Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What is My Nation?

The three great paradigms of narrative history are the story of the state, the story of the nation and the stories of race and ethnicity.1 These three twist and turn in the imagination of Ireland and the Irish – where-ever and when-ever your Ireland might be.2 As with so many small countries in Europe, Ireland and the Irish emerged from the great land empires of the nineteenth century with the ambitions of nation-states.3 Perhaps more than most, the very meaning of state, nation and race was bitterly contested but, despite this, a deep desire remained to see all three as one and the same. It is a feature of such nationalism that the aggressive assertion of such aspirations comes to be regarded as compulsively legitimate. The confused urge for cultural homogeneity and for the strict drawing of the boundaries of difference was and is in many ways shared with the English. The discourse of both the Irish and English uses English
HAND PREFERENCE IN TURKISH POPULATION

The distribution of hand preference (self report) was studied in siblings and their parents originating from all parts of Turkey (N = 22,461). In total sample and siblings, there were significantly more right-handed women than men, and significantly more left-handed men than womenno significant sex difference for parents' handedness. The relative number for the right-handed parents significantly exceeded that for the right-handed siblings; the relative number for the left-handed siblings significantly exceeded that for the left-handed parents. It was concluded that there may be a sex difference in hand preference, but being only about 1% more left-handed men, and only about 1% more right-handed women; the right-handedness in new generation (siblings) is less than that in old generation (parents), due to freeing from cultural pressures against the left-hand use in everyday activities.
R ELATIONAL N EURAL E XPECTATION M AXIMIZATION

Common-sense physical reasoning is an essential ingredient for any intelligent agent operating in the real-world. For example, it can be used to simulate the environment, or to infer the state of parts of the world that are currently unobserved. In order to match real-world conditions this causal knowledge must be learned without access to supervised data. To solve this problem, we present a novel method that incorporates prior knowledge about the compositional nature of human perception to factor interactions between object-pairs and to learn them efficiently. It learns to discover objects and to model physical interactions between them from raw visual images in a purely unsupervised fashion. On videos of bouncing balls we show the superior modelling capabilities of our method compared to other unsupervised neural approaches, that do not incorporate such prior knowledge. We show its ability to handle occlusion and that it can extrapolate learned knowledge to environments with different numbers of objects.
Late reproductive analysis in rat male offspring exposed to nicotine during pregnancy and lactation

We previously observed that nicotine, administered to rats (Wistar) during pregnancy and lactation periods, provokes, in the progeny, late morphofunctional alterations in Leydig cell, body weight increase in adulthood (90 days post partum, dpp) as well as seminiferous epithelium injury. Aiming to investigate whether the spermatogenic damage previously observed in adult progenies from pregnant and lactating nicotine‐exposed rat dams are maintained or whether it is worsened in older rats, we analyzed the morphological testicular alterations after up to two complete periods of spermatogenesis (53 days each), spermatic parameters, and sperm DNA fragmentation. Pregnant and lactating rats were nicotine‐exposed (2 mg/kg/day) through an osmotic minipump implanted on the first day of pregnancy and replaced after birth. Absolute Control (no minipump) and Sham Control (minipump without nicotine) groups were established. The offspring were killed at 90, 143, and 196 dpp. Significant alterations in morphometric and stereological testicular parameters, such as concentration of sperm number, daily sperm production, and plasma and intratesticular levels of cholesterol and testosterone were not observed in nicotine‐exposed rats. Testicular histopathological analysis showed small intraepithelial vacuolization and an accentuated germ cell desquamation in exposed rats. However, the offspring from nicotine‐exposed dams exhibited higher frequency of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa and lower sperm motility in comparison with control groups. In addition, nicotine‐exposed groups showed a significant reduction in sperm mitochondrial activity and an increased sperm DNA fragmentation (Comet assay). These results indicate a late reproductive damage in the male progeny caused by maternal nicotine exposure, related to the decrease in sperm quality.
Callous-unemotional, impulsive-irresponsible, and grandiose-manipulative traits: Distinct associations with heart rate, skin conductance, and startle responses to violent and erotic scenes.

The present study aimed to examine whether callous-unemotional, grandiose-manipulative, and impulsive-irresponsible dimensions of psychopathy are differentially related to various affective and physiological measures, assessed at baseline and in response to violent and erotic movie scenes. Data were collected from young adults (N = 101) at differential risk for psychopathic traits. Findings from regression analyses revealed a unique predictive contribution of grandiose-manipulative traits in particular to higher ratings of positive valence for violent scenes. Callous-unemotional traits were uniquely associated with lower levels of sympathy toward victims and lower ratings of fear and sadness during violent scenes. All three psychopathy dimensions and the total psychopathy scale showed negative zero-order correlations with heart rate at baseline, but regression analyses revealed that only grandiose manipulation was uniquely predictive of lower baseline heart rate. Grandiose manipulation was also significantly associated with lower baseline skin conductance. Regarding autonomic activity, findings resulted in a unique negative association between grandiose manipulation and heart rate activity in response to violent scenes. In contrast, the impulsive-irresponsible dimension was positively related with heart rate activity to violent scenes. Finally, findings revealed that only callous-unemotional traits were negatively associated with startle potentiation in response to violent scenes. No associations during erotic scenes were identified. These findings point to unique associations between the three assessed dimensions of psychopathy with physiological measures, indicating that grandiose manipulation is associated with hypoarousal, impulsive irresponsibility with hyperarousal, and callous-unemotional traits with low emotional and fear responses to violent scenes.
Escuela secundaria y sistemas educativos modernos: análisis histórico comparado de la dinámica de configuración y expansión en países centrales y en la Argentina

En este trabajo se propone reflexionar, a partir de una metodologia historico comparada, acerca del papel de la escuela secundaria en el proceso de configuracion de los sistemas educativos modernos. En este proceso, sabido es que las escuelas secundarias ocuparon un lugar particular: permitieron al mismo tiempo la sistematizacion y la segmentacion de los futuros sistemas educativos. La literatura indica que la expansion y consolidacion del nivel secundario sobre la base de uno o varios modelos institucionales pareciera estar en la base de procesos de segmentacion y fracaso para los alumnos del nivel secundario en el sistema. A partir del analisis en profundidad de esta modalidad de operacion de las escuela secundaria en paises centrales, en este trabajo tambien se presentan hipotesis para analizar el papel que tuvo la escuela secundaria argentina en la configuracion del propio sistema educativo.
Antibacterial activity of a series of diphenylmethanes.

Thirty-eight derivatives of diphenylmethane were examined for antibacterial activity against a variety of organisms. Activity in vitro appeared more or less specific for Gram-positive bacteria, twenty-three derivatives being bactericidal for this type in concentrations ranging from 0.004 to 4.0 mg. per cent, while only seven compounds were active against the respective Gram-negative organisms at levels of 0.5 to 4.0 mg. per cent. Activity of the diphenylmethanes seemed to be dependent upon both hydroxy and halogen grou substitution in the parent structure, the position of these groups being of considrable importance. Substitution of various other groupings are discussed in an attempt to correlate chemical structure with activity. Antibacterial properties of the diphenylmethanes were markedly reduced in the presence of serum. Although the majority of compounds in the present series were found highly bactericidal for streptococci, none of the derivatives tested showed any marked protective action against experimental streptococcal infection in mice.
Metabolic Effects of Olanzapine in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Psychosis

Antipsychotic medications are associated with an increased risk of diabetes. Previous studies have also found an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the relatives of schizophrenia probands. The aim of this study was to explore the metabolic adverse effects of olanzapine in a cohort of patients with newly diagnosed psychosis and minimal or no exposure to antipsychotics. Patients with newly diagnosed psychosis (n = 30) were enrolled in a 16-week open trial of olanzapine. Body mass index, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c, fasting insulin, IL-6, and a fasting lipid profile were measured at baseline and at 4-week intervals. There was a significant, linear increase over time in fasting glucose (P = 0.043), weight (P < 0.001), body mass index (P < 0.001), total cholesterol (P = 0.005), triglycerides (P = 0.003), and low-density lipoprotein (P = 0.013), but not hemoglobin A1c (P = 0.691), fasting insulin (P = 0.690), IL-6 (P = 0.877), or high-density lipoprotein (P = 0.446). An abnormal baseline IL-6 was a significant predictor of a greater increase in both total cholesterol (P < 0.01) and low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.01). Otherwise, neither parental history of type 2 diabetes mellitus nor baseline IL-6 predicted changes in metabolic measures. Changes in metabolic measures with olanzapine treatment can be detected early in the treatment of patients who are previously antipsychotic naive. The absence of a change in fasting insulin suggests a failure of pancreatic islet cells to compensate for the increase in fasting glucose.
Modulating the Default Mode Network Using Hypnosis

Abstract Debate regarding the neural basis of the hypnotic state continues, but a recent hypothesis suggests that it may produce alterations in the default mode network (DMN). DMN describes a network of brain regions more active during low-demand compared to high-demand task conditions and has been linked to processes such as task-independent thinking, episodic memory, semantic processing, and self-awareness. However, the experiential and cognitive correlates of DMN remain difficult to investigate directly. Using hypnosis as a means of altering the resting (“default”) state in conjunction with subjective measures and brain imaging, the authors found that the state of attentional absorption following a hypnotic induction was associated with reduced activity in DMN and increased activity in prefrontal attentional systems, under invariant conditions of passive visual stimulation. The findings that hypnosis and spontaneous conceptual thought at rest were subjectively and neurally distinctive are also relevant to understanding hypnosis itself.
Endogenous and Dietary Indoles: A Class of Antioxidants and Radical Scavengers in the ABTS Assay

Indoles are very common in the body and diet and participate in many biochemical processes. A total of twenty-nine indoles and analogs were examined for their properties as antioxidants and radical scavengers against 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) ABTS•+ radical cation. With only a few exceptions, indoles reacted nonspecifically and quenched this radical at physiological pH affording ABTS. Indoleamines like tryptamine, serotonin and methoxytryptamine, neurohormones (melatonin), phytohormones (indoleacetic acid and indolepropionic acid), indoleamino acids like l-tryptophan and derivatives (N-acetyltryptophan, l-abrine, tryptophan ethyl ester), indolealcohols (tryptophol and indole-3-carbinol), short peptides containing tryptophan, and tetrahydro-β-carboline (pyridoindole) alkaloids like the pineal gland compound pinoline, acted as radical scavengers and antioxidants in an ABTS assay-measuring total antioxidant activity. Their trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values ranged from 0.66 to 3.9 mM, usually higher than that for Trolox and ascorbic acid (1 mM). The highest antioxidant values were determined for melatonin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, trp-trp and 5-methoxytryptamine. Active indole compounds were consumed during the reaction with ABTS•+ and some tetrahydropyrido indoles (e.g. harmaline and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester) afforded the corresponding fully aromatic β-carbolines (pyridoindoles), that did not scavenge ABTS•+. Radical scavenger activity of indoles against ABTS•+ was higher at physiological pH than at low pH. These results point out to structural compounds with an indole moiety as a class of radical scavengers and antioxidants. This activity could be of biological significance given the physiological concentrations and body distribution of some indoles.
ANALYSIS OF EXTREMA , OVERSHOOT AND UNDERSHOOT IN THE LINEAR CONTROL CONTINUOUS-TIME SYSTEM WITH REAL MULTIPLE ZEROS AND REAL POLES

This paper deals with the problem for the number of extrema, that which may occur in the stepresponse of a stable linear system with k real multiple zeros and n real distinct poles. Some simple sufficients conditions and necessary conditions are presented for analyses when zeros located between the dominant and fastest pole does not cause extrema in the step-response. Sufficient conditions for existence of the overshoot and extended type r u un ershoot in the step-response of the continuous time transfer functions, based on their poles and zeros, are presented. The authors also present a class of linear control stable continuous time-system of minimum phase that exhibits undershoot in the step response. Simple examples illustrate and complement the main results of this paper. These conditions require knowledge of the pole-zero configuration of the corresponding transfer-function.
A survey on compact features for visual content analysis

Visual features constitute compact yet effective representations of visual content, and are being exploited in a large number of heterogeneous applications, including augmented reality, image registration, content-based retrieval, and classification. Several visual content analysis applications are distributed over a network and require the transmission of visual data, either in the pixel or in the feature domain, to a central unit that performs the task at hand. Furthermore, large-scale applications need to store a database composed of up to billions of features and perform matching with low latency. In this context, several different implementations of feature extraction algorithms have been proposed over the last few years, with the aim of reducing computational complexity and memory footprint, while maintaining an adequate level of accuracy. Besides extraction, a large body of research addressed the problem of ad-hoc feature encoding methods, and a number of networking and transmission protocols enabling distributed visual content analysis have been proposed. In this survey, we present an overview of state-of-the-art methods for the extraction, encoding, and transmission of compact features for visual content analysis, thoroughly addressing each step of the pipeline and highlighting the peculiarities of the proposed methods.
A novel examination of atypical major depressive disorder based on attachment theory.

OBJECTIVE While a large body of descriptive work has thoroughly investigated the clinical correlates of atypical depression, little is known about its fundamental origins. This study examined atypical depression from an attachment theory framework. Our hypothesis was that, compared to adults with melancholic depression, those with atypical depression would report more anxious-ambivalent attachment and less secure attachment. As gender has been an important consideration in prior work on atypical depression, this same hypothesis was further tested in female subjects only. METHOD One hundred ninety-nine consecutive adults presenting to a tertiary mood disorders clinic with major depressive disorder with either atypical or melancholic features according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis-I Disorders were administered a self-report adult attachment questionnaire to assess the core dimensions of secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant attachment. Attachment scores were compared across the 2 depressed groups defined by atypical and melancholic features using multivariate analysis of variance. The study was conducted between 1999 and 2004. RESULTS When men and women were considered together, the multivariate test comparing attachment scores by depressive group was statistically significant at p < . 05. Between-subjects testing indicated that atypical depression was associated with significantly lower secure attachment scores, with a trend toward higher anxious-ambivalent attachment scores, than was melancholia. When women were analyzed separately, the multivariate test was statistically significant at p < . 01, with both secure and anxious-ambivalent attachment scores differing significantly across depressive groups. CONCLUSION These preliminary findings suggest that attachment theory, and insecure and anxious-ambivalent attachment in particular, may be a useful framework from which to study the origins, clinical correlates, and treatment of atypical depression. Gender may be an important consideration when considering atypical depression from an attachment perspective.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF THE KITTLITZ'S MURRELET BRACHYRAMPHUS BREVIROSTRIS IN SELECTED AREAS OF SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA

We conducted boat-based surveys for the Kittlitz’s Murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris during the breeding season in southeastern Alaska from 2002 to 2009. We completed a single survey in seven areas and multiple annual surveys in three areas. Although surveys spanned a broad geographic area, from LeConte Bay in the south to the Lost Coast in the north (~655 km linear distance), roughly 79% of the regional population of Kittlitz’s Murrelet was found in and between Icy and Yakutat bays (~95 km linear distance). The congeneric Marbled Murrelet B. marmoratus outnumbered the Kittlitz’s Murrelet in all areas surveyed except Icy Bay; in fact, Kittlitz’s Murrelet abundance constituted a relatively small proportion (7%) of the total Brachyramphus murrelet abundance in our survey areas. In areas for which there are multiple years of survey data, Kittlitz’s Murrelet abundance varied considerably, whereas Marbled Murrelet abundance was comparatively stable during the same time period. Since the southern distribution of this species has likely narrowed over the last 50 years, and the distribution of the Kittlitz’s Murrelet appears to be restricted to glacially influenced marine waters in southeastern Alaska, we expect that any future changes in glacial extent will likely affect this species and its long-term persistence in the region.
Hereditary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: pathogenesis, presentation, diagnosis, and therapy.

RATIONALE We identified a 6-year-old girl with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), impaired granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor function, and increased GM-CSF. OBJECTIVES Increased serum GM-CSF may be useful to identify individuals with PAP caused by GM-CSF receptor dysfunction. METHODS We screened 187 patients referred to us for measurement of GM-CSF autoantibodies to diagnose autoimmune PAP. Five were children with PAP and increased serum GM-CSF but without GM-CSF autoantibodies or any disease causing secondary PAP; all were studied with family members, subsequently identified patients, and controls. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS Eight children (seven female, one male) were identified with PAP caused by recessive CSF2RA mutations. Six presented with progressive dyspnea of insidious onset at 4.8 ± 1.6 years and two were asymptomatic at ages 5 and 8 years. Radiologic and histopathologic manifestations were similar to those of autoimmune PAP. Molecular analysis demonstrated that GM-CSF signaling was absent in six and severely reduced in two patients. The GM-CSF receptor β chain was detected in all patients, whereas the α chain was absent in six and abnormal in two, paralleling the GM-CSF signaling defects. Genetic analysis revealed multiple distinct CSF2RA abnormalities, including missense, duplication, frameshift, and nonsense mutations; exon and gene deletion; and cryptic alternative splicing. All symptomatic patients responded well to whole-lung lavage therapy. CONCLUSIONS CSF2RA mutations cause a genetic form of PAP presenting as insidious, progressive dyspnea in children that can be diagnosed by a combination of characteristic radiologic findings and blood tests and treated successfully by whole-lung lavage.
Clinical Implication of Idiopathic Plasmacytic Lymphadenopathy with Polyclonal Hypergammaglobulinemia: A Report of 16 Cases

Idiopathic plasmacytic lymphadenopathy (IPL) with polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinemia is considered identical to multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) reported in western countries. Clinically, both IPL and MCD are characterized by multicentric lymphadenopathy, prominent polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, elevated serum interleukin-6 concentration, bone marrow plasmacytosis, and various abnormal laboratory data such as anemia and positive autoantibodies. However, IPL has a significantly better 5-year survival rate than that of MCD. Moreover, none of the present 16 cases developed Kaposi's sarcoma or B-cell lymphoma. Histologically, the interfollicular area contains a sheet of polytypic mature plasma cells in both IPL and MCD. In MCD, the majority of lymphoid follicles had hyaline-vascular germinal centers. However, lymphoid follicles of IPL usually exhibit a hyperplastic germinal center. Immunostaining also demonstrated a normal/ reactive follicular dendritic cell network pattern in the germinal center of IPL. Moreover, there were no human herpes virus-8-positive cells detected by immunohistochemistry. The overall clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of our 16 cases suggest that IPL is distinct from MCD reported in Western countries.