Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three‐Dimensional Representation of Large‐Scale Structures Based on Observations in Atmospheric Surface Layers

Large amounts of synchronous multipoint measurement data were acquired from long‐term observations in high‐Reynolds‐number atmospheric surface layers (Reτ∼O(106)) at the Qingtu Lake observation array site. Based on these experimental data, the general shapes of three‐dimensional (3‐D) large‐scale coherent structures are constructed coupled with the symmetry of two‐point streamwise velocity correlations in the spanwise direction, where the spanwise symmetry is confirmed to be applicable in the atmospheric surface layer flow by experimental verification. The full extent of the 3‐D structure is much larger than a 2‐D slice at the condition point and increases significantly with the reference height in the logarithmic region. Moreover, the streamwise length and the spanwise width of the horizontal section are found to vary systematically with the relative height to the condition point. These variations are parametrized and can subsequently be used to infer the horizontal section at different relative heights. Then, a plausible empirical model is proposed by taking into consideration the streamwise shift caused by the inclination angle, and the 3‐D structure can be predicted by this model using the primary flow parameters and location information. This study contributes to a better understanding of dominant structures in the outer region of wall turbulence at high Reynolds numbers.
Youth Multidimensional Poverty and Its Dynamics: Evidence from Selected Countries in the MENA Region

ABSTRACT Young people in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries are rarely recognized as a resource in decision-making processes and are systemically excluded from key policy areas on development. The aim of this article is to measure the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) of youth and to explore its determinants in selected countries of the MENA region. The key value-added of the MPI is that it identifies poverty in the dimensions of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and it conveys additional information on the composition of poverty that is not captured in single-dimensional measures.
Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Control for Attitude Tracking of Flexible Spacecraft With Limited Data Transmission

This article investigates the fault-tolerant control for attitude tracking problem of flexible spacecraft in the presence of actuator degradation, external disturbance, and signal quantization, where a logarithmic encoder–decoder scheme is employed for input quantization. A quantized adaptive terminal sliding mode control law is proposed to solve the attitude tracking problem. In this design, the quantizer parameters are injected to the controller gains to reject quantization errors, and the designed controller can compensate the effects of the unknown information, including actuator efficiency factors, external disturbance, and bounds of rigid-flexible coupled nonlinearity. It is shown that the attitude of the spacecraft can track the desired objective under the developed attitude controller. Finally, a simulation example is provided to verify the validness of the proposed attitude tracking control law.
Create or innovate? : can an innovation training program enhance the development of new ideas beyond creativity training?

The current study intended to answer the question of whether there is a difference between creativity-only training and innovation training in the quality of solutions generated by training participants. To answer this question, differences between three groups were examined to compare the quality of solutions generated by participants who completed the creativity training, the creativity plus innovation training, and a control group. The solutions generated by the three groups were evaluated for novelty, practicality, ease of implementation, and potential effectiveness. Preand post-test measures of creative self-efficacy, general self-efficacy, and motivation to innovate were also examined. Results indicate that the creativity plus innovation training group and the creativity-only group generated ideas that were more novel, practical, easier to implement, and had higher potential effectiveness than the control group. Ideas produced by the creativity plus innovation group also had higher potential effectiveness than the creativity-only group. [July 16, 2019] CREATE OR INNOVATE 3 Create or Innovate? Can an innovation training program enhance the development of new ideas beyond creativity training? By Rachael Jones-Chick A Thesis Submitted to Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MSc Applied Psychology (Industrial/Organizational Psychology). July, 2019, Halifax, Nova Scotia © Rachael Jones-Chick, 2019 Approved: _____________________ Dr. Kevin Kelloway Supervisor Approved: _____________________ Dr. Debra Gilin Examiner Approved: _____________________ Dr. Nicolas Roulin Examiner Approved: _____________________ Dr. Wendy Carroll External Examiner Date: _____________________ CREATE OR INNOVATE 4 Acknowledgements Writing this thesis was a bit of a roller coaster, but what a wonderful feeling to see a complete document representing so much of what I learned during the last 2 years completing this Masters degree. Many people helped me along the way, so I would like to thank a few. To my advisor, Dr. Kevin Kelloway, thank you for being available when help was needed, but for leaving enough space for me to learn and feel like this project was truly my own. Also, thank you for stepping up and helping me so much when I needed to re-collect my data just weeks before I defended! Thank you to my committee members for challenging me and making me think, especially Dr. Gilin and Dr. Roulin for encouraging me to collect more data and strengthen my thesis (even though it was terrifying at the time)! To my family and friends, thanks for always telling me to take breaks and making this a truly fun experience. And a big thank you to my parents for buying me my first presentation clicker – I felt very ‘official’ during my defence! CREATE OR INNOVATE 5
Life Expectancy and Mother-Baby Interventions. Evidence from A Historical Trial

This paper investigates the potential of maternal and infant health programs to improve the life expectancy of women and children. We study a program trialed 1931-33 in seven Swedish medical districts, assembling individual data from parish records and aggregate data from annual reports of medical districts. We estimate short run program effects on maternal and infant mortality. In addition, we track individuals exposed to the program together with unexposed individuals from neighbouring birth-cohorts so as to establish whether they survive to age 40, an age by which maternal mortality of the offspring is determined, and age 75, an age by which 35% of the sample cohorts had died. We find significant impacts of exposure to the infant program on infant survival and on the probability of surviving to ages 5, 40 and 75. The estimates suggest that the impact on life expectancy is largely driven by infant survival. The program narrowed health inequalities. Its impact was systematically larger among children born out of wedlock, who also exhibit higher baseline rates of infant mortality. There is no evidence of endogenous fertility responses or of selection into the program on a range of relevant observables. The evidence is consistent with parents reinforcing treatment by the public health intervention. We are unable to identify any impacts of program components delivered to mothers.
Parental involvement in early childhood education among Chinese immigrant and English speaking non-Chinese parents in New Zealand

ii Acknowledgements.iv List of tables and figures.vii Chapter One: Introduction and literature review.1 1.1 Importance and professional significance of the topic.1 1.2 Conceptual frameworks.3 1.3 Interpretation of parental involvement.6 1.4 Effect of parental involvement.9 1.5 Determinants of parental involvement.10 1.6 Traditional Chinese culture.19 1.7 Parental involvement among Chinese immigrant parents in NZ.23 1.8 Parental involvement in NZ ECE settings.28 1.9 Research gaps and justification for the current study.31 1.10 Research questions and hypotheses . 33 Chapter Two: Method.36 2.1 Participants.36 2.2 Sampling procedures.42 2.3 Measures and procedure.43 Chapter Three: Results.56 3.1 Data analytic plan.56 3.2 Preliminary data analysis . 58 3.3 Comparisons between Chinese and non-Chinese parents in parental involvement, parental beliefs and parenting practices.61 3.4 Factors associated with parental involvement.67 Chapter Four: Findings from parent and teacher interviews.84 4.1 Findings from parent interviews.84
PREDICTING PERFORMANCE IN A LOW-STAKES TEST USING SELF-REPORTED AND TIME-BASED MEASURES OF EFFORT

For the validity of test results in low-stakes testing, it is important to take into account the motivation of the test-takers. Previous studies using various testtaking motivation measures have not provided coherent results. The aim of the current study was to specify the predictive power of two particular motivation indicators: selfreported effort (SRE) and response time effort (RTE). A previous high-stakes test result and gender were also added to the model to predict cognitive test performance. The sample group consisted of 280 Estonian higher education students (mean age 21.5 years (SD = 2.1), 25% male). The model was able to explain 75.6% of the variance in the test results. The predictive power of RTE was larger, but SRE supplemented the overall predictive power of the model. Using average time spent on incorrect items also proved to be a good indicator of effort.
Distributed inexact dual consensus ADMM for network resource allocation

This paper investigates two novel distributed algorithms based on alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) for network resource allocation of N agents. The main objective is to derive an optimal allocation that minimizes a global objective expressed as a sum of locally known separable convex objective functions. Based on a communication matrix, the dual resource allocation problem is changed into a consensus optimization problem, in which each agent broadcasts the outcome of its local processing to all his neighbors. In this paper, we first propose a new distributed dual consensus ADMM (DC‐ADMM) algorithm to address this consensus problem. Moreover, by applying an inexact step for each ADMM update, a distributed inexact DC‐ADMM (IDC‐ADMM) is also developed, which enables agents to perform cheap computation at each iteration. Finally, numerical simulations are delivered to illustrate and validate the proposed algorithm.
Deep Structure of the Eastern Himalayan Collision Zone: Evidence for Underthrusting and Delamination in the Postcollisional Stage

Based on broadband seismic data from 102 stations in the eastern Himalayan collision zone, the crustal thickness and Poisson's ratio were determined by using the H‐κ stacking analysis of teleseismic P wave receiver functions. The Moho topography rapidly deepens northward in the northern Lhasa terrane, inferring the northern limit of the Indian plate underthrusting beneath Tibetan Plateau. Our seismic images show that steep subduction of the Indian plate occurs to the west of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis while gentle subduction to the east. The variation of subduction geometry of the Indian plate may be one of the causes for the formation of the eastern Himalayan Syntaxis. The 2‐D crustal density modeling of the gravity measurements shows that the average crustal density in the eastern Himalayan collision zone is less dense than the global average continental crust, and our preferred model has 5‐ to 10‐km‐thick, high density layer (2,970–3,000 kg/m3) in the lower crust beneath the eastern Lhasa terrane, consistent with mafic underplating. The attributes of a thickened crust with northward deepening Moho and low‐to‐normal Poisson's ratio might be the geophysical signature of delamination beneath the Lhasa terrane and underthrusting of Indian plate. We hypothesize that the orogenic root of the Lhasa terrane was removed by convective‐driven delamination, followed by northward subduction of the Indian plate. Thus, delamination and continental subduction are the dominant deep processes in the postcollisional stage in the eastern Himalayan collision zone.
No nitrogen fixation in the Bay of Bengal?

Abstract. The Bay of Bengal (BoB) has long stood as a biogeochemical enigma, with subsurface waters containing extremely low, but persistent, concentrations of oxygen in the nanomolar range which – for some, yet unconstrained, reason – are prevented from becoming anoxic. One reason for this may be the low productivity of the BoB waters due to nutrient limitation and the resulting lack of respiration of organic material at intermediate waters. Thus, the parameters determining primary production are key in understanding what prevents the BoB from developing anoxia. Primary productivity in the sunlit surface layers of tropical oceans is mostly limited by the supply of reactive nitrogen through upwelling, riverine flux, atmospheric deposition, and biological dinitrogen (N2) fixation. In the BoB, a stable stratification limits nutrient supply via upwelling in the open waters, and riverine or atmospheric fluxes have been shown to support only less than one-quarter of the nitrogen for primary production. This leaves a large uncertainty for most of the BoB's nitrogen input, suggesting a potential role of N2 fixation in those waters. Here, we present a survey of N2 fixation and carbon fixation in the BoB during the winter monsoon season. We detected a community of N2 fixers comparable to other oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) regions, with only a few cyanobacterial clades and a broad diversity of non-phototrophic N2 fixers present throughout the water column (samples collected between 10 and 560 m water depth). While similar communities of N2 fixers were shown to actively fix N2 in other OMZs, N2 fixation rates were below the detection limit in our samples covering the water column between the deep chlorophyll maximum and the OMZ. Consistent with this, no N2 fixation signal was visible in δ15N signatures. We suggest that the absence of N2 fixation may be a consequence of a micronutrient limitation or of an O2 sensitivity of the OMZ diazotrophs in the BoB. Exploring how the onset of N2 fixation by cyanobacteria compared to non-phototrophic N2 fixers would impact on OMZ O2 concentrations, a simple model exercise was carried out. We observed that both photic-zone-based and OMZ-based N2 fixation are very sensitive to even minimal changes in water column stratification, with stronger mixing increasing organic matter production and export, which can exhaust remaining O2 traces in the BoB.
Grain sorting processes in bed load transport : A theoretical and experimental study for gravel bed rivers

Field and laboratory investigations indicate that gravel bed rivers with poorly-sorted grain size distribution and low lateral confinement, such as in the case of multi-thread, braided and transitional rivers but also wandering single-thread rivers, can simultaneously present active channel variations, both in the planimetric and altimetric directions, together with planimetric and vertical sorting.Actually channel adjustments present a complex interaction with sorting processes. transport and depositional processes of heterogeneous sediment mixtures induce the formation of various sorting patterns, among which free migrating patches such as sorting waves also known as bedload sheets. Such sorting waves are mainly observed by the alternation of bands of finer and coarser material in the streamwise direction.This PhD research investigates the sorting processes of a bimodal grain size distribution both in the lateral and in the vertical direction, with particular focus on the study of bedload sheets.The main aim of this work is to investigate the effects of lateral confinement on river bed morphodynamics and in particular on grain sorting processes; and besides, given that grain sorting plays a crucial role in affecting longitudinal river profile, as well as sediment patterns and bed forms, being indeed the connection between bed topography and bed sediment composition close, we would like to provide simple theoretical analyses and tools able to predict morphodynamic bed river variations driven by sortingDifferent methodologies are applied to successfully achieve this purpose.Firstly, a deep investigation of the state of knowledge of mixed-size sediment morphodynamics, sorting processes, sorted sediment patterns and bedload sheets is carried out.Then, a 1D linear stability analysis of a uniform flow above an erodible bed composed by a bimodal mixture of sediments is performed and investigation of the associated eigenvectors, amplitude of perturbations and migrations rate is discussed. Results are presented in terms of arising instabilities dominated by sorting. Although the monodimensional shallow-water framework, the simple flow model adopted allows for the formulation of an algebraic eigenvalue problem that can be solved analytically, allowing for a deep insight into the mechanisms that drive instabilities.Then, small scale flume experiments are carried out by reproducing three different flow confinement configurations and involving a bimodal mixture of natural sediments. All the configurations show large fluctuations of parameters characterising bed system in terms of bed sediment composition, slope, active channel width and sediment transport rate. The analysis of such parameters allows defining feedbacks among morphological variables. Results of such investigations shed light on the role of lateral confinement on sorting processes and morphodynamics of barebed rivers.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTISM IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Cel na trudot e da poka`e del od demografskite i epidemiolo{kite karakteristiki na populacijata lica so autizam registrirani vo Republika Makedonija. Infantile autism is pervasive developmental disorder with abnormal or damaged psychical development manifested after the second or third year of life, with characteristics in the shift of pathological functioning in the sphere of social interactions, in communications with the environment, and with repetitive behavior.
Potential output: How does Portugal compare with the euro area over the last 40 years?

Model-based comparisons suggest that Portugal, vis-à-vis the euro area, witnessed (i) a steeper deceleration of potential output since the 1990s, driven primarily by investment and productivity, but with an important labour contribution over the last decade; (ii) a pervasively higher volatility in labour and product markets; and (iii) an interruption of convergence trends in the 2000s. The 2007–2009 financial turmoil and the euro area sovereign debt crisis comprised (iv) a trend and a slack component in both economies, including an abnormal fall in Portuguese potential output. Finally, (v) annual potential output growth differentials, relatively to the euro area, are systematically negative since 2003—an outcome that should motivate some reflection. All results are model and data dependent, which emphasizes the need to enlarge the current information set to account for a more encompassing and robust comparison. (JEL: C11, C30, E32)
Molecular composition of humic substances isolated from permafrost peat soils of the eastern European Arctic

Abstract: Humification plays an important role in stabilization of organic matter in soils of the cryolithic zone. In this context, the degree of organic matter stabilization has been assessed, using instrumental methods, for permafrost peat soils of the eastern European Arctic, based on selected plots from within the Komi Republic (Russian Federation). Humic substances (HSs) isolated from the mire permafrost peats of the forest-tundra subzone of the European Arctic have been characterized in terms of molecular composition. This was accomplished using elemental and amino acid fragments (AAFs) composition. Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy was utilized to identify the structure of HSs. Changes in the molar x(H) : x(C) ratio, ratio of aromatic to paraffin fragments and ratio of hydroxy AAFs to heterocyclic AAFs along the peat profiles have been revealed. They are due to the activation of cryogenic processes in the upper part of the seasonally thawing layer, the natural selection of condensed humic molecules, the botanical composition and degree of degradation of peat, which reflect the climatic features of the area in the Holocene. Humic acids and fulvic acids of the peat soils showed the prevalence of compounds with a low degree of condensation and a low portion of aromatic fragments. The aromaticity degree showed the trend to increase within the depth. Changes of quantitative and qualitative parameters of specific organic compounds occur at the permafrost boundary of peatlands, which can serve as an indicator of recent climate changes in environments from the high latitudes. The presented data can be useful in the evaluation of soil organic matter stabilization degree in the active layer and below the permafrost table.
Assessment of Spaceborne GNSS-R Ocean Altimetry Performance Using CYGNSS Mission Raw Data

This article assesses the ocean altimetry performance of spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite Systems reflectometry (GNSS-R) by processing the raw data sets collected by the Cyclone GNSS (CYGNSS) constellation. These raw data sets, i.e., the intermediate frequency signal streams before any receiver processing, are processed on the ground with a software receiver, from which the reflected waveforms of GPS L1, Galileo E1, and BeiDou-3 B1 band open service (OS) signals are generated following the conventional GNSS-R approach. By using different retracking algorithms, the bistatic delays of the reflected signals are derived from these waveforms, in which the retracking biases are removed with the specular point (SP) delay and power information computed from the corresponding waveform model. After applying a set of standard delay corrections, the bistatic delay observations are converted into sea surface height (SSH) measurements and compared with the mean SSH model. Both the random error (precision) and systematic effects (accuracy) are characterized with intratrack and intertrack analyses of the bistatic delay measurements. The two-way ranging precision can reach up to 3.9 and 2.5 m with 1-s GPS and Galileo group delay measurement (a factor of ~2 better for altimetry solution), and its evolution with the signal-to-noise ratio shows good consistency with the theoretical model. A significant delay dispersion of 3.0 m between different tracks is found, which is mainly attributed to the receiver orbit error and ionospheric correction residuals. These results can provide useful inputs for the development of future GNSS-R missions dedicated to ocean altimetry applications.
Revisiting the Timing of the Northern Lobe of the White River Ash Volcanic Event in Eastern Alaska and Western Yukon

ABSTRACT The northern lobe of the White River Ash (WRAn) is part of a bilobate distribution of tephras that originated from the Wrangell Volcanic Field near the border of Alaska, USA, and Yukon, Canada. It is distributed across northeastern Alaska and the northwestern portion of the Yukon. The timing of this eruption has seen little critical analysis relative to the younger and more extensive eastern lobe eruption of the White River Ash. We compiled 38 radiocarbon (14C) dates from above and below the WRAn, and employed several statistical approaches to identify and eliminate or down-weight outliers, combine dates, and different Bayesian models, to provide a revised age estimate for the timing of the WRAn tephra deposition. Our results indicate that the most accurate modeled age estimate for the northern lobe of the White River Ash deposition is between 1689 and 1560 cal BP, with a mean and median of 1625 and 1623 cal BP, respectively. This age range is 90 to 200 years younger than previous age estimates.