Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Euro and European Financial Market Dependence

A time-varying copula model is used to investigate the impact of the introduction of the Euro on the dependence between 17 European stock markets during the period 1994–2003. The model is implemented with a GJR-GARCH-MA-t model for the marginal distributions and the Gaussian copula for the joint distribution, which allows capturing time-varying, non-linear relationships. The results show that, within the Euro area, market dependence increased after the introduction of the common currency only for large equity markets, such as in France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain. Structural break tests indicate that the increase in financial market dependence started around the beginning of 1998 when Euro membership was determined and the relevant information was announced. The UK and Sweden, but not other European countries outside the Euro area, are found to exhibit an increase in equity market co-movement, which is consistent with the interpretation that these countries may be expected to join the Euro in the future.
An interferometric CO survey of luminous submillimetre galaxies

In this paper, we present results from an Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimetrique (IRAM) Plateau de Bure millimetre-wave Interferometer (PdBI) survey for carbon monoxide (CO) emission towards radio-detected submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) with known optical and near-infrared spectroscopic redshifts. Five sources in the redshift range z ∼ 1-3.5 were detected, nearly doubling the number of SMGs detected in CO. We summarize the properties of all 12 CO-detected SMGs, as well as six sources not detected in CO by our survey, and use this sample to explore the bulk physical properties of the submillimetre galaxy (SMG) population as a whole. The median CO line luminosity of the SMGs is = (3.8 ± 2.0) × 10 10 K km s -1 pc 2 . Using a CO-to-H 2 conversion factor appropriate for starburst galaxies, this corresponds to a molecular gas mass = (3.0 ± 1.6) x 10 10 M ○. within an ∼ 2 kpc radius, approximately 4 times greater than the most luminous local ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) but comparable to that of the most extreme high-redshift radio galaxies (HzRGs) and quasi-sellar objects (QSOs). The median CO FWHM linewidth is broad, (FWHM) = 780 ± 320 km s -1 , and the SMGs often have double-peaked line profiles, indicative of either a merger or a disc. From their median gas reservoirs (∼ 3 x 10 10 M ○. ) and star formation rates (≥ 700 M ○. yr -1 ), we estimate a lower limit on the typical gas-depletion time-scale of ≥ 40 Myr in SMGs. This is marginally below the typical age expected for the starbursts in SMGs and suggests that negative feedback processes may play an important role in prolonging the gas consumption time-scale. We find a statistically significant correlation between the far-infrared and CO luminosities of the SMGs, which extends the observed correlation for local ULIRGs to higher luminosities and higher redshifts. The non-linear nature of the correlation implies that SMGs have higher far-infrared to CO luminosity ratios and possibly higher star formation efficiencies (SFEs), than local ULIRGs. Assuming a typical CO source diameter of θ ∼ 0.5 arcsec (D ∼ 4kpc), we estimate a median dynamical mass of ≃ (1.2 ± 1.5) x 10 11 M ○. for the SMG sample. Both the total gas and stellar masses imply that SMGs are very massive systems, dominated by baryons in their central regions. The baryonic and dynamical properties of these systems mirror those of local giant ellipticals and are consistent with numerical simulations of the formation of the most massive galaxies. We have been able to impose a lower limit of ≥ 5 x 10 -6 Mpc -3 to the comoving number density of massive galaxies in the redshift range z ∼ 2-3.5, which is in agreement with results from recent spectroscopic surveys and the most recent model predictions.
Studies of Reynolds stress and the turbulent generation of edge poloidal flows on the HL-2A tokamak

Several new results on the physics linking edge poloidal flows to turbulent momentum transport are reported. These are based on experiments on the HL-2A tokamak. Significant deviation from the neoclassical prediction for mean poloidal flow in Ohmic and electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) heated L-mode discharges is derived from direct measurement of the turbulent Reynolds stress. The deviation increases prominently with ECRH power. The turbulent poloidal viscosity is synthesized from fluctuation data, and is found to be comparable to the turbulent particle diffusivity. The intrinsic poloidal torque characterized by the divergence of the non-diffusive residual stress is deduced from synthesis for the first time in a tokamak plasma. Experimental evidence which demonstrates the dynamics of spectral symmetry breaking in drift wave turbulence is in good agreement with the development of the poloidal torque. Taken together, these results elucidate the connections between power injection, turbulence development, pressure gradient and residual stress from symmetry breaking.
Title : Contextual and perceptual brain processes underlying moral cognition : A quantitative meta-analysis of moral reasoning and moral emotions Running head : Moral cognition & the brain

Background and Objectives Human morality has been investigated using a variety of tasks ranging from judgments of hypothetical dilemmas to viewing morally salient stimuli. These experiments have provided insight into neural correlates of moral judgments and emotions, yet these approaches reveal important differences in moral cognition. Moral reasoning tasks require active deliberation while moral emotion tasks involve the perception of stimuli with moral implications. We examined convergent and divergent brain activity associated with these experimental paradigms taking a quantitative meta-analytic approach. Data Source A systematic search of the literature yielded 40 studies. Studies involving explicit decisions in a moral situation were categorized as active (n=22); studies evoking moral emotions were categorized as passive (n=18). We conducted a coordinate-based meta-analysis using the Activation Likelihood Estimation to determine reliable patterns of brain activity. Results & Conclusions Results revealed a convergent pattern of reliable brain activity for both task categories in regions of the default network, consistent with the social and contextual information processes supported by this brain network. Active tasks revealed more reliable activity in the temporoparietal junction, angular gyrus and temporal pole. Active tasks demand deliberative reasoning and may disproportionately involve the retrieval of social knowledge from memory, mental state attribution, and construction of the context through associative processes. In contrast, passive tasks reliably engaged regions associated with visual and emotional information processing, including lingual gyrus and the amygdala. A laterality effect was observed in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, with active tasks engaging the left, and passive tasks engaging the right. While overlapping activity patterns suggest a shared neural network for both tasks, differential activity suggests that processing of moral input is affected by task demands. The results provide novel insight into distinct features of moral cognition, including the generation of moral context through associative processes and the perceptual detection of moral salience.
Vulnerability Profile of Rural Households in South West Nigeria

This paper examined vulnerability to poverty of households among rural households in South West Nigeria using primary data from a two-wave panel survey (lean versus harvesting periods). Results showed that on the average there is a 0.56 probability of entering poverty a period ahead in the region and relatively high poverty rates were associated with much higher vulnerability while low poverty rates were associated with considerably low vulnerability. Vulnerable households are mostly large sized with high number of dependants and characterized by under aged or old, female headed, widowed household heads. They are mostly engaged in farming as their primary occupation, have no or low educational attainment and are landless. The findings underscore the centrality of social protection policy mechanisms as potent poverty reduction tools and necessary policy interventions to reduce consumption variability through reducing exposure to risk or improving the ex post coping mechanisms of the vulnerable.
Characteristics of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Adult Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and the Implication of Metformin

Vitamin B12 deficiency remains a worldwide health problem in the 21st century. The advent of metabolite assays in the last few decades further expands the population with subclinical or tissue deficiency and thus the magnitude of the problem. The increasing recognition of its association with the use of metformin raises another controversy for clinicians regarding detection and treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency. Since the clinical use of metformin in 1957, malabsorption of vitamin B12 in diabetic patients treated with metformin was first noted in 1969 (Berchtold et al., 1969). Subsequent studies revealed both short-term and longterm use of metformin induces malabsorption of vitamin B12 and causes decreased serum vitamin B12 concentrations in 10% to 30% of diabetic patients (Tomkin et al., 1971; Bauman et al., 2000; Wulffele el al., 2003; Hermann et al., 2004). A randomized placebo controlled Dutch trial recently reconfirmed this finding and demonstrated treatment with metformin for a mean of 4.3 years resulted not only in a 19% persistent and progressive reduction of mean serum vitamin B12 concentrations, but also raised serum homocysteine concentrations (de Jager et al., 2010). Other case-control and cross-sectional studies identified duration and dosage of metformin use as risk factors for vitamin B12 deficiency (Ting et al., 2006). It is believed that if individuals with type 2 diabetes receiving metformin develop low serum vitamin B12 concentrations, a stage of asymptomatic tissue deficiency, would eventually progress to symptomatic clinical deficiency, as evidenced by reports of megaloblastic anaemia caused by metformin-related vitamin B12 malabsorption, unless they are duly treated (Gilligan, 2002; Filioussi et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2006). Metformin is now extensively used as the first line pharmacological agent for glycaemic control especially following the favourable results of the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS 34) in 1998. This coupled with the rising incidence of type 2 diabetes in many parts of the world constitutes a driving force for relevant parties to make appropriate recommendations or guidelines concerning the detection and treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency among diabetic patients on metformin. Although the haematological and neurological manifestations of overt or clinical vitamin B12 deficiency are easy to diagnose, they are often overlooked and attributed to diabetic complications or aging among diabetic patients.
Effect of Thermal Treatment on Surface Quality of Beech Wood after Plane Milling

This paper deals with the determination of the surface quality of both thermally treated and thermally untreated wood after the plane milling process. The milled surface quality was evaluated on the basis of the arithmetical mean deviation of the assessed profile, Ra. Surface quality measurements were carried out for various milling process parameters, such as tool clearance angles of 15o, 20o, and 25o, cutting speeds of 20, 30, and 40 m/s, and feed speeds of 4, 8, and 11 m/min. A splinter with a uniform thickness of 1 mm was removed from the wood through milling. Based on the results, it can be stated that thermal treatment of wood has no statistically significant impact on roughness. The most significant impact of the monitored factors were associated with feed speed, clearance angle, and cutting speed. The lowest average roughness values were found at 20o clearance angles, a feed speed of 4 m/min, and a cutting speed of 40 m/s. Increases in cutting speed led to a decrease in average roughness, while an increase in feed speed had the opposite effect.
Does UV-B Radiation Affect Embryos of Three High Elevation Amphibian Species in California?

Abstract Declines and extinctions of amphibians in well-protected habitats suggest that global atmospheric factors may be responsible. We tested effects of field exposures of ultraviolet radiation (UV-B) on embryo hatching success and time to hatching in three anurans that inhabit high elevation areas of the Sierra Nevada in California, USA. While few obvious environmental impacts have occurred in the high elevation area of the Sierra Nevada, two of the three most common anurans, the Yosemite Toad (Bufo canorus) and the Southern Mountain Yellow-legged Frog (Rana muscosa), have suffered severe population declines while the sympatric Pacific Treefrog (Pseudacris regilla) has remained relatively abundant. Previous studies have shown that hatching of P. regilla embryos at lower elevations are not affected negatively by UV-B radiation. We hypothesized that differences in UV sensitivity may help explain why P. regilla remain abundant while B. canorus and R. muscosa have declined sharply. We conducted field experiments at two remote sites above 3030 m elevation over two years. No effect of UV-B was found on hatching success or rate of development in embryos of B. canorus, P. regilla, or R. muscosa, except for a small, context-dependent increase in time to hatching in R. muscosa. We recommend that research efforts on these species in the Sierra Nevada concentrate on post-hatching effects of UV-B, or on other decline hypotheses.
The accommodation coefficient of water molecules on ice – cirrus cloud studies at the AIDA simulation chamber

Abstract. Cirrus clouds and their impact on the Earth's radiative budget are subjects of current research. The processes governing the growth of cirrus ice particles are central to the radiative properties of cirrus clouds. At temperatures relevant to cirrus clouds, the growth of ice crystals smaller than a few microns in size is strongly influenced by the accommodation coefficient of water molecules on ice, αice, making this parameter relevant for cirrus cloud modeling. However, the experimentally determined magnitude of αice for cirrus temperatures is afflicted with uncertainties of almost three orders of magnitude, and values for αice derived from cirrus cloud data lack significance so far. This has motivated dedicated experiments at the cloud chamber AIDA (Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) to determine αice in the cirrus-relevant temperature interval between 190 K and 235 K under realistic cirrus ice particle growth conditions. The experimental data sets have been evaluated independently with two model approaches: the first relying on the newly developed model SIGMA (Simple Ice Growth Model for determining Alpha), the second one on an established model, ACPIM (Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interaction Model). Within both approaches a careful uncertainty analysis of the obtained αice values has been carried out for each AIDA experiment. The results show no significant dependence of αice on temperature between 190 K and 235 K. In addition, we find no evidence for a dependence of αice on ice particle size or on water vapor supersaturation for ice particles smaller than 20 μm and supersaturations of up to 70%. The temperature-averaged and combined result from both models is αice = 0.7−0.5+0.3, which implies that αice may only exert a minor impact on cirrus clouds and their characteristics when compared to the assumption of αice =1. Impact on prior calculations of cirrus cloud properties, e.g., in climate models, with αice typically chosen in the range 0.2–1 is thus expected to be negligible. In any case, we provide a well-constrained αice which future cirrus model studies can rely on.
Attitudes to Training and Their Relation to the Well-being of Workers

Background: This study aimed to investigate the influence of attitudes towards training on individuals’ level of well-being, after controlling for other variables (demographics and psychosocial characteristics). Attitudes towards training consist of motivation to learn, learning, transfer intention and cognitive dissonance. Methodology: In total, 210 workers who had undergone various training programs completed an online survey measuring various psychosocial characteristics, four training attitudes and level of well-being. Results: The results showed that positive psychosocial characteristics (positive personality, positive coping, positive work characteristics, organisational citizenship behaviours and commitment) had significant associations with positive attitudes towards training (motivation to learn, learning and transfer intention) and positive well-being. Similarly, negative psychosocial characteristics (negative coping and negative work characteristics) were correlated with negative training attitudes (cognitive dissonance) and negative well-being. The training attitudes also had a moderate to high correlation with well-being. However, after controlling for other variables (age, gender, education and psychosocial characteristics), only cognitive dissonance was found to influence negative well-being. Cognitive dissonance theory was used to explain these findings. Conclusion: This study gives a new perspective in the field of both training and well-being. It not only provides new knowledge but may also be beneficial to practitioners. More research is required in the future to confirm the link between training attitudes and well-being and examine in more depth the relationship between them.
Dimensionality of Risk Perception: Factors Affecting Consumer Understanding and Evaluation of Financial Risk

This article describes two studies of the factors affecting consumer understanding of financial risk. The first study investigated factors affecting people's perception and comprehension of information about the risks related to retirement investments. First, we asked respondents to list possible risk factors related to investment in a pension plan. Then we obtained ratings of different factors (e.g., the perceived level of knowledge about an investment) that could affect perception of the risk of financial products and retirement investment decisions. Finally, we asked the subjects to rate 11 different descriptions presenting risk information about the same financial product. The risk information framing that received highest rating presented risk as variation between minimum and maximum values with an average in between. The second study demonstrated the risk framing that received highest ranking also prompted more stable risk preferences over a 3-month testing period in comparison to standard measures of risk aversion. Thus, the second study corroborated the importance of the findings in the first study and also indicated that, although people can exhibit stable risk preferences if we ask them the right questions, these preferences were very specific to the risk domain.
EVALUATION OF RENAL PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF ADHATODA ZEYLANICA ( MEDIC ) LEAVES EXTRACT IN WISTAR RATS

There is a proven converse relationship between the consumption of antioxidant rich plants incidence of human diseases. A primary goal of this study is to present the scientific evidence for the use of common herb Adhatoda zeylanica as supplementary in the gentamicin treated acute renal failure (ARF) subjects. The beneficial effect of A. Zeylanica against gentamicin nephrotoxicity, possibly depends on its ability to scavenge the gentamicin induced free radicals.
THE WODGINITE GROUP. I. STRUCTURAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

Four new crystal-saugture refinements have been done on wodginite-group minerals. Two partially ordered samples were used in single-crystal experiments, one, tantalian, the other, ferroan. The ferroan sample was heated to induce order, and its structure was-re-refined. In addition to the single-crystal experiments, a Rietveld refinement from powdlr-diffracrion dara was done on a fully ordered lithiowodginite. Refinements of the partially ordered samples ihow that they are structurally intermediate io wodginite and ixiolite, and that heating under conventional conditions of l000oC foi 16 hours inducls full wodginite-type cation order. In terms of both individual and mean bondJengths' data for Li-rich samples deviate signific;ntb fiom established trends for Li-poorer samples in a martner consistent with disorder of Li off the central 7 position. Schemes of cation order for potential derivatives of ixiolite have been evaluated for cells up to four times ihe volume of the ixiolite cell = size of the wodginite cell). For full . 4BC2O3 cation order, four most-probable schenies of order result. Three of these involve a doubled cell; one involves a quadrupled cell, relative tb an ixiolite parent, Only the scheme of order with a quadrupled cell occurs naturally' l'. e. , tire wodginite siructure; there is nothing in its schime of order to indicate why nature prefers it over the other three schemes; more sophisticated calculations of energy seem necessary.
CSD Working Paper Using Individual Development Accounts to Save for a Home : Are There Differences by Race ?

Research indicates that homeownership is a key variable in wealth accumulation. Using data from the American Dream Demonstration, this study examines the performance of low-income blacks and whites saving for homeownership through Individual Development Accounts (IDAs), a matched saving program. Results show black IDA participants saved smaller amounts and less frequently. Furthermore, findings suggest institutional variables have different associations with savings for blacks and whites. Implications for policymakers and program administrators are discussed regarding differential targeting of race groups in the design and implementation of programs aimed toward increasing savings and assets accumulation for low-income and minority households.
A multicatchment analysis of headwater and downstream temperature effects from contemporary forest harvesting

Stream temperature is a key physical water‐quality parameter, controlling many biological, chemical, and physical processes in aquatic ecosystems. Maintenance of cool stream temperatures during summer is critical for high‐quality aquatic habitat. As such, transmission of warm water from small, nonfish‐bearing headwater streams after forest harvesting could cause warming in downstream fish‐bearing stream reaches with negative consequences. In this study, we evaluate (a) the effects of contemporary forest management practices on stream temperature in small, headwater streams, (b) the transmission of thermal signals from headwater reaches after harvesting to downstream fish‐bearing reaches, and (c) the relative role of lithology and forest management practices in influencing differential thermal responses in both the headwater and downstream reaches. We measured summer stream temperatures both preharvest and postharvest at 29 sites—12 upstream sites (4 reference, 8 harvested) and 17 downstream sites (5 reference, 12 harvested)—across 3 paired watershed studies in western Oregon. The 7‐day moving average of daily maximum stream temperature (T7DAYMAX) was greater during the postharvest period relative to the preharvest period at 7 of the 8 harvested upstream sites. Although the T7DAYMAX was generally warmer in the downstream direction at most of the stream reaches during both the preharvest and postharvest period, there was no evidence for additional downstream warming related to the harvesting activity. Rather, the T7DAYMAX cooled rapidly as stream water flowed into forested reaches ~370–1,420 m downstream of harvested areas. Finally, the magnitude of effects of contemporary forest management practices on stream temperature increased with the proportion of catchment underlain by more resistant lithology at both the headwater and downstream sites, reducing the potential for the cooling influence of groundwater.