Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recombination-Aware Phylogenomics Reveals the Structured Genomic Landscape of Hybridizing Cat Species

Abstract Current phylogenomic approaches implicitly assume that the predominant phylogenetic signal within a genome reflects the true evolutionary history of organisms, without assessing the confounding effects of postspeciation gene flow that can produce a mosaic of phylogenetic signals that interact with recombinational variation. Here, we tested the validity of this assumption with a phylogenomic analysis of 27 species of the cat family, assessing local effects of recombination rate on species tree inference and divergence time estimation across their genomes. We found that the prevailing phylogenetic signal within the autosomes is not always representative of the most probable speciation history, due to ancient hybridization throughout felid evolution. Instead, phylogenetic signal was concentrated within regions of low recombination, and notably enriched within large X chromosome recombination cold spots that exhibited recurrent patterns of strong genetic differentiation and selective sweeps across mammalian orders. By contrast, regions of high recombination were enriched for signatures of ancient gene flow, and these sequences inflated crown-lineage divergence times by ∼40%. We conclude that existing phylogenomic approaches to infer the Tree of Life may be highly misleading without considering the genomic architecture of phylogenetic signal relative to recombination rate and its interplay with historical hybridization.
Ending domestic violence against women: assessment of knowledge and perceptions of women in Benin city, Edo State

Objective: To assess the knowledge and perception of Violence Against Women in Benin City. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was utilized for this study. Study population comprised pregnant women attending routine Antenatal Clinic at Central Hospital, Benin City. Respondents were selected using a systematic sampling technique. Data was collected using a pre-tested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire comprising both open and closedended questions and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21.0 software. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 400 antenatal attendees with mean age of 29.8 ± 4.4 years participated in the study. Two hundred and ninety three (73.2%) of respondents had good knowledge of the meaning of domestic violence. A higher proportion of respondents 70.8% knew that physical violence was a form of DV while 36.8%, 32.3% and 28.5% knew physical, sexual and psychological violence as forms of violence respectively. Overall, only 5.0% respondents had good knowledge of VAW. Less than half(41.8%), had good perception of VAW. Being more submissive (76.8%), prayerful (74.5%) and obedient (66.8%) were recommendations on ways of ending VAW. Conclusion: This study documented poor knowledge and perception of DV among the studied population. It is therefore imperative for all stake holders to ensure collective effort in improving the access to knowledge through awareness programmes which will in turn positively affect perception. Keywords: Knowledge, perception, violence against women
Proximate analysis and in-vitro gas production of predominant forages in Afe Babalola University rangeland as feed resources for ruminant production

In Nigeria, the major feed resource for ruminant production is the natural grazeland. However, most forage found on such lands cannot absolutely support ruminant production. Therefore, there is need to ascertain the nutritive values of predominant forages in Afe Babalola University before setting up a ruminant farm. Wet season forages: grasses, legumes, forbes and tresses were sampled and analysed for proximate composition and in-vitro gas production using standard techniques. It was found that crude protein ranged between 12.2 and 27.3% in Terminalia catappa and Leucaena leucocephala respectively. The ash content varied from 6.0-22.0% in Andropogon gayanus and Asclepias syriaca respectively. Crude fibre of the forages was between 12.5 and 28.0% in L. leucocephala and Centrosema pubescens respectively. Gas production was measured for 24hrs at 3hr intervals. At mid-fermentation, gas production ranged between 4.0 and 13.3ml/200mgDM (T. catappa and A. syriaca respectively). While at termination, it was from 9.0 - 22.67ml/200mgDM in T. catappa and A. syriaca respectively. Significant differences (P<0.05) existed among tested forages. Organic matter digestibility was from 37.7-58.54% in Tridax procumbens and A. syriaca respectively. Short chain fatty acid ranged from 0.27 - 0. 6µmol in T. catappa and A. syriaca respectively. The methane gas ranged from 3.33-5.67mmol in Terminalia catappa and Calopogonium mucunoides respectively. In conclusion, most of the forages were found to be adequate for ruminant production in crude protein component. They were all noted to be very low in methane gas production which connotes energy loss in ruminant production. A good mixture of examined forages therefore, might serve as adequate feed resources for ruminant production in the area.
Inconsistent application of International Financial Reporting Standards

The transformation of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) into a single global language of financial reporting is well under way and followed by a problem of their inconsistent application from country to country, with negative consequences for the global comparability of financial statements. Starting from this, the main purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the main causes of the diversity of financial reporting practices between those countries declaring themselves to be the followers of the IFRS, as well as to identify the ways of overcoming this diversity. Applying the qualitative research methodology, it has been found that the flexibility of the IFRS provisions, which is inevitable in many cases, modifications in their incorporation into national regulatory frameworks and the diversity and unequal effectiveness of national mechanisms for their enforcement and the supervision of their implementation stand for the main causes of inconsistent accounting practices. In order to reduce the inconsistency, national financial reporting regulators should increase their engagement and coordination among themselves, and the International Accounting Standards Board should make additional efforts, which should primarily be focused on the global promotion of the fundamental basis of the IFRS.
Hematological parameters and prevalence of anemia in white and British Indian vegetarians and nonvegetarians in the UK Biobank

ABSTRACT Background There may be differences in hematological parameters between meat-eaters and vegetarians. Objective The aim of this study was to perform cross-sectional analyses of hematological parameters by diet group in a large cohort in the United Kingdom. Methods A complete blood count was carried out in all UK Biobank participants at recruitment (2006–2010). We examined hemoglobin, red and white blood cell counts, and platelet counts and volume in regular meat eaters (>3 times/wk of red/processed meat consumption, n = 212,831), low meat eaters (n = 213,092), poultry eaters (n = 4815), fish eaters (n = 10,042), vegetarians (n = 6548), and vegans (n = 398) of white ethnicity and meat eaters (n = 3875) and vegetarians (n = 1362) of British Indian ethnicity. Results In both white and British Indian populations, compared with regular meat eaters (or meat eaters in Indians), the other diet groups had up to 3.7% lower age-adjusted hemoglobin concentrations (difference not significant in white vegan women) and were generally more likely to have anemia (e.g., 8.7% of regular meat eaters compared with 12.8% of vegetarians in white premenopausal women; P < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction). In the white population, compared with regular meat eaters, all other diet groups had lower age- and sex-adjusted total white cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils (P-heterogeneity < 0.001 for all), but basophil counts were similar across diet groups; in British Indians, there was no significant difference in any of the white blood cell counts by diet group. Compared with white regular meat eaters, the low meat eaters, poultry eaters, fish eaters, and vegans had significantly lower platelet counts and higher platelet volume, whereas vegetarians had higher counts and lower volume. Compared with British Indian meat eaters, vegetarians had higher platelet count and lower volume. Conclusions In the UK Biobank, people with low or no red meat intake generally had lower hemoglobin concentrations and were slightly more likely to be anemic. The lower white blood cell counts observed in low and non-meat eaters, and differences in mean platelet counts and volume between diet groups, warrant further investigation. This observational study was registered at http://www.isrctn. com/ as ISRCTN10125697.
Determining the utility of a smartphone-based gait evaluation for possible use in concussion management

ABSTRACT Objectives: Our was objectives were to (1) assess the validity of a smartphone-based application to obtain spatiotemporal gait variables relative to an established movement monitoring system used previously to evaluate post-concussion gait, and (2) determine the test-retest reliability of gait variables obtained with a smartphone. Methods: Twenty healthy participants (n = 14 females, mean age = 22.2, SD = 2.1 years) were assessed at two time points, approximately two weeks apart. Two measurement systems (inertial sensor system, smartphone application) acquired and analyzed single-task and dual-task spatio-temporal gait variables simultaneously. Our primary outcome measures were average walking speed (m/s), cadence (steps/min), and stride length (m) measured by the inertial sensor system and smartphone application. Results: Correlations between the systems were high to very high (Pearson r = 0.77–0.98) at both time points, with the exception of dual-task stride length at time 2 (Pearson r = 0.55). Bland-Altman analysis for average gait speed and cadence indicated the average disagreement between systems was close to zero, suggesting little evidence for systematic bias between acquisition systems. Test-retest consistency measures using the smartphone revealed high to very high reliability for all measurements (ICC = 0.81–0.95). Conclusions: Our results indicate that sensors within a smartphone are capable of measuring spatio-temporal gait variables similar to a validated three-sensor inertial sensor system in single-task and dual-task conditions, and that data are reliable across a two-week time interval. A smartphone-based application might allow clinicians to objectively evaluate gait in the management of concussion with high ease-of-use and a relatively low financial burden.
Integrin-Mediated Endothelial Cell Adhesion and Activation of c-Src, EGFR and ErbB2 are Required for Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition

The adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a critical requisite to generate cell shape, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression (Geiger & Yamada, 2011; Papusheva & Heisenberg, 2010). Beyond this role, cell-ECM adhesion promotes various intracellular signalling pathways and effectors modulating cell survival or apoptosis and tumor growth (Geiger & Yamada, 2011). Cells use a number of different cell surface receptors that mediate cell-ECM adhesion, being one of the best studied the integrins (Jean et al., 2011; Schwartz, 2010). It is known that binding of integrins to their ligands is dependent on the presence of divalent cations including Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+ (CierniewskaCieslak et al., 2002; Cluzel et al., 2005; Leitinger et al., 2000; Luo & Springer, 2006). These heterodimeric transmembrane proteins which lack intrinsic enzymatic activity, in addition to being considered as indispensable to mediate cell-ECM adhesion, promote the assembly of cell-to-cell adhesion also promote receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation triggering signalling cascades that regulate cell growth, proliferation and control cell death. Of note, growth factors that activate RTK may also modulate some of the cellular events that are mediated by integrins (Streuli & Akhtar, 2009). Now, it is clear that binding of certain integrins to their ligands as well as mechanical stimuli including shear stress, compression and tensile forces, promotes integrin clustering and that clustered integrins provoke recruitment and activation of other signalling molecules, including the RTKs, and therefore controlling cell survival, proliferation and migration (Guo & Giancotti, 2004; Ivaska and Heino, 2010; Streuli & Akhtar, 2009; Yamada & Even-Ram, 2002). Interestingly, functional cooperation between integrins and RTKs is actually considered as critical during normal vascular development and in vascular and inflammatory diseases (Eliceiri, 2001; Streuli & Akhtar, 2009) as well as in tumor progression and metastasis (Desgrosellier & Cheresh, 2010; Guo & Giancotti, 2004). In this context, studies have demonstrated that during cell-ECM adhesion some members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family such as
Influencing factors of knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding antibiotic use in children with upper respiratory tract infections in Dubai.

INTRODUCTION The main leading cause of the upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) is viral infection. However, parental attitudes often lead to inappropriate prescription of antibiotics contributing to development of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study is to assess parental knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards the use of antibiotics in Dubai and to reveal the associated factors. METHOD Questionnaires were distributed to 500 parents of children who were visiting Al Jalila Children's Specialty Hospital in Dubai. RESULT A total of 467 subjects agreed to participate in the study. Family income, educational level, nationality, age of the respondents, and numbers of children were identified as factors that significantly associated with inadequate knowledge, negative attitude, or malpractice. CONCLUSION The study has identified key factors associated with misuse of URTI antibiotics and highlights the importance of targeting those groups with intervention programs and campaigns to increase awareness and decrease misconception of antibiotic use.
Asset Revaluation And Trade Balance Under Liability Dollarization: The Case Of South Korea

For the US, recent research has found that exchange rate and asset price movements play an important role in foreign asset revaluation and international trade. This paper studies the impacts of exchange rate and asset price fluctuations on foreign asset revaluation and trade balance in South Korea. I find that asset revaluation in South Korea differs from that in the US because both Korea's foreign assets and liabilities are denominated in foreign currencies and are subject to exchange rate changes. Furthermore, as implied in recent work, external imbalance can help forecast exchange rates and portfolio returns, but now most of the forecasting power arises from trade imbalance, rather than asset imbalance.
Recent development of respiratory rate measurement technologies

Respiratory rate (RR) is an important physiological parameter whose abnormality has been regarded as an important indicator of serious illness. In order to make RR monitoring simple to perform, reliable and accurate, many different methods have been proposed for such automatic monitoring. According to the theory of respiratory rate extraction, methods are categorized into three modalities: extracting RR from other physiological signals, RR measurement based on respiratory movements, and RR measurement based on airflow. The merits and limitations of each method are highlighted and discussed. In addition, current works are summarized to suggest key directions for the development of future RR monitoring methodologies.
Esophageal stenting for benign and malignant disease: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Cascade Guideline

Dysphagia and obstruction are among the most common indications for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in African countries 1 . In a survey conducted by the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) International Affairs Working Group (IAWG), benign esophageal strictures as well as malignant upper gastrointestinal obstruction were reported as some of the most prevalent diseases leading to gastrointestinal endoscopy 1 . Management of esophageal obstruction may vary, depending on the cause of obstruction as well as the availability of resources. According to the ESGE original guideline, it could involve, for example, stent placement, radiotherapy/brachytherapy, or bypass surgery 2 . For resource-limited settings, however, a number of additional factors need to be considered before recommendations can be made. These involve economic considerations and resource availability. Furthermore, patients in low-resource settings presenting with malignant esophageal obstruction are often unfit for surgery due to presentation with advanced malignant disease as well as comorbidities such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis 3 . For such situations, self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) of the esophagus may provide a suitable palliative option 3 4 . After the initial ESGE cascade guidelines on non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIH), we aimed this ESGE cascade guideline to standardize management of esophageal stenting for benign and malignant disease in low-resource settings 2 5 .
Family Affluence Based Inequality in Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in a Population of Lithuanian Adolescents

Background: The social inequalities in oral health have had increasing attention in recent years. The present study aimed to explore the impact of family affluence on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) among Lithuanian adolescents aged 11–18 years. Methods: The cross-sectional, population-based study included a representative sample of 881 adolescents aged 11–18 years (mean = 15.55; SD = 1.51) randomly selected from 20 schools in Lithuania. The schoolchildren completed questionnaires to evaluate their OHRQoL using a Lithuanian version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ). The adolescents’ family affluence was indirectly assessed by inquiring whether they possessed various modern life items. In dental examination, the severity of malocclusion was predetermined by the Index of Complexity, Outcome, and Need (ICON). The relationship among variables was examined employing the negative binomial regression and the path analysis. Results: The sum score of CPQ as a whole and the sum scores of all four domains were significantly associated with family affluence, indicating higher OHRQoL among adolescents from more affluent families. The severity of malocclusion had a significant association with emotional and social well-being domains of OHRQoL only. Conclusion: This study evidences the family affluence based inequality in OHRQoL among Lithuanian adolescents.
Associations between vaginal bacteria implicated in HIV acquisition risk and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines

Objectives Recent studies have identified vaginal bacterial taxa associated with increased HIV risk. A possible mechanism to explain these results is that individual taxa differentially promote cervicovaginal inflammation. This study aimed to explore relationships between concentrations of bacteria previously linked to HIV acquisition and vaginal concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Methods In this cross-sectional analysis, concentrations of 17 bacterial taxa and four proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)) and two proinflammatory chemokines (IL-8 and interferon gamma-induced protein 10) were measured in vaginal swabs collected from 80 HIV-uninfected women. Cytokine and chemokine concentrations were compared between women with bacterial concentrations above or below the lower limit of detection as determined by quantitative PCR for each taxon. Principal component analysis was used to create a summary score for closely correlated bacteria, and linear regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between this score and increasing concentrations of TNFα and IL-1β. Results Detection of Dialister micraerophilus (p=0.01), Eggerthella sp type 1 (p=0.05) or Mycoplasma hominis (p=0.03) was associated with higher TNFα concentrations, and detection of D. micraerophilus (p<0.01), Eggerthella sp type 1 (p=0.04), M. hominis (p=0.02) or Parvimonas sp type 2 (p=0.05) was associated with significantly higher IL-1β concentrations. Seven bacterial taxa (D. micraerophilus, Eggerthella sp type 1, Gemella asaccharolytica, Sneathia sp, Megasphaera sp, M. hominis and Parvimonas sp type 2) were found to be highly correlated by principal component analysis (eigenvalue 5.24, explaining 74.92% of variability). Linear regression analysis demonstrated associations between this principal component and concentrations of TNFα (β=0.55, 95% CI 0.01 to 1.08; p=0.048) and IL-1β (β=0.96, 95% CI 0.19 to 1.74; p=0.016). Conclusions This study provides evidence that several highly correlated vaginal bacterial taxa may influence vaginal cytokine and chemokine concentrations. These results suggest a mechanism where the presence of specific bacterial taxa could influence HIV susceptibility by increasing vaginal inflammation.
Sources of Information on Climate Change among Arable Crop Farmers, In Adamawa State, Nigeria

The study assessed the sources of information on climate change among arable crop farmers in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Lessons for Agricultural Extension and specifically, described the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents and identified the sources of information on climate change among the respondents in the study area. A multi-stage random sampling technique was adopted to select 232 respondents for the study. Frequency count, percentage and mean were used to analyze the data of the study. Result revealed that, 58% of the respondents were below the mean age (41 years). Majority of them (66.6%) were males and 69% were married, with 78% of them having acquired one form of formal education or another. The mean farm size, year of farming experience and household size were 4.1 hectares, 16 years, and 8 people respectively. Majority (66.8%) had farming as their primary occupation. Friends, relations and fellow farmers were the most frequent sources of information on climate change among the respondents. It is recommended that, Extension providers should intensify the provision of extension services by insuring increased interaction between arable crop farmers and extension agents to complement indigenous knowledge from fellow farmers and friends and relations.
How "Free" Is Free Riding in Civil Wars?: Violence, Insurgency, and the Collective Action Problem

That rebels face a collective action problem is one of the most widely shared assumptions in the literature on civil wars. The authors argue that the collective action paradigm can be both descriptively inaccurate and analytically misleading when it comes to civil wars. They question both pillars of the paradigm as applied to the study of civil wars, namely, the free-riding incentive generated by the public goods dimension of insurgency and the risks of individual participation in insurgent collective action. The authors argue, instead, that although insurgent collective action may entail the expectation of future collective benefits, public (rather than just private) costs tend to predominate in the short term. Moreover, the costs of nonparticipation and free riding may equal or even exceed those of participation. The authors support these claims by triangulating three types of evidence: historical evidence from counterinsurgency operations in several civil wars; data from the Vietnam War's Phoenix Program; and regional evidence from the Greek Civil War. They conclude by drawing implications for the study of civil wars.