Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE INCREMENTAL INFORMATION CONTENT OF ACCRUAL VERSUS CASH FLOWS

Current financial reporting practices have traditionally emphasized measures of accrual earnings. On the other hand, the link between future cash flows and firm value is well accepted by financial economists, and recently there has been increased interest in measures of cash flow. This paper provides evidence on the role of accrual (i.e., earnings and working capital from operations [WCFO]) and cash flow measures in an explanatory model of security prices. This issue is first examined by testing for an association between unexpected security returns and unexpected cash flows, after controlling for the relation between unexpected returns and unexpected earnings. We also examine the obverse issue by testing for an association between unexpected security returns and unexpected earnings, after controlling for the relation between unexpected returns and unexpected cash flows. We test these relations in two contexts: in results pooled over the entire ten-year time period studied and in year-byyear cross-sectional regressions. Results for our complete sample are generally consistent with: (1) cash flow data having incremental information content relative to that contained in earnings; (2) cash flow data having incremental information content in addition to that contained in earnings and WCFO; and (3) accrual data (i.e., earnings and WCFO) jointly and separately having incremental information content in addition to that contained in cash flow data. However, the results do not support the hypothesis that WCFO has incremental information content relative to that contained in earnings. T HE onset of higher interest rates and more frequent business failures in the 1970s was accompanied by increased concern over the usefulness of accrual accounting numbers relative to cash flow data. Recently, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) [1986] has addressed this concern by proposing that the Statement of Changes in Financial Position (SCFP) be replaced by a Cash Flow Statement. The increased emphasis on the more primitive concept of cash flows is a departure from the current institutional environment in which accrual accounting preThe authors wish to thank Vic Bernard, Andrew Christie, George Foster, Lauren Kelly, Dana Klemme, Paul Malatesta, Eric Noreen, Pete Wilson, two anonymous reviewers, and participants in the 1981 and 1984 Robert M. Bowen is Associate Professor of Accounting, University of Washington, David Burgstahler is Associate Professor of Accounting, University of Washington, and Lane A. Daley is AssociateProfessorofAccounting, University of Minnesota. Manuscript received July 1986. Revisions received March 1987 and May 1987. Accepted May 1987.
AAGBI: Consent for anaesthesia 2017

Previous guidelines on consent for anaesthesia were issued by the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland in 1999 and revised in 2006. The following guidelines have been produced in response to the changing ethical and legal background against which anaesthetists, and also intensivists and pain specialists, currently work, while retaining the key principles of respect for patients’ autonomy and the need to provide adequate information. The main points of difference between the relevant legal frameworks in England and Wales and Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are also highlighted.
Measurement of DNA Damage in Mammalian Cells Exposed In Vitro to Radiofrequency Fields at SARs of 3–5 W/kg

Abstract Li, L. , Bisht, K. S. , LaGroye, I. , Zhang, P., Straube, W. L. , Moros, E. G. and Roti Roti, J. L. Measurement of DNA Damage in Mammalian Cells Exposed In Vitro to Radiofrequency Fields at SARs of 3–5 W/kg. Radiat. Res. 156, 328–332 (2001). In the present study, we determined whether exposure of mammalian cells to 3.2–5.1 W/kg specific absorption rate (SAR) radiofrequency fields could induce DNA damage in murine C3H 10T½ fibroblasts. Cell cultures were exposed to 847.74 MHz code-division multiple access (CDMA) and 835.62 frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) modulated radiations in radial transmission line (RTL) irradiators in which the temperature was regulated to 37.0 ± 0.3°C. Using the alkaline comet assay to measure DNA damage, we found no statistically significant differences in either comet moment or comet length between sham-exposed cells and those exposed for 2, 4 or 24 h to CDMA or FDMA radiations in either exponentially growing or plateau-phase cells. Further, a 4-h incubation after the 2-h exposure resulted in no significant changes in comet moment or comet length. Our results show that exposure of cultured C3H 10T½ cells at 37°C CDMA or FDMA at SAR values of up to 5.1 W/kg did not induce measurable DNA damage.
Spatial Learning and Memory Is Preserved in Rats after Early Development in a Microgravity Environment

This study evaluated the cognitive mapping abilities of rats that spent part of their early development in a microgravity environment. Litters of male and female Sprague-Dawley rat pups were launched into space aboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration space shuttle Columbia on postnatal day 8 or 14 and remained in space for 16 days. These animals were designated as FLT groups. Two age-matched control groups remained on Earth: those in standard vivarium housing (VIV) and those in housing identical to that aboard the shuttle (AGC). On return to Earth, animals were tested in three different tasks that measure spatial learning ability, the Morris water maze (MWM), and a modified version of the radial arm maze (RAM). Animals were also tested in an open field apparatus to measure general activity and exploratory activity. Performance and search strategies were evaluated in each of these tasks using an automated tracking system. Despite the dramatic differences in early experience, there were remarkably few differences between the FLT groups and their Earth-bound controls in these tasks. FLT animals learned the MWM and RAM as quickly as did controls. Evaluation of search patterns suggested subtle differences in patterns of exploration and in the strategies used to solve the tasks during the first few days of testing, but these differences normalized rapidly. Together, these data suggest that development in an environment without gravity has minimal long-term impact on spatial learning and memory abilities. Any differences due to development in microgravity are quickly reversed after return to earth normal gravity.
Risk management and firm value: recent theory and evidence

Purpose - – This paper aims to provide an update to the risk management literature, as it compiles a survey of 65 recent theoretical and empirical studies on the topic. Design/methodology/approach - – This is a survey paper that summarizes recent theoretical and empirical research regarding the relationship between risk management and firm value. Findings - – Recent empirical evidence provides support for theoretical propositions in the literature that risk management increases firm value and returns, while reducing return and cash flow volatility. The results are largely consistent with early findings, and there have been significant empirical advances that address concerns regarding the endogeneity of risk management practices relative to corporate financial decisions. The literature has become broader and deeper, as there are now studies with larger sample sizes across more industries and geographic areas. Practical implications - – Firms that use sound risk management practices obtain higher valuations, achieve better financial performance and experience diminished costs of financial distress. Recent research has emerged regarding enterprise risk management and its potential for value creation and risk reduction. Originality/value - – The paper provides a new compilation and synthesis of recent theoretical and empirical research in risk management that addresses many of the limitations of prior research.
The Dynamics of University Transformation: A Case Study in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

This article sheds light on the dynamics of the recently created Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) as a result of a merger between three separate institutions. A particular focus is given to NMMU’s role in the further development of the Eastern Cape Province, one of South Africa’s poorest regions. The article discusses the impact of the amalgamation process on the university’s institutional profile, strategic platform, structural features, and scope and nature of activities. The article draws upon key insights from the institutional theory of organisations and the concepts of academic core, extended periphery and structural coupling. Taking institutionalisation as a conceptual frame of reference, it points to a number of tensions and critical success factors with respect to the university’s ability to respond to external demands for a stronger engagement with surrounding society. Path-dependencies, local champions, and support by leadership structures were found to be major enablers. The lack of a strong and balanced academic core and the absence of structural linkages or tight coupling were identified as major challenges.
Psychometric evaluation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/Gynecologic Oncology Group—Neurotoxicity (Fact/GOG-Ntx) questionnaire for patients receiving systemic chemotherapy

The purpose of this study was to validate the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/Gynecologic Oncology Group—Neurotoxicity (FACT/GOG-Ntx) questionnaire. The FACT/GOG-Ntx is the FACT-G plus an eleven-item subscale (Ntx subscale) that evaluates symptoms and concerns associated specifically with chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. Two groups of women with ovarian cancer completed the FACT/GOG-Ntx: one group with known neurotoxicities and one group of chemotherapy-naive women newly diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Levels of patient neuropathy, severity of toxicity, and patient quality of life from diagnosis of ovarian cancer to 12 months post-diagnosis were assessed. The Ntx subscale significantly differentiated the two groups at baseline and 3- and 6-month follow-ups, demonstrating significantly fewer problems among chemotherapy-naive patients than among patients with known neuropathy. The FACT/GOG-Ntx is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the impact of neuropathy on health-related quality of life. The Ntx subscale demonstrated sensitivity to meaningful clinical distinctions and change over time.
Equity Duration of Value and Growth Indices

This paper explores the sensitivity of stock prices to discount rate changes and cash flow timing, a concept that may be interpreted as equity duration in a manner similar to bonds. We demonstrate the computation of equity duration using a residual income model and provide duration estimates for value and growth stocks from 2006:I to 2014:I based on forward looking analysts’ estimates. We find that growth stocks exhibit higher duration than value stocks consistent with the expectation that a higher proportion of cash flows from growth stocks will be received in the more distant future. Over our sample period, return forecasts based on duration track actual price changes of value stocks reasonably well. However, neither the residual income model nor a dividend discount model explains actual price changes of growth stocks very well. We argue that value stocks’ greater bond-like characteristics and more stable durations over time make them more amenable to the application of duration concepts than growth stocks. The larger proportion of value associated with embedded options, and the inherent challenges in modeling the sensitivity of this component to discount rate changes makes application of duration to growth stocks less useful.
The impact of dementia on the use of general practitioners among the elderly in Norway

Objective. To assess the use of general practitioners (GPs), in elderly home-dwelling persons in Norway and explore the impact of cognitive decline, age, and living situation. Design. Prospective longitudinal study. Setting. Data were collected from municipalities in four counties in Norway in the period from January 2009 to August 2012. Subjects. Home-dwelling persons 70 years of age or older, receiving in-home care. Main outcome measures. Use of GPs over a period of 18 months related to cognitive state, functional status, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and demographics. Results. A total of 599 persons were included. The mean annual number of consultations per participant was 5.6 (SD = 5.4). People with moderate to severe dementia had fewer consultations per year compared with those with mild or no dementia (3.7 versus 5.8 per year, p = 0.004). In the multivariate model higher age predicted fewer consultations while affective neuropsychiatric symptoms were associated with an increase in frequency of consultations. The most frequent reason to consult a GP was cardiovascular diseases (36.8% of all consultations), followed by musculoskeletal complaints (12.1%) and psychiatric diagnoses (8.7%). Conclusion. Our study shows that the home-dwelling elderly with moderate to severe dementia in Norway consult their GP less often than persons with mild or no dementia. This could indicate a need for better interaction between the municipal care and social services and the general practitioners.
Tamoxifen alone versus adjuvant tamoxifen for operable breast cancer of the elderly: long-term results of the phase III randomized controlled multicenter GRETA trial.

BACKGROUND To evaluate the efficacy of tamoxifen as primary treatment in women aged over 70 years with operable breast cancer versus surgery followed by adjuvant tamoxifen. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients randomly received tamoxifen alone (160 mg day 1, then 20 mg/day) for 5 years or surgery followed by tamoxifen (20 mg/day) for 5 years. Overall survival was the main study end point; secondary objectives included breast cancer survival and local control of the disease. RESULTS Between 1987 and 1992, 239 patients were assigned to surgery plus tamoxifen and 235 to tamoxifen alone. Treatment arms were comparable for tumor size, clinical nodal status and performance status. At a median follow-up of 80 months 274 patients had died. No difference between groups had emerged in overall and breast cancer survival. There were 27 local progressions in the surgery plus tamoxifen group and 106 in the tamoxifen-alone group (P = 0.0001). In the surgery plus tamoxifen group, no difference in overall survival had emerged according to the extension of operation. CONCLUSIONS The long-term results of the study confirm the 3-year interim analysis already reported. Surgery (radical or minimal) followed by adjuvant tamoxifen does not modify overall and breast cancer survival as compared with tamoxifen alone in early breast cancer of older women. Because of the high rate of local progressions with tamoxifen alone, minimal surgery followed by tamoxifen appears to be the appropriate treatment in such patients. More extensive surgery is not useful. Tamoxifen alone is an adequate alternative treatment in very old or frail patients.
Active Learning of Very-High Resolution Optical Imagery with SVM: Entropy vs Margin Sampling

An active learning method is proposed for the semi-automatic selection of training sets in remote sensing image classification. The method adds iteratively to the current training set the unlabeled pixels for which the prediction of an ensemble of classifiers based on bagged training sets show maximum entropy. This way, the algorithm selects the pixels that are the most uncertain and that will improve the model if added in the training set. The user is asked to label such pixels at each iteration. Experiments using support vector machines (SVM) on an 8 classes QuickBird image show the excellent performances of the methods, that equals accuracies of both a model trained with ten times more pixels and a model whose training set has been built using a state-of-the-art SVM specific active learning method.
Quantitative-trait loci analysis of cocaine-related behaviours and neurochemistry.

We recently conducted a dose-response study of the effects of cocaine on several activity measures in the panel of BxD/Ty recombinant inbred mice. Animals were tested in an automated activity chamber over 2 days with i.p. saline on day 1 and i.p. cocaine on day 2, at one of four doses, 5, 15, 30 or 45 mg kg(-1). The monitor recorded total distance traveled, nosepokes in a holeboard, repeated movements and time spent by an individual in proximity to the centre of the apparatus. Dose-response curves for locomotor activation, i.e. the difference between cocaine and saline scores, showed that for all strains tested, scores increased 5-30 mg kg(-1). With few exceptions, locomotor activity at 45 mg kg(-1) was not significantly higher than that at 30 mg kg(-1). Repeated movement scores showed patterns similar to locomotor activity and nosepokes tended to be progressively inhibited by increasing doses of cocaine. Recombinant inbred strain mean distributions for all behaviours and at all doses exhibited continuous, rather than discrete variation, thus providing evidence of multiple-gene effects on cocaine-related behaviours. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis pointed to several chromosomal locations associated with variations in cocaine-related behaviours and some are either identical or close to QTL reported by others. In separate groups of animals, densities of dopamine D1, and D2 receptors and dopamine uptake transporters were measured in the medial prefrontal cortex, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens and ventral midbrain. In all areas, all measures showed distributions consistent with polygenic influence and were associated with QTL. Of particular interest was our finding of a large segment on chromosome 15, which is related to dopamine receptor densities and cocaine-related behaviours.
Examining Corporate Governance and Corporate Tax Management

Taxation play an essential role both in a country and in a corporation. To minimize the tax payment, corporation conduct a corporate tax management. According to some of previous research, there is a correlation between corporate governance and corporate tax management. In this research we are focusing on three: number of board, number of independent board and board compensation. We measure corporate tax management by using effective tax rate (GAAP ETR and current ETR are used in this research). By using several other control variables, we found that corporate governance have a significant correlation to corporate tax management.
Early Routine versus Late Selective Surfactant in Preterm Neonates with Respiratory Distress Syndrome on Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) benefit from early application of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP). However, it is not clear whether surfactant should be administered early as a routine to all such infants or later in a selective manner. Objective: It was the aim of this study to compare the efficacy of early routine versus late selective surfactant treatment in reducing the need for mechanical ventilation (MV) during the first week of life among moderate-sized preterm infants with RDS being supported by nCPAP. Methods: Infants born at 280/7 to 336/7 weeks of gestation with RDS and on nCPAP were randomly assigned within the first 2 h of life to early routine surfactant administration by the InSurE technique (early surfactant group) or to late selective administration of surfactant (late surfactant group). The primary outcome was need for MV in the first 7 days of life. Results: Among 153 infants randomized to early (n = 74) or late surfactant (n = 79) groups, the need for MV was significantly lower in the early surfactant group (16.2 vs. 31.6%; relative risk 0.41, 95% confidence interval 0.19–0.91). The incidence of pneumothorax (1.9 vs. 2.3%) and the need for supplemental O2 at 28 days (2.7 vs. 8.9%) were similar in the two groups. Conclusion: Early routine surfactant administration within 2 h of life as compared to late selective administration significantly reduced the need for MV in the first week of life among preterm infants with RDS on nCPAP.
Recurring Seasonal Dynamics of Microbial Communities in Stream Habitats

ABSTRACT Recurring seasonal patterns of microbial distribution and abundance in three third-order temperate streams within the southeast Pennsylvania Piedmont were observed over 4 years. Populations associated with streambed sediments and rocks (epilithon) were identified using terminal restriction length polymorphism (tRFLP) and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes selectively amplified with primers for the bacterial domain. Analyses of the relative magnitudes of tRFLP peak areas by using nonmetric multidimensional scaling resolved clear seasonal trends in epilithic and sediment populations. Oscillations between two dominant groups of epilithic genotypes, explaining 86% of the seasonal variation in the data set, were correlated with temperature and dissolved organic carbon. Sequences affiliated with epilithic phototrophs (cyanobacteria and diatom chloroplasts), a Rhodoferax sp. , and a Bacillus species clustered in the summer, whereas sequences most closely related to “Betaproteobacteria” (putative Burkholderia sp.), and a putative cyanobacterium clustered in the fall/spring. The sediment genotypes also clustered into two groups, and these explained 85% of seasonal variation but correlated only with temperature. A summer tRFLP pattern was characterized by prevalence of “Betaproteobacteria,” “Gammaproteobacteria,” and a Bacillus sp. , whereas the winter/spring pattern was characterized by phylotypes most closely related to “Firmicutes,” “Gammaproteobacteria,” and “Nitrospirae. ” A close association between these headwater streams and their watersheds was suggested by the recovery of sequences related to microbial populations provisionally attributed to not only freshwaters but also terrestrial habitats.
Utilization of Science-Based Information on Climate Change in Decision Making and the Public Policy Process - Phase 2

This report was prepared by the ORIGINAL: Institute for Science, Technology and Public Policy in The Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University under award NA04OAR4600172 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or the Department of Commerce.