Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Preclinical Cardiac Damage: Need for U.S. Representative Study Sample

1. Jaber S, Petrof BJ, Jung B, Chanques G, Berthet J-P, Rabuel C, Bouyabrine H, Courouble P, Koechlin-Ramonatxo C, Sebbane M, et al. Rapidly progressive diaphragmatic weakness and injury during mechanical ventilation in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:364–371. 2. Hermans G, Agten A, Testelmans D, Decramer M, Gayan-Ramirez G. Increased duration of mechanical ventilation is associated with decreased diaphragmatic force: a prospective observational study. Crit Care 2010;14:R127. 3. Watson AC, Hughes PD, Louise Harris M, Hart N, Ware RJ, Wendon J, Green M, Moxham J. Measurement of twitch transdiaphragmatic, esophageal, and endotracheal tube pressure with bilateral anterolateral magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation in patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2001;29: 1325–1331. 4. Russell AJ, Hartman JJ, Hinken AC, Muci AR, Kawas R, Driscoll L, Godinez G, Lee KH, Marquez D, Browne WF IV, et al. Activation of fast skeletal muscle troponin as a potential therapeutic approach for treating neuromuscular diseases. Nat Med 2012;18: 452–455. 5. Welvaart WN, Paul MA, Stienen GJ, van Hees HW, Loer SA, Bouwman R, Niessen H, de Man FS, Witt CC, Granzier H, et al. Selective diaphragm muscle weakness after contractile inactivity during thoracic surgery. Ann Surg 2011;254: 1044–1049. 6. Welvaart WN, Paul MA, van Hees HWH, Stienen GJM, Niessen JWM, de Man FS, Sieck GC, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Ottenheijm CA. Diaphragm muscle fiber function and structure in humans with hemidiaphragm paralysis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L228–L235. 7. Weijs PJM, Stapel SN, de Groot SDW, Driessen RH, de Jong E, Girbes ARJ, Strack van Schijndel RJM, Beishuizen A. Optimal protein and energy nutrition decreases mortality in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a prospective observational cohort study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2012;36: 60–68. 8. Levine S, Nguyen T, Taylor N, Friscia ME, Budak MT, Rothenberg P, Zhu J, Sachdeva R, Sonnad S, Kaiser LR, et al. Rapid disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers in mechanically ventilated humans. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1327–1335. 9. Vassilakopoulos T, Petrof BJ. Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:336–341. 10. Ochala J, Renaud G, Llano Diez M, Banduseela VC, Aare S, Ahlbeck K, Radell PJ, Eriksson LI, Larsson L. Diaphragm muscle weakness in an experimental porcine intensive care unit model. PLoS ONE 2011;6: e20558. 11. Powers SK, Shanely RA, Coombes JS, Koesterer TJ, McKenzie M, Van Gammeren D, Cicale M, Dodd SL. Mechanical ventilation results in progressive contractile dysfunction in the diaphragm. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2002;92:1851–1858. 12. Sassoon CSH, Caiozzo VJ, Manka A, Sieck GC. Altered diaphragm contractile properties with controlled mechanical ventilation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2002;92:2585–2595. 13. Hussain SNA, Mofarrahi M, Sigala I, Kim HC, Vassilakopoulos T, Maltais F, Bellenis I, Chaturvedi R, Gottfried SB, Metrakos P, et al. Mechanical ventilation–induced diaphragm disuse in humans triggers autophagy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182: 1377–1386. 14. Shindoh C, Dimarco A, Nethery D, Supinski G. Effect of PEGsuperoxide dismutase on the diaphragmatic response to endotoxin. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:1350–1354. 15. Supinski GS, Wang W, Callahan LA. Caspase and calpain activation both contribute to sepsis-induced diaphragmatic weakness. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009;107:1389–1396.