Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Review of deep convolution neural network in image classification

With the development of large data age, Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with more hidden layers have more complex network structure and more powerful feature learning and feature expression abilities than traditional machine learning methods. The convolution neural network model trained by the deep learning algorithm has made remarkable achievements in many large-scale identification tasks in the field of computer vision since its introduction. This paper first introduces the rise and development of deep learning and convolution neural network, and summarizes the basic model structure, convolution feature extraction and pooling operation of convolution neural network. Then, the research status and development trend of convolution neural network model based on deep learning in image classification are reviewed, which is mainly introduced from the aspects of typical network structure construction, training method and performance. Finally, some problems in the current research are briefly summarized and discussed, and the new direction of future development is forecasted.
Genotype–phenotype correlations in alternating hemiplegia of childhood

Objective: Clinical severity of alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is extremely variable. To investigate genotype–phenotype correlations in AHC, we analyzed the clinical information and ATP1A3 mutations in patients with AHC. Methods: Thirty-five Japanese patients who were clinically diagnosed with AHC participated in this study. ATP1A3 mutations were analyzed using Sanger sequencing. Detailed clinical information was collected from family members of patients with AHC and clinicians responsible for their care. Results: Gene analysis revealed 33 patients with de novo heterozygous missense mutations of ATP1A3: Glu815Lys in 12 cases (36%), Asp801Asn in 10 cases (30%), and other missense mutations in 11 cases. Clinical information was compared among the Glu815Lys, Asp801Asn, and other mutation groups. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in the history of neonatal onset, gross motor level, status epilepticus, and respiratory paralysis in the Glu815Lys group compared with the other groups. In addition, 8 patients who did not receive flunarizine had severe motor deteriorations. Conclusions: The Glu815Lys genotype appears to be associated with the most severe AHC phenotype. Although AHC is not generally seen as a progressive disorder, it should be considered a disorder that deteriorates abruptly or in a stepwise fashion, particularly in patients with the Glu815Lys mutation.
Ethnicity , Islam , and les banlieues : Confusing the Issues

Jocelyne Cesari is principal research fellow at the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) in Paris and associate professor at Harvard University. She is the author of When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslims in Europe and in the United States, New York: Palgrave, 2004 and European Muslims and the Secular State, London: Ashgate, 2005. In addition, she coordinates the website euro-islam.info.
Synchrotron radiation from runaway electron distributions in tokamaks

Analysis of the synchrotron radiation emitted by runaway electrons in a fusion plasma presents a direct route to knowledge of the particle momenta and pitch-angles of the runaway electron population, through the strong dependence of the synchrotron spectrum on these parameters. Information about the runaway density and its spatial distribution, as well as the time evolution of the above quantities can also be deduced. Previously, synchrotron spectra have been interpreted under the assumption that all runaways have the same energy and pitch-angle [1]. In practice, however, runaway electrons have a wide range of energies and pitch-angles, and that influences the synchrotron radiation spectrum. In this paper we present the synchrotron radiation spectra for typical avalanching runaway electron distributions. We compare the characteristics of the spectra obtained for a distribution of electrons to the one based on the emission of electrons having the same energy and pitch-angle. We examine the eects on the spectrum of including or neglecting magnetic field curvature in the calculation and analyse the sensitivity of the resulting spectrum to perturbations to the runaway distribution. We also discuss the implications for the deduced runaway parameters.
ErbB2 receptor controls microtubule capture by recruiting ACF7 to the plasma membrane of migrating cells

Microtubules (MTs) contribute to key processes during cell motility, including the regulation of focal adhesion turnover and the establishment and maintenance of cell orientation. It was previously demonstrated that the ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase regulated MT outgrowth to the cell cortex via a complex including Memo, the GTPase RhoA, and the formin mDia1. But the mechanism that linked this signaling module to MTs remained undefined. We report that ErbB2-induced repression of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) activity, mediated by Memo and mDia1, is required for MT capture and stabilization. Memo-dependent inhibition of GSK3 allows the relocalization of APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) and cytoplasmic linker-associated protein 2 (CLASP2), known MT-associated proteins, to the plasma membrane and ruffles. Peripheral microtubule extension also requires expression of the plus-end binding protein EB1 and its recently described interactor, the spectraplakin ACF7. In fact, in migrating cells, ACF7 localizes to the plasma membrane and ruffles, in a Memo-, GSK3-, and APC-dependent manner. Finally, we demonstrate that ACF7 targeting to the plasma membrane is both required and sufficient for MT capture downstream of ErbB2. This function of ACF7 does not require its recently described ATPase activity. By defining the signaling pathway by which ErbB2 allows MT capture and stabilization at the cell leading edge, we provide insights into the mechanism underlying cell motility and steering.
Validation of Actigraph accelerometer estimates of total energy expenditure in young children.

PURPOSE To assess the validity of two equations based on the Actigraph CSA/MTI accelerometer for prediction of total energy expenditure (TEE). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES The criterion was TEE measured using the doubly labeled water method in 85 children, mean age 4.6 years (SD 1.1), over 7 days in the pre-schoolers and 10 days in the school-age participants. Children wore the Actigraph concurrently during waking hours, for 3 of 7 days (pre-schoolers) or 7 of 10 days (school-age children). We tested two prediction equations based on accelerometry. Agreement between predicted and measured TEE was assessed using the 'Bland Altman' approach. RESULTS Mean TEE measured by doubly-labeled water was 5.8 MJ/d (SD 1.6). Mean error for the Ekelund equation was + 0.3 MJ/d (limits of agreement -3.7 to + 4.3), and for that of Puyau et al. was -0.3 MJ/d (limits of agreement + 3.2 to -3.8). CONCLUSIONS Simple approaches using the Actigraph appear to be inadequate for the estimation of free-living TEE in young children at present.
Neurotransmitter phenotypes of intermediate zone reticular formation projections to the motor trigeminal and hypoglossal nuclei in the rat

Numerous studies suggest an essential role for the intermediate (IRt) and parvocellular (PCRt) reticular formation (RF) in consummatory ingestive responses. Although the IRt and PCRt contain a large proportion of neurons with projections to the oromotor nuclei, these areas of the RF are heterogeneous with respect to neurotransmitter phenotypes. Glutamatergic, GABAergic, cholinergic, and nitrergic neurons are all found in the PCRt and IRt, but the projections of neurons with these phenotypes to the motor trigeminal (mV) and hypoglossal nucleus (mXII) has not been fully evaluated. In the present study, after small injections of Fluorogold (FG) into mV and mXII, sections were processed immunohistochemically to detect retrogradely labeled FG neurons in combination with the synthetic enzymes for nitric oxide (nitric oxide synthase) or acetylcholine (choline acetyltransferase) or in situ hybridization for the synthetic enzyme for GABA (GAD65/67) or the brainstem vesicular transporter for glutamate (VGLUT2). In three additional cases, FG injections were made into one motor nucleus and cholera toxin (subunit b) injected in the other to determine the presence of dual projection neurons. Premotor neurons to mXII (pre‐mXII) were highly concentrated in the IRt. In contrast, there were nearly equal proportions of premotor‐trigeminal neurons (pre‐mV) in the IRt and PCRt. A high proportion of pre‐oromotor neurons were positive for VGLUT2 (pre‐mXII: 68%; pre‐mV: 53%) but GABAergic projections were differentially distributed with a greater projection to mV (25%) compared to mXII (8%). Significant populations of cholinergic and nitrergic neurons overlapped pre‐oromotor neurons, but there was sparse double‐labeling (<10%). The IRt also contained a high proportion of neurons that projected to both mV and MXII. These different classes of premotor neurons in the IRt and PCRt provide a substrate for the rhythmic activation of lingual and masticatory muscles. J. Comp. Neurol. 487:28–47, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Libyans and the 'limes' : culture and society in Roman Tripolitania

Bien des exposes sur l'Afrique romaine mettent abusivement l'accent sur les facteurs politiques en sous-estimant les aspects culturels (au sens large) de l'imperialisme romain. Il en resulte des suppositions fallacieuses sur la primaute de la culture romaine et une image deformee de la contribution indigene a la civilisation de l'empire. Cet article s'applique a examiner la longevite de la culture punique et la vitalite de la culture libyenne dans la Tripolitaine a travers une longue periode chronologique. Il fait appel aux temoignages archeologiques et textuels relatifs a la fois aux cites cotieres et aux etablissements agricoles de l'interieur. Les derniers resultats de l' UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey confirment les preuves plus anciennes sur les traits d'identite culturelle des occupants de la zone agricole du predesert. Ces occupants etaient des Libyens punicises vraisemblablement natifs du pays et non des « colons » romains comme on le croyait jadis. L'aire etudiee a beaucoup a nous apprendre sur les objectifs limites et les reussites de la romanisation dans de telles provinces. ; D'importantes conclusions sont aussi degagees quant a la nature du controle politique ou militaire romain en Tripolitaine a l'epoque tardive et sur les interactions entre les populations indigenes deja etablies et un nouveau groupe de tribus libyennes en migration. Ces aspects sont presentes comme fondamentaux pour une comprehension de la fin de la Tripolitania aussi bien que — auparavant — pour l'evaluation des conditions de son integration reussie dans le monde romain.
Bounds and constructions for runlength-limited error-control block codes

Block codes satisfying (d,k) constraints are studied. These runlength-limited codes are useful for strong data in magnetic recording devices. Since most devices are noisy, the codes are often required to have some error-control capability. The authors consider codes that can detect or correct symmetric, asymmetric, or bit-shift errors. Explicit construction methods for error-detecting codes are presented. Upper bounds on the sizes of error-correcting codes based on sphere packing arguments are derived. The construction methods and the upper bounds improve upon the best known results concerning optimal runlength-limited error-control block codes. >
Dietary modulation of β-catenin signalling in an experimental model of colon cancer

5 List of original publications . 6 Abbreviations . 7 Introduction. 8 -catenin signalling and intestinal tumourigenesis. 9 Role of APC in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence.9 Regulation of -catenin signalling.13 Aberrant -catenin signalling in intestinal tumourigenesis.17 Role of cyclin D1 in the cell cycle and in intestinal tumourigenesis.21 Approaches to target aberrant -catenin signalling . 23 Diet and intestinal tumourigenesis.24 Aims of the study. 26 Study designs and methods. 27 Animals . 27 Diets . 28 Tumour scoring and sample collection . 28 Western analysis . 29 Immunohistochemistry.29 Immohistochemical and histological evaluation . 30 Statistics . 30 Results. 31 -catenin signalling in the adenomas of Min/+ mice.31 Tumour promotion by inulin diet (I). 31 Tumour prevention by bilberry, lingonberry and cloudberry diets (II) . 35 Tumour prevention by white currant diet (III) . 39 -catenin signalling in the normal appearing mucosa of Min/+ and WT mice.41 Effect of the tumour promotive inulin diet (IV) . 41 Effect of the tumour preventive berry diets (II, III). 43 Discussion . 45 Inulin resulted in increased levels of -catenin and cyclin D1 as adenomas enlarged . 46 Studies of inulin in various colon cancer models . 48 Four berries inhibited intestinal tumourigenesis by modulating -catenin and cyclin D1 in the adenomas.51 Studies of berries in various colon cancer models.52 Effects of diets on membranous -catenin in the adenomas . 54 -catenin signalling in the normal-appearing mucosa was modulated by inulin diet but not by berry diets . 56 Conclusions. 59 Acknowledgements. 60 References. 61
Proteomics of rice and Cochliobolus miyabeanus fungal interaction: Insight into proteins at intracellular and extracellular spaces

Necrotrophic fungal pathogen Cochliobolus miyabeanus causes brown spot disease in rice leaves upon infection, resulting in critical rice yield loss. To better understand the rice–C. miyabeanus interaction, we employed proteomic approaches to establish differential proteomes of total and secreted proteins from the inoculated leaves. The 2DE approach after PEG‐fractionation of total proteins coupled with MS (MALDI‐TOF/TOF and nESI‐LC‐MS/MS) analyses led to identification of 49 unique proteins out of 63 differential spots. SDS‐PAGE in combination with nESI‐LC‐MS/MS shotgun approach was applied to identify secreted proteins in the leaf apoplast upon infection and resulted in cataloging of 501 unique proteins, of which 470 and 31 proteins were secreted from rice and C. miyabeanus, respectively. Proteins mapped onto metabolic pathways implied their reprogramming upon infection. The enzymes involved in Calvin cycle and glycolysis decreased in their protein abundance, whereas enzymes in the TCA cycle, amino acids, and ethylene biosynthesis increased. Differential proteomes also generated distribution of identified proteins in the intracellular and extracellular spaces, providing a better insight into defense responses of proteins in rice against C. miyabeanus. Established proteome of the rice–C. miyabeanus interaction serves not only as a good resource for the scientific community but also highlights its significance from biological aspects.
Acellular pertussis vaccine given by accelerated schedule: response of preterm infants

Objective: To describe the immune response of preterm infants to a diphtheria/tetanus/three component acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine, under an accelerated schedule, and the effects of steroids on this response. To compare responses with those of term infants. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Five Wessex neonatal units; Hertfordshire immunisation clinics. Patients: Infants born at < 32 weeks; term controls. Interventions: DTaP-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine given at 2, 3, and 4 months. Blood taken to assess antibody responses to vaccines. Main outcome measures: IgG geometric mean concentrations (GMC) to vaccines. Results: A total of 130 preterm (mean gestational age 29.1 weeks) and 54 term infants were recruited. After the third immunisation, preterm infants had similar GMCs to controls to diphtheria, tetanus, filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), and pertactin (PRN), but a significantly lower GMC to pertussis toxin (PT). Responses to tetanus and PRN increased with age at the third immunisation, and those to tetanus, FHA, PRN, and PT increased with gestational age at birth. Response to tetanus correlated negatively with the number of doses of antenatal steroids received. There was no association between responses and postnatal steroids. Conclusion: When immunised with a combined acellular pertussis- H influenzae type b vaccine under an accelerated schedule, IgG GMC of preterm infants to PT was reduced. GMCs to tetanus, FHA, PRN, and PT increased with gestational age at birth, and GMCs to tetanus and PRN increased with age at the third immunisation. There is, however, no benefit in delaying immunisation. Anti-tetanus IgG decreased with increasing number of doses of antenatal steroids. There was no effect for postnatal steroids.
Niflumic Acid Attenuated Pulmonary Artery Tone and Vascular Structural Remodeling of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Induced by High Pulmonary Blood Flow In Vivo

Abstract: Calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) play a vital role in regulating pulmonary artery tone during pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) induced by high blood flow. The role of CaCCs inhibitor niflumic acid (NFA) in vivo during this process requires further investigation. We established the PAH model by abdominal shunt surgery and treated with NFA in vivo. Fifty rats were randomly divided into normal, sham, shunt, NFA group 1 (0.2 mg/kg), and NFA group 2 (0.4 mg/kg). Pathological changes, right ventricle hypertrophy index, arterial wall area/vessel area, and arterial wall thickness/vessel external diameter were analyzed. Then contraction reactions of pulmonary arteries were measured. Finally, the electrophysiological characteristics of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells were investigated using patch-clamp technology. After 11 weeks of shunting, PAH developed, accompanied with increased right ventricle hypertrophy index, arterial wall area/vessel area, and arterial wall thickness/vessel external diameter. In the NFA treatment groups, the pressure and pathological changes were alleviated. The pulmonary artery tone in the shunt group increased, whereas it decreased after NFA treatment. The current density of CaCC was higher in the shunt group, and it was decreased in the NFA treatment groups. In conclusion, NFA attenuated pulmonary artery tone and structural remodeling in PAH induced by high pulmonary blood flow in vivo. CaCCs were involved and the augmented current density was alleviated by NFA treatment.
p53‐mediated induction of Cox‐2 counteracts p53‐ or genotoxic stress‐induced apoptosis

The identification of transcriptional targets of the tumor suppressor p53 is crucial in understanding mechanisms by which it affects cellular outcomes. Through expression array analysis, we identified cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox‐2), whose expression was inducible by wild‐type p53 and DNA damage. We also found that p53‐induced Cox‐2 expression results from p53‐mediated activation of the Ras/Raf/MAPK cascade, as demonstrated by suppression of Cox‐2 induction in response to p53 by dominant‐negative Ras or Raf1 mutants. Furthermore, heparin‐binding epidermal growth factor‐like growth factor (HB‐ EGF), a p53 downstream target gene, induced Cox‐2 expression, implying that Cox‐2 is an ultimate effector in the p53→HB‐EGF→Ras/Raf/MAPK→Cox‐2 pathway. p53‐induced apoptosis was enhanced greatly in Cox‐2 knock‐out cells as compared with wild‐type cells, suggesting that Cox‐2 has an abrogating effect on p53‐induced apoptosis. Also, a selective Cox‐2 inhibitor, NS‐398, significantly enhanced genotoxic stress‐induced apoptosis in several types of p53+/+ normal human cells, through a caspase‐dependent pathway. Together, these results demonstrate that Cox‐2 is induced by p53‐mediated activation of the Ras/Raf/ERK cascade, counteracting p53‐mediated apoptosis. This anti‐apoptosis effect may be a mechanism to abate cellular stresses associated with p53 induction.
Extrapolation from Safety Data to Management of Poisoning with Reference to Amitraz (a Formamidine Pesticide) and Xylene

1 Many pesticides are formulated in organic solvents. An example is amitraz, one of the formamidine group of pesticidal chemicals. As a contingency against the possibility of poisoning cases occurring, the toxicity and pharmacology of amitraz were reviewed in order to recommend medical management procedures. 2 Amitraz has pharmacological activity, including monoamine oxidase inhibition, α-adrenergic agonist activity and it inhibits prostaglandin synthesis. Extrapolating from acute studies in animals, the likely signs of poisoning in humans may include bradycardia, hypotension, hyperglycaemia, CNS depression, and hypothermia. 3 Despite the presence of amitraz, it appears that the xylene is the more aggressive component in the formulation tested, and treatment for overexposure by the oral route is generally as for xylene ingestion, but the presence of amitraz is an indication for gastric lavage. 4 Few cases of poisoning have occurred and these are presented.
Ultrasensitive detection of scrapie prion protein derived from ARQ and AHQ homozygote sheep by interspecies in vitro amplification

Prions, infectious agents causing TSEs, are composed primarily of the pathogenic form (PrPSc) of the PrPC. The susceptibility of sheep to scrapie is determined by polymorphisms in the coding region of the PRNP, mainly at codons 136, 154, and 171. The efficiency of in vitro amplification of sheep PrPSc seems to be linked also to the PrP genotype. PrPSc derived from sheep with V136R154Q171‐associated genotypes can be amplified efficiently by PMCA in the presence of additional polyanion such as poly A, but there are no reports that cite ultrasensitive detection of PrPSc derived from sheep of other PrP genotypes. We report here that sheep PrPSc derived from ARQ and AHQ homozygotes was amplified efficiently by serial PMCA using mouse brain homogenate as PrPC substrate. ARQ/ARQ PrPSc was detected in infected brain homogenates diluted up to 10−10 after five rounds of amplification, and AHQ/AHQ PrPSc was detected in samples diluted up to 10−8 after four rounds of amplification. On the other hand, amplification of PrPSc from VRQ/ARQ sheep seemed to be less efficient under the experimental conditions used. The interspecies PMCA developed in this study may be useful in the detailed analysis of PrPSc distribution in classical scrapie‐infected ARQ and AHQ homozygote sheep.