Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reliability of third molar development for age estimation in Gujarati population: A comparative study

Background: Age assessment may be a crucial step in postmortem profiling leading to confirmative identification. In children, Demirjian's method based on eight developmental stages was developed to determine maturity scores as a function of age and polynomial functions to determine age as a function of score. Aim: Of this study was to evaluate the reliability of age estimation using Demirjian's eight teeth method following the French maturity scores and Indian-specific formula from developmental stages of third molar with the help of orthopantomograms using the Demirjian method. Materials and Methods: Dental panoramic tomograms from 30 subjects each of known chronological age and sex were collected and were evaluated according to Demirjian's criteria. Age calculations were performed using Demirjian's formula and Indian formula. Statistical analysis used was Chi-square test and ANOVA test and the P values obtained were statistically significant. Results: There was an average underestimation of age with both Indian and Demirjian's formulas. The mean absolute error was lower using Indian formula hence it can be applied for age estimation in present Gujarati population. Also, females were ahead of achieving dental maturity than males thus completion of dental development is attained earlier in females. Conclusion: Greater accuracy can be obtained if population-specific formulas considering the ethnic and environmental variation are derived performing the regression analysis.
Phylogeographical structure and regional history of the dusky‐footed woodrat, Neotoma fuscipes

The dusky‐footed woodrat, Neotoma fuscipes, is a medium‐sized rodent that inhabits low elevation woodland habitats along the Pacific coast of North America from Oregon, throughout California and into Baja California. Analyses of mitochondrial sequence variation throughout the distribution reveal substantial phylogeographical structure within N. fuscipes. The major mitochondrial lineages are largely concordant with previously identified morphological subdivisions within the taxon. The geographical distribution of distinct clades suggests that a combination of topographic barriers and the expansion and contraction of suitable habitat during the past 2 million years, especially along particular mountain ranges, have played a major role in the diversification of N. fuscipes. Furthermore, relatively low levels of genetic variation across the northern half of the distribution suggest that dusky‐footed woodrats may have only recently expanded into this region.
Drugs for pulmonary arterial hypertension: a systematic review of the clinical-effectiveness of combination therapy.

Authors' conclusions Treatment guidelines for IPAH reserved combination therapy for more severe cases that fail to respond to monotherapy. As well, it is recommended that combination therapy take place under the supervision of experienced PAH-specialty practitioners or within the context of clinical trials. From the limited number of published RCTs, it appears that there may be some additional benefit from combinations of agents in PAH, but these studies have been relatively short in duration, and two of the three studies included only small numbers of patients. There are a number of RCTs of various combinations of agents underway that may help to clarify the clinical benefit of this treatment approach. Until these studies are completed, there may be insufficient evidence to make broad policy decisions about combination therapy in PAH. Such decisions may be best considered on a case-by-case basis.
Modes of Learning and Performance Among U.P. Open University graduates

The study shows that online, mixed mode, and face‐to‐face learners perform at the same level among the 2006 graduates of the UP Open University (UPOU). The most critical factor that has affected performance level is the initiative of the student to interact with their teachers. However, this factor is also influenced by the initiative of the teacher to interact with the students. Satisfaction of the graduates with distance learning is high (6.2 in a scale of 1 to 7, with 7 as the highest point). Critical factors positively related with satisfaction are the initiative of the teacher to interact with students, the initiative of the students to interact with their teachers, and the initiative of students to interact with their peers. Socio‐demographic factors like regional base, gender, marital status, and age do not influence performance. The findings significantly demonstrate that irrespective of regional origins, marital status, gender and age, performance is the same across the different groups. Half of the graduates relied on the online mode of instruction, utilizing the integrated virtual learning environment (IVLE) platform of UPOU, particularly its discussion forum. Those remaining were distributed into mixed and face‐to‐face mode. Factors facilitating and impeding performance in distance learning and those influencing reliance on IVLE were discussed in the paper. Other policy implications were raised in the paper.
'Do Rich Countries Invest Less in Poor Countries Than the Poor Countries Themselves?'

Global private capital flows have barely touched the poorest nations; the rich invest mostly with the rich. Confronted with this wealth bias in cross-border investment flows, one of the starkest facts of the global economy, theorists and empiricists have spent roughly the last decade looking for an explanation. It is possible that failures in the global capital market prevent capital from exploiting high returns in poor countries; it is also possible that fundamental returns to investment are lower in poor countries. Could a rich-country social planner, capable only of forcing capital flows across borders but not directly into the hands of individual poor-country entrepreneurs, improve the efficiency of the global capital allocation? She could—but only to the extent that market failures cause wealth bias, and moreover, only to the extent that those market failures drive wedges expressly across international boundaries. A novel empirical framework uses standard data to conclude that 85% of wealth bias, whether caused by market failure or not, is domestic in origin. That is, poor country lenders are deterred from investing in poor countries to nearly the same degree that rich-country lenders are. Schematically speaking, investors at the National Stock Exchange in Mumbai face much the same incentives to invest in India as do their counterparts on Wall Street.
Quantification, qualification, and microbial killing efficiencies of antimicrobial chlorine-based substances produced by iontophoresis

The dependence of microbial killing on chloride ions present in solutions undergoing iontophoresis is addressed. A 400-microA current was applied to vials containing synthetic urine or saline, and the production of chlorine-based substances (CBSs) was detected by the N,N-diethyl-p-phenylene diamine colorimetric method. It was found that as the time of current application increased, the total concentration of CBSs also increased. The iontophoretic current converted (through oxidation) chloride ions present in the solutions into CBSs such as free chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chlorite, monochloramine, and dichloramine (the last two were produced by iontophoresis only when nitrogenous substances were present in the solution). Two of the CBSs (free Cl and ClO2), when they were separately added back to microbial suspensions (approximately 3 x 10(5) CFU/ml) at the same concentrations at which they were detected in either 0.46% (wt/vol) NaCl solution or synthetic urine iontophoresed for 4 h at 400 microA, reduced or eliminated bacterial genera and a fungus. However, when free Cl and ClO2 were jointly added back to microbial suspensions, bacterial and fungal killing was synergistic and more rapid and complete than when these chlorine-based biocides were added separately. Therefore, iontophoresis of solutions containing chloride ions produces chlorine-based biocides that are responsible for the antimicrobial effect of iontophoresis.
Conditions for a Linear Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off in Aimed Movements

A linear speed-accuracy trade-off has been found for rapid, precisely timed movements from a home position toward a target point. In this trade-off, We = K1 + K2(D/T), where D is the distance between the home position and the target, T is a pre-specified movement time, and We is the standard deviation of the distances actually moved. This result differs from Fitts' law, the commonly observed logarithmic trade-off in aimed movements. A new experiment with wrist rotations was performed to determine what conditions induce the linear trade-off rather than Fitts' law. Three types of condition are considered: movement brevity, feedback deprivation, and temporal precision. The experiment yielded a linear trade-off for precisely timed movements even when their durations significantly exceeded an amount of time (200 ms) sufficient to process visual feedback. This result suggests that the linearity does not depend on movement brevity and/or feedback deprivation per se. Instead it supports a temporal-precision hypothesis that the linear trade-off occurs when aimed movements must have precisely specified durations.
Pharmacokinetics of stavudine by oral administration to healthy Mexican volunteers.

Stavudine (d4T) is a thymidine nucleoside analogue which is intracellularly phosphorylated to an active metabolite, stavudine 5'-triphosphate. This metabolite inhibits HIV replication, either by competing with thymidine 5'-triphosphate for incorporation into viral DNA by reverse transcriptase or by causing premature termination of the viral chain after incorporation [2]. The stavudintriphosphate even interferes with the DNA polimerase β and γ [3,4]. Stavudine inhibits viral reverse transcriptase as do zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddI), zalcitabine (ddC) and lamivudine (3TC), which comprise the family of nucleoside HIV-reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Stavudine is currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients who have become intolerant to, or have failed to respond to zidovudine, didanosine or zalcitabine therapy [5].
Evaluation of serum and salivary lipid profile: A correlative study

Context: The correlation of serum and salivary lipid profile has been poorly characterized. The most commonly used laboratory diagnostic procedures for lipid profile involve analysis of cellular and chemical constituents of blood/plasma. As a diagnostic aid, saliva offers many advantages over serum. Aims: To evaluate and compare the serum and salivary lipid profile levels in healthy individuals and to validate the role of saliva as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for assessing lipid profile. Settings and Design: The present study was a prospective study. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 healthy study subjects who had no complaint or any major illness in recent past were selected. The parameters assessed included serum and salivary: total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDLC), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDLC) and triglycerides (TGL). Statistical Analysis Used: Evaluation of results and statistical analysis was carried out using descriptive, correlation and regression analysis. Results: There was a moderate level of correlation between serum and salivary TC, TGL, HDLC and VLDLC and there was a low and quite small correlation between serum and salivary LDLC. For all the five parameters assessed as a part of lipid profile, the correlation coefficients were highly significant statistically and also, with an increase in the serum mean values, corresponding increase in the saliva mean values for all the five parameters was noted. Conclusions: From the present study we conclude that saliva can be used as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for assessing lipid profile.
Hospitality and Travel Marketing

Part I: Introduction to marketing. Marketing defined. Differences between marketing products and hospitality/travel services. The hospitality and travel marketing system. Part II: Planning: research and analysis. Customer behavior in the hospitality and travel industry. Analyzing market opportunities. Marketing research. Part III: Planning: strategy, positioning and objectives. Marketing segmentation and trends. The marketing plan and the eight "P's" of hospitality marketing. Part IV: Implementing the marketing mix. The product/service mix and people. Packaging and promotion. The distribution mix and the travel trade. Communications and the promotional mix. Advertising. Sales promotion and merchandising. Personal selling and sales management. Public relations and publicity. Pricing. Part V: Controlling, measuring and evaluating the plan. Marketing management, evaluation and control.
Towards context-based disambiguation of mathematical expressions

We present a preliminary study on disambiguation of symbolic expressions in mathematical documents. We propose to use the natural language within which the expressions are embedded to resolve their semantics. The approach is based on establishing a similarity between the expression’s discourse context and a set of terms from Term Clusters based on OpenMath Content Dictionaries. The Term Clusters are semi-automatically constructed terminological resources which classify related mathematical concepts into groups. Each group is labelled with a term which represents the common denominator between the concepts.
Anomalous presentation of flexor carpi radialis brevis: a report of six cases

An anomalous presentation of flexor carpi radialis brevis (FCRB) is reported in six patients. These findings occurred in a consecutive series of 172 distal radius fracture fixations using a volar approach between 2002 and 2007. This is the first report of this anomalous muscle from a clinical series.
Estimating population structure from AFLP amplification intensity

In the last decade, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) have become one of the most widely used molecular markers to study the genetic structure of natural populations. Most of the statistical methods available to study the genetic structure of populations using AFLPs consider these markers as dominant and are thus unable to distinguish between individuals being heterozygous or homozygous for the dominant allele. Some attempts have been made to treat AFLPs as codominant markers by using AFLP band intensities to infer the most likely genotype of each individual. These two approaches have some drawbacks, the former discarding potentially valuable information and the latter being sometimes unable to correctly assign genotypes to individuals. In this study, we propose an alternative likelihood‐based approach, which does not attempt at inferring the genotype of each individual, but rather incorporate the uncertainty about genotypes into a Bayesian framework leading to the estimation of population‐specific FIS and FST coefficients. We show with simulations that the accuracy of our method is much higher than one using AFLP as dominant markers and is generally close to what would be obtained by using the same number of Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers. The method is applied to a data set of four populations of the common vole (Microtus arvalis) from Grisons in Switzerland, for which we obtained 562 polymorphic AFLP markers. Our approach is very general and has the potential to make AFLP markers as useful as SNP data for nonmodel species.
Effect of Surgery and Adjuvant Therapy in Reproductive and Sexual Dysfunction in Pre-menopausal Women with Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. Approximately twenty five percent breast cancer occurs during the reproductive and perimenopausal years. Surgery is the primary treatment of breast cancer. In addition, based on stage and biology of the disease, chemotherapy, radiation, endocrine therapy and biologics are recommended to reduce recurrence and cancer-related mortality. Although survival rates of women with breast cancer has significantly improved, the potential late adverse effects of adjuvant treatment and their impact on quality of life of breast cancer survivors have become increasingly important. Among premenopausal women with breast cancer, management of sexual dysfunction and fertility presents a challenge. The principal mechanisms that systemic therapy affect sexual function and fertility in women with breast cancer is ovarian suppression. In addition, cancer therapy alters anatomy and causes mucosal or skin changes that result in impaired sexual and reproductive health. In this article we review the effect of surgery and adjuvant therapy on reproductive and sexual health of young breast cancer survivors and briefly discuss various treatment options.
Colorectal cancer stage at diagnosis by socioeconomic and urban/rural status in California, 1988–2000

Rural residence has been associated with increased risk of late stage cancer diagnosis, but it is unknown if this is related to lower socioeconomic status (SES) of rural residents or to other factors. This study examined the impacts of SES and urban/rural status on colorectal cancer (CRC) stage at diagnosis in California.
Radical Product Innovation in the Dutch Food Industry

Abstract This paper examines the adoption of radical food production systems in the Dutch food industry. It is argued that radical innovations are of major importance to contribute to the increase of growth and competitiveness. A model was developed to test which factors influence the adoption of radical product innovations, in particular health enhancing food products. It includes organizational and environmental factors derived from literature that influence the adoption of radical innovations. Results indicate that differences in firms' organizational factors determine the adoption of radical product innovations. Implications, limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
Run EDGAR Run: SEC Dissemination in a High-Frequency World

We describe the process through which the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) makes filings “publicly available. ” For a sample of Form 4 (insider trade) filings, we show that, during the period we examine, the majority of filings are available to paying subscribers of the SEC's public dissemination system (PDS) feed before they are posted to the EDGAR website, and so provide subscribers and their clients with a private advantage. We show that this advantage translates into an economically significant trading advantage, and prices, volumes, and spreads respond to the news contained in filings beginning around 30 seconds before public posting. These findings indicate that the SEC dissemination process does not always provide a level playing field and that the meaning of publicly available information in capital markets is no longer simple or obvious. In response to our study, the SEC launched an investigation and agreed to eliminate the PDS timing advantage.
Age, Gender, and Risk-Taking: Evidence from the S&P 1500 Executives and Market-Based Measures of Firm Risk

This paper examines whether the age and gender of the firm’s top executives are reflected in firm-level riskiness. Using data on the S&P 1500 firms, we document that firms with older Chief Executive Officers (CEO) and Chief Financial Officers (CFO) are associated with less volatile stock returns and lower levels of idiosyncratic risk. This finding suggests that executives become more risk averse with age and may constrain risk-taking by their firms. Furthermore, we find evidence of a strong positive relationship between female executives and firm risk after controlling for firm-specific attributes and managerial risk-taking incentives. Overall, our empirical findings demonstrate that the age and gender of the firm’s top executives may have important implications for corporate outcomes.
Transforming growth factor beta isoforms in human optic nerve heads.

AIM To determine if the isoforms of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) are present in fetal, normal adult, and glaucomatous optic nerve heads. METHODS To localise cells synthesising TGF-beta, optic nerve heads were stained using antibodies to TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, and TGF-beta 3. To demonstrate synthesis, human optic nerve heads from fetal, glaucomatous, and normal age matched subjects were explanted, cultured overnight, and the culture supernatant was assayed for the presence of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 by bioassay. In addition, semiquantitative RT-PCR was performed to determine the gene expression pattern of TGF-beta 2. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry of glaucomatous samples revealed the presence of intense staining for TGF-beta 2 primarily in astrocytes, whereas TGF-beta 1 was localised to blood vessels. No TGF-beta 3 immunoreactivity was observed. There was little or no expression of TGF-beta in normal optic nerve heads. Optic nerve heads from glaucomatous eyes released 70-100-fold more TGF-beta 2 than normal age matched optic nerve heads. Fetal optic nerve heads released 90-100-fold more TGF-beta 2 than normal adult optic nerve heads. TGF-beta 1 was undetectable by bioassay in all samples tested. There was no apparent increase in TGF-beta 2 gene expression in glaucomatous and fetal eyes, suggesting post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that TGF-beta 2 is produced in high levels in the fetal and glaucomatous optic nerve heads, perhaps by a mechanism of post-transcriptional regulation. TGF-beta may be important during development of the optic nerve head and, in glaucoma, TGF-beta 2 may be a mediator of astrocyte reactivation and extracellular matrix remodelling in the lamina cribrosa.
Market Structure, Counterparty Risk, and Systemic Risk

Networks modeling bilaterally-cleared and centrally-cleared derivatives markets are shown to yield economically different price impact, volatility and contagion after an initial bankruptcy. A large bankruptcy in bilateral markets may leave a counterparty unable to expectationally prevent bankruptcy (checkmate) or make counterparties push markets and profit from contagion (hunting). In distress, bilateral markets amplify systemic risk and volatility versus centralized markets and are more subject to crises with real effects: contagion, unemployment, reduced tax revenue, higher transactions costs, lower risk sharing, and reduced allocative efficiency. Pricing distress volatility may suggest when to transition to central clearing. The model suggests three metrics for the well-connected part of a market -- number of counterparties, average risk aversion, and standard deviation of total exposure -- may characterize its fragility.
The Mediating Role of Attitudes in Re-Using Investor Relations Websites

Public listed companies have been utilising their web presences to achieve many different goals including serving their Investor Relations (IR) functions. These functions can be regarded as effective when their intended users are satisfied with the information and facilities provided on companies’ IR websites. Many studies indicate that user behaviours such as adoption, purchase decision and repeat use are reliable surrogates for website effectiveness. While some studies focus on online IR attributes as necessary for IR websites, few studies examine investors’ perceptions and behavioural outcomes as a result of their uses of IR websites. This study relies on the Dual Mediation Hypothesis (DMH) model which predicts investors’ behavioural intentions as the consequences of their perceptions of IR websites and companies’ brands, mediated by attitudes. This study validates the DMH model which has been commonly used in a product-purchase environment into an IR context.