Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preserving the integrity of the EU ETS under unilateral action

Cap-and-trade programs where multiple jurisdictions agree on a common cap such as the European Union's Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) face the challenge of how to accommodate di erent levels of ambition with respect to carbon mitigation, and respective preferences about technology pathways. Jurisdictions that value marginal bene ts of mitigation above the average level have an incentive to take additional unilateral action, which has two important consequences: First, if the cap is binding, more mitigation in one jurisdiction would lead to less mitigation in other jurisdictions (waterbed e ect). Second, unilateral action will reduce the price of allowances, leading to even higher motivation by environmental advocates for additional action, i.e. it creates a negative feedback on allowance prices. This could over time lead to a situation where inactive jurisdictions are more and more freed from their obligation to contribute to the public good provision. Both e ects could endanger the integrity of cap and trade as a mechanism for cooperation, undermining stakeholder con dence and potentially putting its durability at stake. The EU ETS may be nearing such a state. In this paper, we investigate a price oor for allowances implemented as an minimum auction (reserve) price as a remedy to the waterbed e ects. Using a numerical electricity market model (LIMES-EU) we investigate how such a price oor, implemented by a coalition or all EU-countries, compares to a reference case where the price is strictly determined by the demand for allowances and the emissions cap. We examine the impacts of a price oor on allowance prices, emission quantities, as well as auction revenues and consumer and producer surplus in each member state. We consider related distributional outcomes, such as potential gains for inactive member states that would potentially oppose a respective reform at the EU level. Findings show that a minimum price starting at 25 ¿/t in 2020 and rising at 5% per year would substantially alleviate the waterbed e ect from the coal phase out policies envisioned in several EU member states, in particular in Germany. It implies withholding 3.9 Gt of allowances until 2050 in addition to the amount of allowances invalidated from the Market Stability Reserve (MSR) in 2023 as a result of the recent EU ETS reform. Implementing such a price oor creates both winners and losers, but overall e ects are relatively small in magnitude and auction revenues increase for all member states. This indicates the availability of a number of options for creating a political coalition adopting such a scheme. (*) Corresponding author: michael.pahle@pik-potsdam.de (a) Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegraphenberg A 56, 14473 Potsdam, Germany. (b) Resources for the Future, 1616 P St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA. (c) Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, Torgauer Str. 12-15, 10829 Berlin, Germany. (d) Hertie School of Governance, Friedrichstraÿe 180, 10117 Berlin, Germany. (e) Technische Universität Berlin, Straÿe des 17. Juni 145, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
The Relation between Military Expenditure & Economic Growth in Developing Countries : Evidence from a Panel of 41 Developing Countries

A panel data model is estimated to examine the relationship between military expenditure and economic Growth (GDP) in developing world using annual data for 41 countries over the period 2001 to 2010. The estimated empirical panel model explaining GDP growth as a function of military expenditure, labor and capital variables suggests varying country-wise positive effects for military expenditure and, as might be expected, positive effects for labor and capital. We found that the Defense expenditure has either positive or negative effect on GDP growth for different countries. Therefore, country-specific effects are important in explaining the relation between military expenditure and GDP growth.
Capital Structure and Market Timing in the UK : Deviation from Target Leverage and Security

This paper examines the timing behavior of firms in the UK. We estimate intrinsic value of firms’ equities and find that managers do indeed a time security issue which leads them to deviate away from target leverage levels. We further find that equity mispricing influences issue decisions as well as the issue choice. Equity mispricing increases the likelihood of firms making security issues. In addition, undervaluation increases the probability of firms opting for debt issues instead of equity. Firms also reduce equity and debt levels to reflect equity mispricing indicating that repurchase decisions are also timed. In addition, we find that firms are more like to issue debt accompanied with equity repurchases due to equity undervaluation and equity issues are supplemented with debt repurchases due to equity overvaluation.
A 5 EE-272 EFFECT OF HYDRATED LIME ON THE RESISTANCE OF ASPHALT MIXTURES TO WINTER-RELATED DAMAGE : MOISTURE , FREEZE-THAW AND DEICING SALTS

The recent severe winter episodes all over Europe have shown that asphalt mixtures are vulnerable to winter climate and sollicitations: The usual damaging effect of moisture is enhanced when associated to freeze-thaw cycles. Also, the presence of deicing salts can modify these effects. In this context, this study focuses on different ways to evaluate the resistance of asphalt mixtures to winter damage. The effect of aggregate origin (two having poor bitumen-aggregate adhesion and one having good adhesion) and of hydrated lime was assessed with the same bitumen source. First, bitumen dewetting potential of the coarse 6/10 aggregate was quantified using a modified XP T 66-043 protocol (passive adhesion), with or without salts. This confirmed the strong stripping potential of two of the aggregate sources. Also, deicing salts increased the dewetting of all aggregates. Then, moisture resistance of AC 10 mixtures was quantified using EN 12697-12 method B, with the usual conditioning of 7 days at 18°C but also with a conditioning of 3 days at 40°C, with or without salts. Salts were seen not to affect the results. The 3 days 40°C protocol was seen to be more severe than 7 days at 18°C. Finally, freeze-thaw cycles were applied to the mixtures following a protocol adapted from the Lottman test (AASHTO T283). As a result, the different testing methods give a different and somewhat divergent view of the stripping potential. In all cases, hydrated lime can successfully improve the resistance of asphalt mixtures to winter damage.
M ar 2 01 7 In-situ Polarized Neutron Reflectometry : Epitaxial Thin Film Growth of Fe on Cu ( 001 ) by DC Magnetron Sputtering

The step-wise growth of epitaxial Fe on Cu(001)/Si(001), investigated by in-situ polarized neutron reflectometry is presented. A sputter deposition system was integrated into the neutron reflectometer AMOR at the Swiss neutron spallation source SINQ, which enables the analysis of the microstructure and magnetic moments during all deposition steps of the Fe layer. We report on the progressive evolution of the accessible parameters describing the microstructure and the magnetic properties of the Fe film, which reproduce known features and extend our knowledge on the behavior of ultrathin iron films.
An evaluation of the practice of environmental education in New Zealand schools

____________________________________________________________________ An evaluation of the practice of environmental education in New Zealand schools Chris Eames, Rachel Bolstad and Bronwen Cowie, University of Waikato & New Zealand Council of Educational Research, New Zealand Email addresses: c.eames@waikato.ac. nz, rachel.bolstad@nzcer.org.nz Downloaded from http://www.nzcer.org.nz/pdfs/12885.pdf This paper reports on a national research project, the first of its kind, that investigated the practice of environmental education in New Zealand schools. The research included a literature review of New Zealand and international environmental education literature, a survey of nearly two hundred New Zealand schools and case studies of environmental education practice in eight schools. In this paper we describe and discuss key features of current practice in environmental education in New Zealand schools. The rewards for teachers, students, schools and the wider school community arising from the implementation of this non-mandatory curriculum subject are highlighted along with critical supports and constraints on practice.
Improving Efficiency of a High Work Turbine Using Non-Axisymmetric Endwalls: Part I—Endwall Design and Performance

This paper is the first part of a two part paper reporting the improvement of efficiency of a one-and-half stage high work axial flow turbine by non-axisymmetric endwall contouring. In this first paper the design of the endwall contours is described and the CFD flow predictions are compared to five-hole-probe measurements. The endwalls have been designed using automatic numerical optimization by means of an Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm, the flow being computed with the 3D RANS solver TRACE. The aim of the design was to reduce the secondary kinetic energy and secondary losses. The experimental results confirm the improvement of turbine efficiency, showing a stage efficiency benefit of 1%±0.4%, revealing that the improvement is underestimated by CFD. The secondary flow and loss have been significantly reduced in the vane, but improvement of the midspan flow is also observed. Mainly this loss reduction in the first row and the more homogeneous flow is responsible for the overall improvement. Numerical investigations indicate that the transition modeling on the airfoil strongly influences the secondary loss predictions. The results confirm that non-axisymmetric endwall profiling is an effective method to improve turbine efficiency, but that further modeling work is needed to achieve a good predictability.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF GWB TO THE LATERAL PERFORMANCE OF WOOD SHEARWALLS

It is well-known that gypsum wall board (GWB) affects the structural performance of light wood frame buildings (LWFBs) constructed with wood-based shear walls. However, the behaviour of the LWFBs including GWB under earthquake actions is still unknown. As the first step to investigate the seismic response of LWFBs with GWB, the structural behaviour of shear walls and the contribution of GWB are studied experimentally. Twelve (12) shear walls sheathed with oriented strand board (OSB) or GWB alone, or in combination are being tested under static monotonic or reversed cyclic lateral load. The structural performance of shear walls in terms of stiffness, load-carrying capacity, ductility, failure modes, failure mechanism, load distribution between OSB and GWB will be analysed. Based on the tests, the influence of the panel orientation, the taping and number of layers of GWB on the shear walls will be investigated. This test will provide essential information for the development of a supper macro model to simulate the behaviour of shear walls sheathed with OSB and GWB, and the simulation of the seismic behaviour of LWFBs considering the contribution of GWB as well.
homeobox gene NKX 2-2 is aberrantly expressed in Hodgkin lymphoma

NKL homeobox genes encode basic transcriptional regulators of cell and tissue differentiation. Recently, we described a hematopoietic NKL-code comprising nine specific NKL homeobox genes expressed in normal hematopoietic stem cells, lymphoid progenitors and during lymphopoiesis, highlighting their physiological role in the development of T-, Band NK-cells. Here, we identified aberrant expression of the non-hematopoietic neural NKL homeobox gene NKX2-2 in about 12% of both, classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and nodular lymphocyte predominant (NLP) HL patients. The NKX2-2 expressing NLPHL-derived cell line DEV served as a model by analysing chromosomal configurations and expression profiling data to reveal activating mechanisms and downstream targets of this developmental regulator. While excluding chromosomal rearrangements at the locus of NKX2-2 we identified t(3;14)(p21;q32) resulting in overexpression of the IL17 receptor gene IL17RB via juxtaposition with the IGH-locus. SiRNA-mediated knockdown experiments demonstrated that IL17RB activated NKX2-2 transcription. Overexpression of IL17RB-cofactor DAZAP2 via chromosomal gain of 12q13 and deletion of its proteasomal inhibitor SMURF2 at 17q24 supported expression of NKX2-2. IL17RB activated transcription factors FLI1 and FOXG1 which in turn mediated NKX2-2 expression. In addition, overexpressed chromatin-modulator AUTS2 contributed to NKX2-2 activation as well. Downstream analyses indicated that NKX2-2 inhibits transcription of lymphoid NKL homeobox gene MSX1 and activates expression of basic helix-loop-helix factor NEUROD1 which may disturb B-cell differentiation processes via reported interaction with TCF3/E2A. Taken together, our data reveal ectopic activation of a neural gene network in HL placing NKX2-2 at its hub, highlighting a novel oncogenic impact of NKL homeobox genes in B-cell malignancies.
Chronology and structural control of Late Cenozoic volcanism in the Loma Creston quadrangle, southern Jemez volcanic field, New Mexico

A BSTRACT — Geologic mapping and 29 new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age determinations of seven major volcanic units conﬁrm several epi- sodes of maﬁc and silicic volcanism in the southern Jemez ﬁeld in late Cenozoic time. Volcanism began with eruption of the aphyric basalt of Chamisa Mesa at approximately 9.9± 0.9 Ma. Overlying lava domes of the Canovas Canyon Rhyolite yield ages of 9.7 to 9.4 Ma. A second maﬁc pulse, the basalt of Bodega Butte (new name) is precisely dated at 9.14± 0.12 Ma (n= 4). A separate mapping project shows this 9.1 Ma olivine-augite basalt ﬁlls SW-descending paleovalleys near the base of a composite volcano of the Paliza Canyon Formation centered on Ruiz Peak, 10 km north of Loma Creston. We interpret the basalt of Bodega Butte as a late-stage ﬂank eruption from the 9.5 to-9.1 Ma volcano at Ruiz Peak. Biotite from a Paliza Canyon trachydacite lava ﬂow at Loma Creston is dated at 9.44± 0.16 Ma. The basalt of Bodega Butte apparently ﬂowed southward around the low hill of dacite at Loma Creston. The trachyandesite of Mesita Cocida (new name), dated at 7.09± 0.21 Ma (n=3), is a microporphyritic, plagioclase-hornblende ﬂow that unconformably overlies tilted volcaniclastic sediments at Mesita Cocida. Plinian pulses of the Bearhead Rhyolite at 7.0, 6.8 and 6.3 Ma produced the overlying Peralta Tuff and thin coeval ash beds. The ﬁnal eruption in the study area was a xenocrystic basaltic andesite from a ﬁssure vent on northwest Santa Ana Mesa at 2.4 Ma. Two episodes of hydrothermal alteration (ca. 9-8 and 7-5.3 Ma) are linked to crustal intrusions that fed ENE- trending vent zones of the Canovas Canyon and Bearhead rhyolites. Adularia from the red jasperoidal zone at Mesita Cocida is precisely dated at 5.31± 0.08 Ma. An en echelon belt of jasperized dextral-oblique normal faults at Mesita Cocida is aligned with a narrow transverse graben near Bodega Butte. The ENE-trending Bodega-Cocida shear zone (BCSZ) is interpreted as a preexisting basement structure, locally reactivated as a zone of distributed sinistral shear within the Rio Grande rift. We suggest that the BCSZ formed as the relatively “rigid” ENE-trending margin of the Colorado Plateau was dragged obliquely westward away from mobile lithosphere under the rift to create a focus of dilatant sinistral shear, which in turn controlled the ascent of late Miocene rhyolite intrusions under the southern Jemez volcanic ﬁeld.
7 Stability Parameters for Comparing Bread Wheat Genotypes under Combined Heat and Drought Stress

COMPARISON of ten local and twelve introduced wheat accessions was performed on twelve different induced environments (2 years × 2 sowing dates × 3 water stresses) to analyze genotype × environment interactions (G×E) and estimate stability indices of yield and its components. Mainly the total variations of studied traits were due to the main effects of environmental factors and their interaction, whereas the significant environmental variations were ranged from 10.62% (harvest index) to 43.95% (spike kernels weight). The genotypes differed significantly for all studied traits, moreover these differences ranged from 6.82 % to 50.42% of total variation in 1000-kernel weight and no. of kernels/spike, respectively. G×E interactions were highly significant and their contributions to the total SS accounted for 40.17, 30.78, 18.17, 22.02, 25.46, 18.61 and 88.46% for heading date, no. of spikes/m, no. of kernels/spike, spike kernel weight, 1000-kernel weight, grain yield/m and harvest index, respectively. Three genotypes (NGB10893, Sids1 and Giza168) were high yielding and stable for most of the studied traits. Thus, these three genotypes could be promoted to the next extensive breeding programs.
Grafting Height Effects on Lateral Branching , Shoot Angles and Growth of Some Fruit Species Saplings

In order to enhance quality aspects of fruit saplings, four grafting heights (15, 30, 45 and 60 cm above ground) were applied in a study conducted in 2013. Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) cultivars ‘Pink Lady’ and ‘Stark Crimson’ were grafted on ‘MM106’ rootstock, pear ( communis L.) cultivars ‘Deveci’ and ‘Tosca’ and quince (Cydonia vulgaris L.) cultivar ‘E şme’ were grafted on ‘BA29’ rootstock, sweet cherry ( Prunus avium Ziraat’ was grafted on ‘Maxma 14’ rootstock. Seven growth parameters including sapling height, stem diameter, branching height, shoot number, shoot length, shoot diameter and shoot angle were observed in 2014. Acc ording to the results, increasing grafting heights signifi cantly increased sapling height, branching h eight and number of lateral shoots in all cultivars. Consequently, it was concluded that 45 and 60 cm grafting heights promote lateral shoot formation and growth, so have the potential to be u sed in production of quality saplings needed for sustainab le agriculture and organic systems.
INFLUENCES OF IRRIGATION SCHEDULE AND NITROGEN ON YIELD ATTRIBUTES , YIELDS AND N UPTAKE IN BT . COTTON ( GOSSYPIUM SPP . )

Cotton, the king of fibre, is one of the momentous and an important cash crop exercising profound influence on economics and social affairs of the world. Any other fibre crop cannot compare with cotton for its fibre quality. It is also called as “White Gold”. Cotton is grown in 75 countries across the world out of which United States, China and India contribute 80% of total yield in the world. India ranks first in area and second in production of cotton in the world. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are the major cotton growing states in India.Bt cotton varieties are high yielding, fertilizer and irrigation responsive and hence famers are attempting to grow more and more cotton in this region. Cotton is the most important non-food cash crop in Gujarat, covering more than 27 lakh hectares area with production of about 110 lakh bales of lint. Area under cotton in Saurashtra is about 18 lakh hectares and contributes around 65 per cent total production in the state.Water and nitrogen are the key input for improving cotton productivity, which must be used in most efficient manner to sustain the cotton productivity at higher level.Nitrogen play very important role in crop productivity and is an important determinant of the growth and yield of irrigated cotton (Gadhiyaet al., 2009; Reddy and Kumar, 2010). Nitrogen, an integral component of many plant compounds such as aminoacids, that are the building blocks of proteins, is a vital nutrient for the growth anddevelopment of cotton. As N is a mobile element, its deficiency during the early andmid season results in the chlorosis of older leaves. Its deficiency also leads to reducedplant height, fruiting branches and increased boll shed (Hodges, 1995). The yieldresponse of Btcotton (Pettigrew and Adamczyk, 2006) and increases in Btprotein content with N fertilization (Yang Chang Qin et al., 2005) demands adequateN fertilization. Since, both irrigation and nitrogen are costly inputs, efficient utilization of these resources through optimum synergistic combination is essential for higher productivity and input-use efficiency of Bt cotton. Hence, the study was taken up to find out optimum water and nitrogen requirement for Bt cotton.
Fundamental Factor Models Using Machine Learning

Fundamental factor models are one of the important methods for the quantitative active investors (Quants), so many investors and researchers use fundamental factor models in their work. But often we come up against the problem that highly effective factors do not aid in our portfolio performance. We think one of the reasons that why the traditional method is based on multiple linear regression. Therefore, in this paper, we tried to apply our machine learning methods to fundamental factor models as the return model. The results show that applying machine learning methods yields good portfolio performance and effectiveness more than the traditional methods.
Interleaved Time-Frequency Multiple Access Using OTFS Modulation

In this paper, we consider a multiuser uplink scenario using orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) modulation and propose a scheme for multiplexing users on an $N \times M$ time-frequency grid in which allocated time-frequency resource blocks for different users are non-contiguous and interleaved. The proposed scheme, termed as {\em interleaved time-frequency multiple access} (ITFMA), allows multiuser interference-free signal reception in the time-frequency domain thereby reduces the detection complexity. The proposed scheme is shown to achieve improved bit error performance compared to another recently proposed OTFS based multiple access scheme. We also consider the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the proposed scheme and analytically characterize its complementary cumulative distribution function for large values of $N/q$, where $q$ denotes the interleaving period in time. The use of DFT precoding is shown to improve the PAPR of the proposed scheme.
A case-control study to identify risk factors for myocarditis with clozapine

With the announcement in December 2007 by the US FDA that all individuals of Asian ancestry should undergo genetic testing for HLA-B*1502 prior to commencing treatment with carbamazepine, genetic screening for a drug hypersensitivity reaction was recognised by a drug regulatory authority for the first time. HLA-B*1502 predisposes to Stevens Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis with carbamazepine and is found exclusively in Asians. 3 More recently, in February 2008, the first randomised controlled trial demonstrating the predictive value of a genetic predisposition for a drug hypersensitivity reaction was published. The drug reaction was hypersensitivity with abacavir and the genetic polymorphism was HLAB*5701. All of those with immunologically confirmed hypersensitivity were subsequently found to have HLA-B*5701.