Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The power of a smile: Stronger working memory effects for happy faces in adolescents compared to adults

Theories of adolescent behaviour attribute increases in risk-taking and sensation-seeking in this age group to a heightened sensitivity to emotional stimuli on the one hand and a relatively immature cognitive control system on the other hand. However, little research has outlined to what extent relevant and irrelevant emotional stimuli bias the imbalance between affective processing and cognitive control. Thirty-three adolescents (19 females, aged 12–14) and 37 adults (18 females, aged 18–29) completed two attentional conditions of an emotional face working memory (WM) 0-back/2-back task. Participants were asked to attend to the emotional facial expression in the “relevant” emotion condition, and to the gender of the face in the “irrelevant” condition. The results revealed a WM improvement for happy faces in the relevant condition in both age groups, and an impairment for irrelevant happy faces in adolescents, but not adults. Furthermore, the difference between both attentional conditions for happy faces was larger in adolescents than adults. Results are discussed within the framework of theories of adolescent behaviour.
Multiple three‐dimensional mammalian cell aggregates formed away from solid substrata in ultrasound standing waves

Single and multiple three‐dimensional cell aggregates of human red blood cells (RBCs) and HepG2 cells were formed rapidly in low mega‐Hertz ultrasound standing wave fields of different geometries. A single discoid aggregate was formed in a half‐wavelength pathlength resonator at a cell concentration sufficient to produce a 3D structure. Multiple cell aggregates were formed on the axis of a cylindrical resonator with a plane transducer (discoid aggregates); in a resonator with a tubular transducer and in the cross‐fields of plane and tubular transducers and two plane orthogonal transducers (all cylindrical aggregates). Mechanically strong RBC aggregates were obtained by crosslinking with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA, a lectin). Scanning electron microscopy showed aggregate surface porous structures when RBCs were mixed with WGA before sonication and tighter packing when ultrasonically preformed aggregates were subsequently exposed to a flow containing WGA. HepG2 cell aggregates showed strong accumulation of F‐actin at sites of cell–cell contact consistent with increased mechanical stability. The aggregates had a porous surface, and yet confocal microscopy revealed a tight packing of cells in the aggregate's inner core. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog. , 2009
Crystalline two-dimensional DNA-origami arrays.

Nanotechnology aims to organize matter with the highest possible accuracy and control. Such control will lead to nanoelectronics, nanorobotics, programmable chemical synthesis, scaffolded crystals, and nanoscale systems responsive to their environments. Structural DNA nanotechnology1 is one of the most powerful routes to this goal. It combines robust branched DNA species with the control of affinity and structure2 inherent in the programmability of sticky ends. The successes of structural DNA nanotechnology include the formation of objects,3 2D crystals,4 3D crystals,5 nanomechanical devices,6 and various combinations of these species (e.g., ref. 7). DNA origami8 is arguably the most effective way of producing a large addressable area on a 2D DNA surface. This method entails the combination of a long single strand (typically M13 single-stranded form, 7249 nucleotides) with about ~250 staple strands to define its shape and patterning. With a pixilation estimated at about 6 nm,8 it is possible to build patterns with about 100 addressable points within a definable shape in an area of about 10,000 nm2. Many investigators have sought unsuccessfully to increase the useful size of 2D origami units by forming crystals of individual origami tiles.0 Here, we report the 2D crystallization of origami tiles to yield a 2D array with dimensions 2–3 microns on an edge. This size is likely to be large enough to connect bottom-up methods of patterning with top-down approaches.
Intelligent User Interfaces : Modelling the User

Current user interfaces are very complex with a large number of functions. Intelligent user interfaces try to help the users performing their tasks. We describe how (Horvitz et al. 1998) construct and created a user model to meet the different challenges which exist. Building on this, we first look how (Hui & Boutilier 2006) model the user’s features explicitly to suggest help based on the user’s state. Secondly, we explore how (Shen et al. 2006) predict the user’s current task. Introduction Current user interfaces (UIs) are often “bloated” (McGrenere, Baecker, & Booth 2002) and user tasks are getting more complex and more complicated. In these cases artificial intelligence can help to reduce the “bloat” in user interfaces and assist the user. However, several challenges arise when adapting the user interface or providing help: Interpreting user’s activities and predicting goals correctly is very difficult because it is many faceted and the system has only a limited amount of observations. These consist normally of the user’s interaction with the interface. Additionally the decisions have to be made online in a timely manner. For these predictions a model has to be created in most cases. Here it is difficult to determine which variables depend on others and in which way they influence each other. Once a model is created, the model’s parameters have to be learned and in some cases missing data to complete the model is a further difficulty. Structure of Intelligent UIs In general intelligent user interfaces are structured as shown in figure 1. We have a model of arbitrary complexity which observers the user interfaces, i.e. the user interaction with the computer. Based on prior knowledge (included in the model) and previous and current observations it decides how to adapt or affect the user interface for the user. A user model can consist of a large number of facets. We will discuss in this paper two of the most import ones in detail. On the one hand there are the users features and needs and on the other hand the user’s goals and tasks, i.e. what the user is doing and wants to achieve. First we will look on a more general approach on how to build user models. Then we will focus first on features and needs and then on goals and tasks. Artificial Intelligence 1 Uwe Schmidt, Marcus Rohrbach 2006-11-20 Intelligent User Interfaces: Modelling the User 6 Intelligent User Interfaces Features, Needs Goals Tasks User Interface Observations affects User Model
The determiner congruency effect in language production investigated with functional MRI

In language production, naming a picture with a gender‐marked determiner phrase is faster in the presence of a distractor noun with the same grammatical gender (congruent condition) as compared with a different grammatical gender (incongruent condition). We investigated the neural correlates of this determiner congruency effect in German with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants named pictures of real objects with determiner phrases (e.g. “der Tisch”—the table) in the presence of a gender‐congruent or gender‐incongruent distractor noun. Different comparisons allow the following functional segregation within the prefrontal cortex. First, the comparison between picture naming versus rest revealed a steeper slope of the haemodynamic response function (HRF) in the gender‐congruent than the gender‐incongruent condition in the left BA 44, suggesting the involvement of BA 44 in determiner selection. HRF amplitude differences between the congruent and the incongruent condition were observed outside the language network in the right fronto‐median wall (congruent > incongruent), and in the left premotor cortex, middle frontal gyrus, cerebellum, and inferior parietal lobe (incongruent > congruent). The latter regions are known to be involved in the processing of incongruence and conflict in general. The data thus reveal the involvement of the left BA 44 in the selection of determiners for language production. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Annual variations in grass pollen seasons in London 1961–1990: trends and forecast models

The record of daily average grass pollen concentrations monitored at St Mary's Hospital, Paddington. London, U.K. since 1961 is the longest duration pollen data set in Europe. Analysis of the results identifies the trends and characteristics of grass pollen seasons over three decades. During this lime seasonal allergic rhinitis has increased significantly in Britain. The annual start dates, length of season and severity are examined in relation to the main meteorological variables of cumulated temperatures above 5‐5°C and precipitation measured at one site within London and two in the surrounding rural areas. Land‐use changes are also considered. Significant decreases have taken place in both the duration and severity of the seasons, particularly between the 1960s and the early 1970s but also through the last 20 yr. This is largely a result of a decrease in pollen abundance in the region. The decline in pollen counts has slowed in recent years due to the increase in flowering grasses caused by the seaside policy and by uncut verges. Grass pollen seasons have tended to start later over the last two decades, despite an increase in the cumulated temperature profiles during late winter and spring. Empirical models have been developed using multiple regressions to incorporate meteorological and pollen data for the last 20 yr in order to forecast the start dates. duration and severity of the grass pollen seasons. These models were applied successful using the data for 1991 and 1992. Predictions of the main characteristics on the pollen seasons can be obtained relatively early in the year through the use of these models by employing the monthly weather forecasts in conjunction with long‐term average weather profiles.
Traumatic brain injury opens blood–brain barrier to stealth liposomes via an enhanced permeability and retention (EPR)-like effect

Abstract The opening of the tight junctions in the blood–brain barrier (BBB) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is hypothesized to be sufficient to enable accumulation of large drug carriers, such as stealth liposomes, in a similar manner to the extravasation seen in tumor tissue via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The controlled cortical impact model of TBI was used to evaluate liposome accumulation in mice. Dual-radiolabeled PEGylated liposomes were administered either immediately after induction of TBI or at increasing times post-TBI to mimic the likely clinical scenario. The accumulation of radiolabel in the brain tissue ipsilateral and contralateral to the site of trauma, as well as in other organs, was evaluated. Selective influx of liposomes occurred at 0–8 h after injury, while the barrier closed between 8 and 24 hr after injury, consistent with reports on albumin infiltration. Significantly enhanced accumulation of liposomes occurred in mice subjected to TBI compared to anaesthetized controls, and accumulation was greater in the injured versus the contralateral side of the brain. Thus, stealth liposomes show potential to enhance drug delivery to the site of brain injury with a wide range of encapsulated therapeutic candidates.
Game-theoretic approaches to randomness: unpredictability and stochasticity. (Caractérisations de l'aléatoire par les jeux: imprédictibilité et stochasticité)

This thesis is a contribution to the study of the different notions of effective randomness for individual ob jects (mainly binary sequences, finite or infinite). In the first chapter, we consider various game-theoretic approaches to randomness (via martingales and strategies), and we compare them to the historical approach by frequency stability, which goes back to the work of von Mises in the beginning of the 20th century. The principal result of the first chapter is an explicit relation between the ? speed of success? of a martingale (or strategy) on a sequence and the bias of the selected subsequences. The second chapter focuses on the links between the various randomness notions for infinite sequences and the notion of Kolmogorov complexity (or program-size complexity), defined to be the size of the shortest program which outputs a given finite ob ject. Many results are already known in this direction. We present a new approach, using computable upper bounds of Kolmogorov complexity instead of Kolmogorov complexity itself. This turns out to be a very unifying approach, in the sense that it allows us to characterize a wide variety of randomness notions, even some for which Kolmogorov complexity fails. The third and last chapter studies the extension of all randomness notions to wider classes of probability measures, and more specifically the equivalence relations induced by the randomness notions (where we say that two measures are equivalent if they have the same random sequences). A constructive proof of Kakutani? s theorem (a criterion of equivalence for generalized Bernoulli measures) is presented. Finally, in great generality (i.e. for arbitrary computable measures), we give a complete hierarchical classification of the induced equivalence relations.
Minimally manipulated oligodendrocyte precursor cells retain exclusive commitment to the oligodendrocyte lineage following transplantation into intact and injured hippocampus

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are widely regarded as the best characterized cell population in the mammalian CNS and until recently were believed to be a lineage‐restricted precursor terminally differentiating to postmitotic oligodendrocytes. Recent evidence has suggested that OPCs may have in vitro and in vivo neuronal potential. In this report we examine the differentiation potential of cortical OPC populations following transplantation into the neurogenic environment of the intact neonatal and adult hippocampus. Donor OPCs were minimally manipulated and not subjected to long‐term ex vivo manipulation such as expansion or treatment with mitogens. Minimally manipulated OPCs did not exhibit any intrinsic neuronal potential in vitro prior to transplantation. Following transplantation of GFP‐OPCs into intact neonatal and adult hippocampus, cells were able to survive and integrate for at least 14 weeks but did not exhibit neuronal differentiation. Induction of a focal neurotoxic lesion also did not result in neuronal differentiation of graft‐derived OPCs. These findings show that unselected and unmanipulated populations of cortical OPCs remain as precursor cells, commit to the oligodendrocyte lineage and fail to respond to the extrinsic cues of a neurogenic or injured environment.
POSSIBILITIES TO ANTICIPATE THE QUALITY OF LIFE AFTER PRIMARY TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY

The primary total hip arthroplasty is considered to be one of the most effective orthopaedic surgeries, resulting in a substantial improvement of the quality of life in the operated patients. Nevertheless, not all cases reach satisfactory outcomes, not being always able to determine the cause of this failure. A series of studies have tried to define the risk factors, obtaining contradictory results in this respect. This paper aims at making a prospective study on the influence of some risk factors that would lead to an unsatisfactory outcome, in 100 patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty and were consecutively included. The factors under study were gender, age, diagnosis requiring arthroplasty, functional status of contralateral hip, body mass index, prosthesis type. The preoperative and postoperative functional status was determined by the Harris Hip Score and by the quality of postoperative life, based on a SF-36 type questionnaire. The average results of the Harris Hip Score are very homogeneous, both preand postoperatively. Preoperatively, there is a statistically significant negative difference only in the group of patients aged over 75 and postoperatively, there is a statistically significant positive difference for obese patients. Herein we analyze how each studied risk factor may influence the functional status and the quality of life. The results show that among all risk factors considered in our study, only old age (>75) and a preoperative poor functional status may have a negative influence on the quality of life.
Complement and kidney disease

Purpose of reviewThis review summarizes recent key findings relating to the role of the complement system in renal pathology. Recent findingsThere is increasing association of genetic variations in complement and complement control proteins with renal disease. Genome-wide association studies have shown that polymorphisms at the complement factor H-related gene locus are associated with susceptibility to IgA nephropathy and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Rare mutations in these genes are associated with familial forms of C3 glomerulopathy. Mutations in other complement genes have been associated with C3 glomerulopathy and hemolytic uremic syndrome. There are now several reports of the use of anti-C5 antibody therapy in renal disease. Preclinical studies have shown the utility of targeted inhibition of C3 activation in models of lupus glomerulonephritis and ischemia reperfusion injury. SummaryComplement activation or dysregulation is important in a range of renal pathology and new therapeutic strategies are being developed which may allow rational therapy for these diseases.
What Drives Q and Investment Fluctuations

A dynamic present-value relation implies that fluctuations in the marginal profit of capital to the marginal Q ratio (mq) are driven by shocks to expected growth of the marginal profit of capital (cash-ow channel), investment return shocks (discount-rate channel), or both. We find that, in contrast to the dividend-to-price ratio, mq strongly predicts expected marginal profitability growth at both short and long forecasting horizons, but not investment returns. This result is driven by both investment's response to expected marginal profit shocks and by mean reversion of profitability growth. Firms' technology parameters play a role in the variance decomposition of mq.
Anticipation in schizophrenia: a review and reconsideration.

There have been several reports on anticipation and schizophrenia, and the purpose of the present article is to review the literature and present data from an ongoing family study of schizophrenia. The published data find on average a 10-year difference in the age of onset between the parental and offspring generation in family sets that have been ascertained for a genetic linkage study. The biases inherent in such studies include the biases of ascertainment that were described by Penrose [1948]. Several investigators have searched for evidence of enlarged triplet repeats, and some find evidence consistent with expanded triplet repeats, whereas others do not. In any event the phenomenon of anticipation in schizophrenia appears to be consistently found and an explanation is needed. Data are presented from pairwise analyses using intergenerational pairs from 61 pedigrees with schizophrenia showing evidence of anticipation as well as the fertility bias. Anticipation was found in aunt:niece/nephew pairs (14.5 years) but not in uncle:niece/nephew pairs (0.5 years). The sex difference in age of onset was accentuated in uncles versus aunts (8.5 years), present in parents (4.5 years), but absent in the proband generation. Therefore, there appears to be an interaction within families between age of onset and sex that deserves further investigation. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 88:686-693, 1999.
Dietary intakes and food habits of adolescents in Northern Greece

The purpose of this study was to assess the dietary intakes and food habits of 582 adolescents in Northern Greece. Anthropometric data have been collected for all the participating adolescents. The prevalence of obesity as determined by both body mass index (BMI) and triceps skinfold thickness (TST) was higher for boys than for girls. Furthermore, boys had higher energy and macronutrient intakes compared to girls. Of total energy intake, 41% for boys and 43% for girls was derived from fat. Energy intake was found adequate whereas fat intake was much higher than recommended. A percentage of adolescents also had lower than recommended iron, vitamin A, folate and zinc intakes, showing an unbalanced diet.
Incidence of high blood lead levels in Chicago children.

The Chicago Board of Health in October 1986 began a mass-screening program using a blood lead test to detect lead poisoning in children. Atomic absorption spectroscopy made it possible to screen 5,000 specimens in 1 month, and to test a total of 68,744 children in 2 years. The incidence of high blood lead values was variable and seasonal it was lowest in November through January and highest in June. Control children exhibited the same seasonal variation in lead levels as did the children at-risk for lead poisoning. As a result of this program, 1,154 children were treated with chelates for lead poisoning in 1967 and 1968 at the Lead Poisoning Clinic, and the incidence of high blood lead levels among children living in the same areas declined from 8.5% in 1967 to 3.8% in 1968.
The effect of focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy on collagen matrix and gene expression in normal tendons and ligaments.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is frequently used in equine practice, but little is known about its biological action. OBJECTIVES To study the effects of ESWT on matrix structure and gene expression levels in normal, physiologically loaded tendinous structures in ponies. METHODS Six Shetland ponies, free of lameness and with ultrasonographically normal flexor and extensor tendons and suspensory ligaments (SL), were used. ESWT was applied at the origin of the suspensory ligament and the mid-metacarpal region of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) 6 weeks prior to sample taking, and at the mid-metacarpal region (ET) and the insertion on the extensor process of the distal phalanx (EP) of the common digital extensor tendon 3 h prior to tendon sampling. In all animals one forelimb was treated and the other limb was used as control. After euthanasia, tendon tissue was harvested for real-time PCR to determine gene expression levels and additional samples were taken for histological evaluation and biochemical analyses RESULTS Histologically a disorganisation of the normal collagen structure was observed 3 h after ESWT, remnants of which were still visible after 6 weeks. While degraded collagen levels showed an increase at 3 h post treatment (P= 0.012) they were reduced at 6 weeks post ESWT (P = 0.039). Gene expression for both COL1 (P = 0.004) and MMP14 (P = 0.020) was upregulated at 6 weeks after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Exposure of normal tendinous tissue to ESWT is not uneventful; it leads to a disorganisation of matrix structure and changes in degraded collagen levels. The upregulation of COL1 expression 6 weeks after ESWT may be indicative for repair. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE The observed disorganisation of the collagen network warrants caution when using ESWT. Exposing noninjured tissue to ESWT should be avoided and it may be advisable to restrict exercise in recently treated patients. However, the induced tissue disorganisation might also be a trigger for repair in chronic tendinopathies.