Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A segmentation algorithm for characterizing rise and fall segments in seasonal cycles: an application to XCO2 to estimate benchmarks and assess model bias

Abstract. There is more useful information in the time series of satellite-derived column-averaged carbon dioxide (XCO2) than is typically characterized. Often, the entire time series is treated at once without considering detailed features at shorter timescales, such as nonstationary changes in signal characteristics – amplitude, period and phase. In many instances, signals are visually and analytically differentiable from other portions in a time series. Each rise (increasing) and fall (decreasing) segment in the seasonal cycle is visually discernable in a graph of the time series. The rise and fall segments largely result from seasonal differences in terrestrial ecosystem production, which means that the segment's signal characteristics can be used to establish observational benchmarks because the signal characteristics are driven by similar underlying processes. We developed an analytical segmentation algorithm to characterize the rise and fall segments in XCO2 seasonal cycles. We present the algorithm for general application of the segmentation analysis and emphasize here that the segmentation analysis is more generally applicable to cyclic time series. We demonstrate the utility of the algorithm with specific results related to the comparison between satellite- and model-derived XCO2 seasonal cycles (2009–2012) for large bioregions across the globe. We found a seasonal amplitude gradient of 0.74–0.77 ppm for every 10∘ of latitude in the satellite data, with similar gradients for rise and fall segments. This translates to a south–north seasonal amplitude gradient of 8 ppm for XCO2, about half the gradient in seasonal amplitude based on surface site in situ CO2 data (∼19 ppm). The latitudinal gradients in the period of the satellite-derived seasonal cycles were of opposing sign and magnitude (−9 d per 10∘ latitude for fall segments and 10 d per 10∘ latitude for rise segments) and suggest that a specific latitude (∼2∘ N) exists that defines an inversion point for the period asymmetry. Before (after) the point of asymmetry inversion, the periods of rise segments are lesser (greater) than the periods of fall segments; only a single model could reproduce this emergent pattern. The asymmetry in amplitude and the period between rise and fall segments introduces a novel pattern in seasonal cycle analyses, but, while we show these emergent patterns exist in the data, we are still breaking ground in applying the information for science applications. Maybe the most useful application is that the segmentation analysis allowed us to decompose the model biases into their correlated parts of biases in amplitude, period and phase independently for rise and fall segments. We offer an extended discussion on how such information about model biases and the emergent patterns in satellite-derived seasonal cycles can be used to guide future inquiry and model development.
Science in the middle-level countries: a bibliometric analysis of scientific journals of Australia, Canada, India and Israel

s of 1978 [ 16], 2% of entries in Engineering Index of 1977 [ 17 ] , about 2% of entries in Biological Abstracts in 1977 [18] and 2% of entries in AGRIS. We can assume that roughly 50% of it (or approximately 1.5% of the world’s output of scientific literature) was published in Indian journals. In fact, a preliminary study by Arunachalam and Hirannaiah [ 19] based on Current
Simulation of SOA formation from the photooxidation of monoalkylbenzenes in the presence of aqueous aerosols containing electrolytes under various NOx levels

Abstract. The formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) from the photooxidation of three monoalkylbenzenes (toluene, ethylbenzene, and n-propylbenzene) in the presence of inorganic seeds (SO42-–NH4+–H2O system) under varying NOx levels has been simulated using the Unified Partitioning Aerosol Phase Reaction (UNIPAR) model. The evolution of the volatility–reactivity distribution (mass-based stoichiometric coefficient, αi) of oxygenated products, which were created by the near-explicit gas kinetic mechanism, was integrated with the model using the parameters linked to the concentrations of HO2 and RO2 radicals. This dynamic distribution was used to estimate the model parameters related to the thermodynamic constants of the products in multiple phases (e.g., the gas phase, organic phase, and inorganic phase) and the reaction rate constants in the aerosol phase. The SOA mass was predicted through the partitioning and aerosol chemistry processes of the oxygenated products in both the organic phase and aqueous solution containing electrolytes, with the assumption of organic–inorganic phase separation. The prediction of the time series SOA mass (12 h), against the aerosol data obtained from an outdoor photochemical smog chamber, was improved by the dynamic αi set compared to the prediction using the fixed αi set. Overall, the effect of an aqueous phase containing electrolytes on SOA yields was more important than that of the NOx level under our simulated conditions or the utilization of the age-driven αi set. Regardless of the NOx conditions, the SOA yields for the three aromatics were significantly higher in the presence of wet electrolytic seeds than those obtained with dry seeds or no seed. When increasing the NOx level, the fraction of organic matter (OM) produced by aqueous reactions to the total OM increased due to the increased formation of relatively volatile organic nitrates and peroxyacyl-nitrate-like products. The predicted partitioning mass fraction increased as the alkyl chain length increased but the organic mass produced via aerosol-phase reactions decreased due to the increased activity coefficient of the organic compounds containing longer alkyl chains. Overall, the lower mass-based SOA yield was seen in the longer alkyl-substituted benzene in both the presence and absence of inorganic-seeded aerosols. However, the difference of mole-based SOA yields of three monoalkylbenzenes becomes small because the highly reactive organic species (i.e., glyoxal) mainly originates from ring opening products without an alkyl side chain. UNIPAR predicted the conversion of hydrophilic, acidic sulfur species to non-electrolytic dialkyl organosulfate (diOS) in the aerosol. Thus, the model predicted the impact of diOS on both hygroscopicity and acidity, which subsequently influenced aerosol growth via aqueous reactions.
Path-Based Algorithms to Solve C-Logit Stochastic User Equilibrium Assignment Problem

This paper develops path-based algorithms to solve the C-logit stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) problem on the basis of an adaptation of the gradient projection method. The algorithms' strategies for step size determination differ. Three strategies are investigated: (a) predetermined step size, (b) Armijo line search, and (c) self-adaptive line search. The algorithms are tested on the well-known Winnipeg (Manitoba, Canada) network. Two sets of experiments are conducted: (a) a computational comparison of different line search strategies and (b) the impact of different modeling specifications for route overlapping (a flow-independent or a flow-dependent commonality factor). The results indicate that the path-based algorithm with the self-adaptive step size strategy performs better than the other step size strategies. The paper shows that, depending on the model parameters, particularly the commonality factor parameter, the C-logit SUE flows may be quite different from the multinomial logit SUE flows.
Acoustic emission testing of composite materials

Acoustic emission (AE) is defined, and the various systems for acoustic emission testing are discussed. Focus is placed on the four types of AE sensors: piezoelectric, electromagnetic, capacitive and optical. Key parameters are discussed to given an insight into the data available during an AE inspection. Calibration of the test equipment is discussed along with AE applications. Factors relating to system selection are outlined. <<ETX>>
Language and Literacy Development in the Early Years: Foundational Skills that Support Emergent Readers.

For all students, a high-quality early education is critical to ensuring their long-term academic success. Early learners need to understand why people read and write in order to be motivated to excel in their own literacy development. Through active engagement in the reading process, children learn ways to use their growing knowledge and skills flexibly and in combination with all domains of development. All children can develop a strong foundation for literacy and reading development when they are given opportunities to engage in purposeful, meaningful language and early print activities. Effective early literacy instruction provides preschool children with developmentally appropriate settings, materials, experiences, and social support that encourage early forms of reading and writing to flourish and develop into conventional literacy. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY Carmen Sherry Brown, EdD, is an Assistant Professor in the department of Curriculum and Teaching at Hunter College, CUNY. She teaches courses in early childhood literacy and mathematics. She also supervises teacher candidates during their student teaching practicum. Her research interests are coaching, mentoring and professional development for early childhood practitioners in the field of literacy and math development. She earned her doctorate from SUNY at Buffalo. She can be reached at cb95@hunter.cuny. edu . Reading Development Reading requires the mastery, integration and application of numerous skills and knowledge. The National Reading Panel (NRP) of the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) issued a report that identified five areas that were critical for effective reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension (NICHD, 2000). Reading or learning how to read is a combination of all these skills. They are interconnected and interdependent on one another, which makes it difficult to teach them in isolation. Learning to read is a developmental process. Most children follow a similar pattern and sequence of reading behaviors as they learn how to read: from appreciation for and awareness of print to phonological and phonemic awareness to phonics and word recognition. Foundation skills are reading skills that students typically develop in the primary grades. The skills and behaviors that develop early serve as the base for later competence and proficiency. They are the building blocks that children learn to utilize to develop subsequent, higher-level skills to become proficient readers. Volume 24 The Language and Literacy Spectrum Language and Literacy Development in the Early Years 36
Reinterpretation of a classic method for the quantification of cell density within biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes

Food safety is one of the biggest concerns of food industrial development.1 This is mainly related to foodborne diseases, which are the most widespread health problem in the contemporary world and an important cause of reduced economic productivity.2 Listeria monocytogenes is an ubiquitous organism naturally present in soil and water, capable of contaminating a wide variety of foods when introduced into food-processing environments due to its hardy growth characteristics.3–5 It causes human listeriosis, an infection with a low incidence but a high mortality rate amongst human populations with vulnerable immune systems and the elderly.6 This, along with its connection with stillbirth and miscarriage, makes it a considerable public health problem.7
Total Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Pomace and Their Ingredients

In this study, the determination of total phenolic and antioxidant activity of the wastes of Olea europaea L. wastes was determined obtained from the process of pressing and extraction of oil from the fruits of O. europaea L. which are peels, seeds and pomace (peels and seeds). Five solvents where used in the extraction process to identify the best method for the extraction. The results of the present study showed that the type of solvent in the extraction process and the selected part of the waste have important role in determining of phenolic compounds as well as antioxidant activity of the pomace, peels and seeds. Hydroethanolic extracts (50% water) was the best in phenolic compounds extraction comparison with other solvents (water at room temperature, boiling distilled water and hydrochloric acid diluted with distilled water by (1% and 5%). In contrast, extracts from the pomace, peels and seeds using 5% hydrochloric acid had higher antioxidant activity through their ability to inhibit the activity of the synthetic free radical DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-pcriylhydrazal) when compared with other solvents. The extracts of peels showed significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) amounts of the phenolic compounds and the antiradical activity against DPPH than those prepared from the pomace and seeds.
Teaching Creativity in the Marketing Curriculum

The purpose of this paper is to provide a relatively consolidated and heuristic framework that educators can use to implement the teaching of creativity in the classroom. Toward this goal, the paper provides a review of what the marketing education literature has accomplished in the area of creative pedagogy, namely, including brief summaries of the various methodologies and tactics that have been employed. The larger MAP (metaphor, analogy, preinventive form) Model is presented, with component submodels discussed, the purpose of which is to provide additional guidance to instructors who wish to teach creativity within their courses. Two creative assignments requiring application of this model are described, including a rubric for scoring the assignments. Student scores on these creative assignments spanning six consecutive semesters in the principles of marketing course are presented and compared with other student learning outcomes. The conclusions are that given a minimal amount of class time devoted to creative instruction, students' creativity showed significant improvement. Furthermore, scores obtained on the creative assignments were not highly correlated with scores obtained on traditional exams. Recommendations are also offered, along with areas for future research.
3D FEL code for the simulation of a high-gain harmonic generation experiment

Over the last few years, there has been a growing interest in self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free-electron lasers (FELs) as a means for achieving a fourth-generation light source. In order to correctly and easily simulate the many configurations that have been suggested, such as multi- segmented wigglers and the method of high-gain harmonic generation, we have developed a robust three-dimensional code. The specifics of the code, the comparison to the linear theory as well as future plans will be presented.
Diffusion of technological innovation in a foreign languages unit in Turkey: a focus on risk‐aversive teachers

Taking advantage of Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations Theory, which suggests that adoption of a specific innovation is critically influenced by the way the adopters receive it, this article aims at presenting the implementation process of such an innovation in the form of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) in an English as a Foreign Language teaching context. Conceptualised as interview research, the study used an open‐ended protocol and spontaneously generated probes to seek teachers' profiles involved in the CALL uptake. Applying Hagner and Schneebeck's adaptation of Rogers' ‘adopters’ characterisation scheme, it was discovered that risk‐aversive teachers dominated the group of teachers involved in the implementation. This article also defines some of the strategies employed during the implementation process to meet the teachers' needs, and encourage their involvement in the actual CALL uptake.
Fine dust emissions from active sands at coastal Oceano Dunes, California

Abstract. Sand dunes and other active sands generally have a low content of fine grains and, therefore, are not considered to be major dust sources in current climate models. However, recent remote sensing studies have indicated that a surprisingly large fraction of dust storms are generated from regions covered by sand dunes, leading these studies to propose that sand dunes might be globally relevant sources of dust. To help understand dust emissions from sand dunes and other active sands, we present in situ field measurements of dust emission under natural saltation from a coastal sand sheet at Oceano Dunes in California. We find that saltation drives dust emissions from this setting that are on the low end of the range in emissions produced by non-sandy soils for similar wind speed. Laboratory analyses of sand samples suggest that these emissions are produced by aeolian abrasion of feldspars and removal of clay-mineral coatings on sand grain surfaces. We further find that this emitted dust is substantially finer than dust emitted from non-sandy soils, which could enhance its downwind impacts on human health, the hydrological cycle, and climate.
A new processor architecture dedicated to digital modem applications

The aim of this paper is to present a new processor architecture designed to cope with most of the functions of a high rate digital modem application. This work is part of an EURICO European project, whose target is the design of a TV cable modem. The paper introduces many of the aspects of the TV cable digital modem application. Functional solutions for many of the application problems are presented. Then, the processor architecture, based on a core processor (core DSP) and on auxiliary dedicated modules (ADM) is described. The architectural choices and the main advantages are discussed.
Emerging and Exotic Auditory Interfaces

A wrap around cover for enclosure of mechanically bound papers is disclosed. More particularly, the cover fully encloses all four sides of a booklet or stack of bound papers in a single wrap around sheet to provide enhanced protection and aesthetic appearance. The cover comprises an integral blank of foldable material, the blank being scored and punched if necessary at predetermined locations prior to binding to accommodate both the type of binder and the size and number of pages being bound.
Hybrid Materials Based on Poly-3-amine-7-methylamine-2-methylphenazine and Magnetite Nanoparticles Immobilized on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Polymer-metal-carbon hybrid nanomaterials based on thermostable electroactive poly-3-amine-7-methylamine-2-methylphenazine (PAMMP), single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were synthesized for the first time. Hybrid Fe3O4/SWCNT/PAMMP nanomaterial synthesis was carried out via in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of 3-amine-7-methylamine-2-methylphenazine hydrochloride in the presence of metal-carbon Fe3O4/SWCNT nanocomposites. Fe3O4/SWCNT nanocomposites were obtained by the immobilization of magnetite nanoparticles on the SWCNT surface in the course of Fe3O4 nanoparticles synthesis in alkaline medium. The developed nanocomposite materials were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission (FE-SEM) scanning electron microscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and magnetometry. The chemical structure and phase composition, magnetic and electrical properties, and thermal stability of the obtained multifunctional nanomaterials, depending on synthesis conditions, were investigated.
Is “chart junk” useful? An extended examination of visual embellishment

Although many well-cited theories or guidelines for visualization design advocate ‘minimalism’, designers tend to include a wide variety of visual embellishments in their charts. Researchers have examined the effects of visual embellishment on comprehension and memorability of charts under specific conditions, such as charts with a small number of data points that were viewed with no time limit (Bateman et al., 2010). This paper extends previous studies and investigates the effects of visual embellishment given different time limits for viewing these charts. Similar to the Bateman et al. (2010) study, we compared embellished charts (selected from the work of Nigel Holmes) and plain, grayscale charts, but we limited our selection to those that consisted of larger data sets (10 or more data points). Results showed that the presence of a time limit affected comprehension and short-term recall performance, while the type of chart significantly affected short-term recall. In addition, the type of chart affected the time needed to review the chart while answering the questions. Participants found Holmes charts more attractive and memorable.
Learnability and the Lexicon

This book provides a critical review of recent theories of semantics-syntax correspondences and makes new proposals for constraints on semantic structure relevant to syntax. Data from several languages are presented which suggest that semantic structure in root morphemes is subject to parametric variation which has effect across a variety of verb classes, including locatives, unaccusatives, and psych verbs.The implications for first and second language acquisition are discussed. In particular, it is suggested that different parametric settings may lead to a learnability problem if adult learners do not retain access to sensitivity to underlying semantic organization and morphological differences between languages provided by Universal Grammar. An experiment with Chinese-speaking learners of English is presented which shows that learners initially transfer L1 semantic organization to the L2, but are able to retreat from overgeneralisations and achieve native-like grammars in this area. Suggestions for further research in this rapidly developing area of theory and acquisition research are also made.
Web 2.0 and Second Language Learning: What Does the Research Tell Us?

This article reviews research on the use of Web 2.0 technologies in second language learning. Its purpose is to explore the current state of research on this topic, to investigate the theoretical perspectives framing the current research, to identify some of the benefits of using Web 2.0 technologies in second language learning, and to discuss some of the limitations of existing research. The review of research found that blogs and wikis have been the most studied Web 2.0 tools, while others, such as social networking applications and virtual worlds, have been less frequently explored. In addition, the most commonly investigated languages have been English as a Second/Foreign Language (ESL/EFL), Spanish, German and French. Considerably less research has been conducted on applying Web 2.0 technologies to less commonly taught languages, such as Arabic, Chinese, or Russian. Additionally, the language learning environments afforded by Web 2.0 technologies have greatly broadened the scope of topics explored in computer-assisted language learning (CALL): from earlier research which tended to concentrate on the traditional four language skills, to more recent topics such as learners’ identities, online collaboration, and learning communities. Although very few studies surveyed have actually examined students’ progress and learning outcomes associated with these tools, the most frequently reported benefit associated with Web 2.0 technologies is the favorable language learning environments they help to foster. Finally, this review found that much research on Web 2.0 technology and language learning is not clearly grounded in theory, and that a number of studies suffer from a set of common methodological limitations.