Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STUDIES TO CONTROL ENDEMIC TYPHOID FEVER

U.S. Army Medical Research and Deveopment Command Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21701-5012 Contract No. DAMD17-81-C-1115 Center for Vaccine Development Department of Medicine University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland 21201 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Deartment of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents.
Theory, Reality, and Performativity in Markets

The purpose of this article is to analyze the relation between scientific knowledge in the form of theories and the world that such theories are about. The focus is on market theories. I argue that everyday knowledge, conceptualized using the notion of "lifeworld," is the bedrock of scientific knowledge. I also make two distinctions, one between types of markets and one between principles of order in markets. There are two different types of markets, fixed-role markets and switch-role markets, and no existing theory can be used to explain both of them. In fixed-role markets, such as a producer market of garments, actors are identified as either sellers or buyers. In switch-role markets, such as the stock exchange market or currency market, actors are not identified with one role. The other distinction is between standard and status markets. In a status market, order is maintained because the identities of actors on both sides of the market are ranked according to status, which is a more entrenched social construction than the commodity traded in the market. In a market characterized by standards, the situation is reversed: the commodity is a more entrenched social construction than the social status of actors in the market. These distinctions are the backdrop of my analysis of the idea that markets are performed. It is concluded that the performativity approach is useful today for analyzing switch-role markets. A further conclusion is that neoclassical economic theory can be used in understanding switch-role markets, but not fixed-role markets. Copyright 2007 American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Inc.
Measurement of Thermal Boundary Conductance of a Series of Metal-Dielectric Interfaces by the Transient Thermoreflectance Technique

Measurement of the thermal boundary conductance (TBC) by use of a nondestructive optical technique, transient thermoreflectance (TTR), is presented. A simple thermal model for the TTR is presented with a discussion of its applicability and sensitivity. A specially prepared sample series of Cr, Al, Au, and Pt on four different substrates (Si, sapphire, GaN, and AlN) were tested at room temperature and the TTR signal fitted to the thermal model. The resulting TBC values vary by more than a factor of 3~0.71 310 8 ‐2.3310 8 W/m 2 K! It is shown that the diffuse mismatch model (DMM) tended to overpredict the TBC of interfaces with materials having similar phonon spectra, while underpredicting the TBC for interfaces with dissimilar phonon spectra. The DMM only accounts for diffuse elastic scattering. Other scattering mechanisms are discussed which may explain the failure of the DMM at room temperature. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1857944#
Pilot studies in organic broiler production – management and cross-breeds

Two pilot studies were conducted in 1999 and 2000, dealing with management strategies (study A) and alternative cross breeds (study B) in organic broiler production. Study A: Pastured broilers 280 male chickens were raised in four groups in movable pens on pasture. The pens (3.30 (width) x 4.00 (length) x 0.60 (hight) m) were moved to fresh ground daily. Three groups were conventional broiler-strain chickens (“Ross208”) with 50, 70 and 90 birds per group, and one group was a Swedish heavy layer cross breed (“Derco”) with 70 birds. The birds had ad libitum (free) access to a proprietary concentrate (11.8 MJ ME/kg, 19 % crude protein) all the time and were offered whole wheat, free choice, from day 42 onwards. The production performance of the Ross chickens showed that high performance is possible in the movable pen system. With the feed given, the modern hybrid used in the experiment grew too fast to be recommended for a 12 weeks growth period: The birds became rather large and showed typical health problems related with rapid growth. Between 50 and 90 birds per pen (corresponding max. 16 to 26 kg liveweight per squaremetre), stocking rate did not seem to influence the birds'performance. The production performance of the Derco chickens did not reach the standards for slow growing table birds, as they are set by French hybrids today. The actual moving of the pens requires simple but adjusted mechanical aid and routine to keep the physical work input acceptable. Direct measurement of the broilers’ effect on the sward would require relatively more detailed investigation. Monitoring of long-term effects would require long term experiments. Study B: Screening crosses Derco hens were crossed with Faverolle, Orpington, Modern Game and Indian Game cocks, and four batches with a total of ca. 130 birds were raised to ages between 12 and 15 weeks. At slaughter day, live and carcass weight were recorded and for three batches, the carcasses were judged, giving scores for the ocular impression of the quantity of meat on breast and legs and feather residues after plucking. It is concluded that crosses between Derco hens and cocks from breeds like Modern Game, Faverolle and Orpington does not produce considerably more meat than pure Derco chickens. Crosses with Indian Game cocks gave the impression of higher meat yields and a preferable configuration of muscles, but the fertilization rate between Indian Game cocks and Derco hens was relatively low.
Resistance to Brand SwitchingWhen a Radically New Brand Is Introduced: A Social IdentityTheory Perspective

There has been little research on how market disruptions affect customer–brand relationships and how firms can sustain brand loyalty when disruptions occur. Drawing from social identity theory and the brand loyalty literature, the authors propose a conceptual framework to examine these issues in a specific market disruption, namely, the introduction of a radically new brand.The framework focuses on the time-varying effects of customers’ identification with and perceived value of the incumbent relative to the new brand on switching behavior. The authors divert from the conventional economic perspective of treating brand switching as functional utility maximization to propose that brand switching can also result from customers’ social mobility between brand identities. The results from longitudinal data of 679 customers during the launch of the iPhone in Spain show that both relative customer–brand identification and relative perceived value of the incumbent inhibit switching behavior, but their effects vary over time. Relative customer–brand identification with the incumbent apparently exerts a stronger longitudinal restraint on switching behavior than relative perceived value of the incumbent.The study has important strategic implications for devising customer relationship strategies and brand investment.
Optimal parameter-dependent bounds for Kuramoto-Sivashinsky-type equations

We derive a priori estimates on the absorbing ball in $L^2$ for the stabilized and destabilized Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (KS) equations, and for a sixth-order analog, the Nikolaevskiy equation, and in each case obtain bounds whose parameter dependence is demonstrably optimal. This is done by extending a Lyapunov function construction developed by Bronski and Gambill (Nonlinearity 19 , 2023--2039 (2006)) to take into account the dependence on both large and small parameters in the system. In the case of the destabilized KS equation, the rigorous bound lim $\sup_{t \to \infty}|| u || \leq K \alpha L^{3/2}$ is sharp in both the large parameter $\alpha$ and the system size $L$. We also apply our methods to improve previous estimates on a nonlocal variant of the KS equation.
Current State of Art Embryo Selection Techniques

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have made many advancements since the birth of Louise Brown in 1978. Success rates have improved within the past four decades, but currently remain only between 40-60% successful and fertility treatments cost $12,000-$15,000 [1]. To improve pregnancy rates, two to three embryos are often transferred into the uterus of the patient or recipient in hopes of one surviving. This results in high fecundity, which is a current challenge ART is facing [2-4]. The practice of transferring multiple embryos into the uterus of non-litter bearing animals or humans is not the safest technique to the mother or fetus because it can increase likelihood of preterm labor, low birth weights, uterine growth restrictions, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, placental abruption, fetal demise and cesarean delivery [5]. Single embryo transfer can reduce these risks but requires the ability to select the embryo with the highest chance of establishing a pregnancy which survives to term. Choosing which embryo is “best” is of much disagreement amongst embryologist, with one study demonstrating persons evaluating embryos agreed in only 68.5% of cases [6]. This indicates that even the most expert, professional embryologist cannot always determine which embryo has the greatest likelihood of establishing a pregnancy, surviving to term and creating a healthy baby. The objective of the present review is to provide an overview of methods currently employed in ART which will help predict high quality embryos.
Inhibition of Central Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Exerts Anxiolytic Effects by Decreasing Brain Oxidative Stress

Inhibition of Central Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Exerts Anxiolytic Effects by Decreasing Brain Oxidative Stress This study investigated the effects of angiotensin II and captopril intracerebroventricular administration on anxiety status and brain oxidative stress. Elevated plus maze was used in order to asses the anxiety-like behavior, while the biochemical analysis included the determination of some antioxidant defense enzymes like superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and also a lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde). Our results provide additional evidence of angiotensin II induced anxiety-like effects and increased prooxidant status. Moreover, the blockade of angiotensin II, by the administration of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (captopril) resulted in anxiolytic effects and decreased oxidative stress status. In addition, we found a significant correlation between the time spent by rats in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and oxidative stress markers. This could raise important therapeutic issues regarding the anxiolytic effects of some angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors used primarily for hypertension, such as captopril. Also, it seems that oxidative stress could play an important part in these actions. Inhibicija Centralnog Enzima Koji Konvertuje Angiotenzin Deluje Kao Anksiolitik Smanjujući Oksidativni Stres u Mozgu Ispitivan je uticaj intracerebroventrikularne administracije angiotenzina II i kaptoprila na napetost i oksidativni stres u mozgu. Za procenjivanje ponašanja bliskog anksioznosti korišćen je test uzdignutog lavirinta u obliku znaka plus, dok je biohemijska analiza obuhvatila određivanje nekih enzima antioksidantne odbrane kao što su superoksid-dismutaza i glutation-peroksidaza i proizvoda lipidne peroksidacije (malondialdehid). Naši rezultati predstavljaju još jedan dokaz da angiotenzin II izaziva posledice nalik na anksioznost i povišen prooksidantni status. Štaviše, blokiranje angiotenzina II davanjem inhibitora enzima koji konvertuje angiotenzin (kaptoprila) delovalo je kao anksiolitik i dovelo do sniženja statusa oksidativnog stresa. Pored toga, otkrivena je značajna korelacija između vremena koje su pacovi proveli u otvorenim »rukama« lavirinta i markera oksidativnog stresa. Ovo možda ukazuje na važnost pokretanja nekih važnih terapijskih pitanja koja se tiču anksiolitičkog dejstva nekih inhibitora enzima koji konvertuju angiotenzin a koji se pre svega koriste za hipertenziju, kakav je kaptopril. Takođe, sva je prilika da oksidativni stres u tome igra važnu ulogu.
Influence of clearcut logging, flow duration, and season on emergent aquatic insects in headwater streams of the Central Oregon Coast Range

Abstract We measured the effects of timber-harvest condition (clearcut and forested) and flow duration (perennial and intermittent) on emergent aquatic insect assemblages at 20 headwater streams in the Central Oregon Coast Range. Clearcut streams had been logged to the stream banks within 2 y prior to the start of our study. Adult aquatic insects were sampled from a 40-m reach at each study stream in 3 seasons: summer, autumn, and spring. Emergent insects were strong indicators of harvest condition and, regardless of flow duration or season, more aquatic insects emerged from streams in clearcut catchments than in forested catchments. Plecoptera had higher emergence rates from intermittent streams than from perennial streams in spring. Functional feeding group composition was not apparently affected by harvest condition or flow duration. Taxon richness was slightly higher at clearcut than at forested streams, primarily because of the occurrence of rare taxa at clearcut streams. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination of emergent aquatic insect assemblages showed community patterns that varied by season and harvest condition, but little by flow duration. Stream canopy % cover, stand age, logging debris (% slash), and substrate composition differed between clearcut and forested streams and were strongly correlated with NMS axes. Taxa that responded to conditions created by logging, such as % slash or canopy opening, contributed to differences in assemblages between headwater streams flowing through clearcut and forested catchments.
Effect of extrusion, espansion and toasting on the nutritional value of peas, faba beans and lupins

Abstract An assessment was made of the effect that different treatments (toasting, expansion, extrusion) have on the nutritional value of protein plants (pea, faba bean, lupin). In a randomized block design, feeds were screened for enzymatic digestibility of starch and protein, N solubility and in vitro protein degradability. Expansion and extrusion cause increased starch enzymatic degradability while toasting produced virtually no effects. In peas this value increased from 11.80% in meal to 39.70% in the extruded product; 85.37% is the percentage for the expanded product, while 10.90% is the starch digestibility value for toasted peas. In faba beans the extrusion process increased starch digestibility from 11.39% to 85.05%, while in extruded lupins a complete starch hydrolysis was obtained, while in the meal the polysaccharide digestion was 54.48%. The expansion and extrusion processes significantly decreased rumen degradability during the first 8 hours of incubation. Toasted peas had lower degradability if compared with controls but not with the other treatments. The only potentially alternative source to soybean is the extruded faba bean. In spite of its lower protein content, this feed is characterized by a considerably lower in vitro protein degradability than soybean. This implies that the digestible food protein content is comparable (124.90 g/kg DM) to that of soybean (109.78 g/kg DM) and definitely higher than that of all other protein plants.
Magnetised thermal self-focusing and filamentation of long-pulse lasers in plasmas relevant to magnetised ICF experiments

In this paper, we study the influence of the magnetised thermal conductivity on the propagation of a nanosecond 1014 W cm−2 laser in an underdense plasma by performing simulations of a paraxial model laser in a plasma with the full Braginskii magnetised transport coefficients. Analytical theory and simulations show the shortening of the self-focal length of a laser beam in a plasma as a result of the reduction of the plasma thermal conductivity in a magnetic field. Furthermore, the filamentation of a laser via the thermal mechanism is found to have an increased spatial growth rate in a magnetised plasma. We discuss the effect of these results on recent magnetised inertial fusion experiments where filamentation can be detrimental to laser propagation and uniform laser heating. We conclude that the application of external magnetic fields to laser-plasma experiments requires the inclusion of the extended electron transport terms in simulations of laser propagation.
Individual and combined effects of land use/cover and climate change on Wolf Bay watershed streamflow in southern Alabama

Land use/cover (LULC) and climate change are two main factors affecting watershed hydrology. In this paper, individual and combined impacts of LULC and climate change on hydrologic processes were analysed applying the model Soil and Water Assessment Tool in a coastal Alabama watershed in USA. Temporally and spatially downscaled Global Circulation Model outputs predict a slight increase in precipitation in the study area, which is also projected to experience substantial urban growth in the future. Changes in flow frequency and volume in the 2030s (2016–2040) compared to a baseline period (1984–2008) at daily, monthly and annual time scales were explored. A redistribution of daily streamflow is projected when either climate or LULC change was considered. High flows are predicted to increase, while low flows are expected to decrease. Combined change effect results in a more noticeable and uneven distribution of daily streamflow. Monthly average streamflow and surface runoff are projected to increase in spring and winter, but especially in fall. LULC change does not have a significant effect on monthly average streamflow, but the change affects partitioning of streamflow, causing higher surface runoff and lower baseflow. The combined effect leads to a dramatic increase in monthly average streamflow with a stronger increasing trend in surface runoff and decreasing trend in baseflow. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of Microsatellites to Study Agricultural Biodiversity and Food Traceability

Molecular markers are useful tools for measuring the genetic diversity among agricultural species. In plants, microsatellites are still the most used markers for germplasm characterization, conservation, and traceability purposes, while in the livestock sector, although having represented the standard for at least two decades, they are still used only for minor farm animal species. In this work, together with a review on the use of microsatellites in livestock, we also illustrate the use of these markers for the characterization of agricultural diversity and food traceability through two case studies: (i) the analysis of genetic diversity in ancient fruit tree cultivars of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), pear (Pyrus communis L.), sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), and sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) from Northern Italy and (ii) the molecular authentication of wheat food chain. In the former case, a high genetic variability as well as the presence of different ploidy levels were detected, while in the latter microsatellite markers were shown to be useful for traceability and product authentication along the whole food chain. Overall, the presented evidence confirms the versatility of microsatellites as markers for both agrobiodiversity characterization and food traceability in cultivated plants and farm animals.
Physicochemical properties of germinated brown rice (Oryza sativa L.) starch

Physicochemical properties of white rice (WR), brown rice (BR) and germinated brown rice (GBR) starches from a mixed variety of MR219 and MR220, commonly consumed Malaysian varieties, were compared in this study. The granular size of the starch particles, measured using scanning electron microscope (SEM), varied from 2 to 8 µm for all starches and appeared in polyhyedral shapes. Amylose content in WR, BR and GBR as analysed using colorimetric method was found to be 25.77, 23.83 and 21.78%, respectively. The amylose content of GBR was significantly lower than that of WR or BR. Results also show that germination affected gelatinization and pasting properties. This study has profound implications for future studies on functional properties of GBR and may help us understand what role changes in physicochemical properties, brought about by germination, play in determining functional effects.
Di Lorito, Claudio and Völlm, Birgit and Dening, Tom (2017) Psychiatric disorders among older prisoners: a systematic review and comparison study against older people in the community. Aging and Mental Health, 22

text: 58 59 Objectives. Despite emerging evidence that older prisoners experience poor mental health, 60 literature in this area is still limited. In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, we 61 report on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among older prisoners and compare our 62 findings against community studies on older people. 63 64 Methods. We searched on Assia, PsycInfo, MedLine, Embase, Web of Science, Google and 65 Gov.uk. We carried out bias assessments, rated studies for quality and ran a heterogeneity 66 test. We meta-analysed prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders through an aggregate 67 weighted mean and calculated Relative Risk and statistical significance against community 68 studies. Sensitivity analyses were further performed. 69 70 Results. We reviewed nine studies and obtained the following prevalence: “Any psychiatric 71 disorder” 38.4%, depression 28.3%, schizophrenia/psychoses 5.5%, bipolar disorder 4.5%, 72 dementia 3.3%, cognitive impairment 11.8%, personality disorder 22.9%, alcohol abuse 73 15.9%, anxiety disorders 14.2%, PTSD 6.2%. Older prisoners were found to have higher RR 74 for every single psychiatric disorder against older people in the community, with the sole 75 exception of alcohol abuse (RR=1) and dementia (RR=.75). The prevalence rates were 76 statistically significantly higher (p<.05) among the prisoners for “Any psychiatric disorder”, 77 depression and personality disorder. Overall, the sensitivity analyses confirmed our original 78 results. 79 80 Conclusion. Our findings point at a high prevalence of every single psychiatric disorder 81 among older prisoners, who also experience rates of dementia and alcohol abuse comparable 82 to those reported in the community. Our results have relevant implications for policy and 83 practice in this area. Further research is crucial to confirm findings from this study. 84
A Framework for Bridging the Gap Between Symbolic and Non-Symbolic AI

FRS (Fuzzy Rule Systems) and ANNs (Artificial Neural Networks) have gained much popularity due to their capabilities in modeling human knowledge and in learning from data, respectively. Fuzzy systems have the advantage of allowing users to incorporate available experts' knowledge directly in the fuzzy model [2]. Thus, decisions made by fuzzy systems are transparent to the user (i.e. the reasons behind the decisions made are clearly understood by tracing the decision and finding out which rules fired and contributed to it). However, there are many parameters whose values are arbitrary. These values have to be "guessed" by a fuzzy system designer, yet they largely influence the system behavior. Thus, a fuzzy system is as good as its programmer.