Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physical activity and fitness of adults aged 20–59 years

Purpose. The aim of the study was to check whether and to what extent leisure-time physical activity and commuting activity constitute a factor differentiating physical fitness in a selected group of females and males aged 20–59 years. Methods. The study was performed in the Świętokrzyskie region of Poland in the spring of 2010. The sample included 1032 adults (517 females and 515 males) employed and at the same time completing extramural education or attending vocational improvement programs. Four age groups were delineated (20–29, 30–39, 40–49 and 50–59). A self-report questionnaire assessed physical activity level whereas physical fitness was determined by tests assessing handgrip strength, upper (dynamic) and lower (explosive) extremity strength, agility, hand movement speed, and endurance. Results. A significant relationship was found between leisure-time physical activity and all the performance-based measures in both females and males. With regard to commuting activity, statistically significant relationships were observed only in the females with regard to handgrip strength, lower extremity strength and endurance. Conclusions. A significant positive relationship between leisure-time physical activity and physical fitness was demonstrated in both females and males aged 20–59 years while commuting activity should significant correlations only in females.
Measuring people's trust

Summary. We measure trust and trustworthiness in British society with a newly designed experiment using real monetary rewards and a sample of the British population. The study also asks the typical survey question that aims to measure trust, showing that it does not predict ‘trust’ as measured in the experiment. Overall, about 40% of people were willing to trust a stranger in our experiment, and their trust was rewarded half of the time. Analysis of variation in the trust behaviour in our survey suggests that trusting is more likely if people are older, their financial situation is either ‘comfortable’ or ‘difficult’ compared with ‘doing alright’ or ‘just getting by’, they are a homeowner or they are divorced, separated or never married compared with those who are married or cohabiting. Trustworthiness also is more likely among subjects who are divorced or separated relative to those who are married or cohabiting, and less likely among subjects who perceive their financial situation as ‘just getting by’ or ‘difficult’. We also analyse the effect of attitudes towards risks on trust.
Better that X guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer

The principle that it is better to let some guilty individuals be set free than to mistakenly convict an innocent person is generally shared by legal scholars, judges and lawmakers of modern societies. The paper shows why this common trait of criminal procedure is also efficient. It extends the standard Polinsky and Shavell (2007) model of deterrence and shows that when the costs of convictions are positive, and guilty individuals are more likely to be convicted than innocent individuals it is always efficient to minimize the number of wrongful convictions, while a more than minimal amount of wrongful acquittals may be optimal.
The influence of model spatial resolution on simulated ozone and fine particulate matter for Europe: implications for health impact assessments

Abstract. We examine the impact of model horizontal resolution on simulated concentrations of surface ozone (O 3 ) and particulate matter less than 2.5 µ m in diameter (PM 2.5 ), and the associated health impacts over Europe, using the HadGEM3–UKCA chemistry–climate model to simulate pollutant concentrations at a coarse ( ∼ 140 km) and a finer ( ∼ 50 km) resolution. The attributable fraction (AF) of total mortality due to long-term exposure to warm season daily maximum 8 h running mean (MDA8) O 3 and annual-average PM 2.5 concentrations is then calculated for each European country using pollutant concentrations simulated at each resolution. Our results highlight a seasonal variation in simulated O 3 and PM 2.5 differences between the two model resolutions in Europe. Compared to the finer resolution results, simulated European O 3 concentrations at the coarse resolution are higher on average in winter and spring ( ∼ 10 and ∼ 6 %, respectively). In contrast, simulated O 3 concentrations at the coarse resolution are lower in summer and autumn ( ∼ − 1 and ∼ − 4 %, respectively). These differences may be partly explained by differences in nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) concentrations simulated at the two resolutions. Compared to O 3 , we find the opposite seasonality in simulated PM 2.5 differences between the two resolutions. In winter and spring, simulated PM 2.5 concentrations are lower at the coarse compared to the finer resolution ( ∼ − 8 and ∼ − 6 %, respectively) but higher in summer and autumn ( ∼ 29 and ∼ 8 %, respectively). Simulated PM 2.5 values are also mostly related to differences in convective rainfall between the two resolutions for all seasons. These differences between the two resolutions exhibit clear spatial patterns for both pollutants that vary by season, and exert a strong influence on country to country variations in estimated AF for the two resolutions. Warm season MDA8 O 3 levels are higher in most of southern Europe, but lower in areas of northern and eastern Europe when simulated at the coarse resolution compared to the finer resolution. Annual-average PM 2.5 concentrations are higher across most of northern and eastern Europe but lower over parts of southwest Europe at the coarse compared to the finer resolution. Across Europe, differences in the AF associated with long-term exposure to population-weighted MDA8 O 3 range between − 0.9 and + 2.6 % (largest positive differences in southern Europe), while differences in the AF associated with long-term exposure to population-weighted annual mean PM 2.5 range from − 4.7 to + 2.8 % (largest positive differences in eastern Europe) of the total mortality. Therefore this study, with its unique focus on Europe, demonstrates that health impact assessments calculated using modelled pollutant concentrations, are sensitive to a change in model resolution by up to ∼ ± 5 % of the total mortality across Europe.
Minimum period to assess the potential of germination of coffee seeds

In recent research, early stages of coffee seedling development were identified, after radicle protrusion, in which all the essential parts of the seedling can be assessed to demonstrate the potential of seed germination to generate normal plants. Thus, the objective of this research was to develop studies to reduce the time on the germination test. Ten seed lots of coffee were assessed through the germination test, every two days, from the tenth day of sowing, according to the morphological criteria of the seedlings. The data were compared to the standard germination test and analyzed by means of regression analysis and segmented nonlinear regression and planteau response model. It was concluded that the assessment of coffee seedlings at 16 days, in stage S1, provides the similar result of the pattern germination test, allowing a significant reduction of time in order to demonstrate the germination of the seed lots; the seedling assessment coffee in stage S2 does not have reduction of the time for assessing the coffee germination, in relation to the pattern.
Defining Entrepreneurial Activity: Definitions Supporting Frameworks for Data Collection

This paper sets out definitions of the entrepreneur, entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial activity for the purpose of supporting the development of related indicators. The paper recognises the long history in this area and the contention and differences that have existed, and that continue to exist, between academics who have confronted this issue over the last two centuries. It deliberately adopts a more pragmatic approach based on two principles ? relevance and measurability - resulting in definitions that are developed from both a bottom-up and top-down approach. Importantly, the definitions emphasise the dynamic nature of entrepreneurial activity and focus attention on action rather than intentions or supply/demand conditions. The paper concludes with an overview of policy implications arising from the definitions.
Relationship between Profile Characteristics and Knowledge Level of State Department of Agriculture and Farmers Practices on Nutrient Management in Vegetables Cultivation

The research study was carried out to know relationship between profile characteristics and knowledge level of state department of agricultural (SDA) and farmers practice (FP) respondents on nutrient management in vegetables in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. For Data collection 200 respondents were selected randomly representing 20 villages of 2 community development blocks during the year 2014-15 and 2015-16 using structured interview schedule. The findings revealed that the independent variables viz. farm size, farming experience, irrigation water supply, extension contact, capacity enhancement activities, exhibited positive and significant relationship at five per cent level of significance whereas education, information seeking behaviour exhibited positive and significant relationship at one per cent level of significance. Age, annual income, machinery ownership, profit oriented behaviour exhibited non-significant relationship with knowledge level of SDA respondents. With respect to FP respondents variables like education, annual income, farm size, extension contact and capacity enhancement activities exhibited positive and significant relationship at five per cent level of significance whereas age, farming experience, irrigation water supply, information seeking behaviour, machinery ownership, profit oriented behaviour exhibited non-significant relationship with knowledge level of FP respondents.
Electrical conductivity of different common bean seeds genotypes

The electrical conductivity test is a fast and non-subjective method used to assess seed physiological potential. Thus, the objective of this study was adapting the methodology for conducting the electrical conductivity test in common bean seeds and investigate effects of genotype in results of the test, comparing cultivars of the two trade groups: Carioca and Black. The study was conducted in two phases: 1- tests with combinations of different temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) and five different inhibition periods (4, 8, 16, 20 and 24 h); and 2- assessment of influence of genotype by comparing results obtained on the seeds of both groups. Tests of accelerated aging and seedling emergence in field were also performed. It was concluded that, for seeds of common beans, electrical conductivity test may be performed with samples of 50 seeds per replication, soaked into 75 mL deionized water, incubated at 25 °C, and performing reading of results after 20 or 24 h. It was also concluded that test efficiency is variable according to genotype, and that for the trade group Carioca, there is not genotype effect; although the same results have not occurred for results obtained for the trade group Black.
A study on the factors of business incubation

Although that Business Incubators are present worldwide in relatively large numbers, academic papers provide us with contradictory outcomes of the effect and performance of Business Incubators. This study’s purpose was to identify causes for these contradictory outcomes through identifying factors that influence Business Incubation. Twelve factors have been identified in which six are considered as structural factors (mission, funders and stakeholders, incubator expertise, infrastructure, selection and graduation) and six factors in the process of Business Incubation (business network, financial network, tenant network, short term coaching, long term coaching and trainings). The effects of these factors have been analyzed on a Macedonian Business Incubator through the use of a single case study combining viewpoints of both the Business Incubator as eight tenants through the use of qualitative methods. The tenants considered had to be longer than six months in the Business Incubator, but despite this threshold most companies were small and not growing. This study concludes, within the limitations of the single case study, that a lack of stakeholder support in combination with an underdeveloped implementation of process activities can be pivotal factors for a lack of performance of Business Incubators. Stakeholder support thereby influences the implementation of factors, such as graduation and infrastructure.
Relating nutrient discharges from watersheds to land use and streamflow variability

During a 1‐year period we measured discharges of water, suspended solids, and nutrients from 27 watersheds having differing proportions of cropland in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain provinces of the Chesapeake Bay drainage. Annual flow‐weighted mean concentrations of nitrate and organic N and C in stream water correlated with the relative proportions of base flow and storm flow. As the proportion of base flow increased, the concentration of nitrate increased and the concentrations of organic N and C decreased. This suggests that discharge of nitrate is promoted by groundwater flow but discharges of organic N and C are promoted by surface runoff. Concentrations of N species also increased as the proportion of cropland increased. We developed a statistical model that predicts concentrations of N species from the proportions of cropland and base flow. P concentrations did not correlate with cropland or base flow but correlated with the concentration of suspended solids, which differed among watersheds.
Potential use of wild Thymus algeriensis and Thymus capitatus as source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents

Thyme species are aromatic plants widely used in Tunisia as spices and for its antispasmodic, antimicrobial, expectorant and antioxidant activities. This work aimed to assess the richness of Thymus capitatus and T. algeriensis leaves on phenolics and essential oils (EOs) and to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of these compounds. According to the chemical EO composition, T. algeriensis was 1,8-cineole/α-pinene/camphor chemotype. While, T. capitatus EO was noteworthy dominated by carvacrol (76.5%). As compared to EOs, antioxidant capacity of polar fractions were higher with a strong antiradical capacity ranged between IC50 = 6 and 7 μg/ ml. These high capacities positively correlated with high phenolic contents. However, EOs showed a best and broader antimicrobial spectrum activity than polar fractions. These results confirmed the possibility of using thyme essential oils and phenolic components as a natural preservative ingredient in food and/or pharmaceutical industries.
Design Optimization and Trade-Offs of Miniaturized Wideband Antenna for Internet of Things Applications

Internet of Things (IoT) will play an important role in modern communication systems. Thousands of devices will talk to each other at the same time. Clearly, smart and efficient hardware will play a vital role in the development of IoT. In this context, the importance of antennas increases due to them being essential parts of communication networks. For IoT applications, a small size with good matching and over a wide frequency range is preferred to ensure reduced size of communication devices. In this paper, we propose a structure and discuss design optimization of a wideband antenna for IoT applications. The antenna consists of a steppedimpedance feed line, a rectangular radiator and a ground plane. The objective is to minimize the antenna footprint by simultaneously adjusting all geometry parameters and to maintain the electrical characteristic of antenna at an acceptable level. The obtained design exhibits dimensions of only 3.7 mm × 11.8 mm and a footprint of 44 mm, an omnidirectional radiation pattern, and an excellent pattern stability. The proposed antenna can be easily handled within compact communication devices. The simulation results are validated through measurements of the fabricated antenna prototype.
The Problem of the “Early Modern” World

Was there an "early modern" world? From a glance at book titles, one would think there is a well-defined period in global history that cuts across nations and is recognized as "early modern. " According to literally hundreds of volumes covering Europe, North Africa, the Ottoman Empire, China, India, Japan, and the New World,') these societies either had their own "early modern" periods, or were part of an "early modern" world. Moreover, a number of major universities have established centers or programs for the study of "Early Modern History. " However, I would now argue that we (for I include the title of one of my own books) have fallen into a terrible error when we use the term "early modern. " In a word, the "early modern" world wasn't. That is, it was not in any way "modern," and certainly not an "early" form of modernity. Somewhat as the Holy Roman Empire, in a famous aphorism, was neither Holy, Roman, nor an Empire, so I would now say a rigorous review of evidence would show that the "early modern" world was neither "early," nor "modern," although it was arguably, in its trade relations, a single "world. "
Screening for variants in the MUTYH gene in Saudis

MUTYH is a base excision repair glycosylase responsible for correcting the G:A mismatches that arise from replication of a damaged DNA, such impairment results from attacks by reactive oxygen species that are produced from different sources including cigarette smoking. The produced reactive oxygen species trigger the oxidation of guanine in to 8-oxo-G and the latter mispairs with adenine. Alterations in the MUTYH gene can affect its glycosylase function and hence the DNA repair capacity that is tightly linked to cancer development. Defects in the MUTYH were found to be associated with predisposition to colorectal cancer; the third most common cancer in the world. Although some studies suggested the existence of an ethnic differentiation among MUTYH mutations, there are no documented reports regarding this gene in Saudi cases or controls so far. 153 healthy Saudi individuals including smokers were screened for the IVS1 + 5 G/C, V22M, Y165C, R231C, H324Q and G382D MUTYH variants using either ARMS or RFLP or direct sequencing. Allelic frequencies were calculated and were found to be as follows: IVS1 + 5 G/C = 1/0, V22M = 0.99/0.01, Y165C = 1/0, R231C = 1/0, H324Q = 0.29/0.71 and G382D = 0.997/0.003. Comparison of the allele frequencies between Saudis and other populations revealed a significant difference between the Saudis and Europeans for the V22M (p-value: 0.0003, OR: 5.899, 95% CI: 1.999 - 17.408); and between the Saudis and Asians for the H324Q (p-value: MUTYH variants in Saudi populations and support the existence of an ethnic difference between MUTYH variants which is beneficial as some MUTYH common polymorphisms in certain populations may correlate with disease predisposition in other rare populations.
Public perceptions of a rip current hazard education program: “Break the Grip of the Rip!”

Abstract. Rip currents pose a major global beach hazard; estimates of annual rip-current-related deaths in the United States alone range from 35 to 100 per year. Despite increased social research into beach-goer experience, little is known about levels of rip current knowledge within the general population. This study describes the results of an online survey to determine the extent of rip current knowledge across the United States, with the aim of improving and enhancing existing beach safety education material. Results suggest that the US-based Break the Grip of the Rip! ® campaign has been successful in educating the public about rip current safety directly or indirectly, with the majority of respondents able to provide an accurate description of how to escape a rip current. However, the success of the campaign is limited by discrepancies between personal observations at the beach and rip forecasts that are broadcasted for a large area and time. It was the infrequent beach user that identified the largest discrepancies between the forecast and their observations. Since infrequent beach users also do not seek out lifeguards or take the same precautions as frequent beach users, it is argued that they are also at greatest risk of being caught in a dangerous situation. Results of this study suggest a need for the national campaign to provide greater focus on locally specific and verified rip forecasts and signage in coordination with lifeguards, but not at the expense of the successful national awareness program.
IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING ANXIETY IN ELITE SPORTSMEN

Bu arastirma Milli takimlar duzeyinde triatlon sporu yapan performans sporcularinin musabaka oncesi yasadiklari kaygiyi ve bu kaygiyi etkileyen faktorleri belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Tanimlayici tipteki bu arastirma 2014 yilinda Istanbul Avrupa Kupasi, Elazig Balkan Grand Prix ve Alanya Dunya Kupasi’na katilan ve gonullu olarak arastirmaya katilmayi kabul eden 104 sporcuyla yurutulmustur. Veri toplama araci olarak arastirmacilar tarafindan olusturulan anket formu kullanilmis ve sorularin Cronbach alfa degeri 0.77 olarak belirlenmistir. Veriler istatistik paket programinda degerlendirilmis, analizde bagimsiz gruplarda t testi ve ANOVA kullanilmistir. Arastirma verilerine gore yarisma oncesi Turk milli takim sporcularinin yabanci milli takim sporcularina gore yarisma oncesi kaygiyi daha fazla hissettikleri, kayginin fiziksel belirtilerini bayan sporcularin daha cok yasadigi, genc kategorisindeki sporcularin yarismada iyi bir performans gosteremeyecekleri konusunda diger yas gruplarina gore daha cok endise duyduklari, sporcularda yasin ilerlemesiyle birlikte hata yapma endisesinin azaldigi, spor yasi az olan sporcularin yarismada iyi bir performans gosteremeyeceklerinden ve hata yapmaktan daha cok endise duyduklari belirlenmistir