Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Lexical Access of Individual Classifiers in Language Production and Comprehension

The individual classifier,a kind of determiner,is a unique grammatical class of Chinese words.There are two theories explaining the lexical access of determiners:direct selection hypothesis and indirect selection hypothesis.Direct selection hypothesis assumes that the selection of determiners is an automatic process,directly retrieved syntactic or semantic information from their own nodes.Indirect selection hypothesis asserts that the selection of determiners is a competitive process,indirectly retrieved syntactic or semantic information from their headwords.This study focused on the lexical access of individual classifiers in language production and comprehension.As the individual classifiers are determiners of nouns,some of them even have fixed relationships with nouns.Three experiments investigated the lexical access of individual classifiers during the production of noun phrases,the production of bare nouns,and the comprehension of noun phrases.In Experiment 1(N=31),a picture-word interference paradigm was conducted to study the selection of individual classifiers in NP production.On the one hand,utterance onset latencies in NP production were longer when the distractors and the target pictures had different individual classifiers than when they had the same individual classifiers;on the other hand,utterance onset latencies were found longer when the distractors were semantically related to the targets than those were not.It indicated that the picture naming task was inhibited by the semantic relationships between targets and distractors but facilitated by the consistency of their classifiers.In addition,this facilitation can be found even when the SOA was set from 0ms till 100ms.Such a result indicated that the classifiers can be activated in the early stage during NP production and can persist for a short time.In Experiment 2(N=25),the picture-word interference paradigm was again conducted to study the activation of individual classifiers in noun production.It showed the same tendencies as that achieved during noun phrase production.In Experiment 3(N=25),the priming paradigm was used with 2(types of noun phrase)×2(types of classifiers)×3(SOA) within-subjects design to investigate the lexical access in language comprehension.The results showed that the reaction time of unmatched classifier-noun phrases was longer than the matched ones.It indicated that access of the priming words can activate not only the targets but also the information of classifiers.According to the achieved results,a theory called "dual-systems and dual-election combination network" of classifier lexical access was proposed.That is,there are two systems in the mental lexicon of Chinese speakers:the system of individual nouns and the system of individual classifiers.Because of the parsimony law in mental process,the indirect route would be chosen under most occasions.This study supplemented the theory of Chinese lexical access theory,and suggested that teaching classifiers with nouns together can expedite learning and help identifying/recalling or using individual classifiers.
Comparison of Trapping Performance Between the Original BG-Sentinel® Trap and BG-Sentinel 2® Trap1

Recently, the BG-SentinelH trap (BGS) trap has been reconfigured for increased durability during harsh field conditions. We evaluated the attractiveness of this redesigned trap, BG-Sentinel 2H (BGS2), and its novel granular lure cartridge system relative to the original trap and lure. Granular lures containing different combinations of lactic acid, ammonia, hexanoic acid, and octenol were also evaluated. Lure cartridges with all components except octenol trapped significantly more Aedes albopictus than lures containing octenol. This new granular lure combination and original BG-LureH system were paired with BGS and BGS2 traps to compare relative attractiveness of the lures and the traps. All evaluations were conducted under field conditions in a suburban neighborhood in northeastern Florida from July to October 2014. Overall, the average numbers of Ae. albopictus collected by BGS or BGS2 were similar regardless of the lure type (i.e., mesh bag versus granules) (P 5 0.56). The functionality and durability of both trap models are discussed.
PREVALENCE OF SALMONELLA IN CAPTIVE REPTILES FROM CROATIA

Abstract: Salmonellosis transmitted by pet reptiles is an increasing public health issue worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella strains from captive reptiles in Croatia. From November 2009 to November 2011 a total of 292 skin, pharyngeal, cloacal, and fecal samples from 200 apparently healthy reptiles were tested for Salmonella excretions by bacteriologic culture and serotyping. These 200 individual reptiles included 31 lizards, 79 chelonians, and 90 snakes belonging to private owners or housed at the Zagreb Zoo, Croatia. Salmonella was detected in a total of 13% of the animals, among them 48.4% lizards, 8.9% snakes, and 3.8% turtles. Representatives of five of the six Salmonella enterica subspecies were identified with the following proportions in the total number of isolates: Salmonella enterica enterica 34.6%, Salmonella enterica houtenae 23.1%, Salmonella enterica arizonae 23.1%, Salmonella enterica diarizonae 15.4%, and Salmonella enterica salamae 3.8%. The 14 different serovars isolated included several rarely occurring serovars such as Salmonella Apapa, Salmonella Halle, Salmonella Kisarawe, and Salmonella Potengi. These findings confirm that the prevalence of Salmonella is considerable in captive reptiles in Croatia, indicating that these animals may harbor serovars not commonly seen in veterinary or human microbiologic practice. This should be addressed in the prevention and diagnostics of human reptile-transmitted infections.
Gel-Bead Delivery of Eimeria Oocysts Protects Chickens Against Coccidiosis

Important Findings Vaccines composed of either virulent or attenuated Eimeria spp. oocysts have been developed as an alternative to medication of feed with ionophore drugs or synthetic chemicals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of gel-beads containing a mixture of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella oocysts as a vaccine against coccidiosis. The findings indicate that incorporation of Eimeria spp. oocysts in gel-beads may represent an effective way to deliver live oocyst vaccines to day-old chicks for preventing subsequent outbreaks of coccidiosis in the field.
THE 2005/2006 AVIAN INFLUENZA MONITORING OF WILD BIRDS AND COMMERCIAL POULTRY IN SWITZERLAND

In October 2005 the second Swiss national avian influenza monitoring in wild waterfowl and commercial poultry with free range management started. Cloacal swabs were examined by real time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR for both M gene of influenza A virus and H5 subtype. The monitoring – more than 2000 samples tested – documented the introduction of H5N1 in Swiss wild waterfowl in mid-February 2006. Until end of March, twenty-nine water bird carcasses were found H5 positive. In the same period domestic poultry flocks with a permit of free-range management were kept under surveillance, with negative results.
Remote Sensing Indices to Measure the Seasonal Dynamics of Photosynthesis in a Southern China Subtropical Evergreen Forest

Abstract: The accurate measurement of the dynamics of photosynthesis in China's subtropical evergreen forest ecosystems is an important contribution to carbon (C) sink estimates in global terrestrial ecosystems and their responses to climate change. Eddy covariance has historically been the only direct method to assess C flux of whole ecosystems with high temporal resolution, but it suffers from limited spatial resolution. During the last decade, continuous global monitoring of plant primary productivity from spectroradiometer sensors on flux towers and satellites has extended the temporal and spatial coverage of C flux observations. In this study, we evaluated the performance of two physiological remote sensing indices, fluorescence reflectance index (FRI) and photochemical reflectance index (PRI), to measure the seasonal variations of photosynthesis in a subtropical evergreen forest ecosystem using continuous canopy spectral and flux measurements in the Dinghushan Nature Reserve in southern China. The more commonly used NDVI has been shown to be saturated and mainly affected by illumination (R2=0.88, p < 0.001), but FRI and PRI could better track the seasonal dynamics of plant photosynthetic functioning by comparison and are less affected by illumination (R2=0.13 and R2=0.51, respectively) at the seasonal scale. FRI correlated better with daily gross primary production (GPP) in the morning hours than in the afternoon hours, in contrast to PRI which correlated better with light-use efficiency (LUE) in the afternoon hours. Both FRI and PRI could show greater correlations with GPP and LUE respectively in the senescence season than in the recovery-growth season. When incident PAR was taken into account, the relationship between GPP and FRI was improved and the correlation coefficient increased from 0.22 to 0.69 (p < 0.001). The strength of the correlation increased significantly in the senescence season (R2=0.79, p < 0.001). Our results demonstrate the application of FRI and PRI as physiological indices for the accurate measurement of the seasonal dynamics of plant community photosynthesis in a subtropical evergreen forest, and suggest these indices may be applied to carbon cycle models to improve the estimation of regional carbon budgets.
Avian Influenza in North and South America, the Caribbean, and Australia, 2006–2008

Abstract Between 2006 and 2008, only one outbreak of highly pathogenic notifiable avian influenza (AI) was reported from the Americas, the Caribbean, and Australia. The outbreak, caused by H7N3, occurred in September 2007 in a multiage broiler breeder facility (∼49,000 birds) near Regina Beach in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. The disease was confined to a single farm; the farm was depopulated. All other reports of infections in poultry or wild birds involved low pathogenicity AI viruses. A notable event that occurred during the 3-yr period was the spread of low pathogenicity notifiable AI (LPNAI) H5N2 (Mexican lineage) into the Caribbean countries of the Dominican Republic and Haiti in 2007 and 2008, respectively, representing the first detection of AI reported in these countries. Mexico reported that the LPNAI H5N2 virus continued to circulate in the central regions of the country, and a total of 49 isolations were made from 12 states between 2006 and 2008. Also, during this period there was a significant increase in AI surveillance in many countries throughout the Americas, the Caribbean, and Australia, resulting in the detection of AI subtypes H1 through H12 and N1 through N9 in domestic bird species (chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, upland game birds, and ducks/geese). The United States was the only one of these countries that reported detections of LPNAI (H5 or H7) infections in commercial poultry: one in chickens (H7N3, 2007), two in turkeys (H5N1 and H5N2, 2007), and one in pheasants (H5N8, 2008). Detections of AI viruses in wild birds between 2006 and 2008 were reported from North America (Canada and the United States), South America (Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, and Brazil), and Australia.
A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF SALMONELLA FROM SNAKES USED IN A PUBLIC OUTREACH PROGRAM

Snakes are considered to be a source of Salmonella infection for humans, but little is known about the actual serotype prevalence in healthy snakes over time. Twelve snakes involved in a public outreach program, representing seven different species, were tested weekly for shedding of Salmonella sp. over a period of 10 consecutive weeks. The snakes were housed in close proximity but in separate exhibits. Fresh fecal samples (when available) or cloacal swabs were cultured for Salmonella sp. , and subsequent Salmonella isolates were serotyped. As representatives of the feed source, the feces of two mice and the intestines of one rat were cultured weekly. Fecal samples from 11 of the 12 snakes were positive for Salmonella at least once. Seven (58%) of 12 snakes were culture positive five times or more. The weekly prevalence of Salmonella shedding varied between 25% and 66%. Two or more different serotypes were isolated from nine snakes over time; however, a predominant serotype was generally isolated from each of these snakes. Altogether 15 different serotypes were identified. Serotypes of public health concern included Newport, Oranienburg, and Muenchen. Two samples from feeder rodents were positive for Salmonella. The results are consistent with previous studies showing high intestinal colonization rates with Salmonella sp. in snakes. Frequent and intermittent shedding of multiple serotypes was evident. Feeder rodents might serve as a source for intestinal colonization. Appropriate handling protocols should be implemented for all reptiles associated with public outreach programs to minimize risk of Salmonella transmission to the public.
A MULTIPLEX RT-PCR TEST FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL IDENTIFICATION OF TURKEY ASTROVIRUS TYPE 1, TURKEY ASTROVIRUS TYPE 2, CHICKEN ASTROVIRUS, AVIAN NEPHRITIS VIRUS, AND AVIAN ROTAVIRUS

Recent studies have revealed the presence of astroviruses and rotavirus in numerous poorly performing and healthy chicken and turkey flocks in the United States. The phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data produced during these studies has identified four groups of avian astroviruses circulating in the United States: turkey astrovirus types 1 and 2 (TAstV-1 and TAstV-2), avian nephritis virus (ANV), and a chicken-origin astrovirus (CAstV). As the molecular epidemiology of poultry enteric disease is poorly understood, the development of updated diagnostic assays is crucial to the continued surveillance and management of enteric disease in affected as well as healthy flocks. This report details the development of a multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay specific for astroviruses and avian rotavirus in turkey-origin and chicken-origin samples.
Truncation of the NS1 Protein Converts a Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus into a Strong Interferon Inducer in Duck Cells

Significance of Findings Influenza viruses are the causative agents of epizootics and a potential source of zoonosis. Although the recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 virus have created a great deal of interest about the virulence factors in mammals, little is known about the interaction between influenza viruses and their natural reservoir, namely waterfowl. In particular, the extent of the innate immune response and its consequences on the kinetics of infection in ducks are unknown. Additional Information To answer this question, researchers have created a mutant virus that expresses a truncated NS1 protein. This virus appeared as a very potent type I IFNs inducer compared with the wild-type virus when infecting duck cells. This study illustrates the importance of the NS1 protein as an antagonist of the host innate immune response in ducks. Duck cells infected with the mutant virus developed a strong innate immune response that impaired viral growth. This underlines the importance of the innate immune response in controlling virus infection in ducks. A particularly efficient innate immune response may explain why ducks survive infections with highly pathogenic influenza viruses that are lethal to other avian species. Finally, viruses expressing a truncated NS1 proved to be both attenuated and immunogenic when administered to mammals and chickens and therefore are promising attenuated vaccine strains. The potential of the mutant virus with a truncated NS1 could be the subject of further studies in ducks and other avian species.
The Examination of Reliability of Lower Limb Joint Angles with Free Software ImageJ

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of lower limb joint angles computed with the software ImageJ during jumping movements. Background: Kinematics is the study of bodies in motion without regard to the forces or torques that may produce the motion. The most common method for collecting motion data uses an imaging and motion-caption system to record the 2D or 3D coordinates of markers attached to a moving object, followed by manual or automatic digitizing software. Above all, passive optical motion capture systems (e.g. Vicon system) have been regarded as the gold standards for collecting motion data. On the other hand, ImageJ is used widely for an image analysis as free software, and can collect the 2D coordinates of markers. Although much research has been carried out into the utilizations of the ImageJ software, little is known about their reliability. Method: Seven healthy female students participated as the subject in this study. Seventeen reflective markers were attached on the right and left lower limbs to measure two and three-dimensional joint angular motions. Jump performance was recorded by ten-vicon camera systems (250Hz) and one digital video camera (240Hz). The joint angles of the ankle and knee joints were calculated using 2D (ImageJ) and 3D (Vicon-MX) motion data, respectively. Results: Pearson"s correlation coefficients between the two methods were calculated, and significance tests were conducted (α = 1%). Correlation coefficients between the two were over 0.98. In Vicon-MX and ImageJ, there is no systematic error by examination of the validity using the Bland-Altman method, and all data are in the 95% limits of agreement. Conclusion: In this study, correlation coefficients are generally high, and the regression line is near the identical line. Therefore, it is considered that motion analysis using ImageJ is a useful tool for evaluation of human movements in various research areas. Application: This result can be utilized as a practical tool to analyze human performance in various fields.
PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA CARRIAGE IN RED-NECKED WALLABIES (MACROPUS RUFOGRISEUS)

The isolation of Pasteurella multocida from several red-necked wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus) with purulent to necrotizing gingivitis, mandibular osteomyelitis, and conjunctivitis in a private zoological park prompted a cross-sectional prevalence study in two zoological collections. The study demonstrated a high prevalence of P. multocida carriage in clinically healthy red-necked wallabies. In one collection (n1⁄4 7), P. multocida was isolated from the gingival mucosa of two animals (28.6%) and the conjunctiva of one animal (14.3%). In another collection (n 1⁄4 29), P. multocida was isolated from the buccal mucosa in two animals (6.9%) and the pharyngeal mucosa of eight animals (27.6%). Multilocus sequence typing showed that sequence types varied among, but were identical within, collections.
Protective Dose of a Recombinant Newcastle Disease Lasota–Avian Influenza Virus H5 Vaccine Against H5N2 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus and Velogenic Viscerotropic Newcastle Disease Virus in Broilers with High Maternal Antibody Levels

Important Findings The results of this study indicate that chickens with high levels of maternal antibodies against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV) may be fully protected when vaccinated with 10 and 10 mean chicken embryo infective dose (CEID50) of a recombinant NDV virus expressing the HA gene of an avian influenza virus, rNDV-LS/AI-H5, respectively. Lower doses (10 or less) of the same vaccine conferred poor protection. There was no correlation of protection induced by rNDV-LS/AI-H5 with NDV and AIV HI antibody levels 21 days after vaccination. Even those groups that were fully protected by 10 CEID50 had HI antibody titers as low as 2 against NDV and 2 against AIV. This may indicate that the induced protection is from enhanced innate immunity or cell-mediated immunity.
SERUM IRON AND SELECTED BIOCHEMICAL VALUES IN FREE-RANGING BLACK RHINOCEROS (DICEROS BICORNIS) FROM SOUTH AFRICA

Serum samples collected from 20 black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) were analyzed for iron values from six different areas in South Africa. In addition, biochemical profiles were performed on individual samples. Comparisons of iron values from free-ranging black rhinoceros and from 28 free-ranging white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) were conducted by location and age. Among the free-ranging black rhinoceros, samples were compared from different regions to a set of samples from black rhinoceros that had been captured and held in bomas. Serum iron levels were not significantly different (P 1⁄4 0.55) among the three locations with more than one animal (medians 5.57, 5.70, 6.47 ppm), but the median value from the boma group was significantly lower (2.91 ppm; P 1⁄4 0.042), contrary to previous studies. Similar to reports in captive black rhinos, serum iron levels appeared to show a trend toward increasing values between subadult and adult animals, although differences were not statistically significant among black rhinoceros. Comparison of serum iron levels between free-ranging black and white rhinoceros showed significantly higher median value in black rhinoceros (5.73 ppm) versus white rhinoceros (3.38 ppm, P1⁄4 0.001). Other significant differences (P , 0.05) in biochemical values between species included lower median aspartate aminotransferase (37 versus 76.5 U/L), higher copper (1.50 versus 1.34 ppm), higher zinc (1.36 versus 0.37 ppm), lower total protein (8.0 versus 10.35 g/dL), higher gamma glutamyltransferase (13.0 versus 12.5 U/L), and lower globulin (6.6 versus 7.6 g/dL) in black rhinoceros. Further investigations should be conducted to examine the role of age, location, and time in boma confinement on iron values in South African rhinoceros to understand iron metabolism in these species.
Experimental Reproduction of Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis by Infection of Chickens with a Novel Adenovirus-Like Virus (Isolate R11/3)

Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) is a poorly understood disease of broiler chickens. The disease occurs commonly in broiler chickens and is associated with proventricular fragility, impaired growth (‘‘runting’’), poor feed conversion, and impaired feed digestion. Additionally, TVP is responsible for increased processing costs due to higher numbers of reprocessed carcasses, downgrades, and condemnations. TVP has food safety implications, as rupture of the proventriculus may result in carcass contamination. This study provides evidence indicating an etiological role for the adenovirus-like virus AdLV (R11/3) in TVP.
Epidemiological Findings of Outbreaks Of Disease Caused By Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus In Poultry In Egypt During 2006

Study Result This study describes the first threats of H5N1 avian influenza (AI) outbreaks in Egypt recorded from February to December 2006 in commercial and domestic poultry from different species and summarizes the major characteristics of the outbreak (Figure 1). The most obvious features of these outbreaks were severe clinical signs and high mortalities as well as very rapid and wide spread occurrence within the country in very short time.