Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ecological Restoration Through Silviculture--A Savanna Management Demonstration Area, Sinkin Experimental Forest, Missouri

In 1998, a project was initiated to demonstrate techniques and evaluate the efficacy of reducing overstory tree density and reintroducing fire in order to develop the tree composition, structure, and herbaceous complex typical of a savanna. On three study areas, two dominated by oak and one by shortleaf pine, the total basal area of all trees = 1.6 inches DBH was thinned to approximately 40 feet2 basal area per acre during the 1998-99 dormant season. Prescribed burns were conducted in April 1999 and April 2000. After assessing mortality from the fire, the residual basal area was adjusted to 35 feet2 per acre during the 1999 growing season.Pretreatment inventories conducted during August of 1998 tallied over 45 herbaceous and woody understory species. During the first-year posttreatment inventory (August 1999), 20 new herbaceous species were identified on the treatment plots. Following the second prescribed fire, 17 additional herbaceous species were tallied (August 2000). The most abundant of these species were fireweed and pokeweed. Of the woody understory species (<1.6 inches DBH) present on the sampling plots, only the oaks and hickories did not exhibit a substantial change in the number of stems per acre following treatment. Blackhaw was eliminated from the understory following the prescribed burn and the numbers of black cherry, red maple, dogwood, and shortleaf pine decreased by more than 50 percent. Species that benefited from the treatment included black gum (+210 percent), sassafras (+40 percent), sumac (+2110 percent), and post oak (+494 percent). Initial treatments greatly modified the overstory structure and, thus, the understory light regime. This in turn has affected an immediate and marked shift in the understory complex of herbaceous and woody plants. 1Research Forester, USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, 202 Natural Resources Building, Columbia, MO 65211-7260 eloewenstein@fs.fed. us; Forestry Technician, USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, Hwy 19 South, Salem, MO 65560, respectively. Citation for proceedings: Outcalt, Kenneth W. , ed. 2002. Proceedings of the eleventh biennial southern silvicultural research conference. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS–48. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 622 p.
THE DIFFERENTIAL SIZE GROWTH OF FIELD AND CLUSTER GALAXIES AT z = 2.1 USING THE ZFOURGE SURVEY

There is ongoing debate regarding the extent that environment affects galaxy size growth beyond z ≥ 1. To investigate the differences in star-forming and quiescent galaxy properties as a function of environment at z = 2.1, we create a mass-complete sample of 59 cluster galaxies and 478 field galaxies with log(M*/ M ⊙ ? > ) ≥ 9 using photometric redshifts from the ZFOURGE survey. We compare the mass–size relation of field and cluster galaxies using measured galaxy semi-major axis half-light radii ( r 1 / 2 , maj ? > ) from CANDELS Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/F160W imaging. We find consistent mass-normalized (log(M*/ M ⊙ ? > ) = 10.7) sizes for quiescent field galaxies ( r 1 / 2 , maj = 1.81 ± 0.29 ? > kpc) and quiescent cluster galaxies ( r 1 / 2 , maj = 2.17 ± 0.63 ? > kpc). The mass-normalized size of star-forming cluster galaxies ( r 1 / 2 , maj = 4.00 ± 0.26 ? > kpc) is 12% larger (Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test 2.1 &sgr; ? > ) than star-forming field galaxies ( r 1 / 2 , maj = 3.57 ± 0.10 ? > kpc). From the mass–color relation we find that quiescent field galaxies with 9.7 < log(M*/ M ⊙ ? > ) ≤ 10.4 ? > are slightly redder (KS test 3.6σ) than quiescent cluster galaxies, while cluster and field quiescent galaxies with log(M*/ M ⊙ ? > ) > 10.4 have consistent colors. We find that star-forming cluster galaxies are on average 20% redder than star-forming field galaxies at all masses. Furthermore, we stack galaxy images to measure average radial color profiles as a function of mass. Negative color gradients are only present for massive star-forming field and cluster galaxies with log(M*/ M ⊙ ? > ) > 10.4 ? > ; the remaining galaxy masses and types have flat profiles. Our results suggest, given the observed differences in size and color of star-forming field and cluster galaxies, that the environment has begun to influence/accelerate their evolution. However, the lack of differences between field and cluster quiescent galaxies indicates that the environment has not begun to significantly influence their evolution at z ∼ 2.
The suitability of infrared temperature measurementsfor continuous temperature monitoring in gilts

Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether an infrared thermometer, a pyrometer, could detect the body surface temperature in the orbital area of gilts without contacting them. Furthermore, it was tested whether an increase in the gilts' temperatures could be detected. Therefore, fever was induced. During 11 trials, 43 German Landrace gilts were injected with either a Porcilis AR-T DF (Intervet International B.V., Boxmeer, Netherlands) vaccine or 2 ml of 0.9 % NaCl. A commercial temperature logger (TRIX-8, LogTag Recorders, Auckland, New Zealand) was placed in the vagina to record temperature data every 3 min. The pyrometer (optris cs, Optris, Berlin, Germany) was aimed at where the orbital area of the gilts would be. While they were drinking, temperature measurements were done in that site by the pyrometer. Time periods from 0.25 to 6 h were analysed. Considering the 0.25-h period, a positive correlation (ρ=0.473) between temperatures of the logger and the pyrometer was found for 15 of 39 gilts. The longer the chosen measuring period was, the fewer animals showed a significant correlation between the two temperatures. In contrast to the vaginal logger, the pyrometer cannot detect an increase in the body temperature in all fever-induced gilts. In conclusion, a pyrometer cannot detect the body surface temperature reliably. An increase in the body surface temperature over a short time period (on average 5 h) could not be detected by the pyrometer. The temperature increase measured using the pyrometer was too low and time-delayed compared to the temperature detected by the vaginal logger.
Dynamics of soilborne Rhizoctonia solani in the presence of Trichoderma harzianum: effects on stem canker, black scurf and progeny tubers of potato

Stem canker and black scurf are diseases of potato caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani . Spatiotemporal experimentation and empirical modelling were applied for the first time to investigate the effect of antagonistic Trichoderma harzianum on the dynamics of soilborne R. solani on individual potato plants. Trichoderma harzianum reduced the severity of symptoms, expressed as ‘rhizoctonia stem lesion index’ (RSI), during the first 7 days post-inoculation when the inoculum of R. solani was placed at certain distances (30‐60 mm) from the host. For example, with inoculum at 40 mm from the host, RSI was 6 and 40 with and without T. harzianum , respectively. At later observation times, the antagonistic effect was overcome. Trichoderma harzianum reduced the severity of black scurf on progeny tubers. Furthermore, the mean number of progeny tubers per potato plant was reduced by the biocontrol treatment (means of 6·5 ± 1·1 and 9·9 ± 2·7 tubers per plant with and without T. harzianum , respectively), as was the proportion of small (0·1‐20·0 g) tubers (48% and 66% with and without T. harzianum , respectively). Additionally, there were fewer malformed and green-coloured tubers in pots treated with T. harzianum than in those without T. harzianum .
The Relationship Between Education, Job, and Family Income with TB Medication Dropouts in Timor-Leste

Background : TB treatment dropout is one causes of treatment failure, which could increase drug resistant cases. Drug resistant cases of TB were reported by the Ministry of Health of East Timor in 2008 (3 cases), 2009 (3 cases), and in 2010 (6 cases). With drug resistant emerging, TB will require longer treatment time. According to the WHO report (2013) the results of pulmonary tuberculosis BTA (+) treatment were reported: Year 2010 the number of failure of treatment was (0.53%); Died of TB (3.53%); Drop out of treatment (4.05%); Outmigration (3.98%); In 2011 cases of treatment failure (0.50%) Died of TB (3.36%); Drop out of treatment (3.36%); Outmigration (1.92%); In 2012 cases of treatment failure (1.03%); Died of TB (3.49%) Drop out of treatment (4.59%) and migration, (2.26%). According to the National Statistics Directorate (NSD) in 2011, that the East Timorese people still live mostly 70.4% in the rural areas. While access to health services remains a challenge, since the people of Timor Leste proclaimed the restoration of its independence. Objective: This study aimed to determine whether there is a relationship between the variables of education, family income, and job with cases of TB medication discontinuation . Methods: This study was conducted using descriptive correlation method. The sample was determined by Ridwan & Akdon (2010) formula. The total of samples was 100 people who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and selected randomly. This research was conducted in District Manatuto and Liquica Timor-Leste on March 28, 2015. Results: The correlation test showed a strong positive relationship level if r = 0.51 until +1. Analysis of significance value of r xy = 0.671 and p = 0.000 indicates that there is a significant relationship between the variables of education, job and income with variable discontinuation of treatment. Conclusion: Based on the results of research and data analysis, it can be concluded that the results of this study are as follows: There was a significant relationship between the variables of education, household income, and jobs to the discontinuation of TB treatment.
Re-exploration of subjective well-being determinants: Full-model approach with extended cross-contextual analysis

Despite the numerous studies on the determinants of subjective wellbeing (SWB), there are still under-researched areas as follows: a full-model approach allowing un-confounded and robust estimations, extension of cross-contextual approaches, and an account of recent changes in Hofstede value dimensions. The present study aims to overcome those limitations with analyses of 59 countries from 1981 to 2013, rendering the following main findings. Individual education’s effect was methodologically affected by the reference category level of dummy variables. I found weak influence of GPRGE (governance, political rights, and gender equality) and individualism, which were associable with the ambivalent nature of intellectual autonomy. Regarding cross-contextual effects, I found that people from underdeveloped societies keep more to current pleasure, and that demand for welfare is higher in affluent and individualistic societies. A culture of uncertainty avoidance reduced the effect of national employment, because of its demotivating aspects in the workplace. Overall, variables related with hedonism, social relation, and wealth showed coherently strong effects, but social progress factors had weak relevance. Keywords: life satisfaction, happiness, robust effects, cross-contextual approach, Hofstede value dimensions, social quality
Sea level and circulation variability of the Gulf of Carpentaria; influence of the Madden-Julian Oscillation and the adjacent deep ocean

The Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) is a significant contributing factor to intraseasonal variability in both the tropical and extratropical atmosphere and ocean. Sea level and circulation variations in the Gulf of Carpentaria (northern Australia) and the coastal regions of the northeastern Indian Ocean and eastern Pacific have been shown to be related to the MJO. A nonlinear barotropic numerical model, validated with local tide gauge data, is used to study the Gulf of Carpentaria from 1979 to 2009. It is shown that the model reproduces well the seasonal cycle of sea level as well as intraseasonal variations and their seasonal modulations. Intraseasonal variability is shown to be driven by surface wind stress that is closely related to the MJO. The model is next used to remove the local wind effect from the tide gauge data, resulting in a low‐frequency residual signal. This low‐frequency signal is interpreted in terms of larger‐scale modes of variability of the adjacent shelf seas and the Indian and Pacific oceans through comparison with climatological indices, correlations with regional sea level measured by altimeters, and Hovmoller diagrams. It is shown that this signal is generated in the Pacific and related to the El Nino–Southern Oscillation. The implications for predictability and forecasting in the Gulf of Carpentaria on intraseasonal timescales are discussed.
Evaluating the impacts of land management and climate variability on crop production and nitrate export across the Upper Mississippi Basin

The increased use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in the Mississippi Basin since the 1950s is partially responsible for an increase in crop production, but also a massive increase in nitrate export by the Mississippi River. We used the IBIS terrestrial ecosystem model, including new maize and soybean submodels, and the HYDRA hydrological transport model to investigate the role of climate variability, land cover and N‐fertilizer application on crop yield, N cycling and nitrate export in the Upper Mississippi Basin from 1974–1994. Simulated annual mean maize and soybean yields were both within 20% of USDA historical estimates in over 80% of the crop‐growing counties. There was also strong agreement between simulated and USGS estimated annual nitrate export for the Mississippi River at Clinton, Iowa (r2 = 0.81), the outlet of the basin, and the Minnesota River at Jordan, Minnesota (r2 = 0.78). The model also indicated a 30% increase in N‐fertilizer application across the basin would have caused only a 4% increase in mean maize yield, but a 53% increase in mean dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) leaching, while a 30% decrease in N‐fertilizer application would have caused a 10% decrease in maize yield, but a 37% decrease in DIN leaching. At higher levels of N‐fertilizer usage, nitrate export becomes increasingly sensitive to the hydrologic conditions, particularly when there is ample residual N in the soil. Therefore any effort to reduce nitrate export without significantly affecting crop yields would have to account for previous soil‐N conditions and climate variability.
Analytical Solutions for 1-D Countercurrent Imbibition in Water-Wet Media

Analytical solutions for the initial stage of 1D countercurrent flow of water and oil in porous media are presented. Expressions are obtained for the time dependence of the water saturation profile and the oil recovered during spontaneous countercurrent imbibition in rod-like, cylindrical, and spherical cores, for which water is the wetting liquid. Some of the analytical solutions are found to be in good agreement with existing numerical solutions and available experimental data for oil recovery from cores with strong water wettability.
XMM-Newton and Chandra observations of the globular cluster NGC 6388

Context. By studying the optical brightness surface density of the globular cluster NGC 6388, it has been recently proposed that it harbors a central intermediate-mass black hole with mass $\simeq$ 5.7$\times$10 3 $M_{\odot}$. Aims. We expect that the compact object in the center of NGC 6388 emits radiation in the X-ray band as a consequence of the accretion from the surrounding matter. We searched for XMM -Newton and Chandra observations towards NGC 6388 to test this hypothesis. Methods. We determine both the hardness ratios and luminosity with a minimum set of assumptions for each of the identified field sources. Results. The Chandra satellite disentangles several point-like X-ray sources, probably low mass X-ray binaries, well within the core radius of the globular cluster. However, three of them, coinciding with the cluster center of gravity, remain unresolved. Their total luminosity is $L_{\rm X}^{\rm Obs}$ $\simeq$ 2.7$\times$10 33 erg s -1 . If one of these sources is the X-ray counterpart of the intermediate-mass black hole in NGC 6388, the corresponding upper limit on the accretion efficiency, with respect to the Eddington luminosity, is 3$\times$10 -9 . This measurement could be tightened if moderately deep radio observations of the field were performed.
Distribution, prevalence and persistence of mucormycosis in Tasmanian platypuses (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)

While the fungal disease mucormycosis has infected Tasmanian platypuses for nearly three decades, its impacts remain largely unknown. This study documents the spatial and temporal distribution of mucormycosis in Tasmanian platypuses as a baseline for assessing its impacts. Over 1800 platypus capture and observation records were collated and mapped, and indicate that between 1982 and 2007 mucormycosis-infected platypuses were present in at least 11, and potentially 22, of Tasmania’s 48 river catchments. During 2008–09, live-trapping surveys were undertaken to determine the spread, prevalence and persistence of the disease. Surveys of 75 rivers and creeks across 18 catchments captured 167 individuals, and an additional 12 platypuses were obtained from the public. Only seven of the 179 sampled animals were ulcerated with clinical signs of mucormycosis. All infected individuals were obtained from catchments with prior histories of disease, where platypuses have persisted despite mucormycosis being present for up to 20 years. Detection probabilities were calculated to estimate the probability that the other surveyed catchments are currently disease free. Detection probabilities were generally high (>0.75) per catchment, indicating that sampling effort was adequate to reliably detect diseased animals at historically reported prevalence (which averaged 0.295 from surveys undertaken between 1994 and 2000). Mean disease prevalence in affected catchments sampled during the present study declined to 0.071. This significant four-fold reduction in prevalence makes disease detection more challenging and increased sample sizes are required to confidently assert that some catchments are currently disease free. Reduced disease prevalence suggests that mucormycosis is exerting less impact on Tasmanian platypuses now than it was in the mid to late 1990s; however, the individual consequences of infection are poorly understood and require further investigation.
A Statistical Analysis of 10-pin Bowling Scores and an Examination of the Fairness of Alternative Handicapping Systems

Using data on approximately 1240 games of bowling we examine the statistical properties of 10-pin bowling scores. We find evidence that that the distribution of bowling scores is approximately log-normally distributed with a common variance across players. This allows us to consider the effectiveness of alternative handicapping systems in allowing less skilled bowlers to compete against more skilled opponents. We show that the current system mitigates against bowlers of low skill and propose a new system which we show works well in equalising the playing field across all match-ups.
Analysis and design of grid-connected 3-phase 3-level AT-NPC inverter for low-voltage applications

The 3-level T-type neutral point clamped (T-NPC) inverter has become the most popular multilevel inverter used in low-voltage applications. However, the realization of a bidirectional switch located at the midpoint leg of the T-NPC inverter is achieved using two insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) with two antiparallel diodes. Power dissipation in these switches is high since there are two semiconductors (an IGBT and a diode) in the current path at the midpoint leg. Switch losses can be reduced and thus the highest conversion efficiency can be achieved if the bidirectional switches in the T-NPC inverter are replaced by highly efficient reverse-blocking IGBTs (RB-IGBTs). The objective of this paper is to assess the performance of a 3-phase 3-level grid-connected advanced T-NPC (AT-NPC) inverter with RBIGBT for low-voltage applications. This paper describes the operating principle of the grid-connected AT-NPC inverter, analyzes the power losses, and discusses the control strategy. A 1.7-kW laboratory prototype is designed and built to verify the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed 3-phase 3-level grid-connected AT-NPC inverter. Real-time control of the inverter is experimentally achieved using a dSPACE DS1103 controller. The experimental results show that the efficiency of the proposed grid-connected inverter is about 96.3%.
Does competition between soybeans and Wild Poinsettia with low-level resistance or susceptibility to glyphosate affect physiology and secondary metabolism?

The Wild Poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) has elevated potential to reduce the soybean yield and is a difficult to control plant due to herbicide resistance. The objectives of this study were to determine the changes in the photosynthetic physiological parameters, secondary metabolite levels, cellular damage, and antioxidant system activity in soybean plants and Wild Poinsettia biotypes with a low level of resistance or susceptibility to glyphosate in competition with soybeans. Two replacement series experiments were conducted in a greenhouse under competition between soybeans and the low-level resistant biotype (experiment I) or susceptible biotype (experiment II). The treatments consisted of different proportions of soybean plants and Wild Poinsettia [100:0 (pure stand of soybean), 50:50, and 0:100 (pure stand of Wild Poinsettia)] and different evaluation periods (the 2013/14 and 2014/15 growing seasons). The following parameters were analyzed: the chlorophyll, carotenoid (CRT), total phenol, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and lipid peroxidation levels and the catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity. Generally, competition between the soybeans and the Wild Poinsettia biotypes did not alter the photosynthetic parameters or the photosynthetic pigment levels of the crop. For the weed biotypes, competition with the soybeans negatively affected photosynthesis. Greater losses of chlorophylls and CRTs were observed for the susceptible biotype when in competition with soybeans, whereas the opposite trend was observed for the biotype with a low level of resistance. No cellular damage or alterations in antioxidant system enzyme activity was observed, which indicated a lack of oxidative stress.
Community perceptions and response to flood risks in Nyando District, Western Kenya

In Kenya, the ability of local people to resist the impact of disasters has not been given adequate attention. A descriptive cross sectional study sought to investigate community perceptions and responses to flood risks in low and high risk areas of the Nyando District, Western Kenya. A total of 528 households, six government officials and have project managers of Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) were interviewed. Additionally, seven Focus Group Discussions(FGDs) involving three women, two male and two teacher groups were conducted. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Program. The Chi-square test was used to determine associations and di'erences between variables. In the study, 83% of the respondents were aware of Traditional Flood Knowledge (TFK) and 80% acknowledged its use. Perception of the risk is influenced by several variables, most notably past experience of major floods and having survived them. Residents in the high risk areas had signfficantly higher levels of awareness and use of traditional flood knowledge. they were more aware of the nature of the flood related health risks they were exposed to and appeared better prepared for future flood risk. They were, however, more dependent on external aid. On the other hand, residents living in the low risk area reported better success with their response mechanisms.