Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mahatma Gandhi’s Views on Peace Education

Mahatma Gandhi treated his individual life in accordance with his ideas. He said "my life is my message". Therefore Gandhism is a mixture of Gandhi's concepts and practices. The basic groundship happens to be "Non-violence". He practiced and prescribed non-violence as a remedy against all social evils. It is the most ancient eternal values and culture of India. He said on this account, "I have nothing new to teach you . Truth and non-violence are as old as hill. " Non- violence and Truth are two sides of a same coin. The ultimate ideal of 'Non-violence and Truth' is unrealized and unrealizable; its value consists in pointing out the direction, not in their realization. Striving after the ideal is the very essence of practicing Gandhi's philosophy. This consciousness should make one strive to overcome the imperfection. Mahatma Gandhi did not have a shadow of doubt that the world of tomorrow will be, must be, a society based on non-violence.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation, Commensal Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus johnsonii Strains Differentially Restore Intestinal and Systemic Adaptive Immune Cell Populations Following Broad-spectrum Antibiotic Treatment

The essential role of the intestinal microbiota in the well-functioning of host immunity necessitates the investigation of species-specific impacts on this interplay. Aim of this study was to examine the ability of defined Gram-positive and Gram-negative intestinal commensal bacterial species, namely Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus johnsonii, respectively, to restore immune functions in mice that were immunosuppressed by antibiotics-induced microbiota depletion. Conventional mice were subjected to broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment for 8 weeks and perorally reassociated with E. coli, L. johnsonii or with a complex murine microbiota by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Analyses at days (d) 7 and 28 revealed that immune cell populations in the small and large intestines, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens of mice were decreased after antibiotic treatment but were completely or at least partially restored upon FMT or by recolonization with the respective bacterial species. Remarkably, L. johnsonii recolonization resulted in the highest CD4+ and CD8+ cell numbers in the small intestine and spleen, whereas neither of the commensal species could stably restore those cell populations in the colon until d28. Meanwhile less efficient than FMT, both species increased the frequencies of regulatory T cells and activated dendritic cells and completely restored intestinal memory/effector T cell populations at d28. Furthermore, recolonization with either single species maintained pro- and anti-inflammatory immune functions in parallel. However, FMT could most effectively recover the decreased frequencies of cytokine producing CD4+ lymphocytes in mucosal and systemic compartments. E. coli recolonization increased the production of cytokines such as TNF, IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-22, particularly in the small intestine. Conversely, only L. johnsonii recolonization maintained colonic IL-10 production. In summary, FMT appears to be most efficient in the restoration of antibiotics-induced collateral damages to the immune system. However, defined intestinal commensals such as E. coli and L. johnsonii have the potential to restore individual functions of intestinal and systemic immunity. In conclusion, our data provide novel insights into the distinct role of individual commensal bacteria in maintaining immune functions during/following dysbiosis induced by antibiotic therapy thereby shaping host immunity and might thus open novel therapeutical avenues in conditions of perturbed microbiota composition.
Women Science Graduates in Britain: The Value of Secondary Analysis of Large Scale Data Sets

The majority of government, professional body and industry rhetoric on the issue of women and SE 'staying on' and 'getting on' have received much less attention. Government policy seeking to increase the represent ation of girls and women in scientific education and employment has been set out in a series of reports. These include the Dainton Report 1968; the Finniston Report 1980; Realising Our Potential 1993; The Rising Tide 1994 (resulting in the setting up of the Women in SET Development Unit in the Department of Trade & Industry); Forward Look 1996. The Equal Opportunities Commission has involved itself in interventionist campaigns which seek to persuade girls to become scientifically qualified (Smail and Whyte 1983). The engineering profession has also voiced its concern about the low numbers of women; the Engineering Council has funded a Women into Science and Engineering (WISE) unit since the mid 1980s. There are some exceptions to this emphasis on 'getting in'. The Rising Tide addressed itself to issues of retention and vertical sex segregation. It recommended that childcare costs should be deductible from income tax and that the government should increase the provision of publicly-funded childcare. The then government responded in its white paper Competitive ness, Helping Business to Win 1994 that such issues were the province of the private sector and the profession itself. Another recently published exception is a set of good practice guides produced by the Scottish Higher Education Council which address not only the issue of womens' pro gression within their career in academic science but also their access to and their retention within higher education both as students and as employees (SHEFC 1997). The Research Councils and the Committee of
Time-series properties of the dividend–price ratio with social dynamics

We model an exchange economy where a finite number of standard identical agents interact locally and analyse the time-series properties of the simulated dividend–price ratio dp t . Our results document that a sufficient degree of social dynamics induces high persistence in dp t which leads to the failure to reject the null of a unit root, as well as the failure to reject the null that dividends and prices are not cointegrated. At the same time, we find that returns are not significantly autocorrelated, thus, being consistent with weak-form market efficiency. Finally, we document that although dp t is highly persistent, econometric tests may still find predictability of future returns by current dividend–price ratios.
Option Implied Volatilities and the Cost of Issuing Equity

The structure of a firm-commitment Seasoned Equity Offering (SEO) resembles a put-option underwritten by an investment bank syndicate (Smith, 1977). Employing implied volatilities from issuers’ stock options as a direct forward-looking measure, this paper examines the impact of expected price risk around SEO issue dates on the direct cost of issuing equity. Using a comprehensive sample of 1208 SEOs between 1996 and 2009, we find issuers with higher option implied volatilities raise less external equity capital and pay higher investment bank fees in the stock market, ceteris paribus. The effect of implied volatility on the investment bank fees is stronger for larger issuers with lower pre-SEO abnormal realized stock volatilities, and for SEOs with higher expected price pressures around issue dates. These relationships are robust to adjustments for correlations among control variables, sample selection bias and also simultaneous determination of offer size and SEO fees.
Dermal Exposure to Cumene Hydroperoxide

Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) is a high production volume chemical that is used to generate phenol and acetone. Dermal exposure to CHP was hypothesized to result in systemic tissue toxicity, production of free radicals, and consequent decrease in plasma antioxidant levels. To evaluate the hypothesis and characterize the toxicity of CHP, male and female B6C3F1/N mice and F344/N rats were exposed to varying doses of CHP applied topically for 14 or 90 days. No significant changes in survival or body weight of mice and rats were observed following 14 days of exposure. However, 90 days of CHP exposure at the high dose (12 mg/kg) triggered a significant decrease (−15%) in the body weight of the male rat group only. Irritation of the skin was observed at the site of application and was characterized by inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia. In treated animals, histology of liver tissue, free radical generation, and antioxidant levels in blood plasma were not significantly changed as compared to the corresponding controls. Consistent with the lack of systemic damage, no increase in micronucleated erythrocytes was seen in peripheral blood. In conclusion, topical CHP application caused skin damage only at the application site and did not cause systemic tissue impairment.
Effectiveness of Intra-Articular Injection in Wrist Joints According to Triamcinolone Hexacetonide Dose in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Study

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness in the medium term between low and high doses of triamcinolone hexacetonide used in intra-articular injection in medium-sized joints of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. MethodsA randomized double-blind study was carried out in rheumatoid arthritis patients with wrist painful refractory synovitis. Sixty wrists were included and randomized to receive low dose (20 mg) or high dose (40 mg). The outcomes assessed in T0, T1, T4, T8, and T12 weeks were visual analog scale for pain and for swelling, chronic disease activity index, goniometry, simplified Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire, and side effects. ResultsBaseline mean (standard deviation) values were pain visual analog scale of 6.1 (1.6) and 6.3 (1.7), P = 0.562; swelling visual analog scale of 5.9 and 6.4, P = 0.466; chronic disease activity index of 17.8 and 16.8, P = 0.366; and Health Assessment Questionnaire of 0.8 and 0.7, P = 0.238, in the high- and low-dose groups, respectively. Both groups improved pain and swelling assessed by the visual analog scale, P < 0.001, in the intragroup analysis. Chronic disease activity index, goniometry, and Health Assessment Questionnaire also improved equally over time in both groups in the intragroup analysis (P < 0.001, 0.001, and 0.002, respectively). No serious side effects were detected. ConclusionsHigh and low triamcinolone hexacetonide doses had good effectiveness in wrist-blinded intra-articular injection of rheumatoid arthritis patients, without statistical difference between them.
Governance and Growth in Developing Countries

This paper examines whether governance matters for the economic growth of developing countries, empirically captured within the institutional economics theoretical framework using the panel data estimation procedure. In doing so, it tests the effect of several dimensions of governance on the growth of 84 low and middle-income economies using regression specifications common in the growth literature. The empirical results show that political stability and government effectiveness is significantly positively correlated with growth. Voice and accountability and corruption are statistically significantly negatively correlated with growth. The regulatory quality and rule of law dimensions of governance are negatively but statistically insignificantly correlated with growth. The findings of this study imply that the dynamics of the current modern economy makes it necessary for developing countries to act now and within their own country, improve the dimensions of governance and establish good governance practices that are domestically relevant and internationally comparable and consistent.
Consumption of welfare-friendly food products in Great Britain, Italy and Sweden, and how it may be influenced by consumer attitudes to, and behaviour towards, animal welfare attributes

The interest in animal welfare and welfare-friendly food products has been increasing in Europe over the last 10 years. The media, highlighting traditional farming methods and food scares such as those related to salmonella, bovine spongiform encephalopathy/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (BSE) and avian influenza, have brought the methods of animal farming to public attention. Concerns about farm animal welfare are reflected in the increase in the number of vegetarians and vegans and an increase in consumers wishing to purchase food which is more animal welfare-friendly. This paper considers consumers’ attitudes to animal welfare and to marketing practices, such as product labelling, welfare grading systems and food assurance marks using comparative data collected in a survey of around 1500 consumers in each of Great Britain, Italy and Sweden as part of the EU-funded Welfare Quality research project. The findings suggest a need for the provision of improved consumer information on the welfare provenance of food using appropriate product labelling and other methods.
Can Unexpected Retirement Explain the Retirement-Consumption Puzzle? Evidence for Subjective Retirement Expectations

Previous research finds a systematic fall in consumption at retirement, even when these retirements are expected, which implies households do not behave as predicted by the lifecycle/ permanent income hypothesis. However, the worker's expected date of retirement is typically predicted using an instrument - age - that we show to be correlated with unexpected retirements and will therefore lead to biased estimates. In this paper, we use an alternative instrument for expected retirement: workers' own subjective beliefs of their expected retirement dates. We find that subjective retirement expectations provide strong predictive power for subsequent retirements above and beyond the impact of age on retirement probabilities. We still find, however, that consumption falls for workers who retire when expected although the estimated impact is 50 percent smaller when using retirement expectations as an instrument instead of age.
Trafficking of Vacuolar Proteins: The Crucial Role of Arabidopsis Vacuolar Protein Sorting 29 in Recycling Vacuolar Sorting Receptor[W]

This work dissects the function of VPS29, a retromer complex component, in vacuolar trafficking of proteins in vegetative tissues of Arabidopsis plants, demonstrating that VPS29 is essential in recycling vacuolar sorting receptors from the prevacuolar compartment (PVC) to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), which is in turn crucial for trafficking of soluble vacuolar proteins from the TGN to the PVC. The retromer is involved in recycling lysosomal sorting receptors in mammals. A component of the retromer complex in Arabidopsis thaliana, vacuolar protein sorting 29 (VPS29), plays a crucial role in trafficking storage proteins to protein storage vacuoles. However, it is not known whether or how vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) are recycled from the prevacuolar compartment (PVC) to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) during trafficking to the lytic vacuole (LV). Here, we report that VPS29 plays an essential role in the trafficking of soluble proteins to the LV from the TGN to the PVC. maigo1-1 (mag1-1) mutants, which harbor a knockdown mutation in VPS29, were defective in trafficking of two soluble proteins, Arabidopsis aleurain-like protein (AALP):green fluorescent protein (GFP) and sporamin:GFP, to the LV but not in trafficking membrane proteins to the LV or plasma membrane or via the secretory pathway. AALP:GFP and sporamin:GFP in mag1-1 protoplasts accumulated in the TGN but were also secreted into the medium. In mag1-1 mutants, VSR1 failed to recycle from the PVC to the TGN; rather, a significant proportion was transported to the LV; VSR1 overexpression rescued this defect. Moreover, endogenous VSRs were expressed at higher levels in mag1-1 plants. Based on these results, we propose that VPS29 plays a crucial role in recycling VSRs from the PVC to the TGN during the trafficking of soluble proteins to the LV.
Living Longer on Less

This article examines the paid work experiences of women aged more than 55 with less than Aus$100,000 in superannuation living in Victoria, Australia. In Australia, superannuation is a compulsory retirement scheme in which employers make contributions to employees’ superannuation accounts. This research attempts to discover how participants’ experiences of paid work were linked to their positions of low superannuation. We interviewed 32 participants, 18 from a metropolitan and 14 from a regional setting, and analyzed the results qualitatively. We found that although the participants experienced considerable discrimination in the paid workforce, which contributed to their low superannuation balances, the more important factors were outside the workforce, preventing them from accessing well-paid work. These factors included the deprioritization of women’s paid work compared with men’s, unpaid care, disability, ill health and older age, and violence.
Regulation of hormone‐sensitive lipase activity and Ser563 and Ser565 phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle during exercise

Hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) catalyses the hydrolysis of myocellular triacylglycerol (MCTG), which is a potential energy source during exercise. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the regulation of HSL activity in human skeletal muscle during exercise. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of 5′AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the regulation of muscle HSL activity and Ser565 phosphorylation (the presumed AMPK target site) in healthy, moderately trained men during 60 min bicycling (65%). α2AMPK activity during exercise was manipulated by studying subjects with either low (LG) or high (HG) muscle glycogen content. HSL activity was distinguished from the activity of other neutral lipases by immunoinhibition of HSL using an anti‐HSL antibody. During exercise a 62% higher (P < 0.01)α2AMPK activity in LG than in HG was paralleled by a similar difference (61%, P < 0.01) in HSL Ser565 phosphorylation but without any difference between trials in HSL activity or MCTG hydrolysis. HSL activity was increased (117%, P < 0.05) at 30 min of exercise but not at 60 min of exercise. In both trials, HSL phosphorylation on Ser563 (a presumed PKA target site) was not increased by exercise despite a fourfold increase (P < 0.001) in plasma adrenaline. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was increased by exercise in both trials (P < 0.001) and was higher in LG than in HG both at rest and during exercise (P= 0.06). In conclusion, the present study suggests that AMPK phosphorylates HSL on Ser565 in human skeletal muscle during exercise with reduced muscle glycogen. Apparently, HSL Ser565 phosphorylation by AMPK during exercise had no effect on HSL activity. Alternatively, other factors including ERK may have counterbalanced any effect of AMPK on HSL activity.
Magazines and their Companion Websites: Competing Outlet Channels?

This paper provides empirical evidence for the widespread belief that a magazine's companion website induces channel competition on its print version. The analysis is based on aggregated quarterly magazine-specific data on circulation, a broad variety of magazine characteristics, consumer characteristics and information on a magazine's website presence.The data spans the period I/1996 to IV/2004. Nested logit-type models of demand for differentiated products are used in the empirical analysis. A main result of this paper is that magazines that run an online companion on average lose 4.2 percent of their potential consumers. This effect varies substantially across different consumer age groups and across time.
Self-Fulfilling Risk Panics

Recent crises have seen very large spikes in asset price risk without dramatic shifts in fundamentals. We propose an explanation for these risk panics based on self-fulfilling shifts in risk made possible by a negative link between the current asset price and risk about the future asset price. This link implies that risk about tomorrow’s asset price depends on uncertainty about risk tomorrow. This dynamic mapping of risk into itself gives rise to the possibility of multiple equilibria and self-fulfilling shifts in risk. We show that this can generate risk panics. The impact of the panic is larger when the shift from a low to a high risk equilibrium takes place in an environment of weak fundamentals. The sharp increase in risk leads to a large drop in the asset price, decreased leverage and reduced market liquidity. We show that the model can account well for the developments during the recent financial crisis.
The Quality Option and Timing Option in Futures Contracts

A method is developed for pricing the quality option in futures contracts where there are several deliverable assets. The interaction of the timing option and the quality option is examined. Numerical estimates are provided to illustrate the dependence of the quality option on the number of underlying assets. The magnitude of the timing option is examined in the case of two deliverable assets. Copyright 1989 by American Finance Association.
Meeting Health Care Needs of a Vulnerable Population: Perceived Barriers

This study¹ utilized the qualitative methodology of focus groups to explore health care needs and perceived barriers to obtaining health care for urban and rural women and children in areas served by nurse practitioner (NP) and certified nurse midwife (CNM) clinics. The clinics operate in a southeastern county with a rural health professional shortage area designation, and an urban ZIP code area with high rates of infant mortality and serious pediatric conditions. The aim of the study was to delineate barriers to health care in order to develop appropriate services at the clinics and to improve access. Four focus groups with a total of 31 women from the communities were convened. Content analysis shows that access to the clinics is hampered by the community women's limited knowledge of CNMs and NPs and their specific roles in providing health care services. The women suggested that clinics counter their low profile by a more vigorous out-reach promotion.
Estimating Historical Wage Profiles

Abstract. In this article, researchers evaluate the empirical performance of the Mincer earnings equation, which has been the benchmark model for assessment of wage profiles since 1974. The analysis concerns workers in the manufacturing industry in three countries before 1900. The Mincer equation must be adjusted with respect to functional form in order to capture the wage profiles of past industrial workers. The quadratic spline consistently provides the best fit, while the standard quadratic produces misleading estimates of wage changes and gender wage gaps. These conclusions hold across contexts, for men and women, and for both age and experience profiles. The results have methodological relevance for estimating historical wage profiles and also have implications for the assessment of gender wage gaps in the past.
Adaptive cluster sampling based on ranked sets

In many surveys, characteristic of interest is sparsely distributed but highly aggregated; in such situations the adaptive cluster sampling is very useful. Examples of such populations can be found in fisheries, mineral investigations (unevenly distributed ore concentrations), animal and plant populations (rare and endangered species), pollution concentrations and hot spot investigations, and epidemiology of rare diseases. Ranked Set Sampling (RSS) is another useful technique for improving the estimates of mean and variance when the sampling units in a study can be more easily ranked than measured. Under equal and unequal allocation, RSS is found to be more precise than simple random sampling, as it contains information about each order statistics. This paper deal with the problem in which the value of the characteristic under study on the sampled places is low or negligible but the neighbourhoods of these places may have a few scattered pockets of the same. We proposed an adaptive cluster sampling theory based on ranked sets. Different estimators of the population mean are considered and the proposed design is demonstrated with the help of one simple example of small populations. The proposed procedure appears to perform better than the existing procedures of adaptive cluster sampling.