Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Positive factors associated with promoting health in low‐risk and high‐risk populations of 15‐ and 16‐year‐old pupils in Oslo, Norway

Aim: To explore possible risk‐reducing factors associated with the incidence of common illnesses and use of healthcare services among adolescents. Methods: Cross‐sectional questionnaire study conducted in all Oslo schools among all 15‐ and 16‐y‐olds in 2000 and 2001. The adolescent population was divided into a low‐risk (LR) and a high‐risk (HR) group, and into quartiles, based on a sum score of different negative life experiences. The groups were compared with respect to potential risk‐reducing factors. Results: 88% of the 8316 pupils filled in the questionnaires. The difference between the LR and HR groups was largest for the possible risk‐reducing factor “my family values my opinion” (LR group = 92%; HR group = 82%), and I manage to solve serious problems myself (LR = 91%; HR = 86%). The family valuing the adolescents' opinions was the risk‐reducing factor most often associated with lower incidences of illness and healthcare utilization. Among the adolescents at highest risk, less depression was strongly related to positive relationships with friends, boys: odds ratio = 0.1 (CI 95%: 0.0–0.7); and girls: 0.2 (0.1–0.5). Adolescents reporting that they managed their own problems had about half the risk of depression.
Return Comovement

We examine the intra-market comovement of returns within each of 33 economies' stock exchanges operating from 1995 through 2013, and we use a model-free comovement gauge to explore the differences across the countries. We find that the stability of international macroeconomic trilemma policies, the number of crises, and the extent of turnover overshadow the empirical relevance of many institutional variables previously thought to be important for intra-market comovement, including country risk, corruption, and investor protections.We also use a much longer, nearly-constant sample of U.S. firms to examine compositional explanations of the well-known U.S. comovement decline, and to decompose the comovement into trend and cycle. The longer sample findings challenge the compositional explanations of the downward trend; additionally, they suggest that the most recent uptick reflects shorter-term conditions, rather than a trend reversal.Together, these findings help to explain the dramatic changes in the relative rankings of countries' return comovement over the last several decades.
The effects of background illumination on the photoresponses of red and green cones.

1. The photoresponses of light‐ and dark‐adapted red and green cone photoreceptors were recorded intracellularly in the retina of the turtle, Pseduemys scripta elegans. Background illumination produced similar effects on both types of cones. 2. In response to the onset of a prolonged, steady background illumination the cone initially hyperpolarized to a peak which then sagged back to a steady‐state polarization that was typically about one half the initial peak amplitude. This sag was observed for all backgrounds studied (dim as well as bright). 3. A resensitization was observed concomitantly with this sag; both the maximum increment and decrement responses grew in amplitude as light‐adaptation proceeded. After about 2‐‐3 min of background illumination, the amplitudes of these responses stabilized. 4. The dark‐adapted cone produced graded responses to test pulses over a range of intensities spanning about 3.5 log units. The amplitudes of these responses were well fit by the relationship V = I.Vm/(I + sigma). 5. After 2‐‐3 min of background illumination, 500 msec test pulses either brighter or dimmer than the background intensity were substituted for the background. The light‐adapted intensity‐response curves constructed from this data were similar to the dark‐adapted curve but were shifted horizontally and slightly vertically, so that they still spanned about 3.5 log units of intensity. Thus, in the light‐adapted cone, graded responses were elicited by a range of bright test pulses which would have produced saturated responses when delivered to the dark‐adapted cone. 6. The 'off response' observed at the offset of the background became faster as the background intensity was increased. It also became faster with time following the onset of any particular background intensity. 7. It was concluded that cone sensitivity during any state of light‐adaptation is determined by two mechanisms; response compression resulting from the instantaneous non‐linearity between 'internal transmitter' concentration and membrane potential and a more active 'cellular adaptation' mechanism which is manifest as a shift in the intensity‐response curve. In the steady‐state condition of light‐adaptation, most of the sensitivity changes are a result of the cellular adaptation mechanism. 8. Photopigment bleaching caused by the backgrounds, negative feed‐back from horizontal cells and voltage dependent mechanisms in the cones could not account for this cellular adaptation. These effects of background illumination were interpreted in terms of the 'internal transmitter' hypothesis of phototransduction.
Macroeconomic Dynamics in Korea During and after Global Financial Crisis: A Bayesian DSGE Approach

We estimate a medium-scale DSGE model, including a financial accelerator and the search and matching framework in labor markets, for the Korean economy, using the Bayesian technique. The estimated model shows that the recent sluggishness in GDP growth can be explained by slow technology growth, and the decline in CPI inflation is affected by a falling markup in domestic homogeneous goods production and a negative intertemporal consumption preference. Although wages, unemployment, and total labor hours are influenced by various factors, households' weak bargaining power causes a slow recovery in wages, while pushing the unemployment rate down. There was also a spillover from non-big-5 to big-5 firms during the global financial crisis, while monetary and fiscal policy has been mostly conservative in the post-crisis period.
Circulating CD4+ T Cells That Produce IL4 or IL17 When Stimulated by Melan-A but Not by NY-ESO-1 Have Negative Impacts on Survival of Patients with Stage IV Melanoma

Purpose: We initially observed that the presence of circulating NY-ESO-1– and/or Melan-A–specific T cells in patients with stage IV melanoma was significantly associated with prolonged survival. Here, we report the ways in which the phenotypes and functions of these T cells differentially affect survival in patients preselected for NY-ESO-1 and/or Melan-A reactivity. Experimental Design: We assayed functional antigen-reactive T cells recognizing NY-ESO-1 and/or Melan-A after in vitro stimulation using overlapping peptide pools. After restimulation, we assayed six cytokines simultaneously by intracellular cytokine staining. This allowed us to analyze the functional antigen response of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at the single-cell level. Results: We observed that NY-ESO-1 stimulated mainly CD4+ T cells, whereas Melan-A more often stimulated CD8+ T cells. NY-ESO-1 reactivity was not associated with an additional impact on survival, whether CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, or both types of T cells were responding. In contrast, recognition of Melan-A by CD4+ T cells was associated with reduced survival in our cohort of patients preselected for NY-ESO-1 and/or Melan-A reactivity (that is, in patients with exceptionally long survival). We further observed a negative effect on survival in patients with CD4+ T cells producing IL4 and IL17 upon Melan-A stimulation. Their prognosis was comparable to patients without any Melan-A reactivity. Conclusions: The nature and prognostic impact of specific T-cell responses is different according to targeted antigen. Independent from phenotype and functional aspects, NY-ESO-1 reactivity is associated with good prognosis. In terms of Melan-A, antigen-specific CD8+ but not CD4+ responses are associated with prolonged survival. Clin Cancer Res; 20(16); 4390–9. ©2014 AACR.
The Effect of Financial Development on Income Inequality: Does Gender Matter?

Over the past three decades, income inequality has increased in most OECD countries, while the same period has witnessed financial development and a declining gender gap in employment. Numerous factors may intensify income inequality. And, the effect of financial development on income inequality has been discussed intensely by scholars and policy makers. But, there is still no consensus on that relationship. This study examines the association between financial development and income inequality, and how female labor force participation affects this relationship for a panel data set of OECD countries over the period 1985-2014. The results show that financial development reduces income inequality. However, the impact of female labor force participation on that relationship is complicated, and improvements in female labor force participation worsen the equalizing effects of financial development.
Megalin is essential for renal proximal tubule reabsorption of (111)In-DTPA-octreotide.

UNLABELLED Radiolabeled somatostatin analogs have been shown to be important radiopharmaceuticals for tumor diagnosis and radionuclide therapy. The kidney has appeared to be the critical organ during radionuclide therapy because of peptide reabsorption and retention in the proximal tubules after glomerular filtration. The molecular mechanism of renal reabsorption of these analogs has not been clarified. A possible receptor candidate is megalin, a multiligand scavenger receptor in the renal proximal tubules. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of megalin in tubular reabsorption of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs by using kidney-specific megalin-deficient mice versus mice with normal renal megalin expression. [(111)In-Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)]octreotide was used as a practical model of peptide. METHODS Renal uptake of [(111)In-DTPA]octreotide was determined by animal SPECT scintigraphy at different time points after injection of the tracer and by measurement of radioactivity after isolation of the organs. Furthermore, ex vivo autoradiography of renal sections revealed the zonal distribution of radioactivity in the megalin-deficient and megalin-expressing kidneys. RESULTS SPECT scintigraphy of [(111)In-DTPA]octreotide at 3 and 24 h after injection clearly showed lower renal radioactivity in megalin-deficient kidneys than in megalin-expressing kidneys, both in male and in female mice, in accordance with counts obtained after isolation of the organ (70%-85% reduction of uptake in the megalin-deficient kidneys, P < 0.001). Renal uptake of [(111)In-DTPA]octreotide was significantly higher in female than in male kidneys (P < 0.001). Ex vivo autoradiograms clearly showed that renal radioactivity was not homogeneously distributed in the megalin-expressing kidneys but localized in the renal cortex. Quantification of the autoradiogram data confirmed the reduced radioactivity in the renal cortex of megalin-deficient kidneys. CONCLUSION This study revealed the molecular mechanism of [(111)In-DTPA]octreotide uptake in renal proximal tubules involving the receptor megalin. Identification of megalin may be crucial for further research into strategies to reduce renal uptake.
Variability in training-induced skeletal muscle adaptation

When human skeletal muscle is exposed to exercise training, the outcomes, in terms of physiological adaptation, are unpredictable. The significance of this fact has long been underappreciated, and only recently has progress been made in identifying some of the molecular bases for the heterogeneous response to exercise training. It is not only of great medical importance that some individuals do not substantially physiologically adapt to exercise training, but the study of the heterogeneity itself provides a powerful opportunity to dissect out the genetic and environmental factors that limit adaptation, directly in humans. In the following review I will discuss new developments linking genetic and transcript abundance variability to an individual's potential to improve their aerobic capacity or endurance performance or induce muscle hypertrophy. I will also comment on the idea that certain gene networks may be associated with muscle “adaptability” regardless the stimulus provided.
Prevalence of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease in Patients Who Have Bilateral Cavovarus Feet

Abstract: It is not uncommon to see a patient with bilateral cavovarus feet in the outpatient setting. A large percentage of these patients are subsequently diagnosed with an associated condition, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The purpose of the present report was to determine the prevalence of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in children who have bilateral cavovarus feet. A chart review of children with bilateral cavovarus feet was done. Patients were excluded if they had an existing medical problem known to be associated with bilateral cavovarus feet. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease was diagnosed after a clinical assessment by an orthopaedic surgeon and a neurologist. The diagnosis was confirmed by either standard nerve conduction velocity studies and/or the CMT DNA Duplication Detection Test (Athena Diagnostics Inc, Worchester, MA). A positive family history was noted only if the diagnosis had been confirmed by a nerve conduction velocity study and/or CMT DNA Duplication Detection Test. One hundred forty-eight patients met the study criteria. The probability of a patient with bilateral cavovarus feet being diagnosed with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, regardless of family history, was 78% (116 patients). A family history of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease increased the probability to 91%. It is recommended that all patients with bilateral cavovarus feet, especially with a known family history, be investigated for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
Molecular Mechanisms of Attenuation of the Sabin Strain of Poliovirus Type 3

ABSTRACT Mutations critical for the central nervous system (CNS) attenuation of the Sabin vaccine strains of poliovirus (PV) are located within the viral internal ribosome entry site (IRES). We examined the interaction of the IRESs of PV type 3 (PV3) and Sabin type 3 (Sabin3) with polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) and a neural cell-specific homologue, nPTB. PTB and nPTB were found to bind to a site directly adjacent to the attenuating mutation, and binding at this site was less efficient on the Sabin3 IRES than on the PV3 IRES. Translation mediated by the PV3 and Sabin3 IRESs in neurons of the chicken embryo spinal cord demonstrated a translation deficit for the Sabin3 IRES that could be rescued by increasing PTB expression in the CNS. These data suggest that the low levels of PTB available in the CNS, coupled to a reduced binding of PTB on the Sabin3 IRES, leads to its CNS-specific attenuation. This study also demonstrates the use of the chicken embryo to easily investigate translation of RNA within a neuron in the CNS of an intact living organism.
A Simple LSTM model for Transition-based Dependency Parsing

We present a simple LSTM-based transition-based dependency parser. Our model is composed of a single LSTM hidden layer replacing the hidden layer in the usual feed-forward network architecture. We also propose a new initialization method that uses the pre-trained weights from a feed-forward neural network to initialize our LSTM-based model. We also show that using dropout on the input layer has a positive effect on performance. Our final parser achieves a 93.06% unlabeled and 91.01% labeled attachment score on the Penn Treebank. We additionally replace LSTMs with GRUs and Elman units in our model and explore the effectiveness of our initialization method on individual gates constituting all three types of RNN units.
American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and type 2 diabetes.

Physical activity, including appropriate endurance and resistance training, is a major therapeutic modality for type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately, too often physical activity is an underutilized therapy. Favorable changes in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity usually deteriorate within 72 h of the last exercise session: consequently, regular physical activity is imperative to sustain glucose-lowering effects and improved insulin sensitivity. Individuals with type 2 diabetes should strive to achieve a minimum cumulative total of 1,000 kcal x wk(-1) from physical activities. Those with type 2 diabetes generally have a lower level of fitness (VO2max) than nondiabetic individuals. and therefore exercise intensity should be at a comfortable level (RPE 10-12) in the initial periods of training and should progress cautiously as tolerance for activity improves. Resistance training has the potential to improve muscle strength and endurance, enhance flexibility and body composition, decrease risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and result in improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Modifications to exercise type and/or intensity may be necessary for those who have complications of diabetes. Individuals with type 2 diabetes may develop autonomic neuropathy, which affects the heart rate response to exercise, and as a result, ratings of perceived exertion rather than heart rate may need to be used for moderating intensity of physical activity. Although walking may be the most convenient low-impact mode, some persons, because of peripheral neuropathy and/or foot problems, may need to do non-weight-bearing activities. Outcome expectations may contribute significantly to motivation to begin and maintain an exercise program. Interventions designed to encourage adoption of an exercise regimen must be responsive to the individual's current stage of readiness and focus efforts on moving the individual through the various "stages of change. "
The Redox State of Albumin and Serious Cardiovascular Incidence in Hemodialysis Patients

Human serum albumin is composed of human mercaptoalbumin (HMA) with cysteine residues having reducing powers and oxidized human non‐mercaptoalbumin. The aim of this study is to clarify whether such redox state of albumin (HSA‐redox) influences the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease patients on regular hemodialysis (HD). We measured HSA‐redox using high‐performance liquid chromatography in 86 anuric HD patients. The association between HSA‐redox and incidental CVD events was evaluated. Twenty patients experienced symptomatic CVD events (16 patients died) at the 2‐year follow‐up. The fraction of HMA (f(HMA)) showed a significantly lower value in patients with CVD than that without CVD, in both pre‐HD (36.5 ± 5.8% and 44.6 ± 9.8%, respectively) and post‐HD (57.2 ± 6.2% and 67.2 ± 7.4%, respectively). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the incidental CVD event in patients with pre‐HD f(HMA) < 40% was 5.0 (95% CI; 1.2 to 21.3), and that in patients with post‐HD f(HMA) < 60% was 20.6 (3.2 to 134.7). Likewise, the adjusted OR for the CVD death in patients with pre‐HD f(HMA) < 40% was 2.5 (0.6 to 12.5), and that in patients with post‐HD f(HMA) < 60% was 25.6 (2.5 to 262.8). In conclusion, HSA‐redox is closely related to serious CVD incidence and mortality among HD patients.
Expanded Geographical Range, New Host Accounts, and Observations of the Nematode Gyrinicola batrachiensis (Oxyuroidea: Pharyngodonidae) in Tadpoles

We describe the first account of the nematode Gyrinicola batrachiensis in the gastrointestinal tracts of tadpoles of Bufo terrestris, Gastrophryne carolinensis, Hyla femoralis, H. squirella, Rana heckscheri, and R. utricularia. Infection by G. batrachiensis was also noted in tadpoles of R. catesbeiana and R. clamitans, species previously described as harboring these nematodes. These observations represent a major expansion of the known geographical range of G. batrachiensis to include the southeastern United States. In our study, female G. batrachiensis nematodes in ranid host species were didelphic, but females in B. terrestris tadpoles were monodelphic. Furthermore, only female nematodes were found in the latter host species. Such variations in nematode uterine morphology and sex ratios among these tadpole host species are in accordance with the apomictic and haplodiploid reproductive strategies previously reported for G. batrachiensis. These observations also support a generalized pattern relating G. batrachiensis reproductive modes and the life cycles of their tadpole hosts.
In the critically ill patient, diabetes predicts mortality independent of statin therapy but is not associated with acute lung injury: A cohort study*

Objectives:Patients with diabetes mellitus form 23%–30% of published cohorts of critically ill patients. Conflicting published evidence links diabetes mellitus to both higher and lower mortality. Other cohort studies suggest that diabetes mellitus protects against acute lung injury. We hypothesized that diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for mortality. We further hypothesized that diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for cardiac overload and not for acute lung injury. Design:Retrospective cohort study. Setting:The intensive care unit of a tertiary referral hospital. Patients:From November 1, 2004, to October 1, 2007, a cohort of patients admitted ≥48 hrs to the intensive care unit. Interventions:None. Measurements and Main Results:Of 2,013 patients, 317 had diabetes mellitus. Ninety-day mortality was higher in the diabetes mellitus patients compared to patients without diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.29–1.80). This association strengthened after adjusting for confounders and for medication (hazard ratio 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.07–2.17). We found no association between diabetes mellitus and acute lung injury (relative risk ratio 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.78–1.32; adjusted relative risk ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.75–1.31), but diabetes mellitus was a risk factor for cardiac overload (relative risk ratio 1.91, 95% confidence interval 1.30–2.81; adjusted relative risk ratio 1.45, 95% confidence interval 0.97–2.18). Statins were associated with both a reduced risk of mortality (hazard ratio 0.74, 95% confidence interval 0.63–0.87; adjusted hazard ratio 0.53, 95% confidence interval 0.44–0.64) and a decreased risk of developing acute lung injury (relative risk ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.56–0.89; adjusted relative risk ratio 0.61, 95% confidence interval 0.47–0.79). Conclusions:Diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients and failure to adjust for statins underestimates the size of this association. Diabetes mellitus is not associated with acute lung injury but is associated with cardiac overload. A diagnosis of cardiac overload excludes a diagnosis of acute lung injury. Investigators who do not account for cardiac overload as a competing alternative outcome may therefore falsely conclude that diabetes mellitus protects from acute lung injury.
Arachnoiditis ossificans with arachnoid cyst after cranial tuberculous meningitis

A 34-year-old woman developed symptomatic arachnoiditis ossificans and an arachnoid cyst as a consequence of tuberculous meningitis adequately treated 20 years before. Surgical decompression of the cyst stopped the progression of her spastic paraparesis. Pathologic examination confirmed the presence of ossification of the arachnoid.