Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wrap attack activates web-decorating behavior in Argiope spiders

Various orb-weaving spiders add extra silk structures--"web decorations"--to their webs. The adaptive value of these web decorations is still unclear, and the suite of functional hypotheses remains controversial. Spiders in the genus Argiope decorate their webs with densely woven zigzag ribbons made of fibrous aciniform silk. This type of silk is also used by the spiders for "wrap attacks" to immobilize the prey by wrapping it with a dense silk cover. Previous studies suggested that the spiders use accumulated excess silk for building web decorations due to a constant secretion in the aciniform glands. We test if this hypothesis holds for 3 species, which construct different types of web decorations: linear in Argiope bruennichi, irregular in Argiope sector, and cruciate in Argiope keyserlingi. We show that depletion of aciniform silk has a stimulating effect on web-decorating behavior in 3 species of Argiope. The aciniform glands apparently readily overcompensated experimentally induced silk losses, and so silk depletion may result in the activation of the according glands. We suggest that the aciniform gland activation might be an important mechanism for Argiope's wrap attack to ensure sufficient wrapping of silk under high prey density and repeated wrapping events. The web decorations might function as a mechanism to maintain high gland activity, thereby maximizing the efficiency of the wrap attack strategy of Argiope. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.
Taxonomic notes on “ Phoebodus heslerorum ” and Symmorium reniforme ( Chondrichthyes , Elasmobranchii )

The revision of shark teeth from the Pennsylvanian black shales of central USA, ascribed to “Phoebodus heslerorum” Williams, 1985 and Symmorium reniforme Cope, 1893, shows that “Ph. heslerorum” is a junior synonym of “Cladodus” divergens Trautschold, 1879. This species belongs neither to Phoebodus nor to Cladodus, so a new genus Heslerodus is proposed. Very common, robust cladodont teeth with a deep labio−basal depression and two buttons, often referred to as S. reniforme, do not belong to the latter species, but to “Cladodus” occidentalis Leidy, 1859. The generic affinity of “C. ” occidentalis is yet undetermined, but it is possible that it represents ctenacanthoids.
Ownership and wages: spatial econometric approach

The aim of our paper is to disentangle the relationship between ownership and wages using cross-section data for Slovenian medium size and large companies, where we account for spatial dependencies in wage determination. Space here is not considered in geographical context, but as a set of relations between firms originating from the same owner. Using a detailed database on Slovenian ownership, we apply a spatial econometric approach to detect any ownership-based wage spillovers, while accounting for different standard factors, such as size, capital intensity and productivity, and also some ownership-based variables, such as ownership concentration and ratio of cash-flow to control rights. Our results indicate that ownership is an important factor in explaining differences in wage levels. Many large owners divert cash-flow into their own pockets which has a detrimental effect on wages and indicates that this behaviour induced by owners is not sustainable.
Technical Change and Human-Capital Returns and Investments: Evidence from the Green Revolution

Panel and time-series data describing the green-revolution period in India are used to assess the effects of exogenous technical change on the returns to schooling, the effects of schooling on the profitability of technical change, and the effects of technical change and school availability on household schooling investment. The results indicate that the returns to (primary) schooling increased during a period of rapid technical progress, particularly in areas with the highest growth rates. Such increases induced private investment in schooling, net of changes in wealth, wages, and the availability of schools, and school expansion importantly increased levels of schooling. Copyright 1996 by American Economic Association.
TOWARD CHARACTERIZATION OF THE TYPE IIP SUPERNOVA PROGENITOR POPULATION: A STATISTICAL SAMPLE OF LIGHT CURVES FROM Pan-STARRS1

In recent years, wide-field sky surveys providing deep multiband imaging have presented a new path for indirectly characterizing the progenitor populations of core-collapse supernovae (SNe): systematic light-curve studies. We assemble a set of 76 grizy-band Type IIP SN light curves from Pan-STARRS1, obtained over a constant survey program of 4 yr and classified using both spectroscopy and machine-learning-based photometric techniques. We develop and apply a new Bayesian model for the full multiband evolution of each light curve in the sample. We find no evidence of a subpopulation of fast-declining explosions (historically referred to as “Type IIL” SNe). However, we identify a highly significant relation between the plateau phase decay rate and peak luminosity among our SNe IIP. These results argue in favor of a single parameter, likely determined by initial stellar mass, predominantly controlling the explosions of red supergiants. This relation could also be applied for SN cosmology, offering a standardizable candle good to an intrinsic scatter of ≲ 0.2 mag. We compare each light curve to physical models from hydrodynamic simulations to estimate progenitor initial masses and other properties of the Pan-STARRS1 Type IIP SN sample. We show that correction of systematic discrepancies between modeled and observed SN IIP light-curve properties and an expanded grid of progenitor properties are needed to enable robust progenitor inferences from multiband light-curve samples of this kind. This work will serve as a pathfinder for photometric studies of core-collapse SNe to be conducted through future wide-field transient searches.
Development of ethosomes with taguchi robust design-based studies for transdermal delivery of alfuzosin hydrochloride

In the present investigation efficiency of ethosomes as novel lipid carriers for transdermal delivery of Alfuzosin Hydrochloride (AH) has been evaluated. Taguchi robust design method was used for optimization of ethosomal formulations. Phospholipid type, concentration of phospholipid and concentration of ethanol was selected as independent variables and their effect on the dependent variables (entrapment efficiency and flux) was studied. Ethosomal formulation (EA8) with soya phosphatidylcholine (3%) and ethanol 20% were optimized. Vesicles were spherical, unilamellar with smooth surface. The optimized formulation exhibited vesicle size (6.85 ± 1.35µm), zeta potential (-8.14 ± 0.62mv), entrapment efficiency (91.86 ± 3.25%), flux (27.42 ± 0.04µg/cm 2 /hr), lag time (0.26±0.20hr) and skin deposition (298.01 ± 15.4µg/g). Transdermal flux was enhanced by 6.92 times over drug solution. Vesicle skin interaction studies showed fatty change in the dermis. The formulations were stable at 4°C for 120 days. Results suggested ethosomes as efficient carriers for AH transdermal delivery. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/icpj.v1i11. 12063 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(11): 370-375
Formation of highly hygroscopic soot aerosols upon internal mixing with sulfuric acid vapor

The hygroscopic properties of submicron soot particles during internal mixing with gaseous sulfuric acid have been investigated using a combined tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) and differential mobility analyzer-aerosol particle mass analyzer (DMA-APM) technique. Fresh particles exhibit no change in mobility size and mass at subsaturated conditions, whereas particles exposed to gaseous sulfuric acid (10(9)-10(10) molecule cm(-3), 12 s contact time) experience significant mobility size and mass changes with increasing relative humidity (RH). The DMA-APM measurements reveal that particles of all sizes exposed to H2SO4 vapor gain mass with increasing RH because of absorption of water by sulfuric acid coating. However, on the basis of mobility size measurements using TDMA, upon humidification H2SO4-coated soot agglomerates display distinct hygroscopic growth patterns depending on their initial size and the mass fraction of condensed sulfuric acid. While small particles experience an increase in their mobility sizes, larger particles exhibit a marked shrinkage due to compaction. We suggest that determination of the hygroscopic properties of soot particles using a TDMA alone can be inconclusive. Restructuring of the soot agglomerates and filling of the voids that accompany the condensation of water-soluble materials and subsequent water absorption lead to little or no observable changes in particle mobility size at subsaturated RH even for particles that contain aqueous coatings. Extrapolation of our experimental results to the urban atmosphere indicates that initially hydrophobic soot particles acquire sufficient sulfate coating to become efficient CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) within a time period ranging from a few hours to a few days, dependent on the ambient H2SO4 level. The results imply that internal mixing with sulfuric acid through H2SO4 vapor condensation likely represents a common aging process for a variety of atmospheric aerosols. The variations in the size and hygroscopicity of soot particles during atmospheric processing influence their optical properties, cloud-forming potential, and human health effects. (Less)
Influence of Concentration Fluctuations on Relaxation Processes in Spin Glasses

Using the unique combination of atomically resolved atom probe tomography (APT) and volume averaged neutron (resonance) spin echo (NRSE and NSE) experiments, the influence of nano-scaled clusters on the spin relaxation in spin glasses was studied. For this purpose, the phase transition from the paramagnetic phase to the spin glass phase in an Fe-Cr spin glass with a composition of Fe 17 . 8 Cr 82 . 2 was studied in detail by means of NRSE. The microstructure was characterised by APT measurements, which show local concentration fluctuations of Fe and Cr on a length scale of 2 to 5 nm, which lead (i) to the coexistence of ferro- and anti-ferromagnetic clusters and (ii) a change of the magnetic properties of the whole sample, even in the spin glass phase, where spins are supposed to be randomly frozen. We show that a generalized spin glass relaxation function, which was successfully used to describe the phase transition in diluted spin glasses, can also be used for fitting the spin dynamics in spin glasses with significant concentration fluctuations.
First Results from Multifrequency Interferometry. A comparison of different decorrelation time constants at L, C, and X Band

The measurement of displacement from SAR images, using either interferometric or correlation techniques, is always carried out from a comparison between two or more acquisitions separated in time. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the level of phase decorrelation between the two acquisitions in order to understand the quality of the measures that can be obtained. The change of radar resolution cells in time is known to be the main responsible of the gradual decorrelation of the interferometric phase. However, a model that physically describes this process, is at the moment not available. Exploiting the test sites from GITEWS and Exupery, German projects focussed on determination of geo-risks, an analysis of the decorrelation time constants was performed on SAR data from PALSAR, ASAR and TerraSAR-X. Time series of the coherence have been computed and compared with simple statistical models. The time constants were analyzed as a measure of temporal decorrelation, in order to forecast the precision of displacement measures also for future missions. The extracted parameters were finally compared with the type of land covering using optical data and land use maps in order to determine a qualitative relationship between them and extend their validity in a more global context.
Digital Games and Biodiversity Conservation

Digital games play an important role in the lives of millions of people worldwide. The games industry is expanding rapidly, and games are developing in sophistication and complexity. Games (and gaming approaches to other activities) are increasingly being used for serious or social purposes in a wide range of fields, including biodiversity conservation. This paper evaluates the potential of “conservation games” (digital games that promote conservation). It explores ways in which conservation might make use of digital games in the areas of (1) education and behavior change, (2) fundraising, and (3) research, monitoring, and planning. It discusses the risk that games may distract gamers from the real world and its problems or provide misleadingly simple narratives about conservation issues. We conclude that there is great potential for conservation to take more advantage of digital games, provided that conservation games are developed in collaboration with game design specialists, have specific rather than general aims, target a specific and conservation‐relevant audience, and (above all) are fun to play.
RADAR Reveals Titan Topography

The Cassini Titan RADAR Mapper is a K(sub u)-band (13.78 GHz, lambda = 2.17 cm) linear polarized RADAR instrument capable of operating in synthetic aperture (SAR), scatterometer, altimeter and radiometer modes. During the first targeted flyby of Titan on 26 October, 2004 (referred to as Ta) observations were made in all modes. Evidence for topographic relief based on the Ta altimetry and SAR data are presented here. Additional SAR and altimetry observations are planned for the T3 encounter on 15 February, 2005, but have not been carried out at this writing. Results from the T3 encounter relevant to topography will be included in our presentation. Data obtained in the Ta encounter include a SAR image swath
Organic Structure and Innovation in Small Work Groups

This study develops the Burns and Stalker (1961) concept of organic structure, in operational terms, applying it to small work groups. A core dimension emerges, called "organicity, " which correlates strongly with the innovativeness of a group's task. The concept and the instruments for its measurement could find applications in studying the relation between individuals and their organizational work roles.
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN PERFECTIONISM AND ANXIETY IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Introduction: Perfectionism is a relati- vely stable personality trait which refers to setting high personal standards and the pursuit of perfection. Anxiety as personality trait represents propensity to observe ob- jectively harmless situations as endangering and to react signifficantly more intensive than the particular situation requires. Earlier results have shown positive correlation between exam anxiety and negative perfectionism (fear of failure). Also, some gender differences where found regarding perfectionism and anxiety, showing girls as more anxious and more perfectionists than boys. Aim: The aim of this research was to examine if there is any correlation between perfectionism and an- xiety, what is it's level and direction. Also, we wanted to examine if there are any gender differences regard- ing these two personality traits. Method: Systematic non-experimental research. The study involved 202 students of Belgrade Univer- sity, 158 girls (78%) and 44 boys (22%). Perfectionism level was measured with Multidimensional Perfection- ism Scale, by Frost et al., while anxiety was measured with Enler Multidimensional Anxiety Scale - Trait. Statistical analysis included Pearson correlation and t-test of independent samples. Results: The results show moderate positive cor- relation between anxiety and perfectionism (r = 0.29, p = 0.01), and slightly higher positive correlation betwe- en anxiety and negative aspects of perfectionism (r = 0.40, p = 0.01). There is a gender difference shown in anxiety level between female and male students, i.e. Girls have shown significantly higher anxiety level than boys (t = 3.39, p < 0.01,
Law, finance and development: further analyses of longitudinal data

This paper analyses a longitudinal dataset on legal protection of shareholders over a 36 year period, 1970-2005 for four advanced countries, UK, France, Germany and the US. It examines two aspects of the legal origin hypothesis - whether shareholder protection is higher in the common law countries (UK and USA) than in the civil law countries (France and Germany) and whether shareholder protection matters for stock market development in the short and long runs. It also examines the ‘causation’ issue and the ‘endogeneity’ problem- whether greater shareholder protection leads to stock market development or whether stock market development leads to changes in law. The paper casts serious doubt on the validity of the basic theses of the Anglo Saxon legal and developmental model.
A NEW DISTANT MILKY WAY GLOBULAR CLUSTER IN THE PAN-STARRS1 3π SURVEY

We present a new satellite in the outer halo of the Galaxy, the first Milky Way satellite found in the stacked photometric catalog of the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System 1 (Pan-STARRS1) Survey. From follow-up photometry obtained with WFI on the MPG/ESO 2.2 m telescope, we argue that the object, located at a heliocentric distance of 145 ± 17 kpc, is the most distant Milky Way globular cluster yet known. With a total magnitude of MV = −4.3 ± 0.2 and a half-light radius of 20 ± 2 pc, it shares the properties of extended globular clusters found in the outer halo of our Galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy. The discovery of this distant cluster shows that the full spatial extent of the Milky Way globular cluster system has not yet been fully explored.
Influence of V 2 O 5 Addition on the Magnetic and Electrical Properties of Iron-Deficient Ni-Zn Ferrite

The influence of V 2 O 5 addition on the magnetic and electrical properties of iron deficient ferrites with composition: Ni 0.65 Zn 0.35 Fe 1.96 O 4 +xV 2 O 5 have been investigated, where values of x (in mol unit) are 0, 0.002, 0.004, 0.006, 0.008 and 0.01. The sintered density, saturation magnetization, Curie temperature of the samples increase up to V 2 O 5 (x=0.004) and then decrease. The addition of V 2 O 5 to the composition of ferrite increases the anion vacancy concentration, prohibit the discontinuous grain growth, which in turn enhances the density. The increment of saturation magnetization is due to the enhancement of resultant sublattice magnetic moment and density. Upto V 2 O 5 (x=0.004), V 2 O 5 goes into solid solution with the ferrite matrix and increases the Curie temperature. This is probably due to ions occupy some octahedral sites (B-sites) of the ferrite lattice by V 5+ , as a result some Fe 3+ ions may come out from octahedral to tetrahedral sites (A-sites) thereby increasing A-B interaction and hence the Curie temperature. The dc resistivity of all the samples increases with the increment of V 2 O 5 in the compound. DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v33i2. 4097 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences , Vol. 33, No. 2, 145-149, 2009
Evidence of Language Prerequisites in Pan: Orofacial-Motor and Breath Control in Chimpanzees and Bonobos

Human spoken language requires the concomitant utilization of numerous cognitive and motor skills. Two particularly relevant skills are orofacial-motor control (OFM), the ability to purposefully move one’s facial muscles, and breath control (BC), subglottal air pressure that fuels sound production, as both are necessary in the voluntary production of speech. Many have claimed these competencies are uniquely human qualities without great ape antecedents. However, here we describe both skills in genus Pan, which contains our closest extant relatives: chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus). We hypothesized that OFM and BC would be present in both species of Pan and that bonobos would demonstrate increased OFM and BC due to their stronger reliance on vocal communication compared to chimpanzees. To test this hypothesis, different groups of a total of forty-three apes (24 chimpanzees and 19 bonobos) were trained to protrude their lower lip and tongue, inhale to retrieve a food item, and exhale to elevate a ball to a certain height in a clear cylinder. Apes underwent 50 OFM trials per condition, and the number of times the requested action was completed successfully was recorded. No significant differences were found between species for lower lip protrusions (t(42)=0.59, p=0.55); however, bonobos were significantly better at tongue protrusions (t(36)=4.46, p< 0.001). Diffusion tensor images were available for a subset of the chimpanzee sample (n=17). These subjects were then divided into high and low orofacial-motor performers and differences in intrahemispheric connectivity and FA values of the left and right inferior of the precentral gyri (IPrCG; the area responsible for mouth movements in chimpanzee brains) were examined with no significant differences between groups (left IPrCG: t(15)=. 58, p=0.57; right IPrCG: t(15)=1.03, p=0.32; right and left IPrCG: t(15)=-0.244, p=0.81). For BC, apes underwent 40 trials for both inhalation test trials and exhalation test trials; success and time it took to succeed were
Phytochemical Composition and Antifungal Actions of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of the Peels of two Yam Varieties

The phenolic composition and antifungal actions of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the peels of Dioscorea bulbifera and Dioscorea alata were investigated using standard techniques. The aqueous extract of the peel of Dioscorea bulbifera, contained 1.80 ± 0.14% flavonoids, 2.21 ± 0.16% tannins, 0.38 ± 0.04% alkaloids and 3.72 ± 0.03% saponins, while the ethanolic extract contained 1.70 ± 0.14% flavonoids, 1.47 ± 0.03% tannins, 0.68 ± 0.04% alkaloids and 6.07 ± 0.10% saponins. The aqueous extract of Dioscorea alata peel contained 1.95 ± 0.05% flavonoids, 2.18 ± 0.03% tannins, 0.25 ± 0.00% alkaloids and 3.96 ± 0.06% saponins, while the ethanolic extract contained 1.85 ± 0.14% flavonoids, 1.33 ± 0.04% tannins, 0.60 ± 0.00% alkaloids and 5.36 ± 0.01% saponins. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the flavonoid contents of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of peels of the yam varieties, the aqueous extracts of the peels of Dioscorea bulbifera and Dioscorea alata contained significantly higher (P<0.05) amounts of tannins than their ethanolic extracts, while the ethanolic extracts of the peels of Dioscorea bulbifera and D.alata contained significantly higher (P<0.05) amounts of alkaloids and saponins than their aqueous extracts. The extracts of the yam peels exhibited various antifungal actions in a dose dependent manner and at 40% concentration exhibited higher inhibitory action on Botryodiploidia theobromae than standard Griseofulvin. Results show antifungal actions and medicinal potentials of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the peels of Dioscorea alata and Dioscorea bulbfera.