Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global Resources Use and Pollution:Vol. I, Production, Consumption and Trade (1995-2008)

In the recent decades, the increase in the world population, the economic expansion and the globalization of the economy have led to a dramatic growth in the use of some natural resources and in the levels of pollution. These trends have coincided with a growing concern about some critical questions for the future of humankind such as resource scarcity and depletion, climate change, environmental degradation, the limits of growth or the inequalities in the access to natural resources across countries. In this context arises the need to develop a comprehensive dataset of reliable and comparable economic and environmental information that contributes to a better understanding of the complexity of these issues, and supporting evidence-based policy-making. In order to comply with this need, this Pocketbook presents a series of indicators describing the evolution of the use of natural resources and the emission of air pollutants around the world, in relation to production, consumption and trade activities. Based on different analysis derived from the World Input-Output Database (WIOD), this publication includes information on 6 environmental dimensions: land use, material extraction, water use, and emission of acid substances, greenhouse gases and ozone precursors. The time frame covered is the period between 1995 and 2008, and the geographical scope includes the EU-27 Member States, Brazil, China, India, Japan, Russia, the United States of America and the Rest of the World. The information presented in this publication can be classified into 3 different groups of indicators: 1. The "Production" or "Domestic" side indicators report for each country the use of resources as primary inputs (i.e. domestic extraction of materials or land cultivated) and the emissions directly generated by national economic activities. 2. The "Consumption" or "Footprint" indicators show the resources or pollution embodied in the domestic final demand of one country, regardless of where these resources/emissions were used/emitted. 3. The "Trade" indicators account for the resources/pollution embodied international trade. This article quantifies for the first time not only the domestic employment effects of foreign EU exports but also the correct number of jobs generated through intra-European trade (Single Market) in the production of such exported commodities. The literature has neglected very often the latter effects mainly due to the lack of an appropriate methodology and database. The empirical evidence shows that the EU has really progressed during the period 2000-2007 towards a more vertically integrated economy, reducing the labour intensity of the goods and services exported outside the EU, trading most prominently within the EU Single Market and subsequently, generating an increasing number of jobs. Despite the reduction in the labour intensity of the European exports, the associated employment grew from 22 to 25 million jobs, out of which 9 million jobs were created due to spillover and feedback effects associated to the Single Market
Education Reforms in Kenya for Innovation

Education is a vital tool in the development of any country including Kenya. Education plays a significant role in economic, social and political development of a country. Education development would lead to accelerated economic growth, more wealth and income distribution, greater quality of opportunity, availability of skilled manpower, decline in population growth, long life, better health outcomes, low crimes rate, national unity and political stability Otiato, (2009); Schultz, (1981); Harbison, (1973); Psacharopoulos,(1988); Abagi and Okech, (1997); Amutabi, (2003) among others. This belief has made many countries including Kenya to invest immensely in education to foster economic growth, productivity, contribute to national and social development thereby reducing social inequality. It is against this backdrop that the Government of Kenya since independence made education reform as its main objective since 1963. Arising from the above, education reform for innovation was investigated. Historical method of study was used which utilized mainly secondary and primary sources of data. The main sources of primary data were Government Commissions and other policy documents like Sessional Papers, Acts of Parliaments related to education in Kenya after independence. The first one being Ominde Commission of 1964 (GOK, 1964) up to Sessional Paper Number 1 of 2005 (MOE, 2005). The main sources of secondary data includes written documents such as books, journals, newspapers among others. They formed the basis of the discussion and analysis of the study. In this study, education reforms in Kenya has been investigated to find out whether the education reforms are yielding innovation in education in line with Vision 2030.
Trade off Cybersecurity Concerns for Co-Created Value

ABSTRACT Based upon the service-dominant (S-D) logic and the well-established belief-behavior framework, this study proposes a research model that captures the belief/perception factors and the interactive process driving people to balance and trade-off their cybersecurity concerns for co-created value in social media use. The model was validated with a large set of field survey data of 1,559 Facebook users. For information systems (IS) research, the study represents our attempt in adopting and empirically assessing the S-D Logic in the social media context. We extended the IS privacy calculus literature, and provided a context-specific cognitive/behavioral trade-off view of social media use. For business practice, the study offers managerial guidelines in improving service effectiveness and retaining a critical mass of active social media users for marketing extension, business innovations, and customer relationship management (CRM) in the organizational setting.
Being Keynesian in the Short Term and Classical in the Long Term: The Traverse to Classical Long-Term Equilibrium

BEING KEYNESIAN IN THE SHORT TERM AND CLASSICAL IN THE LONG TERM The paper analyses the relationship between the Keynesian (post-Keynesian, Kaleckian) and classical perpectives, emphasizing the distinction between two time frames, short term and long term. A model is presented in which the traverse to a long-term classical equilibrium, with prices of production, is obtained as a sequence of short-term Keynesian equilibria (in which outputs are adjusted to demands). In the short term, prices and capital stocks are constant; they are only adjusted in the long term. Prices respond to disequilibria concerning capacity utilization rates. Investment is subject to a financing constraint, in which the provision of loans by the banking system is involved. Loans are modified in response to inflation (monetary policy). MOTS CLEFS : Traverse, classiques, post-Keynesiens, monnaie, déséqulibre.
Prediction of PID control model on PLC

PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) is a control algorithm that mostly used in industry. However, users have never known what the PID model that used inside the PLC. By knowing the PID model that used in PLC, users will have more choice in determining the more appropriate tuning algorithm. Also, users can use MATLAB to perform analysis and can implement it to PLC. Through OPC Server (Object Linking and Embedding for Process Control Server) as a software interface, programs on a windows operating system can communicate with industry devices universally. PID model prediction method is done by comparing the output of the plant controlled by PID model in PLC and PID model in SIMULINK MATLAB using OPC Server intermediaries. Based on comparison result in graph and analysis using integral error method, PLC M221 using Parallel PID model and PLC S7-1200 using Ideal PID model.
Correlation Analysis of Dividend Changes and Earning Performance in Chinese Listed Companies

This paper examines the relationship between dividend adjustments and operating performance by using a sample of Chinese listed companies which had changed cash dividends over 2000-2004.The test shows that companies which increase and declare dividends for the first time experience earnings growth in the preceding two years but earnings declines in the subsequent two years.Companies that decrease and omit dividends are just the opposite.The results mean that the dividend policy of a firm depends on past and current earnings performance but not on future earnings,which is against the dividend-signaling hypothesis.Testing market reacts positively to announcements of increasing dividend and reacts negatively to announcements of decreasing dividend in the short run,but the market reaction is opposite in the long run.
The Role of Telecommunication Infrastructure in the Regional Economic Growth of Africa

This paper deals with the effects of telecommunications on the economic growth in African countries. The telecommunications sector became a vital sector during the era of the economic reform that has been characterising the continent. We investigate empirically the role of telecommunication infrastructures on long-run economic growth in African countries, for the span of time from 1984 to 2005. We use the panel data approach with a dynamic fixed effect model, which evidences that telecommunications contribute in a major way to the economic development of the continent. It is a crucial determinant, as findings indicate a significant and positive correlation between telecommunication infrastructures and regional growth in Africa, after controlling for a number of other factors. Results also show that investment in telecommunications is subject to diminishing returns.
Productivity and resource misallocation in Latin America1)

Abstract Total factor productivity (TFP) in Latin America has declined relative to the US since the mid-1970s. This paper applies a comparable methodology to firm-level data of ten Latin American countries to quantify the heterogeneity of firm productivity and the extent to which resource misallocation can explain lower aggregate TFP. In general, productivity heterogeneity and resource misallocation are found to be much larger than in the US. Achieving an efficient allocation of resources could boost manufacturing TFP between 41% and 122% depending on the countries and years considered. We also find that difficulty in access to capital and restrictive labor regulations explain distortions faced by firms.
A Research Based Perspective on SEC’s Proposed Rule on ROADMAP FOR Potential Use of Financial Statements Prepared in Accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by U.S. Issuers

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued a call for comment on a proposal to adopt a Roadmap for potential use of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) by U.S. Companies. We comment on five key issues raised by the SEC proposal. First, we propose that the need for a global regulator is overstated. A global regulator is unlikely to help achieve the stated goals of comparability and consistency of financial reporting on a global basis. We favor allowing U.S. companies to choose use of U.S. GAAP or IFRS rather than mandating one global monopoly set of standards. Second, we agree that the focus on auditing is a very relevant issue that deserves more attention from standard setters. Gains from adopting principles based accounting standards such as IFRS are likely to be realized only if auditors are also principles based. Third, while we have serious concerns about governance and financing mechanisms of IASB, we recommend that all regulatory actions cannot be held to a standstill while structural changes are made to the IASB. Fourth, we are not in favor of requiring reconciliation schedules from U.S. companies using IFRS. We view such reconciliations as being costly and unnecessary. Fifth, we recommend that the SEC pay more explicit attention to the educational and professional judgment consequences of its proposals. This comment was developed by the Financial Accounting Standards Committee of the American Accounting Association and does not represent an official position of the American Accounting Association.
Analysts’ GAAP Earnings Forecasts and Their Implications for Accounting Research

We use newly available GAAP forecasts to document that traditionally-identified GAAP forecast errors contain 37% measurement error. Correcting for this measurement error, we settle a long-standing debate regarding investor preference for GAAP versus non-GAAP earnings and provide strong evidence of a preference for non-GAAP earnings. We also revisit the use of non-GAAP exclusions to meet analysts’ forecasts when GAAP earnings fall short. Results indicate that 34% of these traditionally-identified meet-or-beat firms are misidentified due to measurement error, and this error masks evidence that firms more frequently exclude transitory rather than recurring expenses for meet-or-beat purposes.
“Please ReaderBench this text”: A multi-dimensional textual complexity assessment framework

A critical task for tutors is to provide learners with suitable reading materials in terms of difficulty. The challenge of this endeavor is increased by students’ individual variability and the multiple levels in which complexity can vary, thus arguing for the necessity of automated systems to support teachers. This chapter describes ReaderBench, an open-source multi-dimensional and multi-lingual system that uses advanced Natural Language Processing techniques to assess textual complexity at multiple levels including surface-based, syntax, semantics and discourse structure. In contrast to other existing approaches, ReaderBench is centered on cohesion and makes extensive usage of two complementary models, i.e., Cohesion Network Analysis and the polyphonic model inspired from dialogism. The first model provides an in-depth view of discourse in terms of cohesive links, whereas the second one highlights interactions between points of view spanning throughout the discourse. In order to argue for its wide applicability and extensibility, two studies are introduced. The first study investigates the degree to which ReaderBench textual complexity indices differentiate between high and low cohesion texts. The ReaderBench indices led to a higher classification accuracy than those included in prior studies using Coh-Metrix and TAACO. In the second study, ReaderBench indices are used to predict the difficulty of a set of various texts. Although the high number of predictive indices (50 plus) accounted for less variance than previous studies, they make valuable contributions to our understanding of text due to their wide coverage.
Dynamics Of Inflation, Exchange Rates And Inflation Targeting In Pakistan

This study examines inflation and the choice of monetary policy regime in Pakistan. Using the annual series of 1970-71 to 2008-09 and the monthly series of 1990:M1-2007:M9, the study employs unstructured VAR, Time Varying Parameter and State Space models for understanding the dynamics of inflation and monetary policy in Pakistan. It is observed that the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the official measure of inflation in Pakistan, has not only an upward bias but also has methodological deficiencies.Further, the study investigates the direction of causation between the CPI, money supply, exchange rate, interest rate, oil prices, and fiscal deficit to conclude that there exists bidirectional causality between the CPI and call money rate.Analysis of determinants of inflation shows that inflation in Pakisan is monetary in nature: inflation, interest rate and money supply move together.The study then goes on to find that inflation generates negative shocks and it can, therefore, hamper growth It infers that there is no evidence of the accelerationist hypothesis in Pakistan. Furthermore, it is shown that forward-looking expectations of households and businesses play an important role in causing inflation in the country.In this context, the study provides information on the issue of volatility and uncertainty arising from unstable monetary rules. It confirms that the State Bank of Pakistan does not have an aggressive policy for controlling inflation and minimzing output gap.The study thus seeks to contribute to the debate on discretionary versus rule-based monetary policy to explore what suits best the case of Pakistan.It also comments on the choice of instruments for controlling inflation.Finally, the study concludes that the fact that Pakistan has faced a volatile but moderate inflation rate in the period under review makes her a potential candidate for inflation targeting.
The relationship between intergenerational transfers, housing and economic outcomes: positioning paper

Executive Summary: As house prices in Australia have increased, concern has been expressed about the ability of young Australians to attain home ownership. In August 2014, for example, the proportion of all mortgage financed dwelling transactions that were purchased by first home buyers was approximately 11.8 per cent, the lowest share since statistics began being collected in the early 1990s. Anecdotal evidence suggests that one means by which home ownership is facilitated is through intergenerational transfers from parents to their children. While International evidence indicates that home ownership is positively associated with inter vivos transfers and bequests,there is little Australian evidence about this relationship.
Currency Hedging and Corporate Governance: A Cross-Country Analysis

This paper examines the impact of the strength of governance on firms' use of currency derivatives. Using a sample of firms from 30 countries over the period 1990 to 1999, we find that strongly governed firms tend to use derivatives to hedge currency exposure and overcome costly external financing. On the other hand, weakly governed firms appear to use derivatives mostly for managerial reasons. These results are robust to alternative measures of corporate governance, various subsamples, the use of foreign denominated debt as an alternative strategy to hedge currency exposure, and a potential selection bias. Overall, the results serve as the first comprehensive evidence of the impact of firm- and country-level corporate governance on firms' use of derivatives.
Horticultural exports, female wage employment and primary school enrolment: Theory and evidence from a natural quasi-experiment in Senegal

In this paper we analyse the indirect effects of the boom in horticultural exports in Senegal on child schooling. The export boom has caused a dramatic increase in female off-farm wage employment, which led to increased female bargaining power in the household. We investigate the causal effect of female wage income on primary school enrolment. We develop a collective household model with endogenous bargaining power to show that, if women have higher preferences for schooling than men, the impact of female wage income on school enrolment will be the result of a positive income effect, a negative labour substitution effect and a positive empowerment effect. We address the question empirically using original household survey data from Senegal. We use different econometric techniques and show that female off-farm wage income has a positive effect on primary school enrolment, and that the effect is larger for girls than for boys. Our results imply that the horticultural export boom in Senegal has indirectly contributed to the second and third Millennium Development Goals of universal primary education and elimination of gender disparities in primary education.
New foundations of international System ОR why do states lose their sovereignty in the Age of globalization

The process of globalization undoubtedly contributes to the change and reduction of the scope of state sovereign powers. The list of threats to state sovereignty often includes global financial flows, multinational corporations, global media empires, and the Internet etc. At the same time (note that this point is debated surprisingly little and occasionally), since the end of World War II, increasingly more states have been willingly and consciously limiting their sovereign rights. And what is extremely important, many countries quite often give away some of their sovereign powers voluntarily. In the article, it is argued that the factor of voluntariness in reducing one's own authority is, no doubt, the most important in understanding the future of the state. There are several reasons for such voluntariness and ‘altruism’, including the fact that such a restriction becomes profitable, as in return the countries expect to gain quite real advantages especially as members of regional and interregional unions. The transformation of sovereignty proceeds somehow almost in all countries. However, it is more characteristic of Western countries.
Economic and Social Development

Sustainable business has become the main business challenge for companies due to its influence on business strategy. The biggest challenge for all companies is how to boost sustainable development and business profitability. Without good results, companies cannot survive, nor develop a sustainable business. At the end of 2022, the European Commission adopted Directive (EU) 2022/2464 which increased the number of reporting entities and reporting transparency. This paper covers a sample of the financial statements of 31 companies listed on the Zagreb Stock Exchange for the 2012–2021 period (310 firm-year observations) and it examined whether there was a correlation between business performance Tobin’s Q, ROA, ROE, and the obligation to publish non-financial reports, voluntary or obligatory. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between ROA after obligatory publications and non-financial reports. It was found a positive statistically significant correlation between ROE before obligatory publishing of reports and non-financial reports. In the study, there was not found a statistically significant difference in Tobin's Q, ROA or ROE depending on which period of publication is calculated, voluntary or obligatory. An increasing number of Croatian companies deal with ESG issues and voluntarily publish their non-financial reports. All stakeholders should pay more attention to work in ESG areas and value those who do.
The Relationships of Competition and Demographics to the Pricing of Health Insurance Premiums in Affordable Care Act–Era Health Insurance Markets

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) expands health insurance coverage to millions of Americans. Despite the act having been signed into law more than five years ago, health care affordability in the ACA era remains a topic of empirical inquiry, relevant to academicians and public policy makers. A primary concern, with implications for any future legislation, is whether all consumer groups have equitable access to health insurance options through ACA-mandated health insurance markets (HIMs). Utilizing pricing information and demographic data for states that adopted the Healthcare.gov platform, this study examines relationships between health insurance premiums, competition, and population characteristics. Results indicate that competition within HIMs is multifaceted. Although markets with a large number of insurance plans are associated with lower premiums, this effect is moderated by the concentration of insurers in the market and number of rating areas. Furthermore, population characteristics are related to premiums, where premiums vary by HIM demographics. Findings also suggest that access is less equitable in areas that have not adopted Medicaid expansion plans and areas that serve a large percentage of uninsured consumers.