Effects of Aerobic Training on Inflammation Marker and CVD in Women

IntroductionThere is increasing evidence that the development of the atherosclerotic plaque is associated with inflammatory process (Pasceri, 2000, Torzewski, 2000). And that the measurement of this inflammation has predictive value in determining risk for future thrombotic events. A recent meta- analysis revealed that there were statistical significant association between CRP and coronary dieses ( Danesh, 2004). Ridker et al. (1997) found that aspirin use decreased risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stork in apparently healthy men, primarily in those with the highest levels o CRP. This suggests that even a moderate's reduction in inflammation may be protective. There is evidence that physical activity may modify the inflammatory process. Crosssectional studies of physical activity and physical fitness have shown inverse association with level of CRP (Wannamethee, 2002, Lowe, 2002, Metin, 2006). Intervention studies have demonstrated reduction in CRP ( Geffken, 2001, You, 2004) When exercise group are compared with control . Higher level of CRP have also been associated with obesity ( Wilmore, 1999 Redker, 2003) The association between excess adipose tissue and elevated CRP concentration, (Cook 2000 & Aronson,2004) has been observed to hold for children, Visser2001,Sites2002, elderly people ( Colbert, 2004), And people with metabolic syndrome( Aroson, 2004, Colbert,2004). In fact, obesity may account for a large portion of variation in circulating CRP concentration.Physical activity is associated with lesser degree of central obesity (Vissor, 1999, Geffken, 2001) and insulin resistance (You, 2004). Taking this finding s together, one could speculate that physical activity may be associated with lower levels of inflammation through its inverse association with central obesity and increasing insulin resistance.Three levels of C-reactive protein have been proposed in the recommendations by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and the American Heart Association (AHA): low,3.0 mg/l. Individuals with elevated levels of CRP have a risk about 2 to 3 times higher than the risk of those with low levels. (Ridker, 1997, King, 2003). Regular exercise may affect CRP levels. Though there are a number of studies focusing on related topics, there are no published reports on the effect of exercise training and physical fitness combined with specific intensity that my lower CRP levels in postmenopausal womenThe aim of this study was to examine CRP concentration in disease-free postmenopausal women and to identify any relationships that might exist with physical activity, aerobic fitness, and if the intensity of 60-75% of the average maximum heart rate (as recommended by the European guideline on CVD prevention) is expected recommendation intensity that will leads to lower CRP values.MethodSubjectsIn the fall of 2013, Subjects were recruited from the general population of deferent's fitness centers in Amman. Criteria for participation in the studies included the following: CRP level ≥ 1.7 mg/L, nonsmokers, no known heart disease, no lipid modifying medications and aerobically inactive, not having chronic disease or taking medication that prevented their participation in structured exercise training, and any other condition that may interfere with interpretation of the study results. Individuals who participated in the study were volunteers and were not given any kind of remuneration. The subjects were informed about testing procedures, possible risks and discomfort that might ensue, a written informed consent was obtained20 female subjects (49±5yrs) met the criteria who had serum CRP level that placed them on the risk of future heart attack (risk ratio ≥1.7mg/L) (Ridker, 1997 & Metin, 2006). Those subjects table (1) were randomly assigned into two groups, group 1 (the exercise group) assigned to supervised exercise program. …