Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experiences of introducing a quasi-market in Swedish primary care: fulfilment of overall objectives and assessment of provider activities

Health care as any other public service is subject to many potentially conflicting objectives and many actors. Over time, the traditional goal of health care systems of distributive justice has been accompanied by other objectives and health care reforms have developed accordingly. One type of reform in countries with publicly funded health care has evolved around replacing monopolistic state providers with competition among providers and choice for individuals: quasi-markets have been introduced. This new structure of governance, involving a mix of mechanisms for corrective action, seems to be appropriate for achieving a mix of objectives. New accountability relationships between providers and citizens are appropriate for holding providers to account for new objectives related to accessibility, quality as perceived by patients and responsiveness of services towards individuals. These objectives are visible to individuals at their point of contact with the provider. Such accountability relationships are not enough to achieve all overall objectives. It is necessary to establish and maintain dual accountability relationships with providers. Accountability relationships between providers and governments have to be maintained to achieve traditional objectives related to other aspects of quality, efficient management of resources and equitable distribution of services (Less)
Distribution and mobility of selenium and other trace elements in shallow ground water of the western San Joaquin Valley, California

Samples of shallow ground water that underlies much of the irrigated area in the western San Joaquin Valley of California were analyzed for various major ions and trace elements, including selenium. Concentrations of the major ions generally were similar for ground water collected in the two primary geologic zones--the alluvial fan and basin trough. Soils in the alluvial-fan zone are derived from Coast Range rocks, and soils in the basin-trough zone are from a mixture of Sierra Nevada and Coast Range sources. Most of the variance in concentrations of major ions, as determined by principal components analysis, was associated with ground-water salinity and the dominant ions--magnesium, sodium, sulfate, and chloride. Most of the variance in trace elements was associated with concentrations of boron, molybdenum, selenium, and vanadium, which are present as mobile oxyanions. The concentrations of oxyanions trace elements were significantly correlated (a=0.05) with groundwater salinity, but the correlations between selenium and salinity and molybdenum and salinity were significantly different (a=0.05) in the alluvial-fan geologic zone compared with the basintrough geologic zone. In addition, selenium concentrations are significantly (a=0.05) higher in the ground water of the alluvial-fan zone than in the basin-trough zone. The evidence suggests that the main factors influencing selenium concentrations in the shallow ground water are the degree of ground-water salinity and the geologic source of the alluvial soil material.
Empirical Studies on the Sources of Agglomeration Economies

2 previous empirical studies. It performs an empirical examination of the model with regional panel data of the manufacturing sector in Japan. A city level panel data constructed mainly from the Census of Manufacturers for the 1996−2006 is used for empirical analysis. The revenue function including parameters for the transportation costs of each industry is estimated. The results support the existence of positive transportation costs, and show the estimated transportation costs for the manufacturing sector are higher than those for the primary sector and lower than those for the service sector. Chapter 3 Plant Productivity Dynamics and Private and Public R&D Spillovers: Technological, Geographic and Relational Proximity Chapter 3 investigates the knowledge spillovers and examines the effects of R&D spillovers on total factor productivity (TFP) with a large panel of Japanese manufacturing plants matched with R&D survey data (1987–2007). This chapter simultaneously examines the role of public (university and research institutions) and private (firm) R&D spillovers, and the different effects due to technological, geographic, and relational (buyer-supplier) proximity. Estimating dynamic long difference models and allowing for a gradual convergence in TFP and geographic decay in spillover effects, the results show that technologically proximate private R&D stocks positively affect TFP growth, which decay with distance and become negligible at around 500 kilometers. In addition to knowledge spillovers from technologically proximate R&D stocks, ‘relational’ spillovers from buyer and supplier R&D stocks exert positive effects on TFP growth that are similar in magnitude. The elasticity of TFP is highest for public R&D (corrected for industrial relevance), in particular for plants operated by R&D-conducting firms. This chapter does not find evidence of geographic decay in the impact of public and relational spillovers. Over time, declining R&D spillovers appear to be responsible for a substantial part of the decline in the rate of TFP growth. The exit of proximate plants operated by R&D-intensive firms plays a notable role in this process and is an important phenomenon in major industrial agglomerations such as Tokyo, Osaka, and Kanagawa. Chapter 4 Effects of Regional Human Capital on Business Entry: a Comparison of Independent Startups and New Subsidiaries in Different Industries Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 examine the effects of labor pooling. Chapter 4 aims to investigate
A mathematical theory of communication

In this final installment of the paper we consider the case where the signals or the messages or both are continuously variable, in contrast with the discrete nature assumed until now. To a considerable extent the continuous case can be obtained through a limiting process from the discrete case by dividing the continuum of messages and signals into a large but finite number of small regions and calculating the various parameters involved on a discrete basis. As the size of the regions is decreased these parameters in general approach as limits the proper values for the continuous case. There are, however, a few new effects that appear and also a general change of emphasis in the direction of specialization of the general results to particular cases.
A comparison of the global warming effects of wood fuels and fossil fuels taking albedo into account

Traditionally, wood fuels, like other bioenergy sources, have been considered carbon neutral because the amount of CO2 released can be offset by CO2 sequestration due to the regrowth of the biomass. Thus, until recently, most studies assigned a global warming potential (GWP) of zero to CO2 generated by the combustion of biomass (biogenic CO2). Moreover, emissions of biogenic CO2 are usually not included in carbon tax and emissions trading schemes. However, there is now increasing awareness of the inadequacy of this way of treating bioenergy, especially bioenergy from boreal forests. Holtsmark (2014) recently quantified the GWP of biogenic CO2 from slow‐growing forests (GWPbio), finding it to be significantly higher than the GWP of fossil CO2 when a 100 year time horizon was applied. Hence, the climate impact seems to be even higher for the combustion of slow‐growing biomass than for the combustion of fossil carbon in a 100 year timeframe. The present study extends the analysis of Holtsmark (2014) in three ways. First, it includes the cooling effects of increased surface reflectivity after harvest (albedo). Second, it includes a comparison with the potential warming impact of fossil fuels, taking the CO2 emissions per unit of energy produced into account. Third, the study links the literature estimating GWPbio and the literature dealing with the carbon debt, and model simulations estimating the payback time of the carbon debt are presented. The conclusion is that, also after these extensions of the analysis, bioenergy from slow‐growing forests usually has a larger climate impact in a 100 year timeframe than fossil oil and gas. Whether bioenergy performs better or worse than coal depends on a number of conditions.
Beyond the equilibrium paradigm: How consideration of kinetics enhances metamorphic interpretation

Abstract The equilibrium model of prograde metamorphism, in which rocks are regarded as departing only negligibly from equilibrium states as they recrystallize, has generated a wealth of petrologic insights. But mounting evidence from diverse approaches and observations over a range of scales has revealed that kinetic impediments to reaction may prevent metamorphic rocks from attaining rock-wide chemical equilibrium along their prograde crystallization paths. To illustrate the resulting potential for inaccurate interpretation if kinetic factors are disregarded, we briefly review several case studies, including: out-of-sequence, metastable, and displaced isograds in contact aureoles; paragenetic sequences documenting overstepped, disequilibrium reaction paths; patterns of compositional zoning in garnet demonstrating partial chemical equilibrium; petrologic incongruities between observation and thermodynamic prediction; and inhibited reaction progress revealed by petrologically constrained numerical simulations of garnet crystallization. While the equilibrium model provides an indispensable framework for the study of metamorphic systems, these examples emphasize that all reactions require departures from rock-wide equilibrium, so all rocks must traverse kinetically sensitive reaction paths during recrystallization. Mindfulness of the potential significance of kinetic influences opens new avenues for petrologic investigation, thereby enhancing both analysis and interpretation.
Numerical Simulation of Wave Flow over the Spiral-Reef Overtopping Device

In this paper, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out for the purpose of finding the optimal design parameters of a spiral-reef overtopping device. In order to maximize the overtopping flow rate, geometrical parameters of the device were systematically examined in numerical computations. In all simulations, the commercial CFD program FLOW3D was used. In this study, regular waves with a period range of 4~6 seconds (which are very common in the Korean southern sea) are considered. In the first phase of the study, two-dimensional parameters including device ramp angle, ramp shape and draft were investigated. Fully three-dimensional CFD simulations were then conducted to understand wave flow over the device and the guide-vane effect on overtopping on it. The calculation results show different overtopping processes between 2D and 3D simulations, and optimal design parameters were identified based on numerical results. These findings can be incorporated in the design of an overtopping device to obtain better overtopping performance.
MATERNAL BMI- HOW IT AFFECT OBSTETRIC BEHAVIOUR AND PREGNANCY OUTCOME

OBJECTIVE: The present study was to find out effect of maternal body mass index (BMI) on obstetric behaviour and pregnancy outcome. METHOD: This was a hospital-based observational study ,based on 636 primigravid women delivering singleton live baby in May 2012 to June 2013 . We categorise the women into three groups . Obstetric and perinatal outcome were compared among three groups underweight (BMI 25 kg/m2). RESULTS: Obese women were more prone to adverse maternal and perinatal outcome such as prolong pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, operative vaginal delivery ,shoulder dystocia, induction of labour, caesarean section, post partum haemorrhage, puerperal pyrexia, low birth weight baby, preterm baby, post maturity, macrosomia and low Apgar score and no significance difference were found regarding anaemia in pregnancy, premature rupture of membrane comparing normal BMI pregnant mother. Underweight pregnant mother were more prone to develop anaemia in pregnancy, intrauterine growth restriction, premature rupture of membrane, post partum haemorrhage, puerperal pyrexia, low birth weight baby, preterm baby and low Apgar score compare to normal BMI pregnant mother. CONCLUSION: Both overweight and underweight are the definite risk factor for adverse maternal and perinatal outcome . This may be due to altered metabolic state in those cases. KEY WORD: Overweight-Underweight-BMI- Pregnancy-Maternal and Perinatal outcome.
The WAGGS project - I. The WiFeS Atlas of Galactic Globular cluster Spectra

We present the WiFeS Atlas of Galactic Globular cluster Spectra, a library of integrated spectra of Milky Way and Local Group globular clusters. We used the WiFeS integral field spectrograph on the Australian National University 2.3 m telescope to observe the central regions of 64 Milky Way globular clusters and 22 globular clusters hosted by the Milky Way’s low-mass satellite galaxies. The spectra have wider wavelength coverage (3300–9050 A) and higher spectral resolution (R = 6800) than existing spectral libraries of Milky Way globular clusters. By including Large and Small Magellanic Cloud star clusters, we extend the coverage of parameter space of existing libraries towards young and intermediate ages. While testing stellar population synthesis models and analysis techniques is the main aim of this library, the observations may also further our understanding of the stellar populations of Local Group globular clusters and make possible the direct comparison of extragalactic globular cluster integrated light observations with well-understood globular clusters in the Milky Way. The integrated spectra are publicly available via the project website.
Social norms in promoting family planning: a study in Niger

Despite the progress made in the domain of family planning, the practice of the latter remains a current issue around the world, particularly in emerging and developing countries. This study examines the impact of traditional values and norms regarding family planning in Niger. Self-reported data were gathered – by means of a questionnaire – as to the variables likely to influence family planning practices (through contraceptive use). Participants were married females (N = 200), between 21 and 50 years of age. The data were analysed using SPSS 15.0 software. The findings suggest that subjective norms have a direct effect on contraceptive use among women with no formal schooling, living in either rural or urban settings. For women with some formal schooling, it was their attitude towards family planning that had a direct effect on family planning practices. Suggestions for devising targeted family planning messages based on cultural values and norms have been proposed.
The Role of Management as a User of Accounting Information: Implications for Standard Setting

The aim of this paper is to analyze the question of whether the sole focus of standard setters developing accounting standards that are useful to external users for making decisions about providing resources to the entity result in useful accounting information. To answer this question, we analyzed the relationship between the stewardship function of financial accounting and the demand for information useful in making economic decisions on resource allocation (decision-making demand; decision-useful information) by external investors. We first analyse information within an efficiency-based framework of financial economics abstracting from agency conflicts. We demonstrate that decisions on resource allocation not only require forward-looking, but also backward-looking performance measures which indicate the necessity as well as the direction of corrective action. Next, we introduce information asymmetries and incentive problems. In this setting, the stewardship function of accounting gains relevance. External users now need not only information for their investment decisions but also information to use in assessing management performance and to gain insight into how management used the entity’s resources. Since however, managers anticipate the way they are evaluated, any accounting information used to control management has an incentive effect and alters management’s internal decision-making. Therefore, standard setters cannot ignore the incentive effect (stewardship function) of financial accounting information and the consequence it has for decision-making. If standard setters consider decision-usefulness and stewardship as compatible functions of accounting, accounting rules need to serve both functions simultaneously, that is, provide information that is useful for investors for making economic decisions and at the same time provide incentives for managers to act in the owners’ best interests. Or, if in fact the two functions are considered distinct and incompatible, then they must be separated and considered explicitly. That is, managers should then not be held accountable for their actions based on accounting information.
Geochemical identification of impactor for Lonar crater, India

Abstract— The only well‐known terrestrial analogue of impact craters in basaltic crusts of the rocky planets is the Lonar crater, India. For the first time, evidence of the impactor that formed the crater has been identified within the impact spherules, which are ? 0.3 to 1 mm in size and of different aerodynamic shapes including spheres, teardrops, cylinders, dumbbells and spindles. They were found in ejecta on the rim of the crater. The spherules have high magnetic susceptibility (from 0.31 to 0.02 SI‐mass) and natural remanent magnetization (NRM) intensity. Both NRM and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) intensity are ? 2 Am2/Kg. Demagnetization response by the NRM suggests a complicated history of remanence acquisition. The spherules show schlieren structure described by chains of tiny dendritic and octahedral‐shaped magnetite crystals indicating their quenching from liquid droplets. Microprobe analyses show that, relative to the target basalt compositions, the spherules have relatively high average Fe2O3 (by ? 1.5 wt%), MgO (? 1 wt%), Mn (? 200 ppm), Cr (? 200 ppm), Co (? 50 ppm), Ni (? 1000 ppm) and Zn (? 70 ppm), and low Na2O (? 1 wt%) and P2O5 (? 0.2 wt%). Very high Ni contents, up to 14 times the average content of Lonar basalt, require the presence of a meteoritic component in these spherules. We interpret the high Ni, Cr, and Co abundances in these spherules to indicate that the impactor of the Lonar crater was a chondrite, which is present in abundances of 12 to 20 percent by weight in these impact spherules. Relatively high Zn yet low Na2O and P2O5 contents of these spherules indicate exchange of volatiles between the quenching spherule droplets and the impact plume.
Characterization of an N2 flowing microwave post-discharge by OES spectroscopy and determination of absolute ground-state nitrogen atom densities by TALIF

A flowing microwave post-discharge source sustained at 2.45 GHz in pure nitrogen has been investigated by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence (TALIF) spectroscopy. Variations of the optical emission along the post-discharge (near, pink and late afterglow) have been studied and the gas temperature has been determined. TALIF spectroscopy has been used in the late afterglow to determine the absolute ground-state nitrogen atomic densities using krypton as a reference gas. Measurements show that the microwave flowing post-discharge is an efficient source of N (4S) atoms in late afterglow. In our experimental conditions, the maximum N (4S) density is about 2.2 × 1015 cm−3 for a pressure of 22 Torr, at 300 K. The decay of N (4S) density as a function of the time spent in the quartz tube has been modelled and a wall recombination probability γ of (2.1 ± 0.3) × 10−4 is obtained.
Insider Trading in the Swiss Stock Market

Many studies on insider trading are based on data of the U.S. market and conclude that insiders can earn abnormal profits. This paper examines for the Swiss stock market whether insiders can earn abnormal profits and whether outsiders can make abnormal profits by mimicking the transactions of insiders. We find significant abnormal returns for insider trading, as well as some evidence for profitable mimicking strategies. We can reject the strong form Efficient Market Hypothesis for the Swiss stock market. However, with regard to the semi-strong form Efficienct Market Hypothesis, it remains unclear whether it is true for the Swiss stock market.
Bright OB stars in the Galaxy I. Mass-loss and wind-momentum rates of O-type stars: A pure Hα analysis accounting for line-blanketing

We study mass-loss and wind momentum rates of 29 Galactic O-type stars with luminosity classes I, III and V by means of a pure Hα profile analysis and investigate to what extent the results compare to those originating from a state-of- the-art, complete spectral analysis. Our investigation relies on the approximate method developed by Puls et al. (1996) which we have modified to account for the effects of line-blanketing. Effective temperatures and gravities needed to obtain quanti- tative results from such a simplified approach have been derived by means of calibrations based on most recent spectroscopic NLTE analyses and models of Galactic stars by Repolust et al. (2003) and Martins et al. (2002). Comparing (i) the derived wind- densities to those determined by Repolust et al. (2003) for eleven stars in common and (ii) the Wind-momentum Luminosity Relationship (WLR) for our sample stars to those derived by other investigations, we conclude that our approximate approach is actually able to provide consistent results. Additionally, we studied the consequences of "fine tuning" some of the direct and indirect parameters entering the WLR, especially by accounting for different possible values of stellar reddening and distances. Combining our data set with the corresponding data provided by Herrero et al. (2002) and Repolust et al. (2003) we finally study the WLR for the largest sample of Galactic O-type stars gathered so far, including an elaborate error treatment. The established disagreement between the theoretical predictions and the "observed" WLRs being a function of luminosity class is suggested to be a result of wind clumping. Different strategies to check this hypothesis are discussed, particularly by comparing the Hα mass-loss rates with the ones derived from radio observations.
Effects of egg weight and length of storage on hatchability and subsequent growth performance of quail

This study was to investigate the effects of hatching egg weight and length of storage period on hatchability and subsequent growth performance of quail. A total of 2304 eggs was collected from a quail flock, aged 17 weeks. The eggs were divided into four groups on the basis of storage periods of 1, 3, 5 or 7 days. Prior to egg storage, the eggs in each group were classified according to egg weight, as small: 12.51 g. Hatchability of total and of fertile eggs increased significantly with an increase in egg weight but was not affected by duration of egg storage. There were no significant effects of egg storage period on body weight and feed conversion ratio of the progeny at six weeks of age. The average body weight of the quail produced from heavier eggs (large and jumbo) was significantly higher than those from the smaller eggs. It is recommended that the storage period should be no longer than 3 days. Eggs heavier than 11.50 g were found to be the most suitable for successful hatching and subsequent growth performance. Keywords: Quail, Egg weight, Storage period, Hatchability, Growth performance South African Journal of Animal Science Vol.33(4) 2003: 242-247