Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Barley diseases and their management- an Indian perspective

Barley is an important coarse cereal, cultivated in Rabi season, particularly in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir. Currently, it covers an area of about 0.66 million hectares under rainfed and irrigated crop. Seventy per cent produce is used for cattle and poultry feed, 25% in industries for manufacturing malt and malt extracts and rest 5% for human consumption. The straw is also used for animal feed, bedding and to cover roofs of houses. Barley grains demand is increasing continuously because of its various uses and high nutritive value. Therefore, a substantial yield gains will be needed over the next several decades. A number of biotic and abiotic factors pose a challenge to increase production of barley. Barley diseases prominently rusts, net blotch, spot blotch, Septoria speckled leaf blotch, stripe disease, powdery mildew, barley yellow dwarf and molya disease are the major biotic constraints in enhancing the barley grain production. Other diseases like black point and smuts, are important from industrial point of view because these deteriorate the quality of malt and beer. This review seeks to provide an overview of different barley diseases and their management.
Stellar Feedback in Galaxies and the Origin of Galaxy-scale Winds

Feedback from massive stars is believed to play a critical role in driving galactic superwinds that enrich the intergalactic medium and shape the galaxy mass function, massmetallicity relation, and other global galaxy properties. In previous papers, we have introduced new numerical methods for implementing stellar feedback on sub-GMC through galactic scales in numerical simulations of galaxies; the key physical processes include radiation pressure in the UV through IR, supernovae (Type-I & II), stellar winds (“fast” O star through “slow” AGB winds), and HII photoionization. Here, we show that these feedback mechanisms drive galactic winds with outflow rates as high as 10 20 times the galaxy star formation rate. The mass-loading efficiency (wind mass loss rate divided by the star formation rate) scales roughly as _ Mwind= _ M / V 1 c (where Vc is the galaxy circular velocity), consistent with simple momentum-conservation expectations. We use our suite of simulations to study the relative contribution of each feedback mechanism to the generation of galactic winds in a range of galaxy models, from SMC-like dwarfs and Milky-way analogues to z 2 clumpy disks. In massive, gas-rich systems (local starbursts and high-z galaxies), radiation pressure dominates the wind generation. By contrast, for MW-like spirals and dwarf galaxies the gas densities are much lower and sources of shock-heated gas such as supernovae and stellar winds dominate the production of large-scale outflows. In all of our models, however, the winds have a complex multi-phase structure that depends on the interaction between multiple feedback mechanisms operating on different spatial and time scales: any single feedback mechanism fails to reproduce the winds observed. We use our simulations to provide fitting functions to the wind mass-loading and velocities as a function of galaxy properties, for use in cosmological simulations and semi-analytic models. These differ from typically-adopted formulae with an explicit dependence on the gas surface density that can be very important in both low-density dwarf galaxies and high-density gas-rich galaxies.
ELECTRO-KINETIC FLOW BARRIERS IN COMPACTED CLAY

Double liner systems are now required for new hazardous waste landfills and impoundments to prevent groundwater contamination caused by leachate. However, uncertainty always exists about the longevity of the synthetic flexible membrane liner, and the compacted clay components of the liner system may release some seepage in time under a sustained hydraulic head. The mechanisms of contaminant retention by clay minerals are not fully understood, and the attenuation capacity of any containment system is finite. In addition, diffusion through the clay liner under a concentration gradient may increase the rate of contaminant migration into the environment above that owing to advection alone. Electro-kinetic counterflow may be an effective measure to stop the migration of contaminants under a hydraulc gradient. An electro-kinetic fluid flow barrier can be created by the continuous or periodic application of an electrical gradient across a compacted clay liner. A coupled flow theory to describe the simultaneous flows of water, electricity, and contaminant ions under the influences of hydraulic, electrical, and chemical gradients has been developed by using the formalism of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. An experimental testing program demonstrated the existence of electro-osmotic flow in partly saturated compacted clay and provided a basis to evaluate the validity of the theoretical predictions. An electrical gradient may move some inorganic species in soils much more effectively than hydraulic gradient. An electro-kinetic flow barrier halted the migration of the cation but accelerated that of the anion under laboratory testing conditions.
An Octave Bandwidth, High PAE, Linear, Class J GaN High Power Amplifier

Abstract : In this paper, the design and measured performance of a wideband (1.2-2.5 GHz), high efficiency, high linearity, Gallium Nitride (GaN), Class J, 200-W power amplifier (PA) is reported. The Class J PA output stages exhibit 45-62% power-added efficiency (PAE) and a near-maximum power match over 2:1 bandwidth, and impressive 802.11g WLAN linearity. This linear PA has 65 to 70-dB small-signal gain over this bandwidth.
A two-channel thermal dissociation cavity ring-down spectrometer for the detection of ambient NO 2 , RO 2 NO 2 and RONO 2

Abstract. We describe a thermal dissociation cavity ring-down spectrometer (TD-CRDS) for measurement of ambient NO2, total peroxy nitrates (ΣPNs) and total alkyl nitrates (ΣANs). The spectrometer has two separate cavities operating at ∼ 405.2 and 408.5 nm. One cavity (reference) samples NO2 continuously from an inlet at ambient temperature, the other samples sequentially from an inlet at 473 K in which PNs are converted to NO2 or from an inlet at 723 K in which both PNs and ANs are converted to NO2, difference signals being used to derive mixing ratios of ΣPNs and ΣANs. We describe an extensive set of laboratory experiments and numerical simulations to characterise the fate of organic radicals in the hot inlets and cavity and derive correction factors to account for the bias resulting from the interaction of peroxy radicals with ambient NO and NO2. Finally, we present the first measurements and comparison with other instruments during a field campaign, outline the limitations of the present instrument and provide an outlook for future improvements.
nfluence of environmental preference and environment type congruence on udgments of restoration potential

This study (N = 120) explored whether congruence between environmental preference and environment type influenced judgments of likelihood for directed attention restoration. The study differs from previous research by operationally defining preference as a representation of place identity from environmental psychology rather than as the attractiveness of the location. Preference was also treated as an influence on judgments of restoration potential instead of a consequence of directed attention fatigue. Persons experiencing images congruent with their environmental preference were expected to rate similar locations highest in restoration potential compared to incongruent images; however, this was not fully supported. Those with a nature preference perceived congruent environments as the most potentially restorative, but this was higher than, rather than equal to, the restoration expectations of those in the urban congruent condition. As expected, nature preferences influenced judgments of urban settings; this incongruence was rated least restorative. Persons with an urban preference perceived both nature and urban environments equal in restoration potential; this may explain circumstances when environment choice appears inconsistent to cognitive restoration goals. Water quality in the settings also influenced restoration judgments; pleasant waterscapes resulted in the best expectations. The findings illustrate the potential contribution of place identity from environmental psychology to the study of attention restoration outcomes and further support the growing literature endorsing the positive potential of urban settings.
Seabird transfer of nutrients and trace elements from the north water polynya to land during the mid-holocene warm period, carey islands, northwest Greenland

On sait aujourd’hui que le guano d’oiseaux marins provenant des grandes colonies nicheuses fait augmenter les teneurs en metaux-traces dans les milieux terrestres adjacents et que tous les oceans sont contamines au Hg, au Cd et autres metaux. Toutefois, l’effet du guano d’oiseaux marins dans la periode preindustrielle a rarement fait l’objet d’etudes. Nous avons utilise des isotopes stables de carbone d’azote et des analyses d’oligoelements d’une carotte de tourbe, qui represente environ 2000 ans d’accumulation de matieres organiques, pour examiner l’effet de la presence d’une colonie d’oiseaux marins qui a existe dans le nord de la baie de Baffin pendant le maximum thermique de l’Holocene (environ 8000 a 5000 ans BP) sur les oligoelements et les nutriments. Meme si les concentrations de C et de N etaient semblables a celles se trouvant dans d’autres tourbes, les donnees isotopiques ont demontre que la principale source de N, et une source mineure de C, provenaient de matieres organiques marines, indiquant ainsi que les oiseaux marins inconnus etaient des especes piscivores qui y ont reside l’ete pendant 2000 ans. Les concentrations de Cd, Br, Sr et Zn dans la tourbe etaient d’un ordre de grandeur superieur a celles des tourbieres ombrotrophes (alimentees par l’air) d’ailleurs, tandis que les concentrations de Hg et de Cu etaient semblables a celles d’autres tourbes, ce qui laisse sous-entendre des niveaux relativement bas de Hg et Cu dans le guano. Ce resultat concernant le Hg est surprenant, car il est contraire aux etudes modernes sur les oiseaux marins demontrant que le guano a considerablement augmente les concentrations de Hg dans l’environnement. Cette augmentation pourrait etre attribuable aux concentrations de Hg dans les reseaux alimentaires marins de l’Arctique lors de la periode preindustrielle, d’un ordre de grandeur inferieur aux concentrations d’aujourd’hui.
Selection Strategy for Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) Families Originating from Contrasting European Populations

Genetic material originating from contrasting European chestnut (Castanea sativa) populations of Greece, Italy and Spain was evaluated in a common garden test situated in Greece. The aim of the study is to device an appropriate selection strategy by identifying and conserving superior genotypes for current and future use in breeding programs. Breeding material consisted of 143 open-pollinated families growing in a common garden provenance-progeny experimental trial. Growth trait genetic parameters were estimated and response to selection was evaluated using family, within family and combined selection methods. Two models were employed for the estimation of family variance and genetic parameters. The CVA varied between 12.1% and 67% among traits and models, showing an increasing trend with age. Heritability estimates were high; however their variation with age was irregular. Selection of superior families regarding three years of measurement for height, diameter, volume index and number of leaves showed a potential gain of 12% - 25%, 12% - 28%, 33% - 73% and 21% - 49% over the mean of all plants. Genetic gain for volume index was the highest among the traits studied and the joint model used presented a more effective selection strategy. Results indicate that the experimental trial studied presented substantial genetic variation and sufficient genetic gain opportunities for quantitative traits of economic importance. These findings suggest that inferior trees can be rogued from the experimental trial and a seedling seed orchard of Castanea sativa in Greece can be established.
Pulmonary infection and atherosclerosis in an experimental chlamydia pneumoniae model

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium, which has a unique intracellular developmental cycle for replication inside host cells. C. pneumoniae infects the respiratory tract and is a common cause of upper respiratory tract infections as well as bronchitis and atypical pneumonia, which may be mild or life-threatening. Similarly to all chlamydial species, C. pneumoniae has a tendency to cause chronic infections, which may lead to severe disease sequelae, such as chronic pulmonary diseases and atherosclerosis. In an experimental C. pneumoniae infection model, C. pneumoniae and chronic inflammation persist in mouse lung. Among the individual chlamydial antigens, chlamydial Heat shock protein 60 (cHsp60) is associated with chronic diseases. The immune response against cHsp60 and, further, the development of autoimmunity against host Hsp60 are associated with a chronic inflammatory disease, namely atherosclerosis. In the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, lipid-lowering statin therapies are widely used. They inhibit the rate-limiting step in the mevalonate pathway and cholesterol biosynthesis and have been shown to have antimicrobial effects. In the present study, a mouse model for C. pneumoniae infection was used. Specifically, the technical aspects, the pulmonary infection, the development of atherosclerotic lesions and Hsp60 autoimmunity, and the possible effect of simvastatin treatment on C. pneumoniae infection were studied. Mice were infected with C. pneumoniae and, in some experiments, fed a diet with some cholesterol supplementation or a high-fat diet. One of the most important findings of the present study was that the host cell components in the C. pneumoniae inoculum may induce a weak inflammatory response. This may affect the course of infection by, for instance, reactivating a culture-negative infection. It was also shown that chronic C. pneumoniae infection led to the development of a humoral Hsp60 autoimmune response along with the development of initial aortic atherosclerotic lesions. The Hsp60 autoimmune response developed after repeated C. pneumoniae exposures and was exaggerated if the mice were also fed a cholesterol-supplemented diet. In addition, treatment with simvastatin was shown to exhibit an antichlamydial effect in vivo. The effect was seen as diminished chlamydial growth in the lungs.
Predictive factors of breast cancer evaluated by immunohistochemistry

A superexpressao de receptores hormonais e Her2 avaliada pela imuno-histoquimica (IHQ) e amplamente validada como fator preditivo em câncer de mama. A qualidade da reacao imuno-histoquimica e influenciada pela fixacao do tecido e seu processamento. A fixacao insuficiente ou demasiada afeta profundamente os resultados da IHQ. A reativacao antigenica pode melhorar os resultados da IHQ, porem nao recupera tecidos com autolise ou com excessiva fixacao. A escolha do anticorpo primario para a IHQ, considerando sua sensibilidade e sua especificidade de acordo com a resposta terapeutica, representa uma importante etapa. Alem de anticorpos monoclonais de camundongo, novos anticorpos monoclonais de coelho sao comercialmente disponiveis, tais como clones SP1 e B644 anti-RE, SP2 e B645 anti-RP, e SP3 e 4B5 anti-Her2. Eles representam uma alternativa para avaliacao de receptores hormonais e Her2 atraves da IHQ. Novos sistemas de deteccao polimericos nao-biotinilados tambem sao disponiveis e permitem marcacao exata e forte sem marcacao estromal ou citoplasmatica inespecifica devido a biotina endogena. O cut off mais recomendado para receptor de estrogenio (RE) e receptor de progesterona (RP) e acima de 1% de celulas positivas com marcacao moderada ou forte (sistema de escore de Allred). Novas recomendacoes para avaliacao de Her2 atraves da IHQ apontam um cut off de mais de 30% de celulas positivas com marcacao forte (3+), que melhor se relaciona com amplificacao genica. Os casos 2+ sao agora considerados indeterminados e devem ser confirmados por hibridacao in situ por fluorescencia (FISH) ou hibridizacao in situ colorimetrica (CISH). Um controle de qualidade de fases pre-analitica, analitica e pos-analitica da IHQ e recomendado para a otimizacao dos resultados.
Loblolly Pine ( Pinus taeda L.) Seedling Growth Response to Site Preparation Tillage on Upland Sites

Mechanical site preparation has been considered essential to southern pine plantation establishment since the 1950s. Although survival and early growth responses to site preparation are well documented, several factors often contribute to these responses, and the specific contribution of soil tillage is not well established. Soil moisture content, soil resistance to penetration, and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) growth were measured on eight sites in the Upper Coastal Plain (UCP) and Piedmont in tilled (T) and nontilled (NT) rows under three conditions: operational site preparation with initial vegetation control (O), operational plus annual fertilization (O+F), and operational plus annual fertilization and complete vegetation control (O+F+V). Tillage reduced average soil resistance to penetration by 9 to 51% across cultural treatments. Soil tillage also reduced volumetric water content. On the most affected site, T rows contained 68% of the water of NT rows in the 0.15- to 0.30-m interval and 53% of the water in the 0.30- to 0.60-m interval. Tillage resulted in positive growth responses on seven of the eight sites, and growth increases occurred across all cultural treatments. After two growing seasons, the largest trees were on a Lucy series soil where the O+F+V treatment resulted in an average stem volume index (SVI) of 8932 cm³. The smallest trees were on a clayey Faceville series soil where the NT rows in the O treatment had an average SVI of 101 cm³. Growth responses were poorly correlated with measured differences in average resistance or differences in resistance between T and NT rows in any depth increment (0–0.15, 0.15–0.30, or 0.30–0.60 m); however, soil resistance in the 0- to 0.15-m depth increment demarcated an upper bound for growth. A tillage effect on the volume of soil below a critical soil resistance was helpful for explaining some of the observed responses.
Elastic behavior of zeolite boggsite in silicon oil and aqueous medium: A case of high-pressure-induced over-hydration

Abstract This paper reports the results of an in situ high-pressure synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction investigation on the natural zeolite boggsite [(K0.06Na0.36Sr0.01Ca7.00Mg1.20)(Al17.52Si78.62Fe0.05O192)·82.3 H2O]. The study was performed using both a (16:3:1) methanol:ethanol:water mixture (m.e.w.) as a nominally “penetrating” hydrostatic P-transmitting medium and silicon oil (s.o.) as a “non-penetrating” medium. The studied pressure ranges are: Pamb-7.6 and Pamb-5.9 GPa in m.e. w and s.o. , respectively. No complete X-ray amorphization is observed up to the highest investigated pressures, and the original unit-cell parameters are almost completely recovered upon decompression in both media. The reductions of a, b, c, and V, within the pressure-ranges investigated, are 5.3, 4.2, 4.0, and 13.0% in s.o. and 4.1, 4.1, 3.8, and 11.5% in m.e. w. The Rietveld structural refinements of the powder patterns of the experiments in m.e. w. converged successfully up to 3.6 GPa and demonstrated the penetration of 13 additional water molecules between 0.3 and 2.9 GPa. This over-hydration occurs without any unit-cell volume expansion and can be explained by the fact that no new extraframework sites arise during compression and that water penetration is the only factor to increase the occupancy of already existing sites. Boggsite compressibility is higher in s.o. than in m.e. w. In particular, compressibility in m.e. w. is lower below 3 GPa, whereas above this pressure, the P-V trend becomes similar in the two media. This can be ascribed to the fact that, during water molecule penetration (0.3 < P < 3 GPa), the effect of the P-transmitting medium is directed to compress the system as well as to penetrate the channels.
Entropy generation calculation for laminar fully developed forced flow and heat transfer of nanofluids inside annuli

In this paper, second law analysis for calculations of the entropy generation due to the flow andheat transfer of water-Al2O3 and ethylene glycol-Al2O3 nanofluids inside annuli is presented. Thephysical properties of the nanofluids are calculated using empirical correlations. Constant heatfluxes at inner surface of the annuli are considered and fully developed condition for fluid flowand heat transfer is assumed. The control volume approach is selected for calculation of theentropy generation. Total entropy generation for different values of the nanoparticles volumefractions at different geometrical ratios is obtained and compared with those of the base fluid.Also, the geometrical ratios at which the minimum entropy generation is achieved are presented.The results show that when the ratio of the annuli length to its hydraulic diameter (L/Dh) exceedssome critical values, adding of the nanoparticles is not efficient. For each value of thenanoparticles concentration, there is a length ratio (L/Dh) at which the entropy generation isminimized.
Ethnographic understandings of ethnically diverse neighbourhoods to inform urban design practice

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to inform urban design practice through deeper understanding and analysis of the social dynamics of public outdoor space in ethnically diverse neighbourhoods. We hypothesise that findings from ethnographic research can provide a resource that improves cultural literacy and supports social justice in professional practice. The primary method is a meta-synthesis literature review of 24 ethnographic research papers, all of which explore some dimensions of public open space use and values in UK urban contexts characterised by ethnic and racial diversity. We summarise thematic understandings and significance of neighbourhood places of shared activity, parks, spaces of passing-by and of retreat. We evaluate the implications for intercultural social dynamics, exploring the spatial and temporal dimensions of conviviality and racism in public open space. We then argue that it is possible to develop principles for urban design practice informed by this work, and propose four for discussion: maximising straightforward participation, legitimising diversity of activity, designing in micro-retreats of nearby quietness and addressing structural inequalities of open space provision. We conclude that ethnographic research can provide detailed insights into the use of the public realm and also inform a more nuanced understanding of outdoor sociality relevant for an increasingly diverse society. The challenge is two-fold: for ethnographers to become less cautious in engaging with decisions and priorities regarding how cities change, and for urban designers to explicitly embed informed understandings of difference into their broad desire for inclusive public space.