Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reynolds-number-dependent turbulent inertia and onset of log region in pipe flows

Abstract A detailed analysis of the ‘turbulent inertia’ (TI) term (the wall-normal gradient of the Reynolds shear stress, $\mathrm{d} \langle -uv\rangle /\mathrm{d} y $ ), in the axial mean momentum equation is presented for turbulent pipe flows at friction Reynolds numbers $\delta ^{+} \approx 500$ , 1000 and 2000 using direct numerical simulation. Two different decompositions for TI are employed to further understand the mean structure of wall turbulence. In the first, the TI term is decomposed into the sum of two velocity–vorticity correlations ( $\langle v \omega _z \rangle + \langle - w \omega _y \rangle $ ) and their co-spectra, which we interpret as an advective transport (vorticity dispersion) contribution and a change-of-scale effect (associated with the mechanism of vorticity stretching and reorientation). In the second decomposition, TI is equivalently represented as the wall-normal gradient of the Reynolds shear stress co-spectra, which serves to clarify the accelerative or decelerative effects associated with turbulent motions at different scales. The results show that the inner-normalised position, $y_m^{+}$ , where the TI profile crosses zero, as well as the beginning of the logarithmic region of the wall turbulent flows (where the viscous force is leading order) move outwards in unison with increasing Reynolds number as $y_m^{+} \sim \sqrt{\delta ^{+}}$ because the eddies located close to $y_m^{+}$ are influenced by large-scale accelerating motions of the type $\langle - w \omega _y \rangle $ related to the change-of-scale effect (due to vorticity stretching). These large-scale motions of $O(\delta ^{+})$ gain a spectrum of larger length scales with increasing $\delta ^{+}$ and are related to the emergence of a secondary peak in the $-uv$ co-spectra. With increasing Reynolds number, the influence of the $O(\delta ^{+})$ motions promotes viscosity to act over increasingly longer times, thereby increasing the $y^{+}$ extent over which the mean viscous force retains leading order. Furthermore, the TI decompositions show that the $\langle v \omega _z \rangle $ motions (advective transport and/or dispersion of vorticity) are the dominant mechanism in and above the log region, whereas $\langle - w \omega _y \rangle $ motions (vorticity stretching and/or reorientation) are most significant below the log region. The motions associated with $\langle - w \omega _y \rangle $ predominantly underlie accelerations, whereas $\langle v \omega _z \rangle $ primarily contribute to decelerations. Finally, a description of the structure of wall turbulence deduced from the present analysis and our physical interpretation is presented, and is shown to be consistent with previous flow visualisation studies.
Crystalline lens malignancy

bioavailability and reduced toxicity; however, the mechanism by which tip size was altered was complex. In contrast to the system suggested by Brown et al. that utilized modification of tips by ’cutting, lathing, drilling and gluing’, the present system is readily implemented with little bottle modification. The soft plastic nature of the dispensing tips minimizes the risk of eye injury due to improper drop administration. Moreover, the 0.5-inch dispensing tip provides an extension of the drop delivery orifice such that ease in positioning the tip to just within the lower lid margin is facilitated, thus improving efficiency in drop administration.
Cortical activity is more stable when sensory stimuli are consciously perceived

Significance Recently, a reduction in the variability of neural activity across trials has been proposed as a general property of sensory perception. However, in order for this increased reliability in the neuronal response to be relevant for perception it must be present at the single-trial level. Here we show that the within-trial stability of the activity evoked by a threshold-level visual stimulus is a reliable and specific indicator of whether or not the stimulus was reported as “seen. ” This within-trial difference in stability coincides in time with a difference in variability across trials. We also show that the same neural stability can be used to discriminate the conscious state of brain-injured patients. These findings validate the relevance of transient neural stability for conscious perception. According to recent evidence, stimulus-tuned neurons in the cerebral cortex exhibit reduced variability in firing rate across trials, after the onset of a stimulus. However, in order for a reduction in variability to be directly relevant to perception and behavior, it must be realized within trial—the pattern of activity must be relatively stable. Stability is characteristic of decision states in recurrent attractor networks, and its possible relevance to conscious perception has been suggested by theorists. However, it is difficult to measure on the within-trial time scales and broadly distributed spatial scales relevant to perception. We recorded simultaneous magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG and EEG) data while subjects observed threshold-level visual stimuli. Pattern-similarity analyses applied to the data from MEG gradiometers uncovered a pronounced decrease in variability across trials after stimulus onset, consistent with previous single-unit data. This was followed by a significant divergence in variability depending upon subjective report (seen/unseen), with seen trials exhibiting less variability. Applying the same analysis across time, within trial, we found that the latter effect coincided in time with a difference in the stability of the pattern of activity. Stability alone could be used to classify data from individual trials as “seen” or “unseen. ” The same metric applied to EEG data from patients with disorders of consciousness exposed to auditory stimuli diverged parametrically according to clinically diagnosed level of consciousness. Differences in signal strength could not account for these results. Conscious perception may involve the transient stabilization of distributed cortical networks, corresponding to a global brain-scale decision.
Statistical and Texture Descriptors of Symptomatic Plantar Fasciitis Using Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography

Plantar fasciitis (PFis) is a common cause of heel pain. This study aims to assess the plantar fascia (PF) quantitatively by using feature descriptors and seek valuable imaging biomarkers that can reliably diagnose PFis. A total of 63 participants underwent B-mode and longitudinal shear wave elastography (SWE) on unilateral plantar fasciae. To characterize the statistical and spatial texture features of the PF, ten statistical descriptors of the shear modulus in the standardized region of interest in PF and twenty texture descriptors in the SWE measurement window (in both horizontal and vertical directions) are proposed. Four statistical quantities (mode, avg, med, qG) and four texture descriptors (autoc, sosvh, savgh svarh) showed potential for diagnosing PFis, based on significant differences between the PFis and the healthy groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that the statistical descriptors have area under the curve (AUC) of approximately 0.9 (likelihood ratio >6.798) and the texture descriptors have AUC of approximately 0.85 (likelihood ratio >3.195). Combinations of statistical and texture descriptors can achieve higher AUCs~0.968. In addition, these descriptors were related to the clinical indices (body mass index and visual analogue scale) with Spearman’s correlation coefficient of $r=-0$ . 5~−0.4( $p < 0.05$ ). The proposed statistical and texture descriptors showed valuable potential if applied to clinical shear wave elastography for the diagnosis of PFis. This work lays the foundation of using ultrasound shear wave image features for describing symptomatic PFis.
C-peptide and glucagon profiles in minority children with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The present study was conducted to determine the extent of insulin deficiency and glucagon excess in the hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetes in children. The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents has increased substantially over the past several years. Because insulin and glucagon action both regulate blood glucose concentration, we studied their responses to mixed meals in children with type 2 diabetes. Subjects were 24 patients with type 2 diabetes compared with 24 controls, aged 9--20 yr (predominantly African-Americans), matched for body mass index and sexual maturation. All of those with diabetes were negative for antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase. Plasma glucose, glucagon, and serum C-peptide concentrations were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after a mixed liquid meal (Sustacal) ingestion (7 mL/kg body weight; maximum, 360 mL). The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated by trapezoidal estimation. The incremental C-peptide (Delta CP) in response to the mixed meal was calculated (peak -- fasting C-peptide). The plasma glucose AUC was significantly greater in patients than in controls (mean +/- SEM, 1231 +/- 138 vs. 591 +/- 13 mmol/L x min; P < 0.001). The Delta CP was significantly lower in those with diabetes than in controls (1168 +/- 162 vs. 1814 +/- 222 pmol/L; P < 0.02). Glucagon responses did not differ between the two groups. Hyperglycemia is known to inhibit glucagon secretion. Therefore, our patients with substantial hyperglycemia would be expected to have decreased glucagon responses compared with controls and are thus relatively hyperglucagonemic. Patients were divided into poorly and well controlled subgroups (glycosylated hemoglobin A(1c), > or =7.2% and <7.2%, respectively). There were no significant differences in the Delta CP and glucagon responses between these two subgroups. We next analyzed the data in terms of duration of diabetes (long term, > or =1 yr; short term, <1 yr). The CP was significantly lower in long- vs. short-term patients (768 +/- 232 vs. 1407 +/- 199 pmol/L; P < 0.05). The plasma glucagon AUC was significantly higher in the long- vs. short-term patients (9029 +/- 976 vs. 6074 +/- 291 ng/L x min; P < 0.001). Hemoglobin A(1c) did not differ between long- vs. short-term patients. Our results indicate that relative hypoinsulinemia and hyperglucagonemia represent the pancreatic beta- and alpha-cell dysfunctions in children with type 2 diabetes. The severity of both beta- and alpha-cell dysfunctions appears to be determined by the duration of diabetes.
Can Market Knowledge from Intermediaries Increase Sellers' Performance in On-Line Marketplaces?

The success of on-line marketplaces hinges on their ability to attract and retain sellers as well as buyers. The extant literature focuses on understanding the behavior of buyers, however, and few studies have tackled issues central to the performance of sellers. As a first step to fill this gap, this study systematically examines the effect of market knowledge from intermediaries on the performance of sellers in on-line marketplaces. Specifically, using a knowledge-based view of the firm as a theoretical lens, a research model is developed that highlights a causal link from the quality of market knowledge provided by an intermediary to sellers' market knowledge utilization and performance in an on-line marketplace. Strong empirical support for the research model is provided by data from 235 actual sellers in an on-line marketplace. The quality of market knowledge (i.e., its relevance, complementarity, and currency) is found to exert a positive effect on sellers' utilization of market knowledge, which in turn improves the sellers' performance. These findings motivate sellers to enhance their performance by utilizing market knowledge from intermediaries and offer useful guidelines for intermediaries to provide access to high-quality market knowledge for sellers in their marketplaces.
Metabolic Context of the Competence-Induced Checkpoint for Cell Replication in Streptococcus suis

Natural genetic transformation is a transient, rapidly progressing energy-consuming process characterized by expression of the transformasome and competence-associated regulatory genes. This transient state is tightly controlled to avoid potentially adverse effects of genetic recombination on genome integrity during cell division. We investigated the global response of Streptococcus suis to exposure to the SigX competence-inducing peptide (XIP), and thus to the activation of the competence machinery, using time series analysis together with PCA analysis, gene clustering followed by heatmap visualisation, and GO enrichment analysis. We explored the possible regulatory link between metabolism and competence, and predicted the physiological adaptation of S. suis during competence induction, progression and exit using transcriptome analysis. We showed that competence development is associated with a suppression of basal metabolism, which may have consequences for the microbe's resilience to fluctuations in the environment, as competence is costly in terms of use of energy and protein translation. Furthermore our data suggest that several basal metabolic pathways are incompatible with activation of competence in S. suis. This study also showed that targeting specific pathways during the development of competence, might render S. suis more vulnerable toward novel antibiotic therapies.
Balancing Indigenous Values Through Diverse Economies: A Case Study of Māori Ecotourism

ABSTRACT Tourism has been portrayed as a sector that can create economic opportunities for Indigenous people through the development of Indigenous tourism and the generation of employment especially in regional and remote areas. This article presents a case study of Māori ecotourism that describes a business model that invests in and supports the building of capacity and enterprise while balancing both cultural and economic values. We posit a hybrid business model that “fits” with context-specific socio-historical culturally constituted frameworks, which incorporate a language of “economic diversity”. Using the framework of diverse economies we challenge tourism academia to move toward more flexible forms of understanding economic practice and the aspirations of Indigenous people today.
Business Intelligence Acceptance: The Prominence of Organizational Factors

The specifics of business intelligence systems compared to operational IS motivate the necessity to research the business intelligence systems acceptance determinants separately. The authors followed an exploratory approach in order to conceptualize a business intelligence acceptance model. Their findings show that in the Business Intelligence Systems context, there is a significant emphasis on organizational factors, such as result demonstrability, social influence, and facilitating conditions with sufficient resources that help build an adequate information culture all substantially influencing the effective acceptance of business intelligence systems.
Regulare und chaotische Bewegung in der klassischen Mechanik

Die Bewegung von Planeten, Pendeln und Kreiseln gilt im Bewusstsein der meisten Menschen noch immer als Inbegrifi regulauf lange Sicht voraussagbaren Verhaltens. Ihre detaillierte Beschreibung im Rahmen der analytischen Mechanik ist eine der gro…en Leistungen der Geistesgeschichte. Wenn aber Laplace daraus die Vorstellung ableitete, das ganze Weltgeschehen sei nach dem Muster eines komplexen Uhrwerks begreifbar, so ist das eine groteske Extrapolation. Denn tatsist in der Mechanik Regularitdie Ausnahme, Chaos die Regel. Newton mag das geahnt haben, als ihm trotz aller Mkeine befriedigende Er- klder Mondbewegung gelang. Seit Poincare wissen wir, dass die Gleichungen f˜ drei und mehr Himmelskprinzipiell nicht integrabel sind, undverhes sich mit gekoppelten Pendeln oder asymmetrischen Kreiseln. Was aber diese " Nichtinte- grabilitkonkret bedeutet, wie ausgeprdas " Chaos\ im Einzelfall ist, kwir erst mit Hilfe moderner Rechner erkunden. Es zeigt sich, dass der ˜
Influence of the Spleen on Portal Haemodynamics: a Non-invasive Study with Doppler Ultrasound in Chronic Liver Disease and Haematological Disorders

Background: Splanchnic haemodynamic parameters for the differential diagnosis of splenomegalies of different origins are still suboptimal and the role of spleen enlargement in cirrhosis remains controversial. In an attempt to elucidate these questions, we assessed splanchnic haemodynamics in chronic liver diseases and various other disorders with splenomegaly. Methods: Study groups comprised: (i) patients with chronic liver disease (89 with cirrhosis, 35 with chronic hepatitis), (ii) patients with splenomegaly without relevant portal hypertension (14 with haematological splenomegaly and 25 liver transplant recipients without complications), (iii) 15 patients with arterial hypertension, (iv) 22 healthy controls. In all subjects, spleen size, portal flow parameters and splenic artery resistance index were measured using duplex-Doppler ultrasound. Results: Splenic artery resistance index was significantly and selectively increased in patients with cirrhosis (0.63, whereas all other group means ranged between 0.53 and 0.56; P < 0.01). Portal flow velocity was significantly decreased in cirrhosis ( P < 0.01). The combination of these two parameters provided an accuracy of 87.5% in distinguishing portal hypertensive from haematological splenomegaly. In patients with cirrhosis, the degree of spleen enlargement was positively correlated with increasing portal flow volume, portal vein diameter and variceal size, whereas splenic resistance index and portal velocity did not differ in connection with spleen size. Conclusions: Splenoportal Doppler sonography provides specific findings in cirrhosis and may therefore be a useful tool in differentiating between splenomegaly of portal hypertensive or haematological origin. In patients with cirrhosis, the presence of splenomegaly is associated with the presence of larger oesophageal varices.
Amniotic Membrane Transplantation for Treatment of Symblepharon in a Patient With Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa

Purpose: To report the surgical treatment of a case with epidermolysis bullosa. Methods: A 12-year-old girl with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa presented to our clinic with a symblepharon connecting the lateral half of the left upper lid to the upper temporal quadrant of the cornea. The central cornea exhibited diffuse opacity and vascularization. Results: During surgery, the symblepharon was lysed, and lamellar keratectomy was performed. The operated portion of cornea and palpebral conjunctiva was covered with amniotic membrane to promote healing. Fourteen months later, the operated eyelid margin was normal and the eye was fully mobile. The temporal portion of the corneal stroma was still thinner than normal and showed mild superficial vascularization and opacification. Conclusion: We believe that amniotic membrane transplantation is a valuable way to treat symblepharon in cases of epidermolysis bullosa.
A Dynamic Comparative Study Concerning the Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Aldosterone Receptor Blockers on the Fibrinolytic System

The renin—angiotensin—aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a central role in fibrinolysis. Activation of the RAAS stimulates the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which can be directly implicated in the pathophysiology of thromboembolic events. Our primary aims were to measure (1) the effect of acute RAAS activation on plasma levels of PAI-1, and (2) the inhibitory effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor alone, versus a combination of an ACE inhibitor and aldosterone blockade on the increase in PAI-1 usually observed. In the current prospective in vivo study, RAAS was activated by means of phlebotomy, an effective, physiologic means of RAAS activation. Seventeen voluntary prehypertensive, but otherwise healthy, blood donors were included in this study. Renin and PAI-1 levels were measured before and after initial phlebotomy. At the time of the second phlebotomy, 12 of 17 donors randomly were assigned to receive enalapril (5 mg) or a combination of enalapril (5 mg) plus spironolactone (25 mg), beginning 3 days before phlebotomy, and 5 were assigned to be controls, receiving no medications. Plasma renin and PAI levels were significantly increased following initial phlebotomy. At the time of the second phlebotomy, plasma PAI-1 activity was reduced significantly, as compared with the initial phlebotomy, but it did not return to baseline levels. The observed mean reduction in PAI-1 level was greater among the subjects who received both ACE and aldosterone inhibition. Enalapril and the combination of enalapril plus spironolactone efficiently reduce PAI-1 levels, but the reductions are more pronounced with the combined regimen. However, neither treatment appears sufficient to return PAI-1 activity to baseline levels.
Dimensions of Marriage Happiness

This paper is concerned with the development of a theoretical model of the structure of marriage happiness that may be useful for diagnosis, analysis, and prediction. An over-all model, composed of a dimension of satisfactions and a dimension of tensions which function independently to produce happiness in marriage, is suggested. The independent dimensions correlate in the expected directions with an individual's own assessment of his marriage, but do not correlate with each other. These characteristics suggest that the difference between an individual's scores on the satisfactions and tensions indexes, called the "Marriage Adjustment Balance Scale" (MABS), is a good over-all indicator of an individual's happiness in marriage. Marriage happiness self-ratings and the MABS were found to be positively related to over-all happiness ratings. Each of the marriage happiness indexes is also related to over-all happiness in the expected direction. Finally, marriage happiness is related to over-all happiness through both positive and negative affect, so that there appears to be a perfect meshing between the two-dimensional structure of marriage happiness and the two-dimensional structure of psychological well-being.