Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The nature and functions of schemas.

information. Linguistic materials. The studies showing the effect of a picture or title on the recall of an opaquely written passage (Bransford & Johnson, 1972; Dooling & Lachman, 1971; Dooling & Mullet, 1973) can be interpreted as supporting the framework hypothesis. In these studies the subjects who received a schemaenvoking picture or title before they heard the passage showed much better recall than subjects who received the picture or title after they heard the passage. If the effect had been due to old schema knowledge (integration) or to the schema operating as a retrieval mechanism, then the subjects who received the schema afterward could have used the schema to make inferences or as a retrieval device just as well as the subjects who received it first. Since the data show a large difference in recall between the two conditions, it appears that the schema is operating as a framework to preserve the episodic information contained in the passage. Another study that can be interpreted as support for the framework hypothesis is a text recall study by Thorndyke (1977). In this study Thorndyke compared recall for two types of embedded goal-based passages, one with the superordinate goal at the beginning and one with the superordinate goal at the end (in texts of this kind, when the goal comes first the reader can understand the purpose of a rather strange sequence of actions). Recall was better for the group that received the goal at the beginning of the passage, and through our subtractive logic we interpret this finding to support the position that schemas can act as a framework to preserve information from texts. Nonlinguistic materials. There are a number of studies of picture memory by Mandler (Mandler & Johnson, 1976; Mandler & Parker, 1976; Mandler & Ritchey, 1977) which can be interpreted as evidence for the action of schemas as frameworks to preserve episodic picture information. Two types of pictures are used in these studies--organized and unorganized. An organized picture consists of a small number of schema-related objects spatially arranged to make up a schema-consistent visual scene. The unorganized pictures consist of the same objects rearranged to give a schema-inconsistent visual scene (e.g., a desk in the upper part of the picture not resting on any solid surface). Memory for the information in the pictures (objects, spatial relations) was tested with a recognition procedure in which the foils for the organized pictures were changed from the original The Nature and Functions of Schemas 55 The Nature and Functions of Schemas 56 picture but were schema-consistent. In general, these studies showed that recognition memory was better for organized pictures than for unorganized pictures. The use of schema-consistent foils eliminates the possibility that the subjects are responding on the basis of generic knowledge, and the use of a recognition memory procedure reduces or eliminates the use of schemas as retrieval mechanisms, so we believe this finding can be used to show that schemas operate as frameworks to preserve episodic
Local Rice Genotypes of Tana Toraja and North Toraja Regencies: Kinship Relations and Character Interaction

Tree, The Regency of Tana Toraja and North Toraja, are two regencies in the Province of South Sulawesi where even though both are not the center of rice crop development, but in both regencies we can find many cultivated local rice genotypes. This study aims to determine the relationship between local rice genotypes found in the two regencies based on panicle and grain characteristics and the correlation between these characters. The characters observed are panicle length, grains number per panicle, panicle density, awn length, grain length, grain width, grain thickness, grain length to width ratio and 100 seeds weight. Results showed that 49 local rice genotypes were found (27 local rice genotypes from Tana Toraja regency and 22 local rice genotypes from North Toraja regency) with various rice colors, i.e. from white to purple. These local rice genotypes can be grouped into three groups with a similarity rate of 67.56%, namely group I consists of 41 local rice genotypes, group II consists of 3 local rice genotypes (all local rice genotypes from Tana Toraja regency) and group III consists of 5 local rice genotypes and these characters can be grouped into two groups with a similarity rate 48.71%, namely group I consists of two characters (panicle length and grains number per panicle) and groups II consists of 7 characters (panicle density, awn length, grain length, grain width, grain thickness, grain length to width ratio and 100 seeds weight). There was a very significant positive correlation between the characters, namely panicle length and grains number per panicle, panicle length and panicle density, panicle length and awn length, grains number per panicle and panicle density, awn length and grain width, grain length and grain length to width ratio, grain length and 100 seeds weight, grain thickness and 100 seeds weight and grain length to width ratio and 100 seeds weight, with the correlation coefficient values 0.630**, 0.406**, 0.470**, 0.960**, 0.428**, 0.821**, 0.609**, 0.591** and 0.365**, respectively and there was also a very significant negative correlation between the characters, namely awn length and grain length to width ratio and grain width and grain length to width ratio, with the correlation coefficient values -0.401 ** and -0.770 **.
Savor the Cryosphere

This article provides concise documentation of the ongoing retreat of glaciers, along with the implications that the ice loss presents, as well as suggestions for geoscience educators to better convey this story to both students and citizens. We present the retreat of glaciers—the loss of ice—as emblematic of the recent, rapid contraction of the cryosphere. Satellites are useful for assessing the loss of ice across regions with the passage of time. Ground-based glaciology, particularly through the study of ice cores, can record the history of environmental conditions present during the existence of a glacier. Repeat photography vividly displays the rapid retreat of glaciers that is characteristic across the planet. This loss of ice has implications to rising sea level, greater susceptibility to dryness in places where people rely upon rivers delivering melt water resources, and to the destruction of natural environmental archives that were held within the ice. Warming of the atmosphere due to rising concentrations of greenhouse gases released by the combustion of fossil fuels is causing this retreat. We highlight multimedia productions that are useful for teaching this story effectively. As geoscience educators, we attempt to present the best scholarship as accurately and eloquently as we can, to address the core challenge of conveying the magnitude of anthropogenic impacts, while also encouraging optimistic determination on the part of students, coupled to an increasingly informed citizenry. We assert that understanding human perturbation of nature, then choosing to engage in thoughtful science-based decision-making, is a wise choice. This topic comprised “Savor the Patrick A. Burkhart, Dept. of Geography, Geology, and the Environment, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania 16057, USA; Richard B. Alley, Dept. of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Lonnie G. Thompson, School of Earth Sciences, Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; James D. Balog, Earth Vision Institute/Extreme Ice Survey, 2334 Broadway Street, Suite D, Boulder, Colorado 80304, USA; Paul E. Baldauf, Dept. of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave., Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314, USA; and Gregory S. Baker, Dept. of Geology, University of Kansas, 1475 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA Cryosphere,” a Pardee Keynote Symposium at the 2015 Annual Meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, for which the GSA recorded supporting interviews and a webinar.
A direction splitting approach for incompressible Brinkmann flow

The direction splitting approach proposed earlier in [6], aiming at the efficient solution of Navier-Stokes equations, is extended and adopted here to solve the Navier-Stokes-Brinkman equations describing incompressible flows in plain and in porous media. The resulting pressure equation is a perturbation of the incompressibility constrained using a direction-wise factorized operator as proposed in [6]. We prove that this approach is unconditionally stable for the unsteady Navier-Stokes-Brinkman problem. We also provide numerical illustrations of the method's accuracy and efficiency.
Preparation of shale ceramsite vegetative porous concrete and its performance as a planting medium

Abstract Vegetative porous concrete (VPC) could effectively reduce the adverse impacts of engineering construction on the environment and adapt to the demands of sustainable development. In this article, shale ceramsite was selected as coarse aggregate and Cynodon dactylon was chosen as an experimental plant. Based on the conditions of two target porosities and four water–cement ratios, the mixture proportions of VPC were designed. Modified soil was made, in which fly ash, compound fertiliser, FeSO4 and vinyl acetate emulsion were mixed in yellow-brown loam. Planting substrate slurry made of modified soil, humus, vermiculite powder according to the proportion of 2:2:1 and the right amount of water. Given two planting structures, planting tests were conducted on the VPC. Results showed under the conditions of target porosity and grain composition, bulk densities of 12 groups of VPC varied between 600 and 800 kg/m3, compressive strengths of 28 days old were 5 MPa above and pH values varied from 11 to 12 in the porous concrete internal voids. Plant height exceeded 10 cm and plant covered more than 95% at the age of 60 days in both two planting structures. The results are great significance for using VPC to enhance slope landscape and prevent soil erosion, shallow landslides and other geological disasters.
Biochemical effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate calcium and creatine supplementations on some blood parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth performance of broiler chicks

One hundred and sixty-five one-day old Cobb broiler chicks were allocated into 3 groups to investigate the effect of dietary 0.1% β-hydroxyβ-methylbutyrate calcium (HMB) and 0.1% creatine on some blood parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth performance parameters in terms of total feed intake (TFI), total body weight gain (TBWG), total body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during certain time intervals (21st day and 42nd day) versus control group (0 treatment). Some biochemical changes were recorded at the 42nd day among creatine supplemented group in the form of significantly high results of both triglycerides and T3 in group 3 (creatine) than that of the control group on the same day at P value > 0.05. HMB supplemented group showed significantly lower results of ALT (mean) than that of control group at (P value > 0.05) on the 21st day which became insignificant at the 42nd day. Dietary 0.1% HMB-Ca recorded better growth performance parameters in terms of TFI (4.527), TBWG (2.515), TBW (2.555) and TFCR (1.8) if compared to creatine supplemented group of (4.664, 2.508, 2.549 and 1.86) respectively and the control group of TFI equaled to 4.7432, TBWG equaled to 2.156, TBW equaled to 2.1987 and TFCR equaled to 2.2 at the end of the experiment. HMB and creatine supplementations had no effect on other blood parameters, viz. AST, urea, creatinine, total protein, FFA, T4, T3/T4 ratio, TSH, uric acid, cholesterol, HDL and LDL, and pro-inflammatory cytokines namely IL-6, IL-2 and TNF-α.
Changes in root morphology and nutrient uptake in wheat plants with varied potassium and magnesium supply

Mineral nutrient deficiencies on agricultural soils is a widespread problem affecting crop productivity worldwide. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) supply on biomass production, root morphology and uptake of other mineral nutrients in wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Ceyhan-99). Changes in root morphology as well as nutrient uptake by roots were monitored under various K and Mg treatments. Results showed that K and Mg deficiency significantly reduced shoot and root growth and induced changes in nutrient uptake by roots. K deficiency reduced nitrate (NO3 -) and phosphorus (P), but increased Mg uptake by roots. In general, all root morphological attributes analyzed were significantly affected by low K and Mg supply. However, root length, root area, root volume and number of tips were the most affected attributes which lead to severe reductions in nutrient acquisition and use efficiency. Moreover, K deficiency resulted in impaired use of absorbed nitrogen (N) in protein biosynthesis. Total free amino acid concentration increased sharply in response to K starvation and resulted in severe inhibition of N uptake by roots due to the negative feedback effect. It is concluded that ensuring adequate K and Mg nutrition is required to maximize agricultural production and to improve use efficiency of nutrients applied to agricultural lands.
The Effect of Distortions in Relative Prices on Corn Productivity and Exports: A Cross-Country Study

This paper tests the hypothesis tliat a significant part of the observed dif­ferences in com yields among countries can be explained by differences in the corn-nitrogen price ratio. Evidence is provided that the farm level price of corn relative to the price of nitrogen fertilizer varies greatly among countires. The observed large differences reflect the price and international trade policies that exist in the respective markets for com and nitrogen fertilizer. Pooled data from 14 of the largest corn producing countries for 13 years show that the corn-nitrogen price ratio, as well as physical factors and technology, account for a significant part of the observed corn yield dif­ferences among countries. This provides evidence that policies which distort corn and fertilizer prices have a significant effect on com yields and in turn on the net trade positions of the various countries.
Manajemen Guru sebagai Upaya Pencapaian Visi-Misi Sekolah (Studi di Sekolah Menengah Atas Persatuan Guru Islam Indonesia 1 Kota Bandung)

The development of technology demands Islamic education institution as the actor of islamization of knowledge project to increase its quality through management of teachers. As the key for achieving school’s vision, teachers must be managed well. This research investigated the process of management of teachers conducted by SMA PGII 1 Bandung. This school was chosen since it evidently could achieve its vision and have competitive alumna showen by their success in getting scholarschip to Germany. This was a case study with qualitative approach. The instruments were interview, questionnaire and observation with teacher, vice of headmaster and chief of administration as respondents. The results show that this school has serious efforts in protect the teachers’ professionalism since recruitment process. The founding program, performance analysis, giving appreciation and sanction become the strategies in increasing the teachers’ quality. This shows that by a comprehensive management of teachers, a school could achieve its vision.
Evaluation of anticancer compounds from suspension cultures of Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum L.)

Objective: Assessment of anticancer activity of the plant cell suspension cultures of Ocimum sanctum by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Trypan blue dye exclusion assay against A549 (human lung cancer cell line). Materials and Methods: In vitro anticancer activity of ethanol, acetone, and aqueous leaf extracts of O. sanctum was evaluated on A549 cancerous cell line by MTT assay and Trypan blue dye exclusion assay. MTT assay is based on the capacity of mitochondrial enzymes of viable cells to reduce the yellow soluble salt MTT to purple-blue insoluble formazan precipitate which is then quantified spectrophotometrically at 570 nm. Trypan blue assay is based on staining of cells. Cells are then counted using hemocytometer under the microscope, non-viable cells were stained blue and viable cells remain unstained. Results: The aqueous leaf extract of O. sanctum has not shown any anticancer activity. However, potent anticancer activity was shown by the acetone and ethanol leaf extracts of O. sanctum on A549 (human lung cancer cell line). Conclusions: The medicinal plant, i.e., O. sanctum was studied by in vitro evaluation methods, i.e., MTT assay and Trypan blue exclusion assay. The acetone and ethanol leaf extract of O. sanctum have shown potent anticancer activity on A549 cancerous cell line.
Magnetic resonance imaging of contracting ultrathin cardiac tissue

Objective: Integrating cardiac-tissue patches into the beating heart and evaluating the long-term effects of such integration on cardiac contractility are two challenges in an emerging field of regenerative medicine. This pilot study presents tools for the imaging of contracting multicellular cardiac tissue constructs (MTCs) in vitro and demonstrates the feasibility of tracking the early development of strand geometry and contractions in ultrathin strands and layers of cardiac tissue using CINE MRI. Approach: Cultured, ultrathin (∼50–100-micron) MTCs of rat neonatal cardiomyocytes were plated in rectangular cell chambers (4.5 × 2.0 cm) with and without ultrathin, carbon EP electrodes embedded in the floor of the cell chamber. Two-dimensional, steady-state free precession (SSFP) CINE MRI, cell microscopy, and tissue photography were performed on Days 5–9 of cell development. Potential confounders and MRI artifacts were evaluated using non-contracting cardiac tissues and cell-free chambers filled with the cell-culture medium. Main results: Synchronized contractions formed by Day 7; individual contracting tissue strands became identifiable by Day 9. The global patterns and details of the strand geometry and movement patterns in the SSFP images were in excellent agreement with microscopic and photographic images. No synchronized movement was identifiable by either microscopy or CINE MRI in the non-contracting MTCs or the cell-free medium. The EP recordings revealed well-defined depolarization and repolarization waveforms; the imaging artifacts generated by the carbon electrodes were small. Significance: This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of imaging cardiac-strand patterns and contractile activity in ultrathin, two-dimensional cardiac tissue in commonly used clinical scanners.
On the edge of history? The Early Iron Age of southern Portugal, between texts and archaeology

ABSTRACT The Early Iron Age of southern Portugal has often been considered a protohistoric period. Despite the development of local writing systems as early as the seventh century B.C.E. , the so far undeciphered nature of local epigraphy meant the scarce and contradictory information recorded by Greco-Latin authors was considered the primary source for the analysis of this period. The growth of archaeological data since the 1970s resulted in attempts to harmonize it with the written records through a ‘source bricolage’ which hindered the understanding of the diversity and complexity of the history of local communities. Recent research has demonstrated the dynamic nature of this period, while also identifying evidence that the local communities built and manipulated specific narratives about their past and their history, particularly visible in their funerary record. Older funerary monuments seem indeed to have been used as material mnemonic devices underlying the construction of group memories and histories.
Using iBook Features to Support English Language Learners and Struggling Readers

Abstract Technology can play an important role in the development of reading fluency. Taking notes, recording brainstorm sessions, peer-reviewing, and publishing are all skills that support students in becoming academically literate for advanced schooling. This descriptive case study explored the use of the iBook application and features that come standardly loaded on the iPad device to improve reading comprehension and enhance student engagement. The results indicate that several features of the iBook application, such as word definitions, the notetaking tool, and Wikipedia searches, among others, were highly valuable for instructional purposes.
Vitamin D receptor rs7975232, rs731236 and rs1544410 single nucleotide polymorphisms, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Egyptian children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: effect of vitamin D co-therapy

Purpose: We aimed to examine the possible association role of vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) development, glycemic control and complications among a cohort of Egyptian children. Subjects and methods: A prospective case-control study has been conducted on 50 Egyptian children with T1DM who were comparable with 50 controls. Vitamin D and HbA1c were measured. VDR-SNPs [ApaI (rs7975232), TaqI (rs731236) and BsmI (rs1544410)] detection was done by polymerase chain reaction through restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Vitamin D supplements were given to the included T1DM children with low vitamin D and reassessments of both HbA1c% and 25(OH)D serum levels were performed in those children three months later. Results: Eighty percent of the included diabetic patients have poor glycemic control. Vitamin D was deficient in 68% and insufficient in 16% of diabetic patients. Significant improvements in both vitamin D and glycemic status among T1DM children, who have low vitamin D and received vitamin D supplementations. There were significantly negative correlations between serum levels of vitamin D with both HbA1c % (r= –0.358, P˂0.05) and daily insulin dose (r=−0.473, P˂0.05). Compared with controls, T1DM children presented more commonly with ApaI a allele (OR: 2.87; 95%CI: 1.39–5.91, P˂0.05) and BsmI b allele (OR: 4.38; 95%CI: 2.30–8.33, P˂0.05). TaqI t allele wasn’t significantly differing among patients and controls (P˃0.05). Aa+aa and Bb+bb genotypes were significantly higher among T1DM vs the controls (OR: 3.08;, 95%CI: 1.33–7.15, P˂0.05 and OR: 9.33; 95%CI: 3.61–24.17, P˂0.05respectively). Conclusion: ApaI and BsmI were associated with risk of T1DM development among Egyptian children. Low vitamin D status was frequently occurring among T1DM with significant improvement in the glycemic control of such children when adding vitamin D supplements to the standard insulin therapy.