Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anaplasma phagocytophilum Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase 1 Affects Host-Derived Immunopathology during Microbial Colonization

ABSTRACT Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen that provokes an acute inflammatory response during mammalian infection. The illness caused by A. phagocytophilum, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, occurs irrespective of pathogen load and results instead from host-derived immunopathology. Thus, characterizing A. phagocytophilum genes that affect the inflammatory process is critical for understanding disease etiology. By using an A. phagocytophilum Himar1 transposon mutant library, we showed that a single transposon insertion into the A. phagocytophilum dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase 1 gene (lpda1 [APH_0065]) affects inflammation during infection. A. phagocytophilum lacking lpda1 revealed enlargement of the spleen, increased splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis, and altered clinicopathological abnormalities during mammalian colonization. Furthermore, LPDA1-derived immunopathology was independent of neutrophil infection and correlated with enhanced reactive oxygen species from NADPH oxidase and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling in macrophages. Taken together, these findings suggest the presence of different signaling pathways in neutrophils and macrophages during A. phagocytophilum invasion and highlight the importance of LPDA1 as an immunopathological molecule.
the conceptual history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: idiocy, imbecility, encephalitis and the child deviant, 1877?1929

This article examines the medical discourse that formed the foundations of what mental health professionals today call Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The article examines literature from two medical discussions: 1) the discussion of "imbecility" and "idiocy" in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Western Europe and in the United States; and 2) the diagnosis of encephalitis lethargica in children during the 1920s. The diagnosis of encephalitis lethargica was heavily influenced by the previous discussion of imbecility and occupied a seminal place in the history of medicalizing child behavior. It served as a specific disease category for kids who demonstrated unconventional behavior in a variety of social contexts. It will be argued that the discussion of encephalitis lethargica began a research modality in psychiatry which sought to find neurological bases for childhood deviance, typified by the contemporary discussion of ADHD.
Effects of single-dose methylphenidate on cognitive performance in patients with traumatic brain injury: a double-blind placebo-controlled study

Objectives: To determine the effect of a single dose of methylphenidate on the cognitive performance of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and particularly on working memory and visuospatial attention. Design: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. The subjects were randomly divided into an experimental group taking methylphenidate and a control group taking a placebo. Setting: The Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of a university hospital. Subjects: Eighteen subjects with TBI (16 male and two female) were enrolled. Interventions: The patients were given 20 mg methylphenidate or a placebo. Cognitive assessments were performed at three times: before the medication as a baseline, 2 h after medication and at follow-up (48 h later). Main measures: Cognitive assessments consisted of working memory tasks and endogenous visuospatial attention tasks designed using SuperLabPro 2.0 software. Response accuracy and reaction time were measured. Results: There were significant improvements in response accuracy in the methylphenidate group compared with the placebo group for both the working memory and visuospatial attention tasks. A significant decrease in the reaction time was also observed in the methylphenidate group only for the working memory task. Conclusions: The administration of single-dose methylphenidate has an effect in improving cognitive functioning following a TBI. The effects were most prominent regarding the reaction time of the working memory.
Local Control of Granule Cell Generation by Cerebellar Purkinje Cells

Cerebellar Purkinje cells were ablated by the specific expression of diphtheria toxin in these cells in transgenic mice. Purkinje cell degeneration during early postnatal development shows a zonally restricted pattern which has been exploited in order to look for local secondary effects. The most obvious early effect is the alignment of gaps in the Purkinje cell layer with dramatically thinned zones in the overlying EGL, the germinal layer from which granule cells are generated. Within these EGL zones in the transgenic mutant, markers that distinguish matrix from mantle cells demonstrate a preferential loss of the proliferative cells. Comparison of BrdU incorporation in the mutant vs wild-type confirms the reduction in proliferation. In the mutant, in situ labeling of DNA fragmentation associated with apoptotic cell death shows abundant labeling of granule cells that have exited the EGL, but not of progenitor cells in the EGL. Thus, although a trophic role for Purkinje cells has been well documented, these observations further suggest a mitogenic role which can be exerted locally.
The End of Market Discipline? Investor Expectations of Implicit Government Guarantees

Using unsecured bonds traded in the U.S. between 1990 and 2012, we find that bond credit spreads are sensitive to risk for most financial institutions, but not for the largest financial institutions. This “too big to fail” relation between firm size and the risk sensitivity of bond spreads is not seen in the non-financial sectors. The results are robust to using different measures of risk, controlling for bond liquidity, conducting an event study around shocks to investor expectations of government guarantees, examining explicitly and implicitly guaranteed bonds of the same firm, and using agency ratings of government support for financial institutions.
Macrophages increase microparticle uptake by enterocyte‐like Caco‐2 cell monolayers

Caco‐2 cells form an enterocyte‐like monolayer that has been used to explore small intestinal microparticle uptake. They are a useful functional model for the investigation of in vivo drug delivery systems and the uptake of particulate environmental pollutants. The aim of this paper was to determine if the previously reported decrease in Caco‐2 transepithelial resistance following exposure to macrophages was matched by increased microparticle uptake, especially as macrophage phagocytosis simulates removal of particles from the subepithelial compartment. Caco‐2 cells were grown as a monoculture for 21 days on insert membranes. A compartmentalised model involved Caco‐2 cells in the upper compartment, with THP‐1‐derived macrophages adhering to the base of the underlying well, the two cell populations communicating only through the shared culture medium. Caco‐2 cells were also cultured in macrophage‐conditioned medium and all groups were exposed apically to 2 μm latex particles for 5 or 60 min. Parameters measured were: transepithelial resistance; cytokine levels; cell dimensions and the distribution of nuclei, actin and junctional proteins. Subepithelial particle numbers, defined as those located below the insert membrane, were also counted and were significantly increased in the Caco‐2/macrophage model, with over 90% associated with the macrophages. Other changes induced by the presence of macrophages included decreased transepithelial resistance levels, diffuse localisation of some junctional proteins, higher proinflammatory cytokine levels, disorganisation of cell shape and decreased cell height associated with actin reorganisation. Macrophage‐conditioned medium produced a smaller transepithelial resistance decrease than the Caco‐2/macrophage model and there were few other changes. In conclusion, culture of Caco‐2 cells with underlying macrophages produced a lower, less organised epithelium and greater microparticle uptake.
Intestinal satiety in rats.

Infusion of liquid food into the duodenum inhibited sham feeding. The inhibition of sham feeding reflected satiety because the duodenal infusion elicited the complete behavioral sequence characteristic of satiety. The chemical and/or colligative load that the infusion imposed on the intestine appeared to be the adequate stimulus for satiety. Duodenal infusions that inhibit sham feeding and elicit satiety are not aversive because they will not function as the unconditioned stimulus for the formation of a conditioned taste aversion for saccharin. We call the satiety elicited by the infusion of food into the duodenum "intestinal satiety. " This emphasizes our belief that satiety is a reflex that can be elicited by the activation of receptors in the wall of the intestine. It is known that the activation of some intestinal receptors releases the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). Since CCK mimics a duodenal infusion by inhibiting sham feeding and eliciting the complete behavioral sequence of satiety, we suggest, but do not prove, that CCK mediates intestinal satiety in the rat.
Salicylic acid 3-hydroxylase regulates Arabidopsis leaf longevity by mediating salicylic acid catabolism

The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) plays critical roles in plant defense, stress responses, and senescence. Although SA biosynthesis is well understood, the pathways by which SA is catabolized remain elusive. Here we report the identification and characterization of an SA 3-hydroxylase (S3H) involved in SA catabolism during leaf senescence. S3H is associated with senescence and is inducible by SA and is thus a key part of a negative feedback regulation system of SA levels during senescence. The enzyme converts SA (with a Km of 58.29 µM) to both 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) and 2,5-DHBA in vitro but only 2,3-DHBA in vivo. The s3h knockout mutants fail to produce 2,3-DHBA sugar conjugates, accumulate very high levels of SA and its sugar conjugates, and exhibit a precocious senescence phenotype. Conversely, the gain-of-function lines contain high levels of 2,3-DHBA sugar conjugates and extremely low levels of SA and its sugar conjugates and display a significantly extended leaf longevity. This research reveals an elegant SA catabolic mechanism by which plants regulate SA levels by converting it to 2,3-DHBA to prevent SA overaccumulation. The research also provides strong molecular genetic evidence for an important role of SA in regulating the onset and rate of leaf senescence.
Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states.

A number of apparently diverse personality scales—variously called trait anxiety, neuroticism, ego strength, general maladjustment, repression-sensitization, and social desirability—are reviewed and are shown to be in fact measures of the same stable and pervasive trait. An integrative interpretation of the construct as Negative Affectivity (NA) is presented. Extensive data indicate that high-NA individuals are more likely to experience discomfort at all times and across situations, even in the absence of overt stress. They are relatively more introspective and tend differentially to dwell on the negative side of themselves and the world. Further research is needed to explain the origins of NA and to elucidate the characteristics of low-NA individuals. Rorer and Widiger (1983) recently bemoaned that in the field of personality "literature reviews appear to be disparate conglomerations rather than cumulative or conclusive integrations" (p. 432). We intend this review to be an exception to this discouraging statement. Distinct and segregated literatures have developed around a number of specific personality measures that, despite dissimilar names, nevertheless intercorrelate so highly that they must be considered measures of the same construct. Following Tellegen (1982), we call this construct Negative Affectivity (NA) and present a comprehensive view of the trait that integrates data from a wide variety of relevant research. We are not the first to note this broad and pervasive personality trait. The Eysencks, for example, (e.g. Eysenck & Eysenck, 1968) have done extensive research in the area, traditionally calling the dimension "Neuroticism," although in their most recent revision (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975) they suggest a label, "emotionality," that is similar to our own. Nonetheless, in discussing the relation between our interpretation and previous views of the domain, we argue for the preferability of our term, Negative Affectivity. We also present
[Effect of radiofrequency thermal ablation treatment on nasal mucociliary clearance in patients with isolated inferior turbinate hypertrophy].

OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate the effect of the radiofrequency thermal ablation on nasal mucociliary clearance in patients with isolated inferior concha hypertrophy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty patients (10 females, 20 males; mean age 31.0±12.0 years; range 18 to 61 years) who were admitted to our clinic with a complaint of chronic nasal obstruction and diagnosed with isolated inferior concha submucosal hypertrophy between May 2009 and December 2009 were included. Radiofrequency thermal ablation was applied to the inferior concha at three separate points with 350 joule at 75 °C as a treatment. Nasal mucociliary clearance was evaluated through saccharin clearance test in pre- and postoperative (at eight weeks) period. RESULTS The mean pre- and postoperative saccharin clearance tests were 565.4±253.9 sec and 558.7±257.7 sec, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in two measurements (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Our study results show that radiofrequency thermal ablation application for the treatment of isolated inferior concha hypertrophy has no effect on nasal mucociliary clearance.
A Study of Personality of Normal Young Men Maintained on Restricted Intakes of Vitamins of the B Complex1

&NA; 1. Various aspects of personality were studied in eight normal young men maintained 161 days on a partially restricted intake of B‐complex vitamins, which was followed by 23 days of acute deficiency, and 10 days of thiamine supplementation. 2. Self‐ratings and man‐by‐man ratings gave no evidence of change in the status of well‐being and adjustment during the partial restriction, but indicate consistent and striking deterioration during the acute deficiency. Supplementation of the diet by thiamine alone produced rapid recovery. 3. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory also gave no evidence of change in the partial restriction. During the acute deficiency, significant changes were obtained in the scores on the three psychoneurotic scales—depression, hysteria, and hypochondriasis. 4. In the Rorschach test records made at the end of the partial restriction slight deteriorative changes were indicated in three out of the four experimental subjects. These changes increased in magnitude in the pair of subjects placed subsequently on the acutely deficient diet. The nature of this deterioration was loss of spontaneity, with an increase in tension. The Rorschach findings suggested that individuals with “better” initial personality were better able to resist the dietary stress. 5. Cattell's Cursive Miniature Situations Test during the partial restriction indicated a very slight and statistically not significant increase in the number of lines erroneously crossed (“emotionality” score). During the acute deficiency, there were evidences of further increased “emotionality” and “timidity. ” On the other hand, those indices which have distinguished psychotics from normals showed no change in our deficient subjects. 6. The personality changes were among the earliest symptoms of the experimentally produced borderline and acute deficiencies.
Periodicity and Chaos of High-Order Lorenz Systems

High-order Lorenz systems with five, six, eight, nine, and eleven equations are derived by choosing different numbers of Fourier modes upon truncation. For the original Lorenz system and for the five high-order Lorenz systems, solutions are numerically computed, and periodicity diagrams are plotted on (σ,r) parameter planes with σ,r ∈ [0, 1000], and b = 8/3. Dramatic shifts of patterns are observed among periodicity diagrams of different systems, including the appearance of expansive areas of period 2 in the fifth-, eighth-, ninth-, and 11th-order systems and the disappearance of the onion-like structure beyond order 5. Bifurcation diagrams along with phase portraits offer a closer look at the two phenomena.
Illness representation on H1N1 influenza and preventive behaviors in the Hong Kong general population

This study examined illness representations of new influenza Human Swine Influenza A (H1N1) and association with H1N1 preventive behaviors among 300 Chinese adults using a population-based randomized telephone survey. Results showed that relatively few participants thought H1N1 would have serious consequences (12%–15.7%) and few showed negative emotional responses toward H1N1 (9%–24.7%). The majority of the participants thought H1N1 could be controlled by treatment (70.4%–72.7%). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that treatment control (odds ratio = 1.78) and psychological attribution (odds ratio = .75) were associated with intention to take up influenza vaccination. Emotional representations were associated with lower likelihood of wearing face mask (odds ratio = .77) and hand washing (odds ratio = .67). Results confirm that illness representation variables are associated with H1N1 preventive behaviors.
A Survey of Self-Organization Mechanisms in Multiagent Systems

This paper surveys the literature over the last decades in the field of self-organizing multiagent systems. Self-organization has been extensively studied and applied in multiagent systems and other fields, e.g., sensor networks and grid systems. Self-organization mechanisms in other fields have been thoroughly surveyed. However, there has not been a survey of self-organization mechanisms developed for use in multiagent systems. In this paper, we provide a survey of existing literature on self-organization mechanisms in multiagent systems. We also highlight the future work on key research issues in multiagent systems. This paper can serve as a guide and a starting point for anyone who will conduct research on self-organization in multiagent systems. Also, this paper complements existing survey studies on self-organization in multiagent systems.
The influence of standardized languages on nurses' autonomy.

AIM To investigate the influence of standardized languages on nurses' autonomy. BACKGROUND The uses of standardized languages are expanding. These languages unify communication across health care settings. Autonomy is a favourable concept for nurses. The use of standardized languages may hinder nurses' autonomy; however, these languages may also promote nurses' autonomy. EVALUATION Review of the literature. KEY ISSUES The key issue discussed in this paper is whether the use of standardized languages affects nurses' autonomy. CONCLUSIONS Nurses should use standardized languages in every day practices as it reflects a mastery over their own work. Having control over practice is an important attribute of nurses' autonomy.
Wrist Actigraphy Validation of Exercise Movement in COPD

A wrist actigraph is a device used in sleep research studies to measure whole body movements. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, sensitivity, and validity of wrist actigraphy during pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) upper-extremity exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. In this study, 20 patients wore Octagonal Basic Motionlogger® actigraphs during two 90-minute PR sessions while the investigator recorded details of the subject's upper-extremity movements. Concurrent validity with supervised exercise records was supported for upper-extremity endurance (UEE) intensity at baseline (r = .885, p < .001) and 1 week (r = .935, p < .001). Criterion validity was supported for UEE (r = .56, p = .01) and combined lower- and upper-extremity resistance (r = .72, p < .01) compared with rank-ordered type of exercise. Wrist actigraphy is shown to be a feasible, sensitive, and valid instrument to measure upper-extremity movement during PR in COPD patients.
EVALUATION OF THE APPROPRIATENESS OF HIP JOINT REPLACEMENT TECHNIQUES

Objective: To evaluate the appropriateness of the use of hip joint replacements (HJRs) using explicit criteria developed by an expert panel. Methods: Observational study. Nine hundred ninety-seven patients from five hospitals with a diagnosis of osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, hip fracture, or revision who were undergoing HJR were consecutively included in the study during a 1-year period. The appropriateness of the indication was judged by explicit criteria. Complications were recorded at the time of the intervention and 3 months postoperatively. Results: Of the 1,030 interventions, 604 were for osteoarthritis, 31 avascular necrosis, 191 fractures, and 204 revisions. No differences were found among the hospitals for the main clinical and patient variables. Indications for surgery were considered appropriate in 59% of cases, uncertain in 32%, and inappropriate in 8%, mainly in the osteoarthritis group. Differences were found in the rates of appropriateness among some centers. The complication rate did not differ among the groups based on the level of appropriateness of the procedure. Conclusions: The appropriate use of HJR, as measured by the criteria established by the panel, identified a moderate percentage of inappropriate indications. Those equivocal and inappropriate cases demand further studies to identify patients with an adequate risk-to-benefit ratio from this procedure.
Adoptive immunotherapy with genetically modified lymphocytes in allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a healthy donor (allo‐HSCT) represents the most potent form of cellular adoptive immunotherapy to treat malignancies. In allo‐HSCT, donor T cells are double edge‐swords: highly potent against residual tumor cells, but potentially highly toxic, and responsible for graft versus host disease (GVHD), a major clinical complication of transplantation. Gene transfer technologies coupled with current knowledge on cancer immunology have generated a wide range of approaches aimed at fostering the immunological response to cancer cells, while avoiding or controlling GVHD. In this review, we discuss cell and gene therapy approaches currently tested in preclinical models and in clinical trials.
Do staffing levels determine outcome in psychiatric inpatient care? – Factors related to the ratio of period hospitalized in Japan

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the factors related to outcome, as measured by the cumulative number of days hospitalized, of a cohort group of inpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia followed up for 6 years. Comprehensive data were obtained from 18 psychiatric hospitals from two surveys conducted in 1993 and 1999. Outcome was evaluated by calculating the cumulative number of days between the two surveys that the cohort group was hospitalized. Tree‐based models analysis was used to explore the factors related to outcome. Patient characteristics at the time of the first survey that were related to outcome were the number of days hospitalized, cumulative number of years hospitalized, age, Global Assessment of Functioning score and relationship to the main visitor. The number of beds in each hospital and changes in their number were also related. Increasing staffing levels is not likely to impact on deinstitutionalization since their levels were not related to outcome.