Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the use of photometric redshifts for X-ray selected AGNs

In this paper we present photometric redshift estimates for a sample of X-ray selected sources detected in the wide-field (∼2 deg 2 ), bright [f X (0.5-8 keV) 10 - 1 4 ergs - 1 cm - 2 ] XMM-Newton/2dF survey. Unlike deeper X-ray samples comprising a large fraction of sources with colours dominated by the host galaxy, our bright survey primarily probes the QSO X-ray population. Therefore photometric redshift methods employing both galaxy and QSO templates need to be used. We employ the photometric redshift technique of Hatziminaoglou et al. (2000) using 5-band photometry from the SDSS. We separate our X-ray sources according to their optical profiles into point-like and extended. We apply QSO and galaxy templates to the point-like and extended sources respectively. X-ray sources associated with Galactic stars are identified and discarded from our sample on the basis of their unresolved optical light profile, their low X-ray-to-optical flux ratio and their broad-band colours that are best fit by stellar templates. Comparison of our results with spectroscopic redshifts available allows calibration of our method and estimation of the photometric redshift accuracy. For ∼70 per cent of the point-like sources photometric redshifts are correct within δ z ≤ 0.3 (or ∼75 per cent have δ z /(1 + z) ≤ 0.2), and the rms scatter is estimated to be σ z = 0.30. Also, in our X-ray selected point-like sample we find that about 7 per cent of the sources have optical colours redder than those of optically selected QSOs. Photometric redshifts for these systems using existing QSO templates are most likely problematic. For the optically extended objects the photometric redshifts work only in the case of red (g - r > 0.5 mag) sources yielding δ z ≤ 0.15 and δ z /(1 + z) S 0.2 for 73 and 93 per cent respectively. The results above are consistent with earlier findings from the application of combined galaxy/QSO photometric redshift techniques in the Chandra Deep Field North. However, we find that the above photometric redshift technique does not work in the case of extended sources with blue colours (g - r < 0.5). Although these form a significant fraction of the extended sources (40%), they cannot be fit successfully by QSO or galaxy templates, or any linear combination of the two.
The Syntax and Cognitive Motivation of English It-Clefts

English it-cleft is a constant topic in linguistic study. Previous work on it-clefts resided in their structural and functional aspects and neglected their cognitive basis. This paper is an attempt to consider the form and function of it-clefts within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics. Most previous studies of it-clefts have paid no attention to the status of “it” and “copular be” which is generally believed to be dummy. Following the tenets of Cognitive Linguistics, every form has its own meaning or function. This paper argues that the function of “it” as a pronoun is relative to the cleft clause, which is modified by the clause. “Copular be” performs the function of identifying in it-clefts. The paper then uses the concepts of Recency Effect, figure-ground and grounding theory to account for the information distribution, cognitive motivation of it-clefts.
Utilization of maggot meal in the nutrition of African cat fish

A twelve week feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the growth and nutrient utilization of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings fed varying levels of maggot meal. Maggot meal was produced from a mixture of 25 kg of cattle blood, 70% wheat bran, and 30% saw dust and substituted for fish meal in the fish diet to produce five varying levels of maggot meals- Treatment 1 (Trt 1) contained 0% of maggot meal (control), Trt 2 (50% maggot meal), Trt 3 (33.3% maggot meal), Trt 4 (66.6% maggot meal), and Trt 5 (75% maggot meal). A total of 150 fingerlings (two weeks old ±21.74 g) were allotted to five dietary treatments (fifteen fingerlings per tank) in a randomized design. Highest mean weight gain (MWG), percentage weight gain (PWG) and specific growth rate (SGR|) (35.47 g, 63.23%, 1.30%/day) were observed in Trt5 (75% maggot inclusion) respectively while the least values, 13.545 g, 62.29%, 0.69%/day were observed in Trt1 (control) respectively. In the same vein highest value of feed intake (116.4 kg) was recorded for Trt5 and least value (71.8 kg) was found with Trt3. However, FCR were significantly (P< 0.05) higher, Trt5 had the least FCR (3.13) and the highest value of 5.07 was found with fish fed control diet. Trt5 had the highest values of protein intake (PI) 47.60 and protein efficiency ratio (PER) 0.75, respectively. The results observed for FI showed that the feed were highly acceptable by the fish and the best growth response was achieved at higher level of maggot inclusion (75% maggot meal inclusion). Highest PER is also an indication that maximum utilisation of nutrients was obtained at the higher levels of maggot meal in the diet. Also, best of feed to flesh gain ratio was attained at the higher level of maggot inclusion. Therefore, it can be concluded that maggot meal can replace fish meal up to 75% without any adverse effect on the growth of the fish. Key words: Replacement value, maggot meal, growth performance, weight gain.
Islamic banks' capital buffers: unique risk exposures and the disciplining effects of charter values

In the aftermath of the recent financial crisis, the inherent linkages between banks’ capital buffers and risk took center stage as policy makers promoted a more resilient global banking system. The growing recognition of Islamic banking as a viable alternative-banking model warrants the need to investigate the overall susceptibilities of Islamic banks’ capital buffers to unique risks emanating from their operating environments. We examine this issue over the period 2005-2012 in the 18 countries where Islamic and conventional commercial banks coexist. We employ a panel model using dynamic Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) on a data set comprising 128 commercial banks of which 44 are Islamic commercial banks. The search for alternative forms of prudential regulation over and above risk based capital guidelines has also shifted the attention of policy makers towards investigating the disciplining effects of banks’ charter values on capital buffers. We test this issue for Islamic banks, and whether the relationship varies as a function of the size of the charter as implied by theory. We employ the cross-section threshold approach suggested by Hansen (2000) for 101 publicly listed commercial banks in the same countries. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to examine empirically the aforementioned issues for Islamic banks. This study is expected to expose shortcomings in capital adequacy guidelines and raises distinct policy implications with regards to the regulation and supervision of Islamic banks in countries where both bank types co-exist.
Jet-induced star formation in gas-rich galaxies

Feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) has become a major component in simulations of galaxy evolution, in particular for massive galaxies. AGN jets have been shown to provide a large amount of energy and are capable of quenching cooling flows. Their impact on the host galaxy, however, is still not understood. Subgrid models of AGN activity in a galaxy evolution context so far have been mostly focused on the quenching of star formation. To shed more light on the actual physics of the ‘radio mode' part of AGN activity, we have performed simulations of the interaction of a powerful AGN jet with the massive gaseous disc () of a high-redshift galaxy. We spatially resolve both the jet and the clumpy, multi-phase interstellar medium (ISM) and include an explicit star formation model in the simulation. Following the system over more than 107 yr, we find that the jet activity excavates the central region, but overall causes a significant change to the shape of the density probability distribution function and hence the star formation rate due to the formation of a blast wave with strong compression and cooling in the ISM. This results in a ring- or disc-shaped population of young stars. At later times, the increase in star formation rate also occurs in the disc regions further out since the jet cocoon pressurizes the ISM. The total mass of the additionally formed stars may be up to for one duty cycle. We discuss the details of this jet-induced star formation (positive feedback) and its potential consequences for galaxy evolution and observable signatures.
Spatial Differences in Manufacturing Firm Births and Deaths and Local Economic Conditions: Evidence from Pennsylvania

This study uses county-level manufacturing data (1985-1994) from Pennsylvania to investigate the spatial variation of relationships among manufacturing firm births, deaths, and certain local economic variables suggested by the theoretical literature. To do this, a panel data vector autoregressive method is employed, which, unlike the more customary models of studies of this nature, allows for, among other things, full interdependence among all variables and makes adjustment for omitted-variable bias related to "area-specific" effects. The results, which in some cases confirm and in others contradict those of some of the leading studies on the issue, reveal a rich network of interactions among the variables that indicate that firm births and deaths and local economic conditions are mutually driven. The main conclusion drawn from the results is that firm birth rates and, hence, economic growth, are highest in those counties with: (i) a relatively high proportion of small firms; (ii) lower unemployment; (iii) a growing market demand; (iv) a lower-than-average school property tax rate; (v) a higher-than-average quality of public education; and (vi) some urban agglomeration advantages. Some of the implications of the findings for local economic development strategy are considered.
India's Trade Performance in Livestock and Livestock Products

The livestock sector plays a dynamic role in the development process of India. It provides food, income and employment and for low income producers, the sector also serves as a store of wealth, provides draught power and organic fertiliser for crop production and as a means of transport. Consumption of livestock products in India though starting from a very low base, is growing rapidly. The opening up of the Indian economy in 1991 brought about major changes in the livestock economy. The market-oriented economic policies of the country were reinforced with the signing of Uruguay Round of Agreement (URA) in 1994 which led to the establishment of World Trade Organisation (WTO). These developments have been associated with often much heated debate regarding their benefits and costs in respect of livestock trade. It is therefore appropriate to explore India’s livestock trade potential in the context of these significant developments. The paper documents the trends, dimensions, performance and determinants of India’s trade in livestock and livestock products and also examines the constraints impeding their export prospects.
CHANGES IN THE ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF Melissa officinalis IN RESPONSE TO ELICITORS METHYL JASMONATE AND METHYL SALICYLATE

It was investigated the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) and methyl salicylate (MeSA) on essential oil composition of Melissa officinalis in vitro plants. MeJA treatments showed an increase of 13% of geranial proportion during 24 h of exposition, when compared with the control plants, in MS0 medium. After 48h of treatment, in addition to the presence of 2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one (8.5% of the oil), it was observed an increase of 1,531.2% of verbenol and 1,114.8% of citronellal. After 96 hours of MeJA exposition, any effect was observed on plant secondary metabolites production since the essential oil composition was similar to the control (MS0). Regarding MeSa treatments, with 72 hours of exposure, presented an accumulation of geranial 21.4% greater than the control.
Analysis of Diversity among Potato Accessions Grown in Eritrea Using Single Linkage Clustering

Potato is an important cash and food crop, a source of income to many small scale farmers in Eritrea. In the long tradition of potato cultivation farmers have adopted a number of landraces. However, very little is known about their genetic diversity which limits further breeding programs to improve productivity. The objective of the study was to characterize potato accessions grown in Eritrea. A total of 21 accessions collected from farmers and NARI were used in this study for characterization employing 33 phenotypic descriptors. Single linkage (nearest neighbor) clustering method using UPGMA employing Euclidean test was used to yield a dendrogram. The clustering generated three main clusters with further sub clusters. The clustering helped to identify accessions that shared the same characteristics and/or that were closely related and vice versa. It was noted that there was no distinct relationship between the clusters groups and geographic sources of accession. Yet, accessions sharing the same name may not necessarily share the same genetic content. Mean deviation of variables for each group from the total mean indicated that Group III followed by group I showed negative deviation in most of the recorded yield related traits. Group I was particularly affected by the presence of two inferior accessions in the group. On the other hand, Group II accessions showed relatively maximum deviation from the total mean and could be recommended for use as parent for any breeding program in Eritrea.
Inference on local average treatment effects for misclassified treatment

Abstract We develop point-identification for the local average treatment effect when the binary treatment contains a measurement error. The standard instrumental variable estimator is inconsistent for the parameter since the measurement error is nonclassical by construction. We correct the problem by identifying the distribution of the measurement error based on the use of an exogenous variable that can even be a binary covariate. The moment conditions derived from the identification lead to generalized method of moments estimation with asymptotically valid inferences. Monte Carlo simulations and an empirical illustration demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed procedure.
A uniform open image theorem for l-adic representations in positive characteristic

Let $k$ be a finitely generated field of characteristic $p > 0$ and $\ell$ a prime. Let $X$ be a smooth, separated, geometrically connected curve of finite type over $k$ and $\rho: \pi_1(X)\rightarrow GL_r(\mathbb Z_{\ell})$ a continuous representation of the \etale fundamental group of $X$ with image $G$. Any $k$-rational point $x:Spec(k)\rightarrow X$ induces a local representation $\rho_x: \pi_1(Spec(k)) \rightarrow \pi_1(X) \rightarrow GL_r(\mathbb Z_{\ell})$ with image $G_x$. The goal of this paper is to study how $G_x$ varies with $x\in X(k)$. In particular we prove that if $\ell\neq p$ and every open subgroup of $\rho(\pi_1(X_{\overline k}))$ has finite abelianization, then the set $X_{\rho}^{ex}(k)$ of $k$-rational points such that $G_x$ is not open in $G$ is finite and there exists a constant $C\geq 0$ such that $[G:G_x]\leq C$ for all $x\in X(k)-X_{\rho}^{ex}(k)$. This result can be applied to obtain uniform bounds for the $\ell$-primary torsion of groups theoretic invariants in one dimensional families of varieties. For example, torsion of abelian varieties and the Galois invariants of the geometric Brauer group. This extends to positive characteristic previous results of Anna Cadoret and Akio Tamagawa in characteristic 0.
Study of sumac extract (Rhus coriaria L.), lactic acid and thyme oil as decontaminants for shelf life extension of refrigerated rabbit meat

In an attempt to improve the microbiological quality and extend the shelf-life of refrigerated rabbit meat, four groups of rabbit meat from New Zealand breed were prepared, the 1 st group was untreated (control), while the other three groups were treated with lactic acid 0.5 %, thyme oil 0.5 % and water extract of sumac 8 % by dipping for 1, 1 and 10 min, respectively. Then the samples were refrigerated at 2 ± 1 °C to be periodically examined for their sensory and microbiological status. The control and treated samples showed excellent overall acceptability by panellists at zero-day of examination, off odours and tastes were noticed by the day 9, 12, 9 and 15 day of storage in control (C), lactic acid (LA), thyme oil (TO) and water extract of sumac (WES) treated groups, respectively. There was no significant differences in aerobic plate counts “APC” (at p < 0.05) between treated and untreated groups at zero and 3 rd day of examination, while at 6 th and 9 th day of refrigerated storage, the values of APC were significantly lower in LA and WES treated groups than C and TO treated groups. The APC results confirm the concept that the slowest growth rate of the total bacterial population extends the shelf life of rabbit meat. Approximately, similar pattern to that of APC was observed in the results of coliforms (MPN). The MPN values of faecal coliforms and E. coli were relatively low, which could be attributed to the preparation of rabbit samples under strict hygienic measures. The obtained results in the present study suggest that WES can be used as a decontaminant for rabbit and poultry meat at each decontamination step instead of other chemical substances which could affect the acceptability of the final product and remain some hazardous residues. Keywords: sumac, rabbit, quality, shelf life, thyme oil, lactic acid.
Institutional Repository Application of flourescent PIV and digital image analysis to measure turbulence properties of solid-liquid stirred suspensions

This study describes an experimental technique which combines Fluorescent Particle Image Velocimetry (FPIV) and digital image analysis, to quantify the hydrodynamics of a solid-liquid suspension stirred by a 45° pitched-blade turbine impeller. Soda-lime glass spheres of 1000 μm diameter were employed for the dispersed phase, with up to volumetric concentrations of 0.5 vol% in water. The magnitude of the continuous phase mean velocity did not change significantly in the impeller jet or bulk flow, with the addition of up to 0.5 vol% dispersed phase. Turbulence levels of the continuous phase, in terms of rms velocities, turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate decreased above particle concentrations of 0.2 vol%, and the level of turbulence suppression remained constant up to 0.5 vol%. Continuous phase integral length scales remained unchanged in the presence of solids. The locallyaveraged particle concentration field showed high concentrations above and below the impeller and at the corner of the vessel base, extending up the vessel wall. Particle turbulence
Macroeconomic policy and growth : some lessons of experience

This paper asks how macroeconomic policies affect growth. It draws on the experiences since 1974 of seventeen developing countries-Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, C6te d'Ivoire, India, Indonesia, Kenya, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Turkey. First, the paper looks at the effects of the foreign-financed public spending booms of the 1 970s, which tended to destabilize economies and lead to debt crises, initially raising and then lowering growth rates. Next, the paper compares reactions to the 1980-82 crises and adjustment policies in four countries that were relatively successful-Colombia, Turkey, Thailand, and Indonesia. The paper reviews the varying experiences with inflation of the countries in the study and assesses the effects of inflation on growth. The generally low-inflation countries experienced short bursts of high inflation caused by external shocks. Finally, the paper analyzes the relation between inflation and exchange rate regimes and describes the exchange rate policies of Indonesia and Mexico in detail. The paper draws a number of policy lessons-notably the need to do cost-benefit analyses for public investments, the need to avoid "euphoria" when the economic outlook appears favorable, and the need to react speedily to crises. Nominal exchange rates should be adjusted to avoid unstable real rates, and a flexible exchange rate policy should be combined with a commitment to a noninflationary monetary policy.
Economic Empowerment of Tribal Women in Karnataka: A Case Study in Mysore and Chamarajanagara Districts

Women in a tribal society play a vital role in their social cultural economic and religious ways of life and are considered as an economic asset in their society. But they are still lagging far behind in the various walks of life like education employment good health and economic empowerment etc. Empowering may be understood as enabling weaker sections like poor women especially tribal women to acquire and to possess power and resources in order to make decisions on their own After the analysis of the data and field observation it is revealed that lack of education poor health status and infant mortality rate low level of wage work lack of self-employment opportunity organising capacity and leadership quality are the main obstacles to the economic empowerment of tribal women. The government and non-governmental organisations should prepare suitable plans and programmes for the economic empowerment of tribal women.
Electronic Health Records Functionalities in Saudi Arabia: Obstacles and Major Challenges

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES : Despite the innovative technology availability, however, the functionalities of usefulness are limited and not been explored in Saudi Arabian hospitals. This study aims to determine the extent and diffusion of Electronic Health Records (EHR) in public hospitals in Saudi Arabia and to explore the main obstacles, and problems of adopting EHR in these hospitals. METHODS : A comprehensive survey was developed and sent to the medium and large size hospital stakeholders to collect their opinions on the current status of the adoption and usage of EHR. Cluster random sampling has been used. The study has been conducted in the eastern province. RESULTS : Based on the 15 hospitals surveyed in the Eastern Province (EP), Saudi Arabia, a total of seven hospitals (46.6%) had an EHR system and the implementation is running. EHR is mostly used for order entry (51.11%) and char review (41.11%) in the EP in Saudi Arabia with obstacles to be used for decision support, documentation functions, communication tools. Despite the “secured” EHR system, the results shows that security mechanism did not cover all threats. CONCLUSION : The results suggest that more public hospitals are required to adopting more and more EHR and EHR functionalities. A periodic assessment of EHR status should be performed in addition to or part of an encouraging/ enforcing policies that can significantly increase the rate of adoption of EHR systems. Managers and policymakers can benefit from the study by facing obstacles and general challenges of problems like resistance to change from the medical staff in using the information technology, low and weak financing, and train technical supporting staff for adopting EHR.