Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterising terrestrial influences on Antarctic air masses using Radon-222 measurements at King George Island

Abstract. We report on one year of high-precision direct hourly radon observations at King Sejong Station (King George Island) beginning in February 2013. Findings are compared with historic and ongoing radon measurements from other Antarctic sites. Monthly median concentrations reduced from 72 mBq m−3 in late-summer to 44 mBq m−3 in late winter and early spring. Monthly 10th percentiles, ranging from 29 to 49 mBq m−3, were typical of oceanic baseline values. Diurnal cycles were rarely evident and local influences were minor, consistent with regional radon flux estimates one tenth of the global average for ice-free land. The predominant fetch region for terrestrially influenced air masses was South America (47–53° S), with minor influences also attributed to aged Australian air masses and local sources. Plume dilution factors of 2.8–4.0 were estimated for the most terrestrially influenced (South American) air masses, and a seasonal cycle in terrestrial influence on tropospheric air descending at the pole was identified and characterised.
WHAT PRICE CONTRACT? -AN ESSAY IN PERSPECTIVE

CONTRACT comes to a lawyer as a term laden with connotations of doctrine and theory. Unilaterals and bilaterals, detriment, pre-existing duty, accord executory or accord and satisfaction, peculiar rules on notes and bills and warranties in insurance and substantial performance in construction deals, objective standard and the meeting of the minds, simple rules or rules laden with exceptions, writings and seals and the statute of frauds and the rule of integration, specific performance, unjust enrichment, declaration of trust and conditional device, undisclosed principals, corporation charters, successive assignees, situs of debts, attachment, inheritance and taxation-as one ranges through the various technical phases two things happen. First, to get any coherence in the grasp of detail one is tempted to mark off a field called, perhaps, "general contract theory. " And if one does this, he finds problems of gratuitous promises, of successive assignees, of beneficiaries, hiding silently out of sight in a "law" of trusts; problems of taxation, "liberty of contract," inheritance, garnishment, dropping off into "constitutional law ;" problems of anticipatory control of transactions dividing themselves queerly between this "general law of contract," the field of evidence, and general odds and ends, such as limitations when the problem is whether the statute is or is not to be contracted against; and those remedies which give any "law" of contract ninety-five percent of its meaning wandering afield into damages, quasi-contracts, equity and pleading. All of this, wholly without reference to the happy way in which those cases which do not happen to fit whatever type of "general theory" manages to get set up (cases on the formation of the depositor's agree-
Molecular phylogenetics of Caribbean Micrathena (Araneae : Araneidae) suggests multiple colonisation events and single island endemism

Abstract. The terrestrial biota of the Caribbean islands includes many lineages, some whose presence on the islands dates back some 35–40 million years ago, when land bridges are thought to have linked islands to continents, and others that have colonised more recently via dispersal. The New World spiny orb-weavers (Micrathena Sundevall, 1833) are a diverse group of mostly Neotropical spiders. Eight species have been described on the Greater Antilles islands: three widespread and five single island endemics. Here, using three molecular markers (16S rRNA, ITS-2 and COI) we provide a preliminary phylogenetic test of the taxonomy and biogeography of Caribbean Micrathena through the first molecular phylogeny of the genus. Our analyses support monophyly of the genus, but not that of Caribbean Micrathena with at least 3–4 colonisations from South America. We sampled six of the eight nominal Caribbean species (M. banksi, M. cubana, M. similis, M. forcipata, M. horrida, M. militaris), but demark eight divergent genetic lineages that all are single island endemics, and morphologically distinct. Thus a revision of the taxonomy of Caribbean Micrathena is needed. Our results function foremost to guide more thorough taxon sampling of Micrathena that enable more rigorous assessments of its diversity and biogeography in the Caribbean.
Continuous characters of compact semigroups

Introduction. It is well known that each continuous character of each closed subgroup of a locally compact commutative group G can be extended to a continuous character of G (see [3]). It is equally well known that the corresponding statement fails to be true about locally compact commutative semigroups. The statement is false even for discrete semigroups (see, for example, [2] or [4]). Several papers have been written concerning the problem as to when it is possible to extend characters defined on subsemigroups of discrete commutative semigroups. The object of this paper is to carry out a similar investigation for compact commutative semigroups. More precisely, one question which is investigated here is as follows: when is it possible to extend a continuous character of a closed subsemigroup of a compact commutative semigroup S to all of 51? The problem still lacks precision due to the fact that there are several ways of defining a character of a semigroup. We consider two of the usual definitions in this paper and obtain solutions of the problem in each case. These results run parallel to the work of Fulp [2], Hill [4], and Ross [6] on extending characters of discrete semigroups. Incidental to the main investigation, we obtain various other theorems along the way. For example, we obtain some results which bear on the question as to when the semigroup of characters of a compact commutative semigroup is isomorphic to the semigroup of characters of some one of its closed subsemigroups. We also show that the semigroup of idempotent characters of a compact commutative semigroup is always isomorphic to the semigroup of idempotent characters of some compact totally disconnected commutative semigroup. Throughout the paper we abbreviate Hausdorff topological semigroup to simply semigroup. If S is any semigroup, E(S) will denote the set of idempotents of S. If S is commutative, E(S) is a subsemigroup of S and, in any case, there is a natural partial order S on E(S) defined by eSf if and only if efi=e=fe. The multiplicative group of complex numbers z such that |z| = 1 will be denoted by Í2. The topological group O with an isolated zero adjoined will be denoted by Í20. If F is a semigroup, then to say that y is a character of F means that v. is a homomorphism from Finto Q°. If Fis commutative, then the set A'of all continuous characters of F may be given a semigroup structure by endowing it with the
Statistical and Computational Trade-Offs in Kernel K-Means

We investigate the efficiency of k-means in terms of both statistical and computational requirements. More precisely, we study a Nystr\"om approach to kernel k-means. We analyze the statistical properties of the proposed method and show that it achieves the same accuracy of exact kernel k-means with only a fraction of computations. Indeed, we prove under basic assumptions that sampling $\sqrt{n}$ Nystr\"om landmarks allows to greatly reduce computational costs without incurring in any loss of accuracy. To the best of our knowledge this is the first result showing in this kind for unsupervised learning.
The laminar/turbulent transition for paste sheet flow

The sheet flow of paste material is of critical importance in tailings disposal, since this is the principal flow mechanism at tailings disposal sites. Furthermore, the sheet flow paradigm for free surface flows has the potential to provide a basis for analysis and design for the open channel flow of mineral tailings suspensions. In our previous studies, we showed that a sheet flow diagram could be constructed, and that it is directly related to the rheogram in a manner analogous to that of Rabinowitsch and Mooney for tube flow. Furthermore we showed that these flows could be scaled for engineering design purposes in a manner similar to the approach of Metzner and Reed for tube flow. Whilst some progress has been made for the rheometrical measurement and analyses of sheet flow, many unresolved issues remain. Arguably, the most acute of these is the location of the Laminar/Turbulent transition. The objective of this paper is to develop and evaluate an approach for the analysis of the Laminar/Turbulent transition of sheet flows. Building on our previous studies, a new Reynolds number approach for sheet flows of general non-Newtonian material is developed and presented. Using experimental data, it is shown that this approach works well for power law fluids, and extension of this approach for the analysis of viscoplastic materials is discussed. Further work involving the role of the yield stress in the transitional flow process is being undertaken.
Virtualising the Nine Hole Peg Test of Finger Dexterity

Using Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR) approaches in physical rehabilitation can lead to better controlled, more client motivating, and more flexible forms of therapy. The Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT) is a standard instrument in physiotherapy to practice and assess a patient's hand motor control abilities. A physical, wooden or plastic board with nine holes and cylindrical shaped pegs are used to perform this task. There are only limited ways of varying the degree of difficulty or to precisely measure progress with this physical setup. This study presents the development of a VR/AR version of the NHPT and evaluates the usability of three versions: (1) the real life wooden version, (2) a video-mediated version and (3) a computer-generated AR version built from low-cost off-the-shelf components. Our results show that all three conditions were successfully completed by all participants with the highest measured performance and perceived usability still achieved in the real life situation. This indicates that the implementation of currently available low-cost, off-the-shelf components is not yet reliable enough to suggest its use for therapeutic exercises or assessments that require very fine finger level interaction. Figure 1. Reaching for a virtual peg (left), moving it towards its destination (centre) and releasing it (right)
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMA POPULATION IN BELGRADE AS AN INDICATOR OF THEIR SOCIAL INTEGRATION

The paper deals with the connection between indicators of the demographic development of Roma population in Belgrade and their level of social integration. Roma in Belgrade are the ethnic group that is most vulnerable, segregated, living mostly in slums and showing no interest in improving their social position. Lack of social integration has a direct impact on Roma’s various aspects of life in Belgrade, and in particular on their demographic development. Statistical monitoring of demographic and socioeconomical changes within the Roma population is especially difficult on the basis of census data and vital statistics because of Roma tendency to change national declaration. Therefore, we must take into account that statistics provide only information about the population consider themselves “Roma population “, which allows the study of only Roma “declared “ population. Crude birth rate of 23 ‰, rate of natural increase of 17.8‰ and very good age structure put Roma population among the most vibrant and youngest ethnic groups in Belgrade. Demographic indicators of Roma in Belgrade such as age fertility towards rate, the average age of primogeniture, the average number of children, age structure and Roma household structure by number of members, in a direct way, point out the level of social integration.
Regional scale effects of base cation fertilization on Norway spruce and European beech stands situated on acid brown soils: soil and foliar chemistry

Ten experiments were installed on acid soils in different ecoclimatic conditions of the Belgian Ardenne. Soil pH, exchangeable cations and P contents as well as foliar nutrient concentrations were monitored 1 and 3 years following the application of either (1) 3 t ha(-1) of a dolomitic limestone or (2) 3 t ha(-1) of a dolomitic limestone plus different amounts of P (0-800 kg natural phosphate) and/or K (0-250 kg K2SO4). Dolomite rapidly increased Ca and Mg concentrations in the 0-10 cm soil layer and in the tree leaves. After three years, exchangeable Al was significantly lower in the first soil layer but it still represented more than 50% of the exchangeable cations. Mean pH increase in the 0-10 cm layer was less than 0.5 pH units. Dolomite alone tended to reduce mean K concentrations in the soils and/or leaves of the beech stands. The addition of potassium sulphate to dolomite generally increased the soil and foliar K contents in the spruce stands contrary to the beech stands. It also tended to increase the resaturation of the exchange complex with Ca and Mg ions. The effects of natural phosphate addition were restricted to a slight increase of P foliar concentrations. The B foliar concentrations were reduced by both treatments, whereas Zn concentrations increased significantly. The between stands variability of soil and foliage chemical properties was important but did not influence the effects of the treatments.
Effects of fasudil on the cytoskeleton of trabecular meshwork cells and outflow facility in bovine eyes

This study aimed to investigate the effect of fasudil on outflow facility and its underlying mechanism on conventional outflow passway. Primary cultured trabecular meshwork (TM) cells derived from bovine eyes were treated with fasudil at various concentrations and observed for the changes of cell morphology, filamentous actin (F-actin) arrangement as well as amount of vinculin. A perfusion system for evaluating the outflow facility of fasudil was established in bovine eyes. Afterwards the eyes were perfused with red fluorescent microspheres to label the outflow pattern and the fixed samples were viewed under a confocal microscopy to calculate the percent effective filtration length (PEFL). The cultured TM cells after fasudil treatment at higher concentration changed morphologically into a longer and thinner appearance. Fasudil also induced the depolymerization of F-actin and reduction of vinculin in cultured TM cells at higher concentration. All these effects of fasudil were in a timeand dose-dependent manner. In addition, the outflow facility in the fasudil-perfused eyes increased significantly compared with control eyes (18.69 ± 3.44% vs 48.00 ± 9.33%, P < 0.001). There was an improvement of outflow pattern in the fasudilperfused eyes since tracer distribution was more uniform and extensive compared to the controls. The PEFL was significantly larger in the fasudil-perfused eyes than in the controls (56.56 ± 4.55% vs 13.36 ± 3.58%, P < 0.001). Fasudil can increase aqueous humor outflow facility through inducing the cytoskeletal changes in the bovine eyes and may be a potential drug for the treatment of glaucoma.
Spectral characteristics of UHF radar aurora

[1] Radar observations at 440 (Millstone Hill) and 933 MHz (European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT)) and at both small and large magnetic aspect angle have been used to study the spectral characteristics of backscatter from the auroral E region. The predominantly single-peaked power spectra were found to have very similar shapes at both frequencies and at both small and large aspect angle. Spectral moments were estimated directly from the autocorrelation functions (ACFs) and were also characterized in terms of a correlation time (related to spectral width) and a decay exponent which quite accurately described the observations. For the most part, spectral shapes were found to be intermediate between Gaussian and Lorentzian, at both large and small magnetic aspect angles. Similar ACF shapes have been observed at much larger wavelengths at HF [Villain et al., 1996], suggesting that this may be a widespread and possibly fundamental characteristic of radar auroral backscatter. In addition to confirming and extending a number of previous observations on UHF spectral characteristics, correlation times were found to decrease sharply near an aspect angle of 3°, having a nearly constant value at all larger aspect angles. This behavior is consistent with a simplified picture of the energy balance for these large aspect angle waves.
Parallel Distributed Distance-2 Coloring of Bipartite Graphs

We present a method for parallel, partial distance-2 coloring of bipartite graphs on distributed memory machines. Our method uses an independent-set approach for coloring the subgraph induced by boundary vertices at distance two on different processes, and a choice of several sequential coloring heuristics. This method is implemented in Parcolis, a software package for PARallel COLoring through Independent Sets. Parcolis is designed and tuned to address the problem of efficient Jacobian evaluation through finite differences for the solution of differential equations using implicit integration methods. Numerical experiments show that our approach is scalable and robust, especially for the problem classes of interest.
DFAE-II WP Series Rebe Education and d 1 2009-0 ca Echávarri the dynamics of family ecisions

This paper investigates the extent to which a biased transmission of educational endowments affects fertility. To this end, we devise a version of Becker’s family decision model that takes preference change into account. Specifically, we model education as an instrument that increases the autonomy (to prefer), and autonomy as an instrument of preference-change for household-structures. The empirical validity of the proposed model is examined for the European setting using the European Community Household Panel. In the context of the model, empirical findings imply the following. On the one hand, both preference for quantity and preference for bequest for each offspring (quality) increases with education, while preference for current consumption decreases. On the other hand, education is found to be negatively correlated with fertility, at a decreasing rate. Therefore, the paper provides a useful additional toolkit for public policy evaluation. It explains how public policies oriented toward the guarantee of personal freedoms, such as the expansion of education and autonomy, are likely to guarantee the same freedoms for subsequent generations. JEL classification: D1, J1.
There is no Diophantine quintuple

<p>A set of <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3. org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="m"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">m</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> positive integers <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3. org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartSet a 1 comma a 2 comma ellipsis comma a Subscript m Baseline EndSet"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>…<! -- … --></mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\{a_1, a_2, \ldots , a_m\}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is called a Diophantine <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3. org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="m"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">m</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>-tuple if <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3. org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="a Subscript i Baseline a Subscript j plus 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a_i a_j + 1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is a perfect square for all <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3. org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="1 less-than-or-equal-to i greater-than j less-than-or-equal-to m"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>≤<! -- ≤ --></mml:mo> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≤<! -- ≤ --></mml:mo> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1 \le i > j \le m</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>. Dujella proved that there is no Diophantine sextuple and that there are at most finitely many Diophantine quintuples. In particular, a folklore conjecture concerning Diophantine <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3. org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="m"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">m</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>-tuples states that no Diophantine quintuple exists at all. We prove this conjecture. </p>
Invariant connections and Yang-Mills solutions

A condition on the self-duality and the stability of Yang-Mills solutions are discussed. The canonical invariant G-connections on S4 and P2(C) are considered as Yang-Mills solutions. The non-self-duality of the connections requires the injectivity of the isotropy homomorphisms. We construct examples of non-selfdual connections on G-vector bundles (G is a compact simple group). Under a certain property of the isotropy homomorphism, these canonical connections are not weakly stable. Introduction. The subject of Yang-Mills solutions has been developed in the last few years by geometrical treatments [1], [3]. In this note, we study a self-duality condition and also a stability condition on an invariant bundle-connection, which is a Yang-Mills solution, on S4 or P2(C). We show first that the canonical invariant connection on a homogeneous G-vector bundle on a compact symmetric space gives a Yang-Mills solution (Proposition 1). This is available by using the general theory of invariant connections [5]. Secondly, the self-duality is discussed for the canonical invariant connections on the typical 4-spaces S4 and P2(C). Its condition is stated as follows: if the isotropy group of the base space is imbedded into the structure group G, then the canonical invariant connection can be represented as the direct sum of a particular self-dual connection and an anti-self-dual one, and on the contrary, it is (anti-) self-dual, when the group is not injectively mapped into G (Theorems 2 and 4). These are easy consequences of the following properties: Bo(4) _ Bu(2) + Bu(2) and B(u(2) x u(l)) -lu(2) + R. The third deals with the stability on the canonical invariant connections with respect to the second variational formula of the action integral. We have a nonstability condition (Theorems 3 and 5). Namely, let E be a homogeneous G-vector bundle over S4 or P2(C). If E has a nonzero invariant a-valued 1-form, then the canonical invariant connection is not weakly stable. We remark that there remains the quesion of whether any Yang-Mills solutions on SU(2)or SU(3)-vector bundles over S4 is (anti-) self-dual [2]. Note that any Yang-Mills solutions on SU(2)or SU(3)-vector bundles over S4 iS (anti-) self-dual, if it is assumed weakly stable [3]. Received by the editors June 5, 1980 and, in revised form, October 6, 1980. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 53C05; Secondary 55F10.