Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Variation of Activity Demands in Small-Sided Soccer Games

Abstract The aim of the present study was to examine the physical and technical activity during different periods within small-sided soccer games (SSGs). 20 elite players completed 3 different SSGs (2-a-side, 3-a-side and 4-a-side games) in which the number of ball touches per individual possession was fixed at a maximum of 2. The duration and the pitch size of each SSG were strictly controlled (2 min, 3 min, 4 min, respectively; 1:75 m2) with each period repeated 4 times (P1, P2, P3, P4). The physical and technical activities, heart rate responses, blood lactate concentration and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were analysed. The results showed a decrease of high and very high-intensity activities (from − 26.2% to − 37.7%, P<0.001), an increase of blood lactate concentration (from + 28.0% to + 76.9%), RPE (from + 29.0% to + 32.8%), and heart rate responses (~ 6.6%), and a significant alteration of technical activities from P1 to P4 in each SSG. The greatest differences from P1 and P4 were observed for the 2-a-side game when compared to the 3-a-side and 4-a-side games (P<0.05) for each variable analysed . In conclusion, the variation of the player’s activity throughout the periods indicates that the duration and number of exercise periods used within SSGs is an important variable in determining the training stimulus in soccer-specific training.
Lymphocyte responses to retinal-specific antigens in uveitis patients and healthy subjects.

A modified procedure for measuring human lymphocyte responses to retinal antigens was introduced and found to be highly sensitive. The main modifications are the use of round bottom culture wells, high antigen concentrations (up to 100 micrograms/ml) and extended incubation time (up to 9 days). Using this procedure, the majority of patients with uveitis, as well as a large proportion of healthy donors were found to respond positively (S.I. greater than or equal to 2.0) toward S-antigen and interphoto-receptor retinoid-binding protein. The responses to the retinal antigens were further enhanced by enriching the cultured lymphocytes for the helper/inducer subset. The responses to the retinal antigens were inferior to those against tuberculin (PPD), in particular in subjects who had been inoculated with BCG. The "secondary" responses to PPD were always higher in magnitude, were stimulated by markedly lower concentrations of antigen and were detected earlier in culture. The notion that the responses to retinal antigen in healthy donors are "primary" in nature was further supported by the findings that (a) lymphocytes from cord blood samples resembled adult lymphocytes in their response to S-Ag and (b) healthy donor lymphocytes which were prestimulated in vitro with S-Ag reacted to this protein by a specific "secondary" fashion. The possible involvement of lymphocytes with reactivity toward retinal antigens in pathogenic autoimmune processes in the eye is discussed.
Asset Liquidation Value and Choice of Financing: Evidence from Real Estate Investment Trusts

Shleifer and Vishny (1992) provide a theory linking the liquida- tion value of the assets of arm to thenancing choice of arm. According to this theory, assets that armnds harder to shift into alternative uses will have a lower liquidation value during periods of distress, and as such are harder tonance with debt ex-ante. Real Es- tate Investment Trusts (REITs) provide a natural venue to test this hypothesis since the assets of a REIT are relatively easier to value. We use capitalization rates, recoveries in foreclosures, and lease structures to construct a metric to measure the liquidation value of each REIT. Using the incrementalnancing decisions of all equity REITs between 2000 and 2008, we show that REITs with high asset liquidation val- ues prefer to issue debt rather than equity when faced with a choice of �nancing. The eect of expected liquidation value is signicant, even after controlling for other factors that inuencenancing decisions, such as leverage ratio target (tradeotheory), growth opportunities (pecking order theory) and NAV/Equity (market timing).
Do individual economic conditions contribute to a person ’ s well-being or happiness ?

We reassess the empirical effects of income and employment on self-reported well-being. Our analysis makes use of a two-step estimation procedure that allows us to apply instrumental variable regressions with ordinal observable data. As suggested by the theory of incomplete markets, we differentiate between the effects of persistent and transitory income shocks. In line with this theory, we find that persistent shocks have a significant impact on happiness while transitory shocks do not. This also has consequences for inference about the happiness effect of employment. We find that employment per se is associated with a non-significant decline in happiness. JEL: E21, D12, D60
An antibiotic regimen for the treatment of active Crohn's disease: a randomized, controlled clinical trial of metronidazole plus ciprofloxacin.

OBJECTIVES Bacteria in the gut lumen may play a role in the etiology and/or the symptoms of Crohn's disease (CD). Although various antibacterial drugs have been employed in clinical practice, few controlled trials have been conducted, and those had conflicting results. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and the safety of a combination of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin, compared with methylprednisolone, in treating 41 consecutive patients with active CD. METHODS Eligible patients, 13 men and 28 women, mean age 38 yr, were randomly allocated to receive, for 12 wk, ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily plus metronidazole 250 mg four times daily or methylprednisolone 0.7-l mg/kg/day, with variable tapering to 40 mg, followed by tapering of 4 mg weekly. RESULTS Ten of the 22 antibiotic patients (45.5%) and 12 of the 19 steroid patients (63%) obtained clinical remission (Crohn's Disease Activity Index < or = 150) at the end of the 12-wk study (p = NS). Five patients on antibiotics (22.7%) and five patients on steroids (26.3%) were considered treatment failures because of deterioration or persistent symptoms. Six patients receiving antibiotics (27.3%) and two on steroids (10.6%) were withdrawn from the trial because of side effects. One patient on antibiotics was not compliant. CONCLUSIONS metronidazole and ciprofloxacin could be an alternative to steroids in treating the acute phase of CD.
The Prostate 68 : 11 ^ 19 ( 2008 ) Carbohydrate Restriction , ProstateCancerGrowth , andthe Insulin-LikeGrowth FactorAxis

Carbohydrate Restriction,ProstateCancerGrowth, andthe Insulin-LikeGrowth FactorAxis Stephen J. Freedland,* John Mavropoulos, Amy Wang, Medha Darshan, Wendy Demark-Wahnefried, William J. Aronson, Pinchas Cohen, David Hwang, Bercedis Peterson, Timothy Fields, Salvatore V. Pizzo, and William B. Isaacs Departmentof Surgery,DurhamVAMedical Center,Durham,NorthCarolina Duke Prostate Center,DivisionofUrology,Departmentof Surgery,DukeUniversity SchoolofMedicine, Durham,NorthCarolina Departmentof Pathology,DukeUniversity SchoolofMedicine,Durham,NorthCarolina DepartmentofUrology,The James BuchananBradyUrological Institute, The JohnsHopkins SchoolofMedicine,Baltimore,Maryland SchoolofNursing,DukeUniversityMedical Center,Durham,NorthCarolina Departmentof Surgery,Greater Los AngelesVAMedical Center, Los Angeles,California DepartmentofUrology,UCLA SchoolofMedicine, Los Angeles,California Departmentof Pediatrics,UCLA SchoolofMedicine, Los Angeles,California Departmentof Biostatistics,DukeUniversity SchoolofMedicine,Durham,NorthCarolina
Empirical Equivalence, Artificial Gauge Freedom and a Generalized Kretschmann Objection

Einstein considered general covariance to characterize the novelty of his General Theory of Relativity (GTR), but Kretschmann thought it merely a formal feature that any theory could have. The claim that GTR is ``already parametrized'' suggests analyzing substantive general covariance as formal general covariance achieved without hiding preferred coordinates as scalar ``clock fields,'' much as Einstein construed general covariance as the lack of preferred coordinates. Physicists often install gauge symmetries artificially with additional fields, as in the transition from Proca's to Stueckelberg's electromagnetism. Some post-positivist philosophers, due to realist sympathies, are committed to judging Stueckelberg's electromagnetism distinct from and inferior to Proca's. By contrast, physicists identify them, the differences being gauge-dependent and hence unreal. It is often useful to install gauge freedom in theories with broken gauge symmetries (second-class constraints) using a modified Batalin-Fradkin-Tyutin (BFT) procedure. Massive GTR, for which parametrization and a Lagrangian BFT-like procedure appear to coincide, mimics GTR's general covariance apart from telltale clock fields. A generalized procedure for installing artificial gauge freedom subsumes parametrization and BFT, while being more Lagrangian-friendly than BFT, leaving any primary constraints unchanged and using a non-BFT boundary condition. Artificial gauge freedom licenses a generalized Kretschmann objection. However, features of paradigm cases of artificial gauge freedom might help to demonstrate a principled distinction between substantive and merely formal gauge symmetry.
Adoption of cleaner cookstoves: barriers and way forward

W ith 2.6 billion people globally relying on solid biomass fuel such as fuelwood, charcoal, animal dung, shrubs, and agricultural residue for cooking, lack of cleaner fuels for cooking continues to be a critical issue (Pachauri et al, 2013). A vast majority of these people live in rural areas of South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Although the Sustainable Energy for All initiative covers electricity and cooking energy access, there is little analysis of options or strategies for accelerating a transition to cleaner combusting cooking fuels or devices (Pachauri et al., 2013; World Bank, 2011). Many researchers argue that without new policies and strategies, the number of people relying on solid fuels for cooking will increase by the year 2030. The implications of these household cooking practices include severe health impacts, gender inequities, and local and global environmental change (Foell et al., 2011). In India, the decrease in the consumption of solid fuels between the census of 2001 and the census of 2011 has been negligible. Together, the five states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal account for nearly 50% of all households using solid fuel in India. According to the 66th round Adoption of cleaner cookstoves: Barriers and way forward
Comparative immunohistochemical study of endometrioid and serous papillary carcinoma of endometrium.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether immunohistochemical analysis of molecular parameters can provide an alternative method for classification of endometrial cancer cases according to their aggressiveness. METHODS Sixty-four cases of endometrial carcinoma were assigned to three groups: group I--28 cases of endometrioid well and moderately differentiated (G1-G2) carcinoma; group II--14 cases of endometrioid poorly differentiated (G3) carcinoma; group III--22 cases of serous papillary endometrial cancer. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the existence of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), and the expression of bcl-2, p53, HER-2/neu and Ki-67. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the immunohistochemical profile of the studied molecular parameters comparing the three study groups. The endometrioid G1-G2 cases (group I) were characterized by increased immunoreactivity for ER and PR (85.7% and 78.6%, respectively), increased immunoreactivity for bcl-2 (42.8%) and low expression of p53 (14.3%) and HER-2/neu (14.3%). In contrast to group I cases, the serous papillary endometrial cancer cases (group III) were characterized by immunonegativity for ER, PR and bcl-2 and high immunoreactivity for p53 (81.8%) and HER-2/neu (45.4%). The endometrioid G3 cases (group II) demonstrated an intermediate immunoprofile, characterized by immunonegativity for ER, PR and HER-2/neu, low immunoreactivity for bcl-2 (7.1%) and high expression of p53 (57.1%). The expression of Ki-67 did not differ significantly comparing the different cases of endometrial cancer. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that the immunohistochemical analysis of endometrial carcinoma differentiates between different grades and histological types, thus being useful in the distinction of high risk cases.
Pathology services in developing countries-the West African experience.

CONTEXT Histopathology, like other branches of medicine in West Africa, has suffered largely from economic, political, social, and infrastructural problems, becoming a shadow of the top quality that had been obtained in the past. To address the prevailing problems, one needs to attempt defining them. OBJECTIVE The existing structure of training and practice are discussed, highlighting the author's perception of the problems and suggesting practical ways to address these while identifying potential roles for North American pathology organizations. DESIGN The author's past and ongoing association with pathology practice in Nigeria forms the basis for this review. RESULTS Pathology practice is largely restricted to academic medical centers. The largest of academic centers each accession around 4000 or fewer surgical specimens per year to train 9 to 12 residents. Histopathology largely uses hematoxylin-eosin routine stains, sometimes with histochemistry but rarely immunohistochemistry. Pathologists depend largely on their skills in morphology (with its limitations) to classify and subclassify tumors on routine stains, including soft tissue and hematolymphoid malignancies. Immunofluorescence, intraoperative frozen section diagnosis, electronic laboratory system, and gross and microscopic imaging facilities are generally not available for clinical use. CONCLUSION The existing facilities and infrastructure can be augmented with provision of material and professional assistance from other pathology associations in more developed countries and should, among other things, focus on supplementing residency education. Virtual residency programs, short-visit observerships, development of simple but practical laboratory information systems, and closer ties with pathologists in these countries are some of the suggested steps in achieving this goal.
Gender Differences of Airway Dimensions in Anatomically Matched Sites on CT in Smokers

Rationale and Objectives: There are limited data on, and controversies regarding gender differences in the airway dimensions of smokers. Multi-detector CT (MDCT) images were analyzed to examine whether gender could explain differences in airway dimensions of anatomically matched airways in smokers. Materials and Methods: We used VIDA imaging software to analyze MDCT scans from 2047 smokers (M:F, 1021:1026) from the COPDGene® cohort. The airway dimensions were analyzed from segmental to subsubsegmental bronchi. We compared the differences of luminal area, inner diameter, wall thickness, wall area percentage (WA%) for each airway between men and women, and multiple linear regression including covariates (age, gender, body sizes, and other relevant confounding factors) was used to determine the predictors of each airway dimensions. Results: Lumen area, internal diameter and wall thickness were smaller for women than men in all measured airway (18.4 vs 22.5 mm2 for segmental bronchial lumen area, 10.4 vs 12.5 mm2 for subsegmental bronchi, 6.5 vs 7.7 mm2 for subsubsegmental bronchi, respectively p < 0.001). However, women had greater WA% in subsegmental and subsubsegmental bronchi. In multivariate regression, gender remained one of the most significant predictors of WA%, lumen area, inner diameter and wall thickness. Conclusion: Women smokers have higher WA%, but lower luminal area, internal diameter and airway thickness in anatomically matched airways as measured by CT scan than do male smokers. This difference may explain, in part, gender differences in the prevalence of COPD and airflow limitation.
Nonlinearities Techniques for Analysis of Passive Intermodulation

This paper is concerned with characterisation of passive intermodulation (PIM) in distributed RF circuits and components with the aid of emerging nonlinear RF techniques. Conventionally, intermodulation (IM) is defined as a phenomenon which is characterised by the appearance of additional spectral components in the output spectrum of a nonlinear system different from the carrier frequencies. The IM products occurring in the Tx or Rx bands can cause intolerable signal distortion. In the frequency division duplexing (FDD) systems, the Tx/Rx IM distortion results from the nonlinear mixing of the Tx signals and manifest themselves as the IM products in the Rx band. With respect to the transmitter IM, the IM products in the Tx band, which may, for instance, originate from amplifier nonlinearity, appear as either intrachannel or interchannel nonlinear interference. In the multi-band and co-located systems, the products of the nonlinear mixing of the Tx signals from arbitrary bands can fall within any Tx or Rx band. In general, the Tx signals are modulated, which adds to complexity of the IM analysis, since the bandwidth of the IM products scales up with the their order. Ultimately, the IM products debilitate the receiver sensitivity and data throughput in wireless communications systems.
Coordinated indoor radon surveys in some Arab countries

Indoor radon surveys were carried out in some of the Arab countries through a Coordination Research Program (CRP) organized by the Arab Atomic Energy Agency (AAEA). The objectives of the program aim at establishing a database on indoor radon concentration levels in the region and investigating any anomalies, where they exist. The approach adopted by the survey teams to achieve public participation in accepting the radon detectors in dwellings is presented and discussed. Most of the participants in the CRP used the passive method (CR-39 plastic detectors) for long-term radon measurements, while others used charcoal detectors and E-Perm systems for short-term measurements. The results of the surveys showed that radon concentration levels in most of the dwellings were low, whilst in some old cities and in an area close to a phosphate mine the levels were found to be relatively high.
Basic fibroblast growth factor decreases elastin gene transcription in aortic smooth muscle cells

The extracellular matrix (ECM) protein elastin plays an essential role in the cardiovascular system by imparting elasticity to blood vessel wall. In this study, we examined the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the expression of elastin in aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) to gain insight into events associated with cardiovascular diseases. The results show that bFGF treatment of SMC causes a significant decrease in elastin mRNA and secreted tropoelastin levels. Nuclear run‐on analyses demonstrate that the downregulation is due to a decrease in the level of elastin gene transcription. Transient transfections of SMC with wild‐type and mutated elastin gene promoter/chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) constructs show that a previously identified activator protein‐1‐cAMP response element (AP1/CRE) (−564 to −558‐bp) within the elastin promoter mediates the bFGF‐dependent downregulation of elastin gene transcription in SMC. Addition of bFGF to SMC activates the extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) resulting in their translocation into the nucleus and subsequent induction of Fra‐1. The addition of PD‐98059, an inhibitor of ERK1/2 kinase, abrogates the bFGF‐dependent decrease of elastin mRNA in SMC. The described inhibitory effect of bFGF on elastin gene expression in SMC may significantly contribute to the inefficient repair of elastin in early stages of vascular wall injury. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 592–600, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How Much Delay Has to Be Tolerated in a Mobile Social Network?

Message delivery in a mobile social network (MSN) is difficult due to the fact that the topology of such network is sparse and unstable. Various routing schemes for MSNs were proposed to make the message delivery robust and efficient. However, little research has been conducted to explore how much delay has to be tolerated for the message delivery from the source to the destination. Since the social relationships among nodes are stable during a certain period of time, it is expected that the delay of message delivery in MSNs could be modeled with a probability model. In this paper, we take the first step to address this issue. We firstly extract three routing models from the existing routing schemes for MSNs and then develop the probability models of the message transmission delay for each abstract routing model. The simulation results show that the theoretical models match very well the simulation trace statistics.
Identification of GH15 Family Thermophilic Archaeal Trehalases That Function within a Narrow Acidic-pH Range

ABSTRACT Two glucoamylase-like genes, TVN1315 and Ta0286, from the archaea Thermoplasma volcanium and T. acidophilum, respectively, were expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene products, TVN1315 and Ta0286, were identified as archaeal trehalases. These trehalases belong to the CAZy database family GH15, although they have putative (α/α)6 barrel catalytic domain structures similar to those of GH37 and GH65 family trehalases from other organisms. These newly identified trehalases function within a narrow range of acidic pH values (pH 3.2 to 4.0) and at high temperatures (50 to 60°C), and these enzymes display Km values for trehalose higher than those observed for typical trehalases. These enzymes were inhibited by validamycin A; however, the inhibition constants (Ki ) were higher than those of other trehalases. Three TVN1315 mutants, corresponding to E408Q, E571Q, and E408Q/E571Q mutations, showed reduced activity, suggesting that these two glutamic acid residues are involved in trehalase catalysis in a manner similar to that of glucoamylase. To date, TVN1315 and Ta0286 are the first archaeal trehalases to be identified, and this is the first report of the heterologous expression of GH15 family trehalases. The identification of these trehalases could extend our understanding of the relationships between the structure and function of GH15 family enzymes as well as glycoside hydrolase family enzymes; additionally, these enzymes provide insight into archaeal trehalose metabolism.