Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An ALMA Survey of the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey UKIDSS/UDS Field: Number Counts of Submillimeter Galaxies

We report the first results of AS2UDS, an 870 μm continuum survey with the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) of a total area of ∼50 arcmin2 comprising a complete sample of 716 submillimeter sources drawn from the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey (S2CLS) map of the UKIDSS/UDS field. The S2CLS parent sample covers a 0.96 degree2 field at σ850 = 0.90 ± 0.05 mJy beam−1. Our deep, high-resolution ALMA observations with σ870 ∼ 0.25 mJy and a 0. ″15–0. ″30 FWHM synthesized beam, provide precise locations for 695 submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) responsible for the submillimeter emission corresponding to 606 sources in the low-resolution, single-dish map. We measure the number counts of SMGs brighter than S870 ≥ 4 mJy, free from the effects of blending and show that the normalization of the counts falls by 28% ± 2% in comparison with the SCUBA-2 published counts, but that the shape remains unchanged. We determine that 44 − 14 + 16 % of the brighter single-dish sources with S850 ≥ 9 mJy consist of a blend of two or more ALMA-detectable SMGs brighter than S870 ∼ 1 mJy (corresponding to a galaxy with a total-infrared luminosity of LIR ≳ 1012 L⊙), in comparison with 28% ± 2% for the single-dish sources at S850 ≥ 5 mJy. Using the 46 single-dish submillimeter sources that contain two or more ALMA-detected SMGs with photometric redshifts, we show that there is a significant statistical excess of pairs of SMGs with similar redshifts (<1% probability of occurring by chance), suggesting that at least 30% of these blends arise from physically associated pairs of SMGs.
FDG ] PET-CT-BASED INTENSITY-MODULATED RADIOTHERAPY TREATMENT PLANNING OF HEAD AND NECK CANCER

*Department of Radiation Oncology, yCenter for Clinical Research, and kDepartment of Nuclear Medicine, Zurich University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich; zDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Istituto Oncologico della Svizzera Italiana, Ospedale San Giovanni e Valli, Bellinzona, Switzerland; and xDepartment of Epidemiology and Statistics, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Eğitimde FATİH Projesinin Öğretmenlerin Yeterlik Durumları Açısından İncelenmesi

Today, because of the rapid development in technology, traditional education norms and methods are greatly challenged by the fast-changing learning environment. The new types of learning environment provide students of today with ever greater access to the internet, social networks and computing resources. These changes require changes in implementations as well. The FATIH project (Increasing Opportunities and Improvement of Technology Movement), which was announced in November 2010 by the Ministry of National Education (MoNE), is a joint project of MoNE and Ministry of Transport and Communications. The purpose of the FATIH project is increasing the success of the students by using technology effectively in classrooms and planned to be completed in three years. The FATIH project needs be examined in many ways to ensure the expected success. However, the most important aspect of this examination would be
Synthesis and processing of biodegradable and bio-based polymers by microwave irradiation

Biodegradable polymers, as well as polymers produced from renewable feedstocks, are attracting increasing interests as possible substitutes for conventional plastics: a higher energy efficiency in synthesis and processing steps must be continuously pursued in order to maximize the intrinsic environmental benefits brought by this class of materials. Microwave assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) is nowadays a major topic in green chemistry and a great (yet rising) number of papers can already be found that report striking advantages over conventional thermal heating. Nonetheless microwave (MW) energy sources are recently being chosen also for several polymerization reactions. Indeed, reduced heating times and superior homogeneity provided by MW reactors may play a central role in optimizing production processes, with a dramatic improvement in the environmental performance. In the introduction of this chapter we’re briefly recalling some theoretical principles of microwave-matter interaction; several experimental setups are then examined and, eventually, thermal and non-thermal specific microwave effects are described and commented. The following paragraph is dedicated to a comprehensive survey of synthesis examples found in scientific literature and categorized by polymerization technique, in which particular relevance is given to products of increasing commercial importance like poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA). A third part of the chapter deals with the employment of microwave heating for chemical modification and processing of polymers; the last paragraph summarizes advantages and drawbacks of microwave assisted polymer chemistry, stressing the energy efficiency topic and drawing conclusions.
Laboratory observations of temperature and humidity dependencies of nucleation and growth rates of sub‐3 nm particles

Temperature and relative humidity (RH) are the most important thermodynamic parameters in aerosol formation, yet laboratory studies of nucleation and growth dependencies on temperature and RH are lacking. Here we report the experimentally observed temperature and RH dependences of sulfuric acid aerosol nucleation and growth. Experiments were performed in a flow tube in the temperature range from 248 to 313 K, RH from 0.8% to 79%, and relative acidity (RA) of sulfuric acid from 6 × 10−5 to 0.38 (2 × 107–109 cm−3). The impurity levels of base compounds were determined to be NH3 < 23 pptv (parts per thousand by volume), methylamine < 1.5 pptv, and dimethylamine < 0.52 pptv. Our results showed that low temperatures favor nucleation at fixed sulfuric acid concentration but impede nucleation when RA is fixed. It is also shown that binary nucleation of sulfuric acid and water is negligible in planetary boundary layer temperature and sulfuric acid ranges. An empirical algorithm was derived to correlate the nucleation rate with RA, RH, and temperature together. Collision‐limited condensation of free‐sulfuric acid molecules fails to predict the observed growth rate in the sub‐3 nm size range, as well as its dependence on temperature and RH. This suggests that evaporation, sulfuric acid hydration, and possible involvement of other ternary molecules should be considered for the sub‐3 nm particle growth.
Antiosteoporotic effect of Coelatura aegyptiaca shell powder on ovariectomized rats

The efficacy of Coelatura aegyptiaca shell powder (CES, 500 mg/kg BW) was evaluated as a calcium supplement in ovariectomized (OVX) rats for ten weeks of treatment. The biochemical components and the antioxidant properties of the shell powder were determined. The bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents in serum and bone, serum total alkaline phosphatase (TALP) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), serum calcitonin and parathyroid (PTH) hormones were determined. Furthermore, some of the oxidative stress markers [malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)] were estimated in bone. The current study revealed that CES contained 19.38% Ca, 0.315% P as well as some of antioxidant amino acids which have a potent antioxidant activity against 1,1diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. Administration of CES to OVX rats increased BMD, BMC, tibial Ca and P contents and BALP activity, as compared to OVX rats. An ameliorative effect was recorded in the levels of calcitonin, PTH, MDA, SOD, GPx and TAC subsequent to CES administration to OVX rats.This ameliorative effect of CES powder against osteoporosis may be attributed to its antioxidant efficacy and/or to its Ca content. In conclusion, CES may have the potential to develop a clinically useful anti-osteoporotic agent, since its effect was comparable with alendronate (6.5 mg/kg BW/week).
Assimilation of Stratospheric Chemical Tracer Observations Using a Kalman Filter. Part I: Formulation

Abstract The first part of this two-part article describes the formulation of a Kalman filter system for assimilating limb-sounding observations of stratospheric chemical constituents into a tracer transport model. The system is based on a two-dimensional isentropic approximation, permitting a full Kalman filter implementation and a thorough study of its behavior in a real-data environment. Datasets from two instruments on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite with very different viewing geometries are used in the assimilation experiments. A robust chi-squared diagnostic, which compares statistics of the observed-minus-forecast residuals with those calculated by the filter algorithm, is used to help formulate the statistical inputs to the filter, as well as to tune covariance parameters and to validate the assimilation results. Two significant departures from the standard (discrete) Kalman filter formulation were found to be important in this study. First, it was discovered that the standard Kalman filt.
Prey and Plastic Ingestion of Pacific Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) Collected in Monterey Bay, California

PREY AND PLASTIC INGESTION OF PACIFIC NORTHERN FULMARS (FULMARUS GLACIALIS) COLLECTED IN MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA By Erica L. Donnelly Marine plastic pollution affects seabirds that mistake it for prey or incidentally ingest it with prey. Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) and seabirds that feed at the water’s surface ingest the most plastic. This can cause health issues, including satiety that possibly leads to inefficient foraging. The objectives of this study were to examine fulmar body condition, identify cephalopod diet and ingested plastic, predict foraging areas, and determine if prey number and size was correlated with ingested plastics in Pacific Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii). Cephalopod prey were identified, measured, and enumerated; plastic and marine debris were categorized, enumerated, and weighed from beach-cast Northern Fulmars wintering in Monterey Bay, California, during 2003 and 2007. Fulmars ate mostly Gonatid squids (Gonatus pyros, G. onyx, and G. californiensis) in similar size classes for both years. There was a significant negative correlation between pectoral muscle index and average size of cephalopod beaks per stomach, a significant increase in multiple plastic categories between years, and no significant correlation between the number and mass of plastic compared with the number and size of prey for either year. Although there was no correlation between plastic and prey, other issues with ingested plastics (contaminant accumulation, endocrine disruption, and micro plastics) should be further examined as plastic pollution increases in the world’s oceans.
The response of an Eastern Amazonian rain forest to drought stress: results and modelling analyses from a throughfall exclusion experiment

Warmer and drier climates over Eastern Amazonia have been predicted as a component of climate change during the next 50–100 years. It remains unclear what effect such changes will have on forest–atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water, but the cumulative effect is anticipated to produce climatic feedback at both regional and global scales. To allow more detailed study of forest responses to soil drying, a simulated soil drought or ‘throughfall exclusion’ (TFE) experiment was established at a rain forest site in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil, for which time‐series sap flow and soil moisture data were obtained. The experiment excluded 50% of the throughfall from the soil. Sap flow data from the forest plot experiencing normal rainfall showed no limitation of transpiration throughout the two monitored dry seasons. Conversely, data from the TFE showed large dry season declines in transpiration, with tree water use restricted to 20% of that in the control plot at the peak of both dry seasons. The results were examined to evaluate the paradigm that the restriction on transpiration in the dry season was caused by limitation of soil‐to‐root water transport, driven by low soil water potential and high soil‐to‐root hydraulic resistance. This paradigm, embedded in the soil–plant–atmosphere (SPA) model and driven using on‐site measurements, provided a good explanation (R2 > 0.69) of the magnitude and timing of changes in sap flow and soil moisture. This model‐data correspondence represents a substantial improvement compared with other ecosystem models of drought stress tested in Amazonia. Inclusion of deeper rooting should lead to lower sensitivity to drought than the majority of existing models. Modelled annual GPP declined by 13–14% in response to the treatment, compared with estimated declines in transpiration of 30–40%.
Gender differences in hepatocellular cancer: disparities in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/steatohepatitis and liver transplantation

Aim: Worldwide, hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death and occurs 3 times more commonly in males than females. Current surveillance practices do not fully address gender differences in HCC. Methods: Clinical characteristics and survival were compared between males and females using a prospectively collected database of HCC patients. Results: In a cohort of 1206 patients, 307 (25%) were female who presented with older age, more non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH), family history of HCC, and hypertension. Males (75%) were more likely to use alcohol and cigarettes. Females were more likely to undergo HCC surveillance, have smaller tumor size at diagnosis, and less vascular involvement. Males who met Milan criteria were more likely to undergo liver transplant than women who met the criteria. Median/mean survival was similar between the genders. Multivariate analysis showed that NAFLD/NASH was predictive of mortality for both males and females, age and smoking were predictive of mortality for males, and transplant was predictive of survival for males. Conclusion: Gender differences in HCC appear related to both behavioral risk factors and biologic factors. Older females with HCC have more NAFLD/NASH and may be overlooked by current surveillance guidelines. These gender disparities may lend support to future studies of gender-based HCC screening.
Spermiomics: A New Term Describing the Global Survey of the Overall Sperm Function by the Combined Utilization of Immunocytochemistry, Metabolomics, Proteomics and Other Classical Analytical Techniques

Mammalian sperm function is a very complex discipline, involving a great number of functional pathways. This complexity is the result of an extreme specialization in the mechanisms involved in the control of sperm function. We have to remember that sperm is designed with the ultimate role of transmitting male genetic information to the next generation. To this purpose, mammalian sperm firstly undergoes a very complex process of formation, which is initiated at the time of entry to meiosis of the testicular spermatogonia and finished during the epididymal maturation. Subsequently, mature mammalian sperm enter into the female genital tract during the ejaculation. This process initiates a new set of very complicated processes of functional changes, known as capacitation. Capacitation has to be very finely regulated, since there is a close chronological relationship between the time that sperm cells are present in the oviduct and ovulation. This allows sperm cells to reach their optimal functional status at the time of oocyte penetration. However, we must remind that the evolutionary reproductive strategy chosen by each species is different. This has as a direct consequence that the regulatory mechanisms that sperm utilize to modulate their function during their lifespan will be very different among species. These differences will be dependent on the specific schedule of events followed by each species from ejaculation to oocyte fecundation. All of this complexity implies that the experimental procedures that investigators have utilized to know sperm function have shown only a partial picture of it. This includes immunocytochemistry, one of the most important tools in the study of mammalian sperm function. Taking into account these points, it would be necessary to make a brief review of the phenomena during all of these processes in order to get a better comprehension of the techniques by which these phenomena are studied.
A functional-cognitive framework for attitude research

In attitude research, behaviours are often used as proxies for attitudes and attitudinal processes. This practice is problematic because it conflates the behaviours that need to be explained (explanandum) with the mental constructs that are used to explain these behaviours (explanans). In the current chapter we propose a meta-theoretical framework that resolves this problem by distinguishing between two levels of analysis. According to the proposed framework, attitude research can be conceptualised as the scientific study of evaluation. Evaluation is defined not in terms of mental constructs but in terms of elements in the environment, more specifically, as the effect of stimuli on evaluative responses. From this perspective, attitude research provides answers to two questions: (1) Which elements in the environment moderate evaluation? (2) What mental processes and representations mediate evaluation? Research on the first question provides explanations of evaluative responses in terms of elements in the environment (functional level of analysis); research on the second question offers explanations of evaluation in terms of mental processes and representations (cognitive level of analysis). These two levels of analysis are mutually supportive, in that better explanations at one level lead to better explanations at the other level. However, their mutually supportive relation requires a clear distinction between the concepts of their explanans and explanandum, which are conflated if behaviours are treated as proxies for mental constructs. The value of this functional-cognitive framework is illustrated by applying it to four central questions of attitude research.
Determination of Some Hematological Parameters and Antioxidant Capacity in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) Fed Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) to Aeromonas hydrophila

In this study, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with ginger (Zingiber officinale) at different ratios for 90 days in terms of their hematological, oxidative stress and growth parameters, mortality and RPS (relative percent survival) ratios against Aeromonas hydrophila, were investigated. The blood and tissue samples (liver, gill and gut) were taken from the 120 fish in the control and ginger groups (0.5%, 0.1%, 1.0%) infected with A. hydrophila for hematological parameters, oxidative stress indices (OSI). RBC indices, Hb and Hct values, differential count (D.C.) increased significantly in the 0.5% and 1.0% ginger groups. SOD and CAT enzymes activity were reduced in the liver, gill and gut tissues in the control group, these enzymes raised in the 0.5% and 1.0% ginger groups (P<0.05). No significant differences were determined amongs the experimental groups in terms of growth parameters. On the other hand, the rate of 61.6% RPS was the best indicator of inhibition effect of 1.0% ginger on pathogen. At higher doses of ginger, the increases in hematological and oxidative stress indices, and those in the rate of RPS were considered as the best results of antibacterial and antioxidant characteristic of ginger against the A. hydrophila infection in tilapia.
The general health of children and adolescents in Germany. Results of the cross-sectional KiGGS Wave 2 study and trends

Data from KiGGS Wave 2 show that 95.7% of parents who participated in the survey rated the overall health of their 3 to 17 year-old children as very good or good. This proportion is higher than the figures identified by the KiGGS baseline study across all age groups. The proportion of children rated as in very good health is highest among 3 to 6 year-olds and decreases with age. Among 14 to 17 year-olds, the proportion of girls in very good health is well below the level found among boys. A pronounced social gradient is still clear from the data: the proportion of parents who assess the overall health of their children as very good or good rises with increasing social status. This highlights the need for strategies to reduce health inequalities that involve society as a whole, and the need for target group-specific measures in prevention and health promotion.
Spatial mapping of multi-year superimposed ice on the glacier Kongsvegen, Svalbard

Abstract Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and satellite ERS-2 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) are used to map the thickness and extent of the superimposed ice (SI) zone on the surge-type glacier Kongsvegen, Svalbard. GPR imagery shows sub-horizontal SI layers lying unconformably above a discrete boundary. Below this boundary, the ice has a GPR signature similar to that of ice further down-glacier in the ablation zone. This boundary is posited to represent the closing of crevasses that were created during the last surge of Kongsvegen in ∼1948. Open crevasses would have interrupted the formation of sheet layers of SI due to efficient vertical drainage of the snowpack. Aerial photographs suggest that the crevasses closed sometime in the period 1956–66. A classified SAR image from 2003 is used to delineate the extent of the SI zone. The SI extent in the SAR image agrees well with the SI zone mapped by GPR. Using the SI spatial depth distribution, we estimate the mean annual accumulation of superimposed ice to be 0.16 ± 0.06 m w.e. a−1 (locally up to 0.43 m a−1 w.e.). This corresponds to ∼15–33% of the local winter balance and ∼5–10% of the total winter balance measured since 1987.
Concerns and Compasses for the Anthropological Research on the Fetal and Infant Death among Tribal and Rural Settings in India

Children are important properties of a country, for that reason, diminution in infant and child mortality is likely the most important purpose of the Millennium Development Goals. Neonatal survival is a very sensitive indicator of population growth and socioeconomic development. World Health Organization has generated enormous data related to these kinds of research. It has provided definitions, terminologies and technical guidelines in addition to throwing valuable information on fetal and infant death across the countries. Theoretically, these types of research have mainly quantitative though partially qualitative while on the basis of applied perspectives; it could be diagnostic as well as exploratory in nature. Multi-stage random sampling can be appropriate sampling for the study of concerning issues. Structured Interview Schedule will be used for interviewing the women, to provide a complete reproductive history of the births. This information will be used to calculate norms for direct estimates of fetal and infant mortality, according to Barfield & Committee on Fetus and Newborn. The result of these types of studies will identify the root causes of fetal and infant death in the tribal and rural settings of India. It would improve our understanding of the causes of failure of the health services in tribal and rural regions. Besides, it can be of help, to design the new health strategies and programs for the tribal and rural India. On the basis of above all discussion, it is urgent need to conduct such type of research in tribal and rural India.