Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Strawberry cultivation: Horticultural Revolution in Meghalaya with reference to Sohliya and Mawpran Villages

The paper highlights the strawberry cultivation in Meghalaya a product of Horticultural Revolution in the state which was initiated by the technology Mission for the Integrated Development of Horticultural in the North eastern region and Government of Meghalaya where a Project of Centre of Excellence under Horticulture Departmental farm at Dewlieh was implemented. The pilot project had selected Sohliya village as a vibrant model for the cultivation of the crop. The success of the project had attracted other districts to cultivate the crop, where Mawpran village, in East Khasi Hills District is the next strawberry hub with all potentialities. The Revolution in strawberry cultivation has bring a major transformation in the socio-economic aspects of the people engaged in the cultivation of the crop and making Meghalaya the third largest producer of strawberry in the country,thus, provides an incentive for the development of other organic and traditional horticultural crops in the state. Keywords: Development, Horticulture, Meghalaya, Mawpran, Revolution, Sohliya, Socio-economic, Strawberry.
Bias , with a Focus on Psychiatry : Causes and Solutions

Publication bias undermines the integrity of the evidence base by inflating apparent drug efficacy and minimizing drug harms, thus skewing the risk–benefit ratio. This paper reviews the topic of publication bias with a focus on drugs prescribed for psychiatric conditions, especially depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism. Publication bias is pervasive; although psychiatry/ psychology may be the most seriously afflicted field, it occurs throughout medicine and science. Responsibility lies with various parties (authors as well as journals, academia as well as industry), so the motives appear to extend beyond the financial interests of drug companies. The desire for success, in combination with cognitive biases, can also influence academic authors and journals. Amid the flood of new medical information coming out each day, the attention of the news media and academic community is more likely to be captured by studies whose results are positive or newsworthy. In the peer review system, a fundamental flaw arises from the fact that authors usually write manuscripts after they know the results. This allows hindsight and other biases to come into play, so data can be ‘‘tortured until they confess’’ (a detailed example is given). If a ‘‘publishable’’ result cannot be achieved, nonpublication remains an option. To address publication bias, various measures have been undertaken, including registries of clinical trials. Drug regulatory agencies can provide valuable unpublished data. It is suggested that journals borrow from the FDA review model. Because the significance of study results biases reviewers, results should be excluded from review until after a preliminary judgment of study scientific quality has been rendered, based on the original study protocol. Protocol publication can further enhance the credibility of the published literature.
Using Microsoft Corporation to Demonstrate the Optimal Capital Structure Trade-off Theory

In this paper, we apply the trade-off theory of capital structure to Microsoft. We use data for bond ratings, bond risk premiums, and levered CAPM betas to compute the cost of equity and the weighted average cost of capital for Microsoft at different debt levels. This study shows the impact of increasing financial leverage on WACC. As financial leverage increases, the WACC decreases until the optimal debt ratio is reached, after which, the WACC begins to rise. At this debt ratio, the value of Microsoft will be maximized. Our results indicate the optimal debt ratio for Microsoft is 37.5 percent. According to the trade-off theory of financial leverage, a firm's weighted average cost of capital (WACC) at first decreases as debt is added to its capital structure due to the tax benefit of acquiring debt. Although a firm's costs of debt and equity at first increase as it raises the proportion of debt in its capital structure, the overall WACC will decrease over this initial range as the tax benefit outweighs the negative impact of the increases in the component costs of the WACC. At a certain level of financial leverage, however, the tax benefit will no longer provide a sufficient advantage to overcome the rising costs of debt and equity. Past a certain debt ratio, the market will demand a yet higher interest rate and cost of equity as the market perceives that the firm's risk of bankruptcy is increasing because of the firm's rising debt load. Consequently, after this point of financial leverage, the firm's WACC begins to increase. At the point where a firm's WACC is minimized, the firm's value is maximized, a relationship which can be demonstrated using simple algebra. In this study, we provide an empirical demonstration of the trade-off theory of financial leverage using Microsoft Corporation, a company that has had no long-term debt in its capital structure since its inception thirty years ago (the capital structure is 100 percent equity) 2 . We show how, in principle, Microsoft Corporation could maximize the firm's value by increasing its financial leverage. Application of the theory involves calculating the firm's weighted average cost of capital under different financial leverage scenarios using actual market information to determine Microsoft's costs of debt and equity as financial leverage increases.
EUROTeV-Report-2007-064 CLIC-Note-714 HALO ESTIMATES AND SIMULATIONS FOR LINEAR COLLIDERS

Halo simulations and estimates are important for the design of future linear accelerators. We describe the main processes with analytic estimates and present our generic simulations in application to the ILC. Presented at PAC07, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, June 25-29, 2007 PAC number: WEOCC03
Fluorescent Nanoparticles from "Hairy-Rods", Water-Self Dispersible Amphiphilic Polythiophenes

were obtained by Suzuki polycondensation. Their structural characterization was performed by 1 H-NMR, 13 C- NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies and thermal behaviour was followed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetrical analysis (TGA). Photophysical properties in aqueous solutions were evaluated using UV-Vis and fluorescence measurements. The amphiphilic nature of the synthesized polythiophenes and the presence of PEG side chains induced the self - dispersability in water, as well as the formation of fluorescent nanoparticles through self-assembling. The size of the nanoparticles in water was assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigations and the effect of incubation time on three cell lines viability was evaluated, as well.
Microsoft Word-Magantietal.docx

From: Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY; Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL (current).
Water use regimes: Characterizing direct human interaction with hydrologic systems

The sustainability of human water use practices is a rapidly growing concern in the United States and around the world. To better characterize direct human interaction with hydrologic systems (stream basins and aquifers), we introduce the concept of the water use regime. Unlike scalar indicators of anthropogenic hydrologic stress in the literature, the water use regime is a two‐dimensional, vector indicator that can be depicted on simple x‐y plots of normalized human withdrawals (hout) versus normalized human return flows (hin). Four end‐member regimes, natural‐flow‐dominated (undeveloped), human‐flow‐dominated (churned), withdrawal‐dominated (depleted), and return‐flow‐dominated (surcharged), are defined in relation to limiting values of hout and hin. For illustration, the water use regimes of 19 diverse hydrologic systems are plotted and interpreted. Several of these systems, including the Yellow River Basin, China, and the California Central Valley Aquifer, are shown to approach particular end‐member regimes. Spatial and temporal regime variations, both seasonal and long‐term, are depicted. Practical issues of data availability and regime uncertainty are addressed in relation to the statistical properties of the ratio estimators hout and hin. The water use regime is shown to be a useful tool for comparative water resources assessment and for describing both historic and alternative future pathways of water resource development at a range of scales.
The validity and time-horizon of the Fed model for equity valuation: a co-integration approach

Investors do arbitrage between bonds and stocks. The so-called “Fed model” asserts that comparing the level of the earnings yields of stocks to the nominal government bond yields is relevant when assessing the relative values of the two asset classes, and their prospective returns. A conceptual problem with this model is that it compares a real quantity, the earning yield, to a nominal one, the government bond yield, thus implying that economic agents suffer from money-illusion. The merits of the Fed model as an indicator of stock returns is still very controversial. In this article we try to quantify the scope of the Fed model by employing appropriate techniques of co-integration to validate, or invalidate, the Fed model. More precisely, we study the validity of the model geographically and using different frequencies in order to determine its potential time horizon. We obtain the following results. First, the Fed model is very limited in scope and in time: of the 21 pairs of countries and stock exchange indices tested, only three are potential candidates for the Fed model: the US, Italy and Mexico; in the US, the Standard and Poor’s 500 confirms the model, but only from 1980 to 2000. Second, for the Standard and Poor’s 500 from 1980 to 2000 the validity of the Fed model is confirmed, for a time horizon of one week or more for predicting the earning yield on stocks and a time horizon of one month or more for the nominal yield on bonds. Third, from 2000 onwards the long-term relationship between earning yields and nominal bond yields becomes inverted, and the Fed long-term relationship does not help predict any of the two variables compared to a simple vector autoregressive model (VAR). Overall, the evidence for the relevance of a linear long-term relationship between nominal US bonds yields level and the earnings ratio of broad stock indexes appears very weak, even when this relationship is allowed to vary over time, with a structural break somewhere in 2000 with an inversion of the relationship. In most cases, assuming and estimating a possible long-term relationship between earning yields and nominal bond yields does not improve the forecasts as short-term dynamics dominate.
Problem Detection and Definition - The Case of Farmers' Choice of Organic Milk Production

Little is known about problem detection and definition, despite that it starts the decision making process. Problem detection means becoming aware of a problem, i.e. of a difference between a desired and perceived situation. Problem definition is the process of specifying the problem, identifying decision options and choosing options to develop further through planning and analysis. The aim is to explain problem detection and definition using the case of farmers' choice of converting to organic milk production. Literature and case studies are used to generate a hypothetical model, which is estimated with survey data, path analysis, the Maximum Likelihood estimator and structural equation modeling. Different problems were identified, such as an ideological problem, a profitability problem or a production problem. Problem detection was affected by farm size, production intensity, dependency on milk production and the financial situation. The decision options included quitting farming, quitting milk production and starting alternative production. Perceived threats concerned 'rules and bureaucracy', 'economy' and 'labor and health situation'. Perceived future opportunities included 'less rigid rules', 'economy', 'way of competing', and 'environmental and personal experiences'. Lack of data about economy and rules probably contributed to the perceived risk.
Efficacy of organic solvents for medium term storage of oil palm(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) pollen

The oil palm is the richest source of vegetable oil in the world. The hybrid nature of crop necessitates artificial hybridization between proven parent palms which in turn require the pollen from male parent to be collected and stored without loss of viability for sufficiently long period. Reports suggested that pollen grains of various taxa could be successfully preserved in different organic solvents. In the present study, attempt was made to evaluate the suitability of organic solvents to store the oil palm pollen at 0 to -5oC temperature. Among the five solvents used, there was significant variation for viability and germination percentages. Viability was the maximum for pollen stored in Diethyl ether (90.45 %) as well as in n-Hexane (88.41%) after 200 days of storage. Viability of pollen stored in Chloroform and Acetone were moderate and in case of Methyl alcohol, complete loss of viability was observed. With respect to pollen germination in vitro, similar trend was observed. The trend was same at different intervals/period of storage. This was confirmed through in vivo pollination and fruits set studies. Thus, present method indicated that it is feasible to store oil palm pollen in non polar solvents beyond 200 days without considerable loss of viability or germination.
Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells

In this study, the photoelectrochemical characteristics of a ruthenium photosensitizer with an alkyl bithiophene group, designated as CYC-B1, are studied. The effect of mesoporous TiO2 film thickness on the photovoltaic performance of CYC-B1 and N3 dye-sensitized solar cells was investigated. The performance of the dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells (DSSC) fabricated using CYC-B1 dye-anchored TiO2 photoelectrode showed a convincing enhancement in cell efficiency when the TiO2 film thickness was increased from 3mm (eff. 1⁄4 5.41%) to 6mm (eff. 1⁄4 7.19%). The efficiency of the CYC-B1-sensitized DSSC was maximum at 6mm of the TiO2 film thickness, reached its limiting value and remained constant up to 53mm, although a similar trend was also observed for N3 dye-sensitized DSSC, however, the maximum efficiency achieved was only at 27mm thickness (eff. 1⁄4 6.75%). As expected, the photocurrent density generated in the DSSC modified by CYC-B1 dye is larger than that from N3 dye. The effect of guanidinium thiocyanate (GuSCN) (additive) addition to the electrolyte on the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs based on CYC-B1 was also investigated. Furthermore, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique and photo-transient laser method have been employed to analyze the charge transfer resistances (Rct) and the lifetime of the injected electrons on the TiO2 containing different thicknesses. & 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Has the mainstream been remade? Mexican-origin workers in the new economy

Has the mainstream been remade? Mexican-origin workers in the new economy by Renee Reichl and Roger Waldinger* Department of Sociology UCLA Los Angeles, CA 90095 August 2006 * Address correspondence to the second author: Roger Waldinger, Department of Sociology, Haines Hall 264, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1551; email: waldinge@soc.ucla. edu l
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF PATIENTS WITH EPILEPSY IN A COMMUNITY CLINIC

Objective: To study the Demographic profile of patients with Epilepsy. Methodology: A descriptive study of five hundred patients with Epilepsy was counducted in, Ahbab Hospital, (Psychiatric Epilepsy clinic) Ravi Road, Lahore. All patients presented with seizures during that period were included in the study. Their detailed history and appropriate investigations were recorded on a study proforma. Epilepsy was classified according to EEG findings. Results: Out of a total Five hundred patients with Epilepsy who visited Ahbab Hospital majority (62.9%) were of low socio-economic status and belong to rural areas of Pakistan. Males had Epilepsy (58%) more often compared to females (42%). The most common type was Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizure.70% of the patients came with Epilepsy only, 13.0%were having Depression and 10.1%were Mental Retardation and 4.1%had a problem of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder. The results of the study conclude that Epilepsy is more common among population with low socioeconomic status in the rural areas and dominantly involves the males.43% of the subjects were suffering from Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizures. The risk factors for developing Epilepsy include a positive family history of Epilepsy. Conclusion: Epilepsy is an important health problem. Identification of Demographic profile in a hospital setting will lead to more opportunities to improve preventive measures and quality of life in rural areas. It will also improve knowledge among rural backgrounds and health officials on the problems associated with this disease.
Operators which have a closed quasi-nilpotent part

We find several conditions for the quasi-nilpotent part of a bounded operator acting on a Banach space to be closed. Most of these conditions are established for semi-Fredholm operators or, more generally, for operators which admit a generalized Kato decomposition. For these operators the property of having a closed quasi-nilpotent part is related to the so-called single valued extension property.
Association of statistical methods used to explore genotype × environment interaction (GEI) and cultivar stability

This study aims to acquaint breeders of the need to use statistical tools that will help resolve the identification of consistently better performing genotypes across various environmental conditions. It also aim to reveal the relationship among the various statistical methods used to describe genotype × environment interaction (GEI) and cultivar stability. A mixed model with fixed genotypes and random environments were used for the analysis of variance (ANOVA). In the present study, twenty released bread wheat cultivars were evaluated during the 2009 main cropping season using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at seven different environments. The combined ANOVA revealed the presence of a highly significant GEI (p < 0.01) for grain yield indicating its influence on cultivar selection and recommendation. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient revealed a perfect correspondence between Wricke’s ecovalence (Wi) and Shukla’s statbility variance (s2). These stability measures also showed a highly significant positive rank correlation with deviation from regression (S2di), coefficient of determination( ri2), AMMI stability value (ASV), variance of ranks (Si(2)), rank sum (R-sum), and mean absolute rank difference (Si(1)) indicating their similarity in cultivar ranking. The principal component analysis (PCA) clearly showed three groupings of the statistical methods as the static concept of stability, the dynamic concept of stability and yield performance measures. Therefore, it is imperative to consider one stability measure from the dynamic concept and one from the yield performance measures for efficient cultivar recommendation. Key words: Bread wheat, genotype × environment interaction (GEI), principal component analysis (PCA), rank correlation, stability measures.
III . THE CENTRAL ROLE OF M AND SUPPORTING ROLE OF G IN RABV BUDDING

Rabies virus (RABV) and other negative-strand RNA viruses are the causes of serious diseases in humans and animalsworldwide. Assembly andbuddingare important lateevents in the replicationcyclesof these negative-strand RNA viruses that have received much attention in the past decade. Indeed, important insights into the molecular mechanisms by which rhabdoviral proteins usurp and/or interact with host proteins to promote efficient virion assembly and egress has greatly enhanced our understanding of the budding process. Assembly/budding of rhabdoviruses is driven largely by thematrix (M) protein. RABV M protein contains a late budding domain that mediates the recruitment of host proteins linked to the vacuolar protein sorting pathway of the cell to facilitate virus–cell separation. This chapter summarizes our current knowledge of the roles that both RABV M protein and interacting host proteins play during the budding process.
Geomagnetic control of the midlatitude daytime foF1 and foF2 long‐term variations: Physical interpretation using European observations

Morphological analysis of Slough/Chilton and Juliusruh foF2 and foF1 long‐term variations for the period including recent observations made in the previous paper (PM) has shown that the geomagnetic control is valid in the 21st century, moreover, the dependence on geomagnetic activity has become more pronounced and explicit after 1990. A new method to retrieve thermospheric neutral composition (O, O2, and N2), exospheric temperature Tex, and the total solar EUV flux with λ < 1050 Å from routine foF1 ionosonde observations has been developed to understand the mechanism of this geomagnetic control. The method was tested using CHAMP/STAR neutral gas density measurements. The retrieved for the first time thermospheric parameters at Slough/Chilton and Juliusruh over the period of ~ 5 solar cycles were used to analyze the mechanism of foF1 and foF2 long‐term variations in the light of the geomagnetic control concept. It was shown that the control was provided via two channels: [O] and [O]/[N2] variations. Geomagnetic activity presented by 11 year running mean weighted index Ap11y controls the (O/N2)11y ratio variations, while solar activity presented by (F10.7)11y controls atomic oxygen [O]11y variations. Atomic oxygen, the main aeronomic parameter controlling daytime foF1 and foF2 variations, manifests solar cycle and long‐term (for some solar cycles) variations with the rising phase in 1965–1985 and the falling phase in 1985–2008. These long‐term [O] variations are reflected in foF2 and foF1 long‐term variations. The origin of these long‐term variations is in the Sun. The empirical thermospheric model Mass Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter‐86 driven by Ap and F10.7 indices manifests [O]11y and (O/N2 )11y variations similar to the retrieved ones including the period of deep solar minimum with a very low atomic oxygen concentration in 2008. This confirms the basic idea of the geomagnetic control concept that ionospheric long‐term variations have a natural (not anthropogenic) origin related to long‐term variations in solar and geomagnetic activity.