Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vegetation Restoration Alters the Diversity and Community Composition of Soil Nitrogen-Fixing Microorganisms in the Loess Hilly Region of China

In this study, we determined the variations in the diversity and structure of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms during afforestation and how this variability correlates with the soil physicochemical factors. Soils were sampled from replicated plots representing three revegetation types (Robinia pseudoacacia L. [Rp], Caragana korshinskii Kom [Ck], and abandoned land) with adjacent farmland as the control at a research site in Ansai District, Yan’an City, Shaanxi Province, China. Using high-throughput sequencing of the nifH rRNA gene, we found that revegetation significantly increased the Shannon diversity index, and for the richness index Chao1 was highest in Ck and have no significant difference in other three lands. From farmland to vegetation types abandoned land, Ck, and Rp, the dominant phylum of nifH microorganisms changed from Actinobacteria to Proteobacteria. Furthormore, variation in the Chao1 richness index was significantly influenced by pH (p = 0.002), soil organic carbon (SOC; p = 0.025) and total nitrogen (TN; p = 0.015). The Shannon diversity index was significantly influenced by SOC, nitrate nitrogen (NN), C to P ratio, TN, AN, N to P ratio, TP, and sand. The changes of nifH microorganism composition at the phylum level were significantly correlated with the soil N to P ratio, which explained 53.1% of the variation among environmental factors (F = 11.8, p = 0.002). The ratio of N to P (interpretation rate 65.2%, F = 18.8, p = 0.002) was also a key factor that influenced the composition at the genus level. Based on the diversity and composition, Ck was a more advantageous recovery method to increase the capacity for N fixation. This study provides a basis for the study of N-fixation characteristics in the Loess Hilly Region.
Chemical speciation in semiarid environments – A review

In semiarid environments, the major cations in soil and surface waters are ionic calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium (Ca, Mg, Na, and K), and the major anions are chlorite, sulfate, bicarbonate, and carbonate (Cl, SO4, HCO3, and CO3), respectively. However, watersheds impacted by fertilization, feedlots, or domestic waste water can also contain elevated levels of nitrate (NO3)and phosphate (PO4), mainly in the form of HPO4 and H2PO4. The formation of complexes between all cations and anions entered needs to be evaluated and for that, Geochemical speciation programs allow being solved for all components present in the system. As an example, the composition of water in semiarid environments is strongly influenced by the dissolution and precipitation of minerals. Geochemical speciation programs such include a data base of reactions and equilibrium constants for minerals. Depending on the model application and knowledge of the environment being modeled, the user may make choices such as specifying that a specified amount of a given mineral is initially present, or the solution phase is always in equilibrium with a certain mineral. The user may also choose to allow or disallow certain minerals which may not be present initially to precipitate if super-saturation is reached. To start from chemical speciation and have it be meaningful and useful in today's changing world of environmental health and the impact of water quality on all living organisms as well as the storage in our aquifers, learning the basics is truly just the beginning. Key-words: Soil quality, Soil chemistry, Soil solution, Semiarid environments
Plant disease forecast and modern dynamism in black pod disease management in Nigeria

Black pod disease (BPD) is reputed for its regular occurrence in Africa and around the world with high propensity for massive destruction of cocoa pods in the field and total yield loss per season if proper management strategies are not applied. This research was designed to provide useful and timely information on BPD outbreak, its intensity and specific areas expected to be massively affected by the disease in Nigeria. Twelve (12) research locations were mapped out from four important cocoa producing states in Southwest, Nigeria for BPD assessment and forecast. The BPD forecast system “ETAPOD” accurately predicted BPD outbreak in Ondo (Ọwena and Waasimi) and Osun (Adaagba, Iyanfọwọrọgi, and Owode-Igangan), but it failed to give accurate predictions for Ogun (Ǫbafemi-Owode) and Oyo (Moye village, Daagi-Logba and Oloro village) states. The performance of ETAPOD was greatly affected by the credibility of the data fed into the system, this can be improved on. ETAPOD predicted BPD outbreak closely within the range of natural BPD occurrences. Key words: Disease forecast, black pod disease (BPD) outbreak, total yield loss, ETAPOD, data credibility.
Determinants of Dropout and Child School Enrollment: A Case Study from Rural Islamabad

Education is an important pillar for the development of any society. Generally, school enrollment in developing countries is observed very low compared to the developed countries and the situation is further worsened by the high dropout rate. The current study investigates the major factors responsible for high dropouts in Islamabad, Pakistan, particularly in rural areas. For this purpose, the primary data have been obtained through a detailed questionnaire collecting information on child socioeconomic, household, cultural, and other characteristics. For modeling purposes, Probit model is used to investigate the effects of various factors on high child dropout rate. The results revealed that besides the distance from school to home, financial constraints are the most important reason for dropping out. Moreover, the education of father, age of the child and the gender of the child are also highly significant variables that determine the probability of a child dropout.
EFFECT OF NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS FACTORY (TALKHA FERTILIZERS FACTORY) ON NITRATE STATUS IN THE AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT.

This research work was carried out to evaluate nitrogenous fertilizers factory (Talkha fertilizers factory) as a source of nitrate pollution and its content in the soil, irrigation and drainage water and cultivated plants in its Talkha area, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Soil samples were taken at soil depths of 0-15, 15-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm at five distances of the factory . i.e. at before 500m of the factory (as control), 0, 500, 1000 and 1500 m after them. These soil samples were analyzed for some physical and chemical properties and also for its content of different N-forms . i.e. total – N, NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N and organicN (O-N). At the soil sampling sites, samples of both irrigation and drainage water were taken and analyzed for their pH, EC and the content of both NH4-N and NO3-N. At the same sites, samples of cultivated plants were taken and analyzed for the content of total N, NH4-N and NO3N. After that, the relationships between some soil properties and its content of different Nforms were calculated. From theses relations and predication equations the predict soil content of NO3-N was calculated. The obtained data show that, the soil content (mg/kg) of different N forms was decreased with the increase of soil depth, except NO3-N was increased with the soil depth up to 60 cm. Also, the content of these forms was decreased with the distance increase of the factory. The relationships between soil properties and the content of different Nforms varied depending on the studied soil property and N-forms. Generally, the prediction values of NO3-N were higher than those of determined NO3N. Also both irrigation and drainage water and plant samples content of both NH4-N and NO3-N was decreased with the distance of the factory increase.
Dip, layer spacing, and incision rate controls on the formation of strike valleys, cuestas, and cliffbands in heterogeneous stratigraphy

Landscapes developed over heterogeneous stratigraphy exhibit a spectrum of landforms from dramatic cliffbands to hogbacks, depending on the dip and spacing of the layers. In deeply incised landscapes, a single cliffband may consist of multiple resistant layers, whereas similar stratigraphy elsewhere is separated by strike valleys into individual cuesta benches or hogbacks. This paper presents a geometric analysis, informed by a numerical landscape model, to explain the conditions for development of a strike valley floored by erodible rocks. The results define a threshold incision rate below which strike valleys are more likely to form; this threshold incision rate is proportional to the stratigraphic spacing of cliff-forming layers and a trigonometric function of dip angle. The analysis also yields a time scale for the adjustment of structural landforms to changes in regional incision rate, which is a function of dip angle and the coupling between cliff retreat rate and escarpment height. In example landscapes of the Colorado Plateau, this time scale is likely much longer than that of documented variations of incision rates due to late Quaternary climate and land-use changes. The transitional state of escarpments in layered rock may therefore contain information about regional downcutting rates over time scales different from those recorded by the fluvial network. The utility of such features will require better understanding of the coupling between incision of a foot slope and the retreat rate of the cliff above in different kinds of rocks.
Treatment of Errors in Dam Safety Monitoring Data

The error processing of dam safety monitoring data is the basic work of the whole data analysis, and it is the guarantee for objectively evaluating the safety of dams. This paper summarizes the sources of error, analysis methods and research status of dam monitoring data, lists several commonly used error processing methods and the latest research progress, and compares 3σ criterion, Grubbs criterion and mathematical model method, and finally analyzes through engineering examples.
Validation of smartphone based visual acuity charts for community outreach programs.

INTRODUCTION: Smartphones are gaining importance in all fields of health. If installed in these smartphones, these visual acuity charts could be of use in remote areas because these are handy and can be carried easily. OBJECTIVE: Primary aim of this study was to find the accuracy of these charts in comparison to clinically used Snellen’s visual acuity charts. METHODS: Visual acuity of a total of 100 patients was assessed on standard Snellen’s visual acuity chart at a distance of 6 meter and results were compared by checking visual acuity through smartphone installed application of Snellen’s chart at distance of 3 meters. Letter size for this chart was kept 44 mm and brightness of smartphone was maximum at the time of testing. RESULTS: Final comparison of Snellen’s visual acuity chart named Rest vision chart with clinical Snellen’s chart resulted in no significant difference between these two charts. Mean difference of clinical Snellen’s chart of 100 patients was 1.62 while the mean difference of Rest Snellen’s vision chart was 1.65. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that this Rest Snellen’s vision chart is valid and quite accurate and can be used for screening purposes for community outreach programs if letter size is 44mm and is tested at distance of 3 meters keeping the brightness of smartphone maximum. KEYWORDS: Smart-phone, Visual acuity, Rest vision chart, Snellen’s visual acuity.
The effect of video game experience and the ability to handle workload and workload transitions

Dynamic and complex domains, like those found in the military and healthcare require operators to experience and cope with changes in task demands, i.e. workload transitions. The literature has shown individual differences affect a person’s ability to handle workload transitions, but the role of individual experience has not been thoroughly examined. The focus of this work aims to understand how the role of video game experience, affects an individual’s ability to handle workload transitions in the context of simulated unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control. Twenty-one participants completed a UAV simulation under four workload scenarios: low, high, gradual shift from low to high, and sudden shift from low to high. Performance was compared across self-reported video-game players (VGPs) and non-video game players (NVGPs). Overall accuracy for VGPs was higher than NVGPs. This line of work provides the foundation to understand the effect of video game experience, which can help inform training programs and workplace design for operators in various data-rich environments.
Analisis Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Dan Ketimpangan Pendapatan, Panel Data Enam Provinsi Di Pulau Jawa

This study aims to analyze (1) the effect of regional fiscal autonomy degrees, tax and investment ratios on economic growth in Indonesia, (2) the effect of economic growth, labor productivity, investment and the Human Development Index (HDI) on income inequality in Java.The type of research is descriptive and associative research. The type of data is documentary data, the data source is panel data during 2013 - 2017 in six provinces in Java. This study uses simultaneous equation modeling tools with the Indirect Least Squared method ( ILS) Common Effect. Endogenous variables in the study are economic growth and income inequality. While the exogenous variables are regional fiscal autonomy, tax ratios, labor productivity, investment and the Human Development Index (HDI). The results of the study concluded that (1) the variables of regional fiscal autonomy, tax and investment ratios had a significant effect on economic growth in Java. (2) Variable economic growth, labor productivity, investment and HDI significantly affect income inequality in Java. The policies that can be suggested are that efforts are needed to increase economic growth with the efforts of the central government together with regional governments to increase Regional Original Revenue (PAD) by optimizing regional potentials. Increasing the potential of this area will encourage the increase of PAD in each region will have an impact on the increasing degree of regional fiscal autonomy (ratio between PAD and Total Regional Revenue). Focus more on equity-oriented development not only on economic growth. Keywords: economic growth, income inequality
Torsional Behaviour of Irregular Buildings with Single Eccentricity

Torsional response in building structural systems arise from two sources: a) eccentricity between the centre of mass and centre of stiffness of vertical lateral force resisting elements and (b) accidental torsion due to the rotational component of ground motion about a vertical axis, the eccentricity between assumed and actual stiffness and mass, uncertainty in live load distribution, and uncertainty in dead loads due to variations in labour and materials. This paper addresses the effect of the ratio Ω between structure uncoupled torsional frequency (ωƟ) to uncoupled transition frequency (ωx) or (ωy), on the torsional behaviour of the structure. A parametric study is carried out using the equivalent static force (ELF) method applied to one story building with single eccentricity by examining different values of Ω. The study shows that structures with ratio Ω > 1.0 are torsionally stiff and displacements values are not sensitive to the increment in eccentricity ratio, in other words, the structure shows planer frame behaviour and the deformations are mainly transitional rather than torsional. Conversely structures with ratio Ω < 1.0 are torsionally flexible and displacements values are sensitive to increases in eccentricity ratio, therefore, the deformations are mainly torsionally twisting rather than transitional motion. It is also observed that when Ω = 1.0, no significant increase in torsional response occurs. Torsional irregularities coefficient as defined by ASCE 7-10 building code, i.e., the ratio between maximum story drift at one end of the structure to the average story drifts at the two ends of the structure, have been calculated for different values of the ratio Ω. Results shows that irregularity coefficient increases as the ratio Ω decreases. In addition, structures with Ω < 1.0 are more sensitive to the value of eccentricity between centre of mass and centre of rigidity. Subsequently irregularity coefficient increases dramatically, and excessive torsion occurs as the value of eccentricity increases for structures with ratio Ω < 1.0, while minor increment is observed on the value of irregularity coefficient when eccentricity increases. This paper discusses the significance of utilizing the frequency ratio Ω to control the torsional behaviour of building structures.
Robot manipulator control under the Active Inference framework

The Active Inference framework is a neuroscience theory based on the Free Energy Principle by Karl Friston that has gained considerable prominence as a general theory to explain action and perception. Despite its promising future and use in different fields, its applicability for robot control has been barely investigated in the literature so far. This thesis aims at discerning if the current Active Inference implementation can be used for the control of robot manipulators and which are the requirements to do so. Firstly, an analysis of the current implementation of robot control under the Active Inference is made to understand its accomplishments and limitations. Secondly, both offline and online control schemes under the Active Inference framework are proposed. To continue with, a low-level controller is designed to be used in the Active Inference control scheme as a prior of the robot behaviour. The performance of the designed controller and the Active Inference scheme using this controller as a prior is compared to a benchmark controller. This comparison shows that the proposed implementation of the Active Inference scheme does not perform better than the current methods, but with further research on the how to implement this scheme using a real process it may become a valid alternative to these methods. Finally, recommendations on future work are given to bring this framework to online implementations and to verify the results obtained regarding the applicability of the Active Inference framework to robot manipulator control.
Offloading Delay Constrained Transparent Computing Tasks With Energy-Efficient Transmission Power Scheduling in Wireless IoT Environment

Billions of lightweight Internet of Things (IoT) devices have been deployed for various applications nowadays. Most of them first collect interested data and then process them in some degree according to application requirements. Transparent computing (TC) is a promising technique that makes such lightweight devices suitable to process even large-size applications. The advantage of TC is to separate code storage from its execution, allowing IoT devices to load code blocks from nearby TC storage server on demand. Distinct from existing work, this paper allows the TC IoT devices to offload some tasks to servers, since wireless IoT devices are usually powered by batteries, having limited energy resources. If a task is offloaded, a challenging problem is that its input data collected by the IoT device must be transferred as well, which incurs additional transmission time and energy. This paper proposes a two-step approach aiming at minimizing the energy consumption of the IoT device while satisfies the delay constraint. This approach first studies the offloading decision problem that determines for each task whether to offload task data or load task code blocks, while loading code indicates code receiving and executing energy cost. Second, the transmission power scheduling problem is investigated to further reduce offloading energy for a given delay constrained offloading task set. Heuristic decision making algorithms and optimal power scheduling algorithm are proposed, respectively. Such two-step approach is shown by extensive simulation to be near optimal for the original problem thanks to the optimal design of the power scheduling algorithm.
Substantial Fluctuating of Nitrogen Sources and Levels for Improving Canola Productivity in New Reclaimed Lands

In order to explore the effects of different sources and levels of nitrogen on agronomic characteristics of canola. Tow field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt during 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons. Nitrogen fertilizer in the form of Ammonium Nitrate (AN) was added in two equal doses, the first dose, after three weeks of planting and the second one after seven weeks of planting at the levels of 0, 50,75 and 100 kg ha. But nitrogen in the form of Ammonium Sulfate (AS) was practical in one equal portion after sowing and before irrigation at four levels, i.e. 0, 15, 30 and 45 kg ha. Results designated that all agronomic characters increased with increasing N application, but the oil content diminished particularly with Ammonium Nitrate. Application of 100 kg N ha in form of AN or 45 kg N ha in form of AS chronicled the maximum seed yield in the two seasons. It could be determined that the cultivation of plants in the presence N in the form AN or AS enhanced the nutritional values of the yielded seed under the new reclaimed soils in Egypt.
A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE DIRECTIVE UTTERANCES IN THE PERCY JACKSON AND THE OLYMPIANS NOVEL AND ITS TRANSLATION

The aims of this study were to describe the varieties of the language form of directive utterances and to examine the equivalences of the speaker’s intention of directive utterances in the novel of Percy Jackson and the Olympians and its translation. The method applied was descriptive qualitative with the data in the form of the directive utterances in the novel of Percy Jackson and the Olympians and its translation.The result of the study shows that first, the language form of directive utterances used in the original novel and its translation are not always appropriate. The language form includes the variation from declarative in the source language turn into imperative in its translation, interrogative in the source languge turn into imperative in its translation and imperative in the source language turn into declarative in its translation. Second, the translation based on speaker’s intention is equivalent because from 44 sentences in data, there are only 6 (13,6 %) data that are unequivalent. It means that there are 38 data (86,4 %) which are equivalent based on speaker’s intention. Key words : pragmatic, directive utterances, translation