Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HOTP: An HMAC-Based One-Time Password Algorithm

This document describes an algorithm to generate one-time password values, based on Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC). A security analysis of the algorithm is presented, and important parameters related to the secure deployment of the algorithm are discussed. The proposed algorithm can be used across a wide range of network applications ranging from remote Virtual Private Network (VPN) access, Wi-Fi network logon to transaction-oriented Web applications. This work is a joint effort by the OATH (Open AuTHentication) membership to specify an algorithm that can be freely distributed to the technical community. The authors believe that a common and shared algorithm will facilitate adoption of two-factor authentication on the Internet by enabling interoperability across commercial and open-source implementations. This memo provides information for the Internet community.
Community ambulation after hip fracture: completing tasks to enable access to common community venues

Purpose: This observational study explored the ability of people who had returned home after hip fracture to complete specified walking tasks reflective of community ambulation. Method: Walking distances, pedestrian crossing times, kerbs, stairs and slopes were measured at 70 sites in a metropolitan area. From these, five walking tasks were developed and 22 people who had received rehabilitation after hip fracture attempted these tasks. Participants also completed the Ambulatory Self-Confidence Questionnaire (ASCQ) and London Handicap Scale. Results: Most participants (18/22) were able to complete walking tasks reflective of walking in the community. However, half of the participants self-reported significant mobility restriction on the London Handicap Scale and variable levels of confidence (ASCQ mean 6.5 SD 1.4) when walking in their community. Conclusions: People living in their communities after hip fracture were able to complete walking tasks reflective of community ambulation but reported a lack of confidence in their walking ability and significant self-perceived participation restriction. These results suggest that more emphasis could be placed on strategies to increase patient confidence when completing rehabilitation after hip fracture in order to allow successful integration back to their community. Implications for Rehabilitation Walking tasks designed in this study may provide clinicians with valuable information about what physical measures are required for walking in the community. Focusing rehabilitation on physical training alone may not be adequately preparing people to return to living in their communities after hip fracture. More emphasis should be placed on strategies to increase confidence during rehabilitation after hip fracture.
Nano-Electro-Mechanical vibrating body FET resonator for high frequency integrated oscillators

Mechanical resonators are attractive for many applications in signal processing and sensing applications [1]. However, the aggressive scaling of their dimensions into the nanometer range with a simultaneous increase of the resonance frequency makes their direct measurement extremely difficult with electrostatic transduction, due to the very low signal level. Novel current modulation mechanisms, such as the FET based detection [2,3,4] and piezoresistive [5,6] current modulation, demonstrated the most promising results for highly sensitive motion detection in Nano-Electro-Mechanical (NEM) resonators.
Network function consolidation in service function chaining orchestration

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is an emerging technology proposed to improve service provisioning in telecommunication industry. The flexibility of NFV enables network operator to dynamically deploy Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) according to real-time requirements. However, a large amount of VNFs with low utilization may be deployed in network due to dynamic arrival and departure of services and excessive deployment of VNFs. In this paper, we analyse this phenomenon and model it as the Network Function Consolidation (NFC) problem, followed by an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation. We also design a greedy based heuristic to solve large scale cases. We conduct simulations on both real-world and random generated network topologies, and the results show that we can reduce 32% number of VNFs in average.
Mid-Infrared and Near-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for Soil Carbon Measurement

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy offers a nondestructive means for measurement of C in soils based on the The ability to inventory soil C on landscapes is limited by the reflectance spectra of illuminated soil. Both the NIR ability to rapidly measure soil C. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopic (400–2500 nm) and MIR (2500–25 000 nm) region have analysis in the near-infrared (NIR, 400–2500 nm) and mid-infrared
Genotypic Profile of the Outer Membrane Proteins BabA and BabB in Clinical Isolates of Helicobacter pylori

ABSTRACT Helicobacter pylori BabA is the ABO blood group antigen binding adhesin, which has a closely related paralogue (BabB) whose function is unknown. PCR and DNA sequence analysis showed extensive genotypic diversity in babA and babB across different strains, as well as within a strain colonizing an individual patient. We hypothesize that diverse profiles of babA and babB reflect selective pressures for adhesion, which may differ across different hosts and within an individual over time.
Long-term luminosity behavior of 14 ultracompact X-ray binaries

Context. X-ray binaries are usually divided in persistent and transient sources. For ultracompact X-ray binaries (UCXBs), the mass transfer rate is expected to be a strong function of orbital period, predicting persistent sources at short periods and transients at long periods. Aims. For 14 UCXBs including two candidates, we investigate the long-term variability and average bolometric luminosity with the purpose of learning how often a source can be expected to be visible above a given luminosity, and we compare the derived luminosities with the theoretical predictions. Methods. We use data from the RXTE All-Sky Monitor because of its long-term, unbiased observations. Many UCXBs are faint, i.e., they have a count rate at the noise level for most of the time. Still, information can be extracted from the data, either by using only reliable data points or by combining the bright-end variability behavior with the time-averaged luminosity. Results. Luminosity probability distributions show the fraction of time that a source emits above a given luminosity. All UCXBs show significant variability and relatively similar behavior, though the time-averaged luminosity implies higher variability in systems with an orbital period longer than 40 min. Conclusions. There is no large di erence in the statistical luminosity behavior of what we usually call persistent and transient sources. UCXBs with an orbital period below 30 min have a time-averaged bolometric luminosity that is in reasonable agreement with estimates based on the theoretical mass transfer rate. Around 40 min the lower bound on the time-averaged luminosity is similar to the luminosity based on the theoretical mass transfer rate, suggesting these sources are indeed faint when not detected. Above 50 min some systems are much brighter than the theoretical mass transfer rate predicts, unless these systems have helium burning donors or lose additional angular momentum.
“Into the Valley of Darkness”: Reflections on the Royal Society in the Eighteenth Century

In reflecting on studies of the Royal Society of London during its first two hundred years of existence, I am reminded of Nathan Reingold's remark on the tendency to see the career of American science as being like a bactrian camel. ' Writing on the history of the Royal Society has definite humps in the late seventeenth and the early nineteenth centuries, with a trough in the eighteenth century. How should we enter the eighteenth century 'valley of darkness' so far as the Royal Society is concerned? Without pretending to canvass this matter comprehensively here, I set out firstly to insert a caution about tackling the issue from the vantage point of a pre-established hierarchy or map of the 'sciences', to suggest that 'mere' reportage was central to the Society's self-image (or at least that of the majority of its Fellows), and finally to indicate the importance of detailed analysis of the management of constituencies to an understanding of the Society and its activities during this period.
Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Rosa damascena Hydroalcoholic Extract and its Essential Oil in Animal Models

Extracts obtained from the petals of Rosa damascena (Rosaceae) are used in Iranian folk medicine as remedies for the treatment of some inflammatory diseases. In this study the hydroalcoholic extract and essential oil of the plant were investigated for its possible anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The extract was administered at the doses (p.o.) of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg and the doses of essential oil were 100, 200 and 400 μL/kg. The acetic acid-induced writhing response, formalin-induced paw licking time in the early and late phases and light tail flick test were used in mice to assess analgesic activity. For evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect carrageenan-induced paw edema served as a valid animal model in rats. The extract significantly attenuated the writhing responses induced by an intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid and also showed potent analgesic effect in both phases of formalin test but not in light tail flick test. In addition, the higher dose of the extract significantly (P < 0.05) reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema. Essential oil of the plant at all administered doses failed to show any analgesic or anti-inflammatory effect in above mentioned tests. These results provide support for the use of hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa damascena in relieving inflammatory pain, and insight into the development of new agents for treating inflammatory diseases.
Characterizing Seedling Stands Using Leaf-Off and Leaf-On Photogrammetric Point Clouds and Hyperspectral Imagery Acquired from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Seedling stands are mainly inventoried through field measurements, which are typically laborious, expensive and time-consuming due to high tree density and small tree size. In addition, operationally used sparse density airborne laser scanning (ALS) and aerial imagery data are not sufficiently accurate for inventorying seedling stands. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for forestry applications is currently in high attention and in the midst of quick development and this technology could be used to make seedling stand management more efficient. This study was designed to investigate the use of UAV-based photogrammetric point clouds and hyperspectral imagery for characterizing seedling stands in leaf-off and leaf-on conditions. The focus was in retrieving tree density and the height in young seedling stands in the southern boreal forests of Finland. After creating the canopy height model from photogrammetric point clouds using national digital terrain model based on ALS, the watershed segmentation method was applied to delineate the tree canopy boundary at individual tree level. The segments were then used to extract tree heights and spectral information. Optimal bands for calculating vegetation indices were analysed and used for species classification using the random forest method. Tree density and the mean tree height of the total and spruce trees were then estimated at the plot level. The overall tree density was underestimated by 17.5% and 20.2% in leaf-off and leaf-on conditions with the relative root mean square error (relative RMSE) of 33.5% and 26.8%, respectively. Mean tree height was underestimated by 20.8% and 7.4% (relative RMSE of 23.0% and 11.5%, and RMSE of 0.57 m and 0.29 m) in leaf-off and leaf-on conditions, respectively. The leaf-on data outperformed the leaf-off data in the estimations. The results showed that UAV imagery hold potential for reliably characterizing seedling stands and to be used to supplement or replace the laborious field inventory methods.
Chemical Composition of Lipophilic Extractives from Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Wood

Summary The composition of lipophilic extractives in the chloroform soluble fraction of the acetone extract from Eucalyptus globulus wood has been examined. The lipid extract was fractionated by solid-phase extraction on aminopropyl-phase cartridges into four different fractions of increasing polarity. The total lipid extract and the resulting fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, using high temperature capillary columns. The main compounds identified included sterols, sterol esters, fatty acids, steroid ketones, hydrocarbons and triglycerides. Minor compounds such as fatty alcohols, mono- and diglycerides, waxes and tocopherols were also identified among the lipids from E. globulus wood.
Correlates of pre-hospital morphine use in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients and its association with in-hospital outcomes and long-term mortality: the FAST-MI (French Registry of Acute ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction) programme.

AIMS The use of opioids is recommended for pain relief in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) but may delay antiplatelet agent absorption, potentially leading to decreased treatment efficacy. METHODS AND RESULTS In-hospital complications (death, non-fatal re-MI, stroke, stent thrombosis, and bleeding) and 1-year survival according to pre-hospital morphine use were assessed in 2438 ST-elevation MI (STEMI) patients from the French Registry of Acute ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (FAST-MI) 2010. The analyses were replicated in the 1726 STEMI patients of the FAST-MI 2005 cohort, in which polymorphisms of CYP2C19 and ABCB1 had been assessed. Specific subgroup analyses taking into account these genetic polymorphisms were performed in patients pre-treated with thienopyridines. The 453 patients (19%) receiving morphine pre-hospital were younger, more often male, with a lower GRACE score and higher chest pain levels. After adjustment for baseline differences, in-hospital complications and 1-year survival (hazard ratio = 0.69; 95% confidence interval: 0.35-1.37) were not increased according to pre-hospital morphine use. After propensity score matching, 1-year survival according to pre-hospital morphine was also similar. Consistent results were found in the replication cohort, including in those receiving pre-hospital thienopyridines and whatever the genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C19 and ABCB1. CONCLUSION In two independent everyday-life cohorts, pre-hospital morphine use in STEMI patients was not associated with worse in-hospital complications and 1-year mortality. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00673036 (FAST-MI 2005); NCT01237418 (FAST-MI 2010).
INVESTIGATION OF DUAL ACTIVE NUCLEI, OUTFLOWS, SHOCK-HEATED GAS, AND YOUNG STAR CLUSTERS IN MARKARIAN 266

Results of observations with the Spitzer, Hubble, GALEX, Chandra, and XMM-Newton space telescopes are presented for the luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) merger Markarian 266. The SW (Seyfert 2) and NE (LINER) nuclei reside in galaxies with Hubble types SBb (pec) and S0/a (pec), respectively. Both companions are more luminous than L* galaxies and they are inferred to each contain a ≈2.5 × 108 M☉ black hole. Although the nuclei have an observed hard X-ray flux ratio of fX(NE)/fX(SW) = 6.4, Mrk 266 SW is likely the primary source of a bright Fe Kα line detected from the system, consistent with the reflection-dominated X-ray spectrum of a heavily obscured active galactic nucleus (AGN). Optical knots embedded in an arc with aligned radio continuum radiation, combined with luminous H2 line emission, provide evidence for a radiative bow shock in an AGN-driven outflow surrounding the NE nucleus. A soft X-ray emission feature modeled as shock-heated plasma with T ∼ 107 K is cospatial with radio continuum emission between the galaxies. Mid-infrared diagnostics provide mixed results, but overall suggest a composite system with roughly equal contributions of AGN and starburst radiation powering the bolometric luminosity. Approximately 120 star clusters have been detected, with most having estimated ages less than 50 Myr. Detection of 24 μm emission aligned with soft X-rays, radio continuum, and ionized gas emission extending ∼34″ (20 kpc) north of the galaxies is interpreted as ∼2 × 107 M☉ of dust entrained in an outflowing superwind. At optical wavelengths this Northern Loop region is resolved into a fragmented morphology indicative of Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities in an expanding shell of ionized gas. Mrk 266 demonstrates that the dust “blow-out” phase can begin in a LIRG well before the galaxies fully coalesce during a subsequent ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) phase, and rapid gas consumption in luminous dual AGNs with kiloparsec-scale separations early in the merger process may explain the paucity of detected binary QSOs (with parsec-scale orbital separations) in spectroscopic surveys. An evolutionary sequence is proposed representing a progression from dual to binary AGNs, accompanied by an increase in observed Lx/Lir ratios by over two orders of magnitude.
A taxonomy of crowdsourcing based on task complexity

Although a great many different crowdsourcing approaches are available to those seeking to accomplish individual or organizational tasks, little research attention has yet been given to characterizing how those approaches might be based on task characteristics. To that end, we conducted an extensive review of the crowdsourcing landscape, including a look at what types of taxonomies are currently available. Our review found that no taxonomy explored the multidimensional nature of task complexity. This paper develops a taxonomy whose specific intent is the classification of approaches in terms of the types of tasks for which they are best suited. To develop this task-based taxonomy, we followed an iterative approach that considered over 100 well-known examples of crowdsourcing. The taxonomy considers three dimensions of task complexity: (a) task structure – is the task well-defined, or does it require a more open-ended solution; (2) task interdependence – can the task be solved by an individual, or does it require a community of problem solvers; and (3) task commitment – what level of commitment is expected from crowd members? Based on this taxonomy, we identify seven categories of crowdsourcing and discuss prototypical examples of each approach. Furnished with such an understanding, one should be able to determine which crowdsourcing approach is most suitable for a particular task situation.
Presolar Grain Inventories of the Ungrouped C3 Adelaide and the CV3 RBT 04133

Presolar grains are particularly abundant in primitive extraterrestrial materials such as IDPs [e.g. 1-3] and the matrices of the least altered chondrites [4-6]. To date, the presolar silicate and oxide inventories of the primitive chondrites Acfer 094 [4-7] and ALHA 77307 [7] have been reported extensively. More recently, the search for presolar silicates and oxides has been extended to the CR [8,9] and ungrouped chondrites [10]. Here we report the presolar grain inventories (silicates, oxides, SiC, and other C-anomalous phases) determined for Adelaide and RBT 04133 by Nano-SIMS raster ion imaging. Adelaide (an ungrouped C3)was chosen for this study because (i) it is primitive and (ii) it was previously reported to have a low presolar silicate abundance of ~41 ppm [11] in comparison to Acfer 094 and ALHA 77307; 90-175 [7,12] and 95 ppm respectively [7]. RBT 04133 (a mildly thermally altered CV3) was also analysed as part of an ongoing study [13].
Character Building Through Counseling: The Reducement of Truancy with Cognitive Restructuring Technique

The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of cognitive restructuring technique to reduce students’ truant behavior of Surabaya Pharmacy School. This study used experimental methods with Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The stage of the study was the preparation, the implementation, and the final stage. The subject of study was twelve students of Surabaya Pharmacy School from first, second, and third grades taken at random through the student truancy scale and divided into two groups, control and experiment group. The intervention is done by doing the counseling group with cognitive restructuring technique to reduce the student’s truancy behavior. The Data was analyzed using SPSS Paired Sampled T-Test. The analysis result showed that there was a significant difference before and after the intervention using cognitive restructuring in the experiment group. Therefore, the technique of cognitive restructuring is effective to reduce student's truancy at Surabaya Pharmacy School.
Circulatory reflexes in cerebral ischaemia involving different vascular territories.

1. Circulatory reflex function was assessed in a series of subjects with chronic ischaemic cerebrovascular disease and compared with a group of subjects with no known cerebrovascular disease by intra-arterial pressure responses to Valsalva9s manoeuvre. 2. Circulatory reflexes were impaired in the patients with cerebrovascular disease as compared with controls, but statistical analysis indicated that age was a more important factor than chronic cerebrovascular disease in producing the deterioration. 3. No significant difference was found in the circulatory reflex function of subjects with ischaemia in the internal carotid territory when compared with those having ischaemia in the vertebrobasilar territory. 4. Combined ischaemia in both carotid and vertebrobasilar territories significantly impaired the cardioaccelerator but not the vasoconstrictor response to Valsalva9s manoeuvre. 5. No significant difference was found in circulatory reflex function in subjects who had suffered cerebral infarction as opposed to transient ischaemic attacks.
Multidirectional and multiscale edge detection via M-band wavelet transform

In this correspondence, the problem of directional and multiscale edge detection is considered. Orthogonal and linear-phase M-band wavelet transform is used to decompose the image into MxM channels. These channels are then combined such that each combination, which we refer to as decomposition filter, results in zero-crossings at the locations of edges corresponding to different directions and resolutions, and inherently performs regularization against noise. By applying a zero-crossing detector on the outputs of the decomposition filters, edge maps of desired resolution and direction are obtained. In addition, with the application of the Teager's energy operator at the analysis stage, it is possible to obtain a reduction in unwanted zero-crossings. Final edge maps of images are obtained through simple combinations of directional edge maps.