Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the systematic position of some Asian enigmatic genera of Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae)

The phylogenetic structure of Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) has been elucidated at the tribal and subtribal levels in the last two decades. However, to date, the systematic positions of seven Asian genera, Cosmostigma, Graphistemma, Holostemma, Pentasachme, Raphistemma, Seshagiria and Treutlera, have not been investigated. In this study, we examine the evolutionary relationships among these seven small enigmatic Asian genera and clarify their positions in Asclepiadoideae, using a combination of plastid sequences of rbcL, rps16, trnL and trnL- F regions. Cosmostigma and Treutlera are resolved as members of the non-Hoya clade of Marsdenieae with strong support (maximum parsimony bootstrap support value BSMP = 96, maximum likelihood bootstrap support value BSML = 98, Bayesian-inferred posterior probability PP = 1.0). Pentasachme is resolved as sister of Stapeliinae to Ceropegieae with moderate support (BSMP = 64, BSML = 66, PP = 0.94). Graphistemma, Holostemma, Raphistemma and Seshagiria are all nested in the Asclepiadeae-Cynanchinae clade (BSMP = 97, BSML = 100, PP = 1.0). The study confirms the generally accepted tribal and subtribal structure of the subfamily. One exception is Eustegia minuta, which is placed here as sister to all Asclepiadeae (BSMP = 58, BSML = 76, PP = 0.99) and not as sister to the Marsdenieae + Ceropegieae clade. The weak support and conflicting position indicate the need for a placement of Eustegia as an independent tribe. In Asclepiadeae, a sister group position of Cynanchinae to the Asclepiadinae + Tylophorinae clade is favoured (BSMP = 84, BSML = 88, PP = 1.0), whereas Schizostephanus is retrieved as unresolved. Oxystelma appears as an early-branching member of Asclepiadinae with weak support (BSMP = 52, BSML = 74, PP = 0.69). Calciphila and Solenostemma are also associated with Asclepiadinae with weak support (BSMP = 37, BSML = 45, PP = 0.79), but all alternative positions are essentially without support. The position of Indian Asclepiadoideae in the family phylogeny is discussed. (c) 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174, 601-619.
A state-space algorithm for the superoptimal Hankel-Norm approximation problem

It has been demonstrated by N. T. Young [NATO ASI Series F34, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York, 1987] that given a stable matrix-valued function $G_0 (s)$ and a nonnegative integer k, there exists a unique superoptimal approximation $\Phi (s)$ with no more than k poles in the left half plane that minimizes the sequence $(s_1^\infty (G_0 + \Phi ),s_2^\infty (G_0 + \Phi ), \cdots )$, with respect to lexicographic ordering, where $s_i^\infty (G_0 + \Phi ): = \sup _\omega [s_i (G_0 + \Phi )(j\omega )]$ and $s_i ( \cdot )$ are the singular values in descending order of magnitude. This paper presents a constructive state-space algorithm that evaluates the superoptimal approximating matrix function. The procedure recursively minimizes each frequency-dependent singular value with the aid of all-pass transformations constructed from the kth Schmidt pairs of a sequence of Hankel operators. The algorithm may be stopped after an arbitrary number of, say, $l \leqq \min (m,p)$ steps. The representation formula at the .
ACINETOBACTER SPECIES IN THE HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENT

The spread of a multi-resistant glucose-acidifying Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain in a community hospital was studied. Mter admission of a colonized patient to the hospital the strain was found in clinical specimens from ICU patients and subsequently from several of these patients after transfer to medical wards. Environmental specimens from the ICU and medical wards were analysed in order to investigate the mode of spread of the strain. Isolates of A. calcoaceticus were screened by their antibiotic resistance pattern. In addition, the cell envelope protein electrophoretic profiles were used as epidemiological markers. The multi-resistant acinetobacters all had the same protein profile. To prevent spread of the epidemic strain strict hygienic measures were enforced, e.g. scrupulous cleaning of the room after discharge of any colonized patient and increased attention to the hand hygiene of the medical and nursing staff. Furthermore, the use of antibiotics was restricted. Although this strain was only eradicated with difficulty in the affected patients, it did not spread throughout the hospital. Colonization of patients with the multi-resistant micro-organism was predominantly localized to the ICU.
Analysis of facial pattern among 12–16-year-old students in Lagos, Nigeria

Background: Facial patterns or biotypes have been known to influence the treatment plan of orthodontic patients and analyze the facial patterns described by Ricketts. Determining the facial type is extremely important for orthodontic diagnosis and planning since the muscular and skeletal configuration of each facial type responds differently to the orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: A sample of 100 individuals was recruited by multistage sampling from three schools in Ikeja local government, Lagos State. Those aged between 12 and 16 years who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study after obtaining informed consent and assent from the parents and participants. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken for all participants, and the final sample after analysis of the radiographs was 84. The error of the cephalometric method was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Facial axis angle (Ptm-Gn/Ba-N) was used to classify the facial pattern into brachyfacial (<87°), mesofacial (87°–93°), and dolichofacial (>93°) Results: Out of the 84 participants, 60 (71.4%) had mesofacial facial pattern which consisted of 27 (32.1%) males and 33 (39.3%) females. 10 (11.9%) had brachyfacial pattern out of which 9 (10.7%) were male and 1 (1.2%) was a female. This difference between the males and females in the brachyfacial pattern was statistically significant with a P value of 0.014 (P ≤ 0.05). 14 (16.67%) participants had dolichofacial pattern with 5 (6.0%) males and 9 (10.7%) females. Conclusion: The mesofacial pattern had the highest frequency among the facial pattern types studied in this Nigerian population and was found to be more predominant among females. The brachyfacial pattern was seen more frequently in males while the dolichofacial pattern was more prevalent among females. The facial pattern assessment should guide the orthodontist in the use of appropriate mechanics to achieve an overall balanced occlusion and facial profile following orthodontic treatment.
C Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche BGP and inter-AS economic relationships

The structure of the Internet is still unknown even if it provides well-known services for a large part of the worldwide population. Its current configuration is the result of complex economic interaction developed in the last 20 years among important carriers and ISPs (i.e. ASes). Although with slight success, in the last few years some research work tried to shed light on the economic relationships established among ASes. Typical approaches employed in the above work proceed along two lines: first, data from BGP monitors spread out all over the world is gathered to infer an Internet AS-level topology graph, and second heuristics taking as input this graph are applied to get economic tags associated to all edges between nodes (i.e. ASes). In this paper we propose an innovative tagging approach leveraging on the lifetime of an AS path to infer the economic relationships on all edges joining the ASes crossed by the path itself, without cutting-off backup links, that bring economic information as well as stable links. The major findings of our approach can be summarized as follows: – data hygiene before infer the Internet AS-level topology graph − study on AS paths loops, human error and their impact on data correctness – life-time based tagging − we do not cut-off bakcup links − we evidence those tags are inferred only from a partial viewpoint − we evidence the maximum lifetime of the AS path that have contributed to infer the tag of each connection – classification of candidate Tier-1 AS based on three indexes reflecting the importance of an AS – explanation and life-time study of non valley-free AS paths
Macrojustice from equal liberty: The normative economics of optimum income taxation and distribution*

Unanimous actual practical opinion, reflective philosophy, and our basic social rule, seem to imply that overall distributive justice, and notably the proper income tax, are not to be defined from the maximization of a social welfare function of individual utilities. Rather, society should certainly respect the “social freedom” of the basic rights, and secure some kind of efficient equal freedom of choice in domains of choice which are necessarily non-identical. The various ways of specifying this principle lead to the same distributive structure of ELIE – equal labour income equalization –, which also amounts to an equal tax credit (or basic income) financed by an equal labour of all – or by a flat tax exempting overtime labour –; to each individual yielding to each other the proceeds of the same labour; and to a number of other highly meaningful properties. This scheme is incentive-compatible, implies a minimum income, and satisfies realistic no-envy. It applies to multidimensional labour and extends to situations of unemployment. Both its simple structure and the available information favour its practical application. The determination of its degree of distribution, solidarity and community – proper to each society – is discussed.
Discrimination of geomorphic surfaces with multivariate analysis of soil attributes in sandstone - basalt lithosequence

The geomorphic surface concept allows interrelationship among various branches of soil sciences, such as geology, geomorphology and pedology. This association enhances the understanding of spatial soil distribution through landscape, pointing out the soil attributes behavior, which are mainly related to stratigraphy and relief forms. Therefore, this study aims to apply multivariate statistics to categorize geomorphic surfaces in sandstone - basalt lithosequence, so as to provide a basis for soil assessment in similar areas. The study area is located in Pereira Barreto County, SP, Brazil. An area of 530 hectare was selected, where three geomorphic surfaces (I, II and III) were located and mapped. In this area, 134 soil samples were collected at depths of 0.0-0.2 m and 0.8-1.0 m below ground surface. Sand, silt and clay contents were determined, pH in CaCl2 solution, OM, P, Ca, Mg, K, Al and H+Al contents were also evaluated. Based on the results, univariate, multivariate analysis of variance, cluster and principal-component analysis were performed in order to compare the three geomorphic surfaces. The univariate statistical analysis of soil attributes was not efficient enough to categorize the three geomorphic surfaces. By using the physical and chemical soil properties, the multivariate statistical techniques enabled the differentiation of the three groups of soil natural bodies which were equivalent to the same three mapped geomorphic surfaces (GS). These results are interestingin order to demonstrate the feasibility of the numerical classification use on geomorphic surfaces to assist the soil mapping.
Higher-order Floquet topological phases with corner and bulk bound states

Periodically driven systems can be quite different from those in equilibrium. For example, vortices stirred in a fluid can trap nearby objects, such as bubbles. The authors report their theoretical discovery of new phases of a two-dimensional quantum system under periodic drive, in which nonequilibrium states are stabilized at the corners as well as within stirred vortices in the bulk. These are higher-order topological phases, exhibiting the intimate connection between corner and bulk vortex structures generated by spatiotemporal modulations.
Long‐term tracking of climate change by underground temperatures

Underground temperatures contain a record of past changes in the energy balance at the Earth's surface, such that borehole temperature data can be used to reconstruct long‐term trends of ground surface temperature (GST) changes. In addition to surface air temperature, however, GST is the response of the ground to other near surface processes that govern the surface energy balance. In order to compare GST histories constructed from geothermal data with surface air temperature (SAT) data, it is necessary to ascertain the relationship between these quantities. Here we jointly interpret four borehole temperature logs within a small area and SAT records from a nearby station. The subsurface temperature anomalies are consistent with the SAT data even in the presence of a variable snow regime, and different surface conditions. Our results indicate that borehole records are robust long‐term paleoclimatological indicators.
Socio-economic status of crab collectors and fatteners in the southwest region of Bangladesh

The study was conducted to assess the socio-economic conditions of mud crab (Scylla serrata) collectors and fatteners in Khulna and Satkhira districts. From January to June 2009, 40 crab collectors and 40 crab fatteners were considered where 45% of the crab collectors collected crabs from the Sundarban and fattening of mud crabs were generally done in bamboo cages and in ponds. Data analyses revealed that most of the crab collectors and fatteners were Hindus and few were Muslims. In the study area, 40% and 55% crab collectors and fatteners respectively were from the age group of 31-40 years. The crab collectors (80%) had above 6-10 members in their family and 55% of the crab fatteners had above 6-10 members. There were 45% of the crab fatteners had 151 decimal and above land, but 35% of the crab collectors had 0-50 decimal which was very small. Annual income of the crab collectors was less than Tk.90,000, where the lowest annual income of the crab fatteners was Tk. 90,000-150,000. Natural disasters and other constraints affected the livelihood of crab collectors and fatteners in the southwest region. So, crab collection and fattening are alternative sources of income and sustainable livelihood for the disadvantaged people in the southwest Bangladesh.
Koopman mode expansions between simple invariant solutions

A Koopman decomposition is a powerful method of analysis for fluid flows leading to an apparently linear description of nonlinear dynamics in which the flow is expressed as a superposition of fixed spatial structures with exponential time dependence. Attempting a Koopman decomposition is simple in practice due to a connection with dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). However, there are non-trivial requirements for the Koopman decomposition and DMD to overlap, which mean it is often difficult to establish whether the latter is truly approximating the former. Here, we focus on nonlinear systems containing multiple simple invariant solutions where it is unclear how to construct a consistent Koopman decomposition, or how DMD might be applied to locate these solutions. First, we derive a Koopman decomposition for a heteroclinic connection in a Stuart–Landau equation revealing two possible expansions. The expansions are centred about the two fixed points of the equation and extend beyond their linear subspaces before breaking down at a cross-over point in state space. Well-designed DMD can extract the two expansions provided that the time window does not contain this cross-over point. We then apply DMD to the Navier–Stokes equations near to a heteroclinic connection in low Reynolds number ( $Re=O(100)$ ) plane Couette flow where there are multiple simple invariant solutions beyond the constant shear basic state. This reveals as many different Koopman decompositions as simple invariant solutions present and once more indicates the existence of cross-over points between the expansions in state space. Again, DMD can extract these expansions only if it does not include a cross-over point. Our results suggest that in a dynamical system possessing multiple simple invariant solutions, there are generically places in phase space – plausibly hypersurfaces delineating the boundary of a local Koopman expansion – across which the dynamics cannot be represented by a convergent Koopman expansion.
'Rabbit Hutches on Postage Stamps': Planning, Development and Political Economy

The supply of land for housing has been restricted by planning controls. The prices of land and of houses have risen in consequence. As a result land has been used with increasing intensity with infill, 'town cramming' and smaller houses on less land—'rabbit hutches on postage stamps'; a destruction of the urban environment of the many to preserve a rural environment for a few. Why is the supply of land restricted? Firstly, it is suggested, because the British misapprehend the degree of urbanisation in their own country. Secondly, because rural and farming interests ensure that the planning system operates in their favour. And thirdly, and most importantly, because the planning process is tilted in favour of the existing residents of an area who seek to preserve their environment by resisting intruders. A number of suggestions are made to resolve the situation by increasing the supply of land or reducing the demand for land.
Ungendering and Regendering Shelters for Survivors of Human Trafficking

This article is based on intensive fieldwork in the two Israeli shelters designated for victims of human trafficking and slavery. The shelters, one for women and one for men, are a refuge for survivors of sex trafficking; labor migrants subjected to severe exploitation by their employers; and asylum seekers who arrived in Israel after experiencing severe physical and emotional abuse at the hands of kidnappers and smugglers en route to Israel. The study included interviews with policy makers and professionals, and with women and men who resided at the shelters, as well as an analysis of the relevant legislation and official reports. The article explores the problematic gendered differentiations between the two shelters. Most significantly, while support for residents of the shelter for women is anchored by emotional and psychological rehabilitation, residents of the shelter for men do not receive any therapeutic support. At the same time, while staff in the shelter for men put significant effort into the reintegration of the men into the labor force, the women’s employment prospects receive less attention. Based on these and other findings, the article cautions against gender-biased rehabilitation services for victims of human trafficking and slavery, and calls for a gender-sensitive rehabilitation theory and practice.
Solar Semidiurnal Tide in the Dusty Atmosphere of Mars

Abstract Vertical coupling due to the solar semidiurnal tide in Mars's atmosphere, and effects on zonal mean temperature and wind structures, are investigated using a numerical model. The model provides self-consistent solutions to the coupled zonal mean and tidal equations from the surface to 250 km. Breaking (convective instability) of the semidiurnal tide is parameterized using a linear saturation scheme with associated eddy diffusivities. Thermal forcing in the model gives rise to surface pressure perturbations and middle-atmosphere zonal mean winds and temperatures that are consistent with available measurements and general circulation models. Results presented here primarily focus on globally elevated dust levels during Southern Hemisphere summer, conditions similar to those experienced by the Viking 1 and Viking 2 landers during the 1977 global dust storms. Semidiurnal temperature and wind amplitudes maximize in the winter hemisphere and exceed 50 K and 100 m s−1 above 150 km and are typically 10–2.
Industry Dynamics With Stochastic Demand

We study the dynamics of an industry subject to aggregatedemand shocks where the productivity of a firm's technology evolvesstochastically over time. Each period, each firm, given the aggregatedemand shock, the productivity of its technology, and the distributionof technology productivities in the economy, (i) chooses whether toremain in the industry or to exit to sell its resources to an entrant;and (ii) an active firm chooses how much capital and labor to employ,and hence output to produce. To characterize the intertemporalevolution of the distribution of firms, we discuss in particular how exit decisions, aggregate output, profits and distributions offirm productivities vary, (a) across different demandrealization paths; (b) along a demand history path, detailingthe effects of continued good or bad market conditions; and (c) fordifferent anticipated future market conditions. Sufficient conditions are provide for worse demand realizations to lead toincreased exit of low-productivity firms and then to improveddistributions of firms at all future dates and states. Finally, it is shown that a downturn in demand can raise welfare due to the impact on exit decisions.
A Trait Specific Model of GM Crop Adoption among U.S. Corn Farmers in the Upper Midwest

This work offers a new approach to the adoption of GM crop varieties by adopting the econometric methodology of the characteristics-based demand literature. A random utility framework was implemented through different specifications of a conditional (CL) and a mixed multinomial logit (MMNL) model of crop-variety choice. Willingness-to-pay and price elasticity estimates for traits were calculated. The MMNL approach demonstrates that individuals' tastes for some traits significantly vary across the population. Results further suggest that labor saving technologies have a much wider potential to be adopted. Overall, the use of a trait-based model to examine the adoption patterns of GM crop varieties among corn farmers in Minnesota and Wisconsin reveals a new set of results and lessons that classic adoption models cannot provide.
G bg Binding Increases the Open Time of IKACh : Kinetic Evidence for Multiple G bg Binding Sites

IKACh is an inwardly rectifying potassium channel that plays an important role in the regulation of mammalian heart rate. IKACh is activated by direct interaction with Gbg subunits of pertussis toxin-sensitive heterotrimeric G-proteins. The stoichiometry of the Gbg/channel complex is currently unknown, and kinetic analysis of the channel behavior has led to conflicting conclusions. Here, we analyze the kinetics of the native IKACh channel in inside-out cardiomyocyte patches activated directly by Gbg. We conclude that the channel has at least two open states and that binding of Gbg prolongs its mean open time duration. These findings imply the existence of at least two binding sites on the channel complex for Gbg. We also show that the duration of the channel opening is negatively correlated with the duration of subsequent channel closing, which further constrains the possible kinetic models. A simple qualitative model describing the kinetic behavior of IKACh is presented.