Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intracranial pressure monitoring in meningitis: thinking beyond traumatic brain injury.

Jenson HB, et al (Eds). Philadelphia, PA, Saunders, 2007 9. Gitelman SE: Diabetes mellitus. In: Rudolph’s Pediatrics. 21st Edition. Rudolph CD, Rudolph AM (Eds). New York, NY, McGraw-Hill, 2003 10. Sperling MA, Weinzimer SA, Tamborlane WV: Diabetes mellitus. In: Pediatric Endocrinology. Third Edition. Sperling MA (Ed). Philadelphia, PA, Saunders, 2008 11. Rosenbloom AL: Hyperglycemic comas in children. In: Pediatric Endocrinology. Fifth Edition. Lifshitz F (Ed). New York, NY, Informa Healthcare, 2007 12. Vavilala MS, Marro KI, Richards TL, et al: Change in mean transit time, apparent diffusion coefficient, and cerebral blood volume during pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis treatment. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011; 12:e344–e349 13. Glaser NS, Wootton-Gorges SL, Marcin JP, et al: Mechanism of cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. J Pediatr 2004; 145:164–171 14. Figueroa RE, Hoffman WH, Momin Z, et al: Study of subclinical cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis by magnetic resonance imaging T2 relaxometry and apparent diffusion coefficient maps. Endocrinol Res 2005; 31: 345–355 15. Hoffman WH, Pluta RM, Fisher AQ, et al: Transcranial Doppler ultrasound assessment of intracranial hemodynamics in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. J Clin Ultrasound 1995; 23:517–523 16. Salem MA, Matta LF, Tantawy AA, et al: Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) study of regional cerebral blood flow in normoalbuminuric children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2002; 3:155–162 17. Roberts JS, Vavilala MS, Schenkman KA, et al: Cerebral hyperemia and impaired cerebral autoregulation associated with diabetic ketoacidosis in critically ill children. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:2217–2223
Effect of glutathione depletion and oral N‐acetyl‐cysteine treatment on CD4+ and CD8+ cells

HIV‐infected individuals and SIV‐infected rhesus macaques have, on the average, decreased plasma cysteine and cystine concentrations and decreased intracellular glutathione levels. We show that the cysteine supply and the intracellular glutathione levels have a strong influence on the T cell system, A study of healthy human subjects revealed that persons with intracellular glutathione levels of 20‐30 nmol/mg protein had significantly higher numbers of CD4+ T cells than persons with either lower or higher glutathione levels. Persons who moved during a 4‐weck observation period from the optimal to the suboptimal range (10‐20 nmol/mg) experienced, on the average, a 30% decrease in CD4+ T cell numbers. This decrease was prevented by treatment with N‐acetyl‐cysteine (NAC). NAC caused this relative increase of CD4+ T cell numbers in spite of decreasing glutathione levels and not by increasing the glutathione level. Our studies suggest that the immune system may be exquisitely sensitive not only against a cysteine and glutathione deficiency but also against an excess of cysteine. —Kinscherf, R. , Fischbach, T. , Mihm, S. , Roth, S. , Hohenhaus‐Sievert, E. , Weiss, C. , Edler, L. , Bärtsch, P., Dröge, W. Effect of glutathione depletion and oral N‐acetyl‐cysteine treatment on CD4+ and CD8+ cells. FASEB J. 8: 448‐451; 1994.
Construction of derivatives of the F plasmid pOX–tra715: characterization of traY and traD mutants that can be complemented in trans

A derivative of the F plasmid, pOX38–tra715, expresses the entire F tra operon from a foreign promoter (PT7) derived from phage T7. A series of plasmids related to pOX38–tra715 were constructed which carry either deletion mutations or point mutations in traY. When the PT7 promoter was induced, these plasmids expressed the F pilus but were transfer deficient unless TraY was supplied in trans from compatible plasmids. Insertion of a kanamycin‐resistance cassette in the traY gene of the pOX38 plasmid, which contains the wild‐type PY promoter, resulted in loss of F piliation and transfer ability. Introduction of TraY in trans partially restored piliation and transfer suggesting that TraY has a role in positively regulating the PY promoter. pOX38–tra719–traD411, which contains a chloramphenicol‐resistance cassette in place of the kanamycin‐resistance cassette in pOX38–tra715 and a mutation in traD, was constructed to demonstrate the utility of this series of plasmids in studying the long (30 kb) F tra operon.
Creatine supplementation augments the increase in satellite cell and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training

The present study investigated the influence of creatine and protein supplementation on satellite cell frequency and number of myonuclei in human skeletal muscle during 16 weeks of heavy‐resistance training. In a double‐blinded design 32 healthy, male subjects (19–26 years) were assigned to strength training (STR) while receiving a timed intake of creatine (STR‐CRE) (n= 9), protein (STR‐PRO) (n= 8) or placebo (STR‐CON) (n= 8), or serving as a non‐training control group (CON) (n= 7). Supplementation was given daily (STR‐CRE: 6–24 g creatine monohydrate, STR‐PRO: 20 g protein, STR‐CON: placebo). Furthermore, timed protein/placebo intake were administered at all training sessions. Muscle biopsies were obtained at week 0, 4, 8 (week 8 not CON) and 16 of resistance training (3 days per week). Satellite cells were identified by immunohistochemistry. Muscle mean fibre (MFA) area was determined after histochemical analysis. All training regimes were found to increase the proportion of satellite cells, but significantly greater enhancements were observed with creatine supplementation at week 4 (compared to STR‐CON) and at week 8 (compared to STR‐PRO and STR‐CON) (P < 0.01–0.05). At week 16, satellite cell number was no longer elevated in STR‐CRE, while it remained elevated in STR‐PRO and STR‐CON. Furthermore, creatine supplementation resulted in an increased number of myonuclei per fibre and increases of 14–17% in MFA at week 4, 8 and 16 (P < 0.01). In contrast, STR‐PRO showed increase in MFA only in the later (16 week, +8%) and STR‐CON only in the early (week 4, +14%) phases of training, respectively (P < 0.05). In STR‐CRE a positive relationship was found between the percentage increases in MFA and myonuclei from baseline to week 16, respectively (r= 0.67, P < 0.05). No changes were observed in the control group (CON). In conclusion, the present study demonstrates for the first time that creatine supplementation in combination with strength training amplifies the training‐induced increase in satellite cell number and myonuclei concentration in human skeletal muscle fibres, thereby allowing an enhanced muscle fibre growth in response to strength training.
Altered metabolic and neurochemical responses to chronic unpredictable stressors in ghrelin receptor‐deficient mice

Ghrelin, a hormone produced by the stomach, is generally associated with feeding responses and the regulation of food intake. Recent evidence, however, suggests that ghrelin is also a stress hormone, given that it is released following acute and chronic stressors. The present study examined the role of ghrelin in producing normal metabolic and neurochemical responses to chronic stress. This was achieved by examining these responses in mice with targeted deletions of the ghrelin receptor gene (GHSR KO mice), and comparing them with the same responses in their wild‐type (WT) littermates. As expected, WT stressed mice decreased their caloric intake, body weight gain and caloric efficiency while maintaining adiposity. GHSR KO mice, however, did not show these alterations despite having normal glucocorticoid responses to stress. In parallel with these changes, chronic unpredictable stress caused changes in norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in a number of brain regions. Of these, norepinephrine neurotransmission in the arcuate nucleus and prefrontal cortex was differentially altered in GHSR KO mice. Within the nucleus acumbens, dopamine utilization was increased in WT mice but not in GHSR KO mice. Finally, there were strain differences in serotonin neurotransmission that may explain interstrain body weight and adiposity differences. These results suggest that the metabolic changes necessary to deal with the energetic challenge presented by repeated exposure to stressors do not occur in GHSR KO mice, and they are discussed within the context of the potential vulnerability to stress‐induced pathology.
Noise figure measurements on nonlinear devices

A study of the effect of a cubic nonlinearity on the Y-factor method for measuring noise figures is performed. By hypothesis, this technique does not take nonlinearities into account. It is shown that the presence of the nonlinearity largely influences the measured noise figure value. An alternative single tone noise figure measurement setup is proposed to correct the problem.
Reconstitution of the cellular immune response by lactoferrin in cyclophosphamide-treated mice is correlated with renewal of T cell compartment.

Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent used to treat both malignant and non-malignant immune-mediated inflammatory disorders in humans. It is also known as a potent immunosuppressive drug in humans and experimental animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral administration of lactoferrin (LF) on cellular responses and reconstruction of the lymphocyte pool in mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CP). Twelve week-old CBA mice were given a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of CP (400 mg/kg body weight), then were treated per os with seven doses of LF (1 mg/dose) on alternate days. We demonstrated that the magnitude of delayed type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin, strongly diminished by CP action, was reconstituted by LF. Oral LF treatment also resulted in partial recovery of Concanavalin A-induced splenocyte proliferation. Blood profile analysis revealed elevation of leukocytosis by LF in CP-treated mice (from 64.9 to 84.76% of the control value). LF also caused substantial restoration of the percentage of the lymphocyte population in circulating blood (from 43.4 to 60.2% of the control values). LF alone had no effect on the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in normal mice, however, the total number of leukocytes decreased by 23.25%. Furthermore, we showed that LF increased the cellularity of spleens isolated from CP-treated mice (from 53.2 to 78.8%) and the content of peritoneal and alveolar macrophages (elevations from 50.6 to 67.3% and from 65.2 to 83.6%, respectively). Lastly, using panning technique, we demonstrated that LF strongly elevated the pool of CD3+ T cells in normal and CP-immunocompromised mice and CD4+ T cell content. In conclusion, we showed for the first time that lactoferrin, given orally to CP-immunosuppressed mice, could reconstitute a T-cell mediated immune response by renewal of the T cell pool.
Effects of diet and/or low-intensity resistance exercise training on arterial stiffness, adiposity, and lean mass in obese postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND Obesity and aging are associated with increased arterial stiffness as indicated by an increased pulse-wave velocity (PWV). We evaluated the independent and combined effects on PWV and body composition of a hypocaloric diet and low-intensity resistance exercise training (LIRET) with slow movement. METHODS Forty-one postmenopausal women (mean age, 54±6 years; body mass index (BMI), 33.8±0.5kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned to LIRET (n = 14), diet (n = 13), or diet + LIRET (n = 14) for 12 weeks. The women's PWV, mean arterial pressure (MAP), body composition by dual-en ergy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and plasma adipokine and insulin levels were measured before and after the interventions. RESULTS Body weight (P = 0.0001), trunk-fat mass (FM, P = 0.0001), and the serum concentration of leptin (P = 0.02 and P = 0.004) decreased similarly with diet and diet + LIRET, but not with LIRET alone. Leg lean mass (LM) decreased (P = 0.02) with diet, but did not change with diet + LIRET or with LIRET alone. Leg muscle strength increased similarly with LIRET (P = 0.001) and diet + LIRET (P = 0.0001), but did not change with diet alone. Brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) decreased with diet (P = 0.04) and diet + LIRET (P = 0.01), whereas femoral-ankle PWV (legPWV) decreased only with diet (P = 0.01). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased after LIRET (P = 0.03), diet (P = 0.04), and diet + LIRET (P = 0.004). Carotid-femoral PWV, serum adiponectin concentration, and insulin were not significantly affected by the interventions examined in the study. The reductions in baPWV and legPWV were correlated with one another (r = 0.73, P = 0.0001), and the reductions in legPWV and trunk FM were also correlated with one another (r = 0.36, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS A hypocaloric diet decreases baPWV mainly by reducing legPWV, and this reduction is related to the loss of truncal fat. Although LIRET alone does not affect PWV or body composition, LIRET combined with diet improves baPWV and muscle strength while preventing loss of lean body mass in obese postmenopausal women.
Structured what if analysis in DSS models

A formal approach to conducting hypothetical-situation analysis in decision-support-system models is presented. The formal approach is intended to minimize human weaknesses relating to information search strategies and use of firming evidence. A decision analytic model incorporating notions from experimental design is presented. A computer-assisted process is described, and research implications are considered. <<ETX>>
Stochastic Inventory Routing: Route Design with Stockouts and Route Failures

The stochastic inventory routing problem involves the distribution of a commodity such as heating oil over a long period of time to a large set of customers. The customers maintain a local inventory of the commodity which they consume at a daily rate. Their consumption varies daily and seasonally and their exact demand is known only upon the arrival of the delivery vehicle. This paper presentes a detailed analysis of this problem incorporating the stochastic nature of customers' consumptions and the possibility of route failures when the actual demand on a route exceeds the capacity of a vehicle. A number of solution procedures are compared on a large set of real life data for a period of 12 consecutive weeks. The winning strategy, though computationally more expensive, provides the best system performance and reduces (almost eliminates) the stockout phenomena.
Extraction-photometric determination of cobalt (II) with o-Hydroxythiophenol derivatives and hydrophobic amines

Mixed-ligand complexes of Cobalt (II) with o-hydroxythiophenol derivatives (HTPD) {2-hydroxythiophenol (HTP) (DTP) and its derivatives (2-hydroxy-5-chlorothiophenol (HCTP), 4-hydroxy-3thiolsulfonic acid (HTSA), 4-hydroxy-3-thiolbenzoic acid (HTBA), 4-Nitro-2-hydroxythiophenol (HNTP)} in the presence of hydrophobic amines (Am) have been studied by spectrophotometry. Extraction of mixed ligand complexes is maximal at pH 1, 9-5, 1. The optimal conditions for the formation and extraction of mixed-ligand compounds have been found and the ratios of components in the complexes have been determined. The Beer’s law was applicable in the range of 0.05-3,2μg/ml. The effect of foreign ions and reagents on the extraction was studied. The method is free from common interferences. A procedure has been developed for extraction – spectrophotometric determination Cobalt in different objects.
Gene Therapy for Primary Immunodeficiencies

Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are caused by mutations in genes involved in the normal development or activity of the immune system [1, 2]. PIDs include Band T-cell defects, phagocytic disorders, and complement deficiencies with the common feature of frequent lifethreatening infections. The phenotypes vary from asymptomatic (IgA deficiency) to severe PIDs (such as Severe combined immunodeficiencies). Treatment of patients with severe PIDs relies in intravenous injection of immunoglobulins, bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and antibiotics. Identical and haploidentical BMT are the only curative treatment, however, the lack of a HLA-matched donor in over 70% of the patients make necessary the development of new therapeutic strategies [3, 4]. Gene therapy (GT) could be the best alternative for the treatment of patients with severe PID that lack a HLA-matched donor [5]. The aim of GT strategies is the stable correction of the mutated gene on the patient’s own haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Transition Density Estimates for Diffusion Processes on Post Critically Finite Self‐Similar Fractals

The framework of post critically finite (p.c.f) self‐similar fractals was introduced to capture the idea of a finitely ramified fractal, that is, a connected fractal set where any component can be disconnected by the removal of a finite number of points. These ramification points provide a sequence of graphs which approximate the fractal and allow a Laplace operator to be constructed as a suitable limit of discrete graph Laplacians. In this paper we obtain estimates on the heat kernel associated with the Laplacian on the fractal which are best possible up to constants. These are short time estimates for the Laplacian with respect to a natural measure and expressed in terms of an effective resistance metric. Previous results on fractals with spatial symmetry have obtained heat kernel estimates of a non‐Gaussian form but which are of Aronson type. By considering a range of examples which are not spatially symmetric, we show that uniform Aronson type estimates do not hold in general on fractals. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: 60J60, 60J25, 28A80, 31C25.
The guinea‐pig ileum preparation as a model for 5‐HT1A receptors: anomalous effects with RS‐30199–193

1 Agents that have high and selective affinity for the 5‐HT1A site such as 8‐hydroxy‐2‐(di‐n‐propylamino)tetralin (8‐OH‐DPAT) and N,N‐dipropyl‐5‐carboxamidotryptamine (DP5CT) inhibited the responses to field stimulation in guinea‐pig ileum preparations; the inhibitory effects were antagonized by methiothepin and spiperone, consistent with effects at the 5‐HT1A site. 2 The inhibitory effects of DP5CT were pronounced in Tyrode solution containing low Ca2+(0.9 mm), but were much less apparent in Tyrode solution containing 1.8 or 5.4 mm Ca2+. 3 Responses to DP5CT were abolished by pretreatment with phorbol dibutyrate (3 μm), whereas the responses to UK14304 were only slightly inhibited. 4 Buspirone and ipsapirone (1 μm) inhibited the responses to field stimulation, and the effects were resistant to idazoxan, but inhibited by 8‐OH‐DPAT or spiperone. 5 RS‐30199–193 (5‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐1,2,3,4,8,9,10,10a‐octahydronaphth‐[1,8‐cd]‐azepine hydrochloride) an azepine with high affinity for the 5‐HT1A site in rat cerebral cortex in binding experiments, augmented contractions, but did not antagonize the responses to DP5CT or to 8‐OH‐DPAT. 6 The hybrid compound of RS‐30199–193 with buspirone, RS‐64459–193 (5‐chloro‐2‐[4‐(8‐azaspiro[4,5] decane‐7,9‐dione)‐but‐1‐yl]‐1,2,3,4,8,9,10,10a‐octahydronaphth[1,8‐cd]‐3‐azepine hydrochloride) maintained high affinity for the 5‐HT1A binding site in rat brain and both inhibited the response to field stimulation and antagonized the responses to 8‐OH‐DPAT and DP5CT. Thus the buspirone side chain when added to RS‐30199–193 appears either to induce affinity for a distinct subset of receptors in the guinea‐pig ileum or is required for functional effectiveness at the 5‐HT1A receptor.
Replication of picornaviruses. I. Evidence from in vitro RNA synthesis that poly(A) of the poliovirus genome is genetically coded

A crude replication complex has been isolated from poliovirus-infected HeLa cells and used for synthesis of poliovirus replicative intermediate (RI) RNA, replicative form (RF) RNA, and single-stranded (SS) RNA in vitro. All three classes of virus-specific RNA synthesized in vitro are shown to contain poly(A). Poly(A) of RF and of SS RNA [RF-poly(A) and SS-poly(A)] has a chain length (50 to 70 nucleotides) that is shorter than that of poly(A) of in vivo-synthesized RNAs. Poly(A) of RI [RI-poly(A),] however, is at least 200 nucleotides long and, therefore, larger than poly(A) of RI isolated from HeLa cells 4 h after infection. The crude membrane-bound replication complex contains a terminal adenylate transferase activity that is stimulated by Mn2+ and the addition of an (Ap)2AOH primer. This transferase activity is found also in extracts of mock-infected cells. Partial purificaiton of the replication complex in a stepwise sucrose gradient, in which the viral replicase is associated with the smooth cytoplasmic membrane fraction, does not remove the terminal transferase. However, when the partially purified replication complex is treated with deoxycholate and sedimented through a sucrose gradient, a soluble replication complex can be isolated that is free from terminal adenylate transferase. This soluble replication complex was found to synthesize viral RNA-linked poly(A) longer in chain length than that synthesized by the crude replication complex. Taking into account the 5'-terminal poly(U) in poliovirus minus strands, our data suggest that polyadenylation of poliovirus RNA occurs by transcription and not by end addition. When compared to other viral systems, poliovirus and, probably, all picornaviruses appear to be unique in that the poly(A) of their genome is genetically coded.
Approximation and Convergence Properties of Generative Adversarial Learning

Generative adversarial networks (GAN) approximate a target data distribution by jointly optimizing an objective function through a "two-player game" between a generator and a discriminator. Despite their empirical success, however, two very basic questions on how well they can approximate the target distribution remain unanswered. First, it is not known how restricting the discriminator family affects the approximation quality. Second, while a number of different objective functions have been proposed, we do not understand when convergence to the global minima of the objective function leads to convergence to the target distribution under various notions of distributional convergence. In this paper, we address these questions in a broad and unified setting by defining a notion of adversarial divergences that includes a number of recently proposed objective functions. We show that if the objective function is an adversarial divergence with some additional conditions, then using a restricted discriminator family has a moment-matching effect. Additionally, we show that for objective functions that are strict adversarial divergences, convergence in the objective function implies weak convergence, thus generalizing previous results.