Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Rural Context of Illicit Substance Offers

Rural adolescents are at risk for early initiation and problematic substance use, but to date few studies have examined the rural context of substance use. To better understand substance offers in the rural context, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 118, 12- to 19-year-old adolescents (M = 13.68, SD = 1.37) from Appalachian, rural school districts in Pennsylvania and Ohio. Interviews elicited stories about substance offer-response episodes, including where offers occurred, who offered substances, and how youth gained access to illicit substances. Findings describe the settings in which substance offers and use occur for these rural adolescents and advance prevention efforts for tailoring health messages to this target population.
Evaluation of the glenoid labrum with 3-T MRI: is intraarticular contrast necessary?

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 3-T MRI versus 3-T MR arthrography for assessing labral abnormalities in the shoulder using arthroscopy as the gold standard. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty-two patients (28 men, 14 women; mean age, 33 years) underwent MR arthrography and conventional MRI of the same shoulder. Two patients underwent bilateral shoulder examinations, for a total of 44 shoulder examinations. Twenty-two shoulders underwent arthroscopy. The results of arthroscopy were used as the reference standard. Three musculoskeletal radiologists prospectively and independently interpreted MRI and MR arthrography examinations. Differences in performance of conventional MRI and MR arthrography were analyzed for statistical significance by the two-tailed McNemar test. RESULTS Of the 22 arthroscopies performed, 26 labral tears were found in 18 shoulders and four shoulders were normal with respect to the labrum. There were 12 superior, nine posterior, and five anterior labral tears identified at arthroscopy. By consensus review, conventional MRI identified nine of 12 superior (sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 100%), seven of nine posterior (sensitivity, 78%; specificity, 92%), and three of five anterior (sensitivity, 60%; specificity, 94%) labral tears. MR arthrography identified nine of 12 superior (sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 100%), eight of nine posterior (sensitivity, 89%; specificity, 100%), and five of five anterior (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 100%) labral tears. CONCLUSION Although the power of our preliminary study is small, the results suggest that intraarticular contrast material is helpful in diagnosing labral tears in the shoulder, particularly tears of the anterior labrum. Our preliminary results suggest that MR arthrography adds value for diagnosing labral tears in the shoulder compared with conventional MRI even at 3 T.
Studies of Auditory-Visual Differences in Human Time Judgment: 2. More Transmitted Information with Sounds than Lights

11 experiments are reported which confirmed the presence of a striking auditory-visual difference in the judgments of short durations. There was more information transmitted with auditory durations than with visual durations using the methods of pair-comparison and absolute judgment. Variations of several stimulus properties and aspects of the psychophysical context did not alter this intersensory difference.
The Diurnal Variation in Perception of Pain

Many physiological mechanisms show a circadian (around 24 hours) rhythm, related to adrenal, renal, cardiovascular function and body temperature (Conroy & Mills 1970). The best-established rhythm is body temperature. The ability of healthy volunteers to withstand painful electric shocks has a documented circadian rhythm, the subjects becoming more sensitive as the day progresses (Procacci 1972). The present study assesses variability in intensity during the day of continued pain of pathological origin and relates changes in intensity to other factors (Blake 1967, 1971, Folkard 1975). As pain is essentially a subjective phenomenon the patient's own assessment of intensity was recorded. This meant assessments were made only when the patient was awake so that the study is one of diurnal variation (variation over the waking day). Subjective alertness is also known to exhibit a circadian rhythm: it is possible that the intensity of pain experienced by a patient might be related to how drowsy he felt. Finally, it is clearly important to determine whether the diurnal variation of the intensity of pain, if it exists, differs in easily identifiable facto! s.
Development of a side scan sonar module for the underwater simulator

In this paper, we implemented the Side Scan Sonar (SSS) module for the UnderWater Simulator (UWSim) [1], specifically focusing on sonar image simulation. To obtain the simulated SSS images, we adopted the Lambertian diffusion model [2]. The beam profile was modeled using a pair of sine wave functions. We developed this sonar module in the UWSim which runs on Robot Operating System (ROS) framework. For validation, we applied feature matching to the obtained sonar images, and examined the inliers and matching performance.
Herpesviruses: interfering innate immunity by targeting viral sensing and interferon pathways

Type I‐interferon (IFN‐I) induction pathway is one of the most commonly stimulated signaling pathways in response to viral infection. During viral infection this pathway is stimulated by various pattern‐recognition receptors, which recognize different pathogen‐associated molecular patterns. The pathways stimulated by different pattern‐recognition receptors merge into common transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7, lead to the production of IFN‐I. The secreted IFN‐I stimulates JAK‐STAT pathway leading to induction of interferon‐stimulated genes (ISGs). The ISGs along with IFN‐I create antiviral state to eliminate the virus from host. HHV infection enhances IFN‐I‐mediated innate antiviral response during both de novo infection and lytic reactivation from latency. However, HHV developed various molecular strategies to evade the sudden upsurge of the IFN‐I and IFN‐I‐mediated antiviral response to establish a successful infection. Here, we focus on IFN‐I induction and signaling pathways induced by three representative HHVs from each sub‐family of HHV and strategies acquired by these HHVs to subvert the induction of IFN‐I and ISGs to evade the host innate immunity. These fundamental understanding provides the clue for viral targets for pharmacological manipulation to develop potential therapeutics for broad subtypes of HHVs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gestalt cognition in the judgement of therapy effects

Objectives Clinical judgment is a central element of the medical profession, essential for the performance of the doctor, and potentially generating information also for other clinicians and for scientists and health care managers. The recently renewed interest in clinical judgement is primarily engaged with its role in communication, diagnosis and decision making. Beyond this issue, the present article highlights the interrelations between clinical judgement, therapy assessment and medical professionalism. Methods Literature review and theory development. Results The article presents different methodological approaches to causality assessment in clinical studies and in clinical judgement, and offers criteria for clinical single case causality. The article outlines models of medical professionalism such as technical rationality and practice epistemology, and characterizes features of professional expertise such as tacit knowledge, reflection in action, and gestalt cognition. Conclusions Consequences of a methodological and logistical advancement of clinical judgment are discussed, both in regard to medical progress and to the renewel of the cognitive basis of the medical profession.
Purulent Appearing Material in an Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration of Mediastinal Lymph Node: A Diagnostic Challenge

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has increasingly been performed for the diagnosis and staging of thoracic malignancies. Findings of a necrotic lymph node raise concern for infectious process and malignancy. A hypoechoic area on ultrasound/EBUS within a lymph node without blood flow is suggestive of pathologies like infections or malignancy. Inspection of the fluid could suggest a diagnosis; clear aspirates usually suggest bronchogenic or mediastinal cysts and purulent material suggests abscesses or necrotic lymph nodes. Growing tumor cells require a blood supply; if the vascular stroma is insufficient due to rapidly growing malignant tumors this could lead to large central areas of ischemic necrosis. Necrotic aspiration of lymph nodes is not always of infectious etiology. Aspiration of fluid in EBUS-TBNA is a rare occurrence, and malignancy should be considered when purulent fluid material is obtained. We present an elderly woman who underwent bronchoscopy with EBUS-TBNA for evaluation of upper lung nodule and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Pus-like material was obtained on needle aspiration and endobronchial biopsy and mediastinal core biopsy revealed squamous cell carcinoma.
Small-molecule signal-transduction inhibitors: targeted therapeutic agents for single-gene disorders

Mutations affecting over 2000 of the 20 000 or so genes in the human genome have been linked so far to specific inherited diseases, most of which are rare and have been poorly understood. Many of the genes involved encode components of intracellular signalling pathways that regulate processes such as the growth, proliferation, differentiation and survival or programmed death of cells during development and the maintenance of tissues and organs. Mutations that change the function of genes encoding signalling proteins thereby cause disorders ranging from birth defects to cancer. For Mendelian disorders, the essentially causal relationship between mutation and disease may present direct opportunities to therapeutically manipulate intracellular signalling. Here, we review recent examples of the use of small-molecule drugs to target components of signalling networks in single-gene disorders. We also consider the limitations of these “molecularly targeted” approaches and the difficulties in their clinical development as therapies for rare genetic diseases.
Twitter and the Struggle to Transform the Object: A Study of Clean Coal in the 2017 Australian Energy Policy Public Debate

This paper investigates unusually high spikes in Twitter engagement in Australia in February 2017 invoking the 2014 Peabody Energy global public relations campaign Advanced Energy for Life (AEFL) trope clean coal. Focusing on peak Twitter events, it asks: What caused the spike, what was amplified and signified by the dominant tweeters, and what was the content and tenor of discussion generated? Applying discourse analysis to an archive of Australian-based Twitter activity, the research argues that despite widespread ridicule of clean coal as oxymoronic by contemporary publics, the increased engagement provided unintended impetus for the PR campaign objectives. The research contributes to greater understanding of the reach, influence, and limitations of Twitter-based public debate.
Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Police Officers Following Violent Assaults

Based on a study of 681 German police officers who were violently assaulted we analyze first general pre-, peri- and post-traumatic risk factors (e.g. trauma severity, psychological adjustment, social support) of post-traumatic stress symptoms, second police-specific factors (e.g. colleague support) and third differences in the impact of these factors comparing male and female officers. Using regression analysis we show that risk factors that were found to be important for the general population partly hold for the special group of victimized police officers. Regarding police-specific factors regular preparatory and follow-up sessions reduce post-traumatic stress symptoms, while facing legal action following the assault increases it. The findings also reveal that three factors are significantly more strongly correlated with post-traumatic stress symptoms for female compared to male officers.
Why celsius?

TO THE EDITOR: Despite the national trend toward adoption of the metric system, practicing physicians have been slow to conform. We believe that most clinicians do not favor conversion to the metric unit of temperature (Celsius), and that the Fahrenheit scale may be a superior measurement tool. The need for a worldwide measurement system was recognized more than 300 years ago by Gabriel Mouton. Participation in the international measurement language has many practical advantages in both the scientific and economic communities. ' The Secretary of Commerce recommended in 1971 that the United States convert to the predominant use of the metric system. In response, Congress enacted the Metric Conversion Act of 1975. The metric system has been introduced as a "'package deal" to the US scientific community. In medicine, authors and practitioners have been encouraged to adopt the metric system in the literature and practice of medicine. More than 150 biomedical journals have agreed to receive manuscripts prepared in accordance with requirements set forth by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. These requirements specify that "Temperatures should be given in degrees Celsius. '2 A recent article rated medical journals read by family physician educators.3 Nine of these ten journals have requirements for units of measurement. Of these, three require that units of temperature be presented in Celsius only, four require that Celsius be given initially followed by Fahrenheit units in parentheses (the policy of The Western Journal of Medicine), one accepts only Fahrenheit and the New England Journal of Medicine leaves the decision regarding temperature units to the authors (the only journal doing so). Clinicians appear less ready to convert to Celsius. To help understand the sentiments of the medical community regarding this issue, we carried out a survey of 62 family physicians in the Seattle area. Completed questionnaires were received from 57 of 62 (92%), including faculty and fellows at the University of Washington (19), residents at the University of Washington (14) and physicians at a large health maintenance organization (24). Only eight respondents had received medical training in hospitals where Celsius was the standard unit of measurement, and the mean number of years in practice was 9.8. Of all respondents, 36% felt that Fahrenheit was a more clinically useful measurement, 9% felt that Celsius was more useful and 55% felt that the two were equally useful. As part of the survey, we asked for Celsius equivalents of two clinically meaningful Fahrenheit temperatures: In estimating the Celsius equivalent of 100°F (low-grade fever), 95% of respondents were within 0.3°C of 37.8°C. In estimating the Celsius equivalent of 104°F (high fever), 65% of respondents were within 0.3°C of 40.0°C. There was no relationship between years in practice and accuracy of estimation. Respondents who favored °F or who felt that °F and °C were equally useful were more likely to be accurate in their metric estimates of 104°F than those who favored °C (Table 1).
El ecosistema emprendedor de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Una mirada exploratoria

Este trabajo intenta analizar las caracteristicas del Ecosistema Emprendedor de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires desde una primera mirada exploratoria sobre sus actores, sus relaciones y su vision sobre el mismo. Ha sido llevado a cabo bajo un abordaje que combina estrategias cuantitativas y cualitativas. El resultado de esta exploracion combina el reconocimiento de un numero de avances y desarrollos junto con un numero importante de limitaciones y “cuentas pendientes” en el entramado de instituciones de apoyo al emprendimiento. Resaltamos en este documento, como a lo largo de los ultimos 10 anos, el Ecosistema muestra claros signos de vitalidad provenientes de sus emprendedores y del surgimiento de nuevas oportunidades que se combinan con interrogantes acerca de la capacidad del entorno institucional de atender estas demandas con servicios de calidad y en especial, de poder financiar a estos proyectos para evitar que los mismos “vuelen” a otros Ecosistemas
Use of the SF-36 Among Persons with Spinal Cord Injury

Forchheimer M, McAweeney M, Tate DG: Use of the SF-36 among persons with spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004;83:390–395. The purpose of this study was to explore the applicability of the SF-36 for assessing health-related quality of life among persons with spinal cord injuries. A sample of 215 persons who had experienced new, traumatic spinal cord injury and who had been discharged from their initial hospitalizations for at least 1 yr were included in the study. Correlations between the SF-36's physical and mental component scores appraised and the relationship of each component to level of neurologic impairment was assessed. As expected, the two components measured separate and distinct constructs; only physical component scores were associated with impairment severity.
Les catholiques français et le Front national

Les catholiques français seront-ils de plus en plus nombreux à voter pour le Front national ? Les enquêtes sociologiques invitent à nuancer des sondages récents. Outre l’hostilité au rejet des immigrés, un certain attachement au libéralisme reste présent chez les catholiques les plus pratiquants.
Expression of HER‐2/neu gene and protein in salivary duct carcinomas of parotid gland as revealed by fluorescence in‐situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry

Aims: Salivary duct carcinoma is a highly malignant salivary gland tumour with aggressive clinical behaviour, characterized by histological resemblance to invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Amplification of HER-2/neu oncogene and over-expression of its gene product have both prognostic and therapeutic implications in breast cancer. Recent report on salivary duct carcinomas for HER-2/neu using immunohistochemistry (IHC) has shown over-expression in most cases. However, correlation between IHC and molecular genetic analysis of HER-2/neu in salivary duct carcinoma has not yet been performed. Methods and results: We have now evaluated 11 cases of salivary duct carcinomas for HER-2/neu status using IHC and fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH). To our knowledge, this is the first molecular genetic analysis of HER-2/neu in salivary duct carcinoma. Conclusions: In immunohistochemistry, over-expression of HER-2/neu protein was identified as distinct membrane staining in most carcinoma cells in all our salivary duct carcinoma cases, while only four cases revealed an amplification of HER-2/neu gene by means of FISH analysis. Both amplified and non-amplified salivary duct carcinomas with strong immunohistochemical staining for HER-2/neu protein were associated with poor clinical outcome for the patients. Apparently, HER-2/neu protein over-expression could also be controlled by mechanisms other than gene amplification. In the group of salivary gland tumours other than salivary duct carcinoma, strong over-expression was detected only in three cases of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Thus, over-expression of HER-2/neu protein is also a useful marker of malignant transformation in pleomorphic adenomas.
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 protease inhibitors in clinical practice: predictors of virological outcome.

OBJECTIVES To ascertain whether prolonged suppression of viral replication can be achieved in clinical practice and to identify factors associated with virological outcome. DESIGN Retrospective observational study. SETTING University-affiliated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinic in Cleveland, Ohio. PARTICIPANTS Patients treated with regimens that included protease inhibitors between June 1995 and December 1997. We identified 366 patients; 310 had sufficient virological follow-up data to be included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Virological success was defined as plasma HIV-RNA levels lower than 400 copies/mL at the last clinic visit. Virological failure was subdivided according to the maximum degree of suppression of viral replication achieved. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify baseline factors associated with virological outcome. RESULTS Virological success was achieved by 47% of patients at a median follow-up of 335 days. The median CD4+ cell count increase and HIV-RNA level decrease were 0.10x10(9)/L (100 cells/microL) and greater than 1.3 log10 in patients who achieved virological success, and 0.010x10(9)/L and 0.32 log10 for those who did not. In multivariate analysis the likelihood of virological success was diminished in women (P<.02) and in patients who missed 2 or more clinic visits in the prior year (P<.001), and decreased when the regimen was started earlier (P<.04). Patients with a lower nadir CD4+ cell count (P<.04) and higher peak plasma HIV-RNA levels (P<.001) also had a decreased likelihood of virological success. CONCLUSIONS More than half the patients who started a regimen that included protease inhibitors in an academic clinical practice failed to achieve durable suppression of viral replication and also experienced a poorer immunologic outcome as determined by CD4+ cell count increase. Missed clinic visits, more advanced disease, and higher plasma HIV-RNA levels may predict failure.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of weight- and height-scaled tobramycin dosage regimens for patients with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVES To determine the outcomes of weight- and height-based tobramycin dosing regimens for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS A simulated dataset of 5000 patients based on 331 patients with CF was created using NONMEM. Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were derived for each patient from a published model using Monte Carlo simulation. The abilities of 10 and 12 mg/kg/day and 3 and 4 mg/cm/day to achieve standard and extended Cmax (20-30 and 20-40 mg/L) and AUC0-24 (80-120 and 80-150 mg·h/L) targets were evaluated. PK/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices were a Cmax/MIC ratio ≥10 and an AUC0-24/MIC ratio ≥110. For these indices and a range of MICs, cumulative fractions of response (CFRs) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa were also determined. RESULTS More patients achieved standard Cmax and AUC0-24 targets with 3 mg/cm/day (64% and 62%, respectively) than with 10 mg/kg/day (43% and 48%, respectively). AUC0-24 estimates >120 mg·h/L were more common with weight-based dosing. With higher doses, 72% achieved high target peaks with 4 mg/cm/day and 65% with 12 mg/kg/day. For the Cmax/MIC index, the maximal MIC for the target microorganism was 2 mg/L with lower doses, 2.5 mg/L with higher doses and 0.5 mg/L for AUC0-24/MIC-based regimens. The CFR for all regimens was >90% for Cmax targets and 66% to 79% for AUC0-24 targets. CONCLUSIONS A tobramycin dose of 3 mg/cm/day rather than 10 mg/kg/day achieved similar PK/PD outcomes but dose and AUC0-24 ranges were narrower and the incidence of high AUC0-24 values was lower. Height-based doses should therefore be considered for patients with CF.
The organisational context of learning: an empirical analysis

The factors that facilitate organisational learning have traditionally been analysed by the organisational learning and, in particular, the learning organisation literature. However, empirical work in this area is lacking. This paper aims to address this shortcoming. More specifically, the purpose of this paper is to identify through empirical research the factors that favour organisational learning. The hypotheses proposed are tested on a sample of 195 Spanish firms using the Structural Equation Modelling technique. The results show that decentralised strategic planning, collaborative culture, transformational leadership, selective hiring, strategic training and participation of employees in the decision making are positively related to the organisational learning.