Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen dynamics of a cyanobacteria bloom in the Baltic Sea: new versus regenerated production

A bloom of nitrogen-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria was studied at a drift station in the Baltic Sea in July-August 1982. Uptake of combined nitrogen nutrients (ammonium, nitrate and urea) was measured using "N labelled substrates, and was around 450 nmol 1-' d-l. New production (based on uptake of nitrate and N1) was only 27 % of total N uptake. The major nitrogen source was ammonium, which constituted about half of the total nitrogen uptake measured. The nitrogen fixers seemed to rely mainly on N, for their nitrogen demand, while the major part of nitrogen assinulation was carried out by smaller non-nitrogen-fixing phytoplankton, malnly utdizing regenerated nitrogen. The dissolved organic matter had a molar C/N ratio of over 20, and seemed mainly to be refractive. The particulate material had a C/N ratio of 8.5, and a N/P ratio of 19. From ATP measurements, the amount of 'living carbon' was estimated to be 23 % of the particulate carbon. Doubling time of the living fraction of the particulate nitrogen was approximately 1 d.
Education and SMME Business Growth: A Gender Perspective from South Africa

Entrepreneurship is becoming an increasingly important source of employment for women in many countries. Policymakers and other stakeholders typically fail to differentiate between the needs of different SMME sectors when designing support programmes. Using survey data obtained from SMME owner managers in the Western Cape, this article attempts to identify whether the level of education and gender has an impact on business growth. A survey instrument in the form of a questionnaire was utilized to capture the data from 369 face-to-face interviews. The findings from this research reveal a positive relationship between the level of education of business owners and their respective business abilities to increase business growth. There were no significant differences between men and women in relation to business growth. The research has implications for policymakers seeking to understand the factors that influence business growth.
Searching for Non-Monotonic Effects of Fiscal Policy: New Evidence

Data revisions and the availability of a longer sample offer the opportunity to reconsider the empirical findings that suggest that in the OECD countries national saving responds non-monotonically to fiscal policy. The paper confirms that the circumstance most likely to give rise to a non-monotonic response of national saving to a fiscal impulse is a "large and persistent impulse," defined as one in which the full employment surplus, as a percent of potential output, changes by at least 1.5 percentage points per year over a two-year period. This particular circumstance remains the only statistically significant one even when we allow for non-monotonic responses to arise when public debt is growing rapidly or interest rate spreads are widening. We find that non-monotonic responses are similar for fiscal contractions and expansions. In particular, an increase in net taxes has no effect on national saving during large fiscal contractions or expansions. For government consumption there is a large, albeit in some specifications less then complete, offset during expansions or contractions.
Consumer Innovativeness Leading to Innovation Adoption

With the changing trends in this world, innovative economy is the emerging idea that is vital for the economies, countries and organizations to grow and sustain. Innovation is the key to success and the innovators need to be influenced for adoption. For that reason, there is need of market analysis if consumers are ready for adopting the innovations that are offered to them, do they possess the necessary traits to understand the benefits of innovation in their lifestyles. This insight has given an opportunity to this research for analyzing the consumer market empirically for the traits that are necessary for the adoption of innovation. This study it further identify the market segment that are inclined possess the trait of innovativeness higher than the others. A survey questionnaire was adopted from literature; data was collected from almost 481 consumers belonging to Karachi from the age bracket of 15 to 54. The factor analysis, correlation, regression and 2SLS method was applied; results showed that consumer innovativeness is strongly influenced by personality traits such as intelligence, rationality and self-efficacy and socialization by interconnectedness, cosmopoliteness and subjective norm. The study reveals the insight that consumers are ready to adopt the innovation and possess the trait of innovativeness that has the capabilities to intellectually and rationally evaluate the innovative offering. Keywords : Consumer innovativeness, Innovation adoption, smart phones
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PV PANEL WITH FIN COOLING UNDER NATURAL CONVECTION

Photovoltaic solar cell generates electricity by receiving solar irradiance in the forms of photons. Photons with wavelengths above the threshold are converted into heat in the PV cells. This waste heat must be dissipated efficiently in order to avoid excessive high temperatures, which have an adverse effect on the electrical performance of the cell. Therefore, in this paper, performance enhancement of PV panels was experimented utilizing passive fin cooling under natural convection. To properly cool the PV panel, different cross sectional fins with perforation was attached at the backside of the panel. Comparative experimental study on PV panels with and without fin cooling was carried out to investigate the effect of operating temperature on the voltage, current & power output developed by the panel. The results showed that due to fin cooling temperature of the PV panel dropped significantly & the power output was improved by 5.5% under natural convection.
Cytological Studies on Six Species of Spiders from Taiwan (Araneae: Theridiidae, Psechridae, Uloboridae, Oxyopidae, and Ctenidae)

Shyh-Hwang Chen (1999) Cytological studies on six species of spiders from Taiwan (Araneae: Theridiidae, Psechridae, Uloboridae, Oxyopidae, and Ctenidae). Zoological Studies 38(4): 423-434. An improved newly introduced air-dried method was to prepare spider chromosomes. Chromosomal data are reported for 6 species of 5 families of spiders from Taiwan. The number of diploid chromosomes (2n) in both male ( ) and female ( ), the number of autosomal bivalents and the univalent sex chromosomes (X’s) in the 1st meiotic division (n(I)) in male, the number of chromosomes in the 2nd meiotic division (n(II)) in male, and the type of sex-determining mechanism of each species were determined as follows: Octonoba spinosa (Uloboridae) 2n = 18 /20 , n(I) = 8 + X1X2, n(II) = 8 and 10, X1X2O type; Achaearanea tepidariorum (Theridiidae) n(I) = 10 + X1X2, X1X2O type; Psechrus sinensis (Psechridae) 2n = 24 , n(I) = 11 + X1X2, n(II) = 11 and 13, X1X2O type; Oxyopes macilentus (Oxyopidae) 2n = 21 /22 , n(I) = 10 + X, n(II) = 10 and 11 in the Taipei population, and 2n = 23 , n(I) = 11 + X, n(II) = 11 and 12 in the Hualien population, both XO type; Oxyopes sertatus (Oxyopidae) 2n = 21 /22 , n (I) = 10 + X, n(II) = 10 and 11, XO type; and Anahita fauna (Ctenidae) 2n = 29 , n(I) = 13 + X1X2X3, n(II) = 13 and 16, X1X2X3O type. The chromosome data of Octonoba spinosa, Psechrus sinensis, Oxyopes macilentus, and Anahita fauna are reported for the first time. In addition, chromosome data of the families Psechridae and Ctenidae represented by Psechrus sinensis and Anahita fauna, respectively, are also reported for the first time. Oxyopes macilentus is reported to exhibit chromosome polymorphism among populations, and the diploid chromosome number 2n = 23 with 11 pairs of autosomes in 1 male is reported for the first time among all species of Oxyopes studied.
Self-Consistent Effective Binary Diffusion in Multicomponent Gas Mixtures

The correct treatment of diffusion in multicomponent gas mixtures requires solution of a linear system of equations for the diffusive mass fluxes relative to the mass-averaged velocity of the mixture. Effective binary diffusion approximations are often used to avoid solving this system. These approximations are generally internally inconsistent in the sense that the approximate diffusion fluxes do not properly sum to zero. The origin of this inconsistency is identified, and a general procedure for removing it is presented. This procedure applies equally to concentration, forced, pressure, and thermal diffusion, either separately or in combination. It is used to obtain a self-consistent effective binary diffusion approximation in which the diffusive mass fluxes properly sum to zero and all four types of diffusion are simultaneously accounted for.
Microscale Rarefied Gas Dynamics and Surface Interactions for EUVL and MEMS Applications

A combined experimental/modeling study was conducted to better understand the critical role of gas-surface interactions in rarefied gas flows. An experimental chamber and supporting diagnostics were designed and assembled to allow simultaneous measurements of gas heat flux and inter-plate gas density profiles in an axisymmetric, parallel-plate geometry. Measurements of gas density profiles and heat flux are made under identical conditions, eliminating an important limitation of earlier studies. The use of in situ, electron-beam fluorescence is demonstrated as a means to measure gas density profiles although additional work is required to improve the accuracy of this technique. Heat flux is inferred from temperature-drop measurements using precision thermistors. The system can be operated with a variety of gases (monatomic, diatomic, polyatomic, mixtures) and carefully controlled, well-characterized surfaces of different types (metals, ceramics) and conditions (smooth, rough). The measurements reported here are for 304 stainless steel plates with a standard machined surface coupled with argon, helium, and nitrogen. The resulting heat-flux and gas-density-profile data are analyzed using analytic and computational models to show that a simple Maxwell gas-surface interaction model is adequate to represent all of the observations. Based on this analysis, thermal accommodation coefficients for 304 stainless steel coupled with argon, nitrogen, and helium are determined to be 0.88, 0.80, and 0.38, respectively, with an estimated uncertainty of {+-}0.02.
Innate Immune System Dynamics to Influenza Virus

Abstract The understanding of how influenza virus infection activates the immune system is crucial to designing prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against the infection. Nevertheless, the immune response to influenza virus infection is complex and remains largely unknown. In this paper we focus in the innate immune response to influenza virus using a mathematical model, based on interferon-induced resistance to infection of respiratory epithelial cells and the clearance of infected cells by natural killers. Simulation results show the importance of IFN-I to prevent new infections in epithelial cells and to stop the viral explosion during the first two days after infection. Nevertheless, natural killers response might be the most relevant for the first depletion in viral load due to the elimination of infected cells. Based on the reproductive number, the innate immune response is important to control the infection, although it would not be enough to clear completely the virus. The effective coordination between innate and adaptive immune response is essential for the virus eradication.
Diallel analysis of maize resistance to Phaeosphaeria maydis

In breeding programs directed towards genetic resistance against diseases, the estimation of genetic parameters that control resistance allows the introduction of resistance into suscetible germplasm to be clearly focused. The purposes of this study were to estimate heterosis effects, and the general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities by using two rating methods for resistance to Phaeosphaeria maydis in a diallel analysis of 36 F1 maize hybrids and their nine inbred lines. Trials were conducted in three environments. Disease severity was evaluated in the whole plant (PI) and in the leaf positioned just below the point of insertion of the main ear (AFA). The trials followed a randomized block design with plots represented by a 5 m long rows. Differences among combining ability estimates for different environments and in both evaluation methods showed significant effects (P < 0.01) for environment (E), GCA, and GCA × E. The SCA, and SCA × E effects were not significant for any of the disease severity variables. The GCA effects were more important than SCA for this set of inbred lines, suggesting that additive genetic effects are the most important sources of variation for this trait. Heterosis effects for resistance were estimated, and it was possible to identify specific hybrid combinations between lines which have high potential for genetic control of this pathogen. Results for both disease severity variables were practically identical, even though the PI method was more convenient to use.
Strings Attached: New Public Management, Competitive Grant Funding and Social Capital

This paper first investigates the impact of New Public Management (NPM) practices, particularly competitive grant funding, on Bushcare New South Wales (NSW), an Australian environmental volunteering organisation. Secondly, identifying such local volunteering organisations as repositories of valuable social capital, it explores the link between volunteering and social capital. Using mixed methods and institutional theory, the study reveals that an increased level of professionalism and accountability is required of Bushcare groups, and that local coordinators face a challenge in balancing local, regional and national priorities without sacrificing Bushcare's mission. These dynamics, it is proposed, have potentially serious social capital implications.
Art effectuating social change: Double Entrepreneurship in Conventions 1

2The second half of the 1990's and the years 2000 saw the multiplication of art projects aiming at concrete interventions in society, hoping to bri ng about effective social change at the local level rather than either prophe sise revolution a-la-Beuys or keep playing in the s andbox of the art world. 3 These different streams of artistic work are contin uing to develop themselves. Such claims are currently meeting renewed attention among art sociologists, even if a large number of researchers keep focusing on the art worlds themselves. 4 A recent international art sociology conference il lustrated this development. 5 The time has thus come to conceptualise and investigate such claims seriously and to focus attention on th e points of interactions between artists and the rest of society and to the border zones where art worlds meet the outside worl ds. However, the present approach will not deal with social change i n terms of its quantitatively measurable effects. T he focus is not on socalled social impact studies 6 . Rather, it considers how social processes may occ ur through artistic processes, that would potentially generate social change. The operational framework of the research is the model of conventions , which is introduced in section 1. Within this framework, the artist may perform entrepreneurship in conventions (section 2). However, the artist as would-be entrepreneur meets intricate difficulties, as the o wn conventions of the artist (and of his/her art wo rld) may hinder entrepreneurship; the challenge being then to assum e a double entrepreneurship (section 3). The exploratory study of two cases of Intervention Art in Rotterdam highlights t he relative successes and shortcomings of such woul d-be entrepreneurs at work (section 4).
Assessment of Precipitation Data Generated by GPM and TRMM Satellites

This study aimed to verify the performance of the information produced by the GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) mission and TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission) on the eastern region of São Paulo state, based on a comparison of rainfall data from DAEE (Department of Waters and Electric Energy of São Paulo State). The comparison was done by comparing spatially aggregated information from both sources. In order to analyze the results, we measured: (1) Relative Difference, (2) BIAS and (3) Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). It was found that the relative differences were in the range of -20% to 20% for both missions. Analyzing the BIAS for both satellites it was observed that 68% of the measurements were overestimated. The highest agreement was obtained for the mesoregion of Campinas and the lowest for Araraquara. In the TRMM, the lowest RMSE values were found in the Araraquara mesoregion and the highest in Piracicaba. In the GPM the closest measured values were observed in the Piracicaba mesoregion, while the most distant values were identified in Araraquara. All the analyzes of this work demonstrated similarity between the errors generated by both satellites. New comparison studies are needed to better understand the products.
Stable and Efficient Multiple Smoothing Parameter Estimation for Generalized Additive Models

Representation of generalized additive models (GAM's) using penalized regression splines allows GAM's to be employed in a straightforward manner using penalized regression methods. Not only is inference facilitated by this approach, but it is also possible to integrate model selection in the form of smoothing parameter selection into model fitting in a computationally efficient manner using well founded criteria such as generalized cross-validation. The current fitting and smoothing parameter selection methods for such models are usually effective, but do not provide the level of numerical stability to which users of linear regression packages, for example, are accustomed. In particular the existing methods cannot deal adequately with numerical rank deficiency of the GAM fitting problem, and it is not straightforward to produce methods that can do so, given that the degree of rank deficiency can be smoothing parameter dependent. In addition, models with the potential flexibility of GAM's can also present practical fitting difficulties as a result of indeterminacy in the model likelihood: Data with many zeros fitted by a model with a log link are a good example. In this article it is proposed that GAM's with a ridge penalty provide a practical solution in such circumstances, and a multiple smoothing parameter selection method suitable for use in the presence of such a penalty is developed. The method is based on the pivoted QR decomposition and the singular value decomposition, so that with or without a ridge penalty it has good error propagation properties and is capable of detecting and coping elegantly with numerical rank deficiency. The method also allows mixtures of user specified and estimated smoothing parameters and the setting of lower bounds on smoothing parameters. In terms of computational efficiency, the method compares well with existing methods. A simulation study compares the method to existing methods, including treating GAM's as mixed models.
Uptake in Task-elicited L2 Performance: Can Task Complexity Matter?

Concern with interaction seems to underlie a tendency to concentrate on learner and their production. Uptake, as a student initiated interaction in response to task, typically highlights the role of task-elicited interaction on the learners’ part. This phenomenon is argued to lead to noticing salient features in L2 and fluency enhancement. What is, however, ignored is whether complexity of the eliciting task plays any role in the rate and frequency of uptake. This research focused on 60 Iranian students in teacher-initiated FFEE (focus on form episodes). Chi-square results indicated that task complexity could not determine the rate of uptake, but within the scope of the uptakes that occurred the successful ones were significantly due to task complexity. Results and implications are discussed.
Investment Exuberance Under Cross Learning

We investigate how cross-learning by firms amplifies industry-wide investment exuberance. When investing, firms learn from each other’s stock prices to gain more knowledge about a common shock, generating higher investment sensitivity to the shock. Speculators respond by putting more weight on the shock when trading, making prices even more informative about it. This spiral produces higher investment (and price) comovements in investment exuberance. Meanwhile, cross-learning generates a new externality by making other firms’ prices less informative about their idiosyncratic shocks. This externality increases in the number of firms, suggesting that more competitive industries may exhibit more inefficient investment exuberance.
Wholesale Pricing under Mild and Privately Known Concerns for Fairness

This article studies the performance of wholesale pricing when the supply chain partners' fairness concerns are private information. We find that some properties of wholesale pricing established under complete information hold under incomplete information as well. First, wholesale pricing can coordinate the supply chain, despite the information asymmetry, when fairness concerns are strong enough. Second, in the case when an equitable profit split does not imply that the retailers profit must be higher than that of the supplier, the suppliers' equilibrium offer is never rejected. Overall, the study makes two primary contributions. First, it provides a partial characterization of the equilibrium when the conditions required for coordination do not hold, that is, when fairness concerns are mild. In this case, the model predicts that the expected market price must be exactly the same as under complete information. The channel efficiency, nevertheless, is strictly lower than under complete information. The distribution‐free lower bound on channel efficiency suggests that this efficiency loss should be quite small, though. Second, it provides an experimental test of the models' predictions as well as a direct validation of the assumptions of preferences heterogeneity and mildness by obtaining the empirical distribution of the preferences.
Municipal Awareness and Citizen Satisfaction: The Case of Northern Borders in Saudi Arabia

The literature suggests a strong relationship between municipal awareness and citizen satisfaction. This study aims at examining the determinants of municipal awareness, and their impacts on citizen satisfaction. The model of this study was validated in the context of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia with 250 inhabitants in the region of northern borders. The study data is collected and processed using exploratory and confirmatory analysis, based on survey methods and structural equations. The results revealed a positive association between municipal awareness and citizen satisfaction. Overall, findings suggest that knowledge, discussion, participation and learning about municipal achievements, as indicators of municipal awareness, affect citizen satisfaction with the quality of the municipal services.