Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RNAi Therapeutic Potentials and Prospects in CNS Disease

Over the past 20 years, RNA interference (RNAi) technology has provided a new regula‐ tory paradigm in biology. This technique can efficiently suppress target genes of interest in mammalian cells. Small non-coding RNAs play important roles in gene regulation, in‐ cluding both in post-transcriptional and in translational regulation. For in vivo experi‐ ments, continuous development has resulted in successful new ways of designing, identifying, and delivering small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Proof-of-principle studies in vivo have clearly demonstrated that both viral and non-viral delivery methods can pro‐ vide selective and potent target gene suppression without any clear toxic effects. There are also the persistent problems with off-target effects (OTEs), competition with cellular RNAi components, and effective delivery in vivo. Although recent researches and trials from a large number of animal model studies have confirmed that most OTEs are not dangerous, other important issues need to be addressed before RNAi-based drugs are ready for clinical use. Currently, RNAi may be harnessed as a new therapeutic modality for brain diseases. Finally, there are already several RNAi-based human clinical trials in progress. It is hoped that this technology will have also effective applications in human central nervous system (CNS)-related disease.
Discourse Segmentation in Bangla

An important kind of discourse annotation is relational annotation in which texts are analyzed with respect to coherence relations (relations between text components, such as Cause or Evidence) present in the texts. Relational annotation according to Rhetorical Structure Theory (Mann and Thompson, 1988) typically begins with segmenting a text into minimal discourse units, which are then linked with each other (and later recursively with larger units) by certain coherence relations. As part of an ongoing corpus development project called the Bangla RST Discourse Treebank (Das and Stede, to appear), we have considered, examined and implemented a number of segmentation principles and strategies for dividing Bangla texts into minimal discourse units for the purpose of relational annotation. In this paper, we provide an overview of our annotation tasks, and describe our segmentation guidelines. We also present a few problems we encountered in segmenting Bangla texts, and discuss how we have addressed those issues.
Crystal structures of Na and K aluminate mullites

Abstract Mullite-type alkali aluminates (KyNa1-y)0.67Al6O9. 33 were synthesized from amorphous Al and alkali nitrates by sol-gel techniques. Rietveld refinements of six members of the solid solution series (y = 0.0, 0.2, ., 1.0), together with Fourier syntheses and grid search analyses show that the Na and K atoms reside in the vacant Oc sites, with K at 1/2, 0, 1/2 and Na on a split site off the special position. The number of alkali atoms is restricted to 2/3 atoms per unit cell due to crystal chemical constraints. Consequently, unlike the aluminosilicate mullites, alkali mullites do not form a solid solution series with varying oxygen composition. All compounds studied here crystallize in space group Pbam with lattice constants ranging from a = 7.6819(4) Å, b = 7.6810(4) Å, c = 2.91842(8) Å for the Na aluminate to a = 7.6934(3) Å, b = 7.6727(3) Å, c = 2.93231(7) Å for the K aluminate mullite
Putting Education Back into Educational Leadership

Educational leadership research is increasingly focused on the role that school leaders play in the improvement of teaching and learning and on the relationship between various types of leadership and student outcomes. This new focus represents a substantial shift from the prior emphasis in educational leadership research on the generic leadership and management skills of school leaders. Generic leadership and management skills are those that apply in any kind of organisation. This paper begins by examining the extent to which existing research and theory on educational leadership provides high quality information about how to increase the impact of school leaders on a range of valued student outcomes. Having concluded that this body of research is only tangentially relevant to the issue, an alternative approach to the development of theories of educational leadership is proposed. Employing the logic of backward mapping, the author argues that theories of educational leadership should be grounded in our best evidence about effective teaching i.e. teaching which has positive impacts on students. The next step in this backward mapping process involves identifying the classroom, school and policy conditions that enable and inhibit effective teaching. Using this logic, an agenda for educational leadership is developed which comprises strengthening the conditions that enable effective teaching and weakening the impact of those that inhibit or prevent it. The author then briefly considers the leadership content knowledge needed to pursue this agenda, and the major challenges involved.
Indirect measurement of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of Jatropha curcas

The aim of this work was to generate mathematical models capable of identifying photosynthetic pigments and soluble proteins from the leaves of Jatropha curcas using the relationship between classical readings performed by spectrophotometry and the chlorophyll meter, ClorofiLOG ® 1030. The work was conducted at Embrapa Cotton, in the city of Campina Grande, state of Paraiba, Brazil. For indirect analysis, portable equipment was used to read leaf discs at different stages of development. The chlorophyll in these discs was then determined using a classical method, while the Bradford method was used to determine soluble proteins. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analyses, in which the readings obtained using the portable chlorophyll meter were the dependent variables and the photosynthetic pigments and soluble protein determined by the classical method the independents variables. The results indicated that with the exception of chlorophyll b and soluble protein, the mathematical models obtained with the portable chlorophyll ClorofiLOG ® 1030 can be used to estimate the concentration of photosynthetic pigments with high precision, thus saving time and the chemical reagents required for conventional procedures.
Managing Your Brand for Employees: Understanding the Role of Organizational Processes in Cultivating Employee Brand Equity

The purpose of this study was to understand how employee brand equity is cultivated in services. Specifically, a conceptual model, adopted from brand equity literature, was developed and tested to analyze the internal brand building process. To achieve this, a quantitative research methodology, using structural equation modeling, was used to understand the role of brand building mechanisms, namely the internal communication, external communication, and employee experience with the brand, in building employee brand equity. As a part of the service industry, data were collected from hotel employees who have direct contact with customers. The findings evidenced the distinguished role of each mechanism to build employee brand equity. That is, while internal communication enhances brand knowledge and role clarity, external communication and employee experience with the brand positively affect the brand commitment of employees. Therefore, as being the first study adopting customer service brand equity to employee context, this research confirmed the effect of brand building mechanisms on employee brand equity. In addition, the study proposes practical implications for organizations to design a balanced branding approach both internally and externally through the means of communication.
Underinvestment vs. Overinvestment: Evidence from Price Reactions to Pension Contributions

Mandatory contributions to defined benefit pension plans provide a unique identification strategy to estimate the market's assessment of the value of internal resources controlling for investment opportunities. The drop in prices following these cash outflows is magnified for firms that appear a priori more financially constrained, consistent with a negative effect of financing frictions on investment. In contrast, price reactions to pension contributions are positive for poorly governed firms, suggesting that the managers of these companies engage in value-destroying projects. While under- and overinvestment have similar weight in a panel of large firms, the first distortion prevails in a sample that is more representative of the cross-section of listed companies.
Moral Reasoning of Adolescent Male Offenders

This study compares the moral reasoning abilities of juvenile sexual and nonsexual offenders using a novel methodology that explores responses to questions addressing morality in a variety of offending contexts. Seven sexual and nine nonsexual adolescent male offenders from a maximum security detention facility in New South Wales, Australia, are presented with and asked to discuss a variety of hypothetical offending situations involving sexual and nonsexual offences. It is hypothesized that the quality of moral reasoning employed by offenders will be impaired in offending contexts in which they have prior experience. Responses are assessed using a modified version of the Moral Judgment Interview Standard Issue Scoring Manual. Responses by sexual offenders in sexual offending contexts and by nonsexual offenders in nonsexual offending contexts were dominated by preconventional reasoning, and both groups employed a greater use of conventional reasoning in noncongruent offending contexts.
Comparing levels of mediatization in television journalism: An analysis of political reporting on US and UK evening news bulletins

This comparative content analysis study (N = 946) examines how far political news is mediatized in the US and UK by systematically exploring the conventions used in television news bulletins. According to many of our mediatization of politics indicators – which included sound and imagebites, lip flaps, journalistic visibility, ‘wrapping up’, live and interpretive news – broadcasters with the most public service responsibilities supplied the highest level of mediatized political news. Our study thus appears to challenge conventional academic wisdom that US journalistic interventionism is greater than other advanced Western democracies and that enhanced commercialization is a precursor to higher degrees of mediatization. We suggest that the form, structure and style of journalism should be understood more carefully by scholars when making sense of how far news is mediatized, since the greater length of UK television news conventions and the ability to ‘go live’ longer allowed journalists greater freedom to interpret politics.
DISSOLVED AND COLLOIDAL SUBSTANCES (DCS) AND THE CHARGE DEMAND OF PAPERMAKING PROCESS WATERS AND SUSPENSIONS: A REVIEW

Dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) in the process waters of paper machine systems can interfere with the retention of fine particles, retard the drainage of water from the wet web, and generally hurt the intended functions of various polyelectrolytes that are added to the process. This review considers publications that have attempted to characterize the nature and effects of different DCS fractions, in addition to some of the ways that paper technologists have attempted to overcome related problems. The consequences of DCS in a paper machine system can be traced to their ability to form complexes with various polyelectrolytes. Such tendencies can be understood based on a relatively strong complexing ability of multivalent materials, depending on the macromolecular size and charge density. Continuing research is needed to more fully understand the different contributions to cationic demand in various paper machine systems and to find more efficient means of dealing with DCS.
Ectopic Pregnancy and its Effect on Future Fertility

A hospital based study on ectopic pregnancy was carried out at B and B Hospital, Gwarkhu, Kathmandu over a period of 8 years. During this period 88 patients came for the treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Their background information was recorded and almost all of them were managed surgically. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is found to be 1.8% of all women admitted in the hospital with pregnancy related conditions. Sixty-six (77%) of them were of less than 30 years age. They presented with wide spectrum of symptoms and signs ranging from amenorrhea, abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal bleeding. Almost all (97.76%) of them had tubal pregnancy with 92% presenting in an acute stage with ruptured gestational sac. Two of these women lost their life due to this pathology. Out of the remaining 86 women, 71(82.55%) expressed the desire to try for another pregnancy in future. Few (5.84%) of them were true defaulters and could not be followed up. A follow-up study was done therefore on remaining 66(76.74%) patients who desired to be pregnant again after this ectopic pregnancy. The main objective of the study was to assess the future fertility of these 66 patients. Eighteen percent of them remained infertile and 82% (54) of them became pregnant. Twelve (18%) of them had repeat ectopic pregnancy, whereas 42 (63.63%) of them had intrauterine pregnancy. Out of 42 intrauterine pregnancies, only 39(59.09%) were able to continue the pregnancy till term and three pregnancies (4.54%) ended-up with spontaneous miscarriage.
MULTI-WAVELENGTH EMISSION FROM THE FERMI BUBBLES. I. STOCHASTIC ACCELERATION FROM BACKGROUND PLASMA

We analyze processes of electron acceleration in the Fermi bubbles in order to define parameters and restrictions of the models, which are suggested for the origin of these giant radio and gamma-ray structures. In the case of the leptonic origin of the nonthermal radiation from the bubbles, these electrons should be produced somehow in situ because of the relatively short lifetime of high-energy electrons, which lose their energy by synchrotron and inverse-Compton processes. It has been suggested that electrons in bubbles may be accelerated by shocks produced by tidal disruption of stars accreting onto the central black hole or a process of re-acceleration of electrons ejected by supernova remnants. These processes will be investigated in subsequent papers. In this paper, we focus on in situ stochastic (Fermi) acceleration by a hydromagnetic/supersonic turbulence, in which electrons can be directly accelerated from the background plasma. We showed that the acceleration from the background plasma is able to explain the observed fluxes of radio and gamma-ray emission from the bubbles, but the range of permitted parameters of the model is strongly restricted.
Fitness of Lactation Curve Functions to Daily and Monthly Test-Day Milk Data in an Ethiopian Multi-Breed Dairy Cattle Population

The objectives of this study were to identify the lactation curve function that had the best fi t to daily and monthly test-day milk data and to evaluate the factors affecting parameters of the best fi t lactation curve function for an Ethiopian dairy cattle population. An incomplete gamma (IG), a modifi ed incomplete gamma (MIG; b = 1) and an inverse polynomial (IP) function were compared using 6,717 lactation milk records of 2,064 cows from the Bako, Holetta and Debre Zeit Research Centers, Ethiopia. Breed groups were Horro (H), Boran (B), B × Friesian, H × Friesian, B × Simmental, H × Simmental, B × Jersey and H × Jersey. The MIG and IG were log-transformed to linear form before fi tting. The functions were compared based on the least squares means (LSM) of R 2 (LSM R 2 ) and adjusted R 2 values and on the accuracy of lactation milk yield prediction. The statistical model included herd-year-season of calving, parity, data type, breed group, lactation curve function, and the interactions of data type × function and breed × data type × function as fi xed effects, and the residual as a random effect. The MIG, IP and IG functions ranked from the best to the worst fi t based on LSM R 2 and adjusted R 2 . The LSM R 2 and adjusted R 2 were signifi cantly (P < 0.001) different among all classes of fi xed effects considered in the model. The LSM R 2 and adjusted R 2 for the MIG function were 0.90 and 0.89, respectively. All functions fi tted to monthly test-day better than to daily milk data. The MIG function had the best fi t (P < 0.001) to daily milk data, but both the MIG and IP functions had a similar fi t to monthly test-day milk data based on the LSM of adjusted R 2 . The ln(a) and c from the MIG function with daily and monthly test-day milk data, and the A0, A1 and A2 from the IP function with monthly test-day data were different among breed groups, parities and herd-year-season classes (at least P < 0.05). The MIG function predicted the lactation milk yield from the monthly test-day milk with the lowest prediction error (P < 0.001) compared to the IP and IG functions. Thus, the MIG function could be recommended to model lactation milk data from monthly test-day milk in the studied dairy cattle population.
A new species of electric knifefish, genus Compsaraia (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae) from the Amazon River, with extreme sexual dimorphism in snout and jaw length

Abstract A new species of the neotropical electric fish genus Compsaraia is described from the western Amazon of Peru and Brazil. Compsaraia samueli is distinguishable from all other apteronotids by sexual dimorphism in which mature males exhibit extreme elongation and slenderness of the snout and jaws. Compsaraia samueli is readily distinguishable from its only congener, C. compsa, by more caudal‐fin rays (17–18 vs. 13–16), a shorter caudal peduncle (mean length 9% vs. 34% body length to end of anal fin), a less tapering body shape in lateral profile (mean ratio of body depth at origins of anal fin and dorsal organ 93% vs. 75%), and a smaller maximum adult body size (230 vs. 305 mm). The genus Compsaraia is readily separated from other apteronotids by a pale antorbital stripe and a pale L‐shaped patch over the supra‐temporal canal. The phylogenetic position of C. samueliis estimated by inclusion in a previously published data matrixof osteological and other morphological characters. Comparisons of the cranial bones in apteronotids shows the derived morphology of C. samueli to be a composite of three developmentally and phylogenetically discrete characters: (1) positive allometric growth before sexual maturity in both sexes of the pre‐orbital region of the neurocranium, (2) positive allometric growth of the (oral) jaws, and (3) secondary sexual dimorphism of snout and jaw morphology. The genus Compsaraia represents one of at least three phylogenetically independent cases of snout elongation and one of at least four cases of jaw elongation within the Apteronotidae. Compsaraia samueli also represents one of at least four cases of secondary sexual dimorphism in snout and jaw length within the Apteronotidae. The phylogenetic distribution of snout and jaw characters within the Apteronotidae suggests the influence of both sexual and trophic functional influences on the evolution of head morphology.
A Comparative Analysis of Generalized Estimating Equations Methods for Incomplete Longitudinal Ordinal Data with Ignorable Dropouts

In longitudinal studies, measurements are taken repeatedly over time on the same experimental unit. These measurements are thus correlated. Missing data are very common in longitudinal studies. A lot of research has been going on ways to appropriately analyze such data set. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) is a popular method for the analysis of non-Gaussian longitudinal data. In the presence of missing data, GEE requires the strong assumption of missing completely at random (MCAR). Multiple Imputation Generalized Estimating Equations (MIGEE), Inverse Probability Weighted Generalized Estimating Equations (IPWGEE) and Double Robust Generalized Estimating Equations (DRGEE) have been proposed as elegant ways to ensure validity of the inference under missing at random (MAR). In this study, the three extensions of GEE are compared under various dropout rates and sample sizes through simulation studies. Under MAR and MCAR mechanism, the simulation results revealed better performance of DRGEE compared to IPWGEE and MIGEE. The optimum method was applied to real data set.
Effects of Cadmium on Growth, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seedlings

The effects of different cadmium (Cd) concentrations on growth, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes activities in peanut seedlings of five cultivars were investigated in Hoagland’s nutrient solution. The results indicated that the growth of seedlings and the maximal photochemical efficiency of Photosystem II were significantly reduced after treatment with 500 ? M Cd 2+ for 4 days, but no significant difference was detected when exposed to 10 and 100 ? M Cd 2+ , with the exception of FH3 being more sensitive to 100 ? M Cd 2+ . The changes in H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde contents indicated that Cd 2+ stress caused an accumulation of reactive oxygen species and induced oxidative stress when exposed to 100 and 500 ? M Cd 2+ . The changes in total soluble protein (TSP) content and antioxidant enzyme activities were similar among the five cultivars. However, in the different concentrations of Cd 2+ , TSP content and antioxidant enzyme activities showed different trends when compared with control groups. Exposure to 100 ? M Cd 2+ markedly enhanced activities of four antioxidant enzymes in both shoots and roots of all investigated cultivars. Additionally, cadmium stress had a more severe impact on roots as opposed to shoots of seedlings.
The I3RC - Bringing Together the Most Advanced Radiative Transfer Tools for Cloudy Atmospheres

The interaction of clouds with solar and terrestrial radiation is one of the most important topics of climate research. In recent years it has been recognized that only a full three-dimensional (3D) treatment of this interaction can provide answers to many climate and remote sensing problems, leading to the worldwide development of numerous 3D radiative transfer (RT) codes. The international Intercomparison of 3D Radiation Codes (I3RC), described in this paper, sprung from the natural need to compare the performance of these 3D RT codes used in a variety of current scientific work in the atmospheric sciences. I3RC supports intercomparison and development of both exact and approximate 3D methods in its effort to 1) understand and document the errors/limits of 3D algorithms and their sources; 2) provide “baseline” cases for future code development for 3D radiation; 3) promote sharing and production of 3D radiative tools; 4) derive guidelines for 3D radiative tool selection; and 5) improve atmospheric science education in 3D RT. Results from the two completed phases of I3RC have been presented in two workshops and are expected to guide improvements in both remote sensing and radiative energy budget calculations in cloudy atmospheres.