Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting Financial Fraud Using Data Mining Techniques: A Decade Review from 2004 to 2015

Objective: Financial fraud has been a big concern for many organizations across industries; billions of dollars are lost yearly because of this fraud. So businesses employ data mining techniques to address this continued and growing problem. This paper aims to review research studies conducted to detect financial fraud using data mining tools within one decade and communicate the current trends to academic scholars and industry practitioners. Method: Various combinations of keywords were used to identify the pertinent articles. The majority of the articles retrieved from Science Direct but the search spanned other online databases (e.g., Emerald, Elsevier, World Scientific, IEEE, and Routledge - Taylor and Francis Group). Our search yielded a sample of 65 relevant articles (58 peer-reviewed journal articles with 7 conference papers). Onefifth of the articles was found in Expert Systems with Applications (ESA) while about one-tenth found in Decision Support Systems (DSS). Results: 41 data mining techniques were used to detect fraud across different financial applications such as health insurance and credit card. Logistic regression model appeared to be the leading data mining tool in detecting financial fraud with a 13% of usage.In general, supervised learning tool have been used more frequently than the unsupervised ones. Financial statement fraud and bank fraud are the two largest financial applications being investigated in this area - about 63%, which corresponds to 41 articles out of the 65 reviewed articles. Also, the two primary journal outlets for this topic are ESA and DSS. Conclusion: This review provides a fast and easy-to-use source for both researchers and professionals, classifies financial fraud applications into a highlevel and detailed-level framework, shows the most significant data mining techniques in this domain, and reveals the most countries exposed to financial fraud.
Predicting academic self-handicapping in different age groups: the role of personal achievement goals and social goals.

BACKGROUND Academic self-handicapping refers to the use of impediments to successful performance on academic tasks. Previous studies have shown that it is related to personal achievement goals. A performance goal orientation is a positive predictor of self-handicapping, whereas a task goal orientation is unrelated to self-handicapping. AIMS The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between academic self-handicapping, goal orientations (task, performance-approach, performance-avoidance), social goals, future consequences and achievement in mathematics. An additional aim was to investigate grade-level and gender differences in relation to academic self-handicapping. SAMPLE Participants were 702 upper elementary, junior and senior high school students with approximately equal numbers of girls and boys. RESULTS There were no grade-level or gender differences as regards the use of self-handicapping. The correlations among the variables revealed that, when the whole sample was considered, self-handicapping was positively related to performance goal orientations and pleasing significant others and negatively to achievement in mathematics. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that, in upper elementary and junior high schools, the association between achievement in mathematics and self-handicapping was mediated by performance-avoidance goals. In senior high school, only task goal orientation was a negative predictor of self-handicapping.
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK o f ATLANTA WORKING PAPER SERIES Remittances , Entrepreneurship , and Employment Dynamics over the Business Cycle

Abstract: We incorporate remittances and microentrepreneurship (self-employment) into a small openeconomy business cycle model with capital and labor market frictions. Countercyclical remittances moderate the decline of households’ consumption during recessions. These remittances also are used to finance the start-up costs of microenterprises that bolster households’ income during economic downturns. However, the positive income effect from countercyclical remittances also leads to a decrease in salaried labor supply, which generates offsetting upward pressure on wages during recessions and adversely affects the recovery of the salaried sector. Therefore, the behavior of remittances decisively affects labor force participation and the composition of employment between nonsalaried and salaried employment over the business cycle. The model delivers labor market and aggregate cyclical dynamics that are consistent with the Mexican data.
An Analysis of Methods to Prevent Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Infections

Correspondence to: B. Piraino, Renal Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Suite 200, 3504 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 USA. piraino@pitt.edu Received 10 June 2008; accepted 8 July 2008. Historically, exit-site infections (ESIs) have been problematic for patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients with a history of ESI were much more likely to also have a history of peritonitis than those patients without a history of ESIs (64% vs 45%, p < 0.05), as shown in an observational study from the early days of PD, 1979 – 1984 (1). In that study, 83% of the catheters removed were in the group of patients with a history of at least one ESI, compared to 17% in those without an ESI (p < 0.001). Only 10% of catheter loss was due to a mechanical problem, 25% due to peritonitis alone, and the rest due to ESI and tunnel infection with or without peritonitis. Peritonitis that is related temporally and by organism to ESI and tunnel infection is most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2).
Ergodic theory and translation-invariant operators.

It has been known for a long time that there is a close connection between the ergodic theorem and certain facts about functions on the real line, such as the maximal theory of Hardy and Littlewood and the differentiation theorem for indefinite integrals. In more recent times Cotlarl has shown that theorems on singular integrals can be generalized and put in the framework of ergodic theory. The purpose of this note is to exhibit a class of results on translationinvariant operators which can be automatically rephrased in such a framework. In this light the maximal ergodic theorem appears as an immediate consequence of the maximal theorem of Hardy and Littlewood, and the results of Cotlar as following from the ordinary theorems on singular integrals. For the sake of simplicity we shall consider only groups of measure-preserving transformations depending on a single real parameter t; as the reader will immediately see, our statements and their proofs extend without modification to continuous or discrete abelian groups depending on finitely many parameters. Extension of these results to semigroups is discussed briefly at the end of the paper. Let M be a measure space which is totally a-finite and P a one-parameter group of measure-preserving transformations of M. As usual it will be assumed that for every measurablef on M the functionf(Ux) is measurable in the product of MZ with the real line. We will denote by T an operator defined on the space of locally integrable functions on the real line and which has the following properties: the values of T are continuous functions on the real line, T is sublinear and commutes with translations, and finally T is semilocal in the sense that there exists a positive number e such that the support of Tf is always contained in an E-neighborhood of the support of f (for the definition of sublinearity and of weak type, as used below, see ref. 2, vol. 2, page 111). With such an operator T we shall associate an operator Tf on functions on M as follows. Given a function f(x) on MZ we let F(t,x) = f(Utx). If f is the sum of two functions which are bounded and integrable, respectively, then F(t,x) is a locally integrable function of t for almost all x and therefore G(t,x) = T{ F(t,x)} is a well-defined continuous function of t for almost all x. Thus g(x) = G(O,x) has a meaning and we define T#f = g(x). Then we have the following THEOREM 1. Let To be a sequence of operators as above and suppose that the operator Sf = sup TifI is of strong or weak type (p,p), 1 < p < co. Then the same holds for the operator Sif = sUp Tn~f and I S'#l < Si |. If we set
Induction of vigorous cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses by live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus

Although live attenuated vaccine strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have proven highly effective in protecting macaques against challenge with pathogenic SIV strains, little is known about the mechanisms of protective immunity induced by these vaccines. We examined cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses against SIV in animals infected with SIVmac239delta nef (deficient in nef) or SIVmac239delta 3 (deficient in nef, vpr, and upstream sequences in U3). To enhance detection of SIV-specific CTL activity, we stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells with autologous B-lymphoblastoid cell lines which had been infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing SIV proteins and subsequently inactivated with psoralen and UV light. Animals chronically infected with SIV239delta nef or SIV239delta 3 mounted vigorous CTL responses against the SIV Gag and Env proteins. This CTL activity was major histocompatibility class restricted and mediated by CD8+ T lymphocytes. CTL responses persisted at relatively high levels for more than 6 years after infection. Limiting dilution precursor frequency assays demonstrated that the frequency of SIV-specific CTLs was as high as 234 CTL precursors per 100,000 cells. Animals acutely infected with SIV239delta nef developed CTL activity by day 14 after infection, coincident with decreases in viral load. Animals acutely infected with SIV239delta 3 developed CTL responses within 4 weeks of infection. Thus, vaccination of juvenile or adult animals with SIV239delta nef or SIV239delta 3 results in the induction of a vigorous CTL response which arises early in the course of infection and persists for years after a single inoculation of virus.
Risk Differences Between Prediabetes And Diabetes According To Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes

Hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia may play a role in breast carcinogenesis and prediabetes and diabetes have been associated with increased breast cancer (BC) risk. However, whether BC molecular subtypes may modify these associations is less clear. We therefore investigated these associations in all cases and by BC molecular subtypes among women living in Southern Italy. Cases were 557 patients with non‐metastatic incident BC and controls were 592 outpatients enrolled during the same period as cases and in the same hospital for skin‐related non‐malignant conditions. Adjusted multivariate logistic regression models were built to assess the risks of developing BC in the presence of prediabetes or diabetes. The analyses were repeated by strata of BC molecular subtypes: Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2+, and Triple Negative (TN). Prediabetes and diabetes were significantly associated with higher BC incidence after controlling for known risk factors (OR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.32–2.87 and OR = 2.46, 95% CI 1.38–4.37, respectively). Similar results were seen in Luminal A and B while in the TN subtype only prediabetes was associated with BC (OR = 2.43, 95% CI 1.11–5.32). Among HER2+ patients, only diabetes was significantly associated with BC risk (OR = 3.04, 95% CI 1.24–7.47). Furthermore, when postmenopausal HER2+ was split into hormone receptor positive versus negative, the association with diabetes remained significant only in the former (OR = 5.13, 95% CI 1.53–17.22). These results suggest that prediabetes and diabetes are strongly associated with BC incidence and that these metabolic conditions may be more relevant in the presence of breast cancer molecular subtypes with positive hormone receptors. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1144–1150, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
[Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomized trial].

PROFESSIONAL SUMMARY • (Overview of relevant experience based on what Residencies are looking for) Industrious pharmacy student with a strong track record of balancing employment, university leadership and research while succeeding academically • (Specific skills relevant to the position) Demonstrated commitment to teaching and mentoring with over three years instruction and outreach experience working with diverse current and aspiring pharmacy students • (Unique experience/interest relevant to the position) Piloted the transitions of care program by reviewing inpatient medication lists and providing patient education on new medications including x, y, and z at X hospital.
The impact of sport mega-events on the quality of life for host city residents: reflections on the 2010 FIFA World Cup

Sport is widely believed to have a positive impact on quality of life. Sport events are perceived as elements of a city’s destination attractiveness for tourists and residents. However, socio-cultural impact studies of sporting mega-events, although limited, indicate that there may be a variety of positive as well as negative impacts for the quality of life for residents of a sport mega-event host city. However, within the developing nation, and African context specifically, studies have not clearly indicated the quality of life impact of these events. Within South Africa, the impact of the 1995 Rugby World Cup demonstrated that sport mega-events can fuel positive quality aspects such as social cohesion and nation-building. A study was designed to assess these impacts on 2010 FIFA World Cup host residents living in the suburb of Green Point, that surrounds the Cape Town stadium. The impact was assessed by comparing the responses of residents before, during and after the event, using a spatially-based, stratified random sampling method. The results revealed a shift in perception amongst the host residents comparing preand post-event responses. The anticipated negative quality of life indicators such as crime, traffic, noise and social pollution, reduced significantly. During the tournament, respondents also showed high levels of national pride and patriotism for their country. The paper concludes that a sport megaevent may deliver fewer negative quality of life impacts than anticipated, as well as supporting broader quality indicators such as social cohesion and civic pride, although acknowledging that these may be short-term in nature. The paper therefore encourages longitudinal research in order to measure the long-term quality of life legacy on host residents. The paper also highlights pertinent conclusions relevant to the future hosting of sport mega-events in Africa, as well as lessons for other host nations.
The inhibitory effect of anandamide on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone secretion is reversed by estrogen.

Because Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) inhibited luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) in male rats, we hypothesized that the endocannabinoid, anandamide (AEA), would act similarly. AEA microinjected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) decreased plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) at 30 min in comparison to values in controls (P < 0.001). The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1-r)-specific antagonist, [N-(piperidin-1-yl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide] (AM251), produced a significant elevation in plasma LH (P < 0.01). AEA (10(-9) M) decreased LHRH release from medial basal hypothalami incubated in vitro. These results support the concept that endogenous AEA inhibits LHRH followed by decreased LH release in male rats. In ovariectomized (OVX) female rats, AEA i.c. v. also inhibited LH release, but in this case AM251 had an even greater inhibitory effect than AEA. In vitro, AEA had no effect on LHRH in OVX rats. It seems that endogenous AEA inhibits LHRH followed by decreased LH release in OVX rats but that AM251 has an inhibitory action in this case. In striking contrast, in OVX, estrogen-primed (OVX-E) rats, AEA i.c. v. instead of decreasing LH, increased its release. This effect was completely blocked by previous injection of AM251. When medial basal hypothalami of OVX-E rats were incubated, AEA increased LHRH release. The synthesized AEA was higher in OVX-E rats than in OVX and males, indicating that estrogen modifies endocannabinoid levels and effects. The results are interpreted to mean that sex steroids have profound effects to modify the response to AEA. It inhibits LHRH and consequently diminishes LH release in males and OVX females, but stimulates LHRH followed by increased LH release in OVX-E-primed rats.
Generalized Orthopair Fuzzy Sets

We note that orthopair fuzzy subsets are such that that their membership grades are pairs of values, from the unit interval, one indicating the degree of support for membership in the fuzzy set and the other support against membership. We discuss two examples, Atanassov's classic intuitionistic sets and a second kind of intuitionistic set called Pythagorean. We note that for classic intuitionistic sets the sum of the support for and against is bounded by one, while for the second kind, Pythagorean, the sum of the squares of the support for and against is bounded by one. Here we introduce a general class of these sets called q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets in which the sum of the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\rm{q}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>th power of the support for and the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\rm{q}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>th power of the support against is bonded by one. We note that as q increases the space of acceptable orthopairs increases and thus gives the user more freedom in expressing their belief about membership grade. We investigate various set operations as well as aggregation operations involving these types of sets.
Loxiglumide, a CCK‐A Antagonist, in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neurohormonal peptide that is involved in the regulation of several digestive functions, contributing to the control of motility and secretions at different organ levels. Evidence indicates that CCK might be involved in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). ' Loxiglumide (CR 1505, that is, D,L-4-[ 3,5-dichlorobenzoylamino]-5-[N-3-metho~-propil-pen~lamino]-S-oxo-pentanoic acid) is a potent, selective, competitive, and orally bioavailable CCKA receptor antagonist,? ' and it is the most widely used in physiological and therapeutic human s t u d i e ~ . ~ . ~ Interestingly, loxiglumide appeared to accelerate colonic transit in healthy voluntecrs and chronic constipated elderly subjects6. ' and to regulate regional colonic transit in IBS patients with different bowel habit patterns.8 CCKA antagonists have been proposed as potential candidates for drug treatment of IBS,9 and we were therefore interested in testing the efficacy of loxiglumide on IBS symptoms in a pilot dose-response study, using doses only minimally affecting other gastrointestinal physiological functions such as gallbladder contraction. "'
Transcriptional profiling reveals a critical role for tyrosine phosphatase VE‐PTP in regulation of VEGFR2 activity and endothelial cell morphogenesis

To define molecular events accompanying formation of the 3‐dimensional (3D) vascular tube, we have characterized gene expression during vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐induced tubular morphogenesis of endothelial cells. Microarray analyses were performed comparing gene induction in growth‐ arrested, tube‐forming endothelial cells harvested from 3D collagen cultures to that in proliferating endothelial cells cultured on fibronectin. Differentially expressed genes were clustered and analyzed for specific endothelial expression through publicly available datasets. We validated the contribution of one of the identified genes, vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE‐PTP), to endothelial morphogenesis. Silencing of VE‐PTP expression was accompanied by increased VEGFreceptor‐2 (VEGFR2) tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling pathways. The increased VEGFR2 activity promoted endothelial cell cycle progression, overcoming the G0/G1 arrest associated with organization into tubular structures in the 3D cultures. Proximity ligation showed close association between VEGFR2 and VE‐PTP in resting cells. Activation of VEGFR2 by VEGF led to rapid loss of association, which was resumed with time in parallel with decreased receptor activity. In conclusion, we have identified genes, which may serve critical functions in formation of the vascular tube. One of these, VE‐PTP, regulates VEGFR2 activity thereby modulating the VEGF‐response during angiogenesis. — Mellberg, S. , Dimberg, A. , Bahram, F. , Hayashi, M. , Rennel, E. , Ameur, A. , Westholm, J. O. , Larsson, E. , Lindahl, P., Cross, M. J., Claesson‐Welsh, L. Transcriptional profiling reveals a critical role for tyrosine phosphatase VE‐PTP in regulation of VEGFR2 activity and endothelial cell morphogenesis. FASEBJ. 23, 1490–1502 (2009)
Internet Protocol Adoption: Learning from Bitcoin

This position paper discusses two related questions: 1. Using the framework of network economics, what are success factors behind the adoption of Bitcoin (a cryptographic curreny), and can we copy them for other protocols? 2. Can we design more successful protocols if we have inband payment mechanisms to internalize the externalities that emerge during adoption and in steady state?
A practical approach to timing cord clamping in resource poor settings

There is little agreement among doctors and midwives about the optimal time to clamp the umbilical cord after birth. The most important points of difference relate to maternal and infant safety. Many healthcare workers worldwide tend to clamp the cord and pass the baby off as quickly as possible. Infants in resource poor settings are the main victims of immediate clamping, as this prevents a cost-free means of boosting their small iron stores. Infant anaemia is common in poor communities, especially where malaria is endemic. In sub-Saharan Africa more than 75% of infants are anaemic before 6 months of age.w1-w3 Infant anaemia is associated with increased mortalityw4 w5 and with impaired mental and motor development.w6 Its prevention is of critical importance, and delaying clamping of the umbilical cord could be an effective strategy to reduce anaemia and improve child survival. We propose a practice guideline on cord clamping for resource poor countries for singleton vaginal deliveries, based on published systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials, and biological evidence. Taking account of the safety of mothers and infants, we provide evidence about inclusion and exclusion criteria for delayed cord clamping, optimal timing of clamping, infant position during placental-fetal transfusion, and potential side effects. We present the evidence as a series of structured clinical questions, which identify the population concerned (mothers and infants from resource poor countries), the options being compared (mostly delayed versus immediate cord clamping), and the outcome measures used to measure effectiveness and safety of delayed cord clamping. We also present a practical and simple flow chart for quick reference. ### Is delayed cord clamping associated with improved haematological status in infancy? Four randomised controlled trials, all from developing countries, evaluated haemoglobin concentrations in term infants 2-4 months after birth.2–5 Meta-analysis showed that haemoglobin concentrations were significantly higher after delayed cord clamping (317 infants, weighted mean …