Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Studies on mass control of dental caries through fluoridation of the public water supply.

Numerous epidemiological studies (1) conducted in widely separated parts of the world clearly demonstrate that the use of fluoride drinking water during the formative period of the teeth is associated with a 60to 65-percent reduction in dental caries experience. This inverse relationship between dental caries prevalence and fluorides in drinking water approaches its maximum at a fluoride (F) concentration of 1.0 to 1.5 ppm. , a concentration which Dean (2) established as the minimum threshold concentration of mottled enamel or endemic fluorosis. These findings led to the proposal that optimum amounts of fluorides be -added to the drinking water supply as a partial caries-control measure. The proposal engendered extensive field and laboratory studies on the physiological effects of fluoride ingestion (1). The results of these studies indicated that not only was 1.0 ppm. in the drinking water an optimal concentration for caries control but well within the limits of safety. In 1945, three studies to determine the caries prophylactic value of artificially fluoridated drinking water were started in the United States and Canada. A number of additional study projects have been initiated in the United States since that time. One of the studies started in 1945, that in Grand Rapids, Mich. , serves as the basis for this preliminary report.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Infections of the Central Nervous System 499

The magnetic resonance (MR) images in 24 patients with infections of the central nervous system (eNS) were reviewed, and the use of a paramagnetic contrast agent (Gd-OTPA) in two cases is reported. The clinical diagnoses in the patients, aged neonate to 71 years old, comprised meningitis, meningitis and subdural empyema, meningoencephalitis, encephalitis, and single or multiple cerebral abscesses. A new sign of eNS infection, the pial-ependymal line, is described. Other consequences of infection, such as atrophy, delayed myelination, periventricular cerebrospinal fluid extravasation, changes in T1 and T2, and mass effect, are reported and discussed. MR imaging may have a significant application in the study of eNS infections because of the importance of early diagnosis in instituting effective treatment.
IPA: Error Propagation Analysis of Multi-Threaded Programs Using Likely Invariants

Error Propagation Analysis (EPA) is a technique forunderstanding how errors affect a program's execution and resultin program failures. For this purpose, EPA usually compares thetraces of a fault-free (golden) run with those from a faulty run ofthe program. This makes existing EPA approaches brittle for multithreadedprograms, which do not typically have a deterministicgolden run. In this paper, we study the use of likely invariantsgenerated by automated approaches as alternatives for goldenrun based EPA in multithreaded programs. We present InvariantPropagation Analysis (IPA), an approach and a framework forautomatically deriving invariants for multithreaded programs, and using the invariants for EPA. We evaluate the invariantsderived by IPA in terms of their coverage for different faulttypes across six representative programs through fault injectionexperiments. We find that stable invariants can be inferred in allsix programs, although their coverage of faults depends on theapplication and the fault type.
Comparison of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates Implicated in Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Strains That Cause Enteritis by a DNA Microarray

ABSTRACT We asked whether Campylobacter jejuni isolated from patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) differ from isolates isolated from patients with uncomplicated gastrointestinal infection using DNA microarray analysis. We found that specific GBS genes or regions were not identified, and microarray analysis confirmed significant genomic heterogeneity among the isolates.
Cellular Autophagy Machinery is not Required for Vaccinia Virus Replication and Maturation

The origin of the primary membrane of vaccinia virus, the double-membrane structure that surrounds the immature virions (IV), is not fully understood. Here we investigated whether the primary membrane is of autophagy origin. Morphologic studies by electron microscopy showed no apparent difference in viral maturation in the autophagy deficient cell lines, the Atg5-/- mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) and the Beclin 1 -/- embryonic stem (ES) cells, compared to their isogenic wild-type counterparts. Moreover, quantitative assays indicated that the viruses replicate and maturate in the autophagy deficient cell lines as efficiently as they do in the corresponding isogenic wild type cells. This study indicates that the cellular autophagy machinery is not required for the life-cycle of vaccinia virus, suggesting that the primary vaccinia viral membrane likely does not originate from the autophagic membrane.
Origin and diversification of Hibiscus glaber, species endemic to the oceanic Bonin Islands, revealed by chloroplast DNA polymorphism

Two woody Hibiscus species co‐occur in the Bonin Islands of the northwestern Pacific Ocean: Hibiscus glaber Matsum. is endemic to the islands, and its putative ancestral species, Hibiscus tiliaceus L. , is widely distributed in coastal areas of the tropics and subtropics. To infer isolating mechanisms that led to speciation of H. glaber and the processes that resulted in co‐occurrence of the two closely related species on the Bonin Islands, we conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses on chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences. Materials collected from a wide area of the Pacific and Indian Oceans were used, and two closely related species, Hibiscus hamabo Siebold Zucc. and Hibiscus macrophyllus Roxb. , were also included in the analyses. The constructed tree suggested that H. glaber has been derived from H. tiliaceus, and that most of the modern Bonin populations of H. tiliaceus did not share most recent ancestry with H. glaber. Geographic isolation appears to be the most important mechanism in the speciation of H. glaber. The co‐occurrence of the two species can be attributed to multiple migrations of different lineages into the islands. While a wide and overlapping geographical distribution of haplotypes was found in H. tiliaceus, localized geographical distribution of haplotypes was detected in H. glaber. It is hypothesized that a shift to inland habitats may have affected the mode of seed dispersal from ocean currents to gravity and hence resulted in geographical structuring of H. glaber haplotypes.
Delinquent Histories of Adolescents Adjudicated for Criminal Sexual Conduct

A content analysis of closed case records from family court examined personal and family history variables for adolescents with sexually abusive behaviors who had been adjudicated for criminal sexual conduct and compared subgroups of adolescents with ( n = 72) and without (n = 80) prior other delinquent behavior. The study's findings indicate that adolescents with and without prior delinquent behaviors differed on a majority of the variables measured in this study. Adolescents with sexual offending behaviors who also had prior delinquent behaviors were older and had higher rates of documented childhood maltreatment, and drug and alcohol use. These adolescents had caregivers with more substance use and abuse problems and more extensive criminal histories. These findings have a number of practice implications when working with adolescents with sexually abusive behaviors. The findings also suggest that comparisons between adolescents with sexually abusive behaviors and other delinquents may be misleading if these subgroups of adolescents with sexually abusive behaviors are not distinguished.
Overexpression of neuropeptide Y induced by brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in the rat hippocampus is long lasting

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in hippocampal neuroplasticity. In particular, BDNF upregulation in the hippocampus by epileptic seizures suggests its involvement in the neuronal rearrangements accompanying epileptogenesis. We have shown previously that chronic infusion of BDNF in the hippocampus induces a long‐term delay in hippocampal kindling progression. Although BDNF has been shown to enhance the excitability of this structure upon acute application, long‐term transcriptional regulations leading to increased inhibition within the hippocampus may account for its suppressive effects on epileptogenesis. Therefore, the long‐term consequences of a 7‐day chronic intrahippocampal infusion of BDNF (12 μg/day) were investigated up to 2 weeks after the end of the infusion, on the expression of neurotransmitters contained in inhibitory hippocampal interneurons and which display anti‐epileptic properties. Our results show that BDNF does not modify levels of immunostaining for glutamic acid decarboxylase, the rate‐limiting enzyme for γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis, and somatostatin. Conversely, BDNF induces a long‐lasting increase of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the hippocampus, measured by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay, outlasting the end of the infusion by at least 7 days. The distribution of BDNF‐induced neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity is similar to the pattern observed in animals submitted to hippocampal kindling, with the exception of mossy fibres which only become immunoreactive following seizure activity. The enduring increase of neuropeptide Y expression induced by BDNF in the hippocampus suggests that this neurotrophin can trigger long‐term genomic effects, which may contribute to the neuroplasticity of this structure, in particular during epileptogenesis.
Naming the enzyme which splits the substrate phosphorylcholine, PC.

In a recent report Schofield et al. (2) commented on our work using phosphorylcholine (PC) as a specific substrate for a non-lysosomal secreted acid phosphatase of prostate, PAP (3,4,7,9,10), and suggested naming this enzyme acid phosphorybcholine phosphatase, APCP. Although apparently this appears reasonable, it can lead to confusion. We have synthesized another substrate specific for this enzyme, D-ephedrinephosphate (DEP) which, like PC, is also a derivative of ethanobaminephosphate. The histochemical and biochemical results with these two substrates are essentially the same, but DEP has several advantages. These results have been published (1, 6). When these two substrates are used to demonstrate acid phosphatase in prostate of mammals (mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, rabbit, cat, dog, monkey, baboon and man) they are hydrolyzed by a particular acid phosphatase in the tubuloalveolar epithelial cell localized in the Golgi area in the cisternae and in Golgiassociated vacuoles, and in the secretory granules which seem to be onganelles in change of the excretion of this enzymatic product into the lumen of the gland. It is interesting to observe that this particular non-lysosomal secreted acid phosphatase (PAP) tends to disappear when the hormonal activity produced by testosterone is suppressed by castration or hypophysectomy, whereas activity remains with nonspecific acid phosphatase substrates, e.g., 13glycerophosphate (/3GP) (5). During comparative studies of acid phosphatases using these new substrates we found histochemical and biochemical evidence for the existence of a PAP-like enzyme in rat epididymis (8). In our attempts to characterize this reaction, called APCP by Schofield et al. using PC, or “ADEPP” when DEP is used, we have also observed a non-lysosomab acid phosphatase in thyroid and preputial gland of rat, and in the network of tubules and vesicles of the giant cells of giant cell tumors of man. These results will be published. Biochemically, Smith and Whitby (11) have shown that secreted acid phosphosphatase of human prostate consists of at least twenty isoenzymes, and they have separated them chromatographically and through gel electrophoresis. The substrates used to identify these isoenzymes in all cases were nonspecific (/3-GP, -nitrophenylphosphate, a-naphtholphosphate etc) It is possible that one or more of these isoenzymes could hydrolyze PC, or DEP, or PC and DEP. Schofield et al. confirm our impression that PC (and DEP) are useful substrates to mark a secreted non-bysosomal acid phosphatase. One peculiarity is their finding of positive lysosomes in osteoclasts. Perhaps an explanation can be found in the fact that bysosomes of osteoclasts have a rich complement of nonspecific hydrolytic enzymes. More work has to be done. Therefore, we can say that when an enzyme is found in more than one organ, and/on when an enzyme splits more than one substrate, naming that enzyme in reference to the organ or substrate will lead to confusion. PC and DEP are specific markers for a specific secreted acid phosphatase. We have used “PAP” for the non-lysosomal secreted
KIF13A mediates trafficking of influenza A virus ribonucleoproteins

ABSTRACT Influenza A is a rapidly evolving virus that is successful in provoking periodic epidemics and occasional pandemics in humans. Viral assembly is complex as the virus incorporates an eight-partite genome of RNA (in the form of viral ribonucleoproteins, vRNPs), and viral genome assembly − with its implications to public health − is not completely understood. It has previously been reported that vRNPs are transported to the cell surface on Rab11-containing vesicles by using microtubules but, so far, no molecular motor has been assigned to the process. Here, we have identified KIF13A, a member of the kinesin-3 family, as the first molecular motor to efficiently transport vRNP-Rab11 vesicles during infection with influenza A. Depletion of KIF13A resulted in reduced viral titers and less accumulation of vRNPs at the cell surface, without interfering with the levels of other viral proteins at sites of viral assembly. In addition, when overexpressed and following two separate approaches to displace vRNP-Rab11 vesicles, KIF13A increased levels of vRNP at the plasma membrane. Together, our results show that KIF13A plays an important role in the transport of influenza A vRNPs, a crucial step for viral assembly. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: The molecular motor KIF13A carries vesicles with influenza A RNA to be packaged into assembling virions, and positively influences localization of vRNPs and virus assembly.
Impatience Among Preschool Children and Their Mothers

Using experimental data of children and their mothers, this paper explores the intergenerational relationship of impatience. The child's impatience stems from a delay of gratification experiment. Mother's impatience has been assessed by a choice task where the mothers faced trade-offs between a smaller-sooner and a larger-later monetary reward with a delay of six or twelve months. The findings demonstrate an intergenerational relationship in short-run decision making. Controlling for mother's and child's characteristics the child's impatience at preschool age is significantly correlated with the six month maternal reservation interest rate.
Microbial Species Involved in Production of 1,2-sn-Diacylglycerol and Effects of Phosphatidylcholine on Human Fecal Microbiota

ABSTRACT 1,2-sn-Diacylglycerols (DAGs) are activators of protein kinase C (PKC), which is involved in the regulation of colonic mucosal proliferation. Extracellular DAG has been shown to stimulate the growth of cancer cell lines in vitro and may therefore play an important role in tumor promotion. DAG has been detected in human fecal extracts and is thought to be of microbial origin. Hitherto, no attempts have been made to identify the predominant fecal bacterial species involved in its production. We therefore used anaerobic batch culture systems to determine whether fecal bacteria could utilize phosphatidylcholine (0.5% [wt/vol]) to produce DAG. Production was found to be dependent upon the presence of the substrate and was enhanced in the presence of high concentrations of deoxycholate (5 and 10 mM) in the growth medium. Moreover, its production increased with the pH, and large inter- and intraindividual variations were observed between cultures seeded with inocula from different individuals. Clostridia and Escherichia coli multiplied in the fermentation systems, indicating their involvement in phosphatidylcholine metabolism. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in the number of Bifidobacterium spp. in the presence of phosphatidylcholine. Pure-culture experiments showed that 10 of the 12 strains yielding the highest DAG levels (>50 nmol/ml) were isolated from batch culture enrichments run at pH 8.5. We found that the strains capable of producing large amounts of DAG were predominantly Clostridium bifermentans (8 of 12), followed by Escherichia coli (2 of 12). Interestingly, one DAG-producing strain was Bifidobacterium infantis, which is often considered a beneficial gut microorganism. Our results have provided further evidence that fecal bacteria can produce DAG and that specific bacterial groups are involved in this process. Future strategies to reduce DAG formation in the gut should target these species.
PREBIOTICS AND SYNBIOTICS IN BROILER CHICKEN PRODUCTION: IN VIVO PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY ASPECTS. A review

A large amount of antibiotics has long been used to control pathogenic diseases and as growth promoters to improve performance in livestock. However, this approach had significant and unwanted side-effects, such as development of antimicrobial resistance and carry-over of the antibiotic residues to poultry products. In this light, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) was banned by the European Union since 2006, based on their possible negative consequences for animal health and food safety. This ban has led to animal performance problems and the increased incidence of enteric diseases in farms, with serious economic damage. In the post-antibiotics era, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are proposed as alternatives to AGPs in poultry production. To be effective, these compounds have to be administered to the animals under fully controlled conditions and as early as possible. In ovo technology enables delivery of sustainable bioactives, such as pre-/probiotics and their combination, directly into the egg air chamber at day 12 of embryonic incubation. Previously, different types of prebiotics and the routes of delivery, as well as their synergistic combinations with probiotics, were tested in field and laboratory trials also by our research groups. Some of the obtained results (in vivo performance, slaughter and meat quality traits) are described hereinafter.
Serial stereotactic biopsy of brainstem lesions in adults improves diagnostic accuracy compared with MRI only

Objective: The aim of the current prospective study was to analyse the validity of MRI based diagnosis of brainstem gliomas which was verified by stereotactic biopsy and follow-up evaluation as well as to assess prognostic factors and risk profile. Methods: Between 1998 and 2007, all consecutive adult patients with radiologically suspected brainstem glioma were included. The MRI based diagnosis of the lesions was made independently by an experienced neuroradiologist. Histopathological evaluation was performed in all patients from paraffin embedded specimens obtained by multimodal image guided stereotactic serial biopsy technique. Histopathological results were compared with prior radiological assessment. Length of survival was estimated with the Kaplan–Meier method and prognostic factors were calculated using the Cox model. Results: 46 adult patients were included. Histological evaluation revealed pilocytic astrocytoma (n = 2), WHO grade II glioma (n = 14), malignant glioma (n = 12), metastasis (n = 7), lymphoma (n = 5), cavernoma (n = 1), inflammatory disease (n = 2) or no tumour/gliosis (n = 3). Perioperative morbidity was 2.5% (n = 1). There was no permanent morbidity and no mortality. All patients with “no tumour” or “inflammatory disease” survived. Patients with low grade glioma and malignant glioma showed a 1 year survival rate of 75% and 25%, respectively; the 1 year survival rate for patients with lymphoma or metastasis was 30%. In the subgroup with a verified brainstem glioma, negative predictors for length of survival were higher tumour grade (p = 0.002) and Karnofsky performance score ⩽70 (p = 0.004). Conclusion: Intra-axial brainstem lesions with a radiological pattern of glioma represent a very heterogeneous tumour group with completely different outcomes. Radiological features alone are not reliable for diagnostic classification. Stereotactic biopsy is a safe method to obtain a valid tissue diagnosis, which is indispensible for treatment decision.
Molecular Interactions between the Specialist HerbivoreManduca sexta (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) and Its Natural Host Nicotiana attenuata. VI. Microarray Analysis Reveals That Most Herbivore-Specific Transcriptional Changes Are Mediated by Fatty Acid-Amino Acid Conjugates1,212

Evidence is accumulating that insect-specific plant responses are mediated by constituents in the oral secretions and regurgitants (R) of herbivores, however the relative importance of the different potentially active constituents remains unclear. Fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (FACs) are found in the R of many insect herbivores and have been shown to be necessary and sufficient to elicit a set of herbivore-specific responses when the native tobacco plantNicotiana attenuata is attacked by the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta. Attack by this specialist herbivore results in a large transcriptional reorganization in N. attenuata, and 161 genes have been cloned from previous cDNA differential display-polymerase chain reaction and subtractive hybridization with magnetic beads analysis. cDNAs of these genes, in addition to those of 73 new R-responsive genes identified by cDNA-amplified fragment-length polymorphism display of R-elicited plants, were spotted on polyepoxide coated glass slides to create microarrays highly enriched in Manduca spp. - and R-induced genes. With these microarrays, we compare transcriptional responses in N. attenuata treated with R from the two most damaging lepidopteran herbivores of this plant in nature, M. sexta and Manduca quinquemaculata, which have very similar FAC compositions in their R, and with the two most abundant FACs in Manduca spp. R. More than 68% of the genes up- and down-regulated by M. sexta R were similarly regulated byM. quinquemaculata R. A majority of genes up-regulated (64%) and down-regulated (49%) by M. sexta R were similarly regulated by treatment with the two FACs. In contrast, few genes showed similar transcriptional changes after H2O2- and R-treatment. These results demonstrate that the two most abundant FACs in Manduca spp. R can account for the majority ofManduca spp. -induced alterations of the wound response of N. attenuata.
1119-7455 THIN-LAYER DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTAIN ( MUSA PARADISIACA )

Thin-layer drying rates of plantain chips were determined experimentally as a function of drying air temperature. The plantain chips were fully exposed to convective air at constant temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 75 °C, and velocity of 2.2 m/s. The drying data obtained were fitted to the thin-layer drying model of Fick’s diffusion equation. Results showed that plantain drying is a diffusion-controlled process. The rate of drying increased with temperature; and the characteristic drying constant also increased linearly with the product’s temperature. The activation energy of plantain drying was 14.298 kJ/mol within the temperature range of 40 to 75°C.