Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emergent knowledge of a universal phonological principle in the L2 acquisition of vowel harmony in Turkish: A ‘four’-fold poverty of the stimulus in L2 acquisition

A significant body of theoretically motivated research has addressed the role of Universal Grammar (UG) in the nonnative acquisition of morphosyntax and properties of the syntax–semantics interface, but very little research has addressed the role of phonological principles of UG in nonnative language acquisition. Turkish has a regular and pervasive system of vowel harmony for which classroom second language (L2) learners receive explicit instruction and abundant input; however, there are also cases of non-canonical vowel harmony in Turkish, for which classroom learners receive no instruction and rather little input. In this study, we show that English–Turkish L2ers come to exhibit sensitivity to the ‘No Crossing Constraint’ of UG (Goldsmith, 1976; Hammond, 1988) when calculating non-canonical vowel harmony in the context of underlyingly pre-specified non-velarized laterals (i.e. ‘light’ [l]), despite the poverty of the stimulus and potentially misleading effects of classroom instruction and standard Turkish orthography. We argue that this supports the view that nonnative phonological development is guided by (at least one principle of) UG.
Gas compositions and helium isotopic ratios of fluid samples around Kueishantao, NE offshore Taiwan and its tectonic implications

(Received March 20, 2005; Accepted July 20, 2005) Kueishantao is a Holocene volcanic islet (<7,000 yrs) located at NE offshore Taiwan, and tectonically is part of western extension of the Okinawa Trough. Magmatic activities are considered very active around this area on the basis of the fact that on-land fumaroles and submarine hydrothermal systems are prevailing currently. Representative bubble gas samples from submarine hydrothermal vents were collected for gas composition and helium isotope analysis. The gases show similar compositions of low temperatre fumaroles in the world, i.e., with high CO2 and H2S but low SO2 and HCl contents. They exhibit consistent high 3 He/ 4 He ratios (7.3‐8.4 R A , where R A is the 3 He/ 4 He ratio of air), probably the highest 3 He/ 4 He values of gases ever reported in active hydrothermal areas of the western Pacific region. Meanwhile, seawater samples around Kueishantao and other fluid samples from I-Lan Plain, the land area closest to the Kueishantao and also the southernmost part of the Okinawa Trough, show a significant excess of 3 He compositions as well. This indicates that the mantle component plays an important role for their gas sources, and implies that the mantle fluids may have invaded into I-Lan Plain. The westward opening of the Okinawa Trough may have caused thinning of the continental crust and produced deep normal faults and hence, the primordial 3 He is able to degas from mantle source region without significant crust contamination.
Sulphite binding in ciders

Summary The extent of sulphite binding was measured in commercial ciders, and experimentally observed binding curves were compared with theoretically derived curves based on assessment of the levels of individual sulphite binding compounds determined in the ciders. Subsequently, experimental ciders were fermented under various controlled conditions using nine different strains of cider yeasts. The results indicated considerable differences both in the levels of sulphite binding compounds produced, and in the ability of different yeast strains to produce SO2 in the cider. Juice concentration and the presence of cloud in juice had little or no effect on sulphite binding. Other factors which affected sulphite binding included the type and condition of juice (especially the effect of pectinase treatment) and, in some instances, the use of added yeast nutrients. Significant sulphite binding was also attributable to unaccountable components, probably derived from poor quality fruit, which were present in the apple juice prior to fermentation.
Position-Dependent Repetitive Control for Speed Ripple Reduction of Ultrasonic Motor

Abstract Ultrasonic motors are driven by the friction force between the rotor and the vibrator, which often induces speed fluctuations synchronizing with the rotor position periodically, namely, speed ripples. This paper employs the plug-in type repetitive control for rejecting the position-dependent periodic speed ripple and presents an implementation technique based on rotor position information. A mathematical description for characterizing the speed ripple is introduced using the Fourier series. A position-dependent repetitive controller design and an interpolation scheme to manipulate the delayed data based on the acquired rotor position are developed to improve control performance in speed ripple reduction. Simulation and experimental results are given to confirm the validity of the proposed repetitive control design and implementation.
Examining Speech Sound Acquisition for Children with Cochlear Implants Using the GFTA-2

This study examines use of the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation Second Edition (GETA-2) with children who use cochlear implants to evaluate whether or not it would be appropriate to use this test with this population. Participants included 15 children with cochlear implants who ranged in age of implantation and amount of implant experience. Raw score performance was compared with age of implantation, chronological age, and amount of implant experience. Values were then applied to test norms (i.e., compared to children with typical hearing) using chronological age and amount of implant experience as referents. The number of errors was not significantly correlated with age of implantation or chronological age, but was correlated with amount of implant experience. Relative to the test norms, 5 of 15 children achieved standard scores within 1.5 standard deviations of their chronological age referent. Eourteen of 15 children met this standard when amount of implant experience was used as a referent. Order of English consonant acquisition also appeared to be broadly similar to that of children with typical hearing. Findings are consistent with previous studies using this test with this population. Therefore, it appears to be appropriate to use the GFTA-2 for assessing speech production skills in children with cochlear implants.
Patents vs R&D Subsidies on Income Inequality

This study explores the effects of patent protection and R&D subsidies on economic growth and income inequality using a Schumpeterian growth model with heterogeneity in household asset holdings. We find that although strengthening patent protection and raising R&D subsidies have the same macroeconomic effect of stimulating economic growth, they have drastically different microeconomic implications on income inequality. Specifically, strengthening patent protection increases income inequality whereas raising R&D subsidies decreases (increases) it if the quality step size is sufficiently small (large). An empirically realistic quality step size is smaller than the threshold implying a negative effect of R&D subsidies on income inequality. We also calibrate the model to provide a quantitative analysis and find that strengthening patent protection causes a moderate increase in income inequality and a negligible increase in consumption inequality whereas raising R&D subsidies causes a significant decrease in both income inequality and consumption inequality.
Holistic face perception: Mind the gap!

The most widely used measurement of holistic face perception, the composite face effect (CFE), is challenged by two apparently contradictory goals: having a defined face part (i.e., the top half), and yet perceiving the face as an integrated unit (i.e., holistically). Here, we investigated the impact of a small gap between top and bottom face halves in the standard composite face paradigm, requiring matching of sequentially presented top face halves. In Experiment 1, the CFE was larger for no-gap than gap stimuli overall, but not for participants who were presented with gap stimuli first, suggesting that the area of the top face half was unknown without a gap. This was confirmed in Experiment 2, in which these two stimulus sets were mixed up: the gap stimuli thus provided information about the area of a top face half and the magnitude of the CFE did not differ between stimulus sets. These observations indicate that the CFE might be artificially inflated in the absence of a stimulus cue that objectively defines a border between the face halves. Finally, in Experiment 3, observers were asked to determine which of two simultaneously presented faces was the composite face. Perceptual judgements for no-gap stimuli approached ceiling; however, with a gap, participants were almost unable to distinguish the composite face from a veridical face. This effect was not only due to low-level segmentation cues at the border of no-gap face halves, because stimulus inversion decreased performance in both conditions. This result indicates that the two halves of different faces may be integrated more naturally with a small gap that eliminates an enhanced contrast border. Collectively, these observations suggest that a small gap between face halves provides an objective definition of the face half to match and is beneficial for valid measurement of the behavioural CFE.
Understanding Ototoxicity in Paediatric Oncology Patients at a Large Teaching Hospital in South Africa

Cite this article: Smith N, Schellack N, Ehlert K, Gous AGS (2017) Understanding Ototoxicity in Paediatric Oncology Patients at a Large Teaching Hospital in South Africa. J Ear Nose Throat Disord 2(3): 1029. *Corresponding author Natasha Smith, Department of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, BMS Building, N310, Molotlegi Street, Ga-Rankuwa, 0208, South Afric, Tel: 27082-465-4239; Email: sweet.
The Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Kollidam Estuary Edible Fish Mugil cephalus

The objective of this study was find out the concentrations of Zn,Cu,Pb and Cr in the muscles, gills, and liver of Mugil cephalus from the Kollidam estuary, Tamilnadu. Results were shown that metal bioaccumulation in the liver was higher than in the gills and muscles for all metals, and Zn concentration was higher than Cu, Pb, and Cr in all the tissues studied. The accumulation of heavy metal gradually increases in organs during different month period. The order of heavy metal concentrations of estuary water in the each site was higher levels to Cu<Pb<Zn and < Cr. Both results were statistically significant at p < 0.05. Bioaccumulation rate were indirect to estuary water. In all heavy metals, the bioaccumulation of Zinc and copper proportion was significantly increased in the tissues of
Coupling of time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction and DSC to elucidate the crystallisation properties and polymorphism of triglycerides in milk fat globules

Les proprietes de cristallisation et le polymorphisme des triglycerides (TG) dans les globules gras naturels du lait sont etudies avec un appareil permettant le couplage de la diffraction des rayons X (DRX) resolue en temps et de la microcalorimetrie differentielle (DSC), pour des vitesses de refroidissement comprises entre 0,1 et 1000 °C.min -1 . Nous avons montre que la phase lipidique des produits laitiers possede un polymorphisme complexe. Pour la premiere fois, six types differents de cristaux ont ete identifies, plusieurs d'entre eux etant en coexistence, et leurs evolutions ont ete caracterisees de maniere quantitative, en fonction du temps et de la temperature. Elles correspondent a des structures lamellaires avec des structures a deux longueurs de chaine (2L: 40,5-48 A) et a trois longueurs de chaine (3L: 54-72 A). En fonction des vitesses de refroidissement, au moins cinq sous-cellules cristallines ont ete identifiees aux grands angles: a, sub-a, deux β' et β. Toutes ces structures cristallines coexistent avec une phase liquide, meme a basse temperature. Les evenements thermiques enregistres par DSC ont ete relies aux informations structurales de l'organisation des TG obtenues par DRX. Nous avons montre egalement que la cristallisation dans les globules gras induit un plus grand desordre et une plus petite taille des cristaux qu'en milieu anhydre. De plus, la DRX a permis d'identifier differents comportements de cristallisation dans les globules gras de differentes tailles, qui pourraient intervenir lors de la fabrication de produits laitiers necessitant des periodes de temperage (par exemple le beurre, la creme glacee, les produits foisonnes). L'augmentation des connaissances sur la cristallisation de la matiere grasse du lait dans les systemes disperses et dans les produits alimentaires complexes contribuera aux innovations technologiques ainsi qu'au developpement de nouveaux produits.
Bayesian Inference and Data Augmentation Schemes for Spatial, Spatiotemporal and Multivariate Log-Gaussian Cox Processes in R

Log-Gaussian Cox processes are an important class of models for spatial and spatiotemporal point-pattern data. Delivering robust Bayesian inference for this class of models presents a substantial challenge, since Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms require careful tuning in order to work well. To address this issue, we describe recent advances in MCMC methods for these models and their implementation in the R package lgcp. Our suite of R functions provides an extensible framework for inferring covariate effects as well as the parameters of the latent field. We also present methods for Bayesian inference in two further classes of model based on the log-Gaussian Cox process. The first of these concerns the case where we wish to fit a point process model to data consisting of event-counts aggregated to a set of spatial regions: we demonstrate how this can be achieved using data-augmentation. The second concerns Bayesian inference for a class of marked-point processes specified via a multivariate log-Gaussian Cox process model. For both of these extensions, we give details of their implementation in R.
Contribution of rainwater harvesting technologies to rural livelihoods in Zimbabwe: The case of Ngundu ward in Chivi District

Water has long been regarded as the main limiting resource for crop production in the drought-prone region of sub-Saharan Africa in which Zimbabwe is located. However, the introduction of novel agricultural technologies such as rain-water harvesting (RWH) is seeking to mitigate the effects of these perennial droughts. The successful adoption of such technologies has the potential to alleviate problems faced by resource-poor 'subsistence' farmers. Thus this paper examines the contribution of RWH technologies to rural livelihoods in Zimbabwe and consequently to the sustainability of agriculture and rural livelihoods thereof. The methods employed included a questionnaire survey; key informant interviews and field observations. Benefits of RWH technologies found include an increase in agricultural productivity, enhancing household food security and raising of incomes. The technologies also assisted in improving environmental management through water conservation, reduction of soil erosion and resuscitation of wetlands in the study area. The major constraints facing technology adopters were water distribution problems, labour shortage, water-logging during periods of high rainfall and risk of injury to people and livestock as a result of some of the technologies. However, in an area like Chivi where there are frequent droughts and consequently food shortages among smallholder farmers, the benefits of RWH technology adoption seem to outweigh the costs. It was therefore concluded that RWH technologies are suitable for smallholder farmers in semi-arid areas if they are properly tailored to the conditions of the locality where they are promoted.
Dynamics of Erythroid Progenitors and Erythroleukemia

The paper is devoted to mathematical modelling of erythropoiesis, production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. We discuss intra-cellular regulatory networks which determine self-renewal and differentiation of erythroid progenitors. In the case of excessive self-renewal, immature cells can fill the bone marrow resulting in the development of leukemia. We introduce a parameter characterizing the strength of mutation. Depending on its value, leukemia will or will not develop. The simplest model of treatment of acute myeloid leukemia with chemother- apy allows us to determine the conditions of successful treatment or of its failure. We show that insufficient treatment can worsen the situation. In some cases curing may not be possible even without resistance to treatment. Modelling presented in this work is based on ordinary differential equations, reaction-diffusion systems and individual based approach.
Gill histopathology in cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax (L.) coinfected by Diplectanum aequans (Wagener, 1857) and Lernanthropus kroyeri (van Beneden, 1851)

2010 yili Mart ayinda, gunluk %1.5 mortalite gozlenen, Ege Bolgesi’nde yuzer ag kafeslerde yetistiriciligi yapilan kultur levrek ciftliginden alinan 15 levregin parazitolojik ve patolojik incelemesi yapildi. Baliklarin tamaminda Diplectanum aequans (Wagener, 1857) ve Lernanthropus kroyeri (van Beneden, 1851) parazitleri saptandi. Incelenen 15 levrek baliginin sirasiyla; Diplectanum aequans (Wagener, 1857) ile %100 oraninda enfekte ve ortalama enfeksiyon yogunlugunun 31.9, Lernanthropus kroyeri (van Beneden, 1851) ile ise %100 oraninda enfekte ve ortalama enfeksiyon yogunlugunun 11.4 oldugu belirlendi. Patolojik incelemede, solungaclarda anemi, beyaz mukoid eksudat ve disi Lernanthropus’a ait yesilimsi renkte yumurta keselerine rastlandi. Mikroskobik incelemede, tum baliklarin solungac lamelleri uzerinde hem Diplectanum aequans’a hem de Lernanthropus kroyeri’ne rastlandi. Parazitlerin etkisine bagli olarak lamellar odem, sekonder lamellerde fuzyon ile primer ve sekonder lamellerde nekroz gozlendi. Sonuc olarak, baliklardaki olumlerin, Diplectanum aequans ve Lernanthropus kroyeri parazitlerinin yogun enfestasyonu sonucu olusan lezyonlardan kaynaklandigi kanisina varildi
Exploring the Node Importance Based on von Neumann Entropy

When analyzing the statistical and topological characteristics of complex networks, an effective and convenient way is to compute the centralities for recognizing influential and significant nodes or structures, yet most of them are restricted to local environment or some specific configurations. In this paper we propose a new centrality for nodes based on the von Neumann entropy, which allows us to investigate the importance of nodes in the view of spectrum eigenvalues distribution. By presenting the performances of this centrality with network examples in reality, it is shown that the von Neumann entropy node centrality is an excellent index for selecting crucial nodes as well as classical ones. Then to lower down the computational complexity, an approximation calculation to this centrality is given which only depends on its first and second neighbors. Furthermore, in the optimal spreader problem and reducing average clustering coefficients, this entropy centrality presents excellent efficiency and unveil topological structure features of networks accurately. The entropy centrality could reduce the scales of giant connected components fastly in Erdos-Renyi and scale-free networks, and break down the cluster structures efficiently in random geometric graphs. This new methodology reveals the node importance in the perspective of spectrum, which provides a new insight into networks research and performs great potentials to discover essential structural features in networks.
Gr upSM Advancements in Designing a Safer Transurethral Catheter

The purpose of this study was to investigate urethral diametric strain and threshold maximum inflation pressure for rupture during inadvertent inflation of a catheter’s anchoring balloon in the urethra. We then aimed to develop and evaluate a novel safety device for preventing urethral trauma based on these parameters. Inflation of a urethral catheter’s (UCs) anchoring balloon was performed in the bulbar urethra of ex vivo porcine models (n=21) using 16 French catheters. Urethral trauma was assessed with retrograde urethrography. Urethral rupture was correlated with internal urethral diametric strain and maximal urethral pressure threshold values (kPa). Urethral catheters were then inflated in the bulbar urethra of fresh male cadavers (n=7). The maximum urethral pressure generated with a standard syringe was determined (kPa) until resistance pressure generated by the urethra prevented further inflation of the anchoring Davis NF1,2, Cunnane E2, Walsh MT2 and Thornhill JA1 1Department of Urology, Tallaght Hospital, Ireland 2Centre for Applied Biomedical Engineering Research, Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland *Corresponding author: John A Thornhill, Department of Urology, Tallaght Hospital, Co. Dublin, Ireland, Tel: +353 1 4142000; Fax: +353 1 4142040; Email: jturology@gmail.com Published Date: February 26, 2016
Modelling critical factors affecting the distribution of the vulnerable endemic Eastern Iberian barbel (Luciobarbus guiraonis) in Mediterranean rivers

Luciobarbus guiraonis (Eastern Iberian barbel) is an endemic fish species restricted to Spain, mainly distributed in the Jucar River Basin District. Its study is important because there is little knowledge about its biology and ecology. To improve the knowledge about the species distribution and habitat requirements, nonlinear modelling was carried out to predict the presence/absence and density of the Eastern Iberian barbel, based on 155 sampling sites distributed throughout the Jucar River Basin District (Eastern Iberian Peninsula). We used multilayer feed-forward artificial neural networks (ANN) to represent nonlinear relationships between L. guiraonis descriptors and variables regarding the physical habitat and biological components (macroinvertebrates, fish, riparian forest). The gradient descent algorithm was implemented to find the optimal model parameters; the importance of the ANN’s input variables was determined by the partial derivatives method. The predictive power of the model was evaluated with the Cohen’s kappa ( k ), the correctly classified instances (CCI), and the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) plots. The best model predicted presence/absence with a high performance ( k = 0.66, CCI= 87% and AUC= 0.85); the prediction of density was moderate (CCI = 62%, AUC=0.71 and k = 0.43). The fundamental variables describing the presence/absence were; solar radiation (the highest contribution was observed between 2000 and 4200 WH/m 2 ), drainage area (with the strongest influence between 3000 and 5.000 km 2 ), and the proportion of exotic fish species (with relevant contribution between 50 and 100%). In the density model, the most important variables were the coefficient of variation of mean annual flows (relative importance of 50.5%) and the proportion of exotic fish species (24.4%). The models provide important information about the relation of L. guiraonis with biotic and abiotic variables, this new knowledge can help develop future studies and management plans for the conservation of this species in the Jucar River Basin District and, potentially, for the conservation of other endemic fish species of Barbus and Luciobarbus in Mediterranean rivers.