Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The relationship between electrolyte balance and cochlear disturbances in cases of renal failure

DURING the period extending from 5 November 1964 to 28 May 1967, 114 cases with variable grades of renal failure were otologically examined. The renal insufficiency was under medical or dialytic control and the otological examination was carried out both before and after treatment. Out of these 114 cases, 71 were fully conscious and well orientated so that audiometric examination could be done properly. Clinical examination of the external and middle ear was done and revealed no abnormality. Cochlear affection was manifested as deafness; which in turn was always peripheral (end-organ) as evidenced by the audiometric examination and recruitment test. The results of audiometric study were classified into five main groups (22) according to the percentage of hearing loss as being calculated by the American Medical Association method (24). Out of the 71 renal failure cases examined audiometricaHy; 9 cases (12-7 per cent), showed no hearing loss (Group 0), 9 cases (i2-7percent) showed mild deafness (group I), 22 cases (30-9 per cent) showed moderate deafness (group II), 19 cases (26-8 per cent) showed severe deafness (group III) and 12 cases (16-9 per cent) showed very severe deafness (group IV). Biochemical examination of the blood including blood urea, serum sodium and potassium was done in all cases. The correlation between serum sodium level and the degree of hearing loss was estimated and statistically evaluated in different groups of blood urea levels in the form of scatter diagram (46) Fig. 1. The ninety-five percentile fiducial limits (19) (47) were calculated in each individual group. It was clearly seen that in the cases showing second, third and fourth degrees hearing loss both upper and lower fiducial limits lie opposite the range of hyponatraemia. Another analysis was done between the percentage hearing loss and the blood urea level, and was evaluated at different groups of serum sodium levels (Fig. 2). Similar correlative studies were made between the degree of hearing
The prevalence of known diabetes in eight European countries.

BACKGROUND The prevalence of diabetes has been proposed as a European Community Health Indicator. The prevalence of diabetes known to general practitioners (GPs) in different European countries has been investigated and the usefulness of sentinel practice networks in delivering prevalence data on diabetes has been evaluated. METHODS Patients presenting with diabetes in a 12 month period (1999/2000) to GPs in established European sentinel practice surveillance networks in eight European countries were registered. Estimates of prevalence were standardized to the 1998 European population. RESULTS All-age prevalence reported in the network populations was lowest in Slovenia (male 16, female 16 per 1000) and highest in Belgium (male 31, female 34). The range of estimates obtained in this study was narrower than that published by the WHO in the Health For All database. The range was further reduced by age standardization. In males aged 45 years and over, age standardized prevalence ranged from 39 (Slovenia) to 76 (Belgium) and in females from 37 (Slovenia) to 75 (Belgium). There were no consistent gender differences in national prevalence rates. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates the capacity of sentinel practice networks to deliver data on the prevalence of known diabetes in persons over 45 years. National differences in prevalence are less than hitherto reported. Prevalence in Belgium measured in all ages and in 45 years and over males and females was higher than in the seven other countries.
A Bonding Technique for Fixed Maxillary Retainers

Maintaining incisor alignment is an important goal of orthodontic retention and can only be guaranteed by placement of an intact, passive and permanent fixed retainer. Here we describe a reliable technique for bonding maxillary retainers and demonstrate all the steps necessary for both technician and clinician. The importance of increasing the surface roughness of the wire and teeth to be bonded, maintaining passivity of the retainer, especially during bonding, the use of a stiff wire and correct placement of the retainer are all discussed. Examples of adverse tooth movement from retainers with twisted and multistrand wires are shown.
Syndesmotic Instability in Weber B Ankle Fractures: A Clinical Evaluation

Objective: Syndesmotic instability may coexist with unstable Weber B supination-external rotation (SE) lateral malleolar fractures. Current recommendations suggest that Weber B injuries should not have associated syndesmotic instability after open reduction and internal fixation of the lateral malleolus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate syndesmotic stability with respect to the current recommendations for syndesmotic fixation in Weber B SE pattern lateral malleolar fractures. Design: Retrospective cohort, consecutive series. Setting: Academic Level I trauma center. Patients/Participants: Over a 7-year period, 238 skeletally mature patients with unstable SE pattern Weber B lateral malleolus fractures with deltoid ligament incompetence were evaluated. Intervention: After lateral malleolar fixation, syndesmotic stability was evaluated by an external rotation stress examination under direct vision and fluoroscopy. Main Outcome Measures: The incidence of syndesmotic instability as defined by previously reported criteria. Results: Syndesmotic instability was found in 93 of the 238 (39%) fractures after fixation. Instability was identified in the operating room in 92 of the 93 ankles. One case of instability was missed intraoperatively and diagnosed 2 weeks after surgery. All other patients were followed to union without displacement. Conclusions: We found syndesmotic instability to be common after anatomic and stable bony fixation in unstable Weber B SE pattern lateral malleolar fractures. Previously published criteria for syndesmotic instability based on cadaveric studies are not representative of the clinical situation. Syndesmotic instability in conjunction with unstable Weber B SE pattern lateral malleolar fractures must be sought out in the operating room with an intraoperative stress examination.
Yeast Genes That Enhance the Toxicity of a Mutant Huntingtin Fragment or α-Synuclein

Genome-wide screens were performed in yeast to identify genes that enhance the toxicity of a mutant huntingtin fragment or of α-synuclein. Of 4850 haploid mutants containing deletions of nonessential genes, 52 were identified that were sensitive to a mutant huntingtin fragment, 86 that were sensitive to α-synuclein, and only one mutant that was sensitive to both. Genes that enhanced toxicity of the mutant huntingtin fragment clustered in the functionally related cellular processes of response to stress, protein folding, and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism, whereas genes that modified α-synuclein toxicity clustered in the processes of lipid metabolism and vesicle-mediated transport. Genes with human orthologs were overrepresented in our screens, suggesting that we may have discovered conserved and nonoverlapping sets of cell-autonomous genes and pathways that are relevant to Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Tumor PDCD1LG2 (PD-L2) Expression and the Lymphocytic Reaction to Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal tumor PDCD1LG2 (PD-L2) expression was inversely associated with Crohn's-like lymphoid reactions, which are a key adaptive antitumor response in colorectal carcinogenesis. This population data can inform the development of immunotherapy strategies targeting immune checkpoint mechanisms. Expression of the immune checkpoint ligand CD274 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, PD-L1, from gene CD274) contributes to suppression of antitumor T cell–mediated immune response in various tumor types. However, the role of PDCD1LG2 (PD-L2, CD273, from gene PDCD1LG2) in the tumor microenvironment remains unclear. We hypothesized that tumor PDCD1LG2 expression might be inversely associated with lymphocytic reactions to colorectal cancer. We examined tumor PDCD1LG2 expression by IHC in 823 colon and rectal carcinoma cases within two U.S.-nationwide cohort studies and categorized tumors into quartiles according to the percentage of PDCD1LG2–expressing carcinoma cells. We conducted multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis to assess the associations of tumor PDCD1LG2 expression with Crohn-like lymphoid reaction, peritumoral lymphocytic reaction, intratumoral periglandular reaction, or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, controlling for potential confounders, including microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, long-interspersed nucleotide element-1 methylation, and KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations. Tumor PDCD1LG2 expression was inversely associated with Crohn-like lymphoid reaction (Ptrend = 0.0003). For a unit increase in the three-tiered ordinal categories of Crohn-like lymphoid reaction, a multivariable OR in the highest (vs. lowest) quartile of the percentage of PDCD1LG2–expressing tumor cells was 0.38 (95% confidence interval, 0.22–0.67). Tumor PDCD1LG2 expression was not associated with peritumoral lymphocytic reaction, intratumoral periglandular reaction, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, or patient survival (Ptrend > 0.13). Thus, tumor PDCD1LG2 expression is inversely associated with Crohn-like lymphoid reaction to colorectal cancer, suggesting a possible role of PDCD1LG2-expressing tumor cells in inhibiting the development of tertiary lymphoid tissues during colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(11); 1046–55. ©2017 AACR.
Adverse Selection in the Labor Market : Earnings and Exit of High Skilled Ethiopian Physicians

We exploit a unique institutional feature of the way Ethiopian physicians are allocated to jobs, that provides rare evidence of adverse selection in the labor market. Upon graduation, some doctors are randomly assigned to their rst jobs through a lottery mechanism, while others seek employment through the market, which potentially matches graduates to jobs more e¢ ciently. Using data from a survey of health workers, we nd evidence of adverse selection later in the careers of lottery participants, who cannot credibly use their rst (randomly assigned) job as a signal of ability. The wage-skill pro le among lottery participants is at, and we infer signi cant exit from the market by lottery participants of high ability. The survey for this study was nanced by a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Norad, administered through the World Bank. We thank Dr Tedros, Dr Kebede and Dr Nejmudin of the Ministry of Health, and the Government of Ethiopia. We are grateful to Dr. Aklilu Kidanu for providing invaluable assistance to the authors, and for leading the survey team of the Miz-Hasab Reserach Center in Addis Ababa. We also thank Kara Hanson, Christopher H. Herbst, Kenneth Leonard, Magnus Lindelow, John Micklewright, Gebreselassie Okubagzhi, Pieter Serneels, Agnes Soucat, Kate Tulenko, seminar audiences at the Center for Global Development, Georgetown Unviersity, UQAM, and the World Bank, and participants at the European Economics Association (2008) and NEUDC (2008) meetings for comments and assistance. The opinions expressed in the paper are those of the authors and do not reect the position of the Government of Ethiopia or the World Bank Group.
Adansonian classification of mycobacteria.

SUMMARY: An Adansonian classification of mycobacteria has been done by using 94 characters. Fifty-nine strains of slowly growing mycobacteria were classified into five groups: (1) Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis (2) M. kansasii; (3) M. avium, 16 strains of non-photochromogens from human sources, 6 strains of non-photochromogenic mycobacteria from soil sources, and scotochromogens from human sources (M. aquae); (4) 2 strains of non-photochromogens from human sources; (5) 1 strain of non-photo-chromogen from human source. The third group seemed to consist of three subgroups: (3, i) non-chromogens from soil sources; (3, ii) Mycobacterium avium and some non-photochromogens, which were inseparable from M. avium; (3, iii) some non-photochromogens from human sources resembling M. avium (but separable from it) and scotochromogens from human sources. Slowly growing non-photochromogenic mycobacteria from soil sources (subgroup 3, i) were considered to form a new species, M. terrae. A description of this species is given. Seventy-eight strains of rapidly growing mycobacteria were classified into seven groups: (6) 6 strains of miscellaneous species, Mycobacterium marinum, M. balnei, M. platypoecilus, M. ranae and M. piscium; (7) M. thermoresistibile (sp.nov.); (8) M. phlei; (9) M. aurum (sp.nov.); (10) M. fortuitum and group IV rapid growers; (11) M. parafortuitum; (12) M. smegmatis. These groups seemed to form independent species. Mycobacterium thermoresistibile is a new species capable of growing at 52°. Mycobacterium aurum is a new species consisting of rapidly growing scoto-chromogenic mycobacteria with urease, nicotinamidase and pyrazina-midase and some strains also with acetamidase and allantoinase.
Urine colour as an index of hydration in critically ill patients

In order to test the hypothesis that urine colour can be used as an index of hydration in critically ill patients, we selected 40 intensive care and high‐dependency patients and correlated urine colour (scored on an eight‐point scale) with various indices of hydration: urine:plasma sodium, osmolality and urea ratios, urine output and central venous pressure. In addition, we compared the colour‐chart score with scores made by intensive care nurses (without the benefit of a colour chart) in order to test subjective assessment of urine colour. There were weak but statistically significant correlations between urine colour and urine output (Spearman's r = − 0.555) and between urine colour and urine:plasma sodium ratio (Spearman's r = − 0.459). Subjective assessment of urine colour appeared to be reliable. Thus, although urine colour does vary with hydration in the critically ill, assessment of urine colour adds little to the overall assessment of hydration in this group of patients.
Ambulatory and Aerial Dispersal Among Specialist and Generalist Predatory Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Abstract Predator-prey systems having a specialist predator often are over-exploitive, unstable and transient while similar systems having a generalist predator show less fluctuation, more stability and regulation of prey at lower densities. These population dynamics also affect dispersal patterns between specialist and generalist predators. In this study, ambulatory and aerial dispersal were assessed for five predaceous phytoseiid mites having different degrees of predation specialization: Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, Specialist I; Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) Specialist II; N. californicus Chant, Specialist II/Generalist III; Kampimodromus aberrans (Oudemans), Generalist III; and Euseius finlandicus (Oudemans), Generalist IV. In general, specialist species had more walking activity and aerial dispersal than generalist species. Somewhat different dispersal strategies were seen between N. fallacis and N. californicus. Dispersal from a prey (twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch) patch was earlier for the more generalized N. californicus, and N. fallacis (more specialized phytoseiid) remained without dispersing until almost all prey were eliminated. Both dispersed aerially at similar rates. In general, cues from spider mite infestations decreased dispersal of specialist phytoseiids, but either acted to increase or not affect dispersal of generalist feeding phytoseiid species.
Venture Capital Syndication: Synthesis and Future Directions

This paper reviews and synthesizes the extant literature on venture capital syndication. By considering the questions of how, why, and when syndication affects the performance of VC firms and their portfolio ventures, we form a schematic structure of the syndication literature and identify areas for further research. The results of the review show that while the venture-level aspects are relatively well understood, the current literature lacks an understanding of how and why syndication affects the performance of VC firms. This suggests that more attention should be directed towards syndication as a component of the overall strategy of VC firms.
Impacts of fin width scaling on the electrical characteristics of 10-nm FinFET at different metal gate work function

This paper investigates the effects of top fin width scaling (Wtop = 4, 6, 8 nm) of p-and n-type 10-nm FinFET on the electrical performance of the device, specifically optimized for low performance (LP) and high performance (Hp) devices. The work also studies the correlation of the metal work function to the device performance. It is observed that the transfer characteristics shown increased drain current in linear region towards increased Wtop for both p- and n-FinFET. The threshold voltage is shifted to the right for p-FinFET as the work function is increased. Oppositely for n-FinFET, they shifted to the left as the work function reduced. The Ion/Ioff ratio reduced as width increase. The observations on Ion/Ioff ratio for low performance device show the magnitude drops to 63% and 82% in n-FinFET and p-FinFET, respectively when the fin width is changed from 4 nm to 8 nm.
EFFECT OF FEED RESTRICTION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE , BLOOD METABOLITES AND LIVER HORMONES IN RABBITS

This trail was conducted to evaluate the effects of feed restriction on growth performance, blood metabolites and liver hormones in rabbits. A total of 144 post-weaning hybrid Hyla rabbits were divided into 4 groups. Control group (Group AL) which fed ad libitum all the time. Experimental groups which fed at 30%, 50% and 70% of ad libitum normal daily feed for one week and then fed ad libitum till the end of the experiment. The results showed that feed intake, feed conversion ratio of the feed restriction groups were lower than AL group (P<0.05). Feed restriction increased total protein (P=0.007) in serum during restriction period. Feed restriction could decrease hepatic growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factors-1 (IGF-1) (P<0.05) concentrations and GH, IGF-1 concentrations were then restored to normal after restriction was cancelled. In conclusion, feed intakes, weight gains and feed conversion ratio in restricted groups were all lower than AL group. Liver GH and IGF-1 levels restored to the normal after experiencing a decline during restriction interval.
Gaze and visual search strategies of children with Asperger syndrome/high functioning autism viewing a magic trick

Abstract Objective: To examine visual search patterns and strategies used by children with and without Asperger syndrome/high functioning autism (AS/HFA) while watching a magic trick. Limited responsivity to gaze cues is hypothesised to contribute to social deficits in children with AS/HFA. Methods: Twenty-one children with AS/HFA and 31 matched peers viewed a video of a gaze-cued magic trick twice. Between the viewings, they were informed about how the trick was performed. Participants’ eye movements were recorded using a head-mounted eye-tracker. Results: Children with AS/HFA looked less frequently and had shorter fixation on the magician’s direct and averted gazes during both viewings and more frequently at not gaze-cued objects and on areas outside the magician’s face. After being informed of how the trick was conducted, both groups made fewer fixations on gaze-cued objects and direct gaze. Conclusions: Information may enhance effective visual strategies in children with and without AS/HFA.
Regional Economic Growth and Human Capital: The Role of Over-education

Ramos R. , Surinach J. and Artís M. Regional economic growth and human capital: the role of over-education, Regional Studies. This article analyses the link between human capital and regional economic growth in the European Union. Using various indicators of human capital calculated from census microdata, it is concluded that the recent economic performance of European regions is associated with an increase in over-education. In fact, measures of educational mismatch seem to be more strongly connected to regional economic performance than do other traditional measures of human capital stock. Ramos R. , Surinach J. and Artís M. 区域经济成长与人力资本：过度教育的作用，区域研究。 本文分析欧盟人力资本与区域经济成长的关联性。 本研究使用人口普查微数据中计算的各类人力资本指标推断：欧洲区域近期的经济表现与过度教育的增长有关。 事实上，教育不匹配的程度似乎与区域经济表现更加相关，而非其他传统的人力资本度量。 区域经济成长 人力资本 教育不匹配 过度教育 Ramos R. , Surinach J. et Artís M. La croissance économique régionale et le capital humain: l'impact de la suréducation, Regional Studies. Cet article cherche à analyser le lien entre le capital humain et la croissance économique régionale dans l'Union européenne. Employant divers indicateurs du capital humain calculés à partir des microdonnées de recensement, on conclut que la performance récente des régions européennes est fortement liée à une augmentation de la suréducation. En effet, il semble que les mesures de l'inadéquation des compétences sont liées plus fortement à la performance économique régionale que ne le sont d'autres mesures traditionnelles du stock de capital humain. Croissance économique régionale Capital humain Inadéquation des cométences Suréducation Ramos R. , Surinach J. und Artís M. Regionales Wirtschaftswachstum und Humankapital: die Rolle der Überqualifikation, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir die Verbindung zwischen Humankapital und regionalem Wirtschaftswachstum in der Europäischen Union. Mit Hilfe von verschiedenen, aus Zensus-Mikrodaten berechneten Indikatoren des Humankapitals kommen wir zum Schluss, dass die aktuelle Wirtschaftsleistung der europäischen Regionen mit einer zunehmenden Überqualifikation einhergeht. Die Maßstäbe der Bildungsdiskrepanz scheinen sogar stärker mit der regionalen Wirtschaftsleistung zusammenzuhängen als andere traditionelle Maßstäbe der Ausstattung mit Humankapital. Regionales Wirtschaftswachstum Humankapital Bildungsdiskrepanz Überqualifikation Ramos R. , Surinach J. y Artís M. Crecimiento económico regional y capital humano: el papel de la sobreeducación, Regional Studies. El artículo analiza la relación existente entre el capital humano y el crecimiento económico regional en la Unión Europea. A partir de la consideración de varios indicadores de capital humano calculado a partir de microdatos de distintos censos, concluimos que el crecimiento económico de las regiones europeas está asociado con un incremento en la sobreeducación. De hecho, las medidas de desajuste educativo parecen estar más relacionadas con el crecimiento económico regional que otras medidas tradicionales de dotación de capital humano. Crecimiento económico regional Capital humano Desajuste educativo Sobreeducación