Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determinants of maximal oxygen uptake in rats acclimated to simulated altitude.

The effect of acclimation to hypoxia on maximal O2 uptake (VO2max), maximal cardiac output (Qmax), and arteriovenous O2 concentration difference (a-vCO2) was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats acclimated for 3 wk to a barometric pressure of approximately 380 Torr (A rats). Nonacclimated control animals were pair-fed littermates maintained at an ambient barometric pressure of approximately 740 Torr (NA rats). Both A and NA rats exercised maximally on a treadmill with inspired PO2 maintained at either approximately 72 or 145 Torr. Arterial blood O2 concentration was significantly higher in A than in NA rats (16.0 +/- 0.6 vs. 12.4 +/- 0.3 ml/dl in hypoxia and 28.4 +/- 1.5 vs. 20.1 +/- 0.9 ml/dl in normoxia, respectively; both P < 0.05). During hypoxic exercise VO2max was slightly but significantly higher in A than in NA subjects (55.3 +/- 1.3 vs. 48.8 +/- 1.1 ml STPD.min-1 x kg-1; P < 0.05). In hypoxia a-vCO2 was 16.6 +/- 0.6 and 12.4 +/- 0.4 ml/dl and Qmax was 401 +/- 17 and 489 +/- 9 ml.min-1 x kg-1 in A and NA subjects, respectively (both P < 0.05). A rats showed both lower maximal heart rate and lower maximal stroke volume during hypoxic exercise. In normoxia there was no significant difference in VO2max between A and NA rats (71.8 +/- 2.7 vs. 73.9 +/- 3.1 ml.min-1 x kg-1). As with hypoxia, in normoxia a-vCO2 was significantly higher and Qmax was significantly lower in A than in NA animals. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
THE EFFECT OF UNMEASURED CONFOUNDERS ON THE ABILITY TO ESTIMATE A TRUE PERFORMANCE OR SELECTION GRADIENT (AND OTHER PARTIAL REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS)

Multiple regression of observational data is frequently used to infer causal effects. Partial regression coefficients are biased estimates of causal effects if unmeasured confounders are not in the regression model. The sensitivity of partial regression coefficients to omitted confounders is investigated with a Monte‐Carlo simulation. A subset of causal traits is “measured” and their effects are estimated using ordinary least squares regression and compared to their expected values. Three major results are: (1) the error due to confounding is much larger than that due to sampling, especially with large samples, (2) confounding error shrinks trivially with sample size, and (3) small true effects are frequently estimated as large effects. Consequently, confidence intervals from regression are poor guides to the true intervals, especially with large sample sizes. The addition of a confounder to the model improves estimates only 55% of the time. Results are improved with complete knowledge of the rank order of causal effects but even with this omniscience, measured intervals are poor proxies for true intervals if there are many unmeasured confounders. The results suggest that only under very limited conditions can we have much confidence in the magnitude of partial regression coefficients as estimates of causal effects.
A Comparison of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Measures: Unique Associations With Social Interaction Anxiety and Social Observation Anxiety

Evidence suggests that the behavior inhibition system (BIS) and fight-flight-freeze system play a role in the individual differences seen in social anxiety disorder; however, findings concerning the role of the behavior approach system (BAS) have been mixed. To date, the role of revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) subsystems underlying social anxiety has been measured with scales designed for the original RST. This study examined how the BIS, BAS, and fight, flight, freeze components of the fight-flight-freeze system uniquely relate to social interaction anxiety and social observation anxiety using both a measure specifically designed for the revised RST and a commonly used original RST measure. Comparison of regression analyses with the Jackson-5 and the commonly used BIS/BAS Scales revealed important differences in the relationships between RST subsystems and social anxiety depending on how RST was assessed. Limitations and future directions for revised RST measurement are discussed.
Suppression of Kindled Seizures by Paracrine Adenosine Release from Stem Cell–Derived Brain Implants

Summary: Purpose: Stem cells and their derivatives have emerged as a promising tool for cell‐based drug delivery because of (a) their unique ability to differentiate into various somatic cell types, (b) the virtually unlimited donor source for transplantation, and (c) the advantage of being amenable to a wide spectrum of genetic manipulations. Previously, adenosine‐releasing embryonic stem (ES) cells have been generated by disruption of both alleles of adenosine kinase (Adk−/‐). Lack of ADK did not compromise the cells' differentiation potential into embryoid bodies or glial precursor cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of differentiated Adk−/‐ ES cell progeny for seizure suppression by paracrine adenosine release.
Patch Use and Patch Depletion By the Spider and Howling Monkeys of Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica

Patch depletion is an assumption that underlies many behavioural ecological models, yet it has rarely been examined. The evidence presented here suggests that the spider and howling monkeys of Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica use food resources that occur in patches and generally deplete the patches they use. However, some types of patches (e.g. large fruiting trees for spider monkeys, and trees used as sources of leaves for howlers) are not depleted by the feeding activity of primates. An examination of which types of patches are depleted and the manner in which depletion likely occurs, allows an assessment of possible factors underlying the different types of social organizations in these species.
Antigen Presenting Cells Transfected with LMP2a RNA Induce CD4 + LMP2a-specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes which Kill via a Fas-independent Mechanism

Recent reports have demonstrated that EBV can be used as a target of specific CTL-based treatments in severe chronic EBV, immunoblastic B cell lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease (HD). Based upon the promising results form these in vivo studies, it has been suggested that an antigen-specific CTL-based immunotherapy may be of benefit in treating EBV-associated tumors such as HD and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) which express the potentially immunogenic antigens, LMP1 and LMP2a. Recent work form our group has demonstrated that LMP2a-specific CTLs may be generated in vitro using autologous antigen presenting cells which have been transfected with polyadenylated LMP2a RNA in the presence of a cationic lipid. In this study, we demonstrate that the presence of the lipid enhances dendritic cell (DC) transfection efficiency and appears to protect the intracellular LMP2a RNA from degradation by cellular RNAses. Significantly, these improvements resulted in the transfected DCs having a superior ability to stimulate autologous T cell proliferation. These LMP2a+DCs were used to stimulate LMP2a-specific effector cells which were predominantly a mixture of cytotoxic and helper CD4 + T cells. The molecular mechanisms whereby these CD4 + T cells lyzed their LMP2a-expressing targets was investigated and we show that, although expressing Fas ligand on their surface, LMP2a-specific CD4 + effector cells kill their targets using the Ca 2+ -dependent perforin/granzyme pathway which is the same mechanism used by CD8 + CTLs.
The Customer Value Strategy in the Competitiveness of Companies

By the in-depth development of economic globalization in recent years, market competition has become the focus of the fight against various companies. The survival and development of companies is not only depending on its own resources, but also relying on more value-oriented consumers. For companies around the world, their tasks are not only to take a variety of measures to deal with market risk, but also to keep pace with the trend of the times and make appropriate adjustments on the strategy and tactics of the company to deal with all problems arising from the fierce competition. With the thinking of "customer-oriented" deeply rooted in the marketing field, customer value has been regarded as a new source of companies’ competitive advantage. Therefore, customer value strategy has become an important part of companies’ strategic development strategy. In this paper, the competitive advantages and growth advantages in the competitiveness of companies will be analyzed from the orientation, implementation and carrying out of customer value.
Dithiocarbamates Ameliorate the Effects of Endotoxin in a Rabbit Model of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Induction of tissue factor (TF) activity by endotoxin and cytokines is an important mechanism for initiation of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) seen in patients with gram-negative sepsis. Based on data from an in vitro study in which dithiocarbamates abrogated endothelial cell TF activity by inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway, we investigated whether dithiocarbamates had in vivo activity in an animal model of DIC. Dithiocarbamates ameliorated the adverse clinical and histological effects of endotoxin-induced DIC, including morbidity, hypofibrinogenemia, and target organ damage, especially in the liver and kidney, even when given up to 1 hour after administration of endotoxin. This pilot study confirms the key role of the nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-kappaB) pathway in induction of TF activity in initiating sepsis-associated DIC and suggests that dithiocarbamates may be useful in treatment of DIC associated with excessive TF expression because of gram-negative sepsis. Additional studies of dithiocarbamates in DIC models are warranted.
Identification of molecular targets associated with transformed diffuse large B cell lymphoma using highly purified tumor cells

Follicular lymphoma (FL) frequently transforms into the more aggressive diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL‐tr), but no protein biomarkers have been identified for predictive or early diagnosis. Gene expression analyses have identified genes changing on transformation but have failed to be reproducible in different studies, reflecting the heterogeneity within the tumor tissue and between tumor samples. Gene expression analyses on Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 arrays were performed, using flow cytometry sorted tumor cells derived from FL and transformed DLBCL. To identify molecular targets associated with the transformation, subsequent immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses of the corresponding proteins were performed. Using highly purified cells, this study identified 163 genes, which were significantly deregulated during the transformation in a majority of cases. Among the upregulated transcripts, 13 genes were selected for validation using IHC, based on the availability of commercial antibodies, and galectin‐3 and NEK2 proteins specifically identify DLBCL‐tr, when compared with FL. We demonstrate that by purifying tumor cells through cell sorting, thereby reducing the heterogeneity due to infiltrating cells, it was possible to identify distinct differences between tumor entities rather than variations due to cellular composition. Galectin‐3 and NEK2 both identified a subgroup of DLBCL‐tr, and the function of these protein markers also suggests a biological role in the transformation process. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Knowledge management beyond codification: knowing as practice/concept

Knowledge has been theorized as being an elementary form of organization in the so‐called knowledge management literature. Although there are numerous analytical strengths in this literature, a reductionist view of knowledge dominates the field. From a reductionist view, knowledge is an extension from data and information. As opposed to this image of knowledge, this paper suggests that knowledge is what is inherent in practices and concepts employed and invented to denote such practices. The notion of knowledge is therefore constituted on a single plane or surface wherein practices and concepts are entangled. As a consequence, knowledge is always indeterminate and fluid because it is immanent in a multiplicity of undertakings and changing language games. In addition, data and information only represents a sub‐set of what we call knowledge. This processual and fluid view of knowledge represents an epistemological break with reductionist views of knowledge and enables for new perspectives on how knowledge is managed as an intangible resource in organizations.
An inhibitor of histone deacetylase 6 activity, ACY-1215, reduces cAMP and cyst growth in polycystic kidney disease.

Adult-onset autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is caused by mutations in either the PKD1 or PKD2 gene, leading to malfunction of their gene products, polycystin 1 or 2. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) expression and activity are increased in PKD1 mutant renal epithelial cells. Here we studied the effect of ACY-1215, a specific HDAC6 inhibitor, on cyst growth in ADPKD. Treatment with ACY-1215 slowed cyst growth in a mouse model of ADPKD that forms massive cysts within 3 wk after knockout of polycystin 1 function. It also prevented cyst formation in MDCK.2 cells, an in vitro model of cystogenesis, and in an ADPKD cell line derived from the proximal tubules from a pkd1-/-. mouse (PN cells). In PN cells ACY-1215 also reduced the size of already established cysts. We found that ACY-1215 lowered cAMP levels and protein expression of adenylyl cyclase 6. Our results suggest that HDAC6 could potentially serve as a therapeutic target in ADPKD.
An Efficient Successive Relaying Protocol for Multiple-Relay Cooperative Networks

We propose an efficient successive relaying (SR) transmission protocol for multiple-relay cooperative systems under the half-duplex constraint. In this protocol, the process of relay selection is conducted once the instantaneous channel state information changes. During each channel coherent interval, the source keeps transmitting newly generated messages, and two selected relays successively decode and forward the source's information to the destination. In particular, in one time slot, a selected relay jointly decodes both signals transmitted from the source and the other selected relay. In the next time slot, this relay forwards the superposition of these two decoded signals. The destination jointly decodes messages at the end of each interval. The lower bound of outage probability is derived in a closed-form expression and the diversity-multiplexing trade-off (DMT) performance is characterized as well. It is demonstrated by the numerical results that the proposed SR protocol is capable of achieving both full diversity gain and high multiplexing gain.
Noircissement des noix dû aux mouches et aux maladies: importance du choix variétal

Depuis que la mouche de la noix (Rhagoletis completa) a passé la barrière des Alpes, les symptômes de noircissement avec des noix se détachant mal du brou en décomposition sont en recrudescence. Ces dommages ne proviennent cependant pas toujours de cet insecte. La bactériose et l’anthracnose du noyer peuvent également être à l’origine de ce dégât et affecter les diverses variétés de manière très variable, comme d’ailleurs la mouche de la noix. Originaires du sud-ouest des EtatsUnis et introduits en Europe dans les années quatrevingt, les premiers individus de R. completa ont été observés dans le nord-est de l’Italie, puis dans la région de Milan (Duso 1991). L’espèce a ensuite gagné le Tessin pour rester cantonnée au sud des Alpes durant la décennie suivante. Depuis, favorisée par le réchauffement climatique, la mouche de la noix a atteint le nord de la Suisse et est également observée en France, en Allemagne et en Autriche (Aluja et al. 2011). Lors d’une campagne de surveillance nationale, il s’est avéré qu’elle s’était installée dans toutes les régions favorables du pays. Sa présence et l’intensité des dégâts dépendent du climat. Elle colonise ainsi presque excluNoircissement des noix dû aux mouches et aux maladies: importance du choix variétal
Relationship of the effects of interferon on chronic hepatitis B and the induction of 2′, 5′‐ oligoadenylate synthetase

Two years or more after 35 patients (29 men and six women) with chronic hepatitis B were treated by interferon, we studied relationships of age, ALT activity, activity of serum DNA polymerase associated with the hepatitis B virus, serum levels of hepatitis B e antigen and activity of 2′, 5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase in peripheral blood mononuclear cells when treatment started in comparison with treatment results. Seventeen patients were given human lymphoblastoid interferon‐α; the other 18 patients were given interferon‐β. We measured the activity of 2′, 5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase in these mononuclear cells and found the rate of increase in vivo and in vitro; the correlation between the two was r = 0.68. This enzyme activity in the patients who became negative for DNA polymerase after interferon treatment increased more both in vivo and in vitro than in patients who did not became negative. Also, both the in vivo and in vitro activity increased more in patients who became negative for the e antigen after interferon therapy than in those who remained positive. In the first group, interferon was considered to be effective; in the second, ineffective. Of the patients who became negative, some developed e antibodies and some did not; the increase in this enzyme activity in the two groups was not significantly different. The increase in the activity of 2′, 5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase activity could be used to predict the results of interferon treatment and is an index that can be used before treatment to predict the response.
Up-Regulation of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3α/CCL20 and CC Chemokine Receptor 6 in Psoriasis1

Autoimmunity plays a key role in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis; however, little is known about the recruitment of pathogenic cells to skin lesions. We report here that the CC chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-3α, recently renamed CCL20, and its receptor CCR6 are markedly up-regulated in psoriasis. CCL20-expressing keratinocytes colocalize with skin-infiltrating T cells in lesional psoriatic skin. PBMCs derived from psoriatic patients show significantly increased CCR6 mRNA levels. Moreover, skin-homing CLA+ memory T cells express high levels of surface CCR6. Furthermore, the expression of CCR6 mRNA is 100- to 1000-fold higher on sorted CLA+ memory T cells than other chemokine receptors, including CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR2, CCR3, and CCR5. In vitro, CCL20 attracted skin-homing CLA+ T cells of both normal and psoriatic donors; however, psoriatic lymphocytes responded to lower concentrations of chemokine and showed higher chemotactic responses. Using ELISA as well as real-time quantitative PCR, we show that cultured primary keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and dermal microvascular endothelial and dendritic cells are major sources of CCL20, and that the expression of this chemokine can be induced by proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-α/IL-1β, CD40 ligand, IFN-γ, or IL-17. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that CCL20/CCR6 may play a role in the recruitment of T cells to lesional psoriatic skin.
Health‐related quality of life in intensively treated young patients with type 1 diabetes

Abstract: This study aimed to analyse the impact of the disease and treatment on health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in intensively treated young patients with diabetes. Our main hypothesis was that metabolic control, gender, age and socio‐economic status predict HRQOL. All children and adolescents (n = 400, 191 girls) and parents in a geographic population of two paediatric clinics in Sweden [mean age 13.2 yr, ±SD 3.9, range 2.6–19.6; mean duration of diabetes 5.1 yr, ±SD 3.8, range 0.3–17.6; yr mean haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 7.1%, ±SD 1.2, range 4.0–10.7] received the DISABKIDS questionnaire, a validated combined chronic generic and condition‐specific HRQOL measure for children, and the EuroQol‐5D questionnaire. Parents as proxy perceived HRQOL lower than their children. Adolescents with separated parents reported lower generic HRQOL (GeHRQOL) and diabetes‐specific HRQOL (DiHRQOL) than those with parents living together (p = 0.027 and p = 0.043, respectively). Adolescent girls reported lower GeHRQOL (p = 0.041) and DiHRQOL (p = 0.001) than boys did. Parents of girls <8 yr of age reported lower DiHRQOL (p = 0.047) than did parents of boys <8 yr. In addition, a difference was found in HRQOL between centres. Intensive insulin therapy did not seem to lower HRQOL. If anything, along with better metabolic control, it increased HRQOL. A correlation between DiHRQOL and HbA1c was found in adolescents (r = −0.16, p = 0.046) and boys aged 8–12 yr (r = −0.28, p = 0.045). We conclude that the diabetes team can influence the HRQOL of the patients as there was a centre difference and because HRQOL is influenced by glycaemic control and insulin regimen. Girls seem to need extra support.
Two new diarylheptanoids isolated from the roots of Juglans mandshurica

Two new diarylheptanoids, ( − )-threo-3′,4″-epoxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-(3-methoxyphenyl)heptan-2,3-diol (1) and (1α,3β,5α,6α)-1,5-epoxy-3,6-dihydroxy-1,7-bis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-heptane (2), along with one known diarylheptanoid, rhoiptelol B (3), were isolated from the roots of Juglans mandshurica. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were identified based on HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR including 1H–1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC and NOESY spectroscopic methods.
Prevalence and determinants of hyperglycaemia in pneumonia patients

Abstract Background: Hyperglycaemia during pneumonia prolongs the hospitalization and increases the risks of complications and death. However, its prevalence and determinants have not been systematically assessed. Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study. The material consisted of 153 hospitalized patients with pneumonia. Patients needing intensive care unit treatment were excluded. The height, weight, waist circumference, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, temperature, heart rate, and Karnofsky score were measured at admission. Blood tests included glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (gHbA1c), C-reactive protein (CRP), leukocytes, urea, and arterial blood gas analysis. Plasma glucose was measured 7 times during the first day on the ward. Hyperglycaemia was defined as a fasting glucose > 7.0 mmol/l or postprandial glucose > 11.1 mmol/l. Results: Ninety-two patients (60%) showed hyperglycaemia. Twenty-two patients had a diagnosis of diabetes before hospitalization. Of the 131 patients without such a diagnosis, 72 (55%) showed hyperglycaemia. Of these, 67 showed fasting hyperglycaemia and 36 postprandial hyperglycaemia. In the binary logistic regression analysis, the following factors showed independent associations with the presence of hyperglycaemia: advanced age, high gHbA1c, high CRP, and high blood leukocyte level. Conclusions: More than half of non-diabetic patients with mild to moderate pneumonia demonstrated hyperglycaemia. The main determinants of hyperglycaemia were an abnormal pre-pneumonia glucose metabolism and the intensity of the pneumonic inflammation. Systematic screening of hyperglycaemia in all hospitalized pneumonia patients appears reasonable to identify high-risk patients.