Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Delay of Mucous Flow at Carinal Ridges of the Human Tracheobronchial Tree

umerous experimental studies have underlined that tracheobronchial clearance in human lungs includes a fast mucociliary phase and a slow bronchial clearance phase, whose mechanisms are not completely understood at the moment. In the present contribution, another phenomenon responsible for retention times > 24 h is introduced: the delay and temporary accumulation of mucus (particles) at the carinal ridges of single airway bifurcations. For an appropriate modeling of this specific mechanism, 4 mathematical approaches with different complexity have been developed and applied to available experimental data. While approaches I and II simply describe the randomly selected delay (time interval [t min , t max ]) of either the whole mucus layer or a part of the mucus, approaches III and IV calculate single particle trajectories and also include several physiological considerations (e.g. loss of cilia on the carinal ridge due to an increased interception of inhaled particles). Preliminary modeling results show that carinal delay times are of main importance in the proximal bronchial airway generations (1 ‐ 6), but play only a minor role in the distal airway generations. Depending on the used delay model, retained mass at a given time can be subject to an increase of 20 % with respect to the original ‘non-delay’ model. Comparison between results derived from aerosol bolus experiments and predicted data confirm that bronchial clearance in the upper airways can be explained sufficiently by a) the mucociliary escalator and b) a carinal clearance phase with significantly reduced transport times.
Preferred reversal paths caused by a heterogeneous conducting layer at the base of the mantle

[1] Time variations in the geomagnetic field induce secondary electric currents in the mantle, which contribute to the magnetic field at the surface. We explore the possibility that currents in a conducting layer at the base of the mantle disturb the transition field during magnetic reversals and alter the path of the virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP). We calculate the magnitude of the magnetic perturbation during a reversal and quantify the influence of this perturbation on the VGP reversal path. The calculations show that the VGP reversal path depends on the geographic position of the observation site. A histogram of reversal paths obtained using a randomly distributed set of sites reveals a preferred path through the Americas. When the histogram of reversal paths is evaluated with a limited number of sites, based on locations in existing lava and sediment databases, we find that the paths are confined to Asian and American longitudes, which is compatible with reversal path distributions inferred from paleomagnetic records.
Characteristics of lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) long-distance movements across their distribution

Citation: Earl, J. E. , Fuhlendorf, S. D. , Haukos, D. , Tanner, A. M. , Elmore, D. , & Carleton, S. A. (2016). Characteristics of lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) long-distance movements across their distribution. Ecosphere, 7(8). doi:10.1002/(ISSN)2150-8925
Curricular reform in schools: the importance of evaluation

Evaluation plays a pivotal role in deciding what the learners learn and what the teachers teach in schools. The paper reports a study of English‐language teaching conducted in Delhi State of India that sought to examine the assumption that a change in an evaluation pattern can trigger curricular reform. Did concomitant changes take place in the teaching and testing of English at the upper‐primary stage when the Central Board of Secondary Education introduced changes in the courses of study and the examinations in English language at the end of class X (age 15 +), the occasion of the first high‐stakes public examination in India? This expectation of change was confirmed in the findings of this study, which may apply to other curricular areas and speak to any school system ready to implement reforms in their instructional practices.
A degree theory, fixed point theorems, and mapping theorems for multivalued noncompact mappings

We define and study the properties of a topological degree for ultimately compact, multivalued vector fields defined on the closures of open subsets of certain locally convex topological vector spaces. In addition to compact mappings, the class of ultimately compact mappings includes condensing mappings, generalized condensing mappings, perturbations of compact mappings by certain Lipschitz-type mappings, and others. Using this degree we obtain fixed point theorems and mapping theorems.
AWARENESS OF DENTISTS ABOUT ORAL HEALTH OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES

Introduction: Children with disabilities are a unique group with impaired ability to cater for their own oral health and are in greater need of procedures for the prevention of oral diseases, due to the higher risk of their occurrence than in their non-disabled peers. Treating such children is difficult, it requires specific conditions and is timeconsuming. Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the competence of dentists concerning the oral health and the specific treatment in children with disabilities. Material and methods: The study included 150
Effect of synthetic antioxidants on emission characteristics of a coconut biodiesel powered diesel engine.

Biodiesel is a green fuel produced from renewable resources. It is a clean-burning alternative fuel which drawn attention of the energy researchers for last two decades. Coconut biodiesel (CME) is one of the promising biodiesels in South East Asian region. This paper presents experimental investigation to determine the ability of antioxidant added coconut biodiesel blends to improve engine exhaust emissions characteristics of a diesel engine. Antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were added at a concentration of 2000 ppm to 20% CME (B20). A 55 kW 2.5L fourcylinder diesel engine was used to carry out tests at constant speed of 3500 rpm at half and full load. BHA added B20 produced 1-1.1% lower NOx, 8.3-13.9% lower carbon monoxide (CO) but higher hydrocarbon (HC) emissions at the operating condition compared to B20.
Redox Transformation of Arsenic by Fe ( II )-Activated Goethite ( r-FeOOH )

The redox state and speciation of the metalloid arsenic (As) determine its environmental fate and toxicity. Knowledge about biogeochemical processes influencing arsenic redox state is therefore necessary to understand and predict its environmental behavior. Here we quantified arsenic redox changes by pHneutral goethite [R-FeIIIOOH] mineral suspensions amended with Fe(II) using wet-chemical and synchrotron X-ray absorption (XANES) analysis. Goethite itself did not oxidize As(III) and, in contrast to thermodynamic predictions, Fe(II)-goethite systems did not reduce As(V). However, we observed rapid oxidation of As(III) to As(V) in Fe(II)-goethite systems. Mössbauer spectroscopy showed initial formation of 57Fe-goethite after 57Fe(II) addition plus a so far unidentified additional Fe(II) phase. No other Fe(III) phase could be detected by Mössbauer, EXAFS, SEM, XRD, or HR-TEM. This suggests that reactive Fe(III) species form as an intermediate Fe(III) phase upon Fe(II) addition and electron transfer into bulk goethite but before crystallization of the newly formed Fe(III) as goethite. In summary this study indicates that in the simultaneous presence of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides and Fe(II), as commonly observed in environments inhabited by iron-reducing microorganisms, As(III) oxidation can occur. This potentially explains the presence of As(V) in reduced groundwater aquifers.
Integrating Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and Science in Natural Resource Management: Perspectives from Australia

Ecology and Society’s 2004 special feature on Traditional Knowledge in Social-Ecological Systems (http://www. ecologyandsociety.org/issues/view.php/feature/13) marked one of the first efforts to view traditional, local, and Indigenous knowledge and their roles in managing ecosystems through the lens of social-ecological systems (SES) resilience. This view acknowledges the importance of experimentation, learning, and pluralism to cope with uncertainty in complex adaptive systems (Folke 2004, Folke et al. 2005, Berkes and Turner 2006, Davidson-Hunt 2006, Berkes 2009). As a frame for understanding knowledge, SES resilience provided new inspiration for scientists seeking to understand Indigenous livelihoods and resource management, increasingly against the backdrop of rapid global change (Armitage and Johnson 2006, Mercer et al. 2012, Raygorodetsky 2013).
Development of Leptospira Killed Whole Culture Vaccine Using Different Adjuvants and Evaluation of Humoral Immune Response in Hamsters

Leptospirosis is an acute infectious disease caused by Leptospira spp. that produces a broad range of health problems mainly in developing world. In several affected countries, a major attempt has been begun to find a potent and effective vaccine. This is while; the available vaccines neither perused immunological memory nor confer cross-protection. Four-week-old male hamsters were subcutaneously inoculated with four-leptospiral vaccine and four-control adjuvant through a triple-injection regiment at fortnightly intervals. Animals were bled through the saphenous vein weekly until the seventh week. We have demonstrated that adjuvant plays a fundamental role in the type and extent of the immune responses raised by leptospiral vaccination. We strongly recommend selection of alum in any formulation of leptospiral vaccine.
Machine Translation With Weakly Paired Bilingual Documents

Neural machine translation, which achieves near human-level performance in some languages, strongly relies on the availability of large amounts of parallel sentences, which hinders its applicability to low-resource language pairs. Recent works explore the possibility of unsupervised machine translation with monolingual data only, leading to much lower accuracy compared with the supervised one. Observing that weakly paired bilingual documents are much easier to collect than bilingual sentences, e.g., from Wikipedia, news websites or books, in this paper, we investigate the training of translation models with weakly paired bilingual documents. Our approach contains two components/steps. First, we provide a simple approach to mine implicitly bilingual sentence pairs from document pairs which can then be used as supervised signals for training. Second, we leverage the topic consistency of two weakly paired documents and learn the sentence-to-sentence translation by constraining the word distribution-level alignments. We evaluate our proposed method on weakly paired documents from Wikipedia on four tasks, the widely used WMT16 German↔English and WMT13 Spanish↔English tasks, and obtain 24.1/30.3 and 28.1/27.6 BLEU points separately, outperforming stateof-the-art unsupervised results by more than 5 BLEU points and reducing the gap between unsupervised translation and supervised translation up to 50%.
Untangling the complex role of guilt in rational decisions to discontinue the use of an hedonic IS Introduction

The discontinuance of the use of hedonic information systems (IS) has become somewhat prevalent. Nevertheless, little is known about why some individuals might decide to discontinue using a technology which they often use frequently and the use of which is typically intrinsically rewarding. Prior research has alluded to the ideas that (1) IS discontinuance merits its own theorizing, possibly separate from continuance and that (2) guilt feelings is a unique driver of IS discontinuance decisions. However, the literature still lacks cohesive models that explain discontinuance and especially the complex processes through which guilt influences such decisions, and perhaps that further illuminate differences between the processes underlying IS discontinuance and continuance. This study bridges these gaps and proposes and examines a model that explicates the complex effects of guilt and Theory of Planned Behavior predictors on the discontinuance of an instance of mostly hedonic IS, namely Social Networking Sites (SNS). In order to develop this model it is proposed that guilt, which is a self-reflective moral emotion that can influence cognition is associated with attitudinal, normative and control perceptions regarding the discontinuance act in a complex network of partial-mediation and moderation effects. The proposed model was tested and largely validated with structural equation modeling applied to data collected from 487 SNS users. It also pointed to possible unique features of the Theory of Planned Behavior as applied to IS discontinuance. Applicability checks further illuminated sources of guilt in this context. Decomposing the guilt effects on discontinuance and integrating them with the Theory of Planned Behavior is important since it not only extends theory both in IS and social sciences and hints at differences in planned behavior processes between IS continuance and discontinuance, but also because the findings point to mechanisms which can be used for attenuating guilt and planned behavior effects on IS discontinuance. Overall, this study validates a rationale-based theory of IS discontinuance, and can serve as a platform for further studying this notable, yet under-examined corrective behavior.
MWCNT Used in Orthopaedic Bone Cements

This chapter discusses the use of carbon nanotube (CNT) based nanocomposites for biomedical applications, particularly in the area of orthopaedic bone cement used in joint replacement surgery. The chapter initially introduces total joint replacements and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement. The associated issues and drawbacks with the use of these PMMA bone cements in terms of mechanical and thermal properties are then discussed in detail. The application of various MWCNT types (in terms of chemical functionality) at various weight loadings in augmenting some of the issues described is then presented. The next section of this chapter discusses the biological response to the various nanocomposite bone cements with MWCNT. The chapter concludes by discussing issues of CNT interaction with the body, and outlines the current trends in tagging and tracking the movement of MWCNT.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WHITE BLOOD CELL (WBC) COUNT AND C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) WITH ANGIOGRAPHIC SEVERITY OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

Background: Inflammation plays an important role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and systemic blood markers of inflammation like white blood cell count and C-reactive protein have emerged as powerful predictor of coronary events. This study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between baseline white blood cell count and C-reactive protein with angiographic severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome and to identify those subsets of patients with acute coronary syndrome who may need to undergo invasive strategy. Method: A total of 100 patients with acute coronary syndrome including unstable angina, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and ST elevation myocardial infarction (not thrombolysed ) were evaluated in Department of Cardiology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur , Rajasthan, India with a aim to correlate baseline white blood cell count and C-reactive protein with angiographic severity of coronary artery disease. Results: This study observed that raised white blood cell count and raised C-reactive protein independently and combination of both raised white blood cell count and CRP were significantly associated with angiographic more severe coronary artery disease in form of multi vessel disease ,high stenosis score, more complex lesions and reduced TIMI flow grading. Conclusion: Raised white blood cell count and Crecactive protein in patient with acute coronary syndrome are associated with angiographic features of severe coronary artery disease. Both these markers can be used as a simpler tool for risk stratification patients with acute coronary syndrome.
Aluminium and Gamma Irradiation Induced Oxidative Damage in Brain Tissue of Male Rats – Protective Role of Ferulic Acid

The current study was carried out to investigate the potential role of ferulic acid (FA) against Aluminium chloride (AlCl3), γradiation either alone or combination induced oxidative stress in brain tissue of Wistar rats. The period of the experiment was eight weeks. Animals were administrated by aluminium chloride at a dose of 8.5 mg/kg/day and exposed to a single dose (4 Gy) of γ-radiation. FA was administered orally (50mg/Kg body weight)/day. Histopathological observations and myeloid protein distribution were recorded in brain tissue. Induction of oxidative stress was recorded after all exposures. Brain tissue of AlCl3 and γ-irradiation treatments either alone or combined revealed many altered changes and myeloid protein distribution. Also a decrease in serotonin concentration was recorded. An increase in Malonaldialdahyde (MDA) and acetylcholinesterase activity and percentage of saturated fatty acids in plasma and brain tissue was recorded. Reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) in blood and brain showed a significant decrease. Treatment of AlCl3 loaded animals by FA showed simple atrophy as shrunken morphology saw in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and a decrease in myeloid protein deposition. FA treatment of AlCl3 loaded or irradiated animals represented a significant increase in serotonin concentration and ameliorated affects on oxidative stress markers, acetylcholinesterase activity and percentage of saturated fatty acids in plasma and brain tissue. In conclusion FA has a role in reducing the oxidative stress of AlCl3 and γ-irradiation on brain tissue of rats.
Intensity prediction equations for Central Asia

SUMMARY Inthisstudy,newintensitypredictionequationsarederivedforCentralAsia,consideringabout 6000 intensity data points from 66 earthquakes encompassing the surface-wave magnitude range of 4.6–8.3. The suitability of the functional form used for constructing the model is assessed by comparing its predictions with those achieved through a non-parametric model. The parametric regressions are performed considering different measures of the source-to-site distance, namely the hypocentral, epicentral and the extended distance metrics. The latter is defined as the minimum distance from the site to a line crossing the epicentres, oriented along the strike of the earthquake and having a length estimated from the event’s magnitude. Althoughtheextendeddistanceisintroducedasapreliminaryattempttoimprovetheprediction capability of the model by considering the finiteness of the fault extension, the standard deviation of the residual distribution obtained considering the extended distance (σ = 0.734) does not show an improvement with respect to the results for the epicentral distance (σ = 0.737). The similarity of the two models in term of average residuals is also confirmed by comparing the interevent errors obtained for the two regressions, obtaining very similar values for all earthquakes but the 1911, M 8.2 Kemin event. In particular, different evidences suggest that the magnitude of this event could be overestimated by about half a magnitude unit. Regarding the variability of the residual distribution, all the three considered components (i.e. interevent, interlocation and record-to-record variances) are not negligible, although the largest contribution is related to the record-to-record variability, suggesting that both source and propagation as well as site effects not captured by the considered model influence the spatial variability of the intensity values.
Characterization of monovarietal virgin olive oils from introduced cultivars in eastern Morocco

The aim of this study was to characterize monovarietal virgin olive oils (VOOs) of new high-density planting system of three European cultivars (Arbequina, Arbosana and Koroneiki), recently introduced in eastern Morocco. VOOs’ characterization has been carried out by analyzing several parameters, such as quality indexes, fatty acid contents, minor components, and olive oils’ oxidative stability index (OSI). In this study, we have also conducted a comparison between these monovarietal VOOs and olive oils of autochthones cultivar Picholine marocaine. Significant differences between the analyzed VOOs were highlighted. Koroneiki’s VOO had a high phenols content (493.66 mg/kg) and, consequently, the best oxidative stability (94.83 h); Arbrosana’s VOO was distinguished by its abundance of α-tocopherol (460.07 mg/kg) and by an intermediate OSI (64.83 h). In addition, results showed, firstly, that in all the analyzed oils decarboxymethyl ligstroside aglycone and decarboxymethyl oleuropein aglycone were the main phenolic compounds, and, secondly, that VOOs of Koroneiki and Arbosana seem to have similar profiles, with a high content of natural antioxidants and a high oleic/linoleic ratio, thus boasting a better shelf life.
Antiferromagnetic superexchange via 3d states of titanium in EuTiO3 as seen from hybrid Hartree-Fock density functional calculations

A superexchange mechanism between Eu${}^{2+}$ 4$f$ spins via the 3$d$ states of nonmagnetic Ti${}^{4+}$ ions is proposed through first-principles calculations based on a hybrid Hartree-Fock density functional approach to explain $G$-type antiferromagnetism in EuTiO${}_{3}$. This mechanism is supported by systematic calculations for related Eu${}^{2+}$-based perovskite oxides. In EuTiO${}_{3}$, the competition between the antiferromagnetic superexchange and an indirect ferromagnetic exchange via the Eu 5$d$ states leads to a delicate balance between antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic phases. The superexchange mechanism involving the Ti 3$d$ states hints at the microscopic origin of the strong spin-lattice coupling in EuTiO${}_{3}$.
On Discrimination in Auctions with Endogenous Entry

When entry is exogenous, strong buyers should be discriminated against weak buyers to maximize revenues (Myerson 1981). When entry is endogenous so that entrants' expected payoffs do not depend on the proposed mechanism, optimal discrimination takes a completely different form. The revenue-maximizing equilibrium requires that there should be no discrimination with respect to entrants irrespective of their ex ante characteristics. Besides, those buyers who always participate should be discriminated against entrants independently of their strength. These predictions are independent of the equilibrium selection when the number of potential entrants grows large. The optimality of first-price auctions is also discussed. (JEL D44, H57)