Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptive control of flight: theory, applications, and open problems

This paper discusses the application of direct adaptive model reference control as it relates to the control of aircraft and weapon systems. Recent extensions in the approach, primarily driven by practical considerations, have led to very successful flight testing. The flight control architectures considered incorporate direct adaptive increments to augment a baseline control signal designed using nonlinear and/or linear robust control methods. Recently applied to a modified guided weapon, this adaptive flight control system was designed and flight tested without wind tunnel measurement of any aerodynamic changes to the modified weapon. This paper discusses the design methodology, practical considerations, extensions incorporated, as well as open problems that remain in making this approach acceptable in the aerospace community
Molecular Surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp. in Raw Wastewater in Milwaukee: Implications for Understanding Outbreak Occurrence and Transmission Dynamics

ABSTRACT Six Cryptosporidium spp. were found in 50 of 179 Milwaukee wastewater samples collected weekly over a year. Of the eight subtypes of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum present, allele Ib was found in 14 of 16 samples, and its sequence was identical to that of the subtype in human samples from the 1993 Milwaukee outbreak of cryptosporidiosis.
Radioimmunosorbent assay of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in serum and urine from men and women.

In the present study the gonadotropin preparations the antisera the standards and the radioimmunological method used differ from those of other investigators. The human pituitary FSH and LH preparations were of the highest purity reported so far. The antisera were raised against more purified gonadotropin preparations than usually used as immunogens. The present investigation is an evaluation of the use of these reagents for the assay of the pituitary gonadotropins by the radioimmunosorbent technique and includes results of FSH and LH determinations in the serum and urine from healthy men and women.
Defining mild, moderate, and severe pain in persons with multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE To identify empirically derived cutoffs for mild, moderate, and severe pain in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Design. Cross-sectional survey. SETTING . Community-based survey. PARTICIPANTS Convenience sample of 236 individuals with MS and pain. Intervention. Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Zero to 10 Numeric Rating Scale for pain severity (both average and worst pain) and Brief Pain Inventory for pain interference. RESULTS The optimal classification scheme for average pain was 0-2 = mild, 3-5 = moderate, and 6-10 = severe. Alternatively, the optimal classification scheme for worst pain was 0-4 = mild, 5-7 = moderate, and 8-10 = severe. CONCLUSIONS The present study furthers our ability to use empirically based cutoffs to inform the use of clinical guidelines for pain treatment as well as our understanding of the factors that might impact the cutoffs that are most appropriate for specific pain populations. The results of the present study also add to the existing literature by drawing similarities to studies of other populations, but also by highlighting that clear, between-condition differences may exist that warrant using different cutoffs for patients with different medical conditions. Specifically, the present study highlights that cutoffs may be lower for persons with MS than other populations of persons with pain.
Relationship of Anxiety and Depression to Age and Sex in an Acute Psychiatric Population

This study was designed to assess the relationship of anxiety and depression to age and sex for an acute psychiatric inpatient population. The measures used were the Depression scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Taylor Scale of Manifest Anxiety. Eight age-sex subgroups of 50 subjects each were formed. Subgroup means decreased significantly with increasing age on the Taylor scale but not on the Depression scale. Women showed significantly higher scores than men on both scales, but the differences were significant only for the youngest age range. Men showed a significant increase in depression scale scores with age; women did not. The correlation between the two scales was . 55 for women and . 53 for men. The relationships of anxiety and depression to age and sex in this psychiatric population are quite similar to those found in many community survey studies. The distributions are simply shifted upward.
Association of the pre-internship objective structured clinical examination in final year medical students with comprehensive written examinations

Aim The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association of the pre-internship Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in final year medical students with comprehensive written examinations. Subjects and material All medical students of October 2004 admission who took part in the October 2010 National Comprehensive Pre-internship Examination (NCPE) and pre-internship OSCE were included in the study (n=130). OSCE and NCPE scores and medical grade point average (GPA) were collected. Results GPA was highly correlated with NCPE (r=0.76 and P<0.001) and moderately with OSCE (r=0.68 and P<0.001). Similarly a moderate correlation was observed between NCPE and OSCE scores(r=0.6 and P<0.001). Linear stepwise regression shows r 2 of a model applying GPA as predictor of OSCE score is 0.46 (β = 0.68 and P<0.001), while addition of gender to the model increases r 2 to 0.59 (β = 0.61 and 0.36, for GPA and male gender, respectively and P<0.001). Logistic forward regression models shows male gender and GPA are the only dependent predictors of high score in OSCE. OR of GPA and male gender for high OSCE score are 4.89 (95% CI = 2.37–10.06) and 6.95 (95% CI = 2.00–24.21), respectively (P<0.001). Discussion Our findings indicate OSCE and examination which mainly evaluate knowledge, judged by GPA and NCPE are moderately to highly correlated. Our results illustrate the interwoven nature of knowledge and clinical skills. In other words, certain level of knowledge is crucial for appropriate clinical performance. Our findings suggest neither OSCE nor written forms of assessments can replace each other. They are complimentary and should also be combined by other evaluations to cover all attributes of clinical competence efficiently.
Modelled microgravity does not modify the yield of chromosome aberrations induced by high-energy protons in human lymphocytes

The aim was to evaluate the effect of modelled microgravity on radiation-induced chromosome aberrations (CAs). G0 peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to 60 MeV protons or 250 kVp X-rays in the dose range 0 – 6 Gy, and allowed to repair DNA damage for 24 h under either normal gravity or microgravity modelled by the NASA-designed rotating-wall bioreactor. Cells were then stimulated to proliferate by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) under normal gravity conditions and prematurely condensed chromosomes were harvested after 48 h. CAs were scored in chromosomes 1 and 2 by fluorescence in-situ hybridization. Proliferation gravisensitivity was examined by cell growth curves and by morphological evaluation of mitogen-induced activation. Cell replication rounds were monitored by bromodeoxyuridine labelling. Modelled microgravity markedly reduced PHA-mediated lymphocyte blastogenesis and cell growth. However, no significant differences between normal gravity and modelled microgravity were found in the dose – response curves for the induction of aberrant cells or total interchromosomal exchange frequency. Rotating-wall bioreactor-based microgravity reproduced space-related alterations of mitogen stimulation in human lymphocytes but did not affect the yield of CAs induced by low- linear energy transfer radiation.
The Nature of Psychiatric Classification: Issues Beyond ICD-10 and DSM-IV

Objective: The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the methodological underpinnings of current classification systems in psychiatry, their impact on clinical and social practices, and likely scenarios for future development, as an introduction to a series of related articles in this issue. Method: The method involved a selective literature review. Results: The role and significance of psychiatric classifications is placed in a broader social and cultural context; the ‘goodness of fit’ between ICD-10 and DSMIV on one hand, and clinical reality on the other hand, is examined; the nature of psy chiatric classification, compared to biological classifications, is discussed; and questions related to the impact of advances in neuroscience and genetics on psychiatric classification are raised for further discussion. Conclusions: The introduction of explicit diagnostic criteria and rule-based classification, a major step for psychiatry, took place concurrently with the ascent to dominance of a biomedical paradigm and the synergistic effects of social and economic forces. This creates certain risks of conceptual closure of clinical psychiatry if phenomenology, intersubjectivity and the inherent historicism of key concepts about mental illness are ignored in practice, education and research.
The Parsing Syllable Envelopes Test for Assessment of Amplitude Modulation Discrimination Skills in Children: Development, Normative Data, and Test–Retest Reliability Studies

Abstract Background: Intensity peaks and valleys in the acoustic signal are salient cues to syllable structure, which is accepted to be a crucial early step in phonological processing. As such, the ability to detect low-rate (envelope) modulations in signal amplitude is essential to parse an incoming speech signal into smaller phonological units. Purpose: The Parsing Syllable Envelopes (ParSE) test was developed to quantify the ability of children to recognize syllable boundaries using an amplitude modulation detection paradigm. The envelope of a 750-msec steady-state /a/ vowel is modulated into two or three pseudo-syllables using notches with modulation depths varying between 0% and 100% along an 11-step continuum. In an adaptive three-alternative forced-choice procedure, the participant identified whether one, two, or three pseudo-syllables were heard. Research Design: Development of the ParSE stimuli and test protocols, and collection of normative and test–retest reliability data. Study Sample: Eleven adults (aged 23 yr 10 mo to 50 yr 9 mo, mean 32 yr 10 mo) and 134 typically developing, primary-school children (aged 6 yr 0 mo to 12 yr 4 mo, mean 9 yr 3 mo). There were 73 males and 72 females. Data Collection and Analysis: Data were collected using a touchscreen computer. Psychometric functions (PFs) were automatically fit to individual data by the ParSE software. Performance was related to the modulation depth at which syllables can be detected with 88% accuracy (referred to as the upper boundary of the uncertainty region [UBUR]). A shallower PF slope reflected a greater level of uncertainty. Age effects were determined based on raw scores. z Scores were calculated to account for the effect of age on performance. Outliers, and individual data for which the confidence interval of the UBUR exceeded a maximum allowable value, were removed. Nonparametric tests were used as the data were skewed toward negative performance. Results: Across participants, the performance criterion (UBUR) was met with a median modulation depth of 42%. The effect of age on the UBUR was significant (p < 0.00001). The UBUR ranged from 50% modulation depth for 6-yr-olds to 25% for adults. Children aged 6–10 had significantly higher uncertainty region boundaries than adults. A skewed distribution toward negative performance occurred (p = 0.00007). There was no significant difference in performance on the ParSE between males and females (p = 0.60). Test–retest z scores were strongly correlated (r = 0.68, p < 0.0000001). Conclusions: The ParSE normative data show that the ability to identify syllable boundaries based on changes in amplitude modulation improves with age, and that some children in the general population have performance much worse than their age peers. The test is suitable for use in planned studies in a clinical population.
Grafting of Acacia koa Gray Onto Young Acacia Seedlings

Scions of Acacia koa Gray (Fabaceae) were grafted onto rootstocks of A. koa, A. mangium Willd. , and A. confusa Merr. using cleft or splice grafts applied to very young seedlings. This is the first report of grafting success between A. koa and any Acacia species. Acacia koa scion plants at the second true leaf stage of development were joined with the Acacia rootstocks of similar phenology just below the cotyledons. The initial grafting trials resulted in success rates from 20% to 70%. Graft unions were completely healed within 8 wk, and plants were ready for transplanting at about 3 mo. These methods allow for the production of grafted A. koa seedlings with potentially increased disease resistance, improved horticultural performance, and potentially wider adaptation to Hawaiian ecosystems and landscapes.
Classification of Medical Images and Illustrations in the Biomedical Literature Using Synergic Deep Learning

The Classification of medical images and illustrations in the literature aims to label a medical image according to the modality it was produced or label an illustration according to its production attributes. It is an essential and challenging research hotspot in the area of automated literature review, retrieval and mining. The significant intra-class variation and inter-class similarity caused by the diverse imaging modalities and various illustration types brings a great deal of difficulties to the problem. In this paper, we propose a synergic deep learning (SDL) model to address this issue. Specifically, a dual deep convolutional neural network with a synergic signal system is designed to mutually learn image representation. The synergic signal is used to verify whether the input image pair belongs to the same category and to give the corrective feedback if a synergic error exists. Our SDL model can be trained 'end to end'. In the test phase, the class label of an input can be predicted by averaging the likelihood probabilities obtained by two convolutional neural network components. Experimental results on the ImageCLEF2016 Subfigure Classification Challenge suggest that our proposed SDL model achieves the state-of-the art performance in this medical image classification problem and its accuracy is higher than that of the first place solution on the Challenge leader board so far.
Phase I Study of Paclitaxel (Taxol) and Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin (Caelyx) Administered Every 2 Weeks in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors

Objectives: Paclitaxel and doxorubicin are among the most active chemotherapeutic agents in various types of tumors. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx) has a more favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicity profile than the free drug. We conducted a phase I study to determine the maximum tolerated doses (MTD) and the dose limiting toxicities (DLT) of the combination administered every 2 weeks in patients with advanced solid tumors. Patients and Methods: Treatment consisted of escalating doses of Caelyx (12.5–17.5 mg/m2) administered as a 30-min intravenous infusion on day 1 and paclitaxel (90–115 mg/m2) as a 3-hour intravenous infusion on day 2 every 2 weeks without growth factor support. One cycle was considered as the administration of two consecutive treatments in 28 days. Twenty-six patients with histologically confirmed advanced stage solid tumors have been enrolled. Treatment was first-line treatment for 38% of patients, second-line for 31% and third-line for 31%. Results: The DLT were evaluated during the first 4 weeks of treatment (2 treatment administrations) and consisted in all but one case of grade 2–3 neutropenia resulting in treatment delay. One patient died of cardiac arrest 1 day after the first treatment. A total of 86 cycles have been administered with only 1 episode of febrile neutropenia. Hematologic toxicity was generally mild. Only 1 patient at the first and another at the highest dose level developed grade 4 neutropenia. At the highest dose level, 3 of 6 patients developed grade 3 neutropenia. Grade 4 anemia or grade 3–4 thrombocytopenia was not observed. Non-hematologic toxicity included grade 2–3 nausea/vomiting in 10%, grade 2–4 diarrhea in 7% and grade 2–3 neurotoxicity in 8% of cycles. Mucositis grade 3 complicated 1 cycle. Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia grade 2–3 was observed in 3 patients and was the reason for treatment discontinuation in 1 patient. Cardiotoxicity as the development of congestive heart failure or more than 10% reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction was not observed. The most common non-hematologic toxicity was grade 2–3 asthenia complicating 31% of the cycles. Among 18 evaluable patients, 1 complete and 4 partial responses were observed primarily in patients with breast cancer. The MTD which are the recommended doses for further use in phase II trials were Caelyx 15 mg/m2 on day 1 and paclitaxel 115 mg/m2 on day 2 administered every 2 weeks. Conclusion: The administration of Caelyx and paclitaxel every 2 weeks is a feasible regimen and is associated with acceptable toxicity.
Nuclear scaffold attachment sites in the human globin gene complexes.

In an analysis of a 90‐kb region around the human beta‐globin gene complex we have identified at least eight sites of attachment to the nuclear scaffold (SARs). While these have many potential functions, there appears to be a particular association with sequences important in the regulation of the complex. Two SARs are close to the known enhancer‐like elements of the beta‐globin gene. SARs flanking the complex co‐habit with the boundaries of the putative beta‐like globin gene regulatory domain. In contrast, we have detected no SARs within a 140‐kb region of the human alpha‐globin gene complex. If SARs play a role in the regulation of gene expression then this structural difference would imply a difference in the regulation of the two complexes.
“PARSTELIN”: A CASE OF FATAL OVERDOSE

I hope that the Society of General Practitioners will develop into a strong opposition to the Establishment, without creating "anarchy". However, if the A.M.A. continues to reject all reasonable criticism and constructive proposals, as it has done so far, a split between specialists and general practitioners might be delayed, but must be Inevitable. As your Editorial of May 25, wisely stated: "It has been well said that the main thing we learn from history is that we do not learn from history . " This, however, should apply not only to the opposition, but also to the Establishment, and it is time members of the Federal and State Councils started taking history lessons, and found out the results of stubborn rejection of political opposition. To this I might add: the A.M.A. can fool some of us some of the time, but it can't fool all of us all the time.
Increasing incidence of penicillin- and cefotaxime-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae causing meningitis in India: Time for revision of treatment guidelines?

Purpose: Pneumococcal meningitis is a life-threatening infection, requiring prompt diagnosis and effective treatment. Penicillin resistance in pneumococcal infections is a concern. Here, we present the antibiotic susceptibility profile of pneumococcal meningeal isolates from January 2008 to August 2016 to elucidate treatment guidelines for pneumococcal meningitis. Materials and Methods: Invasive pneumococcal isolates from all age groups, were included in this study. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for the isolates were identified by agar dilution technique and VITEK System 2. Serotyping of isolates was done by co-agglutination technique. Results: Out of 830 invasive pneumococcal isolates, 167 (20.1%) isolates were from meningeal infections. Cumulative penicillin resistance in pneumococcal meningitis was 43.7% and cefotaxime non-susceptibility was 14.9%. Penicillin resistance amongst meningeal isolates in those younger than 5 years, 5–16 years of age and those aged 16 years and older was 59.7%, 50% and 27.3%, respectively, with non-susceptibility to cefotaxime in the same age groups being 18%, 22.2% and 10.4%. Penicillin resistance amongst pneumococcal meningeal isolates increased from 9.5% in 2008 to 42.8% in 2016, whereas cefotaxime non-susceptibility increased from 4.7% in 2008 to 28.5% in 2016. Serotypes 14, 19F, 6B, 6A, 23F, 9V and 5 were the most common serotypes causing meningitis, with the first five accounting for over 75% of resistant isolates. Conclusions: The present study reports increasing penicillin resistance and cefotaxime non-susceptibility to pneumococcal meningitis in our setting. This highlights the need for empiric therapy with third-generation cephalosporins and vancomycin for all patients with meningitis while awaiting results of culture and susceptibility testing.
Enhanced expression of fibroblast growth factors and receptor FGFR-1 during vascular remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Important characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) include airway and vascular remodeling, the molecular mechanisms of which are poorly understood. We assessed the role of fibroblast growth factors (FGF) in pulmonary vascular remodeling by examining the expression pattern of FGF-1, FGF-2, and the FGF receptor (FGFR-1) in peripheral area of lung tissues from patients with COPD (FEV(1) < or = 75%; n = 15) and without COPD (FEV(1) > or = 85%; n = 13). Immunohistochemical staining results were evaluated by digital video image analysis as well as by manual scoring. FGF-1 and FGFR-1 were detected in vascular smooth muscle (VSM), airway smooth muscle, and airway epithelial cells. FGF-2 was localized in the cytoplasm of airway epithelium and in the nuclei of airway smooth muscle, VSM, and endothelial cells. In COPD cases, an unequivocal increase in FGF-2 expression was observed in VSM (3-fold, P = 0.001) and endothelium (2-fold, P = 0.007) of small pulmonary vessels with a luminal diameter under 200 micro m. In addition, FGFR-1 levels were elevated in the intima (1.5-fold, P = 0.05). VSM cells of large (> 200 micro m) pulmonary vessels showed increased staining for FGF-1 (1.6-fold, P < 0.03) and FGFR-1 (1.4-fold, P < 0.04) in COPD. Pulmonary vascular remodeling, assessed as the ratio of alpha-smooth muscle actin staining and vascular wall area with the lumen diameter, was increased in large vessels of patients with COPD (P = 0.007) and was inversely correlated with FEV(1) values (P < 0.007). Our results suggest an autocrine role of the FGF-FGFR-1 system in the pathogenesis of COPD-associated vascular remodeling.
Statins for poststroke seizures

Seizure following acute stroke occurs infrequently but represents a worrisome development. Worse, for a subset of patients, the acute monophasic neurologic condition—ischemia—can develop into a chronic active neurologic condition—epilepsy. In this issue of Neurology®, Guo et al.1 report that acute statin use reduces the risk of poststroke early-onset seizures and may also prevent the progression of initial poststroke seizures into chronic epilepsy.