Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The geographic extent of venture capital externalities on innovation

A stream of literature has demonstrated that venture capital generates externalities that enhance the knowledge base of a given region and accordingly assist firms in high-technology industries to improve their innovative performance. What has gone largely unexamined in this literature is the geographic extent of such externality impact. In this research we address the issue at hand. We do so by analyzing the association between the patenting rate of all life sciences firms (LSFs) that have won Small Business Innovation Research grants from 1983 to 2006 and the venture capital investments that have occurred at increasingly distant spatial units from those firms. Controlling for firm-specific and environmental factors as well as for endogeneity concerns, we document that LSFs tend to produce more patents whenever they are situated in very close proximity to where venture capital investments occur. Further, we find that improvements of the patenting rate of focal firms largely emanate from investments that reflect the expertise of venture capitalists on advancing existing prototypes closer to commercialization. We conclude the paper with a discussion on research and policy implications of our findings.
From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States. By David A. Hounshell. (Baltimore; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984. xxi + 330 pp. $37.50.)

David A. Hounshell's evocative title suggests a sweeping, even encyclopedic study of the development of American manufacturing technology. In fact, his more modest, and more reasonable, objective is to trace the roots of modern high-volume (mass) production of complex durables, of which the automobile is the ultimate expression. In telling this story, Hounshell offers a rich tapestry of enticing details of critical changes in production practices and of decisive influences of key individuals in the manufacturing history of guns, clocks, sewing machines and wooden sewing-machine cases, wagons, grain harvesters, bicycles, and automobiles. But he thinks that only specialization in machines (rather than in work generally or in organization) is relevant to this story, insists that New England "armory practice" was the wellspring of mass production technology, and presumes that adoption of this approach was itself the ultimate and necessary objective of enterprise management, rather than a means to an end. Such attitudes blind him to the diversity of influences to which his often excellent research points and to several critical and seemingly obvious questions suggested by his material. Hounshell opens with a useful discussion of the origins and changing meaning of the term "American system" of manufacturing. He correctly identifies the ambiguity of the concept and argues forcefully that the real cornerstone of American production technology (and what had really impressed those seemingly ubiquitous British observers) was "armory practice—that is, the concepts and procedures that developed in the U.S. armories, procedures that relied on the use of special(single-) purpose machine tools to produce interchangeable parts. Hounshell then attempts to reconstruct the diffusion of this distinctive practice through a series of industry studies that pay particular attention to leading companies—Singer, Studebaker, McCormick, Western Wheel, Ford. He argues that the diffusion occurred primarily through the agency of individual mechanics experienced in armory practice (especially at Colt's Hartford factory) who carried the knowledge of that practice to these firms. The execution of this line of argument is uneven, often based on weak evidence. And where Hounshell pushes his central arguments most tenaciously, he is at his worst—errors of both fact and interpretation plague the sections on Singer's production of sewing machines and on McCormick's technology and product design. But where Hounshell largely ignores his central arguments—in discussions of the Singer Company's woodworking technology (chapter 3), of the development of the bicycle industry (chapter 5), of Ford's initial development of the moving assembly line (chapter 6), and of Ford's struggle to produce the Model A (part of chapter 7)—he conveys the complexities and nuances of the development of the technologies. These sections are well done and represent the best parts of the book.
Wheel of life: perceptions and concerns of the resident peoples for Gir National Park in India

As we recognize the need to understand the concerns of the resident peoples of a national park, we also face the challenge of studying these concerns systematically. This paper discusses the research conducted to understand resource use and management issues from the perspectives of the resident peoples, mainly the semitribal cattle herders, living in and around Gir National Park in India. Preliminary analysis of qualitative data, generated primarily through structured in‐depth interviews, suggests that the resident peoples’ views of the park are unique because of their inherent love for the land and their religious attitudes. Their responses shed light on misconceptions about their concerns and suggest pragmatic solutions for resource management issues. Pertinent literature review, theoretical framework, and issues of the study area are discussed. Research approach, results, conclusions, implications, and recommendations for resource management planning and research are also presented.
Regulation of root-associated methanotrophy by oxygen availability in the rhizosphere of two aquatic macrophytes

The relative importance of oxygen for root-associated methanotrophy was examined by using sediment-free, intact freshwater marsh plants (Pontederia cordata and Sparganium eurycarpum) incubated in split chambers. The root medium contained approximately 100 (mu)M methane. Methane oxidation was calculated from the difference between methane loss from chambers in the presence and absence of 1 mM 1-allyl-2-thiourea, a methanotrophic inhibitor. When the root medium was oxic, methane oxidation accounted for 88 and 63% of the total methane depletion for S. eurycarpum and P. cordata, respectively; the remainder represented diffusional loss to the atmosphere via roots, stems, and leaves. Under suboxic conditions, methane oxidation was not detectable for S. eurycarpum but accounted for 68% of total methane depletion for P. cordata. The introduction of a biological oxygen sink, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resulted in complete loss of methane oxidation in S. eurycarpum chambers under oxic conditions, while methane consumption continued (51.6% of total methane depletion) in P. cordata chambers. The differences between plant species were consistent with their relative ability to oxygenate their rhizospheres: during a suboxic incubation, dissolved oxygen decreased by 19% in S. eurycarpum chambers but increased by 232% for P. cordata. An in situ comparison also revealed greater methanotrophic activity for P. cordata than S. eurycarpum.
Relationship of mentoring functions to expatriate adjustments: comparing home country mentorship and host country mentorship

This study examines the relationship of mentoring functions to expatriate adjustments and further compares the differences in the aforementioned relationship between home and host country mentorship. On the basis of an analysis of 281 expatriates who were assigned both home and host country mentors during their expatriation, this study found that the mentors' psychosocial support, role modeling and career development functions were positively related to the protégés' general adjustment, office interaction adjustment and work adjustment, respectively. Moreover, the home country mentors' psychosocial and role modeling functions accounted for more variance in the expatriates' general and interaction adjustment than those of the host country mentors, and the host country mentors' career development function accounted for more variance in the expatriates' work adjustment than that of the home country mentors. The results are interpreted and the implications are discussed in terms of incorporating home and host country mentors in expatriate mentoring programs for multinational corporations.
Mecanismos de aprendizagem em organizações: desenvolvimento e validação de uma escala de medida

The aim of this paper was to develop and to validate the Organizational Learning Mechanisms Scale (Olms). Based on Measurement Scale of Organizational Learning of Lopez, Peon e Ordas (2005), the items were translated from English language to Portuguese language. Twenty-two items were submitted to empirical validation. Five hundred and twenty-two employees of a financial organization were participated of this research. In the factorial analysis, the best solution was identified (Varimax rotation, KMO = 0,92) with three factors. The factors were named: Internal and External Acquisition of Knowledge, Share Knowledge and Codification and Control of Knowledge. Finally, conclusions and recommendations to future research were presented and suggest the improvement of Emao and to investigate the relationship between mechanisms of learning and others organizational variables.
CNS cell groups involved in the control of the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles: A transneuronal tracing study using pseudorabies virus

Transneuronal tracing techniques were used to identify spinal and brainstem neurons involved in the control of perineal muscles in the male rat. Two penile muscles, the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles, were injected with Bartha's strain of pseudorabies virus. After survival periods of 2, 4, and 5 days, the rats were killed and viral labeled neurons identified by immunohistochemistry. After a 2 day survival period, only pudendal motoneurons were labeled. More spinal and brainstem neurons were labeled at longer survival times. Putative spinal interneurons were found from T13 to S1. Large numbers of neurons were found in the lateral horn of the T13‐L2 and L6‐S1 segments which contain sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, respectively. However, retrograde labeling experiments verified that very few of the viral neurons were preganglionic neurons. Other labeled neurons were found in the intermediate cord, especially around the central canal. Relatively few labeled neurons were seen in the dorsal or ventral horn. In the brainstem, consistent labeling was seen in the ventrolateral medulla, raphe pallidus, and magnus, the A5 and locus ceruleus noradrenergic cell groups, Barrington's nucleus in the pontine tegmentum, the periaqueductal gray, and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The transneuronal labeling was consistent with what is currently known of the central nervous system (CNS) control of the perineal muscles. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do Asset Pricing Models Explain Size, Value, Momentum and Liquidity Effects? The Case of an Emerging Stock Market

This article examines whether the alternative asset pricing models and more specifically the liquidity-augmented multifactor models can explain the effect of size, value, momentum and liquidity on cross section of stock returns in India during September 1995 to March 2011. We employ time series and panel data methodology to carry out the analysis. Our findings suggest that the value and liquidity effects are often explained, but the explanatory power of size and short-run past return or momentum effect remain consistent irrespective of alternative asset pricing models risk adjustment process. The liquidity-augmented multifactor models are found to have better explanatory power than to the other alternative multifactor models. The relative performance of liquidity-augmented multifactor modes for capturing the role of firm characteristics on stock returns varies across the individual firms’ liquidity sensitivity and the aggregate market liquidity conditions. JEL Classification: G11, G12, G14, G15
Financial Market Volatility and International Reserve Holding Behaviour: A Case Study for Korea, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand

Abstract The effects of financial market volatility on the international reserve holding behaviour of four Asian countries that experienced the financial crisis in 1997—Korea, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand are investigated. The financial market volatility is modelled and the effect on reserve dynamics, reserve accumulation, and reserve volatility is estimated. Estimations are taken for two periods—pre- and post-crisis—and the structural break test is performed to examine the change in the effects on reserve holding behaviour. The empirical results, in general, support the evidence for the structural change in the effects on reserve holding behaviour after the crisis. This would be one of the evidences of the precautionary motive for reserve holdings after the crisis.
The Impacts of Parent's Listing Status on Subsidiary's Financial Constraint and Cost of Equity Capital: The Case of Equity Carve‐Outs

type="main" xml:lang="en"> We find that listed parents’ carve-outs have investment-cash-flow sensitivities 70 per cent lower than unlisted parents’ carve-outs, on average. Such a finding is stronger when we consider only equity carve-outs in technological industries. The finding suggests that listed parents are more capable of alleviating the financial constraint of their carved-out units than private parents. Our further analysis shows that listed parents’ carve-outs also have a lower cost of equity than their counterparts, but such difference cannot be explained by corporate transparency, as implied by analyst coverage and analysts’ forecast dispersion. Therefore, we argue that the benefits from affiliation with a listed parent to the carve-out come mainly from the parent’s financial support rather than an increase in corporate transparency.
Acute traumatic coagulopathy

Purpose of reviewMortality from trauma remains a global public health challenge, with most preventable deaths due to bleeding. The recognition of acute traumatic coagulopathy as a distinct clinical entity characterized by early coagulation dysfunction, arising prior to medical intervention, has revolutionized trauma management over the last decade. The aim of this article is to review our current understanding of acute traumatic coagulopathy. Recent findingsWe focus on recent advances in the mechanistic understanding of acute traumatic coagulopathy, particularly the changes in coagulation factors, physiological anticoagulants, endothelial activation, fibrinolysis and platelet dysfunction. Evolving diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are discussed, including viscoelastic coagulation monitoring and the role of tranexamic acid and blood products. SummaryEmphasis is now placed on early prevention, diagnosis, and aggressive initial treatment of coagulopathy and fibrinolysis with haemostatic blood products and tranexamic acid in addition to red cell units in order to reduce bleeding and improve clinical outcomes.
Racial differences in reported napping and nocturnal sleep in 2- to 8-year-old children.

OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to examine racial differences in reported napping and nighttime sleep of 2- to 8-year-old children, to identify factors accounting for these differences, and to determine if variability in napping was related to psychosocial functioning. METHODS Caretakers of 1043 children (73.5% non-Hispanic white; 50.4% male) 2 to 8 years old from a community sample reported on their children's napping behavior and nighttime sleep. Caretakers of 255 preschool children (3-5 years old) also completed the Behavior Assessment System for Children. RESULTS A more gradual age-related decline in napping was found for black children. At age 8, 39.1% of black children were reported to nap, compared with only 4.9% of white children. Black children also napped significantly more days per week, had shorter average nocturnal sleep durations, and slept significantly less on weekdays than on weekend nights. Despite differences in sleep distribution, total weekly sleep duration (diurnal and nocturnal) was nearly identical for the 2 racial groups at each year of age. Logistic regression analysis revealed that demographic variables were related to but did not fully explain napping differences. Napping in a subset of preschoolers was not significantly related to psychosocial functioning. CONCLUSIONS There are remarkable racial differences in reported napping and nighttime sleep patterns beginning as early as age 3 and extending to at least 8 years of age. These differences are independent of commonly investigated demographic factors. Differences in napping behavior do not seem to have psychosocial significance in a sample of preschool children.
New Contractual Relationships in the Agency Worker Market: The Case of the UK's National Health Service

In recent years, there has been a trend towards the negotiation of closer contractual relationships between employers and employment agencies. However, little is known about this change or its likely consequences. In theory, such relationships can benefit employers by lowering fees and also reducing many of the hidden costs associated with the use of agency staff by improving the effectiveness of placement matching. Against this is the suggestion that formal partnerships are unlikely to have a positive impact given the uncertainty of demand for temporary labour and broader tendencies for risk displacement in buyer–supplier networks. In this article, our aim is to explore this matter focusing on recent developments in the UK's National Health Service. We find that new contractual relationships such as framework agreements and master vendor contracts are having mixed effects. While they serve to reduce direct costs for employers in the short term, this has been at the expense of relationship building and improvements in placement matching. These developments are also found to have some potentially negative consequences for the agency workforce itself.
Health policy for common variable immunodeficiency: burden of the disease.

BACKGROUND Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by recurrent infections and increased susceptibility to autoimmunity and malignancy. OBJECTIVES This study was performed to estimate the burden of CVID in Iran during 1985-2008 based on incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALY). METHODS The methods developed by the World Health Organization for national burden of disease studies were applied to estimate the incidence of disease and thus calculate the years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL), years living with disability (YLD), and DALYs. RESULTS The average age-adjusted incidence of CVID was 1 case per 200 000 per year; the average age-adjusted prevalence was 1 case per 91 000 per year. The burden of CVID (DALYs) was 25.21 years per 100000 individuals (17.86 for YLL and 7.35 for YLD). DALYs increased significantly in patients aged 5-14 years and in those with polyclonal lymphocytic infiltration phenotypes (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Based on the measurement of DALY in patients with CVID, reducing the rate of premature death in the polyclonal lymphocytic infiltration phenotype and the rate of infectious episodes in patients with the infectious only phenotype and appropriate management with regular intravenous immunoglobulin represent the best approach to decreasing the burden of CVID.
Applying Sen's Capability Approach to Poverty Alleviation Programs: Two Case Studies

This research investigated whether Sen's Capability Approach could be applied to two very different programs for human development. The first case study involved a poverty alleviation program based around community gardens in a low‐income neighborhood of a moderately sized city in New Zealand. The second was a self‐help development project for village women in the Pacific Island nation of Samoa. Sixteen focus groups of participants in the two programs were able to describe significant changes in their capabilities, not only as a result of learning new skills but also as a result of discovering capabilities they already had that could be valuable in creating new opportunities for themselves. This last result is consistent with Sen's emphasis on the importance of participant agency in development.
Options Trading and the Cost of Equity Capital

ABSTRACT: This study examines how options trading affects the rate of return expected by investors, i.e., the implied cost of equity capital. Our cross-sectional analysis suggests that firms with listed options have lower implied cost of equity capital than firms without listed options, while the results from our temporal difference-in-differences analysis suggest that firms with listed options experience a significant decrease in their implied cost of equity capital relative to a matched sample of firms without listed options following an options listing. Moreover, we find that within firms that have listed options, firms with higher options trading volume are associated with lower implied cost of equity capital. These findings, which are robust to a wide range of additional tests, are consistent with the view that options trading improves the precision of information and reduces information asymmetry problems, resulting in lower expected return on equity. Data Availability: All data used in this study a.
Testing Partial Adjustment Dividend Behavioral Models in Emerging Markets: Evidence from Pre- and Post-Market Reforms in Bangladesh

A number of studies examine dividend policy and security price behavior in emerging markets but none on the stock market of Bangladesh. Partial adjustments are made to dividend behavior models that are then tested on the Dhaka Stock Exchange using data over the period of 1988-2003 in order to identify the dividend policy and security price behavior of the emerging Stock Market of Bangladesh. The empirical results suggest that dividend decisions are primarily governed by current profitability and lagged dividends. The empirical results identified cash flow as the better measure of the company’s ability to pay dividends.