Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Utilization of health care services for STD treatment in Kahe community of Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania.

A population based survey set to find out the existence of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and use of health care services among residents of Oria village in Kahe ward of Kilimanjaro region in northern Tanzania in 1997. A few of the STDs symptoms covered were history of painful micturation (dysuria), urethral discharge and genital ulcer(s). This was a cross-sectional study using quantitative data collection technique in which a total of 898 villagers were interviewed. Findings revealed that in the past 223 (25.4%) had dysuria, 69 (7.7%) had urethral discharge while 28 (3.1%) had genital ulcer. At the time of the interview, 88 (9.8%) people had dysuria, 29 (3.2%) had urethral discharge and 9 (1.0%) had genital ulcer. Health care was sought from different sources, mostly from modern health care especially government health facilities (HFs) followed by private HFs and less so to pharmacies and traditional healers. No significant differences were found between the proportions of respondents that pertained to the different demographic variables with regard to utilization of the different health services. However, it is doubtful as to whether people treat themselves adequately since among those currently having STDs symptoms, some had previous history of treatment for the same problems. This may be due to either inadequate treatment, reinfection from untreated partners or new infections. A real explanation ought to be explored through future studies. Meanwhile, there is need to re-direct the existing strategies in addressing STDs in Oria village. The increasing demand for STDs management requires an increase in the number of HFs both private and public that have skilled health workers, the necessary supplies and drugs. Special efforts be made to target high risk groups using different health education packages on STDs and reinforce contact tracing while alternative sources of health care need to be explored further.
Factors Affecting Marketed & Marketable Surplus of Paddy: A Case Study in Some Districts of West Bengal

The importance of precise estimation of marketed and marketable surplus has been felt in India in view of its crucial role in forming the economic database for formulation of economic policies/decisions by the government. As available data of marketable surplus has become obsolete, the present survey throws up information not only on marketed & marketable surplus ratios but also on factors that influence them with particular reference to cultivation of paddy in West Bengal. It has been observed that both marketed & marketable surplus ratio tends to increase steadily with increase in farm-size. While average marketed surplus ratio, taking all farms together, stands at 55.30 percent of net availability of paddy or 61.19 percent of current production of paddy, the marketable surplus ratio stands at 43.49 percent of net availability of paddy 36.43 percent of current production. It is evident that factors like farm size, average price received by the farms, access to credit and possession of pucca storage have significant positive relationship with marketed/marketable surplus ratio, while factors like household size, indebtedness of farm households exhibit a significant negative relationship with marketed/marketable surplus ratio. On the whole it comes out that marketed/marketable surplus ratio of paddy in West Bengal is much lower as compared to other agriculturally advanced states, and that the ratio of marketed/marketable surplus depends much upon the socio-economic condition of the farmer households.
Role of CSE1034 in Escherichia coli Biofilm Destruction

Present study was conducted to assess the effect of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA); a non antibiotic adjuvant, and CSE1034, a novel antibiotic adjuvant entity in biofilm destruction of Escherichia coli, and comparing the efficacy with other drugs. We first determined the susceptibility of six antimicrobial agents against planktonic cultures, as well as sessile cells of E. coli clinical isolates, using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) method. Subsequently, effects of EDTA alone, and drugs on bacterial curli production, adhesion, and in-vitro biofilm destruction were studied. The percentage of biofilm persistence was determined with spectrophotometry. The structural damage of biofilms was studied by scanning electron microscope. It was found that, among the drugs used, CSE1034 was the most effective against all of the E. coli clinical isolates, with MIC and MBEC values ranging from 32-64 μg/ml and 256-512 μg/ml, respectively. Exposure of clinical isolates with EDTA alone caused inhibitions of curli formation and bacterial adhesion at 4 to 5 mM. Further, EDTA treatment of preformed biofilm caused complete biofilm destruction at 8-10 mM. Interestingly, CSE1034 due to presence of 10 mM EDTA led to enhanced antibacterial, as well as biofilm destruction activities. Results of spectrophotometric analysis and scanning electron microscopy revealed that approximately 92% biofilms were eradicated by the CSE1034, and not by comparator drugs. The results indicate that the CSE1034 appears to be most effective drug of choice for the treatment of infections caused by E. coli.
Transition to certification schemes and implications for market access: GlobalGAP perspectives in Kenya.

Voluntary pre-farm certification schemes especially GlobalGAP are increasingly defining market access for smallholders in developing countries. Their strict demand for financial and technical competencies and concerns for producer welfare and environmental conservation imply that transition to certified production could spell smallholders’ exit or shift to alternative markets for no-compliance. But what factors motivate successful transition to certification and does alternative market access exist for the unsuccessful transition? Multinomial logit estimates reveal training and higher farm assets base as key indicators of successful certification and organized production. However, a large cultivated land resource favours certification but disfavours transition to organized production. The results point to sensitivity of certification schemes to expertise on technical information and assets that enhance cultivation of quality, reliable and hygienic produce and economies of scale in farming. The transition to organized production seems efficient if technical knowledge and assets that enhance cultivation of quality, reliable and hygienic produce are present. The results imply that farmer expertise, farm assets and land resource are critical barriers for farmers transiting to certification schemes. This calls for concerted mitigation if smallholders in developing countries are to benefit from the lucrative premium markets in Western Europe.
Echocardiographic abnormalities in non-moderate drinking of alcohol for prolonged duration

Background : Alcohol drinking is cardio-protective; however its beneficial and harmful effects depend on the amount consumed. This work is designed to assess the impact of prolonged non-moderate drinking in left ventricular mass index and left ventricular ejection fraction and the correlation of their severity with total lifetime intake amount. Materials and methods : Fifty non-moderate drinkers (>25 g/day) for last 10 years and 50 non-drinker-volunteers were selected. Detail echocardiographic assessment was done and findings were compared and severity was correlated with lifetime amount. Results : Mean daily intake, duration and lifetime intake amount of alcohol were 64.1 g, 21.9 years and 501.9 Kg respectively. The mean ejection fraction and left ventricular mass index were 47.2% and 105.3 g/m 2 . There was significant difference when compared with controls. Eighty-two percent drinking subjects had abnormal echo, most common were regurgitations (52%), diastolic dysfunction (46%), raised ventricular mass (44%), systolic dysfunction (40%), and dilated left atrium and ventricle (38%). Thirty-four percent of subjects had echo features consistent with dilated cardiomyopathy. Palpitation and dyspnea in combination were the only symptoms associated with severity of echo changes. There was strong negative correlation of lifetime intake amount with ejection fraction (r = -0.91, p 0.05). Conclusions: Prolonged non-moderate drinking causes significant echocardiographic abnormalities mainly systolic dysfunction and increased left ventricular mass index. The total lifetime and daily amount of alcohol are well correlated with systolic dysfunction; however their relationships with the left ventricular mass index were non-conclusive. Key words: Alcohol; left ventricular mass; cardiomyopathy DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i1. 3598 Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol. 6, No. 1, 18-28
Export Diversification in a Transitioning Economy: The Case of Syria

How does the process of export diversification play out in a transitioning economy, especially in light of government policy aimed at trade liberalization? This paper examines this question by considering a directed policy effort by Syria -- an economy transitioning from both economic centralization and resource dependence -- to liberalize its trade in 2001. In addition to documenting the patterns of diversification at the aggregate level since the implementation of the policy, we also examine factors that are related to diversification at the sectoral level. Our findings suggest that, while Syria has achieved reasonably rapid export diversification, this may to a large extent be the result of structural transformations in the economy, and that further consolidation of diversification gains may require continued policy reform along the lines of strengthening Syria's weak institutional and business environment.
Energy cascades for NLS on the torus

We consider the nonlinear Schrodinger equation with cubic (focusing or defocusing) nonlinearity on the multidimensional torus. For special small initial data containing only five modes, we exhibit a countable set of time layers in which arbitrarily large modes are created. The proof relies on a reduction to multiphase weakly nonlinear geometric optics, and on the study of a particular two-dimensional discrete dynamical system.
Student's opinion on a problem-based learning method of teaching comparative animal physiology

The purpose of this study is to verify the opinion of students in relation to a learning methodology, where emphasis is not placed on the accumulation or memorizationi of specific knowledge, but in the use of dedution to solve problems related to a particular subject. This study was carried out with undergraduate students of the course "Comparative Animal Physiology" (classes of 10 to 15 students each), from the Federal University of Santa Maria, Southern Brazil. During each class the students discussed the answers to a given question, provided by the teacher, with the aid of available references; after which a written report of their conclusions had to be done. The evaluation of the students was basead on these reports. At the end of the semester, the students (44 on the whole) answered (anonymously) a questionnaire to evaluat this method, with relation to lectured-centered classes. According to the students, if compared with lectures, this method offered a restrict vision of the subject, but it is more interesting and improves their performance. There is no difference between these methods in relation to elucidation of doubts. The students did not think that too much time was lost translating English texts. Most students prefer this system instead of lectures, and the evaluation methodology was unanimously approved. Based on these results, it can be concluded that this method can be used to teach Comparative Animal Physiology with good results.
EFFECT OF VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURE ON EARNING RESPONSE CONTROLLING FOR PROFITABILITY, LEVERAGE AND SIZE

This study aim to investigate the effect of voluntary disclosures on earnings response and company performance in Malaysian listed companies control for profitability, leverage and size. In the study using disclosure index adopted by Botosan (1997) to measure the scope of voluntary disclosure index; earnings response coefficient (ERC) is measure the regression of abnormal return and unexpected earnings; and company performance such as profitability, leverage and size of company are used in the measurement. The results concluded that voluntary disclosure has positive effect on earning response coefficient (ERC). And the unexpected earnings also have a significant positive effect on earnings response coefficient (ERC). On the other hand, it can explain that expected voluntary disclosure affect to investor reaction.
A Model for Adoption of ICT in Jordanian Higher Education Institutions: An Empirical Study

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays a major role in modern universities by facilitating and improving the educational system to be in line with the information technology age. The higher education sector in Jordan is considered as one of the most influential sectors that develop the country. In striving towards a competitive institution, a university must enhance teaching and learning process related to the advancement of ICT. However, this study attempts to focus on the adoption of ICT in Jordanian public universities among the academic staff, with the concern on the factors influencing their acceptance of ICT in the educational system. Moreover, the study attempts to build a conceptual model to the Jordanian case according to the results of factor analysis. A self-administrated survey was conducted on 500 teaching staff selected from public universities in Jordan. A total of 415 participants (83%) have responded, and series of data analyses of variables measurement for reliability and validity test of predictors were performed. The results of the analysis, however, contribute a new model which is considered as a novel model in such studies.
ULF wave derived radiation belt radial diffusion coefficients

[1] Waves in the ultra-low-frequency (ULF) band have frequencies which can be drift resonant with electrons in the outer radiation belt, suggesting the potential for strong interactions and enhanced radial diffusion. Previous radial diffusion coefficient models such as those presented by Brautigam and Albert (2000) have typically used semiempirical representations for both the ULF wave's electric and magnetic field power spectral densities (PSD) in space in the magnetic equatorial plane. In contrast, here we use ground- and space-based observations of ULF wave power to characterize the electric and magnetic diffusion coefficients. Expressions for the electric field power spectral densities are derived from ground-based magnetometer measurements of the magnetic field PSD, and in situ AMPTE and GOES spacecraft measurements are used to derive expressions for the compressional magnetic field PSD as functions of Kp, solar wind speed, and L-shell. Magnetic PSD results measured on the ground are mapped along the field line to give the electric field PSD in the equatorial plane assuming a guided Alfven wave solution and a thin sheet ionosphere. The ULF wave PSDs are then used to derive a set of new ULF-wave driven diffusion coefficients. These new diffusion coefficients are compared to estimates of the electric and magnetic field diffusion coefficients made by Brautigam and Albert (2000) and Brautigam et al. (2005). Significantly, our results, derived explicitly from ULF wave observations, indicate that electric field diffusion is much more important than magnetic field diffusion in the transport and energization of the radiation belt electrons.
The motion and active deformation of India

Measurements of surface displacements using GPS constrain the motion and deformation of India and India‐Eurasia plate boundary deformation along the Himalaya. The GPS velocities of plate‐interior sites constrain the pole of the angular velocity vector of India with respect to Eurasia to lie at 25.6±1.0°N 11.1±9.0°E, approximately 6° west of the NUVEL‐1A pole of <3 Ma plate motion. The angular rotation rate of 0.44 ±0.03°Myr−1 is 14% slower than the long‐term rate of 0.51° Myr−1. Insignificant velocities between plate interior sites indicate that the exposed Indian plate is stable to within 7 · 10−9 yr−1. The observed contraction vector across the Himalaya (≤20 mm/yr) veers from ∼N20°E in the northwest Himalaya to ∼N25°W in east Nepal, consistent with east‐west extension of southern Tibet.
Biological and Climate Controls on North Atlantic Marine Carbon Dynamics Over the Last Millennium: Insights From an Absolutely Dated Shell‐Based Record From the North Icelandic Shelf

Given the rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (pCO2) over the industrial era, there is a pressing need to construct long‐term records of natural carbon cycling prior to this perturbation and to develop a more robust understanding of the role the oceans play in the sequestration of atmospheric carbon. Here we reconstruct the past biological and climate controls on the carbon isotopic (δ13Cshell) composition of the North Icelandic shelf waters over the last millennium, derived from the shells of the long‐lived marine bivalve mollusk Arctica islandica. Variability in the annually resolved δ13Cshell record is dominated by multidecadal variability with a negative trend (−0.003 ± 0.002‰ yr−1) over the industrial era (1800–2000 Common Era). This trend is consistent with the marine Suess effect brought about by the sequestration of isotopically light carbon (δ13C of CO2) derived from the burning of fossil fuels. Comparison of the δ13Cshell record with Contemporaneous proxy archives, over the last millennium, and instrumental data over the twentieth century, highlights that both biological (primary production) and physical environmental factors, such as relative shifts in the proportion of Subpolar Mode Waters and Arctic Intermediate Waters entrained onto the North Icelandic shelf, atmospheric circulation patterns associated with the winter North Atlantic Oscillation, and sea surface temperature and salinity of the subpolar gyre, are the likely mechanisms that contribute to natural variations in seawater δ13C variability on the North Icelandic shelf. Contrasting δ13C fractionation processes associated with these biological and physical mechanisms likely cause the attenuated marine Suess effect signal at this locality.
The Determinants of the Geographic Concentration Among Immigrants: Application to Australia

This study develops a theoretical framework for the study of the tendency for immigrant groups to be geographically concentrated. Testing the model for Australia shows that the extent of geographic concentration of immigrant groups is negatively related to age at migration, duration of residence in Australia and the proportion of the birthplace group that is fluent in English. The extent of geographic concentration is also affected by the availability of ethnic media and the distance between the country of origin and the place of residence in Australia.
Tortured exiles on the streets: a research agenda and methodological challenge

The paired adversities of torture and exile form a particularly toxic combination that leaves people vulnerable to further abuse, and lacking support for recovery and integration. A descriptive study of tortured exiles living in Johannesburg explores this phenomenon in South Africa, and is presented as an example of a more widespread problem in the developing world. The authors argue that the challenges in studying this elusive group contribute greatly to its continued isolation and exclusion from care. A range of research challenges and possible solutions are discussed, including challenges relating to: sampling; the prevention of exploitation, distress and harm; interviewing challenges; language; research logistics; local laws; and care for research staff. Finally a broad research agenda is proposed in the hope that better information about tortured exiles living in the developing world will assist policy makers and service providers to build stronger and more accessible systems for the protection and support of this vulnerable group.
Feedback as a Tool for Writing Progression

This study takes its stance in the social cognitive theory investigating the writing progression made by students at upper secondary level in a nine week study. It comprises two groups, one experimental group given an introduction distinguishing the implicit theories (mindsets) we tend to hold, and one control group. The groups were treated in the same manner throughout the study except for the introduction to mindsets in the experimental group. Three research questions have been used asking (i) whether an introduction to the theory of mindsets will affect the students’ self-efficacy; (ii) how the written feedback affects the students’ writing processes and progress in developing content and form; and (iii) how the written feedback students’ receive is perceived. The results show that (1) the introduction to mindsets affected the experimental group’s self-perceptions in a positive manner and initially improved their writing; the control group showed no progression in self-perceptions and showed a slight upsurge in erratic formulations of their writing. (2) The experimental group improved their results greatly with the help of written teacher feedback, but showed no progress with the help of peer response; no significant improvement was found in the control group, instead they showed a slight increase of erratic formulations. (3) That the students tend to understand the feedback they receive but are hesitant about the meaning of some feedback given in codes, there was no particular distinction between the two groups in this aspect.
Paternalistic Leadership and Employee Responses in Javanese Culture

While much has been written about leadership research, little effort has been made to identify what constitutes effective leadership in an Indonesian cultural context. Paternalistic leadership is an emerging body of research that has been adapted to the Indonesian context. Javanese cultural values provide a foundation for an Indonesian form of Paternalistic Leadership (PLI). In this study, 178 civil servants in the province of Yogyakarta Special Region, where surveyed in order to examine their responses to the dimensions of PLI. Results suggested that effective PLI emphasises a leader’s visibility, benevolence and courage. Authority and impartiality need to be expressed in ways that align with traditional Javanese values. Suggestions of the direction for further study are presented.
Comparison of the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Planned Behaviour in the Prediction of Dieting and Fasting Behaviour.

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the Health Belief Model (HBM), and a modified HBM including intention were compared in their ability to predict dieting and fasting. Female university students (n = 373) completed a survey assessing variables from the TPB and the HBM. Three months later, a subsample reported subsequent weight loss behaviors. The TPB predictor model explained 35% of the variance in follow-up dieting and 67% in intention. The HBM model explained 29% of the variance in follow-up dieting and the modified HBM model explained 38% of the variance in follow-up dieting and 57% in intention. The TPB model for fasting explained 14.5% of the variance in follow-up fasting and 58% in intention. The modified HBM model explained 19% of the variance in follow-up fasting and 41% in intention. Results show all models were able to predict a significant portion in the variance of dieting and fasting follow-up behavior; however the variance explained in follow-up fasting increased when intention was added to the HBM model. Attitude measures were the strongest predictors of behavioural intention and intention was the strongest predictor of follow-up dieting and fasting in the TPB and modified HBM models. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.