Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pathology of peripheral lymph node biopsies in Kane, Northern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND Lymphadenopathy is a common clinical problem here in Kano, Northern Nigeria but there has been no formal study. We therefore undertook this review to evaluate the pattern in our locality. METHOD This is a seven-year (1998-2004) retrospective review of all histologically diagnosed lymph node biopsies received at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano. RESULTS Cervical, axillary and inguinal nodes were the most frequently biopsied accounting for 46%, 23% and 13%, while tuberculosis, lymphomas and metastases were the most commonly diagnosed lesions comprising 30%, 24% and 19% respectively. In general, benign lesions were more common constituting 57% of nodal biopsies. Lymphadenopathy was observed to be most prevalent in the first three decades. CONCLUSION Our findings were broadly similar to most other Nigerian studies and slightly at variance with other African countries but significantly different from the Western World. The limitations of lymph node histopathology in the absence of modern molecular diagnostic techniques are highlighted.
Effect of Ammonium and Nitrate Nutrition on Protein Level and Exudate Composition.

Research efforts of recent years on the protein metabolism of plants have been primarily directed toward clarification of the cellular mechanism of protein synthesis. Less attention has been devoted to the analysis of those factors that determine protein concentration levels in organs of whole plants. A review on this subject is included in the monograph of Webster (18). Past efforts of the present investigator in this area have been concerned with the influence of the ammonium: nitrate ratio of the culture solution on protein level in shoots of young wheat seedlings grown in darkness (19, 20). The shoot protein level of plants provided with a simultaneous supply of ammonium and nitrate was found to be greater than that of plants grown with either ammonium or nitrate alone. The present study concerns itself with the effect of ammoninum and nitrate on protein synthesis in young leaves of sunflower grown in the light. Preliminary experiments indicated that protein levels were again at a maximum under ammonium plus nitrate conditions. Among the factors that may play a role in the determination of leaf protein level, one is the nature of the nitrogenous substances transferred to the leaves from the root system. In an attempt to explain the decline in protein experienced by detached leaves, Chibnall (5) suggested that roots provide some factor or factors necessary for leaves to maintain their protein levels. This hypothesis is relevant to the problem of protein level in attached leaves under investigation in this laboratory. It is possible that the simultaneous presence of ammonium and nitrate in the culture solution may lead to the synthesis in the roots of a complex of nitrogenous compounds which, when transported to the leaves, permits the establishment of a high protein level. Accordingly, a study was made of the amino acids, amides, and inorganic nitrogen ions in the exudate of decapitated sunflower plants that had been grown under ammonium, ammonium plus nitrate, and nitrate conditions.
UFAL Submissions to the IWSLT 2016 MT Track

We present our submissions to the IWSLT 2016 machine translation task, as our first attempt to translate subtitles and one of our early experiments with neural machine translation (NMT). We focus primarily on English→Czech translation direction but perform also basic adaptation experiments for NMT with German and also the reverse direction. Three MT systems are tested: (1) our Chimera, a tight combination of phrase-based MT and deep linguistic processing, (2) Neural Monkey, our implementation of a NMT system in TensorFlow and (3) Nematus, an established NMT system.
Pharmacodynamic assessment of mycophenolic acid-induced immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients.

The combination of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs provides a novel method for the optimization of drug dosing. We chose to investigate this with the use of mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immunosuppressive drug that mediates its effect by the inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), a key enzyme in the de novo biosynthesis of purines. The relationship between MPA concentration in plasma, IMPDH activity in whole blood, and nucleotide concentration in lymphocytes was investigated in renal-transplant recipients, who were randomized to receive either mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (n = 5) or azathioprine (AZA) (n = 7), in combination with cyclosporine and prednisone. Blood samples were collected throughout the dosing interval. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed substantial variability among the patients in the absorption and clearance of MPA. An inverse relationship was found between the MPA concentration of IMPDH activity in whole blood. The peak concentration of MPA achieved at 1 hr after dosing resulted in approximately 40% inhibition of IMPDH activity. As the MPA concentration decreased throughout the dosing interval, there was a gradual restoration of IMPDH activity. The inhibition of IMPDH activity (P < 0.05) in MMF-treated patients as compared with the AZA-treated controls was maintained for approximately 8 hr after dosing. No statistically significant (P > 0.05) difference between the predose and the 12 hr postdose activity was observed. The concentrations of guanine nucleotides, GDP and GMP, were significantly lower than in the AZA-treated group at most of the time points after dosing; however, considerable variability was observed. The measurement of the pharmacodynamic response to immunosuppressive drugs may provide not only a mechanism to predict the most appropriate dosing regimen, but also a viable alternative to traditional therapeutic drug monitoring, by assessing the overall state of immunosuppression.
Ossicular chain reconstruction

This study represents a review of 121 patients who underwent ossicular chain reconstruction during a five‐year period. They depict a general cross section of the sequelae of chronic otitis media. There was no selection of “favorable” cases. Ninety have been followed for one year or more. Hearing results in the most favorable cases (malleus handle and stapes arch present), were improved by the employment of a sculptured, fitted incus prosthesis between the handle and capitulum. Postoperative hearing was improved to within 10 db of the postoperative bone level in about half of the cases. Hearing was 20 db or better in more than 80 percent.
Pesticide exposures and the risk of multiple myeloma in men: An analysis of the North American Pooled Project

Multiple myeloma (MM) has been consistently linked with agricultural activities, including farming and pesticide exposures. Three case‐control studies in the United States and Canada were pooled to create the North American Pooled Project (NAPP) to investigate associations between pesticide use and haematological cancer risk. This analysis used data from 547 MM cases and 2700 controls. Pesticide use was evaluated as follows: ever/never use; duration of use (years); and cumulative lifetime‐days (LD) (days/year handled × years of use). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression adjusted for age, province/state of residence, use of proxy respondents and selected medical conditions. Increased MM risk was observed for ever use of carbaryl (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.28–3.21), captan (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.04–3.77) and DDT (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.05–1.97). Using the Canadian subset of NAPP data, we observed a more than threefold increase in MM risk (OR = 3.18, 95% CI = 1.40–7.23) for ≤10 cumulative LD of carbaryl use. The association was attenuated but remained significant for >10 LD of carbaryl use (OR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.05–5.64; ptrend = 0.01). For captan, ≤17.5 LD of exposure was also associated with a more than threefold increase in risk (OR = 3.52, 95% CI = 1.32–9.34), but this association was attenuated in the highest exposure category of >17.5 LD (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 0.81–6.43; ptrend = 0.01). An increasing trend (ptrend = 0.04) was observed for LD of DDT use (LD > 22; OR = 1.92, 95% CI = 0.95–3.88). In this large North American study of MM and pesticide use, we observed significant increases in MM risk for use of carbaryl, captan and DDT.
Androgen-induced NH2- and COOH-terminal Interaction Inhibits p160 Coactivator Recruitment by Activation Function 2*

The androgen receptor undergoes an androgen-specific NH2- and COOH-terminal interaction between NH2-terminal motif FXXLF and activation function 2 in the ligand binding domain. We demonstrated previously that activation function 2 forms overlapping binding sites for the androgen receptor FXXLF motif and the LXXLL motifs of p160 coactivators. Here we investigate the influence of the NH2- and COOH-terminal interaction on androgen receptor function. Specificity and relative potency of the motif interactions were evaluated by ligand dissociation rate and the stability of chimeras of transcriptional intermediary factor 2 with full-length and truncated androgen or glucocorticoid receptor. The results indicate that the androgen receptor activation function 2 interacts specifically and with greater avidity with the single FXXLF motif than with the LXXLL motif region of p160 coactivators, whereas this region of the glucocorticoid receptor interacts preferentially with the LXXLL motifs. Expression of the LXXLL motifs as a fusion protein with the glucocorticoid receptor resulted in loss of agonist-induced receptor destabilization and increased half-time of ligand dissociation. The NH2- and COOH-terminal interaction inhibited binding and activation by transcriptional intermediary factor 2. We conclude that the androgen receptor NH2- and COOH-terminal interaction reduces the dissociation rate of bound androgen, stabilizes the receptor, and inhibits p160 coactivator recruitment by activation function 2.
Recombinant human growth hormone in patients with HIV-associated wasting. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Serostim Study Group.

BACKGROUND Body wasting, particularly loss of body cell mass, is an increasingly prevalent acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining condition and is an independent risk factor for death in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Treatment with growth hormone for 7 days resulted in weight gain and nitrogen retention, but the long-term effects of this treatment in patients with HIV-associated wasting are not known. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the long-term effect of treatment with growth hormone on weight, body composition, functional performance, and quality of life in patients with HIV-associated wasting. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. SETTING Outpatient university and community-based patient care facilities. PATIENTS 178 HIV-infected patients with documented unintentional weight loss of at least 10% or weight less than 90% of the lower limit of ideal body weight. INTERVENTION Patients were randomly assigned to receive either recombinant human growth hormone, 0.1 mg/kg of body weight per day (average dosage, 6 mg/d) (n = 90) or placebo (n = 88) for 12 weeks. MEASUREMENTS Weight; body fat, lean body mass, and bone mineral content (measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry); total body water (by deuterium oxide dilution); extracellular water (by sodium bromide dilution); work output (by treadmill exercise); quality of life; and safety of treatment. RESULTS Treatment with growth hormone resulted in a sustained and statistically significant increase in weight (mean increase +/- SD, 1.6 +/- 3.7 kg [P < 0.001]) and lean body mass (3.0 +/- 3.0 kg [P < 0.001]), accompanied by a decrease in body fat (-1.7 +/- 1.7 kg [P < 0.001]). In contrast, in patients receiving placebo, weight (increase, 0.1 +/- 3.1 kg), lean body mass (decrease, 0.1 +/- 2.0 kg), and body fat (decrease, 0.3 +/- 2.2 kg) did not change significantly from baseline. Differences between groups at week 12 were statistically significant (P = 0.011 for body weight and P < 0.001 for lean body mass and body fat). A greater increase in treadmill work output was noted in the group receiving growth hormone (increase, 99 +/- 293 kg. m/min) compared with the group receiving placebo (increase, 20 +/- 233 kg.m/min)(P = 0.039). Health status (quality of life) scores did not differ between groups at baseline or after treatment. Days of disability and use of medical resources were the same for both groups. Treatment was was well tolerated; no significant differences were seen between groups in clinical events, progression of AIDS, CD4+ or CD8+ cell counts, or viral burden. CONCLUSION Treatment with growth hormone increases body weight, lean body mass, and treadmill work output and appears to be a safe and potentially effective therapy in patients with HIV-associated wasting.
First Place — Resident Clinical Science Award 1993: A Comparison of Cocaine vs. Lidocaine with Oxymetazoline for Use in Nasal Procedures

This study compared the degree of vasoconstriction and anesthesia obtained with cocaine vs. that obtained with a mixture of lidocaine and oxymetazoline (lido/oxy) in healthy, male volunteers. Blood flow was evaluated by laser Doppler flowmetry. Anesthesia was measured with Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments, testing both sensation threshold and pain perception. A greater decrease in blood flow was seen after the administration of lido/oxy than after the administration of cocaine. Pain perception change was not significantly different between treatment groups at 10 minutes after removal of the medication-soaked pledget, but lido/oxy caused a greater decrease in pain perception than cocaine after 50 minutes. No significant difference in sensation threshold change was seen between treatment groups. Lidocaine with oxymetazoline is, therefore, believed to be an effective alternative to cocaine for nasal procedures.
The Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Contents of Chlorophyll, Flavonoid, Anthocyanin and Proline in Capsicum annuum L.

Although ultraviolet radiation is potentially harmful, it is an important component of terrestrial radiation to which plants have been exposed since invading land. Since then, plants have evolved mechanisms to avoid and repair UV radiation damage. Therefore, it is not surprising that photomorphogenic responses to UV-B and UV-C are often assumed to be adaptations to harmful radiation. Most of the compounds accumulated are directly involved in UV-B and UV-C protection: they are either efficient in filtering excess radiation or in scavenging radicals. In this study plants were grown for 5 weeks in controlled environment room. The plants were grown in vermiculite medium using pots. Before UV treatments, plants were irrigated with nutrient solution (Hoagland solution) for 5 weeks. Then plants were exposed to UV-A (320-390 nm), UV-B (312 nm) and UV-C (254 nm) irradiation with a density of 6.1 (Wm-2), 5.8 (Wm-2) and 5.7 (Wm-2) for 2 weeks. Plants were treated with UV in their light period for 27 min per day for 14 days. The influence of UV-A, UV-B and UV-C radiation on chlorophyll, flavonoids, anthocyanin, proline, membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation and UV-absorbing compound was examined. Results showed that the contents of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids of pepper leaves were reduced significantly in those plants which were exposed to UV-B and UV-C radiation and compared with control and UV-A treated plants. In contrast, UV-B and UV-C increased (P < 0.05) proline, quercetin, rutin and anthocyanin concentrations in leaves of Capsicum annuum L. Ultraviolet radiation induced oxidative stress in pepper by increasing lipid peroxidation and membrane permeability which indicating that limits of tolerance are much less than damaged caused by UV-radiation.
Cochlear Implants in Infants and Toddlers

5. Fryauf-Bertschy H, TylerRS, Kelsay DM, Gantz BJ,Woodworm GG. Cochlear implant use by prelingually deafened children: the influences of age at implant and length of device use. J Speech Hear Res 1997;40:183-99. 6. Quittner A, Steck JT. Predictors of cochlear implant use in children. Am J Otol 1991;12(suppl):89-94. 7. Somers M. Speech perception abilities in children with cochlear implants or hearing aids. Am J Otol 1991;12(suppl):174-8. 8. Osberger MJ, Fisher LJ, Zimmerman-Phillips S, Geier L, Barker MJ. Speech recognition performance of older children with cochlear implants. Am J Otol 1998;19:152-7. 9. Erber NP. Auditory training. Washington, DC: A. G. Bell Association for the Deaf, 1982. 10. Moog JS, Geers AE. Early speech perception test. St Louis, Mo: Central Institute for the Deaf, 1990.
Recovery and verification of memories of childhood sexual trauma.

Fifty-three women outpatients participated in short-term therapy groups for incest survivors. This treatment modality proved to be a powerful stimulus for recovery of previously repressed traumatic memories. A relationship was observed between the age of onset, duration, and degree of violence of the abuse and the extent to which memory of the abuse had been repressed. Three out of four patients were able to validate their memories by obtaining corroborating evidence from other sources. The therapeutic function of recovering and validating traumatic memories is explored.
Sex education in rural schools in the United States: impact of rural educators' community identities

Purpose: The overall purpose of this exploratory research was to better understand rural educators' feelings about school‐based sex education in order to foster better communication and collaboration between prevention researchers and rural teachers and administrators. In order to accomplish this purpose, the research question asked ‘How does perceived community identity influence rural educators' decisions regarding school‐based sex education? ’ Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 24 high school educators in four rural counties in the southern part of the United States about how alike and different urban and rural teachers and administrators are in their decisions about sex education in their schools. The interview data were categorized according to their perceptions of similarities and differences between rural and urban teachers and administrators. Results: Rural educators believed that rural and urban educators were alike because of a common concern for students and the common issue of community involvement in decisions related to school‐based sex education. Rural educators believed that rural and urban educators were different because of greater religiosity in rural communities; greater scrutiny of administrators' decisions by the church, school board, and community; and greater physical proximity and emotional closeness between rural educators and their students. Conclusion: With a better understanding of rural educators' perceived community identities, prevention researchers will be able to develop closer collaborations with schools on strategies to prevent high‐risk sexual behaviors among rural adolescents.
Signal constellations for bit-interleaved coded modulation

Bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) is a bandwidth-efficient coding technique consisting of serial concatenation of binary error-correcting coding, bit-by-bit interleaving, and high-order modulation. BICM is capable of achieving excellent error performance provided that powerful codes, such as for example turbo codes or low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, are employed. We address the problem of finding the signal sets that are the most suitable ones for designing power-efficient BICM schemes over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. To this end, we exploit the expression of the BICM capacity limit, and evaluate it for several 8- and 16-ary constellations. The bit-error rate (BER) performance of some BICM schemes made up of turbo codes and various signal sets is also investigated by computer simulations so as to illustrate the theoretical results. We show that, for spectral efficiencies of practical interest, the most attractive signal sets are those for which Gray mapping is possible, provided that their symbol error rate performance is "sufficiently close" to the optimum. This explains why some constellations having a simple structure, such as 8-PSK and 16-QAM, perform very well when combined with a powerful code. At the same time, the constellations displaying optimal error performance without coding are, generally, not of interest for BICM.
Meningeal gliomatosis with “negative” CSF cytology

We report a patient with meningeal gliomatosis who had signs of meningitis, hypoglycorrhachia, and an intracranial mass. Despite suspicion of a primary intracranial neoplasm, repeated CSF cytologies were not diagnostic and led to a brain biopsy for diagnosis. Immunoperoxidase staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein stained CSF cells that had been thought inflammatory on routine cytology. This case and other reports demonstrate that multiple cytologic examinations may be negative despite extensive gliomatous infiltration of the meninges. Immunoperoxidase staining is useful in cases of suspected meningeal spread of glioma when suspicious cells are seen on routine CSF cytology.
Error estimates and automatic time step control for nonlinear parabolic problems, I

In this note we extend results by one of the authors on time discretization error estimates and related automatic time step control for stiff ordinary differential equations to the case of a nonlinear parabolic problem. The method for time discretization is the so-called Discontinuous Galerkin method based on using piecewise polynomials of degree $q \geqq 0$. We consider in this note the case $q = 0$ corresponding to a variant of the backward Euler method. We prove a new almost optimal error estimate and present a related new algorithm for automatic time step control. This algorithm is very simple but yet is efficient and gives control of the global error.
Code Coverage and Postrelease Defects: A Large-Scale Study on Open Source Projects

Testing is a pivotal activity in ensuring the quality of software. Code coverage is a common metric used as a yardstick to measure the efficacy and adequacy of testing. However, does higher coverage actually lead to a decline in postrelease bugs? Do files that have higher test coverage actually have fewer bug reports? The direct relationship between code coverage and actual bug reports has not yet been analyzed via a comprehensive empirical study on real bugs. Past studies only involve a few software systems or artificially injected bugs (mutants). In this empirical study, we examine these questions in the context of open-source software projects based on their actual reported bugs. We analyze 100 large open-source Java projects and measure the code coverage of the test cases that come along with these projects. We collect real bugs logged in the issue tracking system after the release of the software and analyze the correlations between code coverage and these bugs. We also collect other metrics such as cyclomatic complexity and lines of code, which are used to normalize the number of bugs and coverage to correlate with other metrics as well as use these metrics in regression analysis. Our results show that coverage has an insignificant correlation with the number of bugs that are found after the release of the software at the project level, and no such correlation at the file level.