Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Lowering the Dialysate Temperature in Chronic Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Lowering the dialysate temperature may improve outcomes for patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. We reviewed the reported benefits and harms of lower temperature dialysis. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS We searched the Cochrane Central Register, OVID MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Pubmed until April 15, 2015. We reviewed the reference lists of relevant reviews, registered trials, and relevant conference proceedings. We included all randomized, controlled trials that evaluated the effect of reduced temperature dialysis versus standard temperature dialysis in adult patients receiving chronic hemodialysis. We followed the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach to assess confidence in the estimates of effect (i.e., the quality of evidence). We conducted meta-analyses using random effects models. RESULTS Twenty-six trials were included, consisting of a total of 484 patients. Compared with standard temperature dialysis, reduced temperature dialysis significantly reduced the rate of intradialytic hypotension by 70% (95% confidence interval, 49% to 89%) and significantly increased intradialytic mean arterial pressure by 12 mmHg (95% confidence interval, 8 to 16 mmHg). Symptoms of discomfort occurred 2.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.88 to 9.82) times more often with reduced temperature compared with standard temperature dialysis. The effect on dialysis adequacy was not significantly different, with a Kt/V mean difference of -0.05 (95% confidence interval, -0.09 to 0.01). Small sample sizes, loss to follow-up, and a lack of appropriate blinding in some trials reduced confidence in the estimates of effect. None of the trials reported long-term outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In patients receiving chronic hemodialysis, reduced temperature dialysis may reduce the rate of intradialytic hypotension and increase intradialytic mean arterial pressure. High-quality, large, multicenter, randomized trials are needed to determine whether reduced temperature dialysis affects patient mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events.
Diagnosis of Chronic Gout: Evaluating the American College of Rheumatology Proposal, European League Against Rheumatism Recommendations, and Clinical Judgment

Objective. Observation of monosodium urate (MSU) crystal is the gold standard for diagnosis of gout, but is rarely performed in daily clinical practice, and diagnosis is based on clinical judgment. Our aim was to identify clinical and paraclinical data included in the European League Against Rheumatism recommendations (EULARr) and American College of Rheumatology proposed criteria (ACRp) for diagnosis of gout in patients with chronic gout according to their attending rheumatologists. Methods. This cross-sectional and multicenter study included consecutive patients from outpatient clinics with a diagnosis of gout by their attending rheumatologists according to their expertise. The frequency of each item from the ACRp and EULARr was determined. Possible combinations of the items that were frequent, clinically relevant, and simple to evaluate in daily practice were determined. Results. We studied 549 patients (96% men), mean age 50 ± 14 years. Analysis of MSU crystals was performed in 15%. We selected 7 clinical criteria and 1 laboratory measure because of their frequency, importance, and simplicity to obtain: current or past history of: > 1 attack of acute arthritis (93%); mono or oligoarthritis attacks (74%); rapid progression of pain and swelling (< 24 hours; 74%); podagra (70%); erythema (56%); unilateral tarsitis (33%); tophi (52%); and hyperuricemia (93%). The chronic gout diagnosis (CGD) proposal comprised ≥ 4/8 of these; 88% of patients had the criteria of the CGD proposal while 75% had 6/11 ACRp criteria (p = 0.001). When analysis of MSU crystals was added, 90.1% (CGD) and 83.9% (ACRp) met the criteria (p = 0.004). Conclusion. Current or past history of ≥ 4/8 CGD parameters is highly suggestive of chronic gout.
Temperature-insensitive Interferometer using a highly birefringent photonic Crystal fiber loop mirror

Utilizing the high birefringence and the low-temperature coefficient of birefringence of the highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber (HiBi-PCF), a temperature-insensitive interferometer made from a HiBi-PCF fiber loop mirror (FLM) is achieved. For the wavelength spacing of 0.43 nm, a wavelength spacing variation with temperature of only 0.05 pm//spl deg/C, and a transmission peak shift of 0.3 pm//spl deg/C is demonstrated. The stability of the FLM is improved dramatically when it uses a HiBi-PCF, as compared to FLMs using conventional HiBi fibers.
Beyond linear fields: the Lie–Taylor expansion

The work extends the linear fields’ solution of compressible nonlinear magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) to the case where the magnetic field depends on superlinear powers of position vector, usually, but not always, expressed in Cartesian components. Implications of the resulting Lie–Taylor series expansion for physical applicability of the Dolzhansky–Kirchhoff (D–K) equations are found to be positive. It is demonstrated how resistivity may be included in the D–K model. Arguments are put forward that the D–K equations may be regarded as illustrating properties of nonlinear MHD in the same sense that the Lorenz equations inform about the onset of convective turbulence. It is suggested that the Lie–Taylor series approach may lead to valuable insights into other fluid models.
Selective Process for Efficient Isolation of Soil Bacillus spp

We were able to isolate Bacillus thuringiensis from environmental samples with a background of 109 bacteria per g of soil. Our selection process differed significantly from classical selection methods which permit only the desired organism to grow. In our process, germination of B. thuringiensis spores was selectively inhibited by sodium acetate, while most of the undesired sporeformers germinated. Next, all of the nonsporulated microbes were eliminated by heat treatment at 80�C for 3 min. The surviving spores were then plated on a rich agar medium and allowed to grow until they sporulated. Of random colonies picked from agar, 20 to 96% were crystal-forming Bacillus species. B. thuringiensis and B. sphaericus were routinely selected by this method.
Detection and tumour grading of prostate cancer in community hospitals.

Several studies have examined the variations between community pathologists and urological pathologists with respect to the detection and Gleason grading of prostate cancer via transrectal ultrasound–guided core biopsies of the prostate gland.1 Most studies are based on American and European hospitals, thus I congratulate Newell and colleagues2 on their study examining these differences in the Canadian population. The authors found a significantly higher rate of categorical diagnosis of prostate cancer at prostate gland biopsy in community hospitals than in university hospitals (58% v. 33%). Detection secondary to case-finding can be more evident in a community where prostate cancer screening may have been delayed and can explain the higher detection rates of prostate cancer found in their study. Several other factors are known to influence the yield of prostatic biopsy in the detection of cancer, including serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, findings from digital rectal examinations (induration v. hard nodules) and age. We also know that the size of the prostate may be a factor influencing prostate cancer detection rates. In Canada, where health care is provided in a single-payer system with limited resources, community urologists may have a different threshold for biopsy compared with university urologists. Furthermore, Newell and colleagues found significant variations among community pathologists in the diagnosis and grading of prostate cancer at biopsy. Previous studies have also shown that community pathologists tend to “undergrade” prostate cancer found at biopsy.1 In the present study, the incidence of Gleason score 6 prostate cancer was 36% compared with 49% in the literature; however, without review of all prostate gland biopsies by a dedicated urological pathologist, it is not possible to determine whether community pathologists in Canada also “undergrade” prostate cancer. Factors such as the size of the prostate and the extent of prostatic biopsies have been recently shown to influence Gleason scores and the incidence of “upgrading” on prostatectomy specimens; these factors should be taken into account when evaluating this specific issue.3 In larger glands, elevated serum PSA levels (the driving factor for a biopsy) are commonly the result of benign prostatic hyperplasia that is concomitantly present when cancer is found. The cancers detected in this setting typically can be well differentiated and low in volume. I believe it is beneficial to obtain a second consultation with a urological pathologist — especially for patients with prostate cancer who are being considered for active surveillance — to ensure the absence of higher-grade disease.
Different Effects of Species Diversity on Temporal Stability in Single‐Trophic and Multitrophic Communities

The question of how species diversity affects ecological stability has long interested ecologists and yet remains largely unresolved. Historically, attempts to answer this question have been hampered by the presence of multiple potentially confounding stability concepts, confusion over responses at different levels of ecological organization, discrepancy between theoretical predictions, and, particularly, the paucity of empirical studies. Here we used meta‐analyses to synthesize results of empirical studies published primarily in the past 2 decades on the relationship between species diversity and temporal stability. We show that the overall effect of increasing diversity was positive for community‐level temporal stability but neutral for population‐level temporal stability. There were, however, striking differences in the diversity‐stability relationship between single‐ and multitrophic systems, with diversity stabilizing both population and community dynamics in multitrophic but not single‐trophic communities. These patterns were broadly equivalent across experimental and observational studies as well as across terrestrial and aquatic studies. We discuss possible mechanisms for population stability to increase with diversity in multitrophic systems and for diversity to influence community‐level stability in general. Overall, our results indicate that diversity can affect temporal stability, but the effects may critically depend on trophic complexity.
Meconium aspiration induces neuronal injury in piglets

Aim: Meconium aspiration‐induced hypertensive lung injury, especially when connected with perinatal asphyxia, has been associated with brain damage. We aimed to determine the neuronal injury induced by pulmonary meconium contamination alone and with concurrent asphyxia. Methods: 36 anaesthetized and ventilated newborn piglets were haemodynamically monitored for 6 h. Seven piglets without concurrent asphyxia and seven piglets with asphyxia were instilled with a bolus of human meconium intratracheally. Seven piglets had only asphyxia and 15 piglets served as controls. The brains were studied histologically. Results: Meconium aspiration did not change systemic haemodynamics acutely, while its combination with asphyxia diminished the abrupt postasphyxic systemic hypertensive peak and resulted in a transient increase in carotid artery flow, not seen after isolated asphyxia. Systemic pressure declined after 4 h in all insulted groups, but only isolated asphyxia was associated with a sustained decrease in carotid artery flow. Arterial oxygenation remained normal, except during the acute insults. Brain examination after meconium instillation indicated neuronal injury, especially in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Asphyxia resulted in neuronal injury in the cortical, cerebellar and hippocampal hilus regions.
Common factors of cognitive therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy in the treatment of social phobia

Abstract The comparison of active ingredients across different psychotherapeutic approaches is impeded by the specificity of the theoretical concepts explaining change mechanisms. This study aims to shed light on effective components of the therapeutic process in a trial comparing cognitive therapy (CT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Sixty-two outpatients with SAD were included in the study. Patients and therapists rated common efficacy factors after each session according to the generic model developed by Grawe (2004). Results show significant differences between treatment conditions on several therapist-rated subscales. Therapist ratings revealed a significantly greater focus on behavioral coping strategies in CT as compared with IPT. In addition, CT therapists also reported greater use of resource activation and motivational clarification. No differences were found with regard to problem activation or the therapeutic relationship. Therapeutic outcome was predicted by resource activation and problem activation. Implications of the findings for research and practice are discussed.
Theory of cooperative transitions in protein molecules. I. Why denaturation of globular protein is a first‐order phase transition

A theory of equilibrium denaturation of proteins is suggested. According to this theory, a cornerstone of protein denaturation is disruption of tight packing of side chains in protein core. Investigation of this disruption is the object of this paper. It is shown that this disruption is an “all‐or‐none” transition (independent of how compact is the denatured state of a protein and independent of the protein–solvent interactions) because expansion of a globule must exceed some threshold to release rotational isomerization of side chains. Smaller expansion cannot produce entropy compensation of nonbonded energy loss; this is the origin of a free‐energy barrier (transition state) between the native and denatured states. The density of the transition state is so high that the solvent cannot penetrate into protein in this state. The results obtained in this paper make it possible to present in the following paper a general phase diagram of protein molecule in solution.
How Children Solve the Two Challenges of Cooperation

&NA; In this review, I propose a new framework for the psychological origins of human cooperation that harnesses evolutionary theories about the two major problems posed by cooperation: generating and distributing benefits. Children develop skills foundational for identifying and creating opportunities for cooperation with others early: Infants and toddlers already possess basic skills to help others and share resources. Yet mechanisms that solve the free‐rider problem—critical for sustaining cooperation as a viable strategy—emerge later in development and are more sensitive to the influence of social norms. I review empirical studies with children showing a dissociation in the origins of and developmental change seen in these two sets of processes. In addition, comparative studies of nonhuman apes also highlight important differences between these skills: The ability to generate benefits has evolutionary roots that are shared between humans and nonhuman apes, whereas there is little evidence that other apes exhibit comparable capacities for distributing benefits. I conclude by proposing ways in which this framework can motivate new developmental, comparative, and cross‐cultural research about human cooperation.
Box Plate Fixation of the Symphysis Pubis: Biomechanical Evaluation of a New Technique

Summary: The purpose of this study was to compare common techniques of pubic symphyseal fixation with a new method, the “box plate,” for fractures of the pelvis where the bone is osteopenic. This symphyseal fixation construct consists of two, two-hole, 4.5-mm narrow dynamic compression plates (DCP) oriented parallel to one another. One plate is recessed within the symphysis, and the other is located on the pubic tubercles. The plates are interlocked using two 6.5-mm fully threaded screws, forming a box-like construct. To determine the mechanical properties of this construct, five fresh, cadaveric pelvic specimens with a mean age of 75 years were harvested. The femora of each specimen were potted into containers and fixed to the base of a materials testing machine. The pelvis was constrained from rotating about the hip joints by anterior and posterior restraints. A vertical compressive load was applied through the lumbar spine. Force to a magnitude of 1,000 N was applied through three cycles. Gapping motions at the symphysis pubis (SP) and the sacroiliac (SI) joints, and flexion-extension of the sacrum with respect to the ilia were measured under the following conditions: (a) intact, (b) SP ligament, unilateral anterior SI ligaments, and ipsilateral sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments disrupted (anteroposterior compression type II injury), and these injuries fixed using (c) a 4.5-mm narrow two-hole DC plate placed on the superior SP held by two cancellous bone screws, (d) the DC plate well as a single 7.0-mm cannulated cancellous iliosacral lag screw across the injured SI joint, (e) the DC plate and a five-hole 3.5-mm reconstruction plate on the anterior SP, (f) a 3.5-mm, four-hole, DC plate on the superior SP using four fully threaded screws, and (g) the box plate symphyseal construct described above. All fixations reduced SP joint gapping compared to the disrupted joint. However, all but the box plate still allowed significantly greater motion than the intact SP joint. No fixation significantly reduced SI joint gapping or sacral flexion compared to the injured state.
[Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis].

The only case of idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis seen out of 106 nephropathic patients biopsied in the two last years at the C. H. 20 de Noviembre, I.S.S. S. T.E. , is reported. Twenty-six showed nephrotic syndrome not associated to systemic disease, including the present case, which gave us an incidence of 3.8% of this entity. We were impressed by the low frequency of this disease, so we made a statistical epidemiological analysis localizing it geographically based on the available medical literature. On comparing the results of these studies we confirmed that this disease is significantly low in our environment.
When Gains Loom Larger Than Losses

Previous research has generally shown that people are loss averse; that is, they weigh losses more heavily than gains. In a series of three experiments, we found that for small outcomes, this pattern is reversed, and gains loom larger than losses. We explain this reversal on the basis of (a) the hedonic principle, which states that individuals are motivated to maximize pleasure and to minimize pain, and (b) the assumption that small losses are more easily discounted cognitively than large losses are.
Parvovirus: the expanding spectrum of disease

Treatment of parvovirus infections among immunocompromised hosts using immunoglobulin has provided the clinician with a useful therapeutic tool but has also highlighted the problems concerning chronic disease states. The discovery of the human parvovirus B19 in 1975 and subsequent studies of its effects in humans have identified this virus as the causative agent of a broad spectrum of diseases. Recent improvements regarding the development of sensitive PCR techniques and methods for cultivation have provided new insight into its pathogenic role, its virology and immunology, and the varied clinical manifestations. The current state of knowledge concerning parvovirus enabled us to divide the long list of diseases caused by this virus into three main categories: (1) diseases found among normal hosts (asymptomatic disease, erythema infectiosum, arthropathy, hydrops fetalis), (2) hematologic diseases (aplastic crisis, chronic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, transient erythroblastopenia of childhood, Diamond‐Blackfan anemia) and, finally, (3) a heterogeneous group of diseases, in which the etiologic role of parvovirus is less clear and sometimes putative (neurologic disease, rheumatologic disease, vasculitic and myocarditic syndromes). In particular, arthropathy, hydrops fetalis and the hematologic disorders may be of pediatric concern. Consequently, it is of paramount importance that in all of these cases the clinician includes parvovirus as a differential diagnosis.
Chromosomal studies of three species of Bidens (L.) (Asteraceae)

Abstract The chromosomal numbers of three species of Bidens were determined based on an analysis of somatic metaphases. The species studied were Bidens pilosa L. , Bidens subalternans DC and Bidens alba (L.) DC, all of which belong to the Bidens pilosa species complex. The three species have a similar morphology: Bidens pilosa and B. subalternans are widely distributed in agricultural areas, in disturbed habitats and along roadsides, whereas B. alba occurs only along the seacoast. Bidens pilosa has 2n = 72 and B. subalternans and B. alba has 2n = 48. These numbers agreed with the basic chromosomal number of n = 12 reported for the tribe Heliantheae and show that the number of metaphase chromosomes can be used to distinguish Bidens pilosa from the other two species of the B. pilosa complex in southeastern Brazil.
Compartment‐specific changes in striatal neuronal activity during expression of amphetamine sensitization are the result of drug hypersensitivity

Repeated exposure to drugs of abuse induces behavioural sensitization, i.e. a persistent hypersensitivity to the psychomotor stimulant effects of these drugs. This may be the result of increased responsiveness, to drugs, of mesostriatal dopamine systems and their projections, but it has also been suggested that acute and sensitized behavioural responses to psychostimulant drugs involve activation of distinct neuronal circuits. In order to distinguish between these possibilities, we studied amphetamine‐induced c‐fos immunoreactivity in subregions of rat striatum (patch and matrix compartments of caudate–putamen and nucleus accumbens core and shell) in drug‐naive rats, as well as during long‐term expression of amphetamine sensitization. We found that, in sensitized animals, amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) evoked an increase in the ratio of c‐fos‐immunopositive cells in striatal patch and matrix compartments, suggesting a preferential involvement of striatal patches in the sensitized response to amphetamine. In drug‐naive rats, amphetamine (0.5–5.0 mg/kg) dose‐dependently increased c‐fos expression in all striatal subregions. Remarkably, the highest dose of amphetamine also evoked an increase in patch : matrix ratio of c‐fos immunoreactivity. In nucleus accumbens core and shell of amphetamine‐ and saline‐pretreated animals, amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) evoked comparable increases in c‐fos expression. These data indicate that distinct striatal compartments display a differential sensitivity to amphetamine in both drug‐naive and amphetamine‐sensitized animals. In addition, they suggest that the shift in amphetamine‐induced c‐fos expression from striatal matrix to patches in sensitized animals is the consequence of a change in the sensitivity to amphetamine, rather than a long‐term circuitry reorganization that is exclusive to the sensitized state.