Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The distribution of monosynaptic connexions from inspiratory bulbospinal neurones to inspiratory motoneurones in the cat.

Monosynaptic connexions were sought between bulbospinal inspiratory neurones and inspiratory motoneurones of the C5 phrenic nerve or the intercostal nerves of up to six segments in the anaesthetized cat; they were identified by the presence of narrow peaks in cross‐correlation histograms constructed from the spontaneous discharges of these neurones. About half of the bulbospinal neurones tested with the phrenic gave a monosynaptic connexion, as did just under half of those tested with the intercostal nerves. Some neurones gave connexions to both. For pairs of bulbospinal neurones and intercostal nerves, connexions were seen in 50 out of 295 instances (17%). No evidence was found of systematic patterns of connexions to different segments. Some neurones gave connexions to adjacent segments, others up to five segments apart. Bulbospinal neurones were not equipotent at giving connexions to the intercostal motoneurones. If a neurone gave a connexion to one segment, it was more likely to give connexion to another segment than chance would predict. The neurones with strong connexions were concentrated rostral to obex in the ventral respiratory group; neurones in both the caudal part of the ventral group and in the dorsal group gave weaker connexions. Regional variation within the medulla in the proportions of neurones giving connexions to the phrenic motoneurones was not seen, in particular neurones of the dorsal group (eight out of sixteen) and the ventral group (five out of eleven) were equipotent. When the strength of the connexions was assessed by k, the ratio of the peak count in the cross‐correlation histogram to the base‐line count, the mean strength was similar for the peaks seen for the phrenic (k = 1.113) and the intercostal (k = 1.114) motoneurones. However, because, on a segment‐by‐segment basis, fewer connexions were seen for the intercostals, the over‐all mean value of k (absence of a narrow peak taken as k = 1.0) was stronger for the phrenic (k = 1.055) than for the intercostals (k = 1.019). For the phrenic, the apparent strength of connexion (assessed by k) was considerably stronger for the motoneurones giving large spikes than for those giving small ones. The same result was probably also true for the intercostals. With several assumptions, the total depolarization during inspiration derived monosynaptically in phrenic or intercostal motoneurones was calculated and found to be low, about 1 mV for the intercostals and 3‐4 mV for the phrenic. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 in the airway epithelium of asthmatic subjects and regulation by corticosteroid treatment.

BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) and prostanoids are mediators of vascular and bronchial tone that are postulated to be involved in asthma. Increased levels of both are found in asthmatic subjects and are synthesised by enzymes that have cytokine inducible forms: inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), respectively. We hypothesised that the in vivo expression of iNOS and COX-2 in the airways would be increased in asthma, and that these cytokine inducible enzymes may represent targets for regulation by corticosteroid treatment. METHODS Bronchial biopsy specimens were obtained from three groups of subjects: atopic asthmatics treated with beta(2) agonists alone (n=7), atopic asthmatics additionally receiving regular treatment with corticosteroids (n=8), and non-asthmatic control subjects (n=10). Expression of iNOS and COX-2 mRNA and immunoreactive protein was studied using in situ hybridisation and quantitative immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Immunoreactivity and the hybridisation signal for iNOS and COX-2 were mainly localised in the airway epithelium. The proportion of epithelium immunostained was significantly greater in the non-steroid treated asthmatic subjects (iNOS 8.6 (1.8)%; COX-2 26.3 (4.6)%) than either the steroid treated asthmatics (iNOS 3.4 (1.0)%, p=0.009; COX-2 13.0 (0.6)%, p=0.0015) or the non-asthmatic controls (iNOS 4.2 (0.9)%, p=0.018; COX-2 11.6 (0.6)%, p=0.0003). Similarly, the hybridisation signal was stronger in the non-steroid treated group of asthmatic subjects than in the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the potential role of the airway epithelium both as a contributor to the inflammatory process in asthma and as a target for inhaled corticosteroid treatment in this disease.
[The treatment of displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children (an evaluation of three different treatment methods)].

BACKGROUND Supracondylar fractures of the humerus are the most common fracture pattern of the elbow in childhood. They require close follow-up subsequent to successful treatment, because of having a great risk of many complications. Many treatment methods have been described for the treatment of displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus, however it has not been reached a consensus for the choice of the treatment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the late results of three different treatment methods; closed reduction+cast immobilization, skeletal traction+cast immobilization and open reduction+internal fixation by K-wires. We also aimed to compare these methods with the results of current literature. METHODS Fifty-three (41 boys and 12 girls) displaced supracondylar humerus fractures were treated between January 1986 and March 1999. The average age was 8.0 years. We evaluated the results of patients according to Flynn's criterias. RESULTS According to the results of the study, we obtained 31 excellent, 9 good, 5 fair and 8 poor results. The ratio of poor results of closed reduction+cast immobilization, skeletal traction+cast immobilization and open reduction+internal fixation by K-wires were 28.6%, 14.3% and 12.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION The datas in our study show that closed reduction+cast immobilization results in the most poorest outcome in the treatment of displaced supracondylar humerus fractures.
High precision in protein contact prediction using fully convolutional neural networks and minimal sequence features

Motivation In addition to substitution frequency data from protein sequence alignments, many state-of-the-art methods for contact prediction rely on additional sources of information, or features, of protein sequences in order to predict residue-residue contacts, such as solvent accessibility, predicted secondary structure, and scores from other contact prediction methods. It is unclear how much of this information is needed to achieve state-of-the-art results. Here, we show that using deep neural network models, simple alignment statistics contain sufficient information to achieve state-of-the-art precision. Our prediction method, DeepCov, uses fully convolutional neural networks operating on amino-acid pair frequency or covariance data derived directly from sequence alignments, without using global statistical methods such as sparse inverse covariance or pseudolikelihood estimation. Results Comparisons against CCMpred and MetaPSICOV2 show that using pairwise covariance data calculated from raw alignments as input allows us to match or exceed the performance of both of these methods. Almost all of the achieved precision is obtained when considering relatively local windows (around 15 residues) around any member of a given residue pairing; larger window sizes have comparable performance. Assessment on a set of shallow sequence alignments (fewer than 160 effective sequences) indicates that the new method is substantially more precise than CCMpred and MetaPSICOV2 in this regime, suggesting that improved precision is attainable on smaller sequence families. Overall, the performance of DeepCov is competitive with the state of the art, and our results demonstrate that global models, which employ features from all parts of the input alignment when predicting individual contacts, are not strictly needed in order to attain precise contact predictions. Availability and implementation DeepCov is freely available at https://github.com/psipred/DeepCov. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Valuation Implications of SFAS No. 33 Data for Electric Utility Investors

This study examines the association between supplemental general price-leveland current cost-adjusted financial data, as prescribed by SFAS No. 33, and the equity security prices of electric utilities. The restriction to electric utilities occurs for two reasons. The first arises from the role that the rate regulation process plays in this industry. The regulatory process has not recognized explicitly SFAS No. 33-based asset values for rate-making purposes, and electric utilities have reported the effects of this nonrecognition on net income. To the extent that these disclosures convey information about additional production costs that are unrecoverable in the electric rates charged to customers, one would expect an association between the SFAS No. 33 disclosures and share prices. Thus, institutional issues regarding rate-setting, such as the perceived response of regulatory commissions to inflation, make the electric utility industry a candidate for specific investigation. The second reason for the choice is the focus of prior inflation accounting research on broad samples of firms rather than on one specific industry (e.g., Beaver and Landsman [1983] and articles published in the August 1980 issue of the Journal of Accounting and Economics). The finding of no
Language decline across the life span: findings from the Nun Study.

The present study examines language samples from the Nun Study. Measures of grammatical complexity and idea density were obtained from autobiographies written over a 60-year span. Participants who had met criteria for dementia were contrasted with those who did not. Grammatical complexity initially averaged 4.78 (on a 0-to-7-point scale) for participants who did not meet criteria for dementia and declined . 04 units per year; grammatical complexity for participants who met criteria for dementia initially averaged 3.86 and declined . 03 units per year. Idea density averaged 5.35 propositions per 10 words initially for participants who did not meet criteria for dementia and declined an average of . 03 units per year, whereas idea density averaged 4.34 propositions per 10 words initially for participants who met criteria for dementia and declined . 02 units per year. Adult experiences, in general, did not moderate these declines.
Viewing of Internet-Based Sexually Explicit Media as a Risk Factor for Condomless Anal Sex among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Four U.S. Cities

The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in the availability of sexually explicit media (SEM) on the Internet. Men who have sex with men (MSM) report near universal use of SEM. However, this widespread use of SEM among MSM may contribute to more condomless anal sex. To examine the association of viewing SEM on the Internet and the number of condomless anal sex encounters among MSM, in 2012, an online survey was conducted of 265 MSM from New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, or Washington D.C. who reported viewing SEM online in the past 3 months. Analyses were performed using negative binomial regression. Nearly all men reported viewing SEM featuring anal sex with (91%) or without (92%) condoms in the past 3 months. Neither viewing more hours of SEM per week or compulsively viewing SEM were associated with more condomless anal sex encounters. Rather, viewing a greater proportion of SEM containing condomless anal sex was associated with engaging in more condomless anal encounters (IRR = 1.25), while viewing a greater proportion of SEM containing anal sex where condoms were used was associated with fewer condomless anal sex encounters (IRR = 0.62). MSM reported that viewing SEM caused changes in their sexual fantasies, desires, and behaviors. These findings provide important insights for health policy and the design of interventions addressing SEM and condomless sex among MSM. The findings suggest that condom use by SEM performers may benefit not only actor health, but also have health implications for SEM viewers.
Post academy training needs analysis of selected school district police agencies in Texas

Post Academy Training Needs Analysis of Selected School District Police Agencies in Texas. (December 2003) James Richard Walker, B.S., University of South Carolina; M.S., Sam Houston State University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Walter F. Stenning One of the fastest growing areas of law enforcement in the state of Texas today is school district policing, with many of the Independent School District (ISD) departments having been formed within the past 10-12 years. Without a formal structured plan of its own, training programs for the school district police officer have often followed the template of other local and state policing organizations to determine their own in-service training curriculum. Unfortunately, following the guidelines and programs set up by these outside policing organizations has led to training that is not indicative of the school district police officers bona fide training needs. This research first focused on identifying the internal and external constraints that are operating from within the school district, along with influences from outside the organization that are hindering ISD police officer training. The results found budgetary issues, time issues, perceived lack of training support from the school district administration, a lack of a training needs analysis to identify training needs, and other outside constraints (such as legislative training mandates), were hindering ISD police inservice training. Recommendations were made to seek outside assistance (grants),
Acceleration of Tibia and Distal Radius Fracture Healing in Patients Who Smoke

A low intensity ultrasound device was investigated as an accelerator of cortical and cancellous bone fracture healing in smokers and non-smokers. Statistically significant reductions in healing time for smokers and nonsmokers were observed for tibial and distal radius fractures treated with an active ultrasound device compared with a placebo control device. The healing time for a tibial fracture was reduced 41% in smokers and 26% in nonsmokers with the active ultrasound device. Similarly, distal radius fracture healing time was reduced by 51% in smokers and 34% in nonsmokers with the active device. Treatment with the active ultrasound device also substantially reduced the incidence of tibial delayed unions in smokers and nonsmokers. The use of the active ultrasound device accelerates cortical and cancellous bone fracture healing, substantially mitigates the delayed healing effects of smoking, speeds the return to normal activity, and reduces the long-term complication of delayed union.
Improving Sequence-to-Sequence Constituency Parsing

Sequence-to-sequence constituency parsing casts the tree structured prediction problem as a general sequential problem by top-down tree linearization,and thus it is very easy to train in parallel with distributed facilities. Despite its success, it relies on a probabilistic attention mechanism for a general purpose, which can not guarantee the selected context to be informative in the specific parsing scenario. Previous work introduced a deterministic attention to select the informative context for sequence-to-sequence parsing, but it is based on the bottom-up linearization even if it was observed that top-down linearization is better than bottom-up linearization for standard sequence-to-sequence constituency parsing. In this paper, we thereby extend the deterministic attention to directly conduct on the top-down tree linearization. Intensive experiments show that our parser delivers substantial improvements over the bottom-up linearization in accuracy, and it achieves 92.3 Fscore on the Penn English Treebank section 23 and 85.4 Fscore on the Penn Chinese Treebank test dataset, without reranking or semi-supervised training.
Level of Business Insights in the MD&A and Nonprofessional Investors' Judgments

This study examines how the level of business insights in a firm’s MD&A interacts with its current financial performance to influence nonprofessional investors’ judgments. Following the observations and guidance of the ASIC and SEC to define low-and high-insight MD&A, this study finds that low-insight MD&A, when provided for a negative earnings surprise, increases investors’ judgments of the negative earnings persistence and hurts management reputation more than if no MD&A had been provided. High-insight MD&A, when including a plausible external attribution, increases investors’ judgments of management reputation in the negative earnings surprise condition and decreases investors’ judgments of positive earnings persistence.
U74389G prevents vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs.

OBJECTIVE Oxygen-derived free radicals may contribute to vasospasm after the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm through direct vasoconstricting effects occurring within the arterial wall or, secondarily, by causing lipid peroxidation in the subarachnoid erythrocytes with secondary induction of vasoconstriction. U74389G is a potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation and a scavenger of oxygen-derived free radicals. This study determined the relative contributions of oxygen-derived free radicals and lipid peroxidation to vasospasm in the double-hemorrhage dog model. METHODS Sixteen dogs underwent baseline (Day 0) cerebral angiography and induction of subarachnoid hemorrhage by two injections of blood into the cisterna magna 2 days apart. They were randomized to receive drug vehicle (n=8) or U74389G (n=8, 3 mg/kg of body weight/d) intravenously. Drug administration and end point analysis were blinded. The end points were angiographic vasospasm, as assessed by comparison of angiograms obtained before and 7 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the levels of malondialdehyde and salicylate hydroxylation products (dihydroxybenzoic acids) in cerebrospinal fluid and of malondialdehyde in subarachnoid blood clots and basilar arteries 7 days after hemorrhage. RESULTS Comparisons within groups of Day 0 and Day 7 angiograms and between groups of angiograms obtained at Day 7, showed significant vasospasm in animals in the vehicle group (mean+/-standard error, 51%+/-4) but not in the U74389G group (25%+/-11, P < 0.05, unpaired t test). High-pressure liquid chromatographic assays of malondialdehyde and dihydroxybenzoic acids in cerebrospinal fluid, subarachnoid blood clots, and basilar arteries showed no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSION The significant prevention of vasospasm by U74389G without change in levels of indicators of free radical reactions suggests that the effect of the drug is related to other processes occurring in the arterial wall and that cerebrospinal fluid levels of oxygen radicals and lipid peroxides are not useful markers of vasospasm.
Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus infections in women attending hospitals in Chaozhou of Guangdong province.

BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer. Limited epidemiologic data of HPV prevalence are available for women attending hospitals in southern China. This study aimed to evaluate the profiles of HPV infection and cytology status in gynecological outpatients in Chaozhou City. METHODS A total of 2833 eligible women were enrolled. The HPV GenoArray test was used for HPV detection and genotyping. Nearly one half of the HPV positive women received liquid-based cytology test. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the predictable effects of age and genotype for categories of abnormal cytology. RESULTS The prevalence of overall, high-risk, and low-risk HPV infection were 24.5%, 19.5% and 8.4%, respectively. A U-shaped age-specific prevalence curve was observed in overall HPV and high- risk HPV, but not in low-risk HPV, which declined with age increasing. The 6 most common high-risk HPV type in descending order, were types 52, 16, 58, 18, 68, and 33. Age and HPV genotype were both important determinants of abnormal cytology incidence, the older women (>45 years) and those infected with HPV type 16 and/or 18 having the highest risk for abnormal cytology. CONCLUSION Our findings support the hypothesis that second-generation HPV prophylactic vaccines including HPV-52 and -58 may offer higher protection for women residing in Chaozhou and neighboring cities in Guangdong.
Inversion and Contrast Polarity Reversal Affect both Encoding and Recognition Processes of Unfamiliar Faces: A Repetition Study Using ERPs

Using ERPs in a face recognition task, we investigated whether inversion and contrast reversal, which seem to disrupt different aspects of face configuration, differentially affected encoding and memory for faces. Upright, inverted, and negative (contrast-reversed) unknown faces were either immediately repeated (0-lag) or repeated after 1 intervening face (1-lag). The encoding condition (new) consisted of the first presentation of items correctly recognized in the two repeated conditions. 0-lag faces were recognized better and faster than 1-lag faces. Inverted and negative pictures elicited longer reaction times, lower hit rates, and higher false alarm rates than upright faces. ERP analyses revealed that negative and inverted faces affected both early (encoding) and late (recognition) stages of face processing. Early components (N170, VPP) were delayed and enhanced by both inversion and contrast reversal which also affected P1 and P2 components. Amplitudes were higher for inverted faces at frontal and parietal sites from 350 to 600 ms. Priming effects were seen at encoding stages, revealed by shorter latencies and smaller amplitudes of N170 for repeated stimuli, which did not differ depending on face type. Repeated faces yielded more positive amplitudes than new faces from 250 to 450 ms frontally and from 400 to 600 ms parietally. However, ERP differences revealed that the magnitude of this repetition effect was smaller for negative and inverted than upright faces at 0-lag but not at 1-lag condition. Thus, face encoding and recognition processes were affected by inversion and contrast-reversal differently.
Visual Acuity in Orbital Floor Fractures: Does Surgical Subspecialty Management Matter?

Purpose:At the time of this writing, there is no consensus regarding orbital floor fracture (OFFx) management. Proper management of OFFxs is imperative to help prevent well known complications and the possibility of decreased visual acuity (VA). The VA outcomes have been largely underreported in the literature. The current study identifies the complications of the different subspecialty management including VA outcome. Methods:A retrospective chart review study was performed to identify patients who suffered an OFFx and were managed by ophthalmology alone or in conjunction with either ENT or oral maxillofacial surgery at a single hospital. The primary outcome included VA at injury and subsequent visits. Secondary outcomes included epiphora, diplopia, enophthalmos, infraorbital dysesthesia, and decreased motility. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel 2007 using the Student t-test to find a P value < 0.05. Results:There were 54 patients with OFFx. The majority were Black (83.3%) and men (77.8%) with their average age at time of injury being 37.6 (SE = 17.02) years. The majority of OFFxs were secondary to assault (65%). The average follow-up was 2.84 (SE = 5.38) months. The 34 patients who did not undergo surgical correction had statistically significant improvement of their VA by 1 week after injury (P = 0.02). There was no statistically significant improvement in VA outcomes for surgical patients of ophthalmology (P = 0.45) or oral maxillofacial surgery (P = 0.12). Conclusions:Patients undergoing OFFx repair did not have improved VA. The VA of nonsurgical patients was statistically significantly improved by 1 week after injury (P = 0.02).