Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Internalizing and the Use Specificity of Device Knowledge

Four experiments were performed to test the relationship between instructionally derived knowledge and practice in the use of a simple device. Using a derivative of Kieras and Bovair's (1984) device, we show that different subjects can be given instructions that convey equivalent information but that lead to crossovers in the time to perform different tasks (i.e., one task is easier with one set of instructions, a second task is easier with other instructions). Experiment 1 shows that the performance crossover between question types perseveres when subjects relinquish the instructions, after they have been committed to memory. Experiment 2 shows that the performance crossover perseveres over considerable experience using the device. Experiment 3 shows that the crossover can disappear if sufficient practice is given with the particular question types. Experiments 2 and 3 taken together suggest that subjects may only be able to overcome the computational disadvantages of their initial instructional material by adopting task-specific strategies. Experiment 4 shows that when new problems are introduced after the point at which the crossover disappears then a new crossover appears, implying that, even with extended practice of operating the device and solving problems on the device, some features of the initial instructional device description are preserved and continue to determine the users' behavior. We argue that a definition of internalization coupled with Anderson's (1983, 1987) ACT* theory of skill acquisition provides a good account of these results.
Pharmacological evaluation of a Br‐76 analog of epibatidine: A potent ligand for studying brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

[76Br]‐Norchlorobromoepibatidine ([76Br]BrPH) is a specific and high affinity radioligand for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). In vitro, on rat thalamus membranes [76Br]BrPH bound to two sites with apparent affinities of 8 pM and 3 nM. The density of binding sites were 1.9 and 70 fmol/mg protein, respectively. In vivo, in biodistribution and autoradiographic studies in rats the regional distribution of [76Br]BrPH paralleled the neuroanatomical localization of nAChRs. Two hours postinjection, the highest concentration in the brain was found in thalamus and colliculi (4% ID/g). Competition experiments with specific nicotinic, muscarinic, dopaminergic, and serotoninergic drugs confirmed that the in vivo binding of [76Br]BrPH was consistent with neuronal nicotinic receptors. PET imaging of [76Br]BrPH in baboon demonstrated a rapid and high uptake in the brain. Peak uptake occurred at 30–40 min for the thalamus. Due to the constant washout in the cerebellum, the thalamus to cerebellum ratio was 5 at 2 h postinjection. Subcutaneous injection of cytisine (1 mg/kg), 3 h postinjection of [76Br]BrPH reduced the radioactivity concentration in thalamus and cortex by 58 and 50%, respectively, as observed 1 h later. Cytisine pretreatment (5 mg/kg s.c.) inhibited completely the radioligand accumulation in the thalamus. Chronic MPTP pretreatment resulted in reduction of [76Br]BrPH uptake in all brain regions except in cerebellum. These preliminary results suggest that [76Br]BrPH has the potential to be a useful radioligand for studying the pharmacology of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in preclinical experiments. Synapse 45:95–104, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
[Prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy and analysis of the underlying factors].

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of anaemia and to evaluate the factors that condition its occurrence.Setting. Out-patient clinics in the La Plata area, Buenos Aires, Argentina. DESIGN Observational and prospective study. PARTICIPANTS All the pregnant women consulting for the first time, excluding those with prior pathology or regular use of medical drugs. MEASUREMENTS Anaemia was defined at values of Hb < 11 g/dl. Questionnaires were administered for general data and the type of nutrition, and a complete haematological report was compiled. RESULTS 1218 pregnant women started the study. Anaemia was detected in 196 of them (16%), with average Hb 9.88 g/dl. Between normal and anaemic pregnant women, the following differences were found between the first and second consultations: weight (64.44 vs 59.50, p < 0.00001), family income (US$744.36 vs 568.28, p < 0.0001), kilocalories ingested (2,488.44 vs 2,204.28, p = 0.01), percentage of proteins in diet (15.73 vs 13.69, p = 0.002), and weekly iron consumption (15.24 mg vs 13.04, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women run a greater risk of suffering anaemia if they have diets of < 1800 kcal, < 13% proteins, less than 7 mg of iron per week, and haemic iron < 10%; and family income below US$400. Ensuring a proper diet and improving the social and economic conditions of this population group will reduce the risk of anaemia during pregnancy and its perinatal consequences.
Very low levels of surface CD45 reflect CLL cell fragility, are inversely correlated with trisomy 12 and are associated with increased treatment‐free survival

It has recently been suggested that the percentage of smudge cells on blood smears from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) could predict overall survival. However, smudge cells are a cytological artifact influenced by multiple physical factors not related to CLL. To identify simple parameters reflecting CLL cell fragility, we studied CD45 expression in a series of 66 patients with Binet stage A CLL. Decreased CD45 expression was specific for CLL cells when compared to 44 patients with a leukemic phase of B‐cell non Hodgkin lymphoma and 42 control B‐cells. CD45 expression was markedly decreased for all patients with CLL with high percentages of smudge cells. CLL cells with the lowest CD45 expression were the most sensitive to osmotic shock. Very low levels of CD45 expression were significantly associated with lack of CD38 expression, absence of trisomy 12, and with increased treatment free survival time. Altogether, these results demonstrate that low levels of CD45 expression are specific to CLL cells and reflect cell fragility, suggesting that this is an important intrinsic biological feature that determines disease course. Am. J. Hematol. 88:747–753, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN INDIA- LATEST TRENDS AND ENTAILING AMENDMENTS IN JUVENILE JUSTICE ACT

Juvenile delinquency is a serious offence and it is detrimental for the social order in any country. There is a trend of increase in juvenile crimes world-over, with more and more involvement of the youth in violent crimes. India shows similar trends of increasing rate of violent crimes committed by the juveniles. It is a very serious concern for the nation and solutions to end the problem need to be sought very carefully. Indian legal system and judiciary has responded to these trends and has brought some amendments in the laws pertaining to juvenile justice in India. This paper aims at looking at the causes of juvenile delinquency and explanations given by scholars from various fields to explain the problem. The analysis of statistical data available at official sites indicates increasing involvement of the juveniles in heinous crimes. To contain the problem of juvenile delinquency in India, the Act pertaining to Juvenile Delinquency has been amended and now trial of juveniles involved in heinous crimes is held as adults. <
Stroke and aphasia quality-of-life scale-39: Reliability and validity of the Turkish version

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to adapt the stroke and aphasia quality-of-life scale-39 (SAQoL-39) to the Turkish language and carry out a reliability and validity study of the instrument in a group of patients with aphasia. Method: The study was a descriptive study and contained three phases: adaptation of the SAQoL-39 to the Turkish language, administration of the scale to 30 aphasia patients and reliability and validity studies of the scale. Internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha and test–re-test reliability was explored (n = 14). The adaptation process was completed based on inter-rater agreement on the translated items and within the scope of final editing by the authors of the study. Result: The SAQoL-39 in Turkish exhibited high test–re-test reliability (ICC =0.97) as well as acceptability with minimal missing data (0–1.4). This instrument exhibited high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.70–0.97), domain–total correlations (r = 0.76–0.85) and inter-domain correlations (r = 0.40–0.68). Conclusion: The analysis shows that the Turkish version of SAQoL-39 is a scale that is highly acceptable, valid and reliable and can be easily used in evaluating the quality-of-life of Turkish people with aphasia.
Linking Organizational Climate to Work Engagement: A Study in the Healthcare Sector

ABSTRACT Using a two-level structural equation approach, this article investigates the links between organizational climate and work engagement in a sample of public hospitals in Italy. Drawing from the Job Demands-Resources model, the model posits a positive association between work engagement and a climate promoting worker’s autonomy, empowerment, and well-being, whereas it suggests that a climate based on efficiency and goal attainment is not favorable for engagement. Results support the hypotheses and suggest that performance based models implemented in recent years as part of public sector reforms are not conducive to engaged workers. Implications for research on work engagement in the public sector and for public management are drawn.
Evidence for in vivo ribosome recycling, the fourth step in protein biosynthesis

Ribosome recycling factor (RRF) catalyzes the fourth step of protein synthesis in vitro: disassembly of the post‐termination complex of ribosomes, mRNA and tRNA. We now report the first in vivo evidence of RRF function using 12 temperature‐sensitive Escherichia coli mutants which we isolated in this study. At non‐permissive temperatures, most of the ribosomes remain on mRNA, scan downstream from the termination codon, and re‐initiate translation at various sites in all frames without the presence of an initiation codon. Re‐initiation does not occur upstream from the termination codon nor beyond a downstream initiation signal. RRF inactivation was bacteriostatic in the growing phase and bactericidal during the transition between the stationary and growing phase, confirming the essential nature of the fourth step of protein synthesis in vivo.
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN)--a novel carrier for UV blockers.

The formulation of safe sunscreen products is of high importance due to their increasing use because of the diminishing ozone layer. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are introduced as the new generation of carriers for cosmetics, especially for UV blockers for the use on human skin and/or hair and production thereof is described. The crystalline cetylpalmitate SLN particles have the ability of reflecting and scattering UV radiation on their own thus leading to photoprotection without the need for molecular sunscreens. An in vitro assay showed that a placebo cetyl palmitate SLN formulation is twice to three times as potent in absorbing UV radiation as a conventional emulsion. Incorporation of sunscreens into SLN lead to a synergistic photoprotection, i.e. higher than the additive effect of UV scattering caused by the SLN and UV absorption by the sunscreen. The photoprotective effect after incorporation of the molecular sunscreen 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (Eusolex 4360) into the SLN dispersion was observed to be increased threefold compared to a reference emulsion. Further, film formation on the skin was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, showing particle fusion due to water evaporation and formation of a dense film.
An item-response theory analysis of DSM-IV alcohol-use disorder criteria and "binge" drinking in undergraduates.

OBJECTIVE This is the first study to examine the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), criteria for alcohol-use disorders and heavy episodic (or "binge") drinking in a college sample using item-response theory (IRT) analysis. IRT facilitates assessment of the severity of the criteria, their ability to distinguish between those at greatest and lowest risk, and the value of adding a "binge" drinking criterion. METHOD In a sample of undergraduate drinkers (n = 353), we conducted factor analyses to determine whether the criteria best fit a one- or two-factor structure. We then conducted IRT analyses to obtain item-characteristic curves indicating the probability of endorsing a criterion at increasing levels of alcohol-use-disorder risk. These analyses were first conducted including current (i.e., past-year) DSM-IV alcohol-use-disorder criteria only and then rerun adding weekly "binge" drinking. RESULTS A single-factor model of the DSM-IV criteria did not differ significantly from a two-factor model. After including "binge" drinking, two factors fit the data slightly better than one factor but with a dominant single factor. Withdrawal was the most severe criterion, whereas tolerance and "larger/longer" were the least severe. Time spent drinking and a combined social/legal difficulties criterion had the best ability to discriminate those at greatest and lowest risk for an alcohol-use disorder. "Binge" drinking showed both low discrimination and low severity. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine DSM-IV criteria in an undergraduate sample using IRT. In this sample, abuse and dependence were intermixed on a continuum of severity, and "binge" drinking was in the least severe region.
The structure and function of the labrum in the lobster Homarus gammarus (L.)

The labrum of decapod crustaceans is a soft lobe overhanging the mouth. The labral skeleton, musculature and innervation of Homarus gammarus are described. There are three bilateral groups of sensory neurons innervating the floor, lobe and lateral walls of the labrum. These are probably responsible for the phasic afferent activity that can be recorded from the inner labral nerve on mechanical deformation of the labrum. The labrum undergoes rhythmical retraction-protraction movements during ingestion and is shown to be active during both mandibular activity and oesophageal peristalsis. Studies were made on the duration and frequency of labral ‘swallowing’ activity. The role of the labrum in feeding is discussed.
The Dyadic Militarized Interstate Disputes (MIDs) Dataset Version 3.0: Logic, Characteristics, and Comparisons to Alternative Datasets

We introduce the new, substantially updated, and revised version of the Dyadic Militarized Interstate Disputes (MIDs) dataset. We discuss the underlying logic of constructing dyadic MIDs and demonstrate that these operations generate significant differences between the actual occurrence and properties of MID dyads and those extracted from machine-generated programs such as EUGene, or from the MID participant dataset. We provide some descriptive measures of dyadic MIDs over the period of 1816 to 2010 and compare some of the key dyadic results on the correlates of MIDs using different datasets. We discuss the theoretical and empirical implications of our results.
Monkey B-lymphotropic papovavirus DNA: nucleotide sequence of the region around the origin of replication

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the HindIII-B DNA segment of African green monkey B-lymphotropic papovavirus (LPV), which shows a highly restricted host range and whose genome is a 5.1-kilobase-long circular DNA. The segment, consisting of 1,123 base pairs, contained the origin of DNA replication, the putative control region for early transcription, and the region probably coding for the amino-terminal portion of T antigens. The symmetrical region at the center of replication origin, 5'-GAGGC CA GGGGCCCC TA GCCTC-3' (on the L strand), has diverged in the central portion from the corresponding regions of primate polyomaviruses simian virus 40, BK virus, and JC virus, but resembles that of mouse polyomavirus. The structure of the control region upstream of the replication origin was unique to LPV and contained several repeated sequences, the longest of which were two 60-base-pair tandem repeats. The amino-terminal region common to LPV small T and large T antigens showed some homology (41%) in the deduced amino acid sequence to that of both simian virus 40 and the mouse polyomavirus. Like other polyomaviruses, the probable carboxyl-terminal region unique to LPV small T antigen contained two sets of the Cys-x-Cys-x-x-Cys structure. These data show that, despite the unique structures in the control region, LPV is evolutionally related to the mouse polyomavirus and to simian virus 40.
Decline in the use of anthracyclines for breast cancer.

PURPOSE To determine the patterns of use of anthracycline- and taxane-based chemotherapy for breast cancer treatment. METHODS Claims from a 5% national Medicare sample and from a nationally representative claims database (Marketscan) from 1998 to 2009 were used. Patients with International Classification of Diseases (ICD), ninth revision, codes indicating breast cancer, ICD and Common Procedural Terminology codes indicating breast surgery, and claims for chemotherapy between 3 months before and 12 months after surgery comprised the study cohort. Chemotherapy was classified as anthracycline-based or taxane-based, and the percentages of use were calculated. Piecewise regression models were used to identify the inflection points in the rates of chemotherapy use. The effect of patient characteristics on receiving different types of chemotherapy was estimated by multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS A total of 4,458 patients were included in the Medicare cohort and 30,422 in the private insurance cohort. After 2005, a sharp increase in the use of taxane-based chemotherapy and a decline in anthracycline-based chemotherapy was seen. By 2008 in the Medicare cohort, 51% of patients received taxane-based and 32% received anthracycline-based chemotherapy. By the end of 2008, the majority of patients younger than 65 years were also receiving taxane-based chemotherapy. Patients younger than 35 years were less likely to be treated with a taxane-based regimen, whereas patients who underwent 21-gene recurrence score testing and those treated with trastuzumab were more likely to receive taxane-based chemotherapy. CONCLUSION The use of anthracycline-based chemotherapy has declined, and the majority of patients with breast cancer are instead receiving taxane-based chemotherapy. The potential impact on patient outcomes is unknown.
How Social Capital Affects the Quality Performance of Agricultural Products: Evidence from a Binary Perspective of China

Improving the quality of agricultural products is the key factor in promoting agricultural development in the Belt and Road program. Although many studies have investigated the relationship between social capital and performance, the findings are inconsistent. Moreover, the mechanism of how social capital affects the quality performance of agricultural products remains unclear. Accordingly, this study developed a theoretical model with propositions from a social capital-quality performance of agricultural products paradigm for examining and comparing the three dimensions of social capital: The relationships among cognitive (measured by shared values), relational (measured by reciprocity) and structural (measured by communication), and their role in ensuring quality performance of agricultural products from the company and farmer perspectives. This study selected the companies and farmers in “A company + farmers” model. The data analysis is based on a sample of 184 companies and 414 farmers. The results show that shared values and communication have a significant positive effect on reciprocity. In terms of the influence on reciprocity, communication is higher than shared values from both the corporate and farmer perspectives. The three dimensions of social capital have different effects on quality performance of agricultural products. On the company side, communication and reciprocity in social capital have a significant positive effect on the quality performance of agricultural products, with the order of effect being communication first followed by reciprocity. On the farmer side, reciprocity and shared values have a significant positive effect on the quality performance of agricultural products, with the order of effect being reciprocity first followed by shared values. These findings have positive theoretical and practical significance for companies and farmers aiming to improve the quality of agricultural products.
Is It Worth Having the Sopranos on Board? Corporate Governance Pollution and Organized Crime: The Case of Italy

We examine the corporate consequences of having board directors connected with the organized crime. Given that in principle such as connections can trigger both pros and cons, the question is genuinely empirical: using an original data base of Italian corporations (108,332 observations for the period 2006-2013) we offer two results. On the one side, we find that firms with at least one director, whose criminal record displays potential involvement with criminal organizations (i.e., tainted director), show lower levels of cash holdings and lower profitability. Two alternative explanations can be offered: the firms are likely to use financial policies to lower cash holdings, thereby reducing the risk of being expropriated by tainted directors; the firms are completely captured by such as directors, that use the corporations for money laundering purposes, and therefore manage the cash holdings in order to minimize the risk of detection. On the other side, the firm profitability is inversely associated with the presence of tainted directors, suggesting that the tainted directors can use firm resources for their own private benefits, which harms the firm profitability. Results from this study are informative to regulators, policy makers and politicians, interested in preventing the pollution of criminal organizations in the legal economy.
Analysis of the T‐cell micro‐environment in Epstein–Barr virus‐related post‐transplantation B lymphoproliferative disease

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) post‐transplantation B lymphoproliferative disease (BLPD) may undergo regression after immunosuppression withdrawal and restoration of EBV‐specific cytotoxic T‐cell (CTL) activity in the immunocompromised allografted host. The presence of morphologically normal T cells in the BLPD micro‐environment may influence tumour behaviour in vivo. In this immunopathological study, the phenotype and the number of T cells and other immunoregulatory cells have been investigated in seven primary and four recurrent BLPD biopsies from nine solid organ transplant recipients. BLPD with either viral lymphadenopathic or polymorphic lymphoma appearances was found to contain sizeable T‐cell populations, mainly of memory/helper (TCRα/β+, CD3+, CD4+, CD45RO+) type. Cytotoxic (TCRα/β+, CD3, CD8+, Tia‐1+) T cells were strikingly low in all samples. Low CD28 and CD25 expression suggested that secondary signals for functional and sustained T‐cell activation may be deficient in these tumours. No close correlation was found between the degree of T‐cell infiltration and clinical outcome, although appreciably higher numbers of CD8+ T cells were detected in three BLPD tumours showing prolonged clinical remission after treatment. While some level of EBV‐specific T‐cell function may be present in untreated BLPD, the overall findings of this study suggest that the nature of T‐cell infiltrates may reflect a response to immunosuppressive therapy rather than to EBV infection per se. The possibility that a local EBV‐specific T‐cell response is generated in BLPD undergoing regression after treatment needs to be investigated. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.