Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Multiple positive and negative cis-acting elements mediate induced arginase (CAR1) gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Expression of the arginase (CAR1) gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is induced by arginine or its analog homoarginine. Induction has been previously shown to require a negatively acting upstream repression sequence, which maintains expression of the gene at a low level in the absence of inducer. The objective of this work was to identify the cis-acting elements responsible for CAR1 transcriptional activation and response to inducer. We identified three upstream activation sequences (UASs) that support transcriptional activation in a heterologous expression vector. Two of these UAS elements function in the absence of inducer, whereas the third functions only when inducer is present. One of the inducer-independent UAS elements exhibits significant homology to the Sp1 factor-binding sites identified in simian virus 40 and various mammalian genes.
Synthesis of Some New Linear and Chiral Macrocyclic Pyridine Carbazides as Analgesic and Anticonvulsant Agents

A series of 2,6-disubstituted pyridine derivatives were prepared from 2,6-diacetylpyridine or 2,6- dicarbonyl pyridine dichloride as starting materials. Reaction of 2,6-diacetylpyridine 1 with hydroxylamine hydrochloride or different aromatic aldehydes afforded the corresponding 2,6-diacetylpyridine dioxime and 2,6-bis-[β -(2-thienyl)acryloyl]pyridine derivatives 2 and 3, respectively. Additionally, N2,N2‘-(pyridine-2,6-dicarbonyl)-L-amino acid hydrazides 5 were prepared starting from 2,6- dicarbonyl pyridine dichloride via the corresponding esters 4. Compound 3 was reacted with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to afford the 2,6-bis-[β -(2-thienyl)acryloyl-oxime]-pyridine derivative 6. Treatment of compounds 2 or 6 with phenyl isocyanate or phenyl isothiocyanate in refluxing dioxane gave the corresponding semicarbazide or thiosemicarbazide derivatives 7 and 8, respectively. Their treatment with toluene-3,5-diisocyanate afforded the macrocyclic semicarbzides 9 and 10, respectively. The chiral thiosemicarbazides 11a,b were however, prepared by treating compounds 5a,b with phenyl isothiocyanate followed by cyclization with sodium hydroxide (2N) yielding the triazoles 12a,b. Finally, the hydrazides 5a,b were treated with toluene-3,5-diisocyanate to afford the chiral macrocyclic tetrapeptide semicarbazides 13a,b in reasonable yields, while the expected cyclic dipeptide 14 was not formed. The structure assignments of the new compounds were based on chemical and spectroscopic evidence. The pharmacological screening showed that many of these compounds have good analgesic and anticonvulsant activities comparable to Voltarine® and Carbamazapine® used as reference drugs.
The Myth of Meaning in the Work of C.G. Jung

Aniela Jaffe explores the subjective world of inner experience. In so doing, she follows the path of the pioneering Swiss psychologist C G Jung, whose collaborator and friend she was through the final decades of his life. Jaffe shows that any search of meaning ultimately leads to the inner 'mythical' realm and must be understood as a limited subjective attempt to answer the unanswerable. Any conclusion drawn from such a quest is one's very own -- its formulation is one's own myth.
DNA synthesis in Escherichia coli cells infected with gene H mutants of bacteriophage phi X174

Escherichia coli cells infected with gene H mutants of bacteriophage phi X174 produce two types of particles. The 110S particles contain single-stranded circular DNA; the 110S particles are not infectious, although their DNA is infectious for E. coli spheroplasts. The second type of particles, 70S particles, contain a fragment of single-stranded DNA ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 genome in length. This fragment DNA anneals only to restriction enzyme fragments of replicative-form DNA from the portion of the molecule corresponding to the origin and early region of phi X174 single-stranded synthesis, although full-round single-stranded DNA synthesis is occurring in the H mutant-infected cells. Different H mutant phages produce different proportions of 70S to 110S particles; those mutants producing the most 70S also exhibit the largest amount of degradation of intracellularly labeled DNA during infection. These results suggest that in H mutant-infected cells, full-length single-stranded DNA is synthesized; varying amounts of degradation of the single-stranded material occur, and the resulting fragment DNA is subsequently incorporated into 70S particles.
Field-evolved resistance by western corn rootworm to multiple Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in transgenic maize

Significance Crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) kill pest insects and reduce the use of conventional insecticides. However, the evolution of Bt resistance can diminishes these benefits. The western corn rootworm is a serious pest of maize and is managed with Bt maize. Beginning in 2009, western corn rootworm with resistance to maize producing the Bt toxin Cry3Bb1 imposed severe injury to Cry3Bb1 maize in Iowa. We show that cross-resistance exists between Cry3Bb1 maize and mCry3A maize and is associated with severe injury to Bt maize in farmers’ fields. These results illustrate that Bt crops producing less than a high dose of toxin against target pests may select for resistance rapidly; consequently, current approaches for managing Bt resistance should be reexamined. The widespread planting of crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) places intense selective pressure on pest populations to evolve resistance. Western corn rootworm is a key pest of maize, and in continuous maize fields it is often managed through planting of Bt maize. During 2009 and 2010, fields were identified in Iowa in which western corn rootworm imposed severe injury to maize producing Bt toxin Cry3Bb1. Subsequent bioassays revealed Cry3Bb1 resistance in these populations. Here, we report that, during 2011, injury to Bt maize in the field expanded to include mCry3A maize in addition to Cry3Bb1 maize and that laboratory analysis of western corn rootworm from these fields found resistance to Cry3Bb1 and mCry3A and cross-resistance between these toxins. Resistance to Bt maize has persisted in Iowa, with both the number of Bt fields identified with severe root injury and the ability western corn rootworm populations to survive on Cry3Bb1 maize increasing between 2009 and 2011. Additionally, Bt maize targeting western corn rootworm does not produce a high dose of Bt toxin, and the magnitude of resistance associated with feeding injury was less than that seen in a high-dose Bt crop. These first cases of resistance by western corn rootworm highlight the vulnerability of Bt maize to further evolution of resistance from this pest and, more broadly, point to the potential of insects to develop resistance rapidly when Bt crops do not achieve a high dose of Bt toxin.
Misaligned angular momentum in hydrodynamic cosmological simulations: warps, outer discs and thick discs

We present a detailed analysis of a disc galaxy forming in a high-resolution fully cosmological simulation to investigate the nature of the outer regions of discs and their relevance for the disc formation process. Specifically, we focus on the phenomenon of misaligned disc components and find that the outer disc warp is a consequence of the misalignment between the inner disc and the surrounding hot gaseous halo. As the infalling cold gas sinks towards the centre of the galaxy, it is strongly torqued by the hot gas halo. By the time the fresh gas reaches the central disc-forming region, its angular momentum is completely aligned with the spin of the hot gas halo. If the spin of the hot gas halo, in turn, is not aligned with that of the inner disc, a misaligned outer disc forms, comprised of newly accreted material. The inner and outer components are misaligned with each other because they respond differently to infalling substructure and accretion. The warped disc feeds the main gas disc due to viscous angular momentum losses, but small amounts of star formation in the warp itself form a low-metallicity thick disc. We show that observations of resolved stellar populations in warped galaxies in the local Universe could provide evidence for the presence of these processes and therefore indirectly reveal ongoing gas accretion and the existence of hot gas haloes.
Are Small Firms Really Less Productive? An Analysis of Productivity Differentials and Firm Dynamics

Small and medium-sized establishments (SMEs) account for a large proportion of industrial employment and production in almost all countries. Moreover, the recent literature emphasizes the role SMEs play in nurturing entrepreneurship and generating new products and processes. Although SMEs could be a source of new ideas and innovations, there are substantial productivity differences between small and large establishments. In this paper, we analyze three sources of productivity differentials: technical efficiency, returns to scale, and technical change. Our analysis on the creation, survival, and growth of new establishments in Turkish manufacturing industries in the period 1987-97 shows that all these three factors play a very important role in determining the survival probability and growth prospects of new establishments.
It's a sweet life travelling: Meeting the healthcare needs of Travellers with diabetes

Romany Gypsies and Irish/Scottish Travellers are amongst the oldest established minority ethnic groups in the UK and studies have indicated a high incidence of diabetes in these populations. This article discusses the health behaviours and lifestyles common to these communities, whether nomadic or housed. These factors impact on causation, diagnosis, self-care and access to treatment. The article also considers the nature of the sometimes problematic relationship that can exist between healthcare professionals and Gypsies and Travellers, and discusses policy approaches to enhancing population health. Nurses involved in the care of Gypsies and Travellers with diabetes can find information about the barriers and solutions to working with this group in order to support them in managing their long-term condition.
Recycling of Glass Fibers from Fiberglass Polyester Waste Composite for the Manufacture of Glass-Ceramic Materials

3thermolytic reactor. This process yielded an oil (≈24 wt%), a gas (≈8 wt%) and a solid residue (≈68 wt%). After the polymer has been removed, the solid residue is heated in air to oxidize residual char and remove surface contamination. The cleaning fibers were converted into glass-ceramic tile. A mixture consisting of 95 wt% of this solid residue and 5% Na2O was melted at 1450˚C to obtain a glass frit. Powder glass samples (<63 μm) was then sintered and crystallized at 1013˚C, leading to the formation of wollastonite-plagioclase glass-ceramic materials for architectural applications. Thermal stability and crystallization mechanism have been studied by differential thermal analysis. Mineralogy analyses of the glass-ceramic materials were carried out using X-ray Diffraction.
Distribution of radial glia in the developing telencephalon of chicks

Radial glia are known to have a sparse and uneven distribution in the telencephalon of adult birds. The present study utilizes antibodies against vimentin to reveal a more extensive, and more clearly radial, set of radial glia in the chicken telencephalon during the first half of embryogenesis. This initially extensive radial glial fiber system becomes distorted and reduced between 10 and 14 days of incubation. This reduction coincides with the cytoarchitectural differentiation of the telencephalon into its major adult subdivisions. Because developing neurons tend to migrate along radial glial fibers in both birds and mammals, a topological projection of these major subdivisions onto the embryonic ventricular zone along the radial glial fibers suggests hypotheses about lineage relationships that can be tested by subsequent experimental methods. This analysis suggests that the major components of the avian dorsal ventricular ridge, i.e., the ventral hyperstriatum, the neostriatum with its various subdivisions, part of the archistriatum, and probably also the piriform cortex, all derive from overlapping portions of the lateral pallial ventricular zone. Staining with antibodies against neurofilament suggests that this developmental parcellation of the lateral pallial complex is associated with the development of neuronal fiber systems. J. Comp. Neurol. 387:399–420, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of teacher tempo on the child.

80 boys and 80 girls in the first grade were randomly selected from the first-grade classrooms of 10 impulsive and 10 reflective female teachers with differential experience. The children were tested for the tendency to be reflective or impulsive in the fall and spring of their first year in school, and change scores were related to the tempo of the teacher. Children taught by experienced reflective teachers showed a greater increase in response time over the course of the academic year than all other children. The effect was more marked for boys than for girls.
The diagnosis and treatment of neonatal herpes simplex virus infection.

FINDINGS: Most cases of neonatal HSV infection result from maternal genital acquisition of a new HSV type (type 1 or 2 if HSV seronegative or type 2 if HSV-l positive) rather than from reactivation of old latent infection (HSV-2 recurrence). Most cases of newly acquired genital HSV infection in women are asymptomatic. Therefore, while a positive history for the mother (or male consort) is important, its absence does not exclude neonatal HSV. In fact, among cases of neonatal HSV, only 15-30% of mothers or 10-15% of their sexual contacts had a positive history. There are 3 main clinical categories of neonatal HSV that occur in roughly equal proportion. The first is localized skin, eye, and mouth (SEM) infection, in which only skin, eyes, or mucous membranes are involved. Second is the central nervous system form in which the cerebrospinal fluid is abnormal by routine analysis, or is positive by culture or polymerase-chain reaction assay for HSV. Third is the disseminated (DISSEM) form, which is diagnosed when there are signs of involvement of lungs, liver, hematopoietic system, or sepsis, regardless of CNS involvement. There is currently no effective HSV vaccine to prevent genital infection, but active research continues in this area.
Biopsy confirmed benign breast disease, postmenopausal use of exogenous female hormones, and breast carcinoma risk

A history of proliferative benign breast disease has been shown to increase the risk of developing breast carcinoma, but, to the authors' knowledge, how postmenopausal exogenous female hormone use, in general, has affected breast carcinoma risk among women with a history of proliferative breast disease with or without atypia has not been well established.
A Case Study of Landfill Leachate Using Coal Bottom Ash for the Removal of Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+

The removal of Cd2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ by coal bottom ash has been investigated. In single metal system, metal uptake was studied in batch adsorption experiments as a function of pH (2–3), contact time (5–180 min), initial metal concentration (50–400 mg/L), adsorbent concentration (5–40 g/L), particle size, and ionic strength (0–1 M NaCl). Removal percentages of metals ions increased with increasing pH and dosage. Removal efficiency at lower concentrations was greater than at higher values. The maximum amount of metal ion adsorbed in milligrams per gram was 35.4, 35.1 and 34.6 mg/g for Zn2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+, respectively, starting out from an initial solution at pH 3. Simultaneous removal of Zn2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ ions from ternary systems was also investigated and compared with that from single systems. Cd2+ uptake was significantly affected by the presence of competing ions at pH 2. The results obtained in the tests with landfill leachate showed that bottom ash is effective in simultaneously removing several heavy metals such as Ni, Zn, Cd, As, Mn, Cu, Co, Se, Hg, Ag, and Pb.
Modeling of a detailed photovoltaic generation system for EMT-type simulation

This article presents a detailed three-phase grid connected PV model which includes important control systems required for EMT-type simulation. A one diode model for the PV array is used to simulate environmental constraints such as solar irradiation. A detailed control system including dc voltage control, inner current control, MPPT and PWM control are implemented in order to simulate the model during steady state and dynamic conditions. The PV model is merged with a simple distribution network to investigate the PV's interaction with the AC grid. Several simulation scenarios are presented in order to validate the performance of the model.
Oxidative stress response induced in an atrazine phytoremediating plant: Physiological responses of Pennisetum glaucum to high atrazine concentrations

ABSTRACT This research presented here, for the first time, elucidates the responses of several antioxidants in Pennisetum leaves exposed to varying concentrations of atrazine (0–200 mgkg−1). Pennisetum has been reported to be resistant to atrazine; however, its physiological response to high concentrations (≥50 mgkg−1) of atrazine is not well documented. The contents of reduced (AsA) and oxidized (DHA) ascorbate increased significantly with increase in atrazine concentration and exposure time; but the increase was more evident under higher (50 and 100 mgkg−1) atrazine concentrations. Increase in atrazine concentration to 200 mgkg−1 significantly decreased AsA, but increased DHA content, throughout the experiment. Seedlings treated with 200 mgkg−1 atrazine showed significantly lowest reduced glutathione (GSH) content, while oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was not significantly affected, after 68 d. Seedlings treated with 100 mgkg−1 atrazine showed increased glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity after 48 d and 68 d, while treatment with 200 mgkg−1 atrazine significantly increased glutathione reductase (GR) after 58 d. This result suggests that Pennisetum may tolerate lower atrazine concentrations. However, higher concentrations (≥50 mg kg−1), which could have longer residency period in the soil, could induce more physiological damage to the plant.
High Mobility Group Box Protein 1 (HMGB1)-Partner Molecule Complexes Enhance Cytokine Production by Signaling Through the Partner Molecule Receptor

The nuclear protein high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) promotes inflammation upon extracellular release. HMGB1 induces proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages via Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 signaling in a redox-dependent fashion. Independent of its redox state and endogenous cytokine-inducing ability, HMGB1 can form highly immunostimulatory complexes by interaction with certain proinflammatory mediators. Such complexes have the ability to enhance the induced immune response up to 100-fold, compared with induction by the ligand alone. To clarify the mechanisms for these strong synergistic effects, we studied receptor requirements. Interleukin (IL)-6 production was assessed in supernatants from cultured peritoneal macrophages from mice each deficient in one of the HMGB1 receptors (receptor for advanced glycation end products [RAGE], TLR2 or TLR4) or from wild-type controls. The cultures were stimulated with the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccaride (LPS), the TLR2 ligand Pam3CysSerLys4 (Pam3CSK4), noninflammatory HMGB1 or each TLR ligand in complex with noninflammatory HMGB1. The activity of the HMGB1-TLR ligand complexes relied on engagement of the same receptor as for the noncomplexed TLR ligand, since HMGB1-LPS complexes used TLR4 and HMGB1-Pam3CSK4 complexes used TLR2. Deletion of any of the intracellular adaptor molecules used by TLR2 (myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), TIR domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP)) or TLR4 (MyD88, TIRAP, TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM)) had similar effects on HMGB1 complex activation compared with noncomplexed LPS or Pam3CSK4. This result implies that the enhancing effects of HMGB1-partner molecule complexes are not regulated by the induction of additional signaling cascades. Elucidating HMGB1 receptor usage in processes where HMGB1 acts alone or in complex with other molecules is essential for the understanding of basic HMGB1 biology and for designing HMGB1-targeted therapies.
Interobserver agreement and accuracy of preoperative endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy for histological grading of pancreatic cancer

Background and study aim: Poorly differentiated/high grade pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with an early unfavorable outcome, and patients with these tumors may be candidates for neo-adjuvant treatment. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided pancreatic fine-needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) may, in theory, allow preoperative assessment of PDAC histological grading. The aim of the current study was to assess the interobserver agreement and accuracy of preoperative PDAC grading from EUS-FNB specimens. Methods: Data from 42 postsurgical PDAC patients who had undergone preoperative EUS-FNB were retrieved. Four experienced pathologists independently reviewed the EUS-FNB slides and reported tumor grading (well, moderately, or poorly differentiated). Agreement among pathologists for grading of preoperative EUS-FNB samples was expressed by using Cohen’s or Fleiss’ kappa statistic, as appropriate. Postsurgical PDAC grading was used as the gold standard to assess the cumulative accuracy of EUS-FNB for the preoperative prediction of PDAC grading. Results: The kappa values for PDAC grading on EUS-FNB specimens ranged from 0.09 to 0.41. The total agreement among the four pathologists was only fair (κ = 0.27; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.14 – 0.38). When tumor grades were grouped as well or moderately differentiated vs. poorly differentiated, kappa values ranged from 0.19 to 0.50, with only a fair overall agreement (κ = 0.27; 95 %CI 0.21 – 0.49). The accuracy of preoperative grading from EUS-FNB was 56 % (75/134 readings; 95 %CI 40 % – 65 %), with mean sensitivity and specificity to detect a high grade, poorly differentiated tumor of 41 % (95 %CI 19 % – 54 %) and 78 % (53/68 readings; 95 %CI 60 % – 99 %), respectively. Conclusions: Preoperative EUS-FNB-based histological grading of PDAC is unreliable, and current results do not support the use of this information in clinical practice. This appears to be due to suboptimal interobserver agreement among pathologists and an overall low accuracy in predicting postsurgical grading.
A new regulator of the cell cycle

The ability of eukaryotes to alter chromatin structure and function is modulated, in part, by histone-modifying enzymes and the post-translational modifications they create. One of these enzymes, PR-Set7/Set8/KMT5a, is the sole histone methyltransferase responsible for the monomethylation of histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me1) in higher eukaryotes. Both PR-Set7 and H4K20me1 were previously found to be tightly cell cycle regulated suggesting that they play an important, although unknown, role in cell cycle progression. Several recent reports reveal that PR-Set7 abundance is dynamically regulated during different cell cycle phases by distinct enzymes including cdk1/cyclinB, Cdc14, SCFSkp2, CRL4cdt2 and APCcdh1. Importantly, these reports demonstrate that inappropriate levels of PR-Set7 result in profound cell cycle defects including the inability to initiate S phase, the re-replication of DNA and the improper timing of mitotic progression. Here, we summarize the significance of these new findings, raise some important questions that require further investigation and explore several possibilities of how PR-Set7 and methylated H4K20 may likely function as novel regulators of the cell cycle.