Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of nutrient management on growth and yield of cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea var botrytis ) inside low cost polyhouse

Cauliflower is an important cash crop of Himachal P radesh fetching reasonably high market price during off-season. However, the fertilizers are kingpin in increasing the productiv ity of cauliflower. Keeping in view, a study was ca rried out to find out the effect of different NPK levels on growth, yield contributing characters and yield of a mid season variety ‘Megha ’ of cauliflower under low cost polyhouse at Palampur during 2005 and 2006. T reatments comprising five combinations of NPK viz. F1 (50% NPK), F2 (75% NPK), F3 (100% NPK i.e. 100 kg N/ha, 75 kg P/ha and 75 kg K /ha), F4 (125% NPK) and F 5 (150% NPK) were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications. The s oil under the polyhouse was clay loam in texture ha ving pH 5.4, high in organic carbon 0.89%, low in available nitrogen (247 kg N/h a) and phosphorus (8.5 kg P/ha) and medium in potas sium (260 kg K/ha). Results of the study revealed that application of 150 % of recommended NPK without differing with 125% of NPK resulted in significantly higher stalk length, leaves/ plant, curd siz e and weight than other levels of NPK. The stalk le ngth varied from 1.4 cm under 50% NPK to 2.4 cm under 150% NPK and 1.4 cm under 5 0% NPK to 3.0 cm under 150% NPK during 2005 and 200 6, respectively. Leaves/plant ranged from 17.4-23.4 and 18.2 -23.6 during 2005 and 2006, respectively. The gross curd weight ranged from 1.310 to 2.814 kg during 2005 and 1.412 to 3.215 kg during 2006. The net return ranged from INR 1695-3 206 during 2005 and INR 2518-3367/100 m during 2006 under different fertility management t rea ments. Application of 125% NPK resulted in high er benefit: cost ratio over other levels of NPK.
Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption and Complement Activation in the Brain Following Rapid Correction of Chronic Hyponatremia

In previous studies we developed a rat model in which demyelination is reproducibly produced following rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia and demonstrated that the development of demyelination in this model is strongly associated with NMR indices of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Because complement is toxic to oligodendrocytes, we evaluated the hypothesis that BBB disruption precipitated by correction of hypoosmolality is followed by an influx of complement into the brain, which then contributes to the demyelination that occurs under these conditions. We studied four groups of rats with immunocytochemical analysis using primary antibodies to IgG and the C3d split-fragment of activated complement: (1) normal rats; (2) rats in which hyponatremia was maintained for 7 days; (3) chronically hyponatremic rats in which the plasma [Na(+)] was rapidly corrected with hypertonic saline administration 20 h prior to perfusion; and (4) chronically hyponatremic rats in which the plasma [Na(+)] was rapidly corrected with hypertonic saline administration 5 days prior to perfusion. In normonatremic and uncorrected hyponatremic rats only background staining was observed in areas lacking a BBB and in blood vessel walls, whereas marked increases in IgG and C3d staining were seen in the brains of rats both 20 h and 5 days after rapid correction of hyponatremia. The staining intensity was significantly correlated with the degree of neurological impairment. These results provide evidence for functional BBB disruption following rapid correction of hyponatremia and support the hypothesis that complement activation may be involved in the pathogenesis of osmotic demyelination.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Coevolution of Lexical Meaning and Pragmatic Use

According to standard linguistic theory, the meaning of an utterance is the product of conventional semantic meaning and general pragmatic rules on language use. We investigate how such a division of labor between semantics and pragmatics could evolve under general processes of selection and learning. We present a game-theoretic model of the competition between types of language users, each endowed with certain lexical representations and a particular pragmatic disposition to act on them. Our model traces two evolutionary forces and their interaction: (i) pressure toward communicative efficiency and (ii) transmission perturbations during the acquisition of linguistic knowledge. We illustrate the model based on a case study on scalar implicatures, which suggests that the relationship between underspecified semantics and pragmatic inference is one of coevolution.
Age-related differences in inhibitory control in the early school years

The transition to school is associated with a greater requirement to inhibit irrelevant or inappropriate thought and behavior in order to concentrate on effective learning and to interact successfully with peers. Current knowledge of inhibitory control development in the early school years is limited due to a lack of normative data from age-appropriate, sensitive measures. In this study, three pictorial versions of the Stroop task were administered to investigate inhibitory control development in early school-aged children. Age-related trajectories of inhibition and effects of gender were examined in 80 children (42 boys) aged 5 to 8 years. All children were assessed with the Cognitive Assessment System Expressive Attention subtest (Big-Small Stroop), Fruit Stroop, and Boy-Girl Stroop. The Big-Small Stroop revealed substantial age-related improvement in inhibition from 5 to 7 years with a levelling of performance at 8 years of age, while the Fruit Stroop and Boy-Girl Stroop demonstrated clear but nonsignificant age trends. In particular, older children committed fewer errors and corrected their errors more frequently than younger children. Performance on all Stroop tasks correlated significantly, providing evidence that they tap similar cognitive abilities. Some gender differences were found. This study indicates that inhibitory skills develop rapidly in the early school years and suggests that error awareness may be a useful indicator of the development of cognitive inhibition for this age group.
Economic evaluation of inputs for microalgal lab cultures

Economics of microalgae production is highly affected by resource consumption, being nutrients and energy the main direct consumable costs. Moreover, solar radiation is often the cause of poor culture growth. This paper studies resource economization for microalgae upscaling from small-scale batch cultures, including mixing, nutrients, photoperiod in indoors, and solar radiation in outdoors cultures. Commercial fertilizer concentration of 0.4 mL L -1 for Chlorella sp. (CMC) and Scenedesmus and Chlorella mixed cultures (SCMC) led to a maximum production efficiency of 23.8 x10 12 cell € -1 on day 11 and 11.9x10 12 cell € -1 on day 7, respectively. Higher concentrations resulted in inefficient use of nutrients. Mixing interval 12/12 led to the highest production efficiency, with 1.6x10 12 cell € -1 in CMC, almost the double that with continuous mixing. No mixing during dark periods saved energy without decreasing cell concentration. Photoperiod 12/12 also led to higher efficiency than continuous lighting, with 21.1x10 12 cell € -1 on day 9 and 22.1x10 12 cell € -1 on day 14 for CMC and SCMC, respectively. Finally, the use of sunscreens improved solar radiation utilization. Raschel mesh led to 1.1x10 9 cell (kWh m -2 ) -1 on day 11 for CMC, yielding 157% and 224% more biomass than UV filters and direct solar radiation, respectively.
Thyroid hormonal changes among women with polycystic ovarian syndrome in Baghdad – a case-control study

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a syndrome of ovarian dysfunction along with the cardinal features of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary morphology. The prevalence of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound is around quarter of all women but is not associated with the full syndrome. The study aimed to assess the status of thyroid disorders in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Methods: This prospective hospital-based case-control study involved most outpatients aged 13–45 years who visited the Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Infertility clinic at Baghdad Teaching Hospital with complaints of hirsutism and/or oligomenorrhea or infertility. This study included 70 patients, including 50 with PCOS (PCOS group) and 20 without (control group). Results: The PCOS group exhibited significantly higher mean thyroid stimulating hormone level (3.9 vs. 3.1 µIU/L), luteinizing hormone level (15.2 vs. 4.7 mIU/mL), and body mass index (28.6 vs. 24.9 kg/m2; all, p<0.001) and a non-significantly higher follicle-stimulating hormone level (9.2 vs. 5.2 mIU/L) than the control group. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate a higher prevalence of thyroid disorder among women with PCOS.
Chapter 15 Endothelial Cell Dysfunction in HIV-1 Infection

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) promotes a generalized immune activation that alters the physiology of cells that are not sensitive to viral infection. Endothelial cells (ECs) display heavy dysfunctions in HIV-1-seropositive (HIV+) patients that persist even in patients under successful combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). In vivo studies failed to demonstrate the presence of replicating virus in ECs suggesting that a direct role of the virus in vascular dysfunction is unlikely. This finding paves the way to the hypothesis of a key role of molecules released in the microenvironment by HIV-1-infected cells in sustaining aberrant EC function. Here we review the current understanding regarding the contribution of HIV-1 infection to vascular dysfunction. In particular, we argue that different HIV-1 proteins may play a key role in driving and sustaining inflammation and EC dysregulation, thus underlining the need to target them for therapeutic benefit.
S Virtual Reality for Fire Evacuation Research

Virtual reality (VR) has become a popular approach to study human behavior in fire. The present position paper analyses Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) of VR as a research tool for human behavior in fire. Virtual environments provide a maximum of experimental control, are easy to replicate, have relatively high ecological validity, and allow safe study of occupant behavior in scenarios that otherwise would be too dangerous. Lower ecological validity compared to field studies, ergonomic aspects, and technical limitations are the main weaknesses of the method. Increasingly realistic simulations and other technological advances provide new opportunities for this relatively young method. In this position paper, we argue that VR is a promising complementary laboratory tool in the quest to understand human behavior in fire and to improve fire safety.
Mismatch negativity--a unique measure of sensory processing in audition.

Physically deviant auditory stimuli occurring among frequent ("standard") stimuli (e.g., tones or phonetic stimuli) elicit the mismatch negativity (MMN) of the auditory event-related potential (ERP). The MMN is presumably generated by a mismatch process between the sensory input from a deviant stimulus and a neural sensory-memory trace representing the physical features of the standard stimulus. This process, as well as sensory analysis of auditory input and its encoding into the memory trace, appear to be automatic since the MMN is elicited even by changes in unattended auditory stimuli. Therefore the MMN indirectly provides a unique, objective measure of the central representation of a sound. This opens new possibilities for basic research as well as clinical and other applications.
A Sensitivity Analysis for Equivalent Permeability Tensors Calculated from 2 D Discrete Fracture Networks

In practice, most current approaches for flow simulation of naturally fractured reservoirs rely on the continuum approach. This requires calculation of equivalent grid based permeability tensors from a discrete fracture network. This research reviews one such popular method for calculation of equivalent permeability. The effect of fracture length and density on the equivalent permeability of the fracture network is investigated. The box counting algorithm is used to determine the fractal dimension of the fracture network and its relationship with fracture network permeability is investigated. Finally, an experimental design approach is used to determine the discrete fracture network parameters that are most influential on the calculated equivalent permeability tensor. It is shown that fracture aperture is the most influential parameter in determining the equivalent permeability tensor.
Joint Space and Time Processing for Unknown Mutual Coupling Blind Calibration and Mixed Sources Identification Using Uniform Circular Array

In classification and localization of mixed far-field and near-field sources, the unknown mutual coupling degrades the performance of most high-resolution algorithms. In practice, the assumption of an ideal receiving sensor array is rarely satisfied. This paper proposes an effective algorithm of mixed sources identification using uniform circular array under unknown mutual coupling. Firstly, according to rank reduction and joint space–time processing, the directions of arrival of far-field sources is estimated directly without mutual coupling elimination. Addition, the joint space–time processing can improve the estimation results in the case of low signal noise ratio of incoming signal sources and small number of snapshots. Then, these estimates are adopted to reconstruct the mutual coupling matrix. Finally, both direction and range parameters of near-field sources are obtained through spatial search after mutual coupling effects and far-field components elimination. The proposed algorithm is described in detail, and its behavior is illustrated by numerical examples.
1 How Good can Human Predict Facial Age ?

We introduce a novel approach for annotating large quantity of in-the-wild facial images with high-quality posterior age distribution as labels. Each posterior provides a probability distribution of estimated ages for a face. Our approach is motivated by observations that it is easier to distinguish who is the older of two people than to determine the person’s actual age. Given a reference database with samples of known ages and a dataset to label, we can transfer reliable annotations from the former to the latter via human-in-the-loop comparisons. We show an effective way to transform such comparisons to posterior via fully-connected and SoftMax layers, so as to permit end-to-end training in a deep network. Thanks to the efficient and effective annotation approach, we collect a new large-scale facial age dataset, dubbed ‘MegaAge’, which consists of 41,941 images1. With the dataset, we train a network that jointly performs ordinal hyperplane classification and posterior distribution learning. Our approach achieves state-of-theart results on popular benchmarks such as MORPH2, Adience, and the newly proposed MegaAge. Note: There are mistakes in our original paper. Please check the appendix for errata.
Beyond the Code Itself: How Programmers Really Look at Pull Requests

Developers in open source projects must make decisions on contributions from other community members, such as whether or not to accept a pull request. However, secondary factors-beyond the code itself-can influence those decisions. For example, signals from GitHub profiles, such as a number of followers, activity, names, or gender can also be considered when developers make decisions. In this paper, we examine how developers use these signals (or not) when making decisions about code contributions. To evaluate this question, we evaluate how signals related to perceived gender identity and code quality influenced decisions on accepting pull requests. Unlike previous work, we analyze this decision process with data collected from an eye-tracker. We analyzed differences in what signals developers said are important for themselves versus what signals they actually used to make decisions about others. We found that after the code snippet (x=57%), the second place programmers spent their time fixating is on supplemental technical signals (x=32%), such as previous contributions and popular repositories. Diverging from what participants reported themselves, we also found that programmers fixated on social signals more than recalled.
Crop Productivity and Surface Soil Properties of a Severely Wind-Eroded Soil

*T.M. Zobeck USDA-ARS Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Research 3810 4 St., Lubbock, TX 79415, and J. D. Bilbro, USDAARS Big Spring, TX. *Corresponding author: tzobeck@lbk.ars. usda.gov ABSTRACT Wind erosion degrades soil quality by modifying soil properties important for optimum plant growth and productivity. In this study we evaluated soil properties and plant productivity of an Amarillo fine sandy loam soil that had been severely wind-eroded for 9 years, causing a loss of about 10 cm (over 1300 mt ha) of the soil surface. Cotton, kenaf, and grain and forage sorghum were grown for two years and soil tests were performed on eroded, deposited, and non-eroded areas. The eroded areas produced 34 percent lower cotton boll weights and 40 percent lower lint weights than the noneroded areas in 1998. Cotton lint yields were not significantly different (P<0.10) in 1997, probably due to severe insect damage. The grain yield of grain sorghum was about 58 percent lower in the eroded area than the non-eroded area. The forage sorghum grain yield in 1998 was 83 percent lower on the eroded area than the noneroded area. The kenaf yield was an average of about 40 percent lower on the eroded area than the non-eroded area. Erosion had significantly increased (P<0.05) sand content on the deposited area but caused little textural change in the surface of the eroded area compared with the adjacent non-eroded site. The eroded area had significantly less phosphorus, as measured by Bray P1 and P2 methods, than the adjacent non-eroded area. Few differences were found for other plant nutrients among the sites.
The effect of posture category salience on decision times and errors when using observation-based posture assessment methods

Observation-based posture assessment methods (e.g. RULA, 3DMatch) require classification of body postures into categories. This study investigated the effect of improving posture category salience (adding borders, shading and colour to the posture categories) on posture selection error rates and decision times of novice analysts. Ninety university students with normal or corrected normal visual acuity and who were not colourblind, were instructed to select posture categories as quickly and accurately as possible, in five salience conditions (Plain (no border, no shading, no colour); Grey Border; Red Border; Grey Shading (GS) and Red Shading (RS)) for images presented in randomised blocks (240 classifications made by each participant) on a computer interface. Participants responded quickest in the Border conditions, classifying postures about 5% faster than in the Plain condition. Coloured diagrams significantly reduced posture classification errors by approximately 1.5%. Overall, the best performance, based on both error rate and decision time combined, resulted from incorporating a Grey Border to the posture category diagrams; a simple enhancement that could be made to most current observation-based posture assessment tools. Practitioner Summary: The salience of posture diagrams used in observation-based posture assessment tools was evaluated with respect to analyst error rates and decision times. The best performance resulted from incorporating a grey border to the posture diagrams; a simple enhancement that can be made to most current observation-based posture assessment tools.
PRIMING ON THE MEMORY STROOP TASK

The Stroop paradigm has been widely used to study attention whilst its use to explore implicit memory have been mixed. Using the non-colour word Stroop task we tested contrasting predictions from the Proactive-Control/Task-Conflict model (Kalanthroff, Avnit, Henik, Davelaar & Usher, 2015) that implicate response conflict and task conflict for the priming effects. Using the study-test procedure 60 native English speakers were tested to determine whether priming effects from words that had previously been studied would cause interference when presented in a colour naming task. The results replicate a finding by MacLeod (1996) who showed no differences between the response latencies to studied and unstudied words. However, this pattern was predominately in the first half of the study where it was also found that both studied and unstudied words in a mixed block were slower to respond to than a block of pure unstudied words. The second half of the study showed stronger priming interference effects as well as a sequential modulation effect in which studied words slowed down the responses of studied words on the next trial. We discuss the role of proactive and reactive control processes and conclude that task conflict best explains the pattern of priming effects reported.
A reinforcement learning based routing protocol with QoS support for biomedical sensor networks

Biomedical sensor networks have been widely used in medical applications, where data packets usually contain vital sign information and the network used for communications should guarantee that these packets can be delivered to the medical center reliably and efficiently. In other words, a set of requirements for quality of services (QoS) must be satisfied. In this paper, RL-QRP, a reinforcement learning based routing protocol with QoS-support is proposed for biomedical sensor networks. In RL-QRP, optimal routing policies can be found through experiences and rewards without the need of maintaining precise network state information. Simulation results show that RL-QRP performs well in terms of a number of QoS metrics and energy efficiency in various medical scenarios. By investigating the impacts of network traffic load and sensor node mobility on the network performance, RL-QRP has been proved to fit well in dynamic environments.
Midlife Motivational Abilities Predict Apathy and Depression in Alzheimer Disease: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study

Apathy and depression are the most common neuropsychiatric symptoms in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer disease (AD). This study was the first to explore midlife motivational abilities as a predictor of the progression of apathy and depression in MCI and AD. It used a subsample of the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (N = 137). Participants, aged over 70, were categorized according to baseline clinical diagnosis (normal cognition, MCI, or AD). Assessments were conducted at an 18-month interval. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Midlife motivational abilities were estimated on the basis of the main occupation using the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database, which provides detailed information on worker abilities. Repeated measures analysis of covariance was used. Apathy and depression were found to be particularly high in participants with AD and high motivational abilities. Apathy, but not depression, increased over time in those with AD and high motivational abilities. It would appear that holding on to unattainable goals with strong motivational efforts when faced with severe cognitive loss might lead to unproductive persistence, depressive reaction, and more apathetic behavior.
NITRIC OXIDE MEDIATES THE STRESS RESPONSE INDUCED BY CADMIUM IN MAIZE PLANTS

Increase soil pollution due to continuous use of heavy metal contaminated industrial effluents is critical for crop production globally. The heavy metal greatly accumulates in soil and causes toxicity to plants. Cadmium is easily taken up by plant roots and can be loaded into the xylem for its transport into leaves and then it is transferred to animals and humans through the food chain. Cd NITRIC OXIDE MEDIATES THE STRESS RESPONSE INDUCED BY CADMIUM IN MAIZE PLANTS