Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Organizational Structures for Community-Based Natural Resources Management in Southern Africa

Throughout Southern Africa there has been a move to decentralize natural resource management (NRM). Decentralization has taken many forms, resulting in different organizational structures for NRM. Fourteen case studies from eight countries can be classed into four types, depending on the key organizations for NRM: (1) district-level organizations; (2) village organizations supported by sectoral departments (e.g. Village Forest Committees); (3) organizations or authorities outside the state hierarchy (e.g. traditional authority, residents' associations), and (4) corporate organizations at the village level (e.g. Trusts, conservancies, property associations). Attitudes towards district-level schemes amongst local people are generally negative. The greater the authority village organizations receive the more likely they are to succeed. In the cases with corporate organizations, local residents have received user or proprietary rights over resources. Such cases reflect the best chances of community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) being successful. It is clear that policies that explicitly decentralize authority to village-level organizations help to avoid some of the problems that have emerged. The impact of private sector stakeholders can be positive or negative depending on the institutional arrangements in place. Many of the cases have demonstrated the key role that external facilitation plays in building the capacity of local organizations. Traditional leaders have continued to play a role in NRM, with varying degrees of authority and control. The paper ends with a discussion of the key features for the success of CBNRM
The proposal of complex impedance termination for versatile HOM damper cavity

The proposal of high order mode (HOM) damping using a heavily loaded annular-slot resonant cavity is described in detail and some results are presented. The investigation has shown, that the damper absorbs enough high RF power from the fundamental mode, leading to a reduction in the Q factor. A brief physical consideration and results of calculations have shown that introducing complex impedance termination (RC chain in series) with a simple realization evolves lower power absorption at the fundamental frequency. A reduction in absorbed RF power at low frequencies of 8-9 times is due to an increase in the absolute value of the loading impedance and introduction of the phase shift between the RF current and voltage.
Intervention and Its Impact on Home Environment of Rural Male Infants in Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh

Abstract The present study was undertaken to assess the impact of comprehensive intervention programme in relation to home environment of rural male infants in the age group of seven to twelve months. Out of the total sample of 60 male infants belonging to low socio economic status families, 30 each were taken as experimental and control groups. The experimental group was provided with age appropriate intervention on the aspects of home environment. The infants in both the groups were pre tested and post tested through a modified version of Bradley and Caldwell’s HOME inventory. Results showed significant impact of intervention on the home environment scores of infants belonging to experimental group.
Phosphorus Fractions of Selected Calcareous Soils of Qazvin Province and their Relationships with Soil Characteristics

Informations of phosphorus fractions are important for evaluation of their status in soil and understanding of soil chemistry that influence soil fertility. To obtain such information, amount and distribution of P in different fractions of 20 soil samples of Qazvin province, Iran were determined by sequential extraction methods and their relationships with each other and with soil characteristics were investigated. Total P of different soils ranged from 700 to 1040 mg kg . The clay contents of different samples ranged from 18-52%, CEC -1 from 14.5-33.5 cmol.kg and the active CaCO from 2.9-19.4%. The amount of different P forms i.e. dicalcium -1 3 phosphates (Ca -P), octacalcium phosphates (Ca -P), Al-phosphates (Al-P), Fe-phosphates (Fe-P), occluded-P 28 (O-P) and P as apatite (Ca -P) were determined and found to be ranged from; 1.6-42.3, 72-314, 14.5-54.8, 8.4-34.8, 10 5.9-33.4 and 262-697 mg kg respectively. Simple correlation coefficients showed that Olsen-P had a significant -1 correlation with soluble-P, Ca -P, Fe-P and O-P.A significant correlation was also observed between the P forms 2 themselves, which is presumably a reflection of the existence of a dynamic relation between the chemical forms of an element in soil. Clay with Fe-P and O-P; total P with Ca -P, Al-P and Ca -P; CEC with Al-P and O-P have 8 10 positive significant correlation. Electrical conductivity (EC) with Ca -P and Al-P; organic carbon (OC) with Ca - 8 10 P and active CaCO with Ca -P have negative significant correlation. 3 10
Forage Yield Performance of Forage Pea (Pisum sativum spp. arvense L.) Genotypes and Assessments Using GGE Biplot Analysis

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of forage pea ( Pisum sativum spp . arvense L.) genotypes, in terms of fresh forage yield and associated traits, when grown on the Kiziltepe Plain, Mardin, Turkey. Field trials were performed during the 2007-08 and 2009-2010 growing seasons. The experiments were arranged according to randomized block design with three replications. The following trait ranges were reported: Days to 50% flowering: 147.5-162.5 days, Natural plant height and Main Stem Height: 45.58-72.75 cm, Main stem height: 52.52-100.42 cm, Main stem numbers per plant: 1.275-1.658 stems plant -1 , Main stem thickness: 2.913-3.703 mm, Fresh forage yield: 10.43-23.83 t ha -1 and Dry matter yield: 2.525-5.891 t ha -1 . GGE (i.e., G+GE) biplot analysis showed that the two growing seasons were markedly different, stemming exclusively from differences in rainfall amounts between the two growing seasons. Results of this study showed that the lines 88P00-1-4-9-661 (1) and P101 (6), and cultivar Kirazli (9) were superior in terms of fresh forage yield, dry matter yield, natural plant height and days to 50% flowering traits. At the same time, PC2 scores of these genotypes were found near to zero, so, they were identified as stable genotypes for the investigated traits. In conclusion, in terms of forage yield, these three forage pea genotypes are recommended for the Kiziltepe Plain growing conditions.
Give Me Time to Picture That: Effects of Time and Imageability on Effector-Specific Motor Activation in Idiom Processing

A great amount of evidence has now been accumulated indicating that many aspects of cognition, including language are closely interconnected with or "grounded" in the sensory-motor modalities. In this respect, an interesting line of research that has not yet been studied in great detail is whether activation of the sensory-motor brain areas can be found when figurative language is processed. Two experiments were conducted to address the following questions: firstly, can evidence of effector-specific motor activation be found in the processing of idioms; secondly, how would such activation unfold in time? We hypothesized that highly imageable idioms are more strongly coded in different modalities and would therefore be processed faster and be more likely to show evidence of activation in the motor cortex. We also hypothesized that the time between the subsequent presentation of two stimuli would affect the response pattern, as complex simulation processes involving the motor modality in the processing of language would take time to unfold and for two conflicting activations to be integrated. Participants saw pairs of idioms presented one by one and had to indicate whether both idioms were familiar. In Experiment 1, participants responded manually by pressing а button. Experiment 2 required an oral response. For both experiments, highly imageable idioms were processed faster than those with low imageability, indicating а processing advantage related to imageability. More importantly, in Experiment 2 there was а three-way interaction: after а stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 3000 ms there was facilitation in highly imageable idioms in the Same Effector condition compared to the Different Effector condition, suggesting that the motor simulation process might need time to unfold.
Modeling Saturated Diagnosis and Vaccination in Reducing HIV/AIDS Infection

A mathematical model is proposed to consider the effects of saturated diagnosis and vaccination on HIV/AIDS infection. By employing center manifold theory, we prove that there exists a backward bifurcation which suggests that the disease cannot be eradicated even if the basic reproduction number is less than unity. Global stability of the disease-free equilibrium is investigated for appropriate conditions. When the basic reproduction number is greater than unity, the system is uniformly persistent. The proposed model is applied to describe HIV infection among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Yunnan province, China. Numerical studies indicate that new cases and prevalence are sensitive to transmission rate, vaccination rate, and vaccine efficacy. The findings suggest that increasing vaccination rate and vaccine efficacy and enhancing interventions like reducing share injectors can greatly reduce the transmission of HIV among IDUs in Yunnan province, China.
Variability in L 2 acquisition of formulaic sequences : A study of linguistic factors in the use and learning of phrasal verbs by non-native speakers

In this paper, the acquisition of phrasal verbs (PVs) by L2 learners is explored from the perspective provided by a usage-based approach to language. This involves looking at low scope or item-specific schemas, which in this article are identified as the actual particles, prepositions and PVs used by the learners, together with the more abstract syntactic or semantic schemas that emerge from their use. Given the labour intensive work required by this type of analysis, the focus is placed on the use of verbout constructions made by L2 learners of the PVs as reflected in a corpus of learner language, i.e. the Spanish, Italian, Swedish, Dutch, Russian and Bulgarian subsections of the ICLE (1,287,517 words). More concretely, I analyse L2 use of out-PVs at different grain levels and provide an account of the factors influencing the acquisition of these linguistic units. The results obtained from the analysis show 1) that out is underused by learners, at the lowest level of constituency, the level of the word and its collocates and that this may be due its low cue answer contingency (it is a short form with many meanings); 2) that out-PVs, as other formulaic sequences, shows a pattern of overuse of a small number of frequent verbs and underuse of the rest; 3) that, at a morpho-syntactic level, out-PVs used by L2 learners are typically frozen with little variability in both the tenses and the syntactic patterns chosen; and 4) that at the semantic level, more prototypical and frequent meanings in the text type analysed, not necessarily literal uses, are used with greater frequency by NNS. All in all, the usage-based approach adopted has allowed us to reveal the complexity of factors involved in explaining the difficulty L2 learners have in acquiring phrasal verbs.
Identification of Paleo-Volcanic Rocks on Seismic Data

While exploring for hydrocarbons in rift related basins, volcanics, volcaniclastic deposits or their erosional products are common lithologies. The presence of rock types derived from volcanism and/or affected by post-volcanic re-deposition may lead to complex lithologies with complex diagenetic overprints at the reservoir level. Partial or complete reservoir substitution, alteration by circulating hot fluids and addition of mineral components have led to a number of unsuccessful wells, both in exploration and field development projects. Furthermore, volcanic rocks may form lateral seals or migration barriers, providing both positive and negative impact on the petroleum system. Non-permeable volcanic layers can seal the top of the reservoir, preventing it from breaching, or they can build a migration barrier for the fluid on its way from the source rock into the trap. In most cases, highly varied lithologies with wide ranges of inherent rock properties occur. It is therefore essential to understand the distribution of volcanics in the vicinity of the reservoir. Published examples of volcanic reflectors identifiable from seismic data are still very sparse, and there is no systematic compilation of information and knowledge available. Free air gravity maps, as well as other potential field methods, may show anomalies caused by volcanic and sub volcanic bodies if they are really massive geobodies. Unfortunately, the majority of volcanic features are rather thin (some tens of meters thick). At a reservoir depth of more than 3 km the resolution of standard potential field data is not good enough to delineate the individual units. A close cooperation of specialists from different disciplines is required in order to resolve specific problems related to seismic interpretation and reservoir prediction within such a complex environment. Sedimentology and fieldwork studies of recent analogues provide the basis for recognition of the depositional environment used for seismic interpretation. Special seismic processing must be utilized to calculate attributes from prestack data, showing amplitude variations with increasing offset from the energy source (commonly referred to as AVO analysis). These data are interpreted using results from rock physics analysis elastic parameters of different lithology types and seismic forward modeling. The AVO analysis is used to support the lithology identification from seismic geometries. The input for the rock physics is delivered by the petrophysicist – log derived properties and interpretations. Petrography is used for provenance analysis, as well as analysis of diagenesis and fabric. In many cases, this turns out to be the key to understanding the anomalous AVO behavior of sandstones. Finally, sequence stratigraphy relates the different levels of sandstones to periods with and without volcanic activity.
Geometry Students’ Self-Determination and Their Engagement in Mathematical Whole Class Discussion

Abstract Prevalent characteristics of effective mathematical discourse in the literature include student autonomy, a positive social environment, and a degree of perceived mathematical competence. These characteristics are also found in Self-Determination Theory (SDT), which posits that actions are self-regulated when students’ autonomy, competence, and social relatedness are fulfilled. Utilizing SDT as an additional lens for examining student engagement in whole class discussions, this study examined high school students’ observed discourse actions and mathematical talk in the context of their self-reported psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness. Results suggest that students’ perceived needs correspond with their engagement in making mathematical statements in the context of classroom mathematical discussions. However, students who lack in one or more need can be supported by participation of peers with more fulfilled needs.
The Macroeconomics of Shadow Banking

We build a macrofinance model of shadow bankingâ€”the transformation of risky assets into securities that are moneyâ€ like in quiet times but become illiquid when uncertainty spikes. Shadow banking economizes on scarce collateral, expanding liquidity provision, boosting asset prices and growth, but also building up fragility. A rise in uncertainty raises shadow banking spreads, forcing financial institutions to switch to collateralâ€ intensive funding. Shadow banking collapses, liquidity provision shrinks, liquidity premia and discount rates rise, asset prices and investment fall. The model generates slow recoveries, collateral runs, and flightâ€ toâ€ quality effects, and it sheds light on Largeâ€ Scale Asset Purchases, Operation Twist, and other interventions.
Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems: Strategy for Improving Oral Delivery of Poorly Soluble Drugs

Drugs are most often administered by the oral route. However, more than 40% of new chemical entities exhibit poor aqueous solubility, resulting in unsatisfactory oral drug delivery. Recently, much attention has been focused on self- emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly aqueous soluble drugs. SEDDS are isotropic mixtures of oil, surfactants, solvents and co-solvents/surfactants. The principal characteristic of these systems is their ability to form fine oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions or microemulsions upon mild agitation following dilution by an aqueous phase. For lipophilic drugs, which display dissolution rate-limited absorption, SEDDS may be a promising strat- egy to improve the rate and extent of oral absorption. This article gives an overview of the new excipients used in SEDDS and biopharmaceutical aspects of SEDDS. The appli- cation of SEDDS and closely related lipid-based systems as drug delivery vehicles is also introduced, with particular em- phasis being placed on the application of SEDDS in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
Lowering blood alcohol content levels to save lives : A European case study

Road safety has become an increasing concern in developed countries due to the significant amount of fatalities and the associated economic losses. Only in 2005 these losses rose to 200,000 million euros, a considerable sum – approximately 2% of GDP – that easily justifies any public intervention. One measure taken by governments to address this issue is to enact stricter policies and regulations. Since drunk driving is one of the greatest concerns among public authorities in this field, several European countries have lowered their illegal Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) levels to 0.5 mg/ml during the last decade. This study is the first evaluation of the effectiveness of this transition using European panel-based data (CARE) for the period 1991-2003 with the differences-in-differences method in a fixed effects estimation that allows for any pattern of correlation (Cluster-Robust). The results reveal a positive impact on certain groups of road users and on the whole population when the policy is accompanied by enforcement interventions. Moreover, positive results appeared after a time lag of over two years. Finally, I state the importance of controlling for serial correlation in the evaluation of this type of policy.
The Genetic Structure of a Maize Population: The Role of Dominance

The combined effects of dominance and inbreeding on covariances between relatives are still poorly understood in maize (Zea mays L.) populations. Our objectives were to address the following questions: (i) What is the importance of dominance in a maize synthetic? (ii) How does inbreeding affect the genetic variance among individuals in a maize synthetic. (iii) How do the covariance parameters compare between populations? (iv) How does breeding design impact estimators? We estimated covariance components for inbred relatives in the maize synthetic BSCB1(R)C13. Previous estimates of covariance parameters have been used to explain the ineffectiveness of inbred progeny selection in the stiff-stalk population BS13. We found that the dominance variance was larger than the additive variance for grain yield, whereas the additive variance was larger than the dominance variance for all other traits. Negative estimates of the covariance between additive and homozygous dominance deviations were found for all traits with the exception of traits associated with reproductive maturity, suggesting a negative relationship between inbred and outbred performance. The correlation between genotypic values and breeding values was lower for grain yield than for any other trait. Our results were similar to previous results found in the stiff-stalk maize population BS13, suggesting similarity in structure among populations.
Pre-Service Physics Teachers' Opinions about the Difficulties in Understanding Introductory Quantum Physics Topics.

The aim of this study is to identify the opinions of pre-service physics teachers about the difficulties in introductory quantum physics topics. In this study conducted with twenty-five pre-service physics teachers, the case study method was used. The participants were interviewed about introductory quantum physics topics. The interviews were coded using content analysis and were divided into different categories. In this way, we tried to reveal the opinions of pre-service physics teachers about the difficulties of these topics. In conclusion, it can be said that the participants had the most difficulty in transition from classical physics to quantum physics. This is especially evident in quantum physics topics that require a different understanding such as black body radiation, wave-particle structure of light and the uncertainty principle. It was also found that the participants had no difficulties in terms of mathematical calculations, and that approaches based on visualizing the topic were received positively.
Effect of Nitrogen and Azotobacter in Growth and Development of Chilly

Inorganic fertilizers alone cannot sustain high levels of productivity. It may cause deterioration of soil environment leading to low productivity. An investigation was carried out to develop integrated nutrient management technology for fruit yield of Chilly (Capsicum frutescens L.). The experiment was conducted at IAAS farm, Lamjung in 2014. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design with three replications and having nine treatments viz., N1A1, N1A2, N1A3, N2A1, N2A2, N2A3, N3A1, N3A2 and N3A3. The combinations of nitrogen and Azotobacter is indicated by N & A with respective way of treatments where N1, N2 and N3 indicate Control (without addition of extra nitrogen), 50 kg/ha and 100 kg/ha nitrogen respectively and A1, A2 and A3 indicate control (without inoculation of Azotobacter), soil inoculation and seedling inoculation respectively. The best combination for the overall growth and development of Chilly as found from the conclusions was found to be N3A3 which is the treatment combination of 100 kg/ha nitrogen and seedling inoculation of Azotobacter.
Charcoal production from wood and cellulose: implications to radiocarbon dates and accelerator target production

Radiocarbon dating with accelerators requires the manufacture of suitable carbon targets. Carbon yield and 13C fractionation were investigated for the simple and direct pyrolysis of wood and cellulose to charcoal. Under continuous vacuum removal of evolved volatiles, carbon yields of 35 to 40% and δ13C fractionation of −2.5‰ were observed in the pyrolysis of wood to charcoal, whereas yields of 30% and fractionation of −0.8‰ were obtained in the pyrolysis of cellulose to charcoal. Yield and fractionation leveled off at temperatures above 300°C. Yields and fractionations were also measured for pyrolysis of wood and cellulose in a continously-flowing argon atmosphere. Yields were higher and fractionations smaller than for the corresponding vacuum cases. For cellulose sealed in evacuated glass tubes and pyrolized at 550 to 600°C, carbon yields greater than 60% and fractionation of about −0.5‰ were observed. Yields increased and fractionation tended to decrease as the ratio of tube volume/mass of cellulose decreased, ie, as the pressure increased. Reheating of this charcoal under continuous vacuum pumping revealed no loss of mass and no alteration of carbon isotopic composition. Fractionation measurements were additionally performed on wood and the charcoal produced from burning in a fireplace, conditions approximating the “natural“ production of charcoal. Despite the large potential fractionation suggested in the wood pyrolysis experiments, charcoal produced in the fireplace showed very small or no fractionation.