Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deliverable D 1 . 5 Improved Learning for Machine Translation

We propose a conversion of bilingual sentence pairs and the corresponding word alignments into novel linear sequences. These are joint translation and reordering (JTR) uniquely defined sequences, combining interdepending lexical and alignment dependencies on the word level into a single framework. They are constructed in a simple manner while capturing multiple alignments and empty words. JTR sequences can be used to train a variety of models. We investigate the performances of ngram models with modified Kneser-Ney smoothing, feed-forward and recurrent neural network architectures when estimated on JTR sequences, and compare them to the operation sequence model (Durrani et al., 2013b). Evaluations on the IWSLT German→English, WMT German→English and BOLT Chinese→English tasks show that JTR models improve state-of-the-art phrasebased systems by up to 2.2 BLEU.
Delayed Information Acquisition and Entry into New Trading Opportunities

We allow a strategic trader to choose when she acquires costly information about an asset’s payoff, instead of requiring that she make her decision before trading begins. We show that she optimally delays becoming informed. We find that dynamic information acquisition yields novel predictions. First, the probability of information acquisition can decrease with the volatility of public information, and is highest for intermediate trading horizons. Second, volatility and price impact can jump and evolve stochastically, even when underlying shocks are homoskedastic. Finally, the average pricing error when the asset pays off can be larger when the trader acquires information.
1 A MANAGEMENT POLICY FOR NORTH JAPAN SEA SAILFIN SANDFISH Arctoscopus japonicus

The fishery cooperative association of Akita Prefecture closed the sailfin sandfish Arctoscopus japonicus fisheries from 1992 to 1994 to rehabilitate the stock. Following the temporary closure, the total allowable catch (TAC) has gradually increased. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the fishery moratorium and other restrictions for this stock using several scenarios involving age-structured models and ocean environmental factors. The following results were obtained:1) stock biomass (SB) did increase during the fishing moratorium; 2) if more prefectures, including Aomori, Akita, Yamagata and Niigata had also implemented the moratorium, a greater increases in SB would have been realized; 3) if a 30% reduction in fish harvest had been implemented from 1980 to 1982 when the ocean environmental condition was relatively good, SB would have recovered; 4) SB would not have recovered if the moratorium had not been implemented; 5) if exploitation rates Et could be tightly controlled, a constant exploitation rate policy of Et = 0.4 would be a better policy compared to other policies based on MonteCarlo simulation tests; and 6) if Et can not be controlled at a constant level, a short-term reduction policy of Et, for example, a 30% reduction during the 3 years when stock size was very low, would be very effective. In particular, when the ocean environmental condition is good, this policy works effectively.
INTEGRATING TARGET COSTING INDICATORS WITHIN THE BALANCED SCORECARD MODEL IN MALAYSIAN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY : A RASCH ANALYSIS

Target Costing (TC) adoption is not only for a cost reduction as a financial objective. Further, quality, functionality and lead time, as non-financial objectives, should be simultaneously perceived. This particularly requires an effective integration of relative financial and nonfinancial Organizational Capabilities (OCs) measures to assess future customers’ expectations towards company’s products development, TC focus. Using Rasch Measurement Model (RMM), this study aims to measure the applicability level of OCs measures related to TC four principles “Price-led”, “Customer-focused”, “Design-centered”, and “Cross-functional” to be respectively integrated within the four BSC’s perspectives “Financial”, “Customer”, “Internal Process”, and “Learning and Growth” in association with industry type and company strategy effectiveness. Among 380 Malaysian automotive companies, 48 companies have participated in filling out the questionnaire. The results showed higher applicability level of the developed TC indicators except those related to suppliers’ participation. Specifically, parts and components makers when employing confrontation strategy had higher ability towards integration process than car makers as well as when employing non-confrontation strategies such as cost leadership and differentiation strategies. The study has added a new idea on integrating TC with the BSC as an integral system. From the methodological perspective, the study has provided insights on using the RMM in management accounting research.
ON THE DENSITY DISTRIBUTION PROFILES OF INTERFACE STATES IN Al/SiO2/p-Si (MIS) STRUCTURES

In this study, the energy distribution profile of the interface states (Nss) and their relaxation time () of Al/SiO2/p-Si (MIS) structure with a thin (32Å) SiO2 have been investigated by use the conductance methods. The C-V-f and G/-V-f characteristics of these devices were measured in the frequency range of 0.2kHz-100kHz. The experimental characteristics of MIS structure show fairly large frequency dispersion especially at low frequencies due to Rs and Nss. The capacitance of this structure decreases with increasing frequency. The increase in C especially at low frequencies result forms the presence of Nss. The Nss and  profiles have been determined in the band-gap of Si. The main value of Nss was found about 3.5x1014 eV-1cm-2 and slightly changes. The values of relaxation time range from 1.05x105 s to 1.58x10-3 s and have shown an exponential rise with bias from the top of the valance bend towards the mid-gap Keyword: Interface States, Relaxation Time, Conductance Method, Series Resistance, Thin Insulator Layer Al/SiO2/p-Si (MIS) YAPILARDA ARAYÜZEY DURUMLARININ YOĞUNLUK DAĞILIM PROFİLİ ÖZET Bu çalışmada, ince bir (32Å) SiO2’li Al/SiO2/p-Si (MIS)yapının ara yüzey durumu (Nss) ve gevşeme zamanının () enerji dağılımı profili iletkenlik yöntemleri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Bu cihazların C-Vf ve G/-V-f karakteristikleri 0,2 kHz–100 kHz frekans aralığında ölçülmüştür. Bu yapının deneysel karakteristikleri Rs ve Nss yüzünden özellikle düşük frekanslarda oldukça büyük frekans dağılımı göstermektedir. Bu yapının kapasitansı artan frekans ile azalmaktadır. Düşük frekanslarda özellikle C’deki artış Nss’in varlığını ortaya koymaktadır. Nss ve  özellikleri Si’nin bant aralığında tespit edilmiştir. Nss’in temel değeri yaklaşık olarak 3x1014 eV-1cm-2 civarında ve çok az değişiklikle bulundu. Gevşeme zamanının değerleri 1.05x10-5 s ile 1.58x10-3 s aralığında ve orta boşluğa doğru üstel olarak artış göstermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ara Yüzey Durumları, Gevşeme Zamanı, İletkenlik Yöntemi, Seri Direnç, İnce Yalıtkan Tabaka e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy Engineering Sciences, 1A0049, 4, (4), 518-526.
Roughness Analysis of Fatigue Fracture Surface

A stereophotogrammetrical analysis in SEM is used to investigate the fracture morphology of the high-strength low-alloy steel generated under combined bending-torsion fatigue loading. The type of loading is described by loading ratio Z= τa / (σa + τa ) (σa is the bending amplitude and τa is the torsion amplitude). The fatigue life of investigated specimens was in the order of 10 cycles (high cycle fatigue). Roughness characteristics studied in two mutually perpendicular directions on facets in the region of crack initiation were found to be sensitive to the crack front positron. The investigation of surface topography revealed the presence of the opening Mode I in all investigated crack front locations. Key-Words: Bending-Torsion, Fractography, Biaxial loading, Fatigue, Fracture Surface
Morphometric and molecular characterization of Dactylogyrus lamellatus isolated from farmed Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844), in Guilan Province, Iran

Grass carp is an herbivorous species, which is actually popular in Iran. Monogenean parasites, particularly members of the family Dactylogyridae, have been one of the main causes of mortalities in Iranian fish farms and therefore they have been subject of many studies in Iran. The main aim of the present study was to describe morphological and molecular characteristics of monogenean parasites recovered from the farmed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in the Guilan Province during 2015 to 2016. A total of 80 grass carps have been examined for infestation with monogenean parasites. 10923 Dactylogyrus species were recovered from 95%of the farmed grass carp. The parasite was first classified based on their morphological characteristics and identified as Dactylogyrus lamellatus. The parasite was then subjected to PCR and sequencing of the 28S rDNA gene. The phylogenetic tree showed that D. lamellatus genetically was similar to those previously reported from other countries and Mashhad farms in Iran.
Eradications of vertebrate pests from islands around New Zealand : what have we delivered and what have we learned ?

Eradications of invasive mammals have become increasingly complex and expensive. Increased public exposure and involvement in decisions about island eradications mean that conservation scientists must be prepared to justify the benefits of proposed eradications and defend the science used to measure cause and effect of agents of decline. Here I assess the biological, scientific and political outcomes of eradications on those islands in New Zealand from which all introduced mammal populations have been removed. By 2010, 147 populations of 13 species of vertebrates had been removed from a least 95 islands with a total area of 32,000 ha. Identified benefits to biodiversity were through in situ recovery, translocations or metapopulation management on the islands. These include improved prospects for 16 species of invertebrates, two species of frogs, three taxa of tuatara (Sphenodon spp.), 23 species of lizards, 32 taxa of terrestrial birds and 16 taxa of seabirds. The eradications can also be used to test hypotheses about the impacts of invasive species on native ecosystems. Considerable effort has been applied to understanding the effects of Pacific rats (Rattus exulans). There are now published accounts of the effects of these rats on plants, lizards, tuatara and seabirds, often using well designed field experiments. However, the effects of most other invasive vertebrates are poorly documented. Furthermore, impressive accounts of biodiversity achievements obscure potential problems. These include the genetic effects of small relict populations or small founders from translocations. Nonetheless, there has been acceptance of the value of these eradications at the highest political levels, government support for assistance in developing countries, and global export of technologies developed. A deeper understanding of the effects of invasive species, good reporting systems, and frequent communication and defence of benefits will be needed to gain public acceptance of increasingly ambitious projects.
EVIDENCE FOR SEASONAL VARIATION IN d 13 C AND d 18 O PROFILES OF BACULITES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR GROWTH RATE by

The life histories of ammonites and the life strategies they employed are difficult to assess without robust modern analogues but placing constraints on ammonite growth rates provides a fundamental first step to understanding this abundant, but poorly understood, fossil group. Here we interpret periodic variations in carbon and oxygen stable isotope profiles from Campanian and Maastrichtian ammonites (Baculites) as seasonally driven and use these records to determine their rate of shell precipitation. Several of these samples are housed in museums and were originally prepared using sealants for display and preservation but testing of these sealants indicated no alteration of the isotopic values of treated carbonate. Diagenetic alteration, as determined by shell microstructure, affected the preservation of isotopic signals, resulting in the loss of seasonal variation in less well-preserved specimens, and the dC signal is more robust than dO. The periodicity of isotopic profiles from Baculites shells presented here suggest that these organisms grew at rapid rates (c. 340 mm per year), which may imply an r-type life strategy in which the animals reach maturity quickly, spawn large quantities of progeny, and die at a young age. Because of the potential mobility of Baculites, reconstructing palaeoenvironmental conditions from these isotopic records is challenging and should be conducted cautiously. Unfortunately, well-preserved Baculites shells much longer than 350 mm are rarely recovered, which complicates the statistical treatment of potential periodicity in isotopic profiles.
SEXUAL ABUSE AND ASSAULT AGAINST MINORS: A SPATIAL APPLICATION OF ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY by John Ropp

iv LIST OF TABLES . vii LIST OF FIGURES . viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1 CHAPTER TWO: PREVIOUS LITERATURE . 4 Child Sexual Abuse and Sexual Assault Perpetrated Against Minors . 4 Definition . 4 Prevalence . 5 Predicting Factors . 9 The Routine Activity Perspective . 13 Hotspots, Clustering, and Environmental Criminology . 18 Hotspots . 19 Crime Mapping . 21 Environmental Criminology . 22 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY . 25 Hypotheses . 25 Data, Variables, and Measures . 25 Hypothesis 1 Testing . 27
THE IMPACT OF OIL PRICE INSTABILITY ON ECONOMIC GROWTH ( A CASE OF NIGERIA )

This study assessed the impact of oil price instability on the Nigerian economic growth using the VAR model. 1981 to 2015 annual time series data was utilized in the study and it was obtained from the CBN statistical database. While cointegration test confirms the existence of a long-run relationship, test for unit root indicated that all the variables were non-stationary at level but stationary at first difference. The Granger causality result shows that oil price Granger caused economic growth and exchange rate, while exchange rate Granger caused inflation. Moreover, the variance decomposition result indicated that oil price instability is the largest source of variation in economic growth and exchange while the largest source of variation in the inflation rate is exchange rate followed by oil price. Hence, it is concluded that oil price instability significantly influences economic growth and exchange rate of Nigeria but indirectly affects inflation. This study finally recommended the diversification of Nigerian economy.
Get the Wombs to Work : The Missing Impact of Maternal Employment on Newborn Health

Parental leave policies across the globe become much more generous than they used to be. This is also true for prenatal maternal leave. While this may be costly in the short run, little is known about the effects of maternal labor market participation during pregnancy on newborn health. In this paper I exploit three policy changes on the duration of paid parental leave in Austria that affect the share of mothers who work during pregnancy up to the 32nd pregnancy week. Specifically, an increase in the duration of parental leave for the first child, discontinuously decreases the share of mothers who work during pregnancy with their second child. Using administrative data from Austria on the working history of women, that can be linked to the full Austrian birth register in a regression discontinuity framework, allows to identify the effects of prenatal employment on the exposed offspring. Maternal employment during pregnancy reacts strongly to the policy changes. The share of employed mothers increases in 1990 by 27%, declines in 1996 by 11% and increases again by 12% in 2000. None of these changes in prenatal employment translate into effects on newborn health measured via birth weight and gestational length. This effect pattern suggests that prenatal employment does not causally affect the fetus for measures visible at birth.
The Role of Preferential Mating and Wolbachia Infection on the Aedes Aegypti Population Dynamics

Wolbachia, an endosymbiont bacteria, is common in various invertebrates and known for host reproductive manipulation strategies as well as for slowing the replication of certain viruses. When infected by Wolbachia, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes become resistant to transmitting some mosquito-borne diseases (MBD) such as dengue or other diseases prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. Releasing a large number of Wolbachia infected mosquitoes in the environment is assumed to be a more effective strategy than other various methods to control the spread of MBD. However, evaluation of such Wolbachia-based interventions over a long term temporal scale is limited in the literature. The Wolbachia’s host manipulation strategy, Cytoplasmic Incompatibility (CI), benefits the Wolbachia in the form of decreasing the number of non-infected mosquitoes, by casuing the cytoplasm of Wolbachia male mosquitoes to be incompatible with non-Wolbachia females, the eggs produced which would become non-infected mosquitoes are instead non-viable. Additionally, changes in mating preference could impact the benefit from CI, as it requires that infected males mate with non-infected females. In this work we develop models that capture the life cycle and mating preference of mosquitoes with and without Wolbachia. Our research primarily focuses on the effects of preferential mating on the population dynamics of mosquitoes. The analysis of models suggest that Wolbachia persists and dominates in the mosquito
Framing Theory in Newspaper Coverage of the 2015 Greek Referendum

In 2015, the Greek prime minister announced a referendum on the country’s proposed debt bailout. Media outlets shaped the referendum into “YES” and “NO” frames based on their political spectrum. A week after the referendum announcement, the Greek people overwhelmingly voted to oppose the creditors’ measures. This study analyzed 14 articles each from two major Greek newspapers, Kathimerini and Ta Nea. The results showed that both papers portrayed the referendum along the frames of “YES” and “NO” referendum campaigns. Kathimerini used more frames than Ta Nea, but overall neither paper strictly adhered to their campaign’s framing.
Analysis of Elevation Models for Nigerian 2D Cadastre Height Determination

In Nigeria, the spatial requirements of cadastral map for the purposes of land registration are based on 2D planimetric boundary coordinates without consideration for the elevation component of geometric space. Whereas, recent development in technology and practises in many countries requires the inclusion of elevation component into the cadastre. The specific objectives of this study are to determine elevation values for existing 2D cadastre of the study area from different data sources and to analyze those elevation values using statistical means. Data were sourced from both primary and secondary sources; secondary data include a 30m by 30m resolution Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM), Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission Data (SRTM), 1:50,000 topographic map and existing Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area. Ten ground control points were established at 250m grid with Global Positioning System in differential mode and elevation data were obtained accordingly. Elevation values of selected existing planimetric controls (33) were also determined from adopted data sources and were compared using both the standard deviation and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The vertical accuracy obtained from Topographic map data, existing DTM, ASTER data and SRTM data were ± 1.860, ± 3.450, ± 5.309 and ±4.573 respectively relative to elevation values obtained from GPS observation of corresponding selected existing 2D planimetric controls. The degree of association between elevation values obtained from adopted data sources was strong and positive as shown from the regression analysis. The study established that only topographic map elevation data would presently fit GPS elevation data for 3D cadastre implementation for the study.
Correlation Made Simple: Applications to Salience and Regret Theory∗

In this work, we offer a straightforward axiomatization for decision criteria under risk in which the correlation between the alternatives considered plays a role. Extending to the nondeterministic case the techniques of conjoint measurement developed by Fishburn (1991), we can formally identify Transitivity as the vN-M axiom that has to be relaxed to allow for these richer patterns of behavior. To illustrate the advantages of our modeling choice, we provide a simple axiomatization for the Salience Theory model (Bordalo, Gennaioli, and Shleifer, 2013) within our general framework. This approach allows us to single out their Ordering property as the feature that brings Salience Theory outside the Expected Utility realm. Finally, even if in a set of three or more alternatives an optimal choice may not exist under our intransitive decision criterion, we prove the existence of an optimal randomization over the available options.
A numerical study of variability in the North Icelandic 1 Irminger Current

19 The North Icelandic Irminger Current (NIIC) is an important component of the Atlantic Water 20 (AW) inflow to the Nordic Seas. In this study, both observations and a high-resolution (1/12°) 21 numerical model are used to investigate the seasonal to interannual variability of the NIIC and its 22 forcing mechanisms. The model-simulated velocity and hydrographic fields compare well with 23 available observations. The water mass over the entire north Icelandic shelf exhibits strong 24 seasonal variations in both temperature and salinity, and such variations are closely tied to the 25 AW seasonality in the NIIC. In addition to seasonal variability, there are considerable variations 26 on interannual time scales, including a prominent event in 2003 when the AW volume transport 27 increased by about 0.5 Sv. To identify and examine key forcing mechanisms for this event, we 28 analyzed outputs from two additional numerical experiments: using only the seasonal 29 climatology for buoyancy flux (the momentum case), and using only the seasonal climatology 30 for wind stress (the buoyancy case). It is found that changes in the wind stress are predominantly 31 responsible for the interannual variations in the AW volume transport, AW fraction in the NIIC 32 water, and salinity. Temperature changes on the shelf, however, are equally attributable to the 33 buoyancy flux and wind forcing. Correlational analyses indicate that the AW volume transport is 34 most sensitive to the wind stress southwest of Iceland. 35
Understanding Privacy in the MENA Region

Paste the appropriate copyright statement here. ACM now supports three different copyright statements: • ACM copyright: ACM holds the copyright on the work. This is the historical approach. • License: The author(s) retain copyright, but ACM receives an exclusive publication license. • Open Access: The author(s) wish to pay for the work to be open access. The additional fee must be paid to ACM. This text field is large enough to hold the appropriate release statement assuming it is single spaced in a sans-serif 7 point font. Every submission will be assigned their own unique DOI string to be included here. Abstract The area of usable privacy is one of the most challenging in system design. Despite strong efforts in attempting to study the implications of cultural differences on it, little attention has been given to the MENA (Middle East North Africa) region. We argue the importance of including this region due to its strong cultural differences and heritage. We present a survey (N=117) conducted on participants from a western and two Arab countries to compare privacy perceptions and privacy violation incidents. Preliminary results show cultural differences in reported privacy incidents, and demonstrate that privacy perceptions are influenced by the user’s background.