Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Down-regulated in adenoma mediates apical Cl-/HCO3- exchange in rabbit, rat, and human duodenum.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Duodenal bicarbonate secretion is in part mediated by an apical Cl-/HCO3- exchanger of unknown molecular nature. The recently discovered dra (down-regulated in adenoma) gene encodes a transport protein (DRA) for SO4(2-), Cl-, and HCO3-. The aim of this study was to investigate whether DRA may be the duodenal apical Cl-/HCO3- exchanger. METHODS DRA, Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) isoform 3, and anion exchanger isoform (AE) 2 messenger RNA expression levels were studied in rat, rabbit, and human gastrointestinal tract by semiquantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization (DRA in human intestine). The subcellular localization of DRA was determined by Western analysis and immunohistochemistry. Using rabbit and rat duodenal brush border membrane vesicles, anion exchange characteristics were investigated. RESULTS DRA expression was high in duodenum and colon of all species, whereas NHE3 messenger RNA expression was low in duodenum and high in colon. Western analysis and immunohistochemistry showed an apical localization for DRA. Rabbit and rat duodenal brush border membrane vesicles showed 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid-sensitive Cl-/Cl-, HCO3-/Cl-, SO4(2-)/Cl-, and Cl-/SO4(2-) exchange, with evidence for one major brush border membrane Cl-/anion exchanger, an affinity for Cl- > HCO3-, and a much higher affinity for SO4(2-) in rat than rabbit. The strong predominance of DRA over NHE3 and NHE2 expression in duodenum was paralleled by much higher Cl-/HCO3- than Na+/H+ exchange rates in brush border membrane vesicles and likely explains the high duodenal HCO3- secretory rates. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that DRA is the major apical anion exchanger in the duodenum as well as the colon and the likely transport protein for duodenal electroneutral HCO3- secretion.
Efficient medium arbitration of FSAN‐compliant GPONs

The steadily rising demand for multimedia and data services, the falling cost and omnipresence of Ethernet and the maturity of passive optical networks (PON) technology, promise to radically change the landscape in the local loop. The heart of a gigabit PON system (recently standardized by FSAN/ITU) is the medium access controller (MAC), which arbitrates access to the upstream link among users with fluctuating traffic demands and effects the multiplexing and concentration policy. At the same time, it has to safeguard the service quality and enforce the parameters agreed in the service level agreements (SLAs) between the users and the service provider. In this paper, a MAC protocol designed to serve any mix of services according to their quality of service (QoS) needs, employing four priority levels along with a high number of logically separate data queues is presented. The architecture and implementation in hardware of a MAC algorithm capable of allocating bandwidth down to a resolution of a byte with QoS differentiation is the focus of this paper. It employs the bandwidth arbitration tools of the FSAN/ITU G.984. 3 standard and maps SLA parameters to GPON service parameters to create an efficient, fair and flexible residential access system. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrophysiology, Pacing, and Arrhythmia Atrial Fibrillation: A Review of Mechanism, Etiology, and Therapy

Summary: The prevalence of elderly individuals in the populations of developed countries is increasing rapidly, and atrial tibrillation (AF) is quite common in these elderly patients: currently, 11 % of the U.S. population is between the ages of 65 and 85 years; 70% of people with AF are between the ages of 65 and 8.5 years. AF causes symptoms secondary to hemodynamic derangements that are the result of increased ventricular response and loss of atrial booster function. AF can lead to reversible impairment of left ventricular function, cardiac chamber dilatation, clinical heart failure, and thromboembolic events. AF requires treatment in order to prevent these potential complications. Type la, Ic, and 111 antiarrhythmics are capable of converting AF to normal sinus rhythm (NSR). Amiodarone has the greatest efficacy and safety for converting AF and maintaining NSR while digoxin and verapamil are ineffective in restoring NSR. Quinidine, flecainide, disopyramide, and sotalol have also been shown to maintain NSR after conversion of AE Proarrhythmia is a definite con-cern with the latter four agents. Alternative therapy for AFin-dudes anticoagulation with warfarin or aspirin for the prevention of thromboembolic events, and a variety of agents to control the ventricularresponse. All medications used to treat AF carry significant risks in the elderly, whether from proarrhythmia, overdosing because of compliance errors, or hemorrhage secondary to anticoagulation. Treatment of AF must be based on a careful risk-benefit evaluation. The physician must know the capability of the particular patient as well as drug mechanisms and effects in the elderly. The decision to convert patients from AF to NSR or to leave the patient in AF and control the ventricular response represents a complex intellectual challenge. Factors favoring one or the other of these two clinical strategies are discussed. Multicenter clinical trials, for example, the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) trial, are currently un-derway to assess various clinical strategies for maintenance of NSR following conversion from AF. Amiodarone is one of the drugs under investigation.
Suggestion of a New Brain Reaction Index for the EEG Signal Identification and Analysis

Brain signals are interpreted in various measures. This paper discusses on a research of suggestion or the new brain reaction index during mental calculation from the EEG signals. Measured brain waves were defined as being divided into brain reaction indexes of time and frequency domains for interpreting. 10 men and women were selected as subjects and they solved mathematical questions to find correlation between brain activities and mental calculation. Skewness, kurtosis, BRI and IPSF was applied to the signals in order to extract the EEG parameters. Experimental results indicated that this feature can represent the activity of the left right brain and concentration during mental calculation.
EMOTIONAL FACIAL EXPRESSIONS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH TOTAL LARYNGECTOMY Expressões faciais emocionais em indivíduos laringectomizados totais

Conflict of interest: non-existent alcohol, professional exposition to metals, textiles and radiations, and also hereditary factors.2 The location and staging of the tumor are proxies in delineating the treatment and, in most cases, the option is surgical, total or partial laryngectomy associated or not with radiotherapy and/or with chemotherapy, in pre or post surgery. After a total laryngectomy, the breathing becomes to be held definitively by tracheal stoma and the production of laryngeal voice becomes impossible3. Some authors relate that a total laryngectomy is emotionally more traumatic than another type of surgery due to psychological and functionalimpairment4. The initial aim is the rehabilitation of the oral communication of the individual, thus allowing a social, professional and a family reintegration of the laryngectomized person3,5.The return  INTRODUCTION
Breast Cancer Awareness among Saudi Nursing Students

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and its incidence is increasing in many countries. Nursing students are the future nurses who will have the opportunity to encourage and influence women to be breast aware. Breast-self examination is a simple and easy way to help women to detect any changes in the breasts. A quasi- experimental study was conducted to assess the effect of a Breast Cancer workshop on a group of 33 Saudi nursing students. The knowledge of breast cancer and competency in performing breast-self examination were assessed before and after the workshop using a set of questionnaires designed for the study. The data showed that the participants' knowledge of breast cancer increased significantly after the workshop. They felt confident to teach and were willing to pass the information of breast cancer and breast self- examination to their relatives, friends and colleagues. Based on the findings of the study, researcher believes that nursing schools in Saudi Arabia need to provide workshops on a regular basis for nursing students on breast cancer and breast self-examination in order to increase their knowledge, and enhance their confidence and skills to teach women about breast cancer and its early detection.
Illness Representations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic illness that usually follows a fluctuating course and, therefore, can be difficult to diagnose. Consequently, individuals with SLE often hold beliefs about the nature and course of the illness that are at odds with medical opinion. Clearly, a shared understanding of the illness would be beneficial to illness management. In this study, the authors used semistructured interviews and interpretative phenomenological analysis to explore the content of the illness representations held by 36 individuals diagnosed with SLE. They also identified the ways in which these illness representations were generated initially and attempted to determine whether changes occurred over time in these illness representations, as predicted by the self-regulatory model.
Association Between Tibial Malunion Deformity Parameters and Degenerative Hip and Knee Disease

Objectives: Tibia fractures are the most common long bone fracture. Criteria for closed and open reduction are based on the amount of fracture shortening, angulation, and rotation, with high success rates achieved if acceptable alignment is maintained. However, there exists limited data available regarding the long-term consequences of specific deformation patterns. Methods: The tibiae of 2898 cadaveric skeletons were manually inspected for evidence of fracture. Specimens with midshaft fractures were identified as candidates for study; intraarticular fractures were excluded. Fracture shortening, location, angulation, rotation (torsion), and translation were measured using previously described techniques. Degenerative joint disease of the knee and hip was graded from 0 to 3 in fracture specimens using a previously published system. Correlations between fracture characteristic and osteoarthritis were evaluated. Results: Thirty-seven tibia fractures were present in 36 skeletons. In patients with tibia fractures, ipsilateral knee arthritis was greater than that of the contralateral side (P < 0.001). Knee arthritis was greater in fractures with coronal plane deformity greater than 5 degrees (P = 0.006) and with rotational deformity greater than 10 degrees (P = 0.004). There were no differences in knee arthritis based on laterality, shortening, sagittal deformity, fracture type, or translation in any plane (P > 0.05 for all). There were no differences in hip arthritis on the ipsilateral side compared with the contralateral side (P = 0.149). However, tibiae that were shortened by more than 10 mm had higher grades of ipsilateral hip arthritis (P = 0.009). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that coronal and axial plane malalignment and shortening are of the greatest consequence following tibia fracture. These conclusions strengthen the recommendations of authors who have emphasized restoring tibial length following fracture, and providing anatomic restoration in the coronal and axial planes.
Effect of roasting degree on the antioxidant activity of different Arabica coffee quality classes.

BACKGROUND Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, because of its unique sensory properties and physiological properties. Coffee beverages represent a significant source of antioxidants in the consumers' diet and contribute significantly to their daily intake. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of different roasting degrees on the content of biologically active compounds and antioxidant activity in different quality classes of Arabica coffee. METHODS Samples of green Arabica coffee (Rio Minas) of two quality classes from two production batches were used for the research. Roasting was carried out at temperatures of 167, 175 and 171°C. The total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), flavonol content (FC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS) in the coffee extracts was determined. RESULTS This research shows that TPC was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in green coffee compared to TPC in roasted coffee, and TPC decreases as the roasting temperature increases. TFC and FC were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in green coffee than in roasted coffee. Differences in TPC between the 1st and 2nd classes of Arabica coffee were not significant (P > 0.05), while differences in TFC were significant (P < 0.05) only for green coffee from the second production batch and differences in FC were significant (P < 0.05) for green coffee and for coffee roasted at 175°C. Roasting temperatures have different influences the antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS) of coffee and the highest antioxidant activity was determined in coffee roasted at 171°C. An exception was 1st class Arabica coffee roasted at 167°C (ABTS). All samples of 1st class Arabica coffee had higher antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS) compared to 2nd class Arabica. CONCLUSIONS This research shows that the bioactive compounds content and antioxidant activity of different quality classes of Arabica coffee are dependent on the degree of roasting. TPC decreases when the roasting temperature increases, while TFC and FC also increase. These results indicate that the antioxidant activity of coffee depends on a variety of bioactive components in coffee beans. Antioxidant activity largely depends on the class of coffee. The coffee samples of 1stclass quality (maximum 8 black beans/300 g from the sample and large bean size) had higher antioxidant activity compared to samples of 2nd quality class (maximum 19 black beans/300 g in the sample and medium-sized beans).
Pre‐synaptic dopaminergic compensation after moderate nigrostriatal damage in non‐human primates

Despite a dramatic loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease, clinical symptoms only arise with 70–80% reduction of striatal dopamine. The mechanisms responsible for this functional compensation are currently under debate. Although initial studies showed an enhanced pre‐synaptic dopaminergic function with nigrostriatal degeneration, more recent work suggests that functional compensation is not dopamine‐mediated. To address this issue, we used cyclic voltammetry to directly measure endogenous dopamine release from striatal slices of control monkeys and animals with a moderate or severe MPTP‐induced dopaminergic lesion. The moderately lesioned monkeys were asymptomatic, while the severely lesioned animals were parkinsonian. In monkeys with a moderate lesion, a 300% increase was obtained in endogenous striatal dopamine release. In contrast, in striatal slices from severely lesioned animals, a small % of evoked dopamine signals were similar in amplitude to control while the greater majority were undetectable. These findings suggest that pre‐synaptic dopaminergic compensation develops in residual dopaminergic terminals with moderate lesioning, but that this response is lost with severe nigrostriatal damage. Such an interpretation is supported by the results of dopamine turnover studies. This enhanced pre‐synaptic dopaminergic activity may be important in maintaining normal motor function during the initial stages of Parkinson’s disease.
Saw palmetto extracts for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and, where possible, quantitative meta-analysis of the existing evidence regarding the therapeutic efficacy and safety of the saw palmetto plant extract, Serenoa repens, in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). DATA SOURCES Studies were identified through the search of MEDLINE (1966-1997), EMBASE, Phytodok, the Cochrane Library, bibliographies of identified trials and review articles, and contact with relevant authors and drug companies. STUDY SELECTION Randomized trials were included if participants had symptomatic BPH, the intervention was a preparation of S repens alone or in combination with other phytotherapeutic agents, a control group received placebo or other pharmacological therapies for BPH, and the treatment duration was at least 30 days. DATA EXTRACTION Two investigators for each article (T.J.W., A.I., G.S., and R.M.) independently extracted key data on design features, subject characteristics, therapy allocation, and outcomes of the studies. DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 18 randomized controlled trials involving 2939 men met inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Many studies did not report results in a method that permitted meta-analysis. Treatment allocation concealment was adequate in 9 studies; 16 were double-blinded. The mean study duration was 9 weeks (range, 4-48 weeks). As compared with men receiving placebo, men treated with S repens had decreased urinary tract symptom scores (weighted mean difference [WMD], -1.41 points [scale range, 0-19] [95% confidence interval (CI), -2.52 to -0.30] [n = 1 study]), nocturia (WMD, -0.76 times per evening [95% CI, -1.22 to -0.32] [n = 10 studies]), and improvement in self-rating of urinary tract symptoms; risk ratio for improvement (1.72 [95% CI, 1.21-2.44] [n = 6 studies]), and peak urine flow (WMD, 1.93 mL/s [95% CI, 0.72-3.14] [n = 8 studies]). Compared with men receiving finasteride, men treated with S repens had similar improvements in urinary tract symptom scores (WMD, 0.37 International Prostate Symptom Score points [scale range, 0-35] [95% CI, -0.45 to 1.19] [n = 2 studies]) and peak urine flow (WMD, -0.74 mL/s [95% CI, -1.66 to 0.18] [n = 2 studies]). Adverse effects due to S repens were mild and infrequent; erectile dysfunction was more frequent with finasteride (4.9%) than with S repens (1.1%; P<.001). Withdrawal rates in men assigned to placebo, S repens, or finasteride were 7%, 9%, and 11%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The existing literature on S repens for treatment of BPH is limited in terms of the short duration of studies and variability in study design, use of phytotherapeutic preparations, and reports of outcomes. However, the evidence suggests that S repens improves urologic symptoms and flow measures. Compared with finasteride, S repens produces similar improvement in urinary tract symptoms and urinary flow and was associated with fewer adverse treatment events. Further research is needed using standardized preparations of S repens to determine its long-term effectiveness and ability to prevent BPH complications.
The ideal problem solver. A guide for improving thinking, learning, and creativity

CHAPTER I THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBLEM SOLVING: New Views about Thinking and Problem Solving Some Common Approaches to Problems Menmi Escapes The Purpose and Structure of This Book PART I A FRAMEWORK FOR USING KNOWLEDGE MORE EFFECTIVELY: CHAPTER 2 A MODEL FOR IMPROVING PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS: The IDEAL Approach to Problem Solving Failure to Identify the Possibility of Future Problems The Importance of Conceptual Inventions The Importance of Systematic Analysis The Importance of Using External Representations Some Additional General Strategies The Importance of Specialized Concepts and Strategies The Importance of Acting on Strategies to Evaluate Outcomes The IDEAL Cycle Blocks to Creative Problem Solving CHAPTER 3 CREATIVITY AND THE IDEAL FRAMEWORK: Identify Problems and Opportunities Define Alternative Goals Explore Possible Strategies Anticipate and Act Look and Learn The IDEAL Cycle and Creativity CHAPTER 4 INTELLIGENT CRITICISM: The Importance of Evaluating Arguments Three Ways of Critically Evaluating Arguments The Analysis of Factual Claims Evaluating the Reasoning of Arguments The Analysis of Key Assumptions CHAPTER 5 EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION: The Importance of Identifying Communication Problems Three Ways of Defining Communication Goals Message Audience Presentation Medium Evaluating the Effectiveness of Your Attempts to Communicate PART 2 A MODEL FOR ACQUIRING NEW KNOWLEDGE: CHAPTER 6 IMPROVING MEMORY SKILLS: Remembering as Problem Solving Understanding Basic Memory Processes Strategies for Remembering Adapting and Inventing Memory Strategies CHAPTER 7 LEARNING WITH UNDERSTANDING : Comprehension as Problem Solving Learning about New Areas of Knowledge Anticipating Outcomes and Acting on Comprehension Strategies Looking at the Effects and Learning to Learn The IDEAL Cycle and Lifelong Learning CHAPTER 8 INSTRUCTION THAT FACILITATES PROBLEM SOLVING: Why Problem Solving Needs to Be an Integral Part of Education Problems with Traditional Approaches to Instruction Organizing Learning Around Problem Solving General Issues Related to Problem-Based Learning The Importance of Opportunities for Assessment CHAPTER 9 CONCLUDING REMARKS: The Development of Problem-Solving Skills Attitudes Notes. APPENDIX A ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS IN TEXT. APPENDIX B ANSWERS TOEXERCISES. APPENDIX C IDEAL PROBLEM NAVIGATION GUIDE.
Motivational Interviewing and Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention to Improve HIV Medication Adherence Among Hazardous Drinkers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective:To assess the efficacy of a behavioral intervention designed to improve HIV medication adherence and reduce alcohol consumption among HIV-positive men and women. Design:A randomized controlled trial conducted between July 2002 and August 2005. Setting:A behavioral research center in New York City. Participants:HIV-positive men and women (n = 143) who were on HIV antiretroviral medication and met criteria for hazardous drinking. Intervention:Participants were randomly assigned to an 8-session intervention based on motivational interviewing and cognitive-behavioral skills building or a time- and content-equivalent educational condition. Outcome Measures:Viral load, CD4 cell count, and self-reported adherence and drinking behavior were assessed at baseline and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Results:Relative to the education condition, participants in the intervention demonstrated significant decreases in viral load and increases in CD4 cell count at the 3-month follow-up and significantly greater improvement in percent dose adherence and percent day adherence. There were no significant intervention effects for alcohol use, however, and effects on viral load, CD4 cell count, and adherence were not sustained at 6 months. Conclusions:An 8-session behavioral intervention can result in improvement in self-report and biologic markers of treatment adherence and disease progression. This type of intervention should be considered for dissemination and integration into HIV clinics providing comprehensive care for HIV-positive persons with alcohol problems. Although the effect was attenuated over time, future studies might test the added effectiveness of booster sessions or ongoing adherence counseling.