Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reassessing changes in diurnal temperature range: A new data set and characterization of data biases

It has been a decade since changes in diurnal temperature range (DTR) globally have been assessed in a stand‐alone data analysis. The present study takes advantage of substantively improved basic data holdings arising from the International Surface Temperature Initiative's databank effort and applies the National Centers for Environmental Information's automated pairwise homogeneity assessment algorithm to reassess DTR records. It is found that breakpoints are more prevalent in DTR than other temperature elements and that the resulting adjustments have a broader distribution. This strongly implies that there is an overarching tendency, across the global meteorological networks, for nonclimatic artifacts to impart either random or anticorrelated rather than correlated biases in maximum and minimum temperature series. Future homogenization efforts would likely benefit from simultaneous consideration of DTR and maximum and minimum temperatures, in addition to average temperatures. Estimates of change in DTR are relatively insensitive to whether adjustments are calculated directly or inferred from adjustments returned for the maximum and minimum temperature series. The homogenized series exhibit a reduction in DTR since the midtwentieth century globally (−0.044 K/decade). Adjustments serve to approximately halve the long‐term global reduction in DTR in the basic “raw” data. Most of the estimated DTR reduction occurred over 1960–1980. In several regions DTR has apparently increased over 1979–2012, while globally it has exhibited very little change (−0.016 K/decade). Estimated changes in DTR are an order of magnitude smaller than in maximum and minimum temperatures, which have both been increasing rapidly on multidecadal timescales (0.186 K/decade and 0.236 K/decade, respectively, since the midtwentieth century).
Global evolution of Birkeland currents on 10 min timescales: MHD simulations and observations

In this paper we compare time‐dependent global ionospheric field‐aligned current (FAC) patterns on 10 min timescales inferred from the Active Magnetosphere and Polar Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE) with the high‐resolution Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry (LFM) global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model. The improved LFM model yields temporally varying FAC patterns with a fine structure on the sub‐100 km scale. The goal of the study is to explore the responses of observed and simulated FAC patterns and underlying magnetic perturbations to a succession of rapid transitions in the solar wind and Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) parameters. To drive the simulations, we use the upstream Wind and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft measurements recorded on 3 August 2010. For the time interval of interest (∼40 min following the impact of an interplanetary shock), the IMF is characterized by a BZ rotation from southward to northward direction under negative BY conditions. Through this case study analysis, it is found that the simulations have generally reproduced the salient characteristics of both the morphology and dynamics of the AMPERE FAC patterns. Due to the high resolution of the global model, the peak current densities are found to significantly (by a factor of 2–4) exceed those obtained from AMPERE. As a further quantitative analysis, the low‐altitude magnetic perturbations measured by Iridium spacecraft and used to derive the AMPERE 2‐D FAC patterns are also compared with the magnetic field variations calculated from the simulations. It is found that outside of localized regions of peak current densities, which mainly occur on the dayside and can fall between the Iridium tracks, the simulated magnetic perturbations closely follow the Iridium measurements. This demonstrates, in particular, that there is no systematic bias in the simulations to overestimate the magnetic perturbations and corresponding FAC densities. Overall, our results demonstrate that given sufficient resolution, contemporary global MHD models are capable of reproducing observed features of global ionospheric FAC distributions. This, in particular, suggests the feasibility of potential efforts to assimilate AMPERE observations in global magnetospheric models.
Method of determining relations between the extent of damage in farm crops, big game numbers, and environmental conditions

With the use of statistical methods it is possible to forecast the extent of damage in farm crops done by big game (red deer and wild boars). Mathematical model for a definite number of animals in definite ecological environment and on definite area was solved with the aid of multiple regression analysis. Studies, carried out during years 1973-1975, included 23 lowland forest districts situated within the Silesian Land. Data collected in each forest district concered the size of animal populations, information on environmental characters related with their behaviour, as well as the area and value of damage inflicted in farm crops. There were obtained regression equations illustrating economic and ecological aspects of the situation prevailing in hunting grounds.
ELECTRONIC SERVICE QUALITY ON MOBILE APPLICATION OF ONLINE TRANSPORTATION SERVICES

This study has two main objectives. The first objective is to outline the dimensions of electronic service quality on mobile application of online transportation services namely Go - Jek, Grab, and Uber in Indonesia . The second objective is to examin e the relationshi p of the electronic service quality with customer satisfaction and repurchase intention. Data collection from an online questionnaire of 149 respondents was used to examine the research model . Then, it was analyzed primarily using (PLS - SEM ). The results of the study indicate that all dimensions of electronic service quality namely information quality; application design; payment method; and security and privacy positively influence customer satisfaction. Meanwhile, customer satisfaction has significantly a direct effect on repurchase intention. Furthermore, the last section will discuss the practical implication of the research results . Keywords: Mobile application, Online transportation, Electronic service quality, Customer satisfaction, R epurchase intention
Allelic diversity of DQA2 exon 2 gene in Egyptian goat populations

The study aimed to assess the genetic diversity of 2-decyl-4-quinazolinyl amine exon2 (DQA2 exon2) gene among the Egyptian goat populations from different agro-climatic areas. Data of diseases distribution as well as blood samples were collected. The data collected for diseases distribution showed differences in the types of diseases between the agro-climatic areas. The Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism technique (SSCP) was used to assess the genetic diversity of DQA2 exon2 gene among the goat populations. The results showed that the DQA2 exon2 gene locus displayed 21 alleles with different frequencies in each of goat population. The gene diversity values among the populations ranged from 0.950± 0.022 to 0.887± 0.033. The difference between the most southern population (Aswan) and the remaining populations translate to significant (P< 0.05) differentiation for only one population pair (Aswan – Baladi, with FST= 0.055; P= 0.001). Scrutiny of allele composition in these two goat populations showed unique alleles in each population (six in Aswan and four in Baladi). The results of the study suggested that the allelic numbers and allelic composition for the DQA2 exon2 gene among the Egyptian goat populations showed diversity in the immune gene due to the different pathogens exposure.
Uniformly rotating flow in a straight duct followed by a contraction: experimental and theoretical study of the mean flow

We study the mean dynamics of a radially confined, uniformly rotating flow of high Reynolds number. The duct geometry consists of a portion of constant cross-section followed by a final contraction, downstream of which the flow exhausts as a swirling jet. The duct flow is investigated by Stereoscopic PIV. To understand the specific effect of the contraction, we also consider the case where it is replaced by a straight duct portion. These experimental results are compared with a simulation of axisymmetric steady flow at a moderate Reynolds number. Good agreement is obtained between the two methods. Both show that the flow is strongly influenced by the contraction when it is subcritical with respect to axisymmetric Kelvin waves. In that regime, no vortex breakdown is found inside the duct. Instead, large-amplitude standing waves of positive azimuthal vorticity are observed.
Impact of Simulated Drought Stress on Soil Microbiology, and Nematofauna in a Native Shrub + Millet Intercropping System in Senegal

Drought stress strongly affects soil biota and impairs crop production, which under climate change will be exacerbated in semi-arid cropping regions such as the Sahel. Hence soil management systems are needed that can buffer against drought. In West Africa, field studies have found intercropping of millet with the native shrub Piliostigma reticulatum improves soil-plant-water relations, microbial activity and diversity, and suppress parasitic nematodes, which can significantly increase crop yield. However, little information is available on its beneficial or negative effects on soils or crops during water stress. Therefore, the objective was to investigate the impact of P. reticulatum in moderating water stress effects on soil properties and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.) productivity. In the greenhouse, soil chemical and microbial properties and millet growth were investigated with a factorial experiment of varying levels of soil moisture (favorable, moderately stressed, or severely stressed water conditions) that was imposed for 55 days on soils containing sole P. reticulatum or millet, or millet + P. reticulatum. The results showed that the presence of P. reticulatum did not buffer soils against water stress in relation to soil chemical and microbial properties measured at the end of the experiment. Severe water stress did significantly decrease the height, number of leaves, and aboveground biomass of millet plants. Additionally, respiration, nematofauna trophic structure and abundance decreased as water stress increased. Lastly, bacterial feeders and plant parasitic nematodes were the most sensitive to severe water stress while fungal feeding nematodes remained unaffected. The results suggested that the intensity of water stress had more negative effects on soil basal respiration rather than soil microbial biomass.
Stable Determination of a Simple Metric, a Covector Field and a Potential from the Hyperbolic Dirichlet-to-Neumann Map

Let (ℳ, g) be a compact Riemmanian manifold with non-empty boundary. Consider the second order hyperbolic initial-boundary value problem where is a first-order perturbation of the Laplace operator − ▵g on (ℳ, g). Here b and q are a covector field and a potential, respectively, in ℳ. We prove Hölder type stability estimates near generic simple Riemannian metrics for the inverse problem of recovering simultaneously g, b, and q from the hyperbolic Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DN) map associated, f → ∂ν u − i ⟨ ν, b ⟩g u|∂ℳ×[0, T] modulo a class of transformations that fixed the hyperbolic DN map.
POVREDE O^IJU U SAOBRA)AJNIM NESRE)AMA

Uvod Povrede o~iju u saobra}aju se de{avaju kao odvojene povrede ili u sklopu politraume. Mogu biti ozbiljne sa krajnje negativnim rezultatom po funkciju vida. Cilj Cilj rada je bio da se analiziraju razli~iti faktori koji dovode do pove}anog rizika koji dovode do povreda o~iju pri saobra}ajnim udesima. Metode Radom su obuhva}eni pacijenti koji su bili hospitalizovani na Klinici za o~ne bolesti KCS u Beogradu u periodu od 1. januara 2000 do 31. decembra 2008.godine. Analizirani su pol, godine starosti, vreme povre|ivanja, mesto sedenja u automobilu u momentu nastajanja povrede, vezivanje ili nevezivanje sigurnosnim pojasem, vrsta povrede o~iju i krajnji funkcionalni ishod na povre|enom oku. Rezultati Za nalizirani period od 9 godina ukupno je bilo hospitalizovano 138 bolesnika sa povredom oka u saobra}ajnim udesima i 174 povre|enih o~iju. Bilo je 101 (73,2%) mu{karaca. Preko polovinu povre|enih su ~inile mla|e odrasle osobe od 21-40 godina starosti u 55,8% slu~ajeva. Povrede su se naj~e{}e de{avale u decembru mesecu 15,2%, nedeljom 27,5% i u no}nim ~asovima vo`nje od 18 -06 ~asova u 63,8% slu~ajeva. Uglavnom su povrede o~iju zadobijali putnici koji su sedeli na prednjim sedi{tima u automobilu i to voza~i u 50,0% i suvoza~i u 41,1% slu~ajeva. U 30,4% slu~ajeva povre|eni su bili pijani. Penetrantne povrede o~iju su bile prisutne kod 118 (67,8%) a kontuzione kod 56 (32,2%) slu~ajeva. Vidna o{trina na povre|enom oku, odre|ena na otpustu ili pri kasnijim kontrolama je bila amauroza 25,9%, bolja od 0,1 kod 64,4%, normalna kod 42,0% slu~ajeva. Zaklju~ak Iz rada se mo`e zaklju~iti da su se ~e{}e povre|ivali mu{karci, da su se povrede ~e{}e de{avale u zimskim mesecima, nedeljom i u toku no}i, da su riziko faktori za nastajanje povreda o~iju bili sedenje na prednjim sedi{tima u automobilu, nevezivanje sigurnosnog pojasa i vo`nja u pijanom stanju. Izbegavanjem tih riziko faktora smanjio bi se broj povreda o~iju pri saobra}ajnim udesima.
Efecto de la zona del mínimo de oxígeno en el segundo máximo de clorofila en el Pacífico Oriental Tropical Mexicano

A partir de datos de campo obtenidos durante junio de 2005 se investigo la relacion entre el segundo maximo de fluorescencia (FMax), el limite superior de la zona del minimo de oxigeno (ZMO) y algunos procesos fisicos (corrientes costeras, remolinos y surgencia) presentes en la region norte del Pacifico Oriental Tropical Mexicano (POTM). Se presento un segundo FMax en el POTM, el cual se formo solo cuando el limite superior de la ZMO (9.0 µmol L-1) se sobrepuso con la profundidad del 1% de la banda azul de la irradiancia descendente (Ed490). La presencia del segundo maximo incremento de 20% a 40% el valor total de la clorofila integrada en la columna de agua. El segundo FMax estuvo ausente en areas donde agua con mayor oxigeno disuelto transportada por la Corriente de California hizo mas profundo el limite superior de la ZMO por debajo del 1% de la Ed490. La Corriente Costera Mexicana transporto Agua Subsuperficial Subtropical con menor concentracion de oxigeno, haciendo posible la formacion del segundo FMax en su zona de influencia. La variabilidad del segundo FMax debida a procesos fisicos de mesoescala estuvo relacionada con la incidencia de surgencias costeras y con remolinos ciclonicos fuera de la influencia del agua de la Corriente de California.
A comparison of modelled and real-life driving profiles for the simulation of railway vehicle operation

A key factor in determining the performance of a railway system is the speed profile of the trains within the network. There can be significant variation in this speed profile for identical trains on identical routes, depending on how the train is driven. A better understanding and control of speed profiles can therefore offer significant potential for improvements in the performance of railway systems. This paper develops a model to allow the variability of real-life driving profiles of railway vehicles to be quantitatively described and predicted, in order to better account for the effects on the speed profile of the train and hence the performance of the railway network as a whole. The model is validated against data from the Tyne and Wear Metro, and replicates the measured data to a good degree of accuracy.
Iron homeostasis related genes in rice

Iron is essential for plants. However, excess iron is toxic, leading to oxidative stress and decreased productivity. Therefore, plants must use finely tuned mechanisms to keep iron homeostasis in each of their organs, tissues, cells and organelles. A few of the genes involved in iron homeostasis in plants have been identified recently, and we used some of their protein sequences as queries to look for corresponding genes in the rice (Oryza sativa) genome. We have assigned possible functions to thirty-nine new rice genes. Together with four previously reported sequences, we analyzed a total of forty-three genes belonging to five known protein families: eighteen YS (Yellow Stripe), two FRO (Fe 3+ -chelate reductase oxidase), thirteen ZIP (Zinc regulated transporter / Iron regulated transporter Protein), eight NRAMP (Natural Resistance - Associated Macrophage Protein), and two Ferritin proteins. The possible cellular localization and number of potential transmembrane domains were evaluated, and phylogenetic analysis performed for each gene family. Annotation of genomic sequences was performed. The presence and number of homologues in each gene family in rice and Arabidopsis is discussed in light of the established iron acquisition strategies used by each one of these two plants.
Gaps in Knowledge Levels of Health Workers on Recommended Child Feeding Practices and Growth Monitoring and Promotion Actions

Background: Mothers rely greatly on the advice given by Health Workers (HWs) on appropriate Infants and Young Children Feeding (IYCF) practices. Therefore, the knowledge levels of HWs play an important role in the effective promotion of recommended IYCF practices. However, evidence in literature highlights that HWs do not have adequate knowledge on recommended child feeding practices Objective: This study aims at assessing the nutritional knowledge levels of HWs who work in child health facilities in two predominately rural districts in Ghana. Methods: The study is a descriptive cross-sectional. Responses from 192 HWs working at Child Welfare Clinic (CWC) departments of 21 health facilities to a selfadministered questionnaire is used for analysis. In all, respondents responded to 31 questions which assess their knowledge levels on recommended daily feeding practices for various age groups of young children and the recommended age of introducing water and other foods. Some of the questions also evaluate their ability to interpret growth curves of children and carry out the required action(s) thereafter. Their knowledge levels are also assessed with respect to body-building, body-protective, energy-giving, calcium, iron and vitamin A rich food sources. Results: Some of the HWs (14.1%) did not know the appropriate age for introducing dairy foods to infants and few (7.8%) wrongly indicated that water should be introduced before 6 months of age. Only a small percentage of the HWs (6.8%) knew that non-breastfeeding children aged between 6 and 23 months should be fed 4 or more times daily. More than 80% of the HWs were unable to identify all the actions that should be targeted at each of the 5 growth patterns of children. Only 22.9%, 25.0% and 10.9% were able to mention at least three iron, vitamin A and calcium rich food sources respectively. About 83.9% and 90.6% of the HWs did not know absorption enhancers and inhibitors of iron-rich foods. Overall, a higher proportion (52.4%) of the surveyed HWs had an average score ranging between 50% and 69% whereas, only 6.5% had a good score of > 70%. Conclusion: The surveyed HWs demonstrated low knowledge on recommended child feeding practices, actions that should be targeted at the various growth patterns of children and the majority of the HWs did not know food sources of iron, vitamin A and calcium. This low level of knowledge jeopardizes the provision of high quality nutritional support by caregivers. It is recommended that the nutritional knowledge of HWs working in CWCs should be enhanced and updated accordingly, either by the regular participation in refresher or continuing education programmes that also focus on complementary feeding of children. The findings also suggest that HWs require more education on recommended growth promotion actions.
Great tit (Parus major) breeding in fire-prone oak woods: differential effects of post-fire conditions on reproductive stages

Wildfires negatively affect the overall reproductive success of several woodland avian species, but there is scarce information about which stages of the nesting cycle are specifically affected. We conducted a 3-year study to identify the effects of fire on the reproductive parameters of the great tit (Parus major) and the survival of its nests at different stages of the nesting cycle. We recorded the occupancy rate, clutch and brood size, hatching, fledging and nesting success in nest boxes placed on study plots with different post-fire age. By examining the post-fire succession, we analysed the survival of eggs and nestlings under predation risks. As the forest matured after a wildfire, tits occupied more nest boxes and laid more eggs that suffered less predation than in earlier successional stages. Although the incubation fate improved at each step of succession, the conditions to fully raise nestlings seemed to be suitable only in the oldest woods. Our findings indicate that the population dynamics of a reputed generalist avian species may be affected by fire. Furthermore, the effects of wildfires on stage-specific reproductive parameters show that an avian species that inhabits woodlands regains its full productivity only when its habitat has completely recovered from fire.
Garbage and Recycling with Endogenous Local Policy

This paper estimates the impact of garbage fees and curbside recycling programs on garbage and recycling amounts. Without correction for endogenous policy, a price per bag of garbage has a negative effect on garbage and a positive cross-price effect on recycling. Correction for endogenous local policy increases the effect of the user fee on garbage and the effect of curbside recycling collection on recycling. Introducing a fee of $1 per bag is estimated to reduce garbage by 412 pounds per person per year (44%), but to increase recycling by only 30 pounds per person per year.
Time and the Price Impact of a Trade: A Structural Approach

We revisit the role of time in measuring the price impact of trades using a new empirical method that combines spread decomposition and dynamic duration modeling. Previous studies which have addressed the issue in a vector-autoregressive framework conclude that times when markets are most active are times when there is an increased presence of informed trading. Our empirical analysis based on recent European and U.S. data offers challenging new evidence. We find that as trade intensity increases, the informativeness of trades tends to decrease. We explain this result by the crowding-out of limit orders by market orders during times of ample liquidity. Our study casts doubt on the common wisdom that fast markets bear particularly high adverse selection risks for uninformed market participants.
Overseas Filipino Workers Remittances, Inequality and Quality of Life in the Philippines

This study examines the relationship among OFW remittances, inequality and quality of life in the Philippines. The study covered the period from 1990 to 2011 and employed Vector autoregressive (VAR) analysis to examine the relationship among the variables. Over the years, Human Development Index (HDI) as a measure of quality of life and remittances showed a generally increasing trend while the case is opposite for the level of inequality. Remittances and HDI has an average growth rate of 15.32% and 0.55% respectively. Inequality in the country has reduced on the average of 0.07% from 1990 to 2011. This generally implies that even in the ever increasing OFW remittances it has a very minimal effect on enhancing human development and reducing inequality in the country. Empirical results revealed that remittances has no significant effect on income inequality, however it has a significant effect on enhancing quality of life. In specific, for every unit increase in last year’s remittances, human development index will increase by 0.02. Results in granger causality revealed a bidirectional relationship between remittances and human development.