Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of idiopathic osteosclerosis on cone beam computed tomography images

Objectives This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of idiopathic osteosclerosis on cone beam computed tomography(CBCT) images of patients.Methods In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, 240 CBCT scans of patients (125 women, 115 men) referred to a private oral andmaxillofacial radiology clinic in Tehran in 2013 were selected and evaluated. Presence of idiopathic osteosclerosis and its features includingits location in the jaw, its association with teeth, presence or absence of root resorption, number, shape and size of lesions and age andgender of patients were assessed. Descriptive statistics were reported. Chi-square test and independent t-test were used for statisticalanalysis.Results Idiopathic osteosclerosis was seen on CBCT images of 20 patients (8.33%). The lesion was more frequent in women than men, butthe difference was not significant (P = 0.50). Also, the lesion was more common in the mandible than the maxilla (95.6% vs. 4.4%). Mostlesions were observed in the molar (56.5%) and premolar (34.7%) areas of the lower jaw. Most lesions did not have any association withteeth (73.9%). More than half of the lesions (56.5%) were round in shape and the rest (43.4%) were irregular. The mean size of the lesionswas 5.4 ± 1.8 and 5.7 ± 1.4 mm in the mesiodistal and superior-inferior aspects, respectively.Conclusion The prevalence of idiopathic osteosclerosis of the jaws on CBCT images of an Iranian population was within the range reportedby other studies. The lesions were more common in the mandibular molar region with no relation to teeth.
MACH CONES IN A COULOMB LATTICE AND A DUSTY PLASMA

Mach cones, or V-shaped disturbances created by supersonic objects, have been detected in a two-dimensional Coulomb crystal. Electrically charged microspheres levitated in a glow-discharge plasma formed a dusty plasma, with particles arranged in a hexagonal lattice in a horizontal plane. Beneath this lattice plane, a sphere moved faster than the lattice sound speed. Mach cones were double, first compressive then rarefactive, due to the strongly coupled crystalline state. Molecular dynamics simulations using a Yukawa potential also show multiple Mach cones.
Diluted Ferromagnetic Semiconductors—Theoretical Aspects

This chapter reviews theoretical understanding of ferromagnetic response that has been detected in diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS). Particular attention is paid to those ferromagnetic DMS in which no precipitation of other crystallographic phases has been observed. It is argued that these materials can be divided into three categories. The first consists of (Ga,Mn)As, heavily doped p-(Zn,Mn)Te, and related compounds. In these solid solutions, the theory built on p–d Zener's model of hole-mediated ferromagnetism and on either the Kohn-Luttinger kp theory or the multiorbital tight-binding approach describes qualitatively, and often quantitatively, thermodynamic, micromagnetic, optical, and transport properties. Moreover, the understanding of these materials has provided a basis for the development of novel methods enabling magnetization manipulation and switching. To the second group, belong compounds in which a competition between long-range ferromagnetic and short-range antiferromagnetic interactions and/or the proximity of the localization boundary lead to an electronic nanoscale phase separation that results in characteristics similar to colossal magnetoresistance oxides. Finally, in a number of compounds a chemical nanoscale phase separation into the regions with small and large concentrations of the magnetic constituent is present. Methods of controlling the spinodal decomposition and possible functionalities of these systems are outlined. Keywords: diluted magnetic semiconductors; ferromagnetic semiconductors; Curie temperature; magnetic anisotropy; metal–insulator transition; spinodal decomposition; magnetic nanocrystals
Passively modelocked 20 and 40 GHz bulk InGaAsP lasers

Passively modelocked linear lasers have been fabricated using bulk InGaAsP/InP material. Modelocking in 20 GHz self colliding pulse modelocked lasers and 40 GHz colliding pulse lasers has been demonstrated and the devices have been characterized. Pulse lengths down to 1.6 ps have been observed from a linear device at 20GHz. 15GHz modelocked ring lasers have been fabricated as well. In order to avoid internal reflections in the ring, the design employs successfully adiabatic bends and a directional coupler. Measurements with a 50GHz RF analyzer showed more stable operation than the linear devices, but pulses are highly chirped. The layer stack used for these lasers is compatible with our active-passive integration scheme.
Taking a Hands-on Approach to Learning

When people talk, they gesture. These gestures often convey substantive information that is related, but not always identical, to the information conveyed in speech. Gesture thus offers listeners insight into a speaker’s unspoken cognition. But gesture can do more than reflect cognition—it can play a role in changing cognition and, as a result, contribute to learning. This article has two goals: (a) to make the case that gesture can promote growth early in development when children are learning language and also later in development when children learn about math, and (b) to explore the implications of these findings for practice—how gesture can be recruited in everyday teaching situations by parents and teachers. Because our hands are always with us and require little infrastructure to implement in teaching situations, gesture has the potential to boost learning in all children and thus perhaps reduce social inequalities in achievement in language and math.
Unobservability, tractability and the battle of assumptions

Economic models often include unrealistic assumptions. This does not mean, however, that economists lack a concern for the truth of their assumptions. Unrealistic assumptions are frequently imposed because the effects are taken to be negligible or because the problem at hand is intractable without them. Using the Musgrave‐Mäki typology as the point of departure, these claims are defended with respect to theories proposed by Solow, Hall and Roeger concerning productivity growth and the mark‐up. Since they are unobservable, their values need to be inferred from the values of observable variables. Assumptions such as perfect competition and constant returns to scale are used for making this inference or measurement problem tractable. Other assumptions are justified in terms of negligibility. These findings support the fecundity of the (amended) Musgrave‐Mäki typology of assumptions – including the notion of a tractability assumption proposed here. Finding ways of relaxing tractability assumptions turns out to be an important source of progress in economics.
Natural revegetation on borrow pits and vehicle tracks in shrub tundra, 48 years following construction of the CANOL No. 1 pipeline, N.W.T., Canada

An intensive study of long-term revegetation patterns in Erect Deciduous Shrub Tundra on anthropogenic disturbances was conducted in the summer of 1993 within the abandonded CANOL pipeline corridor. Primary and secondary succession were investigated on vehicle tracks and borrow pits by collecting data on the cover of all vascular and nonvascular species. Significant differences in species composition were evident among disturbance types from nested analyses of variance. Disturbance sites were characterized by lower abundance of woody plants and overall greater species richness than undisturbed areas. Borrow pits, still dominated by pioneer species, were in the preliminary stages of succession. Pioneer species persisted on vehicle tracks in the intermediate succession stages, although some species replacement was evident. 33 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.
Effectiveness of Physical Exercise on Primary Dysmenorrhea Among Female University Students

Primary Dysmenorrhoea is a condition that has attracted attention among the stakeholders in education and health professions. Primary Dysmenorrhea is chronic cyclical pelvic pain associated with menstruation in the absence of an identifiable pathological condition. Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common complaints and gynaecological problem worldwide among young females. Many females use pain killers such as paracetamol and Non-steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) to treat primary dysmenorrhea. The aim of this study is to investigate effectiveness of physical exercises on primary dysmenorrhea among University female students. The study adopted a descriptive research approach. It involved fifty students who had enrolled for gym at the University and had participated in regular exercise. The control group involved 50 students who had not enrolled for gym. The data was collected through self-administered questionnaires. The findings revealed that majority of the students were aware that exercise treats the symptoms of dysmenorrhea but they continued using painkillers. The study found out that majority of the students would consider exercise as an alternative therapy in treating the symptoms of dysmenorrhea. The study further revealed that the experimental group had late onset of menstruation and they took a longer time to menstruate as compared to controlled group. Overall the results of this study indicated that participating in exercise is a likely alternative approach to reduce the effects of primary dysmenorrhoea symptoms especially pain and improve the quality of life in young females. Effectiveness of Physical Exercise on Primary Dysmenorrhea Among Female University Students Paper ID IJIFR/V5/ E1/ 014 Page No. 87198729 Subject Area Educational Psychology
Heterogeneity Aware Deep Embedding for Mobile Periocular Recognition

Mobile biometric approaches provide the convenience of secure authentication with an omnipresent technology. However, this brings an additional challenge of recognizing biometric patterns in an unconstrained environment including variations in mobile camera sensors, illumination conditions, and capture distance. To address the heterogeneous challenge, this research presents a novel heterogeneity aware loss function within a deep learning framework. The effectiveness of the proposed loss function is evaluated for periocular biometrics using the CSIP, IMP and VISOB mobile periocular databases. The results show that the proposed algorithm yields state-of-the-art results in a heterogeneous environment and improves generalizability for cross-database experiments.
A method for monitoring adverse drug reactions

A recent international conference on Adverse Reactions Reporting Systems [6] has again underscored the great need for continuing surveillance of therapeutic drugs after they are marketed. Formal clinical drug trials and other premarketing studies are usually too small in scale and too formally structured to detect all of the problems that a drug may cause when it is employed in the varied and complex setting of actual patient care. These drug-caused problems, known medically as adverse drug reactions, consist of a wide variety of untoward effects, some of which occur quite rarely. In the Kaiser-Permanente Department of Medical Methods Research, a computerized medical data system [9] is being developed which now records the essential medical data for patients seen in the Kaiser-Permanente outpatient department in San Francisco. In attempting to minotor the risks of untoward events due to therapeutic drugs, we have employed an analytic method that delves into a relatively unstructared situation in an effort to bring out some orderly and useful observations. After describing the method we shall discuss the relationship of drug monitoring to studies of the effects on health of environmental pollution, the theme of this part of the Symposium.
The Open Method as a New Mode of Governance: The Case of Soft Economic Policy Co-ordination

Taking economic co-ordination in EMU as a starting point, this article explores the development of the open method of co-ordination, addressing whether it is a new form of governance from two related perspectives. First, to what extent can the method be effectively applied outside the scope of economic policy? Second, will it lead to policy transfer to the EU and hence act only as a transitional mode of governance? Identified at the Lisbon European Council, the method codified practices such as benchmarking, target-setting and peer review developed in the Luxembourg, Cardiff and Cologne processes. The method offers a new approach to governance of the EU as a heterarchical, decentred and dynamic process. It supports and radicalizes the principle of subsidiarity; offers an alternative to the treaty rules on enhanced co-operation; and addresses some of the legitimacy issues inherent in the EU. In EMU, the method arose out of a specific policy framework with a common monetary policy complemented by the coordination of national economic policies. The recent recommendation issued against Ireland is the first example of the operation of the method in EMU and shows how debate can be stimulated and how different and arguably equally valid perspectives defended. The particular experience of EMU with a sound money, sound finance paradigm, a long history of project-building by key elites and the central role of the European Council suggest similar conditions are required for the effective application of the method in other policy spheres. The context within which the method has operated to date is contingent and could change either over time or between policy fields. If so, the very openness of the method may serve to reconfigure the boundaries of competence between the Member States and the Union, after all.
Outside Liquidity, Rollover Risk, and Government Bonds

This paper discusses whether financial intermediaries can optimally provide liquidity, or whether the government has a role in creating liquidity by supplying government securities. We discuss a model in which intermediaries optimally manage liquidity with outside rather than inside liquidity: instead of holding liquid real assets that can be used at will, banks sell claims on long-term projects to investors. While increasing efficiency, liquidity management with private outside liquidity is associated with a rollover risk. This rollover risk either keeps intermediaries from providing liquidity optimally, or it makes the economy inherently fragile. In contrast to privately produced claims, government bonds are not associated with coordination problems unless there is the prospect that the government may default. Therefore, efficiency and stability can be enhanced if liquidity management relies on public outside liquidity.
Embodied Progress: A Cultural Account of Assisted Conception

Introduction. 1. Conception Among the Anthropologists 2. Conception and the Enterprise Culture 3. The 'Obstacle Course': The Reproductive Work of IVF 4. 'It Just Takes Over': IVF as a 'Way of Life' 5. 'Having to Try' and 'Having to Choose': How IVF Makes Sense 6. The Embodiment of Progress
Use of Tonal Information in Korean Lexical Access

Prominence in Seoul Korean is realized at the level of the Accentual Phrase (AP), with the AP-final High (H) tone signaling prosodic word-final boundaries and the AP-initial Low (L) tone signaling word-initial boundaries [1–2]. Using word-spotting experiments, Kim and Cho [3] showed that Korean speech segmentation benefits from both the AP-final H and AP-initial L tones, but it is unclear whether (and if so, how) tonal information also constrains lexical access in Korean. The present study investigates this issue using a visual-world eye-tracking experiment. Native Korean listeners heard sentences containing a temporary lexical ambiguity between a disyllabic target word in AP-initial position (e.g., [saesinbu-ga] AP [masul-eul] AP ‘the- new-bride-subj magic-obj’) and a disyllabic competitor word spanning the AP boundary (e.g., gama ‘palanquin’). The auditory stimuli were resynthesized to create four tonal boundary conditions: H#L, H#H, L#L, and L#H, where # represents an AP boundary. Listeners’ eye movements to the printed target and competitor words were monitored as they heard the auditory stimuli. The results showed independent effects of the AP-initial and AP-final tones on lexical access, suggesting that the intonational system of Korean modulates lexical activation and highlighting the importance of language-specific tonal cues in lexical access.
Environmental aspects of drug and chemical use in aquaculture: An overview

A variety of chemicals and drugs are used in aquaculture for purposes such as sediment and water management, enhancement of natural aquatic productivity, transport of live organisms, feed formulation, manipulation and enhancement of reproduction, growth promotion, health management, processing and adding value to the final product. The reliance on these chemicals and drugs has become greater with the intensification of production, and their environmental toxicity has to be questioned. In this document, we give an overview of environmental aspects concerning drug and chemical use in aquaculture.
An ALMA Survey of Submillimeter Galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: Spectroscopic Redshifts

We present spectroscopic redshifts of mJy submillimeter galaxies (SMGs), which have been identified from the ALMA follow-up observations of 870 μm detected sources in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South (the ALMA-LESS survey). We derive spectroscopic redshifts for 52 SMGs, with a median of z = 2.4 ± 0.1. However, the distribution features a high-redshift tail, with ∼23% of the SMGs at . Spectral diagnostics suggest that the SMGs are young starbursts, and the velocity offsets between the nebular emission and UV ISM absorption lines suggest that many are driving winds, with velocity offsets of up to 2000 km s−1. Using the spectroscopic redshifts and the extensive UV-to-radio photometry in this field, we produce optimized spectral energy distributions (SEDs) using Magphys, and use the SEDs to infer a median stellar mass of = (6 ± 1)× 1010 M for our SMGs with spectroscopic redshift. By combining these stellar masses with the star formation rates (measured from the far-infrared SEDs), we show that SMGs (on average) lie a factor of ∼5 above the so-called “main sequence” at . We provide this library of 52 template fits with robust and uniquely well-sampled SEDs as a resource for future studies of SMGs, and also release the spectroscopic catalog of ∼2000 (mostly infrared-selected) galaxies targeted as part of the spectroscopic campaign.
Regions from the ground up: a network partitioning approach to regional delineation

In this paper, we consider the question of what is ‘in’ a region, from an economic perspective, based on commuting data. This follows a long line of studies on labour market delineation, including the widely used ‘travel-to-work area’ approach. Using Combo, a network partitioning algorithm, we analyse commuting data from the 2011 UK Census in order to define a discrete set of regions. Our aim is twofold: to contribute to methodological advances in regional delineation, and to produce results that have real-world utility. Following the introduction, we review previous work, before describing our data and methods. Our approach produces 17 new ‘regions’ for Scotland, in contrast to the existing set of 32. Our view is that algorithmic approaches to regional delineation have much to offer in a policy setting, but this must be tempered by the fact that regions, however defined, are inherently political constructs.
Quantitative constraint on footwall rotations at the 15°45′N oceanic core complex, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge: Implications for oceanic detachment fault processes

The subsurface geometry of detachment faults at slow spreading mid‐ocean ridges is debated: are they planar features that form and slip at low angles, as often inferred for their continental equivalents, or do they initiate at steep angles and then flatten in response to flexural unloading as displacement proceeds, as predicted in “rolling hinge” conceptual models? An essential difference is that significant rotation of the footwall should occur in the rolling hinge but not the planar fault model. This can be tested using paleomagnetism. Previous attempts to address this question have relied upon data from azimuthally unoriented drill cores. Although results are consistent with large rotations having occurred, these interpretations are very nonunique, and other solutions that require minimal rotations are equally permissible. We here present a rigorous analysis of paleomagnetic and structural data from a unique set of azimuthally oriented cores, collected using a seabed rock drill, from the 15°45′N oceanic core complex on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. By considering the full paleomagnetic remanence vector in combination with kinematic data from the detachment fault shear zone we are able to quantitatively constrain the geometrically permissible axes and magnitudes of rotation of the detachment fault footwall, for the first time without having to make a priori assumptions about the orientation of the axis. We show that significant rotations (64° ± 16°) have indeed occurred, about a gently plunging, near‐ridge‐parallel axis, robustly supporting the rolling hinge models. We further discuss the geological implications of this result for oceanic detachment fault processes.
Involuntary wellness programs: the case of a large US company

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate recent healthcare reform in the USA, which allows insurance companies to proactively intervene in improving the long-term health of employees, by providing wellness programs as part of their benefits package. Design/methodology/approach – The authors present and analyze data on how employees of a large US Midwest “media and education” company (n=154) perceive economic incentives toward well-being. Data are collected using survey methods and analyzed with a logistic regression. Findings – This study suggests that fairness, accessibility, intention to switch to a healthier lifestyle and desire to see more health-related initiatives affect the way employees seek to participate in the new involuntary wellness programs. By contrast, satisfaction, participation, and income to not affect how these new programs are perceived. Research limitations/implications – These findings suggest that human resource managers should pay attention to employees who are not ac.
Site choices in recreational demand: a matter of utility maximization or regret minimization?

This paper compares the Random Regret Minimization and the Random Utility Maximization models for determining recreational choice. The Random Regret approach is based on the idea that, when choosing, individuals aim to minimize their regret – regret being defined as what one experiences when a non-chosen alternative in a choice set performs better than a chosen one in relation to one or more attributes. The Random Regret paradigm, recently developed in transport economics, presents a tractable, regret-based alternative to the dominant choice paradigm based on Random Utility. Using data from a travel cost study exploring factors that influence kayakers’ site-choice decisions in the Republic of Ireland, we estimate both the traditional Random Utility multinomial logit model (RU-MNL) and the Random Regret multinomial logit model (RR-MNL) to gain more insights into site choice decisions. We further explore whether choices are driven by a utility maximization or a regret minimization paradigm by running a binary logit model to examine the likelihood of the two decision choice paradigms using site visits and respondents characteristics as explanatory variables. In addition to being one of the first studies to apply the RR-MNL to an environmental good, this paper also represents the first application of the RR-MNL to compute the Logsum to test and strengthen conclusions on welfare impacts of potential alternative policy scenarios.