Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observational tests of interstellar methanol formation

Context. It has been established that the classical gas-phase production of interstellar methanol (CH3OH) cannot explain observed abundances. Instead it is now generally thought that the main formation path has to be by successive hydrogenation of solid CO on interstellar grain surfaces. Aims. While theoretical models and laboratory experiments show that methanol is efficiently formed from CO on cold grains, our aim is to test this scenario by astronomical observations of gas associated with young stellar objects (YSOs). Methods. We have observed the rotational transition quartets J = 2K –1 K of 12 CH3OH and 13 CH3OH at 96.7 and 94.4 GHz, respectively, towards a sample of massive YSOs in different stages of evolution. In addition, the J = 1−0 transitions of 12 C 18 Oa nd 13 C 18 O were observed towards some of these sources. We use the 12 C/ 13 C ratio to discriminate between gas-phase and grain surface origin: If methanol is formed from CO on grains, the ratios should be similar in CH3OH and CO. If not, the ratio should be higher in CH3OH due to 13 C fractionation in cold CO gas. We also estimate the abundance ratios between the nuclear spin types of methanol (E and A). If methanol is formed on grains, this ratio is likely to have been thermalized at the low physical temperature of the grain, and therefore show a relative over-abundance of A-methanol. Results. We show that the 12 C/ 13 C isotopic ratio is very similar in gas-phase CH3OH and C 18 O, on the spatial scale of about 40 �� , towards four YSOs. For two of our sources we find an overabundance of A-methanol as compared to E-methanol, corresponding to nuclear spin temperatures of 10 and 16 K. For the remaining five sources, the methanol E/A ratio is less than unity. Conclusions. While the 12 C/ 13 C ratio test is consistent with methanol formation from hydrogenation of CO on grain surfaces, the result of the E/A ratio test is inconclusive.
OP-QJEC120019 1551..1610

We study the allocation and compensation of human capital in the U.S. finance industry over the past century. Across time, space, and subsectors, we find that financial deregulation is associated with skill intensity, job complexity, and high wages for finance employees. All three measures are high before 1940 and after 1985, but not in the interim period. Workers in finance earn the same education-adjusted wages as other workers until 1990, but by 2006 the premium is 50% on average. Top executive compensation in finance follows the same pattern and timing, where the premium reaches 250%. Similar results hold for other top earners in finance. Changes in earnings risk can explain about one half of the increase in the average premium; changes in the size distribution of firms can explain about one fifth of the premium for executives. JEL Codes: G2, J2, J3, N2.
A Survey of Tax Compliance Costs of Flemish SMEs: Magnitude and Determinants

This study presents survey evidence on the magnitude and determinants of tax compliance costs in Flemish small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Data were obtained from an Internet questionnaire among members of a professional network of Flemish entrepreneurs, called VOKA. Analyzing a sample of 151 Flemish SMEs, we find that the tax compliance costs—exceeding over 7% of gross added value—are relatively high. Value-added tax, labor taxes, and corporate taxes are the main components of tax compliance costs. In addition, our evidence confirms the regressivity hypothesis, according to which smaller companies face relatively higher compliance costs. Furthermore, industry, age, and the proportion of blue-collar workers prove to be determining factors of relative compliance costs. Our study concludes by formulating a number of policy recommendations that might contribute to lower compliance costs.
A Stochastic Semismooth Newton Method for Nonsmooth Nonconvex Optimization

In this work, we present a globalized stochastic semismooth Newton method for solving stochastic optimization problems involving smooth nonconvex and nonsmooth convex terms in the objective function. We assume that only noisy gradient and Hessian information of the smooth part of the objective function is available via calling stochastic first and second order oracles. The proposed method can be seen as a hybrid approach combining stochastic semismooth Newton steps and stochastic proximal gradient steps. Two inexact growth conditions are incorporated to monitor the convergence and the acceptance of the semismooth Newton steps and it is shown that the algorithm converges globally to stationary points in expectation. Moreover, under standard assumptions and utilizing random matrix concentration inequalities, we prove that the proposed approach locally turns into a pure stochastic semismooth Newton method and converges r-superlinearly with high probability. We present numerical results and comparisons on $\ell_1$-regularized logistic regression and nonconvex binary classification that demonstrate the efficiency of our algorithm.
Evaluation of Medical Students in the Training of Paediatric Life Support – a Spanish Perspective

Summary Objective To determine the usefulness of a training programme in paediatric basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation for 5th and 6th year medical students. Methods For the past eight years, the Faculty of Medicine of the Complutense University in Madrid has been offering formal training in paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to its students. We have analysed the results of 8 basic paediatric cardiopulmonary courses with 527 students, comparing scores in written tests consisting of 10 or 20 multiple-choice questions, administered before and at the end of the courses, while also undertaking a practical test on basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills in infants and children. The course was evaluated by the students by means of an anonymous written questionnaire. Results The mean initial score (out of a maximum of 10) was 6.03 ± 1.58 (maximum 10, range 2-10), whereas in the final test it was 9.59 ± 0.68 (range 5–10) (p < 0.001). The majority of these students acquired theoretical knowledge (97.2%) and adequate practical skills (93%) in paediatric basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation. They were generally satisfied with the lectures, practical training and ability of the teaching staff. Conclusion The paediatric basic life support course is a useful method for theoretical and practical training. Paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be included in the medical training curriculum.
Genetic diversity among Sawakni, Berberi and Najdi sheep breeds in Saudi Arabia using microsatellites markers

The present study was conducted to assess the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of three sheep populations namely; Sawakni (SW), Berberi (BR) and Najdi (NJ), in Saudi Arabia, utilizing 45, 18 and 31 individual blood DNA extractions, respectively. Seventeen microsatellite markers were used to genotype these 94 sheep individuals. There were 195 alleles generated employing the 17 microsatellites loci with a mean of 11.47 alleles per locus, with a range of observed and expected heterozygosity from 0.651 to 0.989 and 0.590 to 0.816, respectively. The total number of alleles of 169, 127 and 111, and their means of effective number of alleles of 4.983, 4.192 and 3.781 were observed in SW, BR and NJ populations, respectively. Thirteen of the microsatellites loci studied in SW, seven loci in BR and five loci in NJ were found to be deviated from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. The fixation genetic indices (FST) among the three populations were very low, ranging from 0.029 (between SW and BR) to 0.038 (between NJ and BR), indicating low population differentiation among the three sheep populations. The present study showed that the microsatellite markers are powerful tools in breeding programs, however more microsatellites may be needed for a broad judgment on the genetic status of the sheep populations in Saudi Arabia. Key words: DNA, genetics, microsatellite, Saudi sheep.
A new perspective for multivalued weakly Picard operators

This research contains some recent developments about multivalued weakly Picard operators on complete metric spaces. In addition, taking into account both multivalued θ-contraction and almost contraction on complete metric spaces, we present a new perspective for multivalued weakly Picard operators. Finally, we give a nontrivial example showing that the investigation of this paper is significant.
Excessive Moderator Band in a Female Cat’s Left Ventricle

This report describes a case of cardiomyopathy associated with excessive moderator bands in a 7 years old cat. In the cat echocardiography examination was observed cardiomegaly, decreased systolic function and thinning of the left ventricle wall. The electrocardiogram showed the occurrence of supraventricular tachycardia. The treatment was initiated with digoxin, furosemide and taurine supplementation, with an improvement of the clinical signs, however the animal died in a fall. The diagnosis of cardiomyopathy associated with excessive moderator band, was based on the multiple cardiac bunds which connect the septum to the free wall of the left ventricle observed in the cat necropsy.
In Vitro Evaluation of the Effect of Different Sandblasting Times on the Bond Strength of Feldspathic Porcelain to Composite Resin

Received: 1 May 2012 Accepted: 16 Aug 2012 Abstract Background and Aim: Intraoral repair of fractured porcelain is an acceptable method to avoid replacement and therefore saving time and cost. The purpose of this study was to determine the in-vitro shear bond strengths of composite resin to feldspathic porcelain after different durations of sandblasting and to compare the effect of sandblasting with that of hydrofluoric acid (HF). Materials and Methods: In this in-vitro study, 40 porcelain disks were fabricated and randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10). Porcelain surface in group 1 was etched with 9.5% HF for 2 minutes. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were sandblasted with 50μm alumina particles for 5, 10 and 15 seconds, respectively. All specimens received the same silane agent, bonding agent and composite resin. The samples were subjected to 5000 thermal cycles and then underwent shear bond strength testing. The mean bond strength was analyzed with one-way ANOVA. The mode of failure was determined using stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. An additional porcelain sample was fabricated and prepared according to the aforementioned protocols in each group and its surface topography was observed by SEM. Results: The mean bond strength was 15/28 (±3/64), 13/82(±4/03), 15/77(±3/94) and 16/54(±3/73) MPa in the 4 groups, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences among groups. The most common mode of failure was cohesive in porcelain. No statistically significant difference was found in SEM results of different durations of sandblasting. Conclusion: The shear bond strength was not significantly different after various durations of sandblasting treatment. The bond strength after sandblasting was similar to that of HF. SEM showed that HF acid etching and sandblasting patterns were different.
A QUERY LEARNING ROUTING APPROACH BASED ON SEMANTIC CLUSTERS

Peer-to-peer systems have recently a remarkable success in the social, academic, and commercial communities. A fundamental problem in Peer-to-Peer systems is how to efficiently locate appropriate peers to answer a specific query (Query Routing Problem). A lot of approaches have been carried out to enhance search result quality as well as to reduce network overhead. Recently, researches focus on methods based on query-oriented routing indices. These methods utilize the historical information of past queries and query hits to build a local knowledge base per peer, which represents the user's interests or profile. When a peer forwards a given query, it evaluates the query against its local knowledge base in order to select a set of relevant peers to whom the query will be routed. Usually, an insufficient number of relevant peers is selected from the current peer's local knowledge base thus a broadcast search is investigated which badly affects the approach efficiency. To tackle this problem, we introduce a novel method that clusters peers having similar interests. It exploits not only the current peer's knowledge base but also that of the others in the cluster to extract relevant peers. We implemented the proposed approach, and tested (i) its retrieval effectiveness in terms of recall and precision, (ii) its search cost in terms of messages traffic and visited peers number. Experimental results show that our approach improves the recall and precision metrics while reducing dramatically messages traffic.
Treatment of Class II Maxillary Retrusion Case Using Miniscrew (Nonextraction Treatment of Adolescent Patient)

ABSTRACT Objective: This case report describes the protocol employed in the treatment of a patient with Class II subdivision malocclusion, with sagittal, transverse, and occlusal disharmonies. Materials and Methods: Treatment included the expansion of the maxilla with a banded Hyrax appliance over a period of 14 days. After a retention period, the device was removed and a stainless steel transpalatal arch was attached. The maxillary arch was bonded with MBT prescription brackets, and distalization of the left maxillary first molar commenced on a 0.016 × 0.022-inch stainless steel archwire supported by a miniscrew for indirect anchorage. After 4.7 mm of molar distalization, a Nance appliance with a bite plane was placed, and the mandibular arch was bonded to continue treatment, which lasted 18 months. Mandibular and maxillary fixed retainers were placed at the end of active treatment. Results: Pretreatment and posttreatment records showed that vertical and sagittal skeletal cephalometric findings were stab.
ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL RESPONSES TO BIOCHARS IN SOILS - POTENTIAL MECHANISMS OF INTERACTION AND OBSERVED RESPONSES IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS

Experiments suggest that biomass-derived black carbon (biochar) affects microbial populations and soil biogeochemistry. Both biochar and mycorrhizal associations, ubiquitous symbioses in terrestrial ecosystems, are potentially important in various ecosystem services provided by soils, contributing to sustainable plant production, ecosystem restoration, and soil carbon sequestration and hence mitigation of global climate change. As both biochar and mycorrhizal associations are subject to management, understanding and exploiting interactions between them could be advantageous. Here we focus on biochar effects on mycorrhizal associations. After reviewing the experimental evidence for such effects, we critically examine hypotheses pertaining to four mechanisms by which biochar could influence mycorrhizal abundance and/ or functioning. These mechanisms are (in decreasing order of currently available evidence supporting them): a) alteration of soil physico-chemical properties; b) indirect effects on mycorrhizae through effects on other soil microbes; c) plant-fungus signaling interference
Title Sources of air pollution in a region of oil and gas exploration downwind of a large city Permalink

The air quality in the outflow from Fort Worth, TX was studied in June 2011 at a location surrounded by oil and gas development in the Barnett Shale. The objectives of this study were to understand the major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and organic aerosols and explore the potential influence each VOC source had on ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation. Measurements of VOCs were apportioned between six factors using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF): Natural Gas (25 ± 2%; ±99% CL); Fugitive Emissions (15 ± 2%); Internal Combustion Engines (15 ± 2%); Biogenic Emissions (7 ± 1%); Industrial Emissions/Oxidation 1(8 ± 1%); and Oxidation 2 (18 ± 2%). Reactivity calculations suggest the Biogenic and Oxidation 2 factors were the most likely VOC sources to influence local ozone. However, enough OH reactivity was calculated for factors related to the oil and gas development that they could incrementally increase O3. Three organic aerosol (OA) types were identified with PMF applied to highresolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry measurements: hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA; 11% of mass) and two classes of oxidized OA (semiand less-volatile OOA, SV and LV; 45% and 44%, respectively). The HOA correlated with the Internal Combustion Engine VOC factor indicating that a large fraction of the HOA was emitted by gasoline and diesel motors. The SV-OOA correlated with the oxidized VOC factors during most of the study, whereas a correlation between LV-OOA and the oxidized VOC factors was only observed during part of the study. It is hypothesized that SV-OOA and the oxidized VOC factors correlated reasonably well because these factors likely were separated by at most only a few oxidation generations on the oxidation pathway of organic compounds. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. son & Sons Inc., Science and
The exponential stability of neutral stochastic delay partial differential equations

In this paper we analyze the almost sure exponential stability and ultimate boundedness of the solutions to a class of neutral stochastic semilinear partial delay differential equations. These kind of equations arise in problems related to coupled oscillators in a noisy environment, or in viscoeslastic materials under random or stochastic influences.
A review on optimization of least squares support vector machine for time series forecasting

Support Vector Machine has appeared as an active study in machine learning community and extensively used in various fields including in prediction, pattern recognition and many more. However, the Least Squares Support Vector Machine which is a variant of Support Vector Machine offers better solution strategy. In order to utilize the LSSVM capability in data mining task such as prediction, there is a need to optimize its hyper parameters. This paper presents a review on techniques used to optimize the parameters based on two main classes; Evolutionary Computation and Cross Validation.
Relative Poincaré lemma, contractibility, quasi-homogeneity and vector fields tangent to a singular variety

We study the interplay between the properties of the germ of a singular variety N ⊂ Rn given in the title and the algebra of vector fields tangent to N . The Poincare lemma property means that any closed differential (p+1)-form vanishing at any point ofN is a differential of a p-form which also vanishes at any point of N . In particular, we show that the classical quasi-homogeneity is not a necessary condition for the Poincare lemma property; it can be replaced by quasi-homogeneity with respect to a smooth submanifold of Rn or a chain of smooth submanifolds. We prove that N is quasi-homogeneous if and only if there exists a vector field V, V (0) = 0, which is tangent to N and has positive eigenvalues. We also generalize this theorem to quasi-homogeneity with respect to a smooth submanifold of Rn.
FOOD WEB COHESION

Both dynamic and topologic approaches in food webs have shown how structure alters conditions for stability. However, while most studies concerning the structure of food webs have shown a nonrandom pattern, it still remains unclear how this structure is related to compartmentalization and to responses to perturbations. Here we build a bridge between connectance, food web structure, and compartmentalization by studying how links are distributed within and between subwebs. A ''k subweb'' is defined as a subset of species that are connected to at least k species from the same subset. We study the k subweb frequency distribution (i.e., the number of k subwebs in each food web). This distribution is highly skewed, decaying in all cases as a power law. The most dense subweb has the most interactions, despite containing a small number of species, and shows connectivity values independent of species richness. The removal of the most dense subweb implies multiple fragmentation. Our results show a cohesive organization, that is, a high number of small subwebs highly connected among themselves through the most dense subweb. We discuss the implications of this organization in relation to different types of disturbances.
An historical analysis of the California Current circulation using ROMS 4 D-Var . Part I : System configuration and diagnostics

The Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) 4-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation tool has been used to compute two sequences of circulation analyses for the U.S. west coast. One sequence of analyses spans the period 1980–2010 and is subject to surface forcing derived from relatively low resolution atmospheric products from the Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform wind product (CCMP) and the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis project. The second sequence spans the shorter period 1999–2012 and is subject to forcing derived from a high resolution product from the Naval Research Laboratory Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS). The two analysis periods are divided into eight day windows, and all available satellite observations of sea surface temperature and sea surface height, as well as in situ hydrographic profiles are assimilated into ROMS using 4D-Var. The performance of the system is monitored in terms of the cost function and the statistics of the innovations, and the impact of data assimilated on the circulation is assessed by comparing the posterior circulation estimates with the prior circulation and the circulation from a run of the model without data assimilation, with particular emphasis on eddy kinetic energy. This is part I of a two part series, and the circulation variability of the 4D-Var analyses will be documented in part II. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Evidence of a Supermassive Black Hole in the Galaxy NGC 1023 from the Nuclear Stellar Dynamics

We analyze the nuclear stellar dynamics of the SB0 galaxy NGC 1023, utilizing observational data both from the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph aboard the Hubble Space Telescope and from the ground. The stellar kinematics measured from these long-slit spectra show rapid rotation (V ≈ 70 km s-1 at a distance of 0.″1 = 4.9 pc from the nucleus) and increasing velocity dispersion toward the nucleus (where σ = 295 ± 30 km s-1). We model the observed stellar kinematics assuming an axisymmetric mass distribution with both two and three integrals of motion. Both modeling techniques point to the presence of a central dark compact mass (which presumably is a supermassive black hole) with confidence greater than 99%. The isotropic two-integral models yield a best-fitting black hole mass of (6.0 ± 1.4) × 107 M☉ and mass-to-light ratio (M/LV) of 5.38 ± 0.08, and the goodness of fit (χ2) is insensitive to reasonable values for the galaxy's inclination. The three-integral models, which nonparametrically fit the observed line-of-sight velocity distribution as a function of position in the galaxy, suggest a black hole mass of (3.9 ± 0.4) × 107 M☉ and M/LV of 5.56 ± 0.02 (internal errors), and the edge-on models are vastly superior fits over models at other inclinations. The internal dynamics in NGC 1023 as suggested by our best-fit three-integral model shows that the velocity distribution function at the nucleus is tangentially anisotropic, suggesting the presence of a nuclear stellar disk. The nuclear line-of-sight velocity distribution has enhanced wings at velocities ≥600 km s-1 from systemic, suggesting that perhaps we have detected a group of stars very close to the central dark mass.