Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Viral Protein Mediates Superinfection Exclusion at the Whole-Organism Level but Is Not Required for Exclusion at the Cellular Level

ABSTRACT Superinfection exclusion (SIE), the ability of an established virus infection to interfere with a secondary infection by the same or a closely related virus, has been described for different viruses, including important pathogens of humans, animals, and plants. Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), a positive-sense RNA virus, represents a valuable model system for studying SIE due to the existence of several phylogenetically distinct strains. Furthermore, CTV allows SIE to be examined at the whole-organism level. Previously, we demonstrated that SIE by CTV is a virus-controlled function that requires the viral protein p33. In this study, we show that p33 mediates SIE at the whole-organism level, while it is not required for exclusion at the cellular level. Primary infection of a host with a fluorescent protein-tagged CTV variant lacking p33 did not interfere with the establishment of a secondary infection by the same virus labeled with a different fluorescent protein. However, cellular coinfection by both viruses was rare. The obtained observations, along with estimates of the cellular multiplicity of infection (MOI) and MOI model selection, suggested that low levels of cellular coinfection appear to be best explained by exclusion at the cellular level. Based on these results, we propose that SIE by CTV is operated at two levels—the cellular and the whole-organism levels—by two distinct mechanisms that could function independently. This novel aspect of viral SIE highlights the intriguing complexity of this phenomenon, further understanding of which may open up new avenues to manage virus diseases. IMPORTANCE Many viruses exhibit superinfection exclusion (SIE), the ability of an established virus infection to interfere with a secondary infection by related viruses. SIE plays an important role in the pathogenesis and evolution of virus populations. The observations described here suggest that SIE could be controlled independently at different levels of the host: the whole-organism level or the level of individual cells. The p33 protein of citrus tristeza virus (CTV), an RNA virus, was shown to mediate SIE at the whole-organism level, while it appeared not to be required for exclusion at the cellular level. SIE by CTV is, therefore, highly complex and appears to use mechanisms different from those proposed for other viruses. A better understanding of this phenomenon may lead to the development of new strategies for controlling viral diseases in human populations and agroecosystems.
What Evidence is Available on End-of-life (EOL) Care and Latino Elders? A Literature Review

Background: Low-income and minority persons, such as Latinos, encounter substantial barriers in accessing effective end-of-life (EOL) care. This study intends to review current evidence on how to deliver EOL care to Latino elders. Methods: Literature search in PubMed and Ovid Web sites of articles indexed in Medline (1948-2011), Cochrane (2005-2011), Embase, and PsychInfo (1967-2011) databases. Articles were included if they contained (1) study participants’ race/ethnicity, (2) adults or population older than 60 years, and (3) information related to EOL care. Results: A total of 64 abstracts were reviewed, and 38 articles met the inclusion criteria. After reviewing the quality of evidence, 4 themes were identified and summarized: EOL preferences, hospice, Latino culture, and caregiving. Conclusion: Latino elders have traditional acculturation practices, face EOL decisions with family support, and, if educated, are receptive toward hospice and caregiver support.
Challenges in Certification of Autonomous Driving Systems

Market readiness of on-board automotive software-intensive systems is tightly linked to the availability of appropriate certification schemes aimed at keeping the car makers confident and the consumers safe - especially in the context of Autonomous Driving, which is the next frontier of the automotive industry. Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are going to be pervasively used in modern automobiles. New ADAS are principally based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, and in particular on deep learning. While the automotive community is aware of the important changes such a technology demands in terms of technical skills, development paradigms, and cultural approach, there is still an important gap to be filled in the availability of technical standards and, consequently, in terms of certification capability. Currently, the global automotive industry is subject to a series of standards that are more or less explicitly referring to a traditional way of developing software and systems, so they not suitable at all to be applied to ADAS. In this paper the open issues in certification of AI technologies in automotive are addressed by providing an overview of the existing standards and the related applicability issues.
French translation and validation of the “Anterior Knee Pain Scale” (AKPS)

Abstract Purpose: To linguistically and cross-culturally translate the Anterior Knee Pain Scale into French and to evaluate the reliability and validity of this translated version of the questionnaire. Methods: The translation part was performed in six stages, according to international guidelines: (i) two initial translations from English to French; (ii) synthesis of the two translations; (iii) backward translations into the original language; (iv) expert committee to compare the backward translations with the original questionnaire; (v) pre-final version testing and (VI) expert committee appraisal. To validate the French version of the Anterior Knee Pain Scale, we assessed its validity, reliability and floor/ceiling effects. To do this, volunteer patients from the French part of Belgium and from France, with patellofemoral pain were asked to answer the French version of the Anterior Knee Pain Scale at baseline and after 7 days, as well as the generic SF-36 questionnaire. Results: The Anterior Knee Pain Scale was translated without any major difficulties. A total of 101 subjects aged 34.5 ± 11.4 years (58.4% of women) were included in this study. Results indicated an excellent test-retest reliability (Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.97, 95%CI: 0.96–0.98), a high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.87), a consistent construct validity (high correlations with the SF-36 questionnaire were found with domains related to physical function (r = 0.80), physical role (r = 0.70) and pain (r = 0.64)) and low or moderate correlations with domains related to mental health (r = 0.26), vitality (r = 0.32) and social function (r = 0.41). Moreover, no floor/ceiling effects have been found. Conclusions: A valid French version of the Anterior Knee Pain Scale is now available and can be used with confidence to better assess the disease burden associated with patellofemoral pain. It was successfully cross-culturally adapted into French. Implications for rehabilitation The results on psychometric properties of the French Anterior Knee Pain Scale are comparable with six validated versions obtained for the Finnish, the Turkish, the Chinese, the Dutch, the Thai and the Persian populations. The French translated version of the Anterior Knee Pain Scale is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the functional limitations associated with patellofemoral pain. The test–retest reliability of the French Anterior Knee Pain Scale was excellent, the internal consistency was high and the construct validity was consistent. There were no floor/ceiling effects.
Place Attachment Enhances Psychological Need Satisfaction

Attachment to place may contribute to individuals’ well-being. We evaluated whether visualizing a place of attachment (compared with visualizing a nonattached familiar place) could increase the satisfaction of key psychological needs. Place attachment visualizations increased participants’ levels of self-esteem, meaning, and belonging. Furthermore, visualizing places at a certain geographical scale helped to improve meaning, self-esteem, and belonging among participants who had been ostracized. This is the first study to treat place attachment as an independent variable in an experimental design, so it broadens the options for internally valid, methodologically diverse place attachment research.
Head Impact Exposure and Neurologic Function of Youth Football Players.

UNLABELLED Football players are subjected to repetitive impacts that may lead to brain injury and neurologic dysfunction. Knowledge about head impact exposure (HIE) and consequent neurologic function among youth football players is limited. PURPOSE This study aimed to measure and characterize HIE of youth football players throughout one season and explore associations between HIE and changes in selected clinical measures of neurologic function. METHODS Twenty-two youth football players (11-13 yr) wore helmets outfitted with a head impact telemetry (HIT) system to quantify head impact frequency, magnitude, duration, and location. Impact data were collected for each practice (27) and game (9) in a single season. Selected clinical measures of balance, oculomotor performance, reaction time, and self-reported symptoms were assessed before and after the season. RESULTS The median individual head impacts per practice, per game, and throughout the entire season were 9, 12, and 252, respectively. Approximately 50% of all head impacts (6183) had a linear acceleration between 10g and 20g, but nearly 2% were greater than 80g. Overall, the head impact frequency distributions in this study population were similar in magnitude and location as in high school and collegiate football, but total impact frequency was lower. Individual changes in neurologic function were not associated with cumulative HIE. CONCLUSION This study provides a novel examination of HIE and associations with short-term neurologic function in youth football and notably contributes to the limited HIE data currently available for this population. Whereas youth football players can experience remarkably similar head impact forces as high school players, cumulative subconcussive HIE throughout one youth football season may not be detrimental to short-term clinical measures of neurologic function.
The effects of adult behaviours on increasing language delayed children's production of early relational meanings.

This intervention study examined the influence of adult behaviours on the emerging productive abilities of two language delayed preschoolers. In order to maximize the probability of isolating differential treatment effects, three different treatment strategies were designed that systematically manipulated particular adult antecedent and consequent events. Examination of treatment data indicated that the teaching strategies were not differentially effective in increasing the frequency with which the children encoded two-term target relations. Linear regression analyses, however, revealed the existence of specific time periods in which rapid rates of production were observed for both children. This outcome is discussed with respect to the timing of early intervention and specific child variables that may reflect a readiness for acquiring early linguistic behaviours.
Weak association between subjective symptoms of and objective testing for dry eyes and dry mouth: results from a population based study

OBJECTIVES To determine associations between symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth and objective evidence of lacrimal and salivary gland dysfunction in a population based sample. To determine associations between these elements and the presence of autoantibodies. METHODS A cross sectional population based survey. Subjects were interviewed and examined (Schirmer-1 test and unstimulated salivary flow) for the presence of dry eyes and mouth. Antibodies (anti-Ro [SS-A], anti-La [SS-B], rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibody) were measured. RESULTS 341 subjects were examined. Twenty four per cent had dry eye symptoms, 29% dry mouth symptoms, and 14% both. There was only a weak association between the presence of oral or ocular symptoms and their respective test results. Associations were strongest between dry mouth symptoms and positive test results, and in subjects under 55 years of age. There was no association between the presence of autoantibodies and either symptoms or signs of dry eyes or dry mouth. CONCLUSION Only weak associations were found between self reported symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth and objective measures said to define Sjögrens syndrome in the general population. The clinical significance of these symptoms in the community needs reappraisal.
Conceptual organization at 6 and 8 years of age: evidence from the semantic priming of object decisions.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine children's knowledge of semantic relations. METHOD In Experiment 1, the 6-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and adults participated in an object decision task. Participants in the primed group made object decisions in response to primes that were related taxonomically, thematically, or perceptually to the target objects. Those in the unprimed group made decisions about the same stimuli without the benefit of primes. In Experiment 2, the children in the primed group explained the taxonomic and thematic relations between the prime-target pairs used in Experiment 1. RESULTS In Experiment 1, the strength of semantic relations did not vary with type or age, as taxonomic priming was as strong as thematic priming and the degree of priming did not reliably differentiate the 3 age groups. Differential priming effects between taxonomic and perceptual conditions, the former hastening and the latter slowing responses, suggested that the relation binding object concepts into taxonomies was not reducible to common physical features. In Experiment 2, the 6-year-olds had more difficulty describing taxonomic than thematic relations, whereas the 8-year-olds described both with ease. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to the shift hypothesis, taxonomic and thematic relationsstructure concepts in children as young as 6 and into adulthood. In accord with the performance hypothesis, 6-year-olds' representations of taxonomic relations are fragile and vulnerable to high task demands.
Efeitos de diferentes padrões respiratórios no desempenho e na organização temporal das braçadas do nado "Crawl"

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de diferentes padroes respiratorios no desempenho e na organizacao temporal das bracadas do nado "Crawl" de atletas de elite. Vinte e um jovens atletas do genero masculino participaram de forma voluntaria do estudo. Eles foram filmados nadando 25 m do nado "Crawl", em velocidade maxima, em quatro condicoes de respiracao: inspiracao para o lado preferido (LP); para o lado nao preferido (LNP); bilateral (B); e, sem respiracao (S). Duas filmadoras digitais (60 fps) captaram as imagens que foram analisadas atraves do "software" Kinovea 0.8. 7 nos 10 metros centrais do percurso. Para analise foram consideradas medidas de desempenho e de organizacao temporal das bracadas. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o padrao respiratorio afeta o desempenho de atletas jovens de elite. Mostraram que, em termos de velocidade, tempo, frequencia e comprimento de bracada, e mais vantajosa a condicao de nadar "Crawl" em apneia (S) que em qualquer das condicoes com inspiracao (B, LP e LNP). Portanto, o padrao preferido de respiracao, nao necessariamente, corresponde ao mais eficiente em termos do desempenho. Assim, professores e tecnicos de Natacao deveriam incentivar a pratica e o emprego do padrao em apneia como estrategia tatica para nadadores velocistas. Em relacao a bracada, os resultados mostraram que diante da modificacao do padrao respiratorio, nadadores peritos jovens mantem a estrutura temporal das bracadas direita e esquerda (aspectos invariantes da bracada) bem como a coordenacao entre os bracos inalterada enquanto efetuam ajustes na fase aerea da bracada (aspectos variantes). Assim sendo, atletas jovens de elite apresentam bracada com relativa autonomia frente ao componente respiracao e nadam efetuando ajustes considerando a economia de recursos.
The Influence of eWOM within The Online Community on Consumers' Purchasing Intentions-The Case of The Eee PC

The novelty of the study consists in applying eWOM communications and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in the context of online communities to explain user’s intention toward innovative product / service. Our findings indicated that eWOM effect is a key antecedent of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and perceived enjoyment. The recommender’s levels of expertise, seeker’s levels of expertise, trust, and information quality are also critical in building eWOM communication. The current study builds an effective Internet marketing strategy, and guides managers in selecting an appropriate strategy for the consumers in the online communities.
Use of mental health services by formerly homeless adults residing in group and independent housing.

OBJECTIVE The study examined patterns of mental health service use among 112 formerly homeless mentally ill adults to determine whether clients in a staffed group living situation would need fewer types of services or lesser amounts of some services than those living independently in single apartments. METHODS Clients in the Boston McKinney demonstration project were randomly assigned to two housing types: individual apartments or a group living situation designed to teach residents to manage the house and their own affairs with minimal staff presence. The types and amounts of services these clients used during an 18-month period were documented and compared. RESULTS Service use by all clients was heavy, especially use of inpatient psychiatric services. It did not differ by housing type. The large majority of clients in both housing types were able to remain housed and avoid homelessness. Clients who did not stay in assigned housing for the duration of the study had higher levels of inpatient service use, including detoxification and substance abuse treatment. CONCLUSIONS When homeless mentally ill adults are provided permanent housing and accessible mental health treatment and specialized social services, they are likely to avoid unstable housing patterns, which are associated with higher use of inpatient services.
Screening and prevention of venous thromboembolism in critically ill patients: a decision analysis and economic evaluation.

RATIONALE Venous thromboembolism is difficult to diagnose in critically ill patients and may increase morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of strategies to reduce morbidity from venous thromboembolism in critically ill patients. METHODS A Markov decision analytic model to compare weekly compression ultrasound screening (screening) plus investigation for clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (case finding) versus case finding alone; and a hypothetical program to increase adherence to DVT prevention. Probabilities were derived from a systematic review of venous thromboembolism in medical-surgical intensive care unit patients. Costs (in 2010 $US) were obtained from hospitals in Canada, Australia, and the United States, and the medical literature. Analyses were conducted from a societal perspective over a lifetime horizon. Outcomes included costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALY), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In the base case, the rate of proximal DVT was 85 per 1,000 patients. Screening resulted in three fewer pulmonary emboli than case-finding alone but also two additional bleeding episodes, and cost $223,801 per QALY gained. In sensitivity analyses, screening cost less than $50,000 per QALY only if the probability of proximal DVT increased from a baseline of 8.5-16%. By comparison, increasing adherence to appropriate pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis by 10% resulted in 16 fewer DVTs, one fewer pulmonary emboli, and one additional heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and bleeding event, and cost $27,953 per QALY gained. Programs achieving increased adherence to best-practice venous thromboembolism prevention were cost-effective over a wide range of program costs and were robust in probabilistic sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate prophylaxis provides better value in terms of costs and health gains than routine screening for DVT. Resources should be targeted at optimizing thromboprophylaxis.
Fertilization capacity of cryopreserved Iberian ibex epididymal sperm in a heterologous in vitro fertilization assay

Summary In vitro fertilization (IVF) can be used to assess the fertilization capacity of sperm. Heterologous IVF may be useful when assessing that of wild animals as it is often difficult to obtain adequate numbers of naturally corresponding oocytes. The aim of the present study was to assess the fertilization capacity of frozen–thawed ibex epididymal spermatozoa via heterologous IVF involving the oocytes of prepubertal domestic goats. The effect on fertilization and embryo development of adding oestrous sheep serum (ESS) to the fertilization medium was also examined. Cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in TCM-199 for 24–27 h at 38.5°C in a 5% CO2 in air atmosphere. Frozen–thawed epididymal spermatozoa were selected by density gradient centrifugation. After maturation, the oocytes were co-incubated with spermatozoa in synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) with different concentrations of ESS: SOF-C (0%), SOF-2 (2%) and SOF-20 (20%). At 17 h post-insemination (hpi), zygotes with one female and one male pronucleus (2PN) were categorised as normal; zygotes with 3PN were recorded as polyspermic, and oocytes with 1PN as asynchronous. Cleavage and blastocyst development were assessed at 48 and 168 hpi respectively. The percentage of zygotes with 2PN was higher in the SOF-2 than in the SOF-20 treatment group (27.7% versus 2.9% P < 0.05). The percentage of blastocysts formed with the SOF-C, SOF-2 and SOF-20 treatments were 1.1%, 7.5% and 0% respectively. These results show that the presence of 2% ESS achieves better results than the use of no serum or the standard 20% concentration. Heterologous IVF may be an effective method for predicting the fertilization capacity of ibex spermatozoa, and therefore perhaps that of other wild mountain ungulates.
Procoagulant protein levels are differentially increased during human endotoxemia

Summary. On the basis of plasma interleukin levels it was suggested that there is an inflammatory component to the risk of venous thrombotic disease. Other evidence shows that elevated levels of coagulation factor (F)VIII, FIX, FX and FXI are risk indicators for venous thrombosis, but the reasons for elevation remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that the elevated levels could reflect an inflammatory reaction by measuring coagulation factor levels during experimental human endotoxemia. Male volunteers received endotoxin (4 ng kg−1), and blood samples were obtained before and at multiple time points after the challenge. Plasma was used for a panel of coagulation tests. Antigen levels of FVIII, von Willebrand factor (VWF), FIX, and FX were increased after endotoxin administration, reaching peak levels between 2 and 5 h. Within 24 h levels normalized, except for FVIII and VWF levels that remained at > 200%. Fibrinogen levels, and to a lesser extent FXI levels, also responded with an increase, but slower. These levels did not return to normal during the observation period. FVII levels were strongly depressed. FVIII, FIX and FX reacted immediately and strongly to endotoxin administration. The time pattern of this response is different from the slower so‐called acute phase response, which appeared to be followed by FXI and fibrinogen. These increased levels of coagulation factors during an inflammatory state provide new ways of explaining why elevated levels of FVIII, FIX and FXI behave as risk indicators disease.