Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Antibody to Epitope Tag Induces Internalization of Human Muscarinic Subtype 1 Receptor

Abstract: We have studied the effect of an antibody against the epitope EYMPME on the internalization of the human muscarinic cholinergic receptor hm1 tagged with the epitope at the amino terminus. The antibody to the tag induces internalization of the hm1 receptor within minutes after exposure of human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with the tagged receptor. This antibody‐induced internalization is reversible following removal of the antibody. In contrast to hm1 internalization induced by the agonist carbachol, internalization induced by antibody is not blocked by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. The mechanism of antibody‐mediated internalization does not appear to involve receptor dimerization by the antibody, as Fab fragments derived from the antibody also induce internalization. The pathway of antibody‐induced internalization, similar to the agonist‐induced process, is mediated by clathrin‐coated vesicles. Furthermore, antibody treatment does not result in any second messenger production, as measured by phosphoinositide accumulation. Our data show that internalization of a G protein‐coupled receptor can be triggered by interaction of the amino terminus of the receptor with an exogenous ligand and can occur independently of second messenger production. This result suggests that the receptor can exist in multiple conformations, each mediating distinct downstream events.
Efficient Education Policy - A Second-Order Elasticity Rule

Assuming a two-period model with endogenous choices of labor, education, and saving, efficient education policy is characterized for a Ramsey-like scenario in which the government is constrained to use linear instruments. It is shown that education should be effectively subsidized if, and only if, the elasticity of the earnings function is increasing in education. The strength of second-best subsidization increases in the elasticity of the elasticity of the earnings function. This second-order elasticity rule extends the well-known Ramsey-Boiteux inverse elasticity rule.
The Vaccine Safety Datalink project

The Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) is a collaborative project between the National Immunization Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and several large health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in the United States. The project began in 1990 with the primary purpose of rigorously evaluating concerns about the safety of vaccines. Computerized data on vaccination, medical outcome (e.g. hospital discharge, outpatient visits, emergency room visits, and deaths), and covariate data (e.g. birth certificates and census) are prospectively collected at multiple HMOs (initially four) and linked under joint protocol for analyses. Approximately 6 million people (2% of the US population) are members of HMOs participating in the VSD. The VSD has proven to be a valuable resource that has provided important information on a number of vaccine safety issues. The databases and infrastructure created for the VSD have also provided opportunities to address other immunization questions including vaccination coverage and cost‐effectiveness. In a recent investigation of intussusception following rotavirus vaccination, the VSD methodology was expanded to include 10 managed care organizations. A cohort study was conducted that allowed estimation of incidence rates of intussusception and attributable risks associated with rotavirus vaccine. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Curbing Occupational and Financial Reporting Fraud: An Alternative Paradigm

The increasing rate and character of occupational fraud and in particular fraudulent financial reporting has continued to attract global attention. This virus appears to be evolving a more complex character and increasingly becoming immune to the global efforts at containing it. Various efforts have been evolved towards addressing this global challenge, especially the celebrated Sarbanes-Oxley Act which came into effect in 2002 in the USA and the extreme legal measures of life imprisonment and the death penalty in some legal jurisdictions around the world for fraudulent activities. All these measures have recorded various degrees of success, but none had been able to contain its mutation and spread. All forms of governments, public and private sector led business institutions, from the very small to the multinational corporations, have not been spared by its scourge, hence the continuous global effort at bridging this gap. Admitted that it is a human phenomenon necessitated by the vagaries of our world, its continuous mutation and spread cannot be allowed to go unchecked. It is against this background that we are proposing an alternative paradigm, not only to the existing financial reporting supply chain, but also at the accounting data capturing and gathering stage, of the accounting information system. This was predicated on a review of the existing frameworks for fraud prevention and control. This current study is proposing a post ante approach to dealing with the incidence of occupational fraud and in particular FFR. This is anchored on the philosophy of preventive maintenance for equipments or preemptive strikes in military warfare which are considered to be much better than the post mortem approaches which might have irreparable consequences as evidenced in several instances.
A Selective Review of Recent Developments in the Economic Growth Literature

The role of institutions in the process of economic growth and development has generated considerable interest among researchers over the past few decades. In particular, incorporating institutional variables into the established growth theories and empirics involves understanding the impact and mechanisms through which institutions affect growth. In surveying recent developments in the economic growth literature, this review pays attention to the resurgent institutionalist research trend and its implications for growth theory and empirical research on growth. Policy issues primarily focused on Asian Pacific developing countries are highlighted.
Student Participation and Grade Performance in an Undergraduate Online Learning Environment.

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iv DEDICATION . vii LIST OF TABLES . x LIST OF FIGURES . xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 Statement of Problem . 3 Purpose of the Study . 5 Research Questions . 6 Conceptual Framework . 6 Definition of Terms.8 Significance of Study . 10 Delimitation of Study . 11 Assumptions . 11 Researcher’s Perspective . 12 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE . 14 Distance Education: Overview . 14 Studies on Student Participation and Interaction in Online Learning . 23 Interaction Model Moore’s Types of Interaction . 26 Performance in Online Learning . 32 Using Grade as a Dependent Variable . 36 Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendation for Using Grade(s) as a Dependent Variable . 37 Summary . 47 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY . 48 Research Design.48 Sampling . 50 Description of Courses . 54 Data Collection Procedures . 55 Data Analysis and Forms of Results . 59 Summary . 61 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS . 64 Participants’ Characteristics.64 Descriptive Statistics . 65 Research Question 2: Age, Participation, and Performance . 71 Research Question 3: Race, Participation, and Performance . 72 Research Question 4: Gender, Participation, and Performance . 74 Research Question 5: Courses, Participation, and Performance . 75
Expression of amelogenin mRNA sequences during development of rat molars

The expression of amelogenin mRNA in growing rat molars was studied. Northern blotting and the analysis of cDNA isolates revealed two predominant variants. One group of cDNA inserts contained sequences of a long mRNA version and the other group contained mRNA sequences of the shorter leucin‐rich amelogenin polypeptide (LRAP). The LRAP group was deficient in an internal stretch which coded for a peptide with a high potential for beta turns. Northern blot experiments showed that most amelogenin RNA in rat teeth was represented by two bands of 1.1 and 0.8 kb. Two oligonucleotide probes were designed that were specific for the long version and for the LRAP variant. The probes were used for in situ hybridization experiments on sections of developing maxillar teeth of rats between day 2 and day 15 after birth. Both RNA species were accumulated concomitantly and exclusively in cells of the inner enamel epithelium. Expression was first observed at the mesial cusp sides and finally involved the whole ameloblast layer except for the cells adjacent to the enamel‐free region at the tip of the cusps. The early amelogenin RNA expression occurred adjacent to the initial deposition of the dentin matrix. Low amounts of amelogenin RNA persisted after the differentiation of ameloblasts into the maturative stage. The sequence of events was similar in all three molars.
Information and Disclosure in Strategic Trade Policy

We relax the standard assumption in the strategic trade policy literature that governments possess complete information about the economy. Assuming instead that governments must obtain information from firms, we examine firms' incentive to disclose information to the governments in the Brander-Spencer setting. With quantity competition, we find firms disclosing both demand and cost information, thereby justifying the literature's omniscient-government assumption. With price competition, however, firms have no incentives to disclose demand or cost information, so governments remain uninformed. Further, with quantity competition and unknown demand, governments are caught in an informational prisoner's dilemma.
[Inhibition of human macrophage-derived foam cell differentiation by blocking Kv1.3 and Kir2.1 channels].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of Kv1.3 and Kir2.1 during human monocyte-derived macrophages differentiation into foam cells and their function in foam cells formation. METHODS The human macrophage-derived foam cells were obtained by incubating macrophages with ox-LDL (30 mg/L) for 60 h. The expression of Kv1.3 and Kir2.1 channels were examined by immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR and Western blot. Effects of channel blockers (rMargatoxin and BaCl2) on the cellular cholesterol metabolism were studied by measuring the cellular contents of total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC), and cholesterol ester (CE) in the presence or absence of the channel blockers. RESULTS After incubating macrophages with 30 mg/L ox-LDL for 60 h, the cellular contents of TC, FC and CE were markedly increased and the ratio of CE/TC was raised from (14.4+/-6.8)% to (57.9+/-3.5)% (P<0.05), which indicated that the cells had differentiated into foam cells. The expression of Kv1.3 and Kir2.1 channels appeared no obvious difference when differentiating into foam cells (P>0.05); After being blocked specifically (rMargatoxin: 0.1, 10 nmol/L; BaC(12): 75, 125 micromol/L), the cellular contents of TC and CE were markedly reduced without exception and the ratios of CE/TC were all less than 50% (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Both Kv1.3 and Kir2.1 channels play a critical role in differentiation of macrophages into foam cells and blockage of corresponding potassium channels would prevent the formation of the foam cells.
Employee work–life balance outcomes in Ireland: a multilevel investigation of supervisory support and perceived organizational support

This article examines how employee perceptions of supervisory and organizational support for work–life balance, in addition to the number of work–life balance programmes available, predict a number of work–life balance outcomes including role conflict, job satisfaction, family satisfaction and turnover intentions in a sample of large private and public sector organizations in Ireland. The attitudes of HR managers towards work–life balance programmes are also explored. To account for the nested structure of the data, analyses were conducted using hierarchical linear modelling. We found that perceptions of work–life supportiveness as measured at the HR manager and immediate supervisor levels affect employee uptake of work–life programmes, employee work–life balance outcomes and turnover intentions.
Twenty‐four‐month comparison of immunomodulatory treatments – a retrospective open label study in 308 RRMS patients treated with beta interferons or glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®)

A total of 308 patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) documented in a clinical database have been analysed for comparison of treatment effects of first line immunomodulating therapies. During follow up for 24 months the reduction of relapse rates was evaluated in a retrospective and open‐label clinical study by comparing the efficacy of interferon (INF)β‐1a i.m. (Avonex®), INFβ‐1b s.c. (Betaferon®), INFβ‐1a 22 μg s.c. (Rebif® 22) and glatiramer acetate (GA; Copaxone®) in patients with RRMS (enhanced disability status score (EDSS) < 3.5) who have been treated for at least 6 months. Compared with baseline, relapse rate was reduced to a comparable extend after 6 month treatment with all regimen. For all drugs the effect on the relapse rate was sustained over 24 months. There was no superiority of one of the INFβ preparations concerning reduction of relapse rate after 12 and 24 months, however reduction was significantly higher for patients treated with GA compared with all beta interferons (−0.71, P < 0.001). In addition, the discontinuation rate within 24 months was significantly lower for GA. Despite some limitations of the study design, the results provide helpful clinical information regarding the efficacy of immunomodulatory therapies in early stages of RRMS patients in a clinical setting.
Neuroblastoma Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Networks Involve FYN and LYN in Endosomes and Lipid Rafts

Protein phosphorylation plays a central role in creating a highly dynamic network of interacting proteins that reads and responds to signals from growth factors in the cellular microenvironment. Cells of the neural crest employ multiple signaling mechanisms to control migration and differentiation during development. It is known that defects in these mechanisms cause neuroblastoma, but how multiple signaling pathways interact to govern cell behavior is unknown. In a phosphoproteomic study of neuroblastoma cell lines and cell fractions, including endosomes and detergent-resistant membranes, 1622 phosphorylated proteins were detected, including more than half of the receptor tyrosine kinases in the human genome. Data were analyzed using a combination of graph theory and pattern recognition techniques that resolve data structure into networks that incorporate statistical relationships and protein-protein interaction data. Clusters of proteins in these networks are indicative of functional signaling pathways. The analysis indicates that receptor tyrosine kinases are functionally compartmentalized into distinct collaborative groups distinguished by activation and intracellular localization of SRC-family kinases, especially FYN and LYN. Changes in intracellular localization of activated FYN and LYN were observed in response to stimulation of the receptor tyrosine kinases, ALK and KIT. The results suggest a mechanism to distinguish signaling responses to activation of different receptors, or combinations of receptors, that govern the behavior of the neural crest, which gives rise to neuroblastoma.
Clinical and morphological evaluation of tuberculous peripheral lymphadenopathy.

OBJECTIVE To analyze clinical presentations in patients of tuberculous peripheral lymphadenopathy. DESIGN a descriptive observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Department of Chest medicine, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre and National Institute of Child Health from January to June 2002. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Patients presenting with peripheral lymphadenopathy with the confirmed diagnosis of tuberculous were included in the study. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was made on finding acid fast bacilli on smear examination and / or histological demonstration of caseating epithelioid cell granulomas in the specimen obtained by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or excision biopsy. Patients in whom definite diagnosis of tuberculosis was not established on the basis of microscopy or histopathology examination were excluded from the study. History and physical examination findings were recorded on pre-designed proforma. RESULTS the maximum number of patients (68.75 %) was in pediatric age group. The duration of illness was more than a year in 43.75% of the patients. Cervical region was the commonest affected in 70.83 % patients. In majority of cases (89.58 %) glands were multiple and in 66.7% glands were matted. In 83% cases diagnosis was achieved by FNAC subjected for cytology and acid fast bacilte (AFB) smear examination. CONCLUSION In local setting tuberculous etiology should be strongly suspected in a young patient presenting with peripheral lymphadenopathy, with prolonged duration of illness, and involvement of cervical glands with multiple and matted appearance. FNA is a reliable tool of diagnosis.
Auditor Reporting Under Section 404: The Association between the Internal Control and Going Concern Audit Opinions

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and Auditing Standard No. 2 introduced integrated audits of internal control over financial reporting and the financial statements. Since the internal control and audit reports are joint products of the audit process, we examine whether the issuance of an internal control material weakness opinion (MWO) influences, other things equal, the issuance of a going concern audit opinion (GCO). Using a sample of financially stressed companies, we find that the issuance of a MWO increases the likelihood of a GCO, suggesting that auditors do respond to the uncertainty surrounding a MWO by issuing a GCO. Further analyses reveal that the positive association between MWO and GCO obtains for company-level material weaknesses, which are known to be difficult to “audit-around”, and for more litigious industries. We also compare these results with those for a Section 302 sample with manager-reported (but not audited) material weaknesses, and find that the material weakness reported under Section 302 does not impact the GCO. Hence, the auditors respond to the uncertainty surrounding material weaknesses only when they issue MWOs, and not due to the existence of material weaknesses per se – that is, the issuance of a MWO seems to induce further conservatism in the auditor’s GCO decision. We conclude that researchers and policymakers should consider the overall effect of Section 404 on the financial statement audit.
Kidins220/ARMS as a functional mediator of multiple receptor signalling pathways

An increasing body of evidence suggests that several membrane receptors – in addition to activating distinct signalling cascades – also engage in substantial crosstalk with each other, thereby adjusting their signalling outcome as a function of specific input information. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control their coordination and integration of downstream signalling. A protein that is likely to have a role in this process is kinase-D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa [Kidins220, also known as ankyrin repeat-rich membrane spanning (ARMS), hereafter referred to as Kidins220/ARMS]. Kidins220/ARMS is a conserved membrane protein that is preferentially expressed in the nervous system and interacts with the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton. It interacts with neurotrophin, ephrin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glutamate receptors, and is a common downstream target of several trophic stimuli. Kidins220/ARMS is required for neuronal differentiation and survival, and its expression levels modulate synaptic plasticity. Kidins220/ARMS knockout mice show developmental defects mainly in the nervous and cardiovascular systems, suggesting a crucial role for this protein in modulating the cross talk between different signalling pathways. In this Commentary, we summarise existing knowledge regarding the physiological functions of Kidins220/ARMS, and highlight some interesting directions for future studies on the role of this protein in health and disease.
INSTITUTIONS AND ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENT: A CROSS-COUNTRY STUDY

This study examines a number of proposed relationships between formal and informal institutional factors that impact the entrepreneurial intent (EI) of 477 university business students in Germany, Russia and the United States, as well as similarities and differences in these relationships between countries. This is the first study, of which we are aware, to develop an instrument to measure the impact of formal institutional factors on EI based upon the World Bank's Doing Business Report. Overall, the results give only minor support for the influence of formal institutional factors on EI with the greater impact appearing to come from the informal institutions of need, social norms and parental experience. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes Constructed by Parallelly Connecting Multiple Chains

A particular class of spatially coupled low-density parity-check (SC-LDPC) codes are constructed by parallelly connecting multiple different coupled chains. The connection structure is realized by edge exchanges between adjacent chains, which can help these chains support each other and improve the iterative decoding thresholds. By varying the number of the connected chains and the degree of each chain, a family of SC-LDPC codes with wide rate range can be obtained. Density evolution analysis shows that the decoding thresholds of the proposed codes are very close to Shannon limits and are slightly better than that constructed by a single chain over the binary erasure channel.
Relationship between aerobic fitness and quality of life in female fibromyalgia patients

Objective: To determine whether there is a direct link between quality of life and aerobic capacity among female fibromyalgia patients. Design: Cross-section study. Setting: University of León. Subjects: Twenty-nine women belonging to the León Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Association. Main measurements: Aerobic capacity and quality of life were measured by means of the Six-Minute Walk Test and the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire. Outcome measures included heart rate and rate of perceived fatigue and dypsnoea. Results: The average distance walked was 432.8 (61.2) m and the total average Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire score was 47.5 (18.9). Only item 1 of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, physical function, showed any statistically significant link with the distance walked, which had no statistically significant relationship with any of the variables studied. Conclusion: The physical fitness of women with fibromyalgia, as determined by the Six-Minute Walk Test and the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, has no direct relation with quality of life as the patients perceive it.
THE PARADOX OF EDUCATION OR THE GOOD SIDE OF INEQUALITY

In this paper, the author argues that one of the mechanisms through which inequality may affect long-run growth is through individuals' education possibilities. The cost of education is, therefore, a crucial variable. The author endogenizes this cost and shows that it will be high relative to average wealth in poor countries and relatively low in rich countries. With two-tailed distributions of wealth, this is going to imply that greater inequality increases growth rates in poor economies, while it decreases them in rich economies. Copyright 1995 by Royal Economic Society.