Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fitting Probability Distributions of Annual Rainfall in Sudan

Annual rainfall data for fourteen rainfall stations in Sudan during the period 1971 to 2010 were analyzed to select the best probability distribution for every station. The rainfall data was obtained from the Sudan Meteorological Authority (SMA). Five distributions were tested, namely Normal, Log normal, Gamma, Weibull and exponential distribution. Three statistical goodness of fit test were used on the basis of the minimum value of test statistic. The best fit probability distribution was selected based on the minimum deviation between observed and estimated values. The normal and gamma distribution were selected as the best fit probability distribution for the annual rainfall in Sudan during the period of the study, respectively.
English history teachers’ views on what substantive content young people should be taught

Abstract Public and policy discourse about the content of history curricula is frequently contested, but the voice of history teachers is often absent from such debate. Drawing on a large-scale online survey of history teachers in England, this paper explores their responses to major curriculum reforms proposed by the Coalition government in February 2013. In particular, it examines teachers’ responses to government plans to prescribe a list of topics, events and individuals to be taught chronologically that all students would be expected to study. Nearly 550 teachers responded to the survey, and more than two-thirds of them provided additional written comments on the curriculum proposals. This paper examines these comments, with reference to a range of curriculum models. The study reveals a deep antagonism towards the proposals for various reasons, including concerns about the extent and nature of the substantive content proposed and the way in which it should be sequenced. Analysis of these reactions provides an illuminating insight into history teachers’ perspectives. Whilst the rationales that underpin their thinking seem to have connections to a variety of different theoretical models, the analysis suggests that more attention could usefully be devoted to the idea of developing frameworks of reference.
The Influence of Se Concentration on Optical Properties of Thermal Evaporated Cu 2 ZnSn(Se x S 1-x ) 4 Thin Films

Thin CZT(S, Se) films were deposited onto glass substrates by thermal evaporation in vacuum 5 × 10 −5 mbar. Films of thickness 750 nm were prepared at 413K. The optical properties of the films were as convinced by UV-VIS spectrophotometer (photon wavelength ranging between 200 and 1100 nm). Influence of Se concentrations of the films on the optical properties was studied with keeping other deposition parameters fixed. Maximum transmittance decreased with the increase of S concentration. Optical transmittance, reflectance and thickness of the films were utilized to compute the absorption coefficient and optical band gap energy of the films using a computerized process. The nature of the optical transition has been direct allowed with average optical band gap energies ranging between 1.31 eV and 1.62 eV. The optical band gap energy has a tendency to increase with the increase of the S concentration. The optical constants were investigated as a function of Se concentrations. The extent and nature of transmittance and optimized band gap of the material ensure to utilize it for photovoltaic applications.
Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire for Assessment of Energy, Total Fat, Fatty Acids, and Vitamin A, C and E Intake among Malaysian Women: Comparison with Three Days 24-Hour Diet Recalls

Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is a practical tool for the measurement of usual food intake in large surveys because it gives a quick approximation to ‘true’ dietary intake. This study was carried out to compare the semiquantitative FFQ with three day 24-hour diet recalls (24-hr DR) in assessing intake of energy, total fat, fatty acids and vitamin A, C and E among Malaysian women. This semi-quantitative FFQ which was developed specifically for the Malay and Indian ethnicities has 200 food items and categorized according to three mealtimes namely breakfast, lunch or dinner and morning or afternoon snacks. A total of 51 Malay and 28 Indian women aged between 30 to 60 years were selected as study subjects. The result of the study shows that majority of study subjects were within the normal EI/BMR ratio when their energy intake was assessed by semi-quantitative FFQ (70%) and 24-hr DR (74%). However, 10% of study subjects became over-reporters when their intakes were assessed using the semi-quantitative FFQ. Analysis of t-test shows there is no significant difference (p > 0.05) on the mean intake of energy, total fats, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A, C and E between semi-quantitative FFQ and 24-hr DR. Percent mean differences were also less than 10% for all nutrients included in this study. This indicates that the semi-quantitative FFQ can produce comparable results with 24-hr DR. Energy adjusted correlation coefficient values for all studied nutrients were total fat (r = 0.64, p = 0.02), saturated fatty acids (r = 0.59, p = 0.01), monounsaturated fatty acids (r = 0.52, p = 0.03), polyunsaturated fatty acids (r = 0.57, p = 0.02), vitamin A (r = 0.69, p = 0.01), retinol (r = 0.55, p = 0.01), beta carotene (r = 0.74, p = 0.01), vitamin C (r = 0.64, p = 0.02) and vitamin E (r = 0.69, p = 0.01). Cross-classification for both methods into quartiles of intake resulted in correct classification into the same or adjacent quartile from 82% to 96% of the study subjects. Only 3% of the subjects were grossly misclassified. As a conclusion, this semi-quantitative FFQ gives estimation as good as 24-hr DR for intakes of energy, total fat, fatty acids and vitamin A, C and E among Malaysian women specifically for the Malay and Indian ethnicities. This semi-quantitative FFQ is a useful tool in dietary intake assessment for research use especially for epidemiological study on diet and disease relationship such as cardiovascular, cancer and diabetes.
The sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to historical climate variability and atmospheric CO2 in the United States

We use the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM, Version 4.1) and the land cover data set of the international geosphere–biosphere program to investigate how increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentration and climate variability during 1900–1994 affect the carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous USA, and how carbon storage has been affected by land-use change. The estimates of TEM indicate that over the past 95 years a combination of increasing atmospheric CO 2 with historical temperature and precipitation variability causes a 4.2% (4.3 Pg C) decrease in total carbon storage of potential vegetation in the conterminous US, with vegetation carbon decreasing by 7.2% (3.2 Pg C) and soil organic carbon decreasing by 1.9% (1.1 Pg C). Several dry periods including the 1930s and 1950s are responsible for the loss of carbon storage. Our factorial experiments indicate that precipitation variability alone decreases total carbon storage by 9.5%. Temperature variability alone does not significantly affect carbon storage. The effect of CO 2 fertilization alone increases total carbon storage by 4.4%. The effects of increasing atmospheric CO 2 and climate variability are not additive. Interactions among CO 2 , temperature and precipitation increase total carbon storage by 1.1%. Our study also shows substantial year-to-year variations in net carbon exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems due to climate variability. Since the 1960s, we estimate these terrestrial ecosystems have acted primarily as a sink of atmospheric CO 2 as a result of wetter weather and higher atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. For the 1980s, we estimate the natural terrestrial ecosystems, excluding cropland and urban areas, of the conterminous US have accumulated 78.2 Tg C yr −1 because of the combined effect of increasing atmospheric CO 2 and climate variability. For the conterminous US, we estimate that the conversion of natural ecosystems to cropland and urban areas has caused a 18.2% (17.7 Pg C) reduction in total carbon storage from that estimated for potential vegetation. The carbon sink capacity of natural terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous US is about 69% of that estimated for potential vegetation. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999. 00021.x
Species diversity, relative abundance and length structure of oceanic sharks caught by the Venezuelan longline fishery in the Caribbean Sea and western-Central Atlantic

This study examines the species diversity, relative abundance, and length structure of oceanic sharks caught by the Venezuelan longline fishery targeting swordfish and tuna. Shark catch data was collected by scientific observers during the period 1994 to 2003. The total shark catch was comprised of 25 species, in which the most frequently caught were Prionace glauca (34.8%) and Carcharhinus signatus (20.2%). Other common species in the catch composition were C. falciformis (8.5%), Sphyrna mokarran (6.8%), and Isuru oxyrinchus (6.2%). The inter-annual variation of the Shannon-Wiener index was characterized by an apparent loss of the shark diversity throughout the time series. Kriging map showed that areas with relative high diversity values were located in the southeastern Caribbean Sea, primarily in areas close to the islands and coast of Venezuela. Other areas with significant diversity values corresponded to the inner arc of the Lesser Antilles and the Suriname shelf. The analysis of catch per unit effort trends for the five most common species revealed that all series had a negative slopes, but only one (C. falciformis) was statistically significant. Shark catches for the most important species comprised a large proportion of juveniles. Major efforts will be needed to generate steady scientific information required for stock assessment.
The genus Sellaphora: an addition and corrections.

Examination of further British specimens of Sellaphora species from Blackford Pond, Edinburgh, revealed that the 'spindle' deme described in a previous paper [D.G. Mann et al. (2008). Fottea 8: 15-78] was incorrectly characterized. Two demes were conflated: true 'spindle' and a further deme referred to here as 'cf. auldreekie'. The cox1 DNA Barcode specified for 'spindle' by Mann et al. (2008) was correct, but was linked to the wrong illustrations and description, which were of 'cf. auldreekie'. These errors and three references to a slide preparation are corrected.
Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intention among UniSZA Students

Graduates contributions to entrepreneurship would stimulate the country’s economic growth. The aim of this study is to determine and investigate factors influence on students’ perception of the entrepreneurial intention, in order to present the most contemporary future generation of entrepreneurs that can shape the future of the economy and the country. The area of this study covers demographic profiles, attitudinal and behavioral factors, and how these influence the intentions of students to become entrepreneurs. The finding suggests that the female students had significantly higher attitude and social skill and desire to succeed as compared to the male students. There was no significant difference with regards to race, age, parental working background, family and relative engaged in business, and heard about entrepreneurship ensuring that entrepreneurs are not clustered in any of these variables. Another major finding indicates that those who attended entrepreneurship course/training had significantly higher attitude and social skill. Most importantly, marketing skill, desire to success, leadership skill, and innovation and creativity inspire graduates in choosing entrepreneurship. Thus, examining the selected key unemployment of graduates’ issues from an entrepreneurship perspective can help to establish harmony and meaningful cooperation between entrepreneurs and learning institutions.
THE APPLICATION OF TRITICALE VARIETY ODYSSEY AS THE SUBSTITUTE FOR MALT IN WORT PRODUCTION

The objective of this work was to investigate the possibility of triticale application as the partial substitute for malt in wort production. For wort production, two series of experiments were performed in which triticale variety Odyssey, from experimental fields, Rimski Sancevi location (Serbia), was used as the substitute for barley malt in grist with and without the addition of commercial enzyme Ultraflo Max (Novozymes, Denmark). Triticale was added in each of the carried series of experiments as the substitute for malt: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80% in grist. Experiments were carried out on laboratory scale by the application of infusion procedure for wort production. Regarding extract content, triticale variety Odyssey could be used as the substitute for malt up to 60% without the addition of commercial enzyme Ultraflo Max. With the addition of this enzyme triticale variety Odyssey could be used as a substitute for malt up to 80%, regarding the extract content. With the increase in the content of triticale in the grist, viscosity increased. The addition of commercial enzyme Ultraflo Max significantly reduced wort viscosity. The obtained results indicate that worts produced with the addition of triticale variety Odyssey to grist yielded good analytical quality parameters.
Simulating ice core 10 Be on the glacial–interglacial timescale

Abstract. 10Be ice core measurements are an important tool for paleoclimate research, e.g., allowing for the reconstruction of past solar activity or changes in the geomagnetic dipole field. However, especially on multi-millennial timescales, the share of production and climate-induced variations of respective 10Be ice core records is still up for debate. Here we present the first quantitative climatological model of the 10Be ice concentration up to the glacial–interglacial timescale. The model approach is composed of (i) a coarse resolution global atmospheric transport model and (ii) a local 10Be air–firn transfer model. Extensive global-scale observational data of short-lived radionuclides as well as new polar 10Be snow-pit measurements are used for model calibration and validation. Being specifically configured for 10Be in polar ice, this tool thus allows for a straightforward investigation of production- and non-production-related modulation of this nuclide. We find that the polar 10Be ice concentration does not immediately record the globally mixed cosmogenic production signal. Using geomagnetic modulation and revised Greenland snow accumulation rate changes as model input, we simulate the observed Greenland Summit (GRIP and GISP2) 10Be ice core records over the last 75 kyr (on the GICC05modelext timescale). We show that our basic model is capable of reproducing the largest portion of the observed 10Be changes. However, model–measurement differences exhibit multi-millennial trends (differences up to 87% in case of normalized to the Holocene records) which call for closer investigation. Focusing on the (12–37) b2k (before the year AD 2000) period, mean model–measurement differences of 30% cannot be attributed to production changes. However, unconsidered climate-induced changes could likely explain the model–measurement mismatch. In fact, the 10Be ice concentration is very sensitive to snow accumulation changes. Here the reconstructed Greenland Summit (GRIP) snow accumulation rate record would require revision of +28% to solely account for the (12–37) b2k model–measurement differences.
Optimal perturbations and streak spacing in wall‐bounded turbulent shear flow

The mean streak spacing of approximately 100 wall units that is observed in wall‐bounded turbulent shear flow is shown to be consistent with near‐wall streamwise vortices optimally configured to gain the most energy over an appropriate turbulent eddy turnover time. The streak spacing arising from the optimal perturbation increases with distance from the wall and is nearly independent of Reynolds number, in agreement with experiment.
The Incremental Information Content of the Cash Flow Statement: An Australian Empirical Investigation

The general objective of the present study is to investigate and assess the incremental information content of cash flow disclosures as required by the AASB 1026 i°Statement of Cash Flowsi±. This test addresses the issue of whether a change in cash flow components has the same relationship with security prices as that in earnings. Several previous studies indicate both income and cash flow statements may be mutually exclusive or mutually inclusive statements. The data to test three hypotheses came from companies listed on the Australian Stock Exchange for the period of 1992 to 1997, a subsequent period of the requirement to apply AASB 1026. General results from hypothesis tests indicate that cash flows have information content more than that provided by earnings alone and that cash flows have relative information content, given earnings alone. This finding suggests that the cash flow statement and the income statement provide mutually exclusive information. This finding refutes results of previous studies from the USA and UK that indicated cash flow data had less information value than that conveyed by earnings. Other implications and suggestion for further study are also discussed in the paper.
Modeling the Performance of the Standard Cirrus Glider using Navier-Stokes CFD

The performance of the Standard Cirrus glider is simulated using a Computational Fluid Dynamics code, solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for steady flow. To calculate the transitional boundary layer flow a correlatio nbased transition model is used. It is found that the numerical model is able to predict the performance of the Standard Cirrus well. The simulations using the transition model are found to improve the results compared to fully turbulent simulations, except for the region of the stall. The best in- flight measured glide ratio for the Standard Cirrus is 36.5 at 94.5 km/h. The simulations using the transition model predict a best glide ratio of 38.5 at 95 km/h.
Surgery versus Conservative Treatment of Distal Radius Fracture inPatients Older Than 85 Years: A Retrospective Study in 94 Cases

Background: Distal radius fractures are the most common fractures occurring in emergency. There’s no evidence for the superiority of one of the different treatment we can choose, particularly in old patients. The purpose of the present study was to determine if a surgical treatment for DRF in older than 85 is justified and to compare these results to a conservative treatment. Methods: This is an observational retrospective study that included all patients older than 85 years diagnosed with distal radius fractures and hospitalized in our institution between January 1st, 2010 and June 30th 2013. Patients were divided in 2 groups. The main outcome was the functional result at the end of the patient’s follow up. It was measured objectively with wrist motility and subjectively with the common satisfaction of the patient and the surgeon. Secondary outcomes included hospitalization time, immobilization duration, rate and nature of complications, and the pain at the end of the follow up. Results: 94 were included, 20 had a conservative treatment, 74 a surgical treatment. Groups were homogeneous at the admission. There were not statistically significant difference in the main outcome with the objective or the subjective evaluation (p=0.046; OR: 0.1729 CI-95% [0.0205; 1.2662]). Immobilization time was significantly longer in the surgical treatment group (42,4 vs. 35,7 days p: 0.045). Conclusions: Conservative treatment is the best treatment for distal radius fractures in elderly. Level of Evidence: Level III.
Interactive comment on “ Anthropogenic and biogenic influence on VOC fluxes at an urban background site in Helsinki , Finland ” by P . Rantala

Looking at the map provided in the figure 2, the site seems to be particularly influenced by green vegetation. Even the sector identified as buildings is comprised of a fairly large fraction of vegetation, rather unique compared to the urban UK sites the authors compare their measurements with. Consistently this sector does not show a significantly different pattern of m/z 69 emissions. Perhaps a better description of this sector would be to call it ’urban residential sector with vegetation’. C1
Equilibrium Determinacy of Endogenous Growth with Generalized Taylor Rule: A Discrete-Time Analysis

This paper examines equilibrium determinacy of a discrete-time AK growth model with a generalized Taylor rule under which interest rate responds to the growth rate of real income as well as to the rate of inflation. We use the standard money-in-the-utility formulation in which money is superneutral on the balanced-growth path. We show that even in such a simple environment, the generalized Taylor rule may yield indeterminacy of equilibrium easily. We also demonstrate that equilibrium determinacy depends on the timing of money holding of households as well.
The Level of Teachers' Agreements on Curriculum Changing Causes

3 Abstract: The purpose of this study is to put forward teachers' opinions about the reasons for changing curriculum at schools in Turkey in 2006-2007 education period. In this way, it will be possible to determine whether or not teachers are aware of the aim of new curriculum application. At the same time, with the new findings, the realization level of the aims that Turkey wants to achieve through the new program will be estimated.
The influence of increased CO2 on early developmental stages of cobia, Rachycentron canadum

of a dissertation at the University of Miami. Dissertation supervised by Professors Nelson Ehrhardt & Daniel Benetti. No. of pages in text. (81) Projected increases in atmospheric CO2 and the resulting decrease in oceanic pH over the course of the 21 century warrant studies on the effects of these abiotic environmental changes on marine teleosts. The goal of this dissertation was to assess the impact of projected changes in CO2 on the early physiological dynamics and development of cobia, Rachycentron canadum. Cobia are widely distributed marine teleosts, which typically hatch in ca. 24 h. Respiration rates of cobia spermatozoa displayed a non significant decrease from 1.0 + 0.2 nmol O2/mL semen·sec + S.E. at 380 ppm CO2 to 0.7 + 0.1 nmol O2/mL semen·sec + S.E. at 800 ppm CO2. Spermatozoa mean velocity decreased from 22.1 + 0.5 to 14.9 + 0.4 μm/sec + S.E. for one male and from 16.9 + 0.4 to 15.5 + 0.5 μm/sec + S.E. for the second male. Both decreases in velocity were statistically significant. Respiration rates of cobia embryos for the year 2100 CO2 level (800 870 ppm) and beyond (~ 2900 ppm) were assessed. Utilizing pooled data for the respirometer methodology, the embryo respiration rate decreased from 3.9 + 1.1 to 3.2 + 0.9 nmol O2/embryo/hr + S.E. at the year 2100 projection but it was not significant. Regression analysis did not show a statistically significant difference across the CO2 levels examined (400, 480, 500, 580, 1020, 2920 ppm) for the biological oxygen demand bottle method. Embryonic development after 9 and 19 hrs exposure to elevated levels of CO2 (876, 949, 957 ppm) were not significantly different. The mean rate of oxygen consumption of cobia yolk-sac larvae decreased from 10.7 + 3.4 nmol O2/larvae/hr + S.E. at 380 ppm to 6.6 + 2.3 nmol O2/larvae/hr + S.E. at 800 ppm. Yolksac larvae mean total length decreased from 2.59 + 0.34 to 2.29 + 0.28 mm + S.D. at 560 ppm but increased to 2.89 + 0.28 mm + S.D. at 800 ppm CO2 in the first trial. These differences were significant. Mean total length of yolk-sac larvae increased at high CO2 levels (800, 876, and 957 ppm) for three of the four trials but only the first and last were statistically significant. These results on pH effects suggest early life history stages of cobia may be resistant to near future CO2 levels.