Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clinical testing for tears of the glenoid labrum.

PURPOSE With the increasing use of shoulder arthroscopy, diagnosis of glenoid labral lesions has become increasingly common. However, a physical examination maneuver that would allow a definitive clinical diagnosis of a glenoid labral tear, and more specifically a SLAP lesion, has been elusive. This study correlated the results of commonly used examination maneuvers with findings at shoulder arthroscopy. The working hypothesis was that 7 commonly used clinical tests, alone or in logical combinations, would provide diagnoses with reliability greater than the accepted standards for magnetic resonance imaging arthrography; i.e., greater than 95% sensitivity and specificity. TYPE OF STUDY Consecutive sample, sensitivity-specificity study. METHODS Sixty shoulders undergoing arthroscopy for a variety of pathologies were examined before surgery. All subjects submitted to the Speed test, an anterior apprehension maneuver, Yergason test, O'Brien test, Jobe relocation test, the crank test, and a test for tenderness of the bicipital groove. The examination results were compared with surgical findings and analyzed for sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of SLAP lesions and other glenoid labral tears. RESULTS The results of the O'Brien test (63% sensitive, 73% specific) and Jobe relocation test (44% sensitive, 87% specific) were statistically correlated with presence of a tear in the labrum and the apprehension test approached statistical significance. Performing all 3 tests and accepting a positive result for any of them increased the statistical value, although the sensitivity and specificity were still disappointingly low (72% and 73%, respectively). The other 4 tests were not found to be useful for labral tears, and none of the tests or combinations were statistically valid for specific detection of a SLAP lesion. CONCLUSIONS Clinical testing is useful in strengthening a diagnosis of a glenoid labral lesion, but the sensitivity and specificity are relatively low. Thus a decision to proceed with surgery should not be based on clinical examination alone.
A novel Gln358Glu mutation in ectodysplasin A associated with X‐linked dominant incisor hypodontia

Patrick Tarpey, Trevor J. Pemberton, David W. Stockton, Parimal Das, Vasiliki Ninis, Sarah Edkins, P. Andrew Futreal, Richard Wooster, Sushanth Kamath, Rabindra Nayak, Michael R. Stratton, and Pragna I. Patel* Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK Institute for Genetic Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India Ambedkar Medical College, Kadugondanahalli, Bangalore, India Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
Mapping world scientific collaboration: Authors, institutions, and countries

International collaboration is being heralded as the hallmark of contemporary scientific production. Yet little quantitative evidence has portrayed the landscape and trends of such collaboration. To this end, 14,000,000 documents indexed in Thomson Reuters's Web of Science (WoS) were studied to provide a state-of-the-art description of scientific collaborations across the world. The results indicate that the number of authors in the largest research teams have not significantly grown during the past decade; however, the number of smaller research teams has seen significant increases in growth. In terms of composition, the largest teams have become more diverse than the latter teams and tend more toward interinstitutional and international collaboration. Investigating the size of teams showed large variation between fields. Mapping scientific cooperation at the country level reveals that Western countries situated at the core of the map are extensively cooperating with each other. High-impact institutions are significantly more collaborative than others. This work should inform policy makers, administrators, and those interested in the progression of scientific collaboration. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The method of transmission of epidemic influenza: further evidence from archival mortality data

SUMMARY Evidence for influenza-associated excess mortality in the three centuries before the 20th has been sought from parish burial registers in Cumbria, Devon, Dyfed, East Anglia, Gloucestershire and Northumbria, compared with inter-epidemic years. Most of the registers showed excess of burials concordant with eight historic influenza epidemics. Comparison of the dates of these epidemics, deduced from the burials data in different areas, showed a rate of spread difficult to reconcile with direct personto-person spread of influenza from the sick. An alternative explanation based on development of latency of the virus in the sick person and subsequent seasonal reactivation is discussed.
Design and Analysis of a HTS Brushless Doubly-Fed Doubly-Salient Machine

This paper proposes a novel high-temperature superconductor (HTS) brushless doubly-fed doubly-salient (BDFDS) machine, which can effectively improve the performance of this kind of BDFDS machines. In addition, a new criterion of winding arrangement with the outer-rotor topology is adopted for the proposed machine design, which can further benefit the machine characteristics. Moreover, two natural operation modes for the proposed machine are discussed. The corresponding calculation results are given to prove the validity of the proposed machine.
Relative efficiency of pigment and horny layer thickness in protecting the skin of Europeans and Africans against solar ultraviolet radiation *

The demonstration by Finsen (1900) that the skin of Europeans reacted to exposure to ultraviolet rays by producing pigment (tanning) and his deduction that melanin protected against these rays by absorbing them superficially appeared satisfactory until Guillaume (1926) and Miescher (1930) showed by studies on albinos and others with defective pigmentation that thickening of the stratum corneum was a much more important protective adaptation than pigmentation in white-skinned persons. Pigment has been alleged to protect against visible rays (Bauwens, 1935; Goldsmith, 1936; Guillaume, 1926), against penetrating heat rays (Bauwens, 1935; Meyer & Kirchoff, 1932) and against ultraviolet rays (Finsen, 1900; Hill, 1934; Rollier, 1927). From the point of view of thermoregulation at high environmental temperatures, a proven disadvantage of the Negro skin is that it reflects less, and therefore absorbs appreciably more (up to 36 %) of solar radiation (Heer, 1952; Martin, 1930) than the white-skinned race. According to Aron (1911) this greater absorption of solar rays was an advantage because the temperature of the coloured skin was thereby more rapidly raised, stimulating the earlier onset of sweating. Since the relatively greater absorption of heat would, however, continue throughout subsequent exposure to the sun's radiation it would seem that a high price had been paid for a dubious initial advantage. The coloured skin does not reradiate more infrared radiation than the white (Hardy & Muschenheim, 1934); both skins behave virtually as black bodies for skin temperature radiation.
Clinically insignificant residual fragments after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: medium-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Clinically insignificant residual fragments (CIRFs), defined as asymptomatic, noninfectious, ≤4 mm fragments, are sometimes observed after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Because the natural history of these fragments is unclear, we investigated the medium-term outcome of these fragments. PATIENTS AND METHODS During a 3-year period, 430 patients underwent PCNL. Overall stone-free rate was 74.5%, and CIRFs were encountered in 22% of cases 3 months after surgery. A total of 38 patients who had CIRFs immediately after PCNL with at least 24 months of follow-up were included in the study. All patients were subjected to periodic follow-up with detailed history, clinical examination, and radiographic follow-up. Serum biochemistry together with urine metabolic evaluation was also performed. RESULTS The median follow-up was 28.4±5.3 months (range 24-38 mos). Ten (26.3%) patients had a symptomatic episode that necessitated medical therapy during follow-up while others remained asymptomatic. Radiologic assessment showed an increase in the size of the fragments in 8 (21.1%) patients, while the size of the fragments was stable or decreased in 27 (71.1%) cases. Three (7.9%) patients had spontaneous stone passage. Metabolic evaluation revealed abnormalities in 10 (26.3%) patients. Stone analysis revealed magnesium ammonium phosphate in three of eight patients who had an increase in residual fragment size. Also, only two of these eight patients had a metabolic abnormality (one hypocitraturia and one hypercalciuria). CONCLUSION Medium-term follow-up of CIRFs after PCNL revealed that progression within 2 years is relatively common. Increase in fragment size is common in patients with struvite stones, and presence of risk factors on 24-hour urine metabolic analysis does not seem to predict growth of observed fragments.
Assessing Predictive Content of the KOF Barometer in Real Time

We investigate whether the KOF Barometer-a leading indicator regularly released by the KOF Swiss Economic Institute-can be useful for short-term out-of-sample prediction of year-on-year quarterly real GDP growth rates in Switzerland. We find that the KOF Barometer appears to be useful for prediction of GDP growth rates. Even the earliest forecasts, made seven months ahead of the first official GDP estimate, allow us to predict GDP growth rates more accurately than forecasts based on an univariate autoregressive model. At every subsequent forecast round as new monthly releases of the KOF Barometer become available we observe a steady increase in forecast accuracy.
Lise Öğretmenlerinin Bireysel Yenilikçilik Algıları ile Eğitim Araştırmalarına Yönelik Tutumları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Bu arastirmanin amaci Liselerde gorev yapan ogretmenlerin bireysel yenilikcilik algilarina gore, egitim arastirmalarina yonelik tutumlarindaki degisimi incelemektir. Arastirmanin orneklemi 2015-2016 egitim-ogretim yilinda Ardahan ve Kars Milli Egitim Mudurlugune bagli liselerde gorev yapmakta olan 341 brans ogretmeni olusturmaktadir. Arastirmada veri toplama araci olarak, “Bireysel Yenilikcilik Olcegi” ile “Egitim Arastirmalari Tutum Olcegi” kullanilmistir. Betimsel bir calisma olan bu arastirmada verilerin cozumlenmesinde standart sapma, aritmetik ortalama, pearson momentler carpim korelasyonu ve coklu dogrusal regresyon analizinden faydalanilmistir. Arastirmanin sonuclarina gore, bireysel yenilikcilik boyutlarindan “Risk Alma” boyutu en yuksek algilanan boyut olurken, egitim arastirmalarina yonelik tutuma iliskin dagilima bakildiginda ise “Egitim Arastirmalarina Deger Verme” boyutu en yuksek duzeyde algilanan boyut olmustur. Regresyon analizi sonuclari incelendiginde, bireysel yenilikciligin “Degisime Direnc” ve “Deneyime Aciklik” boyutlarinin ogretmenlerin egitim arastirmalarina yonelik tutumlarinin pozitif yonde ve anlamli olarak yordadigi gorulmektedir. Bireysel yenilikciligin “Deneyime Aciklik” boyutunun egitim arastirmalarina yonelik tutumun “Egitim Arastirmalarinin Gerekliligi” ve “Egitim Arastirmalarina Deger Verme” boyutlarinin anlamli ve pozitif bir yordayicisi oldugu, son olarak ise bireysel yenilikciligin “Degisime Direnc” boyutunun “Egitim Arastirmalarinin Uygulanabilirligi” boyutunun anlamli ve pozitif bir yordayicisi oldugu sonucu elde edilmistir.
Effects of physical activity on postural stability.

Fall-induced injuries are increasing more rapidly than demographic changes can account for [1]. The potential effects of a fall include not only injury or death but also fear of further falls (which limits activity and makes the situation worse), depression and other psychological sequelae [2]. The scientific evidence regarding the role physical activity has to play in falls management is confusing and inconsistent. Physical activity and exercise have been identified as major factors that influence the risk of falls and fractures among older adults. Physical activity describes any body movement that substantially increases energy expenditure. It is commonly divided into occupational and leisure activity. Physical activity can range from everyday actions (e.g. walking, heavy housework and gardening) or leisure activities such as swimming, dancing, cycling or sporting and exercise opportunities provided in gyms and fitness centres. Whereas exercise is used to describe planned and structured activities where repetitive body movements are made to improve or maintain components of fitness (e.g. strength training or a fitness programme designed to improve cardiovascular risk or reduce falls). Accumulating evidence indicates that physical activity and structured exercise help maintain an independent life by maintaining postural stability (balance), strength, endurance, bone density and functional ability and, in so doing, may prevent falls and injuries associated with falls in older age (Figure 1). But some types and patterns of physical activity or exercise do not seem to improve postural stability, let alone prevent or reduce the risk of falls. Indeed, some activities seem to increase the risk of falls, either by increasing exposure to risky environmental conditions (slippery or uneven floors, cluttered areas, bad pavements), acute fatigue, or unsafe practice (Figure 1). There have been calls for advice on prevention and treatment initiatives in relation to falls and fallrelated injuries and for evidence of effectiveness, or models of practice [3]. This paper reviews the scientific evidence regarding the role that physical activity has to play.
Influence of Calcium on Regulatory Volume Decrease: Role of Potassium Channels

In most cell types, hyposmotic swelling consistently elicits an increase in the concentration of cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> – [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> – with contributions of extracellular and intracellular sources. The mechanisms of Ca<sup>2+</sup> entry and release from endogenous sources are not fully clarified and may be cell specific. The ubiquity of the swelling-evoked [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> rise makes Ca<sup>2+</sup> a likely candidate for a role as osmotransducing signal. However, the regulatory volume decrease (RVD) which follows swelling and the osmolyte fluxes involved in this process are not always Ca<sup>2+</sup> dependent. It was found that, with a few exceptions, in most cell types the osmosensitive Cl<sup>–</sup> efflux pathway and the swelling-activated organic osmolyte fluxes are Ca<sup>2+</sup> independent. In contrast, Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent or Ca<sup>2+</sup>-independent K<sup>+</sup> fluxes activated by swelling are detected, depending on the cell type. The close correlation found in this review between the Ca<sup>2+</sup> dependence of RVD and that of the K<sup>+</sup> channels activated by swelling led to the conclusion that it is the type of osmosensitive K<sup>+</sup> pathway which largely confers the Ca<sup>2+</sup> dependence to RVD. Interestingly, this coincidence of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent K<sup>+</sup> efflux and RVD is found predominantly in epithelial cells, whereas in nonepithelial cells both processes are largely Ca<sup>2+</sup> independent. In these cells, the [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> rise elicited by swelling may be an epiphenomenon.
Correlations among near-infrared and short-wavelength autofluorescence and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in recessive Stargardt disease.

PURPOSE Short-wavelength (SW) fundus autofluorescence (AF) is considered to originate from lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and near-infrared (NIR) AF from melanin. In patients with recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1), we correlated SW-AF and NIR-AF with structural information obtained by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS Twenty-four STGD1 patients (45 eyes; age 8 to 61 years) carrying confirmed disease-associated ABCA4 mutations were studied prospectively. Short-wavelength AF, NIR-AF, and SD-OCT images were acquired. RESULTS Five phenotypes were identified according to features of the central lesion and extent of fundus change. Central zones of reduced NIR-AF were typically larger than areas of diminished SW-AF and reduced NIR-AF usually approximated areas of ellipsoid zone (EZ) loss identified by SD-OCT (group 1; r, 0.93, P < 0.0001). In patients having a central lesion with overlapping parafoveal rings of increased NIR-AF and SW-AF (group 3), the extent of EZ loss was strongly correlated with the inner diameter of the NIR-AF ring (r, 0.89, P < 0.0001) and the eccentricity of the outer border of the NIR-AF ring was greater than that of the SW-AF ring. CONCLUSIONS Lesion areas were more completely delineated in NIR-AF images than with SW-AF. In most cases, EZ loss was observed only at locations where NIR-AF was reduced or absent, indicating that RPE cell atrophy occurs in advance of photoreceptor cell degeneration. Because SW-AF was often increased within the central area of EZ disruption, degenerating photoreceptor cells may produce lipofuscin at accelerated levels. Consideration is given to mechanisms underlying hyper-NIR-AF in conjunction with increased SW-AF.
Speech emotion recognition cross language families: Mandarin vs. western languages

An investigation on classification of emotional speech cross different language families is proposed in this paper. Datasets on three languages, CDESD in Mandarin, Emo-DB in German, and DES in Danish are analyzed. With 2-D classifications on arousal-appraisal space, better recognition performances are observed in arousal dimension than in appraisal dimension. The classification rates in cross language family test between CDESD and Emo-DB or DES are far higher than chance level, shows that there exist universal mechanisms in human voice emotion independent on languages. Results in test within the same language family between Emo-DB and DES are even better than in cross language family test with CDESD in Mandarin, shows the language and culture also influence the way of expression in speech. The best classification rate in the cross language family test is achieved on male speech samples as 71.62%, when CDESD dataset is used as training set and Emo-DB as testing set.
Integration of outcrop, subsurface, and microseismic interpretation for rock-mass characterization: An example from the Duvernay Formation, Western Canada

Identifying and characterizing geomechanical domains is important for understanding how a reservoir will respond to hydraulic fracturing, including interaction with natural fractures to create new permeable pathways. We have used a rock-mass characterization approach, which describes the mechanical reservoir package by combining parameters of the intact rock, such as brittleness, with inferred geometry and density of natural fractures. Insights from outcrop observations are important to complement the interpretation of fracture geometry and density derived from subsurface data, to give a more complete understanding of natural fracture networks. This integrated approach is applied to a data set from the Duvernay play in Western Canada. A synthetic model of the subsurface reservoir is constructed using data from well logs, cores, and outcrop analogs. Numerical simulation of the response of the artificial rock mass to hydraulic fracturing is performed using a distinct element code. Independent validation of the model is obtained by achieving an agreement between the simulated microseismic response and the observed distribution of microseismicity during hydraulic fracturing.
Input overload: Contributions of retinoic acid signaling feedback mechanisms to heart development and teratogenesis

Appropriate levels of retinoic acid (RA) signaling are critical for normal heart development in vertebrates. A fascinating property of RA signaling is the thoroughness by which positive and negative feedback are employed to promote proper embryonic RA levels. In the present short review, we first cover the advancement of hypotheses regarding the impact of RA signaling on cardiac specification. We then discuss our current understanding of RA signaling feedback mechanisms and the implications of recent studies, which have indicated improperly maintained RA signaling feedback can be a contributing factor to developmental malformations. Developmental Dynamics 244:513–523, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetics of TCR Use in Response to Repeated Epitope-Specific Immunization

Selection of T cell-directed immunization strategies is based extensively on discordant information derived from preclinical models. We characterized the kinetics of T cell selection in response to repeated antigenic challenge. By enumerating with epitope/HLA tetrameric complexes (tHLA) vaccine-elicited T cell precursor frequencies (Tc-pf) in melanoma patients exposed to the modified gp100 epitope gp100:209–217 (g209-2M) we observed in most patients that the Tc-pf increased with number of immunizations. One patient’s kinetics were further characterized. Dissociation kinetics of g209-2M/tHLA suggested enrichment of T cell effector populations expressing TCR with progressively higher affinity. Furthermore, vaccine-elicited T cells maintained the ability to express IFN-γ ex vivo and proliferate in vitro. Thus, repeated exposure to immunogenic peptides benefited immune competence. These results provide a rationale for immunization strategies.
The Theory of Timed I/O Automata

This monograph presents the timed input/output automaton (TIOA) modeling framework, a basic mathematical framework to support description and analysis of timed (computing) systems. Timed systems are systems in which desirable correctness or performance properties of the system depend on the timing of events, not just on the order of their occurrence. Timed systems are employed in a wide range of domains including communications, embedded systems, real-time operating systems, and automated control. Many applications involving timed systems have strong safety, reliability, and predictability requirements, which makes it important to have methods for systematic design of systems and rigorous analysis of timing-dependent behavior. An important feature of the TIOA framework is its support for decomposing timed system descriptions. In particular, the framework includes a notion of external behavior for a TIOA, which captures its discrete interactions with its environment. The framework also defines what it means for one TIOA to implement another, based on an inclusion relationship between their external behavior sets, and defines notions of simulations, which provide sufficient conditions for demonstrating implementation relationships. The framework includes a composition operation for TIOAs, which respects external behavior, and a notion of receptiveness, which implies that a TIOA does not block the passage of time.