Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An application of expectancy theory to eating disorders: Development and validation of measures of eating and dieting expectancies.

Instruments for measuring learned expectations for reinforcement from eating and from dieting and thinness were constructed and validated. Five eating reinforcement expectancies and 1 dieting-thinness reinforcement expectancy were identified and their factor structure replicated on an independent sample. The expectancy that dieting and thinness lead to overgeneralized self-improvement characterized bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa patients and correlated with dieting behavior in a general sample. Expectancies for negative reinforcement from eating (e.g., eating helps manage negative affect) characterized bulimic but not anorexic individuals and were correlated with indexes of restraint plus disinhibition in a general sample. Positive reinforcement expectancies (e.g., eating is pleasurable and rewarding) were unrelated to disinhibited eating, but anorexic patients expected significantly less positive reinforcement from eating than did bulimic patients or controls.
CONFORMITY AS A FUNCTION OF AGE LEVEL

An experiment was undertaken to test the hypothesis that conformity develops in 2 stages, increasing up to the adolescent period and decreasing thereafter. A 2x 4 factorial design was used involving sex and 4 age groups. 24 Ss (12 male and 12 female) were selected to compose 4 age groups. Subjects in each group were subjected to erroneous judgments in a simulated conformity situation. In agreement with the hypothesis, conformity increased to adolescence and decreased after adolescence.
Statistics For People Who Think They Hate Statistics

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Variations in Collectivism and Individualism by Ingroup and Culture: Confirmatory Factor Analyses

Five models of collectivism and individualism, which varied by ingroup and measurement specification, were tested with confirmatory factor analyses. The sample consisted of 493 college students from South Korea and the United States, with U.S. students divided between Asian Americans and European Americans. Results indicated that collectivism and individualism are best represented by a 4-factor model with the latent variables Kin Collectivism (KC), in Individualism (KI), Nonkin Collectivism (N), and Nonkin Individualism (NI). KC and KI were strongly inversely related, but NC and NI were only moderately so. Whereas KC and NC were moderately related within each of the 3 student groups, KI and NI were moderately related only among Koreans and Asian Americans, and not among European Americans. Thus, the meanings of collectivism and individualism vary with ingroup and culture. Measurement, methodological, and conceptual implications are discussed.
Individual differences science for treatment planning: Personality traits.

Emory University Evolving ethical, legal, and financial demands require a plan before treatment begins. The authors argue that individual differences research requires the inclusion of personality trait assessment for the construction and implementation of any treatment plan that would lay claim to scientific status. A primer of personality individual differences for treatment planning is presented, including an introduction to constructive realism and major research findings from trait psychology and behavior genetics bearing on treatment plannilag. The authors present 4 important gains for treatment planning that can be realized from the science of individual differences in personality: (a) knowing where to focus change efforts, (b) realistic expectations, (c) matching treatment to personality, and (d) development of the self. Gone are the days when a therapist could delay planning and simply allow therapy to unfold. Instead, evolving ethical demands (e.g., informed consent), legal demands (e.g., liability management, mandated record keeping), and financial demands (e.g., third-party preapproval) require a plan before treatment begins. In this article, we show that science makes demands as well. The last 40 years of individual differences research require the inclusion of personality trait assessment for the construction and implementation of any treatment plan that would lay claim to scientific status. Science Should Guide Treatment Planning
‘Keeping up appearances’: Sex and religion amongst university students in Uganda

Students of Uganda's Makerere University currently find themselves in the middle of an emerging clash of sexual ideologies, perpetuated by different peer groups. Transactional sex is one of the most evident social dynamics around the campus. For most women, particularly those from poorer backgrounds, having sex with often older, wealthier men is the quickest and easiest way to secure the material goods and lifestyles exemplified by their wealthier peers. This dynamic, known as 'detoothing', whereby a woman will analogously extract a man's teeth one by one until he is left with nothing, appears the most salient determinant of sexual behaviour amongst university students. This paper aims to examine how the increasingly popular theologies and social structures of Pentecostalism are creating new 'born-again' peer groups with their own standards for social and sexual behaviour. The promotion of sexual abstinence and an anti-materialist rhetoric challenge the central tenets of the prevailing sexual patterns amongst students. However the impact of the born-again discourse on actual sexual behaviour is complicated by broader socio-economic dynamics that influence the ways in which theologies are received and acted upon by church members.
Further Analyses of the Dispositional Argument in Organizational Behavior

Dispositional and situational influences on organizational behavior were examined with reference to the job redesign literature. Dispositional and situational influence was assessed through investigation of the stability of job attitudes and affect among young professional engineers experiencing situational change arising from (a) change from university studies to full-time employment and (b) change of employer.
Traits as ideal-based and goal-derived social categories

Three studies investigated whether traits are ideal-based and goal-derived social categories. In Study 1 the prototypicality of a sample of 120 act descriptions was rated for 40 traits, and stimulus persons who purportedly had performed some of the activities were judged on corresponding scales. In Study 2 judges rated the semantic similarities among the trait terms and the coordinates of the acts and traits on five dimensions of an assumed common semantic space
Cognitive addition: A short longitudinal study of strategy choice and speed-of-processing differences in normal and mathematically disabled children.

This study provided a longitudinal assessment of skill development in addition for 26 normal and 12 mathematically disabled first- or second-grade children. At the first time of measurement, the children solved 40 simple addition problems. Ten months later, all subjects were readministered the addition task and a measure of working memory resources. Across times of measurement, the normal group showed increased reliance on memory retrieval and decreased reliance on counting to solve the addition problems, as well as an increase in speed of counting and of retrieving addition facts from long-term memory. The math-disabled group showed no reliable change in the mix of problem-solving strategies or in the rate of executing the counting or memory retrieval strategies. Finally, reliable differences, favoring the normal group, were found for the index of working memory resources
Male Therapists' Clinical Bias: Influence of Client Gender Roles and Therapist Gender Role Conflict

This study examined male therapists' gender role conflict, client sexual orientation, and client emotional expression as they interrelated with clinical judgments about male clients. Using a series of written clinical vignettes to manipulate the client variables of sexual orientation and emotional expression, 196 experienced male therapists completed a measure of male gender role conflict, read a clinical vignette varying the client's sexual orientation and emotional expression, and rated the client on several clinical dimensions. Canonical analysis revealed 2 roots indicating that therapist gender role conflict factors, in combination with client sexual orientation and emotional expression, were associated with therapists' ratings of the male client's prognosis and how much therapists liked, had empathy for, had comfort with, and had willingness to see the male client. Implications for counseling practice, limitations, and future research are discussed.
Case Managers' Attitudes to the Physical Health of Their Patients

Objective: To examine the attitudes and practices of case managers working in Area Mental Health Services (AMHS) towards the physical health of people with chronic mental illness. Method: Case managers at four AMHS in Melbourne participated in focus groups and completed a survey questionnaire. Results: Case managers generally believed that mental illness, psychotropic medication and lifestyle factors contributed to the poor physical health status of their patients. Although many case managers attempted interventions aimed at improving physical health, there was inconsistency regarding the areas targeted. Preventive health measures were often neglected. Overall, there was a sense of pessimism around whether improved physical health was possible for people with chronic mental illness. Conclusions: Lack of coordination among health professionals and the health system may contribute to the poor general health of people with mental illness. Patients often have difficulty accessing general practitioners and the culture within the AMHS can exclude considerations of physical health. Case management should include aspects addressing the physical health issues of AMHS clients.
Class discovery via feature selection in unsupervised settings

Identifying genes linked to the appearance of certain types of cancers and their phenotypes is a well-known and challenging problem in bioinformatics. Discovering marker genes which, upon genetic mutation, drive the proliferation of different types and subtypes of cancer is critical for the development of advanced tests and therapies that will specifically identify, target, and treat certain cancers. Therefore, it is crucial to find methods that are successful in recovering “cancer-critical genes” from the (usually much larger) set of all genes in the human genome. We approach this problem in the statistical context as a feature (or variable) selection problem for clustering, in the case where the number of important features is typically small (or rare) and the signal of each important feature is typically minimal (or weak). Genetic datasets typically consist of hundreds of samples (n) each with tens of thousands gene-level measurements (p), resulting in the well-known statistical “large p small n” problem. The class or cluster identification is based on the clinical information associated with the type or subtype of the cancer (either known or unknown) for each individual. We discuss and develop novel feature ranking methods, which complement and build upon current methods in the field. These ranking methods are used to select features which contain the most significant information for clustering. Retaining only a small set of useful features based on this ranking aids in both a reduction in data dimensionality, as well as the identification of a set of genes that are crucial in understanding cancer subtypes. In this paper, we present an outline of cutting-edge feature selection methods, and
Personal goals and social support in close relationships: Effects on relationship mood and marital satisfaction

Two studies examined the importance of social support as related to the pursuit of personal goals in accounting for individuals' satisfaction with close relationships. In Study I, students' estimations of how much support they received from partners for goals within and outside their relationships predicted individual differences in both enactment of personal goals and relationship mood 4 weeks later. Study 2 found that differences in receiving and giving goal support within marriage accounted for concurrent differences in the marital satisfaction of spouses. Wives' and husbands' satisfaction was differentially related to spousal support of relationship goals and individual goals outside marriage. Results are discussed in terms of need for further analysis of the role personal goals play in the development of close relationships.
Before Head Start: The Iowa Station and America's Children

Between the 1920s and the 1950s, the child welfare movement that had originated as a moral reform effort in the Progressive era evolved into the science of child development. In "Before Head Start," Hamilton Cravens chronicles this transformation, both on the national level and from the perspective of the field's best-known research center, the University of Iowa's Child Welfare Research Station. Addressing the changing role played by women and the importance of Rockefeller philanthropy, he shows how a women's reform movement became a male-dominated, conservative profession and demonstrates how lay pressure groups can influence the structures and processes of science. Animated by the reformist goals of the child welfare movement, scientists at the Iowa Station challenged the pervasive idea that an individual's development was determined by such group traits as race, class, and gender. Instead, their research suggested that early social intervention could rescue a child from a grim future. Cravens argues that this individualistic perspective, rejected in the 1940s by a scientific community that mirrored society's deterministic notions, anticipated the national social reforms of the post-1950s era, including Head Start.
BEDEN EĞİTİMİ VE SPOR YÜKSEKOKULU ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN ÇOKLU ZEKÂ ALANLARININ ÜSTBİLİŞSEL FARKINDALIK VE PROBLEM ÇÖZME BECERİLERİNİ BELİRLEMEDEKİ ROLÜ.

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between metacognitive awareness, problem solving and multiple intelligence, and to examine the role of multiple intelligence in determining of metacognitive awareness and problem solving. A total of 450 Physical Education and Sport School students (153 female, 297 male) were voluntary participated in this study. Three different measurement tools were used in this study; Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI), Problem Solving Inventory (PSI) and Multiple Intelligence Inventory (MI). Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis (enter) were applied on data. A positive linear correlation among metacognitive awareness, problem solving and multiple intelligence was found in the study (p<.01). Besides of that it is determined that multiple intelligence explained problem solving 25 % and metacognitive awareness 47 %. All these findings revealed that students’ level of metacognitive awareness, problem solving skills and multiple-intelligence areas are closely related with each other and these concepts supports each other as well.
Concealable Stigma and Occupational Segregation

Numerous scholars have noted the disproportionately high number of gay and lesbian workers in certain occupations, but systematic explanations for this type of occupational segregation remain elusive. Drawing on the literatures on concealable stigma and stigma management, we develop a theoretical framework predicting that gay men and lesbians will concentrate in occupations that provide a high degree of task independence or require a high level of social perceptiveness, or both. Using several distinct measures of sexual orientation, and controlling for potential confounds, such as education, urban location, and regional and demographic differences, we find support for these predictions across two nationally representative surveys in the United States for the period 2008–2010. Gay men are more likely to be in female-majority occupations than are heterosexual men, and lesbians are more represented in male-majority occupations than are heterosexual women, but even after accounting for this tendency, common to both gay men and lesbians is a propensity to concentrate in occupations that provide task independence or require social perceptiveness, or both. This study offers a theory of occupational segregation on the basis of minority sexual orientation and holds implications for the literatures on stigma, occupations, and labor markets.
Personality effects on social relationships.

Personality influences on social relationships and vice versa were longitudinally studied. Personality affected relationships, but not vice versa. After entry to university, 132 students participated for 18 month in a study in which the Big Five factors of personality, the subfactors Sociability and Shyness, and all significant social relationships were repeatedly assessed. A subsample kept diaries of all significant social interactions. After the initial correlation between personality and relationship quality was controlled for, Extraversion and its subfactors, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness predicted aspects of relationships such as number of peer relationships, conflict with peers, and falling in love. In contrast, relationship qualities did not predict personality traits, and changes in relationship qualities were unrelated to changes in personality traits. Consequences for dynamic-interactionistic views of personality and relationships are discussed.
Self-Evaluation, Persistence, and Performance Following Implicit Rejection: The Role of Trait Self-Esteem

In three studies, participants were primed with words connoting interpersonal acceptance, interpersonal rejection, or other aversive outcomes. Study 1 revealed that participants low in self-esteem responded to rejection (compared to other) primes by appraising themselves less positively and more negatively, whereas those high in self-esteem showed the opposite tendency. Study 2 showed that implicit rejection caused participants low in self-esteem to give up sooner on a difficult (unsolvable) anagram task but led those high in self-esteem to persist longer. Study 3 revealed that primed rejection hampered performance among low-self-esteem participants but somewhat improved performance among high-self-esteem participants. Taken together, the findings indicated that people with low self-esteem automatically respond to interpersonal rejection with self-deprecation and withdrawal, whereas those with high self-esteem tend to react with affirmation and perseverance. People with low self-esteem appear to possess few resources for defending against rejection threat.
Infants' differential social responses to attractive and unattractive faces

Two studies were conducted to examine infants' social responses to attractive and unattractive faces. In Study I, 60 12-month-olds interacted with a stranger who wore a professionally constructed attractive or unattractive mask. The infants showed more positive affective tone, less withdrawal, and more play involvement with the stranger in the attractive condition. In Study 2, 43 12-montholds played with an attractive and an unattractive doll. The infants played significantly longer with the attractive doll. These results extend and amplify earlier findings showing that young infants exhibit visual preferences for attractive over unattractive faces. Both visual and behavioral preferences for attractiveness are evidently exhibited much earlier in life than was previously supposed.
Language used in Internet chatting and its effect on spelling

The use of language in communication technologies s uch as Internet chatting, has led to a number of significant linguistic developments (Crys tal, 2001). Recently, the local linguistic scene has also witnessed the proliferation of writt en language produced in a medium where traditional conventions are not followed. Therefore , similarly to studies carried out in other contexts (for example, Hård af Segerstad (2002); Pa lfreyman & al Khalil (2007); Baron (2008); and Varnhagen et al (2009)), this study aim s to investigate language used in Internet chatting by Maltese teenagers, and to provide a lin guistic profile of features used in these conversations. Moreover, Thurlow (2006) and Tagliam onte & Denis (2008) describe how in response to the rise of technologically mediated la ngu ge, there have been several articles in the popular press that have augured the threat that c tting might have on language in general. For this reason, this study also aims to i nvestigate the relationship between chatting and spelling ability in the Maltese language.
Object manipulation and exploration in 2- to 5-month-old infants

The early development of explorarory behavior was studied. One study documents changes in free exploration of infants aged from 2 to 5 months. Another compares 3- and 4-5 month-olds when manipulating and exploring an object in the light or in the dark (no visual control over exploration). The third study compares multimodal exploration in 3- and 4-month-olds when presented with two different objects varying in multiple properties. Results show that significant changes occur between 2 and 5 months, relative to spontaneous multimodal exploration of a novel object. Object exploration becomes increasingly multimodal. Bimanual coordination is first linked to the oral system, later reorganized in reference to vision when fingering emerges by 4 months. Manipulation in 3-montholds is shown to be object-dependent. Factors controlling early object manipulation and functional changes in manual action prior to 6 months of age are discussed. When young infants are in an alert and quiet state, they display behaviors that are "exploratory" in nature because they appear to be primarily oriented toward bringing sense organs into various relations with objects in the environment. Newborns show elements of reaching with arms and hands toward an object moving close to them (Hofsten, 1982). Young infants track objects moving in their field of view with both eyes and head (Bullinger, 1984). From birth, they orient their heads in the direction of a sound source (Clifton, Morrongiello, Kulig, & Dowd, 1981; Muir & Field, 1979) and appear to selectively orient (root) their mouths in the direction of a familiar odor (Macfarlane, 1975). Contrary to the view that babies are passive spectators bombarded with stimulation, these observations indicate that from the earliest age infants are actors and, in particular, explorers of their environment. From a theoretical point of view, it is relevant to approach early behavior as involving action systems with specific adaptative functions like communi