Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
First records of scale deformities in seven freshwater fish species (Actinopterygii: Percidae and Cyprinidae) collected from three ponds in the Czech Republic

Background. A wide range of morphological anomalies, including abnormalities in scale shape and structure, have been described from a large number of fi sh species worldwide. Quite often, such reports linked the observed abnormalities to the quality of aquatic environment. The presently reported study was initiated to explore and categorize the abnormalities found in the scales of seven freshwater fi sh species of Czech Republic: Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844); Gymnocephalus cernua (Linnaeus, 1758); Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844); Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Richardson, 1845); Leuciscus idus (Linnaeus, 1758); Perca fl uviatilis Linnaeus, 1758; and Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758). The observed abnormalities are discussed in the context of contaminated aquatic environments with the intention to understand the aetiology of the abnormalities Materials and methods. Samples were collected at 3 sites (ponds) in the Czech Republic. In total, 10 200 scales were collected, cleared in 1% potassium hydroxide, and observed under a light microscope. Four variables were measured for each scale: anterior–posterior length (major axis, MAA), dorsal–ventral length (minor axis, MIA), diameter of the focus in the centre of the scale, number of radial lines (radii) starting from near focus, and the ratio of major to minor axes were calculated as a measure of scale shape. Results. The anomalous scales, 63 in total, were collected from ten different body regions in seven species studied. They exhibited different shapes and sizes: 30 scales showed severe anomalies and 33 only slight ones. Based on the MAA : MIA ratio, the majority of the scales examined had a narrow to rectangular or broad to squarish shape. Elongated scales were only obtained from H. molitrix, H. nobilis, and C. idella. There were one square-shaped and 8 rectangular-shaped scales in G. cernua, 3 and 6 in P. fl uviatilis, and 2 and 1 in S. lucioperca Conclusions. The presently reported cases of fi sh scale abnormalities should direct the future work on the relations between the state of the environment and fi sh health. Another interesting question to answer would be to determine whether or not the removal of abnormal scales would lead to replacement by either normal or abnormal scales.
Facial Structure and Achievement Drive: Evidence from Financial Analysts

We use a large pictorial sample of Chinese financial analysts to test the association between facial width‐to‐height ratio (fWHR) and performance in men. Financial analysts offer an ideal setting for our investigation because we can objectively track individual analysts’ behaviors and performance. We find that high‐fWHR analysts are more likely to conduct corporate site visits and they exhibit better performance. The positive fWHR–performance association survives a battery of robustness checks and the association is more pronounced for analysts with lower status, for firms with higher uncertainty, and for analysts facing more intense competition. Our results suggest that the dominant trait predicted by fWHR is achievement drive.
Derivative Properties in Fundamental Laws

Orthodoxy has it that only metaphysically elite properties can be invoked in scientifically elite laws. We argue that this claim does not fit scientific practice. An examination of candidate scientifically elite laws like Newton’s F = ma reveals properties invoked that are irreversibly defined and thus metaphysically non-elite by the lights of the surrounding theory: Newtonian acceleration is irreversibly defined as the second derivative of position, and Newtonian resultant force is irreversibly defined as the sum of the component forces. We think that scientists are happy to invoke metaphysically non-elite properties in scientifically elite laws for reasons of convenience, such as to simplify the equations and to make them more modular. On this basis, we draw a deflationary moral about laws themselves, as being merely convenient summaries. 1. Introduction2. Orthodoxy 2.1. Orthodoxy stated2.2. Orthodoxy explained2.3. A worrisome commitment: Term objectivism3. The Loose View 3.1. The argument from practice3.2. Finding the scientifically elite equations3.3. Diagnosing the metaphysically non-elite properties3.4. Situating our challenge4. Newtonian Mechanics 4.1. Newtonian acceleration4.2. Newtonian resultant force4.3. A metaphysical discovery? 5. Objections 5.1. Metaphysically elite after all? 5.2. Scientifically non-elite after all? 5.3. But our world is not Newtonian! 6. Consequences 6.1. Consequences for the motivations for link6.2. Consequences for metaphysically elite properties6.3. Consequences for lawhood Introduction Orthodoxy 2.1. Orthodoxy stated2.2. Orthodoxy explained2.3. A worrisome commitment: Term objectivism Orthodoxy stated Orthodoxy explained A worrisome commitment: Term objectivism The Loose View 3.1. The argument from practice3.2. Finding the scientifically elite equations3.3. Diagnosing the metaphysically non-elite properties3.4. Situating our challenge The argument from practice Finding the scientifically elite equations Diagnosing the metaphysically non-elite properties Situating our challenge Newtonian Mechanics 4.1. Newtonian acceleration4.2. Newtonian resultant force4.3. A metaphysical discovery? Newtonian acceleration Newtonian resultant force A metaphysical discovery? Objections 5.1. Metaphysically elite after all? 5.2. Scientifically non-elite after all? 5.3. But our world is not Newtonian! Metaphysically elite after all? Scientifically non-elite after all? But our world is not Newtonian! Consequences 6.1. Consequences for the motivations for link6.2. Consequences for metaphysically elite properties6.3. Consequences for lawhood Consequences for the motivations for link Consequences for metaphysically elite properties Consequences for lawhood
The XXL Survey XIII. Baryon content of the bright cluster sample

Traditionally, galaxy clusters have been expected to retain all the material accreted since their formation epoch. For this reason, their matter content should be representative of the Universe as a whole, and thus their baryon fraction should be close to the Universal baryon fraction Omega(b)/Omega(m). We make use of the sample of the 100 brightest galaxy clusters discovered in the XXL Survey to investigate the fraction of baryons in the form of hot gas and stars in the cluster population. Since it spans a wide range of mass (10(13)-10(15) M-circle dot) and redshift (0.05-1.1) and benefits from a large set of multiwavelength data, the XXL-100-GC sample is ideal for measuring the global baryon budget of massive halos. We measure the gas masses of the detected halos and use a mass-temperature relation directly calibrated using weak-lensing measurements for a subset of XXL clusters to estimate the halo mass. We find that the weak-lensing calibrated gas fraction of XXL-100-GC clusters is substantially lower than was found in previous studies using hydrostatic masses. Our best-fit relation between gas fraction and mass reads f(gas),(500) = 0.055(-0.006)(+0.007) (M-500/10(14) M-circle dot)(0.21)(+0.11)(-0.10). The baryon budget of galaxy clusters therefore falls short of the Universal baryon fraction by about a factor of two at r(500),(MT). Our measurements require a hydrostatic bias 1 - b = M-X/M-WL = 0.72(-0.07) (+0.08) to match the gas fraction obtained using lensing and hydrostatic equilibrium, which holds independently of the instrument considered. Comparing our gas fraction measurements with the expectations from numerical simulations, we find that our results favour an extreme feedback scheme in which a significant fraction of the baryons are expelled from the cores of halos. This model is, however, in contrast with the thermodynamical properties of observed halos, which might suggest that weak-lensing masses are overestimated. In light of these results, we note that a mass bias 1 - b = 0.58 as required to reconcile Planck cosmic microwave background and cluster counts should translate into an even lower baryon fraction, which poses a major challenge to our current understanding of galaxy clusters.
Majorana surface codes with dislocations

The planar code is at present the most promising proposal for developing fault-tolerant quantum computation. Building on the investigations of twist defects in the toric code model [1, 2], this thesis considers the possibility of constructing computational qubits by introducing dislocations in the planar code. We review the basic properties of Majorana Fermions (MFs) and the toric code. By use of Schrieffer-Wolff perturbation theory we find that the planar code model with twist defects emerges as the low-energy sector of an array of tunnel coupled MajoranaCooper boxes (MCBs), with the twist defects being unpaired MFs. We find that the system under investigation can be initialized, and that the MFs can be moved around in the array. By introduction of a modified, split MCB, we are able to perform braiding operations with the MFs. We calculate the Berry phase of the braiding process in two different ways, and confirm that it agrees with the expected result. Finally, we describe how the state of the system can be measured. This is required in order to observe the non-Abelian statistics of these particles. The operations we can carry out with this system are not enough for universal quantum computation, but in combination with other techniques, such as the T -gate (a π/8-rotation), implementable through for example magic state destillation [3, 4], universality can be achieved. Abstrakt Fladekoden er i øjeblikket det mest lovende forslag til, hvordan man kan udvikle fejltolerant kvanteberegning. Dette speciale bygger videre p̊a forskningen p̊a s̊akaldte vridninger i Kitaevs toruskode-model [1, 2] og undersøger muligheden for at bygge logiske kvantebits ved at introducere s̊adanne vridninger i fladekoden. Vi gennemg̊ar majoranafermionerne og toruskodens grundlæggende egenskaber. Ved brug af Schrieffer-Wolff perturbationsteori finder vi, at lav-energisektoren for et gitter af tunnelkoblede Majorana-Cooper-bokse er ækvivalent med fladekode-modellen med vridninger, hvor vridningerne er uparrede majoranafermioner. Vi finder endvidere, at det undersøgte system kan forberedes i en veldefineret tilstand, og at majoranafermionerne kan flyttes rundt i gitteret. Ved at benytte en todelt Majorana-Cooper-boks er vi i stand til at flette majoranafermioner. Vi udregner den tilhørende Berry-fase p̊a to forskellige m̊ader og bekræfter, at den stemmer overens med de forventede resultater. Til sidst beskriver vi, hvordan vi kan m̊ale systemets tilstand. Dette er p̊akrævet for at kunne observere majoranafermionernes ikke-abelske statistik. De operationer, vi kan udføre i det p̊agældende system, er ikke tilstrækkelige for at kunne udføre universelle kvantebergninger. T-porten er en π/8-rotation, og kan implementeres gennem for eksempel magic state destillation [3, 4]. I kombination med en T-port kan systemet benyttes for at opn̊a universel kvanteberegning.
Upper limits to the nightside ionosphere of Mars

The nightside ionosphere of Mars could be produced by electron precipitation or by plasma transport from the dayside, by analogy to the Venus, but few measurements are available. We report here model calculations of upper limits to the nightside ion densities on Mars that would be produced by both mechanisms. For the auroral model, we have adopted the downward traveling portions of the electron spectra measured by the HARP instrument on the Soviet Phobos spacecraft in the Martian plasma sheet and in the magnetotail lobes. For the plasma transport case, we have imposed on a model of the nightside thermosphere, downward fluxes of O+, C+, N+, NO+ and O+2 that are near the maximum upward fluxes that can be sustained by the dayside ionosphere. The computed electron density peaks are in the range (1.3–1.9) × 104 cm−3 at altitudes of 159 to 179 km. The major ion for all the models is O+2, but significant differences in the composition of the minor ions are found for the ionospheres produced by auroral precipitation and by plasma transport. The calculations reported here provide a guide to the data that should be acquired during a future aeronomy mission to Mars, in order to determine the sources of the nightside ionosphere.
Mechanisms of current collapse and gate leakage currents in AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field effect transistors

In order to clarify the mechanisms of drain current collapse and gate leakage currents in the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field effect transistor (HFET), detailed electrical properties of the ungated portion and Schottky-gated portion of the device were investigated separately, using a gateless HFET structure and an AlGaN Schottky diode structure. The gateless device was subjected to plasma treatments and surface passivation processes including our novel Al2O3-based surface passivation. dc I–V curves of gateless HFETs were highly nonlinear due to virtual gating by surface states. After drain stress, air-exposed, H2 plasma-treated and SiO2-deposited gateless HFETs showed an initial large-amplitude exponential current transient followed by a subsequent smaller, slow, and highly nonexponential response. The former was explained by emission from deep donors at Ec−0.37 eV, and the latter by emission from surface states. Capture transients with stress-dependent capture barriers were also observed. An x-ray photoe.
Termite effects on soils and plants are generally consistent along a gradient in livestock grazing

ABSTRACT Livestock grazing is a major driver of ecosystem functions in drylands and would be expected to influence soil biota such as termites. We examined changes in soil chemistry and plant community composition on mounds constructed by the subterranean termite Anacanthotermes ahngerianus along a gradient in grazing intensity in an arid steppe in north-eastern Iran. The grazing gradient was represented by increasing distance from an area used by resting livestock, and plant and soil attributes measured within three adjacent microsites (termite mounds, non-mound controls, intervening annular zone surrounding the mounds). Values of soil EC; pH; exchangeable Ca, Mg, and Na; and total nitrogen and organic carbon were greatest in mound soils and declined from mounds to control microsites. Mounds were completely devoid of plants. Annular zones had three-times less cover than the control sites, but there were no differences in diversity or evenness. Electrical conductivity values were ten-times greater on mounds than controls close to resting sites, but the difference diminished rapidly with distance from resting sites. For all other soil and plant variables, differences between microsites were consistent across the grazing gradient. Increased grazing intensity was associated with increasing soil pH, EC and sand content, and reduced plant cover. Overall our study shows that the effects of termites on soil chemistry and plant cover varied little across the grazing gradient. Our results suggest that termite mounds may sustain their role as sites of enhanced soil nutrients under even high levels of grazing.
Role of hypertension in left ventricular morphology among chronic kidney disease patients

Hypertension is a well-established marker of cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Also it appears to be the main stimuli for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which is the main manifestation of uremic cardiomyopathy and may contribute to the onset of cardiac complications in uremic patients. The study included a cohort of 130 patients with CKD (eGFR <60ml/min/1.73m2). They were examined by standard echocardiography and blood chemistry at baseline. We divided them in 4 groups according to CKD stages 3 to 5D, where 5D patients have hemodialysis age < 3months (were included in hemodialysis program for less than 3 months). Overall prevalence of hypertension was 84%, and overall prevalence of LVH was 73%. Concentric hypertrophy was the prevalent type of LVH (55%). Although the number of hypertensive patients in the group with LVH is significantly higher compared to the group of hypertensive patients without LVH (p Chi-χ2 = 0.02), there is no difference between the LVH degree in hypertensive vs. non-hypertensive patients, expressed by mean ± standard deviation of left ventricular mass index (LVMi) (p = 0.631240 Student test S). Anemia, diastolic dysfunction and LVMi were the most important risk factors for CKD progresion (p<0.0001). The fact that LVH was concentric in the majority of patients shows that pressure overload is main factor for increased LVMi in early stages of CKD. Hypertension is a modifiable risk factor for LVH so we must try to prevent cardiac remodeling by controlling blood pressure.
INCIDENCE OF THIRD HEAD OF BICEPS BRACHII IN INDIAN POPULATION

Address for Correspondence: Dr. Subhalakshmi Wahengbam, Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences (JNIMS), Imphal-795005, Manipur, India. Mobile no.: (91)8731086918 E-Mail: subhawah_e@rediffmail.com Background: The biceps brachii is one of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the upper arm. It is characteristically described as a two-headed muscle that originates proximally by a long head and a short head. The present study was carried out to find the occurrence of a third head of biceps brachii among a sample Indian population. Materials and Methods: The arms of 35 adult cadavers were dissected and observed for variations in the origin and insertion of biceps brachii muscle bilaterally. Results: Among the 70 arms studied, three had 3-headed biceps brachii, 2 on the left and 1 on the right side. All the third heads were of humeral origin, which inserted into the radial tuberosity by a common tendon with the long and short heads. Conclusion: Knowledge of the existence of the third head of biceps brachii may enhance pre-operative evaluation, facilitate surgical intervention within the arm and improve postoperative outcomes.
Sub-Bankfull Flow Frequency versus Magnitude of Flood Events in Outlining Effective Discharges. Case Study: Trotuș River (Romania)

Effective discharge, which represents the flow, or range of flows, that transport the most sediment over the long-term, was determined based on the mean daily flow discharge and mean daily suspended sediment discharge recorded between 1994 and 2014 at four gauging stations along the Trotuș River. This study proposes an efficient method for the estimation of effective discharge based on observed values of the suspended sediment load. By employing this method the suspended sediment load is no longer either under- or overestimated as in the cases when the assessment is based on sediment rating curves. The assessment on effective discharge was performed at two distinct levels: for the entire data series during the investigated time spans and, subsequently, for flows less than the bankfull discharge. The effectiveness curves of the suspended sediment transport characteristics revealed highly multimodal characteristics with many peaks, indicating ample ranges for the effective discharges. The main effective discharge corresponded to large flood events, which are typical for the upper end of the discharge range, whereas the secondary effective discharges corresponded to sub-bankfull flows, which are more frequent. The changes that occurred in the channel bed are reflected by the temporal variations in the effective discharge.
Precursor lesions of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

1 Department of Pathology, University of Kiel, Germany 2 Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland 3 Department of Pathology, Showa University, Japan 4 1 Department of Medicine, Laboratory for Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Kiel, Germany 5 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University, Marburg Germany 6 Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University of Düsseldorf, Germany 7 Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University of Halle, Germany 8 Department of Pathology and Department of Gastroenterology, Hopital Beaujon, Paris, France 9 Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA 10 Cantonal Hospital Baden, Baden, Switzerland
On Normed Space Valued Paranormed Orlicz Space of Bounded Functions and its Topological Structures

This paper attempts to introduce and study a new class ∞ (X, U, Φ, p ) of Banach space valued function space using Orlicz function Φ as a generalization of the basic space ∞ of bounded sequences. Besides the investigation of linear topological structures of the class ∞ (X, U, Φ, p ), our primarily interest is to explore the conditions pertaining to the containment relation between the classes ∞(X, U, Φ, p ) in terms of different values of p.
Non-Markovian dynamics for bipartite systems

We analyze the appearance of non-Markovian effects in the dynamics of a bipartite system coupled to a reservoir, which can be described within a class of non-Markovian equations given by a generalized Lindblad structure. A master equation is derived, which we term the quantum Bloch-Boltzmann equation, describing both motional and internal states of a test particle in a quantum framework. When due to the preparation of the system or to decoherence effects one of the two degrees of freedom is amenable to a classical treatment and not resolved in the final measurement, though relevant for the interaction with the reservoir, non-Markovian behaviors such as stretched exponential or power law decay of coherences can occur.
College Education and Officer Performance : Do College Educated Police Officers Perform Better Than Those Without a College Education ?

This literature review seeks to answer the question of whether or not college educated police officers (POs) perform better than those without a college education. This review demonstrates that there is not a consensus in the literature, though most scholars agree that some aspects of an officer’s job are supported well by a college education, meaning that in those aspects collegeeducated POs do perform better than their non-college-educated counterparts. However, the complexity of a PO’s job seems to mean that a degree will not always suffice to ensure better performance.
INFLUENCE OF SODIUM SILICATE ON FLOATABILITY AND CHARGE OF HEMATITE AND QUARTZ WITH SODIUM OLEATE

 Due to its low cost compared with hydroxamate and sulphonate, sodium oleate is employed in direct flotation of low-grade or waste iron ore. However, depressants are being studied. This work shows the influence of the depressant sodium silicate on hematite and quartz flotation with sodium oleate as a collector. Microflotation tests were performed in Hallimond tube at pH values 7 and 9, and the zeta potentials of both minerals were determined in the absence and presence of sodium silicate. The sodium silicate was a more efficient depressant for quartz than for hematite, and a selective separation between the two minerals is possible for low reagent concentrations. The zeta potentials of both minerals were shifted to lower values due the specific adsorption of anionic species of sodium silicate onto their