Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
erfusion culture system : Synovial fibroblasts modulate articular chondrocyte atrix synthesis in vitro

Objective: To investigate the interactions of chondrocyte metabolism by synovial cells and synovial supernatants in a new perfusion co-culture system. Methods: Chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts were obtained from knee joints of slaughtered adult cattle. For experimental studies chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts were placed together into a perfusion chamber (co-culture) or were placed into two different perfusion culture containers, which were connected by a silicone tube (culturing of chondrocytes with synovial supernatants). A control setup was used without synovial cells. Chondrocyte proliferation was shown by measurement of DNA content. The proteoglycan synthesis was quantified using 35SO42−-labelling and the dimethylmethylene blue assay. 3H-proline incorporation was used to estimate the protein biosynthesis. Type II collagen synthesis was measured by ELISA, furthermore extracellular matrix deposition was monitored immunohistochemically (collagen types I/II). Regarding to the role of reactive oxygen species LDH release before and after stimulation with hydrogen peroxide was measured. Results: The proliferation of chondrocytes shows an increase in monoculture as well as in co-culture or in culture with synovial supernatants more than fivefold within 12 days. 3H-proline incorporation as a marker for chondrocytes biosynthetic activity decreases in co-culture system and in culture with synovial supernatants. A similar effect is seen measuring total proteoglycan content as well as the 35SO42− incorporation in chondrocytes. Co-culturing and culturing with synovial supernatants lead to a significant decrease of proteoglycan release and content. Quantification of collagen type II by ELISA shows significant lower amounts of native collagen type II in the extracellular matrix of co-cultured chondrocytes as well as in culture with synovial supernatants. The membrane damage of chondrocytes by hydrogen peroxide is reduced when chondrocytes are co-cultured with synovial fibroblasts. Conclusion: The co-culture perfusion system is a new tool to investigate interactions of different cell types with less artificial interferences. Our results suggest that synovial supernatants and synovial fibroblasts modulate the biosynthetic activity and the matrix deposition of chondrocytes as well as the susceptibility ve ox to radical attack of reacti
ARPN Journal of Science and Technology::MANAGEMENT OF WASTE BY COMPOSTING, VERMICOMPOSTING AND IT’S USE FOR IMPROVEMENT OF GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF FODDER MAIZE

184 MANAGEMENT OF WASTE BY COMPOSTING, VERMICOMPOSTING AND IT’S USE FOR IMPROVEMENT OF GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF FODDER MAIZE P. V. Naikwade, S.T. Sankpal and Jadhav B.B Department of Botany, Nya. Tyatyasahe Aathalye Arts, Ved. S. R. Sapre Commerce and Vid. Dadasaheb Pitre Science College, Devrukh, Maharashtra, India. Department of Chemistry, Nya. Tyatyasahe Aathalye Arts, Ved. S. R. Sapre Commerce and Vid. Dadasaheb Pitre Science College, Devrukh, Maharashtra, India. Department of Botany, B. A. Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. ABSTRACT Disposal of organic waste from various sources like domestic, agriculture and industries has caused serious environmental hazards. In India, about 320 million tones of agricultural wastes are generated annually. A field experiment was carried out in the research farm located at Shibala, Maharashtra, India to evaluate proper waste management method among different composting, vermicomposting methods and enhancement of growth, quality and yield of fodder maize by applying prepared manures. The vegetable waste and agricultural waste was used for preparation of different composts, vermicomposts. The fodder maize (Zea mays L.) was cultivated. The ten treatments were VAC, VBC, VBV, VPV, AAC, ABC, ABV, APV, NPK and control (CON) with four replicates each. Growth analysis as well as chemical analysis was carried out of maize plant for dry matter, N, P, K, Ca, water soluble reducing sugar etc. Total yield was also calculated after harvesting. The results show significance increase in growth, yield and nutrient quality of maize treated by organic manure. Vegetable waste has great potential for use as starting material for composting and vermicomposting than agricultural waste. Vermicomposting by worm bin method and composting by NADEP aerobic method gave better results. Composting and vermicomposting are appropriate technologies which convert waste to wealth.
The When, Where and Why of Human Memory Retrieval

Memory retrieval is fundamental in our daily experiences, whether it is to recognize a friend, to decide what to order from a menu or to navigate on the street. The process of memory retrieval, however, is latent and embedded among other cognitive processes such as perceptual encoding, decision making, and motor response. To track precisely when memory retrieval takes place, my research isolates individual cognitive processes from observed neural signal, by modeling the psychological activity in subjects’ minds as a sequence of latent stages. With precise timing of when memory retrieval occurs, I then examine where in the brain there is greater activity during the moment of memory retrieval. Developing a method that aligns neural recordings across subjects, and with better spatial resolution of an ECoG dataset, I provide a detailed mapping of the contributions of individual brain regions in a working memory task. To further understand why memories are retrieved the way they are, I compare how well different cognitive mechanisms achieve the computational goal of a memory task. Principle of rationality posits that human cognition should adapt optimally to the task demands in the environment through learning and evolution. The more optimal cognitive mechanisms are more favorable to be used by human cognition. In a semantic fluency task, I demonstrate that an alternative memory search mechanism derived from reinforcement learning outperforms existing cognitive mechanisms both in their performance over simulations and in accounting for human behavioral data. As a whole, my thesis work provides an integrated theory of human memory retrieval by uncovering its temporal dynamics, neural correlates, and underlying computational goal.
Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage ; A Study of Nigeria ’ s Manufacturing Sector

Nigeria has allowed itself to be used for all sorts of imported goods from foreign industries and Asian Tigers in the name of globalization. Consequently, this has greatly affected the capacity utilization of various firms of the Nigeria’s manufacturing sector. it is a thing of concern that even the oil which Nigeria produces, part of it is refined abroad and imported back to the country to meet-up local consumption, the situation becomes more aggravated due to Nigerians preference for foreign good. The purpose of this study is to investigate on how Nigeria’s manufacturing firms could gain and sustain competitive advantage deciding resource base view’s value, rareness and inimitability as independent variable according to the study as Elements of competitive advantage and innovation as dependent variable also known to be sustainable competitive advantage according to this study. Data were collected through personal questionnaire from166 manufacturing firms in Nigeria who are Members of Manufacturing Association of Nigeria within North West and North Central zones with 70% response rate. The results from the study indicated that there is positive and significant relationship between elements of competitive advantage namely resource value, resource rareness and resource inimitability with sustainable competitive advantage; innovation. According to the result manufacturers in Nigeria fully agreed that implementing strategy that leads to value, rare and inimitable resource yield firms competitive advantage and continues innovation sustained the advantage. This study adds Knowledge to the theory and practice of sustainable competitive advantage particularly in Nigeria’s manufacturing firms. Its theoretical and empirical significance adds more insight on the previous empirical studies in the field that is to say it gives guidelines to manufacturers in Nigeria on the application of strategic management. It gives guidelines to manufacturers in Nigeria on the impact of strategic management approaches on sustainable competitive advantage. For government and firms, the study provides avenue of enhancing sustainable competitive advantage in Nigeria and Africa as a whole since the phenomena is general. Key Words
The Relationship among EFL Teachers, Students’ Attitudes & Their Teaching-learning Achievements in English

This study is an attempt to investigate the relationship among attitudes of English language students and teachers towards each other and students' achievement at public female high schools of Rasht. Three-hundred and thirty five English female language students and ten female English language teachers from Rasht high schools participated in this study. Participants’ demographic status was also sought as well as their three aspects of attitude (Affective, behavioral, and cognitive). Student questionnaire in this study is based on an adopted one (AMTB) including thirty items in a four-point Likert scale. Teacher questionnaire consisted of nine items on students' study skills, appearance, aptitude, behavior, and intelligence in a four-likert scale. The Pearson correlation and paired sample t-test were utilized to analyze the data. The findings suggested that female high school students of Rasht hold positive attitude towards their language teacher, and there exist a significant relationship among student-teacher attitude and students' achievement. The implication added to the body of English language learning knowledge and resource available to enrich the learning experience and impact on students' achievement.
Travelling convectons in binary fluid convection

Abstract Binary fluid mixtures with a negative separation ratio heated from below exhibit steady spatially localized states called convectons for supercritical Rayleigh numbers. With no-slip, fixed-temperature, no-mass-flux boundary conditions at the top and bottom stationary odd- and even-parity convectons fall on a pair of intertwined branches connected by branches of travelling asymmetric states. In appropriate parameter regimes the stationary convectons may be stable. When the boundary condition on the top is changed to Newton’s law of cooling the odd-parity convectons start to drift and the branch of odd-parity convectons breaks up and reconnects with the branches of asymmetric states. We explore the dependence of these changes and of the resulting drift speed on the associated Biot number using numerical continuation, and compare and contrast the results with a related study of the Swift–Hohenberg equation by Houghton & Knobloch (Phys. Rev. E, vol. 84, 2011, art. 016204). We use the results to identify stable drifting convectons and employ direct numerical simulations to study collisions between them. The collisions are highly inelastic, and result in convectons whose length exceeds the sum of the lengths of the colliding convectons.
RELATIVE INCOME POVERTY AMONG CHILDREN IN RICH COUNTRIES

This paper presents and discusses child relative income poverty statistics for 35 economically advanced countries, representing all the members of the European Union, Australia, Canada, Iceland, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United States. As most of the data refer to the year 2008, the results partly reflect the initial impact of the global economic crisis as well as government responses. According to the data, Nordic countries and the Netherlands present the lowest child relative poverty levels, while Japan, the United States, most of the Southern European countries and some of the new EU member states have among the highest. Several factors are associated with the risk of poverty, such as demographic composition, educational level of household members, labour conditions, but the extent to which these factors influence the risk of poverty vary considerably across countries. Lastly, in several countries the role of government is found to be highly important in reducing child poverty.
EFFECT OF CUSTARD APPLE ( ANNONA SQUAMOSA ) PEEL EXTRACT ON SHELF LIFE OF CHICKEN BREAST FILLETS

Chicken meat is a popular food in all sections of the society all over the world. It is an important source of protein, fat, essential amino acids, minerals, vitamins and other nutrients. Because of high moisture content and rich nutritive value fresh poultry meat is highly perishable, hence interest of poultry meat industry lies in prolonging its shelf life. Microbial growth and oxidative rancidity are the major problems causing quality deterioration and shelf life reduction of meat, therefore, preservation technologies must be applied in order to preserve its safety and quality. One of the possibilities to achieve this is application of a variety of natural preservatives which prevent the growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms (Chouliara and Kontominas, 2006) and lipid oxidation (Kumar et al, 2015). Such natural preservatives include extracts of herbs and spices (Botsoglou et al, 2003) rich in phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, which exhibit a wide range of biological effects, including antioxidant and anti-microbial (Matan et al, 2006, Suppakul et al, 2003).
Antiluteolytic Strategy for Bovine Embryo Transfer Programmes

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the problematic issue of embryonic mortality in cattle and develops possible strategies towards a hormonal antiluteolitic. A recent and extensive investigation using eCG is also described. The paper evaluates the effect of the application of 400 IU of equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin (eCG) on day 5 or 8 of a synchronization protocol for embryo transfer upon follicular development (day 9), luteal development (day 17), progesterone concentration “P 4 ” (9 and 17) and percentage of pregnancy (day 52) in 70 Holstein heifers. The relationships between dominant follicle diameter (DFD) (day 9) and the luteal volume (VL) (day 17), as well as the concentration of P4 (day 17) are analysed without eCG treatments; the DFD (day 9), VL (day 17) and concentration of P 4 (day 17) versus percentage of pregnancy (day 52) are then analysed with the treatment. There was no effect (P> 0.05) of the day of eCG administration (5 or 8) on the number of dominant follicles, but P <0.05 for diameter. The day of eCG administration (5 or 8) had no effect (P> 0.05) on the number of corpora lutea, VL, P 4 concentration (9 and 17) or pregnancy (day 52). There was no relationship (P> 0.05) between the DFD (day 9) and VL, but P <0.05 between the VL and P 4 levels (day 17). In analysing the relationship between treatments (eCG day 5 or 8), the DFD (day 9), VL (day 17) and the concen‐ tration of P 4 (day 17) versus percentage of pregnancy (day 52), we observed that
Knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents regarding childrens car safety seat

Background: Motor vehicle accidents can cause life-threatening injuries to children. Use of car safety seats (CSS) is the most reliable way to keep children safe during transportation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the usage of children CSS among visitors of National Guard Primary health care centers and to detect parents’ knowledge, attitude, and practice about CSSs. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was carried out on parents of 400 children from February 2013 to May 2013 in Pediatric and Family Medicine Clinics of National Guard Primary Healthcare. Descriptive analysis of all variables in the questionnaire was done, along with an exploration of relationships using chi-square and logistic regression. Results: It was found that 85.3% parents were aware of car seat safety while only 30% used it. Their primary source of knowledge was TV and media. The main reason for not using CSS was considering it unnecessary. The knowledge and use of CSS correlated significantly with the level of education and the income of parents. Conclusion: The awareness among parents is reasonable; however, the use of CSSs is quite low. Parental knowledge of correct use of CSS is less than optimum. Physicians have a significant role to play in educating parents about the importance of using CSS. Parents value the need for educational programs about CSS. It is necessary to establish laws to mandate using CSS.
Farmer Preferences and Market Values of Cattle Breeds of West and Central Africa

World agriculture is based on a small number of animal species and a decreasing number of breeds within each species. Several breeds of West African shorthorn cattle (Bos taurus brachyceros) are now at high risk of extinction due to interbreeding. The West African shorthorn breeds are particularly important resources because of their superior abilities to resist diseases, particularly trypanosomosis, and be productive under high humidity, heat stress, water restriction and with poor quality feed. A study was undertaken in the derived savanna area of southwest Nigeria to determine the prospects for conservation through use and possible improvement of the Muturu, a West African shorthorn breed known to be in decline throughout southern Nigeria. An analysis of farmers’ breeding practices and breed preferences confirmed a strong trend away from Muturu and identified the traits farmers find least desirable about the Muturu relative to other breeds. An analysis of cattle market prices found small, but significant, price differences by breed. The best hopes for increased utilization likely in other areas of West Africa, such as southeast Nigeria, where the Muturu is better suited to the farming systems and there is a large market for this breed.
Prices Under Innovation: Evidence from Manufacturing Firms

We study how firms' innovations impact prices with endogenous productivity and markup, under imperfect competition and dynamic pricing. Absent innovation, productivity plus markup changes curb price growth to half of variable inputs cost growth. Innovation's additional impact on costs is negatively correlated with markup changes. We detect two prevalent strategies. When marginal cost goes down, firms cash-in innovation by increasing the markups to enlarge profits. When marginal cost goes u firms practice countervailing pricing by decreasing markups. With no innovation aggregate manufacturing price growth had multiplied by 1.4, but innovation without cash-in strategies had multiplied it by 0.8.
A comprehensive approach to analyzing the XMM-Newton data of Seyfert 1 galaxies

Aims. We seek a comprehensive analysis of all the information provided by the XMM-Newton satellite of the four Seyfert 1 galaxies ESO 359-G19, HE 1143-1810, CTS A08.12, and Mrk 110, including the UV range, to characterize the different components that are emitting and absorbing radiation in the vicinity of the active nucleus. Methods. The continuum emission was studied through the EPIC spectra by taking advantage of the spectral range of these cameras. The high-resolution RGS spectra were analyzed to characterize the absorbing and emission line features that arise in the spectra of the sources. All these data, complemented by information in the UV, are analyzed jointly in order to achieve a consistent characterization of the observed features in each object. Results. The continuum emission of the sources can be characterized either by a combination of a power law and a black body for the weakest objects or by two power law components for the brightest ones. The continuum is not absorbed by neutral or ionized material in the line of sight to any of these sources. In all of them we have identified a narrow Fe-Kα line at 6.4 keV. In ESO 359-G19 we also find an Fexxvi line at about 7 keV. In the soft X-rays band, we identify only one Ovii line in the spectra of HE 1143-1810 and CTS A08.12, and two Ovii-Heα triplets and a narrow Oviii-Lyα emission line in Mrk 110. Conclusions. Not detecting warm material in the line of sight to the low state objects is due to intrinsically weaker or absent absorption in the line of sight and not to a low signal-to-noise ratio in the data. Besides this, the absence of clear emission lines cannot be fully attributed to dilution of those lines by a strong continuum.
A model for generating household electricity load profiles

Electricity consumption data profiles that include details on the consumption can be generated with a bottom‐up load models. In these models the load is constructed from elementary load components that can be households or even their individual appliances. In this work a simplified bottom‐up model is presented. The model can be used to generate realistic domestic electricity consumption data on an hourly basis from a few up to thousands of households. The model uses input data that is available in public reports and statistics. Two measured data sets from block houses are also applied for statistical analysis, model training, and verification. Our analysis shows that the generated load profiles correlate well with real data. Furthermore, three case studies with generated load data demonstrate some opportunities for appliance level demand side management (DSM). With a mild DSM scheme using cold loads, the daily peak loads can be reduced 7.2% in average. With more severe DSM schemes the peak load at the yearly peak day can be completely levelled with 42% peak reduction and sudden 3 h loss of load can be compensated with 61% mean load reduction. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping the Inhomogeneous Electrochemical Reaction Through Porous LiFePO4-Electrodes in a Standard Coin Cell Battery

Nanosized, carbon-coated LiFePO4 (LFP) is a promising cathode for Li-ion batteries. However, nano-particles are problematic for electrode design, optimized electrodes requiring high tap densities, good electronic wiring, and a low tortuosity for efficient Li diffusion in the electrolyte in between the solid particles, conditions that are difficult to achieve simultaneously. Using in situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction, we map the evolution of the inhomogeneous electrochemical reaction in LFP-electrodes. On the first cycle, the dynamics are limited by Li diffusion in the electrolyte at a cycle rate of C/7. On the second cycle, there appear to be two rate-limiting processes: Li diffusion in the electrolyte and electronic conductivity through the electrode. Three-dimensional modeling based on porous electrode theory shows that this change in dynamics can be reproduced by reducing the electronic conductivity of the composite electrode by a factor of 8 compared to the first cycle. The poorer electronic wi.