Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ecological state of the River Tornionjoki - phytobenthos 2006

Water chemistry together with phytoplankton, macroinvertebrate and fish communities were studied in the waters of the River Torne watershed in the first TRIWA project, “TRIWA – The River Torne International Watershed” (2003–2006). In 2006–2007, benthic algae in the rivers of the watershed was studied as part of the project “TRIWA II – Best practices for the management of an international river basin district”, to complement the ecological knowledge of the waters. According to the European standards, diatoms were used as an indicator group of the phytobenthos communities. Diatoms are good indicators of the water quality, because they form a very diverse group of algae, both ecologically and taxonomically, and their ecological requirements are well known. Altogether 49 river sites were studied for their diatom composition. The sampling covers all the seven river types the first TRIWA project proposed to be used in the watershed. The dataset represents mostly conditions of low or non-existing anthropogenic impacts, with a few exceptions of heavily impacted sites failing to reach good ecological status. The revised system of river typology, proposed by the TRIWA project, is suitable for use in the ecological classifications, based on the diatom data. The un-impacted diatom communities can best distinguish alpine rivers from the rivers below tree-line, and humic rivers (high amount of organic material) from clearwatered rivers. Use of diatom index IPS was found a suitable method for assessing the ecological status of the rivers. Mountain rivers and large rivers reach IPS values over 17 out of maximum of 20 in reference, unimpacted conditions. Some of the small, especially humic rivers gained IPS values below 17, without signicant human impacts. Based on this data, slightly deviating ecological status class boundaries could be used in the different types of rivers.
Anterior urethral valves and diverticula

Obstructive lesions of the anterior urethra (valves, diverticula) are rare and can be difficult to diagnose. One recent case led us to review existing international reports; there are case histories for 260 patients over a 20‐year period. The anatomical interpretation of these lesions is far from being unequivocal but many authors clearly distinguish between valves and diverticula, the basic difference being in the contiguity between the anomaly and the corpus spongiosum. Where the clinical presentation depends on age, the diagnosis depends essentially on voiding cysto‐urethrography, which must image the whole urethra. Generally, the treatment for valves is simple, consisting of endoscopic resection. For diverticula it is not always necessary or desirable to remove the diverticulum; if there is a well‐formed distal obstructing lip, removing it may be enough to cure the obstruction.
WARM SATURNS: ON THE NATURE OF RINGS AROUND EXTRASOLAR PLANETS THAT RESIDE INSIDE THE ICE LINE

We discuss the nature of rings that may exist around extrasolar planets. Taking the general properties of rings around the gas giants in the solar system, we infer the likely properties of rings around exoplanets that reside inside the ice line. Due to their proximity to their host star, rings around such exoplanets must primarily consist of rocky materials. However, we find that despite the higher densities of rock compared to ice, most of the observed extrasolar planets with reliable radius measurements have sufficiently large Roche radii to support rings. For the currently known transiting extrasolar planets, Poynting–Robertson drag is not effective in significantly altering the dynamics of individual ring particles over a time span of 108 yr provided that they exceed about 1 m in size. In addition, we show that significantly smaller ring particles can exist in optically thick rings, for which we find typical ring lifetimes ranging from a few times 106 to a few times 109 yr. Most interestingly, we find that many of the rings could have nontrivial Laplacian planes due to the increased effects of the orbital quadrupole caused by the exoplanets’ proximity to their host star, allowing a constraint on the J2 of extrasolar planets from ring observations. This is particularly exciting, since a planet's J2 reveals information about its interior structure. Furthermore, measurements of an exoplanet's J2 from warped rings and of its oblateness would together place limits on its spin period. Based on the constraints that we have derived for extrasolar rings, we anticipate that the best candidates for ring detections will come from transit observations by the Kepler spacecraft of extrasolar planets with semimajor axes ∼0.1 AU and larger.
Indonesian throughflow control of the eastern equatorial Pacific biogeochemistry

Two model simulations were performed to address the influence of the Indonesian throughflow (ITF) on the biogeochemical state of the equatorial Pacific. A simulation where the ITF is open is compared with an experiment where it is closed, and it is first shown that the impacts on the physical circulation are consistent with what has been found in previous modelling studies. In terms of biochemistry, closing the ITF results in increased iron concentration at the origin of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). But the 11Sv of water otherwise transferred to the Indian Ocean remain in the equatorial Pacific, which result in a 30 m deepening of the thermocline/ferricline in the eastern Pacific. This deepening decreases the iron concentration of the equatorial wind driven upwelled water and cancels the iron increase advected by the EUC. The iron decrease of the equatorial upwelled water leads to decrease primary production by 15% along the equator.
A cost optimized battery management system with active cell balancing for lithium ion battery stacks

A method for active cell balancing of lithium ion battery stacks is presented. Balancing the charge of cells in a multi-cell lithium ion battery stack is often employed to guard against damage and improve the lifetime of the battery. Battery stacks which are in production today largely use a passive cell balancing method, which dissipates charge through a resistor, as heat. The method described uses a flyback converter to pass charge from cell to cell with low losses and only a small cost increase from a typical passive system.
Immune features of seronegative and seropositive arthritis in early synovitis studies

Synovitis of recent onset is a challenging problem, both from a diagnostic and a mechanistic point of view. The role of the immune system in mediating the systemic and synovial inflammatory response remains an area of active investigation. Studies in early synovitis cohorts have confirmed the relatively specific association of rheumatoid factor positive polyarthritis with a number of autoantibodies, particularly anticyclical citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies, antifilaggarin antibodies (AFA), and anti-Sa antibodies. Immunopathologic studies of synovial tissue samples from patients with early synovitis have generally suggested quantitative rather than qualitative differences between various forms of synovitis. In particular, Th1 cytokines appear to predominate in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic synovitis, while Th2 cytokines are more often detectable in the synovium of reactive arthritis patients. This latter observation is consistent with an immune response profile that favors persistence of intracellular organisms.
Trauma, Stress, and Resilience Among Sexual Minority Women: Rising Like the Phoenix

In June 2002, in the midst of editing this volume, I attended a women’s dance that was being held in conjunction with the annual Vermont Pride celebration. Because this was one of a few such events in this part of Northern New England, women from all over the geographical region were in attendance, and I found myself looking out into a crowd of mostly unfamiliar faces. Attending Pride events has always been a powerful emotional experience for me, as it is for many lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people; yet this time I found myself reflecting on a deeper level about the implications of my academic work. Looking out at these anonymous women, I felt a sense of awe and amazement. In her own unique way, each of these women had been faced with the conflict between her own desires and those deemed “acceptable” by society. Each woman had faced, on a daily basis, the challenge of being the “other. ” Furthermore, given data from my dissertation (Balsam, 2002) and other recent studies (e.g., Corliss, Cochran, & Mays, 2003; Tjaden, Thoeness, & Allison, 1999), I was aware that these women, to a greater extent than their heterosexual counterparts, had also faced the trauma of interpersonal violence in their families and communities. And yet here they were, laughing, rejoicing, celebrating their pride and connection with each other. This juxtaposition struck me, and I found myself wondering about the myriad of ways that sexual
Activation of dickkopf-1 and focal adhesion kinase pathway by tumour necrosis factor α induces enhanced migration of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the roles of dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) and integrin-related focal adhesion kinase (FAK) by TNF-α on the migration of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) in RA. METHODS Wound scratch assays were performed to assess FLS migration. Western blotting was used to measure the levels of DKK-1, Wnt signalling molecules and FAK signalling molecules. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the expression levels of DKK-1, integrin αv, laminin, fibronectin, E-cadherin, MMP-8 and MMP-13. The concentrations of DKK-1, TNF-α and GSK-3β were measured by ELISA. Genetic silencing of TNF-α was achieved by the transfection of small interfering RNA into cells. RESULTS Migrating RA FLSs exhibited higher levels of DKK-1 and TNF-α expression compared with those in OA FLSs and/or stationary RA FLSs. Moreover, migrating FLSs exhibited significantly higher levels of FAK, p-JNK, paxillin and cdc42 expression, whereas the level of cytosolic β-catenin was lower. WAY-262611, Wnt pathway agonist via inhibition of DKK-1, markedly inhibited cell migration of RA FLSs through the accumulation of cytosolic β-catenin and suppression of FAK-related signalling pathways. TNF-α treatment to RA FLSs up-regulated expression of DKK-1, integrin αv, fibronectin, laminin and MMP-13. TNF-α stimulation also suppressed cytosolic β-catenin and E-cadherin expression in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, TNF-α small interfering RNA-transfected migrating FLSs exhibited decreased activation of integrin-related FAK, paxillin, p-JNK and cdc42 signalling pathways. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the activation of DKK-1 and the integrin-related FAK signalling pathway stimulated by TNF-α induces the dissociation of β-catenin/E-cadherin, thus promoting RA FLS migration.
Effect of Personalized Nutritional Counseling on the Nutritional Status of Hemodialysis Patients

This study set out to evaluate the impact of personalized nutritional counseling (PNC) on the nutritional status of hemodialysis (HD) patients. This was an intervention study for 10 months at 2 hospitals. Anthropometric, biochemical, dietary, and body composition parameters were measured at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of PNC. A total of 42 patients (23 men and 19 women) were included. Intake of dietary protein, serum albumin, and cholesterol levels had increased significantly from baseline to month 6 (p < 0.05). Among the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) parameters, both the body cell mass (BCM) and the fat free mass (FFM) had significantly reduced at month 3 compared to baseline (p < 0.05). However, there was no difference between baseline and month 6. We assessed the nutritional status of the subjects using the malnutrition inflammation score (MIS), and divided them into an adequately nourished (AN) and a malnourished (MN) group at baseline. In the subgroup analysis, serum levels of albumin and cholesterol had increased significantly, particularly from baseline to month 6 in the MN group (p < 0.05). This study suggests that consecutive PNC contributed to the improvement of the protein intake, serum levels of albumin, cholesterol and to the delay of muscle wasting, which could also have a positive impact on the nutritional status, particularly in malnourished patients receiving HD treatment.
Rubella epidemic, 1964: effect on 6,000 pregnancies.

AN EXTENSIVE epidemic of rubella occurred throughout the United States during the first six months of 1964. This epidemic was monitored by 11 institutions participating in the prospective Collaborative Study of Cerebral Palsy. In addition to the detailed clinical data obtained for all pregnant patients and their children in the study, special protocols were instituted to provide detailed information on rubella. Serial serum specimens taken throughout pregnancies were subsequently tested for antibody to rubella. The present paper presents a preliminary report of the clinical and laboratory findings available through the neonatal period. Materials and Methods I. General Study Information . —This report is based on the experience of 6,161 pregnant women who were under study during the period of January through June 1964. These women were registered at collaborating institutions, all of them university hospitals, of which seven are along the eastern seaboard and four at scattered points over the remainder
Genetic and physical evidence for plasmid control of Shigella sonnei form I cell surface antigen

Virulent Shigella sonnei synthesize a surface antigen (form I) which appears to be one of several requirements needed for this host to invade epithelial cells. Upon restreaking on agar media, form I cells readily and irreversibly generate form II cells that lack the form I antigen. All form II cells are avirulent. Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid of form I and II cells of four different S. sonnei isolates, obtained from different areas of the world, was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. A large plasmid (approximately 120 megadaltons in three of the strains) that is present in form I cells was always absent from form II derivatives. Attempts to transfer conjugally only this large plasmid from form I to genetically marked form II cells were unsuccessful. However, a composite molecule, apparently formed by recombination between the large form I plasmid and a self-transmissible plasmid, was found to transfer the form I trait. Transconjugant S. sonnei strains acquiring the form I antigen could retransfer this trait to S. sonnei, Shigella flexneri, or Salmonella typhi. These preliminary findings demonstrate that S. sonnei form I antigen synthesis is mediated by a large plasmid which is lost spontaneously at a relatively high frequency from S. sonnei strains.
Defining a developmental subtype of bipolar disorder in a sample of nonreferred adults by age at onset.

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the age at onset of bipolar disorder would identify a developmental subtype of bipolar disorder in adults characterized by increased levels of irritability, chronic course, rapid cycling, and comorbidity with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. METHODS Forty-four adult subjects diagnosed with bipolar disorder were selected from large family studies of youth with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. These subjects were stratified by the age at onset in childhood (younger than 13 years; n = 8, 18%), adolescence (13-18 years; n = 12, 27%, or adulthood (older than 19 years; n = 24, 55%). All subjects were administered structure diagnostic interviews and a brief cognitive battery. RESULTS In contrast with adult-onset bipolar disorder, child-onset bipolar disorder was associated with a longer duration of illness, more irritability than euphoria, a mixed presentation, a more chronic or rapid-cycling course, and increased comorbidity with childhood disruptive behavior disorders and anxiety disorders. CONCLUSION Stratification by age at onset of bipolar disorder identified subgroups of adult subjects with differing clinical correlates. This pattern of correlates is consistent with findings documented in children with pediatric bipolar disorder and supports the hypothesis that child-onset bipolar disorder may represent a developmental subtype of the disorder.
The role of perceived overprotectiveness in recovery 3 months after myocardial infarction.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that overprotectiveness of patients after myocardial infarction (MI) by the spouse has a negative effect on recovery. METHODS Subjects were 52 male patients who were admitted to one of four area hospitals with a first documented myocardial infarction (MI) and their wives. While in hospital, patients were interviewed by a research nurse who rated the patient's emotional distress on a scale from 1 to 10. Patients completed a Family APGAR and a self-efficacy scale for cardiac patients estimating their level of functioning in 3 months. Wives also completed a Family APGAR, an estimate of their husbands' functioning in 3 months using the self-efficacy scale, and Zung Depression and Anxiety scales. At 3 months post-MI, patients completed the following questionnaires: Family APGAR, self-efficacy scale for cardiac patients regarding current functioning, Zung Anxiety and Depression scales, and the Psychosocial Adaptation to Illness Scale. Perceived overprotectiveness and criticism were measured using the Influential Relationships Questionnaire. The Goldman Specific Activity Scale was used to quantify cardiac recovery. Wives completed the same questionnaires as at the first assessment. RESULTS Perceived overprotectiveness was positively correlated with patients' anxiety and depression, with perceived criticism from their wives, and correlated negatively with quality-of-life. However, it was not related to the patients' confidence in their functional abilities or to cardiac functional classification at 3 months. Wives who were perceived as overprotective had been less optimistic about their husbands' functional recovery immediately after the MI. Patients who perceived themselves to be overprotected at 3 months had also been less optimistic about their functional recovery when assessed a few days post-MI. CONCLUSIONS Although perceived overprotectiveness is part of a negative emotional experience for the male patients, it does not appear to be related to perceived functional abilities or cardiac functional classification at 3 months post-MI. Whether the perceived overprotectiveness studied here is a function of the patient's overall emotional state or the wife's actual behavior or a combination of both is an area for future research.
Coarse ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$ Grain Formation and Phase Evolution During the Reaction of a High Sn Content Internal Tin Strand

The formation of coarse Nb3Sn grains in Internal Tin (IT) strands has been studied at the example of a prototype strand with high Sn content. Metallographic examination revealed that the comparatively low critical current density (Jc) of this strand is partly due to the formation of a significant fraction of coarse grained Nb3Sn at the periphery of the individual filaments within the subelements. The phase evolution during the reaction heat treatment has been determined in situ by high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction as well as ex situ by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy in a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in order to identify the conditions under which the coarse grains form. Similar to what is observed in the tubular type strands, Nb3Sn coarse grain formation occurs in the filament areas that had first been transformed into NbSn2 and Nb6Sn5, prior to Nb3Sn formation, and it accounts for an estimated Jc reduction of roughly 20%. The amount of Cu-Nb-Sn and NbSn2 that is formed during the heat treatment can be reduced by increasing the temperature ramp rate, while the amount of Nb6Sn5 formed appears to be hardly influenced by the different heat treatments that have been tested.
Spatial Decomposition of Time-frequency Regions: Subbands or Sinusoids

Techniques where a stereo or a multichannel signal is decomposed into spatial source-labeled time-frequency slots by level, time-dierence, and coherence metrics have become popular in recent years. Good examples are binaural cue coding and up/downmixing techniques. In the article, we will provide an overview and discuss parallel approaches in the field of array processing and blind source separation. Typically, timefrequency slots are formed from subband representations of signals. However, it is also possible to produce a similar spatial decomposition for a parametric representation (sinusoids, transients, and noise) of a stereo or multichannel audio signal. Advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches for audio coding applications are discussed in this article.
Folates in rye: Determination and enhancement by food processing

The average daily intake of folate, one of the B vitamins, falls below recommendations among the Finnish population. Bread and cereals are the main sources of folate, rye being the most significant single source. Processing is a prerequisite for the consumption of whole grain rye; however, little is known about the effect of processing on folates. Moreover, data on the bioavailability of endogenous cereal folates are scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the variation in as well as the effect of fermentation, germination, and thermal processes on folate contents in rye. Bioavailability of endogenous rye folates was investigated in a four-week human intervention study. One of the objectives throughout the work was to optimise and evaluate analytical methods for determining folate contents in cereals. Affinity chromatographic purification followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was a suitable method for analysing cereal products for folate vitamers, and microbiological assay with Lactobacillus rhamnosus reliably quantified the total folate. However, HPLC gave approximately 30% lower results than the microbiological assay. The folate content of rye was high and could be further increased by targeted processing. The vitamer distribution of whole grain rye was characterised by a large proportion of formylated vitamers followed by 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. In sourdough fermentation of rye, the studied yeasts synthesized and lactic acid bacteria mainly depleted folate. Two endogenous bacteria isolated from rye flour were found to produce folate during fermentation. Inclusion of baker’s yeast in sourdough fermentation raised the folate level so that the bread could contain more folate than the flour it was made of. Germination markedly increased the folate content of rye, with particularly high folate concentrations in hypocotylar roots. Thermal treatments caused significant folate losses but the preceding germination compensated well for the losses. In the bioavailability study, moderate amounts of endogenous folates in the form of different rye products and orange juice incorporated in the diet improved the folate status among healthy adults. Endogenous folates from rye and orange juice showed similar bioavailability to folic acid from fortified white bread. In brief, it was shown that the folate content of rye can be enhanced manifold by optimising and combining food processing techniques. This offers some practical means to increase the daily intake of folate in a bioavailable form.
Measuring Risk Preferences: Re-examination of Grable & Lytton's 13-item Questionnaire

This paper re-examined Grable & Lytton’s (1999) 13-item questionnaire assessing consumers’ risk preferences. Reliability of the instrument was tested and factor analysis was conducted to examine the dimensions measured by the instrument. It was found that frame of the options and potential return had important effect on subjects’ risk preferences. Significant differences were found in the risk preferences between the adult and the youth, which suggested the importance of investment experiences and knowledge.