Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of muscle creatine content manipulation on contractile properties in mouse muscles

The effects of muscle creatine manipulation on contractile properties in oxidative and glycolytic muscles were evaluated. Whereas control mice (NMRi; n = 12) received normal chow (5 g daily), three experimental groups were created by adding creatine monohydrate (CR group; 5%, 1 week; n = 13); β‐guanidinoproprionic acid, an inhibitor of cellular creatine uptake (β‐GPA group; 1%, 2 weeks; n = 12); or CR following β‐GPA (β‐GPA+CR group; n = 11). Total creatine (TCr) and the contractile properties of incubated soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were determined. For the soleus, compared with control, TCr increased in the CR group (+25%), decreased in β‐GPA group (−50%), and remained stable in the β‐GPA+CR group, whereas, for the EDL, TCr was similar in the CR, and lower in the β‐GPA (−40%) and β‐GPA+CR (−15%) groups. None of the experimental groups (CR, β‐GPA, or β‐GPA+CR) showed changes in peak tension (Ppeak), time to peak tension, or relaxation in soleus or EDL during twitch or tetanic stimulation. For the soleus, fatigue reduced Ppeak to ∼60% of initial Ppeak; 5 min of recovery restored Ppeak to values ∼15% higher in CR than in controls. Ppeak recovery was not affected by β‐GPA or β‐GPA+CR in the soleus or any treatment in the EDL. Thus, peak tension recovery is enhanced by creatine intake in oxidative but not glycolytic muscles. This may be implicated in the beneficial action of creatine loading. Muscle Nerve 29: 428–435, 2004
Natural history, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC): a mono-institutional 12-year experience

The clinical and histopathological records of 149 consecutive patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), homogeneously studied and operated on by the same surgeon in the period 1990 to 2001, were reviewed. After a mean 6.5-year follow-up, three cases of loco-regional recurrence (2%) were observed. These three patients had all undergone partial thyroidectomy only and tumour relapse occurred in the residual thyroid tissue. No recurrence was observed in patients treated by total thyroidectomy and 131I. At variance with other reported series, no lymph node recurrence was observed in our series, in particular in the group of 23 patients with evidence of nodal metastases at initial diagnosis (three of whom were revealed by 131I scan after surgery). Therefore, a preventive effect of 131I treatment in our patient population can be hypothesized. However, prolonged follow-up will be necessary to clarify this. Due to the inability of current imaging modalities to select pre-operatively PTMC patients at risk for recurrence (presence of thyroid capsular invasion, multifocality and microscopic lymph node metastases), it appears reasonable to offer the patient total thyroidectomy when a pre-operative diagnosis of PTMC is reached. Moreover, the policy of our thyroid cancer centre is that, in these patients, post-surgical 131I scan should be obtained in order to detect unknown metastatic deposits, and 131I treatment should also be considered in patients with poor clinical and histopathological prognostic factors. In contrast, in patients operated on for benign thyroid disease and with delayed diagnosis of PTMC at definitive histopathological examination, re-operation might be avoided in the presence of unifocal disease without thyroid capsular invasion and with ultrasound-‘normal’ residual thyroid tissue. Close clinical and ultrasound follow-up is recommended, especially in patients who have undergone conservative surgery only.
Getting by with a little help: The importance of various types of social support for health problems

Aims: Our understanding of the relative importance of various types of social support is still limited. This study examines the overall and relative importance of various types of social support for health problems in a general population. The support resources focused on differ in character and represent companionship and emotional, instrumental, and informational types of social support. The health problems are depression, circulatory problems, and self-rated general health. Methods: The logistic regression analyses are based on a Swedish nationally representative sample of 5,053 adults, aged 18—75, interviewed in the Level of Living Survey in 2000. Panel data from the earlier interview wave in 1991 were also used. Results: The number of support resources was associated with all the health problems studied. The availability of economic support was important relative to the other support resources (or of similar importance), irrespective of marital status, social class, and own economic situation. The associations hold when earlier health status was controlled for. Having someone to talk to about personal problems and having someone for company were relevant, especially the latter. This support resource demonstrated an association with all health problems, which remains when the other support resources and earlier health status are taken into consideration. Conclusions: In the Swedish population, the number of support resources was linked to health problems, indicating the usefulness of a diverse resource pool. The multidimensional approach revealed that economic support, company, and, to a more limited extent, the opportunity to discuss personal problems were most important.
Partially Parallel Architecture for AdaBoost-Based Detection With Haar-Like Features

This paper proposes a hardware architecture for object detection based on an AdaBoost learning algorithm with Haar-like features as weak classifiers. We analyze and discuss the parallelism in this detection algorithm and propose a partially parallel execution model suitable for hardware implementation. This parallel execution model exploits the cascade structure of classifiers, in which classifiers located near the beginning of the cascade are used more frequently than subsequent classifiers. We assign more resources to these earlier classifiers to execute in parallel than to subsequent classifiers. This dramatically improves the total processing speed without a great increase in circuit area. Moreover, the partially parallel execution model achieves flexible processing performance by adjusting the balance of parallel processing. In addition, we implement the proposed architecture on a Virtex-5 FPGA to show that it achieves real-time object detection at 30 fps on VGA video without candidate extraction.
A critical review of the biological mechanisms underlying the in vivo and in vitro toxicity of carbon nanotubes: The contribution of physico-chemical characteristics

Abstract This critical review of the available human health safety data, relating to carbon nanotubes (CNTs), was conducted in order to assess the risks associated with CNT exposure. Determining the toxicity related to CNT exploitation is of great relevance and importance due to the increased potential for human exposure to CNTs within occupational, environmental and consumer settings. When this information is combined with knowledge on the likely exposure levels of humans to CNTs, it will enable risk assessments to be conducted to assess the risks posed to human health. CNTs are a diverse group of materials and vary with regards to their wall number (single and multi-walled CNTs are evident), length, composition, and surface chemistry. The attributes of CNTs that were identified as being most likely to drive the observed toxicity have been considered, and include CNT length, metal content, tendency to aggregate/agglomerate and surface chemistry. Of particular importance, is the contribution of the fibre paradigm to CNT toxicity, whereby the length of CNTs appears to be critical to their toxic potential. Mechanistic processes that are critical to CNT toxicity will also be discussed, with the findings insinuating that CNTs can exert an oxidative response that stimulates inflammatory, genotoxic and cytotoxic consequences. Consequently, it may transpire that a common mechanism is responsible for driving CNT toxicity, despite the fact that CNTs are a diverse population of materials. The similarity of the structure of CNTs to that of asbestos has prompted concern surrounding the exposure of humans, and so the applicability of the fibre paradigm to CNTs will be evaluated. It is also necessary to determine the systemic availability of CNTs following exposure, to determine where potential targets of toxicity are, and to thereby direct in vitro investigations within the most appropriate target cells. CNTs are therefore a group of materials whose useful exploitable properties prompts their increased production and utilization within diverse applications, so that ensuring their safety is of vital importance.
The Ducky Mutation in Cacna2d2 Results in Altered Purkinje Cell Morphology and Is Associated with the Expression of a Truncated α2δ-2 Protein with Abnormal Function*

The mouse mutant ducky, a model for absence epilepsy, is characterized by spike-wave seizures and cerebellar ataxia. A mutation in Cacna2d2, the gene encoding the α2δ-2 voltage-dependent calcium channel accessory subunit, has been found to underlie the ducky phenotype. The α2δ-2 mRNA is strongly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. We show that du/du mice have abnormalities in their Purkinje cell dendritic tree. The mutation in α2δ-2 results in the introduction of a premature stop codon and predicts the expression of a truncated protein encoded by the first three exons of Cacna2d2, followed by 8 novel amino acids. We show that both mRNA and protein corresponding to this predicted transcript are expressed indu/du cerebellum and present in Purkinje cells. Whereas the α2δ-2 subunit increased the peak current density of the CaV2.1/β4 channel combination when co-expressed in vitro, co-expression with the truncated mutant α2δ-2 protein reduced current density, indicating that it may contribute to the du phenotype.
Methanogenic Population and CH4 Production in Swedish Dairy Cows Fed Different Levels of Forage

ABSTRACT Methanogenic community structure, methane production (CH4), and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles were investigated in Swedish dairy cows fed a diet with a forage/concentrate ratio of 500/500 or 900/100 g/kg of dry matter (DM) of total DM intake (DMI). The rumen methanogenic population was evaluated using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis, 16S rRNA gene libraries, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Mean CH4 yields did not differ (P > 0.05) between diets, being 16.9 and 20.2 g/kg DMI for the 500/500 and 900/100 diets, respectively. The T-RFLP analysis revealed that populations differed between individual cows and that each individual population responded differently to the diets. The 16S rRNA gene libraries revealed that Methanobrevibacter spp. dominated for both diets. CH4 production was positively correlated with a dominance of sequences representing T-RFs related to Methanobrevibacter thaueri, Methanobrevibacter millerae, and Methanobrevibacter smithii relative to Methanobrevibacter ruminantium and Methanobrevibacter olleyae. Total numbers of methanogens and total numbers of Methanobacteriales were significantly higher with the 500/500 diet (P < 0.0004 and P < 0.002, respectively). However, no relationship was found between CH4 production and total number of methanogens. No differences were seen in total VFA, propionic acid, or acetic acid contents, but the molar proportion of butyric acid in the rumen was higher for the 500/500 diet than for the 900/100 diet (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the results also revealed that a division of the identified methanogenic species into two groups, suggested in the work of King et al. (E. E. King, R. P. Smith, B. St-Pierre, and A. D. G. Wright, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:5682–5687, 2011), increased the understanding of the variation in CH4 production between different cows.
The kinetics of translocation and cellular quantity of protein kinase C in human leukocytes are modified during spaceflight

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine/threonine kinases that play an important role in mediating intracellular signal transduction in eukaryotes. U937 cells were exposed to microgravity during a space shuttle flight and stimulated with a radiolabeled phorbol ester ([3H]PDBu) to both specifically label and activate translocation of PKC from the cytosol to the particulate fraction of the cell. Although significant translocation of PKC occurred at all g levels, the kinetics of translocation in flight were significantly different from those on the ground. In addition, the total quantity of [3H]PDBu binding PKC was increased in flight compared to cells at 1 g on the ground, whereas the quantity in hypergravity (1.4 g) was decreased with respect to 1 g. Similarly, in purified human peripheral blood T cells the quantity of PKCδ varied in inverse proportion to the g level for some experimental treatments. In addition to these novel findings, the results confirm earlier studies which showed that PKC is sensitive to changes in gravitational acceleration. The mechanisms of cellular gravisensitivity are poorly understood but the demonstrated sensitivity of PKC to this stimulus provides us with a useful means of measuring the effect of altered gravitylevels on early cell activation events. —Hatton, J. P., Gaubert, F. , Lewis, M. L. , Darsel, Y. , Ohlmann, P., Cazenave, J.‐P., Schmitt, D. The kinetics of translocation and cellular quantity of protein kinase C in human leukocytes are modified during spaceflight. FASEB J. 13 (Suppl.), S23–S33 (1999)
Cartilage, SOX9 and Notch signals in chondrogenesis

Cartilage repair is an ongoing medical challenge. Tissue engineered solutions to this problem rely on the availability of appropriately differentiated cells in sufficient numbers. This review discusses the potential of primary human articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells to fulfil this role. Chondrocytes have been transduced with a retrovirus containing the transcription factor SOX9, which permits a greatly improved response of the cells to three‐dimensional culture systems, growth factor stimulation and hypoxic culture conditions. Human mesenchymal stem cells have been differentiated into chondrocytes using well‐established methods, and the Notch signalling pathway has been studied in detail to establish its role during this process. Both approaches offer insights into these in vitro systems that are invaluable to understanding and designing future cartilage regeneration strategies.
An Asynchronous P300-Based Brain-Computer Interface Web Browser for Severely Disabled People

This paper presents an electroencephalographic (EEG) P300-based brain–computer interface (BCI) Internet browser. The system uses the “odd-ball” row-col paradigm for generating the P300 evoked potentials on the scalp of the user, which are immediately processed and translated into web browser commands. There were previous approaches for controlling a BCI web browser. However, to the best of our knowledge, none of them was focused on an assistive context, failing to test their applications with a suitable number of end users. In addition, all of them were synchronous applications, where it was necessary to introduce a “read-mode” command in order to avoid a continuous command selection. Thus, the aim of this study is twofold: 1) to test our web browser with a population of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in order to assess the usefulness of our proposal to meet their daily communication needs; and 2) to overcome the aforementioned limitation by adding a threshold that discerns between control and non-control states, allowing the user to calmly read the web page without undesirable selections. The browser was tested with sixteen MS patients and five healthy volunteers. Both quantitative and qualitative metrics were obtained. MS participants reached an average accuracy of 84.14%, whereas 95.75% was achieved by control subjects. Results show that MS patients can successfully control the BCI web browser, improving their personal autonomy.
Regulation of IL‐4 expression by the transcription factor JunB during T helper cell differentiation

The molecular basis for restricted cytokine expression by T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells is unclear. Previous studies found that P1, an element of the interleukin 4 (IL‐4) promoter that binds AP‐1, is important for Th2‐restricted IL‐4 expression. Here we show that JunB, but not the other Jun family members, was selectively induced in Th2 cells and not in Th1 cells during differentiation. JunB has previously been considered to be a negative regulator of transcription. However, we show that JunB binds directly to the P1 site and synergizes with c‐Maf to activate an IL‐4 luciferase reporter gene. JunB‐control of IL‐4 expression is mediated by the phosphorylation of JunB at Thr102 and ‐104 by JNK MAP kinase. The synergy between c‐Maf and JunB can be attributed to cooperative DNA binding, which is facilitated by JunB phosphorylation. In transgenic mice, elevated JunB levels caused increased expression of several Th2 cytokines in developing Th1 cells. JunB also upregulated IL‐4 expression in response to immunization. Thus, the early increase of JunB protein in Th2 cells can provide the specificity for c‐Maf in IL‐4 expression during T cell development and directs thereby Th2 differentiation.
Intracranial abnormalities detected by three‐dimensional magnetic resonance imaging in Prader–Willi syndrome

The neuropathologic abnormalities associated with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) are largely unknown. PWS is due to the loss of several paternally expressed genes in chromosome 15q11‐q13 region. Several of the imprinted genes in the 15q11‐q13 region are normally expressed in the brain and thought to be necessary for neuronal growth and development. Thus, we hypothesized that we would find abnormalities in gray and white matter growth in individuals with PWS. We evaluated three‐dimensional (3‐D) MRI scans of 20 individuals with PWS, aged three months to 39 years, and compared them to 3‐D MRI scans of 21 normal weight sibling controls and 16 individuals with early‐onset morbid obesity (EMO) of unknown etiology. The interpreters of the scans were blinded to the diagnosis of the subjects. Intracranial abnormalities in individuals with PWS included ventriculomegaly (100% of individuals), decreased volume of brain tissue in the parietal‐occipital lobe (50%), sylvian fissure polymicrogyria (60%), and incomplete insular closure (65%). None of the EMO or normal weight control subjects had any of these findings. We found multiple morphologic brain abnormalities in subjects with PWS suggesting that the loss of paternally expressed genes in chromosome 15q11‐q13 region may result in abnormalities of neuronal development. The specific mechanisms underlying these neuropathological abnormalities and their correlation with the clinical phenotype remain to be elucidated. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dental health service utilisation by resident doctors/medical officers in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND Dental disease is still a serious health problem universally possibly because dental health awareness and dental service utilization is still very low. The reported prevalence of dental diseases, especially periodontal disease, is higher among the black race while their rate of dental service utilization is lower in comparison to Caucasians. AIM The aim of this study was to assess the rate of dental service utilization and identify the factors influencing such utilization by medical doctors and dentists in the University College Hospital, Ibadan. METHODOLOGY Two hundred 26-item questionnaires were distributed among the resident doctors/medical officers in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo state. The questionnaire sought to know if there is any previous dental visits, the reason for such visits and any other follow-up visits afterward. One hundred and ninety of the doctors returned the filled questionnaires giving a response rate of 95%. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 14.0. Level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Majority of the respondents (65.3%) had a previous dental visit but only 25.3% was within the last one year of the study. Among those that had visited a dentist before, 59.7% did so for the symptomatic treatment of one ailment or the other and only 13.7% of them went back for the follow-up appointment after the resolution of their symptoms. There was a statistically significant difference between the rate of dental service utilization and the gender of the respondents (p < 0.001). There was no statistical significant relationship between the rate of dental service utilization and age of the respondents. CONCLUSION The study showed that the rate of dental service utilization is low when compared with that of developed countries. Some factors identified as contributing to the lack of dental service utilization among the participants include prolonged and repeated dental appointments and the demand of their work.
Neurologic complications of autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in patients with leukemia

We retrospectively evaluated the neurologic complications in 425 patients who underwent bone marrow transplant (BMT) (310 allogeneic, 115 autologous) for leukemia.Forty-six patients (11%) developed 47 central and three peripheral neurologic complications. The most common complications were cerebral hemorrhage (3.8%), metabolic encephalopathy (3%), and CNS infections (2%). All CNS infections occurred with allogeneic BMT. Eleven of 16 hemorrhages were subdural hematomas (69%), which were more frequent in autologous (8%) than in allogeneic (0.6%) BMT (p less than 0.0001), and in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) (5%) than in the remaining leukemia patients (0.8%) (p equals 0.013). Eight of 11 subdural hematomas occurred in AML patients receiving autologous BMT. When we compared patient-, disease-, and transplant-related characteristics of these patients with those without subdural hematoma, only platelet refractoriness correlated with an increased risk of subdural hematoma. The actuarial probability of developing subdural hematoma was 44% in patients with platelet-refractory disease and only 2.5% in the other patients (p less than 0.0001). Ten patients with subdural hematoma did not have surgery and eight had significant clinical improvement associated with reduction or resolution of the hematoma, confirmed by CT scan in six patients. The subdural hematoma was the cause of death in only one patient. This study shows that the frequency of the different neurologic complications varies among types of BMT. Patients undergoing autologous BMT for AML with platelet refractoriness have an increased risk of subdural hematoma that may be treated with conservative measures. NEUROLOGY 1996;46: 1004-1009