Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the complexity of escape analysis

Escape analysis is an abstract interpretation technique for statically optimizing storage management devised by Park & Goldberg [30]. The main application of escape analysis is the optimization of storage management and data locality in garbage-collected languages such as ML or JAVA.We improve the previously known exponential complexity bound of Park & Goldberg: we show that first-order escape analysis (EA1) can be solved in almost linear time, and that second-order escape analysis (EA2) is DEXPTIME-hard. We exhibit a fast, equational, path-compression based abstract interpretation algorithm for EA1. We prove that it is sound and complete, and that its time complexity is O(n log2 n). We sketch an extension of the analysis to higher-order functions and imperative operations that is approximate. Finally we briefly present some experimental evidence that escape analysis may be useful in practice.
Why do they do it? Assessing self-report physical activity behavior and quality of life in individuals with multiple sclerosis

Physical activity has been shown to effectively aid multiple sclerosis symptom management; however, individuals with multiple sclerosis tend to be inactive physically. Developing effective, sustainable, physical activity interventions involves first understanding motivators for physical activity. Open-ended surveys exploring physical activity motivators were collected from 215 individuals with multiple sclerosis. Responses indicate that self-efficacy and internalized motivation derived from physical activity outcomes were motivators for physical activity, and physical activity was cited as increasing overall quality of life. Future physical activity interventions should incorporate methods for building self-efficacy for physical activity and focus on increasing awareness of the long-term physical benefits derived from physical activity.
Cannabidiolic Acid as a Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitory Component in Cannabis

In the present study it was revealed that cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) selectively inhibited cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 activity with an IC50 value (50% inhibition concentration) around 2 μM, having 9-fold higher selectivity than COX-1 inhibition. In contrast, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCA) was a much less potent inhibitor of COX-2 (IC50 > 100 μM). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs containing a carboxyl group in their chemical structures such as salicylic acid are known to inhibit nonselectively both COX-1 and COX-2. CBDA and Δ9-THCA have a salicylic acid moiety in their structures. Thus, the structural requirements for the CBDA-mediated COX-2 inhibition were next studied. There is a structural difference between CBDA and Δ9-THCA; phenolic hydroxyl groups of CBDA are freed from the ring formation with the terpene moiety, although Δ9-THCA has dibenzopyran ring structure. It was assumed that the whole structure of CBDA is important for COX-2 selective inhibition because β-resorcylic acid itself did not inhibit COX-2 activity. Methylation of the carboxylic acid moiety of CBDA led to disappearance of COX-2 selectivity. Thus, it was suggested that the carboxylic acid moiety in CBDA is a key determinant for the inhibition. Furthermore, the crude extract of cannabis containing mainly CBDA was shown to have a selective inhibitory effect on COX-2. Taken together, these lines of evidence in this study suggest that naturally occurring CBDA in cannabis is a selective inhibitor for COX-2.
Non-coding RNA: a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for sepsis

Sepsis, a syndrome of physiologic, pathologic, and biochemical abnormalities caused by an altered systemic host response to infection, has become the main cause of death among patients admitted to the intensive care units. Recently, genome-wide expression analysis revealed that over 80% of the essential genetic elements were altered in critically ill patients. Notably, non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs, have been proven to play essential roles in innate immunity, mitochondrial dysfunction and organ dysfunction. In this review, we introduced the biogenesis of non-coding RNAs briefly and summed up different kinds of non-coding RNAs in regulation of sepsis, which could provide a more comprehensive understanding about pathogenesis of the disease. Additionally, we summarized the limitations of current biomarkers and then recommended some non-coding RNAs as novel potential biomarkers for sepsis and sepsis-induced organ dysfunction. Besides, we also introduced some problems and challenges that need to be overcome during the clinical application of non-coding RNAs. Future research should focus on elucidating their molecular mechanisms, particularly long non-coding RNAs as well as circular RNAs and sepsis, to further understanding of the disease process. With the in-depth understanding of the mechanism of sepsis, non-coding RNAs provide a new insight into sepsis and could become the novel therapeutic targets in the future.
Safety Assessment of 1,2-Glycols as Used in Cosmetics

Caprylyl glycol and related 1,2-glycols are used mostly as skin and hair conditioning agents and viscosity agents in cosmetic products, and caprylyl glycol and pentylene glycol also function as cosmetic preservatives. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel noted that, while these ingredients are dermally absorbed, modeling data predicted decreased skin penetration of longer chain 1,2-glycols. Because the negative oral toxicity data on shorter chain 1,2-glycols and genotoxicity data support the safety of the 1,2-glycols reviewed in this safety assessment, the Panel concluded that these ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment.
The economic impact of forest management certification in Russia

Forest Certification as a non-market tool has generally been thoroughly studied, but the impacts of Forest Certification have not been examined widely. Particularly very little research has been conducted regarding its economic impact. The present study examines the costs and benefits of forest management certification via interviews with representatives of twelve forest industry companies operating in the north-west of the Russian Federation. A range of questions was compiled according to the classification scheme of costs and benefits based on literature and discussions with stakeholders before the main interview. The questionnaire included structured and open-ended questions. Five companies during the interview provided more comprehensive information about costs. The classification scheme of costs and benefits on the corporate level has been elaborated in the research and can be applied in future studies. The study presents comparative tables and diagrams of costs for the certification process, forest management improvement and overtime by companies for two periods (for the main assessment, including pre-assessment and annual audit). It was found that certification process costs per hectare are increased by a decrease of certified forest area. Improvement of forest management, which has recently been far below international forest management standards, is one of the most visible changes on the corporate level due to Forest Certification. Efforts to improve forest management in line with certification requirements cause complex measures and high costs for companies. The arrangements implemented by companies to comply with Forest Certification requirements were described. The most significant arrangements, which are absolutely new for Russian forest management, are providing loggers with safe equipment, inventory of rare and endangered species, state registration of HCVF, planning on an ecosystem basis and improvement of logging technology to minimise environmental impact. The author found that the structure of forest management improvement costs is similar in companies of the same size. Many of the required arrangements are still in the development stage, which implies that the costs may potentially increase. The primary motivation for companies to undergo Forest Certification is the struggle for buyers. The findings of the thesis broaden the field of research on the economic impact of Forest Certification and provide an overview of the formation of Forest Certification costs and benefits in businesses in the north-west of Russia.
Executive Compensation and Firm Performance in Sweden

The results obtained from this research indicates that there is no statistical relation between the chosen financial variables and the total compensation to the CEO, except sales. CEO compensation is a highly debated subject in Sweden. The debate concerns whether or not CEOs are paid too much in relation to their results. This research investigates what decides the CEO compensation. Can the CEO compensation be explained by the financial variables ROA, ROE, Sales, Tobin’s q, and the size of the largest shareholder? In this paper companies listed on the Swedish Stock Exchange OMX Stockholm large and mid cap during the years 2003 to 2008 are analyzed by empirically and theoretically adapted models.
MR safety: Fast T1 thermometry of the RF‐induced heating of medical devices

Determining the MR compatibility of medical implants and devices is becoming increasingly relevant. In most cases, the heating of conductive implants due to radiefrequency (RF) excitation pulses is measured by fluoroptic temperature sensors in relevant tests for approval. Another common method to determine these heating effects is MR thermometry using the proton resonance frequency. This method gives good results in homogeneous phantoms. However in many cases, technical shortcomings such as susceptibility artifacts prohibit exact proton resonance frequency thermometry near medical implants. Therefore, this work aimed at developing a fast T1‐based method which allows controlled MR‐related heating of a medical implant while simultaneously quantifying the spatial and temporal temperature distribution. To this end, an inversion recovery snapshot Fast Low‐Angle Shot (FLASH) sequence was modified with additional off‐resonant heating pulses. With an accelerated imaging method and a sliding‐window technique, every 7.6 s a new temperature map could be generated with a spatial in‐plane resolution of 2 mm. The temperature deviation from calculated temperature values to reference fluoroptic probe was found to be smaller than 1 K. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RISK-ADJUSTED SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

SUBTITLE: SUPPLY CHAIN DISRUPTIONS CAN ARISE FROM MANY CAUSES -- AND MORE OFTEN THAN NOT WITHOUT WARNING. TO MANAGE THESE DISRUPTIONS EFFECTIVELY, COMPANIES NEED TO ADOPT A RISK-ADJUSTED APPROACH TO SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT. THIS MEANS IDENTIFYING THE SUPPLY CHAIN RISKS THAT ARE OUT THERE AND THEN PUTTING IN PLACE THE RIGHT PROCESSES TO HANDLE THEM. THE BUSINESS-CASE FRAMEWORK PRESENTED HERE PROVIDES A RISK-MANAGEMENT ROAD MAP.
Social Open Innovation in Online Brand Communities with Particular Regard to the Social Exchange Theory and Brand Management

The purpose of this study is to explore the role of brand management, specifically the user-brand relationship in online brand communities for innovation purposes by conceptualizing brand requirements which can be derived from users’ perceptions and expectations. Hereby the authors apply the Social Exchange Theory which helps to understand what a brand needs and how a brand can support innovation through online brand communities.
Primary School Environment Trend, Class-Ratio and Head Teachers Overcrowded Classrooms Management Strategies in Northern Senatorial District of Ondo State, Nigeria.

Primary school Enrolment Trend, Class-Ratio and Head Teachers overcrowded classrooms management strategies in Northern Senatorial District of Ondo State, Nigeria was investigated. The purpose of the study is to examine the current enrolment trend in public primary schools in northern senatorial District of Ondo State. Also, is to ascertain the class-ratio of primary school pupils in 2013-2014 academic session and to find out the management strategies adopted by the head teachers in solving overcrowded classrooms problems. Increase in pupils enrolment in some of the public primary schools in the state is a major concern to all stakeholders to education and it needs urgent attention. It is doubtful if the facilities available have been matched with the pupils enrolment especially in areas of classrooms availability. This study was considered using descriptive survey research design. A proportionate random sampling method was used to select 50 primary schools in the Senatorial District with total enrolment of 18,320 pupils and head teacher of each school in the district for the finding. An instrument titled Enrolment, Class-Ratio and Management Strategies Questionnaire (ECRMS) designed by the researcher was used. Frequency counts and simple percentage were used to answer the research questions. Among several findings, it was revealed that actual number of classrooms available were not sufficient in the district and that 127 additional classrooms were urgently needed. It was also revealed that 41 primary schools out of the 50 sampled schools operate above normal class-ratio of 25/30 pupils recommended by UNESCO. It was indicated that 90% of the head teachers used negotiation strategy and 60% of them used reduction strategy in solving overcrowded classrooms problems. Based on the findings recommendations are made which include; Government should increase education budgetary allocation from 85% in 2014 to 20% in 2015. Apart from government, other stake holder to education should be encouraged to fund education. Seminars and lectures on family planning and birth control should be legalized by government. Keywords: Enrolment Trend, Class-Ratio, Overcrowded, Head Teacher, Management Strategies.
ANALISIS PENGARUH KEPEMILIKAN MANAJERIAL, KEBIJAKAN UTANG, ROA DAN UKURAN PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN: STUDI 1995-1996

This research examined the influence of managerial ownership, debt policy, ROA andfirm size on dividend policy. Actually under dividend policy still have many puzzles. The research model is developed from Chen & Steiner (1999), Moh ’d, Rimbey & Perry (1995), Jensen, Solberg and Zorn (1992), Chrutchley & Hansen (1989), with focusing at 60 samples from manufacturing company. Data are taken from Indonesia Capital Market Directory in 1995-1996. It uses 3 equations, the first is multiple regressions for examining four hypothesis. The results show: managerial ownership is positive and significant to dividend policy, debt policy is negative and significant to dividend policy, ROA is negative and significant to dividend policy, andfirm size is positive but is not significant to dividend policy. The second and third are simple regressions for analyzing two grouped of managerial ownership. The results show that the low rate of managerial ownership and the high rate of managerial ownership are positive relation on dividend policy. The results don 't prove the different of linier relation between managerial ownership and dividend policy.
Testing the cointegration of house and stock prices in Finland

This paper looks at the efficiency of asset markets and pricing rules with regard to house and stock markets in Finland. House and stock prices are found to have unit roots, which is a necessary condition for efficient markets. However, asset prices are not pure random walks, but instead unit root processes. The unit root part is supposed to reflect the changes in fundamentals, and the error component reflects short run deviations from the market equilibrium. Evidence on cointegration between asset prices is found. Based on the hypothesis of cointegration, an error correction model is estimated. Deviations from the long run market equilibrium can be used to improve predictions of stock and house prices, e.g. house price predictions can be improved on average by using lagged changes in the stock index and the equilibrium error as a useful indicator of disequilibrium in the cointegrated markets. The presence of such an error correction term in itself shows that asset markets are not fully efficient. Granger causality between these two aggregate asset prices runs from the volatile stock market to the housing market rather than the opposite way. During the sample period the Finnish money market went through a gradual liberalization process that revealed an imbalance in the asset market caused partly by rationing in the rental housing market. In addition, tax incentives for owner occupied housing and relaxed liquidity constraints significantly increased the demand for houses during the period 1987-89. Real bank lending proved to be a significant predictor for asset prices, especially for real house prices. Error correction models with additional variables due to liquidity constraints, taxation and demand for assets were used to explain the house prices.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF VILLOUS SYNCYTIAL KNOTS IN THE HUMAN PLACENTA

I N all mature placentae focal protuberances of syncytial nuclei are seen on many of the terminal villi (Fig. 1). These protuberances have been variously termed “buds”, “clumps” or “knots”. As the first two names carry with them implications as to the mode of formation of these protuberances the more neutral nomenclature “knots” is used in this paper. As these knots are absent in the young placenta and are invariably present in the mature placenta they have been considered as a manifestation of syncytial ageing (Shanklin, 1958). Only occasional syncytial knots are present in the premature placenta (Wigglesworth, 1962), and an excessive number of knots has been reported in the post-mature placenta (Kubli and Budliger, 1963). Nevertheless, few attempts have been made to determine whether placental maturity or postmaturity can be accurately estimated from a study of syncytial knot formation. Only Benirschke (1961) and Merrill (1963) have given any quantitative data for the incidence of syncytial knots in the normal mature placenta. The former author suggested that not more than 30 per cent of mature terminal villi should show syncytial knots whilst the latter suggested an
ALDH2 status, alcohol expectancies, and alcohol response: preliminary evidence for a mediation model.

BACKGROUND A genetic variant in the alcohol-metabolizing enzyme (aldehyde dehydrogenase; ALDH2*2 allele), common in individuals of Asian heritage, has been associated with both physiologic response to alcohol and alcohol consumption. Prior research has also demonstrated that those with ALDH2*2 alleles have lower positive alcohol expectancies than those without these alleles. This preliminary study was designed to test whether the level of response to alcohol is the mechanism by which ALDH2 status may affect alcohol expectancies. METHODS Data were collected from 32 Asian American college students (14 women and 18 men). By use of a randomized, double-blind design, participants were administered oral placebo and alcohol at separate laboratory sessions. Data included blood tests to establish ALDH2 status, questionnaire measures of demographic information and alcohol expectancy, and several physiologic measures collected after placebo and alcohol administration. RESULTS ALDH2 status was related to alcohol response measures for both men and women. ALDH2 status was also related to tension reduction expectancies for women and to expectancies for cognitive behavioral impairment for men. In the male sample, the ALDH2/expectancy relationship was fully explained by the level of response to alcohol. CONCLUSIONS These results represent a first step in understanding the mechanisms by which genetic factors, such as ALDH2 status, can affect alcohol-related learning.
The Influence of CEOs' Visionary Innovation Leadership on the Performance of High‐Technology Ventures: The Mediating Roles of Connectivity and Knowledge Integration

Senior leaders play an essential role in facilitating knowledge creation processes and driving firms' innovation performance. However, little is known about the underlying relational mechanisms by which CEOs help build knowledge integration capability and drive firm innovation. We developed and tested a conceptual model about the ways in which CEOs shape a context conducive for knowledge creation processes and drive multiple innovation performance. A field, survey-based, study among small- to medium-sized technological ventures (SMVs) showed that CEO visionary innovation leadership (manifested by both vision for innovation and enactment of the vision through specific leadership behaviors) was positively related to a context of connectivity. Connectivity was related to firm knowledge integration capacity, which in turn resulted in enhanced firm innovation (new product quality, development speed, and product innovation). The findings also indicate direct links between CEO visionary innovation leadership and knowledge integration, and between connectivity and product innovation. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Retrieval effectiveness by semantic and citation searching

A pilot study on the relative retrieval effectiveness of semantic relevance (by terms) and pragmatic relevance (by citations) is reported. A single database has been constructed to provide access by both descriptors and cited references. For each question from a set of queries, two equivalent sets were retrieved. All retrieved items were evaluated by subject experts for relevance to their originating queries. We conclude that there are essentially two types of relevance at work resulting in two different sets of documents. Using both search methods to create a union set is likely to increase recall. Those few retrieved by the intersection of the two methods tend to result in higher precision. Suggestions are made to develop a front‐end system to display the overlapping items for higher precision and to manipulate and rank the union sets retrieved by the two search modes for improved output. © 1989 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Perceived Quality of Mobile Services: A Segment-Specific Analysis

The book investigates user satisfaction with mobile services, the perceived quality of m-commerce products, and the loyalty towards service providers. After introducing the m-commerce value chain and emerging mobile services, the first part examines relevant theories from diffusion of innovations and service quality to mobile services, and identifies new trends in the mobile communication market. The book demonstrates to what extent service quality and adoption theories of consumer behavior literature explain the (repeated) usage of mobile services, and how the results differ by user segments. Apriori and a-posteriori segmentations provide detailed insights. The results indicate that it is important to consider (un)observed heterogeneity in explanatory models.