Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity and specificity of noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging reports in the diagnosis of type-II superior labral anterior-posterior lesions in the community setting.

BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been suggested to be of high accuracy at academic institutions in the identification of superior labral tears; however, many Type-II superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions encountered during arthroscopy have not been previously diagnosed with noncontrast images. This study evaluated the accuracy of diagnosing Type-II SLAP lesions in a community setting with use of noncontrast MRI and analyzed the effect that radiologist training and the scanner type or magnet strength had on sensitivity and specificity. METHODS One hundred and forty-four patients requiring repair of an arthroscopically confirmed Type-II SLAP lesion who had a noncontrast MRI examination performed within twelve months before the procedure were included in the sensitivity analysis. An additional 100 patients with arthroscopically confirmed, normal superior labral anatomy were identified for specificity analysis. The transcribed interpretations of the images by the radiologists were used to document the diagnosis of a SLAP lesion and were compared with the operative report. The magnet strength, type of MRI system (open or closed), and whether the radiologist had completed a musculoskeletal fellowship were also recorded. RESULTS Noncontrast MRI identified SLAP lesions in fifty-four of 144 shoulders, yielding an overall sensitivity of 38% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 30%, 46%). Specificity was 94% (95% CI = 87%, 98%), with six SLAP lesions diagnosed in 100 shoulders that did not contain the lesion. Musculoskeletal fellowship-trained radiologists performed with higher sensitivity than those who had not completed the fellowship (46% versus 19%; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a low sensitivity and high specificity in the diagnosis of Type-II SLAP lesions with noncontrast MRI in this community setting. Musculoskeletal fellowship-trained radiologists had significantly higher sensitivities in accurately diagnosing the lesion than did radiologists without such training. Noncontrast MRI is not a reliable diagnostic tool for Type-II SLAP lesions in a community setting.
Efficacy of transoral fundoplication vs omeprazole for treatment of regurgitation in a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Transoral esophagogastric fundoplication (TF) can decrease or eliminate features of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in some patients whose symptoms persist despite proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. We performed a prospective, sham-controlled trial to determine if TF reduced troublesome regurgitation to a greater extent than PPIs in patients with GERD. METHODS We screened 696 patients with troublesome regurgitation despite daily PPI use with 3 validated GERD-specific symptom scales, on and off PPIs. Those with at least troublesome regurgitation (based on the Montreal definition) on PPIs underwent barium swallow, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 48-hour esophageal pH monitoring (off PPIs), and high-resolution esophageal manometry analyses. Patients with GERD and hiatal hernias ≤2 cm were randomly assigned to groups that underwent TF and then received 6 months of placebo (n = 87), or sham surgery and 6 months of once- or twice-daily omeprazole (controls, n = 42). Patients were blinded to therapy during follow-up period and reassessed at 2, 12, and 26 weeks. At 6 months, patients underwent 48-hour esophageal pH monitoring and esophagogastroduodenoscopy. RESULTS By intention-to-treat analysis, TF eliminated troublesome regurgitation in a larger proportion of patients (67%) than PPIs (45%) (P = .023). A larger proportion of controls had no response at 3 months (36%) than subjects that received TF (11%; P = .004). Control of esophageal pH improved after TF (mean 9.3% before and 6.3% after; P < .001), but not after sham surgery (mean 8.6% before and 8.9% after). Subjects from both groups who completed the protocol had similar reductions in GERD symptom scores. Severe complications were rare (3 subjects receiving TF and 1 receiving the sham surgery). CONCLUSIONS TF was an effective treatment for patients with GERD symptoms, particularly in those with persistent regurgitation despite PPI therapy, based on evaluation 6 months after the procedure. Clinicaltrials.gov no: NCT01136980.
Surgical treatment of brain abscess and subdural empyema.

✓ Analysis of a personal series of 274 cases of brain abscess indicates that excision gives better results than aspiration, even in most of the so-called acute abscesses. The general outlines of the neurosurgical treatment are given, with emphasis on emergency procedures. A similar method is advised in cases of acute subdural empyema.
The intrinsic fusogenicity of glioma cells as a factor of transformation and progression in the tumor microenvironment

We have previously reported in vitro heterotypic fusion of glioma cells with neural progenitor cells, producing tetraploid cells expressing genetic complements of each partner. Herein, we investigated the fusogenicity of glioma cells. In 1:1 cocultures of single‐labeled cells, U87MG cells presented high frequency of homotypic fusogenic events, producing cells that coexpressed both fluorescent proteins. Six percent of the total cells had 8n DNA content, consistent with the finding that the double‐labeled cells were actively proliferating. In coculture with fibroblasts, glioma cell fusogenicity resulted in viable reprogrammed cells, thus emerging as a plausible source of tumor cell heterogeneity. As for heterotypic fusion to happen, glioma cells have to establish direct contact with other cells, the effect of stroma on glioma cells was analyzed. Proliferation assays and array analysis of cancer‐related pathways established a promalignant effect of stroma. This effect was mediated by fibronectin and was nearly completely abolished by inhibitors of the epidermal‐growth‐factor receptor. That stroma elicited transduction signaling through the mitogen‐activated‐protein kinase/extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase pathway, which is linked to increased tumor cell migration through extracellular matrix, suggested that glioma cells may actively approach nontumor cells in stromal niches. According to these results, the fusogenicity of glioma cells emerged as an inherent factor for phenotypic changes leading to glioma progression.
Detection of brain activation using oxygenation sensitive functional spectroscopy

A nonwater‐suppressed localized spectroscopy experiment using the PRESS‐sequence has been used to study the signal changes of the water resonance during cortical activation. Significant effects with an effect‐to‐noise ratio up to 50:1 for a single shot experiment have been observed upon photic stimulation. The exceedingly high signal‐to‐noise ratio of the experiment was used to demonstrate signal changes as low as 0.1% after electrical stimulation of the median nerve.
A common export pathway for proteins binding complex redox cofactors?

The precursor polypeptides of periplasmic proteins binding seven types of redox cofactor have unusually long signal sequences bearing a consensus (S/T)‐R‐R‐x‐F‐L‐K motif immediately before the hydrophobic region. Such ‘double‐arginine’ signal sequences are not, in general, found on the precursors of other periplasmic proteins. It is suggested that precursor proteins with double‐arginine signal sequences share a common specialization in their export pathway. The nature of this specialization, the structure of the double‐arginine signal sequences, and the possible relationship with the double‐arginine signal peptide‐dependent thylakoid import pathway are discussed.
Micronuclei in nasal mucosa, oral mucosa and lymphocytes in students exposed to formaldehyde vapor in anatomy class.

The frequency of micronuclei (MN) in cells of the nasal mucosa, oral mucosa and in lymphocytes was evaluated for 25 students in anatomy classes exposed to formaldehyde (FA) over an 8-week period. Each student served as his or her own control. The time-weighted average concentration (TWA) of formaldehyde in anatomical laboratories and in students' dormitories was 0.508 +/- 0.299 mg/m3 and 0.012 +/- 0.0025 mg/m3, respectively. A higher frequency of micronuclei was observed in nasal and oral exfoliative cells after formaldehyde exposure (3.85 +/- 1.48 vs 1.20 +/- 0.676 and 0.857 +/- 0.558 vs 0.568 +/- 0.317, paired-t test: P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). No significant increase in the frequency of lymphocyte micronuclei was found after formaldehyde exposure (P > 0.05). The present study shows that nasal mucosa cells exposed through respiration are the chief target of FA-induced genotoxic effects.
Methodology of elementary negative group delay active topologies identification

This work introduces a fundamental methodology enabling to identify the elementary negative group delay (NGD) topologies using transistors. These circuits are particularly beneficial compared to the other existing NGD topologies, with its flexibility to operate in ultra wideband (UWB), to compensate losses and potentially integrable. The basic families of NGD topologies obtained from the association of passive and active four-port networks are presented. The NGD existence condition is given. Based on this condition, the simplest NGD active cells are identified. After the analysis of passive networks formed by R, L and C components, first-order transfer functions of innovative elementary NGD cells are established. Then, similar to the classical circuits as the filters and amplifiers, synthesis relations for the design of integrable NGD topology with no self-element are introduced. To illustrate the relevance of the theoretic concept, a proof of concept was proposed. Finally, discussions on the applications of NGD circuits are offered in the conclusion.
Restriction and Modification in Group N Streptococci: Effect of Heat on Development of Modified Lytic Bacteriophage

The appearance of lytic bacteriophage against newly introduced starter strains used during commercial cheese manufacture occurs rapidly, and their origin is not well understood. In this study, members of the group N streptococci were examined for the presence of bacteriophage restriction and modification systems. Two streptococcal phages from Streptococcus cremoris TR and Streptococcus lactis C2 (phage designations tr and c2) showed restricted lytic development on S. cremoris 799 and KH, respectively. Efficiency of plaquing was 1.9 × 10−7 for tr plaqued on 799 and 2.1 × 10−7 for c2 plaqued on KH. After passage through the restrictive hosts, these phages demonstrated high lytic ability for formerly restrictive hosts. Stress of the restrictive host strains at temperatures of 40 to 50°C resulted in a significant increase in the efficiency of plaquing of restricted bacteriophages. Elevated temperatures are encountered during commercial cheese manufacture. The results suggested that the temporary loss of host restriction activity with the resulting modification of nonspecific bacteriophage may contribute directly to the appearance of lytic phage against new starter strains.
dy: Motivation of Learners Japanese

This study reports on the motivation of learners specifically on the: 1) diversity of motivation in of academic achievement; 3) dichotomous instr gree of motivation among the universities. Thre in the degree of motivation within an academic universities in comparing motivation among stu and anxiety were found to be the best predic tive/instrumental dichotomy, neither element w trast: the type of institution where students studi institutions in rural districts, greatly influenced t
Mean Glandular Dose from Routine Mammography

A mammography examination facilitates the early detection of breast cancer. However, the potential risk of radiation-induced carcinogenesis is also increased with such a procedure. The objective of this research was to measure the mean glandular dose (MGD) from craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) views in each breast and the total dose per woman (for both breasts and two views) from the exposure factor in patients undergoing mammography on six mammography x-ray generators in the lower region of northern Thailand. The values of compressed breast thickness (CBT), as well as the MGD calculated from the exposure and tube voltage both mAs and target/filter combination, were collected from 2,060 films from 515 women ranging in age from 28 to 91 years. Significant differences were found between MGD from CC and MLO projections. The MGD per film was 1.42+0.80 mGy for the CC projection and 1.56+0.86 mGy for the MLO projection, (p<0.001). The MGD per CC and MLO film was significantly related to CBT (r = 0.610, p<0.01 and r = 0.596, p<0.01 respectively). The result indicated that 96.1 % of CC films and 94.2 % of MLO films had doses less than 3.0 mGy as recommended by the American College of Radiology recommendations. This may ensure that the mammography examination in the lower region of northern Thailand is capable of achieving acceptable dose levels for patient safety.
Late-onset non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis : Comparison with early-onset and very late-onset myasthenia gravis

Objective: To identify the clinical characteristics of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) according to age at onset. Methods: We retrospectively recruited 227 non-thymomatous MG patients with adult onset who had been followed up for more than one year. The patients were classified based on the age of symptom onset as “early-onset MG” (EOMG,18–50 years; N=135), “late-onset MG” (LOMG, 50–64 years; N=53), and “very late-onset MG” (VLOMG, 65 years; N=39). Clinical features and serological findings were compared between these groups. Results: LOMG patients showed more frequent ocular MG (55%) and less frequent thymic hyperplasia (9%) compared to EOMG patients (31% and 38%; p=0.006 and p<0.001, respectively), and no female preponderance compared to VLOMG patients (female, 49% vs.77%; p=0.014). However, there were no significant differences between VLOMG and EOMG patients, except for more frequent thymic hyperplasia (p<0.001) in EOMG patients. When analyzing female patients only, less frequent secondary generalization (10%) were additionally found in LOMG patients, compared to EOMG (47%, p= 0.008) and VLOMG (59%, p=0.004) patients. Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody (HR, 5.48; 95% CI, 1.73–17.37; p=0.004) was independently associated with secondary generalization in female EOMG patients. Conclusion: Our study suggests that LOMG patients, especially female, were characterized by frequent ocular MG and less frequent secondary generalization, distinguished from EOMG and VLOMG patients. Further large epidemiologic studies in Korea are needed to determine the characteristics of MG patients according to the age at onset and gender.
Immune disorders and susceptibility to neoplasms.

The leading hypothesis that proper immune surveillance prevents the growth of neoplastic cells first emerged at the end of the 19th century, soon after it was recognized that immunity plays an important role in the defense against infection. Subsequent studies by several investigators based on this hypothesis led to the recognition that immunologic surveillance is a common link between allograft acceptance and malignancies in organ transplant recipients. While the degree of immunodeficiency dictates the occurrence of allograft acceptance, it also dictates the occurrence of malignancies. Over the last 2 decades, there has been a rapid increase in our understanding of the immune system and susceptibility to cancers. It is now clear from the epidemiological studies that the incidence of cancer is significantly higher in populations that are immunocompromised or suffer immune dysregulation. Predominant among these populations are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, organ transplant recipients, and persons with genetic immunodeficiency. However, individuals with these conditions do not become susceptible to several common human cancers such as breast, prostate, lung, colon, ovarian, and cervical cancer. Instead, there is a many-fold increase in cancers associated with oncogenic viral infections due to these patients' incompetent immune systems, which cannot suppress the latent infections or fight new infections. Although several malignancies show a rising trend in immunocompromised individuals compared with the general population, two malignancies, Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), etiologically linked to human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections, respectively, have a remarkably high incidence in immunocompromised hosts. This brief overview focuses on our current understanding of the pathogenesis of these two malignancies.
Randomized Double-Blind Multicentre Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of the Clonidine Adhesive Patch for the Treatment of Tic Disorders

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness and safety of the clonidine adhesive patch in treating tic disorders. Method: A total of 437 patients, who met Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders–third edition diagnostic criteria for transient tic disorder (5%), chronic motor or vocal tic disorder (40%) or Tourette disorder (55%), aged 6–18years, were divided randomly into an active treatment group and a clinical control group. Participants in the active treatment group were treated with a clonidine adhesive patch and participants in the clinical control group with a placebo adhesive patch for 4weeks. The dosage of the clonidine adhesive patch was 1.0mg, 1.5mg or 2.0mg per week, depending on each participant's bodyweight. Participants whose Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) score decreased <30% and Clinical Global Impression score was ≥4 by the end of week 3 were withdrawn from the trial. Results: After 4 weeks of treatment the active treatment group participants’ YGTSS score was significantly lower than that of the clinical control group (F=4.63, p=0.03). Further, the active treatment group had a significantly better therapeutic response than the clinical control group (χ2=9.15, p=0.003). The response rate in the active treatment group was 68.85% compared to 46.85% in the clinical control group (χ2=16.98, p=0.0001). The rate of adverse events was low (active treatment group, 3.08%; clinical control group, 7.21%) and did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions: The clonidine adhesive patch is effective and safe for tic disorders.
Protein Subcellular Relocalization of Duplicated Genes in Arabidopsis

Gene duplications during eukaroytic evolution, by successive rounds of polyploidy and by smaller scale duplications, have provided an enormous reservoir of new genes for the evolution of new functions. Preservation of many duplicated genes can be ascribed to changes in sequences, expression patterns, and functions. Protein subcellular relocalization (protein targeting to a new location within the cell) is another way that duplicated genes can diverge. We studied subcellular relocalization of gene pairs duplicated during the evolution of the Brassicaceae including gene pairs from the alpha whole genome duplication that occurred at the base of the family. We analyzed experimental localization data from green fluorescent protein experiments for 128 duplicate pairs in Arabidopsis thaliana, revealing 19 pairs with subcellular relocalization. Many more of the duplicate pairs with relocalization than with the same localization showed an accelerated rate of amino acid sequence evolution in one duplicate, and one gene showed evidence for positive selection. We studied six duplicate gene pairs in more detail. We used gene family analysis with several pairs to infer which gene shows relocalization. We identified potential sequence mutations through comparative analysis that likely result in relocalization of two duplicated gene products. We show that four cases of relocalization have new expression patterns, compared with orthologs in outgroup species, including two with novel expression in pollen. This study provides insights into subcellular relocalization of evolutionarily recent gene duplicates and features of genes whose products have been relocalized.
"Don't feed the troll": Shutting down debate about community expectations on Reddit.com

While many online communities have explicit codes of conduct that one must follow in order to participate, there are often many “unwritten rules” or community expectations that users are expected to abide by. In this case study of www.reddit. com , a news aggregate Web site whose affordances seem to imply a transient and fluid approach to online identity, I outline an example of a community member (known as “Grandpa Wiggly”) who ran afoul of community expectations of authentic representation of one’s “true” off–line self. I also detail how accusations of trolling were used as a justification for shutting down debates about community expectations, as well as justifying actions against Grandpa Wiggly that violated the Reddit terms of service (and his privacy).
The Needs of the Army: Using Compulsory Relocation in the Military to Estimate the Effect of Air Pollutants on Children's Health

Recent research suggests that pollution has a large impact on asthma and other respiratory and cardiovascular conditions. But this relationship and its implications are not well understood. I use changes in location due to military transfers, which occur entirely to satisfy the needs of the army, to identify the causal impact of pollution on children's respiratory hospitalizations. I use individual-level data of military families and their dependents, matched at the zip code level with pollution data, for the period 1989-95. I find that for military children only ozone appears to have an adverse effect on health, although not for infants.
I Can’t Wait: Methods for Measuring and Moderating Individual Differences in Impulsive Choice

Abstract Impulsive choice behavior occurs when individuals make choices without regard for future consequences. This behavior is often maladaptive and is a common symptom in many disorders, including drug abuse, compulsive gambling, and obesity. Several proposed mechanisms may influence impulsive choice behavior. These mechanisms provide a variety of pathways that may provide the basis for individual differences that are often evident when measuring choice behavior. This review provides an overview of these different pathways to impulsive choice, and the behavioral intervention strategies being developed to moderate impulsive choice. Because of the compelling link between impulsive choice behavior and the near-epidemic pervasiveness of obesity in the United States, we focus on the relationship between impulsive choice behavior and obesity as a test case for application of the multiple pathways approach. Choosing immediate gratification over healthier long term food choices is a contributing factor to the obesity crisis. Behavioral interventions can lead to more self-controlled choices in a rat pre-clinical model, suggesting a possible gateway for translation to human populations. Designing and implementing effective impulsive choice interventions is crucial to improving the overall health and well-being of impulsive individuals.
Semantics of sequential and parallel programs

1. Introduction. 2. Basic Mathematical Concepts. 3. Semantics of Sequential Programs. 4. Sequential vs Parallel Systems. 5. Control Programs and Petri Nets. 6. Operational Semantics and Fairness. 7. Programs with Shared Data. 8. Communicating Programs. 9. Some Proofs and Solutions.