Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modifications to the representation of subgrid mixing in kilometre‐scale versions of the Unified Model

A mixed subgrid scheme for scalars and momentum fluxes in cloud‐resolving models that includes an extra subgrid vertical flux, referred to as “the Leonard term”, accounting for the tilting of horizontal flux into the vertical by horizontal gradients in vertical velocity, was proposed by Moeng. Here we describe the implementation of the Leonard term in the current subgrid mixing scheme used in kilometre‐scale versions of the Met Office's Unified Model. We present results that show that including this extra term in the Met Office's 1.5‐km grid length UK model reduces the domain‐average precipitation by reducing the number of grid points with rainfall rates greater than 4 mm/hr, which are overrepresented by the model. Increasing the magnitude of the Leonard term further decreases the occurrence of the heaviest rainfall rates.
Hubungan antara Regiliusitas dan Resiliensi pada Karyawan

Beberapa penelitian membuktikan bahwa religiusitas menjadi faktor protektif dalam membantu pencapaian resiliensi seseorang. Namun, terdapat penelitian yang membuktikan bahwa religiusitas tidak cukup kuat untuk membantu pencapaian resiliensi seseorang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara religiusitas dan resiliensi pada karyawan. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode korelasional. Data diperoleh dari hasil penyebaran skala kepada 101 karyawan Universitas X Surabaya yang beragama Kristen di Universitas X Surabaya. Analisis data menggunakan Spearman-Rank. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan positif antara religiusitas dan resiliensi pada karyawan (ρ = 0,178; p-value < 0,05) yang mengacu pada critical values for pearson product-moment correlation milik Fisher & Yates (dalam Spatz, 2010).
High-Resolution History: Downscaling China’s Climate from the 20CRv2c Reanalysis

A Met Office Hadley Centre regional climate model, HadRM3P, is used to dynamically downscale the NOAA Twentieth Century Reanalysis, version 2c (20CRv2c), to generate a fine-resolution reconstruction of China’s climate from 1851 to 2010. The downscaled dataset has a small warm and seasonal wet bias (1.4°C; 0.9 mm day−1) relative to recent observations but otherwise represents spatial and temporal trends realistically. Analysis focused on temperature and precipitation shows that downscaling 20CRv2c is found to improve its representation of China’s climatological annual cycle, particularly over areas with sparse observational coverage such as the Tibetan Plateau. The downscaled dataset better represents the interannual variability and trends in observed temperature since 1901 and suggests that China has experienced a significant and sustained increase in temperature of 0.05°C (10 yr)−1since the 1850s. Chinese precipitation trends have not changed significantly in the recent past or over the past 160 years. This analysis serves as an initial yet imperative step toward improving in-depth understanding of the characteristics and multidecadal drivers of high-impact events over China such as heat waves, droughts, and extreme precipitation.
Assessing Critical Thinking in Higher Education: Current State and Directions for Next-Generation Assessment. Research Report. ETS RR-14-10.

Critical thinking is one of the most important skills deemed necessary for college graduates to become effective contributors in the global workforce. The first part of this article provides a comprehensive review of its definitions by major frameworks in higher education and the workforce, existing assessments and their psychometric qualities, and challenges surrounding the design, implementation, and use of critical thinking assessment. In the second part, we offer an operational definition that is aligned with the dimensions of critical thinking identified from the reviewed frameworks and discuss the key assessment considerations when designing a next-generation critical thinking assessment. This article has important implications for institutions that are currently using, planning to adopt, or designing an assessment of critical thinking.
Optimalizace svozové trasy sběrných míst

Bakalařska prace se věnuje optimalizaci svozových tras separovaných odpadů, ktere svaži spolecnost Technicke služby VM s.r. o. Řeseni je provaděno podle metod obchodniho cestujiciho s využitim algoritmu nejvzdalenějsiho vloženi. Tento algoritmus hleda řeseni v prostředi dvou algebraických systemů Maple a Bjornsonovy aplikace. Výstupem jsou trasy pro svoz separovaných odpadů, ktere jsou mezi se-bou porovnany.
Characteristics and Effects of Ground-Based GNSS Zenith Total Delay Observation Errors in the Convective-Scale Model

In this study, we evaluated the impacts of the revised observation error on ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) zenith total delay (ZTD) data in the data-assimilation system of the Korea Meteorological Administration’s 1.5 km convective-scale model. Out of the 100 total stations on the Korean Peninsula, 40 ground-based GNSS data stations were assimilated using three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) data assimilation. The ZTD observation errors were diagnosed for each station using a posteriori methods, giving errors with a variety of spatial and temporal characteristics. These station-specific error data were then implemented using the data-assimilation system, and their impacts were evaluated for a one-month period in July 2016. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the relative humidity in the lower troposphere was found to improve for the period from T+0 to T+36 hours, when using GNSS data. Replacing the errors used in the previous model with the average diagnosed errors also provided better results, but they were not as good as the results obtained using station-specific errors. The observation error is closely related to precipitable water vapor (PWV); therefore, correction values reflecting seasonal characteristics should be applied. In addition, the quantitative precipitation forecasts were improved in all experiments using GNSS data, but the effects were minimal.
Core mechanisms of drag enhancement on bodies settling in a stratified fluid

Stratification due to salt or heat gradients greatly affects the distribution of inert particles and living organisms in the ocean and the lower atmosphere. Laboratory studies considering the settling of a sphere in a linearly stratified fluid confirmed that stratification may dramatically enhance the drag on the body, but failed to identify the generic physical mechanism responsible for this increase. We present a rigorous splitting scheme of the various contributions to the drag on a settling body, which allows them to be properly disentangled whatever the relative magnitude of inertial, viscous, diffusive and buoyancy effects. We apply this splitting procedure to data obtained via direct numerical simulation of the flow past a settling sphere over a range of parameters covering a variety of situations of laboratory and geophysical interest. Contrary to widespread belief, we show that, in the parameter range covered by the simulations, the drag enhancement is generally not primarily due to the extra buoyancy force resulting from the dragging of light fluid by the body, but rather to the specific structure of the vorticity field set in by buoyancy effects. Simulations also reveal how the different buoyancy-induced contributions to the drag vary with the flow parameters. To unravel the origin of these variations, we analyse the different possible leading-order balances in the governing equations. Thanks to this procedure, we identify several distinct regimes which differ by the relative magnitude of length scales associated with stratification, viscosity and diffusivity. We derive the scaling laws of the buoyancy-induced drag contributions in each of these regimes. Considering tangible examples, we show how these scaling laws combined with numerical results may be used to obtain reliable predictions beyond the range of parameters covered by the simulations.
Progressive collapse analysis of reinforced concrete structure

U;~ event of local failure that occurred in structural system could lead to a disastrous incident. What actually happen during the occurrence of collapse and what triggers the process could not be interpreted accurately because the occurrence is unintended and lJUVl::H1tcd" ·rhls n:. :st:. urch ts on the subject of investigating the event of progressive collapse u. ~i;;g the method of :>in;t and tie rcwdeL This analysis will help give a better perspective of what actually happened during the local taiture of " . ;tructure in term of stress distribution. The result will improve the understanding in term of discontinuity, disturbanct' and detail of the sit ail• distribc:;iun J,. ,-;,3 ,;. ,: event of progressive collapse and describe how the load is transfe th<~ tlrst utkmpt in anaiyzing the progressive collapse using strut and tie method and can be very helpful information ii'the analysis achieve a successful result This approach will require the design of a structural system that -;~n reprcsmt the 'tmd•-''': tln1 is modeled to simulate the situation during the process of a collapsing building nr a ;,L. 'odurc. Thi:: ,,;kwbrion i.s dmw to ctc3tc 1ht load and stress that exist at some stage in the event that lead to t};;; maxirmxm loading and cv. :ntually initiate the collapse or failure to the structural system. The approach that is used to create this situation is by removing one of the critical supp,_;rt s! ruct. ;;c:s that hold the system as a whole. The model is first designed to work as a normal slru<:turc and curry {~H -the ]mpuse-d ! o::. 1d m~d dead 1oud fur the: lnt~nded usc. By ren1oving one of the critical suppv:"ting m0mb. :r such as beam that connect the sections of the structure and the column that hold a section whether in the middle or at the structures end, it will a produce a condition that replicate the state of local failure due the loss of the supporting member. fly n;"am; of ar,;! y;;. ing the behavior of the structure aih:r the local failure using strut and tie ~! '! lysis, this "mi~sing column" and "missing beam" scenarios can be computer-generated and the load path of the structure can be observed and analyzed.
Instrumental Variable Estimation with the R Package ivtools

Abstract Instrumental variables is a popular method in epidemiology and related fields, to estimate causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding. Traditionally, instrumental variable analyses have been confined to linear models, in which the causal parameter of interest is typically estimated with two-stage least squares. Recently, the methodology has been extended in several directions, including two-stage estimation and so-called G-estimation in nonlinear (e. g. logistic and Cox proportional hazards) models. This paper presents a new R package, ivtools, which implements many of these new instrumental variable methods. We briefly review the theory of two-stage estimation and G-estimation, and illustrate the functionality of the ivtools package by analyzing publicly available data from a cohort study on vitamin D and mortality.
Topological semimetals with Riemann surface states

Riemann surfaces are geometric constructions in complex analysis that may represent multi-valued holomorphic functions using multiple sheets of the complex plane. We show that the energy dispersion of surface states in topological semimetals can be represented by Riemann surfaces generated by holomorphic functions in the two-dimensional momentum space, whose constant height contours correspond to Fermi arcs. This correspondence is demonstrated in the recently discovered Weyl semimetals and leads us to predict new types of topological semimetals, whose surface states are represented by doubleand quad-helicoid Riemann surfaces. The intersection of multiple helicoids, or the branch cut of the generating function, appears on high-symmetry lines in the surface Brillouin zone, where surface states are guaranteed to be doubly degenerate by a glide reflection symmetry. We predict the heterostructure superlattice [(SrIrO3)2(CaIrO3)2] to be a topological semimetal with double-helicoid Riemann surface states.
Parton shower matching for electroweak corrections

The LHC (Large Hadron Collider) is a proton-proton collider that is used to advance our knowledge of fundamental physical laws. To test predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics, it is crucial to be able to simulate proton-proton collisions as precisely as possible. Hence, fixed-order calculations in perturbation theory have to be matched to parton shower programs. In this thesis, we discuss how parton-shower matching can be performed for QCD and electroweak corrections. In particular, we discuss the dimensionally regularized standard FKS (Frixione-Kunszt-Signer) subtraction scheme in detail, we derive FKS for photon-radiation off fermions within mass regularization, and we discuss the Powheg method. Moreover, we discuss our C++ implementation of FKS and the Powheg method. We use the Powheg implementation to simulate the Drell-Yan process at NLO QCD and NLO electroweak accuracy and perform parton-shower matching. We find that care has to be taken to avoid large uncontrolled higher-order terms due to the vector-boson resonance if QCD and electroweak radiation is generated. We use a resonance-improved Powheg method to avoid the uncontrolled higher-order terms. These terms can introduce shifts in the measured W -boson mass of about 10 MeV. Hence, it is crucial to use a resonance-improved Powheg method to be able to match the W -boson mass measurment with an accuracy of 10 – 20 MeV at the LHC. Furthermore, we use our FKS implementation to implement a fixed-order NLO calculation for the process pp → W + jet. This implementation can serve as a first step for a resonance-improved Powheg implementation for V + jet, where V = W,Z-boson.
A statistical test of isomorphism between metric-measure spaces using the distance-to-a-measure signature

We introduce the notion of DTM-signature, a measure on R that can be associated to any metric-measure space. This signature is based on the function distance to a measure (DTM) introduced in 2009 by Chazal, Cohen-Steiner and Merigot. It leads to a pseudo-metric between metric-measure spaces, that is bounded above by the Gromov-Wasserstein distance. This pseudo-metric is used to build a statistical test of isomorphism between two metric-measure spaces, from the observation of two N-samples. The test is based on subsampling methods and comes with theoretical guarantees. It is proven to be of the correct level asymptotically. Also, when the measures are supported on compact subsets of R^d, rates of convergence are derived for the L1-Wasserstein distance between the distribution of the test statistic and its subsampling approximation. These rates depend on some parameter \rho> 1. In addition, we prove that the power is bounded above by exp(−CN^(1/ \rho)), with C proportional to the square of the aforementioned pseudo-metric between the metric-measure spaces. Under some geometrical assumptions, we also derive lower bounds for this pseudo-metric. An algorithm is proposed for the implementation of this statistical test, and its performance is compared to the performance of other methods through numerical experiments.
Polar-Spatial Feature Fusion Learning With Variational Generative-Discriminative Network for PolSAR Classification

Feature learning-based polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) classification model will generally suffer from the challenge of deficient labeled pixels. In this paper, we propose a novel generative-discriminative network for PolSAR polar-spatial feature fusion learning and classification, which comprises of a deep generative network and a discriminative network with their bottom layers shared. With this architecture, it enables to make use of both labeled and unlabeled pixels in a PolSAR image for model learning in a semisupervised way. Moreover, the proposed network imposes a Gaussian random field prior and a conditional random field posterior on the learned fusion features and the output label configuration, respectively. Without the need of the complicated recurrent iterations, our network can still efficiently produce the structured fusion feature as well as a smoothed classification map by involving some auxiliary variables, and it is specifically optimized via variational inference within an alternating direction method of multipliers iteration scheme. Extensive experiments on different benchmark PolSAR imageries demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed network. Compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms of PolSAR feature learning and classification, our model can achieve a much better performance in terms of the visual quality of the label map and overall classification accuracy, facilitating the much less labeling pixels.
Explicit Computational Paths in Type Theory

The treatment of an equality as a type in type theory gives rise to an interesting type known as identity type. The idea is that, given terms a, b of a type A , one may form the type Id A ( a, b ), whose elements are proofs that a and b are equal elements of type A . A term of this type, p : Id A ( a, b ), makes up for the grounds (or proof) that establishes that a is indeed equal to b . Many interesting results have been achieved using the identity type. One of these was the discovery of the Univalent Models in 2005 by Vladimir Voevodsky. A groundbreaking result has arisen from Voevodsky’s work: the connection between type theory and homotopy theory. The intuitive connection is simple: a term a : A can be considered as a point of the space A and p : Id A ( a, b ) is a homotopy path
Tes dan Pengukuran Olahraga

Tes dan Pengukuran Olahraga adalah dasar untuk mengembangkan metode latihan dan juga penentuan tolok ukur dalam pembinaan prestasi olahraga. Karena ruang lingkup Tes dan Pengukuran Olahraga secara sederhana adalah mengkaji tentang tes-tes yang berguna untuk mengukur keberhasilan kemampuan fisik dan keterampilan dalam berolahraga. Maksud pembuatan buku ini adalah untuk membantu dan meningkatkan mutu mahasiswa dan kalangan akademik dalam bidang keolahragaan. Mengingat terbatasnya bahan bacaan bagi mahasiswa dan masyarakat akademik keolahragaan yang tersedia di perpustakaan. Materi yang tersedia dalam buku ini, dapat dipakai secara umum baik sebagai buku pegangan dosen, dan guru olahraga serta berguna bagi atlet, pelatih, dan insan olahraga lainnya yang ingin menambah pengetahuan di bidang tes dan pengukuran.
The energy spectrum of ultra-high energy cosmic rays measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory and at the Telescope Array

The energy spectrum of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) provides essential information on the most energetic phenomena in the Universe. Beyond EeV energies, the Telescope Array and Pierre Auger Observatory have the largest exposures to UHECRs ever accumulated in the Northern and Southern hemisphere respectively. The results show independently a steepening of the energy spectrum above a few tens of EeV. However, the comparison of the spectra shows differences that are not explicable in terms of an overall uncertainty on the energy scale used to reconstruct the extensive air showers. The differences are also observed in the region of the sky covered by both instruments, where the spectra should be in agreement within uncertainties when directional-exposure effects are accounted for. For this contribution, a working group from both Collaborations examined these differences considering the energy-dependent systematic uncertainties. A special focus is given to the characterization of the spectral features, which provide an accurate tool to enhance our understanding of the comparisons.
On the alignment of velocity and magnetic fields within magnetosheath jets

Abstract. Jets in the subsolar magnetosheath are localized enhancements in dynamic pressure that are able to propagate all the way from the bow shock to the magnetopause. Due to their excess velocity with respect to their environment, they push slower ambient plasma out of their way, creating a vortical plasma motion in and around them. Simulations and case study results suggest that jets also modify the magnetic field in the magnetosheath on their passage, aligning it more with their velocity. Based on Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) jet observations and corresponding superposed epoch analyses of the angles ϕ between the velocity and magnetic fields, we can confirm that this suggestion is correct. However, while the alignment is more significant for faster than for slower jets, and for jets observed close to the bow shock, the overall effect is small: typically, reductions in ϕ of around 10∘ are observed at jet core regions, where the jets' velocities are largest. Furthermore, time series of ϕ pertaining to individual jets significantly deviate from the superposed epoch analysis results. They usually exhibit large variations over the entire range of ϕ: 0 to 90∘. This variability is commonly somewhat larger within jets than outside them, masking the systematic decrease in ϕ at core regions of individual jets.
Calibration of a radiosonde humidity sensor at low temperature and low pressure

Relative humidity in upper air is frequently measured using radiosondes at an altitude of up to roughly 35 km. In this study, the calibration of a radiosonde humidity sensor was demonstrated using a humidity generator that can mimic the humidity, temperature, and pressure conditions in upper air. The calibration of the radiosonde humidity sensor was conducted in terms of relative humidity at a temperature range of −70 °C to 20 °C, and at a pressure range of 5 kPa to 101 kPa. Consequently, it was revealed that the radiosonde humidity sensor presents a significant temperature dependency in such a way that indicates lower humidity values than the reference values measured by the generator as temperature is lowered. The deviation from the reference humidity was measured at about 30%rh at −70 °C. However, the effect of low pressure (5 kPa) on the sensor measurement was less than 1%rh. The uncertainty budget on the calibration of the radiosonde humidity sensor, including factors due to humidity generation, correction of temperature effect, pressure effect, and sensor reproducibility, are presented. Consequently, the calibration uncertainty of the humidity sensor was 3.8%rh at the coverage factor k = 2. The calibration capability of the radiosonde humidity sensor demonstrated in this study will provide traceability to the International System of Units (SI) in the humidity measurement in upper air.
Shear Capacity of Headed Studs in Steel-Concrete Structures: Analytical Prediction via Soft Computing

Headed studs are commonly used as shear connectors to transfer longitudinal shear force at the interface between steel and concrete in composite structures (e.g., bridge decks). Code-based equations for predicting the shear capacity of headed studs are summarized. An artificial neural network (ANN)-based analytical model is proposed to estimate the shear capacity of headed steel studs. 234 push-out test results from previous published research were collected into a database in order to feed the simulated ANNs. Three parameters were identified as input variables for the prediction of the headed stud shear force at failure, namely the steel stud tensile strength and diameter, and the concrete (cylinder) compressive strength. The proposed ANN-based analytical model yielded, for all collected data, maximum and mean relative errors of 3.3 % and 0.6 %, respectively. Moreover, it was illustrated that, for that data, the neural network approach clearly outperforms the existing code-based equations, which yield mean errors greater than 13 %.