Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Training Volume and Mood States in Competitive Swimmers during a 24-Week Season

Mood states have been shown to be sensitive to periods of overtraining among endurance athletes. To examine the relationship between training volume and specific mood states, the Profile of Mood States was administered biweekly to 12 male and 17 female collegiate swimmers over the course of a competitive season. Pearson correlations were estimates of the relationship between mean subscores and training volume. Mean training volume for the comparison periods ranged from 3,868 to 12,500 meters/day. Mean ratings of both Anger and Vigor were significantly negatively correlated with training volume (−.58 and −.54, respectively). In addition, Fatigue was significantly correlated with training volume (r = .53), but the mean subscores for Tension, Depression, Confusion, and Global Mood were not significantly correlated with training volume. Results support previous research reporting mood disturbances with increased training volumes but do not support suggestions of an increased tendency towards higher scores on depression.
High output voltage precision PWM for modular multilevel converters

Recently, modular multilevel conterters (MMC) are also considered for medium voltage (MV) applications, where the number of modules and the switching frequency are relatively low compared to high voltage (HV) applications. In this context, standard modulation methods can cause relatively large output voltage errors. This effect is amplified even more, if the value of the module capacitances is decreased to reduce cost and volume of the MMC. Large output voltage errors disturb the higher level closed loop control of the MMC significantly, such that control targets (e.g. keeping the circulating current zero) could not be met anymore. This paper analyses the output voltage error induced by the standard level shifted PWM method and proposes three approaches to reduce the error. All four methods are compared with respect to the error for different switching frequencies and arm currents. The effects on the closed loop performance of a current controller are investigated with time domain simulations.
Hypertension in pregnancy as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease later in life

Objective The association between hypertension in pregnancy and future cardiovascular disease (CVD) increasingly is recognized. We aimed to assess the role of hypertension in pregnancy as an independent risk factor for hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke later in life. Methods Women who participated in the Phase 2 (2000–2004) Family Blood Pressure Program study (n = 4782) were categorized into women with no history of pregnancy lasting more than 6 months (n = 718), women with no history of hypertension in pregnancy (n = 3421), and women with a history of hypertension in at least one pregnancy (n = 643). We used Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazard models to estimate and contrast the risks of subsequent diagnoses of hypertension, CHD, and stroke among the groups. Results Women with a history of hypertension in pregnancy, compared with those without such a history, were at increased risks for the subsequent diagnoses of hypertension (50% hypertensive at the age 53 vs. 60, P < 0.001), CHD (14% estimated event rate vs. 11%, P = 0.009), and stroke (12% estimated event rate vs. 5%, P < 0.001). The increased risk for subsequent hypertension remained significant after controlling for race, family history of CVD, smoking, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.88 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.49–2.39, P < 0.001]. After controlling for traditional risk factors, including subsequent hypertension, the increased risk for stroke remained statistically significant (hazard ratio 2.10, 95% CI 1.19–3.71, P = 0.01), but not for CHD. Conclusion Hypertension in pregnancy may be an independent risk factor for subsequent diagnoses of hypertension and stroke.
Predictors of Science achievement among the lower-secondary school students in Malaysia : an analysis of timss data

This study seeks to identify several predictor variables of science achievement among the eighth graders (Form 2) in Malaysia. Using the Trends in International Math and Science Study 2003 (TIMSS) data for Malaysia, stepwise regression analyses were performed on the national data. Results indicate that (1) student’s valuing science (SVS) and home educational resources (HER) are two strong predictor variables of science achievement at the student-level. These two variables account for 17.9 percent of the variation of science achievement between students within schools; (2) at the school-level, the mean of home educational resources (MHER) and teacher’s emphasis on science experiment (EXPR) are two predictor variables of science achievement, and they account for 51 percent of the variation between school means science achievement; (3) the effects of HER on achievement become much stronger as an aggregate, resulting in MHER as the strongest predictor variables among the four predictors; and (4) teacher’s emphasis on science experiment (EXPR) seems to be the only school-level predictor of science achievement unassociated with student-level factor in this study. Some of the recommendations include the call for schools, parents and community to work together to ensure that students have access to adequate educational materials at home, establishing community-based resource center in low-SES areas, increasing student’s awareness to value science through various programs and activities, and ensuring that students are engaged in laboratory experiments in most of science lessons.
Diagnostic Group Differences in Parent and Teacher Ratings on the BRIEF and Conners' Scales

Objective: Behavioral rating scales are common instruments used in evaluations of ADHD and executive function. It is important to explore how different diagnostic groups perform on these measures, as this information can be used to provide criterion-related validity evidence for the measures. Method: Data from 92 children and adolescents were used to examine differences among participants in a No Diagnosis group, ADHD group, and Other Clinical group in terms of parent and teacher ratings on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and Conners' Rating Scales Revised—Short Form. Results: Participants in the ADHD and Other Clinical groups generally received similar scores on the scales, and both groups were generally rated higher in ADHD characteristics and executive dysfunction than were participants in the No Diagnosis group. Conclusion: Although the measures were successful at distinguishing clinical from nonclinical participants, their ability to distinguish among different clinical groups deserves further investigation. (J. of Att. Dis. 2007; 11(3) 398-406)
Objective measurement by ultrasound to distinguish cyclosporin a toxicity from rejection

Measurement of the cross‐sectional area of the transplanted kidney with ultrasound has been used to differentiate between cyclosporin A toxicity and rejection both in the immediate post‐transplant period and at the time of conversion from cyclosporin A to azathioprine. Of 40 patients studied 21 have been converted from cyclosporin A to azathioprine. There were 12 rejection episodes in 9 patients in the early post‐transplant period, and 7 rejection episodes in 7 patients at the time of conversion from cyclosporin A to azathioprine. All of these episodes were correctly diagnosed by ultrasound. Eight episodes of drug induced toxicity in seven patients were, in all but one case, diagnosed correctly. In only 8 of the 19 rejection episodes was the diagnosis suspected clinically at the time ultrasound detected an increase in cross‐sectional area.
Prognostic significance of expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in human gastric carcinoma.

AIM To investigate the role of cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the development of gastric carcinoma and correlation between expression of COX-2 and VEGF and clinicopathologic features in tissues from patients with gastric carcinoma. METHODS 281 patients with gastric carcinoma who underwent surgical resection between 1990 and 1999 at the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, PRC, were followed up. Expression of COX-2 and VEGF was investigated retrospectively in 232 gastric carcinoma tissues and 60 noncancerous specimens by using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The 5-year survival rates of early gastric carcinoma (EGC) and advanced gastric carcinoma (AGC) were 93.4 % and 59.0 %, respectively. Survival time was highly correlated with lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion, depth of invasion and treatment with chemotherapy. Compared with paired noncancerous tissues, expression of COX-2 and VEGF and microvessel density (MVD) value in carcinoma tissue were significantly higher. The MVD value was much higher in COX-2-positive group and VEGF-positive group than that in COX-2-negative group and VEGF-negative group. Expression of COX-2 and VEGF, as well as MVD value were highly correlated with lymph node metastasis and vascular invasion. The 5-year survival rate of patients with expression of COX-2 or VEGF was significantly lower than that of patients without COX-2 or VEGF expression. Multivariate analysis revealed that VEGF overexpression, lymph node metastasis, COX-2 overexpression, depth of invasion and vascular invasion were all independent prognostic factors of gastric carcinoma. CONCLUSION Overexpression of COX-2 and VEGF in patients with gastric carcinoma can enhance the possibility of invasion and metastasis, implicating a poor prognosis. They may serve as the fairly good prognostic factors to indicate biologic behaviors of gastric carcinoma.
Pharmaceutical care leadership: an innovative pharmacy practice residency model.

OBJECTIVE To describe the establishment of the Pharmaceutical Care Leadership Residency Program (PCLRP), a residency experience that prepares graduates to take responsibility for leading practice change in pharmacy. SETTING University-based residency program focused on delivery of pharmaceutical care in ambulatory care settings. PRACTICE DESCRIPTION AND INNOVATION: Currently, ambulatory care pharmacy practice is in a position analogous to that of institutional-based clinical pharmacy in the 1960s and 1970s in that practice in this arena is not well established and tremendous opportunity for growth exists. Just as early residency programs in the institutional environment specifically emphasized the development of leaders who would advance clinical pharmacy, residencies in the ambulatory setting could now do much to further pharmaceutical care practice. The 24-month PCLRP experience combines elements of a traditional pharmacy practice residency with specific leadership development activities designed to help residents develop the skills required for establishing influence, practice-based leadership, leadership through teaching, and professional advocacy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Individuals completing this program will possess a complement of skills and experience not often found in new pharmacy practitioners. They will be prepared to pursue a variety of career paths that focus on advancement of pharmaceutical care practice. RESULTS Program graduates report feeling better prepared and more confident in their ability to accept responsibility for leading practice change. They have also been successful in establishing new pharmaceutical care practices during the residency experience. CONCLUSION The success of pharmacy's professional transformation is dependent on the profession's ability to help individuals develop the knowledge, skills, and values required to lead this initiative. The residency program meets this challenge by placing a unique emphasis on developing leadership skills as they relate to establishing influence, pharmaceutical care practice development, teaching, and professional advocacy.
Prenatal and postpartum pharmacokinetics of stavudine (2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine) and didanosine (dideoxyinosine) in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)

Stavudine (5 mg/kg of body weight; n = 7) or didanosine (3.2 mg/kg; n = 4) was administered as an intravenous bolus to pregnant pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) near term and 4 to 5 weeks postpartum. No significant differences were found between the prenatal and postpartum total plasma drug clearance, steady-state volume of distribution, terminal plasma drug half-life, mean body residence time, or recovery of unchanged drug in urine. These data indicate that pregnancy does not affect the pharmacokinetics of stavudine or didanosine in M. nemestrina.
Baby boomers at the cusp of their academic career: Storming ahead, Hanging on, or Calling it a day

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to find out what academics do when approaching retirement, and why; as well as to reflect on the process and consequences of reaching a retirement decision – for themselves, the university system, and the wider community. Our study concentrates on baby boomers, as this large cohort starts to retire or become eligible to do so. Employing a qualitative approach grounded in an interpretive paradigm, data collection took place during 2017–2018 using semi-structured interviews with 45 Social Science Business School academics who have worked in Anglo-Saxon and Latin European universities (the USA, the UK, Spain and France). The findings suggest four core clusters of late career trajectories, with the majority wishing, and planning, to continue work. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed and suggestions for further research outlined.
Association Between Periodontal Disease and Left Ventricle Mass in Essential Hypertension

Abstract—Chronic periodontitis has been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Left ventricular mass is an established independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. In the present cross-sectional study, we tested the association between periodontitis and left ventricular mass in subjects with essential hypertension. One hundred four untreated subjects with essential hypertension underwent clinical examinations, including echocardiographic study, laboratory tests, and assessment of periodontal status according to the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). With increasing severity of periodontitis, there was a progressive increase in left ventricle mass. Mean values (g/height2.7) were 39.0 (±2.7) in CPITN 0 (periodontal health), 40.2 (±6.4) in CPITN 1 (gingival bleeding), 42.7 (±6.8) in CPITN 2 (calculus), 51.4 (±11.7) in CPITN 3 (pockets 4 to 5 mm), and 76.7 (±11.3) in CPITN 4 (pockets ≥6 mm) (overall F 51.2;P <0.0001). Body surface area (P =0.04), systolic (P <0.0001) and diastolic (P <0.01) blood pressure, and left ventricular mass (P <0.0001) were determinants of a composite of CPITN 3 and 4. In a multivariate logistic analysis, left ventricular mass was the sole determinant (P <0.0001) of CPITN stages 3 and 4. Our findings suggest a direct association between severity of periodontitis and left ventricular mass in subjects with essential hypertension. Periodontal evaluation might contribute to refine cardiovascular risk assessment in hypertensive subjects.
Insights into the Structure and Pharmacology of the Human Trace Amine‐Associated Receptor 1 (hTAAR1): Homology Modelling and Docking Studies

Trace amine‐associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a G protein–coupled receptor that belongs to the family of TAAR receptors and responds to a class of compounds called trace amines, such as β‐phenylethylamine (β‐PEA) and 3‐iodothyronamine (T1AM). The receptor is known to have a very rich pharmacology and could be also activated by other classes of compounds, including adrenergic and serotonergic ligands. It is expected that targeting TAAR1 could provide a novel pharmacological approach to correct monoaminergic dysfunctions found in several brain disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Parkinson’s disease. Only recently, the first selective TAAR1 agonist RO5166017 has been identified. To explore the molecular mechanisms of protein–agonist interaction and speed up the identification of new chemical entities acting on this biomolecular target, we derived a homology model for the hTAAR1. The putative protein‐binding site has been explored by comparing the hTAAR1 model with the β2‐adrenoreceptor binding site, available by X‐ray crystallization studies, and with the homology modelled 5HT1A receptor. The obtained results, in tandem with docking studies performed with RO5166017, β‐PEA and T1AM, provided an opportunity to reasonably identify the hTAAR1 key residues involved in ligand recognition and thus define important starting points to design new agonists.
Modeling the transmembrane domain of bacterial chemoreceptors

Bacterial chemoreceptors signal across the membrane by conformational changes that traverse a four‐helix transmembrane domain. High‐resolution structures are available for the chemoreceptor periplasmic domain and part of the cytoplasmic domain but not for the transmembrane domain. Thus, we constructed molecular models of the transmembrane domains of chemoreceptors Trg and Tar, using coordinates of an unrelated four‐helix coiled coil as a template and the X‐ray structure of a chemoreceptor periplasmic domain to establish register and positioning. We tested the models using the extensive data for cross‐linking propensities between cysteines introduced into adjacent transmembrane helices, and we found that many aspects of the models corresponded with experimental observations. The one striking disparity, the register of transmembrane helix 2 (TM2) relative to its partner transmembrane helix 1, could be corrected by sliding TM2 along its long axis toward the periplasm. The correction implied that axial sliding of TM2, the signaling movement indicated by a large body of data, was of greater magnitude than previously thought. The refined models were used to assess effects of inter‐helical disulfides on the two ligand‐induced conformational changes observed in alternative crystal structures of periplasmic domains: axial sliding within a subunit and subunit rotation. Analyses using a measure of disulfide potential energy provided strong support for the helical sliding model of transmembrane signaling but indicated that subunit rotation could be involved in other ligand‐induced effects. Those analyses plus modeled distances between diagnostic cysteine pairs indicated a magnitude for TM2 sliding in transmembrane signaling of several angstroms.
Unpacking the concept of organizational ingenuity: learning from scarcity

Organizational theorists have recently become particularly interested in the processes and the management of organizational ingenuity (e.g., Harhoff and Hoisl, 2007). Ingenuity in organizations refers to the ability to create innovative solutions within the context of structural constraints, making use of those resources that are at hand, via imaginative problem solving (Lampel et al., 2011; Nalebuff and Ayres, 2003). In a world of scarcity, ingenuity may be a crucial organizational skill. We present ingenuity, the capacity of showing skill or inventiveness, as an umbrella concept (Hirsch and Levin, 1999) that articulates several dimensions and processes that have previously been explored independently. We suggest that these distinct processes may be articulated because they share some features but require different managerial responses. We consider three potential constraints that stimulate ingenious organizational approaches (lack of three factors: time, resources, and affluent customers) as well as three ingenious responses to those forms of scarcity (improvisation, bricolage, and frugality). We extend previous work on the effects of scarcity as constraints for organizational action (Cunha et al., forthcoming) and unpack the concept of ingenuity by reference to constraints resulting from some form of scarcity that triggers the need to adopt some ingenious approach to a given problem. In the face of scarcity, ingenuity is essential. The resourcebased view, in both classical and modern versions (Penrose, 1959; Wernerfelt, 1984), argues that companies obtain competitive advantage only by cultivating and using unique resources. Resources are thus, to some extent, ‘plastic’ and malleable, in the sense that the same resources can render different service, depending on how ingeniously they are used. Different organizations will make different use of resources in conditions of scarcity according to this view, with some even able to use them to build dynamic capabilities when addressing weaknesses in the institutional and market environments in which they operate (Tashman and Marano, 2010).
Birth and hatching: Key events in the onset of awareness in the lamb and chick

Abstract The neuroanatomical and neurophysiological development of the embryo and fetus and unique features of the physiological environment of the fetal brain, features which are lost at birth, support recent conclusions that under normal circumstances awareness (or consciousness) is probably not exhibited by the ovine embryo-fetus before birth and that it appears for the first time only after birth. However, there has apparently been no evaluation of whether or not similar mechanisms modulate awareness-related functions in domestic chicks before and after hatching. This comparative review, in seeking to rectify this, arrived at the following conclusions. First, the neural apparatus of both lambs and chicks appears to be too immature to support any states resembling awareness during at least the first half of pregnancy or incubation. Second, electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, which evolves subsequently, shows that states of sleep-like unconsciousness are likely to be continuously present in lambs until after birth, and that such states at least predominate in chicks until after hatching. Third, as in fetal lambs, epochs of so-called ‘wakefulness’ previously reported in chick embryos do not seem likely to represent short periods of awareness in ovo. Fourth, several neurosuppressive mechanisms, with some unique features, also operate or have the potential to operate in chicks before hatching, but a dearth of published information currently hinders a full comparison with those demonstrated to operate in fetal lambs. Fifth, contradicting the intuitive perception that vocalisation pre-hatching by the chick indicates the presence of awareness, published evidence suggests that vocalisation before and during hatching occurs mostly during EEG states indicating sleep-like unconsciousness. Sixth, as seems to be the case for newborn lambs after birth, it is possible that demonstrable awareness may appear for the first time only after hatching in chicks, presumably through waning neurosuppression and burgeoning neuroactivation, but such awareness seems to take longer to manifest itself. However, additional research in chicks is recommended to further assess this suggestion. Particular attention should be given to the status of vocal interactions between hen and chick which begin several days before hatching, and to the operation of neurosuppressive and neuroactivating mechanisms throughout the last 40% of incubation and during and after hatching.