Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigating the stratigraphy of Mare Imbrium flow emplacement with Earth‐based radar

The lunar maria are the product of extensive basaltic volcanism that flooded widespread portions of the Moon's surface. Constraining mare volcanic history therefore provides a window into the endogenic processes responsible for shaping the Moon. Due to the low magma viscosity and the associated thin nature of lava units, the majority of mare surface structures are masked and subdued by impact regolith. Subtle individual mare flow morphologies, coupled with spatial limitations in the use of crater size distributions to distinguish surface units close in age, restrict our understanding of mare stratigraphy. Earth‐based 70 cm wavelength (P band) radar can reveal features beneath the regolith and highlight very subtle changes in the ilmenite content of the flows, providing a unique means to map mare units. Here we map volcanic units in Mare Imbrium using high‐resolution (200 m/pixel), Earth‐based P band data. Situated within the heat‐producing potassium, rare earth element, and phosphorus terrane, Mare Imbrium experienced some of the most long‐lived (and recent) lunar volcanism, and its surface exhibits a significant diversity of basaltic chemistry. Our investigation identifies at least four distinct stages of volcanic activity, originating from multiple sources within Imbrium. The most recent of these stages comprises extensive, yet relatively thin volcanic flow units that left remnant kipukas of older mare material distributed across much of the basin. From a future mission perspective, it may be possible to collect samples expressing a wide range in age from small areas of Mare Imbrium. Our map also places important constraints on the interpretation of the Chang'e‐3 Lunar Penetrating Radar measurements.
Conception of Wisdom in Emerging Adults: A Cross-cultural Comparison

The current study examined differences between Canadian, Indian, and Indian immigrants understanding of wisdom. Participants were 123 emerging adults (56.1% female) from Canada (n = 50, 50% female), India (n = 30, 51.7% female), and immigrants from India to Canada (n = 44, 65.9% female) and ranged in age from 18 to 30 years (Mage = 23.35, SD = 2.80). Participants completed self-report questionnaires on wisdom, ethnic identity, and life satisfaction along with semi-structured interviews. Results showed significant differences between all three groups in their understanding of wisdom. Immigrants showed a more diverse understanding of wisdom and typically reported achieved identity status for their Canadian or Indian identities. Group and wisdom did not interact to predict life satisfaction. These main findings suggest that Canadians, Indians, and immigrants differ in their conception of wisdom with immigrants understanding often falling between their Indian heritage and their new Canadian environment.
Internal Capital Markets And Bank Relationship - Evidence From Japanese Corporate Spin-offs.Internal Capital Markets, Investment

This dissertation consists of two studies related to internal capital markets and bank relationship using Japanese corporate spin-offs. The first study analyzes the relation between internal capital markets and banks by examining 137 Japanese corporate spin-offs created between the years 2001 and 2003 (since the establishment of new spinoffs law in 2001). In a univariate analysis, we find significant positive average cumulative abnormal returns around the announcements, market-adjusted excess returns after the spin-offs, an increase of the Herfindahl index, and a reduction in the diversification discount after the spin-offs. In a cross-sectional analysis, we find that bank-related governance variables such as the keiretsu-affiliation indicator, bank loan to total asset ratio, main bank ownership, and indicator variable of the existence of a bankappointed director on the board indicator variables are significantly positively related to cumulative average abnormal returns around the announcements, market-adjusted excess returns after the spin-offs, an increase in focus of firms in terms of the Herfindahl index, and a reduction in the diversification discount. Therefore, we conclude that there is a significant relationship between internal capital markets and banks in Japan; after the internal capital market reorganization through spin-offs the closer relationship with banks creates shareholder wealth and increases the focus of firms. This paper is now coauthored with Professor Yoon K. Choi. The second study analyzes the investment policy changes in internal capital markets and the effect of banks’ monitoring on the investment changes using Japanese corporate spin-offs, including merger-facilitated spin-offs within conglomerates. We find that investment sensitivity increases significantly after internal restructuring through
Genetic parameters and correlations among linear type traits in the first lactation of Holstein Dairy cows

The main objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters and relationships of 10 linear type traits in the first lactation of Holstein dairy cows. 3274 records for type traits was used (Ag, angularity; Sta, stature; Bdp, body depth; Rw, rump width; Rs, rear leg side view; Fa, foot angle; Fu, fore udder attachment; Ruh, rear udder height; Sl, suspensory ligament and Ud, udder depth) for the first lactation of Iranian Holstein cows collected during 1980 to 2004 at Animal Breeding Center of Iran. Estimations were performed using restricted maximum likelihood method under an animal model and estimated variance components from single-trait analysis using MATVEC software and covariance components from four-trait analysis using DF-REML software was obtained. Heritability estimates for type traits were low to moderate, from 0.075 for rear leg side (Rs) to 0.376 for rump width (Rw). Genetic correlations between type traits ranged from 0.72 for udder depth (Ud) and fore udder attachment (Fu) to 0.75 for foot angle (Fa) and rump width (Rw). The results of this study showed favorable and high genetic correlation among the mammary system traits such as Ud, Fu, Ruh and Sl. Body conformation traits such as Ag and Bdp were unfavorable and negative for the genetic correlation with mammary system traits including Fu, Ruh and Ud. Key words : Genetic parameter, type traits, Iranian Holsteins.
Effect of lead nitrate on survival rate and chronic exposure on growth performance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

The acute toxicity of lead nitrate to grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) juveniles was assessed in a static renewal bioassay for 96 h. In addition, an experiment was conducted to determine the growth performance during 60-day sublethal (Pb(NO3)2) exposure. The results indicated that median lethal concentration (LC50) of lead nitrate to Grass carp for 96 h of exposure was 246.455 µ. The chronic exposure to sublethal concentration of lead nitrate to the studied fish showed a significant decrease in final body weight in comparison to control group. The lead nitrate also had significantly decreased effect on body weight in comparison to the control. Also, the food conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly increased in comparison to control (P < 0.05). The lead nitrate also caused a significant decrease in the survival rate (P < 0.05). Key words: Lethal concentration (LC50), lead nitrate, growth, grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella.
Inflation and Food Security in Pakistan: Impact and Coping Strategies

Food security will remain an important component of any strategy for nutritional improvement in Pakistan. The country experienced acute price spikes and shortages during 2007 and 2008, corresponding with food price inflation and volatility in global markets. This led to the clearer articulation of a food security approach based on a closer alignment with world prices and the establishment of a cash transfer programme to compensate poor households. This article presents the results of a qualitative study of food security among rural and urban households in selected regions to better understand the perceptions, behaviour, processes and coping strategies of the poor with regard to food security in general, and price shocks in particular. The study offers insights into gaps in existing policy approaches to food security and potential areas of pro‐nutrition policy change.
A Satellite Study of the Atmospheric Forcing and Response to Moist Convection over Tropical and Subtropical Oceans

Satellitedataareanalyzedtoexplorethethermodynamicevolutionoftropicalandsubtropicalatmospheres prior and subsequent to moist convection in order to offer an observational test bed for convective adjustment, which is central to the quasi-equilibrium hypothesis. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Aqua satellite measurements are projected onto a composite temporal sequence over an hourly to daily time scale by exploiting the temporal gap between the local satellite overpasses, which changes from one day to another. The atmospheric forcing and response to convection are investigated separately for deep convective and congestus clouds. In the deep tropics, systematic moisture transport from the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) to the free troposphere is evident in association with deep convection. The quick ABL ventilationsuggestsaswiftconvectiveadjustmentbutisprecededbyasteadybuildupofABLmoisture,which does not imply continuous adjustment to equilibrium. The evolution of convective available potential energy (CAPE) is controlled not only by the ABL moisture but also largely by a coincident ABL cooling linked with a bipolar anomaly of tropospheric temperature. The ABL moisture and temperature effects together lead to a rapid drop of CAPE for 12 h preceding convection, followed by a restoring phase that emerges as the cool anomaly recovers for a day or two. When moist convection is brought by congestus clouds with no deep convection nearby, CAPE gently increases over a period of 1‐2 days until congestus occurs and then declines as slowly, suggestive of no efficient convective adjustment. The subtropical atmosphere shows no sign of convective adjustment whether or not vigorous convection is present.
Against Philo’s interpretation of conditional: The case of Aristotle´s thesis

There is an Aristotelian thesis that can be considered controversial. That is the thesis related to a denied conditional with only one propositional variable and in which, in addition, one of its clauses is also denied. While the thesis is not a tautology, people tend to accept it as true. Pfeifer’s approach can account for this fact. However, I try to show that this problem can also be explained from other alternative frameworks, in particular, from that of the mental models theory, that of Lopez-Astorga based on the pragmatic phenomenon of conditional perfection, and that of the mental logic theory. Likewise, I indicate the difficulties regarding Aristotle’s thesis of the mental models theory and Lopez-Astorga’s proposal, and conclude that the account of the mental logic theory is the strongest alternative to Pfeifer’s explanation and that what is clearly obvious is that conditional should not be materially interpreted.
Role of PPase-SE in Geotrichum klebahnii, a yeast-like fungus able to solubilize pectin

Protopectinases (PPases) constitute a heterogeneous group of extracellular enzymes able to release soluble pectin from insoluble protopectin in plant tissues. Geotrichum klebahnii (ATCC 42397) produces PPase-SE with endopolygalacturonase activity. PPase-SE has been used for pectin extraction and maceration of plant tissues. Here, the capacity of G. klebahnii to use different pectins as carbon and energy sources (CES) was studied, in addition to PPase-SE capacity to release pectin from lemon peel. The strain was unable to use pectin from different origins as CES. When G. klebahnii was cultivated with mixtures of different amounts of glucose and citrus pectin as CES, the biomass obtained was proportional to the initial concentration of glucose, which was completely consumed. In addition, it produced PPase-SE in a glucose-containing medium. A culture was used for the extraction of pectin from lemon peels. Pectin was enzymatically extracted simultaneously with tissue maceration, yielding 3.7 g of (dry) pectin per 100 g of (wet) lemon peel. Extracted pectin was not metabolized by the strain. It was concluded that G. klebahnii uses PPase-SE to macerate, invade and colonize plant tissues, thus releasing soluble sugars to be used as CES without metabolizing solubilized pectin.
The economic evaluation of carbon storage and sequestration as ecosystem services of mangroves: a case study from southeastern Brazil

Although mangroves are recognized by high capacity of carbon storage and sequestration, few studies have been dedicated to determine the monetary value of this ecosystem service. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to assign monetary values to this service in a protected area (Southeastern Brazil). This economic valuation was performed considering preexisting estimates of carbon storage and sequestration in the aboveground biomass of these forests and average transaction values of carbon credits. The mean values of the service of carbon sequestration varied according to the physiographic type from 19.00 ± 10.00 US$ ha−1 yr−1 (basin forests, high intertidal) to 82.28 ± 32.10 US$ ha−1 yr−1 (fringe forests, low intertidal). Considering the area occupied by each physiographic type, the service of carbon sequestration may be worth up to 455,827 US$ yr−1. In regard to carbon storage, 3,477,041 US$ are stored in these forests, and values between 104,311 and 208,622 US$ ha−1 yr−1 can be considered as the annual maintenance cost of this service. The income generated by future projects for the maintenance of carbon-related functions may represent a major advance for the conservation of this ecosystem.
HYPOLIPIDEMIC AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF CASSIA AURICULATA LINN BARK EXTRACTS ON STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETICS IN MALE WISTER ALBINO RATS

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with change in lipid profile and impairment in the function of liver and kidney. Herbal remedies for DM always convalesce the above mentioned complications of DM. Cassia auriculata, is one such herbal plant which could recover DM.To assess hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activity, Streptozotocin (STZ) induced-diabetic rats were treated with extracts of Cassia auriculata at the doses of 250 mg/kg, b.wt. and their influence on serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL and VLDL, plasma enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase) , total protein, urea, uric acid and creatinine were observed. Histological observation of both liver and kidney sections also studied. Oral administration of various extracts of Cassia auriculata showed significant elevation (p<0.05) in lipid profiles, plasma enzymes and kidney function test whereas, methanol treated was found to be more active when compared with hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts. Histological observations made on the liver and kidney tissue of control and experimental groups revealed that Cassia auriculata bark extracts has the effect of hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective and consequently may alleviate renal damage associated with STZinduced diabetes in rats. It is evident from the study that extracts of Cassia auriculata improve liver and renal damages and bring about the hypolipidemic effect in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.
The heliospheric transport and modulation of multiple charged anomalous oxygen revisited

Context. Since the crossings of the solar wind termination shock by the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft, much speculation has surrounded the acceleration mechanism and region where the anomalous cosmic ray component is accelerated. A peculiar, and mostly overlooked feature of the observed anomalous oxygen spectrum near the termination shock, is the power law form of the roll-over (cut-off )a t the high energy range of this spectrum. Aims. We investigate, using a numerical model, why this deviation from the expected exponential form of the cut-off part of the anomalous oxygen spectrum occurs, and if the observed power law form can be explained in terms of the acceleration of multiple charged anomalous oxygen. Methods. Multiple charged anomalous cosmic rays are incorporated in a numerical model, based on the standard Parker transport equation, including acceleration at the solar wind termination shock. This is done by specifying an energy dependent charge state, constrained by observations. Results. Comparing computational results with spacecraft observations, it is found that the inclusion of multiply charged anomalous cosmic rays in the modulation model can explain the observed spectrum of anomalous oxygen in the energy range from 10−70 MeV per nucleon. The more effective acceleration of these multiple charge anomalous particles at the solar wind termination shock causes a significant deviation from the usual exponential cut-off spectrum to display instead a power law decrease up to 70 MeV per nucleon where galactic oxygen starts to dominate. In addition, the model reproduces the features of multiple charged oxygen at Earth so that a good comparison is obtained between computations and observations.
Improvement the Hardness of Stainless Steel 321 by Magnetic Abrasive Finishing Process

Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) process which is a non-traditional polishing technique, is suitable for variety of engineering materials, producing high quality surfaces of parts. An experimental setup study is made to carry out MAF process to improve surface layer quality and hardness of stainless steel grade 321 plate. This study uses two different magnetic pole shapes such as conical magnetic pole without grooves and conical magnetic pole with six grooves. The finally results show that the conical magnetic pole with six grooves can create best surface layer quality and improve hardness in (MAF) process. The process parameters are the applied number of pitches between grooves, finishing time, cutting speed of magnetic pole, voltage, and volume of powder (dose). The magnetic abrasive powder consisted of silicon carbide SiC, particle size 300μm, SiC (65%), it is mixed with the ferromagnetic iron particles (iron powders), particle size 300μm, Fe (35%). Taguchi matrix L18 for five input parameters with mixed level design (2-3) levels was used for designing the experiments and optimal values evaluation for all parameters to improve the hardness. By using MINITAB software data was analyzed, the results indicate that empirical equation (mathematical predicted models) represents the relation of the input parameters with the change in micro Vickers Hardness. The most significant parameters on change in hardness are volume of powder (42.34%) and number of pitches between grooves (25.30%).
Effect of Mushroom Supplementation as a Prebiotic Compound in Super Worm Based Diet on Growth Performance of Red Tilapia Fingerlings

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of mushroom supplementation as a prebiotic compound in an insect-based diet on the growth performance and feed utilization of red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). A total of 120 fingerlings were divided in triplicates for each treatment. Four experimental diets were offered to the fishes within a 56 days treatment period. Out of the four diets, three contained mushroom stalk meal (MSM) supplementation at various levels of inclusion of prebiotic compound (0.5% MSM; 1.0% MSM; 1.5% MSM) and the fourth a control diet without MSM inclusion. During the growth test, fish receiving diet containing prebiotic showed significantly higher (p 0.05) were observed in whole body protein and ash contents among the fish feeding on these diets. All water quality parameters showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in all treatments. The result of this feeding trial indicated that the 10% supplementation level of MSM as a prebiotic for tilapia could be used in the insect-based diet, Zophobas morio.
Evaluation of Nitrogen-Loss Prevention Amendments in Maize and Wheat in North Carolina

1811 Variability in crop N requirements across states, regions, seasons, crops, and even fields complicates the selection of an appropriate N rate, and has led to concerns of the environmental impacts that may result from over-application. Nitrogen from agricultural sources can be lost through volatilization or denitrification, but nitrate (NO3) leaching constitutes the largest percent of loss and can consequently contaminate ground and surface water (David et al., 1997; Jaynes et al., 2001; Randall and Goss, 2001). Aside from the well documented negative health effects of NO3 in drinking water (Spalding and Exner, 1993; Sogbedji et al., 2001), excess NO3 can also cause eutrophication and hypoxia of lakes and coastal waters (Spalding and Exner, 1993; Randall and Goss, 2001), a consequence that can be devastating to ecosystem biodiversity (Kronvang et al., 2001). Minimizing N rates can lower leaching losses and protect water quality while maintaining crop yields, but identifying appropriate N rates can be a challenge. In North Carolina, the realistic yield expectations (RYE) database provides recommended N rates for 32 different crops by soil series (North Carolina Nutrient Management Workgroup, 2003). The database was developed and validated through N rate trials across the state. More recently maize N recommendations were updated to reflect changes in N use efficiency related to new hybrid releases and farmer management practices (Rajkovich et al., 2015). Nationally, the “4Rs” (right rate, right placement, right timing, and right source) have been promoted by private and public organizations (Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2005; The Fertilizer Institute, 2011; International Plant Nutrition Institute, 2012) as a platform for farmers to think about their N applications in a logical, interconnected way. Beyond typical soil-based N rate recommendations, farmers also have access to fertilizer N-loss prevention amendments intended to reduce the amount of N lost; essentially to bolster the “right source” aspect of an N management plan. These N-loss prevention amendments, which can be added to N fertilizers, have various modes of action and reported levels of effectiveness in the literature. The N-loss prevention amendment NBPT+DCD (AgrotainPlus; Koch Agronomic Services LLC, Wichita, KS), contains the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT at 30–70 g kg–1 a.i.) and the Evaluation of Nitrogen-Loss Prevention Amendments in Maize and Wheat in North Carolina