Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adverse Event Detection and Labeling in Pediatric Drug Development: Antiretroviral Drugs

Background : Pediatric safety studies are conducted for drugs undergoing development for use in pediatric patients. The objective of this study was to describe safety studies and compare adverse events of antiretroviral drugs between pediatric patients and adult subjects. Methods : Pediatric and adult adverse event data were obtained from US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved drug labels for 9 antiretroviral drugs with pediatric indications approved by the FDA prior to 2013. For adverse events (AEs) reported in both pediatric patients and adult subjects, the risk difference (RD) and associated confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Results : Of 35 drug-AE combinations, 10 AEs were reported at statistically significantly ( P <.05) higher incidence rates in the pediatric population than in the adult population, and 3 AEs were reported at statistically significantly higher rates in the adult population than in the pediatric population. The largest differences where the risk of an AE was greater in pediatric patients than in adult subjects were for rash with efavirenz (RD = 36.24% [95% CI, 21.1 to 50.53]), diarrhea with efavirenz (RD = 24.53% [95% CI, 9.06 to 39.57]), and rash with nevirapine (RD = 16.14% [95% CI, 9.7 to 24.27]). The largest differences where the risk of an adverse event was lower in pediatric patients than in adult subjects were for headache with abacavir (RD = −12% [95% CI, −16.81 to −6.89]), diarrhea with tipranavir (RD = −11.32% [95% CI, −15.02 to −5.6]), and diarrhea with lamivudine (RD = −9.88% [95% CI, −15.91 to −3.98]). Conclusions : The adult adverse event experience provides preliminary data for pediatric drug safety, yet the specific types of adverse effects and frequencies may not be predicted in children based exclusively on adults. As adult safety data do not fully inform the pediatric safety profile, pediatric safety studies should continue to be conducted separately for drugs undergoing testing in pediatric patients.
Hsp104 Interacts with Hsp90 Cochaperones in Respiring Yeast

ABSTRACT The highly abundant molecular chaperone Hsp90 functions with assistance from auxiliary factors, collectively referred to as Hsp90 cochaperones, and the Hsp70 system. Hsp104, a molecular chaperone required for stress tolerance and for maintenance of [psi + ] prions in the budding yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, appears to collaborate only with the Hsp70 system. We now report that several cochaperones previously thought to be dedicated to Hsp90 are shared with Hsp104. We show that the Hsp90 cochaperones Sti1, Cpr7, and Cns1, which utilize tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains to interact with a common surface on Hsp90, form complexes with Hsp104 in vivo and that Sti1 and Cpr7 interact with Hsp104 directly in vitro. The interaction is Hsp90 independent, as further emphasized by the fact that two distinct TPR domains of Sti1 are required for binding Hsp90 and Hsp104. In a striking parallel to the sequence requirements of Hsp90 for binding TPR proteins, binding of Sti1 to Hsp104 requires a related acidic sequence at the C-terminal tail of Hsp104. While Hsp90 efficiently sequesters the cochaperones during fermentative growth, respiratory conditions induce the interaction of a fraction of Hsp90 cochaperones with Hsp104. This suggests that cochaperone sharing may favor adaptation to altered metabolic conditions.
Design of ATM switch using hypercube with distributed shared input buffers and dedicated output buffers

We investigate a dynamic packet routing approach to ATM switch design using a hypercube. An (n+1)-dimensional hypercube is used to implement an N/spl times/N switch, where N=2/sup n/. Cells arriving at input ports are routed towards their destinations in store-and-forward (SAF) manner. In addition to the SAF buffer, each input/output port has a dedicated buffer. A distributed deflection routing algorithm where the routing priority is based on the age of the cells is developed. An interesting feature of the routing algorithm is that the store-and-forward buffers and the input buffers behave as distributed shared-buffer which effectively smooth out uneven traffic. In addition, our routing algorithm does not suffer from the HOL blocking problem as in the conventional input-output buffered switch architecture. The processing power of each node in the hypercube scales up by a factor of Q(log N) as the network size N is increased. Hence, our approach is suitable for implementing large scale ATM switches. Performance of our design is studied via simulation and found to be better than the conventional input-output buffered nonblocking switch architecture.
Utilization of post natal care in tribal area of Madhya Pradesh, India: A community based cross-sectional study -

Background: Postnatal period is a vulnerable time, because most maternal and new born deaths occur during this period, especially immediately after childbirth. Postnatal care in the first hours and days after childbirth could prevent the great majority of these deaths. Aims & Objectives: Present study was conducted with the objective to assess the utilization of post natal care and associated factors in tribal area of Madhya Pradesh. Materials and Methods: A community based cross-sectional study carried in tribal area of Madhya Pradesh. A total of 210 mothers who delivered in last one year were selected for study by “30 cluster sampling method” in Nainpur block of Mandla district. Results: Among 210 mothers, 82.4% were 15-24 years of age and 71.9% of mother received post natal check-up within 10 days of delivery. Regarding number of post-natal check-up, 36.6% of mothers received one postnatal check-up, 18.5% two, 14.7% three and only 1.9% received four post natal check-up. The education/occupation of mothers, cast, education of husband, place of delivery, person conducting delivery and level of knowledge of mother about need of postnatal check-up were significantly associated (P
Multiuser Detection Method for Single-Carrier Transmission in Uplink Multiuser MIMO Access

Single-carrier (SC) transmission with frequency- domain equalization (FDE) is expected to expand the service area of wireless communication systems by taking advantage of its lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) compared to when using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). In the uplink, the transmit timing difference among the signals from multiple mobile terminals (MTs) becomes significant in a large service area. If the difference in arrival timing among MTs exceeds the cyclic prefix (CP) length, it is difficult to separate the signal of each MT and the transmission quality is severely degraded. In this paper, we propose a novel multiuser detection (MUD) technique that can separate the signals regardless of the difference in the arrival timing between MTs with an acceptable level of calculation complexity. The achievable bit error rate (BER) performance is evaluated by computer simulation in a frequency selective fading channel and the results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Radiological characteristics of Kienböck’s disease in the Korean population

Purpose: In Kienböck’s disease, the wrist displays certain characteristic radiological parameters, which have been reported to differ among countries. In the present study, we aimed to identify specific radiological parameters of the unaffected wrists in patients with unilateral Kienböck’s disease and to determine the extent of the association of each parameter with the disease in Korea. Methods: This retrospective case–control study assessed the radiological parameters of patients with Kienböck’s disease (n = 53) and controls (n = 53), who visited our institution between January 2000 and May 2013. Ulnar variance (UV), radial inclination, lunate fossa inclination, lunate diameter, lunate height, lunate tilting angle (LTA), lunate covering index (LCI), and Ståhl index (SI) were measured and analyzed using a binary logistic regression model. Results: We observed that wrists with a high LTA and LCI, and low UV and SI had a tendency to develop Kienböck’s disease. Conclusion: In the Korean population, a high LTA and LCI, and low UV and SI of the unaffected wrists on plain radiography might be associated with Kienböck’s disease. The radiographic characteristics of the unaffected wrists can differ between patients with unilateral Kienböck’s disease and normal individuals.
Defence, Education and Health Expenditures in Turkey, 1924-96

It is often assumed that there is trade-off between defence spending and spending on education and health, even though the empirical literature suggests mixed evidence about its nature. This study investigates the possible trade-off between Turkish defence spending and spending on health and education during the Turkish republican era. In this context, the relationship between health, education and military expenditure has been analysed within a multi-equation framework employing the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) estimation method. The main findings of this article suggest that while military spending decisions are made independently of health and education expenditure, there are trade-offs between defence and welfare spending. While the trade-off is negative between defence and health, it is positive between defence and education. Moreover, it appears that there is a competition between education and health expenditure in the budgeting process.
Use of Google Scholar public profiles in orthopedics

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to survey the growth of Google Scholar public profiles in orthopedics over a 12-month period and to investigate global patterns. Methods: Data was prospectively acquired from June 2013 to June 2014. Google Scholar queries specific to orthopedic surgery were performed at 90-day intervals. Demographic aspects of each user were also compiled, including gender, current location, and primary interests. To determine differences between the growth of Google Scholar public profile registrations and citation counts, as well as differences in growth in different regions, repeated measures of analysis of variance (RMANOVA) were used. Results: RMANOVA revealed statistically significant differences (p = 0.0001) for regional growth. The largest growth was observed in the United Kingdom (p = 0.009, 289%), followed by the Asia-Pacific region (p = 0.004, 177%) and “Other” (p = 0.006, 172%). The mean growth per 90-day interval is 19.9% (p = 0.003) and the mean 12-month growth is 107% (p = 0.05). Statistically significant differences between gender (male vs. female) and basic and clinical sciences (χ 2 = 22.4, p = 0.0001) were observed. Conclusion: This study suggests an exponential growth in the number of authors in the field of orthopedic surgery creating a Google Scholar public profile, and at the current rate participation doubles every 10.6 months.
Perceived risk factors for nonunion following foot and ankle arthrodesis

Background: A major complication of foot and ankle arthrodesis is nonunion, which occurs in approximately 12% of cases. Various factors influence a patient’s risk for nonunion following foot and ankle arthrodesis. We surveyed international foot and ankle surgeons to determine (1) risk factors perceived most important for nonunion, (2) factors considered absolute contraindications for arthrodesis, and (3) differences among expert groups regarding perceived risk factors and their stratification. Methods: A questionnaire was e-mailed to members of a major foot and ankle journal editorial board and four foot and ankle society executive committees. The relative risk of 18 potential nonunion risk factors was rated from 1 to 10, using smoking 1 pack/day as a benchmark score of 5.00. Results: The response rate was 72% (100/139); 81% declared foot and ankle surgery encompasses >90% of their practice. The highest perceived risk factors (p < 0.001) were smoking 2 packs/day (mean score 8.69), lack of fusion site stability (8.66), and poor local vascularity (7.66). The least important risk factors (p < 0.001) were perceived to be age >60 years (mean score 2.54), rheumatoid arthritis (3.05), and osteoporosis (3.56). The most frequently cited absolute contraindications to arthrodesis surgery were local infection (46%), poor local vascularity (41%), and smoking (32%). Conclusion: To improve arthrodesis outcomes, resource allocation and patient and surgeon education should focus on smoking, construct stability, and local vascularity. Development of an objective nonunion risk assessment tool to identify patients at risk for nonunion using these results could help maximize the efficiency of available resources.
Use of the Pirani score in monitoring progression of correction and in guiding indications for tenotomy in the Ponseti method: Are we coming to the same decisions?

Purpose: The Pirani score is widely used in the treatment of idiopathic clubfoot. Some authors recommended to base decision for Achilles tenotomy in Ponseti method on this score (hindfoot score [HFS] > 1, once reducibility of lateral head of talus (LHT) is zero) instead of originally described indications (dorsiflexion < −10–15° once complete abduction is achieved). Yet correspondence of these indications has not been evaluated. Aim of this study was to verify whether in a cohort, where decision is based on dorsiflexion, the Pirani score corresponds to the limits suggested. Secondarily, to describe temporal variation in Pirani score along treatment, which has not been previously investigated. Methods: In a prospective study, 79 idiopathic clubfeet in 47 cases consecutively treated with Ponseti method by a single orthopaedic surgeon were evaluated at each casting session with Pirani system; score progression and scores at time of decision to perform tenotomy were determined. Results: HFS and its subcomponents showed minimal improvement during subsequent sessions of casting and then rapid correction with tenotomy. Medial crease resolved rapidly. Midfoot score and its remaining subcomponents corrected gradually. Total Pirani score showed initially a progressive correction and then a more abrupt improvement with tenotomy. At the time of decision to perform tenotomy, in 8 (10.1%) of 79 cases, the decision whether or not to perform tenotomy based on dorsiflexion would have been different based on the cut-offs for Pirani score suggested. Conclusion: Using Pirani score in guiding indication for tenotomy may imply different decisions in a portion of cases, which should be considered when comparing series.
Mortality and health-related quality of life in patients surgically treated for spondylodiscitis

Purpose: To assess mortality, disability, and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients surgically treated for spondylodiscitis. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted on all patients surgically treated for spondylodiscitis over a 6-year period at a single tertiary spine center. Indications for surgery, pre- and postoperative neurological impairment, comorbidities, and mortality were recorded. A survey was conducted on all eligible patients with the EuroQol 5-dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaire and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Results: Sixty-five patients were diagnosed with spondylodiscitis not related to recent spine surgery. One-year mortality rate was 6%. In all, 36% and 27% had pre- and postoperative neurological impairment, respectively, with only one patient experiencing deterioration postoperatively. At final follow-up (median 2 years), mean ODI was 31% (SD = 22) and mean EQ-5D time trade-off score was 0.639 (SD = 0.262); this was significantly lower than that in the normal population (p < 0.001). Patients with neurological impairment prior to index surgery had lower EQ-5D scores (p = 0.005) and higher ODI (p = 0.02) at final follow-up compared with patients without neurological impairment. Conclusions: Several years after surgery, patients surgically treated for spondylodiscitis have significantly lower HRQL and more disability than the background population. Neurological impairment prior to index surgery predicts adverse outcome in terms of disability and lower HRQL.
Diminished abductor muscular strength in patients with valgus-impacted femoral neck fractures treated by internal fixation: Clinical study and biomechanical considerations

Background: Valgus-impacted femoral neck fractures treated with internal fixation occasionally result in unsatisfactory postoperative locomotive function, partially due to muscle shortening and a decrease in the moment arm. This study quantifies the degree of diminished abduction strength both clinically and biomechanically. Methods: Fifteen patients were enrolled in this study. Twelve patients with fracture healed in valgus-impacted position were further evaluated. Muscular strength around hip was examined, and values between the nonoperated and operated side were compared and analyzed. For the biomechanical study, two three-dimensional models were prepared: model I (control model without displacement) and model II (simulated malunion of a 15° valgus-impacted fracture). Two sets of hip flexion angles in each of the models were simulated with flexion angles of 0° and 23°. Results: Mean and standard deviation values for muscle strength from the nonoperative/operative side among the valgus group are as follows: flexion strength was 9.2 ± 4.0/9.2 ± 3.2, extension strength was 5.8 ± 2.8/6.1 ± 3.2, abduction strength at 0° was 9.1 ± 3.7/7.4 ± 3.6, abduction strength at 10° was 6.7 ± 3.0/5.5 ± 2.2, and knee extension strength was 15.3 ± 6.2/15.1 ± 6.0 (kgf). When comparing values between the nonoperative and operative sides, statistical significance was only observed in abduction strength (p < 0.01). The biomechanical models prove that valgus impaction decreases the moment arm by approximately 10% at both flexion angle. Conclusions: A significant decrease in abductor strength at 0° and 10° was observed in the valgus-healed group. This may be related to a decrease in the moment arm. Further research should be done to define the acceptable limit of deformity for the satisfactory postoperative functioning.
Spiral QAM: A Novel Modulation Scheme Robust in the Presence of Phase Noise

In this paper, we introduce a new modulation scheme called Spiral QAM, which is optimized for phase noise, and thus robust in the presence of phase noise. Symbol mapping rules for 16 and 64 Spiral QAM are also presented. SER and BER performance of 64 Spiral QAM was compared with the conventional 64 QAM to show the superior performance of Spiral QAM in the presence of phase noise.
Illicit drug use: information-giving strategies requested by students in higher education

This study forms part of a two-year project at a UK university in which the provision of information to students about illicit drugs was explored alongside the development of supportive systems and policies within the university. A questionriaire and focus-group study was undertaken to identify students' perceived need for information and support. Students rejected the traditional 'one-off' campaigning strategy in favour of an on-going process of information- giving which occurs unobtrusively in the course of everyday life. Specifically, this information should focus on the confidential nature of help available and the implications of drug-taking while at university.
Inquérito canino em foco recente de leishmaniose tegumentar no Município de Sabará, região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte

In 1992, a dog naturally infected with Leishmania was found in a periurban area of Sabara, State of Minas Gerais, where human cutaneous leishmaniasis had been previously described. The parasite was classified as Leishmania, subgenus Viannia, which L. braziliensis, the main species of parasite present in the southeast Brazil, also belongs. In order to assess the importance of the dog in the transmission cycle of the disease, a canine survey was undertaken. Six hundred thirty-one dogs were examined and the prevalence of seropositive dogs for crude Leishmania amazonensis antigen was 3.2%. The presence of infected people and seropositive dogs either near or in the same house was observed. This fact suggests some transmission in the domiciliar environment, with the dogs being a risk factor for human infection in that periurban area. In the other hand, the low percentage of seropositive dogs points towards a secondary importance of these animals in the transmission of Leishmaniasis in that recentfocus of the disease.
Effect of maternal literacy on nutritional status of children under 5 years of age in the Babban-Dodo community Zaria city, Northwest Nigeria

Background: Worldwide, about a half of mortalities in children are directly or indirectly attributable to malnutrition. In Nigeria, malnutrition has also been reported to be associated with increased morbidity and mortality, such that 30-40% of deaths in the preschool age group are associated with malnutrition. Therefore, assessing the factors attributing to malnutrition is central to reducing and preventing these high mortalities. One attributable factor to malnutrition is the level of maternal literacy. Objective: The study aimed to assess the effect of maternal literacy on the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age in Babban-dodo, Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study of 300 children aged less than 5 years and their mothers/caregivers was conducted, using a multistage sampling technique. The study involved collecting information on the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents and the anthropometric measurements (weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference) of the eligible children. The data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS 19.0 and Epi-Info version 6.0. Result: Out of the 300 children studied, 87 (29%) were found to have under weight, 21 (7%) were wasted, and 93 (31%) were stunted. The majority (65%) of the mothers/caregivers have no form of formal education. There was a significant statistical association between maternal literacy status and occurrence of malnutrition (specifically stunting) among the children studied. (X 2 = 26.2, df = 1, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Maternal literacy has a significant relationship with the nutritional status of children. Therefore, there is the need to promote and encourage female/girl child education in the communities in order to empower them to know the right type of food and the right way to give it in the right quantity. This will help to prevent the occurrence of malnutrition among children, especially those under the age of 5 years.
An Evaluation of Hepatitis B Virus Diagnostic Methods and Responses to Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV-Infected Women in Thailand

Coinfection with HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) is common in resource-limited settings but is frequently not diagnosed. The authors retrospectively tested specimens for HBV in HIV-infected Thai women who had participated in an antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinical study. A substantial proportion (27 of 211; 13%) of HIV-infected women were HBV coinfected. Among HIV/HBV-coinfected women, the authors observed similar rates of antiretroviral-associated liver toxicity (despite nevirapine [NVP] use) and CD4 count reconstitution as observed in HIV-monoinfected women. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) screening detected the majority (81%) of HBV coinfections, including all 5 HBV-coinfected women who did not suppress HBV despite 48 weeks of lamivudine (3TC)-containing ART and could be used to tailor ART for patients diagnosed with HBV coinfection in accordance with World Health Organization guidelines. Although HBsAg screening did not diagnose 5 occult HBV coinfections, these women achieved HBV suppression on 3TC-containing ART, suggesting that not detecting occult HBV coinfection would have limited clinical impact.