Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Household Survey of Source, Availability, and use of Antimalarials in a Rural Area of Tanzania

The source, availability, and use of antimalarial drugs in a rural community in the Kibaha district of Tanzania were assessed. Using questionnaires, the heads of households and mothers/guardians of children under five years of age in 1000 randomly selected households were interviewed, and an inventory of antimalarials at all drug stores and shops in the area was carried out. The majority of the drugs stocked by both households and mothers/guardians were antimalarials, exclusively chloroquine. Only 20.1% of the mothers/guardians knew the correct pediatric dose regimen of the chloroquine syrup which they stocked the most. In contrast, 70.4% of the mothers/guardians stated the correct adult dose of chloroquine tablets. They had significantly (p < 0.025) higher mean ages than those who stated the dose incorrectly. Similarly, 78.6% of heads of households stated the correct adult dose of chloroquine tablets, and those with more education had better knowledge of dose regimens (p < 0.001). Drug stores were the main sources of malaria treatment for both the heads of households (72.2%) and the mothers/guardians (89.4%). Lack of drugs at public health facilities, as stated by more than 85.6% of the mothers /guardians, is a possible reason for this. Only four of the drug store sellers had professional training. Most malaria treatment in children occurs in the home and, thus, poor knowledge of pediatric chloroquine regimen by the mothers/guardians is of great concern. A simplified dose regimen, particularly the pediatric formulation for mothers/ guardians with limited education, should be developed. As these caregivers interact with the public and private health facilities, the quality of malaria management, including instructions given to them, needs to be assessed.
Fatigue effects of rest intervals during electrical stimulation of the human quadriceps muscle

Optimal rest intervals required between contractions and treatment sessions to allow recovery from fatigue after electrical stimulation of muscle are not known. In eight volunteers (aged 23-38 years), fatigue of the quadriceps was examined during and after three therapeutic stimulation protocols which were performed one week apart. Protocols consisted of 10 isometric contractions at 30% maximum voluntary force. The contractions lasted 10 seconds each, and were separated by rests of either 10, 50 or 120 seconds. Force responses to stimulation at 20 Hz and 50 Hz (for two seconds each) were used as a test to monitor recovery. All three therapeutic stimulation protocols caused significant fatigue during activity. The shorter the rest interval, the greater the fatigue and hence, less work (i.e. integrated force) completed. Recovery was also influenced by the rest intervals. One hour after activity, force at 20 Hz was approximately 50% of initial values (p < 0.01), increasing to 70-80%at 24-hours, and to 90% at 48-hours. Force at 50 Hz was 68-80% after the first hour, had recovered 24-hours after the 10 second protocol but not the 50 and 120 second protocols, and full recovery had been reached by 48-hours. Persistence of both high and low frequency fatigue after these therapeutic protocols was greater than expected. Studies are required to determine whether stimulation of fatigued muscle produces therapeutic or adverse effects, and to establish the degree of recovery required for these effects.
THE IMPACT OF MATCHING PRIMARY PEAK WAVELENGTH ON COLOR MATCHING ACCURACY AND OBSERVER VARIABILITY

Over time, much work has been carried out to ascertain the accuracy of the CIE standard color-matching functions, but no definitive answer has been given. Recent work indicates an undeniable discrepancy between visual and computed metamers calculated using the existing CIE (the International Commission on Illumination) standard observer CMFs, especially when matching with narrowband sources. With a spectrally tunable solid-state light source, a series of pilot matching experiments have been done using primaries with different peak wavelengths. The results indicate which regions in wavelength space are most sensitive to generating matching inaccuracies for a given CMF set and which primary combinations have the most stable matching performance.
The Computers Have a Thousand Eyes: Towards a Practical and Ethical Video Analytics System for Person Tracking

With the rise of computer vision, video analytics systems have become more prevalent in the real-world, which automatically process video camera footage to produce information for human users. However, the majority of the existing research has looked at small parts of the overall puzzle in isolation, oen focusing on accuracy while ignoring other practical requirements such as computation time and protecting privacy. e research presented in this thesis focuses on the development of a person tracking video analytics system that moves towards what is needed for real-world implementation with embedded systems. is is contextualised in a motivating scenario based on commercial market research, a modern application of computer vision moving away from traditional state-controlled surveillance. e aim is to balance the trade-o between accuracy and speed, with a modular pipeline to allow for beer control and transparency into the algorithms being used. e developed video analytics system consists of a novel superpixel-based background estimation algorithm, person detection using o-the-shelf methods, an unsupervised person re-identication approach for classifying identities across multiple camera views, a Kalman Filter-based spatio-temporal model for tracking people by their positions, and a model fusion module that combines the appearance-based re-identication and spatio-temporal models together to improve the classication accuracy. In addition to the algorithms, this thesis also investigates the privacy loss encountered by these types of video analytics systems, rstly through a survey into public perceptions of privacy around surveillance cameras, and secondly through the proposal of a system architecture that uses computer vision and embedded systems to help protect privacy by default. is is then implemented with the use of smart cameras, and the impacts on accuracy, speed, and networking constraints are discussed. Lastly, further techniques for accelerating computer vision tasks in embedded system contexts are presented, with a case study demonstrating the use of Hardware/Soware Co-design. e combination of all of these dierent factors brings a holistic view to the development of practical and ethical video analytics systems for person tracking, making progress towards overcoming the challenges faced by system designers and developers in real-world implementation.
CNDS-Performance Analysis of Parallel Programming Models for Compute-Intensive Problems in Multi-core Environment

Parallel programming models have become commonplace, and these models allow developers and programmers to deal with data in many ways. There are many parallel programming models available to date, however, the current study has chosen the seven most recognized parallel programming paradigms to be compared and benchmarked, namely MPI (point-to-point and collective), OpenMP, PThreads, TBB and hybrid (MPI/OpenMP and MPI/PThreads). Besides that, the benchmark used in this study is matrix multiplication, and they are evaluated based on different matrix sizes. The execution time, speedup, and efficiency of the models are used to analyse the behaviours of these models with different number of processors and matrix sizes. The results have demonstrated that, in most cases, OpenMP and MPI (Point-to-Point) are ideal for compute-intensive problems, and they both benefit from many-core architecture. In addition, the findings have also exhibited that TBB provides good performance with low programming complexity and code changes, especially with small sized computation problems.
Manufacturing Menopause: An Analysis of the Portrayal of Menopause and Information Content on Pharmaceutical Web Sites.

MANUFACTURING MENOPAUSE: AN ANALYSIS OF THE PORTRAYAL OF MENOPAUSE AND INFORMATION CONTENT ON PHARMACEUTICAL WEB SITES by DEBORAH HILE CHARBONNEAU December 2010 Advisor: Dr. Janet Hankin Major: Sociology Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Consumer-targeted prescription drug advertising serves as an interesting lens through which we can examine the portrayal of menopause in online drug advertisements. The aim of this study was to explore the portrayal of menopause on web sites sponsored by pharmaceutical companies for hormone therapies (HT). To unravel this question, a qualitative content analysis of web sites for FDA-approved hormone therapies was employed. A total number of 608 printed pages of web site content from eight web sites (N=8) were analyzed. Key findings elucidated how menopause was portrayed on the pharmaceutical web sites. First, descriptions of menopause articulated a biomedical perspective of menopause. In adopting a biomedical perspective, menopause was described as a medical event requiring medical treatment. Second, the web sites employed
A chemical speciation study of selected heavy metals in aquatic bottom sediment samples from Mpenge stream, Musanze District, Rwanda

Mpenge stream is regarded as one of the most important domestic water resource in Musanze District; Rwanda. The chemical speciation study of selected heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Cd) in sediment samples collected from that stream was carried out by means of an analytical procedure involving sequential chemical extraction method and to determine the heavy metals content in different fractions of sediment. The heavy metals were found in five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter and residual fraction. Their levels were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer and the total mean values were in the order Cr> Zn>Cu > Ni=Pb > Co > Cd. In fact the total metal content in mg/kg dry matter (mean values) were for Cr=169.17±8.77; Zn=136.67±2.88; Cu=44.17±1.44; Ni=33.33±5.22; Pb=33.33±14.33; Co=25.00±0.00; and Cd=5.00±0.00. As per United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (US EPA) guidelines for sediments quality, sediments were moderately polluted for all analyzed elements apart from chromium that showed that the sediments were heavily polluted. Furthermore, the speciation results showed that high levels of these assessed metals (Zn, Cu, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Cd) were associated with exchangeable and carbonate bound fractions for all heavy metals apart from copper, pointing out that they are in potentially available forms and may pose serious problems to water consumption. Key words: Speciation, sequential chemical extraction, heavy metal, bottom sediment, stream.
Percepción de los usuarios sobre la calidad de la atención ambulatoria en servicios de salud en México

Objective. To identify users’ perception about ambulatory healthcare services quality and associated factors in Mexico. Materials and methods. Analysis of the 2006 and 2012 National Surveys of Health and Nutrition that included users’ perception of healthcare services and improvement in health status. A multivariate regression analysis allowed identifying the associated factors with the perception of improved health status. Results. Between 2006 and 2012, users’ positive perception of healthcare services increased from 82 to 85%, and user report of improvement in health status increased from 79 to 81%. Health status improvement, explanations about the disease and treatment, being attended without appointment, freedom to choose the provider and short waiting time were associated with a perception of better quality of care. Conclusions. Users’ perception about the quality of care in ambulatory healthcare settings has improved, yet it is still neccessary to strengthen organizational strategies to provide healthcare when needed and to improve fulfillment of users’ expectations.
Methodology to sustain common information spaces for research collaborations

Information and knowledge sharing collaborations are essential for scientific research and innovation. They provide opportunities to pool expertise and resources. They are required to draw on today’s wealth of data to address pressing societal challenges. Establishing effective collaborations depends on the alignment of intellectual and technical capital. In this thesis we investigate implications and influences of socio-technical aspects of research collaborations to identify methods of facilitating their formation and sustained success. We draw on our experience acquired in an international federated seismological context, and in a large research infrastructure for solid-Earth sciences. We recognise the centrality of the users and propose a strategy to sustain their engagement as actors participating in the collaboration. Our approach promotes and enables their active contribution in the construction and maintenance of Common Information Spaces (CISs). These are shaped by conceptual agreements that are captured and maintained to facilitate mutual understanding and to underpin their collaborative work. A user-driven approach shapes the evolution of a CIS based on the requirements of the communities involved in the collaboration. Active users’ engagement is pursued by partitioning concerns and by targeting their interests. For instance, application domain experts focus on scientific and conceptual aspects; data and information experts address knowledge representation issues; and architects and engineers build the infrastructure that populates the common space. We introduce a methodology to sustain CIS and a conceptual framework that has its foundations on a set of agreed Core Concepts forming a Canonical Core (CC). A representation of such a CC is also introduced that leverages and promotes reuse of existing standards: EPOS-DCAT-AP. The application of our methodology shows promising results with a good uptake and adoption by the targeted communities. This encourages us to continue applying and evaluating such a strategy in the future.
School sex education and education policy in England and Wales: the relationship examined

This paper begins by establishing the importance of school sex education, and then outlines the educational polky and context which shapes its provision in England and Wales. It concludes that the devolution of responsibility to individual schools for this potentially sensitive area of the curriculum has created a climate of uncertainty and that a consensus on what should constitute an educational entitlement would allow schools to tackle sex education with greater confidence.
Complementizers and Prepositions as Probes: Insights from Greek

Author(s): Angelopoulos, Nikolaos | Advisor(s): Koopman, Hilda; Sportiche, Dominique | Abstract: This dissertation examines distributional and interpretive properties of complementizers and their surface complements, as well as prepositions and their surface complements in Greek. It establishes that (i) complementizer selection is sensitive to grammatical properties of the embedding verb, (ii) Greek complement clauses have different distributional properties than corresponding DPs: complement clauses obligatorily extrapose and they show striking subject-object asymmetries. Complement clauses also differ from corresponding DPs in that they have to reconstruct for binding purposes. The dissertation argues that these facts follow from where the complementizers enter the derivation, and how they get together with their complements. Concretely, it proposes that complementizers are merged in the matrix clause and that they are probes attracting their surface complements rather than merging directly with them (cf. Kayne 2000, 2005). The dissertation also shows that (functional) Ps and their complements come together in a similar manner. Like complementizers, prepositions are sensitive to grammatical properties of the verb they combine with. Furthermore, the complement of a preposition c-commands andbinds as a bare DP with the corresponding theta role. These two properties are amenable to an analysis in which prepositions select the verb they combine with, their surface DP complement is merged as a bare DP argument and is attracted by the preposition. Finally, the dissertation proposes a hierarchy of PPs strikingly similar to the one in Schweikert (2005). This hierarchy interacts with split wh-possessor constructions and provides new insights into their derivation.
An examination of the UK community pharmacist's role in facilitating patient self-management of cardiovascular disease through lifestyle behaviours

The progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is largely modifiable through lifestyle behaviours. UK pharmacists are contractually obliged to facilitate patient self-management of chronic conditions such as CVD. Pharmacists are easily accessible health professionals who are well placed to identify “at risk” patients through medication regimes. Research has identified varying attitudes towards and levels of involvement in pharmacist-led health promotion activity. Given the diverse and exploratory nature of the work, a pragmatic, mixed methods approach was used to explore community pharmacists’ role in facilitating patient self-management of CVD. The thesis presents four studies: a qualitative study with pharmacists; a cross sectional questionnaire of community pharmacists; a systematic review and a qualitative study with patients with CVD. The qualitative study with pharmacists gave an insight into pharmacists’ experiences of giving patients with CVD lifestyle advice and the factors underpinning commonly cited barriers to providing public health services. This informed the development of the cross-sectional questionnaire which identified the predictors of pharmacists’ intentions to give two different types of advice to facilitate patient self-management. The systematic review identified a small number of interventions to prepare pharmacists to facilitate patient lifestyle behaviour change and evaluated the theories and behaviour change techniques used in successful interventions; however due to poor study quality and poor reporting of the interventions limited conclusions about the efficacy of the interventions could reliably be drawn. Finally, the qualitative study gave an insight into the experiences of patients with CVD using community pharmacy services and their expectations of the service they receive from community pharmacists. Recommendations about changes to pharmacy policy and practice in order to support pharmacists’ provision of CVD self-management advice are made.
An Indirect Eavesdropping Attack of Keystrokes on Touch Screen through Acoustic Sensing

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of a side-channel attack to infer keystrokes on touch screen leveraging an off-the-shelf smartphone. Although there exist some studies on keystroke eavesdropping attacks on touch screen, they are mainly direct eavesdropping attacks, i.e., require the device of victims compromised to provide side-channel information for the adversary, which are hardly launched in practical scenarios. In this work, we show the practicability of an indirect eavesdropping attack, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$KeyListener$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi>K</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>y</mml:mi><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="yu-ieq1-2947468.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula>, which infers keystrokes on QWERTY keyboards of touch screen leveraging audio devices on a smartphone. We investigate the attenuation of acoustic signals, and find that a user's keystroke fingers can be localized through the attenuation of acoustic signals received by the microphones in the smartphone. We then utilize the attenuation of acoustic signals to localize each keystroke, and further analyze errors induced by ambient noises. To improve the accuracy of keystroke localization, <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$KeyListener$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi>K</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>y</mml:mi><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mi>i</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="yu-ieq2-2947468.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> further tracks finger movements during inputs through phase change and Doppler effect to reduce errors of acoustic signal attenuation-based keystroke localization. In addition, a binary tree-based search approach is employed to infer keystrokes in a context-aware manner. The proposed keystroke eavesdropping attack is robust to various environments without the assistance of additional infrastructures. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the accuracy of keystroke inference in top-5 candidates can approach 90 percent with a top-5 error rate of around 6 percent, which is a strong indication of the possible user privacy leakage of inputs on QWERTY keyboard.
Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children

A growing number of children are being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), prompting a need for mental health professionals to learn more about these developmental disorders. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) estimates that 1 in every 88 children (11.3 per 1,000) has been identifi ed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This represents a 23 percent increase since national data collected in 2009 and a 78 percent increase since 2007. Some of the increase is due to the way children are identifi ed, diagnosed and served in their local communities; although exactly how much is due to these factors in unknown.
Drug use evaluation (DUE) of Ceftriaxone injection in the in-patient wards of Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital (FHRH), Bahir Dar, North Ethiopia

The use of drugs help millions of people live longer, healthier lives than other wise has been impossible. Drug utilization is determined by prescribers, dispensers and by patients who are ultimate consumers of drugs. The prescribing practices, as studies have shown for many countries, are frequently illogical, irrational, and even dangerous. The study aimed at assessing the drug use pattern of Ceftriaxone injection in the in-patient wards of FHRH. Cross-sectional retrospective study was applied and all the necessary data were collected from in-patient ward department patient record cards using the pre-developed data collection formats by trained data collectors. A total of 264 patients, 100 female and 164 male have been given ceftriaxone injection. 244 (92%) of the patients took the drug for correct indications. Pneumonia (30%), preoperative prophylaxis (15%) and meningitis (13%) are the 3 most common indications for the use of ceftriaxone. Considering indication, dose and duration together, about 61% of ceftriaxone use is appropriate. 20 (8%) of the patients received ceftriaxone for wrong indication. 34 (14%) and 44 (18%) of the patients took ceftriaxone with incorrect dose and duration, respectively. A total of 37 drugs were prescribed along with ceftriaxone injection. Normal saline (189), metronidazole (92) and azithromycin (32) are the three most commonly co-prescribed drugs. 13% of the patients were prescribed with one or more potentially interacting drug with ceftriaxone. Furosemide, ringer lactate, warfarin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol are the interacting drugs prescribed with ceftriaxone. No patients were given ceftriaxone against contraindications. From the study it was concluded that the practice regarding indications and contraindications is appropriate with regard to the set threshold. The problems in dosing, duration and co-administration of drugs need important attention.