Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Food , drug , insect sting allergy , and anaphylaxis Early clinical predictors of remission of peanut allergy in children

Background: Understanding predictors of clinical remission would assist in clinical management of peanut allergy. Objective: We sought to determine the early clinical predictors of peanut allergy remission using a longitudinal cohort of young children with peanut allergy. Methods: Consecutive patients less than 2 years of age with peanut allergy were identified on the basis of skin prick test (SPT) wheal size of 95% positive predictive value or greater. Baseline SPT responses to peanuts, tree nuts, and sesame and serum peanut-specific IgE antibody levels were documented, and follow-up studies were conducted at 1to 2-year intervals for up to 8 years. Peanut food challenges were performed when SPT responses decreased to less than the 95% positive predictive value for peanut allergy. Results: SPT wheal diameters to peanut extract of 6 mm or greater (hazard ratio, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.23-3.786; P 5 .008) and peanut-specific IgE antibody of 3 kUA/L or greater (hazard ratio, 2.74; 95% CI, 1.13-6.61; P 5 .025) before the age of 2 years were independent predictors of persistent peanut allergy. Mean SPT wheal diameters of nonremitters increased (r 5 0.31, P < .001), whereas those of remitters decreased (r 5 20.26, P 5 .002) between 1 and 4 years of age. Twenty-one percent of young children with peanut allergy became clinically tolerant by age 5 years. Conclusions: Remission of peanut allergy can be predicted by low levels of IgE antibodies to peanut in the first 2 years of life or decreasing levels of IgE sensitization by the age of 3 years. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;121:731-6.)
Coastal Tourism and ‘Dutch Disease’ in a Small Island Economy

Using the embryonic ‘Dutch disease’ literature on tourism, this paper examines the economy-wide effects of an inbound tourism boom on a small open island economy. It illustrates a range of new findings not present in traditional tourism economics literature. This paper also addresses the complexities that surround the economic evaluation of the net effect of tourism growth on the host community. An important result obtained here is that increased inbound tourism may lead to net welfare losses when tourism products are intensive users of coastal land. Thus, this paper provides a warning to researchers and practitioners of the need to evaluate both the tourism sector's overall impacts on the host economy and its net effect on the community when considering its expansion.
Percutaneous valvuloplasty for mitral valve restenosis: Postballoon valvotomy patients fare better than postsurgical closed valvotomy patients

Aim: To compare the results of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (BMV) for mitral restenosis in post‐BMV versus postclosed mitral valvotomy (CMV) patients. Methods and Results: Ninety‐two patients who underwent BMV for mitral restenosis were followed up prospectively. Of these, 28 patients had undergone previous percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (PRIOR BMV) and 64 patients had undergone previous closed mitral valvotomy (PRIOR CMV). BMV for mitral restenosis was a success in 59% patients (57.1% PRIOR BMV, 59.3% PRIOR CMV, P = 1.0). Incidence of severe mitral regurgitation was 3.25%, all in the PRIOR CMV group. In univariate analysis, the major predictor of successful BMV for mitral restenosis was Wilkins score (P = 0.004). At a follow up of 3.47 + 2.07 years, mitral valve area was similar between groups (1.45 ± 0.22, 1.46 ± 0.26, P = 0.35). The combined end points of mitral valve replacement (MVR), need for rerepeat BMV for mitral restenosis or death was higher in the PRIOR CMV group (31.2% PRIOR CMV, 7.1% PRIOR BMV, P = 0.027). Event‐free survival at follow up was lower in the PRIOR CMV group (69% PRIOR CMV, 92.8% PRIOR BMV) mainly due to the higher need for MVR (11 vs. 0 patients, P = 0.03). Conclusions: In conclusion, following BMV for mitral restenosis, patients with PRIOR BMV are found to have lesser event rates on follow‐up compared to patients with PRIOR CMV, though procedural success rates are similar. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrating transaction cost economics and the resource-based view in services and innovation

This study examines the complementary nature of Williamson's transaction cost theory and that of the resource-based view in the integration or externalisation of activities, with particular reference to services. Assessing comparative costs, idiosyncratic demands and core competences form the criteria for make or buy decisions, although the analysis of services endows idiosyncratic demands with particular relevance when internalisation of services does neither contribute cost advantages nor others related to the core competences of the firm. In addition to these make or buy questions, this study considers the front/back model in cases where the firm manages services internally.
Ontogenetic Change in Genetic Variance in Size Depends on Growth Environment

Within populations, the amount of environmental and genetic variation present may differ greatly among traits measured at multiple times over ontogeny. Brief periods of food deprivation are often followed by a period of accelerated (compensatory) growth. Early laboratory studies likewise reported a contraction of genetic variance in size as maturation approached. However, studies of wild populations often contradict these laboratory results. One possibility is that environmentally imposed stress is exposing genetic variance not seen in the laboratory. We tested the effect of rearing environment (high or low food) on genetic variance in size traits measured at two ages in the ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis. A substantial amount of genetic variance was present in all combinations of rearing environment by ontogenetic stage among males. The pattern of change in male variance in mass over ontogeny was of opposite sign in the two food treatments, which may reflect cryptic genetic variance that is apparent only under stress. The proportion of overall variance that was due to additive genetic effects was much lower in females than in males, which suggests that the underlying genetics of female growth trajectories differs from that males. Our experimental design afforded an initial exploration of the genetics of compensatory growth.
Developing and Transition Economies in the Late 20th Century: Diverging Growth Rates, Economic Structures, and Sources of Demand

This study reviews the growth and development performance of developing countries in the latter part of the 20th century. Sustained growth among “successful” countries was accompanied by structural change in terms of output and labour share shifts, trade diversification, sustained productivity growth with some strong reallocation effects due to movements of labour from low to high productivity sectors. Neither the widely accepted “twin deficits” nor the “consumption-smoothing” behaviour views of macro adjustment seem to apply, though macroeconomic flexibility may be very important. Finally, neither human capital accumulation nor foreign direct investment are sufficient, by themselves, to stimulate growth.
Corporate Philanthropy: What Is the Strategy?

Strategic philanthropy, according to the literature, is becoming the state of the art in corporate contribution management. The term is defined in this study as the process by which contributions are targeted to meet business objectives and recipient needs. It represents the integration of philanthropy into the overall strategic planning of the corporation. Given this trend, this research examines the extent to which corporate philanthropy has become predominantly a business deal with direct and measurable financial returns to shareholders. The study presents the results of a national survey of corporate direct contribution programs. The 226 corporations that responded to the mailed questionnaire were primarily large corporations from over 20 different industries. The findings suggest that contributions made directly by corporations are primarily used in less tangible ways to meet responsibilities to employees and their communities.
The Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of the Oral Neuraminidase Inhibitor Oseltamivir (Ro 64–0796/GS4104) in Healthy Adult and Elderly Volunteers

The tolerability and pharmacokinetics of Ro 64–0802, a potent, selective inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase, and its oral prodrug oseltamivir were investigated in three double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies. Two studies involved healthy adult volunteers (18–55 years) (n = 48) who received single (20–1000 mg) or bid doses (50–500 mg) (n = 32) of oseltamivir or placebo for 7 days. Healthy elderly volunteers (≥65 years) (n = 24) received oseltamivir 100 to 200 mg bid or placebo for 7 days in a third study. Measurable plasma concentrations of the active metabolite appeared rapidly in plasma and were significantly higher and longer lasting than those of oseltamivir. Pharmacokinetics of both compounds were linear. Multiple‐dose exposure was predictable from single‐dose data, and steady‐state plasma concentrations were achieved within 3 days of bid drug administration. Oseltamivir was well tolerated at single doses of up to 1000 mg and twice‐daily doses of up to 500 mg. Adverse events were mild in intensity. Exposure to both prodrug and active metabolite was increased in elderly patients by approximately 25%. However, due to the wide safety margin of both compounds, no dose adjustment is necessary for elderly patients.
Export Behaviour and Attitudes of Small- and Medium-sized Korean Manufacturing Firms

DR. K. MARK WEAVER IS ASSOCLATE professor andJongmoo Pak a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Alabama, United States of America. Their paper is based on a selected sample of small- and medium-sized manufacturing firms in Korea. It looks at export behaviour and the conditions which influence export sales in these firms. Profiles of the firms are provided, in addition to discussions of channel selection, the key influences on and problem areas in initial exports, attitudes towards exporting, factors limiting export sales, and the perceived profitability of exports. The need for information appears to be the most significant factor that Korea could consider for future export development, say the authors, adding that the export orientation and willingness to deal in international markets are significantly positive elements in the long-term internationalisation efforts of Korean manufacturers.
Trophic interactions and ecological stability across coral reefs in the Marshall Islands

Coral reef assemblages, trophic interactions, and food web stability were examined across a remote and densely populated atoll, in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). The biomass of sharks, large-bodied piscivores, and secondary invertebrate consumers was expect- edly larger in the absence of major human populations. Less intuitively, we report a doubling in the density and biomass of small-bodied acanthurids with significant human presence, whereas large-bodied parrotfishes were halved. These trends provided evidence for prey release of small acanthurids, but also indicated a reduction in grazing function given that power-law relationships govern fish size and physiology. Path analyses supported the conjecture that apex predator bio- mass enhanced the abundance of large-bodied herbivores, with ensuing benefits to calcifying benthic substrates and coral diversity. Human populations, as low as 40 individuals, had opposing linked interactions. The study next used species abundances to depict food chain interaction strengths, and multivariate measures of heterogeneity to depict food chain diversity. The removal of few strong links along the gradient of investigation (i.e. Acropora corals and sharks), as well as numerous weak links, was associated with fish assemblages and benthic substrates that had reduced grazing and calcification potential, respectively. The results inferred that a reduction in the functional response time of trophic guilds will follow perturbations (i.e. reduce stability), syn- onymous to food webs with low return rates to their modeled, stable con figuration. This study pro- vides a broader perspective for interpreting how humans and apex predators influence ecological stability across (RMI) coral reef ecosystems.
Price-Setting Behaviour in Lesotho: Stylised Facts from Consumer Retail Prices

This paper documents some of the main features of price setting behaviour by retail outlets in Lesotho over the period March 2002 to December 2009. The sample of data covers 229 product items for 345 retail outlets. The paper has three main objectives. Firstly, it presents key indicators of price setting behaviour such as the frequency of price changes, the average size of price changes and the probability of price changes at the retail outlet level. Secondly, it identifies some of the dynamic features of price changes, including the synchronization of price changes and the relationship between the frequency and size of price changes and the duration of the existing price. Finally, the paper compares the stylised facts on price setting behaviour in Lesotho to other countries and South Africa in particular. The findings of the paper corroborate those in the international empirical literature. Substantial heterogeneity in price setting behaviour is found across products, outlets and time. Variations in inflation are strongly correlated with the average size of price changes, but rising inflation raises the frequency of price increases and reduces the frequency of price decreases. Surprisingly, the frequency and size of price changes in Lesotho differ substantially from those in South Africa, despite the presence of common retail chains and their joint membership in a customs union and common monetary area. Further research is required to unpack the sources of heterogeneity in the setting of prices and the stark differences in price setting behaviour in Lesotho and South Africa.
THE EFFECT OF TAXATION ON MICROECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA

The study aims at ascertaining the effects of taxation on microeconomic performance in Nigeria from 2002 to 2011. Data were collected from secondary sources. Three hypotheses were tested using ordinary least squares regression method. The implication of the findings showed that government earnings from taxation will affect consumer spending and boost output production level. The study recommends that to ensure rapid economic growth in Nigeria, there is need for government to encourage local manufacturers of output through provisions of incentives from taxation. And through increase of import duties as to discourage importation of foreign goods which competes with local goods thereby increasing income generation from taxation which enhances economic growth. Government should continue to show fairness in fixing income tax of consumers so as to encourage consumers spending.
A successful failure.

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Microsatellite instability in non-neoplastic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis: effect of folate supplementation

Objective:Microsatellite instability (MSI) detected in non-neoplastic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis has been ascribed to an excess of DNA damage associated with chronic inflammation. Folate deficiency, commonly found in patients with long-standing disease, could further contribute to this defect because folate is essential for DNA replication and repair. We evaluated MSI in the colonic mucosa of 26 patients with ulcerative colitis for >10 yr and 10 patients with Crohn's colitis and correlated MSI with folate status.Methods:DNA was amplified using primers directed at nine different loci. Folate concentrations in serum, whole blood, and colonic mucosa were determined using the Lactobacillus casei assay.Results:MSI was found in 3/23 patients (13%) with ulcerative colitis and in none of the patients with Crohn's colitis. All three patients with MSI had inactive histological disease, whereas all patients with active disease were negative for MSI (p= 0.08). Serum, whole blood, and colonic concentrations of folate were 30–50% lower in patients with MSI (p > 0.05), and folate supplements had been administered less frequently during the past 5-yr (p= 0.06). One of the patients with MSI was randomized to receive folate 5 mg/d for 6 months, and a clear change in MSI pattern was observed in three of six markers.Conclusions:A defect in DNA repair associated with a low folate status may be one additional cause for patients with ulcerative colitis exhibiting MSI in non-neoplastic mucosa.
Special District Governments: A Note on Their Use as Property Tax Relief Mechanisms in the 1970s

IN THE NINETEEN SEVENTIES, the fiscal structures of America's local governments were strained by economic and political crosspressures. Inflation pushed expenditures up. Increased spending, in turn, intensified the need to raise revenues. At the same time, the property tax, long the primary revenue source for local governments, became extremely unpopular among the citizenry. City and county officials, especially in the South, saw the creation of special district governments as one technique to help reduce some of the economic and political pressures on their respective governments. Special districts may have a number of fiscal advantages. Local government officials, in lobbying their states, cited most of these advantages. For area-wide districts, the advantages include "the achievement of economies of scale, more even service provision throughout the entire area, and a more equitable system of financing the service. "'" The assumption is that shifting fiscal responsibility for a costly function(s) will alleviate or stabilize pressures on the finances of other local governments. For example, many local of-
Factors Associated with Employment Status in Later Working Life

This article reports on factors affecting the withdrawal of older workers from the labour market associated with unemployment, premature retirement and retirement at 65 years of age. Longitudinal data from three interviews with 175 adult males are examined; and findings show a process of psychological withdrawal from the labour market reflecting changes in personal identity which occur prior to reaching the formal retirement age, most strongly for those without heavy financial commitments. For most of those interviewed, retirement was a preferred option to unemployment, and allowed them to regain control over their lives. Older workers whose financial needs keep them in the employment market are doubly disadvantaged since they cannot select the route of early retirement and find it much harder to compete with younger people.
Local Antibiotic Delivery Systems in Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis

In patients with diabetes mellitus, osteomyelitis is a severe, difficult-to-treat form of foot infection. In the management of diabetic foot osteomyelitis, carriers for local delivery of antimicrobial agents have begun to be tried, in an attempt to provide high local antibiotic concentrations. Randomized clinical trials are now expected to clarify when this new approach should be used and how it can be integrated into the overall therapeutic strategy for diabetic foot osteomyelitis.
Licensing in the Theory of Innovation

This article analyzes licensing in a noncooperative R&D game. We ask two questions: What are the incentives for licensing a production technology and what is the impact of licensing on the pattern of innovation and the consequent evolution of industry costs and market structure? The gains from trading information through licensing contracts are achieved through the replacement of inefficient production techniques (the ex post incentive) and the elimination of inefficient research expenditures (the ex ante incentive). In a duopoly the availability of licensing encourages research when the firms' initial production technologies are close in costs and discourages research when initial costs are asymmetric.
Buying Time: The Insurance Value and Distortionary Effects of Workers' Compensation

I examine the roles of moral hazard and increased liquidity in explaining the relationship between Workers’ Compensation (WC) benefit levels and injury duration. Using a discrete proportional hazard model and exploiting variation in the timing and size of a retroactive lump-sum WC payment, I decompose the benefit-duration elasticity into the response to increased liquidity and to a decreased opportunity cost of missing work. I estimate that the liquidity effect accounts for 50 60 percent of the increase in claim duration, suggesting that WC provides important insurance value for
of Financial and Quantitative Analysis December 1972 DESCRIPTIVE THEORIES OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS UNDER UNCERTAINTY

This paper is a selective review of the received theory of financial institutions with some suggestions regarding future research on this topic. The major emphasis is placed on the positive economic theory of these firms. Financial institutions are considered to be firms that supply financial securities and contracts held as assets by other sectors of the economy and that use the proceeds of these sales to finance the purchase of financial securities and contracts which are the liabilities of other economic units. The theory discussed here is stripped of much of the regulatory and legal framework surrounding financial institutions. The primary reason for so limiting the scope of this paper is a conviction that a reasonably complete model of a simple financial institution is a necessary precursor to useful models of the positive economic behavior of financial institutions in any specific legal, regulatory, and operational framework. While recognizing that no tractable model of a financial institution is likely to be so general as to avoid the problem of model specificity, I take the view that many of the questions asked in the literature would be better answered in less specific models, i.e., in models capable of explaining additional important aspects of the behavior of the financial institution in question.