Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
‘Women at risk’: the health and social vulnerabilities of the regular female partners of men who inject drugs in Delhi, India

Needle and syringe sharing is common among people who inject drugs and so is unprotected sex, which consequently puts their sex partners at risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV and other blood-borne infections, like hepatitis. We undertook a nested study with the regular female partners of men who inject drugs participating in a longitudinal HIV incidence study in Delhi, India. In-depth interviews were conducted with female partners of 32 men. The interviews aimed to gather focused and contextual knowledge of determinants of safe sex and reproductive health needs of these women. Information obtained through interviews was triangulated and linked to the baseline behavioural data of their partner (index men who injected drugs). The study findings illustrate that women in monogamous relationships have a low perception of STI- and HIV-related risk. Additionally, lack of awareness about hepatitis B and C is a cause of concern. Findings also suggest impact of male drug use on the fertility of the female partner. It is critical to empower regular female partners to build their self-risk assessment skills and self-efficacy to negotiate condom use. Future work must explore the role of drug abuse among men who inject drugs in predicting fertility and reproductive morbidity among their female partners.
Customers’ Perceptions of Employee Engagement: Fortifying the Service–Profit Chain

ABSTRACT This study investigated the three dimensions of employee engagement: dedication, energy, and absorption from the customer’s perspective. The service–profit chain (SPC) and employee behavior that promotes customer satisfaction and loyalty were examined. The results revealed that certain aspects of employee engagement are more readily perceived by consumers and more likely to promote customer satisfaction and loyalty. Findings showed that energy and dedication combined were most likely to foster feelings of satisfaction and loyalty among hospitality patrons. From a theoretical perspective, the study contributes to the literature by enhancing the SPC, revealing new insight into employee engagement, and linking employee engagement to positive consumer outcomes. Hospitality industry professionals may find that employee engagement benefits the customers’ perceptions of the establishment, ultimately increasing profitability. This study utilizes the SPC in the hospitality context and proposes a new link in the chain: employee engagement.
Etomidate and Midazolam for Procedural Sedation in the Emergency Department of Queen Elizabeth Hospital: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Objective The objective of the study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of intravenous etomidate against midazolam in procedures which required sedation and analgesia in our emergency department. Methods The study was conducted in the emergency department of Queen Elizabeth Hospital from 1st November 2005 to 30th June 2006. Adult patients who required procedural sedation and analgesia were recruited and randomised into two groups, in which either etomidate or midazolam was used as the sedative agent. Vital parameters and depth of sedation were closely monitored until they regained full consciousness. Results a total of 87 patients were recruited and randomised into study and control groups, of which 78 patients completed the study and were analysed – 36 patients were in the midazolam group whereas 42 patients were in the etomidate group. There was no statistical difference in mean age, mean weight and procedures between the two groups. Mean time for onset of action was 1.8 minutes for the etomidate group versus 3.4 minutes for the midazolam group (p=0.003). There were no significant differences in total procedure time, total length of stay, pain score, satisfaction score and adverse effects. Conclusion Etomidate achieved adequate depth of sedation for painful procedures in significantly shorter time than midazolam. There were no differences in procedure time, length of stay, pain relief and patient's satisfaction between the two drugs.
Altered Tibiofemoral Kinematics in the Affected Knee and Compensatory Changes in the Contralateral Knee After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background: Previous studies of knee kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have generally employed low-effort tasks and typically not assessed changes in kinematics over time. Hypotheses: (1) During single-legged hop landing, ACL-reconstructed limbs will have altered kinematics compared with contralateral (ACL-intact) limbs 5 months after surgery. (2) Kinematic differences between limbs will decrease over time because of changes in both ACL-reconstructed and ACL-intact limbs. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: In vivo kinematics of ACL-reconstructed and contralateral ACL-intact knees were evaluated for 14 subjects during single-legged forward-hop landings at 5 and 12 months after surgery on the basis of dynamic stereo x-ray imaging. Differences between limbs and changes over time were assessed via repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: Five months after surgery, ACL-reconstructed knees landed significantly less flexed compared with contralateral ACL-intact knees (20.9° vs 28.4°, respectively; P < .05). The ACL-reconstructed knees were significantly more externally rotated (12.2° vs 6.5°; P < .05) and medially translated (3.8 vs 2.3 mm; P < .009) compared with ACL-intact knees. Anterior-posterior translation was similar between limbs. From 5 to 12 months, knee flexion at landing increased in ACL-reconstructed knees (mean change, +3.4°; P < .05) and decreased in contralateral knees (mean change, –3.3°; P < .05). External tibial rotation also significantly decreased in ACL-reconstructed knees (–2.2°; P < .05) and increased in contralateral knees (+1.1°; P = .117) over time. Medial tibial translation decreased slightly over time only in ACL-reconstructed knees (–0.3 mm). Conclusion: Five months after ACL reconstruction, landing kinematics differed between ACL-reconstructed and contralateral ACL-intact knees during a dynamic high-loading activity. These differences decreased over time, owing to changes in both the ACL-reconstructed and contralateral ACL-intact limbs. Clinical Relevance: This study identified kinematic changes over time in both the ACL-injured and contralateral ACL-intact knees after ACL reconstruction. These kinematic adaptations could have important implications for postoperative care, including evaluating the optimal timing of return to sports and the development of bilateral neuromuscular rehabilitation programs that may improve patient outcomes and reduce reinjuries in both the short and long terms.
Differential responses to CO2 and sympathetic stimulation in the cerebral and femoral circulations in humans

The relative importance of CO2 and sympathetic stimulation in the regulation of cerebral and peripheral vasculatures has not been previously studied in humans. We investigated the effect of sympathetic activation, produced by isometric handgrip (HG) exercise, on cerebral and femoral vasculatures during periods of isocapnia and hypercapnia. In 14 healthy males (28.1 ± 3.7 (mean ±s.d.) years), we measured flow velocity (; transcranial Doppler ultrasound) in the middle cerebral artery during euoxic isocapnia (ISO, +1 mmHg above rest) and two levels of euoxic hypercapnia (HC5, end‐tidal PCO2, P ET,CO 2 , =+5 mmHg above ISO; HC10, P ET,CO 2 =+10 above ISO). Each PET,CO2 level was maintained for 10 min using the dynamic end‐tidal forcing technique, during which increases in sympathetic activity were elicited by a 2‐min HG at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction. Femoral blood flow (FBF; Doppler ultrasound), muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA; microneurography) and mean arterial pressure (MAP; Portapres) were also measured. Hypercapnia increased and FBF by 5.0 and 0.6% mmHg−1, respectively, and MSNA by 20–220%. Isometric HG increased MSNA by 50% and MAP by 20%, with no differences between ISO, HC5 and HC10. During the ISO HG there was an increase in cerebral vascular resistance (CVR; 20 ± 11%), while remained unchanged. During HC5 and HC10 HG, increased (13% and 14%, respectively), but CVR was unchanged. In contrast, HG‐induced sympathetic stimulation increased femoral vascular resistance (FVR) during ISO, HC5 and HC10 (17–41%), while there was a general decrease in FBF below ISO. The HG‐induced increases in MSNA were associated with increases in FVR in all conditions (r= 0.76–0.87), whereas increases in MSNA were associated with increases in CVR only during ISO (r= 0.91). In summary, in the absence of hypercapnia, HG exercise caused cerebral vasoconstriction, myogenically and/or neurally, which was reflected by increases in CVR and a maintained . In contrast, HG increased FVR during conditions of ISO, HC5 and HC10. Therefore, the cerebral circulation is more responsive to alterations in PCO2, and less responsive to sympathetic stimulation than the femoral circulation.
Glycated Albumin Modulates Endothelial Cell Thrombogenic and Inflammatory Responses

Background: It has become established that a diabetic vasculature promotes cardiovascular disease progression via changes to endothelial cells, platelets, and the interactions of these cells. It is believed that the majority of these changes are induced by the presence of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which permanently alter various functions. Studies have shown that platelets perpetuate endothelial cell responses under these conditions. However, the role of changes in endothelial cell thrombogenicity and inflammatory responses, after subjected to AGEs, has not been characterized. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of AGEs on these functions. Methods: To accomplish this, albumin was chemically modified by exposure to glucose for up to 8 weeks, and endothelial cells were subjected to glycated albumin for up to 5 days in a cell culture system. A time course for changes in endothelial cell viability, density, morphology, and metabolic activity were investigated, along with the surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, thrombomodulin, tissue factor, connexin-43, and caveolin-1. Results: Endothelial cells exposed to irreversibly glycated albumin were less viable, proliferated slower, and had a lower metabolic activity as compared to cells exposed to nonglycated albumin. Endothelial cells that were exposed to any glycated albumin were procoagulant and proinflammatory as compared with all other conditions. There were no overall trends in the expression of connexin-43 or caveolin-1. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the presence of irreversible glycated albumin is deleterious to endothelial cells, makes endothelial cells more procoagulant, and promotes inflammatory responses. It is therefore possible that endothelial cell activation may precede and promote platelet activation during diabetic conditions.
Crosscutting cleavages and ethno-communal violence: Evidence from Indonesia in the post-Suharto era

Recent literature has shown that crosscutting social cleavages reduce the likelihood of civil war. This article argues that the same logic does not apply to lower-scale group violence such as riots, which differ in such a way that crosscutting social cleavages should often have the opposite effect, increasing both the frequency and scale of riots. We test this argument by analysing Muslimâ€“Christian violence in the post-Suharto era, combining a new subnational data set of ethno-income and ethnogeographic crosscuttingness with a new and comprehensive subnational data set of violence in Indonesia. Our findings suggest that high ethno-income crosscuttingness, when combined with a high degree of urban anonymity and close living quarters, is a potent setting for inter-group communal violence. We conclude with a discussion of how context matters in understanding the effect of macrostructural variables such as crosscuttingness on violence.
Western Nebraska Family (Family D) with Autosomal Dominant Parkinsonism

Article abstract-The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains uncertain. Environmental influences may have an important role, but genetic factors have been firmly implicated in several recently reported kindreds. We studied a family (family D) whose ancestors probably immigrated to the United States from England. The pedigree contains 188 individuals spanning six generations with 18 affected members. Autosomal dominant inheritance is present. Typical levodopa-responsive PD with bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and impaired postural reflexes develops. Eye movement abnormalities, pyramidal and cerebellar signs, sensory disturbances, and orthostatic blood pressure changes do not occur. Disease progression is slow. PET with (Fluorine-18)-6-fluoro-L-dopa (FD) performed on an affected individual revealed decreased uptake of FD in a pattern consistent with PD. Autopsy performed on another affected individual demonstrated neuronal and pigmentary loss, gliosis, and Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra pars compacta. This large kindred appears to represent a neurodegenerative disorder closely resembling, if not identical to, idiopathic PD. NEUROLOGY 1995;45: 502-505
Update for nurse anesthetists Perioperative considerations in major orthopedic trauma : Pelvic and long bone fractures

*The American Association of Nurse Anesthetists is accredited as a provider of continuing education in nursing by the American Nurses Credentialing Center Commission on Accreditation. The AANA Journal course will consist of 6 successive articles, each with objectives for the reader and sources for additional reading. At the conclusion of the 6-part series, a final examination will be printed in the AANA Journal. Successful completion will yield the participant 6 CE credits (6 contact hours), code number: 24623, expiration date: July 31, 2003. Update for nurse anesthetists
Do Information Technologies Improve Teenagers’ Sexual Education? Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Colombia

This study reports results from a randomized evaluation of a mandatory six-month Internet-based sexual education course implemented across public junior high schools in 21 Colombian cities. Six months after finishing the course, the study finds a 0.4 standard deviation improvement in knowledge, a 0.2 standard deviation improvement in attitudes, and a 55 percent increase in the likelihood of redeeming vouchers for condoms as a result of taking the course. The data provide no evidence of spillovers to control classrooms within treatment schools. However, the analysis provides compelling evidence that treatment effects are enhanced when a larger share of a student's friends also takes the course. The low cost of the online course along with the effectiveness the study documents suggests this technology is a viable alternative for improving sexual education in middle-income countries.
Potential role for P-glycoprotein in the nonproportional pharmacokinetics of UK-343,664 in man

1. UK-343,664 is a potent and specific PDE5 inhibitor. Following single oral doses to human volunteers, it exhibited non-proportional pharmacokinetics over the dose range 30-800mg. Over this 27-fold dose range, Cmax and AUCt increased 247- and 287-fold respectively. The half-life (4-6 h) was similar at all doses. No systemic exposure was quantifiable at doses <10 mg. 2. UK-343,664 is a lipophilic molecule (log D7.4 = 3.1) and as such is expected to be cleared mainly by metabolism. Based on studies with expressed human P450 enzymes it was concluded that the metabolism of UK-343,664 was predominantly mediated by CYP3A4. With a moderate Km
Free radical generation coupled with arachidonate lipoxygenase reaction relates to reoxygenation induced myocardial cell injury.

OBJECTIVE The role of arachidonate lipoxygenase activity in reoxygenation induced cell injury in adult canine cardiac myocytes was investigated. METHODS The production of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), which are lipoxygenase metabolites, was measured with high pressure liquid chromatography in canine cardiac myocytes cultured under hypoxic conditions and then reoxygenated. Free radical generation was evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy with a spin trapper, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and luminol enhanced chemiluminescence emission. Cell injury was estimated in terms of morphological changes and release of intracellular enzymes. Morphological damage to myocytes was quantified in terms of the percentage of hypercontracted "round" cells. The effects of nordihydroguaiaretic acid, AA-861, mepacrine, indomethacin, aspirin, alpha tocopherol, and 2-0-octadecylascorbic acid (CV-3611) on lipoxygenase metabolism, free radical generation and cell injury were also assessed. RESULTS Cardiac myocytes produced 5-HETE and 12-HETE at less than 0.1 ng.mg-1 protein under normoxic conditions. Production of HETE was greatly increased at five hours of reoxygenation after 45 minutes of hypoxia [5-HETE = 12.0(SEM 0.5), 12-HETE = 23.6(1.1) ng.mg-1 protein]. Both DMPO-OH adduct generation and chemiluminescence emission were considerably increased after one to three hours of reoxygenation, although they increased only slightly after 45 minutes of hypoxia. After five hours of reoxygenation, long rod cells gradually became deformed; 92.0% of the cells were converted to hypercontracted "round" cells. Cell injury and HETE production were significantly suppressed by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (10 microM), AA-861 (2 microM), and mepacrine (10 microM). Indomethacin (10 microM) and aspirin (50 microM) enhanced cell injury and HETE production. alpha Tocopherol and CV-3611 greatly suppressed cell injury and free radical generation, but not HETE production. CONCLUSION The arachidonate lipoxygenase metabolic pathway may have an important role in reoxygenation induced myocardial cell injury in adult cardiac myocytes, possibly because of the generation of free radicals.
Why is the topic of the biological embedding of experiences important for translation?

Abstract Translational research focuses on innovation in healthcare settings, but this is a two-way process that may have implications for either treatment or prevention. Smoking and lung cancer and the fetal alcohol syndrome are used as examples. Experimental medicine that budges basic and clinical science often constitutes a key way forward. Areas of scientific progress and challenge are discussed in relation to drug action, social cognition, cognitive neuroscience, molecular genetics, gene–environment interaction, and epigenetics. Key concepts and challenges in relation to stress include toxicity, allostatic load, the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, and objectives versus subjective stress. The reasons for the need to test causal inferences are discussed. Various kinds of “natural experiments” are discussed in illustration using the assisted conception design, the discordant monozygotic twin design, and the study of universal exposure. Animal models are discussed in relation to enrichment and deprivation effects and the effects of infant separation experiences, epigenetic effects, and the biological embedding of experiences. Translational issues are discussed in relation to the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, epigenetics, and inflammation. In conclusion, it is suggested that there are immediate possibilities for experimental medicine but caution is needed with respect to moving into translation too quickly.
Expression patterns of Eph genes in the “dual visual development” of the lamprey and their significance in the evolution of vision in vertebrates

Image‐forming vision is crucial to animals for recognizing objects in their environment. In vertebrates, this type of vision is achieved with paired camera eyes and topographic projection of the optic nerve. Topographic projection is established by an orthogonal gradient of axon guidance molecules, such as Ephs. To explore the evolution of image‐forming vision in vertebrates, lampreys, which belong to the basal lineage of vertebrates, are key animals because they show unique “dual visual development. ” In the embryonic and pre‐ammocoete larval stage (the “primary” phase), photoreceptive “ocellus‐like” eyes develop, but there is no retinotectal optic nerve projection. In the late ammocoete larval stage (the “secondary” phase), the eyes grow and form into camera eyes, and retinotectal projection is newly formed. After metamorphosis, this retinotectal projection in adult lampreys is topographic, similar to that of gnathostomes. In this study, we explored the involvement of Ephs in lamprey “dual visual development” and establishment of the image‐form vision. We found that gnathostome‐like orthogonal gradient expression was present in the retina during the “secondary” phase; i.e., EphB showed a gradient of expression along the dorsoventral axis, while EphC was expressed along the anteroposterior axis. However, no orthogonal gradient expression was observed during the “primary” phase. These observations suggest that Ephs are likely recruited de novo for the guidance of topographical “second” optic nerve projection. Transformations during lamprey “dual visual development” may represent “recapitulation” from a protochordate‐like ancestor to a gnathostome‐like vertebrate ancestor.
Postoperative convergence after recovery from general anesthesia in exotropia surgery.

PURPOSE To compare eye position at the end of surgery under general anesthesia with strabismic angles on postoperative day 1 in exotropia surgery. METHODS Seventy-eight patients between 3 and 58 years of age who had undergone surgery were divided into two groups (group A = 46 patients with bilateral rectus recession, group B = 32 patients with surgery that included medial rectus resection). Strabismic angles were measured at the end of surgery under general anesthesia using the Hirschberg test and the alternate prism cover test was performed on postoperative day 1. RESULTS Mean strabismic angle was 3.15 prism diopters (PD) under general anesthesia and -6.78 PD on postoperative day 1 in group A and -0.31 and -0.37 PD, respectively, in group B. Mean postoperative convergence was 9.93 PD in group A and 0.06 PD in group B, and the differences were statistically significant (P < .001). CONCLUSION All patients receiving lateral rectus recession showed approximately 10 PD of convergence. Those who received surgery that included medial rectus resection showed much less convergence and a tendency to be the same as at the end of surgery on postoperative day 1.
Eosinophils and major basic protein damage but do not detach human amniotic epithelial cells.

Damage and detachment of epithelial cells is thought to contribute to the pathologenesis of asthma. Both eosinophils and neutrophils are found in asthmatic airways and several studies have suggested that eosinophils may be responsible for the epithelial cell detachment of asthma. To compare the capacity of purified human eosinophils and neutrophils to mediate epithelial cell detachment, we utilized a human amniotic epithelial cell-basement membrane model that we have recently described. Activated eosinophils induced little detachment at 4 h (less than 10% detachment), which contrasted with that seen with equivalent numbers of identically handled neutrophils (29 +/- 6% detachment, p less than .05). In contrast, eosinophils did induce damage to epithelial cells to an extent similar to neutrophils when assessed using a 51Cr release assay (17 +/- 6% and 18 +/- 9% release of 51Cr, respectively). When purified preparations of the major eosinophil-derived protein major basic protein (MBP) were studied, similar effects on epithelial cells were observed, i.e., damage (77 +/- 13% release of 51Cr) without detachment (less than 5% cell detachment). These data suggest that neutrophils are more effective in inducing detachment of human epithelial cells, whereas both eosinophils and neutrophils damage human epithelial cells.