Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
One-Pot and One-Step Fabrication of Salt-Responsive Bilayer Hydrogels with 2D and 3D Shape Transformations.

Bilayer hydrogels are one of the most promising materials for use as soft actuators, artificial muscles, and soft robotic elements. Therefore, the development of new and simple methods for the fabrication of such hydrogels is of particular importance for both academic research and industrial applications. Herein, a facile, one-pot, and one-step methodology was used to prepare bilayer hydrogels. Specifically, several common monomers, including N-isopropyl acrylamide, acrylamide, and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acrylamide, as well as two salt-responsive zwitterionic monomers, 3-(1-(4-vinylbenzyl)-1 H-imidazol-3-ium-3-yl)propane-1-sulfonate (VBIPS) and dimethyl-(4-vinylphenyl)ammonium propane sulfonate (DVBAPS), were chosen and employed with different combinations and ratios to understand the formation and structural tunability of the bilayer hydrogels. The results indicated that a salt-responsive zwitterionic-enriched copolymer, which could precipitate from water, plays a dominant role in the formation of the bilayer structure and that the ratio between the common monomer and the zwitterionic monomer had a significant effect on the structure. Due to the salt-responsive properties of polyVBIPS and polyDVBAPS, the resultant bilayer hydrogels exhibited excellent bidirectional bending properties in response to the salt solution. With the optimal monomer pair and ratio determined, the bend of the hydrogel could be reversed from ∼-360 to ∼266° in response to a switch between water and a 1.0 M NaCl solution. Additionally, this method was further used to fabricate small-scaled patterns with structural and compositional distinction in two-dimensional hydrogel sheets. These two-dimensional hydrogel sheets exhibited complex and reversible three-dimensional shape transformations due to the different bending behaviors of the patterned hydrogel stripes under the action of an external stimulus. This work provides greater insight into the mechanism of the one-step, one-pot method fabrication of bilayer hydrogels, demonstrates the ability of this method for the preparation of small-scale patterns in hydrogel sheets to endow the complex with a three-dimensional shape transformation capability, and hopefully opens up a new pathway for the design and fabrication of smart hydrogels.
Perceived Benefits and Concerns of Older Adults in a Community Intergenerational Program: Does Race Matter?

To maximize the success of intergenerational programs (IGPs), it is necessary to understand older adults’ concerns related to these programs and the benefits they perceive from their involvement. However, there is a lack of research that examines the perceptions of racial minority older adults’ involved in IGPs and sociodemographic predictors of IGPs outcomes. This study examined older adults’ (n = 195) perceptions of the Linking Intergenerational Networks in Communities (LINC) Project, an intergenerational program, in South Carolina, and explored whether outcomes varied by race. Findings suggest that older adults’ race and ethnicity were associated with a variety of perceived benefits and concerns in LINC. The Strom Thurmond Institute at Clemson University collected this data. A special thanks goes to the communities, participants, organizations and staff who made LINC possible. The University of South Florida Institutional Review Board has approved this study. The protocol number for this study is 00005356. None of the authors have conflicts of interest related to this project.
Interventions to Improve Patient Comprehension in Informed Consent for Medical and Surgical Procedures

Background. Patient understanding in clinical informed consent is often poor. Little is known about the effectiveness of interventions to improve comprehension or the extent to which such interventions address different elements of understanding in informed consent. Purpose. To systematically review communication interventions to improve patient comprehension in informed consent for medical and surgical procedures. Data Sources. A systematic literature search of English-language articles in MEDLINE (1949–2008) and EMBASE (1974–2008) was performed. In addition, a published bibliography of empirical research on informed consent and the reference lists of all eligible studies were reviewed. Study Selection. Randomized controlled trials and controlled trials with nonrandom allocation were included if they compared comprehension in informed consent for a medical or surgical procedure. Only studies that used a quantitative, objective measure of understanding were included. All studies addressed informed consent for a needed or recommended procedure in actual patients. Data Extraction. Reviewers independently extracted data using a standardized form. All results were compared, and disagreements were resolved by consensus. Data Synthesis. Forty-four studies were eligible. Intervention categories included written information, audiovisual/multimedia, extended discussions, and test/feedback techniques. The majority of studies assessed patient understanding of procedural risks; other elements included benefits, alternatives, and general knowledge about the procedure. Only 6 of 44 studies assessed all 4 elements of understanding. Interventions were generally effective in improving patient comprehension, especially regarding risks and general knowledge. Limitations. Many studies failed to include adequate description of the study population, and outcome measures varied widely. Conclusions. A wide range of communication interventions improve comprehension in clinical informed consent. Decisions to enhance informed consent should consider the importance of different elements of understanding, beyond procedural risks, as well as feasibility and acceptability of the intervention to clinicians and patients. Conceptual clarity regarding the key elements of informed consent knowledge will help to focus improvements and standardize evaluations.
Evaluation of Query-Based Arabic Text Summarization System

In this paper, we present and analyze the results of the application of Arabic query-based text summarization system - AQBTSS - in an attempt to produce a query-oriented summary for a single Arabic document. For this task, we adapted the traditional vector space model (VSM) and the cosine similarity measure to find the most relevant passages extracted form Arabic document to produce a text summary. We aim at using the short summaries in some natural language (NL) tasks such as generating answers for Arabic open domain question answering system (AQAS) as well as experimenting with categorizing Arabic scripts. The obtained results indicate that our simple approach for text summarization is promising.
Pharyngeal stick penetration injuries in the dog

Sixty-five dogs were examined and treated for stick penetration wounds of the pharynx. Dysphagia, pain, pyrexia and local cellulitis were common presenting signs amongst recently injured dogs. Injuries involving the oesophagus resulted in subcutaneous emphysema and dyspnoea associated with pneumomediastinum. Longstanding wounds presented with discharging sinuses of the head, neck or cranial thoracic region. Wooden foreign bodies were recovered from 37 dogs (57 per cent) with subsequent resolution of their clinical signs. No foreign body was retrieved from a further 18 dogs (28 per cent) but their clinical signs resolved after appropriate wound management. Four dogs (6 per cent) died shortly after the injury from major oesophageal tears which allowed mediastinal contamination. Six dogs (9 per cent) had no foreign body recovered at surgery and the discharging sinuses persisthed. The need for vigorous management of the fresh injury in order to preclude the development of chronic complications is emphasised.
The 1-in-X Effect on the Subjective Assessment of Medical Probabilities

Among numerical formats available to express probability, ratios are extensively used in risk communication, perhaps because of the health professional’s intuitive sense of their clarity and simplicity. Moreover, health professionals, in the attempt to make the data more meaningful, tend to prefer proportions with a numerator of 1 and shifting denominators (e.g., 1 in 200) rather than equivalent rates of disease per unit of population exposed to the threat (e.g., 5 in 1000). However, in a series of 7 experiments, it is shown that individual subjective assessments of the same probability presented through proportions rather than rates vary significantly. A 1-in-X format (e.g., 1 in 200) is subjectively perceived as bigger and more alarming than an N-in-X*N format (e.g., 5 in 1000). The 1-in-X effect generalizes to different populations, probabilities, and medical conditions. Further-more, the effect is not attenuated by a communicative intervention (verbal analogy), but it disappears with an icon array visual aid.
Dog UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes of Subfamily 1A: Cloning, Expression, and Activity

Understanding drug glucuronidation in the dog, a preclinical animal, is important but currently poorly characterized at the level of individual enzymes. We have constructed cDNAs for the 10 dog UDP-glucuronosyltransferases of subfamily 1A (dUGT1As), expressed them in insect cells, and assayed their activity as well as the activity of the nine human UGT1As, toward 14 compounds. The goal was to find out whether individual dUGT1As and individual human UGT1As have similar substrate specificities. The results revealed similarities but also many differences. For example, similarly to the human UGT1A10, dUGT1A11 exhibited high glucuronidation activity toward the 3-OH of 17-β-estradiol, 17-α-estradiol, and ethinylestradiol, and also conjugated the drug entacapone. Unlike the human UGT1A10, however, it failed to catalyze considerable rates of R-propranolol, diclofenac, and indomethacin glucuronidation. The estrogen glucuronidation assays revealed that dUGT1A8 and dUGT1A10 have a capacity to catalyze the formation of (linked) diglucuronides, an activity no human UGT1A exhibited. dUGT1A2-dUGT1A4 are homologs of the human UGT1A4, but none of them catalyzed N-glucuronidation of dexmedetomidine. Contrary to the human UGT1A4, however, dUGT1A2-dUGT1A4 catalyzed indomethacin and diclofenac glucuronidation. It may be concluded that, perhaps with the exception of UGT1A6, high similarities in substrate specificity between individual dog and human UGTs of subfamily 1A are rare or partial. Activity assays with liver and intestine microsomes of both dog and human further revealed interspecies differences, particularly in glucuronidation rates. In the dog, the microsomes assays also strongly suggested important roles for dUGTs of other subfamilies, mainly in the liver.
Mapping QLQ-C30, HAQ, and MSIS-29 on EQ-5D

Background Responses on condition-specific instruments can be mapped on the EQ-5D to estimate utility values for economic evaluation. Mapping functions differ in predictive quality, and not all condition-specific measures are suitable for estimating EQ-5D utilities. We mapped QLQ-C30, HAQ, and MSIS-29 on the EQ-5D and compared the quality of the mapping functions with statistical and clinical indicators. Methods We used 4 data sets that included both the EQ-5D and a condition-specific measure to develop ordinary least squares regression equations. For the QLQ-C30, we used a multiple myeloma data set and a non-Hodgkin lymphoma one. An early arthritis cohort was used for the HAQ, and a cohort of patients with relapsing remitting or secondary progressive multiple sclerosis was used for the MSIS-29. We assessed the predictive quality of the mapping functions with the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) and the ability to discriminate among relevant clinical subgroups. Pearson correlations between the condition-specific measures and items of the EQ-5D were used to determine if there is a relationship between the quality of the mapping functions and the amount of correlated content between the used measures. Results The QLQ-C30 had the highest correlation with EQ-5D items. Average %RMSE was best for the QLQ-C30 with 10.9%, 12.2% for the HAQ, and 13.6% for the MSIS-29. The mappings predicted mean EQ-5D utilities without significant differences with observed utilities and discriminated between relevant clinical groups, except for the HAQ model. Conclusions The preferred mapping functions in this study seem suitable for estimating EQ-5D utilities for economic evaluation. However, this research shows that lower correlations between instruments lead to less predictive quality. Using additional validation tests besides reporting statistical measures of error improves the assessment of predictive quality.
The Intellectual and Educational Functioning of Children with Neural Tube Defects

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Unraveling the Morphology in Solution-Processed Pseudo-Bilayer Planar Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells.

The conventional bulk heterojunction (BHJ) structure is widely used for fabricating high performance organic solar cells (OSCs) due to the nanometer-scale phase separation of donor/acceptor component. However, the elaborate control of the BHJ morphology is difficult to be carried out because the morphology evolution is such a complicated process. The compatibility requirement of materials in same solvent restricts the structural diversity of molecules to some extent. Meanwhile, the nanoscopic interpenetrating donor/acceptor domains reduce the crystallinity of themselves. The bilayer planar heterojunction, by contrast, possesses of complementary advantages that can be an alternative candidate to achieve the device fabrication and produce different vertical stratification in heterojunction films. But the flat contact area limits the charge separation and transmission efficiency. The sequential solution processed approach was used to facilitate material diffusion in layers. Also, solvent additives were employed to further enhance the diffusion and thus the device performance. Nevertheless, the morphology of the formed pseudo-bilayer planar heterojunction (PPHJ) was not fully revealed yet. Here, we carefully study the morphology of the non-fullerene based PPHJ device in three dimensions. High hole mobility of 2.09 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 and electron mobility of 7.91 × 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1 were obtained in the solution-processed PPHJ device. Meanwhile, a distinct phase separation size with vertical rearrangement of donor and acceptor were observed, which enable the pseudo-bilayer devices to equip with a comparable spectral response to BHJ devices. We demonstrate that a freak device architecture (ITO/ZnO/PBDB-T/ITIC/MoO3/Ag) with a PCE of 7% can be obtained from a larger molecular weight of PBDB-T without using extra additives. The solution-processed PPHJ films have much in common with the BHJ films. The results proposed that with appropriate molecular design and vertical phase separation optimization, the performance of solution processed PPHJ based OSCs can be further improved.
Impact of a Pharmacist on Medication Reconciliation on Patient Admission to a Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Purpose Medication errors are a leading cause of injury to hospitalized patients, and studies reveal that these errors occur most often at transitions of care. The objective of this study was to evaluate a pharmacist's impact on medication errors at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) through involvement in medication reconciliation on patient admission. Methods A retrospective, observational, single-center study was conducted to evaluate pharmacist-initiated medication reconciliation. Preprogram and postprogram data were compared. In both phases medical records were evaluated for discrepancies by comparing outpatient medications with inpatient medication orders. Inclusion criteria comprised patients with outpatient medications who were admitted to the VAMC for at least 72 hours. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of unreconciled medications. Secondary outcomes included cost savings to the VAMC and avoidance of potential adverse events. Results A total of 206 patients were included in the study. Patients in the postprogram group had a significantly lower percentage of unreconciled medications (P < 0.001). The most common type of discrepancy was omission of medications at admission, and the most common drug class for discrepancies was psychiatric medications. In the postprogram group, 21 medications were discontinued as a result of a pharmacist intervention, with a median cost savings of $36.58 (range, $1.10 to $2,311). An increase in the number of medications per patient was associated with an increase in unreconciled medications (coefficient of linear regression [R 2 ] = 0.31; P < 0.001). No adverse drug events (ADEs) were noted. Conclusion Pharmacists' involvement in medication reconciliation significantly reduces the number of unreconciled medications. In addition, this involvement may greatly improve patient safety and reduce the costs of medication errors and the occurrence of ADEs.
Contributions of Second Opinions, Outcome Forecasts, and Testimonials to Patient Decisions about Knee Replacement Surgery

Background. Decision aids are now a well-established means of supporting patients in their medical decision making. The widespread use of decision aids invites questions about how their components contribute to patient decisions. Objective. The objective of this study was to measure the importance of second opinions, patient-specific outcome forecasts, and patient testimonials relative to patient clinical and socioeconomic factors and the primary physician recommendation on the decision to undergo full knee replacement surgery to treat knee osteoarthritis. Methods. Middle-aged and older members of the RAND American Life Panel (N = 1616) chose whether to recommend surgery as a treatment for each of 3 hypothetical patients (vignettes) presented in a video-enhanced internet survey. Vignettes randomly sampled levels of scenario attributes. Results. Second opinions, person-specific outcome forecasts, and 2 consistent patient testimonials strongly affected respondents’ decision making; a single testimonial, however, did not significantly affect decisions. Conclusions. Information provided in a decision aid, including person-specific outcome forecasts and testimonials, can affect patient choices. The strong effect of testimonials and respondents’ interest in reviewing them reinforces concerns about unwanted influence when testimonials are biased.
Efficacy of a Web-Based Intelligent Tutoring System for Communicating Genetic Risk of Breast Cancer

Background. Many healthy women consider genetic testing for breast cancer risk, yet BRCA testing issues are complex. Objective. To determine whether an intelligent tutor, BRCA Gist, grounded in fuzzy-trace theory (FTT), increases gist comprehension and knowledge about genetic testing for breast cancer risk, improving decision making. Design. In 2 experiments, 410 healthy undergraduate women were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: an online module using a Web-based tutoring system (BRCA Gist) that uses artificial intelligence technology, a second group read highly similar content from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Web site, and a third that completed an unrelated tutorial. Intervention. BRCA Gist applied FTT and was designed to help participants develop gist comprehension of topics relevant to decisions about BRCA genetic testing, including how breast cancer spreads, inherited genetic mutations, and base rates. Measures. We measured content knowledge, gist comprehension of decision-relevant information, interest in testing, and genetic risk and testing judgments. Results. Control knowledge scores ranged from 54% to 56%, NCI improved significantly to 65% and 70%, and BRCA Gist improved significantly more to 75% and 77%, P < 0.0001. BRCA Gist scored higher on gist comprehension than NCI and control, P < 0.0001. Control genetic risk-assessment mean was 48% correct; BRCA Gist (61%) and NCI (56%) were significantly higher, P < 0.0001. BRCA Gist participants recommended less testing for women without risk factors (not good candidates; 24% and 19%) than controls (50%, both experiments) and NCI (32%), experiment 2, P < 0.0001. BRCA Gist testing interest was lower than in controls, P < 0.0001. Limitations. BRCA Gist has not been tested with older women from diverse groups. Conclusions. Intelligent tutors, such as BRCA Gist, are scalable, cost-effective ways of helping people understand complex issues, improving decision making.
Inhibition of Anthracycline Alcohol Metabolite Formation in Human Heart Cytosol: A Potential Role for Several Promising Drugs

The clinical efficacy of anthracyclines (e.g., doxorubicin and daunorubicin) in cancer therapy is limited by their severe cardiotoxicity, the etiology of which is still not fully understood. The development of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy has been found to correlate with myocardial formation and accumulation of anthracycline secondary alcohol metabolites (e.g., doxorubicinol and daunorubicinol) that are produced by distinct cytosolic NADPH-dependent reductases. The aim of the current study is to identify chemical compounds capable of inhibiting myocardial reductases implied in anthracycline reductive metabolism in an attempt to decrease the production of cardiotoxic C-13 alcohol metabolites. Among the variety of tested compounds (metal chelators, radical scavengers, antioxidants, β-blockers, nitrone spin traps, and lipid-lowering drugs), ebselen, cyclopentenone prostaglandins, nitric oxide donors, and short-chain coenzyme Q analogs resulted in being effective inhibitors of both doxorubicinol and daunorubicinol formation. In particular, ebselen (as well as ebselen diselenide, its storage form in the cells) was the most potent inhibitor of cardiotoxic anthracycline alcohol metabolites with 50% inhibition of doxorubicinol formation at 0.2 mol Eq of ebselen with respect to doxorubicin concentration. The high efficacy, together with its favorable pharmacological profile (low toxicity, lack of adverse effects, and metabolic stability) portends ebselen as a promising cardioprotective agent against anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity.