Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Late summer particulate organic carbon export and twilight zone remineralisation in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean

As part of the GEOTRACES Bonus-GoodHope (BGH) expedition (January-March 2008) in the Atlantic sec- tor of the Southern Ocean, particulate organic carbon (POC) export was examined from the surface to the mesopelagic twilight zone using water column distributions of total 234 Th and biogenic particulate Ba (Baxs). Surface POC export pro- duction was estimated from steady state and non steady state modelling of 234 Th fluxes, which were converted into POC fluxes, using the POC/ 234 Th ratio of large, potentially sink- ing particles (> 53 µm) collected via in situ pumps. Deficits in 234 Th activities were observed at all stations from the surface to the bottom of the mixed layer, yielding 234 Th ex- port fluxes from the upper 100 m of 496 ± 214 dpm m 2 d 1 to 1195± 158 dpm m 2 d 1 for the steady state model and of 149± 517 dpm m 2 d 1 to 1217± 231 dpm m 2 d 1 for the non steady state model. Using the POC/ 234 Thp ratio of sinking particles (ratios varied from 1.7 ± 0.2 µmol dpm 1 to 4.8± 1.9 µmol dpm 1 ) POC export production at 100 m was calculated to range between 0.9± 0.4 and 5.1± 2.1 mmol C m 2 d 1 ,assuming steady state and be- tween 0.3± 0.9 m 2 d 1 and 4.9± 3.3 mmol C m 2 d 1 , assuming non steady state. From the comparison of both approaches, it appears that during late summer export de- creased by 56 to 16 % for the area between the sub-Antarctic zone and the southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front (SACCF), whereas it remained rather constant over time in the HNLC area south of the SACCF. POC export represented only 6 to 54 % of new production, indicating that export efficiency was, in general, low, except in the vicinity of the SACCF, where export represented 56 % of new production. Attenuation of the POC sinking flux in the upper mesopelagic waters (100-600 m depth interval) was evi- denced both, from excess 234 Th activities and from par- ticulate biogenic Ba (Baxs) accumulation. Excess 234 Th activities, reflected by 234 Th/ 238 U ratios as large as 1.21± 0.05, are attributed to remineralisation/disaggregation of 234 Th-bearing particles. The accumulation of ex- cess 234 Th in the 100-600 m depth interval ranged from 458± 633 dpm m 2 d 1 to 3068± 897 dpm m 2 d 1 , assuming steady state. Using the POC/ 234 Thp ratio of sinking particles (> 53 µm), this 234 Th accumula- tion flux was converted into a POC remineralisation flux which ranged between 0.9 ± 1.2 mmol C m 2 d 1 and 9.2± 2.9 mmol C m 2 d 1 . Mesopelagic particulate bio- genic Ba has been reported to reflect bacterial degradation of organic matter and to be related to oxygen consump- tion and bacterial carbon respiration. We observed that the highest Baxs contents (reaching up to > 1000 pM), in gen- eral, occurred between 200 and 400 m. Depth-weighted av- erage mesopelagic Baxs (meso-Baxs) values were converted into respired C fluxes, which ranged between 0.23 and 6.4 mmol C m 2 d 1 , in good agreement with 234 Th-based remineralisation fluxes. A major outcome from this study is the observed significant positive correlation between POC
Industrial relations and European integration

• Kohl, Heribert/Hans-Wolfgang Platzer (2004): Industrial relations in Central and Eastern Europe. Transformation and integration. A comparison of the eight new EU member states. Brussels: ETUI. 422 pp., € 27.00 • Marginson, Paul/Keith Sisson (2004): European Integration and Industrial Rela tions. Multi-level Governance in the Making. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 360 pp., € 95.00 (Paperback: € 25.00, scheduled for publication in April 2006)
Impact of Risk Aversion on Optimal Market Integration

This paper examines the equilibrium growth rate of capital stock and social welfare under an infinite-horizon economy with productivity shocks. The analysis is conducted in an international context where the volatility of production is assumed to be endogenously determined by the degree of market integration. The evidence suggests that when risk aversion is high, endogenous productivity risks can induce precautionary savings and the over-accumulation of capital stock, whereas spillovers from integrated markets are conducive to the under-accumulation of capital stock. Only in this case does a unique equilibrium exist in which partial market integration contributes to growth and social welfare. When risk aversion is low, there exist multiple equilibria depending on the degree of market integration, and full market integration is desirable for social welfare. The model gives an explanation of the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union as an example of rational market participation decisions.
Comparison of Model Systems ( M + ) n ⋅ [ Cr X 6 3 − ] and M 3 CrX 6 + 18 MX Based on Quantum-Chemical Calculations ( X : F , Cl )

On the basis of quantum-chemical calculations the most stable particle compositions are estimated in such model systems as (M+)n⋅[CrCl6] and M3CrCl6 + 18MCl (M = Na, K, and Cs). In all systems these particles are positively charged. For systems (M+)n⋅[CrCl6], (M +)n⋅[CrF6], M3CrF6 + 18MCl, M3CrF6 + 18MF, and M3CrCl6 + 18MCl (M = Na, K, and Cs) a number of energy parameters characterizing the state of the system before and after electron transfer are calculated. The results indicate the possibility of electron transfer from the cathode to the melt system, which is in the initial state. However, this possibility cannot be realized in systems where LUMOs (lowest unoccupiedmolecular orbitals) have purely ligand character. In this case, the preliminary deformation of a cationic shell of electroactive species is required; it transforms the initial system to the transition state. However, in all considered systems the search of the transition state should be carried close to the initial state Pi. This greatly simplifies a problem and transforms it from a purely theoretical sphere to the field of practical tasks that do not require exceptional cost of computer time.
Synthesis of 1 D and 2 D Multibeam Annular Microstrip Antenna Arrays by Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization for TM 11 and TM 12

This paper describes the original results obtained in the field of multi-beam annular ring antenna array pattern synthesis for the modes TM11 and TM12, by applying an iterative algorithm for phased arrays, which is able to produce low side-lobe level patterns with multiple prescribed main lobes. The proposed method is based on the adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm. This solution is characterized by its simple implementation and a reduced computational time to achieve the desired radiation patterns. These advantages make the presented algorithm suitable for a wide range of communication systems. The original results obtained in the field of antenna array pattern synthesis are presented and, several illustrative examples are simulated to verify the validity of the proposed method. Key-Words: Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimizer, Synthesis, Annular Ring Microstrip antenna, Multibeam Linear and Planar Antenna Arrays.
PREDICTION OF INDIVIDUAL'S MOVEMENT BASED ON INTERESTING PLACES

In general, the development of prediction methods is a quite challenging field. However, as difficult the development is, as useful those methods can be in a large variety of use cases. Whether the weather of tomorrow or the destination of a moving individual is to be predicted, in both cases many different aspects have to be considered, because as well as the weather's behaviour the one of individuals, especially human beings, is influenced by many factors. For instance, movements of human beings are either planned, arbitrary or influenced by their environment or social aspects. In most cases a combination of those factors is involved. In this paper, motivated by the context of a decentralized surveillance scenario, we present an approach for predicting movements on the basis of a prediction model generated from the knowledge, which is implicated in spatio-temporal trajectories. This model is based on extracted interesting places and considers several aspects, which contain gained information about the movement behaviour in a given scenario.
Improved analytical capacity for determination of forage quality, utilising the gas production technique

Voluntary intake and digestibility of forages are characteristics that affect the animal's performance (Mertens, 1994). Today there are several techniques that can be used for studying forage quality and from where the results can be correlated to feed intake and animal performance. The main factor that affects dry matter intake (DMI) is the energy requirement, which on the other hand is affected by environmental temperature, physical activity of the animal and the production level (Faverdin et al., 1995). Forage intake is mainly restricted by low digestibility, where the content of the cell wall constituents have the greatest impact on digestibility (e.g. Blummel & Becker, 1997; Mould, 2003). The gas production (GP) technique is an in vitro method that is a simple, relatively quick and inexpensive. In this method feed samples are incubated in buffered rumen fluid and the gas that is produced due to fermentation is recorded. The GP gives information on forage digestibility and rumen fermentation pattern (Getachew et al, 1997). Several authors have found high correlations between in vitro GP studies and DMI of forages (e.g. Blummel & Becker, 1997; Hetta et al., 2007). In the original method, the incubation time for GP analyses is 24 h (Menke et al. 1979), but today it is more common with incubation times between 24 h up to 96 h. The analytical capacity of the technique is affected by incubation time, as a smaller number of experiments can be conducted per time unit (week) in the laboratory. Studies on high quality forages have shown that 90 % of the gas that is produced during the incubation is produced within the first 24 hours (Hetta et al., 2003) and also that after 15 to 20 h of incubation, the GP decreases although it doesn't stop (Cone et al., 1998). Fifteen ensilage samples with known silage dry matter intake (SDMI) and chemical composition were analyzed with the gas production technique (Cone et al., 1996). Feed samples that have been analysed in this study are the same as the ones that were studied by Hetta et al. (2007). The aim of this study was to evaluate the consequences of reducing the length of incubation time from 72 h to 24 h for studies of high quality forages, utilizing the GP technique. Results from this study, with 24 h incubation, were compared to the results from the research by Hetta et al. (2007) where the incubation time was 72 h. A special focus in this study was put on the effects on reproducibility of the measurements, correlations with other feed parameters and silage intake of the forages. The results show that there is a great potential for improving the analytical capacity of the technique, by reducing the length of incubation from 72 to 24 h for studies on high quality forages. This study has shown that 24 h incubation gives informative results with high reproducibility of the measurements, clear relationships and high correlations between different parameters and feed intake, and also reliable models for prediction of silage intake with high values of the coefficient of determination.
Multilingual Education in China: Taking the Situation of Guizhou Minority Areas as an Example

Multilingual education has long been implemented and addressed in recent years in China, as a nation multi-ethnicities. The prominent ethnic, linguistic and cultural diversity make the situation of multilingual education in China complex. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an overview of the situation of multilingual education in China to first present the full status-quo situation to educators and researchers, to provide basis for relevant teaching practice and research and to pave the way for further in-depth research. The paper first provides an overview of the situation of Chinese multilingualism, and presents ethnic multilingual policies and practices in China in general, then particularly focuses on the practice of multilingual education in Guizhou minority areas.
The magnitude of fungal diversity: the 1.5 million species estimate revisited * * Paper presented at

The number of known species of fungi is estimated as at least 74 K, but could be as much as 120 K with allowances for ‘orphaned’ species. Yet in 1990 the magnitude of fungal diversity was estimated ‘conservatively’ at 1‐5 M species. This figure has been widely accepted as a working hypothesis, but subsequent estimates have ranged from 500 K to 9‐9 M and the bases of these suggestions are analyzed. Additional data pertinent to the estimation of the number of fungal species on Earth that has become available since 1990 is discussed. Site inventories demonstrate the need for long-term (20 yr plus) intensive studies to determine the number of species in a site. Fresh data sets on fungus:plant ratios and degrees of host specificity, especially from well-studied hosts in the tropics, are consistent with earlier estimates. The extent of novelty discovered in recent monographic generic revisions and studies of species in particular habitats varies from 0‐96%. Allowances for cryptic species, now known to be widespread by incompatibility and molecular studies, could on their own justify an upward revision by a factor of at least five. To enable confidence in any overall estimate to be increased, more detailed studies, especially on particular sites in the tropics, are needed. The consensus of tropical and molecular mycologists in particular is that an increased estimate could be justified. However, it is prudent to retain 1‐5 M as the current working hypothesis for the number of fungi on Earth while additional data to test it further accumulates.
Study the HLA Genotyping in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Babylon Province-Iraq

This study aimed to investigate the role of Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA-DRB1) alleles in susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in Babylon/ Iraq population. Whole blood samples collected from 50 pulmonary tuberculosis patients who are admitting to consultant clinic for respiratory diseases in Hilla – Babylon province during the period from February 2016 to February 2017. Out of the pTB patients, there were 27 males and 23 females, the patients age range was 12-80 years. Sequence specific oligonucleotide (SSO) was used to genotyping HLA-DRB1.The distribution of HLA-DRB1 genotypes in 50 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and 50 healthy controls studied. HLA-DRB1*13 was a significantly increased in pulmonary tuberculosis patients 48% as compared with healthy controls 16% while HLA-DRB1*15 was a significantly increased in healthy controls 24% as compared with pulmonary tuberculosis patients 6%. The genotyping of all HLA-DRB1alleles found more common in females 77% than males 23% from total number of patients. Also, HLA-DRB1*13 was more common in females 75% than males 25% with pulmonary tuberculosis patients while HLA-DRB1*15 was common in females 100% and no appeared in males. Keywords: Pulmonary Tuberculosis, HLA-DRB1 , SSO.
Ring-Expansion/Contraction Radical Crossover Reactions of Cyclic Alkoxyamines: A Mechanism for Ring Expansion-Controlled Radical Polymerization

Macrocyclic polymers present an important class of macromolecules, displaying the reduced radius of gyration or impossibility to entangle. A rare approach for their synthesis is the ring expansion-controlled radical “vinyl” polymerization, starting from a cyclic alkoxyamine. We here describe ring-expansion radical crossover reactions of cyclic alkoxyamines which run in parallel to chain-propagation reactions in the polymerization system. The radical crossover reactions extensively occurred at 105–125 °C, eventually producing high molecular weight polymers with multiple inherent dynamic covalent bonds (NOC bonds). A subsequent ring-contraction radical crossover reaction and the second ring-expansion radical crossover reaction are also described. The major products for the respective three stages were shown to possess cyclic morphologies by the molecular weight profiles and the residual ratios for the NOC bonds (φ in %). In particular, the high φ values ranging from ca. 80% to 98% were achieved for this cyclic alkoxyamine system. This result verifies the high availability of this system as a tool demonstrating the ring-expansion “vinyl” polymerization that allows them to produce macrocyclic polymers via a one-step vinyl polymerization.
Molecular Prediction of Pea Footrot Disease

PCR based assays were developed in this study to quantitatively predict pea footrot infections in agricultural soils prior to cultivation. Pea footrot disease due to Nectria haematococca (anamorph Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi) is linked to the presence of six pea pathogenicity (PEP) genes (PDA1, PEP1, PEP2, PEP3, PEP4 and PEP5). Whilst molecular assays have been used recently to selectively detect these genes in soil- DNA, quantitative molecular assay has been extended to only the PEP3 gene whose role in pea pathogenicity is yet unknown. In this research, PCR-based quantification assays were developed to quantify the two pea pathogenicity genes (PDA and PEP5) with identified roles in pea pathogenicity from soil-DNA obtained from fields with pea footrot histories. Results showed that the quantitative molecular assays developed herein were both efficient. Amplification efficiency of the Q-PCR assay for the PDA and PEP5 gene were 97 and 89%, respectively. PDA and PEP5 gene copy numbers were shown to vary significantly (p = 0.01) between fields. However, the PDA gene copy numbers were relatively higher than those of the PEP5 gene in agricultural fields. The genes, especially PEP5 gene, were comparable to and positively correlated to the number of spores of pathogenic N. haematococca, and footrot disease. The PDA gene alone in soil could not cause footrot disease in peas after 8 weeks of planting; assays directed at it alone may therefore be insufficient to predict pea footrot disease. However, the molecular assay targeting the PDA alongside the PEP5 gene offers the opportunity for quantitative prediction of pea footrot infections in agricultural soils prior to cultivation.
Inorganic and Organic Hybrid Nanoparticles as Multifunctional Crosslinkers for Rubber Vulcanization with High-Filler Rubber Interaction

Improving the interfacial interaction between rubber and silica nanoparticles, and simultaneously reducing free sulfur and preventing migration and volatilization of a rubber vulcanizing agent, commercial sulfur compound aliphatic ether polysulfide (VA-7) was chemically attached to the silica surface to obtain a functionalized nanoparticle (silica-s-VA7). Functional nanoparticles can not only effectively crosslink rubber without sulfur as a novel vulcanizator, but are also evenly dispersed in the rubber matrix and improve the dispersion of the remaining pristine silica as an interfacial compatibilizer. In addition, the thicker immobilized polymer layer and prominent crosslinking density of SBR nanocomposites simultaneously demonstrate that the novel vulcanizing agent silica-s-VA7 gives rise to significant improvement on the rubber–filler interfacial adhesion on account of the covalent linkages of organic and inorganic interfaces between elastomer and nanofillers. We envisage that this strategy may provide a new avenue to implement high-efficiency design for a multifunctional rubber-vulcanizing agent through an organic and inorganic hybridization mechanism.
On the Targeting and Redistributive Efficiencies of Alternative Transfer Instruments

The distributional characteristic provides an attractive alternative to conventional approaches used to evaluate the targeting performance of transfer programs. We decompose it into two components that are useful both conceptually and empirically; one capturing the targeting efficiency of the instrument, the other its redistributive efficiency. The redistributive index can also be generalized for the purposes of evaluating the degree of progressivity in tax-benefit structures. For illustrative purposes, we present an empirical application of the distributional characteristic and its decomposition using Mexican data. The welfare gains from using categorical targeting and means testing reflect improvements in redistributive and targeting efficiency respectively.
Micropropagation of Erodium sibthorpianum subsp. sibthorpianum, an endemic threatened species of Uludağ Mountain (Bursa-Turkey)

Uludag Mountain is one of the Important Plant Areas of Turkey. Its native plant species are threatened by various human and environmental factors. In this study, 2 different micropropagation techniques, with Murashige Skoog (MS) and modified MS (ModMS) media, were used for Erodium sibthorpianum Boiss. subsp. sibthorpianum. Mineral composition was developed according to the plant requirements. Shoot tips were cultured on these media. Seedlings, obtained from in vitro germinated seeds, were used as explant sources in micropropagation studies. The highest percentage of shoot induction (11.33 shoots/explant) was determined in 1 ppm 6-benzyl amino purine and plant growth regulator-free MS medium (35.97 mm shoot length). Elongated shoots were successfully rooted in the ModMS medium with different naphthalene acetic acid concentrations. Shoots with regenerated roots were transferred to the greenhouse. This protocol could be used for conservation studies of endemic and endangered plant species.
Effects of SBL-1 on Jejunal Microbiota in Total Body 60 Cobalt Gamma-Irradiated Mice - A Metagenomic Study with Implications towards Radioprotective Drug Development

In earlier study, single dose of a standardized leaf extract of Hippophae rhamnoides (code SBL-1), @ 30 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) 30 min before whole body 60 Co-gamma-irradiation (10 Gy), rendered >90% survivors in comparison to zero survivor in non-SBL-1 treated 60 Co-gamma-irradiated (10 Gy) mice population. Present study investigated the modifying effects of SBL-1 on jejunal microbiota. 9 weeks old Swiss albino Strain‘A’ male mice were segregated as Untreated Control; 60 Co-gamma-irradiated (10 Gy); Drug alone (30 mg/kg b.w. SBL-1) and Drug + Radiation (30 mg/kg b.w. SBL-1, 30 min before 10 Gy). 16S rRNA gene amplicons, prepared using universal primers were sequenced on ABI3130, Genetic Analyzer. After removing vector contamination and chimeras, the sequences [GenBank Acc.No. KF681283 to KF681351] were taxonomically classified by using Sequence Match program, Ribosomal Database Project and by nucleotide-BLAST [E-value: 10, database: 16S rRNA gene sequences, Bacteria and Archea]. Phylogenetic Tree was prepared by MEGA, using maximum likelihood algorithm after sequence alignment by MUSCLE. Branch stability was assessed by bootstrap analysis. Rooted tree had Thermus aquaticus as out-group. Untreated Control and Drug alone groups had 100% Lactobacillus; Drug + Radiation had 89% Lactobacillus and 11% Clostridium; 60 Co-gamma-irradiated group had 55% Cohaesibacter (Alphaproteobacteria); 27% Mycoplasma (Tenericutes) and only 18% Lactobacillus. The radioprotective SBL1 countered the radiation caused microbiota dysbiosis.
Designing a Simple Loss Function for the Fed: Does the Dual Mandate Make Sense?

Yes, it makes a lot of sense. Using the Smets and Wouters (2007) model of the U.S. economy, we find that the role of the output gap should be equal to or even more important than that of inflation when designing a simple loss function to represent household welfare. Moreover, we document that a loss function with nominal wage inflation and the hours gap provides an even better approximation of the true welfare function than a standard objective based on inflation and the output gap. Our results hold up when we introduce interest rate smoothing in the simple mandate to capture the observed gradualism in policy behavior and to ensure that the probability of the federal funds rate hitting the zero lower bound is negligible.