Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do Experts or Collective Intelligence Write with More Bias? Evidence from Encyclopædia Britannica and Wikipedia

Which source of information contains greater bias and slant? text written by an expert or that constructed via collective intelligence? Do the costs of acquiring, storing, displaying and revising information shape those differences? We evaluate this question empirically by examining slanted and biased phrases in content on US political issues from two sources? Encyclopaedia Britannica and Wikipedia. Our overall slant measure is less (more) than zero when an article leans towards Democrat (Republican) viewpoints, while bias is the absolute value of the slant. Using a matched sample of pairs of articles from Britannica and Wikipedia, we show that, overall, Wikipedia articles are more slanted towards Democrat than Britannica articles, as well as more biased. Slanted Wikipedia articles tend to become less biased than Britannica articles on the same topic as they become substantially revised, and the bias on a per word basis hardly differs between the sources. These results have implications for the segregation of readers in online sources and the allocation of editorial resources in online sources using collective intelligence.
Zanamivir in the prevention of influenza among healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT The neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir, a sialic acid analog administered directly to the respiratory tract, has been demonstrated in clinical studies to be effective in treatment of type A and B influenza. It has also been shown to prevent influenza infection and disease in an experimental model. OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy of zanamivir, administered once daily, in the prevention of influenza infection and disease. DESIGN Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING Two midwestern university communities. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1107 healthy adults (mean age [range], 29 [18-69] years) were recruited in November 1997, before the influenza season. INTERVENTION At the start of the influenza outbreak, 554 subjects were randomized to receive placebo and 553 to receive zanamivir. The drug, 10 mg once per day, or identical placebo was administered by oral inhalation for a 4-week period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Illness occurrence was recorded by participants daily and records were evaluated weekly. Specimens were collected for viral isolation when symptoms were reported within 3 days of illness onset. Infection was also identified by testing paired serum samples for rise in antibody titer against the circulating influenza viruses. RESULTS Zanamivir was 67% efficacious (95% confidence interval [CI], 39%-83%; P<.001) in preventing laboratory-confirmed clinical influenza meeting the case definition and 84% efficacious (95% CI, 55%-94%; P=.001) in preventing laboratory-confirmed illnesses with fever. All influenza infections occurring during the season, with or without symptoms, were prevented with an efficacy of 31% (95% CI, 4%-50%; P=.03). The nature and incidence of adverse events in the zanamivir group did not differ from placebo. Compliance with the once-daily dosage was high. CONCLUSIONS Zanamivir administered once daily is efficacious and well tolerated in the prevention of influenza for a 4-week period in healthy adults.
PERCEPCIÓN DE LA DISTINCIÓN ENTRE OCLUSIVAS SORDAS Y SONORAS INICIALES DEL INGLÉS (LE) POR ESTUDIANTES ARGENTINOS: DATOS DE IDENTIFICACIÓN Y DISCRIMINACIÓN

espanolEn este trabajo, verificamos si el tiempo de inicio de voz (en ingles, Voice Onset Time – VOT) corresponde a la principal pista acustica utilizada en la identificacion y discriminacion de sonoridad de los segmentos oclusivos del ingles. Investigamos un grupo de 15 estudiantes de ingles, hablantes de espanol rioplatense como L1, los cuales realizaron un test de identificacion y otro de discriminacion (AxB) en que se testearon cuatro patrones de VOT del ingles: (i) VOT Negativo y VOT Cero, que ocurren variablemente en las producciones de oclusivas sonoras; (ii) VOT Positivo, producido en oclusivas sordas y (iii) VOT Cero Artificial, un patron manipulado y construido a partir del corte de aspiracion de /p/, /t/, /k/. Los resultados confirman que el VOT no corresponde a la pista mayoritariamente seguida por los estudiantes, y que las distinciones de sonidos en la interlengua no son establecidas a partir de las mismas pistas acusticas que son funcionalmente primordiales entre hablantes nativos del ingles. EnglishIn this article, we investigate if Voice Onset Time (VOT) is the main acoustic cue employed by Argentinean students in the identification and discrimination of voicing in word-initial stops in English. Fifteen advanced learners of English participated in the study. Participants took an Identification and a Discrimination (AxB) test, in which four VOT Patterns were investigated: (i) Negative VOT and Zero VOT, which occur variably in the production of voiced stops; (ii) Positive VOT, found in voiceless stops and (iii) Artificial Zero VOT, a manipulated pattern built with the extraction of aspiration in /p/, /t/, /k/. The results confirm that VOT is not the main acoustic cue followed by learners, and that voicing distinctions in the interlanguage are not based on the same acoustic cues employed by native speakers of English.
Vocal Acoustic Correlates of Flat Affect in Schizophrenia

In a survey of authoritative psychiatric texts, inconsistent, sometimes contradictory use can be found of the terms ‘affect’, ‘mood’, and ‘emotion’. There is some consensus that these terms deal with subsets of the larger domain of feelings, but many authorities, explicitly or implicitly, treat them as at least partially interchangeable. Others see the terms as referring to different phenomena, but disagree on how they differ. In lay usage, feelings are primarily subjective experiences, but the term is used here in a more encompassing, generic sense. In the psychiatric texts, some attributes are frequently used to distinguish among feelings. These include the duration of the phenomena; whether they are subjective, objective or both; the relative involvement of cognition; and whether they are clinically observable or rather reflect the patient's potential for response. Some examples of current usage will be considered before alternative formulations are suggested.
Computerizing Medication Algorithms and Decision Support Systems for Major

&NA; In this article, the authors discuss the rationale for the use of computerized medication algorithms and decision support systems in the treatment of major psychiatric disorders. The field of psychopharmacology has advanced tremendously in the last two decades, with the resulting vast array of new information yielding a marked disparity between actual practice and what is commonly called “best practice. ” As a remedy, clinical practice guidelines and algorithms have been widely developed. These algorithms are used to disseminate up‐to‐date information, effect change in physician behavior, and reduce untoward variation in care. Review of the literature reveals advantages and limitations in trying to implement these paper and pencil guidelines and algorithms. Available research also suggests that computerized decision support systems have the potential to overcome such limitations, increase the use of treatment guidelines and algorithms, and improve physician adherence to recommended practices. The advantages of computerized medication algorithms and decision support systems are discussed. Finally, the computer platform elements that are necessary to make such systems effective and user‐friendly are described.
Protective effect of carnosine on adriamycin-induced oxidative heart damage in rats.

OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress is one of the major factors involved in the pathogenesis of adriamycin (ADR)-induced cardiac dysfunction. The present study examined the antioxidant protective effects of carnosine (CAR) on adriamycin-induced cardiac damage in rats. METHODS Female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Control (CONT, n=8, saline only i.v.); carnosine (CAR, n=8.10 mg/kg/day, i.v.); adriamycin (ADR, n=10.4 mg/kg four times every 2 days for 8 days, i.v.) alone and carnosine with adriamycin (CAR+ADR, n=10). Carnosine was given one week before adriamycin treatment and following one week with adriamycin treatment. After measurement of physiological functions, blood samples were collected for biochemical assays. The hearts were excised for hemodynamic study. Comparisons between different groups were made using ANOVA and posthoc Tukey test. RESULTS Adriamycin produced evident cardiac damage revealed by; hemodynamic changes - decreased left ventricular developed pressure (p=0.01), the maximum-minimum rates of change in left ventricular pressure (± dP/dt, p=0.01), electrocardiogram (ECG) changes (elevated ST, decreased R-wave, p=0.001), cardiac injury marker changes (increased creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase), plasma antioxidant enzymes activity changes (decreased superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase activities, p=0.03) and lipid peroxidation (elevated malondialdehyde, p=0.05) to the control and carnosine groups. Carnosine treatment caused significant attenuation (p=0.05) of cardiac dysfunction induced by adriamycin (CAR+ADR), revealed by normalization of the ventricular function, ECG and biochemical variables. CONCLUSION An increase in oxidative stress, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase levels, catalase inactivation and cardiac dysfunction induced by adriamycin were prevented by carnosine.
Mobile and stable hydrogen species in the interface layer between poly silicon and gate oxynitride

The diffusion behavior of hydrogen contained in the surface layer of oxynitrides serving as models for poly-Si/oxynitride interfaces in MOS transistors was studied with H depth profiling by nuclear reaction analysis. The poly-Si/oxynitride interface is found to contain mobile and stable H species. The mobile H species tends to desorb in vacuum at room temperature. A TDDB improvement caused by resting in air for more than 24 h prior to the post nitridation annealing is attributed to the reduction of mobile H species. Eliminating the mobile H from the gate interface is thus suggested to improve the reliability of oxynitride dielectrics.
Salvaging the failed pharyngoplasty: intervention outcome.

OBJECTIVE This paper reports on the rates of failure of operations (pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty) performed for management of velopharyngeal dysfunction, and outcome following their revision. DESIGN Anatomic abnormalities associated with unacceptable vocal resonance and nasal air escape following pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty were critiqued. The results of primary pharyngeal flap were evaluated for 65 patients, and the results of primary sphincter pharyngoplasty were evaluated for 123 patients. All patients were treated for velopharyngeal dysfunction. The definition of surgical failure was based on persistent hypernasality and/or nasal turbulence on perceptual speech evaluation, and incomplete velopharyngeal closure on instrumental evaluation, at least 3 months postoperatively. SETTING All patients were evaluated and managed at the Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Deformities Institute, St. Louis Children's Hospital, a tertiary cleft care center. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS All patients had failed surgical management initially, either with pharyngeal flap or sphincter pharyngoplasty, and all underwent repeat preoperative and postoperative perceptual speech evaluations; real-time lateral phonation fluoroscopy including still reference views; and flexible nasendoscopy of the velopharynx using standard speech protocols. INTERVENTIONS Revisional surgery for both procedures consisted of either tightening of the sphincter pharyngoplasty or pharyngeal flap port(s) or reinsertion of the sphincter pharyngoplasty or pharyngeal flaps following dehiscence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measure was normalcy of velopharyngeal function, i.e., elimination of perceptual hypernasality and instrumental evidence of complete velopharyngeal closure. The rates of pharyngeal flap failure and sphincter pharyngoplasty failure were determined for those patients requiring surgical revision. RESULTS Thirteen of 65 patients (20%) who underwent primary pharyngeal flap required revisional surgery. Of these 13 patients, eight were managed successfully with a single revisional operation. The remaining five patients (38%) continued to exhibit velopharyngeal dysfunction and underwent a second revision consisting of tightening or augmentation of the lateral ports. Speech results were satisfactory in all patients so treated; however, hyponasality with no other airway morbidity occurred in all five. Twenty of 123 patients (16%) who underwent primary sphincter pharyngoplasty required surgical revision. Of these 20 patients, 17 were managed successfully. For both procedures, the principal cause of failure was partial or complete flap dehiscence. CONCLUSIONS Rates of primary pharyngeal flap failure are roughly equivalent to rates of primary sphincter pharyngoplasty failure. Pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty failures can be salvaged with revisional surgery, which can provide a velopharyngeal mechanism capable of complete closure. Revisional surgery is usually associated with denasal speech.
The power of negative thinking in constructing threshold circuits for addition

It has recently been shown that it is possible to add two binary numbers in threshold circuits of depth two with polynomial size. It is shown here that the most significant bit of addition, which is a monotone function, needs exponential size when computed in monotone threshold circuits of depth two. In fact, it is shown that even o(n/log n) negations do not suffice for polynomial size. This is the first example of such a gap for this model. <<ETX>>
Using Sympathetic Skin Responses in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury as a Quantitative Evaluation of Motor Imagery Abilities

Background Motor imagery (MI) ability should be evaluated in selected individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) who can benefit from MI training in their rehabilitation program. Electrodermal activity seems to be a reliable indicator for assessing MI ability. However, individuals with SCI have a variety of autonomic dysfunctions. Objective This study aimed to investigate electrodermal responses (EDRs) elicited by MI. Design A cost-utility analysis of EDR above and below the lesion level in individuals with complete or incomplete SCI (n=30) versus a control group of individuals who were healthy (n=10) was used. Method The EDR was recorded above and below the lesion level during MI of a drinking action. Duration, latency, and amplitude of EDR were the outcome measures. Results Hand and foot EDR in the control group occurred with the same pattern and similar latencies, suggesting a common efferent sympathetic pathway to sweat glands of the hand and foot mediating a sympathetic skin response. Individuals with SCI elicited responses above the lesion level. The EDR amplitude was correlated to the lesion level and autonomic dysreflexia history. No foot response was recorded in individuals with complete cervical and thoracic motor lesions. Foot response with a lower amplitude and higher latency occurred in participants with incomplete motor lesion, suggesting a link between the descending motor pathway and sympathetic function. Limitations The small sample of individuals with incomplete SCI limits the generalization of the results obtained at the foot site. Conclusions Electrodermal response above the lesion level may be a reliable index for assessing MI ability in individuals with SCI. It is a noninvasive, user-friendly method for clinicians to consider before enrolling individuals in MI training.
Knowledge Graph Embedding

A knowledge graph is a graph with entities of different types as nodes and various relations among them as edges. The construction of knowledge graphs in the past decades facilitates many applications, such as link prediction, web search analysis, question answering, and so on. Knowledge graph embedding aims to represent entities and relations in a large-scale knowledge graph as elements in a continuous vector space. Existing methods, for example, TransE, TransH, and TransR, learn the embedding representation by defining a global margin-based loss function over the data. However, the loss function is determined during experiments whose parameters are examined among a closed set of candidates. Moreover, embeddings over two knowledge graphs with different entities and relations share the same set of candidates, ignoring the locality of both graphs. This leads to the limited performance of embedding related applications. In this article, a locally adaptive translation method for knowledge graph embedding, called TransA, is proposed to find the loss function by adaptively determining its margin over different knowledge graphs. Then the convergence of TransA is verified from the aspect of its uniform stability. To make the embedding methods up-to-date when new vertices and edges are added into the knowledge graph, the incremental algorithm for TransA, called iTransA, is proposed by adaptively adjusting the optimal margin over time. Experiments on four benchmark data sets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method, as compared to the state-of-the-art ones.
Self-Esteem: The Effects of Life-Satisfaction, Sex, and Age

A self-report questionnaire was administered to 1726 subjects to examine the effects of life-satisfaction, sex, and age on self-esteem. Subjects were grouped into 3 age groups, 17–22, 23–29, and 30–40 years. Analysis yielded significantly higher self-esteem for men than women, amongst older subjects, and for those with high life-satisfaction. These findings were interpreted in terms of various theories.
Thyroperoxidase (TPO) immunostaining of the solitary cold thyroid nodule

To evaluate the value of immunostaining using the monoclonal antibody (MoAB47) against thyroperoxidase (TPO) in distinguishing between benign and malignant tumour cells in fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) samples obtained from a solitary cold nodule of the thyroid gland for the purpose of strengthening the indication for thyroid surgery.
MUC1/CD227 IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY IN ROUTINE PRACTICE IS A USEFUL BIOMARKER IN BREAST CANCERS

Over-expression of MUC1/CD227 is observed in 90% of breast tumors. Classical morphologic description and semi-quantitative digital measurement of MUC1 were performed from immunohistochemical stained slides of 123 routine histological samples. Measures of MUC1 expression showed statistical differences between non tumoral (NT) breast tissue and Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) or infiltrating carcinoma (IC), p < 0.0001. Loss of MUC1 was correlated with high Ki67 index (p = 0.001) and loss of hormonal receptors (p = 0.03), whereas no correlations were found with HER2 expression. High-grade DCIS or IC showed increasing loss of apical polarised and cytoplasmic expression of MUC1.
Hypersensitivity to icodextrin

Accepted for publication 25 September 2001 Allergy 2002: 57:59–60 Copyright # Munksgaard 2002 ISSN 0105-4538 References 1. BELCHI-HERNÁNDEZ J, MORENO-GRAU S, SÁNCHEZ-GASCÓN F et al. Sensitization to Zygophyllum fabago pollen. A clinical and immunologic study. Allergy 1998;53: 241–248. 2. JOHANSSON SGO, HOURIHANE J, O’B, et al. A revised nomenclature for allergy. An EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force. Allergy 2001;56:813–824. 3. MUNUERA M, CARRIÓN JS, GARCÍA-SELLÉS J. Aerobiology of Artemisia airborne pollen in Murcia (SE Spain) and its relationship with weather variables: annual and intradiurnal variations for three different species. Wind vectors as a tool in determining pollen origin. Int J Biometeorol 1999;43:51–63. 4. SPIEKSMA FTHM Regional European pollen calendars. In: Allergenic Pollen and Pollinosis in Europe (eds D’AMATO G, SPIEKSMA FThM, BONINI S). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991, 49–65.
Evidence of deteriorating semen quality in the United Kingdom: birth cohort study in 577 men in Scotland over 11 years

Abstract Objective: To determine whether the quality of semen has changed in a group of over 500 Scottish men born between 1951 and 1973. Design: Retrospective review of data on semen quality collected in a single laboratory over 11 years and according to World Health Organisation guidelines. Setting: Programme of gamete biology research funded by Medical Research Council. Subjects: 577 volunteer semen donors. Of these, 171 were born before 1959, 120 were born in 1960-4, 171 in 1965-9, and 115 in 1970-4. Main outcome measures: Conventional criteria of semen quality including semen volume (ml), sperm concentration (106/ml), overall motility (% motile), total number of sperm in the ejaculate (106), and total number of motile sperm in the ejaculate (106). Results: When the four birth cohort groups were compared a later year of birth was associated with a lower sperm concentration, a lower total number of sperm in the ejaculate, and a lower number of motile sperm in the ejaculate. The median sperm concentration fell from 98x106/ml among donors born before 1959 to 78x106/ml among donors born after 1970 (P=0.002). The total number of sperm in the ejaculate fell from 301x106 to 214x106 (P=0.0005), and the total number of motile sperm in the ejaculate fell from 169.7x106 to 129.0x106 (P=0.0065). Conclusion: This study provides direct evidence that semen quality is deteriorating, with a later year of birth being significantly associated with a reduced number of sperm in adult life. Key messages Key messages When men born in the 1970s were compared with men born in the 1950s, the total number of motile sperm in the ejaculate was reduced by almost 25% These data confirm previously published data from other countries that semen quality is changing, declining by about 2.1% per year Research is urgently required to examine the function as well as the number of sperm and to assess whether these changes are affecting human health and male fertility
Does the Tosefta precede the Mishnah : Halakhah, aggada, & narrative coherence

L'on pense depuis longtemps que le travail des rabbins de l'antiquite juive etait principalement centre sur la halakhah, et que les meditations philosophiques et ethiques sur la aggada etaient une simple diversion. De meme, l'on pense depuis longtemps que le texte tannaitique primitif etait la Mishnah, et que la Tosefta, collection parallele d'enseignements tannaitiques, etait secondaire. L'A. de cette etude lance un defi a ces deux hypotheses. Un examen minutieux de la Mishnah et de la Tosefta la conduit a des conclusions totalement differentes sur la nature de leur relation, ainsi que de la relation de la halakhah et de la aggadah dans le discours rabbinique de l'antiquite.
Teasing: For Superiority or Solidarity?

Humor among friends is typically regarded as a means of strengthening friendships. However, there may be a side of humor that is used to compete rather than bond (R. D. Alexander, 1986; C. R. Gruner, 1997). In the present studies, the participants were asked to imagine that they were sitting with a group of mixed-sex peers. One of the group (a same-sex friend) made a comment about the participant. Different groups of participants were told that the remark did or did not involve teasing. While the participants imagined they were the target of the remark, they rated their emotional reactions as well as their perceived relationship with the teaser and the character traits attributed to the teaser. The outcomes from analyses of variance of perceived competitiveness, emotional responses, and expected social outcomes largely supported superiority perspectives of humor.