Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Maximum Heat Loss Potential Is Lower in Football Linemen During an NCAA Summer Training Camp Because of Lower Self-Generated Air Flow

Abstract Deren, TM, Coris, EE, Casa, DJ, DeMartini, JK, Bain, AR, Walz, SM, and Jay, O. Maximum heat loss potential is lower in football linemen during an NCAA summer training camp because of lower self-generated air flow. J Strength Cond Res 28(6): 1656–1663, 2014—The purpose of this study was to compare the maximum potential for heat loss of football linemen (L) and non-linemen (NL) during a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) summer training camp. It was hypothesized that heat loss potential in L would be lower than NL because of differences in self-generated air flow during position-specific activities. Fourteen NCAA division 1 football players {7 L (mass: 126 ± 6 kg; body surface area [BSA]: 2.51 ± 0.19 m2) and 7 NL (mass: 88 ± 13 kg; BSA: 2.09 ± 0.18 m2)} participated over 6 days in southern Florida (Tdb: 31.2 ± 1.6°C, Twb: 27.0 ± 0.7°C, Tr: 38.4 ± 2.8° C). Simultaneous on-field measurements of self-generated air velocities (vself) and mean skin temperatures (Tsk) were performed throughout practice, which included 4 drill categories (special teams, wind sprints, individual drills, and team drills). The resultant net potential for heat loss through convection, radiation, and evaporation (Htotal) was calculated. Values for Tsk were similar between L and NL for all drills (L: 35.4 ± 0.8°C; NL: 35.4 ± 0.4°C; p = 0.92). However, vself was greater in NL during wind sprints, individual drills, and team drills (p ⩽ 0.05). Consequently Htotal was significantly greater in NL for all drills except special teams (p ⩽ 0.05). The mean estimated rate of oxygen consumption needed to exceed Htotal was 8.6 ± 1.3 ml·kg−1·min−1 (2.5 ± 0.4 METs) for NL but only 5.6 ± 1.4 ml·kg−1·min−1 (1.6 ± 0.4 METs) for L. A lower heat loss potential occurs in L because of the more static nature of their position-related activities and not because of differences in Tsk. The practical relevance of these findings is that potential interventions that increase convective and evaporative heat loss (i.e., mechanical fans) should specifically target L, particularly while they are participating in static on-field drills and during rest intervals.
Modes of knowledge acquisition and retrieval in artificial grammar learning

The aim of this study was to conceptualize artificial grammar learning (AGL) in terms of two orthogonal dimensions—the mode of knowledge acquisition and the mode of knowledge retrieval—as was done by Perlman and Tzelgov (2006) for sequence learning. Experiment 1 was carried out to validate our experimental task; Experiments 2–4 tested, respectively, performance in the intentional, incidental, and automatic retrieval modes, for each of the three modes of acquisition. Furthermore, signal detection theory (SDT) was used as an analytic tool, consistent with our assumption that the processing of legality-relevant information involves decisions along a continuous dimension of fluency. The results presented support the analysis of AGL in terms of the proposed dimensions. They also indicate that knowledge acquired during training may include many aspects of the presented stimuli (whole strings, relations among elements, etc.). The contribution of the various components to performance depends on both the specific instruction in the acquisition phase and the requirements of the retrieval task.
Analysis of the Light-harvesting Pigment-Protein Complex of Wild Type and a Chlorophyll-b-less Mutant of Barley.

we have compared chloroplast lamellae isolated from a chlorophyll-b-less mutant and wild type barley (Hordeum vulgare). The results demonstrate that: (a) one of the two major polypeptides comprising the lightharvesting complex (LHC) is present in the chlorophyll-b-less mutant; (b) higher cation concentrations are required to maintain grana stacks in the mutant; and (c) cation effects on excitation energy distribution are present in the chlorophyll-b-less mutant but are reduced in amount and are dependent on higher concentrations of cations.We interpret these data to support the concept that the LHC mediates cation-induced grana stacking and cation regulation of excitation energy distribution between photosystems I and Ii in chloroplast lamellae. A partial LHC complement in the mutant alters the quantitative cation requirement for both phenomena, but not the over-all qualitative response.
Effects of positive airway pressure treatment on clinical measures of hypertension and type 2 diabetes.

PURPOSE Mechanistic and observational studies support an independent increase in risk of hypertension and abnormal glucose metabolism associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, the specific populations and outcomes that improve with treatment of OSA in clinical practice are not established. We examined the effectiveness of OSA treatment on clinical blood pressure and diabetes control measures in men with preexisting systemic hypertension or type 2 diabetes. METHODS A retrospective cohort of veterans (n = 221) with a new diagnosis of OSA and initiation of positive airway pressure treatment was identified using administrative databases and clinical records. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Outcomes were changes in blood pressure (BP; mean of 3 highest recordings; systolic and diastolic) and glycemic control (mean of 3 highest fasting glucose and hemoglobinA1C values) at 3-6 months (T1) and 9-12 months (T2) following treatment compared to pretreatment. A generalized estimating equation model was used with adjustment for potential confounders: demographics, body mass index (BMI), OSA severity, Charlson comorbidity index, and pharmacologic treatment for hypertension and diabetes. Sustained independent effects of OSA treatment (mean change [95% CI]) were noted in both systolic BP (T1; -7.44 [-10.41 to -4.47] and T2; -6.81 [-9.94 to -3.67]) and diastolic BP (T1; -3.14, [-4.99 to -1.29] and T2; -3.69, [-5.53 to -1.85]). Diabetes control measures did not change with OSA treatment. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of OSA improves office blood pressure in hypertensive men. Prospective studies are necessary to better characterize specific populations with OSA that benefit from treatment with respect to progression of hypertension and type 2 diabetes.
Linear F0 Contour Model for Vietnamese Tones and Vietnamese Syllable Synthesis with TD-PSOLA

Understanding and managing tonal characteristics of Vietnamese language is one of the most difficult aspects in Vietnamese speech processing. Our newest results indicate that, the initial consonant of one Vietnamese syllable does not carry information of the tone, the Vietnamese tone has an effect only on the Final part of the syllable. Based on obtained results, this article proposes linear F0 contour models for the generation of Vietnamese tones. These models only describe the F0 evolution of a final part of the Vietnamese syllable, and they are evaluated through perception tests.
Regional Variation in Surgery for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Ontario

The optimal treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is unclear, and the degree of variation in the rate of antireflux surgery in different regions is unknown. Large variation has significant implications for health care spending and may represent uncertainty among health care providers. The objective of this study was to identify population-based utilization and measure area rate variations in the use of GERD surgery; 11 685 primary antireflux procedures in the provincial administrative health databases were studied. Small-area variation was quantified using 4 measures. The crude rate of antireflux procedures was 11.6/100 000 adults. Patients between the ages of 45 and 64 had the highest rates of surgery. More women than men underwent antireflux surgery (13.6 vs. 9.4 per 100 000). Between counties, adjusted surgical rates ranged from 5.0 to 28.7 per 100 000 persons. Significant regional variation exists for antireflux surgery across Ontario, suggesting that its appropriate role in the management of GERD remains ill-defined.
Evaluation of Anti-Oxidant Status and Radioprotective Activity of a Novel Anti-Cancer Drug in Mice

Various approaches have been developed for diminishing the effects of radiation on normal tissues or enhancing tumor cell killing by ionizing radiation. Recently, there has been an increase in the interest in research on synthetic and/or natural radioprotective agents. An important potential use for these agents is to modify and improve the outcome of radiation therapy. The aim of this study was to examine the potential radioprotective role and antioxidant potency of the novel synthetic anticancer agent, quinoline sulfonamide (PIQSA) against tissue injury and oxidative stress induced by the exposure to gamma radiation and/or incidence of cancer in experimental animals. Mice (normal and bearing solid tumors) administered PIQSA (0.350 mg/kg body weight ip. three times a week for 21 days. At the last week of 30 days experimental period, an animal group was subjected to three successive doses of γ-radiation each of 2 Gy; another group was treated with combined administration of PIQSA 20 minutes before γ-irradiation. Some biochemical parameters (LPx, GSH, SOD, and CAT in liver homogenates, also plasma lipid profile (total lipids, total cholesterol, total triglycerides (TG), HDLc and LDLc were measured. To examine any adverse effect which could be attained by chemical treatment, liver enzymes (AST, ALT), and kidney function (creatinine and urea) were estimated in blood plasma, in addition to examination of some haematological indexes. The results indicated that the deleterious effects due to exposure to γ-radiation, and/or incidence of cancer on most of the estimated parameters could be controlled to a certain extent by administration of PIQSA to animals prior to irradiation. The results also confirmed that there were no significant adverse effects on mice due to the treatment with this chemical compound.
Sequential keratinocytic differentiation and maturation in a three-dimensional model of human artificial oral mucosa.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Oral mucosa shortage may limit or condition some clinical approaches in maxillofacial, periodontal and implant treatment. The availability of a human oral mucosa model generated by tissue engineering could help clinicians to address the lack of oral mucosa. In this work, we carried out a sequential maturation and differentiation study of the epithelial cell layer of an artificial human oral mucosa substitute based on fibrin-agarose biomaterials with fibroblasts and keratinocytes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Histological, immunohistochemical and gene expression analyses were carried out in artificial human oral mucosa models developed and cultured for 1, 2 and 3 wk. RESULTS Artificial oral mucosa models showed expression of tight junction proteins and cytokeratins from the first week of in vitro development. Mature samples of 3 wk of development subjected to air-liquid conditions showed signs of epithelial differentiation and expressed specific RNAs and proteins corresponding to adherent and gap junctions and basement lamina. Moreover, these mature samples overexpressed some desmosomal and tight junction transcripts, with gap junction components being downregulated. CONCLUSION These results suggest that bioengineered human oral mucosa substitutes form a well-developed epithelial layer that was very similar to human native tissues. In consequence, the epithelial layer could be fully functional in these oral mucosa substitutes, thus implying that these tissues may have clinical usefulness.
PREVALENCE OF DENTAL CARIES AMONG PUBLIC SCHOOL CHILDREN IN EASTERN NEPAL

To assess the prevalence of dental caries among public school children of eastern Nepal using DMFT and dft index. Methods: Six hundred and sixty six school children were examined for decayed missing and filled teeth. Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT), decayed and filled teeth (dft) and prevalence were calculated. Results: The mean decayed and filled teeth were 1.82 whereas mean Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth were 0.37. The prevalence of dental caries were 60.3% and 55.6% in the primary and permanent dentition respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental caries was low in permanent dentition compared to primary dentition.
Patterns of ganglion cell complex and nerve fiber layer loss in nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy by Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography.

PURPOSE To characterize by Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) the loss of nerve fiber layer (NFL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC) in nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). METHODS Patients diagnosed with NAION were enrolled and categorized into "superior field loss (SFL)," "inferior field loss (IFL)," and "bihemispheric field loss (BFL)" groups based on the Swedish interactive threshold algorithm 30-2 achromatic visual field (VF) tests. Six months after presentation, they were scanned by FD-OCT to map peripapillary NFL and macular GCC thicknesses. Age-matched normals were selected from participants in the Advanced Imaging for Glaucoma Study (www.AIGStudy.net). Deviation maps were defined as the difference between the thickness maps and the average normal maps. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between VF and OCT measurements. RESULTS Twenty-five NAION eyes in 20 subjects were analyzed. Most (2/3) SFL cases showed inferior NFL loss with variable sparing of inferonasal losses. All (4/4) IFL cases showed superior NFL loss with variable inferonasal extension. The GCC maps demonstrated clear hemispheric loss pattern in agreement with VFs. NFL and GCC losses could be detected even in the less affected hemispheres (P < 0.001). NFL and GCC were highly correlated (P < 0.001) with VF in terms of both overall averages and superior-inferior hemispheric differences. CONCLUSIONS NFL and GCC losses correlated well with VF losses in both magnitude and location. Hemispheric GCC loss correlated with altitudinal VF loss and this pattern may be of diagnostic value. FD-OCT is useful in the evaluation of NAION.
Los factores determinantes de las reservas de liquidez en América Central

En la mayoria de los paises de America Central, la liquidez de la banca comercial se encuentra por encima de los requisitos legales o prudenciales establecidos. Si bien ello beneficia la estabilidad financiera, los elevados montos de liquidez obstaculizan la profundizacion financiera y la transmision de la politica monetaria. Utilizando un panel de 96 bancos comerciales para America Central, Panama y la Republica Dominicana para el periodo comprendido entre 2006 y 2010, encontramos que los excesos de liquidez estan asociados con el tamano del banco, la rentabilidad y la capitalizacion de cada banco y con el desarrollo financiero de cada pais. Mas importante, los elevados niveles de liquidez estan asociados con el grado de dolarizacion de los depositos bancarios, lo cual agudiza los desafios de la politica monetaria y de la profundizacion financiera, particularmente en economias altamente dolarizadas. Este es uno de los primeros estudios empiricos en el que se investiga sobre la relacion entre los diversos grados de dolarizacion y la liquidez bancaria. Sugiere que mejoras en la supervision financiera, conjuntamente con el establecimiento de medidas para promover la desdolarizacion, tales como el desarrollo de mercados de capitales en moneda local, contribuiran a mejorar la eficiencia de los sistemas financieros y a promover la intermediacion financiera en la region.
Guiding Properties of Chirped Photonic Crystal Fibers

In this paper, the properties of chirped photonic crystal fibers for guiding sub-100-fs pulses are discussed by numerical simulations and approximate analytical considerations. The nearly distortion-free guiding properties are explained by a spectral distribution of detrimental dispersive resonances. Deeper analysis reveals the geometrical properties of the innermost layer of the photonic cladding structure as a key parameter for the dispersive properties of this fiber. It is further investigated how systematic manipulation of the geometry can be exploited for influencing the guiding parameters.
Economic inequality in northwestern Italy: A long-term view (fourteenth to eighteenth centuries)

This article provides a comprehensive picture of economic inequality in northwestern Italy (Piedmont), focusing on the long-term developments occurring from 1300 to 1800 ca. Regional studies of this kind are rare, and none of them has as long a timescale. The new data proposed illuminate many little-known aspects of wealth distribution and general economic inequality in preindustrial times, and support the idea that during the Early Modern period, inequality grew everywhere: both in cities and in rural areas, and independently from whether the economy was growing or stagnating. This finding challenges earlier views that explained inequality growth as the consequence of economic development. The importance of demographic processes affecting inequality is underlined, and the impact of severe mortality crises, like the Black Death, is analyzed.
DRUG SYNTHESIS SYNTHESIS , TUMOR INHIBITORY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF NEW POLYFUNCTIONALLY 2-SUBSTITUTED 5 , 6 , 7 , 8-TETRAHYDRO-NAPHTHALENE DERIVATIVES CONTAINING PYRIDINE , THIOXOPYRIDINE AND PYRAZOLOPYRIDINE MOIETIES

2-Acetyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene (1) was allowed to react with different aromatic aldehydes to produce the cyanopyridones 2a and 2b, which were treated with phosphorous pentasulfide to afford the corresponding thioxopyridine derivatives 3a and 3b, respectively. The reaction of 3a and 3b with ethyl bromoacetate afforded the ester derivatives 4a and 4b, while their condensation with hydrazine hydrate gave the corresponding pyrazolopyridine derivatives 5a and 5b. The reaction of the precursor 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene (6) with ethoxy methylenemalonic ester led to the formation of aminomethylenemalonate derivative 7. Cyclization of 7 in boiling diphenyl ether gave the derivative ethyl 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4-hydroxybenzo[g]quinoline-3-carboxylate (8) which was hydrolyzed to produce the corresponding carboxylic acid analogue 9. Further reaction of 3a with 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol and/or iodomethane produced the corresponding nicotinonitrile derivatives 10 and 11. Hydrazinolysis of derivative 11 gave the hydrazinyl derivative 12. Moreover, chlorination of compound 2a with phosphorous oxychloride led to 2-chloro nicotinonitrile derivative 13, which was refluxed with various amines to form the corresponding derivatives 5a, 14 and 15. Treatment of the pyrazolopyridine compound 5a with formic acid and acetic anhydride afforded the corresponding formamide and acetamide analogues 16 and 17, while its reaction with DMF-DMA yielded the corresponding formimidamide derivative 18. The pyridopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivative 19 was obtained by cyclization of 5a with acetyl acetone. The antioxidant activity evaluation of the newly synthesized compounds showed that the pyrazolopyridine derivative 5a exhibited scavenging potency higher than that obtained by ascorbic acid. Tumor inhibitory activity screening revealed that derivatives 8 and 10 showed promising potency against the liver cancer cells (HepG-2) compared to doxorubicin as a reference drug.
Modelo patrón de evaluación de la accidentalidad vial en áreas urbanas de Bogotá D.C. (Colombia)

En el articulo se presenta una parte de la investigacion Analisis Espacial de accidentes de transito en el area urbana de Bogota D. C. , uno de cuyos objetivos fue obtener modelos para evaluar la accidentalidad vial en area urbana, a escala de localidades. Para ello se diseno un enfoque sistemico para abordar el analisis de las variables a traves de metodos y tecnicas de analisis geo-estadistico, con el apoyo de Sistemas de Informacion Geografico (SIG). Los resultados demuestran que la ocurrencia de los accidentes no es tan aleatoria por su caracter deterministico, repetitivo, espacial y temporal que los identifica como eventos facilmente predecibles para planear su intervencion, que poseen una componente territorial y temporal de gran incidencia que se correlaciona fuertemente con caracteristicas fisicas y socioeconomicas del espacio analizado, variables interrelacionadas que los define como un problema multicausal y no unicausal, que a su vez permitieron establecer los patrones de concentracion – dispersion, insumo fundamental de la modelacion para diagnosticar sobre cuales son las zonas que presentan los mayores riesgos. El nuevo conocimiento apoya a urbanistas que consideran la seguridad vial.
Long-Term Care Services for the Chronically Mentally Ill: Reimbursement System Structure, Effects, and Alternatives

Kyle L. Grazier, Dr.P.H. is Assistant Professor in the Department of Social and Administrative Health Sciences, University of California at Berkeley. Comprehensive care for the chronically mentally ill (CMI) in the United States is affected both directly and indirectly by reimbursement mechanisms. Because of the nature of chronic mental illness, the CMI patient receives services traditionally delivered to the long-term care population. Since present payment mechanisms for long-term care focus on the nursing home aged, the CMI patient falls into an inappropriate category. Therefore, alternative delivery and reimbursement models must be devised and policy must be reexamined. This article reviews long-
Levels of inbreeding depression over seven generations of selfing in the androdioecious clam shrimp, Eulimnadia texana

Androdioecy (mixtures of males and hermaphrodites) is a rare mating system in both plants and animals. Theory suggests that high levels of inbreeding depression can maintain males in androdioecious populations if hermaphrodites commonly self‐fertilize. However, if inbreeding depression (δ) can be ‘purged’ from selfing populations, maintaining males is more difficult. In the androdioecious clam shrimp, Eulimnadia texana, δ is estimated to be as high as 0.7. Previous work suggests that this high level is maintained in the face of high levels of inbreeding due to an associative overdominance of fitness‐related loci with the sex‐determining locus. Such associative overdominance would make purging of inbreeding depression difficult to impossible. The current experiment was designed to determine if δ can be purged in these shrimp by tracking fitness across seven generations in selfing and outcrossing treatments. Evidence of purging was found in one of four populations, but the remaining populations demonstrated a consistent pattern of δ across generations. Although the experimental design allowed ample opportunity for purging, the majority of populations were unable to purge their genetic load. Therefore, δ in this species is likely due to associative overdominance caused by deleterious recessive alleles linked to the sex determining locus.
Horizontal Equity or Gatekeeping? Fiscal Effects on Eligibility Assessments for Long-term Care Insurance Programs in Japan

This paper considers the effects of municipal fiscal climates on eligibility assessments in the Japanese system of long-term care insurance (LTCI). We find that municipalities with more stringent fiscal climates tend to reject more applications for LTCI benefits, almost certainly in the hope of containing benefit expenditures. This would not be a serious problem if financial assistance from the upper levels of government counteracted the adverse effect. However, we also find that the effects of the assistance are almost negligible, despite layers of intergovernmental subsidies for municipal LTCI expenditures. In other words, horizontal equity in Japanese long-term care insurance is compromised for the sake of gatekeeping.