Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When the Going Gets Tough, the Tough Get Going: Social Identification and Individual Effort in Intergroup Competition

Based on social identity theory, the authors predicted that in ongoing intergroup competition, people’s strength of social identification will have a positive impact on their behavioral efforts on behalf of an ingroup when its current status is low, whereas this will not be the case when its current status is high. In a first experiment, male participants showed the expected pattern of behavior. Female participants, however, tended to display opposite reactions. As a possible explanation, it was argued that the experimental procedure may have inadvertently evoked a gender-based stereotype threat for female participants. In an attempt to obtain more consistent support for their hypothesis, the authors therefore replicated the experiment with modifications to avoid such a threat. These changes proved to be effective in the sense that this time the predicted interaction effect between ingroup identification and current group status was obtained for both male and female participants.
Evidence of Firms' Perceptions Toward Electronic Payment Systems (EPS) in Malaysia

This quantitative study examines the expectation of 122 firms in Malaysia regarding electronic payment systems (EPS) and the extent to which banks are meeting these expectations and thus facilitating e-commerce growth in that country. This paper presents survey data on the firms‟ perceptions toward EPS provided by commercial banks in Malaysia. The survey data was analyzed using quadrant, gap, factor, regression analyses, and other statistical tools. The results indicate that the extent of use of electronic cheques, smart cards, and electronic cash is rather sluggish, but that the banks‟ service performance was found to be satisfactory. Study results also indicate that the most important factor influencing the firms‟ perceptions is flexibility of the payment system, followed by functionality, data management, privacy, and security of the EPS. Functionality, privacy, and security were important factors in predicting the level of EPS use.
Military expenditure, economic growth and structural instability: a case study of South Africa

This paper contributes to the growing literature on the milex-growth nexus, by providing a case study of South Africa and considering the possibility of structural breaks by applying newly developed econometric methods. Using full sample bootstrap Granger non-causality tests, no Granger causal link is found between military expenditure and GDP for 1951–2010, but parameter instability tests show the estimated VARs to be unstable. Using a bootstrap rolling window estimation procedure, however, finds evidence of bidirectional Granger causality in various subsamples. This implies standard Granger non-causality tests, which neither account for structural breaks nor time variation may be invalid.
Predicting the Times of Retweeting in Microblogs

Recently, microblog services accelerate the information propagation among peoples, leaving the traditional media like newspaper, TV, forum, blogs, and web portals far behind. Various messages are spread quickly and widely by retweeting in microblogs. In this paper, we take Sina microblog as an example, aiming to predict the possible number of retweets of an original tweet in one month according to the time series distribution of its top n retweets. In order to address the problem, we propose the concept of a tweet’s lifecycle, which is mainly decided by three factors, namely, the response time, the importance of content, and the interval time distribution, and then the given time series distribution curve of its top n retweets is fitted by a two-phase function, so as to predict the number of its retweets in one month. The phases in the function are divided by the lifecycle of the original tweet and different functions are used in the two phases. Experiment results show that our solution can address the problem of predicting the times of retweeting in microblogs with a satisfying precision.
hoosing to compete : How different are girls and boys ?

Using a controlled experiment, we examine the role of nurture in explaining the stylized fact that women shy away from competition. We have two distinct research questions. First, does the gender composition of the group to which a student is randomly assigned affect competitive choices? Second, does the gender mix of the school a student attends affect competitive choices? Our subjects (students just under 15 years of age) attend publicly funded single-sex and coeducational schools. We find robust differences between the competitive choices of girls from single-sex and coed schools. Moreover, girls from single-sex schools behave more like boys even when randomly assigned to mixed-sex experimental groups. This suggests that it is untrue that the average female avoids competitive behavior more than the average male. It also suggests that observed gender differences might reflect social learning rather than inherent gender traits. © 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Early Human Development – Equity from the Start – Latin America

Today we know from studies in social sciences and developmental neurobiology that the environment in the early years of human development sets trajectories for health (physical and mental), learning, and behavior throughout life. We now understand how experience in early life regulates the function of normal genes. Gene functions set in early life are difficult to change. Some societies are beginning to appreciate the importance of early human development for the future quality of their population. Initiatives should be in place that are compatible with the recommendations in chapter 5 of the WHO Commission Report on the Social Determinants of Health. To do this, we must provide equity from the start.
The JRA-25 Reanalysis

A long-term global atmospheric reanalysis, named “Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25)” was completed using the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) numerical assimilation and forecast system. The analysis covers the period from 1979 to 2004. This is the first long-term reanalysis undertaken in Asia. JMA's latest numerical assimilation system, and specially collected observational data, were used to generate a consistent and high-quality reanalysis dataset designed for climate research and operational monitoring and forecasts. One of the many purposes of JRA-25 is to enhance the analysis to a high quality in the Asian region.Six-hourly data assimilation cycles were performed, producing 6-hourly atmospheric analysis and forecast fields of various physical variables. The global model used in JRA-25 has a spectral resolution of T106 (equivalent to a horizontal grid size of around 120 km) and 40 vertical layers with the top level at 0.4 hPa. In addition to conventional surface and upper air observations, atmospheric motion vector (AMV) wind retrieved from geostationary satellites, brightness temperature from TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS), precipitable water retrieved from orbital satellite microwave radiometer radiance and other satellite data are assimilated with three-dimensional variational method (3D-Var). JMA produced daily sea surface temperature (SST), sea ice and three-dimensional ozone profiles for JRA-25. A new quality control method for TOVS data was developed and applied in advance.Many advantages have been found in the JRA-25 reanalysis. Predicted 6-hour global total precipitation distribution and amount are well reproduced both in space and time. The performance of the long time series of the global precipitation is the best among the other reanalyses, with few unrealistic variations from degraded satellite data contaminated by volcanic eruptions. Secondly, JRA-25 is the first reanalysis to assimilate wind profiles around tropical cyclones reconstructed from historical best track information; tropical cyclones were analyzed properly in all the global regions. Additionally, low-level cloud along the subtropical western coast of continents is well simulated and snow depth analysis is also of a good quality. The article also covers material which requires attention when using JRA-25.
IS THE „BOTTOM LINE“ THE BOTTOM LINE ? THE DETERMINANTS OF CEO FORCED EXIT

The linkage between poor firm performance and CEO dismissal has not been consistently demonstrated in prior research, leading to calls to explore factors that moderate this relationship. In an industry-matched sample of firms from the Business Week 1000 that dismiss their CEO and those that don’t, we examine the relationship between different measures of firm performance and dismissal, as well as the power of the CEO, board and shareholders to moderate this relationship. We find that CEO succession is related to stock returns, changes in profitability, and debt downgrading, but not to earnings expectations. Further, CEOs use their power to resist exit under all circumstances, while boards and institutional investors exercise their power to force out the CEO only when performance is poor.
Exploring Key Determinants of Tax Compliance Decision Among Individual Taxpayers in Sri Lanka

Tax compliance is a major problem in revenue generation by Government of Sri Lanka. The aim of this study is to explore the key determinants of tax compliance behavior of individual taxpayers’ in Sri Lanka. Four tax compliance determinants were examined. This research comprises a quantitative study and was established theoretical framework used on existing literature and previous studies relevant to the examined tax compliance determinants were Tax Rate, probability of being Audited, non-Complexity of tax system and probability of detection. This research tested set of research hypothesis based on the framework and quantitative data collected by a questionnaire survey method of research design. Given the five point likert scaled ranking information for both independent and dependent variables. The seven hundred (700) questionnaires were distributed and the number of questionnaire completed and returned were three hundred and eighty eight (388). The researcher used cluster sampling method for this study because of the sample should be represented of the whole country. The multiple regression models were used to examine the relationship between independent and dependent variables and indicate that tax compliance was influenced by the tax rate, probability of being Audited, non- complexity of tax system, and probability of detection. The results of this study can inform policy makers how the determinants influence tax compliance behavior. The results of this study also provides insights both policy makers and tax Administrators to gain better understanding of the key variables that are significantly associated with tax compliance and enable them to implement suitable strategies to minimize potential damaging factors and allow them to improve government revenue. The study also attempts to enhance the existing literature by providing comprehensible picture and a view of taxpayers’ compliance behavior from developing countries. Key w ords: Tax compliance; tax Rate, probability of Audit, non- complexity of tax system, probability detection
Prospective Patent Thicket Identification

Patent thickets have been identified by various citations-based techniques, such as Graevenitz et al (2011) and Clarkson (2005). An alternative direct measurement is based on expert opinion. We use natural language processing techniques to measure pairwise semantic similarity of patents identified as thicket members by experts to create a semantic network. We compare the semantic similarity scores for patents in different expert-identified thickets: those within the same thicket, those in different thickets, and those not in thickets. We show that patents within the same thicket are significantly more semantically similar than other pairs of patents. We then present a statistical model to assess the probability of a newly added patent belonging to a thicket based on semantic networks as well as other measures from the existing thicket literature (the triples of Graevenitz and Clarkson’s density ratio). We conclude that combining information from semantic distance with other sources can be helpful to isolate the patents prospectively that are likely to be members of thickets.
Germination of Anatolian Black Pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) Seeds from the Lakes Region of Turkey: Geographic Variation and Effect of Storage

Effects of 10-year storage on germination of seeds in 191 Anatolian Black Pine trees from 23 populations in the Lakes Region of Turkey were investigated. Germination tests were conducted with both fresh (in year 1999) and stored (in year 2009) seeds and variation in germination was related to geographic features of the populations. Significant reductions in germination rate (from 79.93% to 30.68%) and germination percentage (from 95.99% to 58.41%) were observed after 10-year storage. Germination characteristics seem to be associated with humidity of population locations. Seeds from more inland (i.e., continental) populations germinated slower but attained higher germination percentage for both seed sets. Germination percentage of stored seeds is highest at elevations with high humidity. Greater attention should be given to environmental conditions of seed sources in storing Anatolian Black Pine seeds in the Lakes Region of Turkey as it is a very important tool in ensuring continuous seedling production and genetic conservation.
LOADED COUPLED TRANSMISSION LINE APPROACH OF LEFT-HANDED (LH) STRUCTURES AND REALIZATION OF A HIGHLY COMPACT DUAL-BAND BRANCH-LINE COUPLER

A novel approach of left-handed (LH) structures is introduced to reduce the size of microwave components by combining a loaded coupled transmission lines and complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs). The equivalent circuit of the loaded part of the proposed model is equal by that of two cascaded unit elements, thus, their performances can be equal for the same frequency range. The equivalent circuit model and subsequently, the left and right handed transmission frequencies of the proposed structure are presented. A highly miniaturized dual-band branch-line coupler (BLC) is analyzed, designed, tested and proposed by this technique. The size reduction is reported about 75% in analogy with the conventional ones. The measurement results are in good agreement with the theoretical ones.
Informal Labor Markets and Macroeconomic Fluctuations

This paper examines the adjustment of developing country labor markets to macroeconomic shocks. It models a two sector labor market: a formal salaried (tradable) sector that may or may not be affected by union or legislation induced wage rigidities, and an unregulated (nontradable) self-employment sector facing liquidity constraints to entry. This is embedded in a standard small economy macro model that permits the derivation of patterns of comovement among relative salaried/self-employed incomes, salaried/self-employed sector sizes and the real exchange rate with respect to different types of shocks in contexts with and without wage rigidities. The paper then explores time series data from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico to test for cointegrating relationships corresponding to the patterns predicted by theory. We identify two types of regime. The first corresponds to periods where demand shocks to the nontradable sector offer new opportunities to (informal) entrepreneurs, the informal sector expands “procyclically,” and the exchange rate overshoots toward appreciation in the short run, or remains at its productivity determined levels. The second corresponds to periods of negative shocks to the formal salaried sector in the presence of wage rigidities where the sector plays a more traditional “buffer” role during downturns.
Origin of Weak Turbulence in the Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks

The mechanism behind angular momentum transport in protoplanetary disks, and whether this transport is turbulent in nature, is a fundamental issue in planet formation studies. Recent ALMA observations have suggested that turbulent velocities in the outer regions of these disks are less than ∼0.05– , contradicting theoretical predictions of turbulence driven by the magnetorotational instability (MRI). These observations have generally been interpreted to be consistent with a large-scale laminar magnetic wind driving accretion. Here, we carry out local, shearing-box simulations with varying ionization levels and background magnetic field strengths in order to determine which parameters produce results consistent with observations. We find that even when the background magnetic field launches a strong largely laminar wind, significant turbulence persists and is driven by localized regions of vertical magnetic field (the result of zonal flows) that are unstable to the MRI. The only conditions for which we find turbulent velocities below the observational limits are weak background magnetic fields and ionization levels well below that usually assumed in theoretical studies. We interpret these findings within the context of a preliminary model in which a large-scale magnetic field, confined to the inner disk, hinders ionizing sources from reaching large radial distances, e.g., through a sufficiently dense wind. Thus, in addition to such a wind, this model predicts that for disks with weakly turbulent outer regions, the outer disk will have significantly reduced ionization levels compared to standard models and will harbor only a weak vertical magnetic field.
Arousals and macrostructure of sleep: importance of NREM stage 2 reconsidered

Objectives: The sense of rest after sleep and its relation to various sleep parameters is still a debatable issue. The purpose of the present study was to analyse sleep fragmentation by scoring various arousals (microarousals (MA), vegetative (VA) and behavioural (BA) arousals) in all sleep stages and to evaluate their relation with subjective sleep quality without paying attention to the type of insomnia. Methods: The overnight sleep cycles of 60 subjects were analyzed according to their stage composition and arousals. Arousal indices (AI) were calculated for all types of arousals in all sleep stages and sleep cycles. The sleep quality was quantified using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Results: AI differences between sleep cycles were not statistically significant. MAI value in total sleep time (TST) - 5.8 ± SD 4.1 - was the highest among all the three arousal types. Differences between AI in most sleep stages were statistically significant for all types of arousals. This suggests that human sleep development within a single sleep cycle is more important for the sleep quality than the changes between different sleep cycles. The highest AI scores for the three types of arousals were found in NREM stage 2. The strongest and significant correlation was between PSQI and MAI (r = 0.42; p = 0 .001). Conclusion: The density of microarousals is important for the subjective sleep quality. The highest values of MAI and other arousal types are found in NREM stage 2. The importance of this stage might be higher than thought before and especially in initial sleep cycles.
Influence of category, herd size, grazing and management on epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhoea in dairy herds

The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of category, herd size, common grazing and management as risk factors in maintaining bovine viral diarrhoea infection in dairy herds. A total of 987 sera samples obtained from 202 heifers, 653 cows and 132 calves from 103 herds in Croatia were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In order to establish the prevalence of persistently infected cattle, 35 herds were selected. Ear notch tissue samples from all animals in selected herds (n = 2284) were collected and analyzed by antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The true prevalence of specific antibodies was 61.61% and the estimated prevalence of exposure to bovine viral diarrhoea virus at the herd level was 100%. The prevalence of persistently infected animals was 0.53% and the prevalence of persistently infected herds was 20%. The antibodies prevalence was higher in cows, in herds that use common pasture and in larger herds (P < 0.001). The prevalence of persistently infected animals was not connected with the herd size but production management on big farms contributed to maintaining the virus. The obtained results suggest that production management was an important risk factor in bovine viral diarrohea epidemiology. High prevalence of antibodies and high prevalence of persistently infected herds requires implementation of control and eradication programs at a national or even regional level. The presented data complete the BVD epidemiological investigations from this part of Europe. BVDV, epidemiology, risk factors
Validity and reliability of automotive consumer-basedbrand equity and consumer response measurement scales

Developing and managing brand equity are top priorities for many organizations because brands are one of the most valuable organizational assets. ConsumerBased Brand Equity (CBBE) also explains how brand knowledge and brand associations influence consumers’ behaviors and consumer responses. The extant literature is filled with different types of models and scales for measuring CBBE. However, the literature on CBBE has not been able to produce a measurement scale that is employable universally across industries and different contexts. Subsequently, in view of the economic, technological and sociological importance of the automotive industry, this study attempts to assess the validity and reliability of measurement scales for Automotive CBBE and Consumer Response.The Content Validity Index (CVI) of both the items-level and the scale-level CVIs from the ratings of seven (7) experts revealed that the items in the scale proposed have good content validity. Furthermore, with the use of the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with Varimax rotation, the study presents a total of 48 items for measuring Automotive CBBE and 7 items for Consumer Response. Finally, the findings also demonstrate that the validated scales have acceptable values of reliability test.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ROAD TRAFFIC INJURIES IN THE SECOND LARGEST CITY OF IRAN

Objective: Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are the second leading causes of death in Iran. One of the most important steps in the prevention of traffic-related trauma and its consequences is gaining insight into the epidemiology of injuries. We conducted this study to describe the characteristics of RTIs and to find strategies for its prevention. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study on consecutive road traffic trauma patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) of the second largest trauma center in the northeast of Iran, during July to September 2013. Demographic characteristics, type of vehicle, and injured area of the body were documented for each patient. Results: Of 666 included patients, 562 (84.4%) were male and 104 (15.6%) were female, with a mean age of 28.89 ± 16.62 years. Most of the patients were uneducated. The highest frequency of RTIs was related to motorcyclists with an attributed risk of RTIs for motorcycles at 75.8%. The most common traumatized area was head, face, and lower extremities. Conclusion: The largest number of traumatized patients was among motorcyclists and uneducated population underscores the importance of public training about motorcycle usage and security and increase social awareness about reasons behind traffic law.