Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Poster: USE: Unified and Split Execution for Exposing Divergences between Versions

Software maintenance is an important activity during a software development lifecycle in that detecting and fixing software faults are not only costly but also error-prone. How to select an appropriate set of test cases which can effectively show the difference between an old and new version of a software system becomes a challenging research topic. In this paper, we consider both control divergence and data divergence to explore the difference between two versions of code. To do so, we present a novel framework called Use, which executes the common code only once but has separate execution traces for the different code in a single dynamic symbolic execution instance, to generate test cases efficiently. Furthermore, we propose to apply Use to expose control and data divergences introduced by a patch and classifying patches. We evaluate Use on two case studies: SIR benchmark and CoREBench. The initial experimental results show that our methods can efficiently and effectively generate test cases demonstrating the divergence between two versions of code, and be helpful for inferring the bug source.
Comparative evaluation of Enterococcus faecalis counts in different tapers of rotary system and irrigation fluids: An ex vivo study

Background: Bacteria and their by-products are etiological factors for the failure of endodontic treatment. Reduction of root canal bacterial contamination is one of the chief aims of root canal therapy. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different rotary file tapers and two irrigation fluids on Enterococcus faecalis counts. Materials and Methods: In this ex vivo study Root canals of 72 human upper lateral incisors were enlarged to ISO #20 K-file. Then, the samples were sterilized and inoculated with E. faecalis for 72 h, divided into six experimental groups and prepared with #30 Flexmaster files with 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 tapers and two different irrigation solutions such as normal saline and sodium hypochlorite. The control group (n = 10) was subdivided into two groups with or without bacterial inoculation and no mechanical instrumentation. Cleaning efficacy was evaluated in terms of the reduction of colony forming units (CFUs). T-test, ANOVA, Duncan, and Tukey tests were applied to the groups. A significant level of α = 0.05 was set for comparison between the groups. Results: The canals instrumented with 0.06 taper exhibited greater significant reduction in CFUs compared to canals instrumented with 0.04 and 0.02 taper (P < 0.05); 0.04 taper also resulted in greater significant reduction in CFUs than 0.02 taper (P < 0.05). In addition, no significant differences were observed in E. faecalis counts between the two irrigation fluids (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Under the conditions of this study, root canal preparation with greater taper resulted in canal cleanliness and better debridement.
ACME: Advanced Counter Mode Encryption for Secure Non-Volatile Memories

Modern computing systems that integrate emerging non-volatile memories (NVMs) are vulnerable to classical security threats to data confidentiality (e.g., stolen DIMM and bus snooping attacks) as well as new security threats to system availability (e.g., denial of memory service (DoMS) attacks). Although counter mode encryption (CME) secures NVM-based main memories against confidentiality attacks, counter sizing is critical to balance tradeoffs between memory overhead, system performance, and re-encryption frequency (i.e., system availability). Furthermore, CME is particularly vulnerable to DoMS attacks, where a malicious application can severely impact memory availability by forcing frequent full memory re-encryption. This paper proposes Advanced Counter Mode Encryption, i.e., ACME, a low overhead CME-based main memory encryption solution to realize the twin security goals of confidentiality and availability in NVM-based main memories. At its core, ACME integrates counter write leveling (CWL) to reduce the frequency of full memory re-encryption while preserving the security properties of the underlying CME. Our evaluations on a phase change memory (PCM) architecture using SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks show that for a system availability of 99.999%, ACME not only requires 50% lower counter overhead, but also improves system performance by 20% in comparison to classical CME. When subject to a DoMS attack in the form of an unprivileged Linux process that sidesteps all levels of cache to constantly write to the same memory address to precipitate counter overflow, the ACME-based system provides 99.9% system availability in contrast to a classical CME-based system that is rendered non-operational.
Genetic and developmental origins of a unique foraging adaptation in a Lake Malawi cichlid genus

Significance Biologists have long been captivated by novel traits because they provide insights into both the origin of and constraints on morphological variation. The iconic adaptive radiations of cichlid fishes have led to incredible diversity of form, including some species with an exaggerated snout. This novelty is mechanically integrated with the upper jaw, appears to be under directional selection, and is found in one of the most ecologically successful cichlid lineages. We used protein manipulation, gene expression, and genetic mapping to implicate the Tgfβ pathway in the development of this unusual trait. Given the functions of Tgfβ signaling in tissue proliferation, migration, invasion, and organ fibrosis, this represents an example of the cooption of existing pathways in the evolution of novelty. Phenotypic novelties are an important but poorly understood category of morphological diversity. They can provide insights into the origins of phenotypic variation, but we know relatively little about their genetic origins. Cichlid fishes display remarkable diversity in craniofacial anatomy, including several novelties. One aspect of this variation is a conspicuous, exaggerated snout that has evolved in a single Malawi cichlid lineage and is associated with foraging specialization and increased ecological success. We examined the developmental and genetic origins for this phenotype and found that the snout is composed of two hypertrophied tissues: the intermaxillary ligament (IML), which connects the right and left sides of the upper jaw, and the overlying loose connective tissue. The IML is present in all cichlids, but in its exaggerated form it interdigitates with the more superficial connective tissue and anchors to the epithelium, forming a unique ligament–epithelial complex. We examined the Transforming growth factor β (Tgfβ) → Scleraxis (Scx) candidate pathway and confirmed a role for these factors in snout development. We demonstrate further that experimental up-regulation of Tgfβ is sufficient to produce an expansion of scx expression and concomitant changes in snout morphology. Genetic and genomic mapping show that core members of canonical Tgfβ signaling segregate with quantitative trait loci (QTL) for snout variation. These data also implicate a candidate for ligament development, adam12, which we confirm using the zebrafish model. Collectively, these data provide insights into ligament morphogenesis, as well as how an ecologically relevant novelty can arise at the molecular level.
The Cut-off Values for the Diagnosis of Hamstring Shortness and Related Factors

Background: Hamstrings are one of the most frequently evaluated muscle groups for flexibility in the lower extremity. Passive and active knee extension angle values are used as an indirect indicator of hamstring flexibility. However, the lack of consensus on the cut-off values leads to the use of inconsistent angle values in determining the hamstring tightness. Aims: To establish the normative and cut-off values of the passive and active knee extension angles for healthy young adults and to determine the associated factors including the quadriceps strength. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: A total of 123 volunteer university students, aged 18-24 years, who met the inclusion criteria were included in this study. Passive and active knee extension assessments of the subjects were performed. Subsequently, on the next day, both knee extensor concentric muscle strength of the participants was measured in the isokinetic system. The knee extension angles and the knee extensor strength were recorded as the mean values of the right and the left sides. Results: Passive knee extension angles of 17.1°±9.1° and 9.8°±5.7° and active knee extension angles of 17.8°±9.1° and 13.4°±6° were described as normative values in men and women, respectively. The cut-off values for the diagnosis of hamstring shortness were as follows: passive knee extension angle >32.2° for males and >19.2° for females and active knee extension angle >33.0° for males and >23.4° for females. A significant positive correlation was observed between knee extension angles and isokinetic knee extensor muscle strength in all participants. The knee extension angle and hamstring flexibility were not affected by dominance. Conclusion: The knee extension angles of healthy young people seem to be lower than the results currently reported in the literature. There s a positive correlation between knee extension angles and isokinetic knee extensor muscle strength.
Pathogenic Role of Complement in Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Therapeutic Implications

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an acquired autoimmune disease characterized by thromboembolic events, pregnancy morbidity, and the presence of antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies. There is sound evidence that aPL act as pathogenic autoantibodies being responsible for vascular clots and miscarriages. However, the exact mechanisms involved in the clinical manifestations of the syndrome are still a matter of investigation. In particular, while vascular thrombosis is apparently not associated with inflammation, the pathogenesis of miscarriages can be explained only in part by the aPL-mediated hypercoagulable state and additional non-thrombotic effects, including placental inflammation, have been described. Despite this difference, evidence obtained from animal models and studies in APS patients support the conclusion that complement activation is a common denominator in both vascular and obstetric APS. Tissue-bound aPL rather than circulating aPL-beta2 glycoprotein I immune complexes seem to be responsible for the activation of the classical and the alternative complement pathways. The critical role of complement is supported by the finding that complement-deficient animals are protected from the pathogenic effect of passively infused aPL and similar results have been obtained blocking complement activation. Moreover, elevated levels of complement activation products in the absence of abnormalities in regulatory molecules have been found in the plasma of APS patients, strongly suggesting that the activation of complement cascade is the result of aPL binding to the target antigen rather than of a defective regulation. Placental complement deposits represent a further marker of complement activation both in animals and in patients, and there is also some suggestive evidence that complement activation products are deposited in the affected vessels. The aim of this review is to analyze the state of the art of complement involvement in the pathogenesis of APS in order to provide insights into the role of this system as predictive biomarker for the clinical manifestations and as therapeutic target.
Oral indomethacin versus oral ibuprofen for treatment of patent ductus arteriosus: a randomised controlled study in very low-birthweight infants

Abstract Background: In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), haemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) is treated with oral indomethacin (IDC) and ibuprofen (IB) instead of intravenous formulations. No significant differences in efficacy have been reported. However, previous studies had small numbers of VLBW infants (<1500 g). Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of oral IDC and IB for closing PDA in VLBW infants with a gestational age of 24–32 weeks. Methods: This randomised controlled study enrolled 32 infants with hsPDA for treatment with either three doses of oral IDC or oral IB. Echocardiography was performed before and after treatment. Results: Oral IDC was more effective than oral IB (65% vs. 27%, p = 0.03). This difference was attributable to the subset of extremely low-birthweight infants (<1000 g) in whom an hsPDA closed 78% of the time after oral IDC compared with 13% of those treated with oral IB (p = 0.01). In contrast, there was no difference in hsPDA closure rates between the study groups of infants with birthweights of 1000–1499 g. There was no significant difference between the drugs in clinical and laboratory measures of adverse effects, nor of other clinical outcomes Conclusion: Oral IDC was more effective than oral IB for closing PDA in VLBW infants, without significant differences in side-effects or short-term outcomes.
Revisiting the Role of Impulsivity and Compulsivity in Problematic Sexual Behaviors

Impulsivity and compulsivity are transdiagnostic features associated with clinically relevant aspects of psychiatric disorders, including addictions. However, little research has investigated how impulsivity and compulsivity relate to hypersexuality and problematic pornography use. Thus, the aims of the present study were to investigate (a) self-reported impulsivity and compulsivity with respect to hypersexuality and problematic pornography use and (b) the similarities and possible differences between hypersexuality and problematic pornography use in these domains. Utilizing structural equation modeling (SEM) in a large community sample (N = 13,778 participants; female = 4,151, 30.1%), results indicated that impulsivity (β = .28, β = .26) and compulsivity (β = .23, β = .14) were weakly related to problematic pornography use among men and women, respectively. Impulsivity had a stronger relationship (β = .41, β = .42) with hypersexuality than did compulsivity (β = .21, β = .16) among men and women, respectively. Consequently, impulsivity and compulsivity may not contribute as substantially to problematic pornography use as some scholars have proposed. On the other hand, impulsivity might have a more prominent role in hypersexuality than in problematic pornography use. Future research should examine further social and situational factors associated with problematic pornography use.
FLOSS: FLOw Sensitive Scheduling on Mobile Platforms

Today’s mobile platforms have grown in sophistication to run a wide variety of frame-based applications. To deliver better QoS and energy efficiency, these applications utilize multi-flow execution, which exploits hardware-level parallelism across participating accelerators in the SoC. Our study shows that multi-flow execution increases memory pressure, and motivates us to propose a rate-based memoryscheduling scheme, called FLOSS, that considers a flow, individual frames of a flow, and any sharing of IPs across concurrent flows to schedule memory requests. Experimental results indicate that FLOSS provides 12% QoS improvement over baseline FR-FCFS scheme, and outperforms two QoS-aware schemes in multi-flow execution scenarios.
Emotional intelligence of Saudi children in the basic education program

Objectives: To explores emotional intelligence (EI) among Saudi children in basic education programs. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was utilized. A convenience sample of students (n=684) from 10 schools in Saudi Arabia completed the BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory-Youth Version. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted. Results: Most students (mean 83.2) showed poor emotional and social skills (p<90 EI). Region, income, failing grades, father’s educational level, and working status correlated positively (p<0.05) with EI. Living with parents, mother’s educational level, grade point average, and a lack of health problems were significant predictors of EI. Conclusions: Basic education teachers and families face challenges in incorporating strategies to enhance children’s emotional and social functioning.
Development of the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form Japanese version through factor analysis and test–retest reliability

ABSTRACT Background: Working alliance between the physiotherapist and patient is important for successful treatment in physiotherapy. Working alliance can be measured by a 12-item self-reporting measure with 7-point Likert scale, the Working Alliance Inventory Short-Form Client (WAI-SC). Objectives: To develop a shorter version of the Japanese WAI-SC through examination of factor structure and test–retest reliability. Design: Survey. Method: A convenience sample of 118 outpatients with musculoskeletal disorders completed the WAI-SC immediately after the third consultation and 101 of them completed the WAI-SC immediately before the fourth consultation. Results/findings: Through investigations of internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and factor structure, a single structure was detected by excluding Item 4 and Item 10. Score calculation was also modified to dichotomous variables (Score 7 or other scores) due to serious ceiling effects, where >50% of responses were Score 7. A five-item questionnaire with dichotomous score rating (Modified WAI-SC Japanese musculoskeletal version) was developed through consideration of internal consistency and item-total correlation analysis. This questionnaire demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.88) and excellent test–retest reliability for each item (Cohen’s κ for all > 0.4) and total scores (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.84). Conclusions: The five-item Modified WAI-SC Japanese musculoskeletal version was developed with a single factor structure showing adequate internal consistency and excellent test–retest reliability.
Diagnosis of Methionine/Valine Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease by Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification

A patient with a heterozygous variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) with a methionine/valine genotype at codon 129 of the prion protein gene was recently reported. Using an ultrasensitive and specific protein misfolding cyclic amplification–based assay for detecting variant CJD prions in cerebrospinal fluid, we discriminated this heterozygous case of variant CJD from cases of sporadic CJD.
Quasicrystalline 30° twisted bilayer graphene as an incommensurate superlattice with strong interlayer coupling

Significance Interlayer interaction in van der Waals heterostructures could induce many exotic phenomena. Unlike commensurate heterostructures, incommensurate ones have often been neglected, due to the rarity in nature and the assumption of suppressed coherent interlayer movement of electrons. How the interlayer interaction affects the electronic structure of such a nonperiodic heterostructure is a fundamental question. In this work, by successfully growing 30°-twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG) as an example for incommensurate “heterostructure” with quasicrystalline order, we report the emergence of mirrored Dirac cones. We identify that these mirrored Dirac cones are a consequence of the interlayer interaction, showing its importance in the incommensurate structure, which has been overlooked before. These results broaden the application range of van der Waals heterostructure for future electronic devices. The interlayer coupling can be used to engineer the electronic structure of van der Waals heterostructures (superlattices) to obtain properties that are not possible in a single material. So far research in heterostructures has been focused on commensurate superlattices with a long-ranged Moiré period. Incommensurate heterostructures with rotational symmetry but not translational symmetry (in analogy to quasicrystals) are not only rare in nature, but also the interlayer interaction has often been assumed to be negligible due to the lack of phase coherence. Here we report the successful growth of quasicrystalline 30° twisted bilayer graphene (30°-tBLG), which is stabilized by the Pt(111) substrate, and reveal its electronic structure. The 30°-tBLG is confirmed by low energy electron diffraction and the intervalley double-resonance Raman mode at 1383 cm−1. Moreover, the emergence of mirrored Dirac cones inside the Brillouin zone of each graphene layer and a gap opening at the zone boundary suggest that these two graphene layers are coupled via a generalized Umklapp scattering mechanism—that is, scattering of a Dirac cone in one graphene layer by the reciprocal lattice vector of the other graphene layer. Our work highlights the important role of interlayer coupling in incommensurate quasicrystalline superlattices, thereby extending band structure engineering to incommensurate superstructures.
A mathematical modelling analysis of the response of blood pressure and heart rate to submaximal exercise

Abstract Objective: According to Golden ratio (GR) and Fibonacci sequence, models of the organisation of various structures can be encountered in biology, medicine, architecture and engineering. Recent studies indicate that GR can be highlighted in the organisation and physiological functioning of the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to investigate the cardiovascular homeostasis during rest and exercise testing by determining the GR validity at the dynamic level of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) and heart rate (HR) values. Methods and Results: We used data obtained from a cardiovascular testing of a group of 236 young healthy subjects (mean age of 19.35 ± 1.92 years). We realised a double assessment of subjects (HR and BP), at rest and immediately after a six minutes submaximal exercise test (Astrand and Rhyming protocol). The investigated group showed a normal cardiovascular reactivity in subjects. GR harmonic rhythm can be identified in the correlation of hemodynamic parameters of HR and SBP, respectively of SBP and DBP, at rest. The differences between means of the ratios (SBP/HR and SBP/DBP), at rest and after effort, were statistically significant (p < .001), with a large effect size. Conclusions: We confirm that the rest state determines the harmonisation of SBP and HR, respectively, of SBP and DBP values, both ratios being very close to GR value. From the perspective of these cardiovascular parameters, the human body is designed to function in the harmonic regime at rest and to temporarily get out of synchronisation during exercise.
Outcome prediction of DOTA2 using machine learning methods

With the wide spreading of network and capital inflows, Electronic Sport (ES) is developing rapidly in recent years and has become a competitive sport that cannot be ignored. Compared with traditional sports, the data of this industry is large in size and has the characteristics of easy-accessing and normalization. Based on these, data mining and machine learning methods can be applied to improve players' skills and help players make strategies. In this paper, a new approach predicting the outcome of an electronic sport DOTA2 was proposed. In earlier studies, the heroes' draft of a team was represented by unit vectors or its evolution, so the complex interactions among heroes were not captured. In our approach, the outcome prediction was performed in two steps. In the first step, Heroes in DOTA2 were quantified from 17 aspects in a more accurate way. In the second step, we proposed a new method to represent a heroes' draft. A priority table of 113 heroes was created based on the prior knowledge to support this method. The evaluation indexes of several machine learning methods on this task have been compared and analyzed in this paper. Experimental results demonstrate that our method was more effective and accurate than previous methods.