Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hedonia and Eudaimonia: Associations with Academic Success, Wellbeing, and Neuropsychological Functioning

This study examined the relations between happiness and academic success and wellbeing in a diverse, urban college sample by viewing happiness through the lens of hedonia (seeking pleasure and relaxation) and eudaimonia (seeking meaning), and their neuropsychological correlates. Undergraduate students (n=76; 68.4% female; mean age [SD]=21.17 [3.12]) completed self-report measures of hedonia and eudaimonia, and depression, anxiety, and stress. They also completed objective measures of “cool” executive functioning (WAIS-IV Digit Span, Stroop Color-Word test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, and a Stop Signal task) and “hot” executive functioning (Iowa Gambling Task, Temporal Discounting Task). Semester GPA was collected from school records. Eudaimonia was significantly positively associated with GPA. Eudaimonia was also significantly negatively associated with depression, and individuals living the Full Life (high hedonia and high eudaimonia) had significantly lower depression compared to those living the Empty Life (low in both constructs). There were no significant correlations between “cool” executive functions and either hedonia or eudaimonia. Individuals living the Hedonic Life (high hedonia and low eudaimonia) were significantly more likely to prefer smaller more immediate rewards than those living the Eudaimonic Life (low in hedonia, high in eudaimonia). Additionally, there was a trend for individuals living the Full Life to make more risky decisions. Looking at both separate and combined effects of hedonia and eudaimonia might provide more nuanced insight into the relations between happiness and positive outcomes. Furthermore, affective decision-making offers promise for investigating the interaction between hedonic and eudaimonic processes, and how they exert an effect on positive outcomes.
Zeki, Hubel & Wiesel, regarding the functional specialization of neural structures and the organization and the citoarchitecture of the visual cortex, Triesman claims

Load theory of attention suggests that insufficient capacity for processing prevents subjects from perceiving irrelevant distractor in high perceptual load tasks (LaVie et al, 2004). The aim of our research was to test the proposed theory in visual search task, sinceLavie et al used choice response task in their research. Participants were asked to search for the oblique line among horizontal or vertical ones, while ignoring irrelevant distractor. The independent variables were target presence, task difficulty (depending on the angle of rotation of the target), distractor (there was either no distractor, or the distractor was oriented in the same direction as the target or in the opposite direction) and set size. The dependent variable was reaction time. Only target-present sets were analyzed. Significant effects of the task difficulty (F(1,11)=118.05, p=. 000) and distractor (F(2,22)=17.436, p<. 01) factors were obtained, as well as significant interaction of task difficulty and distractor (F(2,22)=17.281, p<. 01). Analysis showed that in simple tasks there was no effect of irrelevant distractors. In difficult tasks, reaction times were the shortest when there was no irrelevant distractor and the longest when the distractor was rotated in the opposite direction from that of the target. The obtained results suggest that irrelevant distractor disturbs performance only in high perceptual load task, which is not in line withthe assumptions of the load theory.
A classification scheme for turbulence based on the velocity-intermittency structure with an applica

Kolmogorov's classic theory for turbulence assumed an independence between velocity increments and the value for the velocity itself. However, recent work has called this assumption in to question, which has implications for the structure of atmospheric, oceanic and fluvial flows. Here we propose a conceptually simple analytical framework for studying velocity-intermittency coupling that is similar in essence to the popular quadrant analysis method for studying near-wall flows. However, we study the dominant (longitudinal) velocity component along with a measure of the roughness of the signal, given mathematically by its series of Holder exponents. Thus, we permit a possible dependence between velocity and intermittency. We compare boundary layer data obtained in a wind tunnel to turbulent jets and wake flows. These flow classes all have distinct characteristics, which cause them to be readily distinguished using our technique and the results are robust to changes in flow Reynolds numbers. Classification of environmental flows is then possible based on their similarities to the idealized flow classes and we demonstrate this using laboratory data for flow in a parallel-channel confluence. Our results have clear implications for sediment transport in a range of geophysical applications as they suggest that the recently proposed impulse-based methods for studying bed load transport are particularly relevant in domains such as gravel bed river flows where the boundary layer is disrupted and wake interactions predominate.
The Role of Instructional Relevance and Teacher Competence Support in Student Motivation and Achievement in High School Math Classrooms

ii Dedication . iv Acknowledgments . v Vita . viii List of Tables . xv List of Figures . xvi Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 Statement of the Problem . 1 Student Motivation and Instructional Practices in Math Classrooms . 3 Objectives and Research Questions . 4 Significance of the Study . 5 Organization of the Dissertation . 6 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 8 Expectancy-Value Theory and Student Motivation . 8 Expectancy-Value Theory: Expectancies, Task Value, and Cost . 8
Animal welfare and efficient farming: is conflict inevitable?

The potential conflicts between animal welfare and efficient farming can often be resolved or at least reduced by showing the financial benefits that improving animal welfare can bring to both society and individual farmers. These benefits include increased profits through: (i) reduced mortality; (ii) improved health; (iii) improved product quality; (iv) improved disease resistance and reduced medication; (v) lower risk of zoonoses and foodborne diseases; (vi) farmer job satisfaction and contributions to Corporate Social Responsibility; and (vii) the ability to command higher prices from consumers. Current conflicts between animal welfare and production may be resolved by future developments in genetics, management practices and new technology. Financial benefits reinforce, rather than replace, ethical arguments for good animal welfare.
High levels of intraspecific genetic divergences revealed for Antarctic springtails: evidence for small-scale isolation during Pleistocene glaciation

We examined levels of genetic variability within and among populations of three Antarctic springtail species (Arthropoda: Collembola) and tested the hypothesis that genetic divergences occur among glacially-isolated habitats. The study was conducted in southern Victoria Land, Ross Dependency, Antarctica, and samples were collected from locations in the vicinity of the Mackay Glacier. We analyzed mtDNA (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I; COI) sequence variability for 97 individuals representing three species (Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni, N = 67; Cryptopygus nivicolus, N = 20; and Antarcticinella monoculata, N = 8). Haplotype diversity and genetic divergences were calculated and used to indicate population variability and also to infer divergence times of isolated populations using molecular clock estimates. Two of the three species showed high levels of genetic divergence. Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni, a widespread and common species, showed 7.6% sequence divergence on opposite sides of the Mackay Glacier. The more range restricted C. nivicolus showed 4.0% divergence among populations. The third species, A. monoculata, was found in only one location. Molecular clock estimates based on sequence divergences suggest that populations separated within the last 4 Mya. We conclude that habitat fragmentation resulting from Pliocene (5 Mya) and Pleistocene (2 Mya to 10 Kya) glaciations has promoted and maintained high levels of diversity among isolated springtail populations on relatively small spatial scales. The region surrounding the Mackay Glacier is likely to have provided refugia for springtail populations during glacial maxima and remains an area of high genetic and species diversity for Collembola within the Ross Sea region.
Covering relations and the existence of topologicallynormally hyperbolic invariant sets

We present a topological method for the detection of normally hyperbolic type invariant sets for maps. The invariant set covers a sub-manifold without a boundary in $\mathbb{R}^k$. For the method to hold we only need to assume that the movement of the system transversal to the manifold has directions of topological expansion and contraction. The movement in the direction of the manifold can be arbitrary. The result is based on the method of covering relations and local Brouwer degree theory.
DIVISION Working Paper Series Network Search : Climbing the Job Ladder Faster

We introduce an irregular network structure into a model of frictional, on-the-job search in which workers find jobs through their network connections or directly from firms. We show that jobs found through network search have wages that stochastically dominate those found through direct contact. In irregular networks, heterogeneity in the worker’s position within the network leads to heterogeneity in wage and employment dynamics: better-connected workers climb the job ladder faster. Despite this rich heterogeneity from the network structure, the mean-field approach allows the problem of our workers to be formulated tractably and recursively. We then calibrate a quantitative version of our mechanism, showing it is consistent with several empirical findings regarding networks and labor markets: jobs found through networks have higher wages and last longer. Finally, we present new evidence consistent with our model that job-to-job switches at higher rungs of the ladder are more likely to use networks.
MiR-17-5ppromotescancercellproliferationand tumorigenesisinnasopharyngealcarcinomaby targetingp21

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)associated malignant tumor that occurs in nasopharyngeal epithelial tissues. NPC has the highest incidence rate in Southern China and Southeast Asia, represents a significant disease burden, and has an incidence of approximately 2/10,000 per year in endemic areas [1]. Genetic susceptibility [2], EBV infection [3], and chemical carcinogens [4] have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NPC. However, its pathogenesis is still not very clear. To improve the cure rate of NPC, we need to further clarify its molecular mechanism. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are conserved, 21to 23nucleotide long noncoding RNAs; they repress the target gene expression mainly by binding to its 3′ UTR, thus making it silenced or overexpressed [5, 6]. Available studies have shown that they are very important class of tumor cellular functions regulators, including proliferation [7], invasion and metastasis [8], differentiation [9], and ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Collaborative Development of Global Information Systems: Toward Community Based Generification

This paper examines generification in open source software development of information systems for low resource environments. The challenge addressed is that of designing generification processes in which key aspects of generification – information flow, selection and prioritisation – involve a distributed community. The objective of this study is to understand how this challenge is dealt with in practice, with the aim of expanding the current analytical scope available to researchers to study generification processes as well as the guidance available to practitioners to address its practical challenges. Doing so, we build on the work of Gizaw et al (forthcoming) who broach a debate on more ‘open’ generification. We propose a reconceptualization of open generification by being more specific on its conditions and process aspects. Open, we argue, is about closed generification circuits that enable a ‘community based’ generification process.
EFFECT OF HIGHLY FERMENTABLE DIETARY FIBER ON PIG PERFORMANCE IN A LARGE UNIT, INFECTED WITH ENDEMIC SWINE DYSENTERY

In a large south Hungarian fattening unit, 5637 pigs were allocated to 10 large barns and treated until slaughter as follows: Group 1 (n =2722): fed with diets containing 9.6 % highly fermentable neutral detergent fiber. Group 2 (n =2915): fed with diets containing 6.1 % poorly fermentable neutral detergent fiber. In each group, the 200 smallest pigs were selected as test subjects (= 7.35% in group 1 and 6.86% in group 2). The animals were subjected to the following diagnostic procedures: fecal shedding of B. hyodysenteriae, antibody response, clinical signs, growth performance gross and microscopic lesions specific for swine dysentery (SD). Seroconversion to and fecal shedding of B. hyodysenteriae were diagnosed in the majority of the pigs at day 30 after transport to the fattening unit. At necropsy, 187 animals in group one and all pigs in group two, revealed SD specific gross pathological lesions in the colon. All animals in both groups showed histological lesions of colon, typical for SD. The clinical impressions and diarrhea scores revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between the animals offered a diet with 9.6 % highly fermentable fiber and those fed on a diet with 6.1 % poorly fermentable fiber. Production parameters showed no significant differences, but mortality differed significantly between the two groups (p<0.05 - S4.07% in group 1 and 7.07% in group 2¹). Implications highly fermentable neutral detergent fiber positively influences the clinical expression and productivity in fattening pigs, infected with endemic swine dysentery.
Ants express risk-adjusted sanitary care

Being cared for when sick is a benefit of sociality that can reduce disease and improve survival of group members. However, individuals providing care risk contracting infectious diseases themselves. If they contract a low pathogen dose, they may develop micro-infections that do not cause disease, but still affect host immunity by either decreasing or increasing the host’s vulnerability to subsequent pathogen infections. Caring for contagious individuals can thus significantly alter the future disease susceptibility of caregivers. Using ants and their fungal pathogens as a model system, we here tested if the altered disease susceptibility of experienced caregivers, in turn, affects their expression of sanitary care behaviour. We found that micro-infections contracted during sanitary care had protective or neutral effects upon secondary exposure to the same (homologous) pathogen, but consistently induced high mortality upon super-infection with a different (heterologous) pathogen. In response to this risk, the ants selectively adjusted the expression of their sanitary care. Specifically, the ants performed less grooming yet more antimicrobial disinfection, when caring for nestmates contaminated with heterologous pathogens as compared to homologous ones. By modulating the components of sanitary care in this way, the ants reduced their probability of contracting super-infections of the harmful heterologous pathogens. The performance of risk-adjusted sanitary care reveals the remarkable capacity of ants to react to changes in their disease susceptibility, according to their own infection history, and to flexibly adjust collective care to individual risk.
THE INFLUENCE OF TDCS ON COGNITIVE CONTROL Running head: THE INFLUENCE OF TDCS ON COGNITIVE CONTROL

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique with promising results for enhancing cognitive information processes. So far, however, research has mainly focused on the effects of tDCS on cognitive control operations for non-emotional material. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the effects on cognitive control considering negative versus positive material. For this sham-controlled, withinsubjects study, we selected a homogeneous sample of twenty-five healthy participants. By using behavioral measures and event related potentials (ERP) as indexes, we aimed to investigate whether a single session of anodal tDCS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) would have specific effects in enhancing cognitive control for positive and negative valenced stimuli. After tDCS over the left DLPFC (and not sham control stimulation), we observed more negative N450 amplitudes along with faster reaction times when inhibiting a habitual response to happy compared to sad facial expressions. Gender did not influence the effects of tDCS on cognitive control for emotional information. In line with the Valence Theory of side-lateralized activity, this stimulation protocol might have led to a left dominant (relative to right) prefrontal cortical activity, resulting in augmented cognitive control specifically for positive relative to negative stimuli. To verify that tDCS induces effects that are in line with all aspects of the well known Valence Theory, future research should investigate the effects of tDCS over the left vs. right DLPFC on cognitive control for emotional information.
ICT Development and Sustainable Energy Consumption: A Perspective of Energy Productivity

The information and communication technology (ICT) is closely related to the future of global energy consumption, not only because the ICT equipment itself increasingly consumes energy, but also because it is a general-purpose technology which may affect energy use of almost all sectors. Given the controversy over the net energy-saving effect of ICT, this paper focuses on a new perspective, i.e., energy productivity, to investigate the relationship between ICT development and energy consumption. Using a data panel of 50 economies over the period of 1995 to 2013, results of the Malmquist energy productivity index generally indicate an unbalanced development of energy productivity across the globe, while results of the patent-based ICT knowledge stock indicate a huge gap of ICT development comparing the high-income economies with the others. Furthermore, regression results indicate that ICT development is significantly related to energy productivity improvement. Finally, this paper suggests accelerating ICT development in underdeveloped economies, given the global common task of sustainable energy consumption.
Unclogging the Arteries: The Impact of Transport Costs on Latin American and Caribbean Trade

The book explores the impact of transport costs on trade in Latin America and the Caribbean, and argues that transport costs have assumed an unprecedented strategic importance to the region. The region can no longer rely solely on trade agreements, proximity, labor costs and an abundant supply of natural resources to give it a competitive advantage in international trade. The book finds that countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have transport costs that are generally higher than those of the developed world, largely because of deficiencies in infrastructure and weak competition in shipping services. It concludes that a broader and more balanced trade agenda would bring the long neglected issue of transport costs to the center of the policy debate.
Minimizing damage during FIB sample preparation of soft materials

Although focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy has been used successfully for milling patterns and creating ultra‐thin electron and soft X‐ray transparent sections of polymers and other soft materials, little has been documented regarding FIB‐induced damage of these materials beyond qualitative evaluations of microstructure. In this study, we sought to identify steps in the FIB preparation process that can cause changes in chemical composition and bonding in soft materials. The impact of various parameters in the FIB‐scanning electron microscope (SEM) sample preparation process, such as final milling voltage, temperature, ion beam overlap and mechanical stability of soft samples, was evaluated using two test‐case materials systems: polyacrylamide, a low melting‐point polymer, and Wyodak lignite coal, a refractory organic material. We evaluated changes in carbon bonding in the samples using X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) at the carbon K edge and compared these samples with thin sections that had been prepared mechanically using ultramicrotomy. Minor chemical changes were induced in the coal samples during FIB‐SEM preparation, and little effect was observed by changing ion‐beam parameters. However, polyacrylamide was particularly sensitive to irradiation by the electron beam, which drastically altered the chemistry of the sample, with the primary damage occurring as an increase in the amount of aromatic carbon bonding (C=C). Changes in temperature, final milling voltage and beam overlap led to small improvements in the quality of the specimens. We outline a series of best practices for preparing electron and soft X‐ray transparent samples, with respect to preserving chemical structure and mechanical stability of soft materials using the FIB.
Why is Economic Policy Different in New Democracies? Affecting Attitudes About Democracy

When democracy is new, it is often fragile and not fully consolidated. We investigate how the danger of a collapse of democracy may affect fiscal policy in new democracies in comparison to countries where democracy is older and often more established. We argue that the attitude of the citizenry towards democracy is important in preventing democratic collapse, and expenditures may therefore be used to convince them that "democracy works". We present a model focusing on the inference problem that citizens solve in forming their beliefs about the efficacy of democracy. Our approach differs from much of the literature that concentrates on policy directed towards anti-democratic elites, but our model can encompass that view and allows comparison of different apporoaches. We argue that the implications of the model are broadly consistent with the empirical patterns generally observed, including the existence of political budget cycles in new democracies not observed in established democracies.
Production of biogenic amines by enterococci.

Enterococci were presented in all tested samples of raw cow milk (six samples) at the level 10 3 -10 5 CFU/ml, fresh cheeses (five samples) at the level 10 2 -10 6 CFU/g and semi-hard cheeses (five samples) at the level 10 3 -10 5 CFU/g. All 33 isolated Enterococcus strains were screened for decarboxylase activity by usage differential growth medium and 20 of them possessed tyrosine decarboxylase activity. A collection of eight strains with the strongest decarboxylase activity were identified by species specific PCR as E. faecium (Z3, Z4, Br4 and 6/4D strains) and E. faecalis (Ž4, 3/3C and 4/1A strains). Enterococcus spp. Z1 strain was not identified at the species level by used methods, but the genus was confirmed by PCR method. Their tyrosin decarboxylase activity was confirmed by TLC and detection of tdc gene. Z1, Z3 and Z4 strains showed also histidine decarboxylase activity on the differential growth medium with histidine, but this activity was evaluated by TLC as a false positive reaction of medium.