Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Formation of Stripes and Channels Structure of DPPC Langmuir Blodgett Monolayer at Middle Surface-Pressure

Monolayers of L-α-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) on the air-water interface have been transferred at a middling applied surface-pressure onto the mica substrates using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique. AFM was applied to observe the formation of morphology of DPPC. Our results show that the Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers of DPPC on mica substrates generate a structured surface with periodic channels and stripes. The LB monolayers obtained at a surface pressure correspond to 20 mN/n. We take into account several explanations to understand the observed surface topological views. On the other hand, a lot of lipids, their Langmuir monolayer and Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer are excellent models of half-layer biological membranes, which can provide closer biological environment. Therefore, using the lipid Langmuir-Blodgett or Langmuir monolayer as prototype, one can simulate further biological environment and make further investigation on biomineralization mechanism of template-controlled.
The Origin of Soil Moisture Evaporation “Regimes”

Evaporation plays an extremely important role in determining summertime surface temperature variability over land. Observations show the relationship between evaporation and soil moisture generally conforms to the Budyko “two regime” framework; namely, that evaporation is limited by available soil moisture in dry climates and by radiation in wet climates. This framework has led climate models to different parameterizations of the relationship between evaporation and soil moisture in wet and dry regions. We have developed the Simple Land–Atmosphere Model (SLAM) as a tool for studying land–atmosphere interaction in general, and summertime temperature variability in particular. We use the SLAM to show that a negative feedback between evaporation and surface temperature gives rise to the two apparent evaporation “regimes” and provide analytic solutions for evaporative cooling anomalies that demonstrate the nonlinear impact of soil moisture perturbations. Stemming from the temperature dependence of vapor pressure deficit, the feedback we identify has important implications for how transitions between wet and dry land surfaces may impact temperature variability as the climate warms. We also elucidate the impacts of surface moisture and insolation perturbations on latent and sensible heat fluxes and on surface temperature variability.
Icthyodiversity in the Coal Mining and Adjacent Non-Coal Mining Drainages of Jaintia Hills, India

The study deals with an assessment of the fish diversity in the water bodies of coal mining and adjacent noncoal mining areas of Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya. The water bodies in mining areas have been adversely affected by contamination of acid mine drainage (AMD) originating from coal mining operations by private coal miners. Certain parameters such as low pH, high conductivity, high metal content and low dissolved oxygen are some of the implications brought about by coal mining activity which has resulted in the decline or total loss of fish fauna in the coal mining areas of the region. In the water bodies of the coal mining areas where pH is approximately 4.0, only one species, Brachydanio rerio was found. However, survey of fish diversity in water bodies not impacted from the mining area revealed a total of 38 fish species belonging to 28 genera under 14 families and 6 orders. Diversity was higher in water bodies of lower altitude with a recorded Ħ of 2.2201 as compared to water bodies in higher altitude with Ħ of 1.5396. Cyprinidae represents the majority of fishes surveyed in all rivers irrespective of the altitude.
Throwing Activities Among Neolithic Populations from the Meuse River Basin (Belgium, 4500–2500 BC) with a Focus on Adolescents

ABSTRACT The anterior band of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) is an important stabilizer for valgus stress at the elbow. When practised intensively and repetitively, activities using overhead throwing motions can injure this ligament and its insertion. If these activities occur when the epiphyses are not yet fully fused, traction forces can result in bony detachments in the area of the MCL insertion. This study was based on commingled graves found in 16 Middle and Late Neolithic caves from Belgium. We recorded the presence of MCL lesions on 196 humeri and studied the relation between lesions, siding, and robusticity. 5.1% of the humeri displayed MCL lesions, which affected only the right robust humeri. Our results suggest a social division in throwing activities in Belgium during the Neolithic. They also suggest that throwing practice started from a young age, which invites us to re-examine the role of teenagers in prehistoric societies.
Determination of work index of graphite from Samanburkono (Nigeria) using modified bond's method

This report covers the work index determination of Saman-Burkono graphite. The test sample was obtained from Saman-Burkono in Ningi Local Government Area of Bauchi state, while reference material (coal) was sourced from Okaba coal mine, Ankpa Local Government Area of Kogi State. A known weight of graphite sample and coal were crushed, pulverized and ground using the laboratory milling machine. The two samples were grinded with two cells of diameter 3.5cm and 222g weight. The analysis of the feed size fort the two samples was found graphically to be 180μm and 175μm, and ball mill discharge was 130μm and 140μm respectively. The work index of a coal as reference material was 7.65 kWh/ short ton, this was used to calculate the work index of the graphite which was found to be 11.047 kWh/short ton, being the required energy to comminute one ton of graphite. Keywords: Comminution, Graphite, Saman-Burkono, Nigeria, Modified Bonds method
Indirect UAV Strip Georeferencing by On-Board GNSS Data under Poor Satellite Coverage

The so-called Real Time Kinematic (RTK) option, which allows one to determine with cm-level accuracy the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) camera position at shooting time, is also being made available on medium- or low-cost drones. It can be foreseen that a sizeable amount of UAV surveys will be soon performed (almost) without Ground Control Points (GCP). However, obstacles to Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signal at the optimal flight altitude might prevent accurate retrieval of camera station positions, e.g., in narrow gorges. In such cases, the master block can be georeferenced by tying it to an (auxiliary) block flown at higher altitude, where the GNSS signal is not impeded. To prove the point in a worst case scenario, but under controlled conditions, an experiment was devised. A single strip about 700 m long, surveyed by a multi-copter at 30 m relative flight height, was referenced with cm-level accuracy by joint adjustment with a block flown at 100 m relative flight height, acquired by a fixed-wing UAV provided with RTK option. The joint block orientation was repeated with or without GCP and with pre-calibrated or self-calibrated camera parameters. Accuracy on ground was assessed on a fair number of Check Points (CP). The results show that, even without GCP, the precision is effectively transferred from the auxiliary block projection centres to the object point horizontal coordinates and, with a pre-calibrated camera, also to the elevations.
Compositional and isotopic characteristics of hydrocarbons generated by a hydrothermal experiment simulating seafloor sediment alteration stepwise heating from 275 to 361°C at 30 MPa

Copyright © 2019 by The Geochemical Society of Japan. McKinley, 1995; McCollom, 1999; Takai et al., 2008), and imply how chemical evolution driving birth of life occurs on prebiotic planet (Proskurowski et al., 2008; McCollom, 2013). Understanding origin of the subsurface LHCs thus provides us clues in broad spectrum of life-earth linkages. Geochemical characteristics of LHCs have been used widely as a diagnostic tool for deducing subsurface conditions and processes including the origin of LHCs (Schoell, 1988; Chung et al., 1988; Sakata et al., 1997; Prinzhofer and Pernaton, 1997; Whiticar, 1999; Cruse and Seewald, 2006; Proskurowski et al., 2008; Proskurowski, 2010; Etiope and Sherwood Lollar, 2013; Kawagucci et al., 2013). More accurate interpretations of the origin of LHCs can be achieved using multiple geochemical tracers such as abundance and carbon and hydrogen isotope composition of each LHC (Etiope and Sherwood Lollar, 2013; Kawagucci et al., 2013). This approach requires preceding understandings of the possible diversity of isotopic and chemical composition of LHCs derived from each origin. Whereas the stable isotopic composition of Compositional and isotopic characteristics of hydrocarbons generated by a hydrothermal experiment simulating seafloor sediment alteration stepwise heating from 275 to 361∞C at 30 MPa
Preparation of novel damping layered silicates and its application in chlorinated butyl rubber (CIIR) composites

ABSTRACT On the basis of layered silicates, montmorillonite (MMT) with lamellar structure was selected to realize the design of constrained damping materials. A novel type of organically modified MMT (MD-OMMT) containing -OH groups was prepared by introducing of organic hindered phenol groups. This novel filler, MD-OMMT, was then applied into chlorinated butyl rubber (CIIR) composites. After addition of different amounts of MD-OMMT, their tensile strength and elongation at break were improved. In addition, the damping factor was increased compared with that of pure CIIR. Moreover, the damping temperature was shifted to the room temperature and its damping temperature range was widened. Graphic abstract
Electron Biomolecule Collisions

A crossed electron-molecular beam system connected to a spectrometer was used to investigate the dissociative excitation of thymine and adenine following electron impact. The emission spectrum for these molecules was measured from 80 nm to 150 nm with a 100 eV electron beam to identify the excited atomic fragments that resulted from these electron collisions. For each molecule, the hydrogen Lyman series was dominant in spectrum measurements. Relative emission cross sections were measured with respect to Lyman-alpha for each the Lyman features present in the spectrum for each molecule. The probability of obtaining other atomic fragments from the parent molecules was concluded to be insignificant. Excitation studies were also performed to measure the relative emission cross sections for electron impact energies up to 430 eV. During thymine studies, this excitation study was performed for Lyman-alpha in which the threshold energy for this feature was measured to be 23 eV. During adenine studies, excitation studies were also performed for Lyman-alpha and Lyman-beta and their thresholds were determined to be 23 eV and 18 eV, respectively. The possible excitation and dissociation mechanisms from the parent molecules that may contribute to these studied features are also discussed.
Leakage and swell in emulsion liquid membranes : experimental studies and corrected computational methods

Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) systems are water-in-oil emulsions dispersed in water, which, with appropriate chemistry, can efficiently extract and concentrate metals (e.g., cadmium, chromium, copper, cobalt, nickel, lead, zinc, mercury, gold and silver), weak acids and bases (e.g., phenolics and amines), inorganic species and pharmaceuticals (e.g., acetaminophen and amino acids) from the external water phase. Since their invention in 1968, ELM systems have been studied extensively. Most studies in the literature have investigated the extraction performance of ELM systems. This dissertation reports experimental investigations of several formulation and operating parameters on leakage and swell of the internal water droplets, which reduce extraction efficiency and concentration of extracted substances. Leakage and swell were measured in both batch and continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) systems for the same formulation and operating conditions. The batch and CSTR results are compared to test, for the first time, whether leakage and swell in the CSTR system can be predicted from measurements in the batch system, which is easier to study. Several other researchers have used pH change in the external water phase to quantify leakage of internal droplets containing acid or base. Often the equations they used to calculate leakage contain unstated simplifying assumptions that can produce significant error for some experimental conditions, including those observed in several of these studies. In this dissertation general equations are developed and compared with simplified equations reported in the ELM literature over more than 30 years to identify the underlying assumptions and the magnitude of the potential error. A detailed analysis of one previously reported ELM leakage study based on pH measurements was performed. The original leakage results are corrected, which led to revised conclusions about the effects of formulation and operating conditions on leakage.
The Upper Visean Magdalen Islands Basalts of Eastern Quebec, Canada: A Complex Assemblage of Contrasting Mafic Rock Types Erupted in Peak Stages of Transtensional Basin Development above a Mantle Plume

A thick succession of mafic upper Asbian volcanic rocks is exposed as cap rocks in the Magdalen Islands of eastern Quebec. This succession records peak stages of a Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous magmatic system that regionally developed from transtensional tectonics above a mantle plume. In the upper part of the succession, tholeiitic basalts with enriched mid-oceanic ridge basalt (E-MORB) affinities are tightly interbedded with highly alkaline basalts with ocean island affinities, whereas the lower part is composed of moderately alkaline basalts and pyroclastic deposits that are interpreted as the products of mixing between these two compositionally distinct melts. Based on trace-element contents and geological constraints, the tholeiitic basalts were produced by decompressional melting in depleted uppermost asthenospheric mantle material enriched over the average (E-MORB-type source) at the top of the plume, whereas the highly alkaline basalts were produced subsequently when decompressional melting reached down into the enriched mantle (ocean island basalt–type source). These two primary melts may have been thermally stratified below the lithosphere before being tapped by transtensional structures to feed a thick magmatic underplating that regionally developed at the base of the crust, where magma mixing may have occurred. Interbedding of the two contrasting melts in the upper part of the succession implies that, although the two primary mantle sources were still being tapped into, magma mixing was by then no longer occurring. Above a small gap, the uppermost flow is a fluorine-rich tholeiitic basalt with arc affinities that suggest partial melting of the regional subcontinental lithospheric mantle source, which was previously enriched by nearly continuous subduction below eastern Canada in early to middle Paleozoic times. The latter setting seemingly corresponds to the local waning of the magmatic system in uppermost Asbian times, possibly because of the westward migration of the overridden plume toward New Brunswick, where alkaline volcanism from a sublithospheric source resumed in Brigantian times.
Experimental study on panel zone behavior of diaphragm-through connections to concrete-filled tube columns

In order to verify the accuracy of the panel zone shear capacity calculation method of diaphragm-through connections which were proposed in previous research, the low cycle repeated load tests of six cross-shaped specimens were carried out. The seismic performance of the panel zone’s stress distribution, failure mode, hysteresis curve, and skeleton curve are comprehensively studied and analyzed. The results showed that the steel tube web and core concrete were mainly participating to bear the horizontal shear force, and the “steel frame” composed of the steel tube flange and through-diaphragm was negligible for the shear resistance; the core concrete strut calculated width and height were all one-fourth of the height and width of the panel zone. The test results are in good agreement with the results of the calculation method, which indicated that the calculation method proposed in the previous research results had good accuracy and applicability, and would use for the panel zone shear capacity calculated in the connections design.
Using Microbial Desalination Cell to Treat Iraqi Wastewater

- A Three-chambers MDC was made using three identical cubical plexi-glass sections. Each chamber has an effective volume of 35 cm3. An anion exchange membrane (AEM) was used to separate the anode from the desalination chambers while a cation exchange membrane (CEM) was used to separate the cathode from the desalination chambers. Two graphite sheets were used as anode and cathode electrodes. Biotic experiments have included air-cathode MDC fed with synthetic municipal wastewater, Bio-cathode MDC in which the cathode chamber was inoculated with microalgae as an oxygen source and air-cathode MDC was fed with floated oil layer in the anode chamber as an organic source. Maximum power density obtained from the MDC was 121 mW/m2. The corresponding current density was 410 mA/m2. Maximum power density obtained in this study was in consistency with that presented in previous studies. Maximum coulombic efficiency and charge efficiency achieved were 9% and 165% respectively. The results of this study confirmed the validity of using MDC technology to treat municipal wastewater as well as oil, desalinate brackish water and generate electric power simultaneously. Moreover, the results revealed the possibility of using mixed culture algae, available in the Iraqi environment, in the cathode chamber as an oxygen source to develop more energy efficient MDC. Further study deals with different system configurations and different operating conditions are needed.
Investigation of Ring Burnished Pottery Samples from Tilbaşar Mound (Gaziantep, Turkey) Using Multiple Analysis Techniques

In the present study, representative samples of ring burnished ceramic findings belonging to the Early Bronze Age (from Tilbasar Mound, Gaziantep, Turkey) were archaeometrically investigated by means of multiple analysis methods covering X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy together with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, optical microscopy and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis. Additionally, the colors of the potsherds were determined by chromametric analysis. The main aim of the research was to elucidate the raw material content (minerals, additional materials, if exist, etc.) and production features of the findings by means of chemical, mineralogical and microscopic techniques, as mentioned. The results indicated that the samples comprise carbonates suggesting use of calcareous clay batches which likely refer to a regional production (when the geological features of the area covering the mound are considered). The mineral/phase content of the samples showed that the firing temperature range varied between 700-900 o C which could be attributed to a relatively simple firing technique (i.e. pit firing). This prediction was also approved by the low vitrification degree (even none for some of the samples) observed through the SEM images, and by TG-DTA curves which did not show any evident mass and/or enthalpy changes above 900-1000 o C, respectively. The whole data obtained in the study brought the thought that the ring burnished potteries have presumably been produced using simple techniques in terms of raw material preparation and firing technology.
Creep Deformation in Vaca Muerta Shale From Nanoindentation to Triaxial Experiments

We tested samples cored from the Vaca Muerta shale reservoir using nanoindentation (2 min) and triaxial (12 hr) creep experiments in which confining pressure and differential stresses were <40 MPa. In all cases, we observed transient creep wherein strain increased as the logarithm of time. Creep was always compactional, led to increased moduli, was triggered by changes in either hydrostatic or deviatoric stress, and occurred under loads well below the failure stress. Our results are consistent with yield cap models proposed to describe shear‐enhanced compaction of sandstones and carbonates, assuming that the yield surface depends on strain rate. We compared our results to earlier studies that observed the transition from transient creep to approximately constant strain rate behavior. If short‐term creep can be quantified by a creep modulus, C, and long‐term creep, after a transition time, tc, by a linear viscosity, η, then η = Ctc. Owing to heterogeneity, the local values of Young's and creep moduli, E and C, measured during nanoindentation, varied by several orders of magnitude. Simple averaging of the indentation results overestimated E and C, as compared to their triaxial counterparts. The kinetics of log time creep, which is seen in various materials and loading circumstances, has been represented by a simple conceptual model incorporating the interplay of viscoelastic elements with widely distributed characteristic times. Thus, we argue that log time creep is an emerging phenomenon, independent of the identities of the underlying physical mechanisms.
Effects of CeO2 Addition on Slip - Cast Yttria Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals Toughened Alumina (ZTA)

Addition of CeO2 into ZTA and its effects on microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. CeO2 was detected with significant amounts only above 10 wt%. Viscosity was measured for slurry preparartions and characterization of mechanical properties of ZTA. Additions of CeO2 of more than 10 wt% surpassed the solubility limit and formed Ce2Zr3O10. Ce2Zr3O10 increased the tetragonality factor, prevented excessive grain growth through a pinning effect, which is attributed to the segregation of Ce2Zr3O10 to the grain boundaries and showed a peak in fracture toughness with a value of 9.3 MPam1/2 with 10 wt% additions of CeO2. Further additions of CeO2 reduced ZTA’s mechanical strength. Maximum value of Hv was 17700 MPa with 10 wt% CeO2. Porosities have been attributed as the underlying reason as to why theoretical density were always higher than measured densities.
High-speed Droplet Impingement in Compressible Regime

High-speed droplet impact is of great interest to power generation and aerospace industries due to the accrued cost of maintenance in steam and gas turbines. The repetitive impacts of liquid droplets onto rotor blades, at high relative velocities, result in the blade erosion, which is known as Liquid Impingement Erosion (LIE). Experimental and analytical studies in this field are limited due to the complexity of the droplet impact at such conditions. Hence, numerical analysis is a very powerful and affordable tool to investigate LIE phenomenon. In this regard, it is crucial to understand the hydrodynamics of the impact in order to identify the consequent solid response before addressing the LIE problem. The numerical study of the droplet impingement allows to obtain the transient pressure history generated in the liquid. Knowing the transient behavior of the substrate, in response to pressure force exerted due to the impact, would facilitate engineering new types of surface coatings that are more resistant to LIE. To that end, modeling the impact of compressible liquid droplets at high velocities on rigid solid substrates is the main objective of the present work. The results obtained from the compressible fluid modeling are validated against the numerical studies and analytical correlations, available in open literature.