Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Eating Disorder Prevention Research: A Meta-Analysis

Eating disorder prevention programs have yielded mixed results and are somewhat controversial, primarily because of claims they may produce iatrogenic effects. We used meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of eating disorder prevention programs and investigate moderators of intervention effects. Overall, prevention programs had large effects on improving knowledge and small net effects on reducing maladaptive eating attitudes and behaviors. Studies targeting participants at a relatively higher risk for developing an eating disorder produced greater benefits. Concerns about iatrogenic effects of including psychoeducational material on eating disorders were not supported by the data. These findings challenge conclusions drawn in previous review articles regarding the ineffectiveness of prevention programs and support the ability of eating disorder prevention programs to demonstrate behavioral improvements. Portions of this paper were presented at the 2003 convention for the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy.
Risk factors for suicide attempts in the total population of Faroese eighth graders

Abstract Objectives: Suicide is still one of the leading causes of youth mortality, and amongst others previous suicide attempts have been found to be one of the strongest risk factors for suicide. The objective of this study is to examine risk factors of suicide attempts in a total population of Faroese adolescents. It is expected that anxious attachment, high scores on negative affectivity and low scores on past and present social support were correlated to an increased risk of life-time suicide attempts in both female and male adolescents. Method: Analyses were conducted based on data from The Faroese Adolescent Trauma Study, a self-report questionnaire survey including a total population of Faroese eighth graders (N = 687; 85 % response rate, mean age 14.2 years, SD = 2.1). The questionnaire included The Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), The Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC), and The Crisis Support Scale (CSS). Results: In the total population 9.9 % (N = 68) of the participants reported life-time suicide attempt; of those 28 % were boys and 72 % were girls. In line with the expectations, the initial comparison showed that adolescents reporting life-time suicide attempt had significantly higher scores on attachment anxiety and negative affectivity, and had significantly lower scores on attachment closeness, and both past and present social support. Further analyses stratified on gender, however, revealed unexpected results, as a high score on negative affectivity only was a significant risk factor for life-time suicide attempt among the girls, and high score on attachment closeness only was a significant protective factor of life-time suicide attempt among the boys. Conclusions: This study provides important data about the role of attachment, negative affectivity, and social support in suicide attempts in a total population of Faroese adolescents. Moreover the results show the necessity of taking gender into account in research of risk and protective factors of suicide attempts, and when establishing arrangements to prevent and treat suicide attempts in adolescents.
Observation of molecular H2 chemisorption on a nickel surface.

Observation de la chimisorption de la molecule H 2 sur une surface Ni(100) a «marches», couverte par une couche dense d'atomes d'hydrogene. Un tel phenomene n'est pas observe sur une surface plane Ni(100). Cette chimisorption semble etre le resultat d'etats atomiques d non remplis sur ces «marches»
Air travel and adults with cyanotic congenital heart disease.

BACKGROUND Concern has been expressed that a reduction of partial oxygen pressure during flight in commercial aircraft may induce dangerous hypoxemia in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. METHODS AND RESULTS To evaluate the validity of this concern, the transcutaneous SaO2 was measured in 12 adults with this type of heart disease and 27 control subjects during simulated commercial flights of 1.5 and 7 hours in a hypobaric chamber. Ten of those patients and 6 control subjects also were evaluated during two actual flights of approximately 2.5 hours in a DC-10 and an A-310, respectively. During the prolonged simulated and actual flights, the capillary blood pH, gases, and lactic acid were analyzed in the patients and during one of the actual flights also in the control subjects. During the simulated flights the SaO2 was at all times lower in the patients than in the control subjects. However, the maximal mean actual percentage decrease, as compared with sea level values, did not exceed 8.8% in either patients or control subjects. During the actual flights, this maximal decrease in the patients was 6%. In-flight reduction of the capillary PO2 was considerable in the control subjects but not in the patients. It is our hypothesis that the lack of a significant decrease of the PO2 in the patients might possibly be due to a high concentration of 2.3 diphosphoglycerate in the red cells. The flights had no influence on the capillary blood pH, PCO2, bicarbonate, or lactic acid levels in either patients or control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Atmospheric pressure changes during commercial air travel do not appear to be detrimental to patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease.
Investigation of the root canal configuration of mandibular first molars in a Taiwan Chinese population.

AIM To investigate the root form and canal morphology of mandibular first molar teeth in a Taiwan Chinese population. METHODOLOGY A total of 183 mandibular first molars were collected and examined visually through a dissecting microscope after rendering the teeth transparent. The number of roots, number of canals and canal configuration were recorded. The root canal morphology was categorized and compared according to Vertucci (1984). RESULTS Overall 46% of the mandibular first molars had four canals and 20% had extra-distal roots (distolingual root). In addition, 97% of the specimens had two mesial canals and 46% had two distal canals. In total, 68% of teeth with two mesial canals had two separated apical foramina, and 33% of teeth with two distal canals had two apical foramina. The most common canal configurations (Vertucci, 1984) of mesial roots were type 4 (46%) and type 2 (23%). Type 1 was encountered in 54% of the distal roots. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of the extra-distal root on the mandibular first molar was 20%, and the incidence of three canals (Vertucci's type 8 classification) with separate apical foramina at the apex of the mesial root was 6%. The three-rooted variation of the mandibular first molar appears to be a genetic characteristic of an Asiatic racial background.
The Role of Edges in Object Recognition by Pigeons

In three experiments, we explored how pigeons use edges, corresponding to orientation and depth discontinuities, in visual recognition tasks. In experiment 1, we compared the pigeon's ability to recognize line drawings of four different geons when trained with shaded images. The birds were trained with either a single view or five different views of each object. Because the five training views had markedly different appearances and locations of shaded surfaces, reflectance edges, etc, the pigeons might have been expected to rely more on the orientation and depth discontinuities that were preserved over rotation and in the line drawings. In neither condition, however, was there any transfer from the rendered images to the outline drawings. In experiment 2, some pigeons were trained with line drawings and shaded images of the same objects associated with the same response (consistent condition), whereas other pigeons were trained with a line drawing and a shaded image of two different objects associated with the same response (inconsistent condition). If the pigeons perceived any correspondence between the stimulus types, then birds in the consistent condition should have learned the discrimination more quickly than birds in the inconsistent condition. But, there was no difference in performance between birds in the consistent and inconsistent conditions. In experiment 3, we explored pigeons' processing of edges by comparing their discrimination of shaded images or line drawings of four objects. Once trained, the pigeons were tested with planar rotations of those objects. The pigeons exhibited different patterns of generalization depending on whether they were trained with line drawings or shaded images. The results of these three experiments suggest that pigeons may place greater importance on surface features indicating materials, such as food or water. Such substances do not have definite boundaries—cued by edges—which are thought to be central to human recognition.
The Relation of Arm Exercise Peak Heart Rate to Stress Test Results and Outcome.

PURPOSE Arm exercise is an alternative to pharmacologic stress testing for >50% of patients unable to perform treadmill exercise, but no data exist regarding the effect of attained peak arm exercise heart rate on test sensitivity. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to characterize the relationship of peak arm exercise heart rate responses to abnormal stress test findings, coronary revascularization, and mortality in patients unable to perform leg exercise. METHODS From 1997 until 2002, arm cycle ergometer stress tests were performed in 443 consecutive veterans age 64.1 yr (11.0 yr) (mean (SD)), of whom 253 also underwent myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Patients were categorized by frequency distributions of quartiles of percentage age-predicted peak heart rate (APPHR), heart rate reserve (HRR), and peak heart rate-systolic blood pressure product (PRPP). Exercise-induced ST-segment depression, abnormal MPI findings, coronary revascularization, and 12.0-yr (1.3 yr) Kaplan-Meier all-cause and cardiovascular mortality plots were then characterized by quartiles of APPHR, HRR, and PRPP. RESULTS A reduced frequency of abnormal arm exercise ECG results was associated only with the lowest quartile of APPHR (≤69%) and HRR (≤43%), whereas higher frequency of abnormal MPI findings exhibited an inverse relationship trend with lower APPHR (P = 0.10) and HRR (P = 0.12). There was a strong inverse association of APPHR, HRR, and PRPP with all-cause (all P ≤ 0.01) and cardiovascular (P < 0.05) mortality. The frequency of coronary revascularization was unrelated to APPHR or HRR. CONCLUSIONS Arm exercise ECG stress test sensitivity is only reduced at ≤69% APPHR or ≤43% HRR, whereas arm exercise MPI sensitivity and referral for coronary revascularization after arm exercise stress testing are not adversely affected by even a severely blunted peak heart rate. However, both all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality are strongly and inversely related to APPHR and HRR.
Dupuytren's contracture unfolded

Dupuytren's disease is a common and disabling fibroproliferative condition of the hand. It tends to strike patients in advancing age, causing progressive digital flexion contracture. Through its many associations, Dupuytren's disease crosses all borders of medicine and is often encountered by surgeon, physician, and general practitioner alike. To the medical student, it is dependable examination fodder—a name on many lists and a sign of many systems. The early history of Dupuytren's disease lies in folklore—it has been fabled somewhat contentiously for being a disease disseminated by the Vikings, an explanation for the curling of the papal “hand of benediction,” and a curse on the bagpipe craftsmanship of the MacCrimmon clan.1 The eminent surgeon Henry Cline introduced the condition into the medical literature and carried out the first surgical corrective procedures. The French surgeon Baron Dupuytren further developed Cline's observations and cemented his reputation by providing the eponym for the condition. We have reviewed the literature with the aim of highlighting important considerations in the management of patients with Dupuytren's disease, including a succinct overview of treatment options and referral guidelines. We used PubMed and Medline search engines to identify seminal reviews, studies, and trials to clarify current knowledge of Dupuytren's disease. We used broad search terms to ensure that we identified all relevant papers. We cast the net further by scouring all reference lists to ensure that we omitted no important articles. Pitting and thickening of the palmar skin are the earliest manifestations of Dupuytren's disease. However, the key to early diagnosis is recognition of the nodule, a firm painless mass fixed to skin and deeper fascia. Classically, a nodule precedes development of a cord. Over time, which may be months or several years, the cord gradually contracts, reeling in the metacarpophalangeal joint and the proximal interphalangeal joint and …
Percutaneous Vertebroplasty for Pain Relief and Spinal Stabilization

Study Design. This was a retrospective review of 47 consecutive patients (1995–1998) in whom percutaneous intraosseous methylmethacrylate cement injection (percutaneous vertebroplasty) was used to treat osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures and spinal column neoplasms. Objectives. To present initial results regarding pain relief, spinal stabilization, and complications after treatment with percutaneous vertebroplasty. Summary of Background Data. Percutaneous vertebroplasty was developed in France in the late 1980s. Several European reports have described excellent results for treatment of compression fractures and neoplasms. The procedure was not performed in the United States until 1994. Only a single series of 29 patients treated in the United States has been reported. Methods. A retrospective review was conducted of 47 consecutive patients with 84 vertebrae treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty. Thirty-eight patients with 70 vertebrae had symptomatic, osteoporotic fractures and had failed medical therapy. Eight patients with 13 vertebrae had primary or metastatic neoplasms. One patient had a hemangioma. Immediate and long-term pain response, spinal stability, and complications were evaluated. Results. Among the 38 patients treated for osteoporotic fractures, 24 (63%) had marked to complete pain relief, 12 (32%) moderate relief and 2 (5%) no significant change. Only 4 of the 8 patients with malignancies had significant pain relief. In 7 of these patients, no further vertebral compression occurred, and spinal canal compromise was prevented. The patient with the hemangioma had no significant pain reduction. Minor complications occurred in 3 (6%) patients. Conclusions. Percutaneous vertebroplasty provided significant pain relief in a high percentage of patients with osteoporotic fractures. The procedure provided spinal stabilization in patients with malignancies but did not produce consistent pain relief. Complications were minor and infrequent. Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a promising therapy for patients with osteoporotic fractures and for selected vertebral column neoplasms.
Urban Regeneration: A Handbook

PART ONE: THE CONTEXT FOR URBAN REGENERATION Introduction - Peter Roberts and Hugh Sykes The Evolution, Definition and Purpose of Urban Regeneration - Peter Roberts Strategy and Partnership in Urban Regeneration - Andrew Carter PART TWO: MAJOR THEMES AND TOPICS Economic Regeneration and Funding - David Noon, James Smith-Canham and Martin Eagland Physical and Environmental Aspects - Paul Jeffrey and John Pounder Social and Community Issues - Brian Jacobs and Clive Dutton Employment, Education and Training - Trevor Hart and Ian Johnston Housing - Bill Edgar and John Taylor PART THREE: KEY ISSUES IN MANAGING URBAN REGENERATION Regeneration by Land Development - Amanda Beresford, Richard Fleetwood and Mark Gaffney The Legal Issues Monitoring and Evaluation - Barry Moore and Rod Spires Organization and Management - Dalia Lichfield PART FOUR: EXPERIENCE ELSEWHERE AND A VIEW OF THE FUTURE Lessons from America in the 1990s - John Shutt European Experiences - Paul Drewe Current Challenges and Future Prospects - Peter Roberts and Hugh Sykes
Tobacco use among Cuban migrants at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

We wish to call attention to a public health problem related to the U.S. military’s policy on the availability of tobacco among Cuban migrants at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. As is well known, political challenges and economic hardship in Cuba contributed to a major population exodus in 1994. After taking to the water, often in unseaworthy boats, approximately 29 000 to 35 000 Cubans were intercepted in international waters by the U.S. Coast Guard and taken to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base (GTMO), Cuba. While the migrants were in detention camps waiting to be processed—a wait which usually lasted many months—the U.S. military distributed 20 cigarettes daily to each migrant over 18 years of age, regardless of the migrant’s smoking status. Tobacco use has been reported to be a major public health concern in Cuba. Although cigarettes were previously rationed in that country in order to increase tobacco export products, in the early 1980s Cuba ranked among the top five countries in the world in per capita smoking prevalence (1–3). In the mid-1980s, smoking-related diseases accounted for 30% of all deaths in Cuba (4). Couceyro (as cited in Matorrales—2) reported that 57% of Cuban men and 42% of Cuban women used tobacco. PadronGarcía reported a smoking prevalence of 43% among pregnant Cuban women (5), while Pletsch found the prevalence of smoking to be 22.6% among Cuban-American women of childbearing age (6). A Havana-based survey among firstthrough third-year nursing students found that 39.6% used tobacco (2). Given the tremendous adverse effects of tobacco use on public health, and a surplus and hoarding of cigarettes in the GTMO camps (personal observation), a survey was conducted among the GTMO migrants to provide a baseline for initiating smoking prevention and cessation programs. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of smoking in the Cuban migrant population, the age at smoking initiation, and the effect of a cigarette surplus in the camps on the initiation of the smoking habit. In May 1995, a tent-to-tent smoking health risk survey was conducted in a section of one of the Cuban migrant camps occupied by 1 600 men and 300 women. The overall Cuban migrant population at GTMO at the time was listed as 18 037 men and La Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública/Pan American Journal of Public Health se complace en publicar cartas de los lectores dirigidas a estimular el diálogo sobre los diversos aspectos de la salud pública en las Américas, así como a esclarecer, discutir o comentar de manera constructiva las ideas expuestas en la revista. Las cartas deben estar firmadas por el autor y especificar su afiliación profesional y dirección postal. Cuando se trate de comentarios sobre un artículo que requieran contestación del autor, se procurará conseguir esa respuesta con el fin de publicar ambas cartas. La Redacción se reserva el derecho de editar las cartas recibidas y resumirlas para mayor claridad.
Specialized meltwater biodiversity persists despite widespread deglaciation

Significance Glaciers are retreating rapidly due to climate change, and these changes are predicted to reduce biodiversity in mountain ecosystems through the loss of specialized meltwater species. However, direct observations of how glacier change affects biological communities living in mountain streams are scarce. Here, we show that a specialized cold-water invertebrate community has unexpectedly persisted in cold, high-elevation streams despite widespread glacier loss and habitat reductions in Glacier National Park since the Little Ice Age (ca. 1850). Although shrinking habitat and increased fragmentation pose significant risks to these range-restricted species, our results demonstrate that specialized meltwater communities may be more resilient to glacier recession than previously thought. Glaciers are important drivers of environmental heterogeneity and biological diversity across mountain landscapes. Worldwide, glaciers are receding rapidly due to climate change, with important consequences for biodiversity in mountain ecosystems. However, the effects of glacier loss on biodiversity have never been quantified across a mountainous region, primarily due to a lack of adequate data at large spatial and temporal scales. Here, we combine high-resolution biological and glacier change (ca. 1850–2015) datasets for Glacier National Park, USA, to test the prediction that glacier retreat reduces biodiversity in mountain ecosystems through the loss of uniquely adapted meltwater stream species. We identified a specialized cold-water invertebrate community restricted to the highest elevation streams primarily below glaciers, but also snowfields and groundwater springs. We show that this community and endemic species have unexpectedly persisted in cold, high-elevation sites, even in catchments that have not been glaciated in ∼170 y. Future projections suggest substantial declines in suitable habitat, but not necessarily loss of this community with the complete disappearance of glaciers. Our findings demonstrate that high-elevation streams fed by snow and other cold-water sources continue to serve as critical climate refugia for mountain biodiversity even after glaciers disappear.
Secondary brain tumors in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia at St Jude Children's Research Hospital.

PURPOSE To evaluate the incidence of and potential risk factors for second malignant neoplasms of the brain following treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). PATIENTS AND METHODS The study population consisted of 1,612 consecutively enrolled protocol patients treated on sequential institutional protocols for newly diagnosed ALL at St Jude Children's Research Hospital (SJCRH) between 1967 and 1988. The median follow-up duration is 15.9 years (range, 5.5 to 29.9 y). RESULTS The cumulative incidence of brain tumors at 20 years is 1.39% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63% to 2.15%). Twenty-two brain tumors (10 high-grade gliomas, one low-grade glioma, and 11 meningiomas) were diagnosed among 21 patients after a median latency of 12.6 years (high-grade gliomas, 9.1 years; meningiomas, 19 years). Tumor type was linked to outcome, with patients who developed high-grade tumors doing poorly and those who developed low-grade tumors doing well. Risk factors for developing any secondary brain tumor included the presence of CNS leukemia at diagnosis, treatment on Total X therapy, and the use of cranial irradiation, which was dose-dependent. Age less than 6 years was associated with an increased risk of developing a high-grade glioma. CONCLUSION This single-institution study, with a high rate of long-term data capture, demonstrated that brain tumors are a rare, late complication of therapy for ALL. We report many more low-grade tumors than others probably because of exhaustive long-term follow-up evaluation. The importance of limiting cranial radiation is underscored by the dose-dependent tumorigenic effect of radiation therapy seen in this study.
Economic Growth and the Volatility of Foreign Aid

Foreign aid’s effectiveness in promoting economic growth remains mired in controversy.We examine the impact of the volatility of aid on economic growth, controlling for the level of aid. A four-year panel analysis is conducted encompassing 155 countries over the period 1966-2001. We find that once the volatility of aid is controlled for, aid has a positive impact on economic growth. Correspondingly, volatility of aid flows is found to be negatively related to growth. We found no significant link between investment and foreign aid, but a positive correlation between aid and consumption and a negative link between aid volatility and consumption. But our results also indicate that aid has become a source of volatility rather than insuring against it, and in that way may have become inimical to economic growth.