Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When Do Base Rates Affect Predictions

Recent studies have shown that when people make predictions, they often neglect base-rate considerations. Instead of considering what typically happens in situations like the one being judged, they rely on the extent to which the judged case is representativ e of the possible prediction categories—although if representativeness fails to provide a clear guide to prediction, people will resort to base-rate considerations. Manis, Dovalina, Avis, and Cardoze recently argued against this conclusion, presenting as evidence a series of experiments in which subjects predicted the category membership of individuals depicted in each of a set of photos. They found that base rates had a clear effect on discrete predictions (i.e., a majority of the photos were predicted to belong to the larger category) and a smaller effect on the confidence subjects attached to those predictions. However, only a minority of the photos could be readily classified by representativeness. As a result, Manis et al.'s findings can be reinterpreted in a way that makes them compatible with previous findings. In this light, their study emerges as a constructive replication of earlier results demonstrating judgment by representativ eness. A burgeoning area of research is the study of the role of background (or base-rate) information in people's predictions about specific target individuals (Borgida & Brekke, in press; Kassin, 1979). The impetus for much of this work was a study by Kahneman and Tversky (1973) demonstrating that base rates may be largely ignored in the presence of even flimsy specific evidence. They argued that predictions are often governed by judgments of "representati veness. " The user of this heuristic predicts that people belong to groups whose prototypes they most resemble. Such predictions are made even when the target individuals are characterized by only a brief, unreliable description and even when they resemble low base-rate groups, that is, groups with few members in the population from which the individuals are drawn. In the course of this base-rate research, Kahneman and Tversky's original design
Relationship between Whistle-Blowing and Job Satisfaction and Organizational Loyalty at Schools in Turkey.

This paper examines whistle-blowing at schools in Turkey. Firstly, wrongdoings observed by teachers at schools, and their preference for reporting these were analyzed. Then, differences between the teachers, who blew whistle and the others who did not were examined according to the research variables. The study group involved 283 teachers. The author used a questionnaire to obtain the results. Results showed that 67 of the 283 teachers observed wrongdoings at schools, and 31 of them reported it while 36 did not. The most observed wrongdoings are wasting school resources, using official position for personal interest, and wasting school’s money. Whistle-blowing intention increases according to the seniority increase. The teachers prefer informal reporting. There is no difference between the groups in terms of job satisfaction. There is significant difference between the groups in terms of normative commitment. While there have been many studies examining whistle blowing with different factors in especially marketing, there has not been any intention for examining it in education. Thus, this paper aimed to contribute to the extant literature by choosing Turkey and education as context, as most studies have been conducted in the Western cultures, and in accounting or marketing service.
A performance model for academic achievement in early adolescent boys.

This study tests a model for conduct-related school failure in young adolescent boys. In this model, family characteristics and child antisocial behavior serve as predictors of school adjustment and academic performance. Ss were 206 youths and their families, followed from the 4th through 8th grades. Results indicated that low parental academic achievement was associated with ineffective discipline practices and child antisocial behavior in the 6th grade. Ineffective discipline had a direct and negative effect on boys' 7th-grade academic engagement. Boys'academic engagement, in turn, had a direct and positive effect on 8th-grade academic achievement. A smaller direct effect of parental achievement on child achievement was also found
Transitive inference formation in pigeons.

Pigeons were trained with 4 pairs of visual stimuli in a 5-term series―A+ B−, B+C, C+D→, and D+ E− (in which plus [+] denotes reward and minus [−] denotes nonreward)―before the unreinforced test pair B D was presented. All pigeons chose Item B, demonstrating inferential choice. A novel theory (value transfer theory), based on reinforcement mechanisms, is proposed. In experiment 2, the series was extended to 7 terms
Helicopter parenting and female university students’ anxiety: does parents’ gender matter?

This study examined two potential mechanisms, competence and self-efficacy, that might account for the relationship between helicopter parenting and anxiety symptoms among female university students, and whether any mediating effects differed by parent gender. Structural equation modelling of data collected from 473 undergraduate students showed that both competence and self-efficacy mediated the association between paternal helicopter parenting and female university students’ anxiety symptoms. No mediation effect was found for maternal helicopter parenting. A comparison between paternal and maternal effects revealed that they differed significantly from each other. Specifically, associations between helicopter parenting and female university students’ competence and self-efficacy were much stronger for fathers than for mothers. Implications of the gender-specific findings are discussed in this article, and their importance for prevention and intervention are highlighted.
Individual differences and a spatial learning factor in two strains of mice (Mus musculus).

Current theoretical approaches to animal intelligence either in the form of adaptive specializations or general processes make no explicit predictions nor do they provide substantial evidence concerning individual differences in problem solving. Two strains of mice (Mus musculus) were run through a battery of water escape tasks consisting of 4 spatial learning tasks, a visual discrimination task, and an activity control. The 2 strains were the second filial generation (F2) from a cross between C57BL/6 and DBA/2Js inbred strains and a CD-I outbred strain. Results indicated positive correlations across all learning tasks in both strains for latency and error measures. Factor analysis revealed a significant first factor for these measures in both strains. These results suggest that at least some spatial and visual tasks in mice under this motivational condition share common properties.
Improving the quality of clinical training in the workplace: implementing formative assessment visits

Family physicians have a key role to play in strengthening district health services in South Africa. There are a number of barriers to the supply of these specialists in family medicine, one of which is the quality of workplace-based training and low pass rate in the national exit examination. The South African Academy of Family Physicians in collaboration with the Royal College of General Practitioners has adopted a short course to train clinical trainers and a process of formative assessment visits (FAVs) for clinical trainers in the workplace. Training programmes have struggled to implement the FAVs and this article reports on the experience at Stellenbosch University and the issues identified. Clinical trainers who participated in FAVs mostly set developmental goals for themselves that focused on improving the learning environment and consolidating personal skills in training and assessment. The FAVs were beneficial for the family physician trainers, their managers and the academic family physicians at the university. The tools and process for conducting the FAVs may be of value to other programmes.
Modeling the effect of health antecedents and social media engagement on healthy eating and quality of life

ABSTRACT Healthy eating is an important health-promoting behavior and maintenance of this behavior has repercussions for long-term quality of life (QoL). Given that psychographic factors are important predictors of engaging in health-promoting behaviors and social media can aid in developing self-regulation skills, the purpose of this study was to model the impact of (1) health consciousness and attitude, and (2) health disclosure and engagement with social media, on healthy eating intention. Furthermore, the impact of intention was examined on healthy eating maintenance and subsequent QoL. Five hundred and thirty-two U.S. adults completed quantitative assessments of health consciousness, attitude, social media health disclosure and engagement, healthy eating intention and maintenance, and QoL. Findings showed that beliefs, attitude, and social media engagement with respect to healthy eating significantly predicted behavioral intention and subsequently healthy eating maintenance and QoL. Theoretical contributions and implications for public health interventions are discussed.
Coaching children in social skills for friendship making.

ODEN, SHERRI, and ASHER, STEVEN R. Coaching Children in Social Skills for Friendship Making. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1977, 48, 495-506. Thirdand fourth-grade socially isolated children were coached in social skills. The coaching condition included (1) instructions from an adult in social skills relevant to friendship making, (2) playing games with peers to practice social skills, and (3) a postplay review session with the coach. In a second condition (peer pairing), isolated children played the same games with the same peers but did not receive verbal instruction or review. In a third condition (control), isolated children were taken out of the classroom with the same peers but played solitary games and did not interact or receive verbal instruction or review. Pretest-posttest sociometric assessment of the 4-week training indicated that the coaching group increased on a play sociometric rating significantly more than the peer-pairing and control groups. The coaching children also received a greater but nonsignificant gain in friendship nominations. No significant findings were obtained on the work sociometric rating or on behavioral measures. A follow-up assessment 1 year later indicated continued progress on the play sociometric rating for the children who had received coaching.
Environmental Awareness and Practices of Science Students: Input for Ecological Management Plan

The role of the schools is very critical in order to develop environmentally-aware and ecologically-conscious students. This descriptive-correlational study sought to measure the level of awareness and practices of 100 Science students in a public secondary school in Zambales, Philippines. Findings revealed that the Science students are very aware on environmental concepts and state of environment; and very aware in environmental issues and problems. They often practice taking actions to solve environmental problems and sometimes practice the need to possess a high degree of commitment. The study found out that there is a moderate correlation between students’ awareness on environmental concepts and issues and their practices to solve the environmental problems and possess a high degree of commitment. The study recommends that information dissemination programs regarding environmental concepts, state of the environment, ecological issues and problems could be sustained by the school to keep the ecological awareness of the students high. Environmental advocacies and eco-movement may likewise be institutionalized in the school through student organizations like YES-O and Science clubs. The crafted ecological management plan is recommended for implementation to increase the degree of commitment of students towards ecological conservation.
Social Workers'/Case Manager's Knowledge Deficits of Adults with Precomorbid Attention Disorders

Social Workers’/Case Manager’s Knowledge Deficits of Adults with Precomorbid Attention Disorders by Denise Ford Brown MA, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2001 BA, Cheyney University, 1998 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Human Services Walden University August 2019 Abstract There is a lack of knowledge about how to provide services for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) among healthcare professionals, particularly for adults with precomorbid ADHD. The purpose of this qualitative, multiple case study was to explore the knowledge deficits of social workers and case managers regarding adultsThere is a lack of knowledge about how to provide services for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) among healthcare professionals, particularly for adults with precomorbid ADHD. The purpose of this qualitative, multiple case study was to explore the knowledge deficits of social workers and case managers regarding adults with precomorbid ADHD and their perception of obstacles in providing medication and counseling referrals. Participants’ perceptions of obstacles was assessed through the framework of social problem-solving theory. The sample included 10 participants: 6 case managers and 4 social workers. There were three codes that represented participants' perceptions of knowledge deficits regarding adults with precomorbid ADHD, training, precomorbidity, and comorbidity. The theme knowledge deficits emerged from participants' responses of needing more training about adults with precomorbid ADHD. There were also three codes that represented participants' perceptions of obstacles providing referrals which included medication and counseling, referrals, and challenges. The theme perceptions of obstacles emerged from participant responses regarding clients’ resistance to services as a significant challenge. According to study results, knowledge deficits in participants were less likely to be detected when participants were asked questions about adults with ADHD and comorbidity. Participants found it easier to identify and provide referrals for adults with ADHD with cooccurring (comorbid) disorders. Social workers and case managers can use the results of this study to increase their knowledge about how to provide referrals for adults with ADHD as the only disorder. Social Workers’/Case Manager’s Knowledge Deficits of Adults with Precomorbid Attention Disorders by
Customer Injustice and Employee Performance: Roles of Emotional Exhaustion, Surface Acting, and Emotional Demands–Abilities Fit

This paper develops and tests a process model examining the sequential mediating roles of emotional exhaustion and surface acting on the relationships between employee perceptions of unfair treatment from customers and three forms of employee performance: in-role performance, customer-oriented organizational citizenship behavior (OCBC), and customer-oriented counterproductive work behavior (CWBC). In Study 1, we found support for our model demonstrating that the relationships between customer injustice and supervisor ratings of employees’ in-role performance and OCBC are each sequentially mediated first by emotional exhaustion and then by surface acting. In Study 2, using time-lagged data, we found additional support for our sequential mediation process when predicting CWBC. Moreover, we found that emotional demands–abilities fit moderated the sequential indirect effect of customer injustice on CWBC. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Cognitive processes as predictors of word recognition and reading comprehension in learning-disabled and skilled readers: Revisiting the specificity hypothesis.

This study examines how cognitive processes interrelate as well as predict learning-disabled (LD) readers' word recognition and reading comprehension performance. Correlations between phonological, orthographic, semantic, metacognitive, and working memory measures with reading performance were examined in LD and skilled readers ages 8 to 12 years. Important results were (a) LD readers were deficient on all cognitive processes compared with skilled readers, but these differences do not reflect IQ scores; (b) reading ability group differences emerged on a component composed primarily of working memory measures (referred to as g) as well as unique components, suggesting that these differences emerge on both general and specific (modular) processes; (c) g best predicts reading comprehension for both groups; and (d) phonological awareness best predicts skilled readers' pseudoword reading, whereas g best predicts LD readers' pseudoword performance. Overall, LD readers' information processing difficulties were described within a general working memory model that views such children as having difficulty accessing and coordinating both general and specific processes. Results suggest that the cognitive processes that contribute to reading deficits are best understood in the context of their combination with other operations rather than in isolation.
The Role of Band for Former Military-Connected Students When Transitioning Schools: A Phenomenological Study

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to understand the role of wind band for former military-connected (MC) students that graduated Carn Schools (pseudonym) in the past five years who experienced a transition to a new school. The theories guiding this study were Gates’ music participation theory as it describes reasons and explanations of why people actively participate in music and Vygotsky’s social constructivist theory as it relates to learning in a social context. The central research question for this study was as follows: How do former MC children describe their experiences in wind band during a transition to a new school? Guiding questions included the following: How do the participants describe the role that wind band played on their stress levels during a transition? What were the participants’ expectations of wind band when they transferred schools? What are former MC students’ perceptions of wind band attributes (band size, band success), band director attributes (gender, ethnicity, years of teaching experience, years of working with MC children, teaching styles/attributes), student attributes (gender, years of band participation, instrument, ethnicity, number of transitions), and school attributes (school size, location) that affect transitioning to a new school? Participants were recruited from the researcher’s former students and included 11 former students and other recommended participants. Data collection included interviews, online discussion responses, and Chin and Rickard’s MUSE Questionnaire. Interviews were transcribed and data coded using Moustakas’s research methods to help determine emerging themes. This study found that many band participants choose to participate in band because of the social aspect, which also helped them during a transition to a new school, showing consistency with previous research. This study may contribute to available research by providing information to the Carn School System and parents and teachers of MC children to help MC children deal with stress during a PCS and
A longitudinal study of the effects of internet use on subjective well-being

ABSTRACT This study examined how internet use is related to subjective well-being, using longitudinal data from 19 nations with representative online samples stratified for age, gender, and region (N = 7122, 51.43% women, M age= 45.26). Life satisfaction and anxiety served as indices of subjective well-being at time 1 (t1) and then six months later (t2). Frequency of internet use (hours online per day) at t1 correlated with lower life satisfaction, r = – . 06, and more anxiety, r = . 13 at t2. However, after imposing multivariate controls, frequency of internet use (t1) was no longer associated with lower subjective well-being (t2). Frequency of social contact by internet and use of internet for following rumors (t1) predicted higher anxiety (t2). Higher levels of direct (face-to-face plus phone) social contact (t1) predicted greater life satisfaction (t2). In multivariate analyses, all effect sizes were small. Society-level individualism-collectivism or indulgence-restraint did not show a direct effect on outcomes nor moderate individual-level associations. Results are discussed in the framework of the internet as a displacement of social contact versus a replacement of deficits in direct contact; and as a source of positive and negative information.
The meaning of furloughs on family identification

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to extend the meaning maintenance model (MMM) by elucidating the meaning employees provide to both work and family during a furlough. Design/methodology/approach The sample consisted of 180 state government employees, who completed four surveys, starting at a time before a furlough was initiated through returning to work following a furlough. The authors used random coefficient modeling of a mixed-effects model for discontinuous change. Findings Findings suggest that a furlough is associated with increases in perceived psychological contract breach, an indication that the meaning of work is being threatened. Following the furlough, employees’ family identity salience significantly increased. Further, rumination about the furlough increased the shift in family identity salience. Research limitations/implications This research tests the MMM in the context of furloughs and work-family implications. The results suggest that employees experience fluid compensation, a key facet of the MMM, during a furlough. Further, rumination of the experienced furlough can strengthen the fluid compensation process. Practical implications The implications for organizations implementing furloughs and various methods for implementing furloughs are discussed. Originality/value This research extends the MMM by empirically examining it in the context of furloughs and work-family implications. Further, it extends the MMM by examining the impact of rumination on the fluid compensation process.
Impact d'une prescription médicale informatisée sur la réduction du mésusage thérapeutique

Introduction Les effets secondaires des medicaments constituent un probleme de sante publique. Parmi les raisons avancees, les erreurs de prescriptions occupent une place importante. Methodes Nous avons cherche a ameliorer le chainon d'elaboration et de comprehension de la prescription medicale en utilisant l'informatique. La feuille de prescription, editee quotidiennement fait office da plan de soins en evitant le recopiage des traitements sur la pancarte. Une aide a la prescription est disponible sous la forme d'une base de medicaments courants en pneumologie avec posologie adaptee au poids. L'etude a porte sur les differents types de mesusage observes durant 6 semaines de prescriptions informatisees (229 dossiers) par rapport a une serie retrospective de prescriptions manuscrites du service a une epoque identique (184 dossiers) de l'annee precedente. Le case-mix est identique pour les 2 periodes analysees. Resultats Le nombre total d'erreurs techniques de prescription est significativement (p < 0,001) plus eleve apres analyse des 1 599 lignes manuscrites (49,27 pour cent lignes) compare aux 1 805 lignes informatiques (42,88 pour cent lignes). Les erreurs de recopiage (p < 0,001), d'illisibilite (p < 0,001) et par mauvais libelle du medicament (p < 0,05), principales sources d'erreur, sont significativement reduites grâce a l'informatisation de la prescription. Conclusion La prescription informatisee se revele un outil capable de limiter l'incidence du risque medicamenteux iatrogene.