Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CONFRONTING SIMULATIONS OF OPTICALLY THICK GAS IN MASSIVE HALOS WITH OBSERVATIONS AT z = 2–3

Cosmological hydrodynamic simulations predict the physical state of baryons in the circumgalactic medium (CGM), which can be directly tested via quasar absorption line observations. We use high-resolution “zoom-in” simulations of 21 galaxies to characterize the distribution of neutral hydrogen around halos in the mass range Mvir ∼ 2 × 1011 to 4 × 1012 M☉ at z ∼ 2. We find that both the mass fraction of cool (T ⩽ 3 × 104 K) gas and the covering fraction of optically thick Lyman limit systems (LLSs) depend only weakly on halo mass, even around the critical value for the formation of stable virial shocks. The covering fraction of LLSs interior to the virial radius varies between fc ∼ 0.05–0.2, with significant scatter among halos. Our simulations of massive halos (Mvir ⩾ 1012 M☉) underpredict the covering fraction of optically thick gas observed in the quasar CGM by a large factor. The reason for this discrepancy is unclear, but several possibilities are discussed. In the lower mass halos (Mvir ⩾ 5 × 1011 M☉) hosting star-forming galaxies, the predicted covering factor agrees with observations; however, current samples of quasar–galaxy pairs are too small for a conclusive comparison. To overcome this limitation, we propose a new observable: the small-scale autocorrelation function of optically thick absorbers detected in the foreground of close quasar pairs. We show that this new observable can constrain the underlying dark halos hosting LLSs at z ∼ 2–3, as well as the characteristic size and covering factor of the CGM.
The Use of Credit Derivatives and Banks’ Risk Taking Behaviours

Purpose -- Credit derivatives are financial innovations that allow transferring credit risks separately from ownership. There is a common notion that credit derivatives are useful instruments in banks’ credit risk management. However, the current credit crisis has raised a doubt towards the perception that credit derivatives make banks sounder. This research presents empirical evidence about the effects of the use credit derivatives on banks’ risk-taking behaviours.Data and methodology -- The study uses data of 179 large U.S. commercial banks that report to the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, with total assets at the end of 2009 equal or greater than 3 billion dollars. The methodology used is quantitative analysis methods -- the “pooled” OLS regression. Findings -- In consistent with existing literature, the results strengthen the statement that the use of credit derivatives does increase banks’ risk-taking. Particularly, the volume of net credit derivatives bought is the dominant contributor.
Papert ' s Conjecture about the Variability of Piagetian Stages in Computer-Rich Cultures

ideas, and the idea that learning with a computer might change the way other learning takes place. Support ofPapert's conjecture in the case study environment would not of course imply its necessary transfer to classroom settings. However, if his ideas were not supported in the study, the chances of their being substantiated in real classrooms would be very small. The subjects for the study were my two children, aged 9 and 6, when data collection commenced in 1984. They were provided with a home learning environment rich in materials and opportunities for learning about recursion, including an Apple II computer with Logo, a robot turtle and a printer, a teacher well versed in Logo and related issues of learning and teaching, books and other materials, and, as far as possible, unrestricted time for working with these things. The learning
A Clinico-Radiological Correlation of Shoulder Joint Pain Original Article

Background: Shoulder pain is one of the commonest conditions encountered in our orthopedic department. Accurate diagnosis is a must before undertaking any treatment. Since clinical diagnosis cannot make an accurate diagnosis, radiological investigation is necessary to know the exact cause of shoulder pain. There are a wide range of invasive and non-invasive modalities that can be used to investigate these patients. Though MR arthrography is said to be the gold standard for investigating patients with shoulder pain, being invasive and expensive, generally not used as a first line of investigation. Hence non-invasive imaging like USG and conventional MRI should be used. Aims and objectives: To evaluate a patient with shoulder joint pain in terms of: Assessment by Ultrasound as the first line of imaging modality as compared to MRI. Comparing the accuracy of ultrasonography in shoulder joint pathologies by comparing its findings with those of Magnetic Resonance Imaging performed subsequently on the same patient. To delineate pitfalls during image interpretation and limitation of USG and MRI. Methods: Prospective analysis of 30 patients presenting with shoulder pain were included in our study. A pre-formed written consent is also taken. All patients underwent a thorough clinical examination, followed by X-ray (AP) of the affected shoulder, USG of the affected shoulder with comparison of the opposite side and MRI of the affected shoulder for comparison. Results: Ultrasound is equivalent in detection of rotator cuff tears in comparison with MRI. MRI outscores ultrasound in detection of labral tears, cartilaginous lesions and subtle bony lesions. Interpretation and conclusion: USG examination can be used as the first line of investigating a case of shoulder pain as it is inexpensive, real time and allows for comparison with the opposite side. MRI can be used as a confirmatory tool or in problematic cases.
COSMIC VORTICITY AND THE ORIGIN HALO SPINS

In the standard model of cosmology, structure emerges out of a non-rotational flow and the angular momentum of collapsing halos is induced by tidal torques. The growth of angular momentum in the linear and quasi-linear phases is associated with a shear, curl-free, flow and it is well described within the linear framework of tidal torque theory (TTT). However, TTT ceases to be applicable as halos approach turnaround when their ambient flow field becomes rotational. Subsequently, halos become embedded in a vortical flow field and the growth of their angular momentum is affected by the vorticity of their ambient velocity field. Using a cosmological simulation, we have examined the importance of the curl of the velocity field in determining halo spin, finding a significant alignment between the two: the vorticity tends to be perpendicular to the axis of the fastest collapse of the velocity shear tensor (e1). This is independent of halo masses and cosmic web environment. Our results agree with previous findings on the tendency of halo spin to be perpendicular to e1, and of the spin of (simulated) halos and (observed) galaxies to be aligned with the large-scale structure. It follows that angular momentum growth proceeds in two distinct phases. First, the angular momentum emerges out of a shear, curl-free, potential flow, as described by TTT. In the second phase, in which halos approach virialization, the angular momentum emerges out of a vortical flow and halo spin becomes partially aligned with the vorticity of the ambient flow field.
A comprehensive, application-oriented study of catastrophic forgetting in DNNs

We present a large-scale empirical study of catastrophic forgetting (CF) in modern Deep Neural Network (DNN) models that perform sequential (or: incremental) learning. A new experimental protocol is proposed that enforces typical constraints encountered in application scenarios. As the investigation is empirical, we evaluate CF behavior on the hitherto largest number of visual classification datasets, from each of which we construct a representative number of Sequential Learning Tasks (SLTs) in close alignment to previous works on CF. Our results clearly indicate that there is no model that avoids CF for all investigated datasets and SLTs under application conditions. We conclude with a discussion of potential solutions and workarounds to CF, notably for the EWC and IMM models.
MAGIC DISCOVERY OF VERY HIGH ENERGY EMISSION FROM THE FSRQ PKS 1222+21

Very high energy (VHE) γ-ray emission from the flat spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) PKS 1222+21 (4C 21.35, z = 0.432) was detected with the MAGIC Cherenkov telescopes during a short observation (∼0.5 hr) performed on 2010 June 17. The MAGIC detection coincides with high-energy MeV/GeV γ-ray activity measured by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi satellite. The VHE spectrum measured by MAGIC extends from about 70 GeV up to at least 400 GeV and can be well described by a power-law dN/dE ∝ E−Γ with a photon index Γ = 3.75 ± 0.27stat ± 0.2syst. The averaged integral flux above 100 GeV is (4.6 ± 0.5) × 10−10 cm−2 s−1 (∼1 Crab Nebula flux). The VHE flux measured by MAGIC varies significantly within the 30 minute exposure implying a flux doubling time of about 10 minutes. The VHE and MeV/GeV spectra, corrected for the absorption by the extragalactic background light (EBL), can be described by a single power law with photon index 2.72 ± 0.34 between 3 GeV and 400 GeV, and is consistent with emission belonging to a single component in the jet. The absence of a spectral cutoff constrains the γ-ray emission region to lie outside the broad-line region, which would otherwise absorb the VHE γ-rays. Together with the detected fast variability, this challenges present emission models from jets in FSRQs. Moreover, the combined Fermi/LAT and MAGIC spectral data yield constraints on the density of the EBL in the UV–optical to near-infrared range that are compatible with recent models.
03 83 v 2 [ he pph ] 1 1 O ct 2 01 4 Factorized power expansion for high-p T heavy quarkonium production

We show that when the factorized cross section for heavy quarkonium production includes next-toleading power (NLP) contributions associated with the production of the heavy quark pair at short distances, it naturally reproduces all high pT results calculated in nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization. This extended formalism requires fragmentation functions for heavy quark pairs, as well as for light partons. When these fragmentation functions are themselves calculated using NRQCD, we find that two of the four leading NRQCD production channels, S [1] 1 and S [8] 0 , are dominated by the NLP contributions for a very wide pT range. The large next-to-leading order corrections of NRQCD are absorbed into the leading order of the first power correction. The impact of this finding on heavy quarkonium production and its polarization is discussed.
Frontshear and backshear instabilities of the mean longshore current

An analytical model based on Bowen and Holman [1989] is used to prove the existence of instabilities due to the presence of a second extremum of the background vorticity at the front side of the longshore current. The growth rate of the so-called frontshear waves depends primarily upon the frontshear but also upon the backshear and the maximum and the width of the current. Depending on the values of these parameters, either the frontshear or the backshear instabilities may dominate. Both types of waves have a cross-shore extension of the order of the width of the current, but the frontshear modes are localized closer to the coast than are the backshear modes. Moreover, under certain conditions both unstable waves have similar growth rates with close wave numbers and angular frequencies, leading to the possibility of having modulated shear waves in the alongshore direction. Numerical analysis performed on realistic current profiles confirm the behavior anticipated by the analytical model. The theory has been applied to a current profile fitted to data measured during the 1980 Nearshore Sediment Transport Studies experiment at Leadbetter Beach that has an extremum of background vorticity at the front side of the current. In this case and in agreement with field observations, the model predicts instability, whereas the theory based only on backshear instability failed to do so.
The Effect of Ultra-High Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Reparative Osteogenesis and Angiogene

Background: The use of non-medicinal facilities of correcting processes of bone tissue regeneration for various pathological conditions is one of the most urgent problems of modern medicine. Purpose of the study: To study the efficiency of using low-intensive ultra-high frequency electromagnetic radiation in order to promote reparative osteogenesis and angiogenesis during fracture treatment under transosseous osteosynthesis making a qualitative and quantitative morphological analysis. Materials and methods: Tibial fracture was modeled in the experiment on rats in control and experimental groups with reposition and fixation of the bone fragments. In experimental animals the fracture zone was exposed to low intensity electromagnetic radiation of ultra-high frequency. Exposure simulation was performed in the control group. The operated bones were examined using radiography, light and electronic microscopy, X-ray electron probe microanalysis. Results: Electromagnetic radiation of ultra-high frequency in fracture treatment was proved to stimulate secretory activity and degranulation of mast cells, to produce the increase in microcirculatory bed vascular permeability, endotheliocyte migration phenotype expression, to ensure endovascular endothelial outgrowth, to activate reparative osteogenesis and angiogenesis while fracture reparation becomes one of the primary type and of a short-term duration. The content of bone tissue in the zone of fracture has been demonstrated to exceed the control values by 74%, 89% and 75%, respectively, 7, 14 and 28 days after surgery when exposed to low-intensive electromagnetic radiation of ultra-high frequency. Conclusion: Mast cell secretory activity stimulation and endovascular angiogenesis activation is one of the therapeutic action mechanisms of ultra-high frequency electromagnetic radiation during fracture treatment.
The Greek sovereign debt: Are there really any options?

Debt Overhang is a controversial issue in the eurozone countries and is considered as one of the factors which created the current economic crisis. How to deal with sovereign debt has been debated both at the theoretical and policy making level. This paper looks at the Greek debt and four options are discussed: (a) unilateral default (b) unilaterally imposed austerity measures (c) restructuring through negotiating and (d) a tax on wealth to pay for the debt. Optimal options depend on the borrowing rate, debt maturity and debt haircut.
DETECTION OF VERY HIGH ENERGY γ-RAY EMISSION FROM THE PERSEUS CLUSTER HEAD–TAIL GALAXY IC 310 BY THE MAGIC TELESCOPES

We report on the detection with the MAGIC telescopes of very high energy (VHE) γ-rays from IC 310, a head–tail radio galaxy in the Perseus galaxy cluster, observed during the interval 2008 November to 2010 February. The Fermi satellite has also detected this galaxy. The source is detected by MAGIC at a high statistical significance of 7. 6σ in 20.6 hr of stereo data. The observed spectral energy distribution is flat with a differential spectral index of −2.00 ± 0.14. The mean flux above 300 GeV, between 2009 October and 2010 February, (3.1 ± 0.5) × 10−12 cm-2 s−1, corresponds to (2.5 ± 0.4)% of Crab Nebula units. Only an upper limit, of 1.9% of Crab Nebula units above 300 GeV, was obtained with the 2008 data. This, together with strong hints (>3σ) of flares in the middle of 2009 October and November, implies that the emission is variable. The MAGIC results favor a scenario with the VHE emission originating from the inner jet close to the central engine. More complicated models than a simple one-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) scenario, e.g., multi-zone SSC, external Compton, or hadronic, may be required to explain the very flat spectrum and its extension over more than three orders of magnitude in energy.
Word count : 10062 Eco city development in China : addressing the policy implementation challenge

Over the last few decades, China has seen a steep r is in diverse eco city and low carbon city policies. Recently, attention has begun to focus on the perceived shortcomings in the practical delivery of related initiatives, with several publi cations suggesting a gap between ambitious policy goals and the emerging realities of the newl y built environment. To probe this further,
‘The murderous civilisation’: anarchist geographies, ethnography and cultural differences in the works of Élie Reclus

This article, based on primary sources, addresses the early anarchist ethnography of Élie Reclus (brother of the more famous French geographer Élisée Reclus), placing it in the context of anarchist geographers’ elaboration of the theory of mutual aid, as well as in the construction of a scientific discourse opposed to racism, colonialism and Eurocentrism recently addressed by international literature on this group. Drawing on the double critical frame of present-day anarchist anthropologies and cultural geographies addressing the debates on otherness, postcolonialism and differences, this article analyses an early but radical attempt to build a scientific discourse on empathy and understanding of different cultural standpoints in the political context of an explicit denunciation of colonial crimes by all nations of European culture, as well as scientists’ complicity therein. I argue that European science at the time of imperialism and evolutionism was not a homogeneous field but a battlefield where heterodox and nonconformist thinkers tried to develop different discourses in order to build cultures of solidarity linked to a consistent political action.
Polarization Scattering Property of Cascaded Polarization Controllers

The relation between the allowed range of variation of polarization controller wave‐plates angles and the respective polarization scattering properties is investigated. It is demonstrated that a nearly uniform polarization scattering over the Poincaré sphere is obtained using a concatenation of three polarization controllers with angles randomly changed between ‐π/4 and π/4. It is also shown that an improvement of the scattering properties is obtained if the configuration angles are allowed to change between ‐π/2 and π/2.
The Effect of Dietary Black Cumin Seeds (Nigella Sativa L.) on the Performance of Broilers

Three hundred and sixty sexed 3-day-old broiler chicks were divided randomly into six treatment groups (control, antibiotic and black cumin at four levels) of 60 birds each. Black cumin seeds at 0.5%, 1%, 2% or 3% and avilamycin at 10 mg/kgt were added to the basal diet and their effects determined on feed intake, daily live weight gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass characteristics. There were no significant differences in daily feed intake at 21 and 42 days (p>0.05). Average daily gain was significantly different between the treatments. The birds fed the diet containing 1% black cumin seeds and antibiotic were the highest average daily gain, followed by those the other treatment diets and negative control (p<0.05). From 1 to 42 days of age, feed conversion ratios were improved significantly by supplementation with 1% black cumin seeds and with antibiotic (p<0.05) by approximately 5% compared to the control group. Similarly, the highest cold carcass, thigh, breast, wing, neck and liver weights were observed in the 1% black cumin and antibiotic groups (p<0.05). Accordingly, 1% supplementation of black cumin seeds to diets could be considered as an alternative natural growth promoter for poultry instead of antibiotics. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2006. Vol 19, No. 3 : 425-430)
Means testing and tax rates on earnings

Mike Brewer is Director of the Direct Tax and Welfare Research Programme at the IFS and a Research Affiliate of the National Poverty Center at the University of Michigan. His main research interests are in the impact of welfare reform and the personal tax and benefit system on families with children. He has evaluated the labour market impact of the working families’ tax credit, and the impact of a time-limited in-work programme for lone parents in the UK. He has written widely about the current UK government’s ambition to eradicate child poverty.
ATINER ' s Conference Paper Series ECO 2018-2544

This paper focuses on monetary policy transmission through the bank lending channel in the euro zone. We analyze the relationship between output, inflation, short-term and long-term interest rates, and bank loans. In addition, based on recent concerns of rising deficits and debt we include three variables that capture fiscal vulnerability. Using quarterly data from 2002 to 2016 for the original twelve members of the euro zone (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain) we estimate a panel vector auto regression and examine impulse responses and variance decompositions. Our results show that tight monetary policy leads to an expected decline in output, but surprisingly, raises prices. We also find that the high deficits and debt burdens affect monetary policy transmission for the euro zone-12 countries. Overall, our results suggest that the euro zone is at best, only partially functioning as a cohesive unit.
Testing and modifying a tool to measure nurses ’ beliefs about aromatherapy

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Soft-Pion theorems for large scale structure

Consistency relations — which relate an N-point function to a squeezed (N+1)-point function — are useful in large scale structure (LSS) because of their non-perturbative nature: they hold even if the N-point function is deep in the nonlinear regime, and even if they involve astrophysically messy galaxy observables. The non-perturbative nature of the consistency relations is guaranteed by the fact that they are symmetry statements, in which the velocity plays the role of the soft pion. In this paper, we address two issues: (1) how to derive the relations systematically using the residual coordinate freedom in the Newtonian gauge, and relate them to known results in ζ-gauge (often used in studies of inflation); (2) under what conditions the consistency relations are violated. In the non-relativistic limit, our derivation reproduces the Newtonian consistency relation discovered by Kehagias & Riotto and Peloso & Pietroni. More generally, there is an infinite set of consistency relations, as is known in ζ-gauge. There is a one-to-one correspondence between symmetries in the two gauges; in particular, the Newtonian consistency relation follows from the dilation and special conformal symmetries in ζ-gauge. We probe the robustness of the consistency relations by studying models of galaxy dynamics and biasing. We give a systematic list of conditions under which the consistency relations are violated; violations occur if the galaxy bias is non-local in an infrared divergent way. We emphasize the relevance of the adiabatic mode condition, as distinct from symmetry considerations. As a by-product of our investigation, we discuss a simple fluid Lagrangian for LSS.