Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alternative Caries Management Options for Primary Molars: 2.5-Year Outcomes of a Randomised Clinical Trial

Less invasive caries management techniques for treating cavitated carious primary teeth, which involve the concept of caries control by managing the activity of the biofilm, are becoming common. This study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy (minor/major failures) and survival rates (successful cases without any failures) of 3 carious lesion treatment approaches, the Hall Technique (HT), non-restorative caries treatment (NRCT), and conventional restorations (CR), for the management of occlusoproximal caries lesions (ICDAS 3-5) in primary molars. Results at 2.5 years are presented. A total of 169 children (3- to 8-year-olds) were enrolled in this secondary care-based, 3-arm parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Participants were allocated to: HT (n = 52; sealing caries with stainless-steel crowns without caries removal), NRCT (n = 52; opening up the cavity and applying fluoride varnish), CR (n = 65; control arm, complete caries removal and compomer restoration). Statistical analyses were: non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U test and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. One hundred and forty-two participants (84%; HT = 40/52; NRCT = 44/52; CR = 58/65) had follow-up data of 1-33 months (mean = 26). Overall, 25 (HT = 2, NRCT = 9, CR = 14) of 142 participants (17.6%) presented with at least 1 minor failure (reversible pulpitis, caries progression, or secondary caries; p = 0.013, CI = 0.012-0.018; Mann-Whitney U test). Ten (HT = 1, NRCT = 4, CR = 5) of 142 participants (7.04%) experienced at least 1 major failure (irreversible pulpitis, abscess, unrestorable tooth; p = 0.043, CI = 0.034-0.045). Independent comparisons between 2 samples found that NRCT-CR had no statistically significant difference in failures (p > 0.05), but for CR-HT (p = 0.037, CI = 0.030-0.040) and for NRCT-HT (p = 0.011, CI = 0.010-0.016; Kruskal-Wallis test) significant differences were observed. Cumulative survival rates were HT = 92.5%, NRCT = 70.5%, and CR = 67.2% (p = 0.012). NRCT and CR outcomes were comparable. HT performed better than NRCT and CR for all outcomes. This study was funded by the Paediatric Dentistry Department, Greifswald University, Germany (Trial registration No. NCT01797458).
Correction: New Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile

The images for Figs ​Figs77 and ​and88 have been incorrectly swapped. Please view the correct Figs ​Figs77 and ​and88 here. Fig 7 Serpentine pebble tool from Unit 17, MV-I, showing bifacially knapped and retouched edge. Serpentine is a raw material available in the coastal cordillera west of Monte Verde. Fig 8 Basalt wedge showing seven facets on obverse face (one of which is cortex) and three on the reverse face.
Sustainability, Corporate Community Engagement and Enterprise Development – Lessons from a Case Study in Emu-Ebendo Niger-Delta, Nigeria

Corporate community engagement remains an under researched area in sustainability debates. Presenting a case study, based on in-depth interviews and site visits, of how one indigenous company Energia Ltd has formed a strong partnership or bond with the Emu-Ebendo community in the oil rich Niger Delta, the dynamics of corporate community engagement are critically discussed. Evidence of how both the company and community has benefited from this relationship is presented. The case analysis concludes that the company has effectively utilised a clearer understanding of the culture of the host community, leading to a transformational relationship. The approach adopted by Energia Ltd in the Emu-Ebendo community is unique in context. The key conclusion reached is that community benefit funds and community enterprise development, as a derivative of corporate engagement, can play a transformational role in societal and economic development.
Biochemical characterization of Bacillus subtilis type II isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, and phylogenetic distribution of isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways.

An open reading frame (Acc. no. P50740) on the Bacillus subtilis chromosome extending from bp 184,997-186,043 with similarity to the idi-2 gene of Streptomyces sp. CL190 specifying type II isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase was expressed in a recombinant Escherichia coli strain. The recombinant protein with a subunit mass of 39 kDa was purified to apparent homogeneity by column chromatography. The protein was shown to catalyse the conversion of dimethylallyl diphosphate into isopentenyl diphosphate and vice versa at rates of 0.23 and 0.63 micromol.mg(-1). min(-1), respectively, as diagnosed by 1H spectroscopy. FMN and divalent cations are required for catalytic activity; the highest rates were found with Ca2+. NADPH is required under aerobic but not under anaerobic assay conditions. The enzyme is related to a widespread family of (S)-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidizing enzymes including flavocytochrome b2 and L-lactate dehydrogenase and was shown to catalyse the formation of [2,3-13C2]lactate from [2,3-13C2]pyruvate, albeit at a low rate of 1 nmol.mg(-1). min(-1). Putative genes specifying type II isopentenyl diphosphate isomerases were found in the genomes of Archaea and of certain eubacteria but not in the genomes of fungi, animals and plants. The analysis of the occurrence of idi-1 and idi-2 genes in conjunction with the mevalonate and nonmevalonate pathway in 283 completed and unfinished prokaryotic genomes revealed 10 different classes. Type II isomerase is essential in some important human pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis where it may represent a novel target for anti-infective therapy.
Understanding choice of milk and bread for breakfast among Swedish children aged 11–15 years: an application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour

The present study examined the influences of attitudes, social norms, perceived control and underlying beliefs on 11 to 15-year-olds' breakfast choices of milk with different fat content and high-fibre bread. All pupils in the 5th, 7th and 9th grades in Mölndal community (N=1730), Sweden, were asked to complete a questionnaire based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Two weeks later, they were asked to fill in a 7-day record of food consumed for breakfast. Consumption of milk and high-fibre bread was predicted from intentions, and for milk also by perceived behavioural control. Intentions were influenced by attitudes, perceptions of significant others' preferences, and perceived control. In addition, perception of the parents' consumption (descriptive norm) of the specific food played an important role. Attitudes, norms and perceived control predicted intentions to a similar extent in each age group. Attitudes to the consumption of milk and high fibre bread were influenced by beliefs about their sensory and health aspects. Females and the oldest children had greater knowledge about the healthier alternatives and the oldest children had a tendency to choose healthier options.
The complement‐mediated prozone effect in the Luminex single‐antigen bead assay and its impact on HLA antibody determination in patient sera

The Luminex xMAP system has become an important tool for HLA antibody screening and identification in sera of transplant patients. Recently, the Luminex single antigen bead assay was shown to be prone to an artefact, the so called prozone phenomenon: Sera with high titer HLA antibodies gave negative results when tested neat, but reacted strongly positive after 1:10 dilution. We also observed such a phenomenon and found that it was most likely caused by the complement component 1 (C1) by competitively displacing the detection antibodies. In this article we review the complement‐mediated prozone effect and other mechanisms of interference with solid phase assays, and we discuss possible consequences for HLA antibody testing with the Luminex SAB assay.
Use of antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder in primary care during a period of economic crisis

Objective To describe antidepressant (AD) use in the treatment of major depressive disorder during a period of economic crisis. Patients and methods This was a retrospective, observational study using population-based databases. Two periods were considered: 1) 2008–2009, precrisis, and 2) 2012–2013, economic crisis. Certain inclusion/exclusion criteria were taken into account for the study (initiation of AD treatment). Patients were followed up for 12 months. The main measures were use (defined daily doses), epidemiologic measures, strategies used and treatment persistence, referrals, and use of resources. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results In the precrisis period, 3,662 patients were enrolled, and 5,722 were enrolled in the period of economic crisis. Average age was 58.8 years and 65.4% were women. Comparing the two periods, major depressive disorder prevalence was 5.4% vs 8.1%, P<0.001. During the period of economic crisis, AD use rose by 35.2% and drug expenditures decreased by 38.7%. Defined daily dose per patient per day was 10.0 mg vs 13.5 mg, respectively, P<0.001. At 12-month follow-up, the majority of patients (60.8%) discontinued the treatment or continued on the same medication as before, and in 23.3% a change of AD was made. Conclusion Primary health care professionals are highly involved in the management of the illness; in addition, during the period of economic crisis, patients with major depressive disorder showed higher rates of prevalence of the illness, with increased use of AD drugs.
Extremal behavior of long-term investors with power utility

We consider a Bayesian financial market with one bond and one stock where the aim is to maximize the expected power utility from terminal wealth. The solution of this problem is known, however there are some conjectures in the literature about the long-term behavior of the optimal strategy. In this paper we prove now that for positive coefficient in the power utility the long-term investor is very optimistic and behaves as if the best drift has been realized. In case the coefficient in the power utility is negative the long-term investor is very pessimistic and behaves as if the worst drift has been realized.
Neuritogenic Activity of Tetradecyl 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoate Is Mediated through the Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor/Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway

Tetradecyl 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate (ABG-001) is a lead compound derived from neuritogenic gentisides. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which ABG-001 induces neurite outgrowth in a rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12). Inhibitors of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 significantly decreased ABG-001–induced neurite outgrowth. Western blot analysis revealed that ABG-001 significantly induced phosphorylation of IGF-1 receptor, protein kinase B (Akt), ERK, and cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB). These effects were markedly reduced by addition of the corresponding inhibitors. We also found that ABG-001–induced neurite outgrowth was reduced by protein kinase C inhibitor as well as small-interfering RNA against the IGF-1 receptor. Furthermore, like ABG-001, IGF-1 also induced neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells, and low-dose nerve growth factor augmented the observed effects of ABG-001 on neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that ABG-001 targets the IGF-1 receptor and activates PI3K, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and their downstream signaling cascades to induce neurite outgrowth.
Performance and Management in the Public Sector: Testing a Model of Relative Risk Aversion

Research has demonstrated that management influences the performance of public organizations, but almost no research has explored how the success or failure of a public organization influences the decisions of those who manage it. Arguing that many decisions by public managers are analogous to risky choice, the authors use a well-validated model of relative risk aversion to understand how such choices are influenced by managers’ perceptions of organizational performance. They theorize that managers will be less likely to encourage innovation or give discretion to employees when they are just reaching their goals relative to other performance conditions. Analyses of responses to the 2011 and 2013 Federal Employee Viewpoint Surveys provide considerable support for these assertions. The findings have significant implications for our understanding of the relationship between management and performance in public organizations.
Peptide microarrays for the detection of molecular interactions in cellular signal transduction

The formation of protein complexes is a hallmark of cellular signal transduction. Here, we show that peptide microarrays provide a robust and quantitative means to detect signalling‐dependent changes of molecular interactions. Recruitment of a protein into a complex upon stimulation of a cell leads to the masking of an otherwise exposed binding site. In cell lysates this masking can be detected by reduced binding to a microarray carrying a peptide that corresponds to the binding motif of the respective interaction domain. The method is exemplified for the lymphocyte‐specific tyrosine kinase 70 kDa zeta‐associated protein binding to a bis‐phosphotyrosine‐motif of the activated T‐cell receptor via its tandem SH2 domain. Compared to established techniques, the method provides a significant shortcut to the detection of molecular interactions.
Reassessing the forest impacts of protection

Protected areas are leading tools in efforts to slow global species loss and appear also to have a role in climate change policy. Understanding their impacts on deforestation informs environmental policies. We review several approaches to evaluating protection's impact on deforestation, given three hurdles to empirical evaluation, and note that “matching” techniques from economic impact evaluation address those hurdles. The central hurdle derives from the fact that protected areas are distributed nonrandomly across landscapes. Nonrandom location can be intentional, and for good reasons, including biological and political ones. Yet even so, when protected areas are biased in their locations toward less‐threatened areas, many methods for impact evaluation will overestimate protection's effect. The use of matching techniques allows one to control for known landscape biases when inferring the impact of protection. Applications of matching have revealed considerably lower impact estimates of forest protection than produced by other methods. A reduction in the estimated impact from existing parks does not suggest, however, that protection is unable to lower clearing. Rather, it indicates the importance of variation across locations in how much impact protection could possibly have on rates of deforestation. Matching, then, bundles improved estimates of the average impact of protection with guidance on where new parks’ impacts will be highest. While many factors will determine where new protected areas will be sited in the future, we claim that the variation across space in protection's impact on deforestation rates should inform site choice.
Design and Characterization of a CPSS-Based Unit-Cell for Circularly Polarized Reflectarray Applications

A CPSS-based unit-cell is proposed as a building block of future reconfigurable dual-CP reflectarrays illuminated by a dual CP primary feed. It is based on an enhanced version of the original Pierrot's cell with multiple wires bent in a crank-like shape. It provides a 2-bit phase resolution in reflection for the left hand circular polarization (LHCP) and is nearly transparent in right hand circular polarization (RHCP). The main design steps and measurement procedure of the optimized cell are described in detail. The simulated and measured characteristics are in good agreement. The experimental results demonstrate a 6.4% bandwidth for a phase resolution better than 1.9 bits and an insertion loss of 0.5 dB at resonance.
Intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a 3.0-T MR study.

PURPOSE To compare pure molecular diffusion, D, perfusion-related diffusion, D*, and perfusion fraction, f, determined from diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging on the basis of the intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) theory in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without liver steatosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective study was approved by the appropriate ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Between December 2009 and September 2011, 108 patients with type 2 diabetes (51 men, 57 women; mean age, 50 years) underwent 3.0-T single-voxel point-resolved proton MR spectroscopy of the liver (segment VII) to calculate the liver fat fraction from water (4.76 ppm) and methylene (1.33 ppm) peaks, corrected for T1 and T2 decay. Steatosis was defined as a liver fat fraction of at least 5.56%. DW imaging was performed by using a single-shot echo-planar sequence with 11 b values (0, 5, 15, 25, 35, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800 sec/mm2). Liver D, D*, and f were measured and compared in patients with and patients without steatosis (Mann-Whitney test). RESULTS The mean liver fat fraction was 7.8% (standard deviation, 9%; range, 0.99%-45%). Forty patients had liver steatosis. D was significantly lower in steatotic compared with nonsteatotic livers (mean, 1.03×10(-3) mm2/sec±0.23 [standard deviation] vs 1.24×10(-3) mm2/sec±0.15, respectively; P<. 0001), as was D* (mean, 72.2×10(-3) mm2/sec±61.4 vs 110.6×10(-3) mm2/sec±79; P=. 0025). However, f was significantly higher in steatotic compared with nonsteatotic livers (mean, 33.8%±9.4 vs 26.9%±8.8; P=.0003). CONCLUSION D is significantly decreased in steatosis. The reduction in D* reflects decreased liver parenchymal perfusion in steatosis. Therefore, steatosis can affect diffusion parameters obtained with IVIM.
Generalized Pareto curves: Theory and application using income and inheritance tabulations for France 1901-2012

We develop a new nonparametric method to estimate shares of income and wealth accruing to the different deciles and percentiles of the distribution. Whereas methods usually employed in the literature are parametric, inasmuch as they are typically based on the assumption that the top of the income distribution follows a Pareto distribution, we are able to relax any assumption on the shape of the distribution. Namely, we evaluate non-parametrically the distribution after estimating the empirical "generalized Pareto curve". It is defined as the curve of inverted Pareto coefficients bppq, where p is the percentile rank and bppq is the ratio between the average income above percentile p and the income threshold at percentile p (i.e. bppq “ E ry|F pyq ě ps {F ́1ppq). We exploit income tax tabulations from 1915 to 2012 in France to generate new series that we can compare to existing WTID series for top shares. We find that old and new series are almost equal throughout the period. This confirms that the Paretian form fits indeed relatively well the top of the distribution. However, the Pareto hypothesis is only valid locally, whereas the method elaborated here allows derivation of estimates for the whole income distribution. In particular, we provide computer codes that can be used to simulate reliable synthetic micro-files from income tabulations. Another potential application is the homogenization of series obtained for individual-based tax systems and for householdbased tax systems, and for the income concept. Finally, we provide a preliminary application to French 1901-2000 inheritance tabulations and the distribution of wealth.
Counseling Services

This study describes the counseling services offered by Turkish universities. Out of the 39 universities that were sent the survey by regular post or e-mail, 28 responded. Results indicated that (a) the majority of university counseling services are housed within university health centers; (b) counseling services are provided by professionals from different fields (psychiatry, counseling, psychology, social work); (c) counseling staff provide a variety of services; (d) work overload was the most frequently cited concern of the counseling staff; and (e) stu- dents most frequently seek help for communication problems. In the rapidly changing world of the twenty-first century, societies expect great things from education, especially the higher education that they be- lieve will carry them into the future by educating new generations of lead- ers and skilled labor. This expectation seems particularly true in the case of countries like Turkey, which is experiencing rapid social change and developments in various fields on the way to modernization. The secular Republic of Turkey was established in 1923. Since then, education has been perceived as one of the most important tools for the transformation of society and the realization of the goals of moderniza- tion (1). Now that Turkey is a candidate for membership in the European Union, Turkish higher education has been undergoing a reorganization that includes harmonizing IVirkey's higher education laws and standards with those of the European Union countries (2).
Orbital-selective Mottness in layered iron oxychalcogenides: the case of Na2Fe2OSe2

Using a combination of local density approximation and dynamical mean-field theory calculations, we explore the correlated electronic structure of a member of the layered iron oxychalcogenides group, Na2Fe2OSe2. We find that the parent compound is a multi-orbital Mott insulator. Surprisingly, and somewhat reminiscently of the underdoped high-Tc cuprate scenario, carrier localization is found to persist upon hole doping because the chemical potential lies in a gap structure with almost vanishing density of states. On the other hand, in remarkable contrast, electron doping drives an orbital-selective metallic phase with coexisting pseudogapped (Mott-localized) and itinerant carriers. These remarkably contrasting behaviors in a single system thus stem from drastic electronic reconstruction caused by large-scale transfer of dynamical spectral weight involving states with distinct orbital character at low energies, fitting the oxychalcogenides neatly into the increasingly visible pattern for Fe-based systems of having orbital-selective Mott phases. We detail the implications that follow from our analysis, and discuss the nature and symmetries of the superconductive states that may arise upon appropriately doping or pressurizing Na2Fe2OSe2.