Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Protein p40 to Hypovirus-Mediated Modulation of Fungal Host Phenotype and Viral RNA Accumulation

ABSTRACT The papain-like protease p29, derived from the N-terminal portion of the hypovirus CHV1-EP713-encoded open reading frame (ORF) A polyprotein, p69, was previously shown to contribute to reduced pigmentation and sporulation by the infected host, the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, while being dispensable for virus replication and attenuation of fungal virulence (hypovirulence). We now report that deletion of the C-terminal portion of p69, which encodes the highly basic protein p40, resulted in replication-competent mutant viruses that were, however, significantly reduced in RNA accumulation. While the Δp40 mutants retained the ability to confer hypovirulence, Δp40-infected fungal strains produced more asexual spores than strains infected with either wild-type CHV1-EP713 or a Δp29 mutant virus. As observed for Δp29-infected colonies, pigment production was significantly increased in Δp40-infected fungal strains relative to that in CHV1-EP713-infected strains. Virus-mediated suppression of laccase production was not affected by p40 deletion. A gain-of-function analysis was employed to map the p40 symptom determinant to the N-terminal domain, encompassing p69 amino acid residues Thr(288) to Arg(312). Evidence that the gain of function was due to the encoded protein rather than the corresponding RNA sequence element was provided by introducing frameshift mutations on either side of the activity determinant domain. Moreover, restoration of symptoms correlated with increased accumulation of viral RNA. These results suggest that p40 indirectly contributes to virus-mediated suppression of fungal pigmentation and conidiation by providing an accessory function in hypovirus RNA amplification. A possible role for p40 in facilitating ORF B expression and the relationship between hypovirus RNA accumulation and symptom expression are discussed.
PET/CT Biograph Sensation 16. Performance improvement using faster electronics.

AIM The new PET/CT Biograph Sensation 16 (BS16) tomographs have faster detector electronics which allow a reduced timing coincidence window and an increased lower energy threshold (from 350 to 400 keV). This paper evaluates the performance of the BS16 PET scanner before and after the Pico-3D electronics upgrade. METHODS Four NEMA NU 2-2001 protocols, (i) spatial resolution, (ii) scatter fraction, count losses and random measurement, (iii) sensitivity, and (iv) image quality, have been performed. RESULTS A considerable change in both PET count-rate performance and image quality is observed after electronics upgrade. The new scatter fraction obtained using Pico-3D electronics showed a 14% decrease compared to that obtained with the previous electronics. At the typical patient background activity (5.3 kBq/ml), the new scatter fraction was approximately 0.42. The noise equivalent count-rate (R(NEC)) performance was also improved. The value at which the R(NEC) curve peaked, increased from 3.7 x 10(4) s(-1) at 14 kBq/ml to 6.4 x 10(4) s(-1) at 21 kBq/ml (2R-NEC rate). Likewise, the peak true count-rate value increased from 1.9 x 10(5) s(-1) at 22 kBq/ml to 3.4 x 10(5) s(-1) at 33 kBq/ml. An average increase of 45% in contrast was observed for hot spheres when using AW-OSEM (4ix8s) as the reconstruction algorithm. For cold spheres, the average increase was 12%. CONCLUSION The performance of the PET scanners in the BS16 tomographs is improved by the optimization of the signal processing. The narrower energy and timing coincidence windows lead to a considerable increase of signal- to-noise ratio. The existing combination of fast detectors and adapted electronics in the BS16 tomographs allow imaging protocols with reduced acquisition time, providing higher patient throughput.
Accounting for Response Misclassification and Covariate Measurement Error Using a Random Effects Logit Model

Often in longitudinal data arising out of epidemiologic studies, measurement error in covariates and/or classification errors in binary responses may be present. The goal of the present work is to develop a random effects logistic regression model that corrects for the classification errors in binary responses and/or measurement error in covariates. The analysis is carried out under a Bayesian set up. Simulation study reveals the effect of ignoring measurement error and/or classification errors on the estimates of the regression coefficients.
The Emerging Field of Nutritional Mental Health

We live in a transformational moment for understanding the etiology of mental disorders. The previous leap in understanding occurred 60 years ago, which led us to incorporate psychopharmacology into our curricula to address the chemical basis of neurotransmitter function, especially as explained through the then-popular catecholamine hypothesis. The current revolution is broader, consisting of the rapidly accumulating knowledge of how inflammation, microbiome imbalance (gut dysbiosis), oxidative stress, and impaired mitochondrial output affect brain function. Suitable interventions for fighting inflammation, restoring normal gut function, reducing oxidative stress, and improving mitochondrial metabolism incorporate lifestyle variables, including nutrients and probiotics. This article invites readers to stay abreast of this emerging model of the biological basis of mental illness, given that it has particular relevance for those readers interested in alleviating the suffering of individuals with mental disorders. This overview describes the basis for a new field in mental health: nutritional psychiatry/psychology.
Metal uptake by microalgae: Underlying mechanisms and practical applications

Metal contamination of a few aquatic, atmospheric, and soil ecosystems has increased ever since the industrial revolution, owing to discharge of such elements via the effluents of some industrial facilities. Their presence to excessive levels in the environment will eventually lead to serious health problems in higher animals owing to accumulation throughout the food web. Current physicochemical methods available for recovery of metal pollutants (e.g., chemical precipitation, oxidation/reduction, or physical ion exchange) are either expensive or inefficient when they are present at very low concentrations. Consequently, removal of toxic metals by microorganisms has emerged as a potentially more economical alternative. Microalgae (in terms of both living and nonliving biomass) are an example of microorganisms suitable to recover metals and able to attain noteworthy percent removals. Their relatively high metal‐binding capacities arise from the intrinsic composition of their cell walls, which contain negatively charged functional groups. Consequently, microalgal cells are particularly efficient in uptake of those contaminants when at low levels. Self‐defense mechanisms developed by microalgal cells to survive in metal‐containing media and environmental factors that affect their removal (e.g., pH, temperature, and biomass concentration) are reviewed here in a comprehensive way and further discussed in attempts to rationalize this form of remediation vis‐a‐vis with conventional nonbiological alternatives. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog. , 2012
edu . au Changing Conditional Beliefs Unconditionally

Although the AGM account of belief change tells us how to change unconditional beliefs, it fails to guide us in changing our conditional beliefs. That explains why, in the AGM account of belief change proper, a decent account of iterated belief change is not forthcoming. Darwiche and Pearl provide an account of changing conditional beliefs. We argue that the Darwiche-Pearl postulates are, on the one hand, limited in scope and, on the other, excessively strong and suggest how they should be supplemented. We show, contrary to the generally held view, that the revision operation changes to a new (though in some cases the same) revision operation after each instance of belief change. Finally, we prove what may be viewed as representation results connecting the acount offered in this paper with entrenchment kinematics.
A Comparison of Flux Variance and Surface Renewal Methods With Eddy Covariance

Sensible and latent heat fluxes are important parameters for understanding energy/mass interactions. At present, there are a number of methods available to estimate these fluxes, with varying degrees of difficulty and success. In the present study, we explore the use of the flux variance method and the surface renewal method to estimate the sensible and latent heat fluxes in two agricultural sites in China. The results of these two methods were compared to direct measurements using eddy covariance. The study sites, a wheat field in a semi-arid area and a rice paddy in a humid area provide an opportunity to examine two extreme conditions. In the arid conditions, both estimation methods provided similar sensible heat flux estimations but higher latent heat flux estimations with respect to the eddy covariance measurements. The sum of the estimated sensible and latent heat fluxes was in good agreement with measurements. In the rice paddy, sensible heat flux estimated by both methods showed similar results, whereas latent heat fluxes estimation were 1.2 times greater than eddy covariance measurements. The surface renewal method underestimated the Bowen ratio over the rice paddy, but overestimated it over the wheat field. In conclusion, both methods appear more appropriate for the estimation of sensible heat flux rather than for latent heat flux, in particular in humid environments.
Abdominal fat is dangerous for arteries even in older people.

1. Netten A, Trukeschitz B, Beadle-Brown J, Forder J, Towers A-M, Welch E. Quality of life outcomes for residents and quality ratings of care homes: is there a relationship? Age Ageing 2012; 41: 512–7, doi: 10.1093/ageing/afs050. 2. Guidance about compliance. Essential standards of quality and safety. Care Quality Commission. March 2010. http:// www.cqc. org.uk/sites/default/files/media/documents/gac__dec_2011_update. pdf (18 April 2012, date last accessed). 3. CSCI Quality Ratings. Market Research Report. March 2009. http://archive.cqc. org.uk/_db/_documents/20090325_CSCI_ quality_ratings_report_final12. pdf (18 April 2012, date last accessed). 4. Lievesley N, Crosby G, Bowman C. The changing role of care homes. Centre for Policy on Ageing, 2011. http://www.cpa. org.uk/information/reviews/changingroleofcarehomes.pdf (18 April 2012, date last accessed). 5. Essence of care 2010. Benchmarks for the fundamental aspects of care. Department of Health October 2010. http:// www.dh. gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@ dh/@en/@ps/documents/digitalasset/dh_119978. pdf (18 April 2012, date last accessed). 6. The Dutch National Prevalence Survey of Care Homes. http://www.lpz-um.eu (18 April 2012, date last accessed). 7. British Geriatrics Society Joint Working Party. Quest for Quality. Inquiry into the quality of healthcare support for older people in care homes: a call for leadership, partnership and quality improvement. June 2011. British Geriatrics Society. http:// www.bgs. org.uk/index.php? option=com_content&view=article& id=1487&Itemid=719 (18 April 2012, date last accessed). 8. Failing the Frail: A Chaotic Approach to Commissioning Healthcare Services for Care Homes BGS March 2012. http://www.bgs. org.uk/index.php? option=com_content&view= article&id=1907:cqc-report-too-many-failing-hospitals&catid= 6:prindex&Itemid=99 (18 April 2012, date last accessed).
Efficacy of tocilizumab, a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, in rheumatoid arthritis

Evaluation of: Smolen JS, Beaulieu A, Rubbert-Roth A et al.; OPTION Investigators: Effect of interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoidarthritis (OPTION study): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Lancet 371, 987–997 (2008). Evidence accumulated suggests a major role of for IL-6 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Several clinical trials have demonstrated that IL-6 signaling blockade with an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody (tocilizumab) is clinically effective in treating patients with RA. In this study, Smolen et al. report the results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled study that assessed the efficacy of tocilizumab in combination with methotrexate. Active RA patients who were refractory to methotrexate treatment were treated with 8 or 4 mg/kg of tocilizumab, or placebo, intravenously every 4 weeks in combination with methotrexate. At 24 weeks, a 20% improvement of signs and symptoms of RA according to the American College of Rheumat.
Analysis of electrical tree inhibitory effect by antioxidants using quantum chemical calculation

This paper describes the effect of electrical tree inception voltage on antioxidants mixed in XLPE by using the density functional theory (DFT) approach. It already has been demonstrated experimentally that among the four phenolic antioxidants, 3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol has the highest tree inception voltage. First, it is shown DFT calculation results which are the energy levels, electric dipole moment and 3D electrostatic potential distributions of antioxidants. We could be confirmed that the electrical tree inception voltage increases with increasing the electric dipole moment of antioxidants, and the inhibitory effect becomes larger when the phenolic antioxidant contains sulfur. The DFT approach is very useful to consider the mechanism of the relationship between tree inception voltage and antioxidants mixed in XLPE.
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in Norway – incidence and prognostic markers at diagnosis

Geir E. Tjønnfjord (born 1953) Head of the Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital and Professor of Haematology at the Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo. Specialist in internal medicine and blood diseases. The author has completed the ICMJE form and reports no conflicts of interest. Email: geir.tjonnord@oslo-universitetssykehus.no Department of Haematology Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo
Tubular carcinoma of the breast: Clinical and pathological observations concerning 135 cases

Clinical and pathological features of 135 tubular carcinomas are discussed. Tumor silc varied from 0.2 to 2.5 cm with a mean diameter of 0.9 cm. In situ carcinoma was found associated with tubular cancer in 86 cases (63.6%). In 82 of 86 (95.3%) it was of micropapillary/cribriform intraductal type. Twelve of 109 patients in whom axillary; diseais was performed were found to have axillary metastases. Six patients (4) developed recurrent or disseminated metastatic carcinoma during a mean follow-up period of 7.2 years. Two of these patients are dead of disease. Tubular carcinoma shneld be distinguished from microglandular adenosis, an uncommon form of selerosing adenosis.
CD28 costimulation regulates FOXP3 in a RelA/NF‐κB‐dependent mechanism

The molecular mechanisms whereby CD28 alone or associated with TCR can regulate FOXP3 expression are not understood, although the importance of CD28 as a pivotal regulator of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T cells is well recognized. We previously demonstrated that unique CD28‐induced, NF‐κB‐dependent signals were sufficient to activate FOXP3 transcription in human CD4+CD25− T cells; however, the exact mechanisms are currently unknown. In this study, we have identified novel κB‐binding sites on FOXP3 gene and demonstrated that CD28 signals mediated FOXP3 trans activation by nuclear translocation of RelA/NF‐κB and not of c‐Rel. The occupancy of FOXP3 κB‐binding sites by RelA dimers that correlated with histone acetylation and recruitment of Pol II were required both to initiate FOXP3 transcription and to control the promoter occupancy by NFAT. Interestingly, knockdown of RelA in CD4+CD25− T cells stimulated through TCR and CD28 significantly affected FOXP3 expression, confirming that also the transcriptional activation of FOXP3 gene by TCR in the presence of CD28‐costimulatory signals is RelA‐dependent. In conclusion, these data suggest a new mechanism by which FOXP3 is activated and supports the critical role of CD28 in the regulation of peripheral tolerance.
Aromatic hydroxylation in animal models of diabetes mellitus

Although the involvement of oxidative stress is well documented in the diabetic state, the individual active oxygen species generated have not been demonstrated in animal models of diabetes currently used. Since streptozotocin‐induced diabetes mellitus in animals still serves as an animal model of diabetes mellitus, but streptozotocin induces diabetes and generates oxidative stress per se, we decided to study whether aromatic hydroxylation reflecting hydroxyl radical attack was found in three animal models of diabetes mellitus without streptozotocin induction or in streptozotocin‐induced diabetes only. For this purpose, we compared lipid peroxidation, aromatic hydroxylation of phenylalanine, glycoxidation in genetically determined diabetic mouse strains db/db and kk, and the diabetic BB rat to these parameters in the streptozotocin‐treated rat. Kidney malondialdehyde concentrations, reflecting lipid peroxidation, pentosidine, and Nε‐caboxymethyllysine concentrations, reflecting glycoxidation, were significantly elevated in all diabetic groups as compared to their nondiabetic mates. Aromatic hydroxylation was significantly elevated in the streptozotocin‐induced diabetic state exclusively. We conclude that biochemical, pathophysiological, and treatment studies in the streptozotocin model of diabetes mellitus may be confounded by the presence of products, reactions, and tissue damage generated by aromatic hydroxylation reflecting hydroxyl radical attack. We suggest it is not the diabetic state but streptozotocin that generates the hydroxyl radical, as reflected by aromatic hydroxylation in this model. —Lubec, B. , Hermon, M. , Hoeger, H. , Lubec, G. Aromatic hydroxylation in animal models of diabetes mellitus. FASEB J. 12, 1581–1587 (1998)
Quadratic Stabilization of LPV System by an LTI Controller Based on ILMI Algorithm

A linear time-invariant (LTI) output feedback controller is designed for a linear parameter-varying (LPV) control system to achieve quadratic stability. The LPV system includes immeasurable dependent parameters that are assumed to vary in a polytopic space. To solve this control problem, a heuristic algorithm is proposed in the form of an iterative linear matrix inequality (ILMI) formulation. Furthermore, an effective method of setting an initial value of the ILMI algorithm is also proposed to increase the probability of getting an admissible solution for the controller design problem.
Elemental concentrations in isolated rat thymocytes prepared for cryofixation in the presence of different media

Rat thymocytes were isolated in suspension and the effect of preparing the cells for cryofixation in the presence of different media on the elemental content was investigated using the technique of X‐ray microanalysis. Cells prepared in the different media showed variation in the concentrations of Na, K and Cl. The isolated cells were incubated at 310 K for 1 h to allow recovery from isolation. There was a decrease in Na and Cl content after incubation. The thymocyte population was disturbed by suspension in medium containing dextran, and this resulted in a number of cells with high concentrations of Na and low concentrations of K. These cells did not take up vital dye. Thymocytes were also prepared for freezing by using high‐speed centrifugation to concentrate the cells. Thymocytes prepared by this method showed values for concentrations of Na, K and Cl similar to published values for these cells using other methods of estimation. There were, however, consistent differences in Na content between the cells prepared in Hanks' balanced salt solution and those prepared in serum. Factors which affect the apparent concentration of Na and Cl in isolated cells are discussed.
The Effect of Option-based Compensation on Payout Policy: Evidence from FAS123R

Does option-based compensation have a causal influence on payout policy? To address this question we examine the adoption of mandatory expensing of stock options (via accounting standard FAS123R), a plausible exogenous shock to the use of option-based compensation. As FAS123R applies to all firms, our identification strategy exploits the fact that the reduction in option-based compensation in response to the accounting standard varies with the firm-specific expected accounting impact, as measured by the option expense disclosed in the footnotes prior to FAS123R. Using a difference-in-difference research design we do not find that (accountingdriven) reductions in option-based pay cause dividends to increase, repurchases to decrease or the payout composition to change, except for some increase in dividends among dividend-paying small firms. Our results contrast with the widely held belief that option-based pay has a significant causal influence on payout policy and cast doubts on its role in the shift from dividends to repurchases in recent decades. JEL Classification: G35, M41, M48, M52
Regional Specific Evidence for Memory-Load Dependent Activity in the Dorsal Subiculum and the Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

The subiculum and the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) are the main output areas of the hippocampus which contribute to spatial and non-spatial memory. The proximal part of the subiculum (bordering CA1) receives heavy projections from the perirhinal cortex and the distal part of CA1 (bordering the subiculum), both known for their ties to object recognition memory. However, the extent to which the proximal subiculum contributes to non-spatial memory is still unclear. Comparatively, the involvement of the LEC in non-spatial information processing is quite well known. However, very few studies have investigated its role within the frame of memory function. Thus, it is not known whether its contribution depends on memory load. In addition, the deep layers of the EC have been shown to be predictive of subsequent memory performance, but not its superficial layers. Hence, here we tested the extent to which the proximal part of the subiculum and the superficial and deep layers of the LEC contribute to non-spatial memory, and whether this contribution depends on the memory load of the task. To do so, we imaged brain activity at cellular resolution in these areas in rats performing a delayed nonmatch to sample task based on odors with two different memory loads (5 or 10 odors). This imaging technique is based on the detection of the RNA of the immediate-early gene Arc, which is especially tied to synaptic plasticity and behavioral demands, and is commonly used to map activity in the medial temporal lobe. We report for the first time that the proximal part of the subiculum is recruited in a memory-load dependent manner and the deep layers of the LEC engaged under high memory load conditions during the retrieval of non-spatial memory, thus shedding light on the specific networks contributing to non-spatial memory retrieval.
Two modes of transfer in artificial grammar learning.

Participants can transfer grammatical knowledge acquired implicitly in 1 vocabulary to new sequences instantiated in both the same and a novel vocabulary. Two principal theories have been advanced to account for these effects. One suggests that sequential dependencies form the basis for cross-domain transfer (e.g., Z. Dienes, G. T. M. Altmann, & S. J. Gao, 1999). Another argues that a form of episodic memory known as abstract analogy is sufficient (e.g., L. R. Brooks & J. R. Vokey, 1991). Three experiments reveal the contributions of the 2. In Experiment 1 sequential dependencies form the only basis for transfer. Experiment 2 demonstrates that this process is impaired by a change in the distributional properties of the language. Experiment 3 demonstrates that abstract analogy of repetition structure is relatively immune to such a change. These findings inform theories of artificial grammar learning and the transfer of grammatical knowledge.