Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rapid onset of mafic magmatism facilitated by volcanic edifice collapse

Volcanic edifice collapses generate some of Earth's largest landslides. How such unloading affects the magma storage systems is important for both hazard assessment and for determining long‐term controls on volcano growth and decay. Here we present a detailed stratigraphic and petrological analyses of volcanic landslide and eruption deposits offshore Montserrat, in a subduction zone setting, sampled during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 340. A large (6–10 km3) collapse of the Soufrière Hills Volcano at ~130 ka was followed by explosive basaltic volcanism and the formation of a new basaltic volcanic center, the South Soufrière Hills, estimated to have initiated <100 years after collapse. This basaltic volcanism was a sharp departure from the andesitic volcanism that characterized Soufrière Hills' activity before the collapse. Mineral‐melt thermobarometry demonstrates that the basaltic magma's transit through the crust was rapid and from midcrustal depths. We suggest that this rapid ascent was promoted by unloading following collapse.
Peroxisome Proliferator-induced Long Chain Acyl-CoA Thioesterases Comprise a Highly Conserved Novel Multi-gene Family Involved in Lipid Metabolism*

Long chain acyl-CoA esters are important intermediates in degradation and synthesis of fatty acids, as well as having important functions in regulation of intermediary metabolism and gene expression. Although the physiological functions for most acyl-CoA thioesterases have not yet been elucidated, previous data suggest that these enzymes may be involved in lipid metabolism by modulation of cellular concentrations of acyl-CoAs and fatty acids. In line with this, we have cloned four highly homologous acyl-CoA thioesterase genes from mouse, showing multiple compartmental localizations. The nomenclature for these genes has tentatively been assigned as CTE-I (cytosolic), MTE-I (mitochondrial), and PTE-Ia and Ib (peroxisomal), based on the identification of putative targeting signals. Although the various isoenzymes show between 67% and 94% identity at amino acid level, each individual enzyme shows a specific tissue expression. Our data suggest that all four genes are located within a very narrow cluster on chromosome 12 in mouse, similar to a sequence cluster on human chromosome 14, which identified four genes homologous to the mouse thioesterase genes. Four related genes were also identified in Caenorhabditis elegans, all containing putative PTS1 targeting signals, suggesting that the ancestral type I thioesterase gene(s) is/are of peroxisomal origin. All four thioesterases are differentially expressed in tissues examined, but all are inducible at mRNA level by treatment with the peroxisome proliferator clofibrate, or during the physiological condition of fasting, both of which conditions cause a perturbation in overall lipid homeostasis. These results strongly support the existence of a novel multi-gene family cluster of mouse acyl-CoA thioesterases, each with a distinct function in lipid metabolism.
Antifungal susceptibility and genotypes of Candida albicans strains from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis

Studies of the genetic diversity of Candida albicans strains and the correlation between the antifungal susceptibility and gene diversity of C. albicans were carried out and the results were found to be inconsistent. To investigate antifungal susceptibility and genotypes of C. albicans strains from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), the genotypes of C. albicans in patients with VVC were studied using a recently developed polymerase chain reaction‐single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR‐SSCP) of CAI microsatellite method and antifungal susceptibility was tested using E‐test methods. Twenty‐six genotypes were identified from 89 strains of C. albicans isolated from patients with VVC. Candida albicans isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B, flucytosine, ketoconazole and fluconazole. The dominant genotypes (A, B, C, D) account for 69.7% (62/89) of C. albicans. The resistant rate of C. albicans genotype B to itraconazole (ITR) and that of C. albicans non‐genotype B strains were 66.7% (14/21) and 4.4% (3/68) respectively at P < 0.05. We concluded that C. albicans genotype B from patients with VVC was more resistant to ITR.
Energy costs of daily activities for women in rural India

Abstract Objective In view of the paucity of data on energy costs, the present study aimed to estimate these for typical daily activities performed by women in rural India. Design A cross-sectional study covering 26 different activities was done by indirect calorimetry using the Oxylog™ instrument (Morgan). Settings Villages about 30–40 km from Pune city, Maharashtra, India. Subjects Energy costs were measured on 22 rural Indian women aged 18–45 years. Results Irrespective of whether an activity was domestic or farming, energy cost was lower when performed in sitting position (cleaning grains 5.24 kJ min−1, plucking leafy vegetables 5.76 kJ min−1) and increased considerably with the extent of muscular movement (carrying two water containers 14.77 kJ min−1, chopping firewood 14.5 kJ min−1), indicating the importance of the postural details of the activity. Physical activity ratio computed using the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University equation (PARw) was lower for all activities compared with that (PARm) based on measured basal metabolic rate, indicating the need for a population-specific equation. Furthermore, PARw identified more activities as belonging to the ‘very light’ category (nine out of 26 activities), in contrast to the perception of rural women which was supported with empirical evidence. Estimated daily energy expenditure of the women was 7.69 ± 0.63 MJ (1837 ± 150 kcal) and identified their daily activity pattern as ‘moderate’ based on PALw (1.65 ± 0.16) while PALm (2.04 ± 0.18) identified it as ‘heavy’. Conclusions Our results highlight the importance of qualitative descriptions of the various activities. The energy costs for several daily activities reported in this study could potentially be used for estimating daily energy expenditure of women from similar rural settings.
Les léporidés dans la subsistance paléolithique du Sud de la France

Il est generalement admis qu'en Europe circum-mediterraneenne, la fin du Paleolithique superieur est marquee par une revolution dans le mode de subsistance. Celle-ci se materialise par un elargissement de la diete en direction des petits gibiers, en particulier des leporides (lapins et lievres). Cependant, ce changement est-il reel dans le Sud de la France et, si oui, qu'elles en sont les implications socio-economiques et culturelles? Pour obtenir des elements de reponses a ces questions, il est primordial de connaitre la representativite des assemblages (origines et modifications). Une part importante de notre travail de doctorat a donc consiste a etablir un bilan critique des connaissances touchant ce domaine, puis a les enrichir par de nouveaux referentiels (taniere de renard, aire de Grand-Duc) et fossiles (mor¬talite accidentelle : Coudoulous II, les Rameaux). Les outils methodologiques degages ont ensuite ete appliques sur trois series archeologiques : les Canalettes (Paleolithique moyen), Bois Ragot et la Faurelie II (Magdalenien final). Ce travail atteste de la grande variete des sequences d'exploitation et met en evidence l'implication de ces animaux dans la gestion des ressources sur le territoire (strategie provisionnelle et logistique). Enfin, l'etude de la representation des leporides dans les archeofaunes du Sud de la France confirme, quant-a-elle, l'intensification de la capture de ces petits gibiers a l'extreme fin du Paleolithique (Magdalenien final et Azilien). Toutefois, ce comportement cynegetique n'apparait pas comme un changement de grande ampleur mais comme etant en relation etroite avec la nature, la fonction et/ou le contexte de chaque habitat.
Therapeutic potential of Gastrodia elata Blume for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Several studies have demonstrated that the Chinese herb Gastrodia elata Blume can protect against amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ)-induced cell death. To investigate the possible therapeutic effects of Gastrodia elata Blume on Alzheimer's disease, we established a rat model of Alzheimer's disease by injecting Aβ25-35 into bilateral hippocampi. These rats were intragastrically administered 500 or 1 000 mg/kg Gastrodia elata Blume per day for 52 consecutive days. Morris water maze tests showed that Gastrodia elata Blume treatment significantly improved the spatial memory of Alzheimer's disease rats. Congo red staining revealed that Gastrodia elata Blume significantly reduced the number of amyloid deposits in the hippocampus of these rats. Western blot analysis showed that choline acetyltransferase expression in the medial septum and hippocampus was significantly increased by the treatment of Gastrodia elata Blume, while Ellman method showed significant decrease in the activity of acetylcholinesterase in all three regions (prefrontal cortex, medial septum and hippocampus). These findings suggest that long-term administration of Gastrodia elata Blume has therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease.
Towards a lightweight content-based publish/subscribe services for peer-to-peer systems

Peer-to-peer networks are unmanaged systems, where all participants cooperate in order to maintain the network structure and the services they provide. Particularly, structured peer-to-peer networks provide efficient, logarithmic communication cost between any pair of nodes. However, publish/subscribe (pub/sub) overlay networks (e.g. Scribe or Bayeux) built atop of these peer-to-peer networks incur additional costs (like the pub/sub overlay maintenance, node churning, pub/sub links resolution). In this paper, we introduce a content-based pub/sub system that leverages the peer-to-peer substrate. Thus, we avoid to build a specific overlay for the pub/sub system and use the rendezvous model to meet both events and subscribers. On the contrary to what could be expected, our system suits for high-dimensional pub/sub domains, requiring very low memory capacity and hops to run subscription and event notification processes. We present its good performance through theoretical analysis and verified through significant simulations.
Cutaneous and lymphadenopathic Kaposi’s sarcoma: a case report and review of literature

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) of childhood is an extremely rare and unexplained disease. It is usually associated with immunosuppression and human herpes virus 8 (HHV‐8) infection. It can involve skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes and viscera. This investigation describes a case of a 3‐year‐old boy with cutaneous and lymphangiopathic KS. Initially, the patient presented with cutaneous lesions of KS behind the right ear. Two months later, the disease disseminated not only cutaneously but also to the cervical, axillary and inguinal lymph nodes. Immunological evaluation showed severe lymphocytopenia but without evidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection. The vascular nature of the lesion was supported by positive staining for CD31 and CD34. This study examines the clinicopathologic features of KS in children and summarizes the relevant literature.
EUS-guided fine needle aspiration of the liver: indications, yield, and safety based on an international survey of 167 cases.

BACKGROUND The liver is a common site of metastases for various malignancies. EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of liver masses has only been reported in small series from single centers. METHODS A retrospective questionnaire was sent by e-mail to 130 EUS-FNA centers around the world regarding indications, complications, and findings of EUS-FNA of the liver. RESULTS Twenty-one centers reported 167 cases of EUS-FNA of the liver. A complication was reported in 6 (4%) of 167 cases including the following: death in 1 patient with an occluding biliary stent and biliary sepsis, bleeding (1), fever (2), and pain (2). EUS-FNA diagnosed malignancy in 23 of 26 (89%) cases after nondiagnostic fine needle aspiration under transabdominal US guidance. EUS localized an unrecognized primary tumor in 17 of 33 (52%) cases in which CT had demonstrated only liver metastases. EUS image characteristics were not predictive of malignant versus benign lesions. CONCLUSION EUS-guided FNA of the liver appears to be a safe procedure with a major complication rate of approximately 1%. EUS-FNA should be considered when a liver lesion is poorly accessible to US-, or CT-guided FNA should be considered when US- or CT-guided FNA fail to make a diagnosis, when a liver lesion(s) is detected (de novo) by EUS, and for investigation of possible upper GI primary tumors in the setting of liver metastases.
The yeast Ty virus‐like particles

Virus‐like particle (VLP) assembly is a crucial step of the life cycle of retrotransposons. The S. cerevisiae Ty elements represent an interesting model for the analysis of these particles and thus have been studied extensively. Our current knowledge of the organisation and assembly of Ty1 and Ty3 VLPs is reviewed here. This includes the mechanism of assembly, the role of the Tya core protein during VLP formation and the RNA packaging process. The physical properties of Ty1 VLPs are also described and the latest three‐dimensional Ty1 VLP reconstructions are shown. In addition, the relevance of these studies is discussed in the context of retro‐element biology. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Staphylococcal spheroplasts and L-colonies. 3. Induction by lysostaphin.

The bacteriolytic enzyme, lysostaphin, first discovered by Schindler and Schuhardt [1, 2], has the unique property of rapidly and specifically lysing staphylococci but not bacteria of other genera. Lysostaphin alone [3-6] or in conjunction with methicillin [7] has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of experimental staphylococcal infection in mice. Preliminary observations indicate that it is effective in the
Review article: chronic inflammation and reactive oxygen and nitrogen metabolism – implications in DNA damage and mutagenesis

It is well known that chronic inflammation of the digestive tract is associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation. Because phagocytic leukocytes and cytokine‐activated parachymal cells produce large amounts of reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen, there has been substantial interest in ascertaining whether these reactive intermediates may mediate mutagenesis and malignant transformation in vivo. However, very little information is available regarding the basic chemistry of how these oxygen and nitrogen‐derived species may interact to yield potentially carcinogenic agents. This review will discuss our present understanding of the chemical and biochemical interactions between superoxide and nitric oxide and provide a model by which these reactive species may damage DNA and mediate mutagenesis.
Intra- and Interhemispheric Propagation of Electrophysiological Synchronous Activity and Its Modulation by Serotonin in the Cingulate Cortex of Juvenile Mice

Disinhibition of the cortex (e.g., by GABA -receptor blockade) generates synchronous and oscillatory electrophysiological activity that propagates along the cortex. We have studied, in brain slices of the cingulate cortex of mice (postnatal age 14–20 days), the propagation along layer 2/3 as well as the interhemispheric propagation through the corpus callosum of synchronous discharges recorded extracellularly and evoked in the presence of 10 μM bicuculline by electrical stimulation of layer 1. The latency of the responses obtained at the same distance from the stimulus electrode was longer in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC: 39.53 ± 2.83 ms, n = 7) than in retrosplenial cortex slices (RSC: 21.99 ± 2.75 ms, n = 5; p<0.05), which is equivalent to a lower propagation velocity in the dorso-ventral direction in ACC than in RSC slices (43.0 mm/s vs 72.9 mm/s). We studied the modulation of this propagation by serotonin. Serotonin significantly increased the latency of the intracortical synchronous discharges (18.9% in the ipsilateral hemisphere and 40.2% in the contralateral hemisphere), and also increased the interhemispheric propagation time by 86.4%. These actions of serotonin were mimicked by the activation of either 5-HT1B or 5-HT2A receptors, but not by the activation of the 5-HT1A subtype. These findings provide further knowledge about the propagation of synchronic electrical activity in the cerebral cortex, including its modulation by serotonin, and suggest the presence of deep differences between the ACC and RSC in the structure of the local cortical microcircuits underlying the propagation of synchronous discharges.
Twin study of Parkinson disease

zero concordance for Parkinson disease was found in the first 12 monozygotic twin pairs examined in an ongoing twin study. One co-twin (subject without Parkinson disease) had essential tremor, another had cerebral vascular disease, and a third was an alcoholic. Cigarette smoking appeared to be less frequent in the probands than in the co-twins (11.9 versus 16.1 pack-years). There was also evidence of premorbid personality differences between probands and co-twins dating back to late adolescence or early adult years. These preliminary findings suggest that genetic factors do not play a major role in the etiology of Parkinson disease and point to a prodromal onset of the disease as early as late adolescence or early adult life.
Effect of naturally occurring monoterpenes carvone, limonene and perillic acid in the inhibition of experimental lung metastasis induced by B16F-10 melanoma cells.

The effects of naturally occurring monoterpenes on lung metastasis induced by B16F-10 melanoma cells were studied in C57BL/6 mice. Administration of monoterpenes such as limonene (100 micromoles/kg body wt. 10 doses i.p.) and perillic acid (50 micromoles/kg body wt 10 doses i.p.) remarkably reduced the metastatic tumour nodule formation by 65% and 67%, respectively. These results correlated with the biochemical parameters such as serum sialic acid, lung collagen hydroxyproline and uronic acid contents. Serum sialic acid level in control group was 126.8 microg/ml serum which was significantly lowered in limonene (49.3 microg/ml serum) and perillic acid treated animals (53.6 microg/ml serum). Uronic acid level was also inhibited to 56% and 39.7% in limonene and perillic acid treated animals, respectively. Histopathological studies also correlated with these above results. Administration of Carvone even at 100 micromoles/kg body wt. did not have any significant effect on the metastatic tumour growth. These results indicate that limonene and perillic acid could inhibit the metastatic progression of B16F-10 melanoma cells in mice.
Isolation, characterization, and serial propagation of a bovine group C rotavirus in a monkey kidney cell line (MA104)

A virus (designated the Shintoku strain) which was morphologically indistinguishable from group A rotaviruses was detected in the feces of adult cows with diarrhea in Japan. The virus contained 11 segments of double-stranded RNA and had an electrophoretic migration pattern in polyacrylamide gels similar to that of other group C rotaviruses (4-3-2-2). Feces containing the bovine virus reacted with antiserum to porcine group C rotavirus (Cowden strain) but not group A or B rotaviruses in immunoelectron microscopy. The virus was adapted to serial propagation in roller tube cultures of a rhesus monkey kidney cell line (MA104) by using high concentrations of trypsin. Evidence for viral replication in MA104 cell cultures was demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence by using antiserum to porcine group C rotavirus and by electrophoretic analysis of extracted viral double-stranded RNA. A significant antibody response against the isolate was detected in convalescent-phase sera of cows which excreted the virus: no increased antibody response to bovine group A rotavirus was observed. To our knowledge, this is the first isolation of a group C rotavirus from cattle.
Constitutively and autonomously active protein kinase C associated with 14‐3‐3 ζ in the rodent brain

Persistent activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is required for the expression of synaptic plasticity in the brain. There are several mechanisms proposed that can lead to the prolonged activation of PKC. These include long lasting production of lipid activators (diacylglycerol and fatty acid) through mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway, and a modification of PKC by reactive oxygen species. In nerve growth factor (NGF)‐differentiated PC12 cells, we found that constitutive and autonomous Ca2+‐independent PKC activity is associated with 14‐3‐3 ζ. Because PKC and 14‐3‐3 ζ are both involved in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory, we examined whether PKC interacts with 14‐3‐3 ζ in the brain and whether the PKC/14‐3‐3 ζ complex has autonomous activity. Here we show that three subclasses of PKC, Ca2+‐dependent classical PKC, Ca2+‐independent novel PKC, and Ca2+‐independent and diacylglycerol‐insensitive atypical PKC, all interact with 14‐3‐3 ζ in the rodent brain. The pool size of 14‐3‐3 ζ bound form of PKC is small (1–4% of each PKC isoform), but they show constitutive and autonomous activity. Our study indicates that the binding of PKC with 14‐3‐3 ζ is at least in part independent of phosphorylation of PKC and that the C1 domain of PKC is involved in the binding. As both molecules are enriched in synaptic locus, the constitutive PKC activity and its interaction with 14‐3‐3 ζ could be a mechanism for the persistent PKC activation in the brain.
Inflammatory Signals Regulate IL-15 in Response to Lymphodepletion

Induction of lymphopenia has been exploited therapeutically to improve immune responses to cancer therapies and vaccinations. Whereas IL-15 has well-established roles in stimulating lymphocyte responses after lymphodepletion, the mechanisms regulating these IL-15 responses are unclear. We report that cell surface IL-15 expression is upregulated during lymphopenia induced by total body irradiation (TBI), cyclophosphamide, or Thy1 Ab-mediated T cell depletion, as well as in RAG−/− mice; interestingly, the cellular profile of surface IL-15 expression is distinct in each model. In contrast, soluble IL-15 (sIL-15) complexes are upregulated only after TBI or αThy1 Ab. Analysis of cell-specific IL-15Rα conditional knockout mice revealed that macrophages and dendritic cells are important sources of sIL-15 complexes after TBI but provide minimal contribution in response to Thy1 Ab treatment. Unlike with TBI, induction of sIL-15 complexes by αThy1 Ab is sustained and only partially dependent on type I IFNs. The stimulator of IFN genes pathway was discovered to be a potent inducer of sIL-15 complexes and was required for optimal production of sIL-15 complexes in response to Ab-mediated T cell depletion and TBI, suggesting products of cell death drive production of sIL-15 complexes after lymphodepletion. Lastly, we provide evidence that IL-15 induced by inflammatory signals in response to lymphodepletion drives lymphocyte responses, as memory CD8 T cells proliferated in an IL-15–dependent manner. Overall, these studies demonstrate that the form in which IL-15 is expressed, its kinetics and cellular sources, and the inflammatory signals involved are differentially dictated by the manner in which lymphopenia is induced.