Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Optimal and Preferred Eye Landing Positions in Objects and Scenes

Viewing position effects are commonly observed in reading, but they have only rarely been investigated in object perception or in the realistic context of a natural scene. In two experiments, we explored where people fixate within photorealistic objects and the effects of this landing position on recognition and subsequent eye movements. The results demonstrate an optimal viewing position—objects are processed more quickly when fixation is in the centre of the object. Viewers also prefer to saccade to the centre of objects within a natural scene, even when making a large saccade. A central landing position is associated with an increased likelihood of making a refixation, a result that differs from previous reports and suggests that multiple fixations within objects, within scenes, occur for a range of reasons. These results suggest that eye movements within scenes are systematic and are made with reference to an early parsing of the scene into constituent objects.
The Effect of Ingroup vs. Outgroup Members' Behavior on Charity Preference: A Drift-Diffusion Model Approach

Providing potential donors with information about the behavior of others (i.e., social information) is an increasingly used strategy to nudge prosocial decision-making. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ingroup vs. outgroup information on participants' charity preferences by applying a Drift Diffusion Model (DDM) approach. In a joint evaluation scenario, we manipulated different levels of ingroup/outgroup preference ratios for two charities within subjects. Every subject was presented with three stimulus types (i.e., high, medium, and low ingroup ratio) randomized in 294 trials divided into six blocks. We expected that for stimuli with a high ingroup/outgroup ratio, participants should more often and faster decide for the ingroup's most favored charity. We expected that the speed of evidence accumulation will be higher the larger the ingroup/outgroup ratio. Additionally, we investigated whether variations in model parameters can explain individual differences in participants' behaviors. Our results showed that people generally followed ingroup members' preferences when deciding for a charity. However, on finding an unexpected pattern in our results, we conducted post-hoc analyses which revealed two different behavioral strategies used by participants. Based on participants' decisions, we classified them into “equality driven” individuals who preferred stimuli with the least difference between ingroup and outgroup percentages or “ingroup driven” individuals who favored stimuli with the highest ingroup/outgroup ratio. Results are discussed in line with relevant literature, and implications for practitioners are given.
Effect of age and sex on lorazepam protein binding

Male Female Lorazepam is a 3-hydroxy-1.4-benzodiazepine derivative biotransformed in the liver by glucuronide conjugation (Greenblatt 1981). Previous studies of lorazepam kinetics have demonstrated no important alterations in the elderly (Greenblatt et all979; Kraus et al 1978). Since only the free fraction of a drug present in plasma is available for diffusion out of the vascular system to sites of pharmacological activity and metabolic biotransformation, kinetic variables based upon total (free plus bound) concentrations of extensively protein-bound drugs can be influenced by differences in unbound fraction between individuals (KochWeser & Sellers 1976; Greenblatt et al 1980). This study evaluated the effect of age and sex on lorazepam protein binding and the influence of such differences on the outcome of a pharmacokinetic study.
Long-term Health Outcomes in Survivors of Childhood Cancer Diagnosed Between 1990 and 2000 in a Large US Integrated Health Care System

We evaluated the long-term health outcomes of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) using data from the Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) health plan, whose members have similar health care coverage. Five-year survivors of invasive cancer diagnosed at ages 0 to 18 years between 1990 and 2000 at KPSC were identified and followed to December 31, 2010. A group of KPSC members without history of cancer were 10:1 matched to each CCS for comparison. Health outcomes of interest included mortality, second cancer, and chronic comorbidities. Incidence rate ratio (IRR) was estimated using multivariable Poisson regression. Cumulative incidence of each health condition over time was calculated. A total of 652 CCS and 6520 noncancer subjects were included. Compared with the noncancer subjects, IRR was significantly elevated among CCS for mortality (IRR=14.1), second cancer (IRR=10.0), cerebrovascular disease (IRR=10.1), dyslipidemia (IRR=1.9), hearing/vision loss (IRR=5.1), heart disease (IRR=3.9), hypogonadism (IRR=4.2), renal failure (IRR=13.4), and thyroid disorder (IRR=6.4). Approximately 40% of CCS developed at least 1 chronic health condition within 15 years of cancer diagnosis. Cumulative incidence curves showed different risk trajectories of various comorbidities which may inform screening schedule. These data suggested that CCS treated in a more contemporary era continued to experience substantial disease burden in their adolescent and young adulthood.
Seroprevalence, incidence of prenatal infections and reliability of maternal history of varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and parvovirus B19 infection in South‐Western Finland

Objective To study seroprevalence and incidence and fetal transmission of varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 and parvovirus B19 infections during pregnancy and to evaluate the reliability of maternal past history of VZV, HSV and parvovirus infections.
An amazing discovery: bird navigation based on olfaction

[Figure][1] Hans G. Wallraff discusses the impact of Floriano Papi and colleagues’ classic paper ‘The influence of olfactory nerve section on the homing capacity of carrier pigeons’, published in the Monitore Zoologico Italiano in 1971 . Around 1970 it was well known that homing
Oxaprozin and Piroxicam, Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs with Long Half‐Lives: Effect of Protein‐Binding Differences on Steady‐State Pharmacokinetics

The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) oxaprozin and piroxicam have long elimination half‐lives (t1/2 ∼55 hours), permitting once‐daily dose regimens. The protein‐binding characteristics of these drugs, however, vary widely. This study examines the effect of these binding differences on the drugs' disposition kinetics at steady state. A total of 52 participants (26 young healthy volunteers and 26 elderly osteoarthritic patients, 15 men and 37 women (2 of them poor metabolizers of debrisoquine [CYP2D6]) completed the two‐period, two‐treatment, randomized, single‐dose and 21‐day, once‐daily multiple‐dose, crossover study. Doses of oxaprozin and piroxicam were 1,200 mg once daily and 20 mg once daily, respectively. Mean single‐dose kinetic parameters of oxaprozin versus piroxicam did not differ more than ±14% (t1/2, 53.0 versus 57.4 hours; apparent oral clearance adjusted for 70‐kg body weight [Clpo], 0.139 versus 0.121 L/hr; apparent volume of distribution adjusted for 70‐kg body weight [Vd/F], 10.2 L versus 9.13 L). Protein binding was plasma‐concentration dependent with oxaprozin (range, 10–400 mg/L) but not with piroxicam (range, 1–30 mg/L). Steady‐state conditions were established within 3 days with oxaprozin but took almost 12 days with piroxicam. Compared with the single‐dose values, steady‐state Clpo (Clpo, ss) and Vd/F of total drug increased with oxaprozin by almost 127% but remained within ±10% with piroxicam. Post—steady‐state apparent t1/2 of the total and unbound drugs of approximately 62 hours were similarly prolonged with piroxicam but differed substantially with oxaprozin (50.6 hours [total drug] versus 23.8 hours [unbound drug]). Single dose Clpo (Clpo, sd) values of both NSAIDs were significantly correlated in the study populations. With both NSAIDs, Clpo in the two poor metabolizers of debrisoquine was within ±20% of mean values for the population. Clinically important age‐ and gender‐dependent decreases were not observed in the weight‐adjusted, Clpo, sd or Vd/F values of the total drug for either NSAID. Clearances of the two NSAIDs were significantly correlated, suggesting that a common P450 isozyme (most likely CYP2C9, in that piroxicam is a known substrate of this isozyme) may be at least partly involved in the oxidative metabolism of these NSAIDs.
Early development of photoreceptors in the ventral retina of the zebrafish embryo

The first photoreceptor outer segments in the retina of the zebrafish Brachydanio rerio appear in the embryo 2.5 days after fertilization, as revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. These outer segments arise in a small region ventral to the exit of the optic nerve. Ultrastructural features of the developing photoreceptor cells, especially those that distinguish the rods and cones, are described. By 3 days after fertilization, the time of hatching, photoreceptor outer segments are widespread in the retina. However, at this time and in the young larva the early developing ventral region remains distinctive because of its conspicuous population of rods.
Reliability performance characterization of SOI FinFETs

FinFET devices are explicitly mentioned in the ITRS roadmap and have a good potential for scaling CMOS to 22 nm and below. Some physical characterization and reliability aspects of these devices are reviewed. Attention is given to transient floating body effects and low frequency noise, which may yield information on the materials' characteristics like carrier recombination lifetime or interface and oxide trap density. These methods can be useful to study the performance of these components under harsh operation conditions of low or high temperature, or at high bias voltages.
Association between Helicobacter pylori and asthma: a meta-analysis

Objective Helicobacter pylori infection is recognized as a worldwide public health threat. Some studies have suggested that individuals with asthma have a lower rate of H. pylori infection, but the relation remains controversial. This meta-analysis was carried out to quantify the association between H. pylori infection and asthma. Methods Published information on the prevalence of H. pylori in individuals with asthma was collected to assess the potential associations between H. pylori infection and the risk of asthma. Fourteen eligible studies were selected for analysis. Data on the study populations, detection method of H. pylori, and publication year were summarized. Meta-regression models and subgroup analyses were established to screen the factors resulting in heterogeneity. Results Of the 106 articles retrieved, 14 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The 14 studies involved 28 283 patients, with a total H. pylori infection rate of 40.53%. This meta-analysis found a significantly lower rate of H. pylori infection in the asthmatics than in the controls (odds ratio=0.84, 95% confidence interval: 0.73–0.96, P=0.013). Subgroup analysis indicated a similar infection rate of CagA-positive H. pylori infection in the asthmatic group and the control group (odds ratio=0.73, 95% confidence interval: 0.41–1.28, P=0.03). Conclusion The pooled data suggest that asthmatics have a significantly lower rate of H. pylori infection. Large-scale and multicenter studies should be carried out to further determine the relation between this bacterium and allergic disorders.
Attitudes toward secondhand smoke, smoking, and quitting among young people.

OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of attitudes toward secondhand smoke among young people. METHODS Three hundred nonsmokers and 300 smokers (smoked a cigarette in last 30 days) 14 through 22 years of age in the United States were surveyed with random-digit dialing. The results of this cross-sectional survey were analyzed using logistic regression to determine predictors of nonsmoking and intent to stop among current smokers. RESULTS Controlling for age, ethnicity, and education, nonsmokers were more likely to consider smoking risky than smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 3.46). Nonsmokers were twice as likely to consider secondhand smoke dangerous than smokers (OR = 1.47). Among the variables in our model, the only statistically significant predictor of planning to stop smoking or having actually stopped was believing that secondhand smoke harmed nonsmokers, which more than doubled the chances of planning to stop or having stopped smoking (relative risk = 2.17). CONCLUSIONS Educating young people about the dangers of secondhand smoke and empowering nonsmokers to speak out should be a strong element of any tobacco control program.
Does GB virus C (‘hepatitis G virus’) threaten the safety of our blood supply?

Molecular ‘fishing’ for viruses has now become a scientifically fashionable pastime. Following the striking success of Chiron Corporation in identifying hepatitis C virus (the causative agent of the majority of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis cases) by cloning techniques (Choo et al., 1989) two companies have independently cloned a distinct flavivirus‐like virus, itself related to HCV. This brief editorial is not to discuss the scientifically elegant molecular manipulations that led to the cloning of this newly recognized virus: this is briefly reviewed by Karayiannis & Thomas (1996). Suffice to say the GBV‐C agent discovered at Abbott Laboratories (Simons et al., 1995) was identified in human sera that reacted with two similar viruses (GBV‐A and GBV‐B). These had been cloned from serum of a tamarin inoculated with the GB agent derived from a surgeon who developed acute hepatitis 30 years ago. HGV was cloned by Genelabs Technologies (Linnen et al., 1996) from the plasma of a patient with chronic hepatitis, co‐infected with HCV. Both GBV‐C and HGV are single positive‐stranded RNA viruses of ∼9400 nucleotides. Their genomic organization is consistent with the Flaviviridae; they have 25% nucleotide homology with HCV. GBV‐C and HGV are different isolates of the same virus (Masuko et al., 1996) showing 86% nucleotide homology and 96% amino acid similarity.
The Krüppel-Like Factor Dar1 Determines Multipolar Neuron Morphology

Neurons typically assume multipolar, bipolar, or unipolar morphologies. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying the development of these basic morphological types. Here, we show that the Krüppel-like transcription factor Dar1 determines the multipolar morphology of postmitotic neurons in Drosophila. Dar1 is specifically expressed in multipolar neurons and loss of dar1 gradually converts multipolar neurons into the bipolar or unipolar morphology without changing neuronal identity. Conversely, misexpression of Dar1 or its mammalian homolog in unipolar and bipolar neurons causes them to assume multipolar morphologies. Dar1 regulates the expression of several dynein genes and nuclear distribution protein C (nudC), which is an essential component of a specialized dynein complex that positions the nucleus in a cell. We further show that these genes are required for Dar1-induced multipolar neuron morphology. Dar1 likely functions as a terminal selector gene for the basic layout of neuron morphology by regulating both dendrite extension and the dendrite–nucleus coupling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The three basic morphological types of neurons—unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar—are important for information processing and wiring of neural circuits. Little progress has been made toward understanding the molecular and cellular programs that generate these types since their discovery over a century ago. It is generally assumed that basic morphological types of neurons are determined by the number of dendrites growing out from the cell body. Here, we show that this model alone is insufficient. We introduce the positioning of nucleus as a critical factor in this process and report that the transcription factor Dar1 determines multipolar neuron morphology in postmitotic neurons by regulating genes involved in nuclear positioning.
Increased Vulnerability to 3‐Nitropropionic Acid in an Animal Model of Huntington's Disease

Abstract: There is substantial evidence for both metabolic dysfunction and oxidative damage in Huntington's disease (HD). In the present study, we used in vivo microdialysis to measure the conversion of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid to 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4‐DHBA) as a measure of hydroxyl radical production in a transgenic mouse model of HD, as well as in littermate controls. The conversion of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid to 3,4‐DHBA was unchanged in the striatum of transgenic HD mice at baseline. Following administration of the mitochondrial toxin 3‐nitropropionic acid (3‐NP), there were significant increases in 3,4‐DHBA generation in both control and transgenic HD mice, and the increases in the transgenic HD mice were significantly greater than those in controls. Furthermore, administration of 3‐NP produced significantly larger striatal lesions in transgenic HD mice than in littermate controls. The present results show increased sensitivity to the mitochondrial toxin 3‐NP in transgenic HD mice, which suggests metabolic dysfunction in this mouse model of HD.
Land Cover Change in the Andes of Southern Ecuador - Patterns and Drivers

In the megadiverse tropical mountain forest in the Andes of southern Ecuador, a global biodiversity hotspot, the use of fire to clear land for cattle ranching is leading to the invasion of an aggressive weed, the bracken fern, which is threatening diversity and the provisioning of ecosystem services. To find sustainable land use options adapted to the local situation, a profound knowledge of the long-term spatiotemporal patterns of land cover change and its drivers is necessary, but hitherto lacking. The complex topography and the high cloud frequency make the use of remote sensing in this area a challenge. To deal with these conditions, we pursued specific pre-processing steps before classifying five Landsat scenes from 1975 to 2001. Then, we quantified land cover changes and habitat fragmentation, and we investigated landscape changes in relation to key spatial elements (altitude, slope, and distance from roads). Good classification results were obtained with overall accuracies ranging from 94.5% to 98.5% and Kappa statistics between 0.75 and 0.98. Forest was strongly fragmented due to the rapid expansion of the arable frontier and the even more rapid invasion by bracken. Unexpectedly, more bracken-infested areas were converted to pastures than vice versa, a practice that could alleviate pressure on forests if promoted. Road proximity was the most important spatial element determining forest loss, while for bracken the altitudinal range conditioned the degree of invasion in deforested areas. The annual deforestation rate changed notably between periods: ~1.5% from 1975 to 1987, ~0.8% from 1987 to 2000, and finally a very high rate of ~7.5% between 2000 and 2001. We explained these inconstant rates through some specific interrelated local and national political and socioeconomic drivers, namely land use policies, credit and tenure incentives, demography, and in particular, a severe national economic and bank crisis.
Heart involvement and systemic sclerosis

Scleroderma heart involvement (SHI) is often manifest, and virtually always present when accurately searched and holds a significant prognostic value. Myocardial involvement by patchy fibrosis (secondary to both repeated ischaemia and immunoinflammatory damage) leads to ventricular diastolic dysfunction, whereas right ventricle overload and failure may complicate pulmonary hypertension. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction is present in a minority of patients, namely those presenting atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and/or arterial hypertension, sometimes triggered by sclerodermic renal involvement. Dysrhythmias and conduction disturbances are considered an hallmark of SHI, facilitated by autonomic dysfunction. SHI is frequently linked to parenchimal and/or vascular lung disease; they determine symptom occurrence, particularly dyspnoea, fatigue, palpitations and chest pain when pericardium is affected. Accurate cardiologic baseline screening and subsequent follow-up are mandatory in all patients, initially consisting in some noninvasive diagnostic procedures: visit, electrocardiogram (EKG), chest X-ray, Doppler-echocardiography. When needed, these examinations should be integrated by EKG Holter-monitoring, cardiopulmonary stress tests, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear studies of myocardial function and perfusion, cardiac catheterization to better estimate pulmonary hypertension, and cardiac natriuretic hormone evaluation. Several vasodilator approaches (prostacycline or NO/endothelin) may counteract the microvascular dysfunction at peripheral and cardiopulmonary level, and fight the sequelae of pulmonary hypertension.
Reducing firearm violence: a research agenda

In the United States, firearms are involved in tens of thousands of deaths and injuries each year. The magnitude of this problem prompted the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to issue a report in 2004 detailing the strengths and limitations of existing research on the relationship between firearms and violence. In response, a multidisciplinary group of experts in the field of firearms and violence formed the National Research Collaborative on Firearm Violence. The Collaborative met for 2 days in June 2005 to (1) critically review the main findings of the NAS report and (2) define a research agenda that could fill research and data gaps and inform policy that reduces gun-related crime, deaths and injuries. This article summarizes the Collaborative’s conclusions and identifies priorities for research and funding.
Linking ecosystem services and human‐values theory

Understanding why people make the decisions they do remains a fundamental challenge facing conservation science. Ecosystem service (ES) (a benefit people derive from an ecosystem) approaches to conservation reflect efforts to anticipate people's preferences and influence their environmental behavior. Yet, the design of ES approaches seldom includes psychological theories of human behavior. We sought to alleviate this omission by applying a psychological theory of human values to a cross‐cultural ES assessment. We used interviews and focus groups with fish workers from 28 coral reef fishing communities in 4 countries to qualitatively identify the motivations (i.e., human values) underlying preferences for ES; quantitatively evaluate resource user ES priorities; and identify common patterns among ES motivations and ES priorities (i.e., trade‐offs and synergies). Three key findings are evident that align with human values theory. First, motivations underlying preferences for individual ESs reflected multiple human values within the same value domain (e.g., self‐enhancement). Second, when averaged at community or country scales, the order of ES priorities was consistent. However, the order belied significant variation that existed among individuals. Third, in line with human values theory, ESs related to one another in a consistent pattern; certain service pairs reflected trade‐off relationships (e.g., supporting and provisioning), whereas other service pairs reflected synergistic relationships (e.g., supporting and regulating). Together, these findings help improve understanding of when and why convergence and trade‐offs in people's preferences for ESs occur, and this knowledge can inform the development of suitable conservation actions.