Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Working Paper Series No . 14002 Financial Innovation and Endogenous Growth

We model technological and nancial innovation as reecting the decisions of pro tmaximizing agents and explore the implications for economic growth. We start with a Schumpeterian model where entrepreneurs earn pro ts by inventing better goods and nanciers arise to screen entrepreneurs. A novel feature is that nanciers also engage in the costly, risky, and potentially pro table process of innovation: Financiers can invent more e¤ective processes for screening entrepreneurs. Every screening process, however, becomes less e¤ective as technology advances, i.e., informational asymmetries evolve endogenously. The model predicts, therefore, that technological innovation and economic growth eventually stop unless nanciers innovate to enhance screening. Empirical evidence is consistent with this dynamic, synergistic model of nancial and technological innovation and economic growth. Keywords: Screening; Financial Intermediation; Invention; Economic Growth; Corporate Finance; Technological Change; Entrepreneurship. JEL classi cation Numbers: G0; O31; O4 Laeven: IMF and CEPR; Levine: Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley, the Milken Institute, and the NBER; and Michalopoulos: Brown University and the NBER. We thank Giovanni DellAriccia,Peter Howitt, Yona Rubinstein, Frank Smets, Uwe Sunde, and seminar participants at the Brown University, the London School of Economics, the Bank of England, the Conference on Corporate Finance and Economic Performance at the University of St. Gallen, the University of Modena, Collegio Carlo Alberto, the European Central Bank, the American Economic Association meetings, and Stanford University for useful comments. The views expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They should not be attributed to the International Monetary Fund.
Analysis of Serum Trace Elements ( Copper , Iron and Zinc ) Level in Women with Breast Cancer

DOI: 10.21276/sjams.2017. 5.11. 22 Abstract: Breast cancer is one of the mainly common cancers in females and highly assorted disease worldwide. ICMR said in 2016 the total number of new cancer cases is likely to be about 14.5 lakh in India. Trace elements are present in small levels, but they act a vital part in plentiful biochemical enzymatic reactions and have been evaluated as a potential key constituent in various human diseases involving cancer. Natural trace elements such as: zinc, copper have some dictatorial functions that may affect immune reactions and free radical generation. The cancerous tissue directly indicates changes of trace elements that are evoked by the disease. Blood or blood constituents such as serum are considered to be the best indicators of the present exposure of an individual to many metals due to its easy sampling. In our study I was include 100 cases and 100 healthy control in which, Serum iron, copper, tumour marker CA15-3 level, Cu/Zn and Cu/Cp ratio were significantly high in breast cancer patient (p<0.001) and. Serum Zinc level is significantly decreased in breast cancer patient (p<0.001).
On the use of Ionic Liquids for CO 2 Capturing

In this work, ionic liquids (ILs) for CO2 capturing in typical absorption/stripper process are considered. The use of ionic liquids is considered to be cost-effective because it requires less energy for solvent recovery compared to other conventional processes. A mathematical model is developed for the process based on Peng-Robinson (PR) equation of state (EoS) which is validated with experimental data for various solutions involving CO2. The model is utilized to study the sorbent and energy demand for three types of ILs at specific CO2 capturing rates. The energy demand is manifested by the vapor-liquid equilibrium temperature necessary to remove the captured CO2 from the used solvent in the regeneration step. It is found that higher recovery temperature is required for solvents with higher solubility coefficient. For all ILs, the temperature requirement is less than that required by the typical monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent. The effect of the CO2 loading in the sorbent stream on the process performance is also examined.
The decision to downsize a company is a twofold process. It starts with the identification of a need to restructure the organization, whether this comes from a decline in corporate activities

In this paper, we investigate the conditions behind the path followed by social relations through downsizing processes and the nature of the final social compromise about collective redundancy measures, in the French context. To what extent can downsizing drive to abovemandatory packages and/or redeployment services, or neither? What are the antecedents of the social compromise? To understand the path driving unique social compromise in regard to the way redundancies were managed in 10 cases, we used the QCA method (Ragin, 1987) as an appropriate way to analyze systematically a limited number of cases and to investigate the possible combination(s) of conditions that determine a specific outcome. When it comes to explaining the presence of above-mandatory severance pay packages, QCA leads to a parsimonious causal model corresponding to a combination of three conditions: weak employability, active unions, and numeric downsizing type. This combination appears necessary and sufficient for the achievement of above-mandatory level severance pay. The QCA for the redeployment outcome brings only one necessary condition, which relates to the presence of cooperative interactions between management and employees’ representatives. These results are then discussed.
Face Recognition On Distorted Infrared Images Augmented By Perceptual Quality-Aware Features

Face identification systems based on infrared images overcome some of the limitations of the approaches based on visible images, such as illumination variations. Nonetheless, distortions on perceptual image quality impair the performance of face recognition systems in infrared images. Although the interaction between the perceptual image quality and the computer vision tasks of face detection has been studied in visual images, the development and use of similar models have not been nearly as widespread on thermal face recognition. In this project, we analyze the impact of four common infrared image quality distortions (Gaussian noise, blur, Non-Uniformity and JPEG compression) on an infrared face recognition system, which uses thermal signatures extracted from the images. We propose an infrared image face recognition framework, based on Natural Scene Statistics as image quality descriptors, to adjust the thermal signatures extraction algorithms in an effort to improve the system robustness with respect to image quality distortions. A notable limitation in the test of new IR based face recognition algorithms, is the lack of public databases acquired in realistic conditions that contain major challenges such as variations in pose, expression, and illumination conditions. Toward overcoming this limitation, we designed and created two databases for infrared face recognition, acquired with thermal cameras FLIR T360 and FLIR ONE. These databases (FT360 and F-ONE) contain thermal images of subjects with glasses, different poses, expressions, and illumination conditions. The database acquired with FLIR ONE is the first of its kind, since this camera fits onto a mobile device, acquires aligned IR and visible images (without using the camera of the mobile device), and displays fused images and videos. The images captured using this low-cost camera are usually afflicted by complex mixtures of multiple visual distortions. Our databases FT360 and F-ONE, consists each one of over 800 pairs of infrared and visible images. We found that the thermal face recognition accuracy decreases when infrared images are distorted, particularly with Additive White Gaussian Noise and NonUniformity. The new framework for infrared image face recognition based on NSS, improves the rank-1 retrieval rate at nearly 17 %, 11 % and 19 % over a baseline in the databases IRIS, University of Notre-Dame, and PUJ-FT360, respectively.
The role of lternat ve oxidase in tomato fruit ripening and its regulatory intera tion wi h ethyl

In mammals, cadmium is widely considered as a non-genotoxic carcinogen acting through a methylation-dependent epigenetic mechanism. Here, the effects of Cd treatment on the DNA methylation patten are examined together with its effect on chromatin reconfiguration in Posidonia oceanica. DNA methylation level and pattern were analysed in actively growing organs, under short(6 h) and long(2 d or 4 d) term and low (10 mM) and high (50 mM) doses of Cd, through a Methylation-Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism technique and an immunocytological approach, respectively. The expression of one member of the CHROMOMETHYLASE (CMT) family, a DNA methyltransferase, was also assessed by qRT-PCR. Nuclear chromatin ultrastructure was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Cd treatment induced a DNA hypermethylation, as well as an up-regulation of CMT, indicating that de novo methylation did indeed occur. Moreover, a high dose of Cd led to a progressive heterochromatinization of interphase nuclei and apoptotic figures were also observed after long-term treatment. The data demonstrate that Cd perturbs the DNA methylation status through the involvement of a specific methyltransferase. Such changes are linked to nuclear chromatin reconfiguration likely to establish a new balance of expressed/repressed chromatin. Overall, the data show an epigenetic basis to the mechanism underlying Cd toxicity in plants.
A NEW PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE PERMITTIVITY OF RADAR ABSORBING MATERIALS Silva T. I.1*, Pereira I. M.1, Souza J. A. M.2, Mosso M. M.2, Denadai A. M. L.3, da Silva

Permittivity is an important electromagnetic property of materials used as radar absorbing material. Nowadays, there are many methods for measuring this property although they require very complicated test sets. Most of the techniques usually execute electromagnetic characterization of materials with waveguides and vector network analyzer that involves calibration procedures time consuming, complexity and are always frequency band. Besides, waveguides, even at X band, are configured as large hollow metal pipes with very difficult assembling during measurements procedures. To reduce those complexities and problems, this paper proposes a new approach, using time domain reflectometry, for measuring the EM properties. Thus, in the present work, the scalar reflection loss techniques are used to characterize epoxy systems by modifying with nanoparticules of Fe3O4, NiFe2O4, Ni0.5Zn0. 5Fe2O4 at concentrations of 0%, 10% and 20%. Results certify that TDR techniques can be used for EM characterization, being a less time consuming measurement and broadband measurement method. Key-words: radar absorber material, permittivity, vector network analyzer, time domain reflectometer, iron oxides. 22o CBECiMat Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia e Ciência dos Materiais 06 a 10 de Novembro de 2016, Natal, RN, Brasil
9 THE EVOLUTION OF MORAL COGNITION

Moral concepts, judgments, sentiments, and emotions pervade human social life. We consider certain actions obligatory, permitted, or forbidden, recognize when someone is entitled to a resource, and evaluate character using morally tinged concepts such as cheater, free rider, cooperative, and trustworthy. Attitudes, actions, laws, and institutions can strike us as fair, unjust, praiseworthy, or punishable: moral judgments. Morally relevant sentiments color our experiences—empathy for another’s pain, sympathy for their loss, disgust at their transgressions— and our decisions are influenced by feelings of loyalty, altruism, warmth, and compassion. Fullblown moral emotions organize our reactions—anger toward displays of disrespect, guilt over harming those we care about, gratitude for those who sacrifice on our behalf, outrage at those who harm others with impunity. A newly reinvigorated field, moral psychology, is investigating the genesis and content of these concepts, judgments, sentiments, and emotions. This handbook reflects the field’s intellectual diversity: Moral psychology has attracted psychologists (cognitive, social, developmental), philosophers, neuroscientists, evolutionary biologists, primatologists, economists, sociologists, anthropologists, and political scientists. Issues fundamental to each researcher’s home field animate their questions. Investigators who started in philosophy might design experiments inspired by Kant, Mill, and Bentham to see when our moral judgments reflect deontic intuitions or deliberative reasoning about utilitarian consequences. Economists assume that decision-makers maximize their utility when making choices; when subjects in their experiments behave altruistically or punish free riders, they write utility functions that include “social preferences” to explain these choices. Evolutionary biologists model natural selection to understand which kinds of altruism it can favor. Anthropologists ask whether the content of morality varies capriciously across cultures or displays predictable patterns. Sociologists and political scientists see how trust and cooperation shape institutions and are, in turn, shaped by them. Developmentalists want to know whether infants have moral intuitions or begin life without them. Primatologists look for traces of human moral sentiments in our primate cousins, to ascertain the phylogeny of morality. Social and cognitive psychologists argue about the respective roles played by emotion and reasoning in moral judgment. Cognitive neuroscientists address the 9 THE EVOLUTION OF MORAL COGNITION
Comprehending crystalline β-carotene accumulation by comparing engineered cell models and the natural carotenoid-rich system of citrus

Genetic manipulation of carotenoid biosynthesis has become a recent focus for the alleviation of vitamin A deficiency. However, the genetically modified phenotypes often challenge the expectation, suggesting the incomplete comprehension of carotenogenesis. Here, embryogenic calli were engineered from four citrus genotypes as engineered cell models (ECMs) by over-expressing a bacterial phytoene synthase gene (CrtB). Ripe flavedos (the coloured outer layer of citrus fruits), which exhibit diverse natural carotenoid patterns, were offered as a comparative system to the ECMs. In the ECMs, carotenoid patterns showed diversity depending on the genotypes and produced additional carotenoids, such as lycopene, that were absent from the wild-type lines. Especially in the ECMs from dark-grown culture, there emerged a favoured β,β-pathway characterized by a striking accumulation of β-carotene, which was dramatically different from those in the wild-type calli and ripe flavedos. Unlike flavedos that contained a typical chromoplast development, the ECMs sequestered most carotenoids in the amyloplasts in crystal form, which led the amyloplast morphology to show a chromoplast-like profile. Transcriptional analysis revealed a markedly flavedo-specific expression of the β-carotene hydroxylase gene (HYD), which was suppressed in the calli. Co-expression of CrtB and HYD in the ECMs confirmed that HYD predominantly mediated the preferred carotenoid patterns between the ECMs and flavedos, and also revealed that the carotenoid crystals in the ECMs were mainly composed of β-carotene. In addition, a model is proposed to interpret the common appearance of a favoured β,β-pathway and the likelihood of carotenoid degradation potentially mediated by photo-oxidation and vacuolar phagocytosis in the ECMs is discussed.
A clinical and serological study of adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

Introduction: The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM): dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM) have been historically defined by broad clinical and pathological criteria. These conditions affect both adults and children with clinical features including muscle weakness, skin disease and internal organ involvement. Using a clinico-serological approach DM and PM can be defined into more homogeneous subsets. Myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs) are directed against cytoplasmic or nuclear components involved in key regulatory intra-cellular processes including protein synthesis, translocation and gene transcription. Over the last few years MSAs have been better characterised including autoantibodies directed against the aminoacyl tRNA-synthetase (ARS) enzymes, the signal recognition particle and the Mi-2 protein. Aim: The overall aim of this thesis is to describe a comprehensive clinical and serological study of adult and juvenile IIM. Autoantigen targets including novel specificities were identified using protein immunoprecipitation. Results: The first part of this thesis is a descriptive study on known myositis autoantibodies in adult IIM, confirming the significant association of interstitial pneumonia with anti-ARS, severe myopathy with anti-SRP, and classic DM with anti-Mi-2 serotype. In the next section, new autoantigen systems in adult IIM are described including a new anti-ARS (anti-Zo) in the anti-synthetase syndrome. Further autoantibodies directed against small ubiquitin-like modifier enzyme and a p155/140 autoantigen are major serological subsets in adult DM, the latter significantly associated with malignancy. The final section outlines a large serological study of juvenile DM (JDM) and JDM-overlap showing the frequency and clinical associations of MSAs and myositis-associated autoantibodies, including work on two new major subsets anti-p155/140 and anti-p140, which appear to define more severe disease. Conclusion: The work in this thesis highlights the importance of autoimmunity in IIM and suggests a new approach where MSAs can classify patients into clinical syndromes, which predict outcomes and may as a result influence treatment strategies.
Optimal SGD Hyperparameters for Fully Connected Networks

We specify a loss function L that is a function of the parameters (or weights) of the model, and a training set Strain of size Ntrain. The total loss Lτ is obtained by summing all the individual losses L(s) of training samples indexed by s. We optimize Lτ either by stochastic gradient descent (SGD) or SGD + momentum. We fix a batch size B, a learning rate and, in the case of SGD + momentum, a momentum m. We do not consider annealing or any other kind of parameter schedule.
The impact of introducing electronic health record systems in residential aged care

Resident health record is an essential information source for the management and delivery of aged care services. Paper-based record is beset by many defences, such as illegibility, missing data, double data entry and difficulty in information retrieving. Electronic health records (EHRs) have been introduced into residential aged care facilities (RACFs) to improve record management. However, to date, the actual impacts of EHRs in RACFs have not been systematically studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the impacts of EHR systems in RACFs and their causes, and to examine how to overcome the challenges for the implementation of EHR systems. A qualitative, interpretative research was undertaken. The empirical data was collected from semi-structured interviews of 110 care staff members working in nine RACFs belonging to three organisations. The audio records were transcribed in Microsoft Word. Content analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel. The updated DeLone and McLean Information Systems Success Model was used as the theoretical framework for data analysis. The study has identified three categories of impacts, both positive and negative: the impacts on individual care staff members, on residents and on the RACFs. The top 10 frequently mentioned benefits are: quick data retrieval, ease and speed of data input, ease of access, improved format and content of records, enhanced communication with external health care providers, more information about the residents, motivation of staff to enter data, better communication among staff and improved performance appraisal by management. The most obvious negative impact was negative staff attitudes toward documenting resident records in the EHR systems. The factors leading to these impacts were also examined. The benefits were realised because of the nature of the aged care EHR systems in comparison with paper-based records, the way the systems were used by the staff and the fact that one benefit could lead to another. The negative impacts were caused by the quality of the EHR system, an inadequate approach to the implementation of the system – including lack of training and support – and technical problems with third party products. Strategies for the introduction of the system that might overcome the challenges of implementation were classified in three categories: hardware allocation, useful additional functions, user interface redesign and training and support. Although the negative impacts discouraged the care staff members from using the system, the overall benefits led to a smooth organisational transition to electronic documentation practice.
Nutritional Immunology Conjugated Linoleic Acid Ameliorates Viral Infectivity in a Pig Model of Virally Induced Immunosuppression 1 , 2

We investigated the cellular and molecular immunoregulatory actions of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) of relevance to viral disease pathogenesis and antiviral responses. To test the hypothesis that CLA ameliorates viral disease, we developed a viral challenge model by infecting pigs with type-2 porcine circovirus (PCV2). After 42 d of dietary supplementation with either soybean oil (n 16) or CLA (n 16), half of the pigs in each group were challenged with PCV2. We examined the effect of CLA on the development of lesions (i.e., lymphoid depletion and pneumonia) and observed the kinetics of the immune responses against PCV2. The viral infection depleted immature B cells (IgM SWC3 ) and favored proapoptotic mRNA expression profiles [i.e., suppressed B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-xl (Bcl-xl) and stimulated Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak)] in the external inguinal lymph nodes. B-cell depletion was more accentuated in pigs fed the control diet, whereas interleukin (IL)-2 mRNA expression was downregulated. Histopathological examination of the lungs revealed that the interstitial pneumonia tended to be more severe in infected pigs fed the control diet, which were also affected by growth retardation. CD8 T cells were the primary cellular targets of CLA action in peripheral blood (CD8 CD29 and CD8 CD45RC ) and thymus (CD8 and CD4 CD8 ). CLA interacted with PCV2 to increase the proliferation of CD8 T cells and to suppress PCV2-specific interferon (IFN)production in CD4 T cells. At the molecular level, these cellular immunoregulatory properties were associated with differential patterns of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ( and ) mRNA expression between diets in virally infected pigs. J. Nutr. 133: 3204–3214, 2003.