Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
LEARNER’S ALTERNATIVE AND MISCONCEPTIONS IN PHYSICS: A PHENOMENOGRAPHIC STUDY

Various studies (Halloun & Hestenes, 1985; Molefe, Lemmer, & Smit, 2005; Rosenquist & McDermott, 1987; Shaffer & McDermott, 2005) show that learners confuse the concepts of time, position, velocity and acceleration and relate them unscientifically. In particular learner’s descriptions are often qualitative and relative, and consequently differ from the operational definitions of physics. For instance scientific meaning is often lost in a description, for example, the words “rate of” are omitted in the description of acceleration. In an example involving displacement, displacement is described as a short distance. Surely, by a Newtonian account, forces do not cause motion (velocity); they cause change in motion (acceleration). If there is no net force on an object, it moves at a constant speed in a constant direction; if there is a net force, the object’s speed, direction of motion, or both changes. Students often have difficulty understanding this account (Molefe et al., 2005), due, from the misconceptions perspective, to their misconceptions about forces and motion. McCloskey (1983) described students as having an intuitive impetus theory similar to the impetus theories articulated by medieval physicists. Students see the motion of an object as caused by an internally stored impetus, which they typically call force or energy. As the impetus runs out, the object stops moving. McCloskey identified two variations of the impetus theory, one in which the impetus runs out on its own and another in which the impetus is drained by gravity, friction, or both. Other researchers have identified similar misconceptions without attributing to them the coherence of a theoretical framework. Clement (1983) described students’ use of a misconception that “motion implies a force” in a range of situations. This is a misconception that the motion of an object indicates the presence of a continuing force causing that motion. LeARneR’s ALteRnAtIve AnD mIsConCePtIons In PHysICs: A PHenomenoGRAPHIC stUDy
Standardization of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Antibody.

An indirect enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for screening of antibody to avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Antigen was prepared from whole-purified IBV Massachusetts serotype (BR 801 strain). Optimum dilution with minimum background for antigen concentration, rabbit anti-chicken conjugate and sera in developed ELISA was determined 0. 1μg/ml, 1:3000 and 1:100, respectively. The optical densities (OD) were compared with a commercial ELISA kit. Also, the results of ELISA were compared to hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The correlation coefficient of the results of both ELISAs and HI was significant (P
Compaction Characteristics of Non-Gravel and Gravelly Soils Using a Small Compaction Apparatus

The standard Proctor test has been widely used and accepted for characterizing soil com- patibility for field compaction control. This paper presents a time- and cost-effective method to predict standard Proctor compaction characteristics of non-gravel and gravelly soils using a proposed small appa- ratus. This small apparatus is similar to the standard Proctor apparatus and easily introduced into soil mechanics laboratory. A comparison of the compaction characteristics of non-gravel soils measured from the proposed small apparatus and from the standard Proctor apparatus shows that this small apparatus can be used as an alternative to the standard Proctor apparatus and regarded as a practical tool for non-gravel soils. For gravelly soils, gravel content mainly controls compaction energy transmitted to the fine fraction and hence its compaction characteristics. A relationship between the generalized optimum water content of the fine fraction in the gravelly soil and the gravel content is established. This relationship leads to an effective method of predicting standard Proctor compaction characteristics of gravelly soils com- pacted in standard molds using compaction results from the proposed small apparatus. Comparisons between the predicted and the measured compaction characteristics are in very good agreement.
Cysteine, Malondyaldehide (MDA) and Glutathione (GSH) Levels in Marasmic Type Malnutrition

Micronutrien deficiency in severe malnutrition will reduce antioxidant capacity that needed for oxidative stress defense. Cysteine, a non-essential amino acid, is one of an important component for reduced glutha-tione (GSH). This study aims to prove the difference between the levels of cysteine, MDA and GSH levels in children with marasmic malnutrition and well-nourished children and prove whether there is a relationship between those parameters. Fiftysix patients participated in this study were grouped into two groups of sam-ples that were marasmic type malnutrition group (28 patients) and control groups that were well nourished group (28 patients). Examination begins with a complete laboratory screening, followed by examination of cysteine, MDA and GSH level. Of the 28 patients included in marasmic type malnutrition group consisting of 15 male patients (53.6%) and 13 female patients (46.4%), while the well-nourished group consisted of 13 male patients (46.4%) and 15 female patients (53.6%). The average age is 54.61±56.35 months in the group of ma-rasmic type malnutrition and 48.25±45.34 months in the well-nourished group. By using the Mann Whitney test, there were significant difference between the levels of cysteine and GSH in marasmic malnutrition and control group (p = 0.000 and p = 0.000 respectively). Spearman correlation test between cysteine and GSH levels, cysteine and MDA levels, MDA and GSH levels in marasmic malnutrition children shows no significant correlation (R = -0.206, p = 0.294; R = -0.036, p = 0.856; R = 0.210, p = 0.284 respectively). In well-nourished group Spearman correlation test between cysteine and GSH levels, cysteine and MDA levels, MDA and GSH levels also shows no significant correlation (R = -0.053, p=0.789; R = -0.146, p = 0.458; R = -0.079, p = 0.688 re-spectively). From this study it can be concluded that there are significant differences of the levels of cysteine and GSH between severe malnutrition groups compared with the control one. But this study shows no signif-icant correlation between the levels of cysteine and GSH levels in marasmic type malnutrition and well-nourished children.
Organic Certification: A Case Study of Organic Valley, Nepal

Organic agriculture is a holistic food production management system, which results in sound agroecological health, combat climate change, enhanced biodiversity and soil biological activities. There is an increasing interest in organic production all over the globe. With certification, there adds the confidence in the marketplace. Nepal government has authorized an organization called Organic Certification Nepal (OCN), who offers internationally accredited inspection and certification services to local operators. There are many other international organizations like NAASA (Australia), ECOCERT (France), One Cert Asia (USA), IMO (Switzerland), Control Union (Netherlands), CertAlletc. are also active in Nepal, with their agents. There are a number of methods to certify if a product is organic or not organic. This paper is an effort to find out potentials and development of organic agriculture and certification for hilly areas. Organic Valley which comprises of five VDCs out of which two VDCs is in Kavrepalanchok district and three VDCs is in Lalitpur district was surveyed by various means to assess the status of organic agriculture and certification. Through interaction with farmers, it was found 81.61% people are aware of organic farming while 68.96% are not aware of the organic certification. The major organic crop exported from the valley is coffee. Presently Internal Control System (ICS) found applicable for the certification of coffee. There is more scope of parallel cultivations in the valley, and that can be certified by using Participatory Guaranteed System (PGS). Organic farming is must since it improves environmental and human health, export possibilities and market place, discourage toxic chemical near human settlement, provide job space to youth and enhanced lifestyle.
Automated landform classification in a rockfall-prone area, Gunung Kelir, Java

Abstract. This paper presents an automated landform classification in a rockfall-prone area. Digital terrain models (DTMs) and a geomorphological inventory of rockfall deposits were the basis of landform classification analysis. Several data layers produced solely from DTMs were slope, plan curvature, stream power index, and shape complexity index; whereas layers produced from DTMs and rockfall modeling were velocity and energy. Unsupervised fuzzy k means was applied to classify the generic landforms into seven classes: interfluve, convex creep slope, fall face, transportational middle slope, colluvial foot slope, lower slope and channel bed. We draped the generic landforms over DTMs and derived a power-law statistical relationship between the volume of the rockfall deposits and number of events associated with different landforms. Cumulative probability density was adopted to estimate the probability density of rockfall volume in four generic landforms, i.e., fall face, transportational middle slope, colluvial foot slope and lower slope. It shows negative power laws with exponents 0.58, 0.73, 0.68, and 0.64 for fall face, transportational middle slope, colluvial foot slope and lower slope, respectively. Different values of the scaling exponents in each landform reflect that geomorphometry influences the volume statistics of rockfall. The methodology introduced in this paper has possibility to be used for preliminary rockfall risk analyses; it reveals that the potential high risk is located in the transportational middle slope and colluvial foot slope.
Impact of dams, dam removal and dam-related river engineering structures on sediment connectivity and channel morphology of the Fugnitz and the Kaja Rivers

In terms of changing flow and sediment regimes of rivers, dams are often regarded as the most dominant form of human impact on fluvial systems. Dams can decrease the flux of water and sediments leading to channel changes such as upstream aggradation and downstream degradation. The opposite effects occur when dams are removed. Channel degradation often requires further intervention in terms of river bed and bank protection works. The situation evolves more complex in river systems that are impacted by a series of dams due to feedback processes between the different system compartments.A number of studies have recently investigated geomorphic systems using connectivity approaches to improve the understanding of geomorphic system response to change. This paper presents a case study investigating the impact of dam construction, dam removal and dam-related river bed and bank protection measures on the sediment connectivity and channel morphology of the Fugnitz and the Kaja Rivers using a combination of DEM analyses, field surveys and landscape evolution modelling. For both river systems the results revealed low sediment connectivity accompanied by a fine river bed sediment facies in river sections upstream of active dams and of removed dams with protection measures. Contrarily, high sediment connectivity which was accompanied by a coarse river bed sediment facies was observed in river sections either located downstream of active dams or of removed dams with upstream protection. In terms of channel changes, significant channel degradation was examined at locations downstream of active dams and of removed dams. Channel bed and bank protection measures prevent erosion and channel slope recovery after dam removal. Landscape evolution modeling revealed a complex geomorphic response to dam construction and dam removal as sediment output rates and therefore geomorphic processes have been shown to act in a non-linear manner. These insights are deemed to have major implications for river management and conservation, as quality and state of riverine habitats are determined by channel morphology and river bed sediment composition.
Electrophysiological correlates of interference control in the Eriksen task

This thesis examined conflict monitoring in the Eriksen task in which participants must respond to a centrally positioned target arrow and ignore simultaneously presented distractors that flank the target. Distractors were either associated with a response congruent to the target, in conflict with the target, or, in a neutral condition, not associated with a response, instead producing only perceptual interference. This thesis extended on previous Eriksen research by systematically investigating the effect of varying the level of response conflict and task difficulty on stimulus processing in six studies and clarifying the functional role of ERP components elicited in the Eriksen task. Specifically, this was achieved by (a) varying the number of flanking distractors and, (b) the level of response conflict by using different permutations of incongruent distractors, (c) reducing target stimulus perceptibility through degradation, (d) utilising both valid and invalid information to increase response preparation and make conflict monitoring more difficult, and (e) providing feedback in a speeded version of the task. In all six studies, two N2 components were clearly delineated – the first of which was increased to stimuli requiring enhanced feature detection processes (N2a), while the second N2 component (N2b) was consistently observed to increase following the detection of response conflict. The P3 component, rarely considered in the Eriksen paradigm, was reduced at parietal sites and increased in latency as the discriminability of the target amongst the distractors became more difficult. The results suggest that the P3 component may reflect stimulus evaluation processes and equivocation related to the ease of target identification and concurrent response selection processes imperative for accurate task performance. This thesis also utilised digital filtering to clarify time-domain ERP results in terms of the relative contributions of activity in the alpha, theta and delta frequency ranges. Event-related theta oscillations contributed significantly to the morphology of the two N2 components reflecting allocation of focused attentional resources following the detection of perceptual (theta N2a) or response conflict (theta N2b). Activity in both theta and delta frequency ranges was robustly observed to contribute to the P3 component. An increased theta response at frontal sites was observed along with increases in task difficulty likely indexing the activation of anterior attentional resources. The results also suggest that the parietal delta P3 component reflects a refined form of equivocation, sensitive to the perceptibility of the target, and concomitant with the relative ease of accurate response selection. This thesis has clarified successful conflict monitoring and task performance in the Eriksen task, and the relationship with stimulus-locked ERP components in the time and frequency domains. The results suggest that the second frontally maximal N2
Global overview of the major constituent-based billfish tagging programs and their results since 1954

Release and recovery files from the world's five major constituent-based billfish (Istiophoridae) tagging programs were assembled into a single composite database. Data sources included the National Marine Fisheries Service's (NMFS) Cooperative Tagging Center (MIA) in the Atlantic Ocean, the NMFS's Cooperative Billfish Tag- ging Program (LJA) in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the Australian Cooperative Tagging Program in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the New Zealand Cooperative Game Fish Tagging Program in the Pacific Ocean, and The Billfish Foundation's (TBF) tagging program in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Results for the main target species, including black marlin (Makaira indica), blue marlin (Makaira nigricans), white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus), striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax) and sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) were compared and contrasted based on species, ocean body and tagging program. A total of over 317 000 billfish have been tagged and released, and 4122 have been recovered since 1954. Tag recovery percentages were generally higher for a recently developed double- barb nylon anchor tag compared with the typically used stainless steel dart tag. Greatest distances moved were largest for blue marlin and black marlin, followed by striped marlin, white marlin and sailfish. The TBF program had the highest tag recovery percentages for white marlin (2.4%) and blue marlin (1.7%), whereas the MIA program had the highest percentage recovery for sailfish (1.8%). The LJA program had the highest recovery percentages for black marlin (1.9%) and striped marlin (1.4%). The annual number of releases and recoveries for each tar- get species tended to increase over the time series, particularly during the last decade. Cyclic annual movement patterns and/or seasonal site fidelity were evident for black marlin and white marlin. The data suggest that tag recovery percentages can be affected by tag type, reporting rate, localized fishing activities, outreach activities, and a variety of logistical issues indirectly related to size of ocean body. The efficiencies of the tagging programs are compared and recommendations are made to improve the programs. The composite tagging database provides the opportunity for a more comprehensive evaluation of the data and tagging programs than has previously been pos- sible by examining the individual programs in isolation. The main advantage of constituent-based tagging programs is that large numbers of billfish can be tagged at a minimum cost. The main drawbacks are a lack of control over the tagging event and return of recovery data. Constituent-based tagging programs provide essential data on billfish movement and biology, and should be expanded and improved to meet the increasing need for this information.
Context, culture and structuration in the languages of Australia

▪ Abstract Using Australian languages as examples, cultural selection is shown to shape linguistic structure through invisible hand processes that pattern the unintended outcomes (structures in the system of shared linguistic norms) of intentional actions (particular utterances by individual agents). Examples of the emergence of culturally patterned structure through use are drawn from various levels: the semantics of the lexicon, grammaticalized kin-related categories, and culture-specific organizations of sociolinguistic diversity, such as moiety lects, “mother-in-law” registers, and triangular kin terms. These phenomena result from a complex of diachronic processes that adapt linguistic structures to culture-specific concepts and practices, such as ritualization and phonetic reduction of frequently used sequences, the input of shared cultural knowledge into pragmatic interpretation, semanticization of originally context-dependent inferences, and the input of linguistic ideologies into the systematizati.
X-ray data, optical anisotropism, and thermal stability of cobaltite, gersdorffite, and ullmannite

Summary Data are presented from cobaltite (CoAsS), gersdorffite (NiAsS), and ullmannite (NiSbS) for cell size, compositional zoning, mineralogical association, X-ray diffraction powder intensities, and optical anisotropy. The presence of powder X-ray diffraction reflections 001 and 011 are related to the crystal structure type. The amount of distortion from cubic symmetry is related to the 001 reflection intensity and also to the optical anisotropism strength. These properties are related approximately to the thermal stability of the distorted crystal structure. This thermal stability increases with the substitution of cobalt for nickel, which decreases the cell size. An order-disorder change occurs before the distortion release in non-cubic gersdorffite (P1) with a large cell size, whereas only a distortion release is observed in cobaltite (Pca2 1) and non-cubic gersdorffite (P1) with a small cell size. Glaucodot (Co,Fe)AsS converted to cobaltite at 620 C. No evidence was found to relate optical anisotropism of pyrite to deviations from cubic symmetry.
PII: S0048-7333(01)00189-5

This paper investigates the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in shaping the GSM (global system for mobile communications) industry. This industry is an example of a high-tech industry in which standards play a large role. In the process of designing the GSM standard, a lot of attention has been given to IPRs, mainly to avoid a situation in which a single IPR holder could hamper or even totally block the development of the standard. Nevertheless, the ultimate GSM standard contains a large amount of so-called ‘essential IPRs’, i.e. IPRs without which the implementation of GSM products is impossible. The GSM case provides an interesting example of how (essential) IPRs ownership and alliance networks influence each other, and how both of them affect market structure and market shares. The play with the essential GSM IPRs, and the strategy of Motorola in particular, is found to have dramatically changed the standardization processes in the telecommunications industry. Where IPR was considered a non-issue in this sector for many decades, it is now among the main issues to be resolved for any new standard, as has recently been shown with the standardization of third-generation mobile networks. Our findings with respect to alliances reveal that timing of the emergence of strong network positions is in line with the findings on essential IPRs. We found for three of the four dominant network players that their position in the network is based on ownership of essential IPRs. The relationship between market power (inclusion in the top-5 equipment suppliers) and the two variables of our main interest (essential IPRs and network centrality) is found to be a positive one with some notable exceptions. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The Effect of Randomized Vitamin± Mineral Supplementation on Violent and Non-violent Antisocial Behavior Among Incarcerated Juveniles

In a randomized controlled double-blind trial, the effects of vitamin± mineral supplementation on violence and other serious antisocial behavior were studied for 3 months on 62 con® ned delinquents aged 13 to 17 years. A signi® cant difference between 32 active and 30 placebo subjects was found for violent and non-violent antisocial behavior. The net difference in rule infractions between the active and placebo groups in violence was 28% (95% con® dence interval 15± 41% ). This direction and magnitude of effect were seen with both violent and non-violent rule violations. Twenty-six habitually violent subjects donated preand post-intervention blood samples. Among 10 subjects who maintained their normal or low blood concentrations of vitamins throughout the trial, there was no marked change in violence (i.e. 39 acts during baseline and 37 during intervention). In contrast, the 16 subjects who corrected their low blood vitamin concentrations during intervention produced 131 violent acts during baseline and 11 during intervention. The correction of low blood vitamin concentrations with vitamin± mineral supplements improves brain function and signi® cantly reduces violence among delinquents con® ned in correctional facilities.