Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Poikilocapnic hypoxic ventilatory response in humans during 0.85 MAC isoflurane anesthesia

Ventilatory responses to hypoxia (HVR) were investigated using poikilocapnic conditions (i.e. end–tidal CO2′s allowed to seek it's own level) in 15 cardio–pulmonary healthy patients who were first studied awake and then at 0.85 MAC isoflurane. The influence of hypercapnia (HyperCapnic Ventilatory Response, HCVR) was also elucidated. Pneumotachography, capnography and airway occlusion pressures at 0.1 s (P < u) were used before and during both mild hypoxia (end–tidal O2 tension 8.7 kPa) and hypercapnia achieved by an inspired CO2 concentration of 5%. HCVR was attenuated by 60% during anesthesia (P < 0.01). In the awake state, five of the 15 patients decreased HVR during hypoxia as compared with during normoxia. This resulted in a VE that on average increased by 0.6 l–min‐1 (P < 0.05) whereas PE01 was unchanged. In the anesthetized state, no case of decreased HVR was seen and hypoxia induced a mean VE increase (±s.d.) by 1.0± 0.2 lmin‐1 (P< 0.001) and a PE01 that on average was improved by 0.63 ± 0.27 cm H2O (P< 0.01). It is suggested that when the aim is to evaluate the influence of volatile anesthetic agents on HVR and to quantitate its clinical relevance during and immediately after anesthesia, a poikilocapnic technique should be used. It is concluded that the poikilocapnic HVR to PF.o2′s of 8.7 kPa was maintained during 0.85 MAC isoflurane.
Perceived Need for Dental Care Among Persons Living with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Compromised oral health holds significant implications for the general health of medically vulnerable, HIV infected individuals. Past studies have reported that these individuals frequently suffer from oral opportunistic infections and have a tendency to develop severe periodontal disease. This study extends past research by examining the prevalence of oral infections according to patient characteristics and by reporting, for the first time, the level of perceived dental need in a large, multi-site sample of individuals with symptomatic HIV disease. Data for this study come from a survey of 857 clients of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's AIDS Health Services Program in 9 U.S. cities. More respondents (52%) reported a need for dental care than for any other service need. Multivariate analysis showed that clients who were white, in low-income groups, used intravenous drugs, or had a past history of oral opportunistic infections were more likely to report dental need. Relations between age, gender, insurance status, or disease status and perceived need were statistically nonsignificant. Forty-seven percent of the clients reported they had an oral opportunistic infection, the second outcome variable examined in this study. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in the prevalence of oral opportunistic infections among race and disease severity groups. Whites and the more severely ill were more likely to report an infection than their respective counterparts.
Objective assessment of nasal obstruction in snoring and obstructive sleep apnea patients: experience of a Police Authority Hospital.

BACKGROUND The role of nasal airflow resistance in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome remains contentious. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in apnea index in response to nasal surgery, as guided by acoustic rhinometry. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-five patients were referred for complaints of snoring and nasal obstruction. The patients were divided into two groups according to the severity of nasal obstruction: group 1 (nasal obstruction was the predominant symptom) included 21 patients, and group 2 (snoring was the predominant symptom) included 24 patients. In group 1, nasal surgery was performed as a first surgical procedure and was followed after 10-12 weeks by palatal surgery. In group 2, palatal surgery was performed as the primary procedure and was followed after 10-12 weeks by nasal surgery. RESULTS The results showed a clear relationship between the correction of nasal obstruction and the severity of OSA, as indicated by measuring the apnea index (AI). However, in none of the group 1 cases was nasal surgery alone capable of reducing the AI by 50%. In group 2, palatal surgery effectively reduced AI, and when followed by nasal surgery, the reduction in AI was again statistically significant. CONCLUSION This indicates that nasal obstruction could be considered a contributing factor to the severity of OSA, but not a causative factor in the production of OSA. It also indicates that nasal surgery and palatal surgery combined are effective in improving snoring and OSA in properly selected patients.
Implementing Service-Oriented Architecture in Organizations

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) has been promoted as a technology that can enhance information systems agility, interoperability between applications, deployment flexibility, and reusability. As with any new information technology (IT), the decision to adopt SOA cannot be taken lightly, given the nontrivial investment in economic and personnel resources. The complexity associated with industry-wide diffusion, coupled with organization, industry, and environment factors, contributes to a lack of a clear strategy for assessing the business value that SOA provides an organization. This research attempts to shed light on this process of value creation for an organization, using a system dynamics approach. A detailed model of the industry diffusion coupled with organization adoption is presented. After suitable calibration and validation, a series of simulations using the model evaluate the efficacy of SOA under a variety of diverse conditions. The results of the simulations indicate clear benefits of SOA over monolithic ITs when employed under appropriate conditions. Situations where SOA fails to live up to expectations are also identified. The model and accompanying simulations can serve as a practical decision support tool for an organization to help make the strategic decisions of adopting and implementing SOA.
Tolerance of Ambiguity: A Review of the Recent Literature

This review paper attempts to update the literature on tolerance of ambiguity (TA) and related concepts since a previous review (Furnham & Ribchester, 1995). Various related concepts like Uncertainly Avoidance and In/Tolerance of Uncertainly are reviewed. Both correlational and experimental studies of TA are reviewed and tabulated. Further, an attempt was made to identify and critique various different questionnaires design to measure TA. Recommendations for the use of these tests in research are made. The reasons for progress and lack of progress in this field are highlighted.
No . 635 MANAGERIAL CONTROL INSIDE THE FIRM

This paper proposes an implicit control mechanism of managers inside the firm. We argue that the need to motivate workers may make it beneficial for a self-interested, short-sighted manager to pursue long-run viability of the firm. When the firm is in a stable environment, this implicit control mechanism may not contradict shareholder value maximization. However, when the firm needs restructuring, this mechanism damages firm value. We discuss when external governance is desirable, and when it is not. Our model also offers economic explanations for some related issues in managerial behavior such as restructuring aversion, survival motive, and excessive risk aversion.
The Theory of Diagnosis

to var-iouS diseases, of which I have taken tuberculosis as an example. I ventuie to think that there is a future for the study of the incidenice of various diseases and of the prevalence of various activities among people of diverse types, especially types of skin, but if that line be pursued the worker niust clearly reiiiember that environmiiental inifluences are at work all the time; and that, for example, our Briish dark long head on tile imoorlands may show features of strengtlh anid weakness different from those of the same typ)e in the poor quarter of a large city.
IL-33 promotes mouse keratinocyte-derived chemokine, an IL-8 homologue, expression in airway smooth muscle cells in ovalbumin-sensitized mice.

BACKGROUND Although it is recognized that IL-33 plays a key role in the onset of asthma, it is currently unclear whether IL-33 acts on any other target cells besides mast cells and Th2 cells in asthma. We investigated that whether airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) could contribute to asthma via stimulation with IL-33. METHODS To create a mouse model of acute asthma, murine ASMCs were isolated and cultured in vitro with IL-33. The ASMCs were divided into two groups, ASMCs from normal mice and ASMCs from ovalbumin-sensitized mice. The release of mouse KC was analyzed by PCR and ELISA. Immunocytochemical Staining of murine ASMCs for ST2 and IL-1RAcP was performed. RESULTS IL-33 promoted KC expression, both in terms of mRNA and protien levels, in ASMCs from ovalbumin-sensitized mice. ST2 and IL-1RAcP were expressed in the membrane of ASMCs in ovalbumin-sensitized mice. CONCLUSION IL-33 may contribute to the inflammation in the airways by acting on airway smooth muscle cells. IL-33 and ST2 may play important roles in allergic bronchial asthma.
A comparative assessment of some major quality awards

Searching for quantitative tools to monitor the attainment of TQM objectives, reviews the Japanese, European and American quality awards and discusses their significance to business. The procedures, assessment criteria and benefits of the Deming Application Prize (DP), European Quality Award (EQA) and Malcolm Baldrige Quality Awards (MB) are examined in some detail and compared against each other. It has been found that the DP focuses on the dissemination of company wide quality control, continuous improvement and relations with suppliers. Its most important aspect is the thorough application of statistical QC techniques. The MB accepts that quality is customer‐driven and therefore focuses on customer satisfaction, benchmarking, competitive comparisons with the industry average, the industry leader, and the principal competitors in the company’s key markets. The EQA focuses on the relations with the community, and customers’ and employees’ satisfaction. Finally, another major difference between the DP and.
Assessment of Bioavailability of Rifampicin as a Component of Anti-tubercular Fixed Dose Combination Drugs Marketed in Pakistan.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended DOTS program recommends treatment of TB with a combination of three to fi ve drugs. However, international bodies like the WHO and IUTLD (international union against tuberculosis and ling disease) recommend the use of only those fi xed dose combinations that have proven in vivo bioavailability. The present study was conducted to test the in vivo bioavailability of some of the formulations currently marketed in Pakistan on twenty six healthy volunteers as a three sequence, three period cross-over study. Rifampicin was administered in three different formulations out of which one (Formulation A) acted as a standard against which the other two formulations; Formulation B (Fixed dose combination without pyrazinamide) and formulation C (Fixed dose combination with pyrazinamide) were tested. Thirteen blood samples including a pre-dose sample were drawn over a period of 24 hours. Plasma samples were analyzed for rifampicin concentration by an HPLC method and critical pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Although, based on the con fi dence intervals for the ratios of geometric means of pharmacokinetic parameters none of the test formulations B or C could be declared bioequivalent, nevertheless effective formulations for the treatment of TB in Pakistan.
La gestión del oportunismo en las redes de franquicia: multifranquicia y mecanismos de control

El exito de la redes de franquicia depende del logro y el mantenimiento de una solida imagen de marca. Para ello es imprescindible que todos los establecimientos que forman parte de la red presten un nivel de calidad homogeneo, puesto que los clientes esperan recibir este independientemente del establecimiento de la red que visiten. Esta expectativa genera valor para el cliente porque le permite reducir los costes de busqueda cuando no dispone de informacion acerca de la calidad prestada por otros establecimientos, o bien es costoso adquirir esta informacion. Como acuerdo cooperativo que es, la franquicia puede ser estudiada como una relacion de agencia bilateral en la que ambas partes se exponen al riesgo de oportunismo pre y poscontractual. Estos riesgos, que suponen una amenaza para el mantenimiento de dicha homogeneidad, se conocen en la literatura economica, respectivamente, como seleccion adversa y riesgo moral. Los objetivos de esta investigacion son tres. En primer lugar, estudiar que mecanismos pueden utilizar los franquiciadores y los franquiciados para reducir dichos riesgos y aportar evidencia empirica de su uso para una muestra de las redes de franquicia que operan en Espana. Tales mecanismos de gobierno de la relacion pueden tener caracter contractual, organizativo o reputacional y, al mismo tiempo, pueden agruparse en tres tipos: mecanismos de incentivos, mecanismos de salvaguardia (garantias y control) y mecanismos de sancion. En segundo lugar, estudiar los determinantes de la intensidad de uso de la multifranquicia, esto es, que un mismo franquiciado posea varios establecimientos de la cadena. En tercer lugar, estudiar los antecedentes de la intensidad con la que los franquiciadores controlan la calidad de servicio prestada por los franquiciados y analizar las interdependencias que existen entre los distintos mecanismos de control. Encontramos evidencia empirica de que la multifranquicia y los mecanismos de control de la calidad de servicio son utiles para reducir los problemas de oportunismo potencial que surgen en la relacion de franquicia. Por lo tanto, los franquiciadores deberian utilizarlos para reducir dichos riesgos y preservar el valor de la marca.
Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Elderly People (HoNOS 65+)

Background Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) have been developed to measure outcomes in people with mental health problems. Aims The particular physical and cognitive problems affecting older people requires a specific scale for their measurement. We describe the development of such a scale, named HoNOS 65+. Method Pilot, validity and reliability studies were carried out on an amended scale. Validity was assessed by comparison with existing scales reflecting depression, cognitive function, psychiatric symptomatology, activities of daily living and functional abilities. Reliability was measured in two centres. Results HoNOS 65+ was successfully amended to include specific aspects of mental health problems in older people including the phenomenology of depression, delusions occurring in the presence of dementia, incontinence and agitation/restlessness. HoNOS 65+ was able to discriminate between people suffering from organic and functional illnesses. Correlations with other scales indicated reasonable validity. Reliability was satisfactory. Conclusions Aversion of HoNOS 65+ is presented (see pp. 435–438, this issue) which is appropriate for use in elderly people with mental health problems.
Inhibition of fatty acid synthetase in Halobacterium cutirubrum and Escherichia coli by high salt concentrations.

A cell-free enzyme preparation from Halobacterium cutirubrum was shown to catalyze the biosynthesis of fatty acids from malonyl-CoA at zero sodium chloride concentration, with a specific activity about that of a similarly prepared fatty acid synthetase from E. coli. Both the H. cutirubrum synthetase and that from E. coli were strongly inhibited by high sodium chloride or potassium chloride concentrations (0.5–4 M). The malonyl-CoA: ACP transacylase, which catalyzes the first step in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, was shown to be strongly inhibited by salt in H. cutirubrum, but not in E. coli. It is concluded that H. cutirubrum contains a fatty acid synthetase system which normally operates at a very low level of activity as a result of inhibition by the high intracellular salt concentration present in this organism.
Effects of Satiation and Starvation on Nematocyst Discharge, Prey Killing, and Ingestion in Two Species of Sea Anemone

Studies spanning 60 years with several cnidarian species show that satiation inhibits prey capture and ingestion and that starvation increases prey capture and ingestion. Most have attributed the effects of satiation to inhibition of nematocyst discharge. We hypothesized that satiation inhibits prey capture and ingestion in sea anemones (Haliplanella luciae and Aiptasia pallida) primarily by inhibiting the intrinsic adherence (i.e., holding power) of discharging nematocysts. Using a quantitative feeding assay for H. luciae, we found that satiation completely uncoupled prey killing from prey ingestion, while nematocyst-mediated prey killing was only partially inhibited. Using A. pallida to measure nematocyst discharge and nematocyst-mediated adhesive force, we showed that satiation completely inhibited the intrinsic adherence of discharging nematocysts from Type B and Type C cnidocyte/supporting cell complexes (CSCCs), while only partially inhibiting nematocyst discharge from Type Bs. These inhibitory effects of satiation were gradually restored by starvation, reaching a maximum at 72 h after feeding. Thus, the effects of satiation and starvation on prey killing and ingestion in two species of acontiate sea anemones are primarily due to changes in the intrinsic adherence of nematocysts from both Type B and Type C CSCCs.
Gastrinomas: A historical perspective

The journey of gastrinomas had its beginnings in 1955 when Zollinger and Ellison published their seminal paper (Zollinger and Ellison, Ann Surg 1955; 142: 709–723). The evolution of the diagnosis and management of this syndrome has paralleled many important advances in medicine, including the development of various diagnostic tools to the major impact of medical treatment on the management of an inherently surgical pathology. There are numerous excellent review articles on the most current developments and treatment options of gastrinomas available in the literature today. The purpose of this paper is to present a historical perspective on this most fascinating condition. This article will illustrate the way in which the discovery of gastrinomas evolved and how its management has developed with it. The evolution of the surgical treatment of gastrinomas has evolved over the last 50 years. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:425–433. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dialect adaptation and two dimensions of tune

Adaptation to an unfamiliar dialect of one's native language presents a special case for prosodic learning, since most other aspects of the grammar are held constant. This study explores the representation of two dimensions of tune through a series of experimental tasks in which speakers of American English attempt to directly imitate and then generalize the dialectal features of a native speaker of Glasgow English. The results show that speakers are able to modify both f0 peak timing and f0 excursion in order to approximate the target dialect, and that they do so both during direct imitation and when generalizing to new sentences. The findings suggest that peak timing and excursion are not only represented differently, but that learning progresses differently for the two dimensions in going from direct imitation to generalization.
Stepped care treatment delivery for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background In stepped care models patients typically start with a low-intensity evidence-based treatment. Progress is monitored systematically and those patients who do not respond adequately step up to a subsequent treatment of higher intensity. Despite the fact that many guidelines have endorsed this stepped care principle it is not clear if stepped care really delivers similar or better patient outcomes against lower costs compared with other systems. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of all randomized trials on stepped care for depression. Method We carried out a comprehensive literature search. Selection of studies, evaluation of study quality and extraction of data were performed independently by two authors. Results A total of 14 studies were included and 10 were used in the meta-analyses (4580 patients). All studies used screening to identify possible patients and care as usual as a comparator. Study quality was relatively high. Stepped care had a moderate effect on depression (pooled 6-month between-group effect size Cohen's d was 0.34; 95% confidence interval 0.20–0.48). The stepped care interventions varied greatly in number and duration of treatment steps, treatments offered, professionals involved, and criteria to step up. Conclusions There is currently only limited evidence to suggest that stepped care should be the dominant model of treatment organization. Evidence on (cost-) effectiveness compared with high-intensity psychological therapy alone, as well as with matched care, is required.
STUDIES OF GALLBLADDER FUNCTION. XV. CHOLESTEROL IN HUMAN LIVER BILE.

The subject of bile drainage in the human has been very thoroughly reviewed by Fox (1) in 1928. Numerous papers have appeared, among which may be mentioned those of Walters, Green and Frederickson (2), Ravdin, Johnston, Riegel and Wright (3), and Elman and Graham (4), describing the changes occurring in hepatic bile obtained from patients with surgical drainage after the release of biliary obstruction in a varying number of cases. The data include, in addition to measurement of volume output, analyses for pigment, bile acids, chlorides and urea. Analyses for content of cholesterol, admittedly an important constituent of bile in its relation to stone forination, are few in number and usually absent in most of the papers cited. The present paper is a report of the daily variation in cholesterol concentration in hepatic bile of patients after some type of external biliary drainage.
Protein vaccination with HPV16 E7/Pep‐1 nanoparticles elicits a protective T‐helper cell‐mediated immune response

Two human papillomavirus (HPV) viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7 represent ideal targets for development of a therapeutic HPV vaccine. It is important to reduce the rate of HPV‐associated malignancies through improvement of vaccine modalities. In this study, we used a short amphipathic peptide carrier, Pep‐1, for delivery of the full‐length HPV16 E7 protein into mammalian cells and evaluated immune responses and protective effects of different formulations in C57BL/6 tumor mice model. Our results showed that the complexes of E7/Pep‐1 protein form stable nanoparticles through noncovalent binding with an average size of 120 to 250 nm. The efficient delivery of E7 protein by Pep‐1 at molar ratio of 1:20 was detected in HEK‐293T cell line for 1 h and 3 h post‐transfection. Immunization with E7/Pep‐1 nanoparticles at a ratio of 1:20 induced a higher Th1 cellular immune response with the predominant IgG2a and IFN‐γ levels than those induced by E7 protein in a murine tumor model. These data suggest that Pep‐1 peptide would indicate promising applications for improvement of HPV therapeutic vaccines. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(6):459–467, 2016