Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bankruptcy, Warrants, and State-Contingent Changes in the Ownership of Control*

We consider the design of securities that govern the distribution of cash flows and control rights for an investment project. An entrepreneur, endowed with managerial talent, contracts with an outside investor for required capital. Optimal contracts stipulate that the ownership of control and the distribution of cash flows are specified on a state contingent basis to manage the distortions that develop from the use of outside financing and so make the best use of the advantage in project management enjoyed by insiders. Our results illustrate that the use of warrants and convertible securities, which transfer control of the firm to outsiders in good states, and bankruptcy, which transfers control to outsiders in bad states, are related features of optimal contracts. Our model also indicates that firms will benefit from direct access to two types of bankruptcy processes resembling Chapter 7 and Chapter 11 (including deviations from absolute priority) of the bankruptcy code. This result differs from observed practices since stockholders cannot waive their rights for protection under Chapter 11. We show that when direct access to Chapter 7 is highly valuable, market participants have found clever ways to obtain it.
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Antioxidant Profiling of Solvent Fractions of Canna edulis Ker Gawler

Oxygen plays a vital role in the survival of life on earth. However, during it’s utilization in various life processes, a tiny amount of oxygen gets reduced to different free radicals like hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radicals etc.[1,2] All these reactive oxygen radicals are accountable for various health hazards to human life causing the development of degenerative diseases. [3] Antioxidant molecules, on the other hand, can slow down or cease the activity of these harmful oxygen species by being oxidizing themselves. Plants often contain good amount of natural antioxidants. [4,5] Different phytochemicals like phenols, flavonols, carotenoids, proanthocyanidins, vitamin C and E can be utilized to scavenge the excess free radicals from human body. [6]
Reportage of Stories on Fire Outbreaks in Ghana: An Analysis of the Daily Graphic and the Chronicle

This paper seeks to establish the extent and nature of newspaper coverage of not only fire outbreaks but also fire safety issues in Ghana during the period of incessant fires. Contents of 288 editions of the Daily Graphic and The Chronicle newspapers, published in Ghana from January to June of 2009 and 2010, were analyzed from the agenda-setting, attribution framing and normative news values perspectives. The two newspapers published a total of 47 fire outbreak stories; 57 issues relating to fire safety; and 10 other fire-related stories. Having compared the number of published fire outbreaks with the compiled statistics of the Ghana National Fire Service during the period, it was established that only 1.44 per cent of the recorded fire outbreaks were published by the newspapers. A study hypothesis that the two newspapers were more likely to publish fire outbreak stories than fire safety-related issues was not statistically supported by the collected data. It was also assumed that there was likely to be a relationship between newspaper and news coverage on fires. This was supported by the data. News articles blamed most of the fires on the Electricity Company of Ghana for serious power fluctuations and unstable power supply. Though the media could serve as a valuable communication vehicle to provide facts about fires, the Daily Graphic and The Chronicle were unable to take advantage of the numerous fire disasters that occurred during the period to substantially inform and educate Ghanaians on issues concerning fires. Key words: Fire outbreaks, Fire safety, Coverage, Media, Ghana.
Growing and Developing as a University Teacher--Variation in Meaning

This article reports the outcomes of a study, undertaken from a phenomenographic perspective, of academics' conceptions of their own growth and development as a university teacher. A range of ways of understanding teaching development emerged, representing in particular a varying focus on development experienced as an increase in: the teacher's comfort with teaching; the teacher's knowledge and skills; and learning outcomes for students. This work builds on previous studies of university teachers' conceptions of teaching, which has been shown to be related to their approaches to teaching and, thus, to student learning outcomes. Relationships between conceptions of teaching and conceptions of growing and developing as a teacher are also presented and discussed.
From Internal to External: An Integrated Theoretical Framework for Open Innovation

The traditional resource-based view (RBV) accentuates the heterogeneous and imperfect mobile resources serve as key determinants of the competitiveness of organizations. However, social capital theory seems to be advocated leveraging the resources residing in the relationships among individuals to facilitate the organizational performances. The open innovation product, i.e., an Open Source Software (OSS) project or an user-centric software like mobile application, consists of a group of self-organizing individuals who collaboratively co-create an innovation. Much of our understandings of OSS an open innovation is based on studies that focused on the internal resources (i.e., on the co-workers predominantly) leaving little regards to the fact that such an open innovation organization functions in a larger community of projects and people. In this regard, it is imperative to jointly build upon the RBV and social capital theory to take a broader, embracing investigation of an open innovation, i.e. open source software (OSS), system to unveil how internal and external resources can facilitate the innovation legitimacy. In particular, the internal resources include the tangible resources, such as workforce and extent of contribution, and intangible resource like governance structure. The external resources include diverse forms of social capital, such as structural, cognitive, and relational social capital. This ongoing work proposed a theoretical framework to articulate how the interplay between internal and external resources can promote the innovation legitimacy.
Influence of Seed Size on Yield, Yield Components and Quality of Three Maize Genotypes

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of seed size on maize (Zea mays L.) performance. Among three genotypes under study the seed size categories and their interaction showed non significant effect on yield, yield components, photo biomass production and quality of maize under Faisalabad agro-meteorological conditions. All the parameters including germination, number of plants per plot, plant height, number of cobs per plant, number of rows per cob, number of grains per cob, 1000 grain weight, seed yield, stalk yield biological yield, harvest index and protein contents were increased with Golden variety, bold seed sizes but the difference were non significant.
Absorption and optimal plasmonic resonances for small ellipsoidal particles in lossy media

A new simplified formula is derived for the absorption cross section of small dielectric ellipsoidal particles embedded in lossy media. The new expression leads directly to a closed form solution for the optimal conjugate match with respect to the surrounding medium, i.e. the optimal permittivity of the ellipsoidal particle that maximizes the absorption at any given frequency. This defines the optimal plasmonic resonance for the ellipsoid. The optimal conjugate match represents a metamaterial in the sense that the corresponding optimal permittivity function may have negative real part (inductive properties), and can not in general be implemented as a passive material over a given bandwidth. A necessary and sufficient condition is derived for the feasibility of tuning the Drude model to the optimal conjugate match at a single frequency, and it is found that all the prolate spheroids and some of the (not too flat) oblate spheroids can be tuned into optimal plasmonic resonance at any desired center frequency. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the analysis. Except for the general understanding of plasmonic resonances in lossy media, it is also anticipated that the new results can be useful for feasibility studies with e.g. the radiotherapeutic hyperthermia based methods to treat cancer based on electrophoretic heating in gold nanoparticle suspensions using microwave radiation.
The impact of the introduction of transgenic crops in Argentinean agriculture

Since the early 1990s, Argentinean grain production underwent a dramatic increase in grains production (from 26 million tons in 1988/89 to over 75 million tons in 2002/2003). Several factors contributed to this "revolution," but probably one of the most important was the introduction of new genetic modification (GM) technologies, specifically herbicide-tolerant soybeans. This article analyses this process, reporting on the economic benefits accruing to producers and other participating actors as well as some of the environmental and social impacts that could be associated with the introduction of the new technologies. In doing so, it lends attention to the synergies between GM soybeans and reduced-tillage technologies and also explores some of the institutional factors that shed light on the success of this case, including aspects such as the early availability of a reliable biosafety mechanism and a special intellectual property rights (IPR) situation. In its concluding comments, this article also posts a number of questions about the replicability of the experience and some pending policy issues regarding the future exploitation of GM technologies in Argentina.
Multilingual Literacies: Invisible Representation of Literacy in a Rural Classroom

In many countries, educational policies typically mandate school activities that promote a homogeneous and narrow range of academic literacies for all learners despite the diverse nature of human learning. This ethnographic case study examines how a 12-year-old Kenyan fourth-grade student performing below average on all standardized tests used multiple invisible literacies while documenting his knowledge and life experiences in a rural context. Invisible literacies are covert meaning-making literacy practices that are not privileged in the classroom. Examination of these practices shows a convergence between school and home literacies, suggesting a need for education stakeholders to identify literacies that are otherwise marginalized and to reposition multilingual learners in nondeficit ways by centering and integrating these literacies. This study demonstrates that a monolithic and monolingual approach to literacy, in isolation from other visual, oral, and practical forms of literacy used by multilingual rural students, denies such learners access to and development of literacy in general.
Stellar populations, stellar masses and the formation of galaxy bulges and discs at z < 3 in CANDELS

We present a multi-component structural analysis of the internal structure of 1074 high redshift massive galaxies at 1 < z < 3 from the CANDELS HST Survey. In particular we examine galaxies best-fit by two structural components, and thus likely forming discs and bulges. We examine the stellar mass, star formation rates, and colours of both the inner ‘bulge’ and outer ‘disc’ components for these systems using SED information from the resolved ACS+WFC3 HST imaging. We find that the majority of both inner and outer components lie in the star-forming region of UVJ space (68 and 90 per cent respectively). However, the inner portions, or the likely forming bulges, are dominated by dusty star formation. Furthermore, we show that the outer components of these systems have a higher star formation rate than their inner regions, and the ratio of star formation rate between ‘disc’ and ‘bulge’ increases at lower redshifts. Despite the higher star formation rate of the outer component, the stellar mass ratio of inner to outer component remains constant through this epoch. This suggests that there is mass transfer from the outer to inner components for typical two component forming systems, thus building bulges from disks. Finally, using Chandra data we find that the presence of an AGN is more common in both 1-component spheroid-like galaxies and 2-component systems (13 +- 3 and 11 +- 2 per cent) than in 1-component disc-like galaxies (3 +- 1 per cent), demonstrating that the formation of a central inner-component likely triggers the formation of central massive black holes in these galaxies.
A Review of Metallic Bipolar Plates for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Materials and Fabrication Methods

The proton exchange membrane fuel cell offers an exceptional potential for a clean, efficient, and reliable power source. The bipolar plate is a key component in this device, as it connects each cell electrically, supplies reactant gases to both anode and cathode, and removes reaction products from the cell. Bipolar plates have been fabricated primarily from high-density graphite, but in recent years, much attention has been paid to developing cost-effective and feasible alternative materials. Two different classes of materials have attracted attention: metals and composites. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the current research being carried out on metallic bipolar plates, covering materials and fabrication methods.
Using the surface spontaneous depolarization field of ferroelectrics to direct the assembly of virus particles

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles have been assembled at predetermined locations on the surface of a ferroelectric thin film with the composition PbZr0.3Ti0. 7O3. The domain structure, hence the surface depolarization field for the ferroelectric associated with the bending of the ferroelectric band structure, was modified at length scales of around 2μm. A suspension of TMV particles was deposited onto the surface of the ferroelectric over the region where domain modification had been performed. SPM images (intermittent contact) revealed that the virus particles were attracted to regions of the surface that had either been positively modified or were nominally neutral. Regions of modified negative surface charge effectively repelled the virus particles.
Climbing Mount Improbable

The human eye is so complex and works so precisely that surely, one might believe, its current shape and function must be the product of design. How could such an intricate object have come about by chance? Tackling this subject-in writing that the New York Times called "a masterpiece"-Richard Dawkins builds a carefully reasoned and lovingly illustrated argument for evolutionary adaptation as the mechanism for life on earth. The metaphor of Mount Improbable represents the combination of perfection and improbability that is epitomized in the seemingly "designed" complexity of living things. Dawkins skillfully guides the reader on a breathtaking journey through the mountain's passes and up its many peaks to demonstrate that following the improbable path to perfection takes time. Evocative illustrations accompany Dawkins's eloquent descriptions of extraordinary adaptations such as the teeming populations of figs, the intricate silken world of spiders, and the evolution of wings on the bodies of flightless animals. And through it all runs the thread of DNA, the molecule of life, responsible for its own destiny on an unending pilgrimage through time. Climbing Mount Improbable is a book of great impact and skill, written by the most prominent Darwinian of our age.
The spatial structure of habitat selection by caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in Newfoundland: new multi-scaled approaches with applications to limiting factors

Habitat selection is a multi-scaled phenomenon. Selection depends on the scales perceived by organisms, while our ability to detect selection depends on analytical scale. Traditional studies of habitat selection have been limited by the use of discrete, arbitrary scales, because a quantitative basis has not existed for evaluating how animals perceive the availability of habitat. I developed new approaches based on common geostatistical and spatial analyses that use continua to represent multi-scaled winter habitat selection by caribou (Rangifer tarandus) from the perspective of the organisms, letting their responses define the scales of analysis. Caribou responded most strongly at the feeding area level, at distances up to 13 km, and at scales of patchiness of about 1 ha. Although habitat selection among levels of behaviour was hierarchical, caribou selected habitat variables across overlapping scale domains, suggesting that limiting factors were not hierarchically constrained. My results implicate habitat heterogeneity as an underlying cause of multi-scaled habitat selection.
Dynamic capabilities : innovation project portfolio management

Innovation Project Portfolio Management (IPPM) practices are a dynamic capability that provides competitive advantage by dynamically adjusting the organisation’s portfolio of projects and resource allocation profile for the best innovation outcomes. A relatively new body of empirical research into IPPM practices is starting to generate findings related to IPPM practices and innovation outcomes. However this research is fragmented and lacks a unifying theoretical base. The resource-based view of strategy, in particular the dynamic capabilities approach, provides a theoretical framework to unify IPPM research. A ‘processes, positions and paths’ perspective on IPPM practices helps to clarify the ways that IPPM practices contribute to competitive advantage. Existing empirical research into the processes used for IPPM reveals some links to innovation outcomes, but does not try to explain causality. Improved understanding of the mechanisms responsible for competitive advantage through IPPM practices is found in research on positions (how IPPM processes draw upon and contribute to the underlying resource position) and paths (the role of past decisions and organisational paths in shaping IPPM processes as well as future options and decisions).
Effect of Parity and Calving Month on Milk Production and Quality of Greek Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Forty lactating Greek buffalo cows were used in an experiment to determine effects of parity and calf birth month onproductivity and milk composition. Buffalo cows gave birth on months June and August 2009, and were kept undersemi closed system of management. From June to November, during the day the buffalo cows were allowed to grazeon the surroundings from 10:00 h and flocked back at 16:00 h. In the experiment, which started on week 6postpartum and lasted 24 weeks, buffalo cows were fed alfalfa hay, corn silage, wheat straw and concentrate, andwere allocated, relative to parity, into treatments GBP1 (21 buffalo cows with parity 1, 2, and 3) and GBP2 (19buffalo cows with parity 4, 5, and 6), and, relative to calf birth month, into treatments GBB1 (20 buffalo cows withJune as calf birth month) and GBB2 (20 buffalo cows with August as calf birth month). Productivity and milkcomposition were not affected (P>0.05) by calf birth month. During the experiment, there were differences(P 0.05) byparity. Milk production and quality of Greek buffalo is generally satisfactory, and may be economically beneficialfor local breeders.
Fiscal Illusion and Cyclical Government Expenditure: State Government Expenditure in the USA

A well-established literature argues that fiscal illusion increases the level of government expenditure. This paper focuses on the proposition that fiscal illusion also influences the cyclicality of government expenditure. Predictions are formed with reference to government reliance on high income-elasticities of indirect tax revenues and on intergovernmental transfers. Predictions are tested with reference to the expenditures of 36 states in the USA from 1980 to 2000. Government expenditures are more likely to be procyclical when citizens systematically under-estimate the cost of taxation.
Positive Stationary Solutions and Spreading Speeds of KPP Equations in Locally Spatially Inhomogeneous Media

The current paper is concerned with positive stationary solutions and spatial spreading speeds of KPP type evolution equations with random or nonlocal or discrete dispersal in locally spatially inhomogeneous media. It is shown that such an equation has a unique globally stable positive stationary solution and has a spreading speed in every direction. Moreover, it is shown that the localized spatial inhomogeneity of the medium neither slows down nor speeds up the spatial spreading in all the directions.
J. P. Rushton's Aggregational Errors in Racial Psychology.

Contrary to Rushton 's postulates, aggregating large cohorts of methodologically weak studies leads to misleading conclusions. The review of his data shows that nonprofessional skull collections were included (race was possibly estimated from skull size) and the impact of factors, such as infant malnutrition and climate, on cranial or brain size was ignored. Statistical reanalyses of cranial data show that cranial size (a) is not a viable indicator of intelligence and (b) is similar in Negroids and Caucasoids from the same settings: It varies with the standard of living and climate (smaller crania are found in underdeveloped, warmer coun­ tries), not with race. In 1983, Rushton, Brainerd, and Pressley praised the principle of aggre­ gation as a method for summarizing trends in the results from various studies and providing a statistical platform for theory testing or development. In their words,
Integrated Land Use Planning of Aizawl District, Mizoram, India Using Geospatial Techniques

This paper deals with the land use planning for improved land use system in Aizawl district, Mizoram wherein an integrated approach of land use planning had been derived using geospatial techniques. As geospatial planning has emerged as an effective and reliable platform to assist in this process of developmental planning even at the grassroots level, the present study incorporates remote sensing and GIS techniques to map land use, land cover, slope, and soil, and also to formulate viable land resource management plans for improved land use system which will be more sustainable and productive. Integration of the thematic layers in a GIS system helped in formulation of different suitable land use scenarios with economic and biophysical benefits. The study further reveals that the district has a very good potential for Agro-horticultural systems and Agri/horticultural plantations which could increase productivity of land use systems.
Comparative study on quality of shawls made from hand-and machine-spun pashmina yarns

An attempt has been made to compare the quality of pashmina shawls developed on traditional and woollen handlooms using both hand-spun and machine-spun yarns for various physico-mechanical parameters. The experimental plan includes preparation of both hand-spun and machine-spun yarns followed by the preparation of pashmina shawls from these yarns on both traditional and woollen handlooms, and their quality evaluation. Number of fibres/cross-section, count, elongation percentage, tenacity and coefficient of friction show significant difference between hand-spun and machine-spun yarns. The quality evaluation tests of fabrics reveal that weight/m, thickness, picks/inch, extension percentage, bending rigidity, frictional properties and total hand value show significant difference, whereas ends/inch, breaking load, tenacity, bending length, abrasion loss and shrinkage loss do not show significant difference. The study reveals that the overall quality of pashmina shawls developed on traditional loom using hand-spun yarn is better than the other types of shawls developed and studied.