Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shaping the precision of letter position coding by varying properties of a writing system

ABSTRACT There is substantial debate around the nature of letter position coding in reading. Research on a variety of Indo-European languages suggests uncertainty in position coding; for example, readers perceive transposed-letter stimuli (jugde) as similar to their base words (judge). However, these effects are not apparent for all languages. We developed a powerful new method to delineate how specific properties of a writing system shape the representation of letter position. Two groups of 24 adults learned to read novel words printed in artificial scripts. One group learned a dense orthography (i.e. with many anagrams) and one group learned a sparse orthography (i.e. no anagrams). Following four days of training, participants showed a larger transposed-letter effect in the sparse orthography than in the dense orthography. These results challenge existing models of orthographic processing in reading, and support the claim that orthographic representations are shaped by the nature of the writing system.
Evaluating the financial and nonfinancial functions of the waqfs in ottoman economy

ABSTRACT This study aims to evaluate the financial and nonfinancial functions of the waqfs in Ottoman economy. Within this framework, five different functions of the waqfs are defined based on literature review. In addition to this condition, fuzzy DEMATEL and fuzzy AHP approaches are considered to reach this objective. The findings show that these two methods give different results. According to fuzzy DEMATEL, it is identified that economic and financial purpose is the most significant function of the waqfs for Ottoman economy. On the other side, with respect to fuzzy AHP, it is concluded that education function of the waqfs has the highest importance. This situation indicates that economic and financial function has the highest significance when each function is considered to affect others. However, in case of a hierarchical impact between these functions, education has the highest importance instead of economic and financial issues. Thus, it is recommended that countries should implement cash waqfs as an alternative financial model for economic system. This implementation has a positive influence on commercial activities by encouraging new investments. Hence, it leads to higher economic development and living standards for the countries.
Software Defect Data Mining: A Survey of Severity Analysis

Open source software USES software defect tracking system, which can effectively manage the related information of software defects, and build software defect data warehouse in the form of defect report. The severity attribute of software defect report can determine the important indicators such as the repairers, solving time and repairing rate of software defect. Much research on software defects focuses on severity analysis. In order to evaluate the work in the field of severity analysis, this paper reviews the existing studies. In particular, this paper introduces the main methods of severity study, and expounds the statistical characteristics analysis of severity attribute in software defect report data set. According to the research status, the research of severity analysis is divided into qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, and analyzed in detail. At the same time, each part is empirically analyzed based on data from the Mozilla project and Eclipse project datasets. On this basis, this paper summarizes the existing work of severity analysis of defect report, and points out some possible problems in the work.
Systematic observation with two analytic video-score approaches and loss of instructional time in lessons

Abstract Systematic observation in educational research highlights a wide diversity of aspects of classroom interactions, yet frequency of score cycles is crucial when analysing dimensions of classroom teaching. The aim of this study is to focus on differences in quality of teaching and loss of instructional time using Classroom Assessment Scoring System—Secondary Manual with fifteen-minute score analysis and five-minute score analysis. Video data are collected from five English as a foreign language lessons with one teacher in addition to an interview with the teacher. Data is collected in a Norwegian lower-secondary school. The lessons are analysed with both the standardised and novel approach. Results suggest that the five-minute score analysis produces a more accurate account of the phenomena of study. Instructional time is lost for more than 5 min on two occasions after further examination of the CLASS-S productivity dimension due to an instructional pattern of finishing lessons early. Paradoxically, the interviewed teacher emphasises lack of time for the facilitation of student learning as a limiting factor for own teaching.
Bond-Market Risk Factors and Manager Performance

The authors introduce a novel approach for jointly testing bond-market factor models and bond manager performance using the attributes of market efficiency as an ideal, or benchmark. In addition to proposing enhanced constructions of term and default factors, they find evidence for a prepayment risk factor. They also find that style premiums do not materially reduce alphas or explain much additional common variation in the returns of traded bond portfolios when they are added to term, default, and prepayment risk factors. A factor model with just term, default, and prepayment risk factors performs as well, but is more parsimonious and employs clear sources of systematic risk. The authors find evidence of factor-adjusted alpha in a very small subset of active bond managers. TOPICS: Analysis of individual factors/risk premia, factor-based models, manager selection
On the Optimality of Differential Asset Taxation

How should a utilitarian government balance redistributive concerns with the need to provide incentives for business creation and investment? Should they tax business profits, the (risk-free) savings of owners, or some combination of both? To address this question, this paper presents a model in which the desirability of differential asset taxation emerges endogenously from the presence of agency frictions. I consider an environment in which entrepreneurs hire workers and rent capital to produce output subject to privately observed shocks and have the ability to both divert capital to private consumption and abscond with a fraction of assets. To provide incentives to invest, the wealth of an agent must depend on the performance of his/her firm, leading to ex-post inequality in all efficient allocations. I show that the efficient stationary distribution of wealth exhibits a thick right (Pareto) tail, with the degree of inequality monotonically increasing in the number of workers per entrepreneur. The efficient allocation is then implemented in a general equilibrium model using history-independent linear taxes on risk-free savings and (reported) business profits. The tax on entrepreneurs? savings may be positive or negative, while the tax on business profits depends solely upon the degree of private information and is independent of all technological and preference parameters.
Evidence-based librarianship : case studies and active learning exercises

Designing a curriculum in evidence-based practice for masteri? ½s students in library and information science Action research and information literacy: a case study at the University of Parma Harnessing the power of information What, so what, now what Evidence-based librarianship Down Under: improving a nationi? ½s resource-sharing A new paradigm for morning report: a collaborative effort between the Department of Internal Medicine and the Medical Library Reaching out to research students: information literacy in context The Cal Poly digital learning initiative.
Subnational Home Market Bias in Vietnam: Evidence from Enterprise‐Level Data

This paper contributes to the home (market) bias literature where administrative or political borders limit trade across borders. Home bias is well documented at the national and subnational level. To sort out macro (e.g., location characteristics) and micro (e.g., enterprise characteristics) factors behind home bias, we use small and medium‐sized enterprise (SME) data from Vietnam. Using the fractional multinomial logit model, we find that the proportion of SME sales outside of their home markets is positively associated with enterprise size, age, number of business association memberships and the distance of SMEs' most important supplier. In contrast, the proportion of SME sales to neighbouring provinces is negatively associated with the share of SME production for final consumption. Besides enterprise‐level frictions, market characteristics matter too. The proportion of SME sales to customers in their home markets is negatively associated with home or neighbouring provinces' governance quality, while the proportion of sales to customers in neighbouring provinces is positively associated with these areas' governance quality. These suggest that good governance frees SME resources for use in selling to less familiar markets.
Functional connectivity differences in brain networks from childhood to youth

Examining while using the resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI) of brain development in terms of functional connectivity between childhood and adulthood in healthy subjects gives important information. In this study, it was aimed to examine the changes in functional networks between healthy age groups by using rs‐fMRI for prepuberty (childhood), puberty, and adolescence by examining changes within and between networks. The rs‐fMRI data in this study were obtained from the New York University Child Study in ADHD200 database. The data that 53 healthy subjects selected from the New York University dataset were split into three groups in the 8‐9, 13‐14, and 16‐18 age ranges, and these groups included 18, 18, and 17 healthy subjects, respectively. The functional connectivity of data that preprocessed using the statistical parametric mapping routine was analyzed with ROI‐to‐ROI analysis by the CONN toolbox and the changes in the resting brain networks were obtained. Multiple voxel comparisons in statistical analyses were determined with the false discovery rate corrected p value (p‐FDR), p < . 05 for positive and negative correlations. According to our findings, within‐network connectivity increases from childhood to young adulthood, and the connection between networks is weaker in childhood, also it has many dispersed connections, but less and strong links came out with advancing age. In addition, the brain begins to show a number of functional differences in adolescence, along with new changes that occur. The examination of resting‐state networks in healthy children will make significant contributions to the scientific infrastructure and literature in terms of both identifying normal brain development and comparing it with neurological and psychiatric problems.
An Experimental Brackish Aquaponic System Using Juvenile Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) and Rock Samphire (Crithmum maritimum)

Brackish aquaponics using Mediterranean fish and plants provides an alternative opportunity for a combined production of high-quality food products with high commercial and nutritional value. This is the first study that investigates the effect of two different salinities (8 and 20 ppt) on growth and survival of Sparus aurata and Crithmum maritimum along with the cellular stress pathways using the activation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein family members and the water bacterial abundance. In total, 156 fish were used (average initial weight of 2.55 g, length of 5.57 cm) and 36 plants (average initial height of 8.23 cm) in floating racks above the 135 L fish tanks. Survival rate for both organisms was 100%. C. crithmum grew better at 8 ppt (t-test, p < 0.05). The growth rate of S. aurata was similar for both treatments (p > 0.05). HSPs and MAPK were differentially expressed, showing tissue-specific responses. The average bacterial abundance at the end of the experiment was higher (p < 0.05) in the 20 ppt (18.6 ± 0.91 cells × 105/mL) compared to the 8 ppt (6.8 ± 1.9 cells × 105/mL). The results suggest that the combined culture of euryhaline fish and halophytes provides good quality products in brackish aquaponics systems.
Foreign body ingestion in children: case report and literature review

Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common occurrence in children. In most cases these foreign bodies pass through the gastrointestinal tract uneventfully. The important considerations for intervention include size, shape, and composition of the FB. Also, the site of lodgement and underlying pathology in the patient with the unlikelihood of passage, are worthy of note. A 5-year old asymptomatic boy was referred to our service with a 1-week history of ingestion of a coin. A plain abdominal x-ray study done the day following the ingestion showed an oval shaped opacity in the area of the stomach. A prompt upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy was performed under general anaesthesia with cuffed endotracheal intubation, following which, a two-penny British coin was retrieved from the stomach using alligator forceps passed through a flexible gastroscope. The patient was discharged a few hours after the procedure, in a stable condition. His 7th day post-procedure follow-up visit was uneventful. A prompt endoscopy for assessment and retrieval of foreign bodies in children reduces the risk of morbidity and duration of family anxiety. Keywords : Anxiety, endoscopic retrieval, paediatric age group, uneventful passage
The role of transitional B cells in kidney transplantation tolerance

4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS . 7 LIST OF FIGURES . 12 LIST OF TABLES . 13 LIST OF PICTURES . 14 STANDARDS ANNOTATIONS . 15 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . 16 1 INTRODUCTION . 19 1.1 Kidney Transplantation . 19 1.1.1 Brief History of Organ Transplantation . 19 1.1.2 Solid Organ Transplantation in Europe and the UK . 22 1.1.3 Kidney Transplantation Origin . 22 1.1. 4 Kidney Transplantation . 23 1.1. 5 Immunological effect of Kidney Transplantation . 23 1.1. 6 Transplantation Antigens . 24 1.1. 7 Allorecognition in Kidney Transplantation . 28 1.1. 8 Immunosuppressive Drugs . 35 1.1. 9 Clinical events secondary to immune alloresponses . 37 1.2 Immunological Tolerance in Kidney Transplantation . 39 1.2. 1 Transplantation Tolerance . 39 1.2. 2 Basis of Tolerance . 39 1.2. 3 Mechanism of Tolerance in Transplantation . 40 1.2. 4 Immunological Tolerance in Kidney Transplantation . 45 1.2. 5 Spontaneous Tolerance in Human Kidney Transplantation . 48 1.2. 6 B cells as a signature of Spontaneous Tolerance in Kidney Transplantation . 48 1.3 B cells as part of the Immune System . 50 1.3. 1 B cells . 50 1.3. 2 The origin of the B cell . 50
Measuring Data Uncertainty : An Application using the Bank of England’s “Fan Charts” for Historical GDP Growth

Historical economic data are often uncertain due to sampling and non-sampling errors. But data uncertainty is rarely communicated quantitatively. An exception are the "fan charts" for historical GDP growth published at the Bank of England. We propose a generic loss function based approach to extract from these ex ante density forecasts a quantitative measure of unforecastable data uncertainty. We find GDP data uncertainty in the UK rose sharply at the onset of the 2008/9 recession; and that data uncertainty is positively correlated with popular estimates of macroeconomic uncertainty.
Human resource management–well‐being–performance research revisited: Past, present, and future

The authors provide an up‐to‐date theoretically based qualitative review of research dealing with the relationship between HRM, employee well‐being, and individual/organisational performance (HRM‐WB‐IOP research). The review is based on a systematic critical analysis of all HRM‐WB‐IOP studies (N = 46) published in 13 core HRM and management journals in the 2000 to 2018 period. The authors first identify different theoretical models of the HRM‐WB‐IOP relationship, which they then use to map research in the area. The results show that mutual gains conceptualisations play a dominant role in extant HRM‐WB‐IOP research, at the expense of alternative conflicting outcomes and mutual losses models, which are also shown to receive very limited empirical support across the 46 studies. As part of this mapping exercise, the authors identify important knowledge gaps in the area and conclude by setting out a number of key recommendations for future research to address these gaps.
EFFECTS OF ENDURANCE TRAINING ABOVE THE ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD ON ISOCAPNIC BUFFERING PHASE DURING INCREMENTAL EXERCISE IN MIDDLE-DISTANCE RUNNERS

A study was performed to clarify the effects of endurance training above the anaerobic threshold (AT) on the isocapnic buffering phase during incremental exercise in athletes. Eight middle-distance runners aged 19.6•}1.2 years performed incremental exercise testing with a modified version of Bruce's protocol. After a 6-month high-intensity interval and paced running training at levels above AT, maximal oxygen uptake (•¬O2max) (ml• kg-1• min-1) was significantly increased from 60.1•}5.7 to 64.7•}5.5 (p<0.05). AT (m•lkg-1•Emin-1) was slightly but significantly increased from 28.2•}3.5 to 29.6•}4.3 (p<0.05). The respiratory compensation point (RC) (ml• kg-1•Emin-1) was markedly increased from 53.0•}8.3 to 57.7•}8.2 (p<0.05). Although neither the slope of the first regression line below AT (S1) nor that of the second line above AT (S2) calculated by V-slope analysis was altered, the range of isocapnic buffering (ml• kg-1• min-1) from AT to RC was significantly extended from 24.8•}5.9 to 28.1•}6.0 after the 6-months of training (p<0.05). In addition, the amount of change in •¬O2max after the 6-month of training period (‡TM•¬O2max) was correlated with ‡TM isocapnic buffering (R=0.72, p<0.05). We conclude that the degree of increased respiratory compensation point is larger than that of AT after high-intensity endurance training at levels above AT, and that the range of isocapnic buffering may be an important factor in relation to the increase in the maximal aerobic capacity of athletes. (Jpn. J. Phys. Fitness Sports Med. 1998, 47:43•`52) key words: training, athlete, anaerobic threshold, isocapnic buffering, respiratory compensation
Familiarity Breeds Growth: The Impact of Factional Ties on Local Cadres’ Economic Performance in China

Some attribute China's rapid economic growth to a cadre promotion system that rewards economic performance. Others argue that political promotion in China hinges on factionalism. Extant empirical studies often assume that performance can be measured independently from the effect of factionalism. We test the validity of this assumption by examining whether local cadres&#8217; economic performance would change as a result of losing vertical ties to a higher authority. We find an immediate increase in the growth rates of local GDP and government revenue. However, the performance change is mediated by the type of succeeding leaders, as it occurs only under locally promoted leaders who have existing ties with the local cadres. We further examine various channels through which a leader's insider status may affect local economic performance and find that newly appointed outsider leaders would cut fiscal transfers to the local level, which may explain the drop in their short&#8208;term performance.
Predictive validity of the examination for the Membership of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom

The constant public demand for high-quality medical services drives an associated demand for professional doctors, and requires them to take high-stakes exams. MRCP(UK) is a major examination for physicians in the UK, which aims to assess their knowledge, skills and appropriate attitudes – all key aspects of being a medical professional. Although the existing literature provides extensive evidence supporting the quality of MRCP(UK), this research aimed to add to the existing body of knowledge by investigating the predictive validity of MRCP(UK), i.e. examining whether it truly selects candidates who possess the above-mentioned qualities. This research therefore investigated the relationships between MRCP(UK) scores and results of seventeen knowledge exams and two clinical skills assessments (including specialty exams and MRCGP), training performance assessment outcomes (ARCP), and cases of licence limitations and erasures. Operating with the hypothesis that MRCP(UK) would predict all of the above-mentioned criteria, a retrospective longitudinal approach was assumed. The main sample contained records of 50,311 MRCP(UK) candidates attempting MRCP(UK) between May 2003 and January 2011; however, the analyses were performed on smaller samples, from 8 to 33,359 cases, depending on the size of the criterial dataset. The results of univariate and multivariate analyses supported the hypothesis. MRCP(UK) scores were indeed predictive of results of all knowledge exams and clinical assessments (meta-analysed average effects: r=0.69 for Part I, r=0.70 for Part II, 0.48 for PACES), and of performance in specialty training and issues with the licence to practice (on average: r=0.24 for Part I, and r=0.22 for Part II and PACES). The magnitudes of these validity coefficients were consistent with the theoretical notions of psychometrics and concurred with the findings of published studies. In view of the evidence it was concluded that MRCP(UK) is a valid exam. The limitations of this study, directions for future research, and general implications were discussed.