Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adiabatic oscillations of non-rotating superfluid neutron stars

We present results concerning the linear (radial and non-radial) oscillations of non-rotating superfluid neutron stars in Newtonian physics. We use a simple two-fluid model to describe the superfluid neutron star, where one fluid consists of the superfluid neutrons, while the second fluid contains all the remaining constituents (protons, electrons). The two fluids are assumed to be "free" in the sense of absence of vortex-mediated forces like mutual friction or pinning, but they can be coupled by the equation of state, in particular by entrainment. We calculate numerically the eigen-frequencies and -modes of adiabatic oscillations, neglecting beta-reactions that would lead to dissipation. We find a doubling of all acoustic-type modes ( f -modes, p-modes), and confirm the absence ofg-modes in these superfluid models. We show analytically and numerically that only in the case of non-stratified background models (i.e. with no composition gradient) can these acoustic modes be separated into two distinct families, which are characterized by either co- or counter-moving fluids respectively, and which are sometimes referred to as "ordinary" and "superfluid" modes. In the general, stratified case, however, this separation is not possible, and these acoustic modes can not be classified as being either purely "ordinary" or "superfluid". We show how the properties of the two-fluid modes change as functions of the coupling by entrainment. We find avoided mode-crossings for the stratified models, while the crossings are not avoided in the non-stratified, separable case. The oscillations of normal-fluid neutron stars are recovered as a special case simply by locking the two fluids together. In this eective one-fluid case we find the usual singlet f -a ndp-modes, and we also find the expectedg-modes of stratified neutron star models.
Current controversies in prenatal diagnosis 3: is conventional chromosome analysis necessary in the post‐array CGH era?

Microscopic chromosome analysis of cultured cells has been regarded as the standard method for prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis since its first application to prenatal testing in 1966 (Steele and Breg, 1966) and has become routine since the first use of chromosome banding (karyotyping) in the early 1970s. Karyotyping has proved to be highly reliable for the diagnosis of numerical chromosome abnormalities (aneuploidies) and large structural rearrangements [>5–10 million base (Mb) pairs] in fetal cells obtained invasively by either amniocentesis in the second trimester of pregnancy or chorionic villus sampling in the first trimester. The supremacy of karyotyping in prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis has been challenged by the introduction of molecular cytogenetic methods including interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), quantitative fluorescent PCR and more recently, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (Boormans et al., 2010) for the rapid detection of aneuploidies for chromosomes 13, 18, 21 and the sex chromosomes (Shaffer and Bui, 2007). In addition to the common aneuploidies, many submicroscopic chromosomal rearrangements that lead to copy-number gains or losses have been shown to cause distinctive and recognizable clinical phenotypes. The sensitivity of detection of copy-number alterations has increased significantly with the advent of microarraybased comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) with its commercially available multiple platforms. Together with improved assemblies and annotation of genome sequence data, these methods allow for the rapid identification of new syndromes that are associated with submicroscopic genomic changes in children with idiopathic intellectual disabilities, autism, developmental
SERPINI1 pathogenic variants: An emerging cause of childhood‐onset progressive myoclonic epilepsy

Progressive myoclonic epilepsies are rare neurodegenerative diseases with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and genetic heterogeneity that render their diagnosis perplexing. Discovering new imputable genes has been an ongoing process in recent years. We present two pediatric cases of progressive myoclonic epilepsy with SERPINI1 pathogenic variants that lead to a severe presentation; we highlight the importance of including this gene, previously known as causing an adult‐onset dementia‐epilepsy syndrome, in the genetic work‐up of childhood‐onset progressive myoclonic epilepsies.
Facial Nerve Dehiscence at Mastoidectomy for Cholesteatoma

Objective: The incidence and localization of facial nerve dehiscence (FND) in patients undergoing mastoidectomy for middle ear cholesteatoma were determined. Various clinical factors predictive of FND preoperatively were also researched. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 112 patients (115 ears) undergoing mastoidectomy by canal wall-up or canal wall-down methods during a five-year period was conducted, recording occurrence rates and sites of FND at the time of surgery. Correlations between FND and clinical features (age, sex and surgical technique) or intraoperative findings (dural exposure, labyrinthine fistula, and the absence of the stapedial suprastructure) were ascertained, based on Fisherʼs Exact or Chi-Square statistical analyses. Results: FND occurred in 33 (28.7%) of 115 ears. Involvement of tympanic segment only (81.8%) predominated over mastoid segment alone (9.1%) or tympanic and mastoid segments together (9.1%). Intraoperative absence of stapedial suprastructure was significantly with FND (p=0.012), while dural exposure or labyrinthine fistula at surgery and FND showed no clear associations (p>0.05). Conclusion: The incidence of FND was 28.7%, with preferential involvement of tympanic segment. Since the absence of stapedial suprastructure correlated with FND, lost integrity of the stapes may preoperatively predict FND. Therefore, otologic surgeons should be particularly cautious during mastoidectomy, given these conditions.
Septic/unsafe abortion: a preventable tragedy.

BACKGROUND Unsafe abortion is one of the greatest neglected problems of health care in developing countries like Pakistan. In countries where abortions are restricted women have to resort to clandestine interventions to have an unwanted pregnancy terminated. The study was conducted to find out the prevalence of septic induced abortion and the associated morbidity and mortality and to highlight the measures to reduce it. METHODS This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in Obs/Gyn B Unit, Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad from January 2007 to December 2011. During this period all the patients presenting with pyrexia lower abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, acute abdomen, septic or hypovolaemic shock after undergoing some sort of intervention for abortion outside the hospital were included. After thorough history, examination and detailed investigations including high vaginal and endocervical swabs for culture and sensitivity and pelvic ultrasound supportive management was given followed by antibiotics, surgical evacuation of uterus/ major laparotomy in collaboration with surgeon as required. Patients with DIC or multiple system involvement were managed in High Dependency Unit (HDU) by multidisciplinary team. RESULTS During the study period out of a total 6,906 admissions 968 presented with spontaneous abortion. There were 110 cases (11.36%) of unsafe abortion, 56.4% presented with vaginal discharge, 34.5% with vaginal bleeding, 21.8% with acute abdomen, while 18.9% in shock and 6.8% with DIC. Forty-nine percent patients used termination as a method of contraception. Mortality rate was 16.36%, leading cause being septicaemia. CONCLUSION Death and severe morbidity from unsafe abortions and its complications is avoidable through health education, effective contraception, early informed recognition and management of the problem once it occurs.
Treatment and sampling protocols for transgenic mutation assays

The standard protocol for testing chemicals with the transgenic mutation assays in vivo includes a period of time between treatment and sampling to permit the mutation frequency to reach a maximum. Recent evidence has shown, however, that for some chemicals the mutant frequency can decline substantially during this period, which would reduce the sensitivity of the assay. Here we discuss alternate protocols to maintain the sensitivity of the assay for both types of mutagens and, in particular, propose that treatments should continue until the time of sampling. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 41:1–6, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
he effect of limb support on muscle activation during houlder exercises

o t d e v c l p t b o a d s c d a a a t b e t c p c e i t m b b i s he purpose of this study was to determine the diference in demands on glenohumeral musculature uring unsupported and supported active range-ofotion (AROM) shoulder exercises. Twenty healthy ubjects volunteered for this study. Surface or fineire bipolar electrodes were applied to the infraspiatus, posterior deltoid, anterior deltoid, pectoralis ajor, and supraspinatus muscles. Subjects perormed vertical wall slides and diagonal wall slides 45° angle) with their hand in contact with the wall supported) and not in contact with the wall (unsuported). Significantly greater supraspinatus activity as found in the unsupported exercises versus the upported exercises (F4,76 4.38, P .003). Exerises performed in the 45° diagonal position were ore demanding on shoulder musculature than vertial exercises (F1,19 19.3, P .001). Although ur results were obtained in healthy subjects and the mplications in a pathological population are not lear, we suggest that when designing a progresion of exercises for increasing shoulder muscular ctivity, supported short lever arm AROM exercises hould precede unsupported long lever arm AROM xercises. (J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2004;13: 14-620.)
[Serum cytokine levels in children with newly diagnosed active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis].

OBJECTIVE To study the changes in serum cytokines levels in children with newly diagnosed active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) and to explore the role of cytokines in the development and progression of SJIA. METHODS Seventy-four pediatric patients with active SJIA between January 2010 and December 2013 were included in the study. Serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukine-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were measured by flow cytometry in these patients. The levels of cytokines were also determined in 202 healthy children as the control group. Routine laboratory parameters including white blood cell (WBC) count, percentage of neutrophils, hemoglobin level, platelet count, hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were monitored in the patient group. RESULTS The WBC count, percentage of neutrophils, hs-CRP, and ESR in 74 cases of SJIA were significantly above the normal range, their platelet counts were within the normal range, whereas hemoglobin levels were below the normal range. Compared with the control group, the patient group showed a significantly increased level of IL-6 (P<0.01) and significantly reduced levels of IL-4, IL-10, and TNF (P<0.01). However, there were no significant changes in serum levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ in the patient group (P>0.05). In SJIA children, IL-6 level, which was significantly elevated, was negatively correlated with hemoglobin level, which was significantly reduced (r=-0.244, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Serum level of IL-6 is significantly increased in children with SJIA, and it has a negative correlation with anemia.
Risk assessment of low-level exposures

of observational studies (5). Pooling of individual data from different sources may avoid some of the limitations of meta-analysis (6); however, any analysis remains subject to the problem that estimation of small effects requires large samples. In addition to these four approaches, alternative epidemiologic investigations of mortality and morbidity could be performed. These studies can be characterized generally as ecological or individual. Often, the former can be conducted from existing mortality and environmental data (7). Although these studies are comparatively inexpensive, they suffer from the "ecological fallacy" and are considered useful only for hypothesis-generating purposes by many investigators (8). For valid assessment of the effects of lowdose exposures in humans, large samples will be required. Such samples could be obtained by routine collection of mortality data from vital statistics or morbidity data from disease registries. Although state mortality statistics are already being gathered by the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, information about confounding factors and exposure is not readily available. It could, however, be collected. Existing cancer registries, although useful, do not cover the entire United States, and the quality of state-based registries varies greatly (9). We could obtain much larger and more useful samples from these registries if they were standardized and expanded to all states. For both mortality and morbidity, the resulting data would allow retrospective case-control or dose-response analyses. For some exposures, such as background radiation and air pollution, an individual's dose can be inferred from his or her locale (residence history); such studies could be initiated without direct measurement of toxicant body burdens. In other cases, the exposure dose would need to be obtained by direct sampling. We agree with Abelson that major efforts should be made to study the effects of low-level toxicant exposures. Although experimental studies are important in order to understand basic mechanisms of exposure effects, the health effects of lowdose exposures on humans can be better understood by conducting large-scale, coordinated, epidemiologic investigations. The long-term commitment of resources required should be weighed against the societal cost of limited knowledge about the effects of low-dose exposures. S. Jay Smith Andrew T. L. Chen Samuel P. Caudill Scott F. Wetterhall Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA Lowell E. Sever School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
RELEASE OF MEDULLARY AMINES FROM THE ISOLATED PERFUSED ADRENAL GLAND OF THE DOG.

In a previous paper (Muscholl & Vogt, 1964) the release of catechol amines from extramedullary chromaffin tissue had been examined, and certain differences found between the responses of extramedullary chromaffin cells perfused with Locke solution and the well-known reactions of the adrenal medulla in situ. Thus electrical stimulation of preganglionic fibres to the ganglion containing the chromaffin tissue did not cause a release of adrenaline or noradrenaline, as does stimulation of the nerve supply to the adrenal medulla. Furthermore, injection into the perfusion fluid of bradykinin or angiotensin had little or no stimulant action on extramedullary, but was known to have powerful action on medullary chromaffin tissue. The present work was undertaken in order to find out whether these differences were due to the one tissue having been studied while the circulation was intact and the other while perfused with Locke solution, or whether the differences were inherent in the nature of the two tissues. The effect was therefore examined of stimulation of the splanchnic nerves and of the injection of a series of drugs including angiotensin and bradykinin on release of adrenaline and noradrenaline by the dog Locke-perfused isolated adrenal gland.
Identification of the recently described new type of bovine papillomavirus (BPV-8) in a Brazilian beef cattle herd

Bovine papillomavirus type 8 (BPV-8) was first detected and described in teat warts as well as in healthy teat skin from cattle raised in Japan. The entire viral genome was sequenced in 2007. Additionally, a variant of BPV-8, BPV-8-EB, was also identified from papillomatous lesions of a European bison in Slovakia. In Brazil, despite the relatively common occurrence of BPV infections, the identification and determination of viral types present in cattle is still sporadic. The aim of this study is to report the occurrence of the recently described BPV-8 in Brazil. The virus was identified in a skin warts obtained from a beef cattle herd located in Parana state, southern Brazil. The papilloma had a macular, non-verrucous gross aspect and was located on the dorsal thorax of a cow. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using generic primers for partial amplification of L1 gene. The obtained amplicon (480bp) was cloned and two selected clones were sequenced. The nucleotide sequence was compared to existing papillomaviral genomic sequences, identifying the virus as BPV type 8. This study represents the first report of BPV-8 occurrence in Brazil, what suggests its presence among Brazilian cattle.
A mined sand dune revegetation sequence in Myall Lakes, N.S.W., Australia

Mineral Deposits Pty. Ltd., exploited rutile and zircon deposits laying in Bridge Hill Ridge between 1974 and 1983, after which the area was included in the Myall Lakes National Park; the mine lays about 280 km north of Sydney, in the central coast of NSW. The newest vegetation on the mine site is well over ten years old and the whole site now exhibits the characteristics of an immature forest ecosystem that, in the future, it will show little evidence of past mining depletion although sound studies have demonstrated that vegetation recovery has not yet been achieved in the mineral sands industry in NSW. Multitemporal EO imagery is processed in this study to follow up and quantify the recovery sequence experienced in Bridge Hill Ridge at the level of botanical associations.
Helix capping in the GCN4 leucine zipper.

Capping interactions associated with specific sequences at or near the ends of alpha-helices are important determinants of the stability of protein secondary and tertiary structure. We investigate here the role of the helix-capping motif Ser-X-X-Glu, a sequence that occurs frequently at the N termini of alpha helices in proteins, on the conformation and stability of the GCN4 leucine zipper. The 1.8 A resolution crystal structure of the capped molecule reveals distinct conformations, packing geometries and hydrogen-bonding networks at the amino terminus of the two helices in the leucine zipper dimer. The free energy of helix stabilization associated with the hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions in this capping structure is -1.2 kcal/mol, evaluated from thermal unfolding experiments. A single cap thus contributes appreciably to stabilizing the terminated helix and thereby the native state. These results suggest that helix capping plays a further role in protein folding, providing a sensitive connector linking alpha-helix formation to the developing tertiary structure of a protein.
Relationship Between Vitamin D , PTH and Insulin Resistance in the Development of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ( NAFLD )

Introduction: Vitamin D plays an important role in the regulation of several genes associated with metabolic disorders. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between serum 25 (OH) D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, and insulin resistance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: A case-control study was carried out among patients with NAFLD (n= 80) as cases and age-matched subjects without NAFLD (n= 80) as controls. After 8-12 h of fasting, serum 25 (OH) D, insulin and PTH levels were assessed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Multivariate logistic regression model was applied to assess the relationship between vitamin D and PTH and insulin resistance in the development of NAFLD by adjusting for the confounders (sex, BMI and waist-to-hip ratio). Results: There was no significant difference in sunlight exposure between the two groups (p= 0.274). Patients with NAFLD had significantly lower serum 25(OH) D levels and higher PTH levels compared to subjects without NAFLD (p< 0.001). The association between NAFLD and low 25(OH) vitamin D levels was independent of confounders (adjusted OR: 8.78, CI 95%:1.71, 45.03). Homeostatic Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) as insulin resistance index was significantly high in the NAFLD group (adjusted OR: 1.80, CI 95%: 1.32, 2.47). Conclusion: Our findings showed that lower serum 25 (OH) D levels and higher HOMA indices were independently associated with increased odds of NAFLD and there was a direct but not significant relationship between PTH serum levels and the risk of NAFLD.
Adult Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata compensate for nutritional stress on oryzacystatin I-transgenic potato plants by hypertrophic behavior and over-production of insensitive proteases.

Protease inhibitors have been proposed as potential control molecules that could be engineered into potato plants for developing crops resistant to the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, a major pest of potato and other Solanaceae. In this study, we examined the effects of feeding young female beetles with foliage from a cultivar of the "Kennebec" potato line (K52) transformed with a gene encoding oryzacystatin I (OCI), a specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor with proven activity against cathepsin H-like enzymes of larvae and adults of the potato beetle. To evaluate the insect's performance, we collected data over a 16-d postemergence period on survival, diapause incidence, foliage consumption, weight gain, and oviposition of females. Tested individuals were fed untransformed (control) and OCI-transformed foliage at two stages of potato leaf differentiation, corresponding to "low" and "high" levels of OCI expression in leaves of K52. The OCI-expressing foliage did not affect female survival (close to 100%), incidence of diapause (15-30%), relative growth rate (RGR) during postemergence growth (5-9% d(-1)) or maximum weight reached (140-160 mg). Neither did it affect female reproductive fitness as measured by preoviposition time (8-9 d), 16-d fecundity (220-290 eggs), or egg eclosion incidence (86-91%). However, nutritional stress to females feeding on OCI foliage was evident, as reflected in their lower efficiency of conversion of ingested foliage (ECI) during postemergence growth, increased foliage consumed per egg laid (up to 119% more), and adaptation of their digestive proteolytic system to the inhibitory effect of OCI. Interestingly, beetles fed foliage expressing the highest level of OCI reacted rapidly to the presence of OCI by producing OCI-insensitive proteases, and exhibiting strong hypertrophic behavior by ingestion of 2.4-2.5 times more OCI rich foliage apparently as a compensatory response for nutritional stress due to the protease inhibitor in their diet.