Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generic Diff3 for algebraic datatypes

Many version control systems, including Git and Mercurial, rely on diff3 to merge different revisions of the same file. More precisely diff3 automatically merges two text files, given a common base version, comparing them line by line and raising conflicts when the changes made are irreconcilable. The program ignores the actual structure of the data stored in the files, hence it might generate spurious conflicts, which must be manually resolved by the user. In this paper, we present a state-based, three-way, persistent, data-type generic diff3 algorithm whose increased precision in detecting changes reduces the number of false conflicts raised and improves its merging capabilities. We have implemented the algorithm in Agda, a proof assistant with dependent types, and developed a model to reason about “diffing” and merging. We have formalized sanity properties and specifications of diff3 and proved that our algorithm meets them. Furthermore, we have identified the minimal conditions under which the merging algorithm raises a conflict and established a structural invariant preserved.
Systems of innovation in transformation: from socialism to post-socialism

Book description: The systems of innovation approach is considered by many to be a useful analytical approach for better understanding innovation processes as well as the production and distribution of knowledge in the economy. It is an appropriate framework for the empirical study of innovations in their contexts and is relevant for policy makers. This text is the result of the work within an international inter-disciplinary network or "working seminar" with the task of building a more solid and sophisticated conceptual and theoretical foundation for the continued study of innovations in a systemic context. The book has three parts. The first presents an overview and tries to work out some conceptual problems. In the second, the systems of innovation approach is related to innovation theory. Part three is devoted to increasing understanding of the functioning and dynamics of systems of innovation. There is also an introduction where the genesis and anatomy of different systems of innovation approaches are discussed and where the systems of innovation approach is characterized in nine dimensions.
Tomorrow is not always a day away

An overlooked fact about tomorrow in English is that for some speakers, it allows non-utterance time readings as well as the utterance-time interpretations expected of a pure indexical. 1. Last week, UPS said that the package would be delivered tomorrow. (a) UT reading: I hope it arrives on time! (b) Non-UT reading: It still hasn’t shown up! There are several possible explanations of non-UT readings of tomorrow. First, they may be due to Free Indirect Discourse, a literary style where temporal indexicals are interpreted relative to the main character’s perspective. Second, tomorrow might be anaphoric rather than purely indexical, similar to now [1]. A third possibility is that tomorrow is a shifty indexical sensitive to speech verbshifted contexts [10]. Lastly, tomorrow might have a perspectival component capable of anchoring to salient event-time perspectives. I present results from a series of experiments showing that nonUT readings of tomorrow are acceptable in American English and exploring these four analyses. Experiment 1: How acceptable are non-utterance time readings? Experiment 1 tests whether American English speakers accept non-UT interpretations of tomorrow. Since the goal is to establish a theory-neutral baseline of acceptability, Exp. 1 uses sentences that were predicted to have non-UT readings on all four accounts. The sentences tested have third-person subjects, since first-person subjects block Free Indirect Discourse interpretations [4]; they also embed tomorrow under a speech verb, as required by shifty indexicals. The speech-verb embedding also sets up a salient event-time perspective as required by the perspectival account. We tested the availability of non-UT interpretations through a comic-captioning task on Mechanical Turk. Participants (n=72) were asked to rate the accuracy of the sentence as a caption for the third panel of a comic (Fig. 1) on a 7-point Likert scale. The ratings for tomorrow were compared with three other temporal expressions: the anaphoric the next day; the day-of-week name of the second panel (always true); and the day-of-the-week name of the first panel (always false). Figure 1: Exp. 1 example stimulus
Values and Subjective Well-Being

This chapter summarizes what we know about value—SWB relations and identifies some of what we do not know but would like to know. We first discuss the nature of values and the structured system they form. We draw on the ten values in the Schwartz (1992) theory that form a circular motivational continuum. We note three theoretical perspectives on relations of values to SWB. The first perspective seeks to explain direct relations between values and SWB. A second generation of direct relations research explains variation in relations across samples by pointing to societal-level moderators. The second perspective examines the congruence (or similarity) between people’s values and the values prevailing in their environment as a determinant of SWB. The third perspective sees the attainment of valued goals as the source of SWB. We present these perspectives and the literature based on them, and note ideas for future research throughout.
Cloning and expression of Phanerochaete chrysosporium cellobiohydrolase ( cbh I . 2 )

The importance of lignocellulose biotechnology and the many potential applications of lignocellulose enzymes in various industries such as chemicals, fuel, food, brewery and wine, animal-feed, pulp-and-paper, textile and agriculture are well documented (Gavrilescu and Chisti, 2005; Howard et al., 2003; Bhat, 2000; Sun and Cheng, 2002). Phanerochaete chrysosporium, being an efficient degrader of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose, the major constituent components of lignocellulose, is suitable for various industrial applications. Also, it is an appropriate organism for studying the interaction of genes and enzymes involved in the complex lignocellulose degradation process. Multiple, non-allelic, cellobiohydrolase (cbh)-like sequences/genes, which are likely to be involved in cellulose degradation, have been identified (Covert et al., 1992; Sims et al., 1994). Two of these sequences/genes, namely, cbhI.1 and cbhI.2 were characterised from genomic and cDNA libraries (Sims et al., 1994). Howard et al. (2004) reported on cbhI.1, and hence cbhI.2 is the focus of this report. The sequence data for P. chrysosporium ME446 cbhI.2 appears in the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ Sequence Data Library under the accession numbers Z22527 (genomic) and Z29653 (cDNA). cbhI.2 has two internal introns at the same positions as cbhI.1 but with different sequences, and a single up-stream intron whereas cbhI.1 has two upstream introns. One of cbhI.2 internal introns near the 3 ́end was shown to be excised from only some of the cDNA library clones (Sims et al., 1994). Since this “intron” contains no stop codon, it means translation of mRNA containing this “intron” will produce a “CBHI.2” with a significantly altered C-terminus (Broda et al., 1994; Birch et al., 1995). Hence two “CBHI.2” proteins could theoretically be formed either through selective alteration of CBHI.2 at protein level or differential splicing at mRNA level. Some cellulases may regulate their substrate specificities through proteolytic removal of their Cterminus (Knowles et al., 1987) while another mechanism maybe differential removal of the 3 ́ intron (Broda et al., 1994; Birch et al., 1995). Birch et al. (1995) demonstrated that two types of mRNA are produced for P. chrysosporium ME446 cbhI.2 and that differential splicing of the 3 ́ intron is substrate dependent. We still do not know whether both mRNAs are translated, the nature of the proteins and the mechanisms involved in cellulose hydrolysis. Cloning and expression of the two forms of cDNA (with and without the “3 ́ intron”) will assist in addressing the latter issues. Previous, unsuccessful, attempts were made to express cbhI.2 in Escherichia coli using pUC18 and pKKScxyl(H) vectors (Howard, 1997). This study investigated cloning and expression of cbhI.2 in E. coli using a pET system.
Success factors for music-based crowdfunding in the Finnish context

Success factors for music-based crowdfunding in the Finnish context Giulnara Chinakaeva Master’s Thesis Master’s Degree Programme in Cultural Policy Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Jyväskylä Instructor: Miikka Pyykkönen Spring 2019 Pages: 78 pages
Use of Vanadium in Long Steel Products

Vanadium has been widely used in long steel products such as forging grades, reinforcing bars, sections, tubes, rails, springs and wire rods. Vanadium is the preferred addition in long steel products because of the much higher solubility of its carbonitrides in austenite and lower sensitivity to carbon level compared to niobium and titanium. Vanadium provides precipitation strengthening and grain refinement, resulting in good combinations of strength and toughness. The precipitation strengthening can be maximized by management of nitrogen level and the preferential precipitation of vanadium with nitrogen also minimizes the risk of nitrogen strain aging. In addition, vanadium enables desired strength levels to be attained at lower carbon content, which is beneficial for ductility and weldability. Furthermore, vanadium contributes to temper resistance and provides secondary hardening for quenched and tempered steels. Fine vanadium carbides also act as strong trap sites for diffusible hydrogen, leading to good delayed fracture resistance.
The Effects of Mixed Exercise ( ABOXERCISE ) on Cardiovascular Endurance , Muscular Endurance and BMI level in 30-to 40 – Year-Old Obese Males

This study was done to determine the effects of combining abdominal exercise and boxing movements (ABOXERCISE) on cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, and BMI level. The pre–post experimental design was used and participants consisted of 20 inactive males aged 34 to 39 years, who participated in this study, having a BMI level of more than 30. All participants took part in the Aktifkan Orang Muda program in Petaling Jaya 2016. They were engaged three times a week for 24 weeks of ABOXERCISE interventions. All participants completed the tests (step test, sit-ups test, and BMI) before and after the intervention. The results showed that the cardiovascular endurance and muscular endurance increased after 24 weeks of intervention. The BMI level as well as body weight of the participant also decreased. The present study recommends ABOXERCISE as another approach for exercise practitioners. In conclusion, this study finding suggests the effectiveness of ABOXERCISE on cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, and BMI level of obese male communities. Future researchers may want to investigate the effectiveness of ABOXERCISE with different types of exercise or aerobic dance. It is also to find any association with physiological and psychological states of the participants.
Flexible Deep Neural Network structure with application to Natural Language Processing

In the past decade natural language processing has developed into one of the key fields in artificial intelligence with neural networks and deep learning techniques improving performance in several tasks. Deep neural networks require stacking a lot of layers which makes their training hard and slow while overfitting arises as an extra problem. This paper explores possibilities of tackling these issues by improving the so called “dropout” method and by exploring a more flexible constructive structure of the network. Conducted experiments show that dropping neurons according to their training behavior improves performance while a constructive approach can quickly lead to the close to optimal network structure while on the same time avoiding overfitting.
No . 147 Benefit-Cost Analysis and Crime Prevention

ISSN 0817-8542 ISBN 0 642 24139 2 Governments have long used cost-benefit analysis and related techniques to determine whether infrastructure such as roads or dams should be constructed. Cost-benefit analysis in crime prevention is a relatively new field—it has rarely been used even though crime costs the Australian community approximately $18 billion per year; that is, 4 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This paper outlines techniques of cost-benefit analysis and gives some evaluated examples in crime prevention. These are mostly overseas examples, as Australian analysis is in its infancy. It may be the case that a dollar spent on early childhood development will yield a greater net benefit than the same dollar spent on an additional prison cell. Not all early intervention programs are necessarily cost effective. This paper cites the (American) Perry Preschool Program which, for every dollar spent on the program, the community gained roughly $7 work of benefits in crime reduction and improvement of life opportunities. It also cites the Hawaii Healthy Start Program which, for every dollar spent, yielded a benefit of only 38 cents. In situational crime prevention, the measurements are easier and more direct. In the (British) Kirkholt housing estate, every £1 spent on a burglary reduction program yielded £5 in savings, while in an Australian study, every dollar spent by the Victorian Totalizator Agency Board (TAB) yielded a $1.70 benefit in reduced robberies. As crime imposes considerable costs on society in terms of financial, emotional, and opportunities forgone, identifying and investing in effective programs is a winning strategy.
BORROWER- AND MORTGAG E- RELATED FACTORS AS SOCIA TED WITH FORECLOSURE by Amber C. Ga llagher

Ill ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . IV LIST OF TABLES . vii LIST OF FIGURES . • . • •• • • •• . • • • • . • •• • . • •• • . • • • • . IX
Implementation Strategies of High Technology Acquisitions The interplay of CEO retention and structural integration

Acquisitions of entrepreneurial firms by established firms have become important means for technology transfer through which incumbents accumulate upstream capabilities to enter new product domains. This paper focuses on high-technology acquisitions with an aim to develop a better understanding of how incumbents can realize technology acquisition potentials by accounting for acquisition implementation process, deal and firm specific attributes. We consider two dimensions of acquisition reorganization; acquired firm integration as structural dimension and human dimension of acquired top manager retention. Empirical literature shows that acquirers who buy small technology firms for their innovative potential often discover that the post-acquisition integration can diminish the acquired firm’s innovative potential that was the crucial motive behind the acquisition. On the other hand, structural integration is claimed to be important since it serves as a mechanism of coordination between acquirer and acquired firm, what is particularly significant when high interdependence exists between the two firms. Another important aspect of acquisition implementation is the extent to which the target resources are replaced with acquirer’s resources. In the context of high technology acquisitions, the important resource is the human capital of acquired firm top manager. Starting from the resource and competence based perspectives, the likelihood of structural integration and retention of acquired firm’s top manager is predicted. Specifically, we consider the following factors: i) the motives of acquisition, ii) the acquisition experience, iii) the relatedness of two firms, iv) the existence of prior alliance with target, v) whether the acquired firm’s technology was a component to acquiring firm’s system.
Genetic Engineering and Metabolite Profiling for Overproduction of 4 Polyhydroxybutyrate in Cyanobacteria

Running title: Bioplastic Overproduction in Cyanobacteria 1 2 3 Genetic Engineering and Metabolite Profiling for Overproduction of 4 Polyhydroxybutyrate in Cyanobacteria 5 6 7 Sayaka Hondo, Masatoshi Takahashi, Takashi Osanai, Mami Matsuda, 2,4 8 Tomohisa Hasunuma, Akio Tazuke, Yoichi Nakahira, Shigeru Chonan, Morifumi 9 Hasegawa, and Munehiko Asayama ,* 10 11 12 College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan 13 Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic 14 Science and Technology (PRESTO), 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, 15 Japan 16 3 RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan 17 Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, 18 Kobe 657-8501, Japan 19 20 21 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel / Fax: +81-29-888-8651; E-mail: 22 asam@mx.ibaraki. ac.jp 23 24 Abbreviations: CE-MS, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry; NMR, 25 nuclear magnetic resonance; PHA, polyhydroxyalkanoate; PHB, polyhydroxybutyrate; 26 TEM, transmission electron microscope 27 28
What gestures of nonhuman primates can (and cannot) tell us about language evolution

There is a variety of different evolutionary scenarios hypothesizing how human language might have evolved. While some suggest that language evolved from scratch in humans only, others propose that precursors to human language were already present in our shared last common ancestor. Consequently, comparative researchers suggest that at least some of the abilities necessary for language to evolve are shared with other primates. However, which aspects of primate communication are studied to shed light on language evolution heavily depends on which communicative modality is studied. This chapter focuses on the gestural communication of nonhuman primates. The aim is contribute to the ongoing debate about how language might have evolved by evaluating findings from comparative research on the different building blocks of language, and by discussing how these data support a gestural origin of human language.
Instrumental incoherence in institutional reform: decentralization as a structural solution to political exigency

If the effects of institutional reforms are long-term and unpredictable, why do leaders undertake them? We analyze reforms where the incentives of agents pursuing a change, and the effects of that change, are highly asymmetric in time and policy dimensions. We examine detailed evidence from decentralization in Bolivia and Pakistan, and explain very different outcomes with a simple game-theoretic model of the incentives and interactions amongst ruling and opposition parties, and civil society, over multiple periods. Politicians decentralize to solve a discrete, often short-term political problem. But decentralization is neither short-term nor discrete, but rather a deep change in the structure of public finance and authority with long-term effects on government, politics and society. Understanding the original problem is key to understanding the characteristics of the reform implemented, as well as its ultimate success or failure. Our analysis likely extends to a broader class of deep reforms with long-term consequences.
Enhancement of oxaliplatin-induced colon cancer cell apoptosis by alantolactone, a natural product inducer of ROS

Colon cancer is a malignant type of cancer with high prevalence and is one of the primary causes of cancer-related deaths. Oxaliplatin plays a significant role in the treatment of cancer, but the application of oxaliplatin is restricted due to its toxic side effects and drug resistance in clinical practice. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new strategies that can synergize with oxaliplatin for confronting colon cancer. Alantolactone (ALT), a natural sesquiterpene lactone, possesses antitumor properties in a number of cancer cell lines. In the present study, we investigated how ALT acts synergistically with oxaliplatin on human colorectal cancer HCT116 and RKO cells in vitro and in vivo. We observed that ALT strengthened the effect of oxaliplatin-induced growth restrain and apoptosis in HCT116 and RKO cells. It is through a mechanism concerning remarkable accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. These changes ultimately induced apoptosis of HCT116 and RKO cells. Pretreatment of cells with the ROS reversal agent NAC significantly blocked the apoptosis induced by the combination treatment, and suppressed expression of JNK and p38 phosphorylation in HCT116 and RKO cells. In the xenograft model, the combination therapy displayed stronger antitumor activity compared with single agents. Immunohistochemistry of subsequent treatment tumors showed a significant decrease in proliferation as compared to either of the treatments alone. These results suggest that the combination treatment with ALT and oxaliplatin may become a potential therapeutic strategy for colon cancer.
EURAP & Development : Study protocol of a Dutch prospective observational study into fetal Antiepileptic Drug exposure and long-term neurocognitive, behavioral and family outcomes

Background: Children exposed to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in utero are at higher risk for congenital malformations. Less is known about the long-term association with neurocognition and behavior. Research into family factors related to long-term developmental outcomes of children of women with epilepsy is also rare. We present a protocol to investigate the neurocognitive and behavioral development in children of mothers with epilepsy from a family perspective. Methods: This is a prospective observational longitudinal study, of children exposed in utero to monotherapy carbamazepine, lamotrigine, valproate or levetiracetam whose mother were previously included in the European Registry of Antiepileptic Drugs and Pregnancy (EURAP-NL) database. Children are tested at age six or seven years (T1) and at eight or nine years (T2). Children, mothers and fathers are asked to undergo neuropsychological assessments and to complete questionnaires on behavioral functioning and distinct family factors. Discussion: This study contributes to future counseling of women with epilepsy who have children or wishes to start a family. Strengths are the inclusion of levetiracetam, the longitudinal design, and alongside neurocognition, the inclusion of differential behavioral and family outcome measures. Anticipated limitations are discussed.