Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dexterous Hand Movements and Their Recovery After Central Nervous System Injury.

Hand dexterity has uniquely developed in higher primates and is thought to rely on the direct corticomotoneuronal (CM) pathway. Recent studies have shown that rodents and carnivores lack the direct CM pathway but can control certain levels of dexterous hand movements through various indirect CM pathways. Some homologous pathways also exist in higher primates, and among them, propriospinal (PrS) neurons in the mid-cervical segments (C3-C4) are significantly involved in hand dexterity. When the direct CM pathway was lesioned caudal to the PrS and transmission of cortical commands to hand motoneurons via the PrS neurons remained intact, dexterous hand movements could be significantly recovered. This recovery model was intensively studied, and it was found that, in addition to the compensation by the PrS neurons, a large-scale reorganization in the bilateral cortical motor-related areas and mesolimbic structures contributed to recovery. Future therapeutic strategies should target these multihierarchical areas. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience Volume 42 is July 8, 2019. Please see http://www.annualreviews. org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Can menstrual health apps selected based on users' needs change health-related factors? A double-blind randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE Most healthcare providers are reluctant to use health apps for healthcare because there is no rigorous way of choosing the best app for their patient or consumer. Accordingly, we developed a new method of app selection that fully considers target users' needs. This study verified whether health apps selected based on target users' needs can influence health-related factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a randomized control trial of women with dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome using App A (the best app selected using the new method) and App B (the app with the highest number of users worldwide). The intervention was performed over 4 months to include at least 3 menstrual cycles. RESULTS Sixty-one app users completed the 16-week intervention. While users rated both apps as higher in quality than previously used menstrual apps, only App A users showed significant improvements in overall satisfaction, app outcome expectancy, the number of days with records, app social influence, intent to recommend, and the possibility of behavioral or cognitive changes in their symptom management. The number of menus used increased over time. While the app self-efficacy and the number of relief methods did not significantly differ between groups, they still showed an increase in App A users. CONCLUSIONS When a menstrual app reflected users' needs, they recorded their symptoms more often and reported higher app quality, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. This study can not only benefit the selection of menstrual apps, but also confirm that mobile health apps can improve health-related factors.
Simultaneous Multislice Echo Planar Imaging for Accelerated Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of Malignant and Benign Breast Lesions.

OBJECTIVES Comparison of the diagnostic value of simultaneous multislice (SMS) accelerated diffusion-weighted echo planar imaging (EPI) of malignant and benign lesions of the breast compared with a reference EPI sequence. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee. Sixty-eight patients were examined with a diffusion-weighted EPI (reference EPI; TE = 54 milliseconds; TR = 9000 milliseconds; TA, 3:27 minutes) and a diffusion-weighted SMS accelerated EPI (SMS EPI; acceleration factor 2; TE = 58 milliseconds; TR = 4300 milliseconds; TA, 1:53 minutes) in addition to the standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol. Further acquisition parameters were as follows: 3 T MAGNETOM Skyra (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany), 2.5-mm isotropic resolution, field of view = 185 to 190 × 350 mm, 62 slices, b = 50 and 800 s/mm with 1 and 4 averages, respectively. A dedicated 16-channel bilateral breast coil was used for imaging. Image quality was evaluated with respect to the presence of artifacts, signal voids, and quality of fat suppression. These parameters were rated using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = very strong to 5 = negligible). The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was measured in 72 focal lesions (46 breast carcinomas and 26 benign lesions), and the diagnostic value of the 2 datasets was statistically evaluated and compared. The evaluation was performed a second time excluding cysts. RESULTS Artifacts and signal voids were negligible in both sequences (mean on Likert scale for reference EPI 4.68 vs SMS EPI 4.65, P = 0.52, and mean on Likert scale for reference EPI 4.85 vs SMS EPI 4.77, P = 0.14). Fat suppression was significantly better in SMS EPI (mean on Likert scale 3.28 vs 2.97, P < 0.001, Pearson r = 0.49). For benign lesions, the mean ADC in both EPI sequences was 1.86 · 10 mm/s. For malignant lesions, a mean ADC of 0.90 · 10 mm/s for the reference EPI and 0.89 · 10 mm/s for the SMS EPI was found. No significant difference between the EPI sequences was observed for ADC values (P = 0.75) and for the area under the curve (SMS, 0.985; no SMS, 0.975). The cutoff for differentiation of benign and malignant lesions was at ADC = 1.42 · 10 mm/s for SMS EPI (sensitivity, 1; specificity, 0.88) and at 1.23 · 10 mm/s for the reference EPI (sensitivity, 1; specificity, 0.92). Excluding the cysts, the cutoff for differentiation of benign and malignant lesions was at ADC = 1.11 · 10 mm/s for SMS EPI (sensitivity, 0.89; specificity, 0.93) and at 1.23 · 10 mm/s for the reference EPI (sensitivity, 1; specificity, 0.87). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that SMS acceleration can be used for diffusion imaging in breast MRI in clinical practice. Simultaneous multislice EPI achieved the same diagnostic accuracy in breast MRI, but in a substantially reduced scan time.
The language of well-being: Tracking fluctuations in emotion experience through everyday speech.

The words that people use have been found to reflect stable psychological traits, but less is known about the extent to which everyday fluctuations in spoken language reflect transient psychological states. We explored within-person associations between spoken words and self-reported state emotion among 185 participants who wore the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR; an unobtrusive audio recording device) and completed experience sampling reports of their positive and negative emotions 4 times per day for 7 days (1,579 observations). We examined language using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count program (LIWC; theoretically created dictionaries) and open-vocabulary themes (clusters of data-driven semantically-related words). Although some studies give the impression that LIWC's positive and negative emotion dictionaries can be used as indicators of emotion experience, we found that when computed on spoken language, LIWC emotion scores were not significantly associated with self-reports of state emotion experience. Exploration of other categories of language variables suggests a number of hypotheses about substantive everyday correlates of momentary positive and negative emotion that can be tested in future studies. These findings (a) suggest that LIWC positive and negative emotion dictionaries may not capture self-reported subjective emotion experience when applied to everyday speech, (b) emphasize the importance of establishing the validity of language-based measures within one's target domain, (c) demonstrate the potential for developing new hypotheses about personality processes from the open-ended words that are used in everyday speech, and (d) extend perspectives on intraindividual variability to the domain of spoken language. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
6 Growth , Poverty Reduction , and Inequality in Rwanda

Rwanda has many features whichmake it unique and of interest to analysts. It has the highest population density in Africa. Even more than many subSaharan African countries, it is very highly dependent on agriculture, but its originally fertile soils face a continued risk of environmental degradation, and average farm size is rapidly falling (the average farm size is now only 0.7 ha, with much of this land not being easy to cultivate). Without doubt, the country needs to diversify out of agriculture, but finding these alternative activities has been and remains a major challenge. Rwanda has also attracted international attention because of its disastrous period of violent conflict in the early tomid-1990s. Also well known, though, is the impressive economic growth it has experienced since. Per capita GDP in local currency values since 1970 is presented in Figure 6.1. What this shows is consistent sustained growth from 1995 onwards, in sharp contrast to the stagnation of GDP in the 1980s and early 1990s. By 2006, GDP per capita had reached its highest level to date, and by 2012, it was about 50 per cent larger than GDP per capita prior to the armed conflicts of the 1990s. Growth seems to be even faster in recent years. All productive sectors have grown consistently over this period, agriculture and industry included, but according to national accounts data the fastest growth has been in the services sector, especially in wholesale and retail trade and transport, storage, and
Relatedness , Diversification and Institutions

In this empirical study, we propose to bridge two separate streams of literature on economic growth, that is, the literature on industrial diversification and the literature on institutions. Starting from the assumption of diversification as a path-dependent process driven by product relatedness, we claim that the constraints of path-dependence are not equally binding for all countries: while some capabilities are important only for specific products or groups of products, there are also general-purpose capabilities that are relevant for all products, that are country specific, and that make it easier to jump for countries to any new product, reducing the importance of product relatedness as driver of diversification. Institutions may be regarded as important general-purpose capabilities of a country: they shape and constraint the behavior of individuals at all levels and in all sectors. In our empirical study on diversification of many countries worldwide, we consider a wide range of institutions, like economic and political institutions, rules governing the educational system, the technological environment, and the relations between social and economic actors, and norms and values. Our preliminary empirical results show that different types of institutions have indeed an impact on the diversification process. Institutions either reinforce path-dependency, or they provide countries with more degrees of freedom in their evolution within the product space.
Ultramorphological and chemical evaluation of dentinal surfaces formed following application of two different toothpastes : an in vitro study

Introduction: Dentin hypersensitivity is considered one of the most prevalent painful condition of the oral cavity, but poorly understood and is defined as a short, sharp pain arising from exposed dentin in response to stimuli typically thermal, evaporative, tactile, osmotic or chemical presenting, many times, a multifactorial etiology. Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the obliteration of dentinal tubules after application of two different dentifrices using scanning electron microscopy for ultra structural analysis and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) for chemical evaluation of a selected area. Materials and Methods: Five extracted human third molars were collected, stored at room temperature in a 10% buffered formalin solution (pH=7.0) for up to 3 months. Five dentin discs were obtained by sectioning each tooth parallel to the occlusal surface from the top of the pulp horns and occlusally to an approximate 1 mm. After each dentin disc was sectioned into four quarters, they were carefully and
Density calculation for moving points

To detect clusters and hotspots in moving point datasets is a difficult task. It depends on the data analysis and on the visualisation or rather simulation. This paper presents the investigation of the calculation and representation of temporally and spatially highly dynamic point datasets. Within the paper we provide a flexible approach that aims to explore point patterns and densities of points with temporal dimension. Two new approaches are presented, based on kernel density estimation (KDE); both of them consider the direction and the speed of movement for the individual points. One approach is based on a linear directed cone and the other one considers a “trigonometric bell”. The core benefit of this approach is that the resulting directed kernel density maps represent the point density at the initial time of the moving points as well as the point density change towards the end time of the recorded point movement in one single density map.
Chapter 5 Vitamin K 2 : A Vitamin that Works like a Hormone , Impinging on Gene Expression

Vitamin K2 binds to the intranuclear receptor SXR and results in the activation of a plethora of genes, both directly and indirectly. Among these genes are important biological markers of cellular characteristics or features (also known as cell phenotypes), as well as a set of molecules known to be involved in both hormone-induced, G-protein-mediated cell signalling, either directly or indirectly activating so-called sirtuins and/or histone deacetylaces (HDACs), known as determinants of cell types and their specific functions in a given tissue. Hence, vitamin K2 may be closely involved in or serving as a traditional molecular ‘link’ between hormonal receptors and intracellular signalling pathways. It has been stated that a true hormone is a product of living cells, which circulates in body fluids (such as blood) and elicits a specific and often stimulatory effect on the activity of cells situated remotely from its point of origin. A large bulk of evidence published over the past 10 years establishes vitamin K2 in this category of substances. Hence, vitamin K2 should be considered and consequently classified as a hormone.
State ownership , institutional effects and value creation in cross-border mergers & acquisitions by Chinese firms

This paper considers the effects of state ownership and institutional influences on value creation through cross-border mergers & acquisitions by Chinese firms during the period using a sample of 468 firms. The findings indicate that Chinese bidders experience wealth gains ranging from 0.4771% to 1.5210% over a 10-day event window. The cross-sectional analysis indicates that state ownership, formal institutional distance, reforms in the foreign currency approval system exert significant impact on shareholder value. By considering the state ownership and institutions, this study provides evidence that government and institutions play a huge role in value creation of emerging market firm internationalisation through cross-border mergers & acquisitions (CBM&A).
Psychometric Properties of a Scale Measuring Moral Disengagement in Mexican Children

Moral disengagement has negative effects for psychosocial development in childhood, which makes it necessary to have scales to evaluate it. The present study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Moral Disengagement Scale for Children in Bullying Situations (DMAE, for its Spanish acronym) scale. 661 Mexican students participated from 5th grade (51%) and 6th grade (49%), 48% girls (M age = 10.51, SD = .64 years) and 52% boys (M age = 10.59, SD = .68 years). The validity (internal and concurrent), measurement invariance for both sexes and reliability of the scale were analyzed. From the results of the confirmatory factor analysis, it was inferred that the multidimensional measurement model that measures moral justification, diffusion of responsibility and attribution of blame presents a better fit to the data than the one-dimensional one. It was also found that the DMAE presents measurement invariance in both sexes and evidence of concurrent validity. It was concluded that the scale has adequate psychometric properties for the measurement of moral disengagement in Mexican children
Equation of state of NaMgF 3 postperovskite : Implication for the seismic velocity changes in the D 00 region

[1] Recent first-principles calculations have proposed that bulk sound speed (VF) decreases at the perovskite (Pv) ! postperovskite (PPv) transition. Yet some measurements suggest an increase in VF at the PPv transition in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 and NaMgF3. Our new measurements on NaMgF3 up to 50 GPa under quasi-hydrostatic stress conditions reveal that the VF of PPv remains lower than that of Pv near the PPv transition, consistent with a firstprinciples study on NaMgF3. Combined with similar observations in (Mg,Fe)SiO3, MgGeO3, and CaIrO3, our result on NaMgF3 suggests that the VF decrease is a robust trend in the PPv transition and is controlled more by crystal structure than by chemical composition. Our finding also strengthens the proposal that the elastic properties of PPv can explain the small P-wave increase across the D00 discontinuity and the anticorrelation between the VF and S-wave velocity anomalies in the D 00 region. Citation: Hustoft, J., K. Catalli, S. -H. Shim, A. Kubo, V. B. Prakapenka, and M. Kunz (2008), Equation of state of NaMgF3 postperovskite: Implication for the seismic velocity changes in the D00 region, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 35, L10309, doi:10.1029/ 2008GL034042.
Privatization Policies and Implications : Hungarian and Turkish Experiences

Privatization of state-owned enterprises (either partially or fully) has accelerated as a consequence of rapid economic liberalization in recent years. Many studies investigating privatization have arisen parallel to this trend. These have been concerned with several dimensions such as the objectives, the timing, the methods, and the results of privatization. The incentives and the performance after privatization are usually addressed issues. However the methods and the circumstances matter a lot in evaluating the results of privatization because it is often considered to be insufficient alone to flourish economic efficiency and accelerate economic growth. The objective of this paper is to overview the economic literature on privatization policies and to develop an idea about whether and how privatization can enhance economic efficiency and improve the economic stance of developing countries. Different methods and the circumstances under which they are suitable are intended to be analyzed making use of the Hungarian privatization experience and a short evaluation of the Turkish privatization process is attempted in light of the Hungarian experience. JEL Code: G18, G32, L33
Kinetics of Thermal Pyrolysis of High-Density Polyethylene

Thermal pyrolysis kinetics of virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was investigated. Thermal pyrolysis of HDPE was performed using a thermogravimetric analyzer in nitrogen atmosphere under non-isothermal conditions at different heating rates 4, 7, 10 °C/min. First-order decomposition reaction was assumed, and for the kinetic analysis Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS), Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO) and Coats and Redfern(CR) method were used. The obtained values of average activation energy by the KAS and FWO methods were equal to137.43 and 141.52 kJ/mol respectively, these values were considered in good agreement, where the average activation energy value obtained by CR equation methods was slightly different which equal to 153.16 kJ/mol.
Effects of Mulching Soil on Water Consumption, Yield, Fruit Quality and Water Use Efficiency of "Canino" apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Cultivar

The present work was conducted at El-Kanater Horticultural Research Station on Canino apricot trees during 2016 and 2017 growing seasons to study the effect of different irrigation regimes (irrigation at both 25 and 50 % of available soil moisture depletion) under mulching treatments; (black polyethylene plastic, white plastic and rice straw mulching) on evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, vegetative growth measurements, yield and fruit quality beside economic studies were also done. The most important results can be summarized as follows: Water consumption use (WCU) was increased in the case of frequent irrigation at 25 % of available soil moisture depletion (I1) value which was found to be 4137.4 and 3206.9 m /fed. in both growing seasons, respectively. Regarding mulching treatments, the values of the water consumption use were increased under both no mulching and rice straw mulching compared with either black plastic or white plastic mulching. Also, black plastic, white plastic and rice straw mulching generally led to increase (WUE) by 81.1 %, 55.6 % and 32.2 % over the un-mulched treatment, respectively in both seasons and Kc values as compared to unmulched treatments. Moreover, all investigated fruiting parameters (fruit set %, tree yield either as kg or as No. of fruits per tree, ton/fed and yield increment % as compared to the control) were significantly increased as a result of using mulching treatments in comparison with the control. It is quite clear that, leaf N, P and K contents were increased by using both black polyethylene plastic and white plastic mulching treatments in most cases as compared with control. Concerning the economic study, data indicated that, all mulching treatments were resulted in the higher values of profit per feddan as compared to the control treatment. Moreover the pest effective treatment in this respect was mulching with black plastic during both seasons of study. In general, it could be concluded that, both mulching treatments either with black polyethylene plastic or white plastic were most effective.
The Disruptive Effects of Generational Innovation in Digital Economy

While innovation disruption has been extensively studied in extant literature, little is known about the performance outcomes of generational innovation so far. Building upon the demand-side perspective, we argue that generational innovations may elicit resistance from users, therefore exerting a disruptive effect on its demand dynamics. Further, the disruptive effect of GPI is conditioned by the relative benefits of adoption vis-a-vis behavioral readjustment. We suggest that the disruptive effect diminishes if the product has achieved top performance, and it amplifies as the product undergoes more generational changes. We examine our hypotheses in the context of the mobile game industry. In order to capture the short-term causal effect of GPI, our utilizes a unique matched difference-in-differences design, which takes advantage of asynchronous major updates of the multihoming apps on two dominant mobile platforms. The findings from 1610 mobile game GPI events in worldwide markets confirm our hypotheses.