Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Uncertain Suffering: Racial Health Care Disparities and Sickle Cell Disease

On average, black Americans are sicker and die earlier than white Americans. "Uncertain Suffering" provides a richly nuanced examination of what this fact means for health care in the United States through the lens of sickle cell anemia, a disease that primarily affects blacks. In a wide ranging analysis that moves from individual patient cases to the compassionate yet distanced professionalism of health care specialists to the level of national policy, Carolyn Moxley Rouse uncovers the cultural assumptions that shape the quality and delivery of care for sickle cell patients. She reveals a clinical world fraught with uncertainties over how to treat black patients given resource limitations and ambivalence. Her book is a compelling look at the ways in which the politics of racism, attitudes toward pain and suffering, and the reliance on charity for healthcare services for the underclass can create disparities in the U.S. Instead of burdening hospitals and clinics with the task of ameliorating these disparities, Rouse argues that resources should be redirected to community-based health programs that reduce daily forms of physical and mental suffering.
OXIDATIVE STRESS IN EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS

Aim: Our aim was to evaluate the role of oxidative stress in the cholestatic liver disease Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with extrahepatic cholestasis due to the choledocholithiasis and fifteen healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. We performed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for all patients and cholestasis was treated by sphincterotomy and stone extraction. In the patients (before and after ERCP) and in the healthy subjects, the levels of erythrocyte malonyldialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD) were measured. Results: The levels of MDA in patients with cholestasis before ERCP were found to be higher comparing to the other groups. The levels of GSH-Px in the patients before ERCP were found to be higher, comparing to the patient group after ERCP and the control group. The levels of CuZn SOD in the patient group before and after ERCP were higher than those of the control group. The levels in the patient group before ERCP were higher than the patient group after ERCP, but this was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Our results showed the increase in the oxidative stress and the significant alterations in the different part of the antioxidant system in extrahepatic cholestasis.
EFFECT OF MORINGA OLEIFERA ON BLOOD GLUCOSE, LDL LEVELS IN TYPES II DIABETIC OBESE PEOPLE.

The leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) are used by the Indians in their herbal medicine for many decades. In this study the scientific basis for their use in NDDM in obese patients was therefore examined. It was found that supplementation of the powder of Moringa oleifera leaf decreased serum glucose and LDL . These values were also found to be statistically Significant. And it is concluded that the leaves of Moringa oleifera have definite hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activity in type II diabetes mellitus in obese people.
STIs, HIV and AIDS and TB : progress and challenges : Primary Health Care : programme areas

This chapter presents the progress and challenges in sexually transmitted infections, HIV and AIDS, and tuberculosis in South Africa. Issues such as the epidemiology and management of sexually transmitted infections are presented, as well as a number of interventions, which need to be carried out in order to address current problems. The new HIV & AIDS and STI National Strategic Plan for South Africa, 2007-2011, which is the national response to the epidemic is presented. The linkages between HIV and tuberculosis are discussed, as well as recommendations around the integration and collaboration between tuberculosis and HIV and AIDS activities. The chapter concludes with suggestions on implementing control programmes for these diseases, as well as ideas around strengthening effective interventions.
Gypsies and Travellers accessing primary health care: interactions with health staff and requirements for 'culturally safe' services.

This thesis explores the barriers to accessing primary care health service provision for Gypsies and Travellers in England. Research took place 'in two phases. The first was a qualitative study of Gypsies' and Travellers' cultural beliefs, attitudes, perceptions of and access to health care. Findings included low expectations and poor experience of services, as well as many examples of communication barriers between Gypsies and Travellers and health staff. The second phase built on these findings, by adopting participatory action research (PAR) methods, to explore communication processes from both staff and Gypsy and Traveller perspectives. The aim was to elicit understanding with a view to exploring how barriers might be overcome. Both phases ofresearch show how Gypsy and Traveller experiences of discrimination and racism contribute to a sense ofdevalued identity, characterised by feelings of shame and humiliation. Shame and attempts to ward off shame are central features of relationships and encounters with health staff as personal reactions to these experiences can produce mutual mistrust and poor relations between staff and the Gypsy and Traveller patients. At the same time, health staff reactions are shaped by pressures related to role, status and setting. By focusing on processes of coconstructed communication, I identify specific patterns of tension and mistrust. In conclusion, I argue that a reflective and collaborative staff approach in primary care, based on effective leadership and a shared team ethos, can provide the empathic focus needed as a starting-point for trust and effective communication. I also argue that acquisition of good communication skills and development of experiential cultural awareness, whilst essential, are insufficient to guarantee cultural competence. A reflexive approach, focussing on personal qualities, values, beliefs and attitudes, is also essential for cultural safety. I outline the specific staff training implications of these findings, in terms of ensuring culturally safe health care for Gypsies and Travellers.
THE STAGES OF CHANGE IN SMOKING CESSATION AMONG SMOKERS OF KHORRAMABAD

هديكچ همدقم : يم نمزم ياهيراميب زورب رد راذگريثات لماوع زا يكي بسانمان يگدنز كبس دشاب . يگدـنز ببس هك يياجبان تاداع هلمج زا يم ملاسان وش يم راگيس فرصم د دشاب . يس فرصم يناهج تشادهب نامزاس ياهرامآ قبط دراد يـپ رد ار گرـم نوـيليم راهچ هنلااس راگ . يدربراك هلحرم لدم نيرت هيرظن ارف يوگلا ،راتفر رييغت يا تسا يا . تسا هديدرگ هدافتسا لدم نيا زا هعلاطم نيا رد نياربانب . يسررب شور : يور رب يعطقم شور هب هعلاطم نيا 200 اـب اـي ملپـيد كردم هك هدرك كرت راگيس اي يراگيس دنمراك رد دنتـشاد رتلا دش ماجنا دابآ مرخ رهش . هنومن شور هشوخ تروصب يريگ هلحرم ود يا همانشسرپ طسوت تاعلاطا و دش ماجنا يا يياـياپ و يـياور هك يا ت دروم نآ أ دـش يروآدرگ دوب هتفرگ رارق ديي . هداد يراـمآ رازـفا مرـن زا هدافتـسا اـب اـه SPSS لـيلحت و هـيزجت دروـم يفيـصوت راـمآ و رگرارق تف . 05 / 0 < P ينعم حطس ناونع هب دش هتفرگ رظن رد يراد . جياتن : دارفا ينس نيگنايم 85 / 7 ± 5 / 42 دوب لاس . رييغت لحارم رد نتفرگ رارق رظن زا ، 79 ،رـكفت شيـپ هلحرم رد رفن 51 هـلحرم ردرـفن ،ركفت 24 ،يگدامآ هلحرم ردرفن 11 و لمع هلحرم ردرفن 35 هگن هلحرم ردرفن دندوب يراد . دارـفا نـس نيـب ) 001 / 0 = (p ، فرـصم ياهلاـس راگيس ) 042 / 0 = (p و راگيس زا يشان ضراوع نتشاد ) 000 / 0 = (p يـنعم طاـبترا لـحارم رد نتفرـگ رارق و فلاتـخا و دـيدرگ هدهاـشم راد ينعم راد ي ،تلايصحت ،لهات تيعضو نيب تشادن دوجورييغت لحارم و دمآرد و راوناخ دعب . يريگ هجيتن : يا رد دنتشاد رارق رييغت ييادتبا لحارم رد دارفا تيرثكا هعلاطم ن ، همانرب تسا مزلا نياربانب تـهج بـسانم يشزومآ ياه ددرگ نيودت اهنآ . ينعم طابترا هك نيا هب هجوت اب راد ي هتفرشيپ لحارم رد نتفرگ رارق و راگيس فرصم ياهلاس و نس نيب ي دوـجو رييغت يادتبا ياهلاس رد تسا مزلا تشاد ،تلاكشم زا ار دارفا راگيس فرصم ي دومن هاگآ يناخد داوم ضراوع و اهيراميب عيرـس هـچ ره هك رـت ميمصت راگيس كرت دروم رد دنيامن يريگ .
Effects of Experimental Center‐Based Child Care on Developmental Outcomes of Young Children Living in Poverty

Using data from the Infant Health and Development Program, this research reports secondary analyses that examine the effects of center‐based child care on children’s cognitive and behavioral outcomes. It focuses on three specific questions: whether maternal employment affects children’s cognitive and behavioral outcomes at the age of three, whether center‐based child care contributes to children’s positive outcomes, and whether maternal employment affects children’s developmental outcomes differently for those who receive quality center‐based care and those who do not. Findings suggest that quality center‐based child‐care services, and their interaction with maternal employment, enhance children’s cognitive and behavioral outcomes.
Management of Bone Loss in Primary and Revision Knee Replacement Surgery

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) often deal with bone defect localized in areas corresponding to tibial and femoral articular surfaces, a condition that is often observed in revision knee prosthetic surgery but occasionally in primary arthroplasty of the knee too. Such intraoperative situation, could create a main problem in maintaining proper alignment of the implant components and in establishing sufficient bone stock to achieve a stable boneimplant interface. The surgeon must assess the degree of complexity preoperatively and intraoperatively and have a broad armamentarium available during surgery. Multiple surgical options are available to repair or reconstruct the loss of bone, these include: bone cement, bone grafts, metal augments and custom-made implants. Principles to consider in bone loss management are knee-related (particularly defect size and location, ligament stability, limb alignment) and patient-related (age, body mass index, activity level, life expectancy).
Evaluation of risk factors of cerebral palsy in a tertiary health facility, Nnewi, Nigeria: a case-control study

Background: Cerebral palsy is the most commonly diagnosed condition in children presenting with disability. This could be attributed to the lack of awareness on the quantifiable and largely preventable risk factors associated with it and poor knowledge of simple public health measures against these factors. Objective: To evaluate the risk factors associated with cerebral palsy in Nnamdi Azikwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra state, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This is a caseâ€“control study carried out with 40 case study population of children diagnosed with cerebral palsy and 80 control group of children who do not have cerebral palsy. The study was carried out using a pro forma to access and collect relevant data from the records (folders) of these individuals. Result: There is a statistically significant relationship between cerebral palsy and the following risk factorsâ€”birth asphyxia (X2 = 18.98; P < 0.01; OR = 7.71), neonatal jaundice (X2 = 5.958; P
Analgesic Nephropathy: A neglected cause of Chronic Kidney Disease -

Article history: Received on: 03/06/2014 Revised on: 14/07/2014 Accepted on: 03/08/2014 Available online: 27/08/2014 Introduction: Analgesic nephropathy is a preventable cause of chronic renal failure that occurs due to excessive use of over the counter (OTC) analgesics. Misuse or long term use of OTCs’ without prior consultation from any healthcare professional leads to serious health problems. Case presentation: Current is the case of a 48 years old woman who was presented to hospital complaining of high blood pressure and breathlessness. Patient was neither diabetic nor hypertensive. Upon examination, it was revealed that she is suffering from analgesic nephropathy due to long term use of Ibuprofen for her knee pain. Patient was diagnosed with chronic renal failure with associated hypertension. Conclusion: Long term use of OTCs’ without prior consultation of healthcare providers may lead to serious unwanted side effects and complications. Misuse of such medications should be strictly discouraged and such patients should be encouraged to undergo renal screening tests as early as possible.
Adar: Adversarial Activity Recognition in Wearables

Recent advances in machine learning and deep neural networks have led to the realization of many important applications in the area of personalized medicine. Whether it is detecting activities of daily living or analyzing images for cancerous cells, machine learning algorithms have become the dominant choice for such emerging applications. In particular, the state-of-the-art algorithms used for human activity recognition (HAR) using wearable inertial sensors utilize machine learning algorithms to detect health events and to make predictions from sensor data. Currently, however, there remains a gap in research on whether or not and how activity recognition algorithms may become the subject of adversarial attacks. In this paper, we take the first strides on (1) investigating methods of generating adversarial example in the context of HAR systems; (2) studying the vulnerability of activity recognition models to adversarial examples in feature and signal domain; and (3) investigating the effects of adversarial training on HAR systems. We introduce Adar11Software code and experimental data for Adar are available online at https://github.com/rameshKrSah/Adar. , a novel computational framework for optimization-driven creation of adversarial examples in sensor-based activity recognition systems. Through extensive analysis based on real sensor data collected with human subjects, we found that simple evasion attacks are able to decrease the accuracy of a deep neural network from 95.1% to 3.4% and from 93.1% to 16.8% in the case of a convolutional neural network. With adversarial training, the robustness of the deep neural network increased on the adversarial examples by 49.1% in the worst case while the accuracy on clean samples decreased by 13.2%.
Characterization of a new bacterium with high alkaline keratinase activity from Calotes versicolor feces

A total of 842 spore-forming bacterial strains were isolated from 221 animal feces samples, in which a new feather-degrading bacterium identified as Bacillus sp. 50-3 was isolated from Calotes versicolor (an agamid lizard) feces based on morphological, biochemical, and 16S rDNA tests. The bacterium degraded native feathers completely at mild conditions and in much shorter time (36 h) when chicken feathers were applied as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. The maximum keratinase activity and the optimum reaction time were 680 ± 25 U/ml and 36 h respectively at 37°C and pH 7.0 in feather meal medium. The optimal keratinase concentration of Bacillus sp. 50-3 with feather keratin as substrate was 1.0 % (w/v). The high efficiency of Bacillus sp. 50-3 in feather degradation suggests its potential applications in biotechnological processes, especially in decreasing environmental pollution.
Exposing a chink in the armor of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Cellular and Molecular Microbiology Section, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 6, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; and Program of Developmental Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
Standout reviewing tips 3 The best reviewers use these techniques Tip Example Support criticisms with evidence from the text or from other sources

Please submit by 17 Mar 2018 for the benefit of the authors (and your $200 publishing discount). Structure and Criteria Please read the 'Structure and Criteria' page for general guidance. Raw data check Review the raw data. Download from the materials page. Image check Check that figures and images have not been inappropriately manipulated. Privacy reminder: If uploading an annotated PDF, remove identifiable information to remain anonymous.
Simultaneous visual sustained attention-discrimination and goal-directed search are associated with excretion of catecholaminergic metabolites in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Abstract The relationship between visual sustained attention-discrimination and goal-directed search was evaluated using a visual discrimination and exploration (goal-directed search) paradigm and urinary excretion of catecholaminergic metabolites [dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE)] in 6–12 year-old children (n = 31) strictly selected and diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using diagnostic criteria and other objective indices. The Structured Clinical Interview (SCID) (DSM-IV) was used to formally diagnose ADHD in children. A cognitive laboratory test was used to assess visual sustained attention-discrimination and goal-directed search (Children Color Trails Test 1 and 2). Urinary excretion of DA and NE metabolites was measured via reversed high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pearson product-moment correlations were used to investigate the relationship between visual sustained attention and goal-directed search and urinary catecholamine metabolites of DA and NE. The present findings revealed a positive and moderately significant relationship between visual sustained attention and visual exploration and catecholaminergic metabolite levels of NE and DA, according to expectation. Decreased visual sustained attention and goal-directed search was associated with decreased DA and NE metabolite levels. The present results are consistent with past research with children with ADHD and studies with primates examining the intricate and respective interaction between the Locus Coeruleus and visual sustained attention-discrimination and the Ventral Tegmental Area and goal-directed search (visual exploration) respectively modulated through NE and DA. Applied and theoretical issues associated with the present findings also are discussed addressing recent computer-generated analogues of action selection models within the context of the extant findings.
Institutional Quality and the Resource Curse

In many resource endowed countries, hydrocarbon endowment is associated with poor socioeconomic performance, a condition often called the Resource Curse. However, there is little consensus on the cause of this paradox. This paper explores an additional channel to explain the income inequality across oil-rich countries. We hypothesise that European-organised mercantilism and resource exploitation during colonialization could have an enduring effect, manifesting in the inherited socio-economic and political institutional structures that moderate the benefits from oil endowment. We test this hypothesis using a dynamic panel 5year distributed lag model and examine how colonial legacy indirectly influences the unweighted aggregated index of average protection against expropriation, executive constraint and government effectiveness. We also use the log of the depth of oil discoveries to get the unbiased estimate of the log of oil abundance on income per capita five years after the discovery of giant oil field. Our findings show that oil-rich countries that were former colonies during European colonialization have a poor institutional quality index, and institutional quality moderates the adverse effect from oil abundance. In addition, our results also suggest that former European extractive colonies used for natural resource expropriation are unable to positively relate hydrocarbon endowments to income per-capita. We recommend that formulating a benchmark of governance and socio-economic institutional indicators for monitoring petroleum-rich countries’ adherence to best practises, especially in countries with experience of European colonialism could resolve some of the paradox. Keyword: Colonialism, Post-colonialism, Institutions, Hydrocarbon Resources JEL-Codes: F54, E02, O43, Q35
Service engagement and serious mental illness: The obstacles and barriers to attendance in a post-treatment recovery outpatient setting

This qualitative study examined the factors that affect treatment adherence and service engagement in individuals with serious mental illnesses (SMI). A semistructured interview was used to collect data from treatment adherent and treatment nonadherent adults with SMI. What factors make one more or less likely to disengage from treatment? What boundaries stand in the way of quality mental-health care, and how do adults with SMI overcome these barriers? Service engagement in the population with SMI in the study was explained according to three healthcare behavioral models, the health belief model, the network episode model, and the demoralization framework model. Data collected from the narratives of 12 participants suggest that provider factors, including treatment style, theoretical orientation, and communication style, can be protective factors against systemic barriers. In light of the results of narrative data, health behavioral models that emphasize process-oriented behaviors in consideration with a broader social structure are better predictors of healthcare engagement than are rational, value-expectancy models.
HLADQA1*05 genotype predicts anti‐drug antibody formation and loss of response during infliximab therapy for inflammatory bowel disease

Anti‐drug antibodies (ADAs) are a leading contributor to infliximab loss of response and adverse drug events. It is not feasible to identify patients at risk of antibody formation before initiating infliximab. The genetic variation HLADQA1*05 (rs2097432) has been linked to infliximab antibody formation in Crohn's disease (CD).
Toll‐like receptor 4 regulates spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis by up‐regulating IL‐6 and GM‐CSF

Inflammation is as an important component of intestinal tumorigenesis. The activation of Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling promotes inflammation in colitis of mice, but the role of TLR4 in intestinal tumorigenesis is not yet clear. About 80%–90% of colorectal tumours contain inactivating mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) tumour suppressor, and intestinal adenoma carcinogenesis in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is also closely related to the germline mutations in Apc. The ApcMin/+ (multiple intestinal neoplasia) model mouse is a well‐utilized model of FAP, an inherited form of intestinal cancer. In this study, ApcMin/+ intestinal adenoma mice were generated on TLR4‐sufficient and TLR4‐deficient backgrounds to investigate the carcinogenic effect of TLR4 in mouse gut by comparing mice survival, peripheral blood cells, bone marrow haematopoietic precursor cells and numbers of polyps in the guts of ApcMin/+ WT and ApcMin/+ TLR4−/− mice. The results revealed that TLR4 had a critical role in promoting spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis. Significant differential genes were screened out by the high‐throughput RNA‐Seq method. After combining these results with KEGG enrichment data, it was determined that TLR4 might promote intestinal tumorigenesis by activating cytokine‐cytokine receptor interaction and pathways in cancer signalling pathways. After a series of validation experiments for the concerned genes, it was found that IL6, GM‐CSF (CSF2), IL11, CCL3, S100A8 and S100A9 were significantly decreased in gut tumours of ApcMin/+ TLR4−/− mice compared with ApcMin/+ WT mice. In the functional study of core down‐regulation factors, it was found that IL6, GM‐CSF, IL11, CCL3 and S100A8/9 increased the viability of colon cancer cell lines and decreased the apoptosis rate of colon cancer cells with irradiation and chemical treatment.