Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Routing Using BBO to Improve Energy Efficiency in WSN

Wireless Sensor Networks are networks which are designed of large quantity of tiny and battery dependent sensor nodes. These sensor nodes comprised of limited on-board storage, processing and radio capabilities. Nodes gather or sense the information from the environment surrounding them and then pass it to the central node which is known as Base Station. In view of the fact that the nodes require lots of energy for the handling of data, the architectural protocols and algorithms should be conscientious in order to provide an efficient routing mechanism. Because of efficient routing, the lifetime of a network can be prolonged. In general, the actual life purposes are mainly depending upon the concept of heterogeneity rather than homogeneity so as to provide the routing which should be efficient in nature. Hence, in this paper, an efficient routing protocol is proposed which works upon the implementation of heterogeneous sensors and works on the concept of chain routing. The heterogeneity lies in the terms of energy assigned to different nodes so that the lifetime of network can be prolonged. Simulation results are accomplished to examine the efficacious behaviour of Bio-geography based optimization (BBO) algorithm to crack the energy efficiency coverage problem in comparison to Polination Based Optimization (PBO) algorithm and Ant Scheduling Algorithm (ACA). Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Base Station (BS), Cluster Heat (CH), Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System (PEGASIS).
Industrial hemp response to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) production has increased in Canada in recent years, and interest for this multipurpose crop remains high. The lack of agronomic guidelines for Eastern Canada represents, however, a limiting factor for local hemp production. This study assessed biomass and seed yields and composition of two hemp cultivars (CRS-1 and Anka), following various N, P, and K fertilization treatments (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N or K ha -1 ; 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg P ha -1 ). The experiment was conducted in multiple environments in the province of Quebec. Positive linear and quadratic responses of biomass yield, seed yield, and seed crude protein concentration to N fertilization were observed in all environments; the magnitude of the response depended, however, on the environment and cultivar. Across environments and cultivars, biomass and seed yields increased from 1674 to 4209 kg ha -1 and from 519 to 1340 kg ha -1 , respectively, with the application of 200 kg N ha -1 when compared with the unfertilized control. Nitrogen fertilization affected biomass cellulose and hemicellulose concentrations, but the overall response remained minimal. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizations had very limited effect on biomass and seed yields and composition in all environments. In conclusion, while industrial hemp responded to N fertilization up to 200 kg N ha -1 , response to P and K fertilization remained limited.
"Non-Pharmacological Methods for Pain Management"

Pain or Nociception is felt, sensed, appreciated and perceived by everybody. The degree of appreciation correlates with severity of pain. Sensing and perceiving pain however depends on many factors. These are age of individual, his previous experience about pains, anticipation of pain and so his tolerance to pain. Thus, while ‘receiving signals about pain from receptors by brain’ is the same among all human beings, the perceptions and control of pain vary from society to society. Though pain is a ubiquitous condition of human beings, the definitions, descriptions, and perceptions of pain and pain control are culturally specific. But the absolute bottom line is that pain and pain control are inner and subjective experiences of the person who is in pain [1]. Appreciation of pain and the subsequent response may be different in acute vs. chronic pain. Many different modalities are tried to treat or alleviate pain. Modifying the response is the key in all modalities of management.
Galactic constraints on supernova progenitor models

Aims. To estimate the mean masses of oxygen and iron ejected per each type of supernovae (SNe) event from observations of the elemental abundance patterns in the Galactic disk and constrain the relevant SNe progenitor models. Methods. We undertake a statistical analysis of the radial abundance distributions in the Galactic disk within a theoretical framework for Galactic chemical evolution which incorporates the influence of spiral arms. This framework has been shown to recover the non-linear behaviour in radial gradients, the mean masses of oxygen and iron ejected during SNe explosions to be estimated, and constraints to be placed on SNe progenitor models. Results. (i) The mean mass of oxygen ejected per core-collapse SNe (CC SNe) event (which are concentrated within spiral arms) is ∼0.27 M� ; (ii) the mean mass of iron ejected by tardy Type Ia SNe (SNeIa, whose progenitors are older/longer-lived stars with ages 100 Myr and up to several Gyr, which do not concentrate within spiral arms) is ∼0.58 M� ; (iii) the upper mass of iron ejected by prompt SNeIa (SNe whose progenitors are younger/shorter-lived stars with ages 100 Myr, which are concentrated within spiral ˙ �
Provided for non-commercial research and education use . Not for reproduction , distribution or commercial use

Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences is the official English language journal of the Egyptian Society of Biological Sciences, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Sciences Ain Shams University. The Journal publishes original research papers and reviews from any zoological discipline or from directly allied fields in ecology, behavioral biology, physiology & biochemistry. www.eajbs. eg.net Provided for non-commercial research and education use. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use.
Effect of Feeding Strategy and Carbohydrate Source on Carbohydrate Utilization by Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Problem statement: Feeding strategy is the important factor in aquacul ture. Feeding strategy not only could affect the growth performan ce of grass carp and feed efficiency, but also coul d affect the quality and environment of water resourc e. We have proved that glucose was more suitable than starch as the carbohydrate source for grass ca rp under the restricted feeding frequency. While different feeding strategies may have resulted in t he differences in carbohydrate utilization among fish species. No studies have so far been reported that compare the utilization of carbohydrate source in different feeding strategy of grass carp. Approach: A 9-weeks growth trial was conducted to determine the effect of feeding frequency (2, 6, 12 and 23 meals day -1 ) and two different carbohydrate source (30% starch versus 30% glucose) on the carbohydrate utilization of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella ). Both of the two diets with the same feeding rate s but with four different feeding frequencies were fed to triplicate groups o f grass carp (mean initial wet weight 35.94±1.86 g) . Results: In the glucose diet groups, significantly (p<0.05) higher Final Body Weight (FBW, g), Weight Gain (WG, %), Specific Growth rate (SGR, % day -1 ), Feed Efficiency (FE, %), Protein Efficiency Rati o (PER), body lipid and serum Triglyceride (serum TG) were observed in the 6, 12 and 23 meals day -1 -1 feeding treatments provided intermediate results a nd were not significantly different from the 2 and 6 meals day -1 feeding treatments. When compared the effects between the glucose and starch diet groups in the same feeding frequency, s ignificantly (p<0.05) higher FBW, WG, SGR, FE and PER were observed in the glucose than the starc h fed grass carp, only body lipid content was significantly higher in grass carp fed the starch t han the glucose diets. Conclusion: It suggested that 6 meals day -1 feeding was sufficient for the optimal growth and feed efficiency for grass carp on 35.1- 37.5 g. Furthermore, the growth performance also su ggested that glucose was superior to starch as the carbohydrate source for grass carp under the feedin g frequency of 6, 12 and 23 meals day -1 .
The Large Early Galaxy Astrophysics Census (LEGA-C) Data Release 2: Dynamical and Stellar Population Properties of z ≲ 1 Galaxies in the COSMOS Field

We present the second data release of the Large Early Galaxy Astrophysics Census (LEGA-C), an ESO 130−night public spectroscopic survey conducted with VIMOS on the Very Large Telescope. We release 1988 spectra with typical continuum S/N ≃ 20 Å−1 of galaxies at 0.6 ≲ z ≲ 1.0, each observed for ∼20 hr and fully reduced with a custom-built pipeline. We also release a catalog with spectroscopic redshifts, emission-line fluxes, Lick/IDS indices, and observed stellar and gas velocity dispersions that are spatially integrated quantities, including both rotational motions and genuine dispersion. To illustrate the new parameter space in the intermediate-redshift regime probed by LEGA-C, we explore relationships between dynamical and stellar population properties. The star-forming galaxies typically have observed stellar velocity dispersions of ∼150 km s−1 and strong Hδ absorption (HδA ∼ 5 Å), while passive galaxies have higher observed stellar velocity dispersions (∼200 km s−1) and weak Hδ absorption (HδA ∼ 0 Å). Strong [O III]5007/Hβ ratios tend to occur mostly for galaxies with weak HδA or galaxies with higher observed velocity dispersion. Beyond these broad trends, we find a diversity of possible combinations of rest-frame colors, absorption-line strengths, and emission-line detections, illustrating the utility of spectroscopic measurements to more accurately understand galaxy evolution. By making the spectra and value-added catalogs publicly available we encourage the community to take advantage of this very substantial investment in telescope time provided by ESO.
Status and Outlook of Operational Satellite Precipitation Algorithms for Extreme-Precipitation Events

Abstract Flash floods are among the most devastating natural weather hazards in the United States, causing an average of more than 225 deaths and $4 billion in property damage annually. As a result, prediction of flash floods in an accurate and timely fashion is one of the most important challenges in weather prediction. Data from geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites are significant sources of information for the diagnosis and prediction of heavy precipitation and flash floods. Geostationary satellites are especially important for their unique ability simultaneously to observe the atmosphere and its cloud cover from the global scale down to the storm scale at high resolution in both time (every 15 min) and space (1–4 km). This capability makes geostationary satellite data ideally suited for estimating and predicting heavy precipitation, especially during flash-flood events. Presented in this paper are current and future efforts in the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service .
Electron temperature of Titan's sunlit ionosphere

Titan's upper atmosphere is ionized by solar radiation and particle bombardment from Saturn's magnetosphere. The induced ionosphere plays a key role in the coupling of Titan's atmosphere with the Kronian environment. It also provides unique signatures for identifying energy sources upon Titan's upper atmosphere. Here we focus on observations from the first, close flyby by the Cassini spacecraft and assess the ionization and electron heating sources in Titan's sunlit ionosphere. We compare CAPS electron spectra with spectra produced by an electron transport model based on the INMS neutral densities and a MHD interaction model. In addition, we compare RPWS electron temperature against the models. The important terms in the electron energy equation include loss through excitation of vibrational states of N2 and CH4, Coulomb collisions with suprathermal electrons, and thermal conduction. Our analysis highlights the important role of the magnetic field line configuration for aeronomic studies at Titan.
Modelling of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in a Non-Human Primate

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling disease characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage in the central nervous system (CNS), affecting both white and grey matter. Commonly observed symptoms are visual and balance disturbances, spasticity, bladder dysfunction, pain, and fatigue. At a later disease stage, paralysis may occur (Compston& Coles 2008; Sospedra& Martin 2005). For both exploratory and applied research into MS the use of a valid animal model is indispensable. The most widely used animal model for MS is experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is induced by active immunization with myelin derivatives formulated in adjuvant. EAE has been induced in a wide variety of species, including rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, mice, and non-human primates (Brok et al 2000; Genain et al 1995; Gold et al 2006; Massacesi et al 1995; Wekerle 2006). The EAE model in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small-sized New World monkey, is exquisitely suitable for translational research into pathogenic mechanisms and therapy development for MS. A feature that distinguishes the model from classical rodent EAE models is that marmosets are exposed to the same environmental cues as humans, including those associated with MS susceptibility, i.e. viral pathogens. In this chapter, we will summarize our investigations into the core pathogenic autoimmune mechanisms underlying the development of pathology and clinical symptoms. In addition, we will discuss the separate and combined role of B cells and T cells, in this model. Finally, we will briefly discuss how the model can be used for testing new therapies.
A Longer Look at the Asymmetric Dependence between Hedge Funds and the Equity Market

Abstract This paper reexamines, at a range of investment horizons, the asymmetric dependence between hedge fund returns and market returns. Given the current availability of hedge fund data, the joint distribution of longer-horizon returns is extracted from the dynamics of monthly returns using the filtered historical simulation; we then apply the method based on copula theory to uncover the dependence structure therein. While the direction of asymmetry remains unchanged, the magnitude of asymmetry is attenuated considerably as the investment horizon increases. Similar horizon effects also occur on the tail dependence. Our findings suggest that nonlinearity in hedge fund exposure to market risk is more short term in nature, and that hedge funds provide higher benefits of diversification, the longer the horizon.
Citizen Response to Disasters: A Survey of Literature and Some Practical Implications

It is most likely that the modern citizen responds to disasters in the same fashion as his ancestor. Contrary to widespread belief, citizens do not panic in disaster situations. In fact, research into different aspects of citizen response shows that most citizens act in a rather rational way. Indeed, citizens often prove to be the most effective kind of emergency personnel. Disaster evaluations invariably show that most lives are actually saved by the 'average' citizen. On the other hand, it seems little can be done to improve citizen preparedness. A modern western citizen is not likely to invest time or money in preparing for 'acceptable' risks. The above results stem for the greater part from research already conducted as long ago as the nineteen-eighties. Limitations and implications however seem as yet unclear. One important limitation is the cultural bias in most studies. One important implication is that in western countries government should step in to improve citizen response by preparing to facilitate it in times of disaster.
Honey, an unexplored topical wound dressing agent in Nigerian veterinary practice

This paper presents an overview of honey as a wound dressing agent, its mechanism of action, selected cases of wounds managed with honey and a survey of veterinarians’ perception and usage of honey for wound management in Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were administered to veterinary practitioners predominantly in Southwest Nigeria to evaluate their awareness, usage and concerns about honey as a wound dressing agent. Case reports of animal patients’ wounds managed with honey are presented in a logical fashion to showcase honey efficacy in wound management. There was remarkable healing with honey in the cases managed. Many of the respondents did not consider honey as first choice in wound management and availability of pure honey is a major concern expressed with honey use. More veterinarians in Nigeria should use honey for its high efficacy and cost effectiveness in the management of animal wounds.
Firm Specific Factors and Macroeconomic Determinant of Life Insurance Companies’ Profitability in Indonesia

Financial analysis is an important tools for insurance companies to enhance the profitability. In developing country, such as Indonesia, the empirical studies of firm-specific and macroeconomic factors are not so exhaustively analyzed. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the firm-specific factors and macroeconomic determinants of life insurance companies’ profitability in Indonesia using panel data during the period 2010 to 2014. The study examines the firm-specifics factors consist of size of company, equity capital, premium growth, risk based capital ratio, leverage ratio and liquidity ratio, while macroeconomic factor is inflation rate. The findings indicate negative and significant influence of premium growth and risk based capital on profitability; and significant positive influence of equity capital, liquidity ratio, leverage ratio and size of company on profitability. Additionally, results reveal that inflation rate is not significantly influence the profitability of life insurance companies. The other finding iscompanies that have good level of total assets, equity capital, leverage ratio and liquidity ratios tend to have good achievement ROA ratio. Companies should be able calculating technical reserves appropriately, construct the optimal portfolio in order to be able to generate maximum profits and streamline expenses operating expenses to maintain the achievement of good profitability.
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ONLINE HYBRID AND FACE-TO-FACE TEACHING METHODS

Comparison of the effect of two teaching methods (online hybrid and face-to-face) was made on grade outcomes of non science major students taking four credit hours physical science courses at Bowie State University, MD, USA. The courses were offered with the same content: all course materials and assessments posted online through Blackboard/ANGEL learning management systems. Both groups had to attend lab experiments in presence: the main difference being that students enrolled in the face-to-face courses also attended three lecture classes in a week. The enrolment capacity of face-toface courses is a maximum of 26, while that of online hybrid classes is 70. The overall assessment on pass and fail proportion of students as well as indications from letter grade distributions from data collected during three semesters indicated that there is no statistically significant difference between the two teaching methods in terms of students pass and fail grades. Results show that the online method is adequate for large sections with no detriment to outcomes.
Exchange Rates and Fundamentals: Evidence from Commodity Economies

This paper investigates the empirical disconnect between exchange rates and economic fundamentals that is at the heart of several exchange rate puzzles. In contrast to a literature characterized by notoriously poor in-sample Þts and out-ofsample forecast failures, we Þnd that for three major OECD primary commodity producers, nominal exchange rates exhibit a robust response to movements in the world prices of their corresponding commodity exports. Moreover, incorporating commodity export prices into standard exchange rate models can generate a marked improvement in their in-sample performance. In terms of out-of-sample forecast, several commodity-price-augmented speciÞcations offer clear evidence of exchange rate predictability, after accounting for small-sample bias and size distortion in asymptotic tests. However, no single speciÞcation is found to provide a consistent forecast improvement over a random walk at all horizons and across all currency pairs. The empirical approach and evidence shown in this paper can be applied to a much wider set of countries and have particular relevance for monetary policy making and insation control in small commodity economies.
Ontogenetic body‐mass scaling of nitrogen excretion relates to body surface area in diverse pelagic invertebrates

Many physiological and ecological processes depend on body size and the supply of limiting nutrients. Hence, it is important to derive quantitative predictions based on a mechanistic understanding of the influence of body size on metabolic rate and on the ratios of consumed to excreted elements. Among diverse pelagic invertebrates that change shape during ontogeny, recent analysis has demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the body‐mass allometry of respiration rates (measured as the ontogenetic body mass‐scaling exponent bR) and the allometry of body surface area (bA, as predicted from body‐shape changes using a Euclidean model). As many pelagic invertebrates use a large portion of their external body surface for both resource uptake and waste excretion, we predicted that body‐mass scaling exponents for rates of excretion of soluble N (bN) should also then relate to the degree of body‐shape change during growth. We tested this hypothesis using literature data on bN for 39 species of pelagic invertebrates across five different phyla, and find strong support: bN is significantly positively correlated with predicted bA, whilst also co‐varying with bR. Intraspecific differences between bN and bR values reveal ontogenetic shifts in the ratio of O2‐consumed to N‐excreted. We suggest that a variety of factors, including adaptive developmental shifts in the relative anabolism and catabolism of proteins and lipids, may cause these shifts in consumption–excretion ratios. Diverse pelagic invertebrates that dominate vast open water ecosystems falsify the predictions of general metabolic scaling theories built upon resource‐transport networks, but support predictions of surface‐area dependent theory.
Effect of Inoculant on Yield and Yield Contributing Characters of Summer Mungbean Cultivars

An experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) farm, Mymensingh to study the effect of rhizobial inoculant (biofertilizer) on the the yield and yield contributing characters of mungbean cultivars. Experimental treatments included two varieties of mungbean namely Binamoog5 and Binamoog7 and six inoculant treatments namely control(I0), Bradyrhizobium Inoculant(I), Inoculant+P, NPK, Inoculant+PK+B and Inoculant+PK+CD. Inoculantion+PK+B obtained the highest grain yield of mungbean (1.49 t ha -1 ) while Inoculantion+PK+CD showed the highest straw yield. NPK application showed significantly higher grain and straw yield over uninoculated control and parallel to inoculation but statistically inferior to I+PK+CD in respect of grain yield. Inoculantion+PK+CD or Inoculantion+PK+B may be recommended for summer mungbean production where I+PK+CD is preferable. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i1. 11584 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(1): 211 - 215, 2012