Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Movement Analysis of Australian National League Soccer Players Using Global Positioning System Technology

Abstract Wehbe, GM, Hartwig, TB, and Duncan, CS. Movement analysis of Australian National League Soccer players using global positioning system technology. J Strength Cond Res 28(3): 834–842, 2014—Player activity profiles of match play provide valuable information for optimal athlete training prescriptions, competition strategies, and managing load and recovery and are currently lacking in elite Australian-league (A-League) soccer. The aims of the study were, therefore, to (a) determine match activity profiles for elite A-League soccer players and make match-half and positional comparisons and (b) examine the effect of situational factors including evolving match status (drawing, winning, or losing) and goals being scored and conceded on selected match activity profile variables. Global positioning system tracking devices were used to determine activity profiles of 19 elite male adult soccer players during 8 preseason matches (n = 95 files). Total distance, average speed, high-intensity running (HIR) distance, and very high-intensity running distance decreased from the first to the second half by 7.92, 9.47, 10.10, and 10.99%, respectively. Midfielders covered 11.69% more total distance, 28.08% more HIR distance, and had a 10.93% higher average speed than defenders (p ⩽ 0.05; d = 1.90, 1.03, and 1.83, respectively). Attackers performed 27.50 and 30.24% less medium accelerations than defenders and midfielders, respectively (p < 0.01; d = 1.54, and 1.73). When the team was winning, average speed was 4.17% lower than when the team was drawing (p ⩽ 0.05, d = 0.32). Scoring or conceding goals did not appear to affect HIR. This study adds to limited knowledge of match demands in elite A-League soccer. The match activity profiles provide descriptive benchmarks that could be used to make comparisons with other elite level soccer populations while also providing a framework for game-specific training prescription, competition strategy, and load management. The generalization that defenders experience a relatively lower match load may be questionable given their relatively high acceleration and deceleration demands.
Management of TraumaticCrystalline Lens Subluxation and Dislocation

Many systemic or localized ocular conditions can lead to the weakening of the zonules that support the intraocular lens, subsequently leading to lens subluxation or complete dislocation into the vitreous cavity. Some of these conditions include pseudoexfoliation syndrome, Marfan syndrome, Weill-Marchesani syndrome, intraocular neoplasia, aniridia, trauma, microspherophakia, and iatrogenic causes such as prior vitrectomy or filtration procedures. Traumatic zonular dialysis is a major cause of lens subluxation and dislocation. Blunt trauma may cause transient shortening of the eye in the anterioposterior direction causing equatorial expansion, which can stretch or break the zonules. In a similar manner, perforating and penetrating injury of the eye can damage the zonules directly or indirectly. Patients may develop traumatic cataract or be symptomatic purely from the subluxed lens. Symptoms of a subluxed or dislocated lens include hyperopic or myopic shift, severe astigmatism, monocular diplopia, glare, and functional aphakia. The routine phacoemulsification techniques used today for cataract surgery may not be suitable in cases with weak zonular support. Here we review the current management strategies for traumatic crystalline lens subluxation and dislocation.
Early microglia activation in a mouse model of chronic glaucoma

Changes in microglial cell activation and distribution are associated with neuronal decline in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly under pathological conditions. Activated microglia converge on the initial site of axonal degeneration in human glaucoma, yet their part in its pathophysiology remains unresolved. To begin with, it is unknown whether microglia activation precedes or is a late consequence of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neurodegeneration. Here we address this critical element in DBA/2J (D2) mice, an established model of chronic inherited glaucoma, using as a control the congenic substrain DBA/2J Gpnmb+/SjJ (D2G), which is not affected by glaucoma. We analyzed the spatial distribution and timecourse of microglial changes in the retina, as well as within the proximal optic nerve prior to and throughout ages when neurodegeneration has been reported. Exclusively in D2 mice, we detected early microglia clustering in the inner central retina and unmyelinated optic nerve regions, with microglia activation peaking by 3 months of age. Between 5 and 8 months of age, activated microglia persisted and concentrated in the optic disc, but also localized to the retinal periphery. Collectively, our findings suggest microglia activation is an early alteration in the retina and optic nerve in D2 glaucoma, potentially contributing to disease onset or progression. Ultimately, detection of microglial activation may have value in early disease diagnosis, while modulation of microglial responses may alter disease progression. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:599–620, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical neuroanatomy of the Drosophila central complex: Distribution of multiple neuropeptides in relation to neurotransmitters

The central complex of the insect brain is an integration center, receiving inputs from many parts of the brain. In Drosophila it has been associated with the control of both locomotor and visually correlated behaviors. The central complex can be divided into several substructures and is comprised of a large number of neuronal types. These neurons produce classical neurotransmitters, biogenic amines, and different neuropeptides. However, the distribution of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in central‐complex circuits of Drosophila is poorly known. By immunolabeling and GAL4‐directed expression of marker proteins, we analyzed the distribution of acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, monoamines, and eight different neuropeptides; Drosophila tachykinin, short neuropeptide F, myoinhibitory peptide, allatostatin A, proctolin, SIFamide, neuropeptide F, and FMRFamide. All eight neuropeptides were localized to the fan‐shaped body, the largest substructure of the central complex, and were mapped to different layers within this structure. Several populations of peptide‐immunoreactive tangential and columnar neurons were identified, of which some colocalized acetylcholine. Fewer peptides were found to be expressed in the other substructures: the ellipsoid body, the protocerebral bridge, and the noduli. The ellipsoid body and the protocerebral bridge were innervated by extrinsic peptide expressing neurons. Our findings reveal that numerous neuropeptides are expressed in the central complex and that each peptide has a distinct distribution pattern, suggesting important roles for neuropeptides as neuromediators and cotransmitters in this brain area. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:290‐315, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The hypo/hypertension quandary.

The term “Pioneer” indicates substantial experience (“vintage”) and presumes enhanced perspective. In thinking about how I might contribute to this series, I came to the conclusion that one logical action would be to write about a significant and unremitting medical problem that has been present for the duration of my career and has been a subject of interest for me for decades. That is what follows. Early dialysis at the Peter Bent Brigham hospital, under the guidance of John P. Merrill, MD and his chief nurse Audrey Clemmens, RN, was conducted using a modified version of the Kolff rotating drum artificial kidney. During my presence (1960–1963) there was a gradual migration away from the rotating drum to the Travenol twin-coil dialyzer. This was driven by the comparative technical simplicity of the twin coil. Acute renal failure with surgical vascular access was the target population, and treatment times were 6 h every other day or more depending on the degree of uremia. With this migration of technology came the capacity to hydrostatically drive ultrafiltration (clamping the blood outflow line) as contrasted with the osmotic driving force (bath glucose) used by the drum. For the first time this permitted the dialysis clinician to remove vascular volume faster than it could be restored from the interstitial space, causing the occurrence of symptomatic intradialytic hypotension (SIH). However, the population treated and the duration of the dialysis made the occurrence of SIH an infrequent complication, unlike what we see today in the treatment of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients.
Neurosurgery of Infancy and Childhood

The preface of this new second edition sums up the rational, progressive, at times brilliant approach to pediatric neurosurgery begun by Franc Ingraham, a pupil of Cushing, and advanced by the worthy successor to these men, Donald Matson. The innate intelligence, the surgical ability, the gift of speaking and writing endowed Donald Matson with the capacity to express himself factually and reasonably, never hyperbolically. Yet in writing of Donald Matson and of his last book, it is tempting to resort to hyperbole, of which he would have disapproved. Of the 11 major sections one could select some as stronger than others. The book does not display any weaknesses. A section on neurosurgical anesthesia, written with the advice of Dr. Robert Smith, cannot be as complete as a book on the subject would be, but it covers the subject well and gives the inquisitive reader adequate reference to more elaborate material.
Synaptic inputs to two types of koniocellular pathway ganglion cells in marmoset retina

The retinal connectivity of the diverse group of cells contributing to koniocellular visual pathways (widefield ganglion cells) is largely unexplored. Here we examined the synaptic inputs onto two koniocellular‐projecting ganglion cell types named large sparse and broad thorny cells. Ganglion cells were labeled by retrograde tracer injections targeted to koniocellular layer K3 in the lateral geniculate nucleus in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and subsequently photofilled. Retinal preparations were processed with antibodies against the C‐terminal binding protein 2, the AMPA receptor subunit GluR4, and against CD15 to identify bipolar (excitatory) and/or antibodies against gephyrin to identify amacrine (inhibitory) input. Large sparse cells are narrowly stratified close to the ganglion cell layer. Broad thorny ganglion cells are broadly stratified in the center of the inner plexiform layer. Bipolar input to large sparse cells derives from DB6 and maybe other ON bipolar types, whereas that to broad thorny cells derives from ON and OFF bipolar cell types. The total number of putative synapses on broad thorny cells is higher than the number on large sparse cells but the density of inputs (between 2 and 5 synapses per 100 μm2 dendritic area) is similar for the two cell types, indicating that the larger number of synapses on broad thorny cells is attributable to the larger membrane surface area of this cell type. Synaptic input density is comparable to previous values for midget‐parvocellular and parasol‐magnocellular pathway cells. This suggests functional differences between koniocellular, parvocellular, and magnocellular pathways do not arise from variation in synaptic input densities. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2135–2153, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinal Manifestations of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disease

Autoimmune or inflammatory diseases may affect multiple organs throughout the body, but in fact often have very specific targets (ie, arteries and veins, melanocytes, or the nervous system). As the retina is the most metabolically active tissue in the body, its dependence on the circulatory system makes it particularly susceptible to any process resulting in vasculitis. Similarly, presence of melanin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) exposes the retina to those diseases that involve melanocytes elsewhere in the body. Finally, mere presence of the nerve fiber layer and optic nerve makes the retina susceptible to those diseases that target the nervous system. Therefore, it is not surprising that the retina is a frequent location for manifestation of these disorders; a careful examination not only sheds light on the pathologic process, but often allows one to predict active versus quiescent disease activity elsewhere in the body. The purpose of this study is to review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and retinal manifestations for a number of autoimmune or inflammatory-mediated diseases.
Relationship between auditory thresholds, central spontaneous activity, and hair cell loss after acoustic trauma

Acoustic trauma caused by exposure to a very loud sound increases spontaneous activity in central auditory structures such as the inferior colliculus. This hyperactivity has been suggested as a neural substrate for tinnitus, a phantom hearing sensation. In previous studies we have described a tentative link between the frequency region of hearing impairment and the corresponding tonotopic regions in the inferior colliculus showing hyperactivity. In this study we further investigated the relationship between cochlear compound action potential threshold loss, cochlear outer and inner hair cell loss, and central hyperactivity in inferior colliculus of guinea pigs. Two weeks after a 10‐kHz pure tone acoustic trauma, a tight relationship was demonstrated between the frequency region of compound action potential threshold loss and frequency regions in the inferior colliculus showing hyperactivity. Extending the duration of the acoustic trauma from 1 to 2 hours did not result in significant increases in final cochlear threshold loss, but did result in a further increase of spontaneous firing rates in the inferior colliculus. Interestingly, hair cell loss was not present in the frequency regions where elevated cochlear thresholds and central hyperactivity were measured, suggesting that subtle changes in hair cell or primary afferent neural function are sufficient for central hyperactivity to be triggered and maintained. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2637–2647, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns in use: a study on routes of administration of Asian drug users

Current evidence suggests that more people from ethnic minorities are accessing substance misuse services than before. However, research in this area is sparse and much of the work has been done outside London. Data gathered from the Thames regional database (1999) would suggest that the Asian community is an emerging sub-group that is accessing drug services. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the assessment process demonstrates marked differences when comparing data of Asian drug users with those of white users, the main differences being length of drug-using history, route of administration and amount of heroin being used. The drug of choice of the Asian community was heroin and their route of administration was by smoking (95% had never injected). In comparison, the British white population has a history of injecting drug use (95%). An audit was completed in Brent to verify the anecdotal evidence mentioned above. This audit was repeated in South Camden, where there is a similar Asian client group who are accessing the specialist service, to see if similar patterns in route of administration, length of drug history and amount of heroin used emerged. The audit was completed for 500 clients, with the two services provided approximately 250 clients each for the audit. The main evidence found differences in length of use, drug of choice, route of administration, age, social class and gender. The next step is to design suitable research to look at the possible reasons for this difference upon presentation, and whether this should shape drug service provision.
Increasing the use of alcohol screening and brief intervention in New Zealand

New Zealand has high rates of acute alcohol-related harm relative to chronic harm, and when compared with other countries. Acute harm is typically caused by binge drinking. New Zealand alcohol use surveys consistently find that about 20–25% of adult drinkers binge drink. There is substantial overseas evidence that alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) in primary health care is effective and cost-effective for reducing alcohol harm among binge drinkers. However, while there is also growing evidence that alcohol SBI can successfully be implemented in New Zealand, the approach has been significantly under-utilised. This article provides a brief overview of New Zealand research that supports a case for increasing the use of alcohol SBI in primary health care. It also highlights that when looking to successfully implement alcohol SBI in other settings, it is important to ensure that the intervention is simple and purpose-built for both the setting and recipient.
Blueprint of an ancestral neurosensory organ revealed in glial networks in human dental pulp

Sensory function of human dental pulp has long been known. A composite role has been suggested for odontoblasts as sensory cells in addition to the synthesis of dentinal matrix. However, the neural basis for such a composite sensory activity remains enigmatic. Here, we aimed to probe the question by pursuing an evolutionary logic; if dental pulp is a vestigial sensory organ co‐opted to a function of synthesis of mineralized matrix, essential elements of neurosensory organs may persist in dental pulp. Through structural analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy, three distinct cell populations adjacent to odontoblasts, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ seracytes, S100+ telacytes, and HLA‐II+ alacytes were identified in peripheral human dental pulp. Subsequent molecular fingerprinting by quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction established these cells as analogous to radial glia (GFAP+ cells), astrocytes (S100+ cells), and microglia (HLA‐II+ cells) of central nervous system organs. In the cell‐rich zone of the pulp, S100+ cells formed a network, ensheathed unmyelinated axons, and extended end‐feet around the capillaries. The microcirculation adjacent to the glial cells in the cell‐rich zone possessed ultrastructural features and a gene expression profile typical of the blood‐brain barrier system. These novel findings support a new paradigm for understanding sensory functionality of dental pulp by the demonstration of a sophisticated neural structure in the human dental pulp that is analogous to other central sensory organs. Further, the structure that is revealed informs the concept of the evolutionary origin of the dental pulp, suggesting that a neurosensory organ was the precursor structure of teeth. J. Comp. Neurol.519:3306–3326, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gender-related differences in career development among gynecologic oncology surgeons in Europe. European Network of Young Gynecologic Oncologists’ Survey based data

Introduction Gender-related differences in career development are well-known issues in various professions. An international survey on gender-related differences was performed among young gynecologic oncology surgeons in Europe to identify potential gender inequalities in career development. Material and methods A survey on demographics, clinical and academic working environment, family/parenting, career development, salary and leadership was sent to all members of the European Network of Young Gynecologic Oncologists (ENYGO), which is a network within the European Society of Gynecologic Oncology (ESGO). Gynecologic oncology surgeons and obstetricians/gynecologists who actively work in this field in Europe were included in the study. Results Responses were analyzed from 192 gynecologic oncology surgeons of whom 65.1% (125/192) were female (median age 37, IQR: 34 - 42) and 34.9% (67/192) were male (median age 38, IQR: 36 - 41). Male reported to perform a median of 15 and female a median of 10 operations per month (p = .007). Among female, 24.8% had a leadership position vs. 44.8% among male, crude OR = 2.46, 95% CI 1.31-4.62, p<. 01. When stratifying for age under 41 and having children, 36.7% of male and 5.6% of female had a leadership position, adjusted OR 10.8, 95% CI 3.28-35.64, p<. 001. A significantly higher proportion of female compared to male believed they earned less than their gender counterparts at the same clinical position and with same qualifications (30.4% vs. 2.5%, p<.001). There was not a statistically significant gender difference in the academic qualification PhD degree or professorship (p = .92 and p = .64, respectively). In the previous year, male published more peer-reviewed articles than female (median 3 vs. median 2; p = .017). Conclusion This first comprehensive survey on gender-differences in gynecologic oncology in Europe revealed that there are gender gaps concerning several aspects during the critical time of career development in the young generation of gynecologic oncology surgeons. These gender gaps are particularly reflected by a lower rate of female leadership positions. ENYGO and ESGO are dedicated to work on solution to overcome the identified obstacles and to support closing gender gaps.
Spot assessment of chronic kidney disease risk factors in a market population in Benin City

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem world-wide and its management puts a huge financial burden on persons with the disease and those responsible for their treatment. Early identification of CKD risk factors and prevention of its progression is the best option. Objective: The objective of the following study was to determine the prevalence of some CKD risk factors in a population of traders in Benin City. Materials and Methods: Traders in Oba market Benin City were invited for CKD screening on world Kidney Day 2012. Information obtained from participants included age, sex, weight, height; body mass index and blood pressure. Their urine was tested for protein while capillary blood was tested for glucose. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 (Chicago SPSS Inc). Results: A total of 176 persons comprising 83 men and 93 women participated in the study. Their mean age was 42.6 ± 13 years. The prevalence of hypertension (HTN), obesity, proteinuria and hyperglycemia in the study population were 33.5%, 18.2%, 5.7% and 1.7% respectively. Conclusion: HTN and obesity were the most common CKD risk factors in the study population.
Brainstem origins of glutamatergic innervation of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

Multiple lines of evidence document a role for glutamatergic input to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH) in stress‐induced activation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical (HPA) axis. However, the neuroanatomical origins of the glutamatergic input have yet to be definitively determined. We have previously shown that vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) is the predominant VGLUT isoform expressed in the basal forebrain and brainstem, including PVH‐projecting regions, and that the PVH is preferentially innervated by VGLUT2‐immunoreactive terminals/boutons. The present study employed a dual‐labeling approach, combining immunolabeling for a retrograde tract tracer, Fluoro‐Gold (FG), with in situ hybridization for VGLUT2 mRNA, to map the brainstem and caudal forebrain distribution of glutamatergic PVH‐projecting neurons. The present report presents evidence for substantial dual labeling in the periaqueductal gray, caudal portions of the zona incerta and subparafascicular nucleus, and the lateral parabrachial nucleus. The current data also suggest that relatively few PVH‐projecting neurons in ascending raphe nuclei, nucleus of the solitary tract, or ventrolateral medulla are VGLUT2 positive. The data reveal multiple brainstem origins of glutamatergic input to PVH that are positioned to play a role in transducing a diverse range of stressful stimuli. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2369–2394, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.