Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Linguistic Intergroup Bias in Political Communication

The Linguistic Intergroup Bias (LIB) illustrates the disposition to communicate positive in-group and negative out-group behaviors more abstractly than negative ingroup and positive out-group behaviors. The present research examined the function of language in reinforcing this bias in political communication. To illustrate the LIB, the Linguistic Category Model (LCM) was used, including a nouns category. Because social stereotypes are usually conveyed by nominal terms, the aim was to observe the relationship between stereotypes and language in political communication. Moreover, we were interested in analyzing the psychological processes that drive the LIB. Therefore, we verified whether the LIB is more related to language abstractness than to agent-patient causality. Several political debates and interviews, which took place before the latest Italian provincial elections, were analyzed. Results suggested that the language politicians use in communicating about political groups are conceptualized as stereotypes rather than as trait-based categories. Moreover, it seems that the LIB could not be explained only at a lexical level. Social implications of the present findings in interpersonal relations and causal attribution were discussed.
Association of ADHD and conduct disorder--brain electrical evidence for the existence of a distinct subtype.

BACKGROUND To evaluate the impact of psychopathological comorbidity with oppositional defiant/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) on brain electrical correlates in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to study the pathophysiological background of comorbidity of ADHD+ODD/CD. METHOD Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a cued continuous performance test (CPT-A-X) in children (aged 8 to 14 years) with ICD-10 diagnoses of either hyperkinetic disorder (HD; n = 15), hyperkinetic conduct disorder (HCD; n = 16), or ODD/CD (n = 15) and normal children (n = 18). HD/HCD diagnoses in all children were fully concordant with the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD-combined type. ERP-microstates, i.e., time segments with stable brain electrical map topography were identified by adaptive segmentation. Their characteristic parameters and behavioral measures were further analyzed. RESULTS Children with HD but not comorbid children showed slower and more variable reaction times compared to control children. Children with HD and ODD/CD-only but not comorbid children displayed reduced P3a amplitudes to cues and certain distractors (distractor-X) linked to attentional orienting. Correspondingly, global field power of the cue-CNV microstate related to anticipation and preparation was reduced in HD but not in HCD. Topographical alterations of the HD occurred already in the cue-P2/N2 microstate. In sum, the comorbid group was less deviant than both the HD-group and the ODD/CD-group. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that HD children (ADHD-combined type without ODD/CD) suffer from a more general deficit (e.g., suboptimal energetical state regulation) including deficits of attentional orienting and response preparation than just a responseinhibitory deficit, backing the hypothesis of an involvement of a dysregulation of the central noradrenergic networks. The results contradict the hypothesis that ADHD+ODD/CD represents an additive co-occurrence of ADHD and ODD/CD and strongly suggest that it represents a separate pathological entity as considered in the ICD-10 classification system, which differs from both HD and ODD/CD-only.
Early Development of Emotional Competence (EDEC) Assessment Tool for Children With Complex Communication Needs: Development and Evidence.

Purpose This article introduces and provides initial data supporting "The Early Development of Emotional Competence (EDEC): A tool for children with complex communication needs (CCNs). " The EDEC was developed to raise awareness about the relation of language and emotional competence and to maximize the likelihood that intervention includes language to discuss emotions in ways that are consistent with the values and goals of the family. Method First, the theoretical and clinical foundations of the EDEC development were discussed. Then, a description of preferred translation practices was provided, with examples of Korean and Mandarin Chinese translations. Finally, initial data from a pilot study with two sociocultural communities (i.e., 10 American and 10 Korean mothers of children developing typically) were presented to demonstrate the potential of the tool. Results The pilot test offered preliminary support for the sensitivity of the EDEC. The tool solicited responses reflecting cultural differences between American and Korean mothers' perception of a child's emotional skills and mother-child conversation about emotions as predicted based on many cross-cultural studies in emotion. Conclusions The information elicited from the EDEC shows promise for enabling culturally natural conversation about emotions with appropriate vocabulary and phrases in their augmentative and alternative communication systems. Supplemental Materials https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5643076.
Economic Development in the Americas since 1500

This book brings together a number of previously published articles by Stanley L. Engerman and Kenneth L. Sokoloff. Its essays deal with differences in the rates of economic growth in Latin American and mainland North America, specifically the United States and Canada. It demonstrates how relative differences in growth over time are related to differences in the institutions that developed in different economies. This variation is driven by differences in major institutions â€“ suffrage, education, tax policy, land and immigration policy, and banking and financial organizations. These factors, in turn, are all related to differences in endowments, climate and natural resources. Providing a comprehensive treatment of its topic, the essays have been revised to reflect new developments and research.
The implementation of mobile learning in outdoor education: Application of QR codes

Summary This study presents an m-learning method that incorporates QR codes. This learning method notonly achieves the objectives of outdoor education, but it also increases applications of CognitiveTheory of Multimedia Learning (CTML) (Mayer, 2001) in m-learning for practical use in a diverserange of outdoor locations. When implementing and using the system, we received feedback andsuggestions from elementary teachers who participated in this study. These teachers expressedsigniﬁcant interest in using the Integrated QR Code Learning System to conduct outdoor educa-tional activities. They also stated that the m-learning devices and system developed in this studyachieved the planned learning outcomes, provided additional opportunities for interaction andfacilitated teaching in a diverse range of locations.The system can be used as learning material oran experimental tool to investigate students’ learning performance. With the revision of global QR code Information system Perceived UsefulnessQR code Information system Perceived Ease of UseQR code Information system Attitude toward UsingQR code Information system Behavioral Intention to UseUser capabilityExternal Variables
New Estimates of Global Poverty and Inequality: How Much Difference Do Price Data Really Make?

This paper makes new estimates of global poverty and inequality in 2012 using both `old', 2005 and `new', 2011 purchasing power parity (PPP) price data in order to assess systematically what difference PPP data makes to the estimates. The methodology for the 2011 PPP data is thought to be superior. However, contentions remain. We discuss the PPPs and justify the use of 2011 PPP data to estimate global poverty and inequality, at least for comparison purposes.
Are Stocks Riskier Over the Long Run? Taking Cues from Economic Theory

We study whether stocks are riskier or safer in the long run from the perspective of Bayesian investors who employ the long-run risk, habit formation, or prospect theory models to form prior beliefs about return dynamics. Economic theory delivers important guidance for long-run investment opportunities. Specifically, incorporating prior information from the habit formation or prospect theory models reinforces beliefs in mean reversion and inferences that stocks are safer over longer horizons. Conversely, investors with long-run risk priors perceive weaker mean reversion and riskier equities. Model-based information is particularly important for inferences about uncertainty in the dividend growth component of returns. Received May 18, 2016; editorial decision April 25, 2017 by Editor Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh.
I‐Z‐I complexes in congenital myopathy

A 3‐month‐old boy with hypotonia at birth succumbed to a congenital myopathy. The major finding in his muscle biopsy corresponded to I‐Z‐I complexes described previously in embryonic skeletal muscle. A few previous myopathy cases have described findings suggestive of I‐Z‐I–like complexes. A mutation affecting mononuclear myoblasts or early myotubes was suspected, although an acquired lesion could not be ruled out. The findings may also have been altered by secondary events in this unusual case. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Vascular disease-causing mutation, smooth muscle α-actin R258C, dominantly suppresses functions of α-actin in human patient fibroblasts

Significance Point mutations in the ACTA2 gene encoding smooth muscle (SM) α-actin cause familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections and predispose to premature coronary artery disease, stroke, and moyamoya disease. Studies on the mechanistic basis of these diseases are partly hampered by inability to collect affected tissues from living patients. Fibroblasts cultured from minimally invasive patient skin biopsies allowed study of ACTA2–R258C mutation-induced derangement in cell growth and interrogation of dysfunctional consequences of the mutation after induction of SM α-actin. Results show that R258C dominantly disrupts cytoskeletal properties attributed to SM α-actin and are consistent with deficiencies in multiple cytoskeletal functions. Information gathered from the patient-derived, cell-based assay strategies described herein has potential to facilitate understanding of disease progression mechanisms. The most common genetic alterations for familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (TAAD) are missense mutations in vascular smooth muscle (SM) α-actin encoded by ACTA2. We focus here on ACTA2–R258C, a recurrent mutation associated with early onset of TAAD and occlusive moyamoya-like cerebrovascular disease. Recent biochemical results with SM α-actin–R258C predicted that this variant will compromise multiple actin-dependent functions in intact cells and tissues, but a model system to measure R258C-induced effects was lacking. We describe the development of an approach to interrogate functional consequences of actin mutations in affected patient-derived cells. Primary dermal fibroblasts from R258C patients exhibited increased proliferative capacity compared with controls, consistent with inhibition of growth suppression attributed to SM α-actin. Telomerase-immortalized lines of control and R258C human dermal fibroblasts were established and SM α-actin expression induced with adenovirus encoding myocardin-related transcription factor A, a potent coactivator of ACTA2. Two-dimensional Western blotting confirmed induction of both wild-type and mutant SM α-actin in heterozygous ACTA2–R258C cells. Expression of mutant SM α-actin in heterozygous ACTA2–R258C fibroblasts abrogated the significant effects of SM α-actin induction on formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions, filamentous to soluble actin ratio, matrix contraction, and cell migration. These results demonstrate that R258C dominantly disrupts cytoskeletal functions attributed to SM α-actin in fibroblasts and are consistent with deficiencies in multiple cytoskeletal functions. Thus, cellular defects due to this ACTA2 mutation in both aortic smooth muscle cells and adventitial fibroblasts may contribute to development of TAAD and proliferative occlusive vascular disease.
[Influence of the riding discipline and riding intensity on the incidence of back pain in competitive horseback riders].

INTRODUCTION The connection between morphologic changes of the spine and the intensity of training has been assessed for a number of sport activities. The influence of horseback riding on the spine has only rarely been evaluated. The aim of our study was to evaluate to what degree horseback riders suffer from back pain and whether there is an association between this parameter and the category i. e. the intensity of horseback riding. Furthermore we wanted to judge whether riding may have a positive effect on pre-existent back pain. METHODS 508 horseback riders (63.2 % females; 36.8 % males) competing in either dressage, showjumping or vaulting were interviewed using a questionnaire. Apart from biometric data, the intensity with which riding was performed and the localisation and intensity (VAS) of back pain was assessed. Furthermore, in the case of existing back pain, riders were asked whether different riding disciplines and paces changed the intensity of pain. RESULTS 300 dressage riders (59.1 %), 188 showjumpers (37.0 %) and 20 vaulters (3.9 %) with an average age of 33.5 Jahre (12 - 77 years) were questioned. The incidence of back pain was 72.5 %. A significant correlation between back pain and riding discipline respectively gender or riding level could not be found. Discrepancies in VAS-score for dressage riders (3.95 +/- 0.13), show jumpers (4.10 +/- 0.16) and vaulters (3.76 +/- 0.5) were marginal and not significant (p > 0.05). Overall 58.7 % resp. 15.2 % reported to have pain in the lumbar i.e cervical spine. Despite the fact that a large fraction of dressage riders claimed to have problems in these spine areas with 57.7 % resp. 68.8 %, this finding was not significant compared to the other riding disciplines. While 61.6 % of dressage riders reported an improvement of their back pain when riding, this was only the case in 40.9 % of show jumpers. CONCLUSION Compared to the general population, a high incidence of back pain is found among riders. A significant correlation between the intensity of riding or the riding discipline and frequency or severity of back pain could not be found. For riders with pre-existent back pain the pace "walk" seems to have a positive influence on pain intensity.
Dissecting the Pricing of Equity Index Volatility

The model-free implied volatility (MFV) has gained notoriety in recent years, partially due to the Chicago Board Option Exchange (CBOE) publication of the VIX index which is based on the MFV. This volatility measure extracts the expected future return volatility from the full cross-section of options with dierent strikes for a given maturity date. Conceptually, the MFV provides the market price of future volatility. If there is a volatility risk premium, the MFV will deviate systematically from the future realized return volatility. This is the case for the VIX, as it overstates the subsequent volatility by a large margin on average. This implies that exposure to S&P 500 volatility carries a negative risk premium. Intuitively, investors are willing to pay high prices for the insurance against spikes in the market volatility. In this paper, we refine the analysis of the volatility risk premium in many dimensions. We exploit the concept of corridor implied volatility to break the MFV into slices representing the pricing of market volatility over dierent intervals for the underlying asset price. One, we study the size of the volatility risk premium for drops versus increases in the underlying asset price. Two, we extract the premium for volatility risk in the tails of the risk-neutral price density. Three, we develop conditional measures of the relative pricing of risk in up- and down-states and enable us to monitor time-variation through this DUR ratio. Our findings suggest that a combination of the DUR statistic and the volatility level is highly correlated with the overall risk aversion in the market and thus provides an economically interpretable summary measure which speaks to the time-variation in the pricing of market risks more generally.
The Impact of Corporate Governance Characteristics on Earnings Quality and Earnings Management: Evidence from Jordan

تبحث هذه الدراسة تجريبيا تأثير خصائص حوكمة الشركات على جودة الأرباح وإدارة الأرباح. عينة الدراسة شملت جميع الشركات المالية المدرجة في بورصة عمان, وقد بلغ عدد الشركات 73 شركة. وهي التي كانت مدرجة في بورصة عمان من عام 2007 إلى عام 2012. هذه الدراسة أساسا تبحث عن خصائص حوكمة الشركات الرئيسية التي تؤثر على جودة الأرباح وتؤثر أيضا على إدارة الأرباح للشركات الأردنية. تم استخدام عدد أعضاء مجلس الإدارة، الازدواجية للرئيس التنفيذي، مكونات مجلس الإدارة، عدد أعضاء لجنة التدقيق، مكونات لجنة التدقيق ونشاط لجنة التدقيق لقياس الخصائص حوكمة الشركات. القيمة المطلقة واشارة الاستحقاقات التقديرية، والتي تم حسابها من خلال نموذج جونز المعدل، استخدمت لتقدير جودة الأرباح وإدارة الأرباح على التوالي. النتائج اظهرت أن عدد اضاء لجنة التدقيق ونشاط لجنة التدقيق لديهما علاقة مع كل من جودة الأرباح وإدارة الأرباح. اوصي الباحث الشركات المالية الأردنية بتقليل عدد أعضاء مجلس الإدارة، و تعديل نسبة المديرين الخارجيين وغير تنفيذي في كل من مجلس الإدارة ولجنة التدقيق.
Computing the Approximation Error for Neural Networks with Weights Varying on Fixed Directions

Abstract We obtain a sharp lower bound estimate for the approximation error of a continuous function by single hidden layer neural networks with a continuous activation function and weights varying on two fixed directions. We show that for a certain class of activation functions this lower bound estimate turns into equality. The obtained result provides us with a method for direct computation of the approximation error. As an application, we give a formula, which can be used to compute instantly the approximation error for a class of functions having second order partial derivatives.
Reproducibility of a food menu to measure energy and macronutrient intakes in a laboratory and under real-life conditions

Given the limitations associated with the measurement of food intake, we aimed to determine the reliability of a food menu to measure energy intake (EI) and macronutrient intake within the laboratory and under free-living conditions. A total of eight men and eight women (age 25·74 (sd 5·9) years, BMI 23·7 (sd 2·7) kg/m2) completed three identical in-laboratory sessions (ILS) and three out-of-laboratory sessions (OLS). During the ILS, participants had ad libitum access to a variety of foods, which they chose from a menu every hour, for 5 h. For the OLS, the foods were chosen from the menu at the start of the day and packed into containers to bring home. There were no significant differences in total EI (6118·6 (sd 2691·2), 6678·8 (sd 2371·3), 6489·5 (sd 2742·9) kJ; NS) between the three ILS and three OLS (6816·0 (sd 2713·2), 6553·5 (sd 2364·5), 6456·4 (sd 3066·8) kJ; NS). Significant intraclass correlations (ICC) for total energy (r 0·77, P < 0·0001), carbohydrate (r 0·81, P < 0·0001), dietary fat (r 0·54, P < 0·0001) and protein (r 0·81, P < 0·0001) intakes for the ILS and significant ICC for total energy (r 0·85, P < 0·0001), carbohydrate (0·85, P < 0·0001), dietary fat (0·72 P < 0·0001) and protein (0·80, P < 0·0001) intakes for the OLS were noted. The average within-subject CV for total EI was 18·3 (sd 10·0) and 16·1 (sd 10·3) % for the ILS and OLS, respectively, with a pleasantness rating for foods consumed of 124 (sd 14) mm out of 150 mm (83 %). Overall, the food menu produces a relatively reliable measure of EI inside and outside the laboratory. The results also underscore the difficulties in capturing a representative image of food intake given the relatively high day-to-day variation in the amount and composition of foods consumed.
The prevalence of depressive disorders and the distribution of depressive symptoms in later life: a survey using Draft ICD-10 and DSM-III-R

Synopsis The point prevalence of depressive disorders was estimated in a sample of persons aged 70 years and over, which included both those living in the community and those in institutional settings. Lay interviewers administered the Canberra Interview for the Elderly to the subjects and their informants. The point prevalence of depressive episodes as defined by the Draft ICD-10 diagnostic criteria was 3·3%. The rate for DSM-III-R major depressive disorder was 1·0%. The latter prevalence rate is similar to those reported elsewhere for the elderly. Evidence is accumulating that older persons may indeed have low rates for depressive disorders at the formal case level. Possible reasons for this finding are offered. A scale for depressive symptoms, based exclusively on those specified in Draft ICD-10 and DSM-III-R, showed that the elderly do experience many depressive symptoms. Contrary to expectation, these did not increase with age. The number of depressive symptoms was correlated with neuroticism, poor physical health, disability and a history of previous depression. Attention now needs to be directed to the clinical significance of depressive symptoms below the case level in elderly persons.
Achieving Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment Targets in Renal Transplant Recipients: Results From a Cross-Sectional Study in Spain

Background. Kidney transplant recipients are considered to have chronic kidney disease (CKD) irrespective of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or presence or absence of markers of kidney damage. The aim of this work was to investigate the prevalence of CKD-stages and whether the guidelines for general population (Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative) are routinely followed in kidney transplant in Spain. Patients and Methods. Two thousand one hundred sixty renal transplant recipients followed up at the outpatient clinics in 4 University Hospitals were included. The estimated GFR (eGFR) was calculated according to the abbreviated modification of diet in renal disease equation, and the patients were classified following the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative stages. Results. Chronic kidney failure (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) was present in 1505 patients (69.7%), 54.4% were 3T-stage (eGFR 30-59); 13.0% were 4T-stage (eGFR 15-30), and 2.3% were 5T-stage. The prevalence of severe anemia increased from 4.1% in 1T-stage to 44% in 5T-stage (P=0.000) as did the percentage of patients on erythropoiesis-stimulating agents from 1.3% to 68% (P=0.000). The intact parathyroid hormone levels increased as graft function declined and 45% of 5T-stage patients had intact parathyroid hormone levels more than 300. Calcium and vitamin D supplements were administered to 50% and 40% of patients, respectively. Hypertension was quite common and increased with the progression of CKD. The mean total cholesterol was 192±39 mg/dL, and the levels did not increase with the decline in graft function. Approximately 60% had suboptimal cholesterol despite 50% being on statins treatment. Conclusions. CKD and their complications were prevalent in renal transplant recipients. The control of some of these complications is far below targets established for nontransplant CKD patients despite a progressive intensification of therapy as graft function declines.