Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new mathematical formula to predict the foetal weight in twin pregnancies: A comparison of it with 19 different formulas

Abstract One hundred and seventy-two twin-pregnant patients were enrolled. The estimated foetal weight was calculated using 19 different formulas. Ong’s formula (0.954 (95%CI = 0.938/0.966)), which was designed specifically for twins, produced the highest Cronbach’s alpha value followed by Hadlock II (0.952 (95%CI = 0.935/0.965)), Hadlock I (0.952 (95%CI = 0.935/0.964)), Hadlock III (0.952 (95%CI = 0.935/0.964)), Hadlock IV (0.952 (95%CI = 0.935/0.964)) and our formula (0.952 (95%CI = 0.935/0.964)), which produced the same Cronbach’s alpha values for twin A. For twin B, our formula produced the highest Cronbach’s alpha value (0.961 (95%CI = 0.948/0.972) followed by Hadlock II (0.960 (95%CI = 0.946/0.971)), Hadlock I (0.960 (95%CI = 0.946/0.970)), Hadlock III (0.960 (95%CI = 0.946/0.970)) and Hadlock IV (0.960 (95%CI = 0.946/0.970)). In conclusion, our formula (AC, FL) performed well in predicting the foetal weights in twin pregnancies (>24 weeks) in our study. However, it should be tested in other populations. Hadlock II (AC, FL) produced a comparable performance to Hadlock I (BPD, HC, AC, FL), Hadlock III (BPD, AC, FL) and Hadlock IV (HC, AC, FL). Hadlock II may be preferable in twin pregnancies since it is based on AC and FL only.
Sex and Gender Differences in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Gender differences are evident in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis, manifestations, and response to therapy. Consequently, a better understanding of the gender-influenced factors in COPD pathobiology can help clinicians to make appropriate decisions surrounding the diagnosis and treatment of women with COPD. COPD is underdiagnosed in women, a fact that may reflect discrepancies in presenting symptom profiles in men and women. Women develop COPD at an earlier age with less aggregate tobacco exposure, suggesting enhanced susceptibility to the local toxic effects of cigarette smoke. Gender-by-smoking and gender-by-genetic interactions may underlie many of the sex-disparate features of COPD presentation and clinical course. This article reviews our current understanding of gender as COPD comorbidity and explores possible underlying mechanisms and clinical implications of gender influences in this complex disorder. Recommendations for adjustments in clinical practice and further research are presented.
Prática do abortamento entre adolescentes: um estudo em dez escolas de Maceió (AL, Brasil)

Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, realizado com o objetivo de investigar as razoes que levaram adolescentes a provocarem o aborto, relacionando com idade e tipo de escola que frequentavam. A amostra foi calculada considerando o numero de internacoes para curetagem pos-abortamento. Usou-se como instrumento um questionario semiestruturado, anonimo, aplicado em dez escolas, sorteadas dentre todas da cidade de Maceio (Alagoas), pesquisando-se adolescentes dos 12 aos 19 anos, do sexo feminino. Os dados foram analisados pelo Programa Epi Info, usando-se odds ratio e risco relativo para verificar associacao entre variaveis e intervalo de confianca a 95%. Em uma amostra de 2.592 jovens, 559 (21,6%) tinham vida sexual ativa, 182 (7,0%) referiram ter engravidado e 149 (26,7%) abortado. Medo da reacao dos pais, idade, falta de apoio do companheiro e rejeicao da gravidez foram razoes para provocar o aborto, sendo medo a mais citada, em ambos os tipos de escola. O aborto foi mais citado nas escolas publicas, sendo significativo e protetor o risco para abortar antes dos 15 anos, e significativa a relacao entre abortar e estudar em escolas publicas. O medo da reacao dos pais como razao mais frequente sugere a necessidade de novos estudos sobre sexualidade e comunicacao entre pais e filhos.
Preliminary Results of the Relationship Between the Binaural Interaction Component of the Electrically Evoked Auditory Brainstem Response and Interaural Pitch Comparisons in Bilateral Cochlear Implant Recipients

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between electrophysiologic measures of the binaural interaction component (BIC) of the electrically evoked auditory brainstem response and psychophysical measures of interaural pitch comparisons in Nucleus bilateral cochlear implant users. Design: Data were collected for 10 postlingually deafened adult cochlear implant users. Each subject conducted an interaural pitch-comparison task using a biphasic pulse train with a pulse rate of 1000 pulses per second (pps) at high stimulation levels. Stimuli were presented in a two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice procedure with roving current variations. A subgroup of four subjects repeated the task at low stimulation levels. BICs were measured using loudness balanced, biphasic current pulses presented at a rate of 19.9 pps for each subject by pairing the electrode 12 (out of 22 intracochlear electrodes) in the right ear with each of 11 electrodes spaced across the electrode array in the left ear. The BIC was measured at high stimulation levels in 10 subjects and at low stimulation levels in 7 subjects. Because of differences in stimulation rate used in BIC measures and interaural pitch comparisons, the actual stimulation levels were different in these two measures. The relationship between BIC responses and results of interaural pitch comparisons was evaluated for each of the individual subjects and at the group level. Evaluation was carried out separately for results obtained at high and low stimulation levels. Results: There was no significant correlation between results of BIC measures and interaural pitch comparisons on either the individual or group levels. Lower stimulation level did not improve the relationship between these two measures. Conclusions: No significant correlations between psychophysical measures of interaural pitch comparisons and electrophysiologic measures of the BIC of the electrically evoked auditory brainstem response were found. The lack of correlation may be attributed to methods used to quantify the data, small number of subjects retested at low stimulation levels, and central processing components involved in the interaural pitch-comparison task.
Comparison of severity scoring systems A‐DROP and CURB‐65 for community‐acquired pneumonia

Background and objective: The initial assessment of the severity of community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) is important for patient management. The Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS) has proposed a 6‐point scale (0–5) to assess the clinical severity of CAP. The A‐DROP scoring system assesses the following parameters: (i) Age (male ≥ 70 years, female ≥ 75 years); (ii) Dehydration (blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ≥ 210 mg/L); (iii) Respiratory failure (SaO2 ≤ 90% or PaO2 ≤ 60 mm Hg); (iv) Orientation disturbance (confusion); and (v) low blood Pressure (systolic blood pressure ≤ 90 mm Hg). A‐DROP is a modified version of CURB‐65 (confusion, BUN > 7 mmol/L (200 mg/L), respiratory rate ≥ 30/min, low blood pressure (diastolic ≤ 60 mm Hg or systolic < 90 mm Hg, and age ≥ 65 years) proposed by the British Thoracic Society. However, validation of A‐DROP has not been attempted nor has it been compared with CURB‐65. The aim of this study was to confirm that A‐DROP is equivalent to CURB‐65 for predicting severity of CAP.
The Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP): Air- Versus Bone-Conducted Stimuli

Objective: Several studies have evaluated the effects of different stimulus and recording parameters on the cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP); however, it is difficult to directly compare these studies as they have all used different recording methods, different sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle contraction/electromyography monitoring methods, and different stimulus parameters. Design: This study made a direct comparison of the cVEMP in response to air-conducted (AC) and bone-conducted (BC) stimuli in the same subjects, using the same stimulus/recording/electromyography monitoring methods. Results: We found that the input/output (I/O) functions were more linear in response to AC stimuli, whereas cVEMPs in response to BC stimuli began to saturate at the highest level. In addition, cVEMP threshold was obtained at a lower stimulus level (i.e., at a lower sensation level) in response to BC stimuli as compared with AC stimuli, and cVEMPs in response to BC stimuli were larger than cVEMPs in response to AC stimuli, which is in agreement with what has been found in previous studies. In addition, this was one of the few studies to evaluate the repeatability of the cVEMP in response to BC stimuli. Interestingly, we found that cVEMP latency in response to BC stimuli was, in most cases, less variable than cVEMP latency obtained in response to AC stimuli, whereas the reverse was true for cVEMP amplitude. We also found that BC masking presented to the forehead affected response amplitude of the AC cVEMP regardless of the specific SCM muscle contraction/toneburst presentation condition. In addition, we found that the ratio of amplitude reduction was greater in the binaural stimulation/bilateral SCM muscle contraction condition as compared with the monaural stimulation/bilateral SCM muscle contraction condition. Conclusions: The present experiment provided a direct comparison of the cVEMP in response to AC versus BC 500 Hz short-duration toneburst stimuli in the same subjects. The results of the present experiment also provide insight into the laterality of the cVEMP response and reveal that the cVEMP may not be completely ipsilateral (i.e., there may be a form of bilateral interaction that occurs when both sides are stimulated simultaneously). Last, the results indicate that BC stimuli likely activates the saccule as well as the utricle, given that AC VEMPs can be masked by the administration of BC masking noise presented to the midline.
Effect of Speech Material on the Benefit of Temporal Fine Structure Information in Speech for Young Normal-Hearing and Older Hearing-Impaired Participants

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the type of speech material on the benefit obtained from temporal fine structure (TFS) information in speech for young normal-hearing (YNH) and older hearing-impaired (OHI) participants. Design: The design was based on the work of Hopkins et al. (2008). They measured the speech reception thresholds for a target talker in a background talker as a function of the frequency range over which TFS information was available. The signal was split into 32 channels, each with a bandwidth equal to the equivalent rectangular bandwidth of the “normal” auditory filter at the same center frequency. Above a cutoff (CO) channel, channels were vocoded and contained only temporal envelope information. Channels up to and including CO were not processed. Hopkins et al. found that, as CO was increased, speech reception thresholds decreased more for normal-hearing participants than for participants with cochlear hearing loss, suggesting that the latter were less able to use TFS information. We used the same design, but compared results when the target speech materials were open-set sentences, as used by Hopkins et al., and when they were more predictable sentences with a closed word set (Danish Dantale 2). Results: With the open-set material, YNH listeners benefited more from TFS information than OHI listeners, replicating Hopkins et al. (2008). For the YNH participants, the benefit of adding TFS was greater for the open-set material than for the closed-set material, while no difference in TFS benefit across speech materials was found for the OHI participants. Conclusions: The choice of speech material is important when assessing the benefit of TFS. Several factors may facilitate recognition in the absence of TFS cues, including small set size, predictable temporal structure of the target speech, and contextual effects. We speculate that TFS information is useful for reducing informational masking, by providing cues for the perceptual segregation of the target and background. When the target speech is highly predictable, informational masking may be minimal, rendering TFS cues unnecessary.
Bell’s facial nerve palsy in pregnancy: a clinical review

Abstract Bell’s facial nerve palsy (FNP) during pregnancy and the puerperium can present significant challenges for the patient and clinician. Presentation and prognosis can be worse in this group of patients. This article reviews the background, manifestation and management options of FNP. In particular, it focuses on the controversies that exist regarding corticosteroid use during pregnancy and outlines approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Based on this review, we recommend an early evidence-based approach using guidelines derived from non-pregnant populations. This includes assessment for atypical causes, a multidisciplinary input and early introduction of corticosteroids to limit progression and improve prognosis.
Childhood and Society.

Erik Eriksen is a remarkable individual. He has no college degrees yet is Professor of Human Development at Harvard University. He came to psychology via art, which explains why the reader will find him painting contexts and backgrounds rather than stating dull facts and concepts. He has been a training psychoanalyst for many years as well as a perceptive observer of cultural and social settings and their effect on growing up. This is not just a book on childhood. It is a panorama of our society. Anxiety in young children, apathy in American Indians, confusion in veterans of war, and arrogance in young Nazis are scrutinized under the psychoanalytic magnifying glass. The material is well written and devoid of technical jargon. The theme of the volume is that it is human to have a long childhood which will leave a lifelong residue of emotional immaturity in man. Primitive groups and
Maximizing Audibility and Speech Recognition With Nonlinear Frequency Compression by Estimating Audible Bandwidth

Objective: Nonlinear frequency compression attempts to restore high-frequency audibility by lowering high-frequency input signals. Methods of determining the optimal parameters that maximize speech understanding have not been evaluated. The effect of maximizing the audible bandwidth on speech recognition for a group of listeners with normal hearing is described. Design: Nonword recognition was measured with 20 normal-hearing adults. Three audiograms with different high-frequency thresholds were used to create conditions with varying high-frequency audibility. Bandwidth was manipulated using three conditions for each audiogram: conventional processing, the manufacturer’s default compression parameters, and compression parameters that optimized bandwidth. Results: Nonlinear frequency compression optimized to provide the widest audible bandwidth improved nonword recognition compared with both conventional processing and the default parameters. Conclusions: These results showed that using the widest audible bandwidth maximized speech identification when using nonlinear frequency compression. Future studies should apply these methods to listeners with hearing loss to demonstrate efficacy in clinical populations.
Clinical Outcomes in Asian Elderly Kidney Transplant Recipients : A Multicenter Cohort Study

K.D. Yoo, J.N. An, C.T. Kim, J.H. Cho, C.D. Kim, S.K. Park, D.W. Chae, Y.K. Oh, C.S. Lim, Y.S. Kim, Y.H. Kim*, and J.P. Lee* Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea; and Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center and University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide

ABSTRACT If a lexicon were compiled of the greatest inhumanities man has visited on his fellows, the Holocaust would surely be the preeminent subject. The Nazi "final solution," promulgated in January 1942 at the Wansee Conference, was dedicated to the permanent eradication of Judaism. It was not a conceptual reshuffling of religious identity by conversion but rather a physical destruction. This genocidal purging was deemed a necessary program to rid the world, and more specifically the Aryan people, of the genetic reservoir of polluting Jewish genes.How this monstrous endeavor could be conceived and accomplished is the subject of Robert Jay Lifton's The Nazi Doctors. Dr Lifton, a renowned psychiatrist and author, spent a decade interviewing Nazi doctors and concentration camp survivors to piece together the horrifying process by which German physicians aided (for the most part willingly) in the destruction of 6 million innocent men, women, and children. Dr Lifton
Correlated versus uncorrelated frailty Cox models: A comparison of different estimation procedures

In many studies in medicine, including clinical trials and epidemiological investigations, data are clustered into groups such as health centers or herds in veterinary medicine. Such data are usually analyzed by hierarchical regression models to account for possible variation between groups. When such variation is large, it is of potential interest to explore whether additionally the effect of a within‐group predictor varies between groups. In survival analysis, this may be investigated by including two frailty terms at group level in a Cox proportional hazards model. Several estimation methods have been proposed to estimate this type of frailty Cox models. We review four of these methods, apply them to real data from veterinary medicine, and compare them using a simulation study.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in China: A systematic review of 241 cases

Background and objective: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare pulmonary disease. It was first described in China in 1965, and more cases have been reported subsequently. A systematic review was performed on 241 cases of PAP in China and progress in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease is discussed.
Nuclear factor-κB expression in the endometrium of normal and overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate whether the expression levels of endometrial NFκB p65 differ between normal weight and overweight PCOS women and to compare them with BMI-matched control subjects without PCOS. The study group comprised 20 normal weight (BMI: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) and 15 overweight PCOS women (BMI: 25–29.9 kg/m2) with infertility. Healthy fertile women without PCOS were recruited as the control group. The patients in the normal weight PCOS group and control group were age and BMI-matched. Endometrial samples were obtained during the mid-luteal phase for immunohistochemical staining. The H-Score method was used to evaluate NF-κB p65 (Rel A) expression. Both normal and overweight PCOS women demonstrated significantly higher endometrial NF-κB p65 expression than the women without PCOS. The H-scores of endometrial NF-κB p65 expression were similar in both groups of PCOS women. NF-κB p65 was positively correlated with serum insulin, HOMA-IR and total testosterone levels in PCOS women. By leading to pathological inflammation, an increase in NF-κB p65 expression in the endometrium of normal and overweight PCOS women may contribute to PCOS-related subfertility. Impact statement What is already known on this subject: Although the pathogenesis of PCOS has not yet been clarified, low-grade chronic inflammation is gradually being established as an important pathogenetic factor. Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α have been reported in women with PCOS. Causes of pathological endometrial inflammation may arise from either a local endometrial disease or linked to diseases which are located in a distant reproductive tissue. Nevertheless, possible role of endometrial NF-κB, basic cellular regulatory of inflammation, in the pathophysiology of PCOS related implantation defect has not been elucidated yet. What do the results of this study add: This study provides first and novel insights into the relationship between PCOS related infertility and pathological endometrial inflammation. We demonstrated that there is a close association between PCOS and pathological endometrial inflammation. Moreover, we clearly showed that pathological endometrial inflammation occurs in both normal and overweight women with PCOS. Further, endometrial NF-κB p65 (Rel A) expression were found to be positively correlated with serum insulin levels and hyperandrogenism in overweight PCOS women. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice: If we can analyse pathological endometrial inflammation by measuring endometrial NF-κB p65 (Rel A) expression, treatment could be directed towards eliminating the source of pathological endometrial inflammation.
Acute kidney injury in asphyxiated neonates

Background Asphyxia neonatorum may result in multiorgan dysfunction including renal involvement. There is no consensus on the determination of acute kidney injury (AKI) in neonates making establishment of the diagnosis and its management becomes difficult. The Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) recommends AKI criteria based on increased serum creatinine level and reduced urine output. Objectives To identify the prevalence of AKI in asphyxiated neonates using the AKIN criteria, to compare the difference of AKI stages, and the glomerular filtration rates (GFR) between moderate and severe asphyxia. Methods This was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted between July 2012 and January 2013. Subjects were all asphyxiated neonates (Apgar score 35 weeks delivered and hospitalized in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and Koja District Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. Glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the components of urine creatinine, serum creatinine, and urine output; while AKI stages were determined according to AKIN criteria. Urinary output was measured via urethral catheterization. Results Of 94 subjects, there were 70 neonates with moderate and 24 neonates with severe asphyxia, with the prevalence of AKI was 63%. Twenty one out of 24 neonates with severe asphyxia experienced AKI, while neonates with moderate asphyxia who experienced AKI was 38 out of 70 subjects (54%). Two third of neonates with severe asphyxia who experienced AKI had stage 3 of AKI. More severe AKI stages and lower median GFR were found in neonates with severe compared to moderate asphyxia (P<0.001) . Conclusion The prevalence of AKI in neonatal asphyxia is high (63%). The more severe degree of neonatal asphyxia, the more severe AKI stage and the lower median GFR.