Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sticky Information and the Locus of Problem Solving: Implications for Innovation

To solve a problem, needed information and problem-solving capabilities must be brought together. Often the information used in technical problem solving is costly to acquire, transfer, and use in a new location-is, in our terms, "sticky. " In this paper we explore the impact of information stickiness on the locus of innovation-related problem solving. We find, first, that when sticky information needed by problem solvers is held at one site only, problem solving will be carried out at that locus, other things being equal. Second, when more than one locus of sticky information is called upon by problem solvers, the locus of problem solving may iterate among these sites as problem solving proceeds. When the costs of such iteration are high, then, third, problems that draw upon multiple sites of sticky information will sometimes be "task partitioned" into subproblems that each draw on only one such locus, and/or, fourth, investments will be made to reduce the stickiness of information at some locations. Information stickiness appears to affect a number of issues of importance to researchers and practitioners. Among these are patterns in the diffusion of information, the specialization of firms, the locus of innovation, and the nature of problems selected by problem solvers.
Do outdoor recreation participants place their lands in conservation easements

In addition to encouraging people to become more physically active and healthy, participation in outdoor recreation helps to expose people to different instances of environmental degradation in places where they recreate. This exposure may also help people to become more environmentally aware and subsequently informed about environmental conservation programs such as conservation easements. Hence, this paper examined whether people participating in outdoor recreation activities have also placed their lands in conservation easements. Using national level data from the National Survey on Recreation and the Environment (NSRE) people who participated in land-based and water-based recreation activities were examined and grouped into consumptive and non-consumptive activities. Results indicated people who participated in land-based non-consumptive recreations have greater odds of placing their lands in conservation easements than people who participated in consumptive recreation activities.
Uji Toksisitas Bacillus thuringiensis Asal Kota Nganjuk Terhadap Larva Aedes aegypti

ABSTRAK Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) merupakan salah satu penyakit endemik di Indonesia dan menyebabkan banyak kematian penduduk, khususnya di Provinsi Jawa Timur. Kota Nganjuk memiliki tingkat kelimpahan larva Aedes aegypti tertinggi di Provinsi Jawa Timur pada tahun 2008-2010. Kota Nganjuk merupakan daerah fokus utama untuk penanganan penyakit endemik DBD di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan isolat Bacillus thuringiensis asal Kota Nganjuk yang paling efektif dalam membunuh larva Aedes aegypti . Sampel sedimen dan air diambil dari 10 lokasi di Kecamatan Nganjuk. Bakteri diisolasi menggunakan media selektif B. thuringiensis kemudian dilakukan karakterisasi fenotip ( Profil Matching Method ), seleksi isolat yang patogen dan uji toksisitas (LC 50 ) pada larva nyamuk Aedes aegypti instar III. Persentase mortalitas larva dianalisis probit (LC 50 ) dan ragam ( ANOVA ). Hasil isolasi mendapatkan dua isolat B. thuringiensis yaitu K.K1. S.K2 dan W.Swh. S.K2 dari 26 isolat bakteri yang mampu membunuh larva Aedes aegypti instar III lebih dari 50 %. Isolat K.K1. S.K2 serta W.Swh. S.K2 dengan umur biakan 48 jam pada waktu pendedahan 72 jam efektif membunuh larva Aedes aegypti instar III secara berurutan yaitu 83,3 % dan 76,67 %. Isolat W.Swh. S.K2 hasil isolasi dari sampel sedimen memiliki toksisitas tertinggi dengan nilai LC 50 48 jam sebesar 3,53x10 7 sel/ml. Kata Kunci : Aedes aegypti, Bacillus thuringiensis , Demam Berdarah Dengue , Uji Toksisitas
Impact of Urbanization and Land-Use Change on Surface Climate in Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, 1988–2008

Land-use/land cover change (LUCC) is one of the fundamental causes of global environmental change. In recent years, understanding the regional climate impact of LUCC has become a hot-discussed topic worldwide. Some studies have explored LUCC impact on regional climate in specific cities, provinces, or farming areas. However, the quick-urbanized areas, which are highly influenced by human activities, have the most severe land-use changes in developing countries, and their climatic impact cannot be ignored. This study aims to identify the impact of land-use change coupled with urbanization on regional temperature and precipitation in the metropolitan areas of middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China by means of spatial analysis and numeric methods. Based on the exploration of land-use change and climate change during 1988–2008, the impact of land-use transition from non-built-up area to built-up area on temperature and precipitation was analyzed. The results indicated that the land-use conversion has affected the regional temperature with an increasing effect in the study area, while the influence on precipitation was not so significant. The results can provide useful information for spatial planning policies in consideration of regional climate change.
Anaerobic carbon mineralization through sulphate reduction in the inner shelf sediments of eastern Arabian Sea

Monsoon-induced coastal upwelling, land run-off, benthic and atmospheric inputs make the western Indian shelf waters biologically productive that is expected to lead to high rates of mineralization of organic matter (OM) in the sediments. Dissimilatory sulphate reduction (SR) is a major pathway of OM mineralization in near-shore marine sediments owing to depletion of other energetically more profitable electron acceptors (O2, NO3, Mn and Fe oxides)within few millimetres of the sediment-water interface. We carried out first ever studyto quantify SR ratesin the inner shelf sediments off Goa(central west coast of India) using the 35S radiotracer technique. The highest rates were recorded in the upper 10 cm of the sediment cores and decreased gradually thereafter below detection. Despite significant SR activity in the upper ~ 12 to 21 cm at most of the sites, porewatersulphate concentrations generally did not show much variation with depth. The depth integrated SR rate (0.066 0.46 mol m-2 y-1) decreased with increasing water depth. Free sulphide was present in low concentrations (0-3μM)in pore waters atshallowstations(depth <30 m). However, high build-up of sulphide (100-600μM) in pore waters was observed at two deeper stations(depths 39m and 48 m),7-11cm below the sediment-water interface. The total iron content of the sediment decreased from ~7% to 5% from the shallowest to the deepest station. The high pyrite content indicates that the shelf sediments act as a sink for sulphideaccounting for the low free sulphide levels in pore water. In the moderately organic rich (2-3.5%) sediments off Goa, the measured SR ratesare much lower than those reported from other upwelling areas, especially off Namibia and Peru.The amount of organic carbon remineralised via sulphate reduction was ~0.52mol m-2 y-1. With an estimated average organic carbon accumulation rate of ~5.6 (±0.5) mol m-2 y-1, it appears thatthe bulk of organic matter gets preserved in sediments in the study region.
The micronucleus test: examples of application to marine ecology

Marine mussels Mytdus galloprovincialis were examined from stations in the Venice Lagoon and La Spezia Roads (Italy) characterized by different degrees of pollution. Frequencies of micronuclei detected in gill tissue are suggested as a technique for rapid, easy and sensitive monitoring of environmental genotoxicity.
Empirical Investigation of Covered Interest Rate Parity in Developed and Emerging Markets

We use deviations in the covered interest rate parity (CIRP) condition to examine violations of the law of one price (LOP). We use the time periods around the recent financial crisis to examine the dynamics of CIRP violations. We find that, for both developed and emerging economies, LOP tends to hold during normal economic times but that it is severely violated during periods of financial distress. In addition, we examine the determinants of CIRP deviations. Our results indicate that, in developed economies, CIRP deviations are primarily driven by global risk factors. In emerging economies, however, CIRP deviations are driven by both global and local risk factors.
Effects of R&D Expenditure on the Profitability of Iran Industrial Firms

This study estimates returns to Research and Development (R&D) Iranian industries. We use a panel data set of Iranian two-digit ISIC manufacturing industries, over the period 2001-2009. The results show that R&D expenditure has a positive and significant effect on profitability. The result shows the great influence of R&D expenditure on profitability of this sector. In other words, these sorts of expenditure have been main effects in increasing the profitability of these industries. We also find that advertisement expenditure and market concentration is an effective factor on profitability.
The large-scale properties of simulated cosmological magnetic fields

We perform uniformly sampled large-scale cosmological simulations including magnetic fields with the moving mesh code AREPO. We run two sets of MHD simulations: one including adiabatic gas physics only; the other featuring the fiducial feedback model of the Illustris simulation. In the adiabatic case, the magnetic field amplification follows the $B \propto \rho^{2/3}$ scaling derived from `flux-freezing' arguments, with the seed field strength providing an overall normalization factor. At high baryon overdensities the amplification is enhanced by shear flows and turbulence. Feedback physics and the inclusion of radiative cooling change this picture dramatically. In haloes, gas collapses to much larger densities and the magnetic field is amplified strongly and to the same maximum intensity irrespective of the initial seed field of which any memory is lost. At lower densities a dependence on the seed field strength and orientation, which in principle can be used to constrain models of cosmic magnetogenesis, is still present. Inside the most massive haloes magnetic fields reach values of $\sim 10-100\,\,{\rm \mu G}$, in agreement with galaxy cluster observations. The topology of the field is tangled and gives rise to rotation measure signals in reasonable agreement with the observations. However, the rotation measure signal declines too rapidly towards larger radii as compared to observational data.
The Common Operational Picture as Collective Sensemaking

The common operational picture is used to overcome coordination and information management problems during emergency response. Increasingly, this approach is incorporated in more advanced information systems. This is rooted in an ‘information warehouse’ perspective, which implies information can be collected, sorted and exchanged in an accessible and univocal form. In practice, however, professionals interpret similar information differently. Therefore, we focus on how emergency responders develop collective sensemaking from information. We employ a ‘trading zone’ perspective, in which information is negotiated, to study information management in an ethnographic study of disaster exercises in the Netherlands. Our analysis shows how professionals attribute different meanings to information that distorts the coordination process. We end by stressing the importance of actionable knowledge and reflexivity.
Limited male dispersal in a social spider with extreme inbreeding

Cooperatively breeding animals commonly avoid incestuous mating through pre-mating dispersal. However, a few group-living organisms, including the social spiders, have low pre-mating dispersal, intra-colony mating, and inbreeding. This results in limited gene flow among colonies and sub-structured populations. The social spiders also exhibit female-biased sex ratios because survival benefits to large colonies favour high group productivity, which selects against 1 : 1 sex ratios. Although propagule dispersal of mated females may occasionally bring about limited gene flow, little is known about the role of male dispersal. We assessed the extent of male movement between colonies in natural populations both experimentally and by studying colony sex ratios over the mating season. We show that males frequently move to neighbouring colonies, whereas only 4% of incipient nests were visited by dispersing males. Neighbouring colonies are genetically similar and movement within colony clusters does not contribute to gene flow. Post-mating sex ratio bias was high early in the mating season due to protandry, and also in colonies at the end of the season, suggesting that males remain in the colony when mated females have dispersed. Thus, male dispersal is unlikely to facilitate gene flow between different matrilineages. This is consistent with models of non-Fisherian group-level selection for the maintenance of female biased sex ratios, which predict the elimination of male dispersal. (Less)
Manifestations of Relationship Conceptualizations in Conversation

A question fundamental to the study of interpersonal communication in close relationships is how the characteristics people associate with their relationships are evident in their conversation. We begin by explicating 3 key aspects of relationship conceptualizations: reliance on relational knowledge, interdependence, and mutual commitment. Then we advance hypotheses linking those relationship conceptualizations with features of people's content and relational messages. We report the results of a study in which 120 dating couples engaged in videotaped conversations. Findings offered modest support for our predictions regarding reliance on relational knowledge; results were less consistent with our hypotheses involving interdependence and mutual commitment. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for understanding how perceptions of relationships are apparent in conversation.
Applying SMS and sustainability principles to airport wildife hazard management

Collisions between aircraft and wildlife constitute a problem with serious economic, environmental and safety implications. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has created and introduced a standard for Safety Management System (SMS) in aviation corporations. Airports implement a Wildlife Hazard Management Plan (WHMP) to mitigate the risk from aircraft-wildlife strikes. The available wildlife strike risk assessment methods are not accepted internationally as a common standard and published material is lacking related to integrating WHMP into SMS. The aim of this study was to provide a structured and holistic approach to airport wildlife hazard management and raise awareness of aviation safety and sustainability. The objectives of our empirical research were 1) to evaluate the wildlife strike risk assessment methods, 2) to provide an SMS approach to WHMP and 3) to design a sustainable development strategy for a WHMP. This research study gathered data with the development of two questionnaires and their distribution to airports and other industry stakeholders. The usefulness of the current wildlife strike risk assessment methodologies is highly debated and questioned. We provide an initial guide to integrate WHMP into SMS and we incorporate the existing best practices for the sustainable development of a WHMP. The promotion of a safety culture and its components are also discussed. This study provides a useful guide to airport wildlife hazard managers (AWHM), airport safety managers (ASM) and to the World Birdstrike Association (WBA) with its recent Joint Action Plan to bring about innovative solutions to mitigate wildlife strike risk and improve flight safety.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Origin of the Mariano Lake Uranium Deposit, McKinley County, New Mexico By

The Mariano Lake uranium deposit, hosted by the Brushy Basin Member of the Jurassic Morrison Formation, occurs in the trough of an east-west trending syncline at the western end of the Smith Lake-Mariano Lake group of uranium deposits near Crownpoint, New Mexico. The orebody, which contains abundant amorphous organic material, is situated on the reduced side of a regional reduction-oxidation (redox) interface. The presence of amorphous organic material suggests the orebody may represent a tabular (primary) deposit, whereas the close proximity of the orebody to the redox interface is suggestive that uranium was secondarily redistributed by oxidative processes from pre-existing tabular orebodies. Uranium contents correlate positively with both orqanic carbon and vanadium contents. Petrographic evidence and scanninq electron microscopeenergy dispersive analyses point to uranium residence in the epigentically introduced amorphous organic material, which coats detrital grains and fills voids. Uranium mineralization was preceded by the following diagenetic
The Changing Learning Needs of Saudi Student Nurses

The study assessed the changing learning needs of Saudi student nurses as input to nursing curriculum. It identified the specific changing learning needs in three different domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. Also, responses of faculty members to the students’ changing learning needs were determined. Relationship between the changing learning needs of students and responses of faculty members proposed inputs to nursing curriculum. The study was a descriptive cross sectional and correlational survey method. The respondents were 100 student nurses and interns, and 13 nursing faculty members of Al Ghad International Colleges for Applied Medical Sciences purposely chosen based on research criteria set by the researchers. An adapted questionnaire was used and translated its content into Arabic language. Several ways were carried out to achieve content validity before it was submitted to the research committee of the colleges and respective deans for distribution approval. A total of 100 students and 13 faculty participated in the study purposely chosen based on the criteria set by the researchers. Results were analyzed through quantitative statistics. The findings revealed that Saudi student nurses’ cognitive changing learning needs were focused on the application of student-learner approach in the classroom and educational field trips to different hospitals and health care settings. As to affective, Saudi student nurses’ topped those needs for recreational activities to build confidence and self-esteem, stress management techniques and group activities for active participation. In terms of psychomotor, the highest changing learning needs were the availability of learning materials specific to students’ needs and challenging programs outside the classroom that promotes learning. The response of faculty members based on the changing learning needs of student nurses was to attend seminars and conferences to broaden knowledge on their field of specialization to provide students with new knowledge and skills. Psychomotor domain is significant to the changing learning needs of student nurses. The study concluded that there is a need to modify and redesign the existing nursing curriculum based on the changing learning needs of student nurses. Continuing education, training and professional development of nursing faculty members is vital to meet the changing learning needs of Saudi student nurses.
Estimating the Compliance Costs of Securities Regulation: A Bunching Approach

Many provisions of US securities law – most notably auditor attestation of internal controls under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) legislation enacted in 2002 – apply only to firms that have a public float (i.e. the market value of shares held by non-insiders) of at least $75 million. Public float is not reported in standard databases; we “scrape” comprehensive public float data from firms’ 10-K filings, yielding about 161,000 observations for the universe of reporting entities for fiscal years 1993-2015. We use a “bunching” analysis that compares the number of observations immediately below the $75 million threshold to a smooth counterfactual density. Prior to the introduction of the threshold (i.e. over 1993-2002), there is no detectable bunching. Over 2003-2015, there is substantial and statistically significant bunching below the threshold, especially around $70 million. The magnitude of bunching implies that firms around the threshold reduce their public float by about $1.7 million on average. Under certain assumptions, the amount of bunching can be used to estimate the net compliance costs borne by all firms above the threshold. The results are robust to considering various alternative explanations for bunching. We also explore potential financial and economic consequences of bunching, in particular on the debt financing and investment choices of firms close to threshold. JEL Classification: K22; G38
MaGICC discs: matching observed galaxy relationships over a wide stellar mass range

We use the same physical model to simulate four galaxies that match the relation between stellar and total mass, over a mass range that includes the vast majority of disc galaxies. The resultant galaxies, part of the Making Galaxies in a Cosmological Context (MaGICC) programme, also match observed relations between luminosity, rotation velocity, size, colour, star formation rate, H I mass, baryonic mass and metallicity. Radiation energy feedback from massive stars and supernova energy balance the complex interplay between cooling gas, regulated star formation, large-scale outflows and recycling of gas in a manner which correctly scales with the mass of the galaxy. Outflows, driven by the expansion of shells and superbubbles of overlapping supernova explosions, also play a key role in simulating galaxies with exponential surface brightness profiles, flat rotation curves and dark matter cores. Our study implies that large-scale outflows are the primary driver of the dependence of disc galaxy properties on mass. We show that the degree of outflows invoked in our model is required to meet the constraints provided by observations of O VI absorption lines in the circumgalactic media of nearby galaxies.
Imbrications of Certain Cucurbit Crops Characteristics with the Two-Spotted Spider Mite Infestation

The cucurbits; Sudanian watermelon, Sitrullus lanatus var. colocynthoides, Snake watermelon, Cucumis melo var. flexuous and squash, Cucurbita pepo L. were checked weekly to get relationship between the infestation with the twospotted spider mite, and certain chemical and morphological leaf characteristics. The experiment was carried out in two districts; Bahar El-Bakar; south Port Said governorate and El-Hosainia plain, north El-Sharkia governorate; throughout the two successive growing seasons 2007 and 2008.The population of the mite Tetranychus urticae Koch varied according to the crop, season and district. Peak of infestation (29.4 individual/inch) occurred in July,2007 and (31.1 indiviuals/inch) in July,2008.The morphological characteristic cleared that Sudanian watermelon has thick hairiness leaves compared with those of Snake watermelon (hairy), whereas Squash leaves are nearly hairless. Chemical determinations of protein, carbohydrates, fats and crude fiber were (10.3, 70.1, 2.7 and 6.3 %) in Sudanian watermelon, (9.1, 56.7, 1.6 and 15.1%) in Snake watermelon and (7.2, 58.1, 1.5 and 15.4%) in Squash, respectively. Mite population positively correlated with increasing nutrient contents of leaves e.g. as crude proteins, crude fats, and carbohydrates and leaves hair.