Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Domain II of Pseudomonas Exotoxin Is Critical for Efficacy of Bolus Doses in a Xenograft Model of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Moxetumomab pasudotox is a fusion protein of a CD22-targeting antibody and Pseudomonas exotoxin. Minutes of exposure to Moxetumomab achieves similar cell killing than hours of exposure to a novel deimmunized variant against some acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Because blood levels fall quickly, Moxetumomab is more than 1000-fold more active than the deimmunized variant in vivo. We aimed to identify which part of Moxetumomab increases in vivo efficacy and generated five immunotoxins, tested time-dependent activity, and determined the efficacy in a KOPN-8 xenograft model. Full domain II shortened the time cells had to be exposed to die to only a few minutes for some ALL; deimmunized domain III consistently extended the time. Against KOPN-8, full domain II accelerated time to arrest protein synthesis by three-fold and tripled PARP-cleavage. In vivo efficacy was increased by more than 10-fold by domain II and increasing size, and therefore half-life enhanced efficacy two- to four-fold. In summary, in vivo efficacy is determined by the time cells have to be exposed to immunotoxin to die and serum half-life. Thus, domain II is most critical for activity against some ALL treated with bolus doses; however, immunotoxins lacking all but the furin-cleavage site of domain II may be advantageous when treating continuously.
Trends in Gender-affirming Surgery in Insured Patients in the United States

Background: An estimated 0.6% of the U.S. population identifies as transgender and an increasing number of patients are presenting for gender-related medical and surgical services. Utilization of health care services, especially surgical services, by transgender patients is poorly understood beyond survey-based studies. In this article, our aim is 2-fold; first, we intend to demonstrate the utilization of datasets generated by insurance claims data as a means of analyzing gender-related health services, and second, we use this modality to provide basic demographic, utilization, and outcomes data about the insured transgender population. Methods: The Truven MarketScan Database, containing data from 2009 to 2015, was utilized, and a sample set was created using the Gender Identity Disorder diagnosis code. Basic demographic information and utilization of gender-affirming procedures was tabulated. Results: We identified 7,905 transgender patients, 1,047 of which underwent surgical procedures from 2009 to 2015. Our demographic results were consistent with previous survey-based studies, suggesting transgender patients are on average young adults (average age = 29.8), and geographically diverse. The most common procedure from 2009 to 2015 was mastectomy. Complications of all gender-affirming procedures was 5.8%, with the highest rate of complications occurring with phalloplasty. There was a marked year-by-year increase in utilization of surgical services. Conclusion: Transgender care and gender confirming surgery are an increasing component of health care in the United States. The data contained in existing databases can provide demographic, utilization, and outcomes data relevant to providers caring for the transgender patient population.
Noninferiority of three months versus six months of oxaliplatin‐based adjuvant chemotherapy for resected colon cancer. How should IDEA findings affect clinical practice?

The eagerly awaited results of the multi‐continental International Duration Evaluation of Adjuvant Chemotherapy (IDEA) project have recently been presented at major oncological meetings. The 3‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) was presented for 12,834 Stage III colon cancer patients in a pooled analysis of 6 individual noninferiority phase III randomized trials, all investigating three versus six months of oxaliplatin‐based adjuvant therapy. Noninferiority (NI) could not be demonstrated for the whole population as the DFS hazard ratio (HR) of 1.07 with its 95% CI of 1.00–1.15 crossed the postulated NI boundary of 1.12. However, there was an expected reduction in the incidence of specific side effects with the three months treatment. NI could be demonstrated for the T3N1 subgroup (∼60% of patients, HR for DFS 1.01, 95% CI 0.90–1.12). Moreover, NI was also declared for the subgroup treated with the CAPOX regimen (capecitabine plus oxaliplatin, ∼40% of patients), but the CAPOX choice was physician‐based and not subject to randomization. Overall, the IDEA results indicate that three months of therapy might be adequate for most of Stage III tumors; however, a small subset of these patients still have high risk of recurrence and death with short treatment duration. Precise predictors of benefit need to be identified, nonetheless tumor‐intrinsic factors, such as tumor stage, might currently be considered as useful tools to inform the decision‐making process.
The Effect of Previous Methylphenidate Use on Incidence of Stress Fractures in Military Recruits: A Retrospective Cohort

Background: Previous research has detected an increased risk of stress fractures among subjects who reported previous use of methylphenidate. Conversely, stimulant medication use has been associated with traumatic fracture risk reduction, possibly because of the improved control of the underlying symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of previous methylphenidate use on the incidence of traumatic and stress fractures among combat soldiers with previously treated and untreated ADHD. Methods: The retrospective cohort included 100,000 combat soldiers recruited to the Israeli Defense Forces from 2005 through 2015. Diagnosis of ADHD and previous exposure to methylphenidate were determined on the basis of self-reported recruitment questionnaires and medical records. Accordingly, the cohort was divided into 3 groups: subjects with ADHD who were previously treated with methylphenidate (n = 689), untreated subjects with ADHD reporting no medication use (n = 762), and controls having no ADHD diagnosis (n = 98,549). Logistic regressions were fitted to determine the odds ratios (ORs) of study subjects for stress and non-stress (traumatic) fractures. Multivariate analysis incorporated baseline characteristics, including age, sex, weight, duration of service, and diagnosis of anemia, at some point during the service. Results: After adjustment for sex, anemia, weight, age, and duration of service, the risk of traumatic fractures was increased in both subjects with treated ADHD (OR, 1.03 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00 to 1.05]) and subjects with untreated ADHD (OR, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.02 to 1.07]) compared with controls. Subjects in the treated ADHD group were at a higher risk of stress fractures (OR, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.02 to 1.07]). Interestingly, a diagnosis of anemia was an independent predictor of stress fractures (OR, 1.05 [95% CI, 1.04 to 1.06]). Conclusions: Methylphenidate use is associated with an increased risk of stress fractures but a decreased risk of traumatic fractures in individuals diagnosed with ADHD. These and previous findings may serve as sufficient basis for screening for other risk factors and perhaps taking prevention measures in all those using stimulant medications, especially those planning to engage in strenuous physical activity. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Investigating Malware Epidemiology and Child Exploitation Using Algorithmic Ethnography

A number of recent studies have investigated the role that advertising plays in funding and sustaining piracy sites. In this study, the composition of advertising on piracy websites hosting Child Exploitation Material (CEM) in Brazil was analysed, measuring both mainstream and “high-risk” ads1 using samples generated from the most-complained about sites, as well as the most popular sites, using algorithmic ethnography. The results indicated that high-risk ads pose significant problems for Brazilian users, especially children, who may be harmed by exposure to ads promoting the sex industry, gambling, scams and malware. Links between Brazil-focused piracy websites and CEM are documented. Policy options for dealing with this issue are discussed. CEM poses a threat not only to the children depicted in it but also to children who might be exposed to it. Indeed, any viewer who is exposed to CEM may experience adverse psychological and behavioral consequences.
Analysis of Detecting Wormhole Attack in Wireless Networks

In multi hop wireless systems, such as ad hoc and sensor networks, mobile ad hoc network applications are deployed, security emerges as a central requirement. A particularly devastating attack is known as the wormhole attack, where two or more malicious colluding nodes create a higher level virtual tunnel in the network, which is employed to transport packets between the tunnel end points. These tunnels emulate shorter links in the network. In which adversary records transmitted packets at one location in the network, tunnels them to another location, and retransmits them into the network. The wormhole attack is possible even if the attacker has not compromised any hosts and even if all communication provides authenticity and confidentiality. In this paper, we analyze wormhole attack nature in ad hoc and sensor networks and existing methods of the defending mechanism to detect wormhole attacks without require any specialized hardware. This analysis able to provide in establishing a method to reduce the rate of refresh time and the response time to become more faster. Keywords—Ad hoc network, Sensor network, Wormhole attack, defending mechanism.
Evolutionary rescue in a host–pathogen system results in coexistence not clearance

The evolutionary rescue of host populations may prevent extinction from novel pathogens. However, the conditions that facilitate rapid evolution of hosts, in particular the population variation in host susceptibility, and the effects of host evolution in response to pathogens on population outcomes remain largely unknown. We constructed an individual‐based model to determine the relationships between genetic variation in host susceptibility and population persistence in an amphibian‐fungal pathogen (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) system. We found that host populations can rapidly evolve reduced susceptibility to a novel pathogen and that this rapid evolution led to a 71‐fold increase in the likelihood of host–pathogen coexistence. However, the increased rates of coexistence came at a cost to host populations; fewer populations cleared infection, population sizes were depressed, and neutral genetic diversity was lost. Larger adult host population sizes and greater adaptive genetic variation prior to the onset of pathogen introduction led to substantially reduced rates of extinction, suggesting that populations with these characteristics should be prioritized for conservation when species are threatened by novel infectious diseases.
Absolute/convective secondary instabilities and the role of confinement in free shear layers

We study the linear spatiotemporal stability of an infinite row of equal point-vortices under symmetric confinement between parallel walls. This serves to model the secondary pairing instability in free shear layers, allowing us to study how confinement limits the growth of shear layers through vortex pairings. Using a geometric construction akin to a Legendre transform on the dispersion relation, we compute the growth rate of the instability in different reference frames as a function of frame velocity. This new approach is verified and complemented with numerical computations of the linear impulse response, fully characterizing the absolute/convective nature of the instability. As for the primary instability of parallel tanh profiles, we observe a range of confinement in which absolute instability is promoted. For a given parallel shear layer and channel width, the threshold for absolute/convective instability of the pairing instability depends on the separation distance between consecutive vortices, which is physically determined by the wavelength selected by the previous (primary or pairing) instability. With counterflow and moderate to weak confinement, small wavelength of the vortex row leads to absolute instability. In the present case, however, the result of the secondary pairing instability is to regenerate the flow with an increased wavelength, eventually leading to convective instability. This leads us to propose a wavelength selection criteria, according to which a spatially developing row of vortices in a free shear layer with counterflow can only occur if the distance between vortices is sufficiently large, in comparison to the channel width, so that the pairing instability is convective. The proposed wavelength selection mechanism can serve as a guideline for experimentally obtaining plane shear layers with counterflow, which has remained an experimental challenge.
Sumoylation in gene regulation and cardiac disease: potential for drug discovery

License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. Permissions beyond the scope of the License are administered by Dove Medical Press Limited. Information on how to request permission may be found at: http://www.dovepress. com/permissions.php Advances in Genomics and Genetics 2014:4 185–192 Advances in Genomics and Genetics Dovepress
Measuring Symptoms of Psychopathology in Zambian Orphans and Vulnerable Children: Scale Validation and Psychometric Evaluation

There is a paucity of validated mental health measures for assessing psychological well-being among HIV-affected youth. We sought to explore the psychometric properties and validity of the Achenbach Youth Self-Report and Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale among orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) living in Lusaka, Zambia. These scales were administered to 210 OVC aged 13 to 17 years via audio computer-assisted self-interview. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess scale structure, Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency, and correlations between scales related to mental or psychosocial health for construct validity. A known-groups validation was conducted using local identifications of youth with and without significant psychosocial problems, and test–retest reliability was assessed. Scales exhibited good internal reliability (α > .80), adequate criterion validity (area under the curve > .70), and moderate test–retest reliability (.62-.68). Findings support the utility of these symptom scales for identifying OVC experiencing significant psychosocial problems in Zambia.
I'm supposed to see that?' AdChoices Usability in the Mobile Environment

The Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) recently adapted its self-regulatory notice-and-choice program to the mobile environment by creating a mobile version of its existing opt-out webpage and a new mobile app. Its AdChoices icon remains the primary means on the mobile Web of alerting consumers to the presence of behaviorally-targeted advertising. Previous research has uncovered major usability flaws in the desktop versions, so evaluating the mobile tools is prudent. Mobile devices also present unique usability challenges and afford greater opportunity for tracking consumers. A qualitative study was conducted in which participants (n=18) were given test smartphones and asked to complete three tasks corresponding to the AdChoices icon, webpage, and app. Major usability problems were found that could impact a user’s mental model of how these tools work, and the extent to which their privacy is protected. This paper presents findings from the first usability task about the AdChoices icon.
An Exploratory Study of Current Information Security Training and Awareness Practices in Organizations

Effective information security training and awareness (ISTA) is essential to protect organizational information resources. Our review of industry best-practice guidelines on ISTA exposed two key deficiencies. First, they are presented at a conceptual-level without any empirical evidence of their validity. Second, the guidelines are generic (one size fits all) without consideration of the diversity in organizational contexts where they will be applied. Given these deficiencies in ISTA guidance, this paper reports on the findings of an exploratory study into how ISTA is implemented in different organizational contexts in six organizations. The paper identifies three challenges: the lack of motivational aspects in current ISTA program, the competition for employees’ attention and the difficulty in measuring the effectiveness of ISTA program. Several recommendations and suggestions were outlined to overcome these challenges.
Recruiting Women in IT: A Conjoint-Analysis Approach

The war for talent in the fields of information systems (IS) and information technology (IT) has intensified over the last years. Especially the attraction of skilled women to compensate for higher demands and to bring in different perspectives and diverse expertise has become a challenging task for organizations. So far, literature suggested promoting special female programs and a balanced work-family culture to attract more women to IT omitting that women may also seek general career characteristics such as salary and benefits, career advancement and promotion opportunities, and challenging tasks. By using an experimental conjoint design with 101 female and 115 male IT-professionals, we simultaneously tested and compared the effects of these factors on the intention to apply for an IT-related position. The results suggest that both female and male ITprofessionals value work-family balance as the most important characteristic followed by general career characteristics while mentoring programs for women appeared as least important.
Quantitative determination of pancreas size using anatomical landmarks and its clinical relevance: A systematic literature review

There have been many reports of altered pancreas size in diseases of the endocrine and exocrine pancreas, but few attempts to quantify such changes. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review, documenting the methodology, and quantitative data in studies reporting on pancreas size. Three electronic databases (Embase, Scopus, and MEDLINE) were searched by two reviewers independently. Studies of humans were included if they compared pancreas size (reported as pancreas diameters, areas, and/or lengths) between diseased populations and controls. A total of 28 studies with 3,810 individuals were included. Among these, 22 measured pancreas diameters, seven measured pancreas areas, and one measured pancreas lengths. The most common landmark for the head of the pancreas was the confluence of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins (three out of nine studies, 33.3%); for the body it was the superior mesenteric artery (seven out of nine, 77.8%); for the tail it was the internal border of the left kidney (two out of six, 33.3%). Pancreas diameters and areas tended to be smaller in diabetes mellitus, the extent of reduction being greater in individuals with type 1 than type 2 diabetes. Pancreas diameters tended to be greater in acute pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer but not in chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas diameters are a clinically relevant measure for diseases of the endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Consensus guidelines need to be developed to standardize their measurements. Clin. Anat. 31:913–926, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Complementarity of Corporate IT Alignment and Business Unit IT Alignment: An Analysis of Their Joint Effects on Business Unit Performance

Alignment between IT and business strategy is a perennial challenge for IT executives, in part due to the evolving nature of organizational structure. In multi-business organizations (MBOs), a pressing issue for IT executives is how to improve the performance of each strategic business unit (SBU). In this paper we examine how IT alignment in MBOs affects SBU performance. We distinguish between IT alignment at the corporate and SBU levels and propose that these two types of IT alignment are complementary and exert joint effects on SBU performance. Two hypotheses related to these joint effects are developed and tested using data collected from an international survey of IT executives. Our findings indicate that complementarities between corporate IT alignment and SBU IT alignment enhance SBU performance. The primary contribution of this paper is explaining how different types of IT alignment in MBOs – individually and jointly – affect SBU performance.
Prevention of Ankle Sprain Injuries in Youth Soccer and Basketball: Effectiveness of a Neuromuscular Training Program and Examining Risk Factors

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a neuromuscular training (NMT) warm-up program in reducing the risk of ankle sprain injury (ASI) in youth soccer and basketball. The secondary objective included the evaluation of risk factors for ASI. Study Design: Secondary analysis of pooled data from 5 studies. Participants: Male and female youth (11-18 years) soccer and basketball players (n = 2265) in Alberta, Canada. Outcome Measures: Ankle sprain injury was the primary outcome and was recorded using a validated prospective injury surveillance system consistent in all studies. The primary exposure of interest was NMT warm-up, which included aerobic, strength, agility, and balance components. Multivariable Poisson regression, controlling for clustering by team and offset for exposure hours, was used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with considerations for confounding and effect modification and evaluating all covariates as potential risk factors. Results: A total of 188 ASIs were reported in 171 players. Neuromuscular training significantly reduced the risk of ASI [IRR = 0.68 (95% CI; 0.46-0.99)]. Independent risk factors for ASI included previous ASI [IRR = 1.98 (95% CI; 1.38-2.81)] and participation in basketball versus soccer [IRR = 1.83 (95% CI; 1.18-2.85)]. Sex, age, body mass index, and previous lower extremity injury (without previous ASI) did not predict ASI (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Exposure to an NMT program is significantly protective for ASI in youth soccer and basketball. Risk of ASI in youth basketball is greater than soccer, and players with a history of ASI are at greater risk.
First report and genetic characterization of feline kobuvirus in diarrhoeic cats in China

Abstract Feline kobuvirus (FeKoV) is a newly discovered organism, classified under the species Aichivirus A of the genus Kobuvirus. Since it was first reported in 2013, molecular evidence for FeKoV in the feline population has been restricted to two countries: Korea and Italy. In this study, we collected faecal samples from cats in southern China and detected the FeKoV RNA in these samples. A prevalence rate of 9.9% (8/81) was identified by RT‐PCR, and all positive samples were obtained from diarrhoeic animals. In addition, FeKoV was shown positive associated with diarrhoea in cats, with a correlation coefficient of 0.25. Next, we designed three primer pairs with degenerate bases, which targeted the conservative overlapping region of the entire published FeKoV genome, and sequenced the near‐complete genome of the first Chinese field FeKoV strain, WHJ‐1, using long‐fragment PCR. Finally, we analysed WHJ‐1's homology and phylogeny using the polyprotein gene. The results indicated that FeKoV has rapidly mutated since it was first discovered. This study will help to better understand FeKoV's epidemiology, evolutionary pattern and genetic diversity.