Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variability of Southern Ocean Jets near Topography

The interaction of jets with topography in the Southern Ocean is investigated using 19 years of altimetry data. In particular, the "jet jumping" mode of variability, by which two or more jets passing close to the same topographic feature show strongly anticorrelated strengthening and weakening, is studied. Three regional case studies are described-the Southeast Indian Ridge south of Tasmania, the Macquarie Ridge south of New Zealand, and the Pacific-Antarctic Rise-where the jet jumping variability is found to occur. Using principal component analysis, the spatial patterns of variability show a vortex dipole forming on either side of a particular jet. For each regional study, it is found that the variability in strength of these vortices (as measured by the spatially averaged vorticity) is strongly correlated with time series of the principle component that describes the jet jumping variability. The observational analysis is complemented by a suite of idealized numerical experiments using a three-layer quasigeostrophic model with simple topography. The numerical results show similar spatial patterns of variability to those observed in the altimetric data. Internal variability is sufficient to generate jet jumping variability, as there is no time-varying external forcing applied in the model configuration. The simulations are used to investigate the effect of topographic scale and changing bottom friction. The authors find that both have a strong influence on the time scale of the variability, with larger topographic scales and higher bottom friction leading to faster time scales. This study shows that even in regions where the flow is strongly influenced by topography, Southern Ocean jet flow may exhibit low-frequency variability.
Analysis of waves surrounding foreshock cavitons

Cavitons have been recently discovered in the Earth’s foreshock. Foreshock cavitons have first been predicted by global hybrid simulations and later structures with similar properties were discovered in observational data from the Cluster mission. Cavitons are observed as simultaneous depressions of the magnitude of the magnetic field and plasma density (δB/B, δn/n⩾0.2) that commonly last ⩽30 s and are surrounded by a rim of enhanced values of B and n. They are always immersed in a sea of compressive low frequency waves. Numerical simulations results suggest that the cavitons are produced by the interaction of foreshock sinusoidal plasma waves with perpendicularly propagating compressive fast mode waves. Here we present a study of the waves that were observed in the immediate neighborhood or inside two foreshock cavitons detected by the Cluster I spacecraft. We analyze the frequency, polarization, direction of propagation and compressibility of the waves.
Lysogenic and lytic viral production in marine microbial communities

It is now well established that viruses are an abundant component of marine ecosystems and they are being increasingly recognised and accepted as important contnbutors to element cycling within the microbial loop. However, some of the key questions regarding the ecological significance of viruses in the marine environment still remain largely unanswered. Thus, particular interest is currently focused on the extent to which lytic production or lysoyeny predominates and the nature of factors in the marine environment, particularly nutrient availability and mult~plicity of . infection (MOI), which might influence the lysisflysogeny 'decision' The present evidence is still insufficient to unambiguously assess the relative ecological significance of lysogeny versus lysis and progress in this area will rely on the development and application of new techniques. This review attempts to collect recent information relating to this central question, focusing particularly on those viruses which infect the bacterioplankton and nanoand picophytoplankton.
Skin Substitutes and Alternatives: A Review

PURPOSE To provide the specialist in skin and wound care with a review of skin replacement alternatives and their most common uses. TARGET AUDIENCE This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in wound care and related disorders. OBJECTIVES After reading this article and taking this test, the reader should be able to: Describe characteristics of skin and skin substitutes for grafting. Identify indications for and uses of common grafting procedures and products.
[Seguro Popular's initial evaluation of household catastrophic health spending in Mexico].

OBJECTIVE Estimating Seguro Popular de Salud's (SPS) initial outcome regarding households' catastrophic health spending (CHS). The relationship of other important factors to the CE was also estimated. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study, based on evaluating Seguro Popular's survey, was carried out in the Mexican states of Colima and Campeche during 2002; it was carried out during the first semester of 2005. SPS and other co-variables' relationship with CHS was estimated by using the probit model. Such relationship was then estimated again using the bi-probit model, but taking endogeneity between CHS and SPS affiliation into consideration. Some simulations led to a detailed analysis of the influence of the use by type of service on the CHS. RESULTS The probability of SPS-affiliated households incurring CHS was about 8% less than un-affiliated households (controlled for other co-variables and corrected for endogeneity). The probability of incurring CHS was always less for affiliated people, independently of the income bracket which they belonged to and the kind of services used. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that SPS is financially protecting households; nevertheless, the goal of a 75 % reduction in CHS has still to be achieved.
Early Events in Cartilage Repair After Subchondral Bone Microfracture

The current study investigated healing of large full-thickness articular cartilage defects during the first 8 weeks with and without penetration of the subchondral bone using microfracture in an established equine model of cartilage healing. Chondral defects in the weightbearing portion of the medial femoral condyle were made bilaterally; one defect in each horse was microfractured whereas the contralateral leg served as the control. The expression of cartilage extracellular matrix components (Types I and II collagen and aggrecan) was evaluated using histologic techniques, reverse transcription coupled polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. This study confirms an increase in Type II collagen mRNA expression in repair tissue as early as 6 weeks after microfracture. Although other matrix mRNA and protein levels changed in concentration and tissue location over the course of the study, no significant differences were seen in microfractured defects. Although the microfracture techniques appear to improve clinical functionality, volume of repair tissue, and augment Type II collagen content, aggrecan content is less than ideal. Therefore, methods to enhance key matrix components such as aggrecan after microfracture may additionally improve repair tissue observed after the procedure.
High Incidence of Respiratory Involvement in a Cluster of Brucella suis‐Infected Workers from a Pork Processing Plant in Argentina

Epidemiological and clinical aspects of Brucella suis infection in 17 workers from a pork processing plant in Argentina occurring between January 2014 and July 2015 are presented. All patients reported working 9 h daily without adequate personal protection garment. Blood cultures were positive for Brucella spp. in 14 of the 17 patients (82.3%). All isolates were identified as B. suis biovar 1. Although fever, sweats, asthenia, myalgia and hepatic involvement were the most frequent clinical manifestations, an unusually high incidence of respiratory involvement was found. From 13 patients in which chest radiography was performed, four (30%) had radiological abnormalities, including lobar pneumonia in two cases (one with pleural effusion) and interstitial involvement in other two. The high frequency of respiratory involvement in our series makes necessary to consider brucellosis in the differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases in pork processing plant employees.
Vitamin A-storing Stellate Cells in the Human Vocal Fold

Objective--Previously, we discovered cells with a star-like appearance that constantly synthesized extracellular matrices in the human adult vocal fold mucosa. These cells had no nomenclature and were thus designated "vocal fold stellate cells (VFSC)". The aim of the present study was to detect vitamin A (retinol) in the VFSC. Material and methods--Five normal human adult vocal folds obtained from surgical specimens were used. Light microscopy using the gold chloride method and fluorescence microscopy were used to detect vitamin A. Results--VFSC distributed in the maculae flavae of human adult vocal folds possessed lipid droplets and stored vitamin A. Conclusion--It is generally accepted that vitamin A, an essential liposoluble vitamin, is used as a morphogen that controls the differentiation and morphogenesis of cells. In our previous investigation and in this study VFSC were found to differ morphologically from conventional fibroblasts. VFSC represent morphologically a new category of cells in the human vocal fold.
Adeno‐associated virus–delivered artificial microRNA extends survival and delays paralysis in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons, resulting in progressive muscle weakness, paralysis, and death within 5 years of diagnosis. About 10% of cases are inherited, of which 20% are due to mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. Riluzole, the only US Food and Drug Administration–approved ALS drug, prolongs survival by only a few months. Experiments in transgenic ALS mouse models have shown decreasing levels of mutant SOD1 protein as a potential therapeutic approach. We sought to develop an efficient adeno‐associated virus (AAV)‐mediated RNAi gene therapy for ALS.
Financial market spillovers around the globe

This article investigates the transmission of return and volatility spillovers around the globe. It draws on index futures of three representative indices, namely the Dow Jones Euro Stoxx 50, the S&P 500 and the Nikkei 225. Devolatized returns and realized volatilities are modelled separately using a Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) model, thereby accounting for the particular sequential time structure of the trading venues. Within this framework, we test hypotheses in the spirit of Granger causality tests, investigate the short-run dynamics in the three markets using Impulse Response (IR) functions, and identify leadership effects through variance decomposition. Our key results are as follows. We find weak and short-lived return spillovers, in particular from the USA to Japan. Volatility spillovers are more pronounced and persistent. The information from the home market is most important for both returns and volatilities; the contribution from foreign markets is less pronounced in the case of returns than in the case of volatility. Possible gains in terms of forecasting precision when applying our modelling strategy are illustrated by a forecast evaluation.
ESE‐1 is a potent repressor of type II collagen gene (COL2A1) transcription in human chondrocytes

The epithelium‐specific ETS (ESE)‐1 transcription factor is induced in chondrocytes by interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β). We reported previously that early activation of EGR‐1 by IL‐1β results in suppression of the proximal COL2A1 promoter activity by displacement of Sp1 from GC boxes. Here we report that ESE‐1 is a potent transcriptional suppressor of COL2A1 promoter activity in chondrocytes and accounts for the sustained, NF‐κB‐dependent inhibition by IL‐1β. Of the ETS factors tested, this response was specific to ESE‐1, since ESE‐3, which was also induced by IL‐1β, suppressed COL2A1 promoter activity only weakly. In contrast, overexpression of ETS‐1 increased COL2A1 promoter activity and blocked the inhibition by IL‐1β. These responses to ESE‐1 and ETS‐1 were confirmed using siRNA‐ESE1 and siRNA‐ETS1. In transient cotransfections, the inhibitory responses to ESE‐1 and IL‐1β colocalized in the −577/−132 bp promoter region, ESE‐1 bound specifically to tandem ETS sites at −403/−381 bp, and IL‐1‐induced binding of ESE‐1 to the COL2A1 promoter was confirmed in vivo by ChIP. Our results indicate that ESE‐1 serves a potent repressor function by interacting with at least two sites in the COL2A1 promoter. However, the endogenous response may depend upon the balance of other ETS factors such as ETS‐1, and other IL‐1‐induced factors, including EGR‐1 at any given time. Intracellular ESE‐1 staining in chondrocytes in cartilage from patients with osteoarthritis (OA), but not in normal cartilage, further suggests a fundamental role for ESE‐1 in cartilage degeneration and suppression of repair. J. Cell. Physiol. 215: 562–573, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phylogenetic analysis of the downy mildew pathogen of oilseed poppy in Tasmania, and its detection by PCR.

Downy mildew of oilseed poppy (Papaver somniferum) has become a serious disease issue for the Tasmanian poppy industry since its first record in 1996. Previous reports have reported the pathogen as Peronospora arborescens, which is differentiated from the related species P. cristata, also known to infect Papaver spp. , by conidium dimensions alone. This study investigated the taxonomic status of the downy mildew pathogen, using both morphological characters and molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The inherent variability of conidium dimensions made differentiation of species difficult. Sequence homology and phylogenetic analyses of the ITS region showed the pathogen to be more closely related to P. cristata than P. arborescens. It is therefore proposed that downy mildew of oilseed poppy in Tasmania be reattributed to the pathogen P. cristata. In addition to this work, PCR primers have been developed for the specific detection of the downy mildew pathogen in Tasmania.
Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acids Arrest Cell Cycle Progression and Prevent Ovarian Cancer Xenografts Growth Suggesting a Trans-10 Cis-12 Isoform Specific Activity *

Therapies for treating ovarian cancer (OvCa) successfully are largely inadequate. Alternative therapies and diet(s) with preventive potential to debilitated onset, and reduced OvCa tumor burden in situ, have not been systematically studied. Preventive role of conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) has been reported in many other cancers. We report the first systematic in vitro and in vivo study modeling potential preventive mechanism(s) of CLA, an octadecadienolic fatty acid in clear cell OvCa cell line TOV-21G. We demonstrate that a dose and time-dependent down-regulation of cyclin E and A proteins (p 0.05) by CLA (t10,c12) was concomitant with cell cycle arrest of TOV-21G cell lines in S phase. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying CLA (t10,c12) induced S phase arrest, levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins were determined by western blot analyses. Exposure to CLA (t10,c12) increased p21(CIP1/WAF1), and p27(KIP1) protein levels in a time and dose-dependent manner. Interestingly CLA (t10,c12) did not significantly affect protein levels of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 2, and p53, however, hyperphosphorylated form of pRb (p 0.05) was abrogated. Exposure to CLA (c9,t11) indicated a modest increase in p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p27(KIP1) levels, but changes in cyclin A and E levels were statistically insignificant. These results indicate that CLA (t10,c12) mediated p27(KIP1) upregulation and inhibition of hyperphosphorylation of ppRb may be the possible mechanism for the S phase arrest in TOV-21G cell line. Our in vivo data showed that CLA reduced the progression of TOV-21G xenografts by >50%. Together our results provide evidence of CLA exerted preventive effect on OvCa cell and tumor growth. Tumor growth arrest may be resultant from CLA (t10,c12) mediated modulation of cell cycle arrest.
Building Theoretical and Empirical Bridges Across Levels: Multilevel Research in Management

Most management problems involve multilevel phenomena, yet most management research uses a single level of analysis. A micro or a macro lens alone yields incomplete understanding at either level. Multilevel research addresses the levels of theory, measurement, and analysis required to fully examine research questions. This forum presents multilevel research on bribery, national identity, team boundary spanning, professional role identity, organizational citizenship, interorganizational exchanges, and divestitures. To enrich the impact of future management research, we recommend (1) applying multilevel designs to existing models (2) considering bottom-up effects, (3) collaborating across disciplines on multidisciplinary topics, and (4) addressing major real-world problems via multilevel approaches.
Effect of seasonality, weather and holidays on the incidence of proximal hip fracture.

BACKGROUND Proximal hip fractures in the elderly are common and place a heavy burden on health resources. Researching the timing of these fractures could contribute to diverting resources towards peaks in incidence and investing in prevention at certain times. OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of seasonality, weather and Jewish holidays on hip fracture incidence in older adults. The study population comprised 2050 patients aged 65 years or more who sustained a proximal hip fracture. METHODS The computerized files of the patients were reviewed for trends in incidence by season, precipitation, minimum and maximum temperatures, day of the week, and certain Jewish festivals. RESULTS Hip fractures were more likely to occur in the winter than in the summer (P < 0.0001). Factors that significantly correlated with hip fracture were the maximum daily temperature (r = -0.746, P = 0.005) followed by the minimum daily temperature (r = -0.740, P = 0.006) and precipitation (r = 0.329, P = 0.02). There were fewer fractures on Saturdays (the Sabbath) as compared to other days of the week (P = 0.045). Researching the incidence on Jewish holidays, we found an elevated incidence on Passover (P < 0.0001) and a reduced incidence on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippui) (P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS In older people there is an elevated incidence of proximal hip fractures during the winter and on the Jewish festivals. On weekends and on the Day of Atonement the incidence of proximal hip fractures was reduced.
Imaging the Alzheimer brain.

This supplement to the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease contains more than half of the chapters from The Handbook of Imaging the Alzheimer Brain, which was first presented at the International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease in Paris, in July, 2011. While the Handbook contains 27 chapters that are modified articles from 2009, 2010, and 2011 issues of the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, this supplement contains the 31 new chapters of that book and an introductory article drawn from the introductions to each section of the book. The Handbook was designed to provide a multilevel overview of the full field of brain imaging related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Handbook, as well as this supplement, contains both reviews of the basic concepts of imaging, the latest developments in imaging, and various discussions and perspectives of the problems of the field and promising directions. The Handbook was designed to be useful for students and clinicians interested in AD as well as scientists studying the brain and pathology related to AD.
BCR-ABL1-like cases in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a comparison between DCOG/Erasmus MC and COG/St. Jude signatures

Patients with pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) with the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene form a small, high-risk group with a poor prognosis. [1][1] Approximately 15% of cases of BCP-ALL are characterized by a gene expression signature similar to that of BCR-ABL1 -positive
Characterization and Monte Carlo Analysis of Secondary Electrons Induced Program Disturb in a Buried Diffusion Bit-line SONOS Flash Memory

A new program disturb in a buried diffusion bit-line SONOS array is observed as a bit-line width is reduced. A multi-step Monte Carlo simulation is performed to explore the disturb mechanism. We find that the Vt shift of a disturbed cell is attributed to impact ionization-generated secondary electrons in a neighboring cell when it is in programming. The effects of substrate bias, bit-line dimension and pocket implant on the program disturb are characterized and evaluated by a Monte Carlo simulation.
The Relationship Between Seasonal Employee Retention and Sense of Community: The Case of Summer Camp Employment

Many factors in today’s society make it difficult for leisure service organizations to attract and retain seasonal employees. For example, higher education costs have forced college students to look for the highest paying summer job they can find, and college internship requirements have caused students who might otherwise have worked in the leisure service industry during the summer to instead find an internship in their desired fields. Consequently, many leisure service managers face an increasing challenge to attract and retain quality seasonal employees. It is therefore not surprising that retention of quality seasonal employees has consistently been identified as a critical issue facing leisure service managers. Improved retention rates would provide cost and time savings related to recruiting, allowing managers to spend more resources developing programs, and would send a positive message to program participants, parents, volunteers, and contributors. Residential summer camp is a good example of a leisure service industry that is struggling with employee retention. Over 1.2 million adults are employed by summer camps each year (American Camp Association [ACA], 2011), and employee return rates for summer camps vary widely with a mean return rate of 56% (ACA, 2008). These results suggest that there is room for retention improvement and that high turnover, even among organizations that traditionally have long hours and low pay, is not inevitable. Previous studies on summer camp employees suggest that interpersonal relationships and connectedness with others are among the top benefits and motivations for working at summer camp. This indicates that although previous research has examined the issue of camp employee retention from the perspective of job satisfaction, a better indicator of retention might be sense of community. The purpose of this study was to examine whether a camp employee’s sense of community toward the organization is related to his or her decision to return to work there. An online survey was completed by 916 camp employees. In addition to demographic data and information about their experience with camps, employees also completed the Sense of Community Index (Perkins, Florin, Rich, Wandersman, & Chavis, 1990). Results showed a strong link between an individual’s sense of community toward his or her work organization and year-to-year retention and offer guidance to managers of seasonal employees interested in addressing retention issues within their organizations. The sense of community model used in this study provides a framework for retention, recruiting, and development initiatives that may help to improve retention of seasonal employees.
Trends in Length of Hospice Care From 1996 to 2007 and the Factors Associated With Length of Hospice Care in 2007

Using the National Home and Hospice Care Surveys, we examined trends in length of hospice care from 1996 to 2007 and the factors associated with length of care in 2007. Results suggest that the increasing average lengths of care over time reflect the increase in the longest duration of care. For-profit ownership is associated with hospice care received for over a year.