Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanism by Which Fiber Antigen Inhibits Multiplication of Type 5 Adenovirus

Purified fiber antigen of type 5 adenovirus inhibited the multiplication of type 5 adenovirus by 50% when 35 μg of fiber antigen protein was added to 106 KB cells in suspension culture. Although the fiber antigen reduced the number of virions adsorbed per cell when a multiplicity of infection of 50,000 plaque-forming units (PFU)/cell was employed, the number of cells infected was not diminished under these conditions. If a low multiplicity of infection (1.1 PFU/cell) was used, viral adsorption was not detectably decreased. The fiber antigen did not reduce the capability of virions to liberate their viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The biosyntheses of DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein were blocked about 20 to 25 hr after the addition of fiber antigen to cultures of uninfected or type 5 adenovirus-infected KB cells. Most of the fiber antigen protein became cell-associated between 22 and 36 hr after it was added to cells. The hexon antigen neither inhibited viral multiplication nor blocked the biosynthesis of DNA, RNA, or protein. Moreover, the hexon did not attach to KB cells. The profound effects of the fiber antigen were not due to the induction of an interferon-like substance, for actinomycin D did not reduce the ability of the fiber to inhibit multiplication of type 1 poliovirus.
Monopolistic Competition: Beyond the Constant Elasticity of Substitution

We propose a model of monopolistic competition with additive preferences and variable marginal costs. Using the concept of “relative love for variety,” we provide a full characterization of the free-entry equilibrium.When the relative love for variety increases with individual consumption, the market generates pro-competitive effects. When it decreases, the market mimics anti-competitive behavior. The constant elasticity of substitution is the only case in which all competitive effects are washed out. We also show that our results hold true when the economy involves several sectors, firms are heterogeneous, and preferences are given by the quadratic utility and the translog.
Future cost scenarios for reduction of ship CO2 emissions

International shipping is a significant contributor to Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, responsible for approximately 3% of global CO2 emissions. The International Maritime Organization is currently working to establish GHG regulations for international shipping and a cost effectiveness approach has been suggested to determine the required emission reductions from shipping. To achieve emission reductions in a cost effective manner, this study has assessed the cost and reduction potential for present and future abatement measures based on new and unpublished data. The model used captures the world fleet up to 2030, and the analysis includes 25 separate measures. A new integrated modelling approach has been used combining fleet projections with activity-based CO2 emission modelling and projected development of measures for CO2 emission reduction. The world fleet projections up to 2030 are constructed using a fleet growth model that takes into account assumed ship type specific scrapping and new building rates. A baseline trajectory for CO2 emission is then established. The reduction potential from the baseline trajectory and the associated marginal cost levels are calculated for 25 different emission reduction measures. The results are given as marginal abatement cost curves, and as future cost scenarios for reduction of world fleet CO2 emissions. The results show that a scenario in which CO2 emissions are reduced by 33% from baseline in 2030 is achievable at a marginal cost of USD 0 per tonne reduced. At this cost level, emission in 2010 can be reduced by 19% and by 24% in 2020. A scenario with 49% reduction from baseline in 2030 can be achieved at a marginal cost of USD 100 per tonne (27% in 2010 and 35% in 2020). Furthermore, it is evident that further increasing the cost level beyond USD 100 per tonne yield very little in terms of further emission reduction. The results also indicate that stabilising fleet emissions at current levels is obtainable at moderate costs, compensating for fleet growth up to 2030. However, significant reductions beyond current levels seem difficult to achieve. Marginal abatement costs for the major ship types are also calculated, and the results are shown to be relatively homogenous for all major ship types. The presented data and methodology could be very useful for assisting the industry and policymakers in selecting cost effective solutions for reducing GHG emissions from the world fleet.
Serum prolactin and growth hormone responses to thyrotropin releasing hormone in postpubertal cattle.

Abstract Serum prolactin increased 9 to 20 and growth hormone 2.5 to 4 times following administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone in 6 heifers during an estrous cycle, in 26 heifers during pregnancy, and in 16 cows during lactation. Stage of the estrous cycle or pregnancy did not affect quantity of prolactin or growth hormone released after administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone. There was a tendency for the quantity of prolactin released by thyrotropin releasing hormone to be greater at 2 mo than at 4, 6, 8, or 10 mo of lactation. During lactation, growth hormone release after thyrotropin releasing hormone was greatest at 2 mo. Prolactin release after thyrotropin releasing hormone was 6 to 16 times greater in summer than in spring or fall in pregnant heifers and approximately 3 times greater in spring, summer, and fall than during the winter in lactating cows. Season did not affect release of growth hormone after thyrotropin releasing hormone. Season of year more importantly affects capacity of the anterior pituitary to release prolactin than stages of the estrous cycle, pregnancy, or lactation. On the other hand, season does not affect induced release of growth hormone by thyrotropin releasing hormone. There is, however, an increased capacity of the anterior pituitary to release growth hormone during early lactation, coincident with maximal milk yield.
Realized Skewness at High Frequency and the Link to a Conditional Market Premium

We propose a reliable new estimator for realized skewness which is robust to microstructure noise at ultra-high frequency level. Asymptotic theory for the new estimator has been de- rived. Simulation example veries its superior performance. We apply the new estimator to tick data of the S&P 500 index for forecasting equity premium in the U.S. market from 1990-2011 and nd that it has signicant forecast-ability both in-sample and out-of-sample. We also show that the new skewness measure plus the variance risk premium provides right decomposition for the skewness risk. We thus provide evidence that realized skewness links to conditional market premium.
Codes of Conduct, Retailer Buying Practices and Farm Labour in South Africa's Wine and Deciduous Fruit Export Chains

Global fruit commodity chains are increasingly controlled by large supermarkets in Europe and North America. The impact of retailer buying practices on developing country producers and farm workers has led to codes of conduct that govern the relationship between retailers and their suppliers. The extent to which these codes can improve conditions for primary producers and farm workers in global fruit commodity chains remains an issue of debate. This article draws on interviews with a sample of deciduous fruit and wine farmers and processors in the Western Cape. The results suggest that buying practices have had a significant impact on the labour-hiring practices of deciduous fruit and wine farmers and processors. For reasons discussed in the article, codes of conduct have had only a limited impact on working conditions in these sectors. The article concludes by speculating on the long-term prospects for retailer codes of conduct for developing country producers and workers.
The welfare effects of business-cycle-induced immigration

Despite the fact that migration flows have always been closely related to business cycles, the effects of immigration are typically analysed in models without economic fluctuations. In this paper, we find that the welfare consequences of business-cycle-induced immigration are very different from the consequences of permanent immigration in a static economy. Specifically, the welfare effects depend crucially on (1) the return rate of immigrants in downturns and (2) the costs of recruiting immigrants. This has important consequences for the optimal design of temporary immigration programmes to deal with labour shortages.
Time Variation in Okun's Law: A Canada and U.S. Comparison

This article investigates the stability of Okun's law for Canada and the United States using a time varying parameter approach. Time variation is modeled as driftless random walks and is estimated using the median unbiased estimator approach developed by Stock and Watson (1998). Okun's law exhibits structural instability in both countries, with the sensitivity of the unemployment rate to movements in output growth increasing recently over time in both Canada and the United States.
Why is the Polish farm sector still so underdeveloped?

This article presents a comprehensive review of the Polish farm sector. The main objective is to analyse the causes of its backwardness and slow development. Low remuneration of farm work and the resultant low profitability are the largest problems of many farms. Several causes of the low profitability are evaluated. We show that all relevant causes are closely interrelated and that the extraordinarily high labour intensity has the largest impact. Subsequently, we analyse several causes of the extremely large share of agricultural employment in the Polish economy. Low skills of farm workers, the poor performance of the land market and the high level of subsidisation of the social security system for farmers (KRUS) are identified as the most important causes. Finally, some policy recommendations are given.
Pharmacologic intervention with angiotensin II and kininase inhibitor enhanced efficacy of radioimmunotherapy in human colon cancer xenografts.

UNLABELLED Induced hypertension and kininase inhibition can enhance tumor targeting of radiolabeled monoclonal antibody (MAb) by altering tumor circulation. This study investigated the effect of this manipulation on the antitumor efficacy of radioimmunotherapy (RIT). METHODS Mice bearing human colon cancer xenografts were administered 2.0 microg/kg/min of angiotensin II (AT-II) for 1 h and 30 microg of a kininase inhibitor, enalapril maleate, before the administration of 3.7 MBq (131)I-A7, an IgG1 against 45-kDa glycoprotein on colorectal cancer, and tumor growth was observed thereafter. The mechanism of the manipulation effect was investigated by estimation of the tissue absorbed dose and radioluminography of tumors. RESULTS The pharmacologic manipulation with AT-II and enalapril improved the tumor quadrupling time (Tq) of 3.7 MBq RIT from 24.3 +/- 2.75 d to 33.1 +/- 2.83 d (P < 0.05). Addition of this manipulation made 3.7 MBq RIT as effective as 9.25 MBq RIT alone (Tq, 37.2 +/- 2.97 d). Dose estimation showed that the manipulation increased the tumor absorbed dose 1.55-fold without affecting the doses to normal tissues. Uniform intratumoral distribution in the manipulated tumors was shown by radioluminography. CONCLUSION Larger and more uniform tumor radiation produced by this pharmacologic manipulation can benefit RIT with (131)I-MAb.
Motivation-Based Typology

This article contributes to knowledge of tourist motivation and typologies in the context of golf tourism. A research framework is presented to aid the classification of golf tourists into distinct typologies based on their travel motivation. The methodology comprised both qualitative research based on semistructured interviews and quantitative research based on 392 self-completed questionnaires. A principal component factor analysis was used to identify five golf travel motivations. A cluster analysis was then conducted to classify golfers into three different clusters, namely, Golf-intensive Golfers, Multimotivated Golfers, and Companion Golfers. The golf clusters were then profiled, and the results revealed that golf tourists were not homogeneous in their travel motivations. Their profiles are theoretically and statistically feasible, and the hypotheses tested indicated that each cluster had both similarities and differences. The practical implications for golf tourism marketers are suggested, and future research recommendations related to the application of tourist typologies for segmentation are provided.
Determinants of Capital Structure: A Case for the Pakistani Cement Industry

This paper attempts to determine the capital structure of listed firms in the cement industry of Pakistan. The study finds that a specific industry’s capital structure exhibits unique attributes which are usually not apparent in the combined analysis of many sectors as done by Shah & Hijazi (2005). The study took 16 of 22 firms in the cement sector, listed at the Karachi Stock Exchange for the period 1997-2001 and analyzed the data by using pooled regression in a panel data analysis. Following the model developed by Rajan & Zingle (1995) it has chosen four independent variables i.e. firm size (measured by natural log of sales),tangibility of assets, profitability and growth and further analyzed the effects on leverage. The results, except for firm size, were found to be highly significant.
How Do Traders Influence Investor Confidence and Trading Volume? A Dyad Study in the Futures Market

This study explains factors that influence trade volume and reexamines the model of investor confidence with regard to the characteristics of traders. Moreover, this research examines how trader demographic characteristics and personality moderate the relationship between investor confidence and trading volume. This research tests hypotheses on the basis of data collected from 206 futures investor-trader dyads. Findings provide support for the theoretical model and have implications for research on investor confidence and behavioral finance. In addition, this paper discusses limitations to this research, future research directions, and theoretical and practical implications.
Sensory evaluation and physico‐chemical measurements of tomatoes commonly consumed in New Zealand

Five different locally sourced commercially grown tomatoes (cultivars; Aranca, Excell, Flavourine, Mondeo and Solairo) and one grown in Australia (Gourmet) were subjected to sensory evaluation using a consumer taste panel. Physico-chemical characteristics (CIE colour, dry matter, °Brix, titratable acidity, pH and °Brix : acid ratio) were also measured on the tomatoes. Overall, the sensory evaluation results showed that there were differences between the tomato cultivar most likely to be purchased (Excell, bright red skin colour) and the tomato liked most overall (Aranca, darker red skin colour). Panellists gave a wide range of juiciness and hardness scores to the tomatoes evaluated. Cultivars Flavourine, Aranca and Solairo were moderately sweet while Excell, Mondeo and Gourmet were regarded as not sweet at all. Physico-chemical results showed that the New Zealand grown tomato varieties evaluated were comparable with other tomatoes grown in New Zealand while most tomatoes were redder and had higher titratable acidity compared with studies of tomato varieties from other countries. The panellists initially ranked the tomatoes on the redness of skin colour but changed their rankings when they had assessed their taste and texture.
Effect of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease Pathogenesis and Progression

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was discovered way back in 1983. More than three decades since its discovery, HIV infection diagnosis, treatment and management has been a big challenge to the medical field. HIV infection is attributed to cause compromised T-cell and B-cell immunity, promote different malignancies and the infected individuals are at risk of acquiring other viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections. HIV disease progression was found different in infected population, where few HIV infected patients develop AIDS in less than 5 years and are called as early progressors, HIV infected population in whom development of AIDS is slow and may remain normal up to 10 years are termed as late progressors and patients in whom the symptoms of AIDS are not seen even after 10-15 years are labeled as long term non-progressors. The variability in disease progression is not completely understood. After the discovery of HAART, the mortality of the HIV infected population has significantly reduced but the morbidity attributed to HAART has remained as a serious concern. From being a life threatening infection HIV has now become a chronic infection, where patients live their natural life years with the HAART therapy. Among the most significant changes in HIV infection and pathogenesis is the development of non-infectious complications attributed to the HIV infection, HAART therapy, other demographic factors and co-morbidities. Other factors that influence the disease pathogenesis and progression include chronic immune activation, drug resistance and toxic side effects of HAART therapy. Among this Immune activation plays a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of HIV infection.
Different Roles for RhoA During Neurite Initiation, Elongation, and Regeneration in PC12 Cells

Abstract : The goal of the present study was to characterize the effects of RhoA at different stages of nerve growth factor (NGF)‐induced neuronal differentiation in the PC12 model. This comparative analysis was prompted by previous studies that reported apparently opposite effects for Rho in different models of neuronal differentiation and regeneration. PC12 cells were transfected with activated V14RhoA or dominant negative N19RhoA under the control of either a constitutive or a steroid‐regulated promoter. Upon exposure to NGF, V14RhoA cells continued to proliferate and did not extend neurites ; however, they remained responsive to NGF, as indicated by the activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases. This inability to differentiate was reversed by C3 toxin and activation of cyclic AMP signaling, which inactivate RhoA. N19RhoA expression led to an increase in neurite initiation and branching. In contrast, when the RhoA mutants were expressed after NGF priming, only the rate of neurite extension was altered ; V14RhoA clones had neurites approximately twice as long, whereas neurites of N19RhoA cells were ~50% shorter than those of appropriate controls. The effects of Rho in neurite regeneration mimicked those observed during the initial stages of morphogenesis ; activation inhibited, whereas inactivation promoted, neurite outgrowth. Our results indicate that RhoA function changes at different stages of NGF‐induced neuronal differentiation and neurite regeneration.
External Auditors Decisions in EU Credit Institutions: A Multicriteria Approach

In this paper we develop classification models that could assist auditors in their decision to issue a qualified or unqualified opinion during the auditing of EU credit institutions. The models are developed with the Utilites Additives Discriminantes (UTADIS) multicriteria technique and incorporate financial and non-financial variables. Discriminant analysis is also employed for comparison purposes. The dataset consists of 80 qualified financial statements and 2,631 unqualified ones, from 446 credit institutions operating in eight EU countries over the period 1995-2002. The models are developed and tested using a ten-fold cross-validation approach. The results show that the developed auditing models can discriminate between financial statements that should receive qualified opinions from the ones that should receive unqualified opinions. The overall accuracy is 73.55% in the validation sample for a general model and increases up to 88.49% in the case of a model developed specifically for commercial banks.
The Structure Models for Futures Options Pricing and Related Researches

Based on the structure model of option pricing (Feng DAI, 2005) and the Partial Distribution (Feng DAI, 2001), this paper designs a new kind of expression of futures price, presents the structure pricing model for American futures options on underlying non-dividend-paying, and gives three put-call parities between American call and put option on spots, call and put option on futures, and spot options and futures options, they are different from put-call parity of European options. We prove analytically that an American call option on futures must be worth more than the corresponding American call option on spot and an American put option on futures must be worth less than the corresponding American put option on spot in normal market; and the oppositions in inverted market. The final empirical researches also support the conclusions in this paper.
Policy Preferences and Political Distrust: A Comparison of Norway, Sweden and the United States

Many modern democracies have experienced a decrease in citizen support for government in recent decades. This article examines attitudes toward public policy as a plausible theoretical explanation for this phenomenon. The connection between public policy and support for the political regime has received considerable academic attention in the United States. Yet very little comparative work has examined whether citizens' policy preferences are related to a decline in diffuse support across different political systems. This article offers a clearer, more concise theoretical specification of the hypothesized relationship between public evaluations of policy outputs and support for the political regime. After specifying the theoretical concerns more succinctly, the article analyzes data from Norway, Sweden and the United States for the quarter century from the late 1960s to the early 1990s. The analysis reveals that shifts in evaluations of foreign policy and race-related policies help explain change in political trust for all three countries despite differences in the political systems. Moral issues, such as abortion, however, have no impact on political trust in any of the countries.
Monetary policy and dividend growth in Germany: long-run structural modelling versus bounds testing approach

This study examines the long-run relationship between monetary policy and dividend growth in Germany. For this purpose, cointegration is tested for between both variables in the period 1974 to 2003. However, problems related to spurious regression arise from the mixed order of integration of the series used, from mutual causation between the variables and from the lack of a long-run relationship among the variables of the model. These problems are addressed by applying the bounds testing approach to cointegration in addition to a more standard long-run structural modelling approach. In principle, both procedures are capable of dealing with the controversial issue of the exogeneity of monetary policy vis-à-vis dividend growth. However, the structural modelling approach still leaves a certain degree of uncertainty about the integration properties of the interest rate and the dividend growth. Hence, one feels legitimized to refer to the bounds testing procedure and to conclude that in the longer term short-term rates drive stock returns but not vice versa.