Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Level diagnosis and prognostic tests

The first branch, the greater petrosal nerve, is the intermediate nerve that innervates lacrimal and nasal secretion in the posterior part of the nasal cavity. The nerve participates in the gustatory sensation of the palate. Its fiber diameter was reported as 2–4 mm by Ylikoski et al. (2) and 2–3 mm by Thurner et al. (3). These fibers are much smaller than the facial motor fibers, which were reported as 4–8 mm by Ylikoski et al., 4–6 mm by Thurner et al. and 7–10 mm by van Buskirk (4). Its neurons are in the trigeminal nucleus (5). The second branch, the stapedial nerve, is a motor nerve, but it does not arise from the facial nucleus (6). Its fibers have a small diameter of 3–6 mm (7). The third branch, the chorda tympani nerve, is a branch of the intermediate nerve. It functions as a secretomotor to the submandibular and lingual glands and provides gustatory sensation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Diameters of the composed fiber are the same as that of the greater petrosal nerve.
Evidence-Based Systematic Review: Effects of Speech-Language Pathology Treatment for Individuals With Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion.

PURPOSE In this article, our goal was to determine the state of the evidence and the effect of speech-language pathology (SLP) treatment for individuals with paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM). METHOD The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's National Center for Evidence-Based Practice in Communication Disorders searched 22 electronic databases using key words related to PVFM, speech or voice treatment, and behavioral intervention for articles published through July 2013. Identified articles were systematically evaluated to assess the quality of the evidence using a modification of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's critical appraisal scheme. RESULTS Sixty-five articles met the search criteria. Only 2 out of the 65 articles were judged to contain adequate evidence to evaluate the effect of SLP treatment for PVFM. All 65 articles exemplify the state of the evidence for SLP treatment for PVFM. CONCLUSION The state of the evidence for the use of SLP treatment is in its infancy, with a majority of articles in the exploratory stage of research. Consequently, few clinical implications can be drawn at this time. SLP treatment for PVFM is promising; however, there is clearly a pressing need for systematic experimental studies that involve a control group to further the evidence base.
DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL PATHWAYS IN MAMMALS

Introducing a new hobby for other people may inspire them to join with you. Reading, as one of mutual hobby, is considered as the very easy hobby to do. But, many people are not interested in this hobby. Why? Boring is the reason of why. However, this feel actually can deal with the book and time of you reading. Yeah, one that we will refer to break the boredom in reading is choosing development of visual pathways in mammals proceedings of a satellite symposium of the 39th international congress of the union of physiological sciences neurology and neurobiology volume 9 as the reading material.
Augmenting College Students' Study of Speech-Language Pathology Using Computer-Based Mini Quiz Games.

PURPOSE This study examined whether undergraduate college students' immediate recall and longer-term retention of introductory voice disorder concepts improved by using mini quiz games (MQGs; interactive knowledge tests in game format) compared with (a) traditional study alone, (b) MQGs and traditional study together, or (c) a no-study control condition. METHOD Ninety-three college students participated in proctored sessions in which they were given a pretest, viewed an online lecture on introductory voice disorder concepts, and then engaged in either no intervention or interventions including traditional study, MQG play, or both MQG play and traditional study, followed by an immediate recall posttest and longer-term retention follow-up test. RESULTS Analyses suggested that the effects of all interventions (traditional study, MQG play, and the combination of the 2) were equivalent and resulted in significantly greater improvements from pretest to immediate recall posttest performance than the control condition. In contrast, MQGs and MQGs with traditional study, but not traditional study alone, showed better results for long-term retention than no study. CONCLUSION Results provide preliminary support for the idea that there may be multiple effective learning modes, beyond traditional study, that enhance recall and retention of knowledge foundational to speech-language pathology clinical training and practice.
Structure, Processes, and Retrospective Outcomes From an Intensive Comprehensive Aphasia Program.

PURPOSE This study describes the structure, processes, and outcomes of an intensive comprehensive aphasia program (ICAP). The aim was to identify treatment gains and determine if outcomes were significantly different between participants grouped according to severity and type of aphasia, and time postonset. METHOD Data from 74 first-time ICAP participants were analyzed. Pre- and posttreatment scores on the Western Aphasia Battery-Revised and other impairment and participation measures were compared using paired t tests. Analyses of variance were used to compare outcomes related to aphasia severity (severe, moderate, and mild aphasia), aphasia type (fluent, nonfluent), and chronicity (0-6 months postonset, 7-12 months postonset, and 12+ months postonset). RESULTS Participants made significant changes on all impairment and participation measures. Large effect sizes were noted for one participation and three impairment measures. Medium effect sizes were noted for one impairment and three participation measures. There was no significant difference among groups on any factor. CONCLUSION ICAPs can have a significant effect on the language impairment and participation of people with aphasia, but further research is required to determine if the effect is comparable to other types of service delivery.
Comparison of Whole and Acellular Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Oral Wash Microbiomes. Should Acellular Bronchoalveolar Lavage Be the Standard

Rationale: The ability to determine the respiratory microbiome from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is controversial due to oral contamination during bronchoscopy. To determine if processing BAL improved the ability to distinguish lung from oral wash microbiomes, we compared the oral and lung microbiome from whole and acellular BAL in 34 subjects. Methods: Oral wash samples and bronchoscopy with BAL were performed. After removing an aliquot of whole unprocessed BAL, the remaining was centrifuged at 1,500 rpm for 10 minutes and the supernatant harvested as acellular BAL. DNA was isolated from 2 ml of oral wash and 5 ml of acellular and whole BAL using the Qiagen DNeasy kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). DNA encoding 16s ribosomal RNA was amplified using NEB Phusion enzyme (NEB, Ipswich, MA) and degenerate of eubacterial primers that amplify the variable regions 1 through 3. DNA sequencing was performed using 454 sequencing. Results: The amount of genomic DNA isolated from whole BAL was 100-fold higher compared with acellular BAL. Despite this, the number of high-quality genera bacterial reads (RDP classifier > 90%) was identical between the two groups (whole BAL, 4,903 ± 3,209; acellular BAL, 4,245 ± 2,632). Bray-Curtis distances between oral wash and acellular BAL were significantly higher than the distance between whole BAL and oral wash (P = 0.000035), indicating acellular BAL was significantly more different from oral wash compared with whole BAL. Visually, the overlap between oral wash and whole BAL can be seen on the dendogram in Figure 1 (BA = acellular BAL; BW = whole BAL; OR = oral wash). Figure 1. Dendogram showing clustering using bray-curtis dissimilarity at the genus level. Blue = acellular bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); red = whole BAL; green = oral wash. Conclusions: The difference between acellular BAL and oral wash is significantly greater than the difference between whole BAL and oral wash. We suggest this represents greater contamination of whole BAL by upper airway organisms. We speculate acellular BAL provides a better representation of the true lower respiratory tract microbiome.
Safety of spironolactone in dogs with chronic heart failure because of degenerative valvular disease: a population-based, longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND Spironolactone treatment in humans is associated with an increased risk of hyperkalemia and renal dysfunction. HYPOTHESIS Dogs with cardiac disease treated with spironolactone, in addition to conventional therapy, are not at higher risk for adverse events (AEs) than those receiving solely conventional therapy. ANIMALS One hundred and ninety-six client-owned dogs with naturally occurring myxomatous mitral valve disease. METHODS Prospective, double-blinded field study with dogs randomized to receive either spironolactone (2 mg/kg once a day) or placebo in addition to conventional therapy (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, plus furosemide and digoxin if needed). Safety was compared between treatment groups, using the frequency of AEs, death caused by cardiac disease, renal disease, or both, and variations in serum sodium, potassium, urea, and creatinine concentrations. For the latter, population-specific reference intervals were established and out of range values (ORV) analyzed. RESULTS The number of AEs was similar in the spironolactone and reference groups (188 and 208, respectively), when followed for median duration of 217 days (range [2-1,333]). At each study time point, the percentage of dogs showing ORV was similar between groups. There were a higher number of deaths because of cardiac disease, renal disease or both in the reference group (30.7% versus 13.7%) (P = .0043). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Dogs with heart failure receiving spironolactone in addition to conventional treatment are not at a higher risk for AEs, death caused by cardiac disease, renal disease, or both, hyperkalemia, or azotemia.
Impact of a novel synbiotic supplementation during gestation and lactation on immune responses in the Swiss albino mice offspring.

BACKGROUND Prebiotics from various regularly consumed cereals and novel substrates are currently being utilised as functional foods. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of synbiotic, formulated with prebiotic extracted from natural resources like green gram (Vigna radiata) along with probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in modulating immune responses in the offspring when supplemented during gestation and lactation. RESULTS Synbiotic supplementation was effective in improving cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity among F0 dams. Among F1 pups (F1 Syn + and F1 Syn-), synbiotic supplementation showed significantly heightened (P < 0.05) splenocyte proliferation, increased interleukin-10, interferon gamma and interleukin-17 responses, leucocyte phagocytic ability and increased secretory-immunoglobulin A. However, four-fold increase in IgG titres to Hepatitis-B vaccine was observed only in those mice that were supplemented with synbiotic postweaning (F1 Syn+). CONCLUSION Synbiotic supplementation to pregnant dams affected the offspring's cellular and mucosal immunity favorably. However, IgG response to Hepatitis-B vaccine was influenced positively only when the supplementation was extended to the offsprings in the post weaning period. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effects of four short-chain fatty acids or salts on the dynamics of nitrogen transformations and intrinsic protease activity of alfalfa silage.

BACKGROUND Short-chain fatty salts have been widely used as food and forage preservatives because of their antimicrobial properties. This study evaluated the effects of four chemical compounds with antimicrobial properties on nitrogen transformations and intrinsic protease activity of alfalfa silage. RESULTS Potassium diformate (PD) and formic acid (FA) rapidly reduced silage pH. Silages treated with sodium diacetate (SD) and calcium propionate (CAP) had higher final peptide N concentrations than other silage. The free amino acid N contents in PD and FA treated silages were lower than other silages at all intervals of ensilage. The ammonia N concentrations in FA and PD silages were the lowest, followed by SD and CAP silages. As ensiling progressed, the aminopeptidase activity was completely lost by day 5 for FA and PD silages and inactive by day 7 for SD silage, while it remained active after day 7 for control and CAP silage. The carboxypeptidase activities in FA and PD silages were already reduced below 50% by day 1 of ensiling. CONCLUSION Potassium diformate was as effective as formic acid in depressing the proteolysis, while sodium diacetate and calcium propionate were inferior to formic acid in protecting alfalfa proteins from being hydrolysed. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
The Role of Exosomal VP 40 in Ebola Virus Disease

Ebola virus (EBOV) can cause a devastating hemorrhagic disease, leading to death in a short period of time. After infection, the resulting EBOV disease results in high levels of circulating cytokines, endothelial dysfunction, coagulopathy, and bystander lymphocyte apoptosis in humans and nonhuman primates. The VP40 matrix protein of EBOV is essential for viral assembly and budding from the host cell. Recent data have shown that VP40 exists in the extracellular environment, including in exosomes, and exosomal VP40 can impact the viability of recipient immune cells, including myeloid and T cells, through the regulation of the RNAi and endosomal sorting complexes required for transport pathways. In this study, we discuss the latest findings of the impact of exosomal VP40 on immune cells in vitro and its potential implications for pathogenesis in vivo.
Comparison of Single, Averaged, and Pooled Urine Protein:Creatinine Ratios in Proteinuric Dogs Undergoing Medical Treatment

Background Monitoring urine protein:creatinine ratios (UPC) in dogs with protein‐losing nephropathy (PLN) is challenging because of day‐to‐day variation in UPC results. Hypothesis/Objectives Determine whether single, averaged, or pooled samples from PLN dogs receiving medical treatment yield comparable UPCs, regardless of degree of proteinuria. Animals Twenty‐five client‐owned PLN dogs receiving medical treatment. Methods UPC ratios were prospectively measured in each dog utilizing 3 methods: single in‐hospital sample (day 3), average sample (days 1–3), and pooled sample (equal pooling of urine from days 1–3). Bland‐Altman analysis was performed to evaluate agreement between methods for all dogs, as well as in subgroups of dogs (UPC ≤4 or UPC >4). Results For all dogs, Bland‐Altman log‐transformed 95% limits of agreement were −0.07–0.18 (single versus pooled UPC), −0.06–0.16 (single versus average UPC), and −0.06–0.04 (pooled versus average UPC). For dogs with UPC ≤4, Bland‐Altman 95% limits of agreement were −0.42–0.82 (single versus pooled UPC), −0.38–0.76 (single versus average UPC), and −0.27–0.25 (pooled versus average UPC). For dogs with UPC >4, Bland‐Altman 95% limits of agreement were −0.17–2.4 (single versus pooled UPC), −0.40–2.2 (single versus average UPC), and −0.85–0.43 (pooled versus average UPC). Conclusions and Clinical Importance UPC ratios from all methods were comparable in PLN dogs receiving medical treatment. In PLN dogs with UPC >4, more variability between methods exists likely because of higher in‐hospital results, but whether this finding is clinically relevant is unknown.
Substance use and psychiatric disorders in Irish adolescents: a cross-sectional study of patients attending substance abuse treatment service

Little information exists on the levels of psychiatric disorders among substance abusing adolescents in Ireland. The aim of the study is examine the pattern of psychiatric disorders and explore for gender differences among adolescents with a substance use disorder (SUD) in Ireland. A cross-sectional descriptive study and retrospective review of medical records on the 144 most recent admissions at the Youth Drug and Alcohol (YoDA) service, Dublin was carried out. Overall, 48% of the patients had a lifetime history of psychiatric disorders. Deliberate self-harm (DSH) was the most common condition (27.1%), followed by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (20.8%) and depression (10.4%). Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder were infrequently diagnosed. Compared with boys, the girls were more likely to have a lifetime history of psychiatric disorders (odds ratio 3.7; p = 0.005). These findings provide the first prevalence data on psychiatric disorders in a clinically representative sample of I.
Primary Articular Cartilage Procedures in the Middle-Aged Knee

The treatment of articular cartilage damage in the middle-aged knee poses a difficult problem for surgeons. Such damage is common and is often the result of trauma to the knee or repetitive impact as in sports. It is well established that cartilage possesses a poor innate ability to heal. Non-surgical treatments such as anti-inflammatory medications may provide symptomatic relief, but the damage will often progress further to osteoarthritis. Surgical treatment must be aimed at repairing the articular surface with a durable tissue, with mechanical properties similar to native articular cartilage. Although arthroscopic debridement was once believed to be beneficial, recent evidence has suggested that this provides little if any long-term relief. Subchondral abrasion, drilling, and microfracture are used to recruit marrow elements in hopes of stimulating repair. Recently, procedures such as autologous osteochondral transplantation and autologous chondrocyte transplantation have been used to restore the articular surface. When other methods have failed the use of total and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty are viable options, because recent long-term results have shown success even in young, active patients.
Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Uptake in Endotoxic Shock. An Experimental Study in Dogs

Cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygen uptake (CMRo2) and central haemodynamics in anaesthetized dogs with controlled ventilation were studied at intervals for 2 h following an intravenous injection of E. coli endotoxin, 1.0–1.5 mg/kg. CBF showed a 30% decrease within 15 min after the endotoxin administration, while the arterial blood pressure was still not markedly depressed. Autoregulation to arterial blood pressure changes was maintained during endotoxinaemia and the cerebrovascular reaction to changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension (Paco2) depressed. Normocapnic animals (PacO2 ≥ 4.0 kPa) showed an increase in CMRO2 of over 40%, that was obvious 1 h after the administration of endotoxin. The intracranial pressure was decreased within 5 min of the administration of endotoxin irrespective of the prevailing arterial blood pressure. Thereafter, it was raised above the control level. Two hours after endotoxin increased protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid were seen, results compatible with blood‐brain barrier damage and penetration of other substances; e.g. monoamines released during endotoxinaemia could thus be expected to have a direct influence on both cerebral blood flow and metabolism.
Gallbladder Mucocele: Variables Associated with Outcome and the Utility of Ultrasonography to Identify Gallbladder Rupture in 219 Dogs (2007–2016)

Background Gallbladder mucocele (GBM) is an increasingly recognized extrahepatic biliary disease in dogs. Objectives To investigate cases of GBM and identify variables associated with survival and the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography to identify gallbladder rupture. Animals Two hundred and nineteen client‐owned dogs with GBM. Methods Multicenter, retrospective study of dogs with GBM, presented from January 2007 to November 2016 to 6 academic veterinary hospitals in the United States. Interrogation of hospital databases identified all cases with the inclusion criteria of a gross and histopathologic diagnosis of GBM after cholecystectomy and intraoperative bacteriologic cultures of at least 1 of the following: gallbladder wall, gallbladder contents, or abdominal effusion. Results Two hundred and nineteen dogs fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Dogs with GBM and gallbladder rupture with bile peritonitis at the time of surgery were 2.7 times more likely to die than dogs without gallbladder rupture and bile peritonitis (P = 0.001; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.50–4.68; n = 41). No significant associations were identified between survival and positive bacteriologic cultures, antibiotic administration, or time (days) from ultrasonographic identification of GBM to the time of surgery. The sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative likelihood ratios for ultrasonographic identification of gallbladder rupture were 56.1% (95% CI, 39.9–71.2), 91.7% (95% CI, 85.3–95.6), 6.74, and 0.44, respectively. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Dogs in our study with GBM and intraoperative evidence of gallbladder rupture and bile peritonitis had a significantly higher risk of death. Additionally, abdominal ultrasonography had low sensitivity for identification of gallbladder rupture.
Barriers to and enablers of implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs in veterinary practices

Background Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs are yet to be widely implemented in veterinary practice and medical programs are unlikely to be directly applicable to veterinary settings. Objective To gain an in‐depth understanding of the factors that influence effective AMS in veterinary practices in Australia. Methods A concurrent explanatory mixed methods design was used. The quantitative phase of the study consisted of an online questionnaire to assess veterinarians’ attitudes to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial use in animals, and the extent to which AMS currently is implemented (knowingly or unknowingly). The qualitative phase used semi‐structured interviews to gain an understanding of the barriers to and enablers of AMS in veterinary practices. Data were collected and entered into NVivo v.11, openly coded and analyzed according to mixed methods data analysis principles. Results Companion animal, equine, and bovine veterinarians participated in the study. Veterinary practices rarely had antimicrobial prescribing policies. The key barriers were a lack of AMS governance structures, client expectations and competition between practices, cost of microbiological testing, and lack of access to education, training and AMS resources. The enablers were concern for the role of veterinary antimicrobial use in development of AMR in humans, a sense of pride in the service provided, and preparedness to change prescribing practices. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Our study can guide development and establishment of AMS programs in veterinary practices by defining the major issues that influence the prescribing behavior of veterinarians.