Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ CRITICAL WRITING SKILLS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL BY USING VOCABULARY CHART

Abstract:. This article is part of a classroom action research. The paper aims to describe how vocabulary chart is implemented in the writing learning process to develop elementary school students’ English as a Foreign Language (EFL) critical writing skills. The subject of the study is 28 primary school students grade 3 in one of the public schools in Bandung. The Classroom Action Research was employed in the study. The vocabulary chart was used in a 3-cycle lesson consisting of 9 meetings. This paper focuses on the implementation of vocabulary chart in the first cycle. This research is a qualitative research which used classroom observation, documentation, field note and student interview as the instrument of collecting data. After that the obtained data were discussed and processed to be described, analyzed, and reflected. The data that has been described is then analyzed to get the findings. In conclusion, the application of the vocabulary chart to develop elementary school students’ EFL critical writing skill can be implemented in two stages, namely: 1) the vocabulary chart delivery, and 2) the using of vocabulary chart in the students’ critical thinking. The study reveals that the vocabulary chart can develop elementary school students’ EFL critical writing skills.Abstrak: Artikel ini adalah bagian dari penelitian tindakan kelas. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan bagaimana bagan kosakata diimplementasikan dalam proses pembelajaran menulis untuk mengembangkan kemampuan menulis kritis bahasa Inggris siswa sebagai Bahasa Asing (EFL). Subyek penelitian adalah 28 siswa sekolah dasar di kelas 3 di salah satu sekolah umum di Bandung. Penelitian Tindakan Kelas digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Bagan kosakata digunakan dalam pelajaran 3-siklus yang terdiri dari 9 pertemuan. Makalah ini berfokus pada penerapan grafik kosakata dalam siklus pertama. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan observasi kelas, dokumentasi, catatan lapangan dan wawancara siswa. Setelah itu data didiskusikan dan diproses dengan cara yang dijelaskan, dianalisis, dan dipantulkan. Data yang telah dijelaskan dianalisis untuk melepaskan temuan. Dalam pengiriman grafik kosakata, dan 2) penggunaan grafik kosakata dalam pemikiran kritis siswa. Studi ini mengungkapkan bahwa grafik kosakata dapat mengembangkan keterampilan menulis kritis EFL siswa sekolah dasar.
WHEAT RESPONSE TO SILICON APPLICATION UNDER SALINE IRRIGATION WATER

Two lysimeter experiments were conducted at Sakha Agric. Research Station Farm during two successive winter growing seasons (2011/2012 and 2012/2013) to study the effect of irrigation by saline water on soil salinity as well as investigate the possible effects of foliar application of silicon on alleviating the adverse effects of salinity and the possible mechanisms by which silicon could increase wheat tolerance to salinity. The experimental design was split plot design with four replicates, where six salinity levels of irrigation water (0.5, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 dS m -1 ) were assigned as the main plots , while the silicon treatments (0, 1 and 2 mmol L -1 ) were assigned as the sub-plots. Fresh water was used till complete germination, and then saline water was used. Results showed that irrigation by saline water up to 12 dSm -1 greatly affected the soil EC, and the contents of soluble sodium and chloride. Significant decrease in wheat dry weight was observed with increasing salinity of irrigation water. Foliar application of silicon to wheat plants at tillering and booting stages alleviated the salinity hazards effect and resulted in increasing wheat grains and straw dry weight by about 22.5 and 21.4 %, respectively under irrigation with saline water (EC=12 dS m -1 ) and 1 mmol L -1 silicon compared to silicon absence treatment. However, 1 mmol silicon L -1 is superior to other levels in decreasing salinity hazard on plant. N, P and K contents are decreased in wheat plant with increasing salinity of irrigation water while sodium and proline contents were increased. Foliar application of silicon resulted in increasing N, P, K and proline contents, while sodium content of wheat plants was decreased at different salinity level as compared to the control. Therefore, silicon increased salinity tolerance of wheat may be through two possible mechanisms: 1) Silicon application either at low or high concentrations (1 or 2 mmol L -1 ) led to increase K uptake and decrease Na uptake by wheat plant which adjust the osmotic pressure and encourage nutrients uptake , hence increase plant tolerance to salinity. 2) Silicon application resulted in increasing proline content in salt stressed wheat plants, which possibly acting either as buffer against osmotic imbalance due to high vacuolar ions concentration or as a protective agent for cytoplasmic enzymes.
STUDY OF CASES OF ARM IN RURAL POPULATION

introduction Anorectal malformations (ARMs) comprise a spectrum of birth defects in newborn male and female children which include rectum, anal canal, genitalia and urinary tract. ARMs incidence ranging 1:2000-5000 live birth.1,2The spectrum of ARM varies from mild anterior displacement of anus to complex anomalies such as cloacal exstrophy. [4] The main goal of management is correct diagnosis and surgery so as to achieve good anatomic and functional outcome so that a child can lead his or her life as normal as possible. MATERIAL AND METHODS All children of pediatric age group from 0 to 15 years admitted in surgical wards and/or pediatric wad of Index Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Indore with diagnosis of Anorectal Malformations who will undergo all stage of treatment and follow-up. This was prospective and observational study. DISCUSSION The management of infants with ARM continues to be a challenge to pediatric surgeons, worldwide. For better results, precise anatomical reconstruction and careful preservation of Structure is required. ARM being a complex group of disorders, is not easy to diagnose at primary healthcare level. The social awareness about the disease is low and it also varies with Sex of child, place of living and education of parents. CONCLUSION Anorectal malformation is a surgically treatable entity. Early restorative surgery leads to good outcome. Time being the essence, awareness about the condition, hospital delivery and detailed neonatal examination is advisable. In developing countries like India, where illiteracy and poverty are prevalent and where there is neglect of female child, early diagnosis and referral to specialty centres for surgery is always commendable in terms of social acceptance and a sound psyche.
Combined Use of Terrestrial Laser Scanning and UAV Photogrammetry in Mapping Alpine Terrain

Airborne and terrestrial laser scanning and close-range photogrammetry are frequently used for very high-resolution mapping of land surface. These techniques require a good strategy of mapping to provide full visibility of all areas otherwise the resulting data will contain areas with no data (data shadows). Especially, deglaciated rugged alpine terrain with abundant large boulders, vertical rock faces and polished roche-moutones surfaces complicated by poor accessibility for terrestrial mapping are still a challenge. In this paper, we present a novel methodological approach based on a combined use of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and close-range photogrammetry from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for generating a high-resolution point cloud and digital elevation model (DEM) of a complex alpine terrain. The approach is demonstrated using a small study area in the upper part of a deglaciated valley in the Tatry Mountains, Slovakia. The more accurate TLS point cloud was supplemented by the UAV point cloud in areas with insufficient TLS data coverage. The accuracy of the iterative closest point adjustment of the UAV and TLS point clouds was in the order of several centimeters but standard deviation of the mutual orientation of TLS scans was in the order of millimeters. The generated high-resolution DEM was compared to SRTM DEM, TanDEM-X and national DMR3 DEM products confirming an excellent applicability in a wide range of geomorphologic applications.
Effects of upwelling duration and phytoplankton growth regime on dissolved-oxygen levels in an idealized Iberian Peninsula upwelling system

Abstract. We apply a coupled modelling system composed of a state-of-the-art hydrodynamical model and a low-complexity biogeochemical model to an idealized Iberian Peninsula upwelling system to identify the main drivers of dissolved-oxygen variability and to study its response to changes in the duration of the upwelling season and in the phytoplankton growth regime. We find that the export of oxygenated waters by upwelling front turbulence is a major sink for nearshore dissolved oxygen. In our simulations of summer upwelling, when the phytoplankton population is generally dominated by diatoms whose growth is boosted by nutrient input, net primary production and air–sea exchange compensate dissolved-oxygen depletion by offshore export over the shelf. A shorter upwelling duration causes a relaxation of upwelling winds and a decrease in offshore export, resulting in a slight increase of net dissolved-oxygen enrichment in the coastal region as compared to longer upwelling durations. When phytoplankton is dominated by groups less sensitive to nutrient inputs, growth rates decrease, and the coastal region becomes net heterotrophic. Together with the physical sink, this lowers the net oxygenation rate of coastal waters, which remains positive only because of air–sea exchange. These findings help in disentangling the physical and biogeochemical controls of dissolved oxygen in upwelling systems and, together with projections of increased duration of upwelling seasons and phytoplankton community changes, suggest that the Iberian coastal upwelling region may become more vulnerable to hypoxia and deoxygenation.
The Study of Fingerprint Ridge Density in a Sample of Egyptian Population and its Application for Sex Identification

Fingerprints have been used widely in human identification. The possibility of sex identification using fingerprints was based on a hypothesis that males have coarser ridges than females. The aim of the present work was to study the fingerprint ridge density as a method of sex identification in a sample of young Egyptian population. A cross sectional statistical study was carried out on 200 volunteers; 100 males and 100 females (age from 21 to 30 years). The epidermal ridges were counted in two distal (radial and ulnar) and one proximal region of each fingerprint. The radial and ulnar squares were placed directly on the radial and ulnar side of the central core region, while the proximal square was placed diagonally by placing one of its corners over the intersection of the joint line with the center line. The fingerprint mean ridge density of the three regions in all fingers, radial, ulnar and proximal regions were calculated and compared. Receiver–operating characteristic curves for predicting the probability of female gender were generated. Fingerprint ridge densities in the distal regions were significantly greater than in the proximal region in both sexes. Females showed significantly higher ridge density in the three regions for each and all fingers. The mean ridge density in all fingers at a cut off value >11.87 ridges/ 25mm2 has a positive predictive value (PPV) of 90.09% for females, while the mean ridge density in radial region at a cut off value >12.2 ridges/ 25mm2 has PPV of 86.96%. It is concluded that fingerprints are valuable in sex is identification in Egyptian population based on fingerprint ridge density. In addition, ridge density can be considered as a morphological feature for individual variation.
Impact of Nitrification Inhibitor Use on Corn Yield and Soil Nitrogen Levels from Liquid Hog Manure Applied at Various Fall Timings

IMPACT OF NITRIFICATION INHIBITOR USE ON CORN YIELD AND SOIL NITROGEN LEVELS FROM LIQUID HOG MANURE APPLIED AT VARIOUS FALL TIMINGS Kathryn Jackson University of Guelph, 2019 Advisors: Dr. John Lauzon Dr. Laura Van Eerd Keith Reid Manure applied in early with warmer temperatures can have higher nitrification rates and nitrogen loss potential, but waiting for cooler conditions in later fall risks an early winter conditions that may prevent application. Nitrate is susceptible to leaching and denitrification, which potentially could be minimized by including a nitrification inhibitor (NI) when applying manure. In this three-year study on corn, nitrapyrin was incorporated into liquid hog manure and applied at various fall timings and in spring. Soil samples were collected in the preceding fall, spring, and post-harvest, and plant nitrogen content, grain and stover were measured in the growing season. The seasonal manure application timing had a greater impact on plant responses than including the inhibitor, with spring manure applications having greater yields. It was found that there was an optimal window in November where fall-applied manure treatments had an economic benefit to being applied with a nitrification inhibitor.
Making sense of avulsions on debris-flow fans

Avulsions remain a critical but understudied aspect of debris-flow fans and flow hazard. A substantial body of work on fluvial systems provides a conceptual framework for understanding avulsions, but equivalent research on debris-flow systems has lagged behind. A small but growing set of field examples and analogue experiments shows that many, but not all, avulsions on debrisflow fans follow a relatively predictable ‘avulsion cycle’ that consists of (1) deposition of debris-flow material in the active channel, (2) backstepping of deposition toward the fan apex in one or more smallto medium-sized surges or flows, and (3) avulsion during a subsequent larger surge or flow that leaves the channel and establishes a new pathway down the fan. Debris flows tend to occupy persistent pathways on the time scale of individual flows, but over longer time scales (perhaps greater than ~5-20 flows, based on very limited data) flows tend to avulse to fill topographic lows, leading to compensational behavior. Avulsions may be encouraged by sequences of smallto medium-sized flows followed by a large flow, and discouraged by sequences of large flows in succession, although this idea remains speculative and needs to be tested. Avulsion frequency is important for understanding flow hazard but is poorly constrained, and cannot yet be predicted as a function of either flow or catchment characteristics. The advent of new, high-resolution topographic data from fan surfaces, coupled with methods to estimate the timing and abandonment of deposition on a wide range of fans, should allow us to begin to make some initial estimates of avulsion frequency and to understand the key controls on the timing and pattern of avulsions.
Geographical proximity vs network tie: innovation of equipment manufacturing firms in Shanghai, China

Recent theoretical arguments and empirical studies in economic geography have emphasized the importance of both geographical proximity and network tie for firm innovation. However, few studies have empirically assessed the effects of these two together. This paper examines and compares the effects of geographical proximity and network tie on innovation based on a unique dataset of equipment manufacturing firms in Shanghai, China. An extended spatial economic model is adopted for this analysis. We find evidence that network ties rather than geographical proximity promote firm innovation. This finding is different from previous studies using region as unit of analysis and suggests that geography and network may play different roles at different spatial scales. Moreover, we demonstrate that both internal factors such as firm's expenditures on R&D and human capital and external factors such as government expenditure on R&D and import of foreign technologies are important for innovation of Chinese equipment manufacturing firms.
Impact of Soil Salinity and Different Levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on the Productivity of some Flax Cultivars

The experiment was carried out under lyzometer condition ( salinity controlled conditions ) at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Department of Soil Chemistry, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons, to investigate the response of yields and its components to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers levels as well as technological characters of three flax cultivars under different saliniti levels. A split-split plot design with three replications was used. The main-plots were assigned to three flax cultivars i.e. Sakha3 (fiber type flax cultivar), Giza11 (dual purpose type flax cultivar) and Sakha5 (oil type flax cultivar). The sub-plots were allocated to some combination treatments of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers i.e. 45 kg N/fed. + 15.5 kg P2O5/fed. , 45 kg N/fed. + 22.5 kg P2O5/fed. , 55 kg N/fed. + 15.5 kg P2O5/fed. and 55 kg N/fed. + 22.5 kg P2O5/fed. and The subsub plots were concluded to four soil salinity levels (2, 4, 6 and 8 dsm). Results showed that Sakha3 cultivar significantly surpassed the other two evaluated flax cultivars producing the maximum fiber yield / plant and per fed. , fiber length, total fiber percentage , fiber fineness, straw yield per plant and straw yield per fed. in both seasons. Meanwhile, Giza11 cultivar significantly surpassed in the technical length, length of top capsule zone, number of capsules/plant, seed index , number of seeds/plant, seed yield per plant and per fed. in both seasons. However, Sakha5 cultivar significantly surpassed the other studied flax cultivars and produced the maximum values of seed oil content. All characters under study, except fiber fineness, gradually increased as nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer levels increased from 45 kg N/fed. +15.5 kg P2O5/fed. to 55 kg N/fed. + 22.5 kg P2O5/fed. Maximum seed, straw and fiber yields were found with fertilizing flax plants with 55 kg N/fed. + 22.5 kg P2O5/fed. On the contrast, increasing soil saliniti levels from 2 to 4,6 and 8 dsm resulted in marked reduction in the estimated characters, in the frst and second seasons. Generally, The following can be viewed that the highest values of straw and fiber yields/plant and per fed. and fiber fineness (in the first and second seasons) were produced from Sakha3 cultivar, while the highest number of seed yield per plant (in both seasons) and seed yields per fed. (in the second season) were resulted from Sakha5 cultivar when fertilized with 55 kg N/fed. +22.5 kg P2O5/fed. under the lowest salinity level of 2 dsm soil saliniti level condition.
Stoichiometric characteristics of different agroecosystems under the same climatic conditions in the agropastoral ecotone of northern China

Ecological stoichiometry affects the processes and functions of ecosystems, but the similarities and differences of stoichiometric characteristics among diverse agropastoral ecosystems under the same climatic conditions remain unclear. In this study, plant and soil stoichiometric characteristics of different agroecosystems, namely natural grassland (free-grazing and mowed grassland), artificial grassland (oat, Chinese leymus and corn silage), field crops (naked oats, flax and wheat) and commercial crops (cabbage and potatoes), were investigated in Guyuan County, China. Results showed total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and N:P ratios in plant tissue varied significantly among ecosystem types (P < 0.05). In general, the mean soil organic carbon, TN and TP content in the 0–0.3 m soil layer in potatoes (8.01, 1.05 and 0.33 g kg–1 respectively) were significantly lower than in other agroecosystems (P < 0.05). The mean C:N ratios of the 0–0.3 m soil layer did not differ significantly among the agroecosystems (P > 0.05). However, the C:P ratio was lower in potato than cabbage sites (24.64 vs 33.17), and was lower at both these sites than in other agroecosystems (P < 0.05). With regard to N:P ratios, only the potato ecosystem had lower values than in other ecosystems (P < 0.05), which did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Above all, N is more likely to be limiting than P for biomass production in local agroecosystems. Soil C:P and N:P ratios decreased significantly with an increase in the utilisation intensity (from natural grassland to commercial crop). The findings of this study suggest that restoring, preserving and increasing soil organic carbon (especially for cabbage and potatoes), scientifically adjusting the application of N and P fertiliser and enhancing subsidies for low-loss soil nutrient systems, such as grassland, rather than commercial crops will help improve and sustain agroecosystems.
Effects of Climate Variability: A Long-term Perspective on Leaf Litter Processing in the Ogeechee River

The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) predicts a rise in temperatures and changes to precipitation patterns for the 21st century. These changes are expected to lead to a higher frequency of extreme events such as drought and floods which lead to the alteration of the hydrology, communities, and processes of freshwater ecosystems. Leaf litter decomposition in stream ecosystems is an important component of the energy and nutrient cycle representing a food source for aquatic organisms. This has made it a tool for assessing long term responses to disturbance due to changes in the assemblage of macroinvertebrates that colonize leaf packs. My objective is to use long-term data to evaluate 5 years of leaf litter decomposition data at the Ogeechee River from 2013 through 2017 after a 3-year drought period (2010 2012) to assess the leaf decomposition process and the macroinvertebrate community associated with it. We predicted that disturbances due to climate variability, specifically drought and flood disturbances, will have an impact in the process and that factors such as temperature, discharge and potentially the shredder functional feeding group will drive these changes. Additionally, we predicted these types of disturbances will impact macroinvertebrate abundance and richness negatively. This study reveals changes in the rate of decomposition in a post-drought in 2013 and the subsequent years that are explained by fluctuations in temperature, discharge and potentially shredders. Additionally, we detected a shift in the species composition after the post-drought year into a more stable period alluding to a lag effect in species richness. In conclusion, we can predict an increase in decomposition rates during disturbance events, especially drought as well as a decrease in both abundance and richness. INDEX WORDS: Leaf litter decomposition, Climate change, Long-term data, Macroinvertebrates, Freshwater communities, Ogeechee River. EFFECTS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY: A LONG-TERM PERSPECTIVE ON LEAF LITTER PROCESSING IN THE OGEECHEE RIVER