Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of peat quality on microbial greenhouse gas formation in an acidic fen

Abstract. Peatlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle and represent both an important stock of soil carbon and a substantial natural source of relevant greenhouse gases like CO2 and CH4. While it is known that the quality of organic matter affects microbial degradation and mineralization processes in peatlands, the manner in which the quality of peat organic matter affects the formation of CO2 and CH4 remains unclear. In this study we developed a fast and simple peat quality index in order to estimate its potential greenhouse gas formation by linking the thermo-degradability of peat with potential anaerobic CO2 and CH4 formation rates. Peat samples were obtained at several depths (0–40 cm) at four sampling locations from an acidic fen (pH 4.7). CO2 and CH4 formation rates were highly spatially variable and depended on depth, sampling location, and the composition of pyrolysable organic matter. Peat samples active in CO2 and CH4 formation had a quality index above 1.35, and the fraction of thermally labile pyrolyzable organic matter (comparable to easily available carbon substrates for microbial activity) obtained by thermogravimetry was above 35%. Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry mainly identified carbohydrates and lignin as pyrolysis products in these samples, indicating that undecomposed organic matter was found in this fraction. In contrast, lipids and unspecific pyrolysis products, which indicate recalcitrant and highly decomposed organic matter, correlated significantly with lower CO2 formation and reduced methanogenesis. Our results suggest that undecomposed organic matter is a prerequisite for CH4 and CO2 development in acidic fens. Furthermore, the new peat quality index should aide the estimation of potential greenhouse gas formation resulting from peatland restoration and permafrost thawing and help yield more robust models of trace gas fluxes from peatlands for climate change research.
Dessert Steak Seafood Vegetable Bread Fruit Meat Food Oyster Shrimp Gelato Cake Food High Fiber Food Croissant

Recommender systems have been playing an increasingly important role in our daily life due to the explosive growth of information. Accuracy and explainability are two core aspects when we evaluate a recommendation model and have become one of the fundamental trade-offs in machine learning. In this paper, we propose to alleviate the trade-off between accuracy and explainability by developing an explainable deep model that combines the advantages of deep learning-based models and existing explainable methods. The basic idea is to build an initial network based on an explainable deep hierarchy (e.g., Microsoft Concept Graph) and improve the model accuracy by optimizing key variables in the hierarchy (e.g., node importance and relevance). To ensure accurate rating prediction, we propose an attentive multi-view learning framework. The framework enables us to handle sparse and noisy data by co-regularizing among different feature levels and combining predictions attentively. To mine readable explanations from the hierarchy, we formulate personalized explanation generation as a constrained tree node selection problem and propose a dynamic programming algorithm to solve it. Experimental results show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of both accuracy and explainability.
Towards Local Learning and MCMC Inference in Biologically Plausible Deep Generative Networks

We propose an ansatz for approximate Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) inference and learning in multi-layered (deep) generative models that exhibit biologically plausible dynamics. In particular, our approach builds on a recently observed connection between the classical integrate-and-fire models of biological neurons and Bayesian inference based on Langevin dynamics. Utilizing this connection, we propose that a recurrent neural network model can be derived that learns to perform inference for a feed-forward generative model from local learning signals only. When combined with such a generative model – which can also be trained from information locally available at each neuron – our model provides new perspectives on how biologically plausible learning algorithms could be reconciled with statistical learning theory. We experimentally validate our model using synthetic images as well as the MNIST dataset and show that it approaches the level of performance of standard machine learning algorithms for training generative models on these simple tasks.
Stock Repurchasing Bias of Mutual Funds

The paper shows that mutual funds' trading experiences bias their future repurchasing decisions. Mutual funds are less likely to repurchase a stock if they previously sold the stock for a loss rather than for a gain. After switching to managing a different fund, fund managers still avoid repurchasing stocks they sold for a loss at a past fund. We do not find that mutual fund managers are biased against repurchasing past loser stocks because of superior information. Though less likely to be repurchased, repurchased losers do not underperform repurchased winners — and the fund itself — in the subsequent quarter.
Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Growth

Abstract Using a panel of U.S. metropolitan areas, we find that increases in the supply of venture capital positively affect firm starts, employment, and aggregate income. Our results remain robust to a variety of specifications, including ones that address endogeneity. The estimated magnitudes imply that venture capital stimulates the creation of more firms than it funds, which appears consistent with two mechanisms: First, would-be entrepreneurs anticipating financing needs more likely start firms when the supply of capital expands. Second, funded companies may transfer know-how to their employees, thereby enabling spin-offs, and may encourage others to become entrepreneurs through demonstration effects.
Home Ownership and Social Inequality in Comparative Perspective

Table of Contents for Home Ownership and Social Inequality in Comparative Perspective Tables and Figures Contributors 1. Introduction: Social Stratification, Welfare Regimes, and Access to Home Ownership, by Karin Kurz and Hans-Peter Blossfeld 2. Home Ownership and Social Inequality in West Germany, by Karin Kurz 3. Home Ownership and Social Inequality in France, by Monique Meron and Daniel Courgeau 4. Home Ownership and Social Inequality in Belgium, by Veerle Geurts and Luc Goossens 5. Home Ownership and Social Inequality in the Netherlands, by Clara H. Mulder 6. Home Ownership and Social Inequality in Denmark, by SA,ren Leth-SA,rensen 7. Home Ownership and Social Inequality in Norway, by Lars Gulbrandsen 8. Home Ownership and Social Inequality in Italy, by Fabrizio Bernardi and Teresio Poggio 9. Home Ownership and Social Inequality in Spain, by Anna CabrA(c) Pla and Juan Antonio MA^3denes Cabrerizo 10. Home Ownership and Social Inequality in Britain, by John Ermisch and Brendan Halpin 11. Home Ownership and Social Inequality in Ireland, by Tony Fahey and Bertrand MaA(R)tre 12. Home Ownership and Social Inequality in the United States, by George S. Masnick 13. Home Ownership and Social Inequality in Israel, by Noah Lewin-Epstein, Irit Adler, and Moshe Semyonov 14. Summary and Conclusions, by Karin Kurz and Hans-Peter Blossfeld Index
Evaluating the Intentionality of Identified Misstatements: How Perspective Can Help Auditors in Distinguishing Errors from Fraud

SUMMARY: Although auditors are responsible for detecting misstatements arising from either error or fraud, the auditing standards require very different audit responses when a misstatement is believed to be the result of an intentional act (AS No. 14, PCAOB 2010a). Specifically, if auditors suspect intentional misstatement, then they should perform additional audit procedures, reassess overall fraud risk and the integrity of management, and communicate potential concerns to the audit committee. Thus, if auditors fail to recognize and respond to information indicating a misstatement was caused intentionally, then audit quality may be impaired. The objective of this study is to investigate whether auditors who consider the perspective of the manager responsible for a misstatement's occurrence are more sensitive to circumstances indicating the misstatement was intentional. Using an experiment with audit managers and senior managers, I find that auditors who consider the client manager's perspective assess th.
A CLASS OF L'-CONVERGENCE

It is proved that if the Fourier coefficients {an} of/ e L'(0, it) satisfy (*) n"'2^_„ k'\àa„\p = o(l), for some 1 <p < 2, then ||j„ f\\ = o(l), if and only if a„ lg n = o(\). For cosine trigonometric series with coefficients of bounded variation and satisfying (») it is proved that a necessary and sufficient condition for the series to be a Fourier series is {an} e C, where Q is the Garrett-Stanojevic [4] class.
Toxicity effects of sumithion on the breeding performance and viability of eggs, embryos and subsequent growth indices of Heteropneustes fossilis larvae

Sumithion, an organophosphate pesticide, has been used extensively in agriculture as well as in broodfish and nursery ponds in Bangladesh. Although it is being applied for beneficial purposes but eventually it exhibits some short and long term toxic effects to the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, the present study investigated the toxic effects of sumithion on the breeding performance and subsequent viability of embryos and larvae of Heteropneustes fossilis. A total of 400 adult H. fossilis were equally stocked in two ponds. Sumithion at the dose of 0.24 ppm was applied for four months every 7 days interval in one pond while the rest one was considered as control. No significant ( p >0.05) difference was found in growth between the treated and control H. fossilis ; however, fertilization and hatching rates of the eggs obtained from the treated group were significantly ( p >0.05) lower than that of control. Subsequently, the embryos and larvae produced from the broods of the control pond were exposed to 5 different concentrations of sumithion (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 ppm) against a control (0 ppm). Each concentration was assessed in five replicates having 200 eggs. Data obtained from the sumithion acute toxicity tests were evaluated using the Probit Analysis. The mortality of embryos increased with the increasing sumithion concentrations from 0 to 8.0 ppm and the significant ( p >0.05) differences were found only among the treated concentrations above 2.0 ppm. The 24 h LC50 value for embryos was estimated to be 7.803 ppm. Dose-response decreased in hatching success and recorded as 90.8, 85.0, 76.2, 73.0, 65.0, and 51.2 % for control and 5 different concentrations of sumithion, respectively ( p <0.05). The numbers of dead larvae also increased significantly with the increasing sumithion concentrations exposed for 24- 96 h. The 24, 48, 72, and 96 h LC 50 values were estimated to be 8.677, 8.245, 7.664, and 6.782 ppm, respectively and these values were significantly ( p <0.05) different to each other. Besides, the larvae obtained from 0.5, 2.0, and 8.0 ppm sumithion were reared against a control for 21 days to assess the residual effect. Significant negative effects on both growth and survival of the larvae were found among the sumithion concentrations used. The study therefore, suggested that sumithion has adverse and residual effects on the breeding performance along with early embryonic and larval development of H. fossilis even in lower concentration. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(2): 243-251, December 2016
THE EFFECT OF BRAIN-BASED LEARNING TOWARD STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILS

This study was intended to find out the significant effect of Brain-Based Learning toward students’ speaking skills at SMAN 2 Praya in academic year 2017/2018. The method of the research was applied experimental research (quantitative approach). The population of the research was all the students of XI at SMAN 2 Praya and the sample of the study was 25 students consist of one classes. Based on the result of the study, it can be concluded that the use of Brain-Based Learning has positive effect toward students’ speaking skills at SMAN 2 Praya in academic year 2017/2018, in which t-test (4.664) > t-table (1.710) (0.05/90%) the df used 25. It indicated that the value of t-test was higher than t-table.
Cubic-tetragonal-orthorhombic-rhombohedral ferroelectric transitions in perovskite potassium niobate: neutron powder profile refinement of the structures

The orthorhombic and rhombohedral structures of ferroelectric potassium niobate have been determined by neutron diffraction measurements on powdered crystals, using the profile refinement technique to analyse the data. In the orthorhombic phase at 22 "C the atomic displacements along (Oll) from the cubic perovskite positions are 6(K) = -0.006 + SA, 6(Nb) = 0,070A, S(0,) = -0.138 + 6A and 6(0,,) 6(0,,,) = -0,125 + 4A. In the rhom- bohedral phase at 230K, the displacements are along (lll); 6(K) = -0,013 i 32A, 6(Nb) = 0.078A and 6(0,) = 6(0,,) = S(O,,,) = -0,140 + 4A. As a check on the profile technique, the tetragonal structure was redetermined, and good agreement obtained with the previous single-crystal work, with displacements along (OOl) of S(K) = -0,014 + 26A, 6(Nb) = 0.063A, S(0,) = -0.117 + 4A and 6(0,,) = 6(0,,,) = 0099 + 3A. All of these transitions result from the condensation at q = 0 of soft modes in which almost rigid oxygen octahedra vibrate against the potassium and niobium atoms. Our results account for the observed changes in the spontaneous polarization of potassium niobate, and demonstrate the power of the profile refinement technique for the investigation of structural phase transitions.
Does biogeographical history matter? diversity and distribution of lotic midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the Australian Wet Tropics

We examined broad scale patterns of diversity and distribution of lotic Chironomidae (Diptera) within the Wet Tropics bioregion of northern Queensland, Australia. Field surveys across broad latitudinal and altitudinal gradients within the Wet Tropics revealed a fauna of 87 species-level taxa in 49 genera comprising three main elements: a small genuinely tropical fraction, and larger cosmopolitan and Gondwanan components. The latter group originated when Australia, as part of the ancient Gondwana supercontinent, was situated over Antarctic latitudes with a cooler, wetter climate than today. In the Wet Tropics, cool Gondwanan taxa occurred predominantly in upland and shaded lowland sites, but no species appeared narrowly temperature restricted, and there was no faunal zonation with altitude. Most chironomid species occurred at all latitudes within the Wet Tropics, with no evidence for an enduring effect of the historical rainforest contractions on current-day distribution patterns. These findings contrast with those for aquatic faunas elsewhere in the world and for the terrestrial Wet Tropics fauna. We relate this to the generally broad environmental tolerances of Australian chironomids, and comment on why the latitudinal diversity gradient does not apply to the Australian chironomid fauna.
Exotic Insects in Italy: An Overview on Their Environmental Impact

Hundreds of alien arthropods, native to different continents or introduced from other parts of Europe, have been recorded in Italy in the last few decades (Jucker et al., 2009; Pellizzari & Dalla Monta, 1997; Pellizzari et al., 2005). Italy is at high risk of introduction of exotic insects, particularly because of the country’s climatic conditions, which support many subtropical species, and its position in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, which makes Italy a commercial and tourist crossroad. Invasion is a normal ecological process, but it can be incentivized by human activities with processes far more rapid than those that occur in purely native systems. Biological invasion by exotic species is considered one of the main threats to the loss of biodiversity; it can cause enormous damage in terms of socio-economic costs, harm human health, and result in ecological losses (Kenis et al., 2009). The rise in economic costs can be attributed to yield losses, in agriculture and horticulture, or to increases in the production costs for pest management. The severe economic impact of these species is evident: the crudest estimate of the total known monetary impact of alien species in Europe is close to 10 billion euros annually (COM, 2008). Moreover, the damage to human health leads to major costs connected to control programs and public health measures. Damage is due to irritation and disease transmission by hematophagous species, or to allergies, and other maladies by other groups of insects. The introduction of a species affects the ecosystem of the new habitat in different ways: the invasive species can be a herbivore, predator, or parasitoid, and can compete with indigenous species via different interactions (competition, disease transmission, hybridization). The major pathways of arthropod migration are indeed accidental, represented by different means of transports, the trade in ornamental plants and other goods, and tourism; natural climatic events can also be responsible for the movement of arthropods. We likewise have to consider that sometimes the introduction of the invasive species is voluntary, and even if the insect itself is helpful, can become a serious threat to a country’s biodiversity. The deliberate introduction into the new environment can be for productive purposes or as a control agent (the classical biological control, based on importation of natural enemies from the country of origin of the exotic pest). Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), imported in California in the late 19th century to control cottony cushion scale, has ever since been a textbook example illustrating the accomplishments of biological control.
A Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of the Hungarian, Polish and Lithuanian Presidencies and European Union Eastern Partnership Policies

Abstract This article analyses and compares the influence of the Hungarian, Polish and Lithuanian Presidencies of the Council of the European Union (taking place between 2011 and 2013) on the Union's policies towards the countries of the Eastern Partnership – Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. The influence of the Presidencies is compared through qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), which aims to identify necessary and sufficient conditions for influence to occur. The results show that there is only one necessary condition for the Presidency to exert influence, that is, the issue should be highly salient to the incumbent Member State. The absence of any other condition for influence does as such not hamper Presidency influence. Moreover, the analysis reveals three sufficient combinations of conditions for Presidency influence, in which the individual conditions play different roles. The application of QCA to Presidency influence leads to novel insights and stimulates conceptual clarity on the level of and the conditions for influence.
The SAMI Galaxy Survey : understanding observations of large-scale outflows at low redshift with EAGLE simulations.

This work presents a study of galactic outflows driven by stellar feedback. We extract main-sequence disc galaxies with stellar mass 109 ≤ M⋆/ M⊙ ≤ 5.7 × 1010 at redshift z = 0 from the highest resolution cosmological simulation of the Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments (EAGLE) set. Synthetic gas rotation velocity and velocity dispersion (σ) maps are created and compared to observations of disc galaxies obtained with the Sydney-AAO (Australian Astronomical Observatory) Multi-object Integral field spectrograph (SAMI), where σ-values greater than 150 km s−1 are most naturally explained by bipolar outflows powered by starburst activity. We find that the extension of the simulated edge-on (pixelated) velocity dispersion probability distribution depends on stellar mass and star formation rate surface density (ΣSFR), with low-M⋆/low-ΣSFR galaxies showing a narrow peak at low σ (∼30 km s−1) and more active, high-M⋆/high-ΣSFR galaxies reaching σ > 150 km s−1. Although supernova-driven galactic winds in the EAGLE simulations may not entrain enough gas with T <105 K compared to observed galaxies, we find that gas temperature is a good proxy for the presence of outflows. There is a direct correlation between the thermal state of the gas and its state of motion as described by the σ-distribution. The following equivalence relations hold in EAGLE: (i) low-σ peak ⇔ disc of the galaxy ⇔ gas with T <105 K; (ii) high-σ tail ⇔ galactic winds ⇔ gas with T ≥105 K.
Experimental and natural cathodoluminescence in the shell of Crassostrea gigas from Thau lagoon (France): ecological and environmental implications

We present a cathodoluminescence (CL) study of growth layer deposition in the shell of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. CL is based on the physical properties of lattice-bound manganese (Mn 2+ ), which is the main activator in calcium carbonate. Our study involved chemical marking by immersing individuals in seawater to which manganese chloride had been added, and subsequent reading of the shell with CL microscopy coupled with numeric treatment of microphotographs; CL emission was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope coupled to a spectrometer. Since the marking did not harm the oysters, repeated markings were possible, allowing validation of the infer- ences made from analysis of the shell rings. Oysters reared in a French Mediterranean lagoon (Thau lagoon) were marked in June and October 1999, i.e. at the beginning and end of the main shell growth period, respectively. In a few specimens sacrificed 24 h immediately after marking, we observed a bright marking line, suggesting rapid coprecipitation of Mn 2+ . In oysters collected from March to July 2000, we found 3 luminescent lines (with an emission peak at 620 nm peak) that corre- sponded to the 3 successive markings. The shells also exhibited weak background Mn 2+ -induced luminescence, which contrasted with the marking lines both in intensity and color. This background signal varied in intensity over time at 3 distinct scales, i.e. seasonal and daily scales plus an interme- diate scale that might reflect tidal patterns. The luminescence intensity was clearly positively corre- lated with seawater temperature. We postulate that the temperature of the lagoon, combined with abiotic and biotic factors, may control both Mn 2+ uptake by the bivalve through a stimulation of bio- mineralization processes, and Mn 2+ bioavailability in water through biogeochemical processes. Our study confirmed the usefulness of Mn marking coupled with CL analysis to reveal (1) the complex functioning of the mantle epithelium with respect to carbonate deposition on a microscale, and (2) the relationship between the bivalve and its environment.
Z-FIRE: ISM PROPERTIES OF THE z = 2.095 COSMOS CLUSTER

We investigate the ISM properties of 13 star-forming galaxies within the z ∼ 2 ? > COSMOS cluster. We show that the cluster members have [N ii]/Hα and [O iii]/Hβ emission-line ratios similar to z ∼ 2 ? > field galaxies, yet systematically different emission-line ratios (by ∼0.17 dex) from the majority of local star-forming galaxies. We find no statistically significant difference in the [N ii]/Hα and [O iii]/Hβ line ratios or ISM pressures among the z ∼ 2 ? > cluster galaxies and field galaxies at the same redshift. We show that our cluster galaxies have significantly larger ionization parameters (by up to an order of magnitude) than local star-forming galaxies. We hypothesize that these high ionization parameters may be associated with large specific star formation rates (SFRs; i.e., a large SFR per unit stellar mass). If this hypothesis is correct, then this relationship would have important implications for the geometry and/or the mass of stars contained within individual star clusters as a function of redshift.