Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Information-sharing, community-building and trust: A case study amongst commuter cyclists

Research into the use and behavioural effects of travel information has concentrated on top-down information from transport providers, but little is known about the role of informal information, shared through word-of-mouth, in everyday travel behaviour. Through our social interactions about travel we may exert not only an informational influence on one another (building our knowledge of other people‟s experiences into our active travel choices), but also a more subtle normative influence: conveying information about norms of behaviour within a particular social milieu. Drawing on theories of normative and informational social influence and self-categorisation, this paper explores some of the social processes occurring when a small group of commuter cyclists interacted with one another through a specially designed, map-based website over six weeks, sharing their routes and other cycling-related information. A mixed-method approach was adopted, comprising observation of website interactions, participant questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Although the main narrative on the website and in participants‟ subsequent reflections concerned the practical use of the information posted, a key finding was the role which the case-study system also played in building, or reinforcing a sense of “community” (group identification). Different, but overlapping aspects of this concept were detected: belonging to a community of cyclists generally, an emerging community of cyclists within the project, or a work-based community in which participants identified with one another as fellow workers rather than “cyclists”. Community-building was found to be associated with high levels of trust amongst group members. Thus it was found that the process of sharing information could perform not only a functional role in diffusing practical travel information, but also a social one whereby perceived in-group membership reinforced positive views of cycling as a commuter mode. Both roles were thought to offer particular encouragement to those who were new to cycling or new to a particular workplace, suggesting that web-based information-sharing might be developed as a useful tool within contexts such as workplace travel plans.
The role of disc self-gravity in the formation of protostars and protostellar discs

We use time-dependent, one-dimensional disc models to investigate the evolution of protostellar discs that form through the collapse of molecular cloud cores and in which the primary transport mechanism is self-gravity. We assume that these discs settle into a state of thermal equilibrium with Q = 2 and that the strength of the angular momentum transport is set by the cooling rate of the disc. The results suggest that these discs will attain a quasi-steady state that persists for a number of free-fall times and in which most of the mass within 100 au is located inside 10–20 au. This pile-up of mass in the inner disc could result in temperatures that are high enough for the growth of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence which could rapidly drain the inner disc and lead to FU Orionis-like outbursts. In all our simulations, the inner regions of the discs ( r 40 au) of discs that formed from cores that had enough initial angular momentum to deposit sufficient mass in these outer regions. The large amount of mass in these outer regions, however, suggests that fragmentation will lead to the formation of sub-stellar and stellar mass companions, rather than planetary mass objects. Although mass accretion rates were largely consistent with observations, the large disc masses suggest that an additional transport mechanism (such as magnetorotational instability occurring in the upper layers of the disc) must operate in order to drain the remaining disc material within observed disc lifetimes.
Anomalous recent growth of part of a large Arctic ice cap: Austfonna, Svalbard

Observations from repeat‐pass airborne laser altimetry, acquired in 1996 and 2002, indicate an anomalous positive ice‐surface elevation change for the central accumulation area of the largest ice cap in the Eurasian Arctic; Austfonna, eastern Svalbard. The increase is equivalent to 35% of the long‐term annual accumulation rate and coincides with the loss of perennial sea ice in the adjacent Barents Sea, which we conclude is the most likely explanation for the increase. Extrapolation of the observed trends in sea ice decline, over the next 50 years, suggests large perturbations in the mass‐balance of other Arctic ice masses may be expected.
Empathy is a stable predictor of compassionate emotions independent of an attribution of responsibility manipulation

The goal of this research was to determine whether individual differences in empathy and personal distress were robust predictors of compassionate emotions and whether compassionate emotions mediated the effect of attribution of responsibility on intention to help. Four hypotheses about direct and indirect associations between these variables were tested. We manipulated normative attribution of responsibility in an experimental scenario in which the participant is asked to help an individual catch up on missed lectures. Participants (N=627), were randomly assigned to one of the two attribution conditions. The results showed that empathy was a robust predictor of compassionate emotions and that compassionate emotions mediated the effect of attribution of responsibility on intention to help. Importantly, we found that empathy was a stronger predictor of compassionate emotions than attribution of responsibility. The results confirmed our hypothesis that prosocial dispositional variables predict whether an individual will experience compassionate emotions in certain situations. We conclude that models of prosocial decision-making and attributions in social situations should consider prosocial traits, such as empathy, as antecedents of compassionate emotions.
On a nonlinear second order periodic boundary value problem with Carathéodory functions by

The periodic boundary value problem u′′(t) = f(t, u(t), u′(t)) with u(0) = u(2π) and u′(0) = u′(2π) is studied using the generalized method of upper and lower solutions, where f is a Carathéodory function satisfying a Nagumo condition. The existence of solutions is obtained under suitable conditions on f . The results improve and generalize the work of M. -X. Wang et al . [5].
Poultry Litter Gasification in a Fluidized Bed Reactor: Effects of Gasifying Agent and Limestone Addition

Air and air-steam gasification of poultry litter was experimentally studied in a laboratory scale bubbling fluidized bed gasifier at atmospheric pressure using silica sand as the bed material. The effects of equivalence ratio (ER), gasifier temperature, steam-to-biomass ratio (SBR), and addition of limestone blended with the poultry litter, on product gas species yields and process efficiency, are discussed. The optimum conditions (maximum carbon conversion, gas yield, heating value, and cold gas efficiency) were achieved at an ER 0.25 and 800 °C, using air (SBR = 0) and poultry litter blended with 8% w/w limestone, yielding a product gas with a lower heating value (LHV) of 4.52 MJ/Nm3 and an average product gas composition (dry basis) of H2: 10.78%, CO: 9.38%, CH4: 2.61, and CO2: 13.13. Under these optimum processing conditions, the cold gas efficiency, carbon conversion efficiency, and hydrogen conversion efficiency were 89, 73, and 43% respectively. The reported NH3 measurement at an ER of 0.28 and 750.
Kin biased investment in wild chimpanzees

Summary Kin selection theory predicts that recognition and preferences for kin can be highly beneficial. However, evidence of recognition of offspring by fathers in mammals has accumulated very slowly. Especially, in multi-male groups with a promiscuous mating system, like the chimpanzee, where offspring survival does not seem to depend on paternal care, paternal kin recognition has not yet been observed. In this study, we examined whether adult males of a wild chimpanzee community show recognition of their offspring (as determined genetically) and whether infants prefer to interact with kin rather than with unrelated peers. Our analysis utilises up to 14 years of observational data to investigate if adult males associate more frequently and behave less aggressively with females that carry their offspring. Furthermore, we use grooming and play behaviour to establish whether adult males and youngsters show preferences for kin versus non-kin. We found that, adult males did not associate preferentially with females with which they had offspring, but they were generally less aggressive towards any given female when she had a new born infant. Interestingly, however, fathers maintained these low rates of aggression long after the aggression rates of the non-sires had returned to their basal levels. Furthermore, fathers spent significantly more time playing with their own offspring. Thus, our data show for the first time that wild chimpanzee males can recognise their own offspring. Infants preferred to groom and tended to play more with their maternal siblings, but showed only a weak preference for playing with their paternal siblings when given the choice between similarly aged related and unrelated interaction partners. Despite the fact that paternal care does not play an obvious role in chimpanzee survival, kin recognition is observed in different aspects of the life of adult males and youngsters.
Rationale for a correlated worldline theory of quantum gravity

It is argued that gravity should cause a breakdown of quantum mechanics, at low energies, accessible to table-top experiments. It is then shown that one can formulate a theory of quantum gravity in which gravitational correlations exist between worldline or worldsheet paths, for the particle or field of interest. Using a generalized equivalence principle, one can give a unique form for the correlators, yielding a theory with no adjustable parameters. A key feature of the theory is the ‘bunching’ of quantum trajectories caused by the gravitational correlations—this is not a decoherence or a ‘collapse’ mechanism. This bunching causes a breakdown of the superposition principle for large masses, with a very rapid crossover to classical behaviour at an energy scale which depends on the physical structure of the object. Formal details, and applications of the theory, are kept to a minimum in this paper; but we show how physical quantities can be calculated, and give a detailed discussion of the dynamics of a single particle.
Analysis of thermoelastic response in a functionally graded infinite space subjected to a Mode-I crack

This paper is concerned with the investigation of thermoelastic stresses, displacement and the temperature in a func- tionally graded (i.e. material with spatially varying material properties) infinite space weakened by a finite linear opening Mode-I crack. The crack is subjected to prescribed temperature and stress distribution in the context of Green-Naghdi theory of generalized thermoelasticity. The analytical expressions of the thermophysical quantities are obtained in the physical domain using the normal mode analysis. The solution to the analogous problem for homo- geneous isotropic material is obtained by taking nonhomogeneity parameter suitably. Finally the results obtained are presented graphically to show the effect of nonhomogeneity on displacements, temperature and stresses for both types II and III of Green-Naghdi theory. It is found that a Mode-I crack influences strongly on the distribution of the field quantities with energy dissipation and without energy dissipation also. MSC: 74F05
Factors influencing the adoption of vehicle tracking and monitoring systems in the Kenya police service

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess factors influencing the adoption of vehicle tracking and monitoring systems adoption in the Kenyan policy serviceMethodology: This research used explanatory research design. The population of this research consisted of all the 110 police stations and police posts in Nairobi County. A sample of 57 police stations and police posts was selected. The research used primary data that was collected by use of questionnaires. The research used both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics in the analysis. The study further conducted structural modeling analysis using the partial least square to validate the proposed model. SPSS-Amos was used for data analysis.Results: The results of this study showed that technology awareness, environmental factors, financial resources and technological complexity significantly affected both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of useof vehicle tracking and monitoring systems. The findings further showed that perceived usefulness had a positive and significant relationship with intention to use the vehicle tracking and monitoring systems.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study also recommends that the Kenya police service should train their officers on the vehicle tracking and monitoring systems and also allocate funds in their budget to implement the installation and training on tracking and monitoring systems.
Psychosocial Status of Adolescents with Learning Disabilities with and without Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Some researchers suggest that having a learning disability (LD) may act as a risk factor, increasing the likelihood that adolescents experience more negative outcomes in many areas of their lives. However, researchers have yet to examine in one study how having LD with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is related to a comprehensive set of psychosocial variables across a diverse set of domains (e.g., peer, family, school, intrapersonal). The purpose of the present study was to address that limitation by comparing the perceptions of adolescents with LD (N= 230), with comorbid LD/ADHD (N= 92), and without LD or ADHD (N= 322) regarding their academic orientation, temperament, well–being, loneliness, parental relationships, victimization, activities, and friendships. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that LD may indeed act as a risk factor increasing the likelihood of more negative outcomes. The results also indicate that for some psychosocial variables this likelihood may be increased in adolescents with comorbid LD/ADHD. The findings have important implications for stakeholders concerned about supporting adolescents with LD with and without comorbid ADHD.
Total Ozone Column Trends over Five Iraqi Selected Provinces Using TOMS Data

Monthly and annual values of the total column ozone(TOC) amount have been analyzed for five stations of Iraq for the period from 1979 to 2012 employing Total ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data point, It is found that ozone variation is function of latitude, where the higher values of total ozone column occurs at the northern station which represented by Mosul station, it decreases gradually from northern station (Mosul) passing by middle region stations (Biji, Baghdad and Rutba) to southern station (Basra). The values of Total ozone column start to increase gradually from November to reach its maximum at March then it decreases gradually to reach its minimum values at October. The analysis of the spatial distribution of the monthly average of total ozone column for each month of the year has been made. It is found that the largest of total ozone column amounts occurs systematically over the northern regions during winter whereas in spring and early summer months the maximum values of total ozone column directed to the northwestern regions of the country, The overall period (1979-2012) Trend Analysis presented negative trends for all months in five considered stations except Baghdad station during July and August gives a strong positive trend which refer to a notable enhancement of TOC which reaches to (0.443) DU/Year, Whereas the first period (1979-1992) showed a clear negative trend for all months also for all stations except Baghdad station which presented a weak positive trend during late autumn station, the second period (1997-2012) trends analysis presented negative trends for all months in five considered station except Baghdad station during all months gives a strong positive trend. Finally the results of the second period trend analysis indicated that the ozone layer may be responding as expected to the reducing on ozone-depleting substances imposed by the Montreal Protocol.
The IBEX ribbon as a signature of the inhomogeneity of the local interstellar medium

Context. An ew hypothesis is offered to explain the so-called ribbon feature appearing in the all-sky flux maps of energetic neutral atoms presently observed withthe IBEXspacecraft, namely that theribbon isa consequenc eo finhomogeneities inthelocal interstellar medium. Aims. The study aims at a detailed presentation of this hypothesis and its implications for the interpretation of ENA measurements with IBEX. Methods. Theoretical considerations regarding three different topics, namely IBEX measurements related to high-energy neutral atoms, Lyman-α observations (made with the Voyager 1 spacecraft) related to low-energy neutral atoms, and astronomical data related to the structure of the interstellar medium, are critically discussed in order to corroborate the hypothesis. Results. It is found that inhomogeneities in the local interstellar medium can explain not onl yt he IBEX ribbon andouter heliospheric Lyman-α observations, but can also account for the interstellar Lyman-α absorption that could only with difficulty be fully attributed to the hydrogen wall in the outer heliosheath if the heliospheric bow shock would indeed be absent. Conclusions. The IBEX observations of the ribbon provide a unique opportunity to learn more about the nature of the interstellar medium surrounding the heliosphere.
Stochastic simulation on dynamic behavior of floating fibers in roll drafting process

Obtaining the dynamic behavior of fibers in the drafting zone through various simulation approaches is one of the important contents for the investigation of roll drafting.In consideration of fiber length distribution,the attenuation curve of the sliver in the drafting zone is given by using the method of parabolic density function for accelerated points proposed by previous researchers.Simulated results of the attenuation curves of the sliver are discussed under different parameters such as drafting ratio,and fiber length distribution.The simulated curves of fiber proportions in the fast drafting zone and the slow drafting zone are presented.For a given fiber length distribution,the number of fiber and the CV of these fibers at the front nip are simulated.The simulated results are in good agreement with previous simulated data.This research lays a foundation for the prediction of drafted unevenness of the output slivers.
Rings under close encounters with the giant planets: Chariklo versus Chiron

In 2014, the discovery of two well-defined rings around the Centaur (10199) Chariklo were announced. This was the first time that such structures were found around a small body. In 2015, it was proposed that the Centaur (2060) Chiron may also have a ring. In a previous study, we analyzed how close encounters with giant planets would affect the rings of Chariklo. The most likely result is the survival of the rings. In the present work, we broaden our analysis to (2060) Chiron. In addition to Chariklo, Chiron is currently the only known Centaur with a presumed ring. By applying the same method as \cite{araujo2016}, we performed numerical integrations of a system composed of 729 clones of Chiron, the Sun, and the giant planets. The number of close encounters that disrupted the ring of Chiron during one half-life of the study period was computed. This number was then compared to the number of close encounters for Chariklo. We found that the probability of Chiron losing its ring due to close encounters with the giant planets is about six times higher than that for Chariklo. Our analysis showed that, unlike Chariklo, Chiron is more likely to remain in an orbit with a relatively low inclination and high eccentricity. Thus, we found that the bodies in Chiron-like orbits are less likely to retain rings than those in Chariklo-like orbits. Overall, for observational purposes, we conclude that the bigger bodies in orbits with high inclinations and low eccentricities should be prioritized.
A review on analytical techniques for natural convection investigation in a heated closed enclosure: Case study

The aim of this paper is to present a theoretical analysis of a few convection problems. The investigations were started from the geometry of a classic muffle manufactured furnace. During this analytical study, different methodologies have been carefully chosen in order to compare and evaluate the effects of applying different analytical methods of the convection heat transfer processes. In conclusion, even if there are available a lot of analytical methods, natural convection in enclosed enclosures can be studied correctly only with numerical analysis. Also, in this article is presented a case study on natural convection application in a closed heated enclosure.
The Economic Consequences of Accelerated Vesting of Employee Stock Options

Do mandated changes in accounting policy result in the reapportionment of executive equity compensation? Specifically, is this true for firms accounting for employee stock options (ESOs) under FAS 123R? This research addresses how this policy change motivated firms to substitute restricted stock awards (RSAs) and other non-option compensation for ESOs. Accelerating firms that overweighted options in their compensation structure are shown to utilize the implementation of FAS 123R as a deadline to reduce ESOs relative to RSAs. The evidence does not indicate that accelerating firms are managing option expense recognition in an effort to minimize management option compensation costs.
The Physiological Responses of Zoysia Clones to NaCl Stress

Zoysia spp. , a perennial C4 grass species with well-developed stolon and short culm, can form a dense lawn. Some varieties of this species are important turfgrass and show a great variation in salinity tolerance. NaCl-tolerant clones of Z. sinica and Z. matrella (LRM and LCG, could retain a few green leaves at 7.5% NaCl for 3 weeks) and two sensitive clones of Z. matrella (HB and KE, showed 100% and near 100% leaf necroses in 3% NaCl) were used for this study. Plants were grown in nutrient solution supplemented with NaCl up to 3% under controlled conditions. The most sensitive clone (HB) showed higher Na(superscript +) accumulation than the other sensitive clone (KE) and two tolerant clones, due to both lower rates of Na(superscript +) secretion from leaves and Na(superscript +) exclusion in shoots. Moreover, compared with the same level of Na+ accumulated in shoot, two NaCl-sensitive clones showed higher degree of leaf electrolyte leakage than those of two tolerant clones. Thus, Zoysia clones with NaCl-tolerant ability could not only restrict saline ion accumulation in shoots but also maintain membrane integrity under NaCl treatment. Besides, higher concentrations of proline were accumulated in the shoot of two NaCl-sensitive clones, but K(superscript +) contents in both shoot and rhizome + root were not significantly influenced by NaCl treatment for both NaClsensitive and tolerant clones.