Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical characteristics of head injuries from falls in children younger than 48 months

Background A fall-height threshold is important when evaluating the likelihood of structural head injury or abusive head trauma. This study investigates witnessed falls to correlate the fall characteristics with the extent of injury. Method Case–control study of children aged ≤48 months who attended one hospital following a fall from <3 m (10 ft), comparing cases who sustained a skull fracture or intracranial injury (ICI) with controls, who had minor head injuries. Characteristics included: the mechanism of injury, surface of impact, site of impact to the head and fall height. Results Forty-seven children had a skull fracture or ICI, while 416 children had minor head injuries. The mean fall height for minor head injuries was significantly lower than that causing skull fracture/ICI (p<0.001). No skull fracture/ICI was recorded in children who fell <0.6 m (2 ft), based on the height of the head centre of gravity. Skull fractures/ICI were more likely in children aged ≤12 months (p<0.001) from impacts to the temporal/parietal or occipital region (p<0.001), impacts onto wood (p=0.004) and falls from a carer's arms, particularly when on stairs (p<0.001). No significant difference was reported between the mean fall heights of children who had a simple skull fracture (n=17) versus those who had a complex fracture or ICI (n=30). Conclusions An infant is more likely to sustain a skull fracture/ICI from a fall above a 0.6 m (2 ft) threshold, based on the height of the head centre of gravity, or with a parietal/temporal or occipital impact. These variables should be recorded when evaluating the likelihood of skull fracture/ICI.
Additional boundary condition for the wire medium

In this paper, it is proved that the continuity of the tangential components of the average electric and magnetic fields is insufficient to describe the reflection of plane waves by a set of thin parallel wires embedded in a dielectric host using a homogenization approach. Based on physical arguments a new boundary condition is proposed to characterize the scattering of waves by the homogenized wire medium. In order to further support the proposed theory, the problem of reflection of a plane wave by a set of semi-infinite parallel wires is solved analytically within the thin-wire approximation. Extensive numerical simulations demonstrate that when the additional boundary condition is considered the agreement between full wave results and homogenization theory is very good even for wavelengths comparable with the lattice constant.
Cooperative distributed antenna systems for mobile communications [Coordinated and Distributed MIMO]

Cooperative distributed antenna systems have drawn considerable attention in recent years due to their potential to enhance both the coverage and the spectral efficiency of mobile communication systems. In this article the conceptual description of a cooperative DAS for mobile communications is presented together with key techniques for DASs, including distributed multiple- input multiple-output for single and multiple users, handover, and transmit power allocation. Furthermore, theoretical and simulation results on the spectral or transmit power efficiency of cooperative DASs are given and compared with those on conventional collocated antenna systems. It is shown that a cooperative DAS can provide very promising performance enhancements in capacity and transmit power efficiency.
Hydroschorlomite in altered basalts from Hole 1256D, ODP Leg 206: The transition from low‐temperature to hydrothermal alteration

Hydroschorlomite, a Ti‐, Ca‐, Fe‐rich andraditic garnet present in the deepest cores of basalts (661–749 mbsf) drilled in Hole 1256D during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 206 (equatorial east Pacific), is reported here for the first time in oceanic crust. Detailed petrological and mineralogical studies by optical microscope, electron microprobe, scanning and transmission electron microscope, and micro‐Raman spectroscopy are used to characterize this hydrogarnet and its relationships with other minerals. Hydroschorlomite occurs in Hole 1256D as small (5–50 μm) anhedral or euhedral crystals associated either with celadonite in black halos adjacent to celadonite veins or with brown saponitic phyllosilicate in brown alteration halos adjacent to veins of saponite and iron oxyhydroxides. Both types of halos are formed at low temperature (less than about 100°C). Textural observations suggest that hydroschorlomite formation is contemporaneous with the phyllosilicates. Hydroschorlomite is rich in CaO (22.5–26.5 wt%), TiO2 (22.0–28.6 wt%), and FeOt (6.2–12.9 wt%) and contains significant F (up to 0.85 wt%) and Zr2O3 (up to 0.34 wt%). The presence of OH suggested by the low total percentages of oxides (95.2–97.3 wt%) is confirmed by the OH vibration at 3557 cm−1 in the micro‐Raman spectrum. Chemical mapping indicates that hydroschorlomite is not zoned and is always associated with either celadonitic or saponitic phyllosilicates. Some hydroschorlomite crystals partly include tiny (<10 μm) skeletal titanomagnetite. The occurrence of hydroschorlomite in Hole 1256D basalts coincides with a general downward increase in temperatures and overall intensity of alteration manifest by the alteration of plagioclase and the occurrence of small amounts of mixed‐layer chlorite‐smectite. The titanium necessary to form hydroschorlomite is provided by the breakdown of primary tiny (<10 μm) titanomagnetite, while calcium is provided by the replacement of plagioclase by albite. Hydroschorlomite is thus an indicator of alteration of titanomagnetite under conditions transitional from low‐temperature alteration to hydrothermal metamorphism with formation of titanite and may affect magnetic properties of the rocks.
Analysis of gene expression for microminipig liver transcriptomes using parallel long‐read technology and short‐read sequencing

The microminipig is one of the smallest minipigs that has emerged as a possible experimental animal model, because it shares many anatomical and/or physiological similarities with humans, including the coronary artery distribution in the heart, the digestive physiology, the kidney size and its structure, and so on. However, information on gene expression profiles, including those on drug‐metabolizing phase I and II enzymes, in the microminipig is limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify transcripts in microminipig livers and to determine gene expression profiles. De novo assembly and expression analyses of microminipig transcripts were conducted with liver samples from three male and three female microminipigs using parallel long‐read and short‐read sequencing technologies. After unique sequences had been automatically aligned by assembling software, the mean contig length of 50843 transcripts was 707 bp. The expression profiles of cytochrome P450 (P450) 1A2, 2C, 2E1 and 3A genes in livers in microminipigs were similar to those in humans. Liver carboxylesterase (CES) precursor, liver CES‐like, UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2C1‐like, amine sulfotransferase (SULT)‐like, N‐acetyltransferases (NAT8) and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) A2 genes, which are relatively unknown genes in pigs and/or humans, were expressed strongly. Furthermore, no significant gender differences were observed in the gene expression profiles of phase I enzymes, whereas UGT2B17, SULT1E1, SULT2A1, amine SULT‐like, NAT8 and GSTT4 genes were different between males and females among phase II enzyme genes under the present sample conditions. These results provide a foundation for mechanistic studies and the use of microminipigs as model animals for drug development in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SEROPREVALENCE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII BETWEEN COUPLES IN R AMAD I CITY BY USING ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY ELISA

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite and represents a public health problem. This study revealed the presence of T.gondii among 91 couples of husbands and wives in Ramadi city who were examined for the presence of antibodies against T.gondii using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Anti T. gondii IgM and IgG antibodies in both couples were 38.4%, the seroprevalence in wives was 30.7%, whil e it was 13.1% in husbands. The study showed that abortive women and abnormal pregnancy had the highest percentage rates (35.7% vs. 57.14%) of toxoplasmosis among those of 26-30 years old and the lowest was among those 36-40 yeas old. One miscarriage was 50% higher than the other groups. The group of 26-30 years old showed high rate of IgM antibodies of about 66.66%. The number of abort ion in the f irst trimester was high in both patterns of antibodies IgM only and IgM and IgG being 62.5% and 29.16%, respectively. Analysis of variance revealed that there were no signif icant interactions between IgM and IgG seroposit ivly and the gestational age of the foetus.
Host skin mucus as a hatching stimulant in Acanthocotyle lobianchi, a monogenean from the skin of Raja spp.

When incubated at 13°C in alternating 12 h periods of light and darkness eggs of Acanthocotyle lobianchi rarely hatch. Hatching was not induced by shadowing or by mechanical disturbance. When skin mucus from the host ray was added to eggs which were more than 15 days old, hatching occurred almost immediately in about 60% of all eggs tested. Susceptibility to host mucus increased with the age of the eggs so that after 26–30 days of incubation over 80% of the eggs tested hatched. Some oncomiracidia were found to remain alive for up to 83 days in the egg, although they appeared to be fully developed at 15 days. Lipid droplets in the body of the 15-day-old oncomiracidia gradually disappeared as the eggs aged and it is suggested that these droplets serve as a food store for resting larvae.
Violacein cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in V79 cells

SummaryViolacein, a pigment produced by Chromobacterium violaceum, is reported to be a potential drug for the treatment of Chagas' disease. Violacein is also effective against leukemia and lymphoma cells in culture (IC50 10−8M). Changes in the nuclear acid content, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide reduction and neutral red uptake in these cells were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of violacein in V79 Chinese hamster (M-8) fibroblasts. Violacein was highly cytotoxic to V79 fibroblasts (IC50 5–12 μM). Using the TUNEL method and the Feulgen reaction coupled to image analysis, violacein (5 and 10 μM) was found to trigger apoptosis but not necrosis in V79 cells. The morphological changes seen in the nuclei of these cells included chromatin condensation and a decrease in deoxyribonucleic acid content. These results demonstrating that violacein induces apoptosis in V79 cells strengthen its potential as a therapeutic agent.
PUZZLE : A TOOL FOR ENHANCING MEDICAL STUDENT ’ S LEARNING IN MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

Introduction: Incorporation of active-learning methods into classroom allows students to be motivated and enhances their learning experience. Crossword puzzles are found to be an interesting educational tool for teaching medical students as it evokes interest, motivates, enhances their critical thinking, allowsa better understanding of concepts, and helps in reinforcing the material acquired during lecture. Aims and Objectives: The study was intended to implement and evaluate the use of crossword puzzle as a tool in effective learning of Microbiology and Immunology. Methodology: Using free online resources, crossword puzzles were created and provided to the students during microbiology and immunology lectures. Students’ perceptions of the crossword puzzle activity were assessed through an 8 item questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale. The data was collected, tabulated, and statistically analyzed. Results: More than 85% of the students indicated that crossword puzzles enhanced their learning, oriented them to the important topics, and served as good tool in effective learning of microbiology and immunology. Conclusion: Students perceived that crossword puzzles enhanced their learning of microbiology and immunology. Use of crossword puzzles provides a simple, creative, and effective means to incorporate active learning of microbiology and immunology in the classroom.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO FAUNÍSTICA DE MAMÍFEROS DE MÉDIO E GRANDE PORTE NA FLORESTA NACIONAL DE IRATI, PARANÁ, BRASIL

O presente estudo foi realizado na FLONA (Floresta Nacional) de Irati, PR (25°24’43,8’’S 50°35’43,8’’W), teve como objetivo principal inventariar a diversidade e abundância de mamiferos na regiao, durante o periodo de agosto de 2012 a agosto de 2013. Os registros de mamiferos foram realizados pelo menos uma vez ao mes, com o uso de metodos diretos e indiretos, incluindo registros visuais, analise de pegadas, triagem escatologica. Os esforcos se mostraram satisfatorios em nossa pesquisa, pois registramos 24 especies de mamiferos de medio e grande porte, estes por sua vez, incluiu oito ordens dentro de 16 familias, entre essas seis especies que se encontram ameacadas segundo o Livro Vermelho de Especies Ameacadas do Parana, demonstrando a importância desta area como uma reserva ambiental
Usability of Composing REST Services on Smartphones

REST service are generally more appropriate for smartphones than its counterpart, SOAP. However, the flexibility, scalability and performance gained through REST services are never enough to meet the goal of addressing the complex and mobile relationships among people. That is, usability of the REST service must be enhanced for involving none-programmers to compose services on their smartphones thereby address the complex and mobile relationships among people. In this paper, we explored the factors influencing usability of the REST web service on the smartphone environment. Accordingly, the breadth and depth of URIs namespace, number of request parameters and response fields, and the naming of URIs, parameters and response fields are found to be the factors that influence the usability of composing REST services on smartphones.
Effective medical waste management: it can be done.

BACKGROUND It was noticed that a large volume of medical waste was being generated for incineration at our hospital. The 2 incinerators at our facility were unable to effectively deal with the load of waste and, therefore, were operating for extended periods of time. This caused a significant amount of soot and other emissions to be produced as pollutants into the surrounding environment, which is considered to be a real health hazard. METHODS A waste-management plan was introduced that included education, mandatory inservice training, auditing of the type and volume of waste generated by each department, and introduction of a written policy on waste management. RESULTS Within a few months of implementation of the waste-management plan, the amount of medical waste was reduced by more than 58%, from 609 skips/mo (2000 kg/day) in the year 1999, to 256 skips/mo (850 kg/day) in the year 2000; skips are steel containers filled with infectious waste. This reduction was maintained throughout the year 2001 and lead to a 50% reduction in total financial costs (17,936 US dollars) with savings in fuel of 5262 US dollars, labor-cost savings of 8990 US dollars, and maintenance and spare parts savings of 3680 US dollars. CONCLUSIONS This article discusses problems encountered in waste management in our health care facility, solutions and control measures introduced, and achievements. It also demonstrates that effective waste management can reduce health risk, save money, and protect the environment.
Cardiovascular responses to graded reductions in hindlimb perfusion in exercising dogs.

In six dogs trained to run at 2, 4, and 6 mph, we caused graded reductions in hindlimb perfusion by compressing the terminal aorta. Our goal was to examine the relationship between hindlimb perfusion [terminal aortic flow (TAQ) and femoral arterial pressure (FP)] and cardiovascular responses [aortic pressure (AP), heart rate, and ascending aortic flow (CO)]. Small reductions in TAQ and FP produced bradycardia, small decreases in CO, and small increases in AP. Further reductions in TAQ and FP produced tachycardia, increased CO, and large increases in AP. AP rose by about 1 mmHg for each 1-mmHg fall in FP. The response was similar at all speeds, but as work load increased it required smaller reductions in FP and TAQ to cause a pressor response (e.g., at 6 mph we could not demonstrate a nonlinear relationship between TAQ and AP). At low work loads the cardiovascular responses to exercise were most likely set by signals other than feedback from exercising muscle because substantial reductions in hindlimb perfusion caused no significant cardiovascular responses. At moderate-to-high work loads or where muscle perfusion is restricted, metabolic feedback from muscle may play a role in cardiovascular responses to exercise.
Targeted advertising, promotion, and price for menthol cigarettes in California high school neighborhoods.

OBJECTIVES To describe advertising, promotions, and pack prices for the leading brands of menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes near California high schools and to examine their associations with school and neighborhood demographics. METHODS In stores (n = 407) within walking distance (0.8 km [1/2 mile]) of California high schools (n = 91), trained observers counted ads for menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes and collected data about promotions and prices for Newport and Marlboro, the leading brand in each category. Multilevel modeling examined the proportion of all cigarette advertising for any menthol brand, the proportion of stores with sales promotions, and the lowest advertised pack price in relation to store types and school/neighborhood demographics. RESULTS For each 10 percentage point increase in the proportion of Black students, the proportion of menthol advertising increased by 5.9 percentage points (e.g., from an average of 25.7%-31.6%), the odds of a Newport promotion were 50% higher (95% CI = 1.01, 2.22), and the cost of Newport was 12 cents lower (95% CI = -0.18, -0.06). By comparison, the odds of a promotion and the price for Marlboro, the leading brand of nonmenthol cigarettes, were unrelated to any school or neighborhood demographics. CONCLUSIONS In high school neighborhoods, targeted advertising exposes Blacks to more promotions and lower prices for the leading brand of menthol cigarettes. This evidence contradicts the manufacturer's claims that the availability of its promotions is not based on race/ethnicity. It also highlights the need for tobacco control policies that would limit disparities in exposure to retail marketing for cigarettes.
Understanding competing application usage with the theory of planned behavior

User acceptance models such as the technology acceptance model, the theory of reasoned action, and the theory of planned behavior have been widely used to study a specific information system, a group of systems, or even computers in general. This study examines the usage of competitive information systems. It applies the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in a comparative frame of reference model (relative model) in which relative attitude, relative subjective norm, relative intention, and relative usage are examined. The study is set in the context of two instant messaging technologies. Based on a survey from 300 instant messaging users, the effects of attitude and subjective norm on intention in each model were different (i.e., when TPB is tested once for each application). This confirms that the behavioral model can show different effects for competitive products. In addition, correct competitive answers were given by the relative model; however, these may differ from the answers found from a single application model. The authors show the importance of studying the relative model for competitive products.
First record of Xiphopenaeus kroyeri Heller, 1862 (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in the Southeastern Mediterranean, Egypt

Four hundred and forty seven specimens of a non-indigenous shrimp species were caught by local fishermen between the years 2016–2019, from Ma’deya shores, Abu Qir Bay, Alexandria, Egypt. These specimens were the Western Atlantic Xiphopenaeus kroyeri Heller, 1862, making this the first record for the introduction and establishment of a Western Atlantic shrimp species in Egyptian waters. Its route of introduction is hypothesized to be through ballast water from ship tanks. Due to the high population densities it achieves in this non-native location, it is now considered a component of the Egyptian shrimp commercial catch.
Reworking solder alloy mixtures of lead-free and tin-lead alloys.

Recent moves in the industry away from using traditional SnPb solder towards Pb-free soldering technologies has raised the possibility of having mixed solders in joints that have been reworked or repaired. However, few data are available on joints fabricated using these mixed solders in terms of say, appearance, microstructure or strength. This report presents the results of an initial evaluation of these features on as-fabricated joints using combinations of five solders (SnAgCu, SnAgCuBi, SnCu, SnPbAg and SnPb) to produce joints on test vehicles using chip resistors, gull-wing SOICs, and leaded resistors. A comparison has been made with similar joints using a single solder paste The visual inspection evidence indicated that when a lead-containing solder is present in the mix, the surface finish of the joint becomes brighter and smoother with increasing levels of lead. No defects were identified that were specific to a particular solder or mixture. Microsectioning of the joints confirmed that complex phases and intermetallics (e.g. Ag3Sn, Cu6Sn5 and Sn-Bi) were formed as a result of mixing the solders. The levels of these complex phases could be generally correlated with the appearance and shear strength of the solder joints. Their presence has a significant impact on joint strength and roughness of the solder, the effects becoming worse as the levels of the phases increased. Whilst small levels of bismuth increased the strength of the joints there was no observable impact on the microstructure. Shear testing demonstrated that the strengths of all solder mixtures were quite acceptable when benchmarked against those for single solder joints. The strongest joints were those containing high levels of SnAgBiCu with SnAgCu solders in the mix, and the weakest were those containing high levels of SnCu or SnPbAg in the mix with SnPb and SnAgCu solders. Generally, lead-free solder mixtures outperformed lead-containing mixtures. Further work will focus on the effect of thermal cycling on the appearance, microstructure and strength of joints having solder mixtures. NPL Report MATC (A) 73 4  Crown Copyright 2002 Reproduced by Permission of the Controller of HMSO