Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification and properties of an ATP‐sensitive K+ current in rabbit sino‐atrial node pacemaker cells.

1. Single myocytes were isolated from rabbit sino‐atrial (SA) node by enzymatic dissociation. Spontaneous pacemaker activity, whole‐cell and single‐channel currents were recorded under conditions known to modulate ATP‐sensitive K+ (KATP) channels. 2. The KATP channel openers, cromakalim and pinacidil, slowed or abolished the pacemaker activity, and caused hyperpolarization of the maximum diastolic potential (MDP). Glibenclamide, a KATP channel blocker, reversed these effects. Cromakalim‐ and pinacidil‐activated currents reversed near the potassium equilibrium potential, EK. Glibenclamide had no effect on the L‐type calcium current, ICa(L), the hyperpolarization‐activated inward current, If, or the delayed rectifier potassium current, IK. 3. Sodium cyanide, which inhibits mitochondrial ATP production, induced a macroscopic current that reversed near EK and was blocked by glibenclamide. 4. In excised, inside‐out patches from SA node cells, single KATP channels showed a slope conductance of 52 +/‐ 8 pS (mean +/‐ S.D.) when measurements were made at negative voltages in symmetric, 140 mM K+. Channels from ventricular myocytes showed a somewhat larger slope conductance (70 +/‐ 5 pS). 5. Raising the intracellular ATP concentration caused a concentration‐dependent reduction in the open probability of the KATP channels (IC50, 16 microM; Hill coefficient, approximately 1; at both pH 7.4 and 6.8). 6. In excised inside‐out patches, cromakalim or pinacidil induced significant increases in KATP channel activity in the presence of 50 microM or 1 mM intracellular ATP. This channel activity was blocked by glibenclamide. 7. Our results suggest that sino‐atrial node cells express a distinct isoform of KATP channel which may play an important role in pharmacological and pathophysiological modulation of pacemaker activity.
Gingival microleakage of Class II resin composite restorations with fiber inserts.

PURPOSE This investigation evaluated the effect of glass and polyethylene fiber inserts on the microleakage of Class II composite restorations with gingival margins on root surfaces. METHODS Fifty-four intact molars were sterilized with Gamma irradiation and mounted in acrylic bases. Class II slot cavities were made on both proximal sides of each tooth (3 mm wide, 1.5 mm deep) with the gingival margin on the root surface. The teeth were divided into nine groups, according to the technique of restoration and type of bonding agent. Filtek P-60 (3M/ESPE) was used to restore all cavities. Two types of fiber inserts were used: glass fiber (Ever Stick, StickTech) and polyethylene (Ribbond-THM), with three bonding agents being employed: Scotch Bond Multipurpose (3M/ESPE), Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray) and Xeno IV (Dentsply). In the experimental groups, 3 mm long fiber inserts were inserted into restorations at the gingival seat. The control groups had no fiber inserts. The restorations were made incrementally and cured with LED light (UltraLume5, Ultradent). The restored teeth were stored in water for two weeks, then thermocycled for 3000 cycles (5 degrees C and 55 degrees C). The tooth surfaces were sealed with nail polish, except at the restoration margins. The teeth were immersed in 2% procion red dye solution, sectioned and dye penetration was assessed to determine the extent of microleakage according to a six-point scale. RESULTS The fiber groups generally showed reduced microleakage scores compared to the control groups. The Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray)/Filtek P-60 (3M/ESPE) combination produced the lowest degree of microleakage, irrespective of fiber type. However, the glass fiber groups were more consistent in reducing microleakage than the polyethylene groups. CONCLUSIONS The use of fiber inserts significantly reduced gingival microleakage in Class II composite restorations with gingival margins in dentin, irrespective of the adhesive used. Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray)/Filtek P60 (3M/ESPE) produced the lowest microleakage scores.
Study of Diaphyseal Dominant and Secondary Nutrient Foramina in Fibula: its Clinical Relevance in Vascular Bone Graft Surgery.

Address for Correspondence: Dr. Agrawal Nidhi, Demonstrator, Department of Anatomy, NSCB Medical College, Jabalpur, India. E-Mail: drnidhi1995@rediffmail.com Background: The external opening of the nutrient canal, usually referred to as the nutrient foramen has a particular position in each bone. An understanding of the position and number of the nutrient foramina in fibula is important, as this is one of the most common bones used in bone grafts, vascularized bone microsurgery and mandibular reconstruction. Nowadays fibula flap is the most accepted flaps used in the mandibular reconstruction especially in the malignancy of oral and oropharyngeal regions. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in 160 dry human fibula obtained from department of Anatomy, N.S. C.B. Medical college Jabalpur {M.P.}. We have measured the different parameters in each bone according to standard method. Result: In our study we found that 95% bones possess single dominant nutrient foramina. According to Foraminal Index (FI), the position of most of foramina [97%] was fall in Type 2 (middle third of the fibula). The mean foraminal index (FI) was 39.66±5.29. The average total length (TL) of fibula was 35.80±2.53. Conclusion: To conclude that our study provides detailed data about the position and number of nutrient foramina of fibula that is considered as a determining factor for the success of new techniques for bone transplant and resection in orthopaedics.
Muscle-Activation Onset Times With Shoes and Foot Orthoses in Participants With Chronic Ankle Instability.

CONTEXT Participants with chronic ankle instability (CAI) use an altered neuromuscular strategy to shift weight from double-legged to single-legged stance. Shoes and foot orthoses may influence these muscle-activation patterns. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of shoes and foot orthoses on onset times of lower extremity muscle activity in participants with CAI during the transition from double-legged to single-legged stance. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Musculoskeletal laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 15 people (9 men, 6 women; age = 21.8 ± 3.0 years, height = 177.7 ± 9.6 cm, mass = 72.0 ± 14.6 kg) who had CAI and wore foot orthoses were recruited. INTERVENTION(S) A transition task from double-legged to single-legged stance was performed with eyes open and with eyes closed. Both limbs were tested in 4 experimental conditions: (1) barefoot (BF), (2) shoes only, (3) shoes with standard foot orthoses, and (4) shoes with custom foot orthoses (SCFO). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The onset of activity of 9 lower extremity muscles was recorded using surface electromyography and a single force plate. RESULTS Based on a full-factorial (condition, region, limb, vision) linear model for repeated measures, we found a condition effect (F(3,91.8) = 9.39, P < . 001). Differences among experimental conditions did not depend on limb or vision condition. Based on a 2-way (condition, muscle) linear model within each region (ankle, knee, hip), earlier muscle-activation onset times were observed in the SCFO than in the BF condition for the peroneus longus (P < .001), tibialis anterior (P = .003), vastus medialis obliquus (P = .04), and vastus lateralis (P = .005). Furthermore, the peroneus longus was activated earlier in the shoes-only (P = .02) and shoes-with-standard-foot-orthoses (P = .03) conditions than in the BF condition. No differences were observed for the hip muscles. CONCLUSIONS Earlier onset of muscle activity was most apparent in the SCFO condition for ankle and knee muscles but not for hip muscles during the transition from double-legged to single-legged stance. These findings might help clinicians understand how shoes and foot orthoses can influence neuromuscular control in participants with CAI.
COLPOSCOPY IN PREGNANCY A TWELVE YEAR REVIEW

In a 12‐year period, 195 patients with abnormal cervical cytology in pregnancy had colposcopy, of whom 73 had Grade IV cytology. Colposcopic findings in pregnancy correlated closely with the postpartum colposcopic assessment and this in turn predicted the ultimate histological diagnosis. Wedge biopsies were taken in two women in whom invasive disease could not be excluded colposcopically. Cone biopsy was avoided in all patients. No frank or occult invasive disease was missed but one patient was ultimately found to have a small focus of microinvasive disease six months post partum. Postpartum cytology gave a reasonable guide to the ultimate histology, although postpartum colposcopy was found to be of value even where cytology had by then reverted to normal.
Do delay aversion and executive function deficits make distinct contributions to the functional impact of ADHD symptoms? A study of early academic skill deficits.

BACKGROUND The present study examined the distinct properties of executive functioning in relation to ADHD symptoms, as well as functional outcomes associated with ADHD. In line with the dual-pathway model of ADHD, executive functioning and delay aversion were expected to show independent effects on ADHD symptoms. Furthermore, relations to early academic skills were examined, and it was hypothesized that the two processes of the dual-pathway model can be differentiated in terms of their effect on academic skill deficits, such that EF deficits, but not delay aversion, mediate the link between ADHD and academic functioning. RESULTS As hypothesized, both EF deficits and delay aversion were independently related to ADHD symptoms. However, when conducting separate analyses for the two ADHD symptom domains, only the effect of EF deficits was independently related to symptoms of inattention, whereas only the effect of delay aversion was independently related to symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity. The mediation analysis showed that EF deficits, but not delay aversion, act as a mediator in the relation between symptoms of inattention and both mathematics and language skills. In addition, there was also a significant direct effect of inattention on early academic skills. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study are of importance for current models of heterogeneity in ADHD as they 1) provide further support for the notion that EF deficits and delay aversion are two possible pathways to ADHD, 2) add new interesting knowledge by showing that EF deficits and delay aversion can be differentiated in terms of their relations to the two ADHD symptom domains, and 3) indicate that the two processes of the dual-pathway model can also be differentiated in terms of their effect on functional impairments associated with ADHD.
Atmospheric Trends in Methylchloroform and the Global Average for the Hydroxyl Radical

Frequent atmospheric measurements of the anthropogenic compound methylchloroform that were made between 1978 and 1985 indicate that this species is continuing to increase significantly around the world. Reaction with the major atmospheric oxidant, the hydroxyl radical (OH), is the principal sink for this species. The observed mean trends for methylchloroform are 4.8, 5.4, 6.4, and 6.9 percent per year at Aldrigole (Ireland) and Cape Meares (Oregon), Ragged Point (Barbados), Point Matatula (American Samoa), and Cape Grim (Tasmania), respectively, from July 1978 to June 1985. These measured trends, combined with knowledge of industrial emissions, were used in an optimal estimation inversion scheme to deduce a globally averaged methylchloroform atmospheric lifetime of 6.3 (+ 1.2, -0.9) years (1σ uncertainty) and a globally averaged tropospheric hydroxyl radical concentration of (7.7 � 1.4) x 105 radicals per cubic centimeter (1σ uncertainty). These 7 years of gas chromatographic measurements, which comprise about 60,000 individual calibrated real-time air analyses, provide the most accurate estimates yet of the trends and lifetime of methylchloroform and of the global average for tropospheric hydroxyl radical levels. Accurate determination of hydroxyl radical levels is crucial to understanding global atmospheric chemical cycles and trends in the levels of trace gases such as methane.
Transforming growth factor β and basic fibroblast growth factor synergistically promote early bovine embryo development during the fourth cell cycle

Developmentally competent bovine blastocysts were produced by adding transforming growth factor β(TGFβ) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to serum‐free cultures of in vitro produced, 2‐cell bovine embryos. The effects of TGFβ were evaluated because this growth factor signals synthesis and secretion of the extracellular matrix component fibronectin and its receptor. Previous investigations have demonstrated that fibronectin promotes early bovine embryo development in vitro. The effects of TGFβ can be potentiated by bFGF; bFGF itself is an effector of protein synthesis and a potent mitogen.
Managing Organizational Conflict

Three modes of managing conflict are presented in this article—collaboration, bargaining, and power-play. The author discusses each of these modes, noting that each may be used appropriately in certain situations. He suggests guidelines for the use of each mode, including these: collaboration may be used when unresolved conflict would damage the organization; bargaining works well in distributing scarce resources among competing groups; and power-play can help achieve a dynamic balance of competing forces, and it may be the only way of resolving some ideological disputes.
CT/Fluoroscopy-Guided Transthoracic Needle Biopsy: Sensitivity and Complication Rate in 98 Procedures

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate CT/fluoroscopy (CTF)-guided core needle biopsies (CNBs) in the thorax. Method Ninety-eight biopsies were performed using a core biopsy needle (18G) with a reusable biopsy gun under CT/F. All results were compared to surgery plus histology or to clinical follow-up of >12 months. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. Results For pulmonary biopsies, sensitivity was 94%, specificity 100%, and NPV 73%; no significant correlation between the pneumothorax rate and the intrathoracic penetration depth was found. For biopsies of the mediastinum and pleura, sensitivities were 87 and 80%, respectively; specificity was 100% in both locations. A pneumothorax occurred in 21%, a pneumothorax requiring drainage in 2.0%. Conclusion CT/F-guided CNB is a reliable method to obtain thoracic biopsies, with a complication rate of 2.0%.
Responses of spinothalamic tract neurons to mechanical and thermal stimuli in an experimental model of peripheral neuropathy in primates.

1. An experimental peripheral neuropathy (EPN) was induced in three monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) by ligation of spinal nerve L7. Behavioral responses to innocuous mechanical stimuli were tested before and after the surgery. Two weeks after the nerve ligation, the activity of spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons was recorded on both sides of the spinal cord with the animal under general anesthesia. Responses of the STT neurons to the following stimuli applied to the skin were recorded: graded mechanical stimuli (brush, press, pinch and squeeze), von Frey filaments of different bending forces (0.077-19.05 g), 5-s heat stimuli ranging from 39 to 53 degrees C, and 15 s cold stimuli (32-8 degrees C). 2. Innocuous mechanical stimulation of the foot did not evoke hindlimb withdrawal in the animals before surgery. Within 24-48 h after nerve ligation, the animals showed hindlimb withdrawal to the same innocuous stimuli. This behavior was more pronounced on the side of the ligation than on the sham-operated side and more frequent during the second week after the surgery. 3. Responses of 51 STT neurons recorded on the side of the ligation (EPN all group) were compared with responses of 33 STT cells recorded on the sham-operated side (control group) and with records from STT neurons in unoperated animals obtained earlier (reference group). Neurons from the EPN all group were divided into two sets according to their rostrocaudal location (EPN R, rostral to L6/7 border, n = 40; EPN C, caudal to L6/7 border, n = 11). 4. Neurons from the EPN all and EPN R groups had significantly higher background frequencies than those from the control and reference groups. Innocuous brush stimuli evoked mean discharge frequencies of approximately 35 Hz in EPN R neurons and only approximately 15 Hz in both control and reference groups. Increased responsiveness of EPN R neurons to innocuous stimuli was also demonstrated by lower thresholds and higher discharge frequencies to von Frey filament stimulation and by discriminative analysis of the responses evoked by graded mechanical stimuli. 5. The responses of the EPN R neurons to heat stimulation of the skin showed decreased thresholds and increased responses to suprathreshold stimuli, resulting in a significant leftward shift of the stimulus-response curve compared with both reference and control groups. The neurons from the control group showed responses comparable to reference group values. 6. Neurons from the reference group tested with the cooling stimuli showed no evoked response above background. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Variation in Asthma Beliefs and Practices Among Mainland Puerto Ricans, Mexican-Americans, Mexicans, and Guatemalans

This study reports on community surveys of 160 representative Latino adults in Hartford, CT; Edinburg, TX; Guadalajara, Mexico; and in rural Guatemala. A 142-item questionnaire covered asthma beliefs and practices (e.g., causes, symptoms, and treatments). The cultural consensus model was used to analyze the agreement among respondents within each sample and to describe beliefs. Beliefs were then compared across the four samples. Analysis of the questionnaire data shows that there was overall consistency or consensus regarding beliefs and practices among individuals at each site (intraculturally) and to a lesser extent across respondents of all four different Latino cultural groups (i.e., interculturally). This pattern of response is indicative of a shared belief system among the four groups with regard to asthma. Within this shared belief system though, there is systematic variation between groups in causes, symptoms, and treatments for asthma. The most widely recognized and shared beliefs concerned causes of asthma. Notable differences were present between samples in terms of differences in beliefs about symptoms and treatments. The biomedical model is shown to be a part of the explanatory model at all sites; in addition to the biomedical model, ethnocultural beliefs such as the humoral (“hot/cold”) aspects and the importance of balance are also evident. The Connecticut Puerto Ricans had a greater degree of shared beliefs about asthma than did the other three samples (p<0.00005). It was concluded that the four Latino groups studied share an overall belief system regarding asthma, including many aspects of the biomedical model of asthma. In addition, traditional Latino ethnomedical beliefs are present, especially concerning the importance of balance in health and illness. Many beliefs and practices are site-specific, and caution should be used when using inclusive terms such as “Hispanic” or “Latino,” since there is variation as well as commonality among different ethnic groups with regard to health beliefs and practices.
Exposure to excessive oral vitamin D in youth: a risk factor for celiac disease in later life?

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease initiated by an allergic reaction to gliadin a component of the protein gluten that is found in wheat and other grains. Vitamin D is a prohormone with a number of biochemical functions including immunomodulatory functions in its active form. Supplementation with large doses of vitamin D induces symptoms that are similar to celiac disease in some of the population. Some researchers have noted that consumption of large doses of oral vitamin D early in life is associated with increased incidence of allergic diseases later in life. An examination of celiac disease suggests that an allergy is fundamental to its development and it features Th2 cytokine elevations which typically characterize allergic diseases. In addition it has comorbidity with allergic diseases where exposure to large doses of vitamin D early in life is a risk factor. This raises the possibility that large doses of vitamin D early in life could be a risk factor for inducing celiac disease later in life as well. The comorbidity between Williams syndrome, which is characterized by spikes in blood levels of vitamin D, and celiac disease gives additional credence to this hypothesis. Epidemiological evidence supports this hypothesis as well. Vitamin D consumption among the young and celiac disease prevalence are high in Sweden, Finland, and the United States. Vitamin D consumption among the young and celiac disease prevalence are low in Russia and Germany. The timing of the increases in prevalence in the United States and Sweden also coincides with increasing vitamin D consumption. This is most striking in Sweden where a law required significant vitamin D fortification of food starting in 1983 and the start of the celiac epidemic in Sweden has been independently dated from 1984. This hypothesis also provides a potential explanation for some seemingly contradictory results in the literature regarding breastfeeding and risk of celiac disease.
Detection of susceptibility of dairy cows to clinical mastitis by artificial neural networks based on selected genotypes and milk production records

Ziel der Studie war, die Eignung kunstlicher neuraler Netze zu prufen, auf Basis tierarztlicher Diagnosen, Milchleistungsdaten und ausgewahlter Genotypen (Lactoferrin, Lysozym, Tumornekrosefaktor-a und kombinierte Defensin-Genotypen) die Anfalligkeit von Milchkuhen zur klinischen Mastitis zu erkennen. Zudem wurde der Einfluss der Pradikatorenzahlen auf die Detektionsfahigkeit der neuralen Modelle gepruft. Es wurden 24712 Versuchstagsdaten von 990 polnischen Kuhen (Rasse: Holstein-Friesian schwarz weis) analysiert. Verwendet wurden 8 stetige und 8 nominale Pradikatoren (u. a. Genanteil der Rasse Holstein-Friesian, Abkalbealter/-saison, Milchertrag/-zusammensetzung, vier Genotypen, Laktationsnummer/-phase). Der Gesundheitszustand (Mastitis/gesund) war Ausgangsvariable. Mehrlagige Perzeptronen und Netze mit radialen Basisfunktionen wurden generiert und getestet. Die Werte bei den Mastitisanfalligen Kuhen lagen bei 57,8 bis 63,3 % , bei den resistenten Kuhen bei 60,3 bis 66,6 %. Die signifikantesten Faktoren fur das Auftreten von Mastitis waren: Laktationsnummer/-phase, Abkalbungsalter/-saison, Zeit der Mastitis-Diagnose, Tumornekrosefaktor a und die kombinierten Defensin-Genotypen. Fur zwei neurale Netze war der Genotyp des Lactoferrin ebenfalls sehr signifikant, obwohl der Lysozym-Genotyp die Gesundheit nur wenig beeinflusste. Nach Reduzierung der Pradikatoren von 16 auf 5 wurde eine verminderte Aussagekraft der neuralen Netze beobachtet. Es kann festgehalten werden, dass eine Indikation von Mastitis-anfalligen Kuhen Praventivmasnahmen erleichtern und folglich die Mastitis-Haufigkeit in Herden reduzieren kann.