Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Women’s skills and career advancement: a review of gender (in)equality in an accounting workplace

Abstract This paper examines the effects of organizational culture, society, and masculinity on women’s skills in accounting workplaces and the influences of workplace norms, culture, and organizational structure on women’s leadership qualities and behaviours towards their work. Based on previous studies, we link the theory with professional skill and career advancement of women. We argue that a gender imbalance has prevailed for centuries affecting women’s careers; and, the transformation of accounting technologies, corporate structures, and the amalgamation of cultures have exacerbated gender inequality. Women’s lack of self-motivation and men’s dominance in accounting contexts keep women subordinate to men in accounting workplaces. We propose that offering courses on gender issues to business and accounting disciplines taught at university would subsequently shift the paradigm of hegemony and subordination in an accounting workplace.
Importance of Information Literacy

It is said that we live in an information society. In this scenario, information becomes a key aspect in everybody's professional and personal lives. Thus, a new concept appears: information literacy. Even though information literacy is not always considered a core competency, many organizations require information literacy skills on their job offers. Therefore, every university student should acquire and develop information literacy skills during their undergraduate studies. Taking this into consideration, as a first step, students should be aware of the relevance of information literacy skills. Once they are aware of its importance, they are able to improve and develop it. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze whether university students are aware of the importance of information literacy. Additionally, the authors analyze whether students' awareness varies after attending an information training course. In order to fulfil this objective, the IL-HUMASS survey is used.
From Networking To Nepotism: Systemic Racism And The Paradox Of Academic Networks

The phrase “it’s who you know, not what you know that counts” is often heard in conversations about people who get ahead. In academic circles, this concept translates into what is often called “networking”. The daily life of the graduate student in US universities hinges on the individual’s ability to interact and form strategic alliances with other members of the academy. Indeed, networking is a widely accepted norm within higher education and commonly practiced by well meaning progressive scholars in the academy; but few, if any, have examined the ability of such a practice to exclude certain groups and individual students from active academic participation. It is very common to hear scholars’ advice students and especially junior faculty, to try to “network” with particularly the “well connected” and “powerful” scholars in their fields of study. But what exactly does networking entail? What are the factors that influence people’s networking practices and how do these factors favor or disadvantage individuals or groups in the networking process? This paper examines how systemic racism influences networking practices in US colleges and Universities and how that affects the lived experiences of female African students at a major research university in the US. , I focus on the racialized nature and paradoxes of “networking” in higher education in order to show that such an idea and practice contribute and or form part of the institutional structure that works to oppress, dominate and marginalize racial minority groups and individuals within the academy. I argue that the idea of “networking” in higher education is yet another name for intellectual “nepotism” within the context of systemic racism.
What Factors Determine the Subsidiary Mode of Overseas R&D by Developing‐Country MNEs? Empirical Evidence from Chinese Subsidiaries Abroad

This study examines the determinants of the subsidiary modes of overseas research and development (R&amp;D) by Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs). Based on resource&#8208;based view and absorptive capabilities, we propose that financial resources and technological resources have different effects on the selection of overseas R&amp;D subsidiary modes, which are competence&#8208;exploiting mode or competence&#8208;creating mode. This is supported by the empirical results in this paper using data from a survey of 40 Chinese overseas R&amp;D subsidiaries. The results demonstrate that the parent firms with richer financial resources and more R&amp;D expenses prefer the competence&#8208;exploiting mode, while the parent firms with more R&amp;D personnel favor the competence&#8208;creating mode. Additionally, this study finds that firms matching our mode choice model tend to enjoy a higher level of innovative performance.
Compound KIR‐HLA genotype analyses in the Iranian population by a novel PCR–SSP assay

Natural killer (NK) cells eliminate infected and transformed cells while still are self‐tolerant. Interactions of the independently segregating Killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR) and human leucocyte antigens (HLA) loci play a critical role in NK cell regulation. Different compound KIR‐HLA genotypes can impart different thresholds of activation to the NK‐cell repertoire and such genotypic variation has been found to confer altered risk in a number of human diseases including viral infections, autoimmune disorders, reproduction abnormalities and cancers. In this study, we presented a novel combined KIR‐HLA polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific primers genotyping assay for simultaneous determination of KIR genes and their three major HLA class I ligand groups (C1, C2, and Bw4). Moreover, known inhibitory and activating KIR + HLA (iKIR + HLA: 2DL2/3 + C1, 2DL1 + C2, 3DL1 + Bw4; and aKIR + HLA: 2DS2 + C1, 2DS1 + C2, 3DS1 + Bw4) combinations as well as co‐inheritance of aKIR genes and iKIR + HLA pairs were analysed in a total of 200 unrelated healthy Iranian individuals. All tested subjects had at least one of the three iKIR + HLA pairs and the frequencies of various inhibitory combinations in the study group were: 31.5%, three iKIR + HLA pairs, 53.5%, two iKIR + HLA pairs, and 15%, 0ne iKIR + HLA pair. Furthermore, we revealed that majority of Iranians (69%) carry compound genotypes with greater number of inhibitory pairings than activating combinations (iKIR + HLA > aKIR + HLA). Conversely, iKIR + HLA < aKIR (45%) was dominant genotype in the study group. We conclude that selective evolutionary pressure has propensity to maintain KIR‐HLA genotypes with more inhibitory combinations to guarantee self‐tolerance. In contrast, existence of activating KIR genes without normal endogenous ligands, potentially arms the NK population for competent immunosurveillance and stronger defense against infections.
The Chemokine CCL5 Is Essential for Leukocyte Recruitment in a Model of Severe Herpes simplex Encephalitis

The Herpes simplex virus‐1 (HSV‐1) is responsible for several clinical manifestations in humans, including encephalitis. To induce encephalitis, C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with 104 plaque‐forming cells of HSV‐1 by the intracranial route. Met‐RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted) (10 μg/mouse), a CC chemokine family receptor (CCR)1 and CCR5 antagonist, was given subcutaneously the day before, immediately after, and at days 1, 2, and 3 after infection. Treatment with Met‐RANTES had no effect on the viral titers. In contrast, intravital microscopy revealed that treatment with Met‐RANTES decreased the number of leukocytes adherent to the pial microvasculature at days 1 and 3 after infection. The levels of the chemokines CCL3, CCL5, CXCL1, and CXCL9 increased after infection and were enhanced further by the treatment with Met‐RANTES. Treatment with a polyclonal anti‐CCL5 antibody 2 h before the intravital microscopy decreased leukocyte adhesion in the microcirculation of infected mice. In conclusion, CCL5, a chemokine that binds to CCR1 and CCR5, is essential for leukocyte adhesion during HSV‐1 encephalitis. However, blocking of CCR1 and CCR5 did not affect HSV‐1 replication, suggesting that other immune mechanisms are involved in the process of infection control.
Reflex pathways controlling urethral striated and smooth muscle function in the male rat.

The organization of vesicourethral reflex mechanisms in the male rat was studied by monitoring intraurethral pressure and the external urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyogram. EUS striated and urethral smooth muscle activities were elicited by reflex isovolumetric bladder contractions evoked by bladder filling or electrical stimulation of nerves in the bladder wall. Evoked EUS bursting activity in normal rats was eliminated in chronic spinal rats and replaced by tonic activity. Reflex urethral smooth muscle activity mediated by an increase in urethral pressure after paralysis of the EUS with alpha-bungarotoxin occurred in normal and chronic spinal rats. The response was significantly larger in chronic spinal (21.3 +/- 3.0 cmH2O) than in normal rats (4.2 +/- 0.7 cmH2O). NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 20 mg/kg i.v.) increased the smooth muscle response in normal (5.9 +/- 1.3 cmH2O) and chronic spinal rats (6.9 +/- 1.8 cmH2O). This increase in urethral pressure was not changed by sympathetic nerve transection or prazosin (0.2-0.3 mg/kg i.v.) but was abolished by hexamethonium and reduced 74-89% by atropine. These results indicate that coordinated EUS function (bursting activity) in the male rat is dependent on supraspinal pathways and that the urethral smooth muscle response during voiding is composed of a predominant cholinergic, atropine-sensitive contraction as well as a nitric oxide-mediated relaxation. Both are mediated by activation of parasympathetic pathways and are maintained or significantly larger after spinal cord injury, indicating that they are dependent on spinal reflex pathways.
[Induction of apoptosis of HepG2 cells by NDRG2].

AIM To explore the induction of HepG2 cells by NDRG2 gene. METHODS Human NDRG2 gene was obtained by RT-PCR. Sequence analysis proved that sequence of NDRG2 gene was correct. Then the gene was inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pIRES2-EGFP and transfected into NDRG2 gene-negative HepG2 cells. The changes of cell morphology and structure were observed under light, fluorescence and transmission electron microscope, respectively. The variation of cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS The NDRG2 gene had been obtained and its expression vector was constructed successfully. The NDRG2 gene-transfected HepG2 cells were shown a bad condition, structure damage, and a great number of died cells. The expression of target gene in cytoplasm of HepG2 cells was seen under fluorescence microscope. Flow cytometry analysis showed G1 phase arrest and apoptosis peak appeared.The typical manifestation of cell apoptosis could be observed under transmission electron microscope. CONCLUSION NDRG2 gene can arrest HepG2 cell proliferation and induce their apoptosis.
Neurocysticercosis: validity of ELISA after storage of whole blood and cerebrospinal fluid on paper

Cysticercosis is an infestation of Cysticercus cellulosae. When it occurs in the brain, chronic neurological complications can ensue, most commonly seizures. Neurocysticercosis is usually diagnosed by neuroimaging, a technique not available in most endemic countries. Hence immunological tests are valuable for diagnosis and epidemiological surveys. We evaluated the suitability of paper for storing blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) until subsequent testing by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), by testing whole blood samples on filter paper from 305 patients and CSF samples from 117 patients stored on ordinary white typing paper and on filter paper. Optimal preservation of biological samples is achieved when whole blood is stored on filter paper, CSF on white paper, and when samples are frozen within 1 week after collection. Our results could improve diagnostic capabilities and facilitate epidemiological surveys in endemic countries where immunodiagnostic tests cannot be rapidly performed because of inadequate laboratory infrastructure.
A DYNAMIC STOCHASTIC GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM (DSGE) MODEL TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF STRUCTURAL REFORMS ON THE INDONESIAN ECONOMY

One of the Government programs to spur economic growth is to improve the availability and quality of infrastructure through increased government spending on infrastructure development. In this paper, we build a DSGE model for a small open economy to predict the impact of government spending on output and welfare in Indonesia. The DSGE model uses parameters in line with the characteristics of Indonesian economy. The simulation results show that in the short run a 1% increase in government spending on consumption and investment could potentially increase economic growth by 0.04% and 0.05%, respectively. Output multiplier of government spending on consumption is estimated at 0.03, much lower than output multiplier of the government spending on investment at 0.20. The simulation results also show that government spending on investment leads to welfare improvement with welfare multiplier at 0.05. On the other hand, an increase in government spending on consumption would lead to a decline in welfare with a multiplier of -0.001.
Distribution and toxicity resulting from adenoviral vector administration to a single salivary gland in adult rats.

BACKGROUND We examined the distribution and toxicity associated with a single salivary gland administration of a recombinant adenoviral vector, AdCMVH3, encoding human histatin 3. METHODS Adult rats received different doses of AdCMVH3 (0, 106, 3 x 107, and 109 pfu; 50 microl) via the right submandibular gland and were followed for 15 days. Food consumption, weight gain, clinical appearance, and serum chemistry were monitored, and a necropsy was performed. Vector distribution was examined by polymerase chain reaction, and selected saliva samples were tested for replication-competent adenovirus (RCA). RESULTS All animals survived to sacrifice (days 2, 8, and 15), and appeared normal clinically. There were no differences in food consumption, weight gain, and serum chemistry. The only consistent necropsy findings were lymphoid infiltrates and necrosis in the target submandibular glands of high-dosage animals. AdCMVH3 detection was virus dose dependent, decreased with time, and at low dose preferentially observed in the targeted gland. No RCA was detected. CONCLUSIONS Salivary gland administration of 109 pfu AdCMVH3 elicits an initial focal pathologic response and wide tissue distribution. There is no associated systemic toxicity up to 15 days, and lower doses are primarily found in glands.
Testing Anatomical Methods for Stature Estimation on Individuals from the W. M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection

Abstract: This study compared eight versions of the anatomical method for stature estimation on a white male sample (n = 34) from the W. M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection. The aim was to evaluate errors in the estimates and to discuss how useful the methods are in forensic context. The average error estimating living stature was less than 1 cm for six of the methods. The correlations between the estimates were high (r = 0.982–0.999). In practice, differences between the versions as well as those between long bone‐based equations and anatomical methods were small. Anatomical method is nevertheless more accurate than long bone regressions when individuals with atypical body proportions are examined.
A lack of detectable modification of topoisomerase II activity in a series of human tumor cell lines expressing only low levels of etoposide resistance

Etoposide (VP‐16) resistance is expressed following in vitro exposure of HN‐1 and MCF‐7 human tumor cells to the drug itself or to fractionated × irradiation. VP‐16‐selected sublines prove cross‐resistant to Adriamycin, amsacrine and actinomycin D, whilst X‐ray‐pretreated sublines show cross‐resistance to only actinomycin D. These differential responses, in the HN‐1 series, are not associated with significant differences in amounts of immunoreactive topoisomerase (topo) II, altered topo‐II catalytic activity of nuclear extracts or changes in susceptibility of the topo II to VP‐16‐ or amsacrine‐induced DNA‐protein cross‐link formation. Therefore significant modifications in topo II appear not to be implicated in VP‐16 resistance in these HN‐1 sublines.
An Idiographic Examination of Day-to-Day Patterns of Substance Use Craving, Negative Affect, and Tobacco Use Among Young Adults in Recovery

Psychological constructs, such as negative affect and substance use cravings that closely predict relapse, show substantial intraindividual day-to-day variability. This intraindividual variability of relevant psychological states combined with the “one day at a time” nature of sustained abstinence warrant a day-to-day investigation of substance use recovery. This study examines day-to-day associations among substance use cravings, negative affect, and tobacco use among 30 college students in 12-step recovery from drug and alcohol addictions. To account for individual variability in day-to-day process, it applies an idiographic approach. The sample of 20 males and 10 females (mean age = 21) was drawn from members of a collegiate recovery community at a large university. Data were collected with end-of-day data collections taking place over an average of 26.7 days. First-order vector autoregression models were fit to each individual predicting daily levels of substance use cravings, negative affect, and tobacco use from the same 3 variables 1 day prior. Individual model results demonstrated substantial interindividual differences in intraindividual recovery process. Based on estimates from individual models, cluster analyses were used to group individuals into 2 homogeneous subgroups. Group comparisons demonstrate distinct patterns in the day-to-day associations among substance use cravings, negative affect, and tobacco use, suggesting the importance of idiographic approaches to recovery management and that the potential value of focusing on negative affect or tobacco use as prevention targets depends on idiosyncratic processes.
The Journey of Women from Victim to Peace-Maker: Women, Insurgency and Northeast India

The sufferings of women in any insurgency movement have been the focus of many womenâ€™s rights and human rights groups in present times. Studies have demonstrated that women have to suffer pain as mothers, sisters, daughters, caregivers and victims during conflict situation which has till date brought great destruction and despair among them. In the insurgency movements, women continue to struggle as a victim, as combatants, as peace-makers. However, despite being the worst victim, women also play the role of protector of womenâ€™s rights and human rights. There are many womenâ€™s organisations in Northeast India like Meira Paibi, Naga Motherâ€™s Association, Bodo Womenâ€™s Justice Forum, which are playing an active role as peace activists. Under this background, the present paper will focus on the role of womenâ€™s organisations during different situations of insurgency movements in Northeast India. The paper will put special focus on the role of the two womenâ€™s organisations that is All Bodo Womenâ€™s Welfare Federation (ABWWF), Bodo Womenâ€™s Justice Forum (BWJF) in BTC (Bodoland Territorial Council Region) of Assam. BTC is one of the most conflict-affected regions in Assam. Several conflicts have occurred within the region such as ethnic conflicts, fratricidal conflicts, the movement for autonomy and others. The paper will explore the role of these organisations towards protecting the rights of women as well as in bringing peace in the region.
Neuromyelitis optica in Brazil: a study on clinical and prognostic factors

Objectives To describe the clinical characteristics of patients with relapsing neuromyelitis optica (NMO) from a tertiary care center in Brazil and compare the groups with normal and abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Retrospective review of 41 patients followed at the Neuroimmunology Clinic of the Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil, from 1994 to 2007. Results All patients had relapsing-remitting optic-spinal disease, long extending spinal cord lesions, and brain MRI not meeting Barkhof criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS), thus fulfilling the 1999 and 2006 Wingerchuck criteria for NMO. Mean follow-up time was 52 months; mean age of onset was 32.6 years. The mean relapse rate (RR) and progression index (PI) were 1.0 and 0.9, respectively. Twenty-four patients had brain lesions not compatible with MS on MRI, and there were no statistical differences on PI and RR between patients who had brain lesions and patients who did not. Incomplete recovery, but not the type of first relapse, correlated with a worse prognosis. Seventeen patients were tested for NMO-IgG (anti-aquaporin-4 antibody) with 41% positivity. Conclusions In this series, we did not find a statistical difference of disease progression between patients with and without brain lesions, suggesting that the presence of brain abnormalities is not a marker of disease severity.
Association of common SIX6 polymorphisms with peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness: the Singapore Chinese Eye Study.

PURPOSE Recently the common SIX6 missense variant rs33912345 was found to be highly associated with glaucoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between this SIX6 variant and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in a population setting. METHODS Study subjects were enrolled from the Singapore Chinese Eye Study (SCES), a population-based survey of Singaporean Chinese aged 40 years or older. Subjects underwent a comprehensive ocular examination. Spectral-domain OCT was used to measure RNFL thicknesses. Genotyping of SIX6 rs33912345 (Asn141His) was performed using HumanExome BeadChip. RESULTS A total of 2129 eyes from 1243 SCES subjects (mean age: 55.0 ± 7.4 years) with rs33912345 genotype data and SD-OCT images were included for the analysis. Of these, 26 eyes of 21 subjects had glaucoma. The frequency of rs33912345 risk variant C (His141) was 80% in the study subjects. Each rs33912345 C allele was associated with a decrease of 1.44 μm in RNFL thickness after adjusting for age, sex, genetic principal components, and axial length (P = 0.001). These associations remained similar in 2096 nonglaucoma eyes in which each C allele was associated with a decrease of 1.39 μm in RNFL thickness (P = 0.001). The strongest association was observed in the superior RNFL sector (a decrease of 2.83 μm per risk allele, P < 0.001) followed by the inferior RNFL sector (a decrease of 2.24 μm per risk allele, P = 0.003), while the association did not reach significance in the nasal and temporal sectors. CONCLUSIONS Nonglaucomatous individuals with the SIX6 missense variant have reduced RNFL thickness in regions known to be particularly affected in those with glaucoma. This may be the primary mechanism for increased risk of POAG in individuals who carry the SIX6 His141 risk variant.