Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IDENTIFYING, MANAGING, AND CONTROLLINGINFORMATION SYSTEM COSTS: ANEXPLORATORY CASE STUDY

Cost is a significant factor that needs consideration during the appraisal of IT/IS investments due to the enormous amount of monies being invested. In addition, managers often determine the success or failure of IT/IS investment based on a retrospective view of whether the project was delivered within the budget allocated. However, a major barrier to the use of many methods that are integral to the appraisal of IT/IS investments is their failure to account for the indirect/intangible cost elements associated with many IT/IS projects. Furthermore, many managers remain unaware of the existence and nature of these indirect costs, which makes their inclusion within any robust appraisal process difficult if not impossible. In this paper the authors set the scene for longitudinal research that starts off reviewing the IT/IS evaluation literature associated with investment decision making and IT/IS related costs. In doing so, proposing a research agenda and scope that will form the basis of a longitudinal study. This paper will propose the scope of the research and report preliminary fining of the costs experienced by an educational institution in Egypt that has sought to establish an IT/IS infrastructure. The case study reports that although many managers were familiar with the indirect/intangible costs relating to IT/IS projects, they actively tried to avoid such costs during the evaluation process. The authors highlight the consequences of such avoidance and disregard of IT/IS costs.
The African concept of caring for life

This article analyses the village concept of caring among African people. The old pattern of caring was based on the concept of ubuntu (humanity) which respects people, because they are created in the imago Dei. Then the article compares the western concept of caring, which is based on individualism and people's privacy. Finally, economy, globalisation and this western concept are analysed. The impact of the above concepts affects Africans in urban areas, who are caught up in the two worlds, namely the African and western worlds. 1. CARING The concept of caring is a gift from God for all human beings, as well as animals. I cannot imagine what life would be like without caring for one another. In other words, your life and mine would be unimaginable without the care, guidance and support of parents, uncles, aunts and other human beings. In fact, caring occurs from the time of conception, right up to the time of death. Waruta reminds us of several ways in which caring and support occur:
Münsterberg's legacy: What does eyewitness research tell us about the reliability of eyewitness testimony?

SUMMARY Munsterberg alerted us about the fallibility of eyewitness memory 100 years ago and we have come far in our understanding of the factors contributing to eyewitness error. A healthy empirical literature, including several meta-analytic reviews, suggests progress has been made in understanding the impact of various estimator and system variables on eyewitness performance. We begin by acknowl- edging Munsterberg's pioneering studies of eyewitness fallibility. We then turn to the methodological contribution of Buckhout (1974), a follower of Munsterberg. A selective review of research then highlights the scientific merits and pitfalls of the laboratory and archival approach to studying eyewitness behaviour. We end with a discussion of what experts can really tell the courts about the causal and associative relationships between various estimator and system variables. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated nutrient management for lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the Anuradhapura district of Sri Lanka.

The impact of integration of inorganic fertilizer and organic manures on yield of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) was evaluated under field conditions over two seasons. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replicates. The main plots were two rice varieties namely, Kaluheenati and Bg 352, and the sub-plots consisted of five fertilizer/manure combinations viz. T1 – control (without fertilizer and organic manure), T2 – 100% of fertilizer recommendation of the Department of Agriculture (DOA), T3 – 50% of fertilizer recommendation of the DOA, T4 – organic manure alone, T5 – 50% of fertilizer recommendation of the DOA + T4. The variety effect, fertilizer/manure combination effect and interaction effect of variety and fertilizer/manure combination on yield were significant (p Tropical Agricultural Research Vol. 25 (2): 266 – 271 (2014)
Hydrogeochemical Characterisation of Groundwater in Salem District of Tamilnadu, India

The Salem district, located in semi arid southeast India, is an important industrial and agricultural center. In recent year s rapi d development has creat ed an increase in de mand for groundwater. Detailed knowledge of water quality gives a brief insight on the hydrochemical system, prom otiong sustainable development and effective management of gr oundwater resources. A hydrogeochemi cal investigation was conducted in the Salem district by collecting a total of 108 groundwater samples for Pre and Post monsoon seasons. The study reveal that pH in the area is neutral to alkaline ranging from 6.6 to 8.6 with an average of 8.0. The electrical conductivity and tota l dis solved solids (TDS) values was noted higher during both the seasons. The abundance of maj or ions in the groundwater is i n the order of Na > Ca > M g > K=Cl>HCO3>SO4>NO3. Hydrochemical facies demarcated was Ca-Mg-Cl, Na-Cl, Ca-HCO3, Ca-Na-HCO3 and Ca-Cl type. NO 3, Cl, SO4 and F exceed the permissible limit during both the seasons. The quality of groundwater has been assessed by using SAR, Permeability Index and RSC values along with Wilcox and USSL diagrams. As per the class ification of water for domestic and irrigation purposes, the influence of anthropogenic activities such as intense agricultural practices like application of fertilizers, irrigation practice, urban and industrial waste discharge influence the quality of groundwater in the study area.
A New Pillar Geometry for Heterostructure Barrier Varactor Diodes

We report on a novel diode geometry, with reduced thermal resistance, for Heterostructure Barrier Varactor, HBV, diodes. The pillar geometry presented here involves the complete removal of the substrate, electrical contacted is made by the forward and reverse side processing of metallic pillars. We propose that there is a limit to the maximum number of barriers that can be used to increase the power capability of a HBV. An analytical model has been developed to study these effects. In considering the case of a perfect thermal heat sink the limit is found to be fourteen, in applying this model to the new pillar structure this is reduced to six.
Importance of consumers on exposed and sheltered rocky shores.

It is often suggested that the relative importance of biotic processes, such as recruit- ment, competition and predation of marine benthic species, varies predictably along a gradient of exposure to wave action. Several established models of community dynamics on rocky shores pre- dict that top-down processes are more important for structuring communities on sheltered than on exposed shores. To test the relative dominance of top-down processes, we first measured the establishment of key benthic species (mussels, barnacles and algae) on 3 sheltered and 3 exposed rocky shores in southwest Ireland over two 6 mo periods. We then manipulated the presence of consumers (e.g. grazing gastropods, crabs, whelks), using caged exclosures, on 2 sheltered and 2 exposed shores to test for an interaction between effects of consumers and shore exposure on the establishment of benthic species. In contrast to predictions, we found that consumers strongly affected establishment of all species regardless of shore exposure. We also found that shore expo- sure was not a reliable predictor for spatial and temporal variation in rates of establishment of sessile benthic species. Our findings provide experimental evidence which demonstrates the importance of consumers in early post-settlement stages of benthic species—essential for the development of benthicpelagic models.
Teacher and Student Based Instructions on Probability Achievement Outcomes and Attitudes of Secondary School Students in Bungoma North, Kenya

Teacher based is the usual instructional method used by most teachers in high school. Traditionally, teachers direct the learning and students work individually and assume a receptive role in their education.Student based learning approach is an instructional use of small groups of students working together to accomplish shared goals to increase everyone’s and their own achievement. With the advert of progressive education in the 19 th century and the influence of psychologists, educators have largely replaced teacher based curriculum approaches with “hands-on” activities and group work where the child determines on his own what he/ she wants to do in class.The current study investigated the effect of “teacher” and “student based” instructions on probability achievement outcomes and attitudes of secondary school students in Bungoma North district, Kenya. It tries to explore the possibilities of exposing students to pedagogical practice which will actively engage them into the learning process and improve their performance in probability. The study will also inspire mathematics teachers to use appropriate teaching approaches that incorporates constructivist teaching characteristics that can enhance active participation of students and at the same time offer insight into patterns of student thought (understanding of mathematical concepts and processes) as well as their perception of, and attitudes towards solving and mathematics in general.Seymour Paper’s theory of constructionist provides the frame work for this study. The study utilized the matching only pretest – posttest control group design. The experimental group (N=100) used student based learning approach, while the control group (N=100) used teacher based approach. The study targeted 660 Form three students.Attitude and probability scores were collected from (N=200) students in five secondary schools. It was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics with the use of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) guide and hypothesis tested by one- way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The analysis revealed that “student based” method of instruction enhanced students’ attitudes toward probability and probability achievement. Keywords : Teacher based instruction, student based instruction, probability attitude survey, probability achievement test, attitude scores, probability scores.
The Appraisal of Social Trauma among Outpatients with Social Anxiety Disorder Compared to Individuals with No Mental Disorders

Trauma has mostly been researched in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cognitive theories of how PTSD develops place a key emphasis on the appraisal of the traumatic event. However, trauma may be too narrowly defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of mental disorders and there may be other types of traumatic experiences, such as social trauma (being severely rejected, ridiculed and humiliated). In this study we explored whether the same types of appraisal that have been implicated in the development of PTSD play a role in the development of social anxiety disorder (SAD). The appraisals of social trauma were assessed by the Posttraumatic Cognition Inventory (PTCI). The PTCI has three subscales (Negative Cognitions about Self, Negative Cognitions about the World and Self-Blame) and has been found to discriminate well between people who have experienced trauma and either develop PTSD or cope effectively. We also conducted content analyses of how participants responded to questions about the meaning of the social trauma, to determine if we could identify appraisal processes that may be specific to the development of SAD, and to what we termed social PTSD (meeting criteria for PTSD in response to a socially traumatic event). Participants were 25 adult outpatients at the Icelandic Center for Treatment of Anxiety Disorders with SAD as a primary diagnosis and 20 individuals with no mental disorders, all of which had experienced at least one socially traumatic event or experience. The results suggest that the PTCI subscales of Negative Cognitions about Self and Self-Blame is associated with a SAD diagnosis, indicating that beliefs previously thought to be specific to the development of PTSD may play a role in the development of SAD. The results of the content analyses of appraisals indicate that individuals with SAD appraise social trauma in a more negative fashion than people with no psychiatric diagnoses. More specifically, among individuals with SAD, 80% of the appraisals were classified in the appraisal categories drawn from cognitive models of how SAD is
Probabilistic forecasting of geomagnetic indices using solar wind air mass analysis

Measurements of the Sun's photospheric magnetic field can in principle be used to predict geomagnetic activity 1–3 days in advance. The accuracy of such predictions is low, however, because they do not include the north‐south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF Bz), which is the most geomagnetically relevant parameter. Aside from that carried by large‐scale transients, IMF Bz is mainly a product of small‐scale, in‐transit turbulence and so is inherently unpredictable from solar measurements. Routine 1‐ to‐3‐day forecasts of geomagnetic activity based on deterministic algorithms are, therefore, not possible. Probabilistic forecasts offer the next best thing to deterministic forecasts, and air mass climatology offers a way to develop the advantages inherent in probabilistic forecasts for space weather applications. Here we address the IMF Bz indeterminacy problem (or better, get around it) by applying the concept of air mass climatology to the solar wind. We give criteria and statistics for solar wind air masses, which provide poof of concept for routine, midrange (1‐ to 3‐day) probabilistic air mass forecasts of daily levels of geomagnetic activity.
A Community of Clones: Snow Algae Are Diverse Communities of Spatially Structured Clones

Premise of research. Snow algae are cosmopolitan and often colonize late-season snowpacks. These snow algae do not occur in isolation; rather, visible algal blooms consist of multispecies communities. Although several of these common snow algae have been characterized taxonomically, their inter- and intraspecific diversity remains unknown. Further, the phylogeographic and biogeographic structuring of snow algal species is poorly understood. Methodology. Algal communities were censused by sequencing the variable internal transcribed spacer 2 locus using Illumina MiSeq. We further analyzed two of the most common and abundant algal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for biogeographic haplotype diversity. Pivotal results. Our data show that the communities are diverse and taxonomically broad (orders: Chlamydomonadales [74% of OTUs], Microthamniales [20% OTUs], and Chlorellales [6% OTUs]). We demonstrate that the two most common species (best nucleotide basic local alignment search tool match to Coenochloris sp. and Chlamydomonas sp.) have distinct haplotype distributions locally and regionally. Each sampled algal colony was dominated by one and only one haplotype, with negligible intraspecific haplotype diversity. Conclusions. Our results suggest that snow algae are communities of clones within a discrete patch yet are heterogeneous across the landscape. Thus, these communities are likely structured via strong priority effects, intense kin competition, and dispersal limitations.
Financial Valuation and Risk Management Working Paper No . 694 The Negative CDS-Bond Basis and Convergence Trading During the 2007 / 09 Financial Crisis

This papers studies the CDS-bond basis, i.e. a measure of price discrepancies between CDS and bonds spreads, for a sample of investment-graded US firms. Results show that during the 2007/09 financial crisis the basis was time varying and negatively correlated to: the “Libor-OIS” spread, a proxy for the increased funding cost and risk in the interbank lending market, to measures of “bond value uncertainty”, which proxy for the increase in “haircuts” and to the “OIS-Tbill” spread, a proxy for the “flight-to-liquidity” and its related liquidity premium. Moreover, large losses erased the capital used to fund margin requirements and forced convergence traders to close their positions prematurely, thus amplifying large shocks.
Insurance And Entrepreneurship: A Conceptual Framework

Historical and literature reviews as well as considerations on the issue of risk aversion and entrepreneurship show that insurance can reduce uncertainty, protect assets, and ultimately support entrepreneurship and economic activity. Insurance and the various policies have their unified characteristic as a business that has the institutional role of supporting other business activities. Thus the development of insurance is commingled with other economic activities and initiatives and with economic growth. However, the conditions for insurance in emerging markets—and in particular in Latin America and the Caribbean—are not primarily conducive to economic activity and entrepreneurship. There are numerous reasons for this, including institutional shortcomings and insurance premiums that do not reflect fair prices. The research refers at various areas, e.g., economic growth, financial market, insurance markets, entrepreneurship. The literature explored and provided answers of different links e.g., financial markets and economic growth; financial markets and entrepreneurship; entrepreneurship and economic growth. In fact, financial market development is considered an important determinant of economic growth and for entrepreneurship; entrepreneurship and economic growth are closely related in the sense that entrepreneurship prompts economic growth. However, the links between insurance and entrepreneurship and the contribution of insurance to economic activity and growth, and particularly how insurance supports entrepreneurship still need to be qualified and empirically proved.
Consumer perceptions of private label brands within the retail grocery sector of South Africa

This exploratory study serves to investigate the perceptions of fast moving private label brands in the South African grocery food sector. Successful positioning of these brands has been achieved globally, most notably in developed markets. However, in a South African context this does not appear to be the case. To this end, research has been undertaken in order to better understand the current position these brands occupy in the minds of South African consumers. Included in the study is the consideration of critical branding elements such as trust, availability, pricing, packaging, etc. The knowledge gained through this research should ideally facilitate the process of advancing private label brand research in an academic context and improving brand positioning, increasing market share and optimizing profit extracted from private label brands in a managerial context. Key words: Private label, store brand, own label, supermarket, grocery, perceptions, South Africa.
Deagglomeration of nanoparticle aggregates via rapid expansion of supercritical or high‐pressure suspensions

Deagglomeration of suspensions of alumina and titania nanopowders (i.e., nanoparticle aggregates) via rapid expansion of supercritical suspensions (RESS) or high-pressure suspensions (REHPS) was studied. The size distribution of fragmented nanopowders was characterized by online Scanning Mobility Particle Spectrometer (SMPS) and Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS), and by offline Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). SMPS and SEM measurements indicate that the average agglomerate sizes were well below 1 μm, consistent with the length scales observed in our complementary RESS/REHPS mixing experiments using alumina and silica nanopowders. The APS measurements, on the other hand, were affected by reagglomeration during sampling and yielded an agglomerate size range of 1 to 3 μm. Analysis of the RESS/REHPS process through compressible flow models revealed that both the shear stress in the nozzle and the subsequent impact of the agglomerates with the Mach disc in the free expansion region can lead to micron or sub-micron level deagglomeration. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Alleghanian faulting in the southern Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec

Transcurrent faults and associated compressional structures affecting post-Middle Devonian rocks are recognized for the ﬁrst time in the southern Gaspe Peninsula (Quebec). This region was previously thought to have experienced only minor normal fault readjustments after the Middle Devonian Acadian Orogeny. Four SW-striking fault systems with post-Acadian sinistral motion that have been identiﬁed along the north shore of Chaleur Bay are described here. These faults are kinematically compatible with large NW-striking dextral faults in eastern Gaspe, and suggest that these structures reﬂect a widespread Alleghanian paleostress system that probably affected the entire Quebec Appalachians. RESUME Des failles de decrochement et les structures compressives qui leur sont associees affectent des roches post-Devonien moyen dans le sud de la Gaspesie (Quebec) et sont reconnues pour la premiere fois. Cette region etait auparavant consideree comme n'ayant connu que des reajustements mineurs de failles normales apres l'orogenese Acadienne (Devonien moyen). Quatre systemes de failles orientees SW-NE ont connus des deplacements senestres post-acadiens et sont analyses dans cet article. Ces failles sont compatibles avec de grands decrochements dextres orientes NW-SE dans l'est de la Gaspesie et suggerent que ces structures sont associees a des paleostress alleghaniens ayant possiblement affecte les Appalaches quebecoises dans leur totalite. [Traduit par la redaction]
Rethinking Technology, ICTs and Development: Why it is Time to Consider ICT4D 3.0

the past decade, ICT and Development has become a notable field, in terms of both relevance and size. It is char- acterized by a wide diversity of research studies from a range of disciplines, a plethora of ICT technological development projects in many countries, and different (also conflicting) methodological approaches regarding theory as well as prac- tice. This typifies a young and vibrant field. Despite all these commendable research activities, the field still lacks a broader coherent and shared underlying theoretical frame- work and methodology that is the signature of mature scien- tific fields. This paper investigates this fundamental issue. First, we propose that complexity theory offers a fruitful conceptualization and framework to understand how ICTs work in a development context, and we detail this based on available general literature as well as our own ICT4D research in Africa. Second, we explore practical implica- tions of this approach, leading to a different participatory approach labelled ICT4D 3.0.