Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differences between intermittent and light daily smokers in a population of U.S. military recruits.

INTRODUCTION Few studies have assessed differences between intermittent and light smokers, particularly among young adults. Exploring these differences promotes a systematic approach to research and treatment in low-level smokers. This study explored demographic, tobacco-related, and psychosocial predictors of intermittent nondaily smoking relative to light smoking among basic military training (BMT) recruits. The impact of smoking status on abstinence rates at follow-up was also assessed. METHODS Participants were 5,603 U.S. Air Force BMT intermittent nondaily (n = 3,134) or light daily (n = 2,469) smoking recruits participating in a population-based group randomized trial targeting tobacco use prevention and cessation (Klesges et al., 2006, Efficacy of a tailored tobacco control program on long-term use in a population of U.S. military troops. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 295-306.). Participants completed baseline measures assessing demographics; tobacco use and history; and common social, attitudinal, and behavioral risk factors for tobacco use. Flights of recruits were randomly assigned to a tobacco use intervention or health education control intervention. At the 1-year follow-up, participants reported 7-day point prevalence and continuous abstinence. RESULTS Intermittent nondaily smoking relative to light daily smoking was associated with lesser perceived addiction, intermittent and daily use of smokeless tobacco, nonsmoking male and female heads of household, lesser likelihood of smoking while stressed or while bored, and higher likelihood of intentions to quit smoking. Intermittent smokers were significantly more likely than light daily smokers to report abstinence at follow-up. DISCUSSION Intermittent and daily light smokers differ on several tobacco-related and psychosocial variables. Attending to these factors in prevention and cessation programs may enhance abstinence in both groups.
Early recovery experience of patients with injury in Taiwan.

PURPOSE To fill out the gaps in the existing research on the early recovery experiences of patients who have suffered moderate to severe injuries. DESIGN Exploratory phenomenology was applied in this study. METHODS Data were collected at a hospital in Taiwan from a purposive sample of 14 participants who were interviewed before hospital discharge. Semi-structured and audio-taped interviews were conducted. Colaizzi's methods were applied to analyze data. Four criteria were applied to establish the rigors of this study. FINDINGS The patients expressed that during the early stages following their injury, several aspects of the traumatic event caused them concern. Six themes were delineated: "experience of acute pain after the injury," "inability to fulfill daily needs," "concerns with impacts caused by the injury," "perceiving that time is needed to recover," "applying multiple methods to restore one's health," and "perceiving fate as the cause of the accident. " CONCLUSIONS The findings identify that injuries bring several problems for patients. Some culture-related issues such as Chinese diets, Chinese medicine, and karmic causation have emerged. Clinicians should better understand patient care needs in the early stages of recovery after an injury. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings from this study could lead to new interventions, and finally improve care outcomes for patients with injuries.
Interactive effects among ecosystem services and management practices on crop production: Pollination in coffee agroforestry systems

Crop productivity is improved by ecosystem services, including pollination, but this should be set in the context of trade-offs among multiple management practices. We investigated the impact of pollination services on coffee production, considering variation in fertilization, irrigation, shade cover, and environmental variables such as rainfall (which stimulates coffee flowering across all plantations), soil pH, and nitrogen availability. After accounting for management interventions, bee abundance improved coffee production (number of berries harvested). Some management interventions, such as irrigation, used once to trigger asynchronous flowering, dramatically increased bee abundance at coffee trees. Others, such as the extent and type of tree cover, revealed interacting effects on pollination and, ultimately, crop production. The effects of management interventions, notably irrigation and addition of lime, had, however, far more substantial positive effects on coffee production than tree cover. These results suggest that pollination services matter, but managing the asynchrony of flowering was a more effective tool for securing good pollination than maintaining high shade tree densities as pollinator habitat. Complex interactions across farm and landscape scales, including both management practices and environmental conditions, shape pollination outcomes. Effective production systems therefore require the integrated consideration of management practices in the context of the surrounding habitat structure. This paper points toward a more strategic use of ecosystem services in agricultural systems, where ecosystem services are shaped by the coupling of management interventions and environmental variables.
The Role of Boron in the Translocation of Sucrose.

In view of the well-known reaction of the borate ion with OH-rich compounds and its recent application in the borating of sugars in order that they may be separated on ion-exchange columns (14, 18), the authors conceived and tested an hypothesis as to one essential role of boron in plants. The hypothesis is that boron combines with sugar to form a sugar-borate complex (ionizable) which is translocated with greater facility than are nonborated, non-ionized sugar molecules. Inasmuch as most studies have indicated that sucrose does not move readily through cellular membranes, the work reported herein was limited to sucrose and the effect of a few (5 to 10) parts per million of boron on its translocation.
High Prevalence of KatG Ser315Thr Substitution among Isoniazid-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates from Northwestern Russia, 1996 to 2001

ABSTRACT A total of 204 isoniazid (INH)-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from different patients in the northwestern region of Russia from 1996 to 2001 were screened by a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. This assay uses HapII cleavage of an amplified fragment of the katG gene to detect the transversion 315AGC→ACC (Ser→Thr), which is associated with INH resistance. This analysis revealed a 93.6% prevalence of the katG S315T mutation in strains from patients with both newly and previously diagnosed cases of tuberculosis (TB). This mutation was not found in any of 57 INH-susceptible isolates included in the study. The specificity of the assay was 100%; all isolates that contained the S315T mutation were classified as resistant by a culture-based susceptibility testing method. The Beijing genotype, defined by IS6110-RFLP analysis and the spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) method, was found in 60.3% of the INH-resistant strains studied. The katG S315T shift was more prevalent among Beijing genotype strains than among non-Beijing genotype strains: 97.8 versus 84.6%, respectively, for all isolates, including those from patients with new and previously diagnosed cases, isolated from 1999 to 2001 and 100.0 versus 86.5%, respectively, for isolates from patients with new cases isolated from 1996 to 2001. The design of this PCR-RFLP assay allows the rapid and unambiguous identification of the katG 315ACC mutant allele. The simplicity of the assay permits its implementation into routine practice in clinical microbiology laboratories in regions with a high incidence of TB where this mutation is predominant, including northwestern Russia.
Purification and characterization of cMGF, a novel chicken myelomonocytic growth factor.

We describe the purification of a novel hematopoietic growth factor from conditioned medium of a transformed macrophage cell line. The factor, termed chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF) stimulates the growth of chicken myeloblasts transformed by myb oncogene‐containing retroviruses and induces the formation of macrophage colonies in uninfected chick bone marrow cultures. The biological activity of the factor is destroyed by trypsin and by reducing reagents but not by SDS. Analysis of crude conditioned medium on non‐reducing SDS gels reveals two active species of cMGF with mol. wts. of 23 and 27 kd. Incubation of radioiodinated partially purified cMGF with myeloblasts demonstrates the specific binding of 23‐ and 27‐kd components under non‐reducing, and 25‐ and 29‐kd components under reducing conditions. Glycosylation inhibition experiments indicate that the larger molecules represent glycosylated forms of a single protein moiety. The 27‐kd species has been purified to homogeneity (80 000‐fold enrichment) and exerts its half maximal activity at 2 X 10(‐12) M and its maximal activity at 3 X 10(‐11) M. Antibodies prepared to purified cMGF completely neutralize the growth‐stimulating activity of the factor.
Language, Dialect, and Register: Sociolinguistics and the Estimation of Measurement Error in the Testing of English Language Learners

This article examines the intersection of psychornetrics and sociolinguists in the testing of English language learners (ELLs); it discusses language, dialect, and register as sources of measurement error. Research findings show that the dialect of the language in which students are tested (e.g., local or standard English) is as important as language as a facet that influences score dependability in ELL testing. The development, localization, review, and sampling of items are examined as aspects of the process of test construction critical to properly attaining linguistic alignment: the correspondence between the features of the dialect and the register used in a test, and the features of the language to which ELLs are exposed in both formal and instructional contexts.
Predictive Biomarkers and Personalized Medicine Targeting FGFR with Dovitinib ( TKI 258 ) : Preclinical and Clinical Data in Breast Cancer

Purpose: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and FGFR2 amplifications are observed in approximately 10% of breast cancers and are related to poor outcomes. We evaluated whether dovitinib (TKI258), an inhibitor of FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3, presented antitumor activity in FGFR-amplified breast
Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: influence, impact and implications

Despite being recognized as one of the most successful public health measures, vaccination is perceived as unsafe and unnecessary by a growing number of parents. Anti-vaccination movements have been implicated in lowered vaccine acceptance rates and in the increase in vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks and epidemics. In this review, we will look at determinants of parental decision-making about vaccination and provide an overview of the history of anti-vaccination movements and its clinical impact.
Estimating the number of green and loggerhead turtles nesting annually in the Mediterranean

Most species of marine turtle breed every two or more years and it is the norm for females to lay more than one clutch of eggs within a nesting season. Knowing the interval between breeding seasons and the clutch frequency (number of clutches laid by an individual in a breeding season) of females allows us to assess the status of a nesting population. At Alagadi Beach, Northern Cyprus, over a period of 6 years (1995–2000), we attributed 96% of green Chelonia mydas and 80% of loggerhead Caretta caretta turtle clutches to known individual females. This intensive level of monitoring enabled us to estimate the clutch frequency for both species. Using four different methods we estimated clutch frequency to be 2.9–3.1 clutches per female for green turtles and 1.8–2.2 clutches per female for loggerhead turtles. The median interval between nesting seasons for green turtles was 3 years, and for loggerhead turtles it was 2 years. Utilizing these parameters and available data from other beaches that are monitored regularly, we estimate that there are 2,280–2,787 logger-head and 339–360 green turtles nesting annually at these sites in the Mediterranean. This highlights the Critically Endangered status of this population of green turtles. Furthermore, as conventional beach patrols underestimate clutch frequency, these population estimates are likely to be optimistic.
Publicly reported physician ratings: here to stay but not yet ready for prime time.

Public reporting of physician performance—whether user-generated physician rating websites or metrics-driven, scientifically based performance reports—is a reality of health care today and is increasingly tied to high-stakes outcomes, including reimbursement and compensation. With the rise of the consumerism movement, more and more patients are proactive in choosing their providers and are increasingly turning to the Internet to make their selection and to voice their opinions about providers with whom they have interacted. In the past, patients’ conversations about their physicians largely consisted of informal discussions with friends, family members and acquaintances that extended no further than the two or three individuals involved. With the Internet, these conversations now have rapid and widespread distribution via online physician rating websites. And they can affect physicians’ reputations. The stakes associated with metrics-driven physician performance assessments are also greater than in the past. As the cornerstone of the delivery system, physicians exert significant influence through clinical decision-making on the quality and cost of health care.1 Many stakeholders are looking to individual physician performance ratings with the goal of standardizing care with best practice guidelines and thus improving quality and cost efficiency. Governmental agencies, payers, advocacy groups and consumers are more frequently demanding transparency in physician performance than in the past, as a means for improving the quality and cost efficiency of health care. Payers are using rating systems to identify physicians deemed to provide care of higher quality and greater cost efficiency and are offering patients benefit plans that incentivize the selection of higher-ranking physicians. As the outcomes of physician ratings are increasingly tied to reimbursement and compensation, the validity, reliability and relevance of these systems becomes crucially important. It is important for physician leaders to understand the current state of physician ratings systems, the likely future trends, the potential utility and negative consequences of ratings systems, and how to best guide their organizations to make the most of the opportunities afforded by these systems and minimize the potential risks.
The Learning Process of Scientific Imagineering through AR in Order to Enhance STEM Literacy

The aim of this research was to study the Learning Process of Scientific Imagineering by Augmented Reality to Enhance STEM Literacy. The research methodology was a Document Analysis that was related to the Imagineering and scientific process and Augmented Reality (AR) in Education to enhance the Learning Process of Scientific Imagineering by Augmented Reality to Enhance STEM Literacy. The results showed that the Learning Process of Scientific Imagineering by Augmented Reality to Enhance STEM Literacy consisted of the learning process of Scientific Imagineering and the AR Learning Environment. The learning process of Scientific Imagineering consisted of 6 steps as follows: 1) imagine; 2) study and research; 3) design; 4) develop; 5) present; and 6) evaluate. The AR Learning Environment consists of six factors namely 1) flexibility; 2) user’s reaction; 3) educational efficiency enhancement; 4) learning convenience; 5) motivation building and 6) collaborative learning encouragement. The learning process of Scientific Imagineering and AR Learning environment can develop the student’s STEM Literacy.
Comparison of bacterial leakage resistance of various root canal filling materials and methods: Confocal laser-scanning microscope study.

This study evaluated the bacterial leakage resistance and root canal lining efficacy of various root canal filling materials and methods by using confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM). Sixty extracted human premolars with mature apex and single root canal were randomly divided into 2 control groups and 4 experimental groups. Group CW was filled with continuous wave technique using gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. Group GC was coated with AH-Plus sealer and then obturated with soften GuttaCore. Group GF was obturated using GuttaFlow and gutta-percha. Group EM was filled with EndoSeal MTA and gutta-percha using ultrasonic vibration. The AH-Plus, GuttaFlow, and EndoSeal were labeled with Hoechst 33342 to facilitate fluorescence. The obturated root tip was incubated with Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-stained E. faecalis for 14 days. CLSM was performed to evaluate the sealer distribution and bacterial leakage for the apical 1-, 2-, 3-mm specimens. Statistically significant differences were determined by 1-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test and Pearson's correlation analysis. Group EM showed the better sealer distribution score than the other groups (p < 0.05). Group CW and group GC exhibited the less bacterial leakage than the group GF, while group EM showed the similar bacterial leakage score with the groups CW and GC. There was no significant correlation between the sealer distribution and bacterial leakage (p > 0.05). Under the conditions of this study, different root canal filling materials and methods showed different efficacy for canal distribution and bacterial leakage resistance.
Estimating Spring Terminus Submarine Melt Rates at a Greenlandic Tidewater Glacier Using Satellite Imagery

Oceanic forcing of the Greenland Ice Sheet is believed to promote widespread thinning at tidewater glaciers, with submarine melting proposed as a potential trigger of increased glacier calving, retreat, and subsequent acceleration. The precise mechanism(s) driving glacier instability, however, remain poorly understood, and while increasing evidence points to the importance of submarine melting, estimates of melt rates are uncertain. Here we estimate submarine melt rate by examining freeboard changes in the seasonal ice tongue of Kangiata Nunaata Sermia at the head of Kangersuneq Fjord, southwest Greenland. We calculate melt rates for March and May 2013 by differencing along-fjord surface elevation, derived from high-resolution TanDEM-X digital elevation models, in combination with ice velocities derived from offset tracking applied to TerraSAR-X imagery. Estimated steady state melt rates reach up to 1.4 ± 0.5 m d^-1 near the glacier grounding line, with mean values of up to 0.8 ± 0.3 and 0.7 ± 0.3 m d^1 for the eastern and western parts of the ice tongue, respectively. Melt rates decrease with distance from the ice front and vary across the fjord. This methodology reveals spatio-temporal variations in submarine melt rates at tidewater glaciers which develop floating termini, and can be used to improve our understanding of ice-ocean interactions and submarine melting in glacial fjords.
Expression of non-cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in oocytes and follicles of persistently infected cattle

However, the sounds heard during the latter test are not always easy to interpret; in particular, auscultation over the abdominal ribs can yield normal results in cases of incomplete abomasal displacement. Laparoscopy, as recommended by Dirksen (1990), has never been used in the authors' clinic. In this study, an ultrasonographic examination was essential for a definitive diagnosis in only one cow, in which both percussion auscultation and swinging auscultation were negative. In addition, there were no abomasal sounds on auscultation and the ruminal chloride concentration was normal. The cow had calved 10 days before it was examined and as a diagnosis could not be made after the clinical examination, the reticulum, liver, and right and left abdominal walls were viewed ultrasonographically, after which a diagnosis of LDA could be made. Ultrasonographic observations of LDA and the normal abomasum have little in common. Normally, the abomasum is found ventrally and caudal to the sternum (Wild 1995, Braun and others 1997) and is generally characterised by homogeneous contents with moderately echogenic stippling. Nevertheless, a knowledge of the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal abomasum provides a basis for the diagnosis of left abomasal displacement. Ultrasonography makes it possible to diagnose LDA accurately in dubious cases and can replace exploratory laparotomy, which has been recommended as a last diagnostic resort (Dirksen 1990). As a result, laparotomy can be limited to therapeutic interventions.
The Functions of African Oral Arts: The Arsi-Oromo Oral Arts in Focus

Every African society south of the Sahara has a long history of transmitting knowledge and human experience through the medium of oral tradition. This paper is on the function of oral traditions among the Arsi-Oromo of Ethiopia. Before the coming of Islam and Christianity, the Arsi were followers of Waaqeffannaa (belief in Sky God), the Oromo version of the African traditional religion. In the Arsiland, the Oromo traditional religion existed side by side with Islam, as the latter was mostly tolerant in the past. The indigenous Oromo religious traditions offered Islam an African feature. The cult of Sheikh Hussein of Bale is one quasi-Islamic tradition that has survived. The Arsi oral traditions are good sources about the nature of Waaqeffannaa and the cult of Sheikh Hussein. Based on the oral traditions of the Arsi and other African societies, the writer concluded that in Africa the function of oral traditions is in constant fl ux. In addition to replicating the past experiences of the society, African oral traditions serve also as mediums to provide self-conscious commentary on the patterns of life in their societies. Another conclusion is that the homology or dialectical unity between oral art and its social function is contextually determined. I will show in this paper that the Arsi make extensive use of oral arts to portray the sanctity of an unlived past in an imaginative way. I particularly emphasize how the Arsi use their oral arts to symbolize their religious philoso- phy. AN OVERVIEW OF THE ROLE OF ORAL ARTS IN AFRICA Africa is a continent known for its rich oral traditions. The African oral arts are part and parcel of the continent's long-standing tradition of folk culture. Africa's long tradition of oral artistry still wields a remarkable infl uence on the contemporary life of its society (Zewde, 2000). The African oral traditions facil- itate the transmission of knowledge and conventions from generation to genera- tion. The economic structure and relationships, political traditions and practices, social rules and values of the African societies are still transmitted orally. (1) Oral genres such us love songs, narrative stories, proverbs, cradlesongs, eulo- gies and hymns (poems of praise), epic verses and dirges are examples of Afri- can oral tradition. In addition to these, each African society has songs con- cerning wars, social confl icts, and funerary rites. The life situation of the Afri- can society ranging from sublime religious ideals to everyday practical advice gained symbolic expressions in oral arts. In short, the African oral arts are