Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A galaxy as the source of a C iv absorption system close to the epoch of reionization

We find a bright (LUV= 2.5 L★z= 6) Lyα emitter (LAE) at redshift z= 5.719 at a projected distance of 79 physical kpc from a strong triply ionized carbon (C iv) absorption system at redshift z= 5.7238 previously reported in the spectrum of the zem= 6.309 quasi-stellar object SDSS J1030+0524. This is the highest redshift galaxy–absorber pair detected to-date, supporting the idea that galaxy-wide outflows were already in place at the end of the epoch of reionization. The proximity of this object makes it the most likely source of metals, consistent with models of outflows at lower redshift where significant observational evidence relates metal absorption systems with galaxies hosting outflows. In a typical outflow scenario, a wind of 200 km s−1, active since the Universe was only 0.6 Gyr old (z∼ 8.4), could eject metals out to 79 kpc at z= 5.719. Although the origin of metals in the intergalactic medium (IGM) is still under debate, our results are consistent with predictions from cosmological simulations which reproduce the evolution of the cosmic density of C iv from z∼ 6 to the present day based on outflow-driven enrichment of the IGM. We also report two more LAEs in this field, at z= 5.973 ± 0.002 and 5.676 ± 0.002, respectively the former confirming the original identification by Stiavelli et al. Our results suggest that the colour cut typically used to identify i-dropouts (i775−z850 > 1.3) misses a non-negligible fraction of blue galaxies with faint ultraviolet continuum at z≳ 5.7.
Explaining Instability in the Stability and Growth Pact

The Stability and Growth Pact clearly failed to prevent the euro crisis. We contend that the failure was due largely to the ability of the Member States to undermine the Pact’s operation. The European Commission served as a “watchdog” to monitor fiscal performance. The Member States themselves, however, collectively had the ability to change the content of the reports for individual states. We confirm the expectation that powerful Member States had the most success in undermining the role of the Commission. Perhaps more surprisingly, we find supporting evidence for our argument that governments with euroskeptic populations behind them were also more successful in weakening the Commission’s warnings. These results have broader theoretical implications concerning which mechanisms explain country-specific outcomes under a shared rule. Another contribution is the creation of a new data set of European Commission assessments of Member State economic programs and Council of Minister revisions.
New extensions of Cline's formula for generalized inverses

In this paper, Cline's formula for the well-known generalized inverses such as Drazin inverse, pseudo Drazin inverse and generalized Drazin inverse is extended to the case when $\left\{ \begin{aligned} acd=dbd \ \\ dba=aca. \\ \end{aligned} \right. $ Also, applications are given to some interesting Banach space operator properties like algebraic, meromorphic, polaroidness and B-Fredholmness.
TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE DESTINED TO BE CRITICIZED AS FAILURE: UNDERSTANDING ITS UNIQUENESS FROM AFRICAN CASES

African countries such as South Africa, Sierra Leone, Rwanda, Liberia, Ghana, and Nigeria share post-conflict policies known as transitional justice (TJ) to achieve accountability for conflicts, victimhood, and wrongdoing. This paper provides an assessment of the previous critical discourse on TJ, identifies the issues critics have focused on, examines why the assessments of TJ programs have been critical, and discusses whether the criticisms reflect essential conditions under which the TJ programs were conducted. The paper also examines the criticisms of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in South Africa and traces the development of similar criticism aimed at Sierra Leonean and Rwandan programs. In so doing, it attempts to uncover the social conditions that affect TJ outcomes and induce repetitive choruses of criticisms. Finally, the author introduces a sociological framework based primarily on social movement theory to explore the contributions and potential of TJ for post-conflict societies.
Isolating and identifying motivations: A voluntary contribution mechanism experiment with interior Nash equilibria

What motivates subjects in their decision making is a lingering issue in public goods experiments. Using a nonlinear payoff function and a two-subject model, we create a one-toone correspondence between contributions and motivations, enabling us to isolate and identify the following three possible motivations: Nash, cooperative, and altruistic motivations. The experimental results show that Nash- motivated behavior accounts for more than 70% of all decisions. Some subjects reveal a cooperative motivation when they know the other subject's payoff information. Altruistic motivation is found to be rare throughout the experiment.
EFFECT OF SOLVENT FLOW RATE ON THE SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION OF ANDROGRAPHOLIDE FROM ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA

Malaysia is one of the major medicinal plants (Andrographis paniculata) producers in the world. Extraction of bioactive component (andrographolide) from ground dried leaves of this plant using supercritical carbon dioxide has been studied. The effect of solvent flow rates ranging from 7.95 × 10-6 to 6.36 × 10-5 kg/s on the extraction efficiency has been investigated. The extraction yield increased with the increase of solvent flow rate from 7.95 × 10-6 to 3.18 × 10-5 kg/s. However further increase of solvent flow rate reduced the extraction yield. Therefore, an optimum solvent flow rate at 3.18 × 10-5 kg/s was obtained for the system under study. The extraction process was found to be controlled by intraparticle diffusion of the andrographolide in the starting leaves particles.
More effective skills utilisation: shifting the terrain of skills policy in Scotland

This paper examines shifts in skills policy in Scotland towards emphasising the importance of effective skills utilisation. Turning policy into practice, however, requires a better understanding than currently exists of skills utilisation in order to facilitate better measurement, evaluation and intervention. This paper aims to contribute to such an understanding. We suggest that effective skills utilisation comprises two distinct elements: the use of better skills and the better use of skills, with the former crucial to the development of a high skills economy and the latter crucial to realising existing untapped workforce potential. We further argue that skills utilisation is most likely where workers have the ability, motivation and opportunity to deploy their skills effectively. We conclude by advocating greater collaboration in skills utilisation practice and research between relevant stakeholders, drawing on European experiences and an approach – which we call ASPiRRE – that envelops actors, structures, protocols, responsibilities, resources and expertise in order to align distinct stakeholder interests and encourage innovative practice in skills deployment.
A LUT-based approach to estimate surface solar irradiance by combining MODIS and MTSAT data

[1] In this paper, a new satellite‐derived approach for obtaining instantaneous surface solar irradiance (SSI) by combining Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Multifunctional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) data is presented and validated using one year pyranometer measurements from five stations in northern China. The approach is based on look‐up tables created via comprehensive radiative transfer modeling to achieve high accuracy and high computational efficiency. The synergy of the multispectral sensor MODIS and the high‐temporal‐resolution geostationary satellite MTSAT enables the adequate use of multisource remote sensing information to determine the atmosphere and surface states, and thereby complements shortcomings of their own. Here we use MTSAT data to capture the changes of cloud fields in the atmosphere and use MODIS products to obtain the dynamic aerosol loading, water vapor content, surface reflectance, and other information. Meanwhile, on the basis of instantaneous retrieval results, the calculation of hourly average SSI is also explored. The preliminary validation demonstrates that both instantaneous and hourly SSIs can be produced accurately over northern China using this approach, and the retrieval quality of hourly SSI data is slightly better than that of instantaneous SSI data. However, in mountainous areas the results need further refinement.
Electron scale structures and magnetic reconnection signatures in the turbulent magnetosheath

Collisionless space plasma turbulence can generate reconnecting thin current sheets as suggested by recent results of numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulations. The Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission provides the first serious opportunity to verify whether small ion‐electron‐scale reconnection, generated by turbulence, resembles the reconnection events frequently observed in the magnetotail or at the magnetopause. Here we investigate field and particle observations obtained by the MMS fleet in the turbulent terrestrial magnetosheath behind quasi‐parallel bow shock geometry. We observe multiple small‐scale current sheets during the event and present a detailed look of one of the detected structures. The emergence of thin current sheets can lead to electron scale structures. Within these structures, we see signatures of ion demagnetization, electron jets, electron heating, and agyrotropy suggesting that MMS spacecraft observe reconnection at these scales.
Intention to be Physically Active after School Graduation and Its Relationship to Three Types of Intrinsic Motivation

In this article the relationships between three different types of intrinsic motivation and students’ intention to be physically active after school graduation were examined. The participants were 400 school children aged 14–18 years. The modified version of SMS was used to measure the three different types of intrinsic motivation. The intention scale as a measurement of physical education outcome to be physically active was specially designed for this study. The data were analysed by means of structural equation modelling. The goodness of fit indexes of confirmatory factor model for three types of intrinsic motivation provided the evidence of existing different dimensions of intrinsic motivation among students in the physical education setting. The results of this study indicated that the intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation was the strongest predictor of intention to be physical active after school graduation, beyond the intrinsic motivation to accomplish.
The Risk Parity Portfolio and the Low-Risk Asset Anomaly

Recently a portfolio management method called risk parity has been attracting attention for its high performance. This method levels out portfolios' risk allocations, but very few explanations have been provided for the high performance. One of the exceptions is Asness et al. [1]. Asness et al. [1] links the discounting of lowrisk assets by leverage aversion to risk parity portfolios. But risks and risk allocations should not be regarded as the same. On the other hand, it is also possible to show that investor overconfidence is a discounting factor for low-risk assets. In this case, as the size of risk allocations in the market is directly linked to either overvaluation or undervaluation, we could get a result supporting risk parity portfolios, which suggests that it is desirable to level out risk allocations by constantly comparing them with the market portfolio. Here we seek the more appropriate explanation for risk parity portfolios between leverage aversion and overconfidence. As a result, we choose the latter as the more plausible explanation. First, we summarize the relationship between the respective implications of the two theories and risk parity portfolios. Next, we conduct research on bond markets where we could detect some difference between leverage aversion and overconfidence. Our empirical study shows that risk parity portfolios demand explanations other than leverage aversion.
Absorption of Foreign Knowledge: Firms’ Benefits of Employing Immigrants

This paper explores the question of how immigrant employees affect a firm’s capacity to absorb foreign knowledge. Using matched employer-employee data from Denmark for the years 1996 to 2009, we are able to show that non-Danish employees from technologically advanced countries contribute significantly to a firm’s total factor productivity (TFP) through their ability to access foreign knowledge. The empirical results suggest that the impact increases if the immigrants come from technologically advanced countries, are highly educated, and work in high-skilled positions.
Holocene changes in African vegetation: tradeoff between climate and water availability

Abstract. Although past climate change is well documented in West Africa through instrumental records, modeling activities, and paleo-data, little is known about regional-scale ecosystem vulnerability and long-term impacts of climate on plant distribution and biodiversity. Here we use paleohydrological and paleobotanical data to discuss the relation between available surface water, monsoon rainfall and vegetation distribution in West Africa during the Holocene. The individual patterns of plant migration or community shifts in latitude are explained by differences among tolerance limits of species to rainfall amount and seasonality. Using the probability density function methodology, we show here that the widespread development of lakes, wetlands and rivers at the time of the "Green Sahara" played an additional role in forming a network of topographically defined water availability, allowing for tropical plants to migrate north from 15 to 24° N (reached ca. 9 cal ka BP). The analysis of the spatio–temporal changes in biodiversity, through both pollen occurrence and richness, shows that the core of the tropical rainbelt associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone was centered at 15–20° N during the early Holocene wet period, with comparatively drier/more seasonal climate conditions south of 15° N.
Propagule pressure and functional diversity: interactive effects on a macroalgal invasion process

Invasive species are considered an increasing global threat to marine ecosystems. Understanding which factors can accelerate or reduce invasion success is one of the main goals of invasion ecology. The present study investigated the interactive effects of propagule pressure and native functional diversity on the invasion success of the invasive alga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt over a 1 yr invasion process (i.e. settlement, recruitment and colonisation). The invasibility of macroalgal assemblages with different functional diversity was assessed under high and low propagule pressure. Synthetic assemblages resembling natural marine macroalgal assemblages were built and used as model systems. Recruitment discs were used to record early settlement in the assemblages. Recruitment and colonisation success were monitored in the field 2 and 10 mo after exposure to propagule rain in the laboratory. The availability of resources (space and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)) was also monitored for each assemblage and used as predictive variables in the analyses. The effects of propagule pressure and functional diversity varied among the invasion stages. Space availability did not play a significant role in the recruit- ment success of the invader. However, PAR was a key resource in its invasion success. Overall, the invasion success of S. muticum was influenced differently by different traits of the recipient assemblages. Hence, invasion success may be better explained by the interaction of environmen- tal factors that co-vary with species diversity and identity at different invasion stages.
Towards a census of the Galactic anticentre star clusters: colour–magnitude diagram and structural analyses of a sample of 50 objects

Aims. In this work we investigate the nature of 50 overdensities from the catalogue of Froebrich, Scholz, and Raftery (FSR) projected towards the Galactic anticentre, in the sector 160 ◦ ≤ � ≤ 200 ◦ . The sample contains candidates with |b |≤ 20 ◦ classified by FSR as probable open cluster (OC) and labelled with quality flags 2 and 3. Our main purpose is to determine the nature of these OC candidates and the fraction of these objects that are unknown OCs, as well as to derive astrophysical parameters (age, reddening, distance, core and cluster radii) for the clusters and to investigate the relationship among parameters. Methods. The analysis is based on 2MASS J ,( J − H), and (J − Ks) colour‐magnitude diagrams (CMDs), and stellar radial density profiles (RDPs) built with decontamination tools. The tools are a field star decontamination algorithm, used to uncover the cluster’s intrinsic CMD morphology, and colour‐magnitude filters to isolate stars with a high probability of being cluster members. Results. Out of the 50 objects, 16 (32%) are star clusters. We show that 9 (18%) overdensities are new OCs (FSR 735, FSR 807, FSR 812, FSR 826, FSR 852, FSR 904, FSR 941, FSR 953, and FSR 955) and 7 (14%) are previously studied or catalogued OCs (KKC1, FSR 795, Cz 22, FSR 828, FSR 856, Cz 24, and NGC 2234). These are OCs with ages in the range 5 Myr to 1 Gyr, at distances from the Sun 1.28 < d� (kpc) < 5.78 and Galactocentric distances 8.5 < RGC(kpc) < 12.9. We also derive parameters for the previously analysed OCs Cz 22 and NGC 2234. Five (10%) candidates are classified as uncertain cases, and the remaining objects are probable field fluctuations.
Price discovery of sovereign credit risk in the Euro zone

This paper compares credit pricing on the bond market and the credit default swap market with focus on countries of the Euro zone and in particular on Greece. For the period 2006 to 2008 we find that the two markets are closely related and that the CDS market is the main forum of price discovery. After 2008 the relationship loosened, however we find evidence that the bond market still is affected by the CDS market. Overall, the results of this paper suggest that the relationship between the two markets on sovereign level is similar to the rela- tionship on corporate level. However, in contrast with previous findings on corporate level, the German government bond is found to be the best proxy of the risk free rate when pricing the credit risk of the analyzed countries.
ComputerInteraction 2008 Psychological Contract Violation in Recommendation Agent Use

We examine whether psychological contract theory can explain users’ responses to e-commerce recommendation agents (RAs). Theories of social response to technology, trust in technology, and technology adoption are used to adapt psychological contract theory from the interpersonal domain to user-RA domain. We theorize that a psychological contract breach will cause a negative emotional reaction, called a psychological contract violation, which, via trust and usefulness perceptions, will influence users’ intentions to follow an RAs’ recommendation. Two studies elicited perceived user-RA mutual obligations, which form the basis for the posited psychological contract. We outline a Study 3 to measure preference strength for these obligations, and a Study 4 to test the effect of breaching these obligations on theorized emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions to the RA. Using these studies, insights can be gained about how to design RAs to achieve important business results and avoid negative side effects.
Attitudinal, normative, and control beliefs underlying people’s curbside household waste recycling decisions

This study examined the beliefs underlying people’s decision-making, from a theory of planned behaviour (TPB) framework, in the prediction of curbside household waste recycling. Community members in Brisbane, Australia (N = 148) completed a questionnaire assessing the belief based TPB measures of attitudinal beliefs (costs and benefits), normative beliefs (important referents), and control beliefs (barriers) in relation to engaging in curbside household waste recycling for a 2-week period. Two weeks later, participants completed self report measures of recycling behaviour for the previous fortnight. The results revealed that the attitudinal, normative, and control beliefs for people who performed higher and lower levels of recycling differed significantly. A regression analysis identified both normative and control beliefs as the main determinants of recycling behaviour. For normative beliefs, high level recyclers perceived more approval from referents such as partners, friends, and neighbours to recycle all eligible materials. In addition, the strong results for control beliefs indicated that barriers such as forgetfulness, lack of time, and laziness were rated as more likely to hamper optimal recycling performance for low level recyclers. These findings provide important applied information about beliefs to target in the development of future community recycling campaigns.
An Examination of the Effects of Age-Structure on Mutation Rate Evolution in a Changing Environment by Computer Simulation

AN EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF AGE-STRUCTURE ON MUTATION RATE EVOLUTION IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT BY COMPUTER SIMULATION Christian P. Landy Advisor: University of Guelph, 2015 Dr. Cortland Griswold A life-history involves the scheduling of events in an individual’s life, such as growth, reproduction, and survivorship. This thesis seeks to focus on the possibility than an individual could also schedule its rate of mutation, such that different mutation rates may occur as an organism ages. These different mutation rates may be adaptive and evolve by natural selection. In a simulated population with iteroparity, genotypes that encoded age-structured mutation outcompeted genotypes that did not encode agestructured mutation provided that the rate of environmental change was sufficiently high. My finding that age-structured mutation rates can be adaptive may lead to a new understanding of the adaptive role of aging.
Anomalous pelagic nekton abundance, distribution, and apparent recruitment in the northern California Current in 2004 and 2005

Although the California Current has undergone substantial environmental shifts in the past few decades, the summer of 2005 exhibited highly anomalous conditions relative to all previous recorded summers in terms of late initiation of upwelling and the resulting elevated surface temperatures and depressed productivity through July. The response of pelagic nekton to these anomalous conditions was widespread and included onshore and poleward displacement of taxa to new geographic areas, population changes within the normal range, and reduced productivity of early life stages based on larval and juvenile surveys. Some nekton exhibited anomalous distributions in 2004. Many ecologically important species were affected. The response of the nektonic community off California was greater than during El Niño conditions.