Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PLASMA TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR AND POST‐TRAUMATIC HYPERDYNAMIC SEPSIS EVOKED BY ENDOTOXIN

To examine the role of systemic plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the septic response following trauma, an endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) challenge was administered to anesthetized mongrel pigs 72 h following either hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation or sham shock. For TNF to be considered a mediator, at least two conditions should be satisfied: a TNF increase should precede other manifestations of the septic response and the magnitude of that increase should correlate with the symptoms. Immediately following resuscitation from shock, hemodynamics were stable, but heart rate, cardiac index (Cl), and systemic oxygen delivery (DO2) were elevated 20–60%, and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) was decreased 40%, relative to the preshock baseline. After 72 h, the animals were reanesthetized, reinstrumented, and all hemodynamic values were near normal in both groups. At this point, either 1.5 (shock, n = 2; sham, n = 2), 15 (shock, n = 7; sham, n = 6) or 150 (shock, n = 11; sham, n = 4) μg/kg of Escherichia coli LPS was administered intravenously over 30 min. Serial hemodynamic data, complete blood counts, and TNF were recorded for 3 h post-LPS. LPS evoked profound leukopenia and pulmonary hypertension within 15 min that was followed by a hyperdynamic septic response (i.e., progressive arterial desaturation, tachypnea, tachycardia, increased Cl, and decreased SVR) and rise in plasma TNF at 60–90 min. In the shock group, LPS-evoked TNF changes were less than or equal to those in the sham group, even though mortality was higher after shock. By 60 min after 15 μg/kg LPS, plasma TNF was 10 ± 2 vs. 21 ± 4 units/ml in shock vs. sham (p < .05). The corresponding mortality after 3 h was 2/7 in shock and 0/6 in sham. After 150 μg/kg LPS, plasma TNF increased to 16–18 units/ml in both groups, but the 3 h mortality was 8/11 in shock and 1/4 in sham. Since plasma TNF did not rise until after other symptoms of an LPS-evoked inflammatory response were already apparent and since the increment in plasma TNF was not potentiated by a prior bout of resuscitated shock, it is unlikely that the response evoked by a septic challenge following traumatic shock can be directly attributed to excessive levels of systemic TNF.
Gendered capital: emotional capital and mothers’ care work in education

This paper is concerned with the inequalities experienced by mothers in the performance of educational care work for their children. It is argued that the caring work carried out by mothers at transfer to second‐level schooling is shaped by their ability to activate the significant resource of emotional capital; a gendered resource involving emotional skills, knowledge and experiences. Drawing on an in‐depth study of mothers’ routines of care, it is suggested that the possession of emotional capital subjects mothers to a normative order of care. Moreover, in exploring the idiosyncratic differences between mothers’ capacities to activate emotional capital it is argued that the activation of this care resource is facilitated in the context of solidary relationships but also by mothers’ access to other capitals. It is concluded that in order to tackle care inequalities those working in education need to recognise the significance of emotional resources, and need to challenge traditional codes of practice and policies around ‘parental’ involvement.
The Effect of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on Earnings Quality

In this article, the authors study the effect of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on two primary characteristics of earnings quality, reliability and relevance in combination. Using a difference-in-differences method, they find that firms that were required to comply with Section 404 during the first 2 years of its implementation improved the reliability of their reported earnings more than control firms that were not required to comply. The results also suggest that the regulation helped to reduce intentional misstatement, which may contribute to the improvement in earnings reliability. Furthermore, the improvement in reliability did not come at the expense of the relevance of earnings. On the contrary, the authors find a significantly larger improvement in the predictive power of current earnings over future earnings and future cash flows associated with complying firms. As earnings quality improved, investor confidence appears to be restored, in that they reacted more strongly to earnings surprises of complying firms than to those of the control firms in the post-404 period. The results of this study suggest that Section 404 helped to achieve the main goal of the Act: protecting investors and restoring their confidence in the stock market by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosure.
Exit from Declining Industries: "Shakeout" or "Stakeout"?

Data on 30 chemical products are used to examine the sequence of divestment in declining industries. Small firms and plants might be expected to close first, given lack of scale economies. However, recent theories suggest that large producers may have greater incentives to exit or cut capacity. Both predictions receive some empirical support. Small plants had higher rates of closure, and most exiting firms were small. Holding the influence of plant size constant, large multiplant firms were more likely to close individual plants.
Subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin compared with continuous intravenous heparin in the treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis.

BACKGROUND Low-molecular-weight heparin has a high bioavailability and a prolonged half-life in comparison with conventional unfractionated heparin. Limited data are available for low-molecular-weight heparin as compared with unfractionated heparin for the treatment of deep-vein thrombosis. METHODS In a multicenter, double-blind clinical trial, we compared fixed-dose subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin given once daily with adjusted-dose intravenous heparin given by continuous infusion for the initial treatment of patients with proximal-vein thrombosis, using objective documentation of clinical outcomes. RESULTS Six of 213 patients who received low-molecular-weight heparin (2.8 percent) and 15 of 219 patients who received intravenous heparin (6.9 percent) had new episodes of venous thromboembolism (P = 0.07; 95 percent confidence interval for the difference, 0.02 percent to 8.1 percent). Major bleeding associated with initial therapy occurred in 1 patient receiving low-molecular-weight heparin (0.5 percent) and in 11 patients receiving intravenous heparin (5.0 percent), a reduction in risk of 91 percent (P = 0.006). This apparent protection against major bleeding was lost during long-term therapy. Minor hemorrhagic complications were infrequent. Ten patients receiving low-molecular-weight heparin (4.7 percent) died, as compared with 21 patients receiving intravenous heparin (9.6 percent), a risk reduction of 51 percent (P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS Low-molecular-weight heparin is at least as effective and as safe as classic intravenous heparin therapy under the conditions of this study and more convenient to administer. The simplified therapy provided by low-molecular-weight heparin may allow patients with uncomplicated proximal deep-vein thrombosis to be cared for in an outpatient setting.
Spaces of labour control: comparative perspectives from Southeast Asia

This paper seeks to identify the spatialized dimensions of labour control in sites of rapid and recent industrialization in Southeast Asia. Using a comparative analysis of locations in Penang (Malaysia), Batam (Indonesia) and Cavite/Laguna (the Philippines), it is argued that the construction and control of space has been used to enhance control over the working body, and, in particular, to contain labour organization, unionization and collective bargaining. Three broader arguments are made. First, that labour geographies need to be cognizant of the spatialized politics of labour beyond a narrow focus on the trade union movement. Second, that space is a potent tool in labour control and must be explicitly considered alongside the identity–based control strategies and institutional structures that have usually informed studies of labour regimes in newly industrializing contexts. Finally, a comparative perspective on local labour markets, and control regimes in particular, shows that the ways in which space is constructed and controlled differs between contexts, implying that universal judgements on the relevance or importance of particular arenas or spaces for labour politics should be reserved.
Blockholder Ownership and Market Liquidity

This paper examines the association between block ownership and market liquidity. Blockholders are believed to have access to private, value-relevant information via their roles as monitors of firms' operations. consistent with this, we find that firms with greater blockholder ownership, either by managers or external entities, have larger quoted spreads, effective spreads, adverse selection spread components, and smaller quoted depths.
A novel approach to therapeutic angiogenesis for patients with critical limb ischemia by sustained release of basic fibroblast growth factor using biodegradable gelatin hydrogel: an initial report of the phase I-IIa study.

BACKGROUND Limb ischemia remains a challenge. To overcome shortcomings or limitations of gene therapy or cell transplantation, a sustained release system of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) using biodegradable gelatin hydrogel has been developed. METHODS AND RESULTS A phase I-IIa study was performed, in which 7 patients had critical limb ischemia. They were intramuscularly injected with 200 microg of bFGF-incorporated gelatin hydrogel microspheres into the gastrocnemius of the ischemic limb. End-points were safety and feasibility of treatment after 4 and 24 weeks. One patient was excluded from the study for social reasons, but only after symptomatic improvements. In the evaluation of the other 6 patients, significant improvements were observed in the distance walked in 6 min (295+/-42 m vs 491+/-85 m for pretreatment vs after 24 weeks, p=0.023) and in transcutaneous oxygen pressure (53.5+/-5.2 mmHg vs 65.5+/-4.0 mmHg, p=0.03). The rest pain scale also improved (3.5+/-0.2 vs 1.0+/-0.6, p=0.022). The ankle-brachial pressure index improved at 4 weeks but not at 24 weeks. Among 5 patients who had a non-healing foot ulcer, the ulcer was completely healed in 3 patients, reduced in 1, and there was no change in 1 patient at 24 weeks. The blood levels of bFGF were undetected or within the normal level in all patients. CONCLUSIONS The sustained release of bFGF from gelatin hydrogel might be simple, safe, and effective to achieve therapeutic angiogenesis because it did not need genetic materials or collection of implanted cells, and because it did not have any general effects, which was supported by there being no elevation of the bFGF serum level.
Multi‐criteria Analysis for Technique Assessment:Case Study from Industrial Coating

Environmental policy is oriented toward integrated pollution prevention, taking into consideration all environmental media (air, water, land) and energy consumption. Therefore, methods for assessing environmentally relevant installations are needed which take economic, technical, and especially ecological criteria into account simultaneously. Mass and energy flow models are used for the representation of production processes and form the basis for the inventory phase in life‐cycle assessment (LCA). For the interpretation of LCA results and the weighting of the aggregated impact assessment indicators, approaches of multicriterion analysis (MCA) have been proposed. These can analyze ecological aspects as well as economic and technical criteria. Recent developments in LCA focus on decision support for policy makers or decision boards. Appropriate support for investment decisions on environmentally relevant installations, however, is rare.
“At the water's edge”: community voices on climate change

The photovoice research project, “At the water's edge”, which gives voice to communities exploring the threats and impact of climate change and rising sea levels on coastal communities, was conducted during an environmental art symposium in the Noosa Biosphere Reserve, Australia in June 2009. Photos by participants illustrated both local and global threats and reflected psychological tension between global and local action. This research partnership with the local people demonstrated an innovative visualisation technique which can be used to collaboratively build capacity and consensus about adaptation to climate change. It also contributed to the Biosphere Reserve's educational and cultural aims in relation to climate change.
A NOTE ON LEVERAGE AND THE MACROECONOMY

In this paper we investigate the relationship between leverage and the level of economic activity in the United States, using quarterly data over the period 1951–2012. We address the question for five different measures of leverage—household leverage, nonfinancial firm leverage, commercial bank leverage, broker–dealer leverage, and shadow bank leverage—making a distinction between traditional banks and shadow banks, the latter being a consequence of financial innovation and deregulation in the financial services industry over the past 30 years. We investigate whether the relationship between leverage and the level of economic activity is nonlinear and asymmetric using slope-based tests as well as tests of the null hypothesis of symmetric impulse responses. Our results inform policymakers about the important distinction between traditional banks and the market-based financial intermediaries that have been at the center of the global financial crisis of 2007–2009. They also inform about the macroeconomic effects of the deleveraging process that began in 2008, as well as about the need for countercyclical macroprudential policies to reduce the procyclicality of the financial system.
Differential Requirements of the C Terminus of Nbs1 in Suppressing Adenovirus DNA Replication and Promoting Concatemer Formation

ABSTRACT Adenoviruses (Ad) with the early region E4 deleted (E4-deleted virus) are defective for DNA replication and late protein synthesis. Infection with E4-deleted viruses results in activation of a DNA damage response, accumulation of cellular repair factors in foci at viral replication centers, and joining together of viral genomes into concatemers. The cellular DNA repair complex composed of Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 (MRN) is required for concatemer formation and full activation of damage signaling through the protein kinases Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM-Rad3-related (ATR). The E4orf3 and E4orf6 proteins expressed from the E4 region of Ad type 5 (Ad5) inactivate the MRN complex by degradation and mislocalization, and prevent the DNA damage response. Here we investigated individual contributions of the MRN complex, concatemer formation, and damage signaling to viral DNA replication during infection with E4-deleted virus. Using virus mutants, short hairpin RNA knockdown and hypomorphic cell lines, we show that inactivation of MRN results in increased viral replication. We demonstrate that defective replication in the absence of E4 is not due to concatemer formation or DNA damage signaling. The C terminus of Nbs1 is required for the inhibition of Ad DNA replication and recruitment of MRN to viral replication centers. We identified regions of Nbs1 that are differentially required for concatemer formation and inhibition of Ad DNA replication. These results demonstrate that targeting of the MRN complex explains the redundant functions of E4orf3 and E4orf6 in promoting Ad DNA replication. Understanding how MRN impacts the adenoviral life cycle will provide insights into the functions of this DNA damage sensor.
Endurance exercise and the production of growth hormone and haematopoietic factors in patients with anaemia

Background: Physical activity has been shown to stimulate haematopoiesis in patients with anaemia due to chronic renal failure or haematological malignancies. Objective: To evaluate the effect of moderate exercise on the production of haematopoietically active factors. Methods: Ten patients (four men and six women, mean (SD) age 51 (10) years) with a haemoglobin concentration under 130 g/l (men) or 120 g/l (women) carried out five three minute exercise bouts at an intensity of 80% of the maximal heart rate, corresponding to a lactate concentration of 3 (0.5) mmol/l. Patients rested for three minutes between bouts. The concentrations of interleukin 6, stem cell factor, granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, erythropoietin, and growth hormone (GH) were evaluated before and in the eight hours after exercise. Results: GH had risen significantly 15 minutes after exercise (1.1 (1.3) v 2.7 (2.8) ng/ml; p<0.05). No change in the concentration of the other cytokines and growth factors was observed in the eight hours after exercise. Conclusions: In patients with anaemia, submaximal exercise does not affect the concentration of haematopoietically active cytokines. However, it leads to an increased concentration of GH. This may be responsible for the improved haematopoiesis observed after an exercise programme in patients with chronic diseases.
Disclosure Effects In The Laboratory: Liquidity, Depth, And The Cost Of Capital

Greater disclosure quality leads to higher prices and greater liquidity in a laboratory financial market, and these effects are stronger when investors face the risk of unpredictable demand shocks. These results are consistent with a broad class of theoretical and empirical studies. Disclosure has larger effects on prices and liquidity at greater market depths. We conclude that archival studies looking only at quoted transaction prices and spreads (which typically pertain to small transactions) may underestimate the potential importance of disclosure on larger transactions that occur at greater market depths.
Targeting Type 2: Linguistic Agency Assignment in Diabetes Prevention Policy Messaging

We explored the effects of linguistic agency assignment on the persuasive impact of a fictitious medical journal editorial about Type 2 diabetes. Participants (N = 422) read 1 of 4 versions of an editorial that differed in the language used to describe the health threat posed by the disease (threat agency) and to outline a program for preventing it (prevention agency). Threat agency was assigned either to the disease (e.g., diabetes puts individuals’ lives at risk) or to humans (e.g., individuals who acquire diabetes put their lives at risk). Prevention agency was assigned either to the recommended prevention behaviors (e.g., a healthy diet and regular exercise protect children from Type 2) or to humans (e.g., children who eat a healthy diet and exercise regularly protect themselves from Type 2). Respondents’ perceptions of disease severity were higher when threat agency was assigned to diabetes rather than humans. However, attitudes toward the proposed prevention program were higher when prevention agency was assigned to humans rather than to the recommended behaviors. The latter finding contrasts with agency effects observed in previous research on a viral threat, suggesting that the optimal pattern of agency assignment in prevention messaging may be different for acute and chronic lifestyle diseases.
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Oral Black-Pigmented Bacteria Induce Tumor Necrosis Factor Production by LPS-Refractory C3H/HeJ Macrophages in a Way Different from That of Salmonella LPS

ABSTRACT Some lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations from S- or R-form members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and oral black-pigmented bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis andPrevotella intermedia) are known to activate LPS-refractory C3H/HeJ macrophages. When contaminating proteins are removed from R-form LPS ofEnterobacteriaceae by repurification, however, this ability is lost. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of LPS from P. gingivalis, P. intermedia,Salmonella minnesota, and Salmonella abortusequi to induce production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in gamma interferon-primed C3H/HeJ macrophages before and after repurification. P. abortusequi S-LPS was fractionated by centrifugal partition chromatography into two LPS forms: SL-LPS, having homologous long O-polysaccharide chains, and SS-LPS having short oligosaccharide chains. Prior to repurification, all LPS forms except SL-LPS induced TNF production in both C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN macrophages. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that repurification removed contaminating protein from the preparations, and repurified SS-LPS and S. minnesota Ra-LPS no longer stimulated TNF production in C3H/HeJ macrophages, although C3H/HeN macrophages remained responsive. In contrast, repurified oral bacterial LPS retained the capacity to induce TNF production in C3H/HeJ macrophages. Oral bacterial LPS preparations also were not antagonized by excess inactive, repurified SL-LPS; Ra-LPS; Rhodobacter sphaeroides lipid A, a competitive LPS antagonist, or paclitaxel, an LPS agonist, and they were comparatively resistant to polymyxin B treatment. Nevertheless, oral bacterial LPS was less toxic tod-galactosamine-treated C3H/HeN mice than was LPS fromSalmonella. These findings indicate that the active molecule(s) and mode of action of LPS from P. gingivalisand P. intermedia are quite different from those of LPS from Salmonella.
Aldehyde Oxidase‐catalysed Oxidation of Methotrexate in the Liver of Guinea‐pig, Rabbit and Man

Although 7‐hydroxymethotrexate is a major metabolite of methotrexate during high‐dose therapy, negligible methotrexate‐oxidizing activity has been found in‐vitro in the liver in man. The goals of this study were to determine the role of aldehyde oxidase in the metabolism of methotrexate to 7‐hydroxymethotrexate in the liver and to study the effects of inhibitors and other substrates on the metabolism of methotrexate. Methotrexate, (±)‐methotrexate and (‐)‐methotrexate were incubated with partially purified aldehyde oxidase from the liver of rabbit, guinea‐pig and man and the products analysed by HPLC. Rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase was used for purposes of comparison.
Changes in the Population Structure of Invasive Neisseria meningitidis in the United States After Quadrivalent Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine Licensure.

BACKGROUND Meningococcal conjugate vaccines against serogroups A, C, W, and Y (MenACWY) are recommended for routine use in adolescents aged 11-18 years. The impact of these vaccines on the meningococcal population structure in the United States have yet to be evaluated. METHODS Meningococcal isolates recovered during 2006-2010 (ie, after introduction of MenACWY) collected through Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) were characterized; serogroup distribution and molecular features of these isolates were compared to previously published data on ABCs isolates recovered from 2000 to 2005 (ie, before introduction of MenACWY). P values were generated using χ(2) statistics and exact methods. RESULTS There was a significant change (P < .05) in serogroup distribution among all age groups between the 2 periods. A small proportion of isolates showed evidence of capsular switching in both periods. Between the 2 periods, significant changes were observed in the distribution of porin A, ferric enterobactin transport, and strain genotypes among vaccine and nonvaccine serogroups. CONCLUSIONS The population structure of US meningococcal isolates is dynamic; some changes occurred over time, but the basic structure remained. Vaccine-induced serogroup replacement was not observed, although a small proportion of isolates had undergone capsule switching, possibly driven by non-vaccine-mediated selection. Changes in the distribution of molecular features are likely due to horizontal gene transfer and changes in serogroup distribution.