Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Formal Model for Real-Time Automated Manufacturing System Control with Timed-MPSG

The objective of this paper is to extend the MPSC model by introducing the temporal properties to check time constraint, and do the performance analysis of the real-time shop floor controller. The MPSG (message-based part state graph) model has been developed for the execution portion of shop-floor controllers that operate in a distributed and hierarchical control environment. It is based on deterministic finite state automata and represents the execution module of shop-floor controller as a communicating finite state machine. However, there is still no consideration for handling the time in this framework. For this purpose, a formal model of Timed-MPSG processes is proposed in terms of a real-time part processing task. Furthermore, the conceptual idea, control flow algorithm and the implementation methodology of the Timed-MPSG are described with a simple example.
Prices and Price Limits

This paper studies the effects of price limits implemented by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) after the May 2010 ‘Flash Crash. ’ The security-level price limits halt trading after a security’s price experiences a sudden and large movement. The difference-in-difference design exploits the staggered introduction of the limits to address omitted variable concerns. The data show that price limits reduce the frequency and severity of extreme price movements, but induce price underreaction. The results are consistent with Subrahmanyam’s (1997) theory that price limits cause informed traders to be less aggressive.
Top-Bottom Gate Coupling Effect on Low Frequency Noise in a Schottky Junction Gated Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor

In this letter, strong low frequency noise (LFN) reduction is observed when the buried oxide (BOX)/silicon interface of a Schottky junction gated silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (SJGFET) is depleted by a substrate bias. Such LFN reduction is mainly attributed to the dramatic reduction in Coulomb scattering when carriers are pushed away from the interface. The BOX/silicon interface depletion can also be achieved by sidewall Schottky junction gates in a narrow channel SJGFET, leading to an optimal LFN performance without the need of any substrate bias.
Algorithmic complexity of motifs clusters superfamilies of networks

Representing biological systems as networks has proved to be very powerful. For example, local graph analysis of substructures such as subgraph over representation (or motifs) has elucidated different sub-types of networks. Here we report that using numerical approximations of Kolmogorov complexity, by means of algorithmic probability, clusters different classes of networks. For this, we numerically estimate the algorithmic probability of the sub-matrices from the adjacency matrix of the original network (hence including motifs). We conclude that algorithmic information theory is a powerful tool supplementing other network analysis techniques.
From Familiar Faces to Family: Staff and Resident Relationships in Long-Term Care

Objective: Long-term care (LTC) facilities are increasingly intent on creating a “homelike” atmosphere for residents. Although residential staff are integral to the construction of a home within LTC settings, their perceptions have been relatively absent from the literature. Method: Thirty-two LTC staff participants were interviewed about their experiences and perceptions of the physical environment and conceptualizations of home, and thematic analyses were conducted. Results: An overarching category—interpersonal relationships—emerged from our analyses emphasizing the importance of relationships in creating a homelike environment within institutional settings. Sub-themes that inform our understanding include the following: (a) Staff members’ perceptions of home; (b) “Their second home”: Adjustment to and familiarity in LTC; and (c) “We become family”: Relationality makes a home. Discussion: The study provides evidence to inform current policies and practices in LTC. Specifically, enough time and space should be given to residents and staff to create and maintain personal relationships to make residential care homelike.
Rejection of cardiac xenografts by CD4+ or CD8+ T cells.

We recently showed that brief complement inhibition induces accommodation of hamster cardiac transplants in nude rats. We have reconstituted nude rats carrying an accommodated xenograft with syngeneic CD4+ or CD8+ T cells to investigate the cellular mechanism of xenograft rejection. We show that CD4+ T cells can initiate xenograft rejection (10 +/- 1.7 days) by promoting production of IgG xenoreactive Abs (XAb). These XAb are able to activate complement as well as to mediate Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Adoptive transfer of these XAb into naive nude rats provoked hyperacute xenograft rejection (38 +/- 13 min). The rejection was significantly (p < 0.001) delayed by cobra venom factor (CVF; 11 +/- 8 h in four of five cases) but was still more rapid than in control nude rats (3.3 +/- 0.5 days). CVF plus NK cell depletion further prolonged survival (>7 days in four of five cases; p < 0.01 vs CVF only). CD8+ T cell-reconstituted nude rats rejected their grafts later (19.4 +/- 5.8 days) and required a larger number of cells for transfer as compared with CD4+ T cell-reconstituted nude rats. However, second xenografts were rejected more rapidly than first xenografts in CD8+ T cell-reconstituted nude rats (9 +/- 2 days), indicating that the CD8+ T cells had been activated. This study demonstrates that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells can both reject xenografts. The CD4+ cells do so at least in part by generation of helper-dependent XAb that act by both complement-dependent and Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity mechanisms; the CD8+ cells do so as helper-independent cytotoxic T cells.
Differences in STIM 1 and TRPC expression in proximal and distal pulmonary arterial smooth muscle are associated with differences in Ca 2 responses to hypoxia

Lu W, Wang J, Shimoda LA, Sylvester JT. Differences in STIM1 and TRPC expression in proximal and distal pulmonary arterial smooth muscle are associated with differences in Ca responses to hypoxia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 295: L104–L113, 2008. First published April 18, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajplung.00058. 2008. —Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) requires Ca influx through store-operated Ca channels (SOCC) in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) and is greater in distal than proximal pulmonary arteries (PA). SOCC may be composed of canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) proteins and activated by stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1). To assess the possibility that HPV is greater in distal PA because store-operated Ca entry (SOCE) is greater in distal PASMC, we measured intracellular Ca concentration ([Ca ]i) and SOCE in primary cultures of PASMC using fluorescent microscopy and the Ca -sensitive dye fura 2. Both hypoxia (4% O2) and KCl (60 mM) increased [Ca ]i. Responses to hypoxia, but not KCl, were greater in distal cells. We measured SOCE in PASMC perfused with Ca -free solutions containing cyclopiazonic acid to deplete Ca stores in sarcoplasmic reticulum and nifedipine to prevent Ca entry through L-type voltage-operated Ca channels. Under these conditions, the increase in [Ca ]i caused by restoration of extracellular Ca and the decrease in fura 2 fluorescence caused by Mn were greater in distal PASMC, indicating greater SOCE. Moreover, the increase in SOCE caused by hypoxia was also greater in distal cells. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of PASMC and freshly isolated deendothelialized PA tissue demonstrated expression of STIM1 and five of seven known TRPC isoforms (TRPC1 TRPC6 TRPC4 TRPC3 TRPC5). For both protein, as measured by Western blotting, and mRNA, expression of STIM1, TRPC1, TRPC6, and TRPC4 was greater in distal than proximal PASMC and PA. These results provide further support for the importance of SOCE in HPV and suggest that HPV is greater in distal than proximal PA because greater numbers and activation of SOCC in distal PASMC generate bigger increases in [Ca ]i.
Study design and patient characteristics and outcome in acute mania clinical trials

Tarr GP, Herbison P, Leon de la Barra S, Glue P. Study design and patient characteristics and outcome in acute mania clinical trials. Bipolar Disord 2011: 13: 125–132. © 2011 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PERCEIVED ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PRACTICES AMONG SRI LANKAN SCHOOL TEACHERS AND PRESCHOOL TEACHERS

The environmental awareness attitudes, perceived knowledge and competencies to impart environmental education to children and perceived practices to protect the environment of 250 teachers and preschool teachers from 19 districts of Sri Lanka, were investigated. Responses to a survey questionnaire conveyed that majority of the respondents had high perceived knowledge, skills, and confidence and attitudes pertaining to environmental protection. However, results also conveyed that there was low correlation between perceived environmental practices and attitudes and negative correlation between perceived environmental practices and knowledge conveying that that high positive environmental attitude may not lead to high responsible environmental behaviour within the pre/school teachers or teachers with high perceived knowledge may not have high perceived practices. The study offers suggestions and recommendation to the teacher educators and policy makers in the context of teacher training on environmental education and providing environmental protection awareness to young children
Optic neuritis: evaluation with orbital Doppler sonography.

PURPOSE To evaluate orbital blood flow velocities with Doppler sonography in patients with acute unilateral optic neuritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Orbital Doppler sonography was performed in 20 patients with acute unilateral optic neuritis. Optic neuritis was diagnosed by a neurologist on the basis of clinical presentation, presence of decreased visual acuity, and assessment of visual evoked potentials. The peak systolic and end diastolic velocities and the resistive index were measured in the ophthalmic and central retinal arteries of both orbits. The values obtained from affected and unaffected orbits were compared by using the paired t test. RESULTS The peak systolic and end diastolic velocities in the ophthalmic artery were significantly increased in the affected orbits (for peak systolic velocity P <.001, for end diastolic velocity P <.05). Resistive indexes in the ophthalmic arteries did not differ (P >.05). The difference between the peak systolic and end diastolic velocities and resistive indexes in the central retinal arteries of affected and normal eyes was not statistically significant (P >.05). CONCLUSION Peak systolic and end diastolic velocities in the ophthalmic artery are increased in patients with acute optic neuritis.
Clinical test for anterolateral rotary instability of the knee.

A simplified test for anterolateral rotary subluxation of the knee is largely based on the concepts described by Galway and McIntosh although performed in a different manner. The examiner places the right hand gently on the lateral side of the knee with the thumb overlying the posterior aspect of the fibula and the index finger palpating the anterolateral aspect of the joint line to determine the the tibiofemoral relationship. The left hand embraces the lateral side of the distal end of the femur with the thumb over the posterior aspect of the lateral femoral condyle. With equal pressure on the lateral femoral condyle and fibular head the knee is pushed gently forward into flexion. When anterointernal tibial luxation is present, a reduction phenomenon is felt as the knee passes into the 25 to 40 degree flexion range. This may occur as a sudden palpable and occasionally audible repositioning which is responsible for such terminology as a "pivot shift" or "jerk sign. " We have experienced many instances where the reduction phenomenon is more subtle and is determined by palpation alone. The pathologic mechanics are determined by observations at surgery in 45 patients with a positive test. This test has improved our diagnositc ability and is easly taught to those unfamiliar with knee joint disorders.
Characterization of the urinary metabolic profile of cholangiocarcinoma in a United Kingdom population

Background: Outside South-East Asia, most cases of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) have an obscure etiology. There is often diagnostic uncertainty. Metabolomics using ultraperformance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) offers the portent to distinguish disease-specific metabolic signatures. We aimed to define such a urinary metabolic signature in a patient cohort with sporadic CCA and investigate whether there were characteristic differences from those in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), metastatic secondary liver cancer, pancreatic cancer and ovarian cancer (OCA). Methods: Spot urine specimens were obtained from 211 subjects in seven participating centers across the UK. Samples were collected from healthy controls and from patients with benign hepatic disease (gallstone, biliary strictures, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and viral hepatitis) and patients with malignant conditions (HCC, pancreatic cancer, OCA and metastatic cancer in the liver). The spectral metabolite proﬁles were generated using a UPLC-MS detector and data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate statistical analyses. Results: The greatest class differences were seen between the metabolic proﬁles of disease-free controls compared to individuals with CCA with altered acylcarnitine, bile acid and purine levels. Individuals with benign strictures showed comparable urine proﬁles to patients with malignant bile duct lesions. The metabolic signatures of patients with bile duct tumors were distinguishable from patients with hepatocellular and ovarian tumors, but no difference was observed between CCA cases and patients with pancreatic cancer or hepatic secondary metastases. Conclusion: CCA causes subtle but detectable changes in the urine metabolic proﬁles. The ﬁndings point toward potential applications of metabonomics in early tumor detection. However, it is key to utilize both global and targeted metabonomics in a larger cohort for in-depth characterization of the urine metabolome in hepato-pancreato-biliary disease.
THE INSTITUTION OF LEGISLATIVE DELEGATION IN THE FIELDS OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE. AN OVERVIEW OF THE TIMEFRAME 2010-2014

According to the Romanian Constitution (Art. 115, paragraph 1), the Government, as a body of the Executive Power, is endowed with attributions belonging to the Legislative function, specific to the Parliament. Thus, we are dealing with what the juridical science calls “legislative delegation”. On this basis, the Government may issue simple ordinances, under a special enabling law and emergency ordinances - in case of special circumstances, which both represent primary normative acts with the power of a law. In this paper we approach the issue of the legislative delegation during the recent five years (2010-2014), focusing on a few aspects relating to the fields of finance and economics.
How Pervasive is "Fishing Down Marine Food Webs"?

In their report ([1][1]), and in an earlier paper ([2][2]), D. Pauly et al . draw global conclusions about the effects of fishing on world fish stocks with the use of research data fitted to Ecopath models at different sites through the world's oceans, integrated with data on global fishery landings
BIRTH ORDER, ANXIETY, AFFILIATION AND THE PURCHASE OF LIFE INSURANCE

This paper is a preliminary investigation into the role of anxiety in insurance purchasing decisions. Because the psychological literature with respect to birth order provides indications of differential anxiety levels and affiliative behavior under stressful conditions, the study examines the role of birth order in relating anxiety to insurance purchasing decisions. It was hypothesized that first and only children would purchase more life insurance, total and individual, than would later borns. Samples, including demographic as well as insurance purchasing and birth order data, were drawn from two student populations at opposite ends of the country. The data were subjected to multiple regression analysis and support for the hypotheses was indicated by only one of the samples. After analysis of the findings, suggestions for further research are provided. Risk reduction is said to be the basic product or service provided by insurers. Among the more popular definitions of risk are those involving uncertainty of loss. Through the payment of a premium, the insured reduces his uncertainty regarding the possibility of an economic loss. Pfeffer (15), makes this uncertainty
Conduction band-edge States associated with the removal of d-state degeneracies by the Jahn-Teller effect

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is used to study band edge electronic structure of high-/spl kappa/ transition metal (TM) and trivalent lanthanide rare earth (RE) oxide gate dielectrics. The lowest conduction band d/sup */-states in TiO/sub 2/, ZrO/sub 2/ and HfO/sub 2/ are correlated with: 1) features in the O K/sub 1/ edge, and 2) transitions from occupied Ti 2p, Zr 3p and Hf 4p states to empty Ti 3d-, Zr 4d-, and Hf 5d-states, respectively. The relative energies of d-state features indicate that the respective optical bandgaps, E/sub opt/ (or equivalently, E/sub g/), and conduction band offset energy with respect to Si, E/sub B/, scale monotonically with the d-state energies of the TM/RE atoms. The multiplicity of d-state features in the Ti L/sub 2,3/ spectrum of TiO/sub 2/, and in the derivative of the O K/sub 1/ spectra for ZrO/sub 2/ and HfO/sub 2/ indicate a removal of d-state degeneracies that results from a static Jahn-Teller effect in these nanocrystalline thin film oxides. Similar removals of d-state degeneracies are demonstrated for complex TM/RE oxides including Zr and Hf titanates, and La, Gd and Dy scandates. Analysis of XAS and band edge spectra indicate an additional band edge state that is assigned Jahn-Teller distortions at internal grain boundaries. These band edges defect states are electronically active in photoconductivity (PC), internal photoemission (IPE), and act as bulk traps in metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices, contributing to asymmetries in tunneling and Frenkel-Poole transport that have important consequences for performance and reliability in advanced Si devices.
Insomnia and left ventricular function – an echocardiography study

Abstract Objectives. Recently, studies have reported an association of insomnia with incident heart failure but its causal relation is still uncertain. In patients with heart failure, the left ventricular function is impaired and the deterioration may start long before the patient experiences any symptoms. As the first study, we examined the association of insomnia with left ventricular function using state-of-the art echocardiography methods. Design. In the echocardiography study, several indices of left ventricular function were examined in participants free from cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and diabetes. In total 788 participants with information on all relevant covariates were included. We calculated the least square mean of indices of left ventricular function associated with increasing number of insomnia symptoms (i.e. difficulties falling asleep, frequent awakenings and early awakenings), including systolic mitral annular excursion, peak velocities of systolic and diastolic motion of the mitral annulus and systolic deformation of the left ventricle. Results. We found no clear evidence that increasing number of insomnia symptoms is associated with any of the left ventricular function indices. Conclusions. The methods that were used are sensitive to detect preclinical HF, and therefore, our findings do not support a causal relation between insomnia symptoms and HF.
Effect of intermittent cyclic preloads on the response of articular cartilage explants to an excessive level of unconfined compression

Mechanical loading of articular cartilage can influence chondrocyte metabolism and lead to alterations in cartilage matrix composition. Most previous studies have focused on the effect of cyclic loading on cartilage mechanical properties and proteoglycan synthesis. However, the role of proteoglycans synthesized from cyclically loaded cartilage in response to an acute overload has not been elucidated. Therefore, we conducted studies where low intensity, intermittent cyclic loading was applied to chondral explants prior to an acute unconfined compression on the tissue. The chondral explants were randomly assigned to three groups: 7, 14, and 21 days of 10 cycles of 0.2 Hz sinusoidal loading at 0.5 MPa followed by an unloaded interval of 3,600 s. All explants were then taken to 25 MPa of unconfined compression. Biochemical assays were conducted to determine the tissue proteoglycan and hydroxyproline contents. The results showed cyclic preloading increased the proteoglycan content and mechanically stiffened the explants, making them more resistant to matrix damage and cell death under 25 MPa of unconfined compression up to 14 days. After 21 days of cyclic loading, however, the explants lost compressive stiffness and suffered more extensive damage in the unconfined compression test. This study investigated the role of cyclic loading in response of chondral explants to a potentially damaging, acute overload. In the long term, these types of studies may help understand the role of preconditioning of articular cartilage for in vitro or even in vivo studies of blunt force trauma to a joint. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Investigating the use of coherence analysis on mandibular electromyograms to investigate neural control of early oromandibular behaviours: A pilot study

An empirical method for investigating differences in neural control of jaw movement across oromandibular behaviours is to compute the coherence function for electromyographic signals obtained from mandibular muscle groups. This procedure has been used with adults but not extended to children. This pilot study investigated if coherence analysis could reveal task-related differences in control for children by measuring mandibular electromyograms obtained from an infant and adult. Electromyographic signals were obtained from bilateral masseter and temporalis muscle groups during chewing and babble from a typically developing infant from 8–22 months, and chewing and speech were obtained from an adult. Coherence functions were computed. Measures obtained from the infant and adult exhibited a significant main effect for task, with peak coherence values within 20–60 Hz being significantly greater for chewing than vocalization. This pilot study suggests that coherence analysis of mandibular EMG is a sensitive measure for distinguishing task-related differences in neural organization for children.