Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Narrow-band imaging in the prediction of surveillance intervals after polypectomy in community practice

Background and study aims: It has been proposed that the use of narrow-band imaging (NBI) for real-time histological assessment to determine postpolypectomy surveillance intervals is a cost-effective approach to the management of diminutive polyps. However, significant discrepancies in NBI performance have been observed among endoscopists; hence, professional societies recommend training, monitoring, and auditing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of real-time optical diagnosis for diminutive polyps after the inclusion of this approach in an internal quality assurance program, in order to assess its applicability in clinical practice Patients and methods: Four endoscopists attended periodic training sessions on NBI assessment of polyp histology before and during the study. Performance was audited and periodic feedback was provided. The accuracy of high-confidence NBI evaluation for polyps ≤ 5 mm in predicting surveillance intervals according to the European and US guidelines, and the negative predictive value (NPV) for adenoma in the rectosigmoid were calculated and compared with recommended thresholds (90 % agreement and 90 % NPV, respectively). Results: Overall, 284 outpatients (mean age 61.3 ± 18.2 years; 63 % males) were enrolled. A total of 656 polyps were detected, 465 of which (70.9 %) were diminutive (70.5 % adenomas). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of high-confidence NBI predictions for adenoma in diminutive lesions were 95.3 %, 83.5 %, 93.5 %, 87.6 %, and 91.9 %, respectively. High-confidence characterization of diminutive polyps predicted the correct surveillance interval in 95.8 % and 93.3 % of cases according to European and American guidelines, respectively. NPV for adenoma in the rectosigmoid was 91.3 % Conclusions: For community settings in which endoscopists are adequately trained and performance is periodically audited, real-time optical diagnosis for diminutive polyps is sufficiently accurate to avoid postpolypectomy histological examination of resected lesions, or to leave rectosigmoid hyperplastic polyps in place. Trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02196402).
Can a flexible medical curriculum promote student learning and satisfaction?

INTRODUCTION Medical education is trending towards an outcome-based curriculum that prepares medical graduates to excel in a rapidly evolving, team-centred healthcare delivery system. The Mayo Medical School (MMS) has recently redesigned its curriculum to introduce early clinical relevance, optimise course integration, provide flexibility and promote active learning. This study aims to evaluate the role that curricular flexibility plays in students' perceived learning, satisfaction and performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS First-year students completed a 5-point Likert scale survey regarding satisfaction with and perceived learning from various components of the flexible curriculum during 2 different academic blocks. Students' academic performance was assessed by a National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Subject Examination after each block. RESULTS In comparing student-rated satisfaction and perceived learning from didactics versus other curricular components for Block 3 (Pathology and Immunology) and Block 5 (Gross Anatomy and Radiology), students rated didactics higher in all cases in which there was a statistically significant difference in the ratings. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the amount learned and satisfaction for all curricular components with the exception of Block 5 independent study. During Block 3, only interest in the subject matter correlated positively with the NBME score, while during Block 5, only time spent in class correlated negatively with the NBME score. CONCLUSIONS Although various components of the flexible curriculum do not appear to affect satisfaction and perceived learning, their potential influence on graduate outcomes, in terms of delivering healthcare providers who are patient-centred, creative thinkers and compassionate leaders should not be discounted.
Tau protein induces bundling of microtubules in vitro: Comparison of different tau isoforms and a tau protein fragment

Expression of tau protein in non‐neuronal cells can result in a redistribution of the microtubule cytoskeleton into thick bundles of tau‐containing microtubules (Lewis et al.: Nature 342:498–505, 1989; Kanai et al.: J Cell Biol 109:1173–1184, 1989). We reconstituted microtubule bundles using purified tubulin and tau in order to study the assembly of these structures. Taxol‐stabilized tubulin polymers were incubated with various concentrations of recombinant human tau and examined by electron microscopy. With increasing concentrations of τ3 (tau isoform containing three microtubule binding domains) or τ4 (isoform containing four microtubule binding domains) the microtubules changed orientation from a random distribution to loosely and tightly packed parallel arrays and then to thick cables. In contrast, τ4L, the tau isoform containing four microtubule binding domains plus a 58‐amino acid insert near the N‐terminus, showed minimal bundling activity. τ4‐induced bundling could be inhibited by the addition of 0.5M NaCl or 0.4 mM estramustine phosphate, conditions which are known to inhibit tau binding to microtubules. A tau construct that contained only the microtubule binding domains plus 19 amino acids to the C‐terminus was fully capable of bundling microtubules. Phosphorylation of τ3 with cAMP‐dependent protein kinase had no effect on its ability to induce microtubule bundling. These results indicate that tau protein is directly capable of bundling microtubules in vitro, and suggests that different tau isoforms differ in their ability to bundle microtubule filaments. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation of salmonellae and other potential pathogens from the freshwater aquarium snail Ampullaria

The freshwater aquarium snail (Ampullaria spp.) was demonstrated to carry as many as 10(8) viable mesophilic bacteria per g of meat plus shell. Some 16 genera of bacteria were identified, with gram negatives predominating. Enrichment culture techniques enabled the isolation of salmonellae from 24 to 42 lots of 200 g each. The salmonellae comprised eight different serotypes, including Salmonella newport, Salmonella saint-paul, and Salmonella infantis. This association of salmonellae with snails may contribute to cases of human salmonellosis, since other aquarium species have already been shown to contribute to many such cases. The snails were also found to commonly harbor Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, occasionally, Edwardsiella tarda.
A configurable and extensible transport protocol

The ability to configure transport protocols from collections of smaller software modules allows the characteristics of the protocol to be customized for a specific application or network technology. This paper describes an approach to building such customized protocols using Cactus, a system in which micro-protocols implementing individual attributes of transport can be combined into a composite protocol that realizes the desired overall functionality. In contrast with similar systems, Cactus supports non-hierarchical module composition and event-driven execution, both of which increase flexibility and allow finer-grain modules implementing orthogonal properties. To illustrate this approach, the design and implementation of a configurable transport protocol called CTP is presented. CTP allows customization of a number of properties including reliable transmission, congestion detection and control, jitter control, and message ordering. This suite of micro-protocols has been implemented using Cactus/C 2.0 on Red Hat Linux 6.2, with initial experimental results indicating that the ability to target the guarantees more precisely to the needs of applications can in fact result in better performance.
Uncertainty, Risk Aversion and International Trade

In this paper, I study the impact of uncertainty in the delivery of inputs on international trade patterns. I develop a model of sourcing decisions where risk-averse managers can contract with multiple suppliers in order to decrease the variability of firm profits. Among other results, the model predicts that firms will buy a larger share of their inputs from low price variability suppliers, and that the distribution of input demand across suppliers will be more dispersed in input markets characterized with high price variability. Econometric evidence suggests that the model is consistent with qualitative features of the data.
Vaccines in the management of hypertension

Importance of the field: In the USA only 35% of patients with hypertension achieve adequate blood pressure control. Non-compliance is one of the main barriers to treatment. Vaccine against hypertension is an innovative treatment, injected every 4 – 6 months, to combat non-compliance. Areas covered in this review: Pathogenesis of hypertension and progress towards developing a hypertension vaccine, including the virus-like-particle-based approach, new adjuvant molecules and the potential toxicity of hypertension vaccine. What the reader will gain: The pathogenesis of hypertension is multifactorial. The most common cause is disruption of the Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), and the first vaccine study was carried out against renin. While the vaccine reduced blood pressure in animal models, it also caused autoimmune disease. In the last decade, vaccines against angiotensin I, angiotensin II, and angiotensin II-type 1 receptors have demonstrated acceptable safety profiles in animal and human studies. Take home message: Reduction in blood pressure can be achieved by inducing immunity against targets in the RAAS. The target antigen and selection of adjuvant are crucial factors determining effectiveness and safety of the vaccine. CYT006-AngQb (angiotensin II vaccine) reduced blood pressure in humans but the results were not reproducible with more frequent dosing. Vaccines for hypertension are still in the early phase. We hope for an effective vaccine for hypertension in the years to come.
Good work - how is it recognised by the nurse?

AIM The aim of this paper is to shed light on how nurses describe situations that reflect achievement and provide confirmation that they have done good work. BACKGROUND Nurses' recognition of good work does not seem to have been the object of direct investigation, but is indirectly reflected in studies focusing on nurses' perceptions on work environments and the multifaceted nature of nursing. However, acknowledging high-quality performance in professional nurses can facilitate nurses in maintaining and strengthening the goals and values of the profession. This in turn can help nurses shoulder the multifaceted responsibilities they have to patients and next of kin. DESIGN This paper is part of the Professional Learning in a Changing Society project, Institute of Educational Research, University of Oslo, funded by the Research Council of Norway. The project involves four professional groups. This paper, however, focuses on a group of 10 nurses, nine of whom work in hospitals and one in an outpatient clinic. A qualitative approach was chosen to gain insight into how nurses, as well as the other professional groups in the project, engage in processes of knowledge production and quality assurance work. METHODS Data presented in this paper derive from semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted during spring 2005 and focuses on the recognition of good work. RESULTS The following themes were identified as essential in confirming that one did good work: securing fundamental needs of patients and next of kin; managing the flow of responsibilities; positive feedback. CONCLUSIONS. Good work seems to be related to specific situations and a sense of achievement by the respondents. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Recognition of good work is not only rewarding and enjoyable; it may also serve as a source of consciousness raising for professional and ethical guidelines in the work place.
Processing of affective faces varying in valence and intensity in shy adults: An event-related fMRI study

behavioral and electrocortical studies have found that shy and socially anxious adults are hypersensitive to the processing of negative and ambiguous facial emotions. We attempted to extend these findings by examining the neural correlates of affective face processing in shy adults using an event-related fMRI design. We presented pairs of faces that varied in affective valence and intensity. The faces were morphed to alter the degree of intensity of the emotional expressive faces. Twenty-four (12 shy and 12 non-shy) young adult participants then made same/different judgments to these faces while in an MR scanner. We found that shy adults exhibited greater neural activation across a distinct range of brain regions to pairs of faces expressing negative emotions, moderate levels of emotional intensity, and emotional faces that were incongruent with one another. In contrast, non-shy individuals exhibited greater neural activation across a distinct range of brain regions to pairs of faces expressing positive emotions, low levels of emotional intensity, and emotional faces that were congruent with one another. Findings suggest that there are differences in neural responses between shy and non-shy adults when viewing affective faces that vary in valence, intensity, and discrepancy.
Phosphate removal and recovery from water using nanocomposite of immobilized magnetite nanoparticles on cationic polymer

ABSTRACT A novel nanocomposite (NC) based on magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) immobilized on the surface of a cationic exchange polymer, C100, using a modification of the co-precipitation method was developed to obtain magnetic NCs for phosphate removal and recovery from water. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy , X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry were used to characterize the NCs. Continuous adsorption process by the so-called breakthrough curves was used to determine the adsorption capacity of the Fe3O4-based NC. The adsorption capacity conditions were studied under different conditions (pH, phosphate concentration, and concentration of nanoparticles). The optimum concentration of iron in the NC for phosphate removal was 23.59 mgFe/gNC. The sorption isotherms of this material were performed at pH 5 and 7. Taking into account the real application of this novel material in real water, the experiments were performed at pH 7, achieving an adsorption capacity higher than 4.9 mgPO4–P/gNC. Moreover, Freundlich, Langmuir, and a combination of them fit the experimental data and were used for interpreting the influence of pH on the sorption and the adsorption mechanism for this novel material. Furthermore, regeneration and reusability of the NC were tested, obtaining 97.5% recovery of phosphate for the first cycle, and at least seven cycles of adsorption–desorption were carried out with more than 40% of recovery. Thus, this work described a novel magnetic nanoadsorbent with properties for phosphate recovery in wastewater. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
MMP-9 -1562C>T contributes to periodontitis susceptibility.

AIM The study was conducted to explore the potential association of Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 -1562C>T with susceptibility to periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electronic literature searches of PubMed, EMBASE and EBSCO databases were performed. Fixed-effects or random-effects models were used to calculate the pooled odds ratios (ORs) for four genetic comparisons. RESULTS Seven eligible studies with a total of 628 cases and 689 controls were recruited in the pooled analysis. We found MMP-9 -1562C>T contributed to decreased risk of chronic periodontitis. Furthermore, the polymorphism was associated with modified risk of periodontitis among Caucasian populations. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that MP-9 -1562C>T might be involved in the development of periodontitis. A replication of our results in independent large analysis populations is necessary to give evidence to our observation.
The Writings Of Benjamin Franklin

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Green Goods: Are They Good or Bad News for the Environment? Evidence from a Laboratory Experiment on Impure Public Goods

Green goods such as recycled paper stationary or carbon-neutral flights provide increasingly popular examples of impure public goods. Motivated by theoretical treatments of green goods as a bundle of private and public characteristics in proportions fixed by the provider, we design an experiment with two linked treatments to test how the presence of impure public goods affects behaviour towards public good causes. We set parameters, such that from a standard economic perspective the presence of the impure public good is behaviourally irrelevant. In a treatment where the impure public good provides only small contributions to the public good, we observe that on aggregate pro-social behaviour is lower in the presence of the impure public good. On the contrary, in the treatment where the impure public good is more generous towards the public good component at the expense of private earnings, individuals are unaffected in their behaviour. We observe that impure public goods, that are theoretically irrelevant and are mostly self-interested, may hinder pro-social behaviour and look for explanations in social psychology, such as the phenomenon of thoughtful anchoring, motivated reasoning and reluctant altruism. The results from this experiment question the role of green goods in enhancing environmentally friendly behaviours.
Repeated transplantation of hepatocytes prevents fulminant hepatitis in a rat model of Wilson's disease

The outcome of consecutive hepatocyte transplants was explored in a rat model of Wilson's disease before the onset of fulminant hepatitis without preconditioning regimens. Rats received a high‐copper diet in order to induce a rapid induction of liver failure. Sham‐operated rats (15/15) developed jaundice and fulminant hepatitis, and they died within 4 weeks of first transplantation. Despite the continuation of a high dietary copper challenge, long‐term survival was observed for a notable proportion of the transplanted animals (7/18). All survivors displayed normalized levels of hepatitis‐associated serum markers and ceruloplasmin oxidase activity by posttransplant days 50 and 98, respectively. The liver copper concentrations, the liver histology, and the expression of marker genes were significantly restored within 4 months of transplantation in comparison with the control group. The high expression of a copper transporter gene (ATPase Cu++ transporting beta polypeptide) in the livers of the survivors indicated a high rate of repopulation by donor hepatocytes. Our data suggest that repeated cell transplantation can overcome the limitations of a single therapy session in rats with severe hepatic disease by functionally restoring the host liver without preconditioning. Liver Transpl 18:248–259, 2012. © 2011 AASLD.
MOLECULAR SIMULATIONS OF DYNAMIC PROCESSES OF SOLID EXPLOSIVES

Abstract : A variety of molecular dynamics simulations of energetic materials is presented, demonstrating the ability to predict structural and thermodynamic properties of these materials. The studies are also used to explore at an atomic level dynamic processes that might influence conversion of the material to products. These studies are presented to illustrate how information generated through molecular dynamics simulations can be used in the design, development and testing of energetic materials.
Toward systems neuroscience of ADHD: a meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies.

OBJECTIVE The authors performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of task-based functional MRI studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD The authors searched PubMed, Ovid, EMBASE, Web of Science, ERIC, CINAHAL, and NeuroSynth for studies published through June 30, 2011. Significant differences in brain region activation between individuals with ADHD and comparison subjects were detected using activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Dysfunctional regions in ADHD were related to seven reference neuronal systems. The authors performed a set of meta-analyses focused on age groups (children and adults), clinical characteristics (history of stimulant treatment and presence of psychiatric comorbidities), and specific neuropsychological tasks (inhibition, working memory, and vigilance/attention). RESULTS Fifty-five studies were included (39 for children and 16 for adults). In children, hypoactivation in ADHD relative to comparison subjects was observed mostly in systems involved in executive function (frontoparietal network) and attention (ventral attentional network). Significant hyperactivation in ADHD relative to comparison subjects was observed predominantly in the default, ventral attention, and somatomotor networks. In adults, ADHD-related hypoactivation was predominant in the frontoparietal system, while ADHD-related hyperactivation was present in the visual, dorsal attention, and default networks. Significant ADHD-related dysfunction largely reflected task features and was detected even in the absence of comorbid mental disorders or a history of stimulant treatment. CONCLUSIONS A growing literature provides evidence of ADHD-related dysfunction in multiple neuronal systems involved in higher-level cognitive functions but also in sensorimotor processes, including the visual system, and in the default network. This meta-analytic evidence extends early models of ADHD pathophysiology that were focused on prefrontal-striatal circuits.