Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A proposed protocol for nomenclaturally effective DNA barcoding of microalgae

K.M. Evans and D.G. Mann. 2009. A proposed protocol for nomenclaturally effective DNA barcoding of microalgae. Phycologia 48: 70–74. DOI: 10.2216/08-70.1. A mechanism for giving DNA barcodes nomenclatural status in microalgae via culture-derived epitypes is demonstrated with reference to four species of the freshwater diatom Sellaphora. A fifth, Sellaphora caput, is described as a new species to illustrate application of barcoding via a holotype. Using cox1 barcodes, it is shown that S. capitata has a worldwide distribution, consistent with the ubiquitous dispersal hypothesis.
Discrete emotion sequences and marital satisfaction in middle-aged and older couples

Research indicates that positive emotions are associated with satisfied marriages while negative emotions are associated with dissatisfied marriages. Still unknown is whether all negative emotions are equally associated with dissatisfied marriages and all positive emotions equally are associated with satisfied marriages. Also unknown is whether sequences of discrete emotion between spouses (i.e., how each spouse responds to the emotions of their partner) are related to marital satisfaction. This study examined middle-aged (N = 82) and older (N = 74) couples engaged in a 15-minute conflict conversation to determine how discrete emotion sequences between spouses were related to marital satisfaction. It further examined whether age and gender moderated the relationships between discrete emotion sequences and marital satisfaction. Emotional behavior was coded using the Specific Affect Coding System (SPAFF), consisting of five positive codes, ten negative codes, and a neutral code. The study focused on discrete emotion sequences initiated by three antecedent emotions (anger, contempt and sadness) previously associated with distressed marriages. Consequent emotions included any SPAFF code. Conditional probabilities were computed using the method of Allison and Liker (1982). Results revealed significant associations between discrete emotion sequences and marital satisfaction for 11 of the 39 discrete emotion sequences examined. The significant associations were found for discrete emotion sequences with negative emotion consequents, but not positive emotion consequents. The results were consistent with the predicted pattern in all cases with one exception: spouses who had a greater likelihood of expressing sadness consequents in response to anger antecedents were in more satisfied marriages. There was no evidence of differences in the relationships between discrete emotion sequences and marital satisfaction for husbands and wives. The findings indicated that the relationships between discrete emotion sequences and marital satisfaction did not consistently differ as a function of age, but when they did, they tended to be stronger for older couples. This study revealed important differences in how discrete emotion sequences relate to marital satisfaction. It shows that anger, contempt, and sadness, three emotions that have previously been linked to marital distress, are not always associated with less satisfied marriages. Instead, these emotions are associated with distressed marriages when partners respond to them with certain emotions, but not others.
EFFECT OF PRE-SOWING TREATMENTS ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF CALLIANDRA HAEMATOCEPHALA HASSK. SHRUB

Prof. Dr. M.M. Farahat, Agric. & Biol. Res. Div. , NRC. ABSTRACT: The present investigation was conducted at the nursery of Hort. Res. Inst. , ARC, Giza, Egypt during 2013 and 2014 seasons to study the effect of different pre-sowing seed treatments, viz., untreated seeds (control), soaking in tap water for 24 h at room temperature, soaking in previously boiling water for 24 h at room temperature, boil/cold water dipping (thermal shock treatment), soaking in concentrated H2SO4 for either 2 or 4 min (chemical scarification) and abration testa with rough emery paper (mechanical scarification) on seed germination and seedling growth of Powder Puff (Calliandra haematocephala Hassk.) shrub. The obtained results indicated that most of the used treatments improved germination % and velocity, mean germination rate, germination rate and vigour indices, seed viability and epicotyl length of germinated seeds, as well as seedling growth with various significant differences compared to control in the two seasons, except for thermal shock treatment which completely failed to induce germination. It was also noticed that seed viability markedly decreased as a result of mechanical scarification with emery paper to reach the least values at all. Content of total indoles and phenols in the untreated seeds was stable as they were not subjected to any treatment, but in treated seeds, it was increased where total indoles reached the maximum by soaking in either concentrated H2SO4 or boiling water, while these two treatments caused a nil increment in seed content of total phenols relative to control and other pre-sowing treatments. In addition, content of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and total soluble sugars in the leaves of seedlings raised from the treated seeds was greatly increased, especially by chemical and thermal scarification. Generally, the mastery in all previous measurements was for soaking in either concentrated H2SO4 for only 2 min or boiling water for 24 h, as they recorded the utmost high means in the majority of measured traits in both seasons. Hence, it is recommended to treat seeds of Calliandra haematocephala pre-sowing by soaking in either previously boiling water for 24 h. or in concentrated H2SO4 for only 2 min. to obtain the best germination and seedling growth.
The instrument constant of sky radiometers (POM-02) – Part 2: Solid view angle

Abstract. Ground-based networks have been developed to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of aerosols using sky radiometers. In this study, errors related to the solid view angle (SVA) of sky radiometers, which are used by SKYNET, were investigated. The SVA is calculated using solar disk scan data, the measured radiances around the solar direction in 0.1×0.1∘ increments. These measurements include the scattered light from aerosol and air molecules, as well as the direct solar irradiance, causing errors in the SVA calculation. The influence of these errors was evaluated with simulations. From the results of these simulations if the aerosol optical depth (optical path length) is less than 0.5 (0.58) at 550 nm and the aerosol does not include large particles, such as desert dust particles, then its influence on the SVA calculation was less than 0.5 %. Problems with the software for the SVA calculation were also investigated. First, the data processing does not consider the change of airmass (solar zenith angle) during the solar disk scan measurement. In practice if a measurement is made in the period when the change in airmass is small, then the error is small. Second, before starting data processing, the minimum measured value is subtracted from the measured values, resulting in underestimation of the SVA by 1 % to 4 %. Thirdly, the values between 1.4 and 2.5∘ are not properly extrapolated, resulting in overestimation of the SVA by 0.6 % to 2.1 %. The second and third error sources partially cancel each other out, and the total error is an underestimation of 0.5 % to 1.9 % of the actual value. Furthermore, the annual trend in the SVA was examined. In both the visible and near-infrared regions (Si photodiode region) and in the shortwave-infrared region (InGaAs photodiode region), this trend cannot be seen in 4 and 8 years of data, respectively. The seasonal variation of the SVA was also examined, but no clear seasonal variation could be detected.
The present manuscript focussed on the hygroscopic behaviors of some of the nitrate aerosols and their mixtures with water-soluble organic acids at different fractions using a hygroscopic

Author's Response Response to Referee #1: We are grateful for the reviewer’s comments. Those comments are valuable and helpful for improving our paper. Our response to the comments and corresponding changes in the manuscript are included below. We repeat the specific points raised by the reviewer in bold font, followed by our response in italic font. The pages numbers and lines mentioned below are consistent with those in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions (ACPD) paper.
Defensive behaviour in Aplastodiscus leucopygius (Cruz and Peixoto, 1985) (Anura: Hylidae)

Defensive behaviour in amphibians is diverse, exhibiting a variety of postures and strategies to avoid a predation event. Over the course of fieldwork conducted in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil, we recorded defensive behaviours for Aplastodiscus leucopygius, a forest-associated species. Herein we report on these behaviours and discuss them in relation to defensive behaviours recorded for other closely related species in the genus Aplastodiscus. We report on three general defensive behaviours for A. leucopygius for the first time and two new behaviours for the genus Aplastodiscus.
Full Circle: upstream and downstream migration of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the northern Swedish river Vindelälven

The life cycle of the anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) can span large geographic, political, and socio-economic boundaries. Management strategies and regulations that only concentrate on small spatial scales often overlook larger basin-wide problems, especially relating to post-spawn seaward migration. In this master thesis one entire migration cycle of wild adult Atlantic salmon in the unregulated northern Swedish river Vindelalven was monitored by radio-telemetry tracking during upstream spawning migration and downstream seaward migration back to the Baltic Sea. The effect of ladder passage variables (time to pass, total time in the ladder, passage day over the ladder) at a fish ladder downstream in the river Umealven, as well as fish size, were evaluated to determine if differences in upstream migration distance in the river Vindelalven could be observed. Ladder passage variables did not affect migration distance, but size exhibited a negative relationship to migration distance. Additional aspects of spawning migration and spawning sites were also described. Microhabitat variables of depth, substrate and velocity were measured at spawning locations to compare fish size with habitat usage. No correlation with depth and substrate size compared to fish size could be found, but larger fish were found at significantly higher velocity spawning locations with an average velocity of 0.45 m/sec. Salmon kelts were monitored after spawning with evaluations of over-winter and downstream migration. Six tagged salmon migrated downstream soon after spawning and 30 tagged salmon over-wintered in the river. Salmon that migrated further upstream to spawn were significantly more likely to over-winter than leave directly after spawning. 22 corresponding spawning and over-wintering kelts were located, with over-winter locations on average 16.9 km below spawning areas. No correlation was observed between upstream migration distance and the distance travelled between spawning and over-winter sites. No salmon over-wintered above their spawning sites, and over-wintering locations were in deep, slow moving ice-covered sections of the river. Seaward migrating kelts were monitored in the spring with evaluations on the effects of river discharge and temperature on initiation of migration, with additional descriptions of timing, speed and the efficacy of the fish ladder as a bypass around the Stornorrfors power station. Seaward migration appeared to coincide with an increase in both river discharge and temperature with a majority of downstream migration occurring in late May with an average downstream migration speed of 2.5 km/hr. No kelts descended the fish ladder. Genetic analysis discovered that nine percent of tagged salmon that passed the fish ladder were strayers of river Lulealven stock. These fish were monitored to ascertain any differences in size and upstream spawning migration from native river Vindelalven stock. No differences were found between the two stocks.
An Optimum Adoption of Iterative Methods for Nonlinear Simulations on EMTP-Type Simulators

This paper adopts a combined iterative method ( CIM ) as a basis of a transient calculation for nonlinear circuits. CIM consists of a modified predictor corrector iteration (MPCI) and Newton-Raphson iteration (NRI) algorithms, and a parallel connection of a piecewise linear conductance and a nonlinear current source for MPCI and a parallel connection of a nonlinear conductance and a nonlinear current source for NRI. It is important to define an adoption of iterative methods in CIM, because a solution obit depends on the multi-dimensional plane between an initial and real solutions. This paper presents an optimum adoption of iterative methods MPCI and NRI which are basis of CIM for nonlinear simulations, an effective construction of MPCI and Jacobian matrices based on a multi-dimensional solution with Dommel’s method and an effective expression of MPCI and NRI on EMTP-Type simulators. This paper also demonstrates the proposed algorithm on an example system, and compares the result obtained with a basic nodal conductance approach (NCA). The results prove the validity of those proposed methods for any kinds of EMTP-Type simulators with nonlinear elements
Activation energies as the validity criterion of a model for complex reactions that can be in oscillatory states

Modeling of any complex reaction system is a difficult task. If the system under examination can be in various oscillatory dynamic states, the apparent activation energies corresponding to different pathways may be of crucial importance for this purpose. In that case the activation energies can be determined by means of the main characteristics of an oscillatory process such as pre-oscillatory period, duration of the oscillatory period, the period from the beginning of the process to the end of the last oscillation, number of oscillations and others. All is illustrated on the Bray-Liebhafsky oscillatory reaction.
Pinning down top dipole moments with ultra-boosted tops

in the presence of new physics. We focus rst on recent measurements of the inclusive top pair production cross section at the Tevatron and at the Large Hadron Collider. We then analyse the role of top-antitop events produced at very large invariant masses, in the context of the forthcoming 13-14 TeV runs of the LHC, and at a future 100 TeV proton-proton collider. In this latter case, the selection of semileptonic decays to hard muons allows to tag top quarks boosted to the multi-TeV regime, strongly reducing the QCD backgrounds and leading to a signicant improvement in the sensitivity to anomalous top couplings.
THE CONVERGENCE OF THE GRP SCHEME

This paper deals with the convergence of the second-order GRP (Generalized Riemann Problem) numerical scheme to the entropy solution for scalar conservation laws with strictly convex fluxes. The approximate profiles at each time step are linear in each cell, with possible jump discontinuities (of functional values and slopes) across cell boundaries. The basic observation is that the discrete values produced by the scheme are exact averages of an approximate conservation law , which enables the use of properties of such solutions in the proof. In particular, the “total-variation" of the scheme can be controlled, using analytic properties. In practice, the GRP code allows “sawteeth" profiles (i.e., the piecewise linear approximation is not monotone even if the sequences of averages is such). The “reconstruction" procedure considered here also allows the formation of “sawteeth" profiles, with an hypothesis of “Godunov Compatibility", which limits the slopes in cases of non-monotone profiles. The scheme is proved to converge to a weak solution of the conservation law. In the case of a monotone initial profile it is shown (under a further hypothesis on the slopes) that the limit solution is indeed the entropy solution. The constructed solution satisfies the “finite propagation speed", so that no rarefaction shocks can appear in intervals such that the initial function is monotone in their domain of dependence. However, the characterization of the limit solution as the unique entropy solution, for general initial data, is still an open problem.
Problems Associated with Tax Payers and Revenue Authority in Case of Dessie Town, Northern Ethiopia

This study aimed at to identify problems associated with tax payers and revenue authority in Dessie town. The research used descriptive research design. The target population included taxpayers and tax authority of Dessie town among which questionnaires were administered to a selected sample. The questionnaires were organized into sections including respondents’ profiles, problems associated with tax payers and revenue authority. The statistical treatment of data was done using the frequencies and percentages through SPSS software. The identified problems facing tax payers were tax fairness and equity, organizational strength of the tax authority, awareness level of the taxpayers, cultural factors and provision of social services by the government. It was also discussed the challenges facing tax authority of Dessie town included mainly poor tax payers’ perception on the relevance of tax payment , taxpayers ’ delay in tax declaration, starting business activity without trading license and traditional mode of tax collection. Finally, based on the findings possible recommendations were given. These include, maintaining tax fairness and equity, building capacity of the tax authority, conducting extensive awareness creation programs, and providing social services to the general public. Keywords: Tax Payers and Revenue Authority
Weighing simulated galaxy clusters using lensing and X-ray

Context. Measuring the mass of galaxy clusters is a key issue in cosmology. Among the methods employed to achieve this goal, the techniques based on lensing and X-ray analyses are perhaps the most widely used. However, the comparison between these mass estimates is often di cult and, in several clusters, the results apparently are inconsistent. Aims. We aim at investigating potential biases in lensing and X-ray methods to measure the cluster mass profiles. Methods. We do so by performing realistic simulations of lensing and X-ray observations that are subsequently analyzed using observational techniques. The resulting mass estimates are compared among them and with the input models. Three clusters obtained from state-of-the-art hydrodynamical simulations, each of which has been projected along three independent lines-of-sight, are used for this analysis. Results. We find that strong lensing models can be trusted over a limited region around the cluster core. Extrapolating the strong lensing mass models to outside the Einstein ring can lead to significant biases in the mass estimates , if the BCG is not modeled properly for example. Weak lensing mass measurements can be largely a ected by substructures, depending on the method implemented to convert the shear into a mass estimate. Using non-parametric methods which combine weak and strong lensing data, the projected masses within R200 can be constrained with a precision of 10%. De-projection of lensing masses increases the scatter around the true masses by more than a factor of two due to cluster triaxiality. X-ray mass measurements have much smaller scatter (about a factor of two smaller than the lensing masses) but they are generally biased low by 5 20%. This bias is entirely ascribable to bulk motions in the gas of our simulated clusters. Using the lensing and the X-ray masses as proxies for the true and the hydrostatic equilibrium masses of the simulated clusters and by averaging over the cluster sample we are able to measure the lack of hydrostatic equilibrium in the systems we have investigated. Conclusions. Although the comparison between lensing and X-ray masses may be di cult in individual systems due to triaxiality and substructures, using a large number of clusters with both lensing and X-ray observations may lead to important information about their gas physics and allow to use lensing masses to calibrate the X-ray scaling relations.
Investigating the Generality of Deep Learning

This thesis investigates how general the knowledge stored in deep-Q-networks are. This general knowledge can be used to reduce the training time of deep neural networks. Recent advances in the field of deep reinforcement learning have yielded more general solutions than previously possible. Deep architectures are computationally expensive to train, and general knowledge can be used to kick-start the training, effectively reducing training time. We know that the low-level features in deep convolutional neural networks trained on image recognition tasks tend to be of a somewhat general nature. To investigate if this is the case for deep reinforcement learning, deep-Q-networks were implemented and trained on two similar Atari 2600 games; Pong and Breakout. First, the low-level features between two networks were visually compared. Second, the differences between the low-level features were quantified. Third, the first convolutional layer of a fully trained base network was transferred to a target network before training. This could determine if the general features in the base network would give a cutback in training time for the target network. The results were mixed. Visually, there were few similarities between the two tasks, and many filters resembled task-specific features. Nevertheless, the quantified difference showed that there were indeed similarities. Using Breakout as base network and Pong as target network resulted in faster convergence and a possible cutback in training time. However, using Pong as base task and Breakout as target task did not. This may be due to the variation in difficulty between the two tasks.
Apoptosis detection in embryonic chicken lymphoid tissues infected with attenuated very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV)

We exposed chicken embryos at embryonating day (ED18) to a cell-adapted very virulent strain of IBDV (cavvIBDV) and original vvIBDV and examined the apoptosis from infected bursa of Fabricius (BF) and thymus organs. Following ca-vvIBDV exposure, embryonic bursa showed mild cellular destruction, lower rate of apoptosis and presence of viral proteins detectable by immunohistochemistry. In contrary, original vvIBDV exposed embryos had an enhanced detectable changes in the bursa associated to an increase apoptotic events, and most of the times, total destruction of BF follicles. In thymus, viral antigen was detectable until after hatch. Positives cell signals to activated caspase-3 were intensively detect in embryos lymphoid tissues exposed to original vvIBDV observed in BF and less in thymus. No immunoreactive thymocytes were visualized in embryos exposed to ca-vvIBDV. Apoptosis changes, such as chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and the appearance of apoptotic nuclear bodies, were observed in both organs. TUNELdetected DNA was more intense in original vvIBDV infected lymphoid cells, and less apoptotic cells were detectable in attenuated strain. By sequencing analysis, the attenuation presented amino acid changes at position 222 (A→P), 256 (I→V) and 279 (D→N). One serine in the serine-rich heptapeptide (position 333) was substituted into other amino acid which is similar to the IBDV vaccine strain. Taken together our results indicate that virus attenuation interferes with caspase-3 apoptotic pathway and may play an important role in switch viral pathogenesis.