Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Fluid Inclusions XIV: Coexisting Silicate Melt and Aqueous Fluid Inclusions in the Haplogranite–H2O–NaCl–KCl System

Coeval silicate melt and aqueous synthetic fluid inclusions were INTRODUCTION formed at 800°C and 2000 bars in the quartz-saturated haploIn recent years the study of silicate melt inclusions has granite–H2O–NaCl–KCl system. The equilibrium assemblage congained considerable popularity as a method to charsisted of Ab19·2Or31·1Qtz49·1 melt, quartz, and an aqueous solution acterize the PTX evolution of igneous processes (Andwith a composition of 7·4 wt % NaCl + 5·9 wt % KCl. The erson, 1974; Roedder, 1979; Lowenstern, 1995). Of melt contained 0·18 wt % Cl – and ~5·5 wt % H2O. The special interest has been the study of melt inclusions calculated partition coefficient of chloride between the melt and trapped in an immiscible fluid–melt system (Roedder, aqueous fluid (D m/aq Cl =C m Cl/C aq Cl ) is 0·021. The calculated dis1979, 1984, 1992; Hansteen & Lustenhouwer, 1990; tribution coefficient of Na and K between the melt and the aqueous Frezzotti, 1992; Naumov et al., 1992, 1996; Yang & phase D m/aq Na/K=(C m Na/C m K )/(C aq Na/C aq K )) is 0·40. Homogenization Bodnar, 1994; Student & Bodnar, 1996). Microtemperatures of synthetic silicate melt inclusions obtained by heating thermometric data from such inclusions can be used in 10·0°C/day increments in a tube furnace agreed with known directly to determine formation temperatures and presformation temperatures, with no size dependence. When measured sures, without the necessity of invoking difficult to prove in a high-temperature heating stage, a heating rate of 1°C/min assumptions or requiring an independent geobarometer produced homogenization temperatures that were about 10°C lower or geothermometer (Roedder & Bodnar, 1980). than those obtained from the same inclusions using a heating rate Roedder (1992) described specific types of magmatic of 3°C/min, although both heating rates produced homogenization immiscibility (immiscibility being defined as the existence temperatures above the formation temperature. A positive correlation of two or more non-crystalline, multi-component sobetween inclusion size and Th was observed for both heating rates. lutions which differ in properties and composition at Results confirm that microthermometric data from coeval silicate equilibrium), including silicate melt–silicate melt, silicate melt and aqueous fluid inclusions can be used to accurately predict melt–sulfide melt and silicate melt–aqueous fluid. In this P–T formation conditions if data from the smallest melt inclusions study we have investigated the behavior of synthetic fluid are used, or if the melt inclusions are homogenized using a slow inclusions trapped under conditions of silicate melt– heating rate (<1°C/min). aqueous fluid immiscibility in the haplogranite–
Deep Automated Multi-task Learning

Multi-task learning (MTL) has recently contributed to learning better representations in service of various NLP tasks. MTL aims at improving the performance of a primary task by jointly training on a secondary task. This paper introduces automated tasks, which exploit the sequential nature of the input data, as secondary tasks in an MTL model. We explore next word prediction, next character prediction, and missing word completion as potential automated tasks. Our results show that training on a primary task in parallel with a secondary automated task improves both the convergence speed and accuracy for the primary task. We suggest two methods for augmenting an existing network with automated tasks and establish better performance in topic prediction, sentiment analysis, and hashtag recommendation. Finally, we show that the MTL models can perform well on datasets that are small and colloquial by nature.
Effect of coating on properties of esthetic orthodontic nickel-titanium wires.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of coating on the properties of two esthetic orthodontic nickel-titanium wires. MATERIALS AND METHODS Woowa (polymer coating; Dany Harvest) and BioForce High Aesthetic Archwire (metal coating; Dentsply GAC) with cross-section dimensions of 0.016 × 0.022 inches were selected. Noncoated posterior regions of the anterior-coated Woowa and uncoated Sentalloy were used for comparison. Nominal coating compositions were determined by x-ray fluorescence (JSX-3200, JOEL). Cross-sectioned and external surfaces were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM; SSX-550, Shimadzu) and an atomic force microscope (SPM-9500J2, Shimadzu). A three-point bending test (12-mm span) was carried out using a universal testing machine (EZ Test, Shimadzu). Hardness and elastic modulus of external and cross-sectioned surfaces were obtained by nanoindentation (ENT-1100a, Elionix; n = 10). RESULTS Coatings on Woowa and BioForce High Aesthetic Archwire contained 41% silver and 14% gold, respectively. The coating thickness on Woowa was approximately 10 µm, and the coating thickness on BioForce High Aesthetic Archwire was much smaller. The surfaces of both coated wires were rougher than the noncoated wires. Woowa showed a higher mean unloading force than the noncoated Woowa, although BioForce High Aesthetic Archwire showed a lower mean unloading force than Sentalloy. While cross-sectional surfaces of all wires had similar hardness and elastic modulus, values for the external surface of Woowa were smaller than for the other wires. CONCLUSIONS The coating processes for Woowa and BioForce High Aesthetic Archwire influence bending behavior and surface morphology.
Marijuana as a Predictor of Concurrent Substance Use Among Motor Vehicle Operators

Abstract Despite the adverse effects associated with marijuana abuse and dependence, marijuana is becoming more common-place in activities such as driving. Previous literature has discussed the high rates of cocaine, opioid and benzodiazepine use among users of marijuana, but no research has addressed the rates of concurrent use among drivers meeting abuse or dependence criteria. Each of these substances may produce effects detrimental to driving safety which may be compounded by concurrent substance use. This research examines rates of marijuana use, abuse, and dependence among an active sample of drivers (N = 7,734) in the 2007 National Roadside Survey. Mean age of participants was 36.89 years, and the majority were male (60.1%) and identified as White (59.2%). Participants who used marijuana but did not meet diagnostic criteria for abuse (n = 165) or dependence (n = 112) were significantly more likely to test positive for all substances than were those who did not use marijuana. Further, those that met criteria for marijuana abuse or dependence were more likely than those who did not meet criteria to test positive for THC, cocaine, and benzodiazepines and THC, cocaine, and opioids, respectively. The current research has implications for policy development and drugged driving interventions.
Susceptibility of Humans of The ABO Blood Groups to P . falciparum infection

The effects of patients’ blood groups, age and sex on the prevalence of malaria in the Ahmadu Bello University Clinic (Sickbay), Samaru-Zaria, Kaduna State were investigated. A total of 178 (24.5%) of 728 patients investigated had malaria infection. Prevalence of malaria was higher in females (32.0%) than in males (19.1%). Prevalence of malaria in children less than 10years old (44.4%) was higher than in older age groups. Patients with O blood group occur most in the clinic, but prevalence of malaria was highest among those with B blood group (35.3%) and lowest in those with O blood group (17.7%). There was significant association between ABO blood groups and malaria infection in the study area (P>0.05). The study confirms low malaria endemicity in the area, high malaria prevalence in children less than 10years and recommends ways to reduce infection in them.
Incidence of first acute myocardial infarction over time specific for age, sex, and country of birth.

OBJECTIVES To study the age- and sex-specific incidence rates of first acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among first-generation ethnic minority groups (henceforth, migrant groups) and the Dutch majority population in the Netherlands during two time periods (2000-2004 and 2005-2010). METHODS Through linkage of Dutch nationwide registers, first AMI events in the Dutch majority population and the major migrant groups living in the Netherlands were identified from 2000-2004 and 2005-2010. Absolute incidence rates were calculated within each age-sex-period-country of birth group. RESULTS Regardless of ethnic background, AMI incidence rates were higher in men than in women and increased with age. Incidence significantly declined over time among the Dutch majority population (men: -26.8%, women: -26.7%), and among most migrant groups under study. It was only in Moroccan migrants that AMI incidence significantly increased over time (men: 25.2%, women: 41.7%). Trends differed between age categories, but did not show a consistent pattern. The higher AMI incidence in Surinamese men and women and Turkish and Indonesian men compared with the Dutch majority population persisted over time, but decreased with age and became absent after 70 years of age. Moroccans had a significantly lower incidence compared with the Dutch majority population during 2000-2004, which disappeared during 2005-2010. CONCLUSION Primary preventive strategies should focus on Surinamese men and women and Turkish and Indonesian men below 70 years of age. Future research is necessary to unravel the factors that provoke the increasing AMI incidence over time among Moroccans.
Energy‐aware task allocation for small devices in wireless networks

The continuous advances in wireless networking and mobile computing technologies have paved the way to the spreading of new classes of distributed applications running on networks of small devices such as smartphones and tablets. An issue that still prevents a wider implementation of distributed applications in wireless networks is the lack of task allocation strategies addressing both the energy constraints of small devices and the decentralized nature of wireless networks. In this paper, we focus on this twofold issue by proposing an energy‐aware scheduling strategy for allocating computational tasks over a wireless network of small devices in a decentralized but effective way. The main design principle of our scheduling strategy is finding a task allocation that prolongs the total lifetime of the network and maximizes the number of alive devices by balancing the energy load among them. A simulation analysis has been performed to assess the performance of the proposed strategy in different network and application scenarios. The results show that by using the proposed energy‐aware task allocation approach, the network lifetime is extended and the number of alive devices is significantly higher compared with alternative scheduling strategies while meeting application‐level performance constraints. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reassessing the role of the secreted protease CPAF in Chlamydia trachomatis infection through genetic approaches.

The secreted Chlamydia protease CPAF cleaves a defined set of mammalian and Chlamydia proteins in vitro. As a result, this protease has been proposed to modulate a range of bacterial and host cellular functions. However, it has recently come into question the extent to which many of its identified substrates constitute bona fide targets of proteolysis in infected host cell rather than artifacts of postlysis degradation. Here, we clarify the role played by CPAF in cellular models of infection by analyzing Chlamydia trachomatis mutants deficient for CPAF activity. Using reverse genetic approaches, we identified two C. trachomatis strains possessing nonsense, loss-of-function mutations in cpa (CT858) and a third strain containing a mutation in type II secretion (T2S) machinery that inhibited CPAF activity by blocking zymogen secretion and subsequent proteolytic maturation into the active hydrolase. HeLa cells infected with T2S(-) or CPAF(-) C. trachomatis mutants lacked detectable in vitro CPAF proteolytic activity and were not defective for cellular traits that have been previously attributed to CPAF activity, including resistance to staurosporine-induced apoptosis, Golgi fragmentation, altered NFκB-dependent gene expression, and resistance to reinfection. However, CPAF-deficient mutants did display impaired generation of infectious elementary bodies (EBs), indicating an important role for this protease in the full replicative potential of C. trachomatis. In addition, we provide compelling evidence in live cells that CPAF-mediated protein processing of at least two host protein targets, vimentin filaments and the nuclear envelope protein lamin-associated protein-1 (LAP1), occurs rapidly after the loss of the inclusion membrane integrity, but before loss of plasma membrane permeability and cell lysis. CPAF-dependent processing of host proteins correlates with a loss of inclusion membrane integrity, and so we propose that CPAF plays a role late in infection, possibly during the stages leading to the dismantling of the infected cell prior to the release of EBs during cell lysis.
Notch signaling drives IL-22 secretion in CD4+ T cells by stimulating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor

CD4+ helper T (Th) cells differentiate toward distinct effector cell lineages characterized by their distinct cytokine expression patterns and functions. Multiple Th cell populations secrete IL-22 that contributes to both protective and pathological inflammatory responses. Although the differentiation of IL-22-producing Th cells is controlled by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), little is known about the regulatory mechanisms inducing physiological stimulators for AhR. Here, we show that Notch signaling enhances IL-22 production by CD4+ T cells by a mechanism involving AhR stimulation. Notch-mediated stimulation of CD4+ T cells increased the production of IL-22 even in the absence of STAT3. CD4+ T cells from RBP-J-deficient mice had little ability to produce IL-22 through T cell receptor-mediated stimulation. RBP-J-deficient mice were highly susceptible to the detrimental immunopathology associated with ConA-induced hepatitis with little IL-22 production by CD4+ T cells. Exogenous IL-22 protected RBP-J-deficient mice from ConA-induced hepatitis. Notch signaling promoted production of endogenous stimulators for AhR, which further augmented IL-22 secretion. Our studies identify a Notch–AhR axis that regulates IL-22 expression and fine-tunes immune system control of inflammatory responses.
An exploratory study of specialist and generalist teachers: predicting self efficacy in delivering primary physical education

We aimed to determine whether primary school teachers’ motivational regulations to exercise and self efficacy in delivering a physical education (PE) lesson are different based on prior PE training. Two groups of qualified primary school teachers were recruited; PE specialists and a group of generalist primary school teachers who also teach PE. All teachers completed the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2, International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale. PE specialists demonstrated significantly higher levels of intrinsic motivation towards exercise participation and took part in more physical activity in comparison to the generalist teachers. Regression analysis showed that being a PE specialist predicted higher scores in instructional strategies and classroom management in PE. Our findings support the use of Self Determination Theory concepts in understanding teacher’s exercise participation motivations. These findings have implications for the modelling role of teachers in encouraging children to be physically active.
Welfare, Income, and Budget Needs

R EAL disposable income is the measure generally accepted by economists as an indicator of the welfare of a household. Were we living in a world in which each individual formed a household and in which everyone required exactly the same goods to maintain himself, real disposable income might be an adequate measure. However, households are generally complex, and the income of a household must support a number of individuals whose daily requirements range from the nominal demands of a young child to the ample needs of an adolescent. Thus the welfare of a household must be measured not only by its income but also by the size of the household and the variety of needs of its members. This paper discusses a measure of welfare which relates the resources of a household to its needs. Estimates of welfare levels in the United States population based on this measure show that disposable income and per capita disposable income are extremely crude measures of welfare. Both overstate or understate the standard of living of an appreciable fraction of the United States population. The paper concludes with a few notes on the need for more accurate measures of welfare.
Promoter‐wide analysis of Smad4 binding sites in human epithelial cells

Smad4, the common partner Smad, is a key molecule in transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) family signaling. Loss of Smad4 expression is found in several types of cancer, including pancreatic cancer and colon cancer, and is related to carcinogenesis. Here we identified Smad4 binding sites in the promoter regions of over 25 500 known genes by chromatin immunoprecipitation on a microarray (ChIP‐chip) in HaCaT human keratinocytes. We identified 925 significant Smad4 binding sites. Approximately half of the identified sites overlapped the binding regions of Smad2 and Smad3 (Smad2/3, receptor‐regulated Smads in TGF‐β signaling), while the rest of the regions appeared dominantly occupied by Smad4 even when a different identification threshold for Smad2/3 binding regions was used. Distribution analysis showed that Smad4 was found in the regions relatively distant from the transcription start sites, while Smad2/3 binding regions were more often present near the transcription start sites. Motif analysis also revealed that activator protein 1 (AP‐1) sites were especially enriched in the sites common to Smad2/3 and Smad4 binding regions. In contrast, GC‐rich motifs were enriched in Smad4‐dominant binding regions. We further determined putative target genes of Smad4 whose expression was regulated by TGF‐β. Our findings revealed some general characteristics of Smad4 binding regions, and provide resources for examining the role of Smad4 in epithelial cells and cancer pathogenesis. (Cancer Sci 2009)
Orthodontic brackets friction changes after clinical use: A systematic review

Background To evaluate the bracket-wire friction force after clinical use. Material and Methods A systematic search of several electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, Lilacs and Google Scholar) without limitations regarding publication year or language, was performed. In-vitro studies analyzing the changes in friction force of orthodontic brackets before/after their clinical use were considered. Risk of Bias was assessed with Downs and Black checklist. All methodological features that could interfere in the results were specifically described. Results Seven studies satisfied the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. All 7 studies reported at least two groups (before and after clinical use). Friction force increased after intraoral aging in most of the studies. However, there is lack of good quality evidence in this research area. Conclusions Brackets present increased surface roughness after clinical use, and consequently increased coefficient of friction (COF) and Friction Force. Further studies are necessary to obtain more reliable results. Key words:Friction, orthodontic brackets, systematic review.
High Contribution of Secondary Brown Carbon to Aerosol Light Absorption in the Southeastern Margin of Tibetan Plateau

The optical properties of atmospheric secondary brown carbon (BrC) aerosol are poorly understood because of its chemical complexity, and this has hampered quantitative assessments of the impacts of this light‐absorbing material on glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau. For this study, a statistical approach was developed to investigate BrC light absorption over the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Secondary sources for BrC were more important for absorption than primary ones. A diurnal cycle in secondary BrC absorption was explained by the formation of light‐absorbing chromophores by photochemical oxidation after sunrise followed by photobleaching of the chromophores under the more oxidizing conditions as the day progressed. Multimethod analyses showed that biomass burning in northern Burma and along the Sino‐Burmese border was the most important source for the secondary BrC. The mean integrated simple forcing efficiency was 79 W/g, indicating that secondary BrC can cause substantial radiative effects.
Transformational exchanges in the dihydropteroate synthase gene of Neisseria meningitidis: a novel mechanism for acquisition of sulfonamide resistance

The nucleotide sequences of the chromosomal dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) genes in sulfonamide-susceptible and sulfonamide-resistant strains of Neisseria meningitidis of serogroups A, B and C were determined. The molecular weights and the amino acid sequences showed similarity to those of all other known dihydropteroate synthase polypeptides. Sequence comparison of the N. meningitidis dhps genes indicated horizontal transfer of DNA segments rather than point mutations as the cause for resistance in meningococci. The dhps genes in three of four sulfonamide-resistant meningococci contained identical central regions of 424 bp. Compared with the corresponding genes in susceptible strains, each central region included an insert of 6 bp. In one of the sulfonamide-resistant strains, the dhps gene was similar to the corresponding genes in the sensitive strains in its NH2-terminal and C-terminal parts. Its central region, however, was identical to the corresponding regions of two of the other resistant genes, and thus it could be seen as a hybrid dhps gene. Transformation experiments and mapping of transformed dhps genes indicated the existence of a novel mechanism for the dissemination of sulfonamide resistance in N. meningitidis. The origin of the resistance-mediating segment of the gene is unknown, but hybridization results showed the presence of homologous dhps genes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. lactamica but not in N. subflava or Branhamella catarrhalis.
A Resurgent Phoenix‐‐A Hypothesis for the Origin of Meiosis

The origin and evolution of sex is a great puzzle in biology, and meiosis is the core of sex. Here, we propose a new hypothesis that meiosis may have evolved by blending features of two responses that cells have to deal with double‐strand‐DNA breaks, recombinational repair and apoptosis. This hypothesis can explain some unsolved problems and is in agreement with some known molecular mechanisms, cytological phenomena, and the fossil records. Furthermore, it can predict some testable features of meiosis.