Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Evolution and Consequences of Peer Producing Wikipedia's Rules

Wikipedia's policies, guidelines, and other rules can be revised edited by anyone at any time, creating a rule environment that has changed substantially over its 15-year history. Wikipedia provides a remarkable benchmark for understanding the potential and pitfalls of self-governance in a knowledge commons and empirically informing theories of networked governance and institutional analysis. Using a corpus of 725,000 revisions made to 2,012 pages about rules and rule discussions since 2001, we explore the dynamics of English Wikipedia's rule-making and maintenance over time. Our analysis reveals a policy environment marked by on-going rule-making and deliberation across multiple regulatory levels more than a decade after its creation. This dynamism is however balanced by strong biases in the attention and length towards older rules coupled with a diminishing flexibility to change these rules, declining revision activity over time, and a strong shift toward deliberation.
Pholcid spider molecular systematics revisited, with new insights into the biogeography and the evolution of the group

We analysed seven genetic markers sampled from 165 pholcids and 34 outgroups in order to test and improve the recently revised classification of the family. Our results are based on the largest and most comprehensive set of molecular data so far to study pholcid relationships. The data were analysed using parsimony, maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian methods for phylogenetic reconstruction. We show that in several previously problematic cases molecular and morphological data are converging towards a single hypothesis. This is also the first study that explicitly addresses the age of pholcid diversification and intends to shed light on the factors that have shaped species diversity and distributions. Results from relaxed uncorrelated lognormal clock analyses suggest that the family is much older than revealed by the fossil record alone. The first pholcids appeared and diversified in the early Mesozoic about 207 Ma ago (185–228 Ma) before the breakup of the supercontinent Pangea. Vicariance events coupled with niche conservatism seem to have played an important role in setting distributional patterns of pholcids. Finally, our data provide further support for multiple convergent shifts in microhabitat preferences in several pholcid lineages. Our findings suggest that both adaptive and non‐adaptive speciation may have played an important role in the diversification of pholcid lineages.
RNF5, a RING Finger Protein That Regulates Cell Motility by Targeting Paxillin Ubiquitination and Altered Localization

ABSTRACT RNF5 is a RING finger protein found to be important in the growth and development of Caenorhabditis elegans. The search for RNF5-associated proteins via a yeast two-hybrid screen identified a LIM-containing protein in C. elegans which shows homology with human paxillin. Here we demonstrate that the human homologue of RNF5 associates with the amino-terminal domain of paxillin, resulting in its ubiquitination. RNF5 requires intact RING and C-terminal domains to mediate paxillin ubiquitination. Whereas RNF5 mediates efficient ubiquitination of paxillin in vivo, protein extracts were required for in vitro ubiquitination, suggesting that additional modifications and/or an associated E3 ligase assist RNF5 targeting of paxillin ubiquitination. Mutant Ubc13 efficiently inhibits RNF5 ubiquitination, suggesting that RNF5 generates polychain ubiquitin of the K63 topology. Expression of RNF5 increases the cytoplasmic distribution of paxillin while decreasing its localization within focal adhesions, where it is primarily seen under normal growth. Concomitantly, RNF5 expression results in inhibition of cell motility. Via targeting of paxillin ubiquitination, which alters its localization, RNF5 emerges as a novel regulator of cell motility.
A Detailed Analytical Model of a Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator Under Dynamic Eccentricity Fault

In this paper, a new detailed analytical model of a salient-pole synchronous generator (SPSG) under dynamic eccentricity (DE) is presented which is capable of accounting for the effects of magnetic saturation, rotor pole shoe saliency, and space distribution of stator phases and rotor winding. A real form of rotor pole shoes is taken into account in the proposed SPSG air-gap function distribution. Saturation effects incorporate into the air-gap function of SPSG as a simple proposed analytic equation that varies by the generator load and operating condition. Furthermore, variation of the resulted air-gap distribution of SPSG in the presence of DE fault is then computed precisely and the inverse air-gap function calculated using Fourier series in order to compute time varying self- and mutual-inductances of stator phases and rotor winding via the modified winding function approach (MWFA). The computed inductances are used for simulation of SPSG and studying the frequency spectrum of stator line current in the presence of DE fault. It is shown that the results of proposed model are closer to the finite-element (FE) computation results compared to the available analytic models.
Wonder, Mystery, and Meaning

Abstract This paper explores the connection between wonder and meaning, in particular ‘the meaning of life’, a connection that, despite strong intrinsic connections between wonder and the (philosophical) search for meaning has not yet received any sustained attention. Does wonder ‘merely’ inspire our search for meaning, or does it also point the way towards meaning? In exploring this question I first engage with Hannah Arendt, then examine the suggestion (by Josef Pieper and Rachel Carson, among others) that the meaning wonder points us to lies in connecting us with the mystery of existence. Can there be meaning in mystery, or is wonder––as a state of being lost for words in the face of mystery––rather antithetical to meaning? This discussion leads to the idea, emphasized in recent writing on wonder, that wonder (also) depends on the meaning we ascribe to things. In the final section I discuss wonder as a potential source of meaning in life, then return to the question whether it can also point towards a deeper meaning of life. I conclude that no purely rational justification can be given for this view, but that this need not detract from the importance of wonder in our lives.
Trade-Growth Nexus in Developing and Developed Countries: An Application of Extreme Bounds Analysis

In this study, we investigated the relationship between foreign trade and economic growth in the developing and developed countries by using extreme bounds analysis approach. For this we used unbalanced panel data of 103 variables of 94 countries (74 developing countries and 20 developed countries) during 1990-2010. The estimation results of more than 1.6 million regressions show that more foreign trade indices are robust determinants of economic growth and have robustly positive effect on the economic growth of each country regardless of level of development. In the other words, results of this study support views of free trade advocates.
Effect of the induction of transgenerational obesity on maternal-fetal parameters

ABSTRACT Maternal obesity can cause complications for both women and their offspring for generations. Therefore, we intended to verify the repercussions of induction of transgenerational obesity on biochemical parameters, reproductive performance, and congenital anomaly frequency in Wistar rats. Female rats were used from successive generations. The female rats of parental generation (F0, n=10) were mated to obtain their offspring (F1 generation). F1 female rats received a monosodium glutamate (MSG) solution to induce obesity (n=07) or vehicle (control, n=06) during the neonatal period. These adult female rats were classified as normal or obese using the Lee Index, mated, and delivered offspring (F2 generation), which were also evaluated for obesity using the Lee Index in adult life (F2MSG, n=13, born from obese dams) or non-obesity status (F2Control, n=12, born from control dams), and were mated in adulthood. During pregnancy, glycemia and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were analyzed. At term pregnancy, the females were sacrificed for serum biochemical profile, maternal reproductive outcomes, and fetal development. In F2MSG rats, body weight gain at early pregnancy, glycemia by OGTT, total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein, and alanine transaminase activity were higher compared with those of F2Control rats. F2MSG rats also presented a lower implantation number and gravid uterus weight, increased pre-implantation loss and anomaly frequency in their fetuses (F3 generation) compared with those of F2Control rats. Therefore, even without significant changes in body weight gain, obesity was established at the end of pregnancy of Wistar rats using other biomarkers. Additionally, these rats showed multiple adverse reproductive outcomes, confirming the deleterious effects that lead to obesity.
Attitudes towards abortion law reforms in Nigeria and factors influencing its social acceptance among female undergraduates in a Nigerian university.

BACKGROUND Unsafe abortion is one of the causes of maternal morbidity and mortality globally and it is still a burden in Nigeria. Restriction laws have been blamed for the recurrent vulnerability of women including female adolescents to unsafe abortions. METHODS A cross-sectional, semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was administered to 407 first year female undergraduates in the three female halls of residence of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria in February 2012 to determine their attitudes to abortion laws and the social acceptance of abortion laws in Nigeria. RESULTS A vast majority (96.1%) knew what an abortion was and barely half were aware of the grounds in which it may be legal. Only 84 (20.6%) of the respondents knew that there were 2 abortion laws in operation in Nigeria. One hundred and thirteen (27.8%) wanted the current abortion law to be reformed and thirteen (3.2%) admitted that they had had an abortion in the past. More than half of them, 212 (52.1%) would support an abortion if pregnancy followed rape/ incest and 201(49.4%) if there was fetal abnormality. Religious reasons influenced the social opinions on abortion laws in most of the students (73%). CONCLUSION The study showed some awareness towards abortion law reforms and we advocate that sexually active young individuals should be encouraged to adopt effective dual protection against unwanted pregnancy and STIs. Efforts should also be made at imparting reproductive health education to youths, especially girls.
Novel Implementation of LMS Adaptive Algorithm for High Speed and Low Complexity

: This paper presents the least-mean-square (LMS) adaptive filter for deriving its Architectures for high-speed and low complexity implementation. It is shown that the direct-form LMS adaptive filter has nearly the same critical path as its transpose-form counterpart, but provides much faster convergence and lower register complexity. From the critical-path evaluation, it is further shown that no pipelining is required for implementing a direct-form LMS adaptive filter for most practical cases, and can be realized with a very small adaptation delay in cases where a very high sampling rate is required. Based on these findings, this paper proposes three structures of the LMS adaptive filter: (i) Design 1 having no adaptation delays, (ii)Design 2 with only one adaptation delay, and(iii) Design 3 with two adaptation delays. Design1 involves the minimum area and the minimum energy per sample (EPS). We present here the optimization of design to reduce the number of pipeline delays along with the area, sampling period, and energy consumption. The proposed design is found to be more efficient in terms of the power-delay product (PDP) and energy-delay product (EDP) compared to the existing structures.
Predicting Methadone Maintenance Treatment Outcomes Using the Addiction Severity Index and the MMPI‐2 Content Scales (Negative Treatment Indicators and Cynism Scales)

We studied the ability of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory‐2 Content Scales (Negative Treatment Indicators [TRT] and Cynicism [CYN]) and the domain scales of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) in predicting outcome from a methadone maintenance program. Participants were 108 African American males treated in a VA health care outpatient methadone maintenance treatment program and followed for up to 1 year after admission. Dependent variables were 1) length of stay and the percentage of 2) missed medication days, 3) toxicology urine samples free from illicit drugs, 4) full‐time employment, 5) attendance at scheduled counseling sessions, and 6) counselor ratings of patient progress. A stepwise linear regression equation indicated that low drug severity scores on the ASI and low scores on percentage of missed medication predicted patients who were clean 1 year later; low scores on the psychological domain of the ASI predicted attendance at counseling sessions; a discriminant function analysis (consisting of percent of missed medication, percentage of clean urines, and ratings of patient progress) successfully predicted patient status (i.e., dropouts vs. “active patients”) with 85% accuracy. Although the TRT and CYN were related to some ASI domains, they were not associated with any outcome variable. Results suggest that some ASI scores serve as important indicators of patient progress in methadone maintenance treatment.
Concomitant Primary Infection of the Midgut Epithelial Cells and Secondary Infection of Tracheal Cells of Helicoverpa armigera by HA NPV (Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus)

A study of histopathological changes due to the infection of Helicoverpa armigera Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (HANPV) in the third instar larvae of H. armigera at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hour interval was carried out in the laboratory. The histopathalogical sequential changes in the post infected H. armigera revealed the presence of infected area in the midgut epithelium at 72 hpi (hour post infection) suggesting that the midgut was the most common route of entry for the virus into an insect host. However, 96 hpi preparations showed virogenic tracheal epidermal cells suggesting that these cells were probably the secondary site of infection.
In Vitro Reconstitution of the End Replication Problem

ABSTRACT The end replication problem hypothesis proposes that the ends of linear DNA cannot be replicated completely during lagging strand DNA synthesis. Although the idea has been widely accepted for explaining telomere attrition during cell proliferation, it has never been directly demonstrated. In order to take a biochemical approach to understand how linear DNA ends are replicated, we have established a novel in vitro linear simian virus 40 DNA replication system. In this system, terminally biotin-labeled linear DNAs are conjugated to avidin-coated beads and subjected to replication reactions. Linear DNA was efficiently replicated under optimized conditions, and replication products that had replicated using the original DNA templates were specifically analyzed by purifying bead-bound replication products. By exploiting this system, we showed that while the leading strand is completely synthesized to the end, lagging strand synthesis is gradually halted in the terminal ∼500-bp region, leaving 3′ overhangs. This result is consistent with observations in telomerase-negative mammalian cells and formally demonstrates the end replication problem. This study provides a basis for studying the details of telomere replication.
Immunotherapy of Malignant Tumors Using Antisense Anti-IGF-I Approach: Case of Glioblastoma

The review article describes the criteria established for methodology of antisense anti IGF-I therapy of malignant tumors, particularly of glioblastoma. The cancer patients, after classical therapy of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, have undergone the injection of genetically modified autologous malignant cells—transfected by IGF-I antisense/triple helix expression vectors. For all cancer patients supervised for up to 19 months, the period corresponding to minimum survival of glioblastoma patients, the following common immune criteria for “anti IGF-I” strategy were admitted: 1) characteristics of cell “vaccines”—absence of IGF-I and expression of MHC-I in cloned transfected cells; 2) the peripheral blood lymphocytes, PBL cells, removed after every of two successive vaccinations, demonstrate an increasing level of CD8+ and CD8+28+ molecules (with a switch from CD8+11b+ to CD8+11b-).
A Novel Technique for Time-Centric Analysis of Massive Remotely-Sensed Datasets

Analyzing massive remotely-sensed datasets presents formidable challenges. The volume of satellite imagery collected often outpaces analytical capabilities, however thorough analyses of complete datasets may provide new insights into processes that would otherwise be unseen. In this study we present a novel, object-oriented approach to storing, retrieving, and analyzing large remotely-sensed datasets. The objective is to provide a new structure for scalable storage and rapid, Internet-based analysis of climatology data. The concept of a “data rod” is introduced, a conceptual data object that organizes time-series information into a temporally-oriented vertical column at any given location. To demonstrate one possible use, we ingest 25 years of Greenland imagery into a series of pure-object databases, then retrieve and analyze the data. The results provide a basis for evaluating the database performance and scientific analysis capabilities. The project succeeds in demonstrating the effectiveness of the prototype database architecture and analysis approach, not because new scientific information is discovered, but because quality control issues are revealed in the source data that had gone undetected for years.
Repair of coarctation of the aorta associated with intracardiac repair.

COARCTATION of the aorta is a common congenital anomaly that requires surgical repair. Regardless of the technique employed, surgical results are flawed by a significant incidence of recurrent stenosis. ' Other attendant problems of surgical correction of coarctation are associated intracardiac defects, occurring in 50-75% of patients.2 A technique using the supraceliac segment of the abdominal aorta for an ascending aorta-abdominal aorta bypass has been utilized at this institution for treatment of recurrent coarctation and in combination with correction of associated intracardiac defects.3 Recently, we have used a more satisfactory technique for the distal anastomosis. During the past 6 months, four patients have undergone simultaneous ascending aorta to descending thoracic aorta bypass and open-heart surgery to alleviate aortic coarctation and associated cardiac defects. Cardiac lesions included aortic insufficiency, aortic stenosis, annuloaortic ectasia, and mitral regurgitation. Ages ranged from 19 to 70 years. All patients were symptomatic from both the coarctation and concomitant cardiac lesion. (Table I).
A Node Revocation Scheme Using Public-Key Cryptography in Wireless Sensor Networks

Generally deployed in an unattended environment, a sensor network can be easily assaulted or compromised by adversaries. Network security becomes a major problem. A distributed node revocation scheme is effective in reducing the damages a compromised node may cause to a sensor networ k, but its oper ation tends to consum e lar ge-scale memory space of the hardware-constrained sensor nodes. To reduce such complexity, this paper presents a new distr ibuted voting r evocation scheme based on the one- way hash chain, the certif icate revocation list and the public- key cr yptography. Per fonnance evaluation shows that our schem e outper forms the other tar get schem es in enhancing network security at reasonable calculation cost which is acceptable to the sensor nodes.
Fibroblast growth factor‐2 promotes catabolism via FGFR1‐Ras‐Raf‐MEK1/2‐ERK1/2 axis that coordinates with the PKCδ pathway in human articular chondrocytes

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF‐2) has been found to play an anti‐anabolic and/or a catabolic role in adult human articular cartilage via regulation of multiple signaling pathways. Upon FGF‐2 stimulation, a molecular crosstalk between the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) pathways are initiated, where PKCδ positively regulates downstream MAPK signaling. In this study, we explored the relationship between fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), Ras, and PKCδ in FGF‐2 signaling in human articular chondrocytes. Pathway‐specific inhibition using both chemical inhibitors and siRNA targeting FGFR1 demonstrated that, upon FGF‐2 stimulation, FGFR1 controlled both Ras and PKCδ activation, which converged on the Raf‐MEK1/2‐ERK1/2 axis. No crosstalk was observed between Ras and PKCδ. Quantitative PCR analyses revealed that both Ras and PKCδ contributed to FGF‐2‐mediated upregulation of MMP‐13, ADAMTS5, and repression of aggrecan gene. Correspondingly, FGF‐2‐mediated proteoglycan loss was effectively reversed by individual pathway‐specific inhibitor of Ras, PKCδ, and ERK1/2 in both 3‐dimensional alginate bead culture and cartilage organ culture systems. Our findings suggest that FGFR1 interacts with FGF‐2 and then activates Ras and PKCδ, which concertedly drive MAPK signaling to mediate biological effects of FGF‐2. Such an integration of dual inputs constitutes a novel mechanism of FGF‐2 signaling cascade in human articular chondrocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 2856–2865, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reactive Oxygen Species and Induction of Lignin Peroxidase in Phanerochaete chrysosporium

ABSTRACT We studied oxidative stress in lignin peroxidase (LIP)-producing cultures (cultures flushed with pure O2) of Phanerochaete chrysosporium by comparing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cumulative oxidative damage, and antioxidant enzymes with those found in non-LIP-producing cultures (cultures grown with free exchange of atmospheric air [control cultures]). A significant increase in the intracellular peroxide concentration and the degree of oxidative damage to macromolecules, e.g., DNA, lipids, and proteins, was observed when the fungus was exposed to pure O2 gas. The specific activities of manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase and the consumption of glutathione were all higher in cultures exposed to pure O2 (oxygenated cultures) than in cultures grown with atmospheric air. Significantly higher gene expression of the LIP-H2 isozyme occurred in the oxygenated cultures. A hydroxyl radical scavenger, dimethyl sulfoxide (50 mM), added to the culture every 12 h, completely abolished LIP expression at the mRNA and protein levels. This effect was confirmed by in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction, which significantly enhanced LIP expression. The level of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) was correlated with the starvation conditions regardless of the oxygenation regimen applied, and similar cAMP levels were obtained at high O2 concentrations and in cultures grown with atmospheric air. These results suggest that even though cAMP is a prerequisite for LIP expression, high levels of ROS, preferentially hydroxyl radicals, are required to trigger LIP synthesis. Thus, the induction of LIP expression by O2 is at least partially mediated by the intracellular ROS.