Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome: A Prospective Study of 107 Cases and Comparison With 1009 Cases From the Literature

In patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), the most common functional pancreatic endocrine tumor (PET) syndrome is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES). ZES has been well studied in its sporadic form (that is, without MEN1); however, there are limited data on patients with MEN1 and ZES (MEN1/ZES), and the long-term natural history is largely unknown. To address this issue we report the results of a prospective long-term National Institutes of Health (NIH) study of 107 MEN1/ZES patients and compare our results with those of 1009 MEN1/ZES patients in 278 case reports and small series in the literature. Patients were clinically, radiologically, and biochemically evaluated yearly for all MEN1 manifestations (mean follow-up, 10 yr; range, 0.1–31 yr). Compared with patients from the literature, the NIH MEN1/ZES patients more frequently had pituitary (60%) and adrenal (45%) disease and carcinoid tumors (30%), but had equal frequency of hyperparathyroidism (94%), thyroid disease (6%), or lipomas (5%). Twenty-five percent of both the NIH and the literature patients lacked a family history of MEN1; ZES was the initial clinical manifestation of MEN1 in 40%. ZES onset preceded the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism in 45%. However, ZES was rarely (8%) the only initial manifestation of MEN1 if careful testing was done. ZES occurred before age 40 years in 50%–60% of the current patients, in contrast to older studies. The diagnosis of ZES is delayed 3–5 years from its onset and is delayed as long as in sporadic ZES cases. Pituitary disease and carcinoid tumors (gastric > bronchial, thymic) are more frequent than generally reported, whereas a second functional PET is uncommon. In patients with MEN1/ZES without a family history of MEN1, the MEN1 manifestations are not as severe. This study shows that MEN1/ZES patients differ in many aspects from those commonly reported in older studies involving few MEN1/ZES patients. In this study we have identified a number of important clinical and laboratory features of MEN1/ZES that were not previously appreciated, which should contribute to earlier diagnosis and improve both short- and long-term management.
Evaluating growth theories and their empirical support: An assessment of the convergence hypothesis

Understanding the factors determining economic growth has been a major concern for economists and governing bodies for many years. The Solow growth model and the endogenous growth models are the main theories tested and used in the growth literature. This paper discusses the main contributions to economic methodology and uses Lakatos's scientific research program framework to evaluate the main theoretical contributions to growth theory. Based on Lakatos's ideas, Solovian models are both empirically and theoretically progressive. Endogenous growth models, on the other hand, are not empirically corroborated, and thus not progressive in Lakatosian sense. However, there are many reasons for rational growth economists to continue working in this field, even facing empirical refutations of an important theoretical prediction. Endogenous growth models are promising in terms of generating enormous gains that will help us better understand the mechanisms of economic growth.
One Nation's electoral support : where does it come from, what makes it different, and how does it fit?

This paper does three things. First, it offers a critique of the academic literature on the One Nation vote, focusing on the limitations of the work of political geographers and the methodological shortcomings of survey researchers. Second, it re-examines data from the 1998 Australian Election Study in order to explore the demographic and attitudinal forces that both drove the One Nation vote and distinguished it from the votes secured by the Labor Party, the Liberal and National parties and the Australian Democrats; this highlights the importance of gender, geography and class, of political alienation and of attitudes to Aborigines and immigration. Third, it suggests that the basis of One Nation's mobilisation did not lie in concerns about economic insecurity so much as in opposition to ‘new class’ values, particularly around race. In doing so, it challenges common understandings of the Party's constituency and of its distinctiveness.
The Dynamics of Local Collective Action in the West Bank: A Test of Rival Explanations

In December 1987 the sudden uprising of Palestinians in the Israelioccupied territories astonished both specialists and laypeople. More surprising, perhaps, was the perseverance of the uprising, including mass disruptive actions and public disengagement, continuing up until the present, and making it one of the longest mass uprisings in modern history. Yet the outbreak of the uprising should not really have surprised anyone with a general knowledge of the context in which it occurred. For one thing, the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza had been living under Israeli military occupation since June 1967, with tight political domination and control over almost all spheres of their civil life. Second, the occupied territories have been undergoing remarkable socioeconomic structural changes with obvious consequences for political behavior. This study does not directly address the causes of the recent uprising; it does, however, provide a basis for understanding Palestinian popular politics and the temporal dynamics of collective resistance prior to its outbreak. The aim of this article is to examine the links between broad
The effects of alcohol on head injury in the motor vehicle crash victim.

The objective of this study was to determine if alcohol potentiates the severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in motor vehicle crash (MVC) victims, controlling for crash severity characteristics. Prior studies evaluating effects of alcohol on TBI have not accounted for severity of crash. We evaluated severity of head injury by Marshall score [a classification scale of intracranial pathology on head computed axial tomogram (CT)], and blood-alcohol concentration (BAC), while controlling for crash characteristics [traffic accident deformity score (TAD) and belt use]. Marshall scores were determined from initial CT or autopsy reports, by a neurosurgeon, and were categorized into less severe injury (<3) and more severe (> or =3). Logistic regression using this variable as the outcome parameter and crash characteristics, age and BAC as predictors was done, and the odds ratio (OR) and 0.95 confidence interval (0.95 CI) calculated. Fifty-eight patients were analysed: 41% were BAC positive, 30% had a modified Marshall score of > or =3. Patients with positive BAC were 2.1-fold more likely to have a more severe head injury as measured on CT scan by the Marshall scores. We suggest that alcohol potentiates severity of TBI as determined from head CT among MVC victims. Further research will be needed to substantiate this finding as well as to determine its long-term effect on clinical outcome.
Journalism as a discipline of collaborative verification

This paper examines how social media are influencing the core journalistic value of verification. Through the discipline of verification, the journalist establishes jurisdiction over the ability to objectively parse reality to claim a special kind of authority and status. Social media question the individualistic, top-down ideology of traditional journalism. The paper considers journalism practices as a set of literacies, drawing on the theoretical framework of new literacies to examine the shift from a focus on individual intelligence, where expertise and authority are located in individuals and institutions, to a focus on collective intelligence where expertise and authority are distributed and networked. It explores how news organizations are negotiating the tensions inherent in a transition to a digital, networked media environment, considering how journalism is evolving into a tentative and iterative process where contested accounts are examined and evaluated in public in real-time.
Style Drift and Portfolio Management for Active Australian Equity Funds

Using monthly active equity fund portfolio holdings, we examine the magnitude of style drift and decompose it into active and passive components. We find that while fund style tilts are consistent with their self-stated investment objective, there is variation in the degree of style bias within style groups. We document that funds actively adjust their portfolio holdings in response to passive style drift to retain a desired portfolio tilt. The degree of adjustment varies with the frequency over which the drift is measured, with funds being most responsive to changes in book-to-market and momentum drift. We also find that certain types of style drift affect portfolio turnover.
The Campaign for Environmental Justice in Scotland

The environmental movement has often been criticised for middle class bias, for being dominated by middle class issues and values and for not addressing social exclusion (Lean, 1998). Closer inspection, however, reveals a more complex picture. Friends of the Earth Scotland has long been aware that the middle class membership of the organisation does not provide an accurate re ection of the environmental movement which we represent. Whilst membership is predominantly professional (50% of the membership have a household income of over £20 000), the case material of groups and people who have contacted Friends of the Earth, and with whom the organisation has worked, reveals a wider social spread, with a great many groups in working class, isolated and poor areas. This more accurately re ects people who are active in defending their own environment, against polluting, toxic and dangerous facilities (Walker, 1998; Monbiot, 1999). In an analysis of the environmental movement in the capitalist West and the poorer countries of the South, Guha & Martinez-Alier (1997) argue that there is a distinct materialist environmentalism, or ‘environmentalism of the poor’, which contrasts with the non-materialist environmentalism of the new middle classes. Materialist environmentalists are concerned with the defence of natural resources and environments which are needed for their livelihood, and which are threatened by capital expansion or the state. Whilst more signi cant amongst the poor in the poorer countries, they argue that there are also materialist environmentalists in the af uent countries who react against the ‘ef uence of af uence’ which threatens their own livelihood, health and well-being. Guha & Martinez-Alier’s (1997) model is useful for the analysis of popular resistance to environmentally damaging activities in Western countries, the most politically signi cant example of which is the environmental justice movement in the USA. This network of some 5000 black, Hispanic and indigenous grassroots communities organises against the polluting effects of environmental racism, the preferential siting of environmentally hazardous facilities in black neighbourhoods and in indigenous peoples’ reservations (e.g. Bullard, 1993; Capek, 1993; Stephens, 1998). Racism in Scotland, whilst clearly signi cant, differs in its historical and institutional forms from that in the USA. The social geography of the USA is shaped by the legacy of white European domination of indigenous, enslaved and immigrant non-white peo-
Policy Under Pressure: Policy Analysis of Community-Based Forest Management in Indonesia

SUMMARY Public policy relating to community-based forest management (CBFM) in Indonesia seeks to foster economic development via forest-based enterprises to enhance rural livelihoods and encourage a shift to sustainable forest management to reduce deforestation. However, the policy context for CBFM is an expression of the multiple and conflicting pressures faced by Indonesia's tiers of government. Policies to encourage transmigration to relieve the intense pressure caused by a high population in some areas of Indonesia, and policies that act to be a catalyst for buoyant rural-based industries like oil palm and rubber, have created challenges for policy-makers about how best to design and implement policies to encourage the expansion of CBFM. The authors' draw on their analysis of CBFM policy in Indonesia that indicates a need to: Assess the commercial opportunities for smallholders from forest-based enterprises within the broader context of opportunities from other rural enterprises; Integrate and analyse the range of rural development policies that influence CBFM; and Clarify the access to, and ownership of, rural land.
Making Rules for Global Finance: Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation at the Turn of the Millennium

Abstract This article explains a shift in the way transatlantic authorities managed conflicts over the cross-border regulation of securities markets: from cooperation skewed heavily toward the preferences of U.S. officials and accepted grudgingly by European counterparts; to a Euro-American regulatory condominium characterized by close interactions among decision makers and mutual accommodation. In the final decades of the twentieth century, the asymmetric influence wielded by U.S. securities market authorities had few parallels in other regulatory areas. Why, then, did U.S. officials become more accommodating and European authorities more influential, and why did the turning point occur in 2002 and 2003, an unlikely moment for intensified transatlantic sovereignty sharing? My study shows that institutional change inside the EU recast the North Atlantic balance of regulatory leverage and thereby was the primary factor behind the reshaping of transatlantic cooperation. Internal EU regulatory centralization changed the expectations of U.S. and European firms and authorities and generated new incentives in Washington, D.C., for accommodation and closer transatlantic coordination. My explanation differs from models that, accepting U.S. financial pre-eminence as a given, attribute variance in cross-border regulatory cooperation to factors such as incentives derived from the particularities of issue areas or preferences rooted in domestic politics. While resonating with a well-established theme from the realist branch of IPE, my findings have broad theoretical significance, and open new avenues for dialogue between realists and constructivists about the social, political, and institutional foundations of power in global economic affairs. The transatlantic political process set off by financial transformation in Europe reveals contemporary sources of systemic change and raises questions about what the EU's ascendance as a global financial regulator will mean in the aftermath of the late-2000s crisis.
Lack of increased risk for perinatal human immunodeficiency virus transmission to subsequent children born to infected women.

BACKGROUND Little is known about whether a woman's risk of transmitting HIV perinatally increases over time and whether the infection outcome of a previous child affects the risk of transmitting HIV to subsequent children. METHODS We analyzed data from 114 prospectively followed women who gave birth to at least 2 children after becoming infected with HIV to determine the risk for perinatal HIV transmission to these sibling pairs. RESULTS The median interval between sibling births was 19 months. HIV infection occurred in 19 (17%) older siblings and 20 (18%) younger siblings (P = 0.87). Two (11%) of the 19 children with infected older siblings were infected compared with 18 (19%) of the 95 children with uninfected older siblings (P = 0.86). The risk for transmission to younger siblings was not associated with the interval between deliveries of the two siblings. CONCLUSIONS These data do not demonstrate that an HIV-infected woman's risk of transmitting HIV perinatally increases with time, although the observed interpregnancy interval was relatively short. The risk for perinatal transmission does not appear to be affected by the infection outcome of previous children. These findings may be useful for counseling HIV-infected women about their risk of transmitting HIV perinatally.
Potato demand in an increasingly organic marketplace.

The authors investigate pricing and demand issues for four fresh potato categories (russet, red, white, and minor colored), organic fresh potatoes, and two processed potato categories (frozen|refrigerated and dehydrated) using a nonlinear generalized almost ideal demand system (GAIDS) that is closed under unit scaling (CUUS). The model used regionally aggregated at-home consumption data from 2000 to 2005. Estimated uncompensated own price elasticities for fresh potatoes were highly significant and ranged between −0.5 and −1.6. The study was designed to capture the effects of the aggregate organic market on the prices, expenditures, and demand for each potato category. Organic food market penetration elasticities suggest that specialty potatoes (organic and minor-colored) are particularly well positioned if demands for organic products continue to rise, red potatoes are not well positioned and evidence of the early warning signs of slippage in market share for white and russet potatoes may exist. Producers and promoters of conventional potato products should account for the increasingly important role of organic products in making decisions. As an auxiliary exercise, we also statistically sourced the variance of the organic potato price premium relative to the other four fresh potato prices. At the present time, the variability of the organic potato premium is not much affected by production costs or other supply-related factors: the premium variability was driven largely by demand, and demographic|seasonal factors. Producers should be cautious about shifting to organic potato production until lower cost practices emerge. lJEL Codes: D120, Q130, Q180r. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Financial instruments usage and strategic earnings reporting: The complement hypothesis examination

The purpose of this study is to examine whether listed firms in Taiwan use discretionary accruals and the financial instruments regulated under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No.34 as complement tools in reporting earnings. A set of simultaneous equations are adopted to capture managers' incentives to enhance earnings performance through financial instruments usage and accrual management. The empirical results of two-stage least squares regressions revealed that, as conjectured, the financial instruments usage is positive associated with the magnitude of discretionary accruals and support the complement hypothesis. It suggests that managers jointly use financial instruments and discretionary accruals to increase earnings and, besides the risk hedging purpose, provides alternative explanation for the multi-goals of financial instruments usage. These results remained robust to various specification tests.
The Control of Technology Alliances: An Empirical Analysis of the Biotechnology Industry

The authors examine the determinants of control rights in biotechnology alliances through three case studies and a quantitative analysis. P. Aghion and J. Tirole (1994) argue that control rights will be assigned so as to maximize the value of the final output as long as the R&D firm has sufficient financial resources. Consistent with this framework, the allocation of control rights to the R&D firm increases with the firm's financial resources. The empirical evidence regarding the relationship between control rights and the stage of the project at the time the alliance is signed is more ambiguous. Copyright 1998 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Unemployment and Foreign Capital: The Relative Opportunity Costs of Domestic Labour and Welfare

The consequences of increased foreign capital for an economy with unemployment are analyzed under different assumptions that influence the relative oportunity costs of domestic labor. The investigation suggests that the implications of the literature on the welfare effect of increased foreign capital are misleading. The paper shows that welfare gains result from increased foreign capital if the opportunity costs of labor are sufficiently low relative to the wages earned by laborers employed by new foreign capital. A number of cases where this occurs are presented. The findings of the paper suggest that cases where increased foreign capital must be welfare-harming represent extreme parameterizations in the set of possibilities. Copyright 1991 by The London School of Economics and Political Science.
Environmental Governance in the Information Age: The Emergence of Informational Governance

Castells's influential work on the Information Age has hardly impacted on the environmental social sciences; and where it has, it has been mainly in terms of intrusions of global flows and networks in fragile environments. This paper explores to what extent and how environmental governance is changing under the conditions of the Information Age. On the waves of information and communication technologies and globalisation processes, a new informational mode of environmental governance—or informational governance—is emerging, in which environmental information gains transformative powers. Information generation, processing, transmission, and use become fundamental (re)sources of power and transformation in environmental reform. As illustrated by several examples, the conventional powers of (state) authority in environmental protection are partly replaced by informational resources, flows, and processes in new governance arrangements and networks. These new modes of informational governance not only point at innovative means of environmental reform, but also pose a series of more critical questions related to new power constellations, (information) access and democracy, and structural uncertainties following multiple knowledges. Hence, a new research agenda emerges for the environmental social sciences.
Towards Redirecting the Female Circumcision Debate: Legal, Ethical and Cultural Considerations

The World Health Organization reports that between 100 and 137 million women, mostly in Africa, have undergone some form of female circumcision (1,2) (also referred to as female genital mutilation). Female circumcision is practiced in more than twenty African countries (Table 1) as well as in Oman, South Yemen, and the United Arab Emirates. Moslem populations of Indonesia and Malaysia also practice circumcision (2). Despite regional variation in its prevalence, female circumcision is more accurately considered an ethnic practice with no direct relation to political or geographical boundaries; for example, in Kenya, the Meru practice excision, whereas the Luo do not; in Nigeria, the Yoruba, Ibo and Hausa practice excision but the Nupes of Fulani do not (3). This paper is an attempt to redirect the debate against female circumcision. The paper questions the legality of enacting criminal sanctions against female circumcision in western nations, while permitting other similar practices. To this end, the paper examines the historical and cultural context of the practice and, further, draws parallels between this procedure, male circumcision, and other forms of surgery. The paper investigates some international legislative responses to female circumcision. The paper further explores the “doublestandard” application of laws in western countries that have a high immigrant presence, in the context of female circumcision, and concludes by examining what direction the law should take in this debate. The position of the author is that although female circumcision is a medically unacceptable practice, the use of criminal law in western countries is nevertheless hypocritical and redundant. The most effective way to end female circumcision in its entirety is through aggressive education and the creation of alternatives for communities affected by the practice.