Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Bulgarian educational system and gender segregation in the labour market

ABSTRACT School-to-work transitions are embedded in the institutional structures of educational systems. In particular, vocational education has been linked to greater horizontal gender segregation in employment. Similarly, research on higher education has uncovered how stratification at the tertiary level can promote gender segregation in the labour market. This paper investigates how gender typical employment is conditioned by the institutional features of the educational system in Bulgaria. Despite the post-socialist transformations of Bulgaria's educational system and its labour market, horizontal gender segregation has remained rather moderate from an international perspective. We use data from a 2012 nationally representative survey. We find that the educational system shapes the gendered occupational trajectories for men but it does not hold the same explanatory power for women. Neither vocational nor higher education has a significant effect for women. In contrast, men with vocational education are more likely to work in male-typed occupations and, in line with the literature, higher education steers men toward gender mixed and a-typical occupations. Our study points to the importance of educational institutional factors in shaping gender (a)-typical career paths. The Bulgarian case, in particular, offers insights into the mechanisms that can potentially decrease horizontal gender segregation in the labour market.
2-D preplanetary accretion disks I. Hydrodynamics, chemistry, and mixing processes

Aims. We outline a numerical method to calculate spatially two-dimensional (2-D) reactive flows and mixing processes in preplanetary accretion disks and present first results. The numerical e ciency and robustness is demonstrated by following the hydrodynamical and chemical evolution of the disk from a highly non-stationary dynamical “switch-on” phase asymptotically into the quasi-stationary, viscous accretion regime. One major question we address is the C-, H-, O-chemistry. The leit-motif of our investigation is the attempt to preserve as much consistency as possible when modelling the hydrodynamical, chemical, transport/mixing processes and their mutual interactions in preplanetary disks. Methods. We use an explicit scheme for solving the Navier-Stokes equations combined with an implicit solver for the energy equation. The viscosity coe cient is modelled according to the so-called -prescription of “turbulent” viscosity. In contrast to the well-known -viscosity, the -parameterization of the viscosity warrants physical consistency if self-gravitation of the disk material is to be taken into account. However, up to now we have neglected self-gravitation. For the radiative energy transport we have adopted the (grey) Eddington approximation. The opacity is assumed to be caused by microscopic dust particles. Di usive mixing of the various chemical species is modelled by taking the di usion coe cient, D, proportional to the (turbulent) viscosity, turb. For comparison purposes, we have considered two extreme choices of the Schmidt number,S := turb=D, that is,S = 1 (D = turb) andS =1 (D = 0, i. e., no di usive mixing at all), respectively. We have not yet included coagulation processes and grain growth. Results. The main outcome of the 2-D simulations so far carried out is a characteristic circulation pattern of the quasi-stationary accretion flow: Near the disk’s equatorial plane which is assumed to be a plane of symmetry the material moves in the outward direction, whereas the accretion flow proper develops in higher altitudes of the disk. Species that are produced or undergo chemical reactions in the warm inner zones of the disk are advectively transported into the cool outer regions. At the same time, they either di usively mix up with the surrounding material or freeze out on the dust grains to form “ice”-coated particles. By virtue of the large-scale circulation, which is driven by viscous angular momentum transfer, advective transport dominates di usive mixing in the outer part of the disk.
The term structure of interest rates in a small open economy DSGE model with Markov switching

We lay out a small open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with Markov switching to study the term structure of interest rates. We extend the previous models by opening up the economy and adding a foreign demand channel. As a result, we explain the term structure of Czech interest rates and that the open economy version of the model fits reasonably well the period after the adoption of inflation targeting, which was characterized by two regimes: 1) a disinflation regime and 2) a price stability regime.
Chapter 2 Bacillus thuringiensis Applications in Agriculture

Abstract Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and its insecticidal toxins have been used in agronomical pest control for decades. The mechanism of action of Bt toxins on insect pest involves specific molecular interactions which makes Bt a popular choice for pest control. The specificity of action of Bt toxins reduces the concern of adverse effects on non-target species, a concern which remains with chemical insecticides. Different strains of Bt are known to express different classes of toxins which in turn target different insects. Bt and its toxins can be formulated into powder or liquid sprays or expressed in transgenic plants. To maximize the effect of Bt toxins, multiple toxins are often combined when making Bt formulations or expressed in transgenic plants. Though Bt is a very effective biological control agent, there are concerns over the development of resistance by insect species and also the narrow spectrum of activity of individual toxins. To address these concerns, new strains of Bt expressing novel toxins are actively sought and existing toxins are genetically modified for improved activity.
How Accurate is Participatory Wealth Ranking (PWR) in Targeting the Poor? A Case Study from Bangladesh

PWR is a participatory poverty assessment method that uses the ratings of local reference groups concerning the relative poverty status of households in their community. This paper assesses the accuracy of PWR in predicting absolute (income) poverty, and compares PWR with three other poverty assessment methods. Using a village census in 8 villages located in three of the six divisions of Bangladesh, 1660 households have been scored using the PWR method. A randomly selected subsample of 320 households was interviewed with a questionnaire employing the Living Standard Measurement Survey (LSMS) method. The data allow the identification of households that have per-capita expenditures below the international poverty line of 1 dollar a day. Our results show that calibrated PWR scores can achieve an accuracy of 70 to 79 percent, i.e. up to 8 out of 10 households are correctly predicted as to whether they live in extreme poverty or not. As expected, the so-called Total Accuracy of PWR is higher if its scores are calibrated at lower geographical level, and highest if calibrated at the community level. For the case of Bangladesh, the results confirm the accuracy of PWR as a poverty targeting method for development policies and projects if used at the community level.
YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS IN LYNDS 1641: DISKS, ACCRETION, AND STAR FORMATION HISTORY

We investigate the young stellar objects (YSOs) in the Lynds 1641 (L1641) cloud using multi-wavelength data including Spitzer, WISE, the Two Micron All Sky Survey, and XMM covering ∼1390 YSOs across a range of evolutionary stages. In addition, we targeted a sub-sample of YSOs for optical spectroscopy with the MMT/Hectospec and the MMT/Hectochelle. We use these data, along with archival photometric data, to derive spectral types, extinction values, masses, ages, and accretion rates. We obtain a disk fraction of ∼50% in L1641. The disk frequency is almost constant as a function of stellar mass with a slight peak at log (M*/M☉) ≈ −0.25. The analysis of multi-epoch spectroscopic data indicates that the accretion variability of YSOs cannot explain the two orders of magnitude of scatter for YSOs with similar masses. Forty-six new transition disk (TD) objects are confirmed in this work, and we find that the fraction of accreting TDs is lower than for optically thick disks (40%–45% versus 77%–79%, respectively). We confirm our previous result that the accreting TDs have a median accretion rate similar to normal optically thick disks. We confirm that two star formation modes (isolated versus clustered) exist in L1641. We find that the diskless YSOs are statistically older than the YSOs with optically thick disks and the TD objects have a median age that is intermediate between those of the other two populations. We tentatively study the star formation history in L1641 based on the age distribution and find that star formation started to be active 2–3 Myr ago.
On the use of dry seaweeds and condensed phytoplankton as diets for the clam Venerupis aurea, Egypt

ne of the most commercially important species of the marine clam Venerupis aurea was fed on dry preparations of seaweeds (Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca) and condensed preparation of phytoplankton. Daily growth rate (DGR) of clams as live wet weight increase was calculated to determine the effect of different diets. Comparing DGR of feeding bivalves with that of control, some variations were recorded. Higher growth over control was obtained for juvenile Venerupis aurea (3-6 mm) fed on phytoplankton and Enteromorpha intestinalis. For the clam size 6.1-9 mm, the bivalves fed on Enteromorpha intestinalis and Ulva lactuca showed higher growth. The largest clam size (9.1-12 mm) which was fed on the previous diets, failed to attain the same growth as control. So, the differentiation in growth was related to size of clam and also to type of the diet.
Photosynthesis and shoot water status of seedlings from different oak species submitted to waterlogging

Nous avons analyse les effets d'une hypoxie racinaire due a un ennoyage sur la photosynthese foliaire et l'etat hydrique de jeunes plants de Quercus robur, Q petraea, Q rubra et Q palustris au cours de 2 experiences successives. Des mesures quotidiennes (1re experience) et hebdomadaires (2e experience) d'echanges gazeux ont ete realisees pendant 2 et 7 semaines d'ennoyage controle, avec une nappe d'eau a 3 (1re experience) et a 6 cm (2e experience) de la surface du sol. L'assimilation nette de CO 2 (A) et la conductance foliaire pour le CO 2 (g) ont ete fortement et rapidement reduites par la contrainte au cours des 2 experiences dans presque tous les cas
Business Cycle Features In The Iranian Economy

This paper studies the business cycle characteristics of the Iranian economy and the co-movements of macroeconomic variables with oil prices. As is common in most developing and emerging countries, volatility of business cycles in Iran is high. Except for monetary aggregates, co-movements of business cycles are similar to those of developed countries. The theoretical impacts of monetary policy cannot be supported since results show that they have small negative effects on real output. Findings suggest that supply shocks play prominent roles in the macroeconomic fluctuations of the Iranian economy. Moreover, nominal money and price level are procyclical with oil prices. And different price indexes are procyclical with oil prices.
Rancidity inhibition study in frozen whole mackerel (Scomber scombrus) following flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) extract treatment

The effect of flaxseeds ( Linum usitatissimum ) on rancidity development in frozen whole mackerel ( Scomber scombrus ) was studied. For it, fresh mackerel were dipped in flaxseeds aqueous extract during 60 min, frozen at –80 oC during 24 hours and kept frozen (–20 oC) up to 12 months. Sampling was carried out on the initial material and at months 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12 of frozen storage at –20 oC. A parallel experiment with non treated fish was carried out in the same conditions. Rancidity development was measured by several biochemical indices (free fatty acids, peroxides, conjugated dienes and trienes, secondary oxidation products and lipoxygenase activity) and complemented by the sensory analysis (skin, flesh odour, consistency and flesh appearance). As a result of the previous antioxidant treatment, peroxides showed to breakdown faster (p<0.05) after month 7, so that higher (p<0.05) contents on conjugated dienes and trienes could be detected in treated fish. The antioxidant treatment also led to some lower free fatty acid and secondary oxidation compounds formation. Lipoxygenase activity was lower (p<0.05) at month 1 in treated samples; this decreased activity had not consequences on primary lipid oxidation compound but agreed to results obtained on secondary oxidation when comparing both kinds of samples. In spite of these small differences obtained from the biochemical analyses between treated and untreated fish, the sensory assessment led to the same shelf-life time (5 months), although some performances on skin and flesh appearance could be outlined as a result of the antioxidant treatment. The present work provides a first attempt for applying an aqueous plant extract to a pelagic whole fish as a previous step to its commercialisation as a frozen product. Further research enabling a faster diffusion of antioxidant compounds to the fish muscle and employing synergic mixtures of antioxidant compounds is encountered to avoid quality loss and attain a larger shelf-life time during the frozen storag
Can the Dustiest Main Sequence Stars Tell Us About the Rocky Planet Formation Process?

Abstract Main sequence stars hosting extreme quantities of inner planetary system debris are likely experiencing transient dust production events. The nature of these events, if they can be unambiguously attributed to a single process, can potentially inform us on the formation and/or early evolution of rocky Earth-like planets. In this contribution I examine some of the dustiest main sequence stars known and three processes that may be capable of reproducing their observed properties. Through this activity I also make an estimate for the likelihood of an A-type star to have an asteroid belt-like planetesimal population.
POLLINATION DEFICITS IN UK APPLE ORCHARDS

Apple production in the UK is worth over £100 million per annum and this production is heavily dependent on insect pollination. Despite its importance, it is not clear which insect pollinators carry out the majority of this pollination. Furthermore, it is unknown whether current UK apple production, in terms of both yield and quality, suffers pollination deficits and whether production value could be increased through effective management of pollination services. The present study set out to address some of these unknowns and showed that solitary bee activity is high in orchards and that they could be making a valuable contribution to pollination. Furthermore, fruit set and apple seed number were found to be suffering potential pollination deficits although these were not reflected in apple quality. Deficits could be addressed through orchard management practices to improve the abundance and diversity of wild pollinators. Such practices include provision of additional floral resources and nesting habitats as well as preservation of semi-natural areas. The cost effectiveness of such strategies would need to be understood taking into account the potential gains to the apple industry.
SERIES No . 14 / 2013 Education , experience and dynamic urban wage premium

We analyze static and dynamic agglomeration effects across education groups. The data are based on administrative registers covering all full time workers in the private sector of Norway during 2001-2010, about 6.5 million worker-year observations, including place and sector of work experience since 1993. Accounting for unobservable abilities with identification based on movers, the static urban wage premium is similar across education groups. When the history of work experience in different regions and sectors is included, we show that the dynamic wage premium increases in education level and that highly educated in high wage sectors have the largest learning advantage. JEL codes: J24, J31, J61, R12, R23
Stress responses of juvenile matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) after transport in a closed system under different loading densities

Optimum loading density for the transport of matrinxa juveniles was investigated in a closed system with plastic bags. Transport was conducted for 4 h with fish (23.5± 0.4g and 11.6 (0.08cm) starved for 24h at loading densities of 83g L-1 (D1), 125g L-1 (D2), 168g L-1 (D3) and 206g L-1 (D4). Fish were sampled before transport (BT), after transport (AT) and 24h AT. The water quality was monitored before capturing fish in depuration tanks, after transport in plastic bags and in recovery tanks. Water oxygen decreased to values below 4mg L -1 in D2, D3 and D4, temperature was around 32°C, pH 6.5-6.78, total ammonia 1.09-1.7mg L -1 , un-ionized ammonia 3.589. 33x103mg L-1 and alkalinity 134-165mg CaCO 3 L-1. Blood cortisol and glucose concentrations increased in fish of all densities AT and recovered the BT levels 24h after arrival. Osmolality did not change AT but increased 24h AT in fish of all densities whereas plasma chloride decreased inversely to the loading densities after the procedure. Hematocrit decreased 24h AT in fish of all densities but no differences were verified in the number of erythrocytes. No mortality was registered in any treatment during the next week after transport. Matrinxa demonstrated to be a crowding tolerant-species in transport operations besides tolerating low levels of oxygen in the water.
Using tracer observations to reduce the uncertainty of ocean diapycnal mixing and climate–carbon cycle projections

What is the uncertainty of climate–carbon cycle projections in response to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, and how can we reduce this uncertainty? We address this question by quantifying the ability of available ocean tracer observations to constrain the values of diapycnal diffusivity in the pelagic ocean (Kv), a key uncertain parameter representing sub‐grid‐scale diapycnal (vertical) mixing in physical circulation models. We show that model versions with weak mixing (i.e., low Kv) lead to higher projections of atmospheric CO2 and larger global warming than do models with vigorous mixing. Slower heat uptake and slower carbon uptake by the oceans contribute about equally to the accelerated warming in the low‐mixing models. A Bayesian data‐model fusion method is developed to quantify the likelihood of different structural and parametric model choices given an array of observed 20th century ocean tracer distributions. These spatially resolved observations provide strong limits on the upper value of Kv, whereas global metrics used in previous studies, such as the historical evolution of global average surface air temperature, global ocean heat uptake, or atmospheric CO2 concentration, provide only poor constraints. We compare different methods to quantify the probability of a particular diffusivity value given the observational constraints. One‐dimensional, globally horizontally averaged data result in sharper probability density functions compared with the full 3‐D fields. This perhaps unexpected result opens up an avenue to objectively determine the optimal degree of aggregation at which model predictions have skill, and at which observations are most helpful in constraining model parameters. Our best estimate for Kv in the pelagic pycnocline is around 0.05–0.2 cm2/s, in agreement with earlier independent estimates based on tracer dispersion experiments and turbulence microstructure measurements.
Pitch Accent in Korean

Typologically, pitch-accent languages stand between stress languages like Spanish and tone languages like Shona, and share properties of both. In a stress language typically just one syllable per word is accented and bears the major stress (cf. Spanish sábana ‘sheet’, sabána ‘plain’, Panamá). In a tone language the number of distinctions grows geometrically with the size of the word. So in Shona, which contrasts high vs. low tone, trisyllabic words have eight possible pitch patterns. In a canonical pitch-accent language such as Japanese, just one syllable (or mora) per word is singled out as distinctive, as in Spanish. But each syllable in the word is assigned a high or low tone (as in Shona); however, this assignment is predictable based on the location of the accented syllable. The Korean dialects spoken in the southeast Kyengsang and northeast Hamkyeng regions retain the pitch-accent distinctions that developed in Middle Korean (15 – 16 centuries). For example, in Hamkyeng a three-syllable word can have one of four possible pitch patterns that are assigned by rules that refer to the accented syllable. The accented syllable has a high tone and following syllables have low tones. Then the high tone of the accented syllable spreads up to the initial syllable, which is low. Thus, /MUcike/ ‘rainbow’ is realized as high-low-low, /aCImi/ ‘aunt’ is realized as low-high-low, and /menaRI/ ‘parsley’ is realized as low-high-high. An atonic word such as /cintallɛ/ ‘azalea’ has the same low-high-high pitch pattern as ‘parsley’ when realized alone. But the two types are distinguished when combined with a particle such as /MAN/ ‘only’ that bears an underlying accent: /menaRI+MAN/ ‘only parsely’ is realized as low-high-high-low while /cintallɛ+MAN/ ‘only azelea’ is realized as low-high-high-high. This difference can be explained by saying that the underlying accent on the particle is deleted if the stem bears an accent. The result is that only one syllable per word may bear an accent (similar to Spanish). On the other hand, since the accent is realized with pitch distinctions, tonal assimilation rules are prevalent in pitch-accent languages. This article begins with a description of the Middle Korean pitch-accent system and its evolution into the modern dialects, with a focus on Kyengsang. Alternative synchronic analyses of the accentual alternations that arise when a stem is combined with inflectional particles are then considered. The discussion proceeds to the phonetic realization of the contrasting accents, their realizations in compounds and phrases, and the adaptation of loanwords. The final sections treat the lexical restructuring and variable distribution of the pitch accents and their emergence from predictable word-final accent in an earlier stage of Proto-Korean.
Chlorophyll decomposition in Skeletonema costatum: a problem in chlorophyll determination of water samples

Chlorophyll decomposition during the process of chlorophyll determination currently used for aquatic samples was examined with cultured phytoplankton. Among the phytoplankton tested, chlorophyll a in Skeletonerna costaturn isolated from Tokyo Bay was found to be extremely unstable. Filtration of cell suspension with gentle suction caused chlorophyll a decomposition mainly to phaeophorbide a. Decomposition of over 40 % of total chlorophyll a occurred resulting an erroneous estimation of phaeopigment proportion in the samples. The decomposition was a result of a high activity of chlorophyllase and acidic material(s), probably organic acid(s), accumulated in the cells. Since the decomposition was found to be initiated by chloroplast damage, we tried to use a hypertonic medium for stabilization of chloroplast structure. Washing of samples with a hypertonic medium (0.4 M mannitol plus 1 mM MgClz and 3.15 % NaCl) just before finish of filtration was found to give 89 % recovery of chlorophyll a. However, the effect was not very reproducible