Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Threading dislocations in domain-matching epitaxial films of ZnO

The structures of high-quality ZnO epitaxial films grown by pulsed-laser deposition on sapphire (0001) without an oxygen gas flow were investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The great disparity of X-ray diffraction line widths between the normal and in-plane reflections reveals the specific threading dislocation geometry of ZnO. Most threading dislocations are pure edge dislocations. From a combination of scattering and microscopic results, it is found that threading dislocations are not uniformly distributed in the ZnO films, but the films consist of columnar epitaxial cores surrounded by annular regions of edge threading dislocations in large density. The local surface morphology and capacitance signal obtained from atomic force and scanning capacitance microscopes indicate that the aggregation of threading dislocations leads to high interface traps at the annular regions.
High-Specific Impulse Hall Thrusters, Part 2: Efficiency Analysis

Performance and plasma measurements of a high-specific impulse (2000‐3000 s) Hall thruster were analyzed using a phenomenological performance model that accounted for a partially ionized plasma containing multiply charged ions. Anode efficiency over discharge voltages of 300‐900 V ranged from 57 to 69%, which corresponded to 89‐97% voltage utilization, 86‐90% mass utilization, 77‐81% current utilization, and 97‐99% charge utilization. Although the net decrease of efficiency due to multiply charged ions was at most 3%, the effects of multiply charged ions on the discharge current could not be neglected because the increase of the discharge current with voltage was primarily due to the increasing fraction of multiply charged ions. This and the fact that the maximum deviation of the electron current from its average value was only +5/−14% illustrated how efficient operation at high-specific impulse was enabled through the regulation of the electron current with the applied magnetic field. The electron Hall parameter, defined by acceleration zone plasma properties, was nearly constant with voltage, decreasing from an average of 210 at 300 V to an average of 160 between 400 to 900 V.
Introducing Literature to an EFL Classroom: Teacher's Instructional Methods and Students' Attitudes toward the Study of Literature

This study reports on a teacher-researcher’s introductions of literary works to undergraduates enrolled in literature course in the department of English during a thirteen-week experiment. The main focus in the study is on the investigation of the undergraduates’ attitudes toward the study of literature in English, as well as factors affecting their opinions. In doing so, the study aims to explore one possibility of how the teaching of literature can be made more accessible to EFL students, incorporating students’ literature preferences and attitudes along with the teacher’s own goals and selection of literary texts. The survey instrument employed in this study was a 27-item questionnaire administered to 105 undergraduates in the department of English. The results indicate that such a strategy for the teaching of literature which incorporates students’ literature preferences into teacher’s instructional practices will help students make considerable gains in both the literary and language competence.
PROBING GENETIC DIVERSITY TO CHARACTERIZE RED ROT RESISTANCE IN SUGARCANE

Genetic diversity was assessed in a set of twelve sugarcane genotypes using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). A total of thirty-two oligo-primers were employed, sixteen of them revealed amplification at 149 loci, out of which 136 were polymorphic. The genotype SPSG-26 showed the highest number of polymorphic loci, followed by CSSG-668 and HSF-242. Pairwise genetic similarity ranged from 67.2% to 83.3%. The UPGMA cluster analysis resolved most of the accessions in two groups. The clustering pattern did not place all resistant varieties in one or related group which depict diverse resistance source in the present set of sugarcane varieties. Ten primers revealed genotype specific bands among which four primers (K07, H02, K10 and F01) produced multiple genotype specific bands that aid genotype identification especially those with red rot resistance. The present study not only provided information on the genetic diversity among the genotypes but also revealed the potential of RAPD-PCR markers for genotype identification and therefore could be utilized in marker assisted selection for red rot resistance in sugarcane.
Is There Sensory Prototype ? : Focusing on Musical Cue effect on Behaviors related to Size

In this dissertation, musical cue effects were investigated based on embodied cognition, specifically with metaphoric cognitive perspectives. Also related embodied cognitive concept of sensory prototype was discussed. As a low hierarchical concept under embodied metaphor, and a link between metaphoric cognition and other embodied cognitive hypotheses, sensory prototype was suggested. Based on previous studies and former study on similar subject, individual variables and dependent variable were selected; direction of melody and interval of octave as independent variables, and size of behavior as dependent variable. To reveal embodied effect of direction of melody and interval of octave musical stimuli were designed and presented in the experiment as outer-contextual manner. To measure size of behavior, drawing tasks on tablet were performed by participants, and the area of the drawings was analyzed by computer program. With statistical analysis via two-way within-subjects ANOVA and subsequent simple effects tests, results showed that there are embodied effects of direction of melody on size of behavior and height of behavior. Also the interval of octave was found to be effective to width of behavior. The meaning of the results and possible theoretical reasons were explained. Also, practical and theoretical implications, along with limitations of the dissertation, and direction of future research were discussed.
The broad-line region and dust torus size of the Seyfert 1 galaxy PGC 50427

We present the results of a three years monitoring campaigns of the $z = 0.024$ type-1 active galactic nucleus (AGN) PGC50427. Through the use of Photometric Reverberation Mapping with broad and narrow band filters, we determine the size of the broad-line emitting region by measuring the time delay between the variability of the continuum and the H$\alpha$ emission line. The H$\alpha$ emission line responds to blue continuum variations with an average rest frame lag of $19.0 \pm 1.23$ days. Using single epoch spectroscopy we determined a broad-line H$\alpha$ velocity width of 1020 km s$^{-1}$ and in combination with the rest frame lag and adoption a geometric scaling factor $f = 5.5$, we calculate a black hole mass of $M_{BH} \sim 17 \times 10^{6} M_{\odot}$. Using the flux variation gradient method, we separate the host galaxy contribution from that of the AGN to calculate the rest frame 5100\AA~ luminosity at the time of our monitoring campaign. The rest frame lag and the host-subtracted luminosity permit us to derive the position of PGC50427 in the BLR size -- AGN luminosity diagram, which is remarkably close to the theoretically expected relation of $R \propto L^{0.5}$. The simultaneous optical and NIR ($J$ and $K_{s}$) observations allow us to determine the size of the dust torus through the use of dust reverberation mapping method. We find that the hot dust emission ($\sim 1800K$) lags the optical variations with an average rest frame lag of $46.2 \pm 2.60$ days. The dust reverberation radius and the nuclear NIR luminosity permit us to derive the position of PGC50427 on the known $\tau - M{V}$ diagram. The simultaneus observations for the broad-line region and dust thermal emission demonstrate that the innermost dust torus is located outside the BLR in PGC50427, supporting the unified scheme for AGNs. (Abstract shortened, see the manuscript.)
TESTING ENFORCEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE FIELD: THREAT, MORAL APPEAL AND SOCIAL INFORMATION

We run a large-scale natural field experiment to evaluate alternative strategies to enforce compliance with the law. The experiment varies the text of mailings sent to potential evaders of TV license fees. We find a strong alert effect of mailings, leading to a substantial increase in compliance. Among different mailing conditions a legal threat that stresses a high detection risk has a significant and highly robust deterrent effect. Neither appealing to morals nor imparting information about others' behavior enhances compliance. However, the information condition has a positive effect in municipalities where evasion is believed to be common. Overall, the economic model of crime performs remarkably well in explaining our data.
Unrecoverable subsets by OMP and Basis Pursuit

There is an extensive literature dedicated to the exact recovery of a given subset by Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) and Basis Pursuit (BP). We consider Tropp's exact recovery condition (ERC) for OMP and the null-space property for BP. Under these conditions, any sparse representation indexed by the subset can be recovered. We address the bad recovery issue, i.e., the opposite extreme situation where the subset cannot be recovered for any amplitude values. We elaborate the bad recovery conditions (BRC) recently sketched in [Soussen et al, 2013]. The BRC dedicated to BP is a direct consequence of the null-space property. It does not depend on the amplitudes, but only on the sign pattern. For OMP, this is not the case, and the BRC condition is not directly related to the ERC. The BRC conditions are tested for deterministic dictionaries corresponding to low pass filtering operators. We stress that the BRC of OMP may be frequently met for supports of low cardinality.
Metal Ion Inhibitors and Other Inorganic Toxicants in Anaerobic Biological Treatment Process of Industrial Effluents: A Critical Review

Because of its manifold advantages over pollution control and energy recovery, the anaerobic digestion process is increasingly being used for treatment practice for industrial wastes. It is also advantageous over aerobic treatment for low sludge production and low energy requirements. However, process instability, low biogas yield, and the presence of inhibitory substances are the problems that often encounter in anaerobic digestion, preventing it from being widely applied. Anaerobic degradation is sensitive to toxicants and a wide range of inhibitory substances are the primary cause of anaerobic digester upset or failure since they are present in substantial concentrations in wastes. Extensive efforts were made over the years to identify them, their mechanism of toxicity and the controlling factors of inhibition in anaerobic digestion. In this review, we present a detailed and critical summary of research conducted on the inhibition of anaerobic processes by inorganic toxicants and heavy metals. The inhibitors commonly present in anaerobic digesters include ammonia, sulfides, various light metal and heavy metal ions
On the integration of biotic interaction and environmental constraints at the biogeographical scale

Biogeography is primarily concerned with the spatial distribution of biodiversity, including performing scenarios in a changing environment. The efforts deployed to develop species distribution models have resulted in predictive tools, but have mostly remained correlative and have largely ignored biotic interactions. Here we build upon the theory of island biogeography as a first approximation to the assembly dynamics of local communities embedded within a metacommunity context. We include all types of interactions and introduce environmental constraints on colonization and extinction dynamics. We develop a probabilistic framework based on Markov chains and derive probabilities for the realization of species assemblages, rather than single species occurrences. We consider the expected distribution of species richness under different types of ecological interactions. We also illustrate the potential of our framework by studying the interplay between different ecological requirements, interactions and the distribution of biodiversity along an environmental gradient. Our framework supports the idea that the future research in biogeography requires a coherent integration of several ecological concepts into a single theory in order to perform conceptual and methodological innovations, such as the switch from single-species distribution to community distribution.
Effect of biochar and liming on soil nitrous oxide emissions from a temperate maize cropping system

Abstract. Biochar, a carbon-rich, porous pyrolysis product of organic residues may positively affect plant yield and can, owing to its inherent stability, promote soil carbon sequestration when amended to agricultural soils. Another possible effect of biochar is the reduction in emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O). A number of laboratory incubations have shown significantly reduced N2O emissions from soil when mixed with biochar. Emission measurements under field conditions however are more scarce and show weaker or no reductions, or even increases in N2O emissions. One of the hypothesised mechanisms for reduced N2O emissions from soil is owing to the increase in soil pH following the application of alkaline biochar. To test the effect of biochar on N2O emissions in a temperate maize cropping system, we set up a field trial with a 20t ha−1 biochar treatment, a limestone treatment adjusted to the same pH as the biochar treatment (pH 6.5), and a control treatment without any addition (pH 6.1). An automated static chamber system measured N2O emissions for each replicate plot (n = 3) every 3.6 h over the course of 8 months. The field was conventionally fertilised at a rate of 160 kg N ha−1 in three applications of 40, 80 and 40 kg N ha−1 as ammonium nitrate. Cumulative N2O emissions were 52 % smaller in the biochar compared to the control treatment. However, the effect of the treatments overall was not statistically significant (p = 0.27) because of the large variability in the data set. Limed soils emitted similar mean cumulative amounts of N2O as the control. There is no evidence that reduced N2O emissions with biochar relative to the control is solely caused by a higher soil pH.
A study of feral pigeon Columba livia var. in urban and suburban areas in the city of Jena, Germany

A study of feral pigeon Columba livia var. in urban and suburban areas in the city of Jena, Germany. — A population of feral pigeons, Columba livia var. was conducted in the city of Jena, Germany, from July to December 2007. Daily censuses were conducted by walking ten transects in a selected area of the city, five transects in built up areas and five in the suburbs. Pigeon population density was higher in urban areas than in suburbs but diffe- rences were not significant. Main behavioural activities recorded were resting, preening, flying, eating, sunning and roosting. Regular locations of activities were rooftops and roof edges in urban areas, and rooftops, eaves on balconies in suburban areas. The plumage phenotype most frequently recorded in both areas was Blue bar.
The interplay of mastery and performance goals in social comparison: A multiple-goal perspective.

Regner, Escribe, and Dupeyrat (2007) recently demonstrated that not only performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals (respectively, the desire to outperform others and not to be outperformed by others) but also mastery goals (the desire to acquire knowledge) were related to social comparison orientation (SCO, the tendency to search for social comparison information). In the present article, the possibility of a link between mastery goals and social comparison that depends on the level of performance-approach goals—a possibility supported by a multiple-goal perspective—was tested by examining the interaction effect between mastery and performance-approach goals. This is an important endeavor, as educational settings are rarely free from performance-approach goals, even when mastery goals are promoted. In Study 1, we tested self-set achievement goals (mastery, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals) as predictors of SCO; the interaction between mastery goals and performance-approach goals indicated that the higher the performance-approach goal endorsement, the stronger the link between mastery goals and SCO. In Study 2, we manipulated goal conditions; mastery goals predicted interest in social comparison in the performance-approach goal condition only. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of multiple-goal pursuit in academic settings.
Molecular sequencing of Northeast Pacific type material reveals two earlier names for Prionitis lyallii, Prionitis jubata and Prionitis sternbergii, with brief comments on Grateloupia versicolor (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta)

P.W. Gabrielson. 2008. Molecular sequencing of Northeast Pacific type material reveals two earlier names for Prionitis lyalii, Prionitis jubata and Prionitis sternbergii, with brief comments on Grateloupia versicolor (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta). Phycologia 47: 89–97. DOI: 10.2216/04-43.1 William Henry Harvey described seven varieties of his new species Prionitis lyallii on the basis of material collected by Dr. David Lyall at Esquimalt (Vancouver Island), British Columbia, Canada and by C. B. Wood in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Labeled specimens of four of the varieties (depauperata, dilitata, intermedia and normalis) that were located in Harvey's herbarium (Trinity College Dublin) all represent the same species on the basis of internal transcribed spacer 1 and partial rbcL sequences. The specimen labeled var. normalis (P. lyallii var. lyallii) is selected as the lectotype of the species, and it is recommended that no varieties be recognized formally or informally. When J. Agardh erected Prionitis in 1851, Prionitis jubata and Prionitis sternbergii were among the nine species recognized, but both names fell into disuse, the former out of neglect, although it was said to have been collected at Sitka, Alaska, USA, and the latter due to uncertainty about its identity and provenance. Type material of P. jubata, Sphaerococcus sternbergii, the basionym of P. sternbergii, and type material of P. lyallii have identical partial rbcL sequences. Lectotypes are designated for each species. On the basis of the principle of priority, the correct name for this common Northeast Pacific species is P. sternbergii. Grateloupia versicolor, believed to have been collected at Punta St. Agustín, Oxaca, Mexico and with which P. sternbergii had at one time been placed into synonymy, is a distinct species. Haenke, one of two botanists on the Malaspina expedition, collected P. sternbergii in 1791 either in Nootka Sound (Vancouver Island), British Columbia, Canada or from Monterey, California, USA.
Hyperhomocysteinemia: Relation to Cardiovascular Disease and Venous Thromboembolism

Homocysteine is a sulphur-containing amino acid, which structurally is closely related to the essential amino acids methionine and cysteine. The cellular methylation cycle performs the metabolism of methionine and since homocysteine is an intermediate within this cycle, the body in this way is provided with all organic homocysteine. The term homocysteine is used to define the combined pool of homocysteine, homocystine, and mixed disulfide compounds (Fig. 1) even involving homocysteine thiolactone a cyclic form which is often found in the plasma of patients with hyperhomocisteinemia.
Assessment of bias-adjusted PM 2.5 air quality forecasts over the continental United States during 2007

Abstract. To develop fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality forecasts for the US, a National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC) system, which linked NOAA's North American Mesoscale (NAM) meteorological model with EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, was deployed in the developmental mode over the continental United States during 2007. This study investigates the operational use of a bias-adjustment technique called the Kalman Filter Predictor approach for improving the accuracy of the PM2.5 forecasts at monitoring locations. The Kalman Filter Predictor bias-adjustment technique is a recursive algorithm designed to optimally estimate bias-adjustment terms using the information extracted from previous measurements and forecasts. The bias-adjustment technique is found to improve PM2.5 forecasts (i.e. reduced errors and increased correlation coefficients) for the entire year at almost all locations. The NAQFC tends to overestimate PM2.5 during the cool season and underestimate during the warm season in the eastern part of the continental US domain, but the opposite is true for the Pacific Coast. In the Rocky Mountain region, the NAQFC system overestimates PM2.5 for the whole year. The bias-adjusted forecasts can quickly (after 2–3 days' lag) adjust to reflect the transition from one regime to the other. The modest computational requirements and systematic improvements in forecast outputs across all seasons suggest that this technique can be easily adapted to perform bias adjustment for real-time PM2.5 air quality forecasts.
Dark matter and dark forces from a supersymmetric hidden sector

We show that supersymmetric "Dark Force" models with gravity mediation are viable. To this end, we analyse a simple string-inspired supersymmetric hidden sector model that interacts with the visible sector via kinetic mixing of a light Abelian gauge boson with the hypercharge. We include all induced interactions with the visible sector such as neutralino mass mixing and the Higgs portal term. We perform a detailed parameter space scan comparing the produced dark matter relic abundance and direct detection cross sections to current experiments.
Constitutional Design: Proposals Versus Processes

Constitution-making has become an international and comparative exercise in a way that it rarely was in the century before 1989. International' in the sense, that the involvement of experts and practitioners across state boundaries has been welcomed, indeed encouraged, to the point at which a new democracy that excluded foreigners entirely from its constitutional process might stamp itself as decidedly insular, even somewhat suspect. 'Comparative' in the sense that there have been attempts to learn from the experience of states and societies that are similarly situated. In 1978, during the extended session of an elected Nigerian Constituent Assembly that reviewed and rewrote the product of an expert Constitution Drafting Committee, there was great demand for information about . the United States constitution (see Horowitz 1979). The US embassy was only too happy to supply copies of the Federalist Papers, for which there was then a great thirst. But Nigerian comparative curiosity did not extend much beyond the United States. The situation is changed now. The experience of what are seen as the world's most successful democracies is still sought, but so, to some extent, is the experience of states that have faced what are viewed as comparable problems. If the answers remain elusive, the questions have become far more sophisticated. I do not want to exaggerate the increase in the diffusion of constitutional innovation across international boundaries. This is, after all, a process that began more than two centuries ago. The framers of the United States constitution were, of course, students of ancient republics. In the nineteenth century, Latin American states were
Compact actions commuting with ergodic actions and applications to crossed products

Let (A, K, β) be a C. -dynamical system with K compact. In this paper we prove a duality result for saturated actions (Theorem 3.3). The proof of this result can also be considered as an alternate proof of the corresponding result for von Neumann algebras due to Araki, Haag, Kastler and Takesaki [14]. We also obtain results concerning the simplicity and the primeness of the crossed product A× β K in terms of the ergodicity of the commutant of β (Propositions 5,3 and 5.4)