Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE RELATIVE RATES OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC ASSIMILATION OF ISOTOPIC FORMS OF CARBON DIOXIDE.

The dictum that isotopes of the same element are chemically the same is, of course, only an approximation. There are many examples of significantly different chemical behavior by different isotopes. Chemical reaction velocities often are quite unequal for different isotopes, particularly with the lighter (and biologically interesting) elements; and these differences may result in some degree of isotope separation. Certain chemical equilibria have been employed for the enrichment of some of the stable isotopes; isotope effects on reaction rate constants thus have been the basis for the production of tracers on a commercial scale. Therefore it is patently true that the use of tracers in biochemical studies may also involve chemical reactions at which some isotope separation occurs. In the case of a series of such reactions, it is easy to visualize an appropriate kinetic scheme whereby rather considerable isotope fractionation could result. As long as such fractionation is very small, it is of little direct concern to the tracer biochemist; if it should become very large, it could complicate and even invalidate his interpretation of tracer experiments. Kamen (5) has called attention to this sort of complication in relation to tracer studies using the hydrogen isotope, H3, or tritium. He pointed out that discrimination by chemical reactions between ordinary hydrogen, H1 (protium), and tritium could, in theory, be so large as to completely invalidate the particular experiments considered. More recently Bigeleisen (2) has called attention to the possibility that isotopie discrimination may complicate tracer studies even with elements heavier than hydrogen. His calculation of the minimal ratio of reaction velocity constants to be expected, for reactions involving C14 and C12 for example, was 0.67. Such a discrimination factor would be of real concern in tracer methodology; but it is actually a hypothetically extreme value arrived at by compounding second and higher order effects, all assumed to be maximally effective in the direction of enhancing rather than minimizing the discrimination. It seems very unlikely that isotope fractionation occurs to this maximal extent in a single actual reaction. It may be recalled, nevertheless, that the overall biological processes studied by physiologists or biochemists are rarely single reactions. Metabolic transformations in-
Development of a Rapid ATP Bioluminescence Assay for Biocidal Susceptibility Testing of Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria

ABSTRACT An ATP-based biocide susceptibility assay for mycobacteria was developed by optimizing the cell lysis and assay conditions. Compared to the conventional agar plating method, the assay was rapid (1.5 h) and showed high sensitivity and specificity as determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The test species, M ycobacterium immunogenum, M. chelonae, and M. abscessus, showed various susceptibilities to the glutaraldehyde- and isothiazolone-based test biocides.
The k-space origins of scattering in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x

We demonstrate a general, computer automated procedure that inverts the reciprocal space scattering data (q-space) that are measured by spectroscopic imaging scanning tunnelling microscopy (SI-STM) in order to determine the momentum space (k-space) scattering structure. This allows a detailed examination of the k-space origins of the quasiparticle interference (QPI) pattern in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x within the theoretical constraints of the joint density of states (JDOS). Our new method allows measurement of the differences between the positive and negative energy dispersions, the gap structure and an energy dependent scattering length scale. Furthermore, it resolves the transition between the dispersive QPI and the checkerboard ( q 1 ∗ ? > excitation). We have measured the k-space scattering structure over a wide range of doping (p ∼ 0.22–0.08), including regions where the octet model is not applicable. Our technique allows the complete mapping of the k-space scattering origins of the spatial excitations in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x, which allows for better comparisons between SI-STM and other experimental probes of the band structure. By applying our new technique to such a heavily studied compound, we can validate our new general approach for determining the k-space scattering origins from SI-STM data.
Children's Self-Efficacy, Motivational Intentions, and Attributions in Physical Education and Sport

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine how differences in children's self-efficacy, age, and gender impact motivational intentions, future self-efficacy, and attributions following perceptions of failure. Children, ages 8–14 years (N = 289), were assigned to either high or low self-efficacy groups, and measures of intended effort, persistence, choice, future self-efficacy, and attributions for failure were collected following a failure scenario. Results indicated that children with higher self-efficacy chose to participate and had higher future self-efficacy scores than those with lower self-efficacy. Higher efficacy children attributed failure to lack of effort, whereas, those with lower efficacy attributed failure to lack of ability. Age-related differences were also found with choice to participate, effort, and future self-efficacy.
A new SOH prediction concept for the power lithium-ion battery used on HEVs

One of the most important tasks of the battery management system (BMS) is to estimate the battery states which mainly include the State of Charge (SOC) and State of Health (SOH). Compared with the SOC estimation technology, which progresses a lot currently, the study of SOH prediction method is in its junior state. In this paper, a SOH prediction concept was proposed. Main points of this concept include the aging process of the battery, the definition of the SOH, and prediction of the battery's healthy state etc. Aiming at the application mode of the battery packs on hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), ageing processes of the battery were discussed and several accelerated life test results were listed. Then according to the aging process studies, a power- reflecting SOH definition was proposed. Based on these, a parameter system identification based SOH prediction method was designed. To validate the SOH prediction concept we presented, a simulation test was designed, and test result show that the concept is feasible to predict SOH online.
Psychiatric Admissions for Alcoholism, Neuroses and Schizophrenia in Rural and Urban Ireland

A comparison of psychiatric admissions (1978-1980), from two Irish representative rural and urban communities, indicated no significant intercommunity difference in incidence rates for alcoholism and schizophrenia but significantly higher urban first admissions for neuroses. Total admissions data indicated significantly higher urban readmission rates for alcoholism and neuroses. In contrast to earlier research, read mission rates for schizophrenia were equivalent in the rural and urban community. Several methodological issues were examined to clarify this divergent finding. A demographic comparison indicated rural schizophrenics were admitted at a later age and were more frequently readmitted. The implications of these findings and direc tions for future research on hospital utilization were discussed.
Pooling of Clodronate Urinary Excretion Data: A New Pharmacokinetic Method to Study Drugs with Highly Variable Gastrointestinal Absorption

Gastrointestinal absorption of bisphosphonates is highly variable from individual to individual (between‐subject variation) and from day to day (within‐subject variation), a fact that creates problems both in research and in clinical use of these drugs. We conducted a randomized, two‐period cross‐over pharmacokinetic (phase I) study to assess the relative bioavailability of two different clodronate preparations: an 800 mg tablet and a 400 mg capsule. Urinary excretion of clodronate correlates with gastrointestinal absorption. To minimize the confounding effect of the high variability of gastrointestinal absorption, we chose as the primary parameter the cumulative amount of clodronate excreted into urine (Ae0‐t) during 9 days (7 days of treatment, 2 days of follow‐up). The 90% confidence interval calculated for the population medians of Ae0‐t was 0.83–1.09, well within the 90% confidence interval stipulated for bioequivalence for the area under the curve values (0.80–1.25). This new procedure for pooling urinary excretion data offered a clear advantage over previous methods, and thus could presumably be used to study other drugs as well that are not metabolized and may show highly variable gastrointestinal absorption.
The role of naftopidil in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Naftopidil, which to a certain extent shows an affinity to α1D-adrenoceptor subtype in addition to a high affinity to α1A-adrenoceptor, has been used for the treatment of benign prostatic obstruction and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The aim of the present review is to systematically refer to the published studies on this unique agent for BPH. Based on a randomized prazosin-controlled study and another double-blind placebo-controlled study, which verified the dose-dependent effects of naftopidil, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare approved naftopidil for treating men with BPH in 1996. Several tamsulosin-controlled studies have suggested treatment effects of naftopidil similar to those of tamsulosin and potentially higher efficacy for alleviating storage symptoms by naftopidil. Although well-designed, randomized studies are warranted to confirm the long-term outcomes and effector/target of naftopidil, the α1A-antagonist naftopidil, which also blocks α1D-adrenoceptor, improves voiding symptoms, and may also be useful for the management of men with storage symptoms represented by nocturia, retrieving their quality of life impaired by BPH-associated LUTS.
The Trade Fair: Introducing ESP Multimedia at a Technical University in Taiwan

This discussion provides an overview of steps in developing and assessing ESP multimedia courseware at a technical university in Taiwan. The courseware is designed to expand language skills that foster Chinese learners of English as they develop communicative skills for international business. Student evaluations of the prototype for its Trade Fair component suggests that it is useful for situating the learning process and simulating social cues, which in turn supports building the communicative skills needed for the kinds of interaction demanded by tourism, travel, hospitality, and similar areas of international business.
Broad Cross-Reactive TCR Repertoires Recognizing Dissimilar Epstein-Barr and Influenza A Virus Epitopes

Memory T cells cross-reactive with epitopes encoded by related or even unrelated viruses may alter the immune response and pathogenesis of infection by a process known as heterologous immunity. Because a challenge virus epitope may react with only a subset of the T cell repertoire in a cross-reactive epitope-specific memory pool, the vigorous cross-reactive response may be narrowly focused, or oligoclonal. We show in this article, by examining human T cell cross-reactivity between the HLA-A2–restricted influenza A virus-encoded M158–66 epitope (GILGFVFTL) and the dissimilar Epstein-Barr virus-encoded BMLF1280–288 epitope (GLCTLVAML), that, under some conditions, heterologous immunity can lead to a significant broadening, rather than a narrowing, of the TCR repertoire. We suggest that dissimilar cross-reactive epitopes might generate a broad, rather than a narrow, T cell repertoire if there is a lack of dominant high-affinity clones; this hypothesis is supported by computer simulation.
Number estimation in children : an assessment study with number line estimation and numerosity tasks

Number estimation is an important skill for both everyday and school situations that involves a group of cognitive abilities. The ability to estimate may provide a feedback tool to check performance in different mathematics learning contents. The most widely used task to assess number estimation is the Number Line Estimation Task (Siegler & Booth, 2004), and some researchers used a kind of Numerosity Task (Luwel, Verschaffel, Onghena & De Corte, 2003). This research compares the students’ accuracy in two tasks that assess the ability to estimate in Brazilian children (N = 60) attending the 2nd and 3rd grades of a public school. The children’s success in the Number Line Estimation Task suggests it is more accurate than the Numerosity Estimation Task in assessing children’s performance in estimation maybe because of the different cognitive functions required by the two tasks. The study ́s educational implications are discussed.
Production and Optimization of Protease by Filamentous Fungus Isolated from Paddy Soil in Thiruvarur District Tamilnadu

This study was under taken to monitor the production of protease enzyme from paddy field soil fungal isolates obtained from Mannargudi, Tamil Nadu. The study also sought to optimize the kinetic parameters of the enzyme with the aim of establishing large scale production of it. Two isolates Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger out of the six were opted as potential candidates for enzyme production following the screening method of plate assay. The results observed were for the maximal production of enzyme by the isolates at various temperatures and pH. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger showed highest activity in the optimized medium at pH 8.0 and temperature 30oC, pH 7.0 and temperature 350C, respectively.
Robust Structure Transformation for Causal Lagrange-Type Variable Fractional-Delay Filters

We have rigorously proved that an odd-order causal Lagrange-type variable fractional-delay (VFD) digital filter can be implemented as the Farrow structure with symmetric or antisymmetric subfilters through utilizing matrix transformation. This paper reveals a numerical problem that occurs in the matrix transformation due to the so-called catastrophic cancellation in numerical computation. Our computer simulations have verified that utilizing the matrix transformation can get numerically stable solutions for the VFD filter whose order N is below about 20, but fails for higher order cases. To solve this problem, we present a robust approach to the structure transformation for both even- and odd-order causal Lagrange-type VFD filters, which does not rely on matrix operations and, thus, can yield numerically stable solutions even for high-order cases. Moreover, the symmetry and antisymmetry of the subfilter coefficients after the robust structure transformation are also rigorously proved. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the robustness of the proposed structure transformation and show the coefficient symmetries.
Association of interleukin‐1 gene polymorphisms with Alzheimer's disease

Interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) is markedly overexpressed in Alzheimer's disease. We found the IL‐1A 2,2 genotype in 12.9% of 232 neuropathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease patients and 6.6% of 167 controls from four centers in the United Kingdom and United States (odds ratio, 3.0; controlled for age and for ApoE [apolipoprotein E] genotype). Homozygosity for both allele 2 of IL‐1A and allele 2 of IL‐1B conferred even greater risk (odds ratio, 10.8). IL‐1 genotypes may confer risk for Alzheimer's disease through IL‐1 overexpression and IL‐1–driven neurodegenerative cascades. Ann Neurol 2000;47:365–368
Magnetic resonance angiography manifestations and prognostic significance in HIV-negative tuberculosis meningitis.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the patterns, related factors and prognostic value of abnormal magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in human immunodeficiency virus negative tuberculous meningitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a prospective study in patients aged >14 years. Abnormality on MRA was correlated with clinical, laboratory and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Modified Barthel index was used to assess outcome at 6 months after inclusion. RESULTS Of 101 patients included, MRA was abnormal in 45 (44.6%). The distribution of MRA abnormality was classified as disseminated irregular calibres of intracranial arteries with or without reduction in distant branches (29.7%, pattern 1) and localised stenosis at the base of the brain (26.7%, pattern 2). In logistic regression analysis, pattern 2 was related to stage of the disease (P = 0.002), basal exudates (P = 0.03) and infarction (P = 0.000), while pattern 1 was related to duration of disease (P = 0.050), hydrocephalus (P = 0.032) and age (P = 0.002). Pattern 1 was also correlated with infarction (P = 0.000), particularly infarction in the tubercular zone (P = 0.035) in univariate analysis. MRA abnormality was associated with paradoxical worsening (P = 0.022) and poor prognosis in univariate analysis (P = 0.035). CONCLUSION MRA abnormality is associated with stroke and poor outcomes. Although it indicates mild vascular injury, pattern 1 MRA abnormality is nevertheless associated with infarction and needs proper intervention.
Effects of magnesium sulphate on the cardiovascular system, coronary circulation and myocardial metabolism in anaesthetized dogs.

We have studied the effects of i.v. bolus doses of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) 60, 90 and 120 mg kg-1 on haemodynamic state, the coronary circulation and myocardial metabolism in nine dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone and fentanyl. MgSO4 produced dose-dependent decreases in arterial pressure, heart rate, left ventricular dP/dtmax and left ventricular minute work index (LVMWI) and an increase in the time constant of left ventricular isovolumic relaxation. Stroke volume increased, systemic vascular resistance decreased and cardiac output did not change significantly. MgSO4 produced decreases in coronary perfusion pressure, coronary vascular resistance and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2). Coronary sinus blood flow, lactate extraction ratio and the ratio of LVMWI to myocardial MVO2, that is an index of cardiac efficiency, did not change significantly. This study indicated that the depressant effect of MgSO4 on cardiac function was offset by lowering of peripheral vascular resistance, so that cardiac pump function remained effective, and the almost constant coronary sinus blood flow resulted from the decrease in coronary vascular resistance even at higher doses.
Development and Maintenance of the Neuronal Cytoskeleton in Aggregated Cell Cultures of Fetal Rat Telencephalon and Influence of Elevated K+ Concentrations

Abstract: Serum‐free aggregating cell cultures of fetal rat telencephalon were examined by biochemical and immunocytochemical methods for their development‐dependent expression of several cytoskeletal proteins, including the heavy‐ and medium‐sized neurofilament subunits (H‐NF and M‐NF, respectively); brain spectrin; synapsin I; β‐tubulin; and the microtubule‐associated proteins (MAPs) 1, 2, and 5 and τ protein. It was found that with time in culture the levels of most of these cytoskeletal proteins increased greatly, with the exceptions of the particular β‐tubulin form studied, which remained unchanged, and MAP 5, which greatly decreased. Among the neurofilament proteins, expression of M‐NF preceded that of H‐NF, with the latter being detectable only after ∼ 3 weeks in culture. Furthermore, MAP 2 and τ protein showed a development‐dependent change in expression from the juvenile toward the adult form. The comparison of these developmental changes in cytoskeletal protein levels with those observed in rat brain tissue revealed that protein expression in aggregate cultures is nearly identical to that in vivo during maturation of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Aggregate cultures deprived of glial cells, i.e., neuron‐enriched cultures prepared by treating early cultures with the antimitotic drug cytosine arabinoside, exhibited pronounced deficits in M‐NF, H‐NF, MAP 2, MAP 1, synapsin I, and brain spectrin, with increased levels of a 145‐kDa brain spectrin breakdown product. These adverse effects of glial cell deprivation could be reversed by the maintenance of neuron‐enriched cultures at elevated concentrations of KCl (30 mM). This chronic treatment had to be started at an early developmental stage to be effective, a finding suggesting that sustained depolarization by KCl is able to enhance the developmental expression and maturation of the neuronal cytoskeleton.
Electronic Health Records: Then, Now, and in the Future

Summary Objectives: Describe the state of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) in 1992 and their evolution by 2015 and where EHRs are expected to be in 25 years. Further to discuss the expectations for EHRs in 1992 and explore which of them were realized and what events accelerated or disrupted/derailed how EHRs evolved. Methods: Literature search based on “Electronic Health Record”, “Medical Record”, and “Medical Chart” using Medline, Google, Wikipedia Medical, and Cochrane Libraries resulted in an initial review of 2,356 abstracts and other information in papers and books. Additional papers and books were identified through the review of references cited in the initial review. Results: By 1992, hardware had become more affordable, powerful, and compact and the use of personal computers, local area networks, and the Internet provided faster and easier access to medical information. EHRs were initially developed and used at academic medical facilities but since most have been replaced by large vendor EHRs. While EHR use has increased and clinicians are being prepared to practice in an EHR-mediated world, technical issues have been overshadowed by procedural, professional, social, political, and especially ethical issues as well as the need for compliance with standards and information security. There have been enormous advancements that have taken place, but many of the early expectations for EHRs have not been realized and current EHRs still do not meet the needs of today’s rapidly changing healthcare environment. Conclusion: The current use of EHRs initiated by new technology would have been hard to foresee. Current and new EHR technology will help to provide international standards for interoperable applications that use health, social, economic, behavioral, and environmental data to communicate, interpret, and act intelligently upon complex healthcare information to foster precision medicine and a learning health system.