Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cultural ecology: placing households in human-environment studies - the cases of tropical forest transitions and agrobiodiversity change

Cultural ecology is today at a place of rapidly expanding interconnections with the growing number of human-environment approaches in geography and other fields. Productive interconnections are evidenced, for example, in the extensive debate and discussion within geography that surround the varied relations (e.g., theory, methods, roles of science and representation, scale and subject matter) of cultural ecology to political ecology, since the latter is regarded as a chief cognate approach. Sufficient similarities evident in that dialogue led to the renaming of the specialty group within the Association of American Geographers as Cultural and Political Ecology (CAPE). This broadly based cultural ecology is currently counted as one of the most active and popular of the specialty groups within the organization, and it is the largest of the groups that are focused on human-environment interaction. Reaching this position has occurred though a process of incremental growth over the course of the period since 1960 in a range of distinct subfields, such as cultural-historical ecology, human ecology, systems ecology and adaptive-dynamics ecology. Cultural ecology thus conveys the sense of an umbrella approach, which continues to serve as the integrator for a considerable variety of subfields. While broad in scope, the approach of cultural ecology is also sharing new interconnections with the expanding suite of other human-environment approaches. For example, the ‘human dimensions of global change’ appears to share a defining emphasis on the interaction of global environmental processes with local actors and institutions that is common to much of cultural ecology. The interconnections of cultural ecology with political ecology and with ‘human dimensions’ is typically dialogic, often to a high degree, in that most studies associated with one field are actively informed by and engaged with the others. This dialogic tendency in cultural ecology is found also in relation to various other distinctly framed approaches toward human-environment interaction (in geography as well as anthropology, sociology and environmental studies). Several intersecting points
The severity and spatial distribution of visual field defects in primary glaucoma: a comparison of primary open-angle glaucoma and primary angle-closure glaucoma.

OBJECTIVE To compare the characteristics of visual field defects in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS Subjects with primary glaucoma aged 30 years and older were prospectively considered for inclusion. Automated static white-on-white perimetry was performed. A minimum of 2 reliable tests was required with a mean deviation (MD) within 2 dB on 2 tests. Subjects with previous symptomatic angle-closure, normal-tension glaucoma, visually significant cataract, or previous intraocular surgery were excluded. RESULTS Of 234 subjects assessed, 129 had POAG, and 105 had PACG. The MDs (POAG group, -13.3 dB; PACG group, -18.0 dB) indicated more severe visual loss in subjects with PACG. In subjects with POAG, the superior hemifield was more severely affected than the inferior. This was less pronounced in subjects with PACG. Following stratification by MD, the difference between hemifields was marked in the mild (-10 dB<or=MD) and moderate (-20 dB<or=MD<-10 dB) subgroups but was not present in the severe (MD<-20 dB) subgroup. We detected differences between POAG and PACG in retinal sensitivity between the superior and inferior hemifields, independent of severity of damage. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of visual field loss was different in the 2 diseases. This may give insight into the pattern of visual loss in predominantly pressure-dependent glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
Involuntary Listening Aids Seeing: Evidence From Human Electrophysiology

It is well known that sensory events of one modality can influence judgments of sensory events in other modalities. For example, people respond more quickly to a target appearing at the location of a previous cue than to a target appearing at another location, even when the two stimuli are from different modalities. Such cross-modal interactions suggest that involuntary spatial attention mechanisms are not entirely modality-specific. In the present study, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded to elucidate the neural basis and timing of involuntary, cross-modal spatial attention effects. We found that orienting spatial attention to an irrelevant sound modulates the ERP to a subsequent visual target over modality-specific, extrastriate visual cortex, but only after the initial stages of sensory processing are completed. These findings are consistent with the proposal that involuntary spatial attention orienting to auditory and visual stimuli involves shared, or at least linked, brain mechanisms.
Shyness as a Final Common Pathway for Two Different Kinds of Inhibition

This study suggests that the presence of mangers and the anticipation of social evaluation induce state shyness independently of each other and do not interact with trait shyness. This independence was found for 3 different methods of assessing state shyness in real dyadic interaction. Behaviorally, shyness toward strangers, but not evaluative shyness, was indicated by a closed body posture; evaluative shyness, but not shyness toward strangers, was indicated by blushing. Ss' free verbal descriptions of their emotions and cognitions obtained during the videnreconstruction of the shyness-inducing situations revealed that they were less aware of fear of strangers than of fear of social evaluation. These results and developmental considerations suggest that state shyness can be reconstructed as a final common pathway for at least 2 different kinds of inhibitory processes and that trait shyness among adults involves a particular susceptibility to both kinds of inhibition. This view of shyness is related to Gray's (1982) concept of inhibition and to the self-presentational approach to social anxiety by Schlenker and Leafy (1982).
Emergency department visitors and visits: who used the emergency room in 2007?

KEY FINDINGS Older adults (aged 75 and over), non-Hispanic black persons, poor persons, and persons with Medicaid coverage were more likely to have had at least one emergency department (ED) visit in a 12-month period than those in other age, race, income, and insurance groups. Among the under-65 population, the uninsured were no more likely than the insured to have had at least one ED visit in a 12-month period. Persons with Medicaid coverage were more likely to have had multiple visits to the ED in a 12-month period than those with private insurance and the uninsured. ED visits by the uninsured were no more likely to be triaged as nonurgent than visits by those with private insurance or Medicaid coverage. Persons with and without a usual source of medical care were equally likely to have had one or more ED visits in a 12-month period.
A state-of-the-art review of corporate cash holding research

This study contributes to a better understanding of the determinants of corporate cash holdings and their effects on firm value. First, the extensive theoretical basis of corporate cash policies is disentangled. I distinguish two categories of theories. The first category comprises theories that stem from capital structure research, namely, the trade-off theory and the pecking-order theory. The second category includes theories that focus on agency conflicts. Second, this review identifies the most common proxies used in empirical research, aggregates them into general categories of determinants, and compares their predicted influences, according to different theories. In sum, ten general determinants, including firm size, growth opportunities, leverage, liquidity substitutes and corporate governance, are found to influence corporate cash holdings. Third, this article reviews the empirical evidence regarding what determines the level and market value of cash holdings, compares these observed associations to the predicted theoretical associations, and identifies avenues for future research.
Impaired financial abilities in mild cognitive impairment: A direct assessment approach

1. Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, et al. Diet and risk of dementia: does fat matter? The Rotterdam Study. Neurology 2002;59: 1915–1921. 2. Grant WB. Dietary links to Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer Dis Rev 1997;2:42–55. 3. Chandra V, Pandav R, Dodge HH, et al. Incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in a rural community in India: The Indo-US Study. Neurology 2001;57:985–989. 4. Barberger-Gateau P, Letenneur L, Deschamps V, et al. Fish, meat, and risk of dementia: cohort study. BMJ 2002;325:932–933. 5. Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Shea S, Mayeux R. Caloric intake and the risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2002;59:1258–1263.
Acne in ethnic skin: special considerations for therapy

ABSTRACT: Acne vulgaris occurs in people of all ethnicities and races. Although the pathophysiology and treatment options are similar in all skin phototypes, darker‐skinned patients have higher incidence rates of two sequelae of acne: postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and keloidal scarring. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation may also be triggered by skin irritation. In choosing therapies for patients of color, therefore, clinicians must find a balance between aggressive early intervention to target inflammatory acne lesions, and gentle treatments to increase tolerability and avoid skin irritation. For most patients, a combination of topical retinoids, and topical or oral antibiotics with hydroquinone (as needed) to control hyperpigmentation will be successful. For patients with sensitive skin, topical agents in lower concentrations and cream vehicles are preferred. If tolerated, the retinoid strength can be titrated upward after four to six weeks. Ethnic patients also need to be counseled on use of noncomedogenic and nonirritating skin and hair‐care products. Individualized care and close monitoring is required.
Polaron mobility in oxygen-deficient and lithium doped tungsten trioxide

Electron localization and polaron mobility in oxygen deficient as well as Li doped monoclinic tungsten trioxide have been studied. We show that small polarons formed in the presence of oxygen vacancy prefer the bipolaronic $W^{5+}- W^{5+}$ configuration whereas the $W^{6+}- W^{4+}$ configuration is found to be metastable. Our calculations suggest that bipolarons are tightly bound by the vacancy and therefore largely immobile. On the contrary, polarons formed as a result of Li intercalation can be mobile, the activation energy for polaron jumping in this case varies between 98 and 124 meV depending on the crystallographic direction. The formation of $W^{5+}- W^{5+}$ bipolarons in $Li-WO_{3}$ is possible. When situated along $[001]$ the bipolaronic configuration is 8 meV lower in energy than two separate $W^{5+}$ polarons.
The Effect Of Organizational Culture On Employee Commitment: A Mediating Role Of Human Resource Development In Korean Firms

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of organizational culture defined as communication, trust, and innovative production on employees’ organizational commitment. Furthermore, we explored the possibility the role of HRD (Human Resource Development) activities in mediating the aforementioned relationship. Using the national employer survey data conducted by Korean government in 2011, the results find that organizational culture, in particular, defined as better communication among superiors and subordinates, trust, and appreciation of innovation from superiors, is positively related to organizational commitment. In addition, firm’s investment in HRD or employee participation in HRD would play a mediating role in influencing the relationship between organizational culture and organizational commitment. Therefore, organizational culture is a critical factor to increase workers’ motivation through the participation in HRD training program, thereby increasing worker’s commitment. The results provide theoretical and practical implications in HRD and its link to organizational culture in organizations.
Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of fetal blood group phenotypes: current practice and future prospects

Fetuses of women with alloantibodies to RhD (D) are at risk from hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, but only if the fetal red cells are D‐positive. In such pregnancies, it is beneficial to determine fetal D type, as this will affect the management of the pregnancy. It is possible to predict, with a high level of accuracy, fetal blood group phenotypes from genotyping tests on fetal DNA. The best source is the small quantity of fetal DNA in the blood of pregnant women, as this avoids the requirement for invasive procedures of amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Many laboratories worldwide now provide noninvasive fetal D genotyping as a routine service for alloimmunized women, and some also test for c, E, C and K.
CDIP-58 can measure the impact of botulinum toxin treatment in cervical dystonia

We compared the responsiveness of the Cervical Dystonia Impact Profile (CDIP-58), Medical Outcome Study Short Form-Health Survey (SF-36), Functional Disability Questionnaire (FDQ), and Pain and Activities of Daily Living subscales of the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) in participants with cervical dystonia treated with botulinum toxin A. Subscales of CDIP-58 were more sensitive in detecting statistical and clinical change than comparable subscales of the SF-36, FDQ, and TWSTRS.
Nightlife Partnership Policing - (Dis)trust Building Between Bouncers and the Police in the War on Gangs

article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC 4.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for non-commercial use, provided the original author and source are credited. DOI: 10.18261/issn.1894-86932016-02-05 Nightlife Partnership Policing
Brachial Plexus Variations in Human Fetuses

OBJECTIVEWe examined the anatomic variations of the brachial plexus (BP) in human fetuses. METHODSThis study was performed with 200 BPs from spontaneously aborted fetuses without detectable malformations. The plexuses were dissected, and the normal position and/or morphological variations of the BP were determined and photographed. RESULTSThere were no variations in 93 plexuses, and 107 plexuses were observed to have different variations. Morphological variations were observed more frequently among female fetuses and right sides. The BPs were composed mostly of the C5, C6, C7, and C8 nerves and the T1 nerve (71.5%). A prefixed plexus was observed in 25.5% of cases, and a postfixed plexus was observed in 2.5% of cases. In one case (0.5%), the C4 and T2 nerves joined the formation. The inferior trunk was not formed in 9% of cases. The superior trunk was not formed in 1% of cases. In one plexus, the superior trunk was formed by the ventral rami of the C4 and C5 nerves. In one case, the inferior trunk was formed by the ventral rami of the T1 and T2 nerves. Division variations were observed most frequently. There were also variations in the terminal branches, such as the roots of the median nerve joining in the distal part of the arm (8.5%), the axillary nerve being separate from the posterior division of the superior trunk (2.5%), and a connection existing between the median and musculocutaneous nerves (1%). CONCLUSIONKnowledge of BP variations is important for surgeons who perform surgical procedures in the cervical and axillary regions.
Optimal Trade Policy and Production Location

This paper studies the role of trade policies in a theoretical framework considering the firm’s global production operation subject to trade costs. The production location potentially depends on a combination of trade costs, inclusive of trade barriers, imposed on different stages of the production process. Meanwhile, the trade policy decision of a government alters trade costs, and thereby affects the firm’s location decision on whether to offshore the production base and the sourcing decision on whether and which intermediate inputs to source domestically or import from abroad. A government might care about the impact of its trade policy choice on the locations of the firm’s global production activities in order to better exploit its market power over world prices with trade policy intervention. The paper features the assembly-relocation effect and the production-chain effect to explain incentives behind the Nash trade policy intervention with cross-border un-bundling of production processes: first, a government sometimes would use an import tariff and/or export tax as a way to shift the location of the final assembly in its favor, forcing an inefficient location, so that, conditional on the assembly relocation, it can maximize its ability to manipulate the terms of trade. Second, a rise in the tariff/tax on inputs could push up the world price of the final good through the production chain.
Learning to Use Parentheses and Quotes in LISP

This article illustrates successful strategies for helping novice programming students understand the use of parentheses (Ps) and quotes (Qs) in LISP. Based on detailed analysis of students working programming problems, we designed lab exercises to address typical difficulties. Rather than emphasizing correct answers, our approach, inspired by the scaffolded knowledge integration (SKI) framework, required students to take the role of investigator and critic. In particular, the intervention required students to critique incorrect calls, identify the incorrect rule being applied in the incorrect call, and correct the call. It also required students to identify causes of error messages we identified as difficult. These exercises had a positive effect not just on the calls to functions, which the intervention specifically addressed, but also on writing function definitions and predicting results, which were not specifically addressed by the intervention. The exercises improved students’ understanding of LISP .
ISLAMIC FINANCIAL REPORTING: EVIDENCE FROM MALAYSIA

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine whether Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) in Malaysia are presenting their financial statements according to AAOIFI requirements. Annual financial statements of seventeen Islamic financial institutions are selected and examined. The results of examination show that IFIs presentation of statement of financial position is 70.3% conform, statement of profit or loss is 45.6% conform, statement of changes in equity is 95% conform and statement of cash flow is 100% conform with the format suggested by AAOIFI requirements. However, statement of sources and uses of charity fund and statement for resticted investment are only disclosed in notes to the financial statement. The results added to existing literature in the area of Islamic financial reporting. Keywords : Islamic financial reporting; IFI, AAOIFI, MFRS, Malaysia
Treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection: An update of Swedish recommendations

The main goal for treatment of chronic hepatitis B is to prevent complications such as liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Knowledge from population studies of the long-term risk of chronic HBV infection, as well as the recent introduction of pegylated interferon and additional nucleoside analogues has changed the therapeutic situation. Recently, a Swedish expert panel convened to update the national recommendations for treatment. The panel recommends treatment for patients with active HBV infection causing protracted liver inflammation or significant liver fibrosis, verified by liver histology. In general, pegylated interferon alpha-2a is recommended as first-line treatment, in particular for HBeAg-positive patients with HBV genotypes A or B. Among nucleoside analogues, entecavir is the first choice and adefovir or tenofovir can be used as alternatives. Lamivudine monotherapy is not recommended due to the high risk of resistance development. Combinations of nucleoside analogues such as tenofovir and lamivudine or emtricitabine are alternatives for patients with non-response or infection with resistant variants, or as first choice for patients with advanced liver disease. Nucleoside analogue treatment should be monitored to detect primary non-response and virological breakthrough. Special recommendations are given for HBV/HIV coinfected patients, immunosuppressed patients, children, and for treatment before and after liver transplantation. The present guideline is translated from Swedish, where it is published on the MPA and RAV websites (www.mpa.se and www.rav.nu.se) including 7 separate papers based on thorough literature search. The complete reference list can be received from the Medical Products Agency upon request.
A background to nuclear transfer and its applications in agriculture and human therapeutic medicine *

The development of a single celled fertilized zygote to an animal capable of reproduction involves not only cell division but the differentiation or specialization to numerous cell types forming each tissue and organ of the adult animal. The technique of nuclear transfer allows the reconstruction of an embryo by the transfer of genetic material from a single donor cell, to an unfertilized egg from which the genetic material has been removed. Successful development of live offspring from such embryos demonstrates that the differentiated state of the donor nucleus is not fixed and can be reprogrammed by the egg cytoplasm to control embryo and fetal development. Nuclear transfer has many applications in agriculture and human medicine. This article will review some of the factors associated with the success of embryo development following nuclear transfer and outline the potential uses of the technology.
Renal simplicity denervation reduces blood pressure and renal injuries in an obesity‐induced hypertension dog model

This study aimed to investigate the effects of renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) on blood pressure, renal function, and renal tissue pathological changes in obesity‐induced hypertensive dogs. Thirty‐two beagle dogs (10‐12 months) were randomized to the control (n=10) and model groups (n=22). High‐fat diet (HFD) was used to establish the obesity‐induced hypertensive model. After 3 months of HFD, 20 animals with successfully induced hypertension were randomized to the RDN (n=10) and sham groups (n=10). Renal artery angiography, body weight, blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and blood and urine biochemistry were determined 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery. Models were killed 6 months after surgery. Pathological changes in the renal artery and renal tissue were assessed. The HFD group had significantly (P<.05) increased body weight, HR, and blood pressure, and higher levels of urine albumin, serum noradrenaline, and angiotensin II compared with controls. After RDN, blood pressure was decreased compared with baseline and the sham group (P<.05). In the RDN group, examination of the renal artery and renal tissue showed intact intima of renal artery in the surgical area, renal sympathetic nerve degeneration, necrosis, and dissolution, and widened space between nerve fibres. Hypertension‐induced renal pathological changes were mild to moderate in the RDN group, but severe in the sham group. The control group had normal glomerular structure. In conclusion, RDN can effectively lower blood pressure in obesity‐induced hypertensive dogs, as well as hypertension‐induced renal pathological changes.