Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Returns to buying earnings and book value: accounting for growth and risk

Historical cost accounting deals with uncertainty by deferring the recognition of earnings until the uncertainty has largely been resolved. Such accounting affects both earnings and book value and produces expected earnings growth deemed to be at risk. This paper shows that the earnings-to-price and book-to-price ratios that are the product of this accounting forecast both earnings growth and the risk to that growth. The paper also shows that the market pricing of earnings and book values in these ratios aligns with the risk imbedded in the accounting: the returns to buying stocks on the basis of their earnings yield and book-to-price are explained as a rational pricing of the risk of expected earnings growth not being realized. Accordingly, the paper provides a rationalization of the well-documented book-to-price effect in stock returns: book-to-price indicates the risk in buying earnings growth. However, growth identified by a high book-to-price as yielding a higher return in this paper is quite different from “growth” typically attributed to a low book-to-price as yielding a lower return. Accordingly, the notion of “growth” versus “value” requires modification.
A New Algorithm for Less Distortion and High Capacity Steganography Model Using Blocks-Based Method

Most steganography methods suffer from many problems that effect on their efficiency and performance. Some of these are the capacity of cover media, the distortion of cover media, and etc. In this paper we are proposed a new method to hide audio file (WAV format) in image (BMP format) that overcomes most of these problems. Also the proposed method aims to meet most the requirements of any steganography system (like capacity, security and undetectability). It depends on finding the similarity between the embedded data blocks and others in the cover-image. It can be used as a powerful tool to get a high capacity data embedding and a less distortion stego-image, where the PSNR for the stego-image is large.
Partial-response decoding of rate 1/2 modulation codes for digital storage

In digital storage systems, receivers for rate 1/2 modulation codes are usually oversampled by a factor of two with respect to the data stream that they attempt to reconstruct. It is shown that oversampling can be avoided by detecting a decimated ternary signal, from which the original data can be recovered by a simple decoder. A method is described to find all such decoders for a given rate 1/2 code. Examples treated are modified frequency modulation, Miller-squared, and two-to-seven. Mean-square performances of the old and new reception schemes are compared for a Lorentzian channel. The relative merits are found to depend quite heavily on the information density. The results obtained seem to contradict the belief that high-density performance benefits from a large minimum run length. <<ETX>>
Human MUC1 Carcinoma Antigen Regulates Intracellular Oxidant Levels and the Apoptotic Response to Oxidative Stress*

The DF3/MUC1 transmembrane oncoprotein is aberrantly overexpressed by most human carcinomas. Certain insights are available regarding a role for MUC1 in intracellular signaling; however, no precise function has been ascribed to this molecule. The present results demonstrate that MUC1 expression is up-regulated by oxidative stress and that this response is mediated by activation of MUC1 gene transcription. A role for MUC1 in the oxidative stress response is supported by the demonstration that MUC1 expression is associated with attenuation of endogenous and H2O2-induced intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). MUC1-dependent regulation of ROS is mediated at least in part by up-regulation of anti-oxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) expression. In concert with these findings, we show that the apoptotic response to oxidative stress is attenuated by a MUC1-dependent mechanism. These results support a model in which activation of MUC1 by oxidative stress provides a protective function against increased intracellular oxidant levels and ROS-induced apoptosis.
Early detection of patients with a poor response to vitamin K antagonists: the clinical impact of individual time within target range in patients with heart disease

CSX patients (P < 0.001). The difference in MONO–PLT aggregates in response to ADP between CSX and the other groups was no longer present after EST (Fig. 1). Significant differences among groups persisted after adjustment for possible confounding clinical and EST variables, including induction of myocardial ischemia. In this study, we show that, in CSX patients, EST induces a reduction in platelet CD41 and CD62P expression, whereas both receptors increase in CAD patients, with CD62P also increasing in controls. Moreover, in CSX patients the increase of platelet receptor expression and of leukocyte–platelet aggregate formation in response to ADP stimulation was consistently lower after than before EST, whereas it was either increased or unchanged in the two other groups (Fig. 1). These results suggest that, in CSX patients, platelets after EST experience changes that make them less reactive, compared to rest conditions and compared with platelets of both patients with obstructive stable CAD and healthy subjects. Our data are in agreement with, and help to explain, the lower platelet reactivity to collagen/ADP in the whole blood found in CSX patients after stress tests, in contrast with the absence of variations in controls and an increase in CAD patients [3–5]. In apparent contrast with all the other results, the MONO– PLT aggregate formation in response to ADP was higher at rest in CSX patients than in the two other groups. The reasons for this finding remain to be clarified, but we cannot exclude that it might be related to an abnormally increased monocyte reactivity.
TRANSFUSION OF THE INJURED PATIENT: PROCEED WITH CAUTION

Transfusion of the injured patient with packed red blood cells (PRBCs) is a dynamic process requiring vigilance during the acute resuscitative and recovery phases postinjury. Although adverse events have been reported in 2% to 10% of injured patients, the advent of new detection techniques for viral pathogens has markedly decreased the risk of infectious transmission. However, transfusions are strongly associated with immunosuppression in the host, which may occur days after the initial injury and may lead to bacterial infections. Conversely, early transfusion of stored PRBCs, >6 units in the first 12 h postinjury, contributes to an early state of hyperinflammation that is a strong, independent predictor of multiple organ failure (MOF) in those patients with intermediate injury severity scores. The roles of prestorage leukoreduction are also reviewed with respect to the promotion of both immunosuppression and hyperinflammation. We further summarize studies with hemoglobin substitutes, whose use may obviate many of the untoward events of transfusion and promise to lead to better outcomes for injured patients.
Religious Market Competition in a Richer World

Economic growth has not led to a decline in religion despite past predictions that it would. Using a formal model of religious competition, I show how economic growth produces counteracting effects on religious activity in an open religious market, and that it has little effect in a religious market that is already secularized due to regulations that prohibit religious competition or in a highly religious market with regulations that inhibit secular activities. Theories predicting the decline of religion due to rising opportunity costs of religious demand and supply ignore countervailing influences.
Embryonic stem cell-like cells derived from adult human testis.

BACKGROUND Given the significant drawbacks of using human embryonic stem (hES) cells for regenerative medicine, the search for alternative sources of multipotent cells is ongoing. Studies in mice have shown that multipotent ES-like cells can be derived from neonatal and adult testis. Here we report the derivation of ES-like cells from adult human testis. METHODS Testis material was donated for research by four men undergoing bilateral castration as part of prostate cancer treatment. Testicular cells were cultured using StemPro medium. Colonies that appeared sharp edged and compact were collected and subcultured under hES-specific conditions. Molecular characterization of these colonies was performed using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. (Epi)genetic stability was tested using bisulphite sequencing and karyotype analysis. Directed differentiation protocols in vitro were performed to investigate the potency of these cells and the cells were injected into immunocompromised mice to investigate their tumorigenicity. RESULTS In testicular cell cultures from all four men, sharp-edged and compact colonies appeared between 3 and 8 weeks. Subcultured cells from these colonies showed alkaline phosphatase activity and expressed hES cell-specific genes (Pou5f1, Sox2, Cripto1, Dnmt3b), proteins and carbohydrate antigens (POU5F1, NANOG, SOX2 and TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, SSEA4). These ES-like cells were able to differentiate in vitro into derivatives of all three germ layers including neural, epithelial, osteogenic, myogenic, adipocyte and pancreatic lineages. The pancreatic beta cells were able to produce insulin in response to glucose and osteogenic-differentiated cells showed deposition of phosphate and calcium, demonstrating their functional capacity. Although we observed small areas with differentiated cell types of human origin, we never observed extensive teratomas upon injection of testis-derived ES-like cells into immunocompromised mice. CONCLUSIONS Multipotent cells can be established from adult human testis. Their easy accessibility and ethical acceptability as well as their non-tumorigenic and autogenic nature make these cells an attractive alternative to human ES cells for future stem cell therapies.
Renal perfusion 3-T MR imaging: a comparative study of arterial spin labeling and dynamic contrast-enhanced techniques.

PURPOSE To investigate the feasibility of and correlation between arterial spin-labeling (ASL) and dynamic contrast material-enhanced (DCE) 3-T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the measurement of renal blood flow (RBF). MATERIALS AND METHODS The review board approved this study. Nineteen healthy volunteers (seven women, 12 men; age range, 25-68 years) were recruited, and each provided written informed consent. MR imaging was performed with a 3-T whole-body system. Each subject underwent back-to-back ASL and DCE MR imaging. Ten runs of ASL imaging were performed by using the pseudocontinuous tagging scheme, and each run required an 18-second breath hold. For DCE imaging, a gadopentetate dimeglumine bolus (0.0125 mmol per kilogram of body weight) was administrated intravenously in all subjects except two; in the latter subjects, a 0.025 mmol/kg gadopentetate dimeglumine bolus was administered to evaluate the T1 saturation effect. RBF was quantified with both techniques and in both the cortex and the medulla. Agreement was evaluated for RBF measurements obtained with ASL imaging and those obtained with DCE imaging by using correlation analysis. RESULTS RBF was apparently overestimated with 0.025 mmol/kg gadopentetate dimeglumine, which is a concentration that is commonly adopted for 1.5-T DCE. RBF was 227 mL/100 mL/min ± 30 (standard deviation) in the cortex and 101 mL/100 mL/min ± 21 in the medulla, as measured with ASL imaging, and 272 mL/100 mL/min ± 60 in the cortex and 122 mL/100 mL/min ± 30 in the medulla, as measured with DCE imaging. In the cortex, measurements obtained with ASL and DCE imaging exhibited a linear correlation (r = 0.66; statistical power, 0.8 at the 5% significance level) and fair agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.41). CONCLUSION ASL and DCE 3-T MR imaging are feasible in the quantification of cortical renal perfusion, yielding measurements that are correlated but not entirely comparable. Intermodality differences have yet to be solved.
The Role of Simulation in Continuing Medical Education for Acute Care Physicians: A Systematic Review*

Objectives:We systematically reviewed the effectiveness of simulation-based education, targeting independently practicing qualified physicians in acute care specialties. We also describe how simulation is used for performance assessment in this population. Data Sources:Data source included: DataMEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane CENTRAL Database of Controlled Trials, and National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database. The last date of search was January 31, 2013. Study Selection:All original research describing simulation-based education for independently practicing physicians in anesthesiology, critical care, and emergency medicine was reviewed. Data Extraction:Data analysis was performed in duplicate with further review by a third author in cases of disagreement until consensus was reached. Data extraction was focused on effectiveness according to Kirkpatrick’s model. For simulation-based performance assessment, tool characteristics and sources of validity evidence were also collated. Data Synthesis:Of 39 studies identified, 30 studies focused on the effectiveness of simulation-based education and nine studies evaluated the validity of simulation-based assessment. Thirteen studies (30%) targeted the lower levels of Kirkpatrick’s hierarchy with reliance on self-reporting. Simulation was unanimously described as a positive learning experience with perceived impact on clinical practice. Of the 17 remaining studies, 10 used a single group or “no intervention comparison group” design. The majority (n = 17; 44%) were able to demonstrate both immediate and sustained improvements in educational outcomes. Nine studies reported the psychometric properties of simulation-based performance assessment as their sole objective. These predominantly recruited independent practitioners as a convenience sample to establish whether the tool could discriminate between experienced and inexperienced operators and concentrated on a single aspect of validity evidence. Conclusions:Simulation is perceived as a positive learning experience with limited evidence to support improved learning. Future research should focus on the optimal modality and frequency of exposure, quality of assessment tools and on the impact of simulation-based education beyond the individuals toward improved patient care.
anemia Ferropriva e Consumo Alimentar de Gestantes de Trindade-Goiás

Resumo: o objetivo do estudo foi verificar prevalencia da anemia ferropriva na gestacao, e a relacao entre perfil socioeconomico, suplementos e consumo alimentar. Estudo transversal, utilizando questionario socioeconomico, de frequencia alimentar e exames bioquimicos de gestantes da UBS de Trindade. Nao houve prevalencia de anemia, pois o tratamento com sulfato ferroso fornecido pelo programa governamental foi seguido adequadamente pelas gestantes participantes. Palavras-chave: Consumo alimentar. Gestantes. Ferro.
Glucocorticoids inhibited hypothalamic target of rapamycin in high fat diet-fed chicks.

The present study was conducted with broiler chicks exposed to dexamethasone (DEX) to explore its effects on hypothalamic target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling and regulating appetite in diets containing different energy levels. At 5 d age, 48 chicks were divided into one of 4 groups: high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) and intracerebroventricular (ICV) injected with either dexamethasone (DEX; 4 μg/2 μL) or saline at 10 d age. The results showed that DEX significantly inhibited gene expression of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcripts (CART), melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R), and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and inhibited the protein level of the phospho-TOR compared with the control in HFD-fed chicks (P<0.05) but not in LFD-fed chicks (P>0.05). After DEX treatment, hypothalamic agouti-related peptide levels were decreased significantly in HFD-fed chicks (P<0.05) but not in LFD-fed chicks (P>0.05). Compared to the control, DEX-treated chicks did not present any significant changes in neuropeptide Y gene expression with either HFD or LFD (P>0.05), but pro-opiomelanocortin levels were depressed by ICV DEX treatment with both diets (P<0.05). In conclusion, glucocorticoids (GC) downregulated hypothalamic gene expression of CART, CRH, and MC4R in HFD-fed chicks, suggesting that the regulatory network formed by these genes is associated with the appetite control during stress. The TOR pathway may be involved in the regulation of GC on appetite-related genes.
China¡¯S Paper Industry: Growth And Environmental Policy During Economic Reform

This paper examines the pollution control policies applied in Chinai¯s paper industry during the period of economic reform from 1982 to 1992. The paper industry is the source of ten percent of Chinai¯s industrial wastewater emissions and one-fourth of its chemical oxygen demand. It is the largest source of rural environmental pollution. The very small size of Chinai¯s mills is comparable to that of papermills in many developing countries and this small size itself creates an interesting problem. Modern pollution control technologies were created for much larger and more capital intensive facilities like those in North American and Northern Europe. Therefore, adoption of the best technology is not a simple matter of technology transfer. We used mill-level production and pollution data to estimate (1) the effect of Chinai¯s system of pollution control levies on three environmental effluents, and then (2) examined further the effect of this system of levies on the technical efficiency of mill-level production. Our results show that the pollution levies worked for those larger establishments that were the main targets of reform policies in this period. They decreased the production of effluents by causing managers to alter their mix of productive inputs, but the levies were not large enough to induce the purchase of modern pollution control technologies. The levies had an efficiency improving effect on most modern mills and also on those mills that subsequently discontinued operation. Nevertheless, we observed opportunity for further improvements in efficiency, notably through increased labor productivity. This is consistent with the governmenti¯s recent decision to relax its policy of employment protection for workers in state-owned mills. Although we found no evidence of scale economies in production, we did observe that smaller mills were less efficient. This observation is consistent with the governmenti¯s more recent decision to close the most environmentally offending small mills.
Tumor suppressor protein (p)53, is a regulator of NF-κB repression by the glucocorticoid receptor

Glucocorticoids can inhibit inflammation by abrogating the activity of NF-κB, a family of transcription factors that regulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines. To understand the molecular mechanism of repression of NF-κB activity by glucocorticoids, we performed a high-throughput siRNA oligo screen to identify novel genes involved in this process. Here, we report that loss of p53, a tumor suppressor protein, impaired repression of NF-κB target gene transcription by glucocorticoids. Additionally, loss of p53 also impaired transcription of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) target genes, whereas upstream NF-κB and glucocorticoid receptor signaling cascades remained intact. We further demonstrate that p53 loss severely impaired glucocorticoid rescue of death in a mouse model of LPS shock. Our findings unveil a new role for p53 in the repression of NF-κB by glucocorticoids and suggest important implications for treatment of the proinflammatory microenvironments found in tumors with aberrant p53 activity.
Towards a precise description of reverse engineering methods and tools

The potential and limitations of reverse engineering techniques is still a matter of debate and investigation. Both experimental studies and commonsense tell us that design abstractions are useful in program understanding and maintenance. In the case of incomplete program documentation, reverse engineering tools can recover some of the design abstractions from code. However, it is not clear which design abstractions can and which cannot be automatically recovered. This can be attributed to the understandable reluctance of industry to publicize explicit knowledge of this process due to its enormous commercial value and the fact that reverse engineering is a fairly new research discipline. As a start to formalizing what we already know about reverse engineering, we propose a framework for describing and evaluating reverse engineering methods and tools. First, we build design models for a source language and for the recovered design. Then, we describe what a given reverse engineering method or tool achieves as a formal mapping from the source language design model into the recovered design model. We show use object recovery scenarios to illustrate the presented concepts.
Switching therapy to bedtime for uncontrolled hypertension with a nondipping pattern: a prospective randomized-controlled study

ObjectiveUncontrolled hypertension is present in most patients treated with only a single morning dose or fixed dose drug combination; usually a third of them have a high prevalence of a nondipper blood pressure pattern, especially patients with chronic illness. In most cases, nondipping is related partly to the absence of 24-h therapeutic coverage of the single morning doses. We have investigated the usefulness of shifting therapy to evening instead of the morning. AimThe aim of the study was to better control blood pressure and convert patients with a nondipping pattern to a dipper pattern without the need to increase the dose of their drugs or the addition of any other family of drugs. MethodsAmong 200 hypertensive patients, we investigated the impact of treatment time on the blood pressure pattern in 60 patients (33.3%) with uncontrolled hypertension with a nondipper pattern on the basis of clinic measurements who were studied by 24-h ambulatory monitoring during 2 and 4 months of follow-up; all of them received their treatment in the morning. This group of patients was divided randomly into two groups of 30 patients each; one group continued to receive the medication on awakening and the other took their medication at bedtime. Most of the treatment involved calcium channel blockers and other angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), and 20 patients were taking one tablet of combined treatment (calcium blocker with ACEI). ResultsThe percentage of patients with controlled ambulatory blood pressure was 0.86 among patients taking the drug at bedtime (P=0.005). Twenty-six patients with uncontrolled hypertension, receiving one drug or combined therapy at bedtime, showed a significant reduction in the 24-h mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (6.2 and 2.6 mmHg, respectively; P<0.009). This reduction was more prominent during night-time (8.3 and 5.0 mmHg; P<0.001). In addition, all 26 patients showed normal blood pressure less than 140/90 during clinic measurement at daytime. Only four patients treated with monotherapy in the morning were unresponsive to the switching, and their blood pressure was controlled by the addition of a second drug at bedtime. The control group (who continued taking therapy in the morning) showed no reduction in blood pressure during night-time and remained with uncontrolled hypertension as they were at the beginning of the study. ConclusionIn patients with uncontrolled hypertension, switching of therapy to bedtime should be considered to improve control and to avoid the nondipper pattern before any attempt is made to increase the dose or add more drugs. We need other research studies with long time follow-up to verify the efficacy of switching therapy.