Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Visualisation of Model Transformation Algorithms for a Modelica Translator

A software component has been developed to visualise the bipartite graph representing the model structure of a Modelica model. The visualisation is a window on the underlying graph, and thereforethe graph transformations appear animated. This work forms part of research being carried out into improved strategies for simulation of highly discontinuous systems. The primary use is to allow the structure of an equation system to be studied with the aim of categorising the equations according to the type of discontinuity. This tool has other applications such as debugging or clustering tools. Different layouts and animation methods have been used to maximise the clarity of the visualisation, however large models produce graphs which are too large to view.
Comparative schematology

While we may have the intuitive idea of one programming language having greater power than another, or of some subset of a language being an adequate 'core' for that language, we find when we try to formalize this notion that there is a serious theoretical difficulty. This lies in the fact that even quite rudimentary languages are nevertheless 'universal' in the following sense. If the language allows us to program with simple arithmetic or list-processing functions then any effective control structure can be simulated, traditionally by encoding a Turing machine computation in some way. In particular, a simple language with some basic arithmetic can express programs for any partial recursive function. Such an encoding is usually quite unnatural and impossibly inefficient. Thus in order to carry on a practical study of the comparative power of different languages we are led to banish explicit functions and deal instead with abstract, uninterpreted programs, or schemas . What follows is a brief report on some preliminary exploration in this area.
An Experimental Study on Splash Functions of Natural Sand‐Bed Collision

The interaction between sand particles and sand bed is a key part for the study of wind‐blown sand. The splash functions obtained from experimental observations are of great significance to help us understand relevant physical processes. Due to the adoption of substitute material in experiment and immoderate assumptions in numerical simulation, the results of previous studies are still debatable. This paper experimentally studies on splash functions of natural eolian sand particles by using a self‐developed particle emission system to simulate the splash process. Based on the high‐speed photography technique, the distribution of the angle, speed, and number of the liftoff particles and its quantitative characterization are obtained. The mathematical expectations of relevant variables from this work are comparable with existing results but are quantitatively different from the measured data of substitute particles or the numerical simulated results. More importantly, the detailed statistical characteristics of the natural eolian sand splash function are also extracted from our experimental data, which are really significant for elaborative wind‐blown sand study in the future.
Invertebrates Diversity of Merta Segara and Nyangnyang Beach: Comparison Study of Two Beaches with Different Characteristics

The diversity of intertidal invertebrates in Bali was believed to be affected by human activities, due to high rate of development in tourism industry. In order to reveal the real natural invertebrate diversity, it is necessary to investigate it at a kind of untouched beach of Bali. This study was perform by comparing invertebrate diversity (species richness, density, community structure) and human activity (Type, frequency) in Merta Segara Beach, as the beach with frequent human activities, and Nyangnyang Beach, as the beach with little human activities. Invertebrates sample were taken within intertidal zone using line transect-quadrate during low tide. Human activities were observed in the afternoon from March to April 2016. The result showed a significant different in density and community structure between both Merta Segara and Nyangnyang beach as the consequences of different substrate type of both beaches. Walking on substrate or trampling was believed to be the most influencing activity for invertebrate diversity, especially for Merta Segara Beach. Next, a thorough study must be performed to conclusively tie the human activity to the alteration of invertebrate diversity in a coastal area. The high diversity, density and abundance of intertidal invertebrate of Nyangnyang Beach has literally shown that how diverse the biodiversity could be if the beach were protected from overexploited by tourism visitation and activity.
Understanding and predicting coccolithophorid calcification in a changing ocean

Coccolithophores are an important component of the marine phytoplankton assemblage, which have been influencing Earth’s carbon cycling for over 200 million years. Anthropogenic increases in atmospheric CO2 are expected significantly alter ocean carbonate chemistry, temperature and light availability. Despite this, it is only recently that data on coccolithophore responses to broad range pCO2 conditions, in combination with changing light and temperature, has become available. As a result, few if any models are capable of describing responses to multiple environmental parameters (i.e. CO2, light, temperature). This currently limits our ability to predict how coccolithophore communities will be affected under future climate conditions. To address this, my project built on previous work to construct a new biologically based model and derive a non-linear fit equation to describe the response of coccolithophorid growth, photosynthesis and calcification to changing carbonate chemistry (pCO2), which, also accounts for the effects of temperature and light. This equation, was fitted to previously published data for Gephyrocapsa oceanica, a combination of new and previously published data for Emiliania huxleyi and new data for Scyphosphaera apsteinii. By accounting for the modulating effects of light and temperature on CO2 responses, the equation could explain up to 88% of the variability in measured metabolic rates versus only 48% for CO2 alone. Equation projections revealed that in all three species; broad changes in CO2 resulted in an optimum response curve for all rates, calcification rates were consistently the most sensitive process to rising CO2, the influence of temperature or light intensity on responses to CO2 increased as CO2 levels approached the species optimum, and irrespective of how good all other environmental conditions may be, the presence of a single extreme condition (CO2, temperature, light) will greatly suppress maximum rates. Projections also revealed that preferences and sensitivities for light, CO2 and temperature varied between species. G. oceanica preferred higher temperatures than E. huxleyi, while S. apsteinii preferred lower light intensities than G. oceanica and E. huxleyi. In terms of sensitivities, G. oceanica was more sensitive to high CO2 than E. huxleyi, while sensitivities of S. apsteinii fell between the other two species. Another difference was that S. apsteinii rates became more sensitive to light as CO2 levels increased, while E. huxleyi and G. oceanica rates were unaffected by light. Sensitivities to high CO2 were also influenced by the PIC:POC ratio of a species, with a higher PIC:POC resulting in greater sensitivity to high CO2.
Coastal Ocean Response to Near-resonant Sea Breeze/Land Breeze Near the Critical Latitude in the Georgia Bight

CATHERINE RICHARDSON EDWARDS: Coastal ocean response to near-resonant sea breeze/land breeze near the critical latitude in the Georgia Bight (Under the advisement of Harvey E. Seim) On the midto outer shelf of the Georgia Bight, surface-intensified non-tidal diurnal currents can exceed 25 cm/s more than 120 km offshore, with currents in a lower layer 180◦out of phase upper layer currents. Persistent from April through October, these diurnal motions appear to be inertial oscillations and near-inertial internal waves, forced by sea breeze/land breeze (SBLB) and other diurnal winds, resonant with the inertial frequency at 30◦N or S. Observational wind and current data from 1999-2007 are analyzed from a moored array in the Georgia Bight, between 29-32◦N, where linear theory predicts maximum SBLB magnitude and offshore extent. Complex empirical orthogonal function analysis is used to separate non-tidal diurnal/inertial currents from the tidal currents at frequencies that cannot be simultaneously resolved at relevant time scales. The spatial structure, variability, and phase of diurnal/inertial currents are described and compared to those of SBLB as both the atmospheric forcing and ocean response pass through the critical latitude for diurnal/inertial resonance. Diurnal variance of observed and modeled winds indicate SBLB winds on the order of 1-2 m/s at least 250 km offshore, nearly an order of magnitude greater than the anticipated offshore scale. The magnitude of coastal ocean response is strongly controlled by the interaction of bottom friction and stratification, and increases with distance offshore, producing diurnal/inertial divergence/convergence over the inner to mid-shelf. Examination of shear and stratification on the midto outer shelf reveals that the pycnocline partially decouples the water column. The level of maximum shear bounds rather than coincides with the pycnocline, which contains a sub-surface jet that rotates anticyclonically but is 180◦out of phase with the directly-forced surface currents. The vertical structure of the currents is not-well represented by models that describe the vertical structure observed elsewhere, and more closely resembles a three-layer structure: a wind-forced surface layer overlying a stratified inertial jet layer and a well-mixed quiescent bottom layer. The vertical structure and its variability has significant implica-
Fracturing and crystal plastic behaviour of garnet under seismic stress in the dry lower continental crust (Musgrave Ranges, Central Australia)

Abstract. Garnet is a high-strength mineral compared to other common minerals such as quartz and feldspar in the felsic crust. In felsic mylonites, garnet typically occurs as porphyroclasts that mostly evade crystal plastic deformation, except under relatively high-temperature conditions. The microstructure of granulite facies garnet in felsic lower-crustal rocks of the Musgrave Ranges (Central Australia) records both fracturing and crystal plastic deformation. Granulite facies metamorphism at ∼1200 Ma generally dehydrated the rocks and produced millimetre-sized garnets in peraluminous gneisses. A later ∼550 Ma overprint under sub-eclogitic conditions (600–700 ∘C, 1.1–1.3 GPa) developed mylonitic shear zones and abundant pseudotachylyte, coeval with the neocrystallization of fine-grained, high-calcium garnet. In the mylonites, granulite facies garnet porphyroclasts are enriched in calcium along rims and fractures. However, these rims are locally narrower than otherwise comparable rims along original grain boundaries, indicating the contemporaneous diffusion and fracturing of garnet. The fractured garnets exhibit internal crystal plastic deformation, which coincides with areas of enhanced diffusion, usually along zones of crystal lattice distortion and dislocation walls associated with subgrain rotation recrystallization. The fracturing of garnet under dry lower-crustal conditions, in an otherwise viscously flowing matrix, requires transient high differential stress, most likely related to seismic rupture, consistent with the coeval development of abundant pseudotachylyte. Highlights. Garnet is deformed by fracturing and crystal plasticity under dry lower-crustal conditions. Ca diffusion profiles indicate multiple generations of fracturing. Diffusion is promoted along zones of higher dislocation density. Fracturing indicates transient high-stress (seismic) events in the lower continental crust.
The Zealandia Volcanic Complex: Further evidence of a lower crustal “hot zone” beneath the Mariana Intra‐oceanic Arc, Western Pacific

This paper addresses formation of felsic magmas in an intra‐oceanic magmatic arc. New bathymetric, petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic data for Zealandia Bank and two related volcanoes in the south‐central Mariana arc is presented and interpreted. These three volcanoes are remnants of an older andesitic volcano that evolved for some time and became dormant long enough for a carbonate platform to grow on its summit before reawakening as a rhyodacitic volcano. Zealandia lavas are transitional between low‐ and medium‐K and tholeiitic and calc‐alkaline suites. They define a bimodal suite with a gap of 56–58 wt% SiO2; this suggests that mafic and felsic magmas have different origins. The magmatic system is powered by mantle‐derived basalts having low Zr/Y and flat rare earth element patterns. Two‐pyroxene thermometry yields equilibration temperatures of 1000–1100 °C for andesites and 900–1000 °C for dacites. Porphyritic basalts and andesites show textures expected for fractionating magmas but mostly fine‐grained felsic lavas do not. All lavas show trace element signatures expected for mantle and crustal sources that were strongly melt‐depleted and enriched by subduction‐related fluids and sediment melts. Sr and Nd isotopic compositions fall in the normal range of Mariana arc lavas. Felsic lavas show petrographic evidence of mixing with mafic magma. Zealandia Bank felsic magmatism supports the idea that a large mid‐ to lower‐crustal felsic magma body exists beneath the south‐central Mariana arc, indicating that MASH (mixing, assimilation, storage, and homogenization) zones can form beneath intra‐oceanic as well as continental arcs.
New subfamily Indovolutinae and other volutids (Volutidae, Gastropoda) from the Eocene of Kutch, western India and their paleobiogeographic implications

Abstract Seven species belonging to the gastropod family Volutidae are reported for the first time from Kutch, Gujarat, India. They are Prestrombus aff. Prestrombus rockei Cox, 1931, Indovoluta humberti (d'Archiac and Haime, 1854), Indovoluta multidentata (d'Archiac and Haime, 1854), Involuta daviesi Cox, 1931, Involuta coxi new species, Athleta (Volutocorbis) harnaiensis Cox, 1931, and Lyria cf. Lyria punjabensis Eames, 1952. Indovolutinae new subfamily, constituted of the Paleogene genera Prestrombus Douvillé, 1929, Indovoluta Eames, 1956, Involuta Cox, 1931, and Lyrischapa Aldrich, 1911, and the Cretaceous genus Gosavia Stoliczka, 1865, is proposed. These forms have elaborate development of columellar plaits. All of these genera evolved in the western part of the Indian subcontinent. They, except Lyrischapa, also largely remained restricted to this area. Lyrischapa flourished in the Americas after possibly migrating through the southern margin of the relict Tethys Ocean and crossing the Atlantic Ocean. It is argued that the geographic and temporal restriction of this new subfamily was due to lecithotrophic larval development. UUID: http://zoobank.org/14bc056f-1d2e-4674-b624-9eb8e856a1f0
Estimating Real-Time Water Area of Dongting Lake Using Water Level Information

Dongting Lake, the second largest freshwater lake in China, is an important water source for the Yangtze River Basin. The water area of Dongting Lake fluctuates significantly daily, which may cause flooding and other relevant disasters. Although remote sensing techniques may provide lake area estimates with reasonable accuracy, they are not available in real-time and may be susceptible to weather conditions. To address this issue, this paper attempted to examine the relationship between lake area and the water levels at the hydrological stations. Multi-temporal water area data were derived through analyzing Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery using the Automatic Water Extraction Index (AWEI). Then we analyzed the inter- and intra-annual variations in the water area of the Dongting Lake. Corresponding water level information at hydrological stations of the Dongting Lake were obtained. Simple linear regression (SLR) models and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) models were constructed using water levels and water level differences from the upstream and downstream hydrological stations. We used the data from 2004 to 2012 and 2012, respectively, to build the model, and applied the data from 2013 to 2015 to evaluate the models. Results suggest that the maximum water area of the Dongting Lake during 2000–2015 has a clear decreasing trend. The variations in the water area were characterized by hydrological seasons, with the annual minimum and maximum water areas occurring in January and September, respectively. The water level at the Chengjingji station, and water level differences between upstream stations and the Chengjingji station, play a major role in estimating the water area. Further, results also show that the SMLR established in 2012 performs the best in estimating water area of the Dongting Lake, especially with high water levels.
A rare observation of White-collared Swift (Streptoprocne zonaris) breeding activity on Hispaniola

Abstract: The White-collared Swift (Streptoprocne zonaris) has long been considered a common resident of Hispaniola. However, its breeding status on the island is poorly documented, and we are aware of only three previously described nesting sites on the island. Here, we describe an observation of apparent breeding activity of the White-collared Swift from La Reserva Científica Ébano Verde in the Dominican Republic and provide recommendations for improving our knowledge of this species in Hispaniola and throughout the Caribbean. Keywords: aerial insectivore, Apodidae, Caribbean, conservation, Ébano Verde Resumen: Rara observación de actividad de cría del Vencejo de Collar (Streptoprocne zonaris) en La Española—El Vencejo de Collar (Streptoprocne zonaris) ha sido considerado, durante largo tiempo, un residente común de La Española. Sin embargo, su estatus reproductivo en la isla no está bien documentado, y sólo sabemos de tres sitios de cría descritos previamente en la isla. En este artículo describimos la observación de una aparente actividad de cría del Vencejo de Collar en La Reserva Científica Ébano Verde en la República Dominicana y brindamos recomendaciones para incrementar nuestro conocimiento sobre esta especie en La Española y el Caribe. Palabras clave: Apodidae, Caribe, conservación, Ébano Verde, insectívoro aéreo Résumé: Une observation rare de l’activité de reproduction du Martinet à collier blanc (Streptoprocne zonaris) à Hispaniola—Le Martinet à collier blanc (Streptoprocne zonaris) a longtemps été considéré comme une espèce sédentaire commune à Hispaniola. Cependant, son statut de reproduction sur l’île est peu documenté et seuls trois sites de nidification y ont été précédemment décrits. Nous décrivons ici l’observation d’une probable activité de reproduction du Martinet à collier blanc sur La Reserva Científica Ébano Verde en République dominicaine, et formulons des recommandations pour l’amélioration des connaissances sur cette espèce à Hispaniola et dans les Caraïbes. Mots clés: Apodidae, Caraïbes, conservation, Ébano Verde, insectivore aérien
Influence of Environmental Factors on the Production of MIB and Geosmin Metabolites by Bacteria in a Eutrophic Reservoir

Occurrences of odorous bacterial metabolites, 2‐methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin (GSM), in drinking water supply reservoirs are considered as a nuisance by the water industry and a source of complaints from customers. In Eagle Creek Reservoir, routine monitoring programs of MIB and GSM highlight intense odorous outbreaks during the spring season when high inflow discharges occur. Cyanobacteria have always been assumed to be source of these metabolites even if no known producers are present in raw water. A copper‐based algaecide is often used to terminate the metabolite production and the algal growth in the reservoir. The current study was designed to investigate and identify other biological sources involved in the biosynthesis of MIB and GSM metabolites as well as environmental factors that could be important triggers for the growth of bacterial producers. The community structure of the bacterioplankton was determined using a 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique, which showed that not only Cyanobacteria but Actinobacteria also were involved in the reservoir internal production. Planktothrix species was identified as the main source of GSM (p < 0.001) while Streptomyces (Actinobacteria) was very likely responsible of MIB (p < 0.01). Application of an algaecide disrupted GSM and the growth of Planktothrix but was less effective against MIB and Streptomyces. Statistical analyses revealed that MIB‐ and GSM‐causing bacteria were found abundant when the water was enriched with nitrogen, temperature cooler, and the water column mixed.
Introduction To Infinite Dimensional Linear Systems Theory

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Is Water Pricing Policy Adequate to Reduce Water Demand for Drought Mitigation in Korea?

Korea experienced an unexpected drought in the southern Seoul metropolitan area from 2015 to 2017. After that, the Korean government has been drafting various policies to mitigate the effects of drought. However, these are primarily long-term drought policies, such as reservoir expansion. A comprehensive water demand reduction policy, which considers both short-term and long-term droughts, is also required. To confirm the effectiveness of the water pricing policy in Korea, we estimated the water demand reduction volume during droughts by assuming the drought and water pricing policy. We used two models for simulation: the severe drought area prediction (SDAP) model and the SD (system dynamics) model. The results showed the water demand reduction by price would not be significantly effective in Korea. We indicated that the effectiveness of policies could differ in each situation so that appropriate policies are needed for each country. This discussion could provide policy implications for other countries being at risk of droughts as well as the Korean government. Furthermore, we discussed non-price water policies that could be implemented in combination with the pricing policy in cases where the water pricing policy does not effectively reduce water demand.
A Gridded Hourly Precipitation Data Base for the United States

The Climate Prediction Center at NCEP compiled a multi-year gridded hourly precipitation data set over the United States. One of the main goals of the project was to produce a manageable research-quality data set suitable for studies of precipitation variability on timescales ranging from diurnal to interannual. This data set was derived from the hourly observations of approximately 2500 U.S. stations. The observations were gridded, using a modified Cressman scheme, into 2-degree latitude by 2.5-degree longitude boxes.