Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE IN SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI: MITOCHONDRIAL VARIABLE NUMBER TANDEM REPEAT MUTATION PRODUCES NOISE ON TOP OF THE SIGNAL

The Schistosoma mansoni mitochondrial genome contains tandemly arrayed copies of a 62-base repeat motif. The tandem array is highly polymorphic with respect to number of repeats and commonly exhibits heteroplasmy. This study shows that a very high rate of mutation rapidly produces new repeat lengths (new haplotypes) for this mitochondrial variable number tandem repeat. A maternal inheritance pattern is also demonstrated for this repeat sequence, while the high mutation rate causes some offspring to exhibit nonmaternal haplotypes. Frequent generation of new haplotypes can be observed within samples of clonal cohorts taken from monomiracidial snail infections. These same clonal cercarial groups, when crossed, produce F1 generations that exhibit the maternal set of haplotypes, across all individuals, with the frequent addition of new mutant haplotypes. In each of 2 crosses, a subset of the recently arisen haplotypes match paternal haplotypes by chance (30.4% and 18.8%), thus giving the false appearance of partial paternal inheritance of mitochondria.
Automatic Evaluation of Trainee Nurses' Patient Transfer Skills Using Multiple Kinect Sensors

To help student nurses learn to transfer patients from a bed to a wheelchair, this paper proposes a system for automatic skill evaluation in nurses’ training for this task. Multiple Kinect sensors were employed, in conjunction with colored markers attached to the trainee’s and patient’s clothing and to the wheelchair, in order to measure both participants’ postures as they interacted closely during the transfer and to assess the correctness of the trainee’s movements and use of equipment. The measurement method involved identifying body joints, and features of the wheelchair, via the colors of the attached markers and calculating their 3D positions by combining color and depth data from two sensors. We first developed an automatic segmentation method to convert a continuous recording of the patient transfer process into discrete steps, by extracting from the raw sensor data the defining features of the movements of both participants during each stage of the transfer. Next, a checklist of 20 evaluation items was defined in order to evaluate the trainee nurses’ skills in performing the patient transfer. The items were divided into two types, and two corresponding methods were proposed for classifying trainee performance as correct or incorrect. One method was based on whether the participants’ relevant body parts were positioned in a predefined spatial range that was considered ‘correct’ in terms of safety and efficacy (e.g., feet placed appropriately for balance). The second method was based on quantitative indexes and thresholds for parameters describing the participants’ postures and movements, as determined by a Bayesian minimum-error method. A prototype system was constructed and experiments were performed to assess the proposed approach. The evaluation of nurses’ patient transfer skills was performed successfully and automatically. The automatic evaluation results were compared with evaluation by human teachers and achieved an accuracy exceeding 80%. key words: multiperson interaction, nursing skills, automatic skill evaluation, patient transfer, Kinect sensor systems
The Information Content of Analysts' Forecasts of REIT Earnings

In this study, we attempt to add some clarification to the ongoing debate of REITs. While REITs have some characteristics similar to those of common stocks, they behave fundamentally different from stocks in general. Using a matched sample comparison, we find that REITs have lower return variability and lower correlation to the market, but higher institutional participation than other firms. In tests of forecast unbiasedness, we observe significant levels of bias and inefficiency for both REITs and common stocks when we use traditional rational expectations models. Lastly, we examine the market reaction to earnings forecast revisions. All forecast revisions, for both REITs and stocks, have significant price reactions around the revision. These returns are magnified when the sample is divided into sub-categories based on the sign of the revision or whether the analyst simultaneously changed his investment recommendation. Furthermore, while forecast errors do have some explanatory power for returns around the revision date, the level is greater for stocks than for REITs.
Implementasi Peraturan Walikota Nomor 36 Tahun 2013 Tentang Kebijakan Kota Layak Anak

Children Friendly City policy is an effort to guarantee the fulfillment of the needs and protection of children's rights, child care and children's participation in the construction carried out in collaboration with stakeholders across sectors. Probolinggo became one of the adopts the policy. In contrast to other areas that have been bearing the title of children friendly city as Surabaya, Semarang, Malang and others, Probolinggo currently still holds the status “towards child-friendly city”. This research is a qualitative descriptive study using data collection methods of interview, observation and documentation. The purpose of this research to know the implementation process Probolinggo Mayor Regulation Number 36 of 2013 about children friendly city. During the implementation process doesn’t go smoothly there is problem. The issue of communication between policy implementers and implementers alike with the community, then the problem disposition implementing policies is still low, the lack of expertise of the human resources involved in policy and budget issues. Based on the phenomenon that occurs researcher interested in analyzing it using the theories of Edward III of policy implementation that consists of four indicators, namely communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structures.Survey results revealed that there was miscommunication between implementers and information is still not up to community because the community doesn’t know about the policy. On variable human resources of implementers policies the number has sufficient but for the skill still needs to be improved. Disposition is also a chore that needs to be resolved because commitment of implementers policies is still low. Fulfillment 31 indicators of child-friendly city is determined by the Ministry of Women's Empowerment is also still ongoing. Accordingly, need to increase the intensity of coordination through meetings held every month, and training workshops aiming improving skills and policy implementers make binding rules for implementers policies that are negligent to their duties and obligations.Keywords : Children friendly city, implementation of policies.
INDIVISIBILITIES, SYNERGY AND PROXIMITY: THE NEED FOR AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES

The aim of the paper is to present a review of the literature on agglomeration economies in a light such that it is possible to uncover the building blocks for use in a multidimentional approach to agglomeration economies. The paper claims that the different conceptual dimensions - industrial, socio-cultural/cognitive and geographic - build upon the three micro-foundations of agglomeration economies - indivisibility, synergy and proximity - and explain their nature, scope and intensity. The paper stresses two main issues. The first is that a socio-cultural/cognitive perspective still today ignored by mainstream approaches to agglomeration economies is an additional important conceptual dimension on which to understand the complex mechanisms whereby exchanges of knowledge, labour or intermediate goods take place in agglomerated areas. The second is that a multidimensional approach comprising the three different dimensions in the study of agglomeration economies makes it possible to overcome a deterministic approach to agglomeration economies and move instead towards a stochastic interpretation which opens the black box of this complex phenomenon. Copyright (c) 2009 by the Royal Dutch Geographical Society KNAG.
Risk Perceptions in UK Climate Change and Energy Policy Narratives

Abstract This paper analyses environmental narratives in the legislative stages presented in UK white papers, the Prime Minister's speeches, and the Queen's speeches, all of which were released between 1997 and 2011, during the regimes either of New Labour (1997–2010) or of the currently governing Coalition (2010–). This research acknowledges that the link between risk perception and environmental policy is strong because environmental policy narratives either reflect or influence risk perceptions, or both. The findings of this research demonstrate that the risk of climate change has emerged as a key agenda due to combined risk perceptions on economy and environment. Subsequently, that risk has developed a connection to the risk of energy scarcity and energy facilities. Nuclear power has posed a possible resolution to the energy risk, but at the same time, it has posed another kind of risk too. Under the Coalition government, the risk of natural diversity loss emerged while the risks of climate change and energy continued. The dynamics of the negotiation among different risk perceptions would depend on the power relations among the groups.
A New Species of the Rare Genus Anguillonema Fuchs, 1938 (Nematoda: Hexatylina, Sphaerularioidea) with Its Molecular Phylogenetic Study

Abstract Anguillonema amolensis n. sp. is described and illustrated based on its morphological, morphometric, and molecular characters. The new species is characterized by its 575 to 820 mm long and wide body (body width at vulva = 30 to 59 mm), irregularly ventrally curved after fixation, five to six lines in lateral fields, 6.0 to 7.5 mm long stylet with small rounded knobs, pharynx lacking a median bulb, pharyngo-intestinal junction anterior to nerve ring and excretory pore, females with monodelphic-prodelphic reproductive system, 15 to 19 mm long conical tail with broad rounded tip, and males absent. The new species is compared with two known species of the genus, Anguillonema poligraphi and A. crenati. Molecular phylogenetic studies of the new species using partial sequences of small subunit (SSU) rDNA revealed that it forms a clade with an unidentified nematode species and two species of the genus Howardula. In phylogenetic analyses using partial sequences of the 28S rDNA (D2-D3 segment), the new species formed a monophyletic group with species belonging to two genera Howardula and Parasitylenchus.
A conceptual framework to measure facilities management performance

This paper concerns the measurement of facilities management performance. Empirical research carried out indicates that facilities management appears to utilise a wide range of measures – not only traditional financial accounting measures, but also indicators of managerial behaviour as well as various other measures of effectiveness. Considers the basis for measurement of performance in facilities management with reference to a conceptual framework identified by taking into consideration the advantages and some of the drawbacks with current performance measurement systems.
Clinical Comparison of Bone Scintigraphy with 99Tcm-DPD, 99Tcm-HDP and 99Tcm-MDP

The bone-imaging agents MDP, DPD and HDP were compared radiochemically (only minor differences were found) in 12 patients with prostatic and 12 patients with breast carcinoma. Each patient received both MDP and either DPD or HDP. The scintigraphic examinations were compared visually and quantitatively. The uptake ratio normal bone/soft tissue was higher for DPD and HDP than for MDP. The ratio pathologic bone/normal bone was highest for MDP, particularly for prostatic carcinoma. The differences in this ratio for breast carcinoma were in general non-significant. The observed differences were minor and of little practical importance.
Behavioral Capital Asset Pricing Theory

Abstract This paper develops a capital asset pricing theory in a market where noise traders interact with information traders. Noise traders are traders who commit cognitive errors while information traders are free of cognitive errors. The theory includes the determination of the mean-variance efficient frontier, the return on the market portfolio, the term structure, and option prices. The paper derives a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of price efficiency in the presence of noise traders and analyzes the effects of noise traders on price efficiency, volatility, return anomalies, volume, and noise trader survival.
Interrelationships between Monetary Instruments and Agricultural Commodity Trade

During the last decade agricultural economists have devoted increasing attention to the macroeconomic aspects of agricultural problems. Indeed, a recent presidential address to the American Agricultural Economics Association (Tweeten) centered on the macroeconomics of agriculture. Given the currency of the monetary approach to macroeconomics, it is not surprising, therefore, that there is also a growing interest in the effects of monetary instruments and monetary phenomena on agricultural commodity trade. In this paper I shall discuss what I feel are some of the most pertinent issues that researchers must address in this area. Before we proceed too far with our discussion, it is important to define what I mean by a monetary instrument. Perhaps arbitrarily, I reserve the term "monetary instrument" for those macroeconomic variables which are primarily determined within domestic or international monetary markets. Obvious examples are the level of the money supply, interest rates, and exchange rates. I justify the term instrument by noting that as far as the agricultural sector is concerned these variables are, by and large, predetermined. For example, the levels of the money supply and interest rates in the United States are to a large extent determined by the policy of the Federal Reserve. Similarly, the price of the currency-the exchange rateis ultimately determined by the demand and the supply for the currency and thus at least partially by governmental policy. The first step in any attempt to outline research needs and goals is an identification of what has been done in the past. Although the literature on the macroeconomics of agriculture is farily large and rapidly expanding, Eckstein and Heien, Lamm, Schuh (1976), and Tweeten are important examples, relatively li tl attention has been given to the effect of monetary instruments on agricultural trade. What attention has been given to this area of resea ch has revolved mainly around the role of exchange rates in determining agricultural exports and prices. Thus, it is logical to start our discussion with a brief survey of the literature on exchange rates and agriculture.
Performance Evaluation of a Dual‐Flow Recharge Filter for Improving Groundwater Quality

A dual‐flow multimedia stormwater filter integrated with a groundwater recharge system was developed and tested for hydraulic efficiency and pollutant removal efficiency. The influent stormwater first flows horizontally through the circular layers of planted grass and biofibers. Subsequently, the flow direction changes to a vertical direction so that water moves through layers of pebbles and sand and finally gets recharged to the deep aquifers. The media in the sequence of vegetative medium:biofiber to pebble:sand were filled in nine proportions and tested for the best performing combination. Three grass species, viz., Typha (Typha angustifolia), Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides), and St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum), were tested as the best performing vegetative medium. The adsorption behavior of Coconut (Cocos nucifera) fiber, which was filled in the middle layer, was determined by a series of column and batch studies.
Phenotypic study of human gingival fibroblasts labeled with superparamagnetic anionic nanoparticles.

BACKGROUND A specific labeler of the human gingival fibroblast (HGF) does not exist. Anionic maghemite nanoparticles allow labeling of a wide cell variety and their recognition in cellular, organotypical, and animal models. METHODS We studied internalization effects of nanoparticles on an HGF phenotype in vitro, evaluating transcription and secretion of connective tissue remodeling molecules, i.e., matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and cytokines controlling their activation/inhibition, i.e., transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukins 1beta and 4 (IL-1beta and IL-4). After proliferation kinetics, cellular uptake was studied by Perls coloration and magnetophoresis on labeled culture. Dot blotting, Western blotting, and zymography were used to detect MMP-1, -2, and -3 and TIMP-1 and -2 secretions in culture supernatants, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect the mRNA expression of these molecules. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were used to determine TGF-beta1, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-4 levels. RESULTS Our data indicated high (15.3+/-5.8 pg/cell) but heterogeneous distribution of nanoparticles in HGF. Twenty-four hours after labeling, MMP-1, -2, and -3 and TIMP-2 secretion increased (P<0.001) with RT-PCR confirmation at 12 hours, whereas TIMP-1 did not. IL-1beta increased at day 1 (D1) (P<0.001) and IL-4 at D3 (P<0.01), but not TGF-beta1 or TNF-alpha. CONCLUSIONS After labeling with these maghemite nanoparticles, HGF increased secretion of IL-1beta at D1, probably inducing the increase of MMP-1, -2, and -3 and TIMP-2. The increase of IL-4 secretion began with the decreased synthesis of MMPs and TIMPs at D3. Despite this transitory inflammatory reaction at 3 days following internalization, maghemite nanoparticles did not affect HGF phenotype, thereby authorizing their use as labelers.
Tenants, Landlords, and Soil Conservation

It has long been argued that tenants tend to overexploit land, but this conventional wisdom has been derived largely without consideration of landlords' actions. We examine what happens when landlords can invest in durable conservation measures in addition to choosing rental contract terms. When tenants are risk neutral, landlords overinvest in conservation under cash rental contracts but can achieve first best levels of output and protection against land degradation when conservation investment is combined with share rental. When tenants are risk averse, the first best is unattainable. In this case, conservation investment combined with share rental results in output levels below the first best, while equilibrium conservation investment may be greater or less than the first best. These results suggest that contract form and conservation investments are likely made simultaneously, so that econometric studies of conservation practice adoption that treat rental status as exogenous are likely subject to bias. Copyright 2007, Oxford University Press.
Explaining Regionalist Party Positioning in a Multi-dimensional Ideological Space: A Framework for Analysis

This contribution proposes an analytical framework for explaining regionalist parties' ideological positioning in the multi-dimensional political space. It focuses on three ideological dimensions: centre–periphery, left–right and European integration. Positioning along the first two dimensions is explained in terms of socio-structural characteristics of the regions and the incentives posed by institutional/political environments. Then mutual influences between positioning on the three different ideological dimensions are discussed. The structural characteristics of the regions are particularly useful in locating the main regionalist party in each region to the left or right of centre and, to some extent, in explaining centre–periphery radicalism. Voting systems and the dynamics of (multi-level) party systems help us to explain political fragmentation of the regionalist movement, changes of positions through time and the adoption of moderate or radical positions in both centre–periphery and left–right dimensions. Finally, the analysis of cross-dimension positioning suggests that moderate centre–periphery stances (i.e. non-secessionist) tend to match with liberal or (especially Christian-democratic) moderate and conservative positions. It also suggests that anti-European integration positions match with left–right radicalism and, increasingly so, with centre–periphery radicalism.
Inactivation of the Antifungal and Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Cathelicidin LL-37 by Aspartic Proteases Produced by the Pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans

ABSTRACT Constant cross talk between Candida albicans yeast cells and their human host determines the outcome of fungal colonization and, eventually, the progress of infectious disease (candidiasis). An effective weapon used by C. albicans to cope with the host defense system is the release of 10 distinct secreted aspartic proteases (SAPs). Here, we validate a hypothesis that neutrophils and epithelial cells use the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 to inactivate C. albicans at sites of candidal infection and that C. albicans uses SAPs to effectively degrade LL-37. LL-37 is cleaved into multiple products by SAP1 to -4, SAP8, and SAP9, and this proteolytic processing is correlated with the gradual decrease in the antifungal activity of LL-37. Moreover, a major intermediate of LL-37 cleavage—the LL-25 peptide—is antifungal but devoid of the immunomodulatory properties of LL-37. In contrast to LL-37, LL-25 did not affect the generation of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils upon treatment with phorbol esters. Stimulating neutrophils with LL-25 (rather than LL-37) significantly decreased calcium flux and interleukin-8 production, resulting in lower chemotactic activity of the peptide against neutrophils, which may decrease the recruitment of neutrophils to infection foci. LL-25 also lost the function of LL-37 as an inhibitor of neutrophil apoptosis, thereby reducing the life span of these defense cells. This study indicates that C. albicans can effectively use aspartic proteases to destroy the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties of LL-37, thus enabling the pathogen to survive and propagate.
Dose to medium versus dose to water as an estimator of dose to sensitive skeletal tissue

The purpose of this study is to determine whether dose to medium, Dm, or dose to water, Dw, provides a better estimate of the dose to the radiosensitive red bone marrow (RBM) and bone surface cells (BSC) in spongiosa, or cancellous bone. This is addressed in the larger context of the ongoing debate over whether Dm or Dw should be specified in Monte Carlo calculated radiotherapy treatment plans. The study uses voxelized, virtual human phantoms, FAX06/MAX06 (female/male), incorporated into an EGSnrc Monte Carlo code to perform Monte Carlo dose calculations during simulated irradiation by a 6 MV photon beam from an Elekta SL25 accelerator. Head and neck, chest and pelvis irradiations are studied. FAX06/MAX06 include precise modelling of spongiosa based on µCT images, allowing dose to RBM and BSC to be resolved from the dose to bone. Modifications to the FAX06/MAX06 user codes are required to score Dw and Dm in spongiosa. Dose uncertainties of ∼1% (BSC, RBM) or ∼0.5% (Dm, Dw) are obtained after up to 5 days of simulations on 88 CPUs. Clinically significant differences (>5%) between Dm and Dw are found only in cranial spongiosa, where the volume fraction of trabecular bone (TBVF) is high (55%). However, for spongiosa locations where there is any significant difference between Dm and Dw, comparisons of differential dose volume histograms (DVHs) and average doses show that Dw provides a better overall estimate of dose to RBM and BSC. For example, in cranial spongiosa the average Dm underestimates the average dose to sensitive tissue by at least 5%, while average Dw is within ∼1% of the average dose to sensitive tissue. Thus, it is better to specify Dw than Dm in Monte Carlo treatment plans, since Dw provides a better estimate of dose to sensitive tissue in bone, the only location where the difference is likely to be clinically significant.