Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predation‐Mediated Coexistence of Large‐ and Small‐Bodied Daphnia at Different Food Levels

Using an individual‐based age‐structured population model (a combination of O’Brien’s apparent‐prey‐size approach, Eggers’s reactive‐field‐volume model, and Holling’s disk equation), we could predict that (1) a Daphnia population could be kept at low density by fish predation irrespective of food level, with greater recruitment at higher food being instantly compensated for by raised mortality reflecting increased predation, and (2) Daphnia density levels are species specific and inversely related to both body size at first reproduction and the reaction distance at which a foraging fish sees its Daphnia prey. These two hypotheses were experimentally tested in outdoor mesocosms with two Daphnia species of different body sizes grown in the absence or presence of fish that were allowed to feed for 2–3 h each evening. While each Daphnia quickly reached high density with reproduction halted by food limitation in the absence of fish, the populations stayed at much lower species‐specific density levels, similar in low and high food concentrations, in the presence of fish. This suggests that our model offers a reasonable mechanistic explanation for the coexistence of large‐ and small‐bodied zooplankton in proportions reflecting their body sizes throughout habitats comprising a wide productivity spectrum, with each species at a density level at which it becomes included in a predator’s diet.
Analysis of the TNF receptors on human leukaemia cells by affinity cross‐linking

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) affects the growth of human leukaemic cells by different modes of action depending on the type of leukaemia involved. We have analysed the structure of TNF receptors on cells from different types of leukaemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML) either in chronic phase (CML‐CP) or blastic crisis (CML‐BC). The affinity crosslinking technique showed the existence of TNF receptors on cells from all the leukaemic cases studied with similar receptor structures. The TNF receptor showed a molecular weight of 76 kD when examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electro‐phoresis. In conclusion, we provide evidence for existence of TNF receptors on several types of human leukaemia cells with an apparent molecular weight of 76 kD. Apparently, the discrepancy of TNF actions on the leukaemic growth are not related to the structure of TNF receptors.
Osteology and relationships of Ceneichthys zambellii gen . and sp . nov . ( Te-leostei , Pholidophoridae ) from the Late Triassic of northern Italy

The skeleton of Ceneichthys zambellii gen. and sp. nov., from the upper Norian (Late Triassic) of Cene (Lombardy, northern italy), is studied in details. The nasals are large bones, separated from each other by the dermethmoid (= rostral) and the frontals. Each nasal bears a foramen for the nostril. The long acuminate anterior extremity of the frontal reaches the dermethmoid. The jaws are toothed. The premaxillae are located at the symphysis of the upper jaw. No endocranial bone is visible. The quadrate is devoid of bony quadratic process. The lower jaw is elongated. The maxilla and the lower jaw extend behind the posterior border of the orbit. The upper margin of the lower jaw is rectilinear with a long toothed region and a well marked leptolepid notch. The opercle is small and deeper than long. The scales are ganoid, with a peg-and-socket system of articulation. There are 34 scales along the lateral line and 15 rows of scales in vertical line at the body maximum depth level. The osteological characters indicate that the new italian fish genus belongs to the family Pholidophoridae (sensu Arratia, 2013). Ceneichthys gen. nov. is more closely related to Pholidophorus than to the other pholidophorid fishes but differs sufficiently from this genus and from the other genera of the family to deserve its peculiar generic status.
Understanding Earnings, Labor Supply, and Retirement Decisions

We develop and estimate a model in which individuals make decisions on consumption, human capital investment, labor supply, and retirement. Unlike all previous work, our model allows both an endogenous wage process (which is typically assumed exogenous in the human capital and earnings dynamics literature). In addition, we introduce health shocks. We estimate the model and match the life-cycle profiles of wages, hours and retirement from SIPP data. We analyze the impact of health shocks on retirement, as well as the effect of changes in payroll taxes and increases in the Normal Retirement Age on labor force participation of older Americans.
The location and structure of double‐strand DNA breaks induced during yeast meiosis: evidence for a covalently linked DNA‐protein intermediate.

We have determined the precise location and structure of the double‐strand DNA breaks (DSBs) formed during Saccharomyces cerevisiae meiosis. Breaks were examined at two recombination hot spots in both wild‐type and rad50S mutant cells. At both loci, breaks occurred at multiple, irregularly spaced sites in a approximately 150 nucleotide interval contained within an area of nuclease‐hypersensitive chromatin. No consensus sequence could be discerned at or around break sites. Patterns of cleavage observed on individual strands indicated that breaks initially form with a two nucleotide 5′ overhang. Broken strands from rad50S mutant cells contained tightly bound protein at their 5′ ends. We suggest that, in S.cerevisiae, meiotic recombination is initiated by a DSB‐forming activity that creates a covalently linked protein‐DNA intermediate.
CLIMATE CHANGE - Refining the Impacts for Ireland

Prepared for the Environmental Protection AgencybyNational University of Ireland, MaynoothAuthors:John Sweeney, Fabrizio Albanito, Anthony Brereton, Amelia Caffarra, Rosemary Charlton, Alison Donnelly, Rowan Fealy, Joanne Fitzgerald, Nicholas Holden, Mike Jones and Conor MurphyENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYAn Ghniomhaireacht um Chaomhnu ComhshaoilPO Box 3000, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, IrelandTelephone: +353 53 916 0600 Fax: +353 53 916 0699E-mail: info@epa.ie Website: www.epa.ie
The Effects of Variety-seeking Buying Tendency and Price Sensitivity on Utilitarian and Hedonic Value in Apparel Shopping Satisfaction

This study investigates the effects of Iranian consumers’ variety-seeking buying tendency and price sensitivity on utilitarian and hedonic value as influencing factors on shopping experience for Manto and Shirt shoppers in the Iranian market. The main constructs were identified from the literature and then tested relationships between them. A questionnaire developed and successfully administered to a national sample of 1466 women and men in four big cities of Iran through face-to-face interviews. Results are analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and parameters were estimated using maximum likelihood method. Based on this study variety-seeking buying tendency was critical factor of shopping values for Manto and Shirt shoppers. On the contrary, there was a negative relationship between price sensitivity and hedonic value. However, there were no positive relationship between price sensitivity and utilitarian value. Moreover, the result of this study revealed that utilitarian and hedonic value positively influenced shopping satisfaction.
The effects of alcohol consumption on mortality and morbidity: a 26-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the long-term effects of the consumption of alcohol on mortality and morbidity. METHOD A sample of 32,185 (50.5% female) individuals was randomly selected from the 450,000 inhabitants of Stockholm County, Sweden, in 1969. Alcohol consumption data were obtained from postal questionnaires; response rate was 87% (n = 28,001). Data on mortality and morbidity were obtained from the National Cause of Death Register, the Cancer Register and the Inpatient Register 1971-1996. RESULTS The reference groups were moderate consumers of alcoholic beverages. High-consumption men had increased risks of mortality from cardiovascular diseases (relative risk ratio [RR] = 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-1.46), accidents or poisoning (RR = 2.10; CI: 1.67-2.65) and gastrointestinal diseases (RR = 4.65; CI: 2.93-7.36). High-consumption women had an increased risk of mortality only from accidents or poisoning (RR = 2.95; CI: 1.82-4.78) and gastrointestinal diseases (RR = 3.60; CI: 1.40-9.24). For low-consumption women, there was an increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases (RR = 1.25; CI: 1.07-1.47). Low-consumption men also had an increased mortality from cardiovascular diseases (RR = 1.23; CI: 1.05-1.44). The results with respect to morbidity almost mirrored the results for mortality, with one exception; for low-consumption men, the morbidity from cardiovascular diseases was not increased. CONCLUSIONS The mortality and morbidity associated with different levels of alcohol consumption are associated with the same diseases, which suggests that alcohol may be one of the causative factors for these diseases. The reasons for the differences between genders, regarding responses to the negative effects of alcohol consumption, are still unknown.
How climate, migration ability and habitat fragmentation affect the projected future distribution of European beech

Recent efforts to incorporate migration processes into species distribution models (SDMs) are allowing assessments of whether species are likely to be able to track their future climate optimum and the possible causes of failing to do so. Here, we projected the range shift of European beech over the 21st century using a process‐based SDM coupled to a phenomenological migration model accounting for population dynamics, according to two climate change scenarios and one land use change scenario. Our model predicts that the climatically suitable habitat for European beech will shift north‐eastward and upward mainly because (i) higher temperature and precipitation, at the northern range margins, will increase survival and fruit maturation success, while (ii) lower precipitations and higher winter temperature, at the southern range margins, will increase drought mortality and prevent bud dormancy breaking. Beech colonization rate of newly climatically suitable habitats in 2100 is projected to be very low (1–2% of the newly suitable habitats colonised). Unexpectedly, the projected realized contraction rate was higher than the projected potential contraction rate. As a result, the realized distribution of beech is projected to strongly contract by 2100 (by 36–61%) mainly due to a substantial increase in climate variability after 2050, which generates local extinctions, even at the core of the distribution, the frequency of which prevents beech recolonization during more favourable years. Although European beech will be able to persist in some parts of the trailing edge of its distribution, the combined effects of climate and land use changes, limited migration ability, and a slow life‐history are likely to increase its threat status in the near future.
Asymptotic capacity results for MIMO wireless optical communication

This paper provides several asymptotic capacity results for the multiple-input multiple-output free-space optical intensity channel in the regime of high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For the case where the channel matrix has full column rank, the asymptotic capacity is derived assuming a peak-power constraint on each transmit antenna, or an average-power constraint on the total power across all transmit antennas, or both. For multiple-input and single-output channels, the asymptotic high-SNR capacity is derived when either only the total average power is constrained, or only the per-antenna peak power is constrained, or both but with the average-power constraint being sufficiently loose.
The damaging effect of confirming feedback on the relation between eyewitness certainty and identification accuracy.

The authors investigated eyewitnesses' retrospective certainty (see G. L. Wells & A. L. Bradfield, 1999). The authors hypothesized that extemal influence from the lineup administrator would damage the certainty-accuracy relation by inflating the retrospective certainty of inaccurate eyewitnesses more than that of accurate eyewitnesses (N = 245). Two variables were manipulated: eyewitness accuracy (through the presence or absence of the culprit in the lineup) and feedback (confirming vs. control). Confirming feedback inflated retrospective certainty more for inaccurate eyewitnesses than for accurate eyewitnesses, significantly reducing the certainty-accuracy relation (from r = .58 in the control condition to r = .37 in the confirming feedback condition). Double-blind testing is recommended for lineups to prevent these external influences on eyewitnesses.
X-Ray Photoemission Calculations

Results are presented from an extensive parametric study of x-ray photoemission. Calculations were performed of fore and back emission yield and energy-angular distribution, including the two-dimensional, asymmetric angular distribution for non-normal photon incidence, for a broad range of photon energies, angles of incidence, and material atomic numbers. Monte Carlo and analytical calculations are compared with one another and with experimental data. A new Monte Carlo method is presented which makes feasible the calculation of the two-dimensional angular distribution and yields a continuous representation of the distribution in functional form.
Expressiveness in biologically inspired languages

A very recent and exciting new area of research is the application of Concurrency Theory tools to formalize and analyze biological systems and one of the most promising approach comes from the process algebras (process calculi). A process calculus is a formal language that allows to describe concurrent systems and comes with well-established techniques for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Biological systems can be regarded as concurrent systems and therefore modeled by means of process calculi. In this thesis we focus on the process calculi approach to the modeling of biological systems and investigate, mostly from a theoretical point of view, several promising bio-inspired formalisms: Brane Calculi and k-calculus family. We provide several expressiveness results mostly by means of comparisons between calculi. We provide a lower bound to the computational power of the non Turing complete MDB Brane Calculi by showing an encoding of a simple P-System into MDB. We address the issue of local implementation within the k-calculus family: whether n-way rewrites can be simulated by binary interactions only. A solution introducing divergence is provided and we prove a deterministic solution preserving the termination property is not possible. We use the symmetric leader election problem to test synchronization capabilities within the k-calculus family. Several fragments of the original k-calculus are considered and we prove an impossibility result about encoding n-way synchronization into (n-1)-way synchronization. A similar impossibility result is obtained in a pure computer science context. We introduce CCSn, an extension of CCS with multiple input prefixes and show, using the dining philosophers problem, that there is no reasonable encoding of CCS(n+1) into CCSn.
Topical Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-α Activators Reduce Inflammation in Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis Models

Activators of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α, a nuclear hormone receptor that heterodimerizes with retinoid X receptor, stimulate epidermal differentiation and inhibit proliferation. Here we determined the anti-inflammatory effects of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α agonists in models of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis produced in mouse ears by topical treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and oxazalone, respectively. As expected, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treatment resulted in a marked increase in the thickness and weight of the ears and provoked an inflammatory cell infiltrate in the dermis. Topical treatment with three different peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α agonists, clofibrate, WY 14643, or linoleic acid, 45 min and 4 h after 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate application, resulted in a marked decrease in ear thickness and weight and a reduction in the number of inflammatory cells in the dermis. The reduction in inflammation by these peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α agonists was of similar magnitude to that seen with a potent topical glucocorticoid, clobetasol. In contrast, stearic acid, a free fatty acid that does not activate peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α, had no effect on the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation. Moreover, clofibrate did not significantly alter ear thickness following 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treatment in peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α –/– mice, indicating that the anti-inflammatory effect is mediated by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α. As tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1α are major mediators of cutaneous inflammation we next used immunohistochemistry to determine whether the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α agonists reduce the levels of these cytokines in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-treated skin. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treatment resulted in an increase in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1α staining in the epidermis that was reduced by clofibrate treatment. Finally, clofibrate treatment also reduced ear thickness and weight in oxazalone-induced allergic dermatitis, a change that was accompanied by a reduction in inflammatory cells in the dermis and a decrease in tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1α levels in the oxazalone-treated epidermis. These studies demonstrate that topically applied peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α agonists possess receptor mediated, anti-inflammatory activity in both irritant and allergic contact dermatitis animal models. The anti-inflammatory properties of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α agonists, coupled with their anti-proliferative and pro-differentiating effects, suggest that they could be beneficial for the treatment of a variety of cutaneous diseases.
Aggregate Concentration in Corporate America: The Case of the Fortune 500

This article provides a look at business concentration for sales and assets for the period 1967 to 2002 based on Theil’s entropy, a measure adopted by several authors in earlier publications. For contrast, three other well-known measures of concentration, the Hirschman-Herfindahl (HHI) index and the 4-firm and 8-firm concentration ratios, CR4 and CR8, were utilized. Data used were sales and assets of the largest 500 companies provided by Fortune magazine. In addition to detailed results on concentration, the paper found that the inclusion of service firms with the industrial firms in the list of 500 in 1994 somewhat changed the levels and trends in concentration.
Breast Density and Benign Breast Disease: Risk Assessment to Identify Women at High Risk of Breast Cancer.

PURPOSE Women with proliferative breast lesions are candidates for primary prevention, but few risk models incorporate benign findings to assess breast cancer risk. We incorporated benign breast disease (BBD) diagnoses into the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC) risk model, the only breast cancer risk assessment tool that uses breast density. METHODS We developed and validated a competing-risk model using 2000 to 2010 SEER data for breast cancer incidence and 2010 vital statistics to adjust for the competing risk of death. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the relative hazards for age, race/ethnicity, family history of breast cancer, history of breast biopsy, BBD diagnoses, and breast density in the BCSC. RESULTS We included 1,135,977 women age 35 to 74 years undergoing mammography with no history of breast cancer; 17% of the women had a prior breast biopsy. During a mean follow-up of 6.9 years, 17,908 women were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. The BCSC BBD model slightly overpredicted risk (expected-to-observed ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.06) and had modest discriminatory accuracy (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve, 0.665). Among women with proliferative findings, adding BBD to the model increased the proportion of women with an estimated 5-year risk of 3% or higher from 9.3% to 27.8% (P<.001). CONCLUSION The BCSC BBD model accurately estimates women's risk for breast cancer using breast density and BBD diagnoses. Greater numbers of high-risk women eligible for primary prevention after BBD diagnosis are identified using the BCSC BBD model.
High‐throughput proteomic analysis of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue microarrays using MALDI imaging mass spectrometry

A novel method for high‐throughput proteomic analysis of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue microarrays (TMA) is described using on‐tissue tryptic digestion followed by MALDI imaging MS. A TMA section containing 112 needle core biopsies from lung‐tumor patients was analyzed using MS and the data were correlated to a serial hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)‐stained section having various histological regions marked, including cancer, non‐cancer, and normal ones. By correlating each mass spectrum to a defined histological region, statistical classification models were generated that can sufficiently distinguish biopsies from adenocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma biopsies. These classification models were built using a training set of biopsies in the TMA and were then validated on the remaining biopsies. Peptide markers of interest were identified directly from the TMA section using MALDI MS/MS sequence analysis. The ability to detect and characterize tumor marker proteins for a large cohort of FFPE samples in a high‐throughput approach will be of significant benefit not only to investigators studying tumor biology, but also to clinicians for diagnostic and prognostic purposes.
How real are composite fermions?

According to recent theories, a system of electrons at the half-filled Landau level can be transformed to an equivalent system of composite fermions at zero effective magnetic field. In order to test for these new particles, we have studied transport in antidot superlattices in a two-dimensional electron gas. At low magnetic fields electron transport exhibits well-known resonances at fields where the classical cyclotron orbit becomes commensurate with the antidot lattice. At v=1/2 we observe the same dimensional resonances. This establishes the semiclassical behavior of composite fermions
Identifying Appropriate Governance Principles for Different Types of Sourcing Arrangement

Three shortcomings in existing information technology (IT) governance research are identified: an overemphasis on implementation rather than principles, a focus on the individual organisation rather than the relationships between organisations and a tendency to divorce the technology from the activities that rely on it. A governance framework comprised of the overarching principles of direction and control is proposed and it is suggested that these principles can be delivered through a focus on performance, conformance, openness and transparency, responsibility and accountability, and evaluation and monitoring. The importance of outsourcing as a form of inter-organisational relationship is highlighted and three case studies of different types of outsourcing arrangement conducted to test the usefulness of the framework. The results suggest that organisations recognise the importance of effective governance to the success of their relationships, that designing appropriate governance for relationships is complicated by factors such as the need to accommodate the disparate requirements of the parties involved and that the framework proposed appears to capture the essential areas.