Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Language and Mathematics: Bridging between Natural Language and Mathematical Language in Solving Problems in Mathematics

In the solution of mathematical word problems, problems that are accompanied by text, there is a need to bridge between mathematical language that requires an awareness of the mathematical components, and natural language that requires a literacy approach to the whole text. In this paper we present examples of mathematical word problems whose solutions depend on a transition between a linguistic situation on one side and abstract mathematical structure on the other. These examples demonstrate the need of treating word problems in a literacy approach. For this purpose, a model for teaching and learning is suggested. The model, which was tested successfully, presents an interactive multi-level process that enables deciphering of the mathematical text by means of decoding symbols and graphs. This leads to understanding of the revealed content and the linguistic situation, transfer to a mathematical model, and correspondence between the linguistic situation and the appropriate mathematical model. This model was tested as a case study. The participants were 3 students: a student in the sixth grade, a student in the ninth grade and a college student. All the students demonstrated an impressive improvement in their mathematical comprehension using this model.
What Drives Venture Capital Investments in Europe? NewResults from a Panel Data Analysis

We examine the determinants of venture capital investments across 21 European countries over 19972006. Our empirical model includes many of the macroeconomic determinants already tested in previous studies. But, in addition, we introduce for the first time variables that intend to capture the institutional environment. Using a panel data technique of estimation, we find that GDP growth, market capitalization, research and development expenditures and unemployment are the most macroeconomic determinants of European venture capital investments. We show also that early stage investments and funds raised are differently affected by institutional quality. Thus, while the index of economic freedom has a significant and a positive effect on funds raised, it does not appear a significant determinant of early stage investments.
Short communication. A review on the efficacy tests and risk analyses conducted on Chondrostereum purpureum, a potential biocontrol agent, in Finland

Hardwood sprouting is a problem in forest regeneration areas, under electric lines, on roadsides and railways. In Finland, isolates of Chondrostereum purpureum were screened by field experiments for their efficiency to control sprouting. The proportion of dead stumps with the best isolates exceeded 80% on birch (Betula pendula and B. pubescens), and C. purpureum was also found to affect the sprouting of aspen (Populus tremula) and rowan (Sorbus aucuparia). The risks of C. purpureum based biocontrol were evaluated by population genetic analysis. It showed that C. purpureum is a geographically undifferentiated species that does not reproduce clonally. The risk of infection of non-target trees was found to be highest in early spring. These findings suggest that the risks of using C. purpureum in biocontrol are small.
Spatial dependence of soil attributes in natural field and forest areas, Humaitá, AM

The great geological diversity in Amazonas region generates a variety of soils. Among the various vegetation types in the Amazon, we have in the Southern region, toposequences of natural fields and forests, which includes since grasslands with alternated small trees, to isolated forest galleries along streams. The aim of this study was to use scaled semivariograms in spatial dependence of soil attributes in areas of natural fields and forest in Humaita, AM region. Sampling networks were established with 64 points, with dimensions of 70 x 70 m and regular spacing of 10 m. The soil was sampled at depths of 0 – 0.05; 0.05 – 0.10 and 0.10 – 0.20 m for the following determinations: macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, soil moisture, soil resistance penetration (SRP), bulk density, organic carbon, storage carbon and soil organic matter. All variables showed a strong spatial dependence structure in both areas and layers, reaching upper ranges than those established in the mesh. Bulk density (BD) and soil resistance penetration (SRP) in natural field area, can yet cause agricultural problems.
Torsional behavior of thin section glass fiber/epoxy composite filament wound tubes: Numerical modelling

Torsional behavior of thin section glass/epoxy composite pipes was analyzed to study the failure and fracture characteristics based on Hashin’s damage criterion. The variation of shearing stress histories was investigated according to different twisting angles ( θ=20, 40, 60,80, and 100). For this purpose, composite pipes were modelled by using ABAQUS/explicit subroutine, their stress and force values whether resulting in failure or not as well as failure types in the modelled composites pipes were analyzed within the constant time of the numerical analysis. Results showed that increasing of twist angles by 80 and 100 caused the high amount of shearing failures in the composite pipes while other twist angles did not effected on damage mechanisms over the samples. In addition, increment of the twisting angle after the certain value (θ=60) resulted a slightly increase in force, and followed a force fluctuations after the peak load, implying brittle nature of composite sample.
Experiments on the physics of pulsed plasma jets

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Behavior of some metallic impurities in germanium : investigation by transient spectroscopy methods - Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy-Minority Carrier Transient Spectroscopy - Laplace Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy

The present work is an attempt to re-examine the electronic properties of Fe, Ni Cr and Au in Ge which have been already studied by conventional DLTS (Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy). A general picture, that emerged, is that transition metals in Ge predominantly form multiple-acceptor centres, introducing several deep levels in the band gap, which according to a simple valence bond model is in agreement with a preferential occurrence of the impurities on substitutional sites. However, some questions remained open such as the role of hydrogen as a natural contaminant in the broadening of the DLTS spectra. Our contribution is based on the use of a more powerfull approach called Laplace DLTS in the sense that it allows a better resolution of the signal. We present extensive DLTS, MCTS and Laplace DLTS results to investigate the electronic properties of the multi-acceptor states, induced by mentioned four transition metals. Among the studied parameters we may cite the barrier for carrier capture, the true majority carrier capture cross section directly measured by the variable pulse length method, the Poole-Frenkel effect related to the assignment of the charge states - all these parameters are important to locate the level positions in the band gap. We confirm in the present work most of the results obatained in the past, adding some insight into the role of hydrogen in the formation of new complexes and in this respect a parallel is made with silicon. In case of Au new levels attributed to conjectural Au-Hn and Au-Sb complexes are observed. In addition development of both majority and minority carriers in MCTS analysis still is under consideration. For the Fe case, the small difference in energy of its two levels raises the question as to the possibility of negative-U character. These mentioned points should be treated more thoroughly in a future work.
Are the orbital poles of binary stars in the solar neighbourhood anisotropically distributed

We test whether or not the orbital poles of the systems in the solar neighbourhood are isotropically distributed on the celestial sphere. The problem is plagued by the ambiguity on the position of the ascending node. Of the 95 systems closer than 18 pc from the Sun with an orbit in the 6th Catalogue of Orbits of Visual Binaries, the pole ambiguity could be resolved for 51 systems using radial velocity collected in the literature and CORAVEL database or acquired with the HERMES/Mercator spectrograph. For several systems, we can correct the erroneous nodes in the 6th Catalogue of Orbits and obtain new combined spectroscopic/astrometric orbits for seven systems [WDS 01083+5455Aa,Ab; 01418+4237AB; 02278+0426AB (SB2); 09006+4147AB (SB2); 16413+3136AB; 17121+4540AB; 18070+3034AB]. We used of spherical statistics to test for possible anisotropy. After ordering the binary systems by increasing distance from the Sun, we computed the false-alarm probability for subsamples of increasing sizes, from N = 1 up to the full sample of 51 systems. Rayleigh-Watson and Beran tests deliver a false-alarm probability of 0.5% for the 20 systems closer than 8.1 pc. To evaluate the robustness of this conclusion, we used a jackknife approach, for which we repeated this procedure after removing one system at a time from the full sample. The false-alarm probability was then found to vary between 1.5% and 0.1%, depending on which system is removed. The reality of the deviation from isotropy can thus not be assessed with certainty at this stage, because only so few systems are available, despite our efforts to increase the sample. However, when considering the full sample of 51 systems, the concentration of poles toward the Galactic position l = 46.0°, b = 37°, as observed in the 8.1 pc sphere, totally vanishes (the Rayleigh-Watson false-alarm probability then rises to 18%).
Iodine uptake and distribution in horticultural and fruit tree species

Iodine is an essential microelement for humans and iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is one of the most widespread nutrient-deficiency diseases in the world. Iodine biofortification of plants provides an attractive opportunity to increase iodine intake in humans and to prevent and control IDD. This study was conducted to investigate the iodine uptake and accumulation in edible portion of two fruit trees: plum and nectarine, and two horticultural crops: tomato and potato. Two type of iodine treatments (soil and foliar spray application), and, for fresh market tomato, two production systems (open field and greenhouse hydroponic culture) were tested. The distribution of iodine in potato stem and leaves, and in plum tree fruits, leaves, and branches was investigated. Iodine content of potato tubers after postharvest storage and processing (cooking), and iodine content of nectarine fruits after postharvest storage and processing (peeling) were also determined. Differences in iodine accumulation were observed among the four crops, between applications, and between production systems. In open field, the maximum iodine content ranged from 9.5 and 14.3 μg 100 g−1 for plum and nectarine fruit, to 89.4 and 144.0 μg 100 g−1 for potato tuber and tomato fruit, respectively. These results showed that nectarine and plum tree accumulated significantly lower amounts of iodine in their edible tissues, in comparison with potato and tomato. The experiments also indicated hydroponic culture as the most efficient system for iodine uptake in tomato, since its fresh fruits accumulated up to 2423 μg 100 g−1 of iodine. Iodine was stored mainly in the leaves, in all species investigated. Only a small portion of iodine was moved to plum tree branches and fruits, and to potato stems and tubers. No differences in iodine content after fruit peeling was observed. A significant increase in iodine content of potato was observed after baking, whereas a significant decrease was observed after boiling. We concluded that iodine biofortified fresh market tomato salad, both from field and hydroponics cultivation, and baked potatoes can be considered as potential functional foods for IDD prevention.
Controlling Performance of Bluebunch Wheatgrass and Spotted Knapweed Using Nitrogen and Sucrose Amendments

Abstract Range- and wildlands are being invaded by nonindigenous plants, resulting in an unprecedented, rapid change in plant community composition across the United States. Successional management predicts that species performance may be modified by resource availability. The objective of this study was to determine whether species performance could be altered by modifying soil nitrate (NO3–) and ammonium (NH4+) concentrations within an Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis)/bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) plant association. We planted bluebunch wheat-grass and spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) in an addition series at 2 sites in southwestern Montana. Each plot in the addition series matrix was divided into thirds, and we applied nitrogen (N) to a subplot and sucrose to a 2nd subplot. The remaining subplot was not amended and considered a control. Nitrogen amendment tended to enhance the performance of spotted knapweed, while sucrose amendment had no effect. Bluebunch wheatgrass performance was not affected by either amendment. Sucrose treatments only decreased soil NO3– at the more productive site. Regression models for predicting bluebunch wheatgrass and spotted knapweed biomass accounted for only about 30% of the variation, suggesting other processes in addition to interference were responsible for explaining relative plant performance. We recommend that land managers prevent activities that increase soil N concentration while the effectiveness of carbon amendments as a means to decrease soil N concentrations and shift interference relationships is further investigated.
Floristic diversity of the camel diet in northern algerian sahara

Introduction Despite the harsh desert conditions, Saharan rangelands are characterized by very valuable plant diversity (Ozenda, 1981 et Chehma et al, 2005). Moreover, the camel is the only species able to exploit these vast Saharan areas (Gauthier Pilters, 1977; Chehma et al., 2008). The microscopic analysis of plant debris contained in feces or esophageal bowls is a method of studying the diet of grazing animals (Mandret 1989). For this purpose, and to study the plant diversity of the camel diet in its natural environment, the content of plant fragments in feces were analyzed as indicators of types of plant species grazed.
Rape in the Courts of Gusiiland, Kenya, 1940s–1960s

Abstract: This article examines the history of rape prosecutions in the African courts of Gusiiland, Kenya, from the 1940s through the first years of independence. Drawing on transcripts from African courts, it demonstrates that Gusii court elders were quite sympathetic to women who lodged rape claims. Elders handed down stiff punishments to rapists, were willing to entertain a wide definition of “indecent assault,” and did not require the extensive evidence of rape so commonly demanded by judges in Western courts (and in British courts in Kenya). Perhaps most surprisingly, men who admitted to having had sex but claimed it had been consensual were forced to prove their claims. This article advances both the historical study of rape in Africa and suggests that we reassess—or at least reserve judgment—on the nature of sexual violence in the non—West.
The wellbeing of unaccompanied asylum seekers leaving care

This article presents the findings of a research study examining the numbers and wellbeing of, and services for, young unaccompanied asylum seekers leaving the care system. The paper arises from concerns about the extent to which the needs of unaccompanied asylum seekers are being met. The article will be of particular interest to health and social care professionals in paediatrics, mental health, counselling, education and social work. The authors present a literature review about adolescent asylum seekers, a review of the immigration and asylum policy context, leaving care legislation, health and wellbeing, and mental health and trauma issues. The paper presents findings about the high proportion of unaccompanied asylum seekers leaving care in five London boroughs and one shire county in the Midlands. Professionals and managers in leaving care services were asked to supply information about seven questions designed to elicit an overview of the natures of these services, which worked well and why, the major challenges facing services and the impact of the Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000. A clear consensus emerged that a consistent protocol between the Home Office and the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) is needed to enable more reliable and effective assessment and direct work to be undertaken with these young people. Improvements in the processing of asylum claims are needed, as are more resources to meet the increased demand on over-stretched services. Clearer guidance on how leaving care services can work with unaccompanied asylum seekers leaving care is also required as a major priority. Evidence is provided to suggest that where social support is available, adolescent asylum seekers make greater achievements even if experiencing significant levels of distress in relation to traumatic experiences. They are then also more likely to access appropriate services. With needs properly addressed, members of this group of young people have the potential to make significant achievements in their lives.
The Effectiveness of Self-Regulated Strategy Development for School-Age Children with Hearing Loss

Purpose: The two-fold purpose of this feasibility study was to determine if (a) self-regulated strategy development intervention would improve the reading comprehension skills of children with hearing loss and (b) if self-regulated strategy development intervention would improve the writing skills of children with hearing loss. Method: One eleven year-old child with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss participated in this single-subject, multiple probe across behaviors design treatment study which examined the effectiveness of using writing intervention to improve reading comprehension in children with hearing loss. The participant completed three seven-week writing interventions focused on narratives, opinion essays, and persuasive essays. The participant also completed progress monitoring at baseline, at the onset of each intervention session, and after the intervention sections were complete. Intervention was delivered one-on-one for 60 minutes. Results: Comparison of preand post-test measures of reading comprehension indicated that the writing intervention was effective for improving reading comprehension for the participant. Visual analysis of progress monitoring data indicated that writing performance improved in two out of the three styles of writing throughout the intervention and that the improvement for those two areas was maintained after intervention was complete. Conclusions: Self-regulated strategy development writing intervention can be an effective intervention strategy to improve reading comprehension and writing skills in children with hearing loss.
The Effect of Professional Doubt of Auditor on Discovering Auditor's Frauds

Auditor’s report is a brief and important document which increases the credibility of a set of financial statements and makes it more acceptable for investors, creditors, government and other users. Information mentioned in audit’s reports and various audit declarations play a significant role in the process of decision making and informed judgments of those who use these reports. In the present research attempts have been made to obtain the degree of the relationship between audit’s professional doubt and discovering the auditee’s fraud. It has also been tried to determine what degree of professional doubt would lead to a qualified report. Measuring professional doubt indicates recognition of the issue that in which place an audit can reach a level higher than other auditors or qualified audits. Also, by employing tests related to measuring professional doubt the point which shows an optimum level of professional doubt can be identified. This point has a significant role in the quality of the audit since different opinions of audit reports has a significant influence on decision making and judgments of the users of the financial statements. The statistical population in this piece of research includes managers, audits and professional supervisors of the National Organization of Audit. The relationship between professional doubt on discovering fraud and also on the quality of the audit report has been considered in the current study. Research findings indicate that there is a direct relationship between professional doubt and discovering fraud and also the quality of audit report. It has also been shown that with increase of professional doubt the degree of discovering the fraud increases and as a result it can lead to appropriate increase in the quality of audit reports.
The Private Voice: Homeschooling, Hannah Arendt, and Political Education

ABSTRACT What becomes of the political orientation of American education when children are educated in the home rather than in public schools? Homeschooling critics raise concerns over the larger consequences: political exit and even indoctrination. Drawing on a recent study of 62 interviews with 35 homeschooling families in 11 states in the USA, we offer a theoretical argument grounded in empirical observations and perceptions of homeschoolers themselves. Using the work of political theorist Hannah Arendt as a guide, we suggest that, contrary to critics’ claims of political exit over voice, homeschooling may provide the opportunity for some families to respond with a “private voice” that is politically robust because it is intentionally subversive to a (perceived) homogenous dominant culture. We thus argue that some homeschoolers offer an understanding of private life that is political without being “public,” and that they reconcile this irony by attempting to cultivate reflexive “thinking” in their children regarding questions of conformity, materialism, and plurality.
An approach for the analysis of traditional domestic M'zabite spaces

This paper examines domestic spatial arrangements of the Berber people of the M’zab. It covers the areas of Ghardaia, Beni Isguen, El Ateuf, Melika and Bounoura - the five walled towns or Ksours of the M’zabite league. In his famous study of the Kabyle Berber house, the late Pierre Bourdieu underlined the symbolic significance of domestic spatial arrangement. A simple rectangular form on plan, the Kabyle house is divided into two parts, a division which becomes the basis for an elaborate system of binary oppositions - dark versus light, nature versus culture, male versus female. In configurational terms the house is integrated and has a shallow ‘core’. By contrast the distinctive feature of the M’zabite house is that it is inward-looking, with rooms distributed around a small internal courtyard, commonly on two floors. This is combined with a sharp division between male and female quarters and between spaces for visitors and those reserved for the family. The access pattern is characteristically tree-like and reveals two main ‘genotypes’, one centred on the Wast Eddar, the ground-floor living space, the other on the Ikoumar, an upper-floor ‘portico’ used for various female and family activities.