Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parasites causing disease in wild and cultured fish in Newfoundland.

This study, based on field and laboratory observations, investigated the role of parasites as the cause of disease outbreaks and mass mortality in wild and cultured fish in Newfoundland over three decades. One ciliated protozoan, Trichodina jadranica (Ciliophora), and Loma branchialis (Microspora) were responsible for mass mortality of cultured fry and fingerling Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) while a myxozoan, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, and plerocercoids of a cestode, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, caused a die-off of hatcheryreared Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) respectively after transfer to outdoor cages. A hematophagous copepod, Lernaeocera branchialis, was associated with mortality of wild Atlantic cod both in the laboratory and possibly in the field. One additional parasite, a coccidian, Goussia caseosa, caused lesions in the swim bladder of the roughhead grenadier, Macrourus berglax, a deep-sea fish. It is surmised that parasites have played a major role in mortality of both wild and cultured fish in Newfoundland. Recommendations are made to prevent potential die-offs in cultured fish.
Playing God or just unnatural? Religious beliefs and approval of synthetic biology

Using evidence from a 2010 survey of 32 European publics, this article argues that belief in God increases disapproval for synthetic biology through two different mechanisms, depending on the strength of the individual’s belief. Among weak believers, belief in God appears to be associated with the increased availability and accessibility of the idea that genetic manipulation interferes with nature. Strong believers, in contrast, appear to also engage in an explicitly theological evaluation of synthetic biology, with opposition to synthetic biology resulting from the perception that the creation of new types of organisms encroaches on a domain of activity (creation) that has traditionally been considered to be a divine prerogative. Overall, our findings suggest that value predispositions can influence public attitudes towards synthetic biology even when individuals engage in explicit deliberation about the technology in question.
Rhabdomyolysis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.

Infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces a broad spectrum of illness. We report a case of rhabdomyolysis that occurred during the clinical course of M. pneumoniae lower respiratory tract infection in a 4-year-old patient. Rhabdomyolysis has been rarely associated with M. pneumoniae infection. Four similar cases published previously in the English language medical literature are reviewed.
Genome-wide methylation and expression differences in HPV(+) and HPV(-) squamous cell carcinoma cell lines are consistent with divergent mechanisms of carcinogenesis

Oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) are associated with nearly all cervical cancers and are increasingly important in the etiology of oropharyngeal tumors. HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) have distinct risk profiles and appreciate a prognostic advantage compared to HPV-negative HNSCC. Promoter hypermethylation is widely recognized as a mechanism in the progression of HNSCC, but the extent to which this mechanism is consistent between HPV(+) and HPV(-) tumors is unknown. To investigate the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in HPV-induced and carcinogen-induced cancers, we examined genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression in HPV(+) and HPV(-) SCC cell lines. We used two platforms: the Illumina Infinium Methylation BeadArray and tiling arrays, and confirmed illustrative examples with pyrosequencing and quantitative PCR. These analyses indicate that HPV(+) cell lines have higher DNA methylation in genic and LINE-1 regions than HPV(-) cell lines. Differentially methylated loci between HPV(+) and HPV(-) cell lines significantly correlated with HPV-typed HNSCC primary tumor DNA methylation levels. Novel findings include higher promoter methylation of polycomb repressive complex 2 target genes in HPV(+) cells compared to HPV(-) cells and increased expression of DNMT3A in HPV(+) cells. Additionally, CDKN2A and KRT8 were identified as interaction hubs among genes with higher methylation and lower expression in HPV(-) cells. Conversely, RUNX2, IRS-1 and CCNA1 were major hubs with higher methylation and lower expression in HPV(+) cells. Distinct HPV(+) and HPV(-) epigenetic profiles should provide clues to novel targets for development of individualized therapeutic strategies.
SERIES 241 Monetary Regime Change and Business Cycles

This paper analyzes to what extent changes in monetary policy regimes inuence the business cycle in a small open economy and investigates the impact of policy breaks on the estimation procedure. We estimate a DSGE model on Swedish data, explicitly taking into account the monetary regime change in 1993, from exchange rate targeting to ination targeting. The results suggest that monetary policy reacted strongly to exchange rate movements in the former, and mostly to ination in the latter. The external sector plays an important role in the economy and the international transmission mechanism is signi cantly a¤ected by the choice of exchange rate regime. A counterfactual experiment that applies the ination targeting policy rule on the disturbances from the exchange rate targeting period suggests that such a policy would have led to higher output and employment, but also to a depreciated currency, higher ination and a more volatile economy. We also show evidence that ignoring the break in the estimation leads to spurious results for both the parameters associated with monetary policy as well as those that are policy-independent. (JEL: C1, C5, E5, F4) Keywords: Bayesian estimation, DSGE models, target zone, ination targeting, regime change An early version of this paper was previously circulated as "An Estimated DSGE Model for Sweden with a Monetary Regime Change. " We are indebted to Jesper Lindé, Torsten Persson, Christopher Sims and Lars E.O. Svensson for extensive advice. We would also like to thank Mikael Carlsson, Carlos Carvalho, Efrem Castelnuovo, Marco Del Negro, Giovanni Favara, Jordi Mondria, Virginia Queijo von Heideken, Ulf Söderström, Andrea Tambalotti and Karl Walentin for fruitful discussions and comments. The views expressed in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reecting the views of the Executive Board of Sveriges Riksbank, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the authors. yCorresponding author. E-mail address: daria. nocchiaro@riksbank.se Monetary Regime Change and Business Cycles
Management of stroke in childhood

Guidelines are welcome, but have some gaps—such as perinatal stroke Stroke care for adults has been revolutionised in recent years, possibly in association with the publication of national clinical guidelines for stroke.1 In consequence, rehabilitative care after stroke for adults is now considered the norm. Stroke is less common in children, and clinical experience and anecdotal evidence indicate that children may receive a variable quality of care. A welcome development therefore has been the publication last year of guidelines by the UK Royal College of Physicians paediatric stroke working group.2 The guidelines deal mainly with the diagnosis, investigation, and management of acute arterial ischaemic stroke in children beyond the neonatal period, covering acute presentation, management, rehabilitation, and longer term care. …
Effect of a stannous fluoride dentifrice on plaque formation and removal: a digital plaque imaging study.

OBJECTIVE A repeated measures digital imaging technique (Digital Plaque Image Analysis-DPIA) was used to assess the antiplaque effectiveness of a 0.454% stannous fluoride dentifrice. METHODOLOGY Subjects were qualified to enter the study based upon a previous assessment of dental plaque accumulation while brushing with a standard (non-antimicrobial) fluoridated dentifrice. Fourteen qualifying subjects were entered into a cross-over study design, including the use of a standard 0.243% sodium fluoride (NaF) dentifrice, or a 0.454% stannous fluoride (SnF,) dentifrice. Cross-over periods were separated by a one-week washout. During the assigned treatments, subjects visited the imaging laboratory on six separate days over two weeks, reporting each day for three separate assessments of plaque accumulation, as assessed by DPIA. On each "grading day," subjects entered for plaque assessments prior to morning tooth brushing, and without consuming any food or beverages. Following this morning "pre-brushing" assessment, subjects brushed with the assigned dentifrice and then had plaque immediately reassessed (morning post-brushing). Subjects also reported to the imaging clinic for an afternoon plaque regrowth assessment. Subjects were again required to avoid food and drink for one hour prior to this measurement. RESULTS The SnF2 dentifrice was observed to produce statistically significant reductions in dental plaque, measuring 24.4% in the morning pre-brushing, and 27.9% in the afternoon assessment. Tooth brushing was observed to significantly reduce plaque on the teeth in the morning post-brushing for subjects using either the standard NaF or the SnF2 dentifrice. There were no statistically significant differences in plaque coverage on teeth following tooth brushing with the NaF (6.3% coverage) or SnF2 (6.2% coverage) dentifrices. CONCLUSION Use of a 0.454% SnF2 dentifrice produced statistically significant reductions in dental plaque formation as compared to the similar use of a standard 0.243% NaF dentifrice.
The virological and histological states of anti‐hepatitis C virus–positive subjects with normal liver biochemical values

We investigated anti‐hepatitis C virus (HCV) titers, HCV RNA levels in liver and serum, genetic variability in the hypervariable region of the genome, the form of the virus in the circulation, and liver histology in 21 anti‐HCV‐positive subjects with sustained normal liver biochemical values. Titer of anti‐HCV was determined by second generation anti‐HCV‐passive hemagglutination assay, and HCV RNA levels were semiquantitated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In 19 (90%) of the 21 subjects who had a higher titer of anti‐HCV (⩾214), HCV RNA was detected in both serum and liver, and histological examination showed minimal or mild chronic hepatitis in all. In the remaining 2 patients who had a lower titer of anti‐HCV, HCV RNA was not detected in serum and liver, and liver histology was normal. Anti‐HCV titers and HCV RNA levels in serum and liver in the 19 HCV RNA‐positive subjects were compared with those levels in the 41 patients with biopsy‐proven chronic hepatitis C and elevated serum aminotransferase levels as a control group. There were no significant differences in viral levels in serum and liver between the two groups. To further investigate virological differences between the two groups with regard to degree of genetic variability and the form in the circulation, we performed the PCR‐single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR‐SSCP) of the hypervariable region 1 and the immunoprecipitation analyses. PCR‐SSCP showed that the anti‐HCV‐positive subjects with normal liver biochemical values had quasispecies nature of the HCV genome similar to the patients with chronic hepatitis C, and the immunoprecipitation analysis showed that the virus circulated both in immune complexes and in the free form in both groups. These findings indicated that both groups had similar virological characteristics but showed different patterns of serum aminotransferase levels and histological findings, suggesting that the two groups may have different immune responses to the virus. (Hepatology 1995; 22: 418–425.)
Asymmetries in Price‐Setting Behavior: New Microeconometric Evidence from Switzerland

In this paper we follow the recent empirical literature that has specified reduced-form models for price setting that are closely tied to (S, s)-pricing rules. Our contribution to the literature is twofold. First, we propose an estimator that relaxes distributional assumptions on the unobserved heterogeneity. Second, we use the estimator to examine asymmetries in price-setting behavior. Using micro price data underlying the Swiss CPI we find that a substantial share of asymmetries in the frequency of price changes can be traced back to a rising aggregate price level. We show that asymmetries would be reduced substantially in the absence of aggregate inflation.
Breaching the DNA damage checkpoint via PF-00477736, a novel small-molecule inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1

Checkpoints are present in all phases of the cell cycle and are regarded as the gatekeepers maintaining the integrity of the genome. Many conventional agents used to treat cancer impart damage to the genome and activate cell cycle checkpoints. Many tumors are defective in the tumor suppressor p53 and therefore lack a functional G1 checkpoint. In these tumors, however, the S-G2 checkpoints remain intact and, in response to DNA damage, arrest cell cycle progression allowing time for DNA repair. Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) is a key element in the DNA damage response pathway and plays a crucial role in the S-G2-phase checkpoints. Inhibiting Chk1 represents a therapeutic strategy for creating a “synthetic lethal” response by overriding the last checkpoint defense of tumor cells against the lethal damage induced by DNA-directed chemotherapeutic agents. Chk1 inhibition is consistent with emerging targeted therapies aiming to exploit molecular differences between normal and cancer cells. Adding a Chk1 inhibitor to DNA-damaging cytotoxic therapy selectively targets tumors with intrinsic checkpoint defects while minimizing toxicity in checkpoint-competent normal cells. PF-00477736 was identified as a potent, selective ATP-competitive small-molecule inhibitor that inhibits Chk1 with a Ki of 0.49 nM. PF-00477736 abrogates cell cycle arrest induced by DNA damage and enhances cytotoxicity of clinically important chemotherapeutic agents, including gemcitabine and carboplatin. In xenografts, PF-00477736 enhanced the antitumor activity of gemcitabine in a dose-dependent manner. PF-00477736 combinations were well tolerated with no exacerbation of side effects commonly associated with cytotoxic agents. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(8):2394–404]
Helicobacter pylori in the oral cavity is associated with gastroesophageal disease.

BACKGROUND In Mexico, more than 80% of the population is infected with Helicobacter pylori. The frequency of H. pylori detection in the oral cavity is unknown, as its relationship with gastroesophageal pathology. AIM To detect the presence of H. pylori in the oral cavity in Mexican population by PCR and to determine its association with gastroesophageal disease. METHODS Patients were divided into two groups with different clinic conditions from whom gastric biopsy, dental plaque, and saliva samples were taken and analyzed. The first group comprised of hospitalized patients, the majority of whom were diagnosed with gastroesophageal disease, while the second group was selected from a dental clinic (ambulatory population) the majority of whom appeared to be healthy subjects. RESULTS H. pylori was detected in gastric biopsy, dental plaque and saliva samples by PCR using a set of specific primers for the signal sequence of the vacuolating cytotoxin gene; detection of H. pylori in general was higher in gastric biopsy and dental plaque samples than in saliva samples. Detection of H. pylori in the oral cavity is significantly (P = 0.0001) associated with patients presenting gastroesophageal disease, while healthy subjects and those with other non-gastric disease do not present with H. pylori in their oral cavity. CONCLUSIONS H. pylori detection in the oral cavity is associated to gastroesophageal disease. In addition, it is suggested that all patients presenting gastric symptoms and H. pylori detection in the oral cavity would begin bacterial treatment immediately.
FREE TO CHOOSE

Let me begin by commending the Seattle University Law Review for initiating its series of symposia on casebooks. I have long recommended that law reviews expand their use of the symposium format,' but the challenge has always been to come up with sufficiently useful topics. A regular series of reviews of casebooks will provide a valuable service to professors in the field, especially novices. I also think the idea of inviting the authors whose books were reviewed to respond in a subsequent issue is a nice touch. I am, of course, appreciative that the editors decided to review contracts casebooks in their first go-round, and particularly grateful that they chose to include not one but two reviews of my new casebook, Contracts, Cases and Doctrine, 2 in the inaugural issue. It was my good fortune that they selected two insightful and generous reviewers in Kellye Testy3 and Michael Kelly.4 I learned a good deal from each. They were reviewing a first edition, after all, and their suggestions will most definitely influence the next edition. ' And the fact that two such critical and creative contract thinkers6 would praise the book was enormously gratifying. With all this to be grateful for, I should probably say no more. There is an old trial lawyer's adage which I took pains to follow when I was a prosecutor: "Never argue with the judge when she is ruling in
Obesos mórbidos tratados com gastroplastia redutora com Bypass gástrico em Y de Roux: análise de 160 pacientes

Objetivo: Descrever o resultado do tratamento cirurgico da obesidade morbida e analisar sua morbimortalidade operatoria. Pacientes e metodos: Cento e sessenta pacientes portadores de obesidade morbida foram submetidos a gastroplastia redutora com bypass gastrico em Y de Roux com anel de contencao (operacao de Fobi-Capella), no periodo de abril de 2000 a novembro de 2002. Foram analisados: indicacao cirurgica, comorbidades, complicacoes pos-operatorias e resultados tardios. Resultados: Nesta serie, 76 por cento dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino. A media de idade foi 36,0 mais ou menos 10,9 anos. O indice de massa corporal (IMC) medio foi 45,8 mais ou menos 6,0 Kg/m quadrado. A maioria dos pacientes (93 por cento) teve uma ou mais comorbidades (49 por cento foram portadores de hipertensao, 33,8 por cento de esteatose hepatica a ultra-sonografia abdominal, 28,7 por cento foram dislipidemicos e 6,9 por cento portadores de diabetes melito tipo 2). O tempo cirurgico medio da operacao foi 192 mais ou menos 42 minutos (ou de 150 min a 420 min). O tempo medio de internacao hospitalar no pos-operatorio foi 3,5 mais ou menos 1,6 dias. A porcentagem da perda do excesso de peso foi 22,7 mais ou menos 7,5 por cento no primeiro mes de acompanhamento pos-operatorio, 47,2 mais ou menos 12,6 por cento no terceiro mes, 61,2 mais ou menos 14,4 por cento no sexto mes e 81,1 mais ou menos 11,4 por cento no decimo segundo mes. Nao houve obitos. Conclusao: Nesta serie de casos, a operacao de Fobi-Capella mostrou ser procedimento seguro e efetivo para promover perda de peso e sua manutencao em longo prazo.
Like No Other Time: The 107th Congress and the Two Years That Changed America Forever

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The A and the extended V N‐terminal regions of streptococcal protein I/IIf mediate the production of tumour necrosis factor α in the monocyte cell line THP‐1

The induction of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α from the monocytic cell line THP‐1 by the streptococcal antigen I/II from Streptococcus mutans serotype f (protein I/IIf) was studied by use of recombinant polypeptides containing discrete domains of the protein. The derivatives carrying the N‐terminal alanine‐rich region (A region) and the adjacent variable region (extended V region) of the protein bound to THP‐1 cell extracts in a saturable fashion, and one derivative lacking both the A and the extended V regions was not able to bind monocyte cell extracts, suggesting that the domains responsible for the binding of protein I/IIf to monocytes were the A and the extended V regions. Sodium metaperiodate pretreatment of THP‐1 cell extracts, tunicamycin pretreatment of monocyte cells or competition with N‐acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) and fucose resulted in a 45–70% reduction in binding activity of the derivatives carrying the extended V region, demonstrating the lectin‐like mode of recognition of the monocytic receptor by the extended V region and the role of NANA and fucose in this recognition process. Besides, the stimulation of monocytes to release TNF‐α by the derivatives containing the A region and the extended V region was effective and was not affected by the addition of polymyxin B or vitamin D3, suggesting that CD14 does not play the role of receptor in stimulation of monocytes by protein I/IIf to release TNF‐α.
Determining In-Stent Stenosis of Carotid Arteries by Duplex Ultrasound Criteria

Purpose: To develop customized duplex ultrasound criteria for assessment of in-stent restenosis in the carotid arteries. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of 605 patients who underwent carotid artery stenting (CAS) from July 1996 to August 2004 at a single institution. Data on the stented carotid artery were accumulated from patients who had carotid angiography and duplex ultrasound (US) within 30 days of each other. Preliminary review found 118 pairs of ultrasound scans and angiograms in stented carotid arteries. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and internal carotid artery to common carotid artery ratio (ICA/CCA) were examined. Angiographic stenosis was graded by NASCET criteria and compared to velocity parameters at clinically relevant levels of stenosis. The Student t test was used to compare similarly obtained data from 41 nonstented carotid arteries. Results: PSV, ICA/CCA ratio, and EDV increased to a greater degree in stented arteries with stenosis. In 50% to 69% stenotic arteries, mean ICA/CCA ratio was 4.74±0.61 in stented versus 3.68±0.24 in nonstented carotid arteries (p=0.043). In arteries with ≥0% stenosis, there were increases in PSV (475±22 versus 337±26 cm/s, p=0.001), EDV (172±23 versus 122±8 cm/s, p = 0.043), and the ICA/CCA ratio (8.18±2.19 versus 5.11 ±0.66, p=0.063) in stented versus nonstented arteries, respectively. To detect ≥70% angiographic stenosis, PSV≥350 cm/s had 100% sensitivity, 96% specificity, 55% positive predictive value (PPV), and 100% negative predictive value (NPV); an ICA/CCA ratio ≥4.75 had 100% sensitivity, 95% specificity, 50% PPV, and 100% NPV. To predict >50% stenosis, combining PSV≥225 cm/s and ICA/PCA ratio ≥2.5 increased sensitivity (95%), specificity (99%), PPV (95%), NPV (99%), and accuracy (98%). Conclusions: PSV and ICA/CCA increase with stenosis to a greater extent in stented carotid arteries, necessitating revision of existing US criteria to follow CAS patients. To determine ≥70% in-stent stenosis, PSV≥350 cm/s and ICA/CCA ratio ≥4.75 are sensitive criteria. To determine ≥50% stenosis, combining PSV≥225 cm/s and ICA/PCA ratio ≥2.5 is optimal.