Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality in Urban Areas of Pakistan: A Case Study of Southern Lahore

A study was carried out to evaluate the quality of water supplied by Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA), Lahore. A portion of southern Lahore was selected for this purpose. Water samples from four different sources (tubewells) and eight house connections (two from each tubewell) were collected making a total of twelve sampling points. Two set of samples, one before monsoon and one after the monsoon were taken from each sampling point. Four physicochemical parameters (pH, turbidity, hardness and total dissolved solids) and two bacteriological parameters (total coliform and faecal coliform) were tested for each sample and values compared with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water. The results of the study demonstrated that physicochemical and bacteriological quality of water at sources was satisfactory. In the distribution system, physicochemical quality of water was satisfactory while 50 to 62.5% of the samples contained bacteriological contamination before monsoon. This percentage rose to 75% after the monsoon. Possible causes of contamination were leaking water mains and cross connections between water mains and sewers due to close proximity. It is recommended to carry out compulsory chlorination at water sources while maintaining reasonable residuals at the consumers’ end to eliminate the bacteriological contamination.
Directionality of Person–Situation Transactions

To elucidate temporal sequences among and between person and situation variables, this work examines cross-measurement spillovers between situation experiences S (on the Situational Eight DIAMONDS characteristics [Duty, Intellect, Adversity, Mating, pOsitivity, Negativity, Deception, Sociality]) and personality states P (on the Big Six HEXACO dimensions [Honesty/Humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience]) in experience sampling data. Multi-level modeling of lagged data at tn-1 and non-lagged data at tn grants the opportunity to examine (a) the stability (P → P, S → S), (b) cross-sectional associations (S ↔ P), and (c) cross-lagged associations among and between situation experiences and personality states (S → P, P → S). Findings indicated that there were (a) moderate stability paths, (b) small to moderate cross-sectional paths, and (c) only very small cross-lagged paths (though the different situation characteristics and personality states showed differential tendencies toward no directionality, S → P or P → S unidirectionality, or bidirectionality). Findings are discussed in light of refining studies on dynamic person–situation transactions.
DNA damage induced by radiation of different linear energy transfer: initial fragmentation.

PURPOSE To investigate DNA fragmentation as a function of linear energy transfer (LET) after exposure to accelerated ions in the LET range 40-225 keV/microm. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fragmentation patterns of double-stranded DNA in the range 5 kilobasepairs (kbp) to 5.7 megabasepairs (Mbp) were analysed after irradiation of low-passage GM 5758 normal human fibroblast cells with 60Co-photons, helium ions at 40 keV/microm and high-LET nitrogen ions between 80 and 225 keV/microm. Two separate pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols were used, optimized for separation of 1-6 Mbp and 5 kbp to 1.5 Mbp fragments. RESULTS An increased probability of formation of short and medium-sized DNA fragments was revealed following high-LET irradiation. The DNA double-strand break (dsb) induction yields were, respectively, 5.8 and 6.9-8.8 x 10(-9) dsb bp(-1) Gy(-1) for 60Co-photons and ions. The ion yields were some 80-110% higher than those calculated according to a conventional approach, disregarding the fragment distributions. For photons, the yield was 13% higher. The corresponding relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of dsb induction was in the range 1.2-1.5. CONCLUSIONS A significant non-random contribution to the number of dsb after irradiation with high-LET was confirmed by detailed fragment analysis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The LET had a strong influence on the initial DNA fragment distribution, and hence also on the induction yields measured. However, when the LET was increased to the highest values studied for nitrogen ions, the yield decreased slightly.
Topographical organisation within the lateral reticular nucleus mossy fibre projection to the c1 and c2 zones in the rostral paramedian lobule of the cat cerebellum

The organisation of the projection from the principal lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) to the electrophysiologically defined cerebellar cortical c1 and c2 zones within apical folia of the forelimb‐receiving area of the rostral paramedian lobule was investigated in cats. In individual experiments, small injections of either of two retrograde tracers, wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase or fluorescent‐tagged beads, were made into one or the other of the two zones. The mossy fibre projection from the LRN was found to arise almost entirely from the ipsilateral nucleus, primarily from its magnocellular region. In the pars anterior (folia 1–3) of the paramedian lobule, the projection to the c1 zone arose from cells located throughout most of the rostrocaudal extent of the magnocellular LRN, whereas the projection to the c2 zone was from cells in the rostral half of this region. There was also a small projection from cells in the dorsolateral parvicellular LRN to the c2 zone, but there was none to the c1 zone. Double‐label experiments showed that, in territories within LRN where overlap occurred, cells that target either zone were intermingled, and, at most, about 9% of cells had axons that branched to innervate both zones. In the pars posterior (folia 4–6), cells targeting the two zones arose from largely overlapping areas throughout both the magnocellular and the dorsolateral parvicellular LRN, although cells targeting the c2 zone appeared to be more restricted in distribution. In addition to these interzonal differences, it was found that the projection to the pars posterior from cells in the parvicellular LRN was stronger than that to the pars anterior, irrespective of the cortical zone injected. Overall, the present study provides evidence that there is at least some topographical organisation within the LRN mossy fibre projection to certain cerebellar cortical zones. J. Comp. Neurol. 381:175‐187, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Senescence of renal cells: molecular basis and clinical implications.

presence of continuous telomerase expression does not result in short telomeres. Increases in p16 INK4a or p19 ARF result in activation of the ‘p16/Rb pathway’ or the ‘ARF/p53 pathway’, respectively. p19 ARF , by binding to MDM2, prevents ubiquitination and degradation of p53. This results in cell-cycle arrest (STASIS) mediated by p53 through p21 CIP1/WAF1 . Unlike in mouse embryonic ﬁbroblasts, p16 INK4a in renal cells seems to be more potent than p19 ARF in regulating cell-cycle arrest. The discussion of whether stress can lead to telomere shortening reﬂecting STASIS rather than replicative senescence remains controversial and is beyond the scope of this commentary. However, the data on this seem to be more substantiated for human cells.
Relationships between Masticatory Muscle Cross-section and Skull Shape

Cross-sectional areas of the masseter, temporalis and medial, and lateral pterygoid muscles were determined in 16 subjects by means of computer tomography. In each subject three scans were made, intersecting the thickest part of the muscles at right angles to the fiber direction. The masseter and medial pterygoid muscles are large in persons with brachycephalic skulls, short faces, and a small jaw angle. The cross-sectional areas of the temporalis and lateral pterygoid muscles showed no correlation with facial dimensions.
Evaluation of copper sulfate and a copper lysine complex as growth promoters for weanling swine.

Two 5-wk trials using 176 weanling pigs (average initial weight of 8.3 kg and age of 31 d) were conducted to examine the effect of feeding varying levels of dietary Cu from copper sulfate (CuSO4) or a copper lysine complex (CuLys) on performance, mineral stores, serum copper, and serum mitogenic activity. Dietary treatments were 0 (15 mg/kg of Cu in basal diet), 100, 150, or 200 mg/kg of supplemental Cu from CuSO4 or CuLys. Average daily gain and ADFI increased linearly (P < .01) with increasing dietary levels of Cu during wk 1 to 2, 3 to 5, and 1 to 5, with no difference (P > .10) between the Cu sources. Overall gain:feed ratios were not consistently affected by Cu source. Dietary Cu linearly increased liver, kidney (P < .001), and brain (P < .05) concentrations of Cu. In the liver, the linear response to supplemental Cu differed between Cu sources (P < .001); pigs fed 200 mg/kg of Cu from CuLys had the highest concentration of Cu. Serum Cu concentrations increased linearly during wk 1 to 2 (P < .01), 3 to 5, and 1 to 5 (P < .001), with no difference (P > .10) between sources. Serum mitogenic activity increased linearly during wk 1 to 2 and 1 to 5 (P < .05). Growth performance was linearly improved as the dietary level of Cu increased from 15 to 200 mg/kg, with similar responses for both Cu sources. Serum and tissue concentrations of Cu were generally equally affected by the two Cu sources, except liver Cu concentration, which was onefold higher for pigs fed 200 mg/kg of Cu as CuLys.
CAN A SHORT-TERM TRAINING COURSE IMPROVE THE PRIMARY-CARE PHYSICIANS’ ATTITUDES TOWARD MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS?

Objective: To measure changes in the attitude of Primary Health Care (PHC) physicians towards mental illnesses after a short-term training course. In addition, to ascertain if this change would persist 6 months after the training course. Method: This is an intervention type study. Out of 296 PHC physicians working in Eastern Saudi Arabia, 191 were randomly selected and divided randomly into two groups. The Study groups were tested for pre and post exposure (immediate and 6months later), to the psychiatric training course. The Control group was not involved in the intervention. The course was run over a 4-day period in June 1999. A 26-item self-administered questionnaire to assess the PHC physicians’ attitudes was used. Results: The study group consisted of 45 trainees, 24 (53%) of whom were men. The control group, 121 out of 166 physicians, responded to the questionnaire, with an 83% response rate, men forming 49%. The data analysis indicated a significant improvement in the PHC physicians’ attitude after the course (P<0.0001). Six months later, as compared with their immediate post-test, the positive attitudes persisted within the study group (p-value=0.274). Multiple regressions indicated that the duration of undergraduate psychiatric training was the only contributor factor. Conclusion: This training course resulted in a positive change in the trainees’ attitudes. Besides, it showed that the undergraduate psychiatric training had a favourable effect on the PHC physicians’ attitude. Therefore, there should be frequent mental health training programs for PHC physicians. Moreover, physicians who spent longer period in undergraduate psychiatric training should be given the priority to work in PHC settings.
Effects of buprenorphine on body temperature, locomotor activity and cardiovascular function when assessed by telemetric monitoring in rats

Summary Buprenorphine is a potent analgesic commonly used clinically in humans and rodents experiencing severe pain. However, effects of therapeutic doses on locomotor activity and the cardiovascular system have not been studied in conscious animals. The effects of buprenorphine were therefore evaluated in this study using telemetric monitoring in conscious animals. Telemetry transmitters were implanted in the peritoneal cavity of Wistar rats with a pressure catheter in the aorta and electrodes for electrocardiogram (ECG) recording subcutaneously. After a single subcutaneous administration of saline, each rat was administered single subcutaneous doses of 0.006, 0.03 or 0.15 mg/kg body weight (bw) of buprenorphine. During a 10 h period after administration, buprenorphine induced a varying dose-dependent increase in body temperature, heart rate, dP/dt and systolic–diastolic blood pressure, as well as a corresponding decrease in QT time. At high dose, however, QT time was still decreased 24 h post-administration, but no arrhythmias or visual changes were observed in the ECG complex. Body temperature and heart rate increased at the high dose of buprenorphine, even at 20–24 h after administration. Moreover, the high dose of buprenorphine induced a biphasic response in diastolic blood pressure, with an early and pronounced increase that, at 14 h after administration, reversed to a decrease, failing to normalize within 24 h post-dosage. The results indicate that buprenorphine induces long-lasting effects (such as body temperature and cardiovascular effects) in the rat after a single subcutaneous dose at 0.15 mg/kg bw.
Retrieval Yield of Total and Messenger RNA in Mesenchymal Tissue Ex Vivo

Mesenchymal neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of tumors comprising more than 200 benign entities and approximately 100 sarcomas. Large intraobserver and interobserver variability mandates improvements in diagnostic criteria. Gene expression microarrays are one tool in an evolving field of technology that permits the screening of tissue for massive amounts of information regarding its genetic composition. Such information may aid clinicians to diagnose and treat sarcomas. Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid microarrays, although very promising, are limited by the fact that messenger ribonucleic, the genetic messenger that permits deoxyribonucleic acid to encode for proteins and is the element retrieved from tumor samples ex vivo, is highly unstable, degrading quite readily. We found that even with optimal retrieval times and processing, total ribonucleic acid extraction from tumor tissue ex vivo is retrieved in adequate amounts to avoid amplification in 23% to 55% (mean 36%) of specimens. The percentage of high-grade tumors that yielded sufficient total ribonucleic acid was significantly higher than low grade and benign tumors. When adequate retrieval is achieved, the quantity and quality of messenger ribonucleic acid is robust. Surgeons, pathologists, and clinical intermediaries must be aware of issues surrounding messenger ribonucleic acid retrieval from surgical specimens to optimize collection.
A 10-year retrospective review of Salmonella infections at the Children's Hospital in London, Ontario.

OBJECTIVES To describe Salmonella infections in children presenting to the Children's Hospital (London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario), to assess risk factors for infection and to examine whether younger children, particularly infants younger than 12 weeks of age, experience higher morbidity than older children. METHODS A 10-year retrospective review of children with Salmonella infections at the Children's Hospital was conducted. Patient demographics, risk factors for infection, clinical characteristics, bacteriology and outcome were collected from the hospital charts and laboratory records. Data were separated into groups based on age and recent use of antibiotics to analyze differences in outcomes. RESULTS Sixty-six children with Salmonella infections presented to the Children's Hospital over a 10-year period. Common risk factors for Salmonella infection included having sick contacts, living in a rural area, recent travel, contact with pets (especially reptiles) and exposure to local water. Younger age was associated with an increased likelihood of admission to hospital, treatment with antibiotics and a longer course of antibiotic therapy. This was true when comparing older infants with those younger than 12 weeks of age. Patients recently treated with antibiotics and those with significant underlying medical conditions were more likely to be admitted. CONCLUSIONS A wider knowledge of the epidemiological risk factors for Salmonella infection may improve diagnosis. Higher admission rates were expected in children younger than 12 weeks of age, those recently treated with antibiotics and those who had a significant underlying medical condition. A prospective, multicentre study is needed to further address questions regarding increased illness severity and appropriate management of Salmonella infections in children younger than 12 weeks of age.
Judgment and decision making: The dance of affect and reason.

In this chapter, we propose a theoretical framework for understanding some of the ways that affect can influence judgment and decision making. Affect and emotion have been topics of study for centuries and, as a result, the literature is vast. One recent search found more than 5,000 citations to this topic over the previous five years (Cacioppo & Gardner, 1999). In this chapter we will obviously address only small portions of this literature. We hope, however, that the chapter will be viewed as an invitation for further exploration of the impact of affect on decisions. The theory we will introduce demonstrates the importance of affect in guiding evaluations and choices. We offer a parsimonious explanation for many patterns of results revealed in judgment and decision-making research and support the theory with some of our own data. Draft January 10, 2002 C:\Authors_Diana\Melissa\JDM Dance.doc2/18/03 iii
HOW DO PATIENTS WHO PARTICIPATE IN CANCER SUPPORT GROUPS DIFFER FROM THOSE WHO DO NOT ?

Research has shown that cancer patients in general benefit from support group participation. However, few patients attend such groups. This study investigated differences between participants of a community cancer support group and a random selection of non-participants from the Cancer Registry. Data were collected through mail survey, and included variables identified through past research and variables derived from Leventhal’s self-regulatory model of illness representations and the theory of planned behaviour. Sixty-three support group participants and 44 comparison sample respondents were recruited. Support group participants were more likely to be female, without a partner, younger, and to have more education and formal support than non-participants. They held more favourable views of support groups, believed that significant others were favourable towards participation, and perceived less difficulty in joining a group. They furthermore used more active, adaptive coping strategies and felt more control over their cancer, but were more distressed and anxious. Non-participants reported more support from a special person. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed only psychosocial variables to be independent predictors of participation. As psychological variables are amenable to change, increase of appropriate support group participation should be possible, for instance by addressing patients’ beliefs about support groups. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Industrial Policies and Economic Development

Many currently and previously developing countries have adopted industrial policies that push resources towards certain "strategic" sectors, and the economic reasoning behind such polices is not well understood. In this paper, I construct a model of a production network where firms purchase intermediate goods from each other in the presence of credit constraints. These credit constraints distort input choices, thereby reducing equilibrium demand for upstream goods and creating a wedge between the potential sales (“influence”) and actual sales by upstream sectors. I analyze policy interventions and show that, under weak functional form restrictions, the ratio between a sector’s influence and sales is a sufficient statistic that guides the choice of production and credit subsidies. Using firmlevel production data from China, I estimate my sufficient statistic for each sector and show that it correlates with proxy measures of government interventions into the sector. Using a panel of crosscountry input-output tables and sectoral production tax rates, I show that the tax rates for developing countries in Asia also correlate with the model-implied intervention measure.
HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON GUT ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE OF KHAKI CAMPBELL BREED OF DUCK ( Anas platyrhynchos

The lymphoid tissue was scattered throughout the intestine in the diffuse and aggregated form in all the groups under present study. The aggregated solitary lymphatic nodules were present in the caeco-colic junction called as caecal tonsils which corresponds to the mammalian Peyer’s patches. The intraepithelial lymphocytes were also occurred in all parts of small intestinal epithelium. The epithelium covering the lymphoid nodules was different from that of the villus epithelium and was devoid of goblet cells. The characteristic M cells were found in the epithelium covering the nodules. The encapsulated and nonencapsulated lymphatic nodules were observed. The encapsulated nodules were adherent to the lamina muscularis. The germinal centers were well market in middle groups of birds.
Information science - facing social and ethical challenges: Analysis of masters' theses and doctoral dissertations over the past five years (2002-2006) in information science departments worldwide

Purpose – The current study aims to review the emerging trends as revealed in masters' theses and doctoral dissertations written over the past five years (2002‐2006) in information science departments worldwide, and to examine how social and ethical issues are reflected in these research projects.Design/methodology/approach – The ProQuest digital dissertations database was used to identify the studies, and studies conducted in the Department of Information Science at Bar‐Ilan University in Israel during the same years were also added to the sample. To locate these projects studies, all studies that received the subject classification of “library science” “information science” or both during those years in the ProQuest digital dissertations system were retrieved yet only studies conducted in departments of information science were included in the sample. The dissertations and theses retrieved were divided into nine categories.Findings – A clear trend can be identified in masters' theses and doctoral disser.
A pilot study of complete edentulous rehabilitation with immediate function using a new implant design: case series.

BACKGROUND The current investigation focuses on new implant designs for increased predictability in clinically demanding situations. Microtextured implant surfaces create favorable conditions for enhanced osseointegration of dental implants compared to implants with a smooth surface, and the macroscopic implant design may influence implant stability. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate the clinical performance of a novel implant design in the rehabilitation of completely edentulous jaws and in combination with an immediate function protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-six consecutive patients received 189 study implants (NobelSpeedy concept implant, Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden) supporting 53 full-arch all-acrylic prostheses (44 maxilla, 9 mandible). The majority (66%) of the reconstructions were supported by four implants, of which the two posterior implants were tilted. All patients were followed for a minimum of 1 year. Radiographic assessment of the marginal bone level was performed. RESULTS Two implants were lost in two patients, rendering a 1-year cumulative clinical survival rate of 98.9%. The marginal bone level was, on average, situated 1.2 +/- 0.7 mm below the implant-abutment interface after 1 year of loading. Good soft tissue health and overall esthetic outcome was reported. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present pilot study indicate that fully edentulous jaws with various types of bone can be treated with high success and good esthetics using immediately loaded implants with the presented design, and that favorable marginal bone levels can be maintained.