Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to English Grammar

Preface to the Second Edition Acknowledgements 1. Rules and Variation Part I: THE GRAMMAR 2. The Sentence 3. The Parts of the Simple Sentence 4. The Structures of Phrases 5. Word Classes 6. Sentences and Clauses Part II: THE APPLICATIONS 7. Usage Problems Subject-verb agreement 8. Style 9. Punctuation 10. English in Use APPENDIX: SPELLING A.1 Spelling, pronunciation, and meaning A.2 Spelling variants A.3 Spelling rules for short and long vowel sounds A.4 Suffixes A.5 Prefixes A.6 Other aids to spelling A.7 Homophones: words pronounced similarly Glossary Further Reading Index
Altruisme Dengan Kebahagiaan Pada Petugas PMI

Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) merupakan salah satu organisasi yang bergerak dalam bidang kemanusiaan dan sosial yang bekerja secara sukarela. Perasaan senang dan bahagia dapat menolong orang lain wajar dirasakan oleh seorang relawan yang telah menolong. Dapat membantu meringankan beban sesama dan melihat orang yang ditolong dapat melanjutkan kehidupannya sangat menyenangkan. Meskipun banyak risiko yang yang dihadapi bahkan bertaruh nyawa, namun hal tersebut tidak menyurutkan motivasi relawan untuk menolong, dan justru menjadikan perasaan relawan senang dan bahagia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara altruisme dengan kebahagiaan pada petugas PMI. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kuantitatif, dengan alat pengumpul data berupa skala altruisme dan skala kebahagiaan. Populasi dalam penelitian adalah 700 anggota relawan KSR PMI Kota Solo. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik non random, menggunakan metode Convenience Sampling yaitu, penentuan sampel berdasarkan kebetulan saja, anggota populasi yang ditemui peneliti dan bersedia menjadi responden untuk dijadikan sampel atau peneliti memilih orang-orang yang terdekat saja. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan positif antara altruisme dengan kebahagiaan pada petugas PMI, hal tersebut dilihat dari analisis korelasi product moment dengan rxy = 0,648, dengan signifikansi (p) = 0,000 (p < 0,01) artinya semakin tinggi altruisme pada petugas PMI maka akan semakin bahagia. Tingkat altruisme pada petugas PMI kota Solo tergolong tinggi yang dilihat melalui rerata empirik (79,39), sedangkan tingkat kebahagiaan pada petugas PMI kota Solo tergolong sedang yang dilihat melalui rerata empirik (136,86). Sumbangan efektif altruisme terhadap kebahagiaan pada petugas PMI kota Solo (r2) sebesar 42%. Kata Kunci: Altruisme, Kebahagiaan, Petugas PMI
Association of preterm birth with long-term survival, reproduction, and next-generation preterm birth.

CONTEXT Preterm birth is a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Less is known about long-term health among persons born preterm. OBJECTIVE To determine the long-term effects of preterm birth on survival, reproduction, and next-generation preterm birth. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Population-based, observational, longitudinal study using registry data from 1,167,506 singleton births in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway in 1967-1988. The cohort was followed up through 2002 for survival. The cohort was truncated to births from 1967-1976 for assessment of educational achievement and reproductive outcomes through 2004. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES In relation to sex and gestational age at birth, absolute mortality, risk of fetal, infant, child, and adolescent mortality, and incidence and risk of reproduction and next-generation preterm birth. Singleton term (37-42 weeks) fetal deaths and live births, stratified by sex, served as the reference group for all analyses. RESULTS The percentage who were born preterm was higher among boys (5.6%) than among girls (4.7%). Preterm participants had an increased risk of mortality throughout childhood. For boys born at 22 to 27 weeks, mortality rates were 1.33% and 1.01% for early and late childhood death, with relative risks (RRs) of 5.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-14.2) and 7.0 (95% CI, 2.3-22.0), respectively. The mortality rate for girls born at 22 to 27 weeks was 1.71% for early childhood death, with an RR of 9.7 (95% CI, 4.0-23.7); there were no late childhood deaths. For 28 to 32 weeks, the early and late childhood mortality rates among boys were 0.73% and 0.37%, with RRs of 2.5 (95% CI, 1.6-3.7) and 2.3 (95% CI, 1.3-4.1), respectively. Girls born at 28 to 32 weeks did not have a significantly increased risk of childhood mortality. Reproduction was diminished for index participants born preterm. For men and women born at 22 to 27 weeks, absolute reproduction was 29.3[corrected]% and 51.9[corrected]%, with RRs of 0.59 [corrected] (95% CI, 0.45[corrected]-0.79[corrected]) and 0.78 [corrected] (95% CI, 0.65[corrected]-0.93[corrected]), respectively. For 28 to 32 weeks, absolute reproduction was 43.1[corrected]% and 63.6[corrected]% for men and women, with RRs of 0.81[corrected] (95% CI, 0.77[corrected]-0.86[corrected]) and 0.89 [corrected] (95% CI, 0.86 [corrected]-0.93 [corrected]), respectively. Preterm women but not men were at increased risk of having preterm offspring. CONCLUSION In persons born in Norway in 1967-1988, preterm birth was associated with diminished long-term survival and reproduction.
Surgical Diagnosis

Describing the largest prospective study of the preclinical stages of chronic bronchitis yet reported, this book is remarkable in two ways. First, it illustrates the value of relatively simple observations continued over a number of years by a dedicated team of workers in elucidating the natural history of a common disease. Secondly, it shows that if a study ofthis type is carefully planned and diligently executed expert statistical analysis can produce straightforward, unambiguous, and often unexpected conclusions. The authors have employed these techniques most effectively in their study of chronic bronchitis and have made a cogent case for a drastic reappraisal of traditional views on the pathogenesis of that disease. Of particular importance is the distinction made between the obstructive and hypersecretory forms of chronic bronchitis, and their. conclusion that acute infective exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease do not, contrary to popular belief, cause a permanent loss of ventilatory capacity. Another pertinent observation is that some cigarette smokers are more liable than others to develop airflow obstruction. Smoking is clearly responsible for most cases of chronic bronchitis, and the incidence of the disease would undoubtedly diminish dramatically if, by some miracle, the habit were to be abandoned by the majority of the population. It would appear, however, that other as yet undertermined factors are implicated in the production of airflow obstruction and mucus hypersecretion. If we could identify those which predetermine the increased susceptibility of some smokers to chronic bronchitis, particularly the obstructive form of the disorder, this knowledge would, as the authors point out, be of considerable value in predicting the course of the disease, and it might also provide the basis for a more rational approach to the practical aspects of prevention and treatment. This book could well be a milestone in the bibliography of chronic bronchitis and related disorders. It deserves to be widely read not only in Britain but also in those countries where the problems posed by this common disease are even less clearly understood.
Using 4P Marketing Model in Academic Libraries: An Experience

The present study mainly aims to demonstrate the weaknesses and strengths of using marketing principles in academic libraries and finally presenting some important suggestions in order to improve their marketing. This study proceeds through expressing the current marketing situation of studied academic libraries from the view point of 4P model. In this regard, the current situation is analyzed using a researcher-made questionnaire, and then the problems and shortcomings are highlighted in the field of marketing in the view point of 4P model which in turn enables us to introduce suggestions to overcome them. This research indicates that marketing principles in the studied libraries are not in a good state. The situation of product dimension is a bit farther up middle state (3.23). Also, the Place dimension with total average of 2.97, Promotion dimension with total average of 2.63 and finally the Price dimension with total average of 1.59 are below the middle state. Therefore, trying to make a good plan in marketing in the four mentioned dimensions is essential for studied academic libraries. Improving academic libraries' statement needs identifying their current situation in the view point of marketing. Consequently, this research studied the current situation of Isfahan governmental academic libraries in order to identify their weaknesses and suggest sufficient suggestions to cover them.
Viral Hepatitis and Pregnancy

An acute hepatitis can have an onset during any trimester; it does not represent a risk for malformation in the baby, nor for the mother (with very rare exceptions). In fact, only hepatitis E virus poses a significantly increased risk to pregnant women. The most common scenario is a pregnancy in a women chronically infected with a hepatotropic virus. As far as the HBV is concerned, the majority of published studies reported no association with adverse pregnancy outcomes in HBsAg positive carriers. During pregnancy in chronic HCV infection a significant reduction in mean ALT levels has been reported, with a rebound during the post-partum period. In very few cases exacerbation of chronic hepatitis C has been reported in pregnancy. A co-factor which might play a role in the reduction of liver damage is the release of the endogenous IFN from the placenta. Observations regarding serum HCV-RNA concentration have been variable. In some women HCV-RNA levels rise toward the end of pregnancy. In general, pregnancy does not have a negative effect on either HBV or HCV infection. Conversely, chronic hepatitis does not appear to have an adverse effect on the course of pregnancy, or the birth weight of the newborn infant. The role of spontaneous abortion is approximately the same as in the general population. The overall rate of mother-to-child transmission for HCV is 1.7% if the mother is known to be anti-HCV positive only. If the mother is known to be viraemic, that is HCV-RNA-positive, the rate is 4.3%. Co-infection with HIV increases the rate of mother-to-child transmission up to 19.4%. Numerous risk factors for vertical transmission have been studied. In general, high viral load defined as at least 2.5 x 10 6 viral RNA copies/ml, HIV coinfection and invasive procedures are the most important factors. Both Interferon and Ribavirin are contraindicated during pregnancy. Viral clearance prior to pregnancy would increase the likelihood that a woman remains non-viraemic in pregnancy with a consequent reduced risk of vertical transmission.
La cohorte de ancianos NEDICES. Metodología y principales hallazgos neurológicos

AIM: To summarise the methodological aspects and main findings of the NEDICES (Neurological Disorders in Central Spain) cohort study of the elderly population, with over 5000 participants. DEVELOPMENT: The article outlines the findings concerning the following chronic neurological diseases (CND): dementia, Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonisms, stroke and essential, or senile, tremor. The NEDICES study examined the health, mortality and a series of sociological aspects of the cohort that are not discussed here. The paper does describe, however, the objectives, methods, population and development, with the baseline (1994) and incidence (1997) cut-off points, and the main findings regarding the CND under study are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and incidence of the CND are comparable to those of other Spanish and European population-based studies, but with certain peculiarities, such as the fact that incidence of senile tremor is the highest of those reported in the literature and that this CND is associated with dementia. Over half the cases of Parkinson's disease were reported de novo with the study and Alzheimer's disease was associated with vascular risk factors.
The Influence of Personalization in Affecting Consumer Attitudes toward Mobile Advertising in China

The high penetration rate of mobile phones has resulted in the increasing use of handheld devices to conduct mobile commerce. Mobile advertising, a very important class of mobile commerce applications, is a very promising direct marketing channel empowered by the Web's interactive and quick-response capabilities. Short Messaging Services, in particular, have been very successful. The present research investigates the factors that will affect consumer attitudes toward mobile advertising in China with particular emphasis on personalization. The results of a survey indicate that (1) there is a direct relationship between consumer attitudes and consumer intentions and (2) personalization is one of the most important factors in affecting consumers' attitude toward mobile advertising, particularly for female users. Thus the designers and marketers should effectively strategize their advertising designs by considering the personalization factor.
La obsidiana en la Relación de Michoacán y en la realidad arqueológica: del símbolo al uso o del uso del símbolo.

Los tarascos (periodo posclasico: 1200 - 1520 d.C.) siempre atribuyeron a la obsidiana, a semejanza de otras poblaciones de Mesoamerica, un papel sumamente importante. Las fuentes etnohistoricas, tal como el relato mitico de la Relacion de Michoacan, sacralizan la obsidiana, que encarna el poder real y divino. De su lado, la arqueologia tiende a demostrar, en cambio, que la obsidiana, cuando era labrada, era un material muy comun, al alcance de todos y consumido en cantidades abundantes, en cualquiera forma o color. Basandose en estas dos fuentes de informacion, el articulo examina diferentes aspectos ligados a la obsidiana: la etimologia, la organizacion socio-economica, los usos concretos, y las funciones simbolicas estrechamente ligadas a la religion y el poder politico de los tarascos.
Geo-Effective Heliophysical Variations and Human Physiological State

A group of 86 volunteers was examined on each working day in autumn 2001 and in spring 2002. These periods were chosen because of maximal expected geomagnetic activity. There were 26 persons in the group on a drug treatment, mainly because of hypertension. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were registered. Pulse pressure was calculated. Data about subjective psycho-physiological complaints of the persons examined were also gathered. Altogether 2799 recordings were obtained and analyzed. MANOVA was employed to check the significance of the influence of three factors on the physiological parameters under consideration. The factors were as follows: 1) geomagnetic activity estimated by H-component of the local geomagnetic field and divided into five levels; 2) gender – males and females; 3) presence of medication. Post hoc analysis was performed to elicit the significance of differences in the factors’ levels. The average arterial blood pressure, pulse pressure and the percentage of the persons in the group with subjective psycho-physiological complaints were found to increase significantly with the increase of geomagnetic activity. The maximal increment of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 10-11% and for pulse pressure 13.6%. Analyses revealed that females and persons on a medication were more sensitive to the increase of geomagnetic activity than respectively males and persons with no medication.
Role of metformin in the management of antipsychotic‐induced weight gain

Overweight and obesity are a threat to health, longevity and quality of life. With the growing trend of using atypical antipsychotics for various psychiatric disorders, concern regarding adverse effects has shifted from extrapyramidal side effects to weight gain and metabolic abnormalities. In this review, the author analyses the extent of the problem, the evidence base for using metformin to counteract the weight gain, and prescribing advice for using metformin effectively.
The impact of open access

Between June of 2004 and May of 2005, the number of unique users accessing the Journal of the Medical Library Association (JMLA) and its predecessor, the Bulletin of the Medical Library Association (BMLA), on the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Central (PMC) system averaged just over 20,000 per month. When I first saw these numbers on the PMC administration site, I was astonished. The members of the Medical Library Association (MLA) itself (who we might presume are the main audience of the JMLA) number only about 4,500, and the print run of the journal is generally in the neighborhood of 5,000 copies. It seemed likely to me that the number of unique readers in any given month would be just some fraction of that core audience.
The role of cosmopolitanism on perceptions of authenticity of perfumes and consumer behaviour: an investigation in Saudi Arabia

Consumer demand for perfumes in Saudi Arabia is strong but with the demand increasingly focused on perfumes imported from Western countries rather than on traditional perfumes made in Saudi Arabia. There is, however, little information to understand why Saudi Arabian consumers appear to prefer Western perfumes. It may be because Saudi Arabian consumers are being increasingly exposed to, and have interactions with, other cultures both in Saudi Arabia and overseas. As such, they may be more cosmopolitan in their attitudes and consumption, and their perception of what is authentic is changing.
On nonlinear controllers for persistent disturbance rejection

An l/sub 1/-optimal linear time-invariant (LTI) compensator may have an order significantly higher than that of the plant. In the state feedback case, there has been recent work exploring the use of nonlinear static feedback controllers which provide near optimal performance. Here we show that such controllers are noise tolerant and we derive a superposition-like bound on the closed loop performance in the event that the plant initial condition, the disturbance, and the noise are all non-zero.
Improving Performance Understanding with Visual Presentations: An Experimental Study

The presentation format of information related to business performance might determine interested parties’ understanding of that performance. To address this point, this research involves an experimental study with 276 respondents, whose understanding depends not just on presentation format but also on task complexity and the disclosed performance indicator. Moreover, combined effects emerge between the presentation format and task complexity. Tables improve understanding; graphs are quicker to read but less precise. The more complex the task, the less effective graphs are. Furthermore, dividend per share as a performance indicator provides both better response quality and time than earning per share, regardless of the presentation format.
Community-based progressive resistance strength training in traumatic brain injury: A multiple, single-system, trial

The aim of the study was to investigate if progressive resistance strength training (PRST) can have a beneficial effect on muscle weakness, activity limitations and participation restrictions in adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Seven people, six men and one woman, participated in this AB single-system trial. The mean age was 35.6 years (range 21.0–63.0, SD = 14.0), the mean time after head injury was 14.5 years (range 4.5–26.0, SD = 8.7) and the mean for length of coma was 11.3 weeks (range 0.3 to 16.0, SD = 6.1). After an 8-week baseline phase, community-based PRST was conducted twice a week for 8 weeks. Changes in maximal isotonic strength (1RM for arm and leg press), activity limitation (maximal gait speed and three items on the Motor Assessment Scale, MAS) and participation restriction (BICRO-39 Scale) were evaluated across the baseline and intervention phases. Leg press strength significantly increased in four participants and arm press strength significantly increased in two participants. Two improved on the sit-to-stand item (MAS). Maximal gait speed and the BICRO-39 Scale scores did not change. Following a TBI, some adults increased their muscle strength and improved their ability to stand up following a community-based PRST programme.
Bevordering van arbeidsparticipatie en autonomie van nierpatiënten.

Nierpatienten die positiever tegen hun ziekte aankijken en zich minder betutteld voelen, ervaren meer grip op hun leven en hebben vaker werk. Een cursus voor nierpatienten helpt hen het leven meer in eigen hand te nemen. Nierpatienten werken minder vaak en zijn ook op andere terreinen minder actief dan gezonde mensen. Dialyse blijkt voor veel patienten lastig te combineren met werk en andere activiteiten. Slechts een kwart heeft een betaalde baan. Vaak verliezen patienten hun werk al in de fase voorafgaand aan dialyse. Met subsidie van Nierstichting Nederland en Stichting Instituut Gak deed het NIVEL (Nederlands instituut voor onderzoek naar de gezondheidszorg) samen met het Hans Mak Instituut onderzoek naar factoren die werk en dagelijks leven van mensen met nierziekte belemmeren. Vervolgens ontwikkelden de onderzoekers de cursus ‘Sterk door werk’ om nierpatienten te helpen de ziekte in te passen in hun dagelijks leven. Perceptie en omgeving “Nierpatienten die positiever tegen hun ziekte aankijken, ervaren meer grip op hun leven en hebben vaker werk”, stelt NIVEL-onderzoeker Daphne Jansen. “Natuurlijk maakt het ook uit hoe ernstig de nierziekte is, maar dat is zeker niet de enige factor. Door praktijkvoorbeelden te geven hoe andere patienten erin slagen actief te blijven, proberen we pessimistische ideeen en misvattingen weg te nemen en alternatieven te bieden. Tegelijkertijd moeten we onze aandacht ook richten op de omgeving. Zodat familie, artsen en werkgevers minder betuttelend worden en een patient meer ruimte bieden zijn leven in eigen hand te houden. Ze moeten een patient op een positieve manier vanuit zijn wensen ondersteunen. Ook nierpatienten moeten in hun leven de dingen kunnen doen die ze graag willen. ” Stappenplan De cursus wordt gegeven aan groepen patienten die worden voorbereid op dialyse of al dialyseren en hun eventuele partners, als aanvulling op bestaande begeleiding zoals patientenvoorlichting en beweegprogramma’s. De cursus is erop gericht de opvattingen over de nierziekte en de behandeling positief te beinvloeden en voorziet ook in een praktisch stappenplan om – ondanks de beperkingen door de ziekte – aan het werk te blijven en andere activiteiten te blijven doen. Bijvoorbeeld door te leren duidelijke en realistische doelen te stellen en aan de slag te gaan met voorstellen voor aanpassing van de werksituatie of de tijdsbesteding. De cursus wordt vanaf komend najaar aangeboden in dialysecentra. Het NIVEL zal de resultaten evalueren. Grip “Behoud van werk is een belangrijk thema van de cursus. Er is nog weinig structurele aandacht voor psychologische factoren, zoals persoonlijke opvattingen en de rol van de omgeving. Terwijl die wel een rol spelen bij leven en werken met een nierziekte”, verklaart Daphne Jansen. “We verwachten dat patienten door de cursus gaan zien dat er ook nog veel mogelijk is en dat zij leren hoe zij hun werk en vrijetijdsbesteding kunnen blijven doen op een manier die bij hen past. Zo houden ze grip op hun leven. Of patienten hierdoor ook daadwerkelijk vaker aan het werk blijven moet blijken uit de evaluatie. ”
The clinical measurement of joint motion

Especially recommended for the physician or therapist working in a busy clinic. Discusses appropriate techniques for measuring motion of the spine and extremities, and, where appropriate, normal joint kinesiology, the range of normal joint motion, and change in motion with age. Methods discussed were selected for accuracy and predictabililty.