Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Impact Of Unemployment On Inequality And Poverty In OECD Countries

The purpose of this research is to examine the contribution of unemployment to income inequality and poverty in various OECD countries. These relationships have been explored using Luxembourg Income Study micro‐data. Considerable differences across OECD countries are revealed through the use of within‐household unemployment distributions. These differences help to explain most of the observed divergences in the relationship between unemployment and income distribution, in conjunction with the heterogeneous influence of social benefits on the economic position of the unemployed in these countries. A sub‐group decomposition analysis corroborates the limited effect of unemployment on income distribution in most of the considered countries. However, it seems clear that the unemployed are among those with the highest risk of experiencing poverty. JEL classification: D31, I32, J31.
Fates and Effects of Oil Spills

INTRODUCTION 261 A PARTIAL HISTORY OF MAJOR SPILLS . 262 PREDICTING THE TRAJECTORIES OF SPILLS . 263 WEATHERING , BIODEGRADATION. AND CHEMICAL MODIFICATION . 266 SHORT-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS . 269 LONG-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS . 272 THE ROLE OF BIOREMEDIATION, DISPERSANTS, AND OTHER INTERVENTION METHODS . 277 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 280
From sponsorship to partnership in academy‐industry relations

One practical result of the advent of the knowledge society has been an increased reliance on academic-industry partnerships as important sources for the creation of economic value. This paper argues that this renewed emphasis on knowledge has led to a shift in the nature of the relations between the academy and industry from sponsorship to partnership and the formation of new research institutions that allow researchers and practitioners to engage in continuous rather than problem based dialogue. These developments are illustrated by providing a case study based on the experience of one research team with its industrial partners. The paper presents results pertaining to some of the issues and challenges raised by continuous dialogue in partnerships, and emphasises the creative yet demanding implications of close collaboration between the two communities.
Quantitative phase imaging with molecular sensitivity using photoacoustic microscopy with a miniature ring transducer

Abstract. We present a dual-modality system for both structural and molecular cell imaging based on coregistered quantitative phase imaging (QPI) and photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). The QPI system was based on off-axis holography, whereas the PAM system comprised a sinusoidally modulated optical source for excitation and a narrow-band low profile and low-cost ring ultrasonic transducer for detection. This approach facilitated a simple confocal alignment of the excitation beams of both modalities and the ultrasonic detector. This system was demonstrated by imaging endogenous molecules in red blood cells (RBCs) as well as by imaging exogenous molecular labels on cancer cells using gold nanoparticles (GNPs) functionalized to target epidermal growth factor receptor. QPI provided high resolution imaging of the cellular structures while PAM provided molecular contrast. This dual-modality microscopy method can potentially be implemented as a compact and low cost cellular diagnostic assay.
CLKSCREW: Exposing the Perils of Security-Oblivious Energy Management

The need for power- and energy-efﬁcient computing has resulted in aggressive cooperative hardware-software energy management mechanisms on modern commodity devices. Most systems today, for example, allow software to control the frequency and voltage of the underlying hardware at a very ﬁne granularity to extend battery life. Despite their beneﬁts, these software-exposed energy management mechanisms pose grave security implications that have not been studied before. In this work, we present the CLK SCREW attack, a new class of fault attacks that exploit the security-obliviousness of energy management mechanisms to break security. A novel beneﬁt for the attackers is that these fault attacks become more accessible since they can now be conducted without the need for physical access to the devices or fault injection equipment. We demonstrate CLK SCREW on commodity ARM/Android devices. We show that a malicious kernel driver (1) can extract secret cryptographic keys from Trustzone, and (2) can escalate its privileges by loading self-signed code into Trustzone. As the ﬁrst work to show the security ramiﬁcations of energy management mechanisms, we urge the community to re-examine these security-oblivious designs.
A non-bile duct origin for intestinal crypt-like ducts with periductular fibrosis induced in livers of F344 rats by chloroform inhalation.

To evaluate the toxic effects of prolonged exposure to chloroform vapors, female and male F344 rats were exposed to 0, 2, 10, 30, 90 and 300 p.p.m. chloroform by inhalation for 7 or 5 days/week for up to 13 weeks. The purpose of this study was to characterize a lesion that occurred in the livers of rats in the 300 p.p.m. exposure groups. Atypical glandular structures lined by intestinal-like epithelium and surrounded by dense connective tissue occurred in the livers of rats exposed to strongly hepatotoxic atmospheric concentrations of chloroform. Bile duct bromodeoxyuridine labeling indices as well as observations of the locations of the early lesions at the 3 and 6 week time points indicate that these lesions arose from a population of cells remote from the bile ducts. We refer to these lesions as intestinal crypt-like ducts with periductular fibrosis to distinguish them from true cholangiofibrosis. Here, intestinal crypt-like ducts with periductular fibrosis were seen only in rats exposed to 300 p.p.m. chloroform, and the multiplicity and severity of the lesions were greater in the right liver lobe. The lesion only occurred in association with liver necrosis and dramatic increases in hepatocyte labeling indices, while labeling indices in bile ducts in the same animals were not significantly different from controls. There was a treatment-related increase of transforming growth factor-alpha immunoreactivity in hepatocytes, bile duct epithelium, bile canaliculi and oval cells, and an increase in transforming growth factor-beta immunoreactivity in hepatocytes, bile duct epithelium and intestinal crypt-like ducts. Thus, intestinal crypt-like ducts with periductular fibrosis appeared to develop from a population of cells unrelated to bile ducts. Also, they occurred only in animals exposed to chloroform concentrations that induced significant hepatocyte necrosis and regenerative cell proliferation and were associated with increased growth factor expression or uptake.
Inhibition of Oxidant-Induced Nuclear Factor-κB Activation and Inhibitory-κBα Degradation and Instability of F-Actin Cytoskeletal Dynamics and Barrier Function by Epidermal Growth Factor: Key Role of Phospholipase-γ Isoform

Using monolayers of intestinal (Caco-2) cells as a model for studying inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we previously showed that nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation is required for oxidant-induced disruption of cytoskeletal and barrier integrity. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stabilizes the F-actin cytoskeleton and protects against oxidant damage, but the mechanism remains unclear. We hypothesized that the mechanism involves activation of phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ), which prevents NF-κB activation and the consequences of this activation, namely, cytoskeletal and barrier disruption. We studied wild-type and transfected cells. The latter were transfected with varying levels (1-5 μg) of cDNA to either stably overexpress PLC-γ or to inhibit its activation. Cells were pretreated with EGF before exposure to oxidant (H2O2). Stably overexpressing PLC-γ (+2.0-fold) or preincubating with EGF protected against oxidant injury as indicated by 1) decreases in several NF-κB-related variables [NF-κB (p50/p65 subunit) nuclear translocation, NF-κB subunit activity, inhibitory-κBα (I-κBα) phosphorylation and degradation]; 2) increases in F-actin and decreases in G-actin; 3) stabilization of the actin cytoskeletal architecture; and 4) enhancement of barrier function. Overexpression induced inactivation of NF-κB was potentiated by EGF. PLC-γ was found mostly in membrane and cytoskeletal fractions (<9% in the cytosolic fractions), indicating its activation. Dominant negative inhibition of endogenous PLC-γ (-99%) substantially prevented all measures of EGF protection against NF-κB activation. We concluded 1) EGF protects against oxidant-induced barrier disruption through PLC-γ activation, which inactivates NF-κB; 2) Activation of PLC-γ by itself is protective against NF-κB activation; 3) the ability to modulate the dynamics of NF-κB/I-κ Bα is a novel mechanism not previously attributed to the PLC family of isoforms in cells; and 4) development of PLC-γ mimetics represents a possible new therapeutic strategy for IBD.
Skin temperature response to cryotherapy.

OBJECTIVES To compare the localized skin-cooling effects of 2 cryotherapy modalities and to review the clinical relevance of the results. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial with repeated measures. SETTING Laboratory experiment. PARTICIPANTS Convenience sample of 20 volunteers (13 women, 7 men), ages 21.3 to 44 years (mean, 31.3 +/- 6.8 y). INTERVENTIONS A flexible frozen gel pack, a 454 g packet of frozen peas, or a control applied to the anterior thigh. No blinding was undertaken. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Surface skin temperature under the modality at baseline and 10 and 20 minutes after application. RESULTS Significant effects were recorded for modality (F(2) = 290.56, P <. 0001), time (F(1.27) = 1868.07, P <. 0001), and their interaction (F(2.09) = 305.47, P <. 0001). After 20 minutes, frozen peas produced the lowest mean skin temperature +/- standard deviation of 10.8 degrees C +/- 2.28 degrees C compared with 14.4 degrees C +/- 2.53 degrees C from the gel pack and 26.1 degrees C +/- 1.75 degrees C from the control. Skin temperature fell between both time periods with the application of frozen peas but stabilized after 10 minutes of gel pack and control application. CONCLUSIONS Application of frozen peas produced mean skin temperatures adequate to induce localized skin analgesia, to reduce nerve conduction velocity, and to reduce metabolic enzyme activity to clinically relevant levels. Flexible frozen gel packs did not cool skin sufficiently to achieve these levels.
Effect of iacP Mutation on Flagellar Phase Variation in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strain UK-1

ABSTRACT Flagella are surface appendages that are important for bacterial motility and invasion of host cells. Two flagellin subunits in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, FliC and FljB, are alternatively expressed by a site-specific DNA inversion mechanism called flagellar phase variation. Although this inversion mechanism is understood at the molecular level, the key factor controlling the expression of the two flagellin subunits has not been determined. In this study, we found that a putative acyl carrier protein, IacP, affects flagellar phase variation in S. Typhimurium strain UK-1 under Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1)-inducing conditions. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the secreted proteins from S. Typhimurium determined that the amount of FljB secreted was significantly higher in the iacP mutant strain, a finding confirmed by Western blot analysis. Northern blotting, quantitative PCR, and microarray data showed that the level of FljB in the iacP mutant strain was regulated at the transcriptional level, although the transcription and expression of the fliC gene were independent of IacP. FljB production was abolished by the deletion of the Hin DNA invertase but could be restored by the introduction of a plasmid carrying the hin gene. We also found that in the iacP mutant strain, the orientation of the invertible H segment is in the FljB-expressing phase. Furthermore, electron microscopy observations indicated that the iacP mutant strain had more flagella per cell than the wild-type strain. These results suggest that IacP is associated with flagellar phase switching under SPI1-inducing conditions.
Health as an Investment

A THEORY of human capital is in the process of formulation. The primary question is "What is the contribution of changes in the quality of people to economic growth? " The academic economists first raised the question after their research showed that production in developed economies had been increasing much faster than could be explained by inputs of physical capital and additions to the labor force. But the wide interest which the question has aroused indicates much more than academic curiosity. It reflects the desires and aspirations of people throughout the world-people anxious to add weight to their demands for action against disease and illiteracy by showing that such action is not only humanitarian, but will make a major contribution to economic growth as well. Though research on the return to investment in people is barely getting started, even the most tentative conclusions have been widely quoted. Preliminary indications that the rate of return on investment in people is high have been seized upon in a growing number of countries as justification for in-
Occupational Exposures and Hodgkin Lymphoma: Canadian Case–Control Study

Objective: The objective was to study the association between Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) and occupational exposures related to long-held occupation among males in Canada. Methods: A population-based case–control study of HL was conducted among males stratified by province of residence and age group. Conditional logistic regression was used to fit statistical models. Results: Several factors independently increased the risk of HL. Ever exposure to ionizing radiation from uranium showed a significant association with HL. Men who had smoked cigarettes for 25 years or more were the most likely to develop HL. Exposure to ultraviolet light and diagnosis with measles were negatively associated with HL, whereas diagnosis with shingles increased the risk of HL. Conclusions: The higher risk of developing HL may be associated with exposure to uranium ionizing radiation and years of cigarette smoking.
INFANTILE HEMIPLEGIA TREATED BY REMOVING ONE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE

This preliminary communication is concerned with what I believe to be a new approach to the problem of the infantile hemiplegias. It is as well however to point out at the outset that the term infantile hemiplegia is employed here in a wide sense, and that some of the cases would, in a strict attempt at classification, fall clearly into the Little's group. The work on which the present report is based has been carried out over a period of five years, during which time 12 hemispherectomies were performed on patients suffering from infantile hemiplegia. In no case was the hemiplegic manifestation considered as a prime indication for surgery. Convulsive and mental changes were regarded as the indications for operation, and, as will be seen from a study of the case records, I have come to consider mental deviations in the absence of epileptic phenomena, and also epileptic manifestations in the absence of definite mental or behaviour disturbances, as adequate indications for surgery. In this series there was one death, Case 6 (J.S.). The age at the time of operation in the remaining 11 cases ranged from 8 months in Case 12 (M.B.) to 21 years in Case 5 (Miss A.). This choice of widely separated age groups has been deliberate, as we wished to gain as much knowledge as possible of the physiological, neurological, and psychological adjustments at various ages after removal of so large a part of the brain.
Treatment of Post-Traumatic Tibial Osteomyelitis Using Microsurgical Flaps

Between 1994 and 1998, the authors treated 70 patients presenting with post-traumatic tibial osteomyelitis. Eighty-five percent were males, with a mean patient age of 32 years. The mean duration of the disease was 2 years. Fifty-one percent were of type IV in the Cierny-Mader classification. The mean follow-up period was 36 months. Case management was through thorough debridement, antibiotic therapy, and soft-tissue reconstruction using free flaps: latissimus dorsi (39.4 percent), scapular (28.2 percent), lateral arm (19.7 percent), and anterior serratus (12.7 percent). To evaluate the results, the control of infection and the quality of the soft tissue repaired were considered. The success rate was 90 percent. The authors conclude that their described method constitutes an effective treatment for post-traumatic tibial osteomyelitis.
The empowering leadership and teachers' innovative behavior: The mediating role of innovation climate

This study aimed to investigate the relationship among empowering leadership, teachers’ innovative behavior and innovative climate in elementary schools. The participants consisted of 710 teachers and 55 principals randomly selected from 55 elementary schools in the center of Nigde and its districts. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used for the data analysis. Results showed that principals’ leadership empowerment behavior was a significant predictor of teachers’ innovative behavior and innovative climate. It was determined that there was a significant relationship between innovative climate and teachers’ innovative behavior. Innovative climate was found to partially mediate the relationship between principals’ leadership empowerment behavior and teachers’ innovative behavior.
Dupes or Incompetents? An Examination of Management's Impact on Firm Distress

This article examines whether managers impact firm performance. We conservatively define managerial ability as the manager's capacity to deploy the firm's resources. We verify the validity of our metric using a manager–firm matched panel data set that allows us to track managers (CEOs) across different firms over time. We find managerial ability is inversely related to the amount of time a firm spends in distress, the likelihood of a firm's failure, and the cost of failure. These results suggest that the managers of failed firms are less skilled than their counterparts. But even within failed firms there is heterogeneity in the talents of managers.
Firm versus Partner Measures of Auditor Industry Expertise and Effects on Auditor Quality

SUMMARY This paper first examines whether the Big 4 audit quality is associated with auditor industry expertise, measured as both individual partner- and audit firm-level leadership. We focus on a sample of listed firms in Taiwan, where audit reports must be audited and signed by the two signing auditors as well as by an audit firm. For accruals analyses, we find that differential discretionary accruals due to industry expertise are driven by a combination of firm and partner expertise. For audit opinion analyses, we find that differential likelihood of a modified audit opinion (hereafter, MAO) is primarily attributable to signing auditor specialists. We also find that firm-level specialists alone are not associated with a higher likelihood of issuing a MAO. However, firm-level specialists, in combination with signing auditor specialists, can add something over and above the effects of the signing auditor specialists alone. Second, we further examine whether there is differential audit quality between sig.
Effects of Uncertain and Nonstationary Parameters upon Capital Market Equilibrium Conditions

Formal models for portfolio analysis, such as Markowitz [13], are frequently based upon mean-variance analyses and involve the estimation of a mean vector and a variance-covariance matrix describing expected returns and variability of returns for all securities under consideration. These parameter estimates play a major role in the selection of a single, optimal portfolio. Kalymon [9] and Barry [1] have considered the effects of parameter uncertainty upon individual investors' inferences and decisions in the context of portfolio selection, and Barry and Winkler [2] have similarly considered the impact of nonstationary means upon portfolio selection decisions by individual investors.
Accountability Under Constraint

The authors examine how the collective bargaining agreement (CBA) negotiated between teachers’ unions and districts is associated with schools’ and districts’ performance under accountability pressures in California. They find that CBA restrictiveness is associated with the increased likelihood that districts will be in Program Improvement (PI) and at higher levels of PI, and with lower school- and district-level proficiency and graduation rates. They also show that strong contract schools and districts that have higher proportions of minority, low-income, and low-achieving student are even less likely to meet performance targets and have even lower proficiency rates.
Transporters of arsenite in rice and their role in arsenic accumulation in rice grain

Arsenic poisoning affects millions of people worldwide. Human arsenic intake from rice consumption can be substantial because rice is particularly efficient in assimilating arsenic from paddy soils, although the mechanism has not been elucidated. Here we report that two different types of transporters mediate transport of arsenite, the predominant form of arsenic in paddy soil, from the external medium to the xylem. Transporters belonging to the NIP subfamily of aquaporins in rice are permeable to arsenite but not to arsenate. Mutation in OsNIP2;1 (Lsi1, a silicon influx transporter) significantly decreases arsenite uptake. Furthermore, in the rice mutants defective in the silicon efflux transporter Lsi2, arsenite transport to the xylem and accumulation in shoots and grain decreased greatly. Mutation in Lsi2 had a much greater impact on arsenic accumulation in shoots and grain in field-grown rice than Lsi1. Arsenite transport in rice roots therefore shares the same highly efficient pathway as silicon, which explains why rice is efficient in arsenic accumulation. Our results provide insight into the uptake mechanism of arsenite in rice and strategies for reducing arsenic accumulation in grain for enhanced food safety.
Is it necessary to place a Double J catheter after laparoscopic ureterolithotomy? A four-year experience.

PURPOSE To assess the necessity of placing a ureteral stent after transperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy (TPLU). PATIENTS AND METHODS In the period from May 2006 to November 2010, 46 patients underwent TPLU. There were 13 females and 33 males. All patients had an impacted stone larger than 1.5 cm in the upper and middle parts of the ureter. TPLU was performed as either a primary therapy or as a salvage therapy in patients in whom another treatment had failed. The exclusion criteria were pregnancy, a body mass index more than 35, and patients with abnormal results on coagulative tests. In all cases, after removing the stone, the ureter was sutured. In the first 23 patients, no ureteral catheter was placed, but in the second 23 patients, a Double J catheter was inserted through the ureter. RESULTS In one case, the stone was pushed back. The stone-free rate was 97.8%. There were four cases of prolonged urinary leakage after the surgery. All of them were in the group in whose members the Double J catheter had not been placed. The problem was resolved in one patient spontaneously after 4 days, but for the other three patients, a Double J catheter was placed and the leakage was stopped in 24 hours. There was no case of urinary leakage in the second group of patients with a placed Double J catheter. CONCLUSION Placing a Double J catheter during surgery does not increase the time of operation and may play a role in prevention of urinary extravasation after laparoscopic ureterolithotomy.