Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Using machine learning for concept extraction on clinical documents from multiple data sources

OBJECTIVE Concept extraction is a process to identify phrases referring to concepts of interests in unstructured text. It is a critical component in automated text processing. We investigate the performance of machine learning taggers for clinical concept extraction, particularly the portability of taggers across documents from multiple data sources. METHODS We used BioTagger-GM to train machine learning taggers, which we originally developed for the detection of gene/protein names in the biology domain. Trained taggers were evaluated using the annotated clinical documents made available in the 2010 i2b2/VA Challenge workshop, consisting of documents from four data sources. RESULTS As expected, performance of a tagger trained on one data source degraded when evaluated on another source, but the degradation of the performance varied depending on data sources. A tagger trained on multiple data sources was robust, and it achieved an F score as high as 0.890 on one data source. The results also suggest that performance of machine learning taggers is likely to improve if more annotated documents are available for training. CONCLUSION Our study shows how the performance of machine learning taggers is degraded when they are ported across clinical documents from different sources. The portability of taggers can be enhanced by training on datasets from multiple sources. The study also shows that BioTagger-GM can be easily extended to detect clinical concept mentions with good performance.
How Do Analysts Use Their Earnings Forecasts in Generating Stock Recommendations?

Sell-side analysts summarize their opinions about stocks with earnings forecasts and stock recommendations. Because earnings forecasts reflect future fundamentals, and future fundamentals determine value, forecasts and recommendations should be related. In this paper, I test for evidence of such a relation. Using analysts' earnings forecasts in conjunction with the residual income valuation model, I generate intrinsic value estimates for a comprehensive range of plausible calibrations of the model parameters. I find that analysts' stock recommendations are generally unrelated to the deviation of intrinsic value estimates from trading prices. Extending this analysis to consider value estimates generated by a valuation heuristic documented in prior research, I find the heuristic valuations to be strongly related to analysts' stock recommendations. Taken together, the evidence suggests that analysts incorporate their earnings forecasts into their recommendations in a manner consistent with earnings-based heuristics rather than a discounted present value valuation model. The evidence presented here for the behavior of analysts is consistent with prior evidence showing over-extrapolation of growth and earnings persistence in stock prices.
Multisensor resource deployment using posterior Cramer-Rao bounds

The development of a general framework for the systematic management of multiple sensors in target tracking in the presence of clutter is described. The basis of the technique is to quantify, and subsequently control, the accuracy of target state estimation. The posterior Cramer-Rao lower bound (PCRLB) provides the means of achieving this aim by enabling us to determine a bound on the performance of all unbiased estimators of the unknown target state. The general approach is then to use optimization techniques to control the measurement process in order to achieve accurate target state estimation. We are concerned primarily with the deployment and utilization of limited sensor resources. We also allow for measurement origin uncertainty, with sensor measurements either target-generated or false alarms. An example in which the aim is to track a submarine by deploying a series of constant false-alarm rate passive sonobuoys is presented. We show that by making some standard assumptions, the effect of the measurement origin uncertainty can be expressed as a state-dependent information reduction factor which can be calculated off-line. This enables the Fisher information matrix (FIM) to be calculated quickly, allowing Cramer-Rao bounds to be utilized for real-time, dynamic sensor management. The sensor management framework is shown to determine deployment strategies that enable the target to be accurately localized, and at the same time efficiently utilize the limited sensor resources.
Is Product Imitation Good for Firm Performance? An Examination of Product Imitation Types and Contingency Factors

Despite the prevailing phenomenon of product imitation in transition economies, theoretical development of product imitation strategies still lags behind anecdotal evidence. The authors distinguish between pure imitation and creative imitation and examine their contingent effects on firm performance. They test hypotheses on data collected from multiple sources, including top and middle managers and archival financial data from 192 firms in China. The findings indicate that creative imitation has a stronger positive effect on financial performance (i.e., lagged return on assets) than pure imitation. Furthermore, pure imitation and creative imitation, when coupled with strong marketing capability, positively affect market performance (i.e., market share). Finally, compared with their local counterparts, foreign firms operating in China benefit less from pure and creative imitations in terms of financial performance.
Much Ado About Nothing? An Empirical Assessment of the Georgia Voter Identification Statute

Voter identification (ID) policies, especially those of the photo ID variety, have been hotly contested over the last few years. The primary concern surrounding these statutes amounts to lower turnout, especially among certain groups in the electorate, such as racial/ethnic minorities. In 2007, the way was cleared for Georgia to implement a new statute requiring registrants to present a government-issued photo ID to vote. Using population data on registrants from two election cycles coupled with information on a subgroup of registrants known to lack photo ID, we conduct a policy impact analysis of the Georgia voter ID law. We find that the new law did produce a suppression effect among those registrants lacking proper ID. Substantively, the law lowered turnout by about four-tenths of a percentage point in 2008. However, we find no empirical evidence to suggest that there is a racial or ethnic component to this suppression effect.
Primes and Scores: An Essay on Market Imperfections

This paper investigates the reported relative mispricing of primes and scores to the underlying stock. Given transaction costs, the authors establish arbitrage-based bounds on prime and score prices. They then develop a new nonparametric statistical technique to test whether prime and score prices violate these bounds. They find that prime and score prices do exceed stock prices, and often by a considerable amount. They demonstrate that this increased value is most likely due to the score's ability to save on the costs of dynamic hedging. They also show how short sale and trust size constraints impede the ability to arbitrage price disparities. Copyright 1989 by American Finance Association.
The effects of environment, structure, and dynamic capabilities on product innovation strategy

The study compares the descriptive accuracy of some commonly held views on the factors affecting firms' innovative behaviour. In particular, we contrast the relative impact of some of the "traditional" factors that the extant literature has postulated as important determinants of product innovation, namely external environment and organisational structure, with that of the firm's dynamic capabilities, which are emphasised by the resource-based theorising. External environment includes market dynamism and hostility. Structural dimensions are represented using formalisation, centralisation of decision-making, and vertical differentiation. Dynamic capabilities pertain to managerial and organisation processes through which coordination/integration, learning, and transformation take place inside the firm. Based on survey data drawn from a sample of leading Greek firms, results from hierarchical regression analysis seem to pronounce the effect of dynamic capabilities, even though environmental and structural variables also seem to exert a significant influence on product innovation strategy.
Cluster Case Studies: The Marriage of Quantitative and Qualitative Information for Action

This article highlights the use of qualitative data as methodological tools in cluster analysis, following the identification of the cluster through a quantitative analysis. The qualitative methodological tools surveyed include a detailed interview protocol, an interview analysis, a cluster map to describe the cluster structure, and a briefing paper. A cluster map is a visual schematic that describes the different components of a cluster and how the components relate to each other. The cluster map illustrates the cluster’s structure, shapes the way in which the cluster is perceived, and can guide new economic development strategies that take into account the synergies between the cluster’s different components. The article reviews several types of cluster maps and recommends an improved version that combines elements from several of the maps.
RISKY DEBT MATURITY CHOICE IN A SEQUENTIAL GAME EQUILIBRIUM

In this paper the choice of risky debt maturity structure is analyzed in a sequential game framework. The focus is on the set of viable equilibria when there are not transaction costs associated with the choice of debt maturity structure. It is shown that when changes in firm value are independent over time, both short- and long-term debt pooling are Nash sequential equilibrium outcomes. However, only the short-term debt pooling outcome satisfies the universal divinity refinements. Relaxing the assumption of independent changes in firm value, it is demonstrated that a separating equilibrium in which higher-quality firms issue short-term debt and low-quality firms issue long-term debt may exist. Furthermore, conditions exist under which long-term debt pooling is the universally divine outcome.
Osteoscopy for Assessment of Blood Supply to the Femoral Head: A Preliminary Study

Objectives The aim of our study was to develop a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure (osteoscopy), which is capable of visualizing blood supply and quantitatively assessing circulation to the femoral head at the time of definitive surgery. Methods The new diagnostic technique was developed in animal experiments (four piglets) and was subsequently tested in nine consecutive patients requiring surgery for a femoral neck fracture. The direct visualization of the femoral head circulation was performed in the mortise prepared for the implant. The osteoscope optic fiber was placed at the orifice of the cavity created by the custom-made drill bit. The “mortise-sleeve-optic” system was connected to a manometer and a saline reservoir. The bleeding from the wall of bony cavity was observed, meanwhile the inner pressure of the “mortise-sleeve-optic” system was changed gradually. The pressure measurement at the first appearance of bleeding and the intraosseal pressure was recorded. Results The animal investigations demonstrated that the osteoscopy readily distinguished among diffuse bleeding, pulsatile bleeding, and the absence of bleeding in the femoral head. The human experiments proved that a different quality of the femoral head circulation can be observed during osteoscopy. Conclusions Preliminary findings indicate that clinical osteoscopy may be a useful tool in the assessment of blood circulation to the femoral head.
The Relation between Trade and FDI in Developing Countries -- A Panel Data Approach

Using panel data for the period 1970-97, I examine the relation between a developing country's trade openness and the stock of its FDI liabilities. The paper makes two contributions. First, I find that trade openness is positively correlated with FDI liabilities, with or without country fixed effects. Moreover, this correlation remains robust to the inclusion of additional variables on the right hand side, such as GDP per capita, inflation, institutional quality, macroeconomic volatility and measures of capital controls. Secondly, I show that the source of this correlation is causality from FDI to trade openness, rather than the other way around. To establish this, I run IV regressions first with FDI as the dependent variable, and trade liberalization dates instrumenting for trade openness, and then with trade openness as the dependent variable, and bilateral investment treaties signed by countries instrumenting for FDI. I find that trade liberalization increases trade openness, but predicted trade openness has no explanatory power for FDI liabilities. On the other hand, the number of bilateral investment treaties signed by a country significantly increases its stock of FDI liabilities, and the predicted stock of FDI liabilities has significant explanatory power for trade openness. This is an important finding because the standard approach so far in the literature has been to include trade openness on the right hand side of regressions (with the left hand side involving some measure of FDI liabilities), thereby implicitly assigning to it a causal role. My paper shows that this practice introduces endogeneity bias in the regression coefficients.
Technological Change, Vehicle Characteristics, and the Opportunity Costs of Fuel Economy Standards

Many countries are tightening passenger vehicle fuel economy standards. The literature on passenger vehicle standards has used structural models to estimate their welfare effects. This paper provides the first empirical evidence on the effects of recently tightened fuel economy standards on technology adoption. Specifically, it investigates changes in the rate and direction of technology adoption, that is, the extent to which technology is used to increase fuel economy at the expense of other vehicle attributes. We find that recent US and European standards have both increased the rate of technology adoption and affected the direction of technology adoption. Producers reduced horsepower and torque compared to a counterfactual in which fuel economy standards remained unchanged. We estimate opportunity costs from reduced horsepower and torque to be of similar magnitude as the gains from fuel savings.
Professional Learning Communities, Leadership, and Student Learning

Abstract Professional learning communities have become one of the most talked about ideas in education today. Many K-12 schools are working to become professional learning communities in the hope that student learning will improve when adults commit themselves to talking collaboratively about teaching and learning and then take action that will improve student learning and achievement. The researchers in this study believe that a school must understand and practice the five disciplines of a learning organization to be a true professional learning community and that leadership plays a significant role in the ability of a school to become a professional learning community that enhances student learning. The questions explored in this study of six middle schools, three urban and three suburban, were: 1) What does a professional learning community look like in a middle school? 2) What kind of principal creates a professional learning community in his/her school? 3) What are the beliefs and dispositions of such a leader? 4) Do teachers perceive their school to be a professional learning community? and, 5) Is there a relationship between professional learning communities, leadership, and student learning?
Notes on the Rate of Industrial Growth in Italy, 1861–1913

This article reconsiders industrial growth in post-Unification Italy in light of a new set of sector-specific production estimates. Though still in part provisional, the new series confirm that the production of durables (and related materials) was dominated by the Kuznets cycle. A similar cycle is documented in the growth rate of the residual, excluding foodstuffs, and extended by reasonable assumption to foodstuffs as well. The new series thus support the traditional view of the 1880s as a period of widespread prosperity and above-trend consumption rather than the opposite, now dominant view.This article presents the first comprehensive results of a long-term research project that owes much to the constant encouragement of Pierluigi Ciocca and Gianni Toniolo, to extended exchanges with Giovanni Federico, to the kindness of the librarians at the Bank of Italy and the Istituto centrale di statistica, and not least, for their financial support, to the Ente per gli studi monetari, bancari e finanziari “Luigi Einaudi,” the National Science Foundation, the Guggenheim Foundation, and the Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica. The usual disclaimer applies.
Comparative determinants of horse-race coverage

We investigate the levels of horse-race coverage in 160 different European print and broadcast outlets in 27 different countries at three different points in time. We match information on outlets’ content to survey-based information on the average levels of interest in politics and education of outlets’ audiences. We formulate hypotheses concerning journalists’ and citizens’ preferences over the ideal level of horse-race coverage, as well as hypotheses concerning the information content of horse-race coverage in different party systems. After controlling for the composition of each outlet’s audience, we find that horse-race coverage is most frequent in polarized party systems with close electoral contests, and in large markets with professional journalists. These findings challenge the traditional view of horse-race journalism as a ‘low-quality’ form of news.
Intelligent Detection Approaches for Spam

This paper proposes intelligent detection approaches based on incremental support vector machine and artificial immune system for the spam of e-mail stream. In the approaches, a window is used to hold several classifiers each of which classifies the e-mail independently and the label of the e-mail is given by a strategy of majority voting. Exceeding margin update technique is also used for the dynamical update of each classifier in the window. A sliding window is employed for purge of out-of-date knowledge so far. Techniques above endow our algorithm with dynamical and adaptive properties as well as the ability to trace the changing of the content of e-mails and user's interests in a continuous way. We conduct many experiments on two public benchmark corpus called PU1 and Ling. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed intelligent detection approaches for spam give a promising performance.
Economic Space: Theory and Applications

Introduction, 89. — I. The idea of abstract space and economic analysis, 91; distinction between geonomic (banal) space and economic spaces, 92; space defined by a plan, 95; space defined as a field of forces, 95; space defined as a homogeneous aggregate, 96. — II. Some applications of the distinction between the three types of economic space, 97: monetary space, 97; national space, 99; the European economy, 102.
Formal R&D Management and Strategic Decision Making in Small Firms in Knowledge‐Intensive Business Services

Small research and development (R&D) active firms in knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) can be characterised as technology experts in niche markets. Their reliance on expertise in one or a few key technology areas involves a continuous challenge to make strategic decisions in terms of future technology and market positioning. The formal management of R&D is considered an important part hereof. However, besides the fact that it is no common practice in about half of these companies, little is known about formal R&D management in small firms in KIBS. This paper addresses this gap using a combined quantitative and qualitative research approach. The starting point for the descriptive quantitative empirical analysis is a representative sample of small R&D active firms in KIBS provided by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development business R&D survey for Belgium. The presence of formal R&D management is related to aspects of dynamic capabilities. The qualitative research is based on strategic choices in the innovation strategy in 12 purposively chosen small firms during the period 20052011. It maps the evolution of the firm's technology and market positioning within a setting adapted to small firms in KIBS, and highlights its relation with formal R&D management. The analysis reveals that formal R&D management in small firms in KIBS can be related to more complex linkages between internal innovation strengths and opportunities in the firm's external environment. Moreover, formal R&D management in KIBS is found to be closely related to dynamics in strategic decision making in terms of market positioning and to innovation success. The influence of formal R&D management on the technology focus in small firms in KIBS turned out to be of minor importance.
Exploring the relationship between financial behaviors and financial well-being of African American college students at one historically black institution

College students are at an important time in their lives as they move from financial dependence to financial independence. Given this concern, motivating young adults to save is an important objective. Research on college students and their finances has focused on credit card use. The current study explored the relationship between financial social learning opportunities and financial behaviors of African American college students at one HBCU. Similar studies have been done at predominately white institutions and community colleges, but none examined 1890 historically black colleges. The current study drew from social theory to attempt to understand saving behavior. Bandura (1977) proposed that people can learn from others by observing and modeling their behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions. Survey data were used to determine the relationship between financial social learning opportunities and financial behaviors of college students focusing on three financial behaviors: budgeting, checking credit report, and saving. The instrument used to collect survey data was modified to include questions to identify African American demographics, and included several scales to measure the financial behaviors of college students. Descriptive and inferential statistical procedures were use to analyze the data. It is interesting to note that financial social learning opportunities were significantly related to financial behaviors of African American college students. This finding is consistent with previous studies that revealed a significant relationship between financial socialization factors and financial behaviors. A positive relationship was found between financial social learning opportunities and financial behavior. Specifically, the likelihood of