Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implementing the Theory of Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy: A Tutorial Review

Abstract The interfacial regions between bulk media, although often comprising only a fraction of the material present, are frequently the site of reactions and phenomena that dominate the macroscopic properties of the entire system. Spectroscopic investigations of such interfaces are often hampered by the lack of surface specificity of most available techniques. Sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFS) is a non‐linear optical technique which provides vibrational spectra of molecules solely at interfaces. The spectra may be analysed to provide the polar orientation, molecular conformation, and average tilt angle of the adsorbate to the surface normal. This article is aimed at newcomers to the field of SFS, and via a tutorial approach will present and develop the general sum frequency equations and then demonstrate how the fundamental theory elucidates the important experimental properties of SFS.
Alcohol intoxication in the context of major public holidays, sporting and social events: a time-series analysis in Melbourne, Australia, 2000-2009.

AIMS To assess the relationship between ambulance attendances, emergency department (ED) presentations and hospital admissions for acute alcohol intoxication and the timing of public holidays, sporting and social events. DESIGN Time-series analysis was used to explore trends in intoxication in the context of major events. SETTING Population of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia between 2000 and 2009. PARTICIPANTS All patients attended by ambulance, presenting to hospital EDs, or admitted to hospital who were classified as acutely alcohol intoxicated. MEASUREMENT Analysis of daily numbers of presentations for acute alcohol intoxication associated with major events were undertaken, including lead and lag effects. Analyses controlled for day of week and month of year to address temporal and seasonal variations. FINDINGS Alcohol intoxication presentations were significantly elevated the day before all public holidays, with intoxication cases on the day of public holidays only higher on New Year's Day (ambulance 6.57, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 3.4-9.74; ED 3.34, 95% CI: 1.28-5.4) and ANZAC Day (ambulance 3.71, 95% CI: 0.68-6.75). The Australian Football League (AFL) Grand Final (ED 2.37, 95% CI: 0.55-4.19), Commonwealth Games (ED 2.45, 95% CI: 0.6-4.3) and Melbourne Cup Day (ambulance 6.14, 95% CI: 2.42-9.85) represented the sporting events with significant elevations in acute intoxication requiring medical attention. The last working day before Christmas was the only social event where a significant increase in acute intoxication occurred (ambulance 8.98, 95% CI: 6.8-11.15). CONCLUSIONS Acute alcohol intoxication cases requiring ambulance, emergency department and hospital in-patient treatment increase substantially on the day preceding public holidays and other major social events.
Robustness of empirical search strategies for clinical content in MEDLINE

BACKGROUND It is important for clinical end users of MEDLINE to be able to retrieve articles that are both scientifically sound and directly relevant to clinical practice. The use of methodologic search filters (such as "random allocation" for sound studies of medical interventions) has been advocated to improve the accuracy of searching for such studies. Methodologic search filters have been tested in previous MEDLINE files but indexing continues to evolve and the operating characteristics of these search filters in current MEDLINE files are unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the robustness of empirical search strategies developed in 1991 for detecting clinical content in MEDLINE in the year 2000. DESIGN A survey based on a hand search of 171 core health care journals using predetermined quality indicators for scientific merit and clinical relevance. METHODS 6 trained, experienced research assistants read all issues of 171 journals for the publishing year 2000. Each article was rated using purpose and quality indicators and categorized into clinically relevant original studies, review articles, general papers, or case reports. The original and review articles were then categorized as 'pass' or 'fail' for methodologic rigor in the areas of therapy/quality improvement, diagnosis, prognosis, causation, economics, clinical prediction, and qualitative and review articles. Search strategies developed in 1991 were tested in the 2000 database. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sensitivity, specificity, precision, and accuracy of the search strategies. RESULTS Search strategies developed in 1991 generally performed at least as well in 2000 for both best single terms and combinations of terms for high-sensitivity MEDLINE searches for studies of treatment, prognosis, etiology and diagnosis. For example, the accuracy of "clinical trial (pt)" rose from 91.6% to 94.4% (P<0.05) for retrieving high-quality studies of treatments. CONCLUSION Most MEDLINE search strategies developed in 1991 are robust when searching in the publishing year 2000.
The Asiago Supernova Catalogue - 10 years after

Ten years after the publication of the previous release, we present a new edition of the Asiago Supernova Catalogue updated to December 31, 1998 and containing data for 1447 supernovae and their parent galaxies. In addition to the list of the data for a large number of new SNe, we made an effort to search the literature for new information on past SNe as well. We also tried to update and homogenize the data for the parent galaxies. To allow a global view of the Catalogue, a few descriptive figures and a summary table are reported. The present Catalogue is intended as a large and modern database for statistical studies on the supernova phenomenon.
The Justice Motive: Where Social Psychologists Found It, How they Lost It, and Why They May Not Find It Again

Beginning shortly after the 2nd World War, 3 lines of research associated with relative deprivation, equity theory, and just world contributed to the description of the influence of the justice motive in people's lives. By the late 1960s, these converging lines of research had documented the importance of people's desire for justice;nevertheless,contemporary social psychologists typically portray this justice-driven motivation as simplyn a maniftstation of self-interest. The explanation for this failure to recognize a distinct and important justice motive points to the widespread reliance on research methods that elicit the participant's thoughtfully constructed narratives or role-playing responses. According to recent theoretical advances, these methods generate responses that reflect normative expectations of rational self-interest, and fail to capture the important effects of the emotionally generated imperatives of the justice motive.
Computer assisted vocabulary learning: Design and evaluation

This paper focuses on the design and evaluation of the computer-assisted vocabulary learning (CAVL) software WUFUN. It draws on the current research findings of vocabulary acquisition and CALL, aiming to help Chinese university students to improve their learning of English vocabulary, particularly that with which they experience most difficulty. It is argued that vocabulary should be learned explicitly as well as implicitly; learners need to be trained to become good learners, e.g., by being instructed in useful learning strategies, to enable them to learn vocabulary more efficiently and effectively. A design model of CALL efficacy is constructed to ensure the quality of vocabulary learning in CALL programs; it is employed in the design of the software WUFUN. Finally, the preliminary results of the software evaluation are reported and discussed.
Technology and innovation in the psychosocial treatment of methamphetamine use, risk and dependence.

ISSUES The dramatic increase in methamphetamine use has led to the urgent need for high-quality, effective treatments and management strategies for methamphetamine use problems to be developed and disseminated. Although some evidence exists for the use of psychological, pharmacological and other approaches to treatment for problematic methamphetamine use, other evidence suggests that many methamphetamine users do not access these treatment options due to a range of individual and service-level barriers. APPROACH A review of available research literature was undertaken to identify treatment strategies for methamphetamine users, which overcome the problems associated with treatment access for this important target group and involve technological and other innovative approaches. KEY FINDINGS Several approaches to addressing problematic methamphetamine use have been suggested, including assertive engagement strategies, flexibility in the provision of treatment and retention strategies and use of a multi-focused intervention package, such as stepped care, perhaps including new technologies as alternatives or supplements to face-to-face-delivered treatments. No research currently exists to examine the possible benefit of these strategies for people with methamphetamine use problems. IMPLICATIONS The use of stepped-care intervention packages has the potential to address many of the current challenges faced by both clinicians and clients in treating methamphetamine use problems. CONCLUSIONS Although promising, these approaches require further attention and research effort, particularly among the specific group of methamphetamine users.
Voice Onset Time (VOT) In Prelingually Deaf Malay-Speaking Children with Cochlear Implants

This study aimed to investigate the acquisition of the voicing contrast among Malay-speaking prelingually deaf children with cochlear implants (CI) and compared them to a group of normal hearing (NH) children. A total of 15 Malay children with 4 to 6 years duration of cochlear implant experience participated, 5 children in each age group. Secondary data from 15 NH children aged 4 to 6 years old was utilized for comparison. Speech samples were collected using a picture-naming task. There was a significant hearing age effect within the CI group. Comparing the CI and NH groups, a significant group effect was evidenced for all plosives, age effect was significant except for /b/ but there was no significant interaction between the group and age suggesting that in general, the pattern of responses was similar across age for both the study groups. Hearing age significantly correlated with the mean VOTs but not the age at implantation. The results suggest that the ability of these CI children to produce accurately the perceived voicing cues was not at par with the NH children with similar hearing experience. Longer duration of implant experience helps to improve the production of these sounds especially for the velar plosives.
Prescribing habits in church-owned primary health care facilities in Dar Es Salaam and other Tanzanian coast regions.

OBJECTIVE To assess prescribing practice of Primary Health Care (PHC) workers in church owned health care facilities using WHO drug use indicators. DESIGN A cross-sectional study in which twenty primary health care facilities were randomly selected. Prescribing indicators were obtained by analysing outpatient records retrospectively for the past 14 months between January 1997 and February 1998. This period was chosen because of compete records of outpatient attendances. Patient care and facility indicators were recorded prospectively during the study period. SETTING The study was conducted in the Coast and Dar es Salaam regions of Tanzania. Six districts were randomly selected from both regions. The selected districts included Ilala, Temeke and Kinondoni in Dar es Salaam, Kibiti, Bagamoyo and Kisarawe in Coast region. SUBJECTS/MATERIALS Twenty primary health care facilities were randomly selected from the chosen districts. Patient registers were collected and patients' characteristics including age, sex, diagnosis, and drugs prescribed for the period January 1997 to February 1998 were recorded on data collection forms. Patient care indicators were measured by recording consultation time, dispensing time, per cent of drugs actually dispensed and adequately labelled whereas patients' knowledge of correct drug dosage was obtained using exit interviews. Verification of facility indicators was done by direct observation. RESULTS The average number of drugs per prescription was 2.3 (range 1.8-2.8). Generic prescribing prevailed with a mean of 75.5% of all drugs. Antibiotic and injection encounters per prescription was 35.4 and 19%, respectively. Most drugs were prescribed according to the essential drug list of Tanzania (NEDLIT). Patient's average consultation time was 3.6 minutes whereas average dispensing time was 39.9 seconds. On average, 87% of all drugs dispensed were adequately labelled and patients' knowledge of correct dose was adequate. All facilities possessed drugs for treating important illnesses, all had reference educational materials. CONCLUSION The study shows that there is an overuse of injections 19% +/- 1.7 (range 0.73%) compared to the recommended figure of 15%. The use of antibiotics appears appropriate when compared with the morbidity patterns in the study areas. A focus group discussion with prescribers in these facilities to address the question of overuse of injections is needed in order to plan an appropriate intervention.
Next‐generation sequencing as a tool to study microbial evolution

Thanks to their short generation times and large population sizes, microbes evolve rapidly. Evolutionary biologists have exploited this to observe evolution in real time. The falling costs of whole‐genome sequencing using next‐generation technologies now mean that it is realistic to use this as a tool to study this rapid microbial evolution both in the laboratory and in the wild. Such experiments are being used to accurately estimate the rates of mutation, reveal the genetic targets and dynamics of natural selection, uncover the correlation (or lack thereof) between genetic and phenotypic change, and provide data to test long‐standing evolutionary hypotheses. These advances have important implications for our understanding of the within‐ and between‐host evolution of microbial pathogens.
Anion gap correlates with serum D- and DL-lactate concentration in diarrheic neonatal calves.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum D- and L-lactate concentrations, and anion gap (AG) in neonatal calves. The association of AG with lactic acidosis in diarrheic calves has only been investigated by measurement of L-lactate in calves with experimentally induced diarrhea. D-lactate has recently been reported to be present in high concentrations in the serum of some diarrheic neonatal calves. The contribution of this acid to AG is not reported. The relationship between AG and L- and D-lactate concentrations was examined in 24 healthy calves and 52 calves with naturally occurring infectious diarrhea with metabolic acidosis. AG was calculated as [Na+ + K+] - [Cl- + HCO3-]. D- and L-lactate were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. There was no correlation between L-lactate and AG, contrary to previous reports in the literature. Moderate correlations between D-lactate concentration and AG (r = .74, P < .0001), and between DL-lactate and AG (r = .77), P < . 0001) were detected. No differences existed due to the age or sex of the calf. This study indicates that AG provides information on the nature of acidosis in the diarrheic, neonatal calf and reinforces the importance of investigating clinical, in addition to experimental, populations.
Phenotypic Characters of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates from Clinical Samples in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria

Bacterial colonies can differ greatly in their morphologies. These differences can help us in identifying different species of bacteria. The clinical isolates of Staphylococcus Aureus are subjected to standard biochemical tests, to observe the biochemical characteristics. One hundred and ten (110) pathogenic Staphylococcus Aureus strains were used in this study. Characteristics of these strains were determined by biochemical tests such as catalase, coagulase, DNase test, test for beta haemolysin, fermentation of mannitol and lactose. Staphylococcus Aureus [American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 25923] was used as a reference control organism. From this study, males were more infected than females, having 60 (61.8%) and 42 (38.2%) respectively. The age group with the highest number of isolates was (0-10) years while blood culture had the highest frequency of Staphylococcus Aureus isolates with a frequency of 42 (38.1%). It was also observed that 100% of Staphylococcus Aureus showed positive results in catalase and tube coagulase, about 101 (91.8%) were positive for slide coagulase production test, 102 (92.7%) strains were positive to DNase test, 63 (57.3%) were positive to beta haemolysin while 79 (71.8%) and 106 (96.4%) strains fermented Mannitol and lactose respectively. This study reveals that no single test that can be used for the identification of Staphylococcus Aureus , hence the need for sequel testing using proper biochemical tests should be used for the identification of Staphylococcus Aureus isolates.
Drosophila male germline stem cells do not asymmetrically segregate chromosome strands

Adult stem cells continuously supply differentiated cells throughout the life of organisms. This increases the risk of replicative senescence or neoplastic transformation due to mutations that accumulate over many rounds of DNA replication. The immortal strand hypothesis proposes that stem cells reduce the accumulation of replication-induced mutations by retaining the older template DNA strands. Other models have also been proposed in which stem cells asymmetrically segregate chromosome strands for other reasons, such as retention of epigenetic memories. Recently, the idea has emerged that the mother centrosome, which is stereotypically retained within some asymmetrically dividing stem cells, might be utilized as a means of asymmetrically segregating chromosome strands. We have tested this hypothesis in germline stem cells (GSCs) from Drosophila melanogaster testis, which undergo asymmetric divisions marked by the asymmetric segregation of centrosomes and the acquisition of distinct daughter cell fates (stem cell self-renewal versus differentiation). Using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine labeling combined with direct visualization of GSC-gonialblast (differentiating daughter) pairs, we directly scored the outcome of chromosome strand segregation. Our data show that, in male GSCs in the Drosophila testis, chromosome strands are not asymmetrically segregated, despite asymmetrically segregating centrosomes. Our data demonstrate that asymmetric centrosome segregation in stem cells does not necessarily lead to asymmetric chromosome strand segregation.
A physics-based model of the dielectric breakdown in HfO2 for statistical reliability prediction

We present a quantitative physical model describing the current evolution due to the formation of a conductive filament responsible for the HfO2 dielectric breakdown. By linking the microscopic properties of the stress-generated electrical defects to the local power dissipation and to the corresponding temperature increase along the conductive path the model reproduces the rapid current increase observed during the breakdown. The model successfully simulates the experimental time-dependent dielectric breakdown distributions measured in HfO2 MIM capacitors under constant voltage stress, thus providing a statistical reliability prediction capability, which can be extended to other high-k materials, multilayer stacks, resistive memories based on transition metal oxides, etc.
Occurrence of human pancreatic polypeptide in pancreatic endocrine tumors. Possible implication in the watery diarrhea syndrome.

Eighteen endocrine pancreatic tumors were examined for the occurrence of cells producing insulin, glucagon, gastrin, human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and for A1 cells. More than half of the tumors were mixed, i.e., they contained more than one type of hormone-producing cell. The clinical symptoms were attributable only to one of the hormones produced by the mixed tumors. Three of four tumors causing the watery diarrhea syndrome contained both VIP and HPP cells. In one such tumor there was a strong predominance of HPP cells; the serum HPP levels of this patient were a thousandfold elevated, whereas her VIP levels were within the normal range. Several lines of evidence point to HPP as a possible agent causing the watery diarrhea syndrome. In many of our patients, HPP cells hyperplasia was present in the extratumoral pancreas. Such hyperplasia may give rise to the raised serum HPP levels seen in many patients having endocrine pancreatic tumors.
[Evaluation of exposure to carbon monoxide among kiosk vendors. Valencia, Venezuela].

OBJECTIVE To study the level of exposure to carbon monoxide (CO), factors contributing to this exposure, and the exposure's potential effects on the health of vendors who have kiosks located on an avenue with heavy vehicular traffic in the city of Valencia, Venezuela. METHODS We measured the concentration of CO in the air (CO-air) in 16 kiosks in Valencia and also determined the concentration of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in the blood of 20 individuals who worked in those kiosks. We also determined the COHb concentrations in a control group made up of 23 professors, students, and workers from Simón Rodríguez University, which is in a town some 120 km from Valencia, in a remote mountainous area without noticeable pollution. RESULTS In seven of the Valencia kiosks (43.7%) the permissible CO-air limits were exceeded. Among the vendors experimental group there was no correlation between the concentrations of CO-air and of COHb. The COHb average for the experimental group (2.9%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (1.6%) and that of the permissible level, according to the analytical method used (< 1.5%). Of a group of symptoms possibly related to CO exposure that were assessed as to whether or not they occurred on a daily basis, all of these symptoms affected a larger percentage of individuals in the experimental group than in the control group. The most common of these symptoms among the experimental group were fatigue and strong headaches. CONCLUSIONS While the vendors' COHb average does not seem alarming, the CO exposures found could have an adverse impact on these workers' health, especially if they suffered from cardiovascular disorders, or as the result of additive interactions with other environmental pollutants. We recommend carrying out additional studies with more frequent and extended measurements of air quality, to produce information that could be applied in efforts to prevent and control adverse CO health effects.