Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of Students' Motivation, Attitude and Anxiety in Learning English at Intermediate Level in Pakistan: A Gender Based Study

The aim of present research is to highlight the role of three variables of attitude, motivation and classroom anxiety towards English language learning at Intermediate level in Pakistan. These factors play an important role to show the problems and aptitude (liking-disliking) related to second language (L2) learning process. The present research provides an account of gender based students’ approach of motivation, attitude and anxiety towards English language learning in multilingual context. The research is based on a close ended survey questionnaire on 5-point Likert scale, which describes about the ratio of students’ attitude, motivation and classroom anxiety during English language learning process of grade 12 class students in a well-known college of Faisalabad, Pakistan. This research presents the affirmative views of equal number of 112 students both male (56) and female (56). The findings of the research show that the females have higher level of motivation and attitude towards English language while males have higher level of anxiety as compared to the females. It is suggested that the teachers should motivate the students towards English learning to promote their positive attitudes towards English. Satisfactory English medium at grass root level will be more effective because mostly students in Pakistan belong to ruler areas and their medium is Urdu. Students must provide better listening programs related to English language learning to facilitate and enhance the interest of students.
Incorporating Surface Convection into a 3D Babcock–Leighton Solar Dynamo Model

The convective flows observed on the photosphere (e.g., supergranulation, granulation) play a key role in the Babcock–Leighton (BL) process to generate large-scale polar fields from sunspot fields. In most surface flux transport (SFT) and BL dynamo models, the dispersal and migration of surface fields are modeled as an effective turbulent diffusion. Recent SFT models have incorporated explicit, realistic convective flows in order to improve the fidelity of convective transport but, to our knowledge, this has not yet been implemented in previous BL models. We present the first kinematic 3D Flux-Transport/BL model to explicitly incorporate realistic convective flows based on solar observations. Though we describe a means to generalize these flows to 3D, we find that the kinematic small-scale dynamo action they produce disrupts the operation of the cyclic dynamo. The cyclic solution is found by limiting the convective flow to act only on the vertical radial component of the magnetic field. The results obtained are generally in good agreement with the observed surface flux evolution and with non-convective models that have a turbulent diffusivity of the order of 3 × 1012 cm2 s−1 (300 km2 s−1). However, we find that the use of a turbulent diffusivity underestimates the dynamo efficiency, producing weaker mean fields and a shorter cycle than in the convective models. Also, the convective models exhibit bands of mixed polarity in the polar regions that have no counterpart in solar observations, and the poleward migration speed of poloidal flux is determined mainly by the meridional flow and the vertical diffusion.
Increased Virus Uptake Alone is Insufficient to Account for Viral Burst Size Increase during Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Viral Infection

Increased Virus Uptake Alone is Insufficient to Account for Viral Burst Size Increase during Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Viral Infection Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a generally accepted hypothesis to explain increased viremia and disease severity during secondary human DENV infections. In addition to an increased number of infected cells, its mechanism has been postulated as either an increased uptake or an elevated production of viruses per infected cell during ADE infection. The latter postulate, however, has not been rigorously tested. Using Fc gamma receptor (Fcϒ R)-positive and type I IFN-positive (THP-1 and U937) or negative (K562) human myeloid cells, and a combination of techniques including flow cytometry, plaque assay, and real time qPCR assay, we found ADE infection led to significant burst size increase in all three cell types.
Amelioration of oxidative stress in broilers during summer

A comparative study on antistressor and antioxidative effects of synthetic vitamin C and polyherbal feed premix Ayucee supplementation in broilers was conducted during the summer months of June-July when the mean temperature-humidity index was 84.74±2.51. Day old broiler chicks (n =60) were randomly divided into three groups. Control group I was given basal diet and treatment groups (II&III) were supplemented with Synthetic vitamin C (100g/tonne of feed) and Ayucee (100g/tonne of feed) from day 0 to six weeks of age. Biochemical parameters were analysed after 3rd & 5th week & erythrocytic antioxidant enzymes were analysed after 3rd & 6th week of experiment. Hormonal & immunological parameters were analysed after 6th of experimental study. After 3rd week, mean plasma glucose, cholesterol & antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase (GSSG) were significantly (P≤ 0.01) lower in treated groups (II & III) than control (I); however total protein, albumin to globulin ratio & antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly (P≤ 0.05) different in group II & III compared to group I. After 5th week, mean plasma glucose, total protein, albumin globulin ratio were significantly (P≤ 0.05) different in both the treatments compared to control. Erythrocytic GSSG were significantly (P≤ 0.05) different in both the treatments than control, as observed after 6th week. Stress hormones namely cortisol & thyroxine (T4) were observed to be significantly (P≥0.05) higher in untreated control than the treated groups. However, the two treatments did not differ significantly. Mean total immunoglobulin (Ig) level was significantly (P≤0.01) higher in AYUCEE & vit-C treated birds than control after 6th week of study. It can be concluded from the results that oxidative stress in broilers during summer could be ameliorated using antioxidant synthetic vitamin C & the polyherbal antistressor, immunomodulator & adaptogenic feed premix AYUCEE.
A study on self esteem among men and women volleyball players.

Self esteem is a term used in psychology to reflect a person's overall emotional evaluation of his or her own worth. It is a judgment of oneself as well as an attitude toward the self. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs and emotions such as triumph, despair, pride and shame. Self-esteem is the experience of being competent to cope with the basic challenges of life and being worthy of happiness. The purpose of the present study was to compare the level of self-esteem among men and women National Volleyball players. The sample for the study consists of 20 men National Volleyball Players and 20 women National Volleyball Players are the Participants in the Federation Cup National Volleyball Championship held at Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium, Pathanamthitta, Kerala during the year 2012-2013. The age of the subjects ranged from 18 to 30 years. To find out their level of self-esteem, Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES) developed by Rosenberg (1965) was administered on the subjects. ‘t’ test was used to analyze the data. Results of the study revealed no significant difference between men and women National Volleyball Players in regard to Self esteem
Impact of Situational Factors on Attention to Detail

The present study examined the ensuing person-situation debate. The independent variables included situational strength (strong verses weak), conscientiousness, and attention to detail. The dependent variable was performance on two different tasks, where good performance required high levels of thorough and focused behavior. This study sought to test the hypothesis that in strong situations there would be more uniform behaviors (less influence of personality) then in weak situations. It also examined the hypothesis that in a weak situation, narrow traits would be a stronger predictor of tasks performance than broad traits, but in a strong situation, there would not be a difference between broad and narrow traits. The hypothesis was not supported. Results of the study indicated that there were no significant main effects. The three-way interaction was not significant either. However, there was a significant two-way interaction of conscientious and the situation on the memo recall task performance. Specifically, participants with low levels of conscientiousness performed better when there were no consequences present. The findings are to be interpreted with caution as the sample size is too low to generalize.
Revisiting the effects of minimum wages in developing countries Evidence from a particular policy change in Honduras ∗

This paper exploits a recent policy change in Honduras to study the effects of the minimum wage in a dual labor market. Using a large individual data set, I propose using this policy as a natural experiment to obtain estimates of its impact on formal and informal workers’ earnings. The main results indicate positive effects for formal workers and find significant evidence of a short-lived lighthouse effect on informal employees. In distributive terms, the minimum wage markedly reduced poverty among the employed since the increase mostly affected low earning formal workers and higher paid informal workers; suggesting that this last group constitutes the beneficiaries of the spillover.
Litter and Commercial Turkey Strain Influence on Focal Ulcerative Dermatitis (“Breast Buttons”)

Abstract Focal ulcerative dermatitis (FUD), commonly referred to as “breast buttons,” is a chronic skin disease affecting unfeathered skin over the keel of the breast of turkeys and occurring most frequently in males. A series of six studies with male turkeys (n=11,680) examined risk factors associated with the occurrence of FUD. Factors studied included age, litter treatments (perlite, lime, or brooding on crenelated paper), litter type (pine sawdust, soft pine shavings, coarse pine shavings, peanut hulls, or find pine shavings), litter conditions (moisture, pH, or ammonia), commercial strain of turkey, and body weight. In all studies, occurrence of FUD is low (
Analytical treatment of Alfvén resonances and singularities in nonuniform magnetoplasmas

The linear resonant excitation of Alfven waves in a cold plasma permeated by a nonuniform magnetic field is considered. The equilibrium magnetic field is irrotational and possesses an invariant coordinate perpendicular to the direction of the field. By solving for the coefficients in a Generalized Frobenius Series the regular and singular solutions may be generated. The singular solution is logarithmic and produces a net absorption of energy at the resonant field line. The efficiency of coupling between the fast mode and the resonant Alfven mode is determined by the following overlap integral along the resonant field line, ∫(ξβrbγ0/hβ)dl; ξβr is the resonant eigenfunction, bγ0 is the compressional/parallel magnetic field perturbation, and hβ is proportional to the separation of background lines of force in the invariant direction. The amplitude of the singular solution is proportional to this integral, while the rate of energy absorption at the resonance is proportional to its square. It is also shown how.
Understanding Asset Correlations

We document an inverse relation between stock-bond correlations and correlations of growth and inflation. We find that rising inflation uncertainty lowers stock prices but can either lower or raise nominal bond prices depending on whether inflation is counter- or procyclical. We show that the time-varying comovement of growth and inflation has important implications for how inflation impacts asset prices. We explain our findings in a long-run risk model with non-neutral inflation shocks and regime shifts, allowing for countercyclical and procyclical inflation regimes. The model can produce an upward-sloping real yield curve and rationally explains the so-called Fed-model. Finally, inflation and monetary policy shocks were important drivers of stock-bond correlations during the countercyclical period 1965-2000 while output shocks dominated during the procyclical period 2000-2011.
Do women and minorities earn less due to occupational segregation, lower wages, or fewer hours?

Using consistently estimated occupational, wage, and hours equations, we calculate earnings differentials by gender, race, and ethnicity. For example, if the market treated women like men, the average women would have earned $133 more per week so that American women would have earned $338 billion more per year. We decompose the earnings differential into wage, hours, and occupational effects. Occupational segregation explains little of the earnings differential for women, but roughly a fifth of the differential for black and Hispanic men. For all groups, within-occupation wage discrimination is responsible for most of the earnings differential.
Progenitor mass constraints for core-collapse supernovae from correlations with host galaxy star formation⋆

Using Hemission as a tracer of on-going (<16 Myr old) and near-UV emission as a tracer of recent (16-100 Myr old) star formation, we present constraints on the properties of core- collapse supernova progenitors through the association of their explosion sites with star form- ing regions. Amalgamating previous results with those gained from new data, we present statistics of a large sample of supernovae; 163.5 type II (58 IIP, 13 IIL, 13.5 IIb, 19 IIn and 12 'impostors', plus 48 with no sub-type classification) and 96.5 type Ib/c (39.5 Ib and 52 Ic, plus 5 with no sub-type classification). Using pixel statist ics we build distributions of asso- ciations of different supernova types with host galaxy star formation. Our main findings and conclusions are: 1) An increasing progenitor mass sequence is observed, implied from an increasing associ- ation of supernovae to host galaxy Hemission. This commences with the type Ia showing the weakest association, followed by the type II, then the Ib , with the Ic showing the strongest correlation to star forming regions. Thus our progenitor mass sequence runs Ia-II-Ib-Ic. 2) Overall the type Ibc supernovae are found to occur nearer to bright HII regions than super- novae of type II. This implies that the former have shorter stellar lifetimes thus arising from more massive progenitor stars. 3) While type IIP supernovae do not closely follow the on-going star formation, they accu- rately trace the recent formation. This implies that their p rogenitors arise from stars at the low end of the CC SN mass sequence, consistent with direct detections of progenitors in pre- explosion imaging. 4) Similarly the type IIn supernovae trace recent but not the on-going star formation. This implies that, contrary to the general consensus, the majori ty of these supernovae do not arise from the most massive stars. Results and suggestive constraints are also presented for t he less numerous supernovae of types IIL, IIb, and supernova 'impostors'. Finally we prese nt analysis of possible biases in the data, the results of which argue strongly against any select ion effects that could explain the relative excess of type Ibc supernovae within bright HII regions. Thus intrinsic progenitor dif- ferences in the sense of the mass sequence we propose remain the most plausible explanation of our findings.
Germination and Growth in Control and Primed Seeds of Pepper as Affected by Salt Stress

Abstract Salinity is an important abiotic stress which can affect crop production in the world. One of the simplest methods for improving salinity tolerance of plants is seeds priming. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of seeds priming with three solutions (KCl , NaCl and CaCl2) in germination and later growth of three pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars: Beldi, Baklouti and Anaheim Chili. Seeds germination was conducted in a completely randomized design under seven salinity levels (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 g L-1) at room temperature for primed and control seeds. Plants derived from these germinated seeds (control and primed) were transplanted and cultivated in a greenhouse for 4 months and were irrigated permanently with seven salinity levels (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 g L-1). The results showed that salinity affected all parameters under study like total germination percentage and chlorophyll level (a and b). As well, proline content increased as response to increasing salinity. The plants derived and grown from primed seeds showed a considerable tolerance to salt stress and gave better results. In fact, priming improved the salt resistance of pepper owing to more chlorophyll and proline accumulation. These results suggest that seed priming induced possible physiological adjustments in pepper seeds, especially in the early stages of development, and could be used as a suitable tool for improving germination and growth characteristics under salt stress conditions.
Modeling Mind and Matter: Reductionism and Psychological Measurement in Cognitive Neuroscience

The article presents the author's response to an article related to reductionism and psychological measurement in cognitive neuroscience by Rogier A. Kievit and Denny Borsboom, published in a previous issue of the periodical. The author says that the commentaries by the writers in the article suggests that the implementation of conceptually guided psychometric models is viable. He also focuses on the relation between people and reductionism mentioned by the writers in the article.
Does Considering Key Audit Matters Affect Auditor Judgment Performance?

This study examines the impact of considering key audit matters (KAM) on auditor judgment performance. This study uses a 2×2 between-subjects experiment based on a goodwill impairment testing case with 73 auditors. The two independent variables KAM consideration (present vs. absent) and client pressure (high vs. low) are manipulated. As dependent variables, skeptical judgment and action as different facets of auditor judgment performance are used. The results suggest that auditors exhibit significantly less skeptical judgment when KAM consideration is present than when KAM consideration is absent. This implies that, when considering KAM, auditors are more willing to acquiesce to their clients’ desired accounting treatments due to moral licensing. By showing that KAM consideration leads to less skeptical judgment, it can be documented that the new KAM reporting requirement, intended to improve the communicative value of the auditor’s report for users (IAASB, 2012), comes at the expense of auditor judgment performance. As in every experiment, the risk that the results are case-specific has to be acknowledged.
Scientific Missions and Technologies of the ISSS on board the NEXTSat-1

Copyright © The Korean Space Science Society http://janss.kr plSSN: 2093-5587 elSSN: 2093-1409 Received Dec 30, 2013 Revised Jan 13, 2014 Accepted Jan 14, 2014 †Corresponding Author E-mail: crchoi@kaist.ac. kr Tel: +82-42-350-2565, Fax: +82-42-350-5525 This is an open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Technical Paper J. Astron. Space Sci. 31(1), 73-81 (2014) http://dx.doi. org/10.5140/JASS.2014. 31.1. 73
The influence of temperature on ozone production under varying NO x conditions – a modelling study

Abstract. Surface ozone is a secondary air pollutant produced during the atmospheric photochemical degradation of emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Temperature directly influences ozone production through speeding up the rates of chemical reactions and increasing the emissions of VOCs, such as isoprene, from vegetation. In this study, we used an idealised box model with different chemical mechanisms (Master Chemical Mechanism, MCMv3.2; Common Representative Intermediates, CRIv2; Model for OZone and Related Chemical Tracers, MOZART-4; Regional Acid Deposition Model, RADM2; Carbon Bond Mechanism, CB05) to examine the non-linear relationship between ozone, NOx and temperature, and we compared this to previous observational studies. Under high-NOx conditions, an increase in ozone from 20 to 40 °C of up to 20 ppbv was due to faster reaction rates, while increased isoprene emissions added up to a further 11 ppbv of ozone. The largest inter-mechanism differences were obtained at high temperatures and high-NOx emissions. CB05 and RADM2 simulated more NOx-sensitive chemistry than MCMv3.2, CRIv2 and MOZART-4, which could lead to different mitigation strategies being proposed depending on the chemical mechanism. The increased oxidation rate of emitted VOC with temperature controlled the rate of Ox production; the net influence of peroxy nitrates increased net Ox production per molecule of emitted VOC oxidised. The rate of increase in ozone mixing ratios with temperature from our box model simulations was about half the rate of increase in ozone with temperature observed over central Europe or simulated by a regional chemistry transport model. Modifying the box model set-up to approximate stagnant meteorological conditions increased the rate of increase of ozone with temperature as the accumulation of oxidants enhanced ozone production through the increased production of peroxy radicals from the secondary degradation of emitted VOCs. The box model simulations approximating stagnant conditions and the maximal ozone production chemical regime reproduced the 2 ppbv increase in ozone per degree Celsius from the observational and regional model data over central Europe. The simulated ozone–temperature relationship was more sensitive to mixing than the choice of chemical mechanism. Our analysis suggests that reductions in NOx emissions would be required to offset the additional ozone production due to an increase in temperature in the future.
Spaceborne visible and thermal infrared lithologic mapping of impact‐exposed subsurface lithologies at the Haughton impact structure, Devon Island, Canadian High Arctic: Applications to Mars

Abstract— This study serves as a proof‐of‐concept for the technique of using visible‐near infrared (VNIR), short‐wavelength infrared (SWIR), and thermal infrared (TIR) spectroscopic observations to map impact‐exposed subsurface lithologies and stratigraphy on Earth or Mars. The topmost layer, three subsurface layers and undisturbed outcrops of the target sequence exposed just 10 km to the northeast of the 23 km diameter Haughton impact structure (Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada) were mapped as distinct spectral units using Landsat 7 ETM+ (VNIR/SWIR) and ASTER (VNIR/SWIR/TIR) multispectral images. Spectral mapping was accomplished by using standard image contrast‐stretching algorithms. Both spectral matching and deconvolution algorithms were applied to image‐derived ASTER TIR emissivity spectra using spectra from a library of laboratory‐measured spectra of minerals (Arizona State University) and whole‐rocks (Ward's). These identifications were made without the use of a priori knowledge from the field (i.e., a “blind” analysis). The results from this analysis suggest a sequence of dolomitic rock (in the crater rim), limestone (wall), gypsum‐rich carbonate (floor), and limestone again (central uplift). These matched compositions agree with the lithologic units and the pre‐impact stratigraphic sequence as mapped during recent field studies of the Haughton impact structure by Osinski et al. (2005a). Further conformation of the identity of image‐derived spectra was confirmed by matching these spectra with laboratory‐measured spectra of samples collected from Haughton. The results from the “blind” remote sensing methods used here suggest that these techniques can also be used to understand subsurface lithologies on Mars, where ground truth knowledge may not be generally available.