Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RELATIVE BRAIN SIZE AND FEEDING STRATEGIES IN THE CHIROPTERA

Pirlot and Stephan (1970) demonstrated that the relative brain size varied greatly when nine families of Chiroptera were compared. Some 51 species were studied and an average index of encephalization for each family was calculated. They pointed out that the Pteropidae, Desmodontinae, and Noctilionidae had the highest indices of encephalization for their sample. Stephan and Pirlot (1970) expanded the above observations by comparing the relative volumes of 11 brain structures for 18 species drawn from eight families. These volumes were then compared with equivalent volumes derived for a series of "basal" insectivores (Suncus, Sorex, Tenrec, Hemicentetes). Although specific brain structures evolve at different rates within each family with some structures declining in relative size and others increasing, a generalized correlation of brain size with feeding habits could be made. The relative size of the neocortex showed a strong positive correlation with the degree of encephalization. This correlation in turn could be related to dietary specializations. They proposed that the Noctilionidae, Desmodontinae, and Pteropidae showed the highest development of the neocortex, but were broadly overlapped by certain species of the Phyllostomatidae. The order Chiroptera includes two distinct lineages which have been separated since the Eocene: the Pteropidae or Megachiroptera and the Microchiroptera. The ancestral Pteropidae may have attained the capacity for flight after diverging from a flightless common ancestor which in turn gave rise to the ancestral microchiropteran. The species of the microchiropteran family Phyllostomatidae are rather unified morphologically, but their origins are somewhat obscure (Smith, 1976). No doubt they separated from ancestral microchiropterans before the Oligocene and radiated in the Neotropics without competition from the Megachiroptera. In their exploitation of feeding niches in the Neotropics through adaptive radiation, the phyllostomatid bats exhibit the principle of complementarity (Darlington, 1957) in that they parallel the niche subdivision seen in the radiation of the Megachiroptera in the Palaeotropics. We measured the cranial capacities of 225 species of bats from 14 families including all families and genera previously studied by Stephan and Pirlot (1970). We wished to confirm their conclusions about encephalization and refine their first order correlation with dietary specializations. We did not use actual brain weights but estimated brain volume from a measurement of cranial capacity, using lead shot and volumetric correction constants.
The association between adolescent risk behaviours and feelings of sadness or hopelessness: a cross-sectional survey of South African secondary school learners

Abstract Poor mental health in adolescents has shown associations with engagement in other risk behaviours. However, evidence of this association in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly South Africa, is lacking. This study examines the associations between pertinent risk behaviours and feelings of sadness or hopelessness amongst a nationally representative sample of South African school going adolescents. Data was analysed from the South African Youth Risk Behaviour Survey 2011 (n=10,997), a cross-sectional national survey among grades 8–11 school learners. Logistic regression examined the association of demographic, substance use, violent behaviour, sexual activity and suicidal plans and attempts with the primary outcome, feelings of sadness or hopelessness. Having feelings of sadness or hopelessness was significantly associated with more senior grades, being bullied (AOR:1.67, 95% CI: 1.42–1.96), being assaulted by a partner (1.33 [1.05–1.68]), forced sex (1.78 [1.37–2.32]); gang membership (1.32 [1.06–1.65]), binge drinking (1.37 [1.14–1.65]), ever having sex (1.23 [1.02–1.47]), having ≥1 partner/s in preceding three months (1.25 [1.02–1.53]), having made a plan to attempt suicide (2.50 [1.95–3.21]) and suicide attempt (1.49 [1.21–1.85]). Adolescents in South Africa are experiencing a multiple burden of risk. Health promotion strategies targeting adolescent mental health and risk behaviours need to be developed and implemented in a timely and comprehensive manner.
Prototypes reflect normative perceptions: implications for the development of reasoned action theory

Abstract The reasoned action approach is one of the most successful behavioral theories in the history of social psychology. This study outlines the theoretical principles of reasoned action and considers when it is appropriate to augment it with a new variable. To demonstrate, we use survey data collected from a 4 to 17 year old U.S. adolescents to test how the ‘prototype’ variables fit into reasoned action approach. Through confirmatory factor analysis, we find that the prototype measures are normative pressure measures and when treated as a separate theoretical construct, prototype identity is not completely mediated by the proximal predictors of behavioral intention. We discuss the assumptions of the two theories and finally consider the distinction between augmenting a specific theory versus combining measures derived from different theoretical perspectives.
Oral-facial-digital syndrome type 1: unique radiological findings.

Case report The proband was a 3-year-old Saudi girl who was referred for genetic assessment because of facial dysmorphism and duplicated right great toe. The parents were nonconsanguineous and healthy, as were their other three sons and five daughters. Extended family history for similar dysmorphic features and congenital anomalies were negative. The patient was born at term after an uneventful pregnancy. Her birth weight was 2.5 kg (10th centile) and at 2 years of age her weight was 8.3 kg ({5th centile), height 76 cm ({5th centile), and head circumference was 42 cm (second centile). She was noted to have dysmorphic facial features including downslanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, a flat face, low-set ears (Fig. 1a), lobulated tongue (Fig. 1b), and digital anomalies including brachydactyly, bilateral clinodactyly of the fifth fingers, and duplicated hallux of the right foot (Fig. 1c–e). Skeletal survey of the upper arms showed dislocated radial heads bilaterally (Figs 2a and b). Radiograph of the hands showed no abnormalities except for clinodactyly. Radiograph of long bones of lower limbs showed cone-shaped distal epiphyses of both femurs (Fig. 2c). Radiograph of the feet showed broad duplicated right big toe (data not shown). Echocardiography and ultrasound scans were normal. There was no evidence of any developmental nor growth delay and intelligence was normal. Brain imaging was declined by parents as the child has normal mentality. Ophthalmologic and hearing assessments were normal. Chromosomal analysis revealed a normal female karyotype 46,XX. The suspected diagnosis of oral–facial–digital syndrome type 1 (OFD1) was raised based on characteristic dysmorphic features, lobulated tongue, unilateral duplicated big toe, and the classic radiological picture of the syndrome. The molecular genetic testing confirmed the clinical diagnosis with a frameshift (c.710dupA) heterozygous mutation in exon 8 of the OFD1 gene.
Land use as a driver of soil fertility and biodiversity across an agricultural landscape in the Central Peruvian Andes.

Land use change and intensification in agricultural landscapes of the Andean highlands have resulted in widespread soil degradation and a loss in soil-based ecosystem services and biodiversity. This trend threatens the sustainability of farming communities in the Andes, with important implications for food security and biodiversity conservation throughout the region. Based on these challenges, we sought to understand the impact of current and future land use practices on soil fertility and biodiversity, so as to inform landscape planning and management decisions for sustainable agroecosystem management. We worked with local communities to identify and map dominant land uses in an agricultural landscape surrounding Quilcas, Peru. These land uses existed within two elevations zones (low-medium, 3200-3800 m, and high elevation, 3800-4300 m). They included three types of low-medium elevation forests (eucalyptus, alder, and mixed/native species), five pasture management types (permanent pasture, temporal pasture [in fallow stage], degraded pasture, high-altitude permanent pasture, and high-altitude temporal pasture [in fallow stage]) and six cropping systems (forage crops, maize/beans, and potato under four types of management). Soil fertility was evaluated in surface soils (0-20 cm) with soil physicochemical parameters (e.g., pH, soil organic matter, available nutrients, texture), while soil biological properties were assessed using the abundance and diversity of soil macrofauna and ground cover vegetation. Our results indicated clear impacts of land use on soil fertility and biological communities. Altitude demonstrated the strongest effect on soil physicochemical properties, but management systems within the low-mid elevation zone also showed important differences in soil biological communities. In general, the less-disturbed forest and pasture systems supported more diverse soil communities than the more intensively managed croplands. Degraded soils demonstrated the lowest overall soil fertility and abundance of soil macrofauna, but this may be reversible via the planting of alder forests. Our findings also indicated significant covariation between soil physicochemical parameters, soil macrofauna, and ground vegetation. This suggests that management for any one of these soil properties may yield unintended cascading effects throughout the soil subsystem. In summary, our findings suggest that shifts in land use across the landscape are likely to have important impacts on soil functioning and biodiversity.
The role of patient chronotypes on circadian pattern of chronic pruritus: a latent growth modeling analysis

Chronic pruritus is a serious medical and psychiatric disorder that can have a huge impact on a patient’s quality of life. Hence, we aimed to examine whether the chronotype characteristics impact on the severity of pruritus throughout the day. In our study we included 83 idiopathic chronic pruritus patients who did not have any underlying dermatological, systemic, or metabolic diseases. We examined the change in the severity of itching symptoms throughout 24 h at four time points. The latent growth modeling approach was used to assess the significance of the chronotype effect on symptom severity after controlling for age, gender, and depression. The patients with morning chronotype characteristics reported more severe itching symptoms later in the day, while the patients with evening chronotype characteristics complained of more severe itching earlier in the day. These findings suggest that chronobiological factors might play a deterministic role on the symptom severity.
Postpartale Sonomorphologie des Beckenbodens

Methods : Introital sonography was performed on 131 patients between the first and 13th day (average 4.2 days) after delivery. 41 non-pregnant nulliparous women without any complaints of urinary incontinence served as controls. Post-partum morphological changes were analysed using a 5-MHz vaginal scanner and correlated with parity and mode of delivery. Results : The occurrence of cystoceles and opening of the proximal urethra were strongly related with parity and mode of delivery being more common in multiparous women after vaginal deliveries than after caesarean sections. In the control group, the urethrovesical angle β was 96 degrees in rest and 102 degrees when straining. After vaginal deliveries, a significantly larger angle was observed when compared to patients after caesarean section. During straining, the bladder neck shortened from 21.4 mm to 13.1 mm compared to -0.7 mm after vaginal delivery. Conclusion : Morphological changes of the lower urinary tract after delivery are common. The sonographic appearance of these changes is almost identical to those observed in patients with urinary stress incontinence.
EVOLUTION OF HOST PLANT UTILIZATION IN LABORATORY POPULATIONS OF THE SOUTHERN COWPEA WEEVIL, CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS FABRICIUS (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE)

Herbivorous insects vary greatly in their utilization of host plants: almost every group includes highly polyphagous species and highly specialized species that are restricted to one or a few species of hosts. Accounting for the evolution of this diversity of feeding habits requires both ecological studies that may elucidate the selective factors that guide the evolution of diet, and genetic studies that will reveal the genetic variation on which selection acts. Genetic differences in host utilization have been documented among conspecific populations of a few species (e.g., HeslopHarrison, 1927; Painter, 1951; Dethier, 1954; Singer, 1971; Knerer and Atwood, 1973; Phillips and Barnes, 1975; Hsiao, 1978), but with few exceptions (Hatchett and Gallun, 1970; Gould, 1979; Mitter et al., 1979) little is known of genetic variation for host utilization within populations. Successful occupation of a plant requires two major features, both of which
EXPERIMENTAL ECOLOGICAL GENETICS IN PLANTAGO. V. COMPONENTS OF SEED YIELD IN THE RIBWORT PLANTAIN PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA L.

The study of the manner in which plants vary in their seed yield has usually been the province of agronomists and plant breeders interested in crop production. Such studies have used the approach of partitioning yield into a number of components, and then examining causes of variation in the individual components as well as the interrelationships among them (for discussion see Adams, 1967; Grafius and Thomas, 1971). These yield components may be morphological or physiological attributes. Frequently, emphasis is placed on the "major" yield components, namely weight per seed, number of seeds per fruit, number of fruits per inflorescence, and number of inflorescences per plant. Together these major yield components multiplicatively determine total weight of seed per plant, a commonly used measure of yield. The methods and concepts employed in the analysis of yield components can be applied to analysis of components of fitness in natural populations. Thus the amount of resources allocated by the plant to seed production (seed yield) is directly related to its reproductive output (number and size of seeds), and, in that these resources are no longer available for growth and survival, the amount devoted to seed may be inversely related to longevity (Gadgil and Bossert, 1970; Primack, 1979). With regard to components of seed yield it is surprising that the study of yield components and their interrelationships have been largely confined to an agronomic context. The few studies that have been done on natural popula-
Rapid categorization of faces and objects in a patient with impaired object recognition

We tested rapid-categorization in a patient who was impaired in face and object recognition. Photographs of natural scenes were displayed for 100 ms. Participants had to press a key when they saw an animal among various objects as distractors or human faces among animal faces as distractors. Though the patient was impaired at figure/ground segregation, recognized very few objects and faces, she categorized animals and faces with a performance ranging between 70 and 86% correct. Displaying pictures in isolation did not improve performance. The results suggest that rapid categorization can be accomplished on the basis of coarse information without overt recognition.
Exploring the typology of night eating syndrome.

OBJECTIVE There is an ongoing debate about the definitions and clinical significance of night eating syndrome (NES). This study explored potential subtypes based on night eating patterns and features reported to be associated, with NES in a representative community sample of 8,250 individuals aged 15-39 years. METHOD Latent class analysis was used to identify NES subtypes among 2,068 participants who reported night eating behavior. RESULTS A four-class solution was judged best. Two classes appear to characterize individuals who eat very late or eat a large proportion of their daily intake after 7 pm, and two other classes are characterized by high rates of depressive symptoms. Results do not support an association between night eating and obesity in young adults. Late night eating is associated with high caloric intake, high sodium intake, and low protein intake. CONCLUSION Evidence supports the validity of a definition of NES based on eating very late at night.
Prevalência e variáveis associadas ao hábito de fumar em crianças e adolescentes

OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalencia do habito de fumar e a ocorrencia de variaveis associadas ao habito em criancas e adolescentes de 7 a 17 anos, de ambos os sexos e provenientes da cidade de Maceio. METODOS: Estudo epidemiologico transversal, baseado na populacao de alunos da rede de ensino publico e privada, niveis fundamental e medio. Calculo da amostra baseado na menor prevalencia esperada de inumeras variaveis, incluindo tabagismo. Amostragem por conglomerados. Questionario sobre o habito de fumar; entrevista individual com cada estudante. Considerado fumante atual aquele que admitiu ter fumado em 1 ou mais dias nos ultimos 30 dias. Variaveis analisadas: relacionadas ao estudante (idade, sexo, experimentacao previa de cigarros e trabalho remunerado), a sua condicao na escola (publica/privada, turno, nivel e repetencia) e a familia (classificacao economica, pais fumantes e pais separados). RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 1.253 estudantes (547 do sexo masculino, media de idade 12,4±2,9 anos). Identificou-se uma prevalencia de tabagismo de 2,4%. A analise estatistica multivariada demonstrou associacao significante do habito de fumar com: maior idade (odds ratio de 1,31); experimentacao previa de cigarros (odds ratio de 33,96); estudar no periodo noturno (odds ratio de 5,43). Observou-se que 286 estudantes (22,8%) admitiram haver experimentado cigarros (9% de 7 a 9 anos; 21% de 10 a 14 anos; 36% de 15 a 17 anos). CONCLUSOES: A prevalencia de tabagismo em criancas e adolescentes da rede de ensino da cidade de Maceio e de 2,4%, sendo mais frequente em estudantes de 15 a 17 anos, do curso noturno. Estudantes que experimentaram cigarros apresentam 34 vezes mais chances de se tornarem fumantes.
EXPERIMENTAL CHANGES IN RESOURCE STRUCTURE AND MALE DENSITY: SIZE‐RELATED DIFFERENCES IN MATING SUCCESS AMONG MALE SCATOPHAGA STERCORARIA

The distribution of resources used by females often has important effects on patterns of male mating success. Correlations between the type and distribution of resources and types of mating systems were noted by Crook (1964, 1965). Orians and his associates (Verner, 1964; Verner and Wilson, 1966; Orians, 1969) developed the first models to describe the influence of resource distribution on female mating decisions. More recently these models have been reviewed (Bradbury and Vehrencamp, 1977; Emlen and Oring, 1977; Payne and Payne, 1977; Wittenburger, 1979) and developed in greater detail (Alexander, 1975; Altmann et al., 1977; Borgia, 1979). Increasingly it is recognized that patterns of matings in populations are key elements in social behavior in most species, yet there are few data to validate current hypotheses concerning the evolution of mating strategies in each sex. Available evidence is almost all comparative (but see Plesczynska, 1978), and although valuable, its correlative nature makes it especially subject to a variety of interpretations and often not suitable to separate competing hypotheses (see Altmann et al., 1977). The mating system of the fly S catophaga stercoraria (Diptera: Scatophagidae) has proven especially suited for experimental tests of hypotheses about mating strategies (Borgia, 1979). Males commonly aggregate on droppings or pats of cow dung that are used as oviposition sites by females. The number and location of suitable ovi-
Definitions and Outcome Measures of Clinical Trials Regarding Opioid-induced Constipation: A Systematic Review

Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) is a frequent symptom in patients treated with opioids and impacts the patients’ quality of life. However, there is no generally accepted definition for OIC. The aims of this study were to identify definitions for OIC in clinical trials and Cochrane Reviews and to compile assessment tools and outcome measures that were used in clinical trials. In a systematic review, 5 databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and EMBASE) were searched to identify clinical trials assessing OIC in adult patients or healthy volunteers. Studies published between 1993 and August 2013 were included. A total of 1488 studies were retrieved and 47 publications were included in the analysis. A minority of the publications (n=16, 34%) provided a clear definition for OIC. The definitions were highly variable and the present or recent history of opioid therapy was frequently (n=6, 38%) not included in these definitions. Of 46 clinical trials, 17 (37%) relied exclusively on objective measures such as bowel movement frequency, whereas another 17 studies additionally included patient-reported outcome measures such as, “feeling of incomplete bowel evacuation. ” Few trials (n=7, 15%) assessed the patient-reported global burden of OIC. Standard definitions and outcome measures are necessary (i) for consistency in OIC diagnosis in clinical practice and clinical trials; and (ii) to assure comparability of trial findings (eg, in meta-analyses). An OIC definition and outcome measures are proposed.
"Ice" use and eating disorders: a report of three cases.

OBJECTIVE To describe the use of crystal methamphetamine hydrochloride "ice," a powerful, synthetic stimulant drug associated with rapid weight loss. METHOD We report the first three cases of young women "ice" users requiring admission to a specialized eating disorders unit. RESULTS Case one had no prior history of an eating disorder and became emaciated following regular use of "ice"; she regarded weight gain positively. Case 2 had polysubstance abuse since early adolescence and commenced binge eating and vomiting in response to weight gain when not using "ice"; she learned to maintain her weight without weight losing behaviors. Case 3 developed anorexia nervosa in early adolescence, required numerous inpatient admissions and commenced using stimulant drugs for weight loss in her late teens; she discharged prematurely. All patients had features of personality disorder on interview and drug abuse had impaired their work and social adjustment. DISCUSSION "Ice" use may be associated with the onset of disordered eating or used as an efficient weight losing behavior in an established eating disorder.
Pro-anorexia websites: what a clinician should know.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to conduct a content analysis of the "Tips and Tricks" section of pro-ana websites to better understand information shared on these sites, and aide clinicians in identification, treatment, and prevention of anorexia. METHOD Nine pro-ana websites were evaluated to identify categories of information in "Tips and Tricks. " A content analysis was performed using emergent coding methods and 16 categories were determined. Reliability was acceptable (Cohen's Kappa = 0.702). Discrepancies were corrected by consensus. Frequencies of individual categories were computed. RESULTS Most "Tips and Tricks" are directed at dieting/restricting calories (28.6%) and distraction (14.0%). Most disturbing, 11% of comments were directed at lying and concealing symptoms. DISCUSSION Clinicians aware of "Tips and Tricks" might be better equipped to recognize the symptoms of anorexia early in treatment. Knowledge of "Tips and Tricks" can also facilitate better education, making it difficult for clients to conceal their illness.