Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Weight, Body Composition, and Testosterone on Bone Mineral Density in HIV-Infected Women

Recent studies suggest that bone loss occurs among HIV-infected women. This study examined the effects of reduced androgen levels, changes in weight, body composition, and menstrual dysfunction on bone mineral density (BMD) among 152 HIV-infected women characterized by normal weight (>90% ideal body weight [IBW], n = 124) and low weight (≤90% IBW, n = 28) compared with 100 non-HIV-infected control subjects. BMD was assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry, and free testosterone was assessed by equilibrium dialysis. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were determined by computed tomography scan. A significant difference was seen in BMD between groups at the lumbar spine (0.92 ± 0.02 g/cm2 vs. 1.01 ± 0.01 g/cm2 vs. 1.07 ± 0.01 g/cm2; P < 0.0001), total hip (0.84 ± 0.03 g/cm2 vs. 0.94 ± 0.01 g/cm2 vs. 0.98 ± 0.01 g/cm2; P < 0.0001), and femoral neck (0.73 ± 0.03 g/cm2 vs. 0.83 ± 0.01 g/cm2 vs. 0.87 ± 0.01 g/cm2; P < 0.0001) (HIV-infected low-weight group, HIV-infected normal-weight group, and non-HIV-infected control subjects, respectively, for each comparison; mean ± SEM). Among the HIV-infected subjects, lumbar BMD correlated with percent IBW (r = 0.37, P < 0.0001), total body lean mass (r = 0.43, P < 0.0001), total body fat mass (r = 0.35, P < 0.0001), and SAT (r = 0.41, P < 0.0001), but not VAT (r = 0.07, P = 0.417). Clinical risk factors for osteopenia and osteoporosis in the HIV population identified in univariate analysis included low free testosterone (<1.1 pg/mL [lower limit of the normal range of free testosterone for women] or 3.8 pmol/L; P = 0.0007), low weight (P = 0.014), and oligomenorrhea (P = 0.0006). In multivariate regression analysis, lean body mass was most significantly associated with BMD among those with HIV. These data demonstrate that BMD is reduced among HIV-infected women in association with low weight, reduced lean mass, reduced androgen levels, and abnormal menstrual function.
Ribotype diversity of Listeria monocytogenes strains associated with outbreaks of listeriosis in ruminants

Ribotyping is a molecular method for the characterization, identification, and typing of bacterial isolates that has value in epidemiological studies. To demonstrate the utility of this technique for typing of Listeria monocytogenes, four outbreaks of epizootic listeriosis in ruminants were investigated through coordinated detection and characterization methods utilizing classical microbiology and nucleic acid-based techniques. L. monocytogenes strains isolated from clinical samples and the silage consumed by the affected animals were ribotyped to establish the causal relationship between feed and the disease outbreak. For all but one outbreak, we were able to isolate L. monocytogenes strains represented by the same ribotype from both clinical and silage samples. Additional L. monocytogenes strains with ribotypes different from those of the respective clinical samples were isolated from all silage samples. This indicates that a diverse population of L. monocytogenes strains exists in farm environments, of which some may be more likely than others to cause disease.
Herbal Medicine Use in Parturients

Alternative medicine use has increased dramatically over the last decade. Recently a 22% incidence of herbal medicine use in presurgical patients was reported. Of concern is the potential for these medications to cause adverse drug-herb interactions or other effects such as bleeding complications. We sought to determine the prevalence and pattern of use of herbal remedies in parturients. A one-page questionnaire examining the use of all prescription and nonprescription medications, including herbal remedies, was sent to parturients expected to deliver within 20 wk who had preregistered with the hospital’s admissions office. Sixty-one percent of the parturients responded to the survey, with 7.1% of parturients reporting the use of herbal remedies. Only 14.6% of users considered them to be medications. Parturients in the 41–50 yr age bracket (5.6% of parturients) were the most likely to use herbal remedies (17.1% rate of use in this age group). Many parturients who took herbal remedies (46%) did so on the recommendation of their health care provider.
Rhythmic hippocampal slow oscillation characterizes REM sleep in humans

Hippocampal rhythmic slow activity (RSA) is a well‐known electrophysiological feature of exploratory behavior, spatial cognition, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in several mammalian species. Recently, RSA in humans during spatial navigation was reported, but systematic data regarding human REM sleep are lacking. Using mesio‐temporal corticography with foramen ovale electrodes in epileptic patients, we report the presence of a 1.5–3‐Hz synchronous rhythmic hippocampal oscillation seemingly specific to REM sleep. This oscillation is continuous during whole REM periods, is clearly observable by visual inspection, and appears in tonic and phasic REM sleep episodes equally. Quantitative analysis proved that this 1.5–3‐Hz frequency band significantly differentiates REM sleep from waking and slow‐wake sleep (SWS). No other frequency band proved to be significant or showed this high rhythmicity. Even in temporo‐lateral surface recordings, although visually much less striking, the relative power of the 1.5–3‐Hz frequency band differentiates REM sleep from other states with statistical significance. This could mean that the 1.5–3‐Hz hippocampal RSA spreads over other cortical areas in humans as in other mammals. We suggest that this oscillation is the counterpart of the hippocampal theta of mammalian REM sleep, and that the 1.5–3‐Hz delta EEG activity is a basic neurophysiological feature of human REM sleep. Hippocampus 2001;11:747–753. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retrospective use of PBPK modelling to understand a clinical drug–drug interaction between dextromethorphan and GSK1034702

Abstract 1. In a clinical trial, a strong drug–drug interaction (DDI) was observed between dextromethorphan (DM, the object or victim drug) and GSK1034702 (the precipitant or perpetrator drug), following single and repeat doses. This study determined the inhibition parameters of GSK1034702 in vitro and applied PBPK modelling approaches to simulate the clinical observations and provide mechanistic hypotheses to understand the DDI. 2. In vitro assays were conducted to determine the inhibition parameters of human CYP2D6 by GSK1034702. PBPK models were populated with the in vitro parameters and DDI simulations conducted and compared to the observed data from a clinical study with DM and GSK1034702. 3. GSK1034702 was a potent direct and metabolism-dependent inhibitor of human CYP2D6, with inhibition parameters of: IC50 = 1.6 μM, Kinact = 3.7 h−1 and KI = 0.8 μM. Incorporating these data into PBPK models predicted a DDI after repeat, but not single, 5 mg doses of GSK1034702. 4. The DDI observed with repeat administration of GSK1034702 (5 mg) can be attributed to metabolism-dependent inhibition of CYP2D6. Further, in vitro data were generated and several potential mechanisms proposed to explain the interaction observed following a single dose of GSK1034702.
Determination of Atenolol in Pharmaceutical Preparation by Zero-, First-, Second-and Third-Order Derivative Spectrophotometric Methods

In this study, zero-, first-, secondand third-order derivative spectrophotometric methods were developed for quantitave determination of atenolol in pharmaceutical preparation. In zero order spectrophotometry, absorbance values were measured at 276 nm in zero order spectra of solution of atenolol in methanol in the range of 245-310 nm. In first derivative spectrophotometry, absorbance values were measured at 273, 276 and 285 nm. In second derivative spectrophotometry, absorbance values were measured at 276, 279, 282 and 287 nm. In third derivative spectrophotometry, absorbance values were measured at 275, 278 and 281 nm. Parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, stability, limit of detection and limit of quantitation were studied according to the International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines. Calibration curves were linear between the concentration range of 2.5-17.5 μg ml-1. Withinand between-day precision values for atenolol were less than 6.04%, and accuracy (relative error) was better than 5.12%. The mean recovery value of atenolol was 100.9% for pharmaceutical preparation. All the methods developed were successfully applied to a tablet formulation and the results were compared statistically with each other.
Software Fault Localization

1. INTRODUCTION Regardless of the effort spent on developing a computer program, 1 it may still contain bugs. In fact, the larger, more complex a program, the higher the likelihood of it containing bugs. It is always challenging for programmers to effectively and efficiently remove bugs, while not inadvertently introducing new ones at the same time. Furthermore, to debug, programmers must first be able to identify exactly where the bugs are, which is known as fault localization; and then find a way to fix them, which is known as fault fixing. In this article, we focus only on fault localization.
Delineating the contribution of long-term associations to immediate recall

In the present study we examined the contribution of semantic associative links to short-term recall performance by using the separation effect first introduced in free recall studies (Glanzer, 1969). Pairs of associated words were inserted in the to-be-remembered lists. In two experiments associated words were better recalled than non-associated words, and were better recalled when they were adjacent in the list than when they were separated by one non-associated item. In addition results showed that forward associative links among pair members were as beneficial to immediate serial recall as backward associative links. Finally the benefit of associative links among pair members was observed with both forward and backward recall.
Imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma after treatment with yttrium-90 microspheres.

OBJECTIVE Yttrium-90 radioembolization is an emerging therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although therapeutic response based on size has been evaluated in numerous studies, necrosis has been used as a criterion of response in only a few studies. The purpose of our study was to describe the imaging features of HCC after 90Y treatment and to compare size criteria (World Health Organization [WHO] and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST]) with necrosis criteria and combined criteria (RECIST and necrosis) for assessment of response. MATERIALS AND METHODS CT images of 42 patients with 76 90Y-treated HCC lesions were analyzed. We used four response criteria: WHO size, RECIST size, necrosis, and combined criteria (RECIST and necrosis). Imaging features of treated lesions included both nodular and peripheral rim enhancement. Survival was assessed with the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS The response rate was 23% according to RECIST criteria, 26% according to WHO criteria, 57% according to necrosis criteria, and 59% according to combined criteria. Response according to necrosis and combined criteria was detected earlier than response according to size criteria alone. Ten responding lesions initially increased in size. After therapy, enhancing peripheral nodules increased in size in 10 lesions, decreased in size in two lesions, and disappeared in two lesions. Twenty-one of 25 lesions with thin rim enhancement after 90Y administration responded to treatment. The median survival times were 660 and 236 days for Okuda stage I and Okuda stage II disease, respectively. CONCLUSION Use of combined size and necrosis criteria may lead to more accurate assessment of response to 90Y therapy than use of size criteria alone. Imaging features after 90Y treatment, including size, necrosis, peripheral enhancing nodules, and thin rim enhancement, are described.
Generalized ACE Constrained Progressive Edge-Growth LDPC Code Design

In this letter, we propose a generalization of the progressive edge-growth (PEG) algorithm with the aim of designing LDPC code graphs with substantially improved approximated cycle extrinsic message degree (ACE) properties. The proposed realization of generalized PEG algorithm outperforms original PEG algorithm and its subsequent modification proposed by Xiao and Banihashemi.
Using theory to design effective health behavior interventions.

This article demonstrates the usefulness of two theories for the development of effective health communication campaigns. The integrative model of behavioral prediction focuses on changing beliefs about consequences, normative issues, and efficacy with respect to a particular behavior. Media priming theory focuses on strengthening the association between a belief and its outcomes, such as attitude and intention toward performing the behavior. Both the integrative model of behavioral prediction and media priming theory provide guidance with respect to the selection of beliefs to target in an intervention. The article describes the theories, shows how they can be applied to the selection of target beliefs, and, for each theory, defines the criteria for belief selection. The two theories as well as their appropriate analytic strategies are complementary rather than conflicting.
An Expectorated “Stent”: An Unexpected Complication of EBUS-TBNA

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration has a low complication rate and is a cost-effective procedure for mediastinal staging and diagnosis when compared with the more invasive mediastinoscopy. There are increasing case reports of unexpected complications including equipment failures with and without significant medical consequences. Knowledge of complications, including those that are rare, is essential for the physician performing this minimally invasive procedure. We report a case of a retained foreign body from the unexpected separation of a distal spring/coil mechanism from the Olympus ViziShot Aspiration needle following early needle deployment within the working channel of the bronchoscope.
Generating segmental foreign accent Marı́a

For most of us, speaking in a non-native language involves deviating to some extent from native pronunciation norms. However, the detailed basis for foreign accent (FA) remains elusive, in part due to methodological challenges in isolating segmental from suprasegmental factors. The current study examines the role of segmental features in conveying FA through the use of a generative approach in which accent is localised to single consonantal segments. Three techniques are evaluated: the first requires a highly-proficiency bilingual to produce words with isolated accented segments; the second uses cross-splicing of context-dependent consonants from the non-native language into native words; the third employs hidden Markov model synthesis to blend voice models for both languages. Using English and Spanish as the native/non-native languages respectively, listener cohorts from both languages identified words and rated their degree of FA. All techniques were capable of generating accented words, but to differing degrees. Naturally-produced speech led to the strongest FA ratings and synthetic speech the weakest, which we interpret as the outcome of over-smoothing. Nevertheless, the flexibility offered by synthesising localised accent encourages further development of the method.
Prediction of Behavioral Threshold and Comfort Values for Nucleus 22-Channel Implant Patients from Electrical Auditory Brain Stem Response Test Results

We have studied the prediction of behavioral threshold and comfort values for 11 patients who use the Nucleus 22-channel cochlear implant by means of the results of electrical auditory brain stem response (EABR) procedures. For prediction purposes, EABR and behavioral testing were done in the same electrode mode configuration for three specific electrodes. The results of this investigation suggest that EABR threshold current level is consistently near the behavioral comfort current level, rather than the patient's behavioral threshold level.
Contribution of Obesity to Defects of Intracellular Glucose Metabolism in NIDDM

OBJECTIVE To examine the contribution of obesity to insulin resistance and abnormalities of intracellular glucose and fat metabolism in NIDDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Glucose turnover measurements and indirect calorimetry were performed in 10 obese non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 10 lean NIDDM subjects (body mass index 35.3 ± 1.0 vs. 24.1 ± 0.5 kg/m2 P < 0.001) in the basal state and during hyperinsuhnemic (720 pmol · m-2 · min-1) euglycemic (5.0-5.5 mmol/1) clamps. RESULTS Obese and lean NIDDM subjects demonstrated similar basal rates of glucose uptake (GU) (1.15 ± 0.08 vs. 1.26 ± 0.08 mmol/min, NS) as well as oxidative (0.49 ± 0.07 vs. 0.53 ± 0.05 mmol/min, NS) and nonoxidative (0.67 ± 0.10 vs. 0.73 ± 0.12 mmol/min, NS) glucose metabolism. During hyperinsuhnemic glucose clamp studies, rates of GU were lower in obese NIDDM subjects (34.1 ± 2.3 vs. 55.2 ± 3.8 μmol · kg fat-free mass [FFM]-1 · min-1, P ≥ 0.001) as were rates of oxidative (14.1 ± 1.3 vs. 22.1 ± 2.1 μmol · kg FFM-1 · min-1 P < 0.005) and nonoxidative (20.0 ± 2.3 vs. 33.1 ± 3.6 μmol · kg FFM-1 · min-1 P < 0.01) glucose metabolism. Although absolute rates of insulin-stimulated GU were decreased in the obese group, the relative distribution into glucose oxidation (Gox) and nonoxidative glucose metabolism (Nox) was comparable in both groups (Gox 42% in obese and 41% in lean subjects; Nox 58% in obese and 59% in lean subjects). The NIDDM groups had similar basal free fatty acid levels that were suppressed equally during hyperinsulinemic clamps. However, basal fat oxidation (Fox) was greater in the obese NIDDM group (103 ± 11 vs. 73 ± 8 μmol/min, P ≥ 0.05) and was less suppressed to insulin (74 ± 13 vs. 16 ± 3 μmol/ min, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that when obesity is present in NIDDM subjects with this degree of hyperglycemia, insulin-stimulated GU is lower by 35-40%. Reduced GU in obese NIDDM subjects leads to decreased intracellular substrate availability and lower rates of oxidative and nonoxidative glucose metabolism. Insulin suppression of Fox is also impaired when obesity is present and may contribute to decreased insulin-mediated GU in NIDDM. We conclude that obesity increases insulin resistance in NIDDM primarily by effects on GU rather than the intracellular pathways of glucose metabolism.
Measurement of urinary methoxyphenols and their use for biological monitoring of wood smoke exposure.

A urinary assay for methoxyphenols was developed for the biological monitoring of wood smoke exposure. Methoxyphenols in 10-ml samples of urine were extracted after acid hydrolysis using XAD in a solid-phase extraction cartridge. The methoxyphenols were eluted with ethyl acetate and then analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Specific chemicals quantified were guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol, 4-propylguaiacol, syringol, 4-methylsyringol, 4-ethylsyringol, vanillin, eugenol, and syringaldehyde. Recoveries ranged from 60 to 90%, with coefficients of variation of < or =20%. Background levels of the compounds were measured in 21 nonsmoking adults. Guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, eugenol, and vanillin were detected in all subjects. An experimental feeding of a commercial wood smoke flavoring demonstrated that methoxyphenols were rapidly and efficiently eliminated in urine. Preliminary field studies demonstrated that urinary excretion rates of some methoxyphenols increased after inhalation exposure to wood smoke.
Chapter 8 Robust Features in Deep Learning-Based Speech Recognition

Recent progress in deep learning has revolutionized speech recognition research, with Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) becoming the new state of the art for acoustic modeling. DNNs offer significantly lower speech recognition error rates compared to those provided by the previously used Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs). Unfortunately, DNNs are data sensitive, and unseen data conditions can deteriorate their performance. Acoustic distortionssuch as noise, reverberation, channel differences, etc.add variation to the speech signal, which in turn impact DNN acoustic model performance. A straightforward solution to this issue is training the DNN models with these types of variation, which typically provides quite impressive performance. However, anticipating such variation is not always possible; in these cases, DNN recognition performance can deteriorate quite sharply. To avoid subjecting acoustic models to such variation, robust features have traditionally been used to create an invariant representation of the acoustic space. Most commonly, robust feature-extraction strategies have explored three principal areas: (a) enhancing the speech signal, with a goal of improving the perceptual quality of speech; (b) reducing the distortion footprint, with signal-theoretic techniques used to learn the distortion characteristics and subsequently filter them out of the speech signal; and finally (c) leveraging knowledge from auditory neuroscience and psychoacoustics, by using robust features inspired by auditory perception. In this chapter, we present prominent robust feature-extraction strategies explored by the speech recognition research community, and we discuss their relevance to coping with data-mismatch problems in DNN-based acoustic modeling. We present results demonstrating the efficacy of robust features in the new paradigm of DNN acoustic models. And we discuss future directions in feature design for makVikramjit Mitra SRI International, STAR Lab, 333 Ravenswood Ave. Menlo Park, CA, 94532, USA, e-mail: vikramjit.mitra@sri.com Horacio Franco SRI International, STAR Lab, 333 Ravenswood Ave. Menlo Park, CA, 94532, USA, e-mail: horacio.franco@sri.com
Complex Role of Collybistin and Gephyrin in GABAA Receptor Clustering*

Gephyrin and collybistin are key components of GABAA receptor (GABAAR) clustering. Nonetheless, resolving the molecular interactions between the plethora of GABAAR subunits and these clustering proteins is a significant challenge. We report a direct interaction of GABAAR α2 and α3 subunit intracellular M3–M4 domain (but not α1, α4, α5, α6, β1–3, or γ1–3) with gephyrin. Curiously, GABAAR α2, but not α3, binds to both gephyrin and collybistin using overlapping sites. The reciprocal binding sites on gephyrin for collybistin and GABAAR α2 also overlap at the start of the gephyrin E domain. This suggests that although GABAAR α3 interacts with gephyrin, GABAAR α2, collybistin, and gephyrin form a trimeric complex. In support of this proposal, tri-hybrid interactions between GABAAR α2 and collybistin or GABAAR α2 and gephyrin are strengthened in the presence of gephyrin or collybistin, respectively. Collybistin and gephyrin also compete for binding to GABAAR α2 in co-immunoprecipitation experiments and co-localize in transfected cells in both intracellular and submembrane aggregates. Interestingly, GABAAR α2 is capable of “activating ” collybistin isoforms harboring the regulatory SH3 domain, enabling targeting of gephyrin to the submembrane aggregates. The GABAAR α2-collybistin interaction was disrupted by a pathogenic mutation in the collybistin SH3 domain (p.G55A) that causes X-linked intellectual disability and seizures by disrupting GABAAR and gephyrin clustering. Because immunohistochemistry in retina revealed a preferential co-localization of collybistin with α2 subunit containing GABAARs, but not GlyRs or other GABAAR subtypes, we propose that the collybistin-gephyrin complex has an intimate role in the clustering of GABAARs containing the α2 subunit.