Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationships among cloud occurrence frequency, overlap, and effective thickness derived from CALIPSO and CloudSat merged cloud vertical profiles

[1] A cloud frequency of occurrence matrix is generated using merged cloud vertical profiles derived from the satellite-borne Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and cloud profiling radar. The matrix contains vertical profiles of cloud occurrence frequency as a function of the uppermost cloud top. It is shown that the cloud fraction and uppermost cloud top vertical profiles can be related by a cloud overlap matrix when the correlation length of cloud occurrence, which is interpreted as an effective cloud thickness, is introduced. The underlying assumption in establishing the above relation is that cloud overlap approaches random overlap with increasing distance separating cloud layers and that the probability of deviating from random overlap decreases exponentially with distance. One month of Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) and CloudSat data (July 2006) support these assumptions, although the correlation length sometimes increases with separation distance when the cloud top height is large. The data also show that the correlation length depends on cloud top hight and the maximum occurs when the cloud top height is 8 to 10 km. The cloud correlation length is equivalent to the decorrelation distance introduced by Hogan and Illingworth (2000) when cloud fractions of both layers in a two-cloud layer system are the same. The simple relationships derived in this study can be used to estimate the top-of-atmosphere irradiance difference caused by cloud fraction, uppermost cloud top, and cloud thickness vertical profile differences.
Fate of terrestrial organic carbon and associated CO2 and CO emissions from two Southeast Asian estuaries

Abstract. Southeast Asian rivers convey large amounts of organic carbon, but little is known about the fate of this terrestrial material in estuaries. Although Southeast Asia is, by area, considered a hotspot of estuarine carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, studies in this region are very scarce. We measured dissolved and particulate organic carbon, as well as CO2 partial pressures and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in two tropical estuaries in Sarawak, Malaysia, whose coastal area is covered by carbon-rich peatlands. We surveyed the estuaries of the rivers Lupar and Saribas during the wet and dry season, respectively. Carbon-to-nitrogen ratios suggest that dissolved organic matter (DOM) is largely of terrestrial origin. We found evidence that a large fraction of this carbon is respired. The median pCO2 in the estuaries ranged between 640 and 5065 µatm with little seasonal variation. CO2 fluxes were determined with a floating chamber and estimated to amount to 14–268 mol m−2 yr−1, which is high compared to other studies from tropical and subtropical sites. Estimates derived from a merely wind-driven turbulent diffusivity model were considerably lower, indicating that these models might be inappropriate in estuaries, where tidal currents and river discharge make an important contribution to the turbulence driving water–air gas exchange. Although an observed diurnal variability of CO concentrations suggested that CO was photochemically produced, the overall concentrations and fluxes were relatively moderate (0.4–1.3 nmol L−1 and 0.7–1.8 mmol m−2 yr−1) if compared to published data for oceanic or upwelling systems. We attributed this to the large amounts of suspended matter (4–5004 mg L−1), limiting the light penetration depth and thereby inhibiting CO photoproduction. We concluded that estuaries in this region function as an efficient filter for terrestrial organic carbon and release large amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere. The Lupar and Saribas rivers deliver 0.3 ± 0.2 Tg C yr−1 to the South China Sea as organic carbon and their mid-estuaries release approximately 0.4 ± 0.2 Tg C yr−1 into the atmosphere as CO2.
The Process of Organizational Identity: What are the Roles of Social Responsiveness, Organizational Image, and Identification?

Despite anecdotal claims attesting to the influence that social responsiveness has on the purchase behaviors of consumers, this article examined if a specific initiative could result in such outcomes. We investigated the extent to which the Drive for Diversity (D4D) initiative affected consumers’ perceived image and patronage directed toward NASCAR. This study was partially motivated by the importance of social initiatives in practice to underscore their influence on customer-related outcomes. As such, the findings indicated that the NASCAR’s D4D and the perceived image of the organization are key variables in the model. The results also highlighted the mediating role of image and the moderating role of identification on the proposed relationship. More specifically, the authors found that the socially responsive initiative only moderately influenced consumers’ intentions but when coupled with the image of the organization, this relationship became far more impactful.
BUILDING THE STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY: SOME CONSIDERATIONS FROM EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

This paper sets out to consider how educational research into the learning of structural aspects of chemistry might inform teaching practice. The paper is based around a review of research findings into learners’ difficulties in developing the scientific models of chemical structures (atoms, molecules, lattices etc.) This forms the second of the four sections into which the paper is organised. The paper begins by considering how ideas about the learning process can inform our understanding of alternative conceptions and frameworks in chemistry, and - therefore - how we should view the research reviewed in the second section. This is a consideration of the findings of studies into difficulties learning about the molecular model; atomic structure; molecular structure; and lattices. This review is followed by a section identifying some key ‘pedagogic impediments’ - alternative aspects of learners’ thinking that seem to derive from the way the subject is taught. In the final section some practical suggestions are made regarding how the teaching of chemistry may be revised to help learners construct the scientific models rather than develop the alternative conceptions. [Chem. Educ. Res. Pract. Eur. : 2001, 2, 123-158]
AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

This paper investigates the behaviour of certain water and sediment quality indicators of a vegetated detention pond system located at Waterlooville, Hampshire, UK. The period of study was 2 years (March 2011-March 2013) with sampling carried out once a month. Statistical analysis was performed using Minitab™. The aim of the study was to examine the changes in quality of various constituents with time and possible linear associations between them. Pond sediments and pond water quality were monitored for a range of variables at each monthly visit. Results indicate that the system demonstrates low levels of pollution while not having a direct impact on the oxygen balance of the receiving water-body. Oxygen demanding substances along with suspended matter and certain metals/elements were found to accumulate in the system with time. Significant linear associations were observed for road salts (containing Na, Cl, Mg) and certain pollutants, suggesting that road salts have a major impact on SuDS water/sediment quality. Sorption characteristics of specific metals were also evaluated by means of adsorption isotherm equations. Three widely used sorption isotherms were employed in this study. It was found that the sorption behaviour of metals is highly variable. This study highlights the dynamic nature of vegetated ponds and the importance of understanding the behaviour of different pollutants for SuDS design.
Israel’s Economic Growth: An International Comparison

I examine the growth rate of GDP per capita in Israel, and compare it with the growth of many other countries. Although Israel’s growth rate was above average, its ranking changes when the comparison is conditioned on the initial level of development, as measured by GDP per capita. This is particularly the case when decade-long averages are used to compare growth rates, because it then transpires that Israel’s growth rate was relatively high only in the 1960s. Israel’s relative growth rate fell significantly in the 1970s and was extremely disappointing in the 1980s. An examination of the sources of the rise in total factor productivity (TFP) in the 1970s and 1980s shows that slightly more than half the rise in TFP can be attributed to R&D investment and the rest to a rise in the level of education.
Schottky barrier height switching in thin metal oxide films studied in diode and solar cell device configurations

We investigate changes in the properties of 8 nm thin metal oxide (Nb-doped SrTiO3) films in response to relatively high voltage or light soaking under three Sun excitation. We measure the current–voltage behavior of metal|insulator|metal type diodes and use a device model to relate changes in device behavior to the metal oxide film properties. We find that the device's resistive switching is mainly associated with shifts (switching) of the metal oxide work function between high and low injection barrier states. The method presented here can be used for in situ monitoring of the contact work function and for quantifying the uniformity of this value across the device. We also discuss the effect of non-uniform work function on the apparent diode's ideality factor.
The leaf chlorophyll content and stress resistance relationship considering in Corn cultivars (Zea. Mays).

Considering the close relationship between leaves chlorophyll content in the success rates of plant for photosynthesis and resistance to environmental stress therefore, selecting varieties (cultivars) with greater chlorophyll content can be useful in breeding (Revisory) programs. So to measure the relationship between chlorophyll stress resistances in experimental maize cultivars Using 10 Maize genotypes in four replications and with two irrigation and dry farming conditions in a randomized complete block design in the 2009-2010 agricultural years in Ardabil region was carried out. To calculate the amount of stress tolerance of genotypes has been used of Fernandez stress tolerance indexes. And the chlorophyll content of leaves with the CCI-200 device was measured. The results showed that stress-resistant genotypes with higher potential yield and chlorophyll content were more than half resistant cultivars. According to the results of genotypes BC678 and BC404 have a highest chlorophyll index and the amount of yield and the most resistant genotypes to the drought.
Surprising Results of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME Study have brought a New Insight into Use of Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

A surprising new study EMPA-REG OUTCOME has shown that empagliflozin, one of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, in addition to standard care had beneficial effects on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk for cardiovascular events. Subgroup analyses of the study revealed a better hazard ratio for the primary outcome (death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke) in Asian than Caucasian and in patients with age ≥65 years, body-mass index <30, glycated hemoglobin <8.5% or higher cardiovascular risk than with the respective counterparts. Patients on diuretics also had the hazard ratio favoring empagliflozin, similar to that of patients not on diuretics. I infer that in poorlycontrolled diabetic patients, pre-existing osmotic diuresis is supposed to be augmented by the administration of SGLT2 inhibitors, possibly leading to an acceleration of their dehydration in spite of amelioration of hyperglycemia. Hypovolemia is inferred to be more likely to occur due to osmotic diuresis without an increase in blood glucose level to retain water. It may be recommended that use of SGLT2 inhibitors should be avoided in diabetic patients with glycated hemoglobin ≥8.5% at high risk for cardiovascular events. Because empagliflozin seems to have had no significant effect on nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke, its ability to reduce cardiovascular mortality may be mediated through osmotic diuresis. SGLT2 inhibitors could be used as a new oral osmotic diuretic to excrete water with a little sodium into urine for non-diabetic patients with heart failure as well. Such action of SGLT2 inhibitors seems to be rather close to that of tolvaptan to promote water diuresis. Thus, the EMPA-REG OUTCOME study has brought a new insight into use of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes.
EFFECT OF ACIDITY IN M O N T M O R I L L O N I T E INTERLAYERS ON THE SORPTION OF ANILINE DERIVATIVES

Sorption of aniline and its derivatives by montmorillonite substituted by cations of widely different acidity depends upon the polarizing power of the interlayer cations. Infra-red spectra indicate that the anilines are mostly bound to the interlayer cations through water molecules, except in Cs montmorillonite, where bonding to the oxygen surfaces of the alumino-silicate sheets seems to predominate. Anilines are weak bases, which compete with the oxygen surfaces for protons of acidic interlayer water. Consequently, the tendency of anilines to act as proton donors in the clay interlayers increases with the polarizing power of the exchangeable cation. The concept of 'basic' water is introduced to account for some of the features of the spectra ofCs montmorillonite treated with the organic ligands. THE TERM 'surface acidity' applied to smectites may be misleading. The oxygen sheets are, in fact, electron donors and only the interlayer water is acidic, imparting an overall acidic character to the clay. In reactions with strong bases such as ammonia (e.g. Mortland and Raman, 1968) or with aliphatic amines (Fripiat, 1963) only the net acidic effect has to be considered. However , in the presence of weak amphoteric organic bases such as aniline, the clay surfaces may compete with the organic base sorbed for the protons of the interlayer water molecules. The polarization of the interlayer water depends on the exchangeable cations present. The reactions of different cations in the clay interlayers with water and aniline and of transition metal cations with water and various aniline derivatives have been described previously (Yariv et al., 1968; Heller and Yariv, 1969). The present study is devoted to the sorption of various aniline derivatives by Wyoming bentonite saturated with ions of widely different acidity: Cs, K, Na, Mg, Ai and H.
From Islamic Feminism to a Muslim Holistic Feminism

This article looks at the trajectory from secular feminism to Islamic feminism to Muslim holistic feminism, examining the changing meanings of ‘the secular’ and ‘the religious’ and the ways they intersect in the different modes of feminism. It contrasts the open, inclusive nature that typifies the secular feminisms Muslim and non‐Muslims created in the twentieth century in contexts of anti‐colonial struggle and early nation‐state building with the communalism of the new Muslim holistic feminism now emerging in global space at a time when religious identity is fore‐fronted and there is an international preoccupation with Muslim women's rights. The article argues that the communalisation of women's rights activism or the privileging of Muslim women's rights occurring at the global level and being exported to local terrain can be divisive and threatening national unity.
Product with service, technology with business model: Expanding engineering design

Looking back over the last decade, the importance of an expanded understanding of engineering design has been shared within the engineering design community. Presented concepts and methods to support such expansion include Functional Product Development, Service Engineering, and Product/Service-Systems (PSS) design. This paper first explains PSS design as an expansion of engineering design, away from merely the physical product. Secondly, it gives a review of PSS research and a projection of future research issues, also ranging out into untraditional fields of research. Finally, it presents a new promising concept beyond PSS design; via an integrated development of technology and business model. This can be of particular interest for further research, especially due to its high freedom for designers and thus high potential for innovation.
Effect of Loading Position and Storage Duration on the Textural Properties of Eggplant

Eggplant has a very limited shelf life and, like other vegetables, is susceptible to different types of damage during and after harvest operations. Besides, eggplant is inhomogeneous considering its inner construction point of view. It is therefore important to specify how storage might affect their mechanical properties and how they vary in morphology. In this work, eggplants were divided into three portions along the longitudinal axis and their textural properties were separately investigated using different types of test over a 10-day period of storage. The results showed that the tension strength, rupture force and Young’s modulus of skin tissue decreased with increasing the length of storage period, and they were generally different in the different portions of the fruit that were sampled. The values of Young’s modulus and rupture force of pulp tissue taken from compression tests decreased from 1.466 to 0.821 MPa and 20.70 to 17.66 N for upper section, 0.637 to 0.536 MPa and 15.33 to 13.13 N for middle section and 0.518 to 0.422 MPa and 14.19 to 12.19 N for bottom section, respectively, with the increase in storage period. Similarly, as the samples were stored longer, the Young’s modulus and rupture force of their combined skin and pulp tissues, obtained from penetration tests, decreased from 3.01 to 2.02 MPa and 31.21 to 24.95 N for upper section, 2.59 to 1.66 MPa and 28.64 to 21.66 N for middle section and 1.91 to 1.15 MPa and 23.18 to 17.37 N for bottom section, respectively.
An Empirical Investigation of the Relationships between Learning Styles based on an Arabic version of the Felder-Silverman Model

Learning styles vary according to the individual and this diversity is fundamental in terms of teaching as curricula must respond adaptively to the various learning styles of pupils. This study conducts an analysis of an Arabic form of the Index of Learning Styles (ILS), a 44-item questionnaire designed to determine learning styles using the Felder-Silverman learning style model. This study focuses on the interpretation of data derived from the Arabic form of the Index of Learning Styles (ILS) to establish correlations between the learning styles of 1024 female students drawn from two specific departments at the King Abdul- Aziz University in Saudi Arabia. The findings, generated by Multiple Correspondence Analysis and cross-validated by correlation analysis, demonstrate a definite link between certain learning styles from opposing dimensions that are considered to be contradictory within the same dimension of learning. The validity and reliability of the Arabic scale was established and compared to the examples reported in the literature. Findings show comparable reliability and factor analysis supports the interdependencies between dimensions and perhaps the constructs they intend to assess. The results of this paper have implications for the design of e- learning tools, materials and sessions in order to adapt to the relationships between learning styles and have a positive impact on the learners themselves and their learning experience
Country Market Selection in International Expansion Using Multicriteria Decision Aiding Methods

Companies, facing globalization and technological revolution, are constantly forced to search for new ways to grow and develop. A profitable growth strategy can be built through international expansion. Recently it has become one of the few effective ways to develop and enhance the competitiveness of a company in response to the changing dynamics of the global economy. When a company is expanding its business operations to overseas markets a number of strategic decisions must be taken. The company must define the product it wants to market (what), the country market it wants to enter (where), the timing of entry (when) and the entry mode it wants to use (how). Consequently, the country market selection plays a critical role in shaping the performance of foreign activities and influences the future success of the company. This is a complex and difficult decision, requiring the company to analyse a wide spectrum of factors that affect both investment efficiency and effectiveness. The location selection in international expansion may be determined by general macroeconomic factors, demand factors, socio-political factors or cost factors. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a simulation of the market selection decision with the help of multi-criteria decision aiding methods based on the perspective of a dynamically developing company that is a leading manufacturer and distributor of hygiene, cosmetic and medical products.
Diversity and Distribution of Arthropod Community in the Lucerne Fields in Northern Sahara of Algeria

The application of two sampling methods (pitfall traps and sweeping net) on three lucerne fields of different ages (one year, two years and three years) in a Saharan area of Algeria allowed the enumeration of 9158 arthropods divided into 4 classes, 13 orders and 73 families. About 4/5 of them are obtained by the pitfall and 1/5 caught by sweep netting. The comparison between the diversity in families of the three parcels reveals families diminution according to the age of Lucerne fields (52 for three years ≤ S: richness ≤ 66 for one year). Contrary to the individuals number which present a growth according to the age (1729 per one year ≤ IN: individual number ≤ 4947 per three years). On abundance, the class of Insecta is the most sampled by the two methods. Formicidae and Entomobryidae are most caught by the pitfall in the three lots, whereas Coccinellidae are most inventoried by sweeping net.
Distinctive Roles of Lead Users and Opinion Leaders in the Social Networks of Schoolchildren

Prior research has shown that both lead users and opinion leaders may propel the diffusion of innovation. This raises the question of whether lead users and opinion leaders are positioned similarly in social networks, which we address using a sample of 23 school classes consisting of 537 children. Research among children is very scarce in this particular domain. Our statistical analyses based on hierarchical linear modeling reveal two general results: first, lead users among children appear to possess a variety of links between clusters; second, opinion leaders are locally positioned within clusters of children and have many direct links.
A Distinction between Causal Effects in Structural and Rubin Causal Models

Structural Causal Models define causal effects in terms of a single Data Generating Process (DGP), and the Rubin Causal Model defines causal effects in terms of a model that can represent counterfactuals from many DGPs. Under these different definitions, notationally similar causal effects make distinct claims about the results of interventions to the system under investigation: Structural equations imply conditional independencies in the data that potential outcomes do not. One implication is that the DAG of a Rubin Causal Model is different from the DAG of a Structural Causal Model. Another is that Pearl’s do-calculus does not apply to potential outcomes and the Rubin Causal Model.