Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spoken relative clause processing in Chinese: Measure from an alternative task

A cross-modal lexical decision (CMLD) task was conducted to measure subjects’ reaction times (RTs) at three probe sites simultaneously with their comprehending auditory Mandarin relative clause (RC) sentences. A baseline was first established by asking participants to complete a lexical decision task (LDT) based on a set of visual stimuli, which was then used as visual probes in the CMLD task. Since RTs for the visual targets in conjunction with spoken RC sentences were longer than RTs for the same targets in isolation in the pure LDT task, the RTs for these visual targets under different RC sentences in the CMLD task were hypothesized to index the degree of processing difficulty of different RC sentences. Significant RT differences between subject-extracted RC (SRC) sentences and object-extracted RC (ORC) sentences were found at the main clause (MC) verb: At the post-main-verb site, subjects spent significantly less time in the case of SRC sentences. The subjects’ comprehension performance demonstrated no differences in the interpretation errors between SRC sentences and ORC sentences. However, subjects had a higher percentage of errors in the RC domain than in the main clause (MC) domain and this effect was more obvious in ORC sentences. Our results conform to previous findings that suggest the locus of processing difficulty is at the MC verb, as listeners must complete multiple thematic role assignments at this point. Therefore, a thematic fit between the RC and the MC might play a particular role in spoken RC processing.
Validity of Panoramic Indices to Evaluate the Association of Bone Mineral Density with Morphology of the Mandible in Osteoporotic Patients

Objective: Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic disease of the bone decreasing bone mineral density (BMD) particularly in postmenopausal women. On the other hand, panoramic radiography has several applications in dentistry. It appears that by calculating some indices on panoramic radiographs, we may be able to predict the risk of osteoporosis in high-risk individuals. The present study was conducted to determine the correlation of skeletal pattern of bone and the morphology of the mandible in osteoporotic patients presenting to the Osteoporosis Clinic of Khatamolanbia Hospital and Imam Khomeini Dental Clinic in Yazd. Methods: This descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted on 70 women aged over 45 years, whom were selected from the above-mentioned centers. The gonialangle (GA), gonial index (GI), antegonial angle (AA), mental index (MI), antegonial index (AI) and antegonial depth (AD) were calculated on panoramic radiographs of patients and their BMD was measured in the lumbar area and femoral areas using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The correlation of panoramic indices with BMD was assessed using Spearman and Pearson’s correlation tests. The difference in BMD values in different morphological patterns of the inferior cortex of the mandible was analyzed by Student t-test and in different thicknesses of the cortex using one-way ANOVA. Results: The morphology of the inferior cortex was C1 in 62.9% and C2 in 37.1%. The cortex was thin in 24.3%, moderately thick in 32.9% and thick in 42.9%. Lumbar BMD was 0.92 (0.14) and 0.75 (0.15) g/cm 2 , in C1 and C2, respectively (p<0.001). Femoral BMD was 0.81 (0.13) and 0.66 (0.09) g/cm 2 in C1 and C2, respectively (p<0.001). No significant association was found between GI, AI, GA, AA and AD (based on the estimates made on panoramic radiographs) with the BMD (based on DXA estimates). Conclusion: Use of mandibular cortex indices on panoramic radiographs may be efficient for assessment of osteoporosis. However, further multicenter studies on larger sample sizes are required.
Detection of the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect with BOSS DR11 and the Atacama Cosmology Telescope

We present a new measurement of the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect using data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) and the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). Using 600 square degrees of overlapping sky area, we evaluate the mean pairwise baryon momentum associated with the positions of 50,000 bright galaxies in the BOSS DR11 Large Scale Structure catalog. A non-zero signal arises from the large-scale motions of halos containing the sample galaxies. The data fits an analytical signal model well, with the optical depth to microwave photon scattering as a free parameter determining the overall signal amplitude. We estimate the covariance matrix of the mean pairwise momentum as a function of galaxy separation, using microwave sky simulations, jackknife evaluation, and bootstrap estimates. The most conservative simulation-based errors give signal-to-noise estimates between 3.6 and 4.1 for varying galaxy luminosity cuts. We discuss how the other error determinations can lead to higher signal-to-noise values, and consider the impact of several possible systematic errors. Estimates of the optical depth from the average thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich signal at the sample galaxy positions are broadly consistent with those obtained from the mean pairwise momentum signal.
SN 2011hs: a fast and faint Type IIb supernova from a supergiant progenitor

Observations spanning a large wavelength range, from X-ray to radio, of the Type IIb supernova (SN) 2011hs are presented, covering its evolution during the first year after explosion. The optical light curve presents a narrower shape and a fainter luminosity at peak than previously observed for Type IIb SNe. High expansion velocities are measured from the broad absorption H I and He I lines. From the comparison of the bolometric light curve and the time evolution of the photospheric velocities with hydrodynamical models, we found that SN 2011hs is consistent with the explosion of a 3–4 M⊙ He-core progenitor star, corresponding to a main-sequence mass of 12–15 M⊙, that ejected a mass of 56Ni of about 0.04 M⊙, with an energy of E = 8.5 × 1050 ERG. Such a low-mass progenitor scenario is in full agreement with the modelling of the nebular spectrum taken at ∼215 d from maximum. From the modelling of the adiabatic cooling phase, we infer a progenitor radius of ≈500–600 R⊙, clearly pointing to an extended progenitor star. The radio light curve of SN 2011hs yields a peak luminosity similar to that of SN 1993J, but with a higher mass-loss rate and a wind density possibly more similar to that of SN 2001ig. Although no significant deviations from a smooth decline have been found in the radio light curves, we cannot rule out the presence of a binary companion star.
Methane stable isotopic ratios and concentrations as indicators of methane dynamics in estuaries

Mixing diagrams of methane (CH4) concentration and stable isotopic ratio (δ13C‐CH4) were used to examine the fate of river‐borne CH4 as it crosses a variety of estuaries: Columbia River (Oregon/Washington), Parker River (Massachusetts), Great Bay (New Hampshire), Kaneohe Bay (Hawaii), and Elkhorn Slough (California). Unlike the surface of the open ocean, these systems are not in near atmospheric equilibrium with respect to concentration or δ13C‐CH4 value. The range of observed CH4 concentrations and δ13C‐CH4 values were 33–440 nM and −36 to −58 per mil, respectively, for the freshwater end‐members for these systems, 12–330 nM and −48 to −60 per mil for water at the mouths of the estuaries, and 1.6–6 nM and −45 to −60 per mil for the seawater end‐members. In the Kaneohe Bay estuary, CH4 concentration and δ13C‐CH4 displayed near‐conservative behavior. In the Columbia River estuary, there was loss of riverine CH4 coupled with shifts to heavier isotopic values, apparently the result of in situ CH4 oxidation; this oxidation exhibited an apparent kinetic isotopic fractionation factor of 1.0042−1.012. In contrast, the other estuaries showed elevated concentrations and more negative δ13C‐CH4 values apparently resulting from inputs of biogenic CH4 from midestuary marshes and sediments. The upper reaches of all these systems were well out of equilibrium with the atmosphere on a concentration basis, indicating that they are atmospheric CH4 sources. However, these first δ13C‐CH4 measurements show that there is a wide range of isotopic variation in these waters, which indicates that it will be difficult to estimate the collective isotopic contribution of estuaries to the global methane budget.
Endocrine and Lymphatic Gland Changes Occurring in Young Chickens with Fowl Typhoid

Abstract INDIVIDUALS within every species of animals, including the chicken, possess a great ability to resist certain diseases. If the physiological factors contributing to this resistance were known it might conceivably be possible to enhance in some manner the resistance of susceptible animals. In an attempt to identify these factors, a study of fowl typhoid and its effects upon the endocrine and lymphatic systems was undertaken. Evidence has been obtained which indicates that the glands of the endocrine system, particularly the adrenal, may play a role in the defense mechanism of an animal. Many investigators have noted weight and/or histological changes, usually suggesting increased activity, in the adrenal glands of man and experimental animals with various diseases. References to this subject have been extensively considered by Selye (1950). Even though the activity of the adrenal glands seems to increase when infection occurs, the use of adrenal cortical hormones for the purpose …
Numerical Simulation of the Flow Pattern in the Aeration Tank of Sewage Treatment System by the Activated Sludge Process Using Fluent Program

One of the most important parts of the process in water or wastewater treatment plant is in the activated sludge system of the aeration unit. The analysis of the flow pattern and velocity distribution in the tank is one of the important parameters in increasing the treatment efficiency of the unit, therefore identifying the static locations and the places with high velocity can be an accurate design index of this unit. In the present study the simulation of an aerated wastewater treatment tank in terms of two -phase conditions has been evaluated for the first time. One of the three tanks is t he wastewater treatment tank located in Pardis Nazlu through the networked Gambit program then the networking was measured by the fluent program. Since the water in the tank is still the simulation and velocity distribution is performed by the static flow and through aeration with a pipe with 280.2 m/h velocity. The simulation was performed at the moment of the air conditioning; the rate and the change of pressure demonstrated an insufficient aeration pipes in the system and the mixing and refining operations are not done in the best manner. The ratio of aeration to the tank area is 1 to 574000. However, if this ratio was 1 to 100, the mixing would be performed properly. It is recommended that the ratio of aeration to the tank area would be increased in the wastewater treatment system.
Population dynamics of the reef-building coral Acropora hemprichii as an indicator of reef condition

Population dynamics of stony corals may reveal processes of change in the community structure of coral reefs, yet little information is available on species-specific patterns of recruitment, growth, and mortality in reef corals. We report here on population dynamics of the common reef- building coral Acropora hemprichi on a fringing reef slope in the northern Red Sea. Fusion, fission, and partial mortality of colonies were rare in this population. Analysis of population size structure and colony growth and mortality rates revealed a maximum colony age of 13 to 24 yr and rapid pop- ulation turnover of 10 to 20 yr. A deficiency of juveniles resulted in older, larger, and less abundant coral colonies than expected for a population with stable age structure. Colonies of this major reef- builder appeared to be aging without sufficient replacement, leading to a decline in abundance. Sev- eral processes may have contributed to the patterns observed, including variable recruitment over space and time, long-term recruitment failure, and/or low adult mortality. Total percent cover, which was determined mainly by large colonies, was little affected by the paucity of juveniles. We conclude that monitoring of live coral percent cover, even at high taxonomic resolution, cannot detect rapid change in coral assemblages, because it is not sensitive to variation in juvenile abundance and pop- ulation dynamics. More extensive information on demographic processes, especially species-specific coral recruitment, is urgently needed for the effective and timely management of coral reefs.
Submillimetre source counts in the fields of high-redshift galaxy clusters

We present a submillimetre survey of seven high-redshift galaxy clusters (0.64 < z < 1.0) using the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) at 850 and 450 m. The targets, of similar richness and redshift, are selected from the Red-sequence Cluster Survey (RCS). We use this sample to investigate the apparent excess of submillimetre source counts in the direction of cluster fields compared to blank fields, as seen in the literature. The sample consists of three galaxy clusters that exhibit multiple optical arcs due to strong gravitational lensing, and a control group of four clusters with no apparent strong lensing. A tentative excess of 2. 7σ is seen in the number density of submillimetre sources within the lensing cluster fields compared to that in the control group. Ancillary observations at radio, mid-infrared, optical and X-ray wavelengths allow for the identification of counterparts to many of the submillimetre luminous galaxies (SMGs), and provide improved astrometry and redshift constraints. Utilizing photometric redshifts, we conclude that at least three of the galaxies within the lensing fields have redshifts consistent with the clusters and implied infrared luminosities of ∼1012 L⊙. The existence of submillimetre cluster members may therefore be boosting source counts in the lensing cluster fields, which might be an effect of the dynamical state of those clusters. However, we find that the removal of potential cluster members from the counts analysis does not entirely eliminate the difference between the cluster samples. We also investigate possible occurrences of lensing between background submillimetre sources and lower redshift optical galaxies, though further observations are required to make any conclusive claims. Although the excess counts between the two cluster samples have not been unambiguously accounted for, these results warrant caution for interpreting submillimetre source counts in cluster fields and point source contamination for Sunyaev–Zel’dovich surveys.
Evaluation of the Effect of Addition of Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone on, Dimensional Changes of Heat Cured Acrylic Resin Denture Base Material

The most common materials used for fabrication of denture bases are poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA). Preparation of modified heat cured denture base acrylic resin was carried out by preparing of (PMMA)(80%) and poly vinyl pyrrolidon (PVP)(20%) and the liquid part composed of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer. A(10) specimens for each experimental group were tested . All specimens were cured by using short curing cycle (90 min.at 74C° followed by 30 min .at 100C°). Evaluation was made by measuring dimensional stability and accuracy of the prepared denture base material in comparison with the control denture base material . The dimensional accuracy of acrylic resin denture base is the main necessity ,where it effects the retention and stability of the denture . A silicon mold was used to prepare a(40) stone mandibular master casts (control and experimental). Acrylic dough was prepared and packed for processing ,the flask were closed with pressure technique and placed in clamps after final closure . Distances were measured between (3) points marked on denture bases before and after thermocycling for both control and experimental groups. For AB and BC distances the PVP had improved the dimensional stability and accuracy before and after thermocycling while for AC distance the control group material before and after thermocycling improved the dimensional stability and accuracy.
HISTORY OF HYDROTHERMAL SEDIMENTATION AT THE EAST PACIFIC RISE , 19 ° S 1

The rate at which hydrothermal precipitates accumulate, as measured by the accumulation rate of manganese, can be used to identify periods of anomalous hydrothermal activity in the past. From a preliminary study of Sites 597 and 598, four periods prior to 6 Ma of anomalously high hydrothermal activity have been identified: 8.5 to 10.5 Ma, 12 to 16 Ma, 17 to 18 Ma, and 23-to-27 Ma. The 18-Ma anomaly is the largest and is associated with the jump in spreading from the fossil Mendoza Ridge to the East Pacific Rise, whereas the 23-to-27-Ma anomaly is correlated with the birth of the Galapagos Spreading Center and resultant ridge reorganization. The 12-to-16-Ma and 8.5-to-10.5-Ma anomalies are correlated with periods of anomalously high volcanism around the rim of the Pacific Basin and may be related to other periods of ridge reorganization along the East Pacific Rise. There is no apparent correlation between periods of fast spreading at 19°S and periods of high hydrothermal activity. We thus suggest that periods when hydrothermal activity and crustal alteration at mid-ocean ridges are the most pronounced may be periods of large-scale ridge reorganization.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF VEGF IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND SURROUNDING LIVER TISSUE

Introduction: Angiogenesis is a fundamental process involved in malignant transformation and progression of cancer, in tumor growth and metastasis. VEGF plays an essential role in the angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Method: We evaluated VEGF expression in 16 resected HCCs and in the surrounding liver tissue using the IHC staining method and monoclonal antibody anti-VEGF, clone VG1. The results were statistically analyzed using the Epi Info 6.04 program; we considered as significant the value < 0.05. Results: Positive VEGF expression was observed in 14 (87.7%) of the 16 patients with HCC and in 62.5% of the surrounding liver tissue (cirrhotic or non-cirrhotic), without significant differences between HCC and non-Tumor liver (0.11). Capsular infiltration (p=0.242), vascular invasion (p=0.383) and intrahepatic metastases (p=0.13) were observed more frequently in patients with positive VEGF expression. Conclusions: VEGF expression was higher in HCC than in cirrhotic nodules; our results suggest that VEGF can play an important role in the angiogenesis and prognosis of HCC, as well as in the angiogenesis of liver cirrhosis.
Rupture Process of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake from Tsunami Waveform Inversion

The aim of this work is to infer the slip distribution and rupture velocity along the rupture zone of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from available tide gage records of the tsunami. We selected waveforms from 14 stations, distributed along the coast of the Indian Ocean. Then we subdivided the fault plane into 16 subfaults (both along strike and downdip) following the geometry and mech- anism proposed by Banerjee et al. (2005) and computed the corresponding Green's functions by numerical solution of the shallow-water equations through a finite- difference method. The slip distribution and rupture velocity were determined simul- taneously by means of a simulated annealing technique. We compared the recorded and synthetic waveforms in the time domain, using a cost function that is a trade-off between the L1 and L2 norms. Preliminary tests on a synthetic dataset, together with a posteriori statistical analysis of the model ensemble enabled us to assess the ef- fectiveness of the method and to quantify the model uncertainty. The main finding is that the best source model features a nonuniform distribution of coseismic slip, with high slip values concentrated into three main patches: the first is located in the southern part of the fault, off the coast of the Aceh Province; the second between 6.5� N and 11� N; and the third at depth, between 11� N and 14� N. Furthermore, we estimated that the rupture propagated at an average speed of 2.0 km/sec.
Sensitivity of Black Phosphorus to O2 and Atmosphere Measured by Macroscopic Four-Point Probe

Scientific interest in black phosphorus, a two-dimensional semiconducting allotrope of phosphorus, has increased in the last few years, since it was shown in 2014 to have very good properties for fieldeffect transistors. Unfortunately, practical use of the material is delayed because of its tendency to degrade into a phosphoric oxide when left in air. In this thesis I present the effects of atmospheric air and pure oxygen on the transport properties of bulk black phosphorus with and without light exposure. For continuous measurements carried out by millimeter-scale four-point probe, we see no change in the resistance of bulk samples exposed to air and oxygen, with or without light. I argue that even though we see an intensity shift in the Raman spectroscopy data, indicating oxidation of the black phosphorus samples, our measured resistances remain constant because the surface layers are nearly negligible in four-point measurements of bulk crystals. I then show an estimation for the upper bound of the number of layers affected by degradation as probed by this method, with a maximum of 900 out of 660,000 total probed layers, or about 0.1%. Subject Categories Condensed Matter Physics This senior honors thesis is available at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository: https://scholars.unh. edu/honors/419 Sensitivity of Black Phosphorus to O2 and Atmosphere Measured by Macroscopic Four-Point Probe Cameron Flynn∗ (Dated: Spring 2018) Scientific interest in black phosphorus, a two-dimensional semiconducting allotrope of phosphorus, has increased in the last few years, since it was shown in 2014 to have very good properties for fieldeffect transistors. Unfortunately, practical use of the material is delayed because of its tendency to degrade into a phosphoric oxide when left in air. In this thesis I present the effects of atmospheric air and pure oxygen on the transport properties of bulk black phosphorus with and without light exposure. For continuous measurements carried out by millimeter-scale four-point probe, we see no change in the resistance of bulk samples exposed to air and oxygen, with or without light. I argue that even though we see an intensity shift in the Raman spectroscopy data, indicating oxidation of the black phosphorus samples, our measured resistances remain constant because the surface layers are nearly negligible in four-point measurements of bulk crystals. I then show an estimation for the upper bound of the number of layers affected by degradation as probed by this method, with a maximum of 900 out of 660,000 total probed layers, or about 0.1%. ∗Electronic address: ccm46@wildcats.unh. edu
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status and wheezing in pre-school children , Kuwait PDF version

Background: There has been growing recognition of the critical extra-skeletal roles for vitamin D including lung disease. Aims: This study was performed to explore the possible role of vitamin D on wheezing occurrence among Kuwaiti pre-school children. Methods: Out of 244 children from Al-Adan Hospital, 151 cases were enrolled as wheezers while the rest served as controls. The wheezers were subdivided into episodic wheezers (EW) and multiple trigger wheezers (MTW). Detailed history of the wheezing attacks, previous hospitalizations, and intensive care admission were recorded as well as their serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels. Results: Serum 25(OH)D was significantly lower in the wheezing group, and its decrease was a risk factor for wheezing. Moreover, serum 25(OH)D was not significantly different between EW and MTW; nevertheless, its low level could be linked to MTW.