Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exact Navier-Stokes Solution for Pulsatory Viscous Channel Flow with Arbitrary Pressure Gradient

In this article, an exact solution of the Navier–Stokes equations is presented for the motion of an incompressible viscous fluidinachannelwitharbitrarypressuredistribution.Ageneralizationispursuedbyexpressingthepressure signal in terms of Fourier coefficients. The flow is characterized by two principal parameters: the pulsation parameter based on the periodic pressure gradient, and the kinetic Reynolds number based on the pulsation frequency. By way of verification, it is shown that for large kinetic Reynolds numbers, the Poiseuille flow may be recovered. Conversely, the purely oscillatory solution by Rott is regained for large pulsation parameters. For sinusoidalpulsations,the flowrateisdeterminedandcomparedwiththesteady flowanalogobtainedunderthesame pressure gradient. The amount of flow amplification or attenuation is determined as a function of frequency and pulsation parameters. For large frequencies, the maximum flow rate is evaluated and related to the pulsation parameter. By characterizing the velocity, vorticity, and shear stress distributions, cases of flow reversal are identified. Conditions leading to flow reversal are delineated for small and large kinetic Reynolds numbers in both planar and axisymmetric chambers. For an appreciable pulsation rate, we find that the flow reverses when the pulsation parameter is increased to the point of exceeding the Stokes number. By evaluating the skin friction coefficient and its limiting value, design criteria for minimizing viscous losses are realized. The optimal frequency that maximizes the flow rate during pulsing is also determined. Finally, to elucidate the effect of curvature, comparisons between planar and axisymmetric flow results are undertaken. The family of exact solutions presented here can thus be useful in verifying and validating computational models of complex unsteady motions in both propulsiveandnonpropulsive applications. Theycan alsobeused toguide the designoffuel injectors andcontrolled experiments aimed at investigating the transitional behavior of periodic flows.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES TRADE REFORMS AND WAGE INEQUALITY IN COLOMBIA

We investigate the effects of the drastic tariff reductions of the 1980s and 1990s in Colombia on the wage distribution. We identify three main channels through which the wage distribution was affected: increasing returns to college education, changes in industry wages that hurt sectors with initially lower wages and a higher fraction of unskilled workers, and shifts of the labor force towards the informal sector that typically pays lower wages and offers no benefits. Our results suggest that trade policy played a role in each of the above cases. The increase in the skill premium was primarily driven by skilled-biased technological change; however, our evidence suggests, that this change may have been in part motivated by the tariff reductions and the increased foreign competition to which the trade reform exposed domestic producers. With respect to industry wages, we find that wage premiums decreased by more in sectors that experienced larger tariff cuts. Finally, we find some evidence that the increase in the size of the informal sector is related to increased foreign competition n sectors with larger tariff cuts and more trade exposure, as measured by the size their imports, experience a greater increase in informality, though this effect is concentrated in the years prior to the labor market reform. Nevertheless, increasing returns to education, and changes in industry premiums and informality alone cannot fully explain the increase in wage inequality we observe over this period. This suggests that overall the effect of the trade reforms on the wage distribution may have been small. Orazio Attanasio Pinelopi K. Goldberg Nina Pavcnik Department of Economics Department of Economics Department of Economics University College London Yale University Dartmouth College Gower Street 37 Hillhouse Avenue 6106 Rockefeller Center London WC1E 6BT P.O. Box 208264 Hanover, NH 03755 United Kingdom New Haven, CT 06520-8264 and NBER and CEPR and NBER and NBER nina.pavcnik@dartmouth.edu o.attanasio@ucl.ac. uk penny.goldberg@yale.edu
OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF VIRUSES INFECTING THE BEAN IN SERBIA

This work describes the incidence and distribution of the most important bean viruses in Serbia: Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV). The viral isolates were characterized serologically and biologically. BCMV was found in the largest number of plants (30.53%), followed by BCMNV (2.67%), CMV (5.34%), and AMV (3.41%), since BYMV was not determined. Mixed viral infections were found in several samples. The RT-PCR method was used to prove that the tested isolates belong to the BCMV, family Potyviridae and strains Russian and NL-3 D. Results obtained in this work will enable further studies of the genetic variability of bean virus isolates from Serbia. Keyword: Phaseolus vulgaris, BCMV, BCMNV, BYMV, CMV, AMV, ELISA test, RT-PCR.
BRANDED HEALTHCARE INNOVATIONS, EXPERIENCES FROM A SERVICE DESIGN WORKSHOP

Now that there is an expanding market for design skills into the field of service design and at the same time ‘products’ become ever more intangible, it becomes relevant to teach and explore this part of the discipline. At the same time, one can ask the question whether the principles of design are so fundamentally different when applied to intangible services instead of tangible products. For this paper we explored these topics with a group of eighteen third-year students of Industrial Design in a one week workshop setting. Divided in five groups the students developed branded healthcare services, supported by a range of both intuitive and more structured design techniques that were meant for developing innovative product concepts and tangible brand extensions. Based on the design results and the written student reflections we can conclude that the proposed design techniques were largely as effective in supporting the development of the branded healthcare services as they were in our previous experiences with more traditional products.
Geographic and Demographic Bank Outreach: Evidence from Germany's Three-Pillar Banking System

This paper investigates the performance of Germany's three-pillar banking system in providing financial services nationwide, regarding different outreach indicators. At the federal state level, bank outreach shows South-North and West-East gaps. Combining regional and bank data at the district level for 2005, we examine the determinants of geographic and demographic branch penetration of the regional savings and cooperative banks. Both banking groups provide a larger branch penetration in more wealthy regions, but maintain a larger number of branches per inhabitant in less densely populated regions, easing access to retail banking services. With their comparatively large branch penetration in less wealthy regions, public savings banks help to reduce regional economic disparities. The branch penetration of both banking groups increases with the share of elder people and bank size in a region. Because of their public mission to serve all regions, public savings banks foster competition.
Contractual implications of international trade in tacit knowledge

This article searches for evidence on the additional difficulty the parties have in contracting for the transfer of know-how relative to the transfer of patented technology. A sample of contracts for the acquisition of technology Spanish firms in 1991 is analysed to find a positive relationship between contract duration and the likelihood of transferring know-how in unaffiliated transfers. It is also found that technical assistance is bundled together with the transfer of know-how, suggesting that the parties try to mitigate opportunistic behaviour on the licensor's side.
AFRICAN GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE A G D I Working Paper

This study assesses if increasing information and communication technology (ICT) enhances inclusive human development in a sample of 49 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000-2012. The empirical evidence present in this study, is based on instrumental variable Tobit regressions, in order to account for simultaneity and the limited range in the dependent variable. In the interest of increasing room for policy implications and controlling for the unobserved heterogeneity, the analysis is decomposed into the fundamental characteristics that human development based on: income levels, legal origins, religious dominations, political stability, landlockedness and resource-wealth. Our findings show that policies designed to boost ICT (mobile phone, internet, telephone) penetration will increase inclusive development in the post-2015 sustainable development agenda. The degree of positive responsiveness of inclusive development to ICT varies across fundamental characteristics of human development and ICT dynamics. The study has substantial policy relevance because the adoption and/or penetration rate of ICT can be influenced by policy to achieve inclusive development outcomes. Further policy implications are also discussed.
Modeling of Off-Gas Emissions from Wood Pellets During Marine Transportation

After a fatal accident during the discharge of wood pellets at Helsingborg, emissions from pellets during marine transportation became a concern for the safe handling and storage of wood pellets. In this paper, a two-compartment model has been developed for the first time to predict the concentrations of CO, CO2, CH4, and O2 inside the cargo ship and the time and rate of forced ventilation required before the safe entry into the stairway adjacent to the storage hatch. The hatch and stairway are treated as two perfectly mixed tanks. The gas exchange rate between these two rooms and the gas exchange rate with the atmosphere are fitted to satisfy a measured tracer final concentration of 33 p.p.m.v. in the stairway and an average final hatch to stairway CO, CO2, and CH4 concentration ratio of 1.62 based on measurement from five other hatch and stairway systems. The reaction kinetics obtained from a laboratory unit using a different batch of pellets, however, need to be scaled in order to bring the prediction to close agreement with onboard measured emission data at the end of voyage. Using the adjusted kinetic data, the model was able to predict the general trend of data recorded in the first 12.5 days of the voyage. Further validation, however, requires the data recorded over the whole journey. The model was applied to predict the effect of ocean temperature on the offgas emissions and the buildup of concentrations in the hatch and stairway. For safe entry to the cargo ship, the current model predicted that a minimal ventilation rate of 4.4 hr is required for the stairway’s CO concentration to lower to a safe concentration of 25 p.p.m.v. At 4.4 hr, 10 min of ventilation time is required for the safe entry into the stairway studied.
The Value of Trading Relationships in Turbulent Times

This paper investigates how dealers’ trading relations shape their trading behavior in the corporate bond market. Dealers charge lower spreads to dealers with whom they have the strongest ties and more so during periods of market turmoil. Systemically important dealers exploit their connections at the expense of peripheral dealers as well as clients, charging higher markups than to other core dealers. Also, intermediation chains lengthened by 20% following the collapse of a flagship dealer in 2008 and even more for institutions strongly connected to this dealer. Finally, dealers drastically reduced their inventory during the crisis.
PREVALENCE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS IN PENILE CARCINOMA

Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 95% of penile malignant tumors, and its association to human papillomavirus (HPV) has been studied by several authors. Our study describes the prevalence of HPV DNA in penile squamous cell carcinomas in Brasilia, Brazil. Materials and Methods: Human papillomavirus DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using GP5+/GP6+ and pU-1M/pU-2R primers, after its extraction from paraffin embedded material from 59 patients with penile carcinoma. HPV isolates were typed by restriction enzymes digestion and automated sequencing. Results: Good quality DNA was obtained from 37 out of the 59 samples previously selected. Prevalence of HPV DNA ranged from 13.5% (5/37) to 64.8% (19/24) when we considered the amplification with pU-1M/pU-2R or GP5+/GP6+ primers, respectively. HPV-16 was the only type detected. Conclusions: Our data indicate that GP5+/GP6+ PCR allow a good rate of HPV DNA detection and typing in formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. The HPV DNA prevalence can be considered high when compared to data from other South America studies. The high frequency of HPV-16 and the low occurrence of HPV-18 are in agreement with our results from a female population research in the same region of Brazil. Further investigation should be conducted in order to evaluate the frequency of HPV types associated to other penile epithelial disorders and different kinds of neoplasias, as well as in asymptomatic subjects in the central region of Brazil.
Progression to Traditional Cigarette Smoking After Electronic Cigarette Use Among US Adolescents and Young Adults.

IMPORTANCE Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) may help smokers reduce the use of traditional combustible cigarettes. However, adolescents and young adults who have never smoked traditional cigarettes are now using e-cigarettes, and these individuals may be at risk for subsequent progression to traditional cigarette smoking. OBJECTIVE To determine whether baseline use of e-cigarettes among nonsmoking and nonsusceptible adolescents and young adults is associated with subsequent progression along an established trajectory to traditional cigarette smoking. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this longitudinal cohort study, a national US sample of 694 participants aged 16 to 26 years who were never cigarette smokers and were attitudinally nonsusceptible to smoking cigarettes completed baseline surveys from October 1, 2012, to May 1, 2014, regarding smoking in 2012-2013. They were reassessed 1 year later. Analysis was conducted from July 1, 2014, to March 1, 2015. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the independent association between baseline e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking, controlling for sex, age, race/ethnicity, maternal educational level, sensation-seeking tendency, parental cigarette smoking, and cigarette smoking among friends. Sensitivity analyses were performed, with varying approaches to missing data and recanting. EXPOSURES Use of e-cigarettes at baseline. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Progression to cigarette smoking, defined using 3 specific states along a trajectory: nonsusceptible nonsmokers, susceptible nonsmokers, and smokers. Individuals who could not rule out smoking in the future were defined as susceptible. RESULTS Among the 694 respondents, 374 (53.9%) were female and 531 (76.5%) were non-Hispanic white. At baseline, 16 participants (2.3%) used e-cigarettes. Over the 1-year follow-up, 11 of 16 e-cigarette users and 128 of 678 of those who had not used e-cigarettes (18.9%) progressed toward cigarette smoking. In the primary fully adjusted models, baseline e-cigarette use was independently associated with progression to smoking (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 8.3; 95% CI, 1.2-58.6) and to susceptibility among nonsmokers (AOR, 8.5; 95% CI, 1.3-57.2). Sensitivity analyses showed consistent results in the level of significance and slightly larger magnitude of AORs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this national sample of US adolescents and young adults, use of e-cigarettes at baseline was associated with progression to traditional cigarette smoking. These findings support regulations to limit sales and decrease the appeal of e-cigarettes to adolescents and young adults.
Comparative Pathological Studies on the Healing Effect of Natural (Terfezia claveryi) and Synthetic (Vigamox) Antimicrobials on Corneal Ulcers in Rabbits

This study aimed to evaluate the role of Terfezia claveryi crude extract in the healing of induced corneal ulcers in rabbits in comparison with Vigamox through histopathological examinations. Corneal ulcer were induced in rabbit eyes through stromal injection with Staphylococcus aureus. The healing response due to topical application of Terfezia claveryi (1.5, 3 & 5%) extract was compared with using synthetic antibiotic (Vigamox) by clinical findings and histopathological investigation. The topical application of Terfezia claveryi in test group were reduced the corneal ulcer within 9 days. 1.5% of terfezia significantly reduced the corneal ulcer while the 3% delayed the healing process but 5% of terfezia were toxic and complicated the corneal ulcer. Application vigamox 0.5% improved the signs of corneal ulcer and healed within 3-5 days. Histopathologically, corneal ulcer of rabbit treated topically with 1.5% and 3% Terfezia claveryi showed reepithelialisation within 1 and 2 week; respectively. Corneal ulcer treated with 5% Terfezia claveryi showed improper epitheliazation with defective angiosis and loss of both keratocytes and stromal substance. Corneal ulcer treated with 0.5% Vigamox showed re-epithelialisation within 3-5 days with slight inflammatory infiltrate and marked vascularisation. It could be concluded that, aqueous extract of Terfezia claveryi exhibited antibacterial activity and healed the corneal ulcer in rabbit eyes. Although vigamox is more promising, a serious side effects is expected due to development of antimicrobial resistance.
FOLIAR MICROMORPHOLOGY OF LIPPIA JAVANICA (BURM.F) SPRENG

Background: Lippia javanica (Burm.F.) Spreng is an aromatic indigenous South African plant with culinary and medicinal values. This study investigated the foliar morphology and elemental composition of the plant because not much data concerning the anatomical and micro-morphological features can be found in literature Materials and Methods: Fresh leaves of the plant were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental composition of the leaf was determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results: The leaves of L. javanica were amphitrichomic while the stomata distribution was amphistomatic. These stomata were more or less randomly distributed over the epidermis lying almost close to each other and were fewer in number in between the veins and over the finer veins. The major constituents of crystals found in the plant were Ca, Na, S, Al, P, Cl, K, Mg and Fe. The presence of long glandular trichomes on the leaf surfaces of the plant could indicate secretory sites where secondary metabolites are produced. Conclusion: Secretions from the glandular trichomes and the presence of these elements, which are vital in maintaining good health, are probably responsible for the culinary and medicinal properties of L. javanica.
Has the Elite Foundation Agenda Spread Beyond the Gates? An Organizational Network Analysis of Nonmajor Philanthropic Giving in K–12 Education

Previous research focusing on major philanthropic foundations suggests that these actors have collectively converged around a set of jurisdictional challengers promoting market-based education reforms. Using correspondence analysis, network analysis, and geographic information science, this article empirically tests whether this convergence has permeated to less prominent foundations and their grantees, or if these foundations are pursuing alternative organizational strategies to shape K–12 outcomes. The analysis draws from a sample of 15 nonmajor foundations and their 1,069 grantees serving some aspect of K–12 education in 2010. We find that nonmajor foundations have adopted some elements of major foundations’ organizational strategies to influence K–12 education but that their strategies are heterogeneous and reflect both challenges to—and opportunities for—a more varied and democratic structure of policy making.
Parenting Styles, Effortful Control, and Academic Outcomes among Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Effect of Activation Control

The present study examined the associations between parenting styles and adolescents’ academic performance, with a specific focus on examining the mediating role of activation control among Chinese adolescents. A framework of Chinese parenting style, which consists of three dimensions, rejection, emotional warmth, and over-protection, was utilized to predict activation control and academic outcomes. Structural models were fitted with the data collected from a Chinese sample of adolescents aged 15 to 17 years. Parenting styles were found to be associated with children’s activation control skills and academic outcomes. Activation control skills were found to be beneficial for promoting educational attainment expectation and reducing school work difficulties. The present study also indicates that in some cases activation control mediates the association between parental over-protection and experiencing school work difficulties. The findings of the present study reinforce previous research by demonstrating the importance of Chinese-specific parenting approaches and by identifying the importance of activation control in the Chinese cultural context.
SATELLITE MULTIBEAM COVERAGE OF EARTH: INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND OPTIMAL SYNTHESIS OF APERTURE FIELDS

The problem of the synthesis of optimal continuous aperture sources to optimally realize the satellite multibeam coverage of Earth is stated and solved. The design approach relies on a far-field representation which exploits at best the degrees of freedom arising from the geometrical structure of the well-known four-colors coverage map. The overall synthesis is stated as a Convex Programming problem wherein the fast achievement of the (unique) globally optimal solution is guaranteed. The introduced tools allow stating the ultimate theoretical radiation performances achievable by any circular-aperture antenna of fixed size and, at the same time, can be exploited as a reference in the synthesis of isophoric direct-radiating arrays. Numerical examples concerning a mission scenario recently proposed by the European Space Agency are provided.
Business model requirements and challenges in the mobile telecommunication sector

Abstract The telecommunications business is undergoing a critical revolution, driven by innovative technologies, globalization and deregulation. Cellular networks and telecommunications bring radical changes to the way telecom businesses are conducted. Globalization, on the other hand, is tearing down legacy barriers and forcing monopolistic national carriers to compete internationally. Moreover, the noticeable progress of many countries towards deregulation coupled with liberalization is significantly increasing telecom market power and allowing severe competition. The implications of this transition have changed the business rules of the telecom industry. In addition, entrants into the cellular industry have had severe difficulties due to inexistent or weak business models (BMs). Designing a BM for a mobile network operator (MNO) is complex and requires multiple actors to balance different and often conflicting design requirements. Hence, there is a need to enhance operators' ability in determining what constitutes the most viable BM to meet their strategic objectives within this turbulent environment. In this article, the authors identify the main mobile BM dimensions along with their interdependencies and further analysis provides MNOs with insights to improve their BMs in this new 'boundary-less' landscape.