Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Treatment-Seeking Overweight Preschoolers Have Reduced Health-Related Quality of Life Compared With Nonclinical Preschoolers

Setting and participants. The “treatment-seeking group” comprised 60 Midwestern families who were part of a larger randomized trial of obesity treatments; their baseline data were used in this study. Eligibility criteria for the randomized trial included (1) the child being between the ages of 2 and 5 with ageand gender-adjusted BMI ≥ 95th percentile but < 100% over ideal body weight; (2) English-speaking families; and (3) at least 1 parent who was overweight (BMI > 25). The treatment-seeking sample was recruited from primarily suburban pediatric practices and were mostly Caucasian preschoolers (82%) living in households with college-educated parents (52%) who were married (88%) and had an annual family income higher than $75,000 (63%); all of the participating caregivers were mothers, of which 77% were overweight. For the comparison group, previously published data collected during field testing and validation of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), the health-related QOL measure used in this study, were used. This comparison sample of 457 children between the ages of 2 and 5 were randomly matched to the treatment-seeking obese sample by age, gender, and race/ethnicity.
Chemical Interactions in the Cactus-Microorganism-Drosophila Model System of the Sonoran Desert

SYNOPSIS. The Cactus-Microorganism-Drosophila Model System of the Sonoran Desert represents an excellent paradigm of the role of chemistry in plant-animal interactions. In this system, four species of endemic Drosophila feed and reproduce in necrotic tissue of five species of columnar cacti. Studies over the past 35 yr have characterized a myriad of interactions between the three major components of the model system. The cacti contain a variety of allelochemicals which are primarily responsible for the highly specific pattern of host plant utilization exhibited by the desert Drosophila. Plant chemistry, through its effect on the microbially produced volatile patterns, is further involved in host specificity because the flies use the volatile pattern to cue in on necroses in the appropriate species of cactus. The metabolic activities of microorganisms (bacteria and yeasts) living in the necrosis can affect the substrate chemistry in both positive and negative ways (i.e., acting to increase or to decrease the toxicity of the substrate). Finally, cactus chemistry may affect drosophilid mating behavior since larval rearing substrate has been shown to influence adult hydrocarbon epicuticular composition. In D. mojavensis, adult hydrocarbon profile has been implicated as a determinant of mate choice leading to premating isolation between geographically isolated populations that use chemically different cactus substrates. Current research is focused on the evolution and regulation of genes whose products (cytochrome P450 enzymes) are involved in the specific insect-host plant relationships which exist between the Drosophila species and the cactus species. There are many reasons why investigators choose to focus their research efforts on what are referred to as ‘‘model systems. ’’ Typically included among these would be the idea that model systems are easier to study because they are less complex than other scientific situations. At the same time, model systems should be representative of more complex, natural systems so that information that is obtained from their study is broadly applicable. For almost a century, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has served as a model organism for the study of genetics. As a genetic paradigm, Drosophila is more tractable to scientific investigation than most organisms and has provided important insights into a wide variety of human maladies from alcohol abuse to neurological brain disorders (Bellen, 1998). Similarly, the interrelationships of the columnar cacti and the cactophilic Drosophila species of the Sonoran Desert have, for the past 35 yr, provided an excellent model system with which to study relevant questions in evolution, ecological genetics, and chemical ecology. The intent of this article is to briefly review and characterize the chemical interactions between the plants (cacti) and animals (Drosophila) of this model system, and, in addition, provide some thoughts on possible future directions for integrative approaches in this research area.
Do Measures of Monetary Policy in a VAR Make Sense? A Reply

Using the estimated VAR system, one can trace out . how monetary policy innovations affect the economy. As John Cochrane (1996, p. 1) notes, "this literature has at last produced impulse-response functions that capture common views about monetary policy"; for example, in finding that a positive innovation to monetary policy is followed by increases in output, prices, and money, and by a decline in the short-term nominal interest rate. In addition, despite ongoing debates about precisely how the policy innovation should be identified, the estimated responses of key macroeconomic variables to a policy shock are reasonably similar across a variety of studies and suggest that monetary policy shocks can have significant and persistent real effects.
Tactile and haptic perceptual organization

Tactile perception refers to perception by means of touch mediated only through the cutaneous receptors (mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptors) located in the skin (Loomis and Lederman, 1986; Lederman and Klatzky, 2009). When also kinaesthetic receptors (mechanoreceptors embedded in muscles, joints and tendons) are involved, the term haptic perception is used. Four main types of cutaneous mechanoreceptors have been distinguished: Merkel nerve endings (small receptive field, slowly adapting), Meissner corpuscles (small receptive field, fast adapting), Pacinian corpuscles (large receptive field, slowly adapting) and Ruffini endings (large receptive fields, fast adapting). Together these are responsible for the human’s large range of sensitivities to all kinds of stimulation, such as pressure, vibration and skin stretch. The kinaesthetic sense, or kinaesthesia, contributes to the perception of the positions and movement of the limbs (Proske and Gandevia, 2009). The main kinaesthetic receptor is the muscle spindle that is sensitive to changes in length of the muscle; its sensitivity can be adapted to the circumstances. Most of our everyday activities involving touch (think of handling and identifying objects, maintenance of body posture, sensing the texture of food in the mouth, estimating the weight of an object, etc.) fall into the class of haptic perception.
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulated by p 38 / MAPK signaling pathways participates in vasculogenic mimicry formation in SHG 44 cells transfected with TGF-β cDNA loaded lentivirus in vitro and in vivo

TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in tumor progression. We assessed whether the TGF-β-induced EMT contributed to vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation in glioma, we established an SHG44 cell line stably transfected with TGF-β cDNA loaded lentivirus. SB203580 was employed to inhibit the TGF-β-induced EMT. The results showed that the VM forming ability of cells could be improved by TGF-β overexpression. The migration and invasion capabilities of cells were also enhanced due to EMT. SB203580 was able to weaken cell migration, invasion and VM forming abilities via blocking p38/MAPK signaling pathways, but it had tiny influence on MMP/LAMC2 chain. Consequently, we concluded that EMT inhibition via p38/MAPK signaling pathways would partly impair TGF-β-induced VM formation in glioma.
On the local view of atmospheric available potential energy

The possibility of constructing Lorenz's concept of available potential energy (APE) from a local principle has been known for some time, but has received very little attention so far. Yet, the local APE framework offers the advantage of providing a positive definite local form of potential energy, which like kinetic energy can be transported, converted, and created/dissipated locally. In contrast to Lorenz's definition, which relies on the exact from of potential energy, the local APE theory uses the particular form of potential energy appropriate to the approximations considered. In this paper, this idea is illustrated for the dry hydrostatic primitive equations, whose relevant form of potential energy is the specific enthalpy. The local APE density is non-quadratic in general, but can nevertheless be partitioned exactly into mean and eddy components regardless of the Reynolds averaging operator used. This paper introduces a new form of the local APE that is easily computable from atmospheric datasets. The advantages of using the local APE over the classical Lorenz APE are highlighted. The paper also presents the first calculation of the three-dimensional local APE in observation-based atmospheric data. Finally, it illustrates how the eddy and mean components of the local APE can be used to study regional and temporal variability in the large-scale circulation. It is revealed that advection from high latitudes is necessary to supply APE into the storm track regions, and that Greenland and Ross Sea, which have suffered from rapid land ice and sea ice loss in recent decades, are particularly susceptible to APE variability.
Neonatal Seizures and Outcomes at 12 months of age: A Nested Case Control study

Introduction Neonatal seizures are a marker of brain dysfunction in the newborn. Population based studies from the West [1] suggest a relatively low incidence of 2.6/1000. The incidence in outborn babies admitted to Indian NICUs is close to 12%, and reflects the actual reality in our country where babies are mostly born in small hospitals and nursing homes [2]. Neonates with seizures are at risk of various adverse short term and long-term outcomes including poor neurodevelopment outcome and epilepsy. Newborns with transient correctible metabolic abnormalities, focal ischemia and without clear etiology usually do well, while those with hypoxicischemic encephalopathy (HIE), CNS infections and cerebral dysgenesis develop long term sequelae [1,3]. The incidence and risk factors for adverse neurodevelopment sequelae following neonatal seizures are yet not well described in the available literature. We planned this study to measure the long-term outcomes (12 months of age) following neonatal seizures, incidence and factors associated with adverse long-term outcomes.
Model Uncertainty in Risk Capital Measurement

The required solvency capital for a financial portfolio is typically given by a tail risk measure such as Value-at-Risk. Estimating the value of that risk measure from a limited, often small, sample of data gives rise to potential errors in the selection of the statistical model and the estimation of its parameters. We propose to quantify the effectiveness of a capital estimation procedure via the notions of residual estimation risk and estimated capital risk. It is shown that for capital estimation procedures that do not require the specification of a model (eg historical simulation) or for worst-case scenario procedures the impact of model uncertainty is substantial, while capital estimation procedures that allow for multiple candidate models using Bayesian methods, partially eliminate model error. In the same setting, we propose a way of quantifying model error that allows to disentangle the impact of model uncertainty from that of parameter uncertainty. We illustrate these ideas by simulation examples considering standard loss and return distributions used in banking and insurance.
THE BARYON OSCILLATION SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF SDSS-III

The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) is designed to measure the scale of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in the clustering of matter over a larger volume than the combined efforts of all previous spectroscopic surveys of large-scale structure. BOSS uses 1.5 million luminous galaxies as faint as i = 19.9 over 10,000 deg2 to measure BAO to redshifts z < 0.7. Observations of neutral hydrogen in the Lyα forest in more than 150,000 quasar spectra (g < 22) will constrain BAO over the redshift range 2.15 < z < 3.5. Early results from BOSS include the first detection of the large-scale three-dimensional clustering of the Lyα forest and a strong detection from the Data Release 9 data set of the BAO in the clustering of massive galaxies at an effective redshift z = 0.57. We project that BOSS will yield measurements of the angular diameter distance dA to an accuracy of 1.0% at redshifts z = 0.3 and z = 0.57 and measurements of H(z) to 1.8% and 1.7% at the same redshifts. Forecasts for Lyα forest constraints predict a measurement of an overall dilation factor that scales the highly degenerate DA(z) and H−1(z) parameters to an accuracy of 1.9% at z ∼ 2.5 when the survey is complete. Here, we provide an overview of the selection of spectroscopic targets, planning of observations, and analysis of data and data quality of BOSS.
Ramsey, Pigou, and a Consumption Externality

This paper analyzes the effects of consumption externalities on optimal taxation and on the social cost and optimal levels of public good provision. If public and private goods are Hicksian complements and no lump sum taxes are available, the second-best level of public good provision can exceed the first-best level. In contrast to economies without externalities, this result even holds for Cobb-Douglas economies with homogeneous agents. Heterogeneity of agents raises the second-best commodity tax rate due to equity considerations, but lowers the tax rate due to the concern for externality-correction.
Residual networks classify inputs based on their neural transient dynamics

We analyze the input-output behavior of residual networks from a dynamical system point of view by disentangling the residual dynamics from the output activities before the classification stage. For a network with simple skip connections between every successive layer, and for logistic activation function, and shared weights between layers, we show analytically that there is a cooperation and competition dynamics between residuals corresponding to each input dimension. Interpreting these kind of networks as nonlinear filters, the steady state value of the residuals in the case of attractor networks are indicative of the common features between different input dimensions that the network has observed during training, and has encoded in those components. In cases where residuals do not converge to an attractor state, their internal dynamics are separable for each input class, and the network can reliably approximate the output. We bring analytical and empirical evidence that residual networks classify inputs based on the integration of the transient dynamics of the residuals, and will show how the network responds to input perturbations. We compare the network dynamics for a ResNet and a Multi-Layer Perceptron and show that the internal dynamics, and the noise evolution are fundamentally different in these networks, and ResNets are more robust to noisy inputs. Based on these findings, we also develop a new method to adjust the depth for residual networks during training. As it turns out, after pruning the depth of a ResNet using this algorithm, the network is still capable of classifying inputs with a high accuracy.
Interpretive structural modelling of risk sources in a virtual organisation

Speedier network decision making together with shorter time to bring items to market together with lower network operating costs all result from enhanced knowledge sharing. In addition reuse of enterprise and network knowledge resulting from improved capture means that any risk of repeating earlier project work is limited, repetition of past mistakes is reduced. Decisions are made with greater awareness of any risks involved and therefore there is likely to be a reduction in costs arising from faulty decisions and failed collaborations. While there are many advantages attached to the use of virtual organisations (VOs) there are also challenges, including risks that have become apparent through undertaking a review of the literature. In total 13 sources of risk were found stemming from the network related risks in a VO, where the emphasis of the study was placed. This paper contains a thorough study that will identify these threats as well as gaining a sound understanding of them by examining them one by one as they have been identified by the literature and previous studies. Subsequently, their relative importance will be analysed through the use of interpretive structural modelling (ISM) using information gathered in a questionnaire.
of Laying Hens Fed Different Levels of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles with or without

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct obtained from the milling process of corn for ethanol production (Aines et al. 1986). DDGS is an excellent feed ingredient for use in poultry diets and contains approximately 85% of the energy value in corn, has moderate levels of protein and essential amino acids, and is high in available phosphorus (Pahm et al. 2009; Adedokun et al. 2008). The United States is a leader in corn production holding approximately 50% of the total grain corn in the world. Corn DDGS contain all the nutrients from grain in a concentrated form (Babcock et al. 2008) except for the majority of the starch, which has been utilized in the fermentation process. Therefore, it can be a rich source of crude protein, amino acids, phosphorus and other nutrients in poultry diets (Świątkiewicz and Koreleski, 2008). Distillers dried grains with solubles are higher in nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), crude protein, crude fat and minerals than the parent grain. However monogastric do not digest feedstuffs high in NSP efficiently. As a result, the metabolizable energy of DDGS is lower than in corn (2820 vs. 3420 kcal/kg, based on moisture content) as reported by Wang et al. (2007) and NRC (1994). Roberson et al. (2005) concluded that up to 15% of DDGS can be used in laying hen diets without reducing egg production. However, supplementing monogastric diets with exogenous enzymes may improve the available energy of DDGS by degrading the fiber content and increasing the digestibility of other components. Amylase improves starch digestion, xylanase reduces gut viscosity and breaks down cereal cell walls and protease affects soybean meal anti-nutritional factors and The objective of this work was to evaluate the inclusion of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as substitution for soybean meal in Hisex Brown laying hen diets with or without enzyme or vitamin E supplementation on productive performance. A total number of 180 Hisex Brown laying hens at 26 weeks of age were randomly divided into 15 treatment groups in a 5 × 3 factorial design experiment, included five levels of DDGS substitution rates for soybean meal (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and three levels of feed additives (without, 250 mg enzyme/kg diet or 200 mg vitamin E/kg diet) through 26-38 weeks of age. The results indicated that increasing DDGS substitution level more than 50% decreased (P≤0.01) averages of feed consumption and feed conversion, egg number and mass. All of these traits gave satisfactory results when hens fed 25 or 50% DDGS substituted by soybean meal. Enzyme or vitamin E supplementation significantly (P≤0.01) decreased both of feed consumption and egg mass. It could be concluded that DDGS was successfully substituted for soybean meal in laying hen diets up to 50% without adverse effects on the performance of laying hens.
FOR THE RESOLUTION

Manual acquisition of semantic constraints in broad domains is very expensive. This paper presents an automatic scheme for collect­ ing statistics on cooccurrence patterns in a large corpus. To a large extent, these statistics reflect semantic constraints and ihus are used to disambiguate anaphora references and syntactic ambiguities. The scheme was implemented by gathering statistics on the output of other linguistic tools. An experiment was performed to resolve references of the pronoun "it" in sentences that were randomly selected from the corpus. The results of the experiment show that in most of the cases the cooccurrence statistics indeed reflect the semantic constraints and thus provide a basis for a useful disambiguation tool.
Expansive fracture agent behaviour for concrete cracking

Increasing concerns regarding litigation and terrorism provide a strong dual motivation to decrease high explosives usage in the construction industry. This paper provides parameter considerations and initial guidelines for the application of expansive fracture agents, typically used for concrete and soft rock removal. This approach may be especially appropriate near environmentally and historically sensitive sites. Thirty-three unreinforced blocks (approximately three-quarters of a cubic metre each) of varying strengths, composed of sand, cement, and fly ash, were tested under various temperature environments, with differing expansive agents, confinement levels and post-cracking treatments. Cracking characteristics such as crack initiation and crack expansion were analysed. Although the performance of expansive cement was dependent on a highly complex set of variable interactions, higher ambient temperatures, higher agent mixture temperatures and chemical configuration designed for colder temperatures de.
Using the career orientations inventory (COI) for measuring internal career orientations in the South African organisational context

This study investigated the use of the Career Orientations Inventory as a measure to determine the career orientations of a random sample of 2 978 participants at predominantly managerial and supervisory level in the service industry. Whereas an exploratory factor analysis yielded a nine-factor structure, a confirmatory factor analysis confirmed five constructs as measures of the career orientations domain. A similar factorial pattern was observed across the African and white groups and a weaker factorial pattern across the Indian and coloured groups. The findings of this study contribute valuable new knowledge to both the practice and the field of Career Psychology.