Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Primary Lymphoma of Bone: A Clinico-Pathological Review and Analysis of Prognostic Factors

Primary non-Hodgkin’s bone lymphoma (PBL) is an uncommon malignancy first described by Oberling in 1928 [1], and established as a different clinical entity in 1939 [2]. It represents 7% of all bone tumors and less than 5% of non-Hodgkin’s extranodal lymphomas [3]. A retrospective review was performed with all consecutive patients with PBL diagnosed and treated at our center between January 1975 and December 2000. All patients had histological confirmation of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and were classified according to the Working Formulation. Tumor burden was evaluated with the M.D. Anderson criteria. Staging was based on the Ann Arbor classification. Assessment of response was performed according to the WHO criteria. Survival curves were estimated with the Kaplan –Meier method, and compared by means of the log-rank test. The Cox’s proportional hazard model was used to identify independent prognostic factors of survival. Age, stage, extranodal involved areas, performance status, and serum LDH levels, included in the International Prognostic Index (IPI) [4] were analyzed together. Patient characteristics are shown in Table I. All patients received treatment for PBL with either chemotherapy (1 patient, 5%), radiotherapy (3 patients, 14%), or combined chemotherapy+radiotherapy (17 cases, 81%). Chemotherapy schedules included anthracyclines in 83% cases. The most frequent employed of them was CHOP. The median dose of radiotherapy delivered was 40 Gy, with a boost of 500 cGy on primary lesions. Patients with PBL treated with chemotherapy received a median of 6 cycles (range, 1 – 12). Sixteen patients achieved a complete response (76%), 1 showed a disease stabilization (5%), and 4 patients progressed (19%). Six patients had a recurrence of the disease (29%), 2 of them primarily treated with radiotherapy alone, 1 case treated with chemotherapy alone, and 3 patients treated with combined modality. At the time of data analysis, with a median follow-up of 87 months (range, 7 – 297), 12 patients (57%) are alive and disease-free, while 9 have died, in 6 cases due to progression of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (29%) and in 3 due to other causes (radiation-induced osteosarcoma,
A Hierarchical Perspective of Plant Diversity

Predictive models of plant diversity have typically focused on either a landscape’s capacity for richness (equilibrium models), or on the processes that regulate competitive exclusion, and thus allow species to coexist (nonequilibrium models). Here, we review the concepts and purposes of a hierarchical, multiscale model of the controls of plant diversity that incorporates the equilibrium model of climatic favorability at macroscales, nonequilibrium models of competition at microscales, and a mixed model emphasizing environmental heterogeneity at mesoscales. We evaluate the conceptual model using published data from three spatially nested datasets: (1) a macroscale analysis of ecoregions in the continental and western U.S.; (2) a mesoscale study in California; and (3) a microscale study in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon and California. At the macroscale (areas from 3889 km2 to 638,300 km2), climate (actual evaporation) was a strong predictor of tree diversity (R2 = 0.80), as predicted by the conceptual model, but area was a better predictor for vascular plant diversity overall (R2 = 0.38), which suggests different types of plants differ in their sensitivity to climatic controls. At mesoscales (areas from 1111 km2 to 15,833 km2 ), climate was still an important predictor of richness (R2 = 0.52), but, as expected, topographic heterogeneity explained an important share of the variance (R2 = 0.19), showed positive correlations with diversity of trees, shrubs, and annual and perennial herbs, and was the primary predictor of shrub and annual plant species richness. At microscales (0.1 ha plots), spatial patterns of diversity showed a clear unimodal pattern along a climate‐driven productivity gradient and a negative relationship with soil fertility. The strong decline in understory and total diversity at the most productive sites suggests that competitive controls, as predicted, can override climatic controls at this scale. We conclude that this hierarchical, multiscale model provides a sound basis to understand and analyze plant species diversity. Specifically, future research should employ the principles in this paper to explore climatic controls on species richness of different life forms, better quantify environmental heterogeneity in landscapes, and analyze how these large‐scale factors interact with local nonequilibrium dynamics to maintain plant diversity.
The effects of deprivation of cigarette smoking on psychomotor performance.

Increased restrictive action has been taken to limit tobacco smoking in a variety of public and occupational settings without regard to the behavioural effects of these actions on smokers. Two studies were undertaken; one examining the performance of 16 college female cigarette smokers under conditions of smoking or deprivation, and the second study investigating 16 males from the same population. Performance scores, taken from an instrumented complex psychomotor device, were adjusted for ability as determined from a training period on the device and then compared between smoking conditions. In both studies, deprived smokers performed significantly less well on the pursuit tracking task while reaction time, vigilance and mental arithmetic tasks were not affected. Results are discussed in terms of the negative effects on performance and the possible implications for work situations.
Immunization of mice and chinchillas against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The possibility of production of an effective vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in fur-bearing animals was investigated. Twenty-three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from diseased chinchillas and mink were tested in mice for their immunogenic properties. Nineteen of these strains produced good immunity against homologous strains, and three of these produced also good immunity against heterologous strains. Of the remaining four strains two produced moderate immunity and two no immunity. It was found that 0.05% or 0.5% formalin added to suspensions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or ultrasonification of the suspension produced better results than 0.5% phenol, 0.3% alcohol or heat at 100 degrees C for half an hour. Chinchillas vaccinated with two doses of formolized Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterins were immune for 36 weeks after the second dose, while all controls died within 48 hours after being challenged. It was found that the protection afforded by the polyvalent bacterin extended beyond the strains included in the vaccine.A field survey on 34 ranches which included over 7,700 chinchillas showed very promising and encouraging results.
Mild gestational hypertension: differences in ethnicity are associated with altered outcomes in women who undergo outpatient treatment.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of ethnicity on outcome in women with mild gestational hypertension that is remote from term. STUDY DESIGN Nulliparous women with mild gestational hypertension who participated in an outpatient monitoring program between January 1995 and December 1999 were candidates. Patients had a singleton pregnancy at <37 weeks of gestation and were followed up for a minimum of 2 days as an outpatient. Maternal and perinatal outcomes were compared between groups by the Student t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Pearson chi2 analyses. RESULTS One thousand one hundred eight-two women were included in the analysis. No clinically remarkable differences in gestational age or incidence of proteinuria at the start of observation were noted. Newborn infants of Hispanic and African American women had significantly smaller birth weights compared with those of white women. African American women had a higher incidence of abruptio placentae (n = 5), stillbirths (n = 3), and neonatal deaths (n = 2) versus the other groups (n = 0 for all). The frequency of progression to thrombocytopenia/HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome) and cesarean delivery rates were similar between groups. CONCLUSION Differences in outcomes are observed between ethnic groups even when the women undergo the same intensive outpatient monitoring for mild gestational hypertension.
Genetic structure and gene flow among European corn borer populations from the Great Plains to the Appalachians of North America

1 Earlier population genetic spatial analysis of European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) indicated no genetic differentiation even between locations separated by 720 km. This result suggests either high dispersal resulting in high gene flow or that populations are not in migration–drift equilibrium subsequent to their invasion of the central U.S.A. in the 1940s. 2 To discriminate among these two possibilities, samples were collected at 12 locations in eight states from New York to Colorado, a geographic scale that is three‐fold greater than previously tested. Eight microsatellite markers were employed to estimate genetic differentiation and gene flow among these populations, and to test for isolation‐by‐distance. 3 Although pairwise FST estimates were very low, there was a significant isolation‐by‐distance relationship. 4 Wright's neighbourhood area (i.e. the surface area covered by a panmictic group of individuals within a larger continuous distribution) was calculated as 433 km2, and the radius indicates that approximately 13% of O. nubilalis adults disperse a net distance >12 km per generation from their natal source. 5 Analyses indicated significant differentiation between the north‐eastern region (New York and Pennsylvania) and the region combining sample locations from Ohio to Colorado, suggesting the potential for isolation of populations by topographic barriers in the Northeast. 6 Taken together, the results suggest that O. nubilalis exhibits substantial gene flow over long distances and that the lack of genetic differentiation between populations across hundreds of kilometres is not simply a result of migration–drift disequilibrium arising from the recent range expansion.
A Study of User Performance and Attitudes with Information Retrieval Interfaces

This article reports on a project undertaken to compare the behavior of two types of users with two types of information retrieval interfaces. The user types were search process specialists and subject matter domain specialists with no prior online database search experience. The interfaces were native DIALOG, which uses a procedural language, and OAK, a largely menu-based, hence nonprocedural language interface communicating with DIALOG. Three types of data were recorded : logs automatically recorded by computer monitoring of all searches, results of structured interviews with subjects at the time of the searches, and results of focus group discussions after all project tasks were completed. The type of user was determined by a combination of prior training, objective in searching, and subject domain knowledge. Our results show that the type of interface does affect performance and that users adapt their behavior to interfaces differently. Different combinations of search experience and domain knowledge will lead to different behavior in use of an information retrieval system. Different kinds of users can best be served with different kinds of interfaces.
Reduction of seizure frequency after epilepsy surgery in a patient with STXBP1 encephalopathy and clinical description of six novel mutation carriers

Mutations in STXBP1 have been identified in a subset of patients with early onset epileptic encephalopathy (EE), but the full phenotypic spectrum remains to be delineated. Therefore, we screened a cohort of 160 patients with an unexplained EE, including patients with early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME), Ohtahara syndrome, West syndrome, nonsyndromic EE with onset in the first year, and Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (LGS). We found six de novo mutations in six patients presenting as Ohtahara syndrome (2/6, 33%), West syndrome (1/65, 2%), and nonsyndromic early onset EE (3/64, 5%). No mutations were found in LGS or EME. Only two of four mutation carriers with neonatal seizures had Ohtahara syndrome. Epileptic spasms were present in five of six patients. One patient with normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) but focal seizures underwent epilepsy surgery and seizure frequency dropped drastically. Neuropathology showed a focal cortical dysplasia type 1a. There is a need for additional neuropathologic studies to explore whether STXBP1 mutations can lead to structural brain abnormalities.
A cross-cultural study of hindsight bias and conditional probabilistic reasoning

Hindsight bias is a mistaken belief that one could have predicted a given outcome once the outcome is known. Choi and Nisbett (2000) reported that Koreans showed stronger hindsight bias than Americans, and explained the results using the distinction between analytic cognition (Westerners) and holistic cognition (Easterners). The purpose of the present study was to see whether hindsight bias is stronger among Easterners than among Westerners using a probability judgement task, and to test an “explicit–implicit” hypothesis and a “rule-dialectics” hypothesis. We predicted that the implicit process is more active among Easterners to generate hindsight bias, and that Easterners are more dialectical thinkers, whereas Westerners are more rule-based thinkers. French, British, Japanese, and Korean participants were asked to make probabilistic judgements in a Good Samaritan scenario (Experiment 1) and in a scenario including conditional probabilistic judgement (Experiment 2). In both Experiments, we presume that the implicit revision of causal models is made just by being given unexpected outcome information, and that explicit revision is made by being asked to point out possible factors for an unexpected outcome. In the results Easterners showed greater hindsight bias generally and it was greater in the Good Samaritan scenario. We conclude that the reason why hindsight bias was lower among Westerners is primarily that they tried to follow a rule to suppress the bias.
Metodologia para determinação da perda de carga localizada em emissores não coaxiais integrados a tubos de polietileno

In this paper, the results of an experimental investigation on local head losses from uncoaxial in-line emitters inserted into the pipe line are reported. Local losses corresponding to four different pipe-emitter combinations, with ten replications, were measured for a range of discharge values. For each discharge, the amount of local losses was calculated as the difference between the total measured head losses and the corresponding friction losses evaluated by the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Mathematical approaches were tested to calculate hfe based on the kinetic head coefficient (K) and constant equivalent length (Le). For the drip-line models examined, the amount of local losses, expressed as a percentage of the total losses, was found to grow with an increase in the obstruction degree. The percentage increased to 24.5% and 50.8%, respectively, for Ag/At = 0.221 and 0.429. The results of this experimental investigation indicated the practical validity of using a constant equivalent length (Le) to estimate the local head losses in a drip lateral line. The percentage variation between total head loss calculated by a step-by-step procedure and the Le approximation method was 5.5% for non-compensating pressure emitters and less than 1.7% for the pressure compensating emitters.
Ability of PSA‐positive circulating macrophages to detect prostate cancer

Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) is a widely used serum marker for prostate cancer, but has a poor specificity for early detection at levels below 10 ng/ml, because it can also result from benign conditions. Our aim was to determine the frequencies of circulating PSA+ macrophages in a blinded study and to examine the suitability of this new method for differentiating between benign and malignant prostate disease.
Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type II. An autosomal recessive N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II deficiency different from typical hereditary erythroblastic multinuclearity, with a positive acidified-serum lysis test (HEMPAS).

Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndromes (CDGS) are a family of multisystemic congenital diseases resulting in underglycosylated glycoproteins, suggesting defective N-glycan assembly. Fibroblast extracts from two patients with a recently described variant of this disease (CDGS type II) have previously been shown to have over 98% reduced activity of UDP-GlcNAc:alpha-6-D-mannoside beta-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II [GlcNAc-TII; Jaeken, J., Schachter, H. , Carchon, H. , De Cock, P., Coddeville, B. & Spik, G. (1994) Arch. Dis. Childhood 71, 123-127]. We show in this paper that mononuclear cell extracts from one of these CDGS type-II patients have no detectable GlcNAc-TII activity and that similar extracts from 12 blood relatives of the patient, including his father, mother and brother, have GlcNAc-TII levels 32-67% that of normal levels (average 50.1% +/- 10.7% SD), consistent with an autosomal recessive disease. The poly(N-acetyllactosamine) content of erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins bands 3 and 4.5 of this CDGS patient were estimated, by tomato lectin blotting, to be reduced by 50% relative to samples obtained from blood relatives and normal controls. Similar to patients with hereditary erythroblastic multinuclearity with a positive acidified-serum lysis test (HEMPAS), erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins in the CDGS patient have increased reactivities with concanavalin A, demonstrating the presence of hybrid or oligomannose carbohydrate structures. However, bands 3 and 4.5 in HEMPAS erythrocytes have almost complete lack of poly(N-acetyllactosamine). Furthermore, CDGS type-II patients have a totally different clinical presentation and their erythrocytes do not show the serology typical of HEMPAS, suggesting that the genetic lesions responsible for these two diseases are possibly different.
Social Distance and Self‐Enforcing Exchange

This paper models social distance as endogenous to the choices of individuals. I show how large numbers of socially heterogeneous agents can use signals that reduce social distance to capture the gains from widespread trade. Although traditional reputational mechanisms of multilateral punishment break down where large populations of socially diverse agents are involved, ex ante signaling can make widespread trade self‐enforcing. Intergroup trade in precolonial Africa provides evidence for this mechanism.
Adherence to Psychotropic and Nonpsychotropic Medication Among Patients With Bipolar Disorder and General Medical Conditions.

OBJECTIVE This study assessed the relationship between nonadherence to psychotropic and nonpsychotropic medications for 88 patients nonadherent to medication treatment for bipolar disorder. METHODS This descriptive study was part of a clinical trial promoting medication adherence. Nonadherence was defined as ≥ 20% of days with missed doses. RESULTS A majority of the sample was female and had type I bipolar disorder; 49% had hypertension, 39% had hyperlipidemia, and 69% smoked; average body mass index was 34, and 65% were obese. The median proportion of days with missed doses was 53.6% (interquartile ratio [IQR]=38.10%-73.40%) for psychotropic medications and 33.93% (IQR=13.81%-51.91%) for nonpsychotropic medications. There was a significant difference between nonadherence to psychotropic and nonpsychotropic medication for the past week (z=-4.11, p<.001) and past month (z=-4.19, p<.001). More global psychopathology was associated with nonpsychotropic nonadherence. CONCLUSIONS Psychotropic adherence was worse than nonpsychotropic adherence, yet both were poor. Improving adherence to cardiovascular medications is a reasonable pathway to improve cardiovascular health in this population.
Analysis of Geminivirus AL2 and L2 Proteins Reveals a Novel AL2 Silencing Suppressor Activity

ABSTRACT Both posttranscriptional and transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS and TGS, respectively) participate in defense against the DNA-containing geminiviruses. As a countermeasure, members of the genus Begomovirus (e.g., Cabbage leaf curl virus) encode an AL2 protein that is both a transcriptional activator and a silencing suppressor. The related L2 protein of Beet curly top virus (genus Curtovirus) lacks transcription activation activity. Previous studies showed that both AL2 and L2 suppress silencing by a mechanism that correlates with adenosine kinase (ADK) inhibition, while AL2 in addition activates transcription of cellular genes that negatively regulate silencing pathways. The goal of this study was to clarify the general means by which these viral proteins inhibit various aspects of silencing. We confirmed that AL2 inhibits systemic silencing spread by a mechanism that requires transcription activation activity. Surprisingly, we also found that reversal of PTGS and TGS by ADK inactivation depended on whether experiments were conducted in vegetative or reproductive Nicotiana benthamiana plants (i.e., before or after the vegetative-to-reproductive transition). While AL2 was able to reverse silencing in both vegetative and reproductive plants, L2 and ADK inhibition were effective only in vegetative plants. This suggests that silencing maintenance mechanisms can change during development or in response to stress. Remarkably, we also observed that AL2 lacking its transcription activation domain could reverse TGS in reproductive plants, revealing a third, previously unsuspected AL2 suppression mechanism that depends on neither ADK inactivation nor transcription activation. IMPORTANCE RNA silencing in plants is a multivalent antiviral defense, and viruses respond by elaborating multiple and sometimes multifunctional proteins that inhibit various aspects of silencing. The studies described here add an additional layer of complexity to this interplay. By examining geminivirus AL2 and L2 suppressor activities, we show that L2 is unable to suppress silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana plants that have undergone the vegetative-to-reproductive transition. As L2 was previously shown to be effective in mature Arabidopsis plants, these results illustrate that silencing mechanisms can change during development or in response to stress in ways that may be species specific. The AL2 and L2 proteins are known to share a suppression mechanism that correlates with the ability of both proteins to inhibit ADK, while AL2 in addition can inhibit silencing by transcriptionally activating cellular genes. Here, we also provide evidence for a third AL2 suppression mechanism that depends on neither transcription activation nor ADK inactivation. In addition to revealing the remarkable versatility of AL2, this work highlights the utility of viral suppressors as probes for the analysis of silencing pathways.