Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reductions in Heel Bone Quality Across Gestation Are Attenuated in Pregnant Adolescents With Higher Prepregnancy Weight and Greater Increases in PTH Across Gestation

Few studies have examined the effect of maternal calcium intake and vitamin D status on bone health across gestation in pregnant adolescents. This study aimed to characterize maternal bone quality and determinants of bone‐quality change across gestation in pregnant adolescents. Healthy pregnant adolescents (n = 156; aged 13 to 18 years) with singleton pregnancies and at 12 to 30 weeks gestation at enrollment were recruited from two urban maternity clinics in Baltimore, MD, and Rochester, NY, for this prospective longitudinal study. Maternal serum was collected at midgestation and at delivery for assessment of bone biomarkers and calcitropic hormones. Maternal bone quality (assessed by heel ultrasound) and sonographic fetal biometry were measured up to three times across pregnancy. Racially diverse teens (64.7% African American, 35.3% white) were followed from 21.0 (interquartile range [IQR] 17.3, 27.0) weeks of gestation until delivery at 40.0 (IQR 39.0, 40.7) weeks. Significant decreases in calcaneal speed of sound (SOS), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), and quantitative ultrasound index (QUI) (–9.2 ± 16.1 m/s, –3.2 (–8.0, 2.1) dB/MHz and –5.3 ± 8.8, respectively) were evident across pregnancy. Multivariate analysis controlling for baseline measures and measurement intervals was used to identify independent predictors of normalized (per week) calcaneal bone loss. Weekly decreases in bone quality were not significantly associated with maternal calcium intake or 25(OH)D concentration. Greater weekly reductions in calcaneal bone quality were evident in teens with lower prepregnancy weight (BUA, p = 0.006 and QUI, p = 0.012) and among those with lower weekly increase in PTH (SOS, p = 0.046). Overall, significant decreases in calcaneal bone quality occurred across pregnancy in adolescents, but the magnitude of this loss was attenuated in those with greater prepregnancy weight and weekly increases in PTH. Further studies are needed to understand the role of elevated PTH and greater prepregnancy weight in preserving adolescent bone during pregnancy. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Prediction of Cefazolin Penetration into High- and Low-Protein-Containing Extravascular Fluid: New Method for Performing Simultaneous Studies

The effect of extravascular fluid protein concentration and drug-protein binding was studied in rabbits with subcutaneously implanted Visking chambers. Chambers containing serum or saline were simultaneously studied in three animals by injecting cefazolin (30 mg/kg) intramuscularly every 4 h for four doses. Five additional animals were then studied for an 8-h period while receiving two doses of cefazolin. Peak and trough serum and chamber fluid were assayed for cefazolin concentration. The three-animal experiment demonstrated that equilibrium in the subcutaneous chambers was reached after two intramuscular injections and that the extravascular fluid levels were stable in comparison to the wide fluctuation of the serum levels. The five-animal experiment demonstrated that after two doses the serum-filled chambers contained 12.9 μg of cefazolin per ml, whereas saline-filled chambers contained 1.8 μg of cefazolin per ml. Ratios of chamber to peak serum for the second study were 12.4% for serum chambers and 1.7% for saline chambers. The cefazolin concentration in high-and low-protein extravascular fluid in both studies could be predicted from the logarithmic mean of the peak and trough serum cefazolin concentration and the antibiotic binding to rabbit serum and extravascular fluid proteins. These observations explain the previously published apparent discrepancies seen in studies of extravascular penetration of highly protein-bound antibiotics such as cefazolin.
Automatic feature learning for vulnerability prediction

Code flaws or vulnerabilities are prevalent in software systems and can potentially cause a variety of problems including deadlock, information loss, or system failure. A variety of approaches have been developed to try and detect the most likely locations of such code vulnerabilities in large code bases. Most of them rely on manually designing features (e.g. complexity metrics or frequencies of code tokens) that represent the characteristics of the code. However, all suffer from challenges in sufficiently capturing both semantic and syntactic representation of source code, an important capability for building accurate prediction models. In this paper, we describe a new approach, built upon the powerful deep learning Long Short Term Memory model, to automatically learn both semantic and syntactic features in code. Our evaluation on 18 Android applications demonstrates that the prediction power obtained from our learned features is equal or even superior to what is achieved by state of the art vulnerability prediction models: 3%--58% improvement for within-project prediction and 85% for cross-project prediction.
Polymorphism at High Molecular Weight Glutenin Subunits and Morphological Diversity of Aegilops geniculata Roth Collected in Algeria

A collection of 35 accessions of the tetraploid wild wheat Aegilops geniculata Roth (MM, UU) sampled in northern Algeria was evaluated for morphological and biochemical variability. Morphological and ecological analyses based on morphological traits and bioclimatic parameters, respectively, were assessed using principal component analysis (PCA). Accessions were differentiated by width characters, namely spike’s width, and a weak relationship between morphological traits and ecological parameters was found. Polymorphism of high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits was carried on by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Among accessions analyzed, 27 alleles were identified at the two loci Glu-M1 and Glu-U1: resulting in twenty-nine patterns and a nomenclature was proposed. Two alleles at the Glu-U1 locus expressed a new subunit with a slightly slower mobility than subunit 8. These results provide new information regarding the genetic variability of HMW glutenin subunits, as well as their usefulness in cultivated wheat quality improvement.
Predictors of receptive and expressive vocabulary development in children with Down syndrome

Abstract Purpose: There is a lack of longitudinal data on predictors of vocabulary development in children with Down syndrome (DS). In typically developing children, many internal and external predictors of vocabulary development have been determined before. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of these variables in the receptive and expressive vocabulary development of children with DS. Method: The present study used a longitudinal design in young children with DS to study the vocabulary development over a period of 1.6 years and investigated the possible predictive role of child-related and environmental variables. Result: Receptive vocabulary development was best predicted by the adaptive level of functioning and early receptive vocabulary skills. Expressive vocabulary development was best predicted by the adaptive level of functioning, receptive vocabulary, maternal educational level, level of communicative intent of the child, attention skills and phonological/phonemic awareness. Conclusion: A wide range of internal and external predictors for vocabulary development of children with DS was found. Predictors resemble those predicting vocabulary development in peers with typical development between 1 and 6 years of age, as identified in other studies.
MINERALS AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS –LEVEL OF ZINC, MAGNESIUM AND CHROMIUM IN DIABETIC AND NON DIABETIC POPULATION

Back ground: Minerals play a vital role in metabolic pathways in human body. For example Zn plays a key role in the synthesis and action of insulin, both physiologically and in the pathologic state of diabetes. Objective: To see the levels of zinc in diabetic and non diabetic patients attending Aziz Fatimah Hospital (AFTH) in Faisalabad. Patients and methods: Thirty test subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and thirty non diabetes mellitus were selected randomly from out patients department (OPD) of AFTH. Primary end point was to see the level of zinc. We also screened them for levels of magnesium and chromium. Patients were also stratified to low, middle and high socio economic status. Five millilitre blood sample was collected from each subject for the analysis of above mentioned elements. One millilitre serum was drawn from blood sample for wet digestion. Sample was diluted up to 50 ml by using de-ionized water. Digested sample was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer for minerals. Statistical analysis was done by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Serum zinc levels were significantly lower in diabetic subjects than non diabetics (p<0.05). Zinc levels ranged from 1.05-4.8 mg/dl in males and 1.7-3.5 mg/dl in females of middle socioeconomic group which was very low than normal non-diabetic population. Mg and chromium was also very low. Conclusion: Zinc levels are very low in diabetic than normal which may affect their diabetic control. Same is the case with Mg and Cr.
Measurement-based coverage maps for indoor REMs operating in TV band

Radio Environment Map (REM) is a tool frequently envisaged to be one of the technical enablers for practical deployment of secondary systems operating in the legacy bands and following some of the spectrum sharing policies. However, the creation of such a map requires the detailed knowledge about the parameters of the incumbent system that has to be protected. The ways, how the information is obtained and stored in the system has to be accurate and cannot require involvement of too much resources, e.g., for collecting the measurement samples. Thus, in this paper we provide a discussion on the ways how the ordinary kriging algorithm can be applied for creation of an indoor and outdoor coverage map of the TV signal — a map that could be used by REMs for management of secondary transmission. Based on the real signal measurements conducted in Poznan, Poland, the map was calculated using various approaches, which are compared and discussed. In this paper the new approaches have been proposed on how to consider the attenuation of the walls during the creation of the map.
Multiple sources of reproductive isolation in a bimodal butterfly hybrid zone

An important evolutionary question concerns whether one or many barriers are involved in the early stages of speciation. We examine pre‐ and post‐zygotic reproductive barriers between two species of butterflies (Heliconius erato chestertonii and H. e. venus) separated by a bimodal hybrid zone in the Cauca Valley, Colombia. We show that there is both strong pre‐ and post‐mating reproductive isolation, together leading to a 98% reduction in gene flow between the species. Pre‐mating isolation plays a primary role, contributing strongly to this isolation (87%), similar to previous examples in Heliconius. Post‐mating isolation was also strong, with absence of Haldane’s rule, but an asymmetric reduction in fertility (< 11%) in inter‐specific crosses depending on maternal genotype. In summary, this is one of the first examples of post‐zygotic reproductive isolation playing a significant role in early stages of parapatric speciation in Heliconius and demonstrates the importance of multiple barriers to gene flow in the speciation process.
Uptake of foreign ferritin in platy Xiphophorus maculatus (Poeciliidae: Teleostei).

The ability and capacity of various tissues in platy Xiphophorus maculatus L. to take up horse-spleen ferritin injected into the blood stream are described. Ferritin was injected intraperioneally, and the cellular uptake was demonstrated as Prussian blue precipitations in tissues treated with acid ferrocyanide solutions. Ferritin was detected within the heart endocardial cells and macrophages in the trunk kidney and spleen, 1/4 h after the injection, i.e. foreign ferritin was taken up very rapidly by these cells. When the time elapsed between the ferritin injection and sacrifice exceeded 6 h, these cells, and also macrophages in the gill and intestine, were almost completely filled with ferritin. At these stages, however, the amounts of Prussian blue precipitations per volume unit of the tissue were much larger in the heart than in the other organs studied in the present work, i.e. the endocardial tissue seems to play an important role in the clearance of the blood circulation in this species. We suggest that this tissue in platy is specialized to endocytose waste and foreign macromolecules, including pathogenic particles, from the blood stream. The eosinophilic and neutrophilic granulocytes do not appear to take up foreign ferritin, i.e. these cells may play no endocytotic role in the clearance of foreign macromolecules in platy.
Primary Lymphomas of the Skull Base from a Neurosurgical Perspective: Review of the Literature and Personal Experience

Abstract Primary lymphomas of the skull base are exceedingly rare and thus not commonly dealt with in everyday clinical practice. Primary diffuse large B cell lymphoma is the most commonly found (30–40% of primary non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the bone). This article reports a case of primary lymphoma of the skull base and reviews all the relevant literature in the PubMed, National Institutes of Health Library, and Google Scholar databases to outline the clinical, diagnostic, and surgical traits of this yet widely unexplored pathology. The incidence of cases peaks between 60 and 70 years of age; those affected tend to be mostly male. The clinical presentation of this pathology is usually abrupt with headache and acute deficit of cranial nerves that improves dramatically with intravenous corticosteroid therapy. The abducens nerve is most commonly involved. Imaging can be unclear because corticosteroid medications can significantly alter magnetic resonance imaging findings, at least in the early stages of the disease, similarly to what happens for primary brain lymphomas (“the ghost tumor”). Cavernous sinus, parasellar region, upper clivus, and Meckel cave are usually found to be already affected by the time a diagnosis can be made. The intracavernous internal carotid artery is usually encased by the lesion rather than displaced. Because of the anatomical pattern of primary lymphomas of the skull base and their well-known chemosensitivity, surgery is usually only used for diagnosis. Surgical approaches for primary lymphoma of the skull base include transcranial and transnasal-transsphenoidal endoscopy and microsurgery as well as other minimally invasive techniques. Due to the rarity of this neoplasm, there are no definitive data regarding the overall survival rate among patients.
Expression of multidrug resistance associated protein 5 (MRP5) on cornea and its role in drug efflux.

PURPOSE The purpose of this manuscript is to investigate the presence of nucleoside/nucleotide efflux transporter in cornea and to evaluate the role in ocular drug efflux. METHODS RT-PCR, immunoprecipitation followed by Western blot analysis and immunostaining were employed to establish molecular presence of multidrug resistance associated protein 5 (MRP5) on cornea. Corneal efflux by MRP5 was studied with bis(POM)-PMEA and acyclovir using rabbit and human corneal epithelial cells along with MRP5 over expressing cells (MDCKII-MRP5). Ex vivo studies using excised rabbit cornea and in vivo ocular microdialysis in male New Zealand white rabbits were used to further evaluate the role of MRP5 in conferring ocular drug resistance. RESULTS RT-PCR confirms the expression of MRP5 in both rabbit and human corneal epithelial cells along with MDCKII-MRP5 cells. Immunoprecipitation followed by Western blot analysis using a rat (M511-54) monoclonal antibody that reacts with human epitope confirms the expression of MRP5 protein in human corneal epithelial cells and MDCKII-MRP5 cells. Immunostaining performed on human cornea indicates the localization of this efflux pump on both epithelium and endothelium. Efflux studies reveal that depletion of ATP decreased PMEA efflux significantly. MRP5 inhibitors also diminished PMEA and acyclovir efflux. However, depletion of glutathione did not alter efflux. MDR1 and MRP2 did not contribute to PMEA efflux. However, MRP2 is involved in acyclovir efflux while MDR1 do not participate in this process. TLC/autoradiography suggested the conversion of bis(POM)-PMEA to PMEA in rabbit and human corneal epithelial cells. Two well known antiglaucoma drugs, bimatoprost and latanoprost were rapidly effluxed by MRP5. Ex vivo study on intact rabbit corneas demonstrated accumulation of PMEA in cornea in the presence of ATP-depleting medium. In vivo ocular pharmacokinetics also revealed a significant increase in maximum aqueous humor concentration (C(max)) and area under the aqueous humor time curve (AUC) of acyclovir in the presence of MK-571, a specific MRP inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Taken together immunolocalization on human cornea, in vitro efflux in human, rabbit corneal and MRP5 over expressing cells, ex vivo and in vivo studies in intact rabbit cornea suggest that MRP5 on cornea can significantly lower the permeability of antiviral and glaucoma drugs. These findings may be valuable in developing formulation strategies to optimize ocular bioavailability of topically administered ocular agents.
EVIDENCE FOR AN FU ORIONIS-LIKE OUTBURST FROM A CLASSICAL T TAURI STAR

We present pre- and post-outburst observations of the new FU Orionis-like young stellar object PTF 10qpf (also known as LkHα 188-G4 and HBC 722). Prior to this outburst, LkHα 188-G4 was classified as a classical T Tauri star (CTTS) on the basis of its optical emission-line spectrum superposed on a K8-type photosphere and its photometric variability. The mid-infrared spectral index of LkHα 188-G4 indicates a Class II-type object. LkHα 188-G4 exhibited a steady rise by ∼1 mag over ∼11 months starting in August 2009, before a subsequent more abrupt rise of >3 mag on a timescale of ∼2 months. Observations taken during the eruption exhibit the defining characteristics of FU Orionis variables: (1) an increase in brightness by ≳4 mag, (2) a bright optical/near-infrared reflection nebula appeared, (3) optical spectra are consistent with a G supergiant and dominated by absorption lines, the only exception being Hα which is characterized by a P Cygni profile, (4) near-infrared spectra resemble those of late K–M giants/supergiants with enhanced absorption seen in the molecular bands of CO and H2O, and (5) outflow signatures in H and He are seen in the form of blueshifted absorption profiles. LkHα 188-G4 is the first member of the FU Orionis-like class with a well-sampled optical to mid-infrared spectral energy distribution in the pre-outburst phase. The association of the PTF 10qpf outburst with the previously identified CTTS LkHα 188-G4 (HBC 722) provides strong evidence that FU Orionis-like eruptions represent periods of enhanced disk accretion and outflow, likely triggered by instabilities in the disk. The early identification of PTF 10qpf as an FU Orionis-like variable will enable detailed photometric and spectroscopic observations during its post-outburst evolution for comparison with other known outbursting objects.
The role of Moloney murine leukemia virus RNase H activity in the formation of plus-strand primers

On the basis of earlier studies with both detergent-disrupted virions (the endogenous reaction) and an in vitro reconstructed reaction, the RNase H activity associated with Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase has been implicated in the generation of plus-strand RNA primers during reverse transcription. Here we used an oligonucleotide extension assay to show that the RNA primers remaining bound to the plus DNA strands initiated at the normal origin in the in vitro reaction are heterogeneous in length. This result indicates that, although a precise cleavage generates the 3' end of the priming RNA, RNase H exhibits less specificity at other break sites. During the endogenous reaction, a kinetic analysis of the synthesis of plus strands corresponding to different regions of the genome suggested that additional sites for the initiation of plus-strand DNA existed upstream of the normal origin. Direct analysis of fragments produced in the endogenous reaction, as well as in the in vitro reaction, confirmed the existence of upstream plus-strand initiation sites. Several of these sites were mapped to the nucleotide level by the oligonucleotide extension method. A comparison of the nucleotide sequences surrounding the upstream initiation sites with the sequence at the normal plus-strand origin revealed common features, which suggests a mechanism for plus-strand priming based on sequence recognition by the RNase H/reverse transcriptase protein. Although primer removal by RNase H is highly efficient for DNA fragments initiated at the normal origin, the RNA primers were inefficiently removed from the fragments initiated at the upstream sites. This result suggests that primer removal, like primer generation, involves sequence recognition by the enzyme.
Genetic Analysis of Vascular Factors in Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract: Genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been extensively examined. Several risk factors for AD are shared with vascular dementia (VaD). We performed genetic case‐control studies on polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene, the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, and the angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) gene. The most acceptable genetic risk factor for the development of AD is the ApoE epsilon‐4 (ApoE ε4) allele. ApoE promoter polymorphisms have also been reported to be associated with AD. As expected, the ApoE ε4 allele had strong association with AD in our samples. The ApoE ε4 allele was also estimated as a risk factor for VaD. An ApoE promoter polymorphism (−291T/G) did not show positive association with AD or any other diseases. Common MTHFR phenotypes are thought to genetically regulate blood homocysteine level, which has been associated with AD. We failed to show independent associations between AD and the common MTHFR polymorphisms (C677T and A1298C). A deletion polymorphism at intron 16 of the ACE gene has also been associated with AD. In our study, we found a significant ethnic difference of the genotype distribution, but failed to replicate the positive association between the I allele and AD.
The châine opératoire approach to prehistoric figurines : an example from Dolnoslav, Bulgaria.

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The DSM‐IV version of schizophrenia may be harmful to patients' health

The DSM‐III, III‐R and DSM‐IV diagnostic systems required deterioration (functional loss) and duration (6 months) in the diagnosis of schizophrenia. These criteria made schizophrenia exceptional to an otherwise phenomenologically‐based nosology, but their inclusion represented an effort to disentangle the diagnosis of schizophrenia from considerable historical baggage. Newer findings about the efforts of early detection and intervention in schizophrenia, however, are now calling into question the validity, utility and even the safety of these decisions. This communication will review the original reasons for including deterioration and duration as criteria. It will then argue that these reasons are now obsolete and potentially anti‐therapeutic, and that a revised set of cross‐sectional phenomenologic criteria for schizophrenia need to be utilized as soon as possible.