Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tourmaline as a petrogenetic indicator mineral: an example from the staurolite-grade metapelites of NW Maine

Tourmaline, a mineral often overlooked in petrologic studies, is shown to be a useful petrogenetic indicator mineral. Despite the large number of possible substitutions in tourmaline, generalizations relating tourmaline composition and rock type are made. Based on available literature data, distinct regions are defined within Al-Fe(tot)-Mg and CaFe(tot)-Mg diagrams for tourmaline from different rock types. As an example of the utility of tourmaline in petrologic studies, the accessory tourmaline from staurolite-grade pelitic schists from NW Maine is investigated. These tourmaline grains typically display three general styles of chemical zoning: (1) a lack of zoning, (2) a continuous core-to-rim zonation attributed to growth during progressive metamorphism, and (3) a zonation marked by a distinct discontinuity apparently representing detrital tourmaline grains surrounded by metamorphic tourmaline overgrowths. All of the samples in this study contain si-, Al-, and Ti-saturating phases (quartz, staurolite, and ilmenite, respectively). Consequently, the substitutional complexities of tourmaline in equilibrium with the matrix are minimized. Systematic element partitioning suggests that chemical equilibrium has been attained among the rims of the tourmaline grains and matrix minerals. Tourmaline rims have the highest Mg/Fe and Na. /Ca ratios of any of the phases in the metapelites. The compositions of tourmaline cores that are presumed to be detrital in origin are optically and chemically distinct from their tourmaline overgrowths. In the Al-Fe(totl Mg and Ca-Fe(totfMg diagrams, the compositions of the detrital cores fall in the fields of rock types that are commonly found in the presumed source region for the pelitic sediments.
Pharmacokinetics of “activated” cyclophosphamide and therapeutic efficacies

Estimation of “activated” cyclophosphamide (4‐OH‐CP) in blood of cancer patients and laboratory animals has revealed significant differences between pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide (CP) in man and laboratory animals after CP treatment. Whereas in blood of mice and rats relatively high concentrations of 4‐OH‐CP were found to exist for a relatively short time, in blood of humans only low, but longer‐lasting, blood levels were detected after administration of comparable CP doses. In order to examine whether these different pharmacokinetic behaviors might account at least in part for the known differences of antitumor activity and toxicity of CP between humans and laboratory animals, the authors studied the influence of pharmacokinetics of activated CP on therapeutic efficacy and toxicity after injection of 4‐(S‐ethanol)‐sulfido‐cyclophosphamide (P1), a pro drug of activated CP, into nude mice bearing heterotransplanted human bladder sarcoma. With P1, which hydrolyzes quickly in blood to yield 4‐OH‐CP, different blood level shapes of 4‐OH‐CP could be established either by single bolus injection of P1 or by repetitive injection of a loading dose followed by several maintenance doses which caused nearly constant levels of activated CP for a longer time period. With these models it was found that 4‐OH‐CP showed more therapeutic efficacy when present in blood at relatively low levels for longer times than after bolus injection of the same dose resulting in a sharp peak level of activated CP. So after single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 300 mg/kg P1 which caused a bioavailability of 36 μmol/ml−1/minute a 67% inhibition of tumor growth was achieved, whereas a tumor growth reduction of 83% was obtained after injection of the same dose in 6 fractions resulting in constant blood levels with a bioavailability of only 17 μmol/ml−1/minute. In contrast to the significant influence on antitumor efficacy of activated CP, practically no effect of pharmacokinetics on toxicity of 4‐OH‐CP could be observed. Therefore, the bioavailability of activated CP, which killed 50% of the animals, was determined to be approximately 89 μmol/ml−1/minute after adjustment of pharmacokinetics to yield constant levels and approximately 79 μmol/ml−1/minute after single bolus injection. The experiments presented show that by adjustment of pharmacokinetics the therapeutic index of P1, defined as bioavailability causing 50% of animals to die, referred to bioavailability causing 90% tumor growth inhibition, could be more than doubled.
Wireless Power Transfer With Automatic Feedback Control of Load Resistance Transformation

This paper proposes a wireless power transfer with automatic feedback control of load resistance transformation to maintain high efficiency over wide variations of coupling current and load current. The receiver (Rx) first determines the desired current level of transmitter (Tx) coil such that the receiver-side converter can transform the load resistance into optimum effective resistance, based on load current and Tx-to-Rx distance information. The determined Tx coil current data are sent to the transmitter, which then adjusts the Tx coil current accordingly. In this way, the effective resistance transformed by the receiver-side converter remains optimum under the variations of distance and load current. One of the advantages of the proposed automatic feedback control is faster response and simple hardware because it does not use operating point sweep and observation. The receiver-side switching converter also incorporates the ability to send data from receiver to transmitter by modulating the duty cycle of converter at data frequency, eliminating the need for separate RF communication hardware. This proposed communication does not require shunt current dissipation from dc output to ground, resulting in low loss. Experimental result demonstrates that the system maintains high efficiency under wide variations of coupling and load current.
Changes in quantal parameters of EPSCs in rat CA1 neurones in vitro after the induction of long‐term potentiation.

1. Long‐term potentiation (LTP) was induced in EPSCs evoked in CA1 pyramidal neurones of young rats in vitro by extracellular stimulation of stratum radiatum. Low frequency stimulation was paired with postsynaptic depolarization to induce LTP, using whole‐cell recording techniques. 2. Sufficient control and potentiated records were obtained under stable recording conditions to allow a quantal analysis of eleven EPSCs. The fluctuations in amplitude of all eleven EPSCs were quantized before conditioning stimulation, and they remained quantized after LTP induction, usually with an increased quantal variance. 3. Quantal current was increased by conditioning for nine out of eleven EPSCs. The increase in quantal current was correlated with the percentage increase in the EPSC. For only two EPSCs could the entire potentiation be attributed to an increase in quantal current. 4. The amplitude fluctuations of five control EPSCs could be described by binomial statistics, but after conditioning the binomial description held for only one of these EPSCs. For this EPSC, conditioning caused the release probability to increase from 0.39 +/‐ 0.05 to 0.47 +/‐ 0.02. 5. Quantal content was increased by conditioning stimulation for ten out of eleven EPSCs. The increase in quantal content was correlated with the percentage increase in the EPSC. However, for only four EPSCs could the entire potentiation be attributed to an increase in quantal content. 6. Most EPSCs were evoked with a high proportion of response failures. The probability of response failures decreased in eight out of eleven EPSCs following the induction of LTP. There was a negative correlation between the change in the probability of response failures and the amount of LTP. 7. The minimal number of sites at which transmission occurred increased for ten out of eleven EPSCs following LTP induction. Increases in the minimal number of active sites following conditioning were associated with decreases in the probability of response failures for seven out of eleven EPSCs. 8. The induction of LTP usually resulted in changes in the time course of the EPSCs. Cable analysis using a passive compartmental model of a CA1 pyramidal cell suggested that these time course changes were associated with shifts in the average electrotonic location of the active sites following LTP induction, rather than being caused by an increased duration of synaptic current. 9. LTP expression involves postsynaptic modifications to enhance the synaptic current at active sites. New sites are recruited, and our data cannot be used to determine if this is a result of a pre‐ or a postsynaptic change. Evidence for an increase in release probability was found for one EPSC.
Enhanced FGF23 production in mice expressing PI3K‐insensitive GSK3 is normalized by β‐blocker treatment

Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‐3 is a ubiquitously expressed kinase inhibited by insulin‐dependent Akt/PKB/SGK. Mice expressing Akt/PKB/SGK‐resistant GSK3α/GSK3β (gsk3KI) exhibit enhanced sympathetic nervous activity and phosphaturia with decreased bone density. Hormones participating in phosphate homeostasis include fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐23, a bone‐derived hormone that inhibits 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3; calcitriol) formation and phosphate reabsorption in the kidney and counteracts vascular calcification and aging. FGF23 secretion is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. We studied the role of GSK3‐controlled sympathetic activity in FGF23 production and phosphate metabolism. Serum FGF23, 1,25(OH)2D3, and urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) were measured by ELISA, and serum and urinary phosphate and calcium were measured by photometry in gsk3KI and gsk3WT mice, before and after 1 wk of oral treatment with the β‐blocker propranolol. Urinary VMA excretion, serum FGF23, and renal phosphate and calcium excretion were significantly higher, and serum 1,25(OH)2D3 and phosphate concentrations were lower in gsk3KI mice than in gsk3WT mice. Propranolol treatment decreased serum FGF23 and loss of renal calcium and phosphate and increased serum phosphate concentration in gsk3KI mice. We conclude that Akt/PKB/SGK‐sensitive GSK3 inhibition participates in the regulation of FGF23 release, 1,25(OH)2D3 formation, and thus mineral metabolism, by controlling the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. —Fajol, A. , Chen, H. , Umbach, A. T. , Quarles, L. D. , Lang, F. , Föller, M. Enhanced FGF23 production in mice expressing PI3K‐insensitive GSK3 is normalized by β‐blocker treatment. FASEB J. 30, 994–1001 (2016). www.fasebj. org
Quantifying the Importance of Galactofuranose in Aspergillus nidulans Hyphal Wall Surface Organization by Atomic Force Microscopy

ABSTRACT The fungal wall mediates cell-environment interactions. Galactofuranose (Galf), the five-member ring form of galactose, has a relatively low abundance in Aspergillus walls yet is important for fungal growth and fitness. Aspergillus nidulans strains deleted for Galf biosynthesis enzymes UgeA (UDP-glucose-4-epimerase) and UgmA (UDP-galactopyranose mutase) lacked immunolocalizable Galf, had growth and sporulation defects, and had abnormal wall architecture. We used atomic force microscopy and force spectroscopy to image and quantify cell wall viscoelasticity and surface adhesion of ugeAΔ and ugmAΔ strains. We compared the results for ugeAΔ and ugmAΔ strains with the results for a wild-type strain (AAE1) and the ugeB deletion strain, which has wild-type growth and sporulation. Our results suggest that UgeA and UgmA are important for cell wall surface subunit organization and wall viscoelasticity. The ugeAΔ and ugmAΔ strains had significantly larger surface subunits and lower cell wall viscoelastic moduli than those of AAE1 or ugeBΔ hyphae. Double deletion strains (ugeAΔ ugeBΔ and ugeAΔ ugmAΔ) had more-disorganized surface subunits than single deletion strains. Changes in wall surface structure correlated with changes in its viscoelastic modulus for both fixed and living hyphae. Wild-type walls had the largest viscoelastic modulus, while the walls of the double deletion strains had the smallest. The ugmAΔ strain and particularly the ugeAΔ ugmAΔ double deletion strain were more adhesive to hydrophilic surfaces than the wild type, consistent with changes in wall viscoelasticity and surface organization. We propose that Galf is necessary for full maturation of A. nidulans walls during hyphal extension.
Stem cell property epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition is a core transcriptional network for predicting cetuximab (Erbitux™) efficacy in KRAS wild‐type tumor cells

Beyond a well‐recognized effect of KRAS mutations in determining de novo inefficacy of cetuximab (CTX) in metastatic colorectal cancer, we urgently need a biomarker signature for predicting CTX efficacy in KRAS wild‐type (WT) tumors. CTX‐adapted EGFR gene‐amplified KRAS WT tumor cell populations were induced by stepwise‐chronic exposure of A431 epidermoid cancer cells to CTX. Genome‐wide analyses of 44K Agilent's whole human arrays were bioinformatically evaluated by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA)‐based screening of the KEGG pathway database. Molecular functioning of CTX was found to depend on: (i) The occurrence of a positive feedback loop on Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) activation driven by genes coding for EGFR ligands (e.g., amphiregulin); (ii) the lack of a negative feedback on mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation regulated by dual‐specificity phosphatases (e.g., DUSP6) and; (iii) the transcriptional status of gene pathways controlling the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reversal (MET) program (actin cytoskeleton and cell–cell communication—e.g., keratins—focal adhesion signaling—e.g., integrins—and EMT‐inducing cytokines – e.g., transforming growth factor‐β). Quantitative real‐time PCR, high‐content immunostaining, and flow‐cytometry analyses confirmed that CTX efficacy depends on its ability to promote: (i) Stronger cell–cell contacts by up‐regulating the expression of the epithelial markers E‐cadherin and occludin; (ii) down‐regulation of the epithelial transcriptional repressors Zeb, Snail, and Slug accompanied by restoration of cortical F‐actin; and (iii) complete prevention of the CD44pos/CD24neg/low mesenchymal immunophenotype. The impact of EGFR ligands/MAPK phosphatases gene transcripts in predicting CTX efficacy in KRAS WT tumors may be tightly linked with the ability of CTX to concurrently reverse the EMT status, a pivotal property of migrating cancer stem cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 10–29, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Migrainous infarction: a Nordic multicenter study

Background and purpose: Migrainous infarction (MI), i.e. an ischemic stroke developing during an attack of migraine with aura is rare and the knowledge of its clinical characteristics is limited. Previous case series using the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) included <10 cases which make conclusions less valid. This study aimed to describe characteristics and outcome of MI in a larger sample.
Sentiment Intensity Analysis of Informal Texts

This paper presents a method for an automatic collection of a corpus that can be used to train a sentiment classifier which determines whether an expression is neutral or polar. Depending on the words from the comments of online social networking platform, the human sentiment can be easily extracted, if we can make a machine to understand this extraction by defining some determined hypothesis. The automatic identification leads to enormous application domains for this machine readable sentiment concept. Microblogging web-sites are used here as rich sources of data for opinion mining and sentiment analysis which is tested on well-known training data sets. The results are significantly better than baseline that may suggest people regarding their specific interests based on their respective sentiment studies which can be extended to further business analysis to advice consumer about the negative impact of any issue subjected.
Placing Psychotherapy Case Studies within the Framework of the APA Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology (EBPP) Model

The American Psychological Association Report of the Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice delineates Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology (EBPP). The model provides a broad-based framework that allows for the placement of psychotherapy case study outcomes in a systematic, evidence-based context, complementing the results of group-based efficacy studies. This Commentary introduces the EBPP model and suggests ways in which use of its principles could enhance Karen Riggs SkeanA¢Â€Â™s case of CG.
Work-site cardiovascular risk reduction: a randomized trial of health risk assessment, education, counseling, and incentives.

OBJECTIVES This study reports an efficacy trial of four work-site health promotion programs. It was predicted that strategies making use of behavioral counseling would produce a greater reduction in cardiovascular disease risk factors than screening and educational strategies. METHODS Twenty-eight work sites were randomly allocated to a health risk assessment, risk factor education, behavioral counseling, or behavioral counseling plus incentives intervention. Participants were assessed before the intervention and at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS Compared with the average of the health risk assessment and risk factor education conditions, there were significantly higher validated continuous smoking cessation rates and smaller increases in body mass index and estimated percentage of body fat in the two behavioral counseling conditions. The behavioral counseling condition was associated with a greater reduction in mean blood pressure than was the behavioral counseling plus incentives condition. On average among all groups, there was a short-term increase in aerobic capacity followed by a return to baseline levels. CONCLUSIONS Work-site interventions that use behavioral approaches can produce lasting changes in some cardiovascular risk factors and, if implemented routinely, can have a significant public health impact.
Why molecules move along a temperature gradient

Molecules drift along temperature gradients, an effect called thermophoresis, the Soret effect, or thermodiffusion. In liquids, its theoretical foundation is the subject of a long-standing debate. By using an all-optical microfluidic fluorescence method, we present experimental results for DNA and polystyrene beads over a large range of particle sizes, salt concentrations, and temperatures. The data support a unifying theory based on solvation entropy. Stated in simple terms, the Soret coefficient is given by the negative solvation entropy, divided by kT. The theory predicts the thermodiffusion of polystyrene beads and DNA without any free parameters. We assume a local thermodynamic equilibrium of the solvent molecules around the molecule. This assumption is fulfilled for moderate temperature gradients below a fluctuation criterion. For both DNA and polystyrene beads, thermophoretic motion changes sign at lower temperatures. This thermophilicity toward lower temperatures is attributed to an increasing positive entropy of hydration, whereas the generally dominating thermophobicity is explained by the negative entropy of ionic shielding. The understanding of thermodiffusion sets the stage for detailed probing of solvation properties of colloids and biomolecules. For example, we successfully determine the effective charge of DNA and beads over a size range that is not accessible with electrophoresis.
Phylogenetic effects on functional traits and life history strategies of Australian freshwater fish

Understanding the biogeographic and phylogenetic basis to interspecifi c diff erences in species ’ functional traits is a central goal of evolutionary biology and community ecology. We quantify the extent of phylogenetic infl uence on functional traits and life-history strategies of Australian freshwater fi sh to highlight intercontinental diff erences as a result of Australia ’ s unique biogeographic and evolutionary history. We assembled data on life history, morphological and ecological traits from published sources for 194 Australian freshwater species. Interspecifi c variation among species could be described by a specialist – generalist gradient of variation in life-history strategies associated with spawning frequency, fecundity and spawning migration. In general, Australian fi sh showed an affi nity for life-history strategies that maximise fi tness in hydrologically unpredictable environments. We also observed diff erences in trait lability between and within life history, morphological and ecological traits where in general morphological and ecological traits were more labile. Our results showed that life-history strategies are relatively evolutionarily labile and species have potentially evolved or colonised in freshwaters frequently and independently allowing them to maximise population performance in a range of environments. In addition, reproductive guild membership showed strong phylogenetic constraint indicating that evolutionary history is an important component infl uencing the range and distribution of reproductive strategies in extant species assemblages. For Australian freshwater fi sh, biogeographic and phylogenetic history contribute to broad taxonomic diff erences in species functional traits, while fi ner scale ecological processes contribute to interspecifi c diff erences in smaller taxonomic units. Th ese results suggest that the lability or phylogenetic relatedness of diff erent functional traits aff ects their suitability for testing hypothesis surrounding community level responses to environmental change.
[GEOPTE Scale of social cognition for psychosis].

INTRODUCTION Despite the large number of scales to assess cognitive function, these are rarely used in clinical practice, both because of the time they require and because they do not give useful information to the clinician. The aim of this article is to present the characteristics and psychometric properties of a scale which aims, with its simplicity of use and design, to be of use in the clinical practice for measuring social cognition in psychosis. METHODS The new GEOPTE Scale gathers information from two sources: the patient's subjective perception of his/her deficits and that of the informant or caregiver. It consists of 15 items (7 for basic cognitive functions and 8 for social cognition). The scale was applied to 87 patients with a diagnosis of psychosis (according to DSM-IV), and general clinical data, clinical global impression, mood and degree of insight were gathered. RESULTS The GEOPTE Scale presented excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.84 for patient and 0.87 for informants). Factorial analysis identified two factors which explained a total variance of 39%. The first factor was related to the basic cognitive function items and the second to the social cognition items. Regarding the validity of the construct, the scores on the scale are closely related to clinical global impression, degree of insight and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The GEOPTE Scale for measuring social cognition in psychosis has an excellent psychometric behavior both in the degree of internal consistency and in correlation with clinical global variables, mood and degree of insight.