Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modular models of task based visually guided behavior

Human behavior in extended visuomotor tasks is not well understood. This thesis considers the visuomotor task of navigating along a walkway while avoiding obstacles and approaching targets. Behavioral data of humans executing this task is presented together with a model of sidewalk navigation based on the reinforcement-learning framework. The connection between model and empirical data is made by using a new inverse reinforcement learning algorithm that estimates the parameters of the learning model so as to best match the observed human behavior. Thus, this work proposes to understand human visuomotor behavior in terms of learned solutions to specific tasks. First, the analysis of behavioral data shows the limitations of current saliency-based models describing human gaze selection and quantifies the influences of task on gaze selection. The analysis furthermore demonstrates the similarity in walked trajectories and gaze patterns between subjects and how the similarities in behavior impose regularities on the input to the visual system, such as contrast and model simple cell response statistics. If human vision is understood as an active process that has to learn how to select relevant information in time, then algorithms for the solution of complex visuomotor control tasks have to be developed. To this end, this thesis introduces a credit assignment algorithm for modular reinforcement learning that allows solving the same walking tasks in a virtual agent. The main feature of this algorithm is that it allows for multiple component tasks to learn their respective contributions to a single global reward signal. Finally, in order to validate the proposed learning algorithm for the modeling of human side-walk navigation an inverse reinforcement learning method is proposed that allows extracting the relative reward weights implicitly attributed to the component tasks by the subjects. The application of this method to the empirical data shows that this model can indeed be used to describe well the human walking behavior in terms of the reinforcement learning model that assumes a modular solution of the individual component tasks.
Provision for digital records management in the curriculum of LIS schools at public universities in South Africa

The need for education in archives and records management cannot be over-emphasised. Education can help to empower archivists and records managers in tackling the challenges of managing and preserving records created in networked environments. The latter entails ensuring security, authenticity and integrity of records. In view of the tectonic shifts that have taken place within Africa, particularly South Africa, and the use of social media in innovative ways, archives and records management professionals’ demands have changed. This study examines the archives and records management curricula in different educational institutions in South Africa with the view to ascertaining the extent to which they address the changing digital environment. First, desktop research evaluating the websites of all 26 public universities in South Africa was conducted to identify schools offering archives and records management programmes. This was followed by content analysis of the curricula of universities that offer archives and records management programmes from the website. Then the doctoral graduates of these programmes were subsequently examined to identify issues addressed in their theses. It was established that the current curricula at public universities in South Africa do not fully embrace the management of digital records. For example, as of 2018, the education programme available for archivists in South Africa consisted of only a few programmes offered by four institutions of higher learning out of 26 universities with only 11 modules addressing records in a digital environment. Therefore, there is a need to align the curriculum at higher learning institutions in South Africa to also embrace records created in networked environments. It is hoped that the study will inform curriculum development and review in the area of digital records management at universities in South Africa.
User Experience: Buzzword or New Paradigm?

This paper explores User Experience, a rather novel and popular view on human-computer interaction, through an extensive review of the literature. After introducing its polysemous nature, this paper describes the origins of User Experience, its scope, components and various definitions. Then, User Experience methods are surveyed, distinguishing processes, frameworks, and specific methods. The conclusion identifies a set of issues about the needs for increased User Experience maturity.
Visuomotor Behaviour in Amblyopia: Deficits and Compensatory Adaptations

Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental visual disorder arising from decorrelated binocular experience during the critical periods of development. The hallmark of amblyopia is reduced visual acuity and impairment in binocular vision. The consequences of amblyopia on various sensory and perceptual functions have been studied extensively over the past 50 years. Historically, relatively fewer studies examined the impact of amblyopia on visuomotor behaviours; however, research in this area has flourished over the past 10 years. Therefore, the aim of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive review of current knowledge about the effects of amblyopia on eye movements, upper limb reaching and grasping movements, as well as balance and gait. Accumulating evidence indicates that amblyopia is associated with considerable deficits in visuomotor behaviour during amblyopic eye viewing, as well as adaptations in behaviour during binocular and fellow eye viewing in adults and children. Importantly, due to amblyopia heterogeneity, visuomotor development in children and motor skill performance in adults may be significantly influenced by the etiology and clinical features, such as visual acuity and stereoacuity. Studies with larger cohorts of children and adults are needed to disentangle the unique contribution of these clinical characteristics to the development and performance of visuomotor behaviours.
Intrusion detection applications using knowledge discovery and data mining

Juvonen, Antti Intrusion Detection Applications Using Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Jyvaskyla: University of Jyvaskyla, 2014, 58 p.(+included articles) (Jyvaskyla Studies in Computing ISSN 1456-5390; 205) ISBN 978-951-39-5977-7 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-39-5978-4 (PDF) Finnish summary Diss. Increasing network traffic and introduction of more and more complex web services creates new vulnerabilities for attackers. As a result, attacks have become more complex and unpredictable. New and previously unseen intrusions cannot be detected using manual signature-based detection. For this reason, automatic traffic analysis and anomaly intrusion detection systems are needed. Anomaly detection faces many problems, such as high number of false alarms and lack of validation with real data. This thesis focuses on analyzing real-world network log data by using a knowledge discovery process and data mining methods. The framework combines data preprocessing, dimensionality reduction, clustering and anomaly detection. The proposed parts of the system are tested using real data. The framework is capable of producing meaningful results, such as detecting actual intrusion attempts that are present in the data. In addition, representative visualizations of high-dimensional data can be created to provide more information to the network administrator. The framework is also capable of dynamically analyzing and adding more traffic data as it’s being created in the network. The study focuses on practical use and feasibility of the framework, and is backed up by practical experiments presented in the included articles.
Reading in the margins : EAP reading pedagogies and their critical, postcritical potential

XIV CHAPTER ONE: EAP CONTEXT AND CHALLENGES 1 1.1 THE CONTEXT OF THE STUDY 5 1.1.1 Internationalisation 5 1.1.2 Curriculum responses in EAP 8 1.1.2a The skills approach 8 1.1.2b The socialisation approach 10 1.1.2c An academic literacies approach 12 1.2 CHALLENGES IN TEACHING READING IN EAP 14 1.3 THE FOCUS OF THIS STUDY 16
What Does BERT Learn about the Structure of Language?

BERT is a recent language representation model that has surprisingly performed well in diverse language understanding benchmarks. This result indicates the possibility that BERT networks capture structural information about language. In this work, we provide novel support for this claim by performing a series of experiments to unpack the elements of English language structure learned by BERT. Our findings are fourfold. BERT’s phrasal representation captures the phrase-level information in the lower layers. The intermediate layers of BERT compose a rich hierarchy of linguistic information, starting with surface features at the bottom, syntactic features in the middle followed by semantic features at the top. BERT requires deeper layers while tracking subject-verb agreement to handle long-term dependency problem. Finally, the compositional scheme underlying BERT mimics classical, tree-like structures.
Weather and Climate Variability May Be Poor Proxies for Climate Change in Farmer Risk Perceptions

Despite long-standing assertions that climate change creates new risk management challenges, the climate change adaptation literature persists in assuming, both implicitly and explicitly, that weather and climate variability are suitable proxies for climate change in evaluating farmers’ risk perceptions and predicting their adaptive responses. This assumption persists in part because there is surprisingly little empirical evidence either way, although case studies suggest that there may be important differences. Here, we use a national survey of South Africa’s commercial grain farmers (n = 389)—similar to their peers in higher-income countries (e.g., North America, Europe, Australia), but without subsidies—to show that they treat weather and climate change risks quite differently. We find that their perceptions of climate change risks are distinct from and, in many regards, oppositional to their perceptions of weather risks. While there seems to be a temporal element to this distinction (i.e., differing concern for short-term vs long-term risks), there are other differences that are better understood in terms of normalcy (i.e., normal vs abnormal relative to historical climate) and permanency (i.e., temporary vs permanent changes). We also find an interaction effect of education and political identity on concern for climate change that is at odds with the well-publicized cultural cognition thesis based on surveys of the American public. Overall, studies that use weather and climate variability as unqualified proxies for climate change are likely to mislead researchers and policymakers about how farmers perceive, interpret, and respond to climate change stimuli.
The Impact of Digital Learning Module in Improving Students' Problem-Solving Skills

This study aims to determine the improvement of problem-solving skills using problem-based digital learning module. The research method used is quasi-experiment design with non-equivalent control group design. The sampling technique used is the purposive sampling of 60 subjects with 30 for the experimental class and 30 for the control class. The research result indicates the learning process both classes runs well. It is proven by the significance of the hypothesis test result which is less than α (0,005) 0,05). It can be concluded that Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. It means that there are differences in students’ problem-solving skills in the experiment class and control class. This proves the treatment in the experimental class using problem-based digital learning module integrated with religious values can influence students' problem-solving skills better than the PowerPoint learning media used in the control class.
Moral Development in the Online Context

Past research has found strong evidence that individuals behave differently when they are online compared to when they are in face-to-face interactions. These differences may be caused by factors such as anonymity, remoteness from interactions and reduced empathy. The current study attempts to expand on these past research findings by examining moral development and specifically the relationships between moral emotions, moral identity and antisocial behaviour in the online context. In total, 392 participants were placed into three separate age groups: early adolescence (n = 99, aged 12.42-14.33), late adolescence (n = 180, aged 17.17-22) and early adulthood (n = 113, aged 22.06-35.25). Participants were assessed with a questionnaire measuring moral identity and moral emotions using hypothetical scenarios in both the online and the face-to-face context. It was established that both moral identity and moral emotions were lower in the online context regardless of age group. Cross-context differentiation also increased with age for the two variables. In addition, the relationship between moral identity and both intention to perform and performance of antisocial behaviours was mediated by moral emotions. The findings of the present study confirm more research is needed to investigate how the online context affects moral development.
On Replication and Perturbation of the McKelvey and Palfrey Centipede Game Experiment

Abstract This study first replicates, then perturbs, the centipede game as implemented by McKelvey and Palfrey (1992). It is thus both a replication study and an original research study. We use controlled laboratory experiments, with computer interfaces for each treatment, anonymous round-robin matching among the subjects across rounds, multiple (10) rounds within each treatment, and incremental changes between adjacent treatments allowing for an assessment of effects at the margin of different game configurations. We find unraveling to the subgame perfect equilibrium somewhat faster than did McKelvey and Palfrey (1992), when using their exact design. Perturbations to that design show that setting non-taker payoffs to zero induces earlier unraveling, as does the use of higher stakes (as in Murphy, Rapoport, and Parco (2006), and Rapoport, Stein, Parco, and Nicholas (2003), respectively). Other, subsequent perturbations show: that there is at most a subtle effect associated with using a 10-second timer with a default move, relative to untimed active moves; and that clock format versus tree format has a minimal effect in common information, unchanging payoff-parameterization environments. We verify the robustness of some key past findings in real-time games. We also explore in a common information environment, the effect of design features previously used in independent private values settings; here we find new evidence that features which might modulate information acquisition and/or processing in an independent private values setting may not restrict behavior in a common information setting.
Green hotel adoption: a personal choice or social pressure?

Purpose This study aims to examine the potential guest perception of green hotel attributes (GHAs) and the underlying mechanism through which GHA perception influences attitude toward green hotels, intention to stay at green hotels and willingness to pay a premium. It also investigates the moderating roles of personal norms and social norms in the influence of GHA perception on identification and trust toward green hotels. Design/methodology/approach A two-stage survey was used to collect data via Prolific Academic. The authors tested the hypotheses on 521 valid responses using the partial least squares method. Findings The results show that identification and trust mediate the effect of GHA perception on attitude, intention to stay and willingness to pay a premium for green hotels. The authors found a positive interaction effect between GHA perception and personal norms on identification and trust and a negative interaction effect between social norms and GHA perception on trust. The interaction effect of GHA perception and social norms on identification is not significant. Originality/value This study presents an integrated framework for green hotel adoption by examining the potential guest perception of GHAs and explores how it fosters positive guest responses. Findings show that GHA perception positively influences potential guest responses through identification (the personal route) and trust (the social route). This study also simultaneously considers personal norms and social norms, together with the effects of their interactions with GHA perception on identification and trust.
MODELING VOTING DYNAMICS IN A TWO-PARTY SYSTEM

The 2016 U.S. presidential primary election, characterized by unexpected results, provides an interesting context to study how citizens are influenced in deciding whether to vote and whom to support. Our aim is to determine which of those changes in voting behavior have the largest impact on the election outcome. We address this question by developing a class of models driven either by the effect of mass media or by social interaction among voters and non-voting members of two parties. The dynamics are modeled using four compartments with a transition matrix describing the evolution of a discrete-time Markov chain. Each model is studied and fit to poll data from the 2012 and 2016 U.S. presidential elections using numerical methods. A comparison across elections indicates that the social influence of each group changes from one election to another, but response to media is similar in both cases.
Your Failure is My Opportunity - Effects of Elimination in Contests

In this paper, we consider a sequence of multi-prize all-pay auctions, where the contestants who exert the lowest e fforts in a round are eliminated. We analyze if and how the behavior of contestants is influenced by the possibility that strong rivals are eliminated along the way. The conditions under which behavior is not influenced are rather restrictive. For cases where these conditions are not met, we derive equilibria in a two-period model. We compare our equilibrium predictions to those of a static model and a two-stage contest where the sequential structure is not announced in the first round.
Comparison of SASSONE Scoring and ADNEX Model in Differentiating Benign and Malignant Ovarian Neoplasm in a University Hospital

Background Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecologic cancer worldwide and are usually diagnosed in advanced stages where prognosis is very poor. Ultrasound has been widely used to screen and differentiate benign and malignant ovarian neoplasm. There are several ultrasound scoring system designed to aid in the diagnosis, however, there is still no standard method accepted for screening of ovarian cancer. Objective To compare the accuracy of SASSONE Scoring and ADNEX Model in differentiating benign and malignant ovarian neoplasm in the University of Santo Tomas Hospital. Methodology Sixty-eight women who presented with an ovarian neoplasm by history and physical examination were recruited from January to October 2017. Ultrasound was requested to further characterize the mass. Sassone scoring and ADNEX Model were applied and computed based on the sonologic fi ndings to differentiate whether the ovarian neoplasm was benign or malignant. The gold standard was the histopathologic examination of the mass after surgery. Results There was no signifi cant difference in the accuracy of Sassone Scoring and ADNEX model in pre-operatively differentiating benign and malignant ovarian neoplasm with 88% and 89% accuracy rate, respectively. Sassone scoring has a sensitivity of 62.5% and specifi city of 91.67% while ADNEX has a sensitivity and specifi city of 37.5% and 96.67%, respectively. Conclusion There is no signifi cant difference in using SASSONE and ADNEX model in differentiating benign and malignant ovarian neoplasm prior to surgery. Both may be used as an ultrasound scoring system for predicting ovarian malignancy. However, in cases of suspicious tumors, ADNEX model is more useful in discriminating the type and stage of malignancy.
The effects of using visual literacy and visualization in the teaching and learning of mathematics problem solving on grade 6 and grade 7.

In this study I examine the effects of visualization in the teaching of problem solving in grades 6 and 7 in a school south of Durban in KwaZulu Natal. One of the goals of mathematics instruction according to the Department of Education is to prepare learners to become proficient in solving problems (DoE, 2003). Whilst many studies have been conducted in the field of problem solving, using visualization as a strategy to solve problems has been a neglected area in mathematics teaching in some schools. A literature survey shows that the link between solving problems and visualization strategies is making finding solutions easier for learners. The literature suggests that visualization assists learners to develop their problem solving skills as it allows them an opportunity to show their interpretation of the problem and the understanding of mathematical concepts. Through the use of problem centred mathematics, problem centred learning, growth of mathematical understanding and realistic mathematics education, learners see the connection and employ appropriate strategies to solve problems. This study examines the strategies employed by educators in the teaching and learning of problem solving and the strategies used by learners when solving problems. Data was collected from educators using a questionnaire, observation of grade 6 and 7 learners in the classroom and semi structured interviews. The conclusions from the data analysis have shown that problem solving is been neglected and that visualization does assist learners in solving problems.
Ambulance nurses’ experiences of patient relationships in urgent and emergency situations: A qualitative exploration

Background The ambulance service provides emergency care to meet the patient’s medical and nursing needs. Based on professional nursing values, this should be done within a caring relationship with a holistic approach as the opposite would risk suffering related to disengagement from the patient’s emotional and existential needs. However, knowledge is sparse on how ambulance personnel can meet caring needs and avoid suffering, particularly in conjunction with urgent and emergency situations. Aim The aim of the study was to explore ambulance nurses’ experiences of relationships with patients in urgent and emergency situations. Methods Data collection was performed using individual open-ended interviews with six ambulance nurses. The data were analyzed using a thematic analysis. Results Relationships with patients during urgent and emergency assignments emerged as three themes: “Ambiguous silence,” “Professional competence” and “Challenging inadequacy” comprising eight sub-themes in total. The result shows that the ambulance nurses found it difficult to prioritize between medical care and establishing a caring relationship with the patient. However, sometimes a wordless relationship was perceived sufficient and considered a first step towards a verbal relationship. Conclusions Ambulance nurses experience that a caring relationship cannot and does not need to be prioritized in the acute stage. This uncovers a dichotomy approach to medical care versus caring relationships that exclude a holistic approach. Thus, patients’ emotional, existential and physical needs are not considered as equally important. Clinical relevance: It is important to stimulate reflection on core ethical nursing values, in training and simulation exercises among clinically active ambulance nurses.