Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EPSPS Gene Amplification is Present in the Majority of Glyphosate-Resistant Illinois Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) Populations

Abstract With the frequency of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp increasing throughout the Midwest, the identification of resistant populations has become important for managing this species. However, high-throughput screening for glyphosate resistance in the greenhouse is tedious and inefficient. Research was conducted to document the occurrence of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp throughout the state of Illinois, and to determine whether a molecular assay for 5-enolypyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene amplification can be used as an alternative means to detect resistant populations. Populations throughout the state of Illinois were collected in 2010 and screened for glyphosate resistance using a whole-plant assay in a greenhouse, and survivors were examined for EPSPS gene amplification. Of 80 populations investigated, 22 were glyphosate resistant based on the greenhouse screen, and gene amplification was identified in 20 (91%) of the resistant populations. Although there are multiple mechanisms for glyphosate resistance in waterhemp, a molecular test for EPSPS gene amplification provides a rapid alternative for identification of glyphosate resistance in most populations. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; common waterhemp, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer var. rudis (Sauer). Resumen Con el incremento en la frecuencia de Amaranthus tuberculatus resistente a glyphosate a lo largo del Medio oeste, la identificación de poblaciones resistentes se ha hecho importante para el manejo de esta especie. Sin embargo, la evaluación rápida y de cantidades grandes de muestras para detectar resistencia a glyphosate en el invernadero es tediosa e ineficiente. Se realizó una investigación para documentar la frecuencia de A. tuberculatus resistente a glyphosate a lo largo del estado de Illinois, y determinar si una prueba molecular evaluando la amplificación del gen de 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) puede ser usado como una alternativa para detectar poblaciones resistentes. Las poblaciones a lo largo del estado de Illinois fueron colectadas en 2010 y evaluadas por resistencia a glyphosate usando una prueba con plantas enteras en un invernadero, y las plantas sobrevivientes fueron examinadas para detectar la amplificación del gen EPSPS. De las 80 poblaciones investigadas, 22 fueron resistentes a glyphosate con base en la evaluación en el invernadero, y la amplificación del gen se identificó en 20 (91%) de las poblaciones resistentes. Aunque existen múltiples mecanismos de resistencia a glyphosate en A. tuberculatus, una prueba molecular de amplificación del gen EPSPS brinda una alternativa rápida para la identificación de resistencia a glyphosate en la mayoría de las poblaciones.
Glycoprotein differences in solid and ascites forms of the 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma.

Glycoproteins from solid and ascites forms of the 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma were analyzed by a combination of lectin “staining” on sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis gels, metabolic labeling, and CsCl density gradient centrifugation. When sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of the ascites cells are stained with 125I-labeled peanut agglutinin (PNA), only one band is observed. This band is apparently the major sialoglycoprotein (ASGP-1) of the ascites cells, since PNA stains gels of the purified glycoprotein at an identical position. The solid 13762 tumor fails to show significant staining with the 125I-PNA assay. In contrast, 125I-concanavalin A staining of gels shows many bands for both solid and ascites tumors. The major concanavalin A receptor appears identical for all of the 13762 ascites sublines, the 13762 solid tumor, and the normal mammary gland. ASGP-1 does not interact with concanavalin A. Metabolic labeling of the solid tumor with [3H]glucosamine produces a band on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels migrating slightly ahead of ASGP-1. However, CsCl density gradient centrifugation indicates that the labeled component from the solid tumor is different from ASGP-1. Soluble ASGP-1 was found in ascites fluid and plasma using the 125I-PNA assay or the metabolic labeling followed by electrophoresis. The results of these experiments suggest that the expression of PNA receptor (blood group T-antigen) is dependent on the environment or on the condition of growth of the tumor.
Putamen: Activity of Single Units during Slow and Rapid Arm Movements

The activity of putamen neurons was studied in a monkey during the performance of both slow and rapid arm movements. More than half of all movement-related units discharged preferentially in relation to slow movements and less than 10 percent in relation to rapid movements. These findings indicate that at least a portion of the basal ganglia (the putamen) is primarily involved in the control of slow movements and are consistent with the hypothesis of Kornhuber that the primary motor function of the basal ganglia is to generate slow ("ramp") rather than rapid ("ballistic") movements.
Berg Balance Scale and Outcome Measures in Acquired Brain Injury

Objective: To examine the relationship of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) to out come after acquired brain injury. Methods: Forty consecutive patients with acquired brain injury were admitted for multidisciplinary rehabilitation. Patients were assessed with the BBS. The BBS was originally designed as a quantitative measure of balance and risk for falls in community-dwelling elderly patients. The BBS comprises 14 dif ferent tasks graded on a 56-point scale. Community-dwelling elders with a BBS score of ≤42 have >90% risk for falls. Results: In our study, there were 27 patients with a low BBS score (≤42) and 13 patients with a high BBS score (≥43). The discharge total Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores were lower in the low BBS pa tients (96.4 ± 21.2) compared with the high BBS patients (111.5 ± 12.5) (p < 0.007). The length of stay (LOS) was significantly longer in the low BBS patients (38.9 ± 18.5 days) compared with the high BBS patients (14.2 ± 6.1 days; p < 0.000). Among the three patients that experienced falls during their hospitalization, all exhibited low BBS scores. The admission BBS score strongly correlated with admission total FIM scores (r = 0.86; p < 0.000) and moderately correlated with discharge total FIM scores (r = 0.56; p < 0.000) and LOS (r = -0.55; p < 0.000). Using a multiple regression analysis, the admission FIM score was found to be the better predictor of discharge FIM scores, and time admitted after injury was the better predictor of LOS. Conclusions: Prediction of rehabilitative outcome might be enhanced by the use of the BBS scores in combination with other clinical measures on admission to inpatient acute rehabil itation. Key Words: Functional Independence Measure—Berg Balance Scale—Ac quired brain injury.
Dynamic Pricing of Substitutable Products in the Presence of Capacity Flexibility

Firms that offer multiple products are often susceptible to periods of inventory mismatches where one product may face shortages while the other has excess inventories. In this paper, we study a joint implementation of price- and capacity-based substitution mechanisms to alleviate the level of such inventory disparities. We consider a firm producing substitutable products via a capacity portfolio consisting of both product-dedicated and flexible resources and characterize the structure of the optimal production and pricing decisions. We then explore how changes in various problem parameters affect the optimal policy structure. We show that the availability of a flexible resource helps maintain stable price differences across products over time even though the price of each product may fluctuate over time. This result has favorable ramifications from a marketing standpoint because it suggests that even when a firm applies a dynamic pricing strategy, it may still establish consistent price positioning among.
A Critical Period in Cortical Interneuron Neurogenesis in Down Syndrome Revealed by Human Neural Progenitor Cells

Down syndrome (DS) is a developmental disorder whose mental impairment is due to defective cortical development. Human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) derived from fetal DS cortex initially produce normal numbers of neurons, but generate fewer neurons with time in culture, similar to the pattern of neurogenesis that occurs in DS in vivo. Microarray analysis of DS hNPCs at this critical time reveals gene changes indicative of defects in interneuron progenitor development. In addition, dysregulated expression of many genes involved in neural progenitor cell biology points to changes in the progenitor population and subsequent reduction in interneuron neurogenesis. Delineation of a critical period in interneuron development in DS provides a foundation for investigation of the basis of reduced neurogenesis in DS and defines a time when these progenitor cells may be amenable to therapeutic treatment.
Clinicians’ perceptions of factors contributing to complexity and intensity of care of outpatients with traumatic brain injury

Abstract Primary objective: This study investigated clinicians’ perceptions on factors linked to patient complexity in traumatic brain injury (TBI) outpatient rehabilitation. Method: Twelve clinicians from various disciplines, working in TBI outpatient programmes from three rehabilitation institutions in Montreal, Quebec, were recruited using convenience and snowball sampling. Data was collected through focus groups and individual interviews and thematic analysis was used to identify themes. Main outcomes and results: Participants identified complexity factors falling under the following themes: sequelae of TBI (cognitive/behavioural/psychological impacts), personal factors (personality traits, pre-medical state, lifestyle and age), patients’ environment (architectural, social, language, cultural and financial) and therapeutic relationship (mismatch, misunderstanding and personality clashes). Clinicians also reported facilitators to optimal treatment delivery such as quality of services and working in an interdisciplinary team. Limited time, training and resources were identified as barriers to treatment. Conclusion: A substantial proportion of patients in outpatient TBI programmes seem to follow an atypical evolution and exhibit added complexity. In order to optimize quality of care, clinicians recommended increased community awareness about TBI, increased resources for rehabilitation clinicians and specialized services post-discharge. These findings are insightful for stakeholders; providing a basis for discussions on policy changes that can better meet this population’s needs.
Spontaneous Recovery From Hyperglycemia by Regeneration of Pancreatic β-Cells in Kir6.2G132S Transgenic Mice

The ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP channel) in pancreatic β-cells is a critical regulator in insulin secretion. We previously reported that transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative form (Kir6.2G132S) of Kir6.2, a subunit of the KATP channel, specifically in β-cells develop severe hyperglycemia in adults (8 weeks of age). In this study, we conducted a long-term investigation of the phenotype of these transgenic mice. Surprisingly, hyperglycemia was spontaneously improved with concomitant improvement of pancreatic insulin content in the transgenic mice at >25 weeks of age. Insulin-positive cells and pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1)-positive cells both were clearly increased in the older compared with the younger transgenic mice. Interestingly, cells labeled with the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), a potential indicator of uncommitted pancreatic epithelial/ductal cells, were detected in the islets of the transgenic mice but not in those of wild-type mice. In addition, a subset of the DBA-labeled cells was positive for PDX1, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, or pancreatic polypeptide. Moreover, some of the DBA-labeled cells were also positive for a proliferating cell marker. These results show that the Kir6.2G132S transgenic mouse is a useful model for studying β-cell regeneration and that DBA-labeled cells participate in the process.
Peritoneal Reaction to Icodextrin in a Female Patient on CAPD

1. Keane WF, Bailie GR, Boeschoten E, Gokal R, Golper TA, Holmes CJ, et al. Adult peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis treatment recommendations: 2000 update (Published erratum appears in Perit Dial Int 2000; 20:828–9). Perit Dial Int 2000; 20:396–411. 2. Fridkin SK. Vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus: what the infectious disease specialist needs to know. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:108–15. 3. Etta MG, Eustace JA, Song Z, Perl TM, Scheel PJ. Outpatient vancomycin use and vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization in maintenance dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2001; 59:718–24.
Community Scale and Resident Attitudes towards Tourism

Given that the costs and benefits of tourism are not uniformly distributed across space, knowledge of how residents perceive tourism both within their own community and from a broader regional perspective is needed to inform tourism-based economic development plans. This study explores the role of physical distance from tourism on resident attitudes, where support for the development of tourism within a person’s town of residence is compared to support for tourism development at the county level. Differences were found across these “community scales” with residents indicating less support for tourism at the, more intimate, town level. To explore this variation, ordered logit regression models identified factors in-fluencing attitudes at the town and county levels.
Interior Stokes " ows with stick-slip boundary conditions

Two-dimensional Stokes "ows generated by line singularities inside a circular cylinder are studied in the presence of stick-slip boundary conditions. For simplicity, line singularities are assumed to be parallel to the cylinder axis, all axes in the same plane. The interior boundary value problem associated with these "ows is solved in terms of a stream function. Analytic solutions are obtained for "ows induced by a rotlet, a potential-source and Stokeslets with axes radial (normal) or tangential to the cylinder by the Fourier expansion method. These solutions are used to plot streamline topologies of these "ows and the "ow patterns are studied as the slip parameter and the locations of the singularities are varied. Eddies of various sizes and shapes appear as the slip parameter is varied. Interesting "ow patterns are observed in "ows generated by a pair of rotlets. In this case, streamline patterns reveal interesting "ow topologies. Some of the "ow patterns observed here are similar to that of vortex mixing "ows. Interior saddle points are found in these "ows for certain values of the slip parameter and locations of the rotlets. The "ows induced by a source and a sink and a pair of Stokeslets also exhibit interesting features. The plots of the "uid velocity on the surface of the cylinder show the locations of surface stagnation points, if they exist. A study of the movement of surface stagnation points as the slip parameter and the locations of the singularities are varied shed some light on the qualitative features of the "ow patterns. The results presented may be relevant for a variety of applications including vortex mixing and journal bearing "ows. c © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Dysgenesis of thyroid is the common type of childhood hypothyroidism in environmentally iodine deficient areas of north India

Forty‐five children (28 girls and 17 boys; mean age 4.5 years) with hypothyroidism referred to us from January 1989 to November 1990 were evaluated prospectively for the pattern of hypothyroidism by hormone assays, scintiscan and urinary iodine estimation. Among the 6 children from non‐endemic areas, athyreosis and/or hypoplasia were seen in 3, ectopia in 2 and dyshormonogenesis in 1. Of 39 children from moderate to severe environmentally iodine deficient regions, 18 (46%) had athyreosis and/or hypoplasia and 10 (26%) ectopic thyroid. Iodine deficiency was seen in 4, dyshormonogenesis in 4, secondary/tertiary hypothyroidism in 2 and thyroiditis in 1. The mean age of these children at the onset of symptoms was 1.4 years and at clinical presentation 4.5 years. There was significant growth retardation with 54% of children being below the 5th centile of Indian standards. There was no significant difference in the age at onset of symptoms and presentation, clinical features and bone age for the different types. The levels of serum total T4 were significantly low in dysgenesis (athyreosis, hypoplasia and ectopia, p < 0,001). Dysgenesis of the thyroid is the most common type of childhood hypothyroidism in iodine deficiency endemias. We postulate that severe iodine deficiency in the intrauterine and early neonatal period may lead to dysgenesis of the thyroid.
Differential evolution based optimal PMU placement for fault observability of power system

In this paper, a differential evolution algorithm has been proposed for optimal placement of phasor measurement units (PMU) to ensure observability under faulted conditions in power systems. The problem is to minimize the required number of PMUs and also to establish harmony between the placement of PMUs for different objectives (general observability and fault observability). Integer linear programming procedure is used for problem formulation. The resulting integer linear programming problem is solved for the optimal solution using differential evolution method on the seven bus, IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 30-bus test systems with and without the consideration of zero injection buses.
Studying and Understanding the Instructional Contexts of Classrooms: Using our Past to Forge our Future

The video survey is a promising new approach for studying classrooms and teaching across cultures. Drawing from experience in working with two cross-cultural video surveys, the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and its follow-up study (TIMSS-R), this article presents some of the challenges of studying classrooms across cultures and some of the ways that the video survey can deal with these challenges. The article begins by identifying some of the issues in cross-cultural research and classroom surveys that led to the creation of the video survey. Examples from the TIMSS and the TIMSS-R video studies are then used to illustrate some benefits and limitations of video surveys and to share some of the lessons that were learned about studying classrooms across cultures.
FPGA implementation of QFT based controller for a buck type DC-DC power converter and comparison with fractional and integral order PID controllers

This paper presents the details of FPGA (field programmable gate array) implementation of a QFT based controller for a buck type DC-DC power converter. The performance of QFT controller is compared with PID and fractional order PID controllers. Computer simulations of the QFT based approach as well as integral order and fractional order PID controllers have been carried out. Nominal averaged and linearized model of the converter is used for all the simulations. It is observed that the QFT based controller exhibits better transient performance and higher stability against line voltage and load variations compared to the PID controllers. The QFT controller is implemented using a SPARTAN-3 FPGA board consisting of 400 K gates. All the analytical, simulation and hardware results are included and discussed.
Erosive Potential: Laboratory Evaluation of Sports Drinks Available in Nigerian Market

2 Abstract: This in vitro study sought to evaluate nine different sport and energy drinks (B Star Energy drink, London Best Energy Drink, Hippo Energy drink, Lucozade Boost Energy fast, Hype Energy, Vita 500 Energy drink, Lucozade Sport, Power horse Energy drink and Red Bull Energy drink) in terms of initial pH and titratable acidity. Initial pH was measured in triplicate for the nine beverages. The titratable acidity of each beverage was assessed by measuring the volume of 0.10 M sodium hydroxide necessary for titration to pH level of 7.0. All the evaluated drinks were acidic with pHs that ranged from 2.7 to 3.4. London best Energy drink and Lucozade Boost Energy Fast produced the lowest mean pH of 2.7 while Lucozade Sport produced the highest pH. The mean titratable acidity ranges from 4.1 to 13.8 mls. Hype Energy produced the highest acidity (indicating the strongest potential for erosion of enamel), followed by Hippo Energy drink. The least was Lucozade Boost Energy fast. All the popular sports and energy drinks in the Nigerian market are acidic with pHs well below the critical pH (5.5) of enamel demineralization. Erosive cavities may develop in addicts.
Contracting Strategies for Renewable Generators: A Hybrid Stochastic and Robust Optimization Approach

We present a new methodology to support an energy trading company (ETC) to devise contracting strategies under an optimal risk-averse renewable portfolio. The uncertainty in the generation of renewable energy sources is accounted for by exogenously simulated scenarios, as is customary in stochastic programming. However, we recognize that spot prices largely depend on unpredictable market conditions, making it difficult to capture its underlying stochastic process, which challenges the use of fundamental approaches for forecasting. Under such framework, industry practices make use of stress tests to validate portfolios. We then adapt the robust optimization approach to perform an endogenous stress test for the spot prices as a function of the buy-and-sell portfolio of contracts and renewable energy generation scenarios. The optimal contracting strategy is built through a bilevel optimization model that uses a hybrid approach, mixing stochastic and robust optimization. The proposed model is flexible to represent the traditional stochastic programming approach and to express the ETC's uncertainty aversion in the case where the price distribution cannot be precisely estimated. The effectiveness of the model is illustrated with examples from the Brazilian market, where the proposed approach is contrasted to its stochastic counterpart and both are benchmarked against observed market variables.
Code-based all optical routing using two-level coding

Code-based all optical routing employing a two-level-coding scheme is proposed. The first level of coding is employed to establish connections between users within a local area network; a second level of coding provides routing/interconnectivity between networks. The limitations due to physical-layer impairments, such as relative intensity noise (RIN) of the optical source, the signal-dependent shot noise, optical beat interference (OBI), and thermal noise at the receiver, which are some of the fundamental issues in the design of practical optical code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, are analyzed for the two-level scheme. The throughput in terms of "packets/time slot" offered by the scheme is also compared with that of the wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) system. The system capacity in WDMA is limited by the number of available wavelengths; optical CDMA, on the other hand, has many codes (user addresses), but the throughput is limited by multiple user interference, OBI, and RIN. System designs that overcome these effects and thereby improve the throughput are suggested.