Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Varying Index Coefficient Models

It has been a long history of using interactions in regression analysis to investigate alterations in covariate-effects on response variables. In this article, we aim to address two kinds of new challenges arising from the inclusion of such high-order effects in the regression model for complex data. The first kind concerns a situation where interaction effects of individual covariates are weak but those of combined covariates are strong, and the other kind pertains to the presence of nonlinear interactive effects directed by low-effect covariates. We propose a new class of semiparametric models with varying index coefficients, which enables us to model and assess nonlinear interaction effects between grouped covariates on the response variable. As a result, most of the existing semiparametric regression models are special cases of our proposed models. We develop a numerically stable and computationally fast estimation procedure using both profile least squares method and local fitting. We establish both estimation consistency and asymptotic normality for the proposed estimators of index coefficients as well as the oracle property for the nonparametric function estimator. In addition, a generalized likelihood ratio test is provided to test for the existence of interaction effects or the existence of nonlinear interaction effects. Our models and estimation methods are illustrated by simulation studies, and by an analysis of child growth data to evaluate alterations in growth rates incurred by mother’s exposures to endocrine disrupting compounds during pregnancy. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
A DESCRIPTION OF ITERATIVE REFLECTIONS OF MONADS

For ideal monads in Set (e. g. the nite list monad, the nite bag monad etc.) we have recently proved that every set generates a free iterative algebra. This gives rise to a new monad. We prove now that this monad is iterative in the sense of Calvin Elgot, in fact, this is the iterative reection of the given ideal monad. This shows how to freely add unique solutions of recursive equations to a given algebraic theory. Examples: the monad of free commutative binary algebras has the monad of binary rational unordered trees as iterative reection, and the nite list monad has the iterative reection given by adding an absorbing element.
Strategy Implementation in Jordanian Hotels

This study examines the relationship between the involvement of organisational members and organisational characteristics on the strategy implementation problems experienced by Jordanian hotels. Data was collected via a questionnaire survey of hotels located in the main centres of the tourism industry in Jordan. The results indicate that the managers of these hotels give more attention and more time to formulation than to implementation and that Jordanian hotels have experienced a number of serious strategy implementation problems. Poor communication, inadequate training and insufficient capabilities of hotel employees and inadequate information systems are the major strategy implementation problems. The nature and the extent of the experience of strategy implementation problems are not affected by organisational size or by type of ownership. Nevertheless, the results of this study suggest that organisational members should be more involved in the strategy implementation process in order to make it more effective.
Lowness for effective Hausdorff dimension

We examine the sequences A that are low for dimension, i.e. those for which the effective (Hausdorff) dimension relative to A is the same as the unrelativized effective dimension. Lowness for dimension is a weakening of lowness for randomness, a central notion in effective randomness. By considering analogues of characterizations of lowness for randomness, we show that lowness for dimension can be characterized in several ways. It is equivalent to lowishness for randomness, namely, that every Martin-Lof random sequence has effective dimension 1 relative to A, and lowishness for K, namely, that the limit of KA(n)/K(n) is 1. We show that there is a perfect -class of low for dimension sequences. Since there are only countably many low for random sequences, many more sequences are low for dimension. Finally, we prove that every low for dimension is jump-traceable in order ne, for any e > 0.
KLEIN FORMS AND THE GENERALIZED SUPERELLIPTIC EQUATION

If F (x;y)2 Z[x;y] is an irreducible binary form of degree k 3, then a theorem of Darmon and Granville implies that the generalized superelliptic equation F (x;y) = z l has, given an integer l maxf2; 7 kg, at most nitely many solutions in coprime integers x;y and z. In this paper, for large classes of forms of degree k = 3; 4; 6 and 12 (including, heuristically, \most" cubic forms), we extend this to prove a like result, where the parameter l is now taken to be variable. In the case of irreducible cubic forms, this provides the rst examples where such a conclusion has been proven. The method of proof combines classical invariant theory, modular Galois representations, and properties of elliptic curves with isomorphic mod-n Galois representations.
Limits on the Mass of the Central Black Hole in 16 Nearby Bulges

We report upper limits on the masses of black holes that can be present in the centers of 16 nearby galaxy bulges. These limits M for our statistically complete sample were derived from the modeling of the central emission-line widths ([N II] or [S II]), observed over a 0. ″25 × 0. ″2 (R ≲ 9 pc) aperture. The experiment has a mean detection sensitivity of ~3.9 × 106 M☉. For three sample members with direct determinations of MBH our upper limits agree within the uncertainties, while in general our upper limits are found to be close to the masses measured in other bulges with global properties similar to ours. Remarkably, our limits are quite close to the recently derived MBH-σ* relation. These results support a picture wherein the black hole mass and overall galaxy structure are closely linked, as galaxies with exceptionally high MBH at a given σ* apparently are rare.
A Momentum Budget Analysis of Westerly Wind Events Associated with the Madden-Julian Oscillation during DYNAMO

AbstractThe Dynamics of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) field campaign was conducted over the Indian Ocean (IO) from October 2011 to February 2012 to investigate the initiation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Three MJOs accompanying westerly wind events (WWEs) occurred in late October, late November, and late December 2011. Momentum budget analysis is conducted to understand the contributions of the dynamical processes involved in the wind evolution associated with the MJO over the IO during DYNAMO using European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analysis. This analysis shows that westerly acceleration at lower levels associated with the MJO active phase generally appears to be maintained by the pressure gradient force (PGF), which could be partly canceled by meridional advection of the zonal wind. Westerly acceleration in the midtroposphere tends to be mostly attributable to vertical advection. The results herein imply that there is no simple linear dynamic model that can capture t.
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This paper presents a numerical method to compute all possible conformations of distance-constrained molecular loops, i.e., loops where some inter-atomic distances are held xed, while others can vary. The method is general (it can be applied to single or multiple intermingled loops of arbitrary topology) and complete (it isolates all solutions, even if they form positive-dimensional sets). Generality is achieved by reducing the problem to nding all embeddings of a set of points constrained by pairwise distances, which can be formulated as computing the roots of a system of Cayley-Menger determinants. Completeness is achieved by expressing these determinants in Bernstein form and using a numerical algorithm that exploits such form to bound all root locations at any desired resolution. The method is readily parallelizable, and the current implementation can be run on singleor multi-processor machines. Experiments are included that show the method's performance on rigid loops, mobile loops, and multi-loop molecules. In all cases, complete maps including all possible conformations are obtained, thus allowing an exhaustive analysis and visualization of all pseudo-rotation paths between di erent conformations satisfying loop closure.
Patterns of Precipitation and Mesolow Evolution in Midlatitude Mesoscale Convective Vortices

Abstract Surface pressure manifestations of mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs) that traversed Oklahoma during the periods May–August 2002–05 are studied using the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D), the Oklahoma Mesonet, and the NOAA Profiler Network data. Forty-five MCVs that developed from mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) have been investigated, 28 (62%) of which exhibit mesolows detectable at the surface. Within this group, three distinct patterns of precipitation organization and associated mesolow evolution have been identified. The remaining 17 (38%) of the cases do not contain a surface mesolow. Two repeating patterns of precipitation organization are identified for the latter group. The three categories of MCVs possessing a surface mesolow are as follows. Nineteen are classified as “rear-inflow-jet MCVs,” and tend to form within large and intense asymmetric MCSs. Rear inflow into the MCS, enhanced by the development of an MCV on the left-hand side relative to system motion, pro.
A TAXONOMY AND TREATMENT OF UNCERTAINTY FOR ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

Uncertainty is pervasive in ecology where the difficulties of dealing with sources of uncertainty are exacerbated by variation in the system itself. Attempts at classifying uncertainty in ecology have, for the most part, focused exclusively on epistemic uncertainty. In this paper we classify uncertainty into two main categories: epistemic uncertainty (uncertainty in determinate facts) and linguistic uncertainty (uncertainty in language). We provide a classification of sources of uncertainty under the two main categories and demonstrate how each impacts on applications in ecology and conservation biology. In particular, we demonstrate the importance of recognizing the effect of linguistic uncertainty, in addition to epistemic uncertainty, in ecological applications. The significance to ecology and conservation biology of developing a clear understanding of the various types of uncertainty, how they arise and how they might best be dealt with is highlighted. Finally, we discuss the various general strategies for dealing with each type of uncertainty and offer suggestions for treating compounding uncertainty from a range of sources.
A Differential Abundance Analysis of Very Metal-poor Stars

We have performed a differential line-by-line chemical abundance analysis, ultimately relative to the Sun, of nine very metal-poor main-sequence (MS) halo stars, near [Fe/H] = −2 dex. Our abundances range from dex with conservative uncertainties of 0.07 dex. We find an average [α/Fe] = 0.34 ± 0.09 dex, typical of the Milky Way. While our spectroscopic atmosphere parameters provide good agreement with Hubble Space Telescope parallaxes, there is significant disagreement with temperature and gravity parameters indicated by observed colors and theoretical isochrones. Although a systematic underestimate of the stellar temperature by a few hundred degrees could explain this difference, it is not supported by current effective temperature studies and would create large uncertainties in the abundance determinations. Both 1D and hydrodynamical models combined with separate 1D non-LTE effects do not yet account for the atmospheres of real metal-poor MS stars, but a fully 3D non-LTE treatment may be able to explain the ionization imbalance found in this work.
Legendrian fronts for affine varieties

In this article we study Weinstein structures endowed with a Lefschetz fibration in terms of the Legendrian front projection. First we provide a systematic recipe for translating from a Weinstein Lefschetz bifibration to a Legendrian handlebody. Then we present several applications of this technique to symplectic topology. This includes the detection of flexibility and rigidity for several families of Weinstein manifolds and the existence of closed exact Lagrangian submanifolds. In addition, we prove that the Koras--Russell cubic is Stein deformation equivalent to affine complex 3-space and verify the affine parts of the algebraic mirrors of two Weinstein 4-manifolds.
Proctored and Unproctored Test Performance.

This study examined test performance as a function of test format (proctored versus unproctored) and course type (traditional versus distance). The participants were 246 undergraduate students who completed introductory sociology courses during four semesters at a southeastern university. During each semester, the same instructor taught a traditional lecture section and a distance section of the course. Students in both course types took unproctored online tests in two semesters while students in both course types took proctored classroom paper-and-pencil tests in the other two semesters. Students scored significantly higher on the unproctored online tests than on the proctored classroom tests. There was no significant difference in test performance between students enrolled in distance courses and those enrolled in lecture courses. Additionally, no significant interaction was found between test format and course type. Implications of these results for the design and structure of online and hybrid courses are discussed.
Teachers' Beliefs and Technology: Calculator Use in Mathematics Instruction in Junior Secondary Schools in Botswana.

Lesson starts are transitional events which may cause management problems for teachers This study sought junior secondary school mathematics teachers’ beliefs about calculator use in mathematics instruction in Botswana and was descriptive in nature adopting a survey design. The sample of seventeen (17) mathematics teachers from four (4) junior secondary schools in the Tutume Sub-district in Central Educational Region was selected through a purposive random sampling procedure. A questionnaire comprising both closed and open ended questions was designed to collect data then the analysis of results was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics. As an illustration, a t-test was used to test for differences in teachers’ beliefs by gender while a one-way ANOVA was used to test for difference in their beliefs by experience. The study revealed that most of the teachers expressed their lack of confidence and were incompetent with the use of a calculator in their teaching with female teachers feeling less confident to explain different functions of a calculator than their male counterparts. In addition, the study showed that most of the teachers believed that a calculator was a technological tool that could be useful to the students in the future. On the contrary, most teachers felt that the overuse of calculators by the students could hamper the development of basic computational skills. Therefore, it was recommended that school based training on calculator use should be provided so as to empower teachers with the necessary technological skills for effective classroom instruction. The study findings have implications to research and practice as it provides unique and comprehensive data that will lead to insight for curriculum designers, policy implementers and instructional leaders on effective calculator use in math instruction.
Potassium Activity Measurements in the Microenvironment of the Central Nervous System of an Insect

The activity of K + and the control of influx of + into the extracellular space (micro-environment) of the central nervous system of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana , were measured directly with K + -sensitive microelectrodes. Using an in vivo preparation, it was possible to follow the effects of changes in K + concentration in the medium bathing the nervous system on extracellular K + and spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity. For bath K + levels less than 31 mmoll −1 , roughly corresponding to maximal haemolymph level in natural physiological conditions, the blood-brain barrier was found to be suitably efficient in restricting the influx of K + and thereby allowing normal neural activity. At an external K + concentration of 100 mmoll −1 , however, the system was unable to maintain a sufficiently low extracellular K + concentration and neuronal activity was suppressed. Influx of K + from the external medium into the micro-environment occurred mainly in two phases. The early phase had a fast time course and probably reflects the physical aspects of the blood-brain barrier. The later, second phase was a slower process possibly corresponding to activation of metabolic ion pumps. The time courses of the functioning of these two systems and their control of the extraaxonal K + activity are also discussed.
Relationship Between Organizational Factors, Technological Factors and Enterprise Resource Planning System Implementation

There are three stages of Enterprise Resource planning System (ERP) Implementation; which are pre implementation, mid- implementation and post-implementation. In pre-implementation stage the pervious researchers found that it fail in Organizational and Technological factors. Therefore, this research studies the Technological Factors availability and the Organizational Factor readiness at Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) Case study. The statistical results showed that there are availability of the Organizational factor (Organizational Objectives and Services, Organization culture, and Business process) for success of ERP system, and indicate the technological infrastructure is available og GAM.
PATH-BY-PATH LQG CONTROL OF DISCRETE-TIME SWITCHED AND MARKOVIAN JUMP LINEAR SYSTEMS

LQG control problems for guaranteeing finite-horizon performance subject to stability are proposed for switched linear systems and Markovian jump linear systems in the discrete-time domain. Exact, convex synthesis conditions for dynamic output feedback controllers are expressed in terms of nested unions of linear matrix inequalities. Thus feedback solutions are obtained by solving semidefinite programs offline. The resulting controllers recall a finite number of past modes of the plant’s operation. Moreover, closed-loop stability does not require long control horizon.
INHOMOGENEOUS LARGE DEFORMATION KINETICS OF POLYMERIC GELS

This work examines the dynamics of nonlinear large deformation of polymeric gels, and the kinetics of gel deformation is carried out through the coupling of existing hyperelastic theory for gels with kinetic laws for diffusion of small molecules. As finite element (FE) models for the transient swelling process is not available in commercial FE software, we develop a customized FE model/methodology which can be used to simulate the transient swelling process of hydrogels. The method is based on the similarity between diffusion and heat transfer laws by determining the equivalent thermal properties for gel kinetics. Several numerical examples are investigated to explore the capabilities of the present FE model, namely: a cube to study free swelling; one-dimensional constrained swelling; a rectangular block fixed to a rigid substrate to study swelling under external constraints; and a thin annulus fixed at the inner core to study buckling phenomena. The simulation results for the constrained block and one-dimensional constrained swelling are compared with available experimental data, and these comparisons show a good degree of similarity. In addition to this work providing a valuable tool to researchers for the study of gel kinetic deformation in the various applications of soft matter, we also hope to inspire works to adopt this simplified approach, in particular to kinetic studies of diffusion-driven mechanisms.
Diurnally Modulated Cumulus Moistening in the Preonset Stage of the Madden–Julian Oscillation during DYNAMO*

AbstractAtmospheric soundings, radar, and air–sea flux measurements collected during Dynamics of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) are employed to study MJO convective onset (i.e., the transition from shallow to deep convection) in the tropical Indian Ocean. The findings indicate that moistening of the low–midtroposphere during the preonset stage of the MJO is achieved by simultaneous changes in the convective cloud population and large-scale circulation. Namely, cumuliform clouds deepen and grow in areal coverage as the drying by large-scale subsidence and horizontal (westerly) advection wane. The reduction of large-scale subsidence is tied to the reduction of column radiative cooling during the preonset stage, which ultimately links back to the evolving cloud population. While net column moistening in the preonset stage is tied to large-scale circulation changes, a new finding of this study is the high degree to which the locally driven diurnal cycle invigorates convective clouds and cumulus moiste.
GREEN'S FUNCTION ESTIMATES FOR A SINGULARLY PERTURBED CONVECTION-DIFFUSION PROBLEM IN THREE DIMENSIONS

A linear singularly perturbed convection-difiusion problem with characteristic layers is considered in three dimensions. Sharp bounds for the associated Green's function and its flrst- and second-order derivatives are estab- lished in the L1 norm by employing the parametrix method. The dependence of these bounds on the small perturbation parameter is shown explicitly. The obtained estimates will be used in a forthcoming numerical analysis of the con- sidered problem to derive a robust a posteriori error estimator in the maximum norm.
Acquiring a Single New Word

By the time a child has learned a new word, he or she has gained many distinct kinds of information. To take a hypothetical example, consider the word "wolf" being learned by a child who already has a modest animal vocabulary. She must make a new lexical entry: she must note that "wolf" is an English word. She must learn its syntactic subcategorization, namely that it is a common noun. She must relate it to other English words, to its supernyms (such as "animal") and hyponyms (such as "Siberian wolf") and other words in the same lexical domain. She must also learn what "wolf" refers to_ And she must restructure the conceptual domain of animals, at least with respect to how they are named. Suppose, for example, that wolves were previously called "dog. " Then learning a new word may be the occasion for learning a new concept, for differentiating dogs from wolves. At the very least, it is the occasion for learning that wolves have a different name from dogs. Clearly, then, learning even a single new word involves learning a great deal of information. In the past, word learning has been studied in several different ways-there have been vocabulary counts, diary studies, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of the acquisition of organized lexical domains such as size, color or quantity. But in all of these paradigms, there is no control over the input to the child. It is not known how much exposure he or she has had to any given word, nor in what contexts. Thus, while much can be learned about word learning from these procedures, they are not ideal for achieving an understanding of the process itself. Surprisingly, the obvious technique of teaching children an unknown word has been little used (see Carey, 1978 for a review). None of these was designed to mimic the circumstances in which children naturally encounter new words and none was designed to probe for partial acquisition along the way. The present study is an attempt to fill this gap. The experimental procedures that we ultimately designed were intended to provide a strong test of the child's word learning skills. For us, that meant several things. First, we wanted to present the new word in a situation that would approximate a child's everyday word-learning experience at its most casual and undirected level. This meant using a situation in which there was not …