Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Totally Tubeless Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy and Staghorn Calculi; a Mini-Review

Kidney stone is a common problem in population and had medical or surgical treatment. Surgery treatment had many technique, but now, Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a standard surgery care of renal calculi. In recent years, surgeons defined modification methods of PCNL such as tubeless PCNL and totally tubeless PCNL. These modified methods were associated with less complication, reduced hospitalization and cost-effectiveness. The safety and efficacy of PCNL and tubeless PCNL in treatment of staghorn calculi were approve by researcher in recent years. The aim of this review is to evaluated the potential role of totally tubeless PCNL in treatment of staghorn calculi. Our finding was very low about this topic but show that totally tubeless PCNL potentially can be safe and effective for treatment patients with staghorn calculi. However, further studies with larger sample size are need to investigate the effectiveness of this technique in patients with staghorn calculi.
Serial detection of Epstein–Barr virus DNA in sera and peripheral blood leukocyte samples of pediatric renal allograft recipients with persistent mononucleosis‐like symptoms defines patients at risk to develop post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease

Abstract: We tested blood samples of 25 pediatric renal transplant recipients for Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) DNA load by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Eleven of these transplant recipients showed clinical persistent mononucleosis‐like symptoms years after transplantation (Tx). A quantitation of EBV DNA by PCR in peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) and serum samples revealed variable EBV DNA titers. The majority of EBV PCR results in samples of the 14 asymptomatic transplant recipients was repeatedly below detection limit. In contrast, patients with mononucleosis‐like symptoms showed persistent EBV genome titers over a period of 6 months, ranging from 75 to 18 750 copies/10 000 PBL and from 680 to 335 000 copies/mL serum, respectively. One child suffering from this mononucleosis‐like condition developed an EBV‐associated Burkitt‐like lymphoma 29 months after Tx. Whereas clinical and histological investigations did not indicate a post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) until tumor detection, EBV titers in PBL and serum had been high for at least 8 months. We propose that pediatric transplant recipients who show both, recurrent mononucleosis‐like symptoms and a sustained high EBV genome load, are at increased risk for severe EBV‐related post‐transplant complications.
Using the 7Ps as a generic marketing mix

McCarthy′s 4Ps mix has increasingly come under attack with the result that different marketing mixes have been put forward for different marketing contexts. Contends that the numerous and ad hoc conceptualizations undermine the concept of the marketing mix and proposes that Booms and Bitner′s (1981) 7Ps mix for services be extended to other areas of marketing. Shows how the 7Ps framework can be applied to consumer goods and reports the results of a survey of UK and European marketing academics which suggest that there is a high degree of dissatisfaction with 4Ps. Also suggests that the 7Ps framework has already achieved a high degree of acceptance as a generic marketing mix among both groups of respondents. Overall provides fairly strong support for the view that Booms and Bitner′s 7Ps framework should replace McCarthy′s 4Ps framework.
Do Government Wage Cuts Close Budget Deficits?: A Conceptual Framework for Developing Countries and Transition Economies

Real wage declines have been common in the public sector in many countries over substantial periods of time. In several cases, such wage reductions have coincided with a decline in the efficiency of the public sector. In a simple analytical framework, it is shown that higher wage levels alter the incentive compatible equilibrium by attracting relatively skilled human capital to the government sector, which raises the quality of public output--tax revenue collection in this paper. Increases in wages should be complemented with appropriate monitoring and penalty rates for effective tax administration; prescriptions of raising the statutory tax rate alone, however, may not increase revenue collection.
Activated Protein C Improves Heatstroke Outcomes Through Restoration of Normal Hypothalamic and Thermoregulatory Function

Background:Human recombinant activated protein C (APC) has been found to be beneficial in treating heatstroke in both humans and rats. Here, we further investigated the possible mechanism underlying the therapeutic action exerted by APC in experimental heatstroke. Methods:Unanesthetized and unrestrained mice were exposed to an ambient temperature of 42.4°C for 1 hour to induce heatstroke. They were given normal saline or APC (5 mg/kg of body weight, intravenously) 1 hour after the termination of heat stress. Their physiologic and biochemical parameters were continuously monitored for 4 hours after cessation of heat stress. Mice that survived on day 4 of heat treatment were considered survivors. Results:When the vehicle-treated mice underwent heat treatment, the fraction survival and core temperature at 4 hours of body heating were found to be 0 of 12 and 33.8 ± 0.6°C, respectively. Administration of APC 1 hour after the cessation of heat stress rescued the mice from heat-induced death (fraction survival, 12 of 12) and reduced hypothermia (core temperature, 37.4 ± 0.2°C). Heat-induced apoptosis in the hypothalamus was significantly reduced by APC. The increased levels of cellular ischemia (eg, glutamate, lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, nitrite, and dihydroxybenzoic acid) and damage (eg, glycerol) markers in the hypothalamus during heatstroke were also decreased significantly by APC therapy. The hypothalamic levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (a proinflammatory cytokine) that are upregulated in heat-stressed mice were significantly lower in APC-administered mice. Conclusions:Our results show that human recombinant APC improves heatstroke through restoration of normal hypothalamic and thermoregulatory function.
Glucose Uptake During Exercise in Skeletal Muscles Evaluated By Positron Emission Tomography

Traditionally, in vivo skeletal muscle function has been investigated with noninvasive techniques such as magnetic resonance (MR) imaging that can characterize the motion and mechanics of contracting skeletal muscle (Axel & Dougherty, 1989; Drace & Pelc, 1994; Pipe et al., 1991). Other techniques include kinetic analyses to examine muscle activity during walking and electromyography (EMG) to evaluate muscle activity as amplitude-based algorithms. However, these techniques are limited because MR cannot be used to measure the metabolic activity of skeletal muscle, and kinetic analyses cannot measure isolated synergistic muscular activities or provide information on the etiology of the metabolic cost of exercise. Moreover, EMG quantification requires normalization of EMG amplitude to the EMG amplitude of maximal voluntary contractions, which some elderly are unable to achieve (Stevens et al., 2003). In addition, surface EMG is inappropriate for evaluating the activities of deep muscles such as the gluteus minimus.
Urinary F2-Isoprostanes as a Biomarker of Reduced Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE We have previously reported evidence of an inverse association between a urinary F2-isoprostane and type 2 diabetes risk in a pilot case-control study nested within the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Here, we report the results from the study extended to the entire IRAS cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This prospective study included 138 incident type 2 diabetes case and 714 noncase subjects. Four F2-isoprostanes (iPF2α-III; 2,3-dinor-iPF2α-III; iPF2α-VI; and 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI) were assayed in baseline urine samples using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Three F2-isoprostanes showed significant inverse associations with type 2 diabetes risk: the adjusted odds ratios were 0.52 (95% CI 0.39–0.67), 0.56 (0.42–0.73), 0.62 (0.48–0.79), and 0.91 (0.72–1.12) for iPF2α-III; 2,3-dinor-iPF2α-III; iPF2α-VI; and 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that urinary F2-isoprostanes are inversely associated with type 2 diabetes risk beyond the traditional risk factors and may be useful in identifying high-risk populations.
Immediate Unrestricted Postoperative Weightbearing and Mobilization after Bone Marrow Stimulation of Large Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

Objective There remains no consensus on a postoperative protocol following arthroscopic treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) and most studies report a period of immobilization and nonweightbearing. Outcomes are believed to decrease with larger size. The purpose of our study was to evaluate patients who underwent arthroscopic treatment of large (≥150 mm2) OLTs with immediate unrestricted weightbearing and mobilization postoperatively. Design Patients who underwent arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation for osteochondral defects were identified. Exclusion criteria included lesions less than 150 mm2, additional procedures other than ligament reconstruction, incongruent ankle joint, arthritis, and tibial plafond lesions. Postoperatively, all patients were placed into a soft dressing and were allowed immediate weightbearing as tolerated. Patients were considered failures if their AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society) score was less than 80 or if they underwent osteochondral transplant. Results Thirteen patients were available for follow-up. Two patients underwent osteochondral transplant and were considered failures. Of the remaining 11, the average follow-up time after surgery was 33 months (range, 7-59 months). Average age was 37 years (range, 15-56 years), and lesion size averaged 239 mm2 (range, 150-400 mm2). Average postoperative scores included foot function index 50 (range, 23-136), visual analog scale 3 (range, 0-8), and AOFAS hindfoot 82 (range, 40-100). The group’s overall success rate was 54% (7/13). Conclusion The results of our study are higher than those previously published studies on large lesions with a more restricted postoperative rehabilitation, suggesting that unrestricted weightbearing and range of motion does not diminish patient outcomes. Level of Evidence: IV, Case series.
Industry concentration and stock returns: evidence from publicly listed firms in the U.K

In this dissertation, I examine the relationship between market structure and average stock returns in the London Stock Exchange during 1985 and 2010. Using Multifactor asset pricing theory, I test whether industry concentration is a new asset pricing factor in addition to conventional risk factors such as beta, size, book-to-market equity, momentum, and leverage. I find that industry concentration is negatively related to average stock returns in all Fama-MacBeth cross-sectional regressions, even after controlling for beta, size, book-to-market equity, momentum, and leverage. In addition, there is strong evidence of a growth effect. Firms or industry portfolios with smaller book-to-market equity ratios have significantly higher returns. In contrast, beta is never statistically significant. The above results are robust to firm- and industry-level regressions, and the formation of firms into 100 size-beta portfolios. The time-series results show some evidence that industry concentration premium contains separate information compared with other risk premiums or risk factors and helps explain the time-series variation in stock returns, even after accounting for the premiums of beta, size, book-to-market, momentum, and leverage. The empirical findings indicate that competitive industries earn, on average, higher risk-adjusted returns than concentrated industries. An explanation is that investors in more competitive industries require larger return premiums for greater distress risks associated with these industries.
Expression of nerve growth factor receptor in human peripheral neuropathies

Nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors in human sural nerve biopsies were detected immunohistochemically using a monoclonal anti‐human NGF receptor antibody. NGF receptors were not visualized within the endoneurium of normal adult nerves but were readily demonstrable within the endoneurium of nerves undergoing active axonal degeneration. Immunostaining of adjacent sections for S‐100β protein, a specific Schwann cell Marchker, suggested that Schwann cells expressed the NGF receptors induced by axonal degeneration. Residual Schwann cells in nerves in which axons were completely depleted also expressed NGF receptors. NGF receptors were not detected in relation to thinly myelinated regenerating axons, nor were they detected in the endoneurium of nerves that had undergone segmental demyelination and remyelination. The increased expression of NGF receptors in human axonal neuropathies may contribute to regeneration by NGF‐responsive neurons in these disorders.
Perceived Exertion in Physical Activity and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Physical activity has been associated with decreased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Expanding on 2 previously published analyses of absolute exertion measures (time spent and energy expended), we assessed the relation between perceived exertion during usual prepregnancy recreational physical activity and gestational diabetes. Methods: We analyzed data from a Washington State 1998–2002 case–control study (216 cases, 472 controls) and a 1996–2002 prospective cohort study (897 participants) separately. We used logistic regression models to derive odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Among case–control participants, risk of gestational diabetes was markedly lower for women who reported very strenuous to maximal exertion in usual activity during the year before pregnancy versus those who reported negligible or minimal exertion (adjusted OR = 0.19; CI = 0.15–0.50). There was a direct inverse relation between perceived exertion and risk of gestational diabetes. This relation was also evident among the subset of participants who did not meet physical activity guidelines in the year before pregnancy. Similarly, the OR among cohort participants reporting very strenuous to maximal exertion was 0.57 (0.24–1.37) versus those reporting negligible to moderate exertion. Conclusions: These results suggest that risk of gestational diabetes is inversely related to the exertion perceived during recreational physical activity in the year before pregnancy. Perceived exertion may be a valuable addition to behavior and fitness measures in assessing relations between physical activity and pregnancy-related health outcomes.
What You value or what you know? Which mechanism explains the intergenerational transmission of business ownership expectations?

Research has consistently shown that the children of business owners are more likely to become business owners themselves. What mechanism underlies this intergenerational correlation is still not clear. This research assesses the importance of several mechanisms proposed to drive the children of business owners to expect to become business owners using data from the 1988-1992 NELS. Results are inconsistent with arguments asserting that the children of business owners expect to become business owners because of: the transmission of human capital or financial capital; the expectation of inheriting a business; a heightened awareness of the viability of business ownership; or preferences for having lots of money, leisure time, being successful in work, or finding steady employment. Findings are consistent with the notion that the intergenerational correlation in business ownership is a result of shared preferences and/or traits, and this effect is particularly strong when accompanied by awareness of paternal business ownership. These results remain after accounting for alternative interpretations and model specifications. Finally, model and variable specification make endogeneity unlikely.
Performance analysis of cognitive-based radio resource allocation in multi-channel LTE-A networks with M2M/H2H coexistence

Efficient radio access strategies are necessary and critical to manage an long-term-evolution (LTE) network system where machine-to-machine (M2M) devices and human-to-human (H2H) users coexist. In this study, the authors propose a cognitive-based access strategy with a priority-based queuing model that is designed for LTE with M2M/H2H coexistence, where the M2M communications have real-time (M2M-RT) and non-real-time (M2M-NRT) traffic. Radio access gives the highest priority to H2H, while M2M-RT has higher priority than M2M-NRT. A continuous-time Markov chain model is developed to evaluate the system performance in terms of service completion rate, blocking and forced termination probabilities, and mean queuing delay of the M2M traffic. In addition, resource utilisation by the M2M traffic is also evaluated. Analytical results reveal that, while protecting the H2H services, the proposed queuing model could increase the capacity of the M2M traffic network while decreasing the blocking probability. Additionally, allowing an interrupted M2M-NRT to be inserted back into its queue can further decrease the forced termination rate. For these reasons, it can be concluded that the proposed model can be used to improve the system performance of multi-channel M2M communication networks.
Optimal Regulation, Executive Compensation and Risk Taking by Financial Institutions

We present an equilibrium model of financial institutions in which we examine the optimal regulation of risk taking. Choice of risk levels result from strategic interactions of regulators, shareholders, and management. Regulators use caps on asset risk and equity-based compensation to achieve the optimal level of risk; shareholders choose levels of management's stock ownership; and management chooses asset risk. We characterize the socially optimal level of risk. If there is perfect information and enforcement, using one policy tool is sufficient. If enforcement is limited or information is asymmetric, there can be gains to social welfare from employing both policy tools.
Effect of soft drinks on the physical and chemical features of nickel-titanium-based orthodontic wires

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of three popular soft drinks on the Young's modulus, hardness, surface topography and chemical composition of widely used nickel-titanium-based orthodontic wires. Materials and methods. Thirty-two specimens (20 mm in length) were cut from the straight portion of pre-formed 0.019 × 0.025 inch Nitinol Heat-Activated archwires and randomly divided into four groups of eight specimens each: Group A1 (Coca Cola® regular); Group A2 (Santal® orange juice); Group A3 (Gatorade®); Group B (distilled, deionized water; dH2O). Each specimen was immersed in 10 ml of one of the soft drinks or dH2O, control, for 60 min, at 37°C. At the end of the soaking time, the Young's modulus and hardness were determined using a nanoindenter. Scanning Electron Microscope–Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was used to characterize the effects on the topography and chemical composition of the wires. Results. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups either in the Young's modulus or in hardness after the selected soaking protocol. Besides some surface colour changes, the topography and the chemical composition of the wires were not affected by the immersion in any of the chosen soft drinks. Conclusions. These in-vitro results suggest that the consumption of soft drinks cannot be acknowledged as one possible reason for the degradation of the physical and chemical properties of heat activated nickel titanium orthodontic wires in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.
Minimal truncation of the c-myb gene product in rapid-onset B-cell lymphoma

Oncogenic activation of c-myb by insertional mutagenesis has been implicated in rapid-onset B-cell lymphomas induced by the nonacute avian leukosis virus EU-8. In these tumors, proviruses are integrated either upstream of the c-myb coding region or within the first intron of c-myb. Tumors with either type of integration contained identical chimeric mRNAs in which the viral 5' splice site was juxtaposed to the 3' splice site of c-myb exon 2 and myb exon 1 was eliminated. Both classes of integrations generated truncated Myb proteins that were indistinguishable by Western analysis. In contrast to most other examples of c-myb activation, the truncation consisted of only 20 N-terminal amino acids and did not disrupt either the DNA binding domain near the N terminus or the negative regulatory domain near the C terminus of Myb. The significance of the 20-amino-acid Myb truncation to tumorigenesis was tested by infection of chicken embryos with retroviral vectors expressing different myb gene products. While virus expressing either wild-type c-myb or c-myb mutated at the N-terminal casein kinase II sites was only weakly oncogenic at 10 weeks, the minimally truncated myb virus induced a high incidence of rapid-onset tumors, including B-cell lymphomas, sarcomas, and adenocarcinomas.
Thiopental dose-response relations in unpremedicated infants, children, and adults.

Little is known about the dose-response relation for thiopental induction of anesthesia in either infants or children. Smith (1) claims that a thiopental dose of 4 mgikg “is suitable to induce sleep” in pediatric patients, whereas Swedlow (2) recommends 4-6 mg/kg. Cot6 et al., who determined the dose-response relation for thiopental for children 5-15 yr of age, “recommend that unpremedicated, healthy children receive 5-6 mgikg intravenous thiopental so that most are sedated adequately” (3). Although they did not obtain comparable data in adults, they concluded that dose requirements were greater in older children than in adults. No studies of the dose-response relation for thiopental have been performed in infants or children <5 yr of age. Thus, the dose-response relationship for thiopental was determined in infants, young children, and adults and results were compared to those of Cote et al. (3) .
Internal evolution of the Tin Mountain pegmatiteo Black Hills , South

Rrcn,c.RD J. Wx,xnn. * G. N. HlNsoN Department of Earth and Space Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York I1794 J. J. P.rprxp Institute for the Study of Mineral Deposits, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701 J. R. O'Nnrl U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025 J. C. La,ur, Radiological Sciences Department, Battelle Northwest, Richland, Washington 99352