Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Are some packings more equal than others? A direct test of the Edwards conjecture

In the late 1980s, Sir Sam Edwards proposed a possible statistical-mechanical framework to describe the properties of disordered granular materials. A key assumption underlying the theory was that all jammed packings are equally likely. In the intervening years it has never been possible to test this bold hypothesis directly. Here we present simulations that provide direct evidence that at the unjamming point, all packings of soft repulsive particles are equally likely, even though generically, jammed packings are not. Typically, jammed granular systems are observed precisely at the unjamming point since grains are not very compressible. Our results therefore support Edwards' original conjecture. We also present evidence that at unjamming the configurational entropy of the system is maximal.
A rank-ordered logit model with unobserved heterogeneity in ranking capabilities.

In this paper we consider the situation where one wants to study the preferences of individuals over a discrete choice set through a survey. In the classical setup respondents are asked to select their most preferred option out of a (selected) set of alternatives. It is well known that, in theory, more information can be obtained if respondents are asked to rank the set of alternatives instead. In statistical terms, the preferences can then be estimated more efficiently. However, when individuals are unable to perform (part of) this ranking task, using the complete ranking may lead to a substantial bias in parameter estimates. In practice, one usually opts to only use a part of the reported ranking. In this paper we introduce a latent-class rank-ordered logit model in which we use latent segments to endogenously identify the ranking capabilities of individuals. Each segment corresponds to a different assumption on the ranking capability. Using simulations and an empirical application, we show that using this model for parameter estimation results in a clear efficiency gain over a multinomial logit model in case some individuals are able to rank. At the same time it does not suffer from biases due to ranking inabilities of some of the respondents.
The Journey towards Integrated Reporting in Bangladesh

The necessities of cohesive, integrated and decision-supportive information for apprehending the future prospect and capacity of the companies have led to the advent of integrated reporting (). This study examines whether the Bangladeshi companies are moving towards . The extent of practices of the listed companies in Bangladesh for the year 2014 to 2016 has been measured with a view to reaching a conclusion. In regard to this study, DSE30 companies have been considered as the sample companies while their integrated reports or, in absence, their annual reports have been scrutinized. Content analysis approach has been followed in this study to construct index considering the fifty items of the eight content elements of as prescribed by International Integrated Reporting Council in its International Framework. Our analysis exhibits that in 2016, 22% of the sample companies have adopted , which has been commenced in 2015 whereas no company has undertaken in the year 2014. Content-wise index depicts that the disclosures of items under each of the content elements have been increasing over the time. Item-wise analysis has demonstrated some items of (i.e. materiality determinations process, linkage between strategy and resource allocation plan), disclosures of which have been appeared in the annual reports after the adoption of . Company-wise ensures that index for each company has been either increasing or remaining the same over the period. In total, index for all the sample companies has increased to 0.6148 from 0.4511 over the three years. These indicate that companies in Bangladesh have started adopting through standalone integrated report or annual report in an integrated way in spite of having no mandatory requirement.
Treatment Results and Prognostic Factors of Pharyngeal Carcinoma Treated with Either Radiotherapy Alone or in Combination with Systemic Chemotherapy

Pharyngeal carcinoma has been identified as a significant public health threat. Systematic evaluation of the significant impact of several prognostic factors in pharyngeal carcinoma treated either with radiotherapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy is of great importance to health care providers and policy makers. This study used to evaluate the correlations between disease characteristics, treatment, and survival for patients with pharyngeal carcinoma. Main outcome measures were disease-free survival, overall survival, and treatment response. Methods: This study included 97 patients with pharyngeal carcinoma treated at Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University Hospital between January 2000 and December 2005. Results: The mean age of all patients was 50.18 years (range; 23 - 75 years). Men made up 61.9% of patients. Pathologic diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in 77.3% of cases. Younger patients (<50 years) had a much higher frequency of presentation with stage I and II tumors (58.5%). Most tumors were located at the hypopharynx (57.7%) with clinical stage III or IV (63.9%). Treatment response was associated with age, tumor status, nodal status, tumor site, Karnofsky performance status, and clinical stage before treatment. The 2-year overall survival (OS) rate for all patients (n = 97) was 21.6% and the 2-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate for patients who achieved complete response (n = 31) was 51%. The significant prognostic variables were Karnofsky performance status, nodal status and primary tumor volume. Conclusion: A combination of clinical factors, such as primary tumor volume measurement, nodal status, tumor site, Karnofsky performance status, age, and clinical stage are reliable ways to stratify outcome as predictors of overall survival, disease-free survival, and treatment response in pharyngeal carcinoma. (Hala F. Elshazly; Ashraf F. Barakat ; Hanan S. Gamal El-Deen and Heba H. El Setiha. Treatment Results and Prognostic Factors of Pharyngeal Carcinoma Treated with Either Radiotherapy Alone or in Combination with Systemic Chemotherap. Journal of American Science 2011;7(10):207-217). (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience. org.
The role of zonal flows in disc gravito-turbulence

The work presented here focuses on the role of zonal flows in the self-sustenance of gravito-turbulence in accretion discs. The numerical analysis is conducted using a bespoke pseudo-spectral code in fully compressible, non-linear conditions. The disc in question, which is modelled using the shearing sheet approximation, is assumed to be self-gravitating, viscous, and thermally diffusive; a constant cooling timescale is also considered. Zonal flows are found to emerge at the onset of gravito-turbulence and they remain closely linked to the turbulent state. A cycle of zonal flow formation and destruction is established, mediated by a slow mode instability (which allows zonal flows to grow) and a non-axisymmetric instability (which disrupts the zonal flow), which is found to repeat numerous times. It is in fact the disruptive action of the non-axisymmetric instability to form new leading and trailing shearing waves, allowing energy to be extracted from the background flow and ensuring the self-sustenance of the gravito-turbulent regime.
Modeling of Supersonic Radiative Marshak Waves Using Simple Models and Advanced Simulations

Abstract We study the problem of radiative heat (Marshak) waves using advanced approximate approaches. Supersonic radiative Marshak waves that are propagating into a material are radiation dominated (i.e., hydrodynamic motion is negligible), and can be described by the Boltzmann equation. However, the exact thermal radiative transfer problem is a non-trivial one, and there still exists a need for approximations that are simple to solve. The discontinuous asymptotic P1 approximation, which is a combination of the asymptotic P1 and the discontinuous asymptotic diffusion approximations, was tested in previous work via theoretical benchmarks. Here, we analyze a fundamental and typical experiment of a supersonic Marshak wave propagation in a low-density SiO2 foam cylinder, embedded in gold walls. First, we offer a simple analytic model that grasps the main effects dominating the physical system. We find the physics governing the system to be dominated by a simple, one-dimensional effect, based on the careful observation of the different radiation temperatures that are involved in the problem. The model is completed with the main two-dimensional effect which is caused by the loss of energy to the gold walls. Second, we examine the validity of the discontinuous asymptotic P1 approximation, comparing to exact simulations with good accuracy. Specifically, the heat front position, as a function of the time, is reproduced perfectly in comparison to exact Boltzmann solutions.
A Comparison of Header and Deep Packet Features when Detecting Network Intrusions

– A classical multilayer perceptron algorithm and novel convolutional neural network payload classifying algorithm are presented for use on a realistic network intrusion detection dataset. The payload classifying algorithm is judged to be inferior to the multilayer perceptron but shows significance in being able to distinguish between network intrusions and benign traffic. The multilayer perceptron that is trained on less than 1% of the available classification data is judged to be a good modern estimate of usage in the real-world when compared to prior research. It boasts an average true positive rate of 94.5% and an average false positive rate of 4.68%.
Regulatory Focus and Illusions of Control 1 Running head : Regulatory Focus and Illusions of Control Regulatory Focus and Illusions of Control

Regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997, 1998) suggests that individuals in a promotion focus emphasize a congruence between an action and an intended outcome, which may foster illusions of control (IOC) even in the absence of an objective relationship between action and outcome. Individuals in a prevention focus should demonstrate a reverse bias which buffers against the development of IOC. Three studies were conducted to test this hypothesis, which either measured chronic individual differences in regulatory focus (Study 1) or manipulated regulatory focus (Studies 2 and 3). All studies found evidence that promotion-focused individuals report higher IOC concerning an uncontrollable outcome than prevention-focused individuals. In addition, Study 3 showed that IOC developed in a promotion focus buffer against the emotional consequences of failure. The results suggest that IOC evolve in a way which increases regulatory fit (Higgins, 2000).
Access to and Control Over Household Resources: A Consistency Check Using Gender Analysis and Household Survey Data

A study was conducted during 1998 covering three Village Development Committees (VDCs) of Chitwan district, Nepal, to examine the consistency of results if carried out independently using formal and informal methods of information collection. Gender analysis (access and control profiles), and a face-to-face household survey (n = 123 households) were employed for this purpose. Gender differences in access to and control over household resources was studied. Results showed a consistent response from both household survey and gender analysis for most of the parameters studied, such as access to agriculture extension and veterinary services, participation in training, and community work. Gender response for control over resources, such as income from small animals was also similar from both methods. However, some of the parameters were not consistent in response. For example, there was no participation of women in control over income from cash crops and cereal crops and large animals as strongly indicated by gender analysis, which was not visible in the case of household survey. This raises a question about the reliability of using only one approach of information collection for rural development research. On the basis of these results, we suggest a combine approach of quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection, which could be more reliable, informative and appropriate. The use of multiple methods also allows the researcher to cross-reference in order to validate the trustworthiness of information. Key words: Gender analysis; household survey; triangulation DOI: 10.3126/narj.v7i0. 1875 Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol.7 2006 pp.98-102
Could quantum decoherence and measurement be deterministic phenomena

The apparent random outcome of a quantum measurement is conjectured to be fundamentally determined by the microscopic state of the macroscopic measurement apparatus. The apparatus state thus plays the role of a hidden variable which, in contrast with variables characterizing the measured microscopic system, is shown to lead to a violation of Bell’s inequalities and to agree with standard quantum mechanics. An explicit realization of this interpretation is explored (for details, see [1]) for a primitive model of cloud chamber inspired by Mott [2]. Being highly non local, this interpretation of quantum mechanics is argued to open the way to faster-than-light information transfer.
Influence of a thin compressible insoluble liquid film on the eddy currents generated by interacting surface waves

Recently the generation of eddy currents by interacting surface waves was observed experimentally. The phenomenon provides the possibility for manipulation of particles which are immersed in the fluid. The analysis shows that the amplitude of the established eddy currents produced by stationary surface waves does not depend on the fluid viscosity in the free surface case. The currents become parametrically larger being inversely proportional to the square root of the fluid viscosity in the case when the fluid surface is covered by an almost incompressible thin liquid (i.e. shear elasticity is zero) film formed by an insoluble agent with negligible internal viscous losses as compared to the dissipation in the fluid bulk. Here we extend the theory for a thin insoluble film with zero shear elasticity and small shear and dilational viscosities on the case of an arbitrary elastic compression modulus. We find both contributions into the Lagrangian motion of passive tracers, which are the advection by the Eulerian vertical vorticity and the Stokes drift. Whereas the Stokes drift contribution preserves its value for the free surface case outside a thin viscous sublayer, the Eulerian vertical vorticity strongly depends on the fluid viscosity at high values of the film compression modulus. The Stokes drift acquires a strong dependence on the fluid viscosity inside the viscous sublayer, however, the change is compensated by an opposite change in the Eulerian vertical vorticity. As a result, the vertical dependence of the intensity of eddy currents is given by a sum of two decaying exponents with both decrements being of the order of the wave number. The decrements are numerically different, so the Eulerian contribution becomes dominant at some depth for the surface film with any compression modulus.
Track structure simulation of low energy electron damage to DNA using Geant4-DNA

Due to the physical and chemical processes that are involved, interactions of ionizing radiations with cells lead to single- and double-strand breaks (SSB and DSB) and base damage to DNA cells. The damage may kill the cells or may be mis-repaired and lead to genetic diseases and cancers. Track structure Monte Carlo simulation of the DNA damage provides types of the damage and their frequencies. In the present work, to derive initial DNA damage, we used the Geant4-DNA code to simulate the physical, physico-chemical and chemical stages of interactions of incident beams of 100 eV–4.5 keV electrons. By considering the direct damage of electrons and also the indirect hydroxyl radical damage to the DNA, in a simulation, simple and complex damages to SSB and DSB were investigated. Moreover, the yield of damage and the probability of types of DNA damage were evaluated. The results of these calculations were compared with the existing experimental data and the other simulations. For electrons with energies lower than 500 eV, there were differences between our results and published data which are basically due to the existing differences in the physical (electron ionization, excitation cross sections) and chemical models of Geant4-DNA, the chemical processes considered in the simulations, DNA geometry, and the selected parameters for damage threshold as compared to the other codes. In the present work, the effect of the threshold energy of the strand breaks was also evaluated.
A Comment on:“On the Informativeness of Descriptive Statistics for Structural Estimates” by Isaiah Andrews, Matthew Gentzkow, and Jesse M. Shapiro

ANDREWS, GENTZKOW, AND SHAPIRO (2020), henceforth AGS, make important progress on a challenging and fundamental question. The authors consider a setting in which a researcher reports an estimate ĉn that is unbiased under the researcher’s model. The researcher also reports a statistic γ̂n and a measure of informativeness of γ̂n for ĉn, denoted by . AGS show can be related to properties of the distribution of ĉn under models larger than the one employed by the researcher. As a result, can play a role in reassuring a reader who is concerned about some aspects of the researcher’s model. I illustrate the properties of with two examples. The first example is based on the classic selection problem of Heckman (1979) and portrays a setting in which a high is not reassuring. The example shows that if a researcher has assumed random assignment and the reader is concerned about it, then the bias of ĉn under the reader’s model can be arbitrarily large regardless of . The second example is based on the discussion of Attanasio, Meghir, and Santiago (2012) in AGS. This example illustrates that if ĉn and γ̂n are estimators of a common parameter, then can be linked to the properties of a Hausman (1978) test. As a result, √ 1 − can be shown to equal the (normalized) largest bias of ĉn under the reader’s model and, in this sense, a high is reassuring. I show this conclusion holds generally in a classical local asymptotic framework (Bickel, Klassen, Ritov, and Wellner (1993)). The two examples underscore that, as emphasized by AGS, whether a high is reassuring to the reader can crucially depend on the particulars of the researcher’s and reader’s models. I employ the notation in AGS with some minor modifications. The researcher’s model is indexed by η ∈ H. The reader entertains a larger model indexed by (η ζ) ∈ H × Z. I focus on the perspective of the reader, who views the parameter of interest as a function of (η ζ) that we denote by c(η ζ). Under the reader’s model, the distribution of the data is determined by the value of (η ζ). To emphasize this dependence, I write E(η ζ)[ĉn] to denote the expectation of ĉn under (η ζ). The property that ĉn is unbiased under the researcher’s model is equivalent to E(η 0)[ĉn] = c(η 0) for any η ∈H, while the bias under (η ζ) in the reader’s model is given by E(η ζ)[ĉn] − c(η ζ). As in AGS, I consider an analysis local to proper specification, meaning we study (η ζ) that are close to some (η0 0). Since E(η0 0)[ĉn] = c(η0 0) due to ĉn being unbiased under the researcher’s model, the bias of ĉn under any (η ζ) in the reader’s model equals E(η ζ)[ĉn] − c(η ζ) } {{ }
Feasible momentum strategies in the US stock market

Although there is a large literature documenting the profitability of momentum strategies, their implementation is afflicted with many difficulties. Most importantly, high turnover and costs to hold short positions, especially in small-cap stocks, result in high transaction costs. We restrict our investment universe to large-capitalized stocks included in the Standard and Poor's (S&P) 100 index. Moreover, we implement simple investment strategies that invest long in single stocks and short in the stock index. Such simple and cost-saving momentum strategies generate economically high and statistically significant abnormal returns. These results are robust to various risk-adjustments including the CAPM, the Fama–French (1993) three-factor model, and a conditional version of the Fama and French (1993) three-factor model.
A new method to identify the source vent location of tephra fall deposits: development and testing, and application to key Quaternary eruptions of Western North America

A new method to identify the source vent location of tephra fall deposits based on thickness or maximum clast size measurements is presented in this work. It couples a first-order gradient descent method with either one of two commonly-used semi-empirical models of tephra thickness distribution. The method is successfully applied to three tephra thickness and one maximum clast size datasets of the North Mono and Fogo A tephra deposits. Randomly selected and localized subsets of these datasets are used as input to evaluate its performance in cases of sparse observations. The results suggest that estimating the dispersal axis is a more robust way to constrain the source vent location with sparse observations. Bootstrap aggregating and examining the surface of the cost function are proposed to characterize the uncertainty of the method. Distinctions between the two adopted semi-empirical models of tephra thickness distribution are discussed. Results from applying the method to thickness datasets of the Trego Hot Springs and Rockland tephras are consistent with previous studies, which also provide new estimates on their total volume. The method is then applied to a series of well-correlated tephra sub-units preserved within the Wilson Creek Formation to estimate their vent location and total volume. The simplicity and flexibility of the method make it a potentially useful and powerful tool for the study of tephra fall deposits of different characteristics.
Mental Health Literacy and the Belief in the Supernatural

Objective: Mental health literacy affects treatment seeking. We compare literacy levels of psychiatric outpatients and a control group of outpatients seeking treatment for non-psychiatric disorders in the same hospital. We hypothesized higher levels of mental health literacy among psychiatric patients than controls, with younger age and higher educational levels associated with better literacy. We also hypothesized that there would be an inverse relationship between educational level and the belief in the supernatural causality of mental disorders. Methods: Literacy was estimated by showing psychiatric outpatients and a control group of non-psychiatric patients vignettes depicting a case of major depression and a case of generalised anxiety disorder. Their opinions regarding diagnosis, etiology, treatment, and attitudes towards mental health services were ascertained by structured questionnaires. Results: Psychiatric patients did not demonstrate superior mental health literacy compared to controls, with the exception of knowing where to obtain a psychiatric referral. Lower age and higher education levels of psychiatric patients were associated with better literacy. The higher the education level is, the less likely to attribute the causality of mental disorders to supernatural elements. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for a program of psycho-education targeting patients, their relatives, and the public.