Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Community Psychiatry without Mental Hospitals—The Italian Experience: A Review

a mental hospital using criteria such as its size or the characteristics of the patient population, which varies from hospital to hospital, probably the most satisfactory definition wouldbe a modification ofthat given for a specialized hospital in the Regional Office for Europe's Glossary of Health Care Terminology2: 'A mental hospital is a hospital admitting primarily patients suffering from mental disorder, where clinical and administrative responsibility rests predominantly or exclusively with psychiatrists. ' We can probably have a better and clearer idea of what in fact a mental hospital is, ifwe try to describe the way these institutions function and the role that the 'average mental hospital' has had, and still has, in many western countries. Franco Basaglia, a leading Italian psychiatrist who inspired and was the architect of the Italian psychiatric reform, wrote in 19713: 'The manicomio is a deposit where. people believe the mad (i pazzi) are sent, where intellectuals believe the lunatics (i folli) are sent and where doctors believe mental patients are looked after and treated. For the mad, the lunatic and the mental patient it is a locked, oppressive and total institution where punitive, prison-like rules are applied, in order to slowly eliminate its own contents. In the manicomio doctors, nurses and patients are all subjected (at different levels) to the same process of institutionalism. Its role is to explicitly isolate and control socially disturbing subjects, the illness being only a very marginal element. ' One could argue that Basaglia was referring to the situation of mental hospitals in Italy, while most of these institutions in other western countries, including England, were already collections of hostels and sheltered workshops, far from being cut offfrom their communities, encouraging unrestricted visiting as well as arranging for many patients to work outside the hospital. However, such a model of the 'best mental hospital'4 was probably rather rare also in England at the time Basaglia wrote his definition, as may be inferred from a report of the Royal College of Psychiatrists5. This states: 'In the average mental hospital, a long-stay patient is likely to see a doctor for only ten minutes or so every three months. Even
EXPLAINING THE [C ii]157.7 μm DEFICIT IN LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES—FIRST RESULTS FROM A HERSCHEL/PACS STUDY OF THE GOALS SAMPLE

We present the first results of a survey of the [C ii]157.7 μm emission line in 241 luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) comprising the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS) sample, obtained with the PACS instrument on board the Herschel Space Observatory. The [C ii] luminosities, L[C ii], of the LIRGs in GOALS range from ∼107 to 2 × 109 L☉. We find that LIRGs show a tight correlation of [C ii]/FIR with far-IR (FIR) flux density ratios, with a strong negative trend spanning from ∼10−2 to 10−4, as the average temperature of dust increases. We find correlations between the [C ii]/FIR ratio and the strength of the 9.7 μm silicate absorption feature as well as with the luminosity surface density of the mid-IR emitting region (ΣMIR), suggesting that warmer, more compact starbursts have substantially smaller [C ii]/FIR ratios. Pure star-forming LIRGs have a mean [C ii]/FIR ∼ 4 × 10−3, while galaxies with low polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) equivalent widths (EWs), indicative of the presence of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), span the full range in [C ii]/FIR. However, we show that even when only pure star-forming galaxies are considered, the [C ii]/FIR ratio still drops by an order of magnitude, from 10−2 to 10−3, with ΣMIR and ΣIR, implying that the [C ii]157.7 μm luminosity is not a good indicator of the star formation rate (SFR) for most local LIRGs, for it does not scale linearly with the warm dust emission most likely associated to the youngest stars. Moreover, even in LIRGs in which we detect an AGN in the mid-IR, the majority (2/3) of galaxies show [C ii]/FIR ⩾ 10−3 typical of high 6.2 μm PAH EW sources, suggesting that most AGNs do not contribute significantly to the FIR emission. We provide an empirical relation between the [C ii]/FIR and the specific SFR for star-forming LIRGs. Finally, we present predictions for the starburst size based on the observed [C ii] and FIR luminosities which should be useful for comparing with results from future surveys of high-redshift galaxies with ALMA and CCAT.
In vivo antisense oligodeoxynucleotide mapping reveals masked regulatory elements in an mRNA dormant in mouse oocytes

In mouse oocytes, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) mRNA is under translational control. The newly transcribed mRNA undergoes deadenylation and translational silencing in growing oocytes, while readenylation and translation occur during meiotic maturation. To localize regulatory elements controlling tPA mRNA expression, we identified regions of the endogenous transcript protected from hybridization with injected antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Most of the targeted sequences in either the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), coding region, or 3'UTR were accessible to hybridization, as revealed by inhibition of tPA synthesis and by RNase protection. Two protected regions were identified in the 3'UTR of tPA mRNA in primary oocytes: the adenylation control element (ACE) and the AAUAAA polyadenylation signal. These sequences were previously shown to be involved in the translational control of injected reporter transcripts. During the first hour of meiotic maturation, part of the ACE and the AAUAAA hexanucleotide became accessible to hybridization, suggesting a partial unmasking of the 3'UTR of this mRNA before it becomes translationally competent. Our results demonstrate that in vivo antisense oligodeoxynucleotide mapping can reveal the dynamics of regulatory features of a native mRNA in the context of the intact cell. They suggest that specific regions in the 3'UTR of tPA mRNA function as cis-acting masking determinants involved in the silencing of tPA mRNA in primary oocytes.
Characterisation of high current density resonant tunnelling diodes for THz emission using photoluminescence spectroscopy

We present a detailed low temperature photoluminescence spectroscopic study of ~MAcm-2 resonant tunnelling diodes (RTDs). The epitaxial structure is challenging to characterize using conventional techniques as it consists of a single, very thin AlAs/InGaAs QW. We describe how the doping level may be mapped using the Moss-Burstein shift. Using a novel characterisation scheme with a `dummy' RTD active element we are able to unambiguously determine the energetic position of the resonance, without inference using the ill-defined band-offsets, and more accurately characterise the epitaxial structure.
Influence of male size and mating history on sperm content of ejaculates of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus

Laboratory experiments were used to determine the influence of male Callinectes sapidus (Rathburn) size (larger vs smaller than the size limit of the hard crab fishery in Chesapeake Bay, which is 127 mm carapace width) and mating history (recently mated males with depleted seminal stores vs those with fully recovered resources) on number of sperm transferred to females. Females mated by males with fully recovered seminal resources received significantly more sperm than those mated with males that had mated once previously, regardless of male size. No significant difference was found between the number of sperm delivered by small and large males with similar mating history. The sperm content of ejaculates from these laboratory experiments was compared to sperm received by females collected in the field. Only 11 % of field-collected females received an amount of sperm as large as that delivered by the fully recovered males in our laboratory experiments. Of the field collected females, 77 % received much less sperm, similar to or below the number delivered by depleted males in our laboratory experiments.
Excess masking among listeners with a sensorineural hearing loss.

Three experiments were conducted to determine whether listeners with a sensorineural hearing loss exhibited greater than normal amounts of masking at frequencies above the frequency of the masker. Excess masking was defined as the difference (in dB) between the masked thresholds actually obtained from a hearing-impaired listener and the expected thresholds calculated for the same individual. The expected thresholds were the power sum of the listener's thresholds in quiet and the average masked thresholds obtained from a group of normal-hearing subjects at the test frequency. Hearing-impaired listeners, with thresholds in quiet ranging from approximately 35-70 dB SPL (at test frequencies between 500-3000 Hz), displayed approximately 12-15 dB of maximum excess masking. The maximum amount of excess masking occurred in the region where the threshold in quiet of the hearing-impaired listener and the average normal masked threshold were equal. These findings indicate that listeners with a sensorineural hearing loss display one form of reduced frequency selectivity (i.e., abnormal upward spread of masking) even when their thresholds in quiet are taken into account.
The effect of whole-body vibration on peri-implant bone healing in rats.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-magnitude, high-frequency (LMHF) loading, applied by means of whole-body vibration (WBV), on peri-implant bone healing and implant osseointegration in rat tibiae. MATERIALS AND METHODS A custom-made titanium implant was inserted into the proximal metaphysis of the tibiae of 42 rats and left to heal for 3, 7, 14 or 25 days. Half of the animals received LMHF mechanical vibration for 5 days per week (test), whereas the others served as unloaded controls. The WBV consisted of 15 consecutive frequency steps (12, 20, 30, … to 150 Hz). Each of the 15 frequencies was applied for 2000 cycles, at an acceleration of 0.3 g. In the group with a 25-day healing period, PET images were taken at -1 (day before surgery), 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 days of loading, after an injection of [(18)F]sodium fluoride, a positron-emitting tracer. The ratio of the metabolic activity around the implants to that of a reference site (uptake ratio) was calculated as a measure of bone metabolism. Bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and peri-implant bone fraction (BF) were analysed for histomorphometrical measurement. RESULTS The mean BIC and BF were significantly influenced by both the loading and the healing time (ANOVA, P<0.01). The PET images did not reveal any significant difference in uptake ratio between the test and the control implants. CONCLUSION LMHF loading increased BIC and BF significantly. The results confirm the bone-stimulating potential of LMHF loading, through WBV, on peri-implant bone healing and osseointegration.
Factors Affecting Attitude of Fish Farmers towards Scientific Fish Culture in West Bengal

The present study was carried out during 2005-2008 in the purposively selected North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal focused on the factors influencing attitude of fish farmers towards scientific fish culture practices. The data were gathered using a structured and pre tested interview schedule from 120 randomly selected fish farmers. The findings revealed that majority of fish farmers were middle aged group category. Overall education level is medium that is, primary and middle school level. Majority of fish farmers possessed low to medium level of experience in fish farming. Majority of the fish farmers belonged to medium social participation, low land holding and high income group as they have other source of income. Majority of farmers belonged to high to medium level of innovative proneness and medium level of value orientation, risk orientation and economic motivation. Most of the farmers belonged to low to medium level of credit orientation, and possessed medium to high level of knowledge. Majority of the farmers exhibited medium level of mass media participation and medium to low level of extension agency contact while their cosmopoliteness was high. Majority of the ponds were medium to small sized and water holding capacity were low to medium and rainfed. Most of the ponds were infested with weeds and the extent of weed infestation was low. The attitude of the majority of the fish farmers in North 24 Parganas varied from medium favourable to more favourable attitude towards scientific fish culture practices. However, nearly 1/5th of them were in less favourable category. In North 24 Parganas, out of 24 variables included in the study, 10 variables were positively and significantly related with the attitude of fish farmers towards scientific fish culture practices. Among the variables, all the psychological (except credit orientation), communication factors (except extension agency contact) education, annual income, social participation were positively and significantly related with attitude towards scientific fish culture Path analysis revealed that knowledge about scientific fish culture exhibited highest positive direct effect on the attitude of fish farmers towards scientific fish culture followed by the variables, cosmopoliteness, economic motivation, occupation and family type. Among the total indirect effects, the highest and lowest favourable contributions were by the variables value orientation, age respectively. Majority of the substantial indirect effects were channelised through value orientation, knowledge, cosmopoliteness, economic motivation, family type. Hence, these factors emerged as most dominant variables in influencing the attitude of fish farmers. Hence, these factors emerged as most dominant variables in influencing the attitude of fish farmers. Hence, in the context of climate change, it is a practical challenge for social science to mitigate the problem through technology dissemination system which must be focused on these variables by organizing extension methods.
Picking Winners: New Product Concept Testing with Item Response Theory

This paper describes how, based upon item response theory (IRT) and its differential item functioning (DIF), two studies were designed to address two important issues – adopting effective items or inviting proper respondents – involved in the identification of successful new concepts, to test new concepts with different levels of newness. Study One shows that some items in a multi-item scale better discriminate among concepts with low or high viability, and that tailored selections of items are necessary when testing major innovation or minor improvement concepts. Study Two pinpoints that choosing an effective source of respondents is important to identify popular movies. Although evaluations from ordinary moviegoers are generally more discriminating among movies with different popularity, those from professional critics are more effective for movies of unfamiliar genres. The implementation of IRT and DIF in both studies demonstrates an effective two-step benchmarking procedure for picking up winners for different new concepts.
Uses and Abuses of the OECD's Employment Protection Legislation Index in Research and EU Policy Making

This paper provides a critical assessment of the OECD's Employment Protection Legislation (EPL). This indicator is designed to measure and compare employment protection legislation across countries and has dominated much of recent labour market policy making in the EU. The authors of this paper demonstrate that the construction of this instrument involves simplifications, estimations and omissions that make it highly suspect as an indicator of employees' protection. Empirical tests do not confirm the predicted negative effects of laws to protect employment. EU policy documents tacitly acknowledged this, but continue to give policy recommendations based on unproven claims. The paper also asks whether this instrument can be improved or should be abolished and what could be more useful alternatives.
Environmental dynamism, hostility, and dynamic capabilities in medium-sized enterprises

Global crises, disruptive technologies, or business models, as well as increasing cost pressure constantly require firm responses to sustain competitive advantage. The dynamic capabilities (DC) approach addresses the firm’s ability to innovate and to reconfigure in order to cope with a dynamic environment. In our study, we investigate the impact of environmental dynamics and hostility on DC in 120 Austrian medium-sized enterprises. Our quantitative analysis indicates a significant relation between environmental dynamism and DC of medium-sized enterprises: The higher environmental dynamism in the firm’s environment is, the more prevailing and important are DC. We further reveal, in detail, that different DC in medium-sized enterprises are important when environmental dynamism and/or environmental hostility increase. In particular, searching, learning, and flexibility rise as a result of an increase in environmental dynamism. However, hostility in the firm’s environment only has an impact on searching opportunities and threats. DC for process efficiency are important both in high velocity and in moderately dynamic markets. Finally, firms in high-velocity environments perform in an ambidextrous mode combining DC for exploration and exploitation concurrently.
Neuropsychological deficits in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: a meta-analytic review

We sought to identify the cognitive tests that best discriminate between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). A comprehensive search of all studies examining the cognitive performance of persons diagnosed with AD and FTD, published between 1980 and 2006, was conducted. Ninety-four studies were identified, comprising 2936 AD participants and 1748 FTD participants. Weighted Cohen’s d effect sizes, percentage overlap statistics, confidence intervals and fail-safe Ns were calculated for each cognitive test that was used by two or more studies. The most discriminating cognitive tests were measures of orientation, memory, language, visuomotor function and general cognitive ability. Although there were large and significant differences between groups on these measures, there was substantial overlap in the scores of the AD and FTD groups. Age, education, years since diagnosis and diagnostic criteria did not significantly contribute to the group differences. Given the large overlap in the test performance of persons diagnosed with AD and FTD, cognitive tests should be used cautiously and in conjunction with a medical history, behavioural observations, imaging and information from relatives when making differential diagnoses.
The Human Checkpoint Protein hRad17 Interacts with the PCNA-like Proteins hRad1, hHus1, and hRad9*

DNA damage activates cell cycle checkpoints that prevent progression through the cell cycle. In yeast, the DNA damage checkpoint response is regulated by a series of genes that have mammalian homologs, including rad1, rad9, hus1, andrad17. On the basis of sequence homology, yeast and human Rad1, Rad9, and Hus1 protein homologs are predicted to structurally resemble the sliding clamp PCNA. Likewise, Rad17 homologs have extensive homology with replication factor C (RFC) subunits (p36, p37, p38, p40, and p140), which form a clamp loader for PCNA. These observations predict that Rad1, Hus1, and Rad9 might interact with Rad17 as a clamp-clamp loader pair during the DNA damage response. In this report, we demonstrate that endogenous human Rad17 (hRad17) interacts with the PCNA-related checkpoint proteins hRad1, hRad9, and hHus1. Mutational analysis of hRad1 and hRad17 demonstrates that this interaction has properties similar to the interaction between RFC and PCNA, a well characterized clamp-clamp loader pair. Moreover, we show that DNA damage affects the association of hRad17 with the clamp-like checkpoint proteins. Collectively, these data provide the first experimental evidence that hRad17 interacts with the PCNA-like proteins hRad1, hHus1, and hRad9 in manner similar to the interaction between RFC and PCNA.
Indoor residual spraying with alphacypermethrin controls malaria in Pakistan: a community‐randomized trial

Summary We conducted a community‐randomized controlled trial in Pakistan to determine the efficacy of indoor residual spraying with alphacypermethrin ('Fendona', Cyanamid, NJ, USA), applied at 25 mg/m2, to prevent falciparum and vivax malaria. Wettable powder (WP) and suspension concentrate (SC) formulations were tested against an unsprayed control in an irrigated rice‐growing area of Sheikhupura district, Punjab province. The study area of 180 km2 was divided into nine sectors, which were assigned at random to control, WP, or SC treatments in replicates of 3. Sentinel villages were selected from each sector for entomological and disease monitoring. Malaria was monitored by fortnightly active case detection (ACD) and by cross‐ sectional parasite surveys on schoolchildren. Mosquito populations were monitored by space spraying of rooms and by cattle‐landing catches. The spray campaign took place in June 1997 and covered 96% of compounds. During the 7 months after spraying, the incidence of falciparum malaria was 95% lower and that of vivax malaria 80% lower in WP‐sprayed than unsprayed sectors. Similar results were obtained for sectors sprayed with the SC formulation. Cross‐sectional surveys gave estimates of efficacy comparable to those obtained by ACD. Anopheles culicifacies was 80% less abundant and A.stephensi, the predominant anopheline, was up to 68% less abundant in sprayed areas over the 7‐month period. Reductions in anopheline parous rates indicated that the single‐spray treatment was effective for the entire transmission season. Sprayed surfaces lacked odour, which contributed to the popularity of the campaign. Alphacypermethrin is a promising insecticide for the control of malaria in Pakistan and South Asia generally.
Several Complex Variables

This is a mere sketch of the course being given in the fall of 2004. I shall give the course in French, but if some student so wishes, I shall write on the blackboard in English. In the same eventuality, these lecture notes are in English. Prerequisites for the course are functions of one complex variable, functions of several real variables and topology, all at the undergraduate level.
Program committee

Confluence is a critical property of computational systems which is related with determinism and non ambiguity and thus with other relevant computational attributes of functional specifications and rewriting system as termination and completion. Several criteria have been explored that guarantee confluence and their formalisations provide further interesting information. This talk will discuss topics related with the formalisation of confluence properties in the prototype verification system PVS. Syntactic criteria such as avoiding overlapping of rules as well as linearity of rules have been used as a discipline of functional programming which avoids ambiguity. In the context of term rewriting systems, well-known results such as Newman’s Lemma [7], Rosen’s Confluence of Orthogonal term rewriting systems [9] as well as the famous KnutBendix(-Huet) Critical Pair Theorem [6, 5] are of great theoretical and practical relevance. The first one, guarantees confluence of Noetherian and locally confluent abstract reduction systems; the second one, assures confluence of orthogonal term rewriting systems, that are systems which avoid ambiguities generated by overlapping of their rules and whose rules do not allow repetitions of variables in their left-hand side (i.e., left-linear); and, the third one provides local confluence of term rewriting systems whose critical pairs are joinable. Formalisations of these confluence criteria provide valuable and precise data about the theory of rewriting (cf. [4], [3], [8]). Several aspects that arise from these formalisations are of great relevance for the formal discussion about how these properties should be adequately ported to different computational contexts such as the nominal approach of rewriting (cf. [1] [2]).