Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Micro-vessel density and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PdEGF) in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)

There is little information to date regarding the role of angiogenesis in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). The present study examines micro-vessel density and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived endothelial growth factor (PdEGF) in lymph node biopsies of patients with HL at presentation and relapse. Using immunohistochemistry, the degree of new blood vessel formation and the expression of VEGF and PdEGF was assessed in Hodgkin-rich tissue. The micro-vessel density (MVD) increased with disease progression in seven out of 11 cases. Expression of VEGF was observed in endothelial cells (EC) of some micro-vessels and also in follicular dendritic cells. The Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (H-RS) cells as well as the inflammatory lymphocytes were negative for VEGF. Cytoplasmic or cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of PdEGF by the H-RS cells was observed in five of the 11 presentation cases. The expression of PdEGF increased with disease progression in seven cases. In conclusion, Hodgkin tissue shows prominent vascularization. The increased MVD and PdEGF expression with disease progression merits further investigation.
The Evolution of Body Size: What Keeps Organisms Small?

It is widely agreed that fecundity selection and sexual selection are the major evolutionary forces that select for larger body size in most organisms. The general, equilibrium view is that selection for large body size is eventually counterbalanced by opposing selective forces. While the evidence for selection favoring larger body size is overwhelming, counterbalancing selection favoring small body size is often masked by the good condition of the larger organism and is therefore less obvious. The suggested costs of large size are: (1) viability costs in juveniles due to long development and/or fast growth; (2) viability costs in adults and juveniles due to predation, parasitism, or starvation because of reduced agility, increased detectability, higher energy requirements, heat stress, and/or intrinsic costs of reproduction; (3) decreased mating success of large males due to reduced agility and/or high energy requirements; and (4) decreased reproductive success of large females and males due to late reproduction. A review of the literature indicates a substantial lack of empirical evidence for these various mechanisms and highlights the need for experimental studies that specifically address the fitness costs of being large at the ecological, physiological, and genetic levels. Specifically, theoretical investigations and comprehensive case studies of particular model species are needed to elucidate whether sporadic selection in time and space is sufficient to counterbalance perpetual and strong selection for large body size.
Dichotic speech perception: an interpretation of right-ear advantage and temporal offset effects.

In two experiments on normals we presented CV nonsense syllables both dichotically and monotically, with onsets of the syllables separated by 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 msec (first experiment) and 0, 90, 180, 250, and 500 msec (second experiment). We found that when one of the CV's trailed the other by 30–60 msec, the trailing CV became more intelligible than when it was given simultaneously; the leading syllable's intelligibility dropped from its “simultaneous” level when leading by 15 and 30 msec. The leading message was more intelligible between 15 and 250 msec when the two channels were mixed monotically. In the dichotic simultaneous conditon, voiceless consonants were more intelligible than voiced, especially in voiced‐voiceless pairs. When the voiced CV trailed the voiceless CV, the former became almost as intelligible as its voiceless counterpart. A left hemisphere “speech processor” was postulated, with suppression of information from ipsilateral sources during contralateral stimulation. The postulated “speech processor” may be involved in acoustic‐signal‐vocal‐tract control functions.
Spontaneous two-photon decay rates in hydrogenlike and heliumlike ions.

A theoretical study of the two-photon emission rate from the 1s2s ${\mathrm{}}^{1}$S state of two-electron ions is presented. High-precision values of the nonrelativistic emission rate for ions with nuclear charge Z up to 36 are obtained by use of correlated variational wave functions of the Hylleraas type. Summations over intermediate states are performed by finite-basis-set methods. The results are used to obtain an accurate extrapolation formula and to study the convergence characteristics of a 1/Z expansion for the decay rate. The leading hydrogenic term is calculated to an accuracy which substantially exceeds Klarsfeld's, and the next term is obtained for what is believed to be the first time. Relativistic effects are taken into account by means of a screened hydrogenic approximation. The predicted decay rate for two-electron ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{34+}$ is (2.993\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{10}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, where the error is the uncertainty in the relativistic correction. This lies significantly higher than the value (2.934\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.030)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{10}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ recently measured by Marrus et al.
EPISODIC JETS AS THE CENTRAL ENGINE OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS

Most gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have erratic light curves, which demand that the GRB central engine launches an episodic outflow. Recent Fermi observations of some GRBs indicate a lack of the thermal photosphere component as predicted by the baryonic fireball model, which suggests a magnetic origin of GRBs. Given that powerful episodic jets have been observed along with continuous jets in other astrophysical black hole systems, here we propose an intrinsically episodic, magnetically dominated jet model for the GRB central engine. Accumulation and eruption of free magnetic energy in the corona of a differentially rotating, turbulent accretion flow around a hyperaccreting black hole lead to ejections of episodic, magnetically dominated plasma blobs. These blobs are accelerated magnetically, collide with each other at large radii, trigger rapid magnetic reconnection and turbulence, efficient particle acceleration, and radiation, and power the observed episodic prompt gamma-ray emission from GRBs.
Simulating macromolecular crowding with particle and lattice-based methods ( Team 3 )

Many simulation algorithms have been developed to help model spatial structure in cellular systems, each of which is intended to represent reaction dynamics with high spatial resolution. In this study, we simulated the e ects of macromolecular crowding on biochemical reaction rates to investigate which method actually performs best in practice. All 5 simulators investigated showed that di usion-limited reaction rates decreased monotonically with the fractional crowder occupancy and activation-limited reactions exhibited an initial reaction rate increase with crowder occupancy (due to excluded volume e ects). The eGFRD simulations were presumably highly accurate, but were too computationally intensive to be ideal for this problem. The Smoluchowski method as implemented in Smoldyn had simulation parameters that could be connected directly to physical parameters, and did not appear to exhibit simulation artifacts. The Smoluchowski method as implemented in NL-space produced qualitatively similar di usion-limited results, but did not show a change of dynamics when changing to activation-limited conditions. Spatiocyte used a microscopic lattice, which enabled it to run very fast but introduced lattice artifacts in the results. Finally, we did not collect quantitative results with Kappa, but instead observed that Kappa can be used for this type of problem. Overall, this study showed that the detailed simulation methods substantially a ect the results and that each of these simulators can still be improved.
Multifractal Background Noise of Monofractal Signals

should be clearly separated from the so called "multifractal noise" resulting from the finite data length. Examples from finance in this context are given. The provided formulas may help to decide whether one deals with the signal of real multifractal origin or not and make further step in analysis of the so called spurious or corrupted multifractality discussed in literature.
Caesarean section does not prevent cerebral palsy in singleton term breech infants

report and has obvious clinical relevance. We combined in one analysis the dyskinetic and quadriplegic subtypes to yield a significant proportional distribution between GMFCS level I to III and levels IV to V. This was in addition to significant proportional distributions when these subtypes were evaluated for proportions independently. The rationale for doing the additional combination proportions was to address difficulties in the clinic at times in terms of distinguishing children with spastic quadriplegic or dyskinetic or mixed subtypes of CP. We did detect a lower proportion of non-ambulatory (i.e. GMFCS level IV or V) children with spastic diplegia than that noted by Gorter et al. in another Canadian sample. Two possibilities to explain this difference come to mind. The first is that our sample was collected between the ages of 2 and 5 and there may be a ‘deterioration’ in GMFCS level over time as the child becomes older, and seemingly, the population studied by Gorter et al. was one drawn entirely from paediatric rehabilitation centers, whereas our population was drawn both from paediatric rehabilitation centers and assessment centers. There may be a subset of children with diplegic CP who do not require ongoing rehabilitation intervention as a result of their lack of significant functional impairment. I wish to emphasize that only the simultaneous application of varied and complementary classification approaches offers any hope of capturing in an accurate way the heterogeneity that is CP. The relationships noted between these various classification approaches only serve to reinforce their intrinsic individual validity and value. I would hope that a multimodal approach would be a definite goal of our future care efforts.
Treatment of Peritonitis in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) with Intraperitoneal Cefazolin and Gentamicin

Between 1983 and 1988 57 peritonitis episodes in an unselected patient population were initially treated with intraperitoneal cefazolin and gentamicin. The loading dose consisted of 500 mg cefazolin/L dialysate and 40 mg gentamicin/L dialysate. The maintenance dosage was 125 mg cefazolin and 8 mg gentamicin per liter dialysate. Forty-five (78.9%) patients were primarily cured with this regimen (responder group = RG). Twelve patients (21.1 %) did not respond to the initial therapy (nonresponder group = NG). Eight peritonitis episodes in the NG (14.0% of all patients) were caused by tunnel infections and 2 by diverticulitis (3.5%). The cure rate in patients without tunnel infection or bowel disease was 95.7%. A relapse occurred in 2 patients (3.5%). Duration of therapy was assessed by daily white blood cell count (WBC) in the effluent and treatment was discontinued when the WBC was <100/μ1 for 3 days. The mean duration of therapy with cefazolin and gentamicin was 8.1 days in the RG and 6.0 days in the NG. Nonresponders were subsequently treated with a modified antibiotic regimen on an average 11.9 days.
Pigeon Pattern Perception: Limits on Perspective Invariance

Two experiments are reported in which the response of pigeons to perspective transformations of a pattern target was measured. In the first experiment an alphabet letter was taken as the pattern target (the ‘positive’) and the response to its perspective transforms was compared to the response to nontarget letters (‘negatives’) over the course of discrimination training. In the second experiment irregular quadrilaterals were used as positives and the responses to slight perspective deformations of the prototypes were compared to the responses to random transformations of the same magnitude under steady-state conditions. The amount of differential responding depended on the type of transformation. There was no differential response to targets rotated in the picture plane or around the horizontal axis in either experiment. There was differential response to small reductions and enlargements of the target. There was also differential response to translated targets, and this was seen irrespective of the amount of displacement. Results from targets rotated around the vertical axis were erratic, some target-plus-angle combinations elicited differential responding, but most did not. The erratic responses are attributed to symmetries in pattern elements that were abstracted as critical features. Pigeons therefore exhibit no true rotation invariance, limited size invariance, and complete shift invariance. It is argued that size invariance, but not position invariance, may depend on prior exposure to the alternatives.
Patients with Rosacea Have Increased Risk of Depression and Anxiety Disorders: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study

Background: Rosacea is a chronic skin condition that affects self-esteem and quality of life. However, data on depression and anxiety in patients with rosacea are scarce. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between rosacea and new-onset depression and anxiety disorders. Methods: Data on all Danish citizens aged ≥18 years between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2011, were linked at individual level in nationwide registers. Incidence rates per 1,000 person-years were calculated, and crude and adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated by Poisson regression models. Results: The study comprised a total of 4,632,341 individuals, including 30,725 and 24,712 patients with mild and moderate-to-severe rosacea, respectively. Mild and moderate-to-severe rosacea increased the risk of both depression [IRR 1.89 (95% CI 1.82-1.96) and IRR 2.04 (95% CI 1.96-2.12)] and anxiety disorders [IRR 1.80 (95% CI 1.75-1.86) and IRR 1.98 (95% CI 1.91-2.05)]. Conclusions: Rosacea was associated with a disease severity-dependent, increased risk of depression and anxiety disorders. The findings may call for increased awareness of psychiatric morbidity in patients with rosacea.
Clinical and hematological features of β+‐thalassemia (IVS‐1 nt 5, G‐C mutation) in Thai patients

Abstract: Seventy‐eight patients with IVS‐1 nt 5, G‐C, which is the common mutation of β+‐thalassemia found in the southern part of Thailand, were studied to determine whether it is possible to predict phenotypic severity from genetic factors. The clinical phenotype of homozygotes for IVS‐1 nt 5, G‐C and compound heterozygotes for IVS‐1 nt 5, G‐C and β°‐ or β+‐thalassemia were variable and could not be accurately predicted. The associations between concomittant α‐thalassemia or Hb CS or the presence of XmnI‐Gγ polymorphism and a mild clinical phenotype are not apparent, indicating the involvement of other ameliorating determinants or genetic modifications.
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections in Solid Organ Transplantation

With the availability of advanced microbiologic techniques for the detection and identification of nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) over the last 10 years, the number of NTM species has swelled to over 125 (1). Over half of these have the potential to cause human disease, but fewer than two dozen account for most reported cases. Due to impaired cell-mediated immunity, transplant recipients are susceptible to infection with these organisms. There are no prospective studies or registries of these infections, so our understanding of these infections in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients comes from case reports and a few case series (2–7). While relatively rare compared to other posttransplant infections, these infections are important due to the difficulty in establishing the diagnosis, the need for multidrug, long-term treatment and the interaction between treatment regimens and the drugs used to prevent rejection. This guideline will focus on the common NTM causing infection following transplantation including Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC), M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. haemophilum and the rapid growing mycobacteria (RGM): M. fortuitum, M. chelonae and M. abscessus. The most frequently encountered species causing pulmonary disease include M. avium complex, M. kansasii, M. xenopi and M. abscessus (6).
Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in the Elderly: An Evaluation of Interferon Alpha Given as a Single Agent After Complete Remission

Although interferon (IFN) has been used in elderly patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the benefits from IFN therapy have not been properly assessed, especially as it was given combined with other cytotoxic drugs, which obscured the role of IFN if any. In 1997, we started a study aimed at improving our previous results in elderly patients with ALL and at assessing the therapeutic role of IFN in this disease. Fifty-eight patients with ALL, aged 55-81 years (median: 64.9 years), were randomly allocated to treatment with vindesine or vincristine during induction. After a first consolidation course, IFN was administered as a single agent for three months together with cranial radiotherapy. Chemotherapy was then resumed with a second consolidation course and maintenance. A complete remission (CR) was obtained in 58% of patients (CI: 45-71%), significantly less than in our previous study which included IFN combined with chemotherapy during maintenance (CR: 85%, CI:70-94%, p =0.007 ). Overall survival (median: 289 vs 434 days in the previous study, p =0.01 ) and disease-free survival (median: 146 vs 427 days, p =0.009 ) were also inferior in the present study. In particular, the pattern of relapses over time suggested that the 3 month IFN treatment phase with no additional chemotherapy might have contributed to the comparatively poor outcome of this cohort. In addition, vindesine given during induction did not prove less neurotoxic than vincristine, did not improve the CR rate, and had no impact on survival. In conclusion, although similar to published studies in elderly patients with ALL, this study is inferior to our previous one. INF, given as a single drug, has a modest role if any in the treatment of older persons with ALL.
Boron‐11 NMR of borocaptate: Relaxation and in vivo detection in melanoma‐bearing mice

Longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates for the 11B resonances in sodium borocaptate (BSH) at varying concentrations were measured in undiluted horse serum in a 4.7 Tesla field. The results could be fit by a model that assumes fast exchange of the BSH molecule between a free and a bound state, using values of 0.77 ± 0.7 MHz for the 11B quadrupole coupling constant and (6.3 ± 0.9) × 10−9 s for the rotational correlation time in the bound state. These results were used as a basis for assessing the requirements and limitations of quantitative determination of BSH concentrations in vivo, using 11B NMR. Surface coil 11B NMR spectroscopy was performed on a total of 14 mice injected with BSH. Some of the animals (n = 9) had implanted M2R melanoma tumors grown to various sizes in the rear thigh, in which case the surface coil was placed against the tumor, whereas for the other animals (without tumor), the coil was placed against the rear thigh muscle. NMR spectra were acquired under fully relaxed conditions. The spectra were quantitated by peak integration; apparent absolute BSH concentrations were derived by comparison with spectra from a phantom with known BSH concentration, using extrapolation of the time‐domain data to zero preacquisition delay. The results indicate significantly higher 11B BSH signal intensities in tumors, compared with muscle tissue, whereas the uptake and clearance kinetics were similar.
The Dysphoric Syndrome in Schizophrenia and its Implications for Relapse

The presence of non-psychotic neurotic and dysphoric symptoms in schizophrenia has been recognised from the days of Bleuler (1908) and Kraepelin (1896) and is inherent in the hierarchical schema explicated by Foulds (1976) and commonly employed by psychiatrists in the diagnosis of psychotic disorder. Of such symptoms, those which may be characterised as depressive in nature have been the focus of much recent interest in view of claims that they may be iatrogenic. That such symptoms occur widely in schizophrenia is beyond dispute, but their relationship to the process of the illness and its treatment remains a subject of contention.
A Probabilistic Approach for the Susceptibility Assessment of Twisted-Wire Pairs Excited by Random Plane-Wave Fields

This paper presents a probabilistic approach for the susceptibility assessment of a twisted-wire transmission line in the presence of a plane-wave electromagnetic field with certain parameters (amplitude, polarization angle, direction-of-incidence angles) treated as random variables. The transmission line is located in free space and terminated in arbitrary loads. Closed-form expressions are provided for the probability density function of the induced far-end voltage in certain cases of field descriptions and excitation scenarios. A more general Monte-Carlo technique is also employed, in order to cope with cases yielding laborious integrals.
Measuring neural coupling from non-Gaussian power spectra of voltage traces taken from awake behaving animals

Brains consist of complex networks of neurons possessing highly non-linear interactions, suggesting that neural systems will show cooperative dynamics. Previous studies of the non-Gaussian statistics of 1/f noise in spin glasses and amorphous semiconductors have revealed important information concerning interaction kinetics not available through other techniques. Five male Brown-Norway-Cross rats were chronically implanted with arrays of microwire electrodes from which local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded from the dorsocentral striatum as the animals performed complex navigational tasks. The power spectra displayed a frequency dependence significantly different from 1/f. The correlation coefficients of the Fourier transform of the LFPs from striatum showed significant non-zero correlations between frequencies separated by less than three octaves. This novel technique may be useful in measuring functional interactions in neural systems.
Outcomes following electrographic seizures and electrographic status epilepticus in the pediatric and neonatal ICUs

Purpose of review Increasing recognition of electrographic seizures and electrographic status epilepticus in critically ill neonates and children has highlighted the importance of identifying their potential contributions to neurological outcomes to guide optimal management. Recent findings Recent studies in children and neonates have found an independent association between increasing seizure burden and worse short-term and long-term outcomes, even after adjusting for other important contributors to outcome such as seizure cause and illness severity. The risk of worse neurological outcome has been shown to increase above a seizure burden threshold of 12–13 min/h, which is considerably lower than the conventional definition of status epilepticus of 30 min/h. Randomized controlled trials in neonates have demonstrated that electroencephalography-targeted therapy can successfully reduce seizure burden, but due to their small size these trials have not been able to demonstrate that more aggressive electroencephalography-targeted treatment of both subclinical and clinical seizures results in improved outcome. Summary Despite mounting evidence for an independent association between increasing seizure burden and worse outcome, further study is needed to determine whether early seizure identification and aggressive antiseizure treatment can improve neurodevelopmental outcomes.