Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Limits of Procedural Discretion

Studies of procedural in-court judicial discretion have highlighted a dilemma between the imperative to reduce it owing to its potential misuse and preserve it owing to its importance in protecting vulnerable groups. This article offers a new framework with which to enter this debate and new quantitative empirical evidence that favours the former position over the latter. Drawing upon 240 in-person observations of Britain’s First Tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber), the article demonstrates that judicial discretionary behaviour that is either vulnerability-neutral, vulnerability-amplifying or correlated with extraneous factors outweighs vulnerability-redressing behaviour, despite the sensitivity of this particular jurisdiction and the guidelines that consequently exist for judges. These findings lend support to calls to limit judicial procedural discretion. The article concludes by offering some cost-effective suggestions about how to do so.
English past tense use as a clinical marker in older bilingual children with language impairment

This study compared the use of English past tense in a group of Spanish–English bilingual children with language impairment (BLI) to younger groups of bilinguals with typical and atypical language development reported in an earlier study. Ten children with BLI enrolled in 3rd–6th grade participated. Children supplied 12 regular, 12 irregular, and 12 novel past tense verbs on an elicitation task. The results demonstrated that despite 2.5 years of school exposure, older children with BLI still lagged in the production of regular and novel past tense verbs when compared to the younger typically developing (TD) controls. Although the rates of productive errors on irregular verbs increased, the older students nonetheless failed to achieve rates of over-regularization comparable to the younger TD group. These data extend earlier findings regarding the exceptional challenge of past tense use, particularly with respect to finite verb morphology in certain children with BLI. These challenges, combined with similarities between monolingual and bilingual impairment, are largely compatible with a linguistic deficit account.
Extracellular superoxide dismutase is upregulated with inducible nitric oxide synthase after NFk B activation

Brady, Todd C. , Ling-Yi Chang, Brian J. Day, and James D. Crapo. Extracellular superoxide dismutase is upregulated with inducible nitric oxide synthase after NF-kB activation. Am. J. Physiol. 273 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 17): L1002–L1006, 1997. —Inflammatory cytokines have been shown to upregulate secretion of the antioxidant enzyme extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) in dermal fibroblasts and, in other cells, to stimulate production of nitric oxide (zNO). Because superoxide rapidly scavenges zNO, forming the injurious peroxynitrite anion (OONO2), we hypothesize that stimulated cells upregulate EC-SOD expression concurrently with zNO release. To test for coregulation of EC-SOD and zNO within the same cell, the timing of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and EC-SOD transcription was measured after exposure of a rat type II pneumocyte analog, the L2 cell line, to a combination of interferon-g (IFN-g) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a). Upregulation of iNOS and EC-SOD transcription occurred after 6 h of exposure, and transcription of both genes was linked by activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kB. Both EC-SOD and iNOS were elevated in rat lung homogenates 24 h after intratracheal instillation with IFN-g and TNF-a. The observation that EC-SOD and iNOS are temporally coregulated after cytokine exposure suggests the possibility of a critical mechanism by which cells might protect zNO and avoid the formation of OONO2 during inflammation.
Classiﬁcation of Literary Style that takes Order into Consideration

Abstract The statistical analysis of the heterogeneity of the style of a text often leads to the analysis of contingency tables of ordered rows. When multiple authorship is suspected, one can explore that heterogeneity through either a change-point analysis of these rows, consistent with sudden changes of author, or a cluster analysis of them, consistent with authors contributing exchangeably, without taking order into consideration. Here an analysis is proposed that strikes a compromise between change-point and cluster analysis by incorporating the fact that parts close together are more likely to belong to the same author than parts far apart. The approach is illustrated by revisiting the authorship attribution of Tirant lo Blanc.
Oxidative cyclizations in orthosomycin biosynthesis expand the known chemistry of an oxygenase superfamily

Significance Bacterial resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics has renewed public interest in identifying therapeutics with new scaffolds for the treatment of such infections. Analogs of orthosomycins could provide one such scaffold. One route to modifying these scaffolds is through rational engineering of the biosynthetic enzymes, requiring characterization of the biosynthetic pathway. A key feature of orthosomycin antibiotics is the orthoester linkage between carbohydrate groups, and our data suggest that a family of oxygenases is likely responsible for orthoester formation. Orthosomycins are oligosaccharide antibiotics that include avilamycin, everninomicin, and hygromycin B and are hallmarked by a rigidifying interglycosidic spirocyclic ortho-δ-lactone (orthoester) linkage between at least one pair of carbohydrates. A subset of orthosomycins additionally contain a carbohydrate capped by a methylenedioxy bridge. The orthoester linkage is necessary for antibiotic activity but rarely observed in natural products. Orthoester linkage and methylenedioxy bridge biosynthesis require similar oxidative cyclizations adjacent to a sugar ring. We have identified a conserved group of nonheme iron, α-ketoglutarate–dependent oxygenases likely responsible for this chemistry. High-resolution crystal structures of the EvdO1 and EvdO2 oxygenases of everninomicin biosynthesis, the AviO1 oxygenase of avilamycin biosynthesis, and HygX of hygromycin B biosynthesis show how these enzymes accommodate large substrates, a challenge that requires a variation in metal coordination in HygX. Excitingly, the ternary complex of HygX with cosubstrate α-ketoglutarate and putative product hygromycin B identified an orientation of one glycosidic linkage of hygromycin B consistent with metal-catalyzed hydrogen atom abstraction from substrate. These structural results are complemented by gene disruption of the oxygenases evdO1 and evdMO1 from the everninomicin biosynthetic cluster, which demonstrate that functional oxygenase activity is critical for antibiotic production. Our data therefore support a role for these enzymes in the production of key features of the orthosomycin antibiotics.
Self-awareness Without Awareness? Implicit Self-focused Attention and Behavioral Self-regulation

Objective self-awareness theory contends that focusing attention on the self initiates an automatic comparison of self to standards. To gain evidence for automatic self–standard comparison processes, two experiments manipulated attention to self with subliminal first-name priming. People completed a computer-based parity task after being instructed that the standard was to be fast or to be accurate. Subliminal first-name priming increased behavioral adherence to the explicit standard. When told to be fast, self-focused people made more mistakes and had faster response times; when told to be accurate, self-focused people made fewer mistakes. A manipulation of conscious self-awareness (via a mirror) had the same self-regulatory effects. The findings suggest that comparing self to standards can occur automatically and that it is attention to self, not awareness of the self per se, that evokes self-evaluation.
IL-7 Stimulates T Cell Renewal Without Increasing Viral Replication in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques 1

The main failure of antiretroviral therapy is the lack of restoration of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells. IL-7, which has been shown to be a crucial cytokine for thymopoiesis, has been envisaged as an additive therapeutic strategy. However, in vitro studies suggest that IL-7 might sustain HIV replication in thymocytes and T lymphocytes. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the effect of IL-7 on both T cell renewal and viral load in SIVmac-infected young macaques in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. This evaluation was conducted during the asymptomatic phase in view of a potential treatment of HIV patients. We show that IL-7 induces both a central renewal and a peripheral expansion of T lymphocytes associated with cell activation. No alarming modulation of the other hemopoietic cells was observed. No increase in the viral load was shown in blood or lymph nodes. These data strengthen the rationale for the use of IL-7 as an efficient immunotherapy in AIDS.
The Role of Instructional Design in Persuasion: A Comics Approach for Improving Cybersecurity

Abstract Although computer security technologies are the first line of defense to secure users, their success is dependent on individuals’ behavior. It is therefore necessary to persuade users to practice good computer security. This interview analysis of users’ conceptualization of security password guessing attacks, antivirus protection, and mobile online privacy shows that poor understanding of security threats influences users’ motivation and ability to practice safe behaviors. An online interactive comic series called Secure Comics was designed and developed based on instructional design principles to address this problem. An eye-tracking experiment suggests that the graphical and interactive components of the comics direct users’ attention and facilitate comprehension of the information. In the evaluations of Secure Comics, results from several user studies show that the comics improve understanding and motivate positive changes in security management behavior. The implication of the findings to better understand the role of instructional design and persuasion in education technology are discussed.
Switching-Converter-Only Multiphase Envelope Modulator With Slew Rate Enhancer for LTE Power Amplifier Applications

With ever-growing energy crisis in wireless communication, effective envelope tracking solutions are in high demand for efficient operation of power amplifiers. Conventionally, a linear regulator is utilized to assist a switching converter to achieve fast tracking performance, but is highly inefficient. To overcome such an efficiency limitation, a dual-phase switching-converter-only topology is proposed in this paper. Synchronized adaptive voltage tracking control is introduced, which enables both clock synchronization and fast response for high-speed envelope tracking. To mitigate the inductor current slew rate limit of the switching converter, a push-pull slew rate enhancer (SRE) is designed. The SRE only operates when the switching converter reaches its inductor current slew rate limit, thereby maximizing the efficiency. The proposed envelope modulator is fabricated with a 0.18-μm CMOS process, achieving 85.8% peak efficiency at 1.5 W, tracking a 10-MHz LTE envelope.
THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE, GREEN ADVERTISING AND ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDE TOWARD GREEN PURCHASE INTENTION

This study aims to determine the effect of environmental knowledge and green advertising on environmental attitudes and green purchase intention, and the effect of environmental attitude toward green purchase intention of Starbucks consumer in Mataram City. The research method used is quantitative with causal associative approach. Data collection using questionnaires distributed to 170 Starbucks consumers in Lombok Epicentrum Mall with convenience sampling technique. Analysis method used Path analysis. The research findings show that environmental knowledge and green advertising have a positive and significant effect on environmental attitude and green purchase intention; and environmental attitude have a positive and significant effect on green purchase intention. Increased public awareness of environmental knowledge and positive attitudes increases the chance of Starbucks to create environmentally-based products.
Hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome scoreAn extension of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index

To further develop the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC LK 3.0) for people with hip disability with or without hip osteoarthritis (OA), 52 subjects (median age 64 yrs, 35 women) answered a version of the Index with additional dimensions, twice, with a one‐week interval. Reproducibility, percentage of zero scores (best possible scores), mean score of symptoms, and importance, were analyzed. This resulted in the Hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score (HOOS LK 1.1), a 39‐item questionnaire with five separate sub‐scales. There were higher median scores (more symptoms) for three of HOOS sub‐scales Pain, Activity limitations – sport and recreation, and Hip‐related Quality of life compared to those in the WOMAC, improving the ability to assess change in patients over time. The HOOS appears to be an evaluative instrument for assessing important self‐rated hip problems for people with hip disability with/without hip OA, but additional studies are needed.
Current Opinions on Fracture Follow-up: A Survey of OTA Members Regarding Standards of Care and Implications for Clinical Research

Objectives: To determine current practice standards among Orthopaedic Trauma Association surgeons for postoperative fracture follow-up and to investigate the implications of these standards on clinical research. Design: Survey. Setting: Web-based survey. Participants: One hundred eighty-four orthopaedic trauma surgeons. Methods: A web-based questionnaire was distributed to Orthopaedic Trauma Association members to identify standard postoperative radiographic and clinical follow-up duration. Assuming uneventful, complete fracture healing at 3 months, data were collected for 3 generic fracture types (diaphyseal, extra-articular metaphyseal, and intra-articular) and 3 specific fractures (femoral shaft, intertrochanteric, and tibial plateau). Suggested follow-up for clinical research was also investigated. Results: For extra-articular fractures, standard radiographic and clinical follow-up were considered to be 6 months or less by greater than 70% of respondents. For intra-articular fractures, standard radiographic and clinical follow-up was considered to be 6 months or less by greater than 39% of respondents. The most common responses for radiographic follow-up were 3 months for extra-articular fractures (33%) and 12 months for intra-articular fractures (34%). The most common responses for clinical follow-up were 6 months for extra-articular fractures (37%) and 12 months for intra-articular fractures (35%). The majority (55%) indicated that follow-up to clinical and radiographic healing or the establishment of a nonunion should be the minimum follow-up for clinical fracture studies and 66% recommended follow-up to at least 1 year for functional outcome studies. Conclusions: Most surgeons follow-up patients with lower extremity extra-articular fractures (with uneventful healing) radiographically for 3–6 months and clinically for 6 months and slightly longer for intra-articular fractures. Many surgeons cease radiographic and clinical follow-up by 6 months. Therefore, retrospective fracture healing studies can only reasonably expect follow-up for 6 months. Publication requirements for longer follow-up of fracture-related studies would likely eliminated retrospective studies from consideration. Most surgeons support obtaining at least 1-year follow-up for clinical studies that include functional outcome. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level V. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Identification et modélisation du torseur des actions de coupe en fraisage

Les procedes de mise en forme par enlevement de matiere introduisent, lors de la formation du copeau,des phenomenes complexes et rendent difficiles la maitrise des grandeurs energetiques. Des mesuresrealisees a l’aide d’un dynamometre a six composantes permettent de mieux apprehender ces phenomenes.Ce dynamometre permet de mesurer l’ensemble des actions mecaniques transmises par la liaison mecaniqueentre la matiere usinee (copeau et piece) et l’outil de coupe. Les mesures revelent alors la presence demoments, a la pointe de l’outil, non evalues par les modeles de coupe classiques. Cependant, les lois decomportement actuelles ne permettent pas d’exprimer completement ces phenomenes complexes (gradientsde deformations) lors de la formation du copeau. Actuellement, une modelisation analytique ou numerique etrendant compte de ces phenomenes est donc exclue. Des approches experimentales ont alors ete menees entournage et en percage. Aujourd’hui ces recherches s’etendent au cas du fraisage.Pour ceci, un nouveau dynamometre a six composantes adapte au fraisage a ete concu, realise etetalonne. Une demarche experimentale a alors ete mise en place afin de modeliser le moment de coupeconsommateur de puissance. Ce moment est alors etudie dans une configuration de coupe orthogonale enfraisage. Un modele experimental du moment de coupe est alors propose. Cette modelisation fait intervenir lasection de copeau reelle instantanee et un nouveau critere energetique : la densite de moment. Une etude surles parametres cinematiques reels de l’outil montre la necessite de prendre en compte la section de copeauinstantanee reelle. Celle–ci est alors calculee a partir de la position reelle de l’outil deduite des donneescinematiques extraites des codeurs de position des axes et de la broche de la machine outil. Les parametresinfluents sur la densite de moment ont ete mis en evidence par un plan d’experiences et une analyse de lavariance. Une modelisation de ce critere similaire aux coefficients specifiques de coupe a par la suite etedeveloppee.Enfin, le bilan energetique de l’operation de coupe etudiee est considere. Une demarche pratiqued’evaluation rapide de la puissance maximale de coupe est presentee en integrant la modelisation du momentproposee. L’interet et l’importance de la prise en compte du moment de coupe sont alors confirmes pourpredire et definir les energies mises en jeu par le processus de coupe.
Immunohistochemical Staining as a Potential Method for the Identification of Vaginal Epithelial Cells in Forensic Casework *

ABSTRACT: There is currently no accurate method to identify vaginal epithelial cells uniquely. This study aimed to use a cell extraction procedure compatible with routine forensic sampling methods, and to investigate the expression of cytokeratin (CK), estrogen receptor‐α (ERα), and phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) in order to distinguish between skin, buccal, vaginal, and external penile epithelial cells. Seminal fluid samples were also examined. Epithelial cell samples were fixed in formalin, embedded in agarose, and processed using histological methods. Antigen–antibody reactions were detected using the DAKO Envision+™ detection system. CK was present in all cells from all five sources confirming the origin of cells as epithelial. Both ERα and PDE5 positively labeled vaginal, buccal, and skin epithelial cells. Although an antigen unique to vaginal epithelial cells was not identified, we have described a cell extraction procedure for use in the immunohistochemical detection of a wide range of antigens, an approach compatible with forensic diagnostics.
The effects of eWOM volume and valence on product sales – an empirical examination of the movie industry

Abstract The present research examines how quantitative and qualitative aspects – volume and valence – of eWOM on various social media platforms in the movie industry, along with other forms of marketing communications (e.g. advertising expenditure), predict box office and DVD sales for pre- and post-periods of movie releases. The analysis of aggregated big data from multiple sources – 65,665,859 social media postings from blogs, forums, news, and Twitter, Nielsen’s ad expenditure data, and Rotten Tomatoes ratings for 170 movies—revealed that the explanatory power of the model for box office revenue and DVD sales mostly comes from the volume, rather than valence, of eWOM.
Multilevel Latent Profile Analysis With Covariates

Latent profile analysis (LPA) is a person-centered method commonly used in organizational research to identify homogeneous subpopulations of employees within a heterogeneous population. However, in the case of nested data structures, such as employees nested in work departments, multilevel techniques are needed. Multilevel LPA (MLPA) enables adequate modeling of subpopulations in hierarchical data sets. MLPA enables investigation of variability in the proportions of Level 1 profiles across Level 2 units, and of Level 2 latent classes based on the proportions of Level 1 latent profiles and Level 1 ratings, and the extent to which covariates drawn from the different hierarchical levels of the data affect the probability of a membership of a particular profile. We demonstrate the use of MLPA by investigating job characteristics profiles based on the job-demand-control-support (JDCS) model using data from 1,958 university employees clustered in 78 work departments. The implications of the results for organizational research are discussed, together with several issues related to the potential of MLPA for wider application.
Does Occupational Deregulation Affect In-Company Vocational Training? – Evidence from the 2004 Reform of the German Trade and Crafts Code

Abstract The European Commission actively evaluates occupational entry restrictions in all member states. This has attracted a growing interest among scholars of the German crafts sector as it is governed by an idiosyncratic national set of rules. We estimate the effects of the deregulation of the German Trade and Crafts Code in 2004 on the overall vocational training levels in affected crafts trades. We employ Difference-in-Differences regressions as well as Synthetic Control Methods on data for the entire population of the German crafts sector. We provide evidence that the overall effect of the reform on vocational training levels was negative. While we cannot comprehensively rule out all potential confounding factors, we address competing explanations related to demand shocks, recession effect, and migration. In addition, there is evidence that the overall deregulation effects can be decomposed into a sunk-cost-channel and a firm size channel.
Online and other ICT-based Assessment Tools for Problem-solving Skills

Problem-solving skills assessment starts with the imperative that the hypothesized construct of skills, is theoretically sound. Secondly, assessment refers to identifying and recording inductive and deductive types of reasoning as well as divergent and convergent thinking skills. The aforementioned procedures should be measured, independent of specific learning domains or knowledge backgrounds. Future research should be oriented towards the development of a prototype set of tasks that would embed problem-solving skills in different content and context areas and that would act as a model for implementation in online large-scale assessments. Furthermore, the classroom provides an environment amenable to collaborative problem solving, in which capturing the progress of students’ both social and cognitive processes through identifying the exchange of implicit and explicit types of information, remains to be sufficiently addressed. Effective collaborative problem-solving assessment is related to well-defined, real-world problems as well as to the provision of respective scaffolds to group members for developing their cognitive and meta-cognitive skills. In other words, effective collaborative problem-solving assessment should bring about and measure group members’ cognitive and meta-cognitive skills, evolving from the social regulation of processes, such as goal setting, connecting information and patterns as well as testing hypotheses.