Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Langzeitergebnisse nach Swanson-Prothesenversorgung des rheumatischen Handgelenks

Silicone-wrist arthroplasty has dominated reconstructive surgery of the rheumatoid wrist for a long time. Silicone interposition wrist arthroplasty yielded good clinical results in short and midterm studies. The durability and longevity of the prosthesis however is limited and progressive X-ray deterioration and silicone synovialitis are the main shortcomings. We present the ten-year follow-up results of 102 rheumatoid wrists operated between 1984 and 1992. 72 patients with 82 wrist arthroplasties were clinically and radiologically examined. The mean age at operation was 56.9 years. The average onset of R.A. was 16.1 years. Each wrist was rated on a 100-point scale, with points based on wrist balance, range of motion, pain relief and extensor strength. The postoperative Clayton score averaged 69.4 points. Including revision cases, 51% of the Swanson implants were rated good or excellent, 16% fair, and 33% were judged poor because of pain or prosthesis breakage. Patient satisfaction and pain relief were achieved in 68.2%. Active motion with unrevised implants was 21 degrees extension and 31 degrees flexion. We noticed a moderate increase (7 degrees) for ulnar-radial deviation. There was a progressive deterioration in the radiographic appearance. Implant fracture occurred in 31% of the patients. Subsidence of the implant and significant reduction of carpal height was noticed in 82.5% of the prosthesis. Revision procedures were performed in eleven cases. We conclude that the clinical and radiological results of Swanson silicone interposition arthroplasty will deteriorate with the passage of time. Beyond the potential deleterious effects of silicone, long-term radiological complications such as implant fracture, subsidence and carpal collapse are the main disadvantages of Swanson arthroplasty of the wrist. We therefore currently recommend the MPH-total wrist design in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
The association of minimum wage change on child nutritional status in LMICs: A quasi-experimental multi-country study*

ABSTRACT There is recognition that social protection policies such as raising the minimum wage can favourably impact health, but little evidence links minimum wage increases to child health outcomes. We used multi-year data (2003–2012) on national minimum wages linked to individual-level data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 23 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) that had least two DHS surveys to establish pre- and post-observation periods. Over a pre- and post-interval ranging from 4 to 8 years, we examined minimum wage growth and four nutritional status outcomes among children under 5 years: stunting, wasting, underweight, and anthropometric failure. Using a differences-in-differences framework with country and time-fixed effects, a 10% increase in minimum wage growth over time was associated with a 0.5 percentage point decline in stunting (−0.054, 95% CI (−0.084,−0.025)), and a 0.3 percentage point decline in failure (−0.031, 95% CI (−0.057,−0.005)). We did not observe statistically significant associations between minimum wage growth and underweight or wasting. We found similar results for the poorest households working in non-agricultural and non-professional jobs, where minimum wage growth may have the most leverage. Modest increases in minimum wage over a 4- to 8-year period might be effective in reducing child undernutrition in LMICs.
A cross-national exploration of societal-level factors associated with child physical abuse and neglect

ABSTRACT Children around the world experience violence at the hands of their caregivers at alarming rates. A recent review estimates that a minimum of 50% of children in Asia, Africa, and North America experienced severe physical violence by caregivers in the past year, with large variations between countries. Identifying modifiable country-level factors driving these geographic variations has great potential for achieving population-level reductions in rates of child maltreatment. This study builds on previous research by focusing on caregiver-reported physical abuse and neglect victimisation, examining 22 societal factors representing 11 different constructs among 42 countries from 5 continents at different stages of development. Our findings suggest that gender inequity may be important for both child physical abuse and neglect. Indicators of literacy and development may also be important for child neglect. Given the limitations of the correlational findings and measurement issues, it is critical to continue to investigate societal-level factors of child maltreatment so that interventions and prevention efforts can incorporate strategies that have the greatest potential for population-level impact.
Fifteen Thousand Hours: Secondary Schools and Their Effects on Children

We have come a long way from the heady days of the Great Society, when most people seemed to believe that education would solve all of our problems, both intellectual and social. The Coleman Report in 1966 cast the first doubts, and Jencks ( Inequality ) and Averch ( How Effective is Schooling? ) in 1972 seemed to make it official: nothing that schools do really makes any difference. Considering that we spend more on schools than most other state and local governmental functions combined, this is indeed a dreary state of affairs. Fifteen Thousand Hours has the temerity to question our present conventional wisdom. It is a study of what things do make a difference in pupil outputs in 12 London inner-city secondary schools. In many ways, it is a substantial improvement, methodologically, over previous studies. First, it studies not just one output (which has usually been the score on some standardized test),
Region‐ and age‐specific patterns of histone acetylation related to spatial and cued learning in the water maze

Epigenetic processes, such as histone acetylation, are critical regulators of learning and memory processes. In the present study, we investigated whether training in either a spatial or a cued water maze task undergoes selective changes of histone H3 and H4 acetylation within the hippocampus and the dorsal striatum of C57BL/6 mice. We also attempted to provide new insights into the relationships between deregulation in histone acetylation and age‐associated memory deficits. In young mice, spatial training increased acetylation of histones H3 and H4 selectively in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 region and the dentate gyrus (DG) whereas cued training significantly enhanced acetylation of both histones selectively in the dorsal striatum. Our data also revealed age‐related differences in histone acetylation within the hippocampus and striatum according to task demands. Specifically, age‐related spatial memory deficits were associated with opposite changes of H3 (increase) and H4 (decrease) acetylation in CA1 and DG. After cued learning, both histone acetylation levels were reduced in the striatum of aged mice compared with corresponding young‐adults but remained well above those of cage‐controls. Collectively, our findings suggest an important role for histone acetylation in regulating the relative contributions of the hippocampus and striatum to learning spatial and cued memory tasks. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Resveratrol is Not a Direct Activator of SIRT1 Enzyme Activity

Resveratrol is a plant polyphenol capable of exerting beneficial metabolic effects which are thought to be mediated in large by the activation of the NAD+‐dependent protein deacetylase SIRT1. Although resveratrol has been claimed to be a bona fide SIRT1 activator using a peptide substrate (Fluor de Lys‐SIRT1 peptide substrate), recent reports indicate that this finding might be an experimental artifact and need to be clarified. Here, we show that: (i) the Fluor de Lys‐SIRT1 peptide is an artificial SIRT1 substrate because in the absence of the covalently linked fluorophore the peptide itself is not a substrate of the enzyme, (ii) resveratrol does not activate SIRT1 in vitro in the presence of either a p53‐derived peptide substrate or acetylated PGC‐1α isolated from cells, and (iii) although SIRT1 deacetylates PGC‐1α in both in vitro and cell‐based assays, resveratrol did not activate SIRT1 under these conditions. Based on these observations, we conclude that the pharmacological effects of resveratrol in various models are unlikely to be mediated by a direct enhancement of the catalytic activity of the SIRT1 enzyme. In consequence, our data challenge the overall utility of resveratrol as a pharmacological tool to directly activate SIRT1.
Dopamine D2 receptor controls hilar mossy cells excitability

Hippocampal control of memory formation is regulated by dopaminergic signaling. Whereas the role of dopamine D1 receptors is well documented in such regulations, functions of dopamine D2 receptors (DRD2) are not fully understood. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization we demonstrate that Drd2 expression in the hippocampus of wild‐type mice is limited to glutamatergic hilar mossy cells. Using whole cell electrophysiological recordings in hippocampal slice preparations, we provide evidence that unlike in basal ganglia, activation of DRD2 by the selective agonist, quinpirole, induces a long‐lasting increase in excitability of hilar mossy cells, which can be blocked by the DRD2 antagonist raclopride. Such activity is mediated by the Akt/GSK pathway, as application of specific inhibitors such as A1070722 or SB216763 prevented quinpirole activity. Long‐term effects of acute DRD2 activation in vitro suggest that volume transmission of dopamine may modulate mossy cell activities in vivo. This is supported by the presence of dense tyrosine hydroxylase positive varicosities in the hilus, which are rarely seen in the vicinity of mossy cell dendrites. From these data we discuss how dopamine could control mossy cell activity and thus dentate gyrus functions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mitochondrial Localization of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Partially Differentiated Urothelial Cells of Urinary Bladder Lesions

In urothelium, nitric oxide (NO) produced by NO synthase (NOS) plays various roles during disease processes. Because diseases influence the expression of uroplakins, the main urothelial differentiation-related proteins, we compared their expression and localization with that of inducible NOS (iNOS) in bladder outlet obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia and in noninvasive urothelial neoplasms (papilloma, low-grade, and high-grade papillary carcinoma). In all cases, we found areas with terminal and areas with partial cell differentiation. Terminally differentiated urothelium was uroplakin positive and iNOS negative. Areas of partial differentiation contained superficial cells with altered apical surface morphology and with no or weak uroplakin staining. These areas showed elevated iNOS staining. By immunoelectron microscopy, it was demonstrated for the first time that iNOS was localized in mitochondria of urothelial cells that show partial differentiation. These results suggest that various urinary bladder lesions alter the normal differentiation pathway of urothelial superficial cells, which induces the expression of NOS in mitochondria of partially differentiated cells.
Reassessing the effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors on hippocampal memory and cognitive aging

Converging results link histone acetylation dynamics to hippocampus‐dependent memory, including evidence that histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) administration enhances long‐term memory. Previously, we demonstrated that aging disrupts the coordinated epigenetic response to recent experience observed in the young adult hippocampus. Here, we extended that work to test the cognitive effects of a novel, brain‐penetrant HDACi (EVX001688; EVX) that we confirmed yields robust, relatively long lasting dose‐dependent increases in histone acetylation in the hippocampus. In young rats, acute systemic EVX administration, scheduled to yield elevated histone acetylation levels during training in a contextual fear conditioning (CFC) task, had no effect on memory retention at 24 h at any dose examined (10, 30, or 60 mg/kg). Pretraining injection of another HDACi, sodium butyrate, also failed to affect fear memory, and CFC training itself had no influence on hippocampal histone acetylation at 1 hour in mice or two strains of rats. EVX administration before water maze training in young rats yielded a modest effect such that the middle dose produced marginally better 24‐h retention than either the low or high dose, but only a small numerical benefit relative to vehicle. Guided by those findings, a final experiment tested the influence of pretraining EVX treatment on age‐related spatial memory impairment. The results, revealing no effect on performance, are consistent with the idea that effective procognitive HDACi treatments in aging may require intervention aimed at restoring coordinated epigenetic regulation rather than bulk increases in hippocampal histone acetylation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Allais paradox without mental time travel

The capacity to anticipate future experiences of regret has been hypothesized to explain otherwise irrational aspects of human decision‐making, including the certainty effect (Kahneman and Tversky (1979) Econometrica 47:263–291) and the common ratio effect (Allais (1953) Econometrica 21:503–546). The anticipated regret hypothesis predicts that individuals incapable of episodically imagining their personal futures, as has been reported for people with extensive damage to medial temporal lobe structures and resulting deficits in episodic thought, should be immune to these effects. We report that K.C. , who has extensive bilateral damage to his hippocampus and adjacent medial temporal lobe structures and nearly complete deficits in his ability to episodically imagine his personal future, nonetheless displays both the certainty and the common ratio effects. These results suggest that the episodic anticipation of future regret does not explain the general human tendency to display the certainty and common ratio effects. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Repetitions detection on a linear array with reconfigurable pipelined bus system

The optical bus based arrays have recently shown many applications. In this paper we use the pipelining ability of the LARPBS to solve the repetitions detection problem. We propose an algorithm that finds all kind of repetitions in a string including k-power repetitions, overlapping repetitions and non-contiguous repetitions. For a given distance, this operation is performed in O(1) communication cycle with a constant computation time processors on a O(n) processors LARPBS for a string of length n. For all the periods, it is O(n) bus cycle. No previous algorithms were known for this problem on the LARPBS.
Anatomically heterogeneous populations of CB1 cannabinoid receptor‐expressing interneurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus show homogeneous input–output characteristics

A subpopulation of GABAergic cells in cortical structures expresses CB1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1) on their axon terminals. To understand the function of these interneurons in information processing, it is necessary to uncover how they are embedded into neuronal circuits. Therefore, the proportion of GABAergic terminals expressing CB1 and the morphological and electrophysiological properties of CB1‐immunoreactive interneurons should be revealed. We investigated the ratio and the origin of CB1‐expressing inhibitory boutons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Using immunocytochemical techniques, we estimated that ∼40% of GABAergic axon terminals in different layers of CA3 also expressed CB1. To identify the inhibitory cell types expressing CB1 in this region, we recorded and intracellularly labeled interneurons in hippocampal slices. CB1‐expressing interneurons showed distinct axonal arborization, and were classified as basket cells, mossy‐fiber‐associated cells, dendritic‐layer‐innervating cells or perforant‐path‐associated cells. In each morphological category, a substantial variability in axonal projection was observed. In contrast to the diverse morphology, the active and passive membrane properties were found to be rather similar. Using paired recordings, we found that pyramidal cells displayed large and fast unitary postsynaptic currents in response to activating basket and mossy‐fiber‐associated cells, while they showed slower and smaller synaptic events in pairs originating from interneurons that innervate the dendritic layer, which may be due to dendritic filtering. In addition, CB1 activation significantly reduced the amplitude of the postsynaptic currents in each cell pair tested. Our data suggest that CB1‐expressing interneurons with different axonal projections have comparable physiological characteristics, contributing to a similar proportion of GABAergic inputs along the somato‐dendritic axis of CA3 pyramidal cells. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of expression of heat‐shock protein 60, Toll‐like receptors 2 and 4, and T‐cell receptor γδ in plaque and guttate psoriasis

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease that appears to be autoimmune in nature. Recently, it is thought that microbial pathogens of skin can affect the pathogenesis of psoriasis by inducing autoimmunity. Heat‐shock proteins (HSPs) are known to play an important role in immune and inflammatory responses of the skin including psoriasis. Recent studies have suggested that Toll‐like receptors (TLR) 2, 4 and γδ T‐cell receptors (TCR‐γδ) may recognize HSP60 as a ligand and consequently activate the immune system.
Dissociation of spatial representations within hippocampal region CA3

Classic models of the hippocampus uniformly ascribe pattern completion to CA3, but recent data suggest CA3c (enclosed by the dentate gyrus) may act in a manner more consistent with the dentate and aid in pattern separation. The ideal test for functional distinction within CA3, however, is to compare the responses in these regions in the same animal in multiple contexts. To accomplish this, animals visited two contexts with varying degrees of similarity and the pattern of repeated Arc expression was examined across the pyramidal cell layer. Under conditions of partial cue change, responses in CA3c are far more distinct than CA3a/b, consistent with evidence for functional diversity along the transverse axis of CA3. These data add to the mounting evidence that “classic” roles ascribed to CA3 in learning and memory require re‐evaluation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of the X-Ray Absorption by Gold Nanoparticles Solutions

The increase in the X-ray absorption due to gold nanoparticles was investigated by using aqueous solutions containing gold (Au) nanoparticles. A sample with 15 nm in size nanoparticles and 0.5 mg/mL gold concentration and a distilled water sample were used. Transmitted X-ray beams through the samples were registered with a CdTe detector and with an ionization chamber. Results show an enhancement in the X-ray absorption in the range 20%–6% for beams generated from 20 kV to 120 kV tube voltages, respectively. Results show that the use of gold nanoparticles, even at low concentrations, should result in a significant contrast enhancement for low-energy X-ray beams.
Potential Role of Tissue Microarrays for the Study of Biomarker Expression in Benign Breast Disease and Normal Breast Tissue

BackgroundTissue microarrays (TMAs) are commonly used to study biomarker expression in invasive breast cancers. Whether or not TMAs may also be a potentially useful platform for assessing biomarkers in benign proliferative breast lesions (BPBL) and normal breast tissue has not been previously studied in detail. MethodsWe evaluated the success of capturing the targeted areas in TMAs constructed from benign breast biopsy blocks of 368 Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II participants. Areas targeted included 214 BPBL and 361 normal terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs). At least three 0.6 mm cores were obtained from the areas of interest from each donor paraffin block and arrayed into a recipient block. Sections cut from TMA blocks were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Each TMA slide was examined to determine the number of cores per case in which the targeted area was represented. ResultsOverall, the targeted area was present in 776 of 1800 TMA cores (43%). At least 1 of the cores contained the area of interest for 401 of the 575 targeted foci (70%), including 76%, 66%, 60%, and 40% of cases in which the targeted areas were normal TDLUs, usual ductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, and atypical ductal hyperplasia, respectively. ConclusionsIn TMAs constructed from BPBL and normal TDLUs, the targeted area was present on at least 1 core in 70% of cases. Our findings indicate that it is feasible to construct TMAs from donor tissue blocks consisting of BPBLs and normal breast tissue with a relatively high rate of capture of the targeted area.
The dynamic nature of systems consolidation: Stress during learning as a switch guiding the rate of the hippocampal dependency and memory quality

Memory fades over time, becoming more schematic or abstract. The loss of contextual detail in memory may reflect a time‐dependent change in the brain structures supporting memory. It has been well established that contextual fear memory relies on the hippocampus for expression shortly after learning, but it becomes hippocampus‐independent at a later time point, a process called systems consolidation. This time‐dependent process correlates with the loss of memory precision. Here, we investigated whether training intensity predicts the gradual decay of hippocampal dependency to retrieve memory, and the quality of the contextual memory representation over time. We have found that training intensity modulates the progressive decay of hippocampal dependency and memory precision. Strong training intensity accelerates systems consolidation and memory generalization in a remarkable timeframe match. The mechanisms underpinning such process are triggered by glucocorticoid and noradrenaline released during training. These results suggest that the stress levels during emotional learning act as a switch, determining the fate of memory quality. Moderate stress will create a detailed memory, whereas a highly stressful training will develop a generic gist‐like memory. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.