Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
1 COMETARY MAGNETOSPHERES : A TUTORIAL

The nucleus of an active comet, such as comet Halley near its perihelion, produces large quantities of gas and dust. The resulting cometary atmosphere, or coma, extends more than a million kilometers into space, where it interacts with the solar wind. An “induced” cometary magnetosphere is a consequence of this interaction. Cometary ion pick-up and mass loading of the solar wind starts to take place at very large cometocentric distances. Eventually this mass loading leads to the formation of a weak cometary bow shock. Even closer to the nucleus, collisional processes, such as ion-neutral chemistry, become important. Other features of the magnetosphere of an active comet include a magnetic barrier, a magnetotail, and a diamagnetic cavity near the nucleus. X-ray emission from comets is produced by the interaction of the solar wind with cometary neutrals, and this topic is also discussed. A broad review of the cometary magnetosphere will be given in this paper. INTRODUCTION TO THE COMETARY PLASMA ENVIRONMENT The first indications that the solar wind interacts with comets and that comets have a plasma environment came with remote observations of cometary ion tails (Biermann, 1951; Alfvén, 1957; Biermann et al., 1967; see reviews by Ip and Axford, 1982, and Mendis et al., 1985). Solar wind particles have a low probability of colliding with cometary neutral species at distances far from the nucleus. However, the neutral atoms and molecules can be ionized by solar extreme ultraviolet photons, producing cometary ions such as H2O or O. Once ionized, the newly-born ions, which are almost at rest with respect to the fast solar wind flow, respond to the electric and magnetic fields associated with the solar wind. The cometary ions get “picked-up” by the solar wind flow, more or less efficiently depending on the conditions and time-scales. The distinctive nature of the solar wind interaction with a comet and the subsequent creation of an induced “magnetosphere” follows from the extremely extensive cometary neutral atmosphere which is due to the small size of the nucleus. Ion pick-up due to ionization of these neutrals and the resulting mass-loading controls the density and dynamics of the plasma. The interaction is primarily collisionless far from the comet but becomes collisional in the inner coma. A review of ion pickup at comets can be found in Coates (2003 – this issue). A general tutorial on induced magnetospheres throughout the solar system can be found in Luhmann et al. (2003 – this issue). Most of our knowledge about the cometary plasma environment has come from a few spacecraft encounters with comets. These include (Table 1) encounters of the NASA International Cometary Explorer (ICE) with comet Giacobini-Zinner (G-Z) in 1985, several encounters with comet Halley in
New particle formation infrequently observed in Himalayan foothills - why?

Abstract. A fraction of the Himalayan aerosols originate from secondary sources, which are currently poorly quantified. To clarify the climatic importance of regional secondary particle formation in the Himalayas, data from 2005 to 2010 of continuous aerosol measurements at a high-altitude (2180 m) Indian Himalayan site, Mukteshwar, were analyzed. For this period, the days were classified, and the particle formation and growth rates were calculated for clear new particle formation (NPF) event days. The NPF events showed a pronounced seasonal cycle. The frequency of the events peaked in spring, when the ratio between event and non-event days was 53 %, whereas the events were truly sporadic on any other seasons. The annual mean particle formation and growth rates were 0.40 cm −3 s −1 and 2.43 nm h −1 , respectively. The clear annual cycle was found to be mainly controlled by the seasonal evolution of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) height together with local meteorological conditions. Spring NPF events were connected with increased PBL height, and therefore characterised as boundary layer events, while the rare events in other seasons represented lower free tropospheric particle formation. This provides insight on the vertical extent of NPF in the atmosphere.
Displacement convexity of Boltzmann’s entropy characterizes the strong energy condition from general relativity

On a Riemannian manifold, lower Ricci curvature bounds are known to be characterized by geodesic convexity properties of various entropies with respect to the Kantorovich-Rubinstein-Wasserstein square distance from optimal transportation. These notions also make sense in a (nonsmooth) metric measure setting, where they have found powerful applications. This article initiates the development of an analogous theory for lower Ricci curvature bounds in timelike directions on a (globally hyperbolic) Lorentzian manifold. In particular, we lift fractional powers of the Lorentz distance (a.k.a. time separation function) to probability measures on spacetime, and show the strong energy condition of Hawking and Penrose is equivalent to geodesic convexity of the Boltzmann-Shannon entropy there. This represents a significant first step towards a formulation of the strong energy condition and exploration of its consequences in nonsmooth spacetimes, and hints at new connections linking the theory of gravity to the second law of thermodynamics.
A G ] 1 2 O ct 2 01 8 RELATIVE ÉTALE REALIZATIONS OF MOTIVIC SPACES AND DWYER-FRIEDLANDER K-THEORY OF NONCOMMUTATIVE SCHEMES

In this paper, we construct a refined, relative version of the étale realization functor of motivic spaces, first studied by Isaksen and Schmidt. Denoting by Spc (S) the ∞-category of motivic spaces over a base scheme S, their functor goes from Spc (S) to the ∞-category of p-profinite spaces, where p is a prime which is invertible in all residue fields of S. In the first part of this paper, we refine the target of this functor to an∞-category where p-profinite spaces is a further completion. Roughly speaking, this ∞-category is generated under cofiltered limits by those spaces whose associated “local system” on S is A-invariant. We then construct a new, relative version of their étale realization functor which takes into account the geometry and arithmetic of the base scheme S. For example, when S is the spectrum of a field k, our functor lands in a certain Gal (k/k)-equivariant ∞-category. Our construction relies on a relative version of étale homotopy types in the sense of ArtinMazur-Friedlander, which we also develop in some detail, expanding on previous work of Barnea-Harpaz-Schlank. We then stabilize our functor, in the S-direction, to produce an étale realization functor for motivic S-spectra (in other words, Nisnevich sheaves of spectra which are A-invariant). To this end, we also develop an∞-categorical version of the theory of profinite spectra, first explored by Quick. As an application, we refine the construction of the étale K-theory of Dwyer and Friedlander, and define its non-commutative extension. This latter invariant should be seen as an l-adic analog of Blanc’s theory of semi-topological K-theory of noncommutative schemes. We then formulate and prove an analog of Blanc’s conjecture on the torsion part of this theory, generalizing the work of Antieau and Heller.
Meteorological observations from ship cruises during summer to the central Arctic: A comparison with reanalysis data

Near‐surface meteorological observations and rawinsonde soundings from Arctic cruises with the German icebreaker RV Polarstern during August 1996, 2001, and 2007 are compared with each other and with ERA‐Interim reanalyses. Although the observations are usually applied in the reanalysis, they differ considerably from ERA data. ERA overestimates the relative humidity and temperature in the atmospheric boundary layer and the base height of the capping inversion. Warm biases of ERA near‐surface temperatures amount up to 2 K. The melting point of snow is the most frequent near‐surface temperature in ERA, while the observed value is the sea water freezing temperature. Both observations and ERA show that above 400 m, in the North Atlantic sector 0–90 E, the warmest August occurred in 2001, and August 2007 had the highest humidity. In the Eastern Siberian and Beaufort Sea region ERA temperatures along 80 and 85 N were highest in 2007.
Radiative lifetime measurements and oscillator strengths of astrophysical interest in HoIII

Radiative lifetimes of three long-lived levels belonging to the 4f(10)5d configuration of Ho III have been measured, for the first time, using the time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence technique. A good agreement between the experimental lifetimes and theoretical results obtained within a multiconfigurational pseudo-relativistic Hartree-Fock (HFR) approach including core-polarization (CP) effects is observed provided an adequate scaling factor is applied to the transition matrix element. From the comparison theory-experiment, it has been possible to assess the reliability of the oscillator strengths of the 4f-5d transitions of astrophysical interest, particularly for the lines depopulating the levels considered in the present work. The present results fill in a gap concerning the f-values of doubly ionized holmium and are needed for a quantitative evaluation of the holmium abundance in some peculiar stars. (Less)
The role of achievement goals and moral disengagement in explaining moral attitudes and behaviours in sport

Correspondencia: Correspondence: Luca Mallia, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences-State University of Rome "Foro Italico", Largo Lauro de Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy. *University of Rome “Foro Italico”-Italy ** Sapienza-University of Rome -Italy *** Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain **** University of the Balearic Islands, Spain This research has been carried out, in part, thanks to the Project PsyTool “Sport Psychology as a Strategic Tool for Prevention and training on Grassroots Sports” Erasmus+ Sport Programme. Application Nr. : 567199-EPP-1-2015-2-ES-SPO-SCP. The role of achievement goals and moral disengagement in explaining moral attitudes and behaviours in sport
The Impact of Energy Prices on Optimum Machinery Size and the Structure of Agriculture: A Georgia Example

In analyzing the impact of recent energy price increases on agriculture, agricultural economists have suggested the possibility of substitution of labor for farm machinery inputs [3, pp. 881-833] [17, pp. 195-196]. Since large energy input is embodied in farm machinery [14, p. 195], energy-price increases not only raised costs of machinery fuel, but also provided a cost-push effect on other fixed and variable machinery cost components. However, these potential price incentives have not been sufficient to reverse aggregate historical trends towards larger equipment in current machinery purchases [11, 15]. Understanding the nature of recent shifts in optimum machinery size on different farm sizes is important for consideration of future farm size and labor-capital structure of agriculture.
A P ] 1 2 O ct 2 01 8 Shear , pure and simple

In a 2012 article in the International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, Destrade et al. showed that for nonlinear elastic materials satisfying Truesdell’s so-called empirical inequalities, the deformation corresponding to a Cauchy pure shear stress is not a simple shear. Similar results can be found in a 2011 article of L. A. Mihai and A. Goriely. We confirm their results under weakened assumptions and consider the case of a shear load, i.e. a Biot pure shear stress. In addition, conditions under which Cauchy pure shear stresses correspond to (idealized) pure shear stretch tensors are stated and a new notion of idealized finite simple shear is introduced, showing that for certain classes of nonlinear materials, the results by Destrade et al. can be simplified considerably.
To Friends Everything, to Strangers the Law? An Experiment on Contract Enforcement and Group Identity

Although the role of formal and informal institutions in promoting economic growth and sustaining exchange relations is now well established, explaining and differentiating how informal and formal rules affect individual behavior remain a challenge. This study aims to distill the essential characteristics of formal and informal institutions and disentangle their effects on trust and performance in exchange relations through a laboratory experiment. Formal institutions are modeled as third-party contract enforcement while informal institutions are represented as shared group identity. Results show that trust choices increase as contract enforcement increases but are not affected by shared group identity. However, performance is more likely to occur in interactions with in-group members than out-group members.
Determination of the ordinary and modular ternary linear groups

3 px'i = S aaxj (* = 1, 2, 3). ¿=i The determination will be made both in the case where the coefficients af are ordinary numbers and in the case where they are marks of a finite Galois field, GF(pn ), p being an odd prime and n a positive integer. The variables xi are therefore regarded as homogeneous coordinates of the points either of the ordinary plane or of a modular plane,f PG{2, p"). The finite groups of collineations in the ordinary plane have been already determined. J The treatment of the problem in this paper is however different from any thus far given. It is based almost entirely on geometrical methods and it is hoped may prove of interest. The discussion for this case is contained in §§ 2-10. Considerable work has been done on the ternary modular groups. For the case where the coefficients of the transformations are in the GF(p), the question was considered by Burnside. § For the same case a complete determination of those groups which contain operators of period p was made by Dickson. ||
Molecular Cloning of a Novel Glutelin cDNA from Rice Seeds

A novel glutelin gene was cloned from a cDNA library of maturing rice seeds (Oryza sativa L. cv Nipponbare). The 2.0kbp insert contained an open reading frame encoding a 510 amino acid polypeptide (Mr 57, 116). This novel glutelin shares 46 to 49% amino acid identity with previously identified rice glutelins. A phylogenetic analysis of cloned glutelins indicates that this gene constitutes a new, fifth class of glutelin gene families. The Asn-Gly processing sequence which is highly conserved in 11S seed storage proteins is replaced by Asn-Val in the sequence of the novel glutelin. The amino acid composition extending 50 residues both upstream and downstream of the Asn-Val site was less hydrophilic than in other glutelins. The N-terminal half corresponding to the acidic domains of other glutelins possesses a higher pI value (7.46) than found in other glutelins. Expression of the gene was detected in maturing seeds, but not in roots or leaves.
Effects of adjuvants on herbicidal action. III. Effects of petroleum and rapeseed oils on diclofop-methyl action on ryegrass

Une huile minerale, une huile vegetale (colza), ainsi que son ester methylique, augmentent l'efficacite du diclofop-methyl sur ray-grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) respectivement de 65, 29 et 57%. Ces adjuvants n'ameliorent que peu ou pas la retention de pulverisation par les plantes. La face abaxiale retient davantage de pulverisation que la face adaxiale: 3,4, 4,0, 7,3 et 6,9 fois plus a, respectivement, 0, 30, 60 et 80° d'inclinaison. Le sechage des gouttelettes deposees sur le feuillage est accelere par les huiles ou l'emulgateur seul (de 110 a 150%), et leur etalement augmente (3,7 fois en surface par l'ester methylique)(.)
MODELING IRON ABUNDANCE ENHANCEMENTS IN THE SLOW SOLAR WIND

We have studied the behavior of Fe ions in the slow solar wind, using a fluid model extending from the chromosphere to 1 AU. Emphasis is on elemental “pileup” in the corona, i.e., a region where the Fe density increases and has a local maximum. We study the behavior of individual Fe ions relative to each other in the pileup region, where Fe+10 and Fe+12 have been used as examples. We find that elemental pileups can occur for a variety of densities and temperatures in the corona. We also calculate the ion fractions and obtain estimates for the freezing-in distance of Fe in the slow solar wind. We find that the freezing-in distance for iron is high, between 3 and 11 R☉, and that a high outflow velocity, of order 50–100 km s–1, in the region above the temperature maximum is needed to obtain ion fractions for Fe+10 and Fe+12 that are consistent with observations.
Page 1 of 3 High Temperature Superconductivity at Room Temperature ?

April 15, 2015 (STH3 . ) 5 9 P H , 1 Almost 30 years ago, high temperature superconductivity was discovered for the first time in cuprates by Bednorz und Müller [1]. Later Hosono and collaborators discovered in 2006 high temperature superconductivity also in the ferropnictides [2]. The highest superconducting transition temperature Tc =134 K was detected in the cuprate HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8 [3]. Under pressure the transition temperature in this compound could be raised to 160 K. Since the discovery of high Tc superconductivity it is a dream to increase Tc to room temperature. Moreover it is a dream to find a generally accepted theory for high Tc superconductivity. Most of the high Tc superconductors evolve from an antiferromagnetic parent compound. Changing a control parameter such as doping, pressure, or chemical pressure it is possible to suppress the antiferromagnetic order. In a phase diagram temperature vs. control parameter, at the end of the antiferromagnetic range, a superconducting dome develops. In numerous attempts it was not possible to increase the superconducting transition temperature above 160 K.
GPS Monitoring of Cattle Location Near Water Features in South Florida

A study was conducted to quantify the amount of time spent by grazing cattle near or in water locations (wetlands, ditches, and water troughs) across seasons in a cow-calf production ranch in south Florida. Prolonged hot summers in these regions can cause physiological heat stress in cattle and drive them into water-filled ditches and wetlands in order to cool down. Because of the numerous ranches in the region, it is perceived that this activity is contributing towards the phosphorus loading into the receiving water body, Lake Okeechobee. Cattle position data was monitored continuously using GPS collars. Data was recorded every 15 min during a 5-day period in spring (March), summer (June), fall (late August), and winter (November or December) from 2001 to 2003. The average percentage of daily time spent by cattle near/in water locations (water trough, wetland, and ditch) during the warm season (summer + fall) was 11.45 ± 0.39% and 6.09 ± 0.69% during the cool season (winter + spring). Overall, the cattle utilized water-filled features somewhat more during warm seasons, with some exceptions under higher temperatures found in southern Florida winters. Temporal, sub-daily analysis of the use of water troughs revealed very little usage during early morning and night and increased use as the day progressed. Similar analysis of wetlands use showed greater utilization during late morning and nights in the cool season. Utilization of ditches was fairly consistent throughout all years; more during warm seasons and less during cool. Current hydrological modeling systems that are actively used to represent the nutrient-enriched agricultural enterprises in south Florida lack the ability to comprehensively represent the dynamics of the animal-plant-soil system. This study will provide crucial information for model developers who may utilize these results to develop more detailed hydrological and nutrient loading models.
Labour Mobility During Transition - Evidence from Georgia

This paper deals with labour mobility in Georgia during economic transition. We use quarterly 1998-99 panel data to examine mobility across six labour market statuses (inactivity, unemployment, formal wage employment, informal wage employment, selfemployment and farming). Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis of labour market segmentation. Formal employment is preferred to informal employment. Unemployment is largely a queuing device for individuals with higher education waiting for formal jobs. Some self-employment is subsistence activities and consistent with a segmented labour market, while other is high risk and potentially high return activities. Age, gender and education are significant determinants of labour mobility. Finally, informal employment serves as a buffer in times of recession -with farming and informal wage employment absorbing labour shed by other statuses during the Russian financial crisis.
Chapter 2 Defi nition and Classifi cation of Concussion

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children and adolescents and therefore represents a major public health problem (Langlois et al. 2006 ) . Recent estimates of pediatric TBI suggest an annual incidence of 475,000 cases for children ages 0 to 14 (Langlois et al. 2006 ) . However, most studies of TBI prevalence (i.e., all cases) and incidence (i.e., new cases) only include injuries associated with hospitalization resulting in fewer documented cases of milder forms of TBI such as concussions (Yeates 2010 ) . Two relatively recent population based studies in Canada have documented estimated prevalence rates for pediatric concussion at 200 per 100,000 (Gordon et al. 2006 ) and 135 per 100,000 (Willer et al. 2004 ) . However, these two studies are likely underestimates of the true prevalence of concussion, as the Gordon et al. ( 2006 ) study relied on retrospective report by parents of concussion that limited daily activity, and the Willer et al. ( 2004 ) study relied on narrative descriptions made by school staff not trained in recognizing the symptoms of concussion. Data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, Langlois et al. 2006 ) suggest that the prevalence rate for mild TBI in children is higher than these two studies when based on emergency department visits.
Advertising in a Luxury Fashion Magazine: A Comparison between Italy and China

In the general framework of globalization and internationalization, the paper focuses on the advertising strategies adopted by top companies in the luxury sector. The article reports on the preliminary data of a study to determine the importance of local culture in advertising content by comparing Chinese and Italian ads. In particular, this research analyses the content of advertisements from Vogue, one of the most popular and influential fashion and beauty magazine, both in China and Italy: the focus is on three industries, namely clothing, cosmetics and jewellery. The selected ads of Oproduct pairsO allow to shed a light on the choices in terms of communications messages and conveyed image by top brands in both countries. The content analysis points out visual and textual elements contributing to the standardization-adaptation discussion: this research reveals that strategies are both affected by the country and the product category.
Optical parametric oscillator threshold and linewidth studies (A)

This paper presents a detailed study of the optimum design parameters for the LiNbO 3 parametric oscillator. Theoretical and experimental studies of the optical parametric oscillator (OPO) threshold parameters and of linewidth control are presented. Consideration is given to practical factors that limit OPO performance such as laser beam quality and crystal damage mechanisms. In addition, stable single axial mode operation is reported.