Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of multi-phase turn faults of induction motor stator-windings

In an AC motor, the quick detection of an initially small fault is important for preventing any consequent large fault. Various detection approaches have been proposed in previous papers, for example, by the Park vector (PV), AI techniques, wavelet analysis, and negative-sequence analysis. This paper proposes a method for diagnosing the stator-winding faults of an induction motor by the direct detection of its negative-sequence current. Before starting the diagnosis, the asymmetry admittances for the considered fault cases are obtained by analysis or simulation. The amplitude and phase of the positive-sequence voltage, Vp, and of the positive-sequence current, Ip, are extracted from the voltage PV and current PV, respectively. The amplitude and phase of the negative-sequence, In, are extracted from the residue. The asymmetry admittance, Ya, is calculated from In and Vp. When the positive-sequence admittance is known, Ya can also be calculated from Yp, Ip, and In. These steps are repeated for each sample time and the motor condition is diagnosed according to the variations in the Ya values. The simulation and experimental results are also shown and the proposed method is investigated and validated.
Entrepreneurial Attitudes as Drivers of Managers’ Boundary‐Spanning Knowledge Ties in the Context of High‐Tech Clusters*

This study investigates the role of entrepreneurial attitudes for small and medium‐sized enterprise managers' tendency to create knowledge acquisition ties with managers of other organizations in the context of an institutionalized high‐tech cluster. We examine how innovation orientation, perceived personal control, need for achievement, and self‐esteem influence boundary‐spanning tie creation as a crucial facet of entrepreneurial behavior in the cluster context. Applying exponential random graph models to survey data collected in a German biotech cluster, we find that innovation orientation and perceived personal control positively affect managers' tendency to rely on interpersonal ties to gather knowledge. In contrast, need for achievement and self‐esteem are negatively related to knowledge tie creation.
Climate Change and Physical Disturbance Manipulations Result in Distinct Biological Soil Crust Communities

ABSTRACT Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) colonize plant interspaces in many drylands and are critical to soil nutrient cycling. Multiple climate change and land use factors have been shown to detrimentally impact biocrusts on a macroscopic (i.e., visual) scale. However, the impact of these perturbations on the bacterial components of the biocrusts remains poorly understood. We employed multiple long-term field experiments to assess the impacts of chronic physical (foot trampling) and climatic changes (2°C soil warming, altered summer precipitation [wetting], and combined warming and wetting) on biocrust bacterial biomass, composition, and metabolic profile. The biocrust bacterial communities adopted distinct states based on the mechanism of disturbance. Chronic trampling decreased biomass and caused small community compositional changes. Soil warming had little effect on biocrust biomass or composition, while wetting resulted in an increase in the cyanobacterial biomass and altered bacterial composition. Warming combined with wetting dramatically altered bacterial composition and decreased Cyanobacteria abundance. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing identified four functional gene categories that differed in relative abundance among the manipulations, suggesting that climate and land use changes affected soil bacterial functional potential. This study illustrates that different types of biocrust disturbance damage biocrusts in macroscopically similar ways, but they differentially impact the resident soil bacterial communities, and the communities' functional profiles can differ depending on the disturbance type. Therefore, the nature of the perturbation and the microbial response are important considerations for management and restoration of drylands.
Recombinant transforming growth factor type beta 3: biological activities and receptor-binding properties in isolated bone cells

We have recently cloned the cDNA for transforming growth factor type beta 3 (TGF-beta 3), a new member of the TGF-beta gene family. We examined the biological effects of recombinant TGF-beta 3 protein in osteoblast-enriched bone cell cultures. In this report we demonstrate that TGF-beta 3 is a potent regulator of functions associated with bone formation, i.e., mitogenesis, collagen synthesis, and alkaline phosphatase activity. In a direct comparison between TGF-beta 3 and TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 3 appeared to be three- to fivefold more potent than TGF-beta 1. Our cross-linking experiments with iodinated TGF-beta showed that in osteoblast-enriched bone cell cultures, both TGF-beta 3 and TGF-beta 1 associated with the same three cell surface binding sites. Scatchard analysis of receptor competition studies indicated the presence of high-affinity binding sites for TGF-beta 3 in the picomolar range. TGF-beta 3 showed an approximately fourfold-higher apparent affinity than TGF-beta 1 in overall binding.
Use of incretin agents and risk of acute and chronic pancreatitis: A population‐based cohort study

To determine the association between the use of incretin agents (dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the risk of any, acute and chronic pancreatitis.
Pharmacokinetics of L‐FMAUS, a new antiviral agent, after intravenous and oral administration to rats: contribution of gastrointestinal first‐pass effect to low bioavailability

The pharmacokinetics of L‐FMAUS after intravenous and oral administration (20, 50 and 100 mg/kg) to rats, gastrointestinal first‐pass effect of L‐FMAUS (50 mg/kg) in rats, in vitro stability of L‐FMAUS, blood partition of L‐FMAUS between plasma and blood cells of rat blood, and protein binding of L‐FMAUS to 4% human serum albumin were evaluated. L‐FMAUS is being evaluated in a preclinical study as a novel antiviral agent. Although the dose‐normalized AUC values of L‐FMAUS were not significantly different among the three doses after intravenous and oral administration, no trend was apparent between the dose and dose‐normalized AUC. After oral administration of L‐FMAUS (50 mg/kg), approximately 2.37% of the oral dose was not absorbed, and the extent of absolute oral bioavailability (F) was approximately 11.5%. The gastrointestinal first‐pass effect was approximately 85% of the oral dose. The first‐pass effects of L‐FMAUS in the lung, heart and liver were almost negligible, if any, in rats. Hence, the small F of L‐FMAUS in rats was mainly due to the considerable gastrointestinal first‐pass effect. L‐FMAUS was stable in rat gastric juices. The plasma‐to‐blood cells partition ratio of L‐FMAUS was 2.17 in rat blood. The plasma protein binding of L‐FMAUS in rats was 98.6%. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surrogate markers for adverse outcomes in normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism*

Background:Although echocardiography has proven utility in risk stratifying normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism, echocardiography is not always available. Objective:Test if a novel panel consisting of pulse oximetry, 12-lead electrocardiography, and serum troponin T would have prognostic equivalence to echocardiography and to examine the prognostic performance of age, previous cardiopulmonary disease, D-dimer, brain natriuretic peptide, and percentage of pulmonary vascular occlusion on chest computed tomography. Design:Prospective cohort study. Patients and Setting:Normotensive (systolic blood pressure of >100 mm Hg) emergency department and hospital inpatients with diagnosed pulmonary embolism who underwent cardiologist-interpreted echocardiography and other measurements within 15 hrs of anticoagulation. Measurements and Main Results:End points were in-hospital circulatory shock or intubation, or death, recurrent pulmonary embolism, or severe cardiopulmonary disability (defined as echocardiographic evidence of severe right ventricular dysfunction with New York Heart Association class III dyspnea or 6-min walk test of <330 m) at 6-month follow-up. The two-one–sided test tested the hypothesis of equivalence with one-tailed &agr; = 0.05 and &Dgr; = 5%. Of 200 patients enrolled, data were complete for 181 (88%); 51 of 181 patients (28%) had an adverse outcome, including in-hospital complication (n = 18), death (n = 11), recurrent pulmonary embolism (n = 2), or cardiopulmonary disability (n = 20). Right ventricular dysfunction on initial echocardiogram was 61% sensitive (95% confidence interval, 46–74%) and 57% specific (48–66%). The panel was 71% sensitive (56–83%) and 62% specific (53–71%). The two-one–sided procedure demonstrated superiority of the panel to echocardiography for both sensitivity and noninferiority for specificity. No other biomarker demonstrated equivalence, noninferiority, or superiority for sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion:Normotensive patients with pulmonary embolism have a high rate of severe adverse outcomes during 6-month follow-up. A panel of three widely available tests can be used to risk stratify patients with pulmonary embolism when formal echocardiography is not available.
Voltage predictive control for microgrids in islanded mode based on Fourier transform

Microgrids appear as a key-solution to manage smart grids with high penetration of renewable energy generation and non-linear and unbalanced loads. Their flexibility allows the energy exchange with the utility network in grid-connected mode or the transition to an islanded operation mode from the main grid in case of disturbances or faults. While in grid-connected mode the main grid imposes the frequency and voltage, in the islanded mode the own microgrid must do the load balance between all the connected components to the microgrid and must supervise that the power flow inside the microgrid is done according to the power quality levels that all the devices of the microgrid require. In order to improve the power quality in these kind of applications, a novel control strategy based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Fourier analysis is presented in this paper applied to the voltage/frequency control of a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). At each sample instant, the current demand in the microgrid is predicted through the estimation of the equivalent Thevenin's impedance in the microgrid. This fact allows the inverter controller to select the most appropriate gate-signal combination to maintain the reference frequency and the voltage in the microgrid.
Global Demographic Change and Climate Policies

Between 1950 and 2017, world average life expectancy increased from below-50 to above-70, while the fertility rate dropped from 5 to about 2.5. We develop and calibrate an analytic climate-economy model with overlapping generations to study the effect of such demographic change on capital markets and optimal climate policies. Our model replicates findings from the OLG-demography literature, such as a rise in households’ savings, and a declining rate of return to capital. We also find that demographic change raises the social cost of carbon, at 2020, from 28 euro/tCO2 in a model that abstracts from demography, to 94 euro/tCO2 in our calibrated model.
Nongenomic effects of oestrogen: embryonic mouse midbrain neurones respond with a rapid release of calcium from intracellular stores

Evidence is emerging that oestrogen, besides acting via classical nuclear receptors, can rapidly influence the physiology of nerve cells through other mechanisms. Oestrogens have been shown to modulate the differentiation and function of embryonic midbrain dopaminergic neurones by stimulating neurite outgrowth, expression of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA, dopamine uptake and release in spite of the fact that dopaminergic cells in the prenatal midbrain do not express the classical oestrogen receptor. This study therefore intended to unravel possible signal transduction pathways activated by oestrogen which might be associated with the above oestrogen effects. As a physiological second‐messenger mechanism, we studied the influence of oestrogen on fluctuations of intracellular Ca2+ levels [Ca2+]i by microspectrofluorimetry of the Ca2+‐sensitive indicator Fura‐2, in primary cultures from embryonic mouse midbrains. 17β‐estradiol (10 n m–1 p m) but not 17α‐estradiol increased [Ca2+]i within 1–3 s in a dose‐dependent way. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ abrogated K+‐stimulated Ca2+ rise but did not affect 17β‐estradiol stimulation. Pretreatment of cells with thapsigargin (1 μm, 10 min), an inhibitor of Ca2+‐pumping ATPases in the endoplasmic reticulum, abolished the 17β‐estradiol effect but not the K+‐stimulated [Ca2+]i rise. Oestrogen effects on [Ca2+]i were completely mimicked by using a membrane‐impermeant oestrogen‐BSA construct. In order to identify oestrogen‐sensitive cells, some cultures were subsequently immunostained for microtubule‐associated protein II, tyrosine hydroxylase, or GABA. All oestrogen‐sensitive cells were immunocytochemically characterized as neurones, and about half of these responsive neurones was found to be dopaminergic or GABAergic. These results demonstrate that 17β‐estradiol is capable of rapidly modulating physiological parameters of developing midbrain neurones by directly interacting with specific membrane binding sites coupled to a signal transduction mechanism that causes a calcium release from intracellular Ca2+ stores. It is suggested that oestrogen effects on differentiation and function of midbrain dopaminergic neurones are mediated by intracellular Ca2+ signalling.
Entrepreneurial skills, trust and jobs: three essays on entrepreneurial skills of self-employed and employees

In this first chapter we analyses the impact of aggregate levels of trust on the individual decisions to enterprise. Basing on the micro data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and merging them with the aggregate values of trust for 27 countries extracted from the World Value Survey we find that social trust and trust in the judicial system increment significantly the likelihood to start up a new company for the years 2001-2009. Using multilevel econometric modelling allows us to relax the parallel regression assumptions and hence adds to the robustness of our results.
Validation of a behavioral economic purchase task for assessing drug abuse liability

Behavioral economic purchase tasks quantify drug demand (i.e. reinforcing value of a drug) and have been used extensively to assess the value of various drugs among current users. However, purchase tasks have been rarely used with unfamiliar drugs to address a compound's abuse liability, and the current study sought to validate the paradigm in this capacity. Using a double‐blind placebo‐controlled within‐subjects drug challenge design, the study evaluated differential drug demand on an experimental drug purchase task for a 20 mg dose of oral D‐amphetamine (versus placebo), a prototypic psychostimulant, in 98 stimulant‐naïve participants. Compared with placebo, amphetamine significantly increased intensity, breakpoint and Omax, and significantly decreased elasticity. Mechanistic analyses revealed that Omax and breakpoint mediated the relationship between subjective drug effects and ‘willingness to take again’, a putative indicator of liability via motivation for future drug‐seeking behavior. These findings validate the purchase task paradigm for quantifying the reinforcing value and, in turn, abuse liability of unfamiliar compounds, providing a foundation for a variety of future applications.
Failure of secretin release in patients with duodenal ulcer.

The release of secretin was studied in 12 normal subjects and 23 patients suffering from proved duodenal ulceration. After infusing acid directly into the duodenum mean plasma levels (plus or minus S.E.M.) of secretin rose in normal subjects to 52.6 plus or minus 4.8 ng/1 at six minutes but to only 37.5 plus or minus 3.6 ng/1 in duodenal-ulcer patients, a significant difference. The impairment of secretin release was as great in patients with a recent onset as in those who had had symptoms of a duodenal ulcer for a long time, raising the possibility of it being a primary defect. Patients who smoked 20 or more cigarettes a day had a particularly reduced secretin release, in accord with the greater incidence of ulcers in heavy smokers.
Spatiotemporal ablation of myelinating glia‐specific neurofascin (NfascNF155) in mice reveals gradual loss of paranodal axoglial junctions and concomitant disorganization of axonal domains

The evolutionary demand for rapid nerve impulse conduction led to the process of myelination‐dependent organization of axons into distinct molecular domains. These domains include the node of Ranvier flanked by highly specialized paranodal domains where myelin loops and axolemma orchestrate the axoglial septate junctions. These junctions are formed by interactions between a glial isoform of neurofascin (NfascNF155) and axonal Caspr and Cont. Here we report the generation of myelinating glia‐specific NfascNF155 null mouse mutants. These mice exhibit severe ataxia, motor paresis, and death before the third postnatal week. In the absence of glial NfascNF155, paranodal axoglial junctions fail to form, axonal domains fail to segregate, and myelinated axons undergo degeneration. Electrophysiological measurements of peripheral nerves from NfascNF155 mutants revealed dramatic reductions in nerve conduction velocities. By using inducible PLP‐CreER recombinase to ablate NfascNF155 in adult myelinating glia, we demonstrate that paranodal axoglial junctions disorganize gradually as the levels of NfascNF155 protein at the paranodes begin to drop. This coincides with the loss of the paranodal region and concomitant disorganization of the axonal domains. Our results provide the first direct evidence that the maintenance of axonal domains requires the fence function of the paranodal axoglial junctions. Together, our studies establish a central role for paranodal axoglial junctions in both the organization and the maintenance of axonal domains in myelinated axons. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intellectual capital in the theory of the firm

Intellectual capital has an inevitable role in the value creation process and represents significant determinant of the firms' market success. In the contemporary circumstances, firms achieve and sustain their competitive advantages by mobilising and profitably exploiting intellectual resources. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to overview the evolutionary process of intellectual capital through theoretical examinations of different theories. The first notion of intellectual capital is connected with the resource-based view, then the dynamic capabilities and finally, the knowledge based approach. The paper points toward increased importance of intellectual capital in contemporary circumstances.
Protein kinase A‐mediated enhancement of miniature IPSC frequency by noradrenaline in rat cerebellar stellate cells.

1. Cellular mechanisms underlying the enhancement by noradrenaline (NA) of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) were studied at inhibitory synapses in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. IPSCs were obtained from stellate cells in rat cerebellar slices using tight‐seal whole‐cell recording. 2. Miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) were recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX; 100 nM). NA (10 microM) markedly increased the frequency of mIPSCs, but did not alter their mean amplitude. Bath application of the inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase 9‐(tetrahydro‐2'‐furyl) adenine (SQ 22,536; 300 microM), of the wide spectrum protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine (1 microM), and of the Rp‐diastereomer of adenosine‐3',5'‐cyclic monophosphothioate (Rp‐cAMPS; 500 microM), a specific inhibitor of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA), inhibited the mIPSC frequency increase induced by NA. 3. The increase in mIPSC frequency was not attenuated by Cd2+ (100 microM), a blocker of voltage dependent calcium channels. However, after a 12‐15 min pre‐incubation in Ca(2+)‐free saline, the effect of NA on mIPSCs was markedly inhibited. If Ca2+ ions were readmitted in the presence of NA, enhancement of the mIPSC frequency was largely restored. 4. Application of the membrane permeant analogue of cAMP, 8‐Br‐cAMP (1 mM), together with the inhibitor of cAMP phosphodiesterase, 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine (IBMX; 100 microM), caused a frequency increase of mIPSCs. Forskolin also mimicked the stimulatory effect of NA on mIPSC frequency. The effects of both 8‐Br‐cAMP and forskolin persisted in Ca(2+)‐free saline, suggesting that the modulation of transmitter release does not require Ca2+ influx. 5. On the whole, the results indicate that the potentiation of mIPSC frequency by NA is mediated through the sequential activation of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A (PKA), and that PKA modulates the vesicle release mechanism rather than Ca2+ influx. The lack of effect of NA after prolonged incubation in Ca(2+)‐free solution may be due to an inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by a gradual lowering of the cytosolic presynaptic Ca2+ concentration.
Evacuee Perception of Geophysical Hazards for Hurricane Irma

Hurricane Irma was one of the strongest Atlantic hurricanes in history before landfall and caused a large evacuation. A total of 155 evacuees at interstate rest areas were asked to rank their concern about damage at their residence for six different geophysical hurricane hazards. Additionally, they were asked about their perceived maximum wind speeds (PMWS) and the wind speeds at which they thought damage would occur (DW) at their residence. These wind speeds were then compared to the actual peak wind gusts (APG) nearest to each resident’s location. Results show a significantly greater concern for wind and storm size, compared to other hazards (tornadoes, rainfall/flooding, storm surge, falling trees). The mean PMWS of evacuees was greater than the mean APG, suggesting widespread misperception of wind speeds. Furthermore, the mean APG was less than the mean DW, and the mean PMWS was also higher than the DW. Additional tests found no significant differences in wind perception between residents with previous storm experiences and no experience, and no significant differences between those who resided in mandatory evacuation zip codes and those who did not. These results suggest that wind speed risk is poorly understood, even though it is a high concern for evacuees from hurricanes. The communication of wind speed risk in forecasts should possibly be modified by placing greater emphasis on postlandfall impacts, wind speed decay after landfall, and wind speeds that cause damage to different types of residences.