Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neurotoxin Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury or Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Effectiveness and Adverse Effects

Abstract Background/Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of neurotoxin treatments of urinary incontinence (UI) in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) or multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Studies were included if published in English, presented randomized adults with SCI or MS, and reported UI outcomes. Results: Ten trials randomizing 288 subjects with SCI (43%), MS (52%), or other spinal conditions (5%) and UI refractory to oral antimuscarinics were included. The overall mean age was 41 years, and 46% were women. Study durations ranged from 1 to 18 months. Treatments included botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A, 2 trials) and 2 vanilloid compounds, capsaicin (6 trials) and resiniferatoxin (4 trials). BTX-A was superior to placebo and resiniferatoxin in reducing daily UI episodes, mainly in individuals with SCI, although significant reductions vs placebo were not evident throughout the study duration. There were 1.1 fewer daily UI episodes in the BTX-A 200 unit group vs 0.1 fewer for the placebo group at the final week 24 assessment. Capsaicin was generally superior to placebo. The weighted difference between capsaicin and placebo in a pooled analysis of 2 trials enrolling subjects with either paraplegia or tetraplegia (n = 32) was -3.8 daily UI episodes [95% Cl -4.7 to -2.9] after 30 days. Capsaicin was comparable to resiniferatoxin. Pelvic pain and facial flushing were associated with capsaicin. Conclusion: Neurotoxins may improve refractive UI in adults with SCI or MS, although trial results were inconsistent. Trials were small in size and relatively short in duration. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy and tolerability of long-term application.
Cerebral abscess

From 1935–1976 a total of 200 patients with cerebral abscesses were referred to the University Clinic of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen. The primary source of infection could be established in 169 cases (85 %). Bacteria could be cultured in 58% of the cases. From 1935–1957 nearly all patients were subjected to ventriculography (107/129). Cerebral angiography was the dominating diagnostic method from 1958–1974. Since then, 30 patients with a suspected intracranial abscess have been examined by computed tomography. The overall mortality has been 40%, but for the period 1958–1976 17%.
Physical activity and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a prospective cohort study

Background: Despite the fact that Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, little is known about risk factors for the disease. Laboratory experiments indicate that physical activity may have a neuroprotective effect; however, there are few data on whether physical activity is associated with decreased risk of Parkinson’s disease. Aim: To investigate the relationship between physical activity and Parkinson’s disease in 10 714 men (mean age, 67.6 years) from the Harvard Alumni Health Study, who were diagnosed as free of self-reported Parkinson’s disease in 1988. Methods: Physical activity was assessed in 1988 by asking about the daily number of blocks walked and stairs climbed, and participation in sports and recreational activities in the past week. Energy expenditure was then estimated and men were categorised into four groups: <1000, 1000–1999, 2000–2999 or ⩾3000 kcal/week. In addition, physical activity data were available for three past time points: during college, 1962 or 1966, and 1977. Incident cases of Parkinson’s disease occurring after 1988 (n = 101) were identified through a follow-up health questionnaire in 1993 and death certificates obtained until 1997. Results: In multivariate analyses, the relative risks (RR) for Parkinson’s disease associated with <1000, 1000–1999, 2000–2999 and ⩾3000 kcal/week of physical activity were 1 (referent), 1.15 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.71 to 1.88), 0.92 (0.50 to 1.71) and 0.63 (0.36 to 1.12), respectively; p for trend was 0.12. When walking was examined separately, somewhat lower, but not significant, risks were observed for Parkinson’s disease. The multivariate RRs (95% CI) for walking <5, 5–10, 10–20 and >20 km/week were 1 (referent), 0.67 (0.37 to 1.23), 0.81 (0.50 to 1.31) and 0.72 (0.39 to 1.34), respectively; p for trend was 0.26. Analyses that considered physical activity at other time points before 1988 did not show any significant associations. Conclusions: These data do not strongly support the hypothesis that physical activity lowers the risk of Parkinson’s disease. However, as the number of patients with Parkinson’s disease in this study was not large, statistical power may have been limited and further large studies are needed to provide additional data.
The Effect of Maternal State on the Steroid and Macronutrient Content of Lesser Black-Backed Gull Eggs

It has been proposed that female birds can influence the phenotype of their offspring by provisioning eggs with variable amounts of nutrients and maternal hormones. Egg quality is strongly influenced by maternal body reserves and the amount of food available at the time of egg formation. This study investigated the effects of maternal state and food availability on the capacity of female lesser black-backed gulls Larus fuscus to provision their eggs with macronutrients and steroid hormones. Maternal state was reduced by increasing egg-production effort, whereas extra food was provided to reverse this effect. Compared with eggs of first clutches, eggs of experimentally induced replacement clutches exhibited a lower yolk/albumen ratio and contained more yolk testosterone. During one of the three years in which the study was performed, replacement eggs also contained more 17β-estradiol. Food provisioning during the relaying interval did not affect changes in yolk/albumen ratio or steroid concentrations, but fed females produced bigger eggs in their replacement clutch. This study demonstrates significant within-female consistency in egg size, macronutrient content, and yolk steroid concentration, and it shows that these egg characteristics are influenced by maternal state, food availability, and the timing of breeding.
The Effects of Beef, Chicken, or Whey Protein After Workout on Body Composition and Muscle Performance

Abstract Sharp, MH, Lowery, RP, Shields, KA, Lane, JR, Gray, JL, Partl, JM, Hayes, DW, Wilson, GJ, Hollmer, CA, Minivich, JR, and Wilson, JM. The effects of beef, chicken, or whey protein after workout on body composition and muscle performance. J Strength Cond Res 32(8): 2233–2242, 2018—The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of postworkout consumption of beef protein isolate (Beef), hydrolyzed chicken protein (Chx), or whey protein concentrate (WPC), compared with a control on body composition and muscle performance during 8 weeks of resistance training. Forty-one men and women were randomized into 4 groups: WPC (m = 5, f = 5; age [years] = 19 ± 2, height [cm] = 171 ± 10, mass [kg] = 74.60 ± 14.19), Beef (m = 5, f = 5; age [years] = 22 ± 4, height [cm] = 170 ± 7, mass [kg] = 70.13 ± 8.16), Chx (m = 5, f = 6; Age [years] = 21 ± 2, height [cm] = 169 ± 9, mass [kg] = 74.52 ± 13.83), and Maltodextrin (control) (m = 4, f = 6; age [years] = 21 ± 2, height [cm] = 170 ± 9, mass [kg] = 73.18 ± 10.96). Subjects partook in an 8-week periodized resistance training program. Forty-six grams of protein or a control were consumed immediately after training or at similar times on off-days. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to determine changes in body composition. Maximum strength was assessed by 1 repetition maximum for bench press (upper body) and deadlift (lower body). Power output was measured using cycle ergometer. Whey protein concentrate (52.48 ± 11.15 to 54.96 ± 11.85 kg), Beef (51.68 ± 7.61 to 54.65 ± 8.67 kg), and Chx (52.97 ± 12.12 to 54.89 ± 13.43 kg) each led to a significant increase in lean body mass compared with baseline (p < 0.0001), whereas the control condition did not (53.14 ± 11.35 to 54.19 ± 10.74 kg). Fat loss was also significantly decreased at 8 weeks compared to baseline for all protein sources (p < 0.0001; WPC: 18.70 ± 7.38 to 17.16 ± 7.18 kg; Beef: 16.43 ± 5.71 to 14.65 ± 5.41 kg; Chx: 17.58 ± 5.57 to 15.87 ± 6.07 kg), but not the control condition (16.29 ± 7.14 to 14.95 ± 7.72 kg). One repetition maximum for both deadlift and bench press was significantly increased for all treatment groups when compared with baseline. No differences in strength were noted between conditions. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that consuming quality sources of protein from meat or WPC lead to significant benefits in body composition compared with control.
Market Entry in CEE countries by SMEs and MNCs

Diese Studie veranschaulicht und analysiert die Beziehung zwischen den Markteintrittsdeterminanten und Markteintrittsentscheidungen Europaischer Unternehmen im CEE Bereich, sowie die Ubertragbarkeit von Erkenntnissen aus dem Produktionssektor in den Dienstleistungssektor. Durch die Analyse des Internationalisierungsverhaltens von sechs Unternehmen, von denen drei im Produktionssektor tatig sind, wahrend die restlichen im Dienstleistungssektor aktiv sind, versucht der Autor die Lucke innerhalb der Literatur in Bezug auf das Internationalisierungsverhalten von “harten” Service Unternehmen zu fullen. Die Daten bestatigten, dass unter den gegebenen Umstanden (1) hohe Erfahrung seitens des internationalisierenden Unternehmers, (2) geringe Markteintrittsbarrieren im Gastland (3) ein geringer Grad an wahrgenommenen Risiko im Gastland oder (4) ein hohes Mas an institutioneller Unterstutzung im Auslandsmarkt, Produktions- sowie Dienstleistungsunternehmen dazu verleitet in ahnlicher Weise mit Hinblick auf Markteintrittsentscheidungen zu agieren. Daruber hinaus untersucht die Thesis die Beziehung zwischen Faktoren wie: Grose, Produktivitat, internationale Geschaftserfahrung, Marktattraktivitat, Landerrisiko, Wettbewerbsintensitat, Markteintrittsbarrieren, institutionelle Unterstutzung, kultureller Organisationsschock, Schutz des Gesellschaftswissens, sowie Zugehorigkeit zu einer Industriegruppe und den Erfolg von Markteintrittsentscheidungen in CEE-Landern. Die Ergebnisse der vergleichenden Fallstudienanalyse bestatigen eine negative Beziehung zwischen (1) niedrigen Markteintrittsbarrieren und dem hohen Grad an Kontrolle der von der Gesellschaft gewahlt wird, sowie (2) der Hohe des wahrgenommenen Risikos und der gewahlten Markteintrittsmethode. Des weiteren unterstutzten die Daten den positiven Zusammenhang zwischen (3) hoher institutioneller Unterstutzung und der Tendenz zu Markteintrittsmethoden mit einem hohen Kontrollgrad. Die Erkenntnisse dieser Studie konnen in der Theorie teilweise bestatigt werden, jedoch mit dem Hinweis, dass die Netzwerkbeziehungen des einzelnen Unternehmens sowie die Produkte oder Dienstleistungen und Unternehmensressourcen eine entscheidende Rolle im Internationalisierungsprozess beibehalten.
Topical dimethylsulfoxide for the prevention of soft tissue injury after extravasation of vesicant cytotoxic drugs: a prospective clinical study.

PURPOSE To evaluate the activity and tolerability of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in the prevention of soft tissue toxicity after extravasation of cytotoxic drugs. PATIENTS AND METHODS From June 1991 to December 1994, all patients who had an extravasation during intravenous (IV) infusion of cytotoxic drugs in our institution were considered for an open, prospective study of preventive treatment with 99% DMSO, applied topically on the extravasation site every 8 hours for 7 days. Intermittent local cooling (for 1 hour three times daily) on the first 3 days was also used. RESULTS One hundred forty-four patients with extravasations of doxorubicin (n = 11), epirubicin (n = 46), mitomycin (n = 5), mitoxantrone (n = 13), cisplatin (n = 44), carboplatin (n = 6), ifosfamide (n = 14), and fluorouracil (n = 5) entered the study; 127 were assessable. Only one patient suffered an ulceration. The treatment was well tolerated, with mild local burning and a characteristic breath odor being the only side effects of DMSO application, even in cases in which treatment continued for up to 6 weeks to obtain remission of the symptoms of extravasation. CONCLUSION Topical DMSO is an effective and safe antidote that may be used with local cooling after extravasations of vesicant drugs other than those drugs for which standard interventions are defined.
Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of the novel, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone – results from first‐in‐man and relative bioavailability studies

The safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone were evaluated in healthy male volunteers in two randomized, single‐centre studies. Study 1 was a first‐in‐man, single‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group, dose‐escalation study. Fasted participants (n = 45) received single oral doses of finerenone 1–40 mg polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution or placebo. Study 2 was a relative bioavailability study comparing a finerenone 10 mg immediate‐release (IR) tablet with finerenone 10 mg PEG solution in the fasted state, investigating the effect of a high‐fat/high‐calorie meal on the pharmacokinetics of the IR tablet and assessing a further dose escalation to finerenone 80 mg (eight × finerenone 10 mg IR tablets), in an open‐label, fourfold crossover design (n = 15). Finerenone was rapidly absorbed from PEG solution (median time to maximum plasma concentration [tmax]: 0.500–1.00 h), exhibited dose‐linear pharmacokinetics and was rapidly eliminated from plasma (geometric mean terminal half‐life [t½]: 1.70–2.83 h). Finerenone IR tablets demonstrated similar pharmacokinetics (median tmax: 0.750–2.50 h; geometric mean t½: 1.89–4.29 h) with, however, enhanced bioavailability versus PEG solution (least‐squares mean tablet/solution ratio of 187% for area under the plasma–concentration curve [AUC] and maximum plasma concentration [Cmax]). High‐fat/high‐calorie food affected the rate but not the extent of finerenone absorption. Finerenone was well tolerated and did not influence clinical laboratory parameters, blood pressure, heart rate, urinary electrolytes or neurohormones, including serum aldosterone and angiotensin II. In conclusion, finerenone has favourable pharmacokinetics and tolerability in healthy men, and is suitable for dosing independent of food intake.
Type 2 Diabetes Risk Forecasting from EMR Data using Machine Learning

OBJECTIVE To test the feasibility of using data collected in electronic medical records for development of effective models for diabetes risk forecasting. METHODS Using available demographic, clinical and lab parameters of more than two thousand patients from Electronic medical records, we applied different machine learning algorithms to assess the risk of development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) six months to one year later. RESULTS We achieved an AUC greater than 0.8 for predicting type 2 diabetes 365 days and 180 days prior to diagnosis of diabetes. CONCLUSION Diabetes risk forecasting using data from EMR is innovative and has the potential to identify, automatically, high-risk populations for early intervention with life style modifications such as diet and exercise to prevent or delay the development of T2D. Our study shows that T2D risk forecasting from EMR data is feasible.
Adult Onset Still's Disease in Oman.

OBJECTIVE To 1. Highlight the demographic characteristics, clinical features, laboratory investigations and outcome if possible of a relatively rare disease (Adult Onset Still's Disease {AOSD}) and 2. To compare our results with those reported earlier by others. METHOD A retrospective review of the clinical, laboratory and radiological manifestations in 6 patients admitted with AOSD. Data were collected from clinical summary of each case highlighting the demographic, clinical features and relevant investigation. The diagnosis was made on clinical base and supported by the laboratory and radiological examinations to confirm the diagnosis and/or exclude other differential diagnoses. RESULTS Mean age of patients (21.6), presence of fever (80.2%) and its pattern, skin rash (80.2%), arthralgia(100%), arthritis(66.65%), and the duration of morning stiffness, all these findings were compatible with earlier results. However young adult females constitute (80.2%) of our small group, which is quite high in comparison with others. Splenomegaly (33.3%), hepatomegaly(16.6%), and lymphadenopathy(16.6%) were less than that reported by others who have more serious intra-abdominal visceral involvement. One patient (16.65%) had a fatal pulmonary embolism, although usually pulmonary involvement is a mild one. None of our patients had neurological, ophthalmological or hearing involvement. The results of the investigations and radiological findings are more or less similar to those in other series. CONCLUSION The clinical and laboratory characteristics of our small number of patients are more or less consistent with findings of others. It is important to keep in mind that AOSD is an uncommon syndrome with a range of signs and symptoms which are non-specific and may simulate a variety of connective tissue and general medical problems. Differences in the expression of AOSD were found between patients from different locations and the disease can be responsible for life-threatening complications.
Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale adapted for the mainland population of China

Objective: To evaluate the reliability and validity of a Chinese Mandarin version of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: A rehabilitation centre for adults. Participants: Sixty-one elderly people living in the community. Main outcome measure: Self-efficacy in balancing ability was assessed via a Mandarin Chinese version of the ABC Scale. Results: The intraclass correlation coefficients for test–retest and inter-rater reliability of the Chinese Mandarin version of the ABC Scale were 0.98 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96–0.99) and 0.96 (95% CI 0.94–0.98), respectively. The Cronbach’s α coefficient of internal consistency was 0.94. In the Bland–Altman analysis the mean difference in the ABC test–retest scores was −1.81, and the 95% limits of agreement varied from −10.67 to 7.03. The evaluation of inter-rater reliability showed that the mean difference was −1.13, and the 95% limits of agreement varied from −9.55 to 7.30. The factor analysis method was adopted to assess the validity of the scaled activities and two factors contributed to total variance at 52.5% and 13.6%, respectively. Conclusion: The Chinese Mandarin version of the ABC Scale is reliable and valid, and is suitable for assessments of balance confidence in aged people in mainland China.
Clinical efficacy and safety of brinzolamide (Azopt), a new topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor for primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Brinzolamide Primary Therapy Study Group.

PURPOSE To determine the intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy and safety of brinzolamide 1.0%, compared with dorzolamide 2.0% and timolol 0.5%. METHODS A multicenter, double-masked, prospective, parallel-group study was conducted to compare brinzolamide 1.0%, administered two and three times a day, dorzolamide 2.0% three times a day, and timolol 0.5% twice a day in 572 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. The primary end point was diurnally corrected intraocular pressure reduction from baseline, evaluated at both peak and trough times during a 3-month period. RESULTS Mean intraocular pressure changes after twice daily (-3.8 to -5.7 mm Hg) and three times daily (-4.2 to -5.6 mm Hg) dosing with brinzolamide 1.0% were statistically equivalent (confidence limit < or = 1.5 mm Hg) to each other and also to dorzolamide 2.0% three times a day (-4.3 to -5.9 mm Hg). The range of intraocular pressure change with timolol 0.5% twice daily was -5.2 to -6.3 mm Hg. Clinically relevant intraocular pressure changes (reduction > or = 5 mm Hg or intraocular pressure < or = 21 mm Hg) were observed in up to 75.7% of patients taking brinzolamide twice daily and in up to 80.1% taking brinzolamide three times daily. Treatment with brinzolamide 1.0% was safe, comfortable, and well tolerated. The incidence of ocular discomfort (burning and stinging) on instillation of brinzolamide (twice daily, 1.8%; three times daily, 3.0%) was significantly less (P = .000) compared with treatment with dorzolamide (16.4%). CONCLUSIONS Brinzolamide 1.0% produced clinically relevant intraocular pressure reductions in substantial numbers of patients. Brinzolamide's effectiveness equaled that of dorzolamide 2.0% and it produced less ocular discomfort (burning and stinging) on instillation.
Absence of correlation between Sry polymorphisms and XY sex reversal caused by the M. m. domesticus Y chromosome.

Mus musculus domesticus Y chromosomes (YDOM Chrs) vary in their ability to induce testes in the strain C57BL/6J. In severe cases, XY females develop (XYDOM sex reversal). To identify the molecular basis for the sex reversal, a 2.7-kb region of Sry, the testis-determining gene, was sequenced from YDOM Chrs linked to normal testis determination, transient sex reversal, and severe sex reversal. Four mutations were identified. However, no correlation exists between these mutations and severity of XYDOM sex reversal. RT-PCR identified Sry transcripts in XYDOM sex-reversed fetal gonads at 11 d.p.c. , the age when Sry is hypothesized to function. In addition, no correlation exists between XYDOM sex reversal and copy numbers of pSx1, a Y-repetitive sequence whose deletion is linked to XY sex reversal. We conclude that SRY protein variants, blockade of Sry transcription, and deletion of pSx1 sequences are not the underlying causes of XYDOM sex reversal.
Sulphorhodamine‐labelled cells in the neonatal rat spinal cord following chemically induced locomotor activity in vitro.

1. Sulphorhodamine 101, a fluorescent dye and newly identified activity marker, was used to localize potential spinal locomotor networks in the neonatal rat spinal cord. 2. Preparations of the spinal cord with one entire hindlimb attached or the spinal cord in isolation were kept in vitro. Spinal locomotor activity was maintained chemically with NMDA (5‐7.5 microM), in combination with 5‐HT (7.5‐20 microM), for 4‐4.5 h in the presence of 0.0001‐0.0005% sulphorhodamine 101. Matched non‐locomoting controls were exposed to the dye in the absence of transmitters for a comparable time. Transverse sections of the lumbar spinal cord (L1‐L6) were screened for rhodamine emission using an epifluorescence microscope. 3. In hindlimb‐attached locomoting preparations with intact dorsal roots, labelled cells were found on the leg side in the dorsal horn (mainly laminae II‐IV), in the intermediate grey (lamina VI‐VII) and around the central canal (lamina X). Dorsal rhizotomy was performed on the leg side, to prevent synaptic activity due to afferent inflow. This largely reduced the number of labelled cells in the dorsal horn and in the lateral part of the intermediate grey matter. A further reduction of labelling in these areas was seen after complete isolation of the cord or when compared to the legless side, with the majority of labelled cells persisting in a bilateral cluster close to the central canal and in the medial intermediate grey. Few labelled cells were observed in non‐locomoting preparations. The intensity of motoneuronal labelling was variable. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)