Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Instabilities in the coupled equatorial ocean atmosphere system

The large-scale interaction between the ocean and atmosphere is one of the impor- tant factors of natural climate variability.The El-Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon in the Tropical Pacific is one of the most prominent examples of climate variability on interannual time scales.ENSO has large effects on climate,even far outside the Pacific basin and occurs at relatively short time scales.Therefore,it is one of the best studied climate phenomena,both observational and theoretical.ENSO is now known as an oscillatory mode in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system,arising through large scale instabilities involving the sea surface temperature,the low level atmospheric winds and movements of the ocean-atmosphere interface.After an intro- duction into the phenomenon and its basic physics,the remainder of the paper focusses on the nature of the instability causing the oscillation.
The Cross-Section of Stock Returns: An Application of Fama-French Approach to Nepal

We study a sample of the companies listed on the Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) for the predictors of the returns on these companies’ stocks. Using the sample period of December 2004 through July 2011, we study the sample of 134 companies out of a universe of 176 companies. We construct the marketwide indicators of Fama-French approach: capitalization (Small and Big) and book-to-market ratio (Low, Middle and High). The standard CAPM and three-factor regression equations are estimated. The typical Fama and French results are not obtained. At best, the results are mixed. They show that Nepalese capital market provides excess return for big value-stocks and lower excess return for small growth-stocks. It is possible that this result is attributable to the biases in the listed corporate sector. Financial sector companies dominate the listing on the Nepal Stock Exchange. Because of the impossibility of elimination financial companies from the sample, it is impossible to be categorical about this attribution. We recommend that the study be replicated after a few years when either more companies become available or longer time series of data becomes available.
Epitaxial Growth of Ge on Si by Magnetron Sputtering

Epitaxial growth of Ge on Si has received considerable attention for its compatibility with Si process flow and the scarcity of Ge compared with Si. Applications that drive the efforts for integrating Ge with Si include high mobility channel in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors, infrared photodetector in Si-based optical devices, and template for III-V growth to fabricate high-efficiency solar cells. Epitaxy Ge on Si can be used as a virtual Ge substrate for fabrication of III-V solar cells, which has advantages of superior mechanical properties and low cost over Ge wafers. This work investigates the epitaxial growth of Ge on Si using magnetron sputtering, which is an environment-friendly, inex-pensive, high throughput, and simple deposition technique. The effects of substrate tem- perature on the properties of Ge are analyzed. A novel method to epitaxially grow Ge on Si by magnetron sputtering at low temperature is developed using one-step aluminum- assisted crystallization. By applying an in-situ low temperature (50–150°C) heat treatment in between Al and Ge sputter depositions, the epitaxial growth of Ge on Si is achieved. This method significantly lowers the required temperature for and therefore the cost of epitaxial growth of Ge on Si.
Dietary Intake of Selected Common Vegetable Foods and their Total Carotenoids Determination

Problem Statement: Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) remains widespread in many countries including Jordan, mainly due to inadequate dietary intake of vitamin A and carotenoids. Approach: Few researches on carotenoid content in vegetables and fruits are carried out. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary intake of selected common foods among a sample of adult Jordanians, by using Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and to analyze the carotenoid contents in selected vegetable foods by using UV spectrophotometry . Results: Among the total sample of 200 adults men and women, the consumption per person per week of rice was 21.1 serving, olive oil 20.9 serving, fresh carrot 13.6 serving, tomato 8.28 serving, mint 6.63 serving, chickpea 5.07 serving and parsley 5.03 serving. The total carotenoid contents were found in high concentrations in mint 25.2 mg 100 g-1, parsley 21.8 mg 100g-1, mallow 12.6 mg 100 g-1 and carrot 8.79 mg 100g-1. Zucchini, okra, tomato and green beans also contained appreciable amounts of carotenoids 3.38, 2.54, 2.19 and 1.97 mg 100 g-1, respectively. Eggplant had the lowest content of carotenoids 0.48 mg 100g-1. Conclusions: These finding could help the meal planning at a community level by including such high content of carotenoid vegetables in meals, which will lead to decrease the incidence of vitamin A deficiency disease. Further studies in this concern is highly recommended to solve such problem worldwide .
IBEX OBSERVATIONS OF SECONDARY INTERSTELLAR HELIUM AND OXYGEN DISTRIBUTIONS

In this study, we investigate the directional distributions of the secondary interstellar neutral (ISN) He and O populations at Earth's orbit. The secondary populations are created by charge exchange between ISN atoms and interstellar ions in the outer heliosheath. Using the IBEX-Lo He and O observations during the winter–spring seasons (early December to early June) in 2009–2011, we produced all-sky maps for He and O atoms with sputtering corrections. These sky maps include the directional distributions of the primary ISN gas and secondary populations. Our investigations reveal that the secondary He and O populations are observed in the ecliptic longitude range 160°–210°. The peak longitudes of the secondary He and O appear to be 14°–34° and 38°–43° away from the peak longitude of the primary interstellar gas flow, respectively. These results indicate that the secondary populations have lower bulk speeds relative to the Sun and their flow directions deviate from the primary gas flow. These results may indicate that one side of the outer heliosheath is thicker than the other side relative to the flow direction of the primary interstellar gas flow.
I have a dream

Most policymakers and academics agree that entrepreneurship is indispensable to society’s development and well-being. Fostering entrepreneurship has become a matter of highest priority in public policy worldwide. Given the growing pressures of decentralization and competitiveness that schools have faced over the last 20 years, the role of school principals as entrepreneurs is receiving growing interest in academic and practical contexts. Our study examines school principals from the perspective of their schools’ entrepreneurship. Accordingly, we seek to reveal the meaning of entrepreneurship in school settings and to examine the conditions that are related with school principals' entrepreneurial activities. This study examines 10 school principals of different educational streams in Israel, who have been identified as entrepreneurs by their peers and supervision authorities. We characterize these agents of change as institutional entrepreneurs and present their motives and resources that facilitate their entrepreneurship in school settings. We include several novel parameters that may be applied to characterize school entrepreneurship, with an emphasis on institutional lens. This study contributes to the broader educational literature that addresses school principals' roles within a decentralized system demanding high accountability.
Effect of inoculum morphology on production of Nigerloxin by solid state fermentation

Nigerloxin (2-amido-3-hydroxy-6-methoxy-5-methyle-4-(prop-1’enyl) benzoic acid) is a Lipoxygenase and Aldose reductase inhibitor produced by Aspergillus niger MTCC 5116. It is produced only under solid state fermentation (SSF) and the inoculum required for the inhibitor production is developed in submerged condition. As this is a newly discovered enzyme inhibitor with potential commercial success against diabetic complications, such as neuropathy and cataract, its complete fermentation process parametric study is not reported. In this study, the role of physical parameters (spore suspen-sion, initial pH, incubation temperature and agitation) in spore germination and pellet size in inoculum development broth in submerged fermentation for the enhanced production of nigerloxin through SSF has been studied. It was concluded that 500 µl of spore suspension in the inoculum development broth at pH 7, incubated at 30°C and 200 rpm gave an ideal pellet size 1.23 mm resulting in 6.0 mg of nigerloxin/g dry weight of wheat bran in SSF. Key words: Nigerloxin, spore germination, solid state fermentation, Aspergillus niger.
Prenatal Growth in Uterus of Does by Superovulation

Thirty six Etawah-grade does (BW 20.4-44.2 kg, age 2.5-7 years) were used to study the efficacy of increasing secretion of endogenous hormones of pregnancy by superovulation of does to stimulate of growth prenatal in uterus. The does were injected with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG), 0 IU/kg BW [grouped into nonsuperovulation-NSO] and 15 IU/kg BW [grouped into Superovulation-SO]. Intravaginal sponge (60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate) was applied for 14 days to synchronize estrus cycle. Twenty four hours prior to sponge removal, PMSG was injected to stimulate superovulation. After sponge removal, five experimental does were mixed with one buck for natural mating. Superovulation prior to mating increased number of corpora lutea, mean of maternal serum estradiol concentration, progesterone concentration, litter size, average birth weight and average milk yield, by 112, 67, 42, 27, 32, and 35%, respectively. Those were correlated with the increase of uterine, corpora lutea, and individual birth weight. Key words: Etawah-grade, hormone, kids, superovulation
PyUltraLight: a pseudo-spectral solver for ultralight dark matter dynamics

PYULTRALIGHT simulates the dynamics of ultralight dark matter in a non-expanding background. PYULTRALIGHT can describe the evolution of several interacting ultralight dark matter halos or one or more halos orbiting a central, fixed Newtonian potential, the latter scenario corresponding to dwarf galaxies orbiting a massive central galaxy. We verify PYULTRALIGHT by showing that it reproduces qualitative dynamical features of previously published simulations and demonstrate that it has excellent energy-conservation properties. PYULTRALIGHT is implemented in a Python-based Jupyter notebook, solving the Schrödinger-Poisson equation governing ultralight scalar field dark matter dynamics in the non-relativistic regime using a symmetrised split-step pseudospectral algorithm. The notebook interface makes it simple to specify simulation parameters and visualise the resulting output but performance-critical routines are managed via calls to computationally efficient compiled libraries. PYULTRALIGHT runs on standard desktop hardware with support for shared memory mutlithreading and is available on GitHub.
Density distribution of a Bose-Einstein condensate of photons in a dye-filled microcavity

The achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation of photons (phBEC) in a dye-filled microcavity has led to a renewed interest in the density distribution of the ideal Bose gas in a two-dimensional harmonic oscillator. We present measurements of the radial profile of photons inside the microcavity below and above the critical point for phBEC with a good signal-to-noise ratio. We obtain a good agreement with theoretical profiles obtained using exact summation of eigenstates.
Interpreting recent research on schooling in developing countries

Policymakers in developing countries have long been troubled by the undesirable, but apparently unavoidable, choice between providing broad access to education and developing high-quality schools. Recent evidence, however, suggests that this is a bad way to think about human capital development. Grader repetition and high dropout rates lead to a significant waste of resources in many school systems. Students in quality schools, however, respond in ways that reduce such inefficiencies, perhaps even sufficiently to recoup immediately investments in quality. Promoting high-quality schools, however, is more difficult than many have thought, in part because research demonstrates that the traditional approach to providing quality-simply providing more inputs-is frequently ineffective. Existing inefficiencies are likely to be alleviated only by the introduction of substantially stronger performance incentives in schools and by more extensive experimentation and evaluation of educational programs and school organizations. Incentives, decentralized decision making, and evaluation are alien terms to education, in both industrial and developing countries, but they hold the key to improvement that has eluded policymakers pursuing traditional practices.
Assessment of Natural Radioactivity Level in Groundwater from Selected Areas in Accra Metropolis

The aim of this present study was to assess natural radioactivity levels in selected groundwater (boreholes and wells) used as domestic purposes in particular and drinking as well in some communities in Adentan and Abokobi areas in Greater Accra region of Ghana. This was achieved by first measuring the activity concentration of 222 Rn, 40 K and 232 Th in groundwater samples using High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. These concentrations of 40 K, 222 Rn and 232 Th were used with their ingested dose conversion factors to estimate annual effective dose for Adult members of public due to consumption of the groundwater. The estimated average annual effective dose due to consumption of 40 K, 222 Rn and 232 Th in the water samples from Adentan and Abokobi were 113.007±3.940 and 76.568±2.321 μSv/y, respectively. These were compared with the estimated average annual dose due to ingestion of nuclides in water by the WHO (100 μSv/y) and the estimated average dose due to ingestion of radionuclides in food and water (290 μSv/y) by UNSCEAR (2000). They are found within the range even though Adentan value is slightly higher than the WHO average value. The results show that consumption of groundwater may not pose any radiological health hazard to the public.
Effect of feeding sweet orange peels on bloodglucose and lipid profile in Diabetic and hypercholesterolemic

range peels (Citrus sinensisL) contain fiber and antioxidant which are beneficial to our health. Presentstudy aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of orange peels on blood glucose, lipid profile and some physiological parameters as liver and kidney functions in diabetic and hypercholesterolemic rats. Rats were divided into 3 main groups, first main group negative control, second main group diabetic rats and third main group hypercholesterolemia. Second and third main groups were divided into four subgroups (six rats / group) and fed with different diet levels of orange peels (5%, 7.5%, and 10%) for 28 days. Bodyweight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency ratio and relative weight of some organs were calculated at the end of experiment. Fasting blood sample were taken for determination of serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). There was a significant reduction in both serum total cholesteroland Triglycerides in all treated groups with orange peels. The higher peels doses improved liver and kidney functions. However, the highest reduction was achieved by feeding diabetic rats with 10% orange peels. Study concluded orange peels ameliorated blood glucose, lipid profile and liver, kidney function.
Banking Flows and Financial Crisis -- Financial Interconnectedness and Basel Iii Effects

This paper examines the factors that determine banking flows from advanced economies to emerging markets. In addition to the usual determinants of capital flows in terms of global push and local pull factors, it examines the role of bilateral factors, such as growth differentials and economic size, as well as contagion factors and measures of the depth in financial interconnectedness between lenders and borrowers. The analysis finds profound differences across regions. In particular, in spite of the severe impact of the global financial crisis, banking flows in emerging Europe stand out as a more stable region than is the case in other developing regions. Assuming that the determinants of banking flows remain unchanged in the presence of structural changes, the authors use these results to explore the short-term implications of Basel III capital regulations on banking flows to emerging markets.
The mental health needs of women detained in police custody

Background: This paper describes and appraises the work of a city centre Criminal Justice Liaison and Diversion (CJLD) service in relation to contact with female Mentally Disordered Offenders (MDOs). Aims: To describe the population of female detainees referred to the service by examining administrative outcomes and psychiatric assessment data. Method: Two Community Mental Health Nurses (CMHNs) collected information on the mental health needs and service utilization of MDOs over a three-year period. Information on psychiatric history, offending history and recommended follow-up services is also presented. Results: One-in-five (217/1089) detainees assessed by the service were female, 91% of whom had a mental illness. Two-thirds were “cases” on the GHQ whilst 58% attained “above threshold” BPRS scores; 43% and 54% respectively had a history of harming others or themselves. Most had previous contact with mental health services. The majority (59%) were referred to their GPs following assessment. Conclusions: Many women with mental illness are arrested and detained in police custody. The CJLD service effectively identified, assessed and linked the majority of female MDOs to services. Declaration of interest: None.
GENETICAL POLYMORPHISM OF ACC SYNTHASE AND ACC OXIDASE IN APPLE SELECTIONS BRED IN Č A Č AK Sla đ

Marić S. , R. Bošković, Ž. Tešović, and M. Lukić (2005): Genetical polymorphism of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase in apple selections bred in Čačak. – Genetika, Vol. 37, No. 3, 225-233. The work on breeding new apple cultivars, of improved quality and longer storage life has been going on for a long time at the Fruit and Grape Research Centre in Čačak. As a result nine promising apple selections, that show the range of fruit storage capabality (J/1/7, J/1/20, J/2/12, J/2/14, J/11/31, J/54/53/59, J/60/7/63, Šumatovka 1 O.P. and Šumatovka 2 O.P.), were singled out. Fruit ripening is genetically programmed, complex physiological process with the important role of plant hormone ethylene. Allelic polymorphism of the genes encoding ACC synthase and ACC oxidase, enzymes on ethylene biosynthetic pathway, was studied in promising apple selections and compared to their storage life. Polymorphism was detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR method) and restriction analysis with 6 restriction enzymes. Two alleles of the gene encoding ACC synthase (ACS1-1 and ACS1-2), three alleles of the ACC oxidase gene (a, b and n) were identified and a positive test for early seedling selection, the fruits of which will be characterized by long storage life, was indicated.
The absentee spouse phenomenon and spousal coping strategies in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria

Major incentives for marriage and family life are cohabitation, companionship, control economics and regular coital relationships for both procreation and pleasure. When spouses absent from home over a prolonged repeated period, it poses threat to expectations of family relations with implications for population and society. It is against this backdrop that this article examined the Determinants of Absentee Spouse Phenomenon and Spousal Coping Strategies in Ibadan, South-western Nigeria. Primary (questionnaires, IDIs and KIIs) and secondary data were gathered. Findings revealed that ASP is becoming rampant in Nigeria and involves both men and women; but mostly men within the framework of traditional African masculinity and breadwinnerism. Sixty-eight percent (68.1%) of the respondents maintained main cause of ASP is economic (employment and business). The outcomes of the ASP on the children, the spouses, the marriage as well as the spousal coping mechanisms were engaged in this article.
Atomic Mechanisms Governing Strength of Metallic Nanosized Crystals

Fundamentals of the atomic mechanisms governing the strength of nanosized metallic crystals are described. An attempt is made to explain on this basis the size and orientation effects, temperature dependence of strength and atomism of fracture of bcc crystals under triaxial uniform (hydrostatic) tension. A feature of the proposed material is that it com-bines the results of molecular dynamics simulation with the data of experimental research findings on failure of metallic nanosized crystals under the high-field mechanical loading. It is exhibited that local instability of the lattice is the main mechanism governing the strength of defect-free nanosized crystals (NSC). Based on the concept of local instability, an explanation is given of the nature of the size effect in NSC, as well as of the differences in its manifestation in nanocrystals with bcc and fcc lattices. The concept of the mechanism of thermal activation of local instability is outlined. This enables to explain the specific features of the temperature dependence of NSC. The results of experimental studies and molecular dynamics simulation of the failure of tungsten nanocrystals under hydrostatic tension are presented. The ideas about the atomism of the bcc-fcc transition in these conditions are articulated. as a result of electrochemical polishing. This means that formation of an atomically smooth surface of nanoneedles is one of the factors to reach the ultimate strength levels.
Microjets in the penumbra of a sunspot

Context. Penumbral microjets (PMJs) are short-lived jets found in the penumbra of sunspots, first observed in wide-band Ca ii H line observations as localized brightenings, and are thought to be caused by magnetic reconnection. Earlier work on PMJs has focused on smaller samples of by-eye selected events and case studies. Aims. It is our goal to present an automated study of a large sample of PMJs to place the basic statistics of PMJs on a sure footing and to study the PMJ Ca ii 8542 A spectral profile in detail. Methods. High spatial resolution and spectrally well-sampled observations in the Ca ii 8542 A line obtained from the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope (SST) were reduced by a principle component analysis and subsequently used in the automated detection of PMJs using the simple machine learning algorithm k-nearest neighbour. PMJ detections were verified with co-temporal Ca ii H line observations. Results. We find a total of 453 tracked PMJ events, 4253 PMJs detections tallied over all timeframes, and a detection rate of 21 events per timestep. From these, an average length, width and lifetime of 640 km, 210 km and 90 s are obtained. The average PMJ Ca ii 8542 A line profile is characterized by enhanced inner wings, often in the form of one or two distinct peaks, and a brighter line core as compared to the quiet-Sun average. Average blue and red peak positions are determined at − 10.4 km s -1 and + 10.2 km s -1 offsets from the Ca ii 8542 A line core. We find several clusters of PMJ hot-spots within the sunspot penumbra, in which PMJ events occur in the same general area repeatedly over time. Conclusions. Our results indicate smaller average PMJs sizes and longer lifetimes compared to previously published values, but with statistics still in the same orders of magnitude. The investigation and analysis of the PMJ line profiles strengthens the proposed heating of PMJs to transition region temperatures. The presented statistics on PMJs form a solid basis for future investigations and numerical modelling of PMJs.