Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chinese POS tagging based on maximum entropy model

The POS (part of speech) tagging is the basic work in natural language processing. The tagging precision will have an important effect on the result of latter process, such as syntax analysis. In this paper, a Chinese POS tagger based on the maximum entropy model is presented, which trains from a large corpus annotated with Chinese POS tags and assigns the best tag sequence to the Chinese sentence to be annotated. In this model, all the features that are useful to predicate the POS tags are mined to make the model closer to the real case. In addition, for the problem of overfitting, a smoothing method and a POS dictionary are maintained to reduce the model's dependence to training data and improve the efficiency of the search process. Open test results shows that the Chinese POS tagging with this method can achieve an accuracy of 96.8%.
DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION WITH REGARD TO GENDER AND LEARNING STYLE IN A BIOLOGY CLASS

In this investigation, daily lessons, assignments, labs, lectures, and assessments were differentiated with regard to both gender and learning style preference to determine the effect on student in-class performance and classroom dynamics. Males and females were shown to prefer different learning modalities and in-class performance varied with the differentiation technique employed. Students who showed an equal preference for more than one learning style consistently out preformed their peers who only preferred one modality. Additionally, a subpopulation of students was identified based on their learning style preferences. Interestingly, these kinesthetic learners skewed the data and a kinesthetic trend was noted. Kinesthetic male learners on individualized education plans (IEPs) were also found to be underserved in the traditional classroom. Female intrapersonal learners and male kinesthetic learners were found to be at odds throughout the study. Overall, this investigation revealed little difference between the genders with regard to classroom dynamics and class appeal. In general, classroom dynamics and class appeal were improved as a result of the differentiation.
Long-term tracheostomy care: How to do it

Educational aims To provide an overview of long-term tracheostomy care. To increase the understanding of long-term tracheostomy care. To increase knowledge about tube selection. To improve understanding of how to avoid serious complications Summary The overall aim for long-term tracheostomy care is to help those with respiratory failure to achieve a high-quality active life. A long-term tracheostomy does not necessarily mean an increased need for hospital care. With an optimally fitted tracheostomy tube, patient and staff education and regular follow-ups, serious complications can be avoided. This article describes predictors of good long-term tracheostomy care, such as tube selection, indications of change and follow-up.
Image analysis of paintings by computer graphics synthesis: an investigation of the illumination in Georges de la Tour's Christ in the carpenter's studio

Computer graphics models of tableaus in paintings provide a principled and controlled method for exploring alternate explanations of artists' praxis. We illustrate the power of computer graphics by testing the recent claim that Georges de la Tour secretly built an optical projector to execute Christ in the carpenter's studio, specifically that he traced projected images in two "exposures," with the illuminant in a different position in each. The theory's originator adduces as evidence his informal impressions that the shadows and highlights in the depicted image imply that the illuminant is in positions other than that of the depicted candle. We tested this projection claim by creating a computer graphics model of the tableau and adjusting the location of the model's illuminants so as to reproduce as closely as possible the pattern of shadows and highlights in the depicted scene. We found that for one "exposure" the model illuminant was quite close to the depicted candle, rather than in the position demanded by the projection theory. We found that for the other "exposure" no single illuminant location explained all highlights perfectly but the evidence was most consistent with the illuminant being in the location of the candle. Our simulation evidence therefore argues against the projection theory for this painting, a conclusion that comports with those from earlier studies of this and other paintings by de la Tour. We conclude with general lessons and suggestions on the use of computer graphics in the study of two-dimensional visual art.
Evaluation and Recommendation of Pulse and Tempo Annotation in Ethnic Music

Abstract Large digital archives of ethnic music require automatic tools to provide musical content descriptions. While various automatic approaches are available, they are to a wide extent developed for Western popular music. This paper aims to analyse how automated tempo estimation approaches perform in the context of Central-African music. To this end we collect human beat annotations for a set of musical fragments, and compare them with automatic beat tracking sequences. We first analyse the tempo estimations derived from annotations and beat tracking results. Then we examine an approach, based on mutual agreement between automatic and human annotations, to automate such analysis, which can serve to detect musical fragments with high tempo ambiguity.
The Ammonothermal Crystal Growth of Gallium NitrideVA Technique on the Up Rise Progress for over a decade has resulted in fabrication of large, single, gallium nitride crystals with structural properties that make them suitable for production of optoelectronic devices.

ABSTRACT | Gallium nitride (GaN) is one of the most importantwide band gap semiconductor materials in modern technologywithevenhigherexpectationsforfutureapplicationsitisoughttoplayacrucialrole.Amongthis,thegrowthoflatticeandthermallymatched GaN substrates for the GaN device technology takes anessentialpiece.Thispaperisreportingontheachievementsintheammonothermal growth technique of GaN bulk crystals. Impor-tant features specific to the ammonothermal technique are fo-cused on. Although only a few groups (currently G 10 worldwide)are directly involved in the development of the ammonothermalbulk crystal growth technology, partly due to the extreme tech-nological challenges, tremendous progress over the last decadehas recently resulted in the fabrication of 2 inch large, free-standing,singlecrystallineGaNwithexcellentstructuralperfection.KEYWORDS | Ammonothermal method; crystal growth; galliumnitride; mineralizer I. INTRODUCTION The wide-band-gap semiconductor hexagonal galliumnitride (GaN, E
Organisational knowledge and industry dynamism: an empirical analysis

This study investigates how organisational knowledge in the manufacturing process is related to industry dynamism. Our major objective is to compare different levels of information source utilisation and organisational knowledge within different environmental dynamisms. We investigated four industry sectors in Brazil: food, electronics, transport equipment and machinery. Internal organisational knowledge appears as a determinant aspect under more dynamic environmental conditions. It suggests that higher levels of environmental dynamism require higher levels of organisational knowledge. The results suggest that knowledge integration in more dynamic industries depends on how the companies access environment information and use it in their internal manufacturing processes.
Book Reviews: Semantic Relations Between Nominals by Vivi Nastase, Preslav Nakov, Diarmuid Ó Séaghdha, and Stan Szpakowicz

People make sense of a text by identifying the semantic relations which connect the entities or concepts described by that text. A system which aspires to human-like performance must also be equipped to identify, and learn from, semantic relations in the texts it processes. Understanding even a simple sentence such as "Opportunity and Curiosity find similar rocks on Mars" requires recognizing relations (rocks are located on Mars, signalled by the word on) and drawing on already known relations (Opportunity and Curiosity are instances of the class of Mars rovers). A language-understanding system should be able to find such relations in documents and progressively build a knowledge base or even an ontology. Resources of this kind assist continuous learning and other advanced language-processing tasks such as text summarization, question answering and machine translation. The book discusses the recognition in text of semantic relations which capture interactions between base noun phrases. After a brief historical background, we introduce a range of relation inventories of varying granularity, which have been proposed by computational linguists. There is also variation in the scale at which systems operate, from snippets all the way to the whole Web, and in the techniques of recognizing relations in texts, from full supervision through weak or distant supervision to self-supervised or completely unsupervised methods. A discussion of supervised learning covers available datasets, feature sets which describe relation instances, and successful algorithms. An overview of weakly supervised and unsupervised learning zooms in on the acquisition of relations from large corpora with hardly any annotated data. We show how bootstrapping from seed examples or patterns scales up to very large text collections on the Web. We also present machine learning techniques in which data redundancy and variability lead to fast and reliable relation extraction. Table of Contents: Introduction / Relations between Nominals, Relations between Concepts / Extracting Semantic Relations with Supervision / Extracting Semantic Relations with Little or No Supervision / Conclusion
‘Only’ in Nguni: A Phrase-Final Particle Meets Antisymmetry Theory

This article investigates the syntax of the phrase-final focus particles kuphela and qha ‘only’ in Zulu and Xhosa (Nguni; Bantu). We show that kuphela’s and qha’s associations with a focused constituent respect the complex topography of information structure in Nguni and, like English only, a surface c-command requirement. However, unlike English only, the Zulu and Xhosa particles typically follow the focus associate they c-command, a fact that poses a serious challenge for Kayne’s (1994) antisymmetry theory. We demonstrate that the Nguni facts are incompatible with recent Linear Correspondence Axiom–inspired approaches to phrase-final particles in other languages and, after weighing the merits of several approaches, we conclude that kuphela is an adjunct and that syntax is only weakly antisymmetric: adjuncts are not subject to the LCA.
Reading rates and the information rate of a human channel

The limitation on the rate at which information can be transmitted over an ordinary telephone channel is a human one. In this study people read words as fast as they were able to; from these results some deductions are made about the capacity of a human being as an information channel. The discrepancy between human channel capacity measured thus (40–50 bits/sec) and telephone and television channel capacity (about 50,000 bits/sec and 50,000,000 bits/sec respectively) is provocative.
A semantics for behavior trees

In this paper we give a formal definition of the requirements translation language Behavior Trees. This language has been used with success in industry to systematically translate large, complex, and often erroneous requirements documents into a structured model of the system. It contains a mixture of state-based manipulations, synchronisation, message passing, and parallel, conditional, and iterative control structures. The formal semantics of a Behavior Tree is given via a structure-preserving translation to a version of Hoare’s process algebra CSP, extended with state-based constructs such as guards and updates, and a message passing facility similar to that used in publish/subscribe protocols. We first provide the extension of CSP and its operational semantics, which preserves the meaning of the original CSP operators, and then the Behavior Tree notation and its translation into the extended version of CSP.
Cooperative Goals and Constructive Controversy for Promoting Innovation in Student Groups in China

Abstract In this study, the authors used the theory of cooperation and competition to identify conditions that promote student team innovation. Through an investigation of student teams in Beijing, China, the authors found that teams with cooperative goals engaged in open-minded, constructive controversy, whereas teams with independent goals avoided open discussion. Teams with a high level of constructive controversy rated themselves as innovative and loyal.
Providing Students with Formative Audio Feedback

Abstract The provision of timely and constructive feedback is increasingly challenging for busy academics. Ensuring effective student engagement with feedback is equally difficult. Increasingly, studies have explored provision of audio recorded feedback to enhance effectiveness and engagement with feedback. Few, if any, of these focus on purely formative audio feedback on draft submissions of written assignments. This study encouraged a cohort of 40 students to submit drafts of written assignments, two weeks before formal submission, in order to receive audio recorded feedback. Nearly half the cohort either did not submit drafts or submitted only brief outlines. The level of draft completeness impacted on the characteristics of the lecturer’s feedback. While students receiving audio feedback gained significantly higher marks for finished work, this cannot be directly attributed to receipt/use of feedback as analysis suggests generally more able students are more likely to submit more complete drafts, which leads us to ask the question, are we simply helping better students to perform even better? Audio feedback was reported as clear, engaging and helpful; however, timing of feedback (before formal submission) may be of greater importance in terms of impact on attainment than the audio format. We suggest a model that focuses efforts on formative feedback (in advance of formal submission) and selective provision of summative feedback (targeted feed forward).
What are the Individual's Real Cares to Switch Personal Cloud Services?

As the fast development of information technology (IT), abundant attractive alternatives have showed up and challenged to the traditional information technology (IT). Cloud services, the hottest representative among these alternatives, has attracted the attention from all walks of life. Considering the diversity of cloud services, this study attempts to find out the important factors affected on individual`s switching intention from incumbent IT to cloud services mainly based on two-factor theory (switching enablers and switching inhibitors) and explore the direct influences of these factors on individual`s switching intention. According to our findings, individual`s switching intention to cloud services is not only positively influenced by switching enablers but also negatively influenced by switching inhibitors. All the switching enablers in this study (perceived omnipresence, perceived collaboration support and perceived compatibility of cloud services) have positively significant influences on individual`s switching intention as well as the switching inhibitors (usage habit of incumbent IT and perceived risk of cloud services) have negatively significant influences on individual`s switching intention. It`s noteworthy that satisfaction of incumbent IT has insignificant influence on individual`s switching intention in this study. Moreover, as we expected, both social influence and personal innovativeness have significant influences on the generation of individual`s switching intention.
A Dynamic Programming Approach to a Lot Size Scheduling Problem

The problem considered is that of scheduling the production of several different items over the same facility on a repetitive basis. The facility is such that only one item can be produced at a time; there is a setup cost and a setup time associated with producing each item; the demand rate for each item is known and constant over an infinite planning horizon, and all demand must be met. A dynamic programming solution is developed. This solution is applied to a sample problem, and the results are compared with pertinent bounds.
Integrating technologies into educational ecosystems

Discourse on e‐learning propagated myths that generated overstatements regarding the effects of technologies on learning. No pedagogical approach could ever meet such overexpectations. The subsequent disappointment actually paves the way for research targeting more realistic goals. As the myths are fading away, learning technologies might take a more modest but nonetheless useful role in education. They are becoming an unnoticeable part of pedagogical interventions. This contribution describes learning technologies as melting into a beam of educational tools, integrated within many other pedagogical activities that the teacher orchestrates.
Integration and electrical isolation in CMOS mixed-signal wireless chips

The technological trends underlying the application of CMOS technology in wireless applications are leading to the integration of the RF analog functions and the digital baseband processing into a single chip. Two key technical requirements for this integration are the capability to fabricate high Q passive components and the need to maintain electrical isolation between analog and digital components in the resulting mixed-signal chip. Some basic arguments that illustrate the technological conflict between these two important demands are presented, focusing on their implications for the structure of the IC substrate. This structure and the characteristics of the device package play important robs in determining the levels of coupled ground noise that will be present in the mixed-signal IC. A simple, high-level model for coupled ground noise is presented and used to illustrate the impact of design alternatives for the package and for the IC substrate.
Hybrid and adaptive meta-model-based global optimization

As an efficient and robust technique for global optimization, meta-model-based search methods have been increasingly used in solving complex and computation intensive design optimization problems. In this work, a hybrid and adaptive meta-model-based global optimization method that can automatically select appropriate meta-modelling techniques during the search process to improve search efficiency is introduced. The search initially applies three representative meta-models concurrently. Progress towards a better performing model is then introduced by selecting sample data points adaptively according to the calculated values of the three meta-models to improve modelling accuracy and search efficiency. To demonstrate the superior performance of the new algorithm over existing search methods, the new method is tested using various benchmark global optimization problems and applied to a real industrial design optimization example involving vehicle crash simulation. The method is particularly suitable for desig.
Public Opinion Toward Computers as a Function of Exposure

A mail survey of registered voters in California examines attitudes toward computer technology. Among both users and non-users, more positive attitudes are associated with greater exposure to computers. The influence of exposure extends to specific opinions and values as well as global affect. The fact of exposure, not benefits received or self-selection, appears to be the key factor in this shift of attitude. The results suggest that a "computer imperative" characterizes reactions to this technology. Keywords : social impact of technology, diffusion of innovations, home computers, computers and society, technological imperative, computer phobia, attitudes toward computers.
Analysis and visualization of category membership distribution in multivariate data

This paper reports on some advances in generic data processing procedures with focus on a specific materials discovery and design task. The task is to predict whether a new ternary materials system would be compound forming or not, with the prediction to be based on knowledge of many other known exemplars. The activities and results of three related efforts are described. In one effort, using a combination of clustering and mapping procedures, an accuracy of more than 99% was attained in predicting the category status of new ternary systems. A second effort addressed the question of how to identify redundant or superfluous features. A procedure for identifying the extent of functional dependency amongst features was developed. A third effort addressed the question of how to obtain reduced dimension representations of multivariate data, albeit at the cost of loss of some information. Visualizations of low-dimensional representations can be helpful in building up holistic views of data space, for use in exploration and discovery of new materials.
Collaborative cloud: a new model for e-learning

The number of learners using e-learning has been increasing at an enormous rate in the past decade due to easy access to higher educational resources via the Internet. On the other hand, the number of teachers in most universities is growing slowly. As a result, instructional problems have emerged due to the lack of sufficient support to learners in the e-learning process. Collaborative learning has been suggested as a solution to this problem. Current collaborative learning puts a heavy emphasis on teamwork and group discussion, but provides inadequate support for individual learners during the whole learning process. This paper presents a new model of collaborative e-learning using cloud computing technology to solve this problem. A prototype system has been developed with empirical evaluations to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Perspectives for sharing photos of children online

The goal of this study was to gather the thoughts people have about sharing photos of children online. The work was done by gathering a literature review, studying 29 Internet forum discussions (in English and Finnish), and by personal interviews of 50 people (from Asia and Europe). Eight main viewpoints for sharing photos of children online were discovered that also supported the findings of earlier studies. Also, it was found that compared to the male users, the female users are more active in sharing information about other people online and also feel freer to share the information without asking for permission.
Towards a comprehensive methodology for KBS development

Abstract: The vitality of effective methods and processes for developing knowledge-based systems (KBS) is examined. The paper discusses what should be expected from a methodology. Have their advocates been getting it all wrong all the way? That is certainly a suggested view put forward. The criticism includes an articulation of the major schools of thought in developing KBS; their implicit assumptions and philosophies, especially the prototyping options, are presented in the light of this paper. After the criticism, the philosophical basis of a new comprehensive KBS development methodology is presented. This breeds the line model of development, which in turn creates what is suspected to be an essential concept of thought in the developer's mind.