Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of desires on young children’s reasoning

Author(s): Wente, Adrienne Orchid | Advisor(s): Gopnik, Alison | Abstract: Previously developmental psychologists have explored how young children reason aboutdesires, and how desires constrain children’s inferences. For example, early research on theory ofmind explored when young children come to understand that people have different desires, andhow young children reason about conflicting desires across individuals or over the course of time(e.g. Wellman and Liu, 2004). Relatedly, studies have explored how desires influence children’sinferences about actions, finding that young children generally believe that people actconsistently with their desires (e.g. Kushnir, Gopnik, Chernyak, Seiver, and Wellman, 2015). Studies on wishful thinking and optimism, on the other hand, have found that desires may morebroadly constrain inferences across a variety of domains. In particular, studies have shown thatdesires bias older children’s and adults’ predictions about stochastic events (e.g. Krizan andWindschitl, 2009). In Chapter 1 I outline previous research exploring how young children reasonabout desires.In Chapters 2 through 4 I present a series of cross-cultural developmental studiesexploring how desires impact children’s inferences. In Chapter 2, I explore the development ofbeliefs about agency in Chinese and U.S. 4- and 6-year-old children, and if children believe thatpeople can ‘choose to’ act inconsistently with a desire, or practice self-control. Findings suggestboth differences and similarities across groups of children.In Chapter 3, I present a similar study contrasting Peruvian and U.S. 4- to 7-year-olds. Ialso explore if developmental changes in beliefs about self-control are related to first personexperiences practicing self-control. When contrasting Peruvian and U.S. children, findingssuggest differences in beliefs about self-control, however children demonstrated comparableself-control skills. In addition, cultural group mediated the relationship between children’s 1stperson experiences practicing self-control, and their corresponding beliefs about self-control.In Chapter 4, I present a series of studies exploring the influence of desires on youngPeruvian and U.S. children’s (3-to 7-year-olds) predictions about stochastic events. Findingssuggest that desires strongly constrain young children’s inferences across cultures.Finally, in Chapter 5 I discuss the implications of these findings, as well as presentseveral avenues for future research. These findings more broadly contribute to our scientificunderstanding of how young children reason about desirable possibilities, and how cultureimpacts conceptual development.
The sociometer, self-esteem, and the regulation of interpersonal behavior.

ost discussions of self-regulation have focused on the generic psychological processes that allow people to control their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors-processes that . a~e nonspecific with regard to the action being regulated (Baumeister, Heatherton, & T ce, 1994; Carver & Scheier, 1981; Mischel, 1996). For example, TOTE (test-operatest-exit) and other cybernetic models of self-control (Carver & Scheier, 1981) ca n be "'plied to many domains, and the same basic processes are involved regardless of the rure of the self-control task at hand. In addition to these general-purpose self-regulatory systems, people also possess -echanisms that arc dedicated to particular functions. Such mechanisms operate in a ~. ::umscribed range of siruanons and handle only one kind of regulatory problem. This apter examines one such mechanism-the sociometer-that appears to be involved rhe control of interpersonal behavior. Most previous writing and research regarding _. sociometer have emphastzed tts connection to self-esteem, but, as we will see, its '1ctions go far beyond simp! } affecting how people feel about themselves (Leary & umeister, 2000). According to evolutionary psychologists, the human mind is composed of distinct, main-specific modules that evolved because they solved recurrent problems involving n •ival and reproduction in the past (Samuels, 2000). Recurrent challenges in the ances. environment led to the evolution of systems designed to meet those challenges. So, ~ example, theorists have posited regulatory modules that help people to avoid toxic hstances, identify potential mates, detect group members who cheat, and ostracize se who may be infected with parasites.
Introducing middle school students to engineering principles and the engineering design process through an academic summer program

Forty-seven 5th, 6th and 7th grade students from traditionally underserved and typically underrepresented populationsparticipated in a two-week residential engineering program, The ExxonMobil Bernard Harris Summer Science Camp atNew Jersey Institute of Technology during the summer of 2015. Working in small cooperative groups, students wereintroduced to the Engineering Design Process, taught how to apply the process in developing and testing a prototype andreceived instruction in how to keep an engineering logbook. Results of evaluations indicate that, in addition to significantincreases in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics content knowledge, students showed significant increasesin their attitudes toward science, mathematics and engineering and demonstrated increased knowledge about careers inengineering and an understanding of the engineering design process at the conclusion of the program.Arubric has beendeveloped to evaluate students’ understanding and application of the engineering design process. Correlations amongstudents’ responses to content knowledge pre/post tests and the rubric have been found. The Draw an Engineer Test wasalso used as a more qualitative assessment of what students think engineers actually do and to capture cognitive changes intheir perceptions of engineers as a result of attending the camp.
Philosophy of Religion: A Reader and Guide

Philosophy of Religion is a combined anthology and guide intended for use as a textbook in courses on Philosophy of Religion. It aims to bring to the student the very best of cutting-edge work on important topics in the field. The anthology is comprised of six sections, each of which opens with a substantive introductory essay followed by a selection of influential writings by philosophers of religion: I. Religious Epistemology (by Kevin Meeker, Department of Philosophy, University of South Alabama), deals with the rationality and warrant of theistic belief. II. Existence of God (by William Lane Craig, Philosophy Department, Talbot School of Theology), presents the cosmological, teleological, axiological, noological, and ontological arguments for the existence of God. III. Coherence of Theism (by William Lane Craig, Philosophy Department, Talbot School of Theology), covers the divine attributes of necessity, eternity, omnipotence, omniscience, and goodness. IV. Problem of Evil (by Timothy O'Connor, Department of Philosophy, Indiana University), treats both the internal and external challenge posed by evil to theistic belief. V. Soul and Immortality (by J. P. Moreland, Department of Philosophy, Biola University), explores the substantiality and immateriality of the soul and the implications for life after death of the body. VI. Christian Theology (by Michael Murray, Department of Philosophy, Franklin and Marshall College), handles problems posed by the Trinity, incarnation, atonement, damnation and prayer. Presenting a sympathetic view of the topics it treats, Philosophy of Religion provides an ideal resource for studying the central questions raised by religious belief. Features * A combined anthology of readings and guide to the subject * Focuses on contemporary issues in the Philosophy of Religion * Emphasis placed on the Christian tradition * High quality introductions to each section provide a survey of each topic * Cutting-edge readings chosen by specialists * Provides a sympathetic view of the topics it discusses
Efficacy of tiotropium and olodaterol combination therapy on dynamic lung hyperinflation evaluated by hyperventilation in COPD: an open-label, comparative before and after treatment study

Background: Dynamic lung hyperinflation (DLH) following metronome-paced incremental hyperventilation (MPIH) was reported to be useful for assessment of pathophysiological impairment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and the effects of tiotropium and olodaterol on DLH following MPIH have not been reported. Methods: Treatment consisted of administration of tiotropium/olodaterol 5/5 μg inhalation solution (2.5/2.5 μg per actuation) using a soft-mist inhaler once a day. We compared outcomes before and after 8 weeks of treatment. The primary outcome was defined as a decrease in inspiratory capacity (IC) from rest by MPIH, which is an index of DLH. The secondary outcomes were COPD assessment test (CAT), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and 6-min walking distance (6MWD). In addition, we investigated whether there were correlations between changes with treatment in DLH and FEV1, 6MWD, and dyspnea. Results: Thirty-three of the 38 registered patients completed this study. Most of these 33 patients had mild to moderate COPD. Decreasing IC by MPIH was significantly reduced by treatment for 8 weeks, with a mean change of about −0.11 to −0.13 mL (P <0.05). In addition, CAT score, FEV1, and 6MWD improved with treatment (P <0.05). There were no significant correlations between changes in DLH, FEV1, 6MWD, or dyspnea with treatment. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the combination of tiotropium and olodaterol is effective for improvement of DLH following hyperventilation.
Covariate-adjusted precision matrix estimation with an application in genetical genomics

Motivated by analysis of genetical genomics data, we introduce a sparse high-dimensional multivariate regression model for studying conditional independence relationships among a set of genes adjusting for possible genetic effects. The precision matrix in the model specifies a covariate-adjusted Gaussian graph, which presents the conditional dependence structure of gene expression after the confounding genetic effects on gene expression are taken into account. We present a covariate-adjusted precision matrix estimation method using a constrained 1 minimization, which can be easily implemented by linear programming. Asymptotic convergence rates in various matrix norms and sign consistency are established for the estimators of the regression coefficients and the precision matrix, allowing both the number of genes and the number of the genetic variants to diverge. Simulation shows that the proposed method results in significant improvements in both precision matrix estimation and graphical structure selection when compared to the standard Gaussian graphical model assuming constant means. The proposed method is applied to yeast genetical genomics data for the identification of the gene network among a set of genes in the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
Movement of Alachlor and Metribuzin from Controlled Release Formulations in a Sandy Soil

Field and column experiments were conducted to determine the effect of controlled release formulations on weed control and leaching of alachlor and metribuzin on a Plainfield sand. Controlled release formulations including two starch encapsulations of both herbicides and a microencapsulation of alachlor were compared to emulsifiable concentrate and dry flowable formulations of alachlor and metribuzin, respectively. Herbicide movement was measured in laboratory columns and in the field throughout two growing seasons to a soil depth of 91 cm. Soybean injury and weed control were monitored. No significant differences in herbicide movement between starch-encapsulated and emulsifiable concentrate formulations were observed in either field or column experiments. Microencapsulation resulted in the greatest retention of alachlor in the soil surface in field and columns. Compared to the dry flowable formulation, starch encapsulation did not affect metribuzin distribution in the field but reduced leaching in columns. Controlled release formulations did not result in significant differences in weed control and soybean injury compared to the emulsifiable concentrate alachlor and dry flowable metribuzin formulations. Starch encapsulations had a limited effect on alachlor and metribuzin movement. Degradation appeared to be the primary mechanism for herbicide dissipation while leaching losses were minor.
Entrepreneurship among Public School Arts Educators: The Case of Music Teachers in New York State

Abstract:This survey study explored the entrepreneurial dispositions and behaviors of public school music teachers in New York State to better understand the incidence of arts venturing in highly bureaucratic school environments. On a broader level, the study brings to light the need for entrepreneurship pedagogy tailored for school-based arts educators, who constitute a large segment of the creative economy yet are virtually ignored in the teaching and learning of entrepreneurial skills. From a sampling frame of 1,351 teachers, 576 responded to an online questionnaire for a response rate of 42.6%. The questionnaire was modeled after previously-validated scales and assessed respondents' history, intentions, and perceptions related to entrepreneurship. Results showed that a large proportion of the teachers surveyed were already creating new musical ventures at their schools or planning to do so in the near future. Further, teachers who were familiar with the tenets of entrepreneurship, possessed business experience, or whose postsecondary education included entrepreneurship coursework, reported stronger entrepreneurial self-efficacy, better support from their schools for innovative projects, and a higher likelihood of launching new pedagogical endeavors in the near future. Findings of this study underscore the broad appeal of an entrepreneurial worldview across a variety of arts subdisciplines, suggesting the adoption of a wider and more inclusive scope for the enterprise of arts entrepreneurship education.
Peer Effects Among Financial Analysts

We hypothesize that the arrival of star analysts improves the performance of incumbent financial analysts, while the departure of star analysts has the opposite effect. Our results consistent with this hypothesis are concentrated primarily in the tests related to star arrivals. Our findings are robust to an instrumental variable approach and a falsification test. In addition, we hypothesize that the impact of the arrival/departure of star analysts is more pronounced when the star analyst covers the same industry as the incumbents (especially for industries with high uncertainty), when the star analyst is more established, when the incumbent analysts are less experienced, and when the brokerage house has fewer existing star analysts. Overall, our paper offers evidence of peer effects among financial analysts, mainly through the arrival of star analysts. Influence des pairs chez les analystes financiers Les auteurs posent l’hypothese que l’arrivee d’analystes vedettes ameliore la performance des analystes financiers en place, alors que le depart d’analystes vedettes a l’effet inverse. Les resultats de l’etude confirmant cette hypothese se concentrent principalement dans les tests relatifs a l’arrivee d’analystes vedettes. Les constatations des auteurs resistent a une approche faisant appel a des variables instrumentales et a l’application d’un test de falsification. Les auteurs posent, de plus, l’hypothese que l’incidence de l’arrivee ou du depart d’analystes vedettes est plus marquee lorsque l’analyste vedette s’interesse au meme secteur d’activite que les analystes en place (en particulier dans le cas des secteurs auxquels est associe un degre eleve d’incertitude), lorsque l’analyste vedette est un analyste mieux etabli, lorsque les analystes en place sont moins experimentes et lorsque la maison de courtage compte moins d’analystes vedettes. Dans l’ensemble, les donnees tirees de l’etude confirment l’influence des pairs chez les analystes financiers, qui se concretise principalement lors de l’arrivee d’analystes vedettes.
The Existential Quest: Doubt, Openness, and the Exploration of Religious Uncertainty

ABSTRACT Terror management theory suggests people can manage existential concerns through faith in their cultural systems, including religious beliefs. It is not clear, however, how people with a religious “quest” orientation manage such existential concerns. The present research explored the intersection between existential concern and religious quest. Quest individuals experience doubt, which comes at the cost of greater death-related anxieties (Study 1, n= 654), cognitions (Study 2, n = 167), and vulnerability against mortality reminders (Study 3, n= 226). Second, mortality salience (MS) led people high in quest to become more culturally open-minded (Study 4, n = 100), and less likely to believe-in or commit-to their supernatural agent (Study 5, n = 120). These responses were mitigated when quest individuals were first prompted to explore (a step toward resolving) their doubts and uncertainties (Study 6, n = 462). Implications for quest orientation and existential defense- vs. growth-motivation are discussed.
Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of New Nitrobenzofuran Derivatives

Bu calismada bazi yeni aril (5-nitrobenzofuran-2-il)keton ve ketoksim bilesiklerinin antikandidal etkinliklerinin degerlendirilmesi amaclanmistir. Sekiz aril (5-nitrobenzofuran-2-il)keton ve ketoksimi sentezlenmistir. Sentezlenen bilesiklerin yapi aydinlatmalari IR, 1H-NMR ve HR-MS spektroskopik verileri ile gerceklestirilmistir. Bilesiklerin antikandidal etkinlikleri incelenmistir. Fenil halkasi uzerinde metoksi grubu tasiyan bilesik 2c, 3.12 μg mL-1 MIK degeri ile Candida albicans ve Candida glabrata’ya karsi en yuksek aktiviteyi gostermistir. Hicbir bilesik kontrol bilesikleri olan ketokonazol ve flukonazole es ya da daha iyi aktivite sergileyememistir. Ancak, bilesik 2c’nin aktivite sonuclari umut verici olarak degerlendirilmektedir.
The Impact of Gender on Engineering Students' Group Work Experiences

Women remain significantly underrepresented in engineering education, a cultural milieu which is stereotypically seen as amasculine domain. Laboratory studies and some questionnaire-based studies suggest being numerically under- or over-represented in student working groups may have an impact on the group work experiences of both female and maleengineering students, however this has not previously been adequately explored in realistic engineering education teamwork settings. Using a quasi-experimental survey design with 217 participants, we document a number of micro-discriminations with respect to women in student work teams in engineering education. Both male and female studentsseem primed to anticipate potential difficulties arising for female students to a greater extent than for male students, evenamong high performing students. This suggests a cultural, implicit bias. As such, student group work in engineeringprogrammes may need to be accompanied by teaching and learning strategies which seek to actively question suchstereotypes and implicit biases.
Epidemiological study of naturally occurring bovine rotavirus infection in organized dairy farms, India

ABSTRACT An epidemiological study was conducted for detection of rotavirus by antigen ELISA kit in dairy calves from Central India (Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh states) and North India (Uttar Pradesh state). Different epidemiological parameters like age, sex, parity, colour and consistency of faecal materials and seasonal changes in a year were recorded. A total of 816 faecal samples were screened and out of which 41 (5.02%) animals were found to be positive for rotavirus A. The higher prevalence was recorded in North India followed by Central India. Age-wise higher prevalence was recorded in calves under 1 month of age. Significantly (p < 0.05) high prevalence was noticed in male calves compared to female calves. Seasonally, the prevalence of RVA infection was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in winter season and in first parity of calves as compared to other season and parity. Prevalence of Rotavirus infection was higher in pasty yellow colour faecal materials than watery diarrhoea. The observations of the present study would provide the basis for further an effective explorative surveillance and epidemiological studies to know the real impact of rotavirus infection with associated risk factors in dairy calves of India.
Can You Ensure that ICT for Development Apps Are Downloaded and Used? A Case Study of the Plantwise Data Collection App for Plant Health in Kenya

Abstract Mobile apps are increasingly being used to answer development challenges around the world. The development opportunities that apps offer is wide-reaching but uptake of the technology varies. This article examines the ease of use and factors impacting user acceptance and behavior when interacting with an app for agricultural extension in Kenya. Results show factors including gender and age play a role in the adoption of technology by agricultural extension agents. The findings have useful lessons for apps’ development in the agricultural sector and suggest that including intended users of an app in the design process significantly increases usability.
Factors Affecting Physical Activity Participation Among University Students

The Physical activities are indispensable to be healthy and away from illness, yet, students ignoring it. The factors affecting physical activity participation among university students in the Philippines examined in this study. Modified International Physical Activity Questionnaire adopted, Stata 13 and SPSS utilized to justify the objectives of study on a 470 samples. Findings revealed that participants who do physical activity for 3 days and accumulating at least 1500 metabolic equivalent tasks (MET) minutes per week or with combination of walking, moderate or vigorous intensity activities accumulating at least 3000 MET minutes were classified as highly active. Other participants were categorized as moderately active and low active/inactive. The results identified that lack of time due to busy lesson schedule was the most significant factors for not participating in physical activity among the samples. Priority on academic success over exercise was the most identified item that hinders individual to participate in physical activities. Thus, recommended the replication of this study to increase the generalizability of achieved results
Performance Evaluation of a Portable Ginger Slicing Machine

The study aimed at evaluating the functional performance of a developed portable ginger rhizomes slicing machine. The study was conducted at various levels of impeller speed, impeller gang and slicing compartment in the Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria between April 2018 and June 2018. A factorial experiment in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used. The indices for the performance evaluation were the Slicing Efficiency and Throughput Capacity. The machine was powered by one horse power petrol engine and ginger moisture content of 77.44%. Data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test the significance level of the experimental factors and their interactions; and those found significant were further subjected to Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for mean separations at (P = .05), respectively. The results showed that, the ANOVA for all the factors evaluated and their interactions on Slicing Efficiency were highly significant at (P ≤ .01). However, the ANOVA for the factors evaluated on Throughput capacity were highly significant but interaction between type of compartment and speed of impeller was not significant at (P =.05). The mean Slicing Efficiencies for the cushion and spring compartments were: 63.5 and 50% while the mean Throughput Capacities were: 58.32 and 6.32 kg/h, respectively.