Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The impact of human development on individual health: a causal mediation analysis examining pathways through education and body mass index

Background The macro environment we live in projects what we can achieve and how we behave, and in turn, shapes our health in complex ways. Policymaking will benefit from insights into the mechanisms underlying how national socioeconomic context affects health. This study examined the impact of human development on individual health and the possible mediating roles of education and body mass index (BMI). Methods We analyzed World Health Survey data on 109,448 participants aged 25 or older from 42 low- and middle-income countries with augmented human development index (HDI) in 1990. We used principal components method to create a health score based on measures from eight health state domains, used years of schooling as education indicator and calculated BMI from self-reported height and weight. We used causal mediation analysis technique with random intercepts to account for the multilevel structure. Results Below a reference HDI level of 0.48, HDI was negatively associated with good health (total effect at HDI of 0.23: b = − 3.44, 95% CI [−6.39–−0.49] for males and b = − 5.16, 95% CI [−9.24,–−1.08] for females) but was positively associated with good health above this reference level (total effect at HDI of 0.75: b = 4.16, 95% CI [−0.33–8.66] for males and b = 6.62, 95% CI [0.85–12.38] for females). We found a small positive effect of HDI on health via education across reference HDI levels (b ranging from 0.24 to 0.29 for males and 0.40 to 0.49 for females) but not via pathways involving BMI only. Conclusion Human development has a non-linear effect on individual health, but the impact appears to be mainly through pathways other than education and BMI.
Determinants of discordance between patients and physicians in their assessment of lupus disease activity.

OBJECTIVE We evaluated different methods for quantifying patient-physician discordance and identified factors associated with discordance in the assessment of lupus disease activity. METHODS Data from 208 female patients who had a comprehensive annual examination were extracted from the Montreal General Hospital Lupus Registry. Discordance was measured by the difference between the patient self-reported 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS) and the physician VAS for global disease activity (VASDIFF). Multiple linear regression was used to identify the correlates of discordance, e.g., SF-36TM scales, Systemic Lupus Activity Measure (SLAM) components, etc. Four regression models were estimated using: (1) all patients; (2) only patients who evaluated disease activity higher than their physician's assessment; (3) only patients who evaluated disease activity lower than their physician's assessment; and (4) all patients, with the absolute value of VASDIFF as the dependent variable. RESULTS Of the 208 observations, 150 (72%) of the VASDIFF scores were within +/- 2.5 cm on a 10 cm scale, indicating absence of marked discordance; 43 (20.7%) were from patients overscoring and 15 (7.2%) from patients underscoring their physician by at least 2.5 cm. Higher SF-36 role physical score, more bodily pain, and lower role emotional score in addition to the SLAM-skin component were independently associated with higher discordance. SF-36 social function and mental health scores as well as SLAM-neurological and kidney components were correlated with discordance in some subanalyses. Bodily pain was the most important variable for predicting "clinically relevant" discordance, followed by SLAM-skin and kidney components. CONCLUSION Discordance between patients and physicians may result from patients scoring their disease activity based on their psychological and physical well-being, whereas physicians score disease activity based on the clinical and physical signs and symptoms of lupus.
The orbitofrontal cortex and response selection

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) function is often characterized in terms of stimulus–reward mapping; however, more recent evidence suggests that the OFC may play a role in selecting and representing extended actions. First, previously encoded reward associations in the OFC could be used to inform responding in novel but similar situations. Second, when evaluated in tasks requiring the animal to perform extended actions, response selective activity can be recorded in the OFC. Finally, the interaction between the OFC and hippocampus illustrates OFC's role in response selection. The OFC may facilitate reward‐guided memory retrieval by selecting the memories most relevant to achieve a goal. This model for OFC function places it within the hierarchy of increasingly complex action representations that support decision making.
Efficacy, tolerability, and parent reported outcomes for cefdinir vs. high-dose amoxicillin/clavulanate oral suspension for acute otitis media in young children*

ABSTRACT Objectives: To compare efficacy, tolerability, and parental satisfaction of cefdinir and high-dose amoxicillin/clavulanate oral suspensions given to young children with non-refractory acute otitis media (AOM) based on clinical endpoints and outcomes measures. Research design and methods: This was an investigator-blinded, multicenter study in which 318 children 6 months through 6 years of age with a clinical diagnosis of AOM were randomized to receive 10 days of either cefdinir (14 mg/kg divided BID) or high-dose amoxicillin/clavulanate (90/6.4 mg/kg divided BID). Main outcome measures: Investigators evaluated clinical response at an end-of-therapy (EOT) office visit conducted on day 12–15. Outcomes of satisfaction, tolerability, and adherence were also assessed at that visit using an Otitis Parent Questionnaire. Results: The treatment groups were similar at baseline with respect to patient demographics. At the EOT visit, for cefdinir and amoxicillin/clavulanate, respectively, intent-to-treat (ITT) clinical cure rates were 82% (129/158) and 85% (134/158) ( p = 0.547; 95% confidence interval [CI] –11.7 to 5.4) and per-protocol cure rates were 82% (123/150) and 90% (129/143) ( p = 0.045; 95% CI –16.4 to 0.0). This difference was driven primarily by reduced cefdinir response in patients with recurrent AOM (p = 0.010) and those younger than 24 months (p = 0.039). Comparing cefdinir with amoxicillin/clavulanate, parents more often reported significantly better ease of use (89% vs. 57%; p < 0.0001), better taste (85% vs. 39%; p < 0.0001), and better adherence (at least 95% of doses) (82% vs. 61%; p < 0.0001). Diarrhea/loose stools were more common in the amoxicillin/clavulanate group than in the cefdinir group (28% vs. 18%, respectively; p = 0.0341). One patient in the cefdinir group and eight patients in the amoxicillin/clavulanate group withdrew from the study prematurely due to at least one adverse event ( p = 0.0364). Study limitations included assessment of clinical recurrence by telephone call rather than office visit, exclusion of children with refractory AOM, and no assessment of middle ear microbiology. Conclusions: Among young children with non-refractory AOM, cefdinir was as efficacious as high-dose amoxicillin/clavulanate in the ITT group, but somewhat less effective in per-protocol analysis. From the parental perspective, cefdinir was easier to administer, had a better taste, caused less diarrhea, and resulted in higher treatment adherence than high-dose amoxicillin clavulanate.
Child welfare for the twenty-first century : a handbook of practices, policies, and programs

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsIntroduction: An Overview of Children, Youth, and Family Services, Policies, and Programs in the United States, by Gerald P. Mallon and Peg McCartt HessHistorical Evolution of Child Welfare Services, by Brenda McGowanPart 1. Child and Adolescent Well-BeingFamily Support Services, by Susan P. Kemp, Tracey K. Burke, Kara Allen-Eckard, Melissa F. Becker, and Amy AckroydMeaningful Family Engagement, by Nicole Bossard, Angela Braxton, and Debra ConwayEngaging Latino Families, by Hilda Rivera-Rodr guezHealth Care for Children and Youth, by Jan McCarthy and Maria WoolvertonMental Health Care for Children and Youth, by Martha Morrison DoreEducational Issues for Children and Youth, by Kristin Kelly, Kathleen McNaught, and Janet StotlandLGBT Youth and Their Families, by Diane ElzeRunaway and Homeless Youth, by Karen M. StallerPart 2. Child and Adolescent SafetyChild Abuse and Neglect, by Neil B. Guterman, Kristin L. Berg, and Catherine A. TaylorChild Protective Services, by Diane DePanfilis and Theresa CostelloRisk Assessment, by Aron Shlonsky and Eileen GambrillFamily Preservation, by Marianne Berry and Sara McLeanSexual Abuse Issues, by Kathleen Coulborn FallerSubstance Abuse Issues, by Joseph P. Ryan and Hui HuangDomestic Violence Issues, by Judy PostmusPart 3. Permanency for Children and AdolescentsReunification, by Barbara A. Pine, Robin Spath, and Stephanie GosteliGuardianship, by Mark Testa and Jennifer MillerCustomary Adoption for American Indian and Alaskan Native Children, by Terry CrossKinship Care, by Rebecca L. Hegar and Maria ScannapiecoAdoption, by Gerald P. MallonBirthmothers, by Leslie Doty HollingsworthAdoption Disruption, by Trudy FestingerUnpacking Permanency for Youth: Overuse/Misuse of Another Planned Permanent Living Arrangement (APPLA) as a Permanency Goal, by Jennifer Renne and Gerald P. MallonYouth Development and Transitional Living Services, by Mary Elizabeth CollinsFamily Foster Care, by Madelyn FreundlichResidential Services, by Lloyd Bullard, Katherine Gaughan, and Larry W. OwensSibling Issues, by Rebecca L. HegarVisits: Critical to the Well-Being and Permanency of Children and Youth in Care, by Peg McCartt HessPostpermanency Services, by Madelyn Freundlich and Lois WrightPart 4. Systemic Issues in Children, Youth, and Family Services, Policies, and ProgramsThe Child and Family Services Reviews, by Linda Mitchell, Miranda Lynch Thomas, and Bonita ParkerPlacement Stability, by Amy C. D'Andrade and Sigrid JamesFoster Parent Recruitment and Retention, by Eileen Mayers Pasztor and Myrna L. McNittLegal and Judicial Engagement, by Marvin VentrellChild Welfare Workforce Issues, by Sara Munson, Mary McCarthy, and Nancy DickinsonChild Welfare Supervision, by Cathryn C. Potter, Michele Hanna, and Charmaine BrittainResearch and Evaluation, by Crystal Collins-CamargoDisproportionate Representation of Children and Youth, by Ruth G. McRoyFatherhood, by Tanya M. CoakleyImmigrant Children, Youth, and Families, by Ilze Earner, Rowena Fong, and Carol SmolenskiContributorsIndex
An Anatomical Study of the Aortic Arch Variations

Complications of an open surgery on the aortic arch include ischemic problems, which can be caused by unrecognized variation of its vascular anatomy. The aim of this study was to determine the anatomical basis needed for its surgical procedures. Thirty adult human preserved cadavers, six separate hearts with the aortic arches, images of computerized tomography and aortic angiography were used. The branching pattern of the aortic arch was studied; diameters of its branches and the distance from their origin to the mid-vertebrae line were measured. In 75% of the cases, the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid and left subclavian artery originated independently. 66.66% of the remaining variants had two branches, the left subclavian artery and a common trunk which incorporated the brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid. In 22.2%, the arch had four branches which was the left vertebral artery. In 11%, the left vertebral artery arose with the left subclavian artery from a common trunk. There was a significant correlation between the diameters of brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery. A significant strong positive correlation between the distances from the origins of left common carotid and left subclavian artery from the mid vertebrae line was found. The results in this study provide accurate information considered vital for vascular surgery.
Social Influence in Mobile Phone Adoption: Evidence from the Bottom of Pyramid in Emerging Asia

This paper attempts to quantitatively measure the various influences on mobile phone adoption at the bottom of the pyramid (BOP) in Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Philippines and Thailand. Based on an existing theoretical framework adoption is modeled by fitting a logit model to a large six country dataset. The study finds evidence for the importance of social influence in mobile adoption in two modes: one that exerts pressure on individuals to adopt; and another that helps generate benefits via social networks that are tied in with economic and business networks. The paper elaborates on the resulting social policy implications for using mobile telephone services to fight poverty at the BOP in these and similar countries.
EWS-FLI 1 Induces Developmental Abnormalities and Accelerates Sarcoma Formation in a Transgenic Mouse Model

Ewing’s sarcoma is characterized by the t(11;22)(q24:q12) reciprocal translocation. To study the effects of the fusion gene EWS-FLI1 on development and tumor formation, a transgenic mouse model was created. A strategy of conditional expression was used to limit the potentially deleterious effects of EWS-FLI1 to certain tissues. In the absence of Cre recombinase, EWS-FLI1 was not expressed in the EWS-FLI1 transgenic mice, and they had a normal phenotype. When crossed to the Prx1-Cre transgenic mouse, which expresses Cre recombinase in the primitive mesenchymal cells of the embryonic limb bud, the EF mice were noted to have a number of developmental defects of the limbs. These included shortening of the limbs, muscle atrophy, cartilage dysplasia, and immature bone. By itself, EWS-FLI1 did not induce the formation of tumors in the EF transgenic mice. However, in the setting of p53 deletion, EWS-FLI1 accelerated the formation of sarcomas from a median time of 50 to 21 weeks. Furthermore, EWS-FLI1 altered the type of tumor that formed. Conditional deletion of p53 in mesenchymal cells (Prx1-Cre p53) produced osteosarcomas as the predominant tumor. The presence of EWS-FLI1 shifted the tumor phenotype to a poorly differentiated sarcoma. The results taken together suggest that EWS-FLI1 inhibits normal limb development and accelerates the formation of poorly differentiated sarcomas. [Cancer Res 2008;68(21):8968–75]
Somatic symptoms and HIV infection: relationship to depressive symptoms and indicators of HIV disease.

OBJECTIVE This study examined the relationship of the somatic symptoms fatigue and insomnia with indicators of both psychiatric disturbance and HIV disease severity. METHOD Study participants were 98 asymptomatic HIV-infected and 71 uninfected homosexual men; 82 HIV-infected and 64 uninfected men had 6-month follow-up examinations. Scales from the self-reported Profile of Mood States measured fatigue and dysphoric mood. Major depression diagnosis was determined by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Selected items from the Hamilton depression and anxiety scales measured insomnia and other symptoms of depression. Performance on a battery of standardized tests determined neuropsychological function ratings. RESULTS At study entry, complaints of fatigue and insomnia were associated with dysphoric mood, major depression, and other non-HIV-related symptoms of major depression but not with CD4 cell counts or neuropsychological functioning. Increases in levels of fatigue and insomnia over the 6-month follow-up period were associated with increases in non-HIV-related symptoms of depression and in severity of dysphoric mood. Increases in fatigue were also associated with decrements in motor functioning. Otherwise, fatigue or insomnia were not associated with HIV disease progression. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that complaints of fatigue and insomnia in otherwise asymptomatic HIV-infected patients are likely to be related to psychological disturbances and possibly major depression, which can be treated. HIV-infected patients who complain of fatigue or insomnia should routinely be assessed for major depression.
Effects of first-order Cryptococcus-specific T-suppressor cells on induction of cells responsible for delayed-type hypersensitivity

Cell-mediated immunity is an important aspect of host resistance against Cryptococcus neoformans. Using a CBA/J murine model, we demonstrated that injection of cryptococcal antigen (CneF) at dosages sufficient to stimulate the antigenemia observed in cryptococcosis patients induces specific T-cell-mediated suppression of the cryptococcal delayed-type hypersensitivity response. The purpose of this study was to establish whether Lyt 1+, first-order T-suppressor (Ts1) cells block the induction of T cells responsible for delayed-type hypersensitivity (TDH cells) or whether they function by inducing Lyt 2+, efferent suppressor (Ts2) cells. In one set of experiments, suppression was observed when Ts1 cells were adoptively transferred to recipient animals the day before, the day of, or the day after immunization; however, when Ts1 cells were transferred after TDH cells were present, no suppression occurred. In other experiments, putative TDH cells from lymph nodes (LN) or spleens were adoptively transferred from mice after immunization or after a suppressive dose of CneF or adoptive transfer of Ts1 cells and immunization. Delayed-type hypersensitivity could not be transferred with LN or spleen cells from mice receiving the suppressive dose of CneF or the Ts1 cells, even when the LN or spleen cells were treated with anti-Lyt 2.1 antibody and complement to remove any Ts2 cells. Delayed-type hypersensitivity was readily transferred with LN or spleen cells from immunized mice whether the cells were or were not treated with anti-Lyt 2 and complement. Furthermore, the cells in the tolerized LN cell pools responsible for suppression of TDH cell induction were Lyt 1+ 2-, I-J+ cells, which is the phenotype of the Ts1 cells. Taken together, these data indicate that Ts1 cells inhibit the induction of TDH cells. This finding, coupled with the previous demonstration that Ts1 cells or a Ts1 cell-derived soluble factor (TsF1) induces Ts2 cells, establishes that the cryptococcal Ts1 cells are bifunctional in the suppressive pathway.
A psychophysiological investigation of sexual arousal in women with lifelong vaginismus.

INTRODUCTION Relatively little is known about the subjective reactions of women with lifelong vaginismus to erotic stimuli and genital arousal has never been investigated. Reports of maladaptive cognitions and fears regarding sexuality and intercourse suggest that anxiety may interfere with sexual arousal in women with vaginismus. AIMS To examine the genital and subjective responses to sexually explicit film stimuli of women with lifelong vaginismus compared with women with lifelong dyspareunia and women with no pain. METHODS Forty-five women (15 vaginismus, 15 dyspareunia, and 15 no pain) viewed two neutral and two erotic film sets, one depicting sexual activity without vaginal penetration and the other depicting intercourse, over two testing sessions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Vulvar temperature was recorded using an infrared camera. Participants completed a measure of subjective responses after viewing each film. RESULTS All groups experienced increased vulvar temperature during the erotic films regardless of activity depicted. In response to the erotic films, the vaginismus group reported less mental arousal than the no-pain group and a range of negative subjective responses, including threat and disgust. Overall, participants showed concordance between peak subjective sexual arousal and temperature change from baseline to peak arousal. CONCLUSION Despite negative subjective responses, women with vaginismus responded with increased genital sexual arousal to erotic films. The resilience of genital arousal may have resulted from moderate levels of anxiety experienced in the laboratory setting facilitating sexual response regardless of subjective appraisal; however, anxiety experienced in a dyadic context may interfere more substantially.
Exercise Training and Antioxidants

We have investigated the cardioprotective effects of exercise training and/or curcumin on lead acetate-induced myocardial damage. Forty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: (1) lead acetate, (2) curcumin, (3) endurance training, (4) training + curcumin, (5) sham groups. The rats in groups 3 and 4 experienced the treadmill running of 15 to 22 m/min for 25 to 64 minutes, 5 times a week for 8 weeks. Groups 1 to 4 received lead acetate (20 mg/kg), the sham group received curcumin solvent (ethyl oleat), and the curcumin and training + curcumin groups received curcumin solution (30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Lead administration resulted in significant increases in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), malondialdehyde (MDA), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and significantly decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Treadmill running and\or curcumin supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in hs-CRP, CK-MB, MDA, and LDL levels and significantly increased GPx, TAC, and HDL levels. These results suggest a lifestyle-induced cardioprotective potential in ameliorating lead-induced cardiotoxicity.
Isolated abducens nerve palsy with hyperhomocysteinemia: Association and outcomes

Ischemic abducens nerve palsy usually presents as isolated cranial nerve palsy in the middle aged and elderly patients with known risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, carotid artery disease, etc., In this report, we describe four patients with isolated abducens nerve palsy who presented with an acute onset diplopia whose detailed history and examination were suggestive of an ischemic etiology. Detailed systemic and laboratory evaluation revealed hyperhomocysteinemia as the only potential risk factor. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of association of hyperhomocysteinemia and isolated abducens nerve palsy.
Efficacy of controlled-release capsules containing monensin for the prevention of subclinical ketosis in pasture-fed dairy cows

AIMS: To determine the effectiveness of intra-rumenal controlled release capsules (CRC) containing 32 g of monensin administered pre-calving to reduce the cumulative incidence of subclinical ketosis (SCK) in mainly pasture-fed dairy cows. METHODS: Cows (n=837) due to calve in the first 6 weeks of the spring calving period were enrolled from four commercial herds in the Waikato region of New Zealand in a blinded, randomised, negative-controlled field trial. Three weeks before the start of the calving period cows were randomly allocated to receive either no treatment (control) or a single CRC containing monensin and then blood sampled on two occasions, 7 days apart within 12 days following calving for measurement of concentrations of beta hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) in blood. Cows were diagnosed with SCK if the concentration of BHBA in blood in either of these samples was ≥1.2 mmol/L. RESULTS: Fewer treated cows were diagnosed with SCK within 12 days post-calving than control cows (144/340 (42.4%) vs. 192/336 (57.1%); p<0.001). There was no interaction between treatment group and age, breed or herd of origin. From the final multivariable model it was estimated that treatment with CRC containing monensin reduced the absolute cumulative incidence of SCK by 17.9 (95% CI=9.2–25.8)% compared to no treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with a CRC containing monensin >10 days prior to calving reduced the cumulative incidence of SCK of pasture-based dairy cows in commercial dairy herds within 12 days post-calving. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration pre-calving of an intra-rumenal bolus containing monensin can be considered as one of a range of management options for the control of SCK in early lactation.