Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neurophysiological Refinement of Subthalamic Nucleus Targeting

OBJECTIVEAdvances in image-guided stereotactic surgery, microelectrode recording techniques, and stimulation technology have been the driving forces behind a resurgence in the use of functional neurosurgery for the treatment of movement disorders. Despite the dramatic effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) techniques in ameliorating the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, many critical questions related to the targeting, effects, and mechanisms of action of DBS remain unanswered. In this report, we describe the methods used to localize the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and we present the characteristics of encountered cells. METHODS Twenty-six patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease underwent simultaneous, bilateral, microelectrode-refined, DBS electrode implantation into the STN. Direct and indirect magnetic resonance imaging-based anatomic targeting was used. Cellular activity was analyzed for various neurophysiological parameters, including firing rates and interspike intervals. Physiological targeting confirmation was obtained by performing macrostimulation through the final DBS electrode. RESULTS The average microelectrode recording time for each trajectory was 20 minutes, with a mean of 5.2 trajectories/patient. Typical trajectories passed through the anterior thalamus, zona incerta/fields of Forel, STN, and substantia nigra-pars reticulata. Each structure exhibited a characteristic firing pattern. In particular, recordings from the STN exhibited an increase in background activity and an irregular firing pattern, with a mean rate of 47 Hz. The mean cell density was 5.6 cells/mm, with an average maximal trajectory length of 5.3 mm. Macrostimulation via the DBS electrode yielded mean sensory and motor thresholds of 4.2 and 5.7 V, respectively. CONCLUSION The principal objectives of microelectrode recording refinement of anatomic targeting are precise identification of the borders of the STN and thus determination of its maximal length. Microelectrode recording also allows identification of the longest and most lateral segment of the STN, which is our preferred target for STN DBS electrode implantation. Macrostimulation via the final DBS electrode is then used primarily to establish the side effect profile for postoperative stimulation. Microelectrode recording is a helpful targeting adjunct that will continue to facilitate our understanding of basal ganglion physiological features.
Associations between self‐reported sleep duration and sleeping disorder with concentrations of fasting and 2‐h glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin among adults without diagnosed diabetes (在未诊断糖尿病的成年人中自我报告的睡眠时间、睡眠障碍与空腹及餐后2小时血糖、胰岛素以及糖化血红蛋白浓度之间的关系)

There is limited information from population‐based investigations of the associations between sleep duration and sleep disorders and parameters of glucose homeostasis. The objective of the present study was to examine cross‐sectional associations between sleep duration and sleep disordered breathing with concentrations of insulin, fasting and 2‐h glucose, and HbA1c.
Is there life after Buckley's Formocresol? Part I -- a narrative review of alternative interventions and materials.

OBJECTIVES (1) To present a narrative review of the currently available alternative interventions and materials to formocresol pulpotomy for the management of extensive caries in the primary molar, and (2) to produce a clinical protocol for pulp therapy techniques in the extensively carious primary molar. INTRODUCTION The International Agency for Research on Cancer has recently classified formaldehyde as carcinogenic to human beings. Since Buckley's Formocresol contains 19% formaldehyde in its full strength and, therefore, 1% in a 20% dilution, a safer alternative should be identified. METHODS A narrative review of the published literature for primary molar pulp therapy techniques was undertaken following an extensive and appropriate literature search. A specialist group of paediatric dentists was formed to arrive at a consensus and establish an evidence-based protocol for the management of extensively carious primary molar teeth. Part I of this paper explores the currently available alternative interventions and materials to formocresol in the form of a narrative review. The second part of the paper will present the formation of a specialist group to arrive at a consensus and establish an evidence-based protocol for the management of the extensively carious primary molar. CONCLUSIONS After consideration of a review of extensively searched literature, a protocol and key points document have been developed to assist clinicians in their treatment planning. Further long-term studies with the highest level of evidence (i.e. randomized controlled trials) are required to enable us to identify acceptable alternatives which can replace formocresol.
Secondary Anetoderma Overlying Pilomatrixomas

Five pilomatrixomas with anetodermic cutaneous changes are presented. Four large tumors revealed soft, atrophic, pink translucent skin covering a firm subcutaneous mass, and their appearance was similar to that of a keloid or hypertrophic scar. One small tumor revealed soft, slightly atrophic, reddened or purplish skin covering a firm subcutaneous mass: its clinical appearance was similar to that of a hematoma or minor infection. Histopathological examination of the skin showed atrophic and edematous changes in the dermis associated with diminished fragmented collagen and absent elastic tissue. It is supposed that the dermal atrophic appearance bears a relation to the loss of elastic fibers and the dermal edema is related to the leakage of lymphatic fluid. Both phenomena may be caused by continuous pressure from the outside, as these anetodermic pilomatrixomas were located where they were apt to be exposed to mechanical irritation.
Errorless Discrimination, Autoshaping, and Conditioned Inhibition

Pigeons were exposed to a discriminated autoshaping procedure in which brief presentation of a green light on a key was always followed by food whereas presentation of a vertical white line on the key was never followed by food. Pigeons acquired an errorless discrimination by pecking reliably in the presence of the green light but never in the presence of the line. The line inhibited pecking in later tests: when the white line was paired with food, key peck acquisition was retarded; and when the white line was superimposed on the green background, responding was suppressed.
The relationship between aberrant neuronal activation in the pregenual anterior cingulate, altered glutamatergic metabolism, and anhedonia in major depression.

CONTEXT Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by diverse metabolic and functional abnormalities that occur in, among other regions, the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC), a cortical region linked to anhedonia. OBJECTIVES To contextualize metabolic, functional, and clinical parameters and thus to reveal cellular mechanisms related to anhedonia. DESIGN The pgACC was investigated using a combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopic approach. Negative blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activations in the pgACC were assessed during emotional stimulation. Quantitative J-resolved magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the pgACC enabled simultaneous determination of glutamine, glutamate, N-acetylaspartate, glucose, and gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations. Subjective emotional intensity ratings as well as various clinical parameters were determined. SETTING The patients were recruited and evaluated in the Department of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, while the measurements were performed in the Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and the Technical University Zurich. PARTICIPANTS Nineteen unmedicated patients with MDD and 24 healthy subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Reduced glutamine levels and lower functional responses in pgACC in anhedonic depressed patients were expected to be the predominant effect of abnormal glutamatergic transmission. It was further tested if, among patients, the ratings of emotional intensity on visual stimulation predicted the amount of metabolic and functional alterations in terms of reduced relative metabolite concentrations and BOLD changes. RESULTS Patients with highly anhedonic MDD show decreased glutamine but normal glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations, with glutamine concentrations being dissociated from glucose concentrations. Glutamate and N-acetylaspartate concentrations in pgACC correlate with negative BOLD responses induced by emotional stimulation in MDD; whereas in healthy subjects, negative BOLD responses correlate with gamma-aminobutyric acid instead. Negative BOLD responses as well as glutamate and N-acetylaspartate concentrations correlate with emotional intensity ratings, an anhedonia surrogate, in those with MDD but not in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION Aberrant neuronal activation patterns of the pgACC in anhedonic depression are related to deficits of glutamatergic metabolism.
Childhood sexuality and rights in the context of HIV/AIDS

The primary objective in this study was to explore what HIV and AIDS mean to seven‐ and eight‐year‐old children in South Africa and how sexual and gender dynamics are embedded within these meanings. Against representations that associate young children with innocence, the paper argues for a more capacious view of young children as sexual and gendered agents with the ability to exercise their rights. In contrast to research that addresses children as relatively passive desexualised beings, focusing on their dependence on adults, their innocence and their need for protection, this paper examines how HIV and AIDS are constructed and negotiated by young people. It views children not simply in terms of their need for sexual rights but as potentially active participants in the negotiation of their rights. Viewing children's rights as highly contested, the notion that young children have sexual rights opens up possibilities for children (including those from marginalised groups) to talk about their concerns and pleasures, fears and hopes, as well as issues relating to sexual rights and resistances. By working creatively with teachers, it may be possible to broaden young children's knowledge of HIV and AIDS and sexuality within a more supportive environment.
Salivary Hormonal Responses and Performance Changes During 15 Weeks of Mixed Aerobic and Weight Training in Elite Junior Wrestlers

Abstract Passelergue, PA and Lac, G. Salivary hormonal responses and performance changes during 15 weeks of mixed aerobic and weight training in elite junior wrestlers. J Strength Cond Res 26(11): 3049–3058, 2012—To prepare efficiently for competition, wrestlers usually train physically for a period of approximately 12–20 weeks. Numerous physical qualities must be developed during this period of preparation: aerobic fitness, maximal strength, muscular endurance, power, and speed. However, numerous studies have concluded that it is difficult to concurrently develop strength and aerobic fitness for several reasons, in particular antagonistic endocrine variations. The study involved 15 elite junior wrestlers who trained at a sports training school for 15 weeks. To investigate the effects of long-term training and to assess the relationships between hormonal concentrations (salivary testosterone [T] and cortisol [C]) and performance changes during simultaneous strength and aerobic fitness training, 6 saliva samples and 3 physical tests and 2 measures of body composition were made during the training period. Wrestlers had a significant increase (+1.5 kg) in body weight without changes in percentage body fat. Apart from the 20-m maximal shuttle speed, all performances increased significantly during the 15 weeks of training: maximum mechanical power output (Pmax: +12.8%), mean power during 30 seconds (Pmean: +10.8%), bench press (+5.7%), squat (+23.1%), power clean (+6.1%), time to 3,000- and 30-m sprints (−3.6, −1.3% respectively). During the period that the C increased, there was no significant variation for the T. The T/C ratio followed a variation pattern contrary to that of the C. We found strong correlations between salivary T, C, and T/C and the variation in explosive strength. Our results suggest that data about subjects' salivary C, T, and T/C may be employed to optimize the training process for sports people who need to develop strength and aerobic fitness simultaneously.
Random migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes induced by GM‐CSF involving a signal transduction pathway different from that of fMLP

Granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) Induced random migration of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) but not chemotaxis. Chemoattractants such as N‐formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (fMLP), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) induced both random migration and chemotaxis. Other inflammatory cytokines, including granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF), interleukin 1α (IL‐1α), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), did not induce either movement. One‐minute exposure of PMNs to GM‐CSF was sufficient for the induction of random migration, whereas fMLP‐induced random migration required continued presence of fMLP. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐K), protein kinase C (PKC), and protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) had no effect on random migration induced by GM‐CSF, whereas fMLP‐induced movements were partially inhibited by PTK inhibitors but not by inhibitors of PI3‐K inhibitors nor PKC inhibitors. Myosin light chain kinase inhibitors inhibited movements of PMNs induced by both GM‐CSF and fMLP. These findings also imply that some aspects of the signal transduction pathway of GM‐CSF leading to random migration is different from that of fMLP. Our findings suggest that cell movements are controlled through diverse signal transduction systems. J. Leukoc. Biol. 61: 500–506; 1997.
Estimating Society's Willingness to Pay to Maintain Viable Rural Communities

Declining populations in rural and regional areas have become a high political priority in Australia. Calls for measures to support rural communities have been prompted by substantial population declines in some country areas. In Europe and the USA, similar political pressures to halt population losses in rural and regional areas are also apparent; often as a component of the multifunctionality of agriculture. The question addressed in the present paper is whether or not the Australian tax-paying public would be willing to pay to avoid losses of people from rural and regional areas that may result from environmental protection measures. As an integral component of two recent non-market, environmental valuation exercises using Choice Modelling, the value of the benefits associated with the maintenance of rural populations has been estimated. The results demonstrate that a positive existence value is held primarily by urban dwellers for rural population levels.
Celiac disease, thyrotoxicosis, and autoimmune hepatitis in a child.

Autoimmune diseases such as celiac disease (CD), juvenile diabetes mellitus, and thyroid dysfunction tend to cluster in one patient (1–5). This may occur because of a common association with HLA-class II molecules DR3, DQ2, and DR4, DQ8 (6). The role of gluten in predisposing a patient to other autoimmune diseases has been suggested. Usually autoimmune disorders precede mucosal inflammation, and it has been suggested that a gluten-free diet may protect against the development of other autoimmunopathies, although this is not always the case (7). Autoimmune hepatitis is one of the rare disorders occasionally reported in association with CD (8), although transiently increased serum aminotransferase levels is more commonly observed (9). Here we describe a child in whom two additional autoimmune diseases developed after the diagnosis of CD and who had a strong family history of autoimmunopathies.
Potential role of milk fat globule membrane in modulating plasma lipoproteins, gene expression, and cholesterol metabolism in humans: a randomized study.

BACKGROUND Butter is rich in saturated fat [saturated fatty acids (SFAs)] and can increase plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, compared with other dairy foods, butter is low in milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) content, which encloses the fat. We hypothesized that different dairy foods may have distinct effects on plasma lipids because of a varying content of MFGM. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate whether the effects of milk fat on plasma lipids and cardiometabolic risk markers are modulated by the MFGM content. DESIGN The study was an 8-wk, single-blind, randomized, controlled isocaloric trial with 2 parallel groups including overweight men and women (n = 57 randomly assigned). For the intervention, subjects consumed 40 g milk fat/d as either whipping cream (MFGM diet) or butter oil (control diet). Intervention foods were matched for total fat, protein, carbohydrates, and calcium. Subjects were discouraged from consuming any other dairy products during the study. Plasma markers of cholesterol absorption and hepatic cholesterol metabolism were assessed together with global gene-expression analyses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS As expected, the control diet increased plasma lipids, whereas the MFGM diet did not [total cholesterol (±SD): +0.30 ± 0.49 compared with -0.04 ± 0.49 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.024); LDL cholesterol: +0.36 ± 0.50 compared with +0.04 ± 0.36 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.024); apolipoprotein B:apolipoprotein A-I ratio: +0.03 ± 0.09 compared with -0.05 ± 0.10 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.007); and non-HDL cholesterol: +0.24 ± 0.49 compared with -0.14 ± 0.51 mmol/L, respectively (P = 0.013)]. HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, sitosterol, lathosterol, campesterol, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 plasma concentrations and fatty acid compositions did not differ between groups. Nineteen genes were differentially regulated between groups, and these genes were mostly correlated with lipid changes. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to milk fat without MFGM, milk fat enclosed by MFGM does not impair the lipoprotein profile. The mechanism is not clear although suppressed gene expression by MFGM correlated inversely with plasma lipids. The food matrix should be considered when evaluating cardiovascular aspects of different dairy foods. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01767077.
Theory of laser-amplifier injection locking.

The theory of the laser amplifier is developed for conditions in which the strength of the input signal is increased from small values, where the amplification is linear, to larger values, where the amplification becomes nonlinear. The below-threshold laser amplifier oscillates at a single frequency equal to that of the input signal, and its properties are found by solution of the nonlinear equation of motion for the single excitation amplitude. For the above-threshold laser amplifier, the effects of the nonlinear behavior are to shift the laser frequency from its free-running value and to transfer intensity from the laser line to the signal frequency and to a range of satellite lines, whose frequency detunings are integer multiples of the signal detuning. The intensities of the various emission lines of the laser are calculated by power-series expansions of the field amplitudes up to terms of fourth order in the input signal strength. The onset of injection locking is determined by the conditions for which the intensity at the shifted free-running laser frequency falls to zero. The injection-locked state is characterized by a single excitation frequency equal to that of the input signal, and its properties are found by solution of the same nonlinear equation of motion as for the below-threshold amplifier. The ranges of input signal strength and detuning are determined for which the injection-locked state is stable. The energy conservation properties of the laser amplifier are considered for each of its operating states. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Association of Polymorphisms in the Interleukin‐18 Gene in Patients With Crohn's Disease Depending on the CARD15/NOD2 Genotype

Background: An increased expression of interleukin‐18 (IL‐18), a proinflammatory cytokine inducing interferon‐&ggr;, has been found in Crohn's disease (CD). In the IL‐18 gene, several partly functional relevant polymorphisms are known. This study sought to investigate associations of IL‐18 polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel disease and CD according to CARD15/NOD2 mutation status and clinical phenotypes. Methods: The IL‐18 polymorphisms −607, −137, and the third position of codon 35 (c35/3) were genotyped in 210 patients with CD, 140 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 265 healthy controls using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results: Frequencies of alleles and genotypes of the 3 polymorphisms and of the respective haplotypes and diplotypes displayed no significant differences between the whole groups of patients with CD and ulcerative colitis, respectively, compared with the controls. After stratification of patients with CD for CARD15/NOD2 status, significant associations of genotypes −137 CC (P = 0.018) and c35/3 CC (P = 0.010) and of the diplotype 2‐2 (P = 0.018) were found in cases carrying CARD15/NOD2 mutations. Associations of genotypes −137 GG (P = 0.015) and c35/3 AA (P = 0.030) with colonic disease only in cases positive for CARD15/NOD2 mutations and of the genotype −607 AA (P = 0.007) with fistulas in cases negative for CARD15/NOD2 mutations were observed. Conclusions: In this study, significant differences of several genotypes and diplotypes within the IL‐18 gene in CD depending on CARD15/NOD2 status have been found. In context with an increased expression of IL‐18 in CD, it remains to be shown whether the expression of IL‐18 is influenced by CARD15/NOD2 mutation status.
Adoption of Pollution Prevention Techniques: The Role of Management Systems, Demand-Side Factors and Complementary Assets

Madhu Khanna Dept. of Agricultural and Consumer Economics University of Illinois 1301 W. Gregory Drive Urbana, IL 61801 Tel: 217-333-5176 khanna1@uiuc.edu George Deltas Department of Economics University of Illinois 1206 S. Sixth Street Champaign, IL 61820 Tel: 217-333-4586 deltas@uiuc.edu Donna R. Harrington Department of Agricultural Economics and Business J.D. Maclachlan Building University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 Tel: (519) 824-4120 Ext. 53855 dramirez@uoguelph.ca
Recurrence of varices after oesophageal transection: Intra‐operative and postoperative assessment by endoscopy

Intra‐operative and postoperative endoscopy were used in 16 patients with portal hypertension to investigate whether intra‐operative elimination of oesophageal varices by oesophageal transection with devascularization leads to prevention of variceal recurrence and rebleeding. Intra‐operative elimination of the varices was achieved in 12 patients. In ten patients the varices recurred and in two cases rebled, during the follow‐up period of 6‐43 months (average 25 months). of the ten patients with recurrent varices, eight (including the two who bled acutely in the postoperative period) successfully underwent endoscopic injection sclerotherapy. Postoperative endoscopy was performed at 5‐monthly intervals. It is concluded that intra‐operative elimination of the varices will not prevent recurrence and that a closer follow‐up using endoscopy more than three times a year is a significant aid in the management of these patients.