Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PROBLEMS OF PLAY AND MASTERY IN THE BLIND CHILD

IT is sometimes salutory to be reminded of how little is known about the emotional life of blind children and indeed of handicapped children generally. Parents, doctors and teachers tend to concentrate their attention on the residual paths of learning even when handicapped children are playing; we are concerned with what they can do rather than with what they may be feeling. WILL$ describes and discusses the play of a four-year-old blind boy, as seen and heard during his four hour-long weekly sessions with her, against the background of observations made on other blind children in a special day nursery at the Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic. The conceptual framework is psychoanalytical; so is the language. Blind children tend to withdraw from age-adequate play, by the standards of sighted children, into primitive and repetitive activities, which persist unless an adult constantly stimulates and supports their interest. The child described seemed to need an auxiliary ego who could help him understand not only more of the outer world of people and things but also of the inner world of his drives and feelings. The author postulates that repetitive play puts a brake on the development of interests and skills and relates this to his difficulty in accepting new experiences. These arouse anxiety and the child withdraws into very simple role play or regresses into repetitive, often somatic, activities, which may well be the basis of some of the ‘blind mannerisms’ we deplore but do not yet understand. Anxiety is thus seen to have a deleterious effect in that it narrows the field of play and therefore of experience, and in some blind children may lead to phobic anxieties which delay progress further. The problem of mastering anxiety is greater than in sighted children because a blind child cannot assess reality situations as quickly or as globally; he cannot use models, such as toy animals or dolls, so early in life and is therefore less able to express his fears and phantasies through play. This means that he is likely to find much greater difficulty in accepting any new experience. WILLS shows, however, that he can be helped both by being allowed time to explore his feelings, especially the negative ones, with a permissive adult, and by being given words in which to express them. It is regrettable that one of the first studies of the inner world of blind children, as this is, should be of so disturbed a child, who seems not to be typical of his group. Most children with bilateral retinoblastomas are well above average intelligence, whereas this boy was only average, and they are usually well-adjusted children, in spite of having undergone the enucleation of both eyes, an experience one would expect to be emotionally catastrophic. Perhaps because of our preoccupation with learning we have missed the signs of emotional stress hidden under outstanding intellectual performance ?
Impact of Employee‘s Willingness on Organizational Change

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of employees’ readiness on organizational change. In today‘s dynamic environment constantly changes are occurring so it requires the organizations to accept those changes and also the employees must be ready to accept those changes. However, the personnel’s do not understand the advantages of the subsequent change and this is the reason they want to remain in status quo. In this study, certain components on employees‘ readiness such as self-efficacy, principle support and personal valence have been discussed and had seen how these components affects the organizational change. All these have a positive impact on organizational change .
The Process of Coping Among Ethnic Minority First-Generation College Freshmen: A Narrative Approach

Abstract Using a narrative approach, the authors explored the process of coping among ethnic minority college students. Participants were 30 freshmen, predominantly the 1st members of their families to attend college, who wrote journals once a week for 3 weeks on their ways of coping with stress. They also completed a survey of background information. Those who were more successful in coping, compared to those who were less successful, expressed a greater sense of self-efficacy and did not feel that they lacked needed social support. However, those who were more successful in coping did not differ on demographic variables, including ethnicity, gender, country of birth, and parental education. The narratives provide evidence of the complex and interactive process of coping among ethnic minority college students.
Market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation and business performance among small retailers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of market orientation (MO) and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on business performance among small retailers. In particular, the goal is to understand and determine to what extent MO and EO influence firm performance directly, and to what extent MO and EO are connected to performance via marketing capabilities. Design/methodology/approach – The developed conceptual model is tested using structural equation modelling (SEM) using a sample of 202 small retailers. Findings – The result of the SEM model shows that both MO and EO act as a basis for improved business performance among small retailers. However, the performance impact of MO and EO is not that straightforward. Based on the research findings, it can be argued that both MO and EO require marketing capabilities to more fully unlock their value-creating potential among small retail firms. Originality/value – This study has provided new insights regarding the impact of MO and EO on busine.
Intellectual Property Protection, Foreign Direct Investment, and Technology Transfer

Policy makers and analysts require a better understanding of the effect, if any, that a developing country's system of intellectual property rights protection has on the transfer of technology to that country through foreign direct investment. It is frequently argued that relatively weak intellectual property rights protection in a developing country may lower the probability that multinational firms will invest there, and that, even if they do invest there, they may be willing (because of weak intellectual property protection) to invest only in wholly owned subsidiaries (not joint ventures with local partners) or to transfer only older technologies. But this and other hypotheses have been challenged, and there is very little evidence one way or the other. This paper is an attempt to help fill this important gap. Based on a combination of survey data, interview studies, and statistical analysis, the author finds that the strength or weakness of a country's system of intellectual property protection seems to have a substantial effect, particularly in high-technology industries, on the kinds of technology transferred by many U.S. firms to that country. Also, this factor seems to influence the composition and extent of U.S. direct investment there, although the size of the effects seems to differ from industry to industry.
Costs of Planned Home vs. Hospital Birth in British Columbia Attended by Registered Midwives and Physicians

Background: Studies of planned home births attended by registered midwives have been limited by incomplete data, nonrepresentative sampling, inadequate statistical power and the inability to exclude unplanned home births. We compared the outcomes of planned home births attended by midwives with those of planned hospital births attended by midwives or physicians. Methods: We included all planned home births attended by registered midwives from Jan. 1, 2000, to Dec. 31, 2004, in British Columbia, Canada (n = 2889), and all planned hospital births meeting the eligibility requirements for home birth that were attended by the same cohort of midwives (n = 4752). We also included a matched sample of physician-attended planned hospital births (n = 5331). The primary outcome measure was perinatal mortality; secondary outcomes were obstetric interventions and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Results: The rate of perinatal death per 1000 births was 0.35 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.00–1.03) in the group of planned home births; the rate in the group of planned hospital births was 0.57 (95% CI 0.00–1.43) among women attended by a midwife and 0.64 (95% CI 0.00–1.56) among those attended by a physician. Women in the planned home-birth group were significantly less likely than those who planned a midwife-attended hospital birth to have obstetric interventions (e.g., electronic fetal monitoring, relative risk [RR] 0.32, 95% CI 0.29–0.36; assisted vaginal delivery, RR 0.41, 95% 0.33–0.52) or adverse maternal outcomes (e.g., third- or fourth-degree perineal tear, RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.28–0.59; postpartum hemorrhage, RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.49–0.77). The findings were similar in the comparison with physician-assisted hospital births. Newborns in the home-birth group were less likely than those in the midwife-attended hospital-birth group to require resuscitation at birth (RR 0.23, 95% CI 0.14–0.37) or oxygen therapy beyond 24 hours (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.24–0.59). The findings were similar in the comparison with newborns in the physician-assisted hospital births; in addition, newborns in the home-birth group were less likely to have meconium aspiration (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.21–0.93) and more likely to be admitted to hospital or readmitted if born in hospital (RR 1.39, 95% CI 1.09–1.85). Interpretation: Planned home birth attended by a registered midwife was associated with very low and comparable rates of perinatal death and reduced rates of obstetric interventions and other adverse perinatal outcomes compared with planned hospital birth attended by a midwife or physician.
The Challenges of Primary Education Level in Tanzania. Case study Tarime district

Primary education in Tanzania is an important part in the foundation of receiving education. However, the challenges facing primary education implementation in the rural areas where majority of Tanzanians lives are still not well understood. Different reasons even though are in the sensitive part but it facing a lot of challenges especially in the village. The qualitative study was done in the Tarime district in rural villages. The study took the two selected villages to represent rural areas in Tanzania, Bungurere and kobori village were the selected one. Sampling technique was used select 6teachers from Bungurere and kobori primary school each school 3 of them, however 8 parents (families) each village two parents (families). Data were tape recorded as analyzed content analysis method. This study found teaching and learning materials process, parents’ education and environment position as well as family income are very big Challenge in many rural areas in Tanzania. In order to overcome such challenges in primary education level societies are needed to provide the necessary assistance especially psychological support for parents as well as teaching and learning materials process. In the mean of everyone has the chance to challenges facing the foundation of education in Tanzania. Key words-Education, Primary education, qualitative study, Tanzania, Tarime
Thrombophilic mutations and risk of retinal vein occlusion.

PURPOSE The association of retinal vein occlusion and hereditary thrombophilia abnormalities is not established, with controversial results in the literature. This study investigates the association between retinal vein occlusion and three thrombophilic mutations: factor V 1691A (factor V Leiden), prothrombin 20210A (PT 20210A) and homozygous methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677T (MTHFR 677TT). METHODS 55 consecutive retinal vein occlusion patients and 55 controls matched by age, gender and race, were tested for the presence of the following mutations: factor V Leiden, PT 20210A and MTHFR 677TT. The frequencies of the three mutations in cases and controls were compared. RESULTS Factor V Leiden was found in 3.6% of patients and in 0% of controls; PT 20210A was found in 1.8% of patients and 3.6% of controls, (matched-pair odds ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.04 to 5.51); MTHFR 677TT was found in 9% of patients and 9% of controls (matched-pair odds ratio, 1; 95% confidence interval, 0.92 to 3.45). Arterial hypertension was more frequent in patients than controls (matched-pair odds ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.25 to 9.21). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that thrombophilic mutations are not risk factors for RVO. Routine investigation of hereditary thrombophilia in these patients is not justified.
The Effect of Career Paths and Career Planning toward Career Development of Employees: A Case Study Penetentiary Office In Pekanbaru

The Purpose Of This Study To Determine The Effect Of Career Paths And Career Planning To The Career Development Of Employees. Career Development Is A Process Where An Employees Wants And Increase In Its Work. The Increase Includes The Increase Of Position Authority And Responsibility. Clear Career Advancement System Will Motivate Employees To Work Harder So That They Performance Will Increase Which Will Directly Have A Good Impact For The Employees. Data Is Collected Using Questionnaires And Analyzed Using Multiple Linier Regression. As Many As 54 Respondents Participated In This Study. The Result Show That Career Path And Career Planning Both Simultaneously And Partially Significantly Effect The Career Development. Partially The Most Dominant Factor Is Career Planning. Based On The Research Result, It Is Recommended To Institution To Give Attention To The Career Planning And Career Path As A Proven Factors Influencing Of Career Development.
Frequency of adiponectin gene polymorphisms in polycystic ovary syndrome and the association with serum adiponectin, androgen levels, insulin resistance and clinical parameters

Aim. Although the association between adiponectin gene polymorphisms and insulin resistance has been investigated in many studies, there are only a few studies, which have investigated adiponectin gene polymorphisms in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of T45G polymorphisms localised in exon 2 of the adiponectin gene in a Turkish population with PCOS and to determine the association of T45G polymorphisms with insulin resistance and serum adiponectin levels in PCOS. Materials and methods. Ninety-six patients with PCOS and 93 healthy control subjects were included in the study. Insulin resistance was estimated via HOMA-IR. Serum adiponectin levels were measured by ELISA. For determination of adiponectin gene polymorphisms, PCR was performed with appropriate primers after genomic DNA was obtained from the peripheral blood of the patients and control subjects. Results. Adiponectin levels were low in patients with PCOS than control subjects. There was no significant statistical difference between the PCOS and control groups with respect to the frequency of polymorphisms and the genotype distribution. Adiponectin gene polymorphisms were not associated with the anthropometric parameters, hyperandrogenism and adiponectin levels in PCOS. However, the fasting insulin level and insulin resistance were significantly higher and more frequent, respectively, in the polymorphic group compared to the other genotypes among patients with PCOS. Conclusion. The risk of PCOS, hyperandrogenism in patients with PCOS and low serum adiponectin levels cannot be directly attributed to T45G adiponectin gene polymorphisms in exon 2, rather these polymorphisms may be associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in PCOS.
On the validity of the results from the Swedish National Total Hip Arthroplasty register

The Swedish National Total Hip Arthroplasty Register contains more than 200,000 primary and secondary hip replacements. The failure end-point definition is revision. The aim of this thesis was to validate the results presented by the register and to study the outcome of hip replacement surgery in Sweden. The hypothesis was firstly that the number of failure reported to the Swedish THA register are valid and secondly that adding clinical and radiographic failure criteria will dramatically decrease the survival rate for THR implants. The study consisted of three parts with 2-10 years follow-up of patients with total hip replacements (THR). In part I, three general health questionnaires (Nottingham Health Profile, SF-36, EuroQol) and two disease-specific instruments (WOMAC, Harris Hip Score) were tested for validity and reliability (n = 62). The results showed the disease specific questionnaires are at least as valid and reliable as the general instruments are. In part II, all THRs reported to the Swedish THA register 1986 to 1994 (84,884 primary and 10,176 revision hip replacements) were compared with the data from the Discharge register and the Cause of Death register in Sweden. 2,604 patients were randomly selected from the Discharge register to determine if they had undergone any revision surgery. The study showed that the Swedish THA register covers 94% of the revisions actually performed in Sweden and the results did not differ significantly from the data in the Discharge register and the results reported by the patients. In part III, 1,056 patients from the selected cohort were studied further concerning general health and disease-specific health, using the Nottingham Health Profile, SF-36 and WOMAC. An age and gender matched subcohort of 344 patients were then examined clinically, using the Harris Hip Score, and radiographically. The clinical and radiographic failure rates were in several tests as high as the revision rates documented in the Swedish THA register. The clinical results were, however, dependent on demographics, the definition of clinical failure and the scoring system used. The results presented by the register with revision as failure end-point give an exact but limited information about the quality of hip replacement surgery in Sweden.
Contracts and the Market for Executives

The paper reviews empirical findings on executive compensation in light of marginal productivity and contract theories. The executive labor market performs three functions. First, control must be distributed and assigned among executives. The most talented executives are efficiently assigned to control positions in the largest firms when talent and the marginal product of control are complements. These gains or rents are partially captured in larger earnings. In fact, the elasticity of top executive pay lies within a tight band around . 25 among industries, time periods, and countries where it has been estimated. Second, executive contracts must provide incentives for managers to act in the interests of shareholders. Potential loss of reputation, bonding and takeovers probably substitute for direct monetary incentives in this task. Nevertheless, the elasticity of top executive pay with respect to accounting rates of return lie near 1.0. The elasticity with respect to stock market returns is much smaller, though precisely estimated, near 0.1. Differences of opinion remain on whether the market provides enough incentives to align interests between ownership and control. Third, the market must identify new talent and reassign control over careers from older to younger generations. Competition among executives for top positions and the diminishing incentive effect of future rewards with age implies that compensation should increasingly tilt rewards to current performance over the course of a career. Available evidence supports this prediction. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
The vertical structure of oceanic Rossby waves: a comparison of high-resolution model data to theoretical vertical structures

Tests of the new Rossby wave theories that have been developed over the past decade to account for discrepancies between theoretical wave speeds and those observed by satellite altimeters have focused primarily on the surface signature of such waves. It appears, however, that the surface signature of the waves acts only as a rather weak constraint, and that information on the vertical structure of the waves is required to better discriminate between competing theories. Due to the lack of 3-D observations, this paper uses high-resolution model data to construct realistic vertical structures of Rossby waves and compares these to structures predicted by theory. The meridional velocity of a section at 24° S in the Atlantic Ocean is pre-processed using the Radon transform to select the dominant westward signal. Normalized profiles are then constructed using three complementary methods based respectively on: (1) averaging vertical profiles of velocity, (2) diagnosing the amplitude of the Radon transform of the westward propagating signal at different depths, and (3) EOF analysis. These profiles are compared to profiles calculated using four different Rossby wave theories: standard linear theory (SLT), SLT plus mean flow, SLT plus topographic effects, and theory including mean flow and topographic effects. Our results support the classical theoretical assumption that westward propagating signals have a well-defined vertical modal structure associated with a phase speed independent of depth, in contrast with the conclusions of a recent study using the same model but for different locations in the North Atlantic. The model structures are in general surface intensified, with a sign reversal at depth in some regions, notably occurring at shallower depths in the East Atlantic. SLT provides a good fit to the model structures in the top 300 m, but grossly overestimates the sign reversal at depth. The addition of mean flow slightly improves the latter issue, but is too surface intensified. SLT plus topography rectifies the overestimation of the sign reversal, but overestimates the amplitude of the structure for much of the layer above the sign reversal. Combining the effects of mean flow and topography provided the best fit for the mean model profiles, although small errors at the surface and mid-depths are carried over from the individual effects of mean flow and topography respectively. Across the section the best fitting theory varies between SLT plus topography and topography with mean flow, with, in general, SLT plus topography performing better in the east where the sign reversal is less pronounced. None of the theories could accurately reproduce the deeper sign reversals in the west. All theories performed badly at the boundaries. The generalization of this method to other latitudes, oceans, models and baroclinic modes would provide greater insight into the variability in the ocean, while better observational data would allow verification of the model findings.
Pre-Trade Transparency on the Italian Stock Exchange: A Trade Size Model on Panel Data

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects that have been caused by changes in pre-trade transparency upon the behavior of stock traders. We used a trade size model and tested it before, during and after the period when the Italian Stock Exchange introduced a 20-level order book with disaggregated orders. Tick by tick data of the whole set of stocks (up to 277) listed on the Italian Stock Exchange were studied through fixed-effects panel models, within intra day (every 30 minutes and 150 minutes) and daily time frames. Our results indicate that order flows, bidask spreads, levels of risk and some information events differentially affect trade sizes when investors receive better information prior to negotiation. Both (intra day) informed and uninformed traders operating in a more transparent market became more reticent, with reduced trades sizes and higher orders’ cancellations. Moreover, it appears that the higher degree of order book disclosure permits traders to downsize their level of risk aversion; i.e. it reduces the ’uncertainty’ that would otherwise result in disrupted trading activity under conditions of information opacity.