Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is Attention Interpretable?

Attention mechanisms have recently boosted performance on a range of NLP tasks. Because attention layers explicitly weight input components’ representations, it is also often assumed that attention can be used to identify information that models found important (e.g., specific contextualized word tokens). We test whether that assumption holds by manipulating attention weights in already-trained text classification models and analyzing the resulting differences in their predictions. While we observe some ways in which higher attention weights correlate with greater impact on model predictions, we also find many ways in which this does not hold, i.e., where gradient-based rankings of attention weights better predict their effects than their magnitudes. We conclude that while attention noisily predicts input components’ overall importance to a model, it is by no means a fail-safe indicator.1
How Different Is It Between Machine-Generated and Developer-Provided Patches? : An Empirical Study on the Correct Patches Generated by Automated Program Repair Techniques

Background: Over the years, Automated Program Repair (APR) has attracted much attention from both academia and industry since it can reduce the costs in fixing bugs. However, how to assess the patch correctness remains to be an open challenge. Two widely adopted ways to approach this challenge, including manually checking and validating using automated generated tests, are biased (i.e., suffering from subjectivity and low precision respectively). Aim: To address this concern, we propose to conduct an empirical study towards understanding the correct patches that are generated by existing state-of-the-art APR techniques, aiming at providing guidelines for future assessment of patches. Method: To this end, we first present a Literature Review (LR) on the reported correct patches generated by recent techniques on the Defects 4J benchmark and collect 177 correct patches after a process of sanity check. We investigate how these machine-generated correct patches achieve semantic equivalence, but syntactic difference compared with developer-provided ones, how these patches distribute in different projects and APR techniques, and how the characteristics of a bug affect the patches generated for it. Results: Our main findings include: 1) we do not need to fix bugs exactly like how developers do since we observe that 25.4% (45/177) of the correct patches generated by APR techniques are syntactically different from developer-provided ones; 2) the distribution of machine-generated correct patches diverges for the aspects of Defects 4J projects and APR techniques; and 3) APR techniques tend to generate patches that are different from those by developers for bugs with large patch sizes. Conclusion: Our study not only verifies the conclusions from previous studies but also highlights implications for future study towards assessing patch correctness.
Transition to metallization in warm dense helium-hydrogen mixtures using stochastic density functional theory within the Kubo-Greenwood formalism

Abstract The Kubo-Greenwood (KG) formula is often used in conjunction with Kohn-Sham (KS) density functional theory (DFT) to compute the optical conductivity, particularly for warm dense mater. For applying the KG formula, all KS eigenstates and eigenvalues up to an energy cutoff are required and thus the approach becomes expensive, especially for high temperatures and large systems, scaling cubically with both system size and temperature. Here, we develop an approach to calculate the KS conductivity within the stochastic DFT (sDFT) framework, which requires knowledge only of the KS Hamiltonian but not its eigenstates and values. We show that the computational effort associated with the method scales linearly with system size and reduces in proportion to the temperature unlike the cubic increase with traditional deterministic approaches. In addition, we find that the method allows an accurate description of the entire spectrum, including the high-frequency range, unlike the deterministic method which is compelled to introduce a high-frequency cut-off due to memory and computational time constraints. We apply the method to helium-hydrogen mixtures in the warm dense matter regime at temperatures of \sim60\text{kK} and find that the system displays two conductivity phases, where a transition from non-metal to metal occurs when hydrogen atoms constitute \sim0.3 of the total atoms in the system.
First-order linear evolution equations with c\`adl\`ag-in-time solutions.

In this work we study first-order linear parabolic evolution PDEs over $\mathbb{R}^{d}\times\mathbb{R}$ and $\mathbb{R}^{d}\times\mathbb{R}^{+}$ comprising a spatial operator defined through a symbol function and a source term such that its spatial Fourier transform is a slow-growing measure over $\mathbb{R}^{d}\times\mathbb{R}$. When the source term is required to has its support on $\mathbb{R}^{d}\times\mathbb{R}^{+}$, it is shown that there exists a unique solution such that its spatial Fourier transform is a slow-growing measure with support in $\mathbb{R}^{d}\times\mathbb{R}^{+}$, which in addition has a cadlag-in-time behaviour. This allows to well-pose and analyse an initial value problem associated to this class of equations and to consider cases where the spatial operator can be a pseudo-differential operator. We also look at for solutions to the cases where the source term is such that its spatial and spatio-temporal Fourier transforms are slow-growing measures over $\mathbb{R}^{d}\times\mathbb{R}$. In such a case, it is shown that when the real part of the symbol function of the spatial operator is inferiorly bounded by a strictly positive constant, there exists a unique solution whose both spatial and spatio-temporal Fourier transforms are slow-growing measures over $\mathbb{R}^{d}\times\mathbb{R}$, and which also has a cadlag-in-time behaviour. In addition, it is proven that the solution to an associated Cauchy problem converges spatio-temporally asymptotically to this unique solution as the time flows long enough.
Four Things Everyone Should Know to Improve Batch Normalization

A key component of most neural network architectures is the use of normalization layers, such as Batch Normalization. Despite its common use and large utility in optimizing deep architectures, it has been challenging both to generically improve upon Batch Normalization and to understand the circumstances that lend themselves to other enhancements. In this paper, we identify four improvements to the generic form of Batch Normalization and the circumstances under which they work, yielding performance gains across all batch sizes while requiring no additional computation during training. These contributions include proposing a method for reasoning about the current example in inference normalization statistics, fixing a training vs. inference discrepancy; recognizing and validating the powerful regularization effect of Ghost Batch Normalization for small and medium batch sizes; examining the effect of weight decay regularization on the scaling and shifting parameters gamma and beta; and identifying a new normalization algorithm for very small batch sizes by combining the strengths of Batch and Group Normalization. We validate our results empirically on six datasets: CIFAR-100, SVHN, Caltech-256, Oxford Flowers-102, CUB-2011, and ImageNet.
On the Calculation of IR Spectra with a Fully Polarizable QM/MM Approach Based on Fluctuating Charges and Fluctuating Dipoles.

The fully polarizable QM/MM approach based on Fluctuating charges and Fluctuating dipoles, named QM/FQFμ (J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2019, 15, 2233-2245), is extended to the evaluation of nuclear gradients and the calculation of IR spectra of molecular systems in condensed phase. To this end, analytical equations defining first and second energy derivatives with respect to nuclear coordinates are derived and discussed. The potentialities of the approach are shown by applying the model to the calculation of IR spectra of Methlyoxirane, Glycidol and Gallic Acid in aqueous solution. The results are compared with the continuum QM/PCM and the polarizable QM/FQ, which is based on Fluctuating Charges only.
On the Leaders' Graphical Characterization for Controllability of Path Related Graphs

The problem of leaders location plays an important role in the controllability of undirected graphs.The concept of minimal perfect critical vertex set is introduced by drawing support from the eigenvector of Laplace matrix. Using the notion of minimal perfect critical vertex set, the problem of finding the minimum number of controllable leader vertices is transformed into the problem of finding all minimal perfect critical vertex sets. Some necessary and sufficient conditions for special minimal perfect critical vertex sets are provided, such as minimal perfect critical 2 vertex set, and minimal perfect critical vertex set of path or path related graphs. And further, the leaders location problem for path graphs is solved completely by the algorithm provided in this paper. An interesting result that there never exist a minimal perfect critical 3 vertex set is proved, too.
Accelerated methods for composite non-bilinear saddle point problem

Based on G. Lan's accelerated gradient sliding and general relation between the smoothness and strong convexity parameters of function under Legendre transformation we show that under rather general conditions the best known bounds for bilinear convex-concave smooth composite saddle point problem keep true for or non-bilinear convex-concave smooth composite saddle point problem. Moreover, we describe situations when the bounds differ and explain the nature of the difference.
Learning Geography Promotes Learning Math: Results and Implications of Arizona's GeoMath Grade K-8 Program

Abstract The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation has resulted in declining classroom time dedicated to geography instruction, especially in grades K-8. To combat this problem, a National Geographic Society Grosvenor grant provided resources allowing 28 teacher-authors to generate a package of more than 80 lessons that combine the teaching of geography and mathematics skills tested on Arizona's state mandated testing. When taught in 113 piloting classrooms that mirror Arizona's student demographics, GeoMath lessons generated statistically significant increases in performance in math skills and improved understanding of geography standards. In addition, a fourth of the K-8 piloting teachers surveyed felt that teaching GeoMath lessons increased in their level of comfort in teaching mathematics. Given the success of this GeoMath strategy, and a prior GeoLiteracy program, we advocate here a national agenda of articulating geography curriculum to high-stakes tested subjects of reading and math.
AC Signals Estimation from Irregular Samples

The paper deals with the estimation of amplitude and phase of an analogue multi-harmonic band-limited signal from irregularly spaced sampling values. To this end, assuming the signal fundamental frequency is known in advance (i.e., estimated at an independent stage), a complexity-reduced algorithm for signal reconstruction in time domain is proposed. The reduction in complexity is achieved owing to completely new analytical and summarized expressions that enable a quick estimation at a low numerical error. The proposed algorithm for the calculation of the unknown parameters requires O((2M+1)) flops, while the straightforward solution of the obtained equations takes O((2M+1)) flops (M is the number of the harmonic components). It is applied in signal reconstruction, spectral estimation, system identification, as well as in other important signal processing problems. The proposed method of processing can be used for precise RMS measurements (for power and energy) of a periodic signal based on the presented signal reconstruction. The paper investigates the errors related to the signal parameter estimation, and there is a computer simulation that demonstrates the accuracy of these algorithms. Keywords—Band-limited signals; Fourier coefficient estimation; analytical solutions; signal reconstruction; time.
A Fast-running, Physics-Based Tool for Explosives in Tunnels: Model Validation

An overview of the fast-running, physics-based model developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to provide rapid and accurate analysis when considering an explosive blast within a tunnel is presented, with focus on the verification and validation of the model. The performance of STUNTOOL, our 1-1/2 dimensional (1D) physics model, STUNTOOL, is compared to higher-fidelity ALE3D two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric calculations and experimental results. For an explosive blast in a straight tunnel, STUNTOOL shows excellent agreement with experiment. For the case of an explosion in a tunnel where the blast wave encounters a sudden decrease in cross-section, it is found that the numerical results from both codes are in good agreement until the interface at the change in cross section is encountered. Thereafter, however, the peak pressures derived with the codes are found to be significantly higher than experimental results; although the agreement between the 2D result and the experiment improves with increasing distance down the tunnel. Peak pressure and impulse per unit area obtained downstream of the interface with the STUNTOOL 1D analysis are found to be substantially higher than with either the experiment or the 2D values. This is a result of the time delay for the shock reflecting off the (vertical) rigid wall between the inner and outer tunnel radii to interact with the (supersonic) core flow into the decreased cross section. In the 1D case, the reflected and transmitted shocks are formed instantaneously across the entire cross section resulting in higher pressure and increased shock speed downstream of the interface. The implications of this effect for modeling tunnel structures are discussed.
PRESERVING RELIGIOUS VALUES THROUGH EDUCATION: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND EVIDENCE FROM THE US

This paper describes how religious minority groups preserve their religious values and their group identity through education. Parents in religious minority groups who want to transmit their religious values to their children send them to religious private schools to shelter them from outside influences. However, when their share in the population grows, outside influences are less threatening, and therefore, their desire for religious private schools decreases. We bring empirical evidence across all US states and counties to support this theory. Our findings contribute to an understanding of the demand structure for religious schooling and the means by which religious minorities preserve their identity.
OPTIMAL LIQUIDATION IN A LIMIT ORDER BOOK FOR A RISK‐AVERSE INVESTOR

In a limit order book model with exponential resilience, general shape function, and an unaffected stock price following the Bachelier model, we consider the problem of optimal liquidation for an investor with constant absolute risk aversion. We show that the problem can be reduced to a two‐dimensional deterministic problem which involves no buy orders. We derive an explicit expression for the value function and the optimal liquidation strategy. The analysis is complicated by the fact that the intervention boundary, which determines the optimal liquidation strategy, is discontinuous if there are levels in the limit order book with relatively little market depth. Despite this complication, the equation for the intervention boundary is fairly simple. We show that the optimal liquidation strategy possesses the natural properties one would expect, and provide an explicit example for the case where the limit order book has a constant shape function.
ANTISTRESS ACTIVITY OF BOERHAAVIA DIFFUSA ROOT EXTRACT AND A POLYHERBAL FORMULATION CONTAINING BOERHAAVIA DIFFUSA USING COLD RESTRAINT STRESS MODEL

Hydroethanolic extract (80%) of Boerhaavia diffusa (HEBD) and a polyherbal formulation (Punarnava mandur) PHF‐09 containing Boerhaavia diffusa were compared for their antistress activity using Cold restraint stress model. Punarnava mandur contains Boerhaavia diffusa, mandur bhasm, varun, bharangi. Stress was induced by subjecting animals to Cold restraint. Due to Cold restraint stress there was an imbalance in the levels of biochemical parameters like glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT which were near normalized following the administration of HEBD and PHF‐09. HEBD and PHF‐09 were found to have comparable antistress activity.
Görsel Kültür Kuramı Perspektifinde Sanat Eğitiminde Kavram Haritalarının Öğrenme ve Değerlendirme Sürecinde Kullanımı

Gunumuzde sanat egitimi arastirmacilari cagdas dunyada gorselligin artisina bagli olarak, gorsel okuryazarligi ve elestirel dusunme becerilerini sanat egitimi mufredatlariyla butunlestirme cabasindadir. Gorsel kultur kurami olarak adlandirilan bu cabalar.
Consecuencias de la motivación en las clases de educación física

El objetivo principal del estudio fue analizar algunas consecuencias de la motivacion experimentada por el alumnado en las clases de educacion fisica. Se utilizo una muestra de 254 alumnos de Secundaria y Bachillerato con una edad media de 15.56 anos. Se midio la motivacion en las clases de educacion fisica, la intencion de seguir siendo fisicamente activos, el rendimiento academico en educacion fisica y la autoestima. Los resultados del analisis de regresion mostraron que la motivacion intrinseca ha jugado un papel fundamental en la prediccion del rendimiento academico en EF, de la intencion de seguir siendo fisicamente activos en el futuro, asi como en el nivel de autoestima del alumnado. Se discuten los resultados en funcion de las estrategias a emplear por el profesor de educacion fisica para mejorar el tipo de motivacion experimentada por el alumno, y con ella, las diferentes consecuencias motivacionales positivas.
HANDBOOK OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING

The field of multimedia software engineering is still in an inmature state. Significant research and development has been dedicated towards multimedia services and systems technology such as networking or database systems. Multimedia document formats have been standardized. But when it comes to multimedia application development, the development process is truncated to an implement-and-test method. Either specialized multimedia authoring systems or multime-dia frameworks or toolkits complementing programming languages or system software are directly used for implementation. No preceding modeling phases for requirements specification, analysis, or design of the system to build are enforced. The development of sophisticated multimedia process models and established , usable graphical notations tailored to the specification of multimedia systems is still underway. In order to fill this gap, it is the purpose of this chapter to show current achievements in object-oriented modeling of multimedia applications. Based on an analysis of the state of the art in multimedia application development, we shortly present approaches to object-oriented hypermedia modeling and extensions of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) for hypermedia and interactive systems. The main part of the chapter is dedicated towards a recent approach to the Object-oriented Modeling of MultiMedia Applications (OMMMA).
游得最快（Swimming Fastest）连载（十三）

我将主项游距为200、400米，500码的运动员定位为中距离运动员。 这类运动员也可能参加800米、1000码、1500米或1650码的比赛，但是他们在这类项目上可能不会像在前一类项目上取得那么好的成绩。 另一类运动员可能喜欢参加100码（米）的比赛，但是同样，他们在100米项目比赛上，也难达到他们在200码（米）、400米或500码项目上取得的成就。 我对中距离运动员的分类也包括主项为200码（米）的蝶泳、仰泳和蛙泳运动员。
Birthweights in sickle cell trait pregnancies

Objectives Available evidence on the effect of sickle cell trait (SCT) on birthweight is conflicting, not gestational age specific, and does not account for maternal and infant factors. The objectives of this study are to determine the contemporary mean birthweight, mean customised birthweight centile, and to analyse the risk of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) and large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA) babies in SCT pregnancies.
PREDICTORS AND OUTCOME OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS ADVERTISING: DEMOGRAPHICS, PERSONAL FACTORS AND WOM

Attitudes towards advertising represent an important research concept of consumer behaviour and marketing communication. The main purpose of this research is to explore the importance of demographics (age, gender, education) and personal factors (shopping enjoyment, price sensitivity, intellect) for attitudes towards advertising formation, as well as the influence of such attitudes on wordof-mouth communication (WOM). The research included representative sample of thousand Croatian respondents. Data were analysed with a variety of statistical techniques including the structural equation modeling method. The results indicate that all researched factors represent the significant predictors of attitudes towards advertising, which additionally impact WOM dissemination. Besides the novel scientific insights these results provide some practical marketing implications. Namely, marketing experts can better understand the factors that predict consumer’s favourable attitudes towards advertising, which impact WOM information sending, and thus create adequate appeals and persuasive marketing communication. Research limitations and further research directions are presented at the end of the paper.
Exploring Product-Country Relationships: The Case of Danish Products in Canada

Significant attention in the marketing literature has been devoted to the topic of understanding the role of country of origin (COO) in consumer behaviour (Papadopoulos and Heslop, 2003). COO represents an important aspect of a product’s image that companies use to differentiate their goods and services (Al-Sulaiti and Baker, 1998). It has become one of the most widely researched concepts in marketing and consumer behavior, yielding over 700 published studies to date (Papadopolous and Heslop, 2002).
EFFECT OF A COMPETITIVE SEASON ON A N T H R O P O M E T R Y A N D T H R E E - COMPARTMENT BODY COMPOSITION IN FEMALE HANDBALL PLAYERS

The objective of this work was to investigate the anthropometry and 3-compartment body composition characteristics of female team handball players preseason and postseason. Forty-three Caucasian female handball players were recruited for this study. Linear anthropometry, skinfold measurement, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were used to investigate body dimensions and composition (fat mass, lean mass, mineral mass) over an 8-month competitive season. A complete dataset (pre- and postseason) was available for 33 handball players. Repeated measure ANOVA showed no change in body mass, BMI, sum of eight skinfolds, and most body circumferences over the season. At the total body level, bone mineral content (BMC) significantly increased postseason (+1.64%, P<0.0001), lean mass was unchanged, and fat mass and % fat mass were slightly decreased (-2.24%, P=0.295; -0.4%, P=0.229, respectively). DXA regional analysis showed that mineral mass was exclusively accrued in the upper and lower limbs postseason (upper + 4.95%, lower +1.7%, P<0.0001 for both); lean mass increased in upper (+5.3%, P<0.0001) but not lower limbs, and fat mass did not change in either. When handball players were subdivided according to competitive level (elite/sub-elite) or playing position (goalkeeper, back, pivot, wing), no significant between-group difference was found postseason in circumferences, skinfolds, and body composition parameters. In conclusion, anthropometry of female handball players does not change significantly over the competitive season except for some fat redistribution; however, BMC increases in the limbs, and lean mass in upper limbs postseason. These findings are independent of competitive level (elite/sub-elite) and playing position. These results could serve as an important tool in the development of guidelines optimizing in-season training programmes for team handball.