Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Search‐based optimization

The problem of determining the minimum cost hypothetical ancestral sequences for a given cladogram is known to be NP‐complete (Wang and Jiang, 1994). Traditionally, point estimations of hypothetical ancestral sequences have been used to gain heuristic, upper bounds on cladogram cost. These include procedures with such diverse approaches as non‐additive optimization of multiple sequence alignment, direct optimization (Wheeler, 1996), and fixed‐state character optimization (Wheeler, 1999). A method is proposed here which, by extending fixed‐state character optimization, replaces the estimation process with a search. This form of optimization examines a diversity of potential state solutions for cost‐efficient hypothetical ancestral sequences and can result in greatly more parsimonious cladograms. Additionally, such an approach can be applied to other NP‐complete phylogenetic optimization problems such as genomic break‐point analysis.
What Do the Fama-French Factors Add to C-CAPM?

This study extends standard C-CAPM by including two additional factors related to firm size (SMB) and book-to-market value ratio (HML) — the Fama–French factors. C-CAPM is least able to price firms with low book-to-market ratios. The explanation of these returns, as well as the returns on the SMB and HML portfolios, is significantly improved by the inclusion of the HML factor. The component of the risk premia explained by consumption varies across size. We suggest that a possible explanation for the role of HML is its association with the investment growth prospects of firms.
The Economic Transformation Of The Soviet Union 1913 1945

Thank you for reading the economic transformation of the soviet union 1913 1945. As you may know, people have look numerous times for their favorite readings like this the economic transformation of the soviet union 1913 1945, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some malicious bugs inside their computer.
An assessment of anxiety and dermatology life quality in patients with atopic dermatitis

Anxiety is a prevalent psychological factor associated with atopic dermatitis (AD). AD patients generally suffer from a high anxiety level, and psychological treatment documents a positive effect on the anxiety level, as well as the course and management of the disease. The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) has been suggested as a relevant clinical measure in AD. This study investigated the relationship between the severity of AD, dermatological life quality and anxiety. Thirty‐two adults suffering from AD were examined using the Severity Scoring of AD Index (SCORAD), the DLQI and the Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Index (STAI). Twenty‐two healthy controls were examined using the DLQI and STAI. Results showed that the AD group had higher anxiety and lower dermatological life quality than the control group. In the AD group a significant positive correlation was found between SCORAD and DLQI and between DLQI and STAI. However, no correlation was found between SCORAD and STAI. The results suggest that: (i) both severity of eczema and anxiety are important for dermatological life quality; (ii) psychological inferences should not be made from the severity of eczema, but from the psychological measures, and vice versa; and (iii) both dermatological and psychological assessment is important in AD.
Association of Race and Gender With HIV‐1 RNA Levels and Immunologic Progression

Context: HIV‐1 RNA and lymphocyte subset levels are the principal indications for antiretroviral treatment. Past reports have differed with regard to the effect of gender and race on these measures and in measures of disease progression. Objective: To assess racial and gender differences in HIV‐1 RNA levels and CD4+ lymphocyte decline. Design: A longitudinal study based in the two largest HIV natural history cohort studies conducted in 7 metropolitan areas of the United States. Results: In all, 1256 adult women and 1603 adult men for whom multiple data points were available prior to initiation of antiretroviral therapy were included. Women were more likely to be nonwhite, to have a history of injection drug use, and to have HIV‐associated symptoms. After adjustment for differences in measurement method, baseline CD4+ cell count, age, and clinical symptoms, HIV‐1 RNA levels were 32% to 50% lower in women than in men at CD4+ counts >200 cells/mm3 (p < .001) but not at CD4+ cell counts <200 cells/mm3. HIV‐1 RNA levels were also 41% lower in nonwhites than in whites (p < .001) and 21% lower in persons reporting a prior history of injection drug use (p < .001). Women had more rapid declines in CD4+ cell counts over time than men (difference in slope of 46 cells/year) and nonwhite individuals had slower decline in CD4 cell counts than whites (difference of 39 cells/year). Conclusions: Both race and gender influence the values of HIV‐1 RNA and the rate of HIV‐1 disease progression as indicated by decline in CD4 cell counts over time. These effects could provide clues regarding the factors that influence HIV‐disease progression and may indicate that guidelines for therapy should be adjusted for demographic characteristics.
Maternal Somatic Symptoms, Psychosocial Correlates, and Subsequent Pediatric Emergency Department Use

Background Somatization is associated with increased health care use in adults. Whether mothers with somatic symptoms use more health care resources for their children has not been investigated. Objective This study aimed to explore the association of maternal somatic symptoms and emergency department (ED) use. Design/Methods Mothers from a cohort of 319 mother-child dyads were screened for somatic symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire 15. Dyads were followed up for 3 years after the initial ED visit to record ED use. The outcome variable was ED use (lower ED use, 0-3 visits, higher ED use, 4+ visits). The primary independent variable was somatization, with a dichotomous variable analyzing the Patient Health Questionnaire 15 symptom count of less than 7 symptoms (lower somatization) and 7 or more symptoms (higher somatization [HISOM]). Secondary independent variables included demographic data, maternal major depression, and maternal difficulty in taking care of the child or themselves. Statistical analysis included bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results Mothers with HISOM symptoms did not demonstrate an increased use of the ED in bivariate analysis. Higher somatization mothers did show an increased (1) endorsement of maternal major depression symptoms and (2) maternal perception of difficulty in taking care of the child and themselves. When adjusted for these and other covariates, HISOM mothers were more likely to be in the higher ED use group (1.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.99–3.38) P = 0.055). Conclusions Mothers with higher somatic symptom loads were more likely to screen positive for depression and to report difficulty caring for their child and for themselves. A trend toward higher use of the pediatric ED warrants further study.
Role of Cardiac Angiotensin II in Isoproterenol‐Induced Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Angiotensin II (Ang II) has been shown to induce proliferation of cardiac myocytes. To examine the role of Ang II in left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, isoproterenol was infused subcutaneously into 9-week-old male Wistar rats at 4.2 mg/kg/day for 7 days. Infusion of isoproterenol increased LV weight and Ang II concentrations in plasma and in LV tissue. In anephric rats, LV weight and tissue Ang II were increased similarly, but plasma Ang II was not changed by isoproterenol. Concomitant oral administration of trandolapril and isoproterenol prevented increases in both LV Ang II and LV weight. Treatment with hydralazine decreased blood pressure in a similar way as trandolapril but did not affect either LV weight or LV Ang II. Plasma Ang II was not decreased by either trandolapril or hydralazine when administered in combination with isoproterenol. These results suggest that cardiac tissue Ang II regulates myocyte growth in isoproterenol-induced LV hypertrophy, and the reduction of Ang II partly explains the prevention of cardiac hypertrophy by the converting enzyme inhibitor.
Farm Health and Safety Issues

This study identifies gender specific farm health and safety issues. Based on a sample from the 1988 New York Farm Family Survey, descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis were used to establish unique gender based profiles in terms of labor force participation, and prioritization of farm health and safety issues, concerns, and information sources. Based on the factor analysis, women's main farm health and safety issues included physical problems and occupational hazard screening needs, provider integrity, and economic incentives. Men's main issues consisted of accident related counseling needs, skin related hazards, and the farm related convenience of the services. Men and women had statistically significant differences in the types of information sources and reasons for using farm health and safety services. These differences imply that farm health and safety providers must consider both gender related information gathering and farm health and safety prioritizations to more efficiently allocate intervention resources, more effectively promote safety, and reduce the incidence of occupationally related morbidity and mortality in agriculture.
The efficacy and tolerability of venlafaxine and paroxetine in outpatients with depressive disorder or dysthymia

&NA; A 24‐week, double‐blind, randomized trial was performed to compare the efficacy and tolerability of venlafaxine and paroxetine in patients with major depression or dysthymia. Outpatients aged 18‐70 years with a baseline score of 17 on the 21‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM‐D) were eligible. Patients were randomly assigned to venlafaxine, 37.5 mg, in the morning and evening or paroxetine, 20 mg, in the morning and placebo in the evening, which could be increased to venlafaxine, 75 mg twice daily, or paroxetine, 20 mg twice daily, after 4 weeks. Efficacy was assessed with the 21‐item HAM‐D, the Montgomery‐Asberg Rating Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and the Clinical Global Impressions Scale. Forty‐one patients were randomized to venlafaxine and 43 to paroxetine. At week 6, a response was observed in 55% of patients on venlafaxine and 29% on paroxetine (P = 0.03). At week 12, significantly (P = 0.011) more patients in the venlafaxine group had a HAM‐D remission score of 8 or less (59% versus 31%). Discontinuation for any reason occurred in 16 (39%) patients on venlafaxine and 11 (26%) on paroxetine. The most common adverse events were nausea (28%), headache (18%) and dry mouth (15%) with venlafaxine and headache (40%) and constipation (16%) with paroxetine. Venlafaxine was effective and well tolerated for the treatment of patients with mild to moderate depression or dysthymia. A consistently higher proportion of patients had a response or remission on venlafaxine than on paroxetine.
Kinetics of conformational fluctuations in DNA hairpin-loops in crowded fluids

Biochemical reactions in crowded fluids have been predicted to differ strongly from those in aqueous solutions. Both excluded-volume interactions with surrounding macromolecules and crowding-induced subdiffusion have been predicted to stabilize complex formation of reaction partners. Here we show that both facets of crowding strongly alter the stochastic opening and closing of a single-stranded DNA hairpin. Crowding not only slows down the kinetics but also increases the steady-state fraction of closed hairpins significantly. The latter is shown to be enhanced if crowding is associated with subdiffusion. Biochemical reactions in crowded fluids are therefore sensistive to both excluded-volume interactions and changes of the reactants' diffusion characteristics.
[The study "Social health need of elderly people in Tuscany (Italy)": an example of epidemiology inside a regional programming cycle].

OBJECTIVE in 2008,Tuscany Region (Italy) allocated the "Regional Fund for Disabled Elderly People" to support a dedicated local welfare system mainly characterised by universal access and resource allocation proportional to assessed individuals' personal care needs. To assure sustainability, reliable estimates of disabled elderly people living in the Region, stratified by level of personal care needs, were needed. For such a purpose, in 2009, the Regional Health Agency of Tuscany conducted a survey called Bi.S. S. DESIGN cross-sectional survey inside the resident population over 65 years. A structured questionnaire was used for detection: it contains the same multidimensional evaluation instruments used by Multidisciplinary Evaluation Units of the region. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS sample of Tuscany population over 65 years; stratified sampling by gender, age and residence zone (No. 2.551). Cases were extracted from the inhabitants registry of Tuscany. Evaluation data were collected only for the elderly who lived at home. MAIN OUTCOMEMEASURES prevalence estimation and current and forecasted expected cases (by gender and age) of home resident disabled elderly people (according to inability to perform basic activities of daily living), by level of personal care needs (according to a pre-defined scale ranging 1-5, based on the level of dependence in performing basic activities of daily living, cognitive impairments and behaviour disorders). Expected cases were calculated on demographic data supplied by the Italian National Institute of Statistic (ISTAT). RESULTS about 67,000 home resident disabled elderly people (49,000 women and 18,000 men) are currently expected to live in Tuscany, equal to 7.8% of the population aged 65 years and over. Of these, about 13,000 are classified at level of personal care needs 1; 7,500 at level 2; 15,500 at level 3; 24,000 at level 4; and 7,000 at level 5. By 2015, disabled elderly people living in Tuscany are expected to increase up to 80,500. CONCLUSIONS on the basis of the available resources and of these results, amount of resources to be allocated for the personal care of the individual disabled people according to his/her level of care needs have been decided. Therefore, Bi.S. S. has been a good example of an epidemiological survey fully integrated in a regional programming plan. The expected increase in the next future of elderly disabled people calls for urgent prevention programmes and organization of cost-effective personal care services.
Atypical polypoid adenomyomas of the endometrium

Five unusual polypoid lesions of the endometrium which we term atypical polypoid adenomyomas are described; these growths occurred in premenopausal women. Each of the polyps was characterized by irregular atypical glands with squamous metaplasia and a cellular, smooth muscle mesenchyme, having a pattern to be distinguished from infiltrating adenocarcinoma or a malignant mixed müllerian tumor. Electron microscopy in one case confirmed the presence of a well-differentiated smooth muscle component. These lesions were focal and noninvasive. Two of the three patients who had hysterectomies had small residual lesions confined to the endometrium. Follow-up from 4 to 24 months showed no recurrence. One patient had a second D & C reported as normal; she subsequently became pregnant. The benign behavior of these unusual polyps suggests that atypical adenomyomas can be managed conservatively in the premenopausal woman without the necessity of a hysterectomy.
Employment status and quality of life in recently diagnosed breast cancer survivors

Breast cancer survivors are less likely to be employed than similar healthy women, yet effects of employment on the well being of survivors are largely unknown. In a prospective cohort study of 2013 women diagnosed from 2006 to 2011 with invasive breast cancer in Kaiser Permanente Northern California, we describe associations between hours worked per week and change in employment with quality of life (QOL) from diagnosis through active treatment.
Sexual selection by female immunity against paternal antigens can fix loss of function alleles

Humans lack the common mammalian cell surface molecule N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) due to a CMAH gene inactivation, which occurred approximately three million years ago. Modern humans produce antibodies specific for Neu5Gc. We hypothesized that anti-Neu5Gc antibodies could enter the female reproductive tract and target Neu5Gc-positive sperm or fetal tissues, reducing reproductive compatibility. Indeed, female mice with a human-like Cmah(−/−) mutation and immunized to express anti-Neu5Gc antibodies show lower fertility with Neu5Gc-positive males, due to prezygotic incompatibilities. Human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies are also capable of targeting paternally derived antigens and mediate cytotoxicity against Neu5Gc-bearing chimpanzee sperm in vitro. Models of populations polymorphic for such antigens show that reproductive incompatibility by female immunity can drive loss-of-function alleles to fixation from moderate initial frequencies. Initially, the loss of a cell-surface antigen can occur due to drift in isolated populations or when natural selection favors the loss of a receptor exploited by pathogens, subsequently the same loss-of-function allele can come under sexual selection because it avoids being targeted by the female immune system. Thus, we provide evidence of a link between sexual selection and immune function: Antigenicity in females can select against foreign paternal antigens on sperm and rapidly fix loss-of-function alleles. Similar circumstances existed when the CMAH null allele was polymorphic in ancestral hominins, just before the divergence of Homo from australopithecines.
Quality of After-Hours Primary Care in the Netherlands: A Narrative Review

Many Western countries are seeking an organizational model for after-hours primary care that is safe, efficient, and satisfactory for patients and health care professionals. Around the year 2000, Dutch primary care physicians (PCPs) reorganized their after-hours primary care and shifted from small rotation groups to large-scale PCP cooperatives. This article provides a narrative review of studies on a range of issues about after-hours primary care in the Netherlands, including experiences of health care professionals and patients, patient-safety incidents, adherence to practice guidelines, waiting times, and quality of telephone triage. Physicians expressed high satisfaction with PCP cooperatives; their workload decreased, and job satisfaction increased compared with the situation before the reorganization. In general, patients were also satisfied, but areas for improvement included telephone consultations, patient education, and distance to a pharmacy. A study identified patient-safety incidents in 2.4% of all contacts, of which most did not result in harm to patients. The average adherence to clinical guidelines by physicians was 77%, with lowest adherence scores for prescribing antibiotics and treatment in emergency cases. The average waiting time for home visits was 30 minutes. Seventy percent of patients with life-threatening problems were visited within the time target of 15 minutes. Telephone triage by nurses had positive effects on care efficiency by increasing the proportion of telephone consultations and decreasing the proportion of clinic consultations and home visits. The after-hours primary care system in the Netherlands might set an example for other countries struggling to find a good solution for the problems they encounter with after-hours primary care. Future developments in the Netherlands include integration and extensive collaboration with the accident and emergency departments of hospitals, in which PCPs take care of self-referring patients.
Problems in Identification of Francisella philomiragia Associated with Fatal Bacteremia in a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease

ABSTRACT Francisella philomiragia is a rare gram-negative, halophilic coccobacillus with bizarre spherical forms on primary isolation. A case of F. philomiragia bacteremia in a 24-year-old patient with chronic granulomatous disease is reported. Identification of F. philomiragia was problematic with conventional tests but was done correctly and rapidly by kit 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing.
Influence of initial electron beam characteristics on monte carlo calculated absorbed dose distributions for linear accelerator electron beams.

The least known parameters in a Monte Carlo simulation of a linear accelerator treatment head are often the properties of the initial electron beam directed onto the exit vacuum window. Several initial beams with different spatial fluence distributions, angular divergences and energy spectra have been transported through the geometry of a scattering foil accelerator. The electron beam characteristics (energy spectrum and angular distribution) at the phantom surface and the subsequent relative absorbed dose distribution in a water phantom were calculated. The dose distribution was found to be insensitive to the geometrical properties of the initial beam. Furthermore, the lateral dose profiles are unaffected by the energy spectrum of the initial beam. The effect on the depth-dose curve is negligible if the initial energy spectrum is symmetric (e.g., Gaussian shaped) and its full width at half maximum (FWHM) is less than approximately 10% of the most probable energy. A larger FWHM will decrease the normalized dose gradient, but will not affect the dose in the build-up region. An asymmetric wedge shaped spectrum with a low-energy extension simultaneously increases the dose in the build-up region and decreases the dose gradient. The relationship between the energy spectral width and the normalized dose gradient is, however, smaller than published analytical expressions indicate. Some well-established energy-range relationships were shown to be accurate for most of the initial beams studied. The energy spectrum at the phantom surface was also derived from a measured depth-dose curve through different methods. The extracted spectrum depends on the beam model and the spectral reconstruction algorithm. Even though the depth-dose curve is fairly independent of initial beam characteristics, a correct description of the low-energy tail of the energy spectrum is important to obtain good agreement between measured and Monte Carlo calculated doses in the build-up region.
On the efficiency of subject-surrogation in accounting research

FREQUENTLY, researchers interested in empirical research encounter difficulties in gathering data for two main reasons: (1) the reluctance of many executives to provide the needed cooperation and (2) the relatively high cost of conducting field studies. Consequently, accountants were persuaded to use students as substitutes for businessmen. ' This substitution has created a troublesome issue in research methodology: the reasonableness of subject surrogation in making decisions. Miller2 was one of the first to pay attention to the issue. In discussing an article by Bruns,3 Miller objected to the use of students as substitutes for "real" decisionmakers in conducting accounting research. In advancing his argument, he suggested that students can be used if the intention of the research is addressed (1) to understanding something about students themselves or (2) to testing the research in a pilot run. "If the objective of a particular piece of research is to shed some light on the relationship between accounting and business decisions, the participants should be decision-makers. "4 The concern appears to focus on the surrogation-induced trade-off between the cost of doing the research and the reliability of the results, particularly when such a trade-off may be in favor of reducing research cost at the expense of the relevance of the outcome to the real setting. At present, evaluating the quality of subject surrogation continues to be problematic.