Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trends and variations of ocean surface latent heat flux: Results from GSSTF2c data set

Trends and variations of Goddard Satellite‐based Surface Turbulent Fluxes (GSSTF) version 2c (GSSTF2c) latent heat flux (LHF) are examined. This version of LHF takes account of the correction in Earth incidence angle. The trend of global mean LHF for GSSTF2c is much reduced relative to GSSTF version 2b Set 1 and Set 2 for the same period 1988–2008. Temporal increase of GSSTF2c LHF in the two decades is 11.0%, in which 3.1%, 5.8%, and 2.1% are attributed to the increase in wind, the increase in sea surface saturated air humidity, and the decrease in near‐surface air humidity, respectively. The first empirical orthogonal function of LHF is a conventional El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) mode. However, the trends in LHF are independent of conventional ENSO phenomena. After removing ENSO signal, the pattern of LHF trends is primarily determined by the pattern of air‐sea humidity difference trends.
Oscillatory changes in muscle lipoprotein lipase activity of fed and starved rats.

Lipoprotein lipase activity was measured at short time intervals in cardiac and skeletal muscles of normal and streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats fed ad libitum or deprived of food. In normal animals fed ad libitum, lipoprotein lipase activities of heart, diaphragm, soleus, and fast-twitch red fibers of the quadriceps muscle showed rhythmic oscillations that appeared to coincide with the nocturnal feeding habits of the animals. During the day (7 A.M. to 7 P.M.), when food consumption by the rats was greatly reduced, lipoprotein lipase activity in all muscles increased, followed by a decline to basal levels during the night. Similar oscillatory changes in lipoprotein lipase activity were observed in the muscles of diabetic rats fed ad libitum. In normal rats deprived of food, however, the oscillatory changes in muscle lipoprotein lipase activity were not abolished and persisted for at least 48 h. In diabetic rats starved during a 48-h period, the oscillatory changes in muscle lipoprotein lipase activity were markedly altered. In all animals, muscle lipoprotein lipase activities were not correlated to plasma glucagon levels.
The Breakeven Point for Using CD-ROM versus Online: A Case Study for Database Access in a Developing Country

The introduction of CD‐ROM products has offered promise in accelerating the access to computer‐based databases in developing countries. CD‐ROM has been considered the most appropriate technology to the infrastructure of these countries. This article discusses a case study which seeks answers to two major questions that can impact on the use of CD‐ROM by developing countries: (1) the extent to which publicly available CD‐ROM databases can satisfy the information needs of a particular information requirement for a particular development situation in a developing country; and (2) the economics of an alternative system of CD‐ROM, supplemented by online searching. The relative costs of searching CD‐ROM vs. online are investigated, and the breakeven analysis of the costs of CD‐ROM vs. online is discussed as a potential approach to a cost‐effective system for accessing databases in developing countries. This article discusses the implications of the law of core and scatter on the volume of use of databases and its effects on the economics of searching CD‐ROM vs. online. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An open pilot trial of olanzapine for delirium in the Korean population

Abstract This study was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of olanzapine for the treatment of delirium in a Korean population. An open trial of olanzapine was conducted in Korean patients with delirium caused by multiple medicosurgical conditions. All subjects were evaluated by Delirium Rating Scale (DRS), which is known to be one of the most sensitive scales for delirium. In addition, other data for profiles of side‐effects were collected and analyzed. Twenty patients were treated by olanzapine with doses of 5.9 ± 1.5 mg/day. The initial dose was 4.6 ± 0.9 mg/day and maximal dose of olanzapine was 8.8 ± 2.2 mg/day. The average duration of treatment was 6.6 ± 1.7 days and the day of maximal response was 3.8 ± 1.7 treated days. The scores of DRS were significantly improved from 20.0 ± 3.6 at the time of pretreatment to 9.3 ± 4.6 at the post‐treatment. All subjects showed no definite serious side‐effects including anticholinergic and extrapyramidal symptoms. Olanzapine treatment for patients with delirium was effective and safe. This newer drug may be a useful alternative agent to classical antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium.
The Effect of Animation on Learning Action Symbols by Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether participants with intellectual impairments could benefit from the movement associated with animated pictures while they were learning symbol names. Sixteen school students, whose linguistic-developmental age ranged from 38–91 months, participated in the experiment. They were taught 16 static visual symbols and the corresponding action words (naming task) in two sessions conducted one week apart. In the experimental condition, animation was employed to facilitate comprehension, whereas no animation was used in the control condition. Enhancement of learning was shown in the experimental condition, suggesting that the participants benefited from animated symbols. Furthermore, it was found that the lower the linguistic developmental age, the more effective the animated cue was in learning static visual symbols.
Room-Temperature Quantum Hall Effect in Graphene

The quantum Hall effect (QHE), one example of a quantum phenomenon that occurs on a truly macroscopic scale, has attracted intense interest since its discovery in 1980 and has helped elucidate many important aspects of quantum physics. It has also led to the establishment of a new metrological standard, the resistance quantum. Disappointingly, however, the QHE has been observed only at liquid-helium temperatures. We show that in graphene, in a single atomic layer of carbon, the QHE can be measured reliably even at room temperature, which makes possible QHE resistance standards becoming available to a broader community, outside a few national institutions.
The Timing of Postexercise Protein Ingestion Is/Is Not Important

PROTEIN CONSUMPTION IS UNQUESTIONABLY REQUIRED FOR SKELETAL MUSCLE MAINTENANCE AND GROWTH. HOWEVER, DEBATE PERSISTS OVER WHETHER OR NOT THE TIMING OF INGESTION MATTERS. SOME ARGUE IMMEDIATELY AFTER EXERCISE IS BEST, WHEREAS OTHERS DISAGREE. THIS ARTICLE WILL DISCUSS THE IMPORTANCE OF TIMING OF POSTEXERCISE PROTEIN INGESTION.
The relationship between changes in equipment technology and wages in the US construction industry

The US construction industry has witnessed a drop in real wages since 1970. The decline in real wages may be attributed to a combination of socio‐economic factors like migrant labourers, fringe benefits, safety procedures, union membership and worker skills. Another factor that may be impacting construction real wages is technological changes over the past couple of decades, including technological changes in construction equipment. This paper examines the relationship between changes in equipment technology and changes in construction wages with the help of five factors of equipment technology change: control, energy, ergonomics, functionality and information processing. Furthermore, data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Population Survey is used to examine the effects of computer usage on wages among US hourly workers in construction. The research findings show significant relations exist between changes in equipment control, functionality and information processing with wages among non‐supervisory workers. Another finding indicated that although non‐supervisory construction workers who use computers at work earn higher hourly wages, there was no added wage benefit after controlling for the effects of experience, education and age.
Study of 1/f and generation-recombination noise in four gate transistors

In this work, we study different noise sources that are present in four-gate field-effect-transistors (G4-FET). We present a model for the generation-recombination (g-r) noise due to traps located in the depletion regions and in the bulk, and for the 1/f noise due to traps in the top and bottom oxides. One of the main advantages of this structure is that the position and size of the conduction channel can be controlled by the application of adequate voltages to its gates (front and back MOS gates and two lateral JFET gates). However, the channel is also prone to be affected by the noise sources distributed throughout the device. Thus, the current noise power spectral density is a combination of all these noise sources. Experimental data showing such a combination are interpreted with our model.
Disparity in use of orthotopic liver transplantation among blacks and whites

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the best treatment for end‐stage liver disease. Limited data exist on the access of minorities to OLT. The aim of this study was to determine whether disparities exist among black and white OLT patients. Data were collected from the United Network for Organ Sharing on black and white 18–70 year‐old OLT waiting list registrants (n = 29,013) and OLT recipients (n = 15,805) between 1994 and 1998. Standardized transplant ratios were generated by comparing the racial distribution of OLT patients with the US population. Demographic and clinical characteristics of OLT registrants were compared by race. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of time to OLT and the likelihood of dying or receiving OLT within 4 years, controlling for severity of illness and other factors. The standardized transplant ratio for black OLT recipients (0.65) was significantly lower than the standardized transplant ratio for white OLT recipients (1.05). Blacks were younger and sicker than whites. After adjustment for severity and other factors, time to OLT among recipients did not differ by race (P > .05). Blacks were more likely to die or become too ill for OLT while waiting (P < .001). Blacks were less likely to receive OLT within 4 years (P < .001). In conclusion, adult blacks were underrepresented among OLT patients. Although waiting times were similar once listed, black race affected outcomes while awaiting OLT. The process of referral and evaluation for OLT should be investigated further. (Liver Transpl 2004;10:834–841.)
15th Annual Semmelweis Lecture Surgical Infection Society-Europe. Injury-induced immune dysfunction: is the lymphocyte irrelevant?

immune response to serious injury is one of inflammation, which is usually termed the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In patients with major traumatic or thermal injury, SIRS is evident clinically shortly after initial resuscitation. In a significant minority (25–35%) of patients, SIRS persists without respite and may lead directly to the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), particularly if infection supervenes [1,2]. In the majority of patients SIRS remits after several days without progression to early MODS. However, the patient may be left with an increased susceptibility to nosocomial infection associated with production of anti-inflammatory mediators by the immune system, a process referred to as the compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS) [3]. Invasive infection occurring during this period may again induce systemic inflammation, which in turn may lead to the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (late MODS). Organ dysfunction both early and late is associated with substantial mortality [1,2]. Since cells of the innate immune system are the chief source of inflammatory mediators and cellular and humoral components of innate immunity are major effectors in the early defense against invading microorganisms, it is not surprising that the majority of research into the immune consequences of injury has focused on the innate immune system. The adaptive immune system, by contrast, ordinarily responds only when activated by antigen-presenting cells of the innate immune system. Whereas the T-cell receptors and antibodies of the adaptive immune system demonstrate amazing diversity and exquisite precision for individual antigenic epitopes, several days of clonal expansion following initial activation are ordinarily required for a significant response to become evident. Thus, at first glance, the adaptive immune system appears to be ill suited to play a role in host defense early after injury, although later participation might be anticipated. Yet, the macrophages and dendritic cells of the innate immune system and the Tand B-lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system are in intimate contact with one another in the secondary lymphoid organs and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Thus, interactions between the two immune systems are continuous and likely to be of biological significance after injury as well as in the uninjured state. I will attempt to summarize the available evidence that the T-cells and B-cells of the adaptive immune system and their products participate along with the innate immune system in both the SIRS and CARS responses following major injury. The pivotal cell in the adaptive immune sysSURGICAL INFECTIONS Volume 3, Number 4, 2002 © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Distinctive enchondromatosis with spine abnormality, regressive lesions, short stature, and coxa vara: importance of long-term follow-up.

We report a girl with a unique type of enchondromatosis observed from birth to puberty. Radiographic abnormalities documented at the age of 14 months included distinctive spondylometaphyseal enchondromatous types of lesions with minimal involvement of the short tubular and flat bones. Follow-up radiographic examinations documented progressive coxa vara and hypoplasia/dysplasia of the left ulna. At puberty, the short tubular bones appeared normal. There was marked regression of the flat bone, rib, and spinal lesions. This case shows the importance of long-term observation of unclassified forms of skeletal dysplasia.
A dynamic fed batch strategy for a Pichia pastoris mixed feed system to increase process understanding

Mixed substrate feeding strategies are frequently investigated to enhance the productivity of recombinant Pichia pastoris processes. For this purpose, numerous fed batch experiments or time‐consuming continuous cultivations are required to optimize control parameters such as the substrate mixing ratio and the applied methanol concentration. In this study, we decoupled the feeding of methanol and glycerol in a mixed substrate fed batch environment to gain process understanding for a recombinant P. pastoris Muts strain producing the model enzyme horseradish peroxidase. Specific substrate uptake rates (qs) were controlled separately, and a stepwise increased qGly‐control scheme was applied to investigate the effect of various substrate fluxes on the culture. The qs‐controlled strategy allowed a parallel characterization of the metabolism and the recombinant protein expression in a fed batch environment. A critical‐specific glycerol uptake rate was determined, where a decline of the specific productivity occurred, and a time‐dependent acceleration of protein expression was characterized with the dynamic fed batch approach. Based on the observations on recombinant protein expression, propositions for an optimal feeding design to target maximal productivities were stated. Thus, the dynamic fed batch strategy was found to be a valuable tool for both process understanding and optimization of product formation for P. pastoris in a mixed substrate environment. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog. , 2012
Proving termination using abstract interpretation

One way to develop more robust software is to use formal program verification. Formal program verification requires the construction of a formal mathematical proof of the programs correctness. In the past ten years or so there has been much progress in the use of automated tools to formally prove properties of programs. However many such tools focus on proving safety properties: that something bad does not happen. Liveness properties, where we try to prove that something good will happen, have received much less attention. Program termination is an example of a liveness property. It has been known for a long time that to prove program termination we need to discover some function which maps program states to a well-founded set. Essentially we need to find one global argument for why the program terminates. Finding such an argument which overapproximates the entire program is very difficult. Recently, Podelski and Rybalchenko discovered a more compositional proof rule to find disjunctive termination arguments. Disjunctive termination arguments requires a series of termination arguments that individually may only cover part of the program but when put together give a reason for why the entire program will terminate. Thus we do not need to search for one overall reason for termination but we can break the problem down and focus on smaller parts of the program. This thesis develops a series of abstract interpreters for proving the termination of imperative programs. We make three contributions, each of which makes use of the Podelski-Rybalchenko result. Firstly we present a technique to re-use domains and operators from abstract interpreters for safety properties to produce termination analysers. This technique produces some very fast termination analysers, but is limited by the underlying safety domain used. We next take the natural step forward: we design an abstract domain for termination. This abstract domain is built from ranking functions: in essence the abstract domain only keeps track of the information necessary to prove program termination. However, the abstract domain is limited to proving termination for language with iteration. In order to handle recursion we use metric spaces to design an abstract domain which can handle recursion over the unit type. We define a framework for designing abstract interpreters for liveness properties such as termination. The use of metric spaces allows us to model the semantics of infinite computations for programs with recursion over the unit type so that we can design an abstract interpreter in a systematic manner. We have to ensure that the abstract interpreter is well-behaved with respect to the metric space semantics, and our framework gives a way to do this.
Cardiocyte adaptation to chronically altered load.

The long-standing multidisciplinary interest in myocardial hypertrophy re­ cently has evolved from a description of specific forms of this entity to a more general consideration of the basic mechanisms by which the entire potential spectrum of cardiac loading conditions regulates the biology both of the myocardium and of the constituent striated muscle cell of this tissue, the cardiocyte. This is not to suggest that the understanding of hypertrophied myocardium is now complete. Although there have been significant recent refinements in the pathophysiologically relevant models of cardiac hypertro­ phy, the most important work in this area, which may lead to a clearer understanding of the bases for the transition from compensated cardiac hypertrophy to decompensated cardiac failure, remains to be done. Nonethe­ less, other recent work having a broader scope is clarifying the relative importance of loading conditions and other potential regulatory factors to the control of myocardial biology. A natural outgrowth of this investigative interest would be the elucidation of the mechanisms controlling growth and differentiation in both neonatal and adult mammalian myocardium. The expectation that such an approach may allow the basis for cardiocyte adapta­ tion to chronically altered loads to be understood at the molecular level is one of the most exciting prospects in cardiovascular physiology.
Effects of Intravenous Anesthetic Agents on Glutamate Release: A Role for GABAA Receptor–Mediated Inhibition

Background: Many anesthetic agents are known to enhance the &agr;1&bgr;2&ggr;2S&ggr;-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) chloride current; however, they also depress excitatory neurotransmission. The authors evaluated two hypotheses: intravenous anesthetic agents inhibit glutamate release and any observed inhibition may be secondary to GABAA receptor activation. Methods: Cerebrocortical slices were prepared from Wistar rats. After perfusion in oxygenated Krebs buffer for 60 min at 37°C, samples for glutamate assay were obtained at 2-min intervals. After 6 min, a 2-min pulse of 46 mM K+ was applied to the slices (S1); this was repeated after 30 min (S2). Bicuculline (1–100 &mgr;M) was applied when the S1 response returned to basal level, and 10 min later, thiopental (1–300 &mgr;M), propofol (10 &mgr;M), or ketamine (30 &mgr;M) were also applied until the end of S2. Perfusate glutamate concentrations were measured fluorometrically, and the area under the glutamate release curves was expressed as a ratio (S2/S1). Results: Potassium (46 mM) evoked a monophasic release of glutamate during S1 and S2, with a mean control S2/S1 ratio of 1.07 ± 0.33 (mean ± SD, n = 96). Ketamine and thiopental produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of K+-evoked glutamate release with half-maximum inhibition of release values of 18.2 and 10.9 &mgr;M, respectively. Release was also inhibited by propofol. Bicuculline produced a concentration dependent reversal of thiopental inhibition of glutamate release with a half-maximum reversal of the agonist effect of 10.3 &mgr;M. Bicuculline also reversed the effects of propofol but not those of ketamine. Conclusions: The authors’ data indicate that thiopental, propofol, and ketamine inhibit K+-evoked glutamate release from rat cerebrocortical slices. The inhibition produced by thiopental and propofol is mediated by activation of GABAA receptors, revealing a subtle interplay between GABA-releasing (GABAergic) and glutamatergic transmission in anesthetic action.A antagonist; mechanisms of anesthesia; neurotransmitter release; rat cerebrocortical slices. )
Effect of Infant Feeding on the Risk of Obesity Across the Life Course: A Quantitative Review of Published Evidence

Objective. To examine the influence of initial infant feeding on obesity in later life. Methods. A systematic review of published studies investigating the association between infant feeding and a measure of obesity was performed with Medline (1966 onward) and Embase (1980 onward) databases, supplemented with manual searches. Data extraction was conducted by 2 authors. Analyses were based on odds ratios of obesity among initially breastfed subjects, compared with formula-fed subjects, pooled with fixed-effects models. Results. Sixty-one studies reported on the relationship of infant feeding to a measure of obesity in later life; of these, 28 (298900 subjects) provided odds ratio estimates. In these studies, breastfeeding was associated with a reduced risk of obesity, compared with formula feeding (odds ratio: 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85–0.89). The inverse association between breastfeeding and obesity was particularly strong in 11 small studies of <500 subjects (odds ratio: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.33–0.55) but was still apparent in larger studies of ≥500 subjects (odds ratio: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.85–0.90). In 6 studies that adjusted for all 3 major potential confounding factors (parental obesity, maternal smoking, and social class), the inverse association was reduced markedly (from an odds ratio of 0.86 to 0.93) but not abolished. A sensitivity analysis examining the potential impact of the results of 33 published studies (12505 subjects) that did not provide odds ratios (mostly reporting no relationship between breastfeeding and obesity) showed little effect on the results. Conclusions. Initial breastfeeding protects against obesity in later life. However, a further review including large unpublished studies exploring the effect of confounding factors in more detail is needed.