Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of Apparent Contact Area on Wear Properties of Hard-Drawn Copper Contact Wire and Iron-Based Sintered Alloy Contact Strip under Electric Current Flowing Condition

We carried out wear tests with material combination of a hard-drawn copper contact wire and an iron-based sintered alloy contact strip by changing the apparent contact area with four steps to clarify the influence of the apparent contact area on wear properties under electric current flowing condition. And we focused on a film resistance such as an oxide film and a wear particle on the contact wire surface, and considered the relationship between wear depth and wear mode transition phenomena. Based on wear properties obtained from the wear test results and microscopic observations, we clarify the phenomena that the wear mode which maximizes the wear rate of contact wire will be changed depending on the apparent contact area, and that the wear depth determined by the apparent contact area and the load are important parameters for melting of contact wire. Finally, the possibility of suppressing the maximum wear of contact wire is suggested by decreasing the film resistance of contact wire with changing the apparent contact area.
Global climate change and wildlife in North America

The Wildlife Society is the association of wildlife professionals dedicated to excellence in wildlife stewardship through science and education. The goals of The Wildlife Society are to: develop and maintain professional standards for wildlife research and management; enhance knowledge and technical capabilities of wildlife managers; advance professional stewardship of wildlife resources and their habitats; advocate use of sound biological information for wildlife policy and management decisions; and increase public awareness and appreciation of wildlife management. The Wildlife Society, founded in 1937, is a nonprofit organization whose members include research scientists, educators, resource managers, administrators, communications specialists, conservation law enforcement officers, and students from more than 70 countries.
Projection of Future Global Offshore Wind Energy Resources using CMIP Data

abstract Offshore wind energy has the potential to ease energy and environmental crises, improve people’s living standards on remote islands, and, finally, make contributions to sustainable development. Accurate energy evaluations should be performed before the exploitation of offshore wind energy; this includes not only assessments of the resource’s historical characteristics but also a focused effort on understanding future issues. Using simulated wind data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 5 (CMIP5), this paper compares and analyses wind energy characteristics globally for the 2080–2099 period (future) relative to the 1980–1999 period (past). The classification of both past and future wind energy is also presented. The results show a positive trend for future global offshore wind energy. Compared with the past, the extent of areas with wind power density (WPD) greater than 400 W m−2 will expand. In the future, across most of the global oceans, the effective wind speed occurrence and the occurrence of a WPD higher than 200 W m−2 will be greater than that in the past, generally by 10%. The extents of the sub-rich, available, and poor regions will decrease, while the regions with a wind energy class of 7 will expand. The future wind energies of the North and South Poles show a “seesaw” phenomenon.
Novel High-Power, High Repetition Rate Laser Diode Pump Modules Suitable for High-Energy Class Laser Facilities

The latest generation of high-energy-class pulsed laser facilities, under construction or planned, such as EuPRAXIA, require reliable pump sources with high power (many kW), brightness (>1 MW/cm2/sr) and electro-optical conversion efficiency (>50%). These new facilities will be operated at high repetition rates (around 100 Hz) and only diode lasers are capable of delivering the necessary performance. Commercial (quasi-continuous wave, QCW) diode laser pulse-pump sources are, however, constructed as low-cost passively cooled stacked arrays that are limited either in brightness, efficiency or repetition rate. Commercial continuous wave diode laser pumps constructed using microchannel coolers (as used in high-value industrial machine tools) can fulfil all requirements, but are typically not preferred, due to their cost and complexity and the challenges of preventing cooler degradation. A custom solution is shown here to fill this gap, using advanced diode lasers in a novel passive side-cooling geometry to realize 100 … 200 Hz pump modules (10%–20% duty cycle) that emit peak power of 6 kW at wavelength = 940 nm. The latest performance of these modules is summarized and compared to literature. We show that a brightness >1 MW/cm2/sr can be efficiently delivered across a wide range of laser pulse conditions with 10% duty cycle (pulse width: 100 µs … 100 ms … cw, repetition rate up to 1 kHz). Furthermore, we describe how these pumps have been used to construct and reliably operate (>109 pulses without degradation) in high-energy-class regenerative and ring amplifiers at the Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie (MBI). We also show first results on 100 Hz pumping of cryogenically cooled solid-state Yb:YAG slab amplifiers, as anticipated for use in the EuPRAXIA laser, and note that peak temperature is disproportionately increased, indicating that improved cooling and more detailed studies are needed.
Petrology and geochronology of a suite of pelitic granulites from parts of the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex, eastern India: Evidence for Stenian‐Tonian reworking of a late Paleoproterozoic crust

The north‐eastern part of the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex (CGGC) in the East Indian shield contains enclaves of migmatitic pelitic granulites (PG) within felsic orthogneiss (FOG). Field observations, petrology and geochronology (LA–MC–ICP–MS U–Pb dating of zircon and EPMA Th–U–total‐Pb dating of monazite) of the PG suggest two distinct metamorphic events. The earliest event M1, which is characterized by high‐temperature (>850°C) granulite facies metamorphism, occurred in the timespan of ~1680–1580 Ma. Extensive dehydration melting of biotite + sillimanite + quartz‐rich protoliths led to stabilization of the restitic assemblage (garnet + alkali‐feldspar + quartz + sillimanite + ferrian‐ilmenite) together with large volumes of felsic melts (leucosomes). Collisional tectonics followed by delamination and asthenospheric upwelling could have triggered the M1 event. Subsequently, at ~1470–1400 Ma, the igneous protolith of the host FOG intruded and hydrated the PG. Thereafter, a second metamorphic event, M2, accompanied by compressional structures, affected both the rock types. A clockwise P–T path that culminated at ≥10 kbar ~760–850°C and is followed by a steeply decompressive retrograde path characterizes this event. The P–T path and the inferred geothermal gradient (<27°C/km) are compatible with a continent–continent collisional setting. Geochronological findings suggest a protracted orogeny for the M2 event with its major pulse during ~970–950 Ma. When combined with the published information, this study supports the view that a large (if not the entire) portion of the Indian shield and the granulite terranes of east Antarctica share similar tectonothermal events that led to the formation of two supercontinents, Columbia and Rodinia.
Nitrogen‐Driven Chromatographic Separation During Gas Injection Into Hydrate‐Bearing Sediments

Hydrates are solid phases composed of water cages enclosing gas molecules that may host large quantities of recoverable natural gas and may serve to sequester CO2 on geological time scales. Most hydrate studies focus on hydrates containing a single gas component, such as CH4 or CO2. Yet, there are several settings in which multiple components form hydrate mixtures, or mixed hydrates, including a subsurface injection technique that claims to simultaneously recover CH4 and sequester CO2 called “guest molecule exchange. ” Here, we combine multicomponent phase behavior for hydrate‐forming systems with a multiphase fluid flow simulator to understand the evolution of hydrate and nonhydrate phases during subsurface injection. We simulate various scenarios for systems composed of H2O, CH4, CO2, and N2. Our study probes the impact of injection composition, initial reservoir composition, and transport of each component through the model domain. We observe chromatographic separation from the combined effect of compositional partitioning in each phase, variable flow speed of each phase, and compositional dependence of phase stabilities. We show that N2 drives chromatographic separation to create a CH4‐free zone and a CO2‐free zone that are connected by a continuous N2‐dominated vapor phase. While our results are theoretical and should be validated experimentally, they imply that guest molecule exchange acts as two sequential processes rather than as a simultaneous process. Furthermore, they show that injections into reservoirs with and without free water have vastly different behaviors, which has implications for the interpretation of the guest molecule exchange field test and various laboratory studies.
Depletion‐Induced Seismicity at the Groningen Gas Field: Coulomb Rate‐and‐State Models Including Differential Compaction Effect

We implement a Coulomb rate‐and‐state approach to explore the nonlinear relation between stressing rate and seismicity rate in the Groningen gas field. Coulomb stress rates are calculated, taking into account the 3‐D structural complexity of the field and including the poroelastic effect of the differential compaction due to fault offsets. The spatiotemporal evolution of the Groningen seismicity must be attributed to a combination of both (i) spatial variability in the induced stressing rate history and (ii) spatial heterogeneities in the rate‐and‐state model parameters. Focusing on two subareas of the Groningen field where the observed event rates are very contrasted even though the modeled seismicity rates are of similar magnitudes, we show that the rate‐and‐state model parameters are spatially heterogeneous. For these two subareas, the very low background seismicity rate of the Groningen gas field can explain the long delay in the seismicity response relative to the onset of reservoir depletion. The characteristic periods of stress perturbations, due to gas production fluctuations, are much shorter than the inferred intrinsic time delay of the earthquake nucleation process. In this regime the modeled seismicity rate is in phase with the stress changes. However, since the start of production and for two subareas of our analysis, the Groningen fault system is unsteady and it is gradually becoming more sensitive to the stressing rate.
Improving students’ writing skill using four square writing method

ABSTRACT This thesis is written to (1) describe whether or not and to what extent Four Square Writing Method can improve students’ writing skill; and (2) identify what happens when Four Square Writing Method is implemented in the writing classes. The method used in this research was a collaborative action research at the Junior High School English Teacher (Teacher M), the researcher, and the researcher’s partner. The research was conducted in two cycles from February 4th until March 10th 2010 at the eighth grade of SMP Negeri 19 Surakarta. The research data were collected by using techniques of observation, interview, diary, document, and test (pre-test and post-test). The data were analyzed through constant comparative method and descriptive statistics. The research findings show that Four Square Writing Method could improve: (1) students’ writing skill of recount text (2) classroom situation. Related to the improvement of (1), it includes: (a) The students had fewer difficulties in exploring ideas to write (b) They also made fewer mistakes in constructing new sentences using simple past tense (c) Their word choice got richer after the research (d) They were able to differentiate the generic structure of recount text and use the appropriate word transition (e) They were able to use the appropriate word order in their sentences. Concerning on the improvement of (2), it comprises: (a) The students seldom complained when they were asked to write (b) They were able to answer teacher’s questions and being active to ask questions to the teacher (c) They did not refuse to present their writings in front of the class (d) They spent shorter time and were able to finish the writing on time (e) They paid attention to the teacher, students did not look bored or make noise. Besides the two findings above, there were other findings as follows: (3) The students greeted the researcher outside the class (4) They asked the researcher to teach them longer. I find that this research could improve students’ writing skill and situation of the classroom. I expect to continue doing a collaborative action research in my own classroom. I also hope that what I had done provides other teachers inspiration to conduct a collaborative action research in their classroom. It is expected that the teachers will not consider the students as something to be increased in quantity or score only but also in quality.
Nanocrystalline C-Ni Hybrid Nanoporous Monoliths for Large-Capacity and Ultrahigh-Rate Energy Storage

Graphene material is promising for harmonizing supercapacitor-like power density and battery-level energy density into one electrochemical energy storage (EES) system. Cost-effective, controlled, and massive production of graphene material and its successful application in practical EES are two significant challenges yet to be resolved. By developing a simple nickel nitrate-based hard-template preparation, this study demonstrates the smart design of nanocrystalline C-Ni hybrid monoliths with three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) frameworks for high-efficiency EES. The abundant Li-storage sites and mixed high electronic and ionic conductivities grant such freestanding C-Ni composite electrode material large reversible capacity and high-rate capability through thousands of cycles even at a great thickness and using no extra current collector. This 3DOM strategy will facilitate real EES applications of graphene materials, and the yielded nanocrystalline-graphene material is promising to replace graphite anodes in current commercial LIBs with limited performances.
The Development of a Soil Erosion Risk Map for Perak, Malaysia

Soil erosion in the state of Perak has long been identified as a problem, and soil erosion due to water is one of the main causes of land degradation in this state. If this problem is not seriously addressed, it will result in soil erosion affecting a vast area and suitable soil erosion risk map has to be developed to ensure effective implementation of soil conservation in a particular area. The purpose of this study was to prepare a soil erosion risk map for the state of Perak which can be used to prioritize the areas that are highly exposed to soil erosion for conservation efforts. This study used the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) model integrated with a Geographic Information System (GIS) to produce a soil erosion risk map for the state of Perak. Soil erosion risk mapping was carried out using a map overlay of USLE parameters within Arc GIS which was used to identify risky areas for soil erosion and estimate soil loss in the study area. The results of the study showed that the risky areas for soil erosion were scattered all across Perak, especially on steep slopes. The development of this soil erosion risk map for Perak state is very important for conducting good environmental management and land use planning strategies.
Comparative Studies of Low-Intensity Short-Length Arcs

We present results obtained by two non-equilibrium modelling approaches and experiments on low-intensity short-length arcs in argon at atmospheric pressure. The first one considers a quasi-neutral arc column combined with boundary conditions on the electrodes based on the energy balance in the space-charge sheaths. The second approach applies a unified description over the entire gap and solves the Poisson equation for the self-consistent electric field. The experiments provide the arc voltage.
Utilization of estimated rainfall as an early warning system before flash flood event

On October 10, 2018 there has been extreme weather in the form of heavy rain accompanied by lightning in Tanah Datar District, West Sumatra. This extreme weather caused flash floods and landslides that killed many people. Therefore, by using remote sensing data in the form of radar and satellite as well as WRF modeling (Weather Research and Forecasting) the authors conducted analysis of heavy rainfall events to determine the estimated rainfall and atmospheric dynamics during the occurrence of flash floods and landslides. WRF modeling is used to determine the condition of atmospheric lability. For the calculation of rainfall estimation, the method used is the Convective Stratiform Technique (CST) method that utilizes satellite data and the Z-R relation selection method that utilizes radar data. Then the calculation results from each method are verified using observation data. Relative bias shows the CST method and the selection of Z-R relations tend to be overestimate, but has a very high correlation value with observation data. Information on rainfall estimation and atmospheric dynamics is expected to be used to provide early warnings aimed at minimizing losses from the impact of disasters.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF T-SECTION RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED BY WIRE ROPE IN THE NEGATIVE MOMENT REGION WITH AN ADDITION OF STEEL REBAR AT THE COMPRESSION BLOCK

A building whose functions are converted in which their volumes are improved, for example, a four-story building transformed into a five-story building, resulting in a dead load improvement of its structural self-weight, obviously requires strengthening in order to avoid the possibility of structural failures. This paper focuses on a nonlinear finite element analysis conducted using the ATENA program on T-section reinforced concrete beams strengthened in the negative moment region with wire ropes and an addition of steel rebars at the compression block. The results are then compared with the results of the previously conducted experiments. The specimen models consist of control beams (BK), strengthened beams with wire ropes at the tension block (BP1), and strengthened beams with wire ropes at the tension block and steel rebars at the compression block (BP2). The results show that the ratios of the load-carrying capacity against those of the experimental results are 1.25, 1.23, and 0.89 respectively for BK, BP1 and BP2. The effective stiffness ratios to those of the experimental results are 1.45, 1.15, and 1.86, while the ductility index ratios against the experimental results are 1.11, 0.63, and 1.01 respectively for BK, BP1, and BP2. The crack patterns of the nonlinear finite element analytical results revealed that all specimen models experience flexural failure.
Injection Shrinkage аnd Water Sorption of Some Thermoplastic Dental Materials

Objective: To evaluate the change of diameter of different injection-molded thermoplastic materials. Material and Methods: Four thermoplastic injection-molded materials were analyzed (Bre.flex 2 nd edition, Vertex ThermoSens, Perflex Biosens and Polyan IC). A total of 432 test samples were made in the form of an "hourglass". All samples were divided into three groups: Group I (Control) - consisting of 36 test samples for each type of material, that was not exposed to artificial aging or a wet environment; Group II - consisting of 36 test samples for each type of material, that were artificially aged through dehydration; Group III - specimen were subjected to artificial aging without dehydration. The diameter of each specimen was measured with a digital caliper. Data were analysed using the Student's t-test. Results: Regarding to shrinkage, the samples from the Bf Control group have a mean value of 1.56 mm and was observed a shrinkage of the injection-molded polyamide material within 0.25%. The comparison between the samples from Group II and Group III showed statistically significant differences (p 0.05). The comparison between Group II and Group III for Polyan IC samples shows that Group III has a higher arithmetic mean value (p<0.01). Conclusion: Shrinkage of the polymers during the injection process is present in all materials. The thermocycling and the storage in a dry or in a wet environment of the samples results in a change of the diameter in almost every single type of material.
Shear Bond Strength of Brackets Bonded with Self-Etching Primers Compared to Conventional Acid-Etch Technique: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Objectives: The purpose of this randomized clinical trial (RCT) was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded to enamel with conventional acid-etch (AE) technique and self-etching primers (SEP). Materials and Methods: Twenty-two patients, requiring extraction of two bicuspids for orthodontic reasons, were recruited. In each individual, following blinding and allocation concealment, one intact premolar received conventional AE, whereas the contralateral premolar received SEP with a split-mouth design. Bonded brackets remained in the oral cavity for two months. Afterward, the teeth were extracted without debonding the brackets. SBS and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were measured using a Universal Instron machine and a stereomicroscope, respectively. Results: The mean SBS of the conventional AE and SEP groups was 9.53 and 9.20 MPa, respectively. Paired t-test showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=0.096). Comparison of ARI between the two groups, using Wilcoxon test, indicated that significantly less adhesive remained on enamel with brackets bonded with SEP compared to brackets bonded with conventional AE (P<0.001) although the SBS was higher in the AE group. Conclusion: The present study indicated that although there is no significant difference in SBS between SEP and conventional AE for bonding orthodontic metal brackets, the amount of residual adhesive on the enamel surface is significantly less with SEP than with conventional AE. (IRCT registration number: IRCT201705099086N3).