Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Betriebsraete und Beschaeftigungswachstum: Spielt die Spezifikation der Betriebsgroesse eine Rolle fuer den geschaetzten Zusammenhang?

Neuere oekonometrische Untersuchungen zeichnen ein neutrales bis positives Bild der oekonomischen Konsequenzen betrieblicher Mitbestimmung. Demgegenueber gelangt ein Beitrag von Addison und Teixeira (2006) zu einer ueberraschend pessimistischen Einschaetzung. Das Vorhandensein eines Betriebsrats ist hiernach negativ mit dem betrieblichen Beschaeftigungswachstum verbunden. Vor diesem Hintergrund beschaeftigt sich die vorliegende Untersuchung mit der Frage, inwieweit der geschaetzte Wachstumseffekt des Betriebsrats von der Spezifikation der Betriebsgroesse abhaengt. Ein signifikant negativer Zusammenhang zwischen Betriebsraeten und betrieblicher Beschaeftigungsentwicklung zeigt sich nur, wenn die Betriebsgroesse linear in die Schaetzgleichung einfliesst. Wird demgegenueber fuer die logarithmierte Betriebsgroesse kontrolliert, ist kein signifikanter Wachstumseffekt betrieblicher Mitbestimmung festzustellen. Die Ergebnisse sprechen dafuer, dass die scheinbar negative Beziehung zwischen Betriebsraeten und Beschaeftigungswachstum auf eine Fehlspezifikation der Betriebsgroesse zurueckzufuehren ist. Da das Vorhandensein eines Betriebsrats positiv mit der Betriebsgroesse korreliert ist, spiegelt sich bei einer Fehlspezifikation der negative Wachstumseffekt der Betriebsgroesse im geschaetzten Betriebsratskoeffizienten wider.
The Role of Color Doppler Ultrasound Arterial Mapping for Decision Making in the Treatment of Patients with Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease

Purpose: To assess the efficacy of color Doppler imaging for decision making in the treatment of patients with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) compared to digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Materials and Methods: Color Doppler scan was done on patients suspected for lower limb PAD, a day prior to the DSA which was done by a vascular surgeon. Also, for the patients who were candidates for endovascular intervention based on the color Doppler arterial mapping results, endovascular interventions were performed at the same time if the DSA findings are correlated with the color Doppler map. The grading for evaluated segments was normal, insignificant stenosis (<50%), hemodynamically significant stenosis (≥50%) and occlusion. We yielded the diagnostic efficacy indices of Doppler for detecting arterial stenosis in each 18 different arterial segments below the renal arteries including, infrarenal aorta, common and external iliac, common femoral, superficial femoral (proximal, middle and distal segments), deep femoral, popliteal artery, tibioperoneal trunk, anterior and posterior tibial arteries (proximal, middle and distal segments) and peroneal artery (proximal and distal segments). Then, we yielded the kappa agreement between Doppler and DSA findings considering the grade of stenosis in 18 arterial segments separately. Results: Totally 115 lower extremities (2045 arterial segments) were evaluated in 90 patients [mean age: 60.8 ± 8.9 (range: 47 - 84 years old)] of which 68 (75.6%) were men. The sensitivity of color Doppler for all arterial segments was 90% or higher except for common iliac artery, distal segment of superficial femoral artery and proximal segments of anterior and posterior tibialis and peroneal arteries. However, the specificity was 89% or higher, in all arterial segments. Kappa agreement was 0.72 or higher in all segments (All P-Values < 0.001). Conclusion: This study suggests that considering excellent capability of color Doppler sonography in the evaluation of lower extremity arterial disease, color Doppler arterial mapping is sufficient for decision making in the treatment of these patients and can reduce the rate of diagnostic angiography.
Lysine Requirement of Broiler Chickens Fed Low-density Diets under Tropical Conditions

Two experiments were conducted to determine the lysine requirement of straight-run broiler chickens (Hubbardx Hubbard) during the period 4-21 (Exp. 1) and 21-40 (Exp. 2) days of age. Experiments were conducted during the summer months (June-August) in open-sided houses, thus exposing chicks to chronic heat stress. Daily min-max temperature averaged 28-40°C (Exp. 1) and 23-36°C (Exp. 2). Lysine deficient basal diets were formulated to contain low-nutrient-density, i.e., 2,700 kcal per kg ME, 18.6% CP (Exp. 1), and 2,750 kcal per kg ME, 17.1% CP (Exp. 2), to mimic typical commercial broiler diets used in Pakistan. Diets were supplemented with L-lysine HCl to provide total lysine level ranging from 0.85 to 1.10% (six increments) and 0.72 to 1.02% (six increments), respectively in Exp. 1 and 2. Live performance data were subjected to quadratic analysis and requirement was defined as the level achieving 95% of maximum or minimum values. Lysine requirements were found to be 0.98 and 0.97% total lysine, respectively, for gain and feed efficiency during 4-21 days, and 0.87% total lysine for both gain and feed efficiency during 21-40 days of age. Calculated on a digestible lysine basis, the estimates were 0.85 and 0.84%, respectively, for gain and feed efficiency during 4-21 days of age; and 0.75% for gain and feed efficiency during 21-40 days of age.
Hypothyroidism, Fertility and Pregnancy

Pregnancy has a profound effect on the thyroid gland and its function. In iodine-replete countries, the gland size has been found to increase by 10% during pregnancy, and in areas of iodine deficiency, the gland size increases by 20%–40%. The prevalence of hypothyroid‐ ism during pregnancy is estimated to be 0.3–0.5% for overt hypothyroidism and 2–3% for subclinical hypothyroidism. Worldwide, iodine deficiency remains one of the leading causes of both overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. However, there are many other causes of hy‐ pothyroidism during pregnancy, including autoimmune thyroiditis, the most common or‐ ganic pathology [1]. Other causes include the following: thyroid radioiodine ablation (to treat hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer), hypoplasia and/or agenesis of the thyroid gland, surgery (for thyroid tumors and, rarely, central hypothyroidism, including lymphocytic hy‐ pophysitis or ectopic thyroid) and some drugs, such as rifampin and phenytoin, which can alter thyroid metabolism [2].
A relação entre a história e a imprensa, breve história da imprensa e as origens da imprensa no Brasil (1808-1930)

No presente artigo buscamos apresentar dois elementos importantes para o historiador que se dedica a estudar a imprensa. O primeiro e a relacao entre a historia e a imprensa. Em nossa visao, e uma reflexao fundamental tanto para o pesquisador que utiliza a imprensa como objeto de pesquisa como para aquele que se serve dela como fonte. No segundo buscamos compreender a Historia da Imprensa, tanto em âmbito global como no Brasil. Esta segunda parte possui um carater nitidamente contextual, e podera trazer elementos para aqueles que se dedicam ao estudo da imprensa ou para os pesquisadores que estao despertando suas atencoes para a imprensa.
The Lived Experience of Hepatitis C and its Treatment Among Injecting Drug Users: Qualitative Synthesis

Hepatitis C virus infection is a stigmatized condition because of its close association with injecting drug use. There is a need to explore how people who inject drugs (IDUs) perceive hepatitis C, including in relation to treatment experience. We undertook a review, using a qualitative synthesis approach, of English-language qualitative research focusing on the lived experience of hepatitis C among IDUs. The review included 25 published articles representing 20 unique studies. A synthesis of this literature generated three interplaying themes: social stigma, biographical adaptation, and medical and treatment encounters. Interactions with health systems can reproduce stigma linked to drug injecting and hepatitis C, as well as trivialize the lived experience of diagnosis and illness. Hepatitis C can be biographically reinforcing of socially accommodated risk and spoiled identity, as well as disruptive to everyday life. We hypothesize hepatitis C as a liminal illness experience, oscillating between trivial and serious, normalized and stigmatized, public and personal. We conclude by emphasizing the disconnects between the lived experience of hepatitis C among IDUs and Western health care system responses.
Fate of microinjected genes in preimplantation mouse embryos

The state of genes microinjected into mouse embryos was followed from the one‐cell to the blastocyst stage using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Microinjected DNA was detected in all one‐, two‐, and four‐cell injected embryos and in 44% of morula and 26% of blastocysts. Head‐to‐tail ligation of microinjected genes, a common feature of stably integrated transgene arrays, was detected in all embryos after injection of microinjected genes and occurred irrespective of the structure at the ends of the injected genes. Sensitivity of microinjected DNA to a methylation‐dependent restriction endonuclease Dpn I was lost in all embryos by the two‐cell stage (24 hr), indicating a change in DNA methylation, independent of transgene integration. Dissociation of blastomeres prior to compaction revealed a mosaic distribution of the microinjected DNA within the embryo and supports the notion that injected genes form a limited number of arrays, which segregate independently until they integrate into the genome or are degraded. Published 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Oxford Handbook of International Relations

PART I INTRODUCTION PART II IMAGINING THE DISCIPLINE PART III MAJOR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES PART IV THE QUESTION OF METHOD PART V BRIDGING THE SUBFIELD BOUNDARIES PART VI THE SCHOLAR AND THE POLICY-MAKER PART VII THE QUESTION OF DIVERSITY PART VIII OLD AND NEW
Pseudopodium-enriched atypical kinase 1 regulates the cytoskeleton and cancer progression

Regulation of the actin-myosin cytoskeleton plays a central role in cell migration and cancer progression. Here, we report the discovery of a cytoskeleton-associated kinase, pseudopodium-enriched atypical kinase 1 (PEAK1). PEAK1 is a 190-kDa nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that localizes to actin filaments and focal adhesions. PEAK1 undergoes Src-induced tyrosine phosphorylation, regulates the p130Cas-Crk-paxillin and Erk signaling pathways, and operates downstream of integrin and epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) to control cell spreading, migration, and proliferation. Perturbation of PEAK1 levels in cancer cells alters anchorage-independent growth and tumor progression in mice. Notably, primary and metastatic samples from colon cancer patients display amplified PEAK1 levels in 81% of the cases. Our findings indicate that PEAK1 is an important cytoskeletal regulatory kinase and possible target for anticancer therapy.
Persistent Bacterial Bronchitis: Time to Venture beyond the Umbrella

Chronic cough in children is common and frequently mismanaged. In the past, cough was diagnosed as asthma and inappropriate asthma therapies prescribed and escalated. It has been realized that persistent bacterial bronchitis (PBB) is a common cause of wet cough and responds to oral antibiotics. The initial definition comprised a history of chronic wet cough, positive bronchoalveolar (BAL) cultures for a respiratory pathogen and response to a 2-week course of oral amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. This is now termed PBB-micro; PBB-clinical eliminates the need for BAL. PBB-extended is PBB-micro or PBB-clinical but resolution necessitating 4 weeks of antibiotics; and recurrent PBB is >3 attacks of PBB-micro or-clinical/year. However, the airway has only a limited range of responses to chronic inflammation and infection, and neutrophilic airway disease is seen in many other conditions, such as cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia, both chronic suppurative lung disease endotypes, whose recognition has led to huge scientific and clinical advances. There is an urgent need to extend endotyping into PBB, especially PBB-recurrent. We need to move from associative studies and, in particular, deploy sophisticated modern –omics technologies and systems biology, rather as has been done in the context of asthma in U-BIOPRED. In summary, the use of the term PBB has done signal service in pointing us away from prescribing asthma therapies to children with infected airways, but we now need to move beyond a simple description to teasing out underlying endotypes.
New experimental data linking secondhand smoke exposure to lung cancer in nonsmokers

Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is a known risk factor for lung cancer development in lifelong nonsmokers; however, the mechanistic involvement of SHS in the genesis of this malignancy remains elusive. The present study is the first comprehensive investigation of SHS mutagenicity in vivo, in which we have established the mutagenic effects of SHS in transgenic Big Blue mice, and subsequently found correlations between our experimental findings and those obtained from our analysis of the largest database of mutations in human TP53, which is the most frequently mutated gene in human lung cancer. We demonstrate that whole‐body SHS exposure of mice for 5 h/d, 5 d/wk for a duration of 2 or 4 mo elicits a significant mutagenic response in the lung, trachea, and bladder of exposed animals, as reflected by the elevation of background cII mutant frequency in the respective organs. The organ‐specific mutagenicity of SHS is most pronounced in the lung and remains persistent both in the lung and bladder of SHS‐exposed animals after a 1‐mo recovery in clean air. The induced cII mutagenesis in the lung of SHS‐exposed mice perfectly recapitulates our analysis of the TP53 mutations in human lung cancer in nonsmokers. Remarkably, the relative frequencies of all types of mutations in the TP53 gene of nonsmokers' lung tumors and in the cII transgene of lung cellular DNA from SHS‐exposed mice are indistinguishable from one another. We provide the first verification of a mechanistic mode of action for SHS of relevance for carcinogenesis and the first experimental evidence linking SHS exposure to lung cancer in nonsmokers. —Kim, S. ‐I. , Yoon, J.‐I. , Tommasi, S. , Besaratinia, A. New experimental data linking secondhand smoke exposure to lung cancer in nonsmokers. FASEB J. 26, 1845‐1854 (2012). www.fasebj. org
Detection of pancreatic cancer tumours and precursor lesions by cathepsin E activity in mouse models

Background and Aims Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the USA. Surgical resection is the only effective treatment; however, only 20% of patients are candidates for surgery. The ability to detect early PDAC would increase the availability of surgery and improve patient survival. This study assessed the feasibility of using the enzymatic activity of cathepsin E (Cath E), a protease highly and specifically expressed in PDAC, as a novel biomarker for the detection of pancreas-bearing pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions and PDAC. Methods Pancreas from normal, chronic pancreatitis and PDAC patients was assessed for Cath E expression by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Human PDAC xenografts and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) of PDAC were injected with a Cath E activity selective fluorescent probe and imaged using an optical imaging system. Results The specificity of Cath E expression in PDAC patients and GEMM of pancreatic cancer was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The novel probe for Cath E activity specifically detected PDAC in both human xenografts and GEMM in vivo. The Cath E sensitive probe was also able to detect pancreas with PanIN lesions in GEMM before tumour formation. Conclusions The elevated Cath E expression in PanIN and pancreatic tumours allowed in-vivo detection of human PDAC xenografts and imaging of pancreas with PanIN and PDAC tumours in GEMM. Our results support the usefulness of Cath E activity as a potential molecular target for PDAC and early detection imaging.
Postpartum intracranial haemorrhage in normotensive users of bromocriptine for ablactation

The authors describe three cases of severe intracranial haemorrhage, associated with marked blood pressure elevation, which occurred between the 6th and 10th days postpartum in women taking bromocriptine for ablactation. All of these patients were young, normotensive and apparently healthy during the pregnancy. These incidents probably present the 10–12th reported cases of gross intracranial bleeding among users of bromocriptine in the puerperium. The results suggest that early diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention may improve the outcome for this rare but potentially catastrophic postpartum complication. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caudatum sorghums and speakers of Chari-Nile languages in Africa

Our study of caudatum sorghums in Africa and the ethnography, history, and archaeology of regions where caudatum sorghums are grown has led us to the following conclusions. The distributions of caudatum sorghums and Chari-Nile-speaking peoples coincide so closely that a causal relationship seems probable. Caudatum sorghums appear to be a product of selection by Chari-Nile-speaking peoples for a hardy crop which will produce a large amount of grain under adverse conditions with a minimum amount of care. Caudatums can produce grain in spite of either droughts or heavy rains during the growing season and can produce grain in places where no other indigenous African crop can grow. Caudatum may be a relatively new race of sorghum. Available evidence indicates it was developed some time after about 350 A.D. and before about 900 A.D., the date for caudatum found at Daima mound, south of Lake Chad. By about 1000 A.D. caudatum was probably being grown in many parts of the savanna belt stretching from the eastern shores of Lake Chad to southwestern Ethiopia. This is assuming that the evidence of caudatum culture at Daima is indicative of a general phenomenon occurring in a region with close intercultural contacts. The large number of varieties of caudatum in the Republic of the Sudan suggests that caudatum sorghums have been grown in the Sudan for a relatively long time and may have been developed there. A caudatum and cattle-based economy has probably been an important factor in making possible the present level of occupation of regions now inhabited by Chari-Nile-speaking peoples. On the basis of oral histories and archaeological remains of people in northern East Africa, we have concluded that caudatum-based agriculture was probably introduced to Uganda and Kenya no later than the period from 1500–1800 A.D., when the Luo occupied the areas in which they live at the present. However, it is not unlikely that caudatums were introduced more than once as various Chari-Nile-speaking groups made their way into East Africa.
DOWN'S SYNDROME IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA

In a survey of Down's syndrome in South Australia. 921 persons, both living and deceased, were identified; 717 individuals with the disorder were living in South Australia. Cytogenetic confirmation of the diagnosis had been made in 774 cases. From 1955 to 1977, the over‐all incidence of Down's syndrome at birth was found to be 1.175/1000 live births. The incidence of Down's syndrome was significantly lower over the last five years of this period than for the first 18 years; thus it appears that the incidence of Down's syndrome in South Australia is falling. Analysis of maternal age changes with time has not revealed any changes to the maternal age‐specific rates for Down's syndrome, although the rate for mothers aged 25 years or younger appears to be falling. The proportion of Down's syndrome babies born to women aged 35 years or more has decreased from 65.7% for those born before 1950 to 30.4% for those born from 1975 to 1977; similarly, the median maternal age has fallen from 37.12 years to 28.25 years. Regression analyses of maternal age rates for Down's syndrome by single years have produced figures suitable for genetic counselling. A plea is made that Down's syndrome should become a notifiable condition.
The Sixth Extinction: Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind

Ｔｈｅ Ｍａｉｎｓｐｒｉｎｇ ｏｆ Ｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ Ｅｘｔｉｎｃｔｉｏｎ：Ｂａｄ Ｇｅｎｅｓ ｏｒ Ｂａｄ Ｌｕｃｋ？ Ｈｏｍｏ ｓａｐｉｅｎｓ，ｔｈｅ Ｐｉｎｎａｃｌｅ ｏｆ Ｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ？ Ｖａｌｕｅ ｉｎ Ｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ Ｈｕｍａｎ Ｉｍｐａｃｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｐａｓｔ Ｔｈｅ Ｓｉｘｔｈ Ｅｘｔｉｎｃｔｉｏｎ
Clinical and molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli as a cause of nosocomial infection or colonization: implications for control.

BACKGROUND Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing members of the Enterobacteriaceae family are important nosocomial pathogens. Escherichia coli producing a specific family of ESBL (the CTX-M enzymes) are emerging worldwide. The epidemiology of these organisms as causes of nosocomial infection is poorly understood. The aims of this study were to investigate the clinical and molecular epidemiology of nosocomial infection or colonization due to ESBL-producing E. coli in hospitalized patients, consider the specific types of ESBLs produced, and identify the risk factors for infection and colonization with these organisms. METHODS All patients with nosocomial colonization and/or infection due to ESBL-producing E. coli in 2 centers (a tertiary care hospital and a geriatric care center) identified between January 2001 and May 2002 were included. A double case-control study was performed. The clonal relatedness of the isolates was studied by repetitive extragenic palindromic-polymerase chain reaction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. ESBLs were characterized by isoelectric focusing, polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing. RESULTS Forty-seven case patients were included. CTX-M-producing E. coli were clonally unrelated and more frequently susceptible to nonoxyimino-beta-lactams. Alternately, isolates producing SHV- and TEM-type ESBL were epidemic and multidrug resistant. Urinary catheterization was a risk factor for both CTX-M-producing and SHV-TEM-producing isolates. Previous oxyimino-beta-lactam use, diabetes, and ultimately fatal or nonfatal underlying diseases were independent risk factors for infection or colonization with CTX-M-producing isolates, whereas previous fluoroquinolone use was associated with infection or colonization with SHV-TEM-producing isolates. CONCLUSIONS The epidemiology of ESBL-producing E. coli as a cause of nosocomial infection is complex. Sporadic CTX-M-producing isolates coexisted with epidemic multidrug-resistant SHV-TEM-producing isolates. These data should be taken into account for the design of control measures.
Knowledge Extraction in Web Media: At The Frontier of NLP, Machine Learning and Semantics

We identify two main factors that can cause numerous difficulties when developing a generic entity linking system: i) the amount of data currently available on the Web that do not stop to increase and where a large part comes in the form of natural language texts; ii) the velocity at which data is published that may impose to process streams of text in near real-time. Social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook or LinkedIn become a reliable source of news and play a key role for being aware of events around the world. Encyclopedia and newspaper articles contain general knowledge of our world and they can be used to explain concepts and known entities. Videos can be associated with subtitles and images may have captions. Depending on where a text comes from, it can have different properties such as a specific language, style of writing or topic. In this research, we present a preliminary framework based on a novel hybrid architecture for an entity linking system, that combines methods from the Natural Language Processing (NLP), information retrieval and semantic fields. In particular, we propose a modular approach in order to be as independent as possible of the text to be processed. Our evaluation suggests that this framework can outperform the state-of-the-art systems or show encouraging results on three datasets: OKE2015, #Micropost 2014 and #Micropost 2015. We identify the current limitations and we provide promising future research directions.