Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Claisen and Intermolecular Rearrangement of Cinnamyloxynaphthalenes

Rearrangements of the 1- and 2-cinnamyloxynaphthalenes undergo in diethylene glycol and decalin with solvent de-pendence. In 2-cinnamyloxynaphthalene, the Claisen rearrangement occurs regardless of the solvents. However, for the 1-analogue, the Claisen rearrangement occurs in decalin, while both the Claisen and intermolecular rearrangements occur at higher temperatures in diethylene glycol.
Effect of curd freezing and packaging methods on the organic acid contents of goat cheeses during storage

Summary Effects of freezing and packaging methods on organic acid content of goat cheese during 12 weeks of storage were determined. Goat cheese milk curds were divided into two batches; one of the batches was directly processed in to goat cheese while the other was frozen at -18 °C and stored for six months and processed into cheese after being thawed. Cheese samples were packed in three parts and stored at 4 °C refrigerated control sample and at -18 °C for six months frozen experimental samples. Cheese samples were packed in three different packaging methods: aerobic, vacuum or modified atmosphere. Citric, malic, fumaric, acetic, lactic, pyruvic and propionic acids were analyzed using HPLC method after 1 st , 3 rd , 6 th , 9 th and 12 th week of storage period. Lactic acid was the main organic acids while pyruvic acid had the lowest content in all cheese samples. Citric and fumaric acid levels of frozen samples increased during storage whereas malic, acetic, pyruvic and propionic acid amounts were decreased compared to the beginning of storage. Packaging methods and freezing process also effected lactic acid levels statistically (p<0.05). Fumaric, acetic and lactic acid concentration of refrigerated samples were increased but citric, malic and propionic acids decreased during storage. Pyruvic acid level did not change significantly. It was determined that organic acid concentrations were effected by freezing process, storage time and packaging methods significantly (p<0.05).
Toxoplasma gondii infection in advanced HIV infection

Objective:To study Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) in advanced HIV infection, including predictive factors, possible prophylactic regimens and impact on survival. Design:Epidemiological analysis of data collected prospectively during the Alpha study, a double-blind, randomized clinical trial, comparing two doses of dideoxyinosine in patients with advanced HIV disease. Patients:First episode of TE occurred in 75 out of 499 patients participating in the trial. Methods:Kaplan-Meier estimates and semi-parametric Cox's model were used. Results:A low CD4 cell count and a positive Toxoplasma serology were strongly predictive of the occurrence of TE. In patients with CD4 counts < 100×106/l and a positive Toxoplasma serology at entry to the study, the 12-month TE incidence was 25.4%. Patients who were receiving at entry any of the following potentially antitoxoplasmic drugs: trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, pyrimethamine, dapsone, pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine or sulphadiazine, had a lower TE incidence than those who were not; 6.2 versus 18.8%, respectively (P <0.001). The rate of survival 12 months after TE was 29.6%. Even after adjusting the major prognostic covariates, TE was predictive of death (P<0.001; relative risk, 1.8). Conclusions:The high HIV incidence, morbidity and mortality in high-prevalence areas suggests that primary prophylaxis should be given in patients at high risk for toxoplasmic reactivation.
NONCLINICAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH TREATMENT WITH PERITONEAL DIALYSIS IN ESRD PATIENTS IN TAIWAN

♦ Objectives: Less than 10% of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in Taiwan receive peritoneal dialysis (PD), which reveals the situation of underutilization of PD. We thus aimed to investigate factors associated with treatment with PD in ESRD patients in Taiwan. ♦ Patients: Patients that were 18 years of age or older and had been on dialysis for at least 3 months since 2001 were recruited and interviewed with a structured questionnaire. ♦ Results: 98 hemodialysis (HD) and 102 PD patients were recruited. In univariate analysis, age, sex, level of education, employment status, marital status, traffic time, family support, patient cognition, and receptivity were correlated with treatment with PD. Multivariate analysis showed that patients that were not married (p = 0.006), that spent more time traveling to the dialysis clinic (p = 0.006), that were not emergent at the start of dialysis (p = 0.003), and that had better family support (p = 0.045), a higher cognition of dialysis (p = 0.034), and stronger receptivity to dialysis (p < 0.001) were more likely to receive PD. ♦ Conclusions: We recommend patients follow the standard process to obtain more exhaustive information, consultation, and early referral. In addition, we suggest healthcare providers remind patients to take into account such nonclinical factors as family support and patient receptivity when they choose their dialysis modality.
Effectiveness and Safety of Antiretrovirals with Rifampicin: Crucial Issues for High-Burden Countries

Coadministration of antitubercular and antiretroviral therapy is common in high-burden countries where tuberculosis is the commonest opportunistic infection. Concomitant use of rifampicin and many antiretroviral drugs is complicated by drug–drug interactions caused by the potent induction by rifampicin of genes involved in drug metabolism and transport, which could result in sub-therapeutic antiretroviral drug concentrations. This review focuses on drug–drug interactions involving antiretrovirals used in resource-limited settings: the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) efavirenz or nevirapine, and ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors. The reduction of nevirapine concentrations with concomitant rifampicin is greater than with efavirenz, particularly during the lead-in dose period when subtherapeutic concentrations occur in the majority of patients. There is reassuring data on the effectiveness of standard doses of efavirenz with concomitant rifampicin, but the largest cohort study found a higher risk of virological failure with nevirapine. The drug–drug interaction between rifampicin and ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors is more marked than with the NNRTIs, and therapeutic concentrations have only been achieved with adjusted doses of lopinavir/ ritonavir or with saquinavir/ritonavir (400/400 mg every 12 h). The major barrier to using adjusted dose protease inhibitors with rifampicin is the high rates of hepatotoxicity seen in healthy volunteers. The alternative strategy followed in resource-rich settings is to replace rifampicin with rifabutin, but even if the price of rifabutin were to be dramatically reduced it would be difficult to implement in high-burden countries where standardized antitubercular regimens with fixed-dose combinations are used.
Methyl-Selenium Compounds Inhibit Prostate Carcinogenesis in the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate Model with Survival Benefit

Chemoprevention of prostate cancer by second-generation selenium compounds in reference to selenomethionine holds strong promise to deal with the disease at the root. Here we used the transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) model to establish the efficacy of methylseleninic acid (MSeA) and methylselenocysteine (MSeC) against prostate carcinogenesis and to characterize potential mechanisms. Eight-week-old male TRAMP mice (C57B/6 background) were given a daily oral dose of water, MSeA, or MSeC at 3 mg Se/kg body weight and were euthanized at either 18 or 26 weeks of age. By 18 weeks of age, the genitourinary tract and dorsolateral prostate weights for the MSeA- and MSeC-treated groups were lower than for the control (P < 0.01). At 26 weeks, 4 of 10 control mice had genitourinary weight >2 g, and only 1 of 10 in each of the Se groups did. The efficacy was accompanied by delayed lesion progression, increased apoptosis, and decreased proliferation without appreciable changes of T-antigen expression in the dorsolateral prostate of Se-treated mice and decreased serum insulin-like growth factor I when compared with control mice. In another experiment, giving MSeA to TRAMP mice from 10 or 16 weeks of age increased their survival to 50 weeks of age, and delayed the death due to synaptophysin-positive neuroendocrine carcinomas and synaptophysin-negative prostate lesions and seminal vesicle hypertrophy. Wild-type mice receiving MSeA from 10 weeks did not exhibit decreased body weight or genitourinary weight or increased serum alanine aminotransferase compared with the control mice. Therefore, these selenium compounds may effectively inhibit this model of prostate cancer carcinogenesis.
Renal cell carcinoma: recent progress and future directions.

cell cycle proteins for degradation has been found to be a negative regulator of the hypoxia-inducible genes, including VEGF. The VHL protein can regulate VEGF expres at a posuranscriptional level. It has been shown that inactivation of of accurately determine the phenotype of HPRC and investigating the efficacy of rIFN-a in metastatic (especially macrophages dendritic the vaccination site
Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis with Antigens from Coxiella burneti

Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) was produced in guinea pigs sensitized with guinea pig Coxiella burneti phase I–II antiserum and challenged with dimethylsulfoxide- or trichloroacetic acid-soluble extracts from phase I cells. The PCA reaction could not be induced by whole or mechanically disrupted phase I or phase II C. burneti cells or by extracted cells or extracts of phase II cells. The antibody responsible for PCA was in the 7Sγ1 (fast γ) globulin. Sensitization of the skin by 7Sγ1 antibody could be blocked nonspecifically by 7Sγ1 globulin from normal serum or from phase II antiserum. The 7Sγ2 (slow γ) globulin antibody inhibited the reaction specifically. Some antiserum pools containing high agglutinin and complement-fixing titers to phase I C. burneti cells failed to initiate the PCA reaction, perhaps due to an imbalanced ratio of γ1 to γ2 specific globulins or to an imbalance in the ratio of specific to nonspecific γ1 globulins. Agglutinins to phase I cells were found in both γ1 and γ2 antibody globulins. Complement-fixing antibodies were found in the γ2 globulin fraction.
Neoadjuvant Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Surgical resection offers the only hope of cure, though the addition of chemoradiation in the adjuvant setting has been shown to improve survival over surgery alone. Many patients are unable to receive adjuvant therapy due to prolonged postoperative recovery. For this reason, administration of chemoradiation preoperatively (neoadjuvant) has been proposed as an alternative to postoperative treatment. In patients with resectable disease, neoadjuvant therapy results in similar survivals compared to postoperative therapy, with a greater proportion of patients able to complete treatment. For selected patients with borderline or unresectable disease, neoadjuvant therapy offers the potential for tumor downstaging and increasing the likelihood of a margin-negative resection. This article reviews the use of neoadjuvant therapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
An efficient on-chip energy processing circuit for micro-scale energy harvesting systems

Extracting the maximum energy, with a minimum loss, from an energy harvesting source is one of the primary design goal of an energy processing circuit, and to realize it, an optimized energy processing circuitry is required. An efficient on-chip energy processing circuit is proposed for micro-scale energy harvesting system. When there is an enough ambient energy or more than the energy demand by the load, the proposed architecture can directly supply this energy to the load, through a single DC-DC converter, instead of two DC-DC converters, like in a traditional architecture. Thereby, one can expect higher system efficiency as it is not utilizing two converters every time. The proposed energy processing circuit has been designed using 0.18-μm CMOS technology node and the circuit simulations demonstrate that the proposed architecture offers system efficiency of 82.8%, under 600LUX.
Brain Signatures of Meaning Access in Action Word Recognition

The brain basis of action words may be neuron ensembles binding language-and action-related information that are dispersed over both language-and action-related cortical areas. This predicts fast spreading of neuronal activity from language areas to specific sensorimotor areas when action words semantically related to different parts of the body are being perceived. To test this, fast neurophysiological imaging was applied to reveal spatiotemporal activity patterns elicited by words with different action-related meaning. Spoken words referring to actions involving the face or leg were presented while subjects engaged in a distraction task and their brain activity was recorded using high-density magnetoencephalography. Shortly after the words could be recognized as unique lexical items, objective source localization using minimum norm current estimates revealed activation in superior temporal (130 msec) and inferior frontocentral areas (142-146 msec). Face-word stimuli activated inferior frontocentral areas more strongly than leg words, whereas the reverse was found at superior central sites (170 msec), thus reflecting the cortical somatotopy of motor actions signified by the words. Significant correlations were found between local source strengths in the frontocentral cortex calculated for all participants and their semantic ratings of the stimulus words, thus further establishing a close relationship between word meaning access and neurophysiology. These results show that meaning access in action word recognition is an early automatic process reflected by spatiotemporal signatures of word-evoked activity. Word-related distributed neuronal assemblies with specific cortical topographies can explain the observed spatiotemporal dynamics reflecting word meaning access.
Long‐Term Effects of Intravenous Pamidronate in Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone

Fibrous dysplasia of bone (FD) is a rare disorder characterized by proliferation of fibrous tissue in bone marrow leading to osteolytic lesions. It causes bone pain and fractures. To date the only treatment is orthopedic. Histological and biochemical similarities between FD and Paget's bone disease related to increased osteoclastic resorption led us to propose treatment with the bisphosphonate pamidronate. The aim of the study was to assess the long‐term effects of intravenous pamidronate in FD. In this open label phase III study, 20 patients with FD (11 males and 9 females; mean age 31 years) received courses of 180 mg of intravenous pamidronate every 6 months (60 mg/day during 3 days by infusion). The mean duration of follow‐up was 39 months (range 18–64). Severity of bone pain, number of painful skeletal sites per patient, X‐rays of all involved areas, serum alkaline phosphatase, fasting urinary hydroxyproline, and urinary type I collagen C‐telopeptide were assessed every 6 months. The severity of bone pain and the number of painful sites appeared to be significantly reduced. All biochemical markers of bone remodeling were substantially lowered. We observed a radiographic response in nine patients with refilling of osteolytic lesions. A mineralization defect proven by bone biopsy was observed in one case. Four patients sustained bone stress lines, but no fracture occurred. We suggest that intravenous pamidronate alleviates bone pain, reduces the rate of bone turnover assessed by biochemical markers, and improves radiological lesions of FD. Few side effects were observed.
Induction of c-Ha-ras gene expression by double-stranded RNA and interferon requirement

The addition of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to NIH 3T3 cells led to an increase in the RNA levels of c-Ha-ras. The double-stranded configuration was required for the increase in c-Ha-ras mRNA levels, as heat-denatured dsRNA and single-stranded RNA did not have any effect. Nuclear run-on transcription experiments indicated that the increase in c-Ha-ras mRNA levels stimulated by dsRNA was due to transcriptional activation of the gene. The induction of c-Ha-ras gene expression by dsRNA was inhibited by anti-beta interferon antibodies, suggesting that interferon might mediate the induction.
Dual Roles of Cripto as a Ligand and Coreceptor in the Nodal Signaling Pathway

ABSTRACT The EGF-CFC gene Cripto encodes an extracellular protein that has been implicated in the signaling pathway for the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) ligand Nodal. Although recent findings in frog and fish embryos have suggested that EGF-CFC proteins function as coreceptors for Nodal, studies in cell culture have implicated Cripto as a growth factor-like signaling molecule. Here we reconcile these apparently disparate models of Cripto function by using a mammalian cell culture assay to investigate the signaling activities of Nodal and EGF-CFC proteins. Using a luciferase reporter assay, we found that Cripto has activities consistent with its being a coreceptor for Nodal. However, Cripto can also function as a secreted signaling factor in cell coculture assays, suggesting that it may also act as a coligand for Nodal. Furthermore, we found that the ability of Cripto to bind to Nodal and mediate Nodal signaling requires the addition of an O-linked fucose monosaccharide to a conserved site within EGF-CFC proteins. We propose a model in which Cripto has dual roles as a coreceptor as well as a coligand for Nodal and that this signaling interaction with Nodal is regulated by an unusual form of glycosylation. Our findings highlight the significance of extracellular modulation of ligand activity as an important means of regulating TGFβ signaling pathways during vertebrate development.
Is the prevalence of coronary heart disease falling in British men?

The prevalence and trends of coronary heart disease in British men are discussed. In Britain, approximately 150 000 deaths each year are attributed to coronary heart disease (CHD). 1 CHD has been estimated to cost around £10 billion per annum, much of this through lost earnings.1 For some time, CHD has been a national priority, with targets set for reducing CHD mortality.2 Mortality rates from CHD have declined steadily in Britain over the past two decades.3 However, the reduction in CHD mortality has been more dramatic in other countries including the USA and Australia. The prevalence of CHD in the community is determined by a number of factors including the incidence of new disease, survival thereafter, and demographic trends. A fall in CHD incidence would reduce prevalence, while improved survival and an aging population would increase it. Therefore, the net effect will depend on the balance of these influences. Until now, data on population prevalence trends have been sparse. …
Price Index Convergence Among Indian Cities : A Cointegration Approach

We examine the price dynamics in Indian cities using cointegration analysis. We identify and then calculate a common trend for prices in these 25 cities. We obtain the impulse response functions to calculate the rates of convergence to the prices, and find that the half-life of any shock is very small for Indian cities. Although a close to three-month half-life seems too fast, there are some indications in the literature that half-life can be much smaller. We also analyzed how shock can be transmitted from one city to another and found no systematic behavior of price convergence. JEL Classification Code: F15, E31, C23.
Clinical Significance of 3D Ultrasound Compared to MRI in Uterine Malformations

Abstract Purpose: Congenital uterine anomalies often remain asymptomatic until they cause problems, for example during pregnancy. We studied the diagnostic aspects of two- and three-dimensional ultrasound and MRI. Materials and Methods: 63 women referred for suspected uterine anomalies were studied: In the first group (until July 2008) with 2 D-US and MRI, in the second group (from August 2008) additionally with 3 D-US; these women also had diagnostic or therapeutic operative confirmation. In the third group, only 3D-US was used. Results: In all women 3D-US was possible and successful. The most common anomaly was a subseptate uterus, while a septate uterus was less frequent, and uterus bicornis (unicollis) and uterus didelphys (bicornis bicollis) were rare. The women in the first two groups all underwent at least diagnostic hysteroscopy, and some (subseptate or septate uterus) underwent operative hysteroscopy. After preoperative volume imaging, laparoscopies were required less often. 3D-US diagnoses as judged by intraoperative findings were correct in 100 % of cases, while the MRI diagnoses in the same group were correct in only 7/13 cases. Conclusion: Since the introduction of volume imaging (MRI, later 3 D-US), laparoscopy during hysteroscopic septum resection was not necessary in the majority of cases. 3D-US brings the diagnostics of uterine anomalies back into the hands of the gynecologist and can provide the gynecological surgeon with a higher subjective degree of certainty during operative hysteroscopy.
Unleashing antitumor T-cell activation without ensuing autoimmunity: the case for A20-deletion in adoptive CD8+ T-cell therapy

Mechanisms controlling immune reactivity prevent excessive inflammation and autoimmunity, but generally dampen antitumor activity. We recently showed that adoptively transferred antitumor CD8+ T cells harboring a deletion of A20/Tnfaip3, a molecule controlling NF-κB activation, possessed heightened antitumor activity in vivo. The boosted immunity of A20-deleted CD8+ T cells correlated with a heightened capacity to produce IFNγ and TNFα while expressing reduced levels of the immune checkpoint molecule PD-1.
Effect of a Low Calcium Diet on Bone Crystallinity and Skeletal Uptake of Ca45 in Rats.∗

Summary Chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses were performed on femurs of rats receiving a low (0.1%) and high (0.8%) calcium diet with (50 ppm) and without (0 ppm) fluoride supplementaton in the water. In addition, uptake of Ca45 by the ends and shafts of tibia was determined. Bone crystal-linity (i.e., crystal size and/or perfection) was not affected by calcium intake, and the improvement in crystal texture produced by fluoride was the same for the high and low calcium groups. Skeletal uptake of radiocalcium was approximately 20 times higher in calcium deficient animals. Fluoride decreased slightly the uptake of radiocalcium.
Jejunal dopamine and Na+,K+‐ATPase activity in early chronic renal insufficiency

Aim: The uninephrectomised and three‐quarter nephrectomised (3/4nx) rats present dopamine‐sensitive enhanced natriuresis. This is accompanied in uninephrectomised rats by a reduced jejunal Na+,K+‐ATPase activity with recovered sensitivity to inhibition by dopamine. The present study examined the jejunal Na+,K+‐ATPase activity and the role of dopamine in 3/4nx animals.
Pathology of HIV/AIDS: Lessons from Autopsy Series

HIV infection is a global disease and despite considerable efforts of the international community it is a main cause of human mortality (UNAIDS, 2009). Morphological insights into HIV/AIDS are based on the study of clinical cases by means of biopsy and autopsy. Morphological changes during development of HIV infection and, especially, through AIDS progression are variable and specified mainly by characteristics of widespread secondary infections and tumors. Opportunistic infections account for approximately 80% of deaths in patients with AIDS and their spectrum is constantly changing, as a result of improvements in treatment options and prophylaxis along with the increasing life span of HIV-infected individuals. Postmortem examinations provide important diagnostic and epidemiological data and represent a most reliable source for estimation of the full spectrum of diseases in individual patients and the general population.