Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The origins and evolution of pig domestication in prehistoric Spain

From the main four domesticates (cattle, sheep, goat, and pig), the pig has only recently attracted scientific interest worthy of its archaeological importance. Synthetic works studying wild or domestic pigs in European regions such as Italy, Sardinia/Corsica and Poland have provided important insights often missed by site-focused zooarchaeological reports. This thesis constitutes the first study focusing on pigs and their interactions with humans in Spain from pre-Neolithic times until the Iron Age. Crucial archaeological issues addressed include, when and how pig domestication occurred, how it was integrated in the neolithisation of Iberia, and how it evolved in post-Neolithic periods. The relationships between humans and wild boar as well as between domestic pigs and their wild counterparts are also explored.A large volume of biometric data on postcranial and dental elements, combined with age and sex data of pig populations, allow reliable analyses and well-informed interpretations. These data are explored graphically and described to refine the picture of prehistoric pig populations in Spain and generate inferences on their relationship with humans. Biometric data from other countries and ethnoarchaeological data of traditional pig husbandry practices from southwest Iberia and other Mediterranean regions are analysed to enhance the interpretational value of the Spanish zooarchaeological data.The results support the appearance of domestic pigs from the early 6th millennium cal. BC in most parts of Spain and suggest ample diversity in early pig husbandry practices. By the end of the Neolithic, domestic pigs were present across Spain and more important than hunted wild boar. From the Late/Final Neolithic onwards, domestic pigs were morphologically distinguishable from wild boar on population level. The data also suggest an increase in wild boar hunting in the Bronze Age followed by further intensification of pig management in the Iron Age. Possible explanations and implications of these findings are discussed.
Color Ratios of Subauroral (STEVE) Arcs

Photos of a spectacular optical phenomenon, nicknamed STEVE, show finely structured, purple‐colored, east‐west arcs spanning the sky. These purple Sub‐auroral Arc Emissions are associated with Sub‐Auroral Ion Drifts, often accompanied by separate green arcs frequently displaying magnetic field aligned rays suggesting charge particle excitation. Both types of these arcs and polar auroras appear in some photos. Splitting the images into red, green, and blue channels allowed comparison of color ratios of the three phenomena. Wavelength calibration of the camera verified that the dominant atmospheric auroral emissions, 630.0 nm O(1D), O(1S) 557.7 nm, and N2+1N bands, were cleanly separated in the red, green, and blue channels of the camera. In the absence of a spectrogram the ratios between the color channels were interpreted in terms of possible excitation mechanisms. The purple arcs contained an excess of blue, presumably N2+1N intensity. This excess production could be due to the excitation of N2+ ions that were ionized through charge exchange with O+. The green companion arcs appear to be purely green (557.7) with almost no blue and minimal red suggesting excitation by low‐energy electrons excitation at altitudes >100 and <150 km.
Mixed-sentiment classification of web forum posts using lexical and non-lexical features

The sentiment detection of the content has become an active research domain in recent years due to the increased availability of public views and opinions in the social web forums. Earlier works detect the sentiment arousal and valence using a lexicon or a dictionary. This paper aims to classify a post content in the social web forums by identifying the mixed-sentiment views and targets to find such posts in which users' views have both positive and negative emotions. Identification of the mixed-sentiment content has several potential applications such as monitoring public views, making products related business decisions and predicting users' behaviors. I propose a non-lexical feature set and compare with the conventional lexicon-based sentiment feature set. The four state of the art classification algorithms applied on the large dataset of public forum verify that the proposed non-lexical features are helpful to find the mixed-sentiment in online forums. The main contribution is the proposal and validation of such features which do not need a lexicon. In addition, a comprehensive analysis of the dataset has been carried out using the power law analysis. The features have been ranked according to their significance in the classification model to identify mixed-sentiment content in the social web forum.
New chronological constraints on the timing of Late Pleistocene glacier advances in northern Switzerland

Abstract. Deposits of the Reuss Glacier in the central northern Alpine foreland of Switzerland are dated using luminescence methodology. Methodological considerations on partial bleaching and fading correction of different signals imply the robustness of the results. An age of ca. 25 ka for sediment directly overlying basal lodgement till corresponds well with existing age constraints for the last maximal position of glaciers of the northern Swiss Alpine Foreland. Luminescence ages imply an earlier advance of Reuss Glacier into the lowlands during Marine Isotope Stage 4. The presented data are compared to findings from other parts of the Alps regarding glacier dynamics and palaeoclimatological implications, such as the source of precipitation during the Late Pleistocene.
Development of Separation Phenomena on a Passenger Car

The general shape of a vehicle influences its aerodynamic performance through separation phenomena and flow structure development. Since these flow characteristics have a direct influence on the energy efficiency, safety and comfort, it is essential to study their formation and evolution into the freestream. The energy efficiency is determined by the aerodynamic drag, while the safety and comfort aspects are dependent on the noise generation, vehicle soiling, handling and stability. The objective of this work is to achieve a more detailed physical understanding of the development of flow structures by analysing their surface properties and their evolution into the freestream. The concept of limiting streamlines is used to investigate and characterize the near wall flow, and surface properties such as the surface pressure, the wall shear stress and the vorticity are analysed and correlated with the flow patterns. The detachment of the flow from the surface and its development into the freestream are investigated using 2D streamlines and flow properties such as vorticity. This study is based on numerical simulations of a detailed full scale passenger car of the notchback type. Results are compared to experimental flow visualisations and pressure measurements performed on a full scale vehicle. Special focus is put on the flow around the antenna, the flow over the rear window, the flow downstream of the front wheel and on the base wake flow. Based on this analysis, it is found that the surface patten can be used to identify evolving flow phenomena. Analysing the limiting streamline pattern and 2D planes, together with the vorticity distribution, makes it possible to predict and study occurring flow phenomena. Flow structures developing in the main flow direction were the most dominant and are the least suppressed. It is shown that the only mechanisms, of flow detaching from the surface, must be either through singular points or along separation lines. The study of particular areas around the vehicle shows different flow phenomena and explains the formation of flow structures. Familiar phenomena such as the A-pillar vortex and the trailing vortices behind the vehicle are discussed. For instance, it is shown that, in the near wake an up-wash zone is created (crucial for contamination) and in the far wake, the two trailing vortices create a down-wash; both phenomena emanate from the vehicle base.
Effect of Noise Pollution Among Milling Machine Operators in North-West Nigeria.

Commercial activities are mostly centralized to main markets in many towns and cities of the Northern part of Nigeria. Such central markets constitute the noisiest part of the towns. Yet, there is no evidence that the workers and traders in such markets are aware of the challenges excessive noise pollution pose to their health. This problem serves as the basis for this research, which investigated the major source of noise pollution in Kebbi central market and make recommendation to improve the wellbeing of the people in the market.The market was divided into thirteen sections based on activities. These sections were visited twice a day for two weeks to measure their sound levels. The sound level was measured with a CEM digital noise level meter with an accuracy of ±3.5dB@1KHz. Thereafter, an ergonomic observation assessment of the noisiest section was carried out. The assessment was carried out based on rapid entire body assessment (REBA) methodology. The average sound intensity in all the sections exceeded the recommended safe sound level of 40dB. However, only the sound intensity at the grain and spice milling section (89.13 dB) exceeded the noise harmfulness level of 85dB. Operators were encouraged to use ear muffs or earplugs to minimise the exposure to harmful noise level. Proper electrification of the section was also recommended to minimise the use of internal combustion engines. The findings emphasised the need for government and relevant authorities to carry out occupational safety awareness among workers in the non-formal sector of the society.
Study of interlocking nail in shaft tibia fracture

Introduction: The tibia is the most commonly fractured long bone in the body and understanding of the mode of injury, fracture pattern is necessary to decide an operative management. Tibia shaft fractures are commonly managed by interlocking nail. This study is to assess the surgical management and assess the functional outcome of tibia shaft fractures. Materials and Method: The study consist of 50 patients with tibia shaft fracture treated with tibia interlocking nail. Clinical outcome and function results were evaluated by Alho & Ekland’s criteria. Result: In this study, we have operated a total 50 cases with tibia interlocking nail in tibial shaft fractures. The average union time was 17.68 weeks. The study yielded about 82 % of excellent result. Conclusion: The present study shows that closed fractures of the tibia shaft treated with interlocking intramedullary tibia nailing involves minimal surgical trauma and negligible blood loss. It provides the advantages of early ambulation, lower rates of infection and non-union. A significant advantage of interlocking nail in addition to early joint mobilisation, is early weight bearing which allows earlier return to work. Hence the study concluded that closed interlocking intramedullary nail is the treatment of choice in closed tibia shaft fracture.
Data Acquisition and Analysis System of Insect Acoustic Signal and Its Application in Signal Study of the Brown Planthopper

A set of data acquisition and analysis system of insect acoustic signal (DAASIAS)with friendly interface, simple operation and multifunction was developed. DAASIAS could sample and analyze insect acoustic signals in real time. By using DAASIAS, both observing insect behavior and analyzing signal could be conducted at the same time. DAASIAS was applied firstly in sampling and analyzing the brown planthopper signals and results showed that DAASIAS was steady and provided a powerful platform for deeply studying insect sound communication.
Household food security and coping strategies: a case study of Tembisa Township of Ekurhuleni Municipality, Gauteng Province, South Africa

This study was designed to analyse factors determining household food security and coping strategies in Tembisa township of Ekurhuleni municipality, Gauteng Province, South Africa. The systematic random sampling technique was to collect primary data using well-structured questionnaire and oral interview. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, logistic regression model, coping strategy index and Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). Results from descriptive statistics showed that male headed household were more than female headed household, and the maximum household size were nine (9), minimum were one (1). Results from HFIAS revealed that 38% of the households are food secured, while 28% being mildly food insecure, 26% being severely food insecure, and 8% were moderately food insecure. The results further revealed that household size, source of income, own house, total monthly income and age of the household head influence household food security negatively and positively. Coping strategy index results showed that �Rely on less expensive and preferred food has been used by 86% of the population, followed by reduce number of meals eaten in a day (60%). Since the source of income found influencing household food security, the study recommends the creation of employment through development programmes such as Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP). The study further recommends that household should practice back yard farming.
North Atlantic Ice‐Rafting, Ocean and Atmospheric Circulation During the Holocene: Insights From Western Mediterranean Speleothems

In this study, we present a Holocene rainfall index based on three high‐resolution speleothem records from the Western Mediterranean, a region under the influence of the westerly winds belt modulated by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). On centennial to millennial timescales, we show that the North Atlantic ice‐rafting events were likely associated with negative NAO‐like conditions during the Early Holocene and the Late Holocene. However, our data reveal that this is not clearly the case for the mid‐Holocene ice‐rafting events, during which we also show evidence of positive NAO‐like patterns from other paleo‐oceanographic and paleo‐atmospheric data. Hence, contradictory mechanisms involving prolonged periods of both north and south shifts of the westerly winds belt (resembling positive and negative NAO‐like patterns) might at least partially trigger or amplify the ice‐rafting events and the slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
Concurrent wet and dry hydrological extremes at the global scale

Abstract. Multi-hazard events can be associated with larger socio-economic impacts than single-hazard events. Understanding the spatio-temporal interactions that characterize the former is therefore of relevance to disaster risk reduction measures. Here, we consider two high-impact hazards, namely wet and dry hydrological extremes, and quantify their global co-occurrence. We define these using the monthly self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index based on the Penman–Monteith model (sc_PDSI_pm), covering the period 1950–2014, at 2.5∘ horizontal resolution. We find that the land areas affected by extreme wet, dry, and wet–dry events (i.e. geographically remote yet temporally co-occurring wet or dry extremes) are all increasing with time, the trends of which in dry and wet–dry episodes are significant (p value ≪ 0.01). The most geographically widespread wet–dry event was associated with the strong La Niña in 2010. This caused wet–dry anomalies across a land area of 21 million km2 with documented high-impact flooding and drought episodes spanning diverse regions. To further elucidate the interplay of wet and dry extremes at a grid cell scale, we introduce two new metrics: the wet–dry (WD) ratio and the extreme transition (ET) time intervals. The WD ratio measures the relative occurrence of wet or dry extremes, whereas ET quantifies the average separation time of hydrological extremes with opposite signs. The WD ratio shows that the incidence of wet extremes dominates over dry extremes in the USA, northern and southern South America, northern Europe, north Africa, western China, and most of Australia. Conversely, dry extremes are more prominent in most of the remaining regions. The median ET for wet to dry is ∼27 months, while the dry-to-wet median ET is 21 months. We also evaluate correlations between wet–dry hydrological extremes and leading modes of climate variability, namely the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO). We find that ENSO and PDO have a similar influence globally, with the former significantly impacting (p value < 0.05) a larger area (18.1 % of total sc_PDSI_pm area) compared to the latter (12.0 %), whereas the AMO shows an almost inverse pattern and significantly impacts the largest area overall (18.9 %). ENSO and PDO show the most significant correlations over northern South America, the central and western USA, the Middle East, eastern Russia, and eastern Australia. On the other hand, the AMO shows significant associations over Mexico, Brazil, central Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, China, and eastern Russia. Our analysis brings new insights on hydrological multi-hazards that are of relevance to governments and organizations with globally distributed interests. Specifically, the multi-hazard maps may be used to evaluate worst-case disaster scenarios considering the potential co-occurrence of wet and dry hydrological extremes.
A review of factors that affect the static load- bearing capacity of urban trees

Over the last 30 years, researchers have begun to employ biomechanical principles to understand the stability of urban trees. This review concentrates on literature pertaining to trees in temperate urban landscapes, but also includes relevant work from other disciplines and climates as appropriate. The load-bearing capacity of a tree depends on its size and shape and the material properties of its wood. As the trunk and branches increase in diameter, their load-bearing capacity increases. Material properties (e.g., moduli of elasticity and rupture) describe intrinsic wood stiffness and strength, which influence deflection under load and load-bearing capacity, respectively. In wood, material properties vary in relation to a variety of factors, including the direction of loading, moisture content, and tree age. Wood decay reduces a tree’s load-bearing capacity. Although practitioners have developed guidelines to assess its effect, existing guidelines should be investigated, refined or rejected on the basis of rigorous scientific testing. Static load tests have been developed to address this question, as well as investigate the likelihood of uprooting, which accounts for up to 35% of tree failures. While much has been learned, many questions remain about the static load-bearing capacity of trees growing in urban landscapes.
A 50-year review on heavy metal pollution in the environment: Bivalves as bio-monitors

There has been a steady increase in the quantity and diversity of discharges that reach aquatic environment, both organic and inorganic, either synthesized or mobilized by man as a result of high population growth and development activities. This has led to the appearance of several types of pollution. Inland and coastal waters have been the most affected, since most major cities are located near water bodies. Monitoring programs and research for metals in the environment have become widely established because of concerns over accumulation and toxic effects, particularly in aquatic organisms. Quantifying metal concentrations in water and sediments may have limited value in this respect, particularly in circumstances in which it is difficult to define biologically relevant fractions. Therefore, the analysis of aquatic organisms have been used increasingly as a direct measure of the abundance and availability of metals and micro-pollutants in the environment and has led to the adoption of the bio-indicator (bio-monitor, sentinel organism) concept 50 years ago. All heavy metals (trace elements) are potentially toxic, even the essential ones if accumulated above (or below) levels needed by the organism. Temperature and salinity are the two major factors to be considered when considering abundance, availability, bioaccumulation and excretion of these metals in the aquatic environment. Almost all developed countries are found in the temperate region while the developing ones are located or/and found in the tropics where these factors are at the extreme. Hot spots for heavy metal pollution are found both in the developed and developing world. Key words: Heavy metals, aquatic environment, bivalves, bio-indicator/monitors, seasonal variation, accumulation.
Synergy in the pig and biogas production system

Using manure to produce biogas has multiple environmental benefits. However, today Swedish agricultural biogas is generally considered unprofitable meaning it’s use is not widespread. This study examines how to properly value heat produced in a combined heat and power unit, an area that has not been studied extensively before. It focuses on how heat can produce synergy effects in pig production by using heat to maintain temperature while increasing ventilation and air quality, a common problem in pig production. A dual case study was preformed where a simulation model described heat use and increased pig performance. Two farms where chosen based on their relative latitude in Sweden to provide maximal temperature differences. Results show that pig performance is improved between 0,82 and 0,95 SEK/kWh used from biogas. This is above the market price of heat and contributed to biogas profitability much more than previous research has suggested. A sensitivity analysis also show that pig performance increase could decrease a ot before heat value is below the break even for biogas profitability. Altering heat use between summer and winter remain a problem in heat utilization from biogas also in this study.