Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extraction of the Built-in Potential for Organic Solar Cells From Current–Voltage Characteristics

The built-in potential (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {bi}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of an organic diode and solar cell is an important parameter that decides the rectification behavior of organic diodes and affects the open circuit voltage and thereby the efficiency of organic solar cells. In this paper, we propose a physics-based model and an experimental method to extract <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {bi}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> from current density–voltage (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${J}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) characteristics. The proposed model is developed by solving the carrier transport and the continuity equations to obtain the analytic equations for charge carrier profile and current density. The proposed method is thoroughly verified using numerical simulation results. Applicability of this method on experimental results is further validated for poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester solar cells. Finally, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {bi}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is extracted from dark <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${J}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> characteristics of fabricated devices.
Collateral and relationship lending in loan pricing : Evidence from UK SMEs

This study investigates how the use of collateral affects incentives for borrowers and lenders and the resulting loan pricing relationship. With data from the UK Survey of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises 2008, a simultaneous equation approach reveals that high quality borrowers choose contracts with more collateral and lower interest rates, which suggests that collateral acts as an incentive in credit markets. By distinguishing business from personal collateral, the present study also reveals that personal collateral seems more effective as a sorting device, in line with screening models. Regarding the nature of the borrower–lender relationship, a substitution effect arises between relationship length and collateral requirements, but a primary bank uses an explicit loan interest rate as a loss leader to secure long-term rents on relationship business, suggesting the possibility of intertemporal shifting rents.
Spectrophotometric Assay of Diethylcarbamazine Citrate in Pharmaceuticals and Human Urine via Ion-Pair Reaction Using Methyl Orange Dye

Two simple and moderately selective spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of Diethylcarbamazine Citrate (DEC) in bulk drug, dosage forms and spiked human urine. The first method (method A) is based on the formation of yellow colored ion-pair complex between DEC and Methyl Orange (MO) dye, at pH 4.95 ± 0.05, which was extracted into chloroform and measured at 420 nm. The second method (method B) involved the breaking of yellow ion-pair complex in acid medium followed by the measurement of the free dye at 520 nm. Experimental parameters influencing the formation and extraction of the ion-pair complex in method A and breaking of the complex in method B were scrupulously examined and optimized. Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration ranges of 10-90 and 5-100 μg mL-1 DEC with corresponding molar absorptivity values of 2.90×103 and 3.54×103 L mol-1 cm-1 for method A and method B, respectively. The Sandell’s sensitivity values were 0.1351 and 0.1106 μg cm-2 for method A and method B, respectively. The Limits of Detection (LOD) and Quantification (LOQ) were calculated to be 0.36 and 1.09 μg mL-1 (method A) and 0.34 and 1.02 μg mL-1 (method B). The composition of drug-dye ion-pair complex used in method A was found to be 1:1 by Job’s method of continuous variations. The proposed methods were validated for robustness, ruggedness and selectivity, and applied to the determination of DEC in tablet, syrup formulations and spiked human urine samples. The results demonstrated that the proposed methods are as accurate and precise as the reference method. The accuracy of the methods was further ascertained by recovery study via standard-addition method.
Asymmetries in postural control and locomotion in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Posture and locomotion are two of the most primitive and basic motor manifestations of an organism's behavior. Although the restrictions they impose on other motor functions are evident, few studies have considered the possibility of asymmetries in these behaviors in human and nonhuman primates, and how they might impact other asymmetries at higher functional levels. The aim of the current study was to explore in a group of 10 chimpanzees at the Madrid Zoo‐Aquarium the degree of asymmetry in four behaviors related to locomotion (walking, ascending, descending, and brachiating) and four behaviors associated with posture (sitting, lying, hanging, and changing postures). Few subjects showed individual preferences, but significant trends in the group for some of the behaviors were found, including right‐hand use when initiating quadruped walking, and left‐hand use when descending and hanging. Some significant correlations also emerged: a negative one between walking and descending, and a positive one between walking and brachiating and between sitting and changing postures. No correlations were found between locomotor and postural modes. Although we cannot make generalizations on the population level at this time, these findings highlight the importance of considering postural and locomotion factors when studying motor asymmetries in primates. Am. J. Primatol. 68:802–811, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Admissions of Cats to Animal Welfare Shelters in Melbourne, Australia

Although the number of companion animal (pet) cats (Felis catus) in Australia is decreasing, there has not been a corresponding reduction in feline admissions to nonhuman animal welfare shelters. This study tracked 15,206 cat admissions to 1 large Melbourne shelter over a 12-month period. Data collected included factors believed indicative of the cats' source subpopulation, including body condition, injuries, and sociability. The majority (81.6%) of admissions were strays. Overall desexing levels were low (4%), even among caregiver (owner)-relinquished cats (12.8%). The high sociability of many stray cats and kittens suggests that many may be “semiowned” animals. Colony cats were typically thinner and in poorer health than other admissions. The pattern of kitten admissions suggests that many queens are producing 2 litters per season. The majority of cats admitted were euthanized, indicating that there is an oversupply of cats in Melbourne, Australia, and that strategies to reduce the euthanasia rate need to target the subpopulations of cats who contribute to the current oversupply.
Heat Transfer in Friction Stir Welding—Experimental and Numerical Studies

In the friction stir welding (FSW) process, heat is generated by friction between the tool and the workpiece. This heat flows into the workpiece as well as the tool. The amount of heat conducted into the workpiece determines the quality of the weld, residual stress and distortion of the workpiece. The amount of the heat that flows to the tool dictates the life of the tool and the capability of the tool for the joining process. In this paper, we formulate the heat transfer of the FSW process into two boundary value problems (BVP)—a steady state BVP for the tool and a transient BVP for the workpiece. To quantify the physical values of the process the temperatures in the workpiece and the tool are measured during FSW. Using the measured transient temperature fields finite element numerical analyses were performed to determine the heat flux generated from the friction to the workpiece and the tool. Detailed temperature distributions in the workpiece and the tool are presented. Discussions relative to the FSW process are then given. In particular, the results show that (1) the majority of the heat generated from the friction, i.e., about 95%, is transferred into the workpiece and only 5% flows into the tool and (2) the fraction of the rate of plastic work dissipated as heat is about 80%. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1537741#
Randomised, blinded, placebo controlled trial of doxycycline for chronic seronegative arthritis

OBJECTIVE To determine whether long term doxycycline improves symptoms in patients with chronic seronegative or reactive arthritis. METHODS A randomised, triple blind, controlled clinical trial of three months' treatment with doxycycline or placebo of patients with chronic reactive or seronegative arthritis was conducted. The primary study end points were three month pain and functional status measured by a self administered Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales version 2 (AIMS2) quality of life questionnaire. Secondary end points were pain and functional status at 6–12 months, three month rheumatologist assessed joint count, pain, and arthritis activity, and treatment efficacy in those with previous exposure to chlamydia. RESULTS Of 60 patients randomly allocated to receive doxycycline or placebo, results from 37 were evaluable at three months. Groups were well balanced for major prognostic variables. Doxycycline had no detectable effect at three months on pain change scores (mean difference 1.5, 95% CI −1.2 to 4.2, p=0.25) or composite functional change scores (mean difference 0.8, 95% CI −5.6 to 7.1, p=0.81). Furthermore, there were no differences in secondary study end points, and no apparent treatment effect in patients with previous chlamydia infection. CONCLUSION Three months' treatment with doxycycline did not improve pain or functional status in patients with chronic reactive or seronegative arthritis.
Aggression rate in acute inpatient psychiatric units: impact of substance abuse and psychosis

Aggression refers to range of behaviors that can result in both physical and psychological harm to oneself, others or objects in the environment. In patients with psychiatric disorders, there is an increased risk of aggression compared with the general population. In the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study, the lifetime prevalence of violence among people with serious mental illness was 16%, as compared to 7% among people without mental illness [1]. Aggressive behavior is one of the primary reasons for admission to psychiatric inpatient units. It can occur verbally, physically or mentally. It is a common problem in acute psychiatric inpatient units and can put both the healthcare provider and patient at risk [2,3]. This may result in low performance and low morale in the staff, impacting the quality of care resulting in a vicious cycle [4-6]. It is estimated that between 8%-44% of patients are aggressive during their stay on psychiatric inpatient units which vary widely [7,8] and 10%30% of hospitalized psychiatric patients have engaged in violence prior to admission [9,10]. Data suggest that 75% of nursing staff have been assaulted by patients in acute psychiatric inpatient units [11]. Multiple risk factors have been shown to be associated with aggression in inpatient units but the strategies to help prevent and manage aggression and their effectiveness needs to be studied and established. In this retrospective study, we report aggression rate in acute inpatient adult psychiatric units at a busy urban community hospital and try to identify the high risk factors associated with aggression.
Utility of Peripheral Visual Cues in Planning and Controlling Adaptive Gait

Purpose. To determine the relative importance to adaptive locomotion of peripheral visual cues provided by different parts of the visual field. Methods. Twelve subjects completed obstacle crossing trials while wearing goggles that provided four visual conditions: upper visual field occlusion, lower visual field occlusion (LO), circumferential peripheral visual field occlusion (CPO), and full vision. The obstacle was either positioned as a lone structure or within a doorframe. Results. Given that subjects completed the task safely without cues from the lower or peripheral visual field, this suggests that subjects used exteroceptive information provided in a feed-forward manner under these conditions. LO and CPO led to increased foot placement distance from the obstacle and to increased toe clearance over the obstacle with a reduced crossing-walking velocity. The increased variability of dependent measures under LO and CPO suggests that exproprioceptive information from the peripheral visual field is generally used to provide online control of lower limbs. The presence of the doorframe facilitated lead-foot placement under LO by providing exproprioceptive cues in the upper visual field. However, under CPO conditions, the doorframe led to a further reduction in crossing velocity and increase in trail-foot horizontal distance and lead-toe clearance, which may have been because of concerns about hitting the doorframe with the head and/or upper body. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that exteroceptive cues are provided by the central visual field and are used in a feed-forward manner to plan the gait adaptations required to safely negotiate an obstacle, whereas exproprioceptive information is provided by the peripheral visual field and used online to “fine tune” adaptive gait. The loss of the upper and lower peripheral visual fields together had a greater effect on adaptive gait compared with the loss of the lower visual field alone, likely because of the absence of lamellar flow visual cues used to control egomotion.
Mean Instantaneous Unit Hydrographs of Random Channel Networks

The IUH (instantaneous unit hydrograph) of a channel network is still used as a component in rainfall runoff modeling. There are two approaches to determine the IUH in relation to geomorphological basin characteristics. One of these approaches is Rodriguez-Iturbe and Valdes, approach known also as Exponentially Distributed GIUH (geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph); the alternate approach is that of Gupta and Waymire, known also as Linear Routing GIUH in the literature. A model developed in a previous study which relates the geomorphological IUH of one of these approaches to the diffusive approximation of the momentum equation is used for obtaining the IUH s the networks will produce. Also the concept of junction configuration is made use of. A simulation study has been carried out for 6-source channel networks with a certain junction configuration. Here the aim is to see the distribution of the IUH s which these networks produce. The relationships between mean IUH properties and non-dimensionalized mean interior link length of the network are obtained for a Froude number of 0.2 and for all possible junction configurations of 3, 4, 5, 6-source channel networks. The average relationships between IUH properties and dimensionless mean interior link length are obtained for 3-8 source channel networks.
Trends in depression prevalence in the USA from 2005 to 2015: widening disparities in vulnerable groups

Abstract Background Major depression is associated with significant disability, morbidity, and mortality. The current study estimated trends in the prevalence of major depression in the US population from 2005 to 2015 overall and by demographic subgroups. Methods Data were drawn from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), an annual cross-sectional study of US persons ages 12 and over (total analytic sample N = 607 520). Past-year depression prevalence was examined annually among respondents from 2005 to 2015. Time trends in depression prevalence stratified by survey year were tested using logistic regression. Data were re-analyzed stratified by age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, and education. Results Depression prevalence increased significantly in the USA from 2005 to 2015, before and after controlling for demographics. Increases in depression were significant for the youngest and oldest age groups, men, and women, Non-Hispanic White persons, the lowest income group, and the highest education and income groups. A significant year × demographic interaction was found for age. The rate of increase in depression was significantly more rapid among youth relative to all older age groups. Conclusions The prevalence of depression increased significantly in the USA from 2005 to 2015. The rate of increase in depression among youth was significantly more rapid relative to older groups. Further research into understanding the macro level, micro level, and individual factors that are contributing to the increase in depression, including factors specific to demographic subgroups, would help to direct public health prevention and intervention efforts.
Unresponsiveness to Modified Self Antigens ‐ A Censorship Mechanism Controlling Autoimmunity?

antigen binding cells antilymphocyte serum antithymocyte serum bromelain-treated mouse red cells balanced salt solution dinitrophenyl donkey red cells delayed-type hypersensitivity horse red cells human serum albumin immune balance keyhole limpet hemocyanin potassium benzyl penicillin G lipopolysaccharide mouse gammaglobulin mouse red cells mouse spleen cells new antigenic determinants [(4-hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl] 4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenyl acetic acid normal rabbit serum polyclonal B cell activator phosphate-buffered saline pencillinated plaque-forming cells plaques per million rosette-forming cells sheep red cells thymus-dependent antigen thymus-independent antigen trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid trinitrophenyl
CT scanning: patterns of use and dose

CT scanning is a relatively high-dose procedure. In spite of the use of magnetic resonance imaging, with faster CT scanners and helical techniques CT is becoming more common. There are few data from practice in the United States regarding the age and sex distribution of patients receiving CT scans, what type of scan and how many scans they receive, or how much radiation dose CT scans contribute. We reviewed over 33 700 consecutive CT examinations done at our institution in 1998 and 1999. Information on the types of scans as well as the age and sex distribution of the patients was determined. Between 1990 and 1999, CT examinations in our institution increased from 6.1% to 11.1% of all radiology procedures. Nineteen per cent of all patients seen in our department in the last year had at least one CT scan and more than half had multiple scans on the same day. Thirty-six per cent of all patients had a prior CT examination done on an earlier date. The male/female ratio of patients was 56/44. Studies of children age 0-15 years comprised 11.2% of scans. The highest percentage of scans was done in the 36-50-year-old age group. CT scanning accounted for 67% of the effective dose from diagnostic radiology. In most large hospitals in the United States CT scanning probably accounts for more than 10% of diagnostic radiology examinations and about two-thirds of the radiation dose. Most patients have multiple scan sequences. Studies done on children are probably more common than previously thought.
Medlemsvandringer og krise i den danske aftalemodel

Det sidste årti har tusindvis af danske lønmodtagere vendt den traditionelle fagbevægelse ryggen til fordel for de »gule« eller alternative organisationer. Artiklen analyserer ved hjælp af surveydata, hvilke forbund der er hårdest ramt af konkurrencen fra de alternative organisationer, og undersøger i tillæg, hvorfor lønmodtagere fravælger de traditionelle fagforeninger til fordel for de alternative organisationer. Artiklen viser, at det i høj grad er HK og 3F, der mister medlemmer til de alternative, og artiklen konkluderer, at netop HK og 3F er mere konkurrenceudsat end andre forbund både når det gælder nytteorienterede og normativt betonede motiver for et fagligt medlemskab pga. af disse forbunds fagforeningstype. Sidst i artiklen gives et bud på, hvilke konsekvenser denne udvikling vil få for reguleringen af det danske arbejdsmarked i fremtiden, hvis den fortsætter.
Improving the Compositions of Students with Learning Disabilities Using a Strategy Involving Product and Process Goal Setting

This study was conducted to determine if a planning and writing strategy would improve the essay writing of students with learning disabilities. Four participants were taught a strategy designed to facilitate the setting of product and process goals, generation and organization of notes, continued planning during writing, and evaluation of goal attainment. Training effects were investigated using a multiple probe design across subjects. Strategy instruction had a positive effect on students' essay writing performance and knowledge of the writing process, and effects were maintained over time.
Failure of ADCC to predict HIV‐associated disease progression or outcome in a haemophiliac cohort

Antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been described in a number of virus infections and occurs in HIV infection. In spite of numerous studies on the ability of HIV‐positive sera to mediate ADCC, it remains unclear whether ADCC has any functional significance. Here we examine serial serum samples from a cohort of haemophilia patients who became infected from a common source in 1984, and show that there is no significant difference in ADCC values between those who remained asymptomatic and those who progressed to disease. This study does not compare effector cell function and clinical status and does not exclude activity against different target cell lineages in vivo.
An anatomical and temporal portrait of physiological substrates for fatty acid amide hydrolase[S]

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) regulates amidated lipid transmitters, including the endocannabinoid anandamide and its N-acyl ethanolamine (NAE) congeners and transient receptor potential channel agonists N-acyl taurines (NATs). Using both the FAAH inhibitor PF-3845 and FAAH(−/−) mice, we present a global analysis of changes in NAE and NAT metabolism caused by FAAH disruption in central and peripheral tissues. Elevations in anandamide (and other NAEs) were tissue dependent, with the most dramatic changes occurring in brain, testis, and liver of PF-3845-treated or FAAH(−/−) mice. Polyunsaturated NATs accumulated to very high amounts in the liver, kidney, and plasma of these animals. The NAT profile in brain tissue was markedly different and punctuated by significant increases in long-chain NATs found exclusively in FAAH(−/−), but not in PF-3845-treated animals. Suspecting that this difference might reflect a slow pathway for NAT biosynthesis, we treated mice chronically with PF-3845 for 6 days and observed robust elevations in brain NATs. These studies, taken together, define the anatomical and temporal features of FAAH-mediated NAE and NAT metabolism, which are complemented and probably influenced by kinetically distinguishable biosynthetic pathways that produce these lipids in vivo.