Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The 800 Pound Python in the Machine Learning Room

Modern machine learning frameworks have one commonality: the primary interface, for better or worse, is Python. Python is widely appreciated for its low barrier of entry due to its high-level built-ins and use of dynamic typing. However, these same features are also often attributed to causing the significant performance gap between the front-end in which users are asked to develop, and the highly-optimized back-end kernels which are ultimately called (generally written in a lower-level language like C). This has led to frameworks like TensorFlow requiring programs which consist almost entirely of API calls, with the appearance of only coincidentally being implemented in Python, the language. All recent ML frameworks have recognized this gap between usability and performance as a problem and aim to bridge the gap in generally one of two ways. In the case of tools like PyTorch’s JIT compiler, executed tensor operations can be recorded via tracing based on operator overloading. In the case of tools like PyTorch’s Torch Script, Python functions can be marked for translation entirely to a low-level language. However, both tracing and wholesale translation in this fashion have significant downsides in the respective inability to capture data-dependent control flow and the missed opportunities for optimization via execution while a low-level IR is built up. In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to overcome these shortcomings by performing a relatively simple source-tosource transformation, that allows for operator overloading techniques to be extended to language built-ins, including control flow operators, function definitions, etc. We utilize a preexisting PLT Redex implementation of Python’s core grammar in order to provide assurances that our transformations are semantics preserving with regard to standard Python. We then instantiate our overloading approach to generate code, which enables a form of multi-stage programming in Python. We capture the required transformations in a proof-of-concept, back-end agnostic, system dubbed Snek, and demonstrate their use in a production system released as part of TensorFlow, called AutoGraph. Finally, we provide an empirical evaluation of these systems and show performance benefits even with existing systems like TensorFlow, Torch Script, and Lantern as back-ends.
Distinct Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Microbiota of Children with Influenza A Virus Compared with Healthy Children

Background Influenza A virus (IAV) has had the highest morbidity globally over the past decade. A growing number of studies indicate that the upper respiratory tract (URT) microbiota plays a key role for respiratory health and that a dysfunctional respiratory microbiota is associated with disease; but the impact of microbiota during influenza is understudied. Methods We recruited 180 children, including 121 IAV patients and 59 age-matched healthy children. Nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swabs were collected to conduct 16S rDNA sequencing and compare microbiota structures in different individuals. Results Both NP and OP microbiota in IAV patients differed from those in healthy individuals. The NP dominated genera in IVA patients, such as Moraxella, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Dolosigranulum, showed lower abundance than in healthy children. The Streptococcus significantly enriched in patients' NP and Phyllobacterium could be generally detected in patients' NP microbiota. The most abundant genera in OP microbiota showed a decline tendency in patients, including Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Haemophilus. The URT's bacterial concurrence network changed dramatically in patients. NP and OP samples were clustered into subgroups by different dominant genera; and NP and OP microbiota provided the precise indicators to distinguish IAV patients from healthy children. Conclusion This is the first respiratory microbiome analysis on pediatric IAV infection which reveals distinct NP and OP microbiota in influenza patients. It provides a new insight into IAV research from the microecology aspect and promotes the understanding of IAV pathogenesis.
First-order Stochastic Algorithms for Escaping From Saddle Points in Almost Linear Time

Two classes of methods have been proposed for escaping from saddle points with one using the second-order information carried by the Hessian and the other adding the noise into the first-order information. The existing analysis for algorithms using noise in the first-order information is quite involved and hides the essence of added noise, which hinder further improvements of these algorithms. In this paper, we present a novel perspective of noise-adding technique, i.e., adding the noise into the first-order information can help extract the negative curvature from the Hessian matrix, and provide a formal reasoning of this perspective by analyzing a simple first-order procedure. More importantly, the proposed procedure enables one to design purely first-order stochastic algorithms for escaping from non-degenerate saddle points with a much better time complexity (almost linear time in terms of the problem's dimensionality). In particular, we develop a {\bf first-order stochastic algorithm} based on our new technique and an existing algorithm that only converges to a first-order stationary point to enjoy a time complexity of {$\widetilde O(d/\epsilon^{3.5})$ for finding a nearly second-order stationary point $\bf{x}$ such that $\|\nabla F(bf{x})\|\leq \epsilon$ and $\nabla^2 F(bf{x})\geq -\sqrt{\epsilon}I$ (in high probability), where $F(\cdot)$ denotes the objective function and $d$ is the dimensionality of the problem. To the best of our knowledge, this is the best theoretical result of first-order algorithms for stochastic non-convex optimization, which is even competitive with if not better than existing stochastic algorithms hinging on the second-order information.
A Spatial Econometric Analysis of the Effect of Vertical Restraints and Branding on Retail Gasoline Pricing

This paper builds an econometric model of retail gas competition to explain the pricing decisions of retail outlets in terms of vertical management structures, input costs and the characteristics of the local market they operate within. The model is estimated using price data from retail outlets from the South-Eastern Queensland region in Australia, but the generic nature of the model means that the results will be of general interest. The results indicate that when the cost of crude oil and demographic variations across different localities are accounted for, branding (i.e. whether the retail outlet is affiliated with one of the major brand distributers - Shell, Caltex, Mobil or BP) has a statistically significant positive effect on prices at nearby retail outlets. Conversely, the presence of an independent (non-branded) retailer within a locality has the effect of lowering retail prices. Furthermore, the results of this research show that service stations participating in discount coupon schemes with the two major retail supermarket chains have the effect of largely off-setting the price increase derived from branding affiliation. While, branding effects are not fully cancelled out, the overall effect is that prices are still higher than if branding did not occur.
Northern Bobwhite Densities in Burned and Unburned Redberry Juniper Rangelands

We estimated northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) densities in 4and 8-year-old burned and unburned redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchottii) dominated pastures. The 4-year-old burned (800 ha), 8-year-old burned (1,200 ha), and unburned (1,200 ha) treatment sites had 8.6, 14.4, and 22.3% woody canopy coverage, respectively. Fall bobwhite densities were estimated from 122 flushes of quail coveys on 592.8 km of transects. Data histograms indicated that bobwhite were harder to detect in the unburned area than in the 8-year-old burn or the 4-year-old burn. Probability detection functions were smaller in the old burn than the new burn (P = 0.05) or unburned area (P = 0.02). Bobwhite densities of 43.3, 55.1, and 60.5 birds/100 ha in the 4-year-old burn, 8-year-old burn, and unburned sites, respectively, were similar (P > 0.10). Prescribed burning to control redberry juniper and manage bobwhite should be designed to maintain intermittent shrub coverage.
Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Sarcocarp of Cotoneaster multiflorus

The ethanol-water (7 : 3, v/v) extract of Cotoneaster multiflorus sarcocarp was sequentially fractionated by liquid-liquid partition using -hexane, diethyl ether, methylene dichloride, and ethyl acetate. The contents of total polyphenols, total flavones, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins in the five parts (including the ethanol-water extract) were determined. In addition, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging, 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation decolorization, reducing power, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays were conducted to test the antioxidant activities of Sample 1 (the ethanol-water fraction) and Sample 2 (the ethyl acetate fraction) in vitro. In the above five assays, Sample 2 showed greater antioxidant capacities than Sample 1. Furthermore, Sample 2 was better able to protect low-density lipoproteins from oxidation in a dose-dependent manner. The test results show that C. multiflorus sarcocarp, especially the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction, may be a potential source of natural antioxidants.
Business Model Discovery by Technology Entrepreneurs

Strategy and innovation scholar Henry Chesbrough writes: “A business model has two important functions. It must create value within the value chain; and it must capture a piece of value for the focal firm in that chain” (Chesbrough et al., 2006; tinyurl.com/8x8byvv). Though debate continues among researchers and practitioners about precise operational definitions and rival classification schemes, consensus has gradually emerged that understanding how a particular firm creates and captures value is central to a full understanding of how and why that firm's revenues exceed its costs over time.
Elementos para apoiar a prática farmacêutica na farmácia comunitária

O que, realmente, os farmacêuticos que atuam em farmácias comunitárias necessitam para exercer a atenção farmacêutica? Concluído o curso “Exercício Profissional Diante dos Desafios da Farmácia Comunitária”, em Brasília, com 144 horas-aulas focadas na atualização desses profissionais e com o objetivo de melhorar a sua prática, 12 dos 73 farmacêuticos concluintes estão implementando um programa de atenção farmacêutica nas farmácias onde atuam. As duas últimas edições do boletim Farmacoterapêutica abordaram, respectivamente, o curso “Exercício Profissional Diante dos Desafios da Farmácia Comunitária” 1 e o Sistema On line de Informação sobre Medicamentos. 2 Nesta edição, são apresentados elementos do contexto em que os farmacêuticos egressos estão inseridos, com limitações e oportunidades ao desempenho da prática farmacêutica na farmácia comunitária, bem como algumas experiências estimuladas pelas estratégias descritas acima.
Learning task structure via sparsity grouped multitask learning

Sparse mapping has been a key methodology in many high-dimensional scientific problems. When multiple tasks share the set of relevant features, learning them jointly in a group drastically improves the quality of relevant feature selection. However, in practice this technique is used limitedly since such grouping information is usually hidden. In this paper, our goal is to recover the group structure on the sparsity patterns and leverage that information in the sparse learning. Toward this, we formulate a joint optimization problem in the task parameter and the group membership, by constructing an appropriate regularizer to encourage sparse learning as well as correct recovery of task groups. We further demonstrate that our proposed method recovers groups and the sparsity patterns in the task parameters accurately by extensive experiments.
Organic Orchard Floor Management Systems for Apple Effect on Rootstock Performance in the Midwestern United States

In organic apple production systems, orchard floor management is of prime importance because it determines weed management and soil fertility. In this experiment, we evaluated the response of the cultivar Pacific Gala on three rootstocks of different vigor: M.9 NAKB 337, M.9 RN 29, and Supporter 4 (in respective order of vigor from dwarfing to semivigorous). The rootstocks were also evaluated for the response to three orchard floor management systems (OFMSs): mulching using alfalfa hay, flame burning, and shallow strip tillage using the Swiss sandwich system (SSS). The experiment was conducted in an experimental orchard planted in 2000.
On maximum area polygons in a planar point set

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Genetic Aspect of Complex Regional Pain SyndromeType I (SyndromaAlgodystrophicum) Based on Quantitative Analysis of Digitopalmar Dermatoglyphics in Forty Women

We have made research by the analysis of digitopalmar dermatoglyphics in quantitative traits in forty women with regional complex pain syndrome type I, (CRPS1), as a measure of disease prevention: by the early recognition, making the risk groups and promptly cure of patients. The study included 25 dermatoglyphic variables: number of epidermal ridges on all ten fingers; their sum for five and ten fingers; four variables on both palm, i.e. between a-b b-c and c-d triradii, atd angles, then their bilateral sum. The data obtained were compared with those recorded in a control group of 200 pairs imprints phenotipically healthy female adults from the Zagreb area of Anthropological Institute in Zagreb. Statistically significant differences from control values were found in five variables: an increased sumof ridges between triradii b-c and total palmar ridge count on the right palm then, increased sum of ridges between triradii c-d and total palmar ridge count on left palm and their sum on both palm. Accordinglly, a few major genes, with an impact of many modification genes, are identical in some loci to the predisposing to algodystrophy syndrome suscepetibility, and might be found responsible to dermatoglyphic pattern development changes. Moreover, these findings suggested, because of craniocaudal development of dermatoglyphics, on some different genetic impact, at least in terms of time, a few weeks earlier then in our previous research in sixty men. It means, that some external, hormonal and sex factors play a role together by genetic in development this mytserious syndrome too.
Brain Mapping of the Mismatch Negativity Response to Vowel Variances of Natural and Synthetic Phonemes

Brain Mapping of the Mismatch Negativity Response to Vowel Variances of Natural and Synthetic Phonemes Lyndsy M. Smith Department of Communication Disorders, BYU Master of Science The mismatch negativity (MMN) is a specific event-related potential (ERP) component used frequently in the observation of auditory processing. The MMN is elicited by a deviant stimulus randomly presented in the presence of repeating stimuli. The current study utilized the MMN response in order to determine the temporal (timing) and linguistic processing of natural and synthetic vowel stimuli. It was hypothesized that a significant MMN response would be elicited by natural and synthetic vowel stimuli. Brain mapping of the MMN response was hypothesized to yield temporal resolution information, which would provide detail regarding the sequential processing differences between natural and synthetic vowel stimuli. It was also hypothesized that the location of dipoles within the cortex would provide information pertaining to differences in cortical localization of processing for natural and synthetic stimuli. Vowel stimuli were presented to twenty participants (10 females and 10 males between the ages of 18 and 26 years) in a three-forced-choice response paradigm. Data from behavioral responses, reaction times, and ERPs were recorded for each participant. Results demonstrated that there were differences in the behavioral and electrophysiological responses between natural and synthesized vowels presented to young, normal hearing adults. In addition, significant MMN responses were evoked by both natural and synthetic vowel stimuli. Greater reaction times existed for the synthetic vowel phonemes compared to the natural vowel phonemes. Electrophysiological differences were primarily seen in the processing of the synthetic /u/ stimuli. Scalp distribution of cognitive processing was essentially the same for naturally produced phonemes. Processing of synthetic phonemes also had similar scalp distributions; however, the synthetic /u/ phoneme required more complex processing compared to the synthetic /æ/ phoneme. The most significant processing localizations were located in the superior temporal gyrus, which is known for its role in linguistic processing. Continued processing in the frontal lobe was observed, suggesting continual evaluation of natural and synthetic phonemes throughout processing.
Comparative Prophylactic Administration Effect of Metronidazole, Ceftriaxone Sodium and their Combination on the Tensile Strength of End-to- End Jejunal Anastmotic Site in Dogs

Intestinal resections are most commonly performed in dogs and currently it is involved with extensive use of different antibiotics before surgical intervention. Metronidazole and cephalosporins are considered as best choice for prophylactic use in gastrointestinal operations. Therefore, the study is established to reveal the comparative effect of metronidazole, ceftriaxoine sodium and their combination on the tensile strength of jejunual anastomotic site. A total of twenty healthy stray dogs were included in this study. These dogs were randomly divided into four groups, which underwent end to end jejunal ansastmosis. The dogs in Group I (control) were operated for jejunal anstomosis without any antibiotic prophylaxis. The metronidazole alone was administered intravenously to dogs in Group II at the dose rate of 50mg/kg while the dogs in Group III were administered with intravenous ceftriaxone sodium at the dose rate of 30mg/Kg body weight two hours prior to surgery. The dogs in Group IV were given metronidazole in combination with ceftriaxone sodium by intravenous route at the dose rate of 50mg/Kg and 30mg/kg respectively two hours before surgical intervention. A significant difference was noted in the tensile strength between the four studied groups (P < 0.05). The study concluded that the combination of ceftriaxone sodium with metronidazole was found to enhance the gain in tensile strength significantly i.e. 47.50 %.
Distribution and densities of the decapod crab Percnon gibbesi, an invasive Grapsidae, in western Mediterranean waters

Density, population structure and spatial distribution of the invasive crab Percnon gibbesi in western Mediterranean waters were investigated. Densities appeared highest within peb- ble substrates, reaching up to 3 ind. m -2 . Modal length was 20 mm carapace length (CL), with the presence of ovigerous females from 18 mm CL. Maximum densities were observed at 1 m depth. There were significant differences in habitat preference toward boulders of variable size with algal cover not higher than 0.5 cm. Although individuals were highly active during the daytime, activity patterns were highest at sunset. Further studies are required on the biology and ecology of this grap- sid crab to better understand the reasons for its population growth along Mediterranean coasts and to ascertain the means of colonization.
Sexual Subjectivity, Relationship Status and Quality, and Same-sex Sexual Experience among Emerging Adult Females

Sexual subjectivity (SS) includes sexual body-esteem, entitlement to self-pleasure and pleasure from a partner, sexual self-efficacy, and reflection about sexual behavior. The objectives of this study were to examine if females' SS was associated with their romantic experience, including status, length, quality, and same-sex sexual experience. Participants were 251 females with a mean age of 19.6 years. In simple group comparisons, females with steady partners were higher in sexual body esteem, self-efficacy and self-reflection, and those in longer romantic relationships (> 1.5 years) had higher sexual body-esteem and self-efficacy, but lower self-reflection. Females with a history of same-sex sexual experience were higher in sexual entitlement, self-efficacy and self-reflection. In multiple regression, females with a steady partner and who reported more positive romantic quality had greater sexual body-esteem. Females in longer relationships were higher in sexual self-efficacy but lower in self-reflection. Same-sex sexual experience was associated with greater entitlement to self-pleasure. For sexual self-efficacy and self-reflection, having a steady partner and a history of same-sex sexual experience were uniquely associated. The developmental, theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Investigating The Relationship between Event-Related Potentials and Response Kinematics

Movement is one of the most important functions of our nervous system. Recent research has shown that cognitive and perceptual functions ranging from our perception of others’ emotions to the planning of goal-directed behaviors depends critically on brain areas once thought to be primarily motor in nature. Given the important role our motor system plays in understanding and interacting with the world around us, it is surprising that the majority of cognitive neuroscience research using electroencephalogram (EEG) has focused primarily on perception and cognition irrespective of its relationship(s) to the execution of movement. One possible explanation for this is that EEG and event-related potential (ERP) studies typically rely on simplistic motor responses and ERP averaging techniques that do not afford an analysis of these dynamic relationships. Combining a novel method for tracking dynamic cursor movement and single-trial EEG analysis, the current study addressed this limitation in the field via assessment of younger and older adults’ goal-directed movements during a task-set switching procedure. Our results demonstrate that ERPs conventionally interpreted with respect to cognition and perception are in fact related to the kinematics of motor responses.