Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Equity Risk Premium

The topic of this article is the equity risk premium, defined as the higher expected yield on stocks in relation to the risk-free yield. The risk premium is key to the proportion of savings individual investors can be expected to place in stocks. The challenge presented by the equity risk premium is that it is not a value which can be directly observed in the market, and must therefore be estimated. This can be done in several ways, and consequently the current level of the risk premium is subject to much dispute. The methods used to estimate the risk premium can be divided into three categories: 1) historic, retrospective, 2) theoretical, forward-looking and 3) enquiry. Each has its advantages and drawbacks, but a common trait is that none of them can unequivocally determine the true value of the risk premium beyond any doubt. Estimation of the historical risk premium is highly sensitive to the period selected, since the realised differences in yields fluctuate greatly from year to year. For the period 1970-2002, the historical risk premium on Danish stocks is estimated at approximately 5 per cent p.a. The historical risk premium on Danish stocks is generally below the level observed in the USA. In theory the risk premium is influenced by a number of economic variables (e.g. economic growth, inflation, corporate profits and investors' risk aversion), and changes in these variables can therefore affect the risk premium. The terrorist attacks on the USA on 11 September 2001 immediately drove down stock prices. One interpretation is that the expected risk premium was higher in the ensuing period as a result of increased risk aversion among investors. This article is divided into two main sections: 1) a short discussion of the concept of risk premium from a theoretical viewpoint, and 2) a sec-
Hart, P.M. & Cotton, P. (2002). Conventional Wisdom is Often Misleading: Police Stress Within an Organisational Health Framework.

The attached book chapter is one of the most comprehensive scientific articles on the nature and determinants of police stress. Using a large sample of serving Australian police officers, the authors examined how the levels of occupational well-being among police officers compared with other occupational groups, and then examined whether police officers’ levels of occupational wellbeing were determined by their personality characteristics, their use of coping strategies, the climate of their organisation, or their operational and organisational work experiences. Results showed that:
Effect of Slope Position on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties with Different Management Practices in Small Holder Cultivated Farms of Abuhoy Gara Catchment , Gidan District, North Wollo

The research work was conducted on eroded soil at the Abuhoy Gara Catchment, which is located in the Gidan District of North Wello Zone in the Amhara National Regional State to determine the effect of slope position on soil physico-chemical properties. Soil samples were collected from higher-slope, middle slope, intermediate slope and lower slope positions at two depths, surface (0-15 cm) and subsurface (15-30 cm) soil layers. Results showed a significant difference among the physicochemical properties of higher, middle, intermediate and lower slope soils. Clay fraction of the lower slope (27.08%) was the highest followed by middle slope (26.67%), intermediate slope (23.34%) and higher slope (22.92%). Conversely, sand (60%) was highest at higher slope and followed by middle slope (57.08%), intermediate slope (51.67%) and lower slope (49.58%), respectively. Likewise, Ca (8.41 cmol(+)/ kg), Mg (3.19cmol(+)/ kg), K (1.43cmol(+)/ kg), CEC (17.58cmol(+)/ kg), total nitrogen (0.104%), organic carbon (1.88%) and Available phosphorous (9.52 ppm) at higher slope followed by middle slope, intermediate slope and lower slope, respectively. The deterioration in chemical properties of lower slope as compared to other slopes were presumed to be due to continuous cultivation for longer period of time and past soil erosion effect that removed the soil organic matter and other plant nutrients. This study results concluded that increasing extent of continuous and intensive cultivation with minimum conservation practices and erosion due to slope effect can further deteriorate soil properties. The control of such damaging effects would require proper soil conservation strategies such as proper land leveling, afforestation, crop rotation, fallowing, terracing and inclusion of restorative crops in cropping systems on these lands.
New Evidence on the Relation between Trading Volume and Volatility

The paper tests the relationship between trading volume and return volatility within the scope of Mixture of Distribution Hypothesis and Sequential Information Arrival Hypothesis in Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) by using intraday data for the period between 04.02. 2005 to 30.04. 2010. Two sub-samples are used to consider the effect of Global crisis. The results show that findings differ across two sub-samples. The findings support the Mixture of Distribution Hypothesis in pre-crisis period. However, the evidence is mixed in crisis period. Although we reject the Mixture of Distribution Hypothesis in crisis period, we can not strongly reject the Sequential Information Hypothesis.
SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF ZOOPLANKTON FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND RELATIONSHIP WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN A EUTROPHIC RESERVOIR FROM COLD REGION

In this study, the concept of functional feeding groups was used to classify zooplankton community into functional groups among three seasons (spring, summer and autumn). A total of 30 zooplankton species were sampled in the Tuanjie Reservoir and identified into seven functional groups. Environmental factors and zooplankton functional group biomass were both varied in spatially and seasonally. Water transparency (SD), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, N:P and dissolved iron (Fe3+) were higher in autumn while total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) and dissolved copper (Cu2+) were higher in spring, and temperature (T) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) were higher in summer. Zooplankton functional groups biomass was higher in summer, followed by spring and autumn. In spring, zooplankton functional group only dominated by group PF, while in summer and autumn dominated by group PF and RF. Spearman and RDA results showed that SD, conductivity (COND), DO, NH4-N, nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and CODMn were the major factors influencing zooplankton functional groups in Tuanjie Reservoir.
Grain-Grain Interaction in Oscillating Sheetflow

Viscous grain-grain interaction is an important aspect of the dynamics of oscillating sheetflow. This interaction between sand grains has been investigated qualitatively in a pulsating water tunnel. Furthermore, experiments concerning the interaction between neutrally buoyant spheres in a Couette flow have been carried out at a scale of 100:1 in a new developed ring shear apparatus, called " Carrousel. " With respect to the dynamics of sheetflow, in-situ measuring devices for the sand concentration in the sheetflow ("Harp") and the bed load ("Swan") has been developed; some preliminary results are shown. For sand grains, the intrusion depth of sheetflow appears to be of the order of several mm. On high speed video recordings no lateral mixing between grain layers can be observed; for this some physical explanation is given. This supports the modelling of the sheetflow mechanism as moving grain layers.
Do service and merchandise exporters behave and perform differently ? : A New Zealand investigation A New Zealand investigation

Research on export behaviour and the determinants of export performance of manufacturing firms abounds in the literature. By contrast relatively little research has been undertaken that focuses on service exporters despite the growing importance of service exports in most advanced industrialised countries. This paper compares the export behaviour and performance of service firms to those of manufacturing firms. The study is based on a survey of 155 small and medium size exporters from New Zealand. The results suggest that service exporters are distinctively unique in many respects and exhibit export behaviours that are different from exporters of merchandise. Generally, service firms have greater flexibility to adapt their products to the specific requirements of their customers, use direct export channels more often and are also more proactive than merchandise firms in the establishment of future export strategies. Overall, the size and commitment of service exporters have the greatest influence on their performance.
Succession as a sustainability factor of family business in Slovakia

Research background: The success of family businesses abroad is not measured by profit, but is judged by the number of generations that have successfully mastered the succession process. This is why family businesses in Slovakia should also focus on long-term existence. Succession in a family business must be prepared with sufficient time in advance, as this is one of the most risky moments of its future. Purpose of the article: Successful management of the succession process in family businesses requires several years of preparation in different areas. The aim of this paper is to assess the readiness of Slovak family companies to owner generational change in application of selected factors in ensuring the smooth transmission of family businesses to the younger generation. Methods: The method of research was a questionnaire based on a 5-degree Likert scale, where the respondents expressed the degree of their agreement or disagreement with the particular statement. The questionnaire was filled by sample of 412 respondents — 206 family business owners and their 206 successors (son/ daughter). The statistical relations and correlations between variables were performed by Cronbach alpha, Spearman test, Kruskal-Walis test using EXCEL and SAS Enterprise Guide 7.1. programs. Findings & Value added: Slovak family companies have already passed or they are in the process of preparing or implementing the first generational change. We cannot be compared yet with family companies in Germany, USA or the Nether-lands because these firms are in the process of the fourth generation change in the ownership. The added value of this paper is the identification of deficiencies and reserves that prolong or expel the process of successful company transfer to a young generation. It is related to human capital — the professional competence of the successor and the willingness of the founder to leave, the absence of important business documents, or the effort to cope with the process itself.
The effect of ski gliding properties on the force production of V2-technique

Ohtonen, Olli 2010. The effect of ski gliding properties on the force production of V2technique. Master’s thesis in Biomechanics, autumn 2010. Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä. 64 p. Force production during diagonal cross-country (XC) skiing has been often investigated (e.g. Komi 1985/1987, Vähäsöyrinki 2008, Lindinger 2009), but multidimensional force measurements during skating have rarely been performed. The role of gliding properties of skating skies for performance and biomechanical movement patterns is often discussed in XC ski racing but has not yet been investigated. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of two differently prepared skating skis on performance, cycle characteristics and leg and pole force production during V2 skating. Improved force measurement system in ski binding was built (Univeristy of Jyväskylä). It was calibrated and then compared against existing force measurement systems (Ski tester, Kolehmainen 2006 and long force platform Vähäsöyrinki 2008). In skating measurements ten top Finnish national level skiers performed V2 skating on a constant 100 m uphill (4°) at four different speeds using two differently prepared skating skis (fast ski and slow ski). Coefficient of friction was 79 % higher with the slow ski than with the fast ski. This leads to approximately 6,4 % slower maximum speed with the slow ski. Cycle time gets shorter and frequency gets higher with the slow ski. This is mainly caused by the decreasing in the recovery time of leg inside of the cycle. Another important thing when compensating the higher friction of slow ski is the increase in the force production of the upper body (peak pole force and average cycle force). No changes were observed in the vertical leg forces but the lateral leg forces (peak lateral leg force) is increasing with the slow ski comparing to fast ski. Force measurement system turned out to be useful system, but the measuring of the horizontal forces still needs improvement. Greater friction caused by the slow ski is compensated by reducing the cycle time (and raising the frequency) which is mainly done by reducing the recovery time of the leg. Increasing the force production of the upper body is also important when compensating the greater friction of the slow ski. These results are in line with the earlier studies (Millet et al. 1998). In leg forces increasing of the lateral forces, which might be caused by the more strongly edging of the ski, can be seen with the slow ski. Whereas no differences were observed in vertical leg forces
'Price-cost margins and market structure' revisited

In the summer of 1972, I forget whether for six or eight weeks, Keith Cowling employed me on a project examining oligopoly. His original idea, inspired by Means (1962), was that there was a link between oligopoly behaviour and the rate of inflation. However, upon developing the model, it became clear that the link in theory was between the change in the degree of oligopoly and the change in pricing. I recall, when I returned to my parental home, telling my mother what I had been doing over those weeksdeveloping a model. She thought it pretty poor value. In retrospect, I cannot agree; indeed I wish I had more times spent a few weeks so productively! Eventually, this translated itself, via my PhD and a lot of work by Keith, into our joint paper, “Price-cost margins and market structure” (1976) which remains clearly the most-cited piece either of us have.
Socio-Economic Background and Access to Internet as Correlates of Students Achievement in Agricultural Science

This study investigated access to internet and socio-economic background as correlates of students’ achievement in Agricultural Science among selected Senior Secondary Schools Two Students in Ogbomoso South and North Local Government Areas. The study adopted multi-stage sampling technique. Simple random sampling was used to select thirty (30) students from each of the selected school in the two local governments. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 300 students from various strata (school) chosen in the two local governments. Five research questions were answered. Descriptive Statistics, Pearson Moment Correlation and Multiple regressions were used to analyse the data gathered. The study observed that, 67.7% of the students have access to the internet (two-third of the sample). A positive but not significant relationship exists between access to internet and students’ achievement in Agricultural Science (r = 0.110 and p>0.05). There is a positive and significant relationship between socio-economic background and students’ achievement in Agricultural Science (r = 0.515** and p 0.05). Access to internet and socio - economic background are jointly related to students’ achievement in Agricultural Science. F (3,296) = 37.082, p<0.05, R value of . 523a, R ² of 2.73 and adjusted R square of . 266.
High-energy x-ray diffraction study of pure amorphous silicon

Medium and high-energy x-ray diffraction has been used to study the atomic structure of pure amorphous Si prepared by MeV Si implantation into crystalline silicon. Both as-implanted and annealed samples were studied. The inelastically scattered x rays were removed by fitting the energy spectrum for the scattered x rays. The atomic scattering factor of silicon, previously known reliably up to 20 {Angstrom}{sup {minus}1}, has been extended to 55 {Angstrom}{sup {minus}1}. The radial distribution function of amorphous Si, before and after annealing, has been determined through an unbiased Fourier transformation of the normalized scattering data. Gaussian fits to the first neighbor peak in these functions shows that scattering data out to at least 40 {Angstrom}{sup {minus}1} is required to reliably determine the radial distribution function. The first-shell coordination number increases from 3.79 to 3.88 upon thermal annealing at 600{degree}C, whereas that of crystalline Si determined from similar measurements on a Si powder analyzed using the same technique is 4.0. Amorphous Si is therefore under coordinated relative to crystalline Si. Noise in the distribution function, caused by statistical variations in the scattering data at high-momentum transfer, has been reduced without affecting the experimental resolution through filtering of the interference function after subtractingmore » the contribution of the first-neighbor peak. The difference induced by thermal annealing in the remainder of the radial distribution functions, thus revealed, is much smaller than previously believed. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Physiological changes in iron and blood parameters during different pregnancy trimesters in pregnant women in Baghdad

SummaryThis work was carried out for four months in the province of Baghdad including many hospital in Bagdad during 1st of the November 2016 until 28 February 2017. 120 pregnant women included in the present study ranged in age from 14 - 42 years were randomly selected. Pregnant women were divided into three groups according to the different periods of pregnancy every trimester include 40 pregnant women divided to 20 pregnant women with anemia and 20 without anemia after taking a blood film and hemoglobin as a good adoption indicator for diagnosis of anemia, also, history taken by previously diagnosis and by physical examination. Result of the three trimesters in indicators the blood of pregnant women with or without anemia, showed that the first trimester all of the parameters of indicators the blood (Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH and MCHC) were decreased in women with anemia compared with women without anemia, also in second and third trimester decreased. However, in second trimester the values of Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH and MCHC decreased in women with anemia on the values of the first trimester. On the other hand a values of indicators the blood in a third trimester less than the second trimester. Indicator of iron (SI, TIBC, TS and SF) for women with anemia in first trimester was less than from women without anemia. However, in second trimester the values of SI, TIBC, TS and SF decreased in women with anemia on the values of the first trimester. Father more, the values of indicator of iron in a third trimester less than in the second trimester. When comparison in blood parameters (Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH and MCHC) between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester of pregnancy women noticed that the all parameters decreased gradually from the first trimesters to second to third trimester. Iron deficiency marked increase was famous in pregnant women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, due to high fetal and placenta growth rates and development of red cell mass mother. Thus anemia affects up to 70% of pregnant women. Blood indicators RBC, RDW, platelet and MPV for all pregnant women in the first trimester was decreased in women with anemia compared with women without anemia in all parameters of this, also in second and third trimester. Further more in second decreased from first, also in third less that from second. White blood cell and their various types (NEU, LYM, Mono, ESO and BASO) were impressed with the pregnant women with anemia in first and second trimesters WBC and NEU% increased but LYM%, Mono%, ESO% and BASO% decreased. However, in the third trimester WBC, NEU% and BASO% decreased but LYM%, Mono%, and EOS% increased. The results of the study found out that the is a clear correlation between anemia in pregnant women and some social factors, such as: occupation, monthly income and maternal education.
Foveated Real-Time Path Tracing in Visual-Polar Space

Computing power is still the limiting factor in photorealistic real-time rendering. Foveated rendering improves perceived quality by focusing the rendering effort on where the user is looking at. Applying foveated rendering to real-time path tracing where we must work on a very small number of samples per pixel introduces additional challenges; the rendering result is thoroughly noisy and sparse in the periphery. In this paper we demonstrate foveated real-time path tracing system and propose a novel Visual-Polar space in which both real-time path tracing and denoising is done before mapping to screen space. When path tracing a regular grid of samples in Visual-Polar space, the screen space sample distribution follows the human visual acuity model, making both the rendering and denoising 2 . 5 × faster with similar perceived quality. In addition, when using Visual-Polar space, primary rays stay more coherent, leading to improved utilization of the GPU resources and, therefore, making ray traversal 1 . 3 − 1 . 5 × faster. Moreover, Visual-Polar space improves 1 sample per pixel denoising quality in the fovea. We show that Visual-Polar based path tracing enables real-time rendering for contemporary virtual reality devices even without dedicated ray tracing hardware acceleration.
Bank-Firm Relationship and the Use of Derivatives in Japan

In this paper, we examine the association between bank-firm relationship and the use of derivatives, in term of decision to use or not to use derivatives as well as the extent of derivatives usage. We employ samples of non-financial companies listed in NIKKEI 225 index from 2005-2009. Using probit regression test, we find that bank-firm relationship and firm' s size positively induce the decision to use derivatives. Meanwhile, using tobit regression test, the result indicate that bank-firm relationship, firm' s size, leverage and dividend yield positively influence the magnitude of derivatives usage. The findings of our paper provide an empirical support for the hypothesis of Hakenes (2004) which argues that bank-firm relationship will benefit firm not only as the sources to grant loan, but also as delegated risk manager which could assist the firm in designing the appropriate hedging instrument.
Can Non-Interest Rate Policies Stabilise Housing Markets? Evidence from a Panel of 57 Economies

Using data from 57 countries spanning more than three decades, this paper investigates the effectiveness of nine non-interest rate policy tools, including macroprudential measures, in stabilising house prices and housing credit. In conventional panel regressions, housing credit growth is significantly affected by changes in the maximum debt-service-to-income (DSTI) ratio, the maximum loan-to-value ratio, limits on exposure to the housing sector and housing-related taxes. But only the DSTI ratio limit has a significant effect on housing credit growth when we use mean group and panel event study methods. Among the policies considered, a change in housing-related taxes is the only policy tool with a discernible impact on house price appreciation.