Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectropolarimetry of the 3-μm water-ice feature towards young stellar objects

We present spectropolarimetry of the 3-µm water-ice feature towards five young stellar objects embedded in molecular clouds, including the Becklin‐Neugebauer object, with wavelength range and spectral resolution much improved over previous studies. There is ice-feature polarization excess in four of the five sources and our observations indicate that the polarization is caused by the dichroic absorption of aligned grains in at least three of these. The ice-feature polarization excess is always accompanied by a systematic variation in the position angle of polarization, indicating that the ice-mantled grains are fractionated in the line of sight through a changing magnetic-field orientation. The results are compared with a recently published midinfrared survey and we find good correlations between the polarization of the 3-µm ice feature and the 10-µm silicate feature, compelling evidence for the presence of water-ice mantled silicate grains, and which suggests that the core/mantle ratio does not differ widely between objects, an important result for grain models.
Aversion to violation of expectations of food distribution: the role of social tolerance and relative dominance in seven primate species

Studies on how animals behave when two partners receive different amounts of food have produced variable results, with individuals responding negatively to specific food distributions in some cases (e.g., when food is distributed unequally between partners), but not in others. In this study, we used a simple experimental approach to (i) assess the strictness of dominance relationships based on the degree of social tolerance and (ii) compare the behavioural responses of seven primate species (chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes; bonobos, Pan paniscus; gorillas, Gorilla gorilla; orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus; brown capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella; spider monkeys, Ateles geoffroyi; long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis), when two partners received different amounts of food and no effort was required. We predicted that negative responses (i.e., refusal to participate in the task or avoidance of proximity to the food source) would be elicited by food distributions that violate the individual expectations based on tolerance levels and subject’s dominance rank relative to the partner. In the ‘tolerance’ task, we found that species with less strict dominance relationships were chimpanzees and bonobos, followed by orangutans, spider monkeys, gorillas, brown capuchin monkeys and long-tailed macaques. In the ‘food distribution’ task, capuchin monkeys and especially macaques showed their aversion by refusing to participate in most conditions, including the ones with equal food distribution. When dominants received more food than the partner, subjects of all species maintained a comparable amount of proximity to the food source, possibly reflecting the general acceptance of such a food distribution across species. When dominants received less than or as much as their partners, dominant capuchin monkeys maintained less proximity than other species, possibly because having different expectations of food distributions (i.e., more/all food to the dominant). Our study highlights the importance of the species’ degree of social tolerance and the relative dominance rank between partners in the study of violation of expectations of different food distributions.
Oral administration of multiple lactic acid bacteria strains suppressed allergic responses IgE in an ovalbumin-induced allergy BALB/c mouse model

The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of probiotics, namely the production of interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) cytokines, in vitro and in vivo. Our experimental groups included ten lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains, complex strains, a LAB cell free fraction and a control group. Our models included human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as the human model and BALB/c mice as the animal model. The experiment was carried out over a period of 4 weeks during which the food intake and the body weight of our animal model was reported weekly. BALB/ c mice were randomly divided into three groups and injected with 2 µg/ mouse and 6 µg/ mouse ovalbumin (OVA) mixed with complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) at week zero and two. After week four the serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) was measured. The results show that probiotic products induced IFN-γ, suppressed IL-4, and increased the IFN-γ/ IL-4 (Th-1/ Th-2) ratio significantly in PBMCs. Probiotic products also decreased significantly the serum total IgE and OVA-specific IgE levels in our animal model. Our study indicates that the multi-species probiotics may therefore have an anti-allergy effect. Key words: Probiotics, human peripheral blood mononuclear cell, cytokines, immunoglobulin E, anti-allergy effect.
VALUE CREATION AND CAPTURE IN BUYER-SUPPLIER RELATIONSHIPS : A NEW PERSPECTIVE

This research paper develops and tests a new model for value creation and capture in buyer-supplier relationships. In addition to including both value creation and capture in the same model, value creation is unraveled by the identification of its sources, both intrinsic and relational. Intrinsic value is the set of benefits derived from resources belonging to one party that can be captured by another party if there is a relationship between them, even if this relationship is non-collaborative. Relational value encompasses the mutual benefits that are generated as the collaboration between buyer and supplier increases. The model was tested using a survey of 127 dyads (buyer and supplier). The results indicated that both sides benefit from the total value created by the relationship, but the degree of value capture varies. The value perceived by the supplier is greater than that perceived by the buyer, which consequently encourages the former to boost its efforts even further to ensure that the relationship continues.
The Study of the Impacts of "Running" on the Contact Area of Soles and Maximal Strength among Elite Middle Distance Runners.

It is possible that running training for many years in athletics affects athletes' running patterns and sole structure. The main aim of this study is to examine the effect of maximal force applied to the floor area and contact area of the athletes with related to mid-distance training for athletics. 18 male athletes who represent Turkey on the International area and another 25 male volunteers who form the control group from the participants of the study. The sole pressure measurement of the participants was performed through the use of EMED-SF (Novel H, Munich, Germany) plantar pressure analysis system (pedobarographic analysis). In the study, significant differences were found in heel medial, heel lateral, foot middle, 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatars heads and left foot 3rd, 4th, 5th finger in the contact area values of the right and left foot averages. Besides, significant differences were found in heel medial, middle part of feet, 2nd and 3rd metatars heads and 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th fingers in maximal force values. Athletes have pressed on sole of the feet more as a result of long-term training and as a consequence this pressure caused a change of the soles contact area and maximal strength. Also it can be said that they have used forefront part of soles more actively during running and walking. Keywords: runner foot sole, contact area, middle distance, pedobarographic.
Vibrationally excited water emission at 658 GHz from evolved stars

Several rotational transitions of water have been identified toward evolved stars in the ground vibrational state as well as in the first excited state of the bending mode. In the latter vibrational state of water, the 658 GHz J = 1_1,0-1_0,1 rotational transition is often strong and seems to be widespread in late-type stars. Our main goals are to better characterize the nature of the 658 GHz emission, compare the velocity extent of the 658 GHz emission with SiO maser emission to help locate the water layers and, more generally, investigate the physical conditions prevailing in the excited water layers of evolved stars. Another goal is to identify new 658 GHz emission sources and contribute in showing that this emission is widespread in evolved stars. Eleven evolved stars were extracted from our mini-catalog of existing and potential 658 GHz sources for observations with the APEX telescope equipped with the SEPIA receiver. The 13CO J=6-5 line was placed in the same receiver sideband for simultaneous observation with the 658 GHz line of water. We have compared the 658 GHz line properties with our H2O radiative transfer models in stars and we have compared the velocity ranges of the 658 GHz and SiO J=2-1, v=1 maser lines. All stars show 658 GHz emission with a peak flux density in the range 50-70 Jy to 2000-3000 Jy. We have shown that the 658 GHz line is masing and we found that the 658 GHz velocity extent tends to be correlated with that of the SiO maser suggesting that both emission lines are excited in circumstellar layers close to the central star. Broad and stable line profiles are observed at 658 GHz. This could indicate maser saturation although we have tentatively provided first information on time variability at 658 GHz.
Limited memory bundle algorithm for large bound constrained nonsmooth minization problems

Typically, practical optimization problems involve nonsmooth functions of hundreds or thousands of variables. As a rule, the variables in such problems are restricted to certain meaningful intervals. In this paper, we propose an efficient adaptive limited memory bundle method for large-scale nonsmooth, possibly nonconvex, bound constrained optimization. The method combines the nonsmooth variable metric bundle method and the smooth limited memory variable metric method, while the constraint handling is based on the projected gradient method and the dual subspace minimization. The preliminary numerical experiments to be presented confirm the usability of the method.
Evolution of Thermo-mechanical Properties of Aluminium-Silicon Alloy (Al-1wt%Si)

In the present article, an attempt has been made for the study of thermo-mechanical properties of alloy sample (Al-1 wt%Si). The effect of this we find good results on the microstructure and hardness of our samples with an addition of 1-3 wt. % (Al-Si). The analyses by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that aging heat treatment promotes micro-structural changes in morphology, size, and spatial distribution of precipitates.
Magnetocaloric properties in the PrFe 2 Ge 2 antiferromagnet

Magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effects (MCE) of the tetragonal (ThCr2Si2-type) PrFe2Ge2 compound are investigated. The compound is determined to be antiferromagnet with the Néel temperature TN=14.5 K and undergoes a transition towards an incommensurate modulated structure at 7 K. A fieldinduced metamagnetic transition from antiferromagnetic (AFM) to ferromagnetic (FM) state occurs at 5 K under the critical magnetic field of 11 kOe. The maximum values of magnetic entropy change (ΔS) are –1.1 J/kg K and –6.3 J/kg K for the field changes of 0-20 kOe and 0-70 kOe, respectively. The large MCE with no hysteresis loss renders PrFe2Ge2 a competitive candidate for low temperature magnetic refrigerant. Keywords— PrFe2Ge2; antiferromagnet; metamagnetic transition; magnetocaloric effect
Structural properties and thermodynamic stability of Ba-doped silicon type-I clathrates synthesized under high pressure

We present a joint experimental and theoretical study of the stability and structural properties of Ba-doped silicon type-I clathrates Ba 8Si46 synthesized under high pressures. The thermodynamic stability of Ba8Si46 under high pressure has been discussed from the total energy calculations of some barium silicides within the local density approximation ~LDA! We have theoretically found that pressure favors the formation of the clathrate phase as experimentally observed. We have also performed a synchrotron x-ray-diffraction experiment of Ba8Si46 prepared under high pressures. Some of the missing endohedral Ba elements in the small cage of Si~20! have been observed by x-ray crystallography, while big cages of Si~24! are found to be completely occupied by Ba elements. The stabilization energies of Ba atoms in the endohedral sites estimated within the present LDA calculation suggest that this is presumably attributed to the energetical site preference of Ba atoms between d(6) and a(2) sites. In addition, the isothermal parameter of Ba in the big cage of Si ~24! has been found to be larger than that in the small Si~20! unit, which is consistent with some theoretical predictions in earlier works.
JOURNAL OF RURAL COOPERATION

The Ugandan government considers rural producer organizations (RPOs) as an effective tool for promoting greater market participation for smallholder farmers, which is necessary for rural poverty eradication. Hence, the government has invested substantially in the development of RPOs during the last decade. Whether the RPOs are contributing to rural poverty reduction will be demonstrated by the benefits that accrue to their members, both females and males. The paper examines the nature of these benefits and determines whether there are any gender disparities in their distribution. Significant disparities are found to exist in benefits such as access to 1 Significant financial contribution for this research was received from the Uganda Agricultural Strategy Support Programme of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Additional funding was received from Ford Foundation, Institute of International Education and the Pan African Bean Research Alliance of the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). We thank our anonymous reviewers for their useful comments. 2 Corresponding author (edidahampaire@hotmail.com; edidahampaire@gmail.com). PhD candidate, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa and International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Kampala, Uganda. 3 Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development and Director, Post Graduate School of Agriculture and Rural Development, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (charles.machethe@up.ac.za). 4 Researcher, International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Kigali, Rwanda (e.birachi@cgiar.org). JOURNAL OF RURAL COOPERATION, 41(1) 2013: 60–79 © ISSN 0377–7480 Gender Disparities in Rural Producer Organizations in Uganda 61 information on product prices, management and extension training, access to credit, assistance with meeting buyer quality requirements, and formation of market networks. Overall, we conclude that RPOs have mostly benefited male members and fewer benefits have accrued to female members. This situation calls for the adoption and implementation of measures to promote equitable distribution of RPO membership benefits between males and
Embarking on a second green revolution for sustainable agriculture by vermiculture biotechnology using earthworms: Reviving the dreams of Sir Charles Darwin

Vermiculture biotechnology promises to usher in the ‘Second Green Revolution’ by completely replacing the destructive agro-chemicals which did more harm than good to both the farmers and their farmland. Earthworms restore and improve soil fertility and significantly boost crop productivity. Earthworms excreta (vermicast) is a nutritive ‘organic fertilizer’ rich in humus, NKP, micronutrients, beneficial soil microbes - ‘nitrogen-fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria’ and ‘actinomycets’ and growth hormones ‘auxins’, ‘gibberlins’ and ‘cytokinins’. Both earthworms and its vermicast and body liquid (vermiwash) are scientifically proving as both ‘growth promoters and protectors’ for crop plants. In the experiments with corn and wheat crops, tomato and egg-plants it displayed excellent growth performances in terms of height of plants, colour and texture of leaves, appearance of flowers and fruits, seed ears etc, as compared to chemical fertilizers and the conventional compost. There is also less incidences of ‘pest and disease attack’ and ‘reduced demand of water’ for irrigation in plants grown on vermicompost. Presence of live earthworms in soil also makes significant difference in flower and fruit formation in vegetable crops. Earthworms biomass, a byproduct of VBT is rich in ‘high quality protein’ and source of nutritive feed materials for fishery, poultry and dairy industries and also for human consumption.
A Preliminary Investigation of the Use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Group Treatment for Social Phobia

The present study examined the impact of a group treatment protocol based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) that was tailored toward the avoidant behaviors and life problems typical for socially anxious persons. Twenty-two participants enrolled in the group treatment, which consisted of 10 sessions. Twelve participants completed treatment. Post-treatment and follow-up data revealed significant decreases on the social phobia and experiential avoidance measures (follow-up effect sizes: 0.83 and 1.71, respectively). Completers’ ratings of effectiveness in living, specifically pertaining to social relationships, significantly increased at follow-up. Symptoms decreased despite their not being a treatment target. This results suggests that symptom improvement may result from an increased willingness to both experience aversive emotions and engage in social behaviors that are consistent with what the participants valued, but previously avoided. Despite its exploratory nature and limitations, the study provides a basis for further application of ACT in this population.
Technological Innovation, Organizational Change and Product Related Services

The literature regarding the determinants of servitization emphasizes the role of organizational change and usually overlooks the role of technological change. Using an original sample of 1,129 German manufacturing firms, we reverse the hierarchy: product novelty is a main driver of product-related service (PRS) activities. It especially boosts consulting and training services. The structure of the PRS portfolio is dependent on product novelty. Organizational changes toward a more flexible company or the adoption of new advanced manufacturing processes are found, with few exceptions, hardly to influence the decision to offer a product-related service. Our results suggest however, that process innovation is positively linked to the breadth of service surrounding products, whereas organizational innovation is more prone to lead to a larger breadth of services surrounding customer offerings. Product, process, and organizational innovation are not found to be complementary drivers of product-related service offerings.
Carbon sequestration and reclamation of severely degraded soils in Iceland.

SUMMARY Iceland has extensive deserts and barren patches in spite of it’s humid environment. The soils of the deserts are sandy Andisols, with limited sources of macro-nutrients and low water holding capacity. Andisols have a general tendency to immobilize carbon, and undisturbed, fully vegetated Andisols in Iceland often contain >40 kg C m ‐2 , often to more than 1.5 m depth. The difference between soils of barren areas, with 50 yrs. This number does not include sequestration in aboveground or belowground biomass, (0.01‐0.5 t ha ‐1 yr ‐1
Moving from micro- to nanoworld in optical domain scanning probe microscopy

In the article we described the evolution of optical technology from lens-type microscopes working in far-field to SNOM (Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy) constructions. We considered two systems elaborated in our laboratory, namely PSTM system (Photon Scanning Tunelling Microscope) and SNOM system. In both systems we obtained subwavelength resolution. Some details about optical point probe technology in both systems are given and experimental results presented.
Modelling nature: A physicist's viewpoint

Recent progress in the life sciences, in the theory of complex systems, and in computers, allow a new approach to understanding and/or predicting nature, very much inspired by physics. Modelling natural objects has become possible. Moreover, because of man's impact on the environment, it has also become a necessity. This note tries to convince researchers in the life sciences that modelling should not be frightening, and that it can be very useful.
The role of identity in cross-organizational engineering projects: the case of Dutch military engineers in Mazar e Sjarif Afghanistan

There is a rise in the use of global and cross-organizational teams in engineering projects, consequently issues such as team coherence and commitment have gained growing attention in engineering literature and practice (Davies & Hobday, 2005). Creating effective cooperation in project teams which consist of individuals from various countries, organizations and with various expertises is difficult. Apparently, merely placing people together does not create an effective team (Salas, Burke & Cannon-Bowers, 2000; Ruiz Ulloa & Adams, 2004) as both organizations and the individuals working in these organizations have their own subset of goals, norms, jargon, modus of operandi and culture. Research in social and organizational psychology and management shows that identification with the own team or organization can strongly influence the cooperation processes between teams, through in-group versus out-group feelings (De Drue & van Vianen, 2001; Williams, 2001; Chatman et al., 1998). However, there is still little insight in how organization identity changes within international and cross-organizational military engineering teams. For the purpose of gaining more insight in this issue, we undertook a longitudinal exploratory case study of individuals who were part of a cross-organizational military engineering projects which was deployed to Mazar-e Sjarif (MeS) in Afghanistan. The case study showed a change in the strength of various identities of these individuals during the project. Additionally a workshop was organized to explore possible factors which affect changes in identity strength. After analyzing the results of this workshop six variables were indicated, these are: having negative feelings, knowledge of one another, working towards the same goal, duration of a mission, being ‘stuck’ in the same situation and whether or not one feels a personal connection with the people in the group.
Evaluation of Operation IceBridge quick‐look snow depth estimates on sea ice

We evaluate Operation IceBridge (OIB) “quick‐look” snow depth on sea ice retrievals using in situ measurements taken over immobile first‐year ice (FYI) and multiyear ice (MYI) during March of 2014. Good agreement was found over undeformed FYI (−4.5 cm mean bias) with reduced agreement over deformed FYI (−6.6 cm mean bias). Over MYI, the mean bias was −5.7 cm, but 54% of retrievals were discarded by the OIB retrieval process as compared to only 10% over FYI. Footprint scale analysis revealed a root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of 6.2 cm over undeformed FYI with RMSE of 10.5 cm and 17.5 cm in the more complex deformed FYI and MYI environments. Correlation analysis was used to demonstrate contrasting retrieval uncertainty associated with spatial aggregation and ice surface roughness.