Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From gravitons to gravity: myths and reality

There is a general belief, reinforced by statements in standard textbooks, that: (i) one can obtain the full nonlinear Einstein theory of gravity by coupling a massless, spin 2 field hab self-consistently to the total energy–momentum tensor, including its own; (ii) this procedure is unique and leads to Einstein–Hilbert (EH) action; and (iii) it uses only standard concepts in Lorentz-invariant field theory and does not involve any geometrical assumptions. After providing several reasons why such beliefs are suspect — and critically re-examining several previous attempts — we provide a detailed analysis aimed at clarifying the situation. First, we prove that it is impossible to obtain the EH action, starting from the standard action for gravitons in linear theory and iterating repeatedly. This result follows from the fact that EH action has a part (viz. the surface term arising from second derivatives of the metric tensor) which is nonanalytic in the coupling constant, when expanded in terms of the graviton field. Thus, at best, one can only hope to obtain the remaining, quadratic, part of the EH Lagrangian (viz. the Γ2 Lagrangian) if no additional assumptions are made. Second, we use the Taylor series expansion of the action for Einstein's theory, to identify the tensor , to which the graviton field hab couples to the lowest order (through a term of the form in the Lagrangian). We show that the second rank tensor is not the conventional energy–momentum tensor Tab of the graviton and provide an explanation for this feature. Third, we construct the full nonlinear Einstein theory with the source being a spin 0 field, a spin 1 field or relativistic particles by explicitly coupling the spin 2 field to this second rank tensor order by order and summing up the infinite series. Finally, we construct the theory obtained by self-consistently coupling hab to the conventional energy–momentum tensor Tab order by order and show that this does not lead to Einstein's theory. The implications are discussed.
The Effects of Innovation on Vertical Structure: Perspectives on Transaction Costs and Competences

We analyze how transaction cost economics and competence arguments determine vertical organization boundaries when firms react to innovation. Existing perspectives and empirical evidence have been ambiguous because of conflicting tensions between the two frameworks and simplistic views of innovation. Using Henderson and Clark's (1990) innovation categories and a careful review of both theories, we show that it is possible to reach a consistent set of predictions on vertical integration and to reconcile apparently conflicting empirical results.
CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION OF RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR) WITH KETAMINE-MEDETOMIDINE MIXTURE AND REVERSAL WITH ATIPAMEZOLE

Safe and reliable capture techniques for wild animals are important for ecologic studies and management operations. We assessed the efficiency of ketamine-medetomidine (K:M) injection and reversal with atipamezole. We anesthetized 67 raccoons (Procyon lotor; 34 males, 33 females) 103 times (individuals captured between one and five times) from April 2009–October 2010 in Mont-Orford Provincial Park, Quebec, Canada. We administered a 1:1 mixture by volume of ketamine and medetomidine by intramuscular injection. Mean (±SD) induction times for males and females were 6.1±2.8 and 6.6±3.7 min, respectively. Mean induction time was 2 min longer for juveniles than for adults (7.8±3.9 and 5.8±2.9 min, respectively) and longer in autumn than in spring for adults (7.7±3.8 and 5.4±2.9 min, respectively). Recovery time after administration of atipamezole was 9.6±3.8 and 8.4±4.4 min for males and females, respectively. Recovery time was longer in spring than in autumn (10.2±4 and 7.4±3.8 min, respectively) for adults. Induction time increased by 166% after five captures of the same individual. Immobilization did not affect body mass, adult survival, or female reproductive success. We suggest the K:M mixture used is a safe and reliable method for anesthetizing raccoons in field conditions.
Information Redundancy Neglect versus Overconfidence: A Social Learning Experiment

We study social learning in a continuous action space experiment. Subjects, acting in sequence, state their beliefs about the value of a good after observing their predecessors’ statements and a private signal. We compare the behavior in the laboratory with the Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium prediction and the predictions of bounded rationality models of decision-making: the redundancy of information neglect model and the overconfidence model. The results of our experiment are in line with the predictions of the overconfidence model and at odds with the others’. (JEL C91, D12, D82, D83)
Identification of fungal diseases associated with imported wheat in Iranian silos.

In this study, imported wheat varieties used for cookies and bread making were evaluated for the presence of fungal diseases in the silos. Grain samples were taken and cultured on nutrient agar medium and sterile papers impregnated with nutrient. The results showed the presence of pathogenic fungi such as Ulocladium sp. , Cladosporium sp. , Alternaria sp. , Rhizopus nigricans, Penicillium sp. and Trichothecium sp. in varieties from Australian, Mucor sp. , R. nigricans, Fusarium sp. , A. triticum, Helminthosporium sp. and Penicillium sp. from Argentina, Alternaria sp. , Ulocladium sp. , Penicillium sp. , Aspergillus sp. , Mucor mucedo, R. nigricans, Fusorium sp. , Curvularia triticola, U. clamydosporium and C. tritici from Kazakistan varieties stored in Karaj silos or unloading trains. It is noteworthy to mention that Fusarium sp. , Helminthosporium sp. , Alternaria sp. , A. tritici, A. triticola and U. clamydosporium are phytopathogenic fungi that often cause serious diseases on crops, produce lots of spores that are widely disseminated across the field and grow and reproduce in plant residues and diseased or wounded plant tissues and mature grains particularly under moist conditions. If in case, farmers try to use contaminated wheat grains that are distributed among them for flour, for cultivation purposes, it is highly probable that new fungal strains and species will be introduced in the areas where wheat production has never been threatened before. Fungal disease such as Indian smut or rusts is not native to Iran but are considered quarantine diseases. In addition, high incidence of contamination due to the presence of mycotoxins produced by Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. in foreign wheat cultivars, could result in serious toxicity and illness in humans and birds.
Interface-trap modeling for silicon-nanowire MOSFETs

Interface traps generated during device operation or stress is directly related to transistor electrical characteristics and reliability as well as critical to device performance. In this paper, an interface-trap model is included in the unified compact model (Xsim) in order to physically and accurately characterize the interface-trap behavior in silicon-nanowire (SiNW) MOSFETs. The interface-trap model is verified by TCAD simulation data. Very good agreement is achieved and the effect of interface traps is accurately captured in the drain-source characteristics of SiNW MOSFETs. The physical interface-trap model is readily applicable for circuit and reliability modeling with SiNW transistors as building blocks.
Histamine intolerance in children with chronic abdominal pain

The term histamine intolerance (HIT) describes a proposed disease in which patients develop a variety of symptoms following the ingestion of foods rich in histamine.1 ,2 Due to an assumed reduced activity of intestinal diamine oxidase (DAO), histamine-rich foods (eg, aged cheese, cured meat or sausages, fish) cause above-normal serum histamine levels.3 These elevated histamine levels cause various histamine receptor–mediated symptoms such as flush, headache or urticaria, and with respect to the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. In adults, measuring low DAO levels (<10 U/mL) in combination with improvement to a histamine-free diet has been suggested to be diagnostic for HIT.1 Chronic abdominal pain is a common problem in paediatric gastroenterology. In children, there is no study that addresses the question if HIT can be identified as the cause for chronic abdominal pain. Within 26 months, 394 children presented with chronic abdominal …
Metastatic transitional cell carcinoma mimicking zoster sine herpete.

To the Editor. — Metastatic disease often dons the guise of benign disorders. In doing so, it may delay definitive treatment. We present a case of metastatic transitional cell carcinoma, which initially masqueraded as zoster sine herpete. The term zoster sine herpete was coined by Weber in 1916 to describe herpes zoster without the classic rash. 1 As with other infectious diseases, such as measles, subclinical or incomplete forms are known to occur. 2 Herpes zoster usually announces its presence with dermatomic pain and characteristic cutaneous changes of corresponding dermatomic erythema surmounted by grouped vesicles. Absence or atypicality of the skin eruption makes the diagnosis more elusive. Dermatomic pain may occur with neural metastases as well. Accompanying changes of the overlying skin usually take the form of plaques, indicating an increase in the local cell volume. Transient dermatomic macular erythema accompanied by segmental pain and resolving with postinflammatory hyperpigmentation is an
trnL-F is a powerful marker for DNA identification of field vittarioid gametophytes (Pteridaceae).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The gametophyte phase of ferns plays an important role in habitat selection, dispersal, adaptation and evolution. However, ecological studies on fern gametophytes have been impeded due to the difficulty of species identification of free-living gametophytes. DNA barcoding provides an alternative approach to identifying fern gametophytes but is rarely applied to field studies. In this study, an example of field vittarioid gametophyte identification using DNA barcoding, which has not been done before, is given. METHODS A combination of distance-based and tree-based approaches was performed to evaluate the discriminating power of three candidate barcodes (matK, rbcL and trnL-F) on 16 vittarioid sporophytes. Sequences of the trnL-F region were generated from 15 fern gametophyte populations by tissue-direct PCR and were compared against the sporophyte dataset, using BLAST. KEY RESULTS trnL-F earns highest primer universality and discriminatory ability scores, whereas PCR success rates were very low for matK and rbcL regions (10·8 % and 41·3 %, respectively). BLAST analyses showed that all the sampled field gametophytes could be successfully identified to species level. Three gametophyte populations were also discovered to be living beyond the known occurrence of their sporophyte counterparts. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that DNA barcoding (i.e. reference databasing, tissue-direct PCR and molecular analysis), especially the trnL-F region, is an efficient tool to identify field gametophytes, and has considerable potential in exploring the ecology of fern gametophytes.
Sentiment strength detection for the social web

Sentiment analysis is concerned with the automatic extraction of sentiment-related information from text. Although most sentiment analysis addresses commercial tasks, such as extracting opinions from product reviews, there is increasing interest in the affective dimension of the social web, and Twitter in particular. Most sentiment analysis algorithms are not ideally suited to this task because they exploit indirect indicators of sentiment that can reflect genre or topic instead. Hence, such algorithms used to process social web texts can identify spurious sentiment patterns caused by topics rather than affective phenomena. This article assesses an improved version of the algorithm SentiStrength for sentiment strength detection across the social web that primarily uses direct indications of sentiment. The results from six diverse social web data sets (MySpace, Twitter, YouTube, Digg, RunnersWorld, BBCForums) indicate that SentiStrength 2 is successful in the sense of performing better than a baseline approach for all data sets in both supervised and unsupervised cases. SentiStrength is not always better than machine-learning approaches that exploit indirect indicators of sentiment, however, and is particularly weaker for positive sentiment in news-related discussions. Overall, the results suggest that, even unsupervised, SentiStrength is robust enough to be applied to a wide variety of different social web contexts.
Spots and stripes in NLS-type equations with nearly one-dimensional potentials

We consider the existence of spots and stripes for a class of NLS-type equations in the presence of nearly one-dimensional localized potentials. Under suitable assumptions on the potential, we construct various types of waves which are localized in the direction of the potential and have singleor multihump, or periodic profile in the perpendicular direction. The analysis relies upon a spatial dynamics formulation of the existence problem, together with a center manifold reduction. This reduction procedure allows these waves to be realized as unior multipulse homoclinic orbits, or periodic orbits in a reduced system of ordinary differential equations.
Reconnecting Patients With Their Primary Care Provider

Objective. Intervention to reduce nonurgent pediatric emergency department (PED) visits over a 12-month follow-up. Methods. Prospective, randomized, controlled trial enrolled children seen in the PED for nonurgent concerns. Intervention subjects received a structured session/handout specific to their primary care provider (PCP), which outlined ways to obtain medical advice. Visitation to the PED and PCP were followed over 12 months. Results. A total of 164 patients were assigned to the intervention and 168 patients to the control. At 12-month follow-up, the intervention group had a lower rate of nonurgent PED utilization compared with the control group (70 [43%] patients in the intervention compared with 91 [54%] in the control; P = .047). At 12 months, there was an increase in the rate of sick visits to PCP in the intervention group when compared with the control (P = .036). Conclusions. Intervention designed in cooperation with pediatricians was able to decrease nonurgent PED utilization and redirect patients to their PCP for future sick visits over a 12-month period.
Destructive behavior in buyer–seller relationships 1. Managers’ Risk Propensity and Destructive Behavior in Buyer–Seller Relationships: An Application of PLS-analysis Completed Research Paper

Despite their popularity, buyer–seller relationships are often dissatisfying and engender destructive behavior, such as opportunism and exit by one partner. To explain destructive behavior, previous supply chain management studies primarily focused on the influence of situational factors, such as social and economic dissatisfaction, without accounting for managers’ risk propensity. Accounting for risk is critical though, because destructive behavior in buyer–seller relationships cannot be dissociated from the people who manage them. Drawing on risk and buyer–seller literature, the authors develop and empirically test a model that incorporates a moderating effect of the risk perceptions of situational factors on the relationship between a manager’s risk propensity and the inclination to exit the relationship and act opportunistically. A survey of purchasing managers indicates that the positive relationship between risk propensity and destructive behavior is strengthened by social dissatisfaction and mitigated by economic dissatisfaction.
Immunohistochemistry and serum values of S-100B, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and hyperphosphorylated neurofilaments in brain injuries.

INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers a series of reactions resulting in cytoskeletal-related changes varying between focal and diffuse injuries. METHODS The patients (n=38) were divided into group of diffuse axonal injuries (DAI, n=10) and focal (n=28) injuries. Serum hyperphosphorylated neurofilaments (NF-H) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were measured by Biovendor immunoassay, and serum S-100B protein was measured by Cobas e411 (Roche) by immunoassay. Immunohistochemistry was performed with monoclonal antibodies (Chemicon, USA). RESULTS The median serum S-100B concentration was higher in patients with focal mass lesions (1.72±0.4 μg/l vs. 0.37±0.1 μg/l, p<0,05) compared to patients with DAI during 10 days of hospitalisation. With respect to all patients, the highest peak of serum S-100B values (4.21±1.1 μg/l) and GFAP (8.58±2.4 μg/l) were found in expansive lesions. The median serum NF-H was higher in DAI compared to focal TBI (0.625±0.14 vs 0.139±0.02 ng/l, p<0.05) during all 10 days after admission. Further, immunohistochemical investigation, in deceased patients with DAI , using NF-H antibody proved positive varicose and waving axons, and retraction balls. Time-dependent profile of serum NF-H demonstrated the increase of values within 4th up to 10th day in both groups. Values ranged from 0.263 up to 1.325 ng/l in DAI, and from 0.103 up to 1.108 ng/l in focal injuries. Patients with expansive contusions had similar levels of serum NF-H as patients without expansive lesions. Immunohistochemistry of cytoskeletal proteins presented strong positive staining of vinculin, vimentin in vessels, GFAP, and S-100B in DAI compared to weak staining in expansive lesions. CONCLUSION The time-profile kinetics of all markers may reflect different types of pathophysiological changes of the BBB or axonal damage in focal and diffuse injuries. KEYWORDS brain contusions - diffuse axonal injury - S-100B protein - GFAP - hyperphosphorylated neurofilaments.
Neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants after surgery for congenital heart disease: a comparison of single-ventricle vs. two-ventricle physiology.

INTRODUCTION The neurodevelopmental outcome of children with repaired congenital heart defect has risen in importance with improved survival. This study compares neurodevelopmental outcomes of children who had CHD with single ventricle physiology with those who had CHD with two-ventricle physiology. PATIENTS AND METHODS Participants included 112 infants discharged from the NICU between February 1999 to August 2006. The 12 infants who had a known genetic defect were excluded. Of the 100 infants 26 had single ventricle physiology and 74 had CHD with two-ventricle physiology. The children were seen in a follow-up clinic and growth parameters and standardized instruments were used to evaluate development. The referral rate to early intervention services was also compared. RESULTS The number of functional ventricles did not significantly differentiate growth parameters at 6-8 months of age. Early cognitive outcomes were relatively unimpaired in both the groups (single ventricle vs. two ventricle physiology). Early motor outcomes were worse in (p < 0.05) CHD with single ventricle physiology. The rate of referral for early intervention services was high in both groups compared to the average rate of referral in the state, but there was not a significant difference between the CHD groups. CONCLUSION Significant differences noted on motor outcomes at the 6-8 month visit were no longer apparent in later visits. Referral to early intervention services is high in both the groups. These findings are important to those caring for infants with CHD because many of these patients may need referral for early intervention.
Rationing health care: moving the debate forward

Groups in Britain are encouraging the debate that the government won't lead When governments and politicians do not act, the people may. In Britain neither the government nor the main opposition party will openly acknowledge the inevitability of rationing health care. Instead, they talk of increasing the effectiveness of health care, spending more on the health service, and setting priorities locally. Their implication to the public is that nobody will be denied potentially beneficial treatments. But almost all of those who spend any time studying this subject recognise that people have always been denied potentially beneficial treatments, and they always will be no matter how much is spent on health services. These commentators believe that governments should come clean with the public and lead a debate on how best to ration health care. Because British political leaders will not accept this challenge, various organisations and ad hoc groups have begun to try to find ways to include the public in the debate on rationing health care. Some of these initiatives are covered in this week's and last week's BMJ. Most commentators accept that rationing is inevitable, but the debate keeps returning …
Instrumental variables estimation under a structural Cox model

&NA; Instrumental variable (IV) analysis is an increasingly popular tool for inferring the effect of an exposure on an outcome, as witnessed by the growing number of IV applications in epidemiology, for instance. The majority of IV analyses of time‐to‐event endpoints are, however, dominated by heuristic approaches. More rigorous proposals have either sidestepped the Cox model, or considered it within a restrictive context with dichotomous exposure and instrument, amongst other limitations. The aim of this article is to reconsider IV estimation under a structural Cox model, allowing for arbitrary exposure and instruments. We propose a novel class of estimators and derive their asymptotic properties. The methodology is illustrated using two real data applications, and using simulated data.
Investigation of GSTP1 (Ile105Val) Gene Polymorphism in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia Patients

Abstract The factors leading to the development of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) are not fully known. Associations between polymorphisms for genes encoding Glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes involved in Phase II detoxification reactions and susceptibility to some cancers have been shown in several studies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of the GSTP1 (IIe105Val) gene polymorphism on human susceptibility to CML. Seventy-one CML patients and 67 control subjects with no cancer history were enrolled in our study. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to identify the GSTP1 (lle105Val) gene polymorphism. Genotypes were determined according to the bands that formed in agarose gels via gel electrophoresis. Leukocytes in the CML patient group were significantly different from those in the control group (p=0.0001). The frequency of the GSTP1 Val allele was found to be 22% in CML patients and 31% in controls. However, no statistical variation was found to exist between controls and patients in terms of the GSTP1 Val allele frequency (p=0.199). The relationship between the GSTP1 (IIe105Val) gene polymorphism and CML is not fully understood. Our results provide no evidence of a relationship between the GSTP1 (IIe105Val) gene polymorphism and susceptibility to CML in Turkish patients. However, these findings should be confirmed in studies with larger sample sizes.