Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Urban Landscape Change Analysis Using Local Climate Zones and Object-Based Classification in the Salt Lake Metro Region, Utah, USA

Urban areas globally are vulnerable to warming climate trends exacerbated by their growing populations and heat island effects. The Local Climate Zone (LCZ) typology has become a popular framework for characterizing urban microclimates in different regions using various classification methods, including a widely adopted pixel-based protocol by the World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT) Project. However, few studies to date have explored the potential of object-based image analysis (OBIA) to facilitate classification of LCZs given their inherent complexity, and few studies have further used the LCZ framework to analyze land cover changes in urban areas over time. This study classified LCZs in the Salt Lake Metro Region, Utah, USA for 1993 and 2017 using a supervised object-based analysis of Landsat satellite imagery and assessed their change during this time frame. The overall accuracy, measured for the most recent classification period (2017), was equal to 64% across 12 LCZs, with most of the error resulting from similarities among highly developed LCZs and non-developed classes with sparse or low-stature vegetation. The observed 1993–2017 changes in LCZs indicated a regional tendency towards primarily suburban, open low-rise development, and large low-rise and paved classes. However, despite the potential for local cooling with landscape transitions likely to increase vegetation cover and irrigation compared to pre-development conditions, summer averages of Landsat-derived top-of-atmosphere brightness temperatures showed a pronounced warming between 1992–1994 and 2016–2018 across the study region, with a 0.1–2.9 °C increase among individual LCZs. Our results indicate that future applications of LCZs towards urban change analyses should develop a stronger understanding of LCZ microclimate sensitivity to changes in size and configuration of urban neighborhoods and regions. Furthermore, while OBIA is promising for capturing the heterogeneous and multi-scale nature of LCZs, its applications could be strengthened by adopting more generalizable approaches for LCZ-relevant segmentation and validation, and by incorporating active remote sensing data to account for the 3D complexity of urban areas.
Horizontal Residual Mean: Addressing the Limited Spatial Resolution of Ocean Models

Horizontal fluxes of heat and other scalar quantities in the ocean are due to correlations between the horizontal velocity and tracer fields. However, the limited spatial resolution of ocean models means that these correlations are not fully resolved using the velocity and temperature evaluated on the model grid, due to the limited spatial resolution and the boxcar-averaged nature of the velocity and the scalar field. In this article, a method of estimating the horizontal flux due to unresolved spatial correlations is proposed, based on the depth-integrated horizontal transport from the seafloor to the density surface whose spatially averaged height is the height of the calculation. This depth-integrated horizontal transport takes into account the subgrid velocity and density variations to compensate the standard estimate of horizontal transport based on staircase-like velocity and density. It is not a parameterization of unresolved eddies, since it utilizes data available in ocean models without relying on any presumed parameter such as diffusivity. The method is termed the horizontal residual mean (HRM). The method is capable of estimating the spatial-correlation-induced water transport in a 1/4° global ocean model, using model data smoothed to 3/4°. The HRM extra overturning has a peak in the Southern Ocean of about 1.5 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). This indicates an extra heat transport of 0.015 PW on average in the same area. It is expected that implementing the scheme in a coarse-resolution ocean model will improve its representation of lateral heat fluxes.
Coupled calcium and inorganic carbon uptake suggested by magnesium and sulfur incorporation in foraminiferal calcite

Abstract. Shell chemistry of foraminiferal carbonate proves to be useful in reconstructing past ocean conditions. A new addition to the proxy toolbox is the ratio of sulfur (S) to calcium (Ca) in foraminiferal shells, reflecting the ratio of SO42- to CO32- in seawater. When comparing species, the amount of SO42- incorporated, and therefore the S∕Ca of the shell, increases with increasing magnesium (Mg) content. The uptake of SO42- in foraminiferal calcite is likely connected to carbon uptake, while the incorporation of Mg is more likely related to Ca uptake since this element substitutes for Ca in the crystal lattice. The relation between S and Mg incorporation in foraminiferal calcite therefore offers the opportunity to investigate the timing of processes involved in Ca and carbon uptake. To understand how foraminiferal S∕Ca is related to Mg∕Ca, we analyzed the concentration and within-shell distribution of S∕Ca of three benthic species with different shell chemistry: Ammonia tepida, Bulimina marginata and Amphistegina lessonii. Furthermore, we investigated the link between Mg∕Ca and S∕Ca across species and the potential influence of temperature on foraminiferal S∕Ca. We observed that S∕Ca is positively correlated with Mg∕Ca on a microscale within specimens, as well as between and within species. In contrast, when shell Mg∕Ca increases with temperature, foraminiferal S∕Ca values remain similar. We evaluate our findings in the light of previously proposed biomineralization models and abiological processes involved during calcite precipitation. Although all kinds of processes, including crystal lattice distortion and element speciation at the site of calcification, may contribute to changes in either the amount of S or Mg that is ultimately incorporated in foraminiferal calcite, these processes do not explain the covariation between Mg∕Ca and S∕Ca values within specimens and between species. We observe that groups of foraminifera with different calcification pathways, e.g., hyaline versus porcelaneous species, show characteristic values for S∕Ca and Mg∕Ca, which might be linked to a different calcium and carbon uptake mechanism in porcelaneous and hyaline foraminifera. Whereas Mg incorporation might be controlled by Ca dilution at the site of calcification due to Ca pumping, S is linked to carbonate ion concentration via proton pumping. The fact that we observe a covariation of S and Mg within specimens and between species suggests that proton pumping and Ca pumping are intrinsically coupled across multiple scales.
Middle to Late Jurassic carbonate-biosiliceous sedimentation and palaeoenvironment in the Tethyan Fatricum Domain, Krížna Nappe, Tatra Mts, Western Carpathians

The Jurassic of the Alpine-Mediterranean Tethys was characterized by the formation of several interconnected basins, which underwent gradual deepening and oceanization. Sedimentation in each basin was influenced by a specific set of interrelated factors, such as tectonic activity, seawater circulation, climate, chemistry and trophic state of seawater as well as evolutionary changes of the marine biota. This paper deals with the Fatricum Domain (Central Carpathians, Poland and Slovakia), which in the Jurassic was a pull-apart basin on a thinned continental crust. The sedimentation history of this domain during the Bajocian–Tithonian and its governing factors have been revealed. Facies analysis of the Bajocian–Oxfordian deposits evidences considerable relief of the basin-floor topography. Deposits in the Western Tatra Mts represent sedimentation on a submarine intrabasinal high, whereas the coeval deposits of the eastern part of the Tatra Mts accumulated in a deeper basin. The basin succession began with Bajocian bioturbated “spotted” limestones and siliciclastic mudstones (Fleckenmergel facies). These were succeeded by uppermost Bajocian – middle Bathonian grey nodular limestones, affected by synsedimentary gravitational bulk creep. The coeval deposits of the intrabasinal high are represented by well-washed Bositra -crinoidal limestones with condensed horizons. Uniform radiolarite sedimentation commenced in the late Bathonian and persisted until the early late Kimmeridgian. The basal ribbon radiolarites (upper Bathonian – lower Oxfordian), which consist of alternating chert beds and shale partings, are a record of seawater eutrophication, a related crisis in carbonate production and the rise of the CCD, which collectively resulted in biosiliceous sedimentation. The overlying calcareous radiolarites (middle Oxfordian – lowermost upper Kimmeridgian) marked a gradual return to carbonate sedimentation. The return of conditions that were favourable for carbonate sedimentation took place in the late Kimmeridgian, when the red nodular limestones were deposited. They are partly replaced by basinal platy limestones (uppermost Kimmeridgian – Tithonian) in the Western Tatra Mts. This lateral variation in facies reflects a change in the sedimentary conditions governed by a bathymetric reversal of the seafloor configuration, attributed to a further stage in the pull-apart transcurrent tectonics of the Fatricum Domain.
Global warming leads to Early Triassic nutrient stress across northern Pangea

The largest extinction in Earth history, in the latest Permian, was followed throughout most of the Early Triassic by a prolonged period of ecologic recovery. What factors delayed biotic recovery are still under debate and partly revolve around impacts of global warming on primary marine productivity. We examined N isotope records from the Festningen section on Spitsbergen, Arctic Norway, to examine changes in nutrient availability through the Early to Middle Triassic along the northern margin of Pangea. Our results show progressive decline in N availability throughout the Griesbachian, leading to severe nutrient limitations through the remainder of the Early Triassic, until returning to a highly productive continental margin in Middle Triassic time. These results are consistent with other studies from northern and western Pangea and thus show regional nutrient limitations occurred in what should have been the main zone of marine primary productivity. Such nutrient limitation likely stressed primary production and consequently contributed to prolonged marine recovery. We suggest this was driven by high ocean temperatures depressing the marine nutricline.
Male out-migration from the Himalaya: implications in gender roles and household food (in)security in the Kaligandaki Basin, Nepal

ABSTRACT This paper investigates implications of male labour migration in gender roles and identity of women, and household food security outcome in the Kaligandaki Basin, Nepal. The study covers three study-clusters located at different ecological zones: Meghauli in Tarai, Lumle in Middle-Mountains, and Upper-Mustang in Trans-Himalaya. Data on private domain were collected through face-to-face interview in 360 households while data on public domain were obtained from group discussions conducted in 24 communities, and Key Informants Interviews taken with 75 individuals. The findings indicate that out-migration of men compelled women shoulder additional work-burden. Feminisation of agriculture and communities has reduced farm-production and increased food insecurity in terms of self-production. However, it is compensated by remittance sent by migrants and associated increase in access to marketed food. Despite male out-migration giving opportunity to women to be a household manager, it is limited to be a de facto household-head who lacks control over household assets. They have poor influence in community decision-making too, though increased the participation. Women in the basin are performing the roles of both men and women so are lacking particular gender identity. These findings indicate the need of integrating gender policy with migration, agriculture, and food security policies of Nepal.
The Role of Intense Upper Hybrid Resonance Emissions in the Generation of Saturn Narrowband Emission

Twenty high‐inclination ring‐grazing orbits occurred in the final period of the Cassini mission. These orbits intercepted a region of intense Z‐mode and narrowband (NB) emission (Ye et al., 2010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA015167) along with isolated, intense upper hybrid resonance (UHR) emissions that are often associated with NB source regions. We have singled out such UHR emission seen on earlier Cassini orbits that also lie near the region crossed by the ring‐grazing orbits. These previous orbits are important because Cassini electron phase‐space distributions are available and dispersion analysis can be performed to better understand the free energy source and instability of the UHR emission. We present an example of UHR emission on a previous orbit that is similar to that observed during the ring‐grazing orbits. Analysis of the observed plasma distribution of the previous orbit leads us to conclude that episodes of UHR emission and NB radiation observed during the ring‐grazing orbits are likely due to plasma distributions containing loss cones, temperature anisotropies, and strong density gradients near the ring plane. Z‐mode emissions associated with UHR and NB emission can be in Landau resonance with electrons to produce scattering or acceleration (Woodfield et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467‐018‐07549‐4).
Fluvial landscape evolution controlled by the sediment deposition coefficient: Estimation from experimental and natural landscapes

The evolution of a fluvial landscape is a balance between tectonic uplift, fluvial erosion, and sediment deposition. The erosion term can be expressed according to the stream power model, stating that fluvial incision is proportional to powers of river slope and discharge. The deposition term can be expressed as proportional to the sediment flux divided by a transport length. This length can be defined as the water flux times a scaling factor ζ. This factor exerts a major control on the river dynamics, on the spacing between sedimentary bedforms, or on the overall landscape erosional behavior. Yet, this factor is difficult to measure either in the lab or in the field. Here, we propose a new formulation for the deposition term based on a dimensionless coefficient, G, which can be estimated at the scale of a landscape from the slopes of rivers at the transition between a catchment and its fan. We estimate this deposition coefficient from 29 experimental catchment–alluvial fan systems and 68 natural examples. Based on our data set, we support the idea of Davy and Lague (2009) that G is a relevant parameter to characterize the erosional and transport mode of a fluvial landscape, which can be field calibrated, with a continuum from detachment-limited (G = 0) to transport-limited behavior (G >0.4 from the studied examples).
Calculations of Dark Current in Interband Cascade Type-II Infrared InAs/GaSb Superlattice Detector

In this paper we investigate interband cascade type-II mid-wavelength infrared InAs/GaSb superlattice detector in temperature range from 200 K to 300 K. The paper is based on the theoretical calculation of dark current treated as a sum of two components: average bulk current and average leakage current, flowing through the device. The average leakage current results from a comparison of theoretically calculated bulk current and measured one. We show that it is possible to fit theoretical model to experimental data, assuming that transport in absorber is determined by the dynamics of the intrinsic carriers. Based on the fit we estimated carrier lifetime greater than 100 ns in temperature range 200–300 K.
Developing On-line Quizzes Using Exelsa Moodle To Improve Student Achievement in Economic of Environment and Natural Resources Course

This research aims to develop on-line quizzes using exelsa moodle to improve student achievement in Economic of Environment and Natural Resources course. To collect data, students of Economic of Environmental and Natural Resources first degree in second semester 2015/2016 involved in the course quizzes. Data in this research is student result in on-line quizzes. The result showed that on-line quizzes using exelsa moodle could improve students’ academic achievement in Economic of Environment and Natural Resources course.
Diagnoses of the vertical structure of the tropical tropopause region

The tropical tropopause layer (TTL) is a transition layer between the convective equilibrium of the tropical troposphere and the radiative equilibrium of the stratosphere. As reviewed by Holton et al. (1995), the stratospheric circulation is driven by extratropical wave forcing. While anectodal evidence of convection at the tropopause exists, recent work (Gettelman et al., 2001) indicates that such convection is rare. In this work we examine the relative roles of tropospheric convection and large scale diabatic heating at the tropopause and try to define the coupling between the troposphere and the stratosphere. We find that the level of main convective influence in the upper troposphere is at 10−12km, which we define as the base of the tropopause layer. Above this level, as noted by Folkins et al. (1999), the impact of convection drops off rapidly as air approaches stratospheric stability. The level of maximum convection varies in space and time, which may have important implications for the chemistry of the TTL.
Supplemental instruction a higher level learning

A traditional lecture presents the material to be learnt and encourages them to participate in strategic and, at worse, surface learning. The aim as academics is to encourage deep learning and best working practices of a topic, so they can contribute to the world of engineering. Software engineering is one such subject. Can supplemental instruction promote an opportunity for a higher level of learning? The paper examines if it can by demonstrating; the results of such an exercise, the students’ reactions to do the teaching.
Trends in the Seaward Extent of Saltmarshes across Europe from Long-Term Satellite Data

Saltmarshes provide crucial functions for flora, fauna, and humankind. Thus far, studies of their dynamics and response to environmental drivers are limited in space and time. Satellite data allow for looking at saltmarshes on a large scale and over a long time period. We developed an unsupervised decision tree classification method to classify satellite images into saltmarsh vegetation, mudflat and open water, integrating additional land cover information. By using consecutive stacks of three years, we considered trends while taking into account water level variations. We used Landsat 5 TM data but found that other satellite data can be used as well. Classification performance for different periods of the Western Scheldt was almost perfect for this site, with overall accuracies above 90% and Kappa coefficients of over 0.85. Sensitivity analysis characterizes the method as being robust. Generated time series for 125 sites across Europe show saltmarsh area changes between 1986 and 2010. The method also worked using a global approach for these sites. We reveal transitions between saltmarsh, mudflat and open water, both at the saltmarsh lower edge and interior, but our method cannot detect changes at the saltmarsh-upland boundary. Resulting trends in saltmarsh dynamics can be coupled to environmental drivers, such as sea level, tidal currents, waves, and sediment availability.
Species Richness of Pteridophyta in Mount Ungaran

MountUngaranisone areathathas thenaturalforestandhas a diverseofbiodiversity ﬂora and fauna in Central Java. One of ﬂora such as Pteridophyta can be found in Mount Ungaran. Pteridophyta has many beneﬁcial to human, but knowledge of the localcommunityisstilllowassociatedwithit.Theobjectiveoftheresearchedwasknow the species richness of Pteridophyta in Mount Ungaran. This research was conducted on March – July 2018. Location of this research in Bukit Gentong, Mount Ungaran. The research used exploration method, and identiﬁcation of Petridophyta using a guidebook such as Plant Systematics, Flora for Schools in Indonesia, Encyclopedia of Garden Ferns, and Pteridophyta. The data analysis using descriptive qualitative. The results showed a total of 21 species of Pteridophyta was found belonging to ﬁve classes,sixorderand11families.ThehighestofspeciesrichnesswerePteridaceae(six species), Polypodiaceae (ﬁve species) and the lowest species richness of Pteridophyta are Davalliaceae (two species) and also in eight other families (one species).
A Survey Study on some Halophytes Growing in the Damietta Coastal Area Referring to its Botanical and Ecological Significance

A survey was made for ten sites dominated by halophytes and associated species during 20142015. A total of 23 families, 48 genera and 58 species were recorded. Among families, 19 families belong to Dicotyledons of 35 genera and 44 species; 14 species of 11 genera belong to 4 families of Monocotyledons. The largest family was Asteraceae with 11 species followed by Chenopodiaceae and Poaceae with 7 species. Therophytes comprised 48.28%, Chamaephytes 13.79%, Geophytes 12.07%, Hemicryptophytes 10.34% , Phanerophtes 10.34% and Helophytes 5.17% of the associated flora of the salt marsh habitat. The most common halophytic communities growing in the study area dominated by: Arthrocnemum macrostachyum Moric. , Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pallas) M. Bieb. , Inula crithmoides L. , Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. , Juncus rigidus C. A. Mey, Bassia indica (Wight) A.J.Scott, Suaeda pruinosa Lange.and Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bge. Field study and meetings with local people showed that the associated species of the salt marsh habitat provides a lot of goods and services and many species can be used for its medicinal, nutritional, industrial, ornamental and ecological value. This study showed halophytes species which are growing in the study area, common plant communities and the economic and ecological of it in order to stand on the current situation of halophytes and to maximize its utilization in the near future. The obtained results will be helpful and serve for the conservation and sustainable utilization of plant resources.
TREATING LEATHER SHAVING WASTE TO DECREASE ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

hrome shaving waste (CSW) is one of the largest leather tanning wastes, caused an economical and environmental loss if it did not utilize properly. This study aims to extract chromium from chrome shaving waste, by alkaline hydrolysis or incineration in order to reuse it in leather tanning. Sodium hydroxide and carbonate were used in chemical hydrolysis and compared with incineration method in chrome yielding. Twenty five sheep pelts were tanned with recovered and commercial chromium 33% basicity to compare their effects in tanning. The results showed that among alkaline treatments, caustic soda was more effective than sodium carbonate in extraction, but incineration method was the best extraction method because of its high extraction yield (99.37%). Using sugar as a reducing agent was better than sodium sulphite to prepare tanning liquor. It increased chrome yield and produced chromium sulphate 33% basicity, which are more suitable for leather tanning. Most physical and chemical properties, except fat and ash contents, were similar in leathers tanned with recovered chrome and those tanned with commercial chrome. Thus, all studied tanned leathers were suitable for using in leather manufacturing.