Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Expanding Research on the Role of Alcohol Consumption and Related Risks in the Prevention and Treatment of HIV_AIDS

This article is a review of some of the major epidemiological, behavioral, biological, and integrative prevention research issues and priorities in the area of HIV_AIDS and alcohol consumption. Drinking alcohol increases both the risk for infection with HIV and related illnesses and the morbidity and mortality of patients who progress to AIDS. New and improved measurement procedures have helped in assessment of the complex patterns of alcohol use, identification of intervening explanatory mechanisms for risk behaviors and contexts, and determination of intervention outcomes. Both the direct and indirect effects of alcohol misuse appear to be major contributors to both the risk for infection with HIV and the transmission of HIV_AIDS at the individual and population levels. There is increasing evidence that perhaps no level of alcohol consumption is “safe” for those who are HIV infected and receiving antiretroviral treatment. Interdisciplinary basic behavioral and biomedical research is needed to develop comprehensive culturally appropriate strategies for programs that can be effectively delivered in community contexts in the United States and abroad and that focus on the integration of our understanding of individual behaviors, high-risk group membership, biological mechanisms, and the social and physical environments that place individuals at risk for HIV infection. High-priority topics include improving adherence to antiretroviral medications, prevention of infection in young minority women in the United States, and treatment of HIV+ pregnant women who are alcohol abusers to prevent adverse fetal outcomes, which is an international focus in under-resourced settings in Africa.
The Language of Deceivers: Linguistic Features of Crowdfunding Scams

Crowdfunding sites with recent explosive growth are equally attractive platforms for swindlers or scammers. Though the growing number of articles on crowdfunding scams indicate that the fraud threats are accelerating, there has been little knowledge on the scamming practices and patterns. The key contribution of this research is to discover the hidden clues in the text by exploring linguistic features to distinguish scam campaigns from non-scams. Our results indicate that by providing less information and writing more carefully (and less informally), scammers deliberately try to deceive people; (i) they use less number of words, verbs, and sentences in their campaign pages. (ii) scammers make less typographical errors, 4.5-4.7 times lower than non-scammers. (iii) Expressivity of scams is 2.6-8.5 times lower as well.
The impact of cancer on sexual function: a controlled study

Background: Little is known about sexual problems in patients with cancer. Aims: To estimate 1) the prevalence and characteristics of sexual dysfunction in patients undergoing treatment for cancer, 2) how sexual dysfunction varies with stage of illness. Method:Cross-sectional study of outpatients with cancer attending palliative care and oncology services and matched patients without cancer attending general practice. Patients completed a questionnaire on sexual function designed in a feasibility study, the Derogatis subscale on sexual satisfaction, the GHQ12 and the EuroQol. Results: Patients with all types of cancer are willing to talk about their sex lives and the impact of the disease on their sexual function. This impact was significant when compared to the comparison group of general practice attendees of the same age. Palliative care patients were affected more than other cancer patients. Conclusion: This work may lead to greater awareness among healthcare professionals that patients with all types of cancer may experience sexual difficulties. Addressing potential sexual problems during the course of disease may give patients confidence to discuss such issues as they occur, thus avoiding embarrassment or aggravation of the problems later in their illness.
External and internal sport motivations of young adults

External and internal sport motivations of young adults Study aim: To determine and evaluate the spectrum of sport motivation of young adults. Material and methods: A group of 600 subjects, aged 17 - 19 years, participated in the study. An ad hoc questionnaire was applied to assess the 4 motivational factors: competition and success-oriented motivation, external accommodation, physical fitness and health + sportsman-like attitude, and hedonistic. Results: Competition, contest, victory and beating own benchmark were the important factors for male students. The female students preferred external adequacy and others' opinion. They believed in the importance of healthy living, physical strength and sports give them better appearance. The motivational factors had more importance amongst active than inactive youths. Young active students believed that sport performance would guide them to success. Conclusions: It is important to keep healthy lifestyle and sport motivation before teenage years since it is a guidance to preserve the health and adequate personality development.
Sex hormone-binding globulin levels in middle-aged premenopausal women. Associations with visceral obesity and metabolic profile.

OBJECTIVE Low sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in women are associated not only with hyperinsulinemia, increased risk for cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes but also with excess body fatness and abdominal obesity. We tested the hypothesis that an elevated total or intra-abdominal adipose tissue accumulation mediates the relationship between low SHBG levels and an altered metabolic profile. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We measured body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DEXA]) and body fat distribution (computed tomography) in 52 middle-aged (46.7 +/- 0.4, mean +/- SEM) premenopausal women. Insulin and glucose responses to a 75-g oral glucose load and plasma lipid-lipoprotein levels were also measured. RESULTS Low plasma SHBG concentrations were associated with increased total body fat mass (r = -0.41, P < 0.005) and subcutaneous abdominal (r = -0.39, P < 0.005) and intra-abdominal (r = -0.37, P < 0.008) adipose tissue area. Low SHBG was also associated with a greater insulin response to oral glucose (r = -0.40, P < 0.005), higher triglyceride levels (r = -0.29, P < 0.05), higher cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio (r = -0.51, P < 0.005), but lower HDL cholesterol concentrations (r = 0.65, P < 0.005). When matched for intra-abdominal fat or total fat mass, subjects with either low or high SHBG showed no difference in the insulin response to an oral glucose challenge. Statistical adjustment for differences in intra-abdominal adipose tissue accumulation or total body fat mass also eliminated the associations between SHBG levels and metabolic variables, with the exception of the association between SHBG and HDL cholesterol levels (r = 0.52, P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the previously reported relationship between low SHBG levels and increased metabolic disease risk in women is mediated, to a large extent, by concomitant variation in body fatness and intra-abdominal adipose tissue accumulation.
The cost-effectiveness of permethrin-treated bed nets in an area of intense malaria transmission in western Kenya.

This study compared the costs and effects of insecticide (permethrin)-treated bed net (ITN) use in children less than five years of age in an area of intense, perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. The data were derived from a group-randomized controlled trial of ITNs conducted between 1996 and 1999. The annual net cost per life-year gained was 34 U.S. dollars and the net annual cost per all-cause sick child clinic visit averted was 49 U.S. dollars. After taking into account a community effect (protection from malaria afforded to non-ITN users who lived within 300 meters from users) these estimates decreased to 25 U.S. dollars and 38 U.S. dollars, respectively. This study provides further evidence that ITNs are a highly cost-effective use of scarce health care resources.
WALKING PROGNOSIS IN CEREBRAL PALSY: A 22‐YEAR RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS

A retrospective study was performed of 272 patients with spasticity to determine criteria for the prognosis for ambulation based on the ages at which children with cerebral palsy attain important gross motor milestones. The variables analysed were age at last clinical assessment, clinical type of cerebral palsy and ages at attainment of gross motor milestones. Achievement of head balance before nine months was an important parameter for good prognosis for walking and, after 20 months of age, an indicator for poor prognosis. Sitting by 24 months indicated a favourable outcome, and motor control of crawling at 30 months of age was a predictor for good prognosis. Based on these data, a chart for walking prognosis in children with cerebral palsy is presented.
Okul Öncesi Çocuklarının Bilim İnsanı Kavramına Yönelik Algıları

Bu calisma okul oncesi donemde bulunan cocuklarin bilim insani kavramina yonelik algilarini belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Arastirmanin katilimcilarini Trabzon ili Besikduzu ilcesinden rastgele secilen iki anaokulunda ogrenim goren 48-72 ay araligindaki 68 cocuk olusturmaktadir. Veriler, Chambers'in (1983) "Bir Bilim Insani Ciz Testi" ve derinlemesine mulakat teknigi ile toplanmistir. Elde edilen veriler, arastirma ucgenlemesi yontemi ile uzman gorusune basvurularak temalar olusturulmus ve bu temalara gore analiz edilmistir. Analiz sonuclarina gore okul oncesi cocuklarinin cogu bilim insanini erkek, laboratuvarda calisan, arastirmalar yapan ve karisimlar olusturan, laboratuvar malzemeleri ve bilgisayar kullanan, onluk giyen ve gozluk takan kisiler olarak belirtmislerdir. Bu sonuclar dogrultusunda, cocuklara bilim insani ile ilgili daha gercekci algilar olusturmak amaciyla bilim insani konulu etkinliklere daha fazla yer verilmesi onerilmistir.
Kripke‐style semantics for many‐valued logics

This paper deals with Kripke‐style semantics for many‐valued logics. We introduce various types of Kripke semantics, and we connect them with algebraic semantics. As for modal logics, we relate the axioms of logics extending MTL to properties of the Kripke frames in which they are valid. We show that in the propositional case most logics are complete but not strongly complete with respect to the corresponding class of complete Kripke frames, whereas in the predicate case there are important many‐valued logics like BL, Ł and Π, which are not even complete with respect to the class of all predicate Kripke frames in which they are valid. Thus although very natural, Kripke semantics seems to be slightly less powerful than algebraic semantics. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Emotion processes in normal and abnormal development and preventive intervention

We present an analysis of the role of emotions in normal and abnormal development and preventive intervention. The conceptual framework stems from three tenets of differential emotions theory (DET). These principles concern the constructs of emotion utilization; intersystem connections among modular emotion systems, cognition, and action; and the organizational and motivational functions of discrete emotions. Particular emotions and patterns of emotions function differentially in different periods of development and in influencing the cognition and behavior associated with different forms of psychopathology. Established prevention programs have not emphasized the concept of emotion as motivation. It is even more critical that they have generally neglected the idea of modulating emotions, not simply to achieve self-regulation, but also to utilize their inherently adaptive functions as a means of facilitating the development of social competence and preventing psychopathology. The paper includes a brief description of a theory-based prevention program and suggestions for complementary targeted interventions to address specific externalizing and internalizing problems. In the final section, we describe ways in which emotion-centered preventions can provide excellent opportunities for research on the development of normal and abnormal behavior.
Intended and Unintended Consequences of Mandatory IFRS Adoption: A Review of Extant Evidence and Suggestions for Future Research

This paper discusses empirical evidence on the economic consequences of mandatory International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption in the European Union (EU), and provides suggestions on how future research can add to our understanding of these effects. Based on the stated objectives of the EU's so-called ‘IAS Regulation’, we distinguish between intended and unintended consequences of mandatory IFRS adoption. Empirical research on the intended consequences generally fails to document an increase in the comparability or transparency of financial statements. In contrast, there is rich and almost unanimous evidence of positive effects on capital markets and at the macroeconomic level. We argue that certain research design issues are likely to contribute to this apparent mismatch in findings. The literature investigating unintended consequences of mandatory IFRS adoption is still in its infancy. However, extant empirical evidence and insights from non-IFRS settings suggest that mandatory IFRS adoption has the potential to materially affect contractual outcomes. We conclude that both the intended and the unintended consequences deserve further scrutiny to assess the costs and benefits of mandatory IFRS adoption, and we provide specific guidance for future research.
Patients' self-perception of dentofacial attractiveness before and after exposure to facial photographs.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether exposure to pretreatment photographs of themselves influenced patients' self-perception of dentofacial attractiveness and willingness to undergo treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 100 subjects of white ancestry aged 18 years or older (Study Group) and 100 sex- and age-matched controls (Control Group) were selected. Photographs of the frontal view of the face and the profile view of the face, both at rest and while smiling, were taken of each participant. Only Study Group subjects were given a printed copy of their own images to be examined at home between the initial observation (T0) and a set date an average of 30 days later (T1). Each of the 200 subjects in the study completed a questionnaire at T0 and T1 exploring happiness regarding their smiles and their facial profiles, as well as willingness to undergo treatment. RESULTS At T1 in the Study Group, 50% of subjects responded with a lower opinion of their facial profiles than at T0; 11% and 45% were willing to undergo more comprehensive procedures to change the appearance of their smiles and profiles, respectively. No statistically significant change was seen in questionnaire answers between T0 and T1 for the Control Group. CONCLUSION Laypeople generally are not aware of their facial profiles. Pretreatment photograph exposure can increase profile self-awareness, an important factor in reducing the discrepancy between orthodontists' and patients' visual emphasis on dentofacial esthetics.
Average modeling of three-phase and nine-phase diode rectifiers with improved AC current and DC voltage dynamics

This paper presents a new average modeling approach for three-phase and nine-phase diode rectifiers with improved AC and DC dynamics. The key assumption taken in this paper is to model the DC load current using its first-order Taylor series expansion throughout the entire averaging timespan, i.e., commutation and conduction periods. The resultant average models present an excellent steady-state and transient behavior, matching their respective detailed switching models with less than 1 % measured error. Moreover, the analytic nature of these models makes them suitable for simulation and stability studies of variable frequency power systems. The paper presents an in-depth description of the modeling approach, together with a thorough static and transient validation of the proposed models. The model is validated through comparison of average model in MATLAB, switching model in Saber and the experimental results
Educational inequalities in ischaemic heart disease mortality in 44,000 Norwegian women and men: The influence of psychosocial and behavioural factors. The HUNT Study

Aims: To investigate the influence of psychosocial and behavioural factors on educational inequalities in ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality. Methods: A population-based cohort study of 44,128 women and men free of IHD aged 30 years and older at baseline in 1995—97. Results: After adjustment for age and long-standing illness, both women (HR 3.22, 95% CI 1.31—7.90) and men (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.03—2.40) who completed only primary education level (primary and lower secondary school) were at increased risk for IHD mortality compared to those who completed the tertiary education level (first and second stage of tertiary education). Behavioural factors explained 25% of the relative difference between primary and tertiary education level in IHD mortality among women and 53 % in men. Psychosocial factors had small influence on the relative difference in IHD mortality Conclusions: Findings from this study indicate that differences in behavioural factors contribute considerably more to inequalities in IHD mortality in educational levels than do psychosocial factors, and this effect seems to be stronger in men than women.
Density of dopa-positive melanocytes in dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria.

Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria, one of the hereditary diseases characterized by the presence of pigmented and hypopigmented spots on the extremities, was studied by the splitting dopa stain on the hypopigmented area. There were 190 +/- 58/mm2 dopa-positive cells, i.e. less than the normal value of the Japanese population. This suggests that the pigment anomaly in this disease may be due to the small number of melanocytes.
Apomucin Expression and Association With Lewis Antigens During Gastric Development

In normal stomach, MUC5AC and MUC6 apomucins are associated with Lewis types 1 and 2, respectively, and this association is lost during gastric carcinogenesis. The expression of gastric (MUC5AC, MUC6) and intestinal (MUC2, MUC4) apomucins and Lewis antigens during gastric development, using single and double labeling immunohistochemistry on fetal tissues (15–41 weeks), was analyzed and related to the tumor expression patterns. Apomucin expression in other fetal tissues was also analyzed. In gastric samples, MUC2 is detected in 14 of 19 showing no correlation with fetal age, and MUC4 is not detected. MUC5AC and MUC6 are always highly detected and are coexpressed and associated with both types of Lewis antigens. These patterns change progressively with the development of the adult gastric morphology. MUC2 is detected in the small intestine, colon, and pancreas; MUC4 is expressed in the colon; MUC5AC is detected in the small intestine; and MUC6 is found in the duodenum and pancreas. The patterns of apomucin expression and association with Lewis antigens during development are complex, but there is a trend toward the establishment of the adult pattern, with the exception of MUC4, which is not detected. These patterns found in fetal stomach indicate that alterations reported in gastric tumors do not fully recapitulate a developmental phenotype.
A Comparison of the Anterior Approach and the Posterior Approach in Treating Multilevel Cervical Myelopathy: A Meta-Analysis

Study Design: A meta-analysis. Objective: To compare the effectiveness and the safety of the anterior approach with those of the posterior approach for patients diagnosed with multilevel cervical myelopathy (MCM). Summary of Background Data: Although many studies had compared the outcomes of the anterior approach with that of the posterior approach for MCM in recent years, choosing a proper surgical approach is still a controversial issue . Methods: We searched electronic databases for relevant studies that compared the anterior approach with the posterior approach for MCM. Then, data extraction and quality assessment were conducted. We used RevMan 5.3 for data analysis. A random effects model was used for heterogenous data, whereas a fixed-effects model was used for homogenous data. Results: A total of 25 nonrandomized controlled studies involving 1843 patients were included. No statistical difference was found with regard to the preoperative Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score between the anterior group and the posterior group (P=0.08, 95% CI, −0.02 to 0.40). The postoperative JOA score and the recovery rate were higher in the anterior group as compared with the posterior group (P=0.02, 95% CI, 0.10–1.33; P=0.006, 95% CI, 2.33–13.90). In the subgroup analysis, better postoperative JOA scores and recovery rates were also obtained in the anterior group for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (P=0.0007, 95% CI, 0.29–1.09; P=0.01, 95% CI, 1.30–9.93). No significant differences were found in the complication rate, the revision rate, the operation time, and blood loss between the 2 groups (P=0.17, 95% CI, 0.89–1.95; P=0.21, 95% CI, 0.72–4.61; P=0.31, 95% CI, −20.20 to 63.30; P=0.88, 95% CI, −166.86 to 143.81). Conclusions: The anterior approach is associated with a better postoperative neurological outcome compared with the posterior approach in cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients. Considering the complication rate, the revision rate, the operation time, and blood loss, the anterior approach appears to be as safe as the posterior approach. Further randomized controlled trials comparing the anterior approach and the posterior approach for MCM should be performed to make a more convincing conclusion.
Decreased Frequency of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-Specific CD4+ T Lymphocytes in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques: Inverse Relationship with CMV Viremia

ABSTRACT The frequency of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes was determined in CMV-seropositive rhesus macaques with or without simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection by using the sensitive assays of intracellular cytokine staining and gamma interferon ELISPOT. Both techniques yielded 3- to 1,000-fold-higher frequencies of CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes than traditional proliferative limiting dilution assays. The median frequency of CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes in 23 CMV-seropositive SIV-negative macaques was 0.63% (range, 0.16 to 5.8%). The majority of CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes were CD95pos and CD27lo but expressed variable levels of CD45RA. A significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the frequency of CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes was observed in pathogenic SIV-infected macaques but not in macaques infected with live attenuated strains of SIV. CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes were not detected in six of nine pathogenic SIV-infected rhesus macaques. CMV DNA was detected in the plasma of four of six of these macaques but in no animal with detectable CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. In pathogenic SIV-infected macaques, loss of CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes was not predicted by the severity of CD4+ T lymphocytopenia. Neither was it predicted by the pre-SIV infection frequencies of CD45RAneg or CCR5pos CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. However, the magnitude of activation, as evidenced by the intensity of CD40L expression on CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes pre-SIV infection, was three- to sevenfold greater in the two macaques that subsequently lost these cells after SIV infection than in the two macaques that retained CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes post-SIV infection. Future longitudinal studies with these techniques will facilitate the study of CMV pathogenesis in AIDS.