Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Feeling Safe? Privacy controls and Online DIS-Closure Behavior

Online social networks (OSN) have become a widespread phenomenon used by hundreds of millions of people worldwide. OSNs such as Facebook are used to, for example, tell friends one’s personal experiences, and users report merits such as enjoyment and establishing social relationships. However, violation of the user’s privacy by OSNs is considered by many to be a major problem. As a response to this OSNs have implemented features that support users in controlling their privacy. What is still unclear is if such privacy controls influence online disclosure behavior by users of OSNs. While previous research has focused on the relation between privacy concern and online disclosure or between privacy concern and privacy control use, existing research on the relation between privacy control use and online disclosure remains inconclusive. The current study aims to fill this gap using a research model that includes relations between privacy concern, knowledge about privacy controls, use of privacy controls and online disclosure. We present an online survey to collect data among Facebook users. Structural equation modelling is then proposed to test our hypotheses. With our research we aim to provide more insight in the possible role of use of privacy controls in online disclosure behavior.
The 9cis,11trans,13cis Isomer of Conjugated Linolenic Acid Reduces Apolipoprotein B100 Secretion and Triacylglycerol Synthesis in HepG2 Cells

The physiological effects of 9cis,11trans,13cis-conjugated linolenic acid (9c,11t,13c-CLNA), one of the CLNA isomers, were studied in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. 9c,11t,13c-CLNA significantly decreased apolipoprotein B100 secretion compared with α-linolenic acid (α-LNA). The uptake of 14C-oleate into newly synthesized cellular triacylglycerol was also decreased by 9c,11t,13c-CLNA more than by α-LNA treatment. This is the first study to show the hypolipidemic effect of 9c,11t,13c-CLNA.
Dietary Carbohydrate, a Big Mac, and Insulin Requirements in Type I Diabetes

Using the artificial (β-cell (Biostator), we determined the insulin requirements in five nonobese type I (insulindependent) diabetic subjects who received isocaloric 40 and 60% mixed-carbohydrate diets in a crossover randomized fashion for 4 days, each day consisting of four equal meals. This was followed on day 5 by a “Big Mac Attack” lunch consisting of a Big Mac, french fries, and milk shake. Insulin requirements to maintain normoglycemia were calculated for each 24-h period and for the 2 h after each meal. The mean 24-h insulin requirements to maintain normoglycemia was greater for the 60% carbohydrate diet than the 40% diet. Although the four meals were of equal size, in all patients the insulin required to cover breakfast > lunch > dinner > snack. Expressed as milliunits per kilocalorie, the amount of insulin to cover breakfast was greater for the 60% (P < .05) than the 40% carbohydrate diet and greater for breakfast than the other meals (P < .01). Insulin requirements for the Big Mac meal (43% carbohydrate) were 58% greater than for the 40% carbohydrate diet, even after correction for caloric differences. In summary, 1) increasing dietary carbohydrate from 40 to 60% results in an increased insulin requirement for meals only; 2) insulin requirements are greater in the morning than in the evening, even when meal size is constant; and 3) very large meals with high fat and carbohydrate content result in a major increase in insulin requirement. These data indicate that diet has an important impact on insulin requirements in diabetes.
High prevalence of seroimmunologic abnormalities in relatives of patients with active chronic hepatitis or primary biliary cirrhosis.

Abstract To determine the familial prevalence of serologic abnormalities, immunoglobulin disturbances and biochemical evidence of liver dysfunction, 260 relatives of patients with chronic hepatitis or primary biliary cirrhosis were studied. Mitochondrial, smooth-muscle and nuclear antibodies were more frequent than in controls matched for age and sex. Abnormal immunoglobulin levels occurred in almost half the relatives, and 71 per cent had some immunologic disturbance. In addition, elevated alkaline phosphatase levels and hypergammaglobulinemia were common, the latter being more frequent (p<0.001) in the group with active chronic hepatitis (34 per cent) than in the relatives of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (9.3 per cent). Furthermore, in three of the 55 families studied, two or more members were found to have cirrhosis. These findings suggest a similar genetic predisposition to immunologic abnormalities among the families of patients with these two diseases, although environmental factors are p.
Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: a meta-analysis.

CONTEXT The global refugee crisis requires that researchers, policymakers, and clinicians comprehend the magnitude of the psychological consequences of forced displacement and the factors that moderate them. To date, no empirical synthesis of research on these issues has been undertaken. OBJECTIVE To meta-analytically establish the extent of compromised mental health among refugees (including internally displaced persons, asylum seekers, and stateless persons) using a worldwide study sample. Potential moderators of mental health outcomes were examined, including enduring contextual variables (eg, postdisplacement accommodation and economic opportunity) and refugee characteristics. DATA SOURCES Published studies (1959-2002) were obtained using broad searches of computerized databases (PsycINFO and PILOTS), manual searches of reference lists, and interviews with prominent authors. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected if they investigated a refugee group and at least 1 nonrefugee comparison group and reported 1 or more quantitative group comparison on measures of psychopathology. Fifty-six reports met inclusion criteria (4.4% of identified reports), yielding 59 independent comparisons and including 67,294 participants (22,221 refugees and 45,073 nonrefugees). DATA EXTRACTION Data on study and report characteristics, study participant characteristics, and statistical outcomes were extracted using a coding manual and subjected to blind recoding, which indicated high reliability. Methodological quality information was coded to assess potential sources of bias. DATA SYNTHESIS Effect size estimates for the refugee-nonrefugee comparisons were averaged across psychopathology measures within studies and weighted by sample size. The weighted mean effect size was 0.41 (SD, 0.02; range, -1.36 to 2.91 [SE, 0.01]), indicating that refugees had moderately poorer outcomes. Postdisplacement conditions moderated mental health outcomes. Worse outcomes were observed for refugees living in institutional accommodation, experiencing restricted economic opportunity, displaced internally within their own country, repatriated to a country they had previously fled, or whose initiating conflict was unresolved. Refugees who were older, more educated, and female and who had higher predisplacement socioeconomic status and rural residence also had worse outcomes. Methodological differences between studies affected effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS The sociopolitical context of the refugee experience is associated with refugee mental health. Humanitarian efforts that improve these conditions are likely to have positive impacts.
Zonation Patterns of Belizean Offshore Mangrove Forests 41 Years After a Catastrophic Hurricane 1

Mangroves are prone to bearing frequently the full brunt of hurricanes and tropical storms. The extent of destruction and early regeneration are widely studied. The purpose of this study was to add a long‐term view of mangrove regeneration and assess the potential effects on mangrove horizontal zonation patterns of catastrophic destruction. Hattie, a category five hurricane, hit the Belizean coast in 1961. It passed directly over the Turneffe Atoll where our study area, Calabash Cay, is located. At four sites on this island, we analyzed mangrove forest structure along transects parallel to the shoreline within zones delineated by species dominance and tree height. We propose an index based on the Simpson index of diversity to express changes in the heterogeneity of the species dominance. Physical–chemical parameters and nutrient availability were also measured. The destruction levels were estimated by analysis of the distribution of diameter at breast heights of the bigger trees in the inland zones. Variations in species dominance among sites and zones could be explained by interactions of various factors. Further, different levels of destruction between the two sides of the island had a significant effect on current patterns of species and structural zonation at Calabash. We conclude that disturbance regime in general should be considered as a factor potentially influencing mangrove horizontal zonation patterns.
Order-Adaptive and Illumination-Aware Variational Optical Flow Refinement

Variational approaches form an inherent part of most state-of-the-art pipeline approaches for optical flow computation. As the final step of the pipeline, the aim is to refine an initial flow field typically obtained by inpainting non-dense matches in order to provide highly accurate results. In this paper, we take advantage of recent improvements in variational optical flow estimation to construct an advanced variational model for this final refinement step. By combining an illumination aware data term with an order adaptive smoothness term, we obtain a highly flexible model that is able to cope well with a broad variety of different scenarios. Moreover, we propose the use of an additional reduced coarse-to-fine scheme instead of an exclusive initialisation scheme, which not only allows to refine the initialisation but also allows to correct larger erroneous displacements. Experiments on recent optical flow benchmarks show the advantages of the advanced variational refinement and the reduced coarse to fine scheme. The proposed order-adaptive method not only allows to significantly improve results compared to pipeline approaches based on traditional first-order refinement techniques, it also allows to outperform recent pure variational methods with full coarse-to-fine schemes.
Default, debt maturity, and investment dynamics

This paper studies the optimal maturity structure of debt in a neo-classical investment model with financial frictions. External financing is costly because firms have limited liability, and default entails deadweight output losses. Firms operate long-dated assets, and may thus want to issue long-term debt in order to mitigate liquidity risk. However, lack of commitment on the firms' part makes long-term debt issuance costly, relative to short-term debt. In theory, the optimal maturity structure of debt should trade off these two forces. In numerical calibrations of the model, however, lack of commitment often dominates. Optimal borrowing policies often involve maturity shortening, either by letting outstanding long-term debt roll off, or by foregoing investment and using resources to repurchase outstanding debt at discount prices. The results suggests that the agency costs associated with long-term debt issuance are large, and that maturity adjusmtent can substantially alter investment dynamics.
University Students' Attitudes towards Cell Phone Learning Environment

This study aims at investigating Jordanian university undergraduate and graduate students' attitudes towards the learning environment where cell phones are used as learning tools in classroom. To achieve this goal, the researchers distributed two questionnaires among two groups of two different levels of randomly chosen university students at the Faculty of Educational Sciences at Al-al-Bayt University. The first one addresses 30 undergraduate students, 12 male and 18 female. The other addresses 20 graduates, 7 male and 13 female. The study comprised two independent variables, level and gender, as covariates. The findings indicate that undergraduates are more favorable to cell phone environment than graduate students. The study also reveals that cell phone has more influence on male students than on female students.
Fear generalisation in individuals with high neuroticism: increasing predictability is not necessarily better

ABSTRACT Fear generalisation, a process by which conditioned fear spreads to similar but innocuous stimuli, is key in understanding why some individuals feel unsafe in objectively non-threatening situations. Both trait neuroticism and lack of predictability about the likelihood of feared consequences are associated with negative affect in the face of ambiguity and may increase the degree to which fear generalises. Undergraduates (N = 129) with varying degrees of neuroticism were randomised to either high- or low-instructional predictability conditions prior to fear acquisition. A fear generalisation test measured risk ratings and attentional bias on a modified dot-probe paradigm. Among individuals with higher neuroticism, providing instructional predictability did not reduce fear; these individuals reported higher risk and increased attentional bias toward ambiguous stimuli. Overall, for individuals with higher neuroticism, predictability information hurt rather than helped interpretation of ambiguous stimuli, challenging a common conceptualisation of predictability as a factor that reduces fear.
Proposed Macroscopic Test of the Physical Relevance of Bell's Theorem

A macroscopic experiment capable of detecting a signature of spinorial sign changes is discussed. If realized, it would determine whether Bell inequalities are satisfied for a manifestly local, classical system. By providing an explicitly local-realistic derivation of the EPR-Bohm type spin correlations, it is demonstrated why Bell inequalities must be violated even in such a manifestly local, macroscopic domain, just as strongly as they are in the microscopic domain. The proposed experiment has the potential to transform our understanding of the relationship between classical and quantum physics.
Monocytes are primed to produce the Th1 type cytokine IL‐12 in normal human pregnancy: an intracellular flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells

This paper considers both monocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes as potential targets for maternal immunological modulation in pregnancy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non‐pregnant and normal pregnant donors were stimulated in vitro, and cytokine production detected intracellularly by flow cytometry. It was found that monocyte production of TNF‐α was unaltered in pregnancy, while production of IL‐12 was significantly enhanced. In contrast, production of the Th1 type cytokine IFN‐γ was suppressed in the lymphocyte subsets: CD4+ T helper cells and CD56+ NK cells. Production of the Th2 type cytokine IL‐4 in CD4+ cells was not significantly altered in pregnancy. These data suggest that the concept that pregnancy is a ‘Th2 phenomenon’ cannot be generalized to the function of all aspects of maternal cellular immunity as, paradoxically, circulating monocytes are ‘primed’ to produce the Th1 cytokine IL‐12. Furthermore, these data support the hypothesis that components of maternal innate immunity are activated in normal pregnancy.
Point mutations in acetylcholinesterase 1 associated with chlorpyrifos resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål

Insecticide resistance frequently results from target‐site insensitivity, such as point mutations in acetylcholinesterases (AChEs) for resistance to organophosphates and carbamates. From a field‐originated population of Nilaparvata lugens, a major rice pest, a resistant population (R9) was obtained by nine‐generation continuous selection with chlorpyrifos. From the same field population, a relatively susceptible population (S9) was also constructed through rearing without any insecticides. Compared to the susceptible strain, Sus [medium lethal dose (LC50) = 0.012 mg/l], R9 had a resistance ratio (RR) of 253.08‐fold, whereas the RR of S9 was only 2.25‐fold. Piperonyl butoxide and triphenyl phosphate synergized chlorpyrifos in R9 less than three‐fold, indicating other important mechanisms for high resistance. The target‐site insensitivity was supported by the key property differences of crude AChEs between R9 and S9. Compared to S9, three mutations (G119S, F331C and I332L) were detected in NlAChE1 from individuals of the R9 and field populations, but no mutation was detected in NlAChE2. G119S and F331C could decreased insecticide sensitivities in recombinant NlAChE1, whereas I332L took effect through increasing the influence of F331C on target insensitivity. F331C might be deleterious because of its influence on the catalytic efficiency of NlAChE1, whereas I332L would decrease these adverse effects and maintain the normal functions of AChEs.
Garnet-- olivine equilibration during cooling in the mantle

Garnet--olivine equilibration during cooling has been modelled with numerical experiments which simulate Fe-Mg exchange and diffusion in radially-symmetric alrangements of olivine and garnet. Calculated compositional profiles in garnet become zoned in Fe and Mg for cooling histories plausible for the mantle. For the most reasonable diffusion parameters, zoning starts to occur at temperatures below 800"C and continues to develop over a cooling range of about 200'C. Strong zoning in garnet is confined to within 1000 pr,m of olivine-garnet contacts. During the simulated cooling, small olivine inclusions in garnet become more magnesian than larger ones. Electron microprobe studies of inclusions from diatremes have been compared to the results of the numerical experiments. Garnet fragments from Colorado Plateau diatremes have radial Fe-Mg zoning about olivine inclusions, and compositions of these olivine inclusions depend upon their size. Calculated temperatures for the olivine-garnet pairs are near 550'C. Garnets in three nodules from the Jagersfontein kimberlite pipe are not Fe-Mg zoned in contact with olivine, and calculated temperatures for the three nodules are 700800'C. Our observations and calculations are consistent with the hypothesis that olivine and garnet in the mantle equilibrate to temperatures near 700'C. Pyroxene and garnet appear to equilibrate to similar temperatures during slow mantle cooling. The apparent piucity of low-temperature garnet lherzolite nodules in diatremes is unlikely to be due either to the miscalibration of geothermometers or to olivine-garnet disequilibrium.
Feasibility of a New Image Processing (4D Auto LVQ) to Assessing Right Ventricular Function in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Abstract A new single-beat three-dimensional (3D) real time echocardiographic semi-automatic images processing (4D Auto LVQ) allows accurate assessment of left ventricular function, but whether it is suitable for the evaluation of right ventricular function remains unknown. To evaluate the feasibility of this procedure for assessing right ventricular volumes and function, right ventricular end-diastolic volumes (RVEDV), end-systolic volumes (RVESV) and ejection fraction (RVEF), stroke volumes (SV) and cardiac output (CO) were computed in 49 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using 4D Auto LVQ. The myocardial performance index (MPI) was obtained by Doppler tissue imaging. The RV function parameters were compared with MPI by linear correlation analysis. A comparison of the performance of these RV function parameters in discrimination between MPI at a value of >0.45 or not was done. Compared with normal subjects, patients with COPD had significantly greater RVEDV, RVESV, MPI and significantly lower RVEF. Significant correlations were found between RVEF and MPI (r = –0.67, p < 0.001). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for RVEF in discrimination between MPI at a value of >0.45 or not were 0.72, while they were 0.55 for SV and 0.57 for CO, respectively. The overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for RVEF analysis in predicting a >0.45 MPI in patients with COPD was 78.57%, 66.67% and 73.46%, respectively. These data suggest that 4D Auto LVQ is a feasible method for right ventricular volumes and function quantification in patients with COPD. Further studies are needed to improve the accuracy of the measurements.
Strategic Flexibility and the Optimality of Pay for Sector Performance

While standard contract theory suggests that a Chief Executive Officer (CEO) should be paid relative to a benchmark that removes the effects of sector performance, there is evidence that CEO pay is strongly and positively related to such sector performance. In this article, we offer an explanation. We model a CEO charged with selecting the firm's strategy that determines the firm's exposure to sector performance. To incentivize the CEO to choose optimally, pay contracts will be positively and sometimes asymmetrically related to sector performance. Consistent with our predictions, the empirical analysis indicates that the observed sensitivity of pay to sector performance is almost fully confined to multisegment firms and is greater in firms that offer greater strategic flexibility to alter sector exposure, for more talented CEOs and for CEOs as compared to their subordinate executives. Our evidence is robust to alternate explanations such as CEO entrenchment. The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org. , Oxford University Press.
Liquid-based cytology and conventional cervical smears: a comparison study in an Asian screening population.

BACKGROUND This study compared the findings of cervical cytology screening by ThinPrep Papanicolaou (Pap) tests (TP) with the findings of screening by conventional cervical smears (CS) in a screening population involving what to the authors' knowledge is the largest sample of ThinPrep Pap tests published to date. METHOD Data from 191,581 CS that were screened in the period from March 1, 1998 to February 28, 2000 were compared with data from 190,667 TP performed from March 1, 2000 to February 28, 2002 and that were obtained from the same sources. RESULTS With TP, the unsatisfactory rate was reduced from 0.48% to 0.32%. Fewer cases were considered to be suboptimal (19.12% vs. 12.97%). The detection rates of squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) were essentially unchanged in the TP group (0.005%, 0.003%, and 0.25%, respectively) compared with the rates for the CS group (0.01%, 0.006%, and 0.25%, respectively). There was an increase in the detection of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS; 3.74% vs. 3.19%) and low-grade SIL (LSIL; 1.67% vs. 1.01%) with a decrease in the ASCUS-to-LSIL ratio from 3.15 for CS to 2.33 for TP. The detection of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) increased slightly from 0.07% to 0.09%. The proportion of cells reported to have reactive atypia dropped from 2.71% to 1.48%. Limited biopsy correlation (range, 73.2-76.2%) confirmed the increased sensitivity of TP. More actinomyces (1.07% vs. 0.52%) were detected in TP samples despite of a similar portion of intrauterine-device users. The average primary screening and rapid rescreening time of each slide were reduced from 8 minutes to 4 minutes and from 2 minutes to less than 1 minute, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The preliminary experience of the authors of the current study appears to support the use of the ThinPrep Pap test to enhance the efficiency of cervical cytology screening.