Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Multiple Outliers in Multidimensional Data

The process of detection of outliers is an interesting and important aspect in the analysis of data, as it could impact the inference. Literature is abundant with procedures for detection and testing of single outliers in sample data. However, the presence of two or more outliers in multivariate data would render the detection and testing process more complicated as majority of outliers are invisible to many of the methods. This is due to the masking effect, and regular classical and related methods being found unsuitable for use of outlier identification techniques. The difficulty of detection increases with the number of outliers and the dimension of the data because the outliers can be extreme in any growing number of directions. An overview of multivariate outlier detection methods are provided in this study because of its growing importance in a wide variety of practical situations. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.4038/sljastats.v14i2. 6214
Tobacco use and alcohol consumption associated with sociodemographic factors among college students

The aim of this study was to determine the association between sociodemographic variables and behaviors and the use of tobacco and alcohol among students of the Federal University of Parana. Risk behavior of 1.599 students was obtained from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance . The association analysis estimated which college students are more vulnerable to the use of tobacco and alcohol. The subjects who smoked more often were older, unmarried, senior students, residing without family and with low socioeconomic status (p < 0.05). Considering alcohol consumption, the subjects were older, male, single, night period students (p < 0.05). Excessive alcohol consumption was also more likely among older human sciences students, of the night shift and with low socioeconomic status (p < 0.05).
LIFE SATISFACTION IN NATIONS

Comparative research on life satisfaction in nations shows links with several things policymakers can improve, such as material affluence, freedom and good governance. At first sight social security does also go with greater happiness but the correlation disappears when wealth of the nation is controlled. Comparison over the years 1990-2005 does not show a clear effect on average happiness of reduction or expansion of social security expenses.
Nitrogen and phosphorus status and their in fl uence on aboveground production under increasing nitrogen deposition in three successional forests q

Compared with temperate ecosystems, tropical ecosystems will respond differently to increasing nitrogen (N) deposition due to indirect effects on the availability of phosphorus (P). Data in this study were collected from the long-term research plots and controlled experiments in a succession series, including 50-year-old pine forest (PF), 80-year-old mixed pine and broadleaved forest (MF), and more than 400-year-old monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest (MEBF), in southern China to study growth patterns and biogeochemical processes. The results showed that soil total N and available N were significantly higher in MEBF than in the other two forests. Soil available P was significantly lower in MEBF than in PF though the total P was the same. The N/P ratios in living leaves were increasing with succession stages. The standing biomass and productivity of MEBF have been declining over the last 30 years. Our findings suggest that the high N stock in soil pools through atmospheric deposition and selfaccumulation in MEBF would require more available P to prevent deficiency that would limit plant growth. However, as more organic matter accumulated and thus, more P was bound in MEBF, there was much less available P in soils. These processes result in significantly higher N/P ratios in living leaves of the old-growth forest, which may be responsible for the decline. 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Differential Mortality by Income and Social Security Progressivity

There is a widespread belief that people with low lifetime labor income have higher age specific mortality and lower remaining life expectancies at age 60 or 65 than those with middle or high lifetime earnings. In this paper, we assess the implications of differential mortality by lifetime income for Social Security progressivity. Social Security has a highly progressive formula to determine monthly benefits in that those with low lifetime earnings get a much higher replacement rate than those with high lifetime earnings. However, recent studies on the mortality gap by lifetime income suggest that at least some of this progressivity is counterbalanced by the longer average lifetimes experienced by higher lifetime income recipients of Social Security. To reassess the progressivity of Social Security, we calculate internal rates of return and net present values for the program under assumptions of differential mortality and compare these measures of progressivity to the same measures calculated assuming all individuals experience average population mortality rates. Under the assumption of constant mortality across lifetime income subgroups, the Social Security system is progressive regardless of the measure shown. However, a good deal of the progressivity is undone or even reversed when differential mortality is taken into account.
Socio-economic Inequalities and Healthcare Utilization in Ghana

A socio-economic inequality in the use of healthcare services in Ghana is investigated in this paper. The data employed in the study were drawn from Global Ageing and Adult Health survey conducted in Ghana by SAGE and was based on the design for the World Health Survey (WHS, 2003). The survey was conducted in 2007 and collected data on socio-economic characteristics and other variables of the individuals interviewed. Using generalized logit model, the study found that health status is a very strong determinant of the type of healthcare services Ghanaians look for. In Ghana, there are still important socio-economic gradients in the use of some healthcare services. These differences may be due to socio-economic inequities but could also indicate that the existing health facilities are not always used in an optimal way. Patient factors may be more important than supply factors in explaining the differential use of health services.
Mapping the large-scale structure around a z=1.46 galaxy cluster in 3D using two adjacent narrow-band filters

We present a novel method to estimate accurate redshifts of star-forming galaxies by measuring the flux ratio of the same emission line observed through two adjacent narrow-band filters. We apply this method to our NB912 and new NB921 data taken with Suprime-Cam on the Subaru Telescope of a galaxy cluster, XMMXCS J2215.9−1738, at z = 1.46 and its surrounding structures. We obtain redshifts for 170 [O II] emission line galaxies at z ∼ 1.46, among which 41 galaxies are spectroscopically confirmed with Multi-Object Infrared Camera and Spectrograph and Fibre Multi Object Spectrograph on the Subaru mainly, showing an accuracy of σ((z − zspec)/(1 + zspec)) = 0.002. This allows us to reveal filamentary structures that penetrate towards the centre of the galaxy cluster and intersect with other structures, consistent with the picture of hierarchical cluster formation. We also find that the projected celestial distribution does not precisely trace the real distribution of galaxies, indicating the importance of the three-dimensional view of structures to properly identify and quantify galaxy environments. We investigate the environmental dependence of galaxy properties with local density, confirming that the median colour of galaxies becomes redder in higher density region, while the star formation rate of star-forming galaxies does not depend strongly on local environment in this structure. This implies that the star-forming activity in galaxies is truncated on a relatively short time-scale in the cluster centre.
PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF CRATEVA ADANSONII EXTRACTS

Objective: This study aims to search the secondary metabolites of Crateva adansonii (leaves and bark) and evaluate some biological activities (antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity’s property) of these extracts.Methods: The phytochemical screening was made with standard method. Agar diffusion method was used for antibacterial activity coupled with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Bactericidal (MBC) determination. The antifungal test was performed by the mycelial development reduction method. DPPH method was used to evaluate the extracts antioxidant activity. Artemia salina larvae were use as support to evaluate the toxicity of the extracts.Results: The results of the phytochemical screening reveal the presence of polyphenols, triterpenoids, and glycosides in the both organs (leaves and bark) of C. adansonii. All the extracts have low activity on the reference strains with a larger diameter of 17±00 mm (S. oralis). Only the ethanolic and hydroethanolic leaf’s extracts inhibited respectively 20% and 10%, of the clinical strain S. aureus. The ethyl acetate leaf’s extract shows the best antifungal activity (89,19%) with A. clavatus. All extracts present dose-dependent antiradical properties and are non-toxic for the cells of Artemia salina. C. adansonii bark extracts had the best reducing power (23,80±0, 137 mmol/g EqAA EAA) of the DPPH radical.Conclusion: C. adansonii is therefore an active principle source for the development of drugs to antimicrobial and antioxidant activities
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF MUTANTS AND SOMACLONAL VARIANTS OF SORGHUM (SORGHUM BICOLOR (L) MOENCH) IN KENYA

Several improved sorghum varieties are adapted to semi-arid and tropic environments. Selection of varieties meeting specific local food and industrial requirements from this great biodiversity is important for food security in Kenya and other developing countries. More than 7000 sorghum varieties have been identified hence, need for further characterization with respect to nutritional traits. Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench mutants and somaclone lines (Seredo, Serena, Mtama 1 and El-gardam) were developed towards improvement for drought tolerance at the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. Using mutation techniques. X-ray with the dose of 15000R was used to induce genetic variation. Somaclones were produced through somatic embryogenesis on Linsmaier and Skoog’s (LS) media with 0.5 M concentration of Mannitol as an osmoticum to simulate drought conditions. The study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition, B-vitamins, mineral profile, anti-nutrient content and levels of protein digestibility of somaclones, mutants and parents of the Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench local cultivar in Kenya (namely Mtama 1, Seredo, El Gardam and Serena). The proximate composition, B-vitamins, anti-nutrient contents and levels of protein digestibility of the flour from the cultivars were determined. The chemical components did not vary among and within varieties (P ≥ 0.05). Serena and Seredo showed high levels of Anti-nutreint (phytates and Tannins) than Mtama 1 and El-dargam (tannin: 0.03-2.22%, Phytates: 124.3-374 mg/100 g) (P ≥ 0.05). The somaclones and mutants of the sorghum cultivars except Mtama 1 were noted to have reduced quantities of tannin. Protein digestibility range, between 39.1%-88.4% and were low in Seredo and Serena than in Mtama 1 and El-gardam. No differences (P ≥ 0.05) were observed among and within the treatments of the same varieties of the sorghum for proximate composition, B-vitamins and mineral compositions (p < 0.05). It was concluded that major variations among the varieties arose due to anti-nutrients. High anti-nutrient factors would affect the utilization of the Serena and Seredo varieties since these anti-nutrients reduced the availability other nutrients.
Rôle du réticulum endoplasmique lors de la phagocytose et l'implication de son recrutement sur les fonctions du phagosome

Phagocytosis is a process that allows certain ceils of the immune system to internalize large particulate matter like invading microorganisms in order to kiil and degrade them. The microbicidal properties associated to phagosomes are acquired through a maturation process requiring sequential fusion events with organelles from the endocytic pathway. This allows the acquisition of proteins needed for organelle acidification and many hydrolases responsible for the phagosome’s lytic activity. Phagocytosis represents the first une of defense against infection and plays a crucial role in linking innate and adaptive irnmunity in both cellular and humoral responses. It accomplishes this task by generating peptides from the degradation of internalized microbial proteins and the loading these antigens onto MHC class II molecules in the phagosomes. These presenting molecules are used to activate populations of T CD4 lymphocytes who in turn initiate the process of antibody production and secretion by B lymphocytes. Although the phagosome is a very complex organelle displaying dynamic changes throughout its maturation process. most studies performed on this organelle have used a relatively low number of protein markers. In order to gain a more global view of the molecular machineries associated with this organelle. proteornics analyses of highly enriched preparations of phagosomes were initiated. These analyses have led to the identification of over 150 proteins associated with the phagosorne, many of which were expected to be found in such degradative organelles. Nevertheless, a significant number proteins identified had neyer been shown to play a significant role in phagocytosis. Ibis was the case for several proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an organelle normally linked with protein synthesis of lumenal and transmembrane nature. Preliminary resuits published in The Journal of Ccli BioÏogv seemed to show that the presence of these ER markers was not due to contamination. suggesting a possible role for the ER in phagocytosis (Garin et al. 2001).
ntioxidant-amylase inhibitors flavonoids from Iris germanica hizomes abrin

A new isoflavonoid glycoside, iridin A (9), along with eight known isoflavonoids: irilone 4′-methyl ether (1), irilone (2), irisolidone (3), irigenin S (4), irigenin (5), irilone 4′-O-d-glucopyranoside (6), iridin S (7), and iridin (8) were separated from Iris × germanica L. , Iridaceae, rhizomes. The structural elucidation of these flavonoids was achieved with the aid of extensive spectroscopic techniques and comparing with the
Private Information in Sequential Common-Value Auctions

We study an infinitely-repeated ? rst-price auction with common values. Initially, bid- ders receive independent private signals about the objects' value, which itself does not change over time. Learning occurs only through observation of the bids. Under one-sided incomplete information, this information is eventually revealed and the seller extracts es- sentially the entire rent (for large discount factors). Both players? payo¤s tend to zero as the discount factor tends to one. However, the uninformed bidder does relatively better than the informed bidder. We discuss the case of two-sided incomplete information, and argue that, under a Markovian re? nement, the outcome is pooling: information is revealed only insofar as it does not affect prices. Bidders submit a common, low bid in the tradition of collusion without conspiracy.
Spectroscopic, Thermal and Biological Studies on Newly Synthesized Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) Complexes with 3-N-2-hydroxyethylamine Benzanthrone and 3-N-2-aminoethylamine Benzanthrone

Spectroscopic (infrared, electronic and -NMR), elemental analyses CHN, molar conductivity, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA/DTG) and biological studies, of both benzanthrone derivatives 3-N-2-hydroxy ethylamine benzanthrone (HEAB) and 3-N-2-amino ethylamine benzanthrone (AEAB) with Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) chlorides were discussed herein. Based on the above studies, HEAB ligand was suggested to be coordinated to each metal ions via hydroxo and amino groups to form [Cu(HEAB)]. , [Co(HEAB)]. and [Ni(HEAB)]. coordinated complex. On the other hand, AEAB has an octahedral coordinated feature with formulas [Cu(AEAB)]. , [Co(AEAB)]. and [Ni(AEAB)]. The molar conductance values at for all complexes in DMF are slightly higher than free ligands; this supported the presence of chloride ions inside the coordination sphere. Both benzanthrone ligands and their complexes have been screened against different kinds of bacteria.
Determinants of Capital Structure Decisions

We investigate the capital structure of a large sample of corporations in 52 countries, focusing on the effects of macroeconomic and institutional characteristics on firms’ dynamic behavior. We find that these characteristics affect both the optimal level of leverage and the adjustment process towards it. The speed of adjustment varies significantly with both macroeconomic and institutional conditions for financially unconstrained firms, while it is unaffected for constrained firms. Overall, our results support a complex view of capital structure decisions, where market timing and pecking order arguments affect the short-run, while dynamic trade-off with costly readjustment matters in the long-run.
Effects of habitat and landscape features on grassland Orthoptera on floodplains in the lower reaches of the Tisza River Basin

The Tisza River Basin is an important area as it is a green corridor in which there are highly endangered habitats and a high level of biodiversity. The patterns in the species richness of invertebrates and the environmental conditions affecting these patterns are poorly studied in the grassy habitats in the lower reaches of the Tisza River Basin. The present study focuses on the effects of flooding, habitat and landscape features on the species richness of orthopterans at 24 grassland sites in two different landscapes. The relations between the explanatory variables and the pattern of diversity of orthopterans with different life-history traits were studied, using ordination and Generalized Linear Mixed Models. Although the influential factors for the different trait groups differed, we suggest that landscape features are the most important in shaping orthopteran assemblages, whereas habitat characteristics and flooding have comparatively little effect. Habitat characteristics affected only the non-xerophilous and Ensifera species and only the species richness of non-xerophilous orthopterans in flooded and non-flooded sites differed. We emphasize that even in countries where there are still considerable areas of high value natural grasslands, such as Hungary, non-protected meadows, linear grassy habitats (dikes, ditch banks, road verges, etc.) need more attention and should be given higher priority in the conservation of invertebrates.
Striking movements : movement strategies and expression in percussive playing

This thesis concerns two aspects of movement and performancein percussion playing, First, the playing of an accent, asimple but much used and practised element in drumming, andsecond; the perception and communication of specific emotionalintentions through movements during performances onmarimba.Papers I and II investigated the execution andinterpretation of an accent performed for different playingconditions. Players' movements, striking velocities and timingpatterns were studied for different tempi, dynamic levels andstriking surfaces. It was found that the players used differingmovement strategies when playing and that they interpreted theaccent differently, something that was reflected in theirmovement trajectories. Strokes at greater dynamic levels wereplayed from a greater height and with higher strikingvelocities. All players initiated the accented strokes from agreater height, and delivered the accent with increasedstriking velocity compared to unaccented strokes. The intervalbeginning with the accented stroke was also prolonged,generally by delaying the following stroke. Recurrent cyclicpatterns were found in the players' timing performances. In alistening test listeners perceived the strokes groupedaccording to the cyclic patterns.Paper III studied how emotional intent was conveyed toobservers through the movements of a marimba player. Apercussionist was filmed when playing a piece with theexpressive intentions Happiness, Sadness, Anger and Fear onmarimba. Observers rated the emotional content and movementcues in the videos clips shown without sound. Results showedthat the observers were able to identify the intentionsSadness, Anger, and Happiness, but not Fear. The rated movementcues showed that an Angry performance was characterized bylarge, fast, uneven and jerky movements, Happy performances bylarge, somewhat fast movements, and Sad performances by small,slow, even, and smooth movements.Keywords:drumming, percussion, movement strategies,instrument interaction, timing, accent, movement cues emotionalexpression, gesture.
Board structure and performance in Ethiopian microfinance institutions

This research investigated the effect of one governance dimension, board structure on the sustainability and outreach performance of Ethiopian MFIs. A panel data of 13 MFIs for 6 years (2003-2008) is used for the study. No study of such type is conducted in the past for the Ethiopian environment. The results indicate an experienced manager, a larger board size and educated board members all help to increase sustainability with board education having the largest effect. Manager experience and board size also have a negative effect on depth of outreach (i.e. less lending to women). Board independence has no visible effect on either sustainability or outreach. Surprisingly, no governance variable explains breath of outreach.
The Effect of an Interest Approach on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Engagement of High School Agricultural Science Students.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of using an interest approach at the beginning of a lesson on student knowledge, attitudes, and engagement in an agricultural science classroom. A total of four classes were randomly assigned and administered one lesson with an interest approach and one lesson without an interest approach. Following each lesson, the students’ knowledge and attitude were assessed. During each lesson, student engagement was measured. The content of the lessons was adapted from the LifeKnowledge curriculum (National FFA Organization, 2004). The conclusions of this study were contradictory. Overall, there was no difference in knowledge from the students who were exposed to interest approaches to those who were not. In addition, as a whole, there was no difference in attitude between the students who received exposure to an interest approach and those who did not. However, having an interest approach at the beginning of a lesson did make a difference in student engagement throughout a lesson, with students receiving an interest approach being more engaged. Recommendations and implications are provided.
Transforming Schools and Strengthening Leadership to Support the Educational and Psychosocial Needs of War-Affected Children Living in Canada

This article describes a qualitative research study that examined the educational experiences of refugee students who have immigrated to Canada. Many children from war-affected countries have been denied basic human entitlements, and their immigration to Canada represents hope for their futures. Evidence suggests that these students are further marginalized by an educational system that does not recognize their unique psychosocial needs and does not provide culturally sensitive support. Purposeful steps should be taken by school leaders to address the needs of newcomers and to facilitate pedagogical practices that make schools more equitable and socially just.