Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On a Preferential Attachment and Generalized Pólya's Urn Model

We study a general preferential attachment and Polya's urn model. At each step a new vertex is introduced, which can be connected to at most one existing vertex. If it is disconnected, it becomes a pioneer vertex. Given that it is not disconnected, it joins an existing pioneer vertex with probability proportional to a function of the degree of that vertex. This function is allowed to be vertex-dependent, and is called the reinforcement function. We prove that there can be at most three phases in this model, depending on the behavior of the reinforcement function. Consider the set whose elements are the vertices with cardinality tending a.s. to infinity. We prove that this set either is empty, or it has exactly one element, or it contains all the pioneer vertices. Moreover, we describe the phase transition in the case where the reinforcement function is the same for all vertices. Our results are general, and in particular we are not assuming monotonicity of the reinforcement function. Finally, consider the regime where exactly one vertex has a degree diverging to infinity. We give a lower bound for the probability that a given vertex ends up being the leading one, i.e. its degree diverges to infinity. Our proofs rely on a generalization of the Rubin construction given for edge-reinforced random walks, and on a Brownian motion embedding.
Soft Selection, Hard Selection, Kin Selection, and Group Selection

In this paper I illustrate the theoretical relationship among several different models of selection in structured populations, soft selection, hard selection, kin selection, and group selection, by using the covariance formulations ofLi (1967) and Price (1970, 1972) to partition the operation of selection into withinand between-group components. This partitioning ofcovariance can be directly extended from the single-locus population genetic models derived in this paper to the description of selection within and between groups for continuously distributed, quantitative traits of the type presently under investigation i several research programs of kin and group selection. In addition, because of the algebraic relationship between the covariance and the coefficient of linear regression, regression coefficients can be used to evaluate the relative importance of selection within and between groups in these models of subdivided populations. Price (1970, 1972) was the first o apply the covariance approach to the mathematics of group selection but only for "the limiting case of reproductively isolated groups with no intergroup migration" (Price 1972, p. 487). Because of this assumption concerning the complete isolation of groups, his major result (eq. [A17] of Price [1972]) did "not depend upon any assumptions about mechanisms of heredity or anything else of that sort" (Price 1972, p. 487). I will show that Price's equations for gene-frequency hange represent a special case of a general partitioning of covariance into withinand between-group components and, in addition, that it can be applied to cases with intergroup migration. Furthermore, the algebraic relationship between the covariance and the coefficient of linear regression will be used to illustrate how assumptions concerning hereditary mechanisms are implicit in the covariance formulations. In particular, the equations of Price (1970, 1972) completely describe selection in terms of the change in the mean value of a trait within a generation, but they require a hereditary mechanism in order to predict how much of this within-generation change is transmitted across generations ( ee below and also Arnold and Wade 1984a). The covariance formulation completely describes selection but it does not necessarily describe the response to selection. In the derivation presented below individuals will be assigned character values in such a way that the average value of the character is the
CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI AND THEIR HOSTS IN THE EXTENDED GROTH STRIP: A MULTIWAVELENGTH ANALYSIS

We have employed a reliable technique of classification of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) based on the fit of well sampled spectral energy distributions (SEDs) with a complete set of AGN and starburst galaxy templates. We have compiled UV, optical, and IR data for a sample of 116 AGNs originally selected for their X-ray and mid-IR emissions (96 with single detections and 20 with double optical counterparts). This is the most complete compilation of multiwavelength data for such a large sample of AGN in the Extended Groth Strip. Through these SEDs, we are able to obtain highly reliable photometric redshifts and to distinguish between pure and host-dominated AGNs. For the objects with unique detection we find that they can be separated into five main groups, namely: Starburst-dominated AGNs (24% of the sample), Starburst-contaminated AGNs (7%), Type-1 AGNs (21%), Type-2 AGNs (24%), and Normal galaxy hosting AGN (24%). We find these groups concentrated at different redshifts: Type-2 AGNs and Normal galaxy hosting AGNs are concentrated at low redshifts, whereas Starburst-dominated AGNs and Type-1 AGNs show a larger span. Correlations between hard/soft X-ray and UV, optical and IR luminosities are reported for the first time for such a sample of AGNs spanning a wide range of redshifts. For the 20 objects with double detection, the percentage of Starburst-dominated AGNs increases up to 48%.
PROLONGED LATE-STAGE VALLEY NETWORK FORMATION : LANDFORM SIMULATIONS OF PARANA BASIN , MARS

Overview: Using a Landform Evolution Model, we test how a suite of climatic and geologic parameters effect the formation and evolution of late-stage valley networks present in the Parana Valles drainage basin catchment (PDC) (Figure 1). In particular, we explore the geomorphic effects of climate on the martian surface and show that valley networks were necessarily formed over prolonged periods. Their formation involved multiple floods with intermin quiescent dryspells that allowed for evaporation and ground water infiltration. We use morphometric analyses to create an approximate pre-incision version of the PDC and then use landform evolution simulations to qualitatively and statistically explore climatic and geological controls on valley network formation. We find that simulations involving short deluge-style climate optima lasting on the order of 10 to 10 years can easily carve the valley networks, but these extreme climates fill, overflow, and breach all impact craters producing ubiquitous exit breaches a landform rarely seen on the surface of Mars. Background: Researchers have advanced two endmember hypotheses to explain the evolution from widespread fluvial activity across much of Mars during Noachian time to the limited yet focused fluvial erosion during the Noachian-Hesperian transition (so called late-stage activity) [1-8]. In one hypothesis, the long-term decline was gradual and resulted from a reduction of atmospheric temperature and pressure caused by waning geothermal and volcanic activity, and by loss of atmospheric components both to space and to weathering reactions [9]. In the second hypothesis, episodic and catastrophic events including orbital cycles, outflow floods, volcanism, and impact-induced climate optima generated or contributed significantly to short-lived greenhouses and brief dramatic fluvial episodes [10,11]. These two mechanisms are not exclusive and could have been operating in conjunction, such that short-lived events punctuated a trend of gradual decline. They should, however, produce different diagnostic erosional and depositional features, and different regional signatures. Presumably, large, sustained discharges create thoroughly integrated networks that breach crater walls and connect large drainage basins. Moderate discharges and associated periods of quiescence, on the other hand, would concentrate valley network development to areas with large catchments and regional slopes. Figure 1: The Parana Drainage Catchment (PDC), 25.5° S, 12.25° W, is defined by drainage divides (dashed yellow line) derived from MOLA elevation. The southeastern portion of the PDC is characterized by a strong regional slope to the NW, and is deeply incised by the Parana Valles system. In general the depth and density of fluvial incision correlates with regional gradients. A row of craters became erosionally breached, permitting headward erosion of the stubby canyon just south of the basin. Other craters throughout the PDC possess whole, intact crater rims without any evidence of breaching.
Astrochemistry: overview and challenges

Abstract This paper provides a brief overview of the journey of molecules through the Cosmos, from local diffuse interstellar clouds and PDRs to distant galaxies, and from cold dark clouds to hot star-forming cores, protoplanetary disks, planetesimals and exoplanets. Recent developments in each area are sketched and the importance of connecting astronomy with chemistry and other disciplines is emphasized. Fourteen challenges for the field of Astrochemistry in the coming decades are formulated.
Domestic and international innovation partnerships: do they matter for innovation outcomes of South African firms?

This paper studies the impact of the diversity of domestic and international innovation partnerships on the innovation outcomes of South African firms. A number of competing hypotheses are formulated and tested empirically using a sample of South African firms in manufacturing and services by applying Ordinary Least Squares regression analyses. Results show that having an innovation partnership, particularly an international partnership, is beneficial to innovation outcomes. However, it also emerges that too diverse a set of international partnerships is detrimental to innovation outcomes. The paper concludes with a discussion and a number of proposals for future research.
Parasitic helminth infections in native sheep (Mehraban) in Hamedan, Iran -

Sheep play an important role in national economy and social economy in rural areas in Iran. The main goal of this study was to investigate the fauna and frequency of parasitic helminth infections prevalent in native sheep in Hamedan, western Iran. From April 2010 to March 2011, the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts of 100-sheep were examined using conventional parasitological methods. The overall infection rate was found as 69%. No infection was found in esophagus and rumens. Parabronema skerjabini (22%) and Ostertagia circumcincta (1%) were recorded as the maximum and minimum cases for the presence of nematode, respectively. On the other hand, the most dominant of trematode and cestode were Fasciola hepatica (13%) and Monezia expansa (13%), respectively. The highest infection rate was reported in summer (84%). The prevalence of helminth infection was varied among gender, seasons and age groups. In conclusion, this is the first report of parasitic helminth infections in sheep in Hamedan province in western Iran. Our results provide baseline information for the future studies.
Self-persuasion as marketing technique: the role of consumers’ involvement

Purpose This paper aims to demonstrate that self-persuasion can be used as a marketing technique to increase consumers’ generosity and that the efficacy of this approach is dependent on consumers’ involvement with target behavior. Design/methodology/approach An experimental field-study was conducted to investigate the effects of self-persuasion versus direct persuasion attempts versus no persuasion attempts on consumers’ tipping behavior in a lunchroom. Additionally, in a lab experiment, the moderating role of involvement on self-persuasion versus direct persuasion was tested. Findings The results reveal that self-persuasion is more effective than direct persuasion attempts or no persuasive messages in increasing consumers’ generosity. This is moderated by consumers’ involvement with the target behavior. For consumers with high involvement, self-persuasion is more effective than direct persuasion, while no differences were found for consumers with moderate or low involvement. Practical implications The scope of self-persuasion is not limited to the inhibition of undesired behavior, but it also extends to the facilitation of desired behavior, which considerably broadens the scope of this technique. Self-persuasion might be used as a marketing technique to influence consumers’ purchase behavior. This might be particularly viable in situations in which consumers feel high involvement with products or behavior. Originality/value Recently, research in health psychology demonstrated that self-persuasion is a very effective way of inhibiting undesired, addictive behavior and being more successful than direct persuasion. Yet, insufficient knowledge is available about the efficacy of self-persuasion with regard to promoting other target behaviors. In particular, its potential as a marketing technique to influence consumers’ behavior and its boundary conditions are still understudied.
The role of distributional factors in learning and generalising affixal plural inflection: An artificial language study

ABSTRACT Inflectional morphology has been intensively studied as a model of language productivity. However, little is known about how properties of the input affect the emergence of productive affixation. We examined effects of three factors on the learning and generalisation of plural suffixation by adults in an artificial language: affix type frequency (the number of words receiving an affix), affix predictability (based on phonological cues in the stem), and diversity (the number of distinct phonological cues predicting an affix). Higher type frequency and predictability facilitated the acquisition of trained inflections. Type frequency contributed to participants’ inflections of untrained words early during learning, while reliance on diversity emerged gradually, alongside knowledge of phonological cues. Diversity as well as type frequency contributed to the emergence of default-like inflections, including minority defaults. The results elucidate the role of affix diversity and its interaction with other factors in the emergence of productive linguistic processes.
Stigma , Fear , and Acceptance : Three Phases of the Fibromuscular Dysplasia Experience

Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD) is an arteriopathy that can affect any vascular territory, though most often affects the renal and carotid arterial beds. Symptoms are consistent with the vascular bed affected and are often attributed to other conditions, leading to delays in diagnosis. We present a case of a middle-aged woman who presented to the emergency department (ED) with altered mental status and confusion, with an ED discharge diagnosis of altered mental state secondary to depression and alcohol abuse. During follow-up testing, she was diagnosed with hypertensive encephalopathy and, subsequently, FMD. The true prevalence of FMD is unknown, although current estimates vary from 3-4%. Like other “uncommon” disorders, appropriate diagnoses are often delayed or missed altogether. This delay to diagnosis, in combination with non-specific symptoms and providers’ unfamiliarity with FMD, leads to frustration for many patients. A recent FMD qualitative publication revealed patients’ concerns about physical symptoms along with greater frequency of anxiety and depression. Importantly, these concerns decreased over time. Through the work of many researchers, many health care institutions have created specialty centers for diagnosing and treating patients with FMD. There is now a strong community of patient support, partially due to the efforts of organizations like The Fibromuscular Society of America (fmdsa.org) and the U.S. Registry for FMD. This case illustrates that progress has been made in increasing the awareness of FMD and highlights that a lot of work still needs to be done.
What can strike‐slip fault spacing tell us about the plate boundary of western North America?

The spacing of parallel continental strike‐slip faults can constrain the mechanical properties of the faults and fault‐bounded crust. In the western US, evenly spaced strike‐slip fault domains are observed in the San Andreas (SA) and Walker Lane (WL) fault systems. Comparison of fault spacing (S) vs. seismogenic zone thickness (L) relationships of the SA and WL systems indicates that the SA has a higher S/L ratio (~8 vs. 1, respectively). If a stress‐shadow mechanism guides parallel fault formation, the S/L ratio should be controlled by fault strength, crustal strength, and/or regional stress. This suggests that the SA‐related strike‐slip faults are relatively weaker, with lower fault friction: 0.13–0.19 for the SA vs. 0.20 for WL. The observed mechanical differences between the San Andreas and Walker Lane fault systems may be attributed to variations in the local geology of the fault‐hosting crust and/or the regional boundary conditions (e.g. geothermal gradient or strain rate).
On compact Kähler surfaces

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Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Formation and Aggregation Process Revealed by Light Scattering Techniques

Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) attracts attention as a precursor of crystalline calcium phosphates (CaPs) formation in vitro and in vivo as well as due to its excellent biological properties. Its formation can be considered to be an aggregation process. Although aggregation of ACP is of interest for both gaining a fundamental understanding of biominerals formation and in the synthesis of novel materials, it has still not been investigated in detail. In this work, the ACP aggregation was followed by two widely applied techniques suitable for following nanoparticles aggregation in general: dynamic light scattering (DLS) and laser diffraction (LD). In addition, the ACP formation was followed by potentiometric measurements and formed precipitates were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that aggregation of ACP particles is a process which from the earliest stages simultaneously takes place at wide length scales, from nanometers to micrometers, leading to a highly polydisperse precipitation system, with polydispersity and vol. % of larger aggregates increasing with concentration. Obtained results provide insight into developing a way of regulating ACP and consequently CaP formation by controlling aggregation on the scale of interest.
Currency Invoicing in Norwegian Salmon Export

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to examine the choice of currency for Norwegian salmon exporters. The choice of invoicing currency will affect prices in different markets as well as risk, factors that are increasingly important as the supply chain for salmon is becoming more sophisticated and more transactions mechanisms are introduced. The results indicate that destination-specific market characteristics have impacts as to the choice of invoicing strategy. Norwegian salmon exporters primarily invoice in the export market currency (47% of the exported quantity), but also use a vehicle currency and producer pricing (19%) in a significant number of transactions. The euro is the preferred vehicle currency (18%), closely followed by the US dollar (USD) (16%). The USD is the dominating invoicing currency for exports beyond Europe. JEL Codes: F14, Q22.
Multidecadal Variability of the Summer Length in Europe

AbstractThis study analyzes the multidecadal variability of the European summer timing and length. The dates of the summer onset and end are computed through an objective algorithm based on locally defined temperature thresholds applied to the European daily high-resolution gridded dataset (E-OBS) during the period 1950–2012. The results reveal a European mean summer lengthening of 2.4 days decade−1 for the period 1950–2012. However, this trend is confined to the post-1979 period, when lengthening rates range between 5 and 12 days decade−1 over western Europe and the Mediterranean region. In contrast, a widespread summer shortening occurred for the 1950–78 period. The reported changes in the summer length are in agreement with temperature trends during June and September, which affect the summer onset and end dates.It is shown that the shortening and lengthening with a turning point around 1979 is a leading mode of the summer length multidecadal variability. The trends in the summer length can be explaine.
When Less is More: Experimental Evidence on Information Delivery During India&Apos;S Demonetization

In disseminating information, policymakers face a choice between broadcasting to everyone and informing a small number of “seeds” who then spread the message. While broadcasting maximizes the initial reach of messages, we offer theoretical and experimental evidence that it need not be the best strategy. In a field experiment during the 2016 Indian demonetization, we delivered policy information, varying three dimensions of the delivery method at the village level: initial reach (broadcasting versus seeding); whether or not we induced common knowledge of who was initially informed; and number of facts delivered. We measured three outcomes: the volume of conversations about demonetization, knowledge of demonetization rules, and choice quality in a strongly incentivized policy-dependent decision. On all three outcomes, under common knowledge, seeding dominates broadcasting; moreover, adding common knowledge makes seeding more effective but broadcasting less so. We interpret our results via a model of image concerns deterring engagement in social learning, and support this interpretation with evidence on differential behavior across ability categories.
Development of Porous Coatings Enriched with Magnesium and Zinc Obtained by DC Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation

Coatings with developed surface stereometry, being based on a porous system, may be obtained by plasma electrolytic oxidation, PEO (micro arc oxidation, MAO). In this paper, we present novel porous coatings, which may be used, e.g., in micromachine’s biocompatible sensors’ housing, obtained in electrolytes containing magnesium nitrate hexahydrate Mg(NO3)2·6H2O and/or zinc nitrate hexahydrate Zn(NO3)2·6H2O in concentrated phosphoric acid H3PO4 (85% w/w). Complementary techniques are used for coatings’ surface characterization, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), for surface imaging as well as for chemical semi-quantitative analysis via energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The results have shown that increasing contents of salts (here, 250 g/L Mg(NO3)2·6H2O and 250 g/L Zn(NO3)2·6H2O) in electrolyte result in increasing of Mg/P and Zn/P ratios, as well as coating thickness. It was also found that by increasing the PEO voltage, the Zn/P and Mg/P ratios increase as well. In addition, the analysis of XPS spectra revealed the existence in 10 nm top of coating magnesium (Mg2+), zinc (Zn2+), titanium (Ti4+), and phosphorus compounds (PO43−, or HPO42−, or H2PO4−, or P2O74−).