Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sulfur mustard induces apoptosis and necrosis in endothelial cells.

Sulfur Mustard (SM) is a vesicant or blistering chemical warfare agent, for which there still is no effective therapy. Endothelial cells are one of the major cellular targets for SM. The mechanism of endothelial cell death during SM injury is poorly understood. We studied the effect of exposure of endothelial cells to 0-1000 microM SM over the time course of 2-24 hr to determine the role of apoptotic and necrotic patterns of cell death in endothelial injury induced by SM. SM concentrations < or = 250 microM induced exclusively apoptosis which was observed after 5 hr in 30% of endothelial cells. Exposure to SM concentrations > or = 500 microM caused apoptosis and necrosis to the same extent in 60-85% of all cells after 5 to 6 hr. Necrosis was accompanied by a significant (approximately 50%) depletion of intracellular ATP, while in apoptotic cells ATP remained at the level similar to healthy cells. Interestingly, disruption of the long actin filament stress fibers and rounding of cells preceded other features of apoptosis--DNA fragmentation, membrane budding, and apoptotic body formation. In apoptotic cells, microfilaments formed constricted perinuclear bands, which were not observed in necrotic cells. Pretreatment with 50 mM N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a sulfhydryl donor and antioxidant, nearly eliminated the apoptotic features of cell death but did not prevent necrosis in response to SM. NAC pretreatment alone induced reorganization of actin filaments into an enhanced network of long stress fibers instead of a dominant cortical band of actin. NAC pretreatment prevented loss of cell adherence and cell rounding following exposure to 250 microM SM. The effect of NAC on cytoskeletal organization and its ability to eliminate SM-induced apoptosis suggests that actin filament organization may be an important element in cellular susceptibility to apoptotic stimuli.
Free Radicals in the Pathogenesis of Kwashiorkor

The skeletal spectre of the marasmic child clearly results from a lack of intake of the bulk nutrients. It can be easily and consistently reproduced in any convenient species of experimental animal. In stark contrast, the other major form of malnutrition, kwashiorkor, has only once been convincingly reproduced in experimental animals. Coward & Whitehead (1972) produced oedema, fatty liver, skin lesions, hair discoloration and friability, hypoproteinaemia and mental changes in baboons by feeding the animals exactly the same diets that children with kwashiorkor received in Uganda. The authors demonstrated that the syndrome could be reproduced experimentally but made no attempt to discover the factor or factors in the diet responsible for the disease. In other studies the individual features of kwashiorkor had been singly and inconsistently reproduced in animals using a whole variety of, often extreme, experimental manipulations. The conditions necessary to give a ‘model’ for kwashiorkor oedema, for instance, are quite different from those used to give experimental fatty liver or hair discoloration. Why should the kwashiorkor syndrome be so difficult to reproduce experimentally I Why have the applied programmes designed to prevent kwashiorkor been so uniformly unsuccessful? The obvious first answer to be considered is that all the hypotheses that have been proposed, tested experimentally and used as the conceptual framework for the applied programmes, are incorrect. Certainly the extant hypotheses of protein deficiency (Williams, I 935)’ niacin deficiency (Gillman & Gillman, 195 I), antidiurectic-hormone-like action of free ferritin (Srikantia, 1958), dysadaptation to protein deficient stress (Gopalan, 1968), hormonal dysadaptation (Whitehead, 1979), or aflatoxin intoxication (Hendrickse, 1984), do not adequately explain more than a few of the features of kwashiorkor listed in Table I. These features must all be reconciled in any unifying hypothesis. Recently we have proposed that kwashiorkor results from an imbalance between the production of free radicals and their safe disposal (Golden, 1985). It is the purpose of the present paper to examine the evidence for such a hypothesis. The hypothesis, illustrated in Fig. I, states that in kwashiorkor, various noxae are imposed on the subject. These noxae produce free-radical-mediated lipid peroxides and toxic carbonyls. Under normal metabolic and nutritional
Expiratory flow rate changes during the menstrual cycle.

In women, the mortality and morbidity from asthma varies with the phases of the menstrual cycle, Exacerbation of symptoms, and higher incidence of attacks have been reported during the premenstrual and menstrual phases (1), Forced expiratory flow rates in asthmatics have been shown to decrease during the premenstrual phase, indicating a higher bronchomotor tone at this time (2), Whether this occurs in normal women is not known. The study reported here was therefore undertaken to identify changes in flow rates during the menstrual cycle in a group of normal young women.
Dynamically Bounding Browsable Retrieval Spaces: an Application to Galois Lattices

In this paper we present a method that allows the user to change an ordered retrieval space while browsing through it. Based on the feedback the user gets from the space structure s/he may dynamically assert or retract constraints which the sought classes of documents have to comply with while the space is bounded accordingly using a representation called version space. We apply the method to a Galois lattice space - a classification stucture that has recently gained some attention for its theoretical and practical advantages for browsing retrieval - and we analyse the improved retrieval capabilities of the integrated framework. The bound method has been implemented as a component of a larger retrieval interface for browsing and querying the Galois lattice of a bibliographic database, possibly enriched with a thesaurus of terms.
Modélisation analytique du bruit aérodynamique à large bande des machines tournantes : utilisation de calculs moyennés de mécanique des fluides

Le bruit a large bande constitue aujourd'hui une part importante, parfois dominante, du bruit genere par certains ventilateurs a basse vitesse ou soufflantes de turbomachines. Ce travail de these propose une approche hybride combinant les methodes analytiques avec le post-traitement de simulations des equations moyennees de la mecanique des fluides.Une synthese bibliographique du bruit a large bande genere par les profils d'aile est effectuee. Les modeles analytiques developpes par Amiet pour le bruit d'impact de turbulence et le bruit de bord de fuite sont presentes, et des extensions en sont egalement proposees. Dans une seconde partie, les pales d'un ventilateur axial a basse vitesse sont instrumentees, afin de mesurer la statistique de pression en paroi. Le modele analytique du bruit de bord de fuite est ici etendu au cas d'une pale de ventilateur puis valide par comparaison de la pression acoustique mesuree en chambre anechoique avec le modele. Une extension est ensuite proposee pour appliquer, a titre prospectif, cette formulation en champ libre au calcul de la puissance acoustique d'une soufflante de turbomachines. Dans un contexte industriel, les informations disponibles sur l'ecoulement autour d'un ventilateur ne sont que les donnees moyennes, issues d'une simulation des equations moyennees de Navier-Stokes (RANS). Dans des cas simples, des modeles semi-empiriques permettent d'en deduire le spectre des fluctuations de pression en paroi. En revanche, ils ne peuvent pas etre appliques a un ecoulement soumis a un gradient de pression positif. Une augmentation du niveau spectral dans ce cas est observee et un nouveau modele empirique est propose.
Neurological mouse mutants and the genes of myelin

The prospect to create mouse mutants of virtually any cloned gene has renewed interest in the genetic analysis of mammalian brain development. A diverse group of spontaneous and engineered mouse mutants, characterized by a defect of myelin formation, has been intensively studied from the morphological to the molecular level. In this system, genetics has been successfully applied to analyze a corresponding set of membrane proteins which help to elaborate a defined structural entity, compact myelin. Shiverer, jimpy, Trembler, and protein zero (P0)‐deficient mice demonstrate the overall function of myelination and have become models for human neurological diseases. They also illustrate some of the problems encountered in defining protein functions from complex mutant phenotypes. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
17β‐estradiol reduces Cav1.2 channel abundance and attenuates Ca2+‐dependent contractions in coronary arteries

One mechanism by which the female sex may protect against elevated coronary vascular tone is inhibition of Ca2+ entry into arterial smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). In vitro findings confirm that high estrogen concentrations directly inhibit voltage‐dependent Cav1.2 channels in coronary ASMCs. For this study, we hypothesized that the nonacute, in vitro exposure of coronary arteries to a low concentration of 17β‐estradiol (17βE) reduces the expression of Cav1.2 channel proteins in coronary ASMCs. Segments of the right coronary artery obtained from sexually mature female pigs were mounted for isometric tension recording. As expected, our results indicate that high concentrations (≥10 μmol/L) of 17βE acutely attenuated Ca2+‐dependent contractions to depolarizing KCl stimuli. Interestingly, culturing coronary arteries for 24 h in a 10,000‐fold lower concentration (1 nmol/L) of 17βE also attenuated KCl‐induced contractions and reduced the contractile response to the Cav1.2 agonist, FPL64176, by 50%. Western blots revealed that 1 nmol/L 17βE decreased protein expression of the pore‐forming α1C subunit (Cavα) of the Cav1.2 channel by 35%; this response did not depend on an intact endothelium. The 17βE‐induced loss of Cavα protein in coronary arteries was prevented by the estrogen ERα/ERβ antagonist, ICI 182,780, whereas the GPER antagonist, G15, did not prevent it. There was no effect of 1 nmol/L 17βE on Cavα transcript expression. We conclude that 17βE reduces Cav1.2 channel abundance in isolated coronary arteries by a posttranscriptional process. This unrecognized effect of estrogen may confer physiological protection against the development of abnormal Ca2+‐dependent coronary vascular tone.
ON DETERMINING THE SONORITY VALUE OF /W/ RELATIVE TO /R/ AND /L/ IN EARLY WEST GERMANIC

ABSTBACT. In this paper, drawing on recent developments in syllabic phonology, I adduce five pieces of evidence (alliteration, consonant clusters in the onset, the West Germanic gemination, word division at the end of lines in Old English manuscripts, and the development of /hw-/, /hr-/> /hl-/» and /hn-/ in Old High Gerznan), and claim that /w/ was less sonorous than /r/ and /! / in early West Germanic.
Susceptibility to Plasmodium liver stage infection is altered by hepatocyte polyploidy

Plasmodium parasites infect hepatocytes of their mammalian hosts and undergo obligate liver stage development. The specific host cell attributes that are important for liver infection remain largely unknown. Several host signalling pathways are perturbed in infected hepatocytes, some of which are important in the generation of hepatocyte polyploidy. To test the functional consequence of polyploidy on liver infection, we infected hepatocytes with the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii both in vitro and in vivo and examined the ploidy of infected and uninfected hepatocytes by flow cytometry. In both hepatoma cell lines and in the mouse liver, the fraction of polyploid cells was higher in the infected cell population than in the uninfected cell population. When the data were reanalysed by comparing the extent of Plasmodium infection within each ploidy subset, we found that infection rates were elevated in more highly polyploid cells and lower in diploid cells. Furthermore, we found that the parasite's preference for host cells with high ploidy is conserved among rodent malaria species and the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. This parasite preference for host cells of high ploidy cannot be explained by differences in hepatocyte size or DNA replication. We conclude that Plasmodium preferentially infects and develops in polyploid hepatocytes.
Arctic dinoflagellate migrations mark the strongest Oligocene glaciations

Here we report on mid-Oligocene globally synchronous Arctic dinoflagellate migration events, calibrated against chron C9n. We show that sudden appearances and marked abundance increases of the Arctic taxon Svalbardella at lower and middle latitudes coincide with the Oi-2b benthic d 18 O glacial episode, dated as ca. 27.1 Ma. These unprecedented migrations are taken to indicate anomalously strong surface-water cooling during Oi-2b time, in turn associated with strong concomitant Antarctic ice-sheet growth and sea-level lowering. We estimate the duration of these unique Svalbardella migrations and the associated episode of profound cooling as ;500 k.y. Our records suggest a close link between this distinct Oligocene glaciation episode, strong sea-level fall, and the classic lower-upper Oligocene, or Rupelian-Chattian, boundary, dating this boundary as ca. 27.1 Ma.
Regularity, Exposure Time and Perception of Numerosity

Two experiments are described. In Exp. 1, subjects compared the apparent numerosity of two kinds of dot patterns, regular vs irregular, with two different exposures (160 vs 2000 msec). In Exp. 2, the subjects had to estimate the numerosity of the same patterns, presented one at a time. Analysis showed a relative overestimation of the regular patterns in Exp. 1 but not in Exp. 2. In general an overestimation occurred with an increase in exposure. Such results support our hypothesis of two separate processes as the basis of the two kinds of performance (estimating vs comparison).
Bio‐organic reaction animations (BioORA): Student performance, student perceptions, and instructor feedback

Research shows that computer animations are especially helpful in fields such as chemistry and in this mixed‐methods study, we investigate the educational effectiveness of Bio‐Organic Reaction Animations (BioORA), a 3‐D software, in four undergraduate biochemistry classes at different universities. Statistically significant findings indicate that students performed better on a quiz completed after a lesson with BioORA than after a lesson with regular teaching methods in three out of four classes. Ratings on several survey items completed after experiencing BioORA, including items related to interest, value, and ability, were higher in two classes. Surveys and one‐on‐one interviews reveal instructor and student experiences with the software as well as the utility of various software features, which can be adopted in other programs. Instructors and students provide suggestions to maximize BioORA's benefits as an educational tool and findings suggest the importance of multiple forms of information to enhance student understanding and reach students with various learning preferences. © 2014 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(3):XXXXX–XXXXX, 2014.
Oncology Nurses' Knowledge of Suicide Evaluation and Prevention

Background:Cancer patients can present with a risk of suicide, making it important for oncology nurses to be knowledge about the high-risk factors for suicide in this population and to be competent in suicide detection and management. Objective:The aim of this study was to describe oncology nurses' identification of risk factors, knowledge, and skill at suicide evaluation and prevention based on evaluation of a vignette and to describe nurses' assessments and interventions for suicidal patients. Methods:As part of a larger exploratory, national study, clinical oncology nurses (n = 1200) from the Oncology Nurses Society responded to a knowledge survey; a total of 454 evaluable questionnaires (37% response rate) were returned. Results:Nurses reviewed a vignette of a suicidal patient and correctly identified these risk factors: widower (69.8%), wishes he/she were dead (82.8%), and gives away prized possessions (79.6%). Few nurses knew that ethnicity (0.4%), age (13.2%), or sex (16.4%) indicated suicide risk. Nurses incorrectly believed that worrying, crying, and executive position indicated suicide risk (40.6-42%). Most nurses rated themselves as having little to some skill and knowledge of suicide evaluation. Conclusion:Oncology nurses were able to identify certain behavioral risk factors at acceptable rates but not demographic risk factors. Implications for Practice:Oncology nurses are likely to interact with patients at suicide risk and would benefit from knowledge about behavioral and demographic risk factors that contribute to an oncology patient becoming high risk for suicide. Such knowledge could contribute to overall patient safety.
Medication use patterns, health care resource utilization, and economic burden for patients with major depressive disorder in Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Objective The objective of the study was to investigate medication usage patterns, health care resource utilization, and direct medical costs of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) in Beijing, People’s Republic of China. Methods Data were extracted from a random sample of the Beijing Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance database. Patients aged ≥18 years, with ≥1 primary diagnosis of MDD and 12-month continuous enrollment after their first observed MDD diagnosis between 2012 and 2013 were identified. Those with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or cancer during the analysis period were excluded. Results In total 8,484 patients, with a mean age of 57.2 years, were included and 63% were female. The top three commonly observed comorbidities were hypertension (70.9%), anxiety disorder (68.6%), and coronary heart disease (65.1%). Furthermore, 71.4% of patients were treated with antidepressant medications, including 60.5% of patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, followed by noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (9.0%) and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (8.3%). The proportions of patients who discontinued their initial antidepressant within the first and second months after the index date were 45.4% and 77.0%, respectively. Concomitant medications were prescribed for 76.8% of patients. Only 0.42% of patients experienced ≥1 MDD-related hospitalization(s) during the 1-year follow-up, and the average annual number of hospitalization was 1.2 for those hospitalized. The mean length of stay was 33.4 days per hospitalization. All patients had ≥1 MDD-related outpatient visit(s). The mean annual number of outpatient visits per patient was 3.1. The mean annual direct medical costs per patient with MDD was RMB ¥1,694.1 (48.5% for antidepressant medications), and that for hospitalized patients was RMB ¥21,291.0 (15.0% for antidepressant medications). Conclusion In Beijing, the majority of patients with MDD were treated in the outpatient setting only and they received antidepressants. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were the most commonly used antidepressants. However, the duration to antidepressant medication was short, and persistence was low. The economic burden of MDD-related hospitalization was considerable.
Role of β‐GP‐derived pi in mineralization via ecto‐alkaline phosphatase in cultured fetal calvaria cells

The permissive effect of β‐GP on mineralization in cultured rat fetal calvaria cells was investigated in relationship with phosphohydrolase activity of ecto‐ALP at physiological pH range. β‐GP present in the culture medium for 8 days exerted a stimulatory effect on 45Ca incorporation into matrix cell layers while the ecto‐ALP activity level measured on intact cells with a saturating concentration of p cells grown either in the presence or absence of β‐GP. In both types of cultures, β‐GP addition inhibited pNPP hydrolysis in a competitive and reversible manner and increased Pi concentration in the medium. The dose dependency of the effect of β‐GP on 45Ca incorporation and generation of Pi was similar (kϕ = 3 mM). Levamisole, but not dexamisole, inhibited both pNPP and β‐GP hydrolyses, which were likely catalyzed by the same ecto‐enzyme. The rate of 45Ca incorporation into matrix cell layers, which was high (0.90 μmol/4h/mg cell protein) in cells grown in the absence of β‐GP, was inhibited by 50% by levamisole. In cells grown in the absence of β‐GP, the 45Ca incorporation rate increased progressively after β‐GP addition, reaching after 12 h the value of cultures grown in the presence of β‐GP, the increase being totally inhibited by levamisole. In both types of cells, addition of exogenous Pi at concentrations corresponding to medium levels of β‐GP‐derived Pi rapidly led to high 45Ca incorporation rate which was unaffected by levamisole. β‐GP removal from cultures grown in its presence reduced by 50% the 45Ca incorporation rate which recovered the initial value after exogenous Pi addition independently of levamisole presence. Thus, mineral deposition did not affect the level and catalytic efficiency of ecto‐ALP to hydrolyze β‐GP in cultured fetal calvaria cells, yet it influenced the β‐GP‐stimulatory effect on mineralization so as to render this process not sensitive to high medium Pi levels. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postmodernism and Gender Relations in Feminist Theory

As the thought of the world, [philosophy] appears only when actuality is already there cut and dried after its process of formation has been completed. When philosophy paints its grey in grey, then has a shape of life grown old. By philosophy's grey in grey it cannot be rejuvenated but only understood. The owl of Minerva spreads its wings only with the falling of the dusk. [G. W. F. HEGEL, preface to Philosophy of Right]
Comparison of direct versus Friedewald estimation of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in Indian patients: Cost-effectiveness concerns?

Sir, I have gone through an interesting original article on comparison of calculated and direct methods of estimation for low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) by Kannan et al.[1] In this study, laboratory database of 14,620 lipid profiles was analyzed to compare use of Friedewald formula (FF) and direct estimation of LDL‐C and found FF is inadequate in correctly estimating the LDL‐C at higher triglyceride levels (i.e. >200 mg/dl). However, FF is known to have such limitation, which is highlighted in multiple studies earlier. Recently published study of consecutive 380 lipid profiles from hyperlipidemic patients in India has shown limitations with both the direct and calculated methods for LDL‐C estimation. [2]
Association between non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Nodal and extranodal lymphomas are considered to be distinct entities on the basis of histological distribution, response to chemotherapy, and prognosis.1 The risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is significantly increased in patients in an immunosuppressive state,2 and diabetes mellitus impairs the immune response to bacterial infections.3 We therefore retrospectively investigated the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with nodal and extranodal lymphomas to determine whether the risk of lymphoma is increased in patients with diabetes. From 1986 to 1993, 160 patients with nodal and extranodal lymphoma, excluding those who were positive for human T cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type I antibody, were treated at Kobe University School of Medicine Hospital. No patients were positive for HIV-1 antibody. We excluded 27 patients (21 with nodal lymphoma, six with extranodal lymphoma) because adequate …