Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantum ergodicity and Benjamini–Schramm convergence of hyperbolic surfaces

We present a quantum ergodicity theorem for fixed spectral window and sequences of compact hyperbolic surfaces converging to the hyperbolic plane in the sense of Benjamini and Schramm. This addresses a question posed by Colin de Verdiere. Our theorem is inspired by results for eigenfunctions on large regular graphs by Anantharaman and the first-named author. It applies in particular to eigenfunctions on compact arithmetic surfaces in the level aspect, which connects it to a question of Nelson on Maass forms. The proof is based on a wave propagation approach recently considered by Brooks, Lindenstrauss and the first-named author on discrete graphs. It does not use any microlocal analysis, making it quite different from the usual proof of quantum ergodicity in the large eigenvalue limit. Moreover, we replace the wave propagator with renormalised averaging operators over discs, which simplifies the analysis and allows us to make use of a general ergodic theorem of Nevo. As a consequence of this approach, we require little regularity on the observables.
Problematic search, slack search and institutional logic in corporate R&D strategy: An empirical analysis of Taiwanese electronics firms

Abstract This study focuses on firms’ search behavior with regard to corporate R&D investment. Building on Cyert and March's (1963) behavioral theory of the firm, we develop specific hypotheses about how firms adjust their R&D investment in response to performance discrepancies, and how this adjustment varies for two types of slack resources. Moreover, by utilizing institutional logic, we also hypothesized that the firms’ search behaviors in response to performance feedback may differ between business-group affiliated and unaffiliated firms. Empirical evidence from panel data coving 274 Taiwanese electronics firms listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange over the period 1999–2008 is consistent with our theoretical predictions. In particular, we find that firms will increase R&D investment when they faced discrepancies in performance, but will decrease R&D spending when close to bankruptcy. Moreover, our results show that unabsorbed and absorbed slack have different impacts, positively and negatively affecting R&D investment, respectively. In addition, we find that both business group-affiliated and unaffiliated firms will increase R&D investment in response to negative performance feedback, but only business group-affiliated firms will increase R&D activity when facing positive performance feedback. Furthermore, we also find that only business group-affiliated firms have a greater inclination to invest in R&D when there is unabsorbed slack. Our findings extend the claims of behavioral theory in newly industrialized economies, and identify the important factors that need to be considered in future studies.
A Constrained Algorithm Based NMFα for Image Representation

Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) is a useful tool in learning a basic representation of image data. However, its performance and applicability in real scenarios are limited because of the lack of image information. In this paper, we propose a constrained matrix decomposition algorithm for image representation which contains parameters associated with the characteristics of image data sets. Particularly, we impose label information as additional hard constraints to the α-divergence-NMF unsupervised learning algorithm. The resulted algorithm is derived by using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions as well as the projected gradient and its monotonic local convergence is proved by using auxiliary functions. In addition, we provide a method to select the parameters to our semisupervised matrix decomposition algorithm in the experiment. Compared with the state-of-the-art approaches, our method with the parameters has the best classification accuracy on three image data sets.
Manet, Flaubert, and the Emergence of Modernism: Blurring Genre Boundaries

1. Framing Manet and Flaubert 2. In and around '1866': Paris, Coubert, the salon of 1868 3. The stain of modernism 4. Canvassing the Jeune dame 5. Allegory of beholding 6. Stained glass: graphing Saint Julien 7. Domestic stains: graphing Felicite.
Analysis of the total kinetic energy of fission fragments with the Langevin equation

We analyzed the total kinetic energy (TKE) of fission fragments with three-dimensional Langevin calculations for a series of actinides and Fm isotopes at various excitation energies. This allowed us to establish systematic trends of TKE with $Z^2/A^{1/3}$ of the fissioning system and as a function of excitation energy. In the mass-energy distributions of fission fragments we see the contributions from the standard, super-long, and super-short (in the case of $^{258}$Fm) fission modes. For the fission fragments mass distribution of $^{258}$Fm we obtained a single peak mass distribution. The decomposition of TKE into the prescission kinetic energy and Coulomb repulsion showed that decrease of TKE with growing excitation energy is accompanied by a decrease of prescission kinetic energy. It was also found that transport coefficients (friction and inertia tensors) calculated by a microscopic model and by macroscopic models give drastically different behavior of TKE as a function of excitation energy. The results obtained with microscopic transport coefficients are much closer to experimental data than those calculated with macroscopic ones.
Comparison of several climate indices as inputs in modelling of the Baltic Sea runoff

Using Transfer function (TF) models, we have earlier presented a chain of events between changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and their oceanographical and ecological consequences in the Baltic Sea. Here we tested whether other climate indices as inputs would improve TF models, and our understanding of the Baltic Sea ecosystem. Besides NAO, the predictors were the Arctic Oscillation (AO), sea-level air pressures at Iceland (SLP), and wind speeds at Hoburg (Gotland). All indices produced good TF models when the total riverine runoff to the Baltic Sea was used as a modelling basis. AO was not applicable in all study areas, showing a delay of about half a year between climate and runoff events, connected with freezing and melting time of ice and snow in the northern catchment area of the Baltic Sea. NAO appeared to be most useful modelling tool as its area of applicability was the widest of the tested indices, and the time lag between climate and runoff events was the shortest. SLP and Hoburg wind speeds showed largely same results as NAO, but with smaller areal applicability. Thus AO and NAO were both mostly contributing to the general understanding of climate control of runoff events in the Baltic Sea ecosystem.
Online Processing of English Wh-Dependencies by Iranian EFL Learners

To be able to reach the level of ultimate attainment in the second language, learners need to acquire not only the grammar of the L2 but also the language processing mechanisms involved in the comprehension of sentences in real time. Contrary to its importance, very little is known yet about online L2 processing. This study examines whether advanced Iranian learners of English reactivate dislocated indirect objects at gap positions in accordance to the “trace reactivation hypothesis” (TRH) and also whether their individual working memory capacities play any role in antecedent priming in such processing. To this end, 44 participants were randomly selected for the study after being given the Oxford Placement Test. The participants were then given the reading-span test to check their working memory (WM) and were divided into 2 groups (low and high-span groups). A cross-modal priming task was conducted using the software package E-Prime Professional to record their reaction times (RTs). The data were analyzed quantitively and the results of 3 paired samples t tests showed that the learners differed from native speakers as they did not reactivate the antecedents at the gap position, indicating that foreign language learners resort to shallow parsing during L2 comprehension. Furthermore, a mixed ANOVA showed that the participants' performance was not influenced by their individual working memory differences unlike high-span native speakers.
Sedimentation in a dilute polydisperse system of interacting spheres. Part 1. General theory

Small rigid spherical partials are settling under gravity through Newtonian fluid, and the volume fraction of the particles (ϕ) is small although sufficiently large for the effects of interactions between pairs of particles to be significant. Two neighbouring particles interact both hydrodynamically (with low-Reynolds-number flow about each particle) and through the exertion of a mutual force of molecular or electrical origin which is mainly repulsive; and they also diffuse relatively to each other by Brownian motion. The dispersion contains several species of particle which differ in radius and density. The purpose of the paper is to derive formulae for the mean velocity of the particles of each species correct to order ϕ, that is, with allowance for the effect of pair interactions. The method devised for the calculation of the mean velocity in a monodisperse system (Batchelor 1972) is first generalized to give the mean additional velocity of a particle of species i due to the presence of a particle of species j in terms of the pair mobility functions and the probability distribution pii(r) for the relative position of an i and a j particle. The second step is to determine pij(r) from a differential equation of Fokker-Planck type representing the effects of relative motion of the two particles due to gravity, the interparticle force, and Brownian diffusion. The solution of this equation is investigated for a range of special conditions, including large values of the Péclet number (negligible effect of Brownian motion); small values of the Ptclet number; and extreme values of the ratio of the radii of the two spheres. There are found to be three different limits for pij(r) corresponding to different ways of approaching the state of equal sphere radii, equal sphere densities, and zero Brownian relative diffusivity. Consideration of the effect of relative diffusion on the pair-distribution function shows the existence of an effective interactive force between the two particles and consequently a contribution to the mean velocity of the particles of each species. The direct contributions to the mean velocity of particles of one species due to Brownian diffusion and to the interparticle force are non-zero whenever the pair-distribution function is non-isotropic, that is, at all except large values of the Péclet number. The forms taken by the expression for the mean velocity of the particles of one species in the various cases listed above are examined. Numerical values will be presented in Part 2.
Teaching Reading Shakespeare

Prologue Part I: Language 1. Admitting the difficulty 2. 'All these old words' 3. Case Study: 'Virtue' 4. Grammar 5. Metaphor 6. Allusion 7. Rhetoric 8. Paraphrase 9. Some strategies 10. Long Speeches Part II: Aspects 11. Narrative 12. Theatre 13. Context 14. Interpretation 15. Talk Epilogue: Finding Value in Shakespeare
How long is long enough when measuring fluxes and other turbulence statistics

Abstract It is determined how long a time series must be to estimate covariances and moments up to fourth order with a specified statistical significance. For a given averaging time T there is a systematic difference between the true flux or moment and the ensemble average of the time means of the same quantities. This difference, referred to here as the systematic error, is a decreasing function of T tending to zero for T→∞. The variance of the time mean of the flux or moment, the so-called error variance, represents the random scatter of individual realizations, which, when T is much larger than the integral time scale T of the time series, is also a decreasing function of T. This makes it possible to assess the minimum value of T necessary to obtain systematic and random errors smaller than specified values. Assuming that the time series are either Gaussian processes with exponential correlation functions or a skewed process derived from a Gaussian, we obtain expressions for the systematic and random e.
CANDELS: CONSTRAINING THE AGN–MERGER CONNECTION WITH HOST MORPHOLOGIES AT z ∼ 2

Using Hubble Space Telescope/WFC3 imaging taken as part of the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey, we examine the role that major galaxy mergers play in triggering active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity at z ∼ 2. Our sample consists of 72 moderate-luminosity (LX ∼ 1042–44 erg s−1) AGNs at 1.5 < z < 2.5 that are selected using the 4 Ms Chandra observations in the Chandra Deep Field South, the deepest X-ray observations to date. Employing visual classifications, we have analyzed the rest-frame optical morphologies of the AGN host galaxies and compared them to a mass-matched control sample of 216 non-active galaxies at the same redshift. We find that most of the AGNs reside in disk galaxies (51.4+5.8 − 5.9%), while a smaller percentage are found in spheroids (27.8+5.8 − 4.6%). Roughly 16.7+5.3 − 3.5% of the AGN hosts have highly disturbed morphologies and appear to be involved in a major merger or interaction, while most of the hosts (55.6+5.6 − 5.9%) appear relatively relaxed and undisturbed. These fractions are statistically consistent with the fraction of control galaxies that show similar morphological disturbances. These results suggest that the hosts of moderate-luminosity AGNs are no more likely to be involved in an ongoing merger or interaction relative to non-active galaxies of similar mass at z ∼ 2. The high disk fraction observed among the AGN hosts also appears to be at odds with predictions that merger-driven accretion should be the dominant AGN fueling mode at z ∼ 2, even at moderate X-ray luminosities. Although we cannot rule out that minor mergers are responsible for triggering these systems, the presence of a large population of relatively undisturbed disk-like hosts suggests that the stochastic accretion of gas plays a greater role in fueling AGN activity at z ∼ 2 than previously thought.
The elephant in the room: The need to re-discover the intersection between poverty, powerlessness and power in ‘Theology and Development’ praxis

South Africa remains a divided community on many levels: socially, racially and socioeconomically. This is no more evident than in the recent protests – most notably waged on university campuses and on the streets in the past year. This, the article argues, is closely related to the need to reclaim the notion of power by those who feel they remain relegated to the social and economic peripheries after over 20 years of democracy. While ‘theology and development’ praxis has been most closely associated in a post-apartheid era with welfare and charity approaches or pragmatic interaction with state and civil society (both of which have been critiqued), what has not been sufficiently addressed is the notion of power which once dominated ecclesiastical discourses. This is the proverbial ‘elephant in the room’, which the article argues must once again be revisited and re-engaged – both within scholarly reflection and within church practice – in order to address these divides.
MODELLING THE GERMINATION OF BUDDLEIA DAVIDII UNDER CONSTANT CONDITIONS WITH THE HYDROTHERMAL TIME CONCEPT

1 LIST OF SYMBOLS. 2 INTRODUCTION . 3 Origin of Buddleia . 3 Its development as a weed . 3 Context and economic interests in New Zealand. 4 Controlling Buddleia . 4 Study area . 5 Thesis structure. 5 CHAPTER 1 – LITERATURE REVIEW . 7 Seed production, dispersal and viability . 7 Buddleia, a pioneer species. 8 Main factors affecting Buddleia germination . 9 Biocontrol and defoliation . 11 Hydrothermal time model. 12 Research Objectives. 14 CHAPTER 2 – INFLUENCE OF LOCATION ON BUDDLEIA DAVIDII ALLOMETRICS AND GERMINATION . 15 Introduction. 15 Method. 16 Results . 17 Discussion. 18 CHAPTER 3 – THE EFFECT OF DEFOLIATION ON GERMINATION. 20 Introduction. 20 Method. 20 Results . 21 Discussion. 22 CHAPTER 4 – THERMAL TIME MODEL FOR GERMINATION UNDER CONSTANT TEMPERATURES. 23 Introduction. 23 Method. 24 Results . 27 Discussion. 32 CHAPTER 5 HYDROTHERMAL TIME MODEL FOR GERMINATION UNDER CONSTANT MOISTURES AND TEMPERATURES. 34 Introduction. 34 Method. 35 Results . 39 Discussion. 46 CHAPTER 6 OVERALL DISCUSSION . 48 CONCLUSION. 50 REFERENCES . 51 ANNEXE – SITE MAPS. 58
Discussion Paper No . 2007 / 06 Loans or Grants ?

We argue in this paper that cancelling the debt of the poorest countries was a good thing, but that it should not imply that the debt instrument should be foregone. Debt and debt cancellations are indeed two complementary instruments which, if properly managed, perform better than either loans or grants taken in isolation. The core of the intuition, which we develop in a simple two-period model, relates to the fact that the poorest countries are also the most volatile, so that contingent facilities, explicitly incorporating debt cancellation mechanisms, are a valuable instrument.
Grade Correspondence between Internal and External Examiners of Occupational Therapy Students’ Bachelor Theses

Students’ grades are increasingly important in defining their future employability, and therefore, securing a fair assessment of students’ theses is important. This study aimed to assess the level of grade correspondence between internal and external examiners of occupational therapy students’ bachelor theses, and to evaluate the overall level of grades initially set by examiners in the two groups. The grades initially suggested for 67 bachelor theses were analyzed. Absolute agreement between internal and external examiners was estimated as the proportion of theses on which the examiners suggested identical grades (percentage agreement), and consistency in agreement was estimated by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). There was absolute agreement between the internal and the external examiners in 33 of the 67 cases (49.3 %), and also consistency in agreement was high (ICC = 0.81, 95 % CI [0.68, 0.88], p < 0.001). The results from this study demonstrate a high level of agreement between internal and external examiners of occupational therapy students’ bachelor theses. However, internal examiners as a group are more prone to give high grades compared to external examiners, and this may support the continued use of two examiners to ensure quality in grading.
The function of the vestibulum in nests of a solitary stem-nesting bee, Osmia rufa (L.)

Nests of the stem- or hole-nesting megachilid bee, Osmia rufa, were analysed to help clar- ify the function of the outermost empty chamber of the nest, the vestibulum. Only nests in an exposed nesting environment had a long vestibulum, whereas nests protected from sun and temperature fluc- tuations (within a honey bee hive body) had short vestibuli or none at all. The rate of parasitism of the first cell from nests with a vestibulum did not differ from nests without a vestibulum in both nesting environments. The short vestibulum built by O. rufa in protected nests probably represents the remaining space of a nest hole that is too short for an additional cell. Nests in exposed environments suffered much higher mortality in all brood cells owing to parasites attacking open cells during nest construction. Additionally, mortality caused by the cleptoparasitic drosophilid, Cacoxenus indaga- tor, one of the main parasites of the Red Mason bee, increased greatly from the rear to the entrance of nests. When nesting bees detect the cleptoparasitic fly, they do not provision the outermost space of nesting holes, thus constructing a vestibulum, to avoid misinvestment due to the high risk of par- asitism. In nests exposed to normal weather factors, vestibular cells probably shelter the brood also from high fluctuating temperatures. © Inra/DIB/AGIB/Elsevier, Paris
Nonlinear Inflationary Persistence and Growth: Theory and Empirical Comparative Analysis

The paper focuses on the decomposition of inflation persistence into the linear and nonlinear components. The hypothesis is that the nonlinear component of inflation persistence results from a technological shock and might positively contribute to economic growth. The microfoundations are derived from an assumption of Calvo pricing and sticky-information Keynesian Phillips curve. The hypothesis is evaluated empirically with the use of monthly data series for inflation for 119 countries. Linear and nonlinear (bilinear) inflation persistence measures have been estimated with the use of a bilinear autoregressive moving average model in a state space form. Further on, correlation analysis has been performed for these countries to detect a relationship between economic growth and linear and nonlinear persistence. The paper concludes that the nonlinear inflation persistence contributes positively to economic growth after 2000.
Proximate, phytochemical screening and mineral analysis of Crescentia cujete L. leaves

Background: One of the uses of Crescentia cujete leaves is in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, which necessitated the evaluation of its chemical composition. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition of C. cujete leaves. Setting: Fresh, mature leaves were harvested from the Herbal Garden, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Jericho Hill, Ibadan, Nigeria. The plant samples were identified at Forest Herbarium, Ibadan, Nigeria, sorted to eliminate extraneous matter and then air-dried on a cabinet dryer for five days at ambient temperature and oven-dried at 40°C for five minutes. The dried leaves were milled to powder using a medium-sized milling machine and stored in an air-tight container until needed for analysis. Methods: The proximate composition, phytochemical screening and mineral analysis were determined using standard analytic methods. Minerals such as iron, zinc, calcium, manganese and magnesium were determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer; sodium and potassium by the flame photometer and phosphorus by the spectrophotometer. Results: The proximate analysis results revealed that the samples contained carbohydrate (40.46%), crude protein (16.15%), crude fibre (19.71%), crude fat (2.91%), ash (9.77%) and moisture (11.03%), while the phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones and flavonoids. The mineral compositions (mg/g) decreased in the order Ca (6.0) > K (5.0) > Mg (2.2) > P (1.5) > Na (0.2) > Fe = Zn (0.6) > Cu = Mn (0.03). Conclusion: These results conceivably indicate that C. cujete is a good source of essential minerals and phyto-nutrients which possess strong pharmacological activities, providing scientific credence for its therapeutic usage in folklore medicine.