Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Microleakage of Lithium Disilicate Crown Margins Finished on Direct Restorative Materials.

OBJECTIVE For some esthetic clinical situations, it is necessary to finish crown margins on direct restorative materials to preserve tissue integrity, bonding integrity, and biological width. The purpose of this research was to investigate microleakage at the interface between bonded lithium disilicate crowns and various direct restorative materials in a class III and class V position. METHODS AND MATERIALS Class III or class V restorations were prepared on one side of extracted incisors with either Tetric EvoCeram, Tetric Evoceram Bulk, Fuji II LC, or Tetric Evoflow. The teeth were prepared for and received a lithium disilicate crown. After load fatiguing, the specimens were thermo-cycled with a fuchsin dye and sectioned. The depth and area of dye penetration were measured with a dimensional grid in micrometers using stereomicroscopy and reported as mean dye depth and area (μm) ± SD. The comparison of multiple categorical independent variables with ratio scale dependent variables was evaluated with an analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc analysis. RESULTS A statistically significant higher dye penetration was noted for all treatment groups compared with the positive control (side opposite the restoration after sagittal sectioning was used as positive control) regardless of material or placement area (p<0.05). In comparing treatment groups, the Tetric EvoFlow experienced a statistically higher dye penetration than did the other treatment groups regardless of material or placement area (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the Tetric EvoCeram, Tetric Evoceram Bulk, and Fuji II LC materials regardless of placement area (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that flowable composite materials as finish lines that interact with resin cements could lead to exacerbated interfacial degradation. Finishing lithium disilicate all-ceramic crowns on flowable resin composite materials in the esthetic zone should be used with caution. If necessary, finishing lithium disilicate all-ceramic crowns on nanofilled resin composite or resin-modified glass ionomer materials seems to provide the least dye penetration depth and area.
Challenges and Possible Panacea to the Municipal Solid Wastes Management in Nigeria

This paper provides overview of the state of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) by local authorities in Nigeria. Different areas through which the challenges can be tackled in order to improve municipal solid waste (MSW) services are discussed. With increasing global change pressures (population explosion, haphazard rapid urbanization, climate change etc.), coupled with existing un-sustainability factors, cities in developing countries are most likely to experience difficulties in efficiently managing MSW. The unplanned urbanization growth will definitely lead to huge problems on governments especially for meeting the increasing demand for proper and healthy municipal services. The growth results in increasing quantity and complexity of the generated wastes and overburdens. The rural economy needs to be improved if rural–urban migration is to be managed. Communal efforts of local, state and federal government, the stakeholders, Non-Governmental Organizations and the private sector are paramount to attaining high level of development and sustainable MSWM.
Effect of using an internal teat sealant at drying-off in cows wintered on forage crops in New Zealand on culling in the dry period and early lactation

AIMS: To determine the impact of treatment with internal teat sealant (ITS) compared to no treatment at drying-off on culling during the dry period and 90 days after calving, for cows wintered on forage crops. METHODS: In four dairy herds in the South Island of New Zealand, cows with no history of clinical mastitis or somatic cell counts >100,000 cells/mL during the 2015–16 season were randomly assigned to treatment with ITS in each quarter (ITS group) or no treatment (Control group). Cows were otherwise treated similarly, wintered on forage crops and transferred to pasture for calving and lactation. Culling was defined as an unplanned exit from the herd, including cows sold for slaughter, cows slaughtered for salvage value and cows that died on farm. Culls and cull dates were recorded between drying-off and 90 days after calving. RESULTS: Between drying-off and 90 days after calving 24/491 (4.9%) cows in the ITS group and 45/473 (9.5%) cows in the Control group were culled (RR=0.51; 95% CI=0.75–0.83), and between 30 days before calving and 90 days after calving 20/491 (4.1%) cows in the ITS group and 40/473 (8.5%) cows in the Control group were culled (RR=0.48; 95% CI=0.29–0.81). In the final multivariable logistic regression model, adjusting for dry-period length, cow age, breed and farm, the OR for culling in the study period was 0.43 (95% CI=0.23–0.81) for cows in the ITS compared with the Control group. For a Friesian/Jersey cow, aged 4–8 years, with a dry period of 30–80 days, dried-off without ITS, the probability of culling in the study period was 0.10 (95% CI=0.06–0.16), and for such a cow treated with ITS the probability was 0.05 (95% CI=0.03–0.08). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In these four herds, the use of ITS at drying-off reduced the incidence of culling between drying-off and 90 days after calving. The use of ITS at drying-off in cows prior to wintering on forage crops may provide additional benefit to farmers through reduced incidence of culling and should be considered in any cost–benefit analysis of its use.
Red cell transfusion practices and the impact of phlebotomy in an adult intensive care unit in Trinidad--a prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVES To determine the pattern of current red cell transfusion practices in an adult intensive care unit (ICU) in Trinidad and the impact of phlebotomy on transfusions. METHODS A prospective observational study was conducted over a six-month period to include all patients who received transfusions in the ICU of Port-of-Spain General Hospital, Trinidad. Demographic data including age, gender and weight were recorded. Clinical data recorded were the admission APACHE II scores, daily phlebotomy volumes, haemoglobin levels, transfusions and outcome during the first thirty days following ICU admission. Patients were grouped according to diagnoses and transfusion patterns. RESULTS Of 134 patients admitted, 40 (29.8%) were transfused packed red cells 18 (29%) of the requests were for single unit transfusion. The mean phlebotomy volume was 13.5 +/- 4.3 (SD) mL day. The adjusted phlebotomy volume to body weight did not correlate with the amount of transfusions. The mean haemoglobin level for triggering blood transfusion was 6.73 g dL. The mean transfusion rate was 2.9 +/- 1.8 (SD) units per patient. Ten per cent of the patients received more than 5 units. Twenty nine per cent of the units were transfused on the first day of ICU admission and 69% were transfused during the first week of LCU stay. CONCLUSIONS Transfusion practices in the study ICU pointed towards a restrictive strategy, although there were some inappropriate transfusions. The phlebotomy volumes did not contribute towards transfusion requirements.
MULTIPLE BASINS OF ATTRACTION IN A TROPICAL FOREST: EVIDENCE FOR NONEQUILIBRIUM COMMUNITY STRUCTURE

We analyzed a data set accumulated over a 12-year period subsequent to the catastrophic disturbance of a rain forest by a hurricane. We analyzed the data to determine whether observed trajectories correspond to expectations from an equilibrium or nonequilibrium model of community structure. The equilibrium case, implying a single basin of attraction, suggests that trajectories should become ever more similar over time. The nonequilibrium case, implying multiple basins of attraction, suggests the opposite. The data from this particular forest, located on the eastern seaboard of Nicaragua, strongly support the multiple basin hypothesis, and thus the nonequilibrium model.
Enhanced conversion of carbohydrates to the platform chemical 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using designer ionic liquids.

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a key platform chemical that may be obtained from various cellulosic (biomass) derivatives. Previously, it has been shown that ionic liquids (ILs) facilitate the catalytic conversion of glucose into HMF. Herein, we demonstrate that the careful design of the IL cation leads to new ionic solvents that enhance the transformation of glucose and more complex carbohydrates into HMF significantly. In Situ NMR spectroscopy and computational modeling pinpoint the key interactions between the IL, catalyst, and substrate that account for the enhanced reactivities observed.
Seismic evidence for fluids in fault zones on top of the subducting Cocos Plate beneath Costa Rica

SUMMARY In the 2005 TICOCAVA explosion seismology study in Costa Rica, we observed crustal turning waves with a dominant frequency of ∼10 Hz on a linear array of short-period seismometers from the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean Sea. On one of the shot records, from Shot 21 in the backarc of the Cordillera Central, we also observed two seismic phases with an unusually high dominant frequency (∼20 Hz). These two phases were recorded in the forearc region of central Costa Rica and arrived ∼7 s apart and 30–40 s after the detonation of Shot 21. We considered the possibility that these secondary arrivals were produced by a local earthquake that may have happened during the active-source seismic experiment. Such high-frequency phases following Shot 21 were not recorded after Shots 22, 23 and 24, all in the backarc of Costa Rica, which might suggest that they were produced by some other source. However, earthquake dislocation models cannot produce seismic waves of such high frequency with significant amplitude. In addition, we would have expected to see more arrivals from such an earthquake on other seismic stations in central Costa Rica. We therefore investigate whether the high-frequency arrivals may be the result of a deep seismic reflection from the subducting Cocos Plate. The timing of these phases is consistent with a shear wave from Shot 21 that was reflected as a compressional (S×P) and a shear (S×S) wave at the top of the subducting Cocos slab between 35 and 55 km depth. The shift in dominant frequency from ∼10 Hz in the downgoing seismic wave to ∼20 Hz in the reflected waves requires a particular seismic structure at the interface between the subducting slab and the forearc mantle to produce a substantial increase in reflection coefficients with frequency. The spectral amplitude characteristics of the S×P and S×S phases from Shot 21 are consistent with a very high V p/V s ratio of 6 in ∼ 5m thick, slab-parallel layers. This result suggests that a system of thin shear zones near the plate interface beneath the forearc is occupied by hydrous fluids under near-lithostatic conditions. The overpressured shear zone probably takes up fluids from the downgoing slab, and it may control the lower limit of the seismogenic zone.
Acquired resistance to activated protein C (aAPCR) in multiple myeloma is a transitory abnormality associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism

Acquired activated protein C resistance (aAPCR), not associated with factor V Leiden, has been described in cancer patients with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). APCR was determined in 1178 myeloma patients using an activated partial thromboplastin time‐based resistance assay in the presence of excess of factor V‐deficient plasma; polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic DNA was used to detect factor V Leiden mutation. A total of 109 patients were found to have abnormal APCR and one‐third of them were carriers for the mutation. With a median follow‐up of 40 months, the presence of aAPCR was associated with a significantly increased risk of thrombosis (P ≤ 0·001). APCR was measured again after treatment in 31 patients with abnormal baseline values and had normalised in 30 of them. This study indicates that aAPCR is the most common single transitory baseline coagulation abnormality associated with VTE in myeloma patients.
Neurons Derived From Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Show Synaptic Transmission and Can Be Induced to Produce the Neurotransmitter Substance P by Interleukin‐1α

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit immune‐suppressive properties, follow a pattern of multilineage differentiation, and exhibit transdifferentiation potential. Ease in expansion from adult bone marrow, as well as its separation from ethical issues, makes MSCs appealing for clinical application. MSCs treated with retinoic acid resulted in synaptic transmission, based on immunostaining of synaptophysin and electrophysiological studies. In situ hybridization indicated that the neurotransmitter gene preprotachykinin‐I was expressed in these cells. However, translation of this gene only occurred after stimulation with interleukin (IL)‐1α. This effect was blunted by costimulation with IL‐1 receptor antagonist. This study reports on the ability of MSCs to be transdifferentiated into neurons with functional synapses with the potential to become polarized towards producing specific neurotransmitters.
The Role of Complex Emotions in Inconsistent Diagnoses of Schizophrenia

In the case of large-scale epidemiological studies, there is evidence of substantial disagreement when lay diagnoses of schizophrenia based on structured interviews are compared with expert diagnoses of the same patients. Reasons for this level of disagreement are investigated in the current study, which made use of advances in text-mining techniques and associated structural representations of language expressions. Specifically, the current study examined whether content analyses of transcribed diagnostic interviews obtained from 150 persons with serious psychiatric disorders yielded any discernable patterns that correlated with diagnostic inconsistencies of schizophrenia. In summary, it was found that the patterning or structure of spontaneous self-reports of emotion states in the diagnostic interview was associated with diagnostic inconsistencies of schizophrenia, irrespective of confounders; i.e., age of patient, gender, or ethnicity. In particular, complex emotion patterns were associated with greater disagreement between experts and trained lay interviewers than were simpler patterns.
Paper on the Causal Relationship in Organizational Levels of Slack, Risk, and Financial Performance by Manufacturing Companies

The purpose is to investigate the existence of a causal relationship in organizational levels of slack, risk, and corporate performance. The starting point is the assumption that the amount of organizational slack is a determining factor of risk reflected by the company, as well as of its performance. To test this relationship, we have considered the data of 218 manufacturing companies from 2001 to 2007, a part of these grouped through factorial analysis in such a way as to compose the three kinds of organizational slack under consideration: available, recoverable, and potential. The data were then placed in panel form and analyzed with the GMM. The results obtained confirm the assumption that organizational slack has a non-linear influence on performance.
Effects of barium-ferrite permanent magnets on great hammerhead shark Sphyrna mokarran behavior and implications for future conservation technologies

The great hammerhead shark Sphyrna mokarran is an endangered species that is exposed to several sources of anthropogenic mortality, including beach nets. Although not a major contributor to S. mokarran mortality, beach nets are utilized in several locations to minimize the potential harmful interaction between sharks and beachgoers. To address this mortality, perma- nent magnets have been employed to determine if these materials can deter sharks away from netted areas. The present study examined the effects of barium-ferrite (BaFe12O19) permanent magnets on S. mokarran behavior under several environmental and biological conditions. In the bait experiment, feeding frequency significantly decreased and avoidance frequency significantly increased with the magnet treatment, with exposure quantity yielding an increase in feeding fre- quency, although this effect was not statistically significant. For the barrier experiment, entrance frequency significantly decreased and avoidance and pass-around frequencies significantly increased with the magnet treatment, with heterospecific density also being a significant pre - dictor of entrance frequency. The findings demonstrate how permanent magnets can modify S. mokarran behavior and how this behavior is modified based on situational context. Since sev- eral other sphyrnid species are caught in beach nets more frequently than S. mokarran (e.g. scal- loped hammerheads S. lewini), the present results may serve as a model for these other sphyrnid species and illustrate the potential conservation implications of future magnetic deterrent barrier technologies.
Tire slip fuzzy control of a laboratory Anti-lock Braking System

A tire slip fuzzy control solution is designed and implemented in the framework of an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) comprising a highly nonlinear controlled plant. The fuzzy controllers are designed to work for locally linearized models of the plant. Their parameters are tuned by mapping from simple PI controllers in terms of the modal equivalence principle. The experience from the experiments is incorporated in the design of the rules and the stability analysis enables the controller design. The benefits of filtering the input of the fuzzy controller are highlighted in real-time experimental results.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis. A retrospective multicenter study.

RATIONALE Phase I/II studies of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for multiple sclerosis ( MS) were initiated, based on results of experimental transplantation in animal models of multiple sclerosis and clinical observations in patients treated concomitantly for malignant disease. PATIENTS Eighty-five patients with progressive MS were treated with autologous HSCT in 20 centers and reported to the autoimmune disease working party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). 52 (61 %) were female, median age was 39 [20-58] years. The median interval from diagnosis to transplant was 7 [1-26] years. Patients suffered from severe disease with a median EDSS score of 6.5 [4.5-8.5]. Active disease prior to transplant was documented in 79 of 82 evaluable cases. RESULTS The stem cell source was bone marrow in 6 and peripheral blood in 79, and stem cells were mobilized into peripheral blood using either cyclophosphamide combined with growth factors or growth factors alone. Three patients experienced transient neurological complications during the mobilization phase. The high dose regimen included combination chemotherapy, with or without anti-lymphocyte antibodies or, with or without, total body irradiation. The stem cell transplants were purged of lymphocytes in 52 patients. Median follow-up was 16 [3-59] months. There were 7 deaths, 5 due to toxicity and infectious complications, 2 with neurological deterioration. The risk of death of any cause at 3 years was 10 (+/-7)% (95 % confidence interval). Neurological deterioration during transplant was observed in 22 patients; this was transient in most but was associated with MS progression in 6 patients. Neurological improvement by > or = 1 point in the EDSS score was seen in 18 (21 %) patients. Confirmed progression-free survival was 74 (+/-12)% at 3 years being 66 (+/-23)% in patients with primary progressive MS but higher in patients with secondary progressive or relapsing-remitting MS, 78 (+/-13)%; p = 0.59. The probability of confirmed disease progression was 20 (+/-11)%. MRI data were available in 78 patients before transplant showing disease activity (gadolinium enhancing, new or enlarging lesions) in 33 %. Posttransplant MRI showed activity at any time in 5/61 (8 %) evaluable cases. CONCLUSION Autologous HSCT suggest positive early results in the management of progressive MS and is feasible. These multicentre data suggest an association with significant mortality risks especially in some patient groups and are being utilised in the planning of future trials to reduce transplant related mortality.
Transnational Financial Associations and the Governance of Global Finance: Assembling Wealth and Power

1. Introduction: Private Authority and Private Associations in Global Finance and Global Governance 2. Conceptualizing Transnational Financial Associations and Global Financial Power Section I 3. Transnational financial associations and the global public sphere: reshaping the public/private frontier 4. Constructing markets, industries and technologies: the effects of transnational financial associations on global financial markets 5. Transnational financial associations and their role in constructing and servicing financial communities Section II 6. Transnational financial associations and regional integration: the special case of the European Union 7. Transnational financial associations in the global south: globalization, regionalism and development 8. Inclusion and differentiation: transnational financial associations and the pursuit of social and cultural ends through finance 9. Conclusion
Asset Liquidity and the Cost of Capital

We study the effect of real asset liquidity on a firm's cost of capital. We find an aggregate asset-liquidity discount in firms' cost of capital that is strongly counter-cyclical. At the firm-level we find that asset liquidity affects firms' cost of capital both in the cross section and in the time series: Firms in industries with more liquid assets and during periods of high asset liquidity have lower cost of capital. This effect is stronger when the asset liquidity is provided by firms operating within the industry. We also find that higher asset liquidity reduces the cost of capital by more for firms that face more competitive risk in product markets, have less access to external capital or are closer to default, and for those facing negative demand shocks. Our results suggest that asset liquidity is valuable to firms and, more generally, that operating inflexibility is an economically important source of risk.