Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ice nucleation properties of fine ash particles from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in April 2010

During the eruption of the Eyjafjallaj ¨ okull vol- cano in the south of Iceland in April/May 2010, about 40 Tg of ash mass were emitted into the atmosphere. It was unclear whether volcanic ash particles with d < 10 µm facilitate the glaciation of clouds. Thus, ice nucleation properties of vol- canic ash particles were investigated in AIDA (Aerosol In- teraction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) cloud chamber experiments simulating atmospherically relevant conditions. The ash sample that was used for our experiments had been collected at a distance of 58 km from the Eyjafjallaj ¨ okull during the eruption period in April 2010. The temperature range covered by our ice nucleation experiments extended from 219 to 264 K, and both ice nucleation via immersion freezing and deposition nucleation could be observed. Im- mersion freezing was first observed at 252 K, whereas the deposition nucleation onset lay at 242 K and RHice = 126 %. About 0.1 % of the volcanic ash particles were active as im- mersion freezing nuclei at a temperature of 249 K. For de- position nucleation, an ice fraction of 0.1 % was observed at around 233 K and RHice = 116 %. Taking ice-active surface site densities as a measure for the ice nucleation efficiency, volcanic ash particles are similarly efficient ice nuclei in im- mersion freezing mode (ns,imm 10 9 m 2 at 247 K) com- pared to certain mineral dusts. For deposition nucleation, the observed ice-active surface site densities ns,dep were found to be 10 11 m 2 at 224 K and RHice = 116 %. Thus, volcanic ash particles initiate deposition nucleation more efficiently than Asian and Saharan dust but appear to be poorer ice nu- clei than ATD particles. Based on the experimental data, we have derived ice-active surface site densities as a function of temperature for immersion freezing and of relative humidity over ice and temperature for deposition nucleation.
Monopoly pricing with limited demand information

Traditional monopoly pricing models assume that firms have full information about the market demand and consumer preferences. In this article, we study a prototypical monopoly pricing problem for a seller with limited market information and different levels of demand learning capability under relative performance criterion of the competitive ratio (CR). We provide closed-form solutions for the optimal pricing policies for each case and highlight several important structural insights. We note the following: (1) From the firm's viewpoint the worst-case operating conditions are when it faces a homogeneous market where all customers value the product equally, but where the specific valuation is unknown. In cases with partial demand information, the worse case cumulative willingness-to-pay distribution becomes piecewise-uniform as opposed to a point mass. (2) Dynamic (skimming) pricing arises naturally as a hedging mechanism for the firm against the two principal risks that it faces: first, the risk of foregoing revenue from pricing too low, and second, the risk of foregoing sales from pricing too high. And, (3) even limited learning, for example market information at a few price points, leads to significant performance gains.
Analysis and Optimization of Pressure Retarded Osmosis for Power Generation

Model-based analysis and optimization of pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) for power generation is focused. The effects of membrane properties (hydraulic permeability and mass-transfer characteristics), design conditions (inlet osmotic pressures, inlet flows, and membrane area) and operating condition (applied pressure) on power density and efficiency are systematically investigated. A dimensionless design parameter γ=ALpπ0D/Q0, originally developed in analysis and optimization of reverse osmosis, is used to quantify the effect of dilution in draw solution (DS) as water permeates through membrane. An optimization method is developed to maximize PRO performance. It is shown that dilution and concentration polarization significantly reduce the maximum power density, and the optimal ΔP shifts away from Δπ0/2. Moreover, power density and efficiency follow opposite trends when varying process conditions including DS flow rate and membrane area. Enhancing membrane properties is crucial to improve the economic feasibility of PRO. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1233–1241, 2015
Identifying Critical Brand Contact Elements of a Tourist Destination: Applications of Kano's Model and the Importance–satisfaction Model

A destination brand comprises brand elements that lead tourists to form a brand impression of a destination. Based on a literature review, this study contributes to a model for exploring tourist destination brand contact experiences. The results from applying Kano's model and the importance–satisfaction model to a specific hot spring destination indicate that four types of contact elements can be identified as having different quality attributes. The contact elements related to staff's service efficiency, attitude and willingness of serving customers are identified as the critical brand contact elements for the tourist destination. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peroxy radical behavior during the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) campaign as measured aboard the NASA P-3B aircraft

[1] Peroxy radical concentrations were measured aboard the NASA P-3B aircraft during the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) campaign in the spring of 2001 and varied in ways that depended on radical production rates and reactive nitrogen concentrations. Measurements of HO2 ,H O2 +R O2, and OH during this study allowed calculation of radical ratios, examination of functional relationships of these ratios on controlling variables, and comparison with numerical model estimations. Radical production terms show changes in relative contributions at low, middle, and high total production rates that are understandable in terms of systematic variations in the controlling components (trace gas concentrations and photolysis rate coefficients). Ozone tendency calculations indicate net ozone production in the western Pacific basin because the concentrations of critical precursor trace gases (e.g., NOx, hydrocarbons) are highest there. The dependence of ozone tendency follows the concentration of NO systematically. Peroxy radical levels on the two aircraft (HO2 +R O2 on the P-3B and HO2 on the DC-8) during two relatively short prescribed intercomparison periods were in good agreement in one instance and poorer in another given reasonable assumptions about the apportioning of radicals between HO2 and RO2. Recommended changes to CH2O photolysis quantum yields, HO2 self reaction, and O( 1 D) quenching kinetics lead to small changes (<5%) in calculated peroxy radical levels for TRACE-P conditions. There is evidence from this campaign that peroxy radicals are lost by interaction with aerosols and cloud droplets. INDEX TERMS: 0317 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Chemical kinetic and photochemical properties; 0322 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks; 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry; 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—constituent transport and chemistry; KEYWORDS: photochemistry, peroxy radicals, ozone
A comprehensive analysis on attention models

Sequence-to-sequence attention-based models are a promising approach for end-to-1 end speech recognition. The increased model power makes the training procedure 2 more difﬁcult, and analysing failure modes of these models becomes harder because 3 of the end-to-end nature. In this work, we present various analyses to better 4 understand training and model properties. We analyse different patterns of errors 5 and the effect on the amount of training data. We investigate on pretraining variants 6 such as growing in depth and width, and their impact on the ﬁnal performance, 7 which leads to over 8% improvement in word error rate. We also highlight the high 8 variance in different training runs. For a better understanding of how the attention 9 process works, we study the encoder output and the attention energies and weights. 10 Our experiments were performed on Switchboard and LibriSpeech. 11
Psychometric properties of a brief neuropsychological protocol for use in geriatric populations

Background: The increase in life expectancy and proportion of elderly in the population is causing an increase in dementia prevalence rates. The correct, early diagnosis of dementia is very important to clinical treatment and to improved prognosis. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt and develop assessment tools for the differential diagnosis between pathological and normal aging processes. Objective: Assess the psychometric properties and the factorial structure of a neuropsychological protocol used in geriatric assessment. Method: Subjects (n = 69) with heterogeneous cognitive complaints were assessed at the Centro de Geriatria e Gerontologia at the Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais using a protocol composed of the Mini-Mental State Examination, Clock Drawing, Corsi Blocks, Verbal Fluency, Digit Span and Token Test. Statistical analyses included factorial analyses of test results, Pearson’s correlation between obtained factor, age, years of formal education and clinical dementia rating and area under the ROC curve. Results: The factorial analyses of test scores showed a general representative factor that had moderate and significant association with CDR (r = -0.672; p < 0.001) and years of formal education (r = 0.455; p < 0.001), respectively. This factor had weaker and less significant correlation with age (r = -0.282; p < 0.05). Discussion: These results point to the protocol’s good construct and criteria validity in assessing cognitive decline in the elderly. Future works concerning applicability and populational norms are needed to improve the clinical use of this assessment protocol. Paula JJ, et al. / Rev Psiq Clín. 2010;37(6):246-50
An Approximate Procedure for Determining Prediction Error Variances of Sire Evaluations

Abstract Prediction errors of sire evaluations can be obtained directly from the inverse of the appropriate coefficient matrix. Considerably more effort is required to obtain the inverse in practical situations than can be justified for publication of a confidence figure. An approximate prediction error variance, k/(n + 20), is used currently in the Northeast Artificial Insemination Sire Comparison where n is the number of daughters and k is an appropriate breed constant corresponding to the residual variance. This procedure, however, does not account for distribution of sires across herds nor several lactations per daughter. Thus, the diagonal elements of the sire equations after absorption of cow, sire-by-herd, natural service sire, and herd-year-season equations were chosen as likely indicators of the prediction error variance for this more complicated model. Simple regression was used to relate prediction error variance obtained from the inverse to the diagonal after absorption. The coefficient of determination was . 995 or greater in all cases. A single approximate prediction error variance of sire evaluation (group plus sire solution) could be used for Ayrshire, Guernsey, Jersey, and Brown Swiss bulls (and probably for Holsteins, which were not studied). The approximate prediction error variance is [–. 0014 + 1.08/diagonal] times the appropriate residual variance. An approximation comparable to repeatability for herdmate comparisons also was derived as [1.01 – 9/diagonal].
LEI Nº 13.415, DE 16 DE FEVEREIRO DE 2017.

Altera as Leis nos 9.394, de 20 de dezembro de 1996, que estabelece as diretrizes e bases da educacao nacional, e 11.494, de 20 de junho 2007, que regulamenta o Fundo de Manutencao e Desenvolvimento da Educacao Basica e de Valorizacao dos Profissionais da Educacao, a Consolidacao das Leis do Trabalho - CLT, aprovada pelo Decreto- -Lei no 5.452, de 1o de maio de 1943, e o Decreto- -Lei no 236, de 28 de fevereiro de 1967; revoga a Lei no11.161, de 5 de agosto de 2005; e institui a Politica de Fomento a Implementacao de Escolas de Ensino Medio em Tempo Integral.
Relationship Between Actual I-131 Retention and the Success Rate of I-131 Ablation in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

Objectives: I-123 is considered an ideal isotope for diagnostic studies. A significant advantage of I-123 over I-131 is that, the radiation dose delivered is about 100-fold less. Consequently, potential ‘‘stunning’’ because of the dosimetry procedure prior to treatment would be less concerning. However, its relatively short half-life makes it impractical for a prolonged bio kinetic study. The aim of the current study was to assess the relationship between actual I-131 retention and the success rate of I-131 ablation in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) following I-123 whole body scan (WBS). Patients and methods: 23 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed DTC (21 papillary, and 2 Follicular), underwent total or near total thyroidectomy, followed by I123 WBS, and subsequent I-131 ablation were enrolled in current study. The whole body external exposure rate from the patient at 1 meter was measured immediately after ingestion of I-131, after 24 and 48 hours, using a calibrated Victoreen 451P ionization chamber survey meter (Fluke Biomedical, USA). The retained activity at 48h and the whole body effective half-life for each patient were then calculated. Patients were classified according to their follow up data after 6 months into two groups; those who have successful ablation (Negative WBS and an undetectable serum thyroglobulin level in Egyptian J. Nucl. Med., Vol. 13, No. 1, December 2016 59 the absence of antithyroglobulin antibodies), and those who need reablation (Positive WBS and/ or elevated serum Thyroglobulin). Results: Of the 23 patients studied, 15 were considered to have successful ablation and 8 still need reablation. No significant difference regarding age, gender, histopathology, and activity of I-131 ablation dose between both groups. The retained I-131 activity at 48 hours was 13.50±3.87% of the administered dose, and the effective halflife was 16.37±2.43 hours for patients who have successful ablation compared to 7.79±3.28% (p =0.002), and 12.64±2.27 hours (p = 0.002) respectively for patients who need re-ablation. Conclusions: We found a significantly higher retained I-131 activity at 48 hours and longer effective half-life among patients successfully ablated compared to those who need re-ablation, and recommend dosimetry adjusted I-131 ablation dose whenever feasible accordingly .
Protease activity of extracellular enzyme produced by B. subtilis isolated from soil

Background: Proteases produced by enzymatic method are more environments friendly than chemical process, and they have tremendous potential in the leather industry and in other several industries. In this study extracellular protease producing non pathogenic Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil sample and relationship between sporulation and extracellular protease synthesis in large scale cultivation was studied. The enzyme was further characterized, purified, and tested for potential application. Result: The molecular weight of the protease was found to be ~30 KDa. Enzyme activity was checked on the presence of different metal ions and effectors. The enzyme was slightly modulated by MG++ ion, and significantly by Hg++ ion, while Zn++ ion slightly decrease the proteolytic activity. Sulfahydryl reagents, DTT slightly and β-ME significantly inhibit the enzyme. EDTA showed no effect on the enzyme suggesting that the enzyme might not be metalloprotease. PMSF, a known serine protease inhibitor was seen to totally inhibit the enzyme which indicates that the enzyme is a serine protease. The optimum enzyme activity was observed after 22 hours of incubation of B. subtilis at 37o C. Conclusions: Crude enzyme contains 285 units of enzyme which have direct dehairing activity. The enzyme was also seen to be able to remove blood and curry stain from clothes; making it a very promising candidate to be used in a leather and detergent industry. Apart from protease the bacterium was also seen to have lipase and collagenase activity. So, the bacteria are potentially good candidate for industrial application.
DR AF T Comparing Bayesian Models of Annotation

The analysis of crowdsourced annotations in NLP is concerned with identifying 1) gold standard labels, 2) annotator accuracies and biases, and 3) item difficulties and error patterns. Traditionally, majority voting was used for 1), and coefficients of agreement for 2) and 3). Lately, model-based analysis of corpus annotations have proven better at all three tasks. But there has been relatively little work comparing them on the same datasets. This paper aims to fill this gap by analyzing six models of annotation, covering different approaches to annotator ability, item difficulty, and parameter pooling (tying) across annotators and items. We evaluate these models along four aspects: comparison to gold labels, predictive accuracy for new annotations, annotator characterization, and item difficulty, using four datasets with varying degrees of noise in the form of random (spammy) annotators. We conclude with guidelines for model selection, application, and implementation.
Practitioner ’ s Section Performance improvement in pharmaceutical R & D through new outsourcing models

Global competitiveness is becoming increasingly important for the pharmaceutical industry. Companies are exploring options to enhance the efficiency of the resources they are using at all stages of the whole value chain from discovery research to production and logistics as well as sales and marketing. Especially innovation is recognised as the cornerstone for competitive advantage and is fostered by strong investments in R&D (Achilladelis et al., 2001). Rising costs of pharmaceutical R&D coupled with increasing pressure of stakeholders demanding steady growth lead to increasing pressure on the output of the innovation pipeline. But drug development and commercialisation is an expensive, lengthy and risky process. Studies published in 2003 report an average pre-tax cost of approximately US$800 million to bring a new drug to the market (DiMasi, 2002; DiMasi et al., 2003). It is estimated that by the time a medicinal product is placed on the market, an average of 12-13 years will have elapsed since the synthesis of the new active substance. Thereby, on average, out of every 10,000 sub-stances synthesised in laboratories, only one or two will successfully pass all the stages to become marketable medicines (EFPIA, 2008).
The Relationships between the Big Five Personality Traits and Academic Motivation Levels of Turkish University Students

The relationships between personality traits and motivation are significant for effective learning and teaching. The main purpose of this study is to determine the relationships between personality traits and motivation levels of Turkish university students. The specific purpose of the study is to determine which personality factor predicts academic motivation to what extent. For this purpose, Adjective Based Personality Scale (ABPT) developed by Bacanli et al. (2009) was conducted on 353 (237 female, 116 male) students who study at state universities. ABPT was developed according to The Big Five Personality Traits and measures the five main factors of personality. Academic Motivation Scale was developed by Valerant et al. (1992) according to self-determination theory and consists of seven factors (Amotivation, External Regulation, Introjected Regulation, Identified Regulation, Intrinsic Motivation to Know, Intrinsic Motivation to Experience Stimulation and Intrinsic Motivation to Accomplish). Turkish adaptation was done by Karaguven in 2012. The results indicate that, all personality factors show significant relations with academic motivation. While conscientiousness has been shown to be positively and significantly correlated, neuroticism has been shown to be negatively and significantly correlated with academic motivation. In order to determine which personality factors predict academic motivation level stronger, data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. The subcategories which form personality explain 16% of variance on the levels of student motivation. When the significance tests of regression coefficients were examined, the neuroticism and conscientiousness factors of personality (p<0,05) were found to be significant predictors of academic motivation. Keywords: Big Five Personality Traits, academic motivation, Turkish university students
Estimation of ocean surface currents from maximum cross correlation applied to GOCI geostationary satellite remote sensing data over the Tsushima (Korea) Straits

Attempts to automatically estimate surface current velocities from satellite-derived thermal or visible imagery face the limitations of data occlusion due to cloud cover, the complex evolution of features and the degradation of their surface signature. The Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) provides a chance to reappraise such techniques due to its multiyear record of hourly high-resolution visible spectrum data. Here we present the results of applying a Maximum Cross Correlation (MCC) technique to GOCI data. Using a combination of simulated and real data we derive suitable processing parameters and examine the robustness of different satellite products, those being water-leaving radiance and chlorophyll concentration. These estimates of surface currents are evaluated using High Frequency (HF) radar systems located in the Tsushima (Korea) Strait. We show the performance of the MCC approach varies depending on the amount of missing data and the presence of strong optical contrasts. Using simulated data it was found that patchy cloud cover occupying 25% of the image pair reduces the number of vectors by 20% compared to using perfect images. Root mean square errors between the MCC and HF radar velocities are of the order of 20 cm s−1. Performance varies depending on the wavelength of the data with the blue-green products out-performing the red and near infra-red products. Application of MCC to GOCI chlorophyll data results in similar performance to radiances in the blue-green bands. The technique has been demonstrated using specific examples of an eddy feature and tidal induced features in the region.