Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
There and Back Again: On the Diffusion of Immigration Detention

From Mexico to the Bahamas, Mauritania to Lebanon, Turkey to Saudi Arabia, South Africa to Indonesia, Malaysia to Thailand, immigration-related detention has become an established policy apparatus that counts on dedicated facilities and burgeoning institutional bureaucracies. Until relatively recently, however, detention appears to have been largely an ad hoc tool, employed mainly by wealthy states in exigent circumstances. This paper uses concepts from diffusion theory to detail the history of key policy events in several important immigration destination countries that led to the spreading of detention practices during the last 30 years and assesses some of the motives that appear to have encouraged this phenomenon. The paper also endeavors to place the United States at the center of this story because its policy decisions appear to have played an important role in encouraging the process of policy innovation, imitation, and imposition that has helped give rise to today's global immigration detention phenomenon. Nevertheless, many US offshore practices have not received nearly the same attention as those of other important destination countries. More broadly, in telling this story, this paper seeks to flesh out some of the larger policy implications of the externalization of immigration control regimes. Just as offshore interdiction and detention schemes raise important questions about custody, accountability, and sovereignty, they should also spur questions over where responsibility for the wellbeing of migrants begins and ends.
Quality of Life in Cystic Fibrosis

Advances in the management and care of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has led to the majority of patients surviving into adulthoodl. Whether this longevity has added 'quality years' to the lives of CF patients is a question which needs to be addressed. The aim of quality of life (QoL) measurement in cystic fibrosis should be to quantify and evaluate the impact of both the disease and its treatments on the wider aspects of the patient's life. Many patients appear to be living normal, independent lives regardless of the demanding treatment regimens and impaired lung function. Additionally, psychosocial functioning in CF patients has been reported to be similar to that of their healthy peers2, which suggests that these aspects of their QoL are good. Only a few studies, however, have directly measured QoL in CF and the interpretation of the data is largely problematic.
Comparison of Alternative Utility Functions in Portfolio Selection Problems

This paper examines the effect of alternative utility functions and parameter values on the optimal composition of a risky investment portfolio. Normally distributed assets are the setting for the theoretical and empirical analyses. The results agree well with the available theory and imply utility functions and parameter values that are appropriate for investors with particular risk-bearing attitudes. The results give strong empirical support to the proposition that utility functions having different functional forms and parameter values but "similar" absolute risk aversion indices have "similar" optimal portfolios. These results suggest that over horizons up to one year one can safely substitute "convenient" surrogate utility functions for other utility functions, for reasons of tractability or otherwise. The results also provide guidance regarding the significance of the magnitude and change of particular numerical values of the risk aversion index. Moreover, theoretical "exact" results are obtained using Rubinstein's measure of global risk aversion.
Overcoming Help-Seeking Barriers and Service Demands on Canadian University Campuses and the Role of Campus Support Services

Across North America, the pervasiveness of psychological issues on university campuses is becoming increasingly concerning. As such, university counselling clinics and health centres are currently being taxed and staff and administrators are scrambling to keep up with the growing demands. While this is worrisome, it is somewhat overshadowed by the fact that most students (up to 90%) do not seek help for psychological concerns. Thus, while the majority of students are not getting the help that they need, universities are struggling to keep up with the relatively small number of students that are accessing services. Taken together, this suggests that the current structure of support services is not working. The purpose of the present study was to better understand why Canadian students are not seeking on campus support for psychological issues and further, to generate practical suggestions for how support services can be modified to overcome current help-seeking barriers and service demands on campus. The research questions included: a) What are the barriers identified by staff/administrators and students that prevent Canadian students from seeking help for psychological issues on university campuses? , b) What mechanisms are currently being used by universities to address the help-seeking barriers and service demands on their campuses? , and c) What policy and practice changes are still needed in order to address help-seeking barriers and service demands? A generic qualitative approach (interpretive description; Thorne, 2008) was employed as the methodological framework. A sample comprised of 23 staff and students from three Canadian institutions was recruited. Data was collected via
Tourism and Welfare in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Theoretical Analysis

Using the standard theoretical model of trade, we study the welfare effects of tourism for developing countries with particular reference to Sub-Saharan Africa. We show that tourism can reduce welfare for trade regimes dominated by export taxes or import subsidies. In addition, we argue that tourist immiserisation is possible for Sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, we show that direct foreign investment in tourism, is for the most part, beneficial. Copyright 1999 by Oxford University Press.
Price Movers on the Stock Exchange of Thailand: Evidence from a Fully Automated Order-Driven Market

This study examines which trade sizes move stock prices on the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET), a pure limit order market, over two distinct market conditions of bull and bear. Using intraday data, the study finds that large-sized trades (i.e., those larger than the 75th percentile) account for a disproportionately large impact on changes in traded and quoted prices. The finding remains even after it has been subjected to a battery of robustness checks. In contrast, the results of studies conducted in the United States show that informed traders employ trade sizes falling between the 40th and 95th percentiles (Barclay and Warner, 1993; Chakravarty, 2001). Our results support the hypothesis that informed traders in a pure limit order market, such as the SET, where there are no market makers, also use larger-size trades than those employed by informed traders in the United States.
Quantification of holo-transcobalamin, a marker of vitamin B12 deficiency.

We report a new method for measurement of holo-transcobalamin (holoTC), in which magnetic beads coated with vitamin B12 (cobalamins) precipitate apo-transcobalamin (apoTC) and the holoTC present in the supernatant is measured by ELISA. Serum holoTC denotes the part of vitamin B12 accessible for the cells of the body and is considered to be a sensitive marker of vitamin B12 deficiency (1)(2)(3). Serum holoTC is not easily measured because it accounts for only approximately one-third of the circulating vitamin B12 and because the major part of TC circulates unsaturated with vitamin B12 (apoTC) (1)(2)(3). In the few published attempts to measure holoTC, TC is separated from the other vitamin B12-binding protein, haptocorrin, before quantification of vitamin B12. This allows a direct measurement of the cobalamins attached to TC (4)(5)(6) or an indirect calculation of holoTC from measurement of total plasma cobalamins and the plasma cobalamins not attached to TC (7)(8)(9). We have chosen another path. We produced B12 beads and removed apoTC before ELISA quantification (10) of the protein moiety of holoTC. Vitamin B12 (400 mg; Fluka) was modified by acid treatment (11) to produce derivatives with a free COOH group. Magnetic beads (DB M-270 amine; DYNAL) from 10 mL of the original suspension were incubated overnight at room temperature with 10 mL of 2 mmol/L derivatives in 0.1 mol/L 2-morpholinoethane sulfonic acid, pH 5.5, in the presence of 10 mmol/L 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (Sigma). The beads were then washed twice with 50 mL of 1 mol/L Tris, pH 7.5, twice with 50 mL of 1 mol/L ammonium acetate, pH 4.6, and 10 times with 50 mL of 0.1 mol/L Tris–0.5 mol/L NaCl, …
Developing Countries as Exporters of Services: What Trade Statistics Suggest

The paper departs from the perception that trade in services in general and developing countries' exports in services in particular are dynamic segments of world trade. Both total trade data as well as US import trade figures do not support this perception. Success episodes such as the recent increase in Indian computer and data processing services are found to be outliers. Instead, developing countries continue to rely on relatively slowly growing exports of relatively labourtabundant consumer services relating to movements of goods and persons. Thus, they have not yet benefited from innovations in the information technology sectors providing a growth momentum for producer services. Given the link between goods production and goods distribution, successful exporters of manufactures mostly overlap with successful exporters of services. The research argues that for the time being overproportionate growth of service exports from developing countries will remain limited to country episodes, but will not have the same wide country coverage as growth of manufactured exports.
Public Strategic Plans in Italian Local Governments: A Sustainability Development Focus?

Internationally there is an increasing relevance for the concept of sustainability development (SD), since the Brundtland report has been published. This has led governments and international institutions to promote organisations sustainability behaviours. The European Commission (EC) has published a variety of documents that encourage itself (Com(2001) 264 final; Com(2002) 82 final; Com(2005) 37 final; Com(2005) 658 final), national and regional governments (Com(2005) 718 final), and local governments (LGs) (Com(2006) 385 final), to adopt SD strategies. This study investigates what Italian LGs consider as a SD in their contemporary on-line published strategic plans (SPs), to address the lack of research in this topic. The research questions are the following: •What has been included in contemporary Italian LGs SPs? • What has or has not been reported in terms of SD basing on the EC framework for urban cohesion policy and cities (Com(2006)385 final) items? The study uses content analysis to determine the type and the extent of disclosure in specific media. An original coding instrument was developed to analyse the SPs practices against Com(2006)385 final items. It was found that SPs was voluntary. All items (policies and actions) basing on the Com(2006)385 final were disclosed. However the disclosure was stable and low under policies, while was instable under actions. The paper concludes that strategic planning in Italian LGs is still in its initial stage. Even thought, since EC framework for SD just suggest items to be chosen according to the LGs context, the study concluded that the group of SPs analysed shows to be aligned with EC recommendations.
Bank Information Monopolies and the Mix of Private and Public Debt Claims

This article examines the determinants of the mix of private and public debt using detailed information on the debt structure of 250 publicly traded corporations from 1980 through 1990. The authors find that the relationship between bank borrowing and the importance of growth opportunities depends on the number of banks the firm uses and whether the firm has public debt outstanding. For firms with a single bank relationship, the reliance on bank debt is negatively related to the importance of growth opportunities. In contrast, among firms borrowing from multiple banks, the relationship is positive. Copyright 1996 by American Finance Association.
Waiting for the Minimum: US State Wage Laws, Firm Strategy, and Chain-Restaurant Job Quality

The US approach to employment regulation has created conditions in which ‘high road’ employee management practices can be costly for employers, while limited regulation gives firms ample freedom to pursue ‘low road’ strategies. Within this context, US firms face increasing domestic and global pressures to cut labor costs of all types, particularly businesses operating in the retail service industry with many low-skilled, hourly jobs. Yet as recent organization- and job-level studies document, not all such jobs are created equal. This article considers potentially different business strategies applied to the same job, that of restaurant waiter, within the distinct public policy contexts of two US states. The authors analyze practices related to waitstaff wages, benefits, and staffing and scheduling reported by managers at 16 sites of two national restaurant chains positioned in different lower-end segments of the full-service restaurant industry; and in suburban Seattle and Chicago, reflecting divergent state minimum-wage policy approaches. Findings reveal variation in employer practices across sites, often patterned by chain and state.
Marketing Strategies For Entrepreneurship Education Products And Services Of Federal Polytechnics In South West Nigeria

The study examined the marketing strategies for entrepreneurship products and services of federal polytechnics in south west Nigeria. A correlation research design was adopted for the study. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select 400 respondents from the marketing entrepreneurship, vocational technical and Science Laboratory Departments of the Federal Polytechnics in Ado-Ekiti, Ede, llaro and Yaba. Marketing strategies questionnaire (MSQ) and Entrepreneurial Products and Services Check List (EPSC) was used to collect relevant data. The two research instruments were validated by the experts in marketing and entrepreneurship education split-half reliability method was used to test for reliability index of MSQ which resulted to . 66 after subjecting it to spearman ranking order statistics at . 05 significance level. The result shows that the instrument is reliable for use. Two research questions and four research hypotheses were generated to guide the study. Descriptive statistics was used to answer all the research questions, while Pearson product moment correlation statistics was used to test all the research hypotheses at . 0.5 significance level. The result of the analysis made, however shows that there are low significant impacts of marketing strategies on the entrepreneurial products and services of Federal Polytechnics in South-West Nigeria. It was however recommended that the polytechnics management should try to broadcast any innovation and discovery of products or services to the public so as to encourage changes and innovation in those products to the publics. That no student should be awarded any certificate or allowed to take part in the National Youth Service Corps unless, such individuals has acquired technical or vocational skills from the school. That academic curricular activities the Federal Polytechnics should be adequately restructured to pave ways for skills acquisition in different fields towards production of different products and services which could be effectively marketed to the public.
Staphylococcus aureus and Other Bacteria in Untreated Periodontitis

Whether the subgingival microbiota differ between individuals with chronic and those with aggressive periodontitis, and whether smoking influences bacterial composition, is controversial. We hypothesized that the subgingival microbiota do not differ between sites in individuals with chronic or aggressive periodontitis, or by smoking status. Bacterial counts and proportional distributions were assessed in 84 individuals with chronic periodontitis and 22 with aggressive periodontitis. No differences in probing pocket depth by periodontal status were found (mean, 0.11 mm; 95% CI, 0.6 to 0.8, p = 0.74). Including Staphylococcus aureus, Parvimonas micra, and Prevotella intermedia, 7/40 species were found at higher levels in those with aggressive periodontitis (p < 0.001). Smokers had higher counts of Tannerella forsythia (p < 0.01). The prevalence of S. aureus in non-smokers with aggressive periodontitis was 60.5%. The null hypothesis was rejected, in that P. intermedia, S. aureus, and S. mutans were robust in diagnosing sites in individuals with aggressive periodontitis. S. aureus, S. sanguinis, and T. forsythia differentiated smoking status.
Absorbing Australian Culture through the Exchange Program at RMIT International University in Vietnam.

This paper outlines a case study of four Vietnamese students who have just completed their exchange semester at RMIT University, Melbourne. Results indicate that the students appreciate multiple benefits brought by this experience, including a developing sense of language use, responsibility, dependence, self-awareness, integration, and problem-solving skills. But to them, the journey to Melbourne has especially opened their mind to the issues of cultural diversity and sensitivity, which they have never imagined before coming to Australia. The term “culture shock” might be best suited for them in the early days. What experiences have they gone through? What are the pros and cons of being an exchange student? How have they overcome their problems? How might these challenges contribute to their future plan? How do they conceptualize the term “global citizen”? What is their advice for those who want to go on an exchange program? Adopting an exploratory case study approach, this study will give a comprehensive picture on the experiences of these four Vietnamese students. Key words: cultural awareness, international cooperation, international education, study abroad, student adjustment, student exchange program Recent rapid socio-economic development has placed a huge demand on international cooperation for the Vietnamese institutions to ensure successful integration into the global world. One way for Vietnamese students to gain the experience necessary to operate in the new global environment is to study abroad. Study abroad is as a period of time where a student engages in an educational activity through an institution of learning or organization for schooling in a foreign country. Study abroad helps students to gain an appreciation for other cultures and the differences that they portray (Kauffmann et al., 1992). When the movement of studying abroad first broke out in the late 1990s, the UK, France and US were the top choices of Vietnamese students.
Answers to Questions Arising from the RPI Consultation

The National Statistician in the UK opened a public consultation inviting views on a range of options for the way the Retail Prices Index (RPI) in the UK is calculated. The consultation closed on 30 November 2012 and a number of questions were raised on whether the Carli index should be replaced by other elementary indexes. This note responds to some of the questions that were asked.
Why Do Hedge Funds Avoid Disclosure? Evidence from Confidential 13F Filings

Abstract We study a sample of Form 13F filings where fund advisors seek confidential treatment for some or all of their 13(f)-reportable positions. Consistent with the hypothesis that managers seek confidentiality to protect proprietary information, we find that confidential positions earn positive and significant abnormal returns over the post-filing confidential period. We also find that managers are more likely to seek confidential treatment of illiquid positions that are more susceptible to front-running. Overall, our analysis highlights important benefits of reduced disclosure that are relevant to the current policy debate on hedge fund transparency.
A new productivity paradigm for competitive advantage

A decade of observed large differences in productivity driven competitive advantage cannot be explained by traditional productivity notions or conventional strategic analysis. We conclude on both empirical and theoretical grounds that most traditional sources of productivity have encountered diminishing marginal returns. Large competitive differences appear to arise from a new productivity source, nonlinear systems dynamics in business organizations. This has both theoretical and practical consequences for managing toward competitive advantage and requires a new approach to management, control, and organization.
Regional variation in mammography use among insured women 40-49 years old: impact of a USPSTF guideline change.

PURPOSE The impact of the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation that 40-49 year old women should no longer routinely receive screening mammography in November 2009 in different regions of the US is unknown. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using medical claims from administrative health records from privately insured 40-59 year old women enrolled between 2005 and 2012 to evaluate biennial screening trends. RESULTS There was a slight decrease in mammography usage among 40-49 year old US women after the 2008-2009 biennial period (p<0.001). There were some regional differences in mammography trends, with the West showing the greatest difference in odds of 40-49 year olds receiving a mammography in 2011-2012 compared to 2008-2009 (OR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.91-0.94). Although trends for 50-59 year olds mirrored that of 40-49 year olds, the younger age group had a stronger decline in 2009-2010 and 2010-2011. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that USPSTF guideline changes made some differences in mammography usage among 40-49 year olds, but adherence was uneven across regions.
Promotes Osteoclastogenesis Dependent Pathways - Protein of 12 kDa Crosstalk among IL-23 and DNAX Activating

Gershwin, Edward P. Bowman and Iannis E. AdamopoulosHyun-Seock Shin, Ritu Sarin, Neha Dixit, Jian Wu, Ericol.1401013http://www.jimmunol.org/content/early/2014/11/29/jimmunJ Immunol€ published online 1 December 2014MaterialSupplementary3.DCSupplemental. htmlhttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2014/11/29/jimmunol.140101Subscriptionshttp://jimmunol.org/subscriptionsInformation about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: Permissionshttp://www.aai. org/ji/copyright.htmlSubmit copyright permission requests at: Email Alertshttp://jimmunol.org/cgi/alerts/etocReceive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at:
Pricing and Hedging in the Freight Futures Market

In this article, we consider the pricing and hedging of single route dry bulk freight futures contracts traded on the International Maritime Exchange. Thus far, this relatively young market has received almost no academic attention. In contrast to many other commodity markets, freight services are non-storable, making a simple cost-of-carry valuation impossible. We empirically compare the pricing and hedging accuracy of a variety of continuous-time futures pricing models. Our results show that the inclusion of a second stochastic factor significantly improves the pricing and hedging accuracy. Overall, the results indicate that a non-stationary two-factor model provides the best performance.