Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Consumers' Search and Use of Nutrition Information: The Challenge and Promise of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act

Four studies investigate the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act's (NLEA's) impact on how consumers use nutrition information. Field and laboratory studies compare, but do not detect any changes in, consumers' search for nutrition information or their recall of this information in the pre- and post-NLEA periods. However, the search activities of a select group (highly motivated and less knowledgeable consumers) benefited more from the NLEA than did other groups. Additional results from the field and lab studies indicate that the NLEA changed attention to negative nutrition attributes (such as fat and sodium, of which less is better) more than it changed attention to positive attributes such as calcium and vitamins. Analyses of scanner databases confirm this trend (with the exception of calories). Focus group results also reflect these findings. The authors discuss implications for public policy, management, academic research, and consumer welfare.
THE INCLINATION OF THE SOFT X-RAY TRANSIENT A0620 − 00 AND THE MASS OF ITS BLACK HOLE

We analyze photometry of the soft X-ray transient A0620 − 00 spanning nearly 30 years, including previously published and previously unpublished data. Previous attempts to determine the inclination of A0620 using subsets of these data have yielded a wide range of measured values of i. Differences in the measured value of i have been due to changes in the shape of the light curve and uncertainty regarding the contamination from the disk. We give a new technique for estimating the disk fraction and find that disk light is significant in all light curves, even in the infrared. We also find that all changes in the shape and normalization of the light curve originate in a variable disk component. After accounting for this disk component, we find that all the data, including light curves of significantly different shapes, point to a consistent value of i. Combining results from many separate data sets, we find i = 51. °0 ± 0. °9, implying M = 6.6 ± 0.25 M☉. Using our dynamical model and zero-disk stellar VIH magnitudes, we find d = 1.06 ± 0.12 kpc. Understanding the disk origin of nonellipsoidal variability may assist with making reliable determinations of i in other systems, and the fluctuations in disk light may provide a new observational tool for understanding the three-dimensional structure of the accretion disk.
Water molecules in DNA recognition I: hydration lifetimes of trp operator DNA in solution measured by NMR spectroscopy.

The present NMR study investigates the residence times of the hydration water molecules associated with uncomplexed trp operator DNA in solution by measuring intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE) between water and DNA protons, and the nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) of the water 2H and 17O resonances. Both methods indicate that the hydration water molecules exchange with bulk water on the sub-nanosecond time scale at 4 degreesC. No evidence was obtained for water molecules bound with longer residence times. In particular, the water molecules at the sites of interfacial hydration in the trp repressor/operator complex do not seem kinetically stabilized in the uncomplexed DNA. Analysis of the crystal structures of two different trp repressor/operator complexes shows very similar structural environments for the water molecules mediating specific contacts between the protein and the DNA, whereas much larger variations are observed for the location of corresponding water molecules detected in the crystal structure of an uncomplexed trp operator DNA duplex. Therefore, it appears unlikely that the hydration characteristics of the uncomplexed DNA target would be a major determinant of trp repressor/operator recognition.
A Critique of the Canada/Usa (Canusa) Peritoneal Dialysis Study

T he recent, long-awaited publication of the CANUSA study greatly advances our knowledge of the adequacy of dialysis provided by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) (1). Since the publication, a decade ago, ofTeehan's seminal paper proclaiming the need to measure dialytic dose in CAPD, the peritoneal dialysis community has grappled with this issue (2). A number of studies have attempted to validate dialytic dose as a predictor of clinical outcomes with variable results (3-7). All of these studies have been, to some degree, methodologically flawed in having small patient numbers, short follow-up, inadequate statistical analysis, in consistent methods of measuring dialytic dose, and/ or a variety of other problems. The result has been that, while many clinicians have been convinced of the theoretical importance of dialytic dose in peritoneal dialysis, they have been uncertain about what are appropriate targets and, in practice, the standard CAPD prescription of2-L dwells daily has remained dominant. CANUSAis clearly superior to all previous studies on this topic. Churchill and his co-investigators are to be congratulated for their success in collecting such detailed data on a large prospective cohort of new CAPD patients, and in using sophisticated statistical techniques to deal with problems such as the constantly changing indices of dialytic dose and nutrition that are found in these patients. Their study of 680 patients in fourteen centers in Canada and the United States, followed over a 3-year period, provides an abundance of interesting data. It clearly shows that, after correction for age, sex, diabetic status, comorbidity, and serum albumin, higher fractional clearance ofurea (KTN) and creatinine clearance (Ccr) are still associated with superior patient survival. For example, all else being equal, a 5-L per week lower Ccr, corrected for body surface area, was associated with a 7% higher relative riskofdeath. Similarly, aO.1unit/weeklower KTN was associated with a 6% higher relative risk of death (1). These findings clearly validate the importance of small solute clearance measurements in CAPD patients. There are, however, limitations to the abilityofCANUSA to answer all our questions on adequacy of dialysis in CAPD and these must be recognized so that the study is not over-interpreted. A number of points are worth emphasizing. LIMITATIONS OF CANUSA
Group-Buying Deal Popularity

Group-buying (GB) deals entail a two-phase decision process. First, consumers decide whether to buy a deal. Second, they decide when to redeem the deal, conditional on purchase. Guided by theories of social influence and observational learning, the authors develop a framework predicting that (1) deal popularity increases consumers’ purchase likelihood and decreases redemption time, conditional on purchase, and (2) the social influence–related factors of referral intensity and group consumption amplify these effects. The authors test this framework and support it using a unique data set of 30,272 customers of a GB website with several million data points. Substantially, these findings reveal a two-phase perspective of GB, longevity effects of deal popularity, and the amplifying role of customer referrals (influencing others) in the effects of deal popularity (others’ influence). In light of the criticism of GB industry practice, this study builds the case for GB websites and merchants to heed deal popularity information and the social influence–related contingencies.
The Value Relevance of Management Expectation: A Case Study of UK IPOs

Using the accounting valuation model, this study investigates the value relevance of management expectation, which is reflected in forecasted earnings and pro-forma book value of equity on IPO prices in the UK over the 1987-1997 period. The empirical results show robust relationships between the forecasted accounting numbers and the IPO valuations. Consistent to prior studies, forecasted earnings and pro-forma book value of equity are found to be positively related to the IPO offer prices as well as the IPO initial market prices. The robustness check also shows that future accounting numbers are superior to historic accounting number. This confirms that the management expectation has more information content than historic accounting numbers.
Patterns of association of chronic medical conditions and major depression

Aims. Age and sex-related patterns of association between medical conditions and major depressive episodes (MDE) are important for understanding disease burden, anticipating clinical needs and for formulating etiological hypotheses. General population estimates are especially valuable because they are not distorted by help-seeking behaviours. However, even large population surveys often deliver inadequate precision to adequately describe such patterns. In this study, data from a set of national surveys were pooled to increase precision, supporting more precise characterisation of these associations. Methods. The data were from a series of Canadian national surveys. These surveys used comparable sampling strategies and assessment methods for MDE. Chronic medical conditions were assessed using items asking about professionally diagnosed medical conditions. Individual-level meta-analysis methods were used to generate unadjusted, stratified and adjusted prevalence odds ratios for 11 chronic medical conditions. Random effects models were used in the meta-analysis. A procedure incorporating rescaled replicate bootstrap weights was used to produce 95% confidence intervals. Results. Overall, conditions characterised by pain and inflammation tended to show stronger associations with MDE. The meta-analysis uncovered two previously undescribed patterns of association. Effect modification by age was observed in varying degrees for most conditions. This effect was most prominent for high blood pressure and cancer. Stronger associations were found in younger age categories. Migraine was an exception: the strength of association increased with age, especially in men. Second, especially for conditions predominantly affecting older age groups (arthritis, diabetes, back pain, cataracts, effects of stroke and heart disease) confounding by age was evident. For each condition, age adjustment resulted in strengthening of the associations. In addition to migraine, two conditions displayed distinctive patterns of association. Age adjusted odds ratios for thyroid disease reflected a weak association that was only significant in women. In epilepsy, a similar strength of association was found irrespective of age or sex. Conclusions. The prevalence of MDE is elevated in association with most chronic conditions, but especially those characterised by inflammation and pain. Effect modification by age may reflect greater challenges or difficulties encountered by young people attempting to cope with these conditions. This pattern, however, does not apply to migraine or epilepsy. Neurobiological changes associated with these conditions may offset coping-related effects, such that the association does not weaken with age. Prominent confounding by age for several conditions suggests that age adjustments are necessary in order to avoid underestimating the strength of these associations.
Radical (compartment) resection for advanced buccal cancer involving masticator space (T4b): Our experience in thirty patients

not only important in facial palsy management but for all surgery, especially that which alters body image. Thus, facial reanimation surgery alone may not improve self-esteem or moderate mood symptoms. Indeed, within patients receiving plastic surgery intervention, psychological morbidities are reported to be more prevalent than either haematoma or infection. Fewer psychological problems prior to surgery promotes greater satisfaction and self-esteem in patients after surgery. Our study shows that using HADS, patients with anxiety and/or depression can be effectively identified in the outpatient setting and offered appropriate therapy. It is a quick, simple and validated screening tool formood disorder and can highlight patients who are at risk of psychological morbidity, before embarking on complicated and lengthy rehabilitation for facial asymmetry.
Surfing the fringe: an examination of event tourism strategies of the Bleach Festival - Coolangatta Queensland.

Address correspondence to Jo Mackellar, Ph.D., Centre for Tourism, Sport and Service Research, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia. Tel: +61 7 5552 7675; Fax: +61 7 5552 8469; E-mail: j.mackellar@griffith.edu. au attracting, bidding for, or creating new events. This article focuses upon one of these strategies—new event development—and concerns the creation of the Bleach Festival in the Southern Gold Coast region of Queensland, Australia, and its linkage to the major surfing events in the destination. It aims to explore the rationale for developing a fringe-style arts event offering artists and performers opportunities to showcase their talents in a noncurated festival space. Furthermore, it examines the augmentation and social leverage strategies implemented to extend visitation around the event. Resultant issues in measuring the value of arts and cultural development in conjunction with event tourism are further Introduction
Is Your Fund Watching Out for You?

We examine the relation between the performance of mutual funds and their effectiveness in disciplining underperforming funds and safeguard shareholder interest. Mutual fund boards have a clear mandate under federal securities law to monitor potential conflicts of interest, approve fund documents, protect the interests of fund shareholders and ensure that advisors provide satisfactory returns with reasonable fees. Investor advocates argue that mutual funds allow too many directors to seat on too many boards. Directors, who usually attend between four and eight board meetings a year, are paid an average salary of $250,000 annually at the largest mutual fund companies. Critics state that millions of shareholders have already suffered the cost of poor governance, in the form of poor performance. In 2011, only 23% of actively managed equity funds beat their benchmarks. Over the past five years, 61% of equity funds have lagged the Standard & Poor's 500 index. Our results show evidence that most mutual funds take some kind of action to revert underperformance, but the majority of them are not able to beat their benchmarks three years afterwards.
Conceptualization of Modeling Resident Attitudes on the Environmental Impacts of Tourism: A Case Study of Oahu, Hawaii

The research presented is an exploratory analysis of sustainable tourism development and resident attitudes on Oahu, Hawaii based on the proposed conceptual model. A paper survey was administered to a convenience sample (N = 440) of residents on Oahu to investigate residents’ perceptions of tourism's environmental impacts and how these perceptions relate to views on effective government management and sustainable tourism development. Descriptive statistics, missing value analysis (MVA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to analyze survey data collected from Oahu residents. Results indicate residents recognize the benefits of tourism also come with costs to the environment. Policies can manage tourism so benefits outweigh costs, resulting in an enlightened destination that chooses what is economically and environmentally best for all stakeholders. These policies should be based on understanding how residents form their attitudes towards tourism on Oahu. The model presented in this research increases the understanding of how residents’ attitudes are formed.
FARMERS’ PERCEPTION OF SOIL FERTILITY PROBLEMS AND THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARDS INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT FOR COFFEE IN NORTHERN TANZANIA

A study was conducted in Hai and Lushoto districts, Northern Tanzania to establish the farmers’ perception of soil fertility problem and their attitudes towards integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) for coffee, thereby identifying the appropriate intervention strategies. The study was based on a structured questionnaire involving 126 respondents. Both farmers’ awareness of the problem and their attitude were highly significant (P<0.01). Age, household size, and adoption of improved coffee varieties affected farmers’ awareness significantly (P<0.05). As for farmers’ attitudes, six of the eight predictors were significant (P<0.05). Age, household size, adoption of new varieties and total farm income were highly significant (P<0.01). Age, total land under coffee and total off-farm income showed to negatively affect farmers’ attitude. As farmers get older, they tend to refrain from innovation. Larger farms are likely to exert more pressure on the available organic resources. With multiple farms, distant farms are likely to receive less attention. As regards off-farm income, multiple ventures compete for the farmers’ time, resources and attention. For the two districts, ISFM interventions will make a better impact to younger and more energetic farmers with enough land for commercial coffee production and who depend largely on this resource for their livelihood.
The impact of e‐mail marketing on brand loyalty

The study examines the effects of e‐mail marketing on brand loyalty and also reveals the kinds of e‐mail content valued by consumers. Data were gathered from 890 consumers, who were users of a multinational cosmetics brand and had received regular permission‐based e‐mail messages from the marketer. Results reveal that regular e‐mail marketing has positive effects on brand loyalty. E‐mail‐activated consumers visited retail stores. Consumers exposed to e‐mail marketing recommended the brand to their friends. Loyal customers appreciated regular communication and various other information content from the brand more than mere offers. These results encourage marketers to keep in frequent contact with customers via e‐mail with the aim of enhancing brand loyalty.
Derivatives, risk and regulation: chaos or confidence?

There has been an extraordinary increase in the use of financial derivatives in the capital markets. Consequently derivative instruments can have a significant impact on financial institutions, individual investors and even national economies. This relatively recent change in the status of derivatives has led to calls for regulation. Fears that using derivatives to hedge against risk carries in itself a new risk was brought sharply into focus by the collapse of Barings Bank in 1995. The principal concerns of regulators about how legislation may meet those concerns are the subject of current debate between the finance industry and the regulators. Recommendations have been made and reviewed by some of the key players in the capital markets at national and global levels. There is a clear call for international harmonization and its recognition by both traders and regulators. There are calls also for a new international body to be set up to ensure that derivatives, while remaining an effective tool of risk management, carry a minimum risk to investors, institutions and national/global economies. Having reviewed derivatives and how they work, proceeds to examine regulation. Finds that calls for regulation through increased legislation are not universally welcome, whereas the regulators’ main concern is that the stability of international markets could be severely undermined without greater regulation. Considers the expanding role of banks and securities houses in the light of their sharp reactions to increases in interest rates and the effect their presence in the derivatives market may have on market volatility. Includes the reaction of some 30 dealers and users to the recommendations of the G‐30 report and looks at some key factors in overcoming potential market volatility.
Cardiovascular effects of estrogen and lipid-lowering therapies in postmenopausal women.

Despite impressions to the contrary, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among women in the United States, as it is among men.1 However, myocardial infarction and stroke are uncommon in women until their sixth decade and beyond. Clinicians have long suspected that the delay of a decade or more in cardiovascular disease expression in women relative to men is due to the protective effects of estrogen during a woman’s reproductive years. Women in the Nurses’ Health Study who underwent surgical menopause by bilateral oophorectomy without estrogen replacement had more than twice the risk of subsequent clinically apparent coronary heart disease as postoperative women who received estrogen therapy.2 In recent years, reports from population-based observational studies of favorable effects of estrogen therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality3 4 5 have led to enthusiasm for widespread use of estrogen by postmenopausal women for prevention of cardiovascular disease events. The guidelines for estrogen therapy issued by the American College of Physicians include the statement, “Women who have coronary heart disease or who are at increased risk for coronary heart disease are likely to benefit from hormone therapy. ”6 However, any potential cardiovascular benefit of estrogen, in addition to other benefits, such as preservation of bone mass, must be weighed against uterine cancer risks and possible breast cancer risks with prolonged use.7 8 Indeed, despite widespread publicity in recent years about heart disease in postmenopausal women and the apparent cardiovascular virtues of estrogen, many women consider their risk of heart disease lower than their risk of breast cancer and, importantly, fear the consequences of breast cancer more than the consequences of heart disease.9 Furthermore, estrogen therapy is associated with side effects in some women, including vaginal bleeding, and is generally not recommended for chronic use by women …
Applying Marketing Science to Service Quality in Accounting

Accounting firms operate in a competitive marketplace, consequently the quality imperatives and philosophies that currently apply to manufacturing are also relevant to service industries like professional accounting services. This begs the question of how quality should be defined and what pedagogy should be used for achieving the goal of continuous quality improvement. The service quality concepts are of particular relevance to management accounting due to its involvement in quality assurance in manufacturing. This paper looks at some of the research and methodologies developed by Marketing Science which takes a customer perceptive in defining and measuring service quality, and applies one such methodology, SERVPERF, to a firm in the Accounting and Management Consulting industry. In this study, data representing customer service quality (performance) perceptions and satisfaction with the services provided by the firm has been used to identify areas needing improvement. The study also identifies those areas in which the firm is effective in providing services. The results of this analysis appear to provide some support for conceptualising and measuring service quality as an attitude as suggested by Cronin and Taylor (1992).