Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observation of large populations in excited states after short-pulse multiphoton ionization.

Atoms subjected to an intense subpicosecond laser pulse (10 13 W/cm 2 , 100 fs) survive in excited states, as is shown by probing with a second laser. Electron spectroscopy with this 5-ns probe pulse enables identification of the resonant intermediate states as well as an unusuallyreliable energy calibration of the short-pulse electron spectrum. Only after incorporating population of intermediate levels is the mechanism for short-pulse multiphoton ionization consistent with the new data
Capital Structure with Risky Foreign Investment

American multinational firms respond to politically risky environments by adjusting their capital structures abroad and at home. Foreign subsidiaries located in politically risky countries have significantly more debt than do other foreign affiliates of the same parent companies. American firms further limit their equity exposures in politically risky countries by sharing ownership with local partners and by serving foreign markets with exports rather than local production. The residual political risk borne by parent companies leads them to use less domestic leverage, resulting in lower firm-wide leverage. Multinational firms with above-average exposures to politically risky countries have 8.4 percent less domestic leverage than do other firms. These findings illustrate the impact of risk exposures on capital structure.
Effect of metabolic inhibition on intracellular Ca2+, phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain and force in rat smooth muscle.

1. The effect of the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation on intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), phosphorylation of the 20 kDa regulatory light chain of myosin (MLC20) and contractility was investigated in isolated longitudinal smooth muscle from rat uteri. 2. Cyanide (2 mM) application to normally polarized preparations resulted in an elevation of basal [Ca2+]i but an inhibition of [Ca2+]i transients and the accompanying contractions. 3. Depolarization with high‐K+ solution (40 mM KCI) resulted in elevation of [Ca2+]i and maintained force production. Phosphorylation of MLC20 was transiently increased followed by a steady‐state augmentation above resting levels. 4. Carbachol (100 microM) produced a transient elevation of [Ca2+]i and force of depolarized tissues followed by a steady‐state augmentation of both parameters. PGF2 alpha (1 microM) did not significantly potentiate [Ca2+]i or force in depolarized preparations. Both carbachol and PGF2 alpha potentiated phosphorylation of MLC20 in depolarized tissues. 5. Addition of cyanide to depolarized preparations, in the presence or absence of carbachol or PGF2 alpha, resulted in significant attenuation of force under each condition. The magnitude and normalized rates of force inhibition by cyanide were not significantly different for each stimulus condition. MLC20 phosphorylation levels were unaltered by cyanide treatment. However, cyanide increased the maintained level of [Ca2+]i under each experimental protocol. 6. It is concluded that the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation with cyanide results in dissociation of both the [Ca2+]i‐force and MLC20 phosphorylation‐force relationships in rat uterine smooth muscle.
Secretion patterns of brain natriuretic peptide and atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with or without pulmonary hypertension complicating atrial septal defect.

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND This study was designed to investigate plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD), whose right ventricular loading patterns vary from simple volume overloading to both volume and pressure overloading. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma ANP and BNP in the pulmonary artery were measured in 31 adult patients with ASD and 11 control subjects. On the basis of the presence of pulmonary hypertension (PH, mean pulmonary arterial pressure >20 mm Hg), patients with ASD were divided into two groups, patients without PH (group 1, n = 21) and those with PH (group 2, n = 10). Cardiac catheterization was performed to measure mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary blood flow. Plasma ANP was significantly higher in both group 1 and group 2 than in the control group. Plasma BNP and BNP to ANP (BNP/ANP) ratio were significantly higher in group 2 than in the control group, although they were not significantly elevated in group 1. Plasma ANP positively correlated with the degree of pulmonary blood flow (r = 0.54, p < 0.01), whereas plasma BNP positively correlated with the magnitude of mean pulmonary arterial pressure (r= 0.73, p < 0.001). BNP/ANP >1 was a powerful marker for the presence of PH (sensitivity 90%, specificity 90%). CONCLUSIONS Plasma ANP levels were elevated in adult patients with ASD regardless of PH. In contrast, plasma BNP levels were elevated in proportion to the severity of PH complicating ASD. Thus BNP and ANP may represent differing aspects of cardiac response to right ventricular overload in patients with ASD.
Factors important for efficacy of stereotactic body radiotherapy of medically inoperable stage I lung cancer. A retrospective analysis of patients treated in the Nordic countries

We reviewed results of SBRT treatment of 138 patients with medically inoperable stage I NSCLC treated during 1996–2003 at five different centres in Sweden and Denmark. Mean age was 74 years (range 56–90) with 69 men and 72 women. SBRT was delivered using a 3D conformal multifield technique and a stereotactic body frame. Doses delivered were 30–48 Gy (65% isodose at the periphery of planning target volume, PTV) in 2–4 fractions. Equivalent dose in 2 Gy fractions (EQD2) was in the range of 50–100 Gy. Mean gross tumour volume (GTV) was 39 cm3 (2–436), and planning target volume was 101 cm3 (11–719). Overall response rate (CR, PR) was 61% (84/138). SD was noted in 36% (50/138). During a median follow-up period of 33 months (1–107), 16 (12%) local failures occurred, ten of which also included distant metastases. Local failure was associated with tumour size, target definition and central or pleura proximity. Distant metastases occurred in 25% (35/138) of the patients. Ninety-one (65%) patients died during follow-up of which 55 patients (60%) died of other causes than lung cancer. Three- and 5-year overall survival was 52 and 26% respectively. Lung cancer specific 3- and 5-year overall survival was 66 and 40% respectively. Fifty nine percent (83/138) of the patients had no side effects. Fourteen patients experienced grade 3–4 toxicity according to radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG). EQD2 (> v.s.<55.6 Gy) showed a statistically significant benefit survival for the higher doses. SBRT for stage I NSCLC results in favourable local control not inferior to fractionated RT and with acceptable toxicity.
Atypical and borderline endometrioid adenofibromas of the ovary: A report of 27 cases

The significance of varying degrees of epithelial atypicality was investigated in 27 endometrioid adenofibromas and cystadenofibromas of the ovary. The tumors were classified as atypical or borderline on the basis of the degree of atypicality of the epithelial element. All tumors were confined to the ovary at the initial operation and most of them were treated by a hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Seven tumors with mild to severe cytologic and architectural atypicality similar to that encountered in atypical endometrial hyperplasia were classified as atypical adenofibromas. No recurrences or deaths from tumor occurred in patients with this type of tumor during 1-18.5 years of follow-up. Twenty tumors that contained closely packed glands or epithelial islands with a cribriform pattern composed of cells with low-grade malignant nuclear characteristics embedded in an abundant fibromatous stroma without evidence of invasion were classified as borderline. Nineteen patients with tumors of this type had no evidence of disease 1-13 years after initial therapy. One of these tumors was discovered at autopsy. These data, although based on a relatively small series of cases, suggest that atypical endometrioid adenofibromas and those of borderline malignancy have an excellent prognosis. From
Investigations on the Occurrence and Significance of Citric Acid in the Saliva

ITRIC acid has long been recognized as one of the possible chemical causes of b dental erosion.30' 31 Numerous experiments with animals have shown that the citrate-rich fruit juices have an erosive effect on enamel. '9-23' 30, 31 The most obvious mechanism of this effect is an acid dissolution of the salts of the teeth, since orange, grapefruit, and pineapple juices have a reported pH of 3.8 to 4.0. 20, 23 In addition, the buffering effect of the citrate ions at a low pH produced by this or other acids may play a part. However, it has also been reported that practically neutral citrate solutions have an erosive effect on the teeth of experimental animals.22 It therefore seems possible that the calciumcombining property of the citrate ions may also have a role in dental erosion by increasing the solubility in the saliva of the calcium salts of the tooth. This latter concept has been supported by the reports of increased solubility of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate in the presence of citrate. '0' 16, 24 The purposes of this investigation have been to study certain features of salivary citrate content and to determine the possible effects of intraoral concentrations of citrate on the solubility of calcium phosphate in saliva. Accordingly, this report is divided into two parts: (1) determination of the variations with time of citrate concentrations in saliva after ingestion of a citric acid-containing food and beverage; and (2) determination of the solubility of the enamel apatite in saliva in the presence of comparable concentrations of citrate.
A unified model of presynaptic release site gating by calcium channel domains

Calcium ions enter through discrete ion channels at presynaptic nerve terminals before binding to and activating transmitter release sites. Opposing models hold that release sites are gated either by calcium domains of single, closely associated channels or by extensive, overlapping domains from many remote channels. At the chick calyx synapse we find a linear relation between transmitter release and the number of open calcium channels, favouring single domain activation. This finding is consistent with results from the squid giant synapse but contrasts with steep power dependences reported in rodent synapses, suggestive of activation by extensive overlapping domains. These different reports were reconciled by plotting ‘per cent domain overlap’ against the external calcium concentration used for each species. This relationship predicts the involvement of local channels in the activation of release sites in all species. Further, it suggests that each release site is activated by calcium ions from its immediately associated channels and not by ions that enter through channels associated with a neighbouring release site.
Heterotic computing: exploiting hybrid computational devices

Current computational theory deals almost exclusively with single models: classical, neural, analogue, quantum, etc. In practice, researchers use ad hoc combinations, realizing only recently that they can be fundamentally more powerful than the individual parts. A Theo Murphy meeting brought together theorists and practitioners of various types of computing, to engage in combining the individual strengths to produce powerful new heterotic devices. ‘Heterotic computing’ is defined as a combination of two or more computational systems such that they provide an advantage over either substrate used separately. This post-meeting collection of articles provides a wide-ranging survey of the state of the art in diverse computational paradigms, together with reflections on their future combination into powerful and practical applications.
Genome Sequences of Alicycliphilus denitrificans Strains BC and K601T

ABSTRACT Alicycliphilus denitrificans strain BC and A. denitrificans strain K601T degrade cyclic hydrocarbons. These strains have been isolated from a mixture of wastewater treatment plant material and benzene-polluted soil and from a wastewater treatment plant, respectively, suggesting their role in bioremediation of soil and water. Although the strains are phylogenetically closely related, there are some clear physiological differences. The hydrocarbon cyclohexanol, for example, can be degraded by strain K601T but not by strain BC. Furthermore, both strains can use nitrate and oxygen as an electron acceptor, but only strain BC can use chlorate as electron acceptor. To better understand the nitrate and chlorate reduction mechanisms coupled to the oxidation of cyclic compounds, the genomes of A. denitrificans strains BC and K601T were sequenced. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of A. denitrificans strains BC and K601T.
Genome Sequence of Microbacterium sp. Strain 3J1, a Highly Desiccation-Tolerant Bacterium That Promotes Plant Growth

ABSTRACT The genome sequence for Microbacterium sp. strain 3J1, a desiccation-tolerant organism isolated from the Nerium oleander rhizosphere, is reported here. The genome is estimated to be approximately 3.5 Mb in size, with an average G+C content of 67.7% and a predicted number of protein-coding sequences of 3,310.
Banking Market Structure and Macroeconomic Stability: Are Low‐Income Countries Special?

Does the structure of banking markets affect macroeconomic volatility and, if yes, is this link different in low-income countries? Banking markets in low-income countries differ from those in developed market economies. Banking systems in lower-income countries are typically smaller and less open. In this paper, we explore the channels through which the structure of banking markets affects macroeconomic volatility. Our research has three main findings. First, we study the relevance of granular effects: if the degree of market concentration in the banking sector is sufficiently high, idiosyncratic volatility at the bank-level can impact aggregate volatility. We find weak evidence for a link between granular banking sector volatility and macroeconomic fluctuations. Second, a higher share of domestic credit to GDP coincides with higher volatility in the short run. Third, a higher level of cross-border asset holdings, i.e. a higher degree of de facto financial integration, increases volatility in low-income countries.
Gastro-intestinal nematodes of élite show dogs in Great Britain

In order to make a valid assessment of the extent to which British dogs are infected with helminth parasites, it is necessary to collect and collate information from a wide spectrum of the constituent groups that make up the total canine population of the United Kingdom. The purpose of the present contribution is to report for the first time on the prevalence of patent infection with gastro-intestinal nematodes in élite show dogs. A total of 574 freshly deposited faecal samples were collected from “exercising areas” at a large dog show exhibiting more than 9 800 high quality animals of many breeds from all areas of the United Kingdom. A sugar flotation, centrifugation technique was used to detect the presence of nematode ova, which were found in 12·2% of the dogs sampled. There was evidence of infection with the following parasites: Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis and Uncinaria stenocephala. The overall prevalence rates for each Were 7·3%, 2·8%, 1·9% and 0·9%, respectively. Data on the age and sex of the donor animals were available for 338 of the samples and the distribution of T. canis infections in elation to these factors is displayed in Table 1.
Comparing pymorph and SDSS photometry – II. The differences are more than semantics and are not dominated by intracluster light

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) pipeline photometry underestimates the brightnesses of the most luminous galaxies. This is mainly because (i) the SDSS overestimates the sky background, and (ii) single-component or two-component Sersic-based models better fit the surface brightness profile of galaxies, especially at high luminosities, than the de Vaucouleurs model used by the SDSS pipeline. We use the pymorph photometric reductions to isolate effect (ii) and show that it is the same in the full sample as in small group environments, and for satellites in the most massive clusters as well. None of these are expected to be significantly affected by intracluster light (ICL). We only see an additional effect for centrals in the most massive haloes, but we argue that even this is not dominated by ICL. Hence, for the vast majority of galaxies, the differences between pymorph and SDSS pipeline photometry cannot be ascribed to the semantics of whether or not one includes the ICL when describing the stellar mass of massive galaxies. Rather, they likely reflect differences in star formation or assembly histories. Failure to account for the SDSS underestimate has significantly biased most previous estimates of the SDSS luminosity and stellar mass functions, and therefore halo model estimates of the z ∼ 0.1 relation between the mass of a halo and that of the galaxy at its centre. We also show that when one studies correlations, at fixed group mass, with a quantity that was not used to define the groups, then selection effects appear. We show why such effects arise and should not be mistaken for physical effects.
Do Early Nouns Refer to Kinds or Distinct Shapes?

What is the nature of early words? Specifically, do infants expect words for objects to refer to kinds or to distinct shapes? The current study investigated this question by testing whether 10-month-olds expect internal object properties to be predicted by linguistic labels. A looking-time method was employed. Infants were familiarized with pairs of identical or different objects that made identical or different sounds. During test, before the sounds were demonstrated, paired objects were labeled with one repeated count-noun label or two distinct labels. Results showed that infants expected objects labeled with distinct labels to make different sounds and objects labeled with repeated labels to make identical sounds, regardless of the objects' appearance. These findings indicate that the 10-month-olds' expectations about internal properties of objects were driven by labeling and provide evidence that even at the beginning of word learning, infants expect distinct labels to refer to different kinds.
Third-party disability in carers of people with dysphagia following non-surgical management for head and neck cancer

Abstract Purpose: Third-party disability pertains to the consequences of a person’s impairment which impacts on the functioning and ability of their family members or significant others. With the emergence of research demonstrating the pervasive effects of dysphagia following head and neck cancer (HNC) on the carer, the aim of this study was to identify the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) domains and categories that describe the third-party disability of carers of people with dysphagia following HNC. Method: Twelve carers of people with dysphagia following HNC participated in individual semi-structured, in-depth interviews. Categories and sub-categories identified from the qualitative analysis were mapped to the ICF using the established linking rules. Results: The majority of the categories and sub-categories from the qualitative analysis were successfully linked to the ICF with most linking to the Activities and Participation component. A number of contextual factors were also identified as impacting on the functioning of carers. Conclusions: The ICF can be successfully used to describe the third-party disability in carers of people with dysphagia following HNC management. This information could be used by clinicians, researchers and policy makers to help establish evidence-based guidelines that include carers in the assessment and management of dysphagia associated with HNC. Implications for Rehabilitation Clinical levels of distress and reduced quality of life have been associated with caring for a person with dysphagia following head and neck cancer. The flow-on effects of dysphagia experienced by a carer or close family member can be understood as a third-party disability, which impacts on their functioning, activities and participation in the context of the environment and personal factors. Using the ICF to describe the indirect effects of dysphagia on the carer may help to guide the assessment and support of this population, and advocate for the inclusion of the concerns of the carer in dysphagia management.
Using machine learning procedures to ascertain the influence of beef carcass profiles on carcass conformation scores J . Dı́ez

In this study, a total of 163 young-bull carcasses belonging to seven Spanish native beef cattle breeds showing substantial carcass variation were photographed in order to obtain digital assessments of carcass dimensions and profiles. This dataset was then analysed using machine learning (ML) methodologies to ascertain the influence of carcass profiles on the grade obtained using the SEUROP system. To achieve this goal, carcasses were obtained using the same standard feeding regime and classified homogeneous conditions in order to avoid non-linear behaviour in grading performance. Carcass weight affects grading to a large extent and the classification error obtained when this attribute was included in the training sets was consistently lower than when it was not. However, carcass profile information was considered non-relevant by the ML algorithm in earlier stages of the analysis. Furthermore, when carcass weight was taken into account, the ML algorithm used only easy-to-measure attributes to clone the classifiers decisions. Here we confirm the possibility of designing a more objective and easy-to-interpret system to classify the most common types of carcass in the territory of the EU using only a few single attributes that are easily obtained in an industrial environment. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Correlation Coefficients of Interval Neutrosophic Hesitant Fuzzy Sets and Its Application in a Multiple Attribute Decision Making Method

Abstract. This paper proposes the concept of an interval neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set (INHFS) and the operational relations of INHFSs. Then, we develop correlation coefficients of INHFSs and investigate the relation between the similarity measures and the correlation coefficients. Furthermore, a multiple attribute decision making method based on the correlation coefficients is established under interval neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy environment. Through the correlation coefficients between each alternative and the ideal alternative, we obtain the ranking order of all alternatives and the best one. Finally, an illustrative example of investment alternatives is given to demonstrate the application and effectiveness of the developed approach.