Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intercellular spaces of the human epidermis as demonstrated with lanthanum.

In normal human epidermis, lanthanum penetrated into the basal lamina-basal cell interspaces, including half-desmosome areas, non-specific intercellular junctions, desmosomes, close approximations and most of the occluding zonules and macules. The majority of what were previously claimed to be tight junctions were permeated by lanthanum, revealing that they were actually gap junctions. Maculae occludentes which follow desmosomes, for instance, were found not to be tight. On the other hand, the interspace between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum was only rarely permeated. Lanthanum filled the intercellular channels between the lateral plasma membranes of granular cells but was stopped near the exit of the channel into the interspace. Truly tight junctions (zonulae occludentes or the distal junctions of the stratum granulosum ) were found to be responsible for this occlusion. Intercellular spaces between the horny cells were not commonly permeated by lanthanum.
Microbiological studies on early dento-gingival plaque on teeth and Mylar strips in humans.

The predominant cutivahle flora of 3- and 8-hr-old dento-gingival plaque formed on a buccal tooth surface and on Mylar strips ligated to a buccal surface was studied in 6 students with healthy gingiva. Differential counts of various bacterial types were also performed by direct microscopy. In 6 other students. 1- and 3-day-old plaque was similarly studied. From each sample. 31–111 strains (a total of 2,867 strains) were characterized. Streptococci predominated at all times. Most of these were Streptococcus milior. Sfreptococcus sunguis and Streptococcus milleri. Very few Gram-negative cocci were isolated from 3- and 8-hr samples, whereas Veillonella constituted about 20 Q of the strains from 1- and 3-day plaque. Gram-positive rods increased from low proportions in most 3- and 8- hr samples to median values of 21% and 25% in 1- and 3-day plaque. In 3- and 8hr samples all the Gram-positive rods were facultative anaerobes (most of them Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyes nueslundii). In 1- and 3-day samples obligatdy anaerobic Grampositive rods also appeared. Gram-negative rods were virtually absent from 3- and 8-hr plaque. Ohligately anaerobic Gram-negative rods appeared in low proportions in 1- and 3day samples (median 4% and 7%). Large site-to-site variations were found but no systematic differences between samples from Mylar and enamel surfaces.
MR‐spectroscopic findings in juvenile‐onset Huntington's disease

Seven HD gene positive individuals under the age of 21 years are described with clinical examination and proton‐MR‐spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) profiles of the putamen. Despite clinical variability, the predominate 1H‐MRS abnormality is elevated glutamate, expressed well beyond the confines of the basal ganglia, and low striatal creatine. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Are physician fees responsive to competition

We assess the extent to which specialist doctors respond to local competition when setting prices (including extra-billings) in a fee-for-service system. We use an exhaustive panel data set to estimate physician reaction functions, exploiting exogenous changes in medical density and labor supply to identify the effects of local market structure and competitors' prices. We find that fees are strategic complements and decrease with physician density. Our results are consistent with a static competition model where patient choice is based on distance, price and observable physician characteristics and doctors have standard consumption-leisure preferences. Finally, we examine how the presence of physicians subject to full price regulation affects strategic interactions.
Margin Purchases and Short Sales in Emerging Markets: Their Rationales and Design Variables

Emerging equity markets generally need an exogenous liquidity supply in order to accelerate their development. Margin trading (margin purchases and short sales) represents an important vehicle which promotes exogenous supply of market liquidity. Adequately regulated margin trading can induce relatively powerful and short liquidity recoveries after market corrections or crashes. Vital to margin trading is a stock borrowing and lending system. Margin purchase and short sale facilities require regulators, financial intermediaries, and investors to have heightened risk management skills in addition to robust market infrastructure. Despite their standardized features, the actual design and operation of the market infrastructure necessary for margin trading should be country or market specific. The characteristics and composition of factors affecting the design and operation are dynamic and the key components of this important market infrastructure must be flexible so that they can change over time.
Assessment of the Iowa River's South Fork watershed: Part 2. Conservation practices

Documenting the types and extent of conservation practices in a watershed is necessary to determine their water quality impacts. A conservation practice inventory for the South Fork of the Iowa River, 85% in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] rotations, showed only 7% of cropland was managed using no-tillage. About 30% of cropland receives manure annually, prior to corn. Surface residue following soybean was usually inadequate (<30%), indicating a key management challenge. About 90% of fields with >34% highly erodible land, subject to USDA conservation compliance, indeed had erosion-control practices installed. Grassed waterways and riparian buffers were common edge-of-field practices, and highly erodible land fields near streams often had multiple practices and rotations including third crops. Yet, while most conservation practices are aimed at controlling runoff, tile drainage is the dominant hydrologic pathway. Resource management systems that address tile drainage as the primary route of nutrient loss need to be developed and encouraged. Better targeting of this pathway could include practices such as nutrient removal wetlands.
THE EFFECT OF STORE BRAND IMAGE AND SERVICE QUALITY TOWARDS CUSTOMER LOYALTY AT FRESHMART SUPERSTORE MANADO

Customer loyalty has been recognized as the dominant factor in a superstore’s success. The customer loyalty subject has become of increased interest to most superstore in the competitive situation over the last few years. Store brand image and service quality describes what customers are looking for that is likely to be advantageous to the Superstore. The objectives of this research are to analyze the effect of store brand image, and service quality towards consumer loyalty, simultaneously and partially. Data was analyzed quantitatively and through use of statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). The research method that used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis with the sample of the respondents is 100 samples that were obtained from all the customers who shopping in Freshmart Superstore Manado. The result from this research shown that the store brand image and service quality have a significant effects simultaneously on customer loyalty. Whereas store brand image does have positive effect but not significant partially to customer loyalty. This study reveals that store brand image and service quality in a superstore has a strong effect to bring customer satisfaction, trust, and commitment to being loyal customer. It can improve more by should keep and maintain the worker inside the store, especially in terms make an interesting services at Freshmart Superstore. Keywords: s tore brand image, service quality, customer loyalty
Financing Creative Destruction

This paper uncovers evidence of s potentially important channel linking financial development to growth: the financing of innovations introduced by entrepreneurs. Using internationally comparable data on European countries, entry and exit in research-intensive industries are found to be disproportionately sensitive to the level of financial development. Furthermore, financial development is related to increased R&D spending. The results are robust to several different measures of financial development, and are supported by surveys of the sources of finance used by entrepreneurs. The evidence suggests that intellectual property rights provide the institutional underpinning for financial markets to direct funds towards innovative entrepreneurs.
Measuring uncertainties in MRP environments

Many uncertainties in Material Requirements Planning (MRP) systems are treated as “controllable” elements, with a variety of buffering, dampening and other approaches being used to cope with them. However, such approaches are often found wanting, forcing enterprises into emergency measures to ensure delivery performance. Based upon the results of a questionnaire survey, this paper analyses the uncertainties in the aggregate, intermediate and operational levels that affect customer delivery performance in MRP environments. These uncertainties have been quantified and the relative importance to performance has been investigated. The results also show the widespread use of buffering, dampening and other approaches to provide a level of delivery reliability. It is contended that by concentrating on minimising the effects of the uncertainties, the underlying causes have not been addressed, resulting in sub‐optimisation of system performance.
Strategic Interventions in Intellectual Asset Flows

The rise of the knowledge economy brings to the foreground questions of how firms might best capture the value of their intellectual assets. In this article I introduce the notion of strategic interventions in intellectual asset flows designed to influence the level and composition of intellectual asset scarcity, with implications for firm performance. I also present propositions that explain and predict how contingencies at differing levels of analysis influence the choice of strategic intervention.
Genetic regulation of allolysis in response to sub-lethal antibiotic stress in Streptococcus pneumoniae

Abstract. Dash M, Dash HR, Das S. 2014. Genetic regulation of allolysis in response to sub-lethal antibiotic stress in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nusantara Bioscience 6: 111-117. Allolysis is the phenomenon of cell lysis induced by other cells of the same species. Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, a major human pathogen exhibits competence induced allolysis that increases the genetic recombination and enhances the virulence. During allolysis, a group of non-competent bacterial cells is lysed by another group of competent cells in the same culture. This process is regulated by com operon as well as bacteriocin. In this study, allolysis was induced in Streptococcus pneumoniae MTCC655 by sub-lethal dose of antibiotic (chloramphenicol) and the mechanism of allolysis has been deduced by amplification of lytA, lytC and cbpD genes in the bacterium. The strain was found to be resistant to a number of antibiotics including amoxicillin, cefpodoxime, erythromycin, and vancomycin. The early onset of allolysis induction from 7-9 h under normal conditions to 2-3 h by sub-lethal dose of chloramphenicol was observed.
Pertubation with Lignocaine – a Possible New Treatment for Women with Endometriosis and Impaired Fertility

The causal relationship between reduced fertility and early stage endometriosis without pelvic adhesions is unclear. Peritoneal fluid from patients with endometrial peritoneal implants contains more leukocytes with an increased capacity to phagocytose spermatozoa. Peritoneal fluid supplemented with lignocaine has a reduced sperm phagocytosis capacity. The present clinical study with low-dose lignocaine pertubation sought to evaluate any clinical effect on fertility. An overall pregnancy rate of 30% was noted in contrast to the natural pregnancy rate for women with endometriosis which is <5%. To confirm these findings a larger study and further dose-ranging are in progress. Up to now the most effective way of increasing fertility for women with endometriosis or unexplained infertility is in vitro fertilisation (IVF). The pertubation treatment with lignocaine is inexpensive and less invasive. Its mechanism is thought to be reduced phagocytosis of the spermatozoa. Another explanation could be a regressive effect directly on the endometriotic implants, taking into account the reduced menstrual pain and increased pregnancy rate after all treatments have been completed. The finding may provide a minimal invasive and more cost-effective alternative to current treatments.
Three essays on accounting standard setting, corporate governance and investor behavior

This paper investigates whether and how personal characteristics of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) members are associated with properties of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Properties of IFRS are captured by linguistic proxies. I document that the overall importance of principles relative to rules in the full set of IFRS decreased over time, while the overall fair value orientation increased. Focusing on single IASB decisions on IFRS changes, I find that members with an auditing background are associated with decreases in the importance of principles relative to rules, while members from common law countries are associated with increases in the importance of principles relative to rules. Furthermore, the results suggest that members with an auditing or financial services background are associated with increases in fair value orientation. This paper is the first to document an association between personal characteristics of standard setters and properties of accounting standards in the IASB setting. Furthermore, I provide detailed descriptive evidence on the time series of IFRS properties and IASB membership.
Serum Anti-SlOOb, Anti-GFAP and Anti-NGF Autoantibodies of IgG Class in Healthy Persons and Patients with Mental and Neurological Disorders

Natural autoantibodies of IgG class to proteins SlOOb, glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP), and nerve growth factor (NGF) are presented in serum of healthy adults and those levels/ affinities are relatively constant and may vary among individuals within narrow limits. In patients with depressive disorder, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease dispersion of such autoantibodies serum levels were often found beyond the normal ranges. Most of the patient groups include cases with significantly elevated as well as abnormally decreased immunoreactivity parameters. This leads us to assumption that changes in some basic mechanisms of individual immune state represent the common features of different forms of pathology of the nervous system.
Body pain in classical choral singers.

PURPOSE To identify and characterize the presence of body pain related to voice usage in choral singers. METHODS A questionnaire investigating the occurrence of voice problems, vocal self-evaluation, and a report of body aches was given to 50 classical choral singers and 150 participants who were non-singers. Thirteen types of aches were investigated that were distributed into two groups: larynx proximal ache (temporomandibular joint, tongue, sore throat, neck, back of the neck, shoulder, and pain while speaking) and distal ache (headache, backache, chest, arms, hands, and ear ache). RESULTS Classical choral singers had less presence of pain than the general population. The most related pain types reported in singers were sore throat, chest, and shoulder, respectively. CONCLUSION Reduced vocal signs of pain in singers may suggest that singers can benefit from vocal training once they have better voice usage due to voice practice, offering a protective -effect to the development of voice disorders since voice training builds up a better musculoskeletal endurance.
Do Reputable Financial Intermediaries Help Firms in External Financial Markets? The Effect of Auditor Reputation on SEO Transaction Costs

I empirically investigate the differing certification effects of a firm employing financial intermediaries of varying reputation in external financial markets. Specifically, I use a treatment effects model to control for endogeneity in the selection of intermediary reputation, and I demonstrate that use of reputable auditors helps to mitigate transaction costs of seasoned equity offerings. This result is even stronger before the loss of reputational capital of an important intermediary (Arthur Andersen). My findings support the notion that firms may reduce negative impacts of informational frictions through their relations with reputable intermediaries, consistent with Diamond’s (1989 and 1991) reputation argument.
Genetics of childhood disorders: XIX. ADHD, Part 3: Is ADHD a noradrenergic disorder?

Dysregulation of the central noradrenergic network has long been hypothesized to underlie the pathophysiology of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Arnsten et al., 1996). This hypothesis is derived largely from pharmacological data documenting that drugs which selectively modulate noradrenergic function show efficacy in treating ADHD. However, a noradrenergic hypothesis of ADHD is compelling in its own right because the noradrenergic system has been intimately associated with the modulation of higher cortical functions including attention, alertness, and vigilance. As recently reviewed by Solanto (1998), preclinical and clinical research has implicated the noradrenergic effects of stimulants in enhancing capacities such as delayed responding, working memory, and attention. Furthermore, executive function and noradrenergic activation are known to profoundly affect the performance of attention, especially the maintenance of arousal, and the ability to sustain attention on a subject, particularly a boring one. Current neuropsychological, genetic, imaging, and pharmacological data emerging in ADHD research provide compelling support for a noradrenergic hypothesis of ADHD (Arnsten et al., 1996). Attention and vigilance depend on adequate modulation by catecholamine neurotransmitters of prefrontal, cingulate, and parietal cortices, thalamus, striatum, and hippocampus. These brain networks all have a high density of catecholamine terminals. Perhaps the most compelling evidence for a noradrenergic hypothesis for ADHD derives from psychopharmacological data (Spencer et al., 1996). Preclinical studies have shown that stimulants block the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron and increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space. Early animal studies used 6-hydroxydopamine to lesion dopamine pathways in developing rats. Because these lesions created hyperactivity, they were thought to provide an animal model of ADHD. Although not entirely sufficient, changes in dopaminergic and noradrenGenetics of Childhood Disorders: XIX. ADHD, Part 3: Is ADHD a Noradrenergic Disorder?
Chronic Humoral Rejection of Human Kidney Allografts Associates With Broad Autoantibody Responses

Background. Chronic humoral rejection (CHR) is a major complication after kidney transplantation. The cause of CHR is currently unknown. Autoantibodies have often been reported in kidney transplant recipients alongside antidonor human leukocyte antigen antibodies. Yet, the lack of comprehensive studies has limited our understanding of this autoimmune component in the pathophysiology of CHR. Methods. By using a series of ELISA and immunocytochemistry assays, we assessed the development of autoantibodies in 25 kidney transplant recipients with CHR and 25 patients with stable graft function. We also compared the reactivity of five CHR and five non-CHR patient sera with 8027 recombinant human proteins using protein microarrays. Results. We observed that a majority of CHR patients, but not non-CHR control patients, had developed antibody responses to one or several autoantigens at the time of rejection. Protein microarray assays revealed a burst of autoimmunity at the time of CHR. Remarkably, microarray analysis showed minimal overlap between profiles, indicating that each CHR patient had developed autoantibodies to a unique set of antigenic targets. Conclusion. The breadth of autoantibody responses, together with the absence of consensual targets, suggests that these antibody responses result from systemic B-cell deregulation.
Children's and adults' reading of nonwords: effects of regularity and consistency.

The procedures used by novice readers to assemble pronunciations for nonwords were investigated. Children in Grades 1-3 read aloud consonant-vowel-consonant and longer monosyllabic nonwords. By the end of Grade 1, children displayed a good grasp of grapheme-phoneme (G-P) correspondences (e.g., ai, ow). Grade 2 and 3 readers increasingly used larger orthographic correspondences termed rimes (e.g., -ook, -ild). However, G-P correspondences determined most responses. Adults likewise used G-P rules when reading aloud nonwords and were more accurate at applying the rules. The strong reliance of Grade 1 and 2 readers on G-P rules was also demonstrated by their superior oral reading of regular words along with a tendency to regularize exception words (e.g., reading bull to rhyme with dull).
The Recruitment of Female “Mules” by Transnational Criminal Organizations: Securitization of Drug Trafficking in the Philippines and Beyond

Southeast Asia has long been vulnerable to drug trafficking. Recently, intensified flows of persons, goods, and capital across borders have rendered it more fragmented and complex. The recruitment of female drug “mules” by transnational criminal organizations is a growing concern for both national and international counter-trafficking authorities in the region. This phenomenon has been the focus of a particular securitization process, emerging primarily in the Philippines but having regional implications, which has supported the implementation of counter-trafficking policy initiatives on both levels of state and region in Southeast Asia.
An Analysis of the Determinants of Total Factor Productivity in China

In this study, I analyse total factor productivity (TFP) and its determinants in Chinese industrial firms. The results from the system-GMM estimation indicate the existence of increasing returns to scale and a positive impact on firms’ TFP arising from technological change. Moreover, the following factors were found to be determinants of higher TFP levels in most industries: lack of political affiliation, paid-in capital share owned by investors other than the State, Marshallian and Jacobian spillovers, age, marketing capabilities, internal liquidity and industrial competition. The results from the TFP growth decomposition indicate an annual average TFP growth of 9.68% across Chinese industrial firms during the period of 1998-2007. This was largely determined by the reallocation of resources across existing firms. From a policymaking perspective, measures targeting the previously mentioned determinants are likely to spur firms’ TFP and consequently drive national long-run economic growth.