Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential representation of Pavlovian–instrumental transfer by prefrontal cortex subregions and striatum

Environmental cues that once predicted reward can restore extinguished behavior directed toward that reward. This process may be modeled by the Pavlovian–instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigm where a previously learned Pavlovian conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits a representation of the reward associated with that CS, prompts motivation toward the absent reward, and triggers an instrumental action. We recorded in the medial and orbital prefrontal cortex (mPFC and OFC) and dorsal striatum (DS) of freely moving rats during PIT and found that a Pavlovian CS, as compared with neutral or no stimuli, amplified the phasic neuronal responses to instrumental nosepokes (‘transfer’ event). In mPFC and OFC, but not the DS, representation of the transfer event correlated with the strength of PIT behavior. Neurons in all three regions showed CS‐selective amplification of Pavlovian approaches toward the reward delivery site. Whereas striatal neurons represented transfer and approach behavior through mostly segregated neuronal subsets, overlapping subsets represented these events in the mPFC and OFC. These findings suggest that parallel phasic activation of mPFC and OFC neuronal subsets participates in the transfer from Pavlovian incentives to instrumental actions.
Repeated Administration of High-Dose Intermittent Rifapentine Reduces Rifapentine and Moxifloxacin Plasma Concentrations

ABSTRACT Moxifloxacin- and rifapentine-based regimens are under investigation for the treatment of tuberculosis. However, rifapentine may induce enzymes that metabolize moxifloxacin, resulting in decreased moxifloxacin concentrations. In this phase I, two-period, sequential-design study, 13 subjects received 400 mg moxifloxacin daily for 4 days followed by daily moxifloxacin coadministered with 900 mg rifapentine thrice weekly. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed after the 4th and 19th doses of moxifloxacin and after the 1st and 7th doses of rifapentine. For moxifloxacin, the mean area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24) decreased by 17.2% (P = 0.0006) when the drug was coadministered with rifapentine, and the mean half-life (t1/2) decreased from 11.1 to 8.9 h (P = 0.0033). For rifapentine, the mean AUC0-48 after seven thrice-weekly doses decreased by 20.3% (P = 0.0035) compared to the AUC0-48 after the first dose, and the mean t1/2 decreased from 18.5 to 14.8 h (P = 0.0004). The AUC0-48 for the 25-desacetyl-rifapentine metabolite diminished 21%. Two days after completing the study drugs, one subject developed a fever and hepatitis, and another developed a flu-like illness with a rash. In conclusion, rifapentine modestly reduced moxifloxacin concentrations. Changes consistent with rifapentine autoinduction of metabolism were seen. Adverse reactions in two subjects may have represented rifamycin hypersensitivity syndrome, although some features were atypical.
Coronary plaque erosion without rupture into a lipid core. A frequent cause of coronary thrombosis in sudden coronary death.

BACKGROUND Coronary thrombosis has been reported to occur most frequently in lipid-rich plaques with rupture of a thin fibrous cap and contact of the thrombus with a pool of extracellular lipid. However, the frequency of coronary artery thrombosis with or without fibrous cap rupture in sudden coronary death is unknown. In this study, we compared the incidence and morphological characteristics of coronary thrombosis associated with plaque rupture versus thrombosis in eroded plaques without rupture. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty consecutive cases of sudden death due to coronary artery thrombosis were studied by histology and immunohistochemistry. Plaque rupture of a fibrous cap with communication of the thrombus with a lipid pool was identified in 28 cases. Thrombi without rupture were present in 22 cases, all of which had superficial erosion of a proteoglycan-rich plaque. The mean age at death was 53 +/- 10 years in plaque rupture cases versus 44 +/- 7 years in eroded plaques without rupture (P < .02). In the plaque-rupture group, 5 of 28 (18%) were women versus 11 of 22 (50%) with eroded plaques (P = .03). The mean percent luminal area stenosis was 78 +/- 12% in plaque rupture and 70 +/- 11% in superficial erosion (P < .03). Plaque calcification was present in 69% of ruptures versus 23% of erosions (P < .002). In plaque ruptures, the fibrous cap was infiltrated by macrophages in 100% and T cells in 75% of cases compared with 50% (P < .0001) and 32% (P < .004), respectively, in superficial erosions. Clusters of smooth muscle cells adjacent to the thrombi were present in 95% of erosions versus 33% of ruptures (P < .0001). HLA-DR expression was more often seen in macrophages and T cells in ruptures (25 of 28 cases) compared with expression in macrophages in superficial erosion arteries (8 of 22 cases, P = .0002). CONCLUSIONS Erosion of proteoglycan-rich and smooth muscle cell-rich plaques lacking a superficial lipid core or plaque rupture is a frequent finding in sudden death due to coronary thrombosis, comprising 44% of cases in the present study. These lesions are more often seen in younger individuals and women, have less luminal narrowing and less calcification, and less often have foci of macrophages and T cells compared with plaque ruptures.
Production of reactive oxygen species by spermatozoa undergoing cooling, freezing, and thawing

In the present study, we provide evidence for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cryopreservation of bovine spermatozoa. Cooling and thawing of spermatozoa cause an increase in the generation of superoxide radicals. Although nitric oxide production remains unaltered during sperm cooling from 22–4°C, a sudden burst of nitric oxide radicals is observed during thawing. Increase in lipid peroxidation levels have been observed in frozen/thawed spermatozoa and appears to be associated with a reduction in sperm membrane fluidity as detected by spin labeling studies. The data presented provide strong evidence that oxygen free radicals are produced during freezing and thawing of bovine spermatozoa and suggest that these reactive oxygen species may be a cause for the decrease in sperm function following cryopreservation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59: 451–458, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Return to Duty and Disability After Combat-Related Hindfoot Injury

Objectives: To characterize the return-to-duty (RTD) rates and disability outcomes for soldiers who sustained combat-related hindfoot injuries that were treated with either reconstruction or transtibial amputation (TTA). Design: Retrospective cohort series. Setting: Tertiary trauma center. Patients/Participants: All patients treated for combat-related hindfoot injuries between May 2005 and July 2011. Intervention: TTA or hindfoot reconstruction/ankle fusion. Main Outcome Measurements: Age, RTD rate, combined disability, and associated disabling conditions. Results: One hundred twenty-two patients underwent treatment for combat-related hindfoot injuries. Fifty-seven patients were treated with amputation, and 65 patients were treated with hindfoot reconstruction or ankle fusion. The overall RTD rate was 20%. Amputees had a RTD rate of 12%, which was lower than those who had a fusion or hindfoot repair [26% (P < 0.06)]. The disability ratings of amputees were significantly higher than those patients undergoing either ankle fusion or primary hindfoot repair [75% and 62%, respectively (P < 0.006)]. Discussion: While RTD rates were higher for hindfoot reconstruction or ankle fusion compared with TTA, psychiatric conditions were more common among these patients. Although there were clear differences between both groups, the relationship between true functional outcomes and disability ratings remains unclear and both treatment groups seem to do poorly in terms of returning to active duty. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The diagnostic value of routine antenatal ultrasound in screening for congenital uropathies

Abstract Background: Antenatal hydronephrosis (ANH) is characteristic for congenital obstructive abnormalities of the urinary tract (COAUT). COAUT is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTI’s) in newborns. The prognosis of mild to moderate ANH is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of antenatal ultrasound screening for ANH in order to inform patients correctly. Methods: A retrospective cohort study over the period 2009–2011, evaluating all structural ultrasounds and proven cases of ANH. Also, evaluation of all patients diagnosed with UTIs caused by COAUT in the same period. Results: About 7003 children underwent antenatal screening. Of them, 0.7% (n = 47) were diagnosed with ANH. In the same period, 257 children without ANH had a proven UTI. Of them, 4.3% (n = 11) were diagnosed with COAUT, which was not found during antenatal screening. The predictive value of the antenatal ultrasound was higher in the third trimester than the second trimester (sensitivity 0.97 versus 0.62, respectively). Conclusion: Antenatal ultrasound screening is a reliable method in diagnosing ANH. Third trimester scanning is more specific for diagnosing ANH than second trimester scanning. Our findings allow collaborating gynecologists and pediatricians to inform patients more accurately in the future after the antenatal detection of COAUT.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Acts as a Negative Regulator for Bacterium Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced Toll-like Receptor 2 Expression via an Src-dependent p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway*

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been shown to play important roles in regulating diverse biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, adhesion, and migration. Its role in regulating human Toll-like receptors (TLRs), key host defense receptors that recognize invading bacterial pathogens, however, remains unknown. Here we show for the first time that EGFR acts as a negative regulator for TLR2 induction by the bacterium nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) in vitro and in vivo. The negative regulation of TLR2 induction by EGFR is mediated via an Src-MKK3/6-p38 α/β MAP kinase-dependent mechanism. Moreover, direct activation of EGFR signaling by the bacterium NTHi-derived EGF-like factor appears to be responsible for triggering the downstream Src-MKK3/6-p38 MAPK signaling, which in turn leads to the negative regulation of TLR2 induction. Finally, exogenous EGF increases NTHi invasion of host epithelial cells, thereby demonstrating the biological significance of TLR2 regulation by EGFR signaling. The evidence we provided in the present study may suggest a novel strategy utilized by bacteria to attenuate host defensive and immune response by negatively regulating the expression of host defense receptor TLR2. These studies may bring new insight for fully understanding the important role of EGFR signaling in regulating host defense and immune response by tightly controlling TLR2 induction during bacterial infections.
Expression and regulation of the chemokine CXCL16 in Crohn's disease and models of intestinal inflammation

Background: CXCL16 mediates adhesion and phagocytosis of both Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria and is a strong chemoattractant for CXCR6+ T cells. In this study, we determined the so far unknown expression and signal transduction of the novel CXCL16–CXCR6 chemokine–ligand receptor system in intestinal inflammation in vivo and in vitro. Methods: CXCL16 mRNA was measured by quantitative PCR in human colonic biopsies of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) as well as in the TNF&Dgr;ARE mouse model of ileitis and in murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)–induced colitis. CXCL16 serum levels were analyzed by ELISA. CXCL16‐induced signal transduction was analyzed in intestinal epithelial cells with phospho‐specific antibodies for mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases and Akt. Results: We found an inverse expression pattern of CXCL16 and CXCR6, with highest CXCL16 mRNA expression in the proximal murine small intestine and the highest CXCR6 mRNA expression in the distal colon. CXCL16 and CXCR6 mRNA were expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC)–derived intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines. CRC‐expressed CXCR6 was functional, as demonstrated by CXCL16‐induced MAP kinase and Akt activation. Intestinal CXCL16 expression was elevated in the TNF&Dgr;ARE mouse model of ileitis and in MCMV‐induced colitis (P < 0.05) and in the sera and colons of patients with CD (P < 0.05), where its expression correlated highly with CXCR6 and IL‐8 levels (r = 0.85 and 0.89, respectively). Conclusions: CRC‐derived IECs express the functional CXCL16 receptor CXCR6. CXCL16 mRNA and protein expression is up‐regulated in intestinal inflammation in vitro and in CD patients, suggesting an important role for this chemokine in intestinal inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010
A dual-band planar monopole antenna for WLAN/Wi-Fi applications

This paper presents a planar monopole antenna with dual-band character for WLAN/Wi-Fi application. It can obtain the impedance bandwidths of 2.30–2.49 and 4.70–5.90 GHz with S11 less than −10 dB. The overall dimension of this antenna is 30 × 26mm 2. The antenna is printed on the substrate of FR4 with two “C”-shaped strips and a microstrip feed line on the front side and the ground plane on the flip side. As the resonant bands of this antenna are excited by different strips, the resonant frequency in different bands could be flexibly tuned with little effect on the other. The results between the experiment and the simulated ones are agree well, good impedance matching and good gain are obtained. Details of the analysis of them are discussed below.
Comparison of filler DNA at immune, nonimmune, and oncogenic rearrangements suggests multiple mechanisms of formation

Extra nucleotides (termed filler DNA) are commonly found at the junctions of genetic rearrangements in mammalian cells. The filler DNA at immune system rearrangements, which are called N regions, are generated at VDJ joints primarily by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. However, the origin of filler DNA at genetic rearrangements in nonlymphoid cells is uncertain. In an analysis of more than 200 junctions that arose by circularization of transfected linear DNA (D. B. Roth and J. H. Wilson, Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:4295-4304, 1986), we found 18 junctions with extra nucleotides exactly at the point of circularization. Analysis of these 18 junctions indicated that nonlymphoid cells could add extra nucleotides to the ends of duplex DNA. The characteristics of the extra nucleotides at these junctions and at 31 other rearrangement junctions from nonlymphoid cells were quite similar, suggesting that many genetic rearrangements may pass through a stage with free DNA ends. A comparison of the filler DNA at these 49 nonimmune system rearrangements with 97 N regions derived from immune system rearrangements suggested that lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells use different mechanisms for insertion of filler DNA, as expected from the absence of detectable terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in cells from nonlymphoid tissues. The filler DNAs at a smaller group of 22 translocations associated with cancer had features in common with both immune and nonimmune system rearrangements and therefore may represent a mixture of these two processes. Mechanisms that might account for the presence of filler DNA in nonlymphoid cells are discussed.
The externality cost of neighbourâ€™s at work: Social norm induced effects on well-being

This article tests for social-norm effects in labour market status. We extend previous research which has examined the relationship between aggregate unemployment and well-being as a mechanism for uncovering social-norm effects, by using a more spatially disaggregated (neighbourhood as opposed to regional) measure of unemployment. Our fixed effects regression results indicate that while unemployment hurts, it hurts much less when individuals live in neighbourhoods where the prevailing rate of unemployment is high. In keeping with the social-norm hypothesis, we also find that unemployment hurts less when individuals think of themselves as being similar to their neighbours.
Inhibitory effect of S-adenosylmethionine on the growth of human gastric cancer cells in vivo and in vitro.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), the most important methyl donor in human body, is generally used to treat cholestasis in clinic. In recent years, SAM has been found to have inhibitory effects on breast cancer, liver cancer and colon carcinoma. This study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of SAM on human gastric cancer cells in vivo and in vitro, and the antitumor mechanisms. METHODS The effects of SAM on the proliferation of gastric cancer SGC-7901 and MKN-45 cells were determined by MTT assay. After SGC-7901 and MKN-45 cells were treated with 0, 2, and 4 mmol/L SAM for 72 h, the expression and methylation of c-myc and urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Tumor xenografts were established by injecting SGC-7901 cells subcutaneously in BALB/c nude mice. The mice were randomized into low concentration group [192 µmol/(kg · day)], high concentration group [768 µmol/(kg · day)], and control group [normal saline (NS)], and received peritoneal injection of relative reagents for 15 days. The tumor size was measured, the protein and mRNA expression of c-myc and uPA were detected by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, and the methylation of c-myc and uPA genes was detected by MSP. RESULTS SAM inhibited the growth of SGC-7901 and MKN-45 cells obviously and the effects were enhanced with the increase of SAM concentration and treatment time. The mRNA expression of c-myc and uPA in SGC-7901 cells and that of uPA in MKN-45 cells significantly decreased. The c-myc and uPA genes in SGC-7901 cells and uPA gene in MKN-45 cells were partly or completely methylated after SAM treatment. The tumor volume was significantly lower in low concentration group [(618.51 ± 149.27) mm³] and high concentration group [(444.32 ± 118.51) mm³] than in control group [(1018.22 ± 223.07) mm³] (both P < 0.01). The inhibitory rates of tumor growth were 39.26% in low concentration group and 56.36% in high concentration group. The protein and mRNA expressions of c-myc and uPA were remarkably reduced (all P < 0.01), and the hypomethylation of c-myc and uPA genes were reversed after SAM treatment. CONCLUSIONS SAM can inhibit the growth of human gastric cancer cells both in vivo and in vitro. The mechanism may be that SAM can reverse the hypomethylation of c-myc and uPA genes, reduce their expression, and then inhibit tumor growth.
Channel Parameters and Throughput Predictions for mmWave and LTE-A Networks in Urban Environments

Spectrum shortage in the conventional microwave bands coupled with the need for multi-gigabit per- cell capacities has motivated the use of the mmWave bands in future 5G networks. In this paper 3D ray tracing is used to derive key statistical parameters for the mmWave channel. These include path loss, LoS probability, K-factor, RMS delay spread and angular spreads. The mmWave parameters are directly compared to the microwave channel present in LTE-A. Cellular deployment in both bands is then simulated for a 500 m by 500 m regqasion of central Bristol. The impact of different antenna geometries is also studied. Due to the trade-offs between the number of required BSs and the cost of network deployment, we propose a converged mmWave/microwave network for improved user experience.
[Perception Digital Test (PDT) for the assessment of incipient visual disorder in initial Alzheimer's disease].

INTRODUCTION Visual perception disorders are frequent in degenerative diseases with posterior cerebral lobe involvement, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The main aim of this study is to create a Perception Digital Test (PDT) based on the treatment of digital photographs, and to present normative values in the elderly Spanish population. The second objective is to validate the test in a group of patients with mild AD, stage 4 in the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) (AD-4). SUBJECTS The group were constituted by 86 healthy controls (CTR) and 27 AD patients. METHOD VPT, which was formed by 15 items with four options of answer, was administered to all subjects. RESULTS Mean time of administration of PDT in CTR was 85 seconds (standard desviation: 33). Mean result obtained for each groups was significantly different (CTR: 13.5 [1.4]; AD-4: 10.6 (2.9); p = 0.05). Age did not significantly influence PDT performance in any of the groups. However, years of education influenced significantly the CTR group score. CONCLUSION PDT is an easy, quick and sensitive test to assess visual perception disorders in initial AD.
Anthropometry in Klinefelter syndrome--multifactorial influences due to CAG length, testosterone treatment and possibly intrauterine hypogonadism.

CONTEXT Klinefelter syndrome, 47, XXY (KS), is underdiagnosed partly due to few clinical signs complicating identification of affected individuals. Certain phenotypic traits are common in KS. However, not all aspects of the KS phenotype are well described. OBJECTIVE To describe anthropometry and body composition in KS and relate findings to biochemistry and X-chromosome related genetic markers. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Seventy three KS males referred to our clinic and 73 age-matched controls underwent comprehensive measurements of anthropometry and body composition in a cross-sectional, case-controlled study. Furthermore, genetic analysis for parental origin of the supernumerary X-chromosome, skewed X-chromosome inactivation and androgen receptor (AR) CAG repeat length was done. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Anthropometry and body composition in KS and the effect of genotype hereon. RESULTS KS males were taller (absolute difference: 5.1 cm, P < .001) with longer legs (5.7 cm, P < .001) compared with controls. Furthermore, 2D:4D was increased in KS males (relative effect size: Cohen's d = 0.40), reflecting reduced fetal testosterone exposure. Also, bi-iliac width (0.41), waist (0.52), and hip circumference (0.47) (P < .02 for all), as well as total fat mass (0.74), abdominal fat mass (0.67), and total body fat percentage (0.84) was increased in KS males (P < .001 for all), while bitesticular volume was reduced (4.6). AR CAG repeat length was comparable in KS and controls, and among KS CAG correlated to arm length (P = .04), arm span (P = .01), and leg length (P = .04). Effects of parental origin of the supernumerary X-chromosome and skewed X-chromosome inactivation were negligible. CONCLUSIONS Anthropometry and body composition in KS is specific and dysmorphic and affected by AR CAG repeat length and decreased exposure to testosterone already during fetal life.
An association of AKT1 gene polymorphism with antidepressant treatment response

Abstract Objectives: Nowadays it is considered that protein kinase Akt1 could be involved in pathogenesis of affective disorders. We have examined whether AKT1 gene polymorphisms are associated with antidepressant treatment response. Methods: The study included 106 Caucasian patients with depressive disorders from Siberia and 103 healthy control donors. The frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms rs1130214 and rs3730358 of AKT1 gene were examined. Results: A comparison of genotypic or allelic frequencies between the groups of healthy donors and depressive patients showed no statistically significant difference. No association between the polymorphisms under study and the scores according to Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17 was found. However, an association between treatment response assessed by the Clinical Global Impression – Improvement scale and rs1130214 polymorphism was observed. Conclusions: AKT1 gene polymorphism rs1130214 is associated with antidepressant treatment response in patients with depressive disorders.