Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fibrous Dysplasia of the Zygomaticomaxillary Region: Outcomes of Surgical Intervention

Background: Fibrous dysplasia is the most common craniofacial tumor, presenting in both monostotic and polyostotic forms with varying degrees of severity. No consensus exists regarding the surgical management of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia, particularly in the zygomaticomaxillary region. The present study compared long-term outcomes of limited reduction burring versus radical resection of zygomaticomaxillary fibrous dysplasia. Methods: Patients with craniofacial fibrous dysplasia at the University of California, Los Angeles, Craniofacial Center from 1982 to 2008 were studied based on demographics, treatment, and follow-up data, including examinations, computed tomographic scans, photographs, physician Whitaker scoring, and patient surveys (n = 97). Outcomes were compared for zygomaticomaxillary disease treated with radical resection with cranial bone graft reconstruction or limited reduction burring (n = 58). Results: Thirty-four percent of patients had monostotic disease, 66 percent had polyostotic disease, 3 percent had McCune-Albright syndrome, and 2.1 percent had malignant degeneration into osteosarcoma. Most patients had surgical treatment (84.5 percent). Of the patients that required optic nerve decompression for vision changes (11.4 percent), most (75 percent) had vision stabilization postoperatively. Differences were recorded in zygomaticomaxillary disease treated with radical resection (63.8 percent) versus reduction burring (36.2 percent) according to age (19.6 versus 14.2 years), complications (13.5 percent versus 4.8 percent), recurrence (66.7 percent versus 24.3 percent), and number of subsequent procedures (2.8 versus 4.0). There were similarities in Whitaker outcome score (1.3 ± 0.3 versus 1.5 ± 0.6) and patient satisfaction (2.7 ± 0.4 versus 2.8 ± 0.3). Conclusions: Although different approaches have been advocated to treat fibrous dysplasia, the authors’ data support a more aggressive management for zygomaticomaxillary disease with radical resection and cranial bone graft reconstruction, especially for more involved disease. CLINICAL QUESTION OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III.
Energy expenditure, physical exertion and time allocation among Huli-speaking people in the Papua New Guinea Highlands.

OBJECTIVES The study aimed to (1) elucidate the energetic adaptations of Huli people by comparing the three sub-populations in relation to their diversified natural and socioeconomic environment, based on energy expenditure and time allocation data; and (2) assess the applicability of a new index of physical exertion levels of activities (physical exertion index: PEI). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Married males and females (n = 43) were selected, including 14 from a hilly village, 13 from a flat swampy village and 16 migrants to a town. Continuous heart rate (HR) monitoring, in conjunction with minute-by-minute observation of activities, was undertaken. Total energy expenditure was assessed by flex-HR method and physical activity level (PAL) was calculated as multiples of basal metabolic rate. Observed activities were divided into 15 categories and the PEI was calculated for each: PEI = (mean HR of a categorized activity)/(flex HR) x 100. RESULTS No significant difference was found in PAL among the three sub-populations: 1.77, 1.92 and 1.81 for men and 1.78, 1.98 and 1.66 for women in hilly and flat villages, and a town, respectively. The comparison of the two village groups revealed that hilly terrain did not affect substantially the physical intensity of agricultural activities. On the other hand, the town migrants were engaged in sedentary paid jobs and these were less energy consuming than agricultural work. However, the different energy costs between paid jobs and agricultural work were offset by longer work time in the town group than in the two village groups (251 vs 50 or 70 min in males; 258 vs 152 or 138 min in females), resulting in similar PAL in the three groups. CONCLUSIONS Despite contrasting natural and social environments, no significant difference was found in daily physical activity level among the three sub-populations (two villages and a town) of Huli-speaking people in Papua New Guinea Highlands.
Vision in athletes with intellectual disabilities: the need for improved eyecare.

BACKGROUND Special Olympics provides sporting opportunities for people with intellectual disabilities (ID), and Lions Clubs International Opening Eyes GB offers vision screening for athletes at Special Olympics Games. METHODS Opening Eyes GB screened the vision of 505 UK athletes at its inaugural event in 2001. The results were analysed and are presented here. RESULTS Results showed that athletes do not differ from other people with ID in being at high risk of ocular and visual defects and many are not accessing eyecare. 15% reported never having an optometric eye examination, and yet 19% of these athletes had a significant refractive error, 32% had ocular anomalies and 6% were visually impaired. Overall, findings confirmed the high prevalence of refractive errors and strabismus amongst people with ID. 40% of athletes had ocular abnormalities, including 15.6% with blepharitis, a readily treatable condition that causes discomfort. 9% had lens opacities, of which half were probably impairing sight. An important finding was that many athletes have reduced vision and 14% could be classified as visually impaired (WHO definition) even when refractive errors were fully corrected. CONCLUSIONS Special Olympics athletes should be encouraged to have regular eye examinations (as indeed, should all people with ID), and educators, carers and coaches need appropriate information about the visual status of their charges.
Periosteal bone formation--a neglected determinant of bone strength.

Life forms that have low body mass can hunt for food on the undersurface of branches or along shear cliff faces quite unperturbed by gravity. For larger animals, the hunt for dinner and the struggle to avoid becoming someone else's meal require rapid movement against gravity. This need is met by the lever function of long bones, three-dimensional masterpieces of biomechanical engineering that, by their material composition and structural design, achieve the contradictory properties of stiffness and flexibility, strength and lightness.1 Material stiffness results from the encrusting of the triple-helical structure of collagen type I with hydroxyapatite crystals, which confers .
Food Safety And Fear: Factors Affecting Consumer Response To Food Safety Risk

The objective of this research was to explore the factors that affect consumers' responses to low probability food safety risks. A survey of two thousand consumers was conducted in mid-2003, yielding a response rate of 32.0%. The analysis indicated a family-oriented response to food safety risks. Primary meal planners, women, and members of households with young children were the most likely to have an extreme risk avoidance response.
Scanning and transmission electron microscopy study of a human breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) cultured in collagen-coated cellulose sponge.

MCF-7, a stable cell line derived from a human mammary carcinoma grown in monolayer cultures for more than 120 passages, was cultured in a collagen-coated cellulose sponge for 7 days and studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The cells formed monolayers, clusters, and pseudoacinar structures. The cells were joined by junctional complexes and cell interdigitations. No junctions between the cells and the collagen coat were observed, but a Mg2+-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase reaction was detected. Solid clusters of cells evolved into pseudoacinar structures by necrosis of the centrally located cells and/or detachment of centrally located cells from adjacent ones by accumulation of liquid in intercellular spaces. These spaces coalesced, forming large lumina filled with cellular detritus and dead cells surrounded by a single layer of cells. Individual cells had pleiomorphic nuclei with dispersed chromatin, having usually one or two nucleoli. Mitochondria, ribosomes, and microfilaments were numerous. Both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum showed poor development. In contrast, the Golgi apparatus was well developed. Intracytoplasmic lumina of various sizes were observed in many single cells. These lumina were observed to coalesce and rupture with the subsequent ejection of intraluminal material. The morphological pattern of these cells grown in the sponge, even after many passages as a monolayer, demonstrated that they have retained many properties of mammary epithelium. They also have the potentiality to reexpress the original patterns of the epithelial component of the primary mammary carcinoma.
Neuropsychological Assessment, Depression, and Past Exposure to Organic Solvents

This study assessed neuropsychological performance in persons with a history of exposure to organic solvents and nonexposed healthy controls. Structured clinical interviews were also done to determine current Axis I diagnosis of mood disorder to assess the contribution of mood disorder to neuropsychological performance. Solvent-exposed participants were found to have significantly reduced scores on 3 of 5 neuropsychological clusters (learning and memory, visuospatial, psychomotor speed) compared to controls. No differences were found between the groups on measures of general intelligence. Within the exposed group, 50% met current Axis I criteria for mood disorder. Hierarchical multiple regression, controlling for age and education, revealed that mood disorder was significantly related to performance on only the visuospatial domain. There was no association between mood disorder and measures of learning and memory, attention, motor speed, and general intelligence. Higher ratings of past exposure were associated with poorer scores on learning and memory tests and slower times on speeded tests. These findings are consistent with other research documenting deficits in neuropsychological and psychiatric functioning in exposed workers.
Quantity and quality assessment of randomized controlled trials on orthodontic practice in PubMed.

OBJECTIVE To find current high-quality evidence for orthodontic practice within a reasonable time, we tested the performance of a PubMed search. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed was searched using publication type randomized controlled trial and medical subject heading term "orthodontics" for articles published between 2003 and 2007. The PubMed search results were compared with those from a hand search of four orthodontic journals to determine the sensitivity of PubMed search. We evaluated the precision of the PubMed search result and assessed the quality of individual randomized controlled trials using the Jadad scale. RESULTS Sensitivity and precision were 97.46% and 58.12%, respectively. In PubMed, of the 277 articles retrieved, 161 (58.12%) were randomized controlled trials on orthodontic practice, and 115 of the 161 articles (71.42%) were published in four orthodontic journals: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, The Angle Orthodontist, the European Journal of Orthodontics, and the Journal of Orthodontics. Assessment by the Jadad scale revealed 60 high-quality randomized controlled trials on orthodontic practice, of which 45 (75%) were published in these four journals. CONCLUSION PubMed is a highly desirable search engine for evidence-based orthodontic practice. To stay current and get high-quality evidence, it is reasonable to look through four orthodontic journals: American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, The Angle Orthodontist, the European Journal of Orthodontics, and the Journal of Orthodontics.
Core Histone Acetylation Is Regulated by Linker Histone Stoichiometry in Vivo *

We investigated the relationship between linker histone stoichiometry and the acetylation of core histones in vivo. Exponentially growing cell lines induced to overproduce either of two H1 variants, H10 or H1c, displayed significantly reduced rates of incorporation of [3H]acetate into all four core histones. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the rates of histone deacetylation were similar in all cell lines. These effects were also observed in nuclei isolated from these cells upon labeling with [3H]acetyl-CoA. Nuclear extracts prepared from control and H1-overexpressing cell lines displayed similar levels of histone acetylation activity on chromatin templates prepared from control cells. In contrast, extracts prepared from control cells were significantly less active on chromatin templates prepared from H1-overexpressing cells than on templates prepared from control cells. Reduced levels of acetylation in H1-overproducing cell lines do not appear to depend on higher order chromatin structure, because it persists even after digestion of the chromatin with micrococcal nuclease. The results suggest that alterations in chromatin structure, resulting from changes in linker histone stoichiometry may modulate the levels or rates of core histone acetylation in vivo.
A new family of penalties for augmented Lagrangian methods

We study a family of penalty functions for augmented Lagrangian methods, and concentrate on a penalty based on the modified logarithmic barrier function. The convex conjugate of this penalty induces a Bregman distance, and the dual iterates associated with the augmented Lagrangian algorithm correspond to the iterates produced by a proximal point algorithm based on this distance. The global convergence of the dual iterates is then proved. Moreover, the level curves of the quadratic approximation of the dual kernels associated with these penalty functions are the Dikin ellipsoids. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tuberculoventral neurons project to the multipolar cell area but not to the octopus cell area of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus

Tuberculoventral neurons in the deep layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) provide frequency‐specific inhibition to neurons in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVON) of the mouse (Wickesberg and Oertel, '88, '90). The present experiments examine the projection from the deep DCN to the posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections into the PVCN reveal that the multipolar cell area, but not the octopus cell area, is innervated by neurons in the deep layer of the DCN. Injections into the multipolar cell area, in the rostral and ventral PVCN, labeled neurons across the entire rostrocaudal extent of the deep DCN. The labeled tuberculoventral neurons generally lay within the band of labeled auditory nerve terminals in the DCN. Injections of HRP into the octopus cell area, in the dorsal caudal PVCN, labeled almost no cells within the band of auditory nerve fiber terminals that were labeled by the same injection. The inhibition from tuberculoventral neurons onto ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) neurons is likely to be mediated by glycine (Wickesberg and Oertel, '90). Slices of the cochlear nuclear complex were immunolabeled by an antibody against glycine conjugated with glutaraldehyde to bovine serum albumin (Wenthold et al., '87). Glycine‐like immunoreactivity was found throughout the DCN, the AVCN and the multipolar cell area, but there was little labeling in the octopus cell area. This finding provides independent evidence that tuberculoventral neurons do not innervate the octopus cell area and indicates that the octopus cell area is anatomically and functionally distinct.
Enhanced Activation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase and Myosin Light Chain Kinase by the Pro33 Polymorphism of Integrin β3 *

Integrin β3 is polymorphic at residue 33 (Leu33 or Pro33), and the Pro33 variant exhibits increased outside-in signaling to focal adhesion kinase and greater actin reorganization. Because focal adhesion kinase activation and an intact cytoskeleton are critical links for integrin-mediated signaling to MAPK, we explored the role of integrin αIIbβ3 in this signaling using Chinese hamster ovary and human kidney 293 cell lines expressing either the Leu33 or Pro33 isoform of β3. Compared with Leu33 cells, Pro33 cells demonstrated substantially greater activation of ERK2 (but not MAPK family members JNK and p38) upon adhesion to immobilized fibrinogen (but not fibronectin) and upon integrin cross-linking. ERK2 activation was mediated through MAPK kinase and required phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling and an intact actin cytoskeleton. Human platelets and Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the Pro33 isoform showed enhanced activation of the ERK2 substrate myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) upon adhering to fibrinogen. Furthermore, compared with platelets and cells expressing the Leu33 isoform, the Pro33 variant showed greater α-granule release, clot retraction, and adhesion to fibrinogen under shear stress, and these functional differences were abolished by MLCK and MAPK kinase inhibition. Post-integrin occupancy signaling through MAPK and MLCK after αIIbβ3 cross-linking may explain in part the increased adhesive properties of the Pro33 variant of integrin β3.
Two unique patients with trisomy 18 mosaicism and molecular marker studies

We report two unusual patients with trisomy 18 mosaicism presenting with minor anomalies and failure to thrive in the first year of life. Chromosome analysis showed trisomy 18 in 30/30 peripheral blood lymphocytes in both children. Analysis of skin fibroblasts in the first child showed normal female chromosomes in 30/30 cells, and the fibroblast karyotype in the second child showed mosaicism for tetrasomy 18p, trisomy 18, and normal female chromosomes (karyotype 47,XX, +i(18)(p10)[47]/47,XX, +18[9] /46,XX[4]). Trisomy 18 commonly results from nondisjunction at maternal meiosis II (MII). Nondisjunction at maternal MII has also been postulated to be the initial step in the formation of tetrasomy 18p. In our second case, the additional chromosome 18 was the result of maternal nondisjunction at MII, consistent with this hypothesis. In the first case, nondisjunction at maternal meiosis I (MI) was responsible for the extra chromosome 18. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of the G 403 A polymorphism in the RANTES gene with coronary artery disease : a meta-analysis

The G403A polymorphism in the RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) gene has a key role in the expression of RANTES, which has been detected in a range of cells in atherosclerotic plaque. However, the association of this polymorphism with the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) remains controversial. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the association of the G403A polymorphism in the RANTES gene with the risk of CAD. A comprehensive search was conducted to identify all studies published on the association of the RANTES gene G403A polymorphism with CAD risk. The fixed or random-effect pooled measure was adopted based on a heterogeneity test among studies, which was evaluated using I2. Potential sources of between-study heterogeneity were explored using meta-regression analysis. Publication bias was estimated with Begg’s rank correlation method. Eight articles were included in this meta-analysis, with 4601 CAD cases and 2522 controls. No significant association of RANTES gene G403A polymorphism with CAD was identified in any of the codominant, dominant, recessive, homozygote, or heterozygote inheritance models. No evidence of publication bias
Effects of inoculum concentration, temperature, plant age and interrupted wetness on infection of lentil (Lens culinaris) by Botrytis spp. conidia

Greenhouse experiments confirmed that both Botrytis cinerea and B. fabae could infect lentil and cause Botrytis grey mould symptoms. Experiments were conducted under controlled environments to determine the effects of temperature, leaf wetness duration, plant age and inoculum concentration on infection of lentil by B. cinerea. Optimum conditions for infection and sporulation were defined at 15–25°C, with limited sporulation at 10°C but no sporulation at 5°C or 30°C. Sporulation occurred 6–7 days after inoculation when leaf wetness was constantly maintained using humidity tents. Absence of leaf wetness for up to 4 weeks following inoculation did not reduce the disease severity, but reduced the time to sporulation to 3 days after leaf wetness was returned. Increasing the age at which plants were inoculated, from 6 to 18 weeks, had no significant effect on disease severity. Senescent and mature plant material acted as a focus for infection and sporulation. Increasing inoculum concentration from 5×104 conidia/mL to 5×106 conidia/mL significantly increased the number of plants infected, independent of genotype resistance. No disease developed at the lowest concentration of 5×102 conidia/mL.
A Primer of Neoclassical (Traditional) and Behavioral Economic Principles for Organ Transplantation: Part 2.

In our previous primer on neoclassical (traditional) and behavioral economics, we predominately focused on neoclassical economic principles as they pertain to transplantation. In part 1, we briefly expanded our discussion to highlight some behavioral economic principles. This primer will primarily focus on a few additional behavioral economic principles that we find relevant to the individual decisions made in transplantation with a few references to how they originated from anomalies discovered using neoclassical economic theory. Our reasoning for this ordering follows the development of economic theory. The fundamental purpose of economic theory is to develop models that can be used to predict individual decision making. Therefore, the success of our models rests on their ability to accurately predict individual decisions. Economics as a discipline incorporates human psychology and makes assumptions about what constitutes a rational decision making agent. The field of behavioral economics arose from an interest in revisiting a number of key assumptions that define a “rational” human often referred to as homo economicus, and determiningwhether or not those assumptions are valid. It also focuses on whether understanding certain underlying fallacies in human rationality can expand our existing economic theories to develop models that better predict individual decisions. In this way, behavioral economics is not an alternative to neoclassical economics butmore of an evolutionary step in our scientific understanding of human decision making. This is best summarized in Camerer and Loewenstein's statement, “All economics rests on some sort of implicit psychology. The only question is whether the implicit psychology in economics is good psychology or bad psychology. We think it is simply unwise, and inefficient, to do economics without paying some attention to good psychology.Our hope is that behavioral models will gradually replace simplified models based on stricter rationality, as the behavioral models prove to be tractable and useful in explaining anomalies and making