Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficient Method of Lignin Isolation Using Microwave-Assisted Acidolysis and Characterization of the Residual Lignin

Microwave heating is characterized by high efficiency and selectivity in biomass treatment. Due to the high thermal stability and low polarity of lignin, isolation of lignin by high-temperature microwave treatment is a promising subject for investigation. In this paper, microwave treatment is applied to polysaccharide liquefaction and lignin isolation from softwood at 160–210 °C for 10 min with dilute sulfuric acid. Mass balance/element analysis/FTIR/TG/solid-state 13C NMR/Py-GC/MS are applied to investigate the processed residues (residual lignin). At 190 °C processing temperature, the residual lignin is a material rich in aromatics. High lignin purity (93 wt %) and yield (82 wt %) could be achieved by a simple protocol, which usually takes days or even weeks using conventional milled wood lignin protocols. The Py-GC/MS is applied to check the structure of lignin by a newly developed approach. The liquid phase after isolation is analyzed by GC-MS and liquid carbon NMR. Most chemicals in processed liquid .
Familism and family environment among suicidal Latinas: Three family types

This study examined the relationship between familism and family environment type as well as the relationship between family environment type and suicide attempts among Latina youth. Latina teen attempters (n=109) and non-attempters (n=107) were recruited from the NYC area. Latent class analysis revealed three family environment types: tight-knit; intermediate-knit; and loose-knit. Tight-knit families (high cohesion and low conflict) were significantly less likely to have teens that attempted suicide as compared to intermediate-knit families or loose-knit families. Moreover, familism increased the odds of being in the tight-knit family vs. the loose-knit family and the odds of being in the tight-knit family vs. the intermediate-knit. Results suggest that familism may protect against suicide behavior among Latinas via its influence on family environment.
Basic valency orientation and the middle voice in Hittite

This paper discusses basic valency orientation in Hittite, based on the typology proposed in Nichols et al. (2004). Verb pairs usually employed to test basic valency indicate the clearly transitivizing character of this language; a closer scrutiny of intransitive verbs further reveals the existence of a three-fold distinction featuring two intransitive verbs, a basic stative one (or an adjective), and an overtly marked intransitive change-of-state, in addition to a transitive counterpart overtly marked as causative. The high productivity of causative derivation is shown by the fact that morphologically marked causatives are not only derived from stative verbs, but also from telic intransitives and from transitive verbs. In the case of telic intransitive verbs, a minor pattern is also attested, whereby valency alternation is encoded through voice alternation, with intransitive forms inflected in the middle voice and transitive forms in the active. Since neither voice can be considered to be derived with respect to the other, verbs that display this behavior are indeterminate as to basic valency orientation. In spite of the limited extent to which voice indicates valency alternation, this finding becomes more significant when set into the framework of valency alternation in the early Indo-European languages, and sheds some light (or raises more questions) on the original function of the Hittite and of the Indo-European middle voice, a typologically puzzling category.
Comparison of Simulated and Measured Nitrate

ABSTRACT A hydrologic and nitrate-transport simulation model was developed and used to simulate the major water and nitrogen-transport processes occurring in a typical agricultural watershed during the crop growth period. Data from a tile drainage experiment were used to evaluate the simulation model. Predicted values of tile flow volumes and nitrate concentrations in the tile effluent were compared with the measured data and, although variable, were encouraging. Deviations between predicted and measured nitrate losses in the tile effluent existed on a daily basis but usually were small when considered over the entire crop growth period.
CO destruction in protoplanetary disk midplanes: Inside versus outside the CO snow surface

Context. The total gas mass is one of the most fundamental properties of disks around young stars, because it controls their evolution and their potential to form planets. To measure disk gas masses, CO has long been thought to be the best tracer as it is readily detected at (sub)mm wavelengths in many disks. However, inferred gas masses from CO in recent ALMA observations of large samples of disks in the 1–5 Myr age range seem inconsistent with their inferred dust masses. The derived gas-to-dust mass ratios from CO are between one and two orders of magnitude lower than the ISM value of ~100 even if photodissociation and freeze-out are included. In contrast, Herschel measurements of hydrogen deuteride line emission of a few disks imply gas masses in line with gas-to-dust mass ratios of 100. This suggests that at least one additional mechanism is removing CO from the gas phase. Aims. Here we test the suggestion that the bulk of the CO is chemically processed and that the carbon is sequestered into less volatile species such as CO2, CH3OH, and CH4 in the dense, shielded midplane regions of the disk. This study therefore also addresses the carbon reservoir of the material which ultimately becomes incorporated into planetesimals. Methods. Using our gas-grain chemical code, we performed a parameter exploration and follow the CO abundance evolution over a range of conditions representative of shielded disk midplanes. Results. Consistent with previous studies, we find that no chemical processing of CO takes place on 1–3 Myr timescales for low cosmic-ray ionisation rates, <5 × 10−18 s−1. Assuming an ionisation rate of 10−17 s−1, more than 90% of the CO is converted into other species, but only in the cold parts of the disk below 30 K. This order of magnitude destruction of CO is robust against the choice of grain-surface reaction rate parameters, such as the tunnelling efficiency and diffusion barrier height, for temperatures between 20 and 30 K. Below 20 K there is a strong dependence on the assumed efficiency of H tunnelling. Conclusions. The low temperatures needed for CO chemical processing indicate that the exact disk temperature structure is important, with warm disks around luminous Herbig stars expected to have little to no CO conversion. In contrast, for cold disks around sun-like T Tauri stars, a large fraction of the emitting CO layer is affected unless the disks are young (<1 Myr). This can lead to inferred gas masses that are up to two orders of magnitude lower. Moreover, unless CO is locked up early in large grains, the volatile carbon composition of the icy pebbles and planetesimals forming in the midplane and drifting to the inner disk will be dominated by CH3OH, CO2 and/or hydrocarbons.
Unemployment Risk in Southern Greece

The basic aim of this paper is to investigate the impact that educational level of individuals and participation in training programmes have on their job prospects in Southern Greece (namely the regions of Southern Aegean and Crete) during the implementation of the first Community Support Framework (1989-1993). We try to see whether the educational level itself and participation in training programmes increased the chances of finding a job. More specifically, we research what are the social and demographic characteristics that increase the chances of someone in the examined population finding a job, how those chances change (if they do) after the introduction of training courses and, also, whether University graduates, in contrast to most of the rest of the EU member states, face greater difficulties in finding a job than non-University graduates, as a series of studies or statistics for Greece conclude. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first attempt to analyse individual anonymised records (micro-data) from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) for both employed and unemployed in those two regions at NUTS 2 level.
Manifestations of organizational culture based on the example of Estonian organizations

E-mail: Anne.Reino@ut.ee The public defence of the dissertation took place at the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration of the University of Tartu on November 6th, 2009 in Narva Rd 4, Oeconomicum, Tartu. The dissertation is available at the University of Tartu Library in Tartu, Str. W.Struve 1, 50091. A full electronic version of the dissertation is available at: http://dspace.utlib. ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/11016/1/reino_anne. pdf
Absolute Income Inequality and Rising House Prices

Income inequality and house prices have risen sharply in developed countries during 1975–2010. In line with theoretical models, we argue that this co-movement is no coincidence, but that inequality has driven up house prices on the grounds that it raises the aggregate demand for housing. Our results suggest that absolute inequality and house prices in most Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries were positively correlated and cointegrated, whereas relative inequality and mean income were not significant long-run determinants. This finding indicates that the surge in OECD house prices in part can be explained by a top-income-induced increase in housing demand, and that it is important to consider the interaction of rising mean income and its relative distribution when studying potential correlates of house prices. Moreover, our results confirm previous findings that the short-term real interest rate also is an important correlate of house prices.
The Influence of Hedonic and Utilitarian Motivators on Likelihood to Buy a Tourism Package

To fully understand the pattern of choice, it is important that any explanation of consumer behavior to be accompanied by a complete understanding of the interplay between a consumer’s functional goals and experiential preferences within the decision context. Consumer researchers have increasingly begun to investigate consumer choice based on distinctions that involve the purchase and consumption of goods for pleasure versus for more utilitarian and instrumental purposes. Consumers are often faced with these types of choices between hedonic and utilitarian alternatives that are at least partly driven by emotional desires rather than cold cognitive deliberations. This research approaches factor analysis and multiple linear regression in the context of 150 international respondents and their perception of hedonic and utilitarian motivators on likelihood to buy a tourism package.
Tracing the cosmic web

The cosmic web is one of the most striking features of the distribution of galaxies and dark matter on the largest scales in the Universe. It is composed of dense regions packed full of galaxies, long filamentary bridges, flattened sheets and vast low-density voids. The study of the cosmic web has focused primarily on the identification of such features, and on understanding the environmental effects on galaxy formation and halo assembly. As such, a variety of different methods have been devised to classify the cosmic web - depending on the data at hand, be it numerical simulations, large sky surveys or other. In this paper, we bring 12 of these methods together and apply them to the same data set in order to understand how they compare. In general, these cosmic-web classifiers have been designed with different cosmological goals in mind, and to study different questions. Therefore, one would not a priori expect agreement between different techniques; however, many of these methods do converge on the identification of specific features. In this paper, we study the agreements and disparities of the different methods. For example, each method finds that knots inhabit higher density regions than filaments, etc. and that voids have the lowest densities. For a given web environment, we find a substantial overlap in the density range assigned by each web classification scheme. We also compare classifications on a halo-by-halo basis; for example, we find that 9 of 12 methods classify around a third of group-mass haloes (i.e. M-halo similar to 10(13.5) h(-1) M-circle dot) as being in filaments. Lastly, so that any future cosmic-web classification scheme can be compared to the 12 methods used here, we have made all the data used in this paper public.
Flood Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation Around the Coastal Area of Bangladesh

This study was undertaken to investigate the strategies for flood disaster risk reduction and adaptation around the coastal area of Bangladesh. Education level and environmental awareness, family size, farm size, adaptation tools, loss due to flood disaster, adaptation tools and area of the rivers and canals of the localities were taken as independent variables. On the other hand, pre and post flood activities were considered as dependent variable of the study. Pre flood activities such as miking around the flood disaster areas reduced flood risk 44.2%, radio and TV bulletin 25.0%, enclosure tube-well by polythene bag 16.7% and shifting the people to cyclone center reduced flood risk 14.2%. However, post flood activities such as food and water supply contributed 48.3% and activities of medical rescue team (i.e. provide medicine, vaccination and saline) and agricultural inputs supply (i.e. seed, fertilizer, livestock’s, fisheries) contributed the same percentage i.e. 25.8% to adapt flood disaster. These variables were tested to explore the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Education level and environmental awareness, family size, farm size, adaptation tools, loss due to flood disaster were significantly correlated with the pre and post flood activities for flood disaster risk reduction and adaptation around the coastal areas. The findings indicated that the lower the education level and environmental awareness of the coastal area people the lower is the activities (pre and post) during flood disaster in flood disaster risk reduction and adaptation. The findings also indicated that the pre flood preparation is not enough for flood disaster risk reduction and adaptation around the coastal area of Bangladesh and adaptation tools were not sufficient for flood disaster risk reduction and adaptation around the coastal area s of Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1. 22040 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 53-57 2013
Thermal regime of the Costa Rican convergent margin: 2. Thermal models of the shallow Middle America subduction zone offshore Costa Rica

At the Costa Rica margin along the Middle America Trench along‐strike variations in heat flow are well mapped. These variations can be understood in terms of either ventilated fluid flow, where exposed basement allows fluids to freely advect heat between the crustal aquifer and ocean, or insulated fluid flow where continuous sediment cover restricts heat advection to within the crustal aquifer. We model fluid flow within the subducting aquifer using Nusselt number approximations coupled with finite element models of subduction and explore its effect on temperatures along the subduction thrust. The sensitivity of these models to the initial thermal state of the plate and styles of fluid flow, either ventilated or insulated, is explored. Heat flow measurements on cool crust accreted at the East Pacific Rise are consistent with ventilated hydrothermal cooling that continues with subduction. These models yield much cooler temperatures than predicted from simulations initialized with conductive predictions and without hydrothermal circulation. Heat flow transects on warm crust accreted at the Cocos‐Nazca spreading center are consistent with models of insulated hydrothermal circulation that advects heat updip within the subducting crustal aquifer. Near the trench these models are warmer than conductive predictions and cooler than conductive predictions downdip of the trench. Comparisons between microseismicity and modeled isotherms suggest that the updip limit of microseismicity occurs at temperatures warmer than 100°C and that the downdip extent of microseismicity is bounded by the intersection of the subduction thrust with the base of the overriding crust.
Are Environmental Innovations embedded within organizational change

This paper investigates whether firms’ joint implementation of organisational innovation and training may foster their adoption of environmental innovation (EI), and if this correlation falls within Porter Hypothesis (PH) framework. We study the relationship of complementarity between strategies of High Performance Work Practices (HPWP) and Human Resource Management (HRM) when EI adoption is the firms’ objective, using an original dataset on 555 Italian industrial firms regarding EI, HPWP and HRM, coherent with the last CIS2006-2008 survey. Results show that sector specificity matter. The only case in which strict complementarity is observed in organisational change concerns CO2 abatement, a relatively complex type of EI, but this is true only when the sample is restricted to more polluting (and regulated) sectors. This evidence is coherent with the Porter hypothesis: complementarity-related adoption of EI is an element of organisational change in firms that are subject to more stringent environmental regulations. Nevertheless, the fact that strict complementarity is not a diffuse factor behind the adoption of all environmental innovation indeed does not come as a surprise. At this stage in the development of green strategies, the share of eco-firms is still limited, even in advanced countries that are seeking tools for a new competitiveness. The full integration of EIs within the internal capabilities and firm’s own assets is far from being reached, even in advanced and competitive industrial settings. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Testicular toxicity of B-success herbal supplement in male albino rats.

The effects of B success, a herbal supplement on the reproductive organs of male albino rats were investigated. The herbal product was given orally to three dose groups of five male rats each, namely 315, 630, 945mg/kg/body weight (b.w) for 90 days and were fed ad libitum with rat chow, the control group received only deionised water. Afterwards, the rats were bled-sacrificed. The testes were excised and weighed, and their protein and DNA determined. Also epididymal sperm count (ESC), testosterone and lead in blood were determined. There was a significant decrease (p≤ 0.05) in absolute and relative weights, DNA and protein levels of the testes, and in ESC and testosterone in all the treated animals when compared with the control. Testicular tissues of all the treated animals showed dose dependent spermatocytic arrest. The present work suggests that the high lead content of B Success herbal supplement may be responsible for the testicular toxicity of this herbal supplement.
The negative effect of cross-examination style questioning on children's accuracy: older children are not immune

We present data suggesting that the negative effect of cross-examination style questioning on children's accuracy is not limited to young children. Using an identical paradigm to that used with 5- and 6-year-olds by Zajac and Hayne in 2003, we examined the effect of cross-examination style questioning on 9- and 10-year-olds' accounts of a prior staged event. Like younger children, 9- and 10-year-old children made frequent changes to their original responses during cross-examination style questioning. Although 9- and 10-year-old children were more likely to change incorrect responses than correct ones, they nonetheless changed over 40% of their correct responses, and cross-examination still exerted a significant negative effect on their overall accuracy levels. The present findings suggest that although older children appear to be somewhat less vulnerable to cross-examination style questioning, they are still not immune to the negative effects of this process on the accuracy of their reports. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DIFFERENTIAL HISTOMORPHOMETRIC CHANGES IN NORMAL AND INFLAMED GINGIVAL EPITHELIUM

Introduction and aim: In recent decades, many factors such as smoking, unhealthy diet as well as high alcohol intake were marked as risk factors that can lead to increased incidence of malignant alterations, gingivitis, periodontal disease and other oral epithelium pathological changes. Having in mind that in the group of non-malignant and non-dental oral pathology gingivitis and periodontal disease are the most common oral mucosa alterations aim of our research was to investigate histomorphometric characteristics of healthy and altered oral and gingival epithelium. Material and methods: Tissue samples of 24 oral and gingival mucosa specimens were collected. Samples were fixed in 10% buffered paraformaldehyde, routinely processed and embedded in paraffin blocks. From each block sections 5 micrometer thin were made and standard H/E staining as well as immunocytochemical detection of Ki-67 proliferation marker and CD79a lymphocyte marker were performed. Measurements and image analysis was performed with Image Pro Plus software (Media Cybernetics, USA) and Axiovision (Ziess, USA). Results: We showed that inflamed gingival epithelium is increasing its thickness in proportion to the severity of adjacent inflammation. Furthermore, mitotic index is rising (up to 132%) in the same manner as well as basal lamina length (up to 70%) when normal and inflamed gingiva is compared. Architecture of epithelial ridges is changed from straightforward to mesh-like. Conclusion: Assessment of the free gingival epithelium thickness is directly related to the severity of the inflammation process in gingiva.
Rheological properties and maturation of New Zealand Cheddar cheese

Summary - Trends in the fracture strain, modulus of deformability and chemical properties as a function of storage time were determined for Cheddar cheese made in the New Zealand Dairy Research Institute' s pilot plant. The apparent fracture strain of Cheddar cheese increased during the first 14---28days and thereafter decreased, asl-Casein levels decreased monotonically and non-protein nitrogen levels increased with storage. Fusion of curd particles probably contributed to the initial increase in fracture strain, and the decrease in strain can be rationalized in terms of increasing proteolysis, The modulus of deformability increased by at least a factor of two over the initial several weeks of storage and then increased slightly or remained constant. However, the moi sture content of Cheddar cheese changed very little (the maximum range being 34.6-33.0% with no monotonie change over time). The increase in the modulus over the first 14 days was not associated with a decrease in moisture content. Differentiai scanning calorimetry indicated there was sorne crystallization of milkfat from 91 to 210 days of storage, and this (together with small moisture los ses) may partly explain the small increase in the modulus of deformability over this period of time.
Entrepreneurial Litigation and Venture Capital Finance

This article empirically examines the interaction between entrepreneurial plaintiff firm litigation and venture capital (VC). The data indicate that, relative to nonplaintiffs, firms that litigate prior to (after) obtaining VC i) receive financing from less (more) reputable venture capitalists (VCs), ii) are subject to greater (similar) oversight by VCs, iii) receive less (more) VC funding, iv) are more likely to exit through an initial public offering than through an acquisition, and v) are less likely to be liquidated when litigation occurs after VC financing. The results are robust to different specifications, methodologies, and endogeneity checks.