Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF USING EMAIL ON ENHANCING IRANIAN EFL LEARNERS’ GRAMMAR DEVELOPMENT

Abstract: There has been much debate over the use of computers and the internet in foreign language teaching for more than two decades. Education, especiallyforeign language teaching, has to adapt and renew itself to be compatible with the globalized world. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of using email on improving EFL learners' grammar development and to highlight the beneﬁts of using email in an EFL grammar class.The participantsof the study were 52 female students, aged 1318 who were randomly assigned to an experimental and control group. Each group consisted of 26 participants. The course lasted for three weeks and was held in one of the institutes in Gorgan, Iran. Theexperimental group sent their assignments through emails in addition to the traditional class activities but the control groupreceiving a placebo had the traditional class and assignments were handed in hard copies.For measuring the grammar proﬁciency, a pretest and posttest was administered to both groups. The pretests and posttests were tests based on the materials covered in the class.The results Of the study show that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the posttest. Keywords: electronic mail, EFL, grammar development, e-learning
THE HYDRODYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF IMPULSIVELY HEATED CORONAL LOOPS: EXPLICIT ANALYTICAL APPROXIMATIONS

We derive simple analytical approximations (in explicit form) for the hydrodynamic evolution of the electron temperature T(s, t) and electron density n(s, t), for one-dimensional coronal loops that are subject to impulsive heating with subsequent cooling. Our analytical approximations are derived from first principles, using (1) the hydrodynamic energy balance equation, (2) the loop scaling laws of Rosner–Tucker–Vaiana and Serio, (3) the Neupert effect, and (4) the Jakimiec relationship. We compare our analytical approximations with 56 numerical cases of time-dependent hydrodynamic simulations from a parametric study of Tsiklauri et al., covering a large parameter space of heating rates, heating timescales, heating scale heights, loop lengths, for both footpoint and apex heating, mostly applicable to flare conditions. The average deviations from the average temperature and density values are typically ≈20% for our analytical expressions. The analytical approximations in explicit form provide an efficient tool to mimic time-dependent hydrodynamic simulations, to model observed soft X-rays and extreme-ultraviolet light curves of heated and cooling loops in the solar corona and in flares by forward fitting, to model microflares, to infer the coronal heating function from light curves of multi-wavelength observations, and to provide physical models of differential emission measure distributions for solar and stellar flares, coronae, and irradiance.
Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development

Nowadays, epoxy composites are elements of engineering materials and systems. Although they are known as versatile materials, epoxy resins suffer from high flammability. In this sense, flame retardancy analysis has been recognized as an undeniable requirement for developing future generations of epoxy-based systems. A considerable proportion of the literature on epoxy composites has been devoted to the use of phosphorus-based additives. Nevertheless, innovative flame retardants have coincidentally been under investigation to meet market requirements. This review paper attempts to give an overview of the research on flame retardant epoxy composites by classification of literature in terms of phosphorus (P), non-phosphorus (NP), and combinations of P/NP additives. A comprehensive set of data on cone calorimetry measurements applied on P-, NP-, and P/NP-incorporated epoxy systems was collected and treated. The performance of epoxy composites was qualitatively discussed as Poor, Good, and Excellent cases identified and distinguished by the use of the universal Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). Moreover, evaluations were rechecked by considering the UL-94 test data in four groups as V0, V1, V2, and nonrated (NR). The dimensionless FRI allowed for comparison between flame retardancy performances of epoxy composites. The results of this survey can pave the way for future innovations in developing flame-retardant additives for epoxy.
Hybrid molecules with potential in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activity against drug‐resistant Plasmodium falciparum

Malaria is a tropical disease, leading to around half a million deaths annually. Antimalarials such as quinolines are crucial to fight against malaria, but malaria control is extremely challenged by the limited pipeline of effective pharmaceuticals against drug‐resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum which are resistant toward almost all currently accessible antimalarials. To tackle the growing resistance, new antimalarial drugs are needed urgently. Hybrid molecules which contain two or more pharmacophores have the potential to overcome the drug resistance, and hybridization of quinoline privileged antimalarial building block with other antimalarial pharmacophores may provide novel molecules with enhanced in vitro and in vivo activity against drug‐resistant (including multidrug‐resistant) P falciparum. In recent years, numerous of quinoline hybrids were developed, and their activities against a panel of drug‐resistant P falciparum strains were screened. Some of quinoline hybrids were found to possess promising in vitro and in vivo potency. This review emphasized quinoline hybrid molecules with potential in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activity against drug‐resistant P falciparum, covering articles published between 2010 and 2019.
Population-Based Cytogenetic Banding Analysis and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Neotropical Fungus-Farming Ant Trachymyrmex holmgreni Wheeler, 1925

Trachymyrmex is one of the most species-rich genera within fungus-farming ants and presents intraspecific cytogenetic polymorphisms as well as possible cryptic species. This ant genus is currently paraphyletic. Therefore, to unravel systematic and taxonomic misunderstandings, it is necessary to incorporate new information. We aimed to cytogenetically and genetically examine Trachymyrmex holmgreni populations from southern and northern Brazil to identify intraspecific chromosomal variations that support incipient speciation and reveal the species' position in a molecular phylogeny. Our cytogenetic approach did not show population variation in the mapping of both 18S rDNA and the TTAGG(6) motif, presenting instead a pattern characteristic of correlated species. However, the clustered pattern of the microsatellite GA(15) showed significant differences among populations: a well-defined block in each homologue, distinctly irregular signs between homologues, and blocks in 2 pairs of homologues. Our phylogenetic reconstruction yielded unexpected results, grouping representatives of 3 former morphological groups into 1 clade, namely T. urichii, T. papulatus, and T. holmgreni. Previously, it was suggested that northern and southern populations of T. holmgreni may be undergoing incipient speciation, but we can only indicate that the southernmost population differs prominently from the others in its distribution pattern of the microsatellite GA(15). Our study also supports the uniformity of karyotypes and repetitive DNA from both telomeric sequences and ribosomal DNA in Trachymyrmex studied here. In addition, we clarify some phylogenetic uncertainties within the genus and suggest further relevant systematic changes. Finally, additional studies utilizing other probes and additional populations may allow the detection of hidden genetic variation.
PARATRANSIT USE AMONG LOW INCOME INDUSTRIAL WORKERS IN NAIROBI

Matatu mode of transport is one of the main means of paratransit in Kenya that has grown in numbers over the past years. Despite the growth, a significant proportion of the lowincome population rely on non-motorised transport for their trips. This paper interrogates the extent to which matatu mode of transport is catering to the mobility demands of the low income industrial workers and the factors that influence matatu use among them. The paper is based on an exploratory survey and case studies of industrial workers in Sameer Park Export Processing Zone (EPZ). The findings demonstrate that most industrial workers do not regularly use matatus for their work trips. Matatu use is determined by the fares charged, distance from residential area to the work place and the nature of employment. Industrial workers who cannot afford to use matatus regularly for their work trips are forced to switch between non-motorised transport and matatus. Residing in informal settlements close to work destinations becomes a coping strategy against the high paratransit fares. The study recommends that newly formed matatu industry institutions i.e. Transport Companies and SACCOs should play a significant role in controlling arbitrary fare increase by operators.
Hydrology and dynamics of a polythermal (mostly cold) High Arctic glacier

To improve our understanding of the interactions between hydrology and dynamics in mostly cold glaciers (in which water flow is limited by thermal regime), we analyse short‐term (every two days) variations in glacier flow in the ablation zone of polythermal John Evans Glacier, High Arctic Canada. We monitor the spatial and temporal propagation of high‐velocity events, and examine their impacts upon supraglacial drainage processes and evolving subglacial drainage system structure. Each year, in response to the rapid establishment of supraglacial–subglacial drainage connections in the mid‐ablation zone, a ‘spring event’ of high horizontal surface velocities and high residual vertical motion propagates downglacier over two to four days from the mid‐ablation zone to the terminus. Subsequently, horizontal velocities fall relative to the spring event but remain higher than over winter, reflecting channelization of subglacial drainage but continued supraglacial meltwater forcing. Further transient high‐velocity events occur later in each melt season in response to melt‐induced rising supraglacial meltwater inputs to the glacier bed, but the dynamic response of the glacier contrasts with that recorded during the spring event, with the degree of spatial propagation a function of the degree to which the subglacial drainage system has become channelized. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical simulation of 4D random fields by means of Kotelnikov-Shannon decomposition

W artykule omowiono badania pol losowych jednorodnych w czasie o wartościach rzeczywistych oraz izotropowych w zmiennych przestrzennych. Przedstawiono analog twierdzenia Kotelnikowa-Szannona dla pol losowych o ograniczonym widmie. Dla takich pol losowych skonstruowano model bazowany na sumach cześciowych szeregu stochastycznego. W ramach badanego modelu otrzymano oszacowania ich aproksymacji średnio-kwadratowej. Zaproponowano tez algorytmy modelowania statystycznego procesu realizacji pola losowego z rozkladem Gaussa. Ponadto, wobec zbadanego modelu w ramach zaproponowanych algorytmow, przedstawiono ich zastosowanie do generowania komputerowego realizacji odpowiednich pol Gaussa o zadanych funkcjach korelacji. W artykule rozpatrzono rowniez rozklad spektralny generowanych szumow.
Self-Directed Learning in MOOCs: A Disconnect Between Theory and Practice

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have grown exponentially in recent years. Since research in MOOCs is still an emerging field, investigating the application of adult learning theory principles within the MOOC paradigm is very much needed. Participants in MOOCs have a considerable flexibility to organize their learning; however, as adult learners, these participants do not effectively engage in self-directed learning in MOOC settings. This article is directed toward a twofold aim: to review the theoretical foundation of self-directed learning, and to provide framework for future designs of MOOCs to ensure the application of adult learning theory principles-notably self-directed learning. Lastly, this article proposes focusing future research on an emergent type of MOOCcalled mini-MOOCwhich can potentially provide a more realistic platform for the application of adult learning theory principles.
About the Misleading Use of Stereodescriptors in Labeling the Stereoisomers of Milnacipran and Levomilnacipran.

FIGURE 1. Presentation of the 4 stereoisomers whose constitution is possible within the framework of milnacipran. The upper row features the pair of enantiomers (1S, 2R)-cis and (1R, 2S)-cis whose 50/50 mixture is known as racemic milnacipran. The (1S, 2R)-cis isomer is known and used in medicine as the levorotatory form, that is, levomilnacipran (levo-milnacipran or (−)-(1S, 2R)-cis-milnacipran). The lower part of the figure shows the pair of trans-enantiomers whose medicinal interest seems to be nil. M ilnacipran HCl (code number: F2707; Ixel) was introduced as an antidepressant acting as a dual norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitor. This drug is also of value in the treatment of fibromyalgia, and it displays interesting stereoisomeric features. Unfortunately, the description of these features in the chemical literature is confusing in a number of cases. This situation is due to the misuse of stereochemical descriptors as elaborated and recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. This state of affairs may lead to inadequate synthetic methods and wrong products. Two conventions have been developed to encode the absolute 3-dimensional geometry of stereogenic centers. Seldom used now is the D,L-convention proposed by Emil Fischer and colleagues, 2 stereodescriptors applicable mainly to relatively simple chiral compounds such as some sugars, organic acids, and amino acids. The second convention is the broadly applicable and very popular R,S-convention we owe to Cahn et al. As shown in Figure 1, milnacipran has 2 stereogenic centers (also called chiral centers), allowing for 2 pairs of enantiomers. The upper pair has the 2 priority substituents on the same side of the plane defined by the cyclopropyl ring, implying a cisconfiguration. In contrast, the bottom pair of enantiomers has these substituents on opposite sides of the plane of the cyclopropyl ring, implying a trans-configuration. The 2 partners in each pair are enantiomers, meaning that they are non-superimposable mirror images of each other, namely, (1S,2R)-cis versus (1R,2S)-cis and (1S,2S)-trans versus (1R,2R)-trans. Milnacipran HCl is a racemic mixture of the cis-stereoisomers: the active agent (ie, the eutomer) has the absolute configuration 1S,2R comparedwith the less or poorly active distomer (the (1R,2S)-cis-enantiomer [code F2696]). The eutomer levomilnacipran HCl (code F2695) was commercialized in the United States under the trade name Fetzima as an antidepressant, rather than for the treatment of fibromyalgia.
Effect of thyme (T. vulgaris) extracts on fattening performance, some blood parameters, oxidative stress and DNA damage in Japanese quails

The study was conducted to determine the effects of supplemented thyme oil extract and thyme water extract, the water soluble fraction of thyme extract, on fattening performance, blood parameters, oxidative stress and DNA damage in Japanese quails. Two hundred sixteen chicks were divided into four groups: control (no antibiotic or thyme extracts (I), fl avomycin (II), thyme oil extract (III) and thyme water extract (IV). Groups II and III received 1 g/kg fl avomycin as an antibiotic and 2.5 ml/kg thyme oil extract, respectively. Birds in group IV received 100 ml/l of thyme water extract in their drinking water. There were no signifi cant differences in liveweight between the treatment groups, but feed intake differed (P<0.01) at 0-5 weeks of age. Results showed that thyme extracts decreased feed consumption during the experiment. Similarly, the survival rate differed signifi cantly (P<0.01) between groups; the lowest was in antibiotic group. The levels of plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein and alkaline phosphates were similar in the four treatments. The highest rate of total oxidant status and total antioxidant response were found in group III, the lowest rate of DNA damage in the thyme oil (III) and thyme water extracts (IV) groups. It was concluded that supplementing thyme extract products in the diet of quails at the doses studied does not lead to a negative effect on the growth performance of the birds. Supplemented antibiotic caused an elevation in the oxidative stress index and in DNA damage.
Belatacept‐based immunosuppression with simultaneous calcineurin inhibitor avoidance and early corticosteroid withdrawal: A prospective, randomized multicenter trial

Simultaneous calcineurin inhibitor avoidance (CNIA) and early corticosteroid withdrawal (ESW) have not been achieved primarily due to excessive acute rejection. This trial compared 2 belatacept‐based CNIA/ESW regimens with a tacrolimus‐based ESW regimen. Kidney transplant recipients were randomized to receive alemtuzumab/belatacept, rabbit anti‐thymocyte globulin (rATG)/belatacept, or rATG/tacrolimus. The combinatorial primary endpoint consisted of patient death, renal allograft loss, or a Modification of Diet in Renal Disease–calculated eGFR of <45 mL/min/1.73 m2 at 12 months. Results are reported by treatment group (alemtuzumab/belatacept, rATG/belatacept, and rATG/tacrolimus). Superiority was not observed at 1 year for the primary endpoint (9/107 [8.4%], 15/104 [14.4%], and 14/105 [13.3%], respectively; P = NS) for either belatacept‐based regimen. Differences were not observed for secondary endpoints (death, death‐censored graft loss, or estimated glomerular filtration rates < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2). Differences were observed in biopsy‐proved acute cellular rejection (10.3%, 18.3%, and 1.9%, respectively) (P < .001), but not in antibody‐mediated rejection, mixed acute rejection, or de novo donor‐specific anti‐HLA antibodies. Neurologic and electrolyte abnormality adverse events were less frequent under belatacept. Belatacept‐based CNIA/ESW regimens did not prove to be superior for the primary or secondary endpoints. Belatacept‐treated patients demonstrated an increase in biopsy‐proved acute cellular rejection and reduced neurologic and metabolic adverse events. These results demonstrate that simultaneous CNIA/ESW is feasible without excessive acute rejection.
Interpreting sensory data of cheese "krema" by principal component analysis

The report presents results of an analysis of data from an organoleptic evaluation of cheese Krema”. For the processing of the results is used “Principal component analysis”. The organoleptic data are analyzed for 1 st 15 th and the 30 th day of storage. For quality evaluation of cheese "Krema" are used the methods of sensory analysis and physico-chemical methods. The sensor analysis is applied in order to measure, analyze and interpret the specific characteristics of the cheese "Krema" that are perceived by the senses, vision, taste and smell. The influence is studied of the storage period on the organoleptic characteristics of the dairy product.
Polymorphisms of the Chicken Mx Gene Promoter and Association with Chicken Embryos' Susceptibility to Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Challenge

Newcastle disease is a devastating viral disease of chicken in low- and middle-income countries where the backyard production system is predominant. Marker-assisted selection of chickens that are resistant to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the promising strategy that needs to be explored. The aim of the present study was to investigate polymorphisms of the promoter region of the chicken Mx gene and association with Kuroiler, Sasso, and local Tanzanian chicken embryos' survival variability to virulent NDV infection. Chicken embryos were initially challenged with a minimum lethal dose of virulent NDV suspension and then were followed over time to gather information on their survival variability. Using the survival data, high and less susceptible cohorts were established, and a total of 88 DNA samples from high and less susceptible groups were genotypes by sequencing. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which were previously reported, were detected. Interestingly, for the first time, the findings demonstrated the association of the promoter region of chicken myxovirus-resistance (Mx) gene polymorphisms with chicken embryos' susceptibility to the virulent NDV challenge. At the genotypic level, the SNP4 G > A mutation that was located within the IFN-stimulating response element was associated (LR: 6.97, P=0.03) with chicken embryos' susceptibility to the virulent NDV challenge. An allele G frequency was higher in the less susceptible cohort, whereas an allele A frequency was higher in the high susceptible cohort. At the haplotype level, the haplotype group ACGC was associated (OR: 9.8, 95% CI: 1.06–79.43, P=0.042) with the same trait and had a resistant effect. In conclusion, the results have demonstrated the association of chicken Mx gene promoter polymorphisms and chicken embryos' survival variability to the virulent NDV challenge, and the information is useful for breeding programs designed to develop chicken genotypes that are resistant to Newcastle disease virus.
Nonmetric Cranial Trait Variation and Ancestry Estimation in Asian and Asian‐Derived Groups

Traditionally, precontact Native Americans and Asian groups have been conflated for aspects of the biological profile due to their distantly shared genetic history, although this grouping remains largely unexplored. This study examines craniomorphic variability to ascertain whether Asian groups can be differentiated from each other and from Asian‐derived groups using more fine‐tuned models. Cranial and mandibular data for 35 nonmetric traits were recorded on precontact Native Americans (n = 150) and modern Japanese (n = 150) and Thai (n = 150) individuals. Chi‐square analyses indicate that all groups exhibit statistically significant differences in most traits. Additionally, cross‐validated binary logistic regression equations resulted in correct classification rates in the range of 65.0–93.3% and demonstrate that sex does not contribute to statistical models. Therefore, numerous traits provide discriminatory resolution that detects differences between the samples, thus highlighting the potential utility of nonmetric traits in identifying individuals beyond the traditional African, European, and Asian forensic ancestry groupings.
Environmental factors influence milling and physical properties and flour size distribution of organic spelt wheat

Spelt grain harvested at four organic farms in Poland were assessed for physical and milling properties and flour size distribution. The spelt grain was diversified in relation to the majority of tested milling quality parameters. The environmental conditions had a significant impact on thousand kernel weight, vitreousness, PSI, kernel ash content, specific energy of milling and the particle size distribution of flour. The values of specific energy of milling, coefficient of grinding efficiency, rupture force and rupture energy in the spelt from the organic farms were significantly lower than common wheat. The highest spelt flour yield was obtained of kernels cultivated on ecological farm with semi-coherent and very dry soil was similar to that of common wheat; the milling yield of the spelt originating from other farms was by 9.5% to 12.7% less than from the wheat one. The greatest differences in PSD between the tested flours were detected for the values over 40 μm. The content of this fraction was determined in the range of app. 1% to almost 4.5%; the flour from common wheat contained app. 2.8% of this fraction. Correspondence: Małgorzata Warechowska, Katedra Podstaw Bezpieczeństwa, Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski, ul. Jana Heweliusza 10, 10-719 Olsztyn, phone: 89 524 56 13, e-mail: gosiaw@uwm.edu. pl Technical Sciences 19(4) 2016