Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DIABETES AND VASCULAR DISEASE

Two-thirds of American adults are overweight or obese, 75 million have hypertension and another 25 million have diabetes. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and a major driver of health care costs in patients with type 2 diabetes. Observational studies suggest that insulin resistance, hypertension and hyperglycemia independently predict cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. Indeed, coexisting hypertension appears to be a most powerful determinant of cardiovascular disease risk in diabetic patients. This update explores recent investigation which sheds light on our understanding of various metabolic and hemodynamic factors which promote vascular disease, as well as strategies to lessen cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes.
Beyond FATCA: An Evolutionary Moment for the International Tax System

The international tax system is in the midst of a novel contest between information reporting and anonymous withholding models for ensuring that states have the ability to tax offshore accounts. At stake is the extent of many countries’ capacity to tax investment income of individuals and profits of closely held businesses through an income tax in an increasingly financially integrated world. Four incongruent initiatives of the European Union, the OECD, Switzerland, and the United States together represent an emerging international regime in which financial institutions act to facilitate countries’ ability to tax their residents’ offshore accounts. The growing consensus that financial institutions should act as “tax intermediaries” cross-border represents a remarkable shift in international norms that has yet to be recognized in the literature. What remains is a contest as to how financial institutions should serve as tax intermediaries cross-border, and for which countries. Different outcomes in this contest portend starkly different futures for the extent of cross-border tax administrative assistance available to most countries. The eventual triumph of an information reporting model over an anonymous withholding model is key to (1) allowing for the taxation of principal, (2) ensuring that most countries are included in the benefit of financial institutions serving as tax intermediaries cross-border, and (3) encouraging taxpayer engagement with the polity and supporting sovereign policy flexibility, especially in emerging and developing economies. The article closes with proposals to help reconcile the emerging automatic information exchange approaches and produce an effective multilateral system.
Finitely additive measures

0. Introduction. The present paper is concerned with real-valued measures which enjoy the property of finite additivity but not necessarily the property of countable additivity. Our interest in such measures arose from two sources. First, the junior author has been concerned with the space of all finitely additive complex measures on a certain family of sets, which under certain conditions can be made into an algebra over the complex numbers. Second, both of us were informed by S. Kakutani of a result similar to our Theorem 1.23, the proof given by Kakutani being different from ours. The problem of characterizing finitely additive measures in some specific way occurred to us as being quite natural, and this problem we have succeeded in solving under fairly general conditions (Theorem 1.22). The body of the paper is divided into four sections. In §1, we consider finitely additive measures in a reasonably general context, obtaining first a characterization of such measures in terms of a countably additive part and a purely finitely additive part. Purely finitely additive measures are then characterized explicitly. In §2, we extend the theorem of Fichtenholz and Kantorovic [i](l) and thereby characterize the general bounded linear functional on the Banach space of bounded measurable functions on a general measurable space. In §3, we consider a number of phenomena which appear in the special case of the real number system. Here we exhibit a number of finitely additive measures which have undeniably curious properties. In §4, we describe connections between our finitely additive measures and certain countably additive Borel measures defined on a special class of compact Hausdorff spaces. We are indebted to Professor S. Kakutani for comments on and improvements in the results obtained. Throughout the present paper, the symbol R designates the real number system, and points are denoted by lower-case Latin letters, sets by capital Latin letters, families of sets by capital script letters. Sets of functions are denoted by capital German letters. For any set X and any A CZX, the characteristic function of A is denoted by \a1. General finitely additive measures. 1.1 Definition. Let X be an abstract set, and let M be a family of subsets of X closed under the formation of finite unions and of complements. Let "M be the smallest family of sets containing Vît and closed under the formation of countable unions and of complements.
Rapid appearance of epistasis during adaptive divergence following colonization

Theory predicts that short-term adaptation within populations depends on additive (A) genetic effects, while gene-gene interactions ‘epistasis (E)’ are important only in long-term evolution. However, few data exist on the genetic architecture of adaptive variation, and the relative importance of A versus non-additive genetic effects continues to be a central controversy of evolutionary biology after more than 70 years of debate. To examine this issue directly, we conducted hybridization experiments between two populations of wild soapberry bugs that have strongly differentiated in 100 or fewer generations following a host plant shift. Contrary to expectation, we found that between-population E and dominance (D) have appeared quickly in the evolution of new phenotypes. Rather than thousands of generations, adaptive gene differences between populations have evolved in tens. Such complex genetic variation could underlie the seemingly extreme rates of evolution that are increasingly reported in many taxa. In the case of the soapberry bug, extraordinary ecological opportunity, rather than mortality, may have created hard selection for genetic variants. Because ultimate division of populations into genetic species depends on epistatic loss of hybrid compatibility, local adaptation based on E may accelerate macro-evolutionary diversification.
Entrepreneurship, enterprise and Irish Travellers

ABSTRACT While Travellers are native to Ireland, they have much in common with European Roma, Sinti and Gypsies. Travellers for centuries have been highly entrepreneurial people, but it is evident that social changes and a national economy which is oriented towards a highly-skilled workforce will ensure that the majority of them will become excluded from active participation in the general labour market. However, a renewed emphasis on self-employment would enable Travellers to engage in economic activity in a flexible manner that would allow them to meet other cultural obligations, while also avoiding potentially discriminatory employee–manager–other employee relationships. Therefore, social change and new business practices are needed from within the Traveller community to maintain the Traveller culture while growing their enterprises. Such change must be supported by government through adequately funded programmes but championed by Travellers for Travellers. To continue on the current economic path and not diversify into skilled trades will see Travellers staying within the ‘welfare benefit trap’ and remaining hampered by poverty and low levels of employment.
Evaluation of patient and provider satisfaction with a pharmacist-managed lipid clinic in a Veterans Affairs medical center.

PURPOSE Patient and provider satisfaction with a pharmacist-managed lipid clinic in a Veterans Affairs medical center were assessed. METHODS All patients at Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center who were referred to a pharmacist-managed lipid clinic for drug therapy management were mailed a questionnaire addressing overall satisfaction with care provided by the lipid clinic. Chart reviews were performed for patients completing the questionnaire to ascertain lipid-lowering medications used, changes in serum cholesterol levels, and achievement of low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol goal. Health care providers referring patients to the lipid clinic were sent an anonymous electronic questionnaire to assess provider satisfaction with the clinic. Responses to the questionnaire were rated on a Likert scale (strongly agree, somewhat agree, neutral, somewhat disagree, strongly disagree). A paired t test was used to assess the percent change in lipid values, and chi-square analysis was used to evaluate the achievement of each patient's LDL cholesterol goal. RESULTS Surveys were sent to 224 patients and 104 providers. A total of 105 patients (47%) and 49 providers (47%) completed the questionnaire. Most patients and providers expressed satisfaction with the clinic, with 91.4% of patients and 87.8% of providers indicating that they were strongly or somewhat satisfied with the care provided by the pharmacist-managed clinic. Attainment rates of goal LDL cholesterol levels increased from 8.6% at baseline to 53.3% at discharge or the most recent measurement (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Most patients and providers were satisfied with the services provided by the pharmacist-managed lipid clinic. The clinic helped improve patients' LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels.
Internationally adopted children in the early school years: relative strengths and weaknesses in language abilities.

PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the relative strengths and weaknesses in language and verbal short-term memory abilities of school-age children who were adopted from Eastern Europe. METHOD Children adopted between 1;0 and 4;11 (years;months) of age were assessed with the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Preschool, Second Edition (CELF-P2) and the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, Fourth Edition (CELF-4) at age 5 and ages 6-7. Language composites and subtests were compared across time. RESULTS All CELF-P2 and CELF-4 mean scores fell in the average range. Receptive composites were 102.74 and 103.86, and expressive composites were 100.58 and 98.42, at age 5 and ages 6-7, respectively. Age of adoption did not correlate to test scores. At ages 6-7, receptive language, sentence formulation, and vocabulary were areas of strength, with subtest scores significantly better than test norms. Verbal short-term memory and expressive grammar subtest scores were within the average range but significantly worse than test norms. A high percentage of children scored 1 standard deviation below the mean on these 2 subtests (27.3%-34.1%). CONCLUSION Eastern European adoptees had average scores on a variety of language tests. Vocabulary was a relative strength; enriching the environment substantially improved this language area. Verbal short-term memory and expressive grammar were relative weaknesses. Children learning a language later in life may have difficulty with verbal short-term memory, which leads to weaknesses in expressive syntax and grammar.
A Study of the Criteria Used in Hiring Teachers of the Hearing Impaired

A questionnaire on the criteria used in hiring teachers of the hearing impaired was sent to 200 administrators. The 157 respondents generally agreed on the importance of most criteria (e.g. academic grades, professional involvement, strong letters of recommendation). The majority indicated that graduating from a program with a Total Communication philosophy was "very important" and training in the oral philosophy was "not important. " Closer investigation, however, revealed that while residential programs rated oralism as "not important," day programs judged oralism as more important and were more evenly spread in their other responses. Administrators of residential programs also rated extracurricular skills and talents as important, while day school heads did not. The majority of administrators recommended that teachers earn second endorsements in learning disabilities.
Slow Brain Activity (ISA/DC) Detected by MEG

Summary: Infraslow activity (ISA), direct coupled (DC), and direct current (DC) are the terms used to describe brain activity that occurs in frequencies below 0.1 Hz. Infraslow activity amplitude increase is also associated with epilepsy, traumatic brain injuries, strokes, tumors, and migraines and has been studied since the early 90s at the Henry Ford Hospital MEG Laboratory. We have used a DC-based magnetoencephalography (MEG) system to validate and characterize the ISA from animal models of cortical spreading depression thought to be the underlying mechanism of migraine and other cortical spreading depression–like events seen during ischemia, anoxia, and epilepsy. Magnetoencephalography characterizes these slow shifts easier than electroencephalography because there is no attenuation of these signals by the skull. In the current study, we report on ISA MEG signals of 12 patients with epilepsy in the preictal and postictal states. In the minutes just before the onset of a seizure, large-amplitude ISA MEG waveforms were detected, signaling the onset of the seizure. It is suggested that MEG assessment of ISA, in addition to activity in the conventional frequency band, can at times be useful in the lateralization of epileptic seizures.
Investors Facing Risk : Splitting Money Between Risky and Risk-Free Assets

This paper studies the impact of loss aversion on decisions regarding the allocation of wealth between risky and risk-free assets. We use a Value-at-Risk portfolio model with endogenous desired risk levels that are individually determined in an extended prospect theory framework. This framework allows for the distinction between gains and losses with respect to a subjective reference point as in the original prospect theory, but also for the influence of past performance on the current perception of the risky portfolio value. We show how the portfolio revision frequency impacts investor decisions and analyze the role of past gains and losses in the current wealth allocation. The perceived portfolio value exhibits distinct evolutions in two frequency segments delimitated by what we consider to be the optimal revision horizon of one year. Our empirical results suggest that previous research relying on fixed confidence portfolio risk levels underestimates the loss aversion of individual investors.
A robust approach for ROC curves with covariates

The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve is a useful tool that measures the discriminating power of a continuous variable or the accuracy of a pharmaceutical or medical test to distinguish between two conditions or classes. In certain situations, the practitioner may be able to measure some covariates related to the diagnostic variable which can increase the discriminating power of the ROC curve. To protect against the existence of atypical data among the observations, a procedure to obtain robust estimators for the ROC curve in presence of covariates is introduced. The considered proposal focusses on a semiparametric approach which fits a location-scale regression model to the diagnostic variable and considers empirical estimators of the regression residuals distributions. Robust parametric estimators are combined with adaptive weighted empirical distribution estimators to down-weight the influence of outliers. The uniform consistency of the proposal is derived under mild assumptions. A Monte Carlo study is carried out to compare the performance of the robust proposed estimators with the classical ones both, in clean and contaminated samples. A real data set is also analysed.
THE EFFECT OF AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP ON ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING PROVIDING ORGANIZATION THE ABILITY TO ADAPT QUICKLY AND CONVENIENTLY TO CHANGING CIRCUMSTANCES

Since the beginning of the 21st century business world and society in general is changing rapidly as never before. The uncertainty of the new competitive environment is dynamic, short-term, uncertain and replacing the natural foundations of the competition. Organizations have to cope with all pressures and have to find their success path through the increasingly complex environment. Organizational learning is one of the crucial processes that facilitate to adapt quickly and conveniently to changing circumstances and enhance survival chance of the organization. Leaders are expected to encourage organizational learning to attain competitive advantage. Organizational learning and transformation affected by positive behaviors of a leader and leads to affirmative upward spirals on them. Previous research represent that organizational learning is associated with different kinds of leadership styles. However, in literature there is not any encountered relationship between Organizational Learning and Authentic Leadership style. The aim of this study is to provide an understanding of the relationship between Organizational Learning and Authentic Leadership style. This research bears the distinction of being the first study that argues the relationship between Authentic Leadership and Organizational Learning; therefore it is an important contribution to the relevant literature in this area. Study was conducted in private sector organizations that operate in banking and insurance sector. The sample of the study is consisted of 200 white collar employees. The results indicated that Authentic Leadership significantly has influence on Organizational Learning.
Transplantation of the Cockroach Circadian Pacemaker

Surgical removal of the optic lobes of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae followed by transplantation of the optic lobes from another individual led to a restoration of the circadian activity rhythm in 4 to 8 weeks. The free-running period of the restored rhythm was determined by the period of the donor rhythm before surgery. The results suggest that the transplanted optic lobe contains a circadian clock that regenerates those neural connections with the host brain that are necessary to drive the circadian rhythm of activity.
Learning and training in school-based apprenticeships and traineeships

The number of young people commencing apprenticeships and traineeships whilst at school, and monitored by their school, has grown considerably, encouraged by State and Federal governments, since the first participants began in 1997. There has as yet been little research into the nature of the training given to, and learning experienced by, such young people; most published literature has related to organisational issues. This paper reports on a research project funded by the National Research and Evaluation Committee into learning and training in school-based new apprenticeships (SBNAs). A questionnaire was sent to a large sample of all SBNAs in three States: Queensland, Victoria and South Australia, using a survey instrument adapted from a previous NREC study, School students’ learning from their paid and unpaid work. The results present an overview of SBNA employment, training and learning practices which will provide an important basis for development of policy and practice in this area.
Optimization of 10-Gb/s long-wavelength floating guard ring InGaAs-InP avalanche photodiodes

We demonstrate long-wavelength (/spl lambda/ = 1.3 and 1.5 /spl mu/m) high-speed (10 Gb/s) InGaAs-InP separate absorption-grading-and-multiplication region avalanche photodiodes (SAGM-APDs) employing a double diffused floating guard ring (FGR) structure to eliminate edge breakdown. The simple /spl ges/ 60-GHz gain-bandwidth product double diffused FGR structure was optimized using theoretical and experimental studies. The APD excess noise factor was measured, and suggests that dead-length effects must be considered in designing high bandwidth devices with thin multiplication layers.
Financial Integration and Emu

This paper investigates the effect of European Monetary Union on the integration of the financial services industry within European using data on the announcements of M&A’s within the industry. We find some evidence that EMU has helped financial integration within the euro area. In addition, financial institutions in EMU countries became more active in initiating integration between EMU and non-EMU partners, which also contributedto overall regional integration within European. The more active role of EMU institutions suggests that institutions residing in the eurozone became stronger players in the corporate control market. However, EMU does not facilitate the entry of non-European institutions into European.
Selective memory loss and global intellectual deficits in alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome

Synopsis The principle of distinguishing between selective memory deterioration and global intellectual decline has been applied to 38 patients with alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome. Indices were developed for each type of deficit and their distributions explored. Considerable variation was seen in both parameters, the transition from pure memory loss to global intellectual deficits appearing to be gradual. Differences were found in the sex and CT scan associations of the indices. The implications of the distinction for future research are discussed.
Generating Adversarial Examples with an Optimized Quality

Deep learning models are widely used in a range of application areas, such as computer vision, computer security, etc. However, deep learning models are vulnerable to Adversarial Examples (AEs),carefully crafted samples to deceive those models. Recent studies have introduced new adversarial attack methods, but, to the best of our knowledge, none provided guaranteed quality for the crafted examples as part of their creation, beyond simple quality measures such as Misclassification Rate (MR). In this paper, we incorporateImage Quality Assessment (IQA) metrics into the design and generation process of AEs. We propose an evolutionary-based single- and multi-objective optimization approaches that generate AEs with high misclassification rate and explicitly improve the quality, thus indistinguishability, of the samples, while perturbing only a limited number of pixels. In particular, several IQA metrics, including edge analysis, Fourier analysis, and feature descriptors, are leveraged into the process of generating AEs. Unique characteristics of the evolutionary-based algorithm enable us to simultaneously optimize the misclassification rate and the IQA metrics of the AEs. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we conduct intensive experiments on different well-known benchmark datasets(MNIST, CIFAR, GTSRB, and Open Image Dataset V5), while considering various objective optimization configurations. The results obtained from our experiments, when compared with the exist-ing attack methods, validate our initial hypothesis that the use ofIQA metrics within generation process of AEs can substantially improve their quality, while maintaining high misclassification rate.Finally, transferability and human perception studies are provided, demonstrating acceptable performance.