Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Individual Functional Anatomy of Verb Generation

Examination of the individual functional anatomy of language is of particular interest in clinical neurology to explain the variability of aphasic symptoms after focal lesions and to avoid damage of language-related brain areas by surgery. For a silent verb generation task, we examined whether activation PET with 3D data acquisition, multiple replication of conditions, and coregistration with MRI provides results that are consistent and reproducible enough to be useful clinically. Visual analysis was performed on PET-MRI fusion images, including renderings of the brain surface. Quantitative analysis was based on volumes of interest. In seven right-handed normals, activation of the triangular part of the left inferior frontal cortex [Brodman area (BA) 45] was the most significant finding that was present in each subject. Two subjects showed minor anatomical variants of the ascending or horizontal ramus of the sylvian fissure that were associated with the least activation of BA 45. In the left hemisphere the other frontal gyri, the superior temporal and posterior part of the middle temporal gyrus, and the paracingulate gyrus were also significantly activated. There was significant bilateral cerebellar activation, but it was significantly more intense on the right than on the left side. The consistency and high interindividual reproducibility of these findings suggest that this technique may be useful for clinical assessment of language-related areas.
Involvement of the hippocampus in implicit learning of supra-span sequences: The case of sj

Learning of supra-span sequences was assessed in a densely amnesic individual (SJ) who suffers from a substantial circumscribed bilateral lesion to the hippocampus. SJ's ability to lay down information originating from repetitive memory recall episodes was assessed using Hebb's supra-span procedure. After assessment of short-term memory span, 25 sequences of span +1 items were presented to SJ for immediate serial recall (ISR), one sequence being presented repeatedly eight times. Learning was deduced by the comparison of ISR scores on the repeated versus nonrepeated sequences of span +1 items. SJ's learning capacity was examined using four different types of stimuli: digits, spatial locations (Corsi block tapping test), words, and pseudowords. Implicit learning of sensorimotor sequences was also assessed in SJ using a serial reaction time (SRT) paradigm. Findings with the supra-span ISR task revealed evidence of learning in SJ with all four types of stimuli. The learning magnitude, as well as learning rate, observed in SJ were comparable to those observed in matched control participants. SJ showed evidence of implicit learning on the SRT paradigm. We conclude that the hippocampus is not required to learn certain types of recurrent information, and that the supra-span ISR task can be considered as an implicit-based learning paradigm. These findings have significant implications for our conceptualisation of implicit learning, and for understanding of the role of the hippocampus in learning.
Multiple Regulatory Roles of a Novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae Protein, Encoded by YOL002c, in Lipid and Phosphate Metabolism*

The yeast open reading frame YOL002cencodes a putative membrane protein. This protein is evolutionarily conserved across species, including humans, although the function of each of these proteins remains unknown. YOL002c is highly expressed in yeast cells that are grown in the presence of saturated fatty acids such as myristate. Furthermore, cells in which theYOL002c gene is disrupted grow poorly on this carbon source. These mutant cells are also resistant to the polyene antibiotic, nystatin. Gene chip analysis onyol002cΔ cells revealed that a variety of genes encoding proteins involved in fatty acid metabolism and in the phosphate signaling pathway are induced in this mutant strain. In addition, our studies demonstrated that in the disruption strain acid phosphatase activity is expressed constitutively, and the cells accumulate polyphosphate to much higher levels than wild-type cells. A homologous human protein is able to partially rescue these defects in phosphate metabolism. We propose that YOL002c encodes aSaccharomyces cerevisiae protein that plays a key role in metabolic pathways that regulate lipid and phosphate metabolism.
Social Interactions Sparked by Pictorial Warnings on Cigarette Packs

The Message Impact Framework suggests that social interactions may offer smokers the opportunity to process pictorial warnings on cigarette packs more deeply. We aimed to describe adult smokers’ social interactions about pictorial cigarette pack warnings in two longitudinal pilot studies. In Pilot Study 1, 30 smokers used cigarette packs with one of nine pictorial warnings for two weeks. In Pilot Study 2, 46 smokers used cigarette packs with one of five pictorial warnings for four weeks. Nearly all smokers (97%/96% in Pilot Study 1/2) talked about the warnings with other people, with the most common people being friends (67%/87%) and spouses/significant others (34%/42%). Pilot Study 2 found that 26% of smokers talked about the warnings with strangers. Discussions about the health effects of smoking and quitting smoking were more frequent during the first week of exposure to pictorial warnings than in the week prior to beginning the study (both p < 0.05). Pictorial warnings sparked social interactions about the warnings, the health effects of smoking, and quitting smoking, indicating that pictorial warnings may act as a social intervention reaching beyond the individual. Future research should examine social interactions as a potential mediator of the impact of pictorial warnings on smoking behavior.
EVALUATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN DAIRY GOATS LACTATING NATURALLY OR BY HORMONAL INDUCTION

<p>The objective was to evaluate the oxidative stress (OS) and its association with performance and serum cortisol in dairy goats under induced (IL) and natural lactation (NL). Six goats programmed to be eliminated due to reproductive problems were IL as follows: a) days 1-7, estradiol plus progesterone; b) days 8-14, estradiol; c) days 18-20, flumetasone; d) every seven days bovine somatotropin; f) on day 21 milking began. Cortisol, antioxidant capacity and Glutathione Peroxidase activity (GHS-Px) were determined in serum. During the first two weeks in milk, NL goats had higher cortisol (P<0.05) and lower (P<0.0001) antioxidant capacity than NL goats (week1: NL= 3.5<span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span>1.2, IL= 14.4<span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span>1.1nM/ml; week2: NL= 9.7<span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span>0.8, IL= 34.4<span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span>0.7nM/ml) but groups did not differ in GHS-Px activity (P>0.05). Milk yield/day between groups (NL=2.54<span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span>0.2; IL= 2.12<span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span>0.2kg) and proportion of pregnant goats (NL=100%; IL=83.3%) were similar (P>0.05). The treatment was effective as inductor of lactation; besides most of the IL animals became pregnant despite their previous reproductive problems, prolonging their productive life with a natural lactation plus the additional benefit of at least one more kid. Because the antioxidant capacity increased and cortisol decreased in IL goats, apparently their welfare was more adequate than in NL animals. </p>
Disordered Pulmonary Myofibroblast Distribution and Elastin Expression in Preterm Infants with Ureaplasma Urealyticum Pneumonitis

Respiratory colonization of preterm infants with Ureaplasma urealyticum is a significant risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a chronic lung disease characterized by arrest of alveolar development, variable interstitial fibrosis, and disordered elastic fibers in the distal airspaces. As indicated in previous studies, moderate to severe fibrosis is a hallmark of pathology in the Ureaplasma-infected preterm lung. To further characterize the preterm lung's response to Ureaplasma, lung specimens from 4 gestational controls (GC), 12 other pneumonia and 5 Ureaplasma-infected infants were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), Hart's elastin staining, and in situ hybridization for tropoelastin (TE) expression. Cells positive for αSMA were observed in thickened, extensive bundles surrounding terminal airspaces in Ureaplasma and other pneumonia cases compared to individual myofibroblasts in GC. The myofibroblast pattern correlated with the severity of fibrosis, but not duration of ventilation. Transforming growth factor β1 immunostaining was primarily localized to alveolar macrophages and was increased in Ureaplasma more than in other pneumonia cases. Elastic fibers and TE-expressing cells were spatially limited to emerging septal tips in GC. In pneumonia cases, increased deposition of elastic fibers was observed surrounding terminal airspaces, but TE expression was similar to GC. In Ureaplasma specimens, accumulation of elastic fibers correlated with duration of ventilation, and TE expression was extensive throughout the walls of terminal airspaces. These findings suggest that Ureaplasma is associated with alveolar macrophage TGFβ1 immunostaining and myofibroblast proliferation contributing to abnormal septation, interstitial fibrosis, and a prolonged and strong elastogenic response in the preterm lung.
Does Taste Beat Food Safety? Evidence From the “Pêra Rocha” Case in Portugal

Nowadays, fresh fruits such as pears are differentiated by cultivars, origins, and appearances, as well as by companies' production and processing methods. We may now observe many denominations of origin, retailers,' and private labels in order to signal the differentiation to the consumers, who are often willing to pay large price premiums for products with specific attributes. In this article, we used an experimental auction to assess how information on quality attributes affects consumers' willingness to pay for different types of pears. The main results show that information on the products' characteristics related to food safety instantly influences consumers' willingness to pay. However, it appears that in the end, sensory intrinsic attributes related to taste beat the guarantee of food safety in driving the buying behaviour.
DARK MATTER HALOS AND EVOLUTION OF BARS IN DISK GALAXIES: VARYING GAS FRACTION AND GAS SPATIAL RESOLUTION

We conduct numerical experiments by evolving gaseous/stellar disks embedded in live dark matter halos aiming at quantifying the effect of gas spatial resolution and gas content on the bar evolution. Three model sequences have been constructed using different resolutions, and the gas fraction has been varied along each sequence within the range of fg = 0%–50%, but keeping the disk and halo properties unchanged. We find that the spatial resolution becomes important with an increase in the gas content. For the higher resolution model sequences, we observe a bimodal behavior in the bar evolution with respect to the gas fraction, especially during the secular phase of this evolution. The switch from the gas-poor to gas-rich behavior is abrupt and depends on the resolution used, being reasonably confined to fg ∼ 5%–12%. The diverging evolution has been observed in nearly all basic parameters characterizing bars, such as the bar strength, central mass concentration, bar vertical buckling amplitude, bar size, etc. We find that the presence of the gas component severely limits the bar growth and affects its pattern speed evolution. Gas-poor models display rapidly decelerating bars, while gas-rich models exhibit bars with constant or even slowly accelerating tumbling. We also find that the gas-rich models have bar corotation (CR) radii within the disk at all times, in contrast with gas-poor and purely stellar disks. In addition, the CR-to-bar size ratio is less than 2 for gas-rich models. Next, we have confirmed that the disk angular momentum within the CR remains unchanged in the gas-poor models, as long as the CR stays within the disk, but experiences a sharp drop before leveling off in the gas-rich models. Finally, we discuss a number of observed correlations between various parameters of simulated bars, such as between the bar sizes and the gas fractions, between the bar strength and the buckling amplitude, and between the bar strength and its size, etc.
Securing application software in modern adversarial settings

Die Dissertation bearbeitet das Thema Softwaresicherheit in Hinblick auf drei moderne und realistische Angriffsszenarien: (A) Das klassische Client/Server-Szenario, (B) das Szenario "Externe Softwarekomponenten" in dem der Angreifer Hinterturen in eine Anwendung einbauen kann und (C) das Szenario "Cloud-Computing" in dem der Angreifer weite Teile von Soft- und Hardware kontrolliert. In Szenario A werden existierenden Defensivansatzen (z.B. "Control-Flow Integrity") analysiert und bewertet. Dazu werden mehrere neuartige Code-Reuse-Angriffe prasentiert, die mit weit verbreiteten Annahmen brechen. Es werden die Herausforderungen der erweiterten Szenarien B und C diskutiert und neuartige Defensivmasnahmen prasentiert: Fur Szenario B wird ein System zum Auffinden von bestimmten Arten von Hinterturen in Binarsoftware mittels dynamischer Analysen beschrieben. Fur Szenario C wird ein Ende-zu-Ende sicheres System zur Ausfuhrung von verteilten Anwendungen in der Cloud beschrieben.
Association of Caries Activity with the Composition of Dental Plaque Fluid

This study tests the hypothesis that caries activity is associated with lower degrees of saturation with respect to enamel mineral in dental plaque fluid following sucrose exposure. Plaque fluids were obtained from caries-free, caries-positive, and caries-active subjects. Samples were collected before and at 3 and 7 min after a sucrose rinse on consecutive weeks and analyzed for organic acids, inorganic ions, pH, calcium activity, and, in selected samples, total protein. After sucrose, pH values were significantly lower in the caries-active group in comparison with the caries-free and caries-positive groups. Total and free calcium concentrations increased with decreasing pH, with free calcium being about one-third of total calcium. The caries-active group exhibited significantly lower degrees of saturation with respect to enamel mineral, after sucrose, and had significantly higher mutans streptococci levels in plaque than did the caries-free samples. Thus, saturation levels in post-sucrose plaque fluids reflect the cariogenic potential of dental plaque.
Sevoflurane Remifentanil Interaction: Comparison of Different Response Surface Models

Background: Various pharmacodynamic response surface models have been developed to quantitatively describe the relationship between two or more drug concentrations with their combined clinical effect. We examined the interaction of remifentanil and sevoflurane on the probability of tolerance to shake and shout, tetanic stimulation, laryngeal mask airway insertion, and laryngoscopy in patients to compare the performance of five different response surface models. Methods: Forty patients preoperatively received different combined concentrations of remifentanil (0–12 ng/ml) and sevoflurane (0.5–3.5 vol.%) according to a criss-cross design (160 concentration pairs, four per patient). After having reached pseudosteady state, the response to shake and shout, tetanic stimulation, laryngeal mask airway insertion, and laryngoscopy was recorded. For the analysis of the probability of tolerance, five different interaction models were tested: Greco, Reduced Greco, Minto, Scaled C50O Hierarchical, and Fixed C50O Hierarchical model. All calculations were performed with NONMEM VI (Icon Development Solutions, Ellicott City, MD). Results: The pharmacodynamic interaction between sevoflurane and remifentanil was strongly synergistic for both the hypnotic and the analgesic components of anesthesia. The Greco model did not result in plausible parameter estimates. The Fixed C50O Hierarchical model performed slightly better than the Scaled C50O Hierarchical and Reduced Greco models, whereas the Minto model fitted less well. Conclusion: We showed the importance of exploring various surface model approaches when studying drug interactions. The Fixed C50O Hierarchical model fits our data on sevoflurane remifentanil interaction best and appears to be an appropriate model for use in hypnotic-opioid drug interaction.
A promoter polymorphism in the CD14 gene is associated with elevated levels of soluble CD14 but not with IgE or atopic diseases

Background: A polymorphism in the promoter region of the CD14 gene, C‐159T, has been shown to be associated with increased levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14) and decreased serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and the expression of a more severe atopic phenotype in previous studies.
Experimental gingivitis in male khat (Catha edulis) chewers.

UNLABELLED Whether or not khat chewing is detrimental to the periodontium remains uncertain. Findings from cross-sectional studies have been contradictory and, in most cases, uncontrolled for confounders. OBJECTIVES to experimentally test the effect of khat chewing on formation of dental plaque and development of gingivitis. METHODS This was a split-mouth, parallel-group, 20-day experimental gingivitis study involving non-smoking, young, male khat chewers (n = 8) and non-chewers (n = 9). Measurements of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP), as experimental outcomes, were performed on days 0, 10, and 20. Scores were compared between the two groups (parallel-group model) and between the khat-chewing and non-chewing sides (split-mouth model). RESULTS All experimental outcomes significantly increased over time. Results from the two models were consistent. Khat chewing was associated with lower PI scores; however, differences were only significant at day 20. Despite scoring higher in baseline gingival inflammation, the khat chewers and khat-chewing sides showed significantly lower GI and BOP scores at days 10 and 20. The effect of khat chewing was evident on both the lingual and buccal aspects. CONCLUSIONS The observed anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis properties indicate that khat chewing is probably not detrimental to the periodontium. The validity of previous findings supporting an opposite view is undermined by lack of control for confounders, particularly smoking.
Nuclear sites of herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA replication and transcription colocalize at early times postinfection and are largely distinct from RNA processing factors

We have visualized the intracellular localization of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 replication and transcription sites in infected HeLa cells by using direct labelling methods. The number of viral transcription foci increases in a limited way; however, the number of replication sites increases in a near-exponential manner throughout infection, and both replication and transcription sites are found buried throughout the nuclear interior. Simultaneous visualization of viral transcription and replication foci shows that the two processes colocalize at early times, but at later times postinfection, there are additional sites committed solely to replication. This contrasts with the situation in adenovirus-infected cells in which, throughout replication, sites of transcription are adjacent to but do not colocalize with sites of viral DNA replication. The data for an increase in HSV transcription sites suggest an initial phase of replication of input genomes which are then transcribed. Sites of HSV replication colocalize with viral DNA replication and packaging proteins but are largely distinct from the punctate distribution of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. Very high multiplicities of infection have shown an upper limit of some 18 viral transcription foci per nucleus, suggesting cellular constraints on transcription site formation. Use of virus replication mutants confirms that the labelled foci are sites of viral RNA and DNA synthesis; in the absence of viral DNA replication functions, no replication foci and only a limited number of transcription foci were present. Absence of a packaging function had no apparent effect on transcription or replication site formation, illustrating that DNA packaging is not a prerequisite for ongoing DNA synthesis. Further, the essential HSV protein IE63 is required for efficient replication site formation at later times postinfection but is not required for transcription foci formation.
The effects of cytomegalovirus on human immunodeficiency virus replication in brain-derived cells correlate with permissiveness of the cells for each virus

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is commonly found in the brains of patients with AIDS and in some cases can be detected in the same cells as can human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this study, we analyzed the patterns of replication of HIV-1 and HCMV in singly infected cells and the effects of dual infection in human brain-derived cell lines of three different origins: neuroblastoma cell lines SK-N-MC and SY5Y; astrocytoma/glioblastoma cell lines U373-MG and Hs 683; and undifferentiated glioblastoma cell lines A172 and T98G. To bypass the restriction at the adsorption/penetration step in these CD4-negative cells, we used HIV-1 (amphotropic retrovirus) pseudotypes. These HIV-1 pseudotypes infected the majority of the cells in the cultures and expressed high levels of HIV-1 gene products in all except the SY5Y cells. The cell lines differed in the ability to support HCMV infection, but coinfection with HIV-1 had no effect on HCMV replication. The A172 cells were completely nonpermissive for HCMV gene expression, while HCMV replication in the singly infected T98G and SK-N-MC cell lines was restricted at the level of some early gene products. This resulted in complete and partial inhibition, respectively, of viral DNA synthesis. Dual infection of the A172, T98G, and SK-N-MC cells had no effect on HIV-1 replication. The other three cell lines, U373-MG, Hs 683, and SY5Y, were fully permissive for HCMV replication. In the U373-MG and Hs 683 cells, HCMV markedly inhibited the synthesis of HIV-1 gene products. In contrast, a transient stimulation of HIV-1 production followed by a repression was observed in the dually infected SY5Y cells. We conclude from these results that under conditions in which both HIV-1 and HCMV can undergo fully permissive infection, HCMV can repress HIV-1 gene expression. In cells in which HCMV replication is limited but HIV-1 replicates well, there is no effect on HIV-1 gene expression. However, activation of HIV-1, at least transiently, may occur in cells in which HIV-1 gene expression is limited. These studies suggest that a threshold level of some HIV-1 gene product(s) may obscure activation or promote repression of HIV replication by HCMV.
The relative influence of delayed graft function and acute rejection on renal transplant survival

Three hundred and eight cadaveric renal transplants were analysed to establish the effects of acute rejection in the first 90 days and delayed graft function (DGF) on graft outcome. There were 120 patients (39%) with no DGF and no rejection (group 1), 101 patients (33%) with rejection but no DGF (group 2), 41 patients (13%) with DGF but no rejection (group 3) and 46 patients (15%) with both rejection and DGF (group 4). The actuarial 4-year graft survival rates for groups 1,2,3 and 40.4%, respectively. The acute rejection rate was 101/221 (46%) in patients with initial graft function compared with 46/87 (53%) for those with DGF (χ2=1.02, P=0.31). Cox stepwise logistic regression analysis demonstrated that DGF was a more powerful predictive factor for poor graft survival (P=0.001) than acute rejection occurring in the first 90 days post-transplant (P=0.034). Further efforts at improving graft outcome should concentrate on reducing the incidence of DGF.