Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Study of Lactobacillus as Probiotic Bacteria

Because of inhibitory effect, selected probiotic lactobacilli may be used as biological preservative, so, the aim of this study was to present some data on lactobacillus as probiotic bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from sausage. Each isolate of lactobacillus species was identified by biochemical tests and comparing their sugar fermentation pattern. Antibacterial activities were done by an agar spot, well diffusion and blank disk method. Enzyme sensitivity of supernatant fluid and concentrated cell free culture after treatment with α-amylase, lysozyme and trypsin was determined. The isolated bacteria were Lacto. plantarum, Lacto delbruekii, Lacto. acidophilus, Lacto. brevis. The isolated bacteria had strong activity against indicator strains. The antibacterial activity was stable at 100oC for 10 min and at 56oC for 30 min, but activity was lost after autoclaving. The maximum production of plantaricin was obtained at 25 - 30oC at pH 6.5. Because, lactobacilli that used to process sausage fermentation are producing antimicrobial activity with heat stability bacteriocin, so, these bacteria may be considered to be a healthy probiotic diet. Lactobacilli originally isolated from meat products are the best condidates as probiotic bacteria to improve the microbiological safety of these foods.
Resource Scarcity and Inequality in the Distribution of Catch

Abstract What happens to the distribution of catch when resources become scarce/ Catch distributions for most fisheries where the stock is limiting are skewed such that the largest number of fishers take the smallest catches. Economic efficiency goals result in suggestions to eliminate small, inefficient producers. Oregon salmon fishing and bottom trawling, plus two nonfishery examples, illustrate that catch distributions become even more skewed with increasing resource scarcity. A simple model shows how increases in the number fishing and improvements in technical efficiency contribute to the creation of a distributional pattern in which a very few fishermen are very successful, whereas most other fishermen take increasingly smaller shares of the resource. Fishery management rules that apply equally to each participant in the fishery result in greater relative advantage for some producers and increase inequality.
Numerical Investigation into the Effect of Fins on Fluid Natural Convection in Coaxial Annuli

This paper attempted to numerically examine the involvement of serrated fins on natural convection heat transfer between coaxial cylinders. The outer channel of annular cylinders was circular, while the inner channels involved three cross-sections including circular, square and triangular. As two geometric constraints, the area of annular cylinders and the diameter of outer channel were assumed to be identical in each scenario explored in this study. The fins had equal areas placed on the inner surface, so as to compare their effects on thermal properties of annular cylinders under constant temperature boundary within the range of Rayleigh numbers from 10 to 10. The results indicated that higher a Rayleigh number is directly correlated with higher convection heat transfer coefficient of surfaces. However, the inclusion of fins reduced the rate near the fins, thus mitigating the heat transfer coefficient of inner channel. This trend intensified at higher Rayleigh numbers. Therefore, the involvement of fins at lower Rayleigh numbers brings about greater efficiency in heat transfer. The comparison of fins in terms of efficiency revealed that maximum heat is transferred when the fins have been mounted on a circular channel.
Estimating and Forecasting Conditional Volatility and Correlations of the Dow Jones Islamic Stock Market Index Using Multivariate GARCH-DCC

Volatility is a measure of variability in the price of an asset and is associated with unpredictability and uncertainty about the price. Even it is a synonym for risk; higher volatility means higher risk in the respective context. With regard to stock market, the extent of variation in stock prices is referred to stock market volatility. A spiky and rapid movement in the stock prices may throw out risk-averse investors from the market. Hence a desired level of volatility is demanded by the markets and its investors. The traditional methods of volatility and correlation analysis did not consider the effect of conditional (or time-varying) volatility and correlation. Hence a major issue facing the investors in the contemporary financial world is how to minimize risk while investing in a portfolio of assets. An understanding of how volatilities of and correlations between asset returns change over time including their directions (positive or negative) and size (stronger or weaker) is of crucial importance for both the domestic and international investors with a view to diversifying their portfolios for hedging against unforeseen risks as well as for dynamic option pricing. Therefore, appropriate modelling of volatility is of importance due to several reasons such as it becomes a key input to many investment decisions and portfolio creations, the pricing of derivative securities and financial risk management. Thus, in this paper, we aim to estimate and forecast conditional volatility of and correlations between daily returns of the seven selected Dow Jones Islamic and conventional price indexes spanning from 01/1/2003 to 31/3/2013. The sample period from January 30, 2003 to December, 13, 2010 amounting to 2053 daily observations are used for estimation and the remaining sample period is used for evaluation, through the application of the recently-developed Dynamic Multivariate GARCH approach to investigate empirical questions of the time-varying volatility parameters of these selected Dow Jones stock indices and time varying correlation among them. The contribution of this work is an improvement on others‘ works particularly in terms of time-varying volatility and correlation of assets incorporating Islamic assets. We find that all volatility parameters are highly significant, with the estimates very close to unity implying a gradual 2 volatility decay. The t-distribution appears to be more appropriate in capturing the fat-tailed nature of the distribution of stock returns and the conditional correlations of returns of all Dow Jones Islamic Markets, Dow Jones Islamic UK, and Dow Jones Islamic US Indices with other indices are not found constant but changing. The policy implications of this finding are that the shariah investors should monitor these correlations and mange their investment portfolios accordingly. In addition to this, the different financial markets offer different opportunities for portfolio diversification.
Distribution and community characteristics of staging shorebirds on the northern coast of Alaska

Avian studies conducted in the 1970s on Alaska’s Arctic Coastal Plain (ACP) indicated that coastal littoral habitats are important to Arctic-breeding shorebirds for staging prior to fall migration. However, relatively little recent, broad-scale, or quantitative information exists on shorebird use of staging areas in this region. To locate possible shorebird concentration areas in the littoral zone of the ACP, we conducted aerial surveys from the southwest end of Kasegaluk Lagoon on the Chukchi Sea to Demarcation Point on the Beaufort Sea during the summers of 2005–07. These surveys identified persistent within- and between-year concentrations of staging shorebirds at Peard Bay, Point Barrow/Elson Lagoon, Cape Simpson, and Smith Bay to Cape Halkett. Among river deltas in the Beaufort Sea, the Sagavanirktok and Kongakut deltas had large concentrations of staging shorebirds. We also collected data on shorebird community characteristics, staging phenology, and habitat use in 2005 and 2006 by conducting land-based surveys at six camps: Kasegaluk Lagoon, Peard Bay, Point Barrow/Elson Lagoon, Colville Delta, Sagavanirktok Delta, and Okpilak Delta. The shorebird community was more even and diverse (evenness E and Shannon Weiner H’ ) along the Beaufort Sea compared to the Chukchi Sea and in 2005 versus 2006. Staging phenology varied by species and location and differed for several species from that reported in previous studies. Our results suggest the existence of three foraging habitat guilds among the shorebird species observed in this study: gravel beach, mudflat, and salt marsh/pond edge. A comparison to data collected in the mid-1970s suggests that these foraging associations are conserved through time. Results from this research will be useful to land managers for monitoring the effects of changing environmental conditions and human activity on shorebirds and their habitats in Arctic Alaska.
Handedness and cerebral lateralization: A test of the cerebral crowding effect.

The purpose of this study was to test Levy’s (1969) cerebral crowding hypothesis by examining the relationship between functional laterality (verbal versus spatial) and handedness across three handedness groups (Inconsistent Left­ handers, Consistent Left-handers and Right-handers) as defined by Peters and Murphy (1992). A total o f 89 undergraduate students completed a variety of lateralized and paper-and-pencil verbal and spatial tasks, and three handedness questionnaires. A significant visual field by handedness interaction was found for semantic priming as Inconsistent Left-handers (ILHs) processed verbal information faster and more accurately in their right hemisphere than the other groups. The ILHs also displayed the greatest accuracy on a paper-and-pencil mental rotation test. The prediction that Consistent Left-handers would exhibit the greatest verbal and poorest spatial skills was not met. Overall, this study failed to support the cerebral crowding hypothesis and highlights the need for greater consideration of handedness issues in laterality research. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Handedness and Lateralization of Cognitive Functions iv
Differences in home-range size computed in commonly used software programs

With the advancement of radiotracking techniques, there has been a dramatic increase in the quantity and quality of locational and movement data obtained for a variety of wildlife species. Automated tracking systems, in particular, produce enormous amounts of data. These data help researchers determine movements, home ranges, and habitat use by individuals and populations. One of many challenges is determining not only which home-range estimators to use, but also which home-range program will best fulfill study objectives. We used data from a moose (Alces alces) fitted with a test Global Positioning System (GPS) collar to compare home-range sizes estimated by 5 commonly used software packages (CALHOME, HOME RANGE, RANGES IV, RANGES V, TRACKER). We found large differences in calculated home-range sizes using minimum convex polygon, harmonic mean, and kernel estimators at 3 levels of resolution (95%, 75%, and 50% of locations). Comparing home ranges among different research studies can be misleading unless researchers report choices for software program, home-range estimators, user-selected options, and input values of required parameters.
Plant functional types, nutrients and hydrology drive carbon cycling along a transect in an anthropogenically altered Canadian peatland complex

Peatlands play an important role in global carbon cycling, however, the response of peatland carbon fluxes to anthropogenically changed hydrologic conditions and long-term infiltration of nutrients is still understudied. Along a transect of 4 study sites, spanning from largely pristine to strongly altered conditions within the Wylde Lake peatland complex in Ontario (Canada), we monitored carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) fluxes at the soil/atmosphere interface and DIC and CH 4 concentrations in the peat profiles from April 2014 through September 2015. Moreover, we applied δ 13 C-CH 4 and δ 13 C-CO 2 stable isotope abundance analyses to examine CH 4 and CO 2 production and consumption as well as the dominant CH 4 emission pathways during the growing season of 2015. We found that a graminoid-moss dominated site, which was exposed to wet conditions and long-term infiltration of nutrients, was a great sink of CO 2 (2260 ± 480 g CO 2 m −2 ) but a great source of CH 4 (61.4 ± 32 g CH 4 m −2 ). Comparably low δ 13 C-CH 4 signatures (−62.30 ± 5.54 ‰) indicated only low mitigation of CH 4 emission by methanotrophic activity here. On the contrary, a shrub dominated site, which has been subjected to similarly high moisture conditions and loads of nutrients, was a much weaker sink of CO 2 (1093 ± 794 g CO 2 m −2 ) as compared with all other sites. The shrub dominated site featured notably low DIC concentrations in the peat as well as comparably 13 C enriched CH 4 (δ 13 C-CH 4 : −57.81 ± 7.03 ‰) and depleted CO 2 (δ 13 C-CO 2 : −15.85 ± 3.61 ‰) in a more decomposed and surficial aerated peat, suggesting a higher share of CH 4 oxidation. Plant mediated transport was the prevailing methane emission pathway throughout the summer of 2015 among all sites, even where graminoids covered only 10 % of the area. Our study provides insight into the accelerated carbon cycling of a strongly altered peatland and our results supported earlier findings, that strongly altered, shrub dominated peatlands may turn into weak carbon sinks or even sources, while a graminoid-moss dominance may maintain the peatland's carbon storage function.
Enzymatically hydrolysed protein and carbohydrate pools in deep-sea sediments: estimates of the potentially bioavailable fraction and methodological considerations

In this study we developed existing protocols for the enzymatic digestion of protein and carbohydrate pools in deep-sea sediments in order to estimate the organic fraction potentially bioavailable for benthic consumers. Sediment samples were collected in an abyssal locality (Porcupine Abyssal Plain, 4800 m depth) of the NE Atlantic in September 1996, and March and October 1997, and vertically divided into 5 layers down to a depth of 15 cm. Protein and carbohydrate concentrations released enzymatically were highest after 2 h of incubation for both organic pools. The release of enzymatically hydrolysed proteins from the deep-sea sediments was significantly higher using Tris+EDTA and sonication instead of a simple sediment homogenisation in Na-phosphate buffer. Hydrolysed carbohydrate concentrations were higher utilising α-amylase, β-glucosidase, Proteinase K and lipase instead of only α-amylase and β-glucosidase. Hydrolysed proteins and carbohydrates accounted for a small fraction of the total protein and carbohydrate pools (on average 15 and 13%, respectively), indicating that total protein and carbohydrate concentrations do not represent the actual available fraction of the sedimentary organic matter in this deep-sea environment. Hydrolysed protein pools changed significantly between sampling periods whereas carbohydrate pools appeared to be more conservative both spatially and temporally. Hydrolysed protein and carbohydrate concentrations were characterised by different vertical patterns and carbohydrate concentrations were much higher in deeper sediment layers. These results indicate that the 2 classes of organic compounds might play different roles in different sediment layers with important trophodynamic implications for benthic organisms living at different sediment depths.
THE EXPLORATION OF PRE-SERVICE EFL TEACHERS’ CHALLENGES IN FIELD PRACTICUM

This study investigates the challenges that six pre-service EFL teachers of a Bachelor of Education (Sarjana Pendidikan) program experienced in conducting field practicum. This study employs a qualitative research design, with a phenomenological approach. Data was gathered through in-depth interviews. The interview data was then scrutinized and codified, respective to emergent themes through thematic analysis procedures (Merriam, 1988 in Emilia, 2007, p. 84). The findings showed that the pre-service teachers experienced challenges related to lesson preparation, classroom management, and communication breakdown within their field practicum. The study concludes with a recommendation and justification for teacher preparation programs to provide pre-service teachers with: robust theoretical frameworks in order to design instruction; practical experience in classroom management; profound knowledge of English language; and activities that develop strong confidence in teaching. In addition, teacher preparation programs are endorsed to formally inform mentor teachers regarding their roles and responsibilities in the practicum. Keywords: Pre-service teachers, teacher preparation programs, field practicum
On the isotopic composition of precipitation

On discute certains aspects de la composition isotopique (tritium et isotopes stables) des precipitations mondiales, echantillonnees depuis la fin des annees cinquante par le reseau etabli par l'Agence internationale de l'energie atomique de Vienne. Les trois quarts du tritium forme lors des essias thermonucleaires effectues dans l'atmosphere ont ete relaches en 1961 et 1962. Les cinq annees qui ont suivi correspondent a une periode de suspension des essais nucleaires. On assiste alors a une diminution progressive et continue de la teneur en tritium des precipitations, qui permet d'etudier la velocite de transfert du tritium de la stratosphere a la troposphere. Le recyclage des pluies par evapotranspiration, plus intense aux basses altitudes. Le recyclage des pluies par evaporation, plus intense aux basses latitudes, ainsi que l'injection de tritium stratospherique par les courants-jet, peuvent expliquer cette difference latitudinale. Dans l'hemisphere nord, le rapport moyen de la concentration en tritium des precipitations entre deux annees successives est proche de 0,68 ± 0,02, a l'exception de l'annee 1965, pour laquelle la teneur en tritium a chute de 50% par rapport a celle de l'annee precedente. Entre 30 et 60°N et 30 et 60°S de latitude, les droites de correlation entre δ 2 H et δ 18 O des precipitations d'hiver et des precipitations d'ete ont des pentes tres voisines, mais des interceptions a zero differentes. La correlation est: δ 2 H = (8,36 ± 0,13)δ 18 O + (14,2 ± 4,2) en janvier, et δ 2 H = (8,33 ± 0,13)δ 18 O + (8,2 ± 3,9) en juillet. L'exces en deuterium (defini comme d = δ 2 H-8δ 18 O) differe donc selon les saisons, avec une valeur moyenne de 10,7 ± 0,6‰ en janvier et de 5,8 ± 0,5 ‰ en juillet. Par consequent, sa valeur moyenne annuelle est plus elevee dans les stations ou les pluies hivernales sont dominantes. La pente approche la valeur de 8 lorsque la correlation est etablie pour l'ensemble des precipitations d'hiver et d'ete. L'effet d'altitude sur la composition isotopique des precipitations sur le mont Cameroun est reexamine. Le modele montrant le meilleur accord avec les donnees est celui d'une condensation adiabatique des masses de vapeur atmospherique, avec un rapport liquide/vapeur qui augmente d'une valeur de 0,15 a 0,45 entre le niveau de la mer et 4 000 m d'altitude.
Firm Heterogeneity , Credit Constraints , and Endogenous Growths

This paper is concerned with the role of firm heterogeneity under credit constraints for economic growth. We focus on firm size, innovativeness and credit constraints in a semi-endogenous growth model reflecting recent empirical findings on firm heterogeneity. It allows for an explicit solution for transitional growth and balanced growth path productivity as well as the growth maximizing firm heterogeneity. This enables us to draw inference about the impact of key policy parameters of the model on these quantities and to draw conclusions about firm and capital market related policies.
Chemical and nutritional characteristics of different types of DDGS for ruminants

In this study, different types of cereal grains (maize, wheat, triticale), and their respective distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS: DDGSM, DDGSW, DDGST) were used. Their effects on parameters expressing nutritional value for ruminants were assessed. The chemical composition of the DDGS was significantly differed (P<0.01), similarly as that of the cereal grains. The DDGS from maize was the highest in fat (103.5 g . kg -1 DM) but the lowest in crude protein (CP) (291.9 g . kg -1 DM) and ADF (159.9 g . kg -1 DM). All DDGS types had similar energy values (ME approx. 12.5 MJ . kg -1 DM, NEL approx. 7.5 MJ . kg -1 DM and NEV approx. 7.6 MJ . kg -1 DM). The DDGS were three times higher in PDIN values than the original grains (P<0.01). DDGSM had lower in situ effective CP degradability (46.5%) than DDGSW (58.5%) and DDGST (76.8%), but the highest and most stable intestinal digestibility (ID) of rumen undegraded CP (94.3%). The most variable intestinal digestibility was found in DDGSW samples (79.6%-92.2%). The acid detergent insoluble CP (ADICP) content (% from total CP) was significantly higher in wheat and triticale DDGS than in the original grains. There were significant plant effects on fat, ME, NEV, ADICP (P<0.01), ADF, and NADIP (P<0.05). We can conclude that all types of DDGS are a good source of CP and energy for ruminants.
EFL Teachers' Reflective Teaching, Use of Motivational Strategies, and Their Sense of Efficacy

The present study aimed at systematically investigating the relationship among EFL teachers' Reflective Teaching (RT), Use of Motivational Strategies (UMS), and Sense of Efficacy (SE). The participants of the study were 194 male and female EFL teachers, between 20 to 30 years of age (Mage = 25) and with 1 to 10 years of teaching experience. The participants were asked to fill out three questionnaires: the RT questionnaire by Akbari, Behzadpour, and Dadvand (2010), the questionnaire of UMS by Cheng and Dornyei (2007), and the questionnaire of SE by Tschannen-Moran and Woolfolk Hoy (2001). Analyzing the data through running the non-parametric Spearman's rank order coefficient of correlation indicated that there was a significant and positive correlation between RT and UMS, RT and SE, and between UMS and SE. Furthermore, running a multiple regression analysis revealed that RT could more significantly predict the SE among EFL teachers. Regarding the limitations and drawing upon the findings, the article concludes with some pedagogical implications and some avenues for future research.
Applications of the theory of planned behaviour to drivers' speeding behaviour

The theory of planned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1985, 1988, 1991) provides apotentially useful approach for investigating the links between drivers' attitudes andbehaviour and for informing road safety interventions that aim to promote 'safe' driving. This paper presents a review of previous research studies in which the TPBhas been applied to drivers'speeding behaviour. Some conceptual andmethodological limitations of the studies are raised. We then summarise two studiesthat we have recently conducted to overcome these limitations and discuss theimplications for road safety.
Generate Real Total Radiation Spatial Distribution of Solar Radiation Using Cloud Mask Algorithm

The main goal of this paper is to illustrate the opportunities the r.sun model provides for assessing the solar potential of a selected area under the real sky conditions. The issue of using the r.sun model for generating the spatial distribution of the total solar radiation was discussed in previous works, e.g. those of Hofi erk, Suri and Kryza [7, 8, 12, 15, 17, 16]. However, these works do not include the clouds’ impact on the total amounts of solar radiation. In general, the spatial distribution of solar radiation is determined by numerous elements, such as: – terrain, – atmosphere, – pollutants, – water and aerosol in the atmosphere, – clouds and shadowing eff ects of the surrounding buildings.