Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelling Holocene peatland dynamics with an individual-based dynamic vegetation model

Abstract. Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are designed for the study of past, present and future vegetation patterns together with associated biogeochemical cycles and climate feedbacks. However, most DGVMs do not yet have detailed representations of permafrost and non-permafrost peatlands, which are an important store of carbon, particularly at high latitudes. We demonstrate a new implementation of peatland dynamics in a customized Arctic version of the LPJ-GUESS DGVM, simulating the long-term evolution of selected northern peatland ecosystems and assessing the effect of changing climate on peatland carbon balance. Our approach employs a dynamic multi-layer soil with representation of freeze–thaw processes and litter inputs from a dynamically varying mixture of the main peatland plant functional types: mosses, shrubs and graminoids. The model was calibrated and tested for a sub-Arctic mire in Stordalen, Sweden, and validated at a temperate bog site in Mer Bleue, Canada. A regional evaluation of simulated carbon fluxes, hydrology and vegetation dynamics encompassed additional locations spread across Scandinavia. Simulated peat accumulation was found to be generally consistent with published data and the model was able to capture reported long-term vegetation dynamics, water table position and carbon fluxes. A series of sensitivity experiments were carried out to investigate the vulnerability of high-latitude peatlands to climate change. We found that the Stordalen mire may be expected to sequester more carbon in the first half of the 21st century due to milder and wetter climate conditions, a longer growing season, and the CO2 fertilization effect, turning into a carbon source after mid-century because of higher decomposition rates in response to warming soils.
Working Paper No. 2012-19 File Sharing, Network Architecture, and Copyright Enforcement: An Overview

This paper provides an overview of internet ﬁle sharing networks and explores the relationship between technological, economic, and legal aspects of ﬁle sharing. I chronicle the evolution of content sharing technology since the 1990s, and examine the role of network architecture for a copyright holder’s choice of enforcement strategy as well as users’ responses to enforcement tactics. Some conjectures for possible future enforcement approaches are also derived. The target audience of this survey consists of economists and legal scholars interested in intellectual property rights and internet ﬁle sharing.
Language Switching and Executive Functions

According to the Bilingual Executive Advantage (BEA) hypothesis, bilinguals outperform monolinguals in executive functions (EF). This has been suggested to stem from life-long training of bilinguals in shifting between languages and inhibiting the non-target language that are assumed to load on executive resources. Recent research, however, has brought the BEA hypothesis into doubt. In this thesis, I examine what the prerequisites are for bilingual training of EF to occur, and whether they are fulfilled. This is motivated by the fact that these assumptions are rarely examined. I distinguish between the Engagement and Training Hypotheses. The former holds that bilingual language use utilizes general EF; the latter implies that general EF are enhanced through training. Both hypotheses are necessary for BEA to occur. The Engagement Hypothesis entails that a bilingual person’s language switching and general task switching or inhibition are inherently linked as they tap the same general executive resources. The Training Hypothesis implies that these executive resources can be enhanced through practice. I present four studies that examine, first, whether higher frequency of self-reported everyday language switching is associated with better EF in bilinguals and second, whether bilinguals’ language switching and mixing performances in laboratory are associated with their general executive performance. The results indicated that in contrast to the Training Hypothesis, higher switching frequency was not associated with better EF. Moreover, in contrast to the Engagement Hypothesis, there were no consistent associations between bilinguals’ language switching and mixing performance in the laboratory tasks and their general EF capacity. All in all, the results suggest that the underlying assumptions of the BEA hypothesis are incorrect. Instead, the present findings indicate that the mechanisms underlying language switching and mixing in bilinguals are largely task-specific and not based on general executive resources.
Mini Review: Challenges and strategies in precision medicine for non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancerrelated death worldwide, causing over 1.2 million deaths each year. Non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) consists of a group of malignancies that are pathologically and molecularly diverse but that are all characterised by a poor prognosis. Survival rates for lung cancer patients have improved very slowly and only to a modest degree owing partly to poor funding for research into this malignancy and stigma associated with smoking, as well as relative chemo-resistance. However, in recent years, NSCLC has become an exemplar for precision medicine, mainly following development of drugs targeting the receptors of epidermal growth factor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase. While epidermal growth factor receptor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors are only applicable to a minority of patients and benefits are almost invariably short-lived, current studies indicate that at least 50% of patients with NSCLC have a targetable mutation. With a growing armamentarium of inhibitors against these targets in development, there is a hope that a greater proportion of patients will benefit from precision medicine and that such benefits will be sustained. However, there remain significant challenges in the development of precision medicine in NSCLC. These include: identification and validation of new targets; ensuring biopsies are fit for purpose; tumour heterogeneity; requirements for serial tumour assessments; and not least cost. In this review, we will discuss the current status of precision medicine in NSCLC as well as how basic and translational research are paving the way towards overcoming the above challenges. In addition, we will pay attention to clinical Challenges and Strategies in NSCLC 2 strategies in respect to liquid biopsies and the potential use of extracellular vesicles such as exosomes in cancer therapeutics. Challenges and Strategies in NSCLC
Growth, growth modelling and age determination of Pandalus borealis

A growth model for pandalid shrimps accounting for seasonal variations in growth is presented based on successive additions of sigmoid functions along a basic von Bertalanffy growth (VBG) equation. Results obtained with this new model are compared with results from the VBG equation and from a VBG model modified by the addition of a sine function. Results show that growth of Pandalus borealis (Krsyer) from Gullmarsfjorden on the Swedish west coast is best described by the seasonal models. Of the 2 seasonal models, the new model gave a slightly better fit. Seasonal variations in growth are discussed in relation to the reproductive cycle of P. borealis. Differences in growth pattern between sexes were also found in a 4 yr series of data from the fjord. The main difference was that male growth declined earlier in the year (late summer-autumn) than female growth which declined later (autumn-winter) and for a longer period. Differences in growth rate between sexes are also discussed. Since Gullmarsfjorden contained 4 different periodically isolated P. borealis populations during the study period (1984 to 1987), the relationship between growth rate and mean ambient temperature could be investigated in the temperature interval of 4 to 6 "C. No correlation between these 2 factors was found. Results also indicated that recurring immigrations of adult shrimp during late winter-early spring from the Skagerrak population did not significantly affect growth-rate estimates. Finally, sizes by age of P. borealis in the fjord did not dlffer s~gnificantly from reported sizes by age In other boreal populations.
Community-based and pro-poor tourism: Initial assessment of their relation to community development

Alternative forms of tourism development from its conventional approach such as community-based tourism (CBT) and pro-poor tourism (PPT) are proposed to be specifically relevant to alleviate poverty and facilitate the development of disadvantaged community members. The intention of this review paper is to show, despite an apparent similarity, that there are indeed substantial differences between CBT and PPT. While CBT is an alternative to conventional mass tourism and it prioritises control by disadvantaged community members and the benefits of the tourism sector within a social justice perspective with redistributive aims, PPT originated, sustained and is sustained by the neoliberal system and its work does not offer great possibilities of changing the status quo. This, in effect, increases the inequality gap. The paper concludes that the tourism sector properly and holistically fosters social justice and redistributive measures to decrease the inequality gap and further proposes PPT strategies needed to take a CBT direction guiding the tourism sector as a whole.
Prevalence of Minor β-thalassemia Based on RBC Indices among Final Suspected Individuals in Premarital Screening Program Referred to Genetic Laboratories

Introduction: The current study evaluated the value of red blood cell (RBC) indices and the corresponding cutoff points for β-thalassemia control programs in Iran. Materials and Methods: 1,150 individuals (575 couples) with low RBC indice s and normal hemoglobin A2 who had been referred to the Genetic Centre of Isfa han, were tested during pre-marital screening analy ses, in the 2 year period, 2006-2008. β-thalassemia mutations were evaluated. Results: β-thalassemia was identified in 67.8% of the cases w ith both mean corpuscular volume (MCV) less than 78fl and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) less than 26 pg. However, 4.1% of the individuals with 78 ≤ MCV ≤ 80 tested positive for thalassemia. MCV showed a h igher diagnostic reliability than MCH. However, the accompaniment of MCH<26 with MCV<78 increased the risk of thalassemia 35 times. A significant association was found between the preva lence of minor β-thalassemia and educational levels, race and familial relationships. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems th at MCV=80fl can be used as a proper cut- off point for the screening of minor β-thalassemia. Although in the present study MCV was found to have a higher diagnostic reliability than MCH, MCH <26 along with MCV are very helpful indices for the counselor physician to estimate the risk of minor β-thalassemia more accurately.
Idempotent measures on Abelian groups.

The set of all idempotent elements of ^£{G) will be denoted by ̂ ( G ) . It would be interesting to have an explicit description of the idempotent measures on any locally compact group. For the circle group, this was obtained by Helson [1], and was of considerable help in the determination of the endomorphisms of the group algebra of that group [6]. In the present paper, the problem is completely solved for the finitedimensional torus groups (Section IV) and for the discrete groups (Theorem 2.2). In Section II it is proved that every idempotent measure is concentrated on a compact subgroup (Theorem 2.1). In Section III the general problem is reduced to the study of the so-called irreducible idempotent measures on compact groups.
The limitations of inferring decision rule use from individuals' sampling behaviour: a computational test of old and new algorithms

Background: The foraging and mate choices of individuals depend on how individuals gather information about available options and use that information to make decisions. Several alternative decision rules have been proposed, but little progress has been made in using observations of behaviour to discover what decision rule is being used. An important approach has been to combine the rules into an algorithm that chooses between them (‘the prevailing algorithm’). Question: How accurately does the prevailing algorithm classify which decision rule is most likely to produce observed sequences of individuals choosing one item from a pool of many? Can we create better algorithms? Methods: Using computer simulations, we construct sampling sequences that follow the threshold, best-of-n, and comparative Bayes rules. We vary sampling cost, pool size, signal variance, and population variance. We mimic sequences seen in nature and avoid parameter values in which individuals sample infinitely or not at all. We apply the prevailing algorithm to determine which rule created each sequence, and measure its probability of success. We use a recursive partitioning exercise to produce two new algorithms: one based on individuals’ sampling sequences, and one based on the population’s averaged metrics. We compare the performances of these two new algorithms and the prevailing algorithm. Finally, we apply all three algorithms to previously published empirical data sets. Conclusions: The prevailing algorithm did no better than a random classification, but the individual algorithm had 64% success and the population algorithm had 97% success. The latter also succeeded in identifying the predominant rule even if different individuals of the group had different rules. The population algorithm can reliably infer what rule the majority of a population is using. However, using observed sequences to infer the decision rule of an individual is unreliable.
A semiorthogonal decomposition for Brauer–Severi schemes

A semiorthogonal decomposition for the bounded derived category of coherent sheaves on a Brauer–Severi scheme is given. It relies on bounded derived categories of suitably twisted coherent sheaves on the base (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On vector valued Siegel modular forms of degree 2 with small levels

On the structure theorem of Siegel modular forms of degree 2, Igusa [10, 11] determined the structure of Siegel modular forms with respect to the full modular group Sp(2,Z). There are five generators of weight 4, 6, 10, 12 and 35. The fir st four generators are algebraically independent and the square of the la st generator is in the subring generated by first four. Recently, Aoki and Ibukiyama [3 ] indicated that the rings of Siegel modular forms with small levels have similar struc ures. That is, on the ring of Siegel modular forms of degree 2 with respect to the congru ent subgroup of level N D 1, 2, 3, 4 (for N D 3, 4, taking Neven-type case with character), there are five generators, among which four generators are algebraically independent and the square of the other generator is in the subring generated by first fou r. On the structure of vector valued Siegel modular forms of deg re 2 with respect to the symmetric tensor of degree 2, Satoh [12] and Ibukiyama [9 ] determined the structure with respect to the full modular group. There are ten gen erators with some relations. In this paper, we determine the structures of vector v alued Siegel modular forms with small levels. Their structures are similar to the struc ture with respect to the full modular group.
DETERMINANTS OF MARKETING PERFORMANCE: INNOVATION, MARKET CAPABILITIES AND MARKETING PERFORMANCE

This research aim to analyze causality influence between innovations, market capability, social modal, entrepreneurs oriented into marketing performance. Organizational innovations is a basic focus on Total Quality Management. Innovation has a role to technological development and competitive economy environment. The sample technique used is Purpusive sampling amount 58 respondent owner of Batik Small Medium Enterprise known as UKM. Small businesses have small medium or medium can grow and develop so that it is able to increase its product and sustainability efforts on the creative industry. The technique analysis used is Parsial Least Square (PLS), this result shows entrepreneur orientation doesn’t influence into market capability and social modal, innovation has positive influence and significance into market capability and marketing performance. This results shows innovation has important role in advantaging market capability while influencing to increase marketing performance of Small Medium Enterprise known as UKM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kausalitas antara inovasi, kemampuan pasar, modal sosial, pengusaha berorientasi ke kinerja pemasaran. Inovasi organisasi adalah dasar TQM. Inovasi mempunyai peran pentinga dalam pengembangan teknologi dan lingkungan yang penuh persaingan. Teknik sampel yang digunakan adalah Purposive Sampling jumlah 58 pemilik responden dari Batik Kecil Menengah dikenal sebagai UKM. UKM dapat tumbuh dan berkembang melalui industri kreatif. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah Parsial Least Square (PLS), hasil ini menunjukkan orientasi entrepreneur tidak mempengaruhi ke kemampuan pasar dan modal sosial, inovasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan dalam kemampuan pasar dan kinerja pemasaran. Hal ini menyebabkan menunjukkan inovasi memiliki peran penting dalam advantaging kemampuan pasar sementara yang mempengaruhi untuk meningkatkan kinerja pemasaran Kecil Menengah dikenal sebagai UKM.
ON MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE

The media abound with articles, comments, points of view, analyses, debates, etc on managerial performance in the most varied areas: public administration, education, public finance, business companies, public organizations, state departments, a.s. o. Everybody aims at high managerial efficiency and poor managerial performance is criticized especially when it comes to political opponents. When we try to establish exactly what managerial performance stands for, we find many voices which consider that in many fields, managerial performance should be taken for granted, particularly in areas like public administration, education, army, etc, and also in the economic field, where it is directly determined by the achievement of some wellestablished quantifiable parameters. This ambivalent view generates a fuzzy conception about management, which suggests that there is a type of management that is assessed according to ambiguous general criteria, as well as a type of management that generates short-term, medium and long-term solutions, according to its specific purpose and which can be assessed by quantifiable results. In other words, one may consider both a concealed responsibility management and a target-oriented type of management. In our opinion [1], management represents a coherent collection of knowledge on the processes and leadership relations within the company (organization), which generate the stability of the system, principles, methods and techniques, whose use ensure the optimum exploitation of the available human, material and financial resources. The manager is the person who performs the leadership function, according to the targets, competences and responsibilities specific to the position he fills.
Adoption of integrated pest management practices in sericulture - A case stud y in Tamil Nadu

, mulberry leaf production, which is the sole feed for silkworm and silkworm rearing. Both mulberry and silkworm are infested with a number of pests, which affect the cocoon quality and productivity resulting in economic loss to the farmers. Chemical control measure of pests is widely adopted by the farmers and its hazardous effects on human health and beneficial organisms are the least considered. Therefore, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques mainly involving suitable biological measures have been evolved and popularized for the control of mulberry and silkworm pests. However , despite the favourable results, the adoption level has remained low . In this context, a study was conducted in Thirunelveli and Virudunagar districts of Tamil Nadu with the information collected from 60 randomly selected farmers to understand the gap between available scientific knowledge in IPM practices and its adoption by sericulture farmers. The results revealed that there was the highest technological gap (87.60 %) in the adoption of biological control measures against the mulberry pests whereas the gap with cultural/ mechanical practices was 33.30 % and minimum 9.80% in the adoption of chemical measures. In case of management of uzifly menace on silkworms, there was no technological gap with respect to mechanical method of using nylon net to prevent the entry of uzifly inside the rearing house, whereas the technological gap of 77.00 % and 71.50% was observed for biological and chemical control methods, respectively . Thus, the IPM practices with the special emphasis on biocontrol method needs to be popularized among the farmers by intensified extension efforts for wider adoption at the farmer ’s level.
Interactive comment on “ Evolution of the seasonal temperature cycle in a transient Holocene simulation : orbital forcing and sea-ice ” by N . Fischer

We would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions on the manuscript. In particular, with respect to the recommended publications to be included in the discussion and the structure of the results section. After re-ordering this section, we hope the presentation of the results is more straight forward. Unfortunately, we had to correct for a sign error in the definition of the latitudinal insolation/temperature gradient in the manuscript, that, obviously, has lead to some confusion in the second part of the results section. We respond to the particular points and questions raised by the two reviewers in the following:
MIXED CONVECTION IN A COMPOSITE SYSTEM BOUNDED BY VERTICAL WALLS

A combined convection process between two parallel vertical infinite walls, containing an incompressible viscous fluid layer and a fluid saturated porous layer has been presented analytically. There is a vertical axial variation of temperature in the upward direction along the walls. The Brinkman extended Darcy model is applied to describe the momentum transfer in the porous region. The viscosity of the fluid layer and the effective viscosity of the porous layer are assumed to be different. Also the thermal conductivities of both fluid and porous layers are assumed to be different. The graphs and tables have been used to distinguish the influence of distinct parameters on the velocity and skin-friction. It is determined that the velocity is intensified on making greater the temperature difference between the walls while increment in the viscosity ratio (porous/fluid) parameter diminishes the velocity of the fluid. It has been observed that the numerical values of the skin-frictions have an increasing tendency with the increment in the values of temperature difference between the walls while decreasing tendency with the increment in the viscosity ratio parameter (porous/fluid).