Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI)

The Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) is a five telescope package, which has been developed for the Solar Terrestrial Relation Observatory (STEREO) mission by the Naval Research Laboratory (USA), the Lockheed Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory (USA), the Goddard Space Flight Center (USA), the University of Birmingham (UK), the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK), the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (Germany), the Centre Spatiale de Leige (Belgium), the Institut d’Optique (France) and the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (France). SECCHI comprises five telescopes, which together image the solar corona from the solar disk to beyond 1 AU. These telescopes are: an extreme ultraviolet imager (EUVI: 1–1.7 R⊙), two traditional Lyot coronagraphs (COR1: 1.5–4 R⊙ and COR2: 2.5–15 R⊙) and two new designs of heliospheric imagers (HI-1: 15–84 R⊙ and HI-2: 66–318 R⊙). All the instruments use 2048×2048 pixel CCD arrays in a backside-in mode. The EUVI backside surface has been specially processed for EUV sensitivity, while the others have an anti-reflection coating applied. A multi-tasking operating system, running on a PowerPC CPU, receives commands from the spacecraft, controls the instrument operations, acquires the images and compresses them for downlink through the main science channel (at compression factors typically up to 20×) and also through a low bandwidth channel to be used for space weather forecasting (at compression factors up to 200×). An image compression factor of about 10× enable the collection of images at the rate of about one every 2–3 minutes. Identical instruments, except for different sizes of occulters, are included on the STEREO-A and STEREO-B spacecraft.
Broadcasters competition on quality: a welfare perspective

The present paper provides a vertical di¤erentiated model of a broadcasting market with a two-sided approach. We calculate the equilibrium in terms of advertising levels, subscription fees and qualities provision, both in monopoly and in duopoly where the market is uncovered. Furthermore, welfare considerations are made for all market structure by considering viewers' surplus.
Transformational Leadership Practices of Teacher Leaders

Although many schools are developing teachers as leaders, researchers have not sufficientlyinvestigated the leadership behaviors of these individuals. Therefore, using data collected from teacherleaders and their principals, I addressed three questions in this study:1. What are the leadership practices of teacher leaders, as perceived by the teacher leaders and theirprincipals? 2. Are there significant differences between the perceptions of teacher leaders and principalsregarding the leadership practices of teacher leaders? 3. Are selected demographic variables of teacher leaders, specifically age, years of experience,educational level, and gender related to the leadership behaviors of teacher leaders?
Expatriation in Chinese MNEs in Africa: an agenda for research

Abstract Despite increasing Chinese MNE activity in emerging countries, there is a paucity of studies and critical analysis of expatriate management in Emerging Market Multinational Enterprises (EMMNEs). This article provides a needed critical evaluation of the literature and research, and identifies an agenda for research. Chinese firms’ expatriation policies and practices should be viewed differently to those of Western firms. This has implications for policy regarding state MNEs in African countries, and individual Chinese MNE expatriation policies. There are potential synergies between Chinese and African cultural values, moderated by a low importance of the knowledge transfer role of Chinese expatriates. This may be moderated by the relational nature of career development including expatriate selection and a low emphasis on pre-departure training. The main contribution of this work is to inform empirical research at organizational level by making explicit differences in Chinese MNE engagement in Africa to Western MNEs, how this may influence differences in expatriate policy and practices, and why this may contribute a different perspective to the extant expatriation literature.
Does Threat of Dismissal Constrain Acquisition Premium in CEO Pay?

type="main" xml:id="ecca12163-abs-0001"> This paper shows that the likelihood of post-acquisition CEO turnover can act as a constraint on risky acquisition decisions. The acquisition premium in pay decreases by over 50% once the dismissal risk is controlled for. Given a smaller pay premium for undertaking acquisitions and a non-zero risk of dismissal, shareholders are shown to be able to exercise some control over managerial incentives to engage in risky acquisitions through the mechanism for dismissal.
The Effect of Taxation on Greenhouse Gas Emissions

This paper examines the effect of governmental environmental taxes on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions using a panel data set of 19 EU countries for the time period 1995-2010. We estimate both direct and indirect effects of governmental environmental taxes on GHG emissions in industrial processes. The indirect effect in particular operates through the effect of environmental expenditure for reduction of GHG emissions in industry. To take into account the dynamic nature and to properly address the potential endogeneity, adequate econometric methods are applied. We have shown that the direct effect of environmental taxes on GHG emissions is negative, while the indirect effect through environmental expenditures is also negative and even more statistically significant. Consequently, some policy implications may be derived from the results.
Identification of the spatial-temporal distribution pattern of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the southeastern Pacific

The pattern of the spatial-temporal distribution of the fishing yields (catch rates) of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) from the Chilean industrial longline fleet it was determined using generalized additives models, autocorrelation analysis and Fourier spectral analysis. The basic information came from fishing log- book recorded by scientific observers between January 2001 and December 2005. The generalized additives models included five physical variables (latitude, longitude, date, lunar index and sea surface temperature (SST)), which affect the availability and vulnerability of swordfish, and two operational variables (length of the vessel and type of longline), which are directly associated with the effectiveness of the fishing system. The non-linear effects were established significantly (p < 0.01) for each of the independent variables. There was a typical annual cycle in the catch rates, with high values from March to July/August, and displacement of the fishing operation northward from the 38° to 32°S, in a SST range of 17° to 19°C. Subsequently, catch rates decrease in a northerly direction from 32°S in SST higher than 20°C. This spatial-temporal pattern was determinates with a high square coherency (79%) in the time series of nominal catch rates and latitudinal component analyzed in the Fourier spectral analysis. It also established for the time series of swordfish nomi- nal catch rates, low-frequency fluctuations with periods of 28, 38 and 59 days. This intraseasonal variability in swordfish catch rates coincides with changes in mesoscale oceanographic conditions in the area where the fishery is developed off the coast of Chile.
Geomorphic studies for identification of active fault: observations from smaller river basins, south India

The term active tectonics refers to those processes that produce deformation of earth’s crust on a time scale of significance to human society. Earthquakes are the resultants of such deformations at the earth crust. The devastating events occurred in the past three decades (e. g 1993 Killari, 1997 Jabalpur and 2001 Bhuj) has changed the concept of stability of peninsular India. Due to the long reoccurrence interval of damaging earthquakes in Peninsular India, many of the active faults have not shown any seismic activity in the human memory. Since there exist a fast rate of erosion compared to tectonic movement, it becomes very difficult to identify such seismogenic feature. Thus the study of landforms, geomorphic indices and morphometric analysis will play a vital role in identification of subtle deformations associated with such seismogenic features. The study area covers the basins of Vaddakancheripuzha, Karuvannur river and their tributaries. The area has experienced an event of Mw 6.0 (Coimbtore, 1900) in the past. In the present also this area is experiencing micro seismic activity since 1989. In this study effort has been made to identify subtle deformations associated with active tectonic features using the remote sensing, geomorphic and morphometric analysis. Remote sensing study has identified the NW-SE, NE-SW, E-W and NNW-SSE trending lineaments in which the Periyar lineament is identified as three parallel NW-SE trending lineaments. Some other lineaments have also been identified, apparently branched from NW-SE trending Idamalayar lineament. Valley floor Valley width ratio along the NW-SE trending drainage segments also shows relatively low values (0.32 to 10.0) in comparison to NE-SW trending drainage segments. Mountain front sinuosity also shows relatively high values along the NW-SE compare to NE-SW trending mountain fronts. In addition to that field studies have also identified NW-SE trending faults in the form of deformation around the areas where the anomalies in geomorphic analysis has been identified. Thus the present study has identified neotectonically induced geomorphological changes associated with the segments of NW-SE lineaments which can be a source for a future seismic event and also first step in the direction of seismic hazard assessment. Keywords—earthquake; geomorphic marker; drainages; lineaments; neotectonic
Lending and Cash Required Reserve: Empirical Evidence from Ethiopian Commercial Bank

The study was mainly intended to determine the effect of cash required reserve on commercial bank lending in Ethiopia using panel data of eight purposively chosen commercial banks over the period of eleven years (2005 to 2015). The investigation tested the relationship between commercial bank lending and cash required reserve. Eleven years financial data of eight purposively chosen commercial banks were used for analysis purpose. Ordinary least square model was applied to test the impact of predictor variable on commercial bank lending. The result suggests that, there is no significant relationship between commercial bank lending and cash required reserve in Ethiopian commercial. This study suggests that commercial bank have to give less emphasis to cash required reserve because it doesn’t weakens banks credit creation ability and does not leads a bank to be insolvent.
A Fast-Fractional Flow Reserve Simulation Method in A Patient with Coronary Stenosis Based on Resistance Boundary Conditions

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is the gold standard to identify individual stenosis causing myocardial ischemia in catheter laboratory. The purpose of this study is to present a fast simulation method to estimate FFR value of a coronary artery, which can evaluate the performance of vascular stenosis, based on resistance boundary conditions. A patient-specific 3-dimensional (3D) model of the left coronary system with intermediate diameter stenosis was reconstructed based on the CTA images. The resistance boundary conditions used to simulate the coronary microcirculation were computed based on anatomical reconstruction of coronary 3D model. This study was performed by coupling the 3D coronary tree model with the lumped parameter model (0D model). The flow rate and pressure of coronary tree were calculated in twenty minutes. In addition, the effect of inlet pressure and myocardial mass on FFRss values has been investigated. The results showed that the effect of myocardial mass was greater than the effect of inlet pressure on FFRss. This FFRss simulation method can quickly and accurately assess the influence of coronary stenosis in aid clinical diagnosis.
Vowel duration contrast in three long-short pairs by Hungarian 5-, 6-, and 7-year-olds

This study focuses on phonemic vowel quantity differentiation in 3 pairs of short versus long vowels (/i, i:, o, o:, u, u:/) by 5-, 6-, and 7-year-old monolingual Hungarian-speaking children. We hypothesized that there would be vowel quantity and vowel quality differences and also a trend toward greater vowel differentiation as children aged. Method. Participants included 3 groups of monolingual Hungarian-speaking children: 5-year-olds (n=6), 6-year-olds (n=7), and 7-year-olds (n=14) recruited from Hungarian public schools. The participants had typical cognitive skills, speech, language, and hearing within normal limits per parent and teacher report. Audio recordings were collected via conversational samples as the children interacted with an experimenter, discussing favorite pastimes, everyday lives, or favorite stories. Vowels were analyzed using PRAAT 5.0 (Boersma & Weenink, 2015) except final vowels and distorted productions or substitutions. Results. There were statistically significant effects for vowel quality (F (2, 42) = 10.12 at p = 0.000, partial η² = 0.33) and vowel quantity (F (1, 21) = 67.49 at p = 0.000, partial η² = 0.76), but no age effect or age by quantity interaction were found. Our results provided support for our predictions regarding differences based on vowel quantity and quality; however, age and age by quantity interaction effects were not found. Conclusions. Overall, our participants did distinguish vowels based on duration and vowel quality, but those distinctions did not depend on age, possibly indicating that differentiation may occur as early as 5 years of age. Further research is needed to verify our findings using more participants and longitudinal data to track the development of the phonemic contrast between short and long vowels in Hungarian.
Agronomic Traits and Physiology of Maize at Various Levels of Water Application

Maize cultivation in Gorontalo Regency is commonly done in dry land, and this has made water as the main limiting factor for the excellent growth of the plant, as the plant often experiences water stress. This study was conducted to examine the agronomy traits and physiology of hybrid and composite maize on various water application levels. The study was done using a Split Plot Design in each with three repetitions. The main plots were for four different levels of water application: without water (A 0 ), once water application (A 1 ), twice water application (A 2 ), and three-time water application (A 3 ). The sub-plots were for the maize varieties, which consisted of two levels namely hybrid maize variety Bisi-2 (V 1 ) and composite maize variety Bisma (V 2 ). The results of the study show that three-time water application has helped increasing the height of the plants, the dry weight of the plants, as well as the dry weight of grains. Plants without water supply showed a decrease in the dry weight of the grains as much as 36% compared to the plants with three-time water application. Three-time water application method on Bisi-2 variety showed the highest result and no water application on Bisma variety showed the lowest result. Water stress has caused production of Bisma variety 22% lower than Bisi-2 variety. The physiology analyses show that CO 2 intercellular on Bisma variety is higher than Bisi-2 variety, yet the rate of photosynthesis, transpiration, and water efficiency on both Bisma and Bisi-2 variety are not different. Key words: water application, variety, photosynthesis
The Moderating Effect of Board Diversity on the Relationship between Executive Committee Characteristics and Firm Performance in Oman: Empirical Study

This study focuses to achieve an important objective by examining the moderating effect of board diversity (foreign member on the executive committee and executive committee commitment) on the relationship between executive committee characteristics and firm performance in Omani companies excluding those categorized under the financial sector. The sampling covers two years, 2011 and 2012. This study used multiple regression and hierarchical multiple regression to analyze the association between independent, moderating and dependent variables. Based on the findings, a positive association between executive committee independence, executive committee meeting and firm performance is revealed although it is not significant. In the same context, the finding revealed a negative relationship between executive committee size and firm performance but not significant. Moreover, the board diversity moderated the relationship between executive committee characteristics and firm performance but the effect is not significant. Finally, this study offers recommendations for future researchers at the end.
Estimating glacier and snowmelt contributions to stream flow in a Central Andes catchment in Chile using natural tracers

Abstract. This paper presents a methodology for hydrograph separation in high elevation watersheds, which aims at identifying individual flow sources such as snow- and ice melt, rainfall and soil water. Daily summer and bi-daily spring water samples from the outlet of the Juncal River were analyzed for all major ions as well as stable water isotopes, δ18O and δ2H. Additionally, various water sources such as rain, springs, snow- and glacial melt were sampled throughout the catchment. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed in order to reduce the dimensionality of the problem. Potential sources were identified in a two-component U space that explains 77% of variability. Hydrograph separation (HS) was performed through three models: (i) Isotopic model, (ii) Mixing–PCA model, and (iii) Informative–Bayesian model, with very similar results in each case. At the Juncal River outlet, summer flows were composed by at least 50% of water originating in highly glaciarized headwaters in 2011–2012 (a dry period in the Central Andes). Autumn and winter flows were highly influenced by soil water and affect total annual discharge. Before the high flow season, snow melt accounted for approximately 25% of streamflow, However during summer, when streamflow was highest, snowmelt contribution was minimal, while glacier melt and soil water were the most important sources.
“Completing Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union”. Any support from the citizens?

Abstract The ‘Five Presidents Report’ cited in the title acknowledges that an important driver of the European economic crisis has been the faulty original design of the Monetary Union, and that substantial steps are urgently needed towards the creation of truly supranational institutions. Yet, economists tend to neglect that however compelling economic analyses may be, the stumbling block on the way of the reform of the Monetary Union is political will, and that in democracies the ultimate source of political will comes from electors. In this paper, first of all the authors wish to bring to the economists’ attention some recent analyses of citizens’ attitudes towards Europe from political science. Then, by cross-referencing the results of the 2014 elections of the European Parliament with Eurobarometer opinion polls eliciting judgements for the EU vis-à-vis home countries and an indicator of economic pain, the authors show the presence of a geo-economicpolitical cleavage across four groups of countries. This is more complex, and perhaps worse, than the simplistic divide between ‘North’ and ‘South’ or ‘Core’ and ‘Periphery’. The main implication is that the EU experiences a stalemate between ‘more Europe vs. less Europe’ at the level of peoples, which seriously undermines support for further integration ‘from below’.
Subjective Well-being and Income: Analysis and Evidence on Easterlin Paradox

Many scholars have argued that increasing an average income did not raise an average subjective well-being, a claim that became known as Happiness Paradox , namely Easterlin Paradox. The present article has focused on the theoretical and practical aspects of the relationships of subjective well-being and income but a special focus is on the assessment of the validity of this claim in comparisons of both rich and poor countries, as well as over a short, medium and long period. Analyzing multiple datasets, multiple definitions of “basic needs” and multiple questions about well-being, we have not found any support for Easterlin Paradox over a short-term period. The relationship between well-being and income is roughly linear-log and does not diminish as incomes rise. However, higher income is no longer associated with higher subjective well-being over the long period.
A Comparison of the Impacts of Aspects of Prospect Theory on WTP/WTAEstimated in Preference and WTP/WTA Space

The importance of willingness to pay (WTP) and its counterpart willingness to accept (WTA), in the evaluation of policy measures has led to a constant stream of research examining survey methods and model specifications seeking to capture and explain the concept of marginal rates of substitution as much as possible. Stated choice experiments pivoted around a reference alternative allow the specification of discrete choice models to accommodate aspects of Prospect Theory, in the particular reference dependence. This permits an investigation of theories related to loss aversion and diminishing sensitivitywidely documented within the literature. This paper seeks to examine a number of theoretical developments. In particular, the paper seeks to empirically examine a number of aspects related to decision making processes that are posited to exist by Prospect Theory, namely reference dependence, loss aversion and diminishing sensitivities. Unlike previous research which has examined these issues in the past, we examine these assumptions on WTP/WTA rather than on the marginal utilities of decision makers. In doing this, the paper simultaneously compares and contrasts different econometric forms, in particular estimating models in preference space with WTP/WTAs calculated post estimation versus models estimated directly in WTP/WTA space where WTP/WTAvalues are directly during estimation. We find evidence for reference dependence and loss aversion in WTP/WTA for different time attributes, however we find less compelling evidence for the existence of diminishing WTP/WTAs.
Early career teachers’ sense of professional agency in the classroom: associations with turnover intentions and perceived inadequacy in teacher–student interaction

ABSTRACT Teachers’ capacity to learn intentionally and responsively in the classroom is particularly vulnerable during the first years in the profession. This study investigated the interrelations between early career teachers’ turnover intentions, perceived inadequacy in teacher–student interaction, and sense of professional agency in the classroom. The survey data were collected from 284 in-service teachers with not more than 5 years of experience and analysed by structural equation modelling (SEM). The results showed that the negative relation between turnover intentions and early career teachers’ sense of professional agency was completely mediated by perceived inadequacy in teacher–student interaction. The results indicate that experiences of insufficient abilities to solve pedagogically and socially challenging student situations have a crucial effect on early career teacher’s capacity for adaptive reflection and active transformation of instruction.