Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Competition, Securitization, and Efficiency in US Banks

Abstract Using a sample of 10,219 US banks between 2001 and 2019, this paper investigates the determinants of securitization as well as the different effects of competition and securitization on bank efficiency. We find that securitization is positively associated with bank efficiency, especially in highly competitive banking markets. We posit that bank screening and monitoring incentives serve as a previously undiscovered mechanism that explains our empirical findings, which are robust to a battery of alternative tests. From a policy standpoint, this paper recommends considering the market structure effect, as well as the negative implications of securitization on screening and monitoring, in any future regulation that aims to promote sustainable loan quality.
Deposit Insurance, Market Discipline and Bank Risk

Using evidence from Russia, we explore the effect of the introduction of deposit insurance on bank risk. Drawing on within-bank variation in the ratio of firm deposits to total household and firm deposits, so as to capture the magnitude of the decrease in market discipline after the introduction of deposit insurance, we demonstrate for private, domestic banks that larger declines in market discipline generate larger increases in traditional measures of risk. These results hold in a difference-in-difference setting in which state and foreign-owned banks, whose deposit insurance regime does not change, serve as a control.
Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research

How can scholars select cases from a large universe for in-depth case study analysis? Random sampling is not typically a viable approach when the total number of cases to be selected is small. Hence attention to purposive modes of sampling is needed. Yet, while the existing qualitative literature on case selection offers a wide range of suggestions for case selection, most techniques discussed require in-depth familiarity of each case. Seven case selection procedures are considered, each of which facilitates a different strategy for within-case analysis. The case selection procedures considered focus on typical, diverse, extreme, deviant, influential, most similar, and most different cases. For each case selection procedure, quantitative approaches are discussed that meet the goals of the approach, while still requiring information that can reasonably be gathered for a large number of cases.
On How Deaf People Might Use Speech to Control Devices

Smart devices connected to the Internet are proliferating.To reduce costs of devices that havetraditionally been inexpensive(toasters, microwaves, printers, etc), manyof these devices have chosen to use a speech interface rather than a visual one. This transition has been hastened by the increasing capabilities of speech interfaces,exemplifiedbyproducts likeAmazon Echo and Apple'sSiri.A consequence of these products moving to voice control is that people who are deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) may be unable to use them. In this paper, we briefly introduce two technical approaches we are pursuingfor enabling DHH people to provide input to these devices: (i) human computationworkflows for understanding "deaf speech," and (ii) mobile interfaces that can be instructed to speak on the user's behalf.
The Effect of Car Sharing on Car Sales

Abstract Free-Floating Car Sharing is a potential substitute to private car ownership. Its staggered rollout in German cities is exploited with a difference-in-difference methodology using an original administrative panel dataset on car registrations to estimate the effect of Free-Floating Car Sharing on new car sales. One car sharing vehicle reduces annual new car sales by three vehicles. This effect is driven by a reduction in sales of small, compact and medium-sized car models.
Comparing the Effectiveness of Classroom and Online Learning: Teaching Research Methods

As public administration programs extend their online education offerings to reach more time- and place-bound students, and as accredited institutions become interested in documenting teaching and learning effectiveness, the degree to which online students are successful as compared to their classroom counterparts is of interest to teaching faculty and others charged with assessment. By comparing student performance measures and assessments of learning experience from both online and traditional sections of a required graduate public administration research methods course taught by the same instructor, this paper provides evidence that student performance as measured by grade is independent of the mode of instruction. Persistence in an online environment may be more challenging in research methods classes than in other public administration classes. Furthermore, participation may be less intimidating, and the quality and quantity of interaction may be increased in online classes.
Histopathologic changes in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle of rhesus macaques, ten days after exposure to soman (an organophosphorus nerve agent).

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Soman, an organophosphorus, anticholinergic, chemical warfare nerve agent, is studied at few research facilities, and there have been few pathologic studies of soman-exposed primates. We describe the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle lesions, review lesions described in literature, and discuss possible pharmacologic mechanisms for soman-induced neuron necrosis. METHODS In this retrospective, histopathologic study, records were obtained for 36 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that were euthanized 10 days after soman exposure, from a larger group of 103 monkeys that were exposed to soman and used for pharmacologic and lethality studies. RESULTS Brain lesions were seen in 9 of 15 animals that convulsed and in only 1 of 21 that did not convulse. The brain lesions in our primates were limited to the hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus (of one animal), and consisted of neuron necrosis and dropout, spongiosis, gliosis, astrocytosis, and vascularization. Heart lesions consisted of myocardial degeneration and necrosis. Three animals had brain and heart lesions, 7 had brain lesions only, and 3 had heart lesions only. Skeletal muscle lesions, although minimal to mild, were in most of the animals, whether they had convulsed, but most had muscular tremors. These lesions were in the biceps brachii (11 of 22 monkeys), anterior tibialis (8/22), biceps femoris (7/22), flexor carpi radialis (5/22), gastrocnemius (3/22), and diaphragm (1/22). The limited literature on soman lesions in primate brain and heart, and the limited information on skeletal muscle lesions, is reviewed. CONCLUSIONS Brain lesions were not as wide-spread as reported in other studies of primates and rodents, and were significantly associated with convulsions. Unlike other studies using rodents, we observed poor correlation between heart and brain lesions; thus, a single hypothesis to explain the pathogenesis for the brain and heart lesions may be difficult to establish.
The effects of drug and alcohol consumption on driver injury severities in single-vehicle crashes

ABSTRACT Objective: It is well known that alcohol and drugs influence driving behavior by affecting the central nervous system, awareness, vision, and perception/reaction times, but the resulting effect on driver injuries in car crashes is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting the injury severities of unimpaired, alcohol-impaired, and drug-impaired drivers. Method: The current article applies a random parameters logit model to study the differences in injury severities among unimpaired, alcohol-impaired, and drug-impaired drivers. Using data from single-vehicle crashes in Cook County, Illinois, over a 9-year period from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2012, separate models for unimpaired, alcohol-impaired, and drug-impaired drivers were estimated. A wide range of variables potentially affecting driver injury severity was considered, including roadway and environmental conditions, driver attributes, time and location of the crash, and crash-specific factors. Results: The estimation results show significant differences in the determinants of driver injury severities across groups of unimpaired, alcohol-impaired, and drug-impaired drivers. The findings also show that unimpaired drivers are understandably more responsive to variations in lighting, adverse weather, and road conditions, but these drivers also tend to have much more heterogeneity in their behavioral responses to these conditions, relative to impaired drivers. In addition, age and gender were found to be important determinants of injury severity, but the effects varied significantly across all drivers, particularly among alcohol-impaired drivers. Conclusions: The model estimation results show that statistically significant differences exist in driver injury severities among the unimpaired, alcohol-impaired, and drug-impaired driver groups considered. Specifically, we find that unimpaired drivers tend to have more heterogeneity in their injury outcomes in the presence potentially adverse weather and road surface conditions. This makes sense because one would expect unimpaired drivers to apply their full knowledge/judgment range to deal with these conditions, and the variability of this range across the driver population (with different driving experiences, etc.) should be great. In contrast, we find, for the most part, that alcohol-impaired and drug-impaired drivers have far less heterogeneity in the factors that affect injury severity, suggesting an equalizing effect resulting from the decision-impairing substance.
Stimulation of isolated rabbit auricles by substances which is stimulate ganglia.

Although it is generally accepted that the ganglia of the sympathetic fibres to the heart are situated at some distance from it, in the stellate ganglion, there have been experiments reported from time to time suggesting that there are ganglia in the heart itself capable of liberating appreciable quantities of an adrenaline-like substance. An investigation into this question was conducted by Hoffmann, Hoffmann, Middleton, and Talesnik (1945). These workers showed that, in the presence of atropine, acetylcholine had an adrenaline-like action on mammalian hearts, producing under these conditions a stimulation of force and rate of contraction as well as an increase in the coronary flow. They found that this stimulant action of acetylcholine was abolished by nicotine, by curare, and by ergotamine. By testing the coronary perfusate on the frog heart, on the rectal caecum of the chicken, and on the rabbit's gut they demonstrated that an adrenaline-like substance was released into the coronary outflow when this stimulant action of acetylcholine was observed. They concluded that either sympathetic ganglia or chromaffin tissue is present in the heart and thought that these probably play a role in the regulation of its activity. Hoffmann and his coworkers did not speculate on the nature of the preganglionic fibres to these structures. McDowall (1946) found that the slowing and weakening of isolated hearts produced by acetylcholine in small doses were invariably followed by a period of increased activity. In a few hearts examined by him this inhibition was preceded by a few very forcible contractions. Like Hoffmann and his coworkers, McDowall found that, after atropine, acetylcholine produced stimulation of the isolated heart; but according to him the stimulation was usually confined to the force of contraction, though sometimes the rate was also increased. McDowall noted that this action of acetylcholine might simulate that produced by adrenaline on the heart in affecting the rate and force of contraction simultaneously. He found that after ergotoxine the stimulant action of acetylcholine on the atropinized heart was abolished or even reversed. McDowall, however, was unable to suppress the stimulation by adding paralysing doses of nicotine. He thought it unlikely that acetylcholine produced its stimulant action under these conditions by the stimulation of sympathetic ganglia in the heart. During the course of examining some choline derivatives prepared by Dr. H. R. Ing in this laboratory, it was found that one of these had a nicotine-like action on the blood pressure of the cat; but when this compound was tested on the isolated rabbit auricle and the rabbit intestine it exerted a muscarine-like action. On studying the actions in the presence of hexamethonium, it was found that the apparent muscarine-like action disappeared and therefore was really a nicotine-like action. This discovery led to an investigation of Athe action of nicotine and other drugs on the isolated rabbit auricle.
Assessing software maintenance tool utilization using task-technology fit and fitness-for-use models

Software tools to support programmers and maintainers have been touted as potential solutions to the software development and maintenance crisis. Use of these tools is predicted to increase programmer productivity while simultaneously increasing the quality of the resulting software. Unfortunately, programmer use of these tools is lower than expected. We investigate maintenance programmers' choices about using software tools for their maintenance tasks using task–technology fit and fitness-for-use models. Our results indicate that the fit between maintenance tool functionality and the needs of maintenance tasks is associated with tool use. Two related factors, however, have stronger effects. First, the results are stronger for intention to use than for actual use. Specifically, while higher fit between tool and task is highly associated with intention to use, this intention may not lead to actual use. Second, maintainers' control over their environment affects usage. The more control maintenance programmers have over their resources and opportunities to use tools, the more likely they are to choose to use them. These results should concern maintenance managers who have acquired or are acquiring tools to increase productivity and quality, but are not realizing the benefits of their technology investments. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The biology of the classical Fcγ receptors in non‐hematopoietic cells

While it had originally been thought that Fcc receptors were expressed exclusively in the hematopoietic system, it is now realized that additionally they are found elsewhere, most obviously in the endothelium. Specifically, they are seen in the endothelium of the liver sinusoids, in the endothelium of the human placenta, in an uncharacterized cell of the mouse yolk sac, in cultured endothelium from the heart, and perhaps elsewhere. In almost all of these sites, the most prevalent receptor expressed is the inhibitory Fcc receptor, FccRIIb. We will discuss each of these sites separately. Note that we concentrate on our own work within the context of the field, adding whatever insights and speculations we think might be helpful.
Urticaria induced by preservatives and dye additives in food and drugs

Fifty‐two patients with recurrent urticaria or angio‐oedema and thirty‐three controls have been provoked with five different food dyes and the preservatives sodium benzoate and 4‐hydroxy‐benzoic acid, as well as aspirin, sulphanilic acid and a placebo. The reaction was judged as positive in thirty‐nine patients who developed urticaria within 14 h. Of these, thirty‐five reacted to aspirin, twenty‐seven to benzoic acid compounds and twenty‐seven to azo dyes. The four patients who did not have urticaria after aspirin, reacted with urticaria to benzoic acid compounds, and three of them to azo dyes. No definite pattern for the reaction to the different azo dyes was seen. None had an urticarial reaction from sulphanilic acid, Patent Blue (a non‐azo dye) or placebo. The doses of additives used in the provocation tests are easily exceeded in daily life by the consumption of foods and drugs. Recurrences of urticaria could be prevented through the avoidance of food and drugs containing azo dyes and preservatives.
The CMC Interactivity Model: How Interactivity Enhances Communication Quality and Process Satisfaction in Lean-Media Groups

Process satisfaction is one important determinant of work group collaborative system adoption, continuance, and performance. We explicate the computermediated communication (CMC) interactivity model (CMCIM) to explain and predict how interactivity enhances communication quality that results in increased process satisfaction in CMC-supported work groups. We operationalize this model in the challenging context of very large groups using extremely lean CMC. We tested it with a rigorous field experiment and analyzed the results with the latest structural equation modeling techniques. Interactivity and communication quality dramatically improved for very large groups using highly lean CMC (audience response systems) over face-to-face groups. Moreover, CMC groups had fewer negative status effects and higher process satisfaction than face-to-face groups. The practical applications of lean CMC rival theoretical applications in importance because lean CMC is relatively inexpensive and requires minimal training and support compared to other media. The results may aid large global work group continuance, satisfaction, and performance in systems, product and strategy development, and other processes in which status effects and communication issues regularly have negative influences on outcomes.
Different expression of synemin isoforms in glia and neurons during nervous system development

The synemin gene encodes proteins belonging to the intermediate filament family. These proteins confer resistance to mechanical stress and modulate cell shape. Three synemin isoforms, of 180 (H), 150 (M) and 41 (L) kDa, are produced by alternative splicing of the pre‐mRNA and are regulated differently during development. The three isoforms differ in their C‐terminal tail domains, while their IF rod domains are identical. Synemins H/M occurred together with nestin and vimentin in glial progenitors during the early differentiation of the developing mouse central nervous system. They are later found in GFAP‐labeled cells. In contrast, the L isoform appeared only in neurons, together with neurofilaments and βIII‐tubulin in the brain after birth. However, synemin L appeared from E13 in the peripheral nervous system, where it was confined to the neurons of spinal ganglia. In the meantime, the synemin H/M isoforms were found in both the neurons and Schwann cells of the sensorial ganglia from E11. Tissue fractionation and purification of IFs from adult mouse spinal cord revealed that the synemin L isoform binds to neurofilaments associated with the membrane compartment. This report describes the synthesis of the three synemin isoforms by selective cell types, and their temporal and spatial distributions. Mechanisms specific to neurons and glia probably control the splicing of the common synemin mRNA and the synthesis of each synemin isoform. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Who can best catch a liar?: A meta-analysis of individual differences in detecting deception.

A meta-analysis was conducted to determine if there were individual differences in the ability to detect deception. On the basis of 108 studies covering 16,537 subjects, the results indicated that confidence (r = .05, K = 58, N = 6,315), age (r = -.03, K = 72, N = 2,025), experience (r = -.08, K = 13, N = 1,163), education (r = .03, K = 4, N = 522), and sex (d = -.03, K = 53, N = 6,023) were not significantly related to accuracy in detecting deception. The study also found that “professional lie catchers” such as police officers, detectives, judges, and psychologists (M = 55.51%, N = 2,685) were no more accurate at detecting deception than were students and other citizens (M = 54.22%, N = 11,647). There were not enough available studies to investigate the relationship between personality dimensions and accuracy in detecting deception. This article is eligible for CE credit in the following categories: CFC, CMI, ACFEI, APA, NBCC. See page 3 for a key to these CE abbreviations and complete CE approval statements.
Determinants of SMEs' Transformation Toward Cloud Services: Perspectives of Economic and Social Rationalities

Cloud services represent a new paradigm that changes how organizations obtain advanced information technology capability. Cloud services have especially important implications for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). However, not all SMEs choose to transform toward cloud-based solutions. Accounting for both technical-economic rationality and trust-based rationality, we explore the determinants of cloud service transformation in the SME context. We conduct a survey involving 107 SMEs operating in China to examine the research model. The findings illustrate that 1) both trust and benefit have significant influences on SMEs’ transformation toward cloud services; 2) information security and social influence have positive influences, whereas vendor scarcity has a negative influence on SMEs’ trust in cloud services; and 3) uncertainty of service demands and information asymmetry between service clients and vendors significantly affect SMEs’ perception of cloud service benefits. The theoretical and practical implications and limitations are discussed.
The effect of deoxyguanosine on human lymphocyte function. I. Analysis of the interference with lymphocyte proliferation in vitro.

The effect of deoxyguanosine on mitogen- and antigen-induced proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy donors was studied. Deoxyguanosine was found to inhibit the proliferative response to mitogens and antigens. Concentrations of deoxyguanosine causing 50% inhibition of the proliferation proved to be dependent on the activity of catabolic enzymes, such as purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), in sera used in the culture media. The inhibitory effect of deoxyguanosine on phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced cell proliferation was prevented by deoxycytidine as well as by hypoxanthine. These findings were analyzed further by determination of intracellular (deoxy)-nucleotide levels. Stimulation of lymphocytes by PHA in the presence of deoxyguanosine leads to intracellular accumulation of dGTP. The presence of hypoxanthine in addition to deoxyguanosine abolished the inhibitory effect but did not prevent dGTP accumulation. On the other hand, the addition of deoxycytidine in combination with deoxyguanosine did not lead to intracellular accumulation of detectable amounts of dGTP, but only gave partial protection against the toxic effect. Furthermore, guanosine inhibited mitogen-induced cell proliferation to the same extent as did deoxyguanosine provided that the culture media were supplemented with pretreated fetal calf serum. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of a PNP-deficient or a HGPRT-deficient patient in cultures stimulated with PHA or pokeweed mitogen were resistant to the inhibitory effects of guanosine and were less sensitive to deoxyguanosine than cells of normal donors. The present results clearly show the involvement of two pathways contributing to deoxyguanosine-mediated inhibition of the proliferation of normal lymphocytes, i.e., on the one hand degradation of deoxyguanosine by PNP, salvage of guanine by HGPRT, and (possibly) phosphorylation of GMP eventually leading to GTP, and on the other hand formation of dGTP by direct phosphorylation of deoxyguanosine by deoxycytidine kinase.