Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why do anxious children become depressed teenagers? The role of social evaluative threat and reward processing

Background Depression is a leading cause of worldwide disability. Adolescence represents a key developmental window in which rates of this disorder increase markedly. Children with an anxiety disorder show a particular risk of developing depression during adolescence. Method We present and review evidence for a developmental model that considers the intersection of two vulnerabilities relevant to the trajectory from anxiety to depression: difficulties in response to potential social evaluation and changes in reward processing at puberty. Results Evidence suggests that these vulnerabilities (a) have been associated with depression, (b) are likely to be problematic in many, but not all, anxious youth, and (c) may be exacerbated by maturational processes that occur around pubertal development in ways that can create a negative spiral into a depressive disorder. Conclusions We discuss the possibility that early intervention strategies targeting key aspects of these vulnerabilities could alter the trajectory away from depression for many anxious youth.
Effect of finishing and polishing on surface roughness of composite resins after bleaching

Aim: To evaluate the influence of finishing and polishing techniques on the surface roughness of two composite resins (CRs) subjected to bleaching procedure. Methods: Forty-eight CR specimens were divided into six groups (n=8). For G1 to G3, a microhybrid CR (Opallis; FGM) was used, and G4 to G6, received a nanohybrid CR (Brilliant NewLine; Coltene/Whaledent). All specimens were subjected to bleaching procedure with 35% hydrogen peroxide (two 45-min applications, with a 5-day interval). The surface roughness of all specimens was evaluated before and after the bleaching and/or finishing/polishing (Ra parameter) by a roughness meter. After bleaching, the groups were subjected to finishing and polishing procedures: G2 and G5 - felt discs + diamond pastes; and G3 and G6 - silicon rubber tips. The control groups (G1 and G4) had no finishing or polishing treatment after bleaching. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s posttest, and t test for paired samples (α=0.05). Results: bleaching treatment increased Ra values for the nanohybrid CR specimens, but both finishing/polishing techniques were able to reduce these values; for the microhybrid specimens, only finishing/polishing with silicon rubber tips decreased the roughness values. Conclusions: For both microhybrid and nanohybrid CRs, the silicon rubber tips were effective to reduce the surface roughness after bleaching procedure.
NIH/3T3 cells transfected with human tumor DNA containing activated ras oncogenes express the metastatic phenotype in nude mice

NIH/3T3 cells transfected with DNA from malignant human tumors produced experimental and spontaneous metastases in nude mice. In contrast, parent or spontaneously transformed NIH/3T3 cells failed to metastasize. The transfected clones contained either activated c-Harvey-ras or N-ras oncogenes. A representative clone (T71-17SA2) which was used to assess selected cellular and host factors relevant to the metastatic process produced lung metastases in 100% of the NIH nude mice recipients, secreted augmented levels of type IV collagenase, and invaded human amnion basement membrane in vitro. Expression of the metastatic phenotype was not related to decreased sensitivity to natural killer cells or macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. Analysis of the cellular DNA from the T71-17SA2 transfectant and its corresponding metastases, both of which contained activated N-ras oncogenes, revealed a twofold increase in the N-ras-specific DNA sequences in the metastatic cells. Thus, transfection with human tumor DNA containing activated ras oncogenes can induce the complete metastatic phenotype in NIH/3T3 cells by a mechanism apparently unrelated to immune cell killing.
Chronic Pancreatitis: Evolving Paradigms

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is characterized by progressive fibrosis, pain and/or loss of exocrine and endocrine functions. With the identification and characterization of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), the pathogenesis of CP and pancreatic fibrosis is now better understood. Molecular mediators shown to regulate the pathogenesis include transforming growth factor-β, platelet-derived growth factor, and proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Besides these, the roles of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and apoptosis-related proteins have also been implicated in the pathogenesis. Furthermore, molecular pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Ras superfamily G proteins, serine threonine protein kinase Raf-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) have been elucidated. Newer pathobiologic concepts concerning pain generation have also been put forward. Understanding the pathogenesis has led to the identification of novel molecular targets and the development of newer potential therapeutic agents. Those found to retard the progression of experimental CP and fibrosis in animal models include antioxidants, a Japanese herbal medicine called Saiko-keisi-to (TJ 10), the PPAR-γ ligand troglitazone, the protease inhibitor Camostat mesilate, and Lovastatin.
Characterization of Salivary Immunoglobulin A Responses in Children Heavily Exposed to the Oral Bacterium Streptococcus mutans: Influence of Specific Antigen Recognition in Infection

ABSTRACT The initial infection of children by Streptococcus mutans, the main pathogen of dental caries, depends on the ability of S. mutans to adhere and accumulate on tooth surfaces. These processes involve the adhesin antigen I/II (AgI/II), glucosyltransferases (GTF) and glucan-binding protein B (GbpB), each a target for anticaries vaccines. The salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody responses to S. mutans antigens (Ags) were characterized in 21 pairs of 5- to 13-month-old children. Pairs were constructed with one early S. mutans-infected and one noninfected child matched by age, racial background, number of teeth, and salivary levels of IgA. Specific salivary IgA antibody response and S. mutans infection levels were then measured during a 1-year follow-up. Robust responses to S. mutans were detected from 6 months of age. Salivary IgA antibody to AgI/II and GTF was commonly detected in salivas of all 42 children. However, GbpB-specific IgA antibody was seldom detected in the subset of infected children (38.1% at baseline). In contrast, most of the subset of noninfected children (76.2%) showed GbpB-reactive IgA antibody during the same period. Frequencies of GbpB responses increased with age, but differences in intensities of GbpB-IgA antibody reactions were sustained between the subsets. At baseline, GbpB-reactive IgA antibody accounted for at least half of the total salivary IgA S. mutans-reactive antibody in 33.3 and 9.5% of noninfected and infected children, respectively. This study provides evidence that a robust natural response to S. mutans Ags can be achieved by 1 year of age and that IgA antibody specificities may be critical in modulating initial S. mutans infection.
Effects of orthodontic treatment with fixed functional orthopaedic appliances on the disc-condyle relationship in the temporomandibular joint: a magnetic resonance imaging study (Part II).

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to verify the effects that corrective treatment for skeletal Class II malocclusions with fixed functional orthopaedic appliances has on the relative positions of the articular disc and the mandibular condyle. METHODS Orthodontic treatment progress was monitored in 20 patients by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at four defined points in time. Visual inspection of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) was performed on three slices each (lateral, central, medial) of closed-mouth and maximum-open parasagittal MRI. Metric analysis was performed on the central slices of the images obtained in the closed-mouth position. To assess the positional relationship in the sagittal dimension between the articular disc and the mandibular condyle, both methods were used. RESULTS The comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment findings revealed in none of the joints that the disc-condyle relationship had been adversely affected as a consequence of the treatment. Rather, the outcome was an improved relationship in a total of eight joints. After groups of joints had been defined by disc position, metric analysis revealed a significantly improved positional relationship in those joints in which an anterior disc displacement had been found initially. CONCLUSION Orthodontic treatment with a rigid, fixed functional appliance to correct skeletal distoclusion results in the following side effects on the disc-condyle relationship in the TMJ: the treatment does not have adverse effects on initially physiological disc-condyle relationships; in TMJs with initial partial or total anterior disc displacement, improved disc position can be achieved.
Creating adaptive policies : a guide for policy-making in an uncertain world

Foreword - David Runnalls and Rajendra K Pachauri The Need for Adaptive Policies - Henry David Venema and John Drexhage Seven Guidelines for Policymaking in an Uncertain World - Darren Swanson, Stephan Barg, Stephen Tyler, Henry David Venema, Sanjay Tomar, Suruchi Bhadwal, Sreeja Nair, Dimple Roy and John Drexhage Integrated and Forward-looking Analysis - Darren Swanson and Sanjay Tomar Multi-stakeholder Deliberation - Stephen Tyler Automatic Policy Adjustment - Suruchi Bhadwal, Stephan Barg and Darren Swanson Enabling Self-organization and Social Networking - Dimple Roy, Sreeja Nair and Henry David Venema Decentralization of Decision-making - Stephan Barg and Stephen Tyler Promoting Variation - Sreeja Nair and Dimple Roy Formal Policy Review and Continuous Learning - Sanjay Tomar and Darren Swanson Insights into Implementing Adaptive Policies - Stephan Barg and Stephen Tyler Appendix: Policy Case Study Overviews Consolidated Bibliography Index
Potential of mean force for protein–protein interaction studies

Calculating protein–protein interaction energies is crucial for understanding protein–protein associations. On the basis of the methodology of mean‐field potential, we have developed an empirical approach to estimate binding free energy for protein–protein interactions. This knowledge‐based approach has been used to derive distance‐dependent free energies of protein complexes from a nonredundant training set in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), with a careful treatment of homology. We calculate atom pair potentials for 16 pair interactions, which can reflect the importance of hydrophobic interactions and specific hydrogen‐bonding interactions. The derived potentials for hydrogen‐bonding interactions show a valley of favorable interactions at a distance of ≈3 Å, corresponding to that of an established hydrogen bond. For the test set of 28 protein complexes, the calculated energies have a correlation coefficient of 0.75 compared with experimental binding free energies. The performance of the method in ranking the binding energies of different protein–protein complexes shows that the energy estimation can be applied to value binding free energies for protein–protein associations. Proteins 2002;46:190–196. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Methodology for Corpus Annotation through Crowdsourcing

In contrast to expert-based annotation, for which elaborate methodologies ensure high quality output, currently no systematic guidelines exist for crowdsourcing annotated corpora, despite the increasing popularity of this approach. To address this gap, we define a crowd-based annotation methodology, compare it against the OntoNotes methodology for expert-based annotation, and identify future challenges for crowd-based annotation.
Sub-Therapeutic Doses in the Treatment of Depression: The Implications of Starting Low and Going Slow

Psychiatrists who opt to treat depression with antidepressant medication typically “start low and go slow” – initially prescribing modest doses and then gradually increasing them. General practitioners, moreover, tend to prescribe low, even sub-therapeutic, maintenance doses of antidepressants. Indeed, some patients report clinical improvements even while taking extremely low-dose medication. Controversial meta-analytic findings suggest a negligible clinical benefit of antidepressants over placebos for the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression, although both interventions improve depression ratings compared to no-treatment. Do sub-therapeutic doses of antidepressants provide a treatment prospect for healthcare professionals who wish to use placebo-like treatments for depression? In this paper, we use results from psychiatrist interviews to explore the vagaries of sub-therapeutic doses and shed light on whether they have a place in the armamentarium of the modern clinician.
Differential depletion of carotenoids and tocopherol in liver disease

Carotenoids and tocopherols are major natural protective agents against free radical–mediated liver damage, but their levels in diseased liver are largely uncharted. Therefore we carried out measurements with high‐pressure liquid chromatography of α‐ and β‐carotene, lycopene, cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin, total retinoids and α‐ and γ‐tocopherol. Liver tissue was obtained from percutaneous needle biopsies, livers of transplant recipients or a donor bank. Compared with controls (transplant donors; n = 13), levels of all carotenoids and retinoids were extremely low at all stages of liver disease. Patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 11) had 20‐ and 25‐fold decreases of levels of lycopene (p <0.001) and α‐ and β‐carotene (p <0.005), respectively. Even in subjects with less severe alcoholic liver disease (steatosis, perivenular fibrosis, portal fibrosis; n = 14) and in patients with nonalcoholic liver disease (n = 13), levels were four to six times lower than those in normal subjects. By contrast, levels of α‐tocopherol were decreased significantly only in patients with cirrhosis, who displayed a threefold reduction. In the serum of most patients, lycopene and tocopherol concentrations were not depressed, whereas one third of α‐ and β‐carotene levels were low, probably reflecting poor dietary intake. A significant correlation was observed between serum and liver α‐ and β‐carotene levels (p <0.0001; r = 0.715). However, of the patients with extremely low liver α‐ and β‐carotene concentrations, more than half had blood levels in the normal range, suggesting that liver disease interferes with the uptake, excretion or, perhaps, metabolism of α‐ and β‐carotene. In the cirrhotic livers of eight candidates for liver transplantation, the ratios of α‐ and β‐carotene to total retinoids and of β‐carotene to retinoids were much higher than those in normal livers, suggesting some impairment in the conversion of α‐ and β‐carotene to retinoids. In most cases, even with high ratios, absolute levels of heptic α‐ and β‐carotene and retionids were severely depressed. We concluded that, even in the presence of normal serum levels α‐ and β‐carotene, tocopherol and lycopene, patients with cirrhosis have extremely low hepatic levels. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;17:977–986.)
The sexual cycle of a seasonally breeding mammal,the roebuck (Capreolus capreolus).

Summary. We have studied the antlers and male reproductive organs of thirteen roebucks, shot at approximately monthly intervals throughout the year. The roebuck is a seasonally breeding mammal that is in rut from mid-July to mid-August. Antlers `in velvet' begin to develop in January, and the velvet is shed in March or April. The animal then remains in `hard horn' until November or December, when the antlers are cast. The testes are at their most inactive state in January, when there is no spermatogenic activity and a very low content of testosterone. By mid\x=req-\ February, the testicular testosterone content has risen considerably, and primary spermatocytes are to be seen in the enlarging seminiferous tubules. The testosterone content ofthe testis remains high until the beginning of the rut, but falls precipitously towards the end. Spermatogenesis is not finally completed until April or May, and, it continues for several weeks after the end of the rut, there is a highly significant decline in testis tubular diameter that coincides with the fall in testosterone content. Thus spermatogenesis and androgenesis are closely related at the beginning and end of the sexual cycle, fsh and LH secretion the pituitary gland go hand-in-hand. The
Valuación de la producción y organización territorial: una Modelación hedónica: San Nicolás de los Garza, México

La investigacion se centra en la teoria de la formacion espacial de valores inmobiliarios, analizadas a partir del Metodo de Precios Hedonicos (MPH). Asi tambien, se estudia el fenomeno de la entidad municipal dentro de una dinamica metropolitana, de acuerdo a las teorias y metodologias generadas en la economia urbana, mercado inmobiliario y geografia urbana. La zona de estudio forma parte del Area Metropolitana de Monterrey (AMMty) en Nuevo Leon, Mexico; integrada por nueve municipios, siendo San Nicolas de los Garza (SNG) el tercer municipio mas poblado de la metropoli. La unidad de estudio se caracteriza por presentar homogeneidad a nivel socioeconomico con respecto al resto de municipios, dado que el 58% de su poblacion economicamente activa (PEA) percibe 5 salarios minimos y mas, y el precio del valor del suelo oscila de 100dlls/M2 a 300dlls/M2.3 La generacion del sustento teorico es bajo el supuesto que la variacion espacial de los precios se encuentra en funcion de la accesibilidad al centro principal de actividad economica y en segundo orden a subcentros economicos. Siguiendo la linea de estudio que inicio Von Thunen, lo que en el siglo XX establecio las rentas de accesibilidad a traves de estudios por Hurd, Haig, Ely y Werhwein. Una segunda consideracion es respecto a mercados de tipo competencia perfecta entre el Trabajo (fuentes de empleo) y atributos endogenos y exogenos del mercado inmobiliario, lo cual llevan a predicciones que no siempre son constantes con la evidencia empirica, y sin embargo influyen en la seleccion de la localizacion residencial (Alonso,1964; Granelle, 1975; Maragall, 1978; Goodman, 1978; Goodall, 1987; Roca, 1988; Fitch, 2006, Marmolejo,2008, Humaran, 2010). Lo que refiere a la rentas de externalidad urbanistica, estudiado desde Hoyt, con antecedentes de Marshall.
Modeling Traditional Literacy, Internet Skills and Internet Usage: An Empirical Study

This paper focuses on the relationships among traditional literacy (reading, writing and understanding text), medium-related Internet skills (consisting of operational and formal skills), content-related Internet skills (consisting of information and strategic skills) and Internet usage types (information- and career-directed Internet use and entertainment use). We conducted a large-scale survey that resulted in a dataset of 1008 respondents. The results reveal the following: (i) traditional literacy has a direct effect on formal and information Internet skills and an indirect effect on strategic Internet skills and (ii) differences in types of Internet usage are indirectly determined by traditional literacy and directly affected by Internet skills, such that higher levels of strategic Internet skills result in more information- and career-directed Internet use. Traditional literacy is a pre-condition for the employment of Internet skills, and Internet skills should not be considered an easy means of disrupting historically grounded inequalities caused by differences in traditional literacy
The application of nanoemulsion in dermatology: an overview

Abstract Nanotechnology has been introduced into dermatology for years. Nanoemulsions (NEs) are promising drug delivery systems with practical applications for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and chemical industry applications. Herein, we provide an overview of the application of NEs in dermatology during the latest 5 years. We reviewed the antioxidants in NEs form, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug loaded by NE, NEs in photodynamic therapy, NEs in decontamination of radionuclides, antimicrobial NEs, NEs carrying lipids, NEs containing Octyl Methoxycinnamate, et al. NEs demonstrate good stability, stable physical and chemical properties. NEs are able to enhance the functionality and efficacy of active chemicals and natural ingredients. NEs exhibit great application potential in the field of dermatology.
Parameter estimates for feed intake and production in first lactation using milk recording data

Abstract Individual cow test day records collected between December 1979 and June 1986 were used to generate part-lactation feed intake and 4% FCM measures for 9361 Ayrshire and 93,336 Holstein cows in first lactation. Grain energy and total energy intake and FCM measures were for the first 70 and 90 d of lactation and from d 70 to 305 and d 90 to 305. Separate analyses by breed were carried out according to a multiple-trait mixed model. Sixty-six Ayrshire and 416 Holstein sires were treated as random in the analyses. Heritability estimates for both grain and total energy intake in early lactation were from . 04 to . 06 for Ayrshires and . 10 to . 13 in Holsteins. Heritabilities were between . 12 and . 18 for the corresponding measures in both breeds for the late lactation period. Genetic correlations between energy intake and FCM within a time period were . 79 and higher for the early period and . 93 and higher for the later lactation period. Measures of FCM in early lactation had higher genetic correlations with later lactation feed intake and production than did the early measures of feed intake.
RNA Sequencing Quantification of Xenobiotic-Processing Genes in Various Sections of the Intestine in Comparison to the Liver of Male Mice

Previous reports on tissue distribution of xenobiotic-processing genes (XPGs) have limitations, because many non–cytochrome P450 phase I enzymes have not been investigated, and one cannot compare the real mRNA abundance of multiple XPGs using conventional quantification methods. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify and compare the mRNA abundance of all major XPGs in the liver and intestine using RNA sequencing. The mRNA profiles of 304 XPGs, including phase I, phase II enzymes, phase II cosubstrate synthetic enzymes, xenobiotic transporters, as well as xenobiotic-related transcription factors, were systematically examined in the liver and various sections of the intestine in adult male C57BL/6J mice. By two-way hierarchical clustering, over 80% of the XPGs had tissue-divergent expression, which partitioned into liver-predominant, small intestine–predominant, and large intestine–predominant patterns. Among the genes, 54% were expressed highest in the liver, 21% in the duodenum, 4% in the jejunum, 6% in the ileum, and 15% in the large intestine. The highest-expressed XPG in the liver was Mgst1; in the duodenum, Cyp3a11; in the jejunum and ileum, Ces2e; and in the large intestine, Cyp2c55. Interestingly, XPGs in the same family usually exhibited highly different tissue distribution patterns, and many XPGs were almost exclusively expressed in one tissue and minimally expressed in others. In conclusion, the present study is among the first and the most comprehensive investigations of the real mRNA abundance and tissue-divergent expression of all major XPGs in mouse liver and intestine, which aids in understanding the tissue-specific biotransformation and toxicity of drugs and other xenobiotics.