Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of Leadership Styles on Teachers' Job Satisfaction: A Case of Selected Primary Schools in Songea and Morogoro Districts, Tanzania.

This study reports on the kind of school leadership style that best suits for promoting teachers’ job satisfaction in primary schools in Tanzania. The study employed cross sectional research design with samples of 200 teachers from 20 selected primary schools in Songea and Morogoro districts. Interviews, documentary analysis and questionnaires were used to collect data. The data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively using tables, frequencies and percentages. It was found that the democratic leadership style was the most dominant in best performing primary schools. It is therefore suggested that there is much to be learnt with democratic leadership style as a copying strategy in least performing primary schools. Moreover, level of teachers’ job satisfaction was reportedly high in best performing schools compared to least performing schools. The findings commended that democratic leadership style is the one which promotes high teachers’ job satisfaction among teachers in primary schools. Keywords: Leadership, leadership styles, primary schools, teachers and job satisfaction.
Corporate Distress and Lobbying: Evidence from the Stimulus Act

The literature on distressed firms has focused on these firms’ investment, capital structure, and labor decisions. This paper investigates a novel aspect of firm behavior in distress: how financial health affects a firm׳s lobbying and, consequently, its relationship with the government. We exploit the shock to nonfinancial firms during the 2008 financial crisis and the availability of the stimulus package in the first quarter of 2009. We find that firms with weaker financial health, as measured by credit default swap spreads, lobbied more. We also show that the amount spent on lobbying was associated with a greater likelihood of receiving stimulus funds.
FOI and the Delivery of Diminishing Returns, or How Spin-Doctors and Journalists Have Mistreated a Volatile Reform

Freedom of Information (FoI), spin-doctors, and journalists offer a volatile mix in Australian politics. Whilst the promise of open government is seen as an essential pre-requisite for a functioning representative democracy the dynamics of FoI seem to offer no easy path to that destination. Australian journalism has tended to undervalue, under use and underestimate the potential of FoI. The increasing involvement of spin-doctors in the day-to-day activities of public administration further hampers the fourth estate role of journalism. Paradoxically it is the resurgence of public service ethics and values that may offer the best way to reform the practice, administration and effectiveness of FoI.
Measurement of Nitrous Oxide Reductase Activity in Aquatic Sediments

Denitrification in aquatic sediments was measured by an N2O reductase assay. Sediments consumed small added quantities of N2O over short periods (a few hours). In experiments with sediment slurries, N2O reductase activity was inhibited by O2, C2H2, heat treatment, and by high levels of nitrate (1 mM) or sulfide (10 mM). However, ambient levels of nitrate (<100 μM) did not influence activity, and moderate levels (about 150 μM) induced only a short lag before reductase activity began. Moderate levels of sulfide (<1 mM) had no effect on N2O reductase activity. Nitrous oxide reductase displayed Michaelis-Menten kinetics in sediments from freshwater (Km = 2.17 μM), estuarine (Km = 14.5 μM), and alkaline-saline (Km = 501 μM) environments. An in situ assay was devised in which a solution of N2O was injected into sealed glass cores containing intact sediment. Two estimates of net rates of denitrification in San Francisco Bay under approximated in situ conditions were 0.009 and 0.041 mmol of N2O per m2 per h. Addition of chlorate to inhibit denitrification in these intact-core experiments (to estimate gross rates of N2O consumption) resulted in approximately a 14% upward revision of estimates of net rates. These results were comparable to an in situ estimate of 0.022 mmol of N2O per m2 per h made with the acetylene block assay.
From Shallow Resource Pools to Emerging Clusters: The Role of Multinational Enterprise Subsidiaries in Peripheral Areas

Mudambi R. and Santangelo G. D. From shallow resource pools to emerging clusters: the role of multinational enterprise subsidiaries in peripheral areas, Regional Studies. Pressured by heightened competition, multinational enterprises (MNEs) are discovering pockets of resources in non-traditional locations. This study proposes a dynamic model explaining the role of MNE subsidiary entry timing, entry mode and mandate in the process of transforming a peripheral area of an advanced market economy into an ‘emerging cluster’, a location where internal (local) resources and external (international) connectivity have been established, but are not yet mature. Illustrative cases relating to a period of almost five decades from a peripheral European Union area support the conclusion that MNEs' strategies are critical in transforming shallow resource pools into emerging clusters.
Interregional migration and post‐move employment in two‐earner families: Evidence from Finland

Nivalainen S. (2005) Interregional migration and post‐move employment in two‐earner families: evidence from Finland, Regional Studies 39 , 891–907. This paper investigates the post‐move employment of men and women in Finnish two‐earner families, taking account of selection bias and heteroskedasticity. A unique data set consisting of actual couples is used. Heteroskedasticity does not seem to be a great problem, but the results demonstrate the importance of the selectivity correction: unobservable characteristics exist that both increase migrants' employment potential and make them more mobile. Migration itself generally exerts a negative effect, i.e. migrants have a lower tendency to be employed than stayers. However, average inspections may mask a wide variation. Extended analysis shows that migration in fact leaves the majority of husbands unaffected, and that some husbands actually benefit from moving. Instead, migration has a negative impact on wives in all cases. Hence, the results suggest that the husband's employment considerations are weighted more, and that wives are often the tied parties in family migration.
Advertising management principles are derived mostly from logic and very little from empirical generalizations

This article illustrates with numerous examples that the strategic principles of advertising management – and also its concepts and frameworks – are derived more from logic (by deduction) than from empirical generalizations (by induction). As argued by Rossiter in Marketing Theory (2001b, 2002), empirical generalizations are useful only when they are translated into strategic principles, which are ‘if, do’ recommendations for managerial actions. The present article comprehensively demonstrates that advertising’s strategic principles depend either (a) entirely on logical thinking, or (b) on logical thinking about causality designed to ‘ungeneralize’ – and specifically for the brand, improve upon – general empirical findings.
Who uses public childcare for 2‐year‐old children? Coherent family policies and usage patterns in Sweden, Finland and Western Germany

European countries have increased their public childcare provision for children under age 3. However, it is unclear if and how usage patterns differ across countries. This study examined the relationship between the socio-economic characteristics of mothers and the use of childcare for 2-year-old children. Using European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data for the years 2005–2008, we analysed the characteristics of mothers and usage patterns in Sweden, Finland and Western Germany. To single out the effect of maternal employment, working and non-working mothers were investigated separately. Our findings showed that, in Sweden, a country with strong support for dual-earner families, usage was largely independent of mothers' characteristics. However, in Western Germany, where more support is given to male breadwinner families, and in Finland, a country with pluralistic family support, highly educated mothers were found to be more likely to use childcare than were mothers with lower levels of education.
Market Timing In Regressions And Reality

We compare price-to-earnings ratios and dividend yields, which are indirect measures of sentiment, with the bullish sentiment index, which is a direct measure. We find that the sentiment index does better as a market-timing tool than do P/E ratios and dividend yields, but none is very reliable. We do not argue that market timing is impossible. Rather, we observe that stock prices reflect both sentiment and value, both of which are difficult to measure and neither of which is perfectly known in foresight. Successful market timing requires insights into future sentiment and value, insights beyond those that are reflected in widely available measures.
Investment Irreversibility, Cash Flow Risk, and Value-Growth Stock Return Effects

We simulate results from a simple real options model to provide insight into the value-growth stock return anomaly. In our model, firms possess either single (“value” firm) or multiple (“growth” firm) investment opportunities. Our model predicts that growth firms: (1) invest sooner, (2) exhibit greater continuity in capital expenditure over time, (3) have lower book-to-market ratios, and (4) generate lower rates of return than value firms.
The Development of Household Saving Rates in Germany – An Analysis Using Data from the SOEP (Zur Entwicklung Der Sparquoten Der Privaten Haushalte – Eine Auswertung Von Haushaltsdaten Des SOEP)

According to the National Accounts the German savings rate has increased continuously since 2001 after it fell continuously from 1991. This increase was rather unexpected and hence it is interesting to analyse whether the savings rate of the total population has increased or whether the increase in the aggregated savings rate has been due to the fact that the savings behaviour of certain socio-economic groups developed differently during the last decade. For this project data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) is used for the years 1995 to 2007. The analysis of household's savings rates differentiated according to socio-economic charac-teristics shows, that the savings rates develop differently depending on the respective house-holder's labour market status. The examination of savings rates of different age groups does not provide conclusive results. Finally, the increase in the aggregate savings rate is attributed alone to the changed savings behaviour of the households in the top quartile of the income distribution whereas the savings rates of the other quartiles tend to have declined
Hyphal Growth in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

ABSTRACT The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe grows in a single-celled form or can mate and undergo meiosis and sporulation. Here we show that wild-type S. pombe can also differentiate to form elaborately branched hyphae which invade deep into solid medium. Branches appear in the hyphae adjacent to unseparated septa. Electron microscopy reveals unusual multivesicular structures within the hyphae. Nitrogen deprivation appears to be the main stimulus for hyphal growth. No mitogen-activated protein kinase is necessary for the response. Inhibition of cyclic AMP (cAMP) production or signaling prevents the response, and exogenous cAMP promotes it, suggesting that detection of a good carbon source is required for hyphal growth but not for mating.
Compact modeling of spatial continuum robotic arms towards real-time control

This paper presents a compact modeling approach of continuum robotic arms, with limited computations for faster numerical calculations in real-time implementations. It is assumed that the arm includes a backbone made of elastic rods, and the Cosserat rod theory is simplified for numerically faster modeling. The time-taking boundary-value problem (BVP) is detailed, and some numerical methods are introduced to solve the developed equations of modeling. Next, based on physical intuition, a fast and stable method is proposed to solve the BVP, as a moment-based approach. Also, a method to cancel some numerical integration errors with the least required computations and numerical efforts is presented. Next, a Jacobian-based control of multi-segment continuum robotic arms is developed. Finally, this procedure is experimentally verified to show the precision of proposed modeling approach and also to reveal the importance of faster solutions for real-time control. Graphical Abstract
Market Regimes, Sectorial Investments, and Time-Varying Risk Premiums

Purpose - This paper aims to extend the Fama and French (FF) three-factor model in studying time-varying risk premiums of Sector Select Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) under a Markov regime-switching framework. Design/methodology/approach - First, the original FF model is augmented to include three additional macro factors – market volatility, yield spread, and credit spread. Then, the FF model is extended to a model with a Markov regime switching mechanism for bull, bear, and transition market regimes. Findings - It is found that all market regimes are persistent, with the bull market regime being the most persistent, and the bear market regime being the least persistent. Both the risk premiums of the Sector Select ETFs and their sensitivities to the risk factors are highly regime dependent. Research limitations/implications - The regime-switching model has a superior performance in capturing the risk sensitivities of the Sector Select ETFs, that would otherwise be missed by both the FF and the augmented FF models. Originality/value - This is the first research on Sector Select ETFs with Markov regime switching.
Rewards Available to Currency Futures Speculators: Compensation for Risk or Evidence of Inefficient Pricing?

Filter, channel, and moving-average trading rules are compared with rules that use ARIMA price forecasts by evaluating their ex ante performance for currency futures transactions from December 1981 to November 1987. All of the trading rules are profitable. Market efficiency is discussed. Monte Carlo results strongly suggest that the trading profits are too large to be explained by the elusive, time-varying risk premium sought in forward market literature. Copyright 1992 by The Economic Society of Australia.
Consumption, Income, and Wealth: Evidence from Age, Cohort, and Period Elasticities

This paper examines the relationship between non‐durable consumption, income, and wealth (housing and financial) allowing explicitly for generational heterogeneity. A framework is proposed to disentangle cohort, age, and period effects and the empirical analysis is based on the U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey data. We find that there are significant generational differences and the results highlight the range of elasticities implicit in results presented, thus far, by age groups. Moreover, we find supporting evidence of humped shaped age profiles for the elasticity of consumption with respect to income and the importance of financial wealth for those aged 60+. The framework also allows us to generate cohort profiles which draw attention to the negative role of housing wealth for generation X, and period profiles which reinforce the role of financial wealth for the baby‐boom generation.
The Demand for Liquid Asset Balances by U.S. Manufacturing Corporations: 1959–1970

One of the most significant developments in macroeconomic analysis in the post-World War II era has been the dramatic resurgence of interest in the role of monetary factors in economic activity. The demand for money has been a focal point of this monetary renaissance, and in recent years a proliferation of studies has focused on questions such as the motives for holding money balances, the effects of changes in the rate of interest, and the existence of economies of scale for cash balances. The trend toward disaggregation of macro functions has been reflected in demand for money studies of the corporate sector as well as the household sector.
Impact of farmers’ differentiation on farmland-use efficiency: Evidence from household survey data in rural China

Farmer diff erentiation has important implications for the effi ciency of farmland use. Applying the model of DEA and Tobit, using the household survey data, this paper investigates the eff ects of the farmer stratum diff erentiation on the effi ciency of farmland use. Th e empirical results showed that the type of farmer diff erentiation was positive and statistically significant at 5% level. Th e regression coeffi cient is 0.295; this result implies that if this variable improves one percentage, the effi ciency of farmland use will increase by 29.5%. Th e farmer horizontal diff erentiation and farmer vertical diff erentia- tion pass the signifi cance test at the 1% and 5% level, respectively. Th is indicates that they all have a signifi cant positive im- pact on the farmland use effi ciency. We conclude that corresponding measures should be implemented to further facilitate the farmer diff erentiation. Another implication of our results is that the policies matched with the farmer diff erentiation and transfer should be gradually perfected, and then they will provide a better environment of the society and economy for free migration of farmers.
Crash! Expectational Aspects of the Departures of the United Kingdom and the United States from the Inter-War Gold Standard*

This paper contains an investigation of the pressures on the UK and the USA to devalue their currencies against gold in 1931 and 1933, respectively. We derive time-series of realignment expectations for the pound and the dollar. Among our findings is that expectations are quite well explained by fundamental economic variables. The implication is drawn that macroeconomic events, some of them directly or indirectly under the influence of the authorities, were in part responsible eventually for jolting the UK and the USA off the gold standard. Furthermore, quantitative evidence is presented supporting the view that Federal Reserve monetary policy was constrained by international considerations.
Intergenerational Earnings and Income Mobility in Spain

type="main"> This paper contributes to the large number of studies on intergenerational earnings and income mobility by providing new evidence for Spain. Since there are no Spanish surveys covering long-term information on both children and their fathers' income or earnings, we deal with this selection problem using the two-sample two-stage least squares estimator. We find that intergenerational mobility in Spain is similar to that in France, lower than in the Nordic countries and Britain, and higher than in Italy and the United States. Furthermore, we use the Chadwick and Solon approach to explore intergenerational mobility in the case of daughters and we find similar results by gender.
PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONS OF EMERGING PSYCHOSIS

Because delays in treatment of psychosis may be associated with poorer outcomes, intervention focus has shifted to the prodromal phase of illness. However, knowledge about this phase has been limited to retrospective reconstructions of symptoms once psychosis is already present. The following article offers a new, prospective view of the development of schizophrenia starting from the late prodromal phase of illness. As we use the term, late prodromal phase of illness means at imminent risk of conversion to schizophrenia. In this article, entry, conversion, and discharge data are presented on a sub-population of eight patients who received treatment for psychosis at onset while participating in a prospective double-blind placebo-controlled treatment study of the prodrome to psychosis. Through disguised case examples, this article then focuses on the course of illness progression in three of eight cases who converted to schizophreniform psychosis while randomized on either active medication or placebo. Discussion focuses on the dimensional quality of the transition both from the prodrome to psychosis and from psychosis to recovery.
Calculating thermodynamic data for transitions of any molecularity from equilibrium melting curves

In this paper, we derive the general forms of the equations required to extract thermodynamic data from equilibrium transition curves on oligomeric and polymeric nucleic acids of any molecularity. Significantly, since the equations and protocols are general, they also can be used to characterize thermodynamically equilibrium processes in systems other than nucleic acids. We briefly review how the reduced forms of the general equations have been used by many investigators to evaluate mono‐ and bimolecular transitions, and then explain how these equations can be generalized to calculate thermodynamic parameters from common experimental observables for transitions of higher molecularities. We emphasize the strengths and weaknesses of each method of data analysis so that investigators can select the approach most appropriate for their experimental circumstances. We also describe how to analyze calorimetric heat capacity curves and noncalorimetric differentiated melting curves so as to extract both model‐independent and model‐dependent thermodynamic data for transitions of any molecularity. The general equations and methods of analysis described in this paper should be of particular interest to laboratories that currently are investigating association and dissociation processes in nucleic acids that exhibit molecularities greater than two.
Survival after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement in older persons.

BACKGROUND The prolongation of life is an important consideration in the decision to initiate long-term tube feeding. This report critically synthesizes the evidence regarding the impact of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement on survival in older persons. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE from January 1980 until January 1999. Articles reporting survival data in older persons (mean or median age >65 years) after PEG tube placement were identified. The number and age of subjects, length of follow-up, setting, and survival data were extracted from all eligible studies. Mortality data at 1, 2, 6, and 12 months after PEG placement were quantitatively synthesized. Clinical characteristics associated with decreased survival among subjects with PEG tubes were identified. RESULTS Five cohort studies compared survival in patients with and without feeding tubes in nursing homes, but none demonstrated a survival benefit. Another cohort study reported increased survival for tube-fed patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The pooled proportion of all subjects surviving after PEG placement was as follows: 1 month = 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74-0.88), 2 months = 0.70 (95% CI, 0.65-0.74), 6 months = 0.56 (95% CI, 0.20-0.92), and 12 months = 0.38 (95% CI, 0.26-0.49). Advanced age and malignancy were the factors most often reported to be associated with poorer survival among subjects with PEG tubes. CONCLUSIONS The impact of PEG placement on survival is not known because the level of evidence is limited. PEG tubes may prolong life in selected populations. However, the majority of older patients selected for PEG placement will not survive 1 year after the procedure. Certain factors may identify those patients more likely to derive a survival benefit from long-term tube feeding. This information may offer some guidance to decision makers for whom prolongation of life is an important factor in the tube-feeding decision.