Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychological subtyping finds pathological, impulsive, and 'normal' groups among adolescents who self-harm.

BACKGROUND Research to date suggests that as many as 12-15% of young people engage in self-harm behaviour; however, the current understanding of the psychological basis of adolescent self-harm is limited. The objective was to determine whether adolescents who self-harm are a psychologically homogenous group. It was hypothesised that psychological subtypes would exist and these groups would report different rates of self-harm. METHOD Nine hundred and forty-four school students aged 11 to 19 and 166 first-year psychology students aged 21 or younger completed a self-report questionnaire. Participants were aged 11 to 21 (mean = 15.4, SD = 2.1). Sixty-two percent of the sample were female (n = 692). Students were allocated to psychologically distinct groups. Rates of self-harm were compared for the psychological subtypes of self-harmers. RESULTS Two hundred and thirty-four participants reported lifetime self-harm (21.1%; 95% CI 19-23%) and 78 reported recent self-harm (7.0%; 95% CI 6.7-7.3%). The present study identified three psychologically quite distinct groups of adolescents within those who reported self-harm - a psychologically pathological group, a psychologically 'normal' group, and an impulsive group. The pathological group reported the highest rate of recent self-harm (50.9%); the psychologically 'normal' and impulsive groups reported similar rates of self-harm (28.7% and 24.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Adolescents who self-harm are not a psychologically homogenous group. One pathological subtype of self-harmers appears to most closely reflect a number of the psychological and social factors previously associated with self-harm. However, a large proportion of the sample was allocated the psychologically 'normal' subtype. This finding highlights the importance of psychological screening of adolescents presenting for treatment for self-harm as subtypes of self-harmers may require disparate strategies for intervention. Further research is required in order to identify appropriate treatment strategies for each subtype.
Two Cases of Intranasal Naloxone Self-Administration in Opioid Overdose

Background Overdose is a leading cause of death for former prisoners, exacting its greatest toll during the first 2 weeks post release. Protective effects have been observed with training individuals at high risk of overdose and prescribing them naloxone, an opioid antagonist that reverses the effects of the opioid-induced respiratory depression that causes death. Cases The authors report 2 people with opiate use histories who self-administered intranasal naloxone to treat their own heroin overdoses following release from prison. Patient A is a 34-year-old male, who reported having experienced an overdose on heroin the day after he was released from incarceration. Patient B is a 29-year-old female, who reported an overdose on her first injection of heroin, 17 days post release from incarceration. Both patients self-administered the medication but were assisted at some point during the injury by a witness whom they had personally instructed in how to prepare and administer the medication. Neither patient experienced withdrawal symptoms following exposure to naloxone. Discussion Self-administration of naloxone should not be a goal of overdose death prevention training. A safer, more reliable approach is to prescribe naloxone to at-risk patients and train and also equip members of their household and social or drug-using networks in overdose prevention and response.
Food , drug , insect sting allergy , and anaphylaxis Lipid transfer protein ( Ara h 9 ) as a new peanut allergen relevant for a Mediterranean allergic population

Background: Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) represent potent pollen and food allergens. However, the allergenic properties of peanut LTP have not been studied. Objective: To identify LTP in peanut extract using sera from subjects with peanut allergy and Pru p 3–sensitized subjects from Southern Europe, clone and express this protein, and obtain information on the importance as allergen for these selected patients. Methods: Peanut LTP (Ara h 9) was cloned and sequenced by using a combination of bioinformatic and molecular biology tools (PCR, immunoblotting, Basic Local Alignment Search Tool [BLAST] searches). The immunologic properties of Ara h 9, Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 3 were studied by using sera from subjects with peanut and peach allergy from Italy by immunoblotting and allergen microarray technology. Results: Two Ara h 9 isoforms—Ara h 9.01 and Ara h 9.02—were cloned and expressed. Ara h 9 represented a minor allergen for subjects with peanut allergy. However, including Ara h 9 as single component for serologic detection of sensitization to peanut by component-resolved diagnosis seems crucial, because the frequency of sensitization to the classic major peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 3 was low in these patients from Southern Europe. Conclusion: Ara h 9 is a new member of the LTP allergen family that seems to play an important role in peanut allergy for patients from the Mediterranean area. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;124:771-8.)
Molecular recognition of rosmarinic acid from Salvia sclareoides extracts by acetylcholinesterase: a new binding site detected by NMR spectroscopy.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition is one of the most currently available therapies for the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms. In this context, NMR spectroscopy binding studies were accomplished to explain the inhibition of AChE activity by Salvia sclareoides extracts. HPLC-MS analyses of the acetone, butanol and water extracts eluted with methanol and acidified water showed that rosmarinic acid is present in all the studied samples and is a major constituent of butanol and water extracts. Moreover, luteolin 4'-O-glucoside, luteolin 3',7-di-O-glucoside and luteolin 7-O-(6''-O-acetylglucoside) were identified by MS(2) and MS(3) data acquired during the LC-MS(n) runs. Quantification of rosmarinic acid by HPLC with diode-array detection (DAD) showed that the butanol extract is the richest one in this component (134 μg mg(-1) extract). Saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy binding experiments of S. sclareoides crude extracts in the presence of AChE in buffer solution determined rosmarinic acid as the only explicit binder for AChE. Furthermore, the binding epitope and the AChE-bound conformation of rosmarinic acid were further elucidated by STD and transferred NOE effect (trNOESY) experiments. As a control, NMR spectroscopy binding experiments were also carried out with pure rosmarinic acid, thus confirming the specific interaction and inhibition of this compound against AChE. The binding site of AChE for rosmarinic acid was also investigated by STD-based competition binding experiments using Donepezil, a drug currently used to treat AD, as a reference. These competition experiments demonstrated that rosmarinic acid does not compete with Donepezil for the same binding site. A 3D model of the molecular complex has been proposed. Therefore, the combination of the NMR spectroscopy based data with molecular modelling has permitted us to detect a new binding site in AChE, which could be used for future drug development.
The effect of SLCO1B1*15 on the disposition of pravastatin and pitavastatin is substrate dependent: the contribution of transporting activity changes by SLCO1B1*15

Objective This study was addressed to understand the underlying mechanism of the substrate-dependent effect of genetic variation in SLCO1B1, which encodes OATP1B1 (organic anion transporting polypeptide) transporter, on the disposition of two OATP1B1 substrates, pravastatin and pitavastatin, in relation to their transport activities. Methods The uptake of pravastatin, pitavastatin, and fluvastatin was measured in oocytes overexpressing SLCO1B1*1a and SLCO1B1*15 to compare the alterations of in-vitro transporting activity. After 40-mg pravastatin or 4-mg pitavastatin was administered to 11 healthy volunteers with homozygous genotypes of SLCO1B1*1a/*1a and SLCO1B1*15/*15, the pharmacokinetic parameters of pravastatin and pitavastatin were compared among participants with SLCO1B1*1a/*1a and SLCO1B1*15/*15 genotypes. Results The uptake of pravastatin and pitavastatin in SLCO1B1*15 overexpressing oocytes was decreased compared with that in SLCO1B1*15, but no change occurred with fluvastatin. The fold change of in-vitro intrinsic clearance (Clint) for pitavastatin in SLCO1B1*15 compared with SLCO1B1*1a was larger than that of pravastatin (P<0.0001). The clearance (Cl/F) of pitavastatin was decreased to a greater degree in participant with SLCO1B1*15/*15 compared with that of pravastatin in vivo (P<0.01), consistent with in-vitro study. As a result, Cmax and area under the plasma concentration–time curve of these nonmetabolized substrates were increased by SLCO1B1*15 variant. The greater decrease in the transport activity for pitavastatin in SLCO1B1*15 variant compared with SLCO1B1*1a was, however, associated with the greater effect on the pharmacokinetics of pitavastatin compared with pravastatin in relation to the SLCO1B1 genetic polymorphism. Conclusion This study suggests that substrate dependency in the consequences of the SLCO1B1*15 variant could modulate the effect of SLCO1B1 polymorphism on the disposition of pitavastatin and pravastatin.
Genetic polymorphisms in the 5′-flanking region of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 affect the Nrf2-dependent transcriptional regulation

Objectives Human uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) plays important roles in the metabolism of some clinical drugs, carcinogens, and steroid hormones. The molecular mechanisms of the inducible expression of UGT2B7 in response to xenobiotics have not been fully clarified. We sought to investigate whether the UGT2B7 is under the control of NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a key transcriptional factor regulating the expression of cytoprotective enzymes. Methods HepG2, HuH7, HLE, and Caco-2 cells were treated with sulforaphane (SFN), and the UGT2B7 mRNA levels were determined by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. These cells were genotyped for the UGT2B7*2 (H268Y) allele using the PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Luciferase analyses and gel shift analyses were performed to identify the responsive regions for Nrf2 signaling. Results The UGT2B7 mRNA was induced by SFN in HepG2 and HuH7 genotyped as UGT2B7*1/*1, but not in HLE and Caco-2 cells genotyped as UGT2B7*2/*2. In HepG2 cells, the UGT2B7 protein level and morphine glucuronosyltransferase activity were also significantly induced by SFN. The induction was prominently decreased with small interfering RNA for Nrf2. In the 5′-flanking region (−2.5 kb) of the UGT2B7*2 allele, a 324-base pair insertion at −2067 and 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms simultaneously existed. Luciferase analyses and gel shift analyses revealed that an antioxidant responsive element at −1170 was responsible for the transactivation by Nrf2. In addition, a region from −990 to −858 on the UGT2B7*1 allele was also responsible for the transactivation by Nrf2. Abrogation of the Nrf2-dependent transactivation of the UGT2B7*2 allele was owing to the single nucleotide polymorphism −900A>G. Conclusion UGT2B7 is transcriptionally regulated by Nrf2, but the mechanism is hindered by polymorphisms in the promoter region of UGT2B7*2. The allele-specific mechanism may cause variability of the glucuronidation in response to oxidative stress.
The Influence of Supervisory Neglect on Subtypes of Emerging Adult Substance Use after Controlling for Familial Factors, Relationship Status, and Individual Traits

Background This study is the first to explore how child supervisory neglect influences patterns of substance use among young adults. This study investigated patterns of substance use among males and females, 18 to 24 years old, after controlling for adolescent parental drinking, living with parents, relationship status, delinquency, and depression. Methods The study sample (N = 10,618) included individuals who participated in Waves I (1994–1995) and III (2001–2002) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The study used latent class analysis to ascertain how patterns of substance use emerged as distinct classes. Results For both males and females, we identified the following 4 classes of substance use: (1) heavy polysubstance use, (2) moderate polysubstance use, (3) alcohol and marijuana, and (4) low-use substance use patterns. Multinomial logistic regression indicated that, for both males and females 18 to 24 years old, experiencing supervisory neglect, being depressed, being single, and engaging in adolescent delinquency serve as risk factors for heavy polysubstance use class membership. Conversely, being black or Hispanic lowered the likelihood of polysubstance use for males and females. For females only, living with parents served as a protective factor that reduced the risk of membership in heavy polysubstance use, moderate polysubstance use, and alcohol and marijuana classes. For males only, being less educated increased the risk of heavy polysubstance use class membership. Conclusions Results from this exploratory study underscore the enduring effect of supervisory neglect on substance use among male and female young adults. Future studies should explore whether these relationships hold over time.
Service Delivery and Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol Use Disorder in the Era of Health Reform: Data from A National Sample of Treatment Organizations

Background Although there is a growing literature examining organizational characteristics and medication adoption, little is known about service delivery differences between specialty treatment organizations that have and have not adopted pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder (AUD). This study compares adopters and nonadopters across a range of treatment services, including levels of care, availability of tailored services for specific populations, treatment philosophy and counseling orientations, and adoption of comprehensive wraparound services. Methods In-person interviews were conducted with program leaders from a national sample of 372 organizations that deliver AUD treatment services in the United States. Results About 23.6% of organizations had adopted at least 1 AUD medication. Organizations offering pharmacotherapy were similar to nonadopters across many measures of levels of care, tailored services, treatment philosophy, and social services. The primary area of difference between the 2 groups was for services related to health problems other than AUD. Pharmacotherapy adopters were more likely to offer primary medical care, medications for smoking cessation, and services to address co-occurring psychiatric conditions. Conclusions Service delivery differences were modest between adopters and nonadopters of AUD pharmacotherapy, with the exception of health-related services. However, the greater adoption of health-related services by organizations offering AUD pharmacotherapy represents greater medicalization of treatment, which may mean these programs are more strongly positioned to respond to opportunities for integration under health reform.
Borderline personality symptoms differentiate non-suicidal and suicidal self-injury in ethnically diverse adolescent outpatients.

BACKGROUND There is little research on how specific borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms relate to suicide attempts or suicide and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) within adolescent populations, which is important to know given the recent proposal of an NSSI disorder. Even less well known is whether specific BPD symptoms distinguish NSSI from suicide attempts or differentiate single from repeated acts of either suicide or NSSI. METHOD Archival, de-identified outpatient clinical charts from 441 ethnically diverse (4.3% Caucasian; 70.9% female) adolescents (mean age = 14.9, SD = 1.61) were reviewed. Data pertaining to NSSI, suicide attempt history, BPD symptoms, and psychiatric diagnoses were obtained from self-report measures and semi-structured interviews administered at intake. RESULTS MANOVA and logistic regression analyses revealed significant differences across groups, with the BPD symptoms of 'confusion about self' and 'unstable interpersonal relationships' significantly predicting NSSI and NSSI+Suicide group status. The number of BPD criteria met plus high levels of confusion about self significantly predicted single vs. repeat self-harm group membership. CONCLUSIONS Two BPD symptoms exhibit distinct relationships to NSSI and suicide attempts, but there is not strong variation in their relationship to BPD. Treatment addressing BPD symptoms may be useful to reducing both NSSI and suicide in ethnically diverse adolescents.
A Demonstration Project Implementing Extended-Release Naltrexone in Los Angeles County

Background Extended-released naltrexone (XR-NTX) is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medication associated with higher rates of abstinence, reduced cravings, and delayed relapse to use. However, there is a dearth of literature on real-world implementation of XR-NTX. The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, in collaboration with UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, developed a demonstration project to inc'rease access to XR-NTX. This article describes that project, along with data on the expansion of XR-NTX service delivery and patient uptake. Methods A secondary descriptive data analysis of demographics, substance use history, current substance use behaviors, health-related variables, and dosing records was conducted on 609 patients who received XR-NTX from Los Angeles County substance use disorder (SUD) treatment facilities from April 2010 through July 2013. A geographic information system approach mapped the distribution of XR-NTX–referring agencies across Los Angeles County. Results Of the 609 records analyzed, a majority of patients (64%) obtained more than 1 dose of XR-NTX. Most XR-NTX patients reported alcohol use disorder (71.9%; n = 438). Compared with the general Los Angeles County substance use disorder patients, XR-NTX recipients reported more severe substance use histories. Finally, XR-NTX was accessed by providers in 6 of the 8 Service Planning Areas of Los Angeles County. Conclusions These findings reflect a higher XR-NTX cessation rate and a lower average number of doses, in contrast to similar demonstration projects in community settings with patients on parole or probation. However, this study shows that it is feasible to engage treatment providers in the use XR-NTX among their patients with alcohol or opioid use disorders. Several implications for future research and implementation are discussed.
Post-adoption contact, adoption communicative openness, and satisfaction with contact as predictors of externalizing behavior in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

BACKGROUND This study examined the relation between three variables related to adoptive family relationships (post-adoption contact between adoptive and birth family members, adoption communicative openness, and satisfaction with contact) and adoptee externalizing behavior in adolescence and emerging adulthood. METHOD The study included 190 families of infant-placed, domestic adoptees during childhood, adolescence, and emerging adulthood. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze predictors of externalizing behavior from contact (adoptive parents and adolescent reports), adoption communicative openness (adoptive mothers), and satisfaction with contact (adoptive parents and adolescent). RESULTS Externalizing behavior showed moderate stability across childhood, adolescence, and emerging adulthood. Contact and adoption communicative openness were related to each other, but not to externalizing behaviors in adolescence or emerging adulthood. Controlling for the effect of Childhood Externalizing, adoptive families most satisfied with contact reported relative declines in adoptee externalizing behavior during adolescence compared to those in less satisfied families. Satisfaction was also indirectly associated with Emerging Adult Externalizing, through its effect on Adolescent Externalizing. CONCLUSIONS Although contact and adoption communicative openness were highly correlated with each other, neither was related to adoptees' externalizing behavior in adolescence or emerging adulthood. Family-level satisfaction with contact was more predictive of externalizing outcomes.
Assessment of Provider Attitudes toward #Naloxone on Twitter

Background As opioid overdose rates continue to pose a major public health crisis, the need for naloxone treatment by emergency first responders is critical. Little is known about the views of those who administer naloxone. The current study examines attitudes of health professionals on the social media platform Twitter to better understand their perceptions of opioid users, the role of naloxone, and potential training needs. Methods Public comments on Twitter regarding naloxone were collected for a period of 3 consecutive months. The occupations of individuals who posted tweets were identified through Twitter profiles or hashtags. Categories of emergency service first responders and medical personnel were created. Qualitative analysis using a grounded theory approach was used to produce thematic content. The relationships between occupation and each theme were analyzed using Pearson chi-square statistics and post hoc analyses. Results A total of 368 individuals posted 467 naloxone-related tweets. Occupations consisted of professional first responders such as emergency medical technicians (EMTs), firefighters, and paramedics (n = 122); law enforcement officers (n = 70); nurses (n = 62); physicians (n = 48); other health professionals including pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, counselors, and social workers (n = 31); naloxone-trained individuals (n = 12); and students (n = 23). Primary themes included burnout, education and training, information seeking, news updates, optimism, policy and economics, stigma, and treatment. The highest levels of burnout, fatigue, and stigma regarding naloxone and opioid overdose were among nurses, EMTs, other health care providers, and physicians. In contrast, individuals who self-identified as “naloxone-trained” had the highest optimism and the lowest amount of burnout and stigma. Conclusions Provider training and refinement of naloxone administration procedures are needed to improve treatment outcomes and reduce provider stigma. Social networking sites such as Twitter may have potential for offering psychoeducation to health care providers.