Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
driving mechanism Tree-ring derived millennial precipitation record for the south-central Tibetan Plateau and its possible

Knowledge of Asian monsoon variability remains limited because of sparse instrumental data available only for short time series. Here, an updated tree-ring width record covering the period ad 1037–2009 was developed for the south-central Tibetan Plateau (TP). Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship (r = 0.71) between the tree-ring index and annual (previous July to current June) precipitation series for the instrumental period 1963–2008, which accounts for 50.41% of the rainfall variability. Based on a linear regression model, the longest available regional precipitation history was reconstructed. Spatial correlation between tree ring width and annual precipitation data from previous July to current June indicates that the reconstruction is representative of precipitation changes on the south-central TP. Regional wet conditions occurred during ad 1095–1161, 1376–1403, 1414–1446, 1518–1537, 1549–1572, 1702–1757, 1848–1878 and 1891–1913, while dry periods were identified during ad1189–1242, 1256–1314, 1329– 1357, 1470–1491, 1573–1623, 1636–1686, 1761–1821, 1823–1847, 1879–1890 and 1931–1985. The negative correlation between our reconstructed precipitation and India monsoon rainfall series indicates the seesaw pattern over northern and southern monsoon Asia. It is suggested that solar radiationinduced sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the tropical Pacific influence regional rainfall patterns. The degree of this influence has been stable at the multidecadal scale during the past 1000 years.
Carbon Nanotube (CNT)-Reinforced Metal Matrix Bulk Composites: Manufacturing and Evaluation

This chapter deals with the blending and processing methods of CNT-reinforced metal matrix bulk composites (Al/CNT, Cu/CNT and Ni/CNT) in terms of solid-state processing, referring mainly to the research works of the last ten years in this research field. The main methods are depicted in a brief way, and the pros and cons of each method are discussed. Furthermore, a tabular summary of the research work of the mentioned three systems is given, including the blending methods, sintering meth‐ ods, the used amount of CNTs and the finally achieved relative density of the composite. Finally, a brief discussion of each system is attached, which deals with the distribu‐ tion and interaction of the CNTs with the matrix material.
Uptake of Pre-School Vision Screening by Caretakers IS in the New Juaben Municipality, Ghana

Preschool vision screening refers to visual examinations specifically designed for children from the ages of 3 to 5 years. Even though tests performed in this type of screening are similar to those used in adults, they are slightly modified and tailored to suit the needs and nature of these preschool children [1]. Preschool vision screening is necessary for the identification of ocular conditions that may interfere with the development of normal vision, especially at a time when the visual system is highly flexible to treatment through interventions [2].
Parameterization and Validation of a Distributed Coupled Electro-Thermal Model for Prismatic Cells

The temperature distribution in a prismatic Li-ion battery cell can be described using a spatially distributed equivalent circuit electrical model coupled to a 3D thermal model. The model represents a middle ground between simple one or two state models (generally used for cylindrical cells) and complex finite element models. A lumped parameter approach for the thermal properties of the lithium-ion jelly roll is used. The battery is divided into (m × n) nodes in 2-dimensions, and each node is represented by an equivalent circuit and 3 temperatures in the through plane direction to capture the electrical and thermal dynamics respectively. The thermal model is coupled to the electrical through heat generation. The parameters of the equivalent circuit electrical model are temperature and state of charge dependent. Parameterization of the distributed resistances in the equivalent circuit model is demonstrated using lumped parameter measurements, and are a function of local temperature. The model is parameterized and validated with data collected from a 3-cell fixture which replicates pack cooling conditions. Pulsing current experiments are used for validation over a wide range of operating conditions (ambient temperature, state of charge, current amplitude and pulse width). The model is shown to match experimental results with good accuracy. © 2014 ASME
Wintertime hygroscopicity and volatility of ambient urban aerosol particles

Abstract. Hygroscopic and volatile properties of atmospheric aerosol particles with dry diameters of (20), 50, 75, 110 and 145 nm were determined in situ by using a volatility–hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyser (VH-TDMA) system with a relative humidity of 90 % and denuding temperature of 270 ∘ C in central Budapest during 2 months in winter 2014–2015. The probability density function of the hygroscopic growth factor (HGF) showed a distinct bimodal distribution. One of the modes was characterised by an overall mean HGF of approximately 1.07 (this corresponds to a hygroscopicity parameter κ of 0.033) independently of the particle size and was assigned to nearly hydrophobic (NH) particles. Its mean particle number fraction was large, and it decreased monotonically from 69 to 41 % with particle diameter. The other mode showed a mean HGF increasing slightly from 1.31 to 1.38 ( κ values from 0.186 to 0.196) with particle diameter, and it was attributed to less hygroscopic (LH) particles. The mode with more hygroscopic particles was not identified. The probability density function of the volatility GF (VGF) also exhibited a distinct bimodal distribution with an overall mean VGF of approximately 0.96 independently of the particle size, and with another mean VGF increasing from 0.49 to 0.55 with particle diameter. The two modes were associated with less volatile (LV) and volatile (V) particles. The mean particle number fraction for the LV mode decreased from 34 to 21 % with particle diameter. The bimodal distributions indicated that the urban atmospheric aerosol contained an external mixture of particles with a diverse chemical composition. Particles corresponding to the NH and LV modes were assigned mainly to freshly emitted combustion particles, more specifically to vehicle emissions consisting of large mass fractions of soot likely coated with or containing some water-insoluble organic compounds such as non-hygroscopic hydrocarbon-like organics. The hygroscopic particles were ordinarily volatile. They could be composed of moderately transformed aged combustion particles consisting of partly oxygenated organics, inorganic salts and soot. The larger particles contained internally mixed non-volatile chemical species as a refractory residual in 20–25 % of the aerosol material (by volume).
Is Medical School the Right Place to Choose a Specialty ?

MEDICAL SCHOOL AFFORDS STUDENTS THE OPPORTUNITY TO GAIN exposure to the various fields of medicine en route to selecting a specialty. Each spring, the residency match process lights a fire under senior medical students. Interviewing applicants and residencies evaluate and rank each other prior to final placement by the National Residency Matching Program (NRMP). At many schools, the culminating event is a Match Day ceremony, where seniors gather to learn whether their efforts have merited entry into their program of choice. The agony and ecstasy of medical school crystallize into a single moment as the seal is broken on the envelope holding each graduate’s match outcome. The result is met with elation and relief for many, disappointment for some. Most feel satisfaction at advancing closer to a career, perhaps mingled with regret at leaving other options behind. Even amid the jubilation, an undercurrent of anticipation and trepidation is palpable at the prospect of assuming real responsibilities. In 2001, 93.7% of graduating allopathic US medical students matched into residency, accounting for 73.8% of the 18354 positions filled by the NRMP. An additional 4215 positions were filled by US osteopathic applicants, US international medical graduates (IMGs) and non-US IMGs. Overall, available positions in primary and specialty care both showed an 89% fill rate, although entry into primary care was down 3.6% compared to 2000. Residency training is a relatively new development in medical education. In the early 1900s, medical school was considered adequate preparation for general practice. Expansion of information by the 1920s necessitated a “rounding out” year of internship. Specialty training (a privilege reserved for only the most promising candidates) was also launched around this time. Required to live on hospital grounds, these intrepid and typically unpaid souls were aptly dubbed “residents. ” Although much of their time was spent caring for patients, resident physicians also languished in laboratory and custodial work. The process could take many years, advancement was arbitrary, and attrition was high. Some physicians eschewed this pathway and sought specialty training abroad; others proclaimed themselves specialists after brief, unregulated study. The quality of postgraduate education varied widely. The lack of standardization was addressed in the 1930s with the establishment of many specialty boards. By the 1950s, residents exceeded medical students in number and specialist physicians exceeded generalists. A match plan (similar to today’s) was established in 1951. Further refinements included salaries for residents and relaxation of rules pertaining to personal life. The 1970s saw merging of internship and residency as well as proliferation of subspecialty and fellowship training. Electronic application was recently introduced. How will the residency selection process continue to evolve?
Self-Separation from the Air and Ground Perspective

NASA Ames and NLR have both conducted research on free flight and aircraft self-separation. This paper describes the research of both NASA Ames and NLR as it pertains to the task of selfseparation. Air-Ground integration issues are presented from the NASA Ames study, and results from an NLR human-in-the-loop study examining the flight deck perspective of self-separation are provided. The variables that were studied within these two investigations were traffic density, convergence angles, maneuvering automation, and nonnominal cases. Data representing conflict detection times, crew maneuvering procedures, separation losses, and eye gaze patterns are discussed. Future research areas are provided.
Intervascular pit membranes with a torus in the wood of Ulmus (Ulmaceae) and related genera.

• The distribution of intervascular pit membranes with a torus was investigated in juvenile wood samples of 19 species of Ulmus and seven related genera. • A staining solution of safranin and alcian blue (35 : 65) was recommended to distinguish torus-bearing pit membranes using light microscopy. • Intervascular pit membranes connecting relatively wide vessel elements resembled those of most angiosperms, as they were of uniform thickness. By contrast, bordered pit pairs with round to oval pit apertures and indistinct pit canals that connected narrow (incomplete) vessel elements or vascular tracheids with distinct helical thickenings were frequently characterized by a torus in ring-porous wood samples of Ulmus and Zelkova. Tori were lacking in diffuse-porous species of Ampelocera, Aphananthe, Gironniera, Holoptelea, Phyllostylon, Trema and Ulmus. • Our observations suggest that tori are more common in cold temperate climates than in warm (sub)tropical environments. This may indicate that narrow tracheary elements with torus-bearing pit membranes provide an auxiliary conducting system which is of low conductivity, but offers greater resistance to freezing-induced cavitation.
The Effect of Gender on Negotiation Behaviour

Abstract As men and women have different roles in society, their negotiating styles and behaviours are also different. The success of men and women in negotiations depends largely on the type of negotiation (integrative or distributive) and gender stereotypes prevailing in society. There is a general opinion that women are more cooperative, while men are more aggressive and competitive in negotiations. Our findings from the Serbian setting show a somewhat different picture: women do not use more cooperative strategies and tactics than men. Although men focus on winning, they also focus on problem solving; while women focus on conflict avoidance, and, to a certain extent, on mutual relationship. Women are also more sensitive to their counterpart’s age and gender. But, they are also less sincere in negotiations and focus on their own interests, rather than taking care of their own as well as other party’s interests. A major theoretical implication of this research is that the observed differences in the behaviour of female negotiators reflect the pressure to be successful in a male-dominated society where gender stereotypes are quite prominent. Rezime Pošto muškarci i žene imaju razlicite uloge u društvu, njihovi pregovaracki stilovi i ponašanja se tako_e razlikuju. Pregovaracki uspeh muškaraca i žena u velikoj meri zavisi od vrste pregovora (saradnicki ili suparnicki) i rodnih stereotipa koji su izraženi u datom društvu. Uobicajeno je mišljenje da žene više sara_uju, dok se muškarci više nadmecu i agresivniji su. Naše istraživanje u Srbiji pokazalo je malo drugaciju sliku: žene ne koriste više saradnicke strategije i taktike nego muškarci. Iako se muškarci fokusiraju na pobedu, takoe se fokusiraju na rešavanje problema, dok se žene fokusiraju na izbegavanje konflikta i, u manjoj meri, na me_usobne odnose. Žene su takoe osetljivije na godine i rod pregovaraca druge strane. Ali, one su takoe manje iskrene u pregovaranju i fokusiraju se na vlastite interese, umesto da uzimaju u obzir i interese druge strane. Glavna teorijska implikacija ovog istraživanja je da opažene razlike u ponašanju kod pregovaraca ženskog roda odslikavaju pritisak da uspeju u društvu u kojem dominiraju muškarci i u kojem su rodni stereotipi dosta izraženi
The Effects of Pre-task Planning on the Writing Fluency of Iranian EFL Learners

According to Nunan (2004), Task-Based Language Teaching is an approach to the use of tasks as fundamental units of planning and language instruction in language teaching. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of pre-task planning on the fluency of the argumentative essays written by Iranian male and female EFL learners with an intermediate proficiency level. For this purpose, an IELTS Writing Task was administered to a population of 100 EFL learners studying at an English institute in Isfahan. Based on their scores, a sample of 50 intermediate level students were selected and randomly divided into two homogenous groups, 25 each. These samples served as control and experimental groups respectively. The role of gender differences was also investigated in this study. Accordingly, the learners in control group were taught by a structure-based traditional approach while the learners in experimental group were taught by a task-based approach. In order to compare the collected data of the two groups, several t tests were utilized. The obtained results of the written essays by the male students revealed that pre-task planning improved fluency. On the other hand, the comparison of the essays written by the females in both group revealed that they produced more fluent texts.
Identifying the main physical and socio-economic drivers of illegal landfills on the island of Gran Canaria , Spain

The proliferation of illegal landfills (IL) has negative impacts on the environment and the economy, especially in both ecologically sensitive and touristic areas. This work focuses on the characterisation of illegal landfills located on the island of Gran Canaria. 287 IL were obtained through fieldwork and the visual interpretation of digital orthoimages at a spatial resolution 0.5 m from 2012 and 2015. This information was included in a geospatial database together with a set of 177 potential explanatory features of different types: waste type, surveillance and control, socioeconomics, accessibility, distance to elements of interest, visibility and terrain features. Multivariate analyses such as exploratory analysis (EA), factor analysis (FA) and discriminant analysis (DA) were applied to assess the degree of association between the explanatory features and IL occurrence. FA explained a cumulative variance of 81.83% considering 6 factors (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test: 0.71). DA showed a canonical correlation of 0.78, and lead to discrimination between affected and unaffected areas by using the distance of feature types to elements of interest, such as: industrial areas, large commercial areas and coastline. Additionally, FA identified the above features as the main drivers of IL occurrence.
A New View of Microcrystalline Silicon: The Role of Plasma Processing in Achieving a Dense and Stable Absorber Material for Photovoltaic Applications

To further lower production costs and increase conversion efficiency of thin‐film silicon solar modules, challenges are the deposition of high‐quality microcrystalline silicon (μc‐Si:H) at an increased rate and on textured substrates that guarantee efficient light trapping. A qualitative model that explains how plasma processes act on the properties of μc‐Si:H and on the related solar cell performance is presented, evidencing the growth of two different material phases. The first phase, which gives signature for bulk defect density, can be obtained at high quality over a wide range of plasma process parameters and dominates cell performance on flat substrates. The second phase, which consists of nanoporous 2D regions, typically appears when the material is grown on substrates with inappropriate roughness, and alters or even dominates the electrical performance of the device. The formation of this second material phase is shown to be highly sensitive to deposition conditions and substrate geometry, especially at high deposition rates. This porous material phase is more prone to the incorporation of contaminants present in the plasma during film deposition and is reported to lead to solar cells with instabilities with respect to humidity exposure and post‐deposition oxidation. It is demonstrated how defective zones influence can be mitigated by the choice of suitable plasma processes and silicon sub‐oxide doped layers, for reaching high efficiency stable thin film silicon solar cells.
A Topological Obstruction to the Controllability of Nonlinear Wave Equations with Bilinear Control Term

In this paper we prove that the Ball-Marsden-Slemrod controllability obstruction also holds for nonlinear equations, with integrable bilinear controls. We first show an abstract result and then we apply it to nonlinear wave equations. The first application to the Sine-Gordon equation directly follows from the abstract result, and the second application concerns the cubic wave/Klein-Gordon equation and needs some additional work.
Scaling relations for galaxy clusters in the Millennium-XXL simulation

We present a very large high-resolution cosmological N-body simulation, the Millennium-XXL or MXXL, which uses 303 billion particles to represent the formation of dark matter structures throughout a 4.1 Gpc box in a Λ cold dark matter cosmology. We create sky maps and identify large samples of galaxy clusters using surrogates for four different observables: richness estimated from galaxy surveys, X-ray luminosity, integrated Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) signal and lensing mass. The unprecedented combination of volume and resolution allows us to explore in detail how these observables scale with each other and with cluster mass. The scatter correlates between different mass–observable relations because of common sensitivities to the internal structure, orientation and environment of clusters, as well as to line-of-sight superposition of uncorrelated structure. We show that this can account for the apparent discrepancies uncovered recently between the mean thermal SZ signals measured for optically and X-ray selected clusters by stacking data from the Planck satellite. Related systematics can also affect inferences from extreme clusters detected at high redshift. Our results illustrate that cosmological conclusions from galaxy cluster surveys depend critically on proper modelling, not only of the relevant physics, but also of the full distribution of the observables and of the selection biases induced by cluster identification procedures.
Development of volcanic passive margins: Two‐dimensional laboratory models

Volcanic margins are inferred to develop during lithosphere extension above mantle plumes. Continental breakup is characterized in such case by (1) thick seaward dipping lava sequences, (2) plutonic complexes associated with dyke swarms parallel to the coast, and (3) zones of high seismic velocity in the lower crust likely attributable to magma underplating. Comparison with classical nonvolcanic passive margins shows that a striking but nonsystematic structural character of volcanic margins is the narrowness of the domain of crustal attenuation (down to 50 km). The existence of a soft magma body at depth may considerably affect the mechanical behavior of the lithosphere during continental breakup. Here we present a series of scaled experiments designed to study the mechanical effects on lithospheric extension of rheological heterogeneities caused by magma emplacement at various levels. Four‐layer models were constructed with sand and silicone putties in order to represent the brittle and ductile layers of both crust and lithospheric mantle. The underplated magma bodies were simulated by low‐viscosity silicone putty with variable geometry and location. The experimental results are compared to interpreted refraction seismic profiles across volcanic margins in the North Atlantic. A narrow zone of necking is obtained only when the high‐strength layer of the sub‐Moho mantle is interrupted by a heterogeneity of low viscosity representing an underplated magma body. As in cross sections of volcanic margins, models show weak deformation in the brittle upper crust. Sequential addition of sand in the rifted area during extension results in the development of layers dipping toward the rift center. This geometrical pattern is directly comparable to the seaward dipping reflectors sequences. However, the normal faults which developed within the seaward dipping wedge have vergence opposite to the one currently observed in volcanic margins. This suggests a possible component of mantle‐generated stresses during extension.
Title Seq-ing improved gene expression estimates from microarrays using machine learning

Background: Quantifying gene expression by RNA-Seq has several advantages over microarrays, including greater dynamic range and gene expression estimates on an absolute, rather than a relative scale. Nevertheless, microarrays remain in widespread use, demonstrated by the ever-growing numbers of samples deposited in public repositories. Results: We propose a novel approach to microarray analysis that attains many of the advantages of RNA-Seq. This method, calledMachine Learning of Transcript Expression (MaLTE), leverages samples for which both microarray and RNA-Seq data are available, using a Random Forest to learn the relationship between the fluorescence intensity of sets of microarray probes and RNA-Seq transcript expression estimates. We trained MaLTE on data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, consisting of Affymetrix gene arrays and RNA-Seq from over 700 samples across a broad range of human tissues. Conclusion: This approach can be used to accurately estimate absolute expression levels from microarray data, at both gene and transcript level, which has not previously been possible. This methodology will facilitate re-analysis of archived microarray data and broaden the utility of the vast quantities of data still being generated.