Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perspective on Forage Legume Systems for the Tallgrass and Mixed‐Grass Prairies of the Southern Great Plains of Texas and Oklahoma

Legumes have potential to transfer fi xed N to nonlegume crops via grazing or decomposition as well as improve production, seasonal distribution, nutritive value, soil structure, and fertility in forage systems. This article summarizes the legume establishment, management, and grazing production experiments conducted in the southern Great Plains. It attempts to give perspective on the current state of producer adoption and the potential for future research to improve legume adoption. Several medics (Medicago spp.) and clovers (Trifolium spp.) are compatible and can be established with tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort]; however, due to limited precipitation, these have not reliably regenerated. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) required annual establishment and was not as economical as N fertilizer in the perennial grass systems, but it was profi table and comparable to the annual system with 112 kg N ha −1 by conventional fertilizer. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) may have the greatest potential in the southern Great Plains with cool-season perennial grass systems like tall fescue when planted in a checkerboard orientation. An alternative approach for utilizing legumes may be to limit grazing access in pure stands similar to a supplementation program during periods of limited forage production or quality. There is a need for greater research including germplasm and rhizobia evaluations, improved seed production, weed control, and grazing before producer adoption becomes widespread. Future research should address constraints including legume establishment, management practices that extend the life of legumes in forage systems, and appropriate economic analysis of proposed novel systems.
Sanitary Hazards and Microbial Quality of Open Dug Wells in the Maldives Islands

Concern for saline and microbial quality post-December 2004 tsunami, led to a field based surveillance study to systematically investigate the sanitary hazards which cause faecal contamination of groundwater. In seven islands, two duplicate sample sets, in two surveys, revealed that only 6.4% of the 173 well water samples (combining both surveys) satisfied the WHO Drinking Water Quality Guideline for 44°C thermo-tolerant (Faecal) Coliform (FC) indicator value (zero cfu/100 ml sample). Based on a combined risk analysis of Sanitary Hazard Score (SHS) and FC counts, more than 57.7% of the study wells were classified as at very high (FC: 100 to >1,000 cfu/100ml; and SHS: ≥ 9) microbial health risk. During this study, fundamental changes were made to the published generic sanitary inspection method (WHO, 1997) for identifying sanitary hazards, for its application in the extremely vulnerable hydro-geological setting of the Maldives. However, the most important hazard controlling the intensity of faecal contamination in the Maldives is the safe separation distance between a latrine seepage point and the well. It was demonstrated that, due to the prevailing hydro-geological conditions and the well and sanitation system densities, safe separation distance cannot be achieved. Consequently, septic tank effluent quality must be greatly improved.
Application and evaluation of a new radiation code under McICA scheme in BCC_AGCM2.0.1

Abstract. This research incorporates the correlated k distribution BCC-RAD radiation model into the climate model BCC_AGCM2. 0.1 and examines the change in climate simulation by implementation of the new radiation algorithm. It is shown that both clear-sky radiation fluxes and cloud radiative forcings (CRFs) are improved. The modeled atmospheric temperature and specific humidity are also improved due to changes in radiative heating rates, which most likely stem from the revised treatment of gaseous absorption. Subgrid cloud variability, including vertical overlap of fractional clouds and horizontal inhomogeneity in cloud condensate, is addressed by using the Monte Carlo Independent Column Approximation (McICA) method. In McICA, a cloud-type-dependent function for cloud fraction decorrelation length, which gives zonal mean results very close to the observations of CloudSat/CALIPSO, is developed. Compared to utilizing a globally constant decorrelation length, the maximum changes in seasonal CRFs by the new scheme can be as large as 10 and 20 W m−2 for longwave (LW) and shortwave (SW) CRFs, respectively, mostly located in the tropics. The inclusion of an observation-based horizontal inhomogeneity of cloud condensate has also a significant impact on CRFs, with global means of ~ 1.5 W m−2 and ~ 3.7 Wm−2 for LW and SW CRFs at the top of atmosphere (TOA), respectively. Generally, incorporating McICA and horizontal inhomogeneity of cloud condensate in the BCC-RAD model reduces global mean TOA and surface SW and LW flux biases in BCC_AGCM2. 0.1. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the new model configuration to be used in BCC_AGCM2. 0.1 for climate simulations, and also indicate that more detailed real-world information on cloud structures should be obtained to constrain cloud settings in McICA in the future.
International Entrepreneurship: A Review of Existing Literature

This paper reviews the existing international entrepreneurship research literature, paying specific attention to theoretical foundations and methodological issues. The review suggests that resource-based theory has been the largest contributor to the emergence of international entrepreneurship research, and that cross-border activity is best viewed as a function of entrepreneurial cognition and entrepreneurial orientation. It is further suggested that the creation of new value should be at the heart of international entrepreneurship studies. The paper concludes by proposing an enhanced definition of international entrepreneurship based on the reviewed literature. Thus, international entrepreneurship is a combination of innovative, risk-taking, proactive, and competitively aggressive behaviour that crosses national borders and is intended to create new value in organizations.
Sea level rise, land use, and climate change influence the distribution of loggerhead turtle nests at the largest USA rookery (Melbourne Beach, Florida)

Anthropogenic climate change adds to the existing suite of threats to species, such as habitat degradation, by increasing extinction risk and compromising the ability of species to respond adaptively to these stressors. Because threats from anthropogenic climate change often interact synergistically with other threats, integrated assessments of the factors and processes that affect species persistence and distribution are required. We assessed the influence of coastal land use and climate change (specifically sea level rise) on the spatial distribution of nests within the largest loggerhead Caretta caretta marine turtle rookery in the Atlantic Ocean, at Melbourne Beach, Florida, from 1986 to 2006. We generated a multiple regression model based on climate change, sea-level rise and land use that describes 47% of the spatial variation in loggerhead nest- ing. Nests have shifted northward (likely in response to warming temperatures), away from inten- sive coastal development, and, surprisingly, toward areas of increased erosion. Using the Bruun Rule (an approximation of the response of the shoreline profile to sea level rise), we modeled the impacts of sea level rise of 0.25 and 0.5 m in conjunction with extrapolations of coastal develop- ment and a continued northward shift in nest distribution. We project up to a 43% decrease in beach area from 1986 to a future with 0.5 m of sea level rise and predict that loggerhead nesting will shift northward and become increasingly crowded on narrowing beaches. An implication of this study is that areas currently protected for large rookeries may not overlap with their future distributions.
Comparative Deterrence from Private Enforcement and Criminal Enforcement of the U.S. Antitrust Laws

This article shows that private enforcement of the U. S. antitrust laws-which usually is derided as essentially worthless-serves as a more important deterrent of anticompetitive behavior than the most esteemed antitrust program in the world, criminal enforcement by the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice. The debate over the value of private antitrust enforcement long has been heavy with self-serving assertions by powerful economic interests, but light on factual evidence. To help fill this void we have been conducting research for several years on a variety of empirical topics. This article develops and then explores the implications of a startling finding. Even those who do not deride private enforcement usually believe its only function is to compensate victims of antitrust violations by modest amounts. Significant deterrence is commonly thought to be the effect only of government enforcement, especially criminal enforcement. Our article's conclusion that the amounts of payouts in private cases are actually staggeringly high-so high that they deter anticompetitive conduct more effectively than the criminal fines and prison sentences resulting from Department of Justice cases-is thus the opposite of the consensus within the antitrust community. Indeed, we hope this article causes many in both the United Sates and in Europe to reevaluate their views as to the overall efficacy of private antitrust enforcement.
Developments of Mindlin-Reissner Plate Elements

Since 1960s, how to develop high-performance plate bending finite elements based on different plate theories has attracted a great deal of attention from finite element researchers, and numerous models have been successfully constructed. Among these elements, the most popular models are usually formulated by two theoretical bases: the Kirchhoff plate theory and the Mindlin-Reissener plate theory. Due to the advantages that only continuity is required and the effect of transverse shear strain can be included, the latter one seems more rational and has obtained more attention. Through abundant works, different types of Mindlin-Reissener plate models emerged in many literatures and have been applied to solve various engineering problems. However, it also brings FEM users a puzzle of how to choose a “right” one. The main purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the development history of the Mindlin-Reissner plate elements, exhibiting the state-of-art in this research field. At the end of the paper, a promising method for developing “shape-free” plate elements is recommended.
A state-space modelling approach to population size estimation

We consider populations of wild animals that are closely monitored over time, by being recaptured on multiple occasions, until finally recovered dead or lost to follow up. We propose a state-space formulation that enables us to estimate, simultaneously: time-varying size, demographic composition and geographical dispersal of an open population. Simulations show that our method is robust to low proportions of monitored individuals. Parameters are estimated with MCMC methods within a fully Bayesian approach and our model is applied to a real population for which we are able to provide new results.
CloudSat-constrained cloud ice water path and cloud top height retrievals from MHS 157 and 183.3 GHz radiances

Abstract. Ice water path (IWP) and cloud top height (ht) are two of the key variables in determining cloud radiative and thermodynamical properties in climate models. Large uncertainty remains among IWP measurements from satellite sensors, in large part due to the assumptions made for cloud microphysics in these retrievals. In this study, we develop a fast algorithm to retrieve IWP from the 157, 183.3 ± 3 and 190.3 GHz radiances of the Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) such that the MHS cloud ice retrieval is consistent with CloudSat IWP measurements. This retrieval is obtained by constraining the empirical forward models between collocated and coincident measurements of CloudSat IWP and MHS cloud-induced radiance depression (Tcir) at these channels. The empirical forward model is represented by a look-up table (LUT) of Tcir–IWP relationships as a function of ht and the frequency channel. With ht simultaneously retrieved, the IWP is found to be more accurate. The useful range of the MHS IWP retrieval is between 0.5 and 10 kg m−2, and agrees well with CloudSat in terms of the normalized probability density function (PDF). Compared to the empirical model, current operational radiative transfer models (RTMs) still have significant uncertainties in characterizing the observed Tcir–IWP relationships. Therefore, the empirical LUT method developed here remains an effective approach to retrieving ice cloud properties from the MHS-like microwave channels.
USE OF SAWDUST IMMOBILISED ON CHITOSAN FOR DISPOSAL OF DYES FROM WATER SOLUTIONS

In this article, the sorption properties of chitosan hydrogel beads, beech sawdust and sawdust immobilised on chitosan in relation to Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Basic Violet 10 (BV10) dyes were compared. In the conducted research, the sorption capacities of the sorbents, sorption pH and the point of zero charge (pHZPC) were determined. For the description of the obtained results, the double Langmuir model has been used. The highest effectiveness of the cationic and anionic dye removal on chitosan hydrogel beads and sawdust immobilised on chitosan was obtained at pH 4, whereas on sawdust, the pH was 3. The best sorbent in relation to the RB5 dye was obtained using chitosan hydrogel beads, and in relation to BV10, it was sawdust. The maximum sorption capacity of chitosan in relation to RB5 was 875.66 mg/g, whereas the sorption capacity of sawdust in relation to BV10 was 30.15 mg/g. The research has shown that the sorbent in the form of sawdust immobilised on chitosan had a high sorption capacity in relation to anionic as well as cationic dyes. Immobilisation of sawdust on chitosan led to the creation of a universal sorbent in relation to cationic and anionic dyes.
An investigation of rapid warm transitions during MIS2 and MIS3 using Greenland ice-core data and the CLIMBER-2 model

Abstract In the search for abetter understanding of the dominant mechanisms of the Earth’s climate system, we present a study of rapid warm-climate transitions to Dansgaard– Oeschger events as seen in the ice cores from the Greenland ice sheet. We present a continuous δ18O record from the Greenland Icecore Project (GRIP) core with a resolution of 5 years until 50 kyr BP and of 20 years until 100 kyr BP. These data are compared with other high-resolution records, i.e. the Greenland Ice Sheet Project II (GISP2) chemistry record (25 years until 50 kyr BP) and the GRIP Ca2+ record (3 years until 100 kyr BP). All records have been transformed to the GISP2 Meese/Sowers time-scale. the high-resolution records are separated into interstadials and stadials, defined by the GRIP and GISP2 δ18O records. We examine in detail the transitions into the Dansgaard–Oeschger events, and propose a scenario for the changes that occur in the different ice-core records during the approximately 50 years the transition takes. Themain difference from previous studies is the much higher-resolution datasets available until 50 kyr BP; previous high-resolution studies by Taylor and others (1997) have focused on only the Younger Dryas/Preboreal transition. the data are compared to model simulations of the Dansgaard–Oeschger events performed with the CLIMBER-2 model of intermediate complexity (Petoukhov and others, 1998 ; Ganopolski and Rahmstorf, 2001).
Dissipation of shear-free turbulence near boundaries

The rapid-distortion model of Hunt & Graham (1978) for the initial distortion of turbulence by a flat boundary is extended to account fully for viscous processes. Two types of boundary are considered: a solid wall and a free surface. The model is shown to be formally valid provided two conditions are satisfied. The first condition is that time is short compared with the decorrelation time of the energy-containing eddies, so that nonlinear processes can be neglected. The second condition is that the viscous layer near the boundary, where tangential motions adjust to the boundary condition, is thin compared with the scales of the smallest eddies. The viscous layer can then be treated using thin-boundary-layer methods. Given these conditions, the distorted turbulence near the boundary is related to the undistorted turbulence, and thence profiles of turbulence dissipation rate near the two types of boundary are calculated and shown to agree extremely well with profiles obtained by Perot & Moin (1993) by direct numerical simulation. The dissipation rates are higher near a solid wall than in the bulk of the flow because the no-slip boundary condition leads to large velocity gradients across the viscous layer. In contrast, the weaker constraint of no stress at a free surface leads to the dissipation rate close to a free surface actually being smaller than in the bulk of the flow. This explains why tangential velocity fluctuations parallel to a free surface are so large. In addition we show that it is the adjustment of the large energy-containing eddies across the viscous layer that controls the dissipation rate, which explains why rapid-distortion theory can give quantitatively accurate values for the dissipation rate. We also find that the dissipation rate obtained from the model evaluated at the time when the model is expected to fail actually yields useful estimates of the dissipation obtained from the direct numerical simulation at times when the nonlinear processes are significant. We conclude that the main role of nonlinear processes is to arrest growth by linear processes of the viscous layer after about one large-eddy turnover time.
High-resolution modeling of gaseous methylamines over a polluted region in China: source-dependent emissions and implications of spatial variations

Abstract. Amines have received increasing attention in recent years because of their potential role in new particle formation in the atmosphere and their impact on aerosol chemistry. High concentrations of amines are expected to be limited to the vicinity of source regions due to their short lifetime, highlighting the necessity of having a better understanding of contributions of emissions from different source types. This study presents the first high-resolution model simulation of concentrations of methylamines on a regional scale over the Yangtze River Delta region in East China. The WRF-Chem with nested grids is used in model simulations. In contrast to the very limited existing modeling studies that assumed a fixed ratio (FR) of amines to total ammonia emission, we derive source-dependent ratios (SDR) that distinguish C1-amine (CH3NH2), C2-amines (C2H7N), C3-amines (C3H9N) emissions from five different source types (agriculture, residential, transportation, chemical industry, and other industry). The amines-to-ammonia mass emission ratios, estimated from previous measurements, are 0.026, 0.0015, 0.0011, 0.0011, and 0.0011 for C1-amine; 0.007, 0.0018, 0.0015, 0.01, and 0.0009 for C2-amines; and 0.0004, 0.0005, 0.00043, 0.0006, and 0.0004 for C3-amines for chemical–industrial, other industrial, agricultural, residential, and transportational sources, respectively. The simulated concentrations of C1-, C2-, and C3-amines, based on both FR and SDR, have been compared with field measurements at a suburban site in Nanjing and at an urban site in Shanghai, China. SDR substantially improves the ability of the model in capturing the observed concentrations of methylamines. Concentrations of C1-, C2-, and C3-amines in the surface layer in the Yangtze River Delta region are generally in the range of 2–20, 5–50, and 0.5–4 pptv. Vertically, the concentrations of C1-, C2-, and C3-amines decrease quickly with altitude, dropping by a factor of ∼10 from the surface to ∼900 hPa. Results from the present study are critical to evaluating potential roles of amines in nucleation and chemical processes in polluted air.
Brand equity in the video game industry Investigating the relationship between perceived brand differentiation and brand loyalty among Generation Y in the Netherlands

This research investigated the role of branding in the video game industry and how perceived brand differentiation influenced brand loyalty among members of Generation Y in the Netherlands. It aims to fill a gap in branding literature investigating the importance of brands in the video game industry. The video game industry is characterized by an oligopolistic structure with Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft remaining as the three main video game console manufacturers in the contemporary market. The present study investigated to what extent the target demographic perceives the three brands as differentiated and to what extent this influences their loyalty towards these brands. A quantitative method was used employing a questionnaire in order to assess participants’ opinions about the brands. Statistical analysis allowed for investigating the linear relationship between perceived brand differentiation and brand loyalty. Results show that there is a relationship between the two concepts, meaning that when a participant scores higher on the differentiation scale indicating more differentiation of the brand, it is likely that participants score higher on the loyalty scale. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the strength of the perceived brand differentiation score could account for nearly 50 percent of the score of brand loyalty for all three brands, indicating a high degree of relatedness between the two concepts. The results also stress that there is a certain causality among brand sources that compose brand equity, implying that marketers can focus their attention on multiple steps in gradually building brand equity. For firms operating in the video game industry, it turns out to be viable to focus on differentiating a brand from the competition in terms of software offered on the console and offering advantages that competing brands do not offer. This is likely to increase brand loyalty among Generation Y consumers in the Netherlands.
On the persistence of grammar in discourse formulas: a variationist study of that

Abstract This article provides evidence that, just as lexical meaning is retained in grammaticization, grammatical conditioning persists in fixed discourse formulas. Despite their high frequency and formulaic status, such formulas are not completely autonomous from the productive constructions from which they emerge. This evidence comes from a variationist analysis of that and zero complementizer in a corpus of spoken Canadian English. Testing syntactic, semantic, and discourse-pragmatic factors proposed to account for the variation, we focus on claims that frequent collocations have developed as discourse formulas. Multivariate analysis shows that, although the variation is largely lexically constrained, that serves to demarcate the boundaries of two clauses with lexical content, while zero tends to occur when the clauses function like a single unit. Moreover, the linguistic conditioning of that in frequent collocations that behave like discourse formulas parallels its conditioning in the general construction. These findings suggest that the principle of semantic retention or persistence should be extended to grammar.