Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Developmental Variation in Rab11-Dependent Trafficking in Trypanosoma brucei

ABSTRACT In Trypanosoma brucei, endocytosis is developmentally regulated and is substantially more active in the mammalian infective stage, where it likely plays a role in immune evasion. The small GTPase TbRAB11 is highly expressed in the mammalian stage and mediates recycling of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, including the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) and the transferrin receptor, plus trafficking of internalized anti-VSG antibody and transferrin. No function has been assigned to TbRAB11 in the procyclic (insect) stage trypanosome. The importance of TbRAB11 to both bloodstream and procyclic form viability was assessed by RNA interference (RNAi). Suppression of TbRAB11 in the bloodstream form was rapidly lethal and led to cells with round morphology and an enlarged flagellar pocket. TbRAB11 RNAi was also lethal in procyclic forms, which also became rounded, but progression to cell death was significantly slower and the flagellar pocket remained normal. In bloodstream forms, silencing of TbRAB11 had no effect on exocytosis of newly synthesized VSG, fluid-phase endocytosis, or transferrin uptake, but export of internalized transferrin was inhibited. Lectin endocytosis assays revealed a block to postendosomal transport mediated by suppressing TbRAB11. By contrast, in procyclic forms, depletion of TbRAB11 blocks both fluid-phase endocytosis and internalization of surface proteins. In normal bloodstream forms, most VSG is recycled, but in procyclics, internalized surface proteins accumulated in the lysosome. These data demonstrate that TbRAB11 controls recycling and is essential in both life stages of T. brucei but that its primary role is subject to developmental variation.
Eyelid Avulsion from Monkey Bite

A 19-day-old infant was bitten by a macaque monkey in western Singapore, resulting in a full thickness laceration of his upper eyelid, which was successfully repaired with good structural, functional and aesthetic outcome. Periorbital injuries of children are of concern in view of the risk of visual impairment. In addition, monkey bite inoculations carry the risk of transmitting multiple bacterial, Rabies and Herpes B viral infections. The acute management and surgical repair, as well as learning points on management of Simian injuries are discussed.
Modelling Entrepreneurial Career Progressions: Concepts and Considerations

Studying entrepreneurship longitudinally is in effect a study of entrepreneurial careers, but there is little vocational theory specific to self-employment, much less entrepreneurship. Using Edgar Schein's Career Anchor Theory as a starting point, the existing anchors of autonomy and entrepreneurship are adapted to facilitate secondary analysis using existing longitudinal datasets. A model of career progression or trajectory, which would permit analysis of the self-employed as well as others, is developed using six variables. The first three come from Schein's “career cone” model of vocational movement–-hierarchy, function, and centrality. Three new variables are derived from a diverse literature on entrepreneurship–-employment duration, job multiplicity, and self-employment emergence. One approach to the operationalization of these six variables Is shown using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, and implications for future research and theorizing on entrepreneurial career progression are given.
Review on Cryopreservation in Fisheries Science: Applications and Perspectives

Cryopreservation is of interest not only for fish farming but also for the conservation and genetic improvement of resources. This technique has been well established in some freshwater fish species mainly, salmonid, sturgeons and carps, however, only in the last decade research was focused in marine fish species. The benefits of sperm cryopreservation include: (i) synchronization of gamete availability of both sexes, (ii) sperm economy; (iii) simplification of broodstock management, (iv) transport of gametes from different fish farms, and (v) germplasm storage for genetic selection programs or conservation of species. These issues would certainly benefit the aquaculture industry. The tremendous impact that biotechnology is having in aquaculture has been particularly obvious in recent years. Successful cryopreservation of fish sperm have been achieved for more than 200 fish species and many fish species have been adequated for the purpose of cryobanking. Cryopreservation of fish embryo is not viable, mainly because of the same limitations as in fish oocytes, i.e., high chilling sensitivity and low membrane permeability. However, cryopreservation of isolated embryonic cells is another option for preserving both maternal and paternal genome. In this paper, an overview of the current state of aquatic species is followed by a discussion on the sperm, embryos, oocytes and embryonic cells blastomeres.
Comparative Effects of Organic and Plastic Mulches on the Environment , Growth and Yield of Okra in A Derived Savanna Zone of Nigeria

The effectiveness of grass and black plastic mulches in modulating the environment, growth and yield of okra was compared in field experiments as the rainy season was winding up in Abakaliki, a derived savanna zone of Southeastern Nigeria. Black plastic mulch raised the soil daily temperature higher, promoted earliness in okra seed germination and flowering, prevented complete weed growth and influenced higher germination percentage than both grass and zero mulches while, grass mulch did better than the zero mulch treatment in all the parameters in 2009 than in 2008. There was 100% weed suppression on the black plastic mulched beds, while 54.9% weed suppression was achieved by grass mulch, and soil temperatures were significantly modulated for good crop growth by both mulches. The use of plastic mulch (plasticulture) is a veritable tool in promoting vegetable production in this zone as it promoted crop growth and yield, impacted on the environment especially weed control in comparison with organic mulch on an exotic okra variety "Clemson spineless" and hence, highly recommended in this zone.
Dietary requirements of available phosphorus in growing broiler chickens at a constant calcium:available phosphorus ratio

Four experiments were conducted to study the requirements of available phosphorus (aP) for commercial male broilers of 1-10 day of age (exp.1), 11-21 days of age (exp. 2), 22-33 day of age (exp. 3) and 34-46 days of age (exp. 4), at a constant calcium:aP ratio. A complete randomized design was used in each experiment. The experimental diets were fed ad libitum to 8 replicate groups of ten broilers in each. The increments in the levels of aP ranged from 2.0 to 5.5 g/kg (exp. 1), 1.9 to 5.4 g/kg (exp. 2), 1.8 to 5.3 g/kg (exp. 3) and 1.7 to 5.2 g/kg (exp. 4), in 0.7 g/kg. The parameters evaluated were body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and bone parameters. The level of aP in the diet influenced the performance of broilers of 1-10 and 11-21 days of age, but did not affect the performance of broilers at 22-33 and 34-46 days of age. Feed intake was not affected. The requirements of aP and Ca for male broilers from 1-10, 11-21, 22-33 and 34-46 days of age are 4.82 and 9.64 g/kg, 4.10 and 8.20 g/kg, 3.95 and 7.90 g/kg and 3.19 g.kg and 6.38 g/kg, respectively. The results indicate that low levels aP were required because the requirements of the mineral reduced as birds aged. Provided there is no excess of dietary levels of Ca, using a Ca:aP ratio of 2:1 may reduce the dietary levels of aP.
Hydrophobic Noncrystalline Porous Starch (NCPS): Dispersed Silver Nanoparticle Suspension as an Antibacterial Coating for Packaging Paper

Hydrophobic noncrystalline porous starch (NCPS) containing microporous and amorphous structures was prepared from native corn starch via heat treatment, solvent exchange, and alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) modification. Then, antibacterial packaging was produced by combining silver nanoparticles with the hydrophobic NCPS (hydrophobic NCPS/Ag) and employing this biobased coating as a layer on the base paper. The antibacterial activity, strength, and barrier properties of the hydrophobic NCPS/Ag-coated paper were measured. In addition, the fine porous surface of NCPS, the distribution of the silver nanoparticles in hydrophobic NCPS as well as the network structure of uncoated paper and coated paper were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Meanwhile, the hydrophobicity of the corn starch, hydrophobic NCPS, uncoated paper, and coated paper were determined using water contact angles. The silver nanoparticles had a positive effect on the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The air permeability, oil resistance, water vapor transmission rate, water absorption, whiteness, tensile strength, and burst strength improved compared to the uncoated paper.
Estimating Time-Varying Currency Betas: New Evidence from Nine Developed and Emerging Markets

This paper examines the conditional time-varying currency betas from five developed markets and four emerging markets. We employ BEKK multivariate GARCH models of Engle and Kroner (1995) to estimate the time-varying conditional variance and covariance of returns of stock index, the world market portfolio and changes in bilateral exchange rate between the US dollar and the local currency. It is found that currency betas are more volatile than those of the world market betas. Currency betas in emerging markets are more volatile than those in the developed markets. Moreover, we find evidence of long-memory in currency betas. The usefulness of time-varying currency betas are illustrated by two applications.
Metabolic rates and carbon budget of early developmental stages of the marine cyclopoid copepod Oithona davisae

The genus Oithona has been considered the most abundant and ubiquitous copepod in the world's oceans. However, despite its importance, the metabolism of its developmental stages (nauplii and copepodites), crucial to explain their evolutionary success, is almost unknown. We determined respiration rates, ammonium and phosphate excretion rates, and the net growth efficiencies of early developmental stages of Oithona davisae as related to stage, body weight, temperature, and food availability. Respiration and excretion rates increased with increasing body weight and were positively related to temperature and food. Specific respiration rates of nauplii and copepodites varied from 0.11 to 0.55 d−1 depending on stage, body weight, temperature, and food availability. Metabolic C:N ratios were higher than 14, indicating lipid‐oriented metabolism. Assimilation efficiencies and net growth efficiencies ranged from 65% to 86% and from 23% to 32%, respectively, depending on body weight, stage, and temperature. Assimilation efficiencies and net growth efficiencies estimated using the respiration rates of nauplii with food were 1.7 times higher and 0.6 times lower, respectively, than those calculated using respiration rates of nauplii without food. Therefore, the use of respiration rates measured in filtered seawater led to substantial bias on the estimations of zooplankton carbon budget. O. davisae developmental stages exhibited similar assimilation and growth efficiencies but lower carbon‐specific respiratory losses than calanoid copepods. Hence, the low metabolic costs of Oithona compared with calanoids may be one reason for their success in marine ecosystems.
Streptococcus pneumoniae , a capsulated lancet-shaped gram-positive bacterium is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children all over the world and a major cause of diseases such as pneumonia , meningitis and sepsis

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age worldwide. Vaccines have long been used for protection against pneumococcal infections. Capsular polysaccharides of pneumococci are main antigenic components of these vaccines. However, pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccines are not able to elicit appropriate immunological responses in young children and cannot induce the immune memory. Thus, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines were developed through chemical coupling of an immunogenic carrier protein to the capsule. The currently available pneumococcal conjugate vaccines elicited protection against the bacterium efficiently. However, these vaccines are expensive to manufacture and have limited serotype coverage. In this mini-review, therefore, we describe approaches attempted by researchers to circumvent the shortcomings of the conjugate vaccines including specifying appropriate cultivation conditions for the production of S. pneumoniae capsular anPublished online: August 30, 2014 Shirin Tarahomjoo Department of Biotechnology Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute Karaj 31975/148 (Iran) E-Mail tarahomjoo @ yahoo.com © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel 1464–1801/14/0244–0215$39.50/0
NON-BREEDING FEEDING ECOLOGY OF TERRITORIAL BONELLI ́ S EAGLES HIERAAETUS FASCIATUS IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA ECOLOGÍA

raptors remains largely unknown since most of diet studies are usually restricted to a half of the year, the breeding season, probably due to the easiness for recovering food data related to the association of individuals to nesting sites. Contrary, during the non-breeding season birds are difficult to locate and information on diet is scarce, causing lack in overall knowledge and comprehension of feeding habits (Cramp and Simmons, 1980; del Hoyo et al., 1994; Ferguson-Lees and Christie, 2001). Because of food is one of the main limiting factors for birds of prey (Newton, 1979), this shortage in basic information during a long life-period of such species should be urgently addressed. In this sense, the diet of nonbreeding period have proved to influence the healthy of birds, body condition and the reproductive output in the subsequent breeding attempt (Newton, 1979; González, 1991), finally leading to a strong limitation of both density and survival of a number of bird species (see a review in Newton, 1998). Hence the study on non-breeding diet in raptors, a group of species usually threatened (del Hoyo et al., 1994; Tucker and Heath, 1994), is not only an important aspect to promote the ecology knowledge but also a necessary tool to plan adequately conservation measures. The Bonelli ́s eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus is an endangered bird of prey (Tucker and Heath, 1994; Real, 2004) inhabiting the Mediterranean coast, Middle East and southern Asia (del Hoyo et al., 1994; Ferguson-Lees and Christie, 2001). Dietary studies on this species are frequently related to the breeding season and restricted around European continent (Jordano, 1981; Palma et al., 1984; Fernández and Insausti, 1986; Real, 1987; Salvo, 1988; Simeon and Wilhelm, 1988; Rico et al., 1990; Real, 1991; Gil-Sánchez et al., 1994; Leiva et al., 1994; NON-BREEDING FEEDING ECOLOGY OF TERRITORIAL BONELLI ́S EAGLES HIERAAETUS FASCIATUS IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA
Heavy Metal Accumulation in Selected Vegetables Irrigated with Untreated Sewage Waste Water in Allahabad City

The present study was conducted to assess the heavy metals ( Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni) concentration of vegetables ( Spinach, Cucumber, Ladyfinger, Ridge guard) irrigated with waste water in around yamna river of Allahabad district. Lead was several fold higher in all vegetables irrigated with waste water in both sites (Mahewa Path and Arail Ghat), the study showed that the concentration of lead varied greatly in all vegetables (Table 1, 2). Spinach was having the higher average mean concentration of lead ( 18.764 mg/L), followed by Ladyfinger (15.227 mg/L), Ridge gourd (5.117 mg/L) and Cucumber (2.602 mg/L) and Cu (1.372 mg/L) was higher in spinach followed by cucumber (0.369 mg/L), Ladyfinger (0.182 mg/L) and Ridge gourd (0.170 mg/L), in site one (Mahewa path). The average mean concentration of Pb in Spinach, Cucumber, Ladyfinger and Ridge gourd were (4.333 mg/L), (5.079 mg/L), (10.407 mg/L) and (10.779 mg/L) respectively, in case of Cu Ridge gourd (0.269 mg/L) got the highest amount followed by Spinach (0.237 mg/L), Cucumber (0.227 mg/L) and Ladyfinger (0.218 mg/L) in Arail Ghat. The study suggests that wastewater irrigation led to accumulation of heavy metals in food stuff causing potential health risk to consumers.
The biosecurity threat to the UK and global environment from international trade in plants

Native plant communities, woodlands and landscapes in the UK and across the world are suffering from pathogens introduced by human activities. Many of these pathogens arrive on or with living plants. The potential for damage in the future may be large, but current international regulations aimed at reducing the risks take insufficient account of scientific evidence and, in practice, are often highly inadequate. In this Letter I outline the problems and discuss some possible approaches to reducing the threats.
Blood flow in internal carotid and vertebral arteries during orthostatic stress

It remains unclear whether orthostatic stress evokes regional differences in cerebral blood flow. The present study compared blood flow in the internal carotid (ICA) and vertebral arteries (VA) during orthostatic stress (60 deg head‐up tilt; HUT) in six healthy young men. The ICA and VA blood flow were measured using Doppler ultrasonography. Dynamic cerebral autoregulation was also determined during supine (Supine) and HUT conditions, from the rate of regulation (RoR) in cerebrovascular conductance of the ICA and VA during acute hypotension induced by the release of bilateral thigh‐cuffs. The HUT decreased ICA blood flow by −9.4 ± 1.7% (P < 0.01 versus Supine), leaving ICA conductance unchanged. In contrast, there was no significant difference in VA blood flow between Supine and HUT, and VA conductance increased (+12.9 ± 0.8%, P < 0.01). In addition, dynamic cerebral autoregulation in both the ICA and VA was attenuated during HUT, and the magnitude of the attenuation in RoR was greater in the VA [0.25 ± 0.03 s−1 Supine versus 0.16 ± 0.02 s−1 HUT (−33.9 ± 5.8%); P < 0.05] compared with the ICA [0.23 ± 0.02 s−1 Supine versus 0.20 ± 0.03 s−1 HUT (−10.6 ± 13.4%); P > 0.05]. These data indicate that orthostatic stress evokes regional differences in cerebral blood flow and possible differences in dynamic cerebral autoregulation between two main brain vascular areas in response to an acute change in blood pressure during orthostatic stress.
SPLASH! milk science update: August 2014 Issue

In recent years, lactation science has paid great attention to the 200-odd medium-sized sugar molecules found in human breast milk. This is because these oligosaccharides (as the sugars are formally termed) have important roles in promoting infant health, and these roles hinge on their structure. It was always understood that the oligosaccharides— oligos for short—of domestic animals are rather dull by comparison. However, a recent survey of the milk of cows, sheep, pigs, horses, goats and dromedary camels has uncovered hitherto unknown diversity. It includes 13 oligos that were thought to be unique to humans (but are not), as well as entirely novel structures.
Nexus of Gender Pay Gap and Economic Growth: Evidence from Nigeria

Gender pay gap is phenomenally global. It manifests in different dimensions, across borders and has spanned centuries. However, increasingly insatiable drive to achieve steady and viable economic growth ignited extensive research on gender issues. The study examined nexus of gender pay gap and economic growth in Nigeria. By employing data from both public and private sector of Nigerian economy during period 2005-2012, estimation was done using OLS regression method. The result indicates a significant positive relationship between gender pay gap and economic growth. Hence, pay structure should be implemented strategically with much gender sensitivity to benefit economy
DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS OF STATE HIGHWAY INVESTMENT ON LOCAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Previous studies suggest that a minimal or restricted relationship exists between transportation and economic development. Conclusions drawn from these studies result from three factors. First, the studies considered the transportation-development relationship at substantially different geographical scales ranging from large-scale multistate regional studies to small land use projects. Second, at the subregional scale most studies used cross-sectional, correlational analysis; however, this type of analysis is unable to determine the direction of the relationship between the two variables. Third, the studies paid too little attention to the long delays inherent in transportation-development interactions. A method that examines the situations in which transportation investments seem to temporally precede changes in the local economy was used in this study. It was found for total employment by using vector autoregressions and causality tests that highways encourage long-term economic development in excess of the normal trend in Minnesota's regional centers and counties under the urban influence of the state.
Time-of-day variation in sustained attentional control

ABSTRACT Sustained attention is a fundamental cognitive function underlying many activities in daily life including workplace safety, but its natural variation throughout the day is incompletely characterized. To examine time-of-day variation, we collected a large online data set (N = 6,363) with participation throughout the day and around the world on the gradual-onset continuous performance task, a sensitive measure of sustained attention. This allowed us to examine accuracy, attentional stability, and strategy. Results show that both accuracy and attentional stability peak between 9:00 and 11:00 a.m. and progressively decline throughout the day, whereas strategy is more stable.
Disc–jet coupling in low-luminosity accreting neutron stars

In outburst, neutron star X-ray binaries produce less powerful jets thanblack holes at a given X-ray luminosity. This has made them moredifficult to study as they fade towards quiescence. To explore whetherneutron stars power jets at low accretion rates (LX ≲1036 erg s-1), we investigate the radio and X-rayproperties of three accreting millisecond X-ray pulsars (IGRJ17511-3057, SAX J1808.4-3658 and IGR J00291+5934) during theiroutbursts in 2015, and of the non-pulsing neutron star Cen X-4 inquiescence (2015) and in outburst (1979). We did not detect the radiocounterpart of IGR J17511-3057 in outburst or of Cen X-4 in quiescence,but did detect IGR J00291+5934 and SAX J1808.4-3658, showing that atleast some neutron stars launch jets at low accretion rates. While theradio and X-ray emission in IGR J00291+5934 seem to be tightlycorrelated, the relationship in SAX J1808.4-3658 is more complicated. Wefind that SAX J1808.4-3658 produces jets during the reflaring tail, andwe explore a toy model to ascertain whether the radio emission could beattributed to the onset of a strong propeller. The lack of a universalradio/X-ray correlation, with different behaviours in different neutronstar systems (with various radio/X-ray correlations; some being radiofaint and others not), points at distinct disc-jet interactions inindividual sources, while always being fainter in the radio band thanblack holes at the same X-ray luminosity.