Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How common is vitamin B-12 deﬁciency? 1–3

In considering the vitamin B-12 fortiﬁcation of ﬂour, it is important to know who is at risk of vitamin B-12 deﬁciency and whether those individuals would beneﬁt from ﬂour fortiﬁcation. This article reviews current knowledge of the prevalence and causes of vitamin B-12 deﬁciency and considers whether fortiﬁcation would improve the status of deﬁcient subgroups of the population. In large surveys in the United States and the United Kingdom, ’ 6% of those aged (cid:2) 60 y arevitamin B-12 deﬁcient (plasmavitamin B-12 , 148 pmol/L), with the prevalence of deﬁciency increasing with age. Closer to 20% have marginal status (plasma vitamin B-12: 148–221 pmol/L) in later life. In developing countries, deﬁciency is much more common, starting in early life and persisting across the life span. Inadequate intake, due to low consumption of animal-source foods, is the main cause of low serum vitamin B-12 in younger adults and likely the main cause in poor populations worldwide; in most studies, serum vitamin B-12 concentration is correlated with intake of this vitamin. In older persons, food-bound cobalamin malabsorption becomes the predominant cause of deﬁciency, at least in part due to gastric atrophy, but it is likely that most elderly can absorb the vitamin from fortiﬁed food. Fortiﬁcation of ﬂour with vitamin B-12 is likely to improve the status of most persons with low stores of this vitamin. However, intervention studies are still needed to assess efﬁcacy and functional beneﬁts of increasing intake of the amounts likely to be consumed in ﬂour, including in elderly persons with varying degrees of gastric atrophy.
Oxytocin and Social Bonds: The Role of Oxytocin in Perceptions of Romantic Partners’ Bonding Behavior

In this research, we tested hypotheses about the role of oxytocin in adult human bonding. Inspired by revisiting the research on pair bonding in microtine voles that fueled psychologists’ interest in the role of oxytocin in social life, we drew on recent theory from affective and relationship science to identify a well-defined bonding context for human romantic relationships. We then paired these behaviors and subjective psychological responses with a measure of naturally circulating oxytocin. In 129 romantically involved adults whose partner expressed gratitude to them in the lab, greater oxytocin over the prior 24 hr was associated with greater perceptions of the expresser’s responsiveness and gratitude, as well as greater experienced love, but not general affective reward. Moreover, in this one-time conversation, higher oxytocin acted like rose-colored glasses, attenuating the effect of a partner’s behaviorally coded expressive behavior on perceptions of the expresser’s responsiveness. These results justify future research on the role of oxytocin in psychological aspects of growth processes.
Health-related quality of life in children diagnosed with asthma, diabetes, juvenile chronic arthritis or short stature.

AIM 1) To assess the reliability and validity of the Swedish version of the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), 2) to determine the correlation between children's and parents' responses to the CHQ, and 3) to describe and compare responses to the CHQ of four diagnostic groups. METHODS A total of 199 Swedish children aged 9-16 with diagnoses of asthma (n = 53), diabetes (n = 48), short stature (n = 51) and juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA, n = 47) and their parents answered the CHQ and relevant validation instruments at a clinic check-up. Coefficient alphas were determined for all dimensions of the instrument, and all but four had acceptable to very good reliability (0.75-0.94). RESULTS Concerning construct validity, the CHQ correlated significantly with appropriate dimensions of the validation instruments. In general, there were significant correlations between the children's and parents' responses. Comparisons between the diagnostic groups showed several significant differences. The short stature group had the highest quality of life and the JCA group the lowest. There were no sex differences, but children who had not reached puberty scored better on the dimensions of mental health and self-esteem. CONCLUSION The Swedish version of the CHQ is a reliable and valid instrument. Furthermore, it is recommended to ask children themselves about their health-related quality of life.
Relics of Encounter: Rapport and Trust in the Early Portraits of the Aborigines of New South Wales

In 1793, the artist Thomas Watling wrote to his aunt in Scotland and described his unhappy experience of living in the colony of New South Wales. As a disgruntled convict, Watling was far from impressed with his new surroundings; little escaped his diatribe, from the dull landscape to the unfair policies of the Governor. While Watling’s words are cheerless and dismissive of the fledgling community at Sydney Cove, they still offer us tantalising insights into colonial life, particularly regarding the colonisers’ interactions with the local inhabitants. When Watling writes about the ‘hours’ that the ‘natives’ would sit with him and watch him work, he conjures up an intriguing scene of people from vastly different worlds sitting calmly together and observing each other. Watling noted that it is ‘no small compliment’ to the art of painting that it is found in different countries, observing that ‘several rocks round us have outr e figures engraven in them’. But such glimpses fuel further questions: Who were these Aborigines? Why were they so fascinated by Watling’s work? Could these moments of contact have changed the relationship between people who were of such different cultural backgrounds? This article analyses the portraits of Aborigines produced by artists working in Australia during the first two decades of the European settlement of New South Wales, concentrating on the period from 1788 through to the start of the nineteenth century. The images are examined in relation to European colonisation and Enlightenment thinking, as well as via an attempt to gauge the perspective of the sitters. The study is limited to portraits (as opposed representations of a ‘type’, or unnamed, anonymous, generic figures), because portraits inherently involve negotiation between the artist and sitter, and the nature of this exchange is the focus of this study. The portrait is analysed as a relic of encounter, an object that has survived historical vagaries and is the product of a particular meeting at a particular time. A portrait arguably captures a more
Cytological findings of mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma in the lung

Pulmonary mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma is an extremely rare neoplasm. This is the first cytological report of such a rare neoplasm. A 59‐year‐old Japanese man was admitted to the hospital complaining of a persistent cough and bloody sputum. A bronchial endoscopic examination revealed an endobronchial polypoid tumor. Upon bronchial brush cytology by Papanicolaou stain, squamous dysplasia showing mild atypia was suspected. The smears showed moderate cellularity with singly scattered cells or loose clusters of cells, consisting of squamous cells and a few columnar cells. Nuclei of the squamous cells showed mild atypia, but there was no nuclear atypia of the columnar cells. Upon intraoperative pathological examination by frozen section, pulmonary mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma was suspected. Intraoperative imprint cytology by Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain showed a few differences in comparison with bronchial brush cytology, which were thought to be due to differences in obtaining cytological specimens or the steps prior to the staining. The patient underwent a segmentectomy of the left lung. Histopathological diagnosis confirmed a mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma. The postoperative course has been uneventful for 5 years after surgery. It was thought that cytology was diagnostically inadequate on its own in the present case. However, mixed squamous cell and glandular papilloma must be considered as another type of pulmonary tumor in cytological preparations, especially in a case showing endobronchial papillary growth by bronchoscopy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010;38:913–917. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
" Radiation-induced genetic changes : potential implications of recent data "

Changing paradigms The last decade has seen the publication of numerous studies that have challenged some of the paradigms that underly much of our thinking about radiation genetics (reviewed by, eg [1]). Many of these studies have involved tandemly repeated DNA loci (TRDLs) such as microsatellites and expanded simple tandem repeats (ESTRs), minisatellites, and gene duplications in mammalian genomes. Such data as exist indicate that the radiation sensitivity of these sequences for mutation (sequence change) as measured by the doubling dose is comparable to that of other radiation endpoints. However, because some of them have high rates of spontaneous instability, it means that they also have high rates of radiation-induced sequence change. There is also only limited evidence of dose dependence. These more recent data and their implications have been set out at length in a recent review by my colleagues and I [2]; detailed discussion may be found there and I shall here point out only one or two important conclusions.
Nosocomial bloodstream infections associated with Candida species in a Turkish University Hospital

In recent years, a progressive increase in the frequency of nosocomial candidaemia has been observed, especially among the critically ill or immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend in incidence of candidaemia together with potential risk factors in an 850‐bed Turkish Tertiary Care Hospital in a 4‐year period. A total of 104 candidaemia episodes were identified in 104 patients. The overall incidence was 0.56 per 1000 hospital admissions and the increase in incidence of candidaemia from 2000 to 2003 was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.010). Candida albicans was the most common species (57.7%) and non‐albicans species accounted for 42.3% of all episodes. The most common non‐albicans Candida sp. isolated was C. tropicalis (20.2%) followed by C. parapsilosis (12.5%). The most frequent risk factors possibly associated with the candidaemia were previous antibiotic treatment (76.9%), presence of central venous catheter (71.2%) and total parenteral nutrition (55.8%). Our results show the fact that the incidence of candidaemia caused by non‐albicans species is frequent and increasing significantly, although the most common isolated Candida species were C. albicans and further investigations are necessary to evaluate the mechanisms of increasing incidence of candidaemia caused by non‐albicans species.
Bacterial translocation after thermal injury

ObjectivesTo review the mechanisms responsible for bacterial translocation after thermal injury. Areas investigated were the rate of bacterial translocation, blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract, potential of reversibility of mesenteric vasoconstriction, specific vasomediators responsible for postburn mesenteric vasoconstriction, potential reversal of gut mucosal atrophy with decreased translocation, and evidence of gut mucosal damage after thermal injury. DesignUsing three different animal models consisting of rats, sheep, and minipigs, the objectives were defined. Using the sheep model, the relationship of decreased mesenteric blood flow after thermalinjury was defined along with rates of translocation, and the potential reversibility of the postburn mesenteric vasoconstriction and its effect on translocation. The effect of smoke inhalation and the combination of thermal injury and inhalation injury on rates of translocation are explained. Using minipigs, the role that thromboxane A2 plays on the postburn mesenteric vasoconstriction was defined by blocking thromboxane A2 synthesis with OKY046, a specific thromboxane synthetase inhibitor. Evidence of gut mucosal injury was determined using ornithine decarboxylase as an indicator of gut mucosal damage and subsequent repair in the minipig model. The rat model was used to demonstrate gut mucosal atrophy after thermal injury and the potential for reversal of atrophy with the use of bombesin, a specific gut mucosal growth stimulator. ResultsAfter thermal injury, there were significant decreases in mesenteric blood flow. There was also an increase in bacterial translocation. Selective infusion of nitroprusside into the cephalic mesenteric artery prevented the postburn mesenteric vasoconstriction and attenuated bacterial translocation. Smoke inhalation and smoke inhalation with thermal injury resulted in mesenteric vasoconstriction and increased rates of bacterial translocation. OKY046 infusion prevented the postburn increase in mesenteric vascular resistance. There were increased concentrations of ornithine decarboxylase within the colonic mucosa, indicating a previous injury and the presence of ongoing repair. Likewise, there was gut mucosal atrophy after thermal injury with bacterial translocation. Treating with bombesin attenuates the postburn mucosal atrophy and prevents bacterial translocation. ConclusionsThermal injury is associated with mesenteric vasoconstriction. This postburn mesenteric vasoconstriction results in damage to gut mucosa and allows for increases in bacterial translocation. The postburn mesenteric ischemia can be ameliorated with nitroprusside infusion, thus preventing translocation. Thromboxane A2 appears to be a major mediator of the postburn decrease in mesenteric blood flow. Likewise, prevention of postburn gut mucosal atrophy with bombesin attenuates bacterial translocation. (Crit Care Med 1993; 21:S50-S54)
Thorax Injury Lowers Resistance to Infection in Drosophila melanogaster

ABSTRACT The route of infection can profoundly affect both the progression and outcome of disease. We investigated differences in Drosophila melanogaster defense against infection after bacterial inoculation into two sites—the abdomen and the thorax. Thorax inoculation results in increased bacterial proliferation and causes high mortality within the first few days of infection. In contrast, abdomen inoculation results in minimal mortality and lower bacterial loads than thorax inoculation. Inoculation into either site causes systemic infection. Differences in mortality and bacterial load are due to injury of the thorax and can be recapitulated by abdominal inoculation coupled with aseptic wounding of the thorax. This altered resistance appears to be independent of classical immune pathways and opens new avenues of research on the role of injury during defense against infection.
Evaluation of accuracy in activity calculations for the conjugate view method from Monte Carlo simulated scintillation camera images using experimental data in an anthropomorphic phantom.

UNLABELLED Activity determination from scintillation camera images using the conjugate view method may be inaccurate because of variation in scattered radiation from adjacent organs and activity from overlapping tissues. The aim of this study was to simulate patient scintillation camera images and from these evaluate the accuracy of 2 correction methods. The contribution from overlapping tissue activity was also calculated for some organs. METHODS Biokinetic data for (99m)Tc-sestamibi obtained in rats was used as input to simulate scintillation camera images with a voxel-based computer phantom using the Monte Carlo method. The organ activity was calculated using the conjugate view method with either the effective attenuation coefficient method or scatter correction using the triple-energy window (TEW) method combined with attenuation correction with a transmission factor image. Images were simulated with activity in organs one by one to evaluate the accuracy of the 2 correction methods and to evaluate the activity contribution from activity in adjacent or overlapping tissues. To allow comparison with the clinical situation, the total activity distribution from the animal study was used to simulate scintillation camera images at different points in time and the calculated activity was compared with both the input data and some patient data from the literature. RESULTS The combination of scatter and attenuation correction gave the most accurate calculated activity, +/-10% of the true activity from the images with activity in one organ at a time. In the images similar to the clinical situation, the kidney activity was overestimated up to a factor of 34, mainly because of excretion of activity through the intestines. CONCLUSION The scatter correction using the TEW method in combination with attenuation correction with the measured transmission factor resulted in the most accurate activity determination of the methods used. This study also shows that organ activity data calculated from scintillation camera images may be overestimated by >90% because of activity in overlapping tissues.
A note on testing the Hardy‐Weinberg law across strata

The problem of testing the Hardy‐Weinberg law when the data are stratified in K strata is considered. Previous methods lose power when the departure from the law is irregular from stratum to stratum. Two methods based on the squared distance are proposed to overcome this problem. Simulations show that the new methods can have a dramatic improvement over the previous methods. The methods are applied to red cell glyoxalase genotype data from populations in India.
Development and nutrient metabolism of embryos from two modern broiler strains.

A progressive selection for broiler live and processing performance traits has changed broiler growth patterns during the post hatch period. However, limited information is available to understand whether changes have also occurred during the embryonic stages. This study aims to examine influences of broiler strain on nutrient availability, embryonic development, and nutrient metabolism during incubation. Hatching eggs of Ross 308 and Cobb 500 fast feathering were selected from breeder flocks aged 43 to 46 weeks at an egg weight range of 60 to 63 g. Eggs were obtained in 2 batches, 120 eggs per strain per batch. For each batch, 20 eggs per strain were used to determine egg composition and nutrient availability. The remaining eggs were incubated separately in one of 2 climate respiration chambers at an eggshell temperature of 37.8°C. The results showed that Ross 308 eggs had a higher yolk:albumen ratio with 0.9 g more yolk and 0.7 g less albumen than Cobb 500. Albumen + yolk of Ross 308 eggs had a higher dry matter (Δ = 0.24 g) and crude fat (Δ = 0.23 g) than that of Cobb 500 eggs, but a similar amount of crude protein. Albumen and yolk of Ross 308 eggs had a higher energy content (Δ = 8.9 kJ) compared to Cobb 500 eggs. At 3 h after hatch, Ross 308 chicks were 0.2 cm longer and had a 0.6 g heavier yolk free body mass (YFBM) than Cobb 500 chicks. During incubation, Ross 308 embryos used 13.9 kJ more energy than Cobb 500, and the efficiency of converting energy used to YFBM (EYFB) was approximately 7.6% lower compared to Cobb 500. Ross 308 chicks hatched approximately 4 h later and had less hepatic glycogen (Δ = 5 mg) than Cobb 500 chicks. It can be concluded that, Cobb 500 and Ross 308 differ in egg nutrient availability and have different trajectories for embryonic development and nutrient metabolism during incubation.
Secular and Seasonal Trends in Obesity in Chilean Preschool Children, 1996–2004

Objectives: Chile is a unique example of the nutrition transition, with improvements in undernutrition and subsequent rapid increases in obesity occurring at a rate much faster than in other countries. This study aims to describe the cross-sectional obesity trends in Chilean preschool children from 1996 to 2004. Materials and Methods: Anthropometric measurements from preschool children (ages 2–5) registered in the Junta Nacional de Jardines Infantiles program from 1996 to 2004 were analysed. The weight-for-height z score using the World Health Organization 1977/1985 reference curves for age, sex, height, and weight were defined to estimate overweight and obesity. The overall trends in obesity were described for each study year and generalized estimating equation models were used to describe trends in obesity after adjusting for the correlated nature of repeated measurements in individual children in consecutive years. Results: The prevalence of obese and overweight children has remained constant in both boys and girls during the past 9 years; however, after adjustment for repeated measurements in individual children, the odds of obesity increased by 30% each year (odds ratio [OR] 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27–1.31, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the odds of obesity were significantly greater in both August and November compared with March. Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity in Chilean preschool children continues to be a major public health concern, and cross-sectional trends may underestimate the magnitude of the problem.
Gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs

Abstract Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) is a disease in which there is gross distension of the stomach with fluid or gas and gastric malpositioning. It causes pathology of multiple organ systems and is rapidly fatal. It is common in large- and giant-breed dogs. The disease appears to have a familial predisposition. Thoracic depth/width ratio also appears to predispose dogs to GDV. Implicated dietary factors include dietary particle size, frequency of feeding, speed of eating, aerophagia and an elevated feed bowl. A fearful temperament and stressful events may also predispose dogs to GDV. Abdominal distension, non-productive retching, restlessness, signs of shock, tachypnoea and dyspnoea are possible clinical signs. Initial treatment includes treatment of shock and gastric decompression. Surgical treatment should be performed promptly. There are no studies comparing the use of different anaesthetic agents in the anaesthetic management of GDV. Pre-medication with an opioid/benzodiazepine combination has been recommended. Induction agents that cause minimal cardiovascular changes such as opioids, neuroactive steroidal agents and etomidate are recommended. Anaesthesia should be maintained with an inhalational agent. Surgical therapy involves decompression, correction of gastric malpositioning, debridement of necrotic tissue, and gastropexy. Options for gastropexy include incisional, tube, circumcostal, belt-loop, incorporating, and laparoscopic gastropexy. Expected mortality with surgical therapy is 15–24%. Prognostic factors include mental status on presentation, presence of gastric necrosis, presence of cardiac arrhythmia and plasma lactate levels. Prophylactic gastropexy should be considered in dogs identified as being at high risk.