Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Business–NGO Collaboration in a Conflict Setting

Although business–NGO (nongovernmental organizations) partnerships have received much attention in recent years, insights have been obtained only from research in “stable” contexts, not from conflict-ridden countries where such collaboration may be even more crucial in building trust and capacity and in addressing governance problems given the absence of a reliable state. This article aims to shed light on business–NGO collaboration in a conflict setting, exploring partnership activities in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Most partnerships found are philanthropic and deal with “traditional” issues such as health and education in a donor-recipient mode with limited community involvement. There are only a few real transformative partnerships, which address aspects directly related to the conflict from a wider community focus; these involve extractive companies most exposed via mineral development/production. The study also found so-called engagement collaboration that can be divided into activities including the transfer of funds (and characterized by service delivery), and those without funds, focusing on knowledge exchange that furthers companies’ awareness of conflict-sensitive issues into their operations. Peculiarities of the different types of partnerships as well as implications for research and practice are discussed.
What Kind of Cause Unites a Crowd? Understanding Crowdfunding as Collective Action

This paper explores the types of shared goals that underlie fundraising activities in web-enabled charitable crowdfunding, as well as how these goals unite donors and fundseekers. A grounded theory analysis is undertaken using a stratified sample of records from Pledgie.com, a crowdfunding website dedicated to charitable causes. Content analysis of these records reveals three types of information sharing associated with successful fundraising (1) information supporting impact (2) information supporting morality and (3) information supporting external relationships. These information types are related back to existing literature on collective action to explain how and why communities of donors form around specific fundraising initiatives. Findings suggest that while most existing models of charitable crowdfunding adopt a view of information sharing based on dyadic communication between donors and fundseekers, charitable crowdfunding should also be viewed as a technological paradigm capable of forming action-oriented collectives based around specific causes, beliefs, and/or identities.
Enhancement of Knowledge Regarding Puerperal Sepsis among Female Health Workers

The present study was undertaken to enhance the knowledge of female health workers regarding puerperal sepsis. Sixty female health workers (30 experimental group and 30 control group) were selected by purposive sampling technique from Urban health centres of Ludhiana. Their knowledge regarding puerperal sepsis was assessed at baseline by structured questionnaire. The structured teaching programme was developed and administered to thirty female health workers in experimental group and control group was not exposed to intervention. After seven days, post test was conducted among both groups. Findings revealed that the mean pretest knowledge score and SD of both groups was 21.10±3.72 and 21.97±4.27 respectively and 22.50±4.30 and 33.87±5.29 was mean posttest knowledge score respectively. The paired‘t’ test was calculated and found highly significant difference between pre and post-test knowledge score in experimental group and non – significant in control group. ANOVA test showed that there was significant association between post-test knowledge score and age and experience of female health workers and no association with other variables i.e education, in service education attended and source of information regarding puerperal sepsis. Hence, it is recommended that such cost effective intervention should be held frequently in management of puerperal sepsis at grass root level in community.
Frequency and Quality of the Repaired Restorations in Adults from Varna , Bulgaria

Traditionally, the accepted treatment strategy for restorations exhibiting signs of deterioration and failure was total replacement. According to the new minimally invasive approach when minimal defects have occurred or the diagnosed defect is localized only in one region of the restoration the repairmen is better choice than the total replacement of the restoration. The aim of the presented study was to evaluate the percentage of repaired restoration in a cohort group of patient, their quality and longevity. One hundred adult patients were examined with the visual-tactile method. Decayed, missed and filled teeth were recorded. Teeth with repaired restorations were recorded separately. Data concerning the longevity of there restoration was gathered. 18.3% of the restorations were with repairs. Thirty –five percent of the reparations were made during the last year and 11,6% was older than nine years. 53.5% of the repaired restorations were on molars, 30.2% on premolars and 16.3% on front teeth. More than half of the reparations had poor marginal adaptation, marginal discoloration and secondary caries. Based on the data obtained from this study we may conclude that reparation of restorations as a treatment method in cases of localized restoration defects is known and applied by dental practitioners.
Award Number: W81XWH-09-1-0391 TITLE: Host Genes and Resistance/Sensitivity to Military Priority Pathogens PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:

1. Ceballos-Olveda I, Sahoo M, Bina JE, Miller MA, Re F. Role of inflammasome-dependent cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 during mouse ling infection with virulent Francisella tularensis SchuS4. In: Proceedings of the International Toll 2012 Meeting, Decoding Innate Immunity, Riva del Garda, Italy, May 4-7, 2011. 2. Wodowski A, Jayakar H, Parvathareddy J, Bina XR, Bina JE, Miller MA. 2011. Visualization of Intranasal Dosing Efficiency Using Luminescent Francisella tularensis. In: Proceedings of UTHSC A.A-St Jude Research Lectureship and Medical Student Poster Session, 2011. 3. Llewellen AC, Zhao J, Song F, Flynn K, Xu Q, Napier BA, Bina JE, Cotter PA, Swanson MS, Miller MA, Raetz CRH, Weiss DS. 2012. A novel conserved deacytylase required for lipid A modification and Francisella virulence. In: Proceedings of the Regional Centers for Excellence Meeting, 2012.S. Weiss. 2012. In Proceedings of the Regional Centers for Excellence Meeting, 2012. Publications 1. Clinton SR, Bina JE, Hatch TP, Whitt MA, Miller MA. 2010. Binding and activation of host plasminogen on the surfact of Francisella tularensis. BMC Microbiol. 10:76 2. Bina XR, Miller MA, Bina JE. 2011. Construction of a bioluminescence reporter plasmid for Francisella tularensis. Plasmid 64:156-161.
Magnesium Sulfate Enhances Glucose Transporter-3 Expression in Gerbils Subjected to Short-term Forced Swimming

Although our previous studies demonstrated that magnesium sulfate increased extracellular glucose levels during short-term forced swimming in gerbils, a complete understanding of the effects of magnesium sulfate on glucose levels remains unclear. The transport of glucose into most mammalian cells is mediated by a family of glucose transporter proteins. The brain type glucose transporter glucose transporter-3 (GLUT-3) is the predominant neuronal glucose transporter and contributes to the transport of glucose, the main source of energy for survival, into neuronal cells. In this study, we further evaluated the effects of magnesium sulfate on the levels of GLUT-3 protein expression, glucose, and magnesium in brain in gerbils that had been subjected to short-term forced swimming. Gerbils were separated into four groups: gerbils in group 1 (control group, C group) were only pretreated with saline, gerbils in group 2 (Mg group) were only pretreated with magnesium sulfate (90 mg·kg-1, ip), gerbils in group 3 (C+S group) were pretreated with saline before the 15 min forced swimming then rested for 30 min prior to sacrifice, gerbils in group 4 (Mg+S group) were pretreated with saline before the 15 min forced swimming then rested for 30 min prior to sacrifice. Data were obtained by western blotting assays, a microdialysis analyzer and a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. These results showed that pretreatment with magnesium sulfate (Mg group) significantly elevated GLUT-3 protein, glucose and magnesium levels in the cortex (p<0.01). Saline+short-term forced swimming (C+S group) had no significant effect on GLUT-3 protein, glucose and magnesium levels; however, the cortex GLUT-3 protein, glucose, and magnesium levels of the magnesium sulfate+swimming group (Mg+S) were higher than the C group (p<0.05). These results indicate that magnesium sulfate enhances glucose concentrations and GLUT-3 protein levels in the cortex of gerbils, irrespective of whether they were subjected to forced swimming or not. These preliminary data suggest that GLUT-3 protein may play an important role in the magnesium sulfate-stimulated increases in glucose levels in the brain.
A Psychology of Immigration

The discipline of psychology has much to contribute to our understanding of immigrants and the process of immigration. A framework is proposed that lays out two complementary domains of psychological research, both rooted in contextual factors, and both leading to policy and program development. The first (acculturation) stems from research in anthropology and is now a central part of cross- cultural psychology; the second (intergroup relations) stems from sociology and is now a core feature of social psychology. Both domains are concerned with two fundamental issues that face immigrants and the society of settlement: maintenance of group characteristics and contact between groups. The intersection of these issues creates an intercultural space, within which members of both groups develop their cultural boundaries and social relationships. A case is made for the benefits of integration as a strategy for immigrants and for multiculturalism as a policy for the larger society. The articles in this issue are then discussed in relation to these conceptual frameworks and empirical findings.
cm- and reach-scale process measurements and consumer manipulation experiments to predict ecosystem characteristics of stream networks, and how do patterns of scaling compare across an array of North American biomes? The SCALER experiment: a continental scale experiment encompassing five

Centimeters to Continents. Participants : W. Dodds (PI, Kansas State Univ.), K. Gido (Kansas St. Univ.), F. Ballantyne (Univ. Kansas), W. Wollheim (Univ. New Hampshire), A. Helton (Duke Univ.), M. Whiles (Southern Illinois Univ.), A. Rosemond (Univ. Georgia), J. Kominoski (Univ. Georgia), W. Bowden (Univ. Vermont), M. Flinn (Murray St. Univ.), J. Jones (Univ. Alaska), T. Harms. (Univ. Alaska), W. McDowell (Univ. New Hampshire)
Value Analysis of Political Behavior - Self-Interested - Moralistic - Altruistic - Moral

I distinguish four types of goals: self-interested, altruistic, moralistic, and moral. Moralistic goals are those that people attempt to impose on others, regardless of the others' true interests. These may become prominent in political behavior such as voting because such behavior has relatively little effect on self-interested goals. I argue (sometimes with experimental evidence) that common decision biases concerned with allocation, protected values, and parochialism often take the form of moralistic values. Because moralistic values are often bundled together with other values that are based on false beliefs, they can be reduced through various kinds of reflection or "de-biasing. "
Dynamic parameter reallocation improves trainability of deep convolutional networks

Network pruning has emerged as a powerful technique for reducing the size of deep neural networks. Pruning uncovers high-performance subnetworks by taking a trained dense network and gradually removing unimportant connections. Recently, alternative techniques have emerged for training sparse networks directly without having to train a large dense model beforehand, thereby achieving small memory footprints during both training and inference. These techniques are based on dynamic reallocation of non-zero parameters during training. Thus, they are in effect executing a training-time search for the optimal subnetwork. We investigate a most recent one of these techniques and conduct additional experiments to elucidate its behavior in training sparse deep convolutional networks. Dynamic parameter reallocation converges early during training to a highly trainable subnetwork. We show that neither the structure, nor the initialization of the discovered highperformance subnetwork is sufficient to explain its good performance. Rather, it is the dynamics of parameter reallocation that are responsible for successful learning. Dynamic parameter reallocation thus improves the trainability of deep convolutional networks, playing a similar role as overparameterization, without incurring the memory and computational cost of the latter.
Effects of locally rare taxa on the precision and sensitivity of RIVPACS bioassessment of freshwaters

1. An overall aim in freshwater bioassessment is to use biological methods, metrics and forms of indices which are precise, in that they give repeatable results between replicate samples, but which are also sensitive to changes in environmental impacts and stresses. Here we studied the effects of excluding taxa with site-specific River Invertebrate Prediction and Classification System (RIVPACS)-type model expected probabilities less than (or equal to) a threshold Pt (0.0, 0.1, 0.2,…,0.9) on the value, precision and power to detect biological effects of environmental stress using the observed to expected ratios (O/E) of biotic indices used to assess the ecological status of U.K. river sites. 2. Amongst the 614 high quality GB RIVPACS reference sites, excluding taxa with low expected probabilities of occurrence gave less total variation (i.e. lower SD) in the estimates O/E for number of taxa (O/ETAXA) and the average score per taxon (O/EASPT). 3. A separate analysis of a replicated sampling study of sites from a wide range of physical types and qualities revealed that sampling variances in O/E for reference condition sites decreased as more locally rare taxa were excluded (but only up to Pt = 0.5 for O/EASPT). However, for moderately impacted and poor quality sites, estimates of both O/ETAXA and O/EASPT based on all (Pt = 0.0) or most taxa (i.e. Pt ≤ 0.3) had lower sampling variances and were more precise. 4. Within a very large independent set of test sites with a wide range of perceived levels of environmental stress, increasing the threshold Pt led to systematic compression of the realised O/E scale towards unity. Specifically, with increasing threshold, O/E values >1 are on average reduced, while O/E values <1 have a tendency to be higher and closer to unity (with the exception of O/EASPT for the most severely stressed sites). 5. Accuracy and statistical power to detect environmental stress (measured by the percentage of stressed sites with O/E below the lower 10-percentile value for reference sites) was very similar using O/ETAXA for Pt up to 0.7. Using O/EASPT, power to detect overall general stress decreased slowly as Pt was increased; the rate of fall in power was slightly faster when restricted to sites subject to moderate or severe stress from organic inputs. 6. Taxa which are more sensitive to (organic) stresses [i.e. have high Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) scores] tend to be naturally less widespread (i.e. amongst reference sites) and thus were found to have considerably lower average site-specific expected probabilities; this may explain why the use of higher thresholds Pt can exclude more such sensitive taxa and lead to underestimation of the extent of impacts. 7. The standard U.K. RIVPACS sampling and sample processing procedures aim to identify all taxa within a sample. This may lead to a longer distribution tail of rarer (low probability) taxa than sampling methods based on a fixed count subsample and influence the practical effects of excluding rare taxa with low expected probabilities from bioassessments.
Detection Limit of Monoclonal B-Cells Using Multiplex PCR and Laser- Induced Fluorescence Capillary Electrophoresis

Background: The identification of monoclonality has been widely used for making diagnoses of lymphoproliferative lesions. Awareness of the sensitivity and detection limit of the technique used would be important for the data to be convincing. Methods: We investigated the minimum requirement of cells and sensitivity of gel electrophoresis (GE) and laser-induced fluorescence capillary electrophoresis (LFCE) for identifying IgH gene rearrangement using BIOMED-2 protocols. DNA extracted from Raji cells were diluted serially with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) DNA. DNA from mixtures of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and reactive lymph nodes were also serially diluted. Results: For Raji cells, the detection limit was 62 and 16 cell-equivalents for GE and LFCE, respectively. In the condition with PBMNCs mixture, 2.5% and 1.25% of clonal cells was the minimum requirement for GE and LFCE, respectively. In 23% of DLBCL cells in tissue section, the detection limit was 120 and 12 cell-equivalents for GE and LFCE, respectively. In 3.2% of DLBCL cells, that was 1,200 and 120 cell-equivalents for GE and LFCE, respectively. Conclusions: These results show that LFCE method is more sensitive than GE and the sensitivity of clonality detection can be influenced by the amount of admixed normal lymphoid cells.
The Effects of Collateral on Firm Performance

This paper examines how collateral and personal guarantees affect firms’ ex-post performance employing a propensity score matching estimation approach. Based on a unique firm-level panel data set of more than 500 small-and-medium-sized borrower firms in Japan, we find that borrowers with high observed riskiness are more likely to pledge collateral. In addition, we find that borrowers that provide collateral to lenders experience larger increases in profitability and reductions in riskiness than borrowers that do not. The main channel through which the borrower enhances its profitability is cost-cutting restructuring. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that collateral reduces moral hazard by providing borrowers with an incentive to enhance their creditworthiness.
The Role of Executive Control in Agreement Attraction in Monolingual and Bilingual Children

In 2015, Facebook followers of the British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac may have seen the message “Tickets for night #2 of Fleetwood Mac in Amsterdam is now on sale! ” on their timelines. Although it was very nice of the band to schedule an additional concert after the first night was sold out within an hour, something about this message was off. The writer had committed an attraction error. The subject of the sentence, tickets, does not agree in number with the verb, is. In their seminal study, Bock and Miller (1991) found that these errors typically occur in sentences where the head and local noun mismatch in number (e.g., the key to the cabinets are missing). The verb is ‘attracted’ to agree with a local noun (a noun that occurs between the head noun and the verb, here cabinets), rather than with the subject’s head noun, key. Seeing how (some form of) agreement has to be computed in almost every sentence we produce, it is important to understand the processes that underlie our computation of number from mental message to sound wave. Attraction errors can help us gain traction on these processes and where they can go wrong. *
Molecular and morphological diversity of Zygnema and Zygnemopsis (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) from Svalbard (High Arctic)

ABSTRACT Filamentous conjugating green microalgae (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) belong to the most common primary producers in polar hydro-terrestrial environments such as meltwater streamlets and shallow pools. The mats formed by these organisms are mostly composed of sterile filaments with Zygnema morphology, but the extent of their diversity remains unknown. Traditional taxonomy of this group is based on reproductive morphology, but sexual reproduction (conjugation and formation of resistant zygospores) is very rare in extreme conditions. In the present study we gave the first record of zygospore formation in Svalbard field samples, and identified conjugating filaments as Zygnemopsis lamellata and Zygnema cf. calosporum. We applied molecular phylogeny to study genetic diversity of sterile Zygnema filaments from Svalbard in the High Arctic. Based on analysis of 143 rbcL sequences, we revealed a surprisingly high molecular diversity: 12 Arctic Zygnema genotypes and one Zygnemopsis genotype were found. In addition, we characterized individual Arctic genotypes based on cell width and chloroplast morphology using light and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Our findings highlight the importance of a molecular approach when working with sterile filamentous Zygnematophyceae, as hidden diversity might be very beneficial for adaptation to harsh environmental conditions, and experimental results could be misinterpreted when hidden diversity is neglected.
Microbial diversity during composting cycles of rice straw

Mesophilic bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes varied during composting cycles with high numbers in the initial and final cycles with maximal values in compost C and D, and sharply decreased in the heating cycles. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were dominated at the initial composting cycle. Whereas, at maturity Bacillus subtilis was the major followed by B.badies, B.polymixa and B.brevious and exhibited high numbers in compost C and D. Thermophilic B.stearothermophilus,Thermus sp. and other Bacillus sp. were the major in the heating cycles(20,40 days) with maximum values in compost A and D. Fusarium oxysporium and F. moniliform disappeared at the heating cycles while, Rhizopus nigricans was the major mesophilic fungus found in compost heaps with maximum value in compost D. Aspergillus fumigatus was dominated in the heating cycles with high frequency also in compost D. Trichoderma viride and T. ressei appeared only in cooling cycle and dominated in compost D. Streptomyces antibioticus, St. cinnaborinus, St. roses, Thermo dichotomicus and Thermo vulgaris exhibited high frequencies in all compost heaps in initial and cooling cycles. While, Thermo dichotomicus and Thermo vulgaris were dominated in heating cycles. Microbial succession and community dynamics started by high numbers of mesophilic bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in the initial phase followed by high numbers of thermophilic ones in the heating phase whereas, other mesophilic organisms appeared in the final cooling phase. Mixing equal ratios of Rice, wheat, clover, faba bean and maize straw (compost D) might be more suitable in composting of rice straw.
A Comparison of Reading Comprehension Tests : Multiple-Choice vs . Open-Ended

This study compares the differences between a multiple-choice (MC) and an open-ended (OE) reading comprehension test in a within-subject design to investigate test validity by comparing the two methods. A total of 70 Korean undergraduates participated in the present study. After taking a cloze test, participants read a passage, returned it and took two types of reading comprehension tests. Results showed that there was a statistical difference between the two test methods in a within-subjects design, which agrees with previous between-subjects studies. The higher scores on the MC format were attributed to three reasons: memory constraint, the nature of the task, and test-taking strategy. Further analysis indicated that both proficiency level groups were significantly affected by the test methods. Moreover, both the MC and OE tests significantly separated the two proficiency levels. Information from a survey provides more information regarding differences between the two test methods.