Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stem cell differentiation requires a paracrine pathway in the heart

Members of the transforming growth factor pβ (TGF‐β) superfamily‐namely, TGF‐β and BMP2—applied to undifferentiated murine embryonic stem cells up‐regulated mRNA of mesodermal (Brachyury) and cardiac specific transcription factors (Nkx2.5, MEF2C). Embryoid bodies generated from stem cells primed with these growth factors demonstrated an increased potential for cardiac differentiation with a significant increase in beating areas and enhanced myofibrillogenesis. In an environment of postmitotic cardiomyocytes, stem cells engineered to express a fluorescent protein under the control of a cardiac promoter differentiated into fluorescent ventricular myocytes beating in synchrony with host cells, a process significantly enhanced by TGF‐β or BMP2. In vitro, disruption of the TGF‐β/BMP signaling pathways by latency‐associated peptide and/or noggin prevented differentiation of stem cells. In fact, only host cells that secrete a TGF‐β family member induced a cardiac phenotype in stem cells. In vivo, transplantation of stem cells into heart also resulted in cardiac differentiation provided that TGF‐β/BMP2 signaling was intact. In infarcted myocardium, grafted stem cells differentiated into functional cardiomyocytes integrated with surrounding tissue, improving contractile performance. Thus, embryonic stem cells are directed to differentiate into cardiomyocytes by signaling mediated through TGF‐β/BMP2, a cardiac paracrine pathway required for therapeutic benefit of stem cell transplantation in diseased heart. —Behfar, A. , Zingman, L. V. , Hodgson, D. M. , Rauzier, J.‐M. , Kane, G. C. , Terzic, A. , Pucéat, M. Stem cell differentiation requires a paracrine pathway in the heart. FASEB J. 16, 1558–1566 (2002)
Loss Modeling of Coupled Stripline Microinductors in Power Supply on Chip Applications

In this paper, models that account for the duty cycle and phase shift angle of the applied phase voltages in coupled stripline microinductors are presented and are shown to have a significant impact on harmonic current amplitudes and therefore microinductor efficiency. The impact of a high coupling factor between two windings surrounded by a single core is also investigated. The models are validated using finite-element analysis and measurements. A three-phase-coupled microinductor has been fabricated with a Ni45Fe55 core and analyzed for a number of operating conditions. A prototype 1.6 W, three-phase converter utilizing this inductor has also been measured and is discussed in detail. The coupled microinductor is predicted to have a peak efficiency of 86.6% at 20 MHz in the prototype circuit.
The More You Give, the More You Get? The Impact of Corporate Political Activity on the Value of Government Contracts

Firms have been relying on corporate political activity (CPA) to achieve access and to affect public policy change for decades. Most research on CPA and public policy outcomes has implicitly assumed that access afforded by CPA results in an either&#8208; or (dichotomous) policy outcome such as votes or election outcomes. Based on recent research on how CPA can be a strategic signal to government agencies, however, it is possible that CPA may in fact, have a linear association with public policy outcomes as opposed to merely a dichotomous one, and we explore this relationship in the unique public policy context of government contract awards. We specifically analyze how higher levels of CPA impact the financial value of government contracts awarded to firms. Utilizing the S&amp;P 1500 sample for 16 years (1997&#8211;2012) we find that CPA has a one to one association with the value of contract awards, indicating that CPA and public policy outcomes can be linked in ways that motivate firms to continuously invest in CPA, to maximize their political rents. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of this finding in light of extant research on CPA and its direct impact on public policy outcomes.
Predictive value of troponin T levels for ischemic heart disease and mortality in patients on hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND Serum cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels are elevated in a high percentage of hemodialysis (HD) patients and as a result, they have been considered low specificity for ischemic heart disease (IHD). Recently, several authors have indicated the value of cTnT as a marker of IHD and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), as well as a mortality predictor. We try to establish the value of cTnT as an IHD marker and a mortality predictor in our patients on HD. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Fifty-eight HD patients were prospectively studied from October 2000 to April 2002. Clinical and laboratory evaluations, including cTnT, C-reactive protein (CRP) and N terminal fragment of brain natriuretic peptide (pro-BNP) levels, were performed at the beginning of the study and at 6 and 18 months. HD patients with two or more cTnT measurements were classified in four groups: group I with all levels <0.04 ng/mL; group II with all levels between 0.04 and 0.1 ng/mL; group III with all levels >/=0.1 ng/mL; and group IV including those patients in whom cTnT levels increased during follow-up, switching from one group to another (from <0.04 to 0.04-0.1 or from 0.4-0.1 to >0.1 ng/mL). RESULTS Mean and median cTnT levels were 0.07 +/- 0.09 and 0.04 ng/mL, respectively. Of clinically stable dialysis patients 15.5% had cTnT levels >0.1 ng/mL. In the stepwise multiple regression analysis, the subset of variables best explaining cTnT levels were pro-BNP levels, history of IHD and residual diuresis volume (r2=0.45). The analysis of variance (ANOVA linear regression analysis for repeated measures) showed an increase in cTnT and pro-BNP levels (significantly from 18 months). cTnT and CPR levels were the only variables predicting mortality (Cox's proportional hazards model). When patients were analyzed according to cTnT groups during the follow-up, no patient in group I (n=23) and only one patient in group II (n=11) experienced IHD; three patients in group III (n=12) had been diagnosed with IHD at the start of the study, and five patients in group IV (n=16) developed de novo IHD. CONCLUSIONS Of patients on HD 15.5% had cTnT levels >0.1 ng/mL. The main variables associated with cTnT levels were IHD, pro-BNP levels and residual diuresis. cTnT and pro-BNP levels tended to increase with time on dialysis. cTnT together with CRP levels were the best mortality predictors in our HD patients. The stability over time of cTnT levels within normal ranges (<0.1 ng/mL) suggests a very low risk of subsequent IHD development, while a progressive and sustained increase in cTnT levels suggests a high risk of IHD development.
Labor supply: Toward the construction of an alternative conception from post Keynesian and institutional economics

ABSTRACT Post Keynesian and institutional economics have traditionally maintained a critical stance toward the orthodox model of labor supply, questioning many of its underlying assumptions. Nevertheless, this critical view has not led to the formulation of an alternative conception of labor supply that is sufficiently coherent and structured to be generally accepted within these branches of the literature. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to contribute to the construction of such an alternative. To do so, the article starts by analyzing the relationship between the reasons that lead to individuals offering their labor and what that activity can bring to human beings in return. Secondly, the authors present an alternative concept of what workers contribute at work. They then analyze how the decision-making process regarding the labor supply actually takes place. Finally, the article concludes by briefly presenting certain additional points, in particular how differentiation is an inherent feature of the labor supply.
Biotic and abiotic controls on iron oxyhydroxide formation in the gill chamber of the hydrothermal vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata

A unique feature of the shrimp, Rimicaris exoculata, from the Rainbow hydrothermal vent field is the abundance of iron oxyhydroxides in its branchial chamber. These minerals accumulate throughout the molting cycle and are intimately associated with the shrimps’ epibiotic microflora. In this study, an enhancement of the iron oxidation rate through shrimp swarms in the vicinity of vents is highlighted. This process is sustained by the high molting frequency of the shrimp, and potentially has large biogeochemical and ecological consequences for the associated hydrothermal ecosystem. The calculated rate for abiotic (homogeneous and heterogeneous) iron oxidation suggests that autocatalytic oxidation is the predominant reaction pathway leading to the accumulation of iron oxyhydroxides throughout the molting cycle. The occurrence of iron‐oxidizing bacteria is not excluded, but their growth is most probably restricted to the first molting stage when competition with the abiotic iron oxidation is low. The influence of epibiont activity on local oxygen conditions and on the surface properties of the formed mineral, combined with the position of the shrimp in the hydrothermal mixing gradient, is expected to drive the relative contribution of abiogenic and biogenic iron oxidation.
Dantrolene, like fatigue, has a length‐dependent effect on submaximal force–length relationships of rat gastrocnemius muscle

Aim: Fatigue is length‐dependent; relative active force depression is greater when measured at short lengths than at long lengths. Several unsatisfactory mechanisms have been proposed to explain this length dependence of fatigue, including: damaged myofilaments, stretch of ‘in‐series’ structures, impaired t‐tubule conduction and reduced intensity of activation. Dantrolene targets the ryanodine receptors, inhibiting stimulation‐induced release of Ca2+. The purpose of this study was to determine if the force depression caused by dantrolene treatment also has a length dependence.
The Effect of Remittances on the Current Account in Developing and Emerging Economies

This paper presents an analysis of the effect of remittances on the current account in developing and emerging economies, incorporating an assessment of the extent to which exchange rate regimes impact the relationship. The main findings suggest there is a positive effect of remittances on the current account contemporaneously, but that the lagged effect is negative, which could be indicative of the existence of some underlying mechanisms characteristic of the Dutch disease phenomenon. In addition, the results show that a more flexible exchange regime dampens the contemporaneous positive effect that remittances have on the current account. The paper, therefore, asserts that policy makers face trade-offs pertaining to the use of exchange rate policy in managing the effects of remittances on the current account, which should be given due consideration when such policy choices are made.
Neurovascular decoupling is associated with severity of cerebral amyloid angiopathy

Objectives: We used functional MRI (fMRI), transcranial Doppler ultrasound, and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) to determine the nature of blood flow responses to functional brain activity and carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and their association with markers of CAA severity. Methods: In a cross-sectional prospective cohort study, fMRI, transcranial Doppler ultrasound CO2 reactivity, and VEP data were compared between 18 patients with probable CAA (by Boston criteria) and 18 healthy controls, matched by sex and age. Functional MRI consisted of a visual task (viewing an alternating checkerboard pattern) and a motor task (tapping the fingers of the dominant hand). Results: Patients with CAA had lower amplitude of the fMRI response in visual cortex compared with controls (p = 0.01), but not in motor cortex (p = 0.22). In patients with CAA, lower visual cortex fMRI amplitude correlated with higher white matter lesion volume (r = −0.66, p = 0.003) and more microbleeds (r = −0.78, p < 0.001). VEP P100 amplitudes, however, did not differ between CAA and controls (p = 0.45). There were trends toward reduced CO2 reactivity in the middle cerebral artery (p = 0.10) and posterior cerebral artery (p = 0.08). Conclusions: Impaired blood flow responses in CAA are more evident using a task to activate the occipital lobe than the frontal lobe, consistent with the gradient of increasing vascular amyloid severity from frontal to occipital lobe seen in pathologic studies. Reduced fMRI responses in CAA are caused, at least partly, by impaired vascular reactivity, and are strongly correlated with other neuroimaging markers of CAA severity.
Dispersion in Ventricular Repolarization in Patients with Severe Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances

ENGLUND, A. , et al.: Dispersion in Ventricular Repolarization in Patients with Severe Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances. Increased dispersion of repolarization, measured invasively or by QT interval measurements, is associated with an increased risk for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Most studies on this issue have included patients with normal intraventricular conduction, and it is not known if this finding has a predictive value also in patients with intraventricular conduction disorders. An invasive electrophysiological study, including programmed ventricular stimulation and assessment of effective refractory periods at two RV sites, was performed in 103 patients with bifascicular block (mean age 67 ± 12 years). QT dispersion was measured from standard 12‐lead ECGs. In patients with inducible sustained polymorphic VT or VF the dispersion in refractoriness between the two RV sites was significantly greater (46 ± 11 ms, n = 13) than in noninducible patients (14 ± 14 ms, n = 84) and in patients with inducible sustained monomorphic VT (16 ± 5 ms, n = 6) (P < 0.01). Similarly, QT dispersion was 104 ± 46 ms, 66 ± 31 ms, and 77 ± 33 ms, respectively, in the three groups (P < 0.05). Dispersion in repolarization, neither measured invasively nor by QT interval measurements, predicted sudden death, all cause mortality, or ventricular arrhythmia during a mean follow‐up period of 3 years. In patients with bifascicular block, there is a relation between the degree of dispersion of ventricular repolarization and the inducibility of polymorphic ventricular arrhythmia, but this outcome did not occur during follow‐up.
A comparison of two systems for measuring water fluoride ion level.

The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of measurements of fluoride ion concentrations as determined by the Orion fluoride meter and electrodes (Orion models SA 720 meter, 94-09, 90-01-00, and SA 720 meter, Orion Research Incorporated, Laboratory Products Group, Boston, MA) and to reference electrodes with a digital meter and the Hach colorimeter (DR100 colorimeter, Hach Company, Loveland, CO). Three groups of drinking water samples were collected simultaneously from each of 53 elementary schools in Oxford County, Ontario, Canada. Samples in Groups 1 and 2 were analyzed for fluoride at the University of Western Ontario using the colorimetric method and the specific ion electrode system respectively. Samples in Group 3 were analyzed at the Ontario Ministry of the Environment laboratories; these results were used as the "gold standard. " The overall results of the study suggest that with proper calibration the colorimeter system may be a valid, reliable, and affordable tool for fluoride analysis in the dental office.
Posttransplant Cellular Immune Reactivity against Donor Antigen Correlates with Clinical Islet Transplantation Outcome: Towards a Better Posttransplant Monitoring

The aim of the present study was to assess the efficiency of cell-based immune assays in the detection of alloreactivity after islet transplantation and to correlate these results with clinical outcome. Mixed lymphocyte cultures were performed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from recipients (n = 14), donors, or third party. The immune reactivity was assessed by the release of IFN-γ (ELISpot), cell proliferation (FACS analysis for Ki67), and cytokine quantification (Bioplex). Islet function correlated with the number of IFN-γ-secreting cells following incubation with donor cells (p = 0.007, r = –0.50), but not with third party cells (p = 0.61). Similarly, a high number of donor-specific proliferating cells was associated with a low islet function (p = 0.006, r = −0.51). Proliferating cells were mainly CD3+CD4+ lymphocytes and CD3-CD56+ natural killer cells (with low levels of CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes). Patients with low islet function had increased levels of CD4+Ki67+cells (p ≤ 0.0001), while no difference was observed in CD8+Ki67+ and CD56+Ki67+ cells. IFN-γ, IL-5, and IL-17 levels were increased in patients with low islet function, but IL-10 levels tended to be lower. IFN-γ-ELISpot, proliferation, and cytokines were similarly accurate in predicting clinical outcome (AUC = 0.77 ± 0.088, 0.85 ± 0.084, and 0.88 ± 0.074, respectively). Cellular immune reactivity against donor cells correlates with posttransplant islet function. The tested assays have the potential to be of substantial help in the management of islet graft recipients and deserve prospective validation.
Operative complications of combat-related transtibial amputations: a comparison of the modified burgess and modified Ertl tibiofibular synostosis techniques.

BACKGROUND The complications of bone-bridging amputations remain ill defined. The purpose of this study was to compare the early and intermediate-term complications leading to reoperation between the modified Burgess and modified Ertl tibiofibular synostosis in combat-related transtibial amputations. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of consecutive, contemporaneous cohorts of thirty-seven modified Ertl bone-bridge and 100 modified Burgess combat-related transtibial amputations. The primary outcome measure was the need for reoperation following definitive closure. RESULTS At a mean follow-up of two years (range, nine to forty-eight months), there was a 53% overall reoperation rate. The overall complications included infection (34%), neuroma excision (18%), heterotopic ossification excision (15%), myodesis failure (4%), and scar revision (7%). A significantly higher rate of overall complications (p = 0.008) was noted in the bone-bridge group. Additionally, there was an increased rate of noninfectious complications in the bone-bridge group (p = 0.02). A positive selection bias was also noted for performing bone-bridge amputations late (p = 0.0002) and outside the zone of injury (p < 0.0001). Bone-bridge-specific complications occurred in 32% of the modified Ertl group. Delayed union or nonunion of the synostosis (11%) and implant-related complications (27%) predominated. Three bone bridges were ultimately removed. CONCLUSIONS Reoperations were needed at a significantly greater rate overall and for noninfectious complications following bone-bridge synostosis compared with modified Burgess transtibial amputations. Additionally, despite the positive selection bias favoring the bridge synostosis cohort, infection rates were not lower in that group. Detailed patient counseling and careful patient selection are indicated prior to performing modified Ertl amputations, particularly in the absence of convincing evidence regarding objective functional benefits from the procedure.
COX-2 inhibition and retinal angiogenesis in a mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity.

PURPOSE The prostaglandin-cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway influences new blood vessel growth in a variety of tissues. This study was conducted to determine the cellular location of COX-2 in the retina and whether the inhibition of COX-2 would reduce retinal angiogenesis in a rodent model of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). METHODS ROP was induced in C57BL/6 mice by exposing 7-day-old mice to 75% oxygen (hyperoxia) for 5 days followed by 5 days in room air (relative hypoxia and retinal angiogenesis). Normal mice were those with a normally developing retinal vasculature exposed to room air from birth until postnatal day (P)17. The COX-2 inhibitor, rofecoxib (15 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally) was administered to normal and ROP mice from P12 to P17. Immunohistochemistry for COX-2 was performed on retinas from all groups by the avidin-biotin method. Histologic methods were used to count blood vessel profiles (BVPs) in the inner retina (inner limiting membrane, ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer) with a masked approach. RESULTS Intense COX-2 immunolabeling was specifically localized to ganglion cells and blood vessels of all mice retinas. In ROP mice, COX-2 immunolabeling was detected on blood vessels extending into the vitreous cavity. Quantitation of BVPs in the inner retina revealed an increase in untreated ROP mice compared with untreated normal mice (P < 0.001). Rofecoxib decreased BVPs by approximately 45% in normal mice and 37% in ROP mice. CONCLUSIONS COX-2 is localized to sites associated with retinal blood vessels. The finding that the selective COX-2 inhibitor, rofecoxib, attenuated the retinal angiogenesis that accompanies ROP, and normal retinal development indicates that COX-2 plays an important role in blood vessel formation in the retina.
Valuing Government Obligations When Markets are Incomplete

Determining how to value net government obligations is a long-standing and fundamental question in public finance. Its answer is critical to cost-benefit analysis, the assessment of fiscal sustainability, generational accounting, and other economic issues. This paper posits and simulates a ten-period overlapping generations model with aggregate shocks to price safe and risky government net obligations, including options. Agents can't trade with future generations to hedge the model's productivity and depreciation shocks. Nor can they invest in anything other than one-period bonds and risky capital. Our results are surprising. We find that the pricing of short- as well as long-dated riskless obligations is anchored to the prevailing one-period risk-free return. More surprising, the prices of obligations whose values are proportional to the prevailing wage (e.g., Social Security benefits under a pay-go system with a fixed tax rate) are essentially identical to those of safe obligations, i.e., there is little risk adjustment. This is true notwithstanding our assumption of very large macro shocks. In contrast, government obligations provided in the form of options entail significant risk adjustment. We also show that the value of obligations to unborn generations depends on the nature of the compensating variation. Another finding is that the one-period bond market matters, but less than expected, to valuing obligations. Finally, our model lets us test the ability of arbitrage pricing to get prices right. Surprisingly, with the right specification, it comes close. Although highly stylized, our model suggests the potential of detailed, largescale CGE OLG models to price government obligations as well as non-marketed private securities in the presence of incomplete markets and macro shocks.
RESOURCE‐ALLOCATION RULES AND THE HERITABILITY OF TRAITS

Abstract I hypothesize that the heritability of a trait, and thus its evolutionary responsiveness to natural selection, should be positively related to the priority with which resources are allocated to that trait. Low‐priority traits are more sensitive to environmental effects, thus reducing the relative effect of genetic differences on phenotypic variation of these traits. This allocation‐priority hypothesis explains why life‐history traits, such as those involving growth and reproduction, generally have lower heritabilities than higher‐priority morphological and physiological traits related to body maintenance. This hypothesis also shows how an organism‐centered approach, as used in physiological ecology, can contribute to the development of evolutionary theory.