Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differences in Labour Market Outcomes between Natives, Refugees and Other Migrants in the UK

Using 2010–2017 data we compare the labour market outcomes of refugees (those who migrated to seek asylum), natives (UK-born) and other migrants in the UK (work, study and family migrants). The results indicate that refugees are less likely to be employed and earn less than natives and other migrants. The evidence suggests that differences in health status (particularly mental health) may be one of the factors that partly explain these gaps. Employment growth of refugees between 2010 and 2016 was significantly higher than that of other migrants, but this was not the case for earnings.
Simvastatin attenuates pulmonary vascular remodelling by down-regulating matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -9 expression in a carotid artery-jugular vein shunt pulmonary hypertension model in rats.

OBJECTIVES It remains controversial as to whether simvastatin has a beneficial effect on pulmonary artery hypertension. This study aimed to explore the efficacy of simvastatin on haemodynamic changes, pulmonary vascular remodelling and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -9 (MMP-1,9) in a carotid artery-jugular vein (CA-JV) shunt pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) model in rats. METHODS Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: Control group, CA-JV group, and Treatment group. A pre-tricuspid systemic-pulmonary shunt from the left common carotid artery to the external jugular vein was established on the CA-JV and Treatment groups, but only ligations of both vessels were performed in Control group. Simvastatin (4 mg/kg/d) was administered to the Treatment group, and placebo to the CA-JV group. Twelve weeks later, the animals underwent a haemodynamic evaluation, followed by pulmonary tissue sampling for morphometry, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. RESULTS By week 12, rats in the CA-JV group had higher right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), medial area/total area (MA/TA) and percentage of fibrous tissue (F%) than those in the Control group. These changes were associated with up-regulation of MMP-1,9 mRNA and increased expression of MMP-1,9 proteins. Pretreatment with simvastatin decreased the shunt-induced RVSP, MA/TA and F% in pulmonary arteries. In addition, lung MMP-1,9 mRNA and proteins levels decreased toward normal levels in simvastatin-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS Simvastatin ameliorated the structural and functional derangements of pulmonary arterioles caused by the CA-JV shunt, partly associated with the suppression of up-regulated MMP-1, as well as MMP-9. Simvastatin may play a role in the treatment of systemic-pulmonary shunt-induced PAH diseases, such as congenital heart disease.
Prevalence of Mutations in the Insulin Receptor Gene in Subjects With Features of the Type A Syndrome of Insulin Resistance

Mutations of the insulin receptor gene are a cause of the type A syndrome of extreme insulin resistance. This study assessed the prevalence of such mutations in women with clinical features of the type A syndrome including ovarian hyperandrogenism, moderate-to-severe degrees of insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans. We studied 22 unrelated women with insulin resistance (fasting insulin >300 pM [50 μU/ml] and/or peak during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) > 1,800 pM [300 μU/ml]), acanthosis nigricans, and the polycystic ovary syndrome (hyperandrogenemia, oligoamenorrhea, and hirsutism). Two insulin-resistant probands with congenital generalized lipodystrophy and one male proband with severe insulin resistance also were included in the study. Southern blotting experiments were performed to exclude gross gene deletions, insertions, or rearrangements. Exons 2–22 of the insulin receptor gene were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified from genomic DNA and screened for nucleotide variation using single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). No nucleotide variation between study subjects was detected in exons 4–6, 10–12, 15, 16, 18, 19, or 21. Sequencing of amplified DNA revealed that SSCP variants in exons 2, 3, 8, 9, and 17 corresponded to known silent polymorphisms within the coding region. Variants in exons 2, 9, 13, and 14 were caused by novel silent polymorphisms; variants in exons 7 and 22 were caused by nucleotide substitutions in flanking introns. One proband was found to have a heterozygous point mutation in exon 20 (CGG→CAG, Arg1174→Gln) that involves the intracellular receptor β-subunit. Gin1174 is a novel mutant of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase domain and is a likely cause of dominantly inherited insulin resistance. The mutation was present in an affected sister but was absent in the unaffected mother and 64 normal alleles. Two paternal aunts also are reportedly affected. The results of this study suggest that mutations at the insulin receptor locus are uncommon in insulin-resistant women with acanthosis nigricans and ovarian hyperandrogenism.
The compatibility of child care with market and nonmarket activities: preliminary evidence from Malaysia.

Time budget data from the Malaysian Family Life Survey were used to investigate household demand for time to be devoted to housework intrahousehold allocation of time to these activities and the compatibility of these activities and various market activities with child care. These data provide an opportunity to examine this last topic for they indicate whether childred of various ages accompany the mother when she performs market and out-of-market home nonmarket tasks. The Becker model of time allocation within the household that is the basis for this research is briefly sketched. The household is viewed as consuming "commodities" such as meals or clean clothes that its members produce by contributing their time inputs with market goods. Household members can either devote their time to this type of nonmarket production or they can sell their time on the labor market and earn a wage. The budget questionnaire of the Malaysian Family Life Survey was administered to ever-married women under 50 years old and elicited information on their time use in the 4-month period preceding the interview. Agricultural activities appeared to be less compatible with child care than sales or production occupations. In nearly 1/3 of the sales and production jobs filled by women with children aged 10 years or under the women had (some of) these childred with then when they worked. This was also true of 16% of the jobs in agriculture filled by such women and 14% of the service positions. Mothers of childred aged 2-5 years were more likely to be accompanied by (some of) their childred when performing market and out-of-home nonmarket activities than were mothers of older or younger children. Women who took their children with then generally spent less time in market activities and more time in nonmarket activities compared with women with similarly aged children who did not bring their children. Women worked slightly less in the home and husbands childred and others (including nonhousehold members) helped more with household chores the more hours the wife worked outside the home. In absolute terms child care was the activity that lost most of the mothers time when she increased the number of hours worked outside her home. The effect was small and since the amount of time devoted to other household activities was only slight reduced it appears that when they work mothers primarily reduce their leisure time rather than the time spent for child care or home production. Household size and age composition were the most important determinats of the number of hours that the household as a whole spent in nonmarket production. The number of hours that the wife devoted to nonmarket production was generally positively related to family size.
Men's and women's pathways to adulthood and associated substance misuse.

OBJECTIVE Social role transitions have been linked to changes in substance use and misuse during young adulthood. This study examined how commonly observed pathways to adulthood, defined by education, employment, marriage, and parenthood, were associated with alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana misuse from ages 18 to 33. METHOD Data came from a longitudinal panel of 412 men and 396 women recruited when they were in fifth grade in Seattle public schools in 1985. Participants were followed through age 33 in 2008, with 92% retention. RESULTS Young adults who had little postsecondary education and remained unmarried through age 30 generally had the highest rates of substance misuse. Those who were involved in postsecondary education and postponed family formation had the lowest rates, particularly with respect to daily smoking and nicotine dependence. Parenting during the young adult years was associated with lower rates of substance misuse for both men and women. However, taking on parenting responsibilities early, during the late teen years and early 20s (observed mostly for women), was associated with higher rates of tobacco misuse. Differences in substance misuse by pathways to adulthood were fairly constant across the young adulthood years and were already observed at age 18, suggesting that substance misuse patterns are established early. CONCLUSIONS Young adults may change their substance use only partially in response to new freedoms and responsibilities in young adulthood. Preventive efforts should include a focus on early initiation of substance use and educational experiences that move people into life trajectories and associated substance misuse patterns.
Analysis of skeletal dysplasias in the Utah population

The Utah Birth Defect Network (UBDN) collects population‐based data for Utah on births from all resident women. The prevalence of skeletal dysplasias and epidemiologic characteristics/outcomes were evaluated. Cases categorized as a skeletal dysplasia from all live births, stillbirths, and pregnancy terminations (TAB) between 1999 and 2008 were reviewed by three clinical geneticists. After case review, 153 were included for analysis (88% live births, 3% stillborn, 9% TAB), and categorized by groupings defined by molecular, biochemical, and/or radiographic criteria as outlined in the 2010 Nosology and Classification of Genetic Skeletal Disorders. The overall prevalence for skeletal dysplasias was 3.0 per 10,000 births, and 20.0 per 10,000 stillbirths. The most common diagnostic groups were osteogenesis imperfecta (OI; n = 40; 0.79 per 10,000), thanatophoric dysplasia (n = 22; 0.43 per 10,000), achondroplasia (n = 18; 0.35 per 10,000), and cleidocranial dysplasia (n = 6; 0.12 per 10,000). The most common groups based on the 2010 Nosology and Classification of Genetic Skeletal Disorders were the FGFR3 chondrodysplasia group (n = 41; 0.81 per 10,000), the OI/decreased bone density group (n = 40; 0.79 per 10,000), and the type 2 collagen group (n = 10; 0.2 per 10,000). Median age of postnatal diagnosis was 30 days (range 1–2,162). Of those deceased, 88% were prenatally suspected; of those alive 29% prenatally suspected. Median age of death for live born individuals was 1 day (range 1–1,450 days). Previously reported prevalence rates vary, but our data provide a population‐based approach not limited to the perinatal/neonatal period. Understanding the range for survival within each group/diagnosis is beneficial for health care providers when counseling families. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Superior estimation abilities in two autistic spectrum children

Anecdotal reports of superior estimation abilities in autistic individuals (e.g., Sacks, 1985) have never been confirmed empirically. We present here case studies of 2 children with autistic spectrum diagnoses and report remarkable abilities in estimation for several quantifiable dimensions. K.T. and G.T. were tested at 9 years of age for estimation of rank, numerosity, time, weight, length, surface, distance, and precise enumeration for small numbers. Their performances were compared to those of 6 age- and IQ- matched comparison children. K.T. demonstrated a superior level of performance in estimating rank (e.g., which set has larger numerosity? ) but his performance in other tasks was average. G.T. displayed outstanding performance in estimating numerosity, time, weight, surface, length, and distance, with average performance in other tasks. These results show that certain autistic spectrum individuals may develop superior and highly specialized abilities in estimation. We discuss these findings in relation to the role of “veridical mapping” in the development of special ability (Mottron, Dawson, & Soulières, 2009; Mottron, Dawson, Soulieres, Hubert, & Burack, 2006a). Veridical mapping is the detection of isomorphism within a code, between two codes, or between one code and isomorphic elements of the world. Within this framework, it is proposed that estimation abilities, like absolute pitch, rely on the ability to map a verbal code with a specific magnitude of a psychophysical dimension.
Purification of octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside and re-estimation of its micellar size.

The commercial non-ionic detergent octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside is often contaminated by significant amounts of UV absorbing and/or ionic compounds that can associate with membrane proteins. Such impurities can be monitored by several techniques (i.e., spectrophotometry, size exclusion chromatography, and pH, conductivity, and surface tension measurements) and can be removed using mixed-bed ion exchange chromatography. High performance size exclusion chromatography, dynamic light scattering, and ultracentrifugation have been used to re-estimate the size of micelles of octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside since previously published data varied over a wide range. Aggregation numbers were 27 to 100 for micellar molecular weights 8000 to 29,000. Direct physical methods that do not perturbate the sample indicated a large size for the micelles (hydrodynamic radius 23 +/- 3 A; Mr 22,000 +/- 3000; aggregation number 75 +/- 10 for a 34 mM aqueous solution). In contrast the chromatographic micellar size appeared to be smaller (hydrodynamic radius 15 +/- 1 A; Mr 8000 +/- 1000; aggregation number 27). This underestimation may be the result of adsorption and/or alteration of the micelles.
Effects of borrowing costs, firm size, and characteristics of board of directors on earnings management types: a study at Borsa Istanbul*

Abstract Using data for firms at Borsa Istanbul in Turkey, this study determines how borrowing costs, firm size, and board size and independency affect choice of earnings management (EM) type (efficient or opportunistic), in an attempt to expand the somewhat limited EM literature. The results of the ordinary least squares hypothesis testing show that the firms practice efficient EM, and that highly leveraged firms and those with a high proportion of independent non-executive board members use EM less than those with a low proportion, while large firms and those with large boards use EM more than those with small boards do.
Early Cognitive Outcome After Neonatal Stroke

The purpose of this study was to assess the cognitive development of 27 children with nonhemorrhagic neonatal stroke (occurring within the first 28 days of life). The cognitive evaluation consisted of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, administered at 12 and/or 24 months poststroke. Compared with the normative sample, children with neonatal stroke obtained significantly lower scores on the Bayley Psychomotor Development Index at 12 months poststroke and on the Bayley Mental and Psychomotor Development Indices at 24 months poststroke. Outcome did not differ based on stroke type or laterality of infarct. However, there was a trend toward higher scores on the Bayley Psychomotor Development Index at 24 months in the left hemisphere group compared to the right hemisphere group. Overall, children with neonatal stroke evidenced significant impairment within the first 2 years poststroke. Further research is required to confirm whether cognitive impairments in these children resolve, remain in the low-average range, or increase with development as more complex skills are learned.
Measuring the urban competitiveness of Chinese cities based on multi-attribute decision making approach

Previous studies have measured urban competitiveness mainly from the perspective of cities' engine growth. Besides the cities' engine growth, this paper also emphasises cities' development resistance, city interactions and environment conditions, and establishes a four-level indicator system for evaluating urban competitiveness. Given that results of urban competitiveness by a single method may not be objective and comprehensive owing to the oneside view, this paper develops an integrated approach, which combines five evaluation methods and seven validity coefficients. The urban competitiveness of ten cities in Yangtze River Delta of China has been measured by the integrated approach. The ranking results indicate that during the period 2006-2009, Suzhou ranked the top among ten cities. Nanjing and Hangzhou held the second and third positions, respectively. Wuxi, Changzhou and Ningbo followed in the middle. Shaoxing, Zhoushan, Huzhou and Taizhou ranked low. Finally, some suggestions for enhancing urban competitiveness of ten cities are recommended.
Underreporting of Secondary Endpoints in Randomized Trials: Cross-sectional, Observational Study

Objective: To determine if underreporting of secondary endpoints in randomized controlled trials occurs, using surgical site infection (SSI) as an example. Background: SSI is a commonly measured endpoint in surgical trials and can act as a proxy marker for primary and secondary endpoint assessments across trials in a range of medical specialties. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study of randomized trials including patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery published in a representative selection of general medical and general surgical journals. Studies were included if SSI assessment was a prespecified endpoint. Adjusted binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with a high rate of SSI detection (≥10%). Results: From 216 trials including 45,633 patients, the pooled SSI rate was 7.7% (3519/45,633), which was significantly higher when assessed as a primary endpoint (12.6%, 1993/15,861, 49 studies) vs as a secondary endpoint (5.1%, 1526/29,772, 167 studies, P < 0.001). When assessed as a secondary outcome, standardized definitions and formal clinical reviews were used significantly less often. When adjusted for surgical contamination and methodological confounders, secondary assessment was associated with reduced SSI detection compared with primary assessment (adjusted odds ratio 0.24, 95% confidence interval 0.08–0.69, P = 0.008). Conclusions: Secondary endpoint assessment of SSI in randomized trials was associated with significantly reduced rigor and subsequent detection rates compared with assessment as a primary endpoint. Trial investigators should ensure that primary and secondary endpoint assessments are equally robust. PRISMA guidelines should be updated to promote the conduct of meta-analysis based only on primary outcomes from randomized controlled trials.
Developmental changes in the germinability, desiccation tolerance, hardseededness, and longevity of individual seeds of Trifolium ambiguum.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Using two parental clones of outcrossing Trifolium ambiguum as a potential model system, we examined how during seed development the maternal parent, number of seeds per pod, seed position within the pod, and pod position within the inflorescence influenced individual seed fresh weight, dry weight, water content, germinability, desiccation tolerance, hardseededness, and subsequent longevity of individual seeds. METHODS Near simultaneous, manual reciprocal crosses were carried out between clonal lines for two experiments. Infructescences were harvested at intervals during seed development. Each individual seed was weighed and then used to determine dry weight or one of the physiological behaviour traits. KEY RESULTS Whilst population mass maturity was reached at 33-36 days after pollination (DAP), seed-to-seed variation in maximum seed dry weight, when it was achieved, and when maturation drying commenced, was considerable. Individual seeds acquired germinability between 14 and 44 DAP, desiccation tolerance between 30 and 40 DAP, and the capability to become hardseeded between 30 and 47 DAP. The time for viability to fall to 50 % (p(50)) at 60 % relative humidity and 45 degrees C increased between 36 and 56 DAP, when the seed coats of most individuals had become dark orange, but declined thereafter. Individual seed f. wt at harvest did not correlate with air-dry storage survival period. Analysing survival data for cohorts of seeds reduced the standard deviation of the normal distribution of seed deaths in time, but no sub-population showed complete uniformity of survival period. CONCLUSIONS Variation in individual seed behaviours within a developing population is inherent and inevitable. In this outbreeder, there is significant variation in seed longevity which appears dependent on embryo genotype with little effect of maternal genotype or architectural factors.
Very low lead exposures and children's neurodevelopment

Purpose of review We remain far from achieving the goal of eliminating lead-associated neurodevelopmental morbidities in children. New evidence regarding the blood lead levels at which morbidities occur have led to calls for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to reduce the current screening guideline of 10 μg/dl. The review evaluates the basis for these calls. Recent findings Adverse outcomes, such as reduced intelligence quotient and academic deficits, occur at levels below 10 μg/dl. Some studies suggest that the rate of decline in performance is greater at levels below 10 μg/dl than above 10 μg/dl, although a plausible mechanism has not been identified. Increased exposure is also associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and antisocial behavior. Functional imaging studies are beginning to provide insight into the neural substrate of lead's neurodevelopmental effects. Current protocols for chelation therapy appear ineffective in preventing such effects, although environmental enrichment might do so. Summary No level of lead exposure appears to be ‘safe’ and even the current ‘low’ levels of exposure in children are associated with neurodevelopmental deficits. Primary prevention of exposure provides the best hope of mitigating the impact of this preventable disease.
Cellular adaptation to nutrient deprivation: crosstalk between the mTORC1 and eIF2α signaling pathways and implications for autophagy

The hostile tumor microenvironment results in the generation of intracellular stresses including hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. In order to adapt to such conditions, the cell utilizes several stress-response mechanisms, including the attenuation of protein synthesis, the inhibition of cellular proliferation, and induction of autophagy. Autophagy leads to the degradation of cellular contents, including damaged organelles and mutant proteins, which the cell can then use as an alternate energy source. Two integral changes to the signaling milieu to promote such a response include inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and phosphorylation of eIF2α. This review will describe how conditions found in the tumor microenvironment regulate mTORC1 as well as eIF2α, the downstream impact of these modifications, and the implications in tumorigenesis. We will then discuss the remarkable similarities and overlapping function of these 2 signaling pathways, focusing on the response to amino acid deprivation, and present a new model involving crosstalk between them based on our recent work.