Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Myth of Cyberwar Bringing War on the Internet Back Down to Earth ∗

Cyberwar has been described as a revolution in military affairs, a transformation of technology and doctrine capable potentially of even overturning the prevailing world order. Yet, such conceptions of change reflect a common tendency to conflate means and ends; studying what could happen in cyberspace (or anywhere else) makes little sense without considering how internet conflict is going to accomplish the tasks commonly addressed by terrestrial warfare. To supplant existing modes of conflict, cyberwar must be capable of realizing the political objectives to which force or threats of force are commonly applied, something that in important respects cyberwar fails to do. Cyberwar is much more likely to serve as an adjunct to, rather than a substitute for, existing forms of political violence. Indeed, rather than threatening existing hierarchies, cyberwar appears much more likely to augment the military advantages of status quo powers. ∗I thank Eugene Gholz, Jeffrey Kwong and Jon Lindsay for comments and suggestions. Oliver Davies provided research assistance. Please consult with the author before citing. †University of California, San Diego. E-mail: egartzke@ucsd.edu. Web: http://dss.ucsd.edu/ egartzke. The next Pearl Harbor we confront could very well be a cyber attack – Leon Panetta We may be defeated in the first nanosecond of the next war – Daniel T. Kuehl War is not an exercise of the will directed at inanimate matter – Clausewitz
The use of a computerized algorithm to determine single cardiac cell volumes

Single cardiac muscle cell volume data have been difficult to obtain, especially because the shape of a cell is quite complex. With the aid of a surface reconstruction method, a cell volume estimation algorithm has been developed that can be used on serial sections of cells. The cell surface is reconstructed by means of triangular tiles so that the cell is represented as a polyhedron. When this algorithm was tested on computer generated surfaces of a known volume, the difference was less than 1·6%. Serial sections of two phantoms of a known volume were also reconstructed and a comparison of the mathematically derived volumes and the computed volume estimations gave a per cent difference of between 2·8% and 4·1%. Finally cell volumes derived using conventional methods and volumes calculated using the algorithm were compared. The mean atrial muscle cell volume derived using conventional methods was 7752·7 ± 644·7 μm3, while the mean computerized algorithm estimated atrial muscle cell volume was 7110·6 ± 625·5 μm3. For AV bundle cells the mean cell volume obtained by conventional methods was 484·4 ± 88·8 μm3 and the volume derived from the computer algorithm was 506·0 ± 78·5 μm3. The differences between the volumes calculated using conventional methods and the algorithm were not significantly different.
A MAP kinase homolog, mpk-1, is involved in ras-mediated induction of vulval cell fates in Caenorhabditis elegans.

During development of the Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite, the gonadal anchor cell induces nearby Pn.p cells to adopt vulval fates. The response to this signal is mediated by a receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction pathway that has been remarkably well conserved during metazoan evolution. Because mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are activated by receptor tyrosine kinase pathways in vertebrate cells, we hypothesized that C. elegans MAP kinase homologs may play a role in vulval induction. Two C. elegans MAP kinase genes, mpk-1 and mpk-2 (mpk, MAP kinase), were cloned using degenerate oligonucleotide primers and PCR amplification; in parallel, genes involved in vulval induction were identified by screening for mutations that suppress the vulval defects caused by an activated let-60 ras gene. One such suppressor mutation is an allele of mpk-1. We used a new type of mosaic analysis to show that mpk-1 acts cell autonomously in the Pn.p cells. Our results show that mpk-1 plays an important functional role as an activator in ras-mediated cell signaling in vivo.
[Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in two women groups of different socioeconomic status].

PURPOSE To identify if there is a difference in the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and in the sexual domain scores between a group of women attended at a public service and a group attended at a private service, and to investigate if there is an association between sexual dysfunction, family income and educational status. METHODS Transversal study including 201 sexually active women aged from 18 to 45 years, 90 of them from a public service and 111 from private services. We evaluated age, marital status, use of hormonal contraception, income and educational status, and all women were submitted to the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), an instrument for the evaluation of their sexuality. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 15.0, was used for statistical analysis. The chi(2) test was applied for categorical variables and the Student's t-test to independent samples. RESULTS There was no significant difference regarding the prevalence of sexual dysfunction between groups (public versus private) (20 and 23.4%, p=0.5), or concerning the domain scores, desire (3.9+/-1.3 and 3.8+/-1.0, p=0.6), sexual arousal (4.5+/-0.8 and 4.4+/-0.9, p=0.5), lubrication (5.2+/-1.2 and 5.0+/-0.9, p=0.1), orgasm (5.0+/-1.2 and 4.9+/-1.1, p=0.5), satisfaction (5.2+/-1.2 and 5.1+/-1.0, p=0.9), and pain (5.3+/-1.1 and 5.2+/-1.0, p=0.8). Sexual dysfunction was detected in 28% of the women with income between two and four minimum wages, in 17.5% of those with an income of five wages or more, and in 14.3% among those with an income of one wage or less (p=0,1). The dysfunction occurred in 30.2% of women with elementary education, in 24.2% of those with high school education and in 13.4% of those with higher education (p=0.09). CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference in the prevalence of sexual dysfunction or in the sexual domain scores between groups, nor was there an association with income or education status.
Annexin A1 Is a Key Modulator of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell–Mediated Improvements in Islet Function

We have previously demonstrated that coculture of islets with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) enhanced islet insulin secretory capacity in vitro, correlating with improved graft function in vivo. To identify factors that contribute to MSC-mediated improvements in islet function, we have used an unbiased quantitative RT-PCR screening approach to identify MSC-derived peptide ligands of G-protein–coupled receptors that are expressed by islets cells. We demonstrated high expression of annexin A1 (ANXA1) mRNA by MSCs and confirmed expression at the protein level in lysates and MSC-conditioned media by Western blot analysis and ELISA. Preculturing islets with exogenous ANXA1 enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), thereby mimicking the beneficial influence of MSC preculture in vitro. Small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of ANXA1 in MSCs reduced their capacity to potentiate GSIS. MSCs derived from ANXA1−/− mice had no functional capacity to enhance GSIS, in contrast to wild-type controls. Preculturing islets with ANXA1 had modest effects on their capacity to regulate blood glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, indicating that additional MSC-derived factors are required to fully mimic the beneficial effects of MSC preculture in vivo. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of harnessing the MSC secretome as a defined, noncellular strategy to improve the efficiency of clinical islet transplantation protocols.
Dysregulated Macrophages Are Present in Bleomycin-Induced Murine Laryngotracheal Stenosis

Objective To define the inflammatory cell infiltrate preceding fibrosis in a laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) murine model. Study Design Prospective controlled murine study. Setting Laboratory. Subjects and Methods Chemomechanical injury mice (n = 44) sustained bleomycin-coated wire-brush injury to the laryngotracheal complex while mechanical injury controls (n = 42) underwent phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)–coated wire-brush injury. Mock surgery controls (n = 34) underwent anterior transcervical tracheal exposure only. Inflammatory and fibrosis protein and gene expression were assessed in each condition. Immunohistochemistry served as a secondary outcome. Results In chemomechanical injury mice, there was an upregulation of collagen I (P < .0001, P < .0001), Tgf-β (P = .0023, P = .0008), and elastin (P < .0001, P < .0001) on day 7; acute inflammatory gene Il1β (P = .0027, P = .0008) on day 1; and macrophage gene CD11b (P = .0026, P = .0033) on day 1 vs mechanical and mock controls, respectively. M1 marker inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression decreased (P = .0014) while M2 marker Arg1 (P = .0002) increased on day 7 compared with mechanical controls. Flow cytometry demonstrated increased macrophages (P = .0058, day 4) and M1 macrophages (P = .0148, day 4; P = .0343, day 7; P = .0229, day 10) compared to mock controls. There were similarities between chemomechanical and mechanical injury mice with an increase in M2 macrophages at day 10 (P = .0196). Conclusions The bleomycin-induced LTS mouse model demonstrated increased macrophages involved with the development of fibrosis. Macrophage immunophenotype suggested that dysregulated M2 macrophages have a role in abnormal laryngotracheal wound healing. These data delineate inflammatory cells and signaling pathways in LTS that may potentially be modulated to lessen fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition.
H2 optimal linear robust sampled-data filtering design using polynomial approach

A new frequency domain approach to robust multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) linear filter design for sampled-data systems is presented. The system and noise models are assumed to be represented by polynomial forms that are not perfectly known except that they belong to a certain set. The optimal design guarantees that the error variance is kept below an upper bound that is minimized for all admissible uncertainties. The design problem is cast in the context of H/sub 2/ via the polynomial matrix representation of systems with norm bounded unstructured uncertainties. The sampled-data mix of continuous and discrete time systems is handled by means of a lifting technique; however, it does not increase the dimensionality or alter the computational cost of the solution. The setup adopted allows dealing with several filtering problems. A simple deconvolution example illustrates the procedure.
Rectal cancer: MR imaging before neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for prediction of tumor-free circumferential resection margins and long-term survival.

PURPOSE To retrospectively evaluate the prognostic importance of involvement of the circumferential resection margin predicted by using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging before neoadjuvant treatment in patients with rectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The local institutional review board approved the retrospective analysis of the data and waived informed consent. Sixty-eight patients (52 men, 16 women; mean age +/- standard deviation, 58.9 years +/- 9.4) with cT3 NX M0 tumors were included. T2-weighted MR images were analyzed in consensus by two radiologists with respect to the shortest distance between the outermost parts of the tumor to the adjacent mesorectal fascia (as the potential circumferential resection margin in total mesorectal excision). Histopathologic and follow-up data were available for all patients (mean follow-up time, 54 months; range, 31-77 months). To compare local recurrence and survival rates, the population was divided into three groups categorized according to the minimum distance of the tumor to the mesorectal fascia (group 1, <or=1 mm; group 2, >1 to 5 mm; group 3, >5 mm). Univariate Cox and multivariate proportional hazard regression models were used to test the prognostic importance of clinical, histopathologic regression, and histopathologic tumor parameters. RESULTS MR imaging led to accurate prediction of a histologically involved circumferential resection margin (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 88%). The rates for local recurrence (group 1, 33%; group 2, 5%; group 3, 6%; P<.02) and 5-year overall survival (group 1, 39%; group 2, 70%; group 3, 90%; P<.001) differed significantly among the predefined groups. The distance to the mesorectal fascia was an independent prognostic parameter in multivariate analysis (P<.001), and histopathologic response to treatment provided no additional information. CONCLUSION Prediction of the tumor-free circumferential resection margin assessed with MR imaging before initiation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy proved to be a prognostic factor in rectal cancer.
[Gender influence on health related quality of life among resident physicians working in an emergency department].

BACKGROUND The high emotional burden of physicians working in emergency departments may affect their quality of life perception. AIM To evaluate health related quality of life among resident physicians performing shifts at an emergency department. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy one physicians aged 26,3 ± 1,7 years (47 women), working as residents in an emergency department, answered the short version of the Short-Form Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36®). This questionnaire analyses eight domains: physical function, body pain, general health, vitality, social function, emotional role and mental health. RESULTS Women had a significantly worse perception than a reference population in four dimensions of the SF-36, especially mental health and social functioning. Men had scores similar to the reference population. Among women, vitality is the best predictor of mental health and social functioning. CONCLUSIONS Women working as residents in an emergency department have a worse perception of their quality of life than men performing the same job.
Pharmacokinetics of Ciprofloxacin in Elderly Subjects

The pharmacokinetics of single‐dose oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg was ascertained in 12 elderly and 12 young subjects. Mean age of the elderly volunteers was 75.4 years and the mean measured creatinine clearance in this group was 40.7 ml/min. Serum and saliva were collected in serial order for 24 hours (elderly) and 10 hours (young), and assayed for ciprofloxacin by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The geriatric subjects had higher serum levels throughout the sampling period, with a peak level of 3.24 ± 0.79 versus 2.26 ± 0.75 μg/ml for the younger group (p < 0.005; one‐way analysis of variance). A twofold increase in the ciprofloxacin half‐life may be partly explained by a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate, as shown by slower ciprofloxacin renal clearance (152.4 ± 54.2 vs 395.6 ± 139.0 for elderly and young subjects respectively; p < 0.001). We concluded that in elderly patients, ciprofloxacin should be administered at an interval not less than every 12 hours to prevent accumulation and eventually toxicity.
Divalent interaction of the GGAs with the Rabaptin‐5–Rabex‐5 complex

Cargo transfer from trans‐Golgi network (TGN)‐derived transport carriers to endosomes involves a still undefined set of tethering/fusion events. Here we analyze a molecular interaction that may play a role in this process. We demonstrate that the GGAs, a family of Arf‐dependent clathrin adaptors involved in selection of TGN cargo, interact with the Rabaptin‐5–Rabex‐5 complex, a Rab4/Rab5 effector regulating endosome fusion. These interactions are bipartite: GGA‐GAE domains recognize an FGPLV sequence (residues 439–443) in a predicted random coil of Rabaptin‐5 (a sequence also recognized by the γ1‐ and γ2‐adaptin ears), while GGA‐GAT domains bind to the C‐terminal coiled‐coils of Rabaptin‐5. The GGA–Rabaptin‐5 interaction decreases binding of clathrin to the GGA‐hinge domain, and expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)–Rabaptin‐5 shifts the localization of endogenous GGA1 and associated cargo to enlarged early endosomes. These observations thus identify a binding sequence for GAE/γ‐adaptin ear domains and reveal a functional link between proteins regulating TGN cargo export and endosomal tethering/fusion events.
Excess fatality from desipramine in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To compare the case fatality rate (CFR) from desipramine ingestion in children and adolescents with that of other tricyclic antidepressants. METHOD All mentions of desipramine, amitriptyline, imipramine, nortriptyline, and doxepin in children and adolescents recorded in the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System from 1983 to 2002 were analyzed. The CFR for each drug was defined as the ratio of the number of deaths/number of mentioned exposures. RESULTS There were 24 fatalities in children younger than 6 years old (desipramine, n=10; amitriptyline, n=7; doxepin, n=3; imipramine, n=3; nortriptyline, n=1) and 144 fatalities in older children and adolescents (desipramine, n=56; amitriptyline, n=30; doxepin, n=16; imipramine, n=31; nortriptyline, n=11). The CFR from desipramine was significantly higher compared with the other tricyclic antidepressants in children younger than 6 years old (chi=36, p<.001) and in older children and adolescents (chi=155, p<.001). The CFR from desipramine exceeded that of amitriptyline, doxepin, imipramine, and nortriptyline by 7- to 8-, 4-, 6- to 12-, and 7- to 10-fold, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The excess CFR from desipramine in children and adolescents and the reports of sudden death in children treated with therapeutic doses call for caution in prescribing desipramine to children and adolescents.
Serum Hepcidin Levels Are Associated With Serum Triglycerides and Interleukin‐6 Concentrations in Patients With End‐Stage Renal Disease

Hepcidin has emerged as a peptide with a key role in the regulation of iron homeostasis in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), having a strong dependence on inflammation. Recent studies reveal that hepcidin may be also associated with the progression of atherosclerosis. This study was performed to analyze the relation of hepcidin to markers of atherosclerosis and inflammation in patients on dialysis. A total of 90 individuals were enrolled. Sixty patients with end‐stage renal disease, who were on hemodialysis (HD) (N = 30) and peritoneal dialysis (N = 30) were compared with 30 normal controls (NC). Age, body mass index, time on dialysis, serum lipids, C‐reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were measured and analyzed in correlation with hepcidin concentration. It was found that patients on HD and peritoneal dialysis have significantly higher (P < 0.0001) levels of hepcidin, CRP and IL‐6 than NC. Hepcidin in dialysis patients is significantly related to age (r = 0.373, P = 0.012), serum triglycerides (r = 0.401, P = 0.005), HDL‐C (r = −0.268, P = 0.048), CRP (r = 0.436, P = 0.0007) and IL‐6 (r = 0.569, P < 0.0001). In multiple regression analysis, hepcidin correlated independently with triglycerides (β = 0.402, P = 0.041) and IL‐6 (β = 0.559, P = 0.006). Moreover, patients with high triglycerides in combination with high IL‐6 levels have significantly increased concentrations of hepcidin than those with low triglycerides and low IL‐6 levels (P < 0.0001). Elevated levels of hepcidin in patients with CKD on dialysis may be related to the occurrence of high triglycerides and high IL‐6 serum concentrations. This probably suggests that hepcidin may play a role to the progression of atherosclerosis and inflammation, but this hypothesis should be further evaluated.
Murine Experimental Autoimmune Oophoritis Develops Independently of Gonadotropin Stimulation and is Primarily Localized in the Stroma and Theca

PROBLEM: Neonatal thymectomy performed on day 3 of life (NTX3) induces experimental autoimmune oophoritis in certain strains of mice. The disease has its onset around the time of the first estrous, suggesting the process may be gonadotropin dependent. Furthermore, one study reported that gonadotropin stimulation exacerbated the ovarian lymphocytic infiltration in NTX3 mice. Here we examine the possibility that gonadotropin stimulation of the ovary plays a role in the development of post‐thymectomy autoimmune oophoritis.
In support of 'usual' perioperative care.

Compelling evidence from three recent large randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) [Protocolised Care for Early Septic Shock (ProCESS), 1 Australasian Resuscitation in Sepsis Evaluation (ARISE), 2 and Protocolised Management in Sepsis (ProMISe) 3 ] led the Surviving Sepsis Campaign to update its guidelines forthe initial management ofpatients with con ﬁ rmed or suspected severe sepsis. 4 Guidelines now recognize ‘ usual ’ non-protocolized care delivered by licensed independent practitioners as equivalent to the algorithmic early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) protocol during severe sepsis. 4 Clinicians caring for patients around the time of major surgery may ﬁ nd a review of EGDT, including its initial success, current equipoise vs usual care, and potential physiological explanations for this equipoise, informativewhenconsideringwhethergoal-directed ﬂ uidtherapy (GDFT) algorithms represent a similar paradigm with regard to perioperative haemodynamic optimization. We provide a frame-work in which to consider whether GDFT should be implemented routinely in perioperative settings vs usual non-protocolized care administered at the discretion of treating clinicians.
CLINICAL FINDINGS

The use of sedative and hypnotic drugs in the general Swedish population is most widespread among women usually of middle age (Balter et a1 1974, Granzell et a1 1975). The sex and age distribution of the subject group corresponded to that in previous studies of drug abusers (Appendix 1). These findings support the theory of an association between distribution of drug consumption in the population and abuse (Smart et a1 197 1, McDermott & Scheurich 1977). Similar findings have also been reported with regard to alcohol consumption and abuse (Ledermann 1956, de Lint & Schmidt 1968).
p53 expression in the normal murine eye.

PURPOSE The tumor-suppressor gene p53 encodes a phosphoprotein involved in the control of cell growth. Its expression and function have been documented in malignancy, apoptosis, and other abnormal cell proliferation processes. Recently, expression of p53 has been demonstrated in certain normal tissues, including whole eye. The purpose of the study was to map and to characterize expression of p53 in the normal murine eye. METHODS Eyes of adult C57BL/6 mice were enucleated after death by CO2 narcosis. Expression of p53 in frozen sections of whole cryoprotected eyes was mapped by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using the anti-p53 monoclonal antibodies 248 and 421 and the polyclonal antibody FL-393. Additionally, eyes were freshly dissected to separate the various ocular tissues. In these ocular tissues, expression of p53 was quantitated with ELISA and Western blot analyses. RESULTS Strong expression of p53 was observed in various normal ocular tissues. The corneal and conjunctival epithelium exhibited very high cytoplasmic p53 protein levels. High nuclear p53 protein staining was seen in the lens epithelial cells of the central and pre-equatorial zones and in the lens fiber nuclear bow, situated posterior to the epithelial germinative zone. Cells of the actual lens germinative zone did not stain for p53 protein. Low levels of p53 protein were expressed in retinal tissue. CONCLUSIONS High levels of p53 protein are found in various normal murine ocular tissues, especially the corneal and conjunctival structures and the lens epithelium. Each of these tissues demonstrate unique patterns of staining.