Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Grating Inscription Into Fluoride Fibers : A Review Grating Inscription Into Fluoride Fibers : A Review

First demonstrated over four decades ago, fiber gratings, and in particular fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), have become indispensable and ubiquitous components within fiber laser cavities as well as optical communication networks and sensor systems. Because of their overwhelming use, the bulk of published work to date has concentrated on fibers that are composed of silica-based glasses, yet those become virtually opaque at wavelengths above 2 μm, i.e., in the technically increasingly important mid-infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Soft glass fluoride fibers on the other hand, in particular those composed of ZBLAN (abbreviation for ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF), offer low-loss transmission out to wavelengths of up to almost 4 μm. However, while fiber manufacturing itself has now reached a high level of maturity, with passive fiber attenuation levels as low as 1 dB/km becoming commercially available, grating fabrication in these fibers remains challenging, and research into suitable inscription techniques is still a very active and ongoing scientific field. This review aims to provide an overview of work that has been done in this area to date with an emphasis on femtosecond-laser based fabrication methods.
Poverty and Prosperity: Impact on Livelihood Assets of Billion Trees Afforestation Program in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan

In this study, we assessed the impact of the Billion Trees Afforestation Program (BTAP) on the livelihood of local household in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK). BTAP is the largest ban-logging afforestation program in Pakistan, which aims to conserve natural forests, promoting rural livelihoods and reducing poverty. Primary data from 360 local inhabitants were collected and analyzed using descriptive and econometric methodologies that include ordered logit model and ordinary least squares (OLS) respectively. In specific, a wealth index, household income, and five assets of sustainable livelihood have been considered to measure the impact of BTAP. We found that there is a strong and positive contribution of BTAP to the improvement of a rural community’s livelihood. Results showed that BTAP based households earn 4% more income and possess around 35% more assets. These findings suggest that BTAP has considerable effect on increase in livelihood assets. This study continues the discussion with several practical implications of this along with recommendations for future research.
SiRNA Silencing AT 2 Receptor Inhibits no Generation in Cardiac Microvascular Endothelial Cells through Recombinant Human ACE 2 Pathway

To explore the NO formation after the impact of recombinant human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (rhACE2) via the AT2 pathway on the cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMVEC). Meanwhile, to investigate the mechanism of siRNA in this procedure. CMVEC were cultured in groups as follows: AngII intervention group(for 24h); rhACE2 was added respectively after AngII intervention; added AT2 receptor inhibitor (10umol/L) for 30min. And then, added rhACE2 (100 umol/L) 30min. Ransfect CMVEC by siRNA. The control group (normal CMVEC); the control group (normal CMVEC). Control group is negative siRNA (negative control, NCsiRNA). AT2 receptor protein expression was detected by western blot. We used NO content in cell culture supernatant was detected by Griess reagent measurement. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA in HUVEC expression was detected RT-PCR. We used NO fluorescent probe DAF-FM DA to detect intracellular NO formation and the activity of eNOS. Western blot detected the expression of phospho-eNOS. The content of NO in control group (11.513±0.392) was significantly higher than that in AngII intervention group(3.495±0.362nmol/L) (P <0.05). The phosphor-eNOS expression levels and the NO contents of AngII +rhACE2 treatment were significantly higher than those in AngII group (P <0.05). But non-phospho-eNOS and eNOSmRNA protein expression were showed no significant difference between these (P > 0.05). And after AT2 pathway inhibitor (PD123319) intervented CMVEC, phosphor-eNOS expression were significantly lower than those in rhACE2 30min treated group (P <0.05). After siRNA transferened into CMVEC for 48h, Western blot test results showed that AT2 receptor’s protein expression decreased (P<0.05). AT2 siRNA transfected group’s NO level and eNOS activity was significantly reduced in negative control group and non-transfected control group. After rhACE2 acted on CMVEC, eNOS activity increased and NO production increased. AT2 receptor signaling pathway participated in this process.
Without Uttering a Word: Pain assessment and management in intellectually disabled children

textabstractThis thesis addressed several studies on pain assessment and management, as well as general anesthesia and sedation, in intellectually disabled children with a focus on children with Down syndrome. The pain sensitivity of children and adults with Down syndrome has been widely debated but rarely studied. Parents rated their children with Down syndrome as less sensitive to pain, but this was not confirmed by quantitative sensory testing. Children with Down syndrome will remain dependent of pain assessment by proxy, since self-report was not adequate. Previous studies found that intellectually disabled children receive lower doses of analgesics during general anesthesia. On the other hand, children with Down syndrome are often described more agitated and “difficult to sedate” after surgery. We found no reasons for different morphine dosing after cardiac surgery in children with Down syndrome compared to children without Down syndrome. As pain behavior of intellectually disabled children and neonates is different from what caregivers would expect, more objective methods for the assessment of pain and distress are badly needed. This asks joint effort of medical professionals, researchers, the industry and even parents. More than a million intellectually disabled children, children below the age of 4, and demented elderly in the Netherlands will benefit from improved objective methods to measure pain, as self-report may be unreliable or impossible.
KARAKTERISTIK DEMOGRAFIS DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN PENYAKIT TUBERKULOSIS DI PROPINSI JAWA TENGAH (ANALISIS LANJUT RISKESDAS 2007)

Data of "Riskesdas " regarding the relation of the incident of tuberkulosis and demographic based on the infection of tuberkulosis in Central Java province has not been available. The purpose of this study is to identify how big is the spread of the lung-TB incidents from the family members who were interviwed in the Riskesdas 2007. Design of the study is crossectional, data is from Riskesdas 2007 reveals from 35 Districts in Central Java, based on the result of the interview from selected family member, who have the symptoms of cough more than 2-3 weeks, loss weight, sweat at night, and fever. Data is analysed by SPSS window version 15.0, and the result is presented in the frequency tabulation. The results show that from the 4380 population interviwed, 953 respondent has ever been infected with baccili tuberculoses. The incident of TB in female is higher than male, 50.5% and 49.5 % respectively (OR=1.106; 95CI=0.944-1.295). Productive age group tend to be dominant, such as group of 35-65 years old are infected TB 20.1%, group of farmer 25.2%, whereas the group of respondent who has no job 17.6% (OR=1.233;95%CI=0.653-2.327). Labor and coolie are 22.0% have a risk to be infected with TB (OR=1.594;95%CI= 1.833-3.051), and based on the lengt of time working they have 1.5 times higher risk to be infected with TB. The study conclude that the TB is the direct infectious disease, the baccili can spread through the air which can be easily inhaled to the lung. Respondents who their family members or their neighbour have already been infected with TB will spread the disease as long as they are not treated properly. Key words: Tuberkulosis, TB, Demografi.
1 Frequent Financial Reporting and Managerial Myopia

Using the transition of US firms from annual reporting to semi-annual reporting and then to quarterly reporting over the period 1950-1970, we provide evidence on the effects of increased reporting frequency on firms’ investment decisions. Estimates from difference-in-differences specifications indicate that increased reporting frequency is associated with an economically large decline in investments. Additional analyses reveal that the decline in investments is most consistent with frequent financial reporting inducing myopic management behavior. Our evidence informs the recent controversial debate about eliminating quarterly reporting for US corporations. JEL Classification: M40, M41, G30, G31
Distribución, movimientos y tamaño de grupo del tursión (Tursiops truncatus) al sur de Bahía San Quintín, Baja California, México Distribution, movements and group size of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) to the south of San Quintín Bay, Baja California, Mexico

Twelve boat-based photoidentification surveys were carried out along the coast to the south of San Quintin Bay, in Baja California, Mexico, from July 1999 to June 2000; effort was 276.76 km and 31.7 h at sea. Twenty-two schools were encountered and 12.9 h of total observation were spent with 242 dolphins in these schools. The average school size was 11 (SD = 8) dolphins, although it is possible that groups are actually smaller; nursing groups were significantly larger (P < 0.05), with frequent Ciencias Marinas, Vol. 30, No. 1A, 2004
Stereospecificity and PAX 6 function direct Hoxd 4 neural enhancer activity along the anteroposterior axis

The antero-posterior (AP) and dorso-ventral (DV) patterning of the neural tube is controlled in part by HOX and PAX transcription factors, respectively. We have reported on a neural enhancer of Hoxd4 that directs expression in the CNS with the correct anterior border in the hindbrain. Comparison to the orthologous enhancer of zebrafish revealed seven conserved footprints including an obligatory retinoic acid response element (RARE), and adjacent sites D, E and F. Whereas enhancer function in the embryonic CNS is destroyed by separation of the RARE from sites D– E–F by a half turn of DNA, it is rescued by one full turn, suggesting stereospecific constraints between DNA-bound retinoid receptors and the factor(s) recognizing sites D–E–F. Alterations in the DV trajectory of the Hoxd4 anterior expression border following mutation of site D or E implicated transcriptional regulators active across the DV axis. We show that PAX6 specifically binds sites D and E in vitro, and use chromatin immunoprecipitation to demonstrate recruitment of PAX6 to the Hoxd4 neural enhancer in mouse embryos. Hoxd4 expression throughout the CNS is reduced in Pax6 mutant Sey animals on embryonic day 8. Additionally, stage-matched zebrafish embryos having decreased pax6a and/ or pax6b activity display malformed rhombomere boundaries and an anteriorized hoxd4a expression border. These results reveal an evolutionarily conserved role for Pax6 in AP-restricted expression of vertebrate Hoxd4 orthologs. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Sex Workers, Stigma, and Self-Image: Evidence from Kolkata Brothels

Abstract This paper studies the link between self-image and behavior among those who face stigma due to poverty and social exclusion. Using a randomized field experiment with sex workers in Kolkata (India), we examine whether a psychological intervention to mitigate adverse effects of internalized stigma can induce behavior change. We find significant improvements in participants' self-image, their savings choices, and health clinic visits. Administrative data confirm that these changes in savings and preventive health behavior persist 15 and 21 months later, respectively. Our findings highlight the potential of purely psychological interventions to improve the life choices and outcomes of marginalized groups.
A COMPARISON OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE

Data from a distance education project, Integrated Science 7 (F,7), were used to compare block designs with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for their ability to increase statistical power. The IS7 program enables students in grades six through eight to study science via satellite. A sample of 1,802 students from a pilot of the program yielded data for the study. The treatment by blocks designed were formed using the posttest aptitude scores as the dependent variable. Lhe pretest scores as the concomitant or blocking variable, and the gender of the subjects of the independent variable. Two-block, 5-block, and 10-block designs were compared to 2 ANCOVA analyses. With the data used, the 10-block design appeared preferable to ANCOVA, but overall results suggest that there is no one optimal method. The use of ANCOVA versus blocking is dependent on several conditions, as discussed. Eleven tables present data from the analyses. Contains 49 references. (SLD) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Othca of Educational R51111Ch and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CEP; 'ER (ERICI This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization Originating it 0 Minor changes have been mad* to improve reproduction Quality Points of new a °amain stated m thiS document do not necessarily represent official OE RI position or policy "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Ez_iz4z3 6-7-# L E TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC). " A COMPARISON OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE AND BLOCKING DESIGNS IN A GENDER
Sentence-level vs. NP-level Genericity: Are Arabic Learners of English Sensitive to Genericity Type?

The study was conducted to investigate the L2 acquisition of English generics by L1 Arabic speakers. The present study considered the two types of genericity (NP-level vs. sentence-level). Since generics in Arabic are always definite, the study investigated whether L1 Arabic speakers perform similarly in both types. The study recruited 43 participants (36 Saudi-Arabic-speaking participants and seven native English speakers). The Saudi-Arabic-speaking participants were assigned to two proficiency levels (23 elementary and 13 lower intermediate) in accordance with the Oxford Quick Placement Test. An Acceptability Judgement Task was administered to test their use of English generics. Five types of nouns were used (definite singulars and plurals, indefinite singulars and plurals, and bare singulars). The results revealed that: a) statistically, the Arabic speakers were significantly less accurate than the native English speakers; b) the Arabic speakers rated the non-target definite plurals highly in both types of genericity; and c) they rated the target indefinite singulars low with sentence-level genericity. These findings demonstrated that Arabic speakers were sensitive to genericity type, and that their selections cannot be explained solely in terms of their L1.
Impact of Simulation-Based Training on Students ’ Competency Level and Perceived Self-Efficacy in Pediatric Basic Life Support

Background: Simulation Based Training enhances learning process through facilitating active participation of students as well as enabling them to apply their theoretical knowledge into practice. It provides students with opportunities for repetition of a skill more frequently, gain feedback on specific cognitive or psychomotor tasks, evaluation and reflection without the risk of causing harm to the patient. It has a powerful positive effect on students' achievement outcomes and competency level as well as it improves their self-efficacy regarding performance of skills especially in emergencies.Objective:to find out the impact of simulation-based training on students’ competency level and perceived self-efficacy in pediatric basic life support.Design:Pretest and posttest quasi-experimental research design were used.Setting:This study was conducted at simulation skill labs of the Pediatric Nursing Department Faculty of NursingAlexandria University. Subjects: A convenience sampling of 100 students who enrolled in the pediatric nursing course were included in the current study. Tools: Four tools were used for data collection.Student’s Knowledge Competency Level Regarding (IBLS) Questionnaire, Student’s Skill Competency Level Concerning IBLS Observational Checklist, Student’s Skill Competency Level in Managing Infant Chocking Structured Observational Schedule and Student’s Self-Efficacy (SSE) Questionnaire SheetResults: This study revealed that there were highly statistically significant differences between the students before and after the application of simulation based training in relation to their knowledge competency level and Skill competency level in addition it increased their self-efficacy regarding performing BLS procedure. Conclusion: Simulation-based training for PBLS created a positive impact on improving the knowledge and skill competency level as well as perceived self-efficacy of the pediatric nursing students so that they can confidently use their skills to resuscitate a child with cardiac arrest. Recommendations: Inclusion of simulation-based training as a method of teaching the pediatric basic life support in the undergraduate pediatric nursing curriculum and Pediatric nursing students should attend annual refresher SBT courses to maintain their competency in performance PBLS.
Real Option Valuation with Uncertain Costs

In this work we are concerned with valuing the option to invest in a project when the project value and the investment cost are both mean-reverting. Previous works on stochastic project and investment cost concentrate on geometric Brownian motions (GBMs) for driving the factors. However, when the project involved is linked to commodities, meanreverting assumptions are more meaningful. Here, we introduce a model and prove that the optimal exercise strategy is not a function of the ratio of the project value to the investment V/I – contrary to the GBM case. We also demonstrate that the limiting trigger curve as maturity approaches traces out a non-linear curve in (V, I) space and derive its explicit form. Finally, we numerically investigate the finite-horizon problem using the Fourier space time-stepping algorithm of Jaimungal and Surkov (2009). Numerically, the optimal exercise policies are found to be approximately linear in V/I; however, contrary to the GBM case they are not described by a curve of the form V ∗/I∗ = c(t). The option price behavior as well as the trigger curve behavior nicely generalize earlier one-factor model results. Key-words: Real Options; Mean-Reverting; Stochastic Investment; Investment under Uncertainty JEL Classification: C6 (Mathematical Methods and Programming); C61; C67;
Quality demands for present and future optimal nutritional value of rapeseed for feed purposes

The amino acid composition in rapeseed proteins is well balanced and comparable with fishmeal for feed to monogastric animal production and protein protected rapeseed meal is well recognised as protein feed for dairy cattle. However, especially processing conditions and two groups of seed constituents are associated with limitation in rapeseed protein utilization in monogastrics; the content and structural types of glucosinolates and the dietary fibres. The problems with glucosinolates are associated with increased thyroid growth caused by goitrin produced from progoitrin, and the thiocyanate ion produced from indole-3-ylmethylglucosinolates. At too high concentration these compounds causes decreased protein utilization, reduced feed intake and decreased growth rate. Also the quality of cow milk can be affected mainly due to reduced iodine content, but some glucosinolate degradation products can also be transferred into milk. The high content of dietary fibre in rapeseed meal cause reduced digestibility of energy and protein. Double low rapeseed varieties are today only used in restricted amounts to monogastric animals. Therefore, it is still relevant to breed for lower glucosinolate content and optimize the technical processes in order to improve the nutritional value of rapeseed meal. This review gives an update of different initiatives performed in order to increase the nutritional value of rapeseed meal for feed purposes. Another issue important to discuss in order to efficiently optimize future utilization of rapeseed meal is an increased cooperation between plant breeders, rapeseed growers, processing industries, nutritionists and biochemistry researchers in order to fulfil the goal. Introduction Double low rapeseed or canola is a very important oil and protein crop, due to its high yield and high nutritive quality of both oil and protein. However, the content of anti-nutrients, as glucosinolates, aromatic choline esters, phytate and dietary fibres, restricts the use of rapeseed meal to sensitive animals. The major antinutritional factor in rapeseed is the glucosinolates, while dietary fibres including lignin are the second most important components, being the main cause of lowering the nutritional value of protein and energy in rapeseed compared to soybean meal.
A Biomechanical Examination of the Lower Extremities in High Heeled Shoes

1 Review of Literature.4 Walking Gait.4 History of High Heeled Shoes.6 Popularity of High Heeled Shoes.10 Foot Health and Injuries.12 Osteoarthritis of the Knee.13 Hallux Valgus.14 Lower Leg Pain.14 Plantar Fasciitis.15 Summary.16 Methods.17 Participants.17 Protocols and Experimental Set Up.17 Instrumentation and Statistical Analysis.19 Results.19 Discussion.23 Conclusion.25 References.26
Diagnostic value of ferritin for the severity of dengue infection in children

The study was conducted to evaluate whether the severity of dengue fever can be predicted by serum ferritin level or not. This prospective observational study was conducted during the endemic period of dengue fever in 2019. A total of 30 diagnosed cases of dengue fever who presented with bicytopenia during febrile phase of the disease were enrolled in this study. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated to compare ferritin levels with lowest platelet count and highest hematocrit level and it showed that there was significant correlation. There was no difference between lowest total count of white blood cell and serum ferritin level. The severity of dengue fever can be predicted by raised level of serum ferritin.
Using Chinese Character Formation Graphs to Test Proposals in Chinese Historical Phonology

This paper proposes the use of network techniques in the exploration of Old Chinese phonology as reflected in the phonophoric determinatives of xiéshēng 諧聲 characters. We use the approach to examine five specific proposals in Chinese historical phonology, and whether the distinctions suggested by these proposals can be said to be recoverable on the basis of phonophoric choice. The major finding is that the type A versus type B distinction is in some cases encoded in the choice of phonophoric determinative, while other distinctions are only spuriously if at all reflected in the phonophoric subseries.