Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the shoulder in brachiating spider monkeys.

Adult spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi and A. paniscus) were conditioned to brachiate on a rope mill (an arboreal analogue of a treadmill). The postures and excursions of the shoulder girdle were studied by cineradiography. These data, together with conventional cinematographic and anatomical studies, permit reassessment of some characteristic structural and functional features of the shoulder in brachiators. During the propulsive phase, the shoulder joint moves caudad from fifth cervical to seventh cervical levels; at the same time, the joint moves dorsad (from a frontal plane midway between the first thoracic vertebra and the manubrium, to a frontal plane through the spinous processes) and slightly mediad. Spider monkeys position the scapula principally on the dorsum of the thorax, in contrast to quadrupedal primates which maintain a more lateral position (even in suspended postures). During brachiation, the scapula rotates a total of 35°; most of this rotation (20°) occurs in the non-propulsive phase when the free arm is being elevated to secure a new handhold. The sigmoidal shape, twisting of proximal relative to distal ends, and elongation of the clavicle in spider monkeys and other brachiators appear to be related to the specialized positioning of the shoulder girdle on the dorsum of the thorax. Shoulder and elbow movements contribute to the efficiency of the swing in terms of the dynamics of a pendulum.
Cerebellar role in adaptation of the goldfish vestibuloocular reflex.

1. The time course of eye velocity responses elicited by head velocity steps was compared in normal, adapted, and cerebellectomized goldfish. Vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) adaptation was induced by combined visual and vestibular stimulation that altered the ratio of eye to head velocity (VOR gain) toward values either higher or lower than the control amplitude. The velocity step consisted of alternating periods of head rotation at a constant velocity of 16 degrees/s zero-to-peak around the vertical axis. 2. The VOR produced by head velocity steps consisted of an early acceleration-related component, the dynamic response, separated from a sustained period of constant velocity, the plateau, by a sag that occurred around 125-150 ms. Latency of the VOR averaged 18 ms for the adducting eye and 20 ms for abducting eye independent of the initial VOR gain. Adapted dynamic VOR responses diverged from the control records at the earliest detectable latency after both high and low VOR gain training. This result demonstrates modification in the shortest latency brain stem VOR pathway, presumably, the three-neuron reflex arc. 3. After acute cerebellectomy the adapted dynamic response was unaltered for approximately 50 ms in the low-gain and 70 ms in the high-gain VOR states. Not less than 30% of the altered velocity was retained throughout the remaining dynamic and sustained component. These results demonstrate that the vestibulocerebellum is not necessary for the maintenance of the earliest adapted eye velocity. Hence brain stem pathways are sufficient for the expression of the modified VOR. 4. Purkinje cells identified by simple and complex spikes were recorded extracellularly in the area of the vestibulocerebellum, where electrical stimulation produced conjugate ipsiversive horizontal eye movements. Independent eye and head velocity sensitivities were determined in response to visual world motion and VOR suppression, respectively. The two signals either added, canceled, or were both present in Purkinje cells throughout the range of eye velocity induced by vertical axis visual-vestibular stimulation. 5. Latency of Purkinje cell discharge to either a vestibular or visual velocity step exhibited means of 43 and 70 ms, respectively. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Expression of genes related to reproduction and pollen foraging in honey bees (Apis mellifera) narcotized with carbon dioxide

It has been proposed that a honey bee (Apis mellifera) worker's preference for foraging for pollen or nectar is modulated by a gene network that was originally involved in regulating the reproductive cycles of an ancestral solitary species. We used carbon dioxide to induce narcosis in queens and workers. This treatment is known to initiate oogenesis in queens, reduce oogenesis in queenless workers and to change worker foraging preference. We then assessed changes in gene expression of genes suspected to be involved in either foraging behaviour or reproduction. We show that some genes change expression in the opposite direction between castes in response to treatment. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that reproductive and foraging traits are causally related in the honey bee.
Development of the neural retina and its vasculature in the marmoset Callithrix jacchus

The morphological sequence of retinal development in the New World marmoset monkey Callithrix jacchus is similar to previous reports in Macaca and humans. The incipient fovea is present at fetal day (Fd) 100 as the only part of the retina that contains five distinct layers, including a single layer of cone photoreceptors. A foveal pit begins to form at Fd 135 in the center of the foveal avascular zone which is surrounded by a ring of blood vessels (BV) and astrocytes. At birth (Fd 144) the fovea has a single layer of cones over the pit center where the inner retinal layers are thinned but still separated. After birth the fovea rapidly matures so that foveal cone and pit morphology are similar to adult by 4 months. Five distinct layers and the BV plexus in the nerve fiber layer are present to the retinal edge in neonatal marmosets. Near the optic disc BV are sprouting into outer retinal layers at birth and vascularization of the outer retina is completed by 2 to 3 months. Retinal length increases sharply up to Fd 135, but undergoes a quiescent period around birth during which pit formation begins. Length then increases again up to 4mo, followed by a slow increase into adulthood. The postnatal increase is accompanied by a marked thinning of the peripheral retina. The pars plana appears after birth and its length increases at least until 2 years of age. The major difference between marmoset and Macaca is the relative immaturity of the marmoset fovea at birth, and its rapid development after birth. This makes the marmoset a good candidate for neonatal experimental manipulation of retinal and eye development. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:270–286, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of Multicode STBC Signals in Frequency Selective Fading

Multicode operation in space-time block coded (STBC) multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems can provide additional degrees of freedom in code domain to achieve high data rates. In such multicode STBC systems, the receiver experiences code domain interference (CDI) in frequency selective fading. In this paper, we propose a linear parallel interference cancellation (LPIC) approach to cancel the CDI in multicode STBC in frequency selective fading. The proposed detector first performs LPIC followed by STBC decoding. We evaluate the bit error performance of the detector and show that it effectively cancels the CDI and achieves improved error performance. Our results further illustrate how the combined effect of interference cancellation, transmit diversity, and RAKE diversity affect the bit error performance of the system.
High Blood Pressure and Related Factors Among Individuals at High Risk for HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infections

Data from a social network–based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention study with a total of 330 men and women at high risk for HIV/STIs were used to examine the relationships between substance use, depressive symptoms, general health, cardiovascular disease risk factors, sociodemographic characteristics, and systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP). Approximately 60% of the participants had prehypertension to stage 2 hypertension. In the base model, older patients (P<.0001), men (P=.003), and patients with poorer self‐reported health (P=.029) were significantly associated with high SBP, whereas older age (P<.001) and higher body mass index (P<.001) were significantly associated with higher DBP. After adjusting for the base model, high frequency of alcohol drinking and high frequency of binge drinking remained significant for high SBP and DBP. These data suggest that future cardiovascular disease programs should target moderate alcohol consumption to improve blood pressure among individuals at high risk for HIV/STIs.
NEW FINDINGS FROM MULTIMODAL FUNDUS IMAGING OVER 3 YEARS OF A PATIENT WITH MICROCEPHALY, CHORIORETINOPATHY, AND KIF11 MUTATION

Purpose: To describe ocular features and long-term follow-up in a patient with microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and KIF11 mutation. Methods: Multimodal imaging including fundus color photography, autofluorescence, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, visual fields, electrophysiologic assessment, and neuroimaging. Results: A 44-year-old man with microcephaly and long-standing poor vision in his right eye presented for general ophthalmic review. Fundus examination revealed bilateral, symmetrical, inferior, atrophic chorioretinal lacunae, outer retinal and retinal pigment epithelial atrophy, curvilinear streaks, and retinal arteriolar sheathing. These findings were documented over a 3-year period by multimodal imaging and showed slow progressive deterioration in visual acuity, visual field testing, and fundus autofluorescence appearance. Genetic testing confirmed a KIF11 gene mutation. Conclusion: Curvilinear streaks and retinal arteriolar sheathing in this patient expand on the more typical fundus findings of KIF11 mutations. The outer retina is preferentially involved, and there is anatomical sparing of the macula until later in the disease state when multifocal electroretinography indicates functional impairment. Lacunae represent scleral depressions with the loss of overlying choroid and outer retina. Slow atrophic progression with loss of vision may occur over time.
Ejercicio profesional de operadoras jurídicas que atienden programas de acceso a la justicia para mujeres en situación de violencia

La tesis titulada "Ejercicio Profesional de Operadoras Juridicas que Atienden Programas de Acceso a la Justicia para Mujeres en Situacion de Violencia", tiene el objetivo de analizar como la violencia comunitaria afecta el ejercicio profesional de atencion del personal operativo, que labora en un programa de procuracion de la justicia para mujeres que viven o han vivido violencia, en el contexto de Mexico. El concepto de violencia comunitaria alude a prejuicios que se construyen y reproducen en el ambito de la comunidad, mediante discursos que legitiman la violencia contra las mujeres. En el primer capitulo se discute el termino de violencia de genero contra las mujeres, y su relacion con la dominacion masculina y la violencia en el Estado liberal, para reconocer que la violencia se sostiene sobre dos sistemas, el de contrato y el de estatus, desde donde se construyen los discursos de violencia comunitaria. Para efecto de reconocerla se realizo un taller participativo con operadoras juridicas (OJ), a las que se les invito a reflexionar sobre su ejercicio profesional de atencion. Lo expresado en este taller se recupera como discursos que se convierten en textos a traves de transcripciones, los cuales se analizaron utilizando las herramientas del analisis critico del discurso, que se explican en el segundo capitulo. El resultado del analisis se presenta en los ultimos dos capitulos de donde se desprenden como aportes: que en los discursos de las OJ existen elementos de violencia comunitaria a traves de los cuales se transfiere la responsabilidad a las victimas sobre su situacion de violencia y el curso de su atencion. Esto cumple las funciones de: racionalizar la violencia y gestionar el impacto que los casos de violencia genera en las OJ; clasificar a las victimas para poder dar prioridad a las que primero lo necesitan; eludirse del sufrimiento de las victimas que les genera culpas, y proyectar una identidad valiosa como profesionales a partir de construir una identidad diferente a la de las mujeres maltratadas. El resultado es que las mujeres que acuden a los programas son clasificadas, a partir de prejuicios que les impiden alcanzar el estatus de victima ideal necesario para acceder al apoyo del sistema de procuracion de justicia, por lo cual la violencia comunitaria se convierte en una barrera subjetiva de acceso a la justicia. Finalmente, se destaca que algunos prejuicios provienen del orden simbolico de genero, pero en la actualidad, se mezclan con otros discursos de exclusion modernos como son la psicologizacion, la logica de lo individual y la clase social.
Imidazolinone-Resistant Wheat Acetolactate Synthase In Vivo Response to Imazamox1

Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the utility of an in vivo acetolactate synthase (ALS) assay for comparing sensitivity to imazamox among imidazolinone-resistant wheat cultivars/lines. Ten single-gene imidazolinone-resistant winter wheat cultivars/lines, one two-gene and four single-gene imidazolinone-resistant spring wheat cultivars/lines, and three pairs of heterozygous and homozygous imidazolinone-resistant winter wheat lines were evaluated in the assay experiments. Additionally, a dose-response assay was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of several imidazolinone-resistant wheat cultivars to imazamox on a whole plant level. The I50 value (i.e., the imazamox dose that inhibited ALS activity by 50%) of the winter wheat cultivar ‘Above’ was 54 to 84% higher than the I50 values of 99-420, 99-433, and CV-9804. However, based on the results of this study, it is unclear whether genetic background or market class (hard red winter vs. soft white winter) influences the level of ALS inhibition by imazamox. Teal 15A, the two-gene imidazolinone-resistant spring wheat cultivar, had an I50 value that was two to three times greater than the I50 value of the single-gene imidazolinone-resistant spring wheat cultivars/lines. The heterozygous imidazolinone-resistant wheat lines had I50 values that were 69 to 81% less than the I50 values of the homozygous lines. In the whole plant dose response, the R50 values (i.e., the imazamox dose that reduced biomass by 50%) of the susceptible cultivars Brundage 96 and Conan were 15 to 17 times less than the homozygous single-gene imidazolinone-resistant winter and spring cultivars/lines, whose R50 values were about 1.7 times less than the R50 value of the two-gene imidazolinone-resistant spring wheat line, Teal 15A. The results of the in vivo ALS imazamox assays and the whole plant imazamox dose-response assay were similar, indicating that the in vivo assay can be used to accurately and quickly compare resistance between imidazolinone-resistant wheat cultivars/lines. Nomenclature: Imazamox, wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Additional index words: Crop safety, herbicide tolerance, herbicide-resistant wheat, in vivo ALS assay. Abbreviations: ALS, acetolactate synthase; CPCA, 1,1-cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid; I50, imazamox dose that inhibited ALS activity by 50%; KARI, keto-acid reductoisomerase; R50, imazamox dose that reduced biomass 50%.
Genes Responsible for Size Reduction of Marine Vibrios during Starvation Are Located on the Chromosome

In a survey of 21 marine Vibrio spp. , all responded to nutrient deprivation by undergoing a reduction in size (dwarfing). However, only 43% of these strains possessed one or more plasmids, suggesting that the genes responsible for dwarfing were located on the chromosome rather than on the plasmids. This conclusion was confirmed by the observation that fragmentation and subsequent size reduction occurred in three strains from which the plasmids had been removed by curing. The cured strains lost certain characteristics, such as resistance to some heavy metals and antibiotics, that were restored when the plasmids were reintroduced by either transformation or electroporation.
Inherent possibility of refraction error for phacovitrectomy

In cases of coexistent cataract and macular diseases, smallincision phaco-emulsification with implantation of foldable intraocular lenses (IOLs) and pars plana vitrectomy (phacovitrectomy) has become a preferable procedure, resulting in better intraoperative visualization of the posterior segment and earlier visual rehabilitation. On the other hand, there is an inherent possibility of refraction error for phacovitrectomy surgery. There have been several reports regarding the postoperative refractive error in phacovitrectomy. However, those studies included additional procedures, including gas tamponade or several kinds of disease, indicating that those results could be affected by selection bias. It was postulated that the myopic shift with phacovitrectomy was secondary to anterior displacement of the IOL by the pressure of the gas used during vitrectomy. The postoperative macular thickness and change of macular thickness are different depending on retinal diseases. We wanted to determine a more precise and accurate way to achieve minimum refractive prediction error. Thus, we performed the same procedures only for epiretinal membrane (ERM) cases. This is the first report performing phacovitrectomy only for ERM without gas tamponade. The refractive results in 67 patients who had successful uneventful phacovitrectomy with IOL implantation in the capsule without fluid-gas exchange for cataract and ERM from June 2003 to May 2007 were retrospectively reviewed (Table 1). Fifty patients who underwent cataract surgery alone were the control. The preoperative clinical data obtained included age, macular thickness as measured by ocular coherence tomography, and ultrasound axial length (AXL). IOL power was calculated using the SRK/T formula.
Nonspecific induction of beta-lactamase in Enterobacter cloacae.

Since the introduction of the new beta-lactamase-stable beta-lactam compounds, inducible beta-lactamases have become increasingly important clinically [1]. It has recently been pointed out that most beta-lactam antibiotics appear to be affected by these derepressed enzymes either by hydrolysis or by the nonhydrolytic barrier mechanism [2]. Until now, it has generally been assumed that beta-lactamases are induced only by the beta-lactam compounds themselves. We investigated an E cloacae strain that exhibited high levels of resistance to most beta-lactam antibiotics. (MICs were greater than 32 micrograms/ml, except for N-formimidoyl thienamycin and the penem compound Sch 29482). Spontaneous production of beta-lactamase (after overnight culture in Isosensitest broth) was only marginal. However, the induction potency of Schaedler's broth even exceeded that of cefoxitin, which is known to be a good inducer [2]. We evaluated the induction potency of various cyclic compounds, such as amino acids, vitamins, purine derivatives, and steroid hormones. Only tryptophane, thiamine, folic acid, and hemine proved to be effacious inducers. Consequently, we explored the possibility that biological fluids also exhibit induction potency. The addition of inactivated serum (at a concentration of 25%) to the Isosensitest medium led to an enzyme induction comparable to that of cefoxitin. Similar results could be obtained with the addition of pleural fluid, CSF, or urine. These observations confirm the previous report that Morganella morganii strains produced considerable amounts of beta-lactamase even in a group of animals that did not receive treatment with beta-lactam compounds (granuloma pouch model) [3]. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Developer Centered Bug Prediction Model

Several techniques have been proposed to accurately predict software defects. These techniques generally exploit characteristics of the code artefacts (e.g., size, complexity, etc.) and/or of the process adopted during their development and maintenance (e.g., the number of developers working on a component) to spot out components likely containing bugs. While these bug prediction models achieve good levels of accuracy, they mostly ignore the major role played by human-related factors in the introduction of bugs. Previous studies have demonstrated that focused developers are less prone to introduce defects than non-focused developers. According to this observation, software components changed by focused developers should also be less error prone than components changed by less focused developers. We capture this observation by measuring the scattering of changes performed by developers working on a component and use this information to build a bug prediction model. Such a model has been evaluated on 26 systems and compared with four competitive techniques. The achieved results show the superiority of our model, and its high complementarity with respect to predictors commonly used in the literature. Based on this result, we also show the results of a “hybrid” prediction model combining our predictors with the existing ones.
Verbal memory improvement in first-episode psychosis APOE-ε4 carriers: a pleiotropic effect?

Background Verbal memory impairment is a core feature in schizophrenia even at early stages of the disease, but its etiopathogenesis is not fully understood. The APOE-ε4 is the main genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Our primary goal was to ascertain whether APOE-ε4 status had a pleiotropic effect in early stages of the illness. Participants and methods A total of 86 first-episode psychosis (FEP) outpatients and 39 healthy volunteers were recruited. Demographic and clinical data, APOE genotyping, and a neuropsychological test battery including the California Verbal Learning Test – second edition (CVLT-II) were administered and assessed at study entry and at 1-year follow-up. Data were analyzed using mixed-model repeated measures, where the dependent variable was verbal memory indexed by California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) Trials 1–5 total recall score. Results FEP-APOE-ε4 carriers and FEP-APOE-ε4 noncarriers had similar symptom severity, clinical outcomes, premorbid and current intelligence quotient, and exposure to antipsychotics. There was a main effect of group on CVLT 1–5 (FEP =43.30 vs control =58.25; F[1, 119.7]=42.97; P<0.001) as well as an APOE-ε4 by group by time (F[4, 116.2]=2.73, P=0.033) interaction with only FEP-APOE-ε4 carriers showing improved verbal memory at follow-up. Conclusion Our study is the first to report improvement in verbal memory in persons afflicted by FEP who are APOE-ε4 carriers and replicates the prominent verbal memory deficits present in FEP. Our work provides further evidence pointing to an antagonistic pleiotropic effect of APOE-ε4 in neuropsychiatric disorders. Our results merit further research into antagonistic pleiotropic effects in schizophrenia.