Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intestinal polyposis in mice with a dominant stable mutation of the β‐catenin gene

Ectopic expression of certain Wnt genes in mouse mammary tissue is tumorigenic, and mutations that stabilize β‐catenin are found in various human cancers including colorectal cancer. To determine the role of stabilized β‐catenin in intestinal tumorigenesis in mice, we constructed by embryonic stem (ES) cell‐mediated homologous recombination, a mutant β‐catenin allele whose exon 3 was sandwiched by loxP sequences. When the germline heterozygotes were crossed with mice expressing Cre recombinase in the intestines, the serines and threonine encoded by exon 3 and to be phosphorylated by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) were deleted in the offspring intestines, which caused adenomatous intestinal polyps resembling those in ApcΔ716 knockout mice. Some nascent microadenomas were also found in the colon. These results present experimental genetic evidence that activation of the Wnt signaling pathway can cause intestinal and colonic tumors.
Overexpression of Bcl-2 attenuates MPP+, but not 6-ODHA, induced cell death in a dopaminergic neuronal cell line

In order to investigate the role of Bcl-2 in dopaminergic cells, we established a dopaminergic neuronal cell line (MN9D) stably expressing human Bcl-2 (MN9D/Bcl-2) or neomycin (MN9D/Neo). Overexpression of Bcl-2 in MN9D cells attenuated cell death due to treatment of mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors including N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, whereas it did not prevent cell death induced by reagents generating reactive oxygen species including 6-hydroxy-dopamine. Moreover, the rate of glucose uptake in MN9D/Bcl-2 was significantly lower than that in MN9D/Neo after MPP+ treatment. Thus, Bcl-2 may counter aberrations in mitochondrial electron transfer processes by altering energy metabolism within the MN9D cells.
THE EFFECTS OF SALINE INFUSION ON SODIUM REABSORPTION BY THE PROXIMAL TUBULE OF THE DOG.

A depression of sodium reabsorption has recently been shown to occur in the dog nephron after intravenous saline administration. De Wardener, Mills, Clapham, and Hayter (1, 2) and Levinsky and Lalone (3) have demonstrated that the increased sodium excretion can occur despite reduced glomerular filtration rate and in the presence of high levels of circulating adrenal cortical hormones and vasopressin. The natriuresis was also independent of the renal nerves and of changes in the sodium concentration of plasma, plasma proteins, and hematocrit. Such results have suggested that an additional unidentified humoral agent is involved in sodium reabsorption by the tubules. The precise locus of this effect on the tubules has not yet been defined, but several investigators have favored a distal site (4-6). Rector, Van Giesen, Kiil, and Seldin (7), on the other hand, interpreted the increased generation of free water and increased potassium excretion during hypotonic saline infusions as indicating a more proximal site of the diminished sodium reabsorption. The proximal tubule has been considered to reabsorb a constant fraction of the filtrate, a view first offered by Smith (8). Micropuncture studies in the rat proximal tubule by Lassiter, Mylle, and Gottschalk and by Giebisch, Klose, and Windhager (9, 10) were largely in accord with this
Quantum gravity and the standard model

We show that a class of background-independent models of quantum spacetime have local excitations that can be mapped to the first-generation fermions of the standard model of particle physics. These states propagate coherently as they can be shown to be noiseless subsystems of the microscopic quantum dynamics (Kribs and Markopoulou 2005 Preprint gr-qc/0510052, Markopoulou and Poulin unpublished). These are identified in terms of certain patterns of braiding of graphs, thus giving a quantum gravitational foundation for the topological preon model proposed by Bilson-Thompson (2005 Preprint hep-ph/0503213). These results apply to a large class of theories in which the Hilbert space has a basis of states given by ribbon graphs embedded in a three-dimensional manifold up to diffeomorphisms, and the dynamics is given by local moves on the graphs, such as arise in the representation theory of quantum groups. For such models, matter appears to be already included in the microscopic kinematics and dynamics.
Task dependency of the long-latency facilitatory effect on the soleus H-reflex by cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation

We investigated whether cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation (C-TMS) facilitates the excitability of the ipsilateral soleus motoneuron pool in resting humans, and whether the facilitation is modulated by a task that promotes cerebellar activity. A test tibial nerve stimulus evoking the H-reflex from the right soleus muscle was delivered before or after conditioning C-TMS in prone individuals. The amplitude of the H-reflex was significantly increased at conditioning-test interstimulus intervals of 110, 120, and 130 ms. Furthermore, we revealed that this facilitation effect was inhibited while the individuals tapped their right index finger. These findings indicate that C-TMS facilitates spinal motoneuronal excitability with an ∼100 ms latency in resting humans, and that this cerebellar spinal facilitation is modulated by a task that might increase cerebellar activity. Cerebellar spinal facilitation could thus be useful for assessing the excitability of the cerebellum, or the cerebellar output to spinal motoneurons.
Gait recognition from multiple view-points

La identificacion automatica de personas esta ganando mucha importancia en los ultimos anos ya que se puede aplicar en entornos que deben ser seguros (aeropuertos, centrales nucleares, etc) para agilizar todos los procesos de acceso. La mayoria de soluciones desarrolladas para este problema se basan en un amplio abanico de caracteristicas fisicas de los sujetos, como pueden ser el iris, la huella dactilar o la cara. Sin embargo, este tipo de tecnicas tienen una serie de limitaciones ya que requieren la colaboracion por parte del sujeto a identificar o bien son muy sensibles a cambios en la apariencia. Sin embargo, el reconocimiento del paso es una forma no invasiva de implementar estos controles de seguridad y, adicionalmente, no necesita la colaboracion del sujeto. Ademas, es robusto frente a cambios en la apariencia del individuo ya que se centra en el movimiento. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es desarrollar un nuevo metodo para la identificacion de personas a partir de la forma de caminar en entornos de multiples vistas. Como entrada usamos el flujo optico que proporciona una informacion muy rica sobre el movimiento del sujeto mientras camina. Para cumplir este objetivo, se han desarrollado dos tecnicas diferentes: una basada en un enfoque tradicional de vision por computador donde se extraen manualmente caracteristicas que definen al sujeto y, una segunda aproximacion basada en aprendizaje profundo (deep learning) donde el propio metodo extrae sus caracteristicas y las clasifica automaticamente. Ademas, para este ultimo enfoque, se ha desarrollado una implementacion basada en aprendizaje incremental para anadir nuevas clases sin entrenar el modelo desde cero y, un estudio energetico para optimizar el consumo de energia durante el entrenamiento. A la finalizacion de la tesis, la principal conclusion que se extrae es que la forma de andar permite identificar a las personas con una buena precision (superior al 90 por ciento y llegando al 99 por ciento en determinados casos). Centrandonos en los diferentes enfoques desarrollados, el metodo basado en caracteristicas extraidas a mano esta especialmente indicado para bases de datos pequenas en cuanto a numero de muestras, ya que obtiene una buena precision necesitando pocos datos de entrenamiento. Por otro lado, la aproximacion basada en deep learning permite obtener buenos resultados para bases de datos grandes con la ventaja de que el tamano de entrada puede ser muy pequeno, permitiendo una ejecucion muy rapida. El enfoque incremental esta especialmente indicado para entornos en los que se requieran anadir nuevos sujetos al sistema sin tener que entrenar el metodo de nuevo debido a los altos costes de tiempo y energia. Por ultimo, el estudio de consumo nos ha permitido definir una serie de recomendaciones para poder minimizar el consumo de energia durante el entrenamiento de las redes profundas sin penalizar la precision de las mismas.
Making the most of “external” group members in blended and online environments

ABSTRACT Although the importance of boundary spanning in blended and online learning is widely acknowledged, most educational research has ignored whether and how students learn from others outside their assigned group. One potential approach for understanding cross-boundary knowledge sharing is Social Network Analysis (SNA). In this article, we apply four network metrics to unpack how students developed intra- and inter-group learning links, using two exemplary blended case studies in Spain and the UK. Our results indicate that SNA based upon questionnaires can provide researchers some useful indicators for a more fine-grained analysis how students develop these inter- and intra-group learning links, and which cross-boundary links are particularly important for learning performance. The mixed findings between the two case-studies suggest the relevance of pre-existing conditions and learning design. SNA metrics can provide useful information for qualitative follow-up methods, and future interventions using learning analytics approaches.
Exploring the role of characteristic motion when learning new faces

Previous research has shown that it is easier to recognize familiar faces when shown moving, rather than static, especially when viewing conditions are difficult (Knight & Johnston, 1997; Lander, Christie, & Bruce, 1999). One possible theoretical reason for the moving-face advantage is that we learn “characteristic motion signatures” for familiar faces, associated with the face representation in memory. To examine this idea we investigated the role of motion at test when learning faces from either static images or moving sequences (Experiment 1). Results suggest that there is only an advantage for motion at test when the face is learned moving. In Experiment 2 we map the importance of facial motion as a face becomes increasingly familiar, on a television drama. We demonstrate that the beneficial effect of motion is not dependent on the amount of time the face is viewed. Results from both experiments support the idea of rapidly learned characteristic motion patterns.
Fertility preferences: what measuring second choices teaches us

This article aims to strengthen the research methodology for studies of fertility preferences. Knowledge of personal fertility ideals is important both for demographers and policy makers, but the measurement techniques currently employed are not very refined. We suggest that the information provided by asking people about their personal ideal number of offspring can be improved in quality when asking them to also consider alternative preferences. The results of a survey conducted in the Netherlands demonstrate how measuring second (and, if desired, further) choices improves our ability to differentiate between different population subgroups. Moreover, it brings to light individuals’ openness to their ‘second best ideals’. Including questions on alternative ideals in surveys thus enhances the qualitative potential of studies on fertility ideals and adds a new dimension to research on the how and why of fertility gaps between desired and achieved fertility.
The classic saphenofemoral junction and its anatomical variations

Background The intraoperative anatomy of the saphenofemoral junction can vary from the ‘textbook’ description of six independent proximal tributaries: three medial – superficial external pudendal, deep external pudendal and the posteromedial thigh branch – and three lateral – superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac and the anterolateral thigh branch. Varicose veins can recur following inadequate initial open surgery with failure to identify, ligate and divide these tributaries. An appreciation of common anatomical variations could minimise recurrence rates following surgery. This study aimed to identify common anatomical variations within our patient cohort. Methods This prospective observational study documented diagrammatically the anatomy of saphenofemoral junction in a consecutive series of 172 patients undergoing unilateral, primary saphenofemoral junction ligation for symptomatic superficial venous insufficiency. Diagrams recorded the number of tributaries and their relationship to the saphenofemoral junction, the existence of bifid systems and the relationship of the external pudendal artery to the saphenofemoral junction. Results In sum, 110 women and 62 men with a mean age of 47.2 (IQR 21–77) years were studied. The median number of saphenofemoral junction tributaries was 4 (IQR 0–7). In 74 cases (43.0%), at least one tributary drained directly into the common femoral vein (IQR 0–4), commonly the deep external pudendal (91.9%). The anterolateral thigh branch was identified in 62 cases (35.8%) and the posteromedial thigh branch in 93 cases (53.8%). The external pudendal artery was identified in 150 cases (87.2%) and was superficial to the great saphenous vein in 36 cases (20.9%). Conclusions Significant variations exist in the saphenofemoral junction anatomy. Familiarity with anatomical saphenofemoral junction variations is imperative to ensure operative success and reduce recurrence. Thorough dissection of the common femoral vein is necessary not only to ensure all proximal tributaries are identified and ligated but also as a safety mechanism in preventing avulsion trauma of direct common femoral vein tributaries.
Hydroxyapatite-Bioactive Glass Ceramic Composite as Stand-alone Graft Substitute for Posterolateral Fusion of Lumbar Spine: A Prospective, Matched, and Controlled Study

Study Design Prospective, matched, and controlled study. Objective To evaluate the efficacy of hydroxyapatite-bioactive glass ceramic composite (Chitra-HABg) as a stand-alone graft substitute in promoting posterolateral fusion in the lumbar spine as compared with autologous bone. Background The use of ceramics as stand-alone graft substitutes in posterolateral fusion remains controversial. The Chitra-HABg is a new composite that has undergone clinical trials in various orthopedic applications with excellent clinical and radiologic outcomes. Methods Twenty-four patients underwent instrumented posterolateral fusion, with Chitra-HABg laid on the left intertransverse bed and autogenous graft on the right side. The primary outcome measure was radiologic consolidation of the graft, and secondary outcome measures were the work status and the Modified Oswestry Disability index. The McNamara and Student χ2 test were applied for statistical analysis. Results Although the study was prematurely terminated owing to the high incidence of resorption of Chitra-HABg, 22 of the 24 subjects were followed-up for a minimum of 1 year. At the end of 1-year, excellent radiologic outcome was seen on the right side (autogenous graft) in all the cases, whereas 95% (21/22) of the cases had poor consolidation on the left side (Chitra-HABg). The clinical outcome was rated as good in 16/22 (73%) patients, fair in 5, and poor in only 1 patient, but this had no statistically significant association with the consolidation of the fusion mass. Conclusions This study clearly demonstrates that hydroxyapatite-bioactive glass ceramic composites (Chitra-HABg) has no role as stand-alone bone graft substitutes in posterolateral fusion of the lumbar spine, as the composite undergoes resorption without the formation of bridging callus. Level of Evidence Level 1.
On a discrete-time stochastic learning control algorithm

In an earlier paper, the learning gain for a D-type learning algorithm, is derived based on minimizing the trace of the input error covariance matrix for linear time-varying systems. It is shown that, if the product of the input/output coupling matrices is full-column rank, then the input error covariance matrix converges uniformly to zero in the presence of uncorrelated random disturbances, whereas, the state error covariance matrix converges uniformly to zero in the presence of measurement noise. However, in general, the proposed algorithm requires knowledge of the state matrix. In this note, it is shown that equivalent results can be achieved without the knowledge of the state matrix. Furthermore, the convergence rate of the input error covariance matrix is shown to be inversely proportional to the number of learning iterations.
Prognosis of Caries Increment with Past Caries Experience Variables

This study aimed to select past caries experience variables as caries predictors and to compare their prognostic accuracy with the variables used in a method of caries prognosis developed in a Swiss child population. The data used for the analyses originated from an 8–year longitudinal study starting in 1980 on caries of 7.5–year–old Dutch children. Stepwise logistic regression analyses provided predictor variables. The newly introduced variables D23fi, D123fi and D23pifi were interchangeable and the most powerful caries predictors. For the sake of uniformity and ease of application, D23fi (number of fissures of the permanent first molar with non–cavitated or cavitated caries lesions) was chosen as the first variable in the logistic regression equations. The gain in accuracy of the second and third predictor variables (number of sound primary molars and the number of buccal and lingual smooth surfaces of the permanent first molar with non–cavitated or cavitated caries) in the regression equations was limited. The D1 condition of surfaces could be omitted from the prediction models. The present forced three–predictor–regression equations for 7.5–, 9.5– and 11.5–year–old children were evaluated to assess their prognostic performance by using the area under the ROC curve as a measure of prognostic quality. For the present regression equations, the area under the ROC curve was 81–87%, which was higher compared to the Swiss regression equations for caries prognosis.
Water flow around a fish mimic attracts a parasitic and deters a planktonic copepod

Fish typically evoke a flight response in copepods. The behaviour of infective stage parasitic copepods, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, and adult holoplanktonic copepods, Acartia spp. , in response to the approach of a rubber fish mimic was compared. Responses were scored as attacks if the copepod moved closer to the head or escapes if it moved further from the head. The parasite attacked the mimic in 65% of its responses, whereas Acartia spp. escaped from the mimic in 87% of its responses. Lepeophtheirus salmonis escaped in sinuous routes that kept them closer to the fish, but Acartia spp. escaped in straight paths directed away from the mimic. Attacks by L. salmonis were equally frequent in the dark (68.9%) as in light (60.3%), and net-to-gross-displacement ratios under the two conditions were not significantly different. Copepod responses were evoked in regions of flow with linear strain rates greater than 0.5 s. The fish hydrodynamic signals thus serve as attractants that guide the parasite to the fish and produce an avoidance response of the holoplanktonic copepod. Thus, the same information, most likely received by the same sensors, produce ‘opposite’ reactions to the fish, suggesting the evolution of different behaviour patterns suited to the way of life of the copepod.
Plasma Total Homocysteine Is Inﬂuenced by Prandial Status in Humans: The Hordaland Homocysteine Study 1

Plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, adverse pregnancy out-comes and impaired cognitive function. No population-based studies on the possible inﬂuence of prandial status on tHcy have been published. The aim of this study was to investigate the variation in plasma tHcy levels in relation to time since last meal. A cross-sectional, population-based study including 18,044 individuals in Western Norway was conducted. Most subjects were in the age groups 40–42 and 65–67 y. Participants who had not eaten during the past 6 h before the blood sampling had signiﬁcantly higher mean tHcy levels compared with those who had eaten; 11.7 [95% conﬁdence interval (CI): 11.4–12.1] vs. 11.2 (95% CI: 11.1–11.3) m mol/L among men ( P 5 0.03) and 10.2 (95% CI: 9.9–10.6) vs. 9.7 (95% CI: 9.6–9.7) m mol/L among women ( P 5 0.003). In all groups except older women, tHcy concentrations were generally higher with increasing time after a meal ( P -trend < 0.01 in all 3 groups). These ﬁndings suggest that fasting status and time since last meal may inﬂuence levels of tHcy and should be considered in studies of tHcy as a risk factor for cardiovascular and other diseases, and when comparing tHcy values among studies. J. Nutr. 131: 1214–1216, 2001.
An open-label dose-escalation study of BIBF 1120 in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.

BACKGROUND To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of BIBF 1120, a triple angiokinase inhibitor administered once-daily in patients with advanced multiple myeloma. PATIENTS AND METHODS This Phase I study included 17 patients. Planned dose escalations of BIBF 1120 were 100, 200, 250 and 300 mg. Safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) assessments were performed. RESULTS Two DLTs (200 and 250 mg) occurred due to increased gamma-glutamyltransferase levels (CTC grade 3). The 250 mg dose was well tolerated; no dose escalation beyond 250 mg was made. The most common adverse events included diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. No detectable deviation from dose linear PKs was observed. Regarding tumour control, two patients had stable disease for > or = 4 months. CONCLUSION BIBF 1120 was safe and well tolerated up to 250 mg/day. The MTD was not reached.
Superelastic scattering of spin-polarized electrons from sodium.

Superelastic scattering of spin-polarized electrons from laser-excited sodium atoms has been measured at incident energies of 2.0, 17.9, and 52.3 eV over the angular range 10{degree}--120{degree}. Circularly polarized excitation of the sodium atoms was used to produce pure 3 {sup 2}P{sub 3/2} ({ital F}=3, {ital M}{sub {ital F}}={plus minus}3) states, which are deexcited by collisions with spin-polarized electrons. The spin polarization of both the target electron and the incident electron allows the resolution of triplet and singlet contributions to {ital L}{sub {perpendicular}}, the angular momentum transferred in the collision perpendicular to the scattering plane, and the measurement of {ital r}, the ratio of triplet to singlet cross sections. At low energy, agreement with theory is good over the entire angular range for {ital r}, but only at small angles for {ital L}{sub {perpendicular}}. At high energy, agreement is excellent over the full angular range.
The treatment of geometrically small structures in FDTD by the modification of assigned material parameters

A number of different improvements to the analysis by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) of small structures, such as wires, strips and slots have been proposed in the literature. One of these methods takes account of the fringing fields associated with metal edges and wires by empirically modifying the assigned material parameters in neighboring cells. In this contribution it is shown that, in many cases, it is possible to derive these modified assigned material parameters (MAMPs) analytically. In this form, the approach provides an alternative, and novel, way of incorporating Static Field Solutions into the FDTD method which has advantages of simplicity and robustness over existing techniques. Results are presented for a number of structures including wire transmission lines and a microstrip patch antenna.