Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Combined Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Cavitation Erosion Process

We are comparing results of numerical simulations a gainst high speed simultaneous observations of cavitation and cavitation erosion. We performed fully compressible, cavitating flow simulations to resolve the formation of the sh ock waves at cloud collapse – these are believed to be directly related to the formation of the damage. Good agreements were noticed between calculations and tests. Two high pressure p eaks were found during one cavitation cycle. One relates to the cavitation collapse and t he other one corresponds to the cavitation shed off, both contributing to a distinctive stepwi se erosion damage growth pattern. Additional, more precise, simulations with much sho rter time step were performed to investigate the processes of cavitation collapse an d shedding off in more detail. There the importance of small cavitation structures which col lapse independently of the main cloud was Combined numerical and experimental investigation of the cavitation erosion process ___________________________________________________________________________________________ January 5 2015 Matevz Dular 2 found. The present work shows a great potential for future development of techniques for accurate predictions of cavitation erosion by numerical mean s o ly.
INVITED CONTRIBUTION BIOPHYSICS IN SWIMMING

Performance is the time (t) to cover a given distance (d), i. e. speed of swimming (v = d / t). In turn, v is the product of stroke rate (SR), and distance per stroke (d/S). Maximal v is set by maximal metabolic power (E’max) and energy cost of swimming (Cs). Drag (D), efficiency (h) and v set the metabolic requirements. D can be partitioned in friction (22%), pressure (55%) and wave (23%) drag. D reduction can be achieved by training and swim suit design. _ and Cs are influenced by D, by the energy wasted to water and by the internal work. E’tot is a combination of aerobic and anaerobic power: it increases monotonically with the speed, is highly variable and, it decreases with training. Aerobic, anaerobic lactic and alactic energy supply 38, 43, and 19% in 200 yd and 19, 54, and 26% in 50 yds. At competitive v, Cs is lowest in front crawl and higher in backstroke, butterfly and breaststroke (in that order). The above mentioned factors are highly variable, but even among elite swimmers each is highly trainable.
Slanted snaking of localized Faraday waves

We report on an experimental, theoretical and numerical study of slanted snaking of spatially localized parametrically excited waves on the surface of a water-surfactant mixture in a Hele-Shaw cell. We demonstrate experimentally the presence of a hysteretic transition to spatially extended parametrically excited surface waves when the acceleration amplitude is varied, as well as the presence of spatially localized waves exhibiting slanted snaking. The latter extend outside the hysteresis loop. We attribute this behavior to the presence of a conserved quantity, the liquid volume, and introduce a universal model based on symmetry arguments, which couples the wave amplitude with such a conserved quantity. The model captures both the observed slanted snaking and the presence of localized waves outside the hysteresis loop, as demonstrated by numerical integration of the model equations.
Real-Time Ground Vehicle Detection in Aerial Infrared Imagery Based on Convolutional Neural Network

An infrared sensor is a commonly used imaging device. Unmanned aerial vehicles, the most promising moving platform, each play a vital role in their own field, respectively. However, the two devices are seldom combined in automatic ground vehicle detection tasks. Therefore, how to make full use of them—especially in ground vehicle detection based on aerial imagery–has aroused wide academic concern. However, due to the aerial imagery’s low-resolution and the vehicle detection’s complexity, how to extract remarkable features and handle pose variations, view changes as well as surrounding radiation remains a challenge. In fact, these typical abstract features extracted by convolutional neural networks are more recognizable than the engineering features, and those complex conditions involved can be learned and memorized before. In this paper, a novel approach towards ground vehicle detection in aerial infrared images based on a convolutional neural network is proposed. The UAV and the infrared sensor used in this application are firstly introduced. Then, a novel aerial moving platform is built and an aerial infrared vehicle dataset is unprecedentedly constructed. We publicly release this dataset (NPU_CS_UAV_IR_DATA), which can be used for the following research in this field. Next, an end-to-end convolutional neural network is built. With large amounts of recognized features being iteratively learned, a real-time ground vehicle model is constructed. It has the unique ability to detect both the stationary vehicles and moving vehicles in real urban environments. We evaluate the proposed algorithm on some low–resolution aerial infrared images. Experiments on the NPU_CS_UAV_IR_DATA dataset demonstrate that the proposed method is effective and efficient to recognize the ground vehicles. Moreover it can accomplish the task in real-time while achieving superior performances in leak and false alarm ratio.
Drop deformation by laser-pulse impact

A free falling, absorbing liquid drop hit by a nanosecond laser pulse experiences a strong recoil pressure kick. As a consequence, the drop propels forward and deforms into a thin sheet which eventually fragments. We study how the drop deformation depends on the pulse shape and drop properties. We first derive the velocity field inside the drop on the time scale of the pressure pulse, when the drop is still spherical. This yields the kinetic energy partition inside the drop, which precisely measures the deformation rate with respect to the propulsion rate, before surface tension comes into play. On the time scale where surface tension is important, the drop has evolved into a thin sheet. Its expansion dynamics is described with a slender-slope model, which uses the impulsive energy partition as an initial condition. Completed with boundary integral simulations, this two-stage model explains the entire drop dynamics and its dependence on the pulse shape: for a given propulsion, a tightly focused pulse results in a thin curved sheet which maximizes the lateral expansion, while a uniform illumination yields a smaller expansion but a flat symmetric sheet, in good agreement with experimental observations.
Role of the trading network in the diffusion of Newcastle disease in the Lake Alaotra region, Madagascar: A social network ananlysis

First reported in 1946, Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the major constraints of poultry farming in Madagascar. The trading network is thought to be the major pathway for transmission of this disease. This study aimed to describe the poultry commercial network in the Lake Alaotra region and assess the potential role of its components and its structure in the diffusion of ND virus. Several methods were combined to acquire data: classical survey, participatory epidemiology and disease surveillance. Social network analysis methods were used to analyze data. Network topology was scale-free, with 347 nodes and 1448 links. Hierarchical clustering showed six classes of nodes which were associated with ND outbreaks (p=0.004).
Interpersonal Conflicts and Styles of Managing Conflicts among Students at Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia

Interpersonal conflict happens everywhere and at any time and is inherent in all societies. However, the methods of managing such conflict are quite different from one organisation to the other. The general objective of the study was to assess interpersonal conflicts and styles of managing conflictsamong students at Bahir Dar University. Mixed-methods research composed of quantitative and qualitative approaches was implemented for the study. One-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance was employed to identify the interaction effect between dependent and independent variables. The study showed that the major sources of conflicts were ethnic differences, religious diversity, sexual abuse, theft and insulting. It was also noted that compromising, avoiding and collaborating were frequently used conflict management styles between students. It is recommended that university leaders and students be expected to understand the real causes of conflicts for healthier management styles.
The Effect of Semantic Interaction on Foraging in Text Analysis

Completing text analysis tasks is a continuous sensemaking loop of foraging for information and incrementally synthesizing it into hypotheses. Past research has shown the advantages of using spatial workspaces as a means for synthesizing information through externalizing hypotheses and creating spatial schemas. However, spatializing the entirety of datasets becomes prohibitive as the number of documents available to the analysts grows, particularly when only a small subset are relevant to the task at hand. StarSPIRE is a visual analytics tool designed to explore collections of documents, leveraging users’ semantic interactions to steer (1) a synthesis model that aids in document layout, and (2) a foraging model to automatically retrieve new relevant information. In contrast to traditional keyword search foraging (KSF), “semantic interaction foraging” (SIF) occurs as a result of the user’s synthesis actions. To quantify the value of semantic interaction foraging, we use StarSPIRE to evaluate its utility for an intelligence analysis sensemaking task. Semantic interaction foraging accounted for 26% of useful documents found, and it also resulted in increased synthesis interactions and improved sensemaking task performance by users in comparison to only using keyword search.
Family Size, Sibling Rivalry and Migration: Evidence from Mexico

This paper examines the causal effects of family size and demographic structure on offspring's international migration. We use rich survey data from Mexico to estimate the impact of sibship size, birth order and sibling composition on teenagers' and young adults' migration outcomes. We find no empirical support for the hypothesis that high fertility drives migration. The positive correlation between sibship size and migration disappears when endogeneity of family size is addressed using biological fertility (miscarriages) and infertility shocks. Yet, the chances to migrate are not equally distributed across children within the family. Older siblings, especially firstborn males, are more likely to migrate, while having more sisters than brothers may increase the chances of migration, particularly among girls.
Effects of temperature increase on the grazing of planktonic bacteria by biofilm-dwelling consumers

ABSTRACT: Biofilms, the complex microbial communities associated with surfaces, can play animportant role in the flux of matter in running waters. In addition to bacteria and algae, heterotrophicprotists and small metazoans can also occur in high abundances in biofilms. By grazing on planktonicprey, biofilm-dwelling grazers can act as a trophic link between planktonic and benthic food webs,parallel to filter-feeding benthic macroinvertebrates. Here we introduce a flow cell method for thequantification of grazing rates of semi-natural biofilms on suspended bacteria, parallel to microscopicbiofilm community analysis. This technique was used to measure the temperature response of thegrazing rates of complex biofilm communities (established in a bypass system to the River Rhine, Ger-many) on planktonic bacteria. Results showed that 14 d old biofilms (dominated by ciliates) clearplanktonic bacteria at rates between 29 (in winter) and 99 l m –2 biofilm d –1 (in summer) at ambienttemperature. These rates increased with test temperature, even at temperatures (>30°C) at which thegrazing rates of filter-feeding macrofauna in moderate climates are negatively influenced. The accli-mation temperatures under which the biofilm developed can have a significant effect on communityclearance rates, largely due to a temperature effect on the abundance and structure of the grazercommunity, whereas no indication of an acclimation effect on individual grazing rates could befound. In the function of bentho-pelagic couplers, biofilm-dwelling consumer communities can reactto temperature changes substantially faster than macrofaunal filter feeders.KEY WORDS: Biofilms · Ciliates · Protists · Bentho-pelagic coupling · Ingestion rates · Picoplankton ·Running waters · Periphyton
A License to Abuse: The Impact of Conditional Status on Female Immigrants

Maria was born in the Dominican Republic. She married a United States citizen, immigrated to this country, and obtained "conditional" resident immigration status, which enabled her to remain legally in the United States provided that she stay wedded to her spouse. Soon afterward, her husband began to brutalize her physically. "One time I had eight stitches in my head and a gash on the other side of my head, and he broke my ribs. He would bash my head against the wall while we had sex. He kept threatening to kill me if I told the doctor what happened. "' Afraid of the risk of deportation, Maria endured her husband's treatment for months. After she finally fled, her spouse demanded that she return to his apartment for her immigration documents. At first, she told him, "No, you're going to hit me. " But then she realized that she had to go because she needed the papers. She described the consequences: "He beat me on the head. He sat on my stomach. He put a knife to my throat and raped me. Then he threw me naked on the street. "2
Time course differences between bilinguals and monolinguals in the Simon task

In the Simon task, individuals need to indicate the colour of the target stimulus while ignoring its spatial location. The Simon Effect refers to the finding that participants respond more quickly when the target stimulus and response effector are spatially compatible compared to when they are not. Thus, to optimize performance in the Simon task, individuals need to ignore the task-irrelevant (spatial) information and attend to the task-relevant (colour) information. Interestingly, it has been reported that bilinguals are faster than monolinguals in the Simon task and that they exhibit a smaller Simon effect. The present study investigates whether this so-called bilingual advantage is due to bilinguals being better at ignoring task-irrelevant information, or better at activating task-relevant information, or both. In a button-press version of the task, we do not observe a bilingual advantage, but in a reach-to-touch paradigm, we find that bilinguals suppress task-irrelevant information for longer and activate task-relevant information sooner
Oscillatory bubbles induced by geometrical constraint

We show that a simple change in pore geometry can radically alter the behavior of a fluid-displacing air finger, indicating that models based on idealized pore geometries fail to capture key features of complex practical flows. In particular, partial occlusion of a rectangular cross section can force a transition from a steadily propagating centered finger to a state that exhibits spatial oscillations formed by periodic sideways motion of the interface at a fixed distance behind the moving finger tip. We characterize the dynamics of the oscillations, which suggest that they arise from a global homoclinic connection between the stable and unstable manifolds of a steady, symmetry-broken solution.
Large methane releases lead to strong aerosol forcing and reduced cloudiness

Abstract. The release of vast quantities of methane into the atmosphere as a result of clathrate destabilization is a potential mechanism for rapid amplification of global warming. Previous studies have calculated the enhanced warming based mainly on the radiative effect of the methane itself, with smaller contributions from the associated carbon dioxide or ozone increases. Here, we study the effect of strongly elevated methane (CH 4 ) levels on oxidant and aerosol particle concentrations using a combination of chemistry-transport and general circulation models. A 10-fold increase in methane concentrations is predicted to significantly decrease hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations, while moderately increasing ozone (O 3 ). These changes lead to a 70 % increase in the atmospheric lifetime of methane, and an 18 % decrease in global mean cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC). The CDNC change causes a radiative forcing that is comparable in magnitude to the longwave radiative forcing ("enhanced greenhouse effect") of the added methane. Together, the indirect CH 4 -O 3 and CH 4 -OH-aerosol forcings could more than double the warming effect of large methane increases. Our findings may help explain the anomalously large temperature changes associated with historic methane releases.
Validation of the Protect Questionnaire: A tool to detect mental health problems in asylum seekers by non-health professionals

Introduction: Prevalence rates of trauma-related mental disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or major depression (MD) are high in asylum seekers. The PROTECT Questionnaire (PQ) was designed to detect indications of those disorders in asylum seekers. Empirical data are needed to evaluate the PQ psychometrically. The objective of this study is to investigate the reliability, validity, sensitivity, and specificity of the PQ. Method: The PQ and validated questionnaires for PTSD (Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, PDS) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PHQ- 9) were filled in by a sample of recently arrived asylum seekers in Germany (n=141). A sub-sample of 91 asylum seekers took part in a structured clinical interview to diagnose PTSD or MD (SCID-I). Results: The PQ showed a one-factor structure and good reliability (Cronbach’s ⍺= .82). It correlated highly with the PDS and the PHQ-9 (rs=.53-.77; ps≤.001). Diagnostic accuracy with regard to PTSD (AUC=.74; SE=.06; p<.001; 95%-CI=.63-.84) and MD (AUC=.72; SE=.06; p<.001; 95%-CI=.61- .83) was adequate, suggesting an optimal cut-off of 8 or 9. By categorizing participants into a low- and high-risk category, the PQ differentiated well between asylum seekers who fulfilled a PTSD or MD diagnosis and those who did not. Discussion: The results support the use of the PQ as a reliable and valid instrument for the purpose of detecting signs and symptoms of the two most common mental disorders in asylum seekers. Persons found to be at risk of mental disorders should be referred to a clinical diagnostic procedure.
Anti Y Immunoglobulin E Therapy

The importance of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in atopic disorders such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergies, and atopic dermatitis is well established. Elevation of total serum IgE is typically found in many atopic patients, and in predisposed individuals, allergen-specific IgE is produced. The availability of humanized monoclonal antibodies against IgE has provided a new therapeutic option and tool to explore the role IgE in allergic diseases and the effects of inhibiting IgE itself. Omalizumab is a humanized, monoclonal antibody that recognizes and binds to the Fc portion of the IgE molecule. Administration of omalizumab results in a rapid and substantial decrease in free IgE in serum. Consequently, the activity of cell populations involved in allergic inflammation, including mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and antigen-presenting cells, is affected as well. Clinically, anti-IgE therapy has already been proven to be useful in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the mechanisms of action of antiIgE therapy as well as its efficacy in the treatment of allergic diseases, especially asthma. Considerations regarding dosing and safety of omalizumab will be addressed as well.
Life Enhancing Activities for Family Caregivers of people with dementia: protocol for a randomized controlled trial of a positive affect skills intervention

Given the increasing number of family caregivers of persons with dementia (PWD) and the associated burden and detriments to both physical and mental health, interventions that aim to improve such outcomes are important. Studies are increasingly demonstrating the unique importance of positive emotions in coping with stress, independent from the impact of negative emotions. However, none have examined the benefits of interventions that target positive emotions for caregivers of individuals with a chronic and debilitating disease such as dementia. This paper presents the design and methods for a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a positive affect skills intervention for family caregivers of PWD. The RCT is of a skills-based intervention that seeks to increase the frequency and intensity of positive affect in order to improve outcomes such as well-being, coping, and physical and mental health. The skills are delivered by trained facilitators via five one-to-one Internet video sessions with family caregivers of persons diagnosed with dementia (eg, Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, unspecified). The control group is an emotion reporting/waitlist control. Follow-up assessments are conducted post-intervention and at 1, 3, and 6 months post-completion of the intervention. This study promises to be an important and needed step toward improving the lives of caregivers of PWD.
High-Mobility Group Box-1 Protein a Potential Inflammatory Biomarker in Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of acquired blindness, which is one of the most feared complications of diabetes among young adults. The cause of vision loss in DR is complex and remains incompletely understood. One of the earliest changes in the development of retinopathy is break down of blood-retinal barrier (BRB) and the formation of acellular capillaries by unknown mechanism. There is an accumulating body of evidence that demonstrated, chronic low-grade subclinical inflammation and retinal leukocyte stasis are responsible for many of the vascular lesions in DR. In the retina, diabetes induced sustained proinflammatory responses by increasing the production of proinflammato‐ ry cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators leading to damaged vasculature and neovascularization. An emerging issue in DR research is the focus on the mechanistic link between chronic low-grade inflammation and angiogenesis. Recent evidence has revealed that extracellular high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein acts as a potent proinflammatory cytokine that triggers inflammation and recruits leuko‐ cytes to the site of tissue damage, and exhibits angiogenic effects. The expression of HMGB1 is upregulated in epiretinal membranes and vitreous fluid from patients with prolifera‐ tive DR and in the diabetic retina. HMGB1 mediates inflammation, breakdown of the BRB, and apoptosis in the diabetic retina. The overall objective of this chapter is to provide the up-to-date literature about the crosstalk between extracellular HMGB1 and DR.