Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Proposal to Redefine Close Surgical Margins in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Tongue

Importance Resection of the primary tumor with negative margins is the gold standard treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (SCCOT). A microscopically positive surgical margin is clearly associated with a higher risk for local recurrence, whereas a negative margin has traditionally been defined as greater than 5.0 mm clearance from the tumor, with lesser margins arbitrarily designated as close. The precise cutoff at which the risk for local recurrence with a close margin approximates that of a microscopically positive margin remains unclear. Objective To determine whether the arbitrarily defined close margin (<5.0 mm) would portend as high a risk for local recurrence as a positive margin after resection of SCCOT. Design, Setting, and Participants In this retrospective study, head and neck pathologists reviewed archived tumor specimens from 381 patients with SCCOT who underwent primary surgical resection at a tertiary care center from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2012. Data were analyzed from November 15, 2015, to January 5, 2016. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used in patients who did not have a microscopically positive margin to determine an optimal margin cutoff for local recurrence-free survival (LRFS). Pathologic factors were assessed for LRFS in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was evaluation of the margin distance associated with LRFS. Results Among the 381 patients included in the analysis (222 men [58.3%] and 159 women [41.7%]; mean [SD] age, 58 [14.7] years), the optimal cutoff associated with LRFS was determined to be 2.2 mm. This cutoff was compared with the traditionally accepted cutoff of 5.0 mm. Patients with a margin of 2.3 to 5.0 mm had similar LRFS as patients with a margin of greater than 5.0 mm (hazard ratio [HR], 1.31; 95% CI, 0.58-2.96), and all other comparisons were significantly different (HR for positive margin, 9.03; 95% CI, 3.45-23.67; HR for 0.01- to 2.2-mm margin, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.32-6.07). Based on this result, negative margins were redefined as those with a clearance of greater than 2.2 mm. In a multivariate model adjusting for pathologic factors, positive margins (adjusted HR, 5.73; 95% CI, 2.45-13.41) and margins of 0.01 to 2.2 mm (adjusted HR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.13-3.55) were the variables most significantly associated with LRFS. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, local recurrence-free survival was significantly affected only with surgical margins of less than or equal to 2.2 mm in patients with SCCOT. This new definition of close margins stratifies the risk for local recurrence better than the arbitrary 5.0-mm cutoff that has been used.
The role of fit information in consumer online reviews and individual characteristics in consumer's online purchase decisions

The purposes of this study were (1) to develop a scale of problems in finding a good fit and (2) to explore the role of fit information in online consumer reviews (OCR) in the consumer decision-making process. In Study 1, three steps were involved in developing the scale. For Step 1, twenty items were generated based on the findings of Shin’s (2013) thesis. In Step 2, the preliminary testing of reliability and validity was performed using data collected from male and female participants in the US, and 14 items were retained. Reliability and validity (convergent and discriminant) were confirmed. In Step 3, the final version of the scale containing 15 items (i.e., four physical, six aesthetic, and five functional dimensions) was verified among female consumers in the US through reliability as well as convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity. In Study 2, a one-factor (fit review valence: negative vs. positive) within-subject design was used to examine the role of fit information in OCR in consumer purchase decisions. A mock apparel shopping website was developed through the stimulus development process. Multilevel analysis for Phase 1 and structural equation modeling for Phase 2 were conducted. In Phase 1, the results showed that the positive fit review was more influential on review credibility, review evoked confidence in purchase, and attitude toward the review than the negative fit review, supporting positivity effect/bias. The moderating effects of individual characteristics revealed that responses to the valenced fit review were more influential for individuals with more functional fit problems, lower weight satisfaction, and higher reflected body esteem, supporting selective perception in an innovation decision model and confirmation bias. In Phase 2, the results revealed that review credibility was positively related to site credibility and overall confidence in purchase. Review evoked confidence in purchase was
The future of forests and orangutans (Pongo abelii) in Sumatra: predicting impacts of oil palm plantations, road construction, and mechanisms for reducing carbon emissions from deforestation

Payments for reduced carbon emissions from deforestation (RED) are now attracting attention as a way to halt tropical deforestation. Northern Sumatra comprises an area of 65 000 km2 that is both the site of Indonesia’s first planned RED initiative, and the stronghold of 92% of remaining Sumatran orangutans. Under current plans, this RED initiative will be implemented in a defined geographic area, essentially a newly established, 7500 km2 protected area (PA) comprising mostly upland forest, where guards will be recruited to enforce forest protection. Meanwhile, new roads are currently under construction, while companies are converting lowland forests into oil palm plantations. This case study predicts the effectiveness of RED in reducing deforestation and conserving orangutans for two distinct scenarios: the current plan of implementing RED within the specific boundary of a new upland PA, and an alternative scenario of implementing RED across landscapes outside PAs. Our satellite-based spatially explicit deforestation model predicts that 1313 km2 of forest would be saved from deforestation by 2030, while forest cover present in 2006 would shrink by 22% (7913 km2) across landscapes outside PAs if RED were only to be implemented in the upland PA. Meanwhile, orangutan habitat would reduce by 16% (1137 km2), resulting in the conservative loss of 1384 orangutans, or 25% of the current total population with or without RED intervention. By contrast, an estimated 7824 km2 of forest could be saved from deforestation, with maximum benefit for orangutan conservation, if RED were to be implemented across all remaining forest landscapes outside PAs. Here, RED payments would compensate land users for their opportunity costs in not converting unprotected forests into oil palm, while the construction of new roads to service the marketing of oil palm would be halted. Our predictions suggest that Indonesia’s first RED initiative in an upland PA may not significantly reduce deforestation in northern Sumatra and would have little impact on orangutan conservation because a large amount of forest inside the project area is protected de facto by being inaccessible, while lowland forests will remain exposed to the combined expansion of high-revenue plantations and road networks. In contrast, RED would be more effective in terms of its conservation impact if payments were extended to all remaining carbon-rich tropical forests, including lowland peat swamp forests, the preferred habitat for dense populations of orangutans, and if the construction of new roads was halted.
Accuracy of prenatal diagnosis of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation

A series of 13 consecutive patients with a prenatal diagnosis of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) were reviewed with respect to prenatal ultrasound findings, clinical features at birth, and postnatal outcome. In two cases (15%) the abnormality regressed in utero. Only three infants (23%) showed any respiratory distress at birth. After a mean of 25 months postnatal follow up, 11 patients (85%) were found to have a definite pulmonary abnormality. In seven patients (54%) the specific prenatal diagnosis of CCAM has been confirmed (five histologically, two radiologically). Four infants (31%) were found to have other types of pulmonary abnormality and in two (15%) the lungs remain apparently normal. Prenatal ultrasound appears reliable in the detection of pulmonary abnormalities but the variety of conditions identified postnatally suggests that specific prenatal diagnoses and prognoses should be avoided; prenatal counselling and perinatal management should be adapted accordingly.
Efficient Time Latency of Data Aggregation Based on Neighboring Dominators in WSNs

Data Aggregation is a fundamental activity in wireless sensor networks. Recent studies in this area focus on giving collision-free scheduling and finding the upper bound of delay time in aggregation. In this paper, we propose a new scheduling strategy, based on Neighboring Dominators, to minimize the time latency in data aggregation. With the new scheduling strategy, we mathematically prove that the upper bound of delay time in Data Aggregation is at most 12R+A-11. Here R is the network radius and A is the maximum node degree in communication graph of network. Theoretical analysis proves that our strategy is significantly better than the previously well known results with the upper bounds at 16R+A-14 or 24D+6A +16 time slots, where D is network diameter (D could be as large as 2R).
Primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. Computerized tomography scan characteristics and treatment results for 12 cases

A retrospective analysis of 12 patients with primary central nervous system non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma seen from 1958 to 1980 was carried out with emphasis on diagnostic evaluation and treatment results. Computerized tomography (CT) scans were found to be the most valuable diagnostic tool both for initial evaluation as well as follow‐up. Characteristic CT scan features were identified and are discussed. Three patients had a history of previous immunosuppression; two had preceding and concurrent uveitis. Nine of the 12 patients were treated primarily with radiation therapy. Three patients were diagnosed at autopsy and had not received definitive therapy. Size of lesion proved to be the most important prognostic factor and appeared to be related to location. Gross total excision of tumor did not appear to improve survival. Two patients were alive with no evidence of disease at 38 and 48 months, respectively. Recurrences were noted from 1 to 33 months after diagnosis (median, 14 months), suggesting the advisability of long‐term follow‐up prior to presumption of cure. From these results and a review of the literature, possible treatment approaches are presented. Cancer 52:1993‐2000, 1983.
Mutation rate is linked to diversification in birds

How does genome evolution affect the rate of diversification of biological lineages? Recent studies have suggested that the overall rate of genome evolution is correlated with the rate of diversification. If true, this claim has important consequences for understanding the process of diversification, and implications for the use of DNA sequence data to reconstruct evolutionary history. However, the generality and cause of this relationship have not been established. Here, we test the relationship between the rate of molecular evolution and net diversification with a 19-gene, 17-kb DNA sequence dataset from 64 families of birds. We show that rates of molecular evolution are positively correlated to net diversification in birds. Using a 7.6-kb dataset of protein-coding DNA, we show that the synonymous substitution rate, and therefore the mutation rate, is correlated to net diversification. Further analysis shows that the link between mutation rates and net diversification is unlikely to be the indirect result of correlations with life-history variables that may influence both quantities, suggesting that there might be a causal link between mutation rates and net diversification.
Hemodynamic response changes in cerebrovascular disease: implications for functional MR imaging.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Patients with cerebrovascular occlusive disease may develop compensatory changes in local cerebral vasculature with a resultant loss of vascular reactivity. These alterations can affect the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal that is the basis for functional MR imaging. We investigated the BOLD signal in patients with unilateral cerebrovascular disease to ascertain the clinical utility of functional MR imaging in these patients. METHODS Five healthy volunteers and three patients with cerebro-occlusive disease were imaged with both a block and an event-related design of a visually cued bilateral motor task. Activation maps were calculated, and individual hemodynamic response curves were generated for left and right primary motor cortices. Vascular reserve was determined for the relevant vascular territory by using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (US). RESULTS In the event-related data, the amplitude of the BOLD response was significantly decreased in the motor cortex ipsilateral to the stenosis and showed significant delays in the timing of the hemodynamic response. In contrast, the longer duration stimulus and longer TR of the block design showed significant decreases in the BOLD amplitude but no significant interhemispheric temporal differences. Corroborating the hemodynamic status, transcranial Doppler US analysis showed diminished vascular reserve ipsilateral to the lesion. CONCLUSION Differences in the results between the event-related and block paradigms reflect the sensitivity to alterations in autoregulation or vascular compliance. These changes in the vasculature directly affect the BOLD contrast underlying functional MR imaging. Thus, while this technique remains a useful clinical tool, caution is warranted when studying patients with cerebrovascular disease.
Reptilian lungs. Functional anatomy and evolution.

1 Introduction. - 1.1 Functional Anatomy and the Evolution of the Respiratory System. - 1.2 Descriptive Classification of Lung Types. - 1.2.1 Parenchymal Types. - 1.2.2 Functional Suspension of the Lung Within the Body Cavity and of the Partitions Within the Lung. - 1.2.3 Histological Structure. - 2 Morphometry of Reptilian Lungs, with Special Emphasis on the Comparison of the Unicameral Lungs of the Teju, Tupinambis nigropunctatus Spix, and the Multicameral Lungs of the Savanna Monitor, Varanus exan- thematicus (Bosc). - 2.1 Animals. - 2.2 Symbols and Definitions. - 2.3 Morphometric Methods. - 2.3.1 Techniques. - 2.3.1.1 Preparation of Tissue. - 2.3.1.2 Morphometry of Major Parameters for Comparison of Lungs and Lung Regions. - 2.3.1.3 Application of Primary (Measured) Parameters:. - 2.3.2 Discussion of Morphometric Methods. - 2.4 Morphometric Results. - 2.4.1 Relationship Between Lung Volume and Structural Type. - 2.4.2 Volumetric Relationship of Central Lumen to Parenchyma. - 2.4.3 Parenchyma. - 2.4.3.1 Distribution Within the Lung. - 2.4.3.2 Parenchymal Volume, Surface Area, Surface- to-Volume Ratio, and Equivalent Parenchymal Thickness. - 2.4.3.3 Growth Patterns. - 2.4.3.4 Volume Relationships Within Parenchymal Tissue. - 2.4.3.5 Analysis of Parenchymal Surfaces. - 2.4.3.6 Anatomical Diffusion Factor. - Degree of Exploitation of the Lung. - 2.5 Discussion: Morphometric Comparison of Reptilian Lungs. - 2.5. 1 Lung Volume. - 2.5. 2 Parenchymal Volume. - 2.5. 3 Surface-to-Volume Ratio in Parenchyma and Respiratory Surface Area. - 2.5. 4 Harmonic Mean Thickness of the Air-Blood Tissue Barrier. - 2.5. 5 Capillary Bulging. - 2.5. 6 Strategy in Sequence of Anatomical Adaptations for Gas Exchange by Diffusion. - 2.5. 7 Pulmonary Smooth Muscle. - 2.6 Summary. - 3 The Pump Mechanism, Its Combination with the Exchanger, and Breathing Strategy. - 3.1 Symbols and Definitions. - 3.2 The Pump. - 3.3 Breathing Strategy and the Pump. - 3.4 Interaction of the Exchanger and Pump in Breathing Strategy: the Ideal High-performance Lung. - 4 Speculations on the Evolution of the Amniote Respiratory System. - 4.1 Breathing Mechanism in the First Reptiles. - 4.2 Lung Structure in the First Reptiles. - 4.3 Hollow Bones as Indicators of Lung Structure. - 4.4 Possible Respiratory Function of the Gastralia. - 4.5 Possible Role of the Ornithischian Pelvis in Breathing. - 4.6 Broadened Ribs and Alternative Breathing Mechanisms. - 4.7 Implications for the Evolution of Lung Structure. - 5 Summary. - References.
Nature In Fragments The Legacy Of Sprawl

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CSR communication on corporate websites compared across continents

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate how the 106 largest banks in the world use their corporate websites for corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication, identifying CSR communication patterns by continent. Design/methodology/approach – An analysis of the location of CSR information on the banks’ corporate websites, a longitudinal analysis of the publication of CSR reports by the banks from 2000 to 2012, and a content analysis of the most current CSR reports in the recent period of study were undertaken. Findings – Three-quarters of the banks communicate on CSR issues on their corporate website – either located in the section “About Us” or under a separate “CSR” heading which is directly accessible on the front homepage. Company reports published on the website are the most important vehicle for CSR communication. Their publication increased from six for the publication year 2000 to a peak of 63 reports for the year 2011. The reports’ titles are most commonly linked to the concepts of “responsibility” or “sustainability” and refer to ten main stakeholders and topics. In a comparison between continents there is a difference in the use of titles: European banks prefer the title “Sustainability Report”, while Asian and American banks in particular prefer the title “CSR Report”. Research limitations/implications – The paper focuses on corporate communications, and therefore does not address perspectives on CSR communication from other disciplines. Within CSR communication, sources of CSR-related information other than the corporate websites have not been considered. Originality/value – This paper gives the first comprehensive picture of the trend in CSR communication on corporate websites in the global banking sector.
Demand Response aware cluster resource provisioning for parallel applications

Data center energy consumption is significant and accounts for about 2% of total energy use in the U.S. recently. A range of approaches, from cooling techniques to workload consolidation have been taken to improve data center energy efficiency. In contrast to most methods published so far, this paper treats a data centre as a consumer in an electricity market. Our intention is to make data centres more responsive to electricity market conditions with minimal impact on their performance. In electricity markets, Demand Response(DR) is a method for improving grid efficiency by encouraging consumers to adjust their demand during price peaks or network stress. Significant consumption and cost savings can potentially be made via implementing DR programs involving a large set of consumers. Traditionally, DR has been a largely manual process, however, automated DR is becoming increasingly prevalent due to the deployment of smart grid technologies. In this paper, we treat the server cluster in a data centre as an energy consumer that participates DR activities. We give two algorithms to enable the cluster to automatically adjust the number of active servers to respond to DR requests while maintaining acceptable system performance. We evaluate our algorithms using real traces.
Electrical conductivity of continental lithospheric mantle from integrated geophysical and petrological modeling: Application to the Kaapvaal Craton and Rehoboth Terrane, southern Africa

[1] The electrical conductivity of mantle minerals is highly sensitive to parameters that characterize the structure and state of the lithosphere and sublithospheric mantle, and mapping its lateral and vertical variations gives insights into formation and deformation processes. We review state-of-the-art conductivity models based on laboratory studies for the most relevant upper mantle minerals and define a bulk conductivity model for the upper mantle that accounts for temperature, pressure, and compositional variations. The bulk electrical conductivity model has been integrated into the software package LitMod, which allows for petrological and geophysical modeling of the lithosphere and sublithospheric upper mantle within an internally consistent thermodynamic-geophysical framework. We apply our methodology to model the upper mantle thermal structure and hydrous state of the western block of the Archean Kaapvaal Craton and the Proterozoic Rehoboth Terrane, in southern Africa, integrating different geophysical and petrological observables: namely, elevation, surface heat flow, and magnetotelluric and xenolith data. We find that to fit the measured magnetotelluric responses in both the Kaapvaal and Rehoboth terranes, the uppermost depleted part of the lithosphere has to be wetter than the lowermost melt-metasomatized and refertilized lithospheric mantle. We estimate present-day thermal lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) depths of 230–260 and 150 ± 10 km for the western block of the Kaapvaal and Rehoboth terranes, respectively. For the Kaapvaal, the depth of the present-day thermal LAB differs significantly from the chemical LAB, as defined by the base of a depleted mantle, which might represent an upper level of melt percolation and accumulation within the lower lithosphere.
Psychiatry: the career of choice.

Background: To determine frequency of students in Rawalpindi Medical University who would opt for psychiatry as their future career. Along with that we will determine the reasons which encourage or discourage students from choosing Psychiatry. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Rawalpindi Medical University, including MBBS students of the five academic years. All study participants were given a semi-structured questionnaire. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22 and all categorical variables were expressed both as frequencies and percentages. Results: Psychiatry was the third most common career choice (10.2%) following Surgery (31.8%) and Medicine (26%). However, trend of opting for Psychiatry as a career specialty declined with the advancing academic years. Majority of the respondents who were in favor of Psychiatry had a rural background and belonged to a high socio economic group. Females (11.1%) were slightly more inclined towards this specialty compared to their males (7.8%). Among the reasons for choosing Psychiatry as career specialty, the most common ones were ‘’need to help people with mental illness’’ (89.8%), ‘’need for more Psychiatrists in Pakistan’’ (89.1%) and ‘’interest in the subject’’ (89.9%). Most frequently opted reasons for not choosing this field were ‘’don’t suit my temperament (68.4%)’’. ‘’can negatively affect my mental health’’ (43.1%) and ‘’work is not clinical enough’’ (42.7%). including experiencing clinical rotations in Psychiatry during the undergraduate program and poor understanding of the pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases.