Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of the mouse amygdala as revealed by enhanced green fluorescent protein gene transfer by means of in utero electroporation

The amygdala is located in the caudal part of the ventral telencephalon. It is composed of many subdivisions and is involved in the control of emotion. It is important to know the mechanisms of amygdalar development in order to analyze the pathogenesis of emotional disorders, but they are still not adequately understood. In the present study the migration, differentiation, and distribution of amygdalar neurons in the mouse embryo were investigated by means of in utero electroporation. Ventricular zone cells in restricted regions, that is, the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE), the ventral pallium, the lateral pallium, and the diencephalon, were labeled with an expression vector of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene. Labeling at embryonic day (E)10 revealed that the central nucleus originates from the neuroepithelium in the ganglionic eminence and the labeling at E11 and E12 revealed that the basolateral complex originates from the neuroepithelium of the ventral and lateral pallia. The introduction of the EGFP gene into the neuroepithelium of the third ventricle at E11 showed that the medial nucleus originates, at least in part, from the neuroepithelium of the diencephalon and migrates over the diencephalo–telencephalic boundary. The radial glial arrangement corresponded well with the initial migration of amygdalar neurons, and the radial processes later formed the boundary demarcating the basolateral complex. These findings indicate that the neurons originating from the temporally and spatially restricted neuroepithelium in both the telencephalon and diencephalon migrate and differentiate to form the mosaic of amygdalar subdivisions. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:113–128, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of Advanced or Recurrent Endometrial Carcinoma With Doxorubicin in Patients Progressing After Paclitaxel/Carboplatin: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Experience From 1995 to 2009

Objective Long-term survival for patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma is poor, and limited options exist for the management of recurrent disease. Our goal was to investigate the activity of doxorubicin in the second-line setting in patients who progressed after paclitaxel/carboplatin adjuvant treatment. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with recurrent endometrial carcinoma who were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1995 to 2009 and who received paclitaxel/carboplatin adjuvant chemotherapy followed by second-line doxorubicin therapy at time of recurrence. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival times following paclitaxel/carboplatin and following second-line doxorubicin therapy were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Toxicity was assessed by the treating physician at each visit and graded using version 4.0 of Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. Patient presentation, treatment, patterns of recurrence, and patient outcomes were summarized. Results Seventeen patients were included in study analyses. The median PFS from completion of paclitaxel/carboplatin was 8.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.5–13.6 months). At the time of recurrence, all 17 patients were treated with doxorubicin as second-line therapy. No patient achieved objective response of stable disease. The median PFS of this cohort following doxorubicin treatment was 2.1 months (95% CI, 0.95–2.7) months. Median overall survival was 5.8 months (95% CI, 1.0–15.0 months). There is only 1 patient still alive; her median follow-up time is 49.4 months. Predominant doxorubicin-related grade 2 toxicities included nausea/vomiting (18.8%), fatigue (18.8%), and neutropenia (12.5%). No grade 3 or 4 toxicities occurred. Conclusions Among patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma who had received adjuvant paclitaxel/carboplatin, treatment with doxorubicin at time of disease recurrence failed to achieve any objective responses and was associated with a very short (2 months) time to progression. Doxorubicin may be considered inactive as second-line therapy in this endometrial carcinoma population.
Architectural subdivisions of medial and orbital frontal cortices in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus)

Although the common marmoset has become a model for the study of several neurological conditions that affect the frontal lobe, knowledge of the boundaries of the areas located in the orbital and medial frontal regions has remained incomplete. Here we examined histological sections stained for myelin, Nissl substance, and cytochrome oxidase, allowing identification of likely homologues of most of the architectural fields defined in Old World monkeys. Ventrally, we identified three granular fields at or near the frontal pole (area 10, and the medial and lateral subregions of area 11), and two granular fields along the lateral margin of the orbitofrontal cortex (medial and orbital subdivisions of area 12). More caudal and medially, dysgranular and agranular cortices included four subdivisions of area 13 as well as rostral and caudal subdivisions of area 14 (at the ventromedial convexity). The ventral frontotemporal transition encompassed at least two subdivisions of agranular insular cortex, as well as the likely homologues of the gustatory cortices. Most of the medial surface was encompassed by area 10 (which projected a caudomedial finger‐like extension toward the subgenual cortex), together with a relatively large dysgranular area 32 and an agranular area 25 (in subgenual cortex). Finally, the caudal limit of the medial frontal cortex included two fields of agranular cingulate cortex (areas 24a and 24b). These findings enhance our understanding of the architectural organization of the marmoset frontal cortex and highlight a highly conserved basic organization across simian primates, allowing the informed interpretation of experimental neurological studies. J. Comp. Neurol. 514:11–29, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An in vitro transport model for rapid screening and predicting the permeability of candidate compounds at blood–brain barrier

The aim of this study was to design and develop a simple in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeation model for elementarily and rapidly predicting the permeability of candidate compounds at BBB and further evaluating whether P-glycoprotein (P-gp) affects them across BBB. The model was mainly composed of cultured rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (rBMECs), glass contraption, and micropore membrane. First, we evaluated the model by morphological observation. Second, the restriction effects of paracellular transport were verified by measuring marker probes transport, and monitoring transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and leakage. Finally, protein expression and activity of P-gp were confirmed by carrying out Western blot analysis and polarized transport of rhodamine-123 (Rho123) in rBMECs. The rBMECs retained both endothelial cells and BBB features. The rBMECs model reproducibly attained approximately 130 Ω cm2 on the steady-state TEER value, and displayed a barrier function to marker probes transport by decreasing the permeability. Protein band of 170 kDa manifested the existence of P-gp in the rBMECs, and the findings of cyclosporin A-sensitive decrease of Rho123 efflux confirmed the presence of P-gp activity. A simple, rapid, and convenient in vitro BBB permeation model was successfully established and applied to evaluate the BBB transport profiles of three natural flavonoids: quercetin, naringenin, and rutin.
Prominent system of RFamide immunoreactive neurons in the rhopalia of box jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa)

The four visual sensory structures of a cubomedusa, the rhopalia, display a surprisingly elaborate organization by containing two lens eyes and four bilaterally paired pigment cup eyes. Peptides containing the peptide sequence Arg‐Phe‐NH2 (RFamide) occur in close association with visual structures of cnidarians, including the rhopalia and rhopalial stalk of cubomedusae, suggesting that RFamide functions as a neuronal marker for certain parts of the visual system of medusae. Using immunofluorescence we give a detailed description of the organization of the RFamide‐immunoreactive (ir) nervous system in the rhopalia and rhopalial stalk of the cubomedusae Tripedalia cystophora and Carybdea marsupialis. The bilaterally symmetric RFamide‐ir nervous system contains four cell groups and three morphologically different cell types. Neurites spread throughout the rhopalia and occur in close vicinity of the pigment cup eyes and the lower lens eye. Two commissures connect the two sides of the system and neurites of one rhopalial cell group extend into the rhopalial stalk. The RFamide‐ir nervous system in the rhopalia of cubomedusae is more widespread and comprises more cells than earlier discerned. We suggest that the system might not only integrate visual input but also signals from other senses. One of the RFamide‐ir cell groups is favorably situated to represent pacemaker neurons that set the swimming rhythm of the medusa. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:157–165, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel spinosin derivative from Semen Ziziphi Spinosae

A novel spinosin derivative, 6‴-(4‴′-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-vanilloyl spinosin (1) was isolated from the methanol extract of Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, together with five known flavonoids, swertish (2), spinosin (3), 6‴-feruloylspinosin (4), isospinosin (5) and kaempferol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-O-[O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (6), and two alkanoids, zizyphusine (7) and 6-(2′,3′-dihydroxyl-4′-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-1′-yl)-cyclopentene[c]pyrrole-1,3-diol (8). The structure of compound 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic methods including UV, IR, ESI-TOF-MS, 1D, and 2D NMR techniques.
Anterior Segment Dysgenesis

Anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) includes a spectrum of developmental disorders affecting the cornea, lens, iris, and angle structure. Eyes with such abnormalities in the anterior segment have been labeled into specific diagnostic entities depending on clinical findings. This heterogenous group includes the Peters anomaly, Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS), and sclerocornea. With the advent of sophisticated anterior segment imaging, murine models, and advancements in genetic testing, the overlap between these conditions has become increasingly evident. The term ASD is an appropriate general term to describe these conditions and the clinical and genetic findings can be used to further classify and determine treatment for these disorders.
Effects of social support on depression following coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Abstract The influence of emotional social support on depression following coronary artery bypass graft surgery was examined in 75 patients. Immediately following surgery, social support was significantly associated with a decline in depression. Subsequently, post-surgery chest pain and perceptions of poor health emerged as the best predictors of continued depression. During the first weeks after surgery it may be that discomfort and pain are expected and tolerated well such that depression is ameliorated by social support. However, after three months, beliefs about physical recovery became the most important determinants of patient psychological status. Clinical implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
The Enigma of Autoimmune Retinopathy

Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) refers to an immunologic process whereby retinal antigens are aberrantly recognized as autoantigens, leading to retinal degeneration. AIR was initially described in 1976 as a paraneoplastic syndrome, termed cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), secondary to a remote malignancy.1 Laboratory investigations revealed that the serum of patients with CAR contained autoantibodies against the photoreceptor protein recoverin, which are believed to represent the underlying etiology of CAR.2,3 A related syndrome, termed melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR), was reported in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma who were found to have autoantibodies to an unknown antigen on bipolar cells.4,5 Since that time, AIR in the absence of neoplasm, termed nonparaneoplastic AIR (npAIR), has been described as well.6 Along with this has come the identification of several novel putative antiretinal autoantibodies. Although all these novel discoveries have expanded our knowledge of AIR, they have also brought with them some confusion. There are numerous excellent reviews of AIR that have recently been published in the literature.7–13 The purpose of this current article is not to provide another review of this topic, but rather to highlight some of the ambiguity and uncertainty that exists in this field. For the purposes of this review, the term AIR will be used to refer to CAR, npAIR, and MAR, as the ocular features and proposed pathogenesis of these entities are essentially the same.
Differentiation of papillae and rostral sensory neurons in the larva of the ascidian Botryllus schlosseri (Tunicata)

During the metamorphosis of tunicate ascidians, the swimming larva uses its three anterior papillae to detect the substrate for settlement, reabsorbs its chordate‐like tail, and becomes a sessile oozooid. In view of the crucial role played by the anterior structures and their nerve relations, we applied electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry to study the larva of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, following differentiation of the anterior epidermis during late embryogenesis, the larval stage, and the onset of metamorphosis. Rudiments of the papillae appear in the early tail‐bud stage as ectodermic protrusions, the apexes of which differentiate into central and peripheral bipolar neurons. Axons fasciculate into two nerves direct to the brain. Distally, the long, rod‐like dendritic terminations extend during the larval stage, becoming exposed to sea water. After the larva selects and adheres to the substrate, these neurons retract and regress. Adjacent to the papillae, other scattered neurons insinuate dendrites into the tunic and form the net of rostral trunk epidermal neurons (RTENs) which fasciculate together with the papillary neurons. Our data indicate that the papillae are simple and coniform, the papillary neurons are mechanoreceptors, and the RTENs are chemoreceptors. The interpapillary epidermal area, by means of an apocrine secretion, provides sticky material for temporary adhesion of the larva to the substrate. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:547–566, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of Candidiasis, Trichomoniasis and Bacterial Vaginosis among Women of Reproductive Age Group

Background: Vaginal symptoms are leading reason for patients to visit gynecologist. Few data are available on prevalence of different causes of vaginitis. Objective: To find out prevalence of Candidiasis, Trichomoniasis and bacterial Vaginosis among the women of reproductive age group. Method: 400 sexually active married women attended gynecology OPD and ANC clinic at Santosh Hospital, Ghaziabad included in study. Participants were interviewed and structured questionnaire were filled. Two high vaginal swabs were collected from each woman. One swab was used for making smear and other used for culture on SDA. Candidiasis was detected by presence of curdy white discharge, Gram stain and culture on SDA. Trichomoniasis was detected by presence of green yellow frothy discharge, Wet mount and Papanicolaou stain. Bacterial Vaginosis was detected by presence of homogenous white or grey discharge, Amsel method and Gram stain. Results: Over all prevalence of vaginitis was 47.75 %. The prevalence of Candidiasis was 54.5% by Gram stain and 21.5% by culture method. The prevalence of Trichomoniasis was 12% by Wet mount and 8.75% by Pap stain. The prevalence of bacterial Vaginosis was 24% by Amsel criteria and 29% by Gram stain. Conclusions: This study raised an awareness regarding high vulnerability of women in reproductive age group for vaginitis. The study reveals that prevalence of candidiasis is 21.5%, trichomoniasis 8.75% and bacterial vaginosis 29% .
Failure of enteric‐coated peppermint oil in the irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, double‐blind crossover study

Enteric‐coated capsules containing peppermint oil were compared with placebo in a double‐blind crossover trial involving 25 patients with the irritable bowel syndrome, carefully selected for the predominance of colonic symptoms. Patients were randomly allocated to receive active drug or placebo, three capsules per day, for 4 weeks and then changed to the alternative medication for a further 4 weeks. Symptom scores were assessed by the patient using visual analogue scales. While on peppermint oil, there was a small but statistically significant increase in stool frequency but no significant change in scores for global severity or scores for the specific symptoms of pain, bloating, urgent defecation and the sensation of incomplete evacuation. Seven patients failed to complete the study, three because of perianal burning associated with peppermint oil. Enteric‐coated capsules containing peppermint oil are unhelpful in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome and prominent colonic symptoms.
Impact of Guinea Worm Disease on the socio-economic well-being of a rural community in Oke-Gun areas of Oyo State, Nigeria

The study investigated the impact of Guinea Worm Disease on the lives of people living in rural areas of Nigeria. It examined the nature of Guinea Worm Disease, its severity and effect on the economic and social well-being of people living in the rural community of the Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State, Nigeria. One hundred and forty-eight infected persons in four local government areas completed the Guinea Worm Disease Severity Questionnaire and the Socio-economic Well-being Questionnaire. The study established that there was a significant impact of severity of Guinea Worm infection on both the economic well-being (p < 0.0.05) and the social well-being of infected people (p < 0.05). It is recommended that health care providers (nurses, social workers, environmental officers, etc.) provide support in the form of identification and management of the needs of each infected person; in addition, they have a vital health promotion role to educate the local community of the dangers of drinking unclean water.
Hospitality and organizations: enchantment, entrenchment and reconfiguration.

This paper examines the complex relationship between hospitality and organisations. It is argued that a variety of organisational practices can be understood by considering how hospitality is mobilised and experienced by multiple stakeholders. The paper begins by synthesising existing conceptions of hospitality and outlining its different dimensions. It then goes on to examine how hospitality themes and related issues emerge in, and are thus relevant to, the study of organisations and management. The paper firstly considers how hospitality is extended to or oriented towards external stakeholders and thus mobilised as tactical or strategic enchantment. It is argued that hospitality can be used purposefully to establish power relations and invoke obligations both to conform to organisational norms and to reciprocate. Secondly, the paper considers how hospitality emerges within organisational practices and may be deployed by various stakeholders as an instrument of entrenchment to perpetuate existing norms and hierarchies. However, it is also suggested that practices of hospitality can create alternative organisational spaces and networks, and hospitable acts may thus help to reconfigure power relationships and become focal points of resistance. The paper concludes by reflecting upon emerging questions, challenges and potential avenues for further research and intervention.
Abnormal Eye Movements in Children

The recognition and evaluation of abnormal eye movements in children is an essential task for the pediatric ophthalmologist that may lead to the discovery of systemic and neurologic disease and even preventable visual loss. With few exceptions, the eye movements discussed in this chapter can occur at all stages of life, but their presentation in infancy and childhood has a unique significance that merits their inclusion in this textbook on pediatric manifestations of ophthalmic disease. The first step in approaching abnormal eye movements is to categorize them into broad categories, such as ‘‘roving’’ eye movements that are commonly seen in patients who develop visual-impairment early in life, saccadic intrusions (see below), or the true forms of nystagmus. With a cursory examination, these manifestations of ocular motor pathology may be confused, but each has its own implications for diagnosis and management. Roving eye movements are very slow, large amplitude, and seemingly aimless movements of the eyes that are seen in patients who are severely blind early in life. Saccadic intrusions are relatively fast, conjugate eye movements of relatively small amplitude that often occur in short bursts or as single events. Saccadic intrusions may occur as back-andforth movements across the point of fixation (ie, ‘‘saccadic oscillations’’), or as equal amplitude movements off to one side and then back onto the point of fixation (ie, ‘‘square-wave jerks’’). For both types of saccadic intrusions, there is an almost imperceptible delay between one saccadic movement and the next (ie, intersaccadic interval). In distinction,
Similarities and differences in the forebrain expression of Lhx1 and Lhx5 between chicken and mouse: Insights for understanding telencephalic development and evolution

We compared expression of the paralogous LIM‐homeodomain genes Lhx1 and Lhx5 in the developing rostral forebrain of mouse and chicken. Both genes are expressed in similar patterns in the septum, preoptic region, and related areas of the basal telencephalon, including the medial septum/diagonal band nuclei and the medial extended amygdala. In the septum, the expression of Lhx5 and Lhx1 appears to be specifically related to the pallial septum and its derivatives in mouse and chicken, and may produce the glutamatergic neurons observed in the diagonal band/medial septum nuclei. The preoptic area expresses both Lhx1 and Lhx5 in mouse and chicken, and appears to produce γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic cells for the preoptic region and basal telencephalon. In addition, in mouse and chicken Lhx5 is expressed in two extratelencephalic domains that appear to contribute Lhx5‐expressing cells to the basal telencephalon, including the supraoptoparaventricular hypothalamic domain and the eminentia thalami. In contrast, there are striking differences in the pallial expression of Lhx1 and Lhx5 between mouse and chicken. Both genes are expressed in Cajal‐Retzius cells, and Lhx5 is also present in most pallial sources of Cajal‐Retzius cells (including the cortical hem and retrobulbar area) and in the olfactory bulbs in the mouse. In contrast, putative Cajal‐Retzius cells, the retrobulbar area, and the olfactory bulb of chicken do not express the paralog genes cLhx1/cLhx5. Moreover, the cortical hem—although it expresses cLhx5—is very tiny in chicken. We discuss the consequences of these differences in Lhx1/Lhx5 expression between mouse and chicken for pallial/cortical evolution. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3512–3528, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.