Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Ties that Divide: Contrasting Attitudes to Governance Issues in Social Firms in the United Kingdom

Third sector organisations, including social enterprises (SEs), are facing significant challenges. Primarily, this is because they are often engaged in contracting with the public sector and many are dependent on grant funding streams at risk of being cut during turbulent economic times. In the United Kingdom, these conditions are embellished by contemporary political discourse that further integrates the future of the Third sector with the changing provision of services by the welfare state (Cabinet Office 2008). SEs are going to play a particularly active role in the implementation of emergent public policy. Within this context, this paper presents the findings of a small-scale study of Social Firms, a type of SE. In particular, the paper presents an analysis of attitudes towards one of the key organisational functions, namely governance. The key research question this study aims to resolve is: how do Board and non-Board member attitudes to governance issues vary? Since a level of change in orientation is anticipated of UK SEs, it is timely to survey some of the internal perspectives to such changes. Drawing on the main definitional themes commonly used in social enterprise research, the study outlines four key propositions relating to the expected features of SE governance. Key internal tensions between Board and non-Board members are revealed over issues such as legitimacy, accountability, democracy and enterprise-focus. Notably, the number and type of staff, and the presence of a social audit, also pose significant tensions to the governance of Social Firms. Mindful of the difficulties associated with generalising across SE types, the implications position the UK SE sector between the entrepreneurial model common in the USA and the traditional social model prevalent in mainland Europe. The paper enhances SE governance theory by addressing the accepted tenets of SE in light of the attitudes of people managing the organisation. By highlighting how governance legitimacy is led less by social benefit and accountability, we begin to understand the challenges facing Board members in integrating their workforce more closely with core, social and entrepreneurial, values.
Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Subterranean Clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

We have developed a rapid and reproducible transformation system for subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene delivery. Hypocotyl segments from seeds that had been allowed to imbibe were used as explants, and regeneration was achieved via organogenesis. Glucose and acetosyringone were required in the co-cultivation medium for efficient gene transfer. DNA constructs containing four genes encoding the enzymes phosphinothricin acetyl transferase, [beta]-glucuronidase (GUS), neomycin phosphotransferase, and an [alpha]-amylase inhibitor were used to transform subterranean clover. Transgenic shoots were selected on a medium containing 50 mg/L of phosphinothricin. Four commercial cultivars of subterranean clover (representing all three subspecies) have been successfully transformed. Southern analysis revealed the integration of T-DNA into the subterranean clover genome. The expression of the introduced genes has been confirmed by enzyme assays and northern blot analyses. Transformed plants grown in the glasshouse showed resistance to the herbicide Basta at applications equal to or higher than rates recommended for killing subterranean clover in field conditions. In plants grown from the selfed seeds of the primary transformants, the newly acquired gene encoding GUS segregated as a dominant Mendelian trait.
Sovereign Risk and Natural Disasters in Emerging Markets

ABSTRACT In this article, we explore the effect of large-scale natural disasters on sovereign default risk. We use a heterogeneous dynamic panel model including a set of more than 380 large-scale natural disasters for about forty emerging market countries in the period 1999–2010. After testing for the sensitivity of the results, our main findings suggest that natural disasters significantly increase the sovereign default premium paid by bond holders. That is, investors perceive natural disasters as an adverse shock that makes the government debt less sustainable and eventually triggers a sovereign default. In particular, it turns out that geophysical and meteorological disasters increase the credit default premium in both the long run as well as in the short run, while hydrological disasters have only a temporary effect.
Identification of a Novel Phosphorylation Site on Histone H3 Coupled with Mitotic Chromosome Condensation*

Histone H3 (H3) phosphorylation at Ser10 occurs during mitosis in eukaryotes and was recently shown to play an important role in chromosome condensation inTetrahymena. When producing monoclonal antibodies that recognize glial fibrillary acidic protein phosphorylation at Thr7, we obtained some monoclonal antibodies that cross-reacted with early mitotic chromosomes. They reacted with 15-kDa phosphoprotein specifically in mitotic cell lysate. With microsequencing, this phosphoprotein was proved to be H3. Mutational analysis revealed that they recognized H3 Ser28phosphorylation. Then we produced a monoclonal antibody, HTA28, using a phosphopeptide corresponding to phosphorylated H3 Ser28. This antibody specifically recognized the phosphorylation of H3 Ser28 but not that of glial fibrillary acidic protein Thr7. Immunocytochemical studies with HTA28 revealed that Ser28 phosphorylation occurred in chromosomes predominantly during early mitosis and coincided with the initiation of mitotic chromosome condensation. Biochemical analyses using32P-labeled mitotic cells also confirmed that H3 is phosphorylated at Ser28 during early mitosis. In addition, we found that H3 is phosphorylated at Ser28 as well as Ser10 when premature chromosome condensation was induced in tsBN2 cells. These observations suggest that H3 phosphorylation at Ser28, together with Ser10, is a conserved event and is likely to be involved in mitotic chromosome condensation.
Direct evidence for rapid and selective induction of tumor neovascular permeability by tumor necrosis factor and a novel derivative, colloidal gold bound tumor necrosis factor

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) causes regression of advanced cancers when used in isolation perfusion with melphalan; evidence suggests these effects are mediated via selective yet uncharacterized actions on tumor neovasculature. A novel derivative, colloidal gold bound TNF (cAu‐TNF) has been shown to have similar antitumor effects as native TNF with less systemic toxicity in mice. These studies were done to determine their effects on tumor neovasculature, using in vivo video microscopy. Female C57BL/6 mice bearing 20 mm2 MC38 or LLC tumors that are TNF sensitive and resistant tumors, respectively, had dorsal skinfold chambers implanted. The rate of interstitial accumulation of Texas red fluorescently labeled albumin in tumor and normal vasculature was measured after intravenous TNF, cAu‐TNF or PBS. Changes in interstitial fluorescent intensity over time were quantified as a reflection of alterations in vascular permeability. MC38 bearing mice treated with TNF or cAu‐TNF demonstrated a rapid, selective and significant increase in tracer accumulation in areas of neovasculature compared to those of normal vasculature. Experiments in LLC tumor bearing mice showed similar results. Monoclonal antibody against tissue factor partially abrogated the effects of TNF on MC38 neovasculature. These data provide direct evidence that TNF and cAu‐TNF selectively and rapidly alter permeability in tumor neovasculature; a phenomenon that may be exploited to enhance selective delivery of chemotherapeutics to tumor. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Withdrawal of medical treatment in the ICU. A cohort study of 318 cases during 1994–2000 *

Background: Many deaths in intensive care occur after life support has been withdrawn or withheld. In Sweden there are no guidelines for the withholding or withdrawal of life‐sustaining treatments, and information on the frequency of such decisions is scarce. Open and conscious accounts of crucial standpoints in theses decisions are important. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of decisions to withdraw medical therapy in a Swedish, general intensive care unit (ICU), the underlying reasons and outcomes.
End‐to‐end anastomosis using a surgical instrument after a segmental resection of the distal duodenum

Although malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) of the duodenum are thought to be rare, the number of reported cases has been increasing owing to advance in diagnostic modalities [1,2]. When performing surgery for this disease, selecting the most appropriate procedure is very important because of the complex anatomical characteristics of the duodenum including the pancreas, superior mesenteric vessels, portal vein, and extrahepatic biliary system [2–4]. While a pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) is unavoidable in cases with direct invasion to the pancreas, no standard surgical procedure has yet been established in cases without direct invasion. Various kinds of procedures have been used for those cases, including a local excision of the tumor with a repair of the duodenal defect, a segmental resection of the duodenum and PD for an extensive lymph node dissection. Furthermore, the reconstruction method after a segmental resection of the distal duodenum has not yet been standardized because the existence of the superior mesenteric artery and vein make anastomosis in such cases difficult. We herein report a technique for performing end-to-end anastomosis using a surgical instrument after a segmental resection of the fourth portion of the duodenum in which hand-sewn anastomosis is difficult due to anatomical reasons.
Synergistic Effect of Bacillus Calmette Guerin and a Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine in Cationic Liposomes: Increased Immunogenicity and Protection1

In the present work, we evaluated a new TB vaccine approach based on a combination of the Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and a subunit vaccine consisting of the proteins Ag85B and ESAT-6. We demonstrate that in addition to its vaccine efficacy BCG is an immune modulator that can potentiate a Th1 immune response better than the well-known adjuvant mono phosphoryl lipid A, leading to enhanced recognition of the subunit vaccine Ag85B-ESAT-6. Importantly, adding a vehicle to the vaccine, such as the cationic liposome dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA), significantly increased the potentiating effect of BCG. This synergistic effect between BCG and Ag85B-ESAT-6/liposome required drainage to the same lymph node of all vaccine components but did not require direct mixing of the components and was therefore also observed when BCG and Ag85B-ESAT-6/liposome were given as separate injections at sites draining to the same lymph node. The resulting optimized vaccine protocol consisting of BCG and subunit in liposomes (injected side by side) followed by boosting with the subunit in conventional adjuvant resulted in an impressive increase in the protective efficacy of up to 7-fold compared with BCG alone and 3-fold compared with unaugmented BCG boosted by the subunit vaccine. Thus, these studies suggest an immunization strategy where a novel TB subunit vaccine is administered as part of the child vaccination program together with BCG in neonates and followed by subunit boosting.
Infliximab treatment-induced formation of autoantibodies is common in Behçet's disease.

OBJECTIVE To study autoantibody formation in patients with Behçet's disease (BD) who received long-term treatment with the anti-TNF monoclonal antibody infliximab. METHODS Serial sera from infliximab-treated patients (5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 4, 8, and every 6-8 weeks thereafter) were tested for various autoantibodies, using commercially available methods, at baseline and at 6 months (n = 20), at 12 months (n = 16), and at 18 months post-baseline (n = 12). Thirty-five age- and sex-matched BD patients, not treated with infliximab, served as controls. RESULTS Autoantibodies were rarely seen in controls, as well as in infliximab treated patients at baseline. Formation of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) at low titers was evident in 13/20 (65%) patients at 6 months post-baseline; one additional patient developed anti-beta2 glycoprotein-I IgM antibodies (anti-beta(2)GPI). Of the 13 ANA-positive sera, low titers-IgM of anti-dsDNA or anti-beta(2)GPI were detected in 7 (35%) and 6 (30%) patients, respectively. Additional measurements at 12 and 18 months showed that the persistence and/or increasing titers of these autoantibodies depended on continuation of treatment. Antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (anti-RNP, anti-SS-A/Ro, anti-SS-B/La, anti-Sm), rheumatoid factors, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, were never detected. No antibody-related symptoms, lupus-like disease, or thrombosis were observed in any patient up to 18 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION Early induction of ANA and specific autoantibodies is common in BD patients treated with infliximab, including low titers of non-pathogenic anti-dsDNA and anti-Beta2GPI antibodies. A possible clinical significance of these findings needs to be documented in further studies, including more patients and longer follow-up periods.
A USA300 variant and other human-related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains infecting cats and dogs in France.

OBJECTIVES To characterize methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical strains from cats and dogs in France, and to compare the clones identified with the distribution of French human MRSA. METHODS Susceptibilities to antimicrobials were assessed by disc diffusion. Resistance and virulence genes were screened using a microarray-based assay. Isolates were additionally characterized by SmaI macrorestriction analysis and spa typing. RESULTS From 2006 to 2010, the proportion of MRSA infections in pets in France was low (1.8%), but most isolates (87.0%, 20/23) belonged to human clones. The most common clones were the Lyon clone (69.6%, 16/23), the livestock-associated CC398 (13.0%, 3/23) and the Geraldine clone (8.7%, 2/23). Interestingly, we report the first USA300 clone infecting a European dog, which was probably imported by a US patient. CONCLUSIONS Over a 5 year period, the proportion of MRSA infections in pets appears low (<2%) in France, but the distribution of the clones mostly mirrors the epidemiology of human invasive clones. These data highlight the role of pets as both victims and reservoirs of endemic, epidemic and/or invasive MRSA.
Effects of early nutrition on growth rate and adult size in song sparrows Melospiza melodia

We manipulated the quantity of food provided to hand-reared song sparrows Melospiza melodia from 3 to 18 days post-hatching, a period when young birds in the wild are especially likely to experience nutritional stress. A control group was given unlimited food, while an experimental group was limited to 60% of the intake of the controls. Both groups showed excellent survival. The controls had significantly higher growth rates than the experimentals and fledged significantly earlier. At the end of treatment, controls were significantly larger than experimentals in body mass, tarsus length, and length of the third primary. After treatment ended, when all birds were receiving the same diet, both groups showed a recession in body mass, but the amount of mass lost was significantly greater in the controls. Consequently the difference in body mass between the treatment groups was much reduced after the period of weight recession. As adults, the controls were significantly larger than experimentals in a principal component measure of size that combined six post-mortem bone measurements. Controls and experimentals did not differ in the number of fault bars in tail feathers grown in part during the period of nutritional manipulation, nor did they differ in the degree of asymmetry in bone measurements. We conclude that early nutrition affects growth rates in young song sparrows, with effects on skeletal size that carry over into adulthood. These results are consistent with the nutritional stress hypothesis, which posits that early nutrition affects adult phenotypic quality as well as display attributes.
Attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy in Asia and the Pacific: a quantitative assessment of current theoretical models beyond western countries

ABSTRACT This article empirically assesses the validity of current theoretical models of attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy in the Asia-Pacific region. This paper takes representative data from the World Values Survey and implements a multilevel model to test five of the main theories in the literature: the human capital theory, the social capital theory, the political orientation theory, the contact/group threat theory and the economic competition theory. The results from the analysis lend credence to the important effects of human capital, social capital and political-ideological variables on respondents’ attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy. However, the results provide mixed and weak evidence for the contact/group threat theory and the role of economic determinants. Importantly, economic determinants tend to be more powerful in shaping people's attitudes toward immigration policy than shaping attitudes toward immigrants as people. Altogether, this article sheds new light on the validity of current theoretical models based on western countries for other areas of the world. Finally, the results from the paper also support the usefulness of non-economic, as opposed to purely economic, models in the understanding of individuals’ attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy in the Asia-Pacific region.
Causes of Morbidity and Mortality Following Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture

ABSTRACT: Objective: To determine the current recovery rates and causes for morbidity and mortality in patients suffering aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods: We reviewed a recent consecutive series of 95 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms who presented to our hospital between 1994 and 1995. When administered, active treatment consisted of early surgery for aneurysm clipping and aggressive prevention and treatment of SAH-related complications. Results: Eighty-eight (93%) of the patients were admitted within 24 hours of rupture. One-quarter of the patients in this series did not undergo aneurysm clipping due to poor neurological condition on presentation. Of the 75 patients initially considered for active treatment, 83% underwent surgery within 48 hours of rupture, all received nimodipine, 16% received tissue plasminogen activator to lyse subarachnoid or intraventricular clots, 40% underwent hypertensive treatment, and 7% underwent transluminal balloon angioplasty for vasospasm. At one year followup, 29% of patients had died, 7% had severe disabilities, 13% had moderate disabilities, 51% had made a good recovery, and 64% of all surviving patients had returned to their previous work status. Primary and contributing causes of death and disability, affecting 47 patients at one year, were: direct effects of the initial hemorrhage (79% of affected patients), surgical complications (13%), vasospasm (11%), rebleeding (11%) and medical complications (13%). Conclusions: Almost two-thirds of patients suffering aneurysm rupture make a satisfactory recovery with modern treatment. While vasospasm has become a less common cause of poor outcome following SAH, surgical complications remain an important problem.
Socio-demographic determinants of intrauterine device use and failure in China.

BACKGROUND This study examines social, demographic and family planning programme factors influencing intrauterine device (IUD) use, failure and subsequent resolution ('use dynamics') in the 1988 Chinese National Survey of Fertility and Contraceptive Prevalence. METHOD A time-to-failure model was used to identify independent determinants of IUD failure. Logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of abortion in women after failure. RESULTS Being younger at IUD fitting [<25 versus > or = 35 years, hazard ratio 5.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.3, 7.7] and having a larger number of living children (> or = 3 versus <2 children, hazard ratio 1.2, 95% CI 1.1, 1.4) predict higher risk of IUD failure when controlled for each other; but in women with IUD failure, being older and having fewer children predict a much higher chance of resulting abortion. Contraceptive history and social/regional factors were also associated with higher IUD failure risk, in particular, use before 1984 (hazard ratio 1.3, 95% CI 1.2,1.4); and some of these factors were also predictive of abortion following failure. CONCLUSIONS The determinants of IUD use dynamics suggest two main possible mechanisms. Some determinants may reflect effects of the Chinese family planning programme; some may indicate women's physiological and biological reactions to IUD. Health implications and relevant policy recommendations are discussed.
Quantitative modeling of viable cell density, cell size, intracellular conductivity, and membrane capacitance in batch and fed‐batch CHO processes using dielectric spectroscopy

Dielectric spectroscopy was used to analyze typical batch and fed‐batch CHO cell culture processes. Three methods of analysis (linear modeling, Cole–Cole modeling, and partial least squares regression), were used to correlate the spectroscopic data with routine biomass measurements [viable packed cell volume, viable cell concentration (VCC), cell size, and oxygen uptake rate (OUR)]. All three models predicted offline biomass measurements accurately during the growth phase of the cultures. However, during the stationary and decline phases of the cultures, the models decreased in accuracy to varying degrees. Offline cell radius measurements were unsuccessfully used to correct for the deviations from the linear model, indicating that physiological changes affecting permittivity were occurring. The β‐dispersion was analyzed using the Cole–Cole distribution parameters Δε (magnitude of the permittivity drop), fc (critical frequency), and α (Cole–Cole parameter). Furthermore, the dielectric parameters static internal conductivity (σi) and membrane capacitance per area (Cm) were calculated for the cultures. Finally, the relationship between permittivity, OUR, and VCC was examined, demonstrating how the definition of viability is critical when analyzing biomass online. The results indicate that the common assumptions of constant size and dielectric properties used in dielectric analysis are not always valid during later phases of cell culture processes. The findings also demonstrate that dielectric spectroscopy, while not a substitute for VCC, is a complementary measurement of viable biomass, providing useful auxiliary information about the physiological state of a culture. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog. , 2010