Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stability and Discriminant Validity of the Adult Attachment Interview: A Psychometric Study in Young Israeli Adults

Fifty-nine male and female Israeli students were interviewed twice by 2 different interviewers at 3month intervals to assess the Adult Attachment Interview's (AAI; C. George, N. Kaplan, & M. Main, 1985) test-retest reliability and the effects of the interviewers on the interview itself as well as its subsequent classification. Various memory measures were used to obtain a wide range of information about subjects' memory abilities. Information was also obtained from the students' records about various intelligence-related skills. Results showed high degree of interjudge and test-retest reliabilities, irrespective of interviewers. The classifications on the AAI were not found to be associated with nonattachment-related memory and intelligence abilities. The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; George, Kaplan, & Main, 1985) has recently come into increasing use in connection with the study of intergenerational transmission of attachment. The AAI represents an attempt to assess current mental representation by adults of their childhood attachment experiences (Main, Kaplan, & Cassidy, 1985). Even when applied before the birth of a child, the AAI has been found to predict the quality of infant-parent attachment relationships (Benoit & Parker, in press; Fonagy, Steele, & Steele, 1991; Radojevic, 1992; Ward & Carlson, in press). In a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving a total of 854 families, Van Uzendoorn (in press) found that there is a substantial overall effect size for the relation between adult-attachment security and infant-attachment security (combined r = .47). The psychometric properties of the AAI have received much less attention (Bakermans-Kranenburg & Van Uzendoorn, 1993; Waters et al., 1993), although the precise meaning of developmental measures can only be established by psychometric
In bad waters: Water year classification in nonstationary climates

Water year indices and drought indices are helpful for categorizing water years into similar types, allowing water managers and policymakers to quantify years, visualize variability, and guide water operations. Many water management decisions, such as environmental flow requirements and water supply allocations, are based on water year type designations. They vary by region and index, but are defined by runoff in the current water year compared to average historical runoff, with numerical thresholds categorizing year types. California's Sacramento Valley and San Joaquin Valley Indices are used as case studies to examine how climate change affects indices. Modeled streamflow for 1951–2099 from the climate‐forced Variable Infiltration Capacity hydrologic model estimate potential changes in runoff and water year type frequency. We show that the frequency of water year types changes significantly with climate change and different strategies to adapt water year classification indices to climate change affect water allocations as much as the impacts from changing hydroclimatic conditions.
An assessment of central‐peripheral ventilatory chemoreflex interaction using acid and bicarbonate infusions in humans.

1. The object of this study was to investigate the effect of central chemoreceptor stimulation on the ventilatory responses to peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation. 2. The level of central chemoreceptor stimulation was varied by performing experiments at two different levels of end‐tidal CO2 pressure (PCO2). Variations in peripheral chemoreceptor stimulus were achieved by varying arterial pH (at constant end‐tidal PCO2) and by varying end‐tidal O2 pressure (PO2). 3. Two protocols were each performed on six human subjects. In one protocol ventilatory measurements were made during eucapnia, when the arterial pH was lowered from 7.4 to 7.3. The variation in pH was achieved by the progressive infusion of acid (0.1 M HCl). In the other protocol ventilatory measurements were made during hypercapnia, when the arterial pH was increased from 7.3 to 7.4. The variation in pH was achieved by the progressive infusion of 1.26% NaHCO3. In each protocol ventilatory responses were measured during euoxia (end‐tidal PO2, 100 Torr), hypoxia (end‐tidal PO2, 50 Torr) and hyperoxia (end‐tidal PO2, 300 Torr), with end‐tidal PCO2 held constant. 4. The increase in ventilatory sensitivity to arterial pH induced by hypoxia (50 Torr) was not significantly different between protocols (acid protocol, ‐104 +/‐ 31 l min‐1 (pH unit)‐1 vs. bicarbonate protocol, ‐60 +/‐ 44 l min‐1 (pH unit)‐1; mean +/‐ S.E. M. ; not significant (n.s.)). The ventilatory sensitivity to hypoxia at an arterial pH of 7.35 was not significantly different between protocols (acid protocol, 14.7 +/‐ 3.3 l min‐1 vs. bicarbonate protocol, 15.6 +/‐ 2.4 l min‐1; mean +/‐ S.E.M.; n.s.). The results provide no evidence to suggest that peripheral chemoreflex ventilatory responses are modulated by central chemoreceptor stimulation.
The Association of Elevated HDL Levels With Carotid Atherosclerosis in Middle-Aged Women With Untreated Essential Hypertension

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), a negative risk factor, is positively associated with a decreased risk of coronary heart disease. We investigated the association between high HDL-C levels and target organ damage (TOD) in never treated women with hypertension. We measured HDL-C levels in 117 women followed by estimation of TODs, that is, pulse wave velocity, microalbuminuria, left ventricular mass index, coronary flow reserve, and carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT). Women were divided into 2 groups (HDLH and HDLL), regarding HDL-C quartiles (upper quartile vs the first 3 lower quartiles). In HDLH group (HDL ≥70 mg/dL), cIMT was nonindependently, negatively related to HDL-C (ρ = −.42, P < .05). Using receiver –operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis in the HDLH group, we concluded that the cutoff value of HDL ≥76.5 mg/dL moderately predicted the absence of carotid atherosclerosis (area under the curve: 0.77, P = .02; confidence interval: 0.57-0.97; sensitivity 73% and specificity 67%). Increased HDL-C may predict the absence of carotid atherosclerosis in middle-age women with untreated essential hypertension and consequently contribute to total cardiovascular risk estimation and treatment planning.
Nitric oxide represses inhibitory κB kinase through S-nitrosylation

Nitric oxide (NO) possesses antiinflammatory effects, which may be exerted via its ability to inhibit the transcription factor, NF-κB. A commonly proposed mode of action for inhibition of NF-κBbyNO involves interference with NF-κB binding to DNA. Because activation of inhibitory κB kinase (IKK), the prerequisite enzyme complex necessary to induce NF-κB, is subject to redox regulation, we assessed whether IKK could present a more proximal target for NO to inhibit NF-κB activation. We demonstrate here that S-nitrosothiols (SNO) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the enzymatic activity of IKK, in lung epithelial cells and in Jurkat T cells, which was associated with S-nitrosylation of the IKK complex. Using biotin derivatization of SNO, we revealed that IKKβ, the catalytic subunit required for NF-κB activation, was a direct target for S-nitrosylation. A mutant version of IKKβ containing a Cys-179-to-Ala mutation was refractory to inhibition by SNO or to increases in S-nitrosylation, in contrast to wild-type IKKβ, demonstrating that Cys-179 is the main target for attack by SNO. Importantly, inhibition of NO synthase activity in Jurkat T cells resulted in activation of IKK, in association with its denitrosylation. Moreover, NO synthase inhibition enhanced the ability of tumor necrosis factor α to activate IKK, illustrating the importance of endogenous NO in regulating the extent of NF-κB activation by cytokines. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that IKKβ is an important target for the redox regulation of NF-κB by endogenous or exogenous NO, providing an additional mechanism for its antiinflammatory properties.
Modeling Measles, Mumps, and Rubella: Implications for the Design of Vaccination Programs

Abstract Mathematical models of disease transmission are being used increasingly in the design of population-based vaccination programs. Their use is illustrated in a review of some modeling studies that have implications for the use of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Investigations of vaccination strategy options yield predictions for effectiveness and cost-effectiveness analyses. A quantitative understanding of the factors affecting disease transmission enables the setting of targets for vaccination programs and underpins disease elimination initiatives.
The spatial distribution of solar radiation under a melting Arctic sea ice cover

The sea ice cover of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas is currently undergoing a fundamental shift from multiyear ice to first‐year ice. Field observations of sea ice physical and optical properties were collected in this region during June–July 2010, revealing unexpectedly complex spatial distributions of solar radiation under the melt‐season ice cover. Based on our optical measurements of first‐year ice, we found the under‐ice light field in the upper ocean to be spatially heterogeneous and dependent on wavelength, ice thickness, and the areal and geometric distribution of melt ponded and bare ice surfaces. Much of the observed complexity in radiation fields arose because the transmission of light through ponded ice was generally an order of magnitude greater than through bare, unponded ice. Furthermore, while many sites exhibited a consistent, exponential decay in light transmission through both ponded and bare ice surfaces, light transmission under bare ice was also observed to increase with depth (reaching maximum values ∼5–10 m below the bottom of the ice). A simple geometric model shows these transmission peaks are a result of scattering in the ice and the interspersion of bare and ponded sea ice surfaces. These new observations of complex radiation fields beneath melt‐season first‐year sea ice have significant implications for biological production, biogeochemical processes, and the heat balance of sea ice and under‐ice ocean waters and should be carefully considered when modeling these sea ice‐related phenomena.
A hybrid wind-solar energy system: A new rectifier stage topology

Environmentally friendly solutions are becoming more prominent than ever as a result of concern regarding the state of our deteriorating planet. This paper presents a new system configuration of the front-end rectifier stage for a hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy system. This configuration allows the two sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the energy sources. The inherent nature of this Cuk-SEPIC fused converter, additional input filters are not necessary to filter out high frequency harmonics. Harmonic content is detrimental for the generator lifespan, heating issues, and efficiency. The fused multi-input rectifier stage also allows Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to be used to extract maximum power from the wind and sun when it is available. An adaptive MPPT algorithm will be used for the wind system and a standard perturb and observe method will be used for the PV system. Operational analysis of the proposed system will be discussed in this paper. Simulation results are given to highlight the merits of the proposed circuit.
Nonsingular dilaton cosmology

We study spatially homogeneous and isotropic solutions to the equations of motion derived from dilaton gravity, in the presence of a special combination of higher derivative terms in the gravitational action. All solutions are nonsingular. For initial conditions resembling those in the pre-big-bang scenario, there are solutions corresponding to a spatially flat, bouncing Universe originating in a dilaton-dominated contracting phase and emerging as an expanding Friedmann Universe.
Evaluating Effects of Habitat Loss and Land‐Use Continuity on Ant Species Richness in Seminatural Grassland Remnants

Abstract: Seminatural grasslands in Europe are susceptible to habitat destruction and fragmentation that result in negative effects on biodiversity because of increased isolation and area effects on extinction rate. However, even small habitat patches of seminatural grasslands might be of value for conservation and restoration of species richness in a landscape with a long history of management, which has been argued to lead to high species richness. We tested whether ant communities have been negatively affected by habitat loss and increased isolation of seminatural grasslands during the twentieth century. We examined species richness and community composition in seminatural grasslands of different size in a mosaic landscape in Central Sweden. Grasslands managed continuously over centuries harbored species‐rich and ecologically diverse ant communities. Grassland remnant size had no effect on ant species richness. Small grassland remnants did not harbor a nested subset of the ant species of larger habitats. Community composition of ants was mainly affected by habitat conditions. Our results suggest that the abandonment of traditional land use and the encroachment of trees, rather than the effects of fragmentation, are important for species composition in seminatural grasslands. Our results highlight the importance of considering land‐use continuity and dispersal ability of the focal organisms when examining the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on biodiversity. Landscape history should be considered in conservation programs focusing on effects of land‐use change.
Combining biologics with methotrexate in psoriasis: a systematic review

association with this change, keratinocytes might release various psoriatic pathogenic factors, such as IL-8, cathelicidin LL-37 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Moreover, inflammatory and/or plasmacytoid dendritic cells can be stimulated to produce IL-23 or tumour necrosis factor-a and IFN-a, respectively. It is possible that these alterations induce pustular lesions in patients with LDH M subunit deficiency. Our study suggests that abnormal LDH activity is involved in the pathogenesis of GPP.
Compressible two-phase flows by central and upwind schemes

This paper concerns numerical methods for two-phase flows. The governing equations are the compressible 2-velocity, 2-pressure flow model. Pressure and velocity relaxation are included as source terms. Results obtained by a Godunov-type central scheme and a Roe-type upwind scheme are presented. Issues of preservation of pressure equilibrium, and positivity of the partial densities are addressed. Mathematics Subject Classification. 35L65, 65M06, 76N15, 76T99.
Consumer Trust in Sources of Physician Quality Information

Trust in the source of information about physician quality is likely to be an important factor in how consumers use that information in encounters with their doctor or in decisions about choice of provider. In this article, the authors use survey data from a nationally representative sample of 8,140 individuals with chronic illness to examine variation in consumer trust in different sources of physician quality information and how market segmentation factors explain such variation. The authors find that consumers place greater trust in physicians and hospitals relative to institutional sources and personal sources. The level of trust, however, varies considerably across consumers as a function of demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral/lifestyle factors but is not related to measures of context. These results suggest that the sources of public reports comparing physician quality may be a barrier to the use of quality data by consumers in the ways envisioned by supporters of greater quality transparency.
Nectin4/PRR4, a New Afadin-associated Member of the Nectin Family That Trans-interacts with Nectin1/PRR1 through V Domain Interaction*

Nectins are adhesion molecules that participate in the organization of epithelial and endothelial junctions and serve as receptors for herpes simplex virus entry. They belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily, are homologues of the poliovirus receptor (PVR/CD155), and were also named poliovirus receptor-related (PRR) proteins. We identify a new member of the nectin family named nectin4. Peptide sequences of human and murine nectin4 share 92% identity, and as for other members, the ectodomain is made of three immunoglobulin-like domains of V, C, C types. In contrast to other nectin molecules, detection of nectin4 transcripts is mainly restricted to placenta in human tissues. Expression is broader in mouse, and interestingly nectin4 is detected at days 11, 15, and 17 during murine embryogenesis. Nectin4 interacts with afadin, a F-actin-associated molecule, via its carboxyl-terminal cytoplasmic sequence. Both molecules co-localize at cadherin-based adherens junctions in the MDCKII epithelial cell line. Nectins are homophilic adhesion molecules, and recently heterophilic interactions have been described between nectin3/nectin1 and nectin3/nectin2. We confirmed these trans-interactions and also described nectin3 as the PVR/CD155 ligand. By means of several approaches, we report on the identification of nectin4 as a new ligand for nectin1. First, a soluble chimeric recombinant nectin4 ectodomain (nectin4-Fc) trans-interacts with cells expressing nectin1 but not with cells expressing nectin2, nectin3, or PVR/CD155. Conversely, nectin1-Fc binds to cells expressing nectin4. Second, nectin1-Fc precipitates nectin4 expressed in COS cells. Third, reciprocal in vitro physical interactions were detected between nectin4-Fc and nectin1-Fc. The nectin4-Fc/nectin4-Fc interaction was detected suggesting that nectin4 exhibits both homophilic and heterophilic properties. Using the same approaches we demonstrate, for the first time, that the V domain of nectin1 acts as a major functional region involved in trans-heterointeraction with nectin4 and also nectin3.
Adolescent suicide attempts in Bærum, Norway, 1984-2006.

BACKGROUND There are presently few international studies that examine adolescents' own experience of both triggering and the underlying reasons behind their suicide attempts. AIMS To present the rates, triggering factors, and underlying reasons for such behavior. METHODS The 23-year (1984-2006) surveillance study reported includes all general hospital-treated suicide attempters aged between 13 and 19 years (n = 254) living in the municipality of Bærum, a suburb on the outskirts of Oslo, Norway. RESULTS Suicide attempt rates for both sexes decreased during the period of study. The female suicide attempt rate was on average 3.5 times higher than the male rate. An average of 8.2% of the suicide attempters made a repeat attempt within the following year. Overall, the most commonly reported trigger was a relational conflict (50.2%), and the most commonly reported underlying reason was a dysfunctional family situation (43.6%), followed by mental health problems (22.8%). The main gender difference for both triggers and underlying reasons was that relational conflicts were reported significantly more often by girls than by boys as triggers (55.0% versus 32.7%), and dysfunctional family issues were reported significantly more often by girls than by boys (47.1% versus 30.8%) as underlying reasons for the attempt. Mental health problems were reported less frequently as an underlying reason by girls than boys (21.2% versus 28.8%). CONCLUSIONS A family-oriented intervention embracing the extended family system seems warranted in a majority of the cases in our study.
Risk Factors for Falls in HIV-Infected Persons

Background:The incidence of and risk factors for falls in HIV-1–infected persons are unknown. Methods:Fall history during the prior 12 months, medical diagnoses, and functional assessments were collected on HIV-infected persons 45–65 years of age receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. Fall risk was evaluated using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results:Of 359 subjects, 250 persons (70%) reported no falls, 109 (30%) had ≥1 fall; and 66 (18%) were recurrent fallers. Females, whites, and smokers were more likely to be recurrent fallers (P ⩽ 0.05). HIV-related characteristics including current and nadir CD4 T-cell count, estimated HIV duration, and Veterans Aging Cohort Study Index scores were not predictors of falls (all P ≥ 0.09); didanosine recipients were more likely to be recurrent fallers (P = 0.04). The odds of falling increased 1.7 for each comorbidity and 1.4 for each medication (P < 0.001) and were higher in persons with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, dementia, neuropathy, arthritis, chronic pain, psychiatric disease, frailty, or disability [all odds ratio (OR) ≥ 1.8; P ⩽ 0.05]. Beta-blockers, antidepressants, antipsychotics, sedatives, and opiates were independently associated with falling (all OR ≥ 2.7; P ⩽ 0.01). Female gender, diabetes, antidepressants, sedatives, opiates, didanosine, exhaustion, weight loss, and difficulty with balance were the most significant predictors of falls in logistic regression (all OR ≥ 2.5; P ⩽ 0.05). Conclusions:Middle-aged HIV-infected adults have high fall risk. Multiple comorbidities, medications, and functional impairment were predictive of falls, but surrogate markers of HIV infection or an HIV-specific multimorbidity index were not. Fall risk should be assessed routinely as part of the care of HIV-infected persons.
The Mismatch Negativity of Event‐Related Potentials as a Probe of Transient Auditory Memory: A Review

The use of the mismatch negativity as a probe to study the memory upon which it depends is reviewed. Topics about the memory include its duration, its capacity, the kind of information that can be stored in the memory, how the information is stored, whether the memory is accessed in parallel or in series, whether it is hard-wired or can be modified by experience, and its relationship to sensory memory.
Postural variations in dead space and CO2 gradients breathing air and O2.

Effects of postural changes on anatomic and physiologic dead space and arterial-alveolar CO2gradients were studied in 11 healthy, adult subjects breathing air and O2. Results indicate that, on moving from the supine to the sitting position, Vads and Vpds increased by corresponding amounts (42 and 37 ml) with no increase in alveolar dead space or volume of lung which is nonperfused. Arterial-alveolar CO2 gradients were unaffected by posture, but more than doubled with O2 breathing, suggesting that O2 may relax the pulmonary vascular bed and diminish perfusion of highest lung segments. Isoproterenol aerosol (0.5%) produced significant bronchodilatation (27 ml increase in Vads), but only small and inconsistent increases in alveolar dead space and CO2 gradients. The PDS/Vt ratio in these subjects while sitting, breathing air, averaged 31 ± 6%, which is higher than the normally accepted value of 30%. As a result, the upper normal limit for PDS/Vt has been increased to 40% in our laboratories. Submitted on January 22, 1962
Staged Financing in Venture Capital: Moral Hazard and Risks

This paper investigates staged financing in an environment where an entrepreneur faces an imperfect capital market and an investor faces moral hazard and uncertainty. Staged financing plays two roles in this model: to control risk and to mitigate moral hazard. Using parametric functions and comparing staged financing with upfront financing, we discover a few interesting properties of staged financing. In particular, we show that when used together with a sharing contract, staged financing acts as an effective complementary mechanism to contracting in controlling agency problems.