Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of the Errors in Cephalometric Measurements on Scanned Lateral Cephalometric Images using Computerized Cephalometric Program and Conventional Tracings

Aim and objective: The aim of this study was to compare the cephalometric measurements using Nemoceph software with manual tracings. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 60 lateral Cephalometric radiographs of patients randomly selected from the existing records of patients of Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Sullia, Dakshina Kannada. Nineteen angular and 11 linear measurements were analyzed on each radiograph. All the lateral cephalographs were hand-traced and the same Cephalographs were then scanned and were then digitally traced with Nemoceph software. The results were then tabulated in Microsoft excel. The level of significance (p-value) was 0.05 and was set at p < 0.05. Paired t-test was performed using SPSS software for comparison between tracing done by manual method and by Nemoceph software. Results: Significant differences were found between the two methods for five (four angular and one linear) out of 30 measurements. Those five were saddle angle, articular angle, upper lip to E-Line, Frankfort horizontal to lower incisor axis angle and lower incisor axis to mandibular plane angle. Conclusion: Both angular and linear measurements were accurate and reliable. Except, few measurements showing highly significant differences, the validity of the measurements with the Nemoceph software and with the conventional method were highly correlated.
The effects of renal transplantation on diabetic retinopathy: Clinical course and visual outcomes

Purpose: To elucidate the clinical course of diabetic retinopathy (DR) after renal transplantation (RT) in a hospital based cohort. Design: Retrospective study. Materials and Methods: A total of 56 eyes of 28 patients, who had DR and end stage renal disease (ESRD) due to diabetes and had undergone RT, were included in this study. Diagnosis and management of DR was carried out according to early treatment of diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) guidelines. DR outcome was defined as worsening if there was >2 step increase in the grade of DR or need for intervention such as laser (macular or pan retinal) or vitreoretinal surgery, improvement for <2 step change while stabilization was defined if DR remained within these two limits. Results: The mean age of the patients were 48.9 years. The mean duration of diabetes in the study group was 12.7 years. The patients were followed-up for a mean period of 52.2 ± 43.6 months. The pre-transplant mean Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.4876 log MAR units and post-transplant mean BCVA was 0.4858 (P = 0.05). However, there was a significant visual improvement in first 20 months of renal transplant (P = 0.03). Worsening of DR was noted in 16 (32%) eyes whereas improvement was seen in 4 (8%). However, majority of eyes 30 (60%) had stable retinopathy at the final follow-up. Conclusions: RT stabilized the retinopathy status in the majority of patients although in a minor subset the disease course was unpredictable.
Social outcomes of young adults with cerebral palsy

Abstract Background Functional abilities and social outcomes of young adults with cerebral palsy (CP) are relatively underresearched. Improvements in paediatric care have extended the expectation of achieving adulthood to 90%. Method Young adults aged 20–30 years with CP (n = 335) were compared to a population-based control group (n = 2,152) of the same age. Motor function, self-care abilities, educational level, and social outcomes were determined by questionnaire. Results Half the study group walked independently, but only 35.5% were independent in self-care. In comparison to their peers without disability, the study group's highest educational level was lower (p < .0001), as were rates of employment (36.3% compared with 80%), they were more likely to be living with parents (80% compared with 21%), to be single, and to have limited financial resources. Conclusion Young adults with CP are functionally and socially disadvantaged in contrast with their peers without disability. Self-care dependence, intellectual disability, and communication impairments contribute to these outcomes but are not solely responsible.
Bertrand Competition Can Yield Higher Prices than Monopoly

If we take into account the spatial dimension of markets, prices of incumbent firms may be higher and consumer surplus may be lower with competition than with monopoly. This result obtains unambiguously, even in the supposedly highly competitive case of Bertrand competition. Moreover, we are able to show that consumers of the commodity may be worse off with duopoly, if the distance between the firms' sites is sufficiently large.
Assessing faculty financial relationships with industry: A case study.

CONTEXT A growing number of academic researchers receive industry funding for clinical and basic research, but little is known about the personal financial relationships of researchers with their industry sponsors. OBJECTIVES To assess the extent to which faculty researchers have personal financial relationships with the sponsors of their research, the nature of those financial relationships, and efforts made at the institutional level to address disclosed financial relationships and perceived conflicts of interest. DESIGN AND SETTING Case study of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Data sources included disclosure forms and official documents maintained by the UCSF Office of Research Administration from December 1980 to October 1999, including decisions made by the UCSF Chancellor's Advisory Panel on Relations with Industry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number and types of personal financial relationships with external sponsors (positive financial disclosures from all clinical, basic, or social science faculty who were principal investigators), amount of annual income received from sponsors, and decisions and management strategies used by the advisory panel. RESULTS By 1999, almost 7.6% of faculty investigators reported personal financial ties with sponsors of their research. Throughout the study period, 34% of disclosed relationships involved paid speaking engagements (range, $250-$20, 000 per year), 33% involved consulting agreements between researcher and sponsor (range, <$1000-$120,000 per year), and 32% involved the investigator holding a position on a scientific advisory board or board of directors. Fourteen percent involved equity ownership, and 12% involved multiple relationships. The advisory panel recommended managing perceived conflicts of interest in 26% of the cases, including recommending the sale of stock, refusing additional payment for talks, resigning from a management position, or naming a new principal investigator for a project. CONCLUSIONS Faculty researchers are increasingly involved in financial relationships with their research sponsors. Guidelines for what constitutes a conflict and how the conflict should be managed are needed if researchers are to have consistent standards of behavior among institutions. JAMA. 2000;284:2209-2214.
Clinicopathologic features of four rare types of chordomas, confirmed by brachyury immunostaining

Background: A wide clinicopathologic spectrum of a chordoma exists. Brachyury constitutes as its most useful diagnostic immunohistochemical (IHC) marker. Methods: During a 7-year-period, 4 unusual histopathologic types of chordomas were identified. Immunohistochemistry was performed by polymer technique. Results: Clinicopathologic features of the 4 cases are as follows: Cases 1 and 2: Two tumors occurred in the sacrococcygeal and lumbosacral regions of a 42-year-old male and a 34-year-old female, respectively. Histopathologic examination showed areas of classical chordoma; juxtaposed to a high-grade, spindle cell sarcoma. By IHC, cytokeratin (CK), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), S-100 protein, and brachyury were found to be distinctly positive in the differentiated chordomatous areas. Both these cases were diagnosed as dedifferentiated chordomas. The first patient, postresection and adjuvant radiation therapy (RT), died after 14 months of therapy. Case 3: A 58-year-old male presented with pain in his sacral region and urinary incontinence. Imaging disclosed a sacral mass. Histopathologic examination showed physaliphorous cells intimately admixed with, markedly pleomorphic cells, scattered mitotic figures, and focal tumor necrosis. By IHC, the tumor cells were positive for CK, AE1/AE3, S-100 protein, brachyury, and INI1/SMARCB1. The diagnosis of a poorly differentiated chordoma was offered. Despite surgical resection and adjuvant RT, the patient died within 18 months. Case 4: A 58-year-old male presented with a soft tissue lesion in his left leg. Histopathologic examination showed physaliphorous cells, embedded in a myxohyaline stroma. By IHC, the tumor cells were positive for EMA, S-100 protein, brachyury, and INI1. Diagnosis of an extra-axial, soft tissue chordoma was offered. Conclusions: These four unusual chordomas, confirmed by brachyury immunoexpression, constitute as one of the first such documentation from our country, revealing a wide clinicopathologic spectrum of chordomas. Dedifferentiated and poorly differentiated chordomas are associated with an aggressive clinical course. Further diagnostic implications are discussed herewith.
Opportunities in Device Scaling for 3-nm Node and Beyond: FinFET Versus GAA-FET Versus UFET

The performances of FinFET, gate-all-around (GAA) nanowire/nanosheet, and U-shaped FETs (UFETs) are studied targeting the 3-nm node (N3) and beyond CMOS dimensions. To accommodate a contacted gate pitch (CGP) of 32 nm and below, the gate length is scaled down to 14 nm and beyond. While going from 5-nm node (N5) to 3-nm node (N3) dimensions, the GAA-lateral nanosheet (LNS) shows 8% reduction in the effective drain current (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{eff}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) due to an enormous rise in short channel effects, such as subthreshold slope (SS) and drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL). On the other hand, 5-nm diameter-based lateral nanowire shows an 80% rise in total current driving capability (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{eff}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). Therefore, to enable future devices, we explored electrostatics and effective drive current (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${I}_{eff}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) in FinFET, GAA-FET, and UFET architectures at a scaled dimension. The performances of both Si- and SiGe-based transistors are compared using an advanced device simulator, TCAD Sentaurus.
HIGH‐DOSE TAURINE SUPPLEMENTATION INCREASES SERUM PARAOXONASE AND ARYLESTERASE ACTIVITIES IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

1 Hypothyroidism is accompanied by hyperlipidaemia and oxidative stress and is associated with several complications, such as atherosclerosis. Paraoxonase activity has been reported to decrease in several situations associated with atherosclerosis and oxidative stress. In the present study, the effects of different doses of taurine on serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities, as well as on the serum lipid profile, were investigated in hypothyroid rats. 2 Forty male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups as follows: Group 1, rats received normal rat chow and tap water; Group 2, rats received standard rat chow + 0.05% propylthiouracil (PTU) in the drinking water; and Groups 3–5, taurine‐supplemented PTU groups (standard rat chow + 0.5, 2 or 3% taurine in the drinking water, respectively, in addition to PTU). Paraoxon or phenylacetate were used as substrates to measure paraoxonase and arylesterase activity, respectively. Plasma and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicators of lipid peroxidation, were determined using the thiobarbituric‐acid reactive substances method. Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and high‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol (following precipitation with dextran sulphate–magnesium chloride) were determined using enzymatic methods. 3 Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were increased and plasma and tissue MDA levels and serum triglyceride levels were reduced in a dose‐dependent manner in taurine‐treated hypothyroid rats. Taurine concentrations were positively correlated with enzyme activities and negatively correlated with MDA and triglyceride levels. 4 Further studies are needed to investigate the role of taurine supplementation in hypothyroidism in human subjects.
Vaccinia epidemic and epizootic in El Salvador.

Summary An epidemic involving 22 persons and 450 cows on a dairy farm in El Salvador, in Central America, proved to originate from a newly vaccinated person. Virus isolations from five patients and from one cow on CAM of chick embryos with the development of discrete, white, nonhemorrhagic pox, along with the clinical observations, eliminate the possibility that the infection was caused by the virus of milkers' nodules. Cross-neutralization tests with reference strains of vaccinia and the serial intracutaneous passage of the isolates in rabbits leave no doubt that the viruses are vaccinia. The viruses were successfully propagated in tissue culture, producing CPE within 2 to 7 days. Serologic studies of eight patients revealed no differences between the viruses isolated from the patients and the isolate from the infected cow. The epidemiologic discrepancies between the clinical picture herein described and the reports of other similar epidemics are discussed. The public-health aspects of this problem in relation to dairy workers are also discussed.
Classification and Management of Mandibular Condyle Fractures in a Tertiary Health Center

Background: Condyle fractures are not common but could lead to detrimental effects of growth disturbance of the mandible, ankylosis of temporomandibular joint and facial asymmetry especially in children, if not promptly and adequately managed, the aim of this study was to document our experience in the management of mandibular condyle fractures. Method: The fractures were classified based on the age of the patient, unilateral/bilateral, location on the condyle, presence of displacement and dislocation, for those displaced, whether there was medial or lateral overlap, and features presented. Treatment done for each patient was documented. Both clinical and radiological assessments were done to ascertain the outcome of treatment. Result: 11 patients presented with 14 condyle fractures, 3 patients with bilateral and 8 with unilateral condyle fractures out of which 5 cases were on the right side. Age range of patients was between 13 and 44 years with a mean (SD) of 25.3 (10.7) years. Nine (81.8%) of the patients were males and 2 (18.2%) were females. Eight (72.7%) of the patients with condyle fracture had associated fractures affecting other sites of the mandible while 3 (27.3%) patients had isolated condyle fractures. Intracapusular fractures recorded were 2 (14.2%), while extracapsular accounted for 12 (85.8%) cases. Conservative treatment was not applied in any patient, 9 (81.8%) patients had IMF and 2 (18.2%) patients had ORIF. Conclusion: Most fractures of the condyle were extracapsular and, closed surgical treatment (IMF) was very useful to manage most of the cases.
Cough Aerosol Cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Insights on TST / IGRA Discordance and Transmission Dynamics

Rationale The diagnosis of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) is complicated by the absence of a gold standard. Discordance between tuberculin skin tests (TST) and interferon gamma release assays (IGRA) occurs in 10–20% of individuals, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Methods We analyzed data from a prospective household contact study that included cough aerosol culture results from index cases, environmental and contact factors. We assessed contacts for LTBI using TST and IGRA at baseline and six weeks. We examined TST/IGRA discordance in qualitative and quantitative analyses, and used multivariable logistic regression analysis with generalized estimating equations to analyze predictors of discordance. Measurements and Results We included 96 TB patients and 384 contacts. Discordance decreased from 15% at baseline to 8% by six weeks. In adjusted analyses, discordance was related to less crowding (p = 0.004), non-cavitary disease (OR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.02–1.96; p = 0.03), and marginally with BCG vaccination in contacts (OR 1.40, 95% CI: 0.99–1.98, p = 0.06). Conclusions We observed significant individual variability and temporal dynamism in TST and IGRA results in household contacts of pulmonary TB cases. Discordance was associated with a less intense infectious exposure, and marginally associated with a BCG-mediated delay in IGRA conversion. Cough aerosols provide an additional dimension to the assessment of infectiousness and risk of infection in contacts.
Hypnosis Phenomenology and the Neurobiology of Consciousness

Recent developments in the philosophical and neurobiological studies of consciousness provide promising frameworks to investigate the neurobiology of hypnosis. A model of consciousness phenomenology is described to demonstrate that the experiential dimensions characterizing hypnosis (relaxation and mental ease, absorption, orientation and monitoring, and self-agency) reflect basic phenomenal properties of consciousness. Changes in relaxation-mental ease and absorption, produced by standard hypnotic procedures, are further associated with changes in brain activity within structures critically involved in the basic representation of the body-self and the regulation of states of consciousness. The combination of experiential and modern brain imaging methods offers a unique perspective on hypnotic phenomena and provides new observations consistent with the proposition that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness.
The Solution of Ill-Conditioned Power System State Estimation Problems Via the Method of Peters and Wilkinson

Power system state estimation is usually formulated as a weighted least-squares problem and solved iterativeLy by the normal equations method. The normal equations solution method is well-known to exhibit a tendency to be numerically unstable on some networks. A manifestation of this numerical instability is an ill-conditioned set of linear equations that are to be solved at each iterative step. Recent papers have presented orthogonal factorization methods as remedies for this instability. Experience shows, however, that these methods tend to suffer from excessive fill-in when confronted with networks that have a high measurement redundancy. The folklore of power-system state estimation says that large numbers of bus injection measurements (as opposed to line fLow measurements) tend to aggrevate the instability; no explanation for this observation, however, has appeared in the literature. This paper presents an analysis of the sources of ill-conditioning in the power system state estimation problem and offers an alternative solution method, due to Peters and Wilkinson, that overcomes this ill-conditioning without losing matrix sparsity.
Thermal conductivity/diffusivity of Nd3+ doped GdVO4, YVO4, LuVO4 and Y3Al5O12 measured by temperature wave method

Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of Nd<sup>3+</sup> doped GdVO<sub>4</sub>, YVO<sub>4</sub>, LuVO<sub>4</sub> and Y<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> were determined by temperature wave method. At 1 at% Nd<sup>3+</sup> doping concentration YVO<sub>4</sub> in c-cut showed the highest thermal conductivity than GdVO<sub>4</sub> and Y<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>. Thermal anisotropy was found in highly Nd<sup>3+</sup> doped level of GdVO<sub>4</sub> in c-cut and [110] directions.
Elevated Peritoneal Expression and Estrogen Regulation of Nociceptive Ion Channels in Endometriosis

Context: Ovarian suppression is a common treatment for endometriosis-associated pelvic pain. Its exact mechanism of action is poorly understood, although it is assumed to reflect reduced production/action of estrogens. Objective: The objective of the study was to measure the expression of mRNAs encoded by nociceptive genes in the peritoneum of women with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) with or without endometriosis and to investigate whether estrogens alter nociceptive gene expression in human sensory neurons. Design: The study was performed using human tissue analysis and cell culture. Setting: The study was conducted at a university research institute. Patients: Peritoneal biopsies were obtained from women with CPP and endometriosis (n = 12), CPP and no endometriosis (n = 10), and no pain or endometriosis (n = 5). Endometriosis lesions were obtained from women with endometriosis (n = 18). Main Outcome Measures: mRNAs encoding ion channels (P2RX3, SCN9A, SCN11A, TRPA1, TRPV1) and the neurotransmitter TAC1 were measured in human tissue samples and in human embryonic stem cell-derived sensory neurons treated with estrogens. Results: TRPV1, TRPA1, and SCN11A mRNAs were significantly higher in the peritoneum from women with endometriosis (P < .001, P < .01). TRPV1, SCN9A, and TAC1 were elevated in endometriosis lesions (P < .05). P2RX3 mRNA was increased in the peritoneum of women with CPP, with and without endometriosis (P < .05). Incubation of sensory neurons with 17β-estradiol increased TRPV1 mRNA (P < .01). The estrogen receptor-β-selective agonist 2,3-bis(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionitrile increased concentrations of TRPV1, P2RX3, SCN9A, and TAC1 mRNAs. Conclusions: Estrogen-dependent expression of TRPV1 in sensory neurons may explain why ovarian suppression can reduce endometriosis-associated pain. Strategies directly targeting ion channels may offer an alternative option for the management of CPP.
The effects of carbohydrate source and concentration on somatic embryogenesis of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.).

This experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of different types and concentrations of carbohydrate source on callus fresh weight, number of somatic embryos per embryonic explant and percentage of globular embryos developing into cotyledonary embryos from the leaf explants of three strawberry cultivars (Kurdistan, Paros and Camarosa). MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg/l 6-benzyladenine (BA) supplemented with three types of carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose and fructose) at concentration of 1.5%, 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% separately were tested. Among the different sugars tested, 6% sucrose was found superior not only for giving optimum embryo induction of embryonic culture but also a uniform embryo developmental stages. Maximum number of 11.68, 12.68 and 13.35 globular embryos per explant, 81.53, 87.65 and 86.35% of globular embryos developing into cotyledonary embryos obtained for the cultivars of Kurdistan, Paros and Camarosa, respectively. Sucrose also was the best for proliferation of embryonic tissue with an optimal concentration of 3%.
The Search for Strategic Advantage from the World Wide Web

The rapid growth of the World Wide Web has opened up a new avenue for companies to market products and services and to disseminate information. Two hundred and twelve companies responded to an e-mail survey about their reasons for conducting business on a Web shopping mall. Most of them were seeking to create strategic advantage. A structural equation model is consistent with the view that they expected to create strategic advantage through improved customer relations resulting from greater business efficiency and better information access and flexibility. The research (1) underscores the significance of improved customer relations as a predictor of Web-based strategic advantage, (2) highlights the importance of information access, information flexibility, and business efficiency in contrast to alignment, information quality, communications efficiency, and systems development efficiency in the Web-based improvement of customer relations, (3) confirms and extends a framework for future study, and (4) stimulates future study about how the Web can enhance competitiveness.