Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nobeyama 45 m mapping observations toward the nearby molecular clouds Orion A, Aquila Rift, and M17: Project overview

We carried out mapping observations toward three nearby molecular clouds, Orion A, Aquila Rift, and M 17, using a new 100 GHz receiver, FOREST, on the Nobeyama 45 m telescope. We describe the details of the data obtained such as intensity calibration, data sensitivity, angular resolution, and velocity resolution. Each target contains at least one high-mass star-forming region. The target molecular lines were 12CO (J = 1–0), 13CO (J = 1–0), C18O (J = 1–0), N2H+ (J = 1–0), and CCS (JN = 87–76), with which we covered the density range of 102 cm−3 to 106 cm−3 with an angular resolution of ∼20″ and a velocity resolution of ∼0.1 km s−1. Assuming the representative distances of 414 pc, 436 pc, and 2.1 kpc, the maps of Orion A, Aquila Rift, and M17 cover most of the densest parts with areas of about 7 pc × 15 pc, 7 pc × 7 pc, and 36 pc × 18 pc, respectively. On the basis of the 13CO column density distribution, the total molecular masses are derived to be $3.86 \times 10^{4}\, M_\odot$, $2.67 \times 10^{4}\, M_{\odot }$, and $8.1\times 10^{5}\, M_{\odot }$ for Orion A, Aquila Rift, and M17, respectively. For all the clouds, the H2 column density exceeds the theoretical threshold for high-mass star formation of ≳ 1 g cm−2 only toward the regions which contain current high-mass star-forming sites. For other areas, further mass accretion or dynamical compression would be necessary for future high-mass star formation. This is consistent with the current star formation activity. Using the 12CO data, we demonstrate that our data have enough capability to identify molecular outflows, and for the Aquila Rift we identify four new outflow candidates. The scientific results will be discussed in detail in separate papers.
Large deviations of the free energy in the 
p
-spin glass spherical model

We investigate the behavior of the rare fluctuations of the free energy in the p-spin spherical model, evaluating the corresponding rate function via the Gartner-Ellis theorem. This approach requires the knowledge of the analytic continuation of the disorder-averaged replicated partition function to arbitrary real number of replicas. In zero external magnetic field, we show via a one-step replica symmetry breaking (1RSB) calculation that the rate function is infinite for fluctuations of the free energy above its typical value, corresponding to an anomalous, super-extensive suppression of rare fluctuations. We extend this calculation to non-zero magnetic field, showing that in this case this very large deviation disappears and we try to motivate this finding in light of a geometrical interpretation of the scaled cumulant generating function.
Real Image Domain Real Image Domain Training Testing Virtual Image Domain 3 D Model with Aggregated Annotations

Detecting semantic parts of an object is a challenging task, particularly because it is hard to annotate semantic parts and construct large datasets. In this paper, we present an approach which can learn from a small annotated dataset containing a limited range of viewpoints and generalize to detect semantic parts for a much larger range of viewpoints. The approach is based on our matching algorithm, which is used for finding accurate spatial correspondence between two images and transplanting semantic parts annotated on one image to the other. Images in the training set are matched to synthetic images rendered from a 3D CAD model, following which a clustering algorithm is used to automatically annotate semantic parts of the CAD model. During the testing period, this CAD model can synthesize annotated images under every viewpoint. These synthesized images are matched to images in the testing set to detect semantic parts in novel viewpoints. Our algorithm is simple, intuitive, and contains very few parameters. Experiments show our method outperforms standard deep learning approaches and, in particular, performs much better on novel viewpoints. For facilitating the future research, code is available: https://github.com/ytongbai/SemanticPartDetection
Factors affecting fat oxidation in exercise

Increasing fat oxidation rates during exercise may be beneficial for the athletic population. At rest, ingestion of Green Tea Extract (GTE) has been found to augment fat oxidation, but there are limited data on the effects during exercise. This thesis systematically investigated the effects of GTE ingestion on exercise metabolism in physically active males. We set out to determine if longer-term feeding of GTE could increase fat oxidation rates during a steady state exercise bout to a greater degree than an acute dose. However, irrespective of the length of ingestion no measureable change in substrate metabolism was found. Due to the large individual differences in fat oxidation at a given absolute and relative exercise intensity, we investigated the effects of acute GTE ingestion during a graded exercise test. Again, no change in fat metabolism was found over a wide range of exercise intensities. Finally, we collected fat oxidation data from a large cohort of athletes. From these data we set new criteria to define individuals as either a fat or carbohydrate metabolic type. Although it is still not known fully what determines metabolic type, the use of a nutritional intervention may be more effective in one type over the other.
Left Ventricle to Right Atrial Shunt Associated with Ventricular-Atrial Malalignment, Double Outlet Right Atrium, and Subaortic Membrane.

We describe an asymptomatic 7 year old boy who was taken to the operating room for repair of a subaortic membrane and possible Gerbode's defect. He was found to have a double outlet right atrium associated with an accessory atrioventricular valve in addition to a small atrial septal defect and subaortic membrane. Regurgitant flow through this accessory valve led to the left ventricle to right atrial shunt that was seen on pre-operative ECHO. The atrial septal defect was repaired and a baffle was used to isolate blood flow across the accessory valve from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The patient was discharged on post-operative day 4 and has been doing well two years post-operatively.
The inter-dimeric interface controls function and stability of Ureaplasma urealiticum methionine S-adenosyltransferase

Methionine S-adenosyltransferases (MATs) are predominantly homotetramers, comprised of dimers of dimers. The highly conserved dimeric interface harbors two active sites, making the dimer the obligatory functional unit. Yet, functionality of the recently evolved inter-dimeric interface remains unknown. Here, we show that the inter-dimeric interface of U. urealiticum MAT has evolved to control the catalytic activity and structural integrity of the homotetramer in response to product accumulation. When all four active sites are occupied with the product, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), binding of four additional SAM molecules to the inter-dimeric interface prompts a ∼45° shift in the dimer orientation and a concomitant ∼60% increase in the interface area. This rearrangement inhibits the enzymatic activity by locking the flexible active site loops in a closed state and renders the tetramer resistant to proteolytic degradation. Our findings suggest that the inter-dimeric interfaces of MATs are recruited by evolution to tune the molecular properties of the entire homotetramer.
Patterns of non-electrolyte permeability

Reflexion coefficients (σ’s) for epithelial cells of rabbit gall-bladder for 206 non-electrolytes have been measured and analysed. In general, σ’s decrease from 1.0 to 0 with increasing lipid:water partition coefficients, so that the intermolecular forces governing permeation of most non-electrolytes are the same as those governing partition between a bulk lipid phase and water. The two classes of deviations to this pattern are related to the specific structure of cell membranes. First, highly branched molecules have higher σ's (permeate more slowly) than expected from partition coefficients, an effect attributed to anisotropy of membrane lipids. Secondly, the smallest, most lipid-insoluble molecules have lower σ’s (permeate more readily) than expected, and are also anomalous in that: effects of changes in their structure on σ disobey Overton’s rules; the inverse relation between σ and temperature is less steep for them than for other solutes; and their σ’s are little affected by decreases in pH which increase σ’s of other solutes. These anomalies are interpreted to mean that small polar solutes in transit through the membrane interact minimally or not at all with hydrocarbon tails of membrane lipids, but instead follow a route formed by localized concentrations of membrane polar groups associated with ‘frozen’ water molecules, where the coupling phenomena between permeating water, ions, and small polar-electrolytes observed in cell membranes may also occur.
Recovery from monocular deprivation in the monkey. I. Reversal of physiological effects in the visual cortex

This is a study of the effects of monocular deprivation, reverse suturing (opening the deprived eye with closure of the other) and reopening of the deprived eye alone (without closing the other) on the physiological organization of the primary visual cortex in monkeys (Erythrocebus patas). All animals were initially monocularly deprived by suture of the lids of the right eye from soon after birth until about 4 weeks of age (24-29 days). In a monocularly deprived animal, recordings were taken from area 17 at 24 days. Already most neurons recorded outside layer IV c were strongly or completely dominated by functional input from the left eye. The non-oriented cells of layer IV c, where the bulk of the afferent input terminates, were also mainly dominated by the left eye. Although segregation of input from the two eyes was not complete, large areas of layer IV c were already monocularly dominated by the left eye. Four animals were reverse-sutured at about 4 weeks and recorded 3, 6, 15 and 126 days later. In each animal the pattern of ocular dominance was fairly similar within and outside layer IV c. Even with only 3 days of forced usage of the initially deprived right eye, about half of all cells recorded had become dominated by it, and the process of ‘recapture’ of cortical cells by the initially deprived eye was apparently complete within 15 days. In layer IV c, the recovery took the form of an expansion of zones dominated by the deprived eye, as if the originally shrunken stripes of afferent termination had become enlarged. Binocularly driven neurons were rare at all stages, in all layers, but when present and orientation-selective, they had similar preferred orientations in the two eyes. Likewise the ‘columnar’ sequences of preferred orientation continued without obvious disruption on shifting from regions dominated by one eye to those dominated by the other. Simply reopening the deprived eye at about 4 weeks, for 15 or 96 days caused no detectable change in the overall ocular dominance of cortical cells and, on average, no expansion of right-eye dominance columns in layer IV c. Therefore the recovery seen after reverse suturing depends not just on the restoration of normal activity to axons carrying information from the right eye, but on the establishment of a competitive advantage, through the right eye being made more active than the left.
Theory of massive particles I. Algebraic structure

A theory of massive particles is developed from the single hypothesis of broken conformal invariance. The theory naturally incorporates fermions and bosons into a single framework. Applied to hadrons, it gives a structure conjectured to be that of the Regge trajectories, including the daughter particles. The theory predicts that the trajectories are exotic
Mind the gap: did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years?

It is widely believed that Charles Darwin avoided publishing his theory of evolution for many years. Many explanations have been proposed to identify Darwin's reasons or motives for doing so. This essay demonstrates that Darwin's delay is a recent historiographical theme for which there is no clear evidence, and indeed is overwhelmingly contradicted by the historical evidence. It is also shown that Darwin's belief in evolution was not a secret before publication. Instead of a man afraid of his secret theory's being revealed to his prejudiced contemporaries, it is demonstrated that Darwin was understandably very busy and began his species book when he had completed work in hand, just as he had intended all along. This essay therefore rewrites a fundamental chapter in the story of Darwin's life and work as usually told.
Strong solids

The strengths of solids are examined, and the various factors that determine them discussed. The ideal strength comes directly from the atomic forces but the practical strength depends on the toughness of the material and the effects of stress concentrations. The types of microstructures most suitable for realizing such strengths are considered. It is concluded that metals densely reinforced with strong whiskers or fibres of light, refractory, non-metallic solids have great promise.
The development of travelling waves in a simple isothermal chemical system. IV. Quadratic autocatalysis with quadratic decay

The initiation of travelling reaction-diffusion waves in the chemical system governed by the quadratic autocatalytic or branching reaction A + B → 2B (rate k1 ab) coupled with the decay or termination step B + B → C (rate k4b2) is discussed. The system is described by the non-dimensional parameter K - k4/k1 and parameters representing the local initial input of B. It is shown that a travelling wave of permanent form will develop for all K (and no matter how small the initial input of B). Bounds on the solution of the initial-value problem are obtained as well as numerical integrations of the governing equations. The structure of the permanent form travelling waves that arise is discussed in some detail, as well as the asymptotic limits K → 0 and K → ∞. The behaviour of the solution for this problem is compared with solutions found previously for other related simple autocatalytic systems with autocatalyst decay.
On the mass, momentum, energy and circulation of a solitary wave

Some new relations are given between the kinetic and potential energies of a solitary wave. In particular, the Lagrangian is expressed as an integral involving the total energy. Alternative proofs are also given of two other exact relations satisfied by the profile of the wave. These relations are used to derive some very simple but close approximations to the form of the wave of maximum amplitude.
Random electrodynamics

This paper is a study of a statistical ensemble of classical harmonic oscillators which is stationary in time, and whose position and momentum distribution functions are those of the corresponding quantum-mechanical oscillator in its ground state. If the oscillating particle is charged, then in order to maintain the distribution stationary a certain random electromagnetic field must be present. The intensity distribution of the radiation field is calculated, and it is found to be identical with the ‘photon vacuum’ of quantum electrodynamics. It is suggested, therefore, that this radiation field, which in quantum field theory is treated entirely formally, might exist in the classical sense. The method is extended to the excited states. It is found that the classical ensembles corresponding to these have probability distributions which may be negative. However, when attention is shifted to the quantum-mechanical ‘mixture’, this is no longer the case. Furthermore, the intensity distribution of the radiation field at temperature T is shown to be simply the sum of the Planck distribution and the previously obtained zero-temperature field. The application of these results to statistical mechanics is discussed. In this paper the treatment is non-relativistic throughout, but radiative corrections of the type which give rise to the Lamb shift are an integral part of the theory.
Supporting the prescription of exercise in spinal cord injured populations

Following a spinal cord injury (SCI), participation in regular exercise can enhance physical capacity and performance in activities of daily living. With this in mind, the use of subjective ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) may provide an easy-to-administer alternative to traditional methods of regulating exercise intensity (e.g. heart rate and power output (PO). A physically active lifestyle is also associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, in part because exercise exerts anti-inflammatory effects. Examining the plasma response of inflammation-mediating chemical messengers, known as cytokines, to traditional and novel exercise modalities may help maximise the anti-inflammatory potential of regular exercise. Participants with a cervical level SCI successfully self-regulated a 20 min bout of moderate intensity wheelchair propulsion (Chapter three). No differences in physiological or PO responses were observed during the imposed-intensity and self-regulated wheelchair propulsion in the trained population group. In a non-SCI group of novice wheelchair-users, a differentiated RPE specific to the exercising muscle mass (RPEP) was the dominant perceptual signal during submaximal wheelchair propulsion (Chapter four). The novice group successfully self-regulated a 12 min bout of moderate intensity wheelchair propulsion, comprising of a discontinuous 3 x 4 min protocol, using differentiated RPEP. In contrast, a more accurate self-regulation of light intensity wheelchair propulsion was observed when employing traditional overall RPE compared to RPEP. Following strenuous wheelchair propulsion, plasma concentrations of the inflammation-mediating cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) were significantly elevated in non-SCI and thoracic level SCI participants (Chapter five). Impaired sympathetic nervous system (SNS) function was associated with a reduced IL-6 response in participants with a cervical level SCI. The plasma IL-6 response to 30 min moderate intensity (60% VO2peak) arm-crank ergometry (ACE) was associated with an elevation in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) independent of SNS activation (Chapter six). Light intensity ACE resulted in a small, significant plasma IL-6 response but no IL-1ra response. The addition of functional electrical stimulation-evoked lower-limb cycling to concurrent hand cycling, termed hybrid exercise, resulted in a greater plasma IL-6 response compared to moderate intensity hand cycling alone in participants with a thoracic level SCI (Chapter seven).
On the unification of classical and novel integrable surfaces. I. Differential geometry

A novel class of integrable surfaces is recorded. This class of O surfaces is shown to include and generalize classical surfaces such as isothermic, constant mean curvature, minimal, ‘linear’ Weingarten, Guichard and Petot surfaces and surfaces of constant Gaussian curvature. It is demonstrated that the construction of a Bäcklund transformation for O surfaces leads in a natural manner to an associated parameterdependent linear representation. As an illustration, the classical pseudosphere and breather pseudospherical surfaces are generated simultaneously.
Mechanics of adhesive failure. I

The mechanics of adhesive failure have been investigated by using model adhesive joints between a cross-linked amorphous rubber and rigid polymeric substrates. The adhesive failure energy, 0, was determined over a wide range of temperatures and rates of crack propagation. For any given rubber-substrate joint the results yield a single m aster curve w hen reduced to a reference temperature by means of the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation. It is shown that 6 is the sum of two components: the energy dissipated viscoelastically within the rubber at the crack tip and the ‘intrinsic ’ adhesive failure energy 00. The value of the former is proportional to 00, so that 0 can also be represented as the product of 00 and a function of rate and temperature. The prameter 00 is governed by the surface properties and compositions of the materials forming the joint. When pure interfacial failure occurs, 00has a value in close agreement with the thermodynamic ‘work of ad hesion’ determined independently.
Endovascular photodynamic therapy to prevent arterial restenosis

markdownabstract__Abstract__ Since their existence, man has appreciated the benefits of sunlight and described some of its medicinal effects known as heliotherapy. Herodotus in the 6th century BC noticed that sunlight had beneficial effects on bone growth. Hippocrates in 460-375 BC advocated the use of heliotherapy for various human maladies [1]. In 1898, McCall-Anderson described skin photosensitivity due to porphyrin molecules [2]. In 1900, Raab using acridine orange described a photochemical action that led to the killing of protozoa [3]. In 1901, the Dane Niels Rydberg Finsen described the first scientific experiment in animals designated as phototherapy using light from a carbon arc. Phototherapy was defined as the use of visible or near-visible light in the treatment of disease [4]. He noticed that the use of ultraviolet light improved wound healing in smallpox in animals and lupus vulgaris in men. These studies were appreciated with naming a Medical Light Institute after him in Copenhagen and by awarding him the Nobel Prize for Physiology-Medicine in 1903. The Danish Queen Alexandra introduced the technique into the London Hospital in Whitechapel (now the Royal London Hospital) in 1904.
Ligand-Selective Interactions of ER Detected in Living Cells by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology (R.V.W., N.J.C., D.C.C., T.S.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0446; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology (C.-Y.C., D.P.M.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710; Graduate Program in Chemistry and Chemical Biology (N.J.C.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0446; Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology (R.N.D.), NSF Center for Biological Timing, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908; Metabolic Research Unit, Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine (J.D.B., F.S.), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0540
Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Geriatric Depression Scale Among Cardiac Patients

The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was originally designed as a measure for screening depression among elderly medical patients. Although this instrument is well validated among a general medical population, it has never been evaluated with specific regard to cardiac patients, the largest single group of medical patients over 40 years of age. A general cardiac sample of 655 patients completed the GDS within 10 weeks of the cardiac event. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted on the main sample, then on several subgroups of participants with regard to diagnostic category, gender, and age. The GDS generally produces factor structures with several symptom domains with a high rate of total variance. The myocardial infarction group endorsed general symptoms of depression whereas the coronary artery bypass graft group reported greater levels of despair regarding their condition. Overall, males primarily reported agitation and hopelessness while females reported symptoms of depressed mood.