Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preterm Birth, Social Disadvantage, and Cognitive Competence in Swedish 18- to 19-Year-Old Men

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to study the impact of a range of gestational ages (GAs) on cognitive competence in late adolescence and how this effect is modified by contextual social adversity in childhood. METHODS: This was a register study based on a national cohort of 119664 men born in Sweden from 1973 to 1976. Data on GA and other perinatal factors were obtained from the Medical Birth Register, and information on cognitive test scores was extracted from military conscription at the ages of 18 to 19 years. Test scores were analyzed as z scores on a 9-point stanine scale, whereby each unit is equivalent to 0.5 SD. Socioeconomic indicators of the childhood household were obtained from the Population and Housing Census of 1990. The data were analyzed by multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: The mean cognitive test scores decreased in a stepwise manner with GA. In unadjusted analysis, the test scores were 0.63 stanine unit lower in men who were born after 24 to 32 gestational weeks than in those who were born at term. The difference in global scores between the lowest and highest category of socioeconomic status was 1.57. Adjusting the analysis for the childhood socioeconomic indicators decreased the effect of GA on cognitive test scores by 26% to 33%. There was also a multiplicative interaction effect of social adversity and moderately preterm birth on cognitive test scores. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms previous claims of an incremental association of cognitive competence with GA. Socioeconomic indicators in childhood modified this effect at all levels of preterm birth.
Language lateralization in magnetoencephalography: two tasks to investigate hemispheric dominance

Hemispheric specialization for language has been the focus of many studies, mainly using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Here, we used magnetoencephalography to investigate hemispheric dominance and time-dependent aspects of cortical language processing. We implemented a verb generation task and a newly designed vowel identification task. Eleven healthy adults were investigated. By using oscillatory magnetoencephalography spectral analysis, significant hemispheric differences were found for both tasks in cerebral language areas. Robust left-lateralization in frontal brain regions was observed with the verb generation task, confirming previous functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography studies. Our new vowel identification task yields significant left-lateralization in posterior language regions, making this silent and child-friendly task a valuable alternative for non-invasive language assessment in difficult populations.
Case‐matched comparison of long‐term results of non‐heart beating and heart‐beating donor renal transplants

Function and survival of non‐heart‐beating donor (NHBD) renal transplants have been shown to be comparable to those from heart‐beating donors (HBDs) up to 10 years after transplantation. However, there are few data on outcome after 10 years, particularly from uncontrolled NHBD donors.
Efficacy of statins for primary prevention in people at low cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis

Background: Statins were initially used to improve cardiovascular outcomes in people with established coronary artery disease, but recently their use has become more common in people at low cardiovascular risk. We did a systematic review of randomized trials to assess the efficacy and harms of statins in these individuals. Methods: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE (to Jan. 28, 2011), registries of health technology assessments and clinical trials, and reference lists of relevant reviews. We included trials that randomly assigned participants at low cardiovascular risk to receive a statin versus a placebo or no statin. We defined low risk as an observed 10-year risk of less than 20% for cardiovascular-related death or nonfatal myocardial infarction, but we explored other definitions in sensitivity analyses. Results: We identified 29 eligible trials involving a total of 80 711 participants. All-cause mortality was significantly lower among patients receiving a statin than among controls (relative risk [RR] 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84–0.97) for trials with a 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease < 20% [primary analysis] and 0.83, 95% CI 0.73–0.94, for trials with 10-year risk < 10% [sensitivity analysis]). Patients in the statin group were also significantly less likely than controls to have nonfatal myocardial infarction (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.49–0.84) and nonfatal stroke (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68–0.96). Neither metaregression nor stratified analyses suggested statistically significant differences in efficacy between high-and low-potency statins, or larger reductions in cholesterol. Interpretation: Statins were found to be efficacious in preventing death and cardiovascular morbidity in people at low cardiovascular risk. Reductions in relative risk were similar to those seen in patients with a history of coronary artery disease.
Reducing Risk Factors for Childhood Obesity

This study has sought to determine if the Tommie Smith Youth Athletic Initiative (TSYAI) intervention could decrease the risk factors for childhood obesity among children 5 to 10 years of age. The TSYAI intervention is a 14-week after-school intervention for students in Grades K-5 that was started during the spring of 2008. It serves 63 children in a predominantly African American elementary school. The intervention consists of supervised after-school sessions 3 days per week. These sessions include 2 days of physical activity (flexibility, resistance, and track-and-field training) and 1 day of 45 min of nutrition education modules based on the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change followed by 45 min of group physical activity. Ninety-two percent of the participants are African American and 60% are overweight or obese (>85th percentile BMI for age and gender). The findings indicate that the TSYAI intervention significantly improves the participant’s cardiovascular fitness, body composition, and dietary habits.
Repeated and Widespread Evolution of Bioluminescence in Marine Fishes

Bioluminescence is primarily a marine phenomenon with 80% of metazoan bioluminescent genera occurring in the world’s oceans. Here we show that bioluminescence has evolved repeatedly and is phylogenetically widespread across ray-finned fishes. We recover 27 independent evolutionary events of bioluminescence, all among marine fish lineages. This finding indicates that bioluminescence has evolved many more times than previously hypothesized across fishes and the tree of life. Our exploration of the macroevolutionary patterns of bioluminescent lineages indicates that the present day diversity of some inshore and deep-sea bioluminescent fish lineages that use bioluminescence for communication, feeding, and reproduction exhibit exceptional species richness given clade age. We show that exceptional species richness occurs particularly in deep-sea fishes with intrinsic bioluminescent systems and both shallow water and deep-sea lineages with luminescent systems used for communication.
Leadership and systems of governance: the constraints on the scope for leadership of place-based development in sub-national territories

ABSTRACT Leadership and systems of governance: the constraints on the scope for leadership of place-based development in sub-national territories. Regional Studies. A triadic conceptualization of leadership, governance systems and central–local relations is constructed in order to aid understandings about the influence of systems of governance on the scope for place-based leadership. Deploying the dual concepts of ‘permissibility’ and ‘acceptability’ provides an innovative analytical device for deciphering the actually existing nature of place-based leadership. Recently initiated public–private partnerships in one of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) most centralized countries are analysed to articulate characteristics of controlling mechanisms of the national system of governance which shape the degree of autonomy of leadership of city and regional development in sub-national terrains.
Coxibs, Traditional NSAIDs, and Cardiovascular Safety Post‐PRECISION: What We Thought We Knew Then and What We Think We Know Now

The aim of the present review is to analyze how thinking about the cardiovascular safety of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs has evolved during the past two decades, and discuss to what extent the additional information from the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Celecoxib Integrated Safety Versus Ibuprofen or Naproxen study may alter our current mechanistic understanding and/or clinical practice.
Effect of PEEP on respiratory mechanics in anesthetized paralyzed humans.

With the use of the technique of rapid airway occlusion during constant flow inflation, respiratory mechanics were studied in eight anesthetized paralyzed supine normal humans during zero (ZEEP) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation. PEEP increased the end-expiratory lung volume by 0.49 liter. The changes in transpulmonary and esophageal pressure after flow interruption were analyzed in terms of a seven-parameter "viscoelastic" model. This allowed assessment of static lung and chest wall elastance (Est,L and Est,W), partitioning of overall resistance into airway interrupter (Rint,L) and tissue resistances (delta RL and delta RW), and computation of lung and chest wall "viscoelastic constants. " With increasing flow, Rint,L increased, whereas delta RL and delta RW decreased, as predicted by the model. Est,L, Est,W, and Rint,L decreased significantly with PEEP because of increased lung volume, whereas delta R and viscoelastic constants of lung and chest wall were independent of PEEP. The results indicate that PEEP caused a significant decrease in Rint,L, Est,L, and Est,W, whereas the dynamic tissue behavior, as reflected by delta RL and delta RW, did not change.
Sodium Nitrite Mitigates Ventilator-induced Lung Injury in Rats

Background: Nitrite (NO2 −) is a physiologic source of nitric oxide and protects against ischemia-reperfusion injuries. We hypothesized that nitrite would be protective in a rat model of ventilator-induced lung injury and sought to determine if nitrite protection is mediated by enzymic catalytic reduction to nitric oxide. Methods: Rats were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated. Group 1 had low tidal volume ventilation (LVT) (6 ml/kg and 2 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure; n = 10); group 2 had high tidal volume ventilation (HVT) (2 h of 35 cm H2O inspiratory peak pressure and 0 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure; n = 14); groups 3–5: HVT with sodium nitrite (NaNO2) pretreatment (0.25, 2.5, 25 &mgr;mol/kg IV; n = 6–8); group 6: HVT + NaNO2 + nitric oxide scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,5dihydro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1H-imidazolyl-1-oxy-3oxide(n = 6); group 7: HVT + NaNO2 + nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N&ohgr;-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (n = 7); and group 8: HVT + NaNO2 + xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor allopurinol (n = 6). Injury assessment included physiologic measurements (gas exchange, lung compliance, lung edema formation, vascular perfusion pressures) with histologic and biochemical correlates of lung injury and protection. Results: Injurious ventilation caused statistically significant injury in untreated animals. NaNO2 pretreatment mitigated the gas exchange deterioration, lung edema formation, and histologic injury with maximal protection at 2.5 &mgr;mol/kg. Decreasing nitric oxide bioavailability by nitric oxide scavenging, nitric oxide synthase inhibition, or xanthine oxidoreductase inhibition abolished the protection by NaNO2. Conclusions: Nitrite confers protection against ventilator-induced lung injury in rats. Catalytic reduction to nitric oxide and mitigation of ventilator-induced lung injury is dependent on both xanthine oxidoreductase and nitric oxide synthases.
Evaluating medical errors made by nurses during their diagnosis, treatment and care practices.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether the nurses committed medical errors and to identify the types of and reasons for the medical errors. BACKGROUND Medical errors have recently emerged as a significant issue both in Turkey and around the world because they result in the death and disability of a number of people each year. DESIGN This study was a descriptive study. METHOD The study was conducted with 1092 nurses working at a university hospital, 12 public hospitals and a private hospital in Trabzon. RESULTS Twenty-two per cent of the nurses stated that they had made medical errors endangering patient safety, and 4% stated that their medical errors had injured a patient. Of the nurses who made a medical error, 10% indicated that a patient's treatment was delayed and 6% stated that the patient experienced side effects. In addition, 23% of the nurses stated that they had committed medical errors such as delaying/not administering a patient's treatment and 20% stated that they had made medical errors such as using instruments without first checking them. Eighty-three per cent of the nurses stated that they had committed a medical error due to fatigue, 82% were reported to be caused by the hospital's administration due to the limited number of nurses on duty and 75% were caused by physicians and other medical personnel due to a lack of communication. CONCLUSION Two of five nurses had committed a medical error throughout their career; these errors were due to fatigue, a limited number of nurses and communication problems, and patients were harmed because of these errors. RELEVANT TO CLINICAL PRACTICE The results of this study could be used to take precautions against nursing medical errors in Turkey and to enhance institutional policies and activities regarding medical errors and patient safety.
Pharmacoproteomics of a Metalloproteinase Hydroxamate Inhibitor in Breast Cancer Cells: Dynamics of Membrane Type 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase-Mediated Membrane Protein Shedding

ABSTRACT Broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors (MMPI) were unsuccessful in cancer clinical trials, partly due to side effects resulting from limited knowledge of the full repertoire of MMP substrates, termed the substrate degradome, and hence the in vivo functions of MMPs. To gain further insight into the degradome of MMP-14 (membrane type 1 MMP) an MMPI, prinomastat (drug code AG3340), was used to reduce proteolytic processing and ectodomain shedding in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells transfected with MMP-14. We report a quantitative proteomic evaluation of the targets and effects of the inhibitor in this cell-based system. Proteins in cell-conditioned medium (the secretome) and membrane fractions with levels that were modulated by the MMPI were identified by isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT) labeling and tandem mass spectrometry. Comparisons of the expression of MMP-14 with that of a vector control resulted in increased MMP-14/vector ICAT ratios for many proteins in conditioned medium, indicating MMP-14-mediated ectodomain shedding. Following MMPI treatment, the MMPI/vehicle ICAT ratio was reversed, suggesting that MMP-14-mediated shedding of these proteins was blocked by the inhibitor. The reduction in shedding or the release of substrates from pericellular sites in the presence of the MMPI was frequently accompanied by the accumulation of the protein in the plasma membrane, as indicated by high MMPI/vehicle ICAT ratios. Considered together, this is a strong predictor of biologically relevant substrates cleaved in the cellular context that led to the identification of many undescribed MMP-14 substrates, 20 of which we validated biochemically, including DJ-1, galectin-1, Hsp90α, pentraxin 3, progranulin, Cyr61, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A, and dickkopf-1. Other proteins with altered levels, such as Kunitz-type protease inhibitor 1 and beta-2-microglobulin, were not substrates in biochemical assays, suggesting an indirect affect of the MMPI, which might be important in drug development as biomarkers or, in preclinical phases, to predict systemic drug actions and adverse side effects. Hence, this approach describes the dynamic pattern of cell membrane ectodomain shedding and its perturbation upon metalloproteinase drug treatment.
The complete mitochondrial genome of the relict frog Leiopelma archeyi: Insights into the root of the frog Tree of Life

Determining the root of the anuran Tree of Life is still a contentious and open question in frog systematics. Two genera with disjunct distributions have been traditionally considered the most basal among extant frogs: Leiopelma, which is endemic to New Zealand, and Ascaphus, which lives in North America. However, their specific phylogenetic position is rather elusive because each genus shows many autapomorphies, and together they retain many symplesiomorphic characters. Therefore, several alternative hypotheses have been proposed regarding the relative phylogenetic position of both Leiopelma and Ascaphus. In order to distinguish among these competing phylogenetic hypotheses, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Leiopelma archeyi and used it along with previously reported frog mt genomes (including that of Ascaphus truei) to infer a robust phylogeny of major anuran lineages. The reconstructed maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenies recovered identical topology, which supports the sister group relationship of Ascaphus and Leiopelma, and the placement of this clade at the base of the anuran tree. Interestingly, the mt genome of L. archeyi displays a novel gene arrangement in frog mt genomes affecting the relative position of cytochrome b, trnT, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6, trnE, and trnP genes. The tandem duplication—random loss model of gene order change explains the origin of this novel frog mt genome arrangement, which is convergent with others reported in some fishes and salamanders. These results, together with comparative data for other available vertebrate mt genomes, provide evidence that the 5′ end of the control region is a hot spot for gene order rearrangement.
Immune Responses of Elk to Initial and Booster Vaccinations with Brucella abortus Strain RB51 or 19

ABSTRACT Previous studies have suggested that currently available brucellosis vaccines induce poor or no protection in elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni). In this study, we characterized the immunologic responses of elk after initial or booster vaccination with Brucella abortus strains RB51 (SRB51) and 19 (S19). Elk were vaccinated with saline or 1010 CFU of SRB51 or S19 (n = seven animals/treatment) and booster vaccinated with a similar dosage of the autologous vaccine at 65 weeks. Compared to nonvaccinates, elk vaccinated with SRB51 or S19 had greater (P < 0.05) antibody responses to SRB51 or S19 after initial vaccination and after booster vaccination. Compared to nonvaccinated elk, greater (P < 0.05) proliferative responses to autologous antigen after initial vaccination occurred at only a few sample times in SRB51 (6, 14, and 22 weeks) and S19 (22 weeks) treatment groups. In general, proliferative responses of vaccinates to nonautologous antigens did not differ (P > 0.05) from the responses of nonvaccinated elk. Gamma interferon production in response to autologous or nonautologous Brucella antigens did not differ (P > 0.05) between controls and vaccinates after booster vaccination. Flow cytometric techniques suggested that proliferation occurred more frequently in immunoglobulin M-positive cells, with differences between vaccination and control treatments in CD4+ and CD8+ subset proliferation detected only at 22 weeks after initial vaccination. After booster vaccination, one technique ([3H]thymidine incorporation) suggested that proliferative responses to SRB51 antigen, but not S19 antigen, were greater (P < 0.05) in vaccinates compared to the responses of nonvaccinates. However, in general, flow cytometric and other techniques failed to detect significant anamnestic responses to autologous or nonautologous Brucella antigens in S19 or SRB51 vaccinates after booster vaccination. Although some cellular immune responses were detected after initial or booster vaccination of elk with SRB51 or S19, our data suggest that responses tend to be transient and much less robust than previously reported in SRB51-vaccinated cattle (Bos taurus) or bison (Bison bison). These data may explain why the vaccination of elk with S19 and SRB51 induces poor protection against brucellosis.
Adolescents' perceptions of their peers' health norms.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance adolescents place on preventive health behaviors. METHODS Data were from a survey of California adolescents (n = 5040). Respondents were asked how important it was to their peers to avoid drugs, marijuana, cigarettes, heavy drinking, and drinking and driving and to maintain seat belt use, fitness, weight control, and healthy eating habits. Results were compared with data from a similar national survey (n = 6126). RESULTS California teenagers perceived that their peers gave top priority to weight control: 85% of California teenagers believed that weight control was of high concern to girls in their age group. Avoiding drugs, not drinking and driving, and maintaining fitness ranked in the top five behaviors. The lowest ranked health behaviors were seat belt use, heavy drinking, and, last, eating healthily. In the national survey, healthy eating also ranked last. Although not identical in rank, teenage priorities for other health behaviors were consistent with the California results. CONCLUSION Efforts are needed to bring adolescent health norms more into line with the objective risks of their health choices during this critical period of socialization.
Cystic Fibrosis. II. The Urinary Mucociliary Inhibitor

In the current study, the cystic fibrosis cationic mucociliary inhibitor has been purified from urine by ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, lectin affinity chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and high performance liquid chromatography. The molecular size of the cationic mucociliary inhibitor was estimated to be in the range of 4,000 to 13,500 MW, by its elution on Sephadex G-50, and between 7,500 and 12,750 MW, by urea-sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition to the cationic mucociliary inhibitor, an anionic mucociliary inhibitor was also detected in the urinary fraction isoelectrically focused between pH 4.5 and 4.9. The identity of the mucociliary inhibitor as a glycoprotein was established in the current study by affinity chromatography on Phaseolus lunatus lectin, by radiolabeling the carbohydrate with galactose oxidase and tritiated sodium boro-hydride, and by determining the presence of a large concentration of glucosamine and small amounts of galactosamine by amino acid analysis. The amino acio analysis of the purified major component of the cationic mucociliary inhibitor reveals that the glucosamine concentration represents a high percentage of the composition of the glycoprotein.Speculation: The purification of a cationic mucociliary inhibitor from cystic fibrosis urine will facilitate the construction of antibody reagents which can be utilized for feasibility studies of prenatal diagnosis and heterozygote detection.