Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social Class and Educational Attainment: Do Blacks Benefit Less from Increases in Parents’ Social Class Status?

Classic and contemporary studies show that greater social class status is associated with higher levels of education for youth. However, racialized processes might constrain the benefits blacks receive from increases in parents’ social class. In this study the authors use the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 to estimate whether race moderates the relationship among three common measures of youths’ social class during high school (parents’ occupations, family income, and parents’ level of education) and their college enrollment two years after high school and educational attainment eight years after high school. The results suggest that black youth receive lower benefits from social class than whites for both outcomes, and parents’ gender plays a role in the racial differences in the link between social class and both outcomes. The authors also find a three-way interaction with family structure for mothers (among race, social class, and family structure); among youth not in two-parent households, blacks benefit less than whites from mothers’ occupational prestige on enrollment. This study extends the literature on social class and racial inequality in education by explicitly testing whether black youth receive lower benefits from social class in their attainment. Doing so separately for mothers’ and fathers’ social class characteristics uncovers a nuanced pattern useful for understanding race as a moderator to social class.
Psychological and criminogenic factors underlying gangsterism among Indians in Malaysia from the perspective of ex-gangsters and police personnel

In recent years, gangsterism and gang related activities among Indians are perplexing and alarming. Although this issue is considered as an old phenomenon, researches related to underlying factors for gangsterism are still lacking. With this in mind, this study aimed to explore psychological and criminogenic factors behind gangsterism among Indians in Malaysia. This study utilized a non-experimental research design. This study is a qualitative research (semi-structured, face-to-face individual interview guide) that makes use of the inductive approach based on a combination of subjectivism and interpretivist philosophies. Six ex-gangsters and four police personnel were interviewed; and their experiences of gangsterism were used to gain a reality-based understanding regarding the factors underlying gangsterism. The thematic analyses generated three psychological factors (negative emotional responses, low self-control, and high impulsivity) and three criminogenic factors (substance abuse, having antisocial peers, and dysfunctional families). One new theme emerged: monetary gain, with three sub-themes (ease of obtaining money, amount and immediacy, and benefits derived from illegal monetary gains). The outcome of this explorative research provides insight to the growing body of knowledge on gangsterism in Malaysia and is useful for community leaders and law enforcement agencies to strategize appropriate intervention, prevention, and suppression efforts to combat gangsterism.
Investigating the Impact of Business Alignment on Job Gratification in an Organization: The Case of a University in Egypt

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of business alignment and job gratifications of employees in a university, viewed as a corporate organization. This study examined if there was an empirically demonstrable connection between these two variables. This empirical research was conducted through a survey on a research sample of 200 employees of an Egyptian University. The results of this study found that there was no significant relationship between these two variables. However, it was found that employees’ job gratification can be sensitive to both positive and negative influences from certain business alignments and job gratification factors. The study concluded that there was relatively little impact of business alignment on job gratification while employee performance has only a very small impact on mediating relationship between business alignment and job gratification. Nevertheless, it is concluded that, in the university context, management should address, promote and monitor corporate intrapreneurship in the organization, eventually creating an organization with employees who are satisfied in their jobs. Managements in such organizations should therefore align themselves towards the promotion of corporate intrapreneurship activities by being receptive to, and by encouraging and rewarding innovative suggestions from employees.
Proposing a Socioculturally-informed Syllabus to Teach Paragraph Writing for Iranian Undergraduate EFL learners: Materials, Methods and Assessment

Due to the importance of humanistic and learner-centered views of language teaching, many instructors and curriculum planners are sensitive of the learners’ needs in creating tailor-made instructional programs and designing effective syllabus for their courses. Accordingly, the present study used a needs analysis procedure to inspect a group of Iranian undergraduate EFL learners’ problems and needs in writing. In fact, the primary stakeholders’ (i.e., 58 learners and 3 writing instructors) views regarding the students’ difficulties in writing and their expectations and suggestions regarding the roles and effects of the writing course, instructors and the materials on resolving their problems and, thus, improving their writing ability were explored by using two sets of open-ended surveys. Subsequently, in light of the findings of the study a socioculturally-informed syllabus, which can guide the selection of materials, teaching methods and assessment techniques in a writing course, was proposed and elaborated upon. Insights provided by the present study can be useful for writing teachers, researchers, and possibly syllabus designers and curriculum planners, to design an appropriate and accountable writing course for their learners to identify and resolve their problems and, thus, enhance their writing quality.
Intergroup contact as a strategy to improve humanness attributions: A review of studies

Over the past 15 years, outgroup dehumanization has been a topic of great interest in the field of social psychology. Researchers have in particular investigated the different forms of dehumanization and its detrimental consequences; however, little attention has been paid to the problem of how dehumanizing perceptions can be reduced. In this article, we review the studies that investigate whether intergroup contact may be related to more favorable humanity attributions. Different forms of contact have been considered: direct and imagined contact, cross-group friendships, and extended contact. Evidence regarding direct and imagined contact allows us to conclude that contact attenuates infrahumanization and favors outgroup humanization. For direct and indirect cross-group friendships, in contrast, the association between contact and ameliorated humanity attributions is only supported by correlational evidence. We conclude with a discussion of the practical implications of the studies reviewed, and propose directions for future research.
An Investigation On Whether Social Values Moderate The Relationship Between Risk Taking And Anxiety

The relationship between anxiety and risk taking has been found to have many moderators (e.g., ambiguity, domain). The current study investigated if social values (i.e., considering what is valued to one’s friends, family, and society) was also one of these moderators. During the current study, people were first exposed to a manipulation of social values (i.e., either risk taking or safety seeking is socially valued) before completing the Balloon Analogue Risk Task and a measure of anxiety. People took significantly more risks when risk taking was manipulated to be socially valued. However, no significant correlation between anxiety and risk taking was found overall or for each condition. Although it is unclear why no correlation between anxiety and risk taking was found, this study exemplified that it is possible to manipulate social values regarding risk taking. Moreover, these results offer more support for social values theory regarding risk taking (Stone & Allgaier, 2008), which suggests that people take the values of their friends, family, and society into account when making risky decisions.
Why we need a more humanistic positive organizational scholarship: Carl Rogers’ person-centered approach as a challenge to neoliberalism.

Recent years have seen much interest in the new field of Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS). POS focuses specifically on what is positive, flourishing, and life-giving in organizations, and how to cultivate individual and organizational performance. In this article I will discuss the humanistic approach of Carl Rogers and how it can contribute to POS. Rogers is well known for his work on human relations and like POS he was concerned with the promotion of human flourishing. However, unlike POS, Rogers’ approach was based on a distinctive view of human nature and non-directive practice. By comparison, it looks like POS talks the language of human flourishing while offering ways in which to control and direct people as part of the neoliberal hegemony that humanistic scholars might see as the problem. I would like to advocate for a humanistic POS; one which explicitly has the aim of liberation and empowerment.
Adaptable architectures for acceleration of protocol processing using FPGAs(本文)

The emergence of multi-Gigabit Ethernet and ever-increasing volume of network traffic on the Internet has begun outpacing server capacity to manage incoming data. In recent years, the network traffic exhibits constant increase, due to the confluence of many market trends. Today, data centers are considering employment of new technologies, such as 40and 100-Gb Ethernet, however their adoption rate is still rather small. The major concern is that the potential for such high bandwidths would not be exploited, due to the communication overhead that consumes high levels of processor’s processing power. One major source of processing overhead is the TCP/IP stack. This problem has been addressed in various methods. One method is to dedicate one or more cores for TCP/IP processing exclusively. However, with the new paradigm shift to multicore processors, it is hard to guarantee the high throughput for inherently sequential processes, such as cyclic redundancy checks. Other methods include protocol processing offloading onto a specialized hardware and using special large packets known as jumbo frames. This has been specially beneficial in storage applications that transfer large blocks of data. The future networks also seem to take a new direction toward so called programmable networks, which will allow greater agility, programmability and flexibility. In this dissertation, we take another step in this direction by utilizing programmable hardware to achieve the same goals. At first, we target one of the challenging aspects of iSCSI processing, which is processing of digests or Cyclic Redundancy Checks (CRC). CRCs are often characterized as computationally intensive, and thus often substituted with less efficient error detection schemes. We propose a non-adaptable and fully-adaptable CRC accelerators based on a table-based algorithm, which has been rarely used in hardware implementations. The non-adaptable CRC accelerator is suitable for acceleration of a specific application, and has no ability to adapt to a new standard or an application. The fully-adaptable CRC accelerator has ability to process arbitrary number of input data and generates CRC for any known CRC standard during run-time. We modify table generation algorithm in order to decrease its space complexity. We also address the problem of efficiently implementing IP-based iSCSI Offload Engine which operates on the top of the TCP/IP protocol stack. Based on the analysis of iSCSI traffic, CPU utilization and throughput of software-based Open-iSCSI, we propose a new architecture which offloads data transfer and related non-data functions to an FPGA based adapter. The resulting architecture relieves the host CPU from computational burden imposed by software
Error-Free Communication in the Presence of Duplication Errors.

This paper is concerned with the problem of error-free communication over the i.i. d. duplication channel which acts on a transmitted sequence $ x_1 \cdots x_n $ by inserting a random number of copies of each symbol $ x_i $ next to the original symbol. The random variables representing the numbers of inserted copies at each position $ i $ are independent and take values in $ \{0, 1, \ldots, r\} $, where $ r $ is a fixed parameter. A more general model in which blocks of $ \ell $ consecutive symbols are being duplicated, and which is inspired by DNA-based data storage systems wherein the stored molecules are subject to tandem-duplication mutations, is also analyzed. A construction of optimal codes correcting all patterns of errors of this type is described, and the zero-error capacity of the duplication channel---the largest rate at which information can be transmitted through it in an error-free manner---is determined for each $ \ell $ and $ r $.
Predict-first experiments and modeling of perturbative cold pulses in the DIII-D tokamak

Cold pulses are introduced in Ohmic DIII-D tokamak plasmas via injection of impurities with a laser blow-off system, revealing for the first time in this machine a quick increase in core electron temperature shortly after the edge cold-pulse injection at low collisionality. The experimental results are consistent with predict-first simulations of heat transport enabled by the Trapped Gyro-Landau-Fluid transport model. Measurements of electron density evolution during the cold-pulse propagation are enabled by a high time resolution density profile reflectometer. The density evolution reveals the quick propagation of a pulse from edge to core, which is a mechanism to transiently increase core temperature in low-collisionality plasmas. Local transport simulations with measured density evolution demonstrate that the core temperature response can indeed be explained by the stabilization of Trapped Electron Mode turbulence at low collisionality, thus providing confidence that local transport modeling is enough to explain cold-pulse propagation and associated phenomenology.Cold pulses are introduced in Ohmic DIII-D tokamak plasmas via injection of impurities with a laser blow-off system, revealing for the first time in this machine a quick increase in core electron temperature shortly after the edge cold-pulse injection at low collisionality. The experimental results are consistent with predict-first simulations of heat transport enabled by the Trapped Gyro-Landau-Fluid transport model. Measurements of electron density evolution during the cold-pulse propagation are enabled by a high time resolution density profile reflectometer. The density evolution reveals the quick propagation of a pulse from edge to core, which is a mechanism to transiently increase core temperature in low-collisionality plasmas. Local transport simulations with measured density evolution demonstrate that the core temperature response can indeed be explained by the stabilization of Trapped Electron Mode turbulence at low collisionality, thus providing confidence that local transport modeling is enough .
A new deep-water Tethya (Porifera, Tethyida, Tethyidae) from the Great Australian Bight and an updated Tethyida phylogeny

A new species of Tethya Lamarck, 1815 is described from a depth of 1000 m on the continental slope of the Great Australian Bight (GAB), southern Australia. The GAB slope was explored as part of systematic benthic surveys to understand unexplored communities in the light of current oil and gas exploration activity in the area. Tethya irisae sp. nov. was present at 1000 m in six of eight longitudinal depth surveys. Three molecular markers were obtained: COI, 28S (D3–D5) and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. COI and 28S phylogenetic analyses show that the new species fits clearly within the genus Tethya. This is the 28th species of Tethya reported from Australia; it is unusual in that it has a stalk. The presence of a stalk as a morphological character to split genera in this family is questioned. The description of this new species is an opportunity to revisit the molecular phylogeny of the Tethyida Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015 using comprehensive datasets of COI and 28S markers. As in previous analyses, four Tethya clades were retrieved; we discuss the possibility of using external colour to support some of these clades. Despite unclear phylogenetic relationships amongst Tethyidae Gray, 1848 from Australia, our results suggest that tethyid genera Tethytimea Laubenfels, 1936, Tectitethya Sarà, 1994, Laxotethya Sarà & Sarà, 2002, Stellitethya Sarà, 1994, and Xenospongia Gray, 1858 derive from species of Tethya. We show that asters have been secondarily lost at least twice in the Hemiasterellidae Lendenfeld, 1889: in Liosina Thiele, 1899 and a potential new genus from northern Australia. We formally propose the reallocation of Liosina from Dictyonellidae van Soest, Diaz & Pomponi, 1990 to Hemiasterellidae Lendenfeld, 1889.
Coupled modelling of subglacial hydrology and calving-front melting at Store Glacier, West Greenland

Abstract. We investigate the subglacial hydrology of Store Glacier in West Greenland, using the open-source, full-Stokes model Elmer/Ice in a novel 3D application that includes a distributed water sheet, as well as discrete channelised drainage, and a 1D model to simulate submarine plumes at the calving front. At first, we produce a baseline winter scenario with no surface meltwater. We then investigate the hydrological system during summer, focussing specifically on 2012 and 2017, which provide examples of high and low surface-meltwater inputs, respectively. We show that the common assumption of zero winter freshwater flux is invalid, and we find channels over 1 m2 in area occurring up to 5 km inland in winter. We also find that the production of water from friction and geothermal heat is sufficiently high to drive year-round plume activity, with ice-front melting averaging 0.15 m d−1. When the model is forced with seasonally averaged surface melt from summer, we show a hydrological system with significant distributed sheet activity extending 65 and 45 km inland in 2012 and 2017, respectively; while channels with a cross-sectional area higher than 1 m2 form as far as 55 and 30 km inland. Using daily values for the surface melt as forcing, we find only a weak relationship between the input of surface meltwater and the intensity of plume melting at the calving front, whereas there is a strong correlation between surface-meltwater peaks and basal water pressures. The former shows that storage of water on multiple timescales within the subglacial drainage system plays an important role in modulating subglacial discharge. The latter shows that high melt inputs can drive high basal water pressures even when the channelised network grows larger. This has implications for the future velocity and mass loss of Store Glacier, and the consequent sea-level rise, in a warming world.
Validity Evidence for the Flow State Scale-2 with University Athletes

Abstract Flow is an optimal psychological state, a very positive experience associated with high levels of performance in various areas of human activity such as sports. This study sought evidence for the construct validity of the Brazilian version of FSS-2 and, in this way, contribute with theoretical and empirical resources for the research and professional practice of Brazilian psychologists in the field of sports and physical exercise. This instrument provides a global measure and specifically measures nine dimensions of the flow experience. The participants were 366 athletes, men and women, 16-41 years of age, who played futsal, handball, volleyball and rugby and disputed the University Games Gaúchos 2015. The scores of the subjects were subjected to Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Indices of content, factorial, convergent and discriminant validities and internal consistency were found, discussed according to theoretical and empirical data from this line of research. We conclude that the general adjustments of the model were close to those obtained in the original studies.
Computing Machinery and the Individual: the Personal Turing Test

What are the key features of verbal and non-verbal communication that make a person not just any person, but that person? We pose this challenge in the context of an advancement to the Turing Test. If we know the answers to this question, the key features for any specific individual could be embodied within computerised representations, or agents. For a computerised agent convincingly to represent a real person to that person’s contacts, friends, family and colleagues is likely to have many applications as we move to the era of the self distributed over networks. Here we lay out the key features of our new Personal Turing Test, with reference to a highly successful – and convincing – (verbal) chatbot, called Jabberwacky. We expand our ideas somewhat to cover non verbal cues that may characterise a person, and end with suggested application examples and ethical questions.
Gender Differences in Marathon Pacing and Performance Prediction

In this study, we demonstrate that men overestimate their marathon abilities compared to women and propose that this may result from men's relative overconfidence as well as lead men to execute suboptimal race strategy relative to women. We present a novel dataset of marathoners' predicted finish times from the 2013 Houston Marathon. Using the runners’ ex-ante predictions of their own marathon finish times, we show that men consistently overestimate their abilities relative to women. Further, we find that men slow more than women in the later stages of the race and find that less even pacing is correlated with worse marathon performance, results in-line with previous studies. Finally, we argue that this poor pacing is in part explained by men's overconfidence.