Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Twenty-Year Dynamical Oceanic Climatology : 1994-2013 . 1 Part 2 : Velocities , Property Transports , Meteorological 2 Variables , Mixing Coe ffi cients

11 The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) was created to produce the first 12 truly climatologically useful picture of the ocean circulation and its variability. This goal is 13 addressed here from the state estimate of the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the 14 Ocean (ECCO) consortium, which uses almost all of the data obtained during WOCE and 15 its aftermath along with the much improved general circulation modeling capabilities. A 16 dynamically and data-consistent, state estimate is available depicting the ocean and its ice17 cover over a 24-year time-span, globally, from the sea surface to the sea floor. The resulting 18 time-dependent 20-year long climatology includes temperature, salinity, surface elevation, 19 bottom pressure, sea-ice, and three components of velocity. Accompanying the state estimate 20 are modified estimates of meteorological forcing-fields, ocean interior mixing coefficients, and 21 initial conditions. Much spatial structure persists through the two-decade averaging. Results 22 here are primarily pictorial in nature, intended to give the wider community a sense of what 23 is now available and useful and where more detailed analysis would be fruitful. An extended 24 reference list is included. 25 ∗For corrections, additions, comments and criticisms please email carl.wunsch@gmail.com. †1. AER, Inc., 2. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 3. MIT, 4. U. Texas Austin, 5. U. South Florida, 6. Harvard U. , 7. Cambridge Climate Institute, 8. George Mason U.
Sales Managers' Perceptions of the Benefits of Sales Force Automation

Sales force automation (SFA), is one way a sales organization can better manage their customers and facilitate relationship marketing. This study examines the degree to which sales managers perceive that sales force automation (SFA), defined as the conversion of manual sales activities into electronic processes via the use of software and/or hardware, improves the way they do their jobs. In addition, the paper explores whether SFA implementation is seen by sales managers as having increased their performance and job satisfaction. A conceptual model relating SFA to sales managers’ job activities is proposed and tested. Results indicate that sales managers perceive that the comprehensiveness of a sales force automation system is positively related to ease of information management. Additionally, sales managers perceive that increased SFA comprehensiveness increases sales process effectiveness. The results of this study provide support for the positive potential of sales force automation. The sales managers in our sample report that SFA enhances key aspects of the job, facilitates smart selling, and contributes to overall job performance and satisfaction.
Moderation effect of gender on relationship between community of inquiry and perceived learning in blended learning environments

It is conceivably important that demographic variables such as gender may have an impact on community of inquiry (CoI) and perceived learning. This study is in response with Garrison et al. (2010) who suggest that there is a need to determine moderation effects of gender on the relationship between CoI elements and perceived learning. A total of 348 undergraduate students were drawn from blended programs in three public universities in Malaysia to be the sample of the study. As research instrumentation, participation in online and face to face session, the community of inquiry questionnaire, and a perceived learning scale were distributed among the respondents. All the questionnaires were validated by a panel of experts, reliability of the instrument was tested in a pilot study and assumptions of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were checked before analyzing the data. The findings of the study have shown that although differences between the two groups of undergraduate students (male and female) were statistically significant, the amount of differences were not enough to moderate the relationship between CoI components and perceived learning in undergraduate blended learning environments. However, the findings indicate that differences between the two groups of undergraduate students (male and female) were statistically significant.
Teaching in the high-technological clinical setting- a new approach

Teaching in the clinical setting is demanding and a complex task that many clinicians carry out without preparation. It is clear that a clinical educator must be more than just a medical expert. We developed a supervision model based on student-centered learning inspired by adult learning theories. To achieve learning the student is treated as independent learner and that learning is self-directed based on previous knowledge. Aim: The purpose of this project was to evaluate the student´s experience of our developed student-centered supervision model. Method: We evaluated the project, with both qualitative interviews (n=6) and questionnaires (n=15), which were analyzed quantitively. Result: Student-centered learning is well suited to promoting self-directed learning in the clinical setting in critical care. Our student- and supervision model was found to enable a positive learning environment in which students and their skills were in focus. The clinical supervisor’s educational ability to is crucial for the result.
Differences in neurobehavioral responses of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to copper and cobalt: Behavioral avoidance

Behavioral avoidance of copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), and a Cu and Co mixture in soft water differed greatly between rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha). Chinook salmon avoided at least 0.7 μg Cu/L, 24 μg Co/L, and the mixture of 1.0 μg Cu/L and 0.9 μg Co/L, whereas rainbow trout avoided at least 1.6 μg Cu/L, 180 μg Co/L, and the mixture of 2.6 μg Cu/L and 2.4 μg Co/L. Chinook salmon were also more sensitive to the toxic effects of Cu in that they failed to avoid ≤44 μg Cu/L, whereas rainbow trout failed to avoid ≤180 μg Cu/L. Furthermore, following acclimation to 2 μg Cu/L, rainbow trout avoided 4 μg Cu/L and preferred clean water, but chinook salmon failed to avoid any Cu concentrations and did not prefer clean water. The failure to avoid high concentrations of metals by both species suggests that the sensory mechanism responsible for avoidance responses was impaired. Exposure to Cu concentrations that were not avoided could result in lethality from prolonged Cu exposure or in impairment of sensory‐dependent behaviors that are essential for survival and reproduction.
Predicting Performance in a Computer Programming Course

COMPUTER programming is one of the fastest growing of the new technical professions. Large numbers of programmers are needed immediately, and it is predicted (Seiler, 1965) that by 1970 there will be a half million new jobs in electronic data processing. Computers are more and more being forced to perform well below their potential for lack of programmers. Automatic data processing has had a significant impact on private business schools; most of the larger ones now have computertraining programs for operators and technicians (Fulton, in press). Too often, however, specialized schools accept students with scant aptitude for computer training; and unqualified graduates ultimately heighten rather than alleviate the critical shortage of personnel in this area. Thus the need is apparent for tests capable of identifying potentially adequate computer programmers. Katz (1962) administered several tests from the Army Classification Battery to 190 trainees in the Army’s Automatic Data Processing Programming course. He used these test results in an attempt to reduce the wasted training time and costs associated with the prevailing high attrition rate. Test scores were correlated with final grade in the course. A combination of verbal and arithmetic reasoning tests from the army battery yielded a correlation with
Attitudes Toward the Copper IUD in Sweden: A Survey Study

Background While the efficacy and safety of the contraceptive copper intrauterine device (IUD) have been affirmed, alongside its importance for the prevention of unintended pregnancies, some studies have pointed to negative attitudes toward the device. In recent years, social media communication about it has included claims about systemic side effects, unsubstantiated by medical authorities. Research from the Swedish context is sparse. This study investigates attitudes toward the copper IUD and any correlations between negative attitudes toward or experiences of the device, and (1) sociodemographic characteristics, (2) the evaluation of the reliability of different sources of information, and (3) trust in healthcare and other societal institutions. Methods A survey was distributed online to adult women in Sweden (n = 2,000). Aside from descriptive statistics, associations between negative attitudes toward or experiences of the copper IUD and sociodemographic and other variables were calculated using logistic regressions and expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Open survey responses (n = 650) were analyzed thematically. Results While many reported positive attitudes toward and experiences of the IUD, 34.7% of all respondents reported negative attitudes and 45.4% of users reported negative experiences. Negative attitudes were strongly correlated with negative experiences. Negative attitudes and experiences were associated with low income, but no conclusive associations were identified with other socioeconomic variables. Negative attitudes and experiences were associated with lower levels of confidence in and satisfaction with healthcare, as well as lower self-assessed access and ability to assess the origin and reliability of information about the IUD. In open responses, negative comments were prevalent and included references to both common and unestablished perceived side-effects. Respondents pointed to problematic aspects of information and knowledge about the copper IUD and called for improved healthcare communication and updated research. Conclusion Healthcare provider communication about the copper IUD should promote reproductive autonomy and trust by providing clear information about potential side effects and being open to discuss women's experiences and concerns. Further research on copper IUD dissatisfaction and ways in which health professionals do and may best respond to it is needed.
Characterizing and TRAPing a Social Stress-Activated Neuronal Ensemble in the Ventral Tegmental Area

Social stress is a major contributor to neuropsychiatric issues such as depression, substance abuse and eating disorders. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is involved in the effects of stress on cognitive and emotional processes perturbed in these disorders. However, the VTA is a cellularly heterogeneous brain area and it remains unclear which of its neuronal populations make up the social stress-sensitive ensemble. The current study characterizes the molecular, topographical and functional properties of VTA social stress-activated cells. First, we used immunohistochemical analysis of Fos protein, a marker of recent increased neuronal activity, to show that acute social stress activates a mainly neuronal ensemble in the VTA (VTASocial stress neurons). Topographical analysis showed that this ensemble, which comprises ∼11% of all VTA neurons, occurs across VTA subregions. Further analysis showed that approximately half of the VTASocial stress neurons express the dopamine synthesis rate-limiting enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In a minority of cases this occurred with coexpression of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2). Also part of the ensemble were VTA cells expressing just Vglut2 without TH, and cells expressing the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) without TH. Next, using targeted recombination in active populations (TRAP2), we showed that VTASocial stress neurons can be permanently tagged and made tractable for future functional investigations. Using a combination of TRAP2 and patch-clamp electrophysiology we demonstrate that VTASocial stress neurons exhibit higher excitability than their non-TRAPed neighbor cells. Overall, this study shows that acute social stress activates an ensemble of neurons throughout the VTA, comprising distinct molecular identities, and with specific electrophysiological features. It also identifies TRAP2 as a tool to make this ensemble tractable for future functional studies.
THE UPPER CONTACT PHASE OF THE SUDBURY MICROPEGMATITE

Quartz pseudomorphic after tridymite has recently been recognized in the micropegmatite member of the Nickel Irruptive of the Sudbury Basin, Ontario. The "tridymite" occurs as blades radiating from quartz xenocrysts or adjacent to quartzite xenoliths, where the micropegmatite has brecciated and assimilated the overlying quartzite. A plume-like, almost spherulitic intergrowth of quartz and orthoclase is commonly associated with the "tridymite. " These features indicate a high intrusion temperature in the 800 degrees C. to 900 degrees C. range, and rapid cooling of the upper phase of the micropegmatite.
Patent Retrieval

Intellectual property and the patent system in particular have been extremely present in research and discussion, even in the public media, in the last few years. Without going into any controversial issues regarding the patent system, we approach a very real and growing problem: searching for innovation. The target collection for this task does not consist of patent documents only, but it is in these documents that the main difference is found compared to web or news information retrieval. In addition, the issue of patent search implies a particular user model and search process model. This review is concerned with how research and technology in the field of Information Retrieval assists or even changes the processes of patent search. It is a survey of work done on patent data in relation to Information Retrieval in the last 20–25 years. It explains the sources of difficulty and the existing document processing and retrieval methods of the domain, and provides a motivation for further research in the area.
Asymptotics for sparse exponential random graph models

We study the asymptotics for sparse exponential random graph models where the parameters may depend on the number of vertices of the graph. We obtain exact estimates for the mean and variance of the limiting probability distribution and the limiting log partition function of the edge-(single)-star model. They are in sharp contrast to the corresponding asymptotics in dense exponential random graph models. Similar analysis is done for directed sparse exponential random graph models parametrized by edges and multiple outward stars.
Executive Compensation , Fat Cats , and Best Athletes 1

The growth in the skewness of the distribution of income in the US dates from the past decades when the remuneration to chief executive officers (CEOs) has increased faster than the growth in firm size. An explanation for this rapid increase is the contagion of changes in social norms which, through a process of social comparison, propagates higher pay among corporate executives. By analyzing this increase in pay as a diffusion process, this paper compares three candidate explanations for contagion: director board interlocks, peer groups, and educational networks. Through coupling a Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) model to endogeneity tests, the results indicate that contagion is evident for all three kinds of networks, but only the peer comparison clearly survives the selection tests. These results support the argument of DiPrete, Eirich, and Pittinsky (2010) that remuneration policies that are anchored on peer group comparisons propagate the diffusion of higher pay among chief executive officers in the US, though only with weak evidence for a ‘leapfrog’ effect. We show by an agent-based model that the process does not necessarily explode by an unsustainable aspirational bias because of the dampening of the contagion by CEO turnover and tenure effects. A key implication is that internet boom shifted upward the normative expectations of pay through social comparisons. 1 We would like to thank the Sanford C. Bernstein & Co. Center on Leadership and Ethics for financial support. We benefitted from helpful comments byJames Kitts, Damon Phillips, and David Stark, and seminar participants at the Olin School of Business, Washington University, the London School of Economics, the NYU WIN conference, and the Graduate School of Business at Columbia University.
Positieve veiligheid. Een inleiding

Criminologen vatten veiligheid meestal op als een negatief begrip. Eigenlijk gaat het hen primair om onveiligheid in relatie tot overlast, criminaliteit, terrorisme en unheimische gevoelens van mensen. Lucia Zedner (2009: 12) meent dat het begrip veiligheid in moderne samenlevingen als vanzelf wordt gekoppeld aan externe dreigingen, waaronder ‘9/11’, (georganiseerde) criminaliteit en een permanente noodtoestand, zoals die nu in diverse Europese landen van toepassing is om de autoriteiten meer juridische armslag te geven in de strijd tegen het terrorisme. Deze toch behoorlijk gestreste politieke en maatschappelijke situatie heeft de cri‐ minologie als vakgebied nationaal en internationaal geen windeieren gelegd. Het vakgebied is booming business – een trend die samenvalt met, misschien zelfs een effect is van,
Addressing interdependency in a multimodel ensemble by interpolation of model properties

AbstractThe diverse set of Earth system models used to conduct the CMIP5 ensemble can partly sample the uncertainties in future climate projections. However, combining those projections is complicated by the fact that models developed by different groups share ideas and code and therefore biases. The authors propose a method for combining model results into single or multivariate distributions that are more robust to the inclusion of models with a large degree of interdependency. This study uses a multivariate metric of present-day climatology to assess both model performance and similarity in two recent model intercomparisons, CMIP3 and CMIP5. Model characteristics can be interpolated and then resampled in a space defined by independent climate properties. A form of weighting can be applied by sampling more densely in the region of the space close to the projected observations, thus taking into account both model performance and interdependence. The choice of the sampling distribution’s parameters is a s.
An Approach to Characterising Ground Probing Radar Target Echoes for Landmine Recognition

This report investigates an approach to characterising Ground Probing Radar (GPR) backscatter echoes from landmines using linear combinations of exponentially damped sinusoids. The GPR signatures of surrogate landmines and PVC cylinders buried in dry sand are measured using an impulse radar system with centre frequency of 1.4 GHz and a 90% bandwidth. The GPR signal parameters are represented as sets of complex poles computed from a series of neighbouring signatures recorded over each target type. The algorithm proposed by Kumaresan and Tufts which uses backward linear prediction and the low-rank data matrix approximation based on singular value decomposition is applied to this computation. The performance of the Kumaresan and Tufts (KT) algorithm is compared with that of the Prony method when both techniques are applied to modelling simulated signals. It is concluded that the KT method provides more stable pole estimates. Two approaches to determining the order of the model are examined and compared for simulated and real data. The results show that the poles corresponding to different target types form clusters in the two-dimensional a-f space (where a is the pole damping factor and f is the pole frequency). This indicates that these pole clusters can be used for the recognition of landmines. APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE DEPARTMENT OF DEFEN CE DEFENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION DTIC QUA•MrS"ECT9D 4
Deconstructing weblogs: An analytical framework for analyzing online journals.

The current piece proposes a multi-disciplinary framework for analyzing weblogs through the lens of technology, communication, and psychology. Weblogs are often likened to online journals where the content posts are arranged in reverse chronological order on a Web site. Weblogs can be personal or professional. As of October 2003, Perseus reports that there are at 4.2 million hosted weblogs on the Internet (Perseus, 2003). Weblogs are different from Web pages in style and voice (Blood, 2002) and therefore must be analyzed in a different fashion than normal home pages, threaded discussion lists, online chat text, etc. The authors suggest that weblog researchers employ a three-pronged framework by looking at the mode, content structure, and function of a weblog. Each of these three constructs includes a typology for analysis. Further suggestions for ways to analyze weblogs allow for a quantitative or qualitative approach, including investigations of the virtual proximity of network nodes and content analysis. The researchers call for future research to investigate the motivation of webloggers and impact of weblogs on readers. The formation and use of this analytical framework provides researchers with a baseline guide for analyzing weblogs and supports a multitude of prospective research questions or hypotheses.
Competiveness and the EMU: At the roots of the Euro-zone crisis

Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections.
Back Analysis of Failed Slopes - A Case Study

Slope failure has become a common phenomenon around the world, often taking a heavy toll on human lives. Both, natural and man-made slopes created, are susceptible to failure unless sufficient stability is not imparted. Knowledge of all the factors causing failure is an important aspect to understand the mechanical behavior of slope material. The shear strength parameters, cohesion, and angle of internal friction of failed material, determined from laboratory and in-situ tests may be misleading. Back analysis is a much reliable and consistent method to estimate the mobilized parameters in-situ. This paper explores the application of traditional limit equilibrium method (LEM) and Finite Element Method (FEM) to perform back analysis and find out the probability of failure of slopes. It performs probabilistic analysis on a case of failed slope using both the methods. This paper shall discuss certain indispensable drawbacks of limit equilibrium method and how Finite Element method can help to overcome those limitations. KeywordsLimit Equilibrium Method; Finite Element Method; Probabilistic Analysis; Point Estimate Method; Shear Strength