Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Barriers to physical activity and socioeconomic position: implications for health promotion.

Accepted for publication 6 October 1998 In the United Kingdom, levels of physical activity in the general population are low1 and there is great potential for improving public health by promoting physical activity.2 To achieve this health professionals need to have a good understanding of the principal barriers that operate and, in a UK study of people aged 16-74 years these included lack of time or rec reational facilities, poor motivation, and ill health.1 Barriers vary by age13 and social class3 but knowledge of variation with other measures of socioeconomic position is scarce. We studied the relation between perceived barriers to physical activity, socioeconomic position, and other social characteristics in men and women aged 16-74 years. Methods Data for this study come from the Newcastle Health and Lifestyle Survey,4 which was a postal survey of a 1 in 30 sample, stratified by age and sex, of 6448 adults aged 16-74 years identified from the Family Health Services Authority register. Between October 1991 and March 1992 a self completion questionnaire was used to collect data on health related behaviours, socioeconomic position, health status, and knowledge and attitudes to health issues. With respect to physical activity re spondents were asked if they did enough exer cise for someone of their age and those who answered "no" were asked to identify perceived barriers from a list of eight commonly reported
Signal-Detection Analysis of Nonverbal Recognition Memory in Dementia

A signal-detection analysis was applied to performance on two nonverbal recognition memory tasks for 21 subjects with presumed dementia of the Alzheimer type, 19 subjects with presumed multi-infarct dementia, and 19 elderly depressed subjects. Performance was best for the depressed and worst for the Alzheimer subjects. Response bias did not differ significantly among groups. Within the depressed group, more impaired and older subjects were more conservative on one test. Correlations suggested that the sensitivity and response-bias measures may depend on the type of material used and so have limited generality.
Ocular concerns in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) [also known as juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA)] is defined as a chronic peripheral arthritis with onset before the age of 16 years, in the absence of any other known cause for joint disease. The arthritis is usually seronegative (that is, exhibiting a negative rheumatoid factor) and can be classified by its onset into pauciarticular, polyarticular, or systemic JRA.
Altered production of tumour necrosis factors alpha and beta and interferon gamma by HIV‐infected individuals

In vitro studies shows that recombinant tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α and β, and interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) can enhance HIV replication, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) infected with HIV in vitro secrete high levels of the same cytokines. As T cells secrete all three mediators, the capacity of T cell activation signals to trigger cytokine production in PBMC from HIV‐infected individuals was investigated as such patients may be immunocompromised. We demonstrate that asymptomatic seropositives in CDC group II/III as well as patients who have progressed to CDC group IV of the disease proliferate efficiently to anti‐CD3 antibody, recombinant interleukin‐2 (rIL‐2), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), PHA plus phorbol 12, 13 dibutyrate (PMA) but secrete significantly (P>0.05) higher amounts of TNF‐α, TNF‐β and IFN‐γ compared with controls in response to the same stimulants. We also show a difference between group II/III and group IV patients with the latter secreting more TNF‐α and IFN‐γ. The kinetics of TNF‐α and ‐β and IFN‐γ production was stimulus dependent with overall levels varying in time for each stimulus. Furthermore, the kinetics of the response to all three stimulants were altered in seropositives; CDC group II/III and group IV patients secreted higher levels of cytokines over several time points compared to controls. The altered production of these mediators by HIV‐infected patients may contribute to disease progression and to the pathogenesis of AIDS.
Study of expression of P 53 in Gastric Carcinoma – As a prognostic indicator

Cancer of stomach remains the major cause of mortality worldwide despite a marked decline in the incidence of gastric carcinoma in the industrialized nations. Gastric cancer is the end result of multifactorial, multigenetic, multistep process. The knowledge of the factors that influence gastric carcinogenesis is determinant for the development of strategies effective for prevention and treatment. Our study emphasizes upon the role of p53 as a prognostic indicator of gastric carcinoma. 50 cases of gastric biopsies were taken at random over a period of 4 years, and p53 expression of these lesions was studied. Gastric carcinoma cases were followed and the TNM staging was assessed. In our study, p53 expression was associated with younger age group, increased depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis, thereby indicating that p53 is a prognostic indicator for gastric carcinoma.
Use of Base Excision Sequence Scanning for Detection of Genetic Variations in St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Isolates

ABSTRACT Twenty-two isolates of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus of various geographical origins (Brazil, Argentina, Panama, Texas, Missouri, Maryland, California, and Florida) were examined for genetic variation by the base excision sequence scanning (BESS T-scan) method. A fragment was amplified in the envelope gene with the forward primer labeled in the PCR. The BESS T-scan method determined different clusters according to the profiles generated for the isolates and successfully grouped the isolates according to their geographical origins. Two major clusters, the North American cluster (cluster A) and the South and Central American cluster (cluster B), were defined. Two subgroups, the Texas-California subgroup (subgroup A1) and the Missouri-Maryland-Florida subgroup (subgroup A2), were distinguished within group A. Similarly, group B strains were subclustered to a South American subgroup (subgroup B1) and a Central American subgroup (subgroup B2). These results were consistent with those obtained by DNA sequencing analysis. The ability of the BESS T-scan method to discriminate between strains that present with high degrees of nucleotide sequence similarity indicated that this method provides reliable results and multiple applications for other virus families. The method has proven to be suitable for phylogenetic comparison and molecular epidemiology studies and may be an alternative to DNA sequencing.
An Analysis of the Effects of Low-Energy Electron Irradiation of AlGaN/GaN HFETs

The effects of low energy (0.45 MeV) electron radiation on the gate and drain currents of Al0.27Ga0. 73N/GaN HFETs are investigated using IV and CV measurements. Following irradiation, the gate and drain currents increase at low temperatures and reach a saturation level. The gate leakage currents do not fully account for the drain current increase. Following a room temperature anneal, the gate and drain currents return to pre-irradiation levels. These results are explained by the buildup of positive charge in the AlGaN layer at low temperature and traps formed via a complexing precursor in the AlGaN layer near the interface. The positive charge increases the carrier concentration in the 2DEG and hence the drain current. The traps act as trap-assisted-tunneling centers that increase the gate leakage current.
Molecular Analysis of Lipid-Reactive Vδ1 γδ T Cells Identified by CD1c Tetramers

CD1c is abundantly expressed on human dendritic cells (DC) and B cells, where it binds and displays lipid Ags to T cells. In this study, we report that CD1c tetramers carrying Mycobacterium tuberculosis phosphomycoketide bind γδ TCRs. An unbiased method of ligand-based TCR selection detects interactions only with Vδ1+ TCRs, and mutational analyses demonstrate a role of the Vδ1 domain during recognition. These results strengthen evidence for a role of CD1c in the γδ T cell response, providing biophysical evidence for CD1c–γδ TCR interactions and a named foreign Ag. Surprisingly, TCRs also bind CD1c complexes formed with diverse lipids such as lysophosphatidylcholine, sulfatide, or mannosyl-phosophomycoketide, but not lipopeptide ligands. Dissection of TCR interactions with CD1c carrying foreign Ags, permissive ligands, and nonpermissive lipid ligands clarifies the molecular basis of the frequently observed but poorly understood phenomenon of mixed self- and foreign Ag reactivity in the CD1 system.
Discourse-Level Language Understanding with Deep Learning

Title of thesis: Discourse-Level Language Understanding with Deep Learning Mohit Iyyer, Doctor of Philosophy, 2017 Thesis directed by: Professor Jordan Boyd-Graber Computer Science, University of Maryland Professor Hal Daumé III Computer Science, University of Maryland Designing computational models that can understand language at a human level is a foundational goal in the field of natural language processing (NLP). Given a sentence, machines are capable of translating it into many different languages, generating a corresponding syntactic parse tree, marking words that refer to people or places, and much more. These tasks are solved by statistical machine learning algorithms, which leverage patterns in large datasets to build predictive models. Many recent advances in NLP are due to deep learning models (parameterized as neural networks), which bypass user-specified features in favor of building representations of language directly from the text. Despite many deep learning-fueled advances at the word and sentence level, however, computers still struggle to understand high-level discourse structure in language, or the way in which authors combine and order different units of text (e.g., sentences, paragraphs, chapters) to express a coherent message or narrative. Part of the reason is data-related, as there are few existing datasets for contextual language-based problems, and some tasks are too complex to be framed as supervised learning problems; for the latter type, we must either resort to unsupervised learning or devise training objectives that simulate the supervised setting. Another reason is architectural: neural networks designed for sentencelevel tasks require additional functionality, interpretability, and efficiency to operate at the discourse level. In this thesis, I design deep learning architectures for three NLP tasks that require integrating information across high-level linguistic context: question answering, fictional relationship understanding, and comic book narrative modeling. While these tasks are very different from each other on the surface, I show that similar neural network modules can be used in each case to form contextual representations. I conclude by discussing potential avenues for future research that seeks to understand increasingly large and complex context. DISCOURSE-LEVEL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING WITH DEEP LEARNING
Change detection and difference detection of tone duration discrimination

An event-related potential called mismatch negativity is known to exhibit physiological evidence of sensory memory. Mismatch negativity is believed to represent complicated neuronal mechanisms in a variety of animals and in humans. We employed the auditory oddball paradigm varying sound durations and observed two types of duration mismatch negativity in anesthetized guinea pigs. One was a duration mismatch negativity whose increase in peak amplitude occurred immediately after onset of the stimulus difference in a decrement oddball paradigm. The other exhibited a peak amplitude increase closer to the offset of the longer stimulus in an increment oddball paradigm. These results demonstrated a mechanism to percept the difference of duration change and revealed the importance of the end of a stimulus for this perception.
Individual patient advocacy, collective responsibility and activism within professional nursing associations

The systemic difficulties of health care in the USA have brought to light another issue in nurse—patient advocacy — those who require care yet have inadequate or non-existent access. Patient advocacy has focused on individual nurses who in turn advocate for individual patients, yet, while supporting individual patients is a worthy goal of patient advocacy, systemic problems cannot be adequately addressed in this way. The difficulties nurses face when advocating for patients is well documented in the nursing literature and I argue that, through collective advocacy, professional nursing associations ought to extend the reach of individual nurses in order to address systemic problems in health care institutions and bureaucracies.
Effects of induced metabolic alkalosis on prolonged intermittent-sprint performance.

PURPOSE Previous studies have shown that induced metabolic alkalosis, via sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion, can improve short-term, repeated-sprint ability. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of NaHCO3 ingestion on a prolonged, intermittent-sprint test (IST). METHODS Seven female team-sport athletes (mean +/- SD: age = 19 +/- 1 yr, VO2peak = 45.3 +/- 3.1 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) volunteered for the study, which had received ethics clearance. The athletes ingested two doses of either 0.2 g x kg(-1) of NaHCO3 or 0.138 g x kg(-1) of NaCl (placebo), in a double-blind, random, counterbalanced order, 90 and 20 min before performing the IST on a cycle ergometer (two 36-min "halves" of repeated approximately 2-min blocks: all-out 4-s sprint, 100 s of active recovery at 35% VO2peak, and 20 s of rest). Capillary blood samples were drawn from the ear lobe before ingestion, and before, during, and after each half of the IST. VO2 was also recorded at regular intervals throughout the IST. RESULTS Resting plasma bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3-]) averaged 22.6 +/- 0.9 mmol x L(-1), and at 90 min post-ingestion was 21.4 +/- 1.5 and 28.9 +/- 2.8 mmol x L-1 for the placebo and NaHCO3 conditions, respectively (P < 0.05). Plasma [HCO3-] during the NaHCO3 condition remained significantly higher throughout the IST compared with both placebo and pre-ingestion. There was a trend toward improved total work in the second (P = 0.08), but not first, half of the IST after the ingestion of NaHCO3. Furthermore, subjects completed significantly more work in 7 of 18 second-half, 4-s sprints after NaHCO3 ingestion. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that NaHCO3 ingestion can improve intermittent-sprint performance and may be a useful supplement for team-sport athletes.
Multicenter Phase I Trial of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/2 Inhibitor BAY 86-9766 in Patients with Advanced Cancer

Purpose: To evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of BAY 86-9766, a selective, potent, orally available, small-molecule allosteric inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 in patients with advanced solid tumors. Experimental Design: BAY 86-9766 was administered orally daily in 28-day courses, with doses escalated to establish the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD). An expanded cohort was evaluated at the MTD. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were assessed, with extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation evaluated in paired biopsies from a subset of the expanded MTD cohort. Tumor specimens were evaluated for mutations in select genes. Results: Sixty-nine patients were enrolled, including 20 patients at the MTD. The MTD was 100 mg given once-daily or in two divided doses. BAY 86-9766 was well-tolerated. The most common treatment-related toxicities were acneiform rash and gastrointestinal toxicity. BAY 86-9766 was well-absorbed after oral administration (plasma half-life ∼12 hours), and displayed dose proportional pharmacokinetics throughout the tested dose range. Continuous daily dosing resulted in moderate accumulation at most dose levels. BAY 86-9766 suppressed ERK phosphorylation in biopsied tissue and tetradecanoylphorbol acetate–stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes. Of 53 evaluable patients, one patient with colorectal cancer achieved a partial response and 11 patients had stable disease for 4 or more courses. An ocular melanoma specimen harbored a GNAQ-activating mutation and exhibited reduced ERK phosphorylation in response to therapy. Conclusion: This phase I study showed that BAY 86-9766 was well-tolerated, with good oral absorption, dose proportional pharmacokinetics, target inhibition at the MTD, and some evidence of clinical benefit across a range of tumor types. Clin Cancer Res; 19(5); 1232–43. ©2012 AACR.
Length of intensive care unit stay following cardiac surgery: is it impossible to find a universal prediction model?

OBJECTIVES Accurate models for prediction of a prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay following cardiac surgery may be developed using Cox proportional hazards regression. Our aims were to develop a preoperative and intraoperative model to predict the length of the ICU stay and to compare our models with published risk models, including the EuroSCORE II. METHODS Models were developed using data from all patients undergoing cardiac surgery at St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway from 2000-2007 (n = 4994). Internal validation and calibration were performed by bootstrapping. Discrimination was assessed by areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves and calibration for the published logistic regression models with the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. RESULTS Despite a diverse risk profile, 93.7% of the patients had an ICU stay <2 days, in keeping with our fast-track regimen. Our models showed good calibration and excellent discrimination for prediction of a prolonged stay of more than 2, 5 or 7 days. Discrimination by the EuroSCORE II and other published models was good, but calibration was poor (Hosmer-Lemeshow test: P < 0.0001), probably due to the short ICU stays of almost all our patients. None of the models were useful for prediction of ICU stay in individual patients because most patients in all risk categories of all models had short ICU stays (75th percentiles: 1 day). CONCLUSIONS A universal model for prediction of ICU stay may be difficult to develop, as the distribution of length of stay may depend on both medical factors and institutional policies governing ICU discharge.
Women Seeking Health Information: Distinguishing the Web User

Given the advantages of using the Web for health information-seeking and a survey result that women are more likely to use the Web as a channel to locate health information, the authors explored the health information-seeking process and behavior of women who use the Web to seek such information. Although based on previously collected data, this article represents an extension of the earlier analysis with its focus on women who, at least to some extent, seek health care information via The Web (herein, Web user), a topic not thoroughly addressed in the earlier study. A comparison of female Web users and non-Web users who seek health information revealed that Web users sought health information at a higher rate than non-Web users. Web users were more likely to communicate with medical professionals about the health information found and claimed that their decisions about health treatments were influenced by the health information. In most cases, Web users expressed a higher awareness of resources, regardless of format. Web users did not report that finding health information, from any channel, however, was noticeably easier.
An experimental study on investors' status quo bias

Status quo bias is an important factor which affects investors' decision-making. The existing research on this issue only considers Prospects Theory. In fact, framing effect, investor sentiment and information structure are also important variables which affect status quo bias. But the existing papers are less involved to study status quo bias from the three aspects above. This paper researches the impact on investors status quo bias from the three aspects of framing effect? investor sentiment and information structure in the experimental method. The results show that: The investor status quo bias in the margined frame of the investment portfolio is higher than that in the ratio frame of the investable portfolio. There is status quo bias of investors in the three emotions conditions. In the positive emotions investors status quo bias is lower and in the negative emotions investors status quo bias is higher. The amount of choose the determined probability is five times that choose uncertainty probability . The level of status quo bias in self-status assignment group is higher than that in external status assignment group.
Shift in the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis toward elderly patients in Finland during 1975-1990.

OBJECTIVE To obtain information on changes in the age distribution of new cases of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Finland. METHODS The present study covered those subjects entitled under the nationwide sickness insurance scheme to receive specially reimbursed medication for RA in 5/21 central hospital districts in Finland (population base about one million adults) in 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990. RESULTS During the four study years 1321 incident cases occurred, which satisfied the American Rheumatism Association 1987 classification criteria for RA. The mean age at diagnosis increased by 7.6 years from 1975 (50.2 years) to 1990 (57.8 years). No appreciable differences occurred between men and women. The incidence rates declined in the younger age groups. CONCLUSION The epidemiology of RA is in a dynamic state. The trends may reflect marked changes in the host-environment relationship.
Stratospheric profiles of nitrogen dioxide observed by Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System on the Odin satellite

[1] Vertical profiles of nitrogen dioxide in the 19–40 km altitude range are successfully retrieved over the globe from Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System (OSIRIS) limb scatter observations in late 2001 and early 2002. The inclusion of multiple scattering in the radiative transfer model used in the inversion algorithm allows for the retrieval of NO2 down to 19 km. The slant column densities, which represent the observations in the inversion, are obtained by fitting the fine structure in normalized radiance spectra over the 435–449 nm range, where NO2 electronic absorption is readily observable because of long light paths through stratospheric layers rich in this constituent. Details of the spectral fitting and inversion algorithm are discussed, including the discovery of a pseudo-absorber associated with pixelated detectors and a new method to verify altitude registration. Comparisons are made with spatially and temporally coincident profile measurements of this photochemically active trace gas. Better than 20% agreement is obtained with all correlative measurements over the common retrieval altitude range, confirming the validity of OSIRIS NO2 profiles. Systematic biases in the number densities are not observed at any altitude. A ‘‘snapshot’’ meridional cross section between 40� N and 70� S is shown from observations during a fraction of an orbit. INDEX TERMS: 0340 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere—composition and chemistry; 0360 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Transmission and scattering of radiation; 0394 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques; 3334 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Middle atmosphere dynamics (0341, 0342); KEYWORDS: optical, Sun-synchronous, polar-orbiting, Fraunhofer, Ring effect, iterative onion peel