Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain

The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain by Terrence W. Deacon. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997, 527 pp. Reviewed by Donald Favareau University of California, Los Angeles In 866, the recently formed Societe Linguistique de Paris passed an official resolution banning the presentation of any further papers regarding the origins of human language. The nature of the inquiry itself, it was felt, it lacked even the dis- possibility of scientific certainty, and all work pertaining to was likewise missed on the grounds of being empirically irresolvable, incorrigibly speculative, and unproductively divisive. Terrence W. Deacon, almost a century and a half vocative polemic that will doubtlessly incur even later, has authored a pro- more violent censure on the part of his detractors. Empirically vigorous, incisively speculative and with the poten- tial to be productively divisive, Deacon's The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolu- if tion of Language and the Brain challenges many, not most, of the assumptions underlying modern linguistic theory. Of particular interest to linguists will be Deacon's refutation of Chomsky's (1972) Universal Grammar paradigm, as well as his corollary rejection of the pos- sibility of innate syntactic processing or language-learning modules nestled deep within the human brain. bolic representation at all, Instead, claims Deacon, language itself and the sym- which it evinces and encodes lies not inside individual brains but at the interface between biology and culture. A biological anthropologist with extensive experience in neurology. Deacon supports this argument not, in itself, first with an appeal to evolutionary theory. Universality reliable indicator of is Deacon proposes, a what evolution has built into human brains (p. 339). Accordingly, the universal grammatical Chomskian notion that some kind of knowledge must be innate in human beings in order to ac- Precisely because count for certain otherwise unexplainable universal features regarding language is an argument which Deacon considers specious. some ver- sion of Chomsky's model is so deeply embedded in contemporary devoted to linguistic theory, a considerable portion of this The Symbolic Species is its refutation. It is argument, to the exclusion of so many other fascinating and corollary argu- ments presented throughout the work, struct. that this review will endeavor to recon- Fundamental gist ral selection to Deacon's argument is nineteenth century American psycholo- James Mark Baldwin's that this modification 895; 1902) theory that the very context wherein natu- its takes place can itself be modified by the behavior of inhabitants and may, in turn, generate subsequent new sets of selection Issues in Applied Linguistics ISSN 1050-4273 Vol. 9 No. 2, 1998, Regents of the University of California
A Non-Parametric Analysis of Convergence in ICT Industries

The purpose of this article is to explore the relative merits of capital accumulation and efficiency catch-up in the convergence patterns of labor productivity in theICT (Information and Communication Technologies) sector in a set of developed countries. It is the first convergence analysis of ICT carried out from the non-parametric kernel approach and using an intertemporal data envelopment analysis (DEA) to estimate the efficiency of the analyzed countries. Special care has been paid to the dataset construction, using hedonic prices and unit value ratios because of the nature of the industry. The appropriate technology theory extended with non-immediate spillovers is the theoretical framework used to interpret the obtained results. These show thatlabor productivity, technology and efficiency have moved from a unimodal towards a bimodal distribution over time, beginning the 21th century with two convergence clubs of countries. The conclusions obtained from these results show that while capital intensification offer opportunities to benefit from new knowledge developed by the leaders, assimilation of this knowledge is not immediate and its speed depends upon the social and technological capabilities of the followers. Policy decision-makers should be aware that the choice of the technology has to be complemented with the development of other actives to benefit from all its potentialities.
Dead in the water: The fate of copepod carcasses in the York River estuary, Virginia

Using laboratory and field experiments we investigated three fates of copepod carcass organic matter in the York River estuary, Virginia: ingestion by planktivores (necrophagy), microbial decomposition, and removal by gravitational settling in the presence of turbulence (sinking). The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi ingested live copepods and carcasses indiscriminately in feeding experiments. Microbial decomposition led to ca. 50% of carcass dry weight loss within 8 h after death. Carcass settling velocities in still water were ca. 0.1 cm s−1, implying short residence time (hours) in the shallow estuary. However, turbulent mixing kept carcasses in suspension much of the time, reducing sinking losses. Rates of carcass organic matter removal were combined in a simple mathematical model predicting the fate of estuarine copepod carcasses. When sinking was considered, it removed a large fraction of carcass organic matter (≥58% for copepodites, ≥ 35% for nauplii), with most of the remainder being removed by microbial decomposition. In the absence of sinking losses, necrophagy became proportionally more important in removing carcass organic matter (≥ 49%, except in summer).
Framing food safety controversy in China: Online media vs. networked audience

This study identifies and examines the news frames about lean meat powder, a food safety incident in China, carried by two types of online media outlets—the leading government-owned news website (people.com.cn) and the most popular and enterprise-owned website (sina.com.cn), as well as the audience frames present in a dominant Chinese social media or microblogging site (Sina Weibo). Five frames, attribution of responsibility, human impact, economic consequences, solutions and public confidence, are predefined. The visibility of each frame is detected, and four frames are established in people.com. cn, four frames in sina.com. cn, and also four frames at Weibo. The similarities and differences in the visibility of these frames among the three platforms are then compared. The differences between the two websites and the correlations between media and audience are also discussed. Based on the results, the two most visible frames in people.com. cn are solutions and human impact and the top two observable frames in sina.com. cn are solutions and attribution of responsibility, while public confidence and attribution of responsibility are shown obviously in Weibo. The biggest gap between the two types of websites exists in of the presence of the attribution of responsibility and solutions frames. Besides, the results reveals that the correlation between enterprise-owned news website and the microblogging is stronger.
Development and determination of the validity of Persian version of monaural selective auditory attention test in learning disabled children

Background and Aim: Given the prevalence of selective auditory attention deficit in children with learning disability (LD) and the need for standardization of screening tests and diagnosis of this deficit in our country, the aim of this st udy was development and determination of the validity of monaural selective auditory attention test "mSAAT" in Persian. Methods: This study was a test development based on cross sectional method that was per formed in two steps, development and vali dation of the test and then the initial study. A four minute story and two lists of 25 mono syllabic words from Persian word intelligibility by picture identification test was recorded by a male speaker. To maximize difficulty a 0 dB signal to noise ratio was us ed. After validity evaluation, 27 normal and 7 LD children aged 8 to 9 years were tested in both competitive and non - competitive manner. Results: Persian version of mSAAT had content - validity ratio of 0.91, 0.94, 1.00 for the first and second list and com peting story respectively, and content - validity index of 0.88 was calculated for the whole test. Face validity was 4.16 and also significant difference was observed between test scores of the two groups of normal subjects and subjects with LD (p<0.001) tha t approved acceptable discriminant validity. Conclusion: Based on the obtained result, the Persian version of mSAAT appeared to have the potential as a valid measure of selective auditory attention skill and seems that it’s the same as the original test.
The DTPA-Extractable Iron, Manganese, Copper, and Zinc from Neutral and Calcareous Soils Dried Under Different Conditions

DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid)-extractable Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were determined an several neutral and calcareous soils dried at various temperatures. Extractable Fe increased linearly over the drying temperature range 22 to 100°C, whereas Mn increased in an irregular manner. Values for Cu and Zn changed only slightly over this temperature range. Extractability of an four elements increased when fieldmoist samples were air dried; Fe by a factor of 2 to 3, and Mn, Cu, and Zn by a factor of about 1.3 to 1.5. The increases in extractable Fe and Mn appear to result from separate temperature and dehydration effects and are only partially reversible with rehydration and moist incubation. The results of this study indicate that sample handling be standardized for calibration and routine tests before DTPA-extractable Fe and Mn can be used as reliable diagnostic tests for these elements. Close control of drying conditions for Zn and Cu analysis may be desirable but is not as critical as for Fe and Mn.
Comparative Risk Aversion under Background Risk Revisited

This note determines a sufficient condition on (von Neumann-Morgenstern) utility functions to preserve (reserve) comparative risk aversion under general background risks. Our condition is weaker than the one determined by Nachman (1982, Journal of Economic Theory). Nachman fs condition requires the monotonicity in the global sense, in other hand our condition only requires it in the local sense. And this generalization may make the condition on utility functions to hold the desirable property consisitent with the recent empirical observation.
Rainfall Effects on Soil Surface Characteristics Following Range Improvement Treatments.

Range improvement treafmenfsbrush clearing, pitting, and seeding fo grass-were imposed on fwentyfour 6 by l2-foot plots near Tombstone, Arizona. One summer’s rainfall of average amount and intensify reduced roughness due to pitting: and such other surface characteristics as ero#sion pavemeni and exposed soil approached a state of stability similar to ihe untreated plots. Surface runoff exhibited liifle correlation with freafmeni, but showed a staiistically significant negative correlation with crown cover of vegetation.
PALINOLOGICAL STUDY OF AMBROSIA ARTEMISIFOLIA L.

Palynology is the science that studies pollens. Anemophilous plants represent the major source of pollen, small sized pollen grains are carried away by the wind at great distances from the source. Many of the anemophilous species are allergenic. Ambrosia sp. pollen is a major cause of pollen allergy. This species occupies from year to year a larger area in Oradea. In this study we analyzed the morphological features of Ambrosia artemisifolia L pollen, collected from the same place in consecutive three years. Most of the collected grains correspond structurally and morphologically to the typical form, only few specimens present small structural changes, but the number of these specimens increases from year to year.
Director Optimal Pay against Fat Cats in Taiwan

Due to the overcompensation phenomenon that exists in Taiwan, the "fat cat" issue continues to persist; therefore, vast reforms in regards to director compensation have been prompted in recent years. This investigation assessed 665 Taiwanese firms listed on the Taiwanese Stock exchange over a 10-year period (2002-2011). The main purpose is to test whether there is an optimal level of director compensation, which maximizes firm value. This study adopts Tobin's Q as the proxy for firm value and finds that director compensation between 0.0283 percent and 2.3077 percent is an optimal level to maximize firm value. These results show that when control-affiliated directors have incentives to increase firm value, they serve as reliable monitors due to their individual financial gains. Keywords : Nonlinear, Firm value, Fat cat, Director compensation, Optimal level JEL classification: G31, G32, G34, G35, G38
Extended spectrum multi-drug resistance versus pathogenic factors- swarming, proteases, and urease- of Proteus species

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) in isolates of P. vulgaris (Pv ), P. mirabilis (Pm ), P. hauseri (Ph ) and P. penneri (Pp ) was determined in our previous study. Here pathogenic features of isolates were investigated. Strong swarming motility was found in isolate 91 2(Pm ) although MDR had no effect on swarming. Inter-species swarming patterns in Proteus were different regardless of MDR-spectrum. Pv , Pm showed bull's eye swarming pattern and Pp , Ph featureless mat. Isolates’ variable onset times for urea hydrolysis were a consequence of urease producing abilities but not the activities of ureases. Possibly urease production is correlated to the cellular response under urea-induced media. In contrast, total time required to consume a constant amount of urea was identical to intra-species Proteus isolates. Ph requires 3h, Pm 5h, Pp 6-7h and Pv 9h that can be used as research tool for identification of Proteus species. MDR had no effects on the rate of cell proliferation. Ph is found as more opportunistic pathogen than others. Strong proteolysis by proteases of isolate 91 2 (Pm ) was a hyperactive effect of ZapA or other unknown proteases. Thus, 91 2 (Pm ) marked as most pathogenic Proteus strain regarding swarming and proteases. Further qualitative and quantitative analyses of proteases in 91 2 (Pm ) remain to be elucidated.
The Impact of Board Composition and Ownership Structure on Dividend Policy in Pakistan

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of ownership structure and board composition with the dividend policy in Pakistan. In order to obtain the objective, ownership structure and board composition were taken as independent variables while dividend payout ratio as dependent variable. A sample of 18 companies listed at Karachi Stock Exchange from 2008 – 2012 selected from Cement Industry of Pakistan. Multiple Regression model is used to regress the explanatory variables. The result revealed that there was positive significant relationship of individual ownership and insider ownership with dividend policy. Board size, Board independence and Institutional ownership were statistically found insignificant relationship with dividend policy.
Valid Post-selection Inference in Assumption-lean Linear Regression

Construction of valid statistical inference for estimators based on data-driven selection has received a lot of attention in the recent times. Berk et al. (2013) is possibly the first work to provide valid inference for Gaussian homoscedastic linear regression with fixed covariates under arbitrary covariate/variable selection. The setting is unrealistic and is extended by Bachoc et al. (2016) by relaxing the distributional assumptions. A major drawback of the aforementioned works is that the construction of valid confidence regions is computationally intensive. In this paper, we first prove that post-selection inference is equivalent to simultaneous inference and then construct valid post-selection confidence regions which are computationally simple. Our construction is based on deterministic inequalities and apply to independent as well as dependent random variables without the requirement of correct distributional assumptions. Finally, we compare the volume of our confidence regions with the existing ones and show that under non-stochastic covariates, our regions are much smaller.
1 introduction 1 A multiaxial stress-strain correction scheme

A method to correct the elastic stress tensor over time at a fixed point of an elastoplastic body, which is subject to exterior loads, is presented and mathematically analysed. In contrast to uniaxial corrections (Neuber or ESED), our method takes multiaxiality phenomena like cyclic hardening/softening, ratchetting and non-masing behaviour into account using Jiang’s model of nonlinear elastoplasticity. Our numerical algorithm is designed for the case that the scalar loads are piecewise linear and can be used e.g. in connection with critical plane/multiaxial rainflow methods in high cycle fatigue analysis. In addition, a local existence and uniqueness result for a generalized solution of Jiang’s system of discontinuous ordinary differential equations is given.
Improving academic literacy by teaching collocations

This study explores the effect of teaching collocations on building academic vocabulary and hence improving academic writing abilities. A pre-/post-test experimental design was used to analyse collocations produced in two tasks completed by the study’s participants, English majors at a university in Burundi. They were presented with a completion task and an essay-writing task before and after being exposed to a collocation-based syllabus. The syllabus was designed by selecting target words from the Academic Word List (AWL) (Coxhead 2000) and collocations from the Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English (Crowther, Dignen, and Lea 2002). The awareness-raising approach (cf. Barfield 2009) and an adapted version of McCarthy and O’Dell’s (2005) collocation web model were the techniques adopted for teaching collocations. The results show that participants performed significantly better on the post-test than on the pre-test in their production of collocations in both tasks. This suggests that an intervention contributes towards building students’ productive use of collocations in both cued recall and essay writing, supporting earlier findings (cf. Barfield 2009, Seesink 2007). In light of these findings, pedagogical consequences and avenues for improving higher education students’ use of collocations in writing are discussed.
Partial reactivation of a huge deep-seated ancient rock slide: recognition, formation mechanism, and stability

Abstract. About 18 years ago, a large-scale discontinuous layer in properties and colour was found in the new Fengjie town at the shore of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in China. There are many resettled residents and buildings on the sloping area, the safety of which is potentially affected by this layer, so it has become the focus of attention. Before this study started there were two viewpoints regarding the origin of this layer. One was that is was from a huge ancient slide and the other was that is was from a fault graben. In order to find out how it was formed and to be able to carry out a stability analysis of the slope the authors have carried out a research program, including geological field investigations and mapping, a deep drilling hole, a geotechnical centrifuge model test, and a simulation analysis. The results of the research led to the conclusion that the layer is the sliding plane of a huge deep-seated ancient rock slide, which we called the Sanmashan landslide. An important argument for the conclusion is the recognition of a regional compressive tectonic stress field in this area, which cannot lead to the formation of a fault graben because it needs a tensional tectonic stress field. Moreover, numerous unique geological features, sliding marks, and other relics of the ancient slide have been discovered in the field. The formation process of the ancient slide could be repeated in a large geotechnical centrifuge model test. The test shows that a deformation and failure process of "creep–crack–cut" has occurred. The type of the ancient slide can be classified as a "successive rotational rock slide". Finally, the role of seepage in the stability of the Sanmashan landslide has been analysed. Our final conclusions are that, during rainfall and filling–drawdown cycles in the Three Gorges Reservoir, the Sanmashan landslide as a whole is dormant and stable and the secondary landslides in the toe area of the slope are presently stable but can be reactivated. This research provides an important basis for the remedial measures and land use planning in the new Fengjie town, and a well-documented case history for researchers worldwide.
What Does Bitcoin Look Like

The paper seeks to address what Bitcoin looks like. Specifically, we attempt to identify the main determinants of Bitcoin price by means of rigorous evaluation through ARDL Bounds Testing method. Our findings reveal the extremely speculative behavior of Bitcoin, its partial usefulness in trade trans- actions without overlooking its dependence to the Shangai stock market and the hash rate. There is no sign of Bitcoin being a safe haven. Taking a step further, we re-investigate the focal link by accounting for the Chinese trad- ing bankruptcy. The results appear fairly robust. Bitcoin is still perceived as speculative foolery and thus far from being a long-term promise.
Mentoring: A model for cultivating leadership competencies in Kenyan women religious

Encouraging leadership development in African women religious is an essential strategy to build their confidence to take on leadership positions and execute decisions efficiently in their organizations. Using twelve Kenyan women religious participants of a three-year, Hilton Foundation-supported Sisters Leadership Development Initiative (SLDI) program, this qualitative case study examines the role of mentoring as a strategy to propagate meaningful leadership competencies and transfer of knowledge and skills to the trainees' ministries and communities. Also, the study assesses the best instructional practices used to deliver instruction to facilitate transfer of skills to the trainees' workplaces. The design of the study was drawn from the diffusion of innovation theory (Rogers, 2003). Methodology consisted of on-site, in-depth interviews and field observations of the skills trainees practiced in their ministries. Findings indicate that mentoring is a fundamental strategy that cultivated both career functions, to carry on leadership duties efficiently, and psychosocial support to improve work performance in mentors and mentees. The mentorship relationship generated a new level of discourse in their ministerial management; they became agents of change, and increased their self-efficacy and personal and professional growth. Using both international and local faculty enhanced instruction and multiple leadership perspectives. The study confirms that on-the-job mentoring programs can be a strategy to encourage women in Kenya to take on leadership positions and can build confidence, self-efficacy and a capacity to respond to complex organizational challenges.