Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sectoral Aggregation Error in the Accounting of Energy and Emissions Embodied in Trade and Consumption

Correctly accounting for the energy and emissions embodied in consumption and trade is essential to effective climate policy design. Robust methods are needed for both policy making and research—for example, the assignment of border carbon adjustments (BCAs) and greenhouse gas emission reduction responsibilities rely on the consistency and accuracy of such estimates. This analysis investigates the potential magnitude and consequences of the error present in estimates of energy and emissions embodied in trade and consumption. To quantify the error of embodied emissions accounting, we compare the results from the disaggregated Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP 8) data set, which contains 57 sectors to results from different levels of aggregation of this data set (3, 7, 16, and 26 sectors), using 5,000 randomly generated sectoral aggregation schemes as well as aggregations generated using several commonly applied decisions rules. We find that some commonly applied decision rules for sectoral aggregation can produce a large error. We further show that an aggregation scheme that clusters sectors according to their energy, emissions, and trade intensities (net exports over output) can minimize error in embodied energy and emissions accounting at different levels of aggregation. This sectoral aggregation scheme can be readily used in any input‐output analysis and provide useful information for computable general equilibrium modeling exercises in which sector aggregation is necessary, although our findings suggest that, when possible, the most disaggregated data available should be used.
Translation, Cultural Adaptation, Face and Content Validity of the Persian Version “Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation” (PRWE-Persian) Questionnaire

Introduction: The following study was carried out in order to translate, cultural adaptation, and determine the content and face validity of the “Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation” questionnaire with the aim of evaluating the two components of pain and disability in patients with wrist injuries. Material and Methods: The methodology of this survey was non-experimental study. After translation and cultural adaptation according to the Beaton method (approved by the American Surgeon Association), the pilot test was performed on patients with wrist injuries (fractures of the distal radius, scaphoid fractures and carpal tunnel syndrome). To assess content and face validity, the questionnaire was given to 10 specialists (6 of whom were occupational therapists, 2 were physiotherapists, and 2 were orthopaedic surgeons), and 20 patients with wrist injuries. Results: The qualitative content and face validity of the questionnaire for wrist injuries was appropriately reported good. Each item of the content validity ratio was slightly higher than 0.75 and this justified the necessity to include all items. Each item of the content validity index was slightly higher than 0.79. Therefore, all the items were approved in terms of their simplicity, clarity, and relevance. The impact score in order to evaluate the importance of each item was calculated and all were higher than 1.5. Therefore, in terms of face validity all the items were approved. Conclusion: The results showed that the Persian version of the “Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation” questionnaire for evaluating the pain and disability of wrist injuries was indeed satisfactory, in terms of it’s content and face validity, thus it can be used in patients by specialists and therapists.
Vitamin B complex treatment improves motor nerve regeneration and recovery of muscle function in a rodent model of peripheral nerve injury

It is well known that the peripheral nervous system has a good potential for regeneration. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of vitamin B therapy (with a complex of vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, and B12) on motor nerve recovery after femoral nerve injury. Our study was conducted on an experimental animal model of femoral nerve injury in rats. All animals used in the experiment were subjected to the same set of analyses. A behavior test was used for the assessment of motor function recovery. Body weight was measured and electromyography was performed in order to assess recovery of quadriceps muscle. Samples of muscles and nerves were used for counting nuclei and determining nuclear density. The results of this study showed enhanced functional recovery, including improved walking, a decreased level of muscle atrophy and better electromyography recovery after administration of vitamin B complex. Further, after 14 days of treatment with the vitamin B complex nuclear nerve and muscle density was significantly lowered. In conclusion, using a model of femoral nerve injury we demonstrated that the application of vitamin B complex improved recovery of motor nerve in rats. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS160320114N Received: March 20, 2016; Revised: April 21, 2016; Accepted: May 4, 2016; Published online: October 31, 2016 How to cite this article: Nedeljkovic P, Zmijanjac D, Draskovic-Pavlovic B, Vasiljevska M, Vucevic D, Božic B, Bumbasirevic M. Vitamin B complex treatment improves motor nerve regeneration and recovery of muscle function in a rodent model of peripheral nerve injury. Arch Biol Sci. 2017;69(2):361-8.
5 / Δ CO and Δ NOy / Δ CO Enhancement Ratios Be Used to Characterize the Influence of Wildfire Smoke in Urban Areas ?

In this study we investigate the use of ΔPM2.5/ΔCO and ΔNOy/ΔCO normalized enhancement ratios (NERs) in identifying wildfire (WF) smoke events in urban areas. Nine urban ambient monitoring sites with adequate CO, PM2.5, and/or NOy measurements were selected for this study. We investigated if WF events could be distinguished from general urban emissions by comparing NERs for wildfires with NERs calculated using yearly ambient data, which we call the ambient enhancement ratios (AERs). The PM2.5/CO and NOy/CO AERs represent typical urban concentrations and can provide insight into the dominant emission sources of the city. All 25 WF events were distinguished because they had ΔPM2.5/ΔCO NERs that were significantly greater than the PM2.5/CO AER for each site. The ΔPM2.5/ΔCO NERs for the WF events ranged from 0.057–0.228 μg m ppbv. In contrast, we were only able to calculate useful ΔNOy/ΔCO NERs (correlations with R > 0.65) for 4 of 17 events (only 17 of 25 events had NOy data). For these 4 events, ΔNOy/ΔCO NERs ranged from 0.044–0.075 ppbv ppbv, not all of which were significantly different from the NOy/CO AERs at the site. We conclude that ΔPM2.5/ΔCO NERs are a very useful tool for identifying WF events, but that the high and variable NOy concentrations in urban areas present problems when trying to use ΔNOy/ΔCO NERs.
Assessing pressure injury risk using a single mobility scale in hospitalised patients: a comparative study using case-control design

Background Pressure injury is known to cause not only debilitating physical effects, but also substantial psychological and financial burdens. A variety of pressure injury risk assessment tools are in use worldwide, which include a number of factors. Evidence now suggests that assessment of a single factor, mobility, may be a viable alternative for assessing pressure injury risk. Aims The aim of this study was to ascertain whether using the Braden mobility subscale alone is comparable to the full Braden scale for predicting the development of pressure injury. Methods This study, a retrospective case-control design, was conducted in a large tertiary acute care hospital in Singapore. Medical records of 100 patients with hospital-acquired pressure injury were matched with 100 medical records of patients who had no pressure injury at a 1:1 ratio. Results Patients who were assessed using the Braden mobility subscale as having ‘very limited mobility’ or worse were 5.23 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.66–10.20) times more likely to develop pressure injury compared with those assessed as having ‘slightly limited’ mobility or ‘no limitation’. Conversely, patients assessed using the Braden scale as having ‘low risk’ or higher were 3.35 (95% CI 1.77–6.33) times more likely to develop pressure injury compared with those assessed as ‘no risk’. Using full model logistic regression analysis, the Braden mobility subscale was the only factor that was a significant predictor of pressure injury and it remained significant when analysed for the most parsimonious model using backward logistic regression. Conclusions These findings provide the empirical evidence that using the Braden mobility subscale alone as an assessment tool for predicting pressure injury development is comparable to using the full Braden scale. Use of this single factor would simplify pressure injury risk assessment and support its use within busy clinical settings.
Growth of the Spanish Multinational in Latin America During the 1990s

ABSTRACT During the 1990s, Spain changed from a net recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI) to one of the most important investors in Latin America. Fieldwork in this article identifies trends and directions of Spanish acquisitions, with an emphasis on the 1990 to 2001 period. An overview of the emergence of the Spanish MNC is followed by a statistical analysis of its competitive (i.e., ownership) advantage as measured by the relative strength of market size, wage differentials and cultural affinity. This analysis helps in explaining the link between strategic decisions of Spanish MNCs and their choice of geography and industrial sector. The empirical analysis finds Spanish MNCs responded to privatisation opportunities to gain access to specific foreign markets rather than to attempt to create global export platforms. RESUMEN. Durante los años 90, España se transformó de un país recipiente neto de las inversiones extranjeras directas (IFD) en uno de los más importantes inversores en América Latina. En este artíiAculo, el trabajo de campo identificó las tendencias y orientaciones de las adquisiciones españolas, enfatizando especialmente el período 1990 a 2001. Una perspectiva general de la emergencia de la Empresa Multinacional española también ofrece un análisis estadístico de su ventaja competitiva (Ej.: propiedad) medida por una fuerza relativa del tamaño del mercado, diferenciales en los sueldos y afinidad cultural. Este análisis ayuda a explicar el eslabón que existe entre la toma de decisiones estratégicas de las Empresas Multinacionales españolas y su decisión cuanto a la posición geográfica y sector industrial de su interés. El hallazgo del análisis empírico muestra que, para ganar acceso a los mercados extranjeros específicos, las empresas multinacionales españnTolas responden a las oportunidades de privatización en vez de tratar de crear plataformas de exportación globales. RESUMO. Durante a década de 1990, a Espanha mudou de receptora líquida de investimentos estrangeiros diretos para um dos investidores mais importantes na América Latina. O trabalho de campo neste artigo identifica tendências e direções das aquisições espanholas, com ênfase no período de 1990 a 2001. Uma visão geral da emergência das multinacionais espanholas é seguida por uma análise estatística de sua vantagem competitiva (ou seja, de propriedade) medida pela força relativa do tamanho do mercado, diferenciais de salário e afinidade cultural. Esta análise ajuda a explicar o vínculo entre as decisões estratégicas das multinacionais espanholas e sua opção de geografia e setor industrial. A análise empírica constata que as multinacionais espanholas respondera a oportunidades de privatizaşão para ganhar acesso a mercados estrangeiros específicos, em vez de tentar criar plataformas de exportação globais.
Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric PM2.5 at a Coastal City in Southern Taiwan

ABSTRACTFine particulate matters (PM2.5) has been identified as one of the major air pollutants in urban areas, which are responsible for the adverse effects on public health and the deterioration of visibility. New PM2.5 air quality standards were promulgated in Taiwan on 14th May 2012, as well as the standard sampling and analytical method for atmospheric PM2.5 (NIEA A205.11C) on 24th April 2012. In this study, the atmospheric levels and characteristics of PM2.5 in Tainan during 2013 were evaluated by measuring the mass concentration of PM2.5 and analyzing the water-soluble ionic, carbon, and metal components. Additionally, a Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor model was used to identify possible sources of PM2.5 and their contributions. Based on results of this study, the current PM2.5 levels in Tainan in spring and winter (41–49 µg m–3) were substantially higher than the yearly average PM2.5 air quality standards (15 µg m–3). According to chemical composition analysis, secondary aerosols (NH4+, NO3–, and SO42–) contributed approximately 50% and 60% of PM2.5 mass in spring and winter respectively; but were responsible about 40% by mass in summer at both Tainan and Xinying stations. From the results of CMB model, the main contribution sources to the PM2.5 in Tainan are traffic emissions (31.5%), ammonium sulfate (25.5%), ammonium nitrate (12.5%), and crustal elements (11%). Consequently, to improve PM2.5 of Tainan City, the priority control pollutants (or sources) are primary PM2.5 (open burning, construction sites and road dust by vehicles), NOx (diesel vehicle emissions), and SOx (fuels).
Effects of Emigration on Rural Labor Markets

Rural to urban migration is an integral part of the development process, but there is little evidence on how out-migration transforms rural labor markets. Emigration could benefit landless village residents by reducing labor competition, or conversely, reduce productivity if skilled workers leave. We offer to subsidize transport costs for 5792 potential seasonal migrants in Bangladesh, randomly varying saturation of offers across 133 villages. The transport subsidies increase beneficiaries’ income due to better employment opportunities in the city, and also generate the following spillovers: (a) A higher density of offers increases the individual take-up rate, and induces those connected to offered recipients to also migrate. The village emigration rate increases from 35% to 65%. (b) This increases the male agricultural wage rate in the village by 4.5-6.6%, and the available work hours in the village by 11-14%, which combine to increase income earned in the village, (c) There is no intra-household substitution in labor supply, but primary workers within households earn more during weeks in which many of their village co-residents moved away. (d) The wage bill for agricultural employers increases, which reduces their profit, with no significant change in yield. (e) Food prices increase by 2.7% on net, driven by an increase in the price of (fish) protein, and offset by (f) a decrease in the price of non-tradables like prepared food and tea. Seasonal migration subsidies not only generate large direct benefits, but also indirect spillover benefits by creating slack in the village-of-origin labor market during the lean season.
The Spirit of Capitalism, Precautionary Savings, and Consumption

Recent research has shown that the “spirit of capitalism”—a preference for wealth itself, in addition to consumption—has important implications for growth and asset pricing. This paper explores how the spirit of capitalism affects saving and consumption behavior. We demonstrate that the spirit of capitalism may reduce the importance of precautionary savings. It can also explain the excess sensitivity puzzle: the spirit of capitalism causes dramatic deviations from a random walk. It may also offer a partial explanation of the excess smoothness puzzle.
Effects of swim-with-dolphin tourism on the behaviour of a threatened species, the Burrunan dolphin Tursiops australis

Burrunan dolphins Tursiops australis are frequently targeted by tourism operations in Port Phillip Bay, Australia. This study aimed to provide first insights into whether swim-with-dolphin (SWD) vessels in Port Phillip Bay affect the behaviour of Burrunan dolphins via the use of Markov chain models. The presence of SWD vessels affected dolphins' travelling, foraging, milling and socialising behaviours. The time dolphins spent foraging in the presence of SWD vessels was significantly reduced, with average foraging bout length decreasing by 13.6%, foraging recovery time increasing by 47.6%, and the probability of transitioning from foraging to milling increasing 4-fold. Conversely, dolphins spent significantly more time milling and socialising in the presence of SWD vessels. The reduction in time spent foraging when SWD vessels are present could lead to a decrease in dolphins' rate of energy acquisition, whilst the increase in milling could increase their energy expenditure. Collectively, this may lead to reduced biological fitness with population level consequences. However, although the short-term behavioural budget of the dolphin population was significantly affected, SWD vessels did not significantly affect the cumulative (i.e. yearly) behavioural budget of Burrunan dolphins. Thus, the assumption that boat-based cetacean tourism has major negative effects on targeted populations may be flawed in some cases.
Trophic segregation of mixed schools of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack tuna (katsuwonus pelamis) caught in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean

1 Instituto Politécnico Nacional Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n Colonia Playa Palo de Santa Rita 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur, México 2 Instituto de Ecología Pesquerías y Oceanografía del Golfo de México Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (EPOMEX-UAC) Campus 6 Avenida Héroe de Nacozari 48
Stable Isotope Systematics of Coalbed Gas during Desorption and Production

The stable carbon isotope ratios of coalbed methane (CBM) demonstrate diagnostic changes that systematically vary with production and desorption times. These shifts can provide decisive, predictive information on the behaviour and potential performance of CBM operations. Samples from producing CBM wells show a general depletion in 13C-methane with increasing production times and corresponding shifts in δ13C-CH4 up to 35.8‰. Samples from canister desorption experiments show mostly enrichment in 13C for methane with increasing desorption time and isotope shifts of up to 43.4‰. Also, 13C-depletion was observed in some samples with isotope shifts of up to 32.1‰. Overall, the magnitudes of the observed isotope shifts vary considerably between different sample sets, but also within samples from the same source. The δ13C-CH4 values do not have the anticipated signature of methane generated from coal. This indicates that secondary processes, including desorption and diffusion, can influence the values. It is also challenging to deconvolute these various secondary processes because their molecular and isotope effects can have similar directions and/or magnitudes. In some instances, significant alteration of CBM gases has to be considered as a combination of secondary alteration effects.
Cloud Computing Technologies in Writing Class: Factors Influencing Students’ Learning Experience

The proposed interactive online group within the cloud computing technologies as a main contribution of this paper provides easy and simple access to the cloud-based Software as a Service (SaaS) system and delivers effective educational tools for students and teacher on after-class group writing assignment activities. Therefore, this study addresses the implementation of the most commonly used cloud applications, Google Docs, in a higher education course. The learning environment integrated Google Docs that students are using to develop and deploy writing assignments in between classes has been subjected to learning experience assessment. Using the questionnaire as an instrument to study participants (n=28), the system has provided an effective learning environment in between classes for the students and the instructor to stay connected. Factors influencing students’ learning experience based on cloud applications include frequency of interaction online and students’ technology experience. Suggestions to cope with challenges regarding the use of them in higher education including the technical issues are also presented. Educators are therefore encouraged to embrace cloud computing technologies as they design the course curriculum in hoping to effectively enrich students’ learning.
A global model of the marine ecosystem for long‐term simulations: Sensitivity to ocean mixing, buoyancy forcing, particle sinking, and dissolved organic matter cycling

A new model of the marine ecosystem coupled into a global Earth System Climate Model suitable for long‐term (multimillennial timescale) simulations is presented. The model is based on nitrate as the sole limiting nutrient. Prognostic equations for nutrients, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus are solved online in the three‐dimensional ocean circulation model component. Experiments with different parameterizations of vertical mixing, including a scheme of tidally driven mixing, changes in buoyancy forcing in the Southern Ocean, different particle sinking velocities, and the inclusion of dissolved organic matter are performed, and the results are compared with observations. The results reemphasize the roles of Southern Ocean freshwater forcing and diapycnal mixing in the low‐latitude pycnocline in setting the global deep water circulation and properties. The influence of high mixing in the Southern Ocean as inferred from observations is much more limited. The deep water circulation also has a strong influence on the marine ecosystem and nutrient distributions. We demonstrate that larger values of vertical diffusion lead to a shallower nutricline due to increased upwelling. Export production and nutrient distributions respond sensitively to changes in mixing and to the ratio of particle sinking to remineralization in the upper ocean. The best fits to global measurements of temperature, salinity, deep ocean radiocarbon, mixed layer depth, nutrients, and chlorophyll are obtained for values of vertical mixing in the pycnocline of around 0.2–0.3 × 10−4 m2/s and for e‐folding depth for particle remineralization of 100–200 m. A simple parameterization of dissolved organic matter dynamics increases primary production and nutrient concentrations in the upper ocean and improves chlorophyll distributions in the subtropical gyres but has no discernible influence on particulate export fluxes. Remaining model deficiencies are identified, and strategies for future model improvement are outlined.
Willingness-to-Pay for Attribute Level and Variability: The Case of Mexican Millers' Demand for Hard Red Winter Wheat

In-person interviews were carried out with Mexican millers who were administered a conjoint-type survey designed to incorporate uncertainty in attribute levels. Two methods were used to model millers' risk preferences: a modified mean-variance approach and an explicit expected utility approach. Controlling for variability, Mexican millers are willing to pay premiums for increases in quality factors such as test weight, protein content, falling number, and dough strength/extensibility. We find millers are not particularly sensitive to changes in the variability of quality characteristics. Out-of-sample forecasts suggest the mean-variance model provides an accurate depiction of actual Mexican imports.
DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF THE NEUTROPHIL TO LYMPHOCYTE RATIO AND THE PLATELET TO LYMPHOCYTE RATIO IN PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA

ZULFU BAYHAN1*, SEZGIN ZEREN1, FATMA EMEL KOCAK2, MEHMET FATIH EKICI3, CUNEYT KAHRAMAN4, CENGIZ KOCAK5, SUKRU AYDIN DUZGUN1 1Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya 2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya 3Department of General Surgery, Evliya Celebi Training and Research Hospital, Kutahya 4Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya 5Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey