Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SUPPLY‐SIDE ECOLOGY IN MANGROVES: DO PROPAGULE DISPERSAL AND SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT EXPLAIN FOREST STRUCTURE?

Theory and empirical evidence suggest that spatial and temporal variation in propagule availability can have as great or greater an influence on community structure as post-recruitment biotic interactions, a phenomenon known as supply-side ecology. One of the first theories to invoke supply-side dynamics, D. Rabinowitz's Tidal Sorting Hypothesis (TSH), attributed the tidal zonation of mangrove tree species to the interacting effects of water depth and propagule size on dispersal and establishment. According to the TSH, smaller propagules are carried farther inland by flood tides than larger ones, stranding and establishing in greater numbers at upper tidal elevations. In contrast, larger propagules are better able to establish in deeper, more seaward areas because their size affords greater access to the soil surface and resistance to buffeting by moving water. Here we present results of the first comprehensive investigation of the TSH. In a series of experiments conducted at Punta Galeta on the Caribbean coast of Panama, we quantified patterns of propagule dispersal and establishment of the three dominant species: Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, and Rhizophora mangle. To measure dispersal patterns, we monitored movements (directions and distances) of marked propagules released at three elevations along each of three transects. On all transects, regardless of species or elevation, propagules moved seaward rather than being carried inland by tides, as predicted by the TSH. Rates of seedling establishment were monitored in experiments conducted at different tidal elevations. Contrary to the TSH, all three species established best in the lower intertidal, where they were in prolonged contact with the soil surface during low tides, and established more poorly in the upper intertidal basin, where standing water made rooting difficult. Seedling establishment was lowest in the wave-exposed, back reef habitat, but in accordance with the TSH, the large propagules of Rhizophora rooted and persisted better in this turbulent habitat than did the smaller propagules of the other species. We conclude that the TSH does not explain the vertical distributions of mangrove species on Punta Galeta. Rather, a different form of supply-side dynamics imposed by the strong seaward movement of dispersing propagules is important in structuring our study forests.
Shedding light on the small-scale crisis with CMB spectral distortions

The small-scale crisis, discrepancies between observations and N-body simulations, may imply suppressed matter fluctuations on subgalactic distance scales. Such a suppression could be caused by some early-universe mechanism (e.g., broken scale invariance during inflation), leading to a modification of the primordial power spectrum at the onset of the radiation-domination era. Alternatively, it may be due to nontrivial dark-matter properties (e.g., new dark-matter interactions or warm dark matter) that affect the matter power spectrum at late times, during radiation domination, after the perturbations re-enter the horizon. We show that early- and late-time suppression mechanisms can be distinguished by measurement of the $\mu$ distortion to the frequency spectrum of the cosmic microwave background. This is because the $\mu$ distortion is suppressed, if the power suppression is primordial, relative to the value expected from the dissipation of standard nearly scale-invariant fluctuations. We emphasize that the standard prediction of the $\mu$ distortion remains unchanged in late-time scenarios even if the dark-matter effects occur before or during the era (redshifts $5\times 10^4 \lesssim z \lesssim 2\times 10^6$) at which $\mu$ distortions are generated.
Banning US Foreign Bribery: Do US Firms Win?

I document a striking stock market underperformance of US firms in industries engaged in international trade during the period March 1976 to December 1977. I argue that a suitable candidate for explaining it is the US unilateral banning of foreign bribery that takes place in this period of time. I conduct a long-run event-study to analyse the stock market performance of firms differing in exposure to this policy. The results show that the cumulative abnormal returns of companies in industries most opened to international trade start to fall precisely the day banning foreign bribery is introduced in the political debate, and keep falling until it becomes law. I also show that the patternsobserved are also evident when considering simply raw returns. Results are robust to different specifications and alternative explanations, such as oil prices or the exchange rate. I also disregard the influence of global shocks by performing the analysis for a country not subject to the policy. I conclude that the evidence points in the direction that the US unilateral banning of foreign bribery had a significant negative effect on the market value of firms most exposed to this policy.
Influence of Agricultural Training Services on Livelihoods of Women Self-help Groups in Kapseret Constituency in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya

In the recent decades, women have been in the centre of extreme poverty in most developing countries. As such, they have had limited economic empowerment within their communities, an issue that has greatly weakened development. To counter this, women have renewed their interest in development by forming self-help groups in hope of enhancing their livelihoods. These groups have registered tremendous success in ensuring women get enough capacity through agricultural training services to provide for themselves and their households. Unfortunately, some of the women self-help groups are registering minimal development, poor yields and performance that threatens affects their women sustainable livelihood. This study purposed to determine how agricultural training services influence livelihood of women self-help groups in Kapseret Constituency in Uasin Gishu County. The study employed descriptive research design with a target population of 3500 women from 143 women groups within Kapseret constituency. Using Yamane 1967 formulae a sample size 380 respondents were selected using simple random sampling and data collected using self-administered questionnaires. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentages and frequencies) while inferential statistics were ran using spearman’s rank order correlation through SPSS version 21.0. Findings from the study revealed that there was agricultural training livelihood of women self-help group. The study recommends awareness and sensitization of women on importance of joining self-help groups that ensures improved livelihoods.
Fertilization enhances growth, yield, and xanthophyll contents of marigold

The effects of various NPK levels on growth, flowering, and xanthophyll contents of African marigold (Tagetes erecta, 'Double Eagle') and French marigold (Tagetes patula, 'Yellow') were investigated. Plant height, number of branches plant-1, leaf area (cm2), total chlorophyll contents (mg g-1), number of flowers plant-1, flower diameter, flower quality, fresh and dry weight of a flower, total flower weight plant-1, blooming period, and days to flowering were maximum with 15:10:10 g m-2 NPK application. However, leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents reached the highest values with 15:20:10, 5:20:10, and 10:20:10 g m-2 NPK application, respectively. Xanthophyll contents were higher in plants fertilized with 15:20:10 g m-2 NPK application. Results suggested that NPK fertilization enhanced growth and improved yield, quality, and xanthophyll contents of marigold.
A Contrastive Corpus-Based Analysis of the Use of Reporting Verbs by Native and Non-Native ELT Researchers.

Although there have been many studies comparing native and non-native researchers, few of those studies have been on the use of reporting verbs by Turkish EFL researchers. The purpose of this study is to investigate (1) the most frequently used reporting verbs by native and non-native researchers in ELT and functional and positional differences in the use of these reporting verbs, (2) if there are any overused reporting verbs in non-native ELT research articles with reference to native ELT research articles and (3) if there are any differences between native and nonnative ELT research articles in terms of the syntactic patterning of the first three overused reporting verbs. To shed light on these research questions, two corpora of 160 ELT research articles published in peer-reviewed, international journals in the field of language teaching were compiled and analyzed. Out of these 160 research articles, 80 of them were written by non-native researchers, and the other 80 articles were written by their native counterparts. The findings indicated that some reporting verbs, like revealed, indicated and observed are overused by non-native researchers. Also, there are some differences in the use of reporting verbs in terms of syntactic patterning between the two corpora. The results of the study may help non-native researchers improve their academic writing skills. Anadili İngilizce Olan ve Anadili İngilizce Olmayan İngiliz Dili Eğitimi Araştırmacılarının Aktarım Filleri Kullanımlarının Karşılaştırmalı Derlem Temelli Analizi Öz: Ana dili İngilizce olan ve olmayan araştırmacıların aktarma fiillerini kullanımını karşılaştıran birçok araştırma olmasına rağmen ana dili Türkçe olan araştırmacılar üzerinde yapılan az sayıda çalışma vardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; (1) İngiliz Dili Eğitimi alanında çalışan, ana dili İngilizce olan ve Türkçe olan araştırmacıların en sık kullandığı aktarma fiillerini bulma, bu filler arasındaki işlevsel ve kullanım yerleri açısından farklılıkları araştırma, (2) ana dili Türkçe olan araştırmacıların ana dili İngilizce olan araştırmacılara kıyasla bazı aktarma fiillerini daha fazla kullanıp kullanmadığını araştırma ve (3) eğer fazla kullanılan fiiller varsa bunların en çok kullanılan üçünü sözdizimsel açıdan incelemektir. Bu araştırma sorularına cevap bulmak amacıyla İngiliz Dili Eğitimi alanından hakemli ve uluslararası yayın yapan dergilerden alınan 160 makaleden oluşan iki derlem oluşturulmuştur. Araştırmada revealed, indicated ve observed gibi bazı fiillerin anadili Türkçe olan araştırmacılar tarafından daha çok kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda, aktarma fiillerinin kullanımında sözdizimsel açıdan iki derlem arasında farklılıklar bulunmuş ve bunlar incelenmiştir.
Development of Hybrid Methods for Solving the Structures of Polycrystalline Materials

For structure determination of complex polycrystalline materials, synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (XPD) data alone is sometimes not enough. The data may be of unavoidably poor quality, the sample may contain multiple phases, the reflection overlap may be high, or the structure may simply be complex. Information from electron microscopy techniques has shown to be an effective complement to XPD data, even when structure solution seems impossible from either method by itself. The approach to solving a structure will depend on the problem. Such was the case for high-silica zeolites SSZ-45, SSZ-61, SSZ-87, and SSZ-70, where combining data from different sources was vital to success. The program FOCUS was originally developed to solve zeolite structures from XPD data. It uses zeolite-specific chemical information (three-dimensional 4-connected framework structure with known bond distances and angles) to supplement the diffraction data. In this way, it is possible to compensate, at least in part, for the ambiguity of the reflection intensities resulting from reflection overlap, and the program has proven to be quite successful. Recently, advances in electron microscopy have led to the development of automated diffraction tomography (ADT) and rotation electron diffraction (RED) techniques for collecting three-dimensional electron diffraction (ED) data on very small crystallites. Reasoning that such data are also less than ideal (dynamical scattering, low completeness, beam damage) and that this can lead to failure of structure solution by conventional direct methods for very complex zeolite frameworks, FOCUS was modified to accommodate electron diffraction data. The modified program was tested successfully with four different ADT data sets and then applied to solve the structures of two new zeolites (SSZ-45 and SSZ-87) with RED data. Previous studies had already shown that the combination of ED data collected along several zone axes with XPD data can lead to an improvement of the structure solution process. This idea was revisited with three-dimensional ED data in mind. ED intensities are dynamical and full coverage cannot always be achieved, but because single crystallites are measured, all diffraction peaks are well resolved. XPD data suffers from an ambiguity in diffraction intensities due to reflection overlap, but the data are complete, diffraction intensities kinematical, and the total intensity accurate. Although this results in unreliable reflection intensities in both cases, the data are highly complementary. By combining the three-dimensional ED and XPD data sets, the deficiencies of each could be compensated by the other, and this significantly improved the structure solution process of the four zeolite samples tested. Determining the location of the organic structure-directing agent (SDA) inside the channel system of a zeolite is a long-standing problem in zeolite struc-
Effectiveness of ‘Focus on Form’ versus ‘Focus on Forms’ Instruction on the Development of Knowledge of Formulaic Sequences

Formulaic sequences are known to be fundamental to the way language is used, processed, and acquired in both the first language and the second language (Schmitt & Carter, 2004; Wray, 2002; Wray, 2008; Meunier & Granger, 2008; Schmitt, 2010) and consequently should be incorporated into foreign language classroom practice (Wood, 2010; Alali & Schmitt, 2012; Hatami, 2015). However, there have always been discrepancies over the best method of incorporating them into foreign language classroom. To this end, the current study compared the effectiveness of two form-focused methods of instructing formulaic sequences including ‘focus on form’ method and ‘focus on forms’ method on the immediate and sustainable development of knowledge of formulaic sequences. The participants of the study were thirty learners of English as a foreign language at the intensive English program of a university in Japan. The study followed an experimental design by dividing participants into two parallel groups of ‘focus on form’ and ‘focus on forms’, administering pre-test one week prior to intervention, conducting instruction for the two different groups at two different levels of explicitness for four weeks, and administering post-test and follow-up test respectively one week and ten weeks following the intervention. The instruments used for data collection consisted of instruction materials for intervention as well as three sets of recognition tests and cued output tests to assess participants’ learning gains as pre-test, post-test, and follow-up test. The results of mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance revealed that both ‘focus on form’ and ‘focus on forms’ methods of instructing formulaic sequences are equally effective for immediate and long-term goals. The pedagogical implications of the findings suggested the incorporation of target language formulaic sequences into foreign language instruction. Keywords: Focus on Form Instruction, Focus on Forms Instruction, Formulaic Sequences
The effect of exercise on the concentration of platelets in a platelet rich plasma preparation

ii Preface. iv Table of Contents.v List of Tables . vii List of Figures . viii Acknowledgements . ix Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 1.1 Platelet-Rich Plasma . 1 1.2 Platelets.2 1.3 Growth Factors . 3 1.4 Soft Tissue Injury Pathology . 4 1.5 Current Treatments for Tendon Injury . 6 1.5.1 NSAIDs.6 1.5.2 Eccentric Exercise.7 1.5.3 Glyceryl Trinitrate Patches . 8 1.5.4 Extracorpeal Shock Wave Therapy.8 1.5. 5 Injections.9 1.5. 5.1 Corticosteroid Injections . 9 1.5. 5.2 Sclerosing Injections . 10 1.5. 5.3 Autologous Blood Injection . 10 1.5. 5.4 PRP Injection . 11 1.6 Exercise and Blood Composition.14 1.7 PRP Preparation . 15 1.7 Research Question . 16 1.7. 1 Purpose . 16 1.7. 2 Hypotheses.17 Chapter 2: Platelets and Tendon . 18 2.
Imprinting a topological interface using Zeeman shifts in an atomic spinor Bose–Einstein condensate

We propose to use spatial control of the Zeeman energy shifts in an ultracold atomic gas to engineer an interface between topologically distinct regions. This provides an experimentally accessible means for studying the interface physics of topological defects and textures. Using the spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensate as an example, we find spinor wave functions that represent defects and textures continuously connecting across the interface between polar and ferromagnetic regions induced by spatially varying Zeeman shifts. By numerical energy-minimization we characterize the defect core structures and determine the energetic stability. The techniques proposed could potentially be used in the laboratory to emulate complex interface physics arising, e.g., in cosmological and condensed-matter contexts in both uniform and lattice systems.
The demand for reproductive health services: frameworks of analysis

The paper reviews a unified model of demand for health care inputs and health production, first proposed by Rosenzweig and Schultz (1982), and shows how the model can be applied to design and implement policies to improve reproductive health of the population. Although the focus of the applications is sub-Saharan Africa, the illustrative examples presented are of general interest. The key feature of the model is the link between demand for reproductive health services and the production of health by households and individuals. The demand for reproductive health services together with the associated health production technology is first analyzed in the context of a unitary model of the household, before positioning the analysis in a more general collective model. In one of the several illustrations presented, the control function approach is used on Kenyan data to estimate the effect of tetanus immunization on birth weight in a unitary-household setting. Vaccinating mothers against tetanus during pregnancy is found to increase birth weight but indirectly through complementary behaviors and health care consumption patterns that are induced by vaccination. The effects of unobserved variables on birth weight, such as the knowledge gaps among mothers about health care, are also found to be substantial. An investigation is required on how to extend information to mothers about essential health care during pregnancy. It is argued that if mothers do not possess such information, tetanus vaccination may never induce them to invest in activities that improve birth weight in line with the complementarity hypothesis. More generally, we find a need to implement what we term immunization plus interventions to empower women to use reproductive health services effectively. The types of data needed to estimate other models presented in the paper are briefly discussed.
Numerical viscosity reduction in the resolution of the shallow water equations with turbulent term

A first‐order finite volume model for the resolution of the 2D shallow water equations with turbulent term is presented. An upwind discretization of the equations that include the turbulent term is carried out. A method to reduce the excess of numerical viscosity (or diffusion) produced by the upwinding of the flux term is proposed. Two different discretizations of the turbulent term are compared, and results for uniform distributions of the viscosity are presented. Finally, two discretizations of the time derivative which are more efficient than Euler's are proposed and compared. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution to a Convection-Diffusion Problem Using a New Variable Inverse-Multiquadric Parameter in a Collocation Meshfree Scheme

The lack of reliable judgment on the choice of shape parameter is acknowledged as a drawback in the methodology of collocation meshfree by radial basis function (RBF). Some attempts have been proposed and tested only with specific classes of PDEs. Moreover, while most of this focusses on multiquadric (MQ) RBF, there has not been work done on invers-multiquadric (IMQ) RBF despite its’ increasing popularity. As a consequence, our main tasks in this work are, firstly, to numerically investigate the quality of each adaptive/variable RBF-shape parameter approaches presented in literature by applying them to the same type of problem, convection-diffusion class. Secondly, we proposed a new form of shape-parameter scheme to be used with the inverse-multiquadric (IMQ) type of RBF. The Kansa meshless method is implemented and it is interestingly found that the proposed form produces good results quality in terms of both matrix condition number, and the accuracy.
Quantifying K, U, and Th contents of marine sediments using shipboard natural gamma radiation spectra measured on DV JOIDES Resolution

During International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) expeditions, shipboard‐generated data provide the first insights into the cored sequences. The natural gamma radiation (NGR) of the recovered material, for example, is routinely measured on the ocean drilling research vessel DV JOIDES Resolution. At present, only total NGR counts are readily available as shipboard data, although full NGR spectra (counts as a function of gamma‐ray energy level) are produced and archived. These spectra contain unexploited information, as one can estimate the sedimentary contents of potassium (K), thorium (Th), and uranium (U) from the characteristic gamma‐ray energies of isotopes in the 40K, 232Th, and 238U radioactive decay series. Dunlea et al. (2013) quantified K, Th, and U contents in sediment from the South Pacific Gyre by integrating counts over specific energy levels of the NGR spectrum. However, the algorithm used in their study is unavailable to the wider scientific community due to commercial proprietary reasons. Here, we present a new MATLAB algorithm for the quantification of NGR spectra that is transparent and accessible to future NGR users. We demonstrate the algorithm's performance by comparing its results to shore‐based inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), inductively coupled plasma‐emission spectrometry (ICP‐ES), and quantitative wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses. Samples for these comparisons come from eleven sites (U1341, U1343, U1366‐U1369, U1414, U1428‐U1430, and U1463) cored in two oceans during five expeditions. In short, our algorithm rapidly produces detailed high‐quality information on sediment properties during IODP expeditions at no extra cost.