Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Loss of memory for people following temporal lobe damage.

A 40-yr-old woman, K.S. , is reported, who shows a severe loss of memory for people following a history of epilepsy and right anterior temporal lobectomy. Despite this memory problem, K.S. is not clinically amnesic, has a Memory Quotient of 122 on the Wechsler Memory Scale in line with her IQ of 119, and performs well on conventional tests of recognition and recall. She does not have a generalized semantic memory deficit for living things, but her deficit extends beyond people to include famous animals, buildings and product names. Autobiographical memory is good, except where memory for people is concerned. The nature of the memory store that is impaired in K.S. is discussed, as are the implications of her case for theories of the organization of long-term memory.
Proliferating neuronal progenitors in the postnatal hippocampus transiently express the proneural gene Ngn2

Little is known of the transcription factors expressed by adult neural progenitors produced in the hippocampal neurogenic niche. Here, we study the expression of the proneural basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factor Neurogenin‐2 (Ngn2) in the adult hippocampus. We have characterized the pattern of expression of Ngn2 in the adult hippocampus using immunostaining for Ngn2 protein and a Ngn2‐green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter mouse strain. A significant proportion of Ngn2‐expressing cells were mitotically active. Ngn2‐GFP expression was restricted to the subgranular zone and declined with age. Neuronal markers were used to determine the phenotype of Ngn2‐expressing cells. The vast majority of Ngn2‐GFP‐positive cells expressed the immature neuronal markers, doublecortin (DCX) and polysialic acid‐neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA‐NCAM). Finally, the pattern of Ngn2 expression was studied following seizure induction. Our data show an increase in neurogenesis, detected in these animals by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and DCX staining that was contemporaneous with a marked increase in Ngn2‐GFP‐expression. Taken together, our results show that Ngn2‐GFP represents a specific marker for neurogenesis and its modulation in the adult hippocampus. Ngn2 transient expression in proliferating neuronal progenitors supports the idea that it plays a significant role in adult neurogenesis.
The Toronto and Philadelphia Mindfulness Scales: Associations with Satisfaction with Life and Health-Related Symptoms

The treatment efficacy of mindfulness for improved quality of life and health-related symptoms has reliably been found in the literature. Questionnaires have been developed to assess both state mindfulness (Toronto Mindfulness Scale, TMS) and trait mindfulness (Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale, PHLMS). The objective of this study was to directly compare state and trait mindfulness measures to self-reported satisfaction with life and health outcomes. Healthy adults (n= 28) completed self-report questionnaires assessing mindfulness, a Satisfaction with Life Scale and a health outcome measure (Symptom Checklist 90-revised) prior to and after undergoing a 10-week mindfulness meditation intervention program. Correlational analyses between the mindfulness measures and outcome measures clearly demonstrated the association between the PHLMS Acceptance subscale and reductions in symptom severity r(26)= -. 46, p= . 015. These results suggest that a trait mindfulness measure (i.e., PHLMS) can detect change in mindfulness that is associated with health outcome measures whereas the state-like mindfulness (i.e., TMS) did not.
Biomechanical and Histologic Evaluation of the Norian Craniofacial Repair System and Norian Craniofacial Repair System Fast Set Putty in the Long-Term Reconstruction of Full-Thickness Skull Defects in a Sheep Model

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term (12 months) strength and osteoconductive properties of two forms of carbonated calcium phosphate cements (i.e., the Norian Craniofacial Repair System and Norian Craniofacial Repair System Fast Set Putty) and to compare these two bone cement forms to an autogenous cranial bone graft in a full-thickness skull defect adult sheep model. Method: Twenty-six sheep were assigned to one of eight groups (n = 3 per group). A 4.5-cm2 full-thickness defect was created in the right and left parietal bones. Reconstruction was performed with a full-thickness cranial bone autograft, the Craniofacial Repair System, or Fast Set Putty. Skull samples were harvested at day 1, 6 months, and 12 months. Biomechanical testing was performed using a vertical drop test. Results: Although the Craniofacial Repair System and Fast Set Putty osseointegrated fully, there was little osteoconduction at 12 months. The Craniofacial Repair System was the weakest reconstruction, presenting the lowest peak force transmission and the highest displacement at 12 months. Fast Set Putty showed significantly higher values for peak force transmission and lower displacement when compared with the Craniofacial Repair System. Conclusions: The Craniofacial Repair System progressively lost strength over the course of this study. Fast Set Putty demonstrated greater strength and rigidity than the Craniofacial Repair System. Both implants had limited bone ingrowth from defect borders, but both cements osteointegrated completely. Bone grafts regained biostructural characteristics and strength similar to those of intact bone and clinically performed the same in this sheep model.
Characteristics of Injuries in Motorcycle-to-Barrier Collisions in Maryland

Motorcycle-to-barrier collisions are more serious than many other motorcycle crash modes, such as collisions with only the ground or passenger cars. To identify the potential need for design improvements to traffic barriers to reduce the severity of these crashes, the injuries incurred during these collisions must first be understood better. The objective of the study was to determine the type, relative frequency, and severity of injuries incurred in motorcycle-to-barrier crashes in Maryland. The Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) was used to analyze motorcycle crashes in Maryland from 2006 to 2008. CODES links police-reported crashes to hospital data, providing detailed information about injuries incurred during collision. This study focused on four crash modes for motorcyclists: single-vehicle barrier collisions, single-vehicle fixed-object collisions, multivehicle collisions, and single-vehicle overturn-only collisions. The most commonly injured body regions for all motorcycle crashes were the upper or lower extremities or both; more than 70% of motorcyclists involved in crashes analyzed suffered an injury to the upper or lower extremities or both. Motorcyclists involved in barrier collisions were 2.15 (95% CI: 1.17 to 3.92) times more likely to suffer serious injury to the thorax than were motorcyclists involved in overturn-only collisions. Additionally, the risk of rib fracture was increased for barrier and other fixed-object collisions, compared with that of multivehicle collisions. The relative risk of rib fracture compared with risk in multivehicle collisions was 1.99 (95% CI: 1.17 to 3.40) in barrier collisions and 2.32 (95% CI: 1.62 to 3.33) in other fixed-object collisions.
SINGLE-TREATMENT PORCINE ZONA PELLUCIDA IMMUNOCONTRACEPTION ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCTION OF A POPULATION OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)

Abstract: Previous reports have demonstrated gradual reductions of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations through immunocontraception, with stabilization occurring after 2–4 yr of treatment, and subsequent reductions of 6–10% annually. These studies employed porcine zona pellucida (PZP) vaccines that required two initial treatments and annual retreatments. From 2005 to 2010, 258 adult and yearling female deer on Fripp Island, South Carolina, were treated with one of several PZP preparations designed to produce 2+ yr of effective contraception with a single treatment. These included several preparations of SpayVac® and of native PZP-adjuvant emulsion plus PZP and QA-21 in timed-release pellets. Deer were chemically immobilized, ear-tagged, and administered initial treatments by hand in February–March. Some treated deer were boosted remotely with PZP-adjuvant emulsion 1.5–4.5 yr after initial treatments. Ground-based distance sampling was used to estimate deer population density at Fripp Island, a resort community, and at a relatively undeveloped neighboring control site, Hunting Island. Most vaccine preparations tested reduced fawning rates by 75% to 95% for at least 1 yr. From 2005 to 2011, deer density on Fripp Island declined by 50%, from 72 deer/km2 to 36 deer/km2, an average annual reduction of 11%. In contrast, population density on the Hunting Island control site fluctuated between 2005 and 2011, averaging 23 deer/km2 (range, 19–28 deer/km2). Population declines on Fripp Island were associated with an increase in the proportion of treated females and with a progressive decrease in winter fawn:doe ratios, from 1.21 fawns/doe in 2005 to 0.19 fawns/doe in 2010. Winter fawn:doe ratios averaged 1.36 fawns/doe (range, 0.84–1.62 fawns/doe) at the Hunting Island control site. Annual survivorship averaged approximately 79% among ear-tagged females. The rate at which deer populations diminished in association with PZP treatments on Fripp Island was higher than that seen at other study sites, although the reasons for the more rapid decline on Fripp Island are not well understood.
Electrophysiological insights into control over recollection

Electrophysiological correlates of successful episodic retrieval were measured in an experiment where participants switched frequently between two different episodic retrieval conditions. They completed three trials of each condition before switching to the other condition. The key contrasts were between neural indices of successful retrieval that were separated according to the number of successive trials of the same condition that had been completed. An electrophysiological correlate of recollection––the left-parietal event-related potential (ERP) old/new effect––was smaller on the first and second trial than on the third successive trial that participants completed for each condition. This ERP old/new effect is assumed to index the extent to which recollection has occurred, and this outcome suggests that control over recovery of task-relevant episodic content is compromised when additional cognitive demands are imposed around the time of retrieval.
Regional ventilation and distribution of emphysema – a quantitative comparison

The distribution of ventilation and emphysema throughout the lung was compared in 20 emphysematous patients who were candidates for lung volume reduction surgery. Ventilation distribution among 1·6‐cm‐high stripe regions was obtained in supine position by planar gamma camera scintigraphy after inhalation of technegas®. Results from nine healthy subjects provided normal stripe count rates. Patient count rates were expressed as the difference from predicted normal stripe count rate (ΔSVI). Thus, ΔSVI is a relative index of abnormal ventilation. Emphysema was assessed quantitatively by a density mask method on corresponding slices of high resolution computed tomography (HRCT). The results show that in the majority of patients, there is a highly significant relationship between the degree of stripe hypoventilation and the amount of distribution of emphysema, but in some patients no such relationship is found. We speculate that the distribution of airway obstruction not necessarily follows the distribution of emphysema, which could explain the lack of concordance between ventilation and emphysema distribution in some patients. We conclude that ventilation scintigraphy contains complementary information to lung HRCT.
The Neurologist in Dante's Inferno

The year 2015 marks the 750th birth anniversary of the Italian poet Dante Alighieri (1265-1321). It is less known that Dante had a sound level of medical knowledge, probably derived by his academic studies. In his works, medieval notions of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology (e.g. the connection between brain and spinal cord, function of optic nerve and peripheral nerves, knowledge of vegetative nervous system) and descriptions of neurological disorders (e.g. epileptic seizures, effects on nervous system by metal intoxication, and narcolepsy) may be found, specially in the Inferno, the first part of his masterpiece, the Divine Comedy. These accurate descriptions have led some authors to believe that the poet himself may have suffered from a neurological disease (epilepsy or hypersomnia). Damned souls of the Inferno seem to be also afflicted by psychiatric disorders, such as melancholia and depression. The analysis of Dante's works confirms that poetry - as well as literature in general - may be an important source of information for historians of neurology.
Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in head and neck reconstruction: An experience in 100 consecutive cases

Background: The pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap has been used as a versatile and reliable flap since its first description by Ariyan in 1979. In India head and neck cancer patients usually present in the advanced stage making PMMC flap a viable option for reconstruction. Although free flap using microvascular technique is the standard of care, its use is limited by the availability of expertise and resources in developing world. The aim of this study is to identify the outcomes associated with PMMC flap reconstruction. Patients and Methods: After ethical approval we retrospectively analyzed 100 PMMC flap at a tertiary care hospital from 2006 to 2013. A total of 137 PMMC flap reconstructions were performed out of which follow-up data of 100 cases were available in our record. Results: A total of 100 patients were reviewed of these 86% were of oral cavity and oropharyngeal lesions, 8% were of hypopharyngeal, 3% were of laryngeal malignancies and 3 cases were of salivary gland tumor. Most tumors (83%) were advanced (T3 or T4 lesion). 95 PMMC flap reconstruction were done as a primary procedure, and 5 were salvage procedure. PMMC flap was used to cover mucosal defect in 84 patients, skin defects in 10 patient and both in 6 patients. Overall flap related complications were 40% with a major complication in 10% and minor complications in 30%. No total flap loss occurred in any patient, major flap occurred in 6% and minor flap loss in 12%. In minor flap loss patients, necrotic changes were mostly limited to skin. Orocutaneous and pharyngocutaneous fistula developed in 12 patients. 10% patients required re-surgery after developing various flap related complications Pleural empyema developed in 3 patients. Other minor complications such as neck skin dehiscence and intra-oral flap dehiscence developed in 26 patients. Conclusion: PMMC flap is a versatile flap with an excellent reach to face oral cavity and neck region. With limited expertise and resources, it is still a workhorse flap in head and neck reconstruction.
Microwave Power and Phase Measurements on a Recirculating Planar Magnetron

Calibrated microwave power and phase measurements are presented for the first recirculating planar magnetron prototype consisting of two coupled six-cavity 1-GHz planar cavity arrays. The results are presented for a solid cathode and two mode-control cathodes (MCCs) with aluminum or velvet electron emitters. The measurements were conducted using a prototype coaxial microwave power extraction scheme. The experimental operating parameters included: pulsed cathode voltages between -250 and -300 kV, voltage pulselengths of 200-600 μs, axial magnetic fields of 0.1-0.32 T, and entrance currents of 1-10 kA. The results showed improved oscillator frequency locking for the MCCs and increases in power and efficiency using the velvet electron emitter.
Short stature in Scandinavian women. An obstetrical risk factor.

We have carried out a case-controlled study on relations between short stature (i.e. less than 156 cm tall) and problems with childbirth in Danish women. Data obtained from 182 pregnant, short women (short mothers) were compared with those obtained from a control group of 2116 pregnant women who were between 166 and 175 cm tall (control mothers). The prevalence rate for acute cesarean section was three-fold greater in short mothers than in controls, and the prevalence rate for elective cesarean section was twice as high in short mothers as in controls. Moreover, the prevalence rates of intra-uterine asphyxia, intra-uterine growth retardation and low Apgar scores were higher in babies of short mothers than in those of control mothers, despite the increased level of obstetric intervention in the former group. Since the findings show that short stature in pregnant women is an obstetrical risk factor, we recommend that it should be given attention in order to detect early signs of intra-uterine asphyxia and to apply the best form of active management of labor if necessary.
Meat safety consequences of implementing visual postmortem meat inspection procedures in Danish slaughter pigs

The consequences of a change from a traditional meat inspection procedure, including manual handling, palpation and incision, to an entirely visual postmortem meat inspection procedure in Danish slaughter pigs were assessed by a comparative study of the two methods in 183,383 slaughter pigs. Out of 58 lesion codes (selected with a prevalence ≥5.5 x 10−5), 26 (45 per cent) were assessed either as merely aesthetic or as the healed stage of an earlier lesion and nine (15 per cent) as active, but local processes, occurring only in non-edible tissue. Five lesion codes (9 per cent) were assessed as active, nonabscessal processes occurring in edible tissue, caused by swine-specific pathogens and 10 (17 per cent) were abscessal or pyaemic lesions occurring in edible tissue. Seven lesion codes (12 per cent) may be associated with consumer health hazards (two frequently and five rarely), and one with occupational health hazards. It was estimated that per 1000 carcases, an additional 2 5 with abscessal or pyaemic lesions (in edible tissue) containing Staphylococcus aureus, 4 x 10−4 containing ochratoxin, 0.2 with arthritis due to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, 0.1 with caseous lymphadenitis, 0.7 faecally contaminated with Salmonella species, and 3.4 faecally contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica would remain undetected as a result of changing from the traditional to the visual inspection procedure. Two valuable reasons for implementing a visual control system are the potential for decreased cross-contamination (no handling, cutting and incision) and reduced inspection costs. The resources released as a result may be reallocated to hygiene and surveillance programmes.
Fingerprint Recognition: Enhancement, Feature Extraction and Automatic Evaluation of Algorithms

The identification of people by measuring some traits of individual anatomy or physiology has led to a specific research area called biometric recognition. This thesis is focused on improving fingerprint recognition systems considering three important problems: fingerprint enhancement, fingerprint orientation extraction and automatic evaluation of fingerprint algorithms. An effective extraction of salient fingerprint features depends on the quality of the input fingerprint. If the fingerprint is very noisy, we are not able to detect a reliable set of features. A new fingerprint enhancement method, which is both iterative and contextual, is proposed. This approach detects high-quality regions in fingerprints, selectively applies contextual filtering and iteratively expands like wildfire toward low-quality ones. A precise estimation of the orientation field would greatly simplify the estimation of other fingerprint features (singular points, minutiae) and improve the performance of a fingerprint recognition system. The fingerprint orientation extraction is improved following two directions. First, after the introduction of a new taxonomy of fingerprint orientation extraction methods, several variants of baseline methods are implemented and, pointing out the role of pre- and post- processing, we show how to improve the extraction. Second, the introduction of a new hybrid orientation extraction method, which follows an adaptive scheme, allows to improve significantly the orientation extraction in noisy fingerprints. Scientific papers typically propose recognition systems that integrate many modules and therefore an automatic evaluation of fingerprint algorithms is needed to isolate the contributions that determine an actual progress in the state-of-the-art. The lack of a publicly available framework to compare fingerprint orientation extraction algorithms, motivates the introduction of a new benchmark area called FOE (including fingerprints and manually-marked orientation ground-truth) along with fingerprint matching benchmarks in the FVC-onGoing framework. The success of such framework is discussed by providing relevant statistics: more than 1450 algorithms submitted and two international competitions.
Hierarchy, Dominance, and Deliberation

Hierarchy and dominance are ubiquitous. Because social hierarchy is early learned and highly rehearsed, the value of hierarchy enjoys relative ease over competing egalitarian values. In six studies, we interfere with deliberate thinking and measure endorsement of hierarchy and egalitarianism. In Study 1, bar patrons’ blood alcohol content was correlated with hierarchy preference. In Study 2, cognitive load increased the authority/hierarchy moral foundation. In Study 3, low-effort thought instructions increased hierarchy endorsement and reduced equality endorsement. In Study 4, ego depletion increased hierarchy endorsement and caused a trend toward reduced equality endorsement. In Study 5, low-effort thought instructions increased endorsement of hierarchical attitudes among those with a sense of low personal power. In Study 6, participants’ thinking quickly allocated more resources to high-status groups. Across five operationalizations of impaired deliberative thought, hierarchy endorsement increased and egalitarianism receded. These data suggest hierarchy may persist in part because it has a psychological advantage.
1 BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF HYPERMUTATION BY THE DEOXYCYTIDINE DEAMINASE APOBEC 3 A

CAPSULE Background: The single-stranded (ss)DNA cytosine deaminase activity of the HIV restriction factor APOBEC3A was analyzed. Results: APOBEC3A does not deaminate ssDNA with high processivity. Conclusion: Deamination motif and not processivity appears more important for mutational inactivation of HIV. APOBEC3A may deaminate genomic DNA during transcription. Significance: Genomic DNA may undergo enzymatic deoxycytosine deamination as a cost for a deamination-based viral restriction mechanism.