Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Photoprotection by clothing

The increasing use and importance of clothing for sun protection for children is now a key element in a range of protection strategies, where reducing ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposures in early life is fundamental to skin cancer prevention programmes. Other applications of photoprotection by clothing are sun protection of outdoor workers in occupational situations, sun protection of the general population in recreational situations, protection of photosensitive patients and protection of workers exposed to intense artificial sources of UVR such as welding. The broadest application and the one that this article will mainly concentrate on is clothing and sun protection, although there will be some discussion on the other areas. Before 1990, there were very few references in the scientific literature on clothing and UVR protection (1–10) and many of these were to do with clothing and transmission of UVR from artificial sources. However, this situation has changed dramatically over the last 10 years, where there has been a surge of interest, with numerous publications dealing with the factors that affect the UVR protection provided by fabrics and garments. This in turn has lead to the rating of the sun protection provided by clothing, the development of lightweight, comfortable clothing that is highly UVR protective as well as other advances such as wash and wear treatments to increase the UVR protection of existing clothing. A comprehensive and detailed summary of much of the work on clothing and UVR is in the recently released report of the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) or International Commission on Illumination Technical Committee 6–29 entitled ‘UV Protection and Clothing’ CIE 172:2006 (11).
Early Feeding Advancement in Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants With Intrauterine Growth Retardation and Increased Umbilical Artery Resistance

Background To investigate whether intrauterine growth retardation (birth weight <10th percentile), increased umbilical artery resistance (resistance index >90th percentile measured by Doppler velocimetry), or brain sparing (increased umbilical artery resistance and decreased middle cerebral artery resistance index <5th percentile) were associated with early feeding intolerance in very low-birth-weight (VLBW, <1,500 g) infants. Methods From July 1999 to December 2000, 124 inborn VLBW infants were enrolled in a prospective trial evaluating early enteral nutrition after a standardized feeding protocol (daily feeding advancement, 16 mL/kg birth weight). Feeding tolerance was assessed as the age at which full enteral feeds (150 mL/kg daily) were achieved. Data are shown as median, 25th, and 75th percentiles. Results Full enteral feeds were achieved at 15 days (range, 12–21 days) of age for all infants. Intrauterine growth retardation (full enteral feeding achieved at 14 days; range, 12–21 days), increased umbilical artery resistance (full enteral feeding achieved at 14 days; range, 11–16 days), and brain sparing (full enteral feeding achieved at 15 days; range, 14–20 days) were not associated with early feeding intolerance. Conclusion Very low-birth-weight infants with intrauterine growth retardation, increased umbilical artery resistance, and brain sparing tolerated enteral feeding as well as appropriate-for-gestational-age VLBW infants.
Characterization of the tuning performance of a micro-machined Fabry–Pérot interferometer for thermal infrared

We developed a tunable surface-micromachined Fabry–Pérot interferometer for the thermal infrared spectral region of wavelengths 7–11 µm. The device is controlled through capacitive actuation with the maximum applied voltage near 30 V. The transmission characteristics, as a function of the tuning actuation, were recorded for several samples with a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer. Two different device designs are compared in terms of the transmission peak width and height evolution along the actuation. Numerical simulations and the established analytical Airy expression are exploited in order to bridge the gap between an ideal-model performance and the measurement results. Emphasis in the analysis is on the movable mirror unidealities and their implications in the performance. Finally, we present example data recorded with a laboratory setup of a gas spectrometer, based on the device under study.
Hypothermia Reduces Brain Edema, Spontaneous Recurrent Seizure Attack, and Learning Memory Deficits in the Kainic Acid Treated Rats

Aims: It is unknown whether hypothermia can disrupt the progress of epileptogenesis. The present study aimed to determine the effect of hypothermia on brain edema and epileptogenesis and to establish whether brain edema is associated with epileptogenesis after severe status epilepticus (SE). Methodology: Rats were injected with a single dose of Kainic acid (KA) to produce either chronic epileptic rats (rats with spontaneous recurrent seizure, SRS) or rats without spontaneous recurrent seizure (no‐SRS rats). A second KA injection was used to induce SE in SRS rats and in no‐SRS rats. The number of SRS was counted and the brain edema induced by SE was assessed by brain water content measurement. The cognitive function was assessed by the radial‐arm maze (RAM) test. Results: A second KA injection resulted in brain edema that was more severe in SRS rats than in no‐SRS rats. After second injection of KA, hypothermia treatment attenuated the KA induced brain edema and reduced the SRS attack in SRS rats. Additionally cognitive function was better in hypothermia‐treated SRS rats than in nomothermia treated SRS rats 1 month after the second KA injection. Conclusions: Hypothermia treatment immediately after SE not only exhibited protective effects against the chronic spontaneous recurrent convulsant seizures but also improved cognitive function. These antiepileptogenic properties of hypothermia may be related to its attenuating effect on brain edema induced by SE. They therefore suggest that brain edema may be involved in the progress of epileptogenesis.
A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction.

The theory is advanced that the common denominator of a wide range of addictive substances is their ability to cause psychomotor activation. This view is related to the theory that all positive reinforcers activate a common biological mechanism associated with approach behaviors and that this mechanism has as one of its components dopaminergic fibers that project up the medial forebrain bundle from the midbrain to limbic and cortical regions. Evidence is reviewed that links both the reinforcing and locomotor-stimulating effects of both the psychomotor stimulants and the opiates to this brain mechanism. It is suggested that nicotine, caffeine, barbiturates, alcohol, benzodiazepines, cannabis, and phencyclidine----each ofwhich also has psychomotor stimulant actions--may activate the docaminergic fibers or their output circuitry. The role of physical dependence in addiction is suggested to vary from drug to drug and to be of secondary importance in the understanding of compulsive drug self-administration. Attempts at a general theory of addiction are attempts to isr late--from a variety of irrelevant actionsmthose drug actions that are responsible for habitual, compulsive, nonmedical drug self-administration. The common assumption of addiction theorists is that general principles of addiction can be learned from the study of one drug and that these principles will have heuristic value for the study of other drugs. Thus far, attempts at a general theory of addiction have failed to isolate common actions that can account for addiction across the range of major drug classes. A major stumbling block has been the psychomotor stimulants--amph etamine and cocainemwhich do not readily fit models traditionally based on depressant drug classes. The present article offers a new attempt at a general theory of addiction. It differs from earlier theories (e.g., Collier, 1968; Himmelsbach, 1943; Jaffe & Sharpless, 1968; Jellinek, 1960; Kalant, 1977; Lindsmith, 1947; Solomon & Corbit, 1974) in that it is based on the common denominator of the psychomotor stimulants---amphetamine, cocaine, and related drugs---rather than on the common denominator of the socalled depressant drugs~opiates, barbiturates, alcohol, and others. We take up two topics before presenting the new theory. First, we briefly discuss the heuristic value of a biological approach and suggest that the biologist's distinction between homology and analogy offers a useful insight. Next we discuss the shortcomings of earlier theories--variants of dependence theory. Then we outline the new theory and review the relevant evidence for its three major assertions: (a) that all addictive drugs have psychomotor stimulant actions, (b) that the stimulant actions of these different drugs have a shared biological mechanism, and (c) that the biological mechanism of these stimulant
Predictors of Cervical Cancer Screening for Rarely or Never Screened Rural Appalachian Women

Background and Purpose. Women who have not had a Papanicolaou test in five years or more have increased risk of developing invasive cervical cancer. This study compares Appalachian women whose last screening was more than one year ago but less than five years ago with those not screened for the previous five years or more.Methods. Using PRECEDE/PROCEED as a guide, factors related to obtaining Pap tests were examined using cross-sectional data from 345 Appalachian Kentucky women. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify predictors of screening.Results. Thirty-four percent of participants were rarely- or never-screened. In multiple logistic regression analyses, several factors increased those odds, including belief that cervical cancer has symptoms, and not having a regular source of medical care.Conclusion. The findings from this study may lead to the development of effective intervention and policies that increase cervical cancer screening in this population.
Gender Differences in Illness Behavior After Cardiac Surgery

PURPOSE: Differences in the ways male and female patients confront their illness after cardiac surgery may contribute to previously observed gender differences in the outcomes of cardiac rehabilitation. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to verify whether there are gender-related differences in illness behavior (IB) soon after cardiac surgery and before entering cardiac rehabilitation. METHODS: Patients (N = 1323) completed the IB Questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) 9 ± 5 (mean ± SD) days after cardiac surgery. The scores were tested for gender differences in score distributions (Mann-Whitney U test) and in prevalence of clinically relevant scores (the Pearson &khgr;2 test). Multivariate regression analyses were made with IB Questionnaire and HADS scores as independent variables, and gender, age, education, marital status, and type of surgery as predictors. RESULTS: Denial was significantly (P < .01) prevalent among the men (3.6 ± 1.4) versus women (3.2 ± 1.6), whereas disease conviction (men = 2.1 ± 1.5, women = 2.5 ± 1.6), dysphoria (men = 1.5 ± 1.5, women = 2.0 ± 1.6), anxiety (men = 6.0 ± 3.6, women = 6.9 ± 3.9), and depression (men = 5.3 ± 3.8, women = 6.5 ± 4.0) were significantly more prevalent among women. The prevalences of clinically relevant scores for disease conviction, anxiety, and depression were also significantly higher in women. Multivariate analysis showed that gender predicted these scores even after the removal of confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences exist in denial, disease conviction, and dysphoria, probably depending on the culturally assigned roles of men and women. As these aspects of IB may compromise treatment compliance and the quality of life, the efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation programs might be improved taking into account the different prevalences in men and women.
Single photon emission computed tomography experience with (S)‐5‐[123I]iodo‐3‐(2‐azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine in the living human brain of smokers and nonsmokers

(S)‐5‐[123I]iodo‐3‐(2‐azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine (5‐[123I]IA), a novel potent radioligand for high‐affinity α4β2* neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), provides a means to evaluate the density and the distribution of nAChRs in the living human brain. We sought in healthy adult smokers and nonsmokers to (1) evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of 5‐[123I]IA in an open nonblind trial and (2) to estimate the density and the distribution of α4β2* nAChRs in the brain. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed for 5 h after the i.v. administration of ∼0.001 μg/kg (∼10 mCi) 5‐[123I]IA. Blood pressure, heart rate, and neurobehavioral status were monitored before, during, and after the administration of 5‐[123I]IA to 12 healthy adults (8 men and 4 women) (6 smokers and 6 nonsmokers) ranging in age from 19 to 46 years (mean = 28.25, standard deviation = 8.20). High plasma‐nicotine level was significantly associated with low 5‐[123I]IA binding in: (1) the caudate head, the cerebellum, the cortex, and the putamen, utilizing both the Sign and Mann–Whitney U‐tests; (2) the fusiform gyrus, the hippocampus, the parahippocampus, and the pons utilizing the Mann–Whitney U‐test; and (3) the thalamus utilizing the Sign test. We conclude that 5‐[123I]IA is a safe, well‐tolerated, and effective pharmacologic agent for human subjects to estimate high‐affinity α4/β2 nAChRs in the living human brain. Synapse 63:339–358, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ergenlerde saldırganlık ve kişilerarası problem çözmenin incelenmesi

Bu arastirmanin amaci ergenlerde saldirganlik ve kisilerarasi problem cozme arasindaki iliskinin ortaya konulmasi ve cinsiyete gore saldirganlik ve kisilerarasi problem cozmenin incelenmesidir. Arastirma genel tarama modelinde yapilmis ve 483 (180 kiz ve 303 erkek) ergen uzerinde gerceklestirilmistir. Arastirmanin istatistiksel analizlerinde t testi, pearson momentler carpim korelâsyonu ve coklu regresyon analizi teknigi kullanilmistir. Analiz sonucunda ergenlerin cinsiyetine gore saldirganlik puan ortalamalarinin anlamli duzeyde farklilastigi bulunmustur. Ayrica saldirganlik ile probleme olumsuz yaklasim, kendine guvensiz yaklasim ve sorumluluk almama arasinda pozitif yonde, saldirganlik ile yapici problem cozme ve israrli-sebatkâr yaklasim arasinda ise negatif yonde anlamli bir iliski vardir. Bununla birlikte yapici problem cozme ve israrli-sebatkar yaklasimin, saldirganligi anlamli duzeyde acikladigi bulunmustur
VELOCITY DISPERSIONS AND STELLAR POPULATIONS OF THE MOST COMPACT AND MASSIVE EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES AT REDSHIFT ∼1

We present Gran-Telescopio-Canarias/OSIRIS optical spectra of four of the most compact and massive early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the Groth Strip Survey at redshift z ∼ 1, with effective radii Re = 0.5–2.4 kpc and photometric stellar masses M⋆ = (1.2–4) × 1011 M☉. We find that these galaxies have velocity dispersions σ = 156–236 km s−1. The spectra are well fitted by single stellar population models with approximately 1 Gyr of age and solar metallicity. We find that (1) the dynamical masses of these galaxies are systematically smaller by a factor of ∼6 than the published stellar masses using BRIJK photometry, and (2) when estimating stellar masses as 0.7× Mdyn, a combination of passive luminosity fading with mass/size growth due to minor mergers can plausibly evolve our objects to match the properties of the local population of ETGs.
Jejunal levodopa infusion in long‐term DBS patients with Parkinson's disease

After its initial description in 1967, the existence of benign hereditary chorea (BHC) was questioned when patients originally reported as having BHC had their diagnosis revised, most commonly to myoclonus-dystonia (M-D), largely based on clinical phenomenological features. Subsequent gene discovery confirmed that despite some similarities, BHC and M-D are distinct diseases. We present a case with genetically proven BHC who had typical childhood chorea, but progressed to a myoclonic syndrome more suggestive of M-D in adulthood.
Proximal Humerus Fractures Surgical Management of 3 and 4-Part Proximal Humerus Fractures with Locking Plates in Elderly Yaşlı Hastalarda 3 ve 4 Parçalı Proksimal Humerus Kırıklarının Kilitli Plak ile Tedavisi

DOI: 10.4328/JCAM.4834 Received: 12.10. 2016 Accepted: 13.11. 2016 Printed: 01.05. 2017 J Clin Anal Med 2017;8(3): 243-7 Corresponding Author: Emrah Kovalak, Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Anabilim Dalı, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, 32260 Çünür, Isparta, Türkiye. GSM: +905332346280 E-Mail: emrahkovalak@yahoo.com. Özet Amaç: Proksimal humerus kırıkları tüm kırıkların yaklaşık %5’ini oluşturur ve bunların da %15-20’si deplase ve dengesizdir. Kilitli plakların ortaya çıkmasından sonra bu kırıkların osteosentez ile tedavisinde artış olmuştur. Ancak, hala bu kompleks kırıkların tedavisinde bir fikir birliği oluşmamıştır. Bu retrospektif çalışma ile yaşlılarda 3 ve 4parçalı proksimal humerus kırıklarının kilitli plakla osteosentezinin fonksiyonel sonuçları ve prognozu etkileyen faktörleri değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya 20102015 yılları arasında deplase, 3 ve 4 parçalı proksimal humerus kırığı tanısıyla kilitli plak ile osteosentez yapılan 53 hasta dahil edildi. Kırıkların sınıflaması Neer Sınıflama sistemine göre yapıldı. Sonuçlar, Constant-Murley Skorlama sistemi (CMS), görsel analog ağrı ölçeği, ve düz radyografi ile değerlendirildi. Hareket açıklığının değerlendirilmesi amacı ile kolun öne elevasyonu ve abduksiyonu ölçüldü. Bulgular: 3 ve 4 parçalı kırıklar arasında, CMS, öne elevasyon ve abdüksiyonda istatiksel olarak bir fark saptanmadı (p>0.05). Ağrı 4 parçalı kırıklarda belirgin olarak daha fazla idi (p=0.035). CMS, öne elevasyon ve abduksiyon, yaş ve cerrahi süresinde gecikme ile ters yönde korale idi. Komplikasyon gelişen hastalar ile gelişmeyenler arasında CMS, öne elevasyon ve abduksiyonda istatiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık saptandı (p=0.029, p=0.017 and p=0.024). Tartışma: Proksimal humerus kırıklarının kilitli plak ile tespiti sonrasında fonksiyonel sonuçlar; hastaya ait faktörler, kırık yapısı, cerrah ve implanta bağlı olmak üzere birçok faktörle ilişkilidir. Endikasyonlar dikkatli seçildiği takdirde 3 ve 4 parçalı proksimal humerus kırıklarının kilitli plaklarla osteosentezi iyi sonuçlar vermektedir.
Ras is required for a limited number of cell fates and not for general proliferation in Caenorhabditis elegans

Experiments with mammalian tissue culture cells have implicated the small GTPase Ras in the control of cellular proliferation. Evidence is presented here that this is not the case for a living animal, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: proliferation late in embryogenesis and throughout the four larval stages is not noticeably affected in animals lacking Ras in various parts of their cell lineages. Instead, genetic mosaic analysis of the let-60 gene suggests that Ras is required only, at least later in development (a maternal effect cannot be excluded), for establishment of a few temporally and spatially distinct cell fates. Only one of these, the duct cell fate, appears to be essential for viability.
[Expression of CD80, CD86, TGF-beta1 and IL-10 mRNA in the esophageal carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation of CD80 and CD86 mRNA expression with the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 mRNA (TGF-beta1) and interleukin-10 mRNA (IL-10) in the esophageal cancer. To explore the reason of impaired immunological function of dentritic cell (DC) and the mechanism of cancer cell escaption from body immunity system in the esophageal cancer patient. METHODS Expression of CD80, CD86, TGF-beta1 and IL-10R mRNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in specimens of 62 esophageal carcinoma and 16 normal esophageal mucosal tissues used as normal control. RESULTS Expression of CD80 and CD86 mRNA in the esophageal cancer tissue was significantly lower than that in the normal esophageal mucosal tissue (CD80: P = 0.038; CD86: P = 0.0002). It was significantly higher in stage I or II than that in stage III or IV (CD80: P = 0.029; CD86: P = 0.045); and also higher in paitents with high or moderate differentiation than that with poor differentiation (CD80: P = 0.046; CD86: P = 0.044). Furthermore, it was found to be reversely correlated with expression of TGF-beta1, IL-10 mRNA by multiple regression analysis (P = 0. 0001) respectively, the more TGF-beta1 and IL-10 mRNA expressed in the tumor tissue, the less CD80 and CD86 mRNA expressed by dendritic cells. CONCLUSION The expression of CD80 and CD86 mRNA in the tissues of esophageal cancer are found to be weak, and reversely correlated with the expression of TGF-beta1 and IL-10 mRNA. High level expression of TGF-beta1 and IL-10 mRNA may be an important influential factor to the weak expression of CD80 and CD86 mRNA, which may be one of the reasons leading to impaired function of dendritic cells and immune escape of cancer cells in the esophageal cancer patient.
Functional and Clinical Consequences of Novel α‐Galactosidase A Mutations in Fabry Disease

Fabry disease (FD) is a rare metabolic disorder of glycosphingolipid storage caused by mutations in the GLA gene encoding lysosomal hydrolase α‐galactosidase A (α‐gal A). Recently, the diagnostic procedure for FD has advanced in several ways, through the development of a specific biomarker (lyso‐Gb3) and the implementation of newborn screenings, which acted as a catalyst to augment general awareness of the disease. Heterologous over‐expression of α‐gal A variants and subsequent in vitro measurement of enzyme activity provided molecular data to elucidate the relationship between mutation, enzyme damage, lyso‐Gb3 biomarker levels, and clinical phenotype. This knowledge is the foundation for improved counseling with regard to prognosis and therapeutic decisions. Herein, we resume the approach of in vitro characterization, with a further 73 mainly novel GLA gene mutations. Patient lyso‐Gb3 data were available for most of the mutations. All mutations were tested for responsiveness to pharmacological chaperone treatment and phenotypic data for 61 hemizygous male and 116 heterozygous female patients carrying a mutation associated with ≥20% residual activity, formerly classified as “mild” variant, were collected in order to evaluate the pathogenicity. We conclude that a mild GLA variant is typically characterized by high residual enzyme activity and normal biomarker levels. We found evidence that these variants can still be classified as a distinctive, but milder, sub‐type of FD.