Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rural Road Infrastructural Challenges: An Impediment to Health Care Service Delivery in Kabba-Bunu Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria

In spite of the diverse rural development policy programmes designed address improvement in the condition of rural dwellers in Nigeria, the health needs of many of the rural environment are still being hindered due to inadequacy of rural road transport infrastructures. This situation has put the health of the rural dwellers in jeopardy and invariably makes them vulnerable to curable health challenges with known solutions in tertiary health centres in urban areas. Transport infrastructural challenges have made it relatively difficult encourage the required medical and health personnel to be attracted to working the rural areas of the country. The above situation is responsible for the untold hardship rural dwellers are facing in accessing appropriate healthcare. This study examined the rural road transport infrastructural challenges as an impediment to health care service delivery in Akutupa-Kiri village of Kabba Bunu Local Government area of Kogi State. The study was carried out through structured questionnaire and reconnaissance survey to ascertain the situation. The data were presented using descriptive analytical method. Findings revealed that road transport infrastructures is required to support qualitative health care delivery as poor road network and high transport cost has been found to be responsible for problematic access to medical treatment. The poor transport infrastructures and epileptic nature of transport infrastructure situation compounded health workers ability in the handling of health emergencies in the rural areas. The above situation has negatively impacted on health care delivery in the area. The study recommended construction of motorable roads with adequate infrastructures and creation of Agency or Board that could monitor rural infrastructures particularly transport infrastructures to facilitate easy movement and accentuate healthcare delivery in the area on a positive note. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2016. v5n2p35
Title Relationships between cranial base synchondroses and craniofacial development: a review

Synchondrosis is defined as the development of a union between two bones by the formation of either hyaline cartilage or fibro-cartilage. This paper reviews the relationship between cranial base synchondroses and craniofacial development. The cranial base synchondroses are important growth centers of the craniofacial skeleton. Their abnormalities lead to numerous growth and developmental conditions in the craniofacial region. In dentofacial orthopedics, mechanical forces are commonly applied to cranial bones for growth modification to treat such conditions. Molecular biology and genetics provide tools to investigate the molecular mechanisms, genes and transcription factors responsible for synchondrosis and craniofacial development.
DIFFERENCES IN JUMPING PERFORMANCE OF CHILDREN FROM DIFFERENT SPORTS

The ability of high rate of force development is crucial in many high power sports. The aim of this study was to examine the possible differences in jumping skills of children participating in sports with different demands of leg strength, in order to investigate if specific training influenced different jump performances. 175 children from four different sports participated. The subjects performed squat jumps; counter movement jumps and drop jumps from 0.2 m and 0.4 m. The study showed that the nature of the sport has influence on the performance of drop jumping ability on children, though natural selection may also have an influence.
Tree conservation can be constrained by agents from conservation permitting and funding agencies

ABSTRACT Recent conservation actions for Serianthes nelsonii Merr. and Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill in the Mariana Islands have illuminated some negative consequences associated with ill-informed agents representing permitting and funding agencies. Several cases from the islands of Guam and Tinian are discussed as ineffective conservation examples, and these are countered with two examples of successful conservation approaches. When biologists that act as points of contact for federal permitting and funding agencies do not possess education, knowledge, and experience that is germane to federally listed species, sound science may be marginalized from the conservation agenda. When rapid turnover of federal conservation agents introduces dysfunction, discontinuities in collaborations may thwart success. When lapses in conservation contracts are allowed, short-term extemporary contracting approaches are utilized, and conservation practitioners that lack the ability to include an experimental approach to conservation actions are employed, the co-production of new knowledge to enable decision support tools for future decision-makers may be hindered.
Bacterial Infection, Antibiogram and Wound Treatment in Domesticated Asian Elephants

In India domesticated Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) are mostly used for heavy work like moving logs, lifting vehicles and demolishing structures. Skin wounds are one of the most commonly encountered pathological conditions in domesticated elephants (Sukklad et al. 2006). Mechanical injury from sharp objects like the ankus used by mahouts or pieces of wood, and cut injuries from chains are the most common causes of skin wounds. Foot ailments are also common with a recorded 62% incidence due to split nails, 25% abscesses and 12.5% cracked soles (Singh et al. 2010). The large corpus of an elephant is a major predisposing factor to surface injury. The lack of sebaceous glands makes the skin dry and in natural habitats, elephants keep their skin moist and protected from UV rays by covering with mud and dust (Sukklad et al. 2006). When the skin is very dry, surface pathogens can easily multiply in skin breaches and aggravate wounds. Wallowing of elephants in mud and dust bathing may facilitate the growth of soil pathogens in damaged skin.
Political Persistence, Connections and Economic Growth

Using data on a panel of 56 democratic countries in the period 1975-2004, we find evidence of a negative association between political stability and economic growth which is stronger and empirically more robust in countries with high bureaucratic costs. Motivated by these results, which contrast with previous contributions, we develop a model of growth with quality improvements where political connections with long-term politicians can be exploited by low-quality producers to defend their monopoly position and prevent innovation and entry of high-quality competitors. This requires that the incumbent politician remains in office and that the red-tape cost advantage granted by political connections is large relative to the quality upgrade related to innovation. Consistently with our empirical findings, the model delivers a negative association between the probability that the incumbent politician remains in office and average economic growth in the presence of high bureaucratic costs.
When conservation goes viral: The diffusion of innovative biodiversity conservation policies and practices

Despite billions of dollars invested, “getting to scale” remains a fundamental challenge for conservation donors and practitioners. Occasionally, however, a conservation intervention will “go viral,” with rapid, widespread adoption that transforms the relationship between people and nature across large areas. The factors that shape rates and patterns of conservation interventions remain unclear, puzzling scientists and hindering evidence‐based policymaking. Diffusion of innovation theory—the study of the how and why innovations are adopted, and the rates and patterns of adoption—provides a novel lens for examining rates and patterns in the establishment of conservation interventions. Case studies from Tanzania and the Pacific illustrate that characteristics of the innovation, of the adopters, and of the social‐ecological context shape spatial and temporal dynamics in the diffusion of community‐centered conservation interventions. Differential trends in adoption mirrored the relative advantage of interventions to local villagers and villager access to external technical assistance. Theories of innovation diffusion highlight new arenas for conservation research and provide critical insights for conservation policy and practice, suggesting the potential to empower donors and practitioners with the ability to catalyze conservation at scale—and to do so at less cost and with longer‐lasting impacts.
RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE – AFASES 2017 231 CONTROL LAWS FOR AN AIRCRAFT SUPERSONIC INLET WITH MOBILE PANEL

The paper studies a rectangular supersonic inlet for a 2.5 Mach aircraft. Inlet’s architecture was chosen in order to assure a wide range of flight regimes (from low regimes of taxi and take-off until high supersonic regime), so it was built with a mobile panel. Applying an algorithm based on inlet’s efficiency maximization, the optimal architecture for the most employed flight regime was determined and inlet’s characteristics maps for a fixed geometrical configuration were obtained. In order to obtain the flow characteristics improvement, an adjusting law for the mobile panel was imagined and, consequently, some new characteristics maps issued; a complementary law was also described and established. The study is useful for further inlet’s automation possibilities analysis and also for combined control law(s) issuing, as well as for similar inlets architecture establishing.
Related Enteric Viruses Have Different Requirements for Host Microbiota in Mice

Recent data indicate that intestinal bacteria promote intestinal infection of several enteric viruses. Here, we show that coxsackievirus, an enteric virus in the picornavirus family, also relies on microbiota for intestinal replication and pathogenesis. Relatively minor depletion of the microbiota was sufficient to decrease coxsackievirus infection, while poliovirus infection was unaffected. Surprisingly, a single dose of one antibiotic was sufficient to reduce coxsackievirus infection. Therefore, these data indicate that closely related viruses may differ with respect to their reliance on microbiota. ABSTRACT Accumulating evidence suggests that intestinal bacteria promote enteric virus infection in mice. For example, previous work demonstrated that antibiotic treatment of mice prior to oral infection with poliovirus reduced viral replication and pathogenesis. Here, we examined the effect of antibiotic treatment on infection with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a picornavirus closely related to poliovirus. We treated mice with a mixture of five antibiotics to deplete host microbiota and examined CVB3 replication and pathogenesis following oral inoculation. We found that, as seen with poliovirus, CVB3 shedding and pathogenesis were reduced in antibiotic-treated mice. While treatment with just two antibiotics, vancomycin and ampicillin, was sufficient to reduce CVB3 replication and pathogenesis, this treatment had no effect on poliovirus. The quantity and composition of bacterial communities were altered by treatment with the five-antibiotic cocktail and by treatment with vancomycin and ampicillin. To determine whether more-subtle changes in bacterial populations impact viral replication, we examined viral infection in mice treated with milder antibiotic regimens. Mice treated with one-tenth the standard concentration of the normal antibiotic cocktail supported replication of poliovirus but not CVB3. Importantly, a single dose of one antibiotic, streptomycin, was sufficient to reduce CVB3 shedding and pathogenesis while having no effect on poliovirus shedding and pathogenesis. Overall, replication and pathogenesis of CVB3 are more sensitive to antibiotic treatment than poliovirus, indicating that closely related viruses may differ with respect to their reliance on microbiota. IMPORTANCE Recent data indicate that intestinal bacteria promote intestinal infection of several enteric viruses. Here, we show that coxsackievirus, an enteric virus in the picornavirus family, also relies on microbiota for intestinal replication and pathogenesis. Relatively minor depletion of the microbiota was sufficient to decrease coxsackievirus infection, while poliovirus infection was unaffected. Surprisingly, a single dose of one antibiotic was sufficient to reduce coxsackievirus infection. Therefore, these data indicate that closely related viruses may differ with respect to their reliance on microbiota.
IR-derived covering factors for a large sample of quasars from WISE-UKIDSS-SDSS

ABSTRACT We investigate the range of covering factors (determined from the ratio of IR toUV/opticalluminosity)seeninluminoustype1quasarsusingacombinationofdatafrom the WISE, UKIDSS and SDSS surveys. Accretion disk (UV/optical) and ob-scuringdust(IR)luminositiesaremeasuredviatheuseofasimplethreecomponentSEDmodel.WeusetheseestimatestoinvestigatethedistributionofcoveringfactorsanditsrelationshiptobothaccretionluminosityandIRSEDshape. Thedistributionofcoveringfactors (f C ) is observedto be log-normal,with a bias-correctedmeanof =−0. 41andstandarddeviationofσ =0.2. ThefractionofIRluminos-ityemittedinthenear-IR(1–5µm)isfoundtobehigh(∼40percent),andstronglydependantoncoveringfactor.Key words: quasars:general,infrared:general 1 INTRODUCTIONThere is clear evidence that all powerful AGN are sur-rounded by a geometrically thick distribution of opticallythick material (Rowan-Robinson 1977; Lawrence & Elvis1982; Antonucci & Miller 1985; Edelson, Malkan & Rieke1987; Elvis et al. 1994; Richards et al. 2006). However de-spite nearly three decades of study the exact nature of theobscuring material has remained controversial. Recognisingthe diﬃculty in maintaining a smooth and geometricallythick rotating structure, Krolik & Begelman (1988) sug-gested that the material must be “clumpy” or ﬁlamentaryin nature, a view supported by both recent resolution VLTIobservations (Jaﬀe et al. 2004; Tristram et al. 2007) and thelack of strong 9. 7µm silicate emission in the mid-IR (Rocheet al. 1991). This has motivated a large range of “clumpy” models,which assume a torus-shaped distribution of dust clouds sur-rounding the central AGN (Nenkova et al. 2002; H¨onig et al.2006; Nenkova et al. 2008, Schartmann et al. 2008; H¨oniget al. 2010; Stalevski et al. 2012). These models have beenfound to oﬀer reasonable agreement with the observed prop-erties of large samples of AGN selected in a variety of ways(Alonso-Herrero et al. 2003; Ramos-Almeida et al. 2009; Moret al. 2009; Landt et al. 2010; Alonso-Herrero et al. 2011; Deoet al. 2011)
The role of lipid peroxidation in the inducation and progression of chronic periodontitis.

Free-radical-induced lipid peroxidation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several pathological disorders. This study was aimed to assess the degree of oxidative stress in patients with chronic periodontitis by estimation of plasma and saliva lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), and the antioxidants erythrocyte glutathione (GSH), plasma and saliva thiol. Patients and methods: Fifty patients with chronic periodontitis with mean age of 32.6 ± 10.3 years and fifty healthy control subjects with normal gingival age study, 5 mls of blood and 3 mls of unstimulated saliva was collected from each subjects for estimation of plasma and saliva MDA, thiol and erythrocyte glutathione spectrophotometricaly. Results: The results showed that significantly increased p<0.001 in periodontitis patient than in the control subjects, while erythrocyte glutathione, plasma and saliva thiol were significantly decreased p<0.05 in periodontitis patients than in the control. Conclusions: Patients with periodontitis demonstrate more lipid peroxidation than healthy subjects. Imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidants may play a role in the pathogenesis of perodontitis.
EVALUATION OF DIURETIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF SOLANUM SURATTENSE IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS

Aim: in the present study, Solanum Surattense plant was selected to investigate its Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory effect in experimental animal models. Materials and Methods: the dried leaf powder was subjected to successive Soxhlet extraction with ethanol. The ethanolic extract of Solanum Surattense was administered to experimental rats orally at doses 500 mg/kg, 1000mg/kg to investigate diuretic activity by using standard methods. Furosemide (20mg/kg) was used as positive control. The Diuretic activity was evaluated by measuring Urine output, sodium and potassium concentration, conductivity and pH. For anti-inflammatory study, 500mg/kg, 1000mg/kg of ethanolic extract of Solanum Surattense was given orally in carrageenan induced rat paw edema models. Aspirin (300mg/kg) was used as standard drug for comparison Results: ethanolic extract of Solanum Surattense was shown significant Diuretic effect at dose of 1000mg/kg when compared with 500mg/kg, by increasing total urine volume and levels of sodium, potassium, and chloride but there was no significant change in the conductivity and pH. The same extract 1000mg/kg; have shown significant anti-inflammatory effect almost equal to ibuprofen when compared with 500mg/kg due to inhibition of various inflammatory mediators. Conclusion: in the dose dependent manner, ethanolic extract of Solanum Surattense have showed significant Diuretic, and Anti-inflammatory effect when compared with their respective standard and control drugs. The present study provides a quantitative basis for explaining the folk use of Solanum Surattense as a Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory agent.
Efficiency in the use of phosphorus by cowpea genotypes

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ) is an edible legume with good ability to fix nitrogen and not demanding soil fertility. However, some genotypes may have a greater ability to utilize the nutrients available in the soil for their growth. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of phosphorus (P) use in genotypes of cowpea. The experiment was conducted in the field and the experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replicates arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of two P doses (0 and 60 kg ha-1 of P2O5) and five bean genotypes (Paulistinha, BRS Xiquexique, Pingo de Ouro, Corujinha, and Costela de Vaca). Each plot was formed by four plant rows, measuring 3.0 m in length, spaced 1.0 x 0.3 m, and with two plants per hole. The genotypes responded significantly to the increase in P levels in the soil, with increases in the number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, productivity, dry mass, and plant P accumulation. "BRS Xiquexique" was efficient and responsive, and it could be indicated as the most appropriate for cultivation in the region. "Corujinha" is the most suitable cultivar for production in high levels of P among the creole genotypes evaluated. "Costela de Vaca" and "Paulistinha" can be indicated for low P production in the soil. low P production.
Vocal Response of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) to a Novel Stimulus

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iii DEDICATION. iv LIST OF TABLES . vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION . 1 Behavioral Reactions to Novel Objects . 1 Vocalizations and Acoustic Reactions to Novel Stimuli in Dolphins . 8 Purpose of Study . 12 CHAPTER II METHOD . 15 Subjects . 15 Apparatus . 15 Procedure . 16 Statistical Analyses. 17 CHAPTER III RESULTS . 19 Whistle Rates . 19 Burst Pulse Rates . 22 Whistles vs. Burst pulses . 25 CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION . 26 vi Conclusion . 34 APPENDIX A – Supplementary Material . 35 APPENDIX B – IACUC Approval Letter . 40 FOOTNOTES . 41 REFERENCES . 42
Effect of Mineral Fertelizer and Compost on Vegetative Growth and Essential Oil Content of Yarrow (Achillea millefolium l.) Plant.

Two pot experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Faculty of Agric. , ElMansoura Univ., Egypt during the two successive seasons of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 to investigate the effect of NPK fertilizer and compost treatments on vegetative growth and essential oil of yarrow plant (Achillea millefolium L.). Treatments were arranged in a split block design with 3 replicates, which were the simple possible combinations between compost rates (0, 11, 22 and 33 g/ pot) as main plots and NPK rates (0, 1, 2 and 3 g/ pot) as sub plots. The effect of treatments on vegetative growth parameters, inflorescences production ,essential oil percentage and content of the inflorescences were recorded. Data revealed that increasing compost levels significantly increased all the pre-mentioned parameters. The highest values recorded for compost treatments were those using compost at a rate of 33g/ pot. As for NPK fertilization, data also showed that plants received 3 g /pot produced the highest values of all the previously mentioned parameters of yarrow plants. On the same way, the interaction between compost treatments and NPK fertilization significantly affected all traits. The highest values of all parameters in both seasons were recorded from plants received the interaction treatment of compost at 33 g/ pot plus NPK at 3 g/pot.
Phonological Identity of the Neutral-tone Syllables in Taiwan Mandarin: An Acoustic Study

Taiwan Mandarin, one of the more syllable-timed dialects of Mandarin, has fewer unstressed syllables than Standard Mandarin. Acoustic analyses show that the supposedly unstressed syllables—neutral-tone syllables—in Taiwan Mandarin behave differently from those of Standard Mandarin. Unlike Standard Mandarin, these syllables do not raise their pitch after Tone 3. They have a distinct static mid-low pitch target and the target is implemented with a stronger articulatory strength. Moreover, acoustic analyses demonstrate that not all of these “unstressed syllables” are unstressed. The phonetic evidence suggests that these neutral-tone syllables should be analyzed as unaccented rather than unstressed in Taiwan Mandarin. These unaccented syllables are only lexically marked, and their pitch is neutralized into a mid-low tone. This study sheds light on how rhythm can affect stress and accent in a lexical tone language.
Carcinogenic and Genotoxicity of some PAHs in commonly consumed smoked fish (Parachanna obscura and Ethmalosa fimbriata)

The dietary exposure of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) and potential risk to human health was instigated in two different traditionally smoked species of fish ( Parachanna obscura and Ethmalosa frimbriata ) purchased from three markets in Benin City. Identification and quantitative analysis of PAHs components were achieved by Gas Chromatography/High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The result obtained showed that, Benzo(a)pyrene had an occurrence of 83.33% in all samples analysed. Risk assessment conducted using benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenic and mutagenic toxicity equivalent factor (TEQ & MEQ) showed slight to high risk (7.44 x10 -5 -1.95 x10 -3 ) and exceeded the USEPA guideline (1.0 x 10 -5 ) for potential Cancer. Levels of PAHs present in smoked fish prepared using traditional method may pose elevated cancer risks if consumed at high rates over many years. Keyword : Health Risk, Parachanna obscura, Ethmalosa fimbriata , PAHs