Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BLOOD pH/PLASMA CATECHOLAMINE RELATIONSHIPS: RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

SUMMARY Infusions of hydrochloric acid in ventilated, intact dogs were associated with increases in plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline in proportion to the fall in arterial pH. Down to about pH 6.7 the rise in noradrenaline predominated, largely due to extra-adrenal liberation. During more extreme acidosis the adrenal medulla released large amounts of adrenaline, with some noradrenaline, apparently resulting partly from a local effect on the adrenal medullary cells. From the results of hexamethonium infusion it is concluded that during non-respiratory acidosis hexamethonium has a greater dampening effect on the extra-adrenal sympathetic system than on the adrenal medullary synapse. The plasma catecholamine responses to respiratory and to non-respiratory acidosis appear to be broadly similar. There was evidence, however, in the range of pH 6.7-6.9, that more noradrenaline is liberated during respiratory acidosis, and that during hexamethonium administration the adrenal medulla can be excited to a greater extent by carbon dioxide than by acid infusion.
Finite element analysis of the needle type applicator made of shape memory alloy

In this paper, we propose a new heating method in which we use shape memory alloy (SMA) in a needle type applicator for brain tumor hyperthermia. In order to expand the heating area of a needle type applicator and to control the heating pattern for various sizes of tumors, some kinds of SMA needle type applicators were developed. To apply the proposed heating method safely to clinical hyperthermia, it is necessary to make appropriate thermal distribution to the region of the brain tumor. However, it is not easy to predict the three dimensional temperature distribution during the human brain tumor hyperthermia. Therefore, we estimated the temperature distribution inside the agar phantom by the finite element method (FEM). Here, first, the computer simulation results of temperature distributions under the different heating times are discussed. Second, a comparison of the heating properties obtained by using the needle type electrodes made of different shaped SMA is discussed. From these results, it is confirmed that the proposed heating method can expand the heating area and control the heating pattern for the various sizes of brain tumors.
High knee abduction moments are common risk factors for patellofemoral pain (PFP) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in girls: Is PFP itself a predictor for subsequent ACL injury?

Background Identifying risk factors for knee pain and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury can be an important step in the injury prevention cycle. Objective We evaluated two unique prospective cohorts with similar populations and methodologies to compare the incidence rates and risk factors associated with patellofemoral pain (PFP) and ACL injury. Methods The ‘PFP cohort’ consisted of 240 middle and high school female athletes. They were evaluated by a physician and underwent anthropometric assessment, strength testing and three-dimensional landing biomechanical analyses prior to their basketball season. 145 of these athletes met inclusion for surveillance of incident (new) PFP by certified athletic trainers during their competitive season. The ‘ACL cohort’ included 205 high school female volleyball, soccer and basketball athletes who underwent the same anthropometric, strength and biomechanical assessment prior to their competitive season and were subsequently followed up for incidence of ACL injury. A one-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate potential group (incident PFP vs ACL injured) differences in anthropometrics, strength and landing biomechanics. Knee abduction moment (KAM) cut-scores that provided the maximal sensitivity and specificity for prediction of PFP or ACL injury risk were also compared between the cohorts. Results KAM during landing above 15.4 Nm was associated with a 6.8% risk to develop PFP compared to a 2.9% risk if below the PFP risk threshold in our sample. Likewise, a KAM above 25.3 Nm was associated with a 6.8% risk for subsequent ACL injury compared to a 0.4% risk if below the established ACL risk threshold. The ACL-injured athletes initiated landing with a greater knee abduction angle and a reduced hamstrings-to-quadriceps strength ratio relative to the incident PFP group. Also, when comparing across cohorts, the athletes who suffered ACL injury also had lower hamstring/quadriceps ratio than the players in the PFP sample (p<0.05). Conclusions In adolescent girls aged 13.3 years, >15 Nm of knee abduction load during landing is associated with greater likelihood of developing PFP. Also, in girls aged 16.1 years who land with >25 Nm of knee abduction load during landing are at increased risk for both PFP and ACL injury.
Family Mediated Abuse of Noninstitutionalized Frail Elderly Men and Women Living in British Columbia

Characteristics of 66 frail elderly men and women and their family caregivers living in British Columbia are examined in this descriptives tudy to determine factors which differentiate between appropriate and abusive care situations. Data sources are Homemakers, an in-home support service, and media-initiated community reports. Contrary to earlier Canadian research, caregiver rather than victim characteristics are important. The typical victim is an old woman who exhibits fewer mental and physical health problems than a recipient of appropriate care. It is alcohol use by a male caregiver that is significantly related to abuse.
The ECG of high-level junior soccer players: comparing the ESC vs the Seattle criteria

Introduction Sudden cardiac death in young athletes is a devastating event. The screening and detection of potentially life-threatening cardiac pathology by ECG is difficult due to high numbers of false-positive results, especially in the very young. The Seattle ECG criteria (2013) were introduced to decrease false-positive results. We compared the Seattle ECG criteria with the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) ECG criteria of 2005 and 2010 for cardiac screening in high-level junior soccer players. Methods During the 2012–2013 season, all data from cardiovascular screenings performed on the youth division of two professional soccer clubs were collected. The total study population consisted of 193 male adolescent professional soccer players, aged 10–19 years. Five players dropped out of this study. Results Applying the ESC criteria of 2005 and 2010 to our population resulted in a total of 89 (47%) and 62 (33%) abnormal ECGs. When the Seattle ECG criteria were applied, the number of abnormal ECGs was 6 (3%). The reduction was mainly due to a reclassification of the long QT cut-off value and the exclusion of right atrial enlargement criteria. All ECG abnormalities using the Seattle criteria related to T-wave inversion criteria. Conclusion The Seattle ECG criteria seem very promising for decreasing false-positive screening results for high-level junior soccer players.
Risk factors, testing and preventative strategies for non-contact injuries in professional football: current perceptions and practices of 44 teams from various premier leagues

Purpose Little is known about injury prevention practices in professional football clubs. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the current perceptions and practices of premier league football clubs internationally concerning risk factors, testing and preventative exercises for non-contact injuries. Methods A survey was administered to 93 premier league football clubs internationally. The survey included four sections: (1) persons involved in the injury prevention programme: position, quantity, role, qualification; (2) perceptions regarding non-contact injury risk factors; (3) tests used to identify non-contact injury risk and (4) non-contact injury prevention exercises used, their perceived effectiveness and implementation strategies. Results 44 surveys were successfully returned (47%). The position of physiotherapist was the most represented position in the injury prevention programme. The top five perceived risk factors in rank order were previous injury, fatigue, muscle imbalance, fitness and movement efficiency. The five most commonly used tests to identify injury risk (in rank order) were functional movement screen, questionnaire, isokinetic dynamometry, physical tests and flexibility. The top five exercises used by clubs were (also in rank order) eccentric exercise, balance/proprioception, hamstring eccentric, core stability and, sharing the fifth position, Nordic hamstring and gluteus activation. Conclusions The survey revealed the most common perceptions and practices of premier league football clubs internationally regarding risk factors, testing and preventative exercises. The findings can enable reduction of the gap between research and practice.
Higher shoe-surface interaction is associated with doubling of lower extremity injury risk in football codes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Turning or cutting on a planted foot may be an important inciting event for lower limb injury, particularly when shoe-surface traction is high. We systematically reviewed the relationship between shoe-surface interaction and lower-extremity injury in football sports. Methods A systematic literature search of four databases was conducted up to November 2014. Prospective studies investigating the relationship between rotational traction and injury rate were included. Two researchers independently extracted outcome data and assessed the quality of included studies using a modified Downs and Black index. Effect sizes (OR+95% CIs) were calculated using RevMan software. Where possible, data were pooled using the fixed effect model. Results Three prospective studies were included (4972 male athletes). The methodological quality was generally good with studies meeting 68–89% of the assessment criteria. All studies categorised athletes into low (lowest mean value 15 nm) or high traction groups (highest mean value 74 nm) based on standardised preseason testing. In all cases, injury reporting was undertaken prospectively over approximately three seasons, with verification from a medical practitioner. Injury data focused on: all lower limb injuries, ankle/knee injuries or ACL injury only. There was a clear relationship between rotational traction and injury and the direction and magnitude of effect sizes were consistent across studies. The pooled data from the three studies (OR=2.73, 95% CI 2.13 to 3.15; χ2=3.19, df=2, p=0.21; I2=36.5%) suggest that the odds of injury are approximately 2.5 times higher when higher levels of rotational traction are present at the shoe-surface interface. Summary and conclusions Higher levels of rotational traction influence lower limb injury risk in American Football athletes. We conclude that this warrants considerable attention from clinicians and others interested in injury prevention across all football codes.
Pharmacological characterization of A‐131701, a novel α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist selective for α1A‐ and α1D‐compared to α1B‐adrenoceptors

New compounds selective for α1A‐adrenoceptors in the prostate may offer enhanced efficacy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), with fewer side effects than current treatment. A‐131701 (3‐[2‐((3aR,9bR)‐cis‐6‐methoxy‐2,3,3a,4,5,9b,hexahydro‐[1H]‐benz[e]isoindol‐2‐yl)ethyl]pyrido[3′,4′:4,5]thieno [3,2‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4(1H,3H)‐dione), from a novel class of benz[e]isolindole pyridothienopyrimidines and pyridothienopyrazines, is selective for α1a‐ and α1d‐adrenoceptors in radioligand binding studies (0.22 nM at α1a‐, 0.97 nM at α1d‐) compared to α1b‐sites (2.5 nM) and in isolated tissue bioassays (pA2 values of 8.9–9.0 for α1A‐receptors in rat vas deferens or canine prostate strips, 9.1 at α1D‐sites (rat aorta)), compared to 7.9 at α1B‐sites (rat spleen). A‐131701 also potently blocked radioligand binding to α1‐adrenoceptors in canine and human prostatic membranes, but was considerably weaker at α2‐adrenoceptors. In isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs, A‐131701 antagonized epinephrine‐induced increases in intraurethral pressure (IUP) with a pseudo‐pA2 value of 8.17. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, A‐131701 caused transient decreases in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and transient tachycardia. The area under the curve (AUC0→60 min) for the hypotensive response was dose‐related, with a log index value for A‐131701 of 5.33, suggesting a selectivity of >600‐fold comparing IUP to MABP effects. In pentobarbital‐anesthetized dogs, A‐131701 was more potent in blocking phenylephrine (PHE)‐induced increases in IUP (pseudo‐pA2 = 8.0) compared to concurrently measured MABP (pseudo‐pA2 = 7.2), or sixfold selective. Doses greater than 1,000 nmol/kg i.v. of A‐131701 were required to lower blood pressure by 10 mm Hg in these dogs (pED10 =. 5.57), indicating a uroselectivity ratio of >250, superior to doxazosin, terazosin, or tamsulosin. Thus, A‐131701 is selective for α1A‐ and α1D‐ vs. α1B‐adrenoceptors in vitro, and prostatic function vs. blood pressure effects in vivo, which may provide therapeutic advantages in the treatment of BPH. Drug Dev. Res. 44:140–162, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
College Undergraduate Ritalin Abusers in Southwestern California: Protective and Risk Factors

During the past five years, a few studies have reported that college students are using stimulants such as Ritalin without a prescription. To date, studies on college Ritalin/Adderall use have been from samples in the eastern or midwestern U.S. This study was designed to examine risk and protective factors associated with Ritalin/Adderall use among a college sample in Southern California. Our findings indicate that 11.2% of students reported past year and over 4% reported past 30 day use of Ritalin/Adderall. In our final analysis, students with lower GPAs, in a fraternity/sorority, not in a committed relationship, and who smoke and use other drugs were more likely to report past year and past 30 day Ritalin/Adderall use. Implications for prevention programming of these findings are discussed.
The dose–response effect of physical activity on cancer mortality: findings from 71 prospective cohort studies

Background The WHO recommends moderate physical activity to combat the increasing risk of death from chronic diseases. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association between physical activity and cancer mortality and the WHO recommendations to reduce the latter. Methods MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched up until May 2014 for cohort studies examining physical activity and cancer mortality in the general population and cancer survivors. Combined HRs were estimated using fixed-effect or random-effect meta-analysis of binary analysis. Associated HRs with defined increments and recommended levels of recreational physical activity were estimated by two-stage random-effects dose–response meta-analysis. Results A total of 71 cohort studies met the inclusion criteria and were analysed. Binary analyses determined that individuals who participated in the most physical activity had an HR of 0.83 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.87) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.84) for cancer mortality in the general population and among cancer survivors, respectively. There was an inverse non-linear dose–response between the effects of physical activity and cancer mortality. In the general population, a minimum of 2.5 h/week of moderate-intensity activity led to a significant 13% reduction in cancer mortality. Cancer survivors who completed 15 metabolic equivalents of task (MET)-h/week of physical activity had a 27% lower risk of cancer mortality. A greater protective effect occurred in cancer survivors undertaking physical activity postdiagnosis versus prediagnosis, where 15 MET-h/week decreased the risk by 35% and 21%, respectively. Conclusions Our meta-analysis supports that current physical activity recommendations from WHO reduce cancer mortality in both the general population and cancer survivors. We infer that physical activity after a cancer diagnosis may result in significant protection among cancer survivors.
Neuroendocrinological Control of Obesity

A complex physiological system of afferent and efferent pathways provides the balance between energy intake and expenditure. Hunger initiates eating. Satiety hormones assist digestion and also partake in the feeling of satiety upon food intake. The central circuit in the brain, by integrating the satiety signals and the long term signals of energy status, coordinates the responses to the changes in the nutritional status. The primary determinant of energy intake is appetite regulation, consisting of central regulation and peripheral regulation. The central nervous system receives hormonal and metabolic signals from the periphery, of long term or of short term regulatory nature, which are interpreted and redirected to centers in the brain and peripheral organs to plan the energy homeostasis. This integrating regulation mostly takes place at the arcuate and the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. The arcuate nucleus neurons secrete orexigenic substances, such as neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide, and anorexigenic peptides such as pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. Conflict of interest: None declared
Antinuclear antibody (ANA)-positive thrombocytopenia: primary, but with a difference.

To the editor: In the recent Vicenza Consensus Conference,[1][1] 2 clinical-immunologic entities have been considered when defining the criteria for differentiating “primary” from “secondary” forms of immune thrombocytopenias. However, although the thrombocytopenia associated with the
Clinical characteristics of Japanese patients with psoriatic arthritis: Comparison with East Asian countries

To determine the characteristics and current status of Japanese patients with psoriatic arthritis, the Japanese Society for Psoriasis Research have started to conduct retrospective questionnaire surveys. The results collected from over a thousand patients with psoriatic arthritis have revealed several characteristics. The newly visited psoriatic arthritis patients accounted for approximately 10% of all new psoriatic patients who visited the dermatology department in many referral centers. The prevalence was nearly 15% of psoriatic patients, which was similar to a recent rheumatology and dermatology study in Japan with a large cohort. There was a male predominance. The mean age of onset for cutaneous psoriasis was in the late 30s, while that of arthritis was in the late 40s. If we compare the precedence of cutaneous psoriasis versus arthritis, the psoriasis precedent group accounted for nearly 75%, while arthritis accounted for 5% of cases. The mean duration in patients who developed psoriasis prior to arthritis was over 10 years, while that in patients preceded by arthritis was less than 5 years. According to the Moll and Wright criteria, polyarthritis type was most common, followed by distal interphalangeal type and oligoarthritis type. Biologics were used in over 50% of psoriatic arthritis patients, and TNF inhibitors were currently used in approximately 70% among biologics. Switching to other biologics or discontinuance was seen in 15%. This review shows the current status of psoriatic arthritis in Japan, as well as a comparison of the prevalence among East Asian countries.
Evidence review for the 2016 International Ankle Consortium consensus statement on the prevalence, impact and long-term consequences of lateral ankle sprains

Lateral ankle sprains (LASs) are the most prevalent musculoskeletal injury in physically active populations. They also have a high prevalence in the general population and pose a substantial healthcare burden. The recurrence rates of LASs are high, leading to a large percentage of patients with LAS developing chronic ankle instability. This chronicity is associated with decreased physical activity levels and quality of life and associates with increasing rates of post-traumatic ankle osteoarthritis, all of which generate financial costs that are larger than many have realised. The literature review that follows expands this paradigm and introduces emerging areas that should be prioritised for continued research, supporting a companion position statement paper that proposes recommendations for using this summary of information, and needs for specific future research.
Accurate Stabilities of Laccase Mutants Predicted with a Modified FoldX Protocol

Fungal laccases are multicopper enzymes of industrial importance due to their high stability, multifunctionality, and oxidizing power. This paper reports computational protocols that quantify the relative stability (ΔΔG of folding) of mutants of high-redox-potential laccases (TvLIIIb and PM1L) with up to 11 simultaneously mutated sites with good correlation against experimental stability trends. Molecular dynamics simulations of the two laccases show that FoldX is very structure-sensitive, since all mutants and the wild type must share structural configuration to avoid artifacts of local sampling. However, using the average of 50 MD snapshots of the equilibrated trajectories restores correlation (r ~ 0.7-0.9, r(2) ~ 0.49-0.81) and provides a root-mean-square accuracy of ~1.2 kcal/mol for ΔΔG or 3.5 °C for T(50), suggesting that the time-average of the crystal structure is recovered. MD-averaged input also reduces the spread in ΔΔG, suggesting that local FoldX sampling overestimates free energy changes because of neglected protein relaxation. FoldX can be viewed as a simple "linear interaction energy" method using sampling of the wild type and mutant and a parametrized relative free energy function: Thus, we show in this work that a substantial "hysteresis" of ~1 kcal/mol applies to FoldX, and that an improved protocol that reverses calculations and uses the average obtained ΔΔG enhances correlation with the experimental data. As glycosylation is ignored in FoldX, its effect on ΔΔG must be additive to the amino acid mutations. Quantitative structure-property relationships of the FoldX energy components produced a substantially improved laccase stability predictor with errors of ~1 °C for T(50), vs 3-5 °C for a standard FoldX protocol. The developed model provides insight into the physical forces governing the high stability of fungal laccases, most notably the hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions in the folded state, which provide most of the predictive power.