Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Comparison of the Forgetting Solutions Computed using SCAN, LETHE and FAME

Forgetting, in description logic, is a non-standard reasoning technique. The aim of this technique is to eliminate concept and role symbols from a knowledge base, whilst preserving all logical consequences up to the remaining symbols. In this research, three forgetting tools were used to understand the relationship between the approaches on which they are based: SCAN, LETHE and FAME. The approach applied LETHE to description logic-based ontologies to investigate the solutions being computed. The solutions were then compared with those being computed using the other forgetting tools, SCAN and FAME.
Innovation factory and innovation atelier business design for ‘routinized innovation’

The importance of dasiaroutinized innovationpsila as a major driver of economic growth, the need for dasiaambidextrous organizationspsila in an uncertain and disruptive business environment, and the importance of contingency for organizations have been widely discussed in management literature. From a business design perspective, practitioners are facing a three-fold challenge to design Innovation structures which meet the requirements of dasiadesigning for routinized Innovationpsila, dasiadesigning for ambidexteritypsila, and dasiadesigning for contingencypsila. The authors aim at addressing this challenge by introducing the complementary concepts of dasiaInnovation Factorypsila and dasiaInnovation Atelierpsila. The argument is discussed conceptually and supported by a case study.
Cognitive Deficits in Reading Disability and Attention Deficit Disorder

This paper presents data from three studies (a cross-sectional study of school-referred children, a test-retest study of subtypes of reading disabilities, and a study of a large, random sample of first graders) that focus on specifying the cognitive deficits associated with reading difficulties and separating them from those associated with attentional deficits. The cognitive deficits associated with difficulty in reading were consistent across samples, developmental levels, definitions, and subtypes of reading disabilities. With IQ, age, and sex controlled for, poor readers were significantly impaired on measures of naming and phonological awareness. The effects of attentional deficits were more variable and complex but were clearly separate from the reading disability effects. In the previous issue of this journal, two articles from the Austin Invitational Research Symposium were published. This symposium was made possible by a grant from the Donald D. Hammill Foundation to this journal. In this issue two additional articles follow from that symposium. See the December 1988 issue for an introduction to the series from Joseph K. Torgesen, coordinator and chair of the symposium. -JLW
Diagnosis and management of malaria by rural community health providers in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos)

We assessed the knowledge of malaria diagnosis and management by community health providers in rural Vientiane and Savannakhet Provinces, Lao PDR. Sixty health providers (17 pharmacy owners/drug sellers and 43 village health volunteers) were interviewed. All diagnosed malaria using symptoms and signs only; 14% were aware of >2 criteria for the diagnosis of severe malaria. Although chloroquine and quinine, the then recommended Lao national policy for uncomplicated malaria treatment, were the most common antimalarials prescribed – 65% gave incorrect doses and 70% did not know the side effects. Although not recommended by the then national policy, 27% of the health providers used combinations of antimalarials as they considered monotherapy ineffective. This study strongly suggests that further training of Lao rural health providers in malaria diagnosis and management is needed to improve the quality of health services in areas remote from district hospitals.
Heuristic reasoning in the setting of hurdle rates and in the projection of cash flows in investment appraisal

A growing body of literature in investment appraisal has focused on bounded rationality of managerial decision-makers. It mostly addresses the actual investment decision stage, i.e. project approval. The investment decision is usually supported by a financial appraisal of the investment projects under consideration. Bounded rationality of the decision-makers determining the parameters of a financial appraisal have, however, attracted little attention. In the field of judgement and decision-making, decision-makers have been found to rely on a variety of effort-reducing strategies, i.e. heuristics, when making a judgement. This work addresses heuristic reasoning in the narrow field of setting the parameters required for a discounted cash flow analysis. Both dimensions, the projection of cash flows and the setting of a risk-adjusted hurdle rate, have been found to incorporate a high degree of subjective judgement. Moreover, given the complex and uncertain environment of companies and of the investment context in particular, optimal parameters may be difficult to determine. This work identifies heuristics that actors involved in this narrow stage of investment appraisal intuitively apply. It proceeds in two steps. First, and based on a conceptual framework, a qualitative study of practitioners detects and classifies indications of judgement in the projection of cash flows and in the setting of a hurdle rate. The findings that are indicative of heuristics translate into hypotheses for a second, quantitative study: Five experiments on practitioner-proxies are used to examine heuristic reasoning in the narrow contexts of investment appraisal. We find evidence that the affect heuristic and the anchoring effect substitute the more difficult judgement of a project’s risk that is manifested in a project-specific hurdle rate. Our hypothesis that the availability heuristic may also be involved in judging project risk cannot be confirmed; it is not found to contribute to an explanation of the paradox of setting hurdle rates higher than appropriate. As regards the projection of cash flows, application of the representativeness heuristic was not found to be applicable – despite strong indications in the qualitative study. Strong evidence is found in favour of the anchoring effect in making cash flow estimates – with finance or accounting experts being particularly prone to rely on arbitrary anchors. A sixth experiment investigates the practice of adjusting hurdle rates to mitigate the risk of overconfident cash flow projections. This work therefore contributes to an enhanced understanding of the role of judgement and the underlying judgemental processes in the two dimensions of investment appraisal. It highlights boundedly rational behaviour of the actors involved in the vital process of investment decision-making which has not been systematically addressed elsewhere. It can contribute to an improved understanding of organisational behaviour and ultimately to corporate success.
Anaerobic curved rods in genital samples of women. Performance of different selective media, comparison of detection by microscopy and culture studies, and recovery from different sampling sites.

Anaerobic curved rods (CR) frequently occur in the vaginal flora of women with non-specific vaginitis, more recently referred to as bacterial vaginosis (BV). The reasons for difficulties in culturing CR include their anaerobic nature, slow rate of growth and presence in a highly mixed flora. The present study concerns the efficiency of three culture media--blood agar, a gonococcal medium, and Columbia agar--for recovery of CR. The possibility of improving selectivity by adding various antibiotics (e.g. nalidixic acid, colistin and tinidazole) to the media was also explored. The MICs for 157 CR strains and for 80 strains of anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria isolated from vaginal samples from women with BV were therefore determined. Columbia agar containing 1 micrograms/ml tinidazole in combination with either colistin (10 micrograms/ml) or nalidixic acid (15 micrograms/ml) proved the most efficient medium for recovery of CR. These antibiotic combinations effectively suppressed growth of Gardnerella vaginalis, anaerobic cocci and species of Bacteroides. --In 291 women, comparison was made of the detection of CR morphotype bacteria in methylene-blue-stained smears and the results of vaginal cultures for CR. A long variant (2-4 micron) was found in 42% by direct microscopy and 43% by culture. A short variant (approx 1 micron), which, with two exceptions, was always concomitant with the long variant, was demonstrable in only 3% of vaginal smears and in 14% of the cultures. --Vaginal samples were approximately four times more often culture-positive for CR than were cervical samples from the same women.
Prognostic Significance of Intratumoral Metabolic Heterogeneity on 18F-FDG PET/CT in Pathological N0 Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of intratumoral metabolic heterogeneity on pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with lung cancer who were pathologically N0 (pN0) after curative surgical resection. Methods We examined 119 patients (M/F = 79/40; mean age, 64.6 ± 9.0 years) who had undergone pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT and were diagnosed as pN0 after curative surgery for adenocarcinoma (ADC; n = 67) or squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC; n = 52). Heterogeneity factor (HF) and other metabolic parameters (SUVmax, metabolic tumor volume [MTV] and total lesion glycolysis [TLG]) for the primary lesions were measured, and the results were analyzed for recurrence. The HF, defined as the derivative of the volume-threshold function from 20% to 80%, was computed for primary lesions. Univariate and multivariate analyses for recurrence were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results SUVmax, MTV, TLG, and HF were statistically different between patients with ADC and SQCC. Forty-one (34.5%) of 119 patients experienced recurrence (ADC, 25/67 = 37.3% vs. SQCC, 16/52 = 30.8%). Results of univariate analysis indicate that SUVmax, MTV, TLG, and HF in ADC and TLG and HF in SQCC were predictors for recurrence. After adjusting for sex, age, and histological grade in multivariate analysis, high SUVmax, MTV, TLG, and HF in ADC exhibited an association with increased risk of recurrence. Conclusions Metabolic parameters and heterogeneity of primary tumor on pretreatment 18F-FDG PET/CT can predict recurrence in pN0 NSCLC patients of ADC type who have undergone curative surgery but not in patients of SQCC type.
A New Methodological Frontier in Entrepreneurship Research: Big Data Studies

The emergence of “big data” and related analytic techniques are creating opportunities to advance empirical entrepreneurship theory and practice. This editorial focuses on the implications for the design and execution of empirical studies. It offers guidance on how to navigate related methodological challenges and outlines what editors, professional associations, research-method teachers, and administrators can do to enable high-quality big data research.
Relationship between overexpression of ras p21 oncoprotein and K-ras codon 12 and 13 mutations in Turkish colorectal cancer patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS The activation of ras family genes plays an important role in colorectal tumorigenesis. We investigated the clinicopathological characteristics and point mutations of K-ras oncogene codons 12/13 and ras p21 expression using paraffinembedded materials from cancerous and the surrounding normal tissues of 53 colorectal cancer cases. METHODS K-ras codons 12 and 13 point mutations were analyzed by PCR-Single- Strand Conformational Polymorphism (SSCP) and followed by DNA sequencing, while ras p21 expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Mutations of K-ras and overexpression of the ras p21 were detected in 11% and 76% of the tumors, respectively. Ras protein level in tumor was increased an average of 4.6-fold over that of normal mucosa. Ras p21 overexpression did not correlate with any of the clinicopathological parameters examined. K-ras gene mutations were found mostly in the presence of a mucinous component within the tumor (p=0.06). Follow-up data were available for 43 patients. There was no statistically significant correlation between these alterations and patient outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that, apart from K-ras codons 12/13 point mutations, overexpression of the ras family genes is important in the development of the disease but it appears not to be predictive of survival. Furthermore, mucinous secretion in the colorectum may represent a distinct genetic pattern.
Nutritional levels of female tsetse Glossina pallidipes from artificial refuges

Female tsetse flies, Glossina pallidipes Austen, caught in artificial refuges were subjected to ovarian dissection and analysed for levels of fat, residual dry weight (RDW) and haematin. There were rather small proportions of flies in ovarian categories 0 and 1, in part due to large losses in the immature and teneral stages at the hottest time of year. The distribution of the female catch among pregnancy days was close to uniform. The wet and dry weights (WW and DW) and RDW of eggs, larvae and pupae increased by 0.821, 0.303 and 0.204 mg respectively, with each mm3 increase in volume. Water accounted for 71.7% of the fat‐free WW, and fat for 32.7% of the DW. Between birth and ovulation, fat increased from 2 to 4 mg and RDW from 7 to 11 mg; thoracic RDW increased by 2.5 mg and changed little thereafter. Fat levels increased 3.5 mg by day 6 of pregnancy, but only 0.5 mg thereafter. Over the same periods RDW corrected to zero haematin (CRDW) increased by 1 and 8 mg respectively. Full‐term fat and CRDW levels were 8.2 and 19.4 mg respectively. Cumulative haematin frequencies formed a smooth curve with a slope that increased continuously. The raw data were well fitted by a model where feeding rates increased exponentially and capture probability was independent of haematin content. The mean feeding interval was 60 h; feeding probabilities of > 0.9/day were only found in flies that had failed to feed for > 72 h. In early pregnancy, fat levels declined with haematin for flies that had fed > 36 h previously; by days 5–7 fat levels were maintained at a constant high level for 60 h post‐feeding. Fat–haematin graphs for female tsetse cannot be used to estimate rates of fat utilization. Traps sample tsetse with below‐average fat and RDW in early and late pregnancy respectively. Refuge samples are less biased than those from traps; they give a better picture of the dynamics of pregnancy in normal flies and facilitate the explanation of existing anomalies.
Parental Ratings of Son's Behavior Problems in High-Risk Families: Convergent Validity, Internal Structure, and Interparent Agreement

In this research, we examined the convergent validity, internal structure, and interparent agreement of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach, 1991a) using data from a community sample of 317 high-risk families. The sample consisted of 218 families with alcoholism (biological mother, father, and son) and 99 matched comparison families without alcoholism; all families were intact and included a 3- to 5-year-old son at first contact. Evidence was found for the convergent validity of the CBCL. In addition, although interparent agreement was low, the internal structure was confirmed, and structural invariance was high between mothers and fathers and in families with and without alcoholism. The effects of parental psychological and cognitive functioning on parent agreement were examined and found to have a minimal effect on parent agreement. These results demonstrate the validity of the CBCL for use by parent raters with alcoholism and their sons and emphasize the importance of including both versus only 1 parent in research using the CBCL.
Targeting stroma in pancreatic cancer: Promises and failures of targeted therapies

Desmoplasia or abundant fibrotic stroma is a typical property of most malignancies, which has a great effect on tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and resistance to therapy. The activated stroma cells comprises several cell types including endothelial cells, nerve cells, inflammatory/macrophages cells, stellate cells, and extracellular matrix. In other word, the interactions of cancer‐stroma modulate tumorigenesis, therapy resistance, and poor delivery of drugs. Therefore, targeting the tumor stroma in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents could provide a promising approach in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge about pancreatic stellate cells, targeting stroma compartments with particular emphasis on preclinical, and clinical trials on targeting of stroma as an option in pancreatic cancer treatment.
Trade and Investment Convergence Clubs in East Asia Pacific

East Asia Pacific has catapulted to be the most dynamic region in the world as a result of economic liberalisation and sustainable growth. This study seeks to investigate if selected East Asian countries are able to converge in terms of trade and investment openness. This paper uses the concept of Phillips and Sul to evaluate trade and investment convergence in East Asia Pacific region during the period 1990 to 2016. The overall results do not support the hypothesis that all countries converge on a single equilibrium in trade and investment liberalisation. However, findings point to the existence of club convergence.
The Differential Market Reaction to Pre-Open versus Post-Close Earnings Announcements

The vast majority of U.S. public firms announce earnings in the post-close (between the closing bell and midnight, or PC) or the pre-open (between midnight and the opening bell, or PO). Prior literature generally treats PC and PO announcements as equivalent when measuring the market reaction to the announcement. In this study, we provide a model of investor processing of earnings announcements and hypothesize that PO announcements have a slower market reaction to the earnings news than PC announcements. This differential speed of the market reaction is because PC announcements offer investors more time to process and trade on the earnings news before regular trading begins. We find strong empirical evidence that, although the earnings news and cumulative market reaction does not differ between PC and PO announcements, PO announcements incorporate earnings news more slowly in the days after the announcement than PC announcements.
Salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli levels after ingestion of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 by straws or tablets

Objective. Previous studies have suggested that lactobacilli-derived probiotics in dairy products may affect oral ecology, but the impact of different vehicles of ingestion has received little attention. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 on the levels of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in young adults when ingested by two different delivery systems. Material and Methods. The material comprised 120 healthy young adults (21–24 years) and a placebo-controlled study design with parallel arms was utilized. The subjects were randomly assigned to four equally sized groups: group A drank 200 ml of water through a prepared straw containing L. reuteri ATCC 55730 once daily for 3 weeks, while group B took 200 ml water through a placebo straw during the same period. Group C was given one tablet containing L. reuteri ATCC 55730 once daily for 3 weeks, while group D received placebo tablets without bacteria. Salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were enumerated with chair-side kits at baseline and 1 day after the final ingestion. Results. A statistically significant reduction of the mutans streptococci levels was recorded after ingestion of the probiotic bacteria via the straw (p<0.05) and the tablets (p<0.01), which was in contrast to the placebo controls. A similar but non-significant trend was seen for lactobacilli. Conclusions. A short-term daily ingestion of lactobacilli-derived probiotics delivered by prepared straws or lozenges reduced the levels of salivary mutans streptococci in young adults.
Who Can Be Trusted to Manage the Fish? A Study Comparing Trust between Stakeholders

This paper investigates trust among stakeholders in fisheries management. We asked the general public, environmental bureaucrats, and recreational and commercial fishers whether they believed the other stakeholders have sufficient knowledge to have an opinion regarding fisheries management issues in a choice experiment they themselves had just been exposed to. We found that the general public and recreational fishers tend to trust bureaucrats, while bureaucrats distrust the general public. The commercial fishers deviate from the others with a high level of trust in own knowledge and low trust in all other stakeholders. The implications of low trust among stakeholders in fisheries are discussed. (JEL Q22)
Programmed Cell Death Receptor Ligand 1 Modulates the Regulatory T Cells’ Capacity to Repress Shock/Sepsis–Induced Indirect Acute Lung Injury by Recruiting Phosphatase Src Homology Region 2 Domain-Containing Phosphatase 1

ABSTRACT We recently reported that adoptively transferred (AT) exogenous CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) to wild-type (WT) mice can directly act to repress shock/sepsis–induced experimental indirect acute lung injury (iALI), and this is mediated in part by programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1). In this study, we further determine whether recipient mouse lacking PD-L1, one of the primary ligands for PD-1, contributes to the manipulation of the Tregs’ capacity to repress lung injury. To do this, Tregs isolated from the spleen of WT mice were AT into PD-L1−/− mice subjected to hemorrhagic shock and subsequent to cecal ligation and puncture to induce iALI. Samples were collected for analyses 24 h after cecal ligation and puncture. We found that in PD-L1−/−–recipient mice, AT WT-Tregs lost the ability to reverse the development of iALI seen in WT recipient mice (i.e., no reduction of lung injury indices assessed by histology and vascular leakage, failure to decrease the lung neutrophil influx [myeloperoxidase activity], or the rise in lung apoptosis [caspase 3 activity]). Also, a significant increase in interleukin 1&bgr; (IL-1&bgr;) and keratinocyte-derived chemokine, but no changes in IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A levels in lung tissues were seen in these mice compared with iALI mice without AT of Tregs. Furthermore, we noted that the lung tissue tyrosine phosphatase Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1), but not SHP-2, was activated with the AT of Tregs in PD-L1−/− iALI mice. Finally, through local depletion of CD4+ T cells or CD25+ (Tregs) in the lung, prior to inducing iALI, we found that SHP-1 activation was associated with the loss of Tregs’ protective effects in vivo. Collectively, our data reveal that PD-L1 is a critical modulator of Tregs’ ability to suppress iALI, and this appears to involve SHP-1 activation.