Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, and associated rodent fleas (Siphonaptera) in the arctic-alpine life zone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado

— Peromyscus maniculatus and related small rodents have been examined for ectoparasites in the tundra region of the Rocky Mountain National Park 1974-1979. One hundred and ninety-four P. maniculatus were examined from two tundra sites. Flea infestation rates were 1.9 fleas per mouse examined and 4.1 fleas per infested mouse. Species taken in significant numbers were Monopsyllus thambus (51 percent), Peromyscopsylla hesperomys (34 percent), Malaraeus euphorbi (9 percent), and Catallagia calisheri (4 percent). Peromyscus maniculatus host/flea relationships in the tundra are compared with those in other life zones in the park. Personnel of the Vector-Borne Diseases Division have studied ectoparasite/host relationships in the Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) for a number of years. Of principal interest have been vectors and reservoirs of Yersinia pestis and Colorado tick fever virus. All life zones in the Park have been investigated. Because of a dearth of published information concerning fleas and other ectoparasites of rodents in the arctic-alpine life zone of the Rocky Mountains, data obtained during the period 1974-1979 in the zone are presented here. Emphasis has been placed on the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, as it is by far the most abundant rodent in the zone. Perom.yscus maniculatus fleas in the tundra are compared with those in other life
What determines access to medium secure psychiatric provision?

Medium secure units sit in the middle of a spectrum of forensic inpatient care, called upon both by those leaving maximum security and those testing the limits of local admission. Defining middles is never easy and 3 decades after the development of these units there is still little consensus on precisely what criteria should decide the need for admission, and limited information on what factors operate in practice. Clarity could make admission assessment a more predictable process than it currently is and could even underpin a more rational policy development for forensic psychiatric care. Perhaps with this in mind, in 1998 the Department of Health commissioned two national studies of admission to, and discharge from, medium secure psychiatric care in England and Wales. This issue of the Journal contains a series of three papers describing the study of admission. The initial research brief had ambitious aims. It specified that the study should include samples of referrals to medium secure psychiatric services; a comparison of different areas and models of service provision; generalisable data on who gains access to medium secure care and who does not; an analysis of the determinants of selection; an examination of decision making The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology
The effect of nonadopted analyses on sentence processing

Are comprehenders affected by an alternative analysis that they do not adopt (a nonadopted analysis) in case of syntactic ambiguity? If the processor only considers and maintains the preferred analysis at a given time, an alternative analysis is then not considered and will hence not affect processing. In two experiments, we examined the processing of the ambiguity in English object-cleft sentences such as Because it was John that Ralph threatened the neighbour recorded their conversation, where the NP the neighbour is temporally ambiguous between a preferred subject analysis (subject of the main clause) and an object analysis (object of the preceding verb threatened). We found that though the object analysis was not adopted and maintained by the processor, it disrupted sentence processing. Such an effect was mediated by plausibility: It disappeared when the object analysis had an implausible interpretation. Overall, the results suggest that people consider an alternative analysis even when they do not maintain it.
Carabocrinid crinoids from the Ordovician of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota

Four species of carabocrinids from the Ordovician of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota are described, namely Carabocrinus radiatus E. Billings, C. vancortlandti E. Billings, C. magnificus Sardeson from the Middle Ordovician Dunleith Formation and C. slocomi Foerste from the Upper Ordovician Maquoketa Formation. Carabocrinus radiatus and C. vancortlandti are also known from the Middle Ordovician of Ontario and Quebec. In addition, C. magnificus and C. vancortlandti are recorded from the Decorah of the Twin Cities area and the Curdsville Limestone of Kentucky, respectively. Biogeographically, the Middle Ordovician carabocrinids from Iowa and Minnesota are most similar to those from rocks of similar age in the northern Appalachians. Development of the cup and its component plates in C. slocomi is almost entirely isometric so that the its shape is largely constant regardless of size. This species exhibits ridge canals on the shoulders of the radial plates in the cup. The ridge canals probably served for respiration. As expected, the number of ridge canals and their length increase with positive allometry compared to the size and volume of the cup. Growth of the ridge canals restricts the width of the radial facets.
Optical Properties of Laboratory and Ambient Biomass Burning Aerosols: Elucidating Black, Brown, and Organic Carbon Components and Mixing Regimes

Biomass burning (BB) is an important global source of aerosol and trace gases that degrade air quality, decrease visibility, and impact climate and human health. Refractory black carbon (rBC), brown carbon (BrC), and organic aerosol are major components of BB emissions. BB aerosol composition is highly variable at the source and depends on fuel composition and combustion phase. Atmospheric aging alters fresh BB aerosol through processes that are complex and dynamic. To better understand the variability in optical properties, we report fresh aerosol laboratory measurements from burning southwestern U.S. fuels and compare them to aged ambient BB aerosol from wildfires over a range of atmospheric time scales. Our BB aerosol analysis uses the relationship between the absorption Ångström exponent and single‐scattering albedo (SSA) to identify rBC, BrC, and organic aerosol‐dominated regimes that are defined using Mie theory. This model framework is used to interpret the large variability in optical properties measured in laboratory burns. In contrast, we find the observed absorption Ångström exponent‐SSA relationship for ambient BB aerosol to be less variable and more clustered together with increased atmospheric aging. This transition from fresh to aged behavior is attributed to the homogenization of the BB aerosol from mixing and aging over several hours. Finally, BB aerosol in ambient fire plumes that have aged for several hours exhibits larger SSAs than laboratory flaming burns. We conclude that BrC/OC mixtures play a larger role than rBC in the positive climate forcing of BB aerosol than what would be projected from laboratory results.
STEM Field Persistence: The Impact of Engagement on Postsecondary STEM Persistence for Underrepresented Minority Students

Persistence studies in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields indicate that the pipeline to degree attainment is “leaky” and underrepresented minorities are not persisting in the STEM fields. Those students who do not persist in the STEM fields either migrate to other fields of study or drop out of higher education altogether. Studies of STEM student attrition point to a student perception of faculty disconnection from students calling this the “chilly climate” (Seymour & Hewitt, 1997). Engagement theory states, “…it is the individual’s integration into the academic and social systems of the college that most directly related to his continuance in that college” (Tinto, 1993). A “chilly climate” in the STEM fields could then reflect in measures of academic and social engagement. This study uses the Beginning Postsecondary Longitudinal Student Survey, 2004-2009 (BPS:04/09) (Cominole, Wheeless, Dudley, Franklin, & Wine, 2007) and logistic regression analyses to examine academic and social engagements’ impact on STEM field persistence in postsecondary education, net of individual and institutional factors. Analysis by ethnicity, initial major, and engagement demonstrate that underrepresented minorities have different engagement patterns, but these engagement behaviors do not contribute significantly to staying in the STEM fields.
Mobility Pattern of Taxi Passengers at Intra-Urban Scale: Empirical Study of Three Cities

The study of human mobility patterns is of both theoretical and practical values in many aspects. For long-distance travel, a few research endeavors have shown that the displacements of human travels follow a power-law distribution. However, controversies remain regarding the issue of the scaling laws of human mobility in intra-urban areas. In this work, we focus on the mobility pattern of taxi passengers by examining five datasets of three metropolitans. Through statistical analysis, we find that the lognormal distribution with a power-law tail can best approximate both the displacement and the duration time of taxi trips in all the examined cities. The universality of the scaling laws of human mobility is subsequently discussed, in view of the analysis of the data. The consistency of the statistical properties of the selected datasets that cover different cities and study periods suggests that, the identified pattern of taxi-based intra-urban travels seems to be ubiquitous over cities and time periods.
Avalanches and micrometeorology driving mass and energy balance of the lowest perennial ice field of the Alps: a case study

Abstract. The mass balance of very small glaciers is often governed by anomalous snow accumulation, winter precipitation being multiplied by snow redistribution processes (gravitationally or wind driven), or suppressed snow ablation driven by micrometeorological effects lowering net radiation and/or turbulent heat exchange. In this case study, we analysed the relative contribution of snow accumulation and ablation processes governing the long- and short-term mass balance of the lowest perennial ice field of the Alps, the Ice Chapel, located at 870 m a.s. l. in the Berchtesgaden National Park (Germany). This study emphasizes the importance of the local topographic setting for the survival of a perennial ice field located far below the climatic snow line. Although long-term mass balance measurements of the ice field surface showed a dramatic mass loss between 1973 and 2014, the ice field mass balance was rather stable between 2014 and 2017 and even showed a strong mass gain in 2017/2018 with an increase in surface height by 50 %–100 % relative to the ice field thickness. Measurements suggest that the winter mass balance clearly dominated the annual mass balance. At the Ice Chapel surface, 92 % of snow accumulation was gained by snow avalanching, thus clearly governing the 2017/2018 winter mass balance of the ice field with mean snow depths of 32 m at the end of the accumulation period. Avalanche deposition was amplified by preferential deposition of snowfall in the wind-sheltered rock face surrounding the ice field. Detailed micrometeorological measurements combined with a numerical analysis of the small-scale near-surface atmospheric flow field identified the micrometeorological processes driving the energy balance of the ice field. Measurements revealed a katabatic flow system draining down the ice field throughout the day, showing strong temporal and spatial dynamics. The spatial origin of the thermal flow system was shown to be of particular importance for the ice field surface energy balance. Numerical simulation indicates that deep katabatic flows, which developed at higher-elevation shaded areas of the rock face and drained down the ice field, enhance sensible heat exchange towards the ice field surface by enhancing turbulence close to the ice surface. Conversely, the shallow katabatic flow developing at the ice field surface appeared to laterally decouple the local near-surface atmosphere from the warmer adjacent air suppressing heat exchange. Numerical results thus suggest that shallow katabatic flows driven by the cooling effect of the ice field surface are especially efficient in lowering the climatic sensitivity of the ice field to the surrounding rising air temperatures. Such micrometeorological phenomena must be taken into account when calculating mass and energy balances of very small glaciers or perennial ice fields at elevations far below the climatic snow line.
Conodontes do Carbonífero das Bacias do Amazonas e Solimões Taxonomia - Part II

O presente trabalho trata da taxonomia dos conodontes das sequencias carboniferas das Bacias do Amazonas e Solimoes, localizadas na Regiao Norte do Brasil. Os conodontes descritos, foram obtidos de amostras de testemunhos de pocos da PETROBRAS, das Formacoes Monte Alegre, Itaituba e Nova Olinda na bacia do Amazonas e das correspondentes Jurua, Carauari e Fonte Boa na bacia do Solimoes. A associacao estudada, compreendendo 10 generos e 28 especies, permitiu atribuir as denominadas formacoes ao Pensilvaniano. O texto em questao abordara alguns dos generos e especies, porquanto os restantes fazem parte de outro trabalho.
The timing of deglaciation and the sequence of pioneer vegetation at Ringsaker, eastern Norway – and an earthquake-triggered landslide

1Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, NO–5020 Bergen, Norway. 2Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway. 3Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, NO–5020 Bergen, Norway. 4Mammuthus, Hamar, Gåsbuvegen 890, NO–2323 Ingeberg, Norway. 5Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1047 Blindern, NO–0316 Oslo, Norway. 6Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO–1432 Aas, Norway. 7Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway.
Brief communication: Rethinking the 1998 China floods to prepare for a nonstationary future

Abstract. A mega-flood in 1998 caused tremendous losses in China and triggered major policy adjustments in flood-risk management. This paper aims to retrospectively examine these policy adjustments and discuss how China should adapt to newly emerging flood challenges. We show that China suffers annually from floods despite large-scale investments and policy adjustments. Rapid urbanization and climate change will exacerbate future flood risk in China, with cascading impacts on other countries through global trade networks. Therefore, novel flood-risk management approaches are required, such as a risk-based urban planning and coordinated water governance systems with public participation, in addition to traditional structural protection.
Meteorological and evaluation datasets for snow modelling at 10 reference sites: description of in situ and bias-corrected reanalysis data

Abstract. This paper describes in situ meteorological forcing and evaluation data, and bias-corrected reanalysis forcing data, for cold regions' modelling at 10 sites. The long-term datasets (one maritime, one arctic, three boreal, and five mid-latitude alpine) are the reference sites chosen for evaluating models participating in the Earth System Model-Snow Model Intercomparison Project. Periods covered by the in situ data vary between 7 and 20 years of hourly meteorological data, with evaluation data (snow depth, snow water equivalent, albedo, soil temperature, and surface temperature) available at varying temporal intervals. Thirty-year (1980–2010) time series have been extracted from a global gridded surface meteorology dataset (Global Soil Wetness Project Phase 3) for the grid cells containing the reference sites, interpolated to 1 h time steps and bias-corrected. Although the correction was applied to all sites, it was most important for mountain sites hundreds of metres higher than the grid elevations and for which uncorrected air temperatures were too high and snowfall amounts too low. The discussion considers the importance of data sharing to the identification of errors and how the publication of these datasets contributes to good practice, consistency, and reproducibility in geosciences. The Supplement provides information on instrumentation, an estimate of the percentages of missing values, and gap-filling methods at each site. It is hoped that these datasets will be used as benchmarks for future model development and that their ease of use and availability will help model developers quantify model uncertainties and reduce model errors. The data are published in the repository PANGAEA and are available at https://doi.pangaea. de/10.1594/PANGAEA.897575.
Degradation of Endeavour Crater Based on Orbital and Rover‐Based Observations in Combination With Landscape Evolution Modeling

Exploration of Endeavour crater's Shoemaker formation rim rocks by the Opportunity rover, combined with extensive observations from the Mars Express and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiters, provides unique and quantitative insights into the processes that have degraded this 22‐km diameter Noachian age impact crater. These insights are informed by comparisons between Endeavour and the relatively young, and morphologically fresh appearing, 19‐km diameter Bopolu crater located 65 km to the southwest. Analyses of rover and orbiter data, combined with landscape evolution modeling using Bopolu topography as a starting point, demonstrate that significant weathering and fluvial degradation of Endeavour occurred during the Noachian Period, with ~0.3 km of vertical rim removal, ~0.9‐km backwasting of the rim, and deposition of ~0.5 km of fluvial‐deltaic‐lacustrine sediments on the crater floor, sourced from rim erosion. Pediments formed on external rim segments, with characteristic thin regolith covers over graded bedrock. Late Noachian to Early Hesperian age Grasberg formation draping sediments, and Burns formation sulfate‐rich sandstones, subsequently embayed all but high standing Shoemaker formation rocks. Burns formation strata accumulated in the crater interior up to a depth of ~0.8 km. Subsequent wind erosion of the interior deposits is indicated by an interior mound and moat, together with yardangs carved into Shoemaker formation rocks, and graded topographic profiles from Grasberg and Burns formation rocks up and through the interior rim Shoemaker formation outcrops. Up to ~0.4 km of Burns formation rocks were exhumed from within the crater by wind erosion to produce the mound and moat.
Numerical issues of the Total Exchange Flow (TEF) analysis framework for quantifying estuarine circulation

Abstract. For more than a century, estuarine exchange flow has been quantified by means of the Knudsen relations which connect bulk quantities such as inflow and outflow volume fluxes and salinities. These relations are closely linked to estuarine mixing. The recently developed Total Exchange Flow (TEF) analysis framework, which uses salinity coordinates to calculate these bulk quantities, allows an exact formulation of the Knudsen relations in realistic cases. There are however numerical issues, since the original method does not converge to the TEF bulk values for an increasing number of salinity classes. In the present study, this problem is investigated and the method of dividing salinities, described by MacCready et al. (2018), is mathematically introduced. A challenging yet compact analytical scenario for a well-mixed estuarine exchange flow is investigated for both methods, showing the proper convergence of the dividing salinity method. Furthermore, the dividing salinity method is applied to model results of the Baltic Sea to demonstrate the analysis of realistic exchange flows and exchange flows with more than two layers.
The effect of grazing and anthropogenic disturbances on floristic and physiognomic characteristics in oriental beech communities, Masal Forest, Iran

This study aimed to investigate floristic and physiognomic characteristics of all plant species in relation to grazing and anthropogenic disturbances. So that, 100 ha beech communities were studied including 50 ha as protected and 50 ha as unprotected area of oriental beech communities in Masal forest, Guilan Province, Iran. The results indicated that the number of all species were higher in the protected area. The main family of the protected area was the Rosaceae, while in the unprotected area the Asteracea had the highest frequency. To identify and classify forest types in both areas, we used the proportion of each tree species larger than 7.5 cm in diameter to determine species dominance according to the classification method of Gorji Bahri. The applied tree classification method indicated that there were three main types and two secondary types in the protected area, whereas six main types were identified in the unprotected area. Physiognomic studies indicated that trees from both areas were in the same height classes, whereas, the total canopy cover percentage was higher in the protected area. Height classes and canopy cover percentage of deciduous broadleaf in shrub layer, were significantly higher in unprotected area than in protected one. In the latter area, the coverpercentage of herbaceous species was different. So that, forbs species had the highest coverpercentage. According to these results, destructive factors have altered the main composition in these communities. So that, avoid of livestock grazing and local people in these areas or livestock exclusion can be recommended as a management.
Experimental Study the Albedo of Urban Canyon Prototype with Reflective Pavements (Streets)

Urban structures consist of buildings, roofs, walls and streets. Buildings at both sides of the street create a canyon-like environment that is called urban canyon (UC). In a UC, conventional impervious pavements absorb and store solar radiation but negate the evaporative cooling, contributing to the development of urban heat island (UHI). One popular option to mitigate UHI is to make the pavements more reflective than conventional pavements and to absorb less solar radiation in the urban area. However, it remains unknown if a reflective pavement in an urban canyon can effectively reduce the solar absorption of the urban surfaces. This study prepares ten UC prototypes with differential pavement reflectivity and with south-north orientation, west-east orientation, and cross-street orientation, respectively. The albedo of these UC prototypes is measured by a new method that is proposed to estimate the reflectivity of urban canyon prototypes. It is found that raising the albedo of the pavement is inefficient to increase the albedo of the UC, especially for UC with great aspect ratio. In low aspect-ratio UC or parking lot, reflective pavements reflect a sizable additional diffuse radiation to pedestrians. Therefore, it should be caution to develop reflective pavements as urban cooling strategy.