Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Korea: The result of forth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality throughout the world and is the only major disease that is continuing to increase in both prevalence and mortality. The second Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey revealed that the prevalence of COPD in Korean subjects aged ≥45 years was 17.2% in 2001. Further surveys on the prevalence of COPD were not available until 2007. Here, we report the prevalence of spirometrically detected COPD in Korea, using data from the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES IV) which was conducted in 2007∼2009. Methods: Based on the Korean Statistical Office census that used nationwide stratified random sampling, 10,523 subjects aged ≥40 years underwent spirometry. Place of residence, levels of education, income, and smoking status, as well as other results from a COPD survey questionnaire were also assessed. Results: The prevalence of COPD (defined as forced expiratory volume in 1 sec/forced vital capacity ＜0.7 in subjects aged ≥40 years) was 12.9% (men, 18.7%; women, 7.5%). In total, 96.5% of patients with COPD had mild-to-moderate disease; only 2.5% had been diagnosed by physicians, and only 1.7% had been treated. The independent risk factors for COPD were smoking, advanced age, and male gender. Conclusion: The prevalence of COPD was 12.9% in the KNHANES IV data. Most patients with COPD were undiagnosed and untreated. Based on these results, a strategy for early COPD intervention is warranted in high risk subjects.
VIDEO SELF-MODELING 3 Evaluating Video Self-Modeling Treatment Outcomes : Differentiating between Statistically and Clinically Significant Change Videotaped

The present study examined the utility of video self-modeling (VSM) for reducing externalizing behaviors (e.g., aggression, following directions, hyperactivity, and impulsivity) observed within the classroom environment. After identification of relevant target behaviors, VSM interventions were developed for first and second grade students (N = 4), ages 7-8, from a suburban school district. All participants were eligible for special education and related services, with eligibility classifications that ranged from Other Health Impairment (OHI) to Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). VSM treatment outcomes were evaluated using multiple change indices (e.g., Reliable Change Index, Means Difference Effect Size) to examine the clinical and statistical significance of differences observed between pre and post intervention administrations of parent and teacher forms of the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Second Edition (BASC-2) rating scale. Although outcomes for individual participants were relatively consistent across the multiple change indices, differential effects in reductions in reports of externalizing behaviors across teacher and parent rating forms were observed. Implications, limitations, and future directions of VSM research are also discussed.
Apical Variant of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Systemic Scleroderma- A Hint for Autoimmune Mechanism?

We present a 75-year-old female, Ms. W, with systemic scleroderma and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) who was evaluated for one-year history of swelling in her ankles and feet. Cardiac auscultation revealed a left lower sternal border ejection systolic murmur that increased with Valsalva maneuver. ECG was consistent with Left Ventricular (LV) hypertrophy whereas transthoracic echocardiogram and cardiac MRI revealed increased LV wall thickness with asymmetric involvement of the apex and circumferential pericardial effusion. Although genetic mutations of cardiomyocyte sarcomeric proteins have been implicated in HCM, screening in several HCM cohorts have failed to identify genetic mutations in a substantial proportion of cases. A predisposition for HCM with certain human leukocyte antigen subtypes has been reported. In addition, an increased prevalence of HCM has been reported in chronic hepatitis C virus infection, a disease with multiple extra-hepatic autoimmune manifestations. Thus the occurrence of HCM in patients with autoimmune diseases such as systemic scleroderma may indicate potential autoimmune mechanism. Studies testing the hypothesis that autoimmune mechanisms are involved in producing the HCM phenotype, at least in patients with no identifiable genetic mutation affecting sarcomeric proteins, are needed.
Levels of Empathy among Dental Students in Five Chilean Universities

Aim: To compare empathic levels among dental students of five Dental Faculties in Chile. Material and Methods: Empathic orientation of dental students was measured using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, the Spanish version for students (S version), validated in Chile and culturally adapted to dental students. The data were compared using analysis of variance trifactorial (model III) and by a discriminant analysis. Results: It was found that differences exist between universities empathic orientation, courses, and gender. Conclusions: The results showed a great variability of empathetic guidance values on the factors studied. Discriminant test confirm the similarity and differences found among faculties from the data matrix provided by the scale used. It is not possible in this investigation to explain the variability found.
Perception and effectiveness of search advertising on smartphones

This paper explores the perception and effectiveness of mobile search ads from the perspective of users. The study investigates the attention and interaction of users as well as their subjective estimation of paid listings within Google search results on smartphones. During the tests, each of the 20 users has to accomplish four different search tasks. Data collection methods combine eye‐tracking with click‐through analysis and interviews. Results indicate that there is no “ad blindness” on mobile search, but similar to desktop search, users also tend to avoid search advertising on smartphones. For mobile search, ads appear to cause higher usability costs than on desktop.
Limiar diferencial de mascaramento: valores de referência em adultos

Introdução: O Limiar Diferencial de Mascaramento é um teste comportamental que avalia o mecanismo de interação binaural do processamento auditivo. Objetivo: Descrever o Limiar Diferencial de Mascaramento em adultos, a fim de contribuir para o estabelecimento de valores de referência para o teste. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 109 mulheres sem queixas auditivas e com audiometria normal. Foi utilizada a versão do Limiar Diferencial de Mascaramento da Auditec of Saint Louis, que consiste na apresentação de 33 segmentos de ruído de banda estreita nas duas orelhas, por pelo menos, três segundos, na presença ou não de tom puro de 500 Hz. Foram utilizadas três condições distintas: tom puro e ruído de banda estreita em fase, nas duas orelhas (condição sinal/ruído homofásica SoNo); tom puro em fase invertida, em uma das orelhas e o ruído em fase, nas duas orelhas (condição sinal/ruído antifásica SπNo); ruído sem a presença de tom puro (no tone – NT). A tarefa para as participantes foi a de indicarem se ouviram ou não o tom. Resultados: O valor médio na condição homofásica (SoNo) foi de 12,00 dB, com erro padrão de 0,284 e, na condição antifásica (SπNo), foi de 22,77 dB, com erro padrão de 0,510. O valor médio resultante da diferença entre as duas condições, Limiar Diferencial de Mascaramento, foi de 10,83 dB, com erro padrão de 0,316. Conclusão: O Limiar Diferencial de Mascaramento médio, obtido a partir de 109 adultos jovens, normo-ouvintes, do sexo feminino, foi de 10,83 dB.
Neurog3-dependent pancreas dysgenesis causes ectopic pancreas in Hes1 mutant mice

ABSTRACT Mutations in Hes1, a target gene of the Notch signalling pathway, lead to ectopic pancreas by a poorly described mechanism. Here, we use genetic inactivation of Hes1 combined with lineage tracing and live imaging to reveal an endodermal requirement for Hes1, and show that ectopic pancreas tissue is derived from the dorsal pancreas primordium. RNA-seq analysis of sorted E10.5 Hes1+/+ and Hes1−/− Pdx1-GFP+ cells suggested that upregulation of endocrine lineage genes in Hes1−/− embryos was the major defect and, accordingly, early pancreas morphogenesis was normalized, and the ectopic pancreas phenotype suppressed, in Hes1−/−Neurog3−/− embryos. In Mib1 mutants, we found a near total depletion of dorsal progenitors, which was replaced by an anterior Gcg+ extension. Together, our results demonstrate that aberrant morphogenesis is the cause of ectopic pancreas and that a part of the endocrine differentiation program is mechanistically involved in the dysgenesis. Our results suggest that the ratio of endocrine lineage to progenitor cells is important for morphogenesis and that a strong endocrinogenic phenotype without complete progenitor depletion, as seen in Hes1 mutants, provokes an extreme dysgenesis that causes ectopic pancreas. Summary: The developmental mechanisms that cause ectopic pancreas are poorly understood. Here, we show that aberrant dorsal pancreas morphogenesis in Hes1 mutants leads to ectopic pancreas, depending on the pro-endocrine gene Neurog3.
Visual Snow: Visual Misperception

Background: Visual snow (VS) is a constant visual disturbance described as flickering dots occupying the entire visual field. Recently, it was characterized as the defining feature of a VS syndrome (VSS), which includes palinopsia, photophobia, photopsias, entoptic phenomena, nyctalopia, and tinnitus. Sixty percent of patients with VSS also experience migraine, with or without aura. This entity often is considered psychogenic in nature, to the detriment of the patient's best interests, but the high frequency of similar visual symptoms argues for an organic deficit. The purpose of this review is to clarify VSS as a true entity and elaborate the nature of individual symptoms and their relationship to each other. Evidence Acquisition: The literature was reviewed with specific regard to the clinical presentation and psychophysical, neurophysiological, and functional imaging studies in patients with defined visual disturbances that comprise VSS. Results: Consideration of the individual symptoms suggests that multiple factors are potentially involved in the development of VSS, including subcortical network malfunction and cortical hyperexcitation. Although there is substantial overlap between VSS and migraine syndromes in terms of co-occurring symptoms, both neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies provide substantial evidence of separate abnormalities of processing, supporting these as separate syndromes. Conclusions: VSS is likely associated with either hyperactive visual cortices or, alternatively, impaired processing of simultaneous afferent information projecting to cortex. VSS likely results from widespread disturbance of sensory processing resulting in sensory misperception. There may be a number of syndromes associated with impaired sensory processing resulting in sensory misperception, including migraine, persistent perceptual postural dizziness, and tinnitus, which overlap with VSS. Elucidation of abnormality in one defined syndrome may provide a path forward for investigating all.
GUTI Reallocation Demystified: Cellular Location Tracking with Changing Temporary Identifier

To keep subscribers’ identity confidential, a cellular network operator must use a temporary identifier instead of a permanent one according to the 3GPP standard. Temporary identifiers include Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) and Globally Unique Temporary Identifier (GUTI) for GSM/3G and Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks, respectively. Unfortunately, recent studies have shown that carriers fail to protect subscribers in both GSM/3G and LTE mainly because these identifiers have static and persistent values. These identifiers can be used to track subscribers’ locations. These studies have suggested that temporary identifiers must be reallocated frequently to solve this privacy problem. The only mechanism to update the temporary identifier in current LTE implementations is called GUTI reallocation. We investigate whether the current implementation of the GUTI reallocation mechanism can provide enough security to protect subscribers’ privacy. To do this, we collect data by performing GUTI reallocation more than 30,000 times with 28 carriers across 11 countries using 78 SIM cards. Then, we investigate whether (1) these reallocated GUTIs in each carrier show noticeable patterns and (2) if they do, these patterns are consistent among different SIM cards within each carrier. Among 28 carriers, 19 carriers have easily predictable and consistent patterns in their GUTI reallocation mechanisms. Among the remaining 9 carriers, we revisit 4 carriers to investigate them in greater detail. For all these 4 carriers, we could find interesting yet predictable patterns after invoking GUTI reallocation multiple times within a short time period. By using this predictability, we show that an adversary can track subscribers’ location as in previous studies. Finally, we present a lightweight and unpredictable GUTI reallocation mechanism as a solution.
Executive function predicts the visuospatial working memory in autism spectrum disorder and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and those with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) always show working memory deficits. However, research findings on the factors that affected the working memory in ASD and ADHD were inconsistent. Thus, we developed the present study to investigate the association of executive function (EF) with the visuospatial working memory (VSWM) in ASD and ADHD. Three groups of participants were examined: 21 children with ASD, 28 children with ADHD and 28 typically developing (TD) children as the controls. All participants completed two tests: the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Corsi Block Tapping Test for measuring EF and VSWM, respectively. The WCST included four domains: categories achieved (CA), perseverative errors (PE), failures to maintain set (FMS), and total errors (TE). The findings indicated that (1) the ASD group showed poorer performance in VSWM than the ADHD and TD groups; (2) for the ASD group, VSWM was positively correlated with CA, and was negatively correlated with PE and TE; (3) for the ADHD group, FMS showed a negative relationship with VSWM; and (4) TE predicted the performance of VSWM in ASD group, while FMS predicted VSWM in ADHD group. The study results suggested that VSWM was impaired in ASD but not in ADHD. Also, the EF domains were differently correlated with the VSWM performance in ASD and ADHD. Our study suggests that we should consider different intervention targets of working memory and EF contributions in improving the cognitive capacity of ASD and ADHD. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1148–1156. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Towards an Analysis of Program Complexity From a Cognitive Perspective

Instructional designers, examiners, and researchers frequently need to assess the complexity of computer programs in their work. However, there is a dearth of established methodologies for assessing the complexity of a program from a learning point of view. In this article, we explore theories and methods for describing programs in terms of the demands they place on human cognition. More specifically, we draw on Cognitive Load Theory and the Model of Hierarchical Complexity in order to extend Soloway's plan-based analysis of programs and apply it at a fine level of granularity. The resulting framework of Cognitive Complexity of Computer Programs~(CCCP) generates metrics for two aspects of a program: plan depth and maximal plan interactivity. Plan depth reflects the overall complexity of the cognitive schemas that are required for reasoning about the program, and maximal plan interactivity reflects the complexity of interactions between schemas that arise from program composition. Using a number of short programs as case studies, we apply the CCCP to illustrate why one program or construct is more complex than another, to identify dependencies between constructs that a novice programmer needs to learn and to contrast the complexity of different strategies for program composition. Finally, we highlight some areas in computing education and computing education research in which the CCCP could be applied and discuss the upcoming work to validate and refine the CCCP and associated methodology beyond this initial exploration.
Boundaries of frequency and treatment time in conventional hemodialysis: Balancing convenience, economics, and health outcomes

Since the inception of hemodialysis (HD) for patients with chronic kidney disease, the “perfect” dialysis prescription has remained elusive. Part of this may relate to the heterogeneity among populations, individual patients, and differences in access to health provision. The optimal balance between dialysis frequency and duration to achieve reductions in patient morbidity and mortality continues to be debated. The concept of dialysis adequacy originated from a post hoc mathematical analysis of the National Cooperative Study and has evolved to become a way of calculating dialysis dose and standardizing the dialysis prescription. In contrast, in its originally conceived sense, dialysis adequacy referred to the effective clearance of small solutes. Given the evolution of dialysis practice, we now aim to consider dialysis adequacy in a broader and more holistic manner particularly in view of our aging population and focus toward important patient‐centered outcomes. While the traditional thrice weekly, HD regimen remains the default renal replacement modality, alternative strategies including short daily HD, long conventional HD, and long nocturnal HD are being widely implemented. We aim for optimal solute clearance, effective ultrafiltration to achieve normotension (while avoiding intradialytic symptoms) and maintenance of nutritional parameters all within the caveat that quality of life and autonomy are preserved.
The effects of time frames on self-report

Background The degree to which episodic and semantic memory processes contribute to retrospective self-reports have been shown to depend on the length of reporting period. Robinson and Clore (2002) argued that when the amount of accessible detail decreases due to longer reporting periods, an episodic retrieval strategy is abandoned in favor of a semantic retrieval strategy. The current study further examines this shift between retrieval strategies by conceptually replicating the model of Robinson and Clore (2002) for both emotions and symptoms and by attempting to estimate the exact moment of the theorized shift. Method A sample of 469 adults reported the extent to which they experienced 8 states (excited, happy, calm, sad, anxious, angry, pain, stress) over 12 time frames (right now to in general). A series of curvilinear and piecewise linear multilevel growth models were used to examine the pattern of response times and response levels (i.e., rated intensity on a 1–5 scale) across the different time frames. Results Replicating previous results, both response times and response levels increased with longer time frames. In contrast to prior work, no consistent evidence was found for a change in response patterns that would suggest a shift in retrieval strategies (i.e., a flattening or decrease of the slope for longer time frames). The relationship between the time frames and response times/levels was similar for emotions and symptoms. Conclusions Although the current study showed a pronounced effect of time frame on response times and response levels, it did not replicate prior work that suggested a shift from episodic to semantic memory as time frame duration increased. This indicates that even for longer time frames individuals might attempt to retrieve episodic information to provide a response. We suggest that studies relying on self-report should use the same well-defined time frames across all self-reported measures.
Fungal Osteomyelitis in Diabetic Foot Infections: A Case Series and Comparative Analysis

Fungal osteomyelitis (OM) is relatively rare. There is scarce literature discussing fungal OM in diabetic foot infections (DFIs). This case series explores the clinical characteristics of patients treated at a large tertiary academic center for DFI and found to have a causative agent of fungal origin in their bone on surgical intervention. Between July 2017 and March 2018, a prospective longitudinal analysis was performed of patients with diabetes admitted to our institution who underwent operative management of OM. Demographic, clinical, radiographic, and laboratory data were collected for all patients. Data between bacterial and fungal OM cohorts was analyzed for differences and similarities in patient characteristics and outcomes. All patients were followed 20 weeks postoperatively. Five patients with fungal OM were identified from the 35 cases where OM was confirmed through podiatric surgical intervention. In each fungal case, a Candida species was isolated from operative bone culture which included subspecies Candida albicans, C parapsilosis, and C glabrata. A P value ⩾. 05 was found in clinical characteristics between our cohorts. Wound healing was achieved in 40% of patients with fungal OM, and oral fluconazole successfully treated Candida OM in the cases that achieved healing. Diabetes can increase the risk of Candida OM. In DFIs, fungus can impede wound healing if not recognized and treated. Because Candida OM is typically indolent in nature, bone biopsy and mycological culture is recommended for definitive diagnosis and treatment.
Towards a Timely Causality Analysis for Enterprise Security

—The increasingly sophisticated Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attacks have become a serious challenge for enterprise IT security. Attack causality analysis , which tracks multi-hop causal relationships between ﬁles and processes to diagnose attack provenances and consequences, is the ﬁrst step towards under- standing APT attacks and taking appropriate responses. Since attack causality analysis is a time-critical mission, it is essential to design causality tracking systems that extract useful attack information in a timely manner. However, prior work is limited in serving this need. Existing approaches have largely focused on pruning causal dependencies totally irrelevant to the attack, but fail to differentiate and prioritize abnormal events from numerous relevant, yet benign and complicated system operations, resulting in long investigation time and slow responses. To address this problem, we propose P RIO T RACKER , a back- ward and forward causality tracker that automatically prioritizes the investigation of abnormal causal dependencies in the tracking process. Speciﬁcally, to assess the priority of a system event, we consider its rareness and topological features in the causality graph. To distinguish unusual operations from normal system events, we quantify the rareness of each event by developing a reference model which records common routine activities in corporate computer systems. We implement P RIO T RACKER , in 20K lines of Java code, and a reference model builder in 10K lines of Java code. We evaluate our tool by deploying both systems in a real enterprise IT environment, where we collect 1TB of 2.5 billion OS events from 150 machines in one week. Experimental results show that P RIO T RACKER can capture attack traces that are missed by existing trackers and reduce the analysis time by up to two orders of magnitude .