Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Urinary tract infection in pregnancy and their prevalence in female around Dhanbad, Jharkhand

Urinary tract infections are common during pregnancy and the most common causative organisms is Escherichia coli. Pregnant women are at increased risk for UTIs. Beginning in week 6 and peaking during weeks 22to 24, approximately 90 percent of pregnant women developed ureteral dilation ,which will remain until delivery increase bladder volume and decrease bladder tone ,contribute to increased urinary stasis and ureterovesical reflux, the physiologic increase in plasma volume during pregnancy decrease urine concentration. Up to 70 percent of pregnant women develop glycosuria, which encourages bacterial growth in the urine. Increase in urine progestins and estrogens may lead to a decreased ability of the lower urinary tract to resist invading bacteria allowing some strains of bacteria to selectively grow. These factors may all contribute to the development of Escherichia coli during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and their antibiogram profile of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in and around Dhanbad. Materials and methods: A total of 641 urine samples were collected from the suspected patients of UTI. The samples were cultured on MacConkey agar for isolation and identification. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by disc diffusion method. Female pregnant patients of different age groups were included for this study. Result: 29.48% urinary isolates were identified as Escherichia coli. 51.32% UPEC isolates were sensitive to Nitrofurantoin and Piperacillin/Tazobactum. 25.38% isolates were susceptible to Levofloxacin and Amikacin followed by Cefotaxime (12.16%). Conclusion: Prevalence of Escherichia coli among urinary isolates was high in our study. Antibiogram profile of these isolates varies to different antibiotics in terms of their susceptibility pattern. Continuous surveillance of Antibiogram profile of UPEC isolate is mandatory because it vary significantly.
Effects of botulinum toxin on neuromuscular transmission in the rat.

1. Botulinum toxin (BoTx) type A partially blocks spontaneous transmitter release from nerve terminals in the rat. Minature end‐plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) are present at all end‐plates, initially with a low frequency but increasing with time after posoning. Their amplitude distribution is at first skew with a predominace of very small m.e.p.p.s but, after a few days, larger than normal m.e.p.p.s appear. 2. Tetanic nerve stimulation, Black Widow Spider Venom, the Caionophore A 23187 or mechanical damage to nerve terminals increases the frequency of m.e.p.p.s and alters the amplitude distribution of m.e.p.p.s towards a normal Gaussian one; the m.e.p.p. size approaches that seen at normal end‐plates. This was seen at any time after poisoning. 3. Nerve stimulation gives rise to end‐plate potentials (e.p.p.s) of low amplitude and high failure rate. Statistical analysis indicates that evoked release is quantal in nature and follows Poisson statistics, quantum size being initially very small, but after a few days approaching normal size. Short‐term tetanic nerve stimulation reversibly increases the quantum content of e.p.p.s and during early stages of paralysis long‐term (2 hr) stimulation causes an apparently permanent increase in quantum size. 4. Raising the extracellular Ca concentration from 2 to 16 mM increases the frequency of m.e.p.p.s in normal muscle but not in BoTx poisoned ones. K‐free medium or ouabain, which are believed to raise the intracellular Ca concentration in nerve terminals, similarly increases m.e.p.p. frequency in normal but not in poisoned muscles. When the Ca‐ionophore A 23187 is used together with high extracellular Ca (greater than 4 mM) massive release of transmitter occurs from poisoned terminals. 5. The extracellular Ca concentration which causes a certain level of transmitter release in reponse to nerve impulses is considerably higher at BoTx poisoned end‐plates than at normal ones. The slope value for Ca dependence of transmitter release is about 1‐5 compared with about 3 at normal end‐plates. 6. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) greatly increases the amount of transmitter released by nerve impulses and restores neuromuscular transmission during all stages of poisoning, although it has not effect on spontaneous transmitter release. In the presence of TEA the power relation between Ca concentration and quantum content at the BoTx poisoned end‐plate is similar to that seen at normal end‐plates. 7. It is suggested that in BoTx poisoning the mechanism for transmitter release has a reduced sensitivity to Ca, and the level for activation by intracellular Ca is elevated. Once the intracellular concentration of Ca is raised to this level, by tetanic nerve stimulation, mechanical injury to nerve terminals, the Ca‐ionophore or the prolongation of the nerve action potential with TEA, augmented transmitter release occurs, similar to that which occurs in normal nerve terminals at a lower level of Ca.
Ambulatory Care Provided by Office-Based Specialists in the United States

PURPOSE Increasing use of specialist services in the United States is leading to a perception of a specialist shortage. Little is known, however, about the nature of care provided by this secondary level of services. The aim of this study was to examine the content of care provided by specialists in community settings, including visits for which the patient had been referred by another physician. METHODS Nationally representative visit data were obtained from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) for the years 2002 through 2004. To describe the nature of care, we developed a taxonomy of office-based visit types and constructed logistic regression models allowing for adjusted comparisons of specialty types. RESULTS Overall, 46.3% of visits were for routine follow-up and preventive care of patients already known to the specialist. Referrals accounted for only 30.4% of all visits. Specialists were more likely to report sharing care with other physicians for referred, compared with not referred, patients (odds ratio [OR] = 2.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.52–3.55). Overall, 73.6% of all visits resulted in a return appointment with the same physician, in more than one-half of all cases as a result of a routine or preventive care visit. CONCLUSIONS Ambulatory office-based activity of specialists includes a large share of routine and preventive care for patients already known, not referred, to the physician. It is likely that many of these services could be managed in primary care settings, lessening demand for specialists and improving coordination of care.
Clinical usefulness of anti-RNA polymerase III antibody measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical usefulness of measuring anti-RNA polymerase (RNAP) III antibody with a commercially available ELISA in Japanese patients with SSc. METHODS This multicentre study involved 354 patients with SSc, 245 with non-SSc CTDs and 102 healthy controls. ELISAs were used to detect anti-RNAP III antibody, anti-topo I antibody and ACA. The presence of anti-RNAP III antibody in selected serum samples was confirmed by immunoprecipitation (IP) assay. RESULTS By ELISA, anti-RNAP III antibody was detected in 38 (10.7%) patients with SSc, 3 (1.2%) with non-SSc CTD and no healthy controls. The clinical specificity for SSc was excellent (98.8%), although a small number of false positives occurred. The sensitivity of the anti-topo I and ACA ELISAs for SSc was 59.9%, which increased to 68.2% without a reduction in specificity when the anti-RNAP III measurement was added. Clinical features associated with positivity for the anti-RNAP III antibody include dcSSc, a high total skin score and a trend towards high prevalence of renal crisis, consistent with previous studies that used an IP assay. Furthermore, on clinical severity scales, SSc patients with anti-RNAP III antibody scored highest for skin and renal involvement among patients subgrouped by the presence of individual SSc-related antibodies. CONCLUSIONS The measurement of anti-RNAP III antibody by ELISA is useful in routine clinical practice, because it helps diagnose SSc and identify a disease subset with severe skin and renal involvement.
Soil-Tree-Atmosphere Water Relations

A process model of the soil-tree-atmosphere continuum, which treats the plant physiology, eco-physiology and vegetation structures in detail, needs to describe the dynamics of the water flow within this continuum. The concept of a soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) (Philip, 1966) was first described by Huber (1924). In such a continuum, the removal of water lowers the water potential in the leaves of the plant, and water moves in the direction of decreasing potential through a continuous liquid pathway extending from the soil through the plant to the leaves.
Platelet cNOS Activity Is Reduced in Patients with IDDM and NIDDM

Summary Several studies in vitro and in vivo suggest that the nitric oxide (NO) production is impaired in diabetes mellitus. Reduced levels of NO could contribute to vascular alteration facilitating platelet-vascular wall interaction, adhesion of monocytes to endothelium, vascular smooth muscle proliferation and by decreasing endothelium-dependent vasodilation. In this study we evaluated the activity of the constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) in platelets of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). When compared to that of normal subjects, cNOS activity is significantly lower in patients with IDDM and with NIDDM (1.57 ± 0.25 vs. 0.66 ± 0.10 fmol/min/10 9 PLTs and 1.57 ± 0.25 vs. 0.67 ± 0.08, respectively; p <0.005). These data demonstrate that the platelet cNOS activity is decreased in diabetes mellitus.
Phosphorylation Directly Regulates the Intrinsic DNA Cytidine Deaminase Activity of Activation-induced Deaminase and APOBEC3G Protein*

The beneficial effects of DNA cytidine deamination by activation-induced deaminase (AID; antibody gene diversification) and APOBEC3G (retrovirus restriction) are tempered by probable contributions to carcinogenesis. Multiple regulatory mechanisms serve to minimize this detrimental outcome. Here, we show that phosphorylation of a conserved threonine attenuates the intrinsic activity of activation-induced deaminase (Thr-27) and APOBEC3G (Thr-218). Phospho-null alanine mutants maintain intrinsic DNA deaminase activity, whereas phospho-mimetic glutamate mutants are inactive. The phospho-mimetic variants fail to mediate isotype switching in activated mouse splenic B lymphocytes or suppress HIV-1 replication in human T cells. Our data combine to suggest a model in which this critical threonine acts as a phospho-switch that fine-tunes the adaptive and innate immune responses and helps protect mammalian genomic DNA from procarcinogenic lesions.
Clinical Value of Combined Detection of CK-MB, MYO, cTnI and Plasma NT-proBNP in Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a serious life-threatening and common heart disease that is based on coronary atherosclerosis. The aim is to study the changes in the level of kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), myoglobin (MYO), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the four indicators of joint detection clinical value for diagnosis of AMI. METHODS Plasma NT-proBNP, CK-MB, MYO, and cTnI were detected by CLIA in 208 AMI patients (AMI group) and 115 non-AMI patients (control group). SPSS 19.0 software was used to analyze the data. RESULTS The concentrations of CK-MB, MYO, cTnI, and NT-proBNP show significant differences between these two groups. In the AMI group, a significantly positive correlation was found between CK-MB and each of MYO and cTnI (r = 0.537, r = 0.226). Meanwhile, the sensitivity of combined detection has been improved up to 92.79%. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, these results suggested that detecting CK-MB, MYO, cTnI, and plasma NT-proBNP levels together can significantly contribute to the early diagnosis of AMI. It can also provide diagnostic evidence to clinic and thus lower the mortality of AMI in acute phase.
The role of insulin receptor substrate‐1 in transformation by v‐src

The insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1), a docking protein for both the insulin (InR) and the insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐IR) receptors, sends a mitogenic, anti‐differentiation and transforming signal. We now show that down‐regulation of IRS‐1 in cells transformed by v‐src reverses the transformed phenotype (growth in serum‐free medium and colony formation in soft agar). IRS‐1 translocates to nuclei and is found in the cyclin D1 and rDNA promoters. Stat3, which is activated by src, requires both IRS‐1 and src for promoter occupancy. IRS‐1 (by itself or in combination with src) also markedly increases transcription from these two promoters. We also show that IRS‐1 binds to src via its two PI3‐K binding tyrosine residues, and that these two residues are required for transformation of mammary cancer cells expressing v‐src. Taken together, these results indicate a significant role of IRS‐1 in the activation of cell cycle progression genes and transformation of cells by v‐src. J. Cell. Physiol. 215: 725–732, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Financial development and TFP growth: cross-country and industry-level evidence

This article estimates the impact of financial development on industry-level Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth using a largely unexploited panel of 77 countries with data for 26 manufacturing industries for the years 1965 to 2003. A significant relationship is found between financial development and industry-level TFP growth when controlling for country-time and industry-time fixed effects. The results are both statistically and economically significant. TFP growth can accelerate up to 0.6% per year, depending on the external finance requirement of industries, following a one SD increase in financial development. The results are robust to different samples and specifications.
Return to Freud: Jacques Lacan's Dislocation of Psychoanalysis

Translator's introduction Prefatory note 1. Introduction 2. Mistaken identity: Lacan's theory of the 'Mirror Stage' 3. The unconscious chess player 4. The rise and fall of the signifier 5. Significant fallout: metonymy and metaphor 6. Spades and hearts: the subject as stylus 7. The subject as 'Fader': the imaginary and the symbolic 8. 'When someone speaks, it gets light': demand 9. The signification of the Phallus Appendix.
Application of the OTSC System for the Closure of Fistulas, Anastomosal Leakages and Perforations within the Gastrointestinal Tract

Until recently there has been no technique available which reproducibly and safely allowed endoscopic closures of penetrating defects within the digestive tract. With the new "over the scope clipping system" (OTSC system®), which regarding design and function is similar to a bear-trap, a method is available for the endoscopic closure of fistulas and perforations. Here, we present a series of 10 patients, in whom different penetrating defects within the digestive tract could be closed in 9 of 10 cases successfully by the OTSC system®: fistulas (esophagotracheal, esophagopleural, gastrocutaneous and colovesical), perforations (after mucosectomy, after papillotomy and PEG misplacement) and anastomosal leakages (after gastrotomy and gastrectomy). In another case we demonstrate our first experience with the OTSC system® for the prevention of perforations during deep endoscopic R 0 resection of a T 1(sm1)G1 sigmoideal cancer after initial R 1 resection.
Preimplantation differentiation in the mouse egg as revealed by microinjection of vital markers.

A microinjection technique has been devised for labelling individual blastomeres of preimplantation mouse embryos with a marker drop of inert silicone fluid placed in the cytoplasm either at the periphery of the egg or at the interface between two blastomeres (i.e. centrally). The following observations were made on blastocysts which developed from injected eggs: (1) All drops derived from peripheral injections (at two-cell to morula stage) were found exclusively in the trophoblast. (2) Drops injected centrally at two- and four-cell stages have been found in both the trophoblast and inner cell mass. (3) Peripheral labelling of one or both members of a pair of eggs (four-cell to morula) fused into a chimaeric blastocyst yielded markers in both trophoblast and inner cell mass. No evidence was found of inherent bilateral symmetry or polarity in the cleaving egg. The results indicate that physico-chemical positional effects determine whether a cell will differentiate into trophoblast or inner cell mass. The results are discussed in the light of current hypotheses relating to early embryonic differentiation in the mammal, and it is suggested that cleavage occurs without spatial disturbance of the cytoplasmic pattern of the egg so that its cortical region is converted directly to the outer cells of the morula and hence to the trophoblast.
Growth of three established cell lines on glass microcarriers

Three established cell lines were examined for growth on a newly developed microcarrier which consists of glass beads. The cells were simultaneously exmined for growth on commercially available microcarriers made from DEAE‐dextran and from plastic. Cell yields on the glass microcarriers were comparble to the cell yields on the commercially available products. Cells grown on the glass microcarriers were easily separated from the substratum by trypsinization (as were the cells grown on the plastic substratum) while the cells grown on the DEAE‐dextran particles were much more trypsin resistant. After removal of cells from the glass microcarriers, the cells reattached and spread out in plastic flasks as readily as cells harvested from monolayer. Scanning electron microscopy revealed dramatic differences in the appearence of the cell grown on the glass microcarriers and cells grown on the DEAE‐dextran microcarriers. On the glass microcarriers, cells attached to the substratum through lond, slender filopodia while on the DEAE‐dextran microcarriers, the entire edge of the cell appeared to be in contact with the substratum. This dissimilarity in attachment could underly the difference in sensitivity to trypsin‐mediated detachment. Finally, the glass microcarriers were washed after being used once and retested for their ability to support cell growth a second time. Nearly identical results were obtained with the reprocessed beads as with previously unused ones.
The Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium Effector Proteins SipA, SopA, SopB, SopD, and SopE2 Act in Concert To Induce Diarrhea in Calves

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium requires a functional type III secretion system encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) to cause diarrhea. We investigated the role of genes encoding secreted target proteins of the SPI1-associated type III secretion system for enteropathogenicity in calves. Salmonella serotype Typhimurium strains having mutations in sptP, avrA, sspH1, or slrP induced fluid secretion in the bovine ligated ileal loop model at levels similar to that of the wild type. In contrast, mutations in sipA, sopA, sopB, sopD, or sopE2 significantly reduced fluid accumulation in bovine ligated ileal loops at 8 h postinfection. A strain carrying mutations in sipA, sopA, sopB, sopD, and sopE2 (sipA sopABDE2 mutant) caused the same level of fluid accumulation in bovine ligated ileal loops as a strain carrying a mutation in sipB, a SPI1 gene required for the translocation of effector proteins into host cells. A positive correlation was observed between the severity of histopathological lesions detected in the ileal mucosa and the levels of fluid accumulation induced by the different mutants. After oral infection of calves, the Salmonella serotype Typhimurium sipAsopABDE2 mutant caused only mild diarrhea and was more strongly attenuated than strains having only single mutations. These data demonstrate that SipA, SopA, SopB, SopD, and SopE2 are major virulence factors responsible for diarrhea during Salmonella serotype Typhimurium infection of calves.
Host-derived CD4+ T cells attenuate stem cell-mediated transfer of autoimmune arthritis in lethally irradiated C57BL/6.g7 mice.

OBJECTIVE In the K/BxN mouse model of inflammatory arthritis, T cells carrying a transgenic T cell receptor initiate disease by helping B cells to produce arthritogenic anti-glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (anti-GPI) autoantibodies. We found that lethally- irradiated lymphocyte-deficient C57BL/6 (B6). g7 (I-A(g7) +) recombinase-activating gene-deficient (Rag(-/-)) mice reconstituted with K/BxN hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells exhibit arthritis by week 4. In contrast, healthy B6.g7 recipients of K/BxN hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells show only mild arthritis, with limited extent and duration. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors responsible for the attenuation of arthritis in B6.g7 recipients. METHODS Antibody responses were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses were performed for testing chimerism, expression of markers of activation and suppression, tetramer binding, and intracellular cytokines in CD4+ T cells. Suppressive activity of CD4+ T cells was studied by adoptive transfer. RESULTS Titers of anti-GPI antibodies in reconstituted B6.g7 mice were ∼60-fold lower than in reconstituted B6.g7 Rag(-/-) mice. Examination of chimerism in the reconstituted B6.g7 mice showed that B cells and myeloid cells in these mice were donor derived, but CD4+ T cells were primarily host derived and enriched for cells expressing the conventional regulatory markers CD25 and FoxP3. Notably, CD4+CD25-FoxP3- T cells expressed markers of suppressive function (CD73 and folate receptor 4), and delayed disease after adoptive transfer. Activation of donor-derived CD4+ T cells was reduced, and thymic deletion of these cells appeared increased. CONCLUSION Despite myeloablation, host CD4+ T cells having a regulatory phenotype emerge in these mice and attenuate autoimmunity.
Docking Protein FRS2 Links the Protein Tyrosine Kinase RET and Its Oncogenic Forms with the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Cascade

ABSTRACT The receptor tyrosine kinase RET functions as the signal transducing receptor for the GDNF (for “glial cell-derived neurotrophic factors”) family of ligands. Mutations in theRET gene were implicated in Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2), and thyroid carcinomas. In this report we demonstrate that the docking protein FRS2 is tyrosine phosphorylated by ligand-stimulated and by constitutively activated oncogenic forms of RET. Complex formation between RET and FRS2 is mediated by binding of the phosphotyrosine-binding domain of FRS2 topY1062, a residue in RET that also functions as a binding site for Shc. However, overexpression of FRS2 but not Shc potentiates mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation by RET oncoproteins. We demonstrate that oncogenic RET-PTC proteins are associated with FRS2 constitutively, leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of FRS2, MAP kinase stimulation, and cell proliferation. However, loss-of-function HSCR-associated RET mutants exhibit impaired FRS2 binding and reduced MAP kinase activation. These experiments demonstrate that FRS2 couples both ligand-regulated and oncogenic forms of RET, with the MAP kinase signaling cascade as part of the response of RET under normal biological conditions and pathological conditions, such as MEN 2 and papillary thyroid carcinomas.