Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Connectivity and runoff dynamics in heterogeneous basins

A drainage basin's runoff response can be determined by the connectivity of generated runoff to the stream network and the connectivity of the downstream drainage network. The connectivity of a drainage basin modulates its ability to produce streamflow and respond to precipitation events and is a function of the complex and variable storage capacities throughout the drainage basin and along the drainage network. An improved means to measure and account for the dynamics of stream network connectivity at the catchment scale is needed to predict basin scale streamflow. At a 150 km2 subarctic Precambrian Shield catchment where the poorly drained heterogeneous mosaic of lakes, exposed bedrock, and soil filled areas creates variable contributing areas, hydrological connectivity was measured in 11 sub‐basins with a particular focus on three representative sub‐basins. The three sub‐basins, although of similar relative size, vary considerably in the dominant typology and topology of their constituent elements. At a 10‐m spatial resolution, saturated areas were mapped using both multispectral satellite imagery and onsite measurements of storage according to land cover. To measure basin‐scale hydrological connectivity, the drainage network was represented using graph theory where stream reaches are ‘edges’ connecting sub‐basin ‘nodes’. The overall hydrological connectivity of the stream network was described as the ratio of actively flowing relative to potentially flowing stream reaches. The hydrological connectivity of the stream network to the outlet was described as the ratio of actively flowing stream reaches that were connected to the outlet to the potentially flowing stream reaches. Hydrological connectivity was then related to daily average streamflow and basin runoff ratio. Improved understanding of causal factors for the variable streamflow response to runoff generation in this environment will serve as a first step towards improved streamflow prediction in formerly glaciated landscapes, especially in small ungauged basins. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlations between GeoChemical Speciation of Heavy Metals ( Cu , Zn , Pb , Cd and Ni ) in Surface Sediments and Their Concentrations in Giant Mudskipper ( Periophthalmodon schlosseri ) Collected from the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Surface sediments and giant mudskipper (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) were collected in August and September 2008 and in March and June 2010 from six sampling sites in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia to assess heavy metals accumulation in the giant mudskipper. Sequential extraction technique was used to fractionate the sediments into four different geo-chemical fractions; easily, freely or leachable and exchangeable (EFLE), acid reducible, oxidizable organic and resistant fractions. Heavy metals concentrations (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Ni) in the surface sediments and giant mudskipper were determined by using air acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) Perkin Elmer Analyst 800. The results of Pearson’s correlation analyses showed that metal concentrations in the tissues of P. schlosseri were significantly correlated (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05), correlations were observed between Cu in P. schlosseri and Cu in the sediment (oxidisableorganic, resistant and total Cu), Zn in P. schlosseri and Zn in the sediment (EFLE and total Zn), Pb in P. schlosseri and Pb in the sediment (with all the four fractions of Pb), Cd and Ni in P. schlosseri and Cd and Ni in the sediment (with all fractions of Cd and Ni except acid-reducible Cd and Ni) which might suggest the use of P. schlosseri as a biomonitoring agent for heavy metals pollution in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Corresponding author. T. R. Buhari, A. Ismail
Advances of Fungicide Application for Winter Oilseed Rape

The area of oilseed rape has increased dramatically during the last twelve years in Latvia: from 400 ha in 1997 to 93 900 ha in 2009. This is the reason why development of diseases has become one of the most important risk factors for oilseed rape cultivation under intensive management in Latvia. White stem rot (Sclerotinia stem rot) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Phoma stem canker (blackleg, stem rot, Phoma leaf spot) caused by Leptosphaeria spp. , and Alternaria spot caused by Alternaria spp. are the most important diseases of rape all over the world, including the Baltic region and Latvia (Brazauskiene & Petraitiene, 2004; Balodis et al., 2007). Downy mildew (caused by Peronospora parasitica) has been detected in Poland, Latvia and other regions where rape is cultivated (Sadowski et al., 2002; Bankina et al., 2008). Powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe cruciferarum) is a significant disease in the warmer part of Europe (Mert-Turk et al., 2008), but in a temperate climate it is seldom observed, e.g., a high level of the infection was observed in Poland in the years 1998 and 1999 (Sadowski et al., 2002). Gray mould (caused by Botrytis cinerea) and wilt (caused by Verticillium dahliae) have been observed very sporadically (Sadowski et al., 2002). Clubrot (caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae) as an important disease and serious threat to oilseed rape production is recognized in many regions of Poland, especially if rape and other crucifers occupy a large part of the sowing structure (Korbas et al., 2009; Jedrycka et al., 2002). Snow mould (caused by Typhula spp.), the same as downy mildew, powdery mildew, gray mold, wilt, and clubrot, has been found also in Latvia; however, those diseases are recognized as economically unimportant in this country at present (Bankina et al., 2008). Sclerotinia stem rot has been reported as one of the most harmful diseases in many countries (United Kingdom, France, Germany, etc.). Different opinions exist regarding economic importance of the disease, as, in some cases, yield losses of up to 50% have been reported (Koch et al., 2007). However, there are data that at least half of fungicide applications have been unnecessary (Young et al., 2007). Analysis of the dataset from official field trials of the German state extension service during 1991–2003 has shown that only 33% of fungicide treatment had been economically effective (Dunker & Tiedemann, 2004). The development of Sclerotinia stem rot is dependent on meteorological conditions, therefore incidence of the disease differs greatly among the years. The first symptoms of disease are not visible at the time of fungicide application. Fungicides from different chemical groups are used to control Sclerotinia stem rot: metconazole, tebuconazole, boscalid, and others. Some differences in the efficacy of
Cage subsidence in lateral interbody fusion with transpsoas approach: intraoperative endplate injury or late-onset settling

Introduction Few studies have investigated the influence of cage subsidence patterns (intraoperative endplate injury or late-onset cage settling) on bony fusion and clinical outcomes in lateral interbody fusion (LIF). This retrospective study was performed to compare the fusion rate and clinical outcomes of cage subsidence patterns in LIF at one year after surgery. Methods Participants included 93 patients (aged 69.0±0.8 years; 184 segments) who underwent LIF with bilateral pedicle screw fixation. All segments were evaluated by computed tomography and classified into three groups: Segment E (intraoperative endplate injury, identified immediately postoperatively); Segment S (late-onset settling, identified at 3 months or later); or Segment N (no subsidence). We compared patient characteristics, surgical parameters and fusion status at 1 year for the three subsidence groups. Patients were classified into four groups: Group E (at least one Segment E), Group S (at least one Segment S), Group ES (both Segments E and S), or Group N (Segment N alone). Visual analog scales (VASs) and the Japanese Orthopedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ) were compared for the four patient groups. Results 184 segments were classified: 31 as Segment E (16.8%), 21 as Segment S (11.4%), and 132 as Segment N (71.7%). Segment E demonstrated significantly lower bone mineral density (-1.7 SD of T-score, p=0.003). Segment S demonstrated a significantly higher rate of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages (100%, p=0.03) and a significantly lower fusion rate (23.8%, p=0.01). There were no significant differences in VAS or in any of the JOABPEQ domains among the four patient groups. Conclusions Intraoperative endplate injury was significantly related to bone quality, and late-onset settling was related to PEEK cages. Late-onset settling demonstrated a worse fusion rate. However, there were no significant differences in clinical outcomes among the subsidence patterns.
3 D Microstructure Reconstruction of Al − La Microstructure using Diffraction Contrast Tomography and Lifted Multicut

It is important for researchers in material domain to reconstruct and visualize the microstructure of alloy, which helps discover morphologies and properties that can only be found in three dimensional and microscopic space. However, because of the limitation of state-of-the-art sensors, the internal microstructure of the material is not easy to obtain. In this paper, a novel automatic 3D reconstruction method is proposed using diffraction contrast tomography technology to capture the 3D microstructure of Al − La alloy. The pipeline of the proposed method starts from the imaging of Al − La alloy with the LabDCT technique from Carl Zeiss AG, which produces a sequence of 2D microstructure sections. Then, a segmentation algorithm based on superpixel and lifted multicut is proposed to extract the 2D microstructure in an image section. Finally, 2D segmentations are joined together to reconstruct and visulize the 3D microstructure. As a result, a novel morphology of Al − La alloy is recovered with both dendrite and lamellar morphologies. The proposed method has the advantage of the ability to losslessly recover the internal microstructure.
DenseASPP for Semantic Segmentation in Street Scenes

Semantic image segmentation is a basic street scene understanding task in autonomous driving, where each pixel in a high resolution image is categorized into a set of semantic labels. Unlike other scenarios, objects in autonomous driving scene exhibit very large scale changes, which poses great challenges for high-level feature representation in a sense that multi-scale information must be correctly encoded. To remedy this problem, atrous convolution[14]was introduced to generate features with larger receptive fields without sacrificing spatial resolution. Built upon atrous convolution, Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP)[2] was proposed to concatenate multiple atrous-convolved features using different dilation rates into a final feature representation. Although ASPP is able to generate multi-scale features, we argue the feature resolution in the scale-axis is not dense enough for the autonomous driving scenario. To this end, we propose Densely connected Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (DenseASPP), which connects a set of atrous convolutional layers in a dense way, such that it generates multi-scale features that not only cover a larger scale range, but also cover that scale range densely, without significantly increasing the model size. We evaluate DenseASPP on the street scene benchmark Cityscapes[4] and achieve state-of-the-art performance.
Mirror Exposure and High-Fat Sauces Consumption in a University Cafeteria

A host of health problems are associated with consumption of refined sugar. Sauces such as ketchup, mayonnaise. contained higher level of refined sugar. Using behavioural influence techniques it could be possible to encourage consumer to reduce their consumption of refine sugar. In this study, the mirror exposure procedure was used in order to decrease students’ sauces consumption in a university cafeteria. A mirror was stand or not in a self-service area with various sauces (mayonnaise, ketchup, mustard). People were unobtrusively observed and noticed which of the sauces was taken by each customer and the number of times the customer pressed on the sauce dispenser in order to obtain one dose of sauce. In the mirror exposure, the observers noted if the customer looked at the mirror when using the sauce dispenser. Results showed a decrease in consumption but only with individuals who look at them when using the sauce-dispensers. In a field setting, it was found that the mirror technique is an efficient method to decrease sauce consumption, and by extension, the consumption of refined sugar. The practical and the theoretical interest of this procedure are discussed.
Investigations of Fluid-Structure-Coupling and Turbulence Model Effects on the DLR Results of the Fifth AIAA CFD Drag Prediction Workshop

Static Fluid-Structure-Coupled (FSC) simulations were performed on NASA's Common Research Model (CRM) to assess the influence of aeroelastic effects on the numerical prediction of overall aerodynamic coefficients and wing static pressure distributions. Numerical results of both rigid steady state Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and static aeroelastic coupled simulations were compared to experimental data from wind tunnel test campaigns in NASA's National Transonic Facility (NTF) and the Ames 11-Foot Transonic Wind Tunnel Facility (TWT). Coupled analyses were performed using an in-house simulation procedure built around DLR's flow solver TAU and the commercial finite-element analysis code NASTRAN\textsuperscript{\textregistered}. Results show a considerable reduction of deviations between computational results obtained during the 4th and 5th AIAA CFD Drag Prediction Workshops (DPW) and measured data when aeroelastic wing deformations are taken into account.
Evaluation of ocular findings in patients with lichen planus

Introduction Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic, inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Aim To evaluate the tear functions and the retinal and choroidal thickness (CT) in patients with LP. Material and methods In total, 33 patients and 30 healthy controls were enrolled. All participants were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, Schirmer 1 test (with anesthesia), tear break-up time (TBUT) test, intraocular pressure (IOP), axial length (AL), and central corneal thickness (CCT). The measurements of retinal thickness (RT) and CT were obtained by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Results No significant difference was observed between the groups in IOP, AL, CCT, or RT (p > 0.05 in each group). There was a significant difference in the Schirmer 1 test, TBUT, and OSDI questionnaire (p < 0.05 in each group). Choroidal thickness in LP patients was thinner than that in the controls (p = 0.001 in each location). There was a moderate negative correlation between the disease duration and Schirmer 1 test, TBUT, and subfoveal CT (r = –0.426, r = –0.555, r = –0.637; p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). There was a moderate negative correlation between the oral mucosal involvement and Schirmer 1 test, TBUT, and subfoveal CT (r = –0.345, r = –0.392, r = –0.467; p = 0.006, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). There was a positive correlation between disease duration, oral mucosal involvement and OSDI score (r = 0.717, r = 0.345; p = 0.001, p = 0.006, respectively). Conclusions Lichen planus may influence tear function tests and may cause dry eye. Patients with LP had lower CT values than healthy controls. Further studies are needed to clarify the effect of LP on the eyes.
Causes of delay in the definitive treatment of compound depressed skull fractures: A five-year study from Nigeria

Background : Calvarial fractures may be linear, depressed or ping-pong, and each can be compound (open) or simple (closed). When depressed fractures become compound, they cause contamination, resulting in intracranial sepsis. All depressed fractures with scalp breach are considered compound, whether or not the breach is contiguous with the fracture. They, therefore, become almost an absolute indication for operative treatment by elevation and debridement, to avert intracranial sepsis. Definitive treatment should be within 72 hours or else it would be unsafe to preserve the bone fragments. Method : This was a retrospective study in which a review of the outcome from management of compound depressed skull fractures (CDSF) in the Institute of Neurological Sciences, University College Hospital, UCH, Ibadan Nigeria referral Centre for neurological diseases was undertaken from November 1997 to October 2002. Data was retrieved from ward, theatre and out-patient records and subsequently analyzed for the time interval between time of injury treatment and the cause of delays in surgery, if any. Results : Of the 75 cases treated for CDSF with a Male: Female ratio of 11.5:1, only 54 had complete records and all were treated by elevation, debridement and craniectomy, resulting in cranial defects. There was delayed treatment in most of the cases at various stages from the time of injury, with most of them arising after presentation in our Centre. Conclusion : Delayed treatment, was our major source of morbidity and most of the delay was traceable to our hospital processes. Scalp suturing before definitive treatment did not contribute to delay. Non-specialist care givers should be encouraged to refer patients without delay.
Indirect Fiscal Eff ects of Long-term Care Insurance # 584

Informal care by close family members is the main pillar of most long-term care systems. However, due to demographic ageing the need for long-term care is expected to increase while the informal care potential is expected to decline. From a budgetary perspective, informal care is often viewed as a cost-saving alternative to subsidized formal care. This view, however neglects that many family carers are of working age and face the diffi culty to reconcile care and paid work which might entail sizable indirect fi scal eff ects related to forgone tax revenues, lower social security contributions and higher transfer payments. In this paper we use a structural model of labor supply and the choice of care arrangement to quantify these indirect fi scal eff ects of informal care. Moreover, based on the model we discuss the fi scal eff ects related to non-take-up of formal care. JEL Classifi cation: J22, H31, I13
Gene expression related to molybdenum enzyme biosynthesis in response to molybdenum deficiency in winter wheat

Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential trace element for higher plants. Mo enzyme biosynthesis is regulated by several plant genes. A hydroponic trial was conducted to investigate the effect of Mo deficiency on the expression of genes that are related to Mo enzyme biosynthesis in winter wheat. The results showed that Mo deficiency decreased the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), sulphite oxidase (SO), aldehyde oxidase (AO) and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) in the leaves or roots of winter wheat by regulating the expression of NR, SO, AO and XDH genes. Mo deficiency induced the expression of TaCnx2 and TaCnx5, which might result in the accumulation of cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP) and molybdopterin (MPT) in wheat. Mo deficiency significantly decreased TaCnx1 expression, which is expected to reduce molybdenum cofactor (Moco) formation. Moco shortage induced the expression of TaAba3 in winter wheat. The blockade of Moco biosynthesis under conditions of Mo deficiency might decrease the activities of Mo enzymes.
Students ’ Perception and Acceptance of Problem-based Learning Approach in Critical Care Nursing Practice

Problem-based learning (PBL) has been implemented throughout the world as an innovative learning method in nursing education. Although some Egyptian universities have adopted PBL as a learning method, little is known about how nursing students feel about using such approach in nursing practice. Thus, the current study sought to explore student's perception and acceptance of PBL approach in critical care nursing (CCN) practice. A descriptive research design was adopted and 209 nursing students were included in this study. The study findings showed that students perceived positive attitudes towards PBL as it was effective in construction of their professional knowledge; improved their problem-solving skills; contributed to their self-directed learning skills and enriched their teamwork experience. About (68.5%) of participants reported that they accept PBL as a learning method while (21.0 %) indicated that they do not accept it. The results provide evidence to support the integration of PBL as an effective teaching strategy in CCN practice.
Is Eminem Evil? The Effects of Music and Trait Aggression on State Hostility

This research addresses the on-going debate over the alleged dangerous effects of listening to music by rap artists such as Eminem. An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of listening to a song containing implied violence on the state hostility of the listener. Two versions of the same song (nearly identical lyrics, different artists) were used, and the interaction with trait aggression was examined. While results found neither a significant aggression by song version interaction nor a main effect for aggression, a significant main effect for song version was seen. The Eminem version was associated with significantly smaller increases in state hostility. However, the two versions were not found to be significantly different on ratings of violence and offensiveness. These fmdings suggest that lyrical content is not the only factor in state hostility increase.
Bone changes after short-term whole body vibration are confined to cancellous bone

Objective: This study assessed femur properties in 80 adult female rats exposed to a range of whole body vibration amplitudes at 45 Hz over five weeks. Our hypothesis was that an optimal amplitude for whole body vibration would be apparent and would result in increased bone strength. Methods: Animals were treated in five amplitude groups (0 g, 0.15 g, 0.3 g, 0.6 g, and 1.2 g peak), for 15 minutes per day, five days per week, for five weeks. Femur strength was assessed via: (1) three-point bending of the shaft, (2) cantilever bending of the neck, and (3) indentation of distal cancellous bone. Femoral bone mineral density, plasma prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations, cartilage thickness, and histopathologic properties were measured. Results: Vibration doubled (P=0.039) cancellous bone stiffness in the 0.6 g and 1.2 g groups and induced a 74% increase in PGE2 concentrations (P=0.007). However, femoral densitometry and strength of the neck and shaft were unchanged and the cancellous bone indentation strength did not differ statistically (P=0.084). Cartilage thickness of vibrated groups at the medial condyle did not increase significantly (P=0.142) and the histopathologic grade did not change. There was no definitive optimal vibration amplitude. Conclusion: The benefits of vibration therapy over five weeks were confined to cancellous bone.