Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Suicide in lung cancer: who is at risk?

BACKGROUND Suicide rates among patients with lung cancer are higher than the general population. This study aims to identify patient and disease characteristics associated with suicide in patients with lung cancer. METHODS We conducted an analysis of subjects with primary lung cancer diagnosed between 1973 and 2008 recorded in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database. RESULTS From 871,230 people diagnosed with lung cancer, 1,184 cases of suicide were identified. The rate of suicide did not change considerably over time, with 8.83 compared with 7.17 suicides per 10,000 person-years in 1973 to 1979 and 2000 to 2009, respectively. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of the entire cohort was 4.95, with an SMR of 13.4 within 3 months of a cancer diagnosis. Despite most subgroups having a higher SMR than the general population, a wide variation in suicide risk was seen among different subgroups, including histologic type (SMR 1.58 vs 7.28 in bronchoalveolar and small cell carcinoma, respectively). The highest SMRs were found in patients with the following characteristics: male, older age, higher-grade tumor, and metastatic disease, and in patients who did not receive or refused treatment. Despite the higher SMR among patients with metastatic disease, > 50% of suicides occurred in those with locoregional and potentially curable disease. CONCLUSIONS Patients with lung cancer have a higher risk for suicide compared with the general US population, especially within 3 months of diagnosis. Despite the higher SMR among patients with a poorer prognosis, a concerning proportion of suicides occurs in potentially curable patients, highlighting the need for effective screening strategies to avoid this preventable cause of death.
ISOLATION OF DENGUE SEROTYPE 3 VIRUS FROM THE CEREBROSPINAL 1 FLUID OF AN ENCEPHALITIS PATIENT IN

26 Dengue encephalitis (DE) is characterized as unusual presentation of dengue infection. 27 Despite the reports that DE accounts for only 1% to 5% of dengue cases, this disease tends to 28 be increasingly reported to threaten global human health throughout dengue endemic areas 29 particularly in Southeast Asia. The molecular information of clinically characterized, 30 neurotropic dengue virus (DENV) in human beings is extremely scarce despite it playing an 31 important role in deciphering the pathogenesis of dengue-related neurological cases. Here we 32 report a case of DE caused by DENV3 genotype III in a male patient with atypical symptoms 33 of DENV infection in Hai Phong, Vietnam in 2013. The virus isolated from the cerebrospinal 34 fluid of this case-patient was closely related to DENV3 genotype III strains isolated from 35 serum of two other patients, who manifested classical dengue in the same year and residing in 36 the same area as the case-patient. It is noteworthy to mention that in 2013, DENV3 genotype 37 III was detected for the first time in Vietnam. 38
Lymph Flow Pattern in the Intact Thoracic Duct in Sheep

1 To study the lymph flow dynamics in the intact thoracic duct, we applied an ultrasound transit‐time flow probe in seven anaesthetized and four unanaesthetized adult sheep (.60 kg). In unanaesthetized non‐fasting animals we found that lymph flow in the thoracic duct was always regular pulsatile (pulsation frequency, 5.2 ± 0.8 min−1) with no relation to heart or respiratory activity. At baseline the peak level of the thoracic duct pulse flow was 11.6–20.7 ml min−1 with a nadir of 0–3.6 ml min−1. Mean lymph flow was 5.4 ± 3.1 ml min−1. The flow pattern of lymph in the thoracic duct was essentially the same in the anaesthetized animals. 2 In both the anaesthetized and unanaesthetized animals, the lymph flow response to a stepwise increase in the outflow venous pressure showed interindividual variation. Some were sensitive to any increase in outflow venous pressure, but others were resistant in that lymph flow did not decrease until outflow venous pressure was increased to higher levels. This resistance was also observed in the high lymph flow condition produced by fluid infusion in the anaesthetized animal and mechanical constriction of the caudal vena cava in the unanaesthetized animals. Pulsation frequency of the thoracic duct flow initially increased and then decreased with a stepwise increase in the outflow venous pressure. This initial increase might be a compensatory response to maintain lymph flow against elevated outflow venous pressure. 3 To test the effect of long‐term outflow venous pressure elevation in unanaesthetized sheep, outflow venous pressure was increased by inflation of a cuff around the cranial vena cava for 1, 5 or 25 h. The cuff was inflated to a level where lymph flow was reduced. Lymph flow remained low or decreased further during the entire cuff‐inflation period. We calculated the lymph debt caused by the outflow venous pressure elevation and the amount ‘repaid’ when venous pressure returned to normal. Lymph debt for 25 h was 6400 ml but only 200 ml was repaid. Since we observed no visible oedema formation in the lower body of the sheep, the non‐colloidal components of the lymph must have been reabsorbed into the bloodstream, most likely in the lymph nodes.
Elevational speciation in action? Restricted gene flow associated with adaptive divergence across an altitudinal gradient

Evolutionary theory predicts that divergent selection pressures across elevational gradients could cause adaptive divergence and reproductive isolation in the process of ecological speciation. Although there is substantial evidence for adaptive divergence across elevation, there is less evidence that this restricts gene flow. Previous work in the boreal chorus frog (Pseudacris maculata) has demonstrated adaptive divergence in morphological, life history and physiological traits across an elevational gradient from approximately 1500–3000 m in the Colorado Front Range, USA. We tested whether this adaptive divergence is associated with restricted gene flow across elevation – as would be expected if incipient speciation were occurring – and, if so, whether behavioural isolation contributes to reproductive isolation. Our analysis of 12 microsatellite loci in 797 frogs from 53 populations revealed restricted gene flow across elevation, even after controlling for geographic distance and topography. Calls also varied significantly across elevation in dominant frequency, pulse number and pulse duration, which was partly, but not entirely, due to variation in body size and temperature across elevation. However, call variation did not result in strong behavioural isolation: in phonotaxis experiments, low‐elevation females tended to prefer an average low‐elevation call over a high‐elevation call, and vice versa for high‐elevation females, but this trend was not statistically significant. In summary, our results show that adaptive divergence across elevation restricts gene flow in P. maculata, but the mechanisms for this potential incipient speciation remain open.
Capitalists, managers, professionals and mortality: Findings from the Barcelona Social Class and All Cause Mortality Longitudinal Study

Aims: To examine the effects of Neo-Marxian social class (i.e. measured as relations of control over productive assets) and potential mediators such as labour-market position, work organization, material deprivation and health behaviours upon mortality in Barcelona, Spain. Methods: Longitudinal data from the Barcelona 2000 Health Interview Survey (n = 7526) with follow-up interviews through the municipal census in 2008 (95.97% response rate) were used. Using data on relations of property, organizational power, and education, social classes were grouped according to Wright’s scheme: capitalists, petit bourgeoisie, managers, supervisors, and skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers. Results: Social class, measured as relations of control over productive assets, is an important predictor of mortality among working-class positions for men but not for women. Workers (hazard ratio 1.60, 95% confidence interval 1.10—2.35), managers and small employers had a higher risk of death than capitalists. Conclusions: The extensive use of conventional gradient measures of social stratification has neglected sociological measurements of social class conceptualized as relations of control over productive assets. This concept is capable of explaining how social inequalities are generated. To confirm the protective effect of the capitalist class position and the ‘‘contradictory class location hypothesis’’, additional efforts are needed to properly measure class among low-level supervisors, capitalists, managers, and small employers.
Morphologie stages in lamellar bone formation stimulated by a potent mechanical stimulus

The temporal stages of lamellar bone formation were studied using an animal model subject to up to 16 weeks of a controlled, externally applied load. The left ulnae of 15 adult male turkeys were functionally isolated via transverse metaphyseal osteotomies, while transcutaneous Steinmann pins permitted in vivo loading of the preparation via a servo‐hydraulic actuator. For 5 days per week, the ulnae were exposed to 100 cycles per day of an applied load sufficient to cause a peak strain normal to the bone's longitudinal axis of 2000 microstrain (με). The contralateral limb was left surgically undisturbed and served as a baseline control. Following a loading period of 4, 8, or 16 weeks, ulnae were harvested and prepared for quantitative bone histomorphometry. Compared with each animal's contralateral ulna, the area of the experimental ulnae increased by 12.5% (±5.6%) at 16 weeks. Periosteal mineral apposition rates in the loaded ulnae were significantly increased compared with control values, with a maximum rate of 6.0 ± 3.4 μm/day at 5 weeks, slowing to 2.0 ± 0.3 μm/day by 15 weeks. At 16 weeks, new bone was composed of primary and secondary osteons as well as circumferential lamellae, with osteocyte density and organization indistinguishable from that of the original cortex. Remnants of the initial woven bone response seen at 4 weeks remained clearly visible at both 8 and 16 weeks as diffusely labeled interstitial elements within the newly formed lamellar construct. The presence of secondary osteons, circumferential lamellae, and an osteocyte density and organization similar to that seen in controls suggests that the presence of woven bone in the initial stages of the adaptive process is not necessarily a pathologic or transient reaction to injury, but instead may be a normal stage in response to a potent mechanical stimulus.
THE PROBABILITY OF FIXATION OF A MUTANT: THE TWO‐LOCUS CASE

The quantitative investigation of problems in population genetics has mainly been concerned, until recently, with the analysis of gene frequencies at a single locus. Such an approach is natural as a first step, but necessarily requires assumptions about the interaction effects of other loci to be meaningful. Despite the latter restriction a number of important results have been obtained from this approach, to a large extent by the researches of R. A. Fisher and Sewall Wright. Latterly interest has moved to multilocus behavior, and as a first step in this direction the two-locus case has received increasing attention (see, for example, Kimura (1956), Lewontin and Kojima (1960), Bodmer and Parsons (1962), Moran (1964)). Although such an extension from the single locus case still requires assumptions about the interactions of the loci considered with the remaining loci, it is at least possible to treat, for example, the effect of linkage between loci, which would be impossible in a single locus analysis (see in particular Kimura (1956) and Bodmer and Parsons (1962)). In another direction, Moran (1964) has shown that the analogues of several single locus theorems (including Fisher's "fundamental theorem of natural selection") are no longer always true in the two locus case. All the investigations referred to above consider deterministic models, a stochastic treatment not having been attempted so far. A notable feature of the deterministic analyses is that close linkage between the loci appears, in all cases considered, to be desirable. An example of this, considered
Control of protein synthesis in herpesvirus-infected cells: analysis of the polypeptides induced by wild type and sixteen temperature-sensitive mutants of HSV strain 17.

The polypeptides induced in cells infected with a Glasgow isolate of HSV-I (17 syn+) have been characterized by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Study of the kinetics of synthesis in three cell lines has detected a total of 52 polypeptides, 33 of which can be identified in polypeptide profiles of purified virions. These include six low mol. wt. polypeptides that have not been previously reported. Several polypeptides were labelled with glucosamine in infected BHK cells. The different polypeptide patterns obtained at permissive (31 degrees C) and nonpermissive (38 degrees C) temperature in cells infected with 16 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants are reported. The effect of multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) on the polypeptide profile has been examined for two of the DNA -ve mutants: below ten, the profile varied with the m.o. i. whereas above ten it was constant. All mutants were therefore examined at an m.o. i. of approx. 20. Mutants from the same complementation group showed very similar profiles. A number of general conclusions concerning control of protein synthesis in HSV infected cells can be made: (I) As most of the 16 ts mutants affected the synthesis of several or many polypeptides it follows that a large proportion of genome specifies controlling functions. (2) The high frequency with which some polypeptides were affected suggests they are at or near the terminus of biosynthetic pathways which are under multiple control. (3) Conversely, some polypeptides were affected with a low frequency suggesting that their synthesis is not dependent on the expression of many virus functions. (4) Several individual ts mutations lead to the synthesis of increased amounts of different large polypeptides. (5) Analysis of every band detectably affected by at least one ts mutation has disclosed nine classes of dependence relationship between polypeptide synthesis and the DNA phenotype of the mutants, illustrating that this relationship is complex and different for different polypeptides. (6) The inhibition of host protein synthesis by the virus may not be a simple single step process.
Isoform‐specific and exercise intensity‐dependent activation of 5′‐AMP‐activated protein kinase in human skeletal muscle

1 5′‐AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been suggested to play a key role in the regulation of metabolism in skeletal muscle. AMPK is activated in treadmill‐exercised and electrically stimulated rodent muscles. Whether AMPK is activated during exercise in humans is unknown. 2 We investigated the degree of activation and deactivation of α‐isoforms of AMPK during and after exercise. Healthy human subjects performed bicycle exercise on two separate occasions at either a low (∼50% maximum rate of O2 uptake (V̇O2,max) for 90 min) or a high (∼75% V̇O2,max for 60 min) intensity. Biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were obtained before and immediately after exercise, and after 3 h of recovery. 3 We observed a 3‐ to 4‐fold activation of the α2‐AMPK isoform immediately after high intensity exercise, whereas no activation was observed after low intensity exercise. The activation of α2‐AMPK was totally reversed 3 h after exercise. In contrast, α1‐AMPK was not activated during either of the two exercise trials. 4 The in vitro AMP dependency of α2‐AMPK was significantly greater than that of α1‐AMPK (∼3‐ vs.∼2‐fold). 5 We conclude that in humans activation of α2‐AMPK during exercise is dependent upon exercise intensity. The stable activation of α2‐AMPK, presumably due to the activation of an upstream AMPK kinase, is compatible with a role for this kinase complex in the regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise, whereas the lack of stable α1‐AMPK activation makes this kinase complex a less likely candidate.
Prevalence and Genotypes of Human Noroviruses in Tropical Urban Surface Waters and Clinical Samples in Singapore

ABSTRACT The prevalence and genotypes of norovirus genogroup I (GI) and GII in tropical urban catchment waters and an estuarine bay were studied. A comparative analysis was performed with environmental isolates of noroviruses and concurrently identified clinical isolates in Singapore during gastroenteritis outbreaks between August 2006 to January 2007. Noroviruses in environmental water samples were concentrated by using ultrafiltration techniques and then analyzed by reverse transcription-seminested PCR assay targeting the partial capsid region of noroviruses and DNA sequencing. Among the 60 water samples collected, noroviruses were detected in 43 (71.7%) of these samples. Of these 43 norovirus-positive samples, the coexistence of both GI and GII strains was identified in 23 (53.5%) water samples. The phylogenetic analysis revealed multiple genotypes of noroviruses GI and GII in environmental water samples. GI and GII strains were clustered into seven and nine (including two unclassified) genotypes, respectively. The major norovirus genotypes in environmental water samples were GI/2 and GI/4 and GII/4. Genotyping of the 21 norovirus-positive clinical samples showed that all of the strains belonged to the GII/4 cluster. The environmental and clinical norovirus GII/4 isolates showed high levels of nucleotide sequence identity to each other and to the novel GII/4 variant associated with global epidemics of gastroenteritis during 2006. This study suggests the emergence and circulation of multiple novel norovirus GI and GII genotypes in water environments. Further comprehensive surveillance of water environments for noroviruses and routine clinical reporting is warranted.
Comparing of allometric models of single‐tree biomass intended for airborne laser sensing and terrestrial taxation of carbon pool in the forests of Eurasia

For the main tree species in North America, Europe, and Japan, a number of thousands of allometric equations for single‐tree biomass estimation using mostly tree height and stem diameter at breast height are designed. An innovative airborne laser method of the forest canopy sensing allows to process online a number of morphological indices of trees, to combine them with the biomass allometric models, and to evaluate the forest carbon pools. The database of 28 wood and shrub species containing 2.4 thousand of definitions is compiled for the first time in the forests of Eurasia, and on its basis the allometric transcontinental models of fractional structure of biomass of two types and dual use are developed. The first of them include as regressors the tree height and crown diameter and are intended for airborne laser location, whereas the latter have a traditional appointment for terrestrial forest biomass taxation using tree height and stem diameter. It is found that the explanatory capacity of the first model in comparison with the second one for foliage, branches, and roots is lower, but this difference is not statistically significant. The same capacity for the stem and aboveground biomass is lower too but this difference is statistically significant. Both models are designed for two different methods of taxation and cannot replace one another.
The effects of capital constraints on the growth of agricultural cooperatives

In this paper, we examine how capital constraints affect the growth of US agricultural cooperatives. Employing a panel data set obtained from CoBank on 669 US agricultural cooperatives over 5 years, we employ system-generalised method of moments to estimate models of cooperative growth that incorporate long-term debt, allocated reserves, and retained earnings as continuous measures of capital constraints. We find that long-term debt use and size have positive impacts on cooperative growth, in violation of Gibrat’s law, which posits that firm size and firm growth are independent. In particular, cash flow, unallocated equity and long-term debt financing are critical contributors to asset growth for small and medium-sized cooperatives.
Cutting Edge: Epigenetic Regulation of Foxp3 Defines a Stable Population of CD4+ Regulatory T Cells in Tumors from Mice and Humans

CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for maintaining self-tolerance and function to prevent autoimmune disease. High densities of intratumoral Tregs are generally associated with poor patient prognosis, a correlation attributed to their broad immune-suppressive features. Two major populations of Tregs have been defined, thymically derived natural Tregs (nTregs) and peripherally induced Tregs (iTregs). However, the relative contribution of nTregs versus iTregs to the intratumoral Treg compartment remains controversial. Demarcating the proportion of nTregs versus iTregs has important implications in the design of therapeutic strategies to overcome their antagonistic effects on antitumor immune responses. We used epigenetic, phenotypic, and functional parameters to evaluate the composition of nTregs versus iTregs isolated from mouse tumor models and primary human tumors. Our findings failed to find evidence for extensive intratumoral iTreg induction. Rather, we identified a population of Foxp3-stable nTregs in tumors from mice and humans.
Year-Round Education and Student Learning: A Case Study of Stakeholders' Perceptions

Yearly, school districts across the United States debate and vote upon a school calendar. Although most school districts elect a traditional calendar, several districts utilize a year-round calendar. A year-round calendar evenly spreads a traditional 180 school day and 12-week summer vacation, thus creating a balanced approach. Does a year-round education calendar produce student learning? The school district’s teachers and administrator perceptions provided the basis of this study by examining their experiences with student learning in a year-round education calendar. This qualitative study examined one Michigan public school of which has worked under a single-track year-round calendar since 1983. Teacher and administrator participants shared their lived experiences, perceptions and details of how student learning is supported by a year-round calendar approach. This study identified themes of which the participants perceived to be relevant with student learning within a year-round education calendar. Additionally, study data were applied to the theoretical framework of Carroll and Spearitt’s (1967) Model of School Learning and Dempster’s (1988) Spacing effect. The researcher concluded that participants have an overall positive perception of student learning within a year-round education calendar.