Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in an Axillary Accessory Breast Fibroadenoma

A 35-year-old woman had multiple fibroadenomas in the bilateral breasts. Physical examination disclosed another 2 cm mass that was palpable in the right axilla. It was difficult to see the right axillary mass on the mammogram. On ultrasonography, the mass was heterogeneous and hypoechoic with a partly indistinct margin. On T 1 -weighted coronal magnetic resonance images, the right axillary mass was surrounded by tissue that, although similar in appearance to normal breast tissue (Fig. 1a,b), was separated from normal breast tissue and adhered to the axillary skin. We postulated that the axillary tissues were accessory breasts and that the right axillary mass was a tumor that arose from this tissue. The right axillary accessory breast tumor manifested inhomogeneous signal intensity and small cysts on T 2 -weighed images (Fig. 2) and was gradually enhanced on dynamic study. These imaging findings suggested that the tumor was a complex fibroadenoma. By tumor enucleation, the right axillary tumor was histologically confirmed to be a complex fibroadenoma with multiple small cysts and some phyllodal features (Fig. 3). The surrounding tissue adherent to this tumor was confirmed as accessory breast tissue.
Time for care. Length of general practice consultations in Australia.

BACKGROUND Past estimates of the length of Australian general practice consultations have been based on Medicare item numbers claimed, which carries probable serious inaccuracies. AIMS To describe the length of general practitioner consultations. METHODS A random sample of 926 GPs recorded the start and finish times in minutes of their consultations for which a Medicare item number was claimed between April 2000 and March 2001, within a continuous cross sectional national study of general practice activity. RESULTS Mean length of the consultations was 14.8 minutes (range 1-106). Mean length per GP varied widely (mean of means 14.8, range 3-39, mode 15.0 minutes). Female GPs had significantly longer consultations than males. Younger (< 45 years) male metropolitan GPs had the shortest mean length. Most attendances (85.7%) were designated Level B, 1.5% as Level A, 11.7% Levels C and 1.1% as level D. Mean length of Level A was 7.1 minutes, Level B-13.0, Level C-26.1, and Level D-44.9 minutes. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the majority of GPs are not practising 'six minute medicine', and may assist cost projections of any changes to the Medicare Schedule.
Long‐term remission of lymphocytic hypereosinophilic syndrome with imatinib mesylate

I read with great interest the review on POEMS syndrome by Angela Dispenzieri [1]. As indicated by the author, skin lesions are frequent in this syndrome, some characteristic, and considered as minor criteria of POEMS syndrome. These include hyperpigmentation, hypertrichosis, and glomeruloid hemangioma, requiring a whole skin examination. However, the author does not mention acquired facial atrophy observed in more than half of patients in a recent dermatologic series including 21 patients conducted at our institution [2]. This clinical manifestation is similar to the lipoatrophy observed in HIV-infected patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy with protease inhibitors and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors as a part of the metabolic or lipodystrophy syndrome [3], or in patients with autoimmune diseases and alternate complement pathway abnormalities [4], including lupus panniculitis [5]. In our institution, we consider that POEMS syndrome should be evoked in patients not under antiretroviral treatment presenting with acquired facial lipoatrophy not preceded by a deep skin infiltration as observed in lupus panniculitis, when associated with polyradiculoneuropathy and monoclonal gammopathy.
Evolution of environmental cues for phenotypic plasticity

Phenotypically plastic characters may respond to multiple variables in their environment, but the evolutionary consequences of this phenomenon have rarely been addressed theoretically. We model the evolution of linear reaction norms in response to several correlated environmental variables, in a population undergoing stationary environmental fluctuations. At evolutionary equilibrium, the linear combination of environmental variables that acts as a developmental cue for the plastic trait is the multivariate best linear predictor of changes in the optimum. However, the reaction norm with respect to any single environmental variable may exhibit nonintuitive patterns. Apparently maladaptive, or hyperadaptive plasticity can evolve with respect to single environmental variables, and costs of plasticity may increase, rather than reduce, plasticity in response to some variables. We also find conditions for the evolution of an indirect environmental indicator that affects expression of a plastic phenotype, despite not influencing natural selection on it.
Hybrid Solid- and Liquid-Cooling Solution for Isothermalization of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Power Electronic Devices

Rapid increases in the power ratings and continuing miniaturization of power electronic devices have pushed chip heat fluxes well beyond the range of conventional thermal management techniques. The heat flux of power electronic devices for hybrid electric vehicles is currently at the level of 100-200 W/cm2 and is projected to increase to 500 W/cm2 in next generation vehicles. Such high heat fluxes lead to higher and less uniform insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) chip temperature and significantly degrade the device performance and system reliability. Maintaining the maximum temperature below a specified limit, while isothermalizing the surface temperature of the chip, has become a critical issue for thermal management of power electronics. In this paper, a hybrid solid- and liquid-cooling system design, which combines cold plate liquid cooling and TE solid-state cooling, is proposed for thermal management of a 10 × 10 mm IGBT chip. The liquid-cooling cold plate is used for global cooling of the entire IGBT module while the embedded thin-film TE cooler (TEC) is employed for isothermalization of the individual IGBT chip. A detailed package-level 3-D thermal model is developed to explore the potential application of this cooling concept, with the primary attention focused on isothermalization and temperature reduction of IGBT chip associated with variations in TEC sizes, TE materials, applied current on TEC, cooling system designs, working fluid temperature, cold plate cooling capacity, and IGBT chip heat flux. The results demonstrate that the hybrid solid and liquid cooling is a very promising thermal management solution that can eliminate more than 90% of the temperature nonuniformity on the IGBT chip.
The Non-transmembrane Form of Delta1, but Not of Jagged1, Induces Normal Migratory Behavior Accompanied by Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1-dependent Transformation*

The interactions between Notch (N) receptors and their transmembrane ligands, Jagged1 (JI) and Delta1 (Dl1), mediate signaling events between neighboring cells that are crucial during embryonal development and in adults. Since the non-transmembrane extracellular form of J1 acts as an antagonist of N activation in NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells and induces fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1)-dependent transformation (Small, D., Kovalenko, D., Soldi, R., Mandinova, A., Kolev, V., Trifonova, R., Bagala, C., Kacer, D., Battelli, C., Liaw, L., Prudovsky, I., and Maciag, T. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 16405–16413), we examined the potential redundant functions of the two subfamilies of Notch ligands and report that while the soluble (s) forms of both Dl1 and J1 act as N signaling antagonists in NIH 3T3 cells, they do display disparate functions. While sJ1 induced an attenuation of cell motility which is accompanied by a decrease in actin stress fibers and an increase in adherence junctions, sDl1 does not. However, sJ1, like sDl1, induces a NIH 3T3 cell tranformed phenotype mediated by FGF signaling. Because the inhibition of N signaling by sJ1 and sDl1 is rescued by dominant-negative Src expression, we suggest that there may be cooperation between the Notch and Src signaling pathways.
Ativação da via de sinalização AMPK/Acetil-CoA carboxilase no hipotalamo de ratos expostos a baixa temperatura

A exposicao de animais homeotermicos ao frio leva a uma poderosa ativacao da sinalizacao anorexigenica, acompanhada por resistencia molecular e funcional a inibicao da alimentacao induzida pela insulina. Evidencias recentes sugerem que a AMPK participa do controle da saciedade e da adiposidade, dependente de nutriente. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da exposicao ao frio sobre a ativacao molecular da sinalizacao da AMPK em hipotalamo de ratos. Immunoblotting demonstrou que a exposicao ao frio por si e suficiente para induzir, em um modelo tempo dependente, a ativacao molecular da serina/treonina quinase, proteina quinase ativada por AMP (AMPK) e a inativacao da acetil-CoA carboxilase (ACC). Estes fenomenos moleculares foram acompanhados pela resistencia a inativacao da AMPK e pela ativacao da ACC, dependentes de nutrientes. Alem disso, a exposicao ao frio levou a uma inibicao parcial da resposta anorexigenica induzida pela alimentacao, a qual foi acompanhada pela resistencia a supressao da alimentacao induzida pela insulina. Finalmente, a exposicao ao frio prejudicou significativamente a inibicao da AMPK, induzida pela insulina, atraves de um mecanismo dependente do ? cross-talk? molecular entre fosfatidilinositol-3(PI3)-quinase/Akt e AMPK. Como conclusao, a hiperfagia durante a exposicao ao frio resulta, pelo menos em parte, da resistencia hipotalâmica a sinalizacao anorexigenica dependente de nutrientes e insulina Abstract
The effect of orthodontic tilting movements on the periodontal tissues of infected and non-infected dentitions in dogs.

Abstract The aim of the present investigation was to study (1) whether it was possible, by orthodontic tooth movement, to shift a supragingivally located plaque into a subgingival position, and (2) periodontal tissue reactions around tilted and intruded plaque-infected teeth. The experiments were performed on five dogs which were fed a diet that allowed dental plaque accumulation. The lower third premolars (3P and P3) were extracted and a phase of experimental periodontal breakdown was initiated on day 0. The periodontal pockets around the lower fourth premolars (4P and P4) were eliminated on day 210. During surgery, a notch was prepared in the root at the level of the marginal alveolar bone in order to facilitate measurements in radiographs and histological sections. After 60 days of healing with plaque control, i.e. on day 270, orthodontic appliances producing tipping forces on 4p and P4 were inserted. From day 270 to day 450, plaque was allowed to accumulate on 4P (test = T) while P4 (control = C) was brushed twice daily. The dogs were sacrificed on day 450. Following sacrifice, tissue sections comprising 4P, 1M and P4, M1 were produced and subjected to microscopic analysis. The present investigation showed that it was possible by orthodontic tooth movement to shift a supragingivally located plaque into a subgingival position. The mesial-apical movement of the plaque-infected teeth resulted in the formation of infrabony pockets. In four out of five dogs the displacement of the plaque-infected tooth resulted in an apical shift of the connective tissue attachment. When similar orthodontic forces were acting on plaque-free teeth, the tilting movement did not result in the formation of infrabony pockets. In only two dogs did the treatment result in loss of connective tissue attachment.
Comparing motion‐ and imagery‐related activation in the human cerebellum: A functional MRI study

Cerebellar activation during execution and imagination of a finger movement was compared. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to detect cerebellar activation during execution and imagination of an untrained self‐paced finger‐to‐thumb movement (left and right hand separately). The four fingers were opposed to the thumb in changing sequences freely chosen by the subjects. The activation maps of 10 right‐handed healthy subjects were averaged after transformation into a common coordinate space. Averaged activation maps revealed strong motion‐related bilateral activation in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum and in the paravermal regions of the posterior lobe. Ipsilateral activity predominated significantly. Compared to motion, imagination of the same task produced lower signal changes, and foci were more variable in position and strength. The averaged activation maps showed activity in the same regions as in motion. Activation in the posterior cerebellar lobe was more prominent extending into the lateral hemispheres. Ipsilateral dominance was significant for right‐hand imagery. The left‐hand task only showed marginally stronger ipsilateral activation. The activation pattern observed during execution of the finger‐to‐thumb movement is in agreement with theories of functional cerebellar topography. For imagery, activation at a comparable location may reflect common functionality, e.g., motor preparation and/or timing. Additional activation in the lateral hemispheres may be related to an imagery‐specific function. Hum. Brain Mapping 6:105–113, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic control of Dps protein levels by ClpXP and ClpAP proteases in Escherichia coli

The Escherichia coli starvation‐induced DNA protection protein Dps was observed to be degraded rapidly during exponential growth. This turnover is dependent on the clpP and clpX genes. The clpA gene is not required for Dps proteolysis, suggesting that Dps is a substrate for ClpXP protease but not for ClpAP protease. Dps proteolysis was found to be highly regulated. Upon carbon starvation, Dps is stabilized, which together with increased Dps synthesis allows strong accumulation of Dps in the stationary phase. The addition of glucose to starving cells results in rapid resumption of Dps proteolysis by ClpXP. Oxidative stress also leads to efficient stabilization of Dps. After hyperosmotic shift, however, proteolysis remains unaffected. Thus, regulated proteolysis of Dps strongly contributes to controlling Dps levels under very specific stress conditions. In contrast to the regulated degradation of RpoS by ClpXP, Dps proteolysis is independent of the recognition factor RssB. In addition, during starvation, clpP and, to a somewhat lesser extent, clpA are involved in maintaining ongoing Dps synthesis (acting at the level of Dps translation), which is required for strong Dps accumulation in long‐term stationary phase cells. In summary, both ClpXP and ClpAP exert significant control of Dps levels by affecting log phase stability and stationary phase synthesis of Dps respectively.
Maltreatment or violence-related injury in children and adolescents admitted to the NHS: comparison of trends in England and Scotland between 2005 and 2011

Objective Legislation to safeguard children from maltreatment by carers or violence by others was advanced in England and Scotland around 2004–2005 and resulted in different policies and services. We examined whether subsequent trends in injury admissions to hospital related to maltreatment or violence varied between the two countries. Setting and participants We analysed rates of all unplanned injury admission to National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in England and Scotland between 2005 and 2011 for children and adolescents aged less than 19 years. Outcomes We compared incidence trends for maltreatment or violence-related (MVR) injury and adjusted rate differences between 2005 and 2011 using Poisson or negative binomial regression models to adjust for seasonal effects and secular trends in non-MVR injury. Infants, children 1–10 years and adolescents 11–18 years were analysed separately. Results In 2005, MVR rates were similar in England and Scotland for infants and 1–10-year-olds, but almost twice as high in Scotland for 11–18-year-olds. MVR rates for infants increased by similar amounts in both countries, in line with rising non-MVR rates in England but contrary to declines in Scotland. Among 1–10-year-olds, MVR rates increased in England and declined in Scotland, in line with increasing non-MVR rates in England and declining rates in Scotland. Among 11–18-year-olds, MVR rates declined more steeply in Scotland than in England along with declines in non-MVR trends. Conclusions Diverging trends in England and Scotland may reflect true changes in the occurrence of MVR injury or differences in the way services recognise and respond to these children, record such injuries or a combination of these factors. Further linkage of data from surveys and services for child maltreatment and violence could help distinguish the impact of policies.
Circumspection in psychotherapy: Structures and strategies of counselor-client interaction

A number of studies have analyzed counselor-client interaction by examining routine therapeutic transactions to explicate the structures and strategies they exhibit (e.g., Labov and Fanshel 1977; Pittinger et al. 1960; Turner 1972). A central phenomenon in these transactions is the 'negotiation of illness' (Balint 1957). In the case of psychotherapy this negotiation is so essential to the treatment process that psychotherapy might be regarded as itself a process of covert negotiation. Client and counselor collaborate in developing a new definition of the client's situation which incorporates the input of the counselor. This negotiation, like other therapeutic activities, is carried out through conversational processes intrinsic to the interactional organization of psychotherapy (Blum and Rosenberg 1968). That is, there is no 'time out' during which this activity can be implemented; it must be accomplished over the developing course of activity in which it is embedded (Garfinkel 1967; Garfinkel and Sacks 1970). In certain circumstances the negotiation endemic to psychotherapy is carried out in especially circumspect ways. This paper examines some of these techniques as they are implemented at one community-based drug abuse treatment agency, here given the pseudonym 'Community Service Center' or 'CSC' (Peyrot 1982a). In cases referred to CSC from the criminal justice system both client and treatment agent are predisposed toward circumspection in their dealings with each other. On one hand, clients are coerced into treatment, often in spite of the fact that they do not want treatment. Many clients want only to satisfy the requirements imposed by the legal system without serious involvement in therapy, a fact generally recognized by treatment agents (Peyrot 1982b). At the same time, clients try to avoid alienating the treatment agents who must certify their participation in therapy if they are to satisfy the requirements for drug treatment. On the other hand, therapists at CSC face an undersupply of clients and must be solicitous of clients because they need every client they can get. Therefore, they try to avoid confrontations which may alienate their clients.
A five-year study of mortality in a busy ski population.

A 5-year study of a busy ski population in Utah revealed a total at-risk period of approximately 3.5 million skier-days. While the morbidity (fractures, strains, sprains, and occasionally more severe injuries) associated with skiing is well recognized and considered by most physicians concerned to be distributed somewhat unevenly within the various skills of skiing, the authors have identified an exceedingly low mortality among the same population. Six individuals died as a result of injuries directly attributable to skiing. Three of these were considered to be advanced skiers and three were of intermediate skill. In three instances the environment was considered to play a role in the accident. Two of these victims were skiing out of control, one as a result of ice-covered snow and one as a result of speed in combination with a small jump. The third victim was crushed in an avalanche. One accident was completely unexplained, the skier having skied without apparent attempt at checking or change of course into a nonrecreational area. The two remaining skiers of intermediate skill both suffered injuries incident to falling forward with considerable force onto a relatively flat, hard snow surface. Notwithstanding the intense and sometimes prolonged exertion at relatively high altitudes (9,400 to 11,000 ft or 2.9 to 3.3 km), only one skier with a previous history of atherosclerotic heart disease died while skiing. One additional middle-aged skier with similar history died at the conclusion of the day. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Evolution of crabs – history and deconstruction of a prime example of convergence

Compared with the elongate bodies of shrimps or lobsters, crabs are characterised by a compact body organisation with a depressed, short carapace and a ventrally folded pleon. The evolutionary transformation from a lobster-like crustacean towards a crab is called ‘carcinization’ and has been interpreted as a dramatic morphological change. Nevertheless, the crab-shape evolved convergently in a number of lineages within Decapoda. Accordingly, numerous hypotheses about internal and external factors have been presented, which all try to explain these frequent convergent carcinization events despite the seemingly fundamental changes in the body organisation. However, what a crab is lies greatly in the eye of the beholder and most of the hypotheses about the lobster/crab transformation are biased by untested assumptions. Furthermore, there are two meanings of the word ‘crab’ within decapods: one, the phylogenetic meaning, refers to the clade Brachyura; the other, more general and typological use of the word crab, describes decapods with a certain body shape. These two meanings should not be confused when the issue of carcinization is discussed. Here, I propose a definition of what a crab is, i.e. what is meant when we speak about carcinization. I show that not all Brachyura are crabs in the typological sense. Carcinization occurred at least twice within the clade. Among Anomala there is further evidence that crab-shaped Lithodidae derived from a hermit-crab like ancestor. Carcinization is not restricted to Anomala plus Brachyura (Meiura) but is also found in Achelata, namely in slipper lobsters. A deconstruction of the crab-shape reveals that parts of it appear in various combinations among all decapod groups. Only a certain threshold of number and quality of crab-features makes us call an animal a ‘crab’. This reveals that carcinization does not involve such dramatic changes in morphology as has been suggested. Moreover similar alterations of body shapes appear frequently in other crustacean taxa and in various animal groups as diverse as sharks and sea urchins. Hence morphological constraints, macroevolution, trends, tendencies, or underlying synapomorphies of any kind are not necessary assumptions for the explanation of the evolution of crabs.
Metabolites as novel biomarkers for childhood obesity‐related traits in Mexican–American children

Although newer approaches have identified several metabolites associated with obesity, there is paucity of such information in paediatric populations, especially among Mexican–Americans (MAs) who are at high risk of obesity. Therefore, we performed a global serum metabolite screening in MA children to identify biomarkers of childhood obesity.