Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
IPO Underpricing, Issue Mechanisms, and Size

This paper studies the pricing of IPOs in the Indian context. The paper also examines whether the introduction of Bookbuilding has an impact on IPO pricing. The results suggest that IPOs are underpriced. The results also suggest that bookbuilt IPOs show less underpricing than fixed price issues. A more detailed study suggests that this has to do more with the size of the issue than the issue process. A model describing the IPO process in the presence of asymmetric information and heterogenous beliefs is presented. This model suggests that IPO underpricing can be avoided in the presence of selectively informed investors. The model includes the choices on signaling cost, homogenous and heterogeneous beliefs among the investors, entrepreneur holding dilution and issue size that exist for a firm while coming for an IPO. The model suggests that a larger amount of money is left on the table if the entrepreneur holds a lesser amount with herself post IPO. Despite asymmetric information, the high value firm can place an issue without leaving money on the table. The model also suggests that IPO underpricing is unavoidable in a market with information asymmetry and homogenous beliefs among investors. The models predict that underpricing is more severe in the case of smaller issue sizes. This is consistent with the empirical findings.
Respondents' Understanding of Survey Questions

Survey designers don't need to be reminded that the wording of the questions has an important impact on the results. Respondents can misinterpret even well-formulated questions, and when that happens, the question the respondent answers may not be the one the researcher intended to ask. Because of this obvious danger, the questions on national surveys are often subjected to empirical pretests. For example, the questionnaire designers may conduct cognitive interviews or focus groups in which they probe respondents' understanding of the questions and invite them to describe how they go about answering them (see Willis, DeMaio, & Harris-Kojetin, 1999, for a survey of these methods; we present a briefer discussion of them in Chapter 11). This practice is useful in bringing to light problems the designers may have overlooked. This chapter looks at those aspects of survey questions that make them difficult for respondents to understand. These aspects are of many different sorts, ranging from features of grammar and word meaning to the broader situation in which the respondent and interviewer find themselves. Grammar can come into play either because the sentence is structurally ambiguous or because it includes complex clauses that respondents cannot parse. As an example of structural ambiguity, Item (1) asks respondents whether they agree or disagree with this statement: (1) Given the world situation, the government protects too many documents by classifying them as SECRET and TOP SECRET. [GSS]
Health Care-Associated Pneumonia and Community-Acquired Pneumonia: a Single-Center Experience

ABSTRACT Pneumonia occurring outside of the hospital setting has traditionally been categorized as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, when pneumonia is associated with health care risk factors (prior hospitalization, dialysis, residing in a nursing home, immunocompromised state), it is now more appropriately classified as a health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP). The relative incidences of CAP and HCAP among patients requiring hospital admission is not well described. The objective of this retrospective cohort study, involving 639 patients with culture-positive CAP and HCAP admitted between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2005, was to characterize the incidences, microbiology, and treatment patterns for CAP and HCAP among patients requiring hospital admission. HCAP was more common than CAP (67.4% versus 32.6%). The most common pathogens identified overall included methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (24.6%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (20.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.8%), methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (13.8%), and Haemophilus influenzae (8.5%). The hospital mortality rate was statistically greater among patients with HCAP than among those with CAP (24.6% versus 9.1%; P < 0.001). Administration of inappropriate initial antimicrobial treatment was statistically more common among HCAP patients (28.3% versus 13.0%; P < 0.001) and was identified as an independent risk factor for hospital mortality. Our study found that the incidence of HCAP was greater than that of CAP among patients with culture-positive pneumonia requiring hospitalization at Barnes-Jewish Hospital. Patients with HCAP were more likely to initially receive inappropriate antimicrobial treatment and had a greater risk of hospital mortality. Health care providers should differentiate patients with HCAP from those with CAP in order to provide more appropriate initial antimicrobial therapy.
Rates and implications of caesarean sections in Latin America: ecological study.

Abstract Objectives: To estimate the incidences of caesarean sections in Latin American countries and correlate these with socioeconomic, demographic, and healthcare variables. Design: Descriptive and ecological study. Setting: 19 Latin American countries. Main outcome measures: National estimates of caesarean section rates in each country. Results: Seven countries had caesarean section rates below 15%. The remaining 12 countries had rates above 15% (range 16.8% to 40.0%). These 12 countries account for 81% of the deliveries in the region. A positive and significant correlation was observed between the gross national product per capita and rate of caesarean section (rs=0.746), and higher rates were observed in private hospitals than in public ones. Taking 15% as a medically justified accepted rate, over 850 000 unnecessary caesarean sections are performed each year in the region. Conclusions: The reported figures represent an unnecessary increased risk for young women and their babies. From the economic perspective, this is a burden to health systems that work with limited budgets. Key messages 12 of the 19 Latin American countries studied had caesarean section rates above 15%, ranging from 16.8% to 40% These12 countries account for 81% of the deliveries in the region Better socioeconomic conditions were associated with higher caesarean section rates Over 850 000 unnecessary caesarean sections are performed each year in Latin America Reduction of caesarean section rates will need concerted action from public health authorities, medical associations, medical schools, health professionals, the general population, and the media
Sequenced in 14 , 002 People An Abundance of Rare Functional Variants in 202 Drug Target Genes

clicking here. colleagues, clients, or customers by , you can order high-quality copies for your If you wish to distribute this article to others here. following the guidelines can be obtained by Permission to republish or repurpose articles or portions of articles ): January 27, 2013 www.sciencemag. org (this information is current as of The following resources related to this article are available online at
Body Aesthetic Preference in Preschoolers and Attraction to Canons Violation: An Exploratory Study

Sensitivity to canons of beauty as represented in the human body—and as typically defined in the Western Culture—has been poorly studied in children. Current literature shows that infants as young as about three months are sensitive to the human body structure and its parts. Using a sample of 54 three- to five-year-old children, the present study investigated preference for drawings representing the “canonical” body structure, contrasting these with drawings showing the same bodies, but where the relation between trunk and legs was modified. It was hypothesized that preference for the canonical body structures would emerge as early as three years, increasing with age. Results only partially supported the hypothesis: while three-year-olds showed a significant preference for the canonical body structures as predicted, a significant preference reversal was found for the four-year-olds, with a tendency to return to preferring the canonical body at five years. The results are discussed in light of research findings associated with developmental theories hallmarking visual art perception in children.
Information Is What You Make of It: The Influence of Group History and Computer Support on Information Sharing, Decision Quality, and Member Perceptions

Researchers have proposed that the contradictions observed between past group support system (GSS) laboratory and field research may be partially accounted for by the ad-hoc nature of the groups that are often used in the laboratory. To examine this, a laboratory experiment examining the influence of group history (i.e., established versus ad-hoc groups) and the level of computer support (i.e., communicating via a computer-mediated system versus face-to-face) was conducted. Dependent variables examined in the research include information-sharing performance, decision quality, and member perceptions. Subjects completed a hidden profile task--a task where some information is held by all group members prior to the meeting, while other information is held only by a subset of the group. As expected, established groups discussed less unique information than ad-hoc groups. In addition, information sharing was positively related to the quality of group decisions. Members of established groups were more satisfied than members of ad-hoc groups; members using the computer-mediated system were less satisfied than those communicating face-to-face. In addition, group cohesion was positively related to satisfaction and decision quality. The results are discussed in the context of prior theory and research. Opportunities for future research are also described.
[E-learning in nuclear medicine - a nationwide survey in Germany].

AIM To assess available e-learning concepts and programmes for nuclear medicine at university hospitals in Germany. METHODS All (34) departments of nuclear medicine at German university hospitals were asked to participate in an anonymized online survey. Questions were categorized into four topics: 1. ) clinic and education; 2. ) on-site strategies for e-learning; 3. ) available e-learning offers and 4. ) free text comments on experiences and expectations. All input was reviewed descriptively; free text was analyzed analytically. RESULTS The response rate was 56% (19/34). 13/19 responses indicated well-defined e-learning strategies, mainly to support frontal teaching courses. Future e-learning perspectives focus on clinical case studies with sufficient imaging materials. Only 7/19 university hospitals operate a centralized e-learning platform (e. g. Moodle). The acceptance of the available e-learning options by the students is considered relatively poor. CONCLUSIONS Today e-learning concepts for nuclear medicine are available at selected university hospitals only. All responders wish to expand on e-learning but many report the lack of administrative support to do so. These data could be regarded as a basis for discussions of inter-university teaching scenarios.
Transmembrane electrical potential differences and ionic composition of mucosal cells of rat colon.

Using glass microelectrodes, stable electrical potential differences (p.d.) have been measured across the cell membranes of mucosal cells of rat colon in vivo and in vitro in tissue mounted in a chamber. The intracellular content of Na, K, Cl and water has been determined under similar conditions. The serosal transmembrane p.d. was slightly greater than the luminal transmembrane p.d. , in both cases the inside of the cell being negative with respect to the exterior. The cell Na content was low and cell K high when compared with extracellular fluid but the transmembrane p.d. measurements were considerably less than expected if they were simply K diffusion potentials. The present results have been considered in the relationship to the known ionic fluxes and it is suggested that a) Na and K ‘pumps’ are present on the serosal side of the mucosal cells and b) that, since the transmembrane fluxes of Na and Cl are inconsistent with the observed transmembrane potentials and the mucosal ionic composition, the bulk of these ions cross the mucosa either through special cells or by pathways between the cells.
Organizational practices and praxes in the implementation, execution and governance of enterprise architecture - A strategic management perspective

Research objective Organizations today face the challenge of adapting and responding quickly to changes in their operating environments. For this reason they have aimed at finding working solutions for utilizing information technology to its fullest strategic extent. Enterprise Architecture (EA) is suggested to enable business driven information technology development and empower cooperation between business operations and data administrations. Literature on the topic is, however, mostly written from a commercial point of view and academic business research remains limited. The purpose of this research is to form a general picture of the strategic organizational practices and praxes regarding the implementation, execution and governance of EA, and establish a descriptive cross-section of managerial perceptions concerning the phenomenon in large Finnish enterprises. Theory and methodology The theoretical basis of this research relies on two significant schools of thought: Managerial Cognition and Strategy-as-Practice (SAP). The interconnection of the two views is presented in the research, and on that basis they are combined to form a theoretical framework for the study. The research gap is studied through the experiences and thoughts of strategy practitioners with the purpose of revealing the manifestations of managerial cognitions within the compass of this multilayered phenomenon. The research problem is tackled by conducting a qualitative empirical study concentrating on four large Finnish enterprises – two public and two from the private sector. Findings and conclusions The research findings indicate that a technology oriented EA culture is still prevalent in Finland. However, organizations show a clear desire to move from the current state towards a more dynamic, business driven modus operandi. The results show distinct differences in the related decision making models between the private and public organizations, which affect the formation of different causal logics. The findings also suggest a link between the private enterprises’ policies and innovation. Based on the broad empirical evidence, this thesis introduces twelve business oriented practices and praxes related to Enterprise Architecture work, which provide businesses and executives with practical insight into working approaches in Enterprise Architecture organization. Notably, the findings prove that the cognitive and practice perspectives complement each other in line of the constructed theoretical framework by extending understanding on different parts of the strategy formulation and strategic action process and indicating the link to the formation of organizational practices and praxis.
Chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity of Moroccan Pelargonium asperum essential oil

ABSTRACT In the aim of valorizing aromatic and medicinal plants from Morocco, this work focuses on the chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity of Pelargonium asperum essential oil against 11 microbial strains causing problems in the medical and food domain. The chemical profile of the volatile oil was investigated by GC/MS. The major compounds were citronellol (26.98%), geraniol (14.12%), isomenthone (8.80%), linalool (4.97%), citronellyl formate (3.1%), followed by geranyl formate (4.07%) and guai-6,9-diene (4.24%). The results of antimicrobial activity by using the broth microdilution method indicated that essential oil of Pelargonium asperum exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms with the strongest inhibitory effect against yeasts. The MICs values ranged from 0.003% to 0.25% (v/v) for all strains, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which was least susceptible and inhibited by 2% (v/v). These results suggest that Pelargonium asperum oil could be used for the development of new antimicrobial agents.
[Comparison of the effect between early anatomical open reduction, internal fixation and closed reduction, internal fixation for treatment of children displaced femoral neck fracture].

OBJECTIVE To compared the effect between early anatomical open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) and closed reduction, internal fixation (CRIF) for treatment of children displaced femoral neck fracture. METHODS From March 2006 to May 2010,34 children with displaced femoral neck fractures were reviewed retrospectively. These patients were divided into two groups. Among them, 19 cases were treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) as group A, included 11 males and 8 females with an average age of (8.1 +/- 1.3), the other 15 cases were treated by closed reduction and internal fixation (CRIF) as group B, included 9 males and 6 females with an average age of (7.9 +/- 1.5). Complications were observed and the short term effectiveness was evaluated by Ratliff standard. RESULTS All children were followed-up from 1 to 3 years (means 1.2 years). All fractures were healed. There was statistical different in the curative effects between the two groups (Z=2.389, P= 0.017). The incidence of complications in two groups had statistical different (P=0.046). CONCLUSION The early ORIF could get better reduction with fewer complications than CRIF in fractures of the displaced femoral neck in children in Delbet type-II and type-III, therefore, ORIF should be considered.
Modeling of Calibration Effectiveness and Blood-to-Interstitial Glucose Dynamics as Potential Confounders of the Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Sensors during Hyperinsulinemic Clamp

Background: Models of the dynamics of interstitial fluid-based continuous glucose sensors imply a variable sensor deviation from reference blood glucose (BG), depending on both sensor calibration procedure and BG dynamics. These effects could have a significant effect on the cross-interpretation of nonidentical accuracy studies. Methods: Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic and hypoglycemic clamps were performed on 39 subjects with type 1 diabetes wearing the Medtronic Continuous Glucose Monitoring System®. Sensor calibration and interstitial glucose (IG) dynamics were modeled and analyzed as potential confounders of sensor deviation from reference BG. Results: The mean absolute deviation (MAD) of sensor data was 20.9 mg/dl during euglycemia and 24.5 mg/dl during descent into and recovery from hypoglycemia. Computer-generated recalibration reduced MAD to 10.6 and 14.6 mg/dl, respectively. Modeling of IG dynamics reduced the MAD further to 10.0 and 10.4 mg/dl (using idiosyncratic parameters) or to 10.6 and 11.5 mg/dl (using model parameters common for all subjects), respectively. Conclusions: The sensor MAD from reference is strongly influenced by the choice of calibration points. Thus, cross-experiment comparisons of sensor accuracy are likely to be heavily dependent on the employed calibration procedures. Demanding calibration points substantially differing in value was found to improve calibration effectiveness. Simulation using existing IG models and population parameters reduced the bias resulting from BG—IG dynamics.
DDR: a distributed dynamic reservation scheme that supports mobility in wireless multimedia communications

We present a distributed dynamic reservation (DDR) scheme that supports mobility in wireless multimedia communications, noting that low handover blocking and high channel utilization are possible if channel reservation can be done dynamically. As the traditional reservation schemes do not fit to handling time-varying multiclass multimedia traffic due to the involved computational complexity, we employ an elaborate two-regional approximation scheme that can reduce the computation dramatically. We approximate the channel occupancy distribution based on the observation of arrival rates, means, and variances of total calls and handover calls, which can be easily measured locally at each base station or switch in a distributed manner. The approximation is made by arranging the distribution into two regions such that a simple distribution model can be applied in each region and then joining the two regions using legitimate boundary conditions. This approximation enables us to estimate the relevant number of reservation channels very quickly, with the computational complexity reduced to the order of O(log C) for the channel capacity C. Nevertheless, the estimation turns out very close to the exact solution determined by applying the multidimensional Markov chain approach. Simulation results reveal that the proposed DDR scheme can adapt itself well to time-varying multiclass multimedia traffic and achieve high channel utilization, yet maintain a very low handover blocking probability.
The Effects of Capabilities and Governance on Information Technology and Business Process Outsourcing Performance: Client and Provider Perspectives

Research on information technology outsourcing (ITO) and business process outsourcing (BPO) has consistently found that client firm capabilities, provider firm capabilities, and governance mechanisms (contractual and relational) are key determinants of outsourcing performance. These key determinants work together to affect outsourcing performance, however, the information systems (IS) literature has investigated them in a separate manner. This study contributes to the body of IS knowledge by examining capabilities and governance mechanisms influence on outsourcing performance independently and jointly. Based on resource-based theory, transaction cost economics, and relational exchange theories, we develop a research model to examine the independent and joint effects of one client's capabilities (i.e., client's provider management capability), three provider's capabilities (i.e., human resources management, risk management, and innovativeness), and two governance mechanisms (contractual and relational governance) on two indicators of outsourcing performance (i.e., provider's service quality, and client's economic benefits). Survey data gathered from 306 practitioners in 21 client firms and 20 provider firms is used to test the research model. Our results indicate that service quality and client’s economic benefits have different sets of determinants. Service quality is determined by three provider's capabilities and relational governance. Client’s economic benefits are determined by contractual and relational governance, client's provider management capability, and provider’s service quality. Our findings also provides evidence that service quality fully mediates the relationships among three provider's capabilities and outsourcing performance. Further, our analyses suggest that there are negative interaction effects between capabilities and governance mechanisms on outsourcing performance. More specifically, in the presence of strong governance mechanisms, the positive effects of client's and provider's capabilities on outsourcing performance are reduced. Last, we also reveal that clients and providers differ in how they view the independent and joint effects of capabilities and governance mechanisms on outsourcing performance. This study provides some important implications for researchers and practitioners pertaining to effective governance of outsourcing arrangements and offers directions for future research.