Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Decreased hemoglobin levels, cerebral small-vessel disease, and cortical atrophy: among cognitively normal elderly women and men

ABSTRACT Background: Decreased hemoglobin levels increase the risk of developing dementia among the elderly. However, the underlying mechanisms that link decreased hemoglobin levels to incident dementia still remain unclear, possibly due to the fact that few studies have reported on the relationship between low hemoglobin levels and neuroimaging markers. We, therefore, investigated the relationships between decreased hemoglobin levels, cerebral small-vessel disease (CSVD), and cortical atrophy in cognitively healthy women and men. Methods: Cognitively normal women (n = 1,022) and men (n = 1,018) who underwent medical check-ups and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were enrolled at a health promotion center. We measured hemoglobin levels, white matter hyperintensities (WMH) scales, lacunes, and microbleeds. Cortical thickness was automatically measured using surface based methods. Multivariate regression analyses were performed after controlling for possible confounders. Results: Decreased hemoglobin levels were not associated with the presence of WMH, lacunes, or microbleeds in women and men. Among women, decreased hemoglobin levels were associated with decreased cortical thickness in the frontal (Estimates, 95% confidence interval, −0.007, (−0.013, −0.001)), temporal (−0.010, (−0.018, −0.002)), parietal (−0.009, (−0.015, −0.003)), and occipital regions (−0.011, (−0.019, −0.003)). Among men, however, no associations were observed between hemoglobin levels and cortical thickness. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that decreased hemoglobin levels affected cortical atrophy, but not increased CSVD, among women, although the association is modest. Given the paucity of modifiable risk factors for age-related cognitive decline, our results have important public health implications.
A structured approach to increase situational awareness in low voltage distribution grids

Wear and tear, electrification and aging of (low voltage) distribution grids require maintenance in order to assure continuous provision of electricity. Situational awareness is required to find out when parts of the grid need maintenance and which parts should be prioritized. The paper proposes a conceptual value model which relates sensor data from the condition of the asset to the potential value of information (i.e. interpreted data) for the distribution system operators. Distribution density functions account for uncertainties in model parameter values. They can be narrowed down by monitoring relevant degradation mechanisms. To this end, degradation processes are simulated in laboratory scale setups, emulating low voltage cables in moist and submerged environments. Understanding fundamental aspects of degradation, failure and value determination of sensor data allows prioritization of maintenance actions that lead to best results in terms of customers-minutes-lost, remaining useful lifetime of assets and cost-effectiveness.
SOSYAL BİLGİLERDE KULLANILAN GÖRSEL ARAÇLAR: HARİTALAR-KÜRELER, RESİMLER, TABLOLAR VE GRAFİKLER

Sosyal bilgilerde, bilginin aktarilmasinda pek cok arac kullanilmaktadir. Bu aktarim sirasinda sik sik gorsel araclardan yararlanilmaktadir. Sosyal bilgiler derslerinde sikca kullanilan gorsel araclar; resimler, tablolar, grafikler, haritalar ve kureler olarak ifade edilebilir. Gorsel araclari kullanmak ve bu araclardan yeterince istifade edebilmek, bu araclarin ozelliklerinin, nasil ogretilmesi ve incelenmesi gerektiginin bilinmesi zorunlulugunu gundeme getirmektedir. Bu makalede haritalar, resimler, tablolar ve grafiklerin nasil ogretilmeleri ve incelenmeleri gerektigiyle ilgili bilgi verilmeye calisilacaktir.
Aerobic benzoyl‐CoA catabolic pathway in Azoarcus evansii: studies on the non‐oxygenolytic ring cleavage enzyme

A novel aerobic benzoate pathway has recently been discovered in various bacteria in which benzoate is first converted to benzoyl‐CoA. The further downstream steps are associated with the gene products of the benzoate oxidation gene cluster (box) on the Azoarcus evansii chromosome. Benzoyl‐CoA is oxidized to 2,3‐dihydro‐2,3‐dihydroxybenzoyl‐CoA (benzoyl‐CoA dihydrodiol) by benzoyl‐CoA oxygenase/reductase BoxBA in the presence of molecular oxygen. This study identified the next, ring cleaving step catalysed by BoxC. The boxC gene was expressed in a recombinant Escherichia coli strain as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein (BoxCmal) and the wild type as well as the recombinant proteins were purified and studied. BoxC catalyses the reaction 2,3‐dihydro‐2,3‐dihydroxybenzoyl‐CoA + H2O → 3,4‐dehydroadipyl‐CoA semialdehyde + HCOOH. This is supported by the following results. Assays containing [ring‐13C6]benzoyl‐CoA, benzoyl‐CoA oxygenase/reductase, BoxCmal protein, NADPH and semicarbazide were analysed directly by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The products were identified as the semicarbazone of [2,3,4,5,6‐13C5]3,4‐dehydroadipyl‐CoA semialdehyde; the missing one‐carbon unit being formate. The same reaction mixture without semicarbazide yielded a mixture of the hydrate of [2,3,4,5,6‐13C5]3,4‐dehydroadipyl‐CoA semialdehyde and [2,3,4,5,6‐13C5]4,5‐dehydroadipyl‐CoA semialdehyde. BoxC, a 122 kDa homodimeric enzyme (61 kDa subunits), is termed benzoyl‐CoA‐dihydrodiol lyase. It contains domains characteristic for enoyl‐CoA hydratases/isomerases, besides a large central domain with no significant similarity to sequences in the database. The purified protein did not require divalent metals, molecular oxygen or any cosubstrates or coenzymes for activity. The complex reaction is part of a widely distributed new principle of aerobic aromatic metabolism in which all intermediates are coenzyme A thioesters and the actual ring‐cleavage reaction does not require molecular oxygen.
Retinal toxicity of intravitreal tenecteplase in the rabbit

Aim: To investigate the retinal toxicity of intravitreal injection of a novel fibrinolytic tenecteplase in rabbit eyes. Methods: Tenecteplase (25–350 μg in 0.1 ml BSS) was injected into the vitreous cavity of normal rabbit eyes. Control (fellow) eyes received 0.1 ml of BSS. One day, 1 week, and 2 months post-injection, the eyes were examined by slit lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and electroretinography, and then harvested for histopathological examination. Results: No evidence of retinal toxicity was seen with tenecteplase doses up to and including 50 μg. At a dose of 150 μg ophthalmoscopy was normal, but histology showed mild retinal damage in the inner nuclear layer and electroretinography showed a temporary reduction in B-wave amplitude. At doses of 200 μg and above, there was evidence of retinal toxicity on electroretinography, ophthalmoscopy, and histology. Ophthalmoscopic findings included vitreal fibrosis, retinal necrosis and tractional retinal detachment and light microscopy revealed necrosis of retinal pigment epithelium and other retinal layers. Damage was centred around the injection site but was more widespread with the higher doses. Conclusion: A dose of 50 μg tenecteplase appears safe for intravitreal injection in the rabbit. Tenecteplase could have potential applications in the treatment of submacular haemorrhage and retinal vein occlusion.
An Assessment of Audit Expectation Gap in Ghana

Audit expectation gap is the difference between what the public expect auditors to do and what auditors do. Given the significance of the expectation gap, it is not surprising therefore that a number of studies have shown concern for the expectation gap problem. But it appears no studies have been conducted in Ghana in relation to Audit Expectation Gap. Therefore the study sought to assess the existence of audit expectation gap in Ghana. The study adapted the instrument used by Best, Buckby and Tan (2001) and Bogdanoviciute (2011). The sample size was twenty auditors and twenty stockbrokers. Convenient and purposive sampling techniques were used. The instrument used for data collection was questionnaire. The study found that there exist expectation gap in Ghana, particularly concerning auditor responsibility relating to fraud detection and prevention, and soundness of internal control structure of the audited entity. The researchers recommend that the audit profession and regulators should formulate such standards, rules and regulations that shall adequately guide the auditors to fulfill the reasonable expectations of various user groups.
GENETIC VARIATION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN SCANDINAVIAN MOOSE (ALCES ALCES): ARE LARGE MAMMALS MONOMORPHIC?

The ongoing electrophoretic examination of natural populations among a wide variety of taxonomic groups has revealed large variation with regard to the amount and distribution of genetic variability. Numerous groupings of data based on biochemical, ecological, and systematic criteria have been used in the attempts to find a pattern for this variation (e.g., Gillespie and Kojima, 1968; Kojima et al., 1970; Selander and Kaufman, 1973; Powell, 1975; Selander, 1976; Soule, 1976; Valentine, 1976; Ward, 1977; Nevo, 1978). On the basis of the environmentalgrain hypothesis, Selander and Kaufman (1973) suggested that large and highly mobile animals would exhibit lower levels of heterozygosity than smaller, less mobile ones. With the notable exceptions of man (Harris and Hopkinson, 1972; Nei and Roychoudhury, 1974) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (Manlove et al., 1976; Ramsey et al., 1979; Smith et al., in press), low levels of heterozygosity have actually been observed in large animals, e.g., alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) (Gartside et al., 1977), black bear Revised March 27, 1980
Phasic Burst Stimulation: A Closed-Loop Approach to Tuning Deep Brain Stimulation Parameters for Parkinson’s Disease

We propose a novel, closed-loop approach to tuning deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson’s disease (PD). The approach, termed Phasic Burst Stimulation (PhaBS), applies a burst of stimulus pulses over a range of phases predicted to disrupt pathological oscillations seen in PD. Stimulation parameters are optimized based on phase response curves (PRCs), which would be measured from each patient. This approach is tested in a computational model of PD with an emergent population oscillation. We show that the stimulus phase can be optimized using the PRC, and that PhaBS is more effective at suppressing the pathological oscillation than a single phasic stimulus pulse. PhaBS provides a closed-loop approach to DBS that can be optimized for each patient.
The State of the Art in Online Handwriting Recognition

This survey describes the state of the art of online handwriting recognition during a period of renewed activity in the field. It is based on an extensive review of the literature, including journal articles, conference proceedings, and patents. Online versus offline recognition, digitizer technology, and handwriting properties and recognition problems are discussed. Shape recognition algorithms, preprocessing and postprocessing techniques, experimental systems, and commercial products are examined. >
THE MASS–SIZE RELATION FROM CLOUDS TO CORES. II. SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD CLOUDS

We measure the mass and size of cloud fragments in several molecular clouds continuously over a wide range of spatial scales (0.05 ≲ r/pc ≲ 3). Based on the recently developed “dendrogram-technique,” this characterizes dense cores as well as the enveloping clouds. “Larson's Third Law” of constant column density, m(r) ∝ r2, is not well suited to describe the derived mass–size data. Solar neighborhood clouds not forming massive stars (≲10 M☉; Pipe Nebula, Taurus, Perseus, and Ophiuchus) obey m(r) ⩽ 870 M☉(r/pc)1.33. In contrast to this, clouds forming massive stars (Orion A, G10.15 − 0.34, G11.11 − 0.12) do exceed the aforementioned relation. Thus, this limiting mass–size relation may approximate a threshold for the formation of massive stars. Across all clouds, cluster-forming cloud fragments are found to be—at given radius—more massive than fragments devoid of clusters. The cluster-bearing fragments are found to roughly obey a mass–size law m ∝ r1.27 (where the exponent is highly uncertain in any given cloud, but is certainly smaller than 1.5).
Personality of parents with bipolar disorder and interpersonal functioning among their offspring: A prospective 10-year study

Abstract A comparison of offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (OBD) and offspring of parents with no mental disorder (ONMD) showed that parents' neuroticism was associated with internalizing and externalizing problems among their children. The present study examined whether parents' neuroticism predicted poor interpersonal functioning among offspring 10 years later and whether the problems observed in middle childhood mediated the association between parents' neuroticism and offspring functioning. When offspring were in middle childhood, parents completed the revised NEO Personality Inventory and rated the child's behavior on the Child Behavior Checklist. Ten years later, 65 OBD and 59 ONMD completed interviews assessing mental disorders and interpersonal and noninterpersonal functioning. High neuroticism and low agreeableness in parents predicted poor interpersonal functioning in their offspring in late adolescence–early adulthood. The offspring's externalizing and internalizing problems in middle childhood partially mediated the association between parents' personality and offspring interpersonal functioning. Moreover, the association between parents' neuroticism and offspring internalizing problems was stronger among the OBD than the ONMD. Overall, the results suggested an intergenerational transmission of risk whereby high neuroticism and low agreeableness in parents were associated with behavioral problems among offspring in middle childhood that, in turn, predicted poor interpersonal functioning 10 years later.
Wind resources estimation and performance evaluation of two wind farms in an Algerian arid zone

The aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility of setting a wind farm in the region of Ksar-Chellala, which is located in the province of Tiaret at 260 km to the south of Algiers. For this purpose three-hourly wind data, recorded at 10m height over a period of thirteen years were processed and simulated using WAsP software. Annual, monthly, seasonal and daily wind characteristics were assessed. Wind speed map for height of 55m is established. Then two sites for wind farm development were selected from the created wind speed map. The annual energy output, capacity factor and hours of functioning for three types of wind turbines were determined. According to the calculations, the study area has a mean wind speed of 3.94 m/s and mean power density of 152W/m2 at 10 m above sea level. The prevailing winds are westerly direction during the year. The temporal study shows that spring season is the windiest period with mean wind speed of 4.32 m/s.
Pelvic Fractures in Children

Summary A retrospective study was performed on 141 patients with multiple injuries that included pelvis fractures. The mode of injury, type of fracture of the pelvis, associated injuries, morbidity and mortality, and outcome following healing of the fracture were studied. From this study a classification has been derived which appears to show a correlation among the type of pelvic fracture, the associated injuries, and the expected outcome from that fracture. Of the 141 patients, there were 11 deaths and 130 patients available for clinical review. The greatest morbidity, mortality, and complications from the fractures were in the type IV group, comprising patients with segmental instability of the pelvis. We suggest that computed tomographic scanning be used when segmental instability is suspected and when the posterior elements of the pelvis are difficult to examine by conventional radiographs. When there has been disruption of the acetabulum, then the treatment of choice is open reduction, stable fixation, and early motion. When there is segmental instability of the pelvis that cannot be controlled by conventional methods of pelvic slings or spica casts or when associated injuries preclude the use of these methods, then the treatment of choice should be external fixation.
Quality, Quantity, and Age: The Careers of Ten Distinguished Psychologists

The longitudinal relationship between quality and quantity of productive output is examined over the careers of ten recipients of the Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award. Four alternative models of this relationship-expertise-acquisition, youthful-enthusiasm, peak-age, and constant-probability-of-success-yield distinctive predictions regarding 1) how the ratio of major contributions to total output changes as a career advances and 2) the developmental association between major and minor works over consecutive time periods. The quality of a publication was assessed by the citations it earned in the professional literature. The results endorsed the constant-probability-of-success model (both across and within careers). Not only does confirmation of this model provide support for Campbell's blind-variation-and-selective-retention theory of creative thought, but it additionally has important implications for understanding the role of age and chance in the careers of successful psychologists.
Objective and Subjective Evaluation of Online Error Correction during P300-Based Spelling

Error potentials (ErrP) are alterations of EEG traces following the subject's perception of erroneous feedbacks. They provide a way to recognize misinterpreted commands in brain-computer interfaces (BCI). However, this has been evaluated online in only a couple of studies and mostly with very few subjects. In this study, we implemented a P300-based BCI, including not only online error detection but also, for the first time, automatic correction. We evaluated it in 16 healthy volunteers. Whenever an error was detected, a new decision was made based on the second best guess of a probabilistic classifier. At the group level, correction did neither improve nor deteriorate spelling accuracy. However, automatic correction yielded a higher bit rate than a respelling strategy. Furthermore, the fine examination of interindividual differences in the efficiency of error correction and spelling clearly distinguished between two groups who differed according to individual specificity in ErrP detection. The high specificity group had larger evoked responses and made fewer errors which were corrected more efficiently, yielding a 4% improvement in spelling accuracy and a higher bit rate. Altogether, our results suggest that the more the subject is engaged into the task, the more useful and well accepted the automatic error correction.
Creating the Boiler Room Environment

The purpose of this study was to explain workplace bullying as a symptom of high-strain employment. The Job Demand-Control-Support (JDCS) model of work design was used to frame this study and examine workplace bullying antecedents and consequences. Full-time American employees (N = 314) working in various organizations completed a questionnaire about their bullying experiences, working environments, and occupational outcomes. Results revealed that workplace bullying was correlated with expected negative outcomes at work (i.e., job dissatisfaction, job stress, anxiety). In line with JDCS model predictions, employees who worked at organizations characterized by high psychological demands, low control, and low supervisor social support (i.e., an additive model) reported more workplace bullying (supporting an iso-strain hypothesis). Results of a moderated moderation analysis revealed a significant three-way interaction between demands, control, and support (supporting a buffering hypothesis); under workplace conditions characterized by low supervisor social support, employee control over how work was completed buffered the negative effect of job demands on workplace bullying. Supervisors, then, should consider how promoting employee autonomy and communicating social support to employees might nullify workplace conditions that encourage bullying, especially when work is particularly demanding.
Achalasia: A Comprehensive Review

Achalasia is a rare neurologic deficit of the esophagus, producing a syndrome of impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and decreased motility of the esophageal body for which the cause is unknown. The resultant chronic esophageal stasis produces discomforting symptoms that can be managed with medication, chemical paralysis of the lower esophageal sphincter, mechanical dilation, or surgical esophagomyotomy. Chemical paralysis by injection of the esophagus with botulinum toxin and dilation with an inflatable balloon offers good short-term relief of symptoms; however, the best long-term results are produced by surgery, and advancing minimally invasive techniques continually reduce the morbidity of these operations. The type of surgical procedure, the necessity for fundoplication, and the order of treatment continue to be unresolved issues, but prospective evaluation with objective followup should allow us to provide the optimal treatment regimen to our patients.
Interictal Violence in Epilepsy: Relationship to Behavior and Seizure Variables

Interictal violence among epileptic patients could result from factors other than epileptiform activity. We characterized 44 patients who presented for psychiatric evaluation because of violent behavior. Most violent acts consisted of verbal or minor physical aggression. Twenty (45%) of these patients met criteria for a schizophrenic disorder, and one committed murder during a paranoid schizophrenic relapse. In addition to schizophrenia, the violence patients had significantly more mental retardation when compared with 88 age- and sex-matched epileptic patients without prior violent behavior. However, violent and nonviolent patients did not differ on seizure variables such as type and frequency of seizures, auras, electroencephalographic changes, epilepsy age of onset, or anticonvulsant therapy. These findings suggest that interictal violence is associated more with psychopathology and mental retardation than with epileptiform activity or other seizure variables.
Trends in educational attainment by race/ethnicity, nativity, and sex in the United States, 1989–2005

Abstract Despite the importance of education for shaping individuals’ life chances, little research has examined trends and differences in educational attainment for detailed demographic subpopulations in the United States. We use labour market segmentation and cohort replacement theories, linear regression methods, and data from the National Health Interview Survey to understand educational attainment by race/ethnicity, nativity, birth cohort, and sex between 1989 and 2005 in the United States. There have been significant changes in educational attainment over time. In support of the cohort replacement theory, we find that across cohorts, females have enjoyed greater gains in education than men, and for some race/ethnic groups, recent cohorts of women average more years of education than comparable men. And in support of labour market segmentation theories, foreign-born Mexican Americans continue to possess relatively low levels of educational attainment. Our results can aid policymakers in identifying vulnerable populations, and form the base from which to better understand changing disparities in education.