Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Tree Species Classifications at the Individual Tree Level by Combining ALS Data and RGB Images Using Different Algorithms

Individual tree delineation using remotely sensed data plays a very important role in precision forestry because it can provide detailed forest information on a large scale, which is required by forest managers. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of airborne laser scanning (ALS) data for individual tree detection and species classification in Japanese coniferous forests with a high canopy density. Tree crowns in the study area were first delineated by the individual tree detection approach using a canopy height model (CHM) derived from the ALS data. Then, the detected tree crowns were classified into four classes—Pinus densiflora, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Larix kaempferi, and broadleaved trees—using a tree crown-based classification approach with different combinations of 23 features derived from the ALS data and true-color (red-green-blue—RGB) orthoimages. To determine the best combination of features for species classification, several loops were performed using a forward iteration method. Additionally, several classification algorithms were compared in the present study. The results of this study indicate that the combination of the RGB images with laser intensity, convex hull area, convex hull point volume, shape index, crown area, and crown height features produced the highest classification accuracy of 90.8% with the use of the quadratic support vector machines (QSVM) classifier. Compared to only using the spectral characteristics of the orthophotos, the overall accuracy was improved by 14.1%, 9.4%, and 8.8% with the best combination of features when using the QSVM, neural network (NN), and random forest (RF) approaches, respectively. In terms of different classification algorithms, the findings of our study recommend the QSVM approach rather than NNs and RFs to classify the tree species in the study area. However, these classification approaches should be further tested in other forests using different data. This study demonstrates that the synergy of the ALS data and RGB images could be a promising approach to improve species classifications.
Blowfly succession from possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) carrion in a sheep‐farming zone

Abstract The significance of brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr (Diprotodontia: Phalangeridae) carcasses to the succession and production of Diptera species and its relevance to fly strike management in Tasmania, Australia was examined. Calliphora stygia (Fabricius), Lucilia sericata (Meigen) and Calliphora vicina Robineau–Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) were found to be the most abundant and Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) always the least abundant (< 1%) of the putative primary fly invading species to emerge. Carcasses that were left for up to 15 days in the field before being exposed to flies for 2 days also acted as breeding sites for large numbers of all primary fly species, with the exception of L. cuprina. Ordination analysis revealed no relationship between possum carcasses according to their length of exposure but did show significant negative associations between the number of putative secondary invaders (Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Chrysomya varipes (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and putative tertiary flies (Hydrotaea rostrata Robineau–Desvoidy (Diptera: Muscidae)) to the number of C. vicina or C. stygia to emerge. There was enormous variability in the numbers of secondary/tertiary fly species to emerge from carcasses (0–11 450) that negatively correlated with the proportion of all flies to emerge that were primary, and with the mean size of adult L. sericata. Although carcass temperatures, especially those with a large larval population, were elevated, this did not appear to result in significant pre‐adult fly mortality. The most important primary fly strike species L. cuprina was only found in insignificant numbers, whereas three other members of the fly strike fauna C. stygia, L. sericata and Ch. rufifacies did use possum carrion as an important breeding resource, but left implications for fly strike management inconclusive.
Deaths from coronary heart disease in persons fifty years of age and younger. A community-wide study.

THIS study was undertaken to describe, epidemiologically, fatal coronary heart disease in persons fifty years of age and younger during a one-year period in an urban-suburban community of approximately 1,000,000 persons. The Seattle–King County Department of Public Health served as the operational base of this investigation. The trend of occurrence of coronary heart disease in relation to total mortality in this community is shown in Table 1. The data for this table were compiled by Ravenholt,1 who recoded original certificates of death for the years shown to fit as closely as possible the 1955 International List of Diseases and Causes of .
Describing Structural Aspects of Pitch-Sets Using Successive-Interval Arrays

In an effort to understand the harmonic properties of non-serial atonal music-that is, the pitch and intervallic relationships among chordal or melodic segments in the music, for example, of Schoenberg or Webern-composers and theorists have developed a number of analytic tools for describing harmonic connections that might possibly prove, or have proved, significant in given compositions. In this paper my intention will be to present a means-using "successiveinterval arrays"-by which certain aspects of structural association may be determined. Although the specific perspective here will be somewhat different, many of the issues to be discussed have been covered in other sources. In fact, the present study derives in large part from my own efforts to understand and, to a certain degree, to synthesize other approaches of identifying intervallic and pitch relationships into terms familiar and comfortable to me. One of the most basic and familiar steps in this process toward harmonic analysis has been the construction of various means by which any combination of pitches taken from the "chromatic scale" may be identified. Since the number of
Rebalancing Growth in China: A Three-Handed Approach

Our paper is an attempt to define the contours of the right macroeconomic strategy for China. In a nutshell, we believe that the package includes a decrease in saving, with a focus on private saving, an increase in the supply of services, in particular health services, and an appreciation of the RMB. This is why we refer to this strategy as a 'three-handed approach': action on the fiscal and budgetary front, accompanied by currency revaluation. We start by asking how the Chinese economy got to where it is - what the strategy has been since the beginning of the reforms, and what the main characteristics of the economy are today. We then ask what is the desirable path for the future, and which are the main policy tradeoffs implied by such a path. Finally, we put the various pieces together to describe what we believe is a consistent policy package.
A face recognition scheme based on spatial correlation function

This paper presents a simple yet efficient face recognition technique, where a feature extraction algorithm is proposed based on the principle of spatial cross-correlation. Instead of considering the spatial data of a face image as a whole, we concentrate on each row and column of the data individually. As each of these rows and columns could carry distinct characteristic of the face image, considering all of them would ensure the extraction of the variation in face geometry without discarding any information even in a minute scale. It is shown that the cross-correlations obtained considering pairs of consecutive rows provide a signature of the particular face image reflecting the variation in the face geometry along the vertical direction. In a similar fashion, a horizontal signature can be obtained considering the change in cross-correlations along the horizontal directions. In the proposed method, both of these horizontal and vertical signatures are utilized in order to obtain a distinguishable feature space for the face image of a particular person. It is found that the proposed feature extraction algorithm can provide a satisfactory face recognition performance for different standard databases even utilizing a simple distance based classifier. Thus, the advantage of this proposed method is that it offers a very simple real life implementation without sacrificing the recognition accuracy.
Selection against migrants contributes to the rapid evolution of ecologically dependent reproductive isolation

Ecologically dependent reproductive isolation (EDRI) is the decrease in gene flow that occurs when adaptive divergence reduces the fitness of individuals that move between ecological environments. A particularly simple and perhaps almost universal mechanism contributing to EDRI is natural selection against migrants themselves (i.e. before any selection against their offspring). Here I use single-locus and quantitative-genetic models to examine how quickly this mechanism can contribute to EDRI after the founding of a new population. I find that as long as divergent selection is relatively strong, selection against migrants can make a substantial contribution to EDRI in less than 30 generations. This mechanism is only one of several that might influence EDRI. The addition of other mechanisms, such as habitat choice or selection against hybrids, would presumably accelerate the accumulation of EDRI. Although EDRI is neither complete (some gene flow may still occur) nor unconditional (it depends on the ecological context), it may reduce gene flow to the point that absolute and unconditional reproductive isolation can evolve through other mechanisms. Whenever organisms colonize new ecological environments, selection against migrants may contribute to rapid reductions in gene flow. Future studies of ecological speciation may profit from particular attention to this mechanism of reproductive isolation.
The Liar Paradox from John Buridan back to Thomas Bradwardine

Thomas Bradwardine was born shortly before the start of the fourteenth century. While at Merton College in Oxford in the 1320s, he made two seminal contributions to our understanding of the world. One is generally recognised and well known: his reinterpretation of Aristotle on the ratio of velocity to force and resistance, that the second two vary with the square of the first. The other insight is much less well known and usually credited elsewhere. Ralph Strode, friend and neighbour in London of Geoffrey Chaucer later in the century wrote: "Then appeared that prince of modern natural philosophers, Thomas Bradwardine, who first came upon something of value concerning the insolubles. "1 The insolubles are paradoxes or antinomies of language, perhaps most famously expressed in the Liar Paradox: 'What I am saying is false'. Bradwardine's solution was later taken up by Albert of Saxony and John Buridan at the University of Paris, and is most well known in Buridan's version, following discussions by Ernest Moody and Arthur Prior2 and translations by Scott and Hughes.3 Bradwardine's treatise has not been translated into English, and appeared in print for the first time in 1970, edited from two of the twelve manuscripts known to have survived.4
Membrane transport of drugs in different regions of the intestinal tract of the rat.

Regional permeability coefficients of 19 drugs with different physicochemical properties were determined using excised segments from three regions of rat intestine: jejunum, ileum, and colon. The results are discussed in relation to the characteristics of the drug, i.e., MW (range 113-1071 Da), pKa, log D (octanol/water at pH 7.4) (range -3.1 to +2.4), and the regional change in the properties of the epithelial membrane. There was a significant decrease in permeability to hydrophilic drugs and a significant increase in permeability for hydrophobic drugs aborally to the small intestine (P < 0.0001). A good correlation could be obtained between MW and permeability coefficients of hydrophilic drugs. The correlation established between the apparent permeability coefficients and the partition coefficients of the drugs was sigmoidal in shape in all three regions and a log D between 0 and 2.5 predicts high permeability values. These permeability data are unique since they result from a diversity of chemical structures with different physicochemical characteristics and a variety of transport mechanisms and they are not influenced by interlaboratory differences. The large regional permeability database in the present study shows the utility of the Ussing chamber technique as a valuable predictive tool for human in vivo data. In addition, the regional permeability profiles obtained suggest a coupling between drug structure and the functional changes of the membrane, which might be useful for selecting a compound for an extended release formulation.
Partial REM phase deprivation and schizophrenia.

DURING a recent polygraphic study of sleep patterns in patients receiving electric convulsive therapy (ECT),1we found a statistically significant reduction in both total amount and percent of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep on nights recorded immediately after the final ECT in the series. On the other hand, nights recorded early in the treatment series showed either no change or minor elevations in the REM fraction. These findings were more or less uniform among all members of the group with the exception of a dramatically aberrant response in one patient, the consideration of which led to the formulation of the present study. The exceptional patient was a paranoid schizophrenic whose sleep patterns were polygraphically monitored over four consecutive baseline nights and showed a total sleep time averaging seven hours, 11 minutes, of which 17.9%, or 77 minutes, were spent in the REM phase. After the eighth ECT in her
PCR-Heteroduplex Analysis of T-Cell Receptor &ggr; Gene Rearrangement in Paraffin-Embedded Skin Biopsies

We developed a rapid, simple, and sensitive method for the detection of T-cell receptor-&ggr; (TCR&ggr;) gene rearrangements in paraffin-embedded skin biopsies. Available techniques often require either fresh tissue, several primer pairs, nested amplifications, or specialized electrophoresis steps such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Our method is based on heteroduplex analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of the TCR&ggr; in a nondenaturing modified polyacrylamide gel using a single pair of primers and is adapted for paraffin-embedded tissue. When tested against Southern blot analysis, the PCR results correlated in 8 of 9 cases. Six mature cutaneous B-cell lymphomas and 29 inflammatory skin disorders all resulted in a polyclonal amplification pattern. When analyzing 3-mm or 4-mm punch biopsies of 51 cases of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, 37 (72.5%) showed a clonal rearrangement with this technique. For 7 cases of patch stage mycosis fungoides, frozen tissue and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue was available, and in 5 of 7 cases (71%), the results in frozen and paraffin-embedded tissue were concordant. One case showed a clonal pattern in frozen tissue but not in paraffin-embedded tissue, and one case was polyclonal in frozen tissue but monoclonal in paraffin-embedded tissue. Using serial dilutions of DNA from a T-cell ALL in a polyclonal background (tonsil), we established a sensitivity of 0.5%. Heteroduplex PCR of the TCR&ggr; is a rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive screening procedure as well as a useful adjunct to histologic analysis and immunophenotyping of cutaneous T-cell proliferations.
Long‐standing remission after 25‐OH D3 treatment in a case of chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia

Summary This report describes a case of chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) in whom a complete remission was achieved and sustained 15 months after treatment with 25‐OH vitamin D3. No side‐effects were observed. Although vitamin D3 has been used in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes, to our knowledge this is the first case of longstanding remission in a patient with CMML. This ‘differentiation therapy’ might be considered as a possible alternative in the management of this disease.
In vivo characteristics of placental amino acid transport and metabolism in ovine pregnancy--a review.

The placental transport of amino acids which is nutritionally important is the net entry rate into the fetal circulation (the umbilical uptake). This entry rate is a function of transport across cell membranes, the effect of competition among amino acids for transport, particularly across the fetal surface of the trophoblast, and their metabolism and interconversion within the placenta. The result of these different interactive fluxes is that the relationship between maternal concentration and fetal supply of an amino acid differs for each amino acid. For some amino acids there are relatively large bidirectional fluxes at both the fetal and maternal surfaces of the placenta. These fluxes can be measured in vivo utilizing stable isotope methodology. There is an important interorgan exchange of amino acids between the placenta and fetal liver. This exchange is, at least in part, a function of the absence of gluconeogenesis in the fetal liver. Both glutamate and serine, which are released from the fetal liver, are taken up by the placenta from the fetal circulation and metabolized within the placenta.
Enhancing cross domain recommendation with domain dependent tags

One challenge in recommender system is to deal with data sparsity. To handle this issue, social tags are utilized to bring disjoint domains together for knowledge transfer in cross-domain recommendation. The most intuitive way is to use common tags that present in both source and target domains. However, it is difficult to obtain a strong domain connection by exploiting a small amount of common tags, especially when the tagging data in target domain is too scarce to share enough common tags with source domain. In this paper we propose a novel framework, called Enhanced Tag-induced Cross Domain Collaborative Filtering (ETagiCDCF), to integrate the rich information contained in domain dependent tags into recommendation procedure. We perform experiments on two public datasets and compare with several single and cross domain recommendation approaches, the results demonstrate that ETagiCDCF can effectively address data sparseness and improve recommendation performance.
Dental caries and treatment needs of children (6-10 years) in rural Udaipur, Rajasthan.

OBJECTIVE This study was done to examine caries prevalence and corresponding treatment needs in school children of rural areas of Udaipur, Rajasthan. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 750 children of rural areas in the age group of 6-10 years were examined, using WHO index, to record the prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using chi square test. RESULTS Dental caries was found in 63.20% children, and 85.07% children needed dental treatment. The highest need was of one surface filling (85.73%) followed by sealant (51.20%). CONCLUSION Dental caries showed to be a significant health issue in the rural population requiring immediate attention.
Neg-to-Q: The historical origin and development of question particles in Chinese

Abstract This paper proposes a diachronic analysis of the grammaticalization of a marker of negation into a yes/no question particle in Chinese. I propose that the input to the reanalysis was a vP-neg-vP disjunctive question in which the second vP was projected by a negative auxiliary. Head movement of this auxiliary to the head of an immediately dominating disjunction phrase allowed the negator to enter into an Agree relation with interrogative C and check the [Q] feature there. In time, the negator acquired the [uQ] feature originally on the disjunction. This allowed the negator to subsequently be base merged in C and function as a Q particle.
Assessment of Nutritional Status and Its Related Factors among Iranian University Students

Background and purpose : Sufficient nutrition is the appropriate proportions of food required for physical development and maintenance as well as supplying energy to the body. This study aimed at assessing the nutritional status and its related factors among Iranian University Students. Materials and Meth ods: As a cross-sectional research, the present study was conducted with the participation of 1031 students in Shahroud, Iran. The relevant information was obtained through a 24-hour diet recall questionnaire. Also, the anthropometric measurements were taken for these students. Results : The students’ mean BMI and energy intakes were 22.01±3.57 and 1974±750.35Kcal, respectively. Majority of the students (73.91%) were of normal Body Mass Index (BMI), but some cases of malnutrition including both underweight and overweight were also observed among the students. The findings showed that the mean daily intakes of fiber, phosphorous, calcium, iron, vitamins A, B6, and B12 were less than the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) values. Hence, a significant relationship was observed between BMI and food consumption at each meal, type of snack, eating breakfast, number of snacks taken per day, speed of food consumption, adding butter or oil to the prepared food, the duration of daily activities, working with computer, and watching television (p<0.001). Conclusion : The results obtained through the methods of nutritional status revealed that due to BMI categories, some cases of malnutrition including both underweight and overweight were observed among the studied students. Examining the consumed food indicated qualitative and quantitative deficiencies as compared with standard recommendations, so that students were affected by hidden hunger resulting from micronutrients deficiency.
The effect of non-saccharomyces yeasts on fermentation and wine quality

Research has shown that non-Saccharomyces yeast strains can be detected throughout wine fermentation. Non-Saccharomyces yeasts can therefore influence the course of fermentation and also the character of the resultant wine. Previously it was shown that four non-Saccharomyces species, i.e. Kloeckera apiculata, Candida stellata, Candida pulcherrima and Candida colliculosa, predominated in grape must at the start of fermentation. In this study these four yeasts were used singularly and in combination with an industrial wine yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain VIN 13) to ferment must on a laboratory scale. The resultant wine was analysed for ethanol, volatile acidity, total S02 and glycerol. Results show that, in comparison with the industrial wine yeast, the non-Saccharomyces yeast strains could not ferment all the sugar. Furthermore, while the individual non-Saccharomyces-fermented wines had different chemical analyses, the wines fermented by the combinations were similar to the wine produced by the industrial yeast only. In subsequent, small-scale winemaking trials some of the wines produced by combined fermentations were judged to be of better quality than those produced by the S. cerevisiae only. However, this quality increase could not be linked to increased ester levels.
UREA CLEARANCE AND DIURESIS IN MAN.

ingestion; and the crosses represent endogenous urea data in oral xylose experiments. The two curves C,, obtained by changing A by ± 15 per cent of its mean value, inclose all but 6 of the 68 observations. The open circles of Case 2 represent endogenous urea data obtained during an experiment with ingested creatinine. As shown by the solid curves, a 24 per cent variation of the mean clearance C, is needed to include 13 of the 14 observations.