Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of feature selection and multiclass classification methods for tissue classification based on gene expression

This paper studies the problem of building multiclass classifiers for tissue classification based on gene expression. The recent development of microarray technologies has enabled biologists to quantify gene expression of tens of thousands of genes in a single experiment. Biologists have begun collecting gene expression for a large number of samples. One of the urgent issues in the use of microarray data is to develop methods for characterizing samples based on their gene expression. The most basic step in the research direction is binary sample classification, which has been studied extensively over the past few years. This paper investigates the next step-multiclass classification of samples based on gene expression. The characteristics of expression data (e.g. large number of genes with small sample size) makes the classification problem more challenging. The process of building multiclass classifiers is divided into two components: (i) selection of the features (i.e. genes) to be used for training and testing and (ii) selection of the classification method. This paper compares various feature selection methods as well as various state-of-the-art classification methods on various multiclass gene expression datasets. Our study indicates that multiclass classification problem is much more difficult than the binary one for the gene expression datasets. The difficulty lies in the fact that the data are of high dimensionality and that the sample size is small. The classification accuracy appears to degrade very rapidly as the number of classes increases. In particular, the accuracy was very low regardless of the choices of the methods for large-class datasets (e.g. NCI60 and GCM). While increasing the number of samples is a plausible solution to the problem of accuracy degradation, it is important to develop algorithms that are able to analyze effectively multiple-class expression data for these special datasets.
African Immigrant Women and Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to systematically review and synthesize the available empirical research related to intimate partner violence (IPV) in the lives of African immigrant women. A comprehensive literature search for articles that were published between the years 2005 and 2015 was performed using the following databases: Academic Search Complete, Criminal Justice Abstracts, CINAHL Plus, Family Studies Abstract, JSOR, MEDline, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Social Services Abstract. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. The literature on prevalence rates and types of violence, risk factors for IPV, mental health problems and coping strategies, and help-seeking behavior are discussed. Suggestions for future research are included.
The manipulation of ethnicity: from ethnic cooperation to violence and war in Yugoslavia

The story of the failure of bargaining among ethnic élites and of international diplomacy is well known. What has not been well explained is the spread and support for xenophobic nationalism and ethnic violence among people who had lived cooperatively for thirty-five years. I draw on key ideas of four views on ethnicity and ethnic conflict, and add the concept of cognitive frame in ethnic relations. Yugoslavs possessed two ethnic frames in their minds, an ethnic cooperation and peace frame for normal times, and a crisis frame anchored in World War II memories. Élite contention and mass media propaganda awakened the dormant crisis frame, suppressed the normal frame, and spread insecurity and fear. I explain why ethnic manipulation succeeded, people believed falsehoods, voted for nationalists, how moderates were purged and why men in militias killed innocent civilians.
Influence of pH, temperature and nutrient addition on the degradation of atrazine by Nocardioides spp. isolated from agricultural soil in Nigeria

Aims: To effectively exploit the atrazine degrading capabilities of Nocardioides spp. isolated from agricultural soil samples in Nigeria and ascertain the effect of pH, temperature and nutrient addition on the degradation process. Methodology and results: Isolates were cultivated on atrazine mineral salts medium at a temperature range of 4 °C 45 °C and a pH range of 3-10. An optimum atrazine degrading activity was observed in the isolates between temperatures of 25 °C and 37 °C and between pH 5 and 8. Different carbon sources (glycerine, glucose, chitin, cellulose and sodium citrate) and nitrogen sources (urea, biuret, cyanuric acid, potassium nitrate and ammonium chloride) were also added to the medium. The addition of carbon and nitrogen sources did not increase degradation rates although urea and glycerine repressed the degradation ability of the isolates. Statistical analyses of variance at P < 0.05 showed no significant differences in the growth and degradation rates by both bacterial isolates under these conditions. Conclusion, significance and impact study: Atrazine degradation by Nocardioides spp. is pH and temperature dependent, and requires no additional sources of carbon and nitrogen. Hence, its use in bioremediation of atrazine contaminated agricultural soil should be explored.
ImprovedMetabolic Control in Children and AdolescentsWith Type 1 Diabetes A trend analysis using prospective multicenter data from Germany and Austria

RESULTSdUnadjusted mean HbA1c decreased from 8.7 6 1.8% in 1995 to 8.1 6 1.5% in 2009. In multiple regression analysis, treatment year, age, sex, diabetes duration, migration background, BMI-SDS, and daily insulin dose were significant predictors of metabolic control (P, 0.001). After multiple adjustment, mean HbA1c decreased significantly by 0.038% per year (95%CI 0.032–0.043%), average odds ratio (OR) per year for HbA1c.7. 5% (.9.0%) was 0.969 (95%CI 0.961–0.977) (0.948, 95%CI 0.941–0.956). Intensified insulin regimen was associated with lower frequency of poor metabolic control (HbA1c .9%; P = 0.005) but not with average HbA1c (P = 0.797). Rate of severe hypoglycemia and hypoglycemic coma decreased significantly (relative risk [RR] per year 0.948, 95%CI 0.918–0.979; RR 0.917, 95%CI 0.885–0.950) over the study period. Diabetic ketoacidosis rate showed no significant variation over time.
DESIGN AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOADHESIVE PATCH SYSTEM ( GMPS ) LOADED WITH CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES

A novel gastrointestinal mucoadhesive patch system was designed to improve the oral bioavailability of macromolecular therapeutics using chitosan nanoparticles for effective delivery of macromolecules (using FITC-Dextran as model drug). The patch system consisted of mucoadhesive layer containing the drug and backing layer made of water-impermeable polymer. The gastrointestinal mucoadhesive patch (GMP) was formulated using 10% ethyl cellulose in 80:20 dichloromethane:methanol along with triethyl citrate as plasticizer. The mucoadhesive layer was formulated using 2% carbopol dispersion in water along with 30% propylene glycol as a plasticizer. Pharmacokinetic study was done in rabbits for FITC-Dextran solution, patch containing FITCDextran incorporated in to the mucoadhesive layer filled into enteric coated capsules and patch containing FITC-Dextran incorporated chitosan nanoparticles loaded in to the mucoadhesive layer filled inside enteric coated capsules. FITC-Dextran was found to be 1.16 times more bioavailable orally from chitosan nanoparticle loaded in mucoadhesive layer as compared to other prepared formulations.
Among‐species overlap in rodent body size distributions predicts species richness along a temperature gradient

1718 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– © 2018 The Authors. This is an Online Open article This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Subject Editor: Alison Boyer Editor-in-Chief: Miguel Araújo Accepted 16 January 2018 41: 1718–1727, 2018 doi: 10.1111/ecog.03641 doi: 10.1111/ecog.03641
Surveys of Himalayan Vultures (Gyps Himalayensis) in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Mustang, Nepal

ABSTRACT Populations of three species of lowland Gyps vultures (G. bengalensis, G. tenuirostris and G. indicus) in South Asia have declined precipitously over the last decade as a result of their feeding on diclofenac-contaminated livestock carcasses. Despite extensive studies on these three species, little is known about population trends in the highland species, Himalayan Vulture (G. himalayensis). We surveyed Himalayan Vultures in Nepal between 2001 and 2006. We found no evidence that their populations are facing the same magnitude of decline or threat as those of the three species of lowland Gyps vultures. We suggest that Himalayan Vultures may not be experiencing the same degree of diclofenac poisoning for a number of reasons, including possibly different foraging behaviors by Himalayan Vultures compared to the other Gyps vultures, and/or relatively lower use of diclofenac in the highland regions.
Growth and yield of amaranth ( Amaranthus spp . ) as influenced by seed rate and method of planting in Sokoto , Nigeria

Amaranthus species (A. blitum, A. caudatus, A. cruentus and A. tricular) collectively known as amaranths or pigweed, are members of the Amaranthaceae family. They have a common name such as African Spinach, India Spinach and Chinese spinach; approximately 60 species are presently recognized with inflorescence and foliage ranging from purple and red to gold. Member of this genus share many characteristics and uses with members of the closely related genus (Juan, 2007). Amaranths, originated from South America where it was widely distributed throughout most tropical regions, where it is used as a protein grain, leafy vegetable and a forage crops (Putnam, 2007). Species grown for vegetables are represented mainly by A. tricolor, A. dubius, A. lividus, A. creuntus, A. palmeri and A. hybridus. Three principal species considered for grain include, A. hypochondriacus, A. cruentus and A. caudatus (Mlakar et al., 2010). Amaranth leaf can be used as greens in salads, boiled or fried in oil and mixed with meat or fish. This can be used as side dish in soups or as an ingredient in sauce and baby food (Mlakar et al., 2010). Amaranth leaves are used similarly as spinach and can be boiled or fried as a tasty side dish. The leaves are high in fiber and contain high concentration of Vitamin A, B6 and C, riboflavin and foliate. Minerals include calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper and manganese (Putnam, 2007). An Amaranth grain can be ground for use in bread, noodle, pancakes, cereals, granola cookies or other flour baked products. More than 40 products containing amaranths are currently on the market in the U.S.A. (Putnam, 2007). Leafy vegetables of amaranth supply protein, minerals and vitamins in diet. Their lush, green, succulent crisp are eaten raw or cooked as vegetables in soup, they are best when the plant is young and tender. Amaranth grain is high in protein and contains two essential amino acids: lysine and methionine which are frequently found in other cereal grains. It is high in fiber and iron than wheat, and high in calcium than This content is available online at AESA
Fate of TiO 2 nanoparticles entering sewage treatment plants and bioaccumulation in fi sh in the receiving streams

a Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China b College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei 050000, PR China c Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, United States
Exploring Semi-Supervised Learning With Ladder Networks

State of the art models for object recognition typically fall under the supervised learning paradigm. This paradigm involves vast amounts of labeled data which requires human effort to obtain – meaning labeled data is both scarce and of high cost. The fact that humans learn such rich visual representations without requiring large amounts of supervised signals to guide us is an encouraging point – and a further source of motivation towards pursuing alternate learning paradigms.
Histopathological and Toxicological effects of crude saponin extract from Phyllanthus niruri , L (Syn. P. franternus . Webster) on Organs in animal studies

The histopathological view of liver, intestines and kidney of bacterial infected rabbits, fed with 100mg/ml saponin extracted from Phyllanthus niruri over a period of seven days was carried out to determine the effect of the plant extract on these organs after treatment. Saponin was administered as strawberry suspension at a dose of 10mg per day (divided into four doses) to ten rabbits, nine of which were fed with food contaminated with 0.5mL bacterial suspension obtained by McFarland standardization (10% Barium sulfate) after starvation for 6hrs . Multiple foci of tubular necrosis and haemorrhages in the kidney, marked hyperplasia of the mucosal layer of the small intestine, and a mild periportal lymphocytic cellular infiltration of the liver of the treated rabbits were observed. Plasma urea, uric acid, creatinine and blood glucose levels increased significantly (p is less than 0.05) in the treated rabbits. Plasma protein, hemoglobin, red blood cell and leukocyte counts were not altered adversely. No significant changes were observed in the enzymes’ activity in all the groups of rabbits tested. The extract seems to show therapeutic actions on infections caused by E. coli and Salmonella typhi without any adverse effect on the organs.
Distributed algorithm for privacy preserving data mining based on ID 3 and improved secure sum

Data mining is a science which is introduced for getting new and useful knowledge from massive data collections. So miming algorithm inputs are always data, but in all cases data have not been stored in one place and in some cases data have been distributed among different servers. For example in some medical data mining we need to cooperation between some hospitals or medical centers, in these cases sharing of data and samples is illegal. According to the HIPAA rule sharing of patient information is unauthorized. So in this paper has focused on privacy preserving of confidential data in data mining process. Suggested algorithm in this paper is a safe distributed algorithm which is using improved secure sum algorithm and performed on classic ID3. By considering algorithms based on tree in data mining, suggested algorithm in this paper have changed a bit and are presentable on all of
Inventory of sparse forest populations using adaptive cluster sampling

In many studies, adaptive cluster sampling (ACS) proved to be a powerful tool for assessing rare clustered populations that are difficult to estimate by means of conventional sampling methods. During 2002 and 2003, severe drought-caused damage was observed in the park forests of the City of Helsinki, Finland, especially in barren site pine and spruce stands. The aim of the present study was to examine sampling and measurement methods for assessing drought damage by analysing the effectiveness of ACS compared with simple random sampling (SRS). Horvitz-Thompson and Hansen-Hurwitz estimators of the ACS method were used for estimating the population mean and variance of the variable of interest. ACS was considerably more effective than SRS in assessing rare clustered populations such as those resulting from drought damage. The variances in the ACS methods were significantly smaller and the inventory efficiency in the field better than in SRS.
AN IN VITRO TEST FOR ESTROGENICITY COMBINING CULTURED HEPATOCYTES AND AN ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBANT ASSAY (ELISA)

An in vitro assay has been developed to screen for estrogenic activity of single chemicals or complex mixtures. This method combines primary hepatocyte cultures from the channel catfish (Ictalurus puizctatus) with an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) to detect and quantify the production of vitellogenin (VTG), a liver-derived, estrogen-induced lipoprotein. A variety of environmentally relevant chemicals and chemical mixtures were tested including the polyaromatic hydrocarbon benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), the alkylphenolic surfactants 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) and y-nonylphenol (NP), the chlorinated insecticide o,p '-DDT, the plant derivative stigmastanol, and a number of waste waters from pulp and paper mills. In addition, the effects of estradiol (E2), the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) and the antiestrogens trans1 -(4-P-dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl)1,2-diphenyIbut1 -ene (tamoxifen) and 7a-[9-(4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentylsulfinyl)nonyl]estra-3,17J3-diol (ICI-182,780) were also examined. The following compounds were found to be estrogenic: DES > E2 >> OP > o,p '-DDT > NP. Tests with BaP, stigmastanol, tamoxifen, ICI-182,780 and four paper mill effluents exhibited no, or undetectable, estrogenic activity. Further, stigmastanol and the mill effluents were also tested for anti-estrogenic activity in cells incubated in media containing both DES and stigmastanol or effluent. Compared to DES alone, none of these treatments caused a significant reduction in the media concentrations of VTG. The detection limit for this assay was typically 15-25 ng VTG/mL medium. Both the results of the screening and the experimental limit-of-detection were in agreement with data published by other researchers for work with other species.
Leaf morphological variation of sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in Lithuania.

Leaf morphology was assessed in Pajiesys and Seirijai field trials of oaks. Oaks in these trials are the progenies of oak trees (Quercus genus) that grow in the Trakas forest of Seirijai district of Alytus forest enterprise of Lithuania. The aim of the study was to determine the number of hybrid trees between the progenies of the Trakas forest in Pajiesys and Seirijai field trials. 251 oaks belonging to 40 half-sib families were sampled. Twenty three leaf morphological variables were measured on each of 5 leaves collected from each tree and analysed by principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA). The study concluded that Q. robur and Q. petraea leaves are most clearly identified by six morphological traits. Discriminant function of two traits for oak species separation was proposed. The study has also revealed a high degree of interspecific hybridization in field trials. Study results were compared with earlier reports about hybridization occurring in mixed oak stands in other parts of Europe.
Calibration and validation of a model for competition between methanogens and sulfate-reducersCalibration and validation of a model

Biological anaerobic sulfate reduction to sulfide followed by chemical or biological oxidation to elemental sulfur is an attractive method for removal of sulfate from sulfate-rich wastewaters produced by many industrial processes. As many of such wastewaters do not contain enough substrate for complete sulfate reduction, addition of appropriate electron donor is necessary. Because it is relatively cheap, methanol is a suitable compound to be used for such purpose. For efficient use of methanol as electron donor for sulfate reduction it is important that the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) rapidly and completely out-compete the methanogenic archaea (MA). In a previous work, we have developed a model, which is based on growth kinetics, to describe the competition between the SRB and MA. In this paper, we present and discuss the results obtained from the successful calibration and validation of the model, using real measurements obtained from continuous experiments carried out at 65 C for an expanded sludge bed reactor. Analysis of the results has indicated that model structure seems to need further refinement. INTRODUCTION Many industrial processes produce sulfate-rich wastewaters. Typical examples are sulfuric acid production processes, oil refining processes, specific organic synthesis processes, pulp production and metallurgical operations. In addition, sulfate-rich wastewaters are also generated during leaching of sulfur-rich soil and during scrubbing of SO2-containing flue-gases at for instance coal-fuelled electricity plants. Presently, sulfate removal is mostly accomplished by precipitation with Ca, added as lime. However, an attractive alternative for sulfate removal represents the biological anaerobic sulfate reduction to sulfide (Weijma, 2000) followed by chemical or biological oxidation to elemental sulfur (Janssen et al., 1997). The anaerobic stage requires the presence of inorganic (hydrogen) or organic biodegradable substrate that serves as electron donor for sulfate reduction. Many wastewaters, however, do not contain enough substrate for complete sulfate reduction, which makes the addition of appropriate electron donor necessary. For this purpose methanol is a suitable compound because it is relatively cheap and pure, and it can be easily transported and stored.
Risk Mitigation for Removal of Pesticide Residues in Curry Leaf for Food Safety

The increased consumer awareness and legal issues on food safety, with special reference to insecticide residues in foods, led us to attempt for cheap and effective methods for removal of pesticide residues to address the issues of consumer and food safety, as the farmers are not following the Good Agricultural Practices i.e pre-harvest intervals. The most commonly used pesticides such as dimethoate, quinalphos, acephate, imidacloprid and bifenthrin were sprayed at recommended doses at vegetative stage, samples were collected at 2 hours after treatment to quantify the deposits. The samples were subjected to various household treatments each in three replications, and analysed for residues using validated QuEChERS method, so as to estimate the % removal and their effectiveness. Out of all treatments, respectively, and is the best household method for removal of pesticide residues, and also the method is effective in reducing the residues below MRL (Maximum Residue Limits).
A Study of Headphone Usage on Cognitive Constraints Between Genders

Headphone usage is drastically increased nowadays with about 173 million users, especially among teenagers. The electromagnetic fields acquire importance due to symptoms like warmth, headache and fatigue. The purpose was to assess the possible deleterious effects of headphone usage on cognitive functions in both genders. The cognitive functions assessment was done using 60 undergraduate medical students between the age group of 18-21 yrs, using cognitive function tests like Mini mental status examination (MMSE), Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-1&2), Letter Digit Substitution Test (LDST) and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Scoring was done by using the scale. They were divided into 4 groups. Group 1: Headphone users < 1hr / day. Group 2: Headphone users > 1hr <2 hrs / day. Group 3: Headphone users 2-3hrs / day. Group 4: Headphone users >3hrs/ day. Data were compared by unpaired Student’s t test and one-way ANOVA. There was a significant decrease in MMSE scores between groups 1 vs 4 and WMS 1 scores between 1vs 3 and 1 vs 4 in females. But in males, there was a significant decrease in DSST and MMSE scores between 1 vs 4. The WMS 1 scores were also significantly decreased between all the groups and WMS 2 scores between 1 vs 4. The results indicated that the cognitive impairment is more pronounced in males when compared to females and has a linear relation with duration of exposure.