Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of the Avian Hippocampal Formation

Increasing knowledge of the avian hippocampal formation (hippocampus and parahippocampal area) suggests that it plays a role in a variety of behaviors, such as homing, cache retrieving, visual discrimination, imprinting, and sexual behavior. Knowledge of the neural circuits in the hippocampal formation and its related areas or nuclei is important for the understanding of these functions. This review therefore describes the functional neuroanatomy of the avian hippocampal formations, i.e., its subdivisions, cytoarchitecture, and afferent and efferent connections. Evidence obtained by a combination of Nissl staining and tract-tracing shows that the pigeon hippocampal formation can be divided into seven subdivisions: dorsolateral (DL), dorsomedial (DM), triangular (Tr), V-shaped (V), magnocellular (Ma), parvocellular, and cell-poor regions. DL and DM can be further divided into dorsal and ventral, and lateral and medial portions, respectively. In the hippocampal formation, reciprocal connections are found between DL-DM, DL-Tr, DL-Ma, DM-Ma, DM-V, and Tr-V. Neurons in the V-shaped layer appear to be intrinsic neurons. Sensory inputs from higher order visual and olfactory stations enter DL and DM, are modified or integrated by intrinsic hippocampal circuitry, and the outputs are sent, via DL and DM, to various telencephalic nuclei, septum, and hypothalamus. The neural pathways indicate that the hippocampal formation plays a central role in the limbic system, which also includes the dorsolateral corticoid area, nucleus taeniae of the amygdala, posterior pallial amygdala, septum, medial part of the anterior dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus, and the lateral mammillary nucleus. Connectional and comparative studies, including the use of kainic acid excitotoxicity, suggest that the V-shaped layer is comparable to the dentate gyrus of the mammalian hippocampal formation and DM to Ammon's horn and subiculum.
Immunofluorescence and Histochemical Methods for Neural M1 Pyruvate Kinase Localization

Abstract: The distribution of pyruvate kinase (ATP pyruvate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) in the nervous system has been studied by both immunofluorescence and a histochemical procedure using nitro blue tetrazolium. The localization in various parts of rat central nervous system in situ, cerebellar and cerebral cortex, was compared to that found in vitro in cultures of cerebellum, spinal ganglia, cerebral astrocytes, and skin fibroblasts. (1) Pyruvate kinase was found predominantly in the cytoplasm of neuronal cell bodies. (2) Large neurons were better visualized than small ones. (3) No glial localization was clearly demonstrated in situ, although this does not rule out the presence of some M1 pyruvate kinase. (4) Regions expected to be rich in nerve terminals, such as the cerebellar glomeruli or the cerebellar molecular layer, showed intense staining even when the cell bodies themselves were negative. This was expected, owing to the previous demonstration of the presence of M1 pyruvate kinase in nerve ending by subcellular fractionation methods. (5) The localization was similar in situ and in tissue culture, except that nerve processes were better seen in the latter and astrocytes were sometimes stained in vitro. (6) Variation in intensity of staining was observed in similar cell types in the same section or in the same culture. This could represent different metabolic or functional or maturational states.
Lumbar Strengthening in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients|Physiologic and Psychological Benefits

The effects of exercise for isolated lumbar extensor muscles were examined in 54 chronic low-back pain patients. Subjects were randomly assigned to a 10-week exercise program (N =31) or a wait-list control group (N = 23). Results indicated a significant increase in isometric lumbar extension strength for the treatment group and a significant reduction in reported pain compared with the control group (P 0.05). Treated subjects reported less physical and psychosocial dysfunction whereas the control group increased in pain, and physical and psychosocial dysfunction. There were no concomitant changes in reported daily activity levels. These results show that lumbar extension exercise is beneficial for strengthening the lumbar extensors and results in decreased pain and improved perceptions of physical and psychosocial functioning in chronic back pain patients. However, these improvements were not related to changes in activities or psychological distress.
Determining Consistency of Surrogate Decisions and End-of-Life Care Received with Patient Goals-of-Care Preferences.

BACKGROUND Care consistent with preferences is the goal of advance care planning (ACP). However, comparing written preferences to actual end-of-life care may not capture consistency of care with preferences. OBJECTIVE We evaluated four additional types of consistency, using prospective data on written preferences and active clinical decision making by patients and their surrogates. METHODS Secondary analysis of data was done from a trial of an ACP intervention for patient-surrogate dyads. Forty-five patients died during the trial and comprised the sample for the analysis. Sources of data included patients' preferences in a written goals-of-care tool, medical record reviews, and two-week postbereavement interviews with surrogates to complement medical record reviews. RESULTS Twenty-four patients (53.3%) received care consistent with written preferences and 11 (24.4%) inconsistent with written preferences. The remaining 10 patients (22.2%) died suddenly with no opportunity for treatment decision making. Eleven (24.4%) were able to participate in decision making with their surrogates; of those, 9 (81.8%) received care consistent with their expressed preferences. Twenty-two patients were incapacitated and thus the surrogate made treatment decisions alone; of those, 18 (81.8%) made decisions consistent with the patient's written preference. CONCLUSIONS Simply comparing documented preferences for end-of-life care and medical records of care delivered does not adequately reflect the process of ACP and treatment decision making at the end of life. To understand consistency between preferences and end-of-life care, investigators need data on written and real-time expressed preferences.
ANALISIS RASIO KEUANGAN DALAM MEMPREDIKSI PERUBAHAN LABA PADA PERUSAHAAN REAL ESTATE DAN PROPERTY DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA (BEI) DAN SINGAPURA (SGX)

Financial ratio analysis is considered important in recent years. This paper raises theproblem by questioning whether the financial ratio analysis can be used to predict thechange in profit in Real Estate and Property Companies registered in the BEI and SGX. It isalso requested whether there are differences in financial ratio analysis to predict changes inprofit in Real Estate and Property companies between BEI and SGX. The purpose of thisstudy to provide empirical evidence concerning the effect of financial ratio analysis forpredicting changes in income and whether there are differences in financial ratio analysis inpredicting changes that affect company profits on real estate and property in BEI and SGX.To test the hypothesis in this study, the research uses Multiple Linear Regression Method andChow Test with a significance level of 0.05. it can be generalized that the current ratio andprofit margin have a significant effect in predicting earnings changes in real estate andproperty companies in BEI. Turnover of total assets and profit margins have a significanteffect in predicting earnings changes in real estate and property companies in SGX. And, thechow test can be concluded that there are differences that affect the financial ratio analysisin predicting earnings changes in real estate and property companies in BEI and SGX
A monolithic SiC drive circuit for SiC Power BJTs

Silicon Carbide (SiC) is an excellent candidate for high temperature electronics applications, thanks to its wide bandgap. SiC power BJTs are commercially available nowadays, and it is demanding to drive them efficiently. This paper reports on the design, layout specifics, and measurements results of a SiC drive integrated circuit (IC) designed for driving SiC power BJTs. The circuit has been tested in different loading conditions (resistive and capacitive), at switching frequencies up to 500kHz, and together with a commercial power BJT. The SiC drive IC is shown to have a robust operation over the entire temperature range from 25 °C to 500 °C.
Women’s expectations and experiences regarding e-health treatment: A systematic review

There is a gap in knowledge of women’s perceptions of e-health treatment. This review aims to investigate women’s expectations and experiences regarding e-health. A search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycInfo in March 2016. We included articles published between 2000 and March 2016, reporting on e-health interventions. The initial search yielded 2987 articles. Eventually, 16 articles reporting on 16 studies were included. Barriers to e-health treatment were lower for women than barriers to face-to-face treatment, such as feelings of shame and time constraints. Women were able to develop an online therapeutic relationship. As reduced feelings of obligation and lack of motivation were women’s greatest challenges in completing e-health treatment, they expressed a wish for more support during e-health treatment, preferably blended care. e-Health lowers the threshold for women to seek healthcare. Combining e-health interventions with face-to-face sessions may enhance women’s motivation to complete treatment.
Clustering and profiling of customers using RFM for customer relationship management recommendations

The problem faced by the company is how to determine potential customers and apply CRM (Customer Relationship Management) in order to perform the right marketing strategy, so it can bring benefits to the company. This research aims to perform clustering and profiling customer by using the model of Recency Frequency and Monetary (RFM) to provide customer relationship management (CRM) recommendation to middle industrial company. The method used in this study consists of four steps: data mining from transaction history data of customer sales, data mining modeling using RFM with K-Means algorithm and customer classification with desicion tree (J48), determination of customer loyalty level and recommendation of customer relationship management (CRM) on the medium-sized industry. This research produces RFM data mining model for medium industrial companies. In addition, the results of the study provide recommendations of four customer segments and characteristics of each customer to perform customer relationship strategy.
Emotional state estimation using a modified gradient-based neural architecture with weighted estimates

We present a minimalist two-hidden-layer neural architecture for emotional state estimation using electroencephalogram (EEG) data. Our model introduces a new meta-parameter, referred to as reinforced gradient coefficient, to overcome the peculiar vanishing gradient behaviour, thereby enabling the network to further explore the gradient landscape. This allows our model to further reduce its deviation from expected prediction to significantly minimize its estimation error. Furthermore, it adopts a weighing step that captures the discrepancy between two consecutive predictions during training. The value of this weighing factor is learned throughout the training phase, given its positive effect on the overall prediction accuracy of the model. We validate our approach through comparative analysis of its performance in contrast with state-of-the-art techniques in the literature, using two well known EEG databases. Our model shows significant improvement on prediction accuracy of emotional states of human subjects, while maintaining a highly simple, minimalist architecture.
Specialized medical search-engines are no better than general search-engines in sourcing consumer information about androgen deficiency.

BACKGROUND The Internet provides consumers with access to online health information; however, identifying relevant and valid information can be problematic. Our objectives were firstly to investigate the efficiency of search-engines, and then to assess the quality of online information pertaining to androgen deficiency in the ageing male (ADAM). METHODS Keyword searches were performed on nine search-engines (four general and five medical) to identify website information regarding ADAM. Search-engine efficiency was compared by percentage of relevant websites obtained via each search-engine. The quality of information published on each website was assessed using the DISCERN rating tool. RESULTS Of 4927 websites searched, 47 (1.44%) and 10 (0.60%) relevant websites were identified by general and medical search-engines respectively. The overall quality of online information on ADAM was poor. The quality of websites retrieved using medical search-engines did not differ significantly from those retrieved by general search-engines. CONCLUSION Despite the poor quality of online information relating to ADAM, it is evident that medical search-engines are no better than general search-engines in sourcing consumer information relevant to ADAM.
Moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest in total arch repair for acute type A aortic dissection: clinical safety and efficacy.

BACKGROUND Continued debates exist regarding the optimal temperature during hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) in aortic arch repair for patients with type A aortic dissection (TAAD). This study seeks to examine whether the use of moderate HCA in emergency aortic arch surgery provides comparable operative outcomes to deep HCA for patients with acute TAAD. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 74 consecutive patients (mean age 47.7±9.8 years, 54 males) with acute TAAD, who underwent emergency total arch replacement and frozen elephant trunk implantation under HCA (18-28 °C) with unilateral selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (uSACP). Patients were divided into two groups based on the nasopharyngeal temperature at the initiation of HCA: deep HCA (DHCA, <20 °C) in 35 (47.3%) and moderate HCA (MHCA, 20-28 °C) in 39 (52.7%). Operative outcomes including mortality, morbidity and visceral organ functions were compared between the two groups. RESULTS The mean times of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and aortic cross-clamp were 211±54 and 238±62 minutes (P=0.053) and 118±27 and 142±45 minutes (P=0.005) in the MHCA and DHCA groups, respectively. Operative mortality did not differ between two groups (10.2% in MHCA vs. 14.3% in DHCA groups, P=0.862). Nor did the incidence of morbidities differ between the two groups (P>0.05). The temporal trend in the changes of postoperative levels of creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin and lactate did not differ between two groups (P>0.05). Multivariate analysis found that the temperature during HCA (MHCA vs. DHCA) did not affect operative mortality, morbidities and neurologic complications. Instead, CPB time (in minutes) was the risk factor for operative mortality (odds ratio, 1.032; 95% confidence interval, 1.004-1.061; P=0.023). CONCLUSIONS Moderate HCA is associated with equivalent operative mortality and morbidity and visceral organ functions compared to deep HCA in patients with acute TAAD undergoing total arch replacement under uSACP. This study implies the clinical safety and efficacy of moderate HCA in emergency aortic arch repair for such patients, which provides equivalent cerebral and visceral organ protection while decreasing CPB and cross-clamp times without increasing the risk of operative mortality and morbidity.
Occupational health provision in UK universities.

BACKGROUND Very few studies have been done of occupational health provision across an entire employment sector and universities are particularly understudied. The British government published updated guidance on university occupational health in 2006. AIM To describe the occupational health services to all the universities in the UK. METHODS All 117 universities in the UK were included. Detailed surveys were carried out in 2002, 2003 and 2004 requesting self-completed information from each university occupational health service. This paper presents information on general characteristics of the service, staffing, services provided and outcome reporting. RESULTS There was variation in the type of occupational health provision; half the universities had an in-house occupational health service, 32% used a contractor, 9% relied on the campus primary care or student health service and 9% had ad hoc or no arrangements. In all, 93 of the 117 (79%) universities responded to the detailed questionnaire, the response rate being higher from in-house services and from larger universities. There was a wide variation in staffing levels but the average service was small, staffed by one full-time nurse with one half-day of doctor time per week and a part-time clerical or administrative member of staff. A range of services was provided but, again, there was wide variation between universities. CONCLUSIONS It is unclear if the occupational health provision to universities is proportional to their needs. The wide variation suggests that some universities may have less adequate services than others.
Government Intervention and Strategic Trading in the U.S. Treasury Market

We study the impact of permanent open market operations (POMOs) by the Federal Reserve on U.S. Treasury market liquidity. Using a parsimonious model of speculative trading, we conjecture that i) this form of government intervention improves market liquidity, contrary to conclusions drawn by existing literature; and ii) the extent of this improvement depends on the market’s information environment. Evidence from a novel sample of Federal Reserve POMOs during the 2000s indicates that bid–ask spreads of on-the-run Treasury securities decline when POMOs are executed, by an amount increasing in proxies for information heterogeneity among speculators, fundamental volatility, and POMO policy uncertainty, consistent with our model.
Family involvement and R&D expenses in the context of weak property rights protection: an examination of non-state-owned listed companies in China

ABSTRACT The impact of family involvement on firm behaviour is an issue of global interest, yet paradoxically few studies examine the behaviour of family firms in the unique socio-political environment of China. We investigate the cross-institutional generalizability of the behavioural agency model, emphasizing the non-economic goals of controlling families as a driver of unique yet predictable behaviours in Chinese family firms and examine the relationship between family involvement and the R&D expenses reported by these firms. We propose that in a context of weak property rights protection such as China’s, the opportunity for family owners to attain transgenerational control is subject to the additional risk of state predation. We consequently expect economic goals to prevail over family-centred non-economic goals in Chinese family firms and hypothesize that their reported R&D expenses increase with family involvement due to severe Type II agency problems. Moreover, we examine the effect of positive and negative performance feedback on this relationship. Longitudinal data from non-state-owned listed companies in China provide overall support for these contentions. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
Discussion of Educating for Accounting Expertise: A Field Study

Stone and Shelley set out to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program known as Project Discovery (PD), a joint project of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) and the University of Notre Dame. The paper submitted for this Journal issue was significantly revised after the conference. Hence, this discussion combines points raised during the conference with my own observations about the post-conference revisions to the paper. The PD program differs from a traditional accounting program in several ways that are described by Stone and Shelley, by documents provided at an Accounting Education Change Commission-sponsored Project Discovery Conference that took place at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in October 1996, and by documents on the UIUC website [http://www.cba. uiuc.edu/-accy/projdisc/pdintro.htm]. The two most fundamental differences are the change in pedagogy (moving from a lecture-centered approach to an active-learning approach) and the change in emphasis from a traditional focus on declarative knowledge to an emphasis on development of intellectual skills (e.g., analytical, communication, and interpersonal skills) and attitudes (e.g., tolerance for ambiguity, attitudes about programmatic success). These changes also yield a major change in performance evaluation methods. For example, the Project Discovery Conference documents indicate that multiplechoice exam questions have been virtually eliminated, being superseded
Multiple causal pathways in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder – Do emerging executive and motivational deviations precede symptom development?

ABSTRACT The multiple causal pathways model on the etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is well established. However, developmental implications of the model are not yet sufficiently analyzed. The model implies that critical neural and neuropsychological deviations from normative development precede secondarily developing ADHD symptoms. Cognitive, “cool” inhibitory control (CIC) and reward-related, “hot” functions (RRF) are regarded as neuropsychological basic deficits that indicate independent causal pathways. Both functions involve top-down control networks that undergo major normative developmental changes in the preschool period. We formalized the following assumptions in a path model: (a) CIC and RRF predict change in ADHD symptoms in the preschool period, (b) the reverse is not true, and (c) CIC and RRF independently contribute to this prediction. A community-based sample of 125 (71 boys) preschoolers was assessed at at age 4 and 5 years. At each assessment wave, CIC and RRF were measured by a battery of age-appropriate valid tasks. ADHD symptoms were measured by a clinical parent interview. Evaluation of model fit using manifest maximum likelihood parameter estimation clearly supported the hypothesized path model while controlling for gender of child and maternal education level. Thus, regarding the basic deficits of CIC and RRF, the results add evidence on the developmental implications of the multiple causal pathways model. Our findings point to the potential significance of these early emerging characteristics as indicators of risk and as targets for preventive interventions.
College English teaching reform based on college English Curriculum Requirements

Based on the newly-issued College English Curriculum Requirements, this article mainly discusses the college English course reform in Shenyang Jianzhu University from such aspects as teaching conception, teaching methods, teaching techniques, and teaching evaluation. It aims to, through analysis and summarization, discover an optimized path of college English course reform to suit the case of universities alike and cater the needs of social demands.