Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychological screening in children with diabetes mellitus type-I at the children's hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Multan.

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of psychological problems in diabetic children. METHODS The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Diabetic clinic of the Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Multan, Pakistan, from March to December 2011. Diabetic patients aged 7-15 years, who were on insulin therapy for at least one year were included in the study. Demographic data, history and physical examination were recorded. Glycosylated haemoglobin level was checked in all cases, and the Childhood Depression Inventory was used to assess the psychological well-being of the children. A minimum score of 13/54 was used to screen for depression. SPSS 19 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Out of 86 diabetic children, clinical depression was observed in 29 (33.7%). Poor socioeconomic status (21/29; 72.4%), longstanding disease (16/29; 55.1%) and adolescence age (20/29; 69%) were the major factors associated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Depression is a commonly associated psychological disorder in diabetic children, and should be addressed along with medical and dietary management.
HAEMATOLOGICAL STATUS AND PROGRESSION OF HIV INFECTION IN ABIDJAN (CÔTE D'IVOIRE)

Background: HIV is a real public health problem in developing countries in general and particularly in African countries. Objective: The investigations carried out in Abidjan aim to assess and characterize all haematological and immunological parameters of a population during HIV infection. Methods: The work focused on a sample of 302 subjects infected with HIV and on antiretroviral therapy in Abidjan. The sample consisted of 30 men, 108 non pregnant women and 164 pregnant women. These subjects came from urban health centers Abidjan (Cote d'Ivoire). From each subject, a blood sample collected by venipuncture in a tube containing EDTA of 5 ml, was performed fasting morning at bend of the elbow. These blood samples were used for determination of haematological and immunological parameters. Results: The results of the study indicated a significant alteration of haematological and immunological parameters in study population. This deterioration was more profound in women during pregnancy. Thus, no pregnant woman revealed a normal haematological status. A high anaemia prevalence of 97.7 % was observed in infected population of Abidjan. This anaemia has increased in stages A and B of HIV infection in pregnant women. However, men also indicated high rates of anaemia’s types. These results could be explained by the food and effects of antiretroviral on study subjects. Conclusion: The haematological status of infected population with HIV in Abidjan is severely altered. Pregnant women compared to men and non-pregnant women are more exposed to alteration of haematological and immunological parameters. Further study is needed to elucidate the origin of the haematological and immunological changes.
A seroepidemiologic study of HPV infection and incident cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions.

The seroepidemiology of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) and incident cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) was studied in subjects selected from a large cohort monitored for the development of SIL. Serum IgG and IgA responses to 10 epitopes derived from HPV were measured in 21 incident cases of SIL and 56 matched controls. Cases showed elevated antibody (i.e., IgG and/or IgA) seroprevalence to 245:16, a peptide antigen derived from the E2 open reading frame of HPV 16 (OR = 5.76; 95% CI: 1.24, 26.81). The type of HPV DNA detected in cervical lavage specimens had no effect on this relationship. Multivariate analysis also showed that IgG to 245:6, an analogous peptide derived from HPV 6, was negatively associated with SIL (OR = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.77). No other antibody responses tested were associated with SIL. Furthermore, no antibody responses were positively associated with detection of HPV DNA in women without SIL. We conclude that incident SIL is positively associated with antibody to an epitope derived from the E2 region of HPV 16, and negatively associated with antibody to an analogous peptide derived from HPV 6. The seroepidemiology of incident SIL appears different from that of cervical HPV infection in the absence of SIL.
Hawaiian Marine Bioinvasions: A Preliminary Assessment

Origin Historically the numbers of introductions have peaked at several different times: during the 1920s, probably through the effort of Charles Howard Edmondson, then recently arrived invertebrate zoologist at the University of Hawai'i and Bishop Museum; during the 1940s, probably through wartime activities and development; during the 1970s, through surveys conducted by the U.S. Navy; and during the 1990s and the current series of biological inventories of intensity. THROUGH THE Hawaii Biological Survey at Bishop Museum, a count of the total numbers of species in the Hawaiian Archipelago has been accumulated, with the latest listing (1999) totalling 23,150, of which 5047 are nonindigenous species (Eldredge 2000). For the nonindigenous marine and estuarine species, we have been accumulating information from the literature, museum specimens, and through field collections. This preliminary assessment is an extended abstract of a much longer review still in preparation (J.T.c. and L.G.E., unpubl. data). Using the criteria of Chapman and Carlton (1991), we have calculated that the total number of marine and brackish-water species in the Hawaiian Islands is 343: 287 invertebrates, 24 algae, 20 fish, and 12 flowering plants. Of a total of 4099 marine invertebrate species, 71 species are introduced arthropods and 53 species are mollusks (Eldredge and DeFelice 2001). The greatest number of introduced species arrived through hull fouling, with solid ballast and ballast water following (Table 1). Two hundred and one species (70%) are considered introduced and 86 species (30%) cryptogenic (that is, not demonstratively native or introduced). Two hundred forty-eight species (87%) have become established, 15 (5%) failed, 6 (2%) were intercepted, and 18 (6%) unknown. The nonindigenous species have their origins primarily in the Indo-PacifidPhilippine Islands region (Table 2).
Hypoxia: A Double-Edged Sword in Cancer Therapy

ABSTRACT Hypoxia is a common feature of malignant tumors. There is an interactive connection between hypoxia and chemoresistance, radioresistance, invasiveness, and angiogenesis. Therefore, tumor hypoxia has been considered as a validated target for treating cancer. This review focuses on the role of hypoxia on chemoresistance and radioresistance. In addition, we address several approaches targeting tumor hypoxia, known as hypoxia-targeted therapy.
Drugs: Research Tools in the Investigation of Disorders of Motivation and Affect ¢

I. Types of Experimental Design I shall discuss briefly, first of all, about fou~ types of experimental design in which drugs are used in relation to disorders of affect. These types of design have been discussed more fully by Roger Russell (1960). ( 1) In the first design, the drugs are used as the independent variable-the disordered affect being the dependent variable. Much clinical research falls into this category. The question usually is: Does drug A produce a change in disordered affect B? Change is measured by such things as rating of behaviour, improvement ratings, and so on. In this type of study, the emphasis is on the value or understanding of the drug rather than on the understanding of the disordered affect. The drug is the object of study rather than a tool. (~) . In t~e second design, the drug agam IS the independent variable but the dependen~ variable is usually more specific than in the first design. Subjective changes may be measured, as in the work of Beecher (1952, 1955), Laties (1959), Clyde ( 1960), and Gottschalk (1960). Such studies face a number of problems. Some workers feel that only well-trained subjects can be used (Gottschalk et al 1956), and there is the problem of the lack of significant correlations between subjective states and objective effects (Kornetsky, Humphries and Evarts [1957], Kornetsky [1960]). More generally we must note that, though the subjective changes may be known to be related to the disordered affect, such studies tell us more about the drug than about the disorder of affect unl~ss, ? f course, the mechanism of drug actIon IS already known. If it is known
The Impact of New Media on Customer Relationships

Recent years have witnessed the rise of new media channels such as Facebook, YouTube, Google, and Twitter, which enable customers to take a more active role as market players and reach (and be reached by) almost everyone anywhere and anytime. These new media threaten long established business models and corporate strategies, but also provide ample opportunities for growth through new adaptive strategies. This paper introduces a new ‘‘pinball’’ framework of new media’s impact on relationships with customers and identifies key new media phenomena which companies should take into account when managing their relationships with customers in the new media universe. For each phenomenon, we identify challenges for researchers and managers which relate to (a) the understanding of consumer behavior, (b) the use of new media to successfully manage customer interactions, and (c) the effective measurement of customers’ activities and outcomes.
An ensemble conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation approach: Formulation and applications to parameter calibration

The conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) method proposed by Mu et al. (2003) has been a useful tool for studying predictability dynamics. Its further applications are, however, hampered by the need of an adjoint model. Aiming to solve this problem, an ensemble conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (EnCNOP) approach is proposed in this paper by merging the Monte Carlo method and the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) technique into the CNOP to transform an implicit optimization problem into an explicit one. This approach is further formulated for parameter calibration. Numerical experiments with a 1‐D model of the soil water equation show that the EnCNOP approach outperforms a dual‐pass optimization framework on the basis of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and a shuffled complex evolution approach (SCE‐UA) in terms of both increasing the calibration precision and reducing the computational costs. In particular, the EnCNOP approach outperforms the SCE‐UA when only an approximate value range of the input parameters is known. Our EnCNOP method is further implemented within a complicated highly nonlinear land surface model (namely, NCAR CLM3) and evaluated through a case study which illustrates its applicability to complex, highly nonlinear problems.
Reproducing wind farm infrasound for subjective testingJust how accurate is the reproduced signal

Apparently on the basis of room modes being excited in residential dwellings, one concept has been to ignore high quality field measurement recordings (wave files) and use the narrow band (FFT) Leq results of a 10 min sample to create, by superimposing a number of sine waves, a trapezoidal time signal as the source for subjective testing and restricting the bandwidth to only infrasound. Other testing utilizes full spectrum signals but has limitations on having an accurate signal due to the limitation of the speakers. An examination of both methods and the limitations of the results have been examined and will be discussed.
Post‐mortem Changes After Lead Extraction From the Ovine Coronary Sinus and Great Cardiac Vein

We investigated in sheep, non‐thoracotomy extraction of leads which had been chronically implanted in the right atrium (RA), coronary sinus/great cardiac vein (CS / GCV) and right ventricle (RV) for atrial implantable defibrillation. Clinical success of extraction as well as gross and histologic findings in the heart are reported. Six of nine sheep had successful extractions. The major complication was laceration of the wall of the great coronary vein with hemorrhage into the pericardial space and cardiac tamponade. Tissue damage included several reversible changes: intra‐tissue hemorrhage, thrombosis in the veins, and some necrosis of fat, vascular wall and myocardium. Myocyte necrosis was estimated as 0.03 to 0.3 grams of tissue. Osseous and cartilaginous metaplasia was more common around the RA lead than the CS/GCV lead. In cases where the lead must be removed, removal from the venous insertion site using lead extraction equipment should only be attempted with surgical back‐up for emergency thora‐cotomy to control hemorrhage in the event of vessel laceration. Safer explantation of these leads from the vein entry site will require the development of new extraction procedures.
Risk Profiles of Youth Single, Dual, and Poly Tobacco Users.

INTRODUCTION Given widespread availability and uptake of myriad tobacco products among youth, a comprehensive tobacco control agenda necessitates an in-depth exploration of the phenomenon of concurrent tobacco use. METHODS Multinomial logistic regression generated distinct concurrent tobacco use risk profiles of single, dual, and poly use, defined as use of only one, only two, and any three or more tobacco products in the last 30 days, from the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey (n = 24 658). RESULTS Among youth using tobacco in the past 30 days (n = 5030), the majority were poly tobacco product users (55.9%, n = 2813), followed by single (28.4%, n = 1406), and dual users (16.1%, n = 811). Multivariable models showed higher levels of nicotine dependence among poly users compared to single (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 3.14, P < .001) and dual users (RRR = 2.48, P < .001). Poly users were less likely to express quit intent compared to single (RRR = 0.68, P < .01) or dual users (RRR = 0.77, P < .05). Tobacco harm perceptions were more likely among dual users relative to single product users (RRR = 1.54, P < .05); poly users were less likely to perceive harm (RRR = 0.56, P < .001). Racial and gender differences also emerged. CONCLUSION As the number of tobacco products increased, nicotine dependence and perceived tobacco use among peers increased, whereas quit intentions decreased. Dual users had greater tobacco harm perceptions than poly and single users and higher prevalence of electronic cigarette use. Results suggest that poly use may be driven by addiction whereas dual use may be motivated by intentions to quit. Focused risk assessments may inform tailored interventions for distinct types of tobacco users. IMPLICATIONS This study provides an in-depth look at the risks for concurrent tobacco use among youth by creating unique risk profiles for single, dual and poly use. Results from this study can inform tailored interventions for distinct types of tobacco users.
An unusual variant of the biceps brachii

The biceps brachii is one of the most variable muscles in the body, with an estimated 9–22% of all people having a supernumerary head (Kosugi et al., 1992; Santo Neto et al., 1998). Most frequently, a third biceps head will originate from the shaft of the humerus, but occasionally variants originating at extraosseous sites, such as the pectoralis major, occur (Kosugi et al., 1992; Santo Neto et al., 1998). In this report we describe a rare case of a third head of the biceps brachii arising from the deltoid muscle, a variant found in only 1 of 546 arms in the study by Kosugi et al. (1992). We recently observed this variation during the cadaveric dissection of a 75-year-old Caucasian man. On the right side there was a slender, flat supernumerary head of the biceps that ran superficial to the long head (Fig. 1). It originated from the tendinous aspect of the deltoid muscle and ran as a narrow band until converging with both the long and short heads to form the common tendon that inserted normally as the bicipital aponeurosis and onto the radial tuberosity. The musculocutaneous nerve provided two branches to this supernumerary head, both of which pierced the long head before supplying it. The long and short heads were normal bilaterally. Clinically, this anatomic variation would be of relevance especially to orthopedic surgeons who might be unaware of it and discover it during routine elevation of the deltoid insertion as part of humeral fracture fixation or shoulder arthroplasty. This specimen reinforces the fact that even relatively common anatomic variations may have unusual variants.
A rapid method for the isolation of nuclei from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

Summary A method for the isolation of nuclei from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells free of cytoplasmic contamination is described. The procedure involves hypotonic osmotic shock, homogenization with a close-fitting Dounce homogenizer, and differential centrifugation through two different high-density sucrose solutions. The extent of cytoplasmic contamination of the isolated nuclei at each stage was followed by DNA, RNA, protein, and marker enzyme analysis. The final product was examined by phase and electron microscopy and indicated the presence of a high yield of morphologically intact Ehrlich ascites tumor cell nuclei, free of cytoplasmic tags. Isolated ascites cell nuclei contained nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide glycohydrolase (EC 3.2.2.5) which could not be solubilized by lipase treatment and which differed significantly from the microsomal enzyme in its pH optimum and heat stability.
Dihydropteroate synthetase from Plasmodium berghei: isolation, properties, and inhibition by dapsone and sulfadiazine.

Dihydropteroate synthetase, which catalyzes the condensation of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyldihydropteridine pyrophosphate and p-aminobenzoic acid to form dihydropteroic acid, has been isolated from cells of the rodent malarial organism Plasmodium berghei; some of its properties are described. The optimum pH for enzyme activity was found to be 8.5. The apparent Michaelis constants for p-aminobenzoic acid and the hydroxymethyldihydropteridine pyrophosphate were found to be 2.8 µM and 1.4 µM, respectively. Both 4,49-diaminodiphenylsulfone (I50 = 89 µM) and sulfadiazine (I50 = 180 µM) were effective inhibitors of enzyme activity. The inhibition of the enzyme by these drugs correlated with their activity in vivo against P. berghei infections.
Toxins and antimicrobial peptides: interactions with membranes

The innate immunity to pathogenic invasion of organisms in the plant and animal kingdoms relies upon cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as the first line of defense. In addition to these natural peptide antibiotics, similar cationic peptides, such as the bee venom toxin melittin, act as nonspecific toxins. Molecular details of AMP and peptide toxin action are not known, but the universal function of these peptides to disrupt cell membranes of pathogenic bacteria (AMPs) or a diverse set of eukaryotes and prokaryotes (melittin) is widely accepted. Here, we have utilized spectroscopic techniques to elucidate peptide-membrane interactions of alpha-helical human and mouse AMPs of the cathelicidin family as well as the peptide toxin melittin. The activity of these natural peptides and their engineered analogs was studied on eukaryotic and prokaryotic membrane mimics consisting of <200-nm bilayer vesicles composed of anionic and neutral lipids as well as cholesterol. Vesicle disruption, or peptide potency, was monitored with a sensitive fluorescence leakage assay. Detailed molecular information on peptidemembrane interactions and peptide structure was further gained through vibrational spectroscopy combined with circular dichroism. Finally, steady-state fluorescence experiments yielded insight into the local environment of native or engineered tryptophan residues in melittin and human cathelicidin embedded in bilayer vesicles. Collectively, our results provide clues to the functional structures of the engineered and toxic peptides and may impact the design of synthetic antibiotic peptides that can be used against the growing number of antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
A Novel Role of Sp1 and Sp3 in the Interferon-γ-mediated Suppression of Macrophage Lipoprotein Lipase Gene Transcription*

The regulation of macrophage lipoprotein lipase by cytokines is of potentially crucial importance in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We have shown previously that macrophage lipoprotein lipase expression is suppressed by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) at the transcriptional level. We investigated the regulatory sequence elements and the transcription factors that are involved in this response. We demonstrated that the −31/+187 sequence contains the minimal IFN-γ-responsive elements. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the binding of proteins to two regions in the −31/+187 sequence was reduced dramatically when the cells were exposed to IFN-γ. Both competition electrophoretic mobility shift assays and antibody supershift assays showed that the interacting proteins were composed of Sp1 and Sp3. Mutations of the Sp1/Sp3-binding sites in the minimal IFN-γ-responsive elements abolished the IFN-γ-mediated suppression of promoter activity, whereas multimers of the sequence were able to impart the response to a heterologous promoter. Western blot analysis showed that IFN-γ reduced the steady state levels of Sp3 protein. In contrast, the cytokine decreased the DNA binding activity of Sp1 without affecting the protein levels. These studies therefore reveal a novel mechanism for IFN-γ-mediated regulation of macrophage gene transcription.
An Anatomical Study of Size and Position of Sacral Hiatus; Its Importance in Caudal Epidural Block. -

This study was carried out on 32 dry human sacra to know the variations in morphology of the sacral hiatus. Various shapes of sacral hiatus were observed which included inverted V (43.75%), inverted U (28.12%), irregular (12.5%) and dumbbell (9.38%). The apex of sacral hiatus was commonly found at the level of 4th sacral vertebra in 60% of the bones studied. Base of the hiatus was commonly found at the level of S5 (63.33%). Morphology of sacral hiatus and its variations are significant while administering caudal epidural anaesthesia.
A Comparison of Modelling Techniques used to Characterise Oxygen Uptake Kinetics During the on‐Transient of Exercise

We compared estimates for the phase 2 time constant (τ) of oxygen uptake (V̇O2) during moderate‐ and heavy‐intensity exercise, and the slow component of V̇O2 during heavy‐intensity exercise using previously published exponential models. Estimates for τ and the slow component were different (P < 0.05) among models. For moderate‐intensity exercise, a two‐component exponential model, or a mono‐exponential model fitted from 20 s to 3 min were best. For heavy‐intensity exercise, a three‐component model fitted throughout the entire 6 min bout of exercise, or a two‐component model fitted from 20 s were best. When the time delays for the two‐ and three‐component models were equal the best statistical fit was obtained; however, this model produced an inappropriately low ΔV̇O2/ΔWR (WR, work rate) for the projected phase 2 steady state, and the estimate of phase 2 τ was shortened compared with other models. The slow component was quantified as the difference between V̇O2 at end‐exercise (6 min) and at 3 min (ΔV̇O2 (6‐3 min); 259 ml min−1), and also using the phase 3 amplitude terms (truncated to end‐exercise) from exponential fits (409‐833 ml min−1). Onset of the slow component was identified by the phase 3 time delay parameter as being of delayed onset ∼2 min (vs. arbitrary 3 min). Using this delay ΔV̇O2 (6‐2 min) was ∼400 ml min−1. Use of valid consistent methods to estimate τ and the slow component in exercise are needed to advance physiological understanding.