Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Treatment for mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND The effectiveness of treatments for mild cognitive impairment is uncertain. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness and harms of treatment for mild cognitive impairment in adults 65 years of age and older. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Central (December 2012-December 2014); citations from 2 systematic reviews were considered for inclusion. We included randomized controlled trials involving community-dwelling adults aged 65 years and older with a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. Studies reporting on cognition, function, behaviour, global status, mortality and adverse events for treatment with pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions were included. RESULTS Seventeen studies were included. Cholinesterase inhibitor studies evaluating cognition (Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, cognition subscale) showed no difference between intervention and control groups (mean difference [MD] -0.33, 95% CI -0.73 to 0.06]; one behavioural study showed no significant effect on cognition (Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, cognition subscale) for the intervention group when compared to controls (MD -0.60, (95% CI -1.44 to 0.24), and one study on vitamin E showed no difference between intervention and control groups (MD 0.85, 95% CI -0.32 to 2.02). With the Mini-Mental State Examination, cholinesterase inhibitors showed no difference between intervention and control groups (MD 0.17, 95% CI -0.13 to 0.47); behavioural studies showed a significant difference favouring intervention (MD 1.01, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.77), and studies of dietary supplements and/or vitamins showed no difference between intervention and control groups (MD 0.20, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.43). Pharmacologic studies showed no difference in serious adverse events (risk ratio 0.98, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.10). No serious adverse events were reported for nonpharmacologic interventions. INTERPRETATION Treatment of mild cognitive impairment with cholinesterase inhibitors showed no benefit when compared with a control group. A small cognitive benefit was observed using behavioural therapies when compared with the control group. However, the clinical significance of this small benefit remains uncertain. The current evidence does not support the use of cholinesterase inhibitors for treating mild cognitive impairment, and future high-quality research using a standardized approach is needed to affirm the finding of a small benefit on cognition that was observed for behavioural interventions. REGISTRATION PROSPERO no. CRD42014015431.
Perineural invasion by transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in patients submitted to radical cystectomy: what is the prognostic value?

OBJECTIVE Determine the prognostic value of perineural invasion (PNI) in patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS From January 1993 to January 2005, 113 people were selected from 153 patients with TCC of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy. The association between the presence of PNI and other pathologic characteristics were analyzed through Fisher exact test. The Kaplan-Meier method was utilized to assess the survival curve and the statistical significance was determined by the Breslow test. The multivariate analysis was performed through the Cox regression model. RESULTS The PNI was identified in 10 (8.8%) of the 113 patients. This variable significantly related to the microvascular invasion and to tumor staging. The mean segment after surgery was 31.7 +/- 28.5 months. Recurrence occurred in 5 (50%) and in 41 (39.8%) patients (p=0.363) and mortality occurred in 2 (20%) and 22 (21.9%) patients (p=0.606) with or without PNI respectively. In Cox regression analysis, patients with PNI presented with 1.53 times (IC 95% 0.60 to 3.91; p=0.371) and 1.60 times (IC 95% 0.37 to 6.95; p=0.532) the risk of recurrence and mortality when compared to patients without PNI. CONCLUSIONS The PNI does not constitute an independent variable of disease-free and cancer specific survival in patients with TCC of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy.
Dynamics of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization during the first days of antibiotic treatment in pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae was shown to be associated with recent antibiotic treatment. To date no studies have evaluated early dynamics of pneumococcal NP carriage during antibiotic treatment. OBJECTIVES To observe changes in NP pneumococcal carriage within 3 to 4 days after initiation of antibiotic treatment in acute otitis media (AOM). METHODS Patients ages 3 to 36 months with AOM treated with various antibiotics were prospectively followed. Nasopharyngeal culture for S. pneumoniae was obtained before (Day 1) and 72 to 96 h after initiation of treatment (Days 4 to 5). Antibiogram and serotyping were performed in all isolates as was also the MIC of penicillin. The disappearance and persistence of the initial isolates as well as the appearance of isolates with new serotype or with new antibiotic susceptibility patterns were investigated. RESULTS A total of 120 patients were studied: 106 received beta-lactam antibiotics and 14 received azithromycin. Among the initial 76 pneumococcal isolates 63, 37 and 13% were resistant to > or =1, > or =2 and > or =3 antibiotic drugs. After 3 to 4 days of treatment with various beta-lactam drugs, 45, 63 and 100% of isolates with MIC values of <0.1 microg/ml, 0.125 to 0.25 microg/ml and 0.38 to 1.0 microg/ml, respectively, persisted in the NP (P = 0.038). There was a difference between the various beta-lactam drugs in their effect on NP colonization: a drug with lower MIC values (cefuroxime-axetil) had a better eradication rate of penicillin-susceptible organisms than a less active one (cefaclor), but neither significantly reduced carriage of penicillin nonsusceptible isolates. Azithromycin eliminated carriage of macrolide-susceptible organisms but increased the carriage of macrolide-resistant ones. In 19 of 120 (16%) patients a new S. pneumoniae isolate was recovered 3 to 4 days after initiation of treatment. Of those 16 (84%) were resistant to the drug the patient was receiving. CONCLUSION A rapid selection of nonsusceptible NP pneumococcal isolates during antibiotic treatment for AOM is common. This phenomenon may contribute to the spread of resistant pneumococci.
K-ras status and response in patients with advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma treated with cetuximab plus gemcitabine-oxaliplatin (GEMOX): a single center phase II study.

4586 Background: As known, the mutation status of the K-ras gene affects the response to cetuximab in colorectal cancer. Less is known about K-ras status and outcome in cholangiocarcinoma. Patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma have a poor prognosis and until now, no standard palliative chemotherapy has been defined. The purpose of this prospective single-centre phase II study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and K-ras status dependence of cetuximab in combination with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in the palliative first line treatment of these patients. METHODS Patients with locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma or gallbladder cancer were treated with cetuximab 500 mg/m2 followed by 1000mg/m2 gemcitabine (day 1) and 100mg/m2 oxaliplatin (day 2) biweekly as first line therapy. Tumour samples were obtained from 25 of 30 patients (83%). We studied the k-ras mutation status and analyzed the association between k-ras mutation and tumor response, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS From October 2006 until July 2008 thirty patients (15 male, 15 female) with a median age of 68 were enrolled. The overall response rate of evaluable patients (30) was 63,3%, including three patient with a complete response. 5 patients (16,7%) achieved stable disease and only 6 patients (20%) progressed under chemotherapy. K-ras mutation was detected in 3 patients (12%). All three patients did not progressed under chemotherapy. Neither PFS nor OS were affected by K-ras status. The median PFS of all 30 patients was 8.3 months (95% CI 5.85-10.81) and median OS was 12.7 months (95 CI 7.96-17.37). After a mean number of 7.5 cycles any WHO grade 3 drug-related adverse events occurred in 13 patients (43%), consisting of skin toxicity in 4 patients, thrombopenia in 3, neutropenia in 1, nausea in 1, diarrhoe in 1 and PNP in 4 patients; no grade 4 side effects were noticed Conclusions: Cetuximab in combination with GEMOX induces impressive response rates which were unrelated to k-ras status. PFS and OS were remarkably improved and therefore cetuximab in combination with GEMOX deserves further evaluation in prospective randomized trials. [Table: see text].
Calculs de stabilité et transition sur des configurations hypersoniques complexes

Les travaux presentes dans cette these traitent de la transition laminaire-turbulent de la couche limite hypersonique, sans effet de gaz reels, en ecoulement tridimensionnel. Au prealable, nous avons compare les differences entre la theorie d'Orr-Sommerfeld et l'approche non locale (PSE) sur un cone sans incidence, et montre que les effets non paralleles sont d'autant plus importants que les ondes d'instabilite sont obliques. La methode eN, couplee a l'approche locale, a ete largement exploitee afin de comprendre les mecanismes responsables de la transition a grand nombre de Mach. Ainsi, sur deux configurations tridimensionnelles principales (cone et aile delta, avec ou sans incidence), les confrontations antre les resultats numeriques et les experiences realisees en soufflerie amenent a dire que ce sont differentstypes d'instabilite qui pilotent la transition sur une meme geometrie. Dans le cas du cone avec incidence, ou les calculs ont ete effectues en tenant compte de la courbure des lignes de courant, les ondes instables du premier mode - dont la direction de propagation fait un angle d'environ 60° avec l'ecoulement exterieur - peuvent, au voisinage des generatrices superieure et inferieure, etre tenues pour responsables du changement de regime de la couche limite laminaire. Entre ces deux generatrices, c'est une instabilite dite "mixte" (un melange du premier mode et de l'instabilite transversale, engendree par le caractere tridimensionnel de l'ecoulement) qui provoque certainement l'apparition de la turbulence. Les experiences menees sur l'aile delta ont demontre que l'emoussement du bord d'attaque et l'incidence provoquaient una avncee de la ligne de transition par rapport au cas "bord d'attaque aigu sans incidence". Les calculs de stabilite et l'utilisation de la methode eN ont ete plus delicats a mener que dans le cas du cone, mais les resultats obtenus sont encourageants et les correlations numerique / experience sont assez bonnes. Il y a creation d'une forte instabilite transversale lorsque le bord d'attaque est emousse, et cette derniere devient responsable de la transition, alors que dans les cas sans emoussement et avec incidence, c'est l'instabilite "mixte" (comme sur le cone) qui declenche le changement de regime de la couche limite.
The influence of parenting on Mexican American children's self‐regulation

Parental practices and beliefs have been recognized as having an important influence on the development of children's self-regulation. Using a mixed methods approach, the present study explored how parental practices and beliefs influence low-income Mexican American children's (N = 44) self-regulation during the fall of preschool. Quantitative results indicated that the family learning environment and parental control were significantly related to stronger self-regulation in Mexican American children from low-income families. Qualitative interviews indicated that "respect" and "being well educated" emerged as key factors guiding parents' expectations of children's behaviors and discipline. Additionally, these results indicated that parents struggled to provide additional educational materials to enrich the home learning environment of their children. This study highlights the importance of understanding the parental practices and beliefs of low-income Mexican American parents and their influence on children's self-regulation to better serve the needs of Mexican American parents and their children.
Innate and adaptive immune responses to in utero infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus

Abstract Infection of pregnant cows with noncytopathic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) induces rapid innate and adaptive immune responses, resulting in clearance of the virus in less than 3 weeks. Seven to 14 days after inoculation of the cow, ncpBVDV crosses the placenta and induces a fetal viremia. Establishment of persistent infection with ncpBVDV in the fetus has been attributed to the inability to mount an immune response before 90–150 days of gestational age. The result is ‘immune tolerance’, persistent viral replication and shedding of ncpBVDV. In contrast, we describe the chronic upregulation of fetal Type I interferon (IFN) pathway genes and the induction of IFN-γ pathways in fetuses of cows infected on day 75 of gestation. Persistently infected (PI) fetal IFN-γ concentrations also increased at day 97 at the peak of fetal viremia and IFN-γ mRNA was significantly elevated in fetal thymus, liver and spleen 14–22 days post maternal inoculation. PI fetuses respond to ncpBVDV infection through induction of Type I IFN and IFN-γ activated genes leading to a reduction in ncpBVDV titer. We hypothesize that fetal infection with BVDV persists because of impaired induction of IFN-γ in the face of activated Type I IFN responses. Clarification of the mechanisms involved in the IFN-associated pathways during BVDV fetal infection may lead to better detection methods, antiviral compounds and selection of genetically resistant breeding animals.
Prevalence of drug resistant mutants and virological response to combination therapy in patients with primary HIV‐1 infection

Baseline genotype resistance analysis was carried out in 48 adults with primary HIV‐1 infection between 1995 and 1998 before starting early combination therapy. Seventeen percent (8/48) of the isolates displayed key mutations conferring resistance to reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors such as amino acid substitutions 215Y/F (5/48,10%), 70R (3/48, 6%), 184V (2%). Two percent (1/48) had a major mutation associated with resistance to protease inhibitors (D30N). Other mutations at positions 10, 15, 20, 33, 36, 46, 63, 71, 77, 82, 93 of the protease gene were frequent (73%). Among the 46 patients who were given antiretroviral combination therapy and who responded durably to treatment after 6 and 12 months, there was no significant difference between those harboring RT mutant strains (Group I) and those with wild‐type isolates (Group II). No significant difference was found at months 6 and 12 between the two groups in terms of CD4+ cell counts. These findings suggest that the presence of drug‐resistant strains at the time of primary HIV‐1 infection does not necessarily predict drug failure. Other factors, such as adherence to treatment, tolerance and pharmacokinetics parameters are probably major determinants of virological response in patients with early therapeutic intervention. J. Med. Virol. 61:181–186, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of cultural dimension on MIS acceptance

In this study we explore the effects of cultural dimensions as influence factors of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with the sample of academics in Indonesia. We adopted some Hofstede's cultural dimensions (power distance, individualism, and long term orientation) as influence factors to Perceive Usefulness and Perceive Ease of Use in TAM. Research carried out by using 308 respondents, who are academics throughout Indonesia. The data obtained and analyzed using Structure Equation Modeling with PLS. Our results show, that Long Term Orientation had highest effect on Perceived Usefulness in TAM, and followed by Power Distance and Individualism on Perceived Ease of Use. These results can be taken as consideration when implementing MIS in higher learning institution in Indonesia.
Safe apples for baby-food production: Survey of pesticide treatment regimes leaving minimum residues

A total of 19 pesticide preparations were used according to agricultural practice in six trials in apple orchards. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), premature Golden Delicious apples collected 64, 50, 36 days before harvest and mature fruit were examined for residues of active ingredients. No residues of triflumuron, triazamate, chlorpyrifos, etofenprox, fenoxycarb, kresoxim-methyl, cyprodinyl, difenoconazole or thiram were detected in the first sampling. Also, the levels of chlorpyrifos-methyl, penconazole, tebuconazole and tolylfluanid dropped during the pre-harvest interval. Detectable residues of pyridaben, thiacloprid, trifloxystrobin and tetraconazole in harvested fruits were below 0.01 mg kg−1, which is the maximum concentration of residues acceptable by baby-food producers in any raw material. The only residues exceeding this concentration were captan and teflubenzuron. Based on the data, farmers can choose pesticides for optimal treatment of plants, while enabling growth of a safe crop suitable for baby-food production.
Vibrissae representation in subcortical trigeminal centers of the neonatal rat

In the neonatal rat differential activity levels of the metabolic enzyme succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) reveal intricately detailed segmentation in the neuropil of the spinal and principal trigeminal nuclei of the brainstem and in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus. The segmentation occurs in the portions of these nuclei that electrophysiological evidence has indicated to be related to the mystacial vibrissae and sinus hairs on the face of the rat. Indeed, the pattern of segmentation in each nucleus replicates the topographic distribution of the vibrissae and sinus hairs. Further, within the spinal trigeminal nucleus, there appear to be two distinct representations of the vibrissae, one in the subnucleus caudalis and a second in the subnucleus interpolaris. Examination of these patterns of segmentation indicates that the large mystacial vibrissae and sinus hairs on the face of the young rat are somatotopically represented three times within the trigeminal complex, as straight cylinders of neuropil, and once in the ventrobasal complex, as curved cylinders of neuropil.
Bilateral Leydig Cell Tumor in a Six-Year-Old Intersex Goat Affected by Polled Intersex Syndrome

A 6-year-old, sterile, Blanca Celtibérica breed adult doe was referred to our faculty. The doe had external female genitalia, a short anogenital distance, and normally shaped udders. Masculinization signs in the head shape and male behavior were also noted at the time of referral. Genetic analysis demonstrated normal 2n = 60 XX karyotype and an absence of the sex-determining region Y (SRY). The animal was homozygous for a DNA deletion responsible for the Polled Intersex Syndrome (PIS). A uterus and 2 uterine horns were present at the postmortem examination. Gartner's ducts and degenerated Wolffian derivatives persisted. There were 2 intra-abdominal testicle-like structures, one of which consisted of epididymal and deferent ducts. An advanced Leydig cell tumor, resulting in almost total destruction of the intratesticular structures, was also observed. Leydig cell tumors usually produce testosterone. Thus, these histologic findings are compatible with the evident virilization.
Induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma during the conversion of 3T3 fibroblasts into adipocytes is mediated by C/EBPbeta, C/EBPdelta, and glucocorticoids

The differentiation of 3T3 preadipocytes into adipocytes is accompanied by a transient induction of C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta expression in response to treatment of the cells with methylisobutylxanthine (MIX) and dexamethasone (DEX), respectively. In this report, we demonstrate that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes is induced by MIX and DEX, suggesting that C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta may be involved in this process. Using a tetracycline-responsive expression system, we have recently shown that the conditional ectopic expression of C/EBPbeta in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts (beta2 cells) in the presence of DEX activates the synthesis of peroxisome PPARgamma mRNA. Subsequent exposure of these cells to PPAR activators stimulates their conversion into adipocytes; however, neither the expression of C/EBPbeta nor exposure to DEX alone is capable of inducing PPARgamma expression in the beta2 cell line. We find that unlike the case for 3T3 preadipocytes, C/EBPdelta is not induced by DEX in these 3T3 fibroblasts and therefore is not relaying the effect of this glucocorticoid to the PPARgamma gene. To define the role of glucocorticoids in regulating PPARgamma expression and the possible involvement of C/EBPdelta, we have established an additional set of NIH 3T3 cell lines expressing either C/EBPdelta alone (delta23 cells) or C/EBPdelta and C/EBPbeta together (beta/delta39 cells), using the tetracycline-responsive system. Culture of these cells in tetracycline-deficient medium containing DEX, MIX, insulin, and fetal bovine serum shows that the beta/delta39 cells express PPARgamma and aP2 mRNAs at levels that are almost equivalent to those observed in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These levels are approximately threefold higher than their levels of expression in the beta2 cells. Despite the fact that these beta/delta39 cells produce abundant amounts of C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta (in the absence of tetracycline), they still require glucocorticoids to attain maximum expression of PPARgamma mRNA. Furthermore, the induction of PPARgamma mRNA by exposure of these cells to DEX occurs in the absence of ongoing protein synthesis. The delta23 cells, on the other hand, are not capable of activating PPARgamma gene expression when exposed to the same adipogenic inducers. Finally, attenuation of ectopic C/EBPbeta production at various stages during the differentiation process results in a concomitant inhibition of PPARgamma and the adipogenic program. These data strongly suggest that the induction of PPARgamma gene expression in multipotential mesenchymal stem cells (NIH 3T3 fibroblasts) is dependent on elevated levels of C/EBPbeta throughout the differentiation process, as well as an initial exposure to glucocorticoids. C/EBPdelta may function by synergizing with C/EBPbeta to enhance the level of PPARgamma expression.