Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Feedback Mechanisms in Land-Atmosphere Interaction

The initiation of a hydrologic drought may depend on large-scale or teleconnective causes; however, local positive feedbacks in the land-atmosphere system are believed to contribute to the observed persistence and intensification of droughts. In this study a basic linearization technique is combined with a nonlinear stochastic model of land-atmosphere interaction to analyze and, more importantly, quantify feedback mechanisms that arise in the coupled water and energy balances at the land surface. The model describes land-atmosphere interaction by four coupled stochastic ordinary differential equations in soil moisture, soil temperature, mixed-layer humidity, and mixed- layer potential temperature. The solution is a physically consistent joint probability distribution. The steady and perturbation-induced parts of the model equations are decomposed into the dependence of each component physical process upon each model state. Because of the negative correlation between soil moisture and soil temperature, the physical mechanisms that serve to restore each state individually (largely soil moisture control of evaporation and temperature dependence of saturation specific humidity) act as significant anomaly-reinforcing mechanisms for the other state.
Markov models for ocular fixation locations in the presence and absence of colour

In response to the 2015 Royal Statistical Society's statistical analytics challenge, we propose to model the fixation locations of the human eye when observing a still image by a Markov point process in R2 . Our approach is data driven using k‐means clustering of the fixation locations to identify distinct salient regions of the image, which in turn correspond to the states of our Markov chain. Bayes factors are computed as the model selection criterion to determine the number of clusters. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the behaviour of the human eye differs from this model when colour information is removed from the given image.
Title Radiocarbon in dissolved organic and inorganic carbon of the Arctic Ocean Permalink

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the ocean is thousands of C years old, yet a portion of the DOC cycles on much shorter time scales (days to decades). We present C measurements of DOC in the Arctic Ocean and estimate that ≥8% of the DOC in the deep Eurasian Basin contains bomb C. While this is a limited data set, there appears to be selective loss of modern DOC in the surface and halocline waters of the open Beaufort Sea versus the Beaufort slope. At one of the Beaufort Sea stations, there is a linear relationship between DOC ΔC values and previously measured total hydrolysable amino acid concentrations as reported by Shen et al. (2012), indicating that deep DOC contains small amounts of bioavailable DOC. The C data show that not all of the deep DOC is recalcitrant.
Mixed Convection Flow of Casson Nanofluid over a Stretching Sheet with Convectively Heated Chemical Reaction and Heat Source/Sink

The present study addresses the mixed convection flow of non-Newtonian nanofluid over a stretching surface in presence of thermal radiation, heat source/sink and first order chemical reaction. Casson fluid model is adopted in the present study. Magnetic field contribution is incorporated in the momentum equation whereas the aspects of nanoparticles are considered in the energy and concentration equations. Convective boundary conditions for both heat and mass transfer are utilized. Similarity transformations are employed to reduce the partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. Series solutions of the resulting problem are obtained. Impacts of all the physical parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration fields are analyzed graphically. Numerical values of different involved parameters for local skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are obtained and discussed.
Influence of β- adrenergic agonist (Metaproterenol) and lysine on growth, carcass quality in broiler chickens

An investigation was made to find out the importance of $ adnergenic and lysine on carcass characteristics and blood metabolite of 648 broiler chickens from 2142 days of age. Effect of metaproterenol (a $2adrenergic agonist) and lysine were assessed by mixing them in feed at 0.0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 ppm metaproterenol sulfate and 100%, 115% and 130% of NRC recommended lysine in a 4×3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Chickens were reared under normal condition to 3 week of ages and then randomly allocated to treatments. Each treatment contained 3 pens with 18 birds/pen. Body weight gains (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) abdominal fat pat (AFP) breast weight (BW) were measured. Result indicate that during 4 and 5 week of study using metaproterenol (0.5 ppm ), compare to control group, th th improved BWG (5.1%), carcass efficiency (3.4%) and breast weight (2.2%), breast and thigh muscle protein and depressed abdominal fat (P<0.05). Increasing lysine levels lead to significant increase in body weight gain, carcass weight, carcass efficiency, breast muscle weight (P<0.5), but it has no effect on feed intake, feed conversion ratio, blood metabolites. Data from this experiment suggested that both adding 0.5 ppm $adrenergic agonist metaproterenol sulphate significantly improved birds performance and their carcass quality and the most efficient lysine level for broiler chickens was proved to be 115% NRC recommended.
The Poisson alignment reference system implementation at the Advanced Photon Source.

The Poisson spot was established using a collimated laser beam from a 3-mW diode laser. It was monitored on a quadrant detector and found to be very sensitive to vibration and air disturbances. Therefore, for future work we strongly recommend a sealed vacuum tube in which the Poisson line may be propagated. A digital single-axis feedback system was employed to generate an straight line reference (SLR) on the X axis. Pointing accuracy was better than 8 {+-} 2 microns at a distance of 5 m. The digital system was found to be quite slow with a maximum bandwidth of 47 {+-} 9 Hz. Slow drifts were easily corrected but any vibration over 5 Hz was not. We recommend an analog proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for high bandwidth and smooth operation of the kinematic mirror. Although the Poisson alignment system (PAS) at the Advanced Photon Source is still in its infancy, it already shows great promise as a possible alignment system for the low-energy undulator test line (LEUTL). Since components such as wigglers and quadruples will initially be aligned with respect to each other using conventional means and mounted on some kind of rigid rail, the goal would be to align six to ten such rails over a distance of about 30 m. The PAS could be used to align these rails by mounting a sphere at the joint between two rails. These spheres would need to be in a vacuum pipe to eliminate the refractive effects of air. Each sphere would not be attached to either rail but instead to a flange connecting the vacuum pipes of each rail. Thus the whole line would be made up of straight, rigid segments that could be aligned by moving the joints. Each sphere would have its own detector, allowing the operators to actively monitor the position of each joint and therefore the overall alignment of the system.
The Determinants of Capital Structure of Stock Exchange-Listed Non-Financial Firms in Pakistan

In this paper, we study the potential determinates of the capital structure of non-financial firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange. We analyse a sample of 445 firms listed on the KSE for the period 1997–2001. We have chosen tangibility of assets, size, firm growth rate, and profitability as independent variables, and measure their effect on debt/total asset ratio (proxy for leverage). Using the technique of panel data analysis, we observe that of the four independent variables, growth, size, and profitability have significant effect on leverage. However, we do not find tangibility as significantly correlated with leverage.
Page 2 Line 16 : “ : : : snow covered range ” ! snow covered region ?

Snow cover plays a key role for sustaining ecology and society in mountainous regions. Light-absorbing particulates (including black carbon, organic carbon, and mineral dust) deposited on snow can reduce surface albedo and contribute to the near-worldwide melting of snow cover and ice. This study focused on understanding the role of black carbon and other water15 insoluble light-absorbing particulates in the snow cover of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The results found that the black carbon, organic carbon, and dust concentrations in snow cover generally ranged from 202–17 468 ng g, 491–13 880 ng g, and 22– 846 μg g, respectively, with higher concentrations in the central to northern areas of the TP. Footprint analyses suggested that the northern TP was influenced mainly by air masses from Central Asia with some Euro-Asia influence, and air masses in the central and Himalayan region originated mainly from Central and South Asia. The biomass burning sourced black carbon 20 contributions decreased from ~50 % in the southern TP to ~30 % in the northern TP. The contribution of black carbon and dust to snow albedo reduction reached approximately 37 % and 15 %, respectively. The effect of black carbon and dust reduced the average changes of snow cover duration by 3.1±0.1 days to 4.4±0.2 days. Meanwhile, the black carbon and dust had important implications for snowmelt water loss over the TP. The findings indicate that the impacts of black carbon and mineral dust need to be properly accounted for in future regional climate projections, particularly in the high-altitude cryosphere. 25
USG guided fine needle aspiration cytology of intra-abdominal and pelvic masses in Kashmir: A study at tertiary care hospital

The evaluation of deep, abdomino-pelvic masses or focal lesions involving abdominal sites is often difficult and always remain as an enigma in surgical practice. Distinction between malignant and nonmalignant lesions and particularly inflammatorylesions is vital for patient management. Although distinction between malignant and nonmalignant lesions is often suspected from imaging techniques, the increasing use and sensitivity of radiological techniques has led to the identification of relatively small lesions, which require the use of image guidance for reliable targeting[1]. In a majority of cases, the diagnosis which is obtained by FNAC, is the substitute for surgical procedures like diagnostic laparotomy[2],.
Teaching the Simple Past Tense Through Explicit Instruction and Implicit Instruction

Penelitian ini meneliti apakah ada perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik antara pengaruh pengajaran secara eksplisit dan pengajaran secara implisit terhadap penguasaan simple past tense pada siswa. Peneliti juga berusaha untuk mengetahui permasalahan dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran melalui pengajaran secara eksplisit dan implisit. Enam puluh siswa dari dua kelas di kelas dua SMPN 6 Metro berpartsipasi dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara pengaruh pengajaran secara eksplisit dan pengajaran secara implisit terhadap penguasaa simple past tense pada siswa. Masalah telah terungkap seperti kesulitan dalam memahami pertanyaan atau materi pelajaran, tidak mengetahui arti bahasa, mengubah dari bentuk sekarang ke lampau, dan lain-lain. Peneliti menyarankan bahwa pengajaran secara eksplisit dibutuhkan untuk menaikkan kemampuan tata bahasa siswa. This study investigated whether there is a statistically significant difference between the effect of explicit instruction and implicit instruction on the students' mastery in the simple past tense. The researcher also tried to find out the constraints of teaching and learning the simple past tense through explicit and implicit instruction. Sixty students from two classes in the second grade of SMPN 6 Metro participated in this study. This study were quantitative and qualitative research. The result showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the effect of explicit instruction and implicit instruction on the students' mastery in the simple past tense (p=0.006 < 0.05). The constraints were revealed such as, being difficult to understand the questions or material, not knowing the meaning of the language, changing the present to the past form, etc. The researcher suggests that explicit instruction is needed to improve the students' grammar ability.
SOARING Towards Positive Transformation and Change

The SOAR strategic thinking and planning framework is a dynamic, modern, and innovative approach for framing strategic thinking, assessing individual and team performance, building strategy, and creating strategic plans. SOAR stands for strengths, opportunities, aspirations, and results. As a framework, SOAR focuses on the formulation and implementation of a positive strategy by identifying strengths, building creativity in the form of opportunities, encouraging individuals and teams to share aspirations, and determining measurable and meaningful results. This article presents the SOAR framework’s evolution from the fields of strategy, organization development and change, and Appreciative Inquiry (AI) to the discipline of positive organizational scholarship (POS).
Effect of Material Thickness on Attenuation (dB) of PTFE Using Finite Element Method at X-Band Frequency

PTFE samples were prepared with different thicknesses. Their electric field intensity and distribution of the PTFE samples placed inside a rectangular waveguide were simulated using finite element method. The calculation of transmission/reflection coefficients for all samples thickness was achieved via FEM. Amongst other observable features, result from calculation using FEM showed that the attenuation for the 15 mm PTFE sample is −3.32 dB; the 30 mm thick PTFE sample has an attenuation of 0.64 dB, while the 50 mm thick PTFE sample has an attenuation of 1.97 dB. It then suffices to say that, as the thickness of the PTFE sample increases, the attenuation of the samples at the corresponding thicknesses increases.
The atmospheric role in the Arctic water cycle: A review on processes, past and future changes, and their impacts

Atmospheric humidity, clouds, precipitation, and evapotranspiration are essential components of the Arctic climate system. During recent decades, specific humidity and precipitation have generally increased in the Arctic, but changes in evapotranspiration are poorly known. Trends in clouds vary depending on the region and season. Climate model experiments suggest that increases in precipitation are related to global warming. In turn, feedbacks associated with the increase in atmospheric moisture and decrease in sea ice and snow cover have contributed to the Arctic amplification of global warming. Climate models have captured the overall wetting trend but have limited success in reproducing regional details. For the rest of the 21st century, climate models project strong warming and increasing precipitation, but different models yield different results for changes in cloud cover. The model differences are largest in months of minimum sea ice cover. Evapotranspiration is projected to increase in winter but in summer to decrease over the oceans and increase over land. Increasing net precipitation increases river discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Over sea ice in summer, projected increase in rain and decrease in snowfall decrease the surface albedo and, hence, further amplify snow/ice surface melt. With reducing sea ice, wind forcing on the Arctic Ocean increases with impacts on ocean currents and freshwater transport out of the Arctic. Improvements in observations, process understanding, and modeling capabilities are needed to better quantify the atmospheric role in the Arctic water cycle and its changes.
Bird species richness in relation to isolation of Aspen habitats

-We studied 14 stands of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and their associated bird and plant communities in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, in June 1993, to investigate the effects of habitat isolation on bird species richness. Selected aspen stands varied in their degree of isolation from other aspens, but were similar in area, elevation, and vegetation structure. The degree of isolation of aspen stands was expressed in four ways (1) distance to nearest neighboring aspen stand, (2) area-weighted distance to nearest neighboring aspen stand, (3) area-weighted distances of all aspen stands within 1500 m, and (4) total area of aspen stands within 1500 m. Isolation had no significant effect on the bird species richness of the 14 aspen stands studied. Regressions that incorporated isolation and vegetation parameters selected one-variable models, with percent shrub cover (0.5-2.0 m height) accounting for 58% of the variation in bird species richness (r = 0.76). Abundant understory vegetation in aspen stands may provide additional cover, food, and breeding habitat to support a larger number of bird species. Received 8 Mar. 1994, accepted 1 Feb. 1995. Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) is the most widely distributed native North American tree (Little 1971). Its values include commercial timber production, aesthetics, and wildlife habitat (Crouch 1981). Within the Rocky Mountain region, aspen usually reproduces asexually through suckering following destruction of existing trees (Mueggler 1988). During the last century, there has been little regeneration of aspen, probably because fires have been prevented and suppressed (Crouch 1981). Without regeneration, most aspen stands eventually are invaded and replaced by conifers (Mueggler 1988). Exceptions may be high elevation aspen stands found in mesic sites between moist meadows and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) (Marr 1961). The succession of aspen to conifers, along with decreased regeneration of aspen, could lead to future landscapes composed of isolated stands of aspen within large tracts of coniferous forest. Use of aspen communities by birds for breeding and feeding habitat is well documented (Flack 1976, Winternitz 1980, DeByle 1985, Yahner 1991). Several studies have shown that aspen forests generally support greater bird species richness and total abundance of birds than do other North American montane habitats (Salt 1957, Winternitz 1976, Reynolds Midcontinent Ecological Science Center, 4512 McMurry Ave., Fort Collins, Colorado 80525. 2 Dept. of Fishery and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado 80523. 3 Forestry Dept., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.
Internal Control System Weakness and Non-Compliance to the Provision of Legislation in Practicing Audit of Local Government in Indonesia

This study developed a statistical model of non-compliance reporting provisions of law and control of the system of internal control findings BPK. BPK is abbreviation for Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan, the Supreme Audit Agency in Republic of Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that affect the outcome of the Supreme Audit Agency audit opinion received by the local government. This study has selected 371 samples to the local government for the year 2012. Research uses financial statement data in the form of government in 2012 soft copy of the Supreme Audit Agency and other publications. The results showed that non-compliance reporting provisions of low and system of internal control weakness has significant effect on the administration of the BPK audit opinion.
Aquaculture and Marine Fisheries:Will Capture Fisheries RemainCompetitive?

The importance of aquaculture as a means of supplying the predicted shortfall of fisheries and other aquatic products has been increasingly proposed. It would appear certain that increased demands from growing populations must be met from managed systems in which outputs can be increased from selected productive inputs. While aquaculture largely meets such criteria, this is far less the case for marine fisheries, whose ecological and institutional complexity constrains most options for growth. However, aquaculture itself is by no means free of constraints, and is unlikely to have unlimited potential for expansion and the sustainable delivery of benefits. This paper explores comparative features of aquaculture and marine fisheries, internationally and at the regional North Atlantic level, and considers the extent and circumstances in which marine fisheries will retain their significance, and in which, if at all, aquaculture might be expected, to supplant their former role. The conclusion drawn is that while aquaculture can offer important advantages of controllability, ownership rights and responsibilities, and market adaptation, the future may see greater integration of the aquaculture and marine fisheries sector, and greater appreciation of their comparative roles.
Trust-Region Methods for Sparse Relaxation

In this paper, we solve the l2-l1 sparse recovery problem by transforming the objective function of this problem into an unconstrained differentiable function and apply a limited-memory trust-region method. Unlike gradient projection-type methods, which uses only the current gradient, our approach uses gradients from previous iterations to obtain a more accurate Hessian approximation. Numerical experiments show that our proposed approach eliminates spurious solutions more effectively while improving the computational time to converge.
Does Pay for Performance Increase or Decrease Perceived Self-Determination and Intrinsic Motivation?

Laboratory and field studies examined the relationships of reward for high performance with perceived self-determination and intrinsic motivation. Study 1 found that pay for meeting a performance standard had positive effects on college students' perceived self-determination and competence, expressed task enjoyment, and free time spent performing the task. Furthermore, reward's incremental effect on expressed task enjoyment was mediated by perceived self-determination and competence. Study 2 established that perceived self-determination mediated positive relationships between employees' performance-reward expectancy and perceived organizational support, positive mood at work, and job performance. Study 3 demonstrated that performance-reward expectancy was positively related to employees' expressed interest in daily job activities, with this relationship being greater among employees having a high desire for control. Individualistic views of human nature, embedded in humanist and social-cognitive theories of motivation, propose that persons pursue their unique potentialities and resist constraints on freedom of action. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), an influential proponent of individualism, believed that openness to new experience and spontaneity in thought and action were required for self-actualization. Rousseau (1762/1974, 1782/1995) depicted the exploration of short-term whims and long-term avocations as fundamental to human development, and he strenuously objected to social restrictions on how people conduct their lives. Such accounts suppose an innate motive for autonomy or selfdetermination, involving "a sense of freedom to act or make choices; avoiding the feeling of being pressured, constrained, or coerced" (Ford, 1992, p. 89). Deci and Ryan's (1985, 1987) cognitive evaluation theory (CET) elaborates these conceptions and incorporates a related assumption having far-reaching theoretical and empirical implications: Tangible reward is assumed to be an aversive form of social control that lessens perceived selfdetermination and thereby reduces enjoyment of activities for their own sake (intrinsic motivation).