Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prenatal supplementation with DHA improves attention at 5 y of age: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) is an important constituent of the brain. Evidence from well-designed intervention trials of the long-term benefits of increasing DHA intake during pregnancy has been sparse. OBJECTIVE We evaluated global cognition, behavior, and attention at age 5 y in the offspring of Mexican women who participated in a randomized controlled trial of prenatal DHA supplementation. DESIGN A total of 1094 women were randomly assigned to receive 400 mg of either DHA or placebo/d from 18 to 22 wk of pregnancy until delivery. We assessed cognitive development and behavioral and executive functioning, including attention, in 797 offspring at age 5 y (82% of 973 live births) with the use of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA), the parental scale of the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2), and the Conners' Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT). We compared the groups on raw scores, T-scores, and standardized scores, as appropriate. We examined heterogeneity by the quality of the home environment, maternal intelligence, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS There were no group differences for MSCA scores (P > 0.05), but the positive effect of the home environment at 12 mo on general cognitive abilities was attenuated in the DHA group compared with in the placebo group (P-interaction < 0.05). There were no differences between groups on the BASC-2. On the K-CPT, offspring in the DHA group showed improved mean ± SD T-scores compared with those of the placebo group for omissions (DHA: 47.6 ± 10.3; placebo: 49.6 ± 11.2; P < 0.01) with no differences (P > 0.05) for the other K-CPT scores or of the proportion who were clinically at risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorders after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION Prenatal exposure to DHA may contribute to improved sustained attention in preschool children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00646360.
Repeated Dividend Increases: A Collection of Four Essays

This thesis investigates firms with patterns of repeated cash dividend increases to answer two research questions. First, are firms rewarded for this particular type of dividend policy, and second, is there any evidence to support the hypothesis that the stock market learns to anticipate a dividend increase based on past history? Dividends are a particularly good corporate action to study because firms tend to increase dividends over time, and at regular intervals. This repetition leads to patterns of regularly-occurring dividend increases, which in some cases can extend for many decades. The analysis is presented in a collection of four essays. The first essay documents the prevalence of firms that sustain a pattern of consecutive annual dividend increases. These firms attract a stock market premium, providing evidence to support the belief that a steady dividend policy is rewarded. The next two essays further explore firms with a habit of regularly increasing the dividend to determine if the market eventually learns to expect future dividend increases. The second essay studies U.S. firms and Australian firms are investigated in the third essay. For both countries the stock market reaction to each consecutively-numbered increase within a pattern is different across each increase, with a smaller stock price reaction the more often the increase is repeated. The fourth, and final, essay examines firms that fail to continue an established dividend-increase pattern. A firm may be expected to maintain the same dividend-increase schedule, and the expectation should be higher the longer the length of the established pattern. When the pattern is interrupted and the expected increase does not eventuate, the stock market reaction is expected to be more pronounced the longer the length of the established pattern. The results presented in the last three essays provide evidence consistent with the market learning hypothesis. Combined, the four essays suggest that the stock market evaluates the information contained in a dividend announcement in conjunction with the length and pattern of past dividend payments.
Endocrine gland derived-VEGF is down-regulated in human pituitary adenoma.

BACKGROUND Endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF) is an angiogenic molecule restricted to endocrine glands and, particularly, to steroid-secreting cells. The expression of EG-VEGF and its significance in human adenohypophysis in physiological and pathological conditions is still unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we investigated by immunohistochemistry the expression of EG-VEGF in 2 samples of normal adenohypophysis and 43 bioptic samples of pituitary adenoma. Moreover, the expression of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and adrenocorticoprophic hormone (ACTH) were also estimated. RESULTS The results of this study for the first time demonstrate a down-regulation of EG-VEGF expression in human pituitary adenoma as compared to normal adenohypophysis, suggesting an impaired function of the neoplastic cells in terms of hormone release in the blood stream, as a consequence of impaired tumor angiogenesis in the tumor. CONCLUSION On the basis of our data showing a marked decrease in the expression of EG-VEGF in pituitary adenoma, with the exception of LH-secreting adenomas, we suggest that LH might be involved in the induction of EG-VEGF secretion.
Differences in Smoking Habits of MZ and DZ Twins: A Commentary on Tishler and Carey

Abstract Tishler and Carey (this issue, 2007) have analyzed the difference in ever smoking prevalence between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins in 8 published twin studies. They conclude that the lower prevalence in MZ twins might invalidate conclusions from classic twin models. I critique the conducted meta-analysis and suggest additional analyses to be conducted. A reanalysis of the Finnish Twin Cohort 1975 questionnaire data (included in Tisher and Carey) indicates that when intrapair correlations are correctly taken into account, the MZ-DZ difference in that study is no longer statistically significant. Even if the Tisher/Carey finding holds up in further analyses, it pertains only to the observed trait, the effect is small in size, and the mechanism underlying it needs to be explored.
Selective GABA Transporter Inhibitors Tiagabine and EF1502 Exhibit Mechanistic Differences in Their Ability to Modulate the Ataxia and Anticonvulsant Action of the Extrasynaptic GABAA Receptor Agonist Gaboxadol

Modulation of the extracellular levels of GABA via inhibition of the synaptic GABA transporter GAT1 by the clinically effective and selective GAT1 inhibitor tiagabine [(R)-N-[4,4-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)-3-butenyl]nipecotic acid; Gabitril] has proven to be an effective treatment strategy for focal seizures. Even though less is known about the therapeutic potential of other GABA transport inhibitors, previous investigations have demonstrated that N-[4,4-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)-3-butenyl]-3-hydroxy-4-(methylamino)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-ol (EF1502), which, like tiagabine, is inactive on GABAA receptors, inhibits both GAT1 and the extrasynaptic GABA and betaine transporter BGT1, and exerts a synergistic anticonvulsant effect when tested in combination with tiagabine. In the present study, the anticonvulsant activity and motor impairment associated with systemic administration of gaboxadol (4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol), which, at the doses used in this study (i.e., 1–5 mg/kg) selectively activates extrasynaptic α4-containing GABAA receptors, was determined alone and in combination with either tiagabine or EF1502 using Frings audiogenic seizure-susceptible and CF1 mice. EF1502, when administered in combination with gaboxadol, resulted in reduced anticonvulsant efficacy and Rotarod impairment associated with gaboxadol. In contrast, tiagabine, when administered in combination with gaboxadol, did not modify the anticonvulsant action of gaboxadol or reverse its Rotarod impairment. Taken together, these results highlight the mechanistic differences between tiagabine and EF1502 and support a functional role for BGT1 and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors.
A GENERALISED CONICAL DENSITY THEOREM FOR UNRECTIFIABLE SETS

We provide a strengthening of an elementary technique in geometric measure theory. Given an s -set S‰ R n , in the language of tangent measures, this technique establishes the existence of tangent measures to the measure H s bS on one side of an (ni 1) -plane. If S is purely unrectiflable or of dimension less than ni 1 , our strengthening consists of being able to flnd tangent measures on one side of an (ni 1) -plane containing a vector of our choice. We give an application of this result to the problem of characterising removable sets for harmonic functions.
Separation control over a grooved surface inspired by dolphin skin

Over many decades the biological surfaces of aquatic swimmers have been studied for their potential as drag reducing surfaces. The hydrodynamic benefit of riblets, or grooves embedded parallel to the flow which appear on surfaces such as shark skin, have been well documented. However the skin of dolphins is embedded with sinusoidal grooves that run perpendicular or transverse to the flow over their bodies. It is theorized that the transverse grooves present on dolphin skin trap vortices between them, creating a partial slip condition over the surface and inducing turbulence augmentation in the boundary layer, thus acting as a potential mechanism to reduce flow separation and thus pressure drag. In an attempt to test this hypothesis and study these effects, an adverse pressure gradient was induced above a flat plate resulting in a controlled region of flow separation occurring within a tripped, turbulent boundary layer. Small transverse grooves of both rectangular and sinusoidal shape were 3D printed and mounted to the plate to measure their effect on the boundary layer flow. The results were compared to a flat plate without grooves using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). The strength of the adverse pressure gradient was varied, and the observed control in flow separation and other effects upon the boundary layer are discussed.
Effect of hybridization on properties of hemp-carbon fibre-reinforced hybrid polymer composites using experimental and finite element analysis

Purpose In the recent years, the industries show interest in natural and synthetic fibre-reinforced hybrid composites due to weight reduction and environmental reasons. The purpose of this experimental study is to investigate the properties of the hybrid composites fabricated by using carbon, untreated and alkaline-treated hemp fibres. Design/methodology/approach The composites were tested for strengths under tensile, flexural, impact and shear loadings, and the water absorption characteristics were also observed. The finite element analysis (FEA) was carried out to analyse the elastic behaviour of the composites and predict the strength by using ANSYS 15.0. Findings From the experimental results, it is observed that the hybrid composites can withstand the maximum tensile strength of 61.4 MPa, flexural strength of 122.4 MPa, impact strength of 4.2 J/mm2 and shear strength of 25.5 MPa. From the FEA results, it is found that the maximum stress during tensile, flexural and impact loading is 47.5, 2.1 and 1.03 MPa, respectively. Originality/value The results of the untreated and alkaline-treated hemp-carbon fibre composites were compared and found that the alkaline-treated composites perform better in terms of mechanical properties. Then, the ANSYS-predicted values were compared with the experimental results, and it was found that there is a high correlation occurs between the untreated and alkali-treated hemp-carbon fibre composites. The internal structure of the broken surfaces of the composite samples was analysed using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis.
Bufferbloat systematic analysis

There is a recent interest in the bufferbloat phenomenon as a possible explanation for the increased network latency observed in the Internet. The bufferbloat phenomenon is related to the excessive packet queuing in over-sized buffers inside the network that may lead to network performance degradation. In this context, we observe a lack of experimental results considering the practical aspects of off-the-shelf network devices. Therefore, in this paper, we present a systematic analysis of the bufferbloat phenomenon considering the microscopic view of the insides in the buffer architecture of typical network devices. Our experimental results show that bufferbloat might not be a significant problem in practice. First, the phenomenon is only observed in specific cases. Second, changes made to the queues under the control of the operating system have negligible effects. Finally, recent versions of the Linux kernel avoid bufferbloat, even in the specific cases in which it was observed.
Electronic health record-based surveillance of diagnostic errors in primary care

Background Diagnostic errors in primary care are harmful but difficult to detect. The authors tested an electronic health record (EHR)-based method to detect diagnostic errors in routine primary care practice. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective study of primary care visit records ‘triggered’ through electronic queries for possible evidence of diagnostic errors: Trigger 1: A primary care index visit followed by unplanned hospitalisation within 14 days and Trigger 2: A primary care index visit followed by ≥1 unscheduled visit(s) within 14 days. Control visits met neither criterion. Electronic trigger queries were applied to EHR repositories at two large healthcare systems between 1 October 2006 and 30 September 2007. Blinded physician–reviewers independently determined presence or absence of diagnostic errors in selected triggered and control visits. An error was defined as a missed opportunity to make or pursue the correct diagnosis when adequate data were available at the index visit. Disagreements were resolved by an independent third reviewer. Results Queries were applied to 212 165 visits. On record review, the authors found diagnostic errors in 141 of 674 Trigger 1-positive records (positive predictive value (PPV)=20.9%, 95% CI 17.9% to 24.0%) and 36 of 669 Trigger 2-positive records (PPV=5.4%, 95% CI 3.7% to 7.1%). The control PPV of 2.1% (95% CI 0.1% to 3.3%) was significantly lower than that of both triggers (p≤0.002). Inter-reviewer reliability was modest, though higher than in comparable previous studies (к=0.37 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.44)). Conclusions While physician agreement on diagnostic error remains low, an EHR-facilitated surveillance methodology could be useful for gaining insight into the origin of these errors.
Acute high dose-fentanyl exposure produces hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia after coronary artery bypass surgery.

OBJECTIVE Opioid-induced hyperalgesia is well known complication of acute high dose and chronic opioid therapy. In this study, we evaluated development of opioid-induced hyperalgesia following intraoperative short-term use of µ-opioid agonist fentanyl after coronary artery bypass surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS 100 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery is divided into two groups. In group I (low dose), anesthesia was induced with propofol 1-2.5 mg/kg and fentanyl 2 mcg/kg, in group II (high dose) fentanyl 40-70 mcg/kg was used. In group I, propofol 5-10 mg/kg/h, fentanyl 1-3 mcg/kg/h, in group II fentanyl 5-10 mcg/kg/h was used for maintenance of anesthesia. The tactile and thermal thresholds were measured before surgery and in 1st, 3rd and 7th postoperative days by using Von Frey filaments and a thermal source, respectively. RESULTS Tactile thresholds were significantly decreased at the first (6,08±0.21 and 3.76±0.13 g; p<0.001) and third (6.76±0.24 and 4.96±0.16 g; p<0.001) postoperative days compared to baseline preoperative values (7.72±0.26, and 7.60±0.21 g; p=816) in two groups. Postoperative 1st (13.45±0.33 and 10.05±0.24 sec; p<0.001) and 3rd day (14.77±0.28 and 13.17±0.26 sec; p<0.001) assessments showed a statistically significant thermal hyperalgesia compared to the preoperative baseline values (16.67±0.51 and 16.45±0.42 sec; p=0.997) in two groups. This decrease in both tactile and thermal thresholds returned to baseline control values at the 7th day of measurement. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery receiving fentanyl anesthesia developed postoperative tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia and this was more prominent in high dose group.
The influence of domestic living arrangement and neighborhood identity on mental health among urban Chinese elders

Objectives: The primary purposes of the present study were (1) to assess the living arrangements among urban Chinese elders, (2) to examine the relationship between household living arrangement and elders’ mental health, and (3) to investigate how individuals’ neighborhood identity affects their mental health. Method: The random sample was collected in 2011, including 939 respondents aged 60 and above who lived in the Jing’an district of Shanghai, China. The study examined well-being and depression of elders. The domestic living arrangements were assessed by a single item with five options: ‘With whom are you living together? ’ The neighborhood identity was measured by four items: the sense of belonging, the sense of pride, volunteer work, and monetary donation for the neighborhood. Results: Urban Chinese elders’ living arrangement had transited from a traditional intergenerational co-residence pattern to a more self-independent style. However, living with children was positively associated with elders’ mental health after controlling for demographic variables. Although the neighborhood identity had no interaction with living arrangement, it also contributed to elders’ mental health. Conclusion: The study highlighted the importance of living with children and spouse, the sense of belonging, volunteer work, and the feelings of pride on elders’ mental health. Results of the current study suggested implications for both government and non-governmental organizations to design family-based support for eldercare and improve neighborhood identity for elders.
PENGARUH GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE TERHADAP KINERJA (Studi Pada Karyawan PT Pos Indonesia (Persero) Tuban)

This research examines the impact of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) on employees performance of PT Pos Indonesia (Persero) Tuban, East Java. The GCG was measured in the contet of fairness, transparancy, accountability and responsibility. Five hypotheses were formed to address the research aim. A quantitive approach was undertaken in this research. The data were gathered using structured questionaires. Of the 64 quesionaires distributed, 64 surveys were returned, for a response rate of 100%. To test the hypotheses, a regression analysis was conducted using SPSS version 17.00. Prior to the hypotheses testing, preliminary analysis which include validity, reliability, and regression asumption were done. Finding emerging from this research indicate that GCG (i.e., fairness, transparancy, accountability and responsibility) have positive impact on employees performance. Keywords: Good Corporate Governance, Fairness, Transparancy, Accountability, Responsibility and Employee Performance ABSTRAK Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh dari Good Corporate Governance (GCG) terhadap kinerja karyawan PT Pos Indonesia (Persero) Tuban, Jawa Timur. GCG diukur dari segi keadilan, transparansi, akuntabilitas dan tanggung jawab. Lima hipotesis diformulasikan terkait dengan tujuan penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan kuesioner, dari 64 kuesioner yang dibagikan, 64 kuesioner dikembalikan dengan tingkat tanggapan 100%. Untuk menguji hipotesis, analisis regresi dilakukan dengan menggunakan SPSS versi 17.00. Sebelum pengujian hipotesis, dilakukan pengujian uji validitas, reliabilitas dan asumsi klasik regresi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa GCG (yaitu fairness, transparancy, accountability dan responsibility ) memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap kinerja karyawan. Kata Kunci : Good Corporate Governance, Fairness, Transparancy, Accountability, Responsibility dan Kinerja Karyawan
Analysis of the spelling patterns of 4th grade students based on a word dictation task.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to establish a profile of the spelling patterns studied in students from public and private schools and to describe a word spelling task for clinical and educational settings. METHODS Eighty-two fourth grade students belonging to the elementary school of public and private schools in São Paulo, ranging in age from nine to ten years, took part in this study. The spelling task consisted of a list of ten high frequency words (HFW), ten low frequency words (LFW), and ten pseudowords (PW), in which the typology and number of spelling errors were described. To compare the average number of mistakes on the HFWs, LFWs, and PWs, we used an analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple comparisons (p<0.05). Using a cluster analysis, homogeneous groups were formed based on their performance. RESULTS Results indicated that the average number of mistakes in the LFWs was higher than in the HFWs (p=0.000) and PWs (p=0.000), and the number of mistakes in the HFWs was lower than in the PWs (p=0.009). The highest number of mistakes was found in the following categories: "others", "rule generalization", "omission", "voiced-voiceless", and "addition". There were no mistakes of the type "ão-am" and "blend-separation" in the HFWs. CONCLUSION Spelling errors are a part of the process of learning to write, and students can show some variance in spelling performance. Furthermore, students need to be stimulated to analyze words and their aspects of phonology, morphology, and semantics. An analysis from the types of errors is not enough to plan intervention programs, but instead is necessary to understand the strategies that the child uses to write.
Implications of racial and gender differences in patterns of adolescent risk behavior for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.

CONTEXT Sexual and substance use behaviors covary in adolescence. Prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) differs according to race and gender, yet few studies have systematically investigated risk behavior patterns by subgroup, particularly with nationally representative data. METHODS A priori considerations and K-means cluster analysis were used to group 13,998 non-Hispanic black and white participants in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Wave 1, according to self-reported substance use and sexual behavior. Multinomial logit analyses examined racial and gender differences by cluster. RESULTS Among 16 clusters, the two defined by the lowest risk behaviors (sexual abstinence and little or no substance use) comprised 47% of adolescents; fewer than 1% in these groups reported ever having received an STD diagnosis. The next largest cluster-characterized by sexual activity (on average, with one lifetime partner) and infrequent substance use-contained 15% of participants but nearly one-third of adolescent with STDs. Blacks were more likely than whites to be in this group. Black males also were more likely than white males to be in three small clusters characterized by high-risk sexual behaviors (i.e., having had sex with a male or with at least 14 partners, or for drugs or money). Black females generally were the least likely to be in high-risk behavior clusters but the most likely to report STDs. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents' risk behavior patterns vary by race and gender, and do not necessarily correlate with their STD prevalence. Further investigation of adolescents' partners and sexual networks is needed.