Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Year‐round record of surface ozone at coastal (Dumont d'Urville) and inland (Concordia) sites in East Antarctica

Surface ozone is measured since 2004 at the coastal East Antarctic station of Dumont d'Urville (DDU) and since 2007 at the Concordia station located on the high East Antarctic plateau. Ozone levels at Concordia reach a maximum of 35 ppbv in July and a minimum of 21 ppbv in February. From November to January, sudden increases of the ozone level, up to 15-20 ppbv above average, often take place. They are attributed to local photochemical ozone production as previously seen at the South Pole. The detailed examination of the diurnal ozone record in summer at Concordia suggests a local photochemical ozone production of around 0.2 ppbv h−1 during the morning. The ozone record at DDU exhibits a maximum of 35 ppbv in July and a minimum of 18 ppbv in January. Mixing ratios at DDU are always higher than those at Neumayer (NM), another coastal Antarctic station. A noticeable difference in the ozone records at the two coastal sites lies in the larger ozone depletion events occurring from July to September at NM compared to DDU, likely due to stronger BrO episodes in relation with a larger sea ice coverage offshore that site. A second difference is the large day-to-day fluctuations which are observed from November to January at DDU but not at NM. That is attributed to a stronger impact at DDU than at NM of air masses coming from the Antarctic plateau. The consequences of such a high oxidizing property of the atmosphere over East Antarctica are discussed with regard to the dimethylsulfide (DMS) chemistry.
Is there help indeed , if there is help in need ? The case of credit unions during the financial crisis

Credit unions (CUs) are unique financial intermediaries because of their membership-based governance structure. We exploit the financial crisis of 2008/09 as a negative shock to Brazilian banks and analyze the variation in the lending behavior of CUs versus non-CUs and the subsequent effects on the commercial clients’ labor force. We find evidence that during the financial crisis, CUs tightened access to credit to their members to a lesser extent (insurance effect) than did other bank types. Moreover, compared to non-CUs during the crisis, CUs provided credit with longer maturities and required less collateral, albeit at higher interest rates. Notwithstanding, CUs did not display higher risk on their credit portfolios in comparison to other banks in the crisis period. However, CUs faced relatively higher future default frequencies. Notably, the labor market impact of the insurance effect of CUs is positive for very small firms in the form of an increase in employment and wages in the crisis period.
Monitoring Bryophytes and lichens dynamics in sand dunes: example on the French Atlantic coast

Bryophytes and lichens communities growing on nine non-forested coastal dunes along the Atlantic seaboard of France were studied from vegetation surveys during three years. Coastal dune systems provide opportunities for the study of plant successions and colonisation processes. The distribution of species and the relationships between bryophytes and lichens versus pedologic factors has been investigated on 1x1m permanent plots and were analysed by multivariate analyses. This study has shown that the different species are distributed in five groups in the different dune habitats. These groups are composed with several Mediterraneo-Atlantic species which distinguished them from other communities described in bryophytes and lichens successions in Europe. The significative relationships between the five groups and pedologic factors such as pH-water, percentage of total calcium and total nitrogen permit to evaluate the chemical variations of the soil along the dune-transect. The knowledge of relationships between the responses of the species and the abiotic variations of the soil determine functional groups. The monitoring of these functionnal groups is a good tool to understand evolutionary processes of dune-ecosystems and their management.
Gene -environment interactions in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The overall goal of this project is to advance our understanding of the multifactorial etiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by testing a diathesis-stress model of gene x environment (g x e) interactions. Although the literature increasingly supports g x e interactions in the manifestation of ADHD, few studies have investigated multiple genetic and environmental risk factors, included direct tests of gene – environment correlations (rG-Es), explored the specificity of interactions to symptom dimensions, or attempted to minimize comparisons. Therefore, utilizing both withinfamily (FBAT/PBAT) and case-control methodology, this study sought to (1) explore main effects of polymorphisms in the DRD2, DRD4, DRD5, DAT1, 5HTT, ADRA2C and DBH genes on ADHD symptoms in a community sample, (2) explore main effects of environmental risk factors on ADHD symptoms (including direct tests of gene – environment correlation), (3) test for g x e interaction effects between those environmental and genetic risk factors substantiated by main effects, and (4) investigate whether results were specific to particular symptom dimensions of ADHD. Analyses demonstrated a robust main effect of the DRD4 4-repeat allele (DRD4*4R) on ADHD symptoms rather than the DRD4 7-repeat allele (DRD4*7R), that had previously been implicated in ADHD. Analyses also revealed main effects of maternal smoking, prenatal alcohol exposure, season of birth, parental education, and television viewing habits on
Adaptive pathways and coupled infrastructure: seven centuries of adaptation to water risk and the production of vulnerability in Mexico City

Infrastructure development is central to the processes that abate and produce vulnerabilities in cities. Urban actors, especially those with power and authority, perceive and interpret vulnerability and decide when and how to adapt. When city managers use infrastructure to reduce urban risk in the complex, interconnected city system, new fragilities are introduced because of inherent system feedbacks. We trace the interactions between system dynamics and decision-making processes over 700 years of Mexico City’s adaptations to water risks, focusing on the decision cycles of public infrastructure providers (in this case, government authorities). We bring together two lenses in examining this history: robustness-vulnerability trade-offs to explain the evolution of systemic risk dynamics mediated by feedback control, and adaptation pathways to focus on the evolution of decision cycles that motivate significant infrastructure investments. Drawing from historical accounts, archeological evidence, and original research on water, engineering, and cultural history, we examine adaptation pathways of humans settlement, water supply, and flood risk. Mexico City’s history reveals insights that expand the theory of coupled infrastructure and lessons salient to contemporary urban risk management: (1) adapting by spatially externalizing risks can backfire: as cities expand, such risks become endogenous; (2) over time, adaptation pathways initiated to address specific risks may begin to intersect, creating complex trade-offs in risk management; and (3) city authorities are agents of risk production: even in the face of new exogenous risks (climate change), acknowledging and managing risks produced endogenously may prove more adaptive. History demonstrates that the very best solutions today may present critical challenges for tomorrow, and that collectively people have far more agency in and influence over the complex systems we live in than is often acknowledged.
Optimal energy growth and optimal control in swept Hiemenz flow

The objective of the study is first to examine the optimal transient growth of Görtler–Hämmerlin perturbations in swept Hiemenz flow. This configuration constitutes a model of the flow in the attachment-line boundary layer at the leading-edge of swept wings. The optimal blowing and suction at the wall which minimizes the energy of the optimal perturbations is then determined. An adjoint-based optimization procedure applicable to both problems is devised, which relies on the maximization or minimization of a suitable objective functional. The variational analysis is carried out in the framework of the set of linear partial differential equations governing the chordwise and wall-normal velocity fluctuations. Energy amplifications of up to three orders of magnitude are achieved at low spanwise wavenumbers ($k\,{\sim}\,0.1$) and large sweep Reynolds number ($\hbox{\textit{Re}}\,{\sim}\,2000$). Optimal perturbations consist of spanwise travelling chordwise vortices, with a vorticity distribution which is inclined against the sweep. Transient growth arises from the tilting of the vorticity distribution by the spanwise shear via a two-dimensional Orr mechanism acting in the basic flow dividing plane. Two distinct regimes have been identified: for $k\,{\lesssim}\,0.25$, vortex dipoles are formed which induce large spanwise perturbation velocities; for $k\,{\gtrsim}\,0.25$, dipoles are not observed and only the Orr mechanism remains active. The optimal wall blowing control yields for instance an 80% decrease of the maximum perturbation kinetic energy reached by optimal disturbances at $\hbox{\textit{Re}}\,{=}\,550$ and $k\,{=}\,0.25$. The optimal wall blowing pattern consists of spanwise travelling waves which follow the naturally occurring vortices and qualitatively act in the same manner as a more simple constant gain feedback control strategy.
A note on “Why does the Ballenas Channel have the coldest SST in the Gulf of California?”

A three‐dimensional nonlinear baroclinic model is used to verify the circulation in the Ballenas Channel (Gulf of California) deduced from observations, which concluded that the cold SST of the channel is due to the deep inflow of water over the sills at both ends of the channel; this convergence at depth would lead to upwelling (divergence) in the upper layers, and to surface outflow through both ends. Here it is reported that the deep flow from the south does enters into the channel but not that from the north. The deep inflow returns back mainly along the surface through the same southern end of the channel and a small fraction flows out through the northern end of the channel and between Ángel de la Guarda and San Lorenzo Islands. The bottom flow that enters through San Esteban sill does not go all the way along Tiburon and Delfin basins and into Ballenas Channel through the northern sill; instead, it returns in the intermediate and surface layers after mixing in those basins.
Temporal and spatial variation of chemical parameter concentration in drinking water resources of Bandar-e Gaz City using geographic information system

One of the serious challenges in ensuring and promoting community health is gradual increase in contamination levels of drinking water of communities across the world. The purposes of this study were (1) to evaluate the chemical quality of groundwater in the Bandar-e Gaz city and (2) to determine spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters (total hardness (TH), chloride, nitrate and fluoride concentrations, and (3) mapping the quality of groundwater using Geographical Information System (GIS) software. In this study 20 groundwater samples were collected from 5 wells in two successive 2010–2011, in the rainy and dry seasons. Sample preparation and analysis, according to standard methods were done. Based on the findings of this study, it can be expressed that the average concentration chloride and nitrate parameters in Bandar-e Gaz drinking water is within the 1053 standard limit in Iran, except fluoride content is lower than the standard and hardness was high in majority of water sample groundwater. According to the zoning maps of groundwater, in the dry season’s nitrate and hardness concentration is greater than rainy seasonal. The data showed falling and rising trend in CL concentrations, respectively. This study indicated that all parameter within the standard except fluoride then, its necessity to addition fluoride in that’s regions population food chain and drinking water. Management of the utilization and protection greed underground waters should be as a basic principle in the planning Bandar-e Gaz city. © 2017 Desalination Publications. All rights reserved.
A Welfare Analysis of Macroprudential Policy Rules in the Euro Area

In an estimated DSGE model of the European Monetary Union that accounts for financial differences between core and peripheral countries, we find that country-adjusted macroprudential measures lead to significant welfare gains with respect to a uniform macroprudential policy rule that reacts to union-wide financial developments. However, peripheral countries are the winners from the implementation of macroprudential measures while core countries incur welfare losses, thus questioning the interest of adopting coordinated macroprudential measures with peripheral countries.
The Foreign Exchange Rate Exposure of Nations

Following the well-known approach by Adler and Dumas (Financ Manage 13(2):41–50, 1984), we evaluate the foreign exchange rate exposure of nations. Results based on data from 27 countries show that national foreign exchange rate exposures are significantly related to the current account and financial account balance variables of corresponding economies.
Seawater isotope constraints on tropical hydrology during the Holocene

Paleoceanographic data from the low latitude Pacific Ocean provides evidence of changes in the freshwater budget and redistribution of freshwater within the basin during the Holocene. Reconstructed Holocene seawater δ18O changes compare favorably to differences predicted between climate simulations for the middle Holocene (MH) and for the pre‐Industrial late Holocene (LH). The model simulations demonstrate that changes in the tropical hydrologic cycle affect the relationship between δ18Osw and surface salinity, and allow, for the first time, quantitative estimates of western Pacific salinity change during the Holocene. The simulations suggest that during the MH, the mean salinity of the Pacific was higher because less water vapor was transported from the Atlantic Ocean and more was transported to the Indian Ocean. The salinity of the western Pacific was enhanced further due both to the greater advection of salt to the region by ocean currents and to an increase in continental precipitation at the expense of maritime precipitation, the latter a consequence of the stronger Asian summer monsoon.
Automatic Feedback for L2 Prosody Learning

We have designed automatic feedback for the realisation of the prosody of a foreign language. Besides classical F0 displays, two kinds of feedback are provided to learners, each of them based upon a comparison between a reference and the learner's production. The first feedback, a diagnosis, provided both in the form of a short text and visual displays such as arrows, comes from an acoustic evaluation of the learner's realisation; it deals with two prosodic cues: the melodic curve, and phoneme duration. The second feedback is perceptual and consists in a replacement of the learner's prosodic cues (duration and F0) by those of the reference. A pilot experiment has been undertaken to test the immediate impact of the "advanced" feedback proposed here. We have chosen to test the production of English lexical accent in isolated words by French speakers. It shows that feedback based upon diagnosis and speech modification enables French learners with a low production level to improve their realisations of English lexical accents more than (simple) auditory feedback. On the contrary, for advanced learners involved in this study, auditory feedback appears to be as efficient as more elaborated feedback.
CO2 ENHANCES PRODUCTIVITY, ALTERS SPECIES COMPOSITION, AND REDUCES DIGESTIBILITY OF SHORTGRASS STEPPE VEGETATION

The impact of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations has been studied in a number of field experiments, but little information exists on the response of semiarid rangelands to CO2, or on the consequences for forage quality. This study was initiated to study the CO2 response of the shortgrass steppe, an important semiarid grassland on the western edge of the North American Great Plains, used extensively for livestock grazing. The experiment was conducted for five years on native vegetation at the USDA-ARS Central Plains Experimental Range in northeastern Colorado, USA. Three perennial grasses dominate the study site, Bouteloua gracilis, a C4 grass, and two C3 grasses, Pascopyrum smithii and Stipa comata. The three species comprise 88% of the aboveground phytomass. To evaluate responses to rising atmospheric CO2, we utilized six open-top chambers, three with ambient air and three with air CO2 enriched to 720 μmol/mol, as well as three unchambered controls. We found that elevated CO2 enhanced production o.
Solving Multi-Regime Feedback Fluid Queues

In this paper, we study Markov fluid queues with multiple thresholds, or the so-called multi-regime feedback fluid queues. The boundary conditions are derived in terms of joint densities and for a relatively wide range of state types including repulsive and zero drift states. The ordered Schur factorization is used as a numerical engine to find the steady-state distribution of the system. The proposed method is numerically stable and accurate solution for problems with two regimes and 210 states is possible using this approach. We present numerical examples to justify the stability and validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
A Multiscale Numerical Study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part III: Dynamically Induced Vertical Motion

Abstract In this study, the vertical force balance in the inner-core region is examined, through the analysis of vertical momentum budgets, using a high-resolution, explicit simulation of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Three-dimensional buoyancy- and dynamically induced perturbation pressures are then obtained to gain insight into the processes leading to the subsidence warming in the eye and the vertical lifting in the eyewall in the absence of positive buoyancy. It is found from the force balance budgets that vertical acceleration in the eyewall is a small difference among the perturbation pressure gradient force (PGF), buoyancy, and water loading. The azimuthally averaged eyewall convection is found to be conditionally stable but slantwise unstable with little positive buoyancy. It is the PGF that is responsible for the upward acceleration of high-θe air in the eyewall. It is found that the vertical motion and acceleration in the eyewall are highly asymmetric and closely related to the azimuthal distribution.
A Simple Robust Procedure in Instrumental Variables Regression

Due to the frequent concern that outliers may invalidate the empirical findings, in practical applications of instrumental variables regression the common practice is to first run ordinary two stage least squares and check if residuals are beyond the chosen cut-off value to classify outliers. Subsequently 2SLS is re-calculated based on non-outlying observations, and this procedure is iterated until robust results are obtained. In this paper we analyze this simple robust algorithm asymptotically and given the cut-off value then provide the consistent estimation and valid inferential procedures. Moreover, this paper provides an asymptotic theory for setting the cut-off, which is chosen to control the concept of gauge the proportion of outliers wrongly discovered. The established weak convergence result is a starting point to propose statistical tests for examining if outliers truly exist to assess model misspecification. The argument involves empirical processes and the fixed point. Thus this paper also establishes the uniform and weak law for a new class of weighted and marked empirical processes allowing for estimation errors of parameters in the structural IV equation. Asymptotics are derived under the null hypothesis that there is no contamination in the cross-sectional i.i. d. data.
An Evaluation of the Association of Reproductive History and Multiple Births during Adolescence with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Untersuchung über den Zusammenhang zwischen Reproduktionsgeschichte und mehrfachen Geburten in der Adoleszenz und postmenopausaler Osteoporose

Affiliations 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duzce University Hospital, Duzce, Turkey 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences University, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey 3 Department of Family Medicine, Duzce University Hospital, Duzce, Turkey 4 Department of Biostatistics, Duzce University Hospital, Duzce, Turkey 5 Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Duzce University Hospital, Duzce, Turkey
Dimensions and aspect ratios of natural ice crystals

Abstract. During the 2006 Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) in the tropics, the 2008 Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC) in the Arctic, and the 2010 Small PARTicles In CirrUS (SPARTICUS) campaign at mid-latitudes, high-resolution images of ice crystals were recorded by a Cloud Particle Imager at temperatures (T) between −87 and 0 °C. The projected maximum dimension (D'), length (L'), and width (W') of pristine columns, plates, and component bullets of bullet rosettes were measured using newly developed software, the Ice Crystal Ruler. The number of bullets in each bullet rosette was also measured. Column crystals were further distinguished as either horizontally oriented columns or columns with other orientations to eliminate any orientation effect on the measured dimensions. The dimensions and aspect ratios (AR, the dimension of the major axis divided by the dimension of the minor axis) of crystals were determined as functions of temperature, geophysical location, and type of cirrus. Dimensions of crystals generally increased with temperature. Columns and bullets had larger dimensions (i.e., W') of the minor axis (i.e., a axis) for a given dimension (i.e., D' orL') of the major axis (i.e., c axis), and thus smaller AR, as T increased, whereas this trend did not occur for plate crystals. The average number of branches in bullet rosettes was 5.50 ± 1.35 during three campaigns and 6.32 ± 1.34 (5.46 ± 1.34; 4.95 ± 1.01) during TWP-ICE (SPARTICUS; ISDAC). The AR of bullets increased with the number of branches in bullet rosettes. Most dimensions of crystals and ARs of columnar crystals measured during SPARTICUS were larger than those measured during TWP-ICE and ISDAC at −67
The Joint Cross Section of Stocks and Options

Stocks with large increases in call implied volatilities over the previous month tend to have high future returns while stocks with large increases in put implied volatilities over the previous month tend to have low future returns. Sorting stocks ranked into decile portfolios by past call implied volatilities produces spreads in average returns of approximately 1% per month, and the return differences persist up to six months. The cross section of stock returns also predicts option-implied volatilities, with stocks with high past returns tending to have call and put option contracts which exhibit increases in implied volatility over the next month, but with decreasing realized volatility. These predictability patterns are consistent with rational models of informed trading.