Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Reasons for Non-Adherence in Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs

INTRODUCTION Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a comprehensive treatment modality that includes approaches to improve the physical and emotional states of chronic respiratory patients and provide sustaining health-promoting behaviors. It includes individualized exercise training after assessing patients and approaches, such as the training of patients and their families, for the development of behavior modification. PR reportedly reduces symptoms, increases exercise capacity, and enhances health-related quality of life, particularly in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as well as other chronic respiratory diseases (1). PR is a cost-effective treatment modality that also reduces the number of attacks and hospital admissions for COPD (2). Although it is supported by highly effective scientific evidence, the rate of attending PR is reported to be approximately 50% and that of not attending it is reported to vary from 23% to 31% (3-5). Based on the existing literature, transportation, working conditions, concerns regarding the benefits of PR, depressive symptoms, active cigarette use, level of shortness of breath, feelings of inadequacy, lack of family support, and inadequate information obtained from the referral doctor are reported to be the causes underlying this maladaptation to PR (5-7). Original Investigation
On the Trading Behavior of Emerging Market ETFs

Emerging market exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are the subject of the current article. In particular, a sample of 40 iShares listed in the United States and exposed to several emerging stock markets in the Americas, Europe, Asia, and South Africa is employed to study several issues surrounding the trading behavior of emerging market ETFs. The issues examined concern the behavior of their return and volatility during trading and nontrading hours; their performance relative to market performance; the correlation of emerging ETF returns with the stock market of the United States; their tracking error and the persistence in tracking error; the pricing inefficiencies in terms of deviations between the trading prices and net asset values of ETFs; the persistence in these inefficiencies, which may or may not be arbitrageable; the reaction implications for the pricing of ETFs due to the existence of these inefficiencies; and finally, the determinants of ETFs’ trading activity. The results are comprehensive and indicative of the trading behavior of U.S. ETFs invested in emerging market indexes covering the Americas, Europe, Asia, and South Africa.
The Stinger Missile and U.S. Intervention in Afghanistan

Like much cold war history, the landmark 1986 decision by the United States to arm the Afghan Mujahedin1 with Stinger antiaircraft missiles-purportedly the first time American-made weapons were supplied to kill Soviet troops-has been distorted by opposing political forces. On one side, and winning the public-relations battle, are conservatives who claim the weapon had a decisive military impact, hastening Soviet withdrawal and the eventual collapse of communism, thereby vindicating their longstanding hawkish approach to the cold war. Opposed are liberals who argue not only that the Stinger did not drive the Red Army out of Afghanistan, but that it actually prolonged the occupation by denying the Soviets an earlier face-saving withdrawal, thereby vindicating their more dovish approach. The dispute continues, in part because the complete story of the Stinger decision and its impact on the Soviet withdrawal never has been told. Large chunks have emerged in press clippings, investigative reports, and scholarly excavations of the Soviet archives, but they often have been mixed with misinformation and never assembled into a coherent whole. Because of the withholding of key documents by the governments of the United States and Russia, a total picture may not come to light for many years. However, it recently has become possible to tell this fascinating and cautionary tale of cold war decision-making by piecing together and cross-checking earlier fragmentary reports, reviewing newly declassified documents, and consulting former government officials finally willing to speak on the record.
INERTIAL AND ADAPTIVE PATTERNS IN ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE.

This research competitively tests the predictions of adaptive models of organizational change with three models of inertial patterns in organizations: inertia theory (Hannan and Freeman 1984), fluidity of aging (Singh, Tucker and Meinhard 1988) and liability of adolescence (Fichman and Levinthal 1988). Rates of strategic transition between specialism and generalism in a cohort of day care centers were found to display inertial and adaptive patterns. Rates of strategic change varied systematically with age, but not in a manner predicted by inertia theory, and were also sensitive to environmental change and organizational performance. Findings indicate that both selection and change among existing organizations may play important roles in the change processes of organizational populations.
Asymmetric Price and Volatility Adjustments in Emerging Asian Stock Markets

This paper tests the hypothesis that stock returns in emerging stock markets adjust asymmetrically to past information. The evidence suggests that both the conditional mean and the conditional variance respond asymmetrically to past information. In agreement with studies dealing with developed stock markets, the conditional variance is an asymmetrical function of past innovations, rising proportionately more during market declines. More importantly, the conditional mean is also an asymmetrical function of past returns. Specifically, positive past returns are more persistent than negative past returns of an equal magnitude. This behaviour is consistent with an asymmetric partial adjustment price model where news suggesting overpricing (negative returns) are incorporated faster into current prices than news suggesting underpricing (positive returns). Furthermore, the asymmetric adjustment of prices to past information could be partially responsible for the asymmetries in the conditional variance if the degree of adjustment and the level of volatility are positively related. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd 1999.
Effect of Labor Epidural Analgesia with and without Fentanyl on Infant Breast-feeding: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Study

Background:The influence of labor epidural fentanyl on the neonate is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine whether epidural fentanyl has an impact on breast-feeding. Methods:Women who previously breast-fed a child and who requested labor epidural analgesia were randomly assigned in a double-blinded manner to one of three groups: (1) no fentanyl group, (2) intermediate-dose fentanyl group (intent to administer between 1 and 150 &mgr;g epidural fentanyl), or (3) high-dose epidural fentanyl group (intent to administer > 150 &mgr;g epidural fentanyl). On postpartum day 1, the mother and a lactation consultant separately assessed whether the infant was experiencing difficulty breast-feeding, and a pediatrician assessed infant neurobehavior. All women were contacted 6 weeks postpartum to determine whether they were still breast-feeding. Results:Sixty women were randomly assigned to receive no fentanyl, 59 were randomly assigned to receive an intermediate dose, and 58 were randomly assigned to receive high-dose fentanyl. On postpartum day 1, women who were randomly assigned to receive high-dose fentanyl reported difficulty breast-feeding (n = 12, 21%) more often than women who were randomly assigned to receive an intermediate fentanyl dose (n = 6, 10%), or no fentanyl (n = 6, 10%), although this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.09). There was also no significant difference among groups in breast-feeding difficulty based on the lactation consultant’s evaluation (40% difficulty in each group; P = 1.0). Neurobehavior scores were lowest in the infants of women who were randomly assigned to receive more than 150 &mgr;g fentanyl (P = 0.03). At 6 weeks postpartum, more women who were randomly assigned to high-dose epidural fentanyl were not breast-feeding (n = 10, 17%) than women who were randomly assigned to receive either an intermediate fentanyl dose (n = 3, 5%) or no fentanyl (n = 1, 2%) (P = 0.005). Conclusions:Among women who breast-fed previously, those who were randomly assigned to receive high-dose labor epidural fentanyl were more likely to have stopped breast-feeding 6 weeks postpartum than woman who were randomly assigned to receive less fentanyl or no fentanyl.
The anticardiolipin antibody in elderly stroke patients: its effects on stroke types, recurrence, and the coagulation‐fibrinolysis system

Anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) is known as a risk marker for stroke, particularly in subjects younger than 50 years of age. We studied the effects of aCL on stroke types, recurrences, and the coagulation‐fibrinolysis system in 257 elderly patients (63.2 ± 11.4 years). Follow‐up was performed for 3.1 years on 184 patients, for whom the rate of symptomatic and asymptomatic reinfarcts on CT was studied. aCL was positive in 30 (12%) of the patients. The incidence of atherosclerotic changes in the cerebral arteries was not significantly different between aCL‐positive and aCL‐negative patients. The aCL‐positive patients had a greater rate of individuals not having any of the known risk factors (p<0.05), a greater incidence of cortical infarctions (p<0.05), more frequent symptomatic recurrences (p<0.05). They had significantly greater changes in molecular markers for the coagulation‐fibrinolysis system in the acute phase (p<0.05), but not in the chronic phase.
The Effects of Institutional and Organizational Characteristics on Work Force Flexibility: Evidence from Call Centers in Three Liberal Market Economies

This comparative study examines survey data from 464 call centers in the United States, 167 in the United Kingdom, and 387 in Canada to explore two questions: whether institutional differences shape employers' choices of ways to improve work force flexibility, both numerical and functional; and whether strategies for numerical flexibility and functional flexibility are related. The results suggest that institutional differences across these liberal market economies—specifically, in dismissal regulations and union strength—did affect how employers chose to achieve work force flexibility. For example, the use of part-time workers was more common in countries with more stringent rules regulating dismissals. Organizational characteristics also mattered, with outsourced firms being more likely than in-house firms to use part-time workers. Evidence also suggests that managers used numerical flexibility and functional flexibility strategies as substitutes: higher employee job discretion was associated with both lower dismissal rates and a lower likelihood of temporary use.
A Question of Compromise? Case Study Evidence on the Location and Mobility Strategies of Dual Career Households

GREEN A. E. (1997) A question of compromise? Case study evidence on the location and mobility strategies of dual career households, Reg. Studies 31, 641‐657. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 30 dual career households, this paper presents a framework for the study of, and selected evidence on, the key factors influencing the location and mobility strategies of a privileged and growing group of the population. The ways in which such factors are 'traded off' one against another in decision making, and how individual sacrifices may be made for household benefits, are outlined. Accessible semi-rural areas emerge as one of the most preferred residential environments for dual career households, with many couples prepared to commute long distances to work ‐ nearly always by car ‐ in order to live in such areas. A further advantage of a location accessible to a motorway junction is that commuting potential for both partners is maximized, while the need for residential migration is minimized. GREEN A. E. (1997) .
The Video Streams Prediction Based on Adaptive Kalman Model

In order to improve the rate of bandwidth utilization and achieve dynamic bandwidth allocation, in this paper, the video stream predication model of Kalman filter is improved according to linear prediction of future frames. The Kalman filtering owns a minimum mean square error estimate when the observed variables and noise are jointly Gaussian noise. Noise reduction is applied, and then the technology of scene change is added. The method proposed strengthened the correlation of data, and improved the prediction accuracy. Finally, packet loss was predicted according to network conditions. Experimental results show that the predictive efficiency have been greatly improved through the improvement of Kalman filter for video stream model.
Ro 09-1470 is a selective inhibitor of P-450 lanosterol C-14 demethylase of fungi

Ro 09-1470 is a new antifungal agent that belongs to a series of compounds characterized by a tetrahydropyran skeleton with glycine and alkenyl side chains and that inhibits P-450 lanosterol C-14 demethylase (P-450(14DM)) of fungi (Y. Aoki, T. Yamazaki, M. Kondoh, Y. Sudoh, N. Nakayama, Y. Sekine, H. Shimada, and M. Arisawa, J. Antibiot. 45:160-170, 1992; S. Matsukuma, T. Ohtsuka, H. Kotaki, H. Sawairi, T. Sano, K. Watanabe, N. Nakayama, Y. Itezono, M. Fujiu, N. Shimma, K. Yokose, and T. Okuda, J. Antibiot. 45:151-159, 1992). We have studied the compound's mode of interaction with fungal P-450(14DM) and its selectivity for the fungal versus mammalian P-450 enzymes. Ro 09-1470 bound to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae P-450(14DM) by coordinating to the heme with one-to-one stoichiometry. Unlike the azole compounds, it interacted with both ferric and ferrous heme. It was active also against the P-450(14DM) of Candida albicans. Ro 09-1470 preferentially inhibited the yeast P-450(14DM), showing a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.47 to approximately 1.1 microM, which is much lower than the IC50s for rat hepatic P-450s catalyzing cholesterol biosynthesis (IC50 = 341 microM), p-nitroanisol O-demethylation (> 1,000 microM), aniline hydroxylation (> 1,000 microM), and aminopyrine N-demethylation (920 microM). The degree of selectivity for yeast P-450 was higher than that of ketoconazole.
The Quest for the Superior Financial Performance Measures

This study tries to answer whether value based measures are superior to traditional accounting measures in explaining stock returns. A pooling panel data method on 115 Iranian listed companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) from 2001 to 2008 is used to investigate the explanatory power of four value-based measures (including Economic Value Added, Refined Economic Value Added, Market Value Added and Shareholder Value Added) compare to five accounting-based measures (including Earning Per Share, Return On Equity, Return On Assets, Cash Flow from Operations and Return On Sales) in explaining stock returns. Our findings do not provide evidence which support assertions that value-based measures are superior compared with other traditional accounting measures. Relative information content tests revealed that stock returns are more closely associated with ROA and ROE than other performance measures. Furthermore, incremental information content tests suggest that value-based measures add only marginally information content beyond accounting measures. However, the results indicate that accounting measures generally dominate value-based measures.
The effects of indomethacin on in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell reactivity in human schistosomiasis

Summary The peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMN) proliferative responses of cells from patients with schistosomiasis were studied in the presence and absence of indomethacin in the culture medium. PBMN cultures were exposed to antigenic extracts of either adult S. mansoni worms (SWAP) or cercariae (CAP), and assayed for the incorporation of tritiated thymidine. More than 70% of the 48 patients studied with SWAP and the 40 patients studied with CAP, were not substantially effected by the addition of indomethacin to the cultures. The remainder (less than 30%) was augmented more than 50% by indomethacin and comprise a group which gave initially low responses to these antigenic preparations. Further analysis indicated that in some schistosomal patients the effect of an adherent suppressor cell population may, in part, be based on a prostaglandin‐mediated, indomethacin‐sensitive suppressive mechanism. However, the majority of patients, most of whom display adherent suppressor cells, are unaffected by indomethacin. Apparently, other adherent cell suppressor mechanisms are responsible for the regulation observed.
Voluntary savings, financial behavior, and pension finance literacy: evidence from Chile*

Abstract Chileans have limited knowledge of the pension system, its rules, and the consequences involved in their personal decisions within it. Using a variation in the household composition – having a pensioner in the household – as an instrument, we show that Chileans with greater knowledge about the pension system are more likely to have additional financial savings, but not within the voluntary pension saving plans offered by the pension system. We find that getting one additional answer right in the pension literacy survey (out of six) generates approximately a 50% additional chance that the individual will save at least in one of the surveyed periods, and a 25% additional chance that the individual will save in both surveyed periods. We also test for evidence that pension literacy affects worker choices regarding their pension savings (what we call active financial behavior). We find that more literate workers are more likely to engage in pension fund type switching and that independent workers are more likely to voluntarily enter the pension system as affiliates if they have greater pension finance literacy. Getting one additional answer right in the pension literacy survey (out of six) increases the probability of pension fund type switching by 20% and the probability of voluntary affiliation to the pension system of self-employed workers by 30%.
Digital inclusion and user (dis)empowerment: a critical perspective

Purpose – This article aims to highlight the main limitations of the emancipatory potentials of digital inclusion policies and information and communication technologies (ICTs). Increasingly, empowerment is put forward as one of the main goals of digital inclusion. By applying user-centric and participatory approaches, assumptions are made that individuals will be empowered and, as such, will be re-included in society. Design/methodology/approach – These assumptions, however, tend to ignore the social, economic, political and technical conditions within which individual choices are made and within which individuals must inevitably act. Instead of attempting to narrow the existing social gap between class-divided societies, and of probing the limitations given at the macro-level by questioning the wider social structure, digital inclusion policies tend to individualize problems that are in fact social in their nature. Findings – This contribution will, therefore, aim to identify the key causes of structura.
Does more detailed information mean better performance? An experiment in information explicitness

Purpose – Investors are now able to analyse more noise-free news to inform their trading decisions than ever before. Their expectation that more information means better performance is not supported by previous psychological experiments which argue that too much information actually impairs performance. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the degree of information explicitness improves stock market performance. Design/methodology/approach – An experiment is conducted in a computer laboratory to examine a trading simulation manipulated from a real market-shock. Participants’ performance efficiency and effectiveness are measured separately. Findings – The results indicate that the explicitness of information neither improves nor impairs participants’ performance effectiveness from the perspectives of returns, share and cash positions, and trading volumes. However, participants’ performance efficiency is significantly affected by information explicitness. Originality/value – The novel approach and findings of this research add to the knowledge of the impact of information explicitness on the quality of decision making in a financial market environment.
The effects of tourism development on rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

The Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) program in Botswana aims to achieve biodiversity conservation and rural development in rich biodiversity areas like the Okavango Delta. CBNRM assumes that if rural communities derive benefits from natural resources, they will be obliged to use such resources sustainably. Using the sustainable livelihoods framework, this study analyzes the effects of tourism development through CBNRM on rural livelihoods at Khwai, Sankoyo and Mababe in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, using primary and secondary data sources. Results of long-term surveys and in-depth interviews indicate that the three communities have forgone traditional livelihood activities such as hunting and gathering, livestock and crop farming to participate in tourism through CBNRM. Livelihoods in these villages have been improved as a result. Basic needs such as shelter, employment and income and social services like water supply systems, transportation, scholarships and payment of funeral expenses are now provided to community members and funded with income from CBNRM. Social capital has been built up in order to agree, manage and develop the CBNRM process. These results show that tourism development in these villages is achieving its goal of improved livelihoods, contradicting claims that community development projects are failing to achieve rural development.
A Model of Migrants' Remittances with Human Capital Investment and Intrafamilial Transfers 1

This study analyzes data on migrants' remittances using a two-period theory of intergenerational transfers based on an informal, intrafamilial loan arrangement using “weak altruism,” a behavior between “strong altruism” and pure self-interest. The model provides an integrated theory of migrants' remittances, human capital investment decisions, and intrafamilial transfers applicable to low-income countries with no official pension schemes and imperfect capital markets. Propositions, derived from the theory, are tested, re-analyzing original survey data on remittances of Pacific island migrants in Sydney. When weak altruism and strong altruism yield opposite predictions, the econometric results tend to confirm the former hypothesis and invalidate the latter.