Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLVUS IN TERNARY AND QUATERNARY BISMUTH CONTAINING SOLDER ALLOYS

Compliance with RoHS 2 requirements has necessitated the development of high reliability alternatives to SAC305 lead free solder. Many of the solders being considered for this role contain bismuth, and as such characterizing the behaviour of this alloying element is vital to understanding the evolution of microstructure in these candidate solders. One of the features that makes Bi so attractive for high reliability solder applications is the balance of solid solution strengthening and precipitation hardening it provides in a beta-tin matrix. Therefore, a particular point of interest is the solvus temperature – the point above which Bi will dissolve into the tin matrix to form a solid solution, and below which Bi will precipitate out of the matrix. To this end, the solvus temperature of a number of Bi containing ternary and quaternary solders was determined using a novel differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method. This value was validated using classic metallographic techniques applied to samples aged both above and below the experimentally determined solvus temperature, and the observed microstructure was characterized.
Mass Distribution of Azithromycin Reduces Mortality in African Children

Background: Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region with the highest child mortality rate in the world. Most commonly, pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria rank among the leading causes of preventable deaths in this population. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends mass drug administration (MDA) of azithromycin, a broadspectrum macrolide antibiotic, for the treatment of trachoma. Some studies suggest that MDA of azithromycin for this purpose has the added benefit of protection against other illnesses including malaria, diarrheal episodes, and respiratory infections. The aim of this review is to investigate the effect of MDA of azithromycin on mortality rates in African children. Methods: An exhaustive search of available medical literature was performed using MEDLINE-Ovid, CINHAL, and Web of Science databases. Relevant search terms included ‘azithromycin,’ ‘child*,’ ‘mortality,’ and ‘mass. ’ The quality of relevant articles was assessed using the GRADE Working Group guidelines. Results: A total of 3 studies, 2 randomized control trials (RCT) and 1 observational analysis, were included in this review. One RCT conducted in Malawi, Niger, and Tanzania showed that all-cause mortality rates declined in children ages 1-59 months after azithromycin administration, with the greatest benefit seen in children ages 1-5 months. Another RCT revealed similar findings, with decreased all-cause mortality rates in children ages 1-9 years in Ethiopia after MDA of azithromycin. A retrospective observational analysis also suggested reduced all-cause and infectious mortality rates in children ages 1-5 years in Ethiopia after azithromycin treatment. Conclusion: MDA of azithromycin in African communities decreases all-cause mortality rates in children ages 1-5 years. Additional studies are needed to assess short and long-term adverse outcomes of MDA and the effect of MDA on antibiotic resistance. Degree Type Capstone Project Degree Name Master of Science in Physician Assistant Studies
Molecular detection of Dengue Virus using optomagnetic detection technology and centrifugal microfluidics

Dengue and Zika virus are nowadays a major public health concern. Within the last 50 years, incidence has increased 30-fold, estimating that 50-100 million infections appear annually. These viruses are transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, found in tropical/subtropical countries. In these poor-resource regions, conditions for expensive diagnostic and preventive protocols are defective. Hence, there is great demand for sensitive, cost-efficient and point-of-care biosensor technologies, capable of detecting virus at molecular level. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification is a powerful molecular technique, highly specific for a DNA/RNA sequence. It is demonstrated for the first time, in this work, integration of this amplification method with optomagnetic biosensor technology, and incorporation in a centrifugal microfluidic system to realize a low-cost point-of-care platform for molecular detection. This project, in collaboration with Denmark Technical University and Blusense Diagnostics, a biotech start-up, initiated the development of optimized protocols for detection of viruses, using end-point assessment and real-time monitoring of LAMP reaction. It is shown that after 30 minutes, the end-point amplification assay allows detection of down to 100aM of Dengue-2 synthetic target, corresponding to 6000 molecules of viral DNA, in 30μL total volume. Moreover, a Real-Time approach was implemented, where within 20 minutes of reaction it is possible to detect 300aM of Dengue-2 DNA, in 100μL of LAMP mixture. Furthermore, extracted RNA viral samples detection is validated using this readout, which together with a microfluidic design for sample splitting, paves the way to fully incorporate genomic extraction, sample preparation, reaction and detection for virus differentiation in low-cost multifunctional systems.
Multiple Addictions

A simple extension of the rational addictions model does away with the two main criticisms brought against this model in the literature. Simply allowing for more than one addictive good or habit in the utility function allows the model, first, to generate any type of cyclical patterns in consumption (damped, explosive, or persistent) under no special conditions and, second, to generate both abrupt and smooth decisions to cessate strong addictions. Thus, this innocuous extension of the model is able to explain the observed relapses, binges, and episodic consumption of addictive goods. Empirically, multiple habits and addictions would seem to be the rule rather than the exception. Yet, theoretically and empirically each addiction has been treated individually in most of the literature. Multiple habits and addictions also have fundamental implications for drug policy analysis, the theory of consumption with habit persistence, and the econometric specification of empirical models of addiction. ∗I am indebted for helpful comments to Harl Ryder and Ana I. Saracho. I am also grateful to the Salomon Foundation and the George J. Stigler Center at the University of Chicago for financial support, and to Subhalakashmi Ghosh and Salwa Hammami for research assistance. Any errors are my own. Address: Department of Economics; Brown University, Box B; Providence, RI 02912. Email: ipalacios@brown.edu
Sperm head morphometry in ejaculates of adult marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus ) : a model for studying sperm subpopulations and among-donor variations

In humans and other mammals, sperm morphology has been considered one of the most important predictive parameters of fertility. The objective was to determine the presence and distribution of sperm head morphometric subpopulations in a nonhuman primate model (Callithrix jacchus), using an objective computer analysis system and principal component analysis (PCA) methods to establish the relationship between the subpopulation distribution observed and among-donor variation. The PCA method revealed a stable number of principal components in all donors studied, that represented more than 85% of the cumulative variance in all cases. After cluster analysis, a variable number (from three to seven) sperm morphometric subpopulations were identified with defined sperm dimensions and shapes. There were differences in the distribution of the sperm morphometric subpopulations (P 0.001) in all ejaculates among the four donors analyzed. In conclusion, in this study, computerized sperm analysis methods combined with PCA cluster analyses were useful to identify, classify, and characterize various head sperm morphometric subpopulations in nonhuman primates, yielding considerable biological information. In addition, because all individuals were kept in the same conditions, differences in the distribution of these subpopulations were not attributed to external or management factors. Finally, the substantial information derived from subpopulation analyses provided new and relevant biological knowledge which may have a practical use for future studies in human and nonhuman primate ejaculates, including identifying individuals more suitable for assisted reproductive technologies. © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
First complete fossil Scleropages (Osteoglossomorpha)

A new species of osteoglossid fish, Scleropages sinensis sp. nov., is described from the Early Eocene Xiwanpu Formation in Hunan and the Yangxi Formation in Hubei, China. The new species was attributed to Scleropages , an extant genus of Osteoglossidae, because it very closely resembles the genus in skull bones, caudal skeleton, the shape and position of fins, and reticulate scales. The new fish is very similar to extant Scleropages except: the nasals do not appear to be ornamented; the sensory pore in the antorbital is large; the posterior infraorbitals are not quite covering the dorsal limb of the preopercle; the posteroventral angle of the preopercle is produced to point; the posteroventral margin of the opercle is concave and the ventral end of the bone is produced to a point; the pectoral fin is very long and extends well behind the beginning of the pelvic fin; the vertebral count is about 46–48; the parapophyses are shorter and the upper and lower caudal rays are nearly as long as the inner rays. The new fish is closer to its Asian neighbor, S. formosus , than to its southern relative, S. leichardti . Scleropages formosus inhabits natural lakes, swamps, flooded forests, and slowly moving, deep parts of rivers with overhanging vegetative cover. It is a carnivorous fish and its food consists mainly of insects, fishes, worms, small amphibians, small mammals, and even birds. S. sinensis may live in the same natural environment and have a similar diet except for the largest items. Sexual dimorphism may exist in S. sinensis . The presumed male has a slimmer and shallower body, a relatively larger head, and a deeper mouth cleft. The discovery of Scleropages sinensis sp. nov. dates the divergence of Scleropages and Osteoglossum to no later than the Early Eocene.
Representation Height Differences in English Dialects : Consequences for Processing and

This study examines the role of abstractness during the activation of a lexical representation. Abstractness and conflict are directly modeled in our approach by invoking lexical representations in terms of contrastive phonological features. In two priming experiments with English nouns differing only in vowel height of their stem vowels (e.g., pin vs. pan), we compare a conflict versus non-conflict situation across English dialects. Based on differences in the vowel height representation, the conflict occurs in American English, but not in New Zealand English. The results show that there is a lack of priming in the conflict, but not in the non-conflict situation. This is taken as evidence for the claim that lexical access is sensitive to conflicts and non-conflicts between acoustic-phonetic and phonological information. We therefore conclude that discrete phonological features are crucial determiners for successful speech perception, which is in line with abstractionist approaches.
Population Ageing , Productivity and Policies : A survey with implications for New Zealand

This paper critically evaluates the effects of population ageing on labour productivity with particular reference to New Zealand. A number of potential long run mechanisms are considered: complementarity of workers by age, age-specific productivity of individuals, new technology discoveries and adoptions, fertility and human capital investments. Potential short run channels include: the „second demographic dividend‟, changes in industry composition, incentives to seek labour saving technologies. A distinction is drawn between the national economic burden of ageing and fiscal costs of ageing. The national economic burden of ageing is less predictable than the fiscal costs; there is little if any accurate empirical evidence for some of the effects on productivity. However the evidence on the support ratio, the second demographic dividend and, to a lesser extent, age complementarities of workers is somewhat clearer and point to an aggregate net impact on living standards in New Zealand from these factors in a range from zero to 15% over the next 40 years. Policies in OECD countries for dealing with the national economic burden of ageing fall into three categories: promoting labour participation of older workers, promoting immigration and promoting fertility. The case for the first of these is probably strongest because it is based on removing disincentives and investing in human capital which should arguably occur irrespective of a concern about the burden of ageing. Immigration is effective in raising the support ratio in the short and medium term. For New Zealand this could mitigate the decline in the support ratio by up to 2.5% (points) of the projected 12% decline over the period to 2060. Pro-fertility policies however have little effect and are fiscally expensive. Policies for reducing the fiscal cost of ageing, in the case of New Zealand, should focus on New Zealand Superannuation since it accounts for roughly two thirds of the fiscal cost of ageing out to 2060. Author‟s contact details: Ross Guest Professor of Economics Griffith University, Qld, 4222 Email: r.guest@griffith.edu. au Phone: 61 7 5552 8783
Effect of changing NOx lifetime on the seasonality and long-term trends of satellite-observed tropospheric NO2 columns over China

Abstract. Satellite observations of tropospheric NO2 columns are extensively used to infer trends in anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx≡NO+NO2), but this may be complicated by trends in NOx lifetime. Here we use 2004–2018 observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite-based instrument (QA4ECV and POMINO v2 retrievals) to examine the seasonality and trends of tropospheric NO2 columns over central–eastern China, and we interpret the results with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. The observations show a factor of 3 increase in NO2 columns from summer to winter, which we explain in GEOS-Chem as reflecting a longer NOx lifetime in winter than in summer (21 h versus 5.9 h in 2017). The 2005–2018 summer trends of OMI NO2 closely follow the trends in the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC), with a rise over the 2005–2011 period and a 25 % decrease since. We find in GEOS-Chem no significant trend of the NOx lifetime in summer, supporting the emission trend reported by the MEIC. The winter trend of OMI NO2 is steeper than in summer over the entire period, which we attribute to a decrease in NOx lifetime at lower NOx emissions. Half of the NOx sink in winter is from N2O5 hydrolysis, which counterintuitively becomes more efficient as NOx emissions decrease due to less titration of ozone at night. The formation of organic nitrates also becomes an increasing sink of NOx as NOx emissions decrease but emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) do not.
MECHANISTIC MODELING OF TWO-PHASE FLOW AROUND SPACER GRIDS WITH MIXING VANES

Spacer grids in nuclear reactor fuel assemblies may have a significant effect on coolant flow and heat transfer within the reactor core. There has been a great deal of work carried out by the nuclear power industry to optimize spacer designs to improve reactor performance during both normal and accident conditions. Many of these designs employ mixing devices in order to enhance the heat transfer within the core. The effect of fuel rod spacer grids can be even more significant at multiphase flow conditions. The challenges associated with the modeling of two-phase flow and heat transfer with phase change in the spacer region are augmented by the complexity of the geometry that gives rise to both numerical and theoretical issues. The overall objective of the present study has been to develop a consistent multidimensional model and the corresponding solution methodology for the analysis of two-phase flows around mixing vanes in reactor subchannels. The proposed model has been implemented in a state-of-the-art computational multiphase fluid dynamics code, NPHASE-CMFD. This code uses a pressure-based finite volume solution method which is applied to RANS-level ensemble-average multifield equations of multiphase/multi-component fluids. It has already been extensively applied and tested before to simulate both adiabatic and diabatic gas/liquid flows in complex geometries [1], [2], [3]. This main focus the work reported in this paper has been on the PWR spacer design with Split-Vane type mixing devices [4]. The results of NPHASE-CMFD-predicted evolution of the velocity field and void distribution between the upstream and downstream sections around the spacer are presented. The results of parametric testing on the effect of inlet conditions and of the vapor-generation rate along the heated fuel rods are also shown, as well as those of model verification and validation against experimental data.
AnnualChanges in Levels of Plasma LH and Size of Cloacal Protrusionin Japanese Quail ( Cotumix cotumix japonica ) Housed in OutdoorCages under NaturalConditions

Japanese quail of the strain used in our laboratory do not show a complete decrease in levels of circulating luteinizing hormone (LH)concentrations and show no coUapse of the testes foUowing their transfer from long to short days under laboratory conditions. Thus, merely manipulating photoperiods in the laboratory does not simulate an annual breeding cycle.To see whether an annual breeding cycle does exist in “our ̈quail under natural conditions,mature male birds were housed in individual cages and placed on the roof of a building at 35°45'N,139°53'E; day length and ambient temperaturewere notcontrolled at a11 though food and water were continuously suppned. For 16 months blood was collected every week and the area of the cloacal protrusion measured at the time of each blood collection.The results showed that levels of plasma LH and the area of the cloacal protrusion had a clear annual cycle under the natural conditions. To detect more precisely the changes in circulating LH concentrations during spring and autumn, samples were collected every other day. The firstsignificant increase in levels of plasma LH was found when the day length exceeded 12-12.5 hr,though the increase was sporadic and not synchronized among individuals. The results also showed that circulatjng levels of LH declined significantly in early September starting when the day length was stin about 14 hr; this downward trend continued rather steadily to nonbreeding levels. The record of ambient temperatures indicated that in early spring there was a fajrly constant range of low temperatures despite some fluctuations, and in late summer to early autumn temperatures began to decrease although the daytime levels remained high. These results indicate that (1)under natural conditions our Japanese quail showed clear annual breeding cycles, (2)the increase in plasma LH in early spring was sporadic and not necessarily proportional to the increase in daylength,and(3)the decrease in circulating LH in late summer is diffieultto explain by a simple photoperiodic mechanism; the results indicate that other factors are involved. 0ur previous results (Wadagz�。 ,1990,G。 ,1.C。 ,即。 £。 &,c,j,1。 1.80,465-472)indicated that the decrease in ambient temperature seems to be the most probable factor causing termination of LH release from late summerto early autumn in this species. @1992 AcademicPyess,lnc.
1 Nonparametric Data Analysis Methods in Medical Imaging

Shape based statistical methods for medical imaging started around the early nineties (see Bookstein (1991), Dryden and Mardia (1998)) and the first nonparametric methods started being used slightly later. A classical medical imaging library that was heavily used in developing nonparametric tests in medical imaging was the one resulting from the Louisiana Experimental Glaucoma Study (LEGS), consisting of two types of imaging outputs: Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) images, and stereo pairs of images of the back of the eye (see Burgoyne et al. (2000)). The LEGS images are from Rhesus monkeys retinae. Tragically, the animals survived all the experiments, only to fall victims of the hurricane Katrina in 2005. In each of the individuals in the LEG study, an increased internal ocular pressure (IOP) was induced in one eye, while the other eye was left as control. Both eyes were imaged, and for each individual in the study, a complete set of observations, both HRT and stereo pairs were stored. The stereo pairs consisting in four optic nerve head (ONH) images were processed only in 2008 or later. They consisted in two images of the control eye (A) and two of the treated eye (B). Section 1.2 is dedicated to a review of results of nonparametric shape data analysis for HRT and stereo LEGS library data. HRT image data allows a recovery of the similarity shape information, therefore, for such data, the analysis is performed on the space Σ3 of direct similarity shapes of k-ads in 3D , known as Kendall shape space . Along these lines, we recall results from Derado et al. (2004) and from Bhattacharya and Patrangenaru (2005). For the stereo LEGS data, the camera parameters are unknown, thus only 3D projective shape data could be recovered. A 3D projective shape change analysis due to Crane and Patrangenaru (2011) is therefore pursued in this part of section 1.2. In Section 1.3 we focus on the important task of recovery of 3D data from CT scans of the human skull. This task includes pre-processing and post-processing steps for CT images. The pre-processing step consists of the extraction the boundary of the bone structure from the CT slices while the post-processing step consists of 3D reconstruction of the virtual skull from these bone extractions. Given that the bilateral symmetry of the skulls
Is Rapid Dengue Test Necessary at Primary Health Centre? A Study in Bandung City, Indonesia

Every year, about 400 million people are infected with dengue virus, 100 million become dengue and DHF require hospitalisation. Every year 21,000 deaths attributed to dengue are detected and in children, the death rate can be as high as 20% if the diagnosis is not immediately enforced and appropriate treatment is not given in time. The availability of a vaccine for dengue is very limited, until now [2].
SECTIOND ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING: AN OUTCOMES-BASED APPROACH TO ENHANCE LEARNING Dr

This paper draws on two case studies from UK universities to advance debate regarding assessment strategies and methods in the ERAU Worldwide. It focuses on the use of summative and formative assessment, the role of feedback, and the importance of learning outcomes for continuous academic improvement. Findings from the first case study, with three cohorts of graduate students, show that, where students are encouraged to learn from their mistakes via formative feedback, improvement is more likely than when standard approaches to assessment are employed. The second case study identifies one university's approach to changing the design, delivery and assessment of its courses. Findings reveal the need to match assessment and learning outcomes in order to enhance students' learning experiences.