Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Occupational Licensing and Professional Incomes in Canada

The human capital model is used as a framework for analysing the determinants of incomes of a sample of Canadian professions. The conventional earnings function is augmented by inclusion of measures of restrictions on competition applied by some of the professions. The data base consists of information developed from provincial licensing laws, some original sample survey data and published tabulations of the 1971 Census of Canada. The results suggest that both restrictions on professional advertising and restrictions on fee competition contribute significantly to professional incomes. The attempts to measure the separate contribution of restrictions on entry and on interjurisdictional mobility were unsuccessful. La professionalisation des occupations et les revenus des professionnels au Canada. Les auteurs utilisent le concept de capital humain comme fondement de leur cadre d'analyse pour 6tudier les forces determinant le niveau de revenu pour un echantillon de professions au Canada. La fonction conventionnelle de gains est elargie pour permettre l'inclusion de certaines restrictions a la libre concurrence introduites par certaines professions. Les donnees ont ete compilees a partir des l6gislations provinciales pertinentes, des reponses a un questionnaire distribue par les auteurs aux associations professionnelles provinciales, et de certaines tabulations publiees des donnees du recensement canadien de 1971. Les resultats de l'analyse indiquent que le fait que la publicite ainsi que la concurrence par des differentiels de tarification soient prohibees a contribu6 de facon significative a accroitre les revenus des professionnels. Des efforts pour departager les effets s6par6s sur le revenu des restrictions a l'entree et des restrictions imposees a la mobilite entre jurisdictions ont 6choue.
Microsatellite instability in hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps of the stomach

Few studies have focused on the presence and significance of microsatellite instability (MSI) in gastric polyps, and the results on record are conflicting. The aim of the current study was to address this issue, taking into consideration the 2 main types of gastric polyps, the coexistence of foci of malignant transformation, and the expression of p53 and ERBB‐2.
Reconsidering Vertical Integration: An Examination of National Political Parties and Their Counterparts in Ontario

Abstract This paper reconsiders whether federal and provincial parties are as independent and separate as the literature would suggest. Examining five different types of party personnel (party members, activists, riding presidents, candidates and legislators) this paper explores how federal parties and their counterparts in Ontario have responded to multi-level governance. Rather than embracing “two political worlds,” party personnel have responded to the federal nature of Canadian politics by engaging with parties at multiple levels. Additionally, the paper examines two competing explanations of party integration and seeks to uncover whether differences organizational design or ideological consistency best explain divergent levels of party integration. The experience of the Conservatives demonstrates that vertical integration is not a result of a party's organizational design alone and that a coherent ideology can help to offset a truncated organizational structure. Résumé Cet article réexamine si les partis fédéraux et provinciaux sont aussi indépendants et distincts que la documentation le suggère. En examinant cinq différents types de personnel de parti (membres du parti, militants, présidents de comtés, candidats et législateurs), cet article explore la façon dont les partis fédéraux et leurs homologues de l'Ontario ont répondu à la gouvernance multiniveaux. Plutôt que d'épouser deux mondes politiques, le personnel du parti a répondu à la nature fédérale de la politique canadienne en collaborant avec les partis à plusieurs niveaux. De plus, ce document examine deux explications concurrentes de l'intégration aux partis et cherche à découvrir si les différences de conception organisationnelle ou la cohérence idéologique expliquent mieux les niveaux divergents d'intégration aux partis. L'expérience des Conservateurs démontre que l'intégration verticale n'est pas uniquement le résultat de la conception organisationnelle d'un parti et qu'une idéologie cohérente peut aider à compenser une structure organisationnelle tronquée.
Estimating the Market for Tomatoes

An econometric model of the market for tomatoes in Israel is developed to take into account the distortions brought about by the marketing board and intermediaries. The existence of monopoly and monopsony power is hypothesized by analyzing the middlemen's optimal behavior. Being compelled by the marketing board to purchase all produce, wholesalers exert monopsony power by reducing quantities marketed to consumers by selling surpluses to the marketing board at the minimum price. The empirical results confirm the existence of strong monopsony power together with weak monopoly power in that market.
Major Determinants of Imports in Turkey

Abstract Imports are increasing at an alarming rate in Turkey. The reasons for this increase are analyzed in this essay. Findings show that 85–90 percent of Turkish imports are capital goods, intermediate goods, and raw materials, and only 10–15 percent are consumer goods (including petroleum). Imports in Turkey correlate positively with economic growth and growth in fixed capital investments. This study tests the effects of factors such as economic growth, fixed capital investments, the Customs Union with the European Union, real effective exchange rates, and exports and their lagged correlations with imports. The regression results show that the Customs Union Agreement has had no impact on imports in Turkey.
Bettor Belief in the “Hot Hand”

The “Hot Hand” hypothesis in gambling markets—belief that teams on winning streaks will continue winning—appears to exist in the National Basketball Association (NBA), but not the National Football League (NFL). Past research assumed that bookmakers set point spreads to balance betting volume on games. Recent research shows persistent imbalanced betting in most betting markets, suggesting point spreads may not fully reflect bettor preferences. We find significant increases in bets on teams on winning streaks against the spread in the NFL, suggesting that perceived “hot hand” effects exist in betting on NFL games. Betting with or against streaks does not earn profits for bettors.
Is There a Dark Side to Incentive Compensation?

We report a significant positive association between the likelihood of securities fraud allegations and a measure of executive stock option incentives. This relation is robust to the inclusion of other components of the compensation structure and to other possible determinants of fraud allegations. In addition, we find that the positive relation between the likelihood of fraud allegations and option intensity is stronger in firms with higher outside blockholder and higher institutional ownership. These findings support the view that stock options increase the incentive to engage in fraudulent activity and that this incentive is exacerbated by institutional and block ownership.
Polish ‘Temporary’ Migration: The Formation and Significance of Social Networks

Abstract This article is based on in-depth interviews with migrants in different locations in Poland and the UK and explores Polish migrant decision making in both countries. In particular, we ask how migrants build networks, how this influences their decisions about the duration of their stay abroad, and the implications of network building for community cohesion. Networks exist within the sending country; between the sending and the receiving country; within diasporas; and between diasporas and the receiving community. Our article considers the first three sections of this chain.
Electroacupuncture in obese women: a randomized, controlled pilot study.

OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of electroacupuncture and sit-up exercise on reducing body weight (BW) and waist circumference (WC) among obese women. METHODS A randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted from July 1, 2002, to June 30, 2003, in the outpatient department of Taipei Hospital, Taiwan. The subjects were 72 obese women, with WC>90 cm and body mass index (BMI)>30 kg/m2 and who had not received any other weight control maneuver within the prior 3 months. The subjects were randomly divided into groups A, B, and C. Group A (n=22) received electroacupuncture, group B (n=20) was assigned sit-up exercises, and group C (n=21) received no intervention. All three treatments lasted for 6 weeks. The measurements of BW, BMI, and WC were performed in the beginning and after 6 weeks. The data were compared and expressed as percent reductions. RESULTS Electroacupuncture showed significantly greater percent reductions in BW (p=0.009, 0.004), BMI (p=0.008, 0.016), and WC (p=0.013, 0.006) compared with sit-up exercises or no intervention. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, electroacupuncture treatment was more effective than situp exercise or no intervention in reducing BW, BMI, and WC.
Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour.

BACKGROUND Hypoxaemia during labour can alter the shape of the fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) waveform, notably the relation of the PR to RR intervals, and elevation or depression of the ST segment. Technical systems have therefore been developed to monitor the fetal ECG during labour as an adjunct to continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring with the aim of improving fetal outcome and minimising unnecessary obstetric interference. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of analysis of fetal ECG waveforms during labour with alternative methods of fetal monitoring. SEARCH METHODS The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (latest search 12 February 2013). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials comparing fetal ECG waveform analysis with alternative methods of fetal monitoring during labour. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Trial quality assessment and data extraction were performed by one review author, without blinding. MAIN RESULTS Six trials (16,295 women) were included: five trials of ST waveform analysis (15,338 women) and one trial of PR interval analysis (957 women). In comparison to continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring alone, the use of adjunctive ST waveform analysis made no significant difference to primary outcomes: births by caesarean section (risk ratio (RR) 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91 to 1.08), the number of babies with severe metabolic acidosis at birth (cord arterial pH less than 7.05 and base deficit greater than 12 mmol/L) (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.37, data from 14,574 babies), or babies with neonatal encephalopathy (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.25). There were, however, on average fewer fetal scalp samples taken during labour (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.91) although the findings were heterogeneous; there were fewer operative vaginal deliveries (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.98) and admissions to special care unit (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.99); there was no statistically significant difference in the number of babies with low Apgar scores at five minutes or babies requiring neonatal intubation. There was little evidence that monitoring by PR interval analysis conveyed any benefit. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS These findings provide some modest support for the use of fetal ST waveform analysis when a decision has been made to undertake continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring during labour. However, the advantages need to be considered along with the disadvantages of needing to use an internal scalp electrode, after membrane rupture, for ECG waveform recordings.
Perception of emotions in anxious and learning disabled children

This study examined differences in the ability to perceive others’ emotions in anxious and learning disabled children, as these differences may contribute to these children’s unique socio‐emotional difficulties and therapeutic needs. Forty‐six children ages 8 to 12 with either anxiety disorders (ANX), language‐based learning disabilities (LD), both conditions, or neither condition (clinical controls) were compared on the DANVA, a standardized measure of auditory and visual perception of emotion. Group results were then compared to normative data. Using multivariate analyses, significant group differences were found on the auditory portion of the DANVA but not on the visual portion. LD and comorbid children scored lower on several auditory stimuli, especially when presented at low emotional intensity, while ANX and comorbid children showed high accuracy for auditory sadness. Comorbid children also had lower auditory DANVA scores than the normative sample. No interactive effects between ANX and LD were found. ANX and LD each appear to have distinct effects on the auditory perception of others’ emotions. Children with both conditions show both effects and differ from normal children in this domain. Replication using larger samples is required. Depression and Anxiety 12:209–216, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The reform of Bismarckian pension systems

Sluggish economic growth, rising unemployment, and a rapidly aging population all exert financial pressure on public pension systems and highlight the need for major reform. Martin Schludi traces the political process of pension reform in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, and Sweden from the 1980s onward and skillfully analyzes the various political and economic factors in pension reform, such as gaining public support for policy initiatives. Schludi also considers case studies that range from successfully restructured pension arrangements to complete policy failures. This volume is an essential and valuable resource that demystifies the complex factors involved in social policy reforms driven by fiscal concerns.
Intracellular Localization of Poliovirus Plus- and Minus-Strand RNA Visualized by Strand-Specific Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

ABSTRACT The time courses of poliovirus plus- and minus-strand RNA synthesis in infected HEp-2 cells were monitored separately, using a quantitative RNase assay. In parallel, viral RNA and proteins were located in situ by confocal microscopy within cells fixed by a protocol determined to retain their native size and shape. Plus- and minus-strand RNAs were visualized by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with strand-specific riboprobes. The probes were labelled with different fluorochromes to allow for the simultaneous detection of plus- and minus-strand RNA. The FISH experiments showed minus-strand RNA to be present in distinct, regularly sized, round structures throughout the viral replication cycle. Plus-strand RNA was found in the same structures and also in smaller clusters of vesicles. Association of viral RNA with membranes was demonstrated by combining FISH with immunofluorescence (IF) detection of the viral 2B- and 2C-containing P2 proteins, which are known to be markers for virus-induced membranes. At early times postinfection, the virus-induced membranous structures were distributed through most of the cytoplasm, whereas around peak RNA synthesis, both RNA-associated membranous structures migrated to the center of the cell. During this process, the plus- and minus-strand-containing larger structures stayed as recognizable entities, whereas the plus-strand-containing granules coalesced into a juxtanuclear area of membranous vesicles. An involvement of Golgi-derived membranes in the formation of virus-induced vesicles and RNA synthesis early in infection was investigated by IF with 2C- and Golgi-specific antibodies.
The presence of the HLA class. II allele DPB1*0501 in ethnic Thais correlates with an enhanced vaccine‐induced antibody response to a malaria sporozoite antigen

In this study, we examined the correlation between the frequency of allelic variants of the class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR, DQ and DP gene loci and the quantitative humoral immune response observed in 71 Thai volunteers, subsequent to vaccination with a conjugated subunit vaccine. This vaccine was designed to induce antibodies directed against the immunodominant repeat region of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) protein. The presence of the DPB1*0501, a relatively common allele in Asian populations, was found to be associated with high vaccine‐induced CS repeat‐specific antibody responses in the volunteers. Given the increasing focus on the use of subunit vaccines in the control of infectious diseases, consideration of the influence of class II allele frequencies in ethnically diverse recipient populations may be important.
Earnings Targets and Annual Bonus Incentives

ABSTRACT: We examine the extent to which firms use past performance as a basis for setting earnings targets in their bonus plans and assess the implications of such targets for managerial incentives. We find that high-profitability firms commonly decrease earnings targets when their managers fail to meet prior-year targets but rarely increase targets. Conversely, we find that low-profitability firms commonly increase earnings targets when their managers meet or exceed prior-year targets but rarely decrease targets. This target-revision process yields a serial correlation in target difficulty—targets remain relatively easy (or difficult) through time. We also find that firms are reluctant to revise earnings targets below zero, resulting in an unusually high frequency of zero earnings targets that are abnormally difficult to achieve. Collectively, our findings suggest that firms incorporate past performance information into targets, yet they do so only to a limited extent. This is consistent with theoretica.
Examining the influence of casino attributes on baby boomers’ satisfaction and loyalty in the casino industry

The baby boomer market draws attention from the hospitality industry due to its economic power and substantial size. Despite the importance of this market segment, no empirical research to date has provided effective strategies to maximise baby boomer casino visitors’ satisfaction and loyalty. The purposes of this study were: (1) to investigate possible casino attributes that influence baby boomer casino visitors’ satisfaction levels and (2) to examine how these attributes influence satisfaction level, thus resulting in the formation of loyalty. Based on a literature review, five casino attributes influencing casino visitors’ satisfaction were derived. Exploratory factor analysis conducted with 700 baby boomers resulted in the hypothesis that baby boomers’ satisfaction with a casino is determined by five casino attributes: slot machines, table games, winning perception, non-gaming-related services, and promotions and benefits. Subsequent confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling analysis revealed that four of the five casino attributes derived from the literature review are key antecedents of gaming satisfaction, attitudinal loyalty, and behavioural loyalty formation in the casino industry: slot machines, table games, non-gaming-related services, and winning perception. With regard to the fifth attribute, promotions and benefits were actually not found to heavily influence baby boomers’ casino satisfaction and loyalty. Based on the findings, the key theoretical and managerial implications are discussed in the latter part of this article.
The relationship between leadership paradigms and employee engagement

Purpose – This study investigated whether the direct supervisor's leadership style affects employee engagement using Avery's classical, transactional, visionary, and organic leadership paradigms as the theoretical framework. The study also investigated how many and which components of employee engagement (“say”, “stay” and “strive”) contribute to the construct. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 439 retail sales assistants in Sydney, Australia, responded to a mixed-mode questionnaire survey. Factor analysis, independent t-tests, analysis of variance and structural regression models were used in the data analysis. Findings – Both research questions were supported. Results showed that the visionary and organic paradigms are likely to enhance employee engagement, whereas classical and transactional styles negatively affect employee engagement. Furthermore, the data confirmed that the three behavioral-outcome factors all do contribute to the employee engagement c.
PERCEPTIONS OF WORK AMONG CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE TEACHERS

Agricultural education programs have changed as American society changes. The role of the agriculture teacher evolves with these changes. The evolution of the role includes the expansion of job responsibility, professional development, and academic accountability across several scientific, business, and humanity fields (Conroy & Kelsey, 2000; National Research Council, 1988). In addition to classroom responsibilities, agriculture teachers are involved with student organizations, community service, and collaboration with community members and leaders. The purpose of this study was to describe how secondary agriculture teachers in California perceive their work. Using Q method as a research approach, 23 secondary agriculture teachers from the Central and San Joaquin regions of the California Agriculture Teachers Association were invited to participate in the study. The instrument used to collect data was a Q -sort of 36 statements describing various teaching responsibilities, which were extracted from the literature and interviews with teachers in agric ultural education. Q-sort is an activity of ranking statements. Participants sorted the statements twice: once for their actual perceptions of work and another time for their perceptions of ideal teaching in agriculture. The 46 Q-sorts were analyzed using Q factor analysis resulting in three theoretical perceptions of work. These factors were interpreted as Activities Coach, Academic Teacher, and Vocational Mentor. Results have implications for professional development for these types of teachers.