Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Naming Sequentially Presented Letters and Words

Subjects were presented with sequences of letters six units long. The sequences were presented serially so that each letter of a sequence fell upon the same part of a viewing screen as every other one. The task was to name the letters or to name the words they formed. The principal variables were the kinds of words, the duration of a blank interval between the third and fourth letters of a sequence, and the duration of the individual letters. Correct responses were found to increase toward 100% as the duration of the letters approached about 1/3 sec. The magnitude of the interval between the third and fourth letters had little effect upon recognition. Contextual factors were found to exert influences that enabled the words to be grouped over relatively long temporal separations. A distinction can be made experimentally between naming letters and naming the word they spell. In addition, it was found that the subject could sometimes name all the letters in a sequence but got their order wrong. This is taken to indicate differences in the mechanisms associated with identifying events and identifying their temporal order.
Lateralisation effect in comprehension of emotional facial expression: A comparison between EEG alpha band power and behavioural inhibition (BIS) and activation (BAS) systems

Asymmetry in comprehension of facial expression of emotions was explored in the present study by analysing alpha band variation within the right and left cortical sides. Second, the behavioural activation system (BAS) and behavioural inhibition system (BIS) were considered as an explicative factor to verify the effect of a motivational/emotional variable on alpha activity. A total of 19 participants looked at an ample range of facial expressions of emotions (anger, fear, surprise, disgust, happiness, sadness, and neutral) in random order. The results demonstrated that anterior frontal sites were more active than central and parietal sites in response to facial stimuli. Moreover, right and left side responses varied as a function of emotional types, with an increased right frontal activity for negative, aversive emotions vs an increased left response for positive emotion. Finally, whereas higher BIS participants generated more right hemisphere activation for some negative emotions (such as fear, anger, surprise, and disgust), BAS participants were more responsive to positive emotion (happiness) within the left hemisphere. Motivational significance of facial expressions was considered to elucidate cortical differences in participants' responses to emotional types.
Probing plasma membrane microdomains in cowpea protoplasts using lipidated GFP‐fusion proteins and multimode FRET microscopy

Multimode fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy was applied to study the plasma membrane organization using different lipidated green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐fusion proteins co‐expressed in cowpea protoplasts. Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) was fused to the hyper variable region of a small maize GTPase (ROP7) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) was fused to the N‐myristoylation motif of the calcium‐dependent protein kinase 1 (LeCPK1) of tomato. Upon co‐expressing in cowpea protoplasts a perfect co‐localization at the plasma membrane of the constructs was observed. Acceptor‐photobleaching FRET microscopy indicated a FRET efficiency of 58% in protoplasts co‐expressing CFP‐Zm7hvr and myrLeCPK1‐YFP, whereas no FRET was apparent in protoplasts co‐expressing CFP‐Zm7hvr and YFP. Fluorescence spectral imaging microscopy (FSPIM) revealed, upon excitation at 435 nm, strong YFP emission in the fluorescence spectra of the protoplasts expressing CFP‐Zm7hvr and myrLeCPK1‐YFP. Also, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) analysis indicated FRET because the CFP fluorescence lifetime of CFP‐Zm7hvr was reduced in the presence of myrLeCPK1‐YFP. A FRET fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis on a partially acceptor‐bleached protoplast co‐expressing CFP‐Zm7hvr and myrLeCPK1‐YFP revealed slow requenching of the CFP fluorescence in the acceptor‐bleached area upon diffusion of unbleached acceptors into this area. The slow exchange of myrLeCPK1‐YFP in the complex with CFP‐Zm7hvr reflects a relatively high stability of the complex. Together, the FRET data suggest the existence of plasma membrane lipid microdomains in cowpea protoplasts.
Metabolic Engineering of Mannitol Production in Lactococcus lactis: Influence of Overexpression of Mannitol 1-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Different Genetic Backgrounds

ABSTRACT To obtain a mannitol-producing Lactococcus lactis strain, the mannitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (mtlD) from Lactobacillus plantarum was overexpressed in a wild-type strain, a lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)-deficient strain, and a strain with reduced phosphofructokinase activity. High-performance liquid chromatography and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that small amounts (<1%) of mannitol were formed by growing cells of mtlD-overexpressing LDH-deficient and phosphofructokinase-reduced strains, whereas resting cells of the LDH-deficient transformant converted 25% of glucose into mannitol. Moreover, the formed mannitol was not reutilized upon glucose depletion. Of the metabolic-engineering strategies investigated in this work, mtlD-overexpressing LDH-deficient L. lactis seemed to be the most promising strain for mannitol production.
The social and economic impact of salmonellosis: A report of a national survey in England and Wales of laboratory-confirmed salmonella infections

SUMMARY This study presents the findings of a national survey of 1482 cases of salmonellosis reported to Environmental Health Departments in England and Wales between August 1988 and March 1989. A questionnaire survey of ill individuals and the environmental health officers who investigated them sought information about costs which were imposed upon public health authorities, the health sector, individuals and their families and the costs to the wider economy in terms of lost production. Costs of £996339 were identified. Over half (£507555) resulted from lost production due to sickness absence and more than a third (£392822) were costs to the public sector which resulted from health care and local authority investigation of cases. The remaining costs (£95962), although the smallest proportion of the total, indicated that salmonellosis can have a significant impact on affected individuals and their families.
A New Approach to Inotropic Therapy in the Treatment of Heart Failure: Cardiac Myosin Activators in Treatment of HF

Systolic heart failure remains a leading cause of death and disability, and available pharmacologic treatments for heart failure are limited in both safety and effectiveness. Existing drugs focus on diverse mechanisms related to the pathophysiology of heart failure, yet none directly target the central feature of systolic heart failure, decreased cardiac contractility. Cardiac myosin activators, specifically omecamtiv mecarbil (formerly CK-1827452), directly activate the enzymatic pathway within the cardiac myocyte leading to ventricular contraction. This unique inotropic agent has been shown in preclinical and clinical studies to be effective in improving cardiac contractility by increasing systolic ejection time without the unwanted effects of the currently available indirect inotropic drugs. Cardiac myosin activators show great promise and may prove to be a safer and more effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of systolic heart failure.
RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN A CLUMPY UNIVERSE. IV. NEW SYNTHESIS MODELS OF THE COSMIC UV/X-RAY BACKGROUND

We present improved synthesis models of the evolving spectrum of the UV/X-ray diffuse background, updating and extending our previous results. Five new main components are added to our radiative transfer code CUBA: (1) the sawtooth modulation of the background intensity from resonant line absorption in the Lyman series of cosmic hydrogen and helium; (2) the X-ray emission from the obscured and unobscured quasars that gives origin to the X-ray background; (3) a piecewise parameterization of the distribution in redshift and column density of intergalactic absorbers that fits recent measurements of the mean free path of 1 ryd photons; (4) an accurate treatment of the photoionization structure of absorbers, which enters in the calculation of the helium continuum opacity and recombination emissivity; and (5) the UV emission from star-forming galaxies at all redshifts. We provide tables of the predicted H i and He ii photoionization and photoheating rates for use, e.g., in cosmological hydrodynamics simulations of the Lyα forest and a new metallicity-dependent calibration to the UV luminosity density-star formation rate density relation. A “minimal cosmic reionization model” is also presented in which the galaxy UV emissivity traces recent determinations of the cosmic history of star formation, the luminosity-weighted escape fraction of hydrogen-ionizing radiation increases rapidly with look-back time, the clumping factor of the high-redshift intergalactic medium evolves following the results of hydrodynamic simulations, and Population III stars and miniquasars make a negligible contribution to the metagalactic flux. The model provides a good fit to the hydrogen-ionization rates inferred from flux decrement and proximity effect measurements, predicts that cosmological H ii (He iii) regions overlap at redshift 6.7 (2.8), and yields an optical depth to Thomson scattering, τes = 0.084 that is in agreement with Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe results. Our new background intensities and spectra are sensitive to a number of poorly determined input parameters and suffer from various degeneracies. Their predictive power should be constantly tested against new observations. We are therefore making our redshift-dependent UV/X emissivities and CUBA outputs freely available for public use at http://www.ucolick. org/~pmadau/CUBA.
Prognosis and impact of equine recurrent uveitis.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a leading cause of vision loss in horses. OBJECTIVES To assess the prognosis and impact of ERU on affected horses and their owners by evaluating the signalment, treatment and outcome (including the loss of use, vision assessment and economic loss). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective impact study. METHODS Medical records of horses presenting to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Health Complex (NCSU-VHC) with ERU between 1999 and 2014 were reviewed. Signalment, clinical signs, ophthalmic examination findings, treatments and outcomes were evaluated. Owner questionnaires were completed regarding vision, job/role, monetary value, diagnostic and treatment costs, concurrent illness and outcomes. RESULTS Records of 224 horses (338 eyes) with ERU were reviewed. There was an overrepresentation of Appaloosas (54; 24.1%), Hanoverians (11; 4.9%) and other Warmbloods (13; 5.8%). Ninety-six eyes (28.4%) were diagnosed as blind and 38 eyes (11.2%) with glaucoma on initial evaluation. Leptospirosis titres of serum and/or aqueous humour were obtained in 88 horses and were positive in 40 horses (45.5%), with L. pomona being the most frequently isolated serovar. Globe loss at the NCSU-VHC occurred in 41 ERU eyes (12.1% of total). Owner questionnaires were evaluated in 194 horses (86.6%) and 91 horses (46.9%) were reported blind in the affected eye(s). Fifty-seven horses (29.4%) did not return to their previous role, while 61 (31.4%) performed at a reduced level. Equine recurrent uveitis decreased the monetary value of 164 horses. Twenty-nine horses (14.9%) were euthanised and 37 (19.1%) underwent change in ownership as a direct result of ERU. CONCLUSIONS The impact of ERU is attributed to the high frequency of blindness, globe loss and loss of function. Euthanasia and change of ownership are common sequelae to the progressive nature of ERU. These factors, along with financial costs of the disease, have a significant impact on affected horses and their owners.
Disseminated Mucormycosis in an Adolescent with Newly Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus

We report a 16-year-old, previously healthy female who presented with disseminated mucormycosis leading to multiorgan failure and death with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis. We review previous reported cases of mucormycosis in children with diabetes to demonstrate that this uncommon invasive infection may cause significant morbidity and mortality in this population.
The Effect of Low Intensity Wearable Ultrasound on Blood Lactate and Muscle Performance after High Intensity Resistance Exercise

Langer MD, Byrne HK, Henry T, Lewis G, Mattern C. The Effect of Low Intensity Wearable Ultrasound on Blood Lactate and Muscle Performance after High Intensity Resistance Exercise. JEPonline 2017;20(4):132-146. The purpose of this study was to determine if a low intensity wearable ultrasound (LIWU) device enhances recovery from exercise by reducing blood lactate resulting in improved isokinetic muscle performance after lower extremity resistance exercise. The impact of LIWU on exercise recovery and performance were explored through, a double-blind, sham-controlled, crossover design. Sixteen subjects completed 1-repitition maximum (1-RM) estimation for five lower-body resistance exercises. The subjects performed identical exercise sessions wearing either an active LIWU or a sham device applied to the quadriceps and hamstrings at rest and during exercise. Blood lactate concentration was measured before circuit weight training at 70% of the 1-RM and during the 60min recovery. After recovery, the subjects performed leg extension and flexion exercises on an isokinetic dynamometer at two movement speeds. At each post-exercise time point, the lactate concentration was significantly reduced in the active treatment compared to the sham treatment. There were also significant differences between the active and sham conditions on muscle performance. These data suggest the LIWU device is an effective modality for reducing post-exercise blood lactate and improving slow speed knee extension.
Social Norms and Money

In an economy where there is no double coincidence of wants and without public record-keeping of past transactions, money is usually seen as the only mechanism that can support exchange. In this paper we show that, as long as the population is finite and agents are sufficiently patient, a social norm establishing gift-exchange can substitute for money. However, for a given discount factor, population growth eventually leads to the breakdown of the social norm. Additionally, increases in the degree of specialization in the economy can also undermine the social norm. By contrast, monetary equilibrium exists independent of the population size. We conclude that money is essential as a medium of exchange when the population is large.
Passivity based visual servoing of a UAV for tracking crop lines

Autonomous flight with UAVs is a desirable feature in applications such as the surveillance and inspection of large areas including crop areas. In this context, the development of a passivity based visual servoing controller with dynamics compensation for the tracking of roads is presented in this paper. The proposed system allows the autonomous navigation of a UAV on straight lines such as those found in areas of structured crops. The stability of the controller is shown in the context of the input-output theory and based on the passivity properties of the system. The performance of the resulting control system is shown by simulation.
Well Vulnerability: A Quantitative Approach for Source Water Protection

The concept of vulnerability of drinking water sources is reviewed, and a quantitative approach for assessing well vulnerability for complex three‐dimensional ground water systems is developed. The approach focuses on the relative expected impact of potential contaminant sources at unknown locations within a well capture zone, providing relative measures of intrinsic well vulnerability, including the expected times of arrival of a contaminant, the dispersion‐related reduction in concentration, the time taken to breach a certain quality objective, and the corresponding exposure times. Thus, the result of the analysis includes the usual advective travel time information used in conventional wellhead protection analysis, plus a set of selected quantitative measures expressing the expected impact. The technique is based on adjoint theory and combines forward‐ and backward‐in‐time transport modeling using a standard numerical flow and transport code. The methodology is demonstrated using the case study of a complex glacial multiaquifer system in Ontario. The new approach will be useful in helping water managers develop more physically based and quantitative wellhead protection strategies.
DISCORDANT CLINICOPATHOLOGIC PHENOTYPES IN A JAPANESE KINDRED OF FATAL FAMILIAL INSOMNIA

The GAC→AAC mutation at codon 178 (D178N) of prion protein (PrP) gene ( PRNP ) results in 2 distinct clinicopathologic phenotypes dependent on codon 129 polymorphism of the mutant allele: fatal familial insomnia (FFI) with methionine encoded in codon 129 and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) with valine.1,2 However, some D178N patients who had homozygosity for methionine at codon 129 (D178N-129MM) were reported recently to have the CJD phenotype.3–5 The cause for these clinicopathologic diversities is unclear. We report a Japanese son–mother pair who presented with FFI and CJD phenotypes. ### Case reports. #### Patient 1 (proband). A 54-year-old man, born to nonconsanguineous parents, developed dysphagia and loss of appetite. Later, he showed peculiar movement in sleep, followed by insomnia and hypersomnolence. Diplopia, intention tremor, ataxic gait, sleep apnea, fluctuant low-grade fever, tachycardia, hyperhidrosis, constipation, and impotence also followed. He was admitted to hospital 7 months after the onset of symptoms. Neurologic examination showed mild memory disturbance, cerebellar ataxia, myoclonus, brisk deep tendon reflexes, sleep apnea, and dysautonomia. He did not show akinetic mutism. He moved continuously during sleep. EEG showed no periodic synchronous discharge (PSD), and polysomnography showed loss of deep sleep and marked reduction of REM sleep. Brain MRI showed only mild atrophy. In the cerebral cortex and thalamus, hypoperfusion and hypometabolism were detected by SPECT with 99mTc-ECD and PET with 18F-2-fluorodeoxy-d-glucose. He died 13 months after the onset of symptoms. PRNP analysis, with informed consent, on leukocyte DNA showed D178N-129MM. Histologic examination showed spongiform changes limited to the cingulate gyrus and subiculum, and severe neuronal loss and fibrillary gliosis in the centromedian and dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus and in the inferior olivary nucleus (figure, A, D, and G). Immunohistochemical analysis showed no pathologic PrP (PrPSc) deposition in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, or inferior olivary nucleus. Western blot analysis (WB) showed very …
Health of Premature Children from Birth to Four Years*

and mitigate the severity of those which do occur, by bypassing the morphological issue and, as an expedient, raising to prophylactic levels the amount of anticoagulant substance derived from humoral sources normally circulating in the blood. At the present time this is possible experimentally: when introduced into the portal circulation, curare increases the output of heparin from the liver.Unfortunately, even if a suitable pharmacological preparation were available, therapy of this kind would need to be continuous, for we do not know whether a tendency to clotting-" pre-clotting " -precedes episodes of thrombosis by a long period or a short one. Moreover, investigation along such lines might not commend itself, because on occasion clotting is a valuable protective mechanism, and to suggest its abolition transgresses a clinical precept which is usually sound enough-that one must never try to correct one pathological process by substituting another; although in this particular problem I should not subscribe to that view.
Cue validity in Hebrew sentence comprehension

ABSTRACT This study investigated the degree to which cue validity, as estimated from textual analyses, predicts the actual strength of grammatical cues as they are used by speakers of Hebrew. An experiment was conducted to determine the differential strengths of the linguistic cues employed by Hebrew speakers when assigning the role of patient in sentences. Monolingual Hebrew-speaking subjects 4, 5, 7, and 9 years old, as well as adults, were tested using a sentence-picture verification task. Six cues were included in the study: word order, the accusative object marker, the reflexive noun phrase and three verbal derivations. By presenting subjects with sentences which set these cues in competition with one another, a measure of the strength of each cue was obtained. The results of a regression analysis revealed strong positive correlations between estimated cue validities and actual cue strengths for all but the youngest age groups. These results were interpreted as suggesting that cue validity is highly predictive of actual cue strengths. In addition, the strengths of the six cues varied as a function of the subject's age. Two additional factors were hypothesized to account for the performance of the older subjects: increased sensitivity to the reliability of cues and discourse-based constraints.
Transthecal Digital Block at the Proximal Phalanx

This study assessed the efficacy of a modified transthecal digital block. Three-hundred-and-sixty consecutive digits were anaesthetised with this technique for the treatment of fractures, infections and foreign bodies. Complete palmar and dorsal anaesthesia was achieved in 357 of the 360 digits (99%), including 52 of 53 thumbs (98%). The technique was extremely easy to perform and no complications occurred.
Pregabalin Pharmacology and Its Relevance to Clinical Practice

Summary: Pregabalin is a potent ligand for the alpha‐2‐delta subunit of voltage‐gated calcium channels in the central nervous system that exhibits potent anticonvulsant, analgesic, and anxiolytic activity in a range of animal models. In addition, pregabalin has been shown to be a highly effective adjunctive therapy for partial seizures in clinical trials. Potent binding to the alpha‐2‐delta site reduces depolarization‐induced calcium influx with a consequential modulation in excitatory neurotransmitter release. Pregabalin has no demonstrated effects on GABAergic mechanisms. Pregabalin demonstrates highly predictable and linear pharmacokinetics, a profile that makes it easy to use in clinical practice. Absorption is extensive, rapid, and proportional to dose. Time to maximal plasma concentration is ∼1 h and steady state is achieved within 24–48 h. These characteristics reflect the observed onset of efficacy as early as day two in clinical trials. High bioavailability, a mean elimination half life (t1/2) of 6.3 h, and dose‐proportional maximal plasma concentrations and total exposures predict a dose–response relationship in clinical practice and allow an effective starting dose of 150 mg/day in clinical practice without need for titration. Administration with food has no clinically relevant effect on the amount of pregabalin absorbed, providing for a dosing regimen uncomplicated by meals. Pregabalin does not bind to plasma proteins and is excreted virtually unchanged (<2% metabolism) by the kidneys. It is not subject to hepatic metabolism and does not induce or inhibit liver enzymes such as the cytochrome P450 system. Therefore, pregabalin is unlikely to cause, or be subject to, pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions—an expectation that has been confirmed in clinical pharmacokinetic studies. However, dose adjustment may be necessary in patients with renal insufficiency. Thus, the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profiles of pregabalin provide a predictable basis for its use in clinical practice.