. Chow,2,3,⁄ Daniel S. Greenbaum, George M. Hidy, Michael T. Kleinman, John G. Watson, and Ronald E. Wyzga URS, Austin, TX, USA Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, China Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA Envair/Aerochem Placitas, NM, USA University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA ⁄Please address correspondence to: Judith C. Chow, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV 89512, USA; e-mail: judith.chow@dri.edu
Efficacy, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of apaziquone in the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

ABSTRACT Introduction: Apaziquone (also known as EO9 and QapzolaTM) is a prodrug that is activated to DNA damaging species by oxidoreductases (particularly NQO1) and has the ability to kill aerobic and/or hypoxic cancer cells. Areas covered: Whilst its poor pharmacokinetic properties contributed to its failure in phase II clinical trials when administered intravenously, these properties were ideal for loco-regional therapies. Apaziquone demonstrated good anti-cancer activity against non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) when administered intravesically to marker lesions and was well tolerated with no systemic side effects. However, phase III clinical trials did not reach statistical significance for the primary endpoint of 2-year recurrence in apaziquone over placebo although improvements were observed. Post-hoc analysis of the combined study data did indicate a significant benefit for patients treated with apaziquone, especially when the instillation of apaziquone was given 30 min or more after surgery. A further phase III study is ongoing to test the hypotheses generated in the unsuccessful phase III studies conducted to date. Expert opinion: Because of its specific pharmacological properties, Apaziquone is excellently suited for local therapy such as NMIBC. Future studies should include proper biomarkers.
Biometric Parameters in Different Stages of Primary Angle Closure Using Low-Coherence Interferometry

Purpose To compare ocular biometric parameters using low-coherence interferometry among siblings affected with different degrees of primary angle closure (PAC). Methods In this cross-sectional comparative study, a total of 170 eyes of 86 siblings from 47 families underwent low-coherence interferometry (LenStar 900; Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland) to determine central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth (ACD), aqueous depth (AD), lens thickness (LT), vitreous depth, and axial length (AL). Regression coefficients were applied to show the trend of the measured variables in different stages of angle closure. To evaluate the discriminative power of the parameters, receiver operating characteristic curves were used. Best cutoff points were selected based on the Youden index. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predicative values, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and diagnostic accuracy were determined for each variable. Results All biometric parameters changed significantly from normal eyes to PAC suspects, PAC, and PAC glaucoma; there was a significant stepwise decrease in central corneal thickness, ACD, AD, vitreous depth, and AL, and an increase in LT and LT/AL. Anterior chamber depth and AD had the best diagnostic power for detecting angle closure; best levels of sensitivity and specificity were obtained with cutoff values of 3.11 mm for ACD and 2.57 mm for AD. Conclusions Biometric parameters measured by low-coherence interferometry demonstrated a significant and stepwise change among eyes affected with various degrees of angle closure. Although the current classification scheme for angle closure is based on anatomical features, it has excellent correlation with biometric parameters.
Characterization of a Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody That Targets the Fusion Domain of Group 2 Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin

ABSTRACT Due to continuous changes to its antigenic regions, influenza viruses can evade immune detection and cause a significant amount of morbidity and mortality around the world. Influenza vaccinations can protect against disease but must be annually reformulated to match the current circulating strains. In the development of a broad-spectrum influenza vaccine, the elucidation of conserved epitopes is paramount. To this end, we designed an immunization strategy in mice to boost the humoral response against conserved regions of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. Of note, generation and identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies that target group 2 HAs are rare and thus far have yielded only a few monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Here, we demonstrate that mouse MAb 9H10 has broad and potent in vitro neutralizing activity against H3 and H10 group 2 influenza A subtypes. In the mouse model, MAb 9H10 protects mice against two divergent mouse-adapted H3N2 strains, in both pre- and postexposure administration regimens. In vitro and cell-free assays suggest that MAb 9H10 inhibits viral replication by blocking HA-dependent fusion of the viral and endosomal membranes early in the replication cycle and by disrupting viral particle egress in the late stage of infection. Interestingly, electron microscopy reconstructions of MAb 9H10 bound to the HA reveal that it binds a similar binding footprint to MAbs CR8020 and CR8043. IMPORTANCE The influenza hemagglutinin is the major antigenic target of the humoral immune response. However, due to continuous antigenic changes that occur on the surface of this glycoprotein, influenza viruses can escape the immune system and cause significant disease to the host. Toward the development of broad-spectrum therapeutics and vaccines against influenza virus, elucidation of conserved regions of influenza viruses is crucial. Thus, defining these types of epitopes through the generation and characterization of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) can greatly assist others in highlighting conserved regions of hemagglutinin. Here, we demonstrate that MAb 9H10 that targets the hemagglutinin stalk has broadly neutralizing activity against group 2 influenza A viruses in vitro and in vivo.