Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Stakeholder Perspective on Buyer–Supplier Conflict

This study seeks to investigate how stakeholder power and an organization's pursuit of legitimacy influence its reaction to conflict with a supplier. We conducted an empirical study among travel agents and tour operators to test the relationship between conflict and stakeholder power and legitimacy derived from three different stakeholders. Our findings imply that power has a dual role. Whereas supplier power reduces buyer–supplier conflict, stakeholder power increases it. Moreover, this study shows that the quest to achieve greater legitimacy from the firm's competitive arena increases conflict. This study is one of the few that test stakeholder theory empirically. We demonstrate that stakeholder theory provides additional explanations above the hitherto taken dyadic approach toward understanding conflict. This study also shows that power can simultaneously reduce and increase conflict depending on which party possesses power. Greater supplier power decreases conflict, while greater stakeholder power and stakeholder-derived legitimacy increases it. Therefore, organizations have to balance their stakeholder and supplier interests.
The immunological era in melanoma treatment: new challenges for heat shock protein-based vaccine in the advanced disease

Introduction: Tumor-derived heat shock protein (HSP)–peptide complexes (HSPPCs) induced immunity against malignancies in preclinical trials, working across tumor types and bypassing the need to identify single immunogenic peptides. These results paved the way for the use of human gp96 obtained from autologous tumor samples as an anti-cancer vaccine. Areas covered: Autologous tumor-derived HSP gp96 peptide complex (HSPPC-96) vaccine is emerging as a tumor- and patient-specific cancer vaccine, with confirmed activity in several malignancies. It has been tested in Phase III clinical trials in advanced melanoma and kidney cancer with evidence for efficacy in patients with earlier stage disease. HSPPC-96-based vaccine demonstrated an excellent safety profile, thus emerging as a novel therapeutic approach with a suggestive role in cancer therapy. This review summarizes work on the use of HSPPC-96 as an autologous anti-tumor vaccine in advanced melanoma. Data were retrieved by PubMed and Medline research and using the authors' personal experience. Expert opinion: Further investigations are needed to understand the biological basis of immune functions in order to improve the clinical outcome of HSP-based cancer therapy. In the near future, the combination of HSP-based vaccines with other biological compounds might represent a successful strategy in the therapy of advanced melanoma.
MARKET ORIENTATION AND PERFORMANCE OF LARGE PROPERTY COMPANIES IN HONG KONG

It has long been asserted that market orientation is not necessary for property developers in Hong Kong because the market is basically a seller's market, even though many academicians believe that market orientation is the prerequisite for the successful operation of any company. To test this assertion empirically, this study looked into the nature of the correlational relationship between market orientation and company performance using sample data from large property companies in Hong Kong. A modified version of Kotler's questionnaire for measuring the extent of market orientation was used. The results showed that there is no significant correlational relationship between market orientation and business performance. In other words, there is no significant difference in the financial performance of companies that are market oriented and those that are not market oriented.
Transfer of HRM practices across cultures: An American company in Scotland

This paper reports the findings of a case study into human resource management (HRM) policies and practices of the Scottish subsidiary of an American multinational firm. The study is discussed within the debate on transfer of HRM practices between nations, and on subsidiary - parent company relationships. The paper makes a distinction between HRM policy on the one hand, and HRM practice on the other. It will be argued that whereas companies might find it feasible to have company-wide policies , they might find it unavoidable to be responsive to local conditions when it comes to HRM practices . Further, it will be argued that some practices can be transferred across nations almost without any change from one country to another. Some must be modified to become workable in another setting. And some are more deeply culture-specific and may not always be transferable. The findings of the study support the argument that multinational companies' management practices are more prone to local cultural influences th.
Descriptive epidemiology of agranulocytosis.

BACKGROUND To determine the incidence of agranulocytosis, a descriptive epidemiologic study was performed. METHODS With the use of computerized Medicaid billing data from 1980 through 1985 from Minnesota, Michigan, and Florida, the ratio of persons hospitalized with a discharge diagnosis of neutropenia to persons with any claim for medical service was first used as an estimate of the incidence rate of the condition. Patients with cancer and patients receiving cytotoxic and immunosuppressive drugs were excluded. The information provided by a review of medical records for a subset of neutropenia cases was used to determine the proportion with neutropenia after excluding cases with recurrent or chronic neutropenia, and to determine the proportion with agranulocytosis. RESULTS The incidence rates (95% confidence intervals) of agranulocytosis, excluding recurrent or chronic disease, were 2.3 (1.4 to 3.7), 7.7 (6.6 to 8.9), and 15.4 (11.3 to 20.4) per million per year in each state, respectively. The overall incidence was 7.2 (6.3 to 8.1) per million per year. CONCLUSIONS Agranulocytosis is an extremely uncommon condition. The excess risk of agranulocytosis due to any drug other than cytotoxic drugs must, therefore, be very low.
Horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo (h‐BPPV): Transition of canalolithiasis to cupulolithiasis

We report on 2 patients with typical features of horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo (h‐BPPV). A vigorous head positioning in these patients from supine to a bending‐over, head‐on‐the‐knees position reversed the direction of nystagmus from geotropic initially to ageotropic when rolling the head from side to side while supine. We explain this by a conversion of canalolithiasis into cupulolithiasis and conclude that (1) canalolithiasis and cupulolithiasis may sequentially occur in the same semicircular canal with subsequent positioning maneuvers and (2) positional nystagmus beating toward the uppermost ear is not a pathognomonic sign of central vestibular disturbance but can indicate occasional cupulolithiasis.
Deinstitutionalization of Gender-Biased Employment Practices in New Zealand's Accountancy Workplaces

Oliver (1992)’s model of deinstitutionalization was used to explore the changes in genderbiased employment practices that have occurred in New Zealand accountancy workplaces over the last twenty years. Evidence was gathered from interviews in 2002 with 69 experienced Chartered Accountants and 3 Human Resource Managers, and in 2006 from 9 young female accountants. Evidence of political, functional and social pressures contributing to deinstitutionalization was present, with social and legislative changes being the most influential. It is suggested that some more subtle gender-biased practices still remain in New Zealand’s accountancy workplaces. These relate particularly to senior-level positions.
Cancer surveillance series: non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence by histologic subtype in the United States from 1978 through 1995.

BACKGROUND Clinical investigations have shown prognostic heterogeneity within the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) according to histology, but few descriptive studies have considered NHLs by subgroup. Our purpose is to assess the demographic patterns and any notable increases in population-based rates of different histologic subgroups of NHL. METHODS Using data collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute, we calculated incidence rates for the major clinicopathologic categories of NHL by age, race, sex, geographic area, and time period. RESULTS Among the 60 057 NHL cases diagnosed during the period from 1978 through 1995, total incidence (per 100 000 person-years) was 17.1 and 11.5 among white males and females, respectively, and 12.6 and 7.4 among black males and females, respectively. However, rates for follicular NHLs were two to three times greater among whites than among blacks, with little sex variation. Blacks demonstrated much higher incidence than whites for peripheral T-cell NHL, with the incidence rates higher in males than in females. For other NHL subgroups, the incidence rates for persons less than 60 years of age were generally higher among males than among females, with little racial difference; at older ages, the rates were higher among whites than among blacks, with little sex difference. High-grade NHL was the most rapidly rising subtype, particularly among males. Follicular NHL increased more rapidly in black males than in the other three race/sex groups. Overall, the broad categories of small lymphocytic, follicular, diffuse, high-grade, and peripheral T-cell NHL emerged as distinct entities with specific age, sex, racial, temporal, and geographic variations in rates. CONCLUSIONS Findings from our large, population-based study reveal differing demographic patterns and incidence trends according to histologic group. Future descriptive and analytic investigations should evaluate NHL risks according to subtype, as defined by histology and new classification criteria.
Surgical Anatomy of the Human Round Window Region: Implication for Cochlear Endoscopy Through the External Auditory Canal

Objective: To enable development of an endoscope for cellular-level optical imaging of the inner ear. Study Design: A prospective study of 50 cadaveric human temporal bones to define detailed surgical anatomy of the round window (RW) region and the range of angles necessary to reach the RW membrane perpendicularly via the external ear canal. Main Outcome Measure: The transcanal angle to the RW membrane was surgically measured in 3D intact specimens, and correlated with the angle calculated from temporal bone computed tomography (CT) scans of the same specimens obtained before and after measurements in situ. Results: Surgically measured transcanal angles to the RW membrane correlated well with the radiographically measured angles. The angles ranged from 110 to 127 degrees, with the median of 115 degrees and the middle 50% ranging from 109 to 119 degrees. Four temporal bones were excluded because of pathology. The opening of the RW niche was located posteriorly in six bones (13%), inferiorly in 18 bones (39%), and postero-inferiorly in 22 bones (48%). The angles were not statistically different among the three orientations of the RW niche. Conclusions: By correlating measurement from cadaveric human temporal bones and their CT scans, we defined key parameters necessary for designing an endoscope for intracochlear imaging using a minimally invasive approach through the external auditory canal. The excellent correlation between the measurement on the CT scan and the actual shape of the probe that was able to reach the RW through the ear canal enables selection of the probe using the CT data.
Asset Management

Asset management came to prominence in the late 1980s when ownership of a hotel became too complex for many owners and when it became clear to some owners that management companies were not responsible for the long-term appreciation of the property. In essence, the asset manager has the responsibility of seeing that the owner's investment goals are met in terms of cash flow and appreciation of the asset. This study examines the asset-management function from the point of view of owners, operators, and the asset managers themselves. The key to a successful relationship among the owner, operator, and asset manager appears to be open communication, trust, and a mutual understanding of each party's goals.
Political Instability, Uncertainty and Economics

This paper focuses on the relationship between political instability, policy–making and macroeconomic outcomes. The theoretical section explores various models that explain the effect of instability (and political uncertainty) on growth, budget formation, inflation and monetary policy. The empirical section discusses the evidence on the predictions generated by theoretical models. Preliminary to this discussion, however, is the analysis of a few general issues concerning the specification and estimation of econometric models with political variables. Some new results are then produced on the empirical relevance of theories of strategic use of fiscal deficit.
Community hospitals and general practice: extended attachments for medical students

The first year experience of an innovative experiment in undergraduate medical education is described. The study investigated the educational effectiveness of prolonged clinical attachments for medical undergraduates in community hospital‐based general practice. It has also assessed the ability of students to take some responsibility for their own learning in a clinically challenging environment. A retrospective evaluation of the experience obtained during the 3 month attachments for a self‐selected group of fourth year Dundee medical school undergraduates was made. These undergraduates were placed in 10 mainly rural Scottish general practices with attached community hospitals providing a wide spectrum of inpatient and outpatient medical and surgical care. Students were assessed on the satisfactory completion of a portfolio of learning experiences and a practical clinical skills list. They were also required to submit a clinical project based on some aspect of their work during the attachment. The initial results showed a high degree of student and tutor satisfaction with the attachments. The assessment of all 10 of the students' educational achievements in their attachment were regarded as satisfactory and two were assessed as outstanding. Tutor assessment confirmed the validity of the initiative. Prolonged attachments in community hospital‐based general practice for medical undergraduates have proved educationally valid and popular with both students and tutors. The development and dissemination of this model on a wider scale has resource issues which require to be addressed.
Infectious and noninfectious triggers in Guillain–Barré syndrome

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is the commonest cause of acquired flaccid paralysis in the world and regarded by many as the prototype for postinfectious autoimmunity. Here the authors consider both infectious and noninfectious triggers of GBS and determine where possible what immunological mechanisms may account for this association. In approximately two-thirds of cases, an infectious trigger is reported in the weeks that lead up to disease onset, indicating that the host’s response to infection must play an important role in disease pathogenesis. The most frequently identified bacteria, Campylobacter jejuni, through a process known as molecular mimicry, has been shown to induce cross-reactive anti-ganglioside antibodies, which can lead to the development of axonal-type GBS in some patients. Whether this paradigm can be extended to other infectious organisms or vaccines remains an important area of research and has public health implications. GBS has also been reported rarely in patients with underlying systemic diseases and immunocompromised states and although the exact mechanism is yet to be established, increased susceptibility to known infectious triggers should be considered most likely.
Corporate governance, analyst following and firm value

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of a firm’s corporate governance (CG) mechanisms on the number of financial analysts following UK firms. The potential effect of the number of analysts following firms in the UK on the association between CG mechanisms and firm value was also examined. Design/methodology/approach – Multiple regression models were used to examine the association between CG, analyst coverage and firm value for a large sample of UK firms listed in London Stock Exchange with financial year ends between January 2003 and December 2008. Findings – It was found that the aggregate level of CG quality is positively associated with the number of analysts following UK firms. In addition, the compensation score is the main component that affects the number of analysts following UK firms. The results suggest that financial analysts are particularly concerned with how much compensation executives and directors receive. This is consistent with Jensen and Meckling (1976) who arg.
Pulmonary and cardiovascular effects of traffic-related particulate matter: 4-week exposure of rats to roadside and diesel engine exhaust particles

Traffic-related particulate matter (PM) may play an important role in the development of adverse health effects, as documented extensively in acute toxicity studies. However, rather little is known about the impacts of prolonged exposure to PM. We hypothesized that long-term exposure to PM from traffic adversely affects the pulmonary and cardiovascular system through exacerbation of an inflammatory response. To examine this hypothesis, Fisher F344 rats, with a mild pulmonary inflammation at the onset of exposure, were exposed for 4 weeks, 5 days/week for 6 h a day to: (a) diluted diesel engine exhaust (PMDEE), or: (b) near roadside PM (PM2.5). Ultrafine particulates, which are largely present in diesel soot, may enter the systemic circulation and directly or indirectly trigger cardiovascular effects. Hence, we assessed the effects of traffic-related PM on pulmonary inflammation and activity of procoagulants, vascular function in arteries, and cytokine levels in the heart 24 h after termination of the exposures. No major adverse health effects of prolonged exposure to traffic-related PM were detected. However, some systemic effects due to PMDEE exposure occurred including decreased numbers of white blood cells and reduced von Willebrand factor protein in the circulation. In addition, lung tissue factor activity is reduced in conjunction with reduced lung tissue thrombin generation. To what extent these alterations contribute to thrombotic effects and vascular diseases remains to be established. In conclusion, prolonged exposure to traffic-related PM in healthy animals may not be detrimental due to various biological adaptive response mechanisms.
Understanding How Issues in Corporate Governance Develop: Cadbury Report to Higgs Review

Issues in corporate governance develop according to an identifiable process. Using the influence model of Jones and Pollitt (2002, Understanding How Issues in Business Ethics Develop. Basingstoke: Palgrave), we compare the conduct of and influences on the investigations leading to the Higgs Review (2003) and the Cadbury Report (1992). We suggest that, while there are similarities in the investigations, there are important differences arising from the review process adopted, the role of the government, the background of the leaders of the investigations and the influence of academics. These differences have important implications for the effectiveness of the implementation of the conclusions of the Higgs Review.
Discrimination and Children's Nutritional Status in India

This article explores the differing health status of lower caste social groups in India, analyses the reasons for the differences and discusses some of the implications for policy. National Family Planning and Health Survey (NFH‐3) data shows that children belonging to lower castes have worse nutrition, health and mortality indicators and poorer access to health services and nutrition schemes than children from higher castes, even after other socioeconomic factors are considered. The article suggests that this points towards the possible role of discrimination and exclusion associated with caste and ‘untouchability’ and outlines some policy recommendations that are proactively inclusive, specifically in the nutrition domain.
Seasonal Variations in the Morphometric Characteristics of the Pubertal West African Dwarf Buck in its Native Tropical Environment

Se estudiaron los efectos que tiene la estacion sobre las caracteristicas morfometricas de los organos reproductivos de la cabra enana macho del Oeste africano en su medio ambiente tropical humedo. Todas las caracteristicas morfometricas, como tambien las derivaciones de la morfologia de ambos testiculos y espididimos, no fueron afectadas por la estacion (p<0.05). Sin embargo, hubo, correlaciones altamente significativas (p<0.05, p<0.01 y p<0.01) entre el peso del cuerpo y del testiculo asi como la morfometria epididimaria. Los resultados tambien mostraron que las caracteristicas morfometricas del testiculo y epididimo en la cabra enana macho puber son altamente predecibles, conociendo el peso del cuerpo, lo que permitiria una temprana seleccion de buenos padres sementales a partir del registro de sus rasgos de crecimiento. La ausencia de efectos estacionales sobre la morfometria del testiculo y epididimo que se observo en este trabajo, demostro que alli no deberia restringirse la epoca de cria de la cabra enana del Oeste africano en su ambiente nativo tropical
Impaired response inhibition is associated with self‐reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD in female FMR1 premutation carriers

Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) premutation carriers (PM‐carriers) have a defective trinucleotide expansion on the FMR1 gene that is associated with continuum of neuropsychological and mental disorders. Currently, little is known about the distinct subcomponents of executive function potentially impaired in female PM‐carriers, and there have been no investigations into associations between executive function and incidences of mental disorders. A total of 35 female PM‐carriers confirmed by Asuragen triple primed PCR DNA testing and 35 age‐ and intelligence‐matched controls completed tests of executive function (i.e., response inhibition and working memory) and self‐reported on social anxiety, depression, and ADHD predominantly inattentive (ADHD‐PI) symptoms. Compared to controls, PM‐carriers were significantly elevated on self‐reported social anxiety and ADHD‐PI symptoms. Irrespective of mental symptoms, female PM‐carries performed significantly worse than controls on a response inhibition test, and further investigations revealed significant correlations between executive function performance and self‐reported symptoms of anxiety, depression and ADHD‐PI. Critically, among PM‐carriers with good executive function performance, no women exceeded threshold markers for probable caseness of mental disorder. However, rates of probable caseness were elevated in those with average performance (response inhibition: social anxiety: 41.7%; depression: 20%; ADHD: 44.4%; working memory: social anxiety: 27.3%; depression: 9.1%; ADHD: 18.2%) and highly elevated for those with poor executive function performance (response inhibition: social anxiety: 58.3%; depression: 80%; ADHD: 55.6%; working memory: social anxiety: 100%; depression: 50%; ADHD: 83.3%). These data suggest that subtle executive dysfunction may be a useful neuropsychological indicator for a range of mental disorders previously reported in female PM‐carriers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.