Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Childhood and adult milk consumption and risk of premenopausal breast cancer in a cohort of 48,844 women—the Norwegian women and cancer study

Analyses of dairy consumption and breast cancer incidence have yielded conflicting results. In this prospective cohort study of 48,844 premenopausal Norwegian women, we examined the relationship between childhood and adult milk consumption and breast cancer incidence. During a mean follow‐up time of 6.2 years, 317 incident cases of breast cancer were diagnosed. Information on childhood and adult milk consumption was obtained from frequency questions mailed to the participants in 1991–92. Milk consumption as a child was negatively associated with subsequent breast cancer among the youngest women (34–39 years) (p for trend = 0.001), but not among older ones (40–49 years). Adult milk consumption tended to be negatively related to breast cancer incidence (p for trend = 0.12) after adjustment for age, reproductive and hormonal factors, body mass index, education, physical activity, and alcohol consumption. Women drinking more than 3 glasses of milk per day had an incidence rate ratio of breast cancer of 0.56 (95% confidence interval 0.31–1.01) compared with women not drinking milk. Analyses according to type of milk consumed and milk fat consumption did not reveal any clear associations. A combination of childhood and adult milk consumption produced a clear negative trend in breast cancer incidence rate ratios with increasing milk consumption (p = 0.03). © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depression and risk of sudden cardiac death after acute myocardial infarction: testing for the confounding effects of fatigue.

OBJECTIVES This study examined the impact of depressive symptoms and social support on 2-year sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk, controlling for fatigue symptoms. METHODS Myocardial infarction (MI) patients (N = 671) participating in the Canadian Amiodarone Myocardial Infarction Arrhythmia Trial completed measures of depression, hostility, and social support. RESULTS After controlling for significant biological predictors, psychosocial predictors of increased SCD risk in the survival analysis were greater social network contacts (RR = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.01-1.06; p < .007), lower social participation (RR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.96-1.00; p < .05), and, in placebo-treated patients, elevated depressive symptoms (RR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.14-5.35; p < .02). Fatigue was associated with SCD (RR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.11-1.53; p < .001), and, when included in the model, diminished the influence of depression (RR = 1.73; 95% CI = 0.75-3.98; p = .20). When the cognitive-affective depressive symptoms were examined separately from somatic symptoms, there was a trend for an association between cognitive-affective symptoms and SCD in placebo-treated patients after controlling for fatigue (RR = 1.09; 95% CI = 0.99-1.19, p < .06). CONCLUSIONS Symptoms of depression and fatigue overlap in patients with MI. The trend for the cognitive-affective symptoms of depression to be associated with SCD risk, even after controlling for dyspnea/fatigue, suggests that the association between depression and mortality after AMI cannot be entirely explained as a confound of cardiac-related fatigue. The independent contribution of social participation suggests a role of both depressive symptomatology and social factors in influencing mortality risk after MI.
C URRENT TRENDS IN TISSUE - AFFECTING HELMINTHS

Summary: Some helminths have by their evolution learnt to systemically invade a host organism, and to select specific organs or host cell types as predilection site to reside, maturate or even proliferate. These parasites needed to develop complex and unique strategies to escape host immune reactions. The present work sheds some light into the strategy developed by three different helminths ( Echinococcus multilocularis , Trichinella spiralis and Toxocara canis ) to survive in the host organ or host cell, respectively. The crucial role of periparasitic host reactions that may help the host to control the parasite, but which may also be responsible for immunopathological events harmful to the host himself, are elucidated as well. Finally, for these three parasites selected, the murine host appears an acceptable model for carrying out experimental studies, as for these parasites, rodents as well as humans become infected in the parasites natural life cycle. Therefore, conclusions drawn from murine experiments may provide much more reliable data in view of their relevance for the human infection, a fact that frequently lacks when using mice as experimental model for other helminths.
A molecular phylogenetic appraisal of the acanthostomines Acanthostomum and Timoniella and their position within Cryptogonimidae (Trematoda: Opisthorchioidea)

The phylogenetic position of three taxa from two trematode genera, belonging to the subfamily Acanthostominae (Opisthorchioidea: Cryptogonimidae), were analysed using partial 28S ribosomal DNA (Domains 1–2) and internal transcribed spacers (ITS1–5.8S–ITS2). Bayesian inference and Maximum likelihood analyses of combined 28S rDNA and ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2 sequences indicated the monophyly of the genus Acanthostomum (A. cf. americanum and A. burminis) and paraphyly of the Acanthostominae. These phylogenetic relationships were consistent in analyses of 28S alone and concatenated 28S + ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2 sequences analyses. Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, the subfamily Acanthostominae is therefore a paraphyletic taxon, in contrast with previous classifications based on morphological data. Phylogenetic patterns of host specificity inferred from adult stages of other cryptogonimid taxa are also well supported. However, analyses using additional genera and species are necessary to support the phylogenetic inferences from this study. Our molecular phylogenetic reconstruction linked two larval stages of A. cf. americanum cercariae and metacercariae. Here, we present the evolutionary and ecological implications of parasitic infections in freshwater and brackish environments.
Knee Pain Correlates With Union After Tibial Nailing

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the change in quantitatively scored knee pain during union. Design: This is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data over a 15-year period. Setting: Academic medical center. Patients: All patients treated with an intramedullary nail were evaluated for knee pain and union. Four hundred twenty-eight patients with 443 tibia fractures were included. Intervention: All tibia fractures were treated with an intramedullary nail. Outcomes: Patient-based knee pain was scored from 0 to 3. Fracture union was also graded using a modified Hammer score based on cortical bridging and remodeling. Results: We found a significant inverse association between pain and union score (P < 0.01). In contradistinction, there was not a correlation between time from surgery and pain (P = 0.13). Because union score and time were related, a model was created with both parameters. This model demonstrated a statistical correlation with union score (P < 0.01), but not for time from surgery (P = 0.18). Conclusions: We postulated that knee pain may correlate with either union or time from surgery. We found a statistically significant, negative correlation between knee pain and fracture union. There was no such association between pain and time from surgery.
EXPRESSION OF CLASS II MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX ANTIGENS BY BRONCHIAL EPITHELIUM IN RAT LUNG ALLOGRAFTS

Variations in expression of class II major histocompatibility complex antigens on bronchial epithelial cells and vascular endothelium were investigated in normal rat lungs and allografted lungs during acute rejection and after cyclosporine (CsA) treatment. BN (RT1n) left lungs were transplanted into LEW (RT11) recipients. Lungs were excised during acute rejection in untreated rats on postoperative days 1 through 5, and after CsA treatment (25 mg/kg on days 2 and 3) on days 5 and 100. Cryostat sections were examined for class II antigen expression with an immunoperoxidase technique, using various monoclonal antibodies. In the normal lung, class II antigens were not expressed by epithelial or endothelial cells. In the allografts, induction of class II antigens closely correlated with the rejection process: on day 2, the ciliated bronchial epithelium was locally positive; it became uniformly positive with increasing cellular peribronchial infiltration on days 3 and 4. CsA treatment prevented class II antigen expression to a certain extent, leaving the bronchial epithelium weakly positive at 100 days. Endothelial cells were invariably negative for class II antigens in all allografted lungs. The class II antigens expressed on the bronchial epithelial cells were of graft origin, except for recipient-type class II molecules found on the ciliated surface in CsA-treated animals. We conclude that expression of class II antigens by bronchial epithelium is the result of a bronchus-directed rejection process, and hypothesize that such a rejection process may have caused bronchiolitis obliterans in several of the patients with combined heart-lung transplants. Important is the observation that class II molecules can be present on the membranes of cells that do not themselves produce these antigens.
ESSENTIALS OF IMAGE STEGANALYSIS MEASURES

We present a technique for steganalysis of images that have been subjected to Least Significant Bit (LSB) type steganographic algorithms. The seventh and eight bit planes in an image are used for the computation of several binary similarity measures and we analyze the security of Least Significant Bit (LSB) embedding for hiding messages in high-color-depth digital images. The basic idea is that, the correlation between the bit planes as well the binary texture characteristics within the bit planes will differ between a stego-image and a cover-image. These telltale marks can be used to construct a steganalyzer, that is, a multivariate regression scheme to detect the presence of a steganographic message in an image.
Association of cystatin-C with metabolic syndrome in normal glucose-tolerant subjects (CURES-97).

BACKGROUND This study looked at the association of cystatin-C (cys-C) with severity of metabolic syndrome in Asian Indians. METHODS Five sets of normal glucose tolerance subjects were recruited from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES), a population-based study in southern India: 43 subjects with no metabolic risk factors, 44 subjects with one metabolic risk factor, 37 subjects with two risk factors, 40 subjects with three risk factors, and 40 subjects with four or five metabolic risk factors. Metabolic syndrome was defined using National Cholesterol Education Program criteria for adults modified for waist measured using the World Health Organization Asia Pacific guidelines. Serum cys-C was estimated by a high-sensitivity particle-enhancing nephelometry assay. RESULTS Subjects with four or five metabolic abnormalities had the highest cys-C levels, and with decreasing number of metabolic abnormalities, the cys-C levels decreased linearly (P for trend < 0.001). Regression analysis showed a linear increase in cys-C levels with increasing number of metabolic abnormalities. CONCLUSION Cys-C levels are highly correlated with the number of metabolic abnormalities in Asian Indians.
Bacterial vaginosis – a microbiological and immunological enigma

The development of bacterial vaginosis (BV) among women of childbearing age and the resulting quantitative and qualitative shift from normally occurring lactobacilli in the vagina to a mixture of mainly anaerobic bacteria is a microbiological and immunological enigma that so far has precluded the formulation of a unifying generally accepted theory on the aetiology and clinical course of BV. This critical review highlights some of the more important aspects of BV research that could help in formulating new basic ideas respecting the biology of BV, not least the importance of the interleukin mediators of local inflammatory responses and the bacterial shift from the normally occurring lactobacilli species: L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. jensenii, and L. iners to a mixed flora dominated by anaerobic bacteria.
Longitudinal Study of Changes in Daily Activity Rhythms over the Lifespan in Individual Male and Female C57BL/6J Mice

Mice are used widely for research on circadian, molecular and other processes; however, little is known of circadian age- and, particularly, sex-related changes that occur over the entire lifespan of this species. To shed light on this question, the authors used a longitudinal design for the first continuous actogram measurements of general circadian locomotor activity rhythms unperturbed by photocycle or other experimental manipulations over the lifespan in male and female C57BL/6J mice. These weaning-to-death actograms are the most inclusive undertaken to date. Comparisons of circadian parameters (phase angle of entrainment, length of daily activity, bout length/intensity) were made among 4 life stages (adolescence, adult, middle age, and senescence). The present data reveal the progressive and sex-related changes in general locomotor activity pattern that occur throughout the lifespan. From the overall perspective of this study, there appears to be a need for wider age and sex representation in circadian research.
What a Mighty Power We Can Be: African American Fraternal Groups and the Struggle for Racial Equality

List of Illustrations vii List of Tables ix Preface xi CHAPTER ONE: African American Fraternalism: A Missing Chapter in the Story of U.S. Civic Democracy 1 CHAPTER TWO: The Panorama of African American Fraternal Federations with the assistance of Jennifer Lynn Oser 21 CHAPTER THREE: African American Fraternals as Schools for Democracy 61 CHAPTER FOUR: Proprietors, Helpmates, and Pilgrims in Black and White Fraternal Rituals by Bayliss Camp and Orit Kent 95 CHAPTER FIVE: Defending the Legal Right to Organize 135 CHAPTER SIX: Black Fraternalists and the Mid-Twentieth-Century Movement for Civil Rights 174 CHAPTER SEVEN: The Achievements of African American Fraternalism 214 Notes 229 References 265 Index 283
Overproduction of two antigenically distinct forms of dihydrofolate reductase in a highly methotrexate-resistant mouse leukemia cell line.

Extreme resistance of L5178Y (R4) mouse leukemia cells to methotrexate is associated with the expression of increased levels of dihydrofolate reductase activity represented by two forms of the enzyme (Forms 1 and 2). Form 2 has been shown to be markedly insensitive to methotrexate inhibition. Rabbit serum antibodies against highly purified preparations of the two forms of dihydrofolate reductase have differential affinities for the two forms. Anti-Form 1 immunoglobulin G exhibited approximately 65% higher affinity for Form 1 dihydrofolate reductase than for Form 2, demonstrating considerable antigenic diversity between the two forms. Some cross-reactivity between the two antigens is present, compatible with the fact that although they differed markedly in their inhibition by methotrexate, both forms retained their catalytic activity for the reduction of folic acid and dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid. Anti-Form 2 immunoglobulin G exhibited a higher affinity for Form 2 dihydrofolate reductase than for Form 1 enzyme, although not to as great an extent. The increased catalytic activity of dihydrofolate reductase in these cells as compared to that in the wild-type sensitive cells is shown to be due to the overproduction of the enzyme in the resistant cells as determined by radiolabeling of the cellular proteins followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate:polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography of these proteins. A high proportion of the radioactivity was associated with a protein band corresponding to the molecular weight of dihydrofolate reductase. This overproduction is associated with the presence of abundant messenger RNA (mRNA) activity for the enzyme, as demonstrated by in vitro translation of mRNA (polyadenylic acid-containing) from the resistant and wild-type sensitive cells. Sodium dodecyl sulfate:polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 35S-labeled translation products followed by fluorography showed a major protein band corresponding to dihydrofolate reductase when mRNA from the resistant cells was used to program translation but not when mRNA from the wild-type sensitive cells was used. Immunoglobulin G preparations against both forms of dihydrofolate reductase, which showed considerable antigenic diversity, were able to immunoprecipitate a single band, corresponding to dihydrofolate reductase, from the translation products programmed by resistant cell mRNA. Chromosome analysis by Giemsa-trypsin banding revealed a prominent homogeneously staining region in one of the chromosomes of the resistant cells. The presence of abundant mRNA activity for dihydrofolate reductase and the chromosome with the homogeneously staining region is compatible with amplification of the dihydrofolate reductase gene resulting in the overproduction, in this case, of two antigenically distinct enzymes.
A Discriminative Framework for Object Recognition

In this paper, we present a discriminative approach to learn and recognize the object classes from unsegmented cluttered scenes in a scale invariant manner. A multiscale algorithm for the selection of salient regions of an image is used to select keypoints and their scale in the image. The PCA-SIFT method is used to describe these keypoints in a compact form. For each object class the probability of local features is modeled by a conditional random fields (CRF). In the learning stage, the parameters of CRF are estimated from feature vectors given the labels in a maximum likelihood framework. In the recognition stage, we take the label for the image to the most likely class under the CRF models. This method achieves good classification results on motorbikes and airplanes database.
A Linear Sampling Method for the Detection of Leukemia Using Microwaves II

This paper continues our study of the use of the linear sampling method for using microwaves to detect leukemia in the lower leg [SIAM J. Appl. Math., 58 (1998), pp. 926–941], [Computational Radiology and Imaging: Therapy and Diagnostics, C. Börgers and F. Natterer, eds., IMA Vol. Math. Appl. 110, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1999, pp. 137–156]. In the present work we no longer ignore the presence of skin and assume that the sources are placed in a thin sheath that is wrapped around the leg. This requires us to consider a resistive boundary value problem and to extend the linear sampling method to treat problems of this type. Numerical examples are given, showing the viability of this new model.
Molecular epidemiological study of gammaherpesvirus in domestic cats in Japan

Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) are members of an emerging subfamily of the family Herpesviridae. A recent study identified a novel GHV in domestic cats (Felis catus GHV1, FcaGHV1), and epidemiological surveys have found that FcaGHV1 is distributed worldwide. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of GHVs in domestic cats in Japan with a molecular epidemiological survey. Blood samples were collected from 1,738 domestic cats and GHV-derived DNA was detected with PCR in 1.3% (23/1,738) of the Japanese domestic cats. The FcaGHV1 detected in this study was very similar to FcaGHV1 detected in a domestic cat in North America. Older age (>5 years old) and Feline immunodeficiency virus infection were identified as risk factors for GHV infection.
Herbaceous Succession After Burning of Cut Western Juniper Trees

ABSTRACT. The expansion of western juniper (Juniperus occidentals spp. occidentalis Hook.) in the northern Great Basin has resulted in the wide-scale conversion of sagebrush-steppe communities to juniper woodlands. Prescribed fire and mechanical cutting are the 2 main methods used to remove juniper and restore sagebrush steppe. Mechanical treatments commonly leave cut juniper on site. Disadvantages of leaving cut juniper are the increased fuel hazard and the potential for increased establishment and growth of invasive species. This study evaluated the response of herbaceous plants to winter burning of cut western juniper. Vegetation response was compared among 2 burning treatments (burning trees the first winter after cutting and burning the second winter after cutting), a control (cut-unburned juniper), and the interspace between cut trees. To minimize fire impacts to herbaceous perennials, cut trees were burned in the winter when soils and ground litter were frozen and/or soils were at field capacity. Only felled trees were burned, as fire did not carry into interspaces or litter mats around western juniper stumps. We hypothesized that winter season burning would increase herbaceous perennials and would reduce cheatgrass establishment when compared to the cut-unburned control. After 10 years, total herbaceous and perennial grass cover was 1.5- to 2-fold greater, respectively, in burned treatments compared to cut-unburned controls. Perennial grass density was 60% greater in the burned treatments than in the cut-unburned treatment and the interspace. Cheatgrass cover was twice as great in the control than in the 2 burn treatments and the interspace. We concluded that burning cut western juniper when soils were wet and frozen in winter enhanced community recovery of native perennials compared to leaving cut juniper unburned.
Chronic Ethanol Inhibits NK Cell Cytolytic Activity: Role of Opioid Peptide β-Endorphin1

The role of β-endorphin (β-EP) in ethanol-altered NK cell cytolytic activity is studied using male Fischer-344 rats as an animal model. Ethanol was administered for 1, 2, 3, or 4 wk in a liquid diet containing 8.7% ethanol (v/v), which means that 37% of the total calories were derived from ethanol. Rats treated with ethanol for 1 wk showed an increase in hypothalamic and plasma levels of immunoreactive (IR)-β-EP, but displayed no significant effect on NK cell activity determined by 51Cr release assay, as compared with those in pair-fed and ad libitum-fed animals. However, animals treated with ethanol for 2, 3, or 4 wk showed decreased hypothalamic and plasma levels of IR-β-EP and decreased splenic NK cell activity. No significant decrease in the number of splenocytes and NK cells or in the percentage of NK cells was seen until after 3 and 4 wk of ethanol treatment. Exposure in vitro of splenic lymphocytes obtained from control animals to various concentrations of β-EP increased NK cell activity. The opiate antagonist naltrexone blocked the β-EP-stimulated effect. The in vitro NK cell response to β-EP was reduced in the splenocytes obtained from animals treated with ethanol for 2 wk, but not in those obtained from animals treated with ethanol for 1 wk as compared with those in control animals. Additionally, β-EP administration into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus stimulated NK cell cytolytic activity, whereas the opiate blocker administration reduced NK cell activity. The NK cell responses to paraventricular nucleus β-EP were reduced in the animals treated with ethanol for 2 wk. These data provide evidence for the first time that ethanol inhibits NK cell cytolytic activity, possibly by reducing β-EP-regulated splenic NK cell function.
Universality of the surface magnetoelectric effect in half-metals

An electric ﬁeld applied to a ferromagnetic metal produces a surface magnetoelectric effect originating from the spin-dependent screening of the electric ﬁeld which results in a change in the surface magnetization of the ferromagnet. Here we predict that if the ferromagnet is a half-metal, due to the screening charge formed solely by single-spin conducting states, the surface magnetoelectric coefﬁcient is the universal constant (cid:1) B / ec 2 (cid:3) 6.44 (cid:2) 10 −14 G cm 2 / V. This prediction is in excellent agreement with results of our ﬁrst-principles calculations of the magnetic response of a half-metallic CrO 2 to an applied electric ﬁeld. The universal value of the surface magnetoelectric coefﬁcient in half-metals may be used as another tool for detecting half-metallicity.