Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Active Play School Playground Activities

Because children spend so much of their time in schools, their playgrounds oer a good setting for promoting active play in young lives. Teachers, instead of considering active play a taxing demand on their busy day, have begun to develop an informal curriculum for it. e authors review the research on children’s active play and explores its inuence on school playgrounds, looking at studies of individual and social play, the eect of physical environments on active play, and the impact of school polices on children’s active play on school playgrounds. ey ask others to consider the implications of this research when planning children’s active play.
Dual Control of glut1 Glucose Transporter Gene Expression by Hypoxia and by Inhibition of Oxidative Phosphorylation*

glut1 gene expression and glucose transport are stimulated in a variety of cells and tissues in response to hypoxia. glut1 is also up-regulated by inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation (such as azide) in the presence of oxygen. Here, we test the hypothesis that hypoxia stimulates glut1 gene expression independent of its inhibitory effect on oxidative phosphorylation. We examined the effect of cobalt chloride, a known stimulator of genes responsive to reduced oxygen concentration per se, on GLUT1 expression under normoxic conditions and compared the results with the response to azide. Exposure of a rat liver cell line (Clone 9) to 250 μM cobalt chloride increases GLUT1 mRNA content, which becomes evident at 2 h, reaches a maximal value of ∼12-fold at 8 h, and remains elevated at ∼8-fold at 24 h. GLUT1 mRNA was the only GLUT isoform expressed in control cells and in cells exposed to cobalt chloride or azide. The induction of GLUT1 mRNA by cobalt chloride is associated with a ∼10-fold stimulation of cytochalasin B-inhibitable 3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport at 24 h. In contrast to the rapid decrease in cell ATP levels and the stimulation of glucose transport in response to azide, cell ATP content and glucose transport remained unaltered during the initial 1-h period of exposure to cobalt chloride. The effect of cobalt chloride on GLUT1 mRNA content is mimicked by Ni(II) or Mn(II) but not by Fe(II). Employing actinomycin D, we found no increase in the ∼1.5-h half-life of GLUT1 mRNA in cobalt chloride-treated cells, suggesting that the effect of cobalt chloride on GLUT1 mRNA content is largely mediated at the transcriptional level; in contrast, GLUT1 mRNA half-life increased to >8 h in azide-treated cells. In transient transfections we found that ∼6 kilobase pairs (kbp) of 5′-flanking region of the rat glut1 promoter confers both cobalt chloride- and azide-inducibility to a reporter gene. Deletion of ∼2,500 base pairs (bp) from the 5′ end of the ∼6-kbp DNA fragment results in a reduction of the response to cobalt chloride and a complete loss of the response to azide. A 666-bp DNA segment located ∼6.0 kbp upstream of the transcription start site was found to be necessary for the increase in reporter gene expression in response to azide, whereas a 480-bp segment located at approximately −3.5 kbp mediated the response to cobalt chloride. The 480-bp segment is highly homologous to the previously reported mouse glut1 enhancer and contains several potential regulatory elements, including a hypoxia-inducible element; an additional hypoxia-inducible element is present in the 666-bp segment. Our results suggest that glut1 gene expression is regulated in a dual fashion by hypoxia per se and in response to inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation.
Empirical research in auditor litigation : considerations and data

Studies in Accounting Research #33 provides guidance for conducting empirical research on auditor litigation and for using data on auditor litigation in teaching. To facilitate research and teaching, the monograph includes a CD with a Database. The Database has over 1,000 client observations with audit litigation involving the Big Five and their legacy firms. Non-Big Five firms are included on joint litigation. The Database includes litigation over allegations of audit failure on audits from 1960 through 1995, as long as legal actions were filed by end of 1995. The Database contains an extensive amount of information. For example, it has information on clients and auditors, accounting and auditing issues, legal characteristics and issues, regulatory actions, and litigation resolutions. All information is from public sources available through early 1999. The Database should be easily usable by academics, practitioners, and students alike. It is designed for use with Microsoft Access (the CD has three versions for Access 2.0, 97, and 2000). While the Database as published provides a rich source of litigation-related information, it is also designed so that users can customize it to meet their particular needs. For example, the Database can be updated with further information about the observations or with additional observations, such as audit litigation filed after 1995. The monograph makes a number of suggestions for using the Database in a variety of research settings. The Database is designed for stand-alone use or it can be used in combination with data from other sources. The discussion of research considerations and applications encompasses both the usefulness and limitations of the Database. Further, the Database can be used in teaching a variety of graduate and undergraduate courses, including courses on financial accounting, financial statement analysis, auditing, securities litigation, accountant's liability, governance, and professional regulation and institutions. The discussion of teaching applications includes suggestions on opportunities for bringing litigation-related topics into the classroom through supplementing lecture materials, promoting active learning, developing new teaching cases, extending and enriching existing case materials, and designing student projects, assignments, and other educational activities.
Changes in Trading Volume and Return Volatility Associated with S&P 500 Index Additions and Deletions

When a stock is added into the S&P 500 Index, it in effect becomes cross-listed in the Index derivative markets. When index-based trading strategies such as index arbitrage are executed, the component stocks are directly affected by such trading. We find increased volatility of daily returns, plus increased trading volume for the underlying stocks. Utilizing a list of S&P 500 Index composition changes over the period September 1976 to December 2005, we study the market-adjusted volume turnover and return variance of the stocks added to and deleted from the Index. The results indicate that after the introduction of the S&P 500 Index futures and options contracts, stocks added to the S&P 500 experience statistically significant increase in both trading volume and return volatility. Both daily and monthly return variances increase following index inclusion. When stocks are removed from the index, though, neither volatility of returns nor trading volume experiences any significant change. So, we have new evidence showing that Index inclusion changes a firm's return volatility, and supporting the destabilization hypothesis.
Quality of Life for Long-Term Survivors of Cancer: INFLUENCING VARIABLES

The study’s purpose was to describe the relations among self-esteem, learned resourcefulness, and social support, and to show how they predict health-related quality of life (HRQL) for long-term survivors of cancer. With advances in oncology and increased survival, variables influencing the HRQL of long-term survivors of cancer must be explored. The design was descriptive and correlational. Five instruments were sent to 456 long-term survivors in southern California. Data were analyzed for 62 of 111 consenting individuals, most of whom were married, retired, white, college-educated, female survivors of breast cancer older than 60 years of age treated by radiation and surgery. Subjects with higher self-esteem reported higher HRQL (r = 0.69;p = 0.00). Learned resourcefulness had a significant negative relation with HRQL (r = −0.32;p = 0.01). Social support was operationalized as functional components, network properties, and recent loss. Only the loss component of social support had a significant negative relation with HRQL (r = −0.38;p = 0.00). Together, the three variables explained more than half of the variance (R2 = 0.53) of HRQL, with self-esteem being the strongest predictor. The HRQL of long-term survivors of cancer may increase with interventions such as both survivor-and nurse-led support groups aimed at supporting and improving self-esteem. In addition, education to anticipate social support losses may further enhance HRQL.
Factors influencing consumers' evaluation and adoption intention of really-new products or services : prior knowledge, innovativeness and timing of product evaluation

This paper empirically examines factors influencing consumers’ evaluation and adoption intention of really new products. Combining construal level theory with literature on new product evaluation and adoption, we found an asymmetry in the conditional importance of benefit and cost, both as mediators and as antecedents of adoption intention. As mediators, consumer innovativeness does not affect perceived cost, but leads to greater perceived benefit and greater adoption intention. As antecedents, cost is important only if the adoption is highly beneficial, but benefits remain important regardless of cost. Finally, we found that the salience of costs increases as the temporal distance decreases, whilst the salience of benefit remains constant. We discuss implications for marketing of really new products.
The ErbB4 extracellular region retains a tethered‐like conformation in the absence of the tether

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its homologs ErbB3 and ErbB4 adopt a tethered conformation in the absence of ligand in which an extended hairpin loop from domain II contacts the juxtamembrane region of domain IV and tethers the domain I/II pair to the domain III/IV pair. By burying the hairpin loop, which is required for formation of active receptor dimers, the tether contact was thought to prevent constitutive activation of EGFR and its homologs. Amino‐acid substitutions at key sites within the tether contact region fail to result in constitutively active receptors however. We report here the 2.5 Å crystal structure of the N‐terminal three extracellular domains of ErbB4, which bind ligand but lack domain IV and thus the tether contact. This ErbB4 fragment nonetheless adopts a domain arrangement very similar to the arrangement adopted in the presence of the tether suggesting that regions in addition to the tether contribute to maintaining this conformation and inactivity in the absence of the tether contact. We suggest that the tether conformation may have evolved to prevent crosstalk between different EGFR homologs and thus allow diversification of EGFR and its homologs.
A comparative study of Mexican and Irish compliment responses

The purpose of the present study is to compare the compliment responses (CRs) provided by 60 native Mexican Spanish speakers and 60 Irish English native speakers. Using a discourse completion task, 1080 responses were analyzed based on Herbert’s (1989) and Nelson, El Bakary and Al-Batal’s (1993) taxonomy. Findings suggest the existence of cross-cultural similarities in Irish and Mexican CRs in the frequency of deﬂecting comments and the mechanisms that are used to redirect the praise force. Second, the two languages differ in important ways. In responding to compliments, Irish recipients are much more likely than Mexican speakers to use a single strategy when formulating CRs. The fndings further show that social factors (social distance, social power, gender, and the topic of the compliment) in both Mexican and Irish society seem to be crucial parameters in the formulation and acceptance or rejection of a compliment.
HIGH-RESOLUTION MULTI-BAND IMAGING FOR VALIDATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SMALL KEPLER PLANETS

High-resolution ground-based optical speckle and near-infrared adaptive optics images are taken to search for stars in close angular proximity to host stars of candidate planets identified by the NASA Kepler Mission. Neighboring stars are a potential source of false positive signals. These stars also blend into Kepler light curves, affecting estimated planet properties, and are important for an understanding of planets in multiple star systems. Deep images with high angular resolution help to validate candidate planets by excluding potential background eclipsing binaries as the source of the transit signals. A study of 18 Kepler Object of Interest stars hosting a total of 28 candidate and validated planets is presented. Validation levels are determined for 18 planets against the likelihood of a false positive from a background eclipsing binary. Most of these are validated at the 99% level or higher, including five newly validated planets in two systems: Kepler-430 and Kepler-431. The stellar properties of the candidate host stars are determined by supplementing existing literature values with new spectroscopic characterizations. Close neighbors of seven of these stars are examined using multi-wavelength photometry to determine their nature and influence on the candidate planet properties. Most of the close neighbors appear to be gravitationally bound secondaries, while a few are best explained as closely co-aligned field stars. Revised planet properties are derived for each candidate and validated planet, including cases where the close neighbors are the potential host stars.
Thermal Microdebridement Does Not Affect the Time Zero Biomechanical Properties of Human Patellar Tendons

Background Thermal microdebridement for the treatment of chronic tendinopathy has recently been introduced. The effect of thermal microdebridement on the biomechanical properties of human tendons, however, remains unknown. Hypothesis Thermal microdebridement does not affect the biomechanical properties of human patellar tendons in a cadaveric model at the time of initial treatment. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods The central 15 mm of 12 matched, human (mean age, 71 years; 8 male, 4 female), fresh-frozen patellar tendons was divided into 3 equal 5-mm specimens. The treatment group (n = 12) underwent thermal microdebridement with a radiofrequency probe. A sham treatment group (n = 12) underwent insertion of a deactivated probe. The control group (n = 12) underwent no treatment. After treatment, each specimen was tested to failure in a servo-hydraulic materials testing machine at an elongation rate of 3 mm/s. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine differences between groups. Results No significant difference in ultimate stress at failure, elastic modulus, strain energy density, or strain at maximum load was found between the groups. The ultimate stress at failure for the treatment, sham, and control groups was 61.0, 66.7, and 63.0 MPa, respectively (P = .653), and the strain at maximum load was 0.12, 0.11, and 0.09, respectively (P = .279). Conclusions Thermal microdebridement does not affect the biomechanical properties of cadaveric human patellar tendons at the time of initial treatment. Clinical Relevance It may be safe to proceed with aggressive rehabilitation after thermal microdebridement of the patellar tendon. However, the results in this cadaveric model should be interpreted with caution. Additional studies using an in vivo model will be required to completely assess the effects of thermal microdebridement on the biomechanical properties of human patel-lar tendons.
The role of Atlantic Ocean-atmosphere coupling in affecting North Atlantic oscillation variability

We review the role of ocean-atmosphere interactions over the Atlantic sector in North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) variability. The emphasis is on physical mechanisms, which are illustrated in simple models and analyzed in observations and numerical models. Some directions of research are proposed to better assess the relevance of Atlantic air-sea interactions to observed and simulated NAO variability.
Functional KATP channels in the rat retinal microvasculature: topographical distribution, redox regulation, spermine modulation and diabetic alteration

The essential task of the circulatory system is to match blood flow to local metabolic demand. However, much remains to be learned about this process. To better understand how local perfusion is regulated, we focused on the functional organization of the retinal microvasculature, which is particularly well adapted for the local control of perfusion. Here, we assessed the distribution and regulation of functional KATP channels whose activation mediates the hyperpolarization induced by adenosine. Using microvascular complexes freshly isolated from the rat retina, we found a topographical heterogeneity in the distribution of functional KATP channels; capillaries generate most of the KATP current. The initiation of KATP‐induced responses in the capillaries supports the concept that the regulation of retinal perfusion is highly decentralized. Additional study revealed that microvascular KATP channels are redox sensitive, with oxidants increasing their activity. Furthermore, the oxidant‐mediated activation of these channels is driven by the polyamine spermine, whose catabolism produces oxidants. In addition, our observation that spermine‐dependent oxidation occurs predominately in the capillaries accounts for why they generate most of the KATP current detected in retinal microvascular complexes. Here, we also analysed retinal microvessels of streptozotocin‐injected rats. We found that soon after the onset of diabetes, an increase in spermine‐dependent oxidation at proximal microvascular sites boosts their KATP current and thereby virtually eliminates the topographical heterogeneity of functional KATP channels. We conclude that spermine‐dependent oxidation is a previously unrecognized mechanism by which this polyamine modulates ion channels; in addition to a physiological role, spermine‐dependent oxidation may also contribute to microvascular dysfunction in the diabetic retina.
Impact of bank mergers on shareholders’ wealth

Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) perform a vital role in corporate finance in enabling firms achieve varied objectives and financial strategies. This study sought to comprehend the impacts that previous bank mergers have had on the shareholders’ wealth. The study location was in Kenya and it adopted the descriptive survey and correlation design in which the success of mergers was measured based on the objective oriented model using the annual accounts. The study computed the return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and the efficiency ratio (EFF) as indicators of shareholder value. The results of the commercial banks were analysed for a five-year period (2006-2010). The study reveals that mergers significantly influence shareholder value with banks that have undertaken mergers creating more value than those that have not. Such banks were ascertained to have posted better results than the overall sector.
Two Essays on the Role of Information in the Interaction between American Depository Receipts and Their Home Shares: Information Transfer and Issuer Decisions

This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by ScholarWorks@UNO with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself.
Preventing Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes: A Common Agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association

Collectively, cardiovascular disease (including stroke), cancer, and diabetes account for approximately two thirds of all deaths in the United States and about $700 billion in direct and indirect economic costs each year. Current approaches to health promotion and prevention of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes do not approach the potential of the existing state of knowledge. A concerted effort to increase application of public health and clinical interventions of known efficacy to reduce prevalence of tobacco use, poor diet, and insufficient physical activity—the major risk factors for these diseases—and to increase utilization of screening tests for their early detection could substantially reduce the human and economic cost of these diseases. In this article, the ACS, ADA, and AHA review strategies for the prevention and early detection of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, as the beginning of a new collaboration among the three organizations. The goal of this joint venture is to stimulate substantial improvements in primary prevention and early detection through collaboration between key organizations, greater public awareness about healthy lifestyles, legislative action that results in more funding for and access to primary prevention programs and research, and reconsideration of the concept of the periodic medical checkup as an effective platform for prevention, early detection, and treatment.
Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of a new taxoid, RPR 109881A, given as a 1-hour intravenous infusion in patients with advanced solid tumors.

PURPOSE RPR 109881A is a new semisynthetic taxoid compound that has a similar mechanism of action to docetaxel. The purpose of this phase I study was to characterize the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), toxicity profile, pharmacokinetic profile, and antitumor effects of this agent. PATIENTS AND METHODS Nineteen eligible patients with advanced solid tumors were enrolled. RPR 109881A was administered as a 1-hour intravenous infusion every 3 weeks at doses ranging from 15 to 75 mg/m(2). Pharmacokinetic evaluation was performed at the first cycle. RESULTS Neutropenia (febrile neutropenia) and fatigue were dose-limiting toxicities at doses of 60 and 75 mg/m(2) and seemed to be dose-related. Both thrombocytopenia and anemia were infrequent. Nonhematologic toxicities were generally mild. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that RPR 109881A plasma disposition was bi- or triphasic, with a high total plasma clearance, a large volume of distribution, and a long terminal half-life. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and the peak concentration of RPR 109881A seemed to increase with increasing dose proportionally, suggesting linear pharmacokinetics. Urinary excretion over 48 hours was low, with a mean of 0.8 +/- 0.36% of the administered dose. A significant relationship existed between the percentage decrease of neutrophil counts and the AUC of RPR 109881A. Among 18 assessable patients, two partial and two minor responses were documented. CONCLUSION RPR 109881A was found to be a well-tolerated and promising taxoid agent. The MTD was 75 mg/m(2), and the recommended dose for phase II study was 60 mg/m(2) as a 1-hour infusion every 3 weeks.