Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RUNNING HEAD: Suicidal ideation and behaviour in five low-, middle income countries Suicidal ideation and behaviour among community and health care seeking populations in five low and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study

Jordans, M; Rathod, S; Fekadu, A; Medhin, G; Kigozi, F; Kohrt, B; Luitel, N; Petersen, I; Shidhaye, R; Ssebunnya, J; +2 more. Patel, V; Lund, C; (2017) Suicidal ideation and behaviour among community and health care seeking populations in five lowand middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences. pp. 1-10. ISSN 2045-7960 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796017000038 Downloaded from: http://researchonline.lshtm. ac.uk/3515653/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796017000038
Food Prices and Poverty Reduction in the Long Run

Standard microeconomic methods consistently suggest that, in the short run, higher food prices increase poverty in developing countries. In contrast, macroeconomic models that allow for an agricultural supply response and consequent wage adjustments suggest that the poor ultimately benefit from higher food prices. In this paper we use international data to systematically test the relationship between changes in domestic food prices and changes in poverty. We find robust evidence that in the long run (one to five years) higher food prices reduce poverty and inequality. The magnitudes of these effects vary across specifications and are not precisely estimated, but they are large enough to suggest that the recent increase in global food prices has significantly accelerated the rate of global poverty reduction. The policy implications of these findings are therefore nuanced: short-run social protection is justified in the face of high food price volatility, but passing on higher prices to producers in the long run is an important means of reducing poverty in the poorest countries.
Development of a Biomaterial from Naturally Occurring Chloroapatite Mineral for Biomedical Applications

Hydroxyapatite is a bioceramic which can be used for applications in orthopedics and dentistry due to its structural similarity with the mineral phase of mammalian bones and teeth. In this study, it was synthesized, chemically changing natural Eppawala chloroapatite mineral as a value-added product. Sol-gel approach and solid state sintering were used to synthesize products using diluted nitric acid, ethanol and calcium hydroxide under different conditions. Synthesized Eppawala hydroxyapatite powder was characterized using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) in order to find out its composition, crystallinity, presence of functional groups, bonding type, surface morphology, microstructural features, and thermal dependence and stability, respectively. The XRD results reflected the formation of a hexagonal crystal structure of hydroxyapatite. Elementary composition and microstructural features of products were discussed based on the XRF and SEM results of the synthesized hydroxyapatite powder. TGA and DSC results of synthesized products showed high thermal stability and good material stability in nature. Also, FTIR spectroscopy results confirmed the formation of hydroxyapatite from apatite via the presence of hydroxyl groups. Those results coincided with the FTIR results of mammalian bones including human bones. The study concludes that there is a possibility of producing hydroxyapatite using commercially available Eppawala chloroapatite in Sri Lanka. Keywords–Dentistry, eppawala chloroapatite, hydroxyapatite, orthopedics.
Emergence of Embedded Magnetic Flux and Its Connections to the Solar Dynamo

A strong (~ few × 105 G) and slightly twisted magnetic field (of flux 1023 Mx) can be stored in a dynamo flux tube within the overshoot region provided that the tube has a slightly lower temperature than the background gas, which has a stratification profile γ(d ln ρ/d ln P) - 1 ≥ B2/8πP, where P, ρ, B and γ are the gas pressure, density, magnetic field strength, and adiabatic index. Pumped by the intense vortical downdraft, the outer layer of dynamo flux tube is proposed to possess opposite magnetic helicity from that in the tube interior, as a direct result of the conservation of magnetic helicity. When the field-line twist in the outer layer exceeds some threshold, we show that the helicity-reversal layer can be subject to MHD instabilities that trigger partial flux eruption. In the nonlinear stage, flux ropes of 1022 Mx with magnetic helicity of a definite sign are expected to be ejected into the convection zone, leaving magnetic helicity of the opposite sign to accumulate in the main flux tube. Such a helicity removal mechanism breaks the conservation of magnetic helicity within the dynamo flux tube and can circumvent the recently discovered difficulty (the so-called α quench) for the generation of large-scale fields. We argue that the dynamo α is likely to resume a value of the same order as that of the kinematic turbulent dynamo. We further suggest that the helical flux expulsion is an indispensable component for the solar dynamo to operate properly. A natural prediction of this scenario is that strong sunspots in the same hemisphere should possess magnetic helicity of the same sign, regardless of the solar cycles. Specifically, the helical field lines in strong sunspots should obey the left-hand rule in the northern hemisphere and the right-hand rule in the southern hemisphere.
An Expressive Arts-Based and Strength-Focused Experiential Training Program for Enhancing the Efficacy of Teachers Affected by Earthquake in China

The 2008 Sichuan Earthquake killed over 9000 teachers and children leaving profound physical and emotional problems are prevalent among survivors. Many being victims themselves, teachers in the earthquake affected areas not only have to recover a sense of personal efficacy in dealing with the difficulties, they also need to feel adequately prepared in their teaching roles to handle the changes in the classroom environment and student needs. Expressive art is a well-established tool to facilitate the expression of thoughts and feelings that can also be incorporated as interactive classroom activities—an approach that deviates from the traditional top-down teaching mode in China. A 3-day experiential training program based on expressive arts and strength-focused approaches was provided for 57 elementary and high school teachers across the earthquake area. This study evaluated changes after the training program. Results showed that teachers’ general self-efficacy and teaching efficacy were significantly improved (t = 2.54, p = .01; t = 4.08, p = .00). The improvement in teaching efficacy is contingent upon the quality of relationship with students, after controlling for ethnicity.
Forecasting ENSO Events: A Neural Network–Extended EOF Approach.

The authors constructed neural network models to forecast the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) for three regions: Nino 4, Nino 3.5, and Nino 3, representing the western-central, the central, and the eastern-central parts of the equatorial Pacific Ocean, respectively. The inputs were the extended empirical orthogonal functions (EEOF) of the sea level pressure (SLP) field that covered the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans and evolved for a duration of 1 yr. The EEOFs greatly reduced the size of the neural networks from those of the authors' earlier papers using EOFs. The Nino 4 region appeared to be the best forecasted region, with useful skills up to a year lead time for the 1982-93 forecast period. By network pruning analysis and spectral analysis, four important inputs were identified: modes 1, 2, and 6 of the SLP EEOFs and the SSTA persistence. Mode 1 characterized the low-frequency oscillation (LFO, with 4-5-yr period), and was seen as the typical ENSO signal, while mode 2, with a period of 2-5 yr, characterized the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) plus the LFO. Mode 6 was dominated by decadal and interdecadal variations. Thus, forecasting ENSO required information from the QBO, and the decadal-interdecadal oscillations. The nonlinearity of the networks tended to increase with lead time and to become stronger for the eastern regions of the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Does Managed Care Change the Management of Nonprofit Hospitals? Evidence from the Executive Labor Market

This paper examines how the managerial labor market in nonprofit hospitals has adjusted to the financial pressures induced by HMO penetration. Using a panel of about 1,500 nonprofit hospitals over the period 1992–96, the authors find that top executive turnover increased following an increase in HMO penetration. Moreover, the increase in turnover was concentrated among the hospitals that had lower levels of economic profitability. While the link between top executive pay and for-profit performance measures was on average very weak, HMO penetration tightened that link: as HMO penetration increased, top executives were compensated more for improving the profitability of their hospitals. These results, while of limited economic magnitude, are qualitatively consistent with the view that HMO penetration has increased the weight assigned to for-profit performance in the management of not-for-profit hospitals.
Correction to “Low‐frequency variability in the Southern Ocean region in a simplified coupled model”

[1] In the paper ‘‘Low-frequency variability in the Southern Ocean region in a simplified coupled model’’ by Guillaume Maze, Fabio D’Andrea, and Alain Colin de Verdière (Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, C05010, doi:10.1029/2005JC003181, 2006), the composite feedback on the ocean induced by the atmospheric response to a SST anomaly (SSTa) shown in Figure 12 is incorrect. Given the slab mixed layer ocean that we used in our coupled model, the SST interacts with the atmosphere through surface airsea (SHF) and Ekman (EKF) heat fluxes:
Trichodiniasis in Farmed Freshwater Tilapia in Eastern Saudi Arabia

The present study is aimed at screening for the presence of Tricho- dina sp. among Tilapia spp. (Oreochromis niloticus and Oreochromis aureus) collected from various fish farms in the eastern Province of Saudi Arabia dur- ing January, 1995-May, 1997. Out of 675 fishes collected only 335, (49.6%) were infested with Trichodina. The highest prevalence was observed in the spring and winter followed by autumn and summer. In general, the intensity of infection was low except in cases where outbreaks of Trichodiniasis endan- gered the survival of fish in some ponds. In light infestation Trichodina is usu- ally present on gills, fins and skin of apparently healthy fish. Clinical signs of Trichodiniasis only appear on fish with heavy infections and cases of moderate ones that are usually exposed to one or more stress factors including, rough handling during transportation from ponds, overcrowdness, malnutrition, high of free ammonia and low of oxygen concentration. Clinical signs of Trichodini- asis in fish are sluggish movement, loss of appetite, black colouration, necrosis and ulcer on different parts of the body, detached scales and excessive accumu- lation of mucous in gill pouches. The most obvious histopathological changes in diseased fish were sloughing of the epidermal layer, aggregation of leucocy- tes and melanine-carrying cells (between the dermis and hypodermis) and pro- liferative changes including hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the epithelial lin- ing cells of gill filaments which resulted in fusion of secondary lamellae. Control of Trichodiniasis, has been achieved by formalin bath treatment at a concentration of 250 ppm for one hour.
Impact of Tire Loading and Tire Pressure on Measured 3D Contact Stresses

Three-dimensional (3D) tire–pavement contact stresses for two types of tires used by the truck industry (new generation wide-base tire [WBT] and dual-tire assembly [DTA]) were measured and compared. The testing matrix was composed of five loads () (26.6, 35.5, 44.4, 62.1, and 79.9 kN) and four tire inflation pressures (ߪ ௢ ) (552, 690, 758, and 862 kPa). The equipment used for measuring the 3D- contact stresses is described along with the testing procedure and the methodology followed during data processing. The effect of applied load and tire-inflation pressure on the variation of longitudinal, transverse, and vertical CONTACT STRESSES along the contact length of each tire type was analyzed. Differences in the distribution and magnitude of the aforementioned stresses were observed between WBT and DTA; these differences are an important factor linked to pavement damage caused by each tire configuration. This experimental effort is part of a national study to evaluate the effect of WBT on pavement damage and compare it to that of DTA.
Serological differentiation between acute and chronic stages in experimental Toxoplasma infection of normal and immunosuppressed rats (Rattus norvegicus).

SUMMARY The immune response of toxoplasmosis can give good information to an accurate vigilance of food products. This study analyzed anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies kinetics, with or without immunosuppression. Three groups of four rats, G1 and G2 infected with bradyzoites, G2 immunosupressed, and G3 control, were evaluated weekly for modified agglutination test (MAT), with methanol (AC) or formalin (HS), and immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). IFAT did not differentiate acute and chronic stages. MAT-AC detected antibodies only from acute stage, while MAT-HS from both stages. Thus, the differentiation of the stages is possible from sequenced sera samples.
The impact of using social media data in crime rate calculations: shifting hot spots and changing spatial patterns

Crime rate is a statistic used to summarize the risk of criminal events. However, research has shown that choosing the appropriate denominator is non-trivial. Different crime types exhibit different spatial opportunities and so does the population at risk. The residential population is the most commonly used population at risk, but is unlikely to be suitable for crimes that involve mobile populations. In this article, we use “crowd-sourced” data in Leeds, England, to measure the population at risk, considering violent crime. These new data sources have the potential to represent mobile populations at higher spatial and temporal resolutions than other available data. Through the use of two local spatial statistics (Getis-Ord GI* and the Geographical Analysis Machine) and visualization, we show that when the volume of social media messages, as opposed to the residential population, is used as a proxy for the population at risk, criminal event hot spots shift spatially. Specifically, the results indicate a significant shift in the city center, eliminating its hot spot. Consequently, if crime reduction/prevention efforts are based on resident population based crime rates, such efforts may not only be ineffective in reducing criminal event risk, but be a waste of public resources.
Longterm Optical Monitoring of Bright BL Lacertae Objects with ATOM: Spectral Variability and Multiwavelength Correlations

Blazars are the established sources of an intense and variable non-thermal radiation extending from radio wavelengths up to HE and VHE gamma-rays. Understanding the spectral evolution of blazars in selected frequency ranges, as well as multi-frequency correlations in various types of blazar sources, is of a primary importance for constraining the blazar physics. Here we present the results of a long-term optical monitoring of a sample of 30 blazars of the BL Lac type. We study the optical color-magnitude correlation patterns emerging in the analyzed sample, and compare the optical properties of the targets with the high-energy gamma-ray and high-frequency radio data. The optical observations were carried out in R and B filters using ATOM telescope. Each object was observed during at least 20 nights in the period 2007-2012. We find significant global color-magnitude correlations in 40 % of the sample. The sources which do not display any clear chromatism often do exhibit bluer-when-brighter (bwb) behavior but only in isolated shorter time intervals. We also discovered spectral state transitions at optical wavelengths in several sources. Finally, we find that the radio, optical, and gamma-ray luminosities of the sources obey almost linear correlations, which seem however induced, at least partly, by the redshift dependance, and may be also affected by non-simultaneousness of the analyzed dataset. We argue that the observed bwb behavior is intrinsic to the jet emission regions, at least for some of the analyzed blazars, rather than resulting from the contamination of the measured flux by the starlight of host galaxies. We also conclude that the significance of color-magnitude scalings does not correlate with the optical color, but instead seems to depend on the source luminosity, in a sense that these are the lowest-luminosity BL Lac objects which display the strongest correlations.
Learning Styles and Academic Achievement in College Students from Buenos Aires

Learning styles analyze cognitive-intellectual aspects participating in every learning situation (Curry, 1983). The study describes the behavior of this concept in 300 college students of various degree courses (Biology, Industrial Engineering, Law, Nutrition, Psychology, and History of Art). Goals aimed at the analysis of learning styles according to personal and academic variables-gender, age, major and academic achievement, as well as the assessment of each style’s ability to predict the students’ achievement. Results showed a general medium preference for every style in students of every degree course. Pragmatist style was manifested in males and in younger students. Converging style was remarkable in Engineering, as well as Nutrition and Biology students, compared to Psychology and History of Art. Analyzing styles by academic achievement, significant differences in Assimilating and Converging types were verified in Biology high-achievers. Finally, academic achievement was explained by a regression model where every learning style participates as a predictor. Results are discussed on a theoretical basis as well as considering practical outcomes.
Propofol Induced Anaphylaxis-A Case Report

Perioperative anaphylaxis is an important cause of anesthesia-related mortality and morbidity. The true incidence is unknown and is most likely under reported, but it is believed to be a rare event. Diagnosis can be challenging, particularly because the cause is difficult to identify as a number of drugs commonly used simultaneously can potentially be the cause and they can also mask its manifestations. We report a case of propofol-induced anaphylaxis during the induction of anesthesia in a 77 y-old woman proposed for an orthopedic procedure. The patient was thoroughly studied with immunoallergologic testing that proved that propofol was the underlying cause of this IgE-mediated anaphylactic event.
Poverty Eradication in Fragile Places: Prospects for Harvesting the Highest Hanging Fruit by 2030

This paper explores the range of likely and potential progress on poverty eradication in fragile states to 2030. Using the International Futures model and recently released 2011 International Comparison Program data, this paper calculates current (2015) poverty for a US$1.90 poverty line, and subsequently runs three scenarios. The estimates suggest that there are 485 million poor in fragile states in 2015, a 33.5 per cent poverty rate. This paper’s Base Case scenario results in a forecasted 22.8 per cent poverty rate in fragile states by 2030. The most optimistic scenario yields a 13.1 per cent poverty rate for this group of countries (257 million). An optimistic scenario reflecting political constraints in fragile states yields a 19.1 per cent poverty rate (376 million). Even under the most optimistic circumstances, fragile states will almost certainly be home to hundreds of millions of poor in 2030, suggesting that the world must do things dramatically differently if we are to reach the high hanging fruit and truly ‘leave no one behind’ in the next fifteen years of development.
Theoretical uncertainties in extracting cosmic-ray diffusion parameters: the boron-to-carbon ratio

PAMELA and, more recently, AMS-02, are ushering us into a new era of greatly reduced statistical uncertainties in experimental measurements of cosmic ray fluxes. In particular, new determinations of traditional diagnostic tools such as the boron to carbon ratio (B/C) are expected to significantly reduce errors on cosmic-ray diffusion parameters, with important implications for astroparticle physics, ranging from inferring primary source spectra to indirect dark matter searches. It is timely to stress, however, that the conclusions inferred crucially depend on the framework in which the data are interpreted as well as on some nuclear input parameters. We aim at assessing the theoretical uncertainties affecting the outcome, with models as simple as possible while still retaining the key dependences. We compare different semi-analytical, two-zone model descriptions of cosmic ray transport in the Galaxy: infinite slab(lD), cylindrical symmetry (2D) with homogeneous sources, cylindrical symmetry (2D) with inhomogeneous source distribution. We tested for the effect of a primary source contamination in the boron flux by parametrically altering its flux. We also tested for nuclear cross-section uncertainties.
Buoyancy-Affected Flow and Heat Transfer in Asymmetrically-Heated Rotating Cavities

Finite-volume predictions are presented for the convective heat transfer rates in a rotating cavity, formed by two co-rotating plane discs and a peripheral shroud, and subjected to a radial outflow of cooling air. The heating of the discs is asymmetric, the air entering the cavity through a central hole in the cooler (upstream) disc. The predicted Nusselt number distributions for each disc are compared with unpublished data from the University of Sussex for dimensionless mass-flow rates in the range 2800 ≤ Cw ≤ 14000 and rotational Reynolds numbers, Reθ, up to 5.2 × 106. A single-grid elliptic procedure was used with turbulent transport represented via a low Reynolds number k-e model and the turbulence Prandtl number concept. In comparing the predicted and measured convective heat fluxes, it is important to consider the radiative heat exchange between the discs. This is estimated using a conventional view-factor approach based on black-body emission.Under conditions of asymmetric heating, rotationally-induced buoyancy forces can exert significant effect on the flow structure, the induced motion tending to oppose that imposed by the radial outflow. Indeed, flow visualisation studies have revealed that, as the rotational Reynolds number is increased (for a fixed value of Cw), the flow in the source region initially becomes oscillatory in nature, leading eventually to the onset of chaotic flow in which the usual Ekman layer structure does not persist in all angular planes. The extent to which the effects of such flow behaviour can be captured by the steady, axisymmetric calculation approach used here is questionable, but it is found that the turbulence model (used previously for the prediction of heat transfer in symmetrically-heated cavities) still leads to good (±10%) predictive accuracy for the heated (downstream) disc. However, the predicted Nusselt numbers for the cooler (upstream) disc generally show little accord with experimental data, often signifying heat flow into the disc instead of vice-versa. It is concluded that the modelling of the turbulent heat transport across the core region of the flow is erroneous, especially at high rotational Reynolds numbers: this is attributed to overestimated turbulence energy production in that region due to the action of the radial-circumferential component of shear stress (vw). Adoption of an algebraic-stress model for this shear stress is partly successful in removing the discrepancies between prediction and experiment.Copyright © 1993 by ASME