Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Space, time, and episodic memory: The hippocampus is all over the cognitive map

In recent years, the field has reached an impasse between models suggesting that the hippocampus is fundamentally involved in spatial processing and models suggesting that the hippocampus automatically encodes all dimensions of experience in the service of memory. Here, we consider key conceptual issues that have impeded progress in our understanding of hippocampal function, and we review findings that establish the scope and limits of hippocampal involvement in navigation and memory. We argue that space and time serve as a primary scaffold to break up experiences into specific contexts, and to organize multimodal input that is to be associated within a context. However, the hippocampus is clearly capable of incorporating additional dimensions into the scaffold if they are determined to be relevant in the event‐defined context. Conceiving of the hippocampal representation as constrained by immediate task demands—yet preferring axes that involve space and time—helps to reconcile an otherwise disparate set of findings on the core function of the hippocampus.
THE TRANSITION EXPERIENCE: THE FIRST 100 DAYS OF THE MIDDLE SCHOOL PRINCIPALSHIP (260 pp.)

discussing government and business leaders, this study aimed to understand the transition experience of middle school principals, during their first 100 days, in public schools in Ohio who have led their current schools to improvement. Research centered on the experiences of these principals, actions implemented by these principals, external and internal circumstances and individuals that influenced those actions, their perceptions of how those actions influenced their schools’ future improvement, and the perceptions of the principals regarding effective transitions. Participants for the study were 10 middle school principals who had been in their current position for less than four full years and whose schools had shown improvement on the state report card based on an increased designation during their leadership. The study was informed by grounded theory methodology regarding data collection and analysis, in order to develop a framework of the transition into the middle school principalship that was grounded in the data. The data revealed a transformation process: positioning self into the new principal role, establishing self in the new principal role, and transforming self from the new principal to the principal. Within each phase of the transformation process, these
Organizational change strategies in the Arab region: A review of critical factors

This conceptual paper explores the subject of organizational change in the Arab region with particular reference to cultural influences on organizational change initiatives in this region. The paper offers a review of a set of studies which focus on organizational change in Arab countries and proceeds to discuss change initiatives with reference to factors such as Islam and tribalism. A key issue that emerges from the paper is the paradox between Western approaches to change which emphasize collaborative and participative approaches to change management, and the more directive and hierarchical approaches to management associated with national cultures in the Arab region. Areas for future research are identified in the conclusion section.
Stock Valuation and Learning About Profitability

We develop a simple approach to valuing stocks in the presence of learning about average profitability. The market-to-book ratio (M/B) increases with uncertainty about average profitability, especially for firms that pay no dividends. M/B is predicted to decline over a firm's lifetime due to learning, with steeper decline when the firm is young. These predictions are confirmed empirically. Data also support the predictions that younger stocks and stocks that pay no dividends have more volatile returns. Firm profitability has become more volatile recently, helping explain the puzzling increase in average idiosyncratic return volatility observed over the past few decades.
Effectiveness of and dropout from outpatient cognitive behavioral therapy for adult unipolar depression: a meta-analysis of nonrandomized effectiveness studies.

OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to assess the overall effectiveness of and dropout from individual and group outpatient cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for adults with a primary diagnosis of unipolar depressive disorder in routine clinical practice. METHOD We conducted a random effects meta-analysis of 34 nonrandomized effectiveness studies on outpatient individual and group CBT for adult unipolar depressive disorder. Standardized mean gain effect sizes are reported for end-of-treatment and 6-month follow-up effects for depression severity, dysfunctional cognitions, general anxiety, psychological distress, and functional impairment. The mean dropout rate from CBT is reported. We benchmarked our results against high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RESULTS Outpatient CBT was effective in reducing depressive severity in completer (d = 1.13) and intention-to-treat (ITT) samples (d = 1.06). Moderate to large posttreatment effect sizes (d = 0.67-0.88) were found for secondary outcomes. The weighted mean dropout rate was 24.63%. Posttreatment gains for depression were maintained at 6 months after completion of therapy. Effect sizes for depression were inferior to those of benchmark RCTs. CONCLUSIONS Although clinical practice patients show lesser improvements in depressive symptoms than RCT patients, individual and group outpatient CBT can be effectively transported to routine clinical practice. The considerable treatment dropout rate, especially in individual CBT, must be improved. The small number of available studies and low quality of some reports stress the need for high-quality effectiveness studies.
Linear constraints, robust‐weighting and efficient composite modeling

Recent studies have shown that composite forecasting produces superior forecasts when compared to individual forecasts. This paper extends the existing literature by employing linear constraints and robust regression techniques in composite model building. Security analysts forecasts may be improved when combined with time series forecasts for a diversified sample of 261 firms with a 1980-1982 post-sample estimation period. The mean square error of analyst forecasts may be reduced by combining analyst and univariate time series model forecasts in constrained and unconstrained ordinary least squares regression models. These reductions are very interesting when one finds that the univariate time series model forecasts do not substantially deviate from those produced by ARIMA (0,1,1) processes. Moreover, security analysts' forecast errors may be significantly reduced when constrained and unconstrained robust regression analyses are employed.
Influence of physical and chemical characteristics of diesel fuels and exhaust emissions on biological effects of particle extracts: a multivariate statistical analysis of ten diesel fuels.

The emission of diesel exhaust particulates is associated with potentially severe biological effects, e.g., cancer. The aim of the present study was to apply multivariate statistical methods to identify factors that affect the biological potency of these exhausts. Ten diesel fuels were analyzed regarding physical and chemical characteristics. Particulate exhaust emissions were sampled after combustion of these fuels on two makes of heavy duty diesel engines. Particle extracts were chemically analyzed and tested for mutagenicity in the Ames test. Also, the potency of the extracts to competitively inhibit the binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to the Ah receptor was assessed. Relationships between fuel characteristics and biological effects of the extracts were studied, using partial least squares regression (PLS). The most influential chemical fuel parameters included the contents of sulfur, certain polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), and naphthenes. Density and flash point were positively correlated with genotoxic potency. Cetane number and upper distillation curve points were negatively correlated with both mutagenicity and Ah receptor affinity. Between 61% and 70% of the biological response data could be explained by the measured chemical and physical factors of the fuels. By PLS modeling of extract data versus the biological response data, 66% of the genotoxicity could be explained, by 41% of the chemical variation. The most important variables, associated with both mutagenicity and Ah receptor affinity, included 1-nitropyrene, particle bound nitrate, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and emitted mass of particles. S9-requiring mutagenicity was highly correlated with certain PAC, whereas S9-independent mutagenicity was better correlated with nitrates and 1-nitropyrene. The emission of sulfates also showed a correlation both with the emission of particles and with the biological effects. The results indicate that fuels with biologically less hazardous potentials should have high cetane number and contain less PAC and sulfur. The results also indicate that engine factors affect the formation and emission of nitrated PAC.
ACT Family Violence Intervention Program review

This paper reports on a review of the Australian Capital Territory’s Family Violence Intervention Program, which provides an interagency response to family violence matters. The scope of the review was to analyse the program’s activities and outcomes using 2007–08 data provided by participating agencies, supported by in-depth interviews with key stakeholders including victims whose matters had been finalised in court. After the completion of this report, additional data from 2008–09 and 2009–10 was made available by some Family Violence Intervention Program (FVIP) participating agencies. Although not within the scope of this evaluation, these data pointed to some preliminary improvements in the FVIP.
Closing the loop: High-speed visual servoing and control of a commercial nanostage inside the SEM

In micro- and nanorobotics, it is important to increase closed-loop performance to achieve high-throughput for industrial applications. By using dedicated line scans instead of scanning microscope image acquisition, bottlenecks such as limited update rate, long latency and unpredictable jitter can be overcome. Earlier experiments used the line-scan approach for visual servoing of a custom made mobile robot. In this paper, the line-scan approach is used to guide the closed loop positioning of a Physik Instrumente (PI) nanostage. Additionally to the linescan controller and the commercial PI-stage controller, an FPGA system that acts as additional position controller was developed. Several evaluation measurements show the performance of the implementation in terms of accuracy and performance for the nanorobotic stage.
Differential effects of dietary saturated and trans-fatty acids on expression of genes associated with insulin sensitivity in rat adipose tissue.

OBJECTIVE Trans-fatty acids (TFAs) are formed during partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils and are shown to be more atherogenic than saturated fatty acids (SFAs). Our previous study showed that dietary TFAs decrease adipose tissue insulin sensitivity to a greater extent than SFAs in rats. We hypothesized that the effects of these fatty acids on insulin sensitivity could be mediated through an alteration in gene expression. In the current study we have investigated the effects of dietary TFAs or SFAs on expression of genes associated with insulin sensitivity in rat adipose tissue. DESIGN AND METHODS Male weanling Wistar/NIN rats were divided into four groups and fed one of the following diets containing 10% fat (g/100 g diet) differing only in the fatty acid composition for 3 months: control diet (3.7% linoleic acid (LA)), SFA diet (5% SFA), TFA diet 1 (1.5% TFA + 1% LA) and TFA diet 2 (1.5% TFA + 2% LA). The mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4), resistin and adiponectin was analyzed in epididymal fat using RT-PCR. The effects of TFA were studied at two levels of LA to understand the beneficial effects of LA over the effects of TFA. RESULTS Both dietary SFA and TFA upregulated the mRNA levels of resistin. Dietary SFA downregulated adiponectin and GLUT4 and upregulated LPL, while TFA downregulated PPARgamma and LPL. The effects of dietary TFA on PPARgamma and resistin were not counteracted by increased LA (TFA diet 2). CONCLUSION The effects of SFAs on the aforementioned genes except PPARgamma could be extrapolated towards decreased insulin sensitivity, while only the alteration in the mRNA levels of PPARgamma and resistin could be associated with insulin resistance in TFA-fed rats. These findings suggest that dietary SFAs and TFAs alter the expression of different genes associated with insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue.
Estimates of the Value of Patent Rights in Great Britain and Ireland, 1852-1876

Parameters of the distribution of the value of patent rights in Britain and Ireland for the 1852-76 period are estimated, and compared with similar estimates by Schankerman and Pakes (1986) for the 1950-76 period. Market variables of the earlier period have a low ability, but those of the later period a high ability, to explain fluctuations in the value of patent rights. Aggregate patent rights have more lower-valued patents in the earlier period. In the earlier period there was no trade-off between quantity and 'quality' of patents, but in the later period there was. Aggregate value of patent rights increased relative to gross fixed capital formation, from 1870 to 1970, by approximately 100 percent. A greater amount of R&D effort helps to explain many of the differences found between the two periods. Copyright 1994 by The London School of Economics and Political Science.
What Caused the Asian Currency and Financial Crisis? Part I: a Macroeconomic Overview

The paper explores the view that the Asian currency and financial crises in 1997 and 1998 reflected structural and policy distortions in the countries of the region, even if market overreaction and herding caused the plunge of exchange rates, asset prices, and economic activity to be more severe than warranted by the initial weak economic conditions. The first part of the paper provides an overview of economic fundamentals in Asia on the eve of the crisis, with emphasis on current account imbalances, quantity and quality of financial overlending,' banking problems, and composition, maturity and size of capital inflows.
Perceptions about perceived functional disabilities and pain of people with rheumatoid arthritis: differences between patients and their spouses and correlates with well-being.

OBJECTIVE In this study we examined the differences in perceptions of the patient's health status between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and their spouses, and correlates of these differences with patients' and spouses' well-being. METHODS A sample of 188 couples with one member receiving treatment for RA were selected from the rheumatology clinics in Twente, The Netherlands. The mean age of both RA patients and spouses was 56 years. Respondents completed questionnaires, including estimations of both patients and spouses on the patient's functional disabilities and pain, and scales on affect and marital commitment for patients and spouses. RESULTS Differences in estimations of patients and spouses were considerable. Both over- and underestimations of the patient's functional disabilities by the spouse were associated with the patient's poorer mental health status. Overestimations of the patient's functional disabilities were associated with poorer mental health among spouses. CONCLUSION It is essential that any support intended by the spouse is in accordance with the patient's needs. If the patient's condition is misperceived by the spouse, this can lead to ineffective and inappropriate support being given.
Implementing Residual Income Valuation With Linear Information Dynamics

Residual income (RI) valuation is a method of estimating firm value based on expected future accounting numbers. This study documents the necessity of using linear information models (LIMs) of the time series of accounting numbers in valuation. I find that recent studies that make ad hoc modifications to the LIMs contain internal inconsistencies and violate the no arbitrage assumption. I outline a method for modifying the LIMs while preserving internal consistency. I also find that when estimated as a time series, the LIMs of Ohlson (1995), and Feltham and Ohlson (1995) provide value estimates no better than book value alone. By comparing the implied price coefficients to coefficients from a price level regression, I find that the models imply inefficient weightings on the accounting numbers. Furthermore, the median conservatism parameter of Feltham and Ohlson (1995) is significantly negative, contrary to the model's prediction, for even the most conservative firms. To explain these failures, I estimate a.
Validation of high‐throughput genotoxicity assay screening using γH2AX in‐cell western assay on HepG2 cells

In vitro genotoxicity tests used in regulatory toxicology studies are sensitive, but the occurrence of irrelevant positive results is high compared with carcinogenicity studies in rodents. Current in vitro genotoxicity tests are also often limited by relatively low throughput. The aim of this study was to validate an in vitro genotoxic assay in a 96‐well plate format that allows the simultaneous examination of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The test is based on the quantification of the phosphorylation of the histone H2AX (γH2AX), which reflects a global genotoxic insult, using the In‐Cell Western technique. The assay was evaluated on HepG2 cells by testing a list of 61 compounds recommended by the European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), whose genotoxic potential has already been characterized. The γH2AX assay on HepG2 cell line was highly sensitive: 75% of the genotoxic compounds gave a positive result, and specific: 90–100% of nongenotoxic compounds gave negative results. Compared with the micronucleus genotoxicity assay using the same cell line and test compounds, the γH2AX assay was more sensitive and specific. In sum, the high‐throughput γH2AX assay described here can accurately detect simultaneously the genotoxic and the cytotoxic potential of compounds with different modes of mutagenic action, notably those who required metabolic activation. The use of this assay in the early discovery phase of drug development may prove to be a valuable way to assess the genotoxic potential of xenobiotics. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 54:737–746, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nox4 NAD(P)H Oxidase Mediates Hypertrophy and Fibronectin Expression in the Diabetic Kidney*

Renal hypertrophy and extracellular matrix accumulation are early features of diabetic nephropathy. We investigated the role of the NAD(P)H oxidase Nox4 in generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypertrophy, and fibronectin expression in a rat model of type 1 diabetes induced by streptozotocin. Phosphorothioated antisense (AS) or sense oligonucleotides for Nox4 were administered for 2 weeks with an osmotic minipump 72 h after streptozotocin treatment. Nox4 protein expression was increased in diabetic kidney cortex compared with non-diabetic controls and was down-regulated in AS-treated animals. AS oligonucleotides inhibited NADPH-dependent ROS generation in renal cortical and glomerular homogenates. ROS generation by intact isolated glomeruli from diabetic animals was increased compared with glomeruli isolated from AS-treated animals. AS treatment reduced whole kidney and glomerular hypertrophy. Moreover, the increased expression of fibronectin protein was markedly reduced in renal cortex including glomeruli of AS-treated diabetic rats. Akt/protein kinase B and ERK1/2, two protein kinases critical for cell growth and hypertrophy, were activated in diabetes, and AS treatment almost abolished their activation. In cultured mesangial cells, high glucose increased NADPH oxidase activity and fibronectin expression, effects that were prevented in cells transfected with AS oligonucleotides. These data establish a role for Nox4 as the major source of ROS in the kidneys during early stages of diabetes and establish that Nox4-derived ROS mediate renal hypertrophy and increased fibronectin expression.
The Effect of Mandatory IFRS Adoption on Financial Analysts’ Information Environment

This paper examines the effect of the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by the European Union on financial analysts’ information environment. To control for the effect of confounding concurrent events, we use a control sample of firms that had already voluntarily adopted IFRS at least two years prior to the mandatory adoption date. We find that analysts’ absolute forecast errors and forecast dispersion decrease relative to this control sample only for those mandatory IFRS adopters domiciled in countries with both strong enforcement regimes and domestic accounting standards that differ significantly from IFRS. Furthermore, for mandatory adopters domiciled in countries with both weak enforcement regimes and domestic accounting standards that differ significantly from IFRS, we find that forecast errors and dispersion decrease more for firms with stronger incentives for transparent financial reporting. These results highlight the important roles of enforcement regimes and firm‐level reporting incentives in determining the impact of mandatory IFRS adoption.
Engagement as a Threshold Concept for Science Education and Science Communication

Science communication and science education have the same overarching aim—to engage their audiences in science—and both disciplines face similar challenges in achieving this aim. Knowing how to effectively engage their ‘audiences’ is fundamental to the success of both. Both disciplines have well-developed research fields identifying best practice. However, there seems to be an impediment in putting this knowledge into practice, or even much sharing of knowledge between the 2 disciplines. Threshold concepts refer to concepts that are fundamental to thinking and practice in a discipline. In this paper, we argue that engagement is a threshold concept for both science education and science communication. Considering the vast amount of literature on science education and science communication, the focus in this paper is on recent recommendations rather than longstanding, more general notions, providing a contemporary view. This paper illustrates how engagement fulfils the characteristics of a threshold concept for both disciplines and highlights how the 2 fields could assist each other. The purpose of this paper is to spark new conversations and sharing between the 2 disciplines, with the use of threshold concepts as a vehicle for enabling collaboration and progress.
Management Forecast Accuracy and CEO Turnover

ABSTRACT: We investigate whether management forecast accuracy provides a signal regarding CEOs' ability to anticipate and respond to future events by examining the relation between management forecast errors and CEO turnover. We find that the probability of CEO turnover is positively related to the magnitude of absolute forecast errors when firm performance is poor and that this positive relation holds for both positive and negative forecast errors. In addition, we find that the positive relation between CEO turnover and the absolute forecast errors is concentrated in the sample of less entrenched CEOs. Our findings indicate that boards of directors use management forecast accuracy as a signal of CEOs' managerial ability and that managers bear a cost for issuing inaccurate forecasts.