Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Dynamics of Elongated Earthquake Ruptures

The largest earthquakes propagate laterally after saturating the fault's seismogenic width and reach large length‐to‐width ratios L/W. Smaller earthquakes can also develop elongated ruptures due to confinement by heterogeneities of initial stresses or material properties. The energetics of such elongated ruptures is radically different from that of conventional circular crack models: they feature width‐limited rather than length‐dependent energy release rate. However, a synoptic understanding of their dynamics is still missing. Here we combine computational and analytical modeling of long ruptures in three dimension (3D) and 2.5D (width‐averaged) to develop a theoretical relation between the evolution of rupture speed and the along‐strike distribution of fault stress, fracture energy, and rupture width. We find that the evolution of elongated ruptures in our simulations is well described by the following rupture‐tip‐equation‐of‐motion: Gc=G01−v̇rWvs2γAαsP where Gc is the fracture energy, G0 is the steady state energy release rate, vs is the S wave speed, vr is the rupture speed, v̇r=dvr/dt is the rupture acceleration, and γ/AαsP is a known function of rupture speed. The steady energy release rate is limited by rupture width as G0 = γ∆τ2W/μ, where γ is a geometric factor, ∆τ is the stress drop (spatially smoothed over a length scale smaller than W), and μ is the shear modulus. If Gc is a constant and exactly balanced by G0, the rupture can in principle propagate steadily at any speed. If Gc increases with rupture speed, steady ruptures have a well‐defined speed and are stable. When Gc ≠ G0, the rupture acquires an inertial effect: the rupture‐tip‐equation‐of‐motion depends explicitly on rupture acceleration. This inertial effect does not exist in the classical theory of dynamic rupture in 2‐D unbounded media and in unbounded faults in 3D, but emerges in 2‐D bounded media or, as shown here, as a consequence of the finite rupture width in 3D. These findings highlight the essential role of the seismogenic width on rupture dynamics. Based on the rupture‐tip‐equation‐of‐motion we define the rupture potential, a function that determines the size of next earthquake, and we propose a conceptual model that helps rationalize one type of “supercycles” observed on segmented faults. More generally, the theory developed here can yield relations between earthquake source properties (final magnitude, moment rate function, radiated energy) and the heterogeneities of stress and strength along the fault, which can then be used to extract statistical information on fault heterogeneity from source time functions of past earthquakes or as physics‐based constraints on finite‐fault source inversion and on seismic hazard assessment.
Is It a Duty to Vote and to be Informed?

We know that many people feel that they have a duty to vote in elections, but we know little about what other civic duties they believe they ought to fulfill. In this study, we address the question of whether people feel that they have both a duty to vote and to be informed. We use an original Canadian survey which includes questions about whether respondents construe voting and keeping informed as duties or a matter of choice. We find that the duty to vote is more widespread than the duty to be informed and that almost half of those who say that they have a moral obligation to vote indicate that they do not have a duty to keep informed. The better educated are more likely to feel that they have a moral obligation to both vote and keep informed while younger respondents are more prone to reject both duties.
Processing Negation in a Miniature Artificial Language

In two miniature artificial language learning experiments, we compare the processing of narrow and broad negation, corresponding to prefixal negation (unhappy) and free-standing negation (not happy) respectively, with that of non-negation (happy). Three artificial prefixes were invented to express the three meanings above. The meaning scope expressed by the negation types was manipulated in the experiments, and the processing of the three forms was tested through a picture-word verification task. In Experiment 1, the scope expressed by prefixal negation was included in the scope expressed by free-standing negation, while in Experiment 2, there was no overlap between the two negation types and the scope of free-standing negation was limited to the intermediate range of a scale. Experiment 1 showed that narrow negation is more difficult to process than the non-negated meanings, but not as difficult as broad negation. Experiment 2 showed that when the meaning scope of broad negation was restricted to the middle range, the processing difficulty found in Experiment 1 disappeared, as it did not take longer for participants to identify the middle range compared to the ends of the scale. We show that the chunking of the negated meanings relative to one another plays a role in the processing cost of these forms.
Order Cancellations, Fees, and Execution Quality in U.S. Equity Options

We examine the effects of an order cancellation fee on limit order flow and execution quality in the PHLX options market. The cancellation fee on professional order flow effectively reduces the rate at which limit orders are canceled. Whereas the cancellation fee discourages the submission of nonmarketable orders, it encourages the submission of marketable orders. Consequently, nonmarketable order fill rates increase; marketable order fill speeds decrease; and bid-ask spreads widen. We also find slight increases in both dollar volume and market share. (JEL G11, G14, G18) Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
The effect of socially responsible human resource management (SRHRM) on frontline employees’ knowledge sharing

Purpose This study in the hospitality industry aims to explore the underlying mechanisms through which socially responsible human resource management (SRHRM) affects frontline employees’ knowledge sharing, as well as the moderating effects of role conflict and role ambiguity. Design/methodology/approach Two data waves have been collected from one of the largest restaurant chains in China. Using Mplus 7.0, a structural equation modeling model is empirically tested to investigate the hypothesized moderated mediation model. Findings First, SRHRM appears to foster frontline employees’ perceived respect and organizational trust and further stimulates their knowledge sharing. Second, role conflict is found to weaken the relationship between SRHRM and organizational trust, while role ambiguity seems to weaken the strength of the linkage between SRHRM and perceived respect. Practical implications Managers should make SRHRM policies more visible and implement appropriate SRHRM practices to facilitate employees proactively to share knowledge at work. Furthermore, managers should realize the dark side effects of role conflict and role ambiguity, as they might hinder the positive impact of SRHRM on knowledge sharing. Originality/value This study uncovers the meditating roles of perceived respect and organizational trust through which SRHRM impacts on employees’ knowledge sharing. By incorporating the possible moderating roles of role conflict and role ambiguity, this scholarly work also increases the understanding of possible hindrances in this regard.
Monetary Policy, Oil Shocks, and TFP: Accounting for the Decline in U.S. Volatility

An equilibrium model is used to assess the quantitative importance of monetary policy for the post-1984 decline in US inflation and output volatility. The principal finding is that monetary policy played a substantial role in reducing inflation volatility, but a small role in reducing real output volatility. The model attributes much of the decline in real output volatility to smaller TFP shocks. We also investigate the pattern of output and inflation volatility under an optimal monetary policy counterfactual. We find that real output volatility would have been somewhat lower, and inflation volatility substantially lower, had monetary policy been set optimally.
Media representation of the US 2016 presidential elections in Czech Radio broadcast

ABSTRACT The research objective was to analyse the representation of the US presidential election in selected programmes of the Czech Radio and assess to what extent it met the requirements of public service media. Five programmes were analysed by quantitative content analysis and qualitative interpretive approaches, mainly discourse analysis. This text presents key findings of the research that are relevant for the study of political communication in the context of media studies, news discourse analysis and public service broadcasting. The dominant topic covered in pre-election period was mainly the representation related to pre-election campaign of two main presidential candidates and information on the course of pre-election polling. In post-election period, the election results and possible consequences of Donald Trump victory were mainly thematised. A considerable part of the representation of the election even in pre-election period was related to the characteristics, activities, opinions, etc. of one of the candidates only (namely D. Trump), which points out a significant bias in the overall media representation what is alarming as the broadcasting of public service media was analysed.
Automatic Labeling of Articles in International Investment Agreements (Machine Learning and Word Embeddings)

International investment agreements (IIAs) are international commitments amongst contracting parties to protect and promote investment. Although each treaty has a distinctive structure in terms of placement and organization of information, IIAs as instruments of international law share underlying textual and legal structures. Treaty articles are important components in IIAs, with some articles titled and others untitled. In order to understand and analyze the treaty structure thoroughly, assignment of titles to each article is crucial for content analysis. In this master thesis, we attempt to automatically assign titles to untitled international investment treaty articles using semi-supervised learning. Various titles have been assigned to similar texts due to the variability of negotiating partners, languages, traditions, etc. Hence, in order to have a condensed representation of various article titles, we firstly cluster 34,524 titled articles into ten topics by expanding word and document semantics with embeddings. We then use these ten classes as the labels in our classification task where titles are assigned to 10,074 untitled articles. The classification task is performed with supervised classifiers (k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), stochastic gradient descent (SGD), convolutional neural network (CNN)) and partially supervised k-means clustering. Expert annotations of 100 untitled articles are used as the gold standard in our evaluation set. K-means clustering with the retrained word embeddings tailored to our corpus has brought about an increase of 30% in accuracy compared to a simple CNN classifier, which has scored the highest amongst all supervised classifiers. The comparison between these two machine learning paradigms (supervised and semisupervised learning) leads to the conclusion that word embeddings can effectively expand the semantic features for words and documents, which allows us to perform accurate categorization of texts from closely related sub-fields of one research area, for instance, to categorize the ten topics in the study of IIAs.
Contests: Theory and Topics

Competitive situations resembling contests are ubiquitous in modern economic landscape. In a contest, economic agents expend costly effort to vie for limited prizes, and they are rewarded for “getting ahead” of their opponents instead of their absolute performance metrics. Many social, economic, and business phenomena exemplify such competitive schemes, ranging from college admissions, political campaigns, advertising, and organizational hierarchies, to warfare. The economics literature has long recognized contest/tournament as a convenient and efficient incentive scheme to remedy the moral hazard problem, especially when the production process is subject to random perturbation or the measurement of input/output is imprecise or costly. An enormous amount of scholarly effort has been devoted to developing tractable theoretical models, unveiling the fundamentals of the strategic interactions that underlie such competitions, and exploring the optimal design of contest rules. This voluminous literature has enriched basic contest/tournament models by introducing different variations to the modeling, such as dynamic structure, incomplete and asymmetric information, multi-battle confrontations, sorting and entry, endogenous prize allocation, competitions in groups, contestants with alternative risk attitude, among other things.
Multiple Behavioral Rules in Cournot Oligopolies

We show that economic decisions in strategic settings are co-determined by multiple behavioral rules. A simple model of intra-individual behavioral heterogeneity predicts testable differences depending on whether rules share a common prescription (alignment) or not (conflict), a classification which is ex ante observable. The predictions include non-trivial response time interactions reflecting the nature of the underlying processes, hence the model is not an as if explanation. In a laboratory experiment and two replications on Cournot oligopolies, we find direct evidence showing that decisions arise from the interaction between a deliberative myopic best reply rule and a more intuitive imitative rule.
Investigating preservice teachers' TPACK integration into lesson planning

This study was situated in an educational technology course, Digital Learning in the PK-6 Classroom. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between preservice teachers’ self-reported TPACK and their performance in integrating educational technology into lesson plans. The relationship between students’ selfreported responses to a post-TPACK survey and their graded performance of lesson plans via TPACK-based technology integration assessment rubric scores were investigated using a Pearson product-moment correlation analysis. The results of the Pearson correlation indicated that both the survey data and the lesson plan evaluation rubric constructs showed high internal consistency within each instrument, but there was a weak negative correlation between the same constructs assessed via different methods (survey and the rubric). The negative correlations suggest that the students who report high levels on the constructs via the survey are actually receiving lower evaluation/assessment scores on the lesson plan. The study also attempted to explore how preservice teachers integrate digital technologies into their lesson plans that were designed as a course assignment. Both descriptive statistics of students’ lesson plan evaluations and content analysis of lesson plans were employed to address this research question. Content analysis revealed that preservice teachers incorporated digital technologies at differential compatibility levels for curriculum goals and instructional strategies. The findings of this study have pointed out that self-reported assessment of preservice teachers’ technology knowledge is higher than their actual ability to integrate technology with content and pedagogy into lesson plans. Improving preservice teachers’
DEVELOPMENT OF A MEDICAL ERROR SCALE FOR NURSING STUDENTS: A METHODOLOGICAL STUDY

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop the Medical Error Scale (MES) for the student nurses Methods: This study was a methodological research. The study was conducted with 662 student nurses to develop a Medical Error Scale for student nurses. The scale development study was carried out in the nursing departments of the health sciences faculty of two universities; one in Istanbul and one in Trabzon. The data were collected with a questionnaire consisting of 6 questions about the demographic characteristics of the students and a draft scale including 94 items. In the analysis of the data, frequency, percentage, mean tests, confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses’ tests were used. Results: Content Validity Index of the scale was 0.82, Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.94, Spearman-Brown was 0.93,Guttman coefficient were 0.92, the upper and lower 27% test was – 44.42 and p=0.000, and item-total item correlation values ranged from 0.36 to 0.68. The scale had seven subscales according to exploratory factor analysis. The results of confirmatory factor analysis were chi-square/degree of freedom 3.01, RMSEA= 0.055, CFI= 0.97, NNFI= 0.97 and NFI= 0.96 and the scale showed a good agreement with the subscales. Conclusion: The scale was a valid and reliable tool to collect data on whether student nurses acted carefully or made medical errors during their patient-related practices.
Financial Access, Governance and Insurance Sector Development in Sub-Saharan Africa

PurposeThis study investigates the role of financial access in moderating the effect of governance on insurance consumption in 42 sub-Saharan African countries using data for the period 2004–2014.Design/methodology/approachTwo life insurance indicators are used, notably: life insurance and non-life insurance. Six governance measurements are also used, namely: political stability, ‘voice and accountability’, government effectiveness, regulation quality, corruption-control and the rule of law. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) and Least Squares Dummy Variable Corrected (LSDVC) estimators.FindingsEstimations from the LSDVC are not significant while the following main findings are established from the GMM. First, financial access promotes life insurance through channels of political stability, ‘voice and accountability’, government effectiveness, the rule of law and corruption-control. Second, financial access also stimulates non-life insurance via governance mechanisms of political stability, ‘voice and accountability’, government effectiveness, regulation quality, the rule of law and corruption-control.Originality/valueThis research complements the sparse literature on insurance promotion in Africa by engaging the hitherto unexplored role of financial access through governance channels.
Monitoring of the saproxylic beetle Morimus asper funereus Mulsant, 1862 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Măcin Mountains National Park, Romania

During 2014 and 2015, the species Morimus asper funereus Mulsant, 1862 was monitorised in the Măcin Mountains National Park, Romania using the visual transect method. The studied was focused on two topics: to determine the numerical abundance of Morimus asper funereus populations and to identify the environmental variables which influenced them. Ten abiotic factors were analysed: altitude (A), exposition (Ex.), slope (S.a), forest coverage (F.c.), air temperature (A.t.), soil temperature (S.t.), air relative humidity (A.h.), cloud-cover (Nb.), wind speed (W.s.) and wind direction (W.d.). During the study period, 112 individuals were identified. The most favourable habitats for this species were Moesian silver lime woods (91Z0) and Pannonian-Balkanic Turkey oak – sessile oak forests (91M0). The main environmental variables that influenced the beetle population dynamics were the forest coverage and wind direction. Taking into account these two parameters, we concluded that Morimus asper funereus preferred semi-shaded and semi-open habitats, characteristic of mature, old, deciduous forests within the Măcin Mountains National Park. In order to protect this species, special attention must be given to the forest management measures, e.g. protection of fallen trees, abundant coarse woody debris and a dense canopy.
Lending standards, productivity, and credit crunches

We propose a macroeconomic model in which adverse selection in investment amplifies macroeconomic fluctuations, in line with the prominent role played by the credit crunch during the financial crisis. Endogenous lending standards emerge due to an informational asymmetry between borrowers and lenders about the riskiness of borrowers. By using loan approval probability as a screening device, banks ration credit following increases in lending risk, generating large endogenous movements in TFP, explaining why productivity often falls during crises. Furthermore, the mechanism implies that financial instability is heightened when interest rates are low.
An interpretative phenomenological analysis: Exploring immigrant parents' experiences at an urban high school

The purpose of this study is to examine the stories of immigrant Guatemalan parents who have children in a public high school located in Massachusetts. This study applied interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) as a qualitative research approach to examine the lived experiences of these parents. Six parents participated in in-depth interviews to explore how immigrant Guatemalan parents perceive supports and structural deficiencies of the educational system and policies that obstruct their engagement. The (counter)stories voiced by immigrant Guatemalan parents reveal structural impediments that greatly impact Latina/o families. The theoretical frameworks for this study include Critical Race Theory and Latino Race Theory. The current academic literature on Latinas/os focuses on Mexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Dominicans, giving little attention to other Latina/o nationalities such as Guatemalans. Consequently, a purpose of this study is to contribute to existing research on Latina/o parent engagement, offering a new layer of understanding on how Guatemalan parents experience the American public education system.