Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How physician and community pharmacist perceptions of the community pharmacist role in Australian primary care influence the quality of collaborative chronic disease management.

BACKGROUND Community pharmacists (CPs) have been changing their role to focus on patient-centred services to improve the quality of chronic disease management (CDM) in primary care. However, CPs have not been readily included in collaborative CDM with other primary care professionals such as physicians. There is little understanding of the CP role change and whether it affects the utilisation of CPs in primary care collaborative CDM. AIM To explore physician and CP perceptions of the CP's role in Australian primary care and how these perceptions may influence the quality of physician/CP CDM programmes. METHODS Data were collected from physicians and CPs using semi-structured interviews. A qualitative methodology utilising thematic analysis was employed during data analysis. Qualitative methodology trustworthiness techniques, negative case analysis and member checking were utilised to substantiate the resultant themes. RESULTS A total of 22 physicians and 22 CPs were interviewed. Strong themes emerged regarding the participant perceptions of the CP's CDM role in primary care. The majority of interviewed physicians perceived that CPs did not have the appropriate CDM knowledge to complement physician knowledge to provide improved CDM compared with what they could provide on their own. Most of the interviewed CPs expressed a willingness and capability to undertake CDM; however, they were struggling to provide sustainable CDM in the business setting within which they function in the primary care environment. CONCLUSIONS Role theory was selected as it provided the optimum explanation of the resultant themes. First, physician lack of confidence in the appropriateness of CP CDM knowledge causes physicians to be confused about the role CPs would undertake in a collaborative CDM that would benefit the physicians and their patients. Thus, by increasing physician awareness of CP CDM knowledge, physicians may see CPs as suitable CDM collaborators. Second, CPs are experiencing role conflict and stress in trying to change their role. Strengthening the service business model may reduce these CP role issues and allow CPs to reach their full potential in CDM and improve the quality of collaborative CDM in Australian primary care.
Thermoluminescence response of K2YF5:Tb3+ crystals to photon radiation fields.

This investigation has been performed to test the feasibility of using K2YF5:Tb3+ crystals as thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLD). K2YF5 single crystals doped with 0.2, 10.0 and 50.0 at. % of trivalent optically active Tb3+ ions as well as K2TbF5 and undoped K2YF5 crystals have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Polished crystal platelets with thickness of about 1 mm have been irradiated with X and gamma rays in order to study thermoluminescent (TL) sensitivity as well as dose and energy response in terms of the Tb3+ concentration in K2YF5. Within this concentration series, K2YF5 crystals doped with 10.0 at. % Tb3+ have been found to have maximum TL response due to a broad asymmetric TL glow peak at 269 degrees C with good linearity of dose response and reproducibility of dose measurements. After deconvolution, the main dosimetric peak has been revealed to be composed of two individual peaks, both with linear TL response behaviour, centered at 210 and 269 degrees C. As it has been proved, the linear TL signal coefficient for K2Y0.9Tb0. 1F5 is almost 10 times greater than that for commercial TLD-100 (LiF:Mg,Ti), irradiated with a 137Cs gamma radiation source at the same conditions. The reported results indicate that K2YF5 crystals doped with Tb3+ have potential as promising materials for radiation dosemeters.
Induced Bradycardia Effects on Angiogenesis, Growth and Development in Early Development in Chicken Embryos, Gallus Domesticus

Cardiac performance, angiogenesis and growth was investigated during early chicken development. Heart rate, and thus arterial pulse pressure and cardiac output, were altered with the bradycardic drug ZD7288. Heart rates at 72 h of development of control embryos and those dosed with chicken Ringer were not different at 171 bpm. Acute and chronic application of ZD7288 caused significant bradycardia. Chronic dosing of Ringer and ZD7288 changed neither eye diameter nor development rate. Chronic dosing of ZD7288 did not significantly alter CAM vessel density close to the embryo (2, 3 and 4 mm) but at farther distances (5 and 6 mm) chronic dosing with both Ringer and ZD7288 decreased vessel density by 13 - 16%. Chronic dosing with ZD7288 also reduced body mass by 20%. Thus, lowered heart rate and cardiac output had little effect on vessel density or developmental stage, but did reduce embryo growth.
Pathogenesis and Clinical Approaches to Anticonvulsant Hypersensitivity Syndrome: Current State of Knowledge

Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS) is a rare, but severe and potentially fatal, adverse reaction that occurs in patients who are treated with commonly used older anticonvulsant drugs (phenytoin, carbamazepine and phenobarbital) and/or with some newer agents (lamotrigine). Paediatric patients are at an increased risk for the development of AHS for the higher incidence of seizure disorder in the first decade of life. Hypersensitivity reactions range from simple maculopapular skin eruptions to a severe life-threatening disorder. AHS is typically associated with the development of skin rash, fever and internal organ dysfunctions. Recent evidence suggests that AHS is the result of a chemotoxic and immunologically-mediated injury, characterized by skin and mucosal bioactivation of antiepileptic drugs and by major histocompatibility complex-dependent clonal expansion of T cells. Early recognition of AHS and withdrawal of anticonvulsant therapy are essential for a successful outcome. In vivo and vitro tests can be helpful for the diagnosis that actually depends essentially on clinical recognition.
Implications of Accelerated Recombination-Active Defect Complex Formation for Mitigating Carrier-Induced Degradation in Silicon

A three-state model is used to explore the influence of the accelerated formation of recombination-active defect complexes on the mitigation of carrier-induced degradation in p-type silicon containing boron and oxygen. Defect formation is observed to be a critical factor for the speed at which carrier-induced degradation can be mitigated. Defect formation also plays a critical role in determining the effectiveness of mitigation at elevated temperatures. It is observed that under conventional conditions, at a processing temperature of 200 °C, approximately 170 s are required to form and passivate 99% of possible defects. The experimentally demonstrated improved effectiveness of carrier-induced defect passivation with a process time of 10 s at temperatures over 300 °C is consistent with a substantial acceleration of defect formation.
Prevention of accidental extubations in newborns.

Sir . —We read with interest the article by Brown 1 that appeared in the November 1988 issue of AJDC concerning accidental extubations in newborns. We have used a variation of the pinning method for endotracheal tube stabilization at our nursery for the past 4 years. This method is illustrated in the Figure. Our method is used exclusively in orally intubated newborns. The newborn's face is prepped with a tincture of benzoin, and elastic tape (Elastikon, Johnson and Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ) is used as illustrated. A 2.5-cm safety pin (presterilized) is carefully placed to minimize mechanical compromise of the endotracheal tube lumen. Shiley (Shiley Inc, Irvine, Calif) uncuffed pediatric oral/nasal murphy endotracheal tubes are primarily used. It does take an initial orientation to become familiar with the technique, but once learned, respiratory therapists and nurses have reported minimal morbidity. We have found no problems with suctioning past the pin. In
Captopril and telmisartan ameliorate cisplatin-induced testicular damage in rats via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways

Despite the prevalent clinical applications of cisplatin, serious toxic side effects comprising reproductive toxicity confine its therapeutic efficacy. Thus, the current study explored the possible protective effect of captopril and telmisartan against cisplatin-induced testicular damage in rats. Captopril (100 mg/kg) and telmisartan (10 mg/kg) were orally administered for 15 days, whereas cisplatin (10 mg/kg; i.p.) was injected as a single dose at the 12th day to induce testicular damage in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Cisplatin prominently decreased reproductive organs weights, sperm count, sperm motility, and increased sperm abnormalities, along with histopathological damage of testicular tissues.
Viral resistance to the thiazolo-iso-indolinones, a new class of nonnucleoside inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase

Thiazolo-iso-indolinone derivatives with high specificity toward the reverse transcriptase (RT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were identified. The most potent compound, BM +51.0836, inhibited HIV-1 RT at a 50% inhibitory concentration of 90 nM in vitro. In cell culture assays, similar 50% inhibitory concentrations were obtained with high specificity for HIV-1. These substances were equally active against a zidovudine-resistant isolate. No antiviral effect was observed with an HIV-2 isolate. HIV-1 isolates resistant to the thiazolo-iso-indolinones were generated in cell culture, and the nucleotide sequences of the respective RT genes were analyzed subsequently. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences with the wild-type sequence showed an amino acid change at position 181 (Tyr to Cys). Substitutions of amino acid Lys-101 and Lys-103 as well as Tyr-181 and/or Tyr-188 by site-directed mutagenesis led to resistance against the thiazolo-iso-indolinones. A chimeric HIV-2 RT, substituted with amino acids at positions 179 to 190 from HIV-1, acquired only partial susceptibility to BM +51.0836.
EVALUATION OF THREE RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR DETECTION OF HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS (HBsAg) IN YAOUNDE-CAMEROON.

Introduction: Hepatitis B Virus infection is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. HBV is diagnosed by PCR, Enzyme immunoassay (EIA), RIA, and Rapid Tests such as Immuno agglutination and immunochromatography. Rapid tests are less costly, and easy to perform, hence can be used in areas with limited resources such as District and Peripheral hospitals for screening blood donors. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the Rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of HBsAg in Yaounde-Cameroon. Methodology: A comparative cross sectional study was conducted for 4 months at Yaounde Central Hospital, Centre hospitalier d’Essos-Yaounde, and Clinique de l’Espoir Essos, between May and September 2008. Using SD HBsAg ELISA (Standard diagnostics, Korea) as gold standard, the rapid tests are: Determine HBsAg (Abbott Japan), Acumen HBsAg (Nafdac), and Vikia HBsAg (Biomerieux, Brazil). The Relative Sensitivity, Relative Specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), and Negative predictive Value (NPV) of rapid tests were determined. A random sample of 360 patients, including 180 regular blood donors and 180 patients with history of viral hepatitis B (Patients who came for consultation and blood donors who were diagnosed positive for HBsAg), who attended the above hospitals, was obtained. Results: The age of volunteers ranged from 17-60 years, and the mean age was 31.98±9.08 years. More males (62.5%) were represented than females (37.5%). Blood samples were collected, serum samples prepared by centrifugation and stored at -20°C until tested. The study revealed that out of 180 regular blood donors, all of them tested negative by SD HBsAg ELISA (100%) and out of 180 patients with history of viral hepatitis B, all of them tested positive by SD HBsAg ELISA (100%). Sensitivity, PPV, Specificity, NPV of rapid tests, with respect to SD HBsAg ELISA, exceeded 96%. Vikia HBsAg test performed best in this study, with a relative sensitivity of 99.44%, relative specificity of 99.44%, PPV of 99.44% and NPV of 97.79%. Determine HBsAg showed a relative sensitivity of 98.33%, relative Specificity of 99.44%, PPV of 99.47% and NPV of 98.34%. Acumen HBsAg gave a relative sensitivity of 97.78%, relative specificity of 99.44%, PPV of 99.41% and NPV of 97.79%. There was no significant difference in the sensitivity and specificity of the rapid tests (P=0.63). Conclusion: Vikia HBsAg test appears to be the most suitable for use in areas with limited resources. Further developments of serological assays should include monoclonal antibodies that recognize epidermiologically relevant surface antigen mutants and further optimization of sensitivity.
The stability and structure of tandem GA mismatches in RNA depend on closing base pairs.

UV melting and imino proton NMR studies show that the stabilities and structures of tandem GA mismatches in RNA are dependent upon the closing base pairs around these mismatches. Internal loops of sequence 5'XGAY3'3'YAGXS' and 5'XAGY3'3'YGAX5' in the middle of octanucleotides have a range of stabilities over 5 kcal/mol when XY is a Watson-Crick or GU pair. The order of stabilities for these internal loops is 5'-GGAC-3' > UGAG, CGAG > AGAU > UGAA > GGAU. The motifs GGAC, UGAG, and CGAG are stabilizing, while the other GA motifs are destabilizing. The GAGC motif is more stable than CAGG and CGAG, but less stable than GGAC. Chemical shifts for imino protons suggest that the G imino proton of each GA mismatch in 5'-GGAC-3', 5'-GAGC-3', and 5'-CAGG-3' [SantaLucia, J., Jr., Kierzek, R. , & Turner, D. H. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 8813-8819] is involved in a hydrogen bond to the base A, whereas in other 5'-XGAY-3' sequences, it is not involved in a hydrogen bond to the base A.
The measurement of plasma aldosterone in patients post-myocardial infarction.

Aldosterone blockade, or more correctly mineralocorticoid receptor blockade (MRB), when administered between days 3 and 14 in patients with heart failure (HF) and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) post-myocardial infarction (MI) has been shown to reduce all-cause mortality as well as hospitalizations for HF (EPHESUS). 1 Of note, all-cause mortality was reduced by 31% at 30 days post-randomization.2 These benefits on mortality were seen in patients with an ST-segment elevation (STE) MI and in those with a non-ST-segment elevation (NST) MI, as well as in patients treated with ‘optimal’ medical therapy including an aspirin, statin, reperfusion, a diuretic, a β-adrenergic receptor blocker, and an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocking agent (ARB). This strategy has been adopted by both the European Society of Cardiology and the AHA/ACC guidelines. Unfortunately, aldosterone levels were not routinely measured in EPHESUS, thereby precluding further detailed insight into the pathophysiological role of aldosterone and risk stratification. Fortunately, this void has been filled by Begui et al. 3 who showed that patients with a STEMI in whom plasma aldosterone levels were measured on admission and were in the highest quartile had an increased risk of death compared with those in the lowest quartile. Palmer et al. 4 provide further insight into the prognostic value of plasma aldosterone levels in patients with a STEMI or NSTEMI in the absence of clinical evidence of HF. They found that plasma aldosterone levels in the highest tertile (>141 pmol/L) measured early (24–96 h) after admission for an MI were an independent predictor of survival … *Corresponding author. Tel:+1 734 936-5260, Fax: +1 734 936 5256. Email: bpitt{at}umich.edu
Social network(ing) sites...revisiting the story so far: A response to danah boyd & Nicole Ellison

David Beer is Senior Lecturer and Head of Programme for Communication in the Faculty of Business & Communication at York St John University. He has written a number of chapters and articles on digital culture, and particularly digital music culture. His book New Media: The Key Concepts, co-authored with Nick Gane, is due to be published by Berg in 2008.
Region‐specific dysregulation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β and β‐catenin in the postmortem brains of subjects with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

There is both direct and indirect evidence suggesting abnormalities of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‐3β and β‐catenin, two important components of the Wingless‐type (Wnt) signaling pathway, in the pathophysiology of bipolar illness and possibly schizophrenia (SZ). In order to further clarify the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BP) and SZ, we studied GSK‐3β and β‐catenin in the postmortem brains of subjects with these disorders.
Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-derived, hollow-core, nitrogen-doped carbon nanostructures for oxygen-reduction reactions in PEFCs.

The facile synthesis of a porous carbon material that is doped with iron-coordinated nitrogen active sites (FeNC-70) is demonstrated by following an inexpensive synthetic pathway with a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-70) as a template. To emphasize the possibility of tuning the porosity and surface area of the resulting carbon materials based on the structure of the parent ZIF, two other ZIFs, that is, ZIF-68 and ZIF-69, are also synthesized. The resulting active carbon material that is derived from ZIF-70, that is, FeNC-70, exhibits the highest BET surface area of 262 m(2) g(-1) compared to the active carbon materials that are derived from ZIF-68 and ZIF-69. The HR-TEM images of FeNC-70 show that the carbon particles have a bimodal structure that is composed of a spherical macroscopic pore (about 200 nm) and a mesoporous shell. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals the presence of Fe-N-C moieties, which are the primary active sites for the oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR). Quantitative estimation by using EDAX analysis reveals a nitrogen content of 14.5 wt. %, along with trace amounts of iron (0.1 wt.%), in the active FeNC-70 catalyst. This active porous carbon material, which is enriched with Fe-N-C moieties, reduces the oxygen molecule with an onset potential at 0.80 V versus NHE through a pathway that involves 3.3-3.8 e(-) under acidic conditions, which is much closer to the favored 4 e(-) pathway for the ORR. The onset potential of FeNC-70 is significantly higher than those of its counterparts (FeNC-68 and FeNC-69) and of other reported systems. The FeNC-based systems also exhibit much-higher tolerance towards MeOH oxidation and electrochemical stability during an accelerated durability test (ADT). Electrochemical analysis and structural characterizations predict that the active sites for the ORR are most likely to be the in situ generated N-FeN(2+2)/C moieties, which are distributed along the carbon framework.
The influence of role playing on opinion change.

IN MANY everyday situations, people are induced to play social roles in which they express ideas that are not necessarily in (accord with their private convictions. That certain types of role-playing experiences can facilitate changes in personal opinions has been suggested by various impressionistic observations (e.g., Myers [8]). In recent years, psychodramatic techniques which involve role playing have been developed for use in adult education programs, leadership training, employee counseling, and psychotherapy (1, 5, 6, 7, 9). The usual procedure consists of having persons in a group play specified roles in a simulated Me situation. One of the main values of this role-playing device, according to its proponents, is that it has a corrective influence on various beliefs and attitudes which underlie chronic difficulties in human relations (cf. Maier [6]). As yet little is known about the conditions under which role playing leads to actual changes in personal opinions. The present experiment was designed to investigate the effects of one type of demand that is frequently made upon a person when he is induced to play a social role, namely, the requirement that he overtly verbalize to others various opinions which may not correspond to his inner convictions. As a preliminary step in exploring the effects of role playing, one of the present authors interviewed a group of collegiate debaters who, as members of an organized team, repeatedly were required to play a role in which they publicly expressed views that did not correspond to their personal opinions. Most of the debaters reported that they frequently ended up by accepting the conclusions which
Antibody-mediated neutralization in vivo of infectious papillomaviruses

Specific antibody-mediated neutralization of infectious human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) was achieved in the athymic mouse xenograft system, in which HPV-11 induced morphological transformation of human foreskin. Virus-specific neutralization was demonstrated by the ability of an HPV-11-specific polyclonal antiserum to neutralize HPV-11 infectivity and not bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) or cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) infectivity. In all three virus infectivity systems, neutralization was detected by the failure of the virus suspension to induce morphological transformation of the appropriate skin xenografts placed under the renal capsule of athymic mice. Rabbit polyclonal antisera were also generated against intact virions of both BPV-1 and CRPV, and neutralizing activity was tested in the xenograft system with BPV-1 and fetal bovine skin and with CRPV and rabbit ear skin. The three polyclonal antisera contained virus-specific neutralizing antibodies, demonstrating that neutralizing epitopes existed on all three papillomaviruses and that these epitopes were antigenically non-cross-reactive. The athymic mouse xenograft system was a useful model for detecting papillomavirus-specific neutralizing antibodies and offers the only opportunity for the analysis of neutralizing antibodies to human papillomaviruses.
Two‐step radio‐immunotargeting of renal‐cell carcinoma xenografts in nude mice with anti‐renal‐cell‐carcinoma X anti‐DTPA bispecific monoclonal antibodies

The specificity of antibodies offers unique opportunities to target tumors with radionuclides. However, due to the slow clearance of radiolabeled antibody, relatively high background is observed in non‐target organs. Pre‐targeting protocols using bispecific monoclonal antibodies (bsMAbs) and radiolabeled chelates may overcome this problem. We have evaluated the anti‐renal‐cell‐carcinoma (RCC) × anti‐DTPA bsMAb G250 x DTIn1 for 2‐step targeting of RCC tumors in nude mice. Tumor uptake of 111In‐DTPA was similar up to a 3‐day interval between bsMAb and 111In‐DTPA injections and decreased thereafter. The effect of G250 x DTIn1 protein dose was studied. High tumor uptake was seen at 1 to 4 μg, whereas at higher doses uptake decreased. Tumor was saturated with 15 μg bsMAb. At the saturating bsMAb dose the 111In‐DTPA amount was varied. High tumor uptake was observed at a 10‐fold molar excess 111In‐DTPA, whereas at higher excess uptake decreased. After priming with 15 μg bsMAb and targeting with a 10‐fold molar excess 111In‐DTPA, the biodistribution of 111In‐DTPA was studied for 1 to 48 hr after injection. Good tumor retention of 111In‐DTPA was observed, while the radiolabel cleared rapidly from the blood. Consequently, tumor‐to‐blood ratios increased with time to 500 at 24 hr after injection. In conclusion, RCC xenografts can be targeted efficiently using G250 x DTIn1 and 111In‐DTPA. However, this requires careful tuning of bsMAb protein dose and 111In‐DTPA dose. Using the optimal protein dose and 111In‐DTPA dose, high 111In‐DTPA tumor uptake and tumor‐to‐blood ratios can be obtained, thus providing good perspectives for diagnostic and therapeutic use in humans. Int. J. Cancer 75:74–80, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.