Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH)‐containing neurons in the immature rat hippocampal formation: Light and electron microscopic features and colocalization with glutamate decarboxylase and parvalbumin

Corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) excites hippocampal neurons and induces death of selected CA3 pyramidal cells in immature rats. These actions of CRH require activation of specific receptors that are abundant in CA3 during early postnatal development. Given the dramatic effects of CRH on hippocampal neurons and the absence of CRH‐containing afferents to this region, we hypothesized that a significant population of CRHergic neurons exists in developing rat hippocampus. This study defined and characterized hippocampal CRH‐containing cells by using immunocytochemistry, ultrastructural examination, and colocalization with gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐synthesizing enzyme and calcium‐binding proteins. Numerous, large CRH‐immunoreactive (ir) neurons were demonstrated in CA3 strata pyramidale and oriens, fewer were observed in the corresponding layers of CA1, and smaller CRH‐ir cells were found in stratum lacunosum‐moleculare of Ammon's horn. In the dentate gyrus, CRH‐ir somata resided in the granule cell layer and hilus. Ultrastructurally, CRH‐ir neurons had aspiny dendrites and were postsynaptic to both asymmetric and symmetric synapses. CRH‐ir axon terminals formed axosomatic and axodendritic symmetric synapses with pyramidal and granule cells. Other CRH‐ir terminals synapsed on axon initial segments of principal neurons. Most CRH‐ir neurons were coimmunolabeled for glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)‐65 and GAD‐67 and the majority also contained parvalbumin, but none were labeled for calbindin. These results confirm the identity of hippocampal CRH‐ir cells as GABAergic interneurons. Further, a subpopulation of neurons immunoreactive for both CRH and parvalbumin and located within and adjacent to the principal cell layers consists of basket and chandelier cells. Thus, axon terminals of CRH‐ir interneurons are strategically positioned to influence the excitability of the principal hippocampal neurons via release of both CRH and GABA. Hippocampus 1998;8: 231–243. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BMP4 is required in the anterior heart field and its derivatives for endocardial cushion remodeling, outflow tract septation, and semilunar valve development

The endocardial cushions play a critical role in septation of the four‐chambered mammalian heart and in the formation of the valve leaflets that control blood flow through the heart. Within the outflow tract (OFT), both cardiac neural crest and endocardial‐derived mesenchymal cells contribute to the endocardial cushions. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is required for endocardial cushion development and for normal septation of the OFT. In the present study, we show that anterior heart field (AHF)–derived myocardium is an essential source of BMP4 required for normal endocardial cushion expansion and remodeling. Loss of BMP4 from the AHF in mice results in an insufficient number of cells in the developing OFT endocardial cushions, defective cushion remodeling, ventricular septal defects, persistent truncus arteriosus, and abnormal semilunar valve formation. Developmental Dynamics 237:3200–3209, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of three epigenotypes in colorectal cancer by combined bisulfite restriction analysis

Recent investigations have demonstrated the clear heterogeneity of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) with regard to CpG island methylation. Two unsupervised cluster analyses revealed that CRCs form three distinct DNA methylation subsets, which are referred to as the high‐, intermediate‐, and low‐methylation epigenotypes (HME, IME, and LME, respectively). A recent study by Yagi et al. found a fairly sensitive and specific identification of HME, IME, and LME using two marker panels analyzed by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry (MassARRAY). However, the expensive equipment required for this method substantially increases the cost and complexity of the assay. In this article, we demonstrate the assessment of HME, IME, and LME in a group of 233 sporadic CRCs using seven markers proposed by Yagi et al. The DNA methylation of each marker was quantified using combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) and analyzed along with various genetic factors associated with CRC [the BRAF and KRAS mutations, MLH1 methylation and microsatellite instability (MSI)]. The baseline methylation of each marker was generated from pooled DNA isolated from 50 normal colon tissues. We demonstrate that the correlation of HME, IME, and LME epigenotyped by COBRA using different molecular classifiers is similar to that achieved by MassARRAY. Therefore, epigenotyping CRCs using COBRA is a simple, specific, and cost‐effective method that has the potential to be widely used in CRC research. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cuprizone-induced demyelination and demyelination-associated inflammation result in different proton magnetic resonance metabolite spectra

Conventional MRI is frequently used during the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis but provides only little additional pathological information. Proton MRS (1H‐MRS), however, provides biochemical information on the lesion pathology by visualization of a spectrum of metabolites. In this study we aimed to better understand the changes in metabolite concentrations following demyelination of the white matter. Therefore, we used the cuprizone model, a well‐established mouse model to mimic type III human multiple sclerosis demyelinating lesions. First, we identified CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling as a major regulator of microglial activity in the cuprizone mouse model. Compared with control groups (heterozygous CX3CR1+/− C57BL/6 mice and wild type CX3CR1+/+ C57BL/6 mice), microgliosis, astrogliosis, oligodendrocyte cell death and demyelination were shown to be highly reduced or absent in CX3CR1−/− C57BL/6 mice. Second, we show that 1H‐MRS metabolite spectra are different when comparing cuprizone‐treated CX3CR1−/− mice showing mild demyelination with cuprizone‐treated CX3CR1+/+ mice showing severe demyelination and demyelination‐associated inflammation. Following cuprizone treatment, CX3CR1+/+ mice show a decrease in the Glu, tCho and tNAA concentrations as well as an increased Tau concentration. In contrast, following cuprizone treatment CX3CR1−/− mice only showed a decrease in tCho and tNAA concentrations. Therefore, 1H‐MRS might possibly allow us to discriminate demyelination from demyelination‐associated inflammation via changes in Tau and Glu concentration. In addition, the observed decrease in tCho concentration in cuprizone‐induced demyelinating lesions should be further explored as a possible diagnostic tool for the early identification of human MS type III lesions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generic genetic differences between farmed and wild Atlantic salmon identified from a 7K SNP‐chip

Genetic interactions between farmed and wild conspecifics are of special concern in fisheries where large numbers of domesticated individuals are released into the wild. In the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), selective breeding since the 1970’s has resulted in rapid genetic changes in commercially important traits, such as a doubling of the growth rate. Each year, farmed salmon escape from net pens, enter rivers, and interbreed with wild salmon. Field experiments demonstrate that genetic introgression may weaken the viability of recipient populations. However, due to the lack of diagnostic genetic markers, little is known about actual rates of gene flow from farmed to wild populations. Here we present a panel of 60 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that collectively are diagnostic in identifying individual salmon as being farmed or wild, regardless of their populations of origin. These were sourced from a pool of 7000 SNPs comparing historical wild and farmed salmon populations, and were distributed on all but two of the 29 chromosomes. We suggest that the generic differences between farmed and wild salmon at these SNPs have arisen due to domestication. The identified panel of SNPs will permit quantification of gene flow from farmed to wild salmon populations, elucidating one of the most controversial potential impacts of aquaculture. With increasing global interest in aquaculture and increasing pressure on wild populations, results from our study have implications for a wide range of species.
PsySound3: a program for the analysis of sound recordings

This paper demonstrates the sound analysis software PsySound3, which was written by the authors. The software currently includes a range of DSP‐based analysis techniques (e.g., spectrum, cepstrum, autocorrelation, Hilbert transform, sound level meter emulator), as well as implementations of psychoacoustical algorithms often associated with sound quality (e.g., loudness, sharpness, loudness fluctuation, roughness, pitch, binaural attributes). In some cases, PsySound3 makes available multiple models of the one auditory attribute ‐ for example it implements dynamic and static loudness models using Erb‐ and Bark‐based auditory filters. The program is extensible, and so has the potential to allow researchers to share their analysis models using a common interface. PsySound3 is written in Matlab, and is also available as a stand‐alone program. The software is freely available from www.psysound. org.
Evolution of the velocity gradient tensor invariant dynamics in a turbulent boundary layer

In order to improve the physical understanding of the development of turbulent structures, the compressible evolution equations for the first three invariants $P$ , $Q$ and $R$ of the velocity gradient tensor have been derived. The mean evolution of characteristic turbulent structure types in the $QR$ -space were studied and compared at different wall-normal locations of a compressible turbulent boundary layer. The evolution of these structure types is fundamental to the physics that needs to be captured by turbulence models. Significant variations of the mean evolution are found across the boundary layer. The key features of the changes of the mean trajectories in the invariant phase space are highlighted and the consequences of the changes are discussed. Further, the individual elements of the overall evolution are studied separately to identify the causes that lead to the evolution varying with the distance to the wall. Significant impact of the wall-normal location on the coupling between the pressure-Hessian tensor and the velocity gradient tensor was found. The highlighted features are crucial for the development of more universal future turbulence models.
Determinants of Inward FDI in Mongolia: An Application of the ARDL Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration

The study at hand is the first of its kind that aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Mongolia by analyzing their short-run, long-run, and Granger causal relationships. In doing so, we methodically used a series of econometric methods to ensure reliable and robust estimation results that included the augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron unit root tests, the most recently advanced autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration, fully modified ordinary least squares, and the Granger causality test within the vector error-correction model (VECM) framework. Our findings revealed domestic market size and human capital to have a U-shaped relationship with FDI inflows, with an initial positive impact on FDI in the short-run, which then turns negative in the long-run. Macroeconomic instability was found to deter FDI inflows in the long-run. In terms of the impact of trade on FDI, imports were found to have a complementary relationship with FDI; while exports and FDI were found to be substitutes in the short-run. Financial development was also found to induce a deterring effect on FDI inflows in both the short- and long-run; thereby also revealing a substitutive relationship between the two. Infrastructure level was not found to have a significant impact on FDI on any conventional level, in either the short- or long-run. Furthermore, the results have exhibited significant Granger causal relationships between the variables; thereby, ultimately stressing the significance of policy choice in not only attracting FDI inflows, but also in translating their positive spill-over benefits into long-run economic growth.
Towards a Snowdrift Game Optimization to Vertex Cover of Networks

To solve the vertex cover problem in an agent-based and distributed networking systems utilizing local information, we treat each vertex as an intelligent rational agent rather than an inanimate one and provide a spatial-snowdrift-game-based optimization framework to vertex cover of networks. We analyze the inherent relation between the snowdrift game and the vertex cover: Strict Nash equilibriums of the spatial snowdrift game are the intermediate states between vertex-covered and minimal-vertex-covered states. Such equilibriums are obtained by employing the memory-based best response update rule. We also find that a better approximate solution in terms of the minimal vertex cover will be achieved by increasing the individuals' memory length, because such a process optimizes the individuals' strategies and helps them convert from bad equilibriums into better ones. Our findings pave a new way to solve the vertex cover problem from the perspective of agent-based self-organized optimization.
Studies of the immediately vascularized skin allograft

In order to evaluate the effect of the nature of revascularization on survival rates of skin allografts, a rat model was devised which provided simultaneous and immediate establishment of arterial and venous blood supply to a composite skin–renal allograft. For 5 days after transplantation the skin portion of the composite grafts appeared normal, with minimal inflammation in 11 recipients. From 6 to 11 days, in 6 rats, active rejection developed with a marked inflammatory reaction of the skin–kidney interface. In 10 rats in which the composite grafts remained in the secondary hosts for 12–21 days rejection of the skin was complete. The renal portion of all composite grafts appeared normal in all three panels and all recipients of composite grafts rejected subsequent orthotopic skin grafts in an accelerated manner, with median survival times of 8·2 ± 0·3 days compared with median 11·5 ± 0·7 days in untreated Fischer → Lewis controls.
Alcohol counselling of 85 pregnant problem drinkers: effect on drinking and fetal outcome

Summary. Eighty‐five pregnant problem drinkers were given intensive counselling throughout gestation to persuade them to reduce or stop their alcohol intake. Nevertheless, 7% of their blood specimens collected at follow‐up visits contained ethanol. Fifty‐five women (65%) were able to reduce their alcohol consumption by at least 50%. Alcohol abuse was associated in a dose‐dependent manner with fetal growth retardation detectable by uftrasonography from 27 weeks gestation. Twenty infants (24%) had a complete fetal alcohol syndrome and 22 (26%) had some features of‘fetal alcohol effects’ (FAE). In addition, the rate of structural malformations was high (13%). Of the women with continuous alcohol abuse 89% gave birth to infants with at least one feature of FAE compared with only 40% of those who decreased their alcohol consumption.
Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ( HBsAg ) and seropositivity Among Jaundice Children in Katihar

This study was carried out to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and risk factors of transmission among children in katihar district of Koshi zone of Bihar State, India. In order to estimate the prevalence rate of HBsAg and to evaluate the influence of children demographics on HBsAg seropositivity, well-designed questionnaire was used to obtain data, considered risk factors for contracting HBsAg from consenting children. A total of 305 blood samples were collected from children attending the Katihar Medical College Hospital, Katihar. The male: female ratio was 1.38:1in the control group and 1.5: 1 in cases of jaundice. Blood samples were screened using HBsAg test kit, supplied by J. Mitra & Co. Pvt. Ltd, Delhi, India. HBsAg positivity rate among control was 3.5%. It gives fair idea about prevalence of HBsAg among healthy children of this region and does not indicate the carrier rate. The prevalence of HBsAg was higher among age group 9-12 years in jaundice patient. There is no significant difference in incidence of HBsAg positivity among males and females (p=0.317). Horizontal mode of transmission is found very significant. A higher rate of HBsAg positivity (17.64%) was found in patients of fulminant hepatic failure.
Vulnerability of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve and Mental Nerve During Genioplasty: An Anatomic Study

Microgenia or "small chin" is corrected by various techniques, such as insertion of an alloplastic implant, cartilage or bone grafting, or horizontal advancement osteotomy. Horizontal recession osteotomy is used in macrogenia. Particularly in a microgenic mandible, the mental foramen is unexpectedly nearer to the inferior border of the body. During sliding horizontal osteotomy of the mentum, the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and mental nerve are vulnerable to an injury. Thirty fresh hemimandibles were used for a study of the IAN. The IAN course was traced by serial sections at intervals of 5 mm. In 50 dry specimens the direction of the mandibular canal was evaluated by the photographs with a stick put into the mental foramen. The IAN in mandibular canal runs above the lower one-third of the mandibular body. The terminal mandibular canal locates at an average of 4.5 mm under the mental foramen, advances 5.0 mm anteriorly, loops, and ends at the foramen. The direction of the mandibular canal at the mental foramen was 39.4° lateral, 67.2° superior, and 80.2° posterior. It is advisable for surgeons to keep the level of sliding osteotomy of the mentum at least 4.5 mm below the mental foramen to spare the IAN.
Delay-independent stability of linear neutral systems: A Riccati equation approach

This note focuses on the problem of asymptotic stability of a class of linear neutral systems described by differential equations with delayed state. The delay is assumed unknown, but constant. Sufficient conditions for delay-independent asymptotic stability are given in terms of the existence of symmetric and positive definite solutions of a continuous Riccati algebraic matrix equation coupled with a discrete Lyapunov equation. The approach adopted here is based on a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional technique.
Explicit identification and implicit recognition of facial emotions: II. Core domains and relationships with general cognition

Both general and social cognition are important in providing endophenotypic markers and predicting real-world functional outcomes of clinical psychiatric disorders. However, to date, focus has been on general cognition, rather than on core domains of social/emotional cognition. This study sought to determine core domains of emotion processing for both explicit identification and implicit recognition and their relationships with core domains of general cognition. Age effects and sex differences were also investigated. A sample of 1,000 healthy individuals (6 to 91 years, 53.5% female) undertook the WebNeuro tests of emotion identification and recognition and tests of general cognitive function. Factor analysis revealed seven core domains of emotion processing: speed of explicit emotion identification, speed of implicit emotion recognition, implicit emotion recognition accuracy, “threat” processing, sadness–disgust identification, “positive emotion” processing, and general “face perception. ” Seven corresponding core domains of general cognition were identified: information-processing speed, executive function, sustained attention/vigilance, verbal memory, working-memory capacity, inhibition/impulsivity, and sensorimotor function. Factors of emotion processing generally showed positive associations with those of general cognitive function, suggesting commonality in processing speed in particular. Moreover, age had a consistent nonlinear impact on both emotion processing and general cognitive factors, while sex differences were more specific. These findings contribute to a normative and standardized structure for assessment of emotional and general cognition in clinical groups.
Limited Access: Gender, Occupational Composition, and Flexible Work Scheduling

The current study draws on national data to explore differences in access to flexible work scheduling by the gender composition of women's and men's occupations. Results show that those who work in integrated occupations are more likely to have access to flexible scheduling. Women and men do not take jobs with lower pay in return for greater access to flexibility. Instead, jobs with higher pay offer greater flexibility. Integrated occupations tend to offer the greatest access to flexible scheduling because of their structural locations. Part-time work is negatively associated with men's access to flexible scheduling but positively associated with women's access. Women have greater flexibility when they work for large establishments, whereas men have greater flexibility when they work for small establishments.
Un désert cosmopolite. Migrations de transit dans la région d'Agadez (Sahara nigérien)

Depuis le debut des annees 1990, d'importants flux migratoires traversent et « transforment » le Sahara nigerien. En depit des obstacles qui entravent la circulation dans cette region, reflets des dysfonctionnements de l'Etat nigerien et du durcissement des politiques migratoires des Etats maghrebins, des migrants originaires de toute une partie du continent se rendent par cette voie en Afrique du Nord, d'ou la plupart reviennent apres quelques mois ou quelques annees. Les migrations transsahariennes constituent ainsi le principal facteur de dynamisme et de transformation de la region d'Agadez. Elles tendent a redefinir une nouvelle geographie saharienne, en mettant en contact des lieux et des acteurs de facon inedite, en redefinissant leurs fonctions et leurs relations selon de nouvelles logiques. L'etude de ces migrations dans les espaces de transit du Sahara nigerien permet de replacer le « mouvement » et ses enjeux au cœur du processus migratoire, et de s'interroger sur les manieres dont se redefinissent les projets et les identites des individus mobiles au cours de leur voyage. Dans un contexte international de crispation identitaire et de rejet de l'alterite, les migrations transsahariennes participent d'une dynamique de mondialisation « par le bas », introduisant localement au Sahara un cosmopolitisme par la marge.
Alcohol involvement in pedestrian accidents in france

This paper describes a study carried out in France which examined the role of alcohol in pedestrian accidents. The data were obtained from police reports between March 1990 and February 1991 and covered pedestrians over 16. Aspects examined include age, sex, time of accident, occupation, location of accident and blood alcohol content. Alcohol was found to be an important factor in pedestrian accidents. Comparisons made with other countries found a similar situation. For the covering abstract see IRRD 893732.