Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Energy expenditure during ambulation with ortho crutches and axillary crutches.

Thirteen normal male college students were studied during unassisted ambulation and nonweight-bearing ambulation with Ortho crutches and axillary crutches to determine energy expenditure. Subjects walked at self-selected velocities. Energy expenditure was determined by analyzing expired air collected by a calorimeter. Heart rate was monitored by telemetry. During the first 2.5 minutes of walking, heart rate and energy expenditure were significantly greater for ambulation with axillary crutches than with Ortho crutches. After 11.5 minutes of walking, no difference in energy cost was found between crutch types; however, heart rate increased significantly (p less than .01) during ambulation with axillary crutches. Differences in energy cost and heart rate were attributed to increased upper extremity work performed when using axillary crutches. We concluded that during nonweight-bearing ambulation for short periods of time or over a short distance, the Ortho crutch is less taxing in terms of energy cost and heart rate demands.
The regulation of disynaptic reciprocal Ia inhibition during co‐contraction of antagonistic muscles in man.

1. The disynaptic reciprocal inhibition from ankle dorsiflexors to ankle plantarflexors was investigated at rest, during tonic plantar‐ and dorsiflexion and during co‐contraction. In relation to rest, it was found to be decreased during plantarflexion and co‐contraction, but unchanged during dorsiflexion. 2. When increasing the strength of plantarflexion the amount of inhibition became progressively smaller. Already during weak co‐contraction, the amount of inhibition was very small and it did not become smaller during stronger contraction. The decrease of inhibition during co‐contraction could not be explained by an addition of the changes of inhibition observed during plantar‐ and dorsiflexion individually. 3. The disynaptic reciprocal inhibition was also found to be decreased when the peripheral feedback from the muscles was blocked by inducing ischaemia in the leg and at the beginning of a dynamic co‐contraction before sensory feedback could interfere. This implies that the observed decrease is caused by a central inhibition of the transmission in the pathway. 4. The amount of disynaptic reciprocal inhibition was also investigated during standing. No significant difference in the amount of inhibition was found when the subjects were standing up at rest as compared to sitting down at rest. When the subjects were forced to make a co‐contraction in order to maintain balance, i.e. when they were standing on one leg, leaning backwards or standing on an unstable platform, a decrease of disynaptic reciprocal inhibition was seen. When the subjects leaned forward, thus forcing a contraction of the soleus muscle, a decrease was also seen, but it was smaller than in the co‐contraction tasks. Finally, when the subjects lifted the examined leg, thus contracting the tibialis anterior muscle, either no change or a small increase of inhibition was seen. 5. A similar control of the disynaptic reciprocal inhibition as described for the pathway from ankle dorsiflexors to ankle plantarflexors was also observed for the pathway from ankle plantarflexors to dorsiflexors and from wrist extensors to wrist flexors. 6. It is concluded that when co‐contraction is used in order to stabilize a joint, i.e. to maintain posture, a specific co‐contraction motor programme is activated that depresses the transmission in the disynaptic reciprocal pathway thereby ensuring a high excitability level in the motoneurones of both antagonistic muscles.
In-vitro activity of trovafloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, against recent clinical isolates.

Trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) was very active against Gram-negative species examined including Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Legionella spp. , Neisseria spp. and Escherichia coli (MIC90s < or = 0.03 mg/L). In general trovafloxacin was twice as active as ofloxacin but only half as active as ciprofloxacin against Gram-negative species. Trovafloxacin was active against Gram-positive organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis (MIC90s < or = 0.25 mg/L). Against these organisms activity was eight to 16 times greater for trovafloxacin than for either ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin. In addition, Chlamydia spp. , Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma urealyticum were eight to 16 times more susceptible to trovafloxacin than to either ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin. These in-vitro data show that trovafloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone with greater activity against clinically important Gram-positive species compared with ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin.
Knowledge of Stimulus Repetition Affects the Magnitude and Spatial Distribution of Low-Frequency Event-Related Brain Potentials

Rate effects are defined as a reduction in amplitude of an evoked brain response with increasing stimulus frequency. In auditory paired-stimulus paradigms, a smaller amplitude evoked response to the second stimulus at a latency of 50 ms has been proposed to index a preattentive sensory gating mechanism. The present study investigated the possibility that expectancy and/or attentional biases could alter evoked potentials associated with rate effects. EEG data were recorded from 30 channels while subjects received 240 trials of 1, 2 or 3 click stimuli (with successive stimuli being separated by 500-ms intervals). Half of the subjects knew (blocked condition) and half of the subjects did not know (mixed condition) how many stimuli they would receive on a given trial. Subjects in the blocked condition had a significantly larger rate effect than subjects in the mixed condition. This effect was present only for low-frequency components of the event-related brain potential (ERP; below 10 Hz) and occurred from 30 to 60, 90 to 160 and 190 to 260 ms after stimulus presentation (P1-N1-P2 complex). Mixed condition subjects also had larger contributions to their ERPs from temporal channels. These results suggest that the rate effect can be significantly altered by expectancy, and they are inconsistent with the thesis that ERPs near 50 ms in a paired-stimulus paradigm solely index a preattentive sensory gating mechanism.
Comparison of in vivo degradation of 125I-labeled peptidoglycan-polysaccharide fragments from group A and group D streptococci

The in vivo degradation and persistence of 125I-labeled peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS) fragments from the cell walls of group A and D streptococci were compared by group after intraperitoneal injection into rats. The quantity of PG-PS in the livers and spleens of group D PG-PS-injected rats was less than the quantity in rats injected with group A PG-PS throughout the course of the experiment. Gel filtration analyses of liver and spleen homogenates indicated that group A PG-PS was relatively resistant to degradation, whereas group D PG-PS was extensively degraded to yield a heterogeneous mixture of fragments of lower molecular weight. There was no significant difference in the content of group A PG-PS versus that of group D in joints or blood samples. Analysis of fragment sizes in these tissues also indicated more extensive degradation of group D PG-PS. However, the majority of group A PG-PS in blood samples and joints was a lower molecular weight than that found in the livers or spleens. We conclude that group A PG-PS undergoes a significant but low level of degradation and that group D PG-PS is much less persistent and more extensively degraded than group A PG-PS is in vivo. These differences in PG-PS catabolism may account, in part, for the capacity of group A PG-PS to induce chronic, recurrent arthritis of longer duration than that induced by group D PG-PS.
ErbB 3 Expression Predicts Tumor Cell Radiosensitization Induced by Hsp 90 Inhibition

The ability to identify tumors that are susceptible to a given molecularly targeted radiosensitizer would be of clinical benefit. Towards this end, we have investigated the effects of a representative Hsp90 inhibitor, 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17DMAG), on the radiosensitivity of a panel of human tumor cell lines. 17DMAG was previously shown to enhance the radiosensitivity of a number of human cell lines, which correlated with the loss of ErbB2. We now report on cell lines in which 17DMAG induced the degradation of ErbB2, yet had no effect on radiosensitivity. In a comparison of ErbB family members, ErbB3 protein was only detectable in cells resistant to 17DMAG-induced radiosensitization. To determine whether ErbB3 plays a casual role in this resistance, short interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knockdown ErbB3 in the resistant cell line AsPC1. Whereas individual treatments with siRNA to ErbB3 or 17DMAG had no effect on radiosensitivity, the combination, which reduced both ErbB2 and ErbB3, resulted in a significant enhancement in AsPC1 radiosensitivity. In contrast to siRNA to ErbB3 or 17DMAG treatments only, AsPC1 cell exposure to the combination also resulted in a decrease in ErbB1 kinase activity. These results indicate that ErbB3 expression predicts for tumor cell susceptibility to and suggests that the loss of ErbB1 signaling activity is necessary for 17DMAG-induced radiosensitization. However, for cell lines sensitized by 17DMAG, treatment with siRNA to ErbB2, which reduced ErbB1 activity, had no effect on radiosensitivity. These results suggest that, whereas the loss of ErbB1 signaling may be necessary for 17DMAG-induced radiosensitization, it is not sufficient. (Cancer Res 2005; 65(15): 6967-75)
Enhancing the Jordan canonical form

The Jordan canonical form parametrises similarity classes in the nilpotent cone Nn, consisting of n × n nilpotent complex matrices, by partitions of n. Achar and Henderson (2008) extended this and other well-known results about Nn to the case of the enhanced nilpotent cone C ×Nn. 1. Jordan canonical form The Jordan canonical form (JCF), introduced in 1870 [10], is one of the most useful tools in linear algebra. As an illustration, consider the following result. (Here and throughout, all matrices have entries in C.) Proposition 1.1. Let A be an invertible n×n matrix. Then A has a square root: that is, there exists an n × n matrix B such that B = A. The n = 1 case of Proposition 1.1 just says that any nonzero complex number a has a square root √ a, which is one of the well-known advantages of working in C. The n = 2 case is already a bit tricky, if we use only the definition of matrix multiplication: it amounts to showing that there is a solution to a system of four degree-2 equations in the four unknown entries of B. (This is not automatic, as shown by the existence of noninvertible 2 × 2 matrices with no square root.) Attempting to prove the n = 3 case this way would be foolish. A better approach to Proposition 1.1 is the maxim ‘use the symmetry of the problem to reduce to a special case’. Remember that n× n matrices A and A are said to be similar if A = XAX for some invertible matrix X. If this is the case, then A has a square root if and only if A has a square root, because of the easy observation that (XBX) = XBX . This means that we only need to consider one representative A from each similarity class of n × n invertible matrices. The JCF theorem gives us such a representative. Theorem 1.1 (Jordan canonical form). Every similarity class of n × n matrices contains a matrix A that is block-diagonal with diagonal blocks J`1(a1), J`2(a2), . , Invited technical paper, communicated by Jon Borwein. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006. Email: anthony.henderson@sydney.edu. au Enhancing the Jordan canonical form 207 J`k(ak) for some `i ∈ Z and ai ∈ C, where
Two‐dimensional time correlation relaxometry of skeletal muscle in vivo at 3 Tesla

A hybrid two‐dimensional relaxometry (2DR) sequence was used to simultaneously measure both the spin‐spin (R2) and spin‐lattice relaxation rates (R1) of skeletal muscle in vivo. The 2DR sequence involved a 180° inversion pulse followed by a variable delay time (30 values from 40 to 7000 ms); a projection presaturation (PP) scheme to localize a 16‐ml cylindrical voxel; and a CPMG sequence (950 even echoes, effective echo spacing = 1.2 ms, equilibrium time = 12 s). The 2DR data were collected at 3.0 Tesla from the flexor digitorum profundus of eight healthy males, 26 ± 2 years old. Analysis was performed with a 2D version of the non‐negative least‐squares algorithm and a one‐way ANOVA. All subjects exhibited at least three spin‐groups (R2 < 200 s−1), designated B, C, and D, with R2 values of 42.7, 26.5, and 8.1 s−1, and fractional volumes of 52, 35, and 7%, respectively. The R1 values of B and C were similar, ≅0.7 s−1, but different from that of D (P < 0.001), which had an R1 of 1.0 s−1. The results suggest that exchange between B and C ranges from 0.7–16.2 s−1, while exchange between either of these spin‐groups with D is slower. If the data are interpreted with a compartment model, in which spin‐groups with short and long R2 values are attributed to extra‐ and intracellular fluid, respectively, the exchange of water across the cell membrane in living skeletal muscle is slow or intermediate relative to both R1 and R2. Magn Reson Med 46:1093–1098, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insights from sharks: Evolutionary and developmental models of fin development

The shark and its embryology have recently returned to the spotlight as a model animal in the quest to determine the origins of paired appendages during vertebrate evolution. As the most basal living gnathostomes, sharks and other extant chondrichthyans are ideal models to elucidate the developmental mechanisms utilised in mesoderm‐derived primitive fin morphologies. Chondrichthyans occupy a phylogenetic position and possess morphological structures that can answer major questions on the origin of the body plan of vertebrates. This review will outline the past, present, and future use of shark species as a model system with particular emphasis on the recent studies that have utilised comparative molecular embryology of chondrichthyan species to examine the question of the origin of the paired fins. We will also examine the problems and pitfalls of utilising chondrichthyans and the barriers that remain to their utilisation in the modern era of developmental biology. Developmental Dynamics 236:2421–2431, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The factorial survey: an experimental method to replicate real world problems.

BACKGROUND Vignettes are used by nurse researchers use to determine how clinical judgments about patient care situations are made. However, when vignettes are designed there is often a restriction on the number of characteristics studied, which oversimplifies the richness and complexity of real world healthcare situations. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this article is to describe a factorial survey. Its multilevel design of independent variables allows for real world complexity in a way not tested by a sample set of four to six identical vignettes. Nurses' judgments about patients' confusion and the application of restraints are used to illustrate the method. METHOD The factorial survey is an experimental design that can be developed in three steps: (a) identifying and using the variables, (b) writing a coherent vignette, and (c) randomly generating the vignettes. RESULTS The unit of analysis is the vignette and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression is used for analyses. In the example provided on confusion recognition and restraint use, patient characteristics accounted for the majority of explained variance in confusion recognition of (40%, R2 = 0.40) and restraint intervention for (43%, R2 = 0.43). The results for both models were strikingly similar as the same patient characteristics all were significant predictors for confusion recognition and restraint use. CONCLUSIONS The versatility of the factorial survey lies in the researcher's ability to use it to test judgments in a variety of complex clinical simulations, to aid in concept development, and to identify consensus and disagreement among nurses. The multilevel design of the independent variables allows for real world complexity in a way not tested by a sample set of four to six identical vignettes.
Pediatric Respiratory and Systemic Effects of Chronic Air Pollution Exposure: Nose, Lung, Heart, and Brain Pathology

Exposures to particulate matter and gaseous air pollutants have been associated with respiratory tract inflammation, disruption of the nasal respiratory and olfactory barriers, systemic inflammation, production of mediators of inflammation capable of reaching the brain and systemic circulation of particulate matter. Mexico City (MC) residents are exposed to significant amounts of ozone, particulate matter and associated lipopolysaccharides. MC dogs exhibit brain inflammation and an acceleration of Alzheimer’s-like pathology, suggesting that the brain is adversely affected by air pollutants. MC children, adolescents and adults have a significant upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in olfactory bulb and frontal cortex, as well as neuronal and astrocytic accumulation of the 42 amino acid form of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ42), including diffuse amyloid plaques in frontal cortex. The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by brain inflammation and the accumulation of Aβ42, which precede the appearance of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the pathological hallmarks of AD. Our findings of nasal barrier disruption, systemic inflammation, and the upregulation of COX2 and IL-1β expression and Aβ42 accumulation in brain suggests that sustained exposures to significant concentrations of air pollutants such as particulate matter could be a risk factor for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Continuous‐ and Semicontinuous‐Flow Blood Centrifugation Systems: Therapeutic Applications, with Plasma‐, Platelet‐, Lympha‐, and Eosinapheresis

Blood centrifugation, with a continuous‐flow or semicontinuous‐flow system, was used in the treatment of 17 patients with various hematologic disorders. Total plasma exchange (TPE) controlled symptoms of hyperviscosity and arrested bleeding in three patients. In two patients, TPE made it possible to perform urgent surgical procedures. It was a very valuable adjuvant in the treatment of the one patient with a Factor VIII inhibitor. Eosinapheresis was not of significant value in the therapy of syndromes associated with eosinophilia. Lymphapheresis significantly reduced peripheral lymphocytosis, aiding in the chemotherapeutic control of chronic lymphosarcoma cell leukemia in one patient. It was of questionable value in the maintenance therapy of two patients with Sézary syndrome. Plateletapheresis significantly reduced peripheral platelet count in thrombocytosis, making it possible to minimize the chemotherapeutic dose and permitting urgent surgical procedures in two patients.
On Selecting the Right Yardstick

In an article that discussed both the conceptual aspects of presence and the practical considerations of measuring the concept (Witmer & Singer, 1998), we argued that both involvement and immersion are necessary for experiencing presence. The article also presented two questionnaires we have developed, an Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire (ITQ) and a Presence Questionnaire (PQ). Our analyses showed that they are internally consistent with high reliability, there is a weak but consistent positive relation between presence and performance, the ITQ predicts presence as measured by the PQ, and individuals reporting more simulator sickness symptoms report less presence than those reporting fewer symptoms. In this issue, Slater (1999) critiques our approach to measuring presence as represented by the PQ. Dr. Slater finds our definitions of presence helpful and that our concept of immersion is part of his understanding of the meaning of presence. Dr. Slater then argues that both our approach to measuring presence and the PQ are conceptually flawed. In his critique, he raises statistical questions about our measure, concluding that the PQ is not a measure of presence at all. He concludes by arguing against the validity of the measure and stating that he would not use the PQ in his research. In this article, we argue that the PQ is based in the same conceptual structure that is accepted by Dr. Slater, and that the PQ represents a fundamentally sound approachalthough not the only approachto measuring presence. Dr. Slater's statistical arguments are shown to be incorrect simplifications, as he acknowledges in his critique. We also demonstrate that individual PQ items still correlate significantly with the PQ total score even when the PQ total is adjusted to remove the score on individual items from that total. Finally, we rebut Slater's argument concerning the validity of the measure, and suggest that researchers not be constrained by an equipment-oriented model of the presence experience.
Translating Advertising Painting the Tip of an Iceberg

Translating advertising copy is like painting the tip of an iceberg. What you see are the words, but there is a lot behind the words that must be understood to transfer advertising from one culture to another. This paper demonstrates that consumer behaviour and the way consumers communicate are heavily dependent on their cultural values. For advertising, one important distinction is between low- and high-context communication, which can help us understand that people categorize the world in different ways. Another important influence of culture is on consumers’ needs, motives and emotions. Variations in inter-personal communication styles are reflected in advertising styles. Thus, effective advertising uses a culturally appropriate advertising style. For example, in Europe and Asia these styles are very different from US advertising style, of which rhetoric is an integral part. Another idea which is expanded in the present paper is that the persuasive communication function of advertising is biase.