Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Struktur-Funktionsbeziehungen in Assoziationsgebieten des Gehirns am Beispiel des unteren Parietallappens

Der menschliche inferiore Parietallappen (IPL) ist eine strukturell und funktionell sehr heterogene Hirnregion. Die im Rahmen dieser kumulativen Habilitationsschrift vorgestellten Arbeiten leisten Beitrage zum Verstandnis dieser beiden Aspekte des Aufbaus des IPL und ihrer Beziehung zueinander. Aufbauend auf vorherigen Untersuchungen zum zytoarchitektonischen Aufbau des IPL konnte anhand der Rezeptorarchitektur zunachst die zytoarchitektonische Einteilung in sieben unterschiedliche Areale bestatigt werden. Zusatzlich konnte durch rezeptorarchitektonische Ahnlichkeiten innerhalb der IPL-Areale eine funktionell relevante, zuvor nicht bekannte Unterteilung des IPL in drei Organisationseinheiten identifiziert werden. Diese drei rostro-kaudal angeordneten Organisationseinheiten des IPL konnten durch die Untersuchung der anatomischen Konnektivitat strukturell in das Gesamtsystem Gehirn eingeordnet werden, indem ihre Faserverbindungen zu anderen Hirnregionen charakterisiert wurden. Diese zeigen eine graduelle Anordnung: Von rostral nach kaudal im IPL verschieben sich die Zielregionen der Faserverbindungen von sensomotorischen Regionen fur den rostralen IPL uber Areale des superioren Parietallappens fur den mittleren IPL zu Regionen des Temporallappens fur den kaudalen IPL. Zudem konnten in verschiedenen einzelnen funktionellen Bildgebungsstudien und Meta- Analysen die rostralen, mittleren und kaudalen Anteile des IPL funktionell unterschiedlichen Netzwerken zugeordnet werden. Diese umfassten das menschliche Spiegelneuronensystem (rostraler IPL), selektive Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse (rostraler und mittlerer IPL) sowie die Verarbeitung von Rechenprozessen (kaudaler IPL). In Erganzung dazu konnte die allgemeine funktionelle Konnektivitat des rostralen, mittleren und kaudalen IPL auf einer breiten Basis funktioneller Bildgebungsstudien zeigen, dass die Topographie der ko- aktivierten Gehirnregionen im Frontallappen sich umgekehrt zur Topographie innerhalb des IPL verhielt: Je weiter kaudal im IPL, desto weiter rostral im Frontallappen lagen die Netzwerkpartner der verschiedenen funktionellen Entitaten. Von rostral nach kaudal zeigte sich der IPL graduell involviert in Handlungsverarbeitung (rostral) bzw. kognitive Verarbeitung wie Aufmerksamkeits- und Sprachprozesse (kaudal). Aus diesen Befunden konnte ein strukturell-funktionelles Organisationsmodell des IPL und seiner verbundenen Netzwerkpartner erstellt werden. Dieses Schalenmodell mit umeinander angeordneten Schalen von verbundenen Hirnregionen, die sich in einem funktionellen und strukturellen Netzwerk befinden, zeigt eine grundsatzliche Organisation und Entwicklung des IPL innerhalb des Gehirns. Zusammenfassend konnte durch diese Arbeiten der IPL strukturell und funktionell in einem einheitlichen Modell in das Gesamtsystem Gehirn eingebettet werden, wodurch die Bedeutung dieses Assoziationsgebiets fur die Funktion des Gehirns ersichtlich wird.
Vapnik-Chervonenkis Dimension Bounds for Two- and Three-Layer Networks

We show that the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension of the class of functions that can be computed by arbitrary two-layer or some completely connected three-layer threshold networks with real inputs is at least linear in the number of weights in the network. In Valiant's "probably approximately correct" learning framework, this implies that the number of random training examples necessary for learning in these networks is at least linear in the number of weights.
Hidden psychiatric morbidity in elderly prisoners

Background The number of elderly prisoners has increased significantly in Western countries over the past decade. Little is known about the psychiatric morbidity of this population. Aims To determine the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in elderly sentenced prisoners. Method A stratified sample of 203 male sentenced prisoners aged over 59 years, from 15 prisons in England and Wales, representing one in five men in this age group, was interviewed using semi-structured standardised instruments for psychiatric illness and personality disorder. Results More than half of the elderly prisoners had a psychiatric diagnosis. The most common diagnoses were personality disorder and depressive illness. Conclusions The prevalence of depressive illness was five times greater than that found in other studies of younger adult prisoners and elderly people in the community. Underdetected, undertreated depressive illness in elderly prisoners is an increasing public health problem.
MOSQUITO PATHOGENIC VIRUSES—THE LAST 20 YEARS

ABSTRACT There are several types of viral pathogens that cause disease in mosquitoes with most belonging to 4 major groups. The most common viruses of mosquitoes are the baculoviruses (NPVs) (Baculoviridae: Nucleopolyhedrovirus) and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPVs) (Reoviridae: Cypovirus). The other major types of viruses in mosquitoes are represented by the densoviruses (DNVs) (Parvoviridae: Brevidensovirus) and the iridoviruses (MIVs) (Iridoviridae: Chloriridovirus). Baculoviruses, densoviruses and iridoviruses are DNA viruses while cypoviruses are the main RNA viruses in mosquitoes. This chapter presents an overview of the recent advancements in the study of mosquito pathogenic viruses and discusses how this new understanding of virus-mosquito interactions can be used to develop novel research and control strategies.
CXCR5-Transduced Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Traffic to B Cell Zones of Lymph Nodes and Modify Antigen-Specific Immune Responses

Skin-derived migratory dendritic cells (DC), in contrast to bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC), express CXCR5, respond to the chemokine CXC ligand 13 (CXCL13) in vitro, and are capable of migrating to B cell zones (BCZ) in lymph nodes (LN) in vivo. Herein, we analyzed the surface phenotype of skin-derived migratory DC and found that 15–35% of MHC class IIhigh cells showed high levels of expression of CXCR5 but expressed low levels of DEC205, a suggested characteristic of dermal-type DC in mice. To study the effects of CXCR5 on the trafficking dynamics of DC, we stably expressed CXCR5 in BMDC by retroviral gene transduction. CXCR5 was detected by flow cytometry on transduced cells, which responded to CXCL13 in vitro in chemotaxis assays (3-fold over nontransduced BMDC, p < 0.01). When injected into the footpads of mice, ∼40% of injected CXCR5-BMDC were observed in BCZ of draining LN. Mice were vaccinated with CXCR5- and vector-BMDC that were pulsed with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) to induce Ag-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. Mice injected with CXCR5-BMDC (vs vector-BMDC) demonstrated marginally less footpad swelling in response to intradermal injection of KLH. Interestingly, significantly higher levels of KLH-specific IgG (p < 0.05) and IgM (p < 0.01) were found in the serum of mice injected with CXCR5-BMDC compared with mice immunized with vector-transduced BMDC. Thus, CXCR5 is predominantly expressed by dermal-type DC. Moreover, CXCR5 directs BMDC to BCZ of LN in vivo and modifies Ag-specific immune responses induced by BMDC vaccination.
Sagittal plane motion of the lumbar spine during ergometer and single scull rowing

Lumbar spine injury in rowers is common and ergometer rowing has been cited as a risk factor for this injury. The purpose of this study is to compare lumbar kinematics between ergometer and single scull rowing and to examine the effect of fatigue on kinematics. The sagittal lumbar spine motion of 19 elite male rowers (lumbar spine injury free in the previous six months) was measured with an electrogoniometer during a ‘step test’ on an ergometer and in a single sculling boat. Maximum range of lumbar flexion was recorded in standing for reference. Power output and heart rate were recorded during the ergometer tests. Heart rate was used as a surrogate for power output in the sculling test. Maximum lumbar flexion increased during the step test and was significantly greater on the ergometer (4.4° ± 0.9°change), compared with the boat (+1.3° ± 1.1°change), (3.1°difference, p = 0.035). Compared to the voluntary range of motion, there is an increase of 11.3% (ergometer) and 4.1% (boat). Lumbar spine flexion increases significantly during the course of an ergometer trial while changes in a sculling boat were minimal. Such differences may contribute to the recent findings linking ergometer use to lower-back injury.
Correlation of serum alkaline phosphatase activity with the healing process of long bone fractures in dogs.

BACKGROUND Bone healing is monitored mainly by physical and serial radiologic examinations of the fracture site. However, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish a delayed union from a nonunion, and advanced imaging techniques may not be available. Serum biochemical markers of bone formation, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, may be clinically useful in evaluating the progress of healing. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to correlate serial values of serum ALP activity with the process of fracture healing in dogs and to assess its potential as a postsurgical prognostic indicator. METHODS Changes in serum ALP activity were studied in 83 dogs with closed long bone diaphyseal fractures treated surgically. Physical and radiologic examinations of the fracture site and determination of serum ALP activity and calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) concentrations were performed on admission (day 0); postoperatively on days 10, 20, and 30; and subsequently on a monthly basis until bone union was completed or signs of nonunion were evident. The dogs were allocated into 3 groups with respect to the fracture healing progress as documented by physical and serial radiologic examination. RESULTS Group A dogs (n=35) developed a medium-sized callus that led to bone union within 2 months. Group B dogs (n=36) had a hypertrophic callus and delayed union, within 3-5 months. Group C dogs (n=12) had slow progress in fracture healing, with minimal callus formation during a 2-month period. Changes in mean serum ALP activity followed the same pattern in groups A and B, reaching a maximum level on day 10. Group A values returned to normal within 2 months, at which point bone union was complete, whereas group B values remained increased and returned to normal within 3-5 months, thus correlating with delayed union. In Group C, mean serum ALP activities showed no significant changes during the 2-month follow-up period, consistent with failure of bone union (nonunion). Serum P and Ca changes followed a proportional and inverse pattern to ALP changes, respectively. CONCLUSION Serial determination of serum ALP activity during fracture healing could be an additional tool in predicting fractures at risk of developing a nonunion, helping the clinician to choose the appropriate intervention.
The Effects of Bilirubin on Evoked Potentials and Long-Term Potentiation in Rat Hippocampus In Vivo

Neonatal jaundice is a common condition that could potentially lead to severe neurotoxicity. In this electrophysiological study we observed the effects of a short-term bilirubin injection on evoked potentials (population spike, PS) and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal CA3 region of Sprague Dawley rats in vivo. The animal received a bolus i.v. injection of either 60 mg/kg, or 30 mg/kg of bilirubin, or an equivalent volume of bilirubin-free vehicle in 5 min. The results showed that both bilirubin-treated groups had a dose-independent prolongation of peak latencies and decrease of slopes of the PS at all measured time points following injection (1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 min), while the amplitudes of the PS did not change significantly. The peak latency, slope, and the amplitude of PS stayed unchanged in the control group. Furthermore, while LTP could be induced by high-frequency stimulation in control animals, this phenomenon was absent in both bilirubin-treated groups. The amplitudes of the PS in the two treated groups after stimulation were also smaller than those of the control animals at every time points. These findings are in accordance with previous observations showing significant depressive effects of bilirubin on the nervous system. Our novel finding that short-term exposure to bilirubin can inhibit the induction of LTPs in the hippocampus, is compatible with the suggestion that neonatal hyperbilirubinemia can impact on learning and memory.
London's place in the UK economy 2008-09

This report examines London's place and position in the UK economy. And how they may evolve during the next few years. It looks at London's developing role in recent last decades; clarifies some of the strengths and weaknesses of the London economy, particularly in relation to the rest of the UK and to central government. The annual special feature in this edition examines the role of London housing.
The relationship between performance appraisal satisfaction and employee outcomes: a study conducted in peninsular Malaysia

Purpose - It is often suggested that in order for performance appraisal to positively influence employee behaviour, employees must experience positive appraisal reactions. The purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between performance appraisal satisfaction and employee outcomes, in the form of work performance, affective organizational commitment and turnover intention. Furthermore, the influence of intrinsic motivation as a mediating variable was also explored. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected from 303 employees from many organizations pertaining to several different industries, throughout peninsular Malaysia. Findings - Results from a survey of 303 employees showed that the relationship between performance appraisal satisfaction and employee outcomes in the form of work performance, affective organizational commitment and turnover intention was mediated by employeesâ€™ intrinsic motivation. Research limitations - The three most important limitations, which are discussed in more detail in chapter one, are the sample used, which is mainly from the Klang valley, the measurement used in the study and the reliance on self-reported questionnaire data. Consequently, experimental studies are needed to examine causality issues. Practical implications - These results have important managerial implications: in order to obtain positive employee outcomes, organization should provide a performance appraisal platform where employees must report satisfaction with performance appraisal. Furthermore, managers should create an environment within the organization to enhance employeesâ€™ intrinsic motivation and thus their work performance and affective organizational commitment. Originality/value - This study contributes to the knowledge on satisfaction with performance appraisal and the influences on the employee outcomes, an area of research that is almost unexplored in Malaysia. Keywords Performance appraisal, Human resource management, Performance management, Work performance, Intrinsic Motivation, Affective organizational commitment, Turnover intention Paper type Research paper
Tumor Suppressor APC Blocks DNA Polymerase β-dependent Strand Displacement Synthesis during Long Patch but Not Short Patch Base Excision Repair and Increases Sensitivity to Methylmethane Sulfonate*

In the present investigation, we report a previously unsuspected function of the tumor suppressor protein, APC (adenomatous polyposis coli), in the regulation of base excision repair (BER). We identified a proliferating cell nuclear antigen-interacting protein-like box sequence in APC that binds DNA polymerase β and blocks DNA polymerase β-mediated strand-displacement synthesis in long patch BER without affecting short patch BER. We further showed that the colon cancer cell line expressing the wild-type APC gene was more sensitive to a DNA-methylating agent due to decreased DNA repair by long patch BER than the cell line expressing the mutant APC gene lacking the proliferating cell nuclear antigen-interacting protein-like box. Experiments based on RNA interference showed that the wild-type APC gene expression is required for DNA methylation-induced sensitivity of colon cancer cells. Thus, APC may play a critical role in determining utilization of long versus short patch BER pathways and affect the susceptibility of colon cancer cells to carcinogenic and chemotherapeutic agents.
Projective representations of the symmetric groups - Q-functions and shifted tableaux

1. Projective representations and representation groups 2. Representation groups for the symmetric group 3. A construction for groups 4. Representations of objects in G 5. A construction for negative representations 6. The basic representation 7. The Q-functions 8. The irreducible negative representation of Sn 9. Explicit Q-functions 10. Reduction, branching and degree formulae 11. Construction of the irreducible negative representations 12. Combinatorial and skew Q-functions 13. The shifted Knuth algorithm 14. Deeper insertion, evacuation and the product theorem References Character tables Indices
The Usability Construct: A Dead End?

“Usability” is a construct conceived by the human–computer interaction (HCI) community to denote a desired quality of interactive systems and products. Despite its prominence and intensive use in HCI research, the usefulness of the usability construct to HCI theories and to our understanding of HCI has been meager. In this article I propose and discuss two reasons for this state of affairs. The first is that usability is an umbrella construct. Umbrella constructs are prevalent in scientific fields that are broad, diverse, and lack a unifying research paradigm. Accordingly, umbrella constructs, such as usability, tend to be vague and loose, characteristics that challenge our ability to accumulate and communicate knowledge and to capture real-world phenomena. The second reason involves the nature of the relations between the usability construct and its measures, a topic rarely discussed in HCI research. There appears to be a mismatch between how the HCI community has (implicitly) conceptualized these relations and how it has empirically examined them. The relations have been conceptualized according to a formative measurement model but have mostly been tested according to a reflective measurement model. The trouble is that representing the usability construct by the reflective model appears inappropriate, and representing it by the formative model involves considerable difficulties. Possible ways of addressing these issues are discussed, each with its advantages and drawbacks. I conclude that for scientific research on this subject to progress, the usability construct ought to be unbundled and replaced by well-defined constructs. The issues discussed in this article are relevant to other HCI umbrella concepts and constructs such as user experience.
Detecting Type of Persuasion : Is there Structure in Persuasion Tactics?

Existing works on detecting persuasion in text make use of lexical features for detecting persuasive tactics, without taking advantage of the possible structures inherent in the tactics used. In this paper, we propose a multi-class classification, unsupervised domain-independent model for detecting the type of persuasion used in text, that makes use of the sentence structure inherent in the different persuasion tactics. Our work shows promising results as compared to existing work, and vector-embedding models.
The anatomy and ultrastructure of the rete system in the fetal mouse ovary.

The rete system of the 12.5-day-old fetal mouse ovary has been described. The rete system is divided into three parts: 1) the extraovarian rete lying in the periovarian tissue, which consists of mesonephric tubules and cords; 2) the connecting rete at the cranial basal area of the ovary, which is composed of a labyrinth of cell cords, which connects the extraovarian rete to the ovary; 3) the intraovarian rete within the ovary, which develops cell cords which are associated with the connecting rete. The ultrastructural similarities of all rete cells indicate their common origin. A unique cytoplasmic component, the “dense rete bodies,” was present only in rete cells and was therefore used as a marker for these cells. Cytoplasmic protrusions of the intraovarian rete cells containing “dense rete bodies” are often in contact with germ cells. The fact that the majority of the somatic cells in the cranial basal part of the ovary are rete cells supports the idea of previous studies that
V3 loop of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Env protein: interpreting sequence variability

Two different states of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are apparent in the asymptomatic and late stages of infection. Important determinants associated with these two states have been found within the V3 loop of the viral Env protein. In this study, two large data sets of published V3 sequences were analyzed to identify patterns of sequence variability that would correspond to these two states of the virus. We were especially interested in the pattern of basic amino acid substitutions, since the presence of basic amino acids in V3 has been shown to change virus tropism in cell culture. Four features of the sequence heterogeneity in V3 were observed: (i) approximately 70% of all nonconservative basic substitutions occur at four positions in V3, and V3 sequences with a basic substitution in at least one of these four positions contain approximately 95% of all nonconservative basic substitutions; (ii) substitution patterns within V3 are influenced by the identity of the amino acid at position 25; (iii) sequence polymorphisms account for a significant fraction of uncharged amino acid substitutions at several positions in V3, and sequence heterogeneity other than these polymorphisms is most significant at two positions near the tip of V3; and (iv) sequence heterogeneity in V3 (in addition to the basic amino acid substitutions) is approximately twofold greater in V3 sequences that contain basic amino acid substitutions. By using this sequence analysis, we were able to identify distinct groups of V3 sequences in infected patients that appear to correspond to these two virus states. The identification of these discrete sequence patterns in vivo demonstrates how the V3 sequence can be used as a genetic marker for studying the two states of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Mediation Effect of Self-Efficacy on the Relationship between Mentoring Function and Career Advancement among Academics in Iran.

BACKGROUND Despite the importance of social organizational factors in career advancement and promotion among academic employees, still some academic employees suffer from low career advancement and consequently low academic performance. Aim of this study was to examine the mediation effect of self-efficacy on relationship between mentoring and career advancement among academic employees in the two public universities in Iran. METHODS This survey research was done among 307 randomly selected academic employees to determine predictors of their career advancement. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. The Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) methodology was applied to determine the best fitted model to predict career advancement. Analysis of data was performed using the Pearson's correlation analysis and SEM. RESULTS The results show that self-efficacy was related to mentoring and career advancement (p<0.05). The effect of mentoring on career advancement was significant (p<0.05). Self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between mentoring and career advancement (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Academics need to be equipped with appropriate skills such as mentoring and enhance their self-efficacy to improve academic career advancement.