Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessment of C++ object‐oriented mutation operators: A selective mutation approach

Mutation testing is an effective but costly testing technique. Several studies have observed that some mutants can be redundant and therefore removed without affecting its effectiveness. Similarly, some mutants may be more effective than others in guiding the tester on the creation of high‐quality test cases. On the basis of these findings, we present an assessment of C++ class mutation operators by classifying them into 2 rankings: the first ranking sorts the operators on the basis of their degree of redundancy and the second regarding the quality of the tests they help to design. Both rankings are used in a selective mutation study analysing the trade‐off between the reduction achieved and the effectiveness when using a subset of mutants. Experimental results consistently show that leveraging the operators at the top of the 2 rankings, which are different, lead to a significant reduction in the number of mutants with a minimum loss of effectiveness.
Trial spinal cord stimulator reimplantation following lead breakage after third birth.

BACKGROUND Many studies have reported lead migration and breakage as complications of epidural spinal cord stimulation. In cases where rapid changes in physique such as those caused by pregnancy are expected, it is unclear whether extra consideration regarding possible adjustments and care to avoid complications such as lead breakage are required. OBJECTIVE This article presents a case in which spinal cord stimulation was used to manage these complications in a woman during the perinatal period. DESIGN Case report. SETTING Pain management clinic. METHODS The patient was a 36-year-old female, approximate weight of 100 pounds, and 5-foot 1 inch in height, whose chief complaint was lower back and bilateral leg pain. The pain could not be alleviated by conservative therapies such as nerve blockade, oral medications with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, anticonvulsants or physical therapy. A spinal cord stimulator was implanted at another facility, which relieved the pain. The patient subsequently had 2 vaginal births without any problems relating to the stimulation sites, and both infants were healthy. She experienced lead breakage after the third vaginal birth that led to the subsequent reimplantation procedure. RESULTS The patient had 2 subsequent vaginal births following the initial implantation with no problems related to the stimulation sites, and both infants were healthy. At age 34, following her third vaginal birth, the stimulator became ineffective and was removed. The withdrawn lead wire was found to be broken in 2 places. LIMITATIONS A case report. CONCLUSION Pregnancy following implantation of a spinal cord stimulator might result in lead breakage as abdominal girth increases. The present case exemplifies how pregnancy following implantation of a spinal cord stimulator might cause lead breakage as abdominal girth increases. Extra care is required to prevent lead breakage when anchors are fixed.
Exciton wave functions and optical properties in a grating of quantum-well wires.

A variational wave function for excitons in quantum-well wires is obtained. The reflectivity of a grating of quantum-well wires is computed by use of a Green's-function formalism for s- and p-polarized light, with the spatial dispersion and the electromagnetic coupling between the wires taken into account. The resulting energy shift between the s- and p-polarized spectra is discussed.
Postoperative Hyperprolactinemia Could Predict Longer Disease-Free and Overall Survival in Node-Negative Breast Cancer Patients

Objectives: Breast manipulation determines a physiological increase in prolactin (PRL) blood levels, but the clinical and biological impact of surgery-induced changes in PRL secretion still has to be clarified. The postoperative hyperprolactinemia has been related to aggressiveness of the tumor, early disease relapse or metastases, and poor overall survival in node-negative breast cancer patients. Surgery-induced hyperprolactinemia may be associated with a longer disease-free survival in both patients with or without node involvement. Methods: One hundred twenty-seven consecutive node-negative breast cancer patients, who were hospitalized from June 1985 to September 1990, were included in this study. The median follow-up was 12 years. To evaluate PRL secretion, venous blood samples were obtained at day 7th after surgery. In order to exclude the influence of stress and gonadal status, GH and estradiol serum levels were measured in the same blood samples. All endocrine examination were made during the morning, starting at 8.00 a.m. after overnight fasting. Hormonal serum levels were determined by the double antibody radioimmunoassay method. Results: Hyperprolactinemia was significantly more frequent in women younger than 50 years compared with the older ones, while the premenopausal status and T1 stage showed only a borderline significant association with hyperprolactinemia. Patients with normal postsurgical prolactinemia had 5- and 10-year disease-free survival rates of 64 and 56%, respectively, and 5- and 10-year overall survival rates of 84 and 70%, respectively. Patients with postsurgical hyperprolactinemia had 5- and 10-year disease-free survival rates of 89 and 81%, respectively, and 5- and 10-year overall survival rates of 94 and 81%, respectively. The difference in overall survival between the hyperprolactinemic and the normoprolactinemic groups, assessed by the log-rank test, was statistically significant (p = 0.02), and the difference in disease-free survival was highly significant (p = 0.0008). Conclusions: Our study shows that postsurgical hyperprolactinemia is associated with a significantly lower recurrence rate and longer disease-free and overall survival in operable node-negative breast cancer patients. Our data suggest that postoperative hyperprolactinemia could be crucial in the development of recurrence in operable breast cancer. Looking at results, the recurrence rate of node-negative patients who did not show postoperative hyperprolactinemia would be, in theory, similar to that of patients with node-positive disease, suggesting that normal postoperative PRL levels could identify a group of node-negative patients at high risk for recurrence.
Randomized controlled trial of sequential intravenous and oral ganciclovir versus prolonged intravenous ganciclovir for long-term prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease in high-risk cytomegalovirus-seronegative liver transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus-seropositive donors

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seronegative liver transplant recipients with CMV-seropositive donors have the greatest risk for CMV disease. We performed a randomized, controlled trial comparing sequential intravenous (IV) and oral ganciclovir with prolonged IV ganciclovir for long-term prophylaxis of CMV disease in these high-risk patients. Patients were initially given IV ganciclovir at a dose of 6 mg/kg per day from days 1 to 14 after transplantation. Patients then either received oral ganciclovir (1 g every 8 hr) or continued IV ganciclovir (6 mg/kg once per day on Monday–Friday of each week) from days 15 to 100 after transplantation. CMV disease occurred in 3 of 32 patients (9.3%) receiving oral ganciclovir and in 4 of 32 patients (12.5%) receiving IV ganciclovir within the first year after transplantation (P >0.2). All cases of CMV disease occurred more than 90 days after transplantation (median time of onset day +137 for oral ganciclovir and day +135 for IV ganciclovir). There were no deaths from CMV in either study group. Both oral and IV ganciclovir were generally well tolerated. These results indicate that, after induction with 14 days of IV ganciclovir, oral ganciclovir can be as effective as IV ganciclovir for long-term prophylaxis of CMV disease in high-risk CMV-seronegative liver transplant recipients with CMV-seropositive donors and eliminates the need for prolonged IV access.
Familial risks, conduct disorder and violence: A Finnish study of 278 adolescent boys and girls.

OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate the impact of familial risk factors on the development of violent behaviour and conduct disorder (CD) by gender in a sample of adolescent psychiatric patients. METHODS The study sample consisted of 278 adolescents (age 12-17) consecutively admitted to psychiatric inpatient care between April 2001 and January 2004. DSMIV psychiatric diagnoses were obtained from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children-Present and Lifetime (K-SADS-PL). RESULTS Logistic regression analyses revealed that girls who had been physically abused at home had a 4.2-fold risk of having conduct disorder with violent behaviour (95% CI 1.4-12.2) compared to those not exposed to domestic violence. A broken primary family also increased the risk for having both violent CD (OR 7.8 95 % CI 1.7-36.4) and non-violent CD (OR 7.0 95% CI 1.5-33.5) among girls. Among boys, no statistically significant association was found between any familial risk factors and later CD. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that being physically abused by parents may influence the development of conduct disorder including violent behaviour among girls. This emphasizes the importance of early recognition of domestic violence. In girls, the absence of primary family seems to associate strongly with the development of CD, and should be taken into consideration by physicians and other professionals working with young people.
Effect of Handedness on Gross Motor Skill Acquisition in a Novel Sports Skill Task

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in performance and form scores between left and right-handers who observed a demonstration with their non-dominant hand. A lacrosse shot was demonstrated to 69 college-aged participants with equal representations on gender and handedness. Half of each group saw a left-handed demonstration while the other half saw a right-handed demonstration. Participants were assessed on accuracy and form. Results showed left-handers performed better than right-handers on accuracy and form and appeared to be able to glean important information from an opposite-handed demonstration in comparison to right-handers. Implications for teaching and future research possibilities are discussed.
Increasing the antioxidant content of food: a personal view on whether this is possible or desirable

A commonly held belief is that higher intake of antioxidants will promote better health through enhanced antioxidant status and lowered oxidative stress. However, the benefits of antioxidant-rich foods have not been reproduced in supplementation trials with pure antioxidants. This has driven research and commercial interest in foods, including traditional foods and their components, with enhanced antioxidant content and improved antioxidant bioavailability, which in many cases is very low. In this paper, evidence for the health benefits of antioxidant-rich foods and methods to increase the antioxidant content and bioavailability of food antioxidants are reviewed briefly, and the concept that increased food antioxidant content/intake per se is beneficial is examined from a cautionary perspective, considering issues of low bioavailability, rapid catabolism, biotransformation and the paradoxical pro-oxidant effects of dietary antioxidants.
The Role of Compatibility in Technology Adoption among Automobile Mechanics in Micro and Small Enterprises in Kenya

Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) are facing tremendous challenges and threats to survive in a competitive environment. As a matter of fact, MSEs are faced with the threat of failure with past statistics indicating that three out five fail within the first few months. In spite of this fact, automobile mechanics in this informal sector have been slow in adopting modern technology despite the advantages that are attributed to new innovations. This study aimed to determine factors that influence technology adoption among automobile mechanics in micro and small enterprises in Nakuru town; Kenya. One of the specific objectives of the study was to establish the role of compatibility in the adoption of technology. The research used a descriptive cross sectional survey design and employed both probability and non-probability sampling techniques to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Applying the Binary logistic regression analysis and using SPSS to analyze, the study found that, adoption of various modern automobile technologies are influenced; among other factors, the perceived attitude in terms of compatibility of a particular innovation. However, it was revealed that although a larger proportion of the innovations are compatible, adoption to the same is significantly quite low. The study recommended that the government should emphasize and create an innovation awareness system and invest in appropriate technology by way of developing relevant training curriculum for the mechanics based on industry and environmental needs. This study is significant as its findings, if implemented; can jump-start the informal mechanics towards achieving quality, competitiveness and both human and environmental safety.
Memory Impairment and Awareness of Memory Deficits inEarly-Stage Alzheimer's Disease

In addition to their memory impairment, individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) often suffer from deficits in self-awareness. Awareness of memory deficits or metamemory is a multifaceted function, comprising on-line self-monitoring, generalized self-beliefs of memory efficacy, and generalized knowledge about memory functions. Awareness of memory problems in early-stage AD is a matter of clinical importance from a humanistic point of view, because higher levels of awareness may be associated with better future outcomes. Current methods of measuring awareness tend to fall into two categories, i.e., to introduce a questionnaire assessing patient/caregiver discrepancies; or to ask a patient to prospectively predict or retrospectively postdict their own memory performances. Characteristics of each measure as well as relationship between the two measures were discussed. For the performance prediction/postdiction paradigm, we used recognition memory of auditory verbal learning tests and awareness of memory deficits were examined in 24 individuals with early-stage AD. In addition to their significantly impaired recognition memory, individuals with AD displayed underawareness of memory deficits even at this early stage. They retrospectively overestimated memory performance after actual performance, but appeared to benefit from feedback and displayed intact on-line awareness of memory dysfunction, leading to normal prediction of the second session. However, individuals with AD again failed to retrospectively incorporate incidents of memory failure into generalized self-belief systems. Brain/behavior correlational analyses suggest that the prefrontal cortex and posterior dorsomedial regions including the precuneus may be involved in self-awareness.
Cardiolipin Stabilizes Respiratory Chain Supercomplexes*

Cardiolipin stabilized supercomplexes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae respiratory chain complexes III and IV (ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase and cytochrome c oxidase, respectively), but was not essential for their formation in the inner mitochondrial membrane because they were found also in a cardiolipin-deficient strain. Reconstitution with cardiolipin largely restored wild-type stability. The putative interface of complexes III and IV comprises transmembrane helices of cytochromes b and c1 and tightly bound cardiolipin. Subunits Rip1p, Qcr6p, Qcr9p, Qcr10p, Cox8p, Cox12p, and Cox13p and cytochrome c were not essential for the assembly of supercomplexes; and in the absence of Qcr6p, the formation of supercomplexes was even promoted. An additional marked effect of cardiolipin concerns cytochrome c oxidase. We show that a cardiolipin-deficient strain harbored almost inactive resting cytochrome c oxidase in the membrane. Transition to the fully active pulsed state occurred on a minute time scale.
The temporal outcomes of open versus arthroscopic knotted and knotless rotator cuff repair over 5 years

Background The present study aimed to determine how repair technique influenced structural and clinical outcomes at 5 years post-surgery. Methods Three cohorts of patients had repair of a symptomatic rotator cuff tear using (i) an open double-row mattress repair technique (n = 25); (ii) arthroscopic single-row simple suture knotted technique (n = 25); or (iii) arthroscopic single-row inverted mattress knotless technique (n = 36) by one surgeon. Standardized patient- and examiner-determined outcomes were obtained pre-operatively and postoperatively with a validated protocol, ultrasound were also performed at the same time. Results Retear occurred more often after open repair (48%) at 5 years than after arthroscopic knotted (33%) and arthroscopic knotless (26%) repair. Retear was associated with increasing age, pre-operative tear size and weaker pre-operative and 5 years postoperative cuff strength. Between 2 years and 5 years, the open repair group experienced an increase in the frequency of pain during activity, as well as in the difficulty experienced and the severity of pain during overhead activities (p < 0.05) and, at 5 years, also experienced more difficulty with overhead activities, compared to the arthroscopic knotless repair group. Conclusions At 5-year follow-up, arthroscopic rotator cuff repair techniques resulted in fewer retears and better outcomes compared to an open double-row technique.
The Neuropathology of Schizophrenia

The distinguished American neurologist, Plum (1972), once called schizophrenia 'the graveyard of neuropathologists'. Certainly the topic of neuropathological change in schizophrenia has been nearly as silent as a tomb for almost three decades. Interest in the neuropathology of schizophrenia was still high in 1952 when leading neuropathologists of the world, meeting at the First International Congress of Neuropathology in Rome, devoted many hours to formal presentations and discussions of pathological material from schizophrenic patients who died in mental hospitals on both sides of the Atlantic. Although more than 250 published papers had already appeared concerning the pathology of schizophrenia or dementia praecox prior to this Congress, neither the previous work nor the new material presented led to a consensus of opinion as to the neuropathological characteristics of this common disorder. On the contrary, perusal of the Congress Proceedings suggests that a dichotomy of views emerged, with most of the central European investigators, maintaining, as they had in earlier reports, that rather specific changes occurred in basal ganglia (Hopf, 1952; Vanderhorst, 1952; Fungfeld, 1952), basal forebrain (Buttlar-Brentano, 1952), or cerebral cortex (Josephy, 1930; Buscaino, 1924; Fungfeld, 1952; Hyden, 1952). Their colleagues from England and America, on the other hand, generally reported non-specific alterations which they attributed to convulsive treatments, surgical, agonal or post-mortem changes (Meyer, 1952; Rowland & Mettler, 1949).
The stone circles of the British Isles

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Repair of rabbit ulna segmental bone defect using freshly isolated adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction.

BACKGROUND AIMS Stromal vascular fractions (SVF) from adipose tissue have heterogeneous cell populations, and include multipotent adipose-derived stem cells. The advantages of using of SVF include the avoidance of an additional culture period, a reduced risk of extensive cell contamination, and cost-effectiveness. METHODS Unilateral 20-mm mid-diaphyseal segmental defects in rabbit ulna were treated with one of the following: polylactic glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffold alone (group 1, control), a PLGA scaffold with undifferentiated SVF cells (group 2), or a PLGA scaffold with osteogenically differentiated SVF cells (group 3). At 8 weeks after implantation, five rabbits in each treatment group were killed to assess bone defect healing by plain radiography, quantitative microcomputed tomography and histology. RESULTS The SVF cells were well grown on PLGA scaffolds and expressed type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The intensity of ALP and OPN gene expressions in osteogenic medium culture were increased from 14 days to 28 days. In vivo evaluations at 8 weeks showed that treatment of SVF cells with or without osteogenic differentiation resulted in more bone formation in the critically sized segmental defects than PLGA scaffold alone. Osteogenically differentiated SVF cells significantly enhanced bone healing compared with undifferentiated SVF cells. CONCLUSIONS Adipose-derived stromal SVF showed osteogenic potential in vitro. Accordingly, SVF could provide a cell source for bone tissue engineering. However, treatment with uncultured SVF cells on bone healing was not satisfactory in the in vivo animal model.
Conductive hearing loss after head trauma: review of ossicular pathology, management and outcomes

Abstract Introduction: This paper reviews our experience of ossicular chain injuries following head trauma treated at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients with a history of head trauma and a conductive hearing loss who had undergone exploratory tympanotomy. Sixteen patients were included in the study. Results: Injury was most common at the incudostapedial joint (63 per cent). Disarticulations of the icudostapedial joint were treated with cartilage interposition in all cases. Audiography showed an improvement in 12 of the patients, with an average improvement of 35 dB. Discussion: We discuss the various options available to the otologist to repair ossicular disruptions after trauma. In this series, cartilage autografts were used in most incudostapedial joint injuries, with excellent closure of the air–bone gap. Conclusion: Cartilage interposition was a very successful method of repairing incudostapedial joint dislocation in this series, at short term follow up.
Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of an AU-rich element RNA-binding protein, AUF1

The degradation of some proto-oncogene and lymphokine mRNAs is controlled in part by an AU-rich element (ARE) in the 3' untranslated region. It was shown previously (G. Brewer, Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:2460-2466, 1991) that two polypeptides (37 and 40 kDa) copurified with fractions of a 130,000 x g postribosomal supernatant (S130) from K562 cells that selectively accelerated degradation of c-myc mRNA in a cell-free decay system. These polypeptides bound specifically to the c-myc and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor 3' UTRs, suggesting they are in part responsible for selective mRNA degradation. In the present work, we have purified the RNA-binding component of this mRNA degradation activity, which we refer to as AUF1. Using antisera specific for these polypeptides, we demonstrate that the 37- and 40-kDa polypeptides are immunologically cross-reactive and that both polypeptides are phosphorylated and can be found in a complex(s) with other polypeptides. Immunologically related polypeptides are found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The antibodies were also used to clone a cDNA for the 37-kDa polypeptide. This cDNA contains an open reading frame predicted to produce a protein with several features, including two RNA recognition motifs and domains that potentially mediate protein-protein interactions. These results provide further support for a role of this protein in mediating ARE-directed mRNA degradation.