Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Who Dares, Who Errs? Disentangling Cognitive and Motivational Roots of Age Differences in Decisions Under Risk

We separate for the first time the roles of cognitive and motivational factors in shaping age differences in decision making under risk. Younger and older adults completed gain, loss, and mixed-domain choice problems as well as measures of cognitive functioning and affect. The older adults’ decision quality was lower than the younger adults’ in the loss domain, and this age difference was attributable to the older adults’ lower cognitive abilities. In addition, the older adults chose the more risky option more often than the younger adults in the gain and mixed domains; this difference in risk aversion was attributable to less pronounced negative affect among the older adults. Computational modeling with a hierarchical Bayesian implementation of cumulative prospect theory revealed that the older adults had higher response noise and more optimistic decision weights for gains than did the younger adults. Moreover, the older adults showed no loss aversion, a finding that supports a positivity-focus (rather than a loss-prevention) view of motivational reorientation in older age.
Photographic Memory: The Effects of Volitional Photo Taking on Memory for Visual and Auditory Aspects of an Experience

How does volitional photo taking affect unaided memory for visual and auditory aspects of experiences? Across one field and three lab studies, we found that, even without revisiting any photos, participants who could freely take photographs during an experience recognized more of what they saw and less of what they heard, compared with those who could not take any photographs. Further, merely taking mental photos had similar effects on memory. These results provide support for the idea that photo taking induces a shift in attention toward visual aspects and away from auditory aspects of an experience. Additional findings were in line with this mechanism: Participants with a camera had better recognition of aspects of the scene that they photographed than of aspects they did not photograph. Furthermore, participants who used a camera during their experience recognized even nonphotographed aspects better than participants without a camera did. Meta-analyses including all reported studies support these findings.
The Value of Sharing Information: A Neural Account of Information Transmission

Humans routinely share information with one another. What drives this behavior? We used neuroimaging to test an account of information selection and sharing that emphasizes inherent reward in self-reflection and connecting with other people. Participants underwent functional MRI while they considered personally reading and sharing New York Times articles. Activity in neural regions involved in positive valuation, self-related processing, and taking the perspective of others was significantly associated with decisions to select and share articles, and scaled with preferences to do so. Activity in all three sets of regions was greater when participants considered sharing articles with other people rather than selecting articles to read themselves. The findings suggest that people may consider value not only to themselves but also to others even when selecting news articles to consume personally. Further, sharing heightens activity in these pathways, in line with our proposal that humans derive value from self-reflection and connecting to others via sharing.
The reproducibility and sensitivity of visual evoked potential testing in rabbits

To examine the reproducibility and sensitivity of flash visual evoked potential (VEP) testing in rabbits, we recorded the VEPs elicited by light stimuli in conscious rabbits from an active electrode placed on the primary visual cortex. We analyzed flash VEPs of rab-bits by detecting the first negative peak, which was designated N 1.We evaluated the effects of dark adaptation time (from 5 to 30 min) on the latency and amplitude of N 1, and the coefficient of variation (CV) of these parameters. Then, the intensity of photopic stimulation was varied using a neutral density (ND) filter from the standard 0.6 J to its -1.8 log unit energy level at 0.3 log unit decrements. The N 1 latency and amplitude were measured at each recording. There was no significant change in VEP latency or amplitude when the dark adaptation time was varied from 5 to 30 min (n = 7, P > 0.05, ANOVA). The CV of the N1 latency was 0.4% and that of the N1 amplitude was 4.2% (n = 6). The N1 peak latency was prolonged and its amplitude decreased sig-nificantly with the decrease in the stimulus intensity; the changes in latency and amplitude relative to the standard were significant (n =11, p < 0.001, ANOVA) and were strongly correlated with the reduction in the stimulus intensity (r = 0.90 and -0.80, respectively, Pearson's test). Also, the latencies and amplitudes were significantly different between all adjacent 0.3 and 0.6 log unit pairs of stimulus intensity, respectively. These results indicated that rabbit VEPs showed good reproducibility and a high sensitivity to light difference intensities, and that they may be useful not only to evaluate functional damage, but also to investi-gate the neuroprotective effect of drugs or cytokines.
Initiation and Maintenance of Physical Exercise: Stage-Specific Effects of a Planning Intervention

Achieving a recommended level of physical exercise is a difficult self-regulatory task for many patients in rehabilitation. Psychological interventions are designed to improve initiation and maintenance of exercise. A challenging research question is whether such interventions can be tailored to the special needs of patients at different stages of behavioral change. In particular, this article investigates whether action planning is beneficial for those patients who have the intention to exercise but do not perform physical activities at the recommended level. In a longitudinal (4 waves) study with 560 rehabilitation patients, a planning intervention was evaluated. Action plans and exercise behaviors were higher in the experimental planning group than in the no-treatment control group. Patients with the intention to exercise but who have been inactive benefited more from the planning intervention than patients without the intention to act or patients who had been active before. The results suggest that matching treatments to people in a particular stage is a promising procedure. Moreover, if patients formed intentions and action plans, they were more likely to adhere to the recommended level of exercise.
Global Increases in Individualism

Individualism appears to have increased over the past several decades, yet most research documenting this shift has been limited to the study of a handful of highly developed countries. Is the world becoming more individualist as a whole? If so, why? To answer these questions, we examined 51 years of data on individualist practices and values across 78 countries. Our findings suggest that individualism is indeed rising in most of the societies we tested. Despite dramatic shifts toward greater individualism around the world, however, cultural differences remain sizable. Moreover, cultural differences are primarily linked to changes in socioeconomic development, and to a lesser extent to shifts in pathogen prevalence and disaster frequency.
Automatic Associations Between One’s Partner and One’s Affect as the Proximal Mechanism of Change in Relationship Satisfaction: Evidence From Evaluative Conditioning

The current study examined whether directly altering affective associations involving a relationship partner through evaluative conditioning can lead to changes in relationship satisfaction. Married couples (N = 144) were asked to view a brief stream of images once every 3 days for 6 weeks. Embedded in this stream were pictures of the partner, which, according to random assignment of couples to experimental group, were paired with either positive or neutral stimuli. Couples also completed measures of automatic partner attitudes and explicit marital satisfaction at baseline and once every 2 weeks for 8 weeks. Spouses who viewed their partners paired with positive stimuli demonstrated more-positive automatic partner attitudes than did control spouses, and these attitudes predicted increased self-reported marital satisfaction over time. These results provide novel evidence for a mechanism of change in relationship satisfaction, represent a step toward documenting how strong attitudes can evolve through passive exposure to information, and suggest novel avenues for relationship interventions.
Two Equals One: Two Human Actions During Social Interaction Are Grouped as One Unit in Working Memory

Every day, people perceive other people performing interactive actions. Retaining these actions of human agents in working memory (WM) plays a pivotal role in a normal social life. However, whether the semantic knowledge embedded in the interactive actions has a pervasive impact on the storage of the actions in WM remains unknown. In the current study, we investigated two opposing hypotheses: (a) that WM stores the interactions individually (the individual-storage hypothesis) and (b) that WM stores the interactions as chunks (the chunk-storage hypothesis). We required participants to memorize a set of individual actions while ignoring the underlying social interactions. We found that although the social-interaction aspect was task irrelevant, the interactive actions were stored in WM as chunks that were not affected by memory load (Experiments 1 and 2); however, inverting the human actions vertically abolished this chunking effect (Experiment 3). These results suggest that WM automatically and efficiently used semantic knowledge about interactive actions to store them and support the chunk-storage hypothesis.
Persuasion, Emotion, and Language: The Intent to Persuade Transforms Language via Emotionality

Persuasion is a foundational topic within psychology, in which researchers have long investigated effective versus ineffective means to change other people’s minds. Yet little is known about how individuals’ communications are shaped by the intent to persuade others. This research examined the possibility that people possess a learned association between emotion and persuasion that spontaneously shifts their language toward more emotional appeals, even when such appeals may be suboptimal. We used a novel quantitative linguistic approach in conjunction with controlled laboratory experiments and real-world data. This work revealed that the intent to persuade other people spontaneously increases the emotionality of individuals’ appeals via the words they use. Furthermore, in a preregistered experiment, the association between emotion and persuasion appeared sufficiently strong that people persisted in the use of more emotional appeals even when such appeals might backfire. Finally, direct evidence was provided for an association in memory between persuasion and emotionality.
Prosody and Function Words Cue the Acquisition of Word Meanings in 18-Month-Old Infants

Language acquisition presents a formidable task for infants, for whom word learning is a crucial yet challenging step. Syntax (the rules for combining words into sentences) has been robustly shown to be a cue to word meaning. But how can infants access syntactic information when they are still acquiring the meanings of words? We investigated the contribution of two cues that may help infants break into the syntax and give a boost to their lexical acquisition: phrasal prosody (speech melody) and function words, both of which are accessible early in life and correlate with syntactic structure in the world’s languages. We show that 18-month-old infants use prosody and function words to recover sentences’ syntactic structure, which in turn constrains the possible meanings of novel words: Participants (N = 48 in each of two experiments) interpreted a novel word as referring to either an object or an action, given its position within the prosodic-syntactic structure of sentences.
Fatores associados ao aleitamento materno exclusivo: o papel do cuidado na atenção básica

The aim of this study was to assess the association between promotion, protection, and support for breastfeeding in primary health care services and prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a representative sample of 1,029 mothers of infants younger than six months treated at primary health care facilities in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in southeastern Brazil. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated by Poisson regression. Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 58.1%. Factors associated with increased prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding were: white skin color (PR = 1.20; 95%CI: 1.05-1.36); schooling (PR = 1.19; 95%CI: 1.05-1.35); marital status (married or in common-law marriage) (PR = 1.72; 95%IC:1.02-2.90); previous breastfeeding (PR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.08-1,49); exclusive breastfeeding at the time of hospital discharge (PR = 2.01; 95%CI: 1.20-3.36); group support for the mother (PR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.01-1.28); and orientation on breastfeeding (PR = 1.20; 95%CI: 1.08-1.33). Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding decreased 17% per month in the infant's life. Support groups and orientation by primary health care for breastfeeding were associated with increased exclusive breastfeeding prevalence.
Physics. Century-long debate over momentum of light resolved?

What is the formula for the momentum of light zipping through a transparent material? Physicists have been debating the matter ever since two different formulas were proposed more than 100 years ago. Now a theorist at the University of Strathclyde says he has resolved the famed "Abraham-Minkowski dilemma. " Both formulas are correct, he says, but they denote different things and apply in different contexts.
Recommendations for follow-up care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to Cancer. II. BRCA1 and BRCA2

Objective. —To provide recommendations for cancer surveillance and risk reduction for individuals carrying mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Participants. —A task force with expertise in medical genetics, oncology, primary care, gastroenterology, and epidemiology convened by the Cancer Genetics Studies Consortium (CGSC), organized by National Human Genome Research Institute (previously the National Center for Human Genome Research). Evidence. —Studies evaluating cancer risk, surveillance, and risk reduction in individuals genetically susceptible to breast and ovarian cancer were identified using MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine) and from bibliographies of articles thus identified. Indexing terms used were "genetics" in combination with "breast cancer," "ovarian cancer," and "screening," or "surveillance" in combination with "cancer family" and " BRCA1 " and " BRCA2 . " For studies evaluating specific interventions, quality of evidence was assessed using criteria of the US Preventive Services Task Force. Consensus Process. —The task force developed recommendations through discussions over a 14-month period. Conclusions. —Efficacy of cancer surveillance or other measures to reduce risk in individuals who carry cancer-predisposing mutations is unknown. Based on expert opinion concerning presumptive benefit, early breast cancer and ovarian cancer screening are recommended for individuals with BRCA1 mutations and early breast cancer screening for those with BRCA2 mutations. No recommendation is made for or against prophylactic surgery (eg, mastectomy, oophorectomy); these surgeries are an option for mutation carriers, but evidence of benefit is lacking, and case reports have documented the occurrence of cancer following prophylactic surgery. It is recommended that individuals considering genetic testing be counseled regarding the unknown efficacy of measures to reduce risk and that care for individuals with cancer-predisposing mutations be provided whenever possible within the context of research protocols designed to evaluate clinical outcomes.
17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 16-19 February, San Francisco, CA. The ins and outs of HIV.

Presentations at the 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections challenged the most basic notions of how HIV enters and exits cells. New work indicates that endocytosis may be a more important entry route than direct fusion. The work doesn9t rule out the possibility that some virus enters by direct fusion, but in another experiment, HIV readily fused with the endosomes and initiated an infection, while the process of direct fusion aborted before the virus could unload its genetic cargo into the cell. In all, these data suggest that the overwhelming majority of viruses are entering through endocytic pathways.
Discretization behaviors of equivalent control based sliding-mode control systems

In this note, discretization behaviors of the equivalent control based sliding-mode control (SMC) systems are studied. Some inherent dynamical properties of the discretized second-order systems are first explored. Upper bounds for the system steady states are established. The system's steady-state behaviors are discussed. The analysis for the second-order systems is then extended to higher order systems. Simulations are presented to verify the theoretical results.
Henderson and Meyer in correspondence: a transatlantic history of dynamic psychiatry, 1908–29

Charting a transatlantic movement of so-called ‘dynamic psychiatry’ during the early twentieth century, this paper reads against the grain of established historiographies. Comparing biographical and autobiographical sources with contemporary correspondence, a history is told which considers the evolution of psychiatric knowledge and clinical practices ‘from below’. Revealing a period and place when a ‘dynamic’ counter-culture challenged the established materialist views of Scottish psychiatry, the longevity of this challenge is considered in the concluding paragraphs.
The potential structure of sample paths and performance sensitivities of Markov systems

We study the structure of sample paths of Markov systems by using performance potentials as the fundamental units. With a sample path-based approach, we show that performance sensitivity formulas (performance gradients and performance differences) of Markov systems can be constructed intuitively, by first principles, with performance potentials (or equivalently, perturbation realization factors) as building blocks. In particular, we derive sensitivity formulas for two Markov chains with possibly different state spaces. The proposed approach can be used to obtain flexibly the sensitivity formulas for a wide range of problems, including those with partial information. These formulas are the basis for performance optimization of discrete event dynamic systems, including perturbation analysis, Markov decision processes, and reinforcement learning. The approach thus provides insight on on-line learning and performance optimization and opens up new research directions. Sample path based algorithms can be developed.
Systems with counterclockwise input-output dynamics

A new input-output property is proposed, suitable for the study of positive feedback interconnections both in a linear and nonlinear set-up. Convergence results and small-gain theorems are proved as well as criteria for the application of the property to the study of multistability. Lyapunov-like conditions and dissipation inequalities for its detection are also provided.
Delay-Independent Stability Conditions for Time-Varying Nonlinear Uncertain Systems

A new stability criterion for time-varying systems consisting of linear and norm bounded nonlinear terms with uncertain time-varying delays is formulated. An explicit delay-independent sufficient stability condition is formulated in the terms of the transition matrix of the given linear part without delay and the bounds for the uncertain terms. The obtained condition turns out to be also necessary if the matrix of the linear part is time-invariant and symmetric; it is shown that these systems satisfy the well-known Aizerman's conjecture. The obtained criterion is contrasted by some of stability estimates available in the literature for these kinds of systems; in all cases the proposed criterion provides less conservative stability bounds
A Comparison and Evaluation of Multi-View Stereo Reconstruction Algorithms

This paper presents a quantitative comparison of several multi-view stereo reconstruction algorithms. Until now, the lack of suitable calibrated multi-view image datasets with known ground truth (3D shape models) has prevented such direct comparisons. In this paper, we first survey multi-view stereo algorithms and compare them qualitatively using a taxonomy that differentiates their key properties. We then describe our process for acquiring and calibrating multiview image datasets with high-accuracy ground truth and introduce our evaluation methodology. Finally, we present the results of our quantitative comparison of state-of-the-art multi-view stereo reconstruction algorithms on six benchmark datasets. The datasets, evaluation details, and instructions for submitting new models are available online at http://vision.middlebury. edu/mview.
Finite differences in homogeneous discontinuous control

Finite differences can be used for the estimation of arbitrary-order real-time derivatives producing an output-feedback controller from any finite-time-stable r-sliding homogeneous controller. The resulting controller is capable to control the output of any smooth uncertain SISO system of a known permanent relative degree r and is robust with respect to measurement errors. Variable sampling step feedback being applied, the controller preserves the utmost r-sliding accuracy corresponding to the minimal possible sampling step in the absence of noises, otherwise the tracking accuracy is proportional to the unknown magnitude of the noise.
Robust Fragments-based Tracking using the Integral Histogram

We present a novel algorithm (which we call "Frag- Track") for tracking an object in a video sequence. The template object is represented by multiple image fragments or patches. The patches are arbitrary and are not based on an object model (in contrast with traditional use of modelbased parts e.g. limbs and torso in human tracking). Every patch votes on the possible positions and scales of the object in the current frame, by comparing its histogram with the corresponding image patch histogram. We then minimize a robust statistic in order to combine the vote maps of the multiple patches. A key tool enabling the application of our algorithm to tracking is the integral histogram data structure [18]. Its use allows to extract histograms of multiple rectangular regions in the image in a very efficient manner. Our algorithm overcomes several difficulties which cannot be handled by traditional histogram-based algorithms [8, 6]. First, by robustly combining multiple patch votes, we are able to handle partial occlusions or pose change. Second, the geometric relations between the template patches allow us to take into account the spatial distribution of the pixel intensities - information which is lost in traditional histogram-based algorithms. Third, as noted by [18], tracking large targets has the same computational cost as tracking small targets. We present extensive experimental results on challenging sequences, which demonstrate the robust tracking achieved by our algorithm (even with the use of only gray-scale (noncolor) information).