Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of forcing uncertainty and model error background characterization in snow data assimilation

Accurate specification of the model error covariances in data assimilation systems is a challenging issue. Ensemble land data assimilation methods rely on stochastic perturbations of input forcing and model prognostic fields for developing representations of input model error covariances. This article examines the limitations of using a single forcing dataset for specifying forcing uncertainty inputs for assimilating snow depth retrievals. Using an idealized data assimilation experiment, 5 the article demonstrates that the use of hybrid forcing input strategies (either through the use of an ensemble of forcing products or through the added use of the forcing climatology) provide a better characterization of the model error background, which leads to improved data assimilation results, especially during the snow accumulation and melt time periods. The use of hybrid forcing ensembles is then employed for assimilating snow depth retrievals from the AMSR2 instrument over two 10 domains in the Continental U.S. with different snow evolution characteristics. Over a region near the Great Lakes where the snow evolution tends to be ephemeral, the use of hybrid forcing ensembles provide significant improvements relative to the use of a single forcing dataset. Over the Colorado Headwaters characterized by large snow accumulation, the impact of using the forcing ensemble is less prominent and is largely limited to the snow transition time periods. The results demonstrate 15 that the availability of a better model error background through the forcing ensemble enables the assimilation system to better incorporate the observational information. 1 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. , doi:10.5194/hess-2016-581, 2016 Manuscript under review for journal Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Published: 22 November 2016 c © Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3.0 License.
Effect of Elevated Carbon Dioxide on Two Scleractinian Corals: Porites cylindrica (Dana, 1846) and Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767)

This study reveals the effect of elevated on Porites cylindrica and Galaxea fascicularis. The corals responded differently under elevated . Zooxanthellae cell density, cell mitotic index, and photosynthesis rate of P. cylindrica decreased drastically under the elevated . At the end of the experiment, P. cylindrica suffered from a declining calcium carbonate precipitation rate. G. fascicularis increased its respiration rate and expelled 71% of its symbiotic zooxanthellae algae under elevated . Photosynthetic pigments in the remaining zooxanthellae algae increased from 1.85 to 11.5 times to sustain its photosynthetic outputs. At the end of the experiment, G. fascicularis managed to increase the rate of its calcium carbonate precipitation. Increase in the atmosphere may affect species diversity of coral reefs.
Reciprocal support provision: personality as a moderator?

In some cases, support provision can be predicted by the history of prior social exchange. Receiving may encourage providing. Moreover, personality dispositions may moderate the degree to which persons reciprocate support. Co‐student dyads (N = 43) facing an exam repeatedly reported their levels of received and provided support. Data revealed both direct and moderated reciprocal support provision. Actors' receipt of emotional support predicted the subsequent change in actors' provision of emotional support, indicating reciprocity. Also, more reciprocal emotional support provision was found in introverted and open individuals, whereas more reciprocal instrumental support provision was observed in introverts and less open individuals. Findings were partially validated when partner‐provided support instead of actor‐received support served as the predictor of later support provision. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases Producing Escherichia Coli Isolated from Outpatients with Urinary Tract Infections in Babol, Northern of Iran

Abstract Received 08 November 2017 Accepted 15 February 2018 The incidence of community-acquired UTIs due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli isolates, has increased worldwide and is considered a great problem in the treatment of infections. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli isolates in urine samples of outpatients in Babol, North of Iran. A total of 3 699 urine samples from outpatients referred to Yahyanejad Hospital, Babol, Iran, were collected during 15 months, from March 2016 to June 2017. The samples were processed for bacterial culture using conventional methods, while antimicrobial susceptibility testing for E. coli isolates was performed by the disc diffusion method. The prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli isolates were assessed by Double-Disc tests. Of 3699 tested sample, 201 samples showed the growth of pathogens and among them, 106 isolates (52/7%) were E. coli. The rate of ESBL producing E. coli isolates was 25/4%. The majority (81/5%) of the isolates were from females. High percent resistance was found against ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefixime and ciprofloxacin, ranging from 61-100%, while the highest percent susceptibility was seen to meropenem, piperacillin- tazobactam (100%), followed by nitrofurantoin and amikacin (91%). The high prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli isolates from outpatients calls for the need to aware of this increasing resistance between uropathogens and update bacterial susceptibility data and to set up our empirical therapy accordingly.
Drude Weight for the Lieb-Liniger Bose Gas

Based on the method of hydrodynamic projections we derive a concise formula for the Drude weight of the repulsive Lieb-Liniger $\delta$-Bose gas. Our formula contains only quantities which are obtainable from the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz. The Drude weight is an infinite-dimensional matrix, or bilinear functional: it is bilinear in the currents, and each current may refer to a general linear combination of the conserved charges of the model. As a by-product we obtain the dynamical two-point correlation functions involving charge and current densities at small wavelengths and long times, and in addition the scaled covariance matrix of charge transfer. We expect that our formulas extend to other integrable quantum models.
Adjustment and differences in farm performance; A farm management perspective from the Netherlands

There are differences in performance between farmers. In the Netherlands this has been a major topic of research for at least 30 years. Research has shown that the managerial capacities of farmers play a major role in differences in economic and environmental performance. Management can be measured and the optimal level is not the maximum level. Farmers differ in their objectives, competences and local external situation and there-fore their strategies. These strategies can be identified. In recent years strategic management has become more important and this can be supported with consultancy. Farmers also differ in their adoption and innovation behaviour. These micro-economic results, which correlate with large differences in income and high prices of fixed assets with a limited supply, can be explained as being consistent with economic theory on perfect markets. Although these findings suggest that some farm households have attractive strategies that can cope with policy adjustments, the research supports the hypothesis but does not (yet) prove that a severe adjustment of agricultural policy e.g. towards a more market oriented policy, induces more innovation, and that due to this innovation the effects of adjusting the agricultural policy are less severe than estimated ex ante with current dynamic policy models.
Antecedents of CSR Disclosure in Manufacturing Companies in Indonesia

The objectives of this study are; firstly, to examine the effect of profitability on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) disclosure; secondly, to examine the effect of leverage on CSR disclosure; thirdly, to examine the effect of company size on CSR disclosure; fourth, to find out whether the effect of leverage on CSR disclosure will be more significant with the inclusion of the variable of majority ownership as moderating variable; fifth, to find out whether the effect of profitability on CSR disclosure will be more significant with the inclusion of the variable of majority ownership as moderating variable. The sample was taken using a purposive sampling technique with 50 manufacturing companies during the period 2011- 2012 which fulfilled the required criteria as the research sample. They were analyzed moderation regression analysis approach. It shows that, first, profitability has positive effect on CSR disclosure; second, leverage has no effect on CSR disclosure; third, company size has an effect on CSR disclosure; fourth, majority ownership moderates the effect of leverage on CSR disclosure; fifth, majority ownership does not moderate the effect of profitability on CSR disclosure. Some limitations stated in this study are expected to be used as references for the improvement of similar studies in the near future.
The evaluation of different levels of Nigella Sativaseedon performance, andblood parameters of broilers

The effects of Nigella Sativa seedsof medicinal plants on performance, carcass characteristics and humoralimmunity of broiler chickens were studied in this experiment.At first 225 one day old broiler chicks were divided to5 groups and 3 replicates of 15 chicks in each group. Experimental groups included T1, control group with no Nigella Sativaseedssupplementation, T2,T3, T4,and T5 received 0.75% ,1%, 1.5%, and 2% Nigella Sativarespectively. The results showed that the use of different levels of Nigella Sativaseedshas significant effects on performance and carcass traits of broilers (P<0.05). The highest level of weight gain was in group 5 alsothe highest percent of liver and breastwere observed in group5 but the greatest percent of thigh was observed in group 4. The results evidence that the using of Nigella Sativa seedsin broiler feeds have significantly effects on performance and blood biochemical and carcass traitswithout having any significantly effects on immunity parameters except the level of heterophile to lymphocyte.
On the mediating role of systemic absorptive capacity: an assessment of FDI effects in developing countries’ innovation systems

** Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas (SP), Brasil. E-mail: squeiroz@ige.unicamp. br AbstrAct There is a widespread belief that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) represents a strategic issue within developing countries’ innovation systems. This is a function of expectations that this particular kind of investment can cause positive shocks on host markets’ overall capabilities. Our argument, in consonance with dedicated literature, is that these contributions do not take place without “frictions”, and that there is a significant complementarity between FDI’s effects and the innovation policy framework (particularly those initiatives that influence the existent level of systemic absorptive capacities). Using panel data for developing countries we estimate production functions oriented towards assessing the evolution of National Innovation Systems. Our results suggest that FDI’s positive impacts are contingent upon absorptive capacity in developing countries’ innovation systems. Nonetheless, its contributions are not pervasive, being robustly related only to labor productivity gains.
Citizens Interactive Behaviour in the Performance of the Urban Space of Cohabitacion. Interactive Atlas of Urban Habitability

The article shows a range of contemporary phenomena linked with urban space and the increasing citizens? interactivity in the network. The sources for theory and reflection are related to the ongoing research project ? Interactive Atlas of urban habitability" which is based on citizen participation in the sensitive description of the urban environment. It addresses a classification of variables related to the desires of urban habitability.
Board configuration and IR adoption. Empirical evidence from European companies

Firms are obliged to disclose certain information in their annual reports in accordance with laws, regulations, and adopted accounting standards (Cheng and Courtenay, 2006). This is the minimum level of disclosure required by the market so that any possible investor can formally assess the company. Voluntary disclosure, on the other hand, includes additional information that a company communicates beyond what is legally required (Ariff, 2013). It gives investors a clear idea of a company’s economic viability (Boesso and Kumar, 2007) and reduces the so-called information asymmetry problem (Healy and Palepu, 2001). Disclosure is seen as the best way to communicate with investors (Ho and Wong, 2001) and transparency via disclosure and board monitoring are possible solutions to easing agency and asymmetric communication problems (Baumol and Bowman, 1965; Healy and Palepu, 2001; Quagli, 2004; Corsi et al., 2016). Nowadays, stakeholders manifest implicit and explicit information needs. Firstly, they need to understand what the new dynamics for value Abstract
Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology / La revue canadienne de l’apprentissage et de la technologie, V34(3) Fall / automne, 2008 From a social digital identity to an academic digital identity: Introducing ePortfolios in English language enhancement courses

Preet Hiradhar is a language instructor and E-folio coordinator, in the English Language Education and Assessment Centre (ELEAC), at Lingnan University, Hong Kong. Correspondence regarding this article can be sent to her at: ph@ln.edu. hk Jeremy Gray is Head of the English Language Education and Assessment Centre (ELEAC), at Lingnan University, Hong Kong. He can be reached at: jgray@ln.edu. hk Abstract: Social digital networking is a facet of living that recognizes no national borders or social boundaries and has become a way of life. This paper investigates the social networking habits of students at Lingnan University and considers how these habits can be channelled for academic purposes by introducing an ePortfolio system into their language enhancement courses. The investigation analyzed the purpose and usage of these social profiles thus forming the basis of the need for academic profiles. After considering the attitudes and motivations of students, this paper reports on the adoption of an ePortfolio platform which best suits the academic needs of students by introducing it into two important language enhancement courses. The paper thus explores students’ attitudes towards two forms of digital identities: social and academic. This process has led to arriving at an ePortfolio system that is in synch with the other digitized aspects of students’ lives. Résumé : Le réseautage social numérique est l’une des facettes de la vie qui ne connaît ni les frontières nationales, ni les démarcations sociales; cette pratique est devenue un mode de vie. Le présent article examine les habitudes de réseautage social des étudiants de l’Université Lingnan et étudie la façon dont ces habitudes peuvent être canalisées à des fins universitaires par l’introduction d’un système de portfolios électroniques dans les cours de perfectionnement des langues. L’enquête a analysé quelles fonctions ces profils sociaux remplissent et quelle est l’utilisation qui en est faite, ce qui constitue la base du besoin de profils universitaires. Après avoir examiné la réponse et la motivation des étudiants, cet article présente les résultats de l’adoption d’une plateforme de portfolios électroniques qui répond bien aux besoins des étudiants universitaires à la suite de son introduction dans deux cours importants de perfectionnement des langues. L’article utilise ainsi la réponse des étudiants à l’égard des deux formes d’identités numériques : sociale et universitaire. Ce processus a permis d’obtenir un système de portfolios électroniques qui est en phase avec les autres aspects numériques de la vie des étudiants.
Working for Less: Income Inequality and the Diminishing Share of Labor in China’s National Wealth

This paper demystifies variation in labor’s share of national labor income in China from the perspective of the income gap. We extend the gross national labor income function by introducing a Gini coefficient to support our argument that the share of gross national labor income decreases with an increasing Gini coefficient. The hypotheses are tested using provincial data from 1996 to 2010: (1) the Gini coefficient’s ‘inverted U’ shape partially contributes to the U-shaped evolution of the labor income-share; (2) China’s 15 per cent decline in the labor income share can be explained by the widening income gap during that time.
Assessment of minimal mitral regurgitation: comparative study with Doppler echocardiography and ventriculography.

This study was designed to assess color Doppler echocardiographic parameters in subjects with minimal mitral regurgitation (MR) in an otherwise normal heart. Study cases were selected during a five month period from 2500 young males with an echocardiographic indication on the basis of subjects' complaints and physical examination. Left ventriculography was performed and subjects were dichotomized into group-1 (n = 30) if there was angiographically MR and into group-2 (n = 30) if they were intact. Patients in group-1 were described as to have 'true MR' and MR flow in group-2 was named 'physiological'. Doppler echocardiographic variables of true and physiological MR are compared to each other. The following echocardiographic variables were significantly different between group-1 and group-2: 1) the ratio of the max. duration of MR/mean systolic interval in parasternal long axis (0.710 +/- 0.244 vs 0.430 +/- 0.268, respectively, p < 0.001), 2) the ratio of the maximum duration of MR/mean systolic interval in apical four chamber view (0.550 +/- 0.361 vs 0.317 +/- 0.272 respectively, p = 0.007), 3) the peak velocity of the regurgitant flow in parasternal log axis (180 +/- 77 vs 120 +/- 69, respectively, p = 0.003), 4) the regurgitant jet area in parasternal long axis (0.813 +/- 0.651 vs 0.411 +/- 0.431, respectively, p = 0.007). The maximal duration of MR/mean systolic time interval > or = 0.6, regurgitant jet area > or = 0.4 cm2, and regurgitant peak velocity > or = 130 cm/sec. in parasternal long axis dichotomize the cases into true with a predictive value of 76%, 67% and 63%, respectively.
How does social comparison affect self-esteem in the classroom after receiving an exam grade

iii Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 Need for Study . 1 Purpose . 1 Hypothesis.1 Operational Definitions . 1 Assumptions . 2 Limitations . 2 Summary . 2 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 3 Social Comparison . 3 Self-Esteem . 7 Surveys . 10 Self-Esteem and Social Comparison Interaction . 12 Chapter 3: Methodology . 14 Participants . 14 Materials . 14 Design . 14 Variables . 14 Procedures . 15 Statistical Analysis . 15
A new algorithm for finding an l.c.r. set in certain two-sided cells

Let . W; S/ be an irreducible Weyl or affine Weyl group. In 1994, we con- structed an algorithm for finding a representative set of left cells (or an l.c.r. set for short) of W in a two-sided cell . Here, we introduce a new simpler algorithm for finding an l.c. r. set of W inwhen the subset F. / ofis known. We introduce some technical tricks by some examples for applying the algorithm and for finding the set F. /. The resulting set E. / is useful in verifying a conjecture of Lusztig that any left cell in an affine Weyl group is left-connected. Let W be an irreducible Weyl or affine Weyl group with S its Coxeter generator set. For a two-sided cellof W (in the sense of (Kazhdan and Lusztig 1979)), we introduced an algorithm for finding an l.c. r. set of W inin (Shi 1994a). The algorithm has been efficiently applied in many cases; see for example (Chen 2000, Chen and Shi 1998; Rui 1995; Shi 1994a; 1994b; 1998a; 1998b; Shi and Zhang
Neural Models for Coplanar Strip Line Synthesis

Simple and accurate models based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) are presented to accurately determine the physical dimensions of coplanar strip lines (CPSs). Five learning algorithms, Levenberg-Marquardt (LM), bayesian regularization (BR), quasiNewton (QN), conjugate gradient with Fletcher (CGF), and scaled conjugate gradient (SCG), are used to train the neural models. The neural results are compared with the results of the quasi-static analysis and the synthesis formulas available in the literature. The accuracy of the neural model trained by LM algorithm is found to be better than 0.24% for 10614 CPS samples.
Genetic parameters of cow functional survival and correlations with predictor conformation and farmer-opinion traits with recommendations for genetic evaluation

Functional survival is defined as a dairy cow’s ability to be retained in the herd for functional reasons (e.g. good health) independent of milk production and fertility. In this study, we defined two sets of functional survival traits between each of the first four lactations, in which the effects of culling for production and fertility were removed, based on: (1) farmer-recorded culling reasons, and (2) a set of rules based on commonly recorded data fields for production and reproductive traits. We estimated genetic parameters of cow functional survival traits, along with predictor cow conformation and farmer’s opinion traits, and assessed predictors for their utility in genetic evaluation of functional survival. All functional survival traits had low heritability (0.002 to 0.013), with slightly lower heritabilities for rules-based functional survival traits. Body condition score (BCS) had the strongest genetic correlations with early functional survival (0.46, 0.38 with survival in the first and second parities) and weaker correlations with later functional survival (0.15, 0.19 with survival in the third and fourth parities). In contrast, udder traits had the strongest genetic correlations with later functional survival traits (0.29 to 0.40). Milking Speed was correlated with functional survival in all parities (0.28 to 0.33) as was Legs straightness (-0.14 to -0.30). The genetic correlations of rules-based functional survival traits with conformation and farmer-opinion traits were similar to those based upon farmer-recorded culling reasons. We estimated the accuracies of sire genetic evaluations of functional survival using selection index modelling for scenarios where daughter records for conformation, farmer-opinion traits, and survival became available at increasing ages. The best predictors of overall functional survival included BCS and Milking Speed (early survival) and Udder Overall and Legs (late survival). For a bull with 50 daughters recorded for all traits, conformation and farmer-opinion traits produced an accuracy of 0.48 for the prediction of overall functional survival prior to any available survival scores on a bull’s daughters, a substantial improvement over the accuracy of functional survival from first to second lactation (0.30). The prediction accuracy of overall functional survival improved to approximately 0.53 when these four predictor traits and functional survival to second lactation observations were combined. Therefore, we recommend including four predictor traits in the genetic evaluation of functional survival.