Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EVIDENCE OF INCOME-DECREASING EARNINGS MANAGEMENT BEFORE LABOUR NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN FIRMS

The "political costs" hypothesis predicts that labour bargaining creates incentives to reduce accounting earnings in order to avoid salary demands. Previous studies in countries with a "close shop system", such as the U.S. and Canada, have obtained mixed results. We argue that the political costs hypothesis is better suited to the "open shop system" of Continental European countries. Using a sample of Spanish companies, Jones (1991) model and its extensions are used to analyse total and discretionary accruals around the time of labour negotiations. The evidence that we obtain is consistent with the hypothesis that managers depress earnings prior to negotiations.
Effect of Tumbling Marination on Marinade Uptake of Chicken Carcass and Parts Quality

I Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand II National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., KhlongNueng, KhlongLuang, Pathum Thani12120, Thailand III Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy
When and Why Do Territorial Coalitions Occur? Experimental Evidence from a Fiddler Crab

Neighboring territory owners are often less aggressive toward each other than to strangers (“dear enemy” effect). There is, however, little evidence for territorial defense coalitions whereby a neighbor will temporarily leave his/her own territory, enter that of a neighbor, and cooperate in repelling a conspecific intruder. This is surprising, as theoreticians have long posited the existence of such coalitions and the circumstances under which they should evolve. Here we document territorial defense coalitions in the African fiddler crab Uca annulipes, which lives in large colonies wherein each male defends a burrow and its surrounding area against neighbors and “floaters” (burrowless males). Fights between a resident and a floater sometimes involve another male who has left his territory to fight the floater challenging his neighbor. Using simple experiments, we provide the first evidence of the rules determining when territorial coalitions form. Our results support recent models that suggest that these coalitions arise from by‐product mutualism.
Quasi-EquilibriumStates in the Tropics Simulatedby a Cloud-ResolvingModel . Part 1 : Specific Featuresand Budget Analysis by

A series of long-term integrations using the two-dimensional Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model were performed by altering imposed environmental componentsto producevariousquasi-equilibriumthermodynamicstates. Model results show that the genesis of a warm/wet quasi-equilibriumstate is mainly due to either strong vertical wind shear (from nudging) or large surface fluxes (from strong surface winds), while a cold/dry quasi-equilibriumstate is attributed to a remarkably weakened mixed-windshear (from vertical mixingdue to deep convection)along with weak surface winds. In general, latent heat flux and net large-scale temperature forcing, the two dominant physical processes, dominate in the beginning stage of the simulated convective systems, then considerably weaken in the final stage, which leads to quasiequilibrium states. A higher thermodynamic regime is found to produce a larger rainfall amount, as convective clouds are the leading source of rainfall over stratiform clouds even though the former occupy much less area. Moreover, convective clouds are more likely to occur in the presence of strong surface winds (latent heat flux), while stratiform clouds (especially the well-organized type) are favored in conditions with strong wind shear (large-scale forcing). The convective systems, which consist of distinct cloud types due to the variation in horizontal winds, are also found to propagate differently. Accordingly, convective systems with mixed-wind shear generally propagate in the direction of shear, while the system with strong (multidirectional) wind shear propagates in a more complex way. Based on the results from the temperature (Q1) and moisture (Q2) budgets, cloud-scale eddies are found to act as a hydrodynamic "vehicle" that cascades the heat and moisture vertically. Several other specific features such as atmospheric stability, CAPE, and mass fluxes are also investigated and found to be significantly different between diverse quasi-equilibrium states. Detailed comparisons between the various states are presented. Quasi-EquilibriumStates in the Tropics Simulatedby a Cloud-ResolvingModel. Part 1: Specific Featuresand Budget Analysis by C. -L. Shie1,2, W. -K. Tao2, J. Simpson2 and C. -H. Sui2 1GoddardEarthSciences and Technology Center Universityof Maryland, Baltimore County Baltimore, Maryland21250 2Laboratory for Atmospheres NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 20771
Self Healing of Vacancy Defects in Single Layer Graphene and Silicene

(Received 24 May 2013; published 29 July 2013)Self-healing mechanisms of vacancy defects in graphene and silicene are studied using ﬁrst-principlescalculations. We investigated host adatom adsorption, diffusion, vacancy formation, and revealed atomisticmechanisms in the healing of single, double, and triple vacancies of single-layer graphene and silicene. Siliconadatom, which is adsorbed to silicene at the top site forms a dumbbell-like structure by pushing one Si atomunderneath. The asymmetric reconstruction of the single vacancy in graphene is induced by the magnetizationthrough the rebonding of two dangling bonds and acquiring a signiﬁcant magnetic moment through the remainingunsaturated dangling bond. In silicene, three twofold coordinated atoms surrounding the single vacancy becomefourfold coordinated and nonmagnetic through rebonding. The energy gained through new bond formationbecomes the driving force for the reconstruction. Under the external supply of host atoms, while the vacancydefects of graphene heal perfectly, the Stone-Wales defect can form in the course of healing of silicene vacancy.The electronic and magnetic properties of suspended, single-layer graphene and silicene are modiﬁed byreconstructed vacancy defects.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.88. 045440 PACS number(s): 61
A Simple and Effective Neural Model for Joint Word Segmentation and POS Tagging

Joint models have shown stronger capabilities for Chinese word segmentation and POS tagging, and have received great interests in the community of Chinese natural language processing. In this paper, we follow this line of work, presenting a simple yet effective sequence-to-sequence neural model for the joint task, based on a well-defined transition system, by using long short term memory neural network structures. We conduct experiments on five different datasets. The results demonstrate that our proposed model is highly competitive. By using well-trained character-level embeddings, the proposed neural joint model is able to obtain the best-reported performances in the literature.
Reducing the Negative Effect of the Retention Interval on the Composite Face Recognition

ABSTRACT Our memories are quite fragile. We sometimes recognize something unseen as something seen before. This error often causes serious problems, such as the misidentification of composite faces in a criminal investigation. In such a scene, people occasionally claim to have seen a face that is actually a composite face consisting of facial parts separately seen before; this error is called the memory conjunction error. Although the likelihood of the memory conjunction error increases over time, previous studies suggest that it could be suppressed by the number of response options, which are expected to affect the criterion for the “Old” response. Our results show that the presence of three response options reduced the memory conjunction error. Additionally, providing information about the existence of composite faces affected the sensitivity for detecting old faces, whereas three response options affected the criterion. This study might contribute to the improvement of procedures for eyewitness testimony.
Functional compensation between hematopoietic stem cell clones in vivo

In most organ systems, regeneration is a coordinated effort that involves many stem cells, but little is known about whether and how individual stem cells compensate for the differentiation deficiencies of other stem cells. Functional compensation is critically important during disease progression and treatment. Here, we show how individual hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) clones heterogeneously compensate for the lymphopoietic deficiencies of other HSCs in a mouse. This compensation rescues the overall blood supply and influences blood cell types outside of the deficient lineages in distinct patterns. We find that highly differentiating HSC clones expand their cell numbers at specific differentiation stages to compensate for the deficiencies of other HSCs. Some of these clones continue to expand after transplantation into secondary recipients. In addition, lymphopoietic compensation involves gene expression changes in HSCs that are characterized by increased lymphoid priming, decreased myeloid priming, and HSC self‐renewal. Our data illustrate how HSC clones coordinate to maintain the overall blood supply. Exploiting the innate compensation capacity of stem cell networks may improve the prognosis and treatment of many diseases.
Preferential attachment when stable

Abstract We study an urn process with two urns, initialized with a ball each. Balls are added sequentially, the urn being chosen independently with probability proportional to the $\alpha$th power $(\alpha >1)$ of the existing number of balls. We study the (rare) event that the urn compositions are balanced after the addition of $2n-2$ new balls. We derive precise asymptotics of the probability of this event by embedding the process in continuous time. Quite surprisingly, fine control of this probability may be leveraged to derive a lower-tail large deviation principle (LDP) for $L = \sum_{i=1}^{n} ({S_i^2}/{i^2})$, where $\{S_n \colon n \geq 0\}$ is a simple symmetric random walk started at zero. We provide an alternative proof of the LDP via coupling to Brownian motion, and subsequent derivation of the LDP for a continuous-time analog of L. Finally, we turn our attention back to the urn process conditioned to be balanced, and provide a functional limit law describing the trajectory of the urn process.
High‐level, constitutive expression of the mgtC gene confers increased thermotolerance on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

We found that mutations that increased the transcription of the mgtCBR (Mg2+ transport‐related) operon conferred increased thermotolerance on this organism. The 5′ leader of the mgtCBR mRNA contains two short open reading frames (ORFs), mgtM and mgtP, whose translation regulates the expression of the mgtCBR operon by a mechanism that is similar to attenuation in amino acid biosynthetic operons. We obtained two types of mutations that resulted in elevated transcription of the operon: defects in the mgtM ribosome‐binding site, impairing the translation of this ORF and deletions encompassing the stop codon of mgtM that extend the translation of this ORF across a downstream Rho termination site. These mgtM mutations give further insights into the mechanism of the transcriptional control of the mgtCBR operon that we discuss in this work. We show that the increased thermotolerance requires elevated expression of the mgtC gene, but functional mgtB and mgtR, which respectively encode an Mg2+ transporter and a regulatory protein, are dispensable for this response. MgtC has been shown to have complex functions, including a requirement for virulence, flagella‐independent motility and synthesis of cellulose and we now found that it has a role in the regulation of thermotolerance.
Extended totally extraperitoneal repair (eTEP) for ventral hernias: Short-term results from a single centre

Introduction: There has been a surge of innovative procedures in the field of abdominal wall hernias. Works of pioneers such as Dr. Yuri Novitsky, Dr. Jorge Daes and Dr. Igor Belyansky have started a new era in the field of hernia surgery. Conventional and popular surgeries for ventral hernias are open onlay mesh hernioplasty, open retromuscular mesh hernioplasty (Rives-Stoppa procedure) and laparoscopic intraperitoneal mesh hernioplasty. Evidence seems to suggest that retromuscular mesh hernioplasty has advantages over other procedures regarding recurrence and surgical site occurrences. An alternative strategy has been developed for this setting where a mesh is placed in retromuscular space by minimal access technique of the extended Totally Extraperitoneal approach (eTEP). Methods: We have retrospectively analysed the data of 21 patients who underwent an eTEP procedure with a minimum follow-up of 2 months. Their data were analysed for operative details, intra-operative and post-operative complications. Results: For a total of 21 patients, we have recorded a total of two surgical site occurrences (1 seroma and 1 linea alba dehiscence) and one recurrence. One patient had chronic pain. There was no surgical site infection. Conclusion: Judging from our short-term results, we suggest that the eTEP technique can be adapted in centres with advanced laparoscopic skills with the careful patient selection.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BILLINGSLEYITE, Ag7(As,Sb)S6, A SULFOSALT CONTAINING As5+

We have characterized a portion of cotype billingsleyite, Ag 7 (As,Sb)S 6 , a rare As 5+ -bearing sulfosalt from the silver ores of the North Lily mine, East Tintic district, Utah, USA, by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electron-microprobe analysis. We found billingsleyite to be structurally identical to synthetic Ag 7 AsS 6 . It is cubic, space group P 2 1 3, with a cell parameter a = 10.4760(8) A, V = 1149.7(2) A 3 , and Z = 4. Electron-microprobe analyses gave the following formula: (Ag 6.94 Cu 0.04 Fe 0.01 ) ∑6.99 (As 0.87 Sb 0.13 ) ∑1.00 S 6.01 . The crystal structure has been solved and refined to R = 1.64%. It consists of (As 5+ ,Sb 5+ )S 4 tetrahedra and Ag polyhedra (2-, 3- and 4-fold coordinated) forming a three-dimensional network. We present structural relationships with other natural and synthetic thioarsenates and thioantimonates.
Sentiment analysis in MOOCs: A case study

Forum messages in MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) are the most important source of information about the social interactions happening in these courses. Forum messages can be analyzed to detect patterns and learners' behaviors. Particularly, sentiment analysis (e.g., classification in positive and negative messages) can be used as a first step for identifying complex emotions, such as excitement, frustration or boredom. The aim of this work is to compare different machine learning algorithms for sentiment analysis, using a real case study to check how the results can provide information about learners' emotions or patterns in the MOOC. Both supervised and unsupervised (lexicon-based) algorithms were used for the sentiment analysis. The best approaches found were Random Forest and one lexicon based method, which used dictionaries of words. The analysis of the case study also showed an evolution of the positivity over time with the best moment at the beginning of the course and the worst near the deadlines of peer-review assessments.
Revisiting Reweighted Wake-Sleep

Discrete latent-variable models, while applicable in a variety of settings, can often be difficult to learn. Sampling discrete latent variables can result in high-variance gradient estimators for two primary reasons: 1. branching on the samples within the model, and 2. the lack of a pathwise derivative for the samples. While current state-of-the-art methods employ control-variate schemes for the former and continuous-relaxation methods for the latter, their utility is limited by the complexities of implementing and training effective control-variate schemes and the necessity of evaluating (potentially exponentially) many branch paths in the model. Here, we revisit the reweighted wake-sleep (RWS) (Bornschein and Bengio, 2015) algorithm, and through extensive evaluations, show that it circumvents both these issues, outperforming current state-of-the-art methods in learning discrete latent-variable models. Moreover, we observe that, unlike the importance weighted autoencoder, RWS learns better models and inference networks with increasing numbers of particles, and that its benefits extend to continuous latent-variable models as well. Our results suggest that RWS is a competitive, often preferable, alternative for learning deep generative models.
The Attractors of Teaching Biology: A Perspective from a Turkish Context.

Because the teaching occupation plays a crucial role in a country's development, policymakers and teacher recruitment units all around the world strive to understand how to attract individuals to this profession. However, research regarding the attractors of teaching has been conducted almost entirely in developed countries and has not focused on particular subject areas to be taught. In addition, only limited lists of attractors have been used. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study was to examine what attractors influence people who choose teaching biology as a career, and what about the Turkish culture has caused people to make this career choice. The sample consisted of 37 freshman biology student teachers (31 female, 6 male). The questionnaire included open-ended questions that were used to determine the student teachers' ideas about their career decisions. According to the results of this qualitative study, enjoy working with children or adolescents, enjoy biology and light workload were attractors that were mostly reported by student biology teachers. In addition, competitive job market, national examination system, family customs, and religious beliefs in Turkey were determinants of some attractors.
tructural uncertainty in projecting global fisheries catches under limate change illiam

The global ocean is projected to be warmer, less oxygenated and more acidic in the 21st century relative to the present day, resulting in changes in the biogeography and productivity of marine organisms and ecosystems. Previous studies using a Dynamic Bioclimate Envelope Model (DBEM) projected increases in potential catch in high latitude regions and decreases in tropical regions over the next few decades. A major structural uncertainty of the projected redistribution of species and fisheries catches can be attributed to the habitat suitability algorithms used. Here, we compare the DBEM projections of potential catches of 500 species of exploited marine fishes and invertebrates from 1971 to 2060 using three versions of DBEM that differ by the algorithm used to predict relative habitat suitability: DBEM-Basic, DBEM-Maxent and DBEM-Aquamaps. All the DBEM models have similar skill in predicting the occurrence of exploited species and distribution of observed fisheries production. Globally, the models project a decrease in catch potential of 3% to 13% by 2050 under a high emissions scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5). For the majority of the modelled species, projections by DBEM-Maxent are less sensitive to changes in ocean properties than those by DBEM-Aquamaps. The mean magnitude of projected changes relative to differences between projections differ between regions, being highest (>1 times the standard deviation) in the tropical regions and Arctic Ocean and lowest in three of the main Eastern Boundary Upwelling regions, the eastern Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean. These results suggest that the qualitative patterns of changes in catch potential reported in previous studies are not affected by the structural uncertainty of DBEM, particularly in areas where catch potential was projected to be most sensitive to climate change. However, when making projections of fish stocks and their potential catches using DBEM in the future, multiple versions of DBEM should be used to quantify the uncertainty associated with structural uncertainty of the models. Overall, this study contributes to improving projection of future changes in living marine resources by exploring one aspect of the cascade of uncertainty associated with such projections. © 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Extracellular Vesicles in Chagas Disease: A New Passenger for an Old Disease

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid vesicles released by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells containing nucleic acids, proteins, and small metabolites essential for cellular communication. Depending on the targeted cell, EVs can act either locally or in distant tissues in a paracrine or endocrine cell signaling manner. Released EVs from virus-infected cells, bacteria, fungi, or parasites have been demonstrated to perform a pivotal role in a myriad of biochemical changes occurring in the host and pathogen, including the modulation the immune system. In the past few years, the biology of Trypanosoma cruzi EVs, as well as their role in innate immunity evasion, has been started to be unveiled. This review article will present findings on and provide a coherent understanding of the currently known mechanisms of action of T. cruzi-EVs and hypothesize the implication of these parasite components during the acute and chronic phases of Chagas disease.
www.econstor.eu Political Economics of Higher Education Finance

We study voting over higher education finance in an economy with risk averse households who are heterogeneous in income. We compare four different systems and analyse voters' choices among them: a traditional subsidy scheme, a pure loan scheme, income contingent loans and graduate taxes. Using numerical simulations, we find that majorities for income contingent loans or graduate taxes become more likely as the income distribution gets more equal. We also perform sensitivity analyses with respect to risk aversion and the elasticity of substitution between high skilled and low skilled workers. JEL Code: H52, H42, D72.
Pointing to One's Moving Hand: Putative Internal Models Do Not Contribute to Proprioceptive Acuity

We can easily and without sight bring our fingertip to our nose, or swat a mosquito on our arm. These actions rely on proprioception, also known as kinesthesia, which classically has been attributed to processing of sensory inflow by the CNS. However, internal model theories of sensorimotor neuroscience propose that proprioceptive localization also involves a contribution from estimates of limb kinematics derived from motor commands. We tested this prediction in 19 subjects who moved the right index finger tip to touch the moving left index finger tip under three conditions: (1) vision allowed, active movement of the left hand (2) vision blocked, active movement of the left hand, and (3) vision blocked, passive movement of the left hand imposed by the experimenter. The target left index finger tip was moved in a wide range of directions by unrestricted movements of the arm. Mean errors in apposition of the right to the left index finger tips were small, averaging <2 cm between sensors fixed to the finger nails. Note that the average distance between the sensors was ~1.7 cm when the fingertips were brought together in “perfect” apposition under visual guidance. The 3D mean distance and variable distance errors were marginally lower by some 2 mm with eyes open compared to the eyes closed active condition. However, mean distance and variable distance errors did not differ between the active and passive conditions with eyes closed. Thus, proprioceptive localization of one's moving hand is very accurate, essentially as accurate as when vision is allowed. More importantly, our results demonstrate that hypothesized internal model derived estimates of arm kinematics do not contribute to localization accuracy beyond that provided by sensory signals, casting doubt on their existence.