Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Balanced Orbital Decompression Combined With Fat Removal in Graves Ophthalmopathy: Do We Really Need to Remove the Third Wall?

Purpose To compare the reduction of proptosis and the incidence of new-onset diplopia after 3-wall (medial, lateral, and inferior) orbital decompression versus balanced medial and lateral wall decompression combined with orbital fat excision in patients with Graves ophthalmopathy. Methods Three-wall orbital decompression including medial, inferior, and lateral walls was performed in 13 eyes of 7 patients (group 1), and balanced medial and lateral wall decompression combined with fat removal was performed in 18 eyes of 11 patients (group 2). A transnasal endoscopic approach was used for medial wall removal. A lateral canthotomy incision combined with a short upper eyelid incision was used for extended lateral wall removal, and this was combined with an inferior conjunctival fornix incision when floor decompression was performed. Results The mean reduction of proptosis was 6.9±1.6 mm and 6.5±1.3 mm in the first and second groups, respectively; the difference was not statistically significant (P =0.37). After 3-wall decompression, 57.1% of the patients had permanent new-onset diplopia (group 1), whereas none of the patients had permanent postoperative diplopia after balanced medial and lateral wall decompression combined with fat removal (group 2). The difference in permanent new-onset postoperative diplopia between two groups was statistically significant (P <0.001). Conclusions Balanced medial and lateral wall decompression combined with orbital fat removal provides an effective reduction in proptosis and reduces the incidence of postoperative permanent diplopia when compared with 3-wall decompression. This technique may eliminate the need for orbital floor excision.
Arrest of G1-S Progression by the p53-Inducible Gene PC3 Is Rb Dependent and Relies on the Inhibition of Cyclin D1 Transcription

ABSTRACT The p53-inducible gene PC3 (TIS21, BTG2) is endowed with antiproliferative activity. Here we report that expression ofPC3 in cycling cells induced accumulation of hypophosphorylated, growth-inhibitory forms of pRb and led to G1 arrest. This latter was not observed in cells with genetic disruption of the Rb gene, indicating that thePC3-mediated G1 arrest was Rb dependent. Furthermore, (i) the arrest of G1-S transition exerted by PC3 was completely rescued by coexpression of cyclin D1 but not by that of cyclin A or E; (ii) expression of PC3 caused a significant down-regulation of cyclin D1 protein levels, also in Rb-defective cells, accompanied by inhibition of CDK4 activity in vivo; and (iii) the removal from the PC3 molecule of residues 50 to 68, a conserved domain of the PC3/BTG/Tob gene family, which we term GR, led to a loss of the inhibition of proliferation as well as of the down-regulation of cyclin D1 levels. These data point to cyclin D1 down-regulation as the main factor responsible for the growth inhibition by PC3. Such an effect was associated with a decrease of cyclin D1 transcript and of cyclin D1 promoter activity, whereas no effect of PC3 was observed on cyclin D1 protein stability. Taken together, these findings indicate that PC3 impairs G1-S transition by inhibiting pRb function in consequence of a reduction of cyclin D1 levels and that PC3 acts, either directly or indirectly, as a transcriptional regulator of cyclin D1.
Global Distribution of Far-ultraviolet Emissions from Highly Ionized Gas in the Milky Way

We present all-sky maps of two major far-ultraviolet cooling lines, C iv and O vi, of highly ionized gas to investigate the nature of the transition-temperature gas. From the extinction-corrected line intensities of C iv and O vi, we calculated the gas temperature and the emission measure of the transition-temperature gas assuming isothermal plasma in the collisional ionization equilibrium. The gas temperature was found to be more or less uniform throughout the Galaxy with a value of (1.89 ± 0.06) × 105 K. The emission measure of the transition-temperature gas is described well by a disk-like model in which the scale height of the electron density is kpc. The total mass of the transition-temperature gas is estimated to be approximately . We also calculated the volume-filling fraction of the transition-temperature gas, which was estimated to be f = 0.26 ± 0.09, and it varies from f ∼ 0.37 in the inner Galaxy to f ∼ 0.18 in the outer Galaxy. The spatial distribution of C iv and O vi cannot be explained by a simple supernova remnant model or a three-phase model. The combined effects of supernova remnants and turbulent mixing layers can explain the intensity ratio of C iv and O vi. Thermal conduction front models and high-velocity cloud models are also consistent with our observation.
Initial motor axon outgrowth from the developing central nervous system

Rat and chick studies show that the earliest motor rootlet axon bundles emerge from all levels of the neural tube between radial glial end feet which comprise the presumptive glia limitans. The loose arrangement of the end feet at the time of emergence facilitates this passage. The points of emergence are regularly spaced in relation to the long axis of the neural tube and are not defined by any cell contact with its surface. Each rootlet carries a covering of basal lamina from the neural tube surface, which forms a sleeve around it. It is only after bundles of ventral rootlet axons have emerged that cells associate with them, forming clusters on the rootlet surface at a distance peripheral to the CNS surface of both species. A tight collar of glial end feet develops around the axon bundle at the neural tube surface shortly after initial emergence. These arrangements are in sharp contrast to those seen in the sensory rootlets, where clusters of boundary cap cells prefigure the sensory entry zones at the attachments of the prospective dorsal spinal and cranial sensory rootlets. Boundary cap cells resemble cluster cells and a neural crest origin seems the most likely for them. The study clearly demonstrates that no features resembling boundary caps are found in relation to the developing motor exit points.
Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Sesquiterpene Lactones and Their Semi-Synthetic Amino Derivatives as Potential Antitrypanosomal Products

Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) are natural products that have potent antitrypanosomal activity in vitro and, in the case of cynaropicrin, also reduce parasitemia in the murine model of trypanosomiasis. To explore their structure-antitrypanosomal activity relationships, a set of 34 natural and semi-synthetic STLs and amino-STLs was tested in vitro against T. b. rhodesiense (which causes East African sleeping sickness) and mammalian cancer cells (rat bone myoblast L6 cells). It was found that the α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety is necessary for both antitrypanosomal effects and cytotoxicity. Antitrypanosomal selectivity is facilitated by 2-(hydroxymethyl)acrylate or 3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutylate side chains, and by the presence of cyclopentenone rings. Semi-synthetic STL amines with morpholino and dimethylamino groups showed improved in vitro activity over the native STLs. The dimethylamino derivative of cynaropicrin was prepared and tested orally in the T. b. rhodesiense acute mouse model, where it showed reduced toxicity over cynaropicrin, but also lost antitrypanosomal activity.
Resting Muscle Shear Modulus Measured With Ultrasound Shear-Wave Elastography as an Alternative Tool to Assess Muscle Fatigue in Humans

The aim of this study was to investigate the time course of the resting vastus lateralis (VL) muscle shear elastic modulus (μ) measured with ultrasound shear-wave elastography during repetition of isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the knee extensors (KE). Fifteen well-trained young males repeated 60 5-s isometric MVCs. Evoked electrical stimulations and the VLμ were measured every ten MVCs at rest. The resting VLμ significantly decreased (−34.7 ± 6.7%; P < 0.001) by the end of the fatigue protocol. There was also a 38.4 ± 12.6 % decrease in MVC after exercise (P < 0.001). The potentiated doublet and single twitch torque amplitudes and properties were significantly modified by the end of exercise (P < 0.001). This study shows the time course of the resting VLμ during the repetition of maximal voluntary fatiguing exercise of the KE muscles. The decrease of the resting VLμ could directly affect the force transmission capabilities accounting for peripheral fatigue.
What Do Adversarially Robust Models Look At?

In this paper, we address the open question: "What do adversarially robust models look at? " Recently, it has been reported in many works that there exists the trade-off between standard accuracy and adversarial robustness. According to prior works, this trade-off is rooted in the fact that adversarially robust and standard accurate models might depend on very different sets of features. However, it has not been well studied what kind of difference actually exists. In this paper, we analyze this difference through various experiments visually and quantitatively. Experimental results show that adversarially robust models look at things at a larger scale than standard models and pay less attention to fine textures. Furthermore, although it has been claimed that adversarially robust features are not compatible with standard accuracy, there is even a positive effect by using them as pre-trained models particularly in low resolution datasets.
Enveloping algebras with just infinite Gelfand–Kirillov dimension

Let $\mf g$ be the Witt algebra or the positive Witt algebra. It is well known that the enveloping algebra $U(\mf g )$ has intermediate growth and thus infinite Gelfand-Kirillov (GK-) dimension. We prove that the GK-dimension of $U(\mf g)$ is {\em just infinite} in the sense that any proper quotient of $U(\mf g)$ has polynomial growth. This proves a conjecture of Petukhov and the second named author for the positive Witt algebra. We also establish the corresponding results for quotients of the symmetric algebra $S(\mf g)$ by proper Poisson ideals. In fact, we prove more generally that any central quotient of the universal enveloping algebra of the Virasoro algebra has just infinite GK-dimension. We give several applications. In particular, we easily compute the annihilators of Verma modules over the Virasoro algebra.
Understanding the Radical Mind: Identifying Signals to Detect Extremist Content on Twitter

The Internet and, in particular, Online Social Networks have changed the way that terrorist and extremist groups can influence and radicalise individuals. Recent reports show that the mode of operation of these groups starts by exposing a wide audience to extremist material online, before migrating them to less open online platforms for further radicalization. Thus, identifying radical content online is crucial to limit the reach and spread of the extremist narrative. In this paper, our aim is to identify measures to automatically detect radical content in social media. We identify several signals, including textual, psychological and behavioural, that together allow for the classification of radical messages. Our contribution is threefold: (1) we analyze propaganda material published by extremist groups and create a contextual text-based model of radical content, (2) we build a model of psychological properties inferred from these material, and (3) we evaluate these models on Twitter to determine the extent to which it is possible to automatically identify online radical tweets. Our results show that radical users do exhibit distinguishable textual, psychological, and behavioural properties. We find that the psychological properties are among the most distinguishing features. Additionally, our results show that textual models using vector embedding features significantly improves the detection over TF-IDF features. We validate our approach on two experiments achieving high accuracy. Our findings can be utilized as signals for detecting online radicalization activities.
Cellular events associated with the induction of bone by demineralized bone

Implantation of demineralized bone (DB) in the form of powder or intact segments in extra skeletal sites stimulates new bone formation. Urist and co‐workers presented substantial evidence that there is a noncollagenous protein that has the ability to induce bone formation. One aim of this study was to trace the process of bone formation when DB, in the form of perforated rectangular plates, is implanted subcutaneously in 2‐month‐old rats. A second objective was to determine whether cartilage cells play a role in the formation of bone in this model. Various DB plates with 0.25 mm diameter holes were implanted subcutaneously for 1–4 weeks in rats. One week after implantation, DB plates were covered by vascularized connective tissue that invaded the perforations. Aggregates of chondrocytes were observed within the holes and on periosteal surfaces in only a few specimens. Further cartilage proliferation was not observed, and by the 2nd week there was no evidence of endochondral bone formation. Where these cartilage‐like cells were present, a thin layer of mineral was deposited around them; resorption and fibrous tissue infiltration followed. This aborted form of endochondral calcification was not followed spatially by bone formation. Patent vascularized channels were invaded by alkaline phosphatase‐positive mononuclear cells and fibroblasts, and became enlarged by the enzymatic action of macrophages. The next step involved the calcification of DB plates adjacent to the wide spaces. Osteoclasts now appeared leading to the resorption of this recalcified matrix. The eroded and now enlarged lacunar surfaces were lined by newly formed bone and osteoblasts. This process continued so that, at the end of 4 weeks following implantation, the original DB plates were replaced by trabecular bone. Biochemical data on calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels in the implants paralleled the morphological observations.
Preserving plantar flexion strength after surgical treatment for contracture of the triceps surae: A computer simulation study

Contractures of the triceps surae commonly are treated by surgical lengthening of the gastrocnemius aponeurosis or the Achilles tendon. Although these procedures generally relieve contractures, patients sometimes are left with dramatically decreased plantar flexion strength (i.e., decreased capacity to generate plantar flexion moment). The purpose of this study was to examine the trade‐off between restoring range of motion and maintaining plantar flexion strength after surgical treatment for contracture of the triceps surae. A computer model representing the normal moment‐generating characteristics of the triceps surae was altered to represent two conditions: isolated contracture of the gastrocnemius and contracture of both the gastrocnemius and the soleus. The effects of lengthening the gastrocnemius aponeurosis and the Achilles tendon were simulated for each condition. The simulations showed that nearly normal moment‐generating characteristics could be restored when isolated gastrocnemius contracture was treated with lengthening of the gastrocnemius aponeurosis. However, when isolated gastrocnemius contracture was treated with lengthening of the Achilles tendon, the moment‐generating capacity of the plantar flexors decreased greatly. This suggests that lengthening of the Achilles tendon should be avoided in persons with isolated gastrocnemius contracture. Our simulations also suggest that neither lengthening of the gastrocnemius aponeurosis nor lengthening of the Achilles tendon by itself is an effective treatment for combined contracture of the gastrocnemius and soleus. Lengthening the gastrocnemius aponeurosis did not decrease the excessive passive moment developed by the contracted soleus. Lengthening the Achilles tendon restored the normal passive range of motion but substantially decreased the active force‐generating capacity of the muscles. Our simulations indicate that independent lengthening of the contracted gastrocnemius and soleus, rather than lengthening of their common tendon, accounts for differences in the architecture of these muscles and may be a more effective means to restore range of motion and maintain plantar flexion strength when combined contracture of the gastrocnemius and soleus is present.
Distribution Electricity Pricing Under Uncertainty

Distribution locational marginal prices (DLMPs) facilitate the efficient operation of low-voltage electric power distribution systems. We propose an approach to internalize the stochasticity of renewable distributed energy resources (DERs) and risk tolerance of the distribution system operator in DLMP computations. This is achieved by means of applying conic duality to a chance-constrained AC optimal power flow. We show that the resulting DLMPs consist of the terms that allow to itemize the prices for the active and reactive power production, balancing regulation, network power losses, and voltage support provided. Finally, we prove the proposed DLMP constitute a competitive equilibrium, which can be leveraged for designing a distribution electricity market, and show that imposing chance constraints on voltage limits distorts the equilibrium.
On-Line Maximum Likelihood Prediction with Respect to General Loss Functions

This paper introduces a new family of deterministic and stochastic on-line prediction algorithms which perform well with respect to general loss functions and analyzes their behavior in terms of expected loss bounds. The algorithms use parametric probabilistic models regardless of the kind of loss function used. The key of the algorithms is to iteratively estimate the probabilistic model using the maximum likelihood method, and then to construct the optimal prediction function which minimizes the average of the loss taken with respect to the estimated probabilistic model. A future outcome is predicted using this optimal prediction function. We analyze the algorithms for the cases where the target distribution is 1) k-dimensional parametric and k is known, 2) k-dimensional parametric but k is unknown, and 3) non-parametric. For all the cases, we derive upper bounds on the expected instantaneous or cumulative losses for the algorithms with respect to a large family of loss functions satisfying the constraint introduced by Merhav and Feder. These loss bounds show new universal relations among the expected prediction accuracy, the indexes of the loss function, the complexity of the target rule, and the number of training examples.
Synthesis of Complex Organic Molecules in Soft X-Ray Irradiated Ices

We study the chemical evolution of H2O:CO:NH3 ice mixtures irradiated with soft X-rays, in the range of 250–1250 eV. We identify many nitrogen-bearing molecules such as, e.g., OCN−, , HNCO, CH3CN, HCONH2, and NH2COCONH2. Several infrared features are compatible with glycine or its isomers. During the irradiation, we detected through mass spectroscopy many species desorbing the ice. Such findings support the infrared identifications and reveal less abundant species without clear infrared features. Among them, m/z = 57 has been ascribed to methyl isocyanate (CH3NCO), a molecule of prebiotic relevance, recently detected in protostellar environments. During the warm-up after the irradiation, several infrared features including the 2168 cm−1 band of OCN−, the 1690 cm−1 band of formamide, and the 1590 cm−1 band associated with three different species, HCOO−, CH3NH2, and survive up to room temperature. Interestingly, many high masses have also been detected. Possible candidates are methylformate, (m/z = 60, HCOOCH3), ethanediamide (m/z = 88, NH2COCONH2), and N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid (m/z = 175). The latter species is compatible with the presence of the m/z = 43, 70, and 80 fragments. Photodesorption of organics is relevant for the detection of such species in the gas phase of cold environments, where organic synthesis in ice mantles should dominate. We estimate the gas-phase enrichment of some selected species in the light of a protoplanetary disk model around young solar-type stars.
Comparison between parainfluenza virus type 2 and simian virus 5: monoclonal antibodies reveal major antigenic differences.

Marked differences in the apparent Mrs of the HN, NP and F proteins of simian virus 5 (SV5) and parainfluenza virus type 2 (PF-2) were revealed by SDS-PAGE. To examine the antigenic relationships between SV5, PF-2 and other paramyxoviruses, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to PF-2 were isolated. These antibodies had specificities for the HN, NP and P proteins and together with 54 MAbs to SV5 were tested for their ability to react with SV5, PF-2, PF-3, mumps and measles virus proteins. Most of these MAbs (55 out of 60) reacted with homologous virus only. However, five reacted with both SV5 and PF-2. These antibodies had reactivities to the NP, M and P proteins. Furthermore, one of the antibodies with reactivity to the P protein also reacted with mumps virus. Although none of the 21 MAbs with specificities for the HN protein of either SV5 or PF-2 cross-reacted with heterologous virus, some antigenic similarities between the HN protein of SV5 and PF-2 could be detected. This was demonstrated by raising a series of polyclonal antisera to purified preparations of SV5 or PF-2 HN proteins in BALB/c mice, and testing for their ability to neutralize both SV5 and PF-2 and also to immunoprecipitate the HN proteins of these viruses. Surprisingly, while low levels of cross-neutralizing antibody could be detected in some sera (e.g. neutralization of SV5 1:1600 and of PF-2 1:80), other sera with similar neutralization titres against homologous virus failed to neutralize heterologous virus. Furthermore, only a minority of the anti-HN antisera showed any immune-precipitating activity against the heterologous HN protein.
Study Designs for Extending Causal Inferences from a Randomized Trial to a Target Population.

We examine study designs for extending (generalizing or transporting) causal inferences from a randomized trial to a target population. Specifically, we consider nested trial designs, where randomized individuals are nested within a sample from the targetpopulation, and non-nested trial designs, including composite dataset designs, where a randomized trial is combined with a separately obtained sample of non-randomized individuals from the target population. We show that the counterfactual quantities that can be identified in each study design depend on what is known about the probability of sampling non-randomized individuals. For each study design, we examine identification of counterfactual outcome means via the g-formula and inverse probability weighting. Last, we explore the implications of the sampling properties underlying the designs for the identification and estimation of the probability of trial participation.
Spin Detection in Robotic Table Tennis*

In table tennis, the rotation (spin) of the ball plays a crucial role. A table tennis match will feature a variety of strokes. Each generates different amounts and types of spin. To develop a robot that can compete with a human player, the robot needs to detect spin, so it can plan an appropriate return stroke. In this paper we compare three methods to estimate spin. The first two approaches use a high-speed camera that captures the ball in flight at a frame rate of 380 Hz. This camera allows the movement of the circular brand logo printed on the ball to be seen. The first approach uses background difference to determine the position of the logo. In a second alternative, we train a CNN to predict the orientation of the logo. The third method evaluates the trajectory of the ball and derives the rotation from the effect of the Magnus force. This method gives the highest accuracy and is used for a demonstration. Our robot successfully copes with different spin types in a real table tennis rally against a human opponent.