Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Morphology of Renal Cortical Structures during Compensatory Hypertrophy

The compensatory hypertrophy in different renal cortical structures was studied in rats 10 and 21 days after unilateral nephrectomy (UNX). Quantitative morphological/stereological analysis revealed significant increases in total renal cortical volume – 33% on day 10 and 48% on day 21 – after UNX. These changes were paralleled by significant increments in the volumes of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT, 55%), distal convoluted tubule (DCT, 114%), and cortical collecting duct (CCD, 106%) segments on day 10. The corresponding changes on day 21 were 76, 122, and 212%, respectively. These alterations were accompanied by increases in segment length; 3% PCT, 23% DCT, and 50% CCD on day 10 and 9% PCT, 30% DCT, and 142% CCD on day 21 after UNX. The total luminal and basolateral cell membrane surface areas also exhibited a time-dependent increase after UNX. The increments in both luminal and basolateral membrane domains in PCT and DCT after 10 days were not significant, but reached significance after 21 days (PCT: luminal membrane 21%, basolateral membrane 63%; DCT: luminal membrane 98%, basolateral membrane 63%). In contrast, CCD membrane areas had increased substantially already 10 days after UNX (luminal membrane 92%, basolateral membrane 71%). It declined subsequently by day 21 (luminal membrane 57%, basolateral membrane 32%). The cell rubidium concentration after a 30-second rubidium infusion, an index of Na-K-ATPase activity, as well as sodium concentrations were unaltered in cells of all nephron segments investigated. Altogether the stereological analysis shows that the compensatory increase in organ volume can be attributed primarily to an increase in nephron epithelial volume. The PCT responds with ‘radial’ hypertrophy (thickening of the tubular epithelial wall), while the DCT undergoes ‘length’ hypertrophy (increase of tubular length without thickening of the tubular wall and without an increase in number of cells). This type of hypertrophy is especially prominent on day 21 after UNX for the CCD which doubles in length. Only on day 10 does the CCD seem to respond with hyperplasia. Adaptive changes in response to UNX develop gradually. Only a few of the morphological parameters studied had completed their change by 10 days, the majority required longer.
DAMAGE OF THE CORNEA EPITHELIUM CAUSED BY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

Rabbit cornea epithelium was exposed to UV‐radiation for 15 min from a distance of 50 cm, and specimens were studied after 1/2, 1, and 3 h, respectively. The following changes occurred: 1) Reduced number of the large impressions or the full‐thickness holes of the superficial cells. 2) Partly rejected cells. 3) Numerous small plasma membrane defects. This investigation shows plasma membrane defects at an early stage after the exposure, and this may be the locus for the initial damage.
Somatotopic and laminar organization of fos‐like immunoreactivity in the medullary and upper cervical dorsal horn induced by noxious facial stimulation in the rat

The distribution of fos‐like‐immunoreactivity (fos‐LI) in the medullary and upper cervical dorsal horn was examined following noxious facial stimulation, in order to evaluate the use of fos as a marker for neuronal activation in trigeminal nociceptive pathways. Control animals that received urethane anesthesia and no facial stimulation showed substantial bilateral labeling in the trigeminal complex that was restricted to one rostrocaudal level, at the transition between the medullary dorsal horn (nucleus caudalis) and nucleus interpolaris. Noxious mechanical stimulation (pinch) of different facial sites produced labeling in the ipsilateral dorsal horn whose distribution varied predictably with the rostrocaudal and dorsoventral position of the facial stimulation site, such that rostral facial sites were represented rostrally in the dorsal horn and dorsal sites were represented ventrolaterally. The cornea was exceptional among the facial stimulation sites in that it had a specific representation at two distinct rostrocaudal levels, in C1 and the interpolaris‐caudalis transition region; the position of the rostral peak was somatotopically inappropriate, based on the representation of other facial sites. The proportion of labelling in laminae III–IV relative to laminae I–II was higher with noxious mechanical stimulation than with noxious thermal (55°C) or chemical (subcutaneous injection of capsaicin) stimulation. The proportion of labelling in laminae III–IV produced by electrical stimulation of the infraobital nerve was no greater than that produced by pinch.
Incidence of R factors in coliform, fecal coliform, and Salmonella populations of the Red River in Canada

Coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Salmonella were isolated from the Red River, Manitoba, Canada, and identified. These organisms were then examined for resistance to 12 antibiotics. Some fecal coliforms were resistant to all 12 antibiotics, and 18% of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics. A total of 52.9% of the fecal coliforms resistant to three or more antibiotics were able to transfer single or multiple resistance (R) determinants to the Salmonella recipient, and 40.7% could transfer R determinants to the Escherichia coli recipient. Of the resistant Salmonella, 57% transferred one or two determinants to the Salmonella recipient, and 39% transferred one or two determinants to the E. coli recipient. It was calculated that populations of fecal coliforms containing R factors were as high as 1,400 per 100 ml and that an accidental intake of a few milliliters of water could lead to transient or permanent colonization of the digestive tract. Consideration of data on bacteria with R factors should be made in future water quality deliberations and in discharge regulations.
Mouse models of acute and chronic hepacivirus infection

New York City rats provide a gift to virologists Despite the development of curative drugs for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, global eradication of HCV will likely require a prophylactic vaccine. Progress toward a vaccine has been impeded by the absence of mouse models suitable for studying the immune response to HCV. Billerbeck et al. found that a HCV-related virus isolated from New York City rats produces an infection in laboratory mice that shares several immunological features with human infections (see the Perspective by Klenerman and Barnes). Their initial analyses of the infected mice revealed that acute clearance of the virus was dependent on T cells but not on natural killer cells. Science, this issue p. 204; see also p. 129 A mouse model may provide mechanistic insights into the immune response to hepatitis C virus infection. An estimated 71 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). The lack of small-animal models has impeded studies of antiviral immune mechanisms. Here we show that an HCV-related hepacivirus discovered in Norway rats can establish high-titer hepatotropic infections in laboratory mice with immunological features resembling those seen in human viral hepatitis. Whereas immune-compromised mice developed persistent infection, immune-competent mice cleared the virus within 3 to 5 weeks. Acute clearance was T cell dependent and associated with liver injury. Transient depletion of CD4+ T cells before infection resulted in chronic infection, characterized by high levels of intrahepatic regulatory T cells and expression of inhibitory molecules on intrahepatic CD8+ T cells. Natural killer cells controlled early infection but were not essential for viral clearance. This model may provide mechanistic insights into hepatic antiviral immunity, a prerequisite for the development of HCV vaccines.
Eye and head movements shape gaze shifts in Indian peafowl

ABSTRACT Animals selectively direct their visual attention toward relevant aspects of their environments. They can shift their attention using a combination of eye, head and body movements. While we have a growing understanding of eye and head movements in mammals, we know little about these processes in birds. We therefore measured the eye and head movements of freely behaving Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) using a telemetric eye-tracker. Both eye and head movements contributed to gaze changes in peafowl. When gaze shifts were smaller, eye movements played a larger role than when gaze shifts were larger. The duration and velocity of eye and head movements were positively related to the size of the eye and head movements, respectively. In addition, the coordination of eye and head movements in peafowl differed from that in mammals; peafowl exhibited a near-absence of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which may partly result from the peafowl's ability to move their heads as quickly as their eyes. Summary: Indian peafowl use eye and head movements to shift their gaze but, unlike mammals, they do not rely on the vestibulo-ocular reflex to stabilize their gaze.
Application of information and communication technology for internationalization of Nigerian small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises

Information and communication technology (ICT) has fundamentally transformed business transactions. While its uses have become ubiquitous in the advanced economies, emerging and developing economies are still struggling with the mode and manner of the deployment of ICT for business. Thus, this study seeks to investigate how small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) utilize ICT in Nigeria for business internationalization. To achieve the goal of the study, a mixed‐method was employed. A questionnaire was administered to 265 people consisting of SMEs staff, managers, and owners. Similarly, interviews were conducted with seven SME decision makers. Findings revealed that Nigerian SMEs used ICT tools, such as websites and social media platforms, for internationalization. The findings also revealed that the challenges of ICT did not affect its application by these SMEs, which contrasts with many previous studies. Furthermore, this study identified privacy concerns, internet problems, cyber insecurity, trust, and system anxiety as new challenges facing the application of ICT tools by SMEs. Similarly, the findings showed that lack of ICT competence and strategic focus of ICT applications are internal problems facing Nigerian SMEs. These findings provide insight for practitioners and academia on the internationalization of Nigeria SMEs and the application of ICT to promote business growth.
CHILE: an evidence-based preschool intervention for obesity prevention in Head Start.

BACKGROUND Obesity is a major concern among American Indians and Hispanics. The Child Health Initiative for Lifelong Eating and Exercise (CHILE) is an evidence-based intervention to prevent obesity in children enrolled in 16 Head Start (HS) Centers in rural communities. The design and implementation of CHILE are described. METHODS CHILE uses a socioecological approach to improve dietary intake and increase physical activity. The intervention includes: a classroom curriculum; teacher and food service training; family engagement; grocery store participation; and health care provider support. RESULTS Lessons learned from CHILE include the need to consider availability of recommended foods; the necessity of multiple training sessions for teachers and food service; the need to tailor the family events to local needs; consideration of the profit needs of grocery stores; and sensitivity to the time constraints of health care providers. CONCLUSIONS HS can play an important role in preventing obesity in children. CHILE is an example of a feasible intervention that addresses nutrition and physical activity for preschool children that can be incorporated into HS curricula and aligns with HS national performance standards.
Conditions that influence the elimination of postural constraints after office employees working with VDU have received ergonomics training.

OBJECTIVE The goal of this article is to better understand how preventive measures are undertaken after training. It examines how certain variables, such as musculoskeletal pain, participant age and workstation and work content characteristics influence the reduction of postural constraints after office employees working with a computer have received ergonomics training. METHODS A pre-test/post-test design was used. The 207 female office workers were given 6 hours of ergonomics training. The variables were determined using a self-administered questionnaire and an observation grid filled out 2 weeks before and 6 months after the training session. The FAC and HAC were used in the data processing. RESULTS The presence or absence of musculoskeletal pain had no statistically significant influence on whether or not postural constraints were eliminated. The age of the participants and the possibility of adjusting the workstation characteristics and work content produced differentiated results with regard to postural constraint reduction. We concluded that trained people succeed in taking relevant and effective measures to reduce the postural constraints found in VDUs. However other measures than work station adjustments lead to this prevention and such training must be strongly supported by the various hierarchical levels of an enterprise or an institution.
The Implementation Of Entrepreneurship Education And Production Unit In Vocational High Schools

Production unit in vocational high schools is a place to train students with entrepreneurship practice. Teachers utilize this unit to help students developing competence in production lesson. Research uses quantitative approach. Subject includes 40 teachers of cloth-making lesson in vocational high schools of East Java. Data collection method is documentation and questionnaire with Likert Scale entailing five answer alternatives. Data analysis technique involves T-Test and Explanatory Factor Analysis. Some findings are obtained: (1) Practice-based activity at production unit in vocational high schools is more effective than same activity in Modeste Industry; (2) Practice-based activity at production unit in vocational high schools is very highly effective because teachers are highly oriented toward practice, more creative in preparing learning activity, and more explicit in guiding students during practice lesson; (3) Schools, teachers, and school staffs gain benefits from effective activity at production unit; and (4) Entrepreneurship education improves teachers’ capability in designing production learning activity. Research is aimed to measure the effectiveness of the implementation of entrepreneurship education, to estimate teachers’ effectiveness in providing practice-based guidance at production unit, and to understand the benefits of practice-based activity at production unit that can be obtained by teachers, students, and school staffs. Keywords—production unit; entrepreneurship education; vocational high schools
Improving food security empowerment in Indonesia- Timor Leste border

Post Referendum 1999, Indonesia and Timor Leste have a strategic challenge to provide food consistently around the border. This research intended to discover an appropriate strategy to tackle fragility of food security in the land border of Indonesia-Timor Leste, to improve collaborative actions between parties, as well as, opportunity to actualize food cross-border trading between local farmers and factories. For the result, there are two approaches will be applied. First, the empowerment term refers to the strategy of empowerment in strengthening the capability and capacity of human capital as one of the determinant factors of the resilience and self-sufficiency achievement. Second, the gender approach looks at the women and men build confidence, resilience, and independence which one of them through an educational intervention that enable the local people to manage food chain. Atambua is a region count as relatively as high poverty, poor human capital, weak quality and competitiveness of agriculture products, livestock and fishery, SMEs, and infrastructure. Thus, field study research is applied to find the actual and strategic effort aim to lead the achievement of food security and to engage Atambua over food trade to Timor Leste.
Assessment of myocardial blood flow (MBF) in humans using arterial spin labeling (ASL): Feasibility and noise analysis

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a powerful tool for the quantitative measurement of tissue blood flow, and has been extensively applied to the brain, lungs, and kidneys. ASL has been recently applied to myocardial blood flow (MBF) measurement in small animals; however, its use in humans is limited by inadequate signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) efficiency and timing restrictions related to cardiac motion. We present preliminary results demonstrating MBF measurement in humans, using cardiac‐gated flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) tagging and balanced steady‐state free precession (SSFP) imaging at 3T, and present an analysis of thermal and physiological noise and their impact on MBF measurement error. Measured MBF values in healthy volunteers were 1.36 ± 0.40 ml/ml/min at rest, matching the published literature based on quantitative 13N‐ammonia positron emission tomography (PET), and increased by 30% and 29% with passive leg elevation and isometric handgrip stress, respectively. With thermal noise alone, MBF can be quantified to within ± 0.1 ml/ml/min with 85.5% confidence, for 3.09 cm3 regions averaged over 6 breath‐holds. This study demonstrates the feasibility of quantitative assessment of myocardial blood flow in humans using ASL, and identifies SNR improvement and the reduction of physiological noise as key areas for future development. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Catabolite Repression of Escherichia coli Biofilm Formation

ABSTRACT Biofilm formation was repressed by glucose in several species of Enterobacteriaceae. In Escherichia coli, this effect was mediated at least in part by cyclic AMP (cAMP)-cAMP receptor protein. A temporal role for cAMP in biofilm development was indicated by the finding that glucose addition after ∼24 h failed to repress and generally activated biofilm formation.
Hyperbrain network properties of guitarists playing in quartet

When playing music in an ensemble, musicians need to precisely coordinate their actions with one another. As shown in our previous studies on guitar duets, interbrain synchronization plays an essential role during such interactions. In this study, we simultaneously recorded electroencephalograms from four guitarists during quartet playing, to explore the extent and the functional significance of synchronized cortical activity across four brains. We found that hyperbrain networks based on intra‐ and interbrain connectivity across four brains dwell on higher frequencies for intrabrain communication and on lower frequencies for interbrain connections. The hyperbrain networks show small‐world topology, with a tendency to become more random at lower frequencies and more regular at higher frequencies, such that local efficiency increases and global efficiency decreases with higher frequencies. We identified two different types of information flow within the hyperbrain networks—intra‐ versus intermodular—which are based on hyperbrain modules that include nodes from two, three, or even four brains. Furthermore, we found that hyperbrain networks are unstable and change their structure over time, often as a function of musical context. Our findings demonstrate complex hyperbrain network interactions in a guitar quartet and point to mechanisms that support temporally coordinated joint action.
Looking for Myocardial Viability After a STICH Trial: Not Enough to Close the Door

Ischemic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction due to coronary artery disease (CAD) is steadily increasing as a consequence of the aging of the population and of improved survival of patients with acute coronary syndromes and currently represents the first cause of heart failure (1). Mechanisms of LV dysfunction in CAD patients are complex and have been elucidated in recent years. A landmark understanding was that ischemic LV dysfunction may be sustained by repetitive ischemia, myocardial stunning, and hibernation and, therefore, completely or partially reversible in a substantial number of patients who undergo revascularization (2,3). From this evidence emerged the concept of viability or viable myocardium—that is, the distinction between reversible and irreversible dysfunction due to myocardial necrosis—that became part of the diagnostic workup of patients with ischemic LV dysfunction. Accordingly, several imaging approaches looking at myocardial viability were developed with the aim of selecting patients in whom recovery of LV function (mostly defined as increase of ejection fraction [EF] at rest) and improvement of prognosis would outweigh the risk of surgical revascularization. From these studies, it was also evident that most patients with ischemic LV dysfunction show evidence of viable myocardium as identified by viability testing (4,5). Most studies for which the aim was to identify viable myocardium were designed having as the endpoint the shortterm increase of regional or global LV function at rest after revascularization, both of which were assumed to represent the surrogate endpoint for clinical benefits—that is, survival and qualityof-life improvement. The evidence from these studies clearly indicated that methods that explore the integrity of cell membrane or metabolic activity, such as nuclear techniques, are more sensitive for predicting recovery of LV function than those that explore the contractile reserve of dysfunctional myocardium (6–8). Additionally, it was also demonstrated that revascularization of viable myocardium influences recovery of LV remodeling independently of changes in EF (9), pointing to additional mechanisms of clinical benefits.
Differences in Healing of Skin Wounds Caused by Burn and Freeze Injuries

Circular, full-thickness dermal burn- and freeze-produced wounds were produced in rats to compare the difference in healing between the two types of thermal injuries. Contraction did not occur in wounds (n = 30) caused by freezing, while burn wounds (n = 30) contracted to less than one-third of original size by 21 days after injury. If the centers of the freeze-produced wounds (n = 12) were excised, contraction would then occur and proceed at the same rate as an open wound. Histologically, the degree of initial tissue destruction by the two types of injuries was similar. The burn wound contained only half the amount of collagen found in the freeze-produced wound. There was a greater and more rapid replacement of collagen in the burn wounds. With both injuries, the highest concentration of collagen was found on the fifteenth day and returned to normal by the twenty-eighth day. The burn wound contained three times the amount of collagen in normal skin, while the freeze-produced wound contained only 1% times the amount in normal skin. Contraction does not seem to occur in the healing of the freeze-injured skin because the slow removal and replacement of the residual matrix prevents contraction.
Modeling of main steam and two-phase heat exchanger for nuclear power unit

A detailed nonlinear model for a typical PWR secondary system is developed for the development of simulation software. Each component in the system has been represented by appropriate differential or algebraic equations. The effects of compressible steam flows, non-equilibrium two-phase heat exchange and the characteristics of initial parameters and volume flow rate of PWR nuclear power unit are considered. A fluid flow network package was used for solving nonlinear equations to simulate steady-state and transient operational conditions. Overall system has been constructed by connecting individual components to each other. The validity of models for individual components and overall system has been verified. The simulation result shows that the model can get high accuracy and reasonable transient behavior of the secondary system and can be used for full scope, normal operation conditions and abnormal accident events in real time simulation for PWR nuclear power unit.