Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intergenerational Mobility and the Earnings Position of First-, Second-, and Third-Generation Immigrants

Immigrants' labour market situation has been in the focus of research in economics as well as in other sciences, and the labour market situation of immigrants and their children (i.e. first- and second-generation immigrants) is relatively well documented in many countries today. However, less attention has up to now been paid to the labour market and earnings situation among the grandchildren of immigrants, i.e. third-generation immigrants. Against this background, this paper studies intergenerational earnings mobility and the earnings position of three generations of immigrants in Sweden. The results indicate a regression towards the native earnings mean in immigrant earnings across the first two generations in the sense that immigrants earn more than natives in the first generation while there are small ethnic earnings in the second generation. Furthermore, immigrants earn less than natives in the third generation. Thus, the results suggest a downward trend in immigrants' relative earnings across generations. One conclusion of the study is that ethnic differences in earnings may occur beyond the second generation of immigrants and that the problem with integration of immigrants therefore may last for several generations.
Hybridization between multiple fence lizard lineages in an ecotone: locally discordant variation in mitochondrial DNA, chromosomes, and morphology

We investigated a hybrid zone between two major lineages of fence lizards (Sceloporus cowlesi and Sceloporus tristichus) in the Sceloporus undulatus species complex in eastern Arizona. This zone occurs in an ecotone between Great Basin Grassland and Conifer Woodland habitats. We analysed spatial variation in mtDNA (N = 401; 969 bp), chromosomes (N = 217), and morphology (N = 312; 11 characters) to characterize the hybrid zone and assess species limits. A fine‐scale population level phylogenetic analysis refined the boundaries between these species and indicated that four nonsister mtDNA clades (three belonging to S. tristichus and one to S. cowlesi) are sympatric at the centre of the zone. Estimates of cytonuclear disequilibria in the population closest to the centre of the hybrid zone suggest that the S. tristichus clades are randomly mating, but that the S. cowlesi haplotype has a significant nonrandom association with nuclear alleles. Maximum‐likelihood cline‐fitting analyses suggest that the karyotype, morphology, and dorsal colour pattern clines are all coincident, but the mtDNA cline is skewed significantly to the south. A temporal comparison of cline centres utilizing karyotype data collected in the early 1970s and in 2002 suggests that the cline may have shifted by approximately 1.5 km to the north over a 30‐year period. The recent northward expansion of juniper trees into the Little Colorado River Basin resulting from intense cattle overgrazing provides a plausible mechanism for a shifting hybrid zone and the introgression of the mtDNA haplotypes, which appear to be selectively neutral. It is clear that complex interactions are operating simultaneously in this contact zone, including the formation of hybrids between populations within S. tristichus having diagnostic mtDNA, morphology, karyotypes, and dorsal colour patterns, and secondary contact between these and a distantly related yet morphologically cryptic mtDNA lineage (S. cowlesi).
Steroid injection for osteoarthritis of the hip: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of fluoroscopically guided corticosteroid injection for hip osteoarthritis (OA) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. METHODS Fifty-two patients with symptomatic hip OA were randomly allocated to receive placebo (10 mg bipuvicaine, 2 ml saline) (n = 21) or corticosteroid treatment (10 mg bipuvicaine, 40 mg triamcinolone hexacetonide) (n = 31). Patients were followed up for 1, 2, 3, and 6 months. The primary outcome measure was the pain improvement response, defined as a 20% decrease in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities OA Index (WOMAC) pain score (on 5 100-mm visual analog scales [VAS]) (WOMAC20) from baseline to 2 months postinjection. Secondary outcomes were a 50% decrease in the WOMAC pain score (WOMAC50), changes in other WOMAC subscale scores, patient's global assessment of health (on a 100-mm VAS), and Short Form 36 (SF-36) quality of life indices. Analyses were based on the intent-to-treat principle. RESULTS The mean WOMAC pain score fell 49.2% (decreasing from 310.1 mm to 157.4 mm) at 2 months postinjection in patients receiving corticosteroid, compared with a decrease of 2.5% (from 314.3 mm to 306.5 mm) in the placebo group (P < 0.0001). The proportion of WOMAC20 responders at 2 months' followup was significantly higher in the corticosteroid group (67.7%) compared with the placebo group (23.8%) (P = 0.004); similar proportions of WOMAC50 responders were observed between groups (61.3% in the corticosteroid group versus 14.3% in the placebo group; P = 0.001). Response differences were maintained at 3 months' followup (58.1% responders in the corticosteroid group versus 9.5% responders in the placebo group; P = 0.004). Significant differences in the WOMAC stiffness and physical function scores (P < 0.0001), patient's global health scores (P = 0.005), and SF-36 physical component scores (P = 0.04) were observed, with patients in the corticosteroid group showing greater improvements. There were no differences in the frequency of adverse events between groups. CONCLUSION This placebo-controlled trial confirms that corticosteroid injection can be an effective treatment of pain in hip OA, with benefits lasting up to 3 months in many cases. Future studies should address questions related to the benefits of repeated steroid injection and the effects of this treatment on disease modification.
Perspectives on the leadership of chairs of nonprofit organization boards of directors: A grounded theory mixed‐method study

Comparatively little empirical attention has been paid to the leadership of nonprofit board chairs. This article reports findings from a two-year mixed-method grounded theory research investigation exploring perceptions of board chair leadership and impact from the perspective of those who interact with chairs (board members, chief executives, and stakeholders). It provides a review of the literature on the leadership role and impact of board chairs and a conceptual framework for its study in nonprofit and voluntary organizations. We present and discuss findings from two phases of the research and offer theoretical perspectives on board chair leadership effectiveness and practical suggestions to increase it.
Correlation of the apparent diffusion coefficient and the creatine level in early ischemic stroke: A comparison of different patterns by magnetic resonance

It has been reported that reduction of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) after stroke can persist for several days, after which the ADC increases gradually to an abnormally high level. We evaluated ADC values of stroke lesions and compared the results to the cellular density of the lesion by means of the creatine (Cre) level. This two‐parameter estimation is of particular relevance in ascertaining the underlying cellular status. Lesion‐to‐contralateral ADC ratios (ADCn) were obtained based on diffusion‐weighted echo‐planar and fast spin‐echo imaging. Single‐voxel localized spectroscopy was used for quantification of cerebral metabolites in infarcted regions. Their levels were also compared to that in homotopic contralateral regions. Fifteen patients with ischemic stroke were examined at times ranging from 18–88 hours following the onset of symptoms. In the stroke lesion, there was a significant correlation between the ADC and the Cre level showing that the higher the cell density the lower the ADC value. For ADCn vs. the lesion Cre concentration and the lesion‐to‐contralateral Cre ratio (Cren), the strengths of relationship were R2 = 0.70 and 0.58, respectively. It is concluded that ADC is a good reflection of cell density. Greatly lowered ADC values occur within the context of a stable cellularity. ADC and the Cre level have complementary roles in the characterization of stroke lesion with regard to the sequential stage. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:335–343. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multidimensional Poverty and Material Deprivation

We examine the measurement of multidimensional poverty and material deprivation following the counting approach. In contrast to earlier contributions, dimensions of well-being are not forced to be equally important but different weights can be assigned to different dimensions. We characterize a class of individual measures reflecting this feature. In addition, we axiomatize an aggregation procedure to obtain a class of indices for entire societies allowing for different degrees of inequality aversion in poverty. We apply the proposed measures to European Union member states where the concept of material deprivation was initiated.
GRASS ROOTS COLLECTIVE ACTION: AGRICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

Agroenvironmental problems (e.g., contamination of ground- and surface water, feed lot odors, endangered species) often involve goods and activities with public goods attributes. Grass roots collective action- in contrast to top-down governmental collective actions of taxing, subsidizing, and regulating- provides one alternative means of helping resolve these problems. Here I suggest that agroenvironmental policy, research, and extension should consider the often forgotten grass roots collective action alternative. I also discuss how expected private benefits, communication and information, joint products, group size and heterogeneity, transaction costs, and rules and enforcement determine the success or failure of grass roots collective action.
Market Segmentation in Scientific Publications: Research Patterns in American vs European Management Journals1

Ideal science should conform to certain criteria or goals, among them the goals of universalism and commonality. Realization of these goals may be limited, however, through the dividing up of researchers in terms of geographical borders. In this study the general hypothesis is tested that there is a segmentation of the society of management researchers into a North American (US) and a European (E) segment, a segmentation which is furthered by differences in incentive schemes and in paradigms. Four leading management journals from North America and from Europe, respectively, and the 242 articles they contained published in 1993 were selected to represent the different geographical segments. The results provide: support for the existence of two such segments; support for differences in incentive schemes influencing the articles; support for their being paradigm differences between the two segments; and support for a paradigm effect being stronger in US-journals than in E-journals, US-authors are more willing, however, to conform to the E-paradigm than vice versa. We argue for methodological pragmatism in order to reduce the presumed counter-productive effects of paradigmatic rigidity.
A Simple Method for Experimental Determination of Electron Temperature and Electron Density in Nanosecond Pulsed Longitudinal Discharge Used for Excitation of High-Power Lasers

A simple method based on time-resolved measurement of electrical discharge parameters, such as tube voltage and discharge current, is applied for experimental determination of electron temperature and electron density in the discharge period of various nanosecond pulsed longitudinal discharges, exciting high-power Cu+ Ne-CuBr, He-Hg+, and He-Sr+ lasers.
Twentieth-Century Surface Air Temperature over China and the Globe Simulated by Coupled Climate Models

This paper examines variations of the surface air temperature (SAT) over China and the globe in the twentieth century simulated by 19 coupled climate models driven by historical natural and anthropogenic forcings. Most models perform well in simulating both the global and the Northern Hemispheric mean SAT evolutions of the twentieth century. The inclusion of natural forcings improves the simulation, in particular for the first half of the century. The reproducibility of the SAT averaged over China is lower than that of the global and hemispheric averages, but it is still acceptable. The contribution of natural forcings to the SAT over China in the first half of the century is not as robust as that to the global and hemispheric averages. No model could successfully produce the reconstructed warming over China in the 1920s. The prescribed natural and anthropogenic forcings in the coupled climate models mainly produce the warming trends and the decadal- to interdecadal-scale SAT variations with poor performances at shorter time scales. The prominent warming trend in the last half of the century over China and its acceleration in recent decades are weakly simulated. There are discrepancies between the simulated and observed regional features of the SAT trend over China. Few models could produce the summertime cooling over the middle part of eastern China (27°–36°N), while two models acceptably produce the meridional gradients of the wintertime warming trends, with north China experiencing larger warming. Limitations of the current state-of-the-art coupled climate models in simulating spatial patterns of the twentieth-century SAT over China cast a shadow upon their capability toward projecting credible geographical distributions of future climate change through Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenario simulations.
Offshoring components and their effect on employment: firms deciding about how and where

Firms must take two fundamental decisions: how and where to produce. Traditional measures of offshoring include information on both decisions but cannot distinguish between them. In this article, we attempt to distinguish the evolution of the requirement of inputs per unit of output (how to produce) from the delocalization of production to others countries (where to produce). We call global technical change to the first element and net offshoring to the second. We further decompose net offshoring into net inter-industry substitution and intra-industrial offshoring (replacement of domestic inputs for imported ones from the same sector). This last measure quantifies better the concept of delocalization of production to other countries looking for lower costs, the original idea behind offshoring. This decomposition allows us to further investigate on whether technical change or net offshoring is the main factor in recent Spanish industrial employment changes.
Relative Versus Incremental Information Content

This study distinguishes between incremental and relative information content. Incremental comparisons ask whether one accounting measure provides information content beyond that provided by another, and apply when one measure is viewed as given and an assessment is desired regarding the incremental contribution of another (e.g., a supplemental disclosure). Relative comparisons ask which measure has greater information content, and apply when making mutually exclusive choices among alternatives, or when rankings by information content are desired (e.g., when comparing alternative disclosures). Questions of both incremental and relative information content arise frequently in accounting. However, few previous studies have examined questions of relative information content. Possible explanations include unfamiliarity with the relative versus incremental distinction, and the additional statistical complexity involved in testing for relative information content. First, we examine analytically the relation between incremental and relative information content, demonstrating that they address different research questions and that different tests for statistical significance are required. Second, we identify accounting research contexts in which questions of relative and incremental information content arise. Third, we propose a new regression-based test for relative information content. This test applies to both returns and valuation studies, generalizes to any number of predictor variables, and can be used in conjunction with White's (1980) adjustment for heteroskedasticity. Fourth, we illustrate tests for relative and incremental information content in a familiar research setting that compares the information contents of net income, cash flows, and net sales in 40 industries.
38 000 MW antigen‐specific major histocompatibility complex class I restricted interferon‐γ‐secreting CD8+ T cells in healthy contacts of tuberculosis

CD8+ T lymphocytes are required to protect mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, although in early infection the mechanism appears not to be via perforin or granzyme‐mediated lysis of the infected target, and may be via interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) production. We therefore investigated whether CD8+ T cells specific for the immunoprotective 38 000 MW antigen of M. tuberculosis could be detected in infected humans. Using a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the 38 000 MW antigen of M. tuberculosis (rV38) and a control vaccinia virus (rVras) we demonstrated that both viruses stimulated IFN‐γ production from freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a 36‐hr enzyme‐linked immunospot assay. Cell depletion and antibody blockade established that the bulk of the 38 000 MW antigen‐specific IFN‐γ response was mediated by CD8+, major histocompatibility complex class I‐restricted T cells, whereas the anti‐vaccinia virus response was predominantly mediated by CD4+ T cells. In further evaluations PBMC from all seven healthy tuberculosis‐exposed contacts had a 38 000 MW antigen‐specific IFN‐γ response, whereas seven patients with untreated sputum‐positive pulmonary tuberculosis had very low levels of 38 000 antigen‐specific IFN‐γ‐producing cells. These preliminary observations demonstrate the utility of recombinant vaccinia viruses in restimulating freshly isolated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The bias towards a higher frequency of IFN‐γ‐producing CD8+ T cells in contacts rather than patients may indicate a protective role for CD8+ cells in human tuberculosis.
INTERNAL CONTROL QUALITY AND AUDIT PRICING UNDER THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT

This paper extends prior research on audit risk adjustment by examining the association of audit pricing with problems in internal control over financial reporting, disclosed under Sections 404 and 302 of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act [SOX]. While studies of auditors' responses to internal control risk provide mixed evidence, it is important to re‐examine this issue using data on specific client problems not available prior to SOX. As a baseline, we first establish a strong association of audit fees with internal control problems disclosed in the first year of implementation of Section 404, consistent with prior research (e.g., Raghunandan and Rama 2006). We then address two issues on which prior results are contradictory. In a broadly based sample of accelerated filers, we find that audit pricing for companies with internal control problems varies by problem severity, when severity is measured either as material weaknesses versus significant deficiencies, or by nature of the problem. Also, while audit fees incr.
Why Edit Books? In Defence of an Oft-Disparaged Academic Activity

the web. To conclude, the main motivation for writing a textbook in our case was to try to present economic geography in a way that made the field compelling and engaging for students. Writing the book has certainly encouraged us to think long and hard about our field and not least the various ways in which the ideas and frameworks with which we work can be mobilized to encourage students to think critically about the world around them. It also provides a way of identifying and specifying the limits of the ideas. At the end of our book we wrote:
Pod1 induces myofibroblast differentiation in mesenchymal progenitor cells from mouse kidney

The class II basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factor Pod1 is expressed in mesenchymal cells including smooth muscle progenitors during development and in interstitial cells in adult organs. To determine the role of Pod1 in mesenchymal cell smooth muscle and myofibroblast differentiation, we examined a kidney progenitor cell line (4E) that endogenously expresses Pod1 and its class I bHLH partner E2A. In vitro‐translated Pod1 co‐immunoprecipitated E2A and increased E2A binding to a calponin promoter E‐box sequence as determined by an electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA). Overexpression of Pod1 and E2A resulted in increased smooth muscle and myofibroblast gene expression including calponin, SM22α, αSMA, fibronectin, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) compared with overexpression of E2A alone. Suppression of Pod1 by siRNA resulted in increased cell proliferation and reduced expression of αSMA, fibronectin, and CTGF, and myofibroblast secreted proteins including pro‐fibrotic cytokines and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. Examination of the signaling pathways for myofibroblast differentiation including Rho/Rho kinase and p38 MAPK showed that inhibition of actin polymerization by Rho kinase inhibitors decreased nuclear Pod1 levels while inhibition of p38 MAPK decreased Pod1 expression. These results indicate that Pod1 increases myofibroblast differentiation in combination with E2A and promotes a myofibroblast phenotype in mesenchymal progenitor cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 675–690, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Collaborative governance in the CALFED program: Adaptive policy making for California water

A new, collaborative model of governance has emerged in the CALFED program, which manages much of California ’s vast water system. This model emerged out of many years of dialogue among the state’s major stakeholders and public agency leaders frustrated by the inability of traditional governance by the three branches—executive, legislative and judicial—to establish significant policy to address the competing needs of the environment and urban and agricultural water users. This paper reports on our research into the history, logic, and workings of this evolving program from its inception as an informal memorandum among agencies in 1994 to its 2004 incarnation with a formal, legislatively established oversight authority. CALFED has unlocked many of the paralyzing stalemates that afflicted California water management in the past; it has built social and political capital among previously warring parties; it has built shared understandings and heuristics among disparate interests and agencies; and it has improved the quality and acceptability of scientific information on which decisions are based. It has allowed just-in-time decision making which is adaptive to rapidly changing natural conditions and needs. The contrast from the traditional governance model to the “CALFED way” involves eight dimensions. Collaborative processes have replaced gridlock and litigation; a comprehensive framework with linkages and balance among activities replaced project-by-project decisions; multipurpose interagency projects increasingly became the norm rather than single agency projects; local and regional solutions
The Spatial Configuration of the Entrepreneurial Support Network for the Semiconductor Industry

This study is the first to examine the spatial location of different actors in the entrepreneurial support network for high-technology start-up firms. The actors included in this study are lead venture capitalists, independent members of the board of directors, investment bankers, and law firms. Using data based on 44 semiconductor initial public offerings, the geographical location of these newly public firms and the actors in their support network is mapped, and the spatial relationships between these firms and their network are examined. It was found that the geographical proximity between these actors and the firms they support varied significantly, with a firm's legal counsel being the most proximate, followed by investment bankers, venture capitalists, and independent directors.