Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Leveraging Bogotá: Sustainable development, global philanthropy and the rise of urban solutionism

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is marked by the consolidation of sustainability as a key guiding principle and an emphasis on cities as a potential solution to global development problems. However, in the absence of an agreement on how to implement sustainable development in cities, a set of urban policy solutions and ‘best practices’ became the vehicles through which the sustainable development agenda is spreading worldwide. This article shows that the rapid circulation of Bogotá as a model of sustainable transport since the 2000s reflects an increasing focus of the international development apparatus on urban policy solutions as an arena to achieve global development impacts, what I call the ‘leveraging cities’ logic in this article. This logic emerges at a particular historical conjuncture characterised by: (1) the rising power of global philanthropy to set development agendas; (2) the generalisation of solutionism as a strategy of action among development and philanthropic organisations; and (3) the increasing attention on cities as solutions for global development problems, particularly around sustainability and climate change. By connecting urban policy mobilities debates with development studies this article seeks to unpack the emergence, and the limits, of ‘leveraging cities’ as a proliferating global development practice. These urban policy solutions are far from being a clear framework of action. Rather, their circulation becomes a ‘quick fix’ to frame the problem of sustainable development given the unwillingness of development and philanthropic organisations to intervene in the structural factors and multiple scales that produce environmental degradation and climate change.
A comparison of posttraumatic stress disorder between combat casualties and civilians treated at a military burn center.

BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been identified in 12% to 20% of noninjured veterans and in 32% of combat casualties. Eight percent of the US general population experience PTSD symptoms, whereas 25.5% of civilians with major burns have PTSD. Known predictors of physical outcomes of patients with burn are age, total body surface area (TBSA) burned, and Injury Severity Score (ISS). The United States Army Institute of Surgical Research Burn Center provides burn care for combat casualties and civilians. We hypothesized that we would find no difference in PTSD incidence between these two populations and that age, TBSA, and ISS are associated with PTSD. METHOD We retrospectively examined the clinical records of 1,792 patients admitted between October 2003 and May 2008. Records were stratified by PTSD, age, TBSA, and ISS. PTSD scores were compared. Descriptive analyses were used. RESULTS Four hundred ninety-nine patients (372 military [74.5%]; 127 civilians [25.5%]) were assessed for PTSD using PTSD checklist military and civilian versions. PTSD was defined as >or=44 on the PTSD checklist instruments. We found no significant difference in PTSD between combat casualties and civilians (25% vs. 17.32%, p = 0.761). TBSA and ISS were significantly associated with PTSD; however, no association between age and PTSD was found. CONCLUSION The incidence of PTSD is not significantly different in burned combat casualties and civilians treated at the same burn unit. These findings suggest that PTSD is related to the burn trauma and not to the circumstances surrounding the injury.
Remote per‐conditioning reduces oxidative stress, downregulates cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 expression and attenuates ischaemia–reperfusion‐induced acute kidney injury

Remote per‐conditioning (rPeC) is a phenomenon by which short‐time intermittent ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) of a remote organ during ischaemia protects other organs from I/R injury (IRI). The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of rPeC on renal IRI in rats. Rats were subjected to right nephrectomy and randomized as into a sham group (no additional intervention), an I/R group (subjected to 45 min left renal pedicle occlusion) and an rPeC group (subjected to four cycles of 5 min I/R of the left femoral artery administered at the beginning of renal ischaemia). After 24 h, blood, urine and tissue samples were collected. Compared with the sham group, I/R resulted in renal dysfunction, as evidenced by significantly lower creatinine clearance (CCr; 0.52 ± 0.06 vs 0.11 ± 0.02 mL/min, respectively) and higher fractional excretion of sodium (FENa; 0.80 ± 0.07% vs 2.46 ± 0.20%, respectively). This was accompanied by decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD; 6.9 ± 1.7 vs 26.7 ± 2.7 U/g tissue) and catalase (CAT; 20.2 ± 8.8 vs 32.2 ± 8.7 K/g tissue) activity in the I/R group, as well as decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH; 21.7 ± 8.1 vs 81.2 ± 20.2 μmol/g tissue) and increased malondialdehyde levels (MDA; 1.2 to 0.1 vs 0.5 ± 0.2 μmol/100 mg), cyclo‐oxygenase (COX)‐2 expression and histological damage. In the rPeC group, renal histology and function were significantly improved (CCr 0.32 ± 0.02 mL/min; FENa 1.33 ± 0.12%) compared with the I/R group. Furthermore, compared with the I/R group, the rPeC group exhibited increases in SOD and CAT activity (22.8 ± 3.8 U/g tissue and 21.7 ± 8.6 K/g tissue, respectively), increased GSH levels (74.0 ± 4.9) and decreased MDA levels (1.1 ± 0.3 μmol/100 mg) and COX‐2 expression. In conclusion, rPeC appears to exert protective effects against renal IRI. This protection may be a consequence of reductions in lipid peroxidation, intensification of anti‐oxidant systems and downregulation of COX‐2 expression. A simple approach, rPeC may be a promising strategy for protection against IRI in clinical practice.
Operational Hedging: A Review with Discussion

Motivated by the increasing prevalence of operational hedging in corporate-level risk management programs, this paper provides an extensive overview and synthesis of the existing literature on operational hedging. In particular, we focus on the treatment of operational hedging in the operations management literature. We then explore how the concept of operational hedging is studied in the fields of finance, strategy and international business. Finally, we discuss and critique the approaches adopted in the operations management literature in the context of the broader literature on the topic.
Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia

Capital adequacy regulation imposed on banks, including Islamic banks, is part of the regulators’ efforts to ensure that banks have adequate capital in order to get them prepared facing the risks that might arise in their operations. This research aims to find the effects of Islamic banks’ specific variables on Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), the capital adequacy indicator in banks. Using panel data regression, this research investigates the possible effects of four bank spesific variables which are Bank Size (LNSIZE), Non-Performing Financing (NPF), Return on Equity (ROE), and Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) on Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR). There are 11 Indonesia’s Islamic commercial banks during 2011 to 2015 used as sample. As Fixed Effect Model (FEM) chosen to be the estimation model, this research indicates that LNSIZE, NPF, ROE and FDR have significant effects on CAR with different level of significance.
Influences of different proton pump inhibitors on the anti-platelet function of clopidogrel in relation to CYP2C19 genotypes.

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT Active metabolism of clopidogrel is mainly mediated by CYP2C19. There are genetic differences in the activity of CYP2C19. Therefore, active metabolism of clopidogrel is affected by CYP2C19 genotypes. The main metabolizing enzyme of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is CYP2C19. Therefore, the anti-platelet function of clopidogrel is attenuated by concomitant use of PPIs. There are differences in the metabolic disposition among different PPIs. Affinity to CYP2C19 differs among different PPIs. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS Whether a PPI attenuates the efficacy of clopidogrel depends on CYP2C19. Individuals who are decreased metabolizers, i.e. carriers the allele of CYP2C19*2 and/or *3, are more likely to convert from 'responder' to 'non-responder' to clopidogrel when placed on a concomitant PPI. We found that rabeprazole, whose affinity to CYP2C19 has been considered lower, attenuated the efficacy of clopidogrel. * We tested whether the separate dosing of a PPI and clopidogrel decreased the risk of attenuation of clopidogrel efficacy. We unfortunately found that separate dosing did not avoid the problematic interaction between clopidogrel and a PPI in subject's with CYP2C19*2 and/or CYP2C19*3. AIMS The efficacy of clopidogrel is influenced by CYP2C19 genotypes and substrates of CYP2C19, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). We assessed the influence of three different PPIs on the anti-platelet function of clopidogrel in relation to CYP2C19 genotype status. METHODS Thirty-nine healthy volunteers with different CYP2C19 genotypes took clopidogrel 75 mg with or without omeprazole 20 mg, lansoprazole 30 mg or rabeprazole 20 mg in the morning for 7 days. The influence of the three PPIs on the anti-platelet function of clopidogrel was determined. A less than 30% inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) during clopidogrel dosing was defined as a 'low responder'. We also examined whether evening dosing of omeprazole could prevent the interaction with clopidogrel dosed in the morning. RESULTS In rapid metabolizers (RMs, *1/*1, n=15) of CYP2C19, omeprazole and rabeprazole significantly attenuated the anti-platelet function of clopidogrel. In decreased metabolizers (DMs, carriers of *2 and/or *3, n=24), there was a large variation in IPA and there was a trend but no significant decrease in IPA when placed on a concomitant PPI. Some DMs became 'low-responders' when placed on a concomitant PPI. Evening omeprazole dose in RMs did not seem to cause a significant decrease in IPA in contrast to morning dosing, but did so in DMs. CONCLUSIONS The three PPIs affected the efficacy of clopidogrel to different degrees. Both omeprazole and rabeprazole significantly decreased IPA in RMs but not DMs, although there was a trend towards lower IPA in DMs. Morning and evening dosing of omeprazole were both associated with lower IPA in DMs.
Efficacy of adjusting working height and mechanizing of transport on physical work demands and local discomfort in construction work

The efficacy of ergonomics measures to reduce physical work demands in a real working situation is often assumed, but seldom studied. In this study, the effect of adjusting working height and mechanization of transport on physical work demands and local discomfort of bricklayers' work was evaluated during a field experiment in the construction industry. In a within-subjects controlled experiment, 10 bricklayers and 10 bricklayers' assistants worked in two different conditions. Working height of bricks and mortar, and transport of materials were manipulated. The physical work demands were assessed through real time observations at the work site. Local discomfort of the lower back and of the shoulder region was measured by means of a visual analogue scale. Working with a scaffolding console to adjust the working height of the storage of materials resulted in a significant reduction of the frequency and duration of trunk flexion ( > 60°) by 79% and 52% respectively, compared with bricks set out on the ground floor. Mechanization of transport of materials resulted in a significant reduction of the frequency and duration of trunk flexion ( > 60°) by 94% and 92% respectively, compared with the condition of manual handling. The frequency of handling objects ( > 4 kg) reduced significantly by 86%. Local discomfort of the lower back was significantly less in the ergonomic conditions, while no significant difference was found for local discomfort of the shoulder between both conditions in bricklayers' assistants.
HIV-1 exposed dendritic cells show increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production but reduced IL-1ra following lipopolysaccharide stimulation.

OBJECTIVES Dendritic cells (DC) are potential first target cells in sexually transmitted HIV-1 infection. They are also considered to be central in the activation of naive T cells, which thereupon can become permissive for HIV-1. In addition, activated DC express effector molecules, which likely contribute to the direction of T helper (Th1/Th2)-specific immune responses. METHODS The capacity of cytokine and chemokine production in in vitro DC infected and uninfected with HIV-1 was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by in situ immunocytochemical detection at the single cell level. Fluorescent in situ 5'-nuclease assay (FISNA) was used for quantitative evaluation of HIV-1 gag-positive cells. RESULTS Macrophage-tropic HIV-1 effectively infected 20-40% of in vitro cultured DC. However, this activity alone did not induce detectable cytokine or chemokine protein expression in DC. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of these HIV-1-infected DC resulted in a significantly increased level of cells producing tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL) 1beta but reduced frequencies of cells producing IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) compared with the LPS-stimulated but uninfected DC cultures (P < 0.05). Furthermore, an extensive production of the beta-chemokines [RANTES, macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP) 1alpha and 1beta] was detected in DC in response to both LPS and HIV-1 plus LPS. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that HIV-1 infected DC may have an increased proinflammatory activity. Elevated production of cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta and reduced IL-1ra may contribute to enhanced replication of HIV-1 in bystander T cells. Gram-negative bacterial infection and gut-associated bacterial translocation in HIV-1-infected individuals may also result in endotoxin-mediated reactivation of HIV-1 in bystander CD4 CD45RO T cells caused by the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines in DC.
Evaluation of sleep bruxism by polysomnographic analysis in patients with dental implants.

PURPOSE The aims of the present study were to use polysomnographic analysis to confirm sleep bruxism (SB) and to evaluate clinical findings of dental implant treatment in SB patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study comprised the retrospective analysis of 368 patients with a total of 838 endosseous implants. Nineteen patients who experienced mechanical complications, such as implant or abutment fractures, loosened gold screws, or occlusal surface wear or damage, were selected for polysomnographic analysis to monitor sleep symptoms. Six patients in the study group were identified as having SB, and this was confirmed by polysomnographic analysis. RESULTS The SB electromyographic episodes were at least 20% of the patients' maximum voluntary contractions while awake and were scored. Most of the bruxism episodes (80%) were seen in light sleep stages. Only 5% of bruxism episodes were detected during rapid-eye-movement sleep. Sleep stage recordings were similar in all individuals. Bruxism episodes did not cause arousals. Patients were unaware of their nocturnal parafunctional habits. Despite protection with night guards, all patients were reported to have continued bruxism. DISCUSSION Since possible occlusal parafunctional habits may be evident in any stage of dental treatment, treatment outcome risks must be considered. CONCLUSIONS Polysomnographic study was evaluated as an effective, low-cost method to confirm occlusal parafunctional habits during sleep. Precautions against SB in patients having dental implant treatment have not been properly clarified. However, night guard protection appears to have some validity in patients having sleep bruxism.
Determination of back contact barrier height in Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 and CdTe solar cells

A relatively straightforward technique has been developed to quantify the energy barrier for holes between a Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 (CIGSeS) or CdTe absorber and the back-contact metallization. The input data is the current-voltage (J-V) curves for the solar cell measured over a range of temperatures. The key parameter is the “turning current” Jt, which is the current at the transition from the positive J-V curvature of a diode to the negative curvature associated with current limitation at a contact barrier. The analytical strategy is to calculate a series of Jt vs. T curves for different values of barrier height and then overlay the experimental values of Jt. Generally the experimental data follow a single barrier-height curve over a wide temperature range. The presentation will describe the turning point technique and apply it to specific solar-cell examples. The range of Jt that can be practically identified extends from approximately 0.1 to 80 mA/cm2. Assuming that temperatures between 220 and 340 K are available, the range of barriers that can be determined is between 0.30 and 0.55 eV. This is also the practical range, since lower barriers do not have a measurable effect on the power quadrant and higher ones effectively kill the performance of the cell. Many CIGSeS and CdTe cells, however, do have a back-contact barrier in the 0.30 to 0.55 eV range, and the ability to determine it can assist both cell analysis and process optimization.
The association of layperson characteristics with the quality of simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance.

BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the association of layperson characteristics with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) provision. Previous studies suggested provider characteristics, including age and gender, were associated with CPR quality, particularly chest compression (CC) depth. We sought to determine the association of subject characteristics, including age and gender with layperson CPR quality during an unannounced simulated CPR event. We hypothesized shallower CC depth in females, and older-aged subjects. METHODS As part of a larger multicenter randomized controlled trial of CPR training for cardiac patients' caregivers, CPR skills were assessed 6 months after training. We analyzed associations between subject characteristics and CC rate, CC depth and no-flow time. Each variable was analyzed independently; significant predictors determined via univariate analysis were assessed in a multivariate regression model. RESULTS A total of 521 laypersons completed a 6-month CPR skills assessment and were included in the analysis. Mean age was 51.8±13.7 years, 75% were female, 57% were Caucasian. Overall, mean CC rate was 88.5±25.0 per minute, CC depth was 50.9±2.0 mm, and mean no-flow time was 15.9±2.7 sec/min. CC depth decreased significantly in subjects >62 years (P<0.001). Male subjects performed deeper CCs than female subjects (47.5±1.7 vs. 41.9±0.6, P<0.001). CONCLUSION We found that layperson age >62 years and female gender are associated with shallower CC depth.
Genetic variations, reproductive aging, and breast cancer risk in African American and European American women: The Women's Circle of Health Study

Reproductive aging phenotypes, including age at menarche (AM) and age at natural menopause (ANM), are well-established risk factors for breast cancer. In recent years, many genetic variants have been identified in association with AM and ANM in genome-wide association studies among European populations. Using data from the Women’s Circle of Health Study (WCHS) of 1,307 European-American (EA) and 1,365 African-American (AA) breast cancer cases and controls, we aimed to replicate 53 earlier GWAS variants for AM and ANM in AA and EA groups and to perform analyses on total and net reproductive lifespan (TRLS; NRLS). Breast cancer risk was also examined in relation to a polygenic risk score (PRS) for each of the reproductive aging phenotypes. We replicated a number of variants in EA women, including rs7759938 in LIN28B for AM and rs16991615 in MCM8 for ANM; whereas in the AA group, only one SNP (rs2947411 in TMEM18) for AM was directionally consistent and nominally significant. In analysis of TRLS and NRLS, several SNPs were significant, including rs466639 in RXRG that was associated with both phenotypes in both AA and EA groups. None of the PRS was associated with breast cancer risk. Given the paucity of data available among AA populations, our study contributes to the literature of genetics of reproductive aging in AA women and highlights the importance of cross population replication of GWAS variants.
Efficacy of Pulsed Radiofrequency Therapy to Dorsal Root Ganglion Adding to TENS and Exercise for Persistent Pain after Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract The majority of patients achieve substantial pain relief and improved function after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but a proportion continues to experience life-disturbing persistent postsurgical pain (PPSP) in the months and years after surgery. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), exercise, and pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) treatment on pain severity, neuropathic pain, knee flexion range of motion (ROM), functional status, and patient satisfaction in patients with PPSP after TKA. This is a retrospective study of prospectively collected data. Patients who were identified retrospectively from hospital charts were divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 17) received TENS and exercise treatment and group 2 (n = 22) received TENS, exercise, and PRF application to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). The following procedure-related parameters were collected from the special registry form: visual analog scale (VAS), Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) questionnaire, knee flexion ROM, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and patient satisfaction scale scores. The mean follow-up was 253.8 ± 109 days. When the two groups were compared, a significant difference of at least 50% improvement in the VAS (activity) and a significant reduction in the DN4 scores following the last control examination were found in group 2. There was a significant reduction in total WOMAC scores in group 1 compared with group 2 for the four study periods. Higher scores for the patient satisfaction scale were found in group 1 compared with group 2 following the last control examination. Adding PRF to TENS and exercise therapy is useful in reducing the degree of pain and the neuropathic component of PPSP in patients with PPSP.
FDI Determinants in Least Recipient Regions: The Case of Sub‐Saharan Africa and MENA

This paper explores the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) into FDI least recipient regions. Panel data for 20 subâ€ Saharan Africa (SSA) and 11 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries are used for the period 2000â€“12. Findings of the fixed effects estimations suggest that FDI inflows into these regions are influenced by GDP per capita, infrastructure development, trade openness, and control of corruption. Conversely, inflation negatively affects FDI inflows, and rents from natural resources do not significantly influence FDI. Furthermore, the findings show that marginal benefits from any increase in the quantity of FDI determinants (with the exception of control of corruption) will be less for SSA countries. The paper concludes with important policy implications deduced from the findings.