Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Reputation Economy: Results from an Empirical Survey on Academic Data Sharing

Academic data sharing is a way for researchers to collaborate and thereby meet the needs of an increasingly complex research landscape. It enables researchers to verify results and to pursuit new research questions with “old” data. It is therefore not surprising that data sharing is advocated by funding agencies, journals, and researchers alike. We surveyed 2661 individual academic researchers across all disciplines on their dealings with data, their publication practices, and motives for sharing or withholding research data. The results for 1564 valid responses show that researchers across disciplines recognise the benefit of secondary research data for their own work and for scientific progress as a whole—still they only practice it in moderation. An explanation for this evidence could be an academic system that is not driven by monetary incentives, nor the desire for scientific progress, but by individual reputation—expressed in (high ranked journal) publications. We label this system a Reputation Economy. This special economy explains our findings that show that researchers have a nuanced idea how to provide adequate formal recognition for making data available to others—namely data citations. We conclude that data sharing will only be widely adopted among research professionals if sharing pays in form of reputation. Thus, policy measures that intend to foster research collaboration need to understand academia as a reputation economy. Successful measures must value intermediate products, such as research data, more highly than it is the case now.
A theoretical study on magnetic induction frequency dependence of phase shift in oedema and haematoma

The spectroscopic distribution of induction phase shift as a function of the relative volume of oedema and haematoma in the brain, lung and muscle in the bulk of tissue was produced from the available tissue data and a simple mathematical model of electromagnetic induction in tissue. The results show that the phase shift is sensitive to the relative volume of oedema/haematoma at frequencies higher than approximately 10 MHz. The effect of oedema/haematoma on brain, lung and muscle tissues is tissue-type specific. Increasing the volume of tissue has the effect of lowering the frequency at which the phase shift becomes sensitive to the volume of oedema/haematoma. The results indicate that bulk induction measurement of the phase shift has the potential for becoming a simple means for non-contact detection of formation of oedema and haematoma in brain, lung and muscle tissues.
Austin Powers bites back: a cross sectional comparison of US and English national oral health surveys

Objective To compare oral health in the US and England and to assess levels of educational and income related oral health inequalities between both countries. Design Cross sectional analysis of US and English national surveys. Setting Non-institutionalised adults living in their own homes. Participants Oral health measures and socioeconomic indicators were assessed in nationally representative samples: the Adult Dental Health Survey 2009 for England, and the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-08. Adults aged ≥25 years were included in analyses with samples of 8719 (England) and 9786 (US) for analyses by education, and 7184 (England) and 9094 (US) for analyses by income. Main outcome measures Number of missing teeth, self rated oral health, and oral impacts on daily life were outcomes. Educational attainment and household income were used as socioeconomic indicators. Age standardised estimates of oral health were compared between countries and across educational and income groups. Regression models were fitted, and relative and absolute inequalities were measured using the relative index of inequality (RII) and the slope index of inequality (SII). Results The mean number of missing teeth was significantly higher in the US (7.31 (standard error 0.15)) than in England (6.97 (0.09)), while oral impacts were higher in England. There was evidence of significant social gradients in oral health in both countries, although differences in oral health by socioeconomic position varied according to the oral health measure used. Consistently higher RII and SII values were found in the US than in England, particularly for self rated oral health. RII estimates for self rated oral health by education were 3.67 (95% confidence interval 3.23 to 4.17) in the US and 1.83 (1.59 to 2.11) in England. In turn, SII values were 42.55 (38.14 to 46.96) in the US and 18.43 (14.01 to 22.85) in England. Conclusions The oral health of US citizens is not better than the English, and there are consistently wider educational and income oral health inequalities in the US compared with England.
Statistical Birkeland current distributions from magnetic field observations by the Iridium constellation

We present a statistical analysis of Birkeland currents derived from Iridium magnetometer data acquired in the Northern Hemisphere to determine the dependence of large-scale currents on the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) direction. Because the Iridium data span nearly seven years, we can restrict analysis to only those intervals with sta- ble currents. We used image comparison to quantify the con- sistency between successive one-hour current distributions and selected 1550 two-hour intervals, 5% of the data, for analysis. Results include: no statistically significant aver- age currents are present poleward of 80 during southward IMF; Region-2 currents are weak and confined to latitudes >65 during northward IMF; there is marked contrast be- tween currents for northward and southward IMF but the evo- lution of the patterns is continuous with IMF rotation. The directions of flows inferred from the most poleward currents are more consistent with theoretical expectations of transport away from magnetopause reconnection than previous results. We attribute the differences to the restriction in this analysis to intervals having relatively stable distributions of current so that the data set corresponds more nearly to pure states of the system. the dynamic state of the system. The M-I system and hence the distribution and intensity of the large-scale Birkeland cur- rents is largely governed by the magnitude and direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), the solar wind speed and density, and the ionospheric conductivity. Characteriz- ing these dependencies is central to understanding driven M- I electrodynamics. Previous studies have determined global distributions of the large-scale Birkeland currents and their relationship to solar wind and IMF parameters by statistical analysis of single-satellite observations ( Iijima and Potemra, 1978; Weimer, 2001, 2005; Papitashvili et al., 2002). These studies significantly advanced our understanding of M-I cou- pling and may represent the most comprehensive analyses possible with these data. From this body of work we know that the IMF orientation is the dominant factor controlling the distribution of the currents and that while the IMF magnitude and the solar wind speed and density affect the intensity of the currents, they do not to first order alter the pattern of the
SEX DIFFERENCES IN TAIL-FLICK LATENCY OF NON-STRESSED AND STRESSED RATS

The present study was conducted to assess whether there are sex differences between male and female subjects in their response to noxious stimuli under non-stressed and stressed conditions. Tail-flick latency assay was used as an experimental tool on 12 adult male and 12 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats before immobilization (i.e., non-stressed condition) and after 30, 120, 240, and 360 min of continuous immobilization (i.e., stressed conditions). It was found that the non-stressed female rats exhibited significantly longer response latency to noxious thermal stimuli than the non-stressed male rats. Stressed conditions caused by immobilization of the animal inside a ventilated restrainer significantly prolonged the tail-flick latency thresholds of both sexes. Female and male rats did not develop any adaptation after 120, 240, and 360 min of immobilization compared to their 30 min of immobilization, as demonstrated by the tail-flick assay. Moreover, the difference in the tail-flick latency between male and female rats was reduced as the duration of immobilization in the restrainer lengthened. At 30 min of immobilization, the significant difference between the sexes reduced to p < . 05 compared to p < . 01 before immobilization, and to statistically non-significant differences after 120, 240, and 360 min of immobilization. Results from this study suggested that female rats had longer tail-flick latency than male rats in non-stressed environment, and the difference in tail-flick latency after immobilization between the sexes became less significant with time. In addition, 360 min of immobilization was not enough to adapt to the restrainer, as shown by the tail-flick assay.
Genetic variation of the land-locked freshwater shrimp Caridina pseudodenticulata (Decapoda: Atyidae: Caridina) in Taiwan

Abstract Caridina pseudodenticulata is a land-locked freshwater shrimp, which is endemic to North and West Taiwan. It is listed as Vulnerable under criteria A1ce in the IUCN Red List. Our study used mitochondrial DNA fragment sequences of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene to examine its genetic structure. In total, 204 sequences were analyzed from 22 populations, and all 39 haplotypes were identified. Our study (1) found that the genetic diversity within population of this species was similar to that of other land-locked freshwater prawn in Taiwan; (2) displayed that during glaciation, the Taiwan Strait was largely above water, an event which created opportunities for colonization Taiwan and dispersal widely; (3) showed that although the phylogenetic analysis showed the lack of a population genetic structure, the AMOVA and haplotypes distribution pattern revealed geographically divided; (4) indicated that C. pseudodenticulata could across to neighbor rivers through the mouths of rivers, which confluent with each other during floods.
Do cortical gamma oscillations promote or suppress perception? An under-asked question with an over-assumed answer

Cortical gamma oscillations occur alongside perceptual processes, and in proportion to perceptual salience. They have a number of properties that make them ideal candidates to explain perception, including incorporating synchronized discharges of neural assemblies, and their emergence over a fast timescale consistent with that of perception. These observations have led to widespread assumptions that gamma oscillations' role is to cause or facilitate conscious perception (i.e., a “positive” role). While the majority of the human literature on gamma oscillations is consistent with this interpretation, many or most of these studies could equally be interpreted as showing a suppressive or inhibitory (i.e., “negative”) role. For example, presenting a stimulus and recording a response of increased gamma oscillations would only suggest a role for gamma oscillations in the representation of that stimulus, and would not specify what that role were; if gamma oscillations were inhibitory, then they would become selectively activated in response to the stimulus they acted to inhibit. In this review, we consider two classes of gamma oscillations: “broadband” and “narrowband,” which have very different properties (and likely roles). We first discuss studies on gamma oscillations that are non-discriminatory, with respect to the role of gamma oscillations, followed by studies that specifically support specifically a positive or negative role. These include work on perception in healthy individuals, and in the pathological contexts of phantom perception and epilepsy. Reference is based as much as possible on magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) studies, but we also consider evidence from invasive recordings in humans and other animals. Attempts are made to reconcile findings within a common framework. We conclude with a summary of the pertinent questions that remain unanswered, and suggest how future studies might address these.
GTP cyclohydrolase 1 mutations and Parkinson's disease: New insights beyond DOPA‐responsive dystonia

Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD), most often attributable to GCH1 gene mutations, is an important movement disorder not to be missed in view of the excellent and sustained response to levodopa. Childhood-onset lower limb dystonia is the classical presentation. However, pure parkinsonism has been described in late-onset cases, sometimes mimicking idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD). This can be challenging for clinicians. A useful tool to differentiate between these two conditions is nigrostriatal dopaminergic imaging (DAT-Scan), which is typically normal in DRD, but demonstrates reduced tracer uptake in PD reflecting nigral dopaminergic cell degeneration. Recently, Mencacci et al. have challenged this widely accepted concept. The authors presented genetic, clinical, and DAT imaging details of four unrelated kindreds with GCH1 mutations. Intrafamilial phenotypic variability ranged from infancy-onset DRD to adult-onset parkinsonism. Notably, however, adult members fully met the UK Brain Bank Criteria for definite PD and had imaging evidence of nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation, arguing against the prevailing hypothesis that GCH1 mutations simply cause metabolic striatal dopamine deficiency. In a second step, the authors investigated the role of GCH1 mutations as a risk factor for developing PD. They performed exome sequencing in a large cohort of genetically undetermined early-onset or familial PD cases without a family history of DRD. This revealed 11 different heterozygous GCH1 variants with a significantly higher frequency in PD cases compared with controls (0.75% vs. 0.1%; P 5 0.0001). This identifies heterozygous GCH1 mutations as a strong genetic risk factor for PD, increasing the disease risk sevenfold. Notably, onset of GCH1 mutation-positive PD was relatively early (mean, 43.2 y); dystonic features were present only in some cases, especially at onset; levodopa treatment led to long-term motor complications in all, and some cases also exhibited nonmotor features. The study by Mencacci et al. strenghtens the notion that parkinsonism in adult GCH1 mutation carriers is caused by nigrostriatal degeneration rather than being a manifestation of a metabolic derangement of the biochemical pathway of dopamine synthesis, as in classical DRD. Because no cases of patients with DRD who had taken levodopa since childhood have been shown to develop nigral degeneration, the authors hypothesize a possible protective role of levodopa on dopaminergic neurons in early-treated mutation carriers. This is similar to what has been shown in animal models, in which levodopa promotes the recovery of nigrostriatal denervation. Alternatively, reduced dopamine levels in GCH1 mutation carriers may somehow predispose nigral cells to degeneration by making them more vulnerable to other genetic or environmental factors.
Cyclin D1 Inhibits Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ-mediated Adipogenesis through Histone Deacetylase Recruitment*

The cyclin D1 gene encodes the labile serum-inducible regulatory subunit of a holoenzyme that phosphorylates and inactivates the retinoblastoma protein. Overexpression of cyclin D1 promotes cellular proliferation and normal physiological levels of cyclin D1 function to inhibit adipocyte differentiation in vivo. We have previously shown that cyclin D1 inhibits peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ-dependent activity through a cyclin-dependent kinase- and retinoblastoma protein-binding-independent mechanism. In this study, we determined the molecular mechanism by which cyclin D1 regulated PPARγ function. Herein, murine embryonic fibroblast (MEF) differentiation by PPARγ ligand was associated with a reduction in histone deacetylase (HDAC1) activity. Cyclin D1–/– MEFs showed an increased propensity to undergo differentiation into adipocytes. Genetic deletion of cyclin D1 reduced HDAC1 activity. Reconstitution of cyclin D1 into the cyclin D1–/– MEFs increased HDAC1 activity and blocked PPARγ-mediated adipogenesis. PPARγ activity was enhanced in cyclin D1–/– cells. Reintroduction of cyclin D1 inhibited basal and ligand-induced PPARγ activity and enhanced HDAC repression of PPARγ activity. Cyclin D1 bound HDAC in vivo and preferentially physically associated with HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, and HDAC5. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that cyclin D1 enhanced recruitment of HDAC1 and HDAC3 and histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 to the PPAR response element of the lipoprotein lipase promoter and decreased acetylation of total histone H3 and histone H3 lysine 9. Collectively, these studies suggest an important role of cyclin D1 in regulation of PPARγ-mediated adipocyte differentiation through recruitment of HDACs to regulate PPAR response element local chromatin structure and PPARγ function.
Elevated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in patients with euthyroid chronic autoimmune thyreotidis

Abstract Objective. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), determined from peripheral blood, is accepted as an available and practical indicator of the systemic inflammation. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the NLR was higher in euthyroid chronic autoimmune thyreotidis (CAT) patients compared to a healthy control group. Methods. A total of 112 patients were enrolled in this study, including 59 patients with euthyroid CAT on any form of therapy and 53 healthy controls. Th e CAT patients were similar in age to the healthy control group (mean 33.9±12.8 years versus 30.2±12.4 years, p=0.10). Measurements were available for the white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, C-reactive protein (CRP), thyroid peroxidase immune antibody (anti-TPO), and anti-thyroglobulin immune antibody (anti-TG). The NLR and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were calculated. Differences between the CAT and control groups were tested using the student’s t-test and the correlations were determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Results. There were no differences between the CAT and control groups for WBCs (7.9±0.3 and 7.4±0.2, respectively; p=0.1) or neutrophils (5.5±0.3 and 5.4±1.1; p=0.9), but lymphocytes were higher in the CAT group (3.1±0.5 vs. 2.04±0.1; p=0.05) as was the NLR (4.0±0.7 vs. 2.0±0.1; p=0.01). Th e NLR was positively correlated with CRP (r=0.6, p<0.001), anti-TPO (r=0.3, p<0.001), anti-TG (r=0.3, p=0.006), WBCs (r=0.4, p<0.001), and the PLR (r=0.73, p<0.001). The PLR was also higher in the CAT than the control group (p=0.02). Conclusions. In this study, we found that NLR values were higher in euthyroid CAT patients than in a healthy control group and that NLR correlated with autoantibodies used to diagnose the disease.
Culture Contact or Colonialism? Challenges in the Archaeology of Native North America

What has frequently been termed “contact-period“ archaeology has assumed a prominent role in North American archaeology in the last two decades. This article examines the conceptual foundation of archaeological “culture contact” studies by sharpening the terminological and interpretive distinction between “contact” and “colonialism. ” The conflation of these two terms, and thereby realms of historical experience, has proven detrimental to archaeologists’ attempts to understand indigenous and colonial histories. In light of this predicament, the article tackles three problems with treating colonialism as culture contact: (1) emphasizing short-term encounters rather than long-term entanglements, which ignores the process and heterogeneous forms of colonialism and the multifaceted ways that indigenous people experienced them; (2) down-playing the severity of interaction and the radically different levels of political power, which does little to reveal how Native people negotiated complex social terrain but does much to distance “contact” studies from what should be a related research focus in the archaeology of African enslavement and diaspora; and (3) privileging predefined cultural traits over creative or creolized cultural products, which loses sight of the ways that social agents lived their daily lives and that material culture can reveal, as much as hide, the subtleties of cultural change and continuity.
Influence du contexte de consommation sur la taille d'ensembles de considérations formés de produits

Nous étudions la relation entre la taille d'ensembles de considération hétérogènes, formés de produits (et non de marques) pour un contexte de consommation envisagé et les caractéristiques du contexte de consommation. Dans une application à l'univers des boissons, nous montrons: (1) que la taille de l'ensemble de considération dépend du contexte de consommation envisagé et de ses caractéristiques; (2) que le nombre de bénéfices recherchés par un consommateur est un facteur majeur d'influence de la taille de l'ensemble de considération, de loin le plus important parmi les facteurs étudiés (la taille de l'ensemble de considération s'accroît avec le nombre de bénéfices désirés; (3) que la familiarité (profondeur et largeur) avec le contexte et les produits, contrairement à ce qui a été montré dans la littérature, a un effet très modéré qui de plus passe via son influence sur le nombre de bénéfices désirés qui joue le rôle de variable médiatrice.
High prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in patients with severe psoriasis with suboptimal performance of screening questionnaires

Objectives The objectives of this study were to: (1) assess the prevalence of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) among Psoriasis (Ps) patients attending dermatology clinics; (2) identify clinical predictors of the development of PsA; and (3) compare the performance of three PsA screening questionnaires: Psoriatic Arthritis Screening and Evaluation (PASE), Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool (PEST) and Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Screening (ToPAS). Methods Patients were divided into two groups: Group-1, consecutive psoriasis patients attending dermatology clinics with no known diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis and Group-2, consecutive patients attending rheumatology clinics with a confirmed diagnosis of PsA. In Group-1, patients completed the screening questionnaires, followed by a full rheumatological evaluation whether or not they reported musculoskeletal symptoms. Results 200 patients were recruited with 100 in each group. In all, 84% of patients in dermatology group were using systemic therapy for their skin disease, and 99% of patients in rheumatology group were on systemic immunosuppressives. In Group-1, 29% of patients were diagnosed with PsA after rheumatological evaluation. On univariate and multivariate analyses, there was a significant positive association between Psoriasis Area and Severity Index and a new diagnosis of PsA (p=0.046). Different patterns of joint involvement were noted in patients with newly diagnosed PsA versus patients with established PsA with fewer polyarticular disease presentations (p=0.0001). In Group-1, the PEST, PASE and ToPAS assessments had sensitivities of 27.5%, 24% and 41%, and specificities of 98%, 94% and 90%, respectively. In Group-2, the sensitivities were 86%, 62% and 83%, respectively. Conclusions 29% of Ps patients attending dermatology clinics had undiagnosed PsA. Psoriasis severity was associated with a new diagnosis of PsA. Poor sensitivities for the screening questionnaires were noted due to inadequate detection of patterns of arthritis other than polyarticular disease.