Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spillover Effects of Marketing in Mutual Fund Families

This paper investigates the presence of spillover effects of marketing in mutual fund families. We find that funds with high marketing expenses generate spillovers, and enhance cash inflows to family members with low marketing expenses. In particular, low-marketing funds that are operated by a family with high marketing expenses have substantially larger inflows after positive returns than otherwise similar funds that are operated by a family with low marketing expenses, while they have smaller outflows after negative returns. One way to interpret the spillovers is that they are a by-product of individual fund marketing whereby the entire family is made more visible to investors. An alternative explanation of this observation is that funds with low marketing expenses are directly subsidized by family members with high marketing expenses. We develop and perform a set of tests to evaluate these two alternative hypotheses. The results of all tests support the subsidization hypothesis, and suggest that at least part of the spillovers can be attributed to favoritism. These results suggest that conflicts of interest between investors and fund families have been exacerbated by competition in the mutual fund industry.
Active‐Layer Thickness across Alaska: Comparing Observation‐Based Estimates with CMIP5 Earth System Model Predictions

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 78:894–902 doi:10.2136/sssaj2013.11. 0484 Received 15 Nov. 2013. *Corresponding author (umishra@anl.gov). © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Active-Layer Thickness across Alaska: Comparing Observation-Based Estimates with CMIP5 Earth System Model Predictions Pedology
Metacognitive and Cognitive Strategy Use and Performance on a Reading Test with Multiple-format Tasks

Metacognitive and cognitive strategies collaborate in the actual taking of reading tests (Phakiti & Li, 2011). In certain EFL contexts, it was found that metacognitive strategies regulated cognitive strategies that directly affected test performance. However, a question can be posed as to whether this finding applies to other EFL contexts, for example, Saudi Arabia. Besides, effects of metacognitive and cognitive strategies on performances on different reading-task formats remain unexplored. Therefore, this study examined effects of metacognitive and cognitive strategies on performance on a reading test composed of four task formats, among 98 Saudi EFL learners. Data comprised scores on a reading test and responses to a strategy questionnaire. Findings showed that cognitive strategy use mediated the effect of metacognitive strategy use on test performance. The use of both metacognitive and cognitive strategies had small to medium effects on performances on the task formats. Most strategy subscales were directly related to performances on the task formats. It was concluded that Saudi EFL learners make use of metacognitive and cognitive strategies on reading tests in a manner similar to that observed in other EFL contexts. Also, different reading tasks demand versatile uses of metacognitive and cognitive strategies. This study ends with implications for strategy instruction and reading assessment, the current theory, and future research.
Hiv/Aids Interventions by Construction Firms in the Western Cape, South Africa: A Thematic Analysis of Qualitative Survey Data

Abstract HIV/AIDS infection in the workforce is a threat to the South Africa construction industry. A web-based questionnaire survey of construction firms in the Western Cape explored workplace HIV/AIDS interventions. Extending previous quantitative analysis, thematic analysis is used to explore the qualitative verbatim comments offered by survey participants. Five themes are identified: understanding the problem of HIV/AIDS in relation to the firm; interventions by the firm; barriers to interventions; success of interventions; and future intentions. Many firms are still in denial regarding the threat of HIV/AIDS. Interventions focus primarily on awareness and prevention campaigns, with less attention given to treatment programmes. Some firms, notably larger firms, have developed HIV/AIDS policies, and have implemented or outsourced awareness, prevention and treatment programmes as a good business model. Barriers to interventions relate to lack of senior management support, risk of breaches of confidentiality, stigma, and anticipated cost. Success of interventions is uneven, but firms not currently mounting intervention programmes indicate their intentions to do so in future. A cascading and unified national, industry-level and organisational strategy is needed. Firms successfully managing their HIV/AIDS response should share their experience with those firms struggling to respond or which are not yet doing so at all.
Role of the stratospheric chemistry–climate interactions in the hot climate conditions of the Eocene

Abstract. The stratospheric ozone layer plays a key role in atmospheric thermal structure and circulation. Although stratospheric ozone distribution is sensitive to changes in trace gases concentrations and climate, the modifications of stratospheric ozone are not usually considered in climate studies at geological timescales. Here, we evaluate the potential role of stratospheric ozone chemistry in the case of the Eocene hot conditions. Using a chemistry–climate model, we show that the structure of the ozone layer is significantly different under these conditions (4×CO2 climate and high concentrations of tropospheric N2O and CH4). The total column ozone (TCO) remains more or less unchanged in the tropics whereas it is found to be enhanced at mid- and high latitudes. These ozone changes are related to the stratospheric cooling and an acceleration of stratospheric Brewer–Dobson circulation simulated under Eocene climate. As a consequence, the meridional distribution of the TCO appears to be modified, showing particularly pronounced midlatitude maxima and a steeper negative poleward gradient from these maxima. These anomalies are consistent with changes in the seasonal evolution of the polar vortex during winter, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, found to be mainly driven by seasonal changes in planetary wave activity and stratospheric wave-drag. Compared to a preindustrial atmospheric composition, the changes in local ozone concentration reach up to 40 % for zonal annual mean and affect temperature by a few kelvins in the middle stratosphere. As inter-model differences in simulating deep-past temperatures are quite high, the consideration of atmospheric chemistry, which is computationally demanding in Earth system models, may seem superfluous. However, our results suggest that using stratospheric ozone calculated by the model (and hence more physically consistent with Eocene conditions) instead of the commonly specified preindustrial ozone distribution could change the simulated global surface air temperature by as much as 14 %. This error is of the same order as the effect of non-CO2 boundary conditions (topography, bathymetry, solar constant and vegetation). Moreover, the results highlight the sensitivity of stratospheric ozone to hot climate conditions. Since the climate sensitivity to stratospheric ozone feedback largely differs between models, it must be better constrained not only for deep-past conditions but also for future climates.
The origin of blueshifted absorption features in the X-ray spectrum of PG 1211+143: outflow or disc.

In some radio-quiet active galaxies (AGN), high-energy absorption features in the x-ray spectra have been interpreted as Ultrafast Outflows (UFOs) -- highly ionised material (e.g. Fe XXV and Fe XXVI) ejected at mildly relativistic velocities. In some cases, these outflows can carry energy in excess of the binding energy of the host galaxy. Needless to say, these features demand our attention as they are strong signatures of AGN feedback and will influence galaxy evolution. For the same reason, alternative models need to be discussed and refuted or confirmed. Gallo & Fabian proposed that some of these features could arise from resonance absorption of the reflected spectrum in a layer of ionised material located above and corotating with the accretion disc. Therefore, the absorbing medium would be subjected to similar blurring effects as seen in the disc. A priori, the existence of such plasma above the disc is as plausible as a fast wind. In this work, we highlight the ambiguity by demonstrating that the absorption model can describe the ~7.6 keV absorption feature (and possibly other features) in the quasar PG 1211+143, an AGN that is often described as a classic example of an UFO. In this model, the 2-10 keV spectrum would be largely reflection dominated (as opposed to power law dominated in the wind models) and the resonance absorption would be originating in a layer between about 6 and 60 gravitational radii. The studies of such features constitutes a cornerstone for future X-ray observatories like Astro-H and Athena+. Should our model prove correct, or at least important in some cases, then absorption will provide another diagnostic tool with which to probe the inner accretion flow with future missions.
Investigating the Relationship between Lifestyle and Attitude towards Death: The Case of Kerman Middle-Aged Adults

It is obvious that the most personal and most probable inner reality of human beings is death which is being kept hidden from public view and considered as a marginalized issue due to changes occurred in societies. This has led to a change in individuals' attitudes towards death, which is apparently influenced by social and cultural factors. Therefore, this research aimed to measure individuals' attitudes towards death and to explore the relationship between lifestyle and attitudes towards death and its variants. In this survey study, 415 middle-aged adults aged 40-65 years were studied in Kerman. Descriptive statistics of the study showed that 14%, 68.7%, and 17.3% of the respondents had negative, neutral, and positive attitudes towards death, respectively. The relationship between lifestyle and attitudes towards death and its variants was confirmed; however, the relationship between demographic variables (gender, marital status, level of education, and income) and attitudes towards death was rejected and their relationship with attitude variants was confirmed. Twelve percent of dependent variable variance was explained by four variables (namely body management, leisure-time activities, consumption of cultural goods, and gender). Concerning the variants of attitudes towards death, some variances of the variables fear of death (5%), death avoidance (6.1%), escape acceptance (4.5%), approach acceptance (8.7%), and neutral acceptance (13%) were also explained by the independent variables consumption of cultural goods, leisure-time activities, body management, gender, marital status, level of education and income.
CAPITAL STRUCTURE, OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE OF REVERSE CAUSALITY HYPOTHESIS IN ASEAN COUNTRIES

This study aims to examine effect of capital structure and ownership structure on firm performance. In addition, this study also examines the existence of reverse causality of the relation between capital structure and performance of firms in three ASEAN countries. We test the reverse causality hypothesis of firm performance to capital structure, which is viewed in light of two competing hypotheses: the efficiency-risk hypothesis and franchise-value hypothesis. In general, the results support the agency– cost hypothesis, and confirm reverse causality hypothesis in in the sample firms, through the existence of entrenchment effect in firms with the lowest and highest level of ownership concentration and the franchise value hypothesis.
Multichannel Optical Aperture Synthesis Imaging of zeta1 URSAE Majoris with the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer

We have used the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer (NPOI) to obtain the first multichannel optical aperture synthesis images of a star. We observed the spectroscopic binary ~ 1 Ursae Majoris at 6 to 10 milliarcseconds separation during seven nights, using three interferometric baselines and 19 spectral channels (A.A. 520-850 nm) of the NPOI. After editing, a typical90 sec scan yielded fringe visibilities at 50 spatial frequencies and closure phases at 15 wavelengths. Three to five scans were obtained each night. The separations and position angles are in good agreement with the visual orbit obtained with the Mark III interferometer (Hummel et al. 1995, AJ, 110, 376) but show small systematic difference that can be used to improve the orbit. The closure phase data provide a sensitive measure of the magnitude difference between the components. These results demonstrate the power of broad-band interferometric observations for fast imaging and the utility of vacuum delay lines for simultaneous observations over a wide band. These observations are the first to produce simultaneous visibilities and closure phases with a separate-aperture optical interferometer, and the second to produce closure phase images, following the results from COAST reported by Baldwin et al. (1996, A&A, 306, L13). The angular resolution here is the highest ever achieved at visual wavelengths, exceeding by an order of magnitude the best thus far achieved by any single-aperture optical telescope. We generated complex visibilities and closure phases (the data types commonly used in radio interferometry) from the optical data and used standard radio interferometry techniques to produce these images. However, the fundamental observables of optical interferometry, the squared visibility amplitude and the closure phase, require the development of new analysis techniques. © 1997 American Astronomical Society. [S0004-6256(97)01709-3]
Risk factors associated with female sexual dysfunction among married women in Upper Egypt; a cross sectional study

Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a public health concern with many physical and psychological consequences that do undermine women's quality of life. The woman is considered sexually functioning when she has the ability to achieve sexual desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm and satisfaction. 1-4 Although FSD affects up to half of the women and can lead to physical, psychological and social problems, many inconsistent findings have suggested overlapping physical, social and relationship factors as risk for FSD. 5-7
Soil Carbon Mapping in Low Relief Areas with Combined Land Use Types and Percentages

Abstract. Accurate mapping of soil carbon in low relief areas is of great challenge because of the defect of conventional “soil-landscape” model. Efforts have been made to integrate the land use information in the modelling and mapping of soil organic carbon (SOC), in which the spatial context was ignored. With 256 topsoil samples collected from Jianghan Plain, we aim to (i) explore the land-use dependency of SOC via one-way ANOVA; (ii) investigate the “spillover effect” of land use on SOC content; (iii) examine the feasibility of land use types and percentages (obtained with a 200-meter buffer) for soil mapping via regression Kriging (RK) models. Results showed that the SOC of paddy fields was higher than that of woodlands and irrigated lands. The land use type could explain 20.5 % variation of the SOC, and the value increased to 24.7 % when the land use percentages were considered. SOC was positively correlated with the percentage of water area and irrigation canals. Further research indicated that SOC of irrigated lands was significantly correlated with the percentage of water area and irrigation canals, while paddy fields and woodlands did not show similar trends. RK model that combined land use types and percentages outperformed the other models with the lowest values of RMSEC (5.644 g/kg) and RMSEP (6.229 g/kg), and the highest R2C (0.193) and R2P (0.197). In conclusions, land use types and percentages serve as efficient indicators for the SOC mapping in plain areas. Additionally, irrigation facilities contributed to the farmland SOC sequestration especially in irrigated lands.
Agronomic performances of three vetch species growing under different drought levels

The current challenge of agriculture is to get the best yields while overcoming frequent water deficit conditions. The objective of this study was to compare performances of three vetch species (Vicia narbonensis L., V. sativa L., and V. villosa Roth) subjected to water stress. Plants were sown in pots under rainout shelter and submitted to four water regimes: control (100% field capacity [FC]), 80%, 60%, and 40% FC through 3 yr experiment. Results showed that V. narbonensis had the smallest declines in all the studied variables in response to water restriction but the highest water use efficiency (WUE) and stress tolerance index (STI) in both control and water-treated plants. This indicates the greater tolerance of this species to water constraint and its better water use. Vicia villosa was characterized by drastic declines in leaf area and DM yield (75% and 64%, respectively). It had also the smallest WUE and STI suggesting its low adaptation to water stress. Vicia sativa showed severe reductions in seed yield and yield components; accordingly, it was the most sensitive species in terms of seed yield. The three species implied avoidance strategies to cope with water stress. The different levels of drought tolerance explain the species ecological distribution in Tunisia.
Economic performance of organic vs conventional vegetables production in Gaza strip

Organic farming has achieved significant growth in developing countries. However, it is still in some areas such as Gaza strip at embryonic stage. Introduction and promotion of organic farming would need more information about economic feasibility of shifting from the existing conventional farms to organic farming system. This is the main aim of this study. Data was collected from 100 randomly selected farmers in southern area of Gaza strip using standard questionnaire. Additional focus group discussions were conducted for further qualitative analyses. Data was also collected from the organic farm of Safe Agriculture Association where vegetables are organically produced and marketed. Gross margin and comparative analyses were used to describe cost structure of conventional and organic production and to assess economic potentialities to shift to organic farming. Results varied among vegetable crops as some crops showed very high economic potential to shift to organic farming while other crops did not. Major reasons for crops with good potential were higher yield under organic farming, premium market prices and lower production costs. Major reasons for lower economic potential to shift were the significant lower yield and higher production costs. The study recommends further technical research to explore organic production techniques that allows for higher yield and lower production cost. The study also recommends further market research to investigate consumers' preferences and willingness to pay for organic products.
The imprint of stratospheric transport on column-averaged methane

Abstract. Model simulations of column-averaged methane mixing ratios (XCH4) are extensively used for inverse estimates of methane (CH4) emissions from atmospheric measurements. Our study shows that virtually all chemical transport models (CTM) used for this purpose are affected by stratospheric model-transport errors. We quantify the impact of such model transport errors on the simulation of stratospheric CH4 concentrations via an a posteriori correction method. This approach compares measurements of the mean age of air with modeled age and expresses the difference in terms of a correction to modeled stratospheric CH4 mixing ratios. We find age differences up to ~ 3 years yield to a bias in simulated CH4 of up to 250 parts per billion (ppb). Comparisons between model simulations and ground-based XCH4 observations from the Total Carbon Column Network (TCCON) reveal that stratospheric model-transport errors cause biases in XCH4 of ~ 20 ppb in the midlatitudes and ~ 27 ppb in the arctic region. Improved overall as well as seasonal model-observation agreement in XCH4 suggests that the proposed, age-of-air-based stratospheric correction is reasonable. The latitudinal model bias in XCH4 is supposed to reduce the accuracy of inverse estimates using satellite-derived XCH4 data. Therefore, we provide an estimate of the impact of stratospheric model-transport errors in terms of CH4 flux errors. Using a one-box approximation, we show that average model errors in stratospheric transport correspond to an overestimation of CH4 emissions by ~ 40 % (~ 7 Tg yr−1) for the arctic, ~ 5 % (~ 7 Tg yr−1) for the northern, and ~ 60 % (~ 7 Tg yr−1) for the southern hemispheric mid-latitude region. We conclude that an improved modeling of stratospheric transport is highly desirable for the joint use with atmospheric XCH4 observations in atmospheric inversions.
ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS DE Morpho helenor theodorus (Fruhstorfer) (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE; MORPHINAE) y Mechanitis polymnia (Linnaeus), (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE; ITHOMIINAE), EN LA AMAZONÍA BAJA DEL PERÚ

Los resultados del estudio muestran que Morpho helenor theodorus habita bosques primarios con poca intervencion, y copula entre el quinto y septimo dia de la emergencia. Los huevos son depositados aisladamente tanto en el haz, como en el enves de hojas maduras y jovenes de 3 plantas hospederas. Esta especie se alimento de Arachis pintoi en condiciones de cautiverio. Su capacidad promedio de oviposicion es de 138.3 huevos en cautiverio. La duracion promedio del ciclo de vida, desde huevo a adulto fue de 68.11 ± 1.85 dias, con 5 estadios larvales. Los adultos nacen entre las 10:30 a 11:20 h, los machos nacen primero y sobreviven en promedio 27.00 ± 2.29 dias y las hembras sobreviven 57.14 ± 2.39 dias en cautiverio. El enemigo natural de esta especie es una avispa de la familia Scelionidae, el cual parasita los huevos de la mariposa. Mechanitis polymnia habita bosques medianamente intervenidos de terrazas medias. Las hembras depositan grupos de huevos sobre las hojas (33.36 ± 22.79 huevos). En esta especie se encontraron 4 plantas hospederas y 3 plantas nectariferas. La duracion del ciclo de vida fue en promedio de 29.31 ± 1.31 dias, con 5 estadios larvales. Los adultos nacen de 6:30 a 10:00 h, los machos nacen primero y sobreviven en promedio 6.29 ± 3.15 dias y las hembras sobreviven 17.43 ± 3.66 dias en cautiverio. Se encontraron 3 enemigos naturales, un parasitoide de los huevos de la mariposa, un parasitoide de la pre pupa y un hongo entomopatogeno de la pupa.