Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Olfactory Neuroblastoma: A Review and Update

Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a malignant neuroectodermal tumor that typically occurs in the superior nasal cavity. It is a distinct entity with features that include nesting, low-grade stippled nuclei, and neurofibrillary stroma with formation of pseudorosettes. It has a distinctive immunoprofile that includes keratin negativity, neuroendocrine marker positivity, and S100 positive sustentacular cells, which surround the nests of tumor in a supportive manner. Although the typical clinicopathologic features leave little room for misinterpretation, the wide variability in this tumor may cause diagnostic difficulty. This includes immunophenotypic diversity or patchy staining with immunomarkers, wide spectrum of grade and histology, posttreatment changes, and occasional divergent differentiation. In addition, problems in sampling, preservation, and clinical localization may make the diagnosis more challenging. A large group of tumors may show morphologic overlap with ONB, with some mimicking low-grade tumors, whereas others mimic high-grade tumors. This differential diagnosis has important treatment and prognostic implications. Further complicating the issue is that many of the mimics themselves may show great morphologic and immunophenotypic variability. This manuscript will review the typical clinical and pathologic features of ONB, address the great variability of ONB in our experience, will focus on the differential diagnosis and report on recent findings in these tumors including molecular genetics where applicable.
1997 Volvo Award Winner in Clinical Studies: Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis With Spinal Stenosis: A Prospective, Randomized Study Comparing Decompressive Laminectomy and Arthrodesis With and Without Spinal Instrumentation

Study Design. This prospective study analyzed the influence of transpedicular instrumented on the operative treatment of patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis and spinal stenosis. Objectives. To determine whether the addition of transpedicular instrumented improves the clinical outcome and fusion rate of patients undergoing posterolateral fusion after decompression for spinal stenosis with concomitant degenerative spondylolisthesis. Summary of Background Data. Decompression is often necessary in the treatment of symptomatic patients who have degenerative spondylolisthesis and spinal stenosis. Results of recent studies demonstrated that outcomes are significantly improved if posterolateral arthrodesis is performed at the listhesed level. A meta‐analysis of the literature concluded that adjunctive spinal instrumentation for this procedure can enhance the fusion rate, although the effect on clinical outcome remains uncertain. Methods. Seventy‐six patients who had symptomatic spinal stenosis associated with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis were prospectively studied. All patients underwent posterior decompression with concomitant posterolateral intertransverse process arthrodesis. The patients were randomized to a segmental transpedicular instrumented or noninstrumented group. Results. Sixty‐seven patients were available for a 2‐year follow‐up. Clinical outcome was excellent or good in 76% of the patients in whom instrumentation was placed and in 85% of those in whom no instrumentation was placed (P = 0.45). Successful arthrodesis occurred in 82% of the instrumented cases versus 45% of the noninstrumented cases (P = 0.0015). Overall, successful fusion did not influence patient outcome (P = 0.435). Conclusions. In patients undergoing single‐level posterolateral fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis, the use of pedicle screws may lead to a higher fusion rate, but clinical outcome shows no improvement in pain in the back and lower limbs
A bridge or a barrier? Beringia's influence on the distribution and diversity of tundra plants

Background: Evidence strongly suggests that Beringia was a refugium for tundra taxa throughout the Quaternary (the last 2 million years). However, the genetic consequences of the repeated formation and flooding of the Bering Land Bridge remain uncertain. Aims: The goal of this paper was to determine the role that the unique environmental history of Beringia played in the diversification of tundra flora. Methods: I adopted a comparative coalescent approach to test models of divergence for arctic flora within Beringia. The literature was surveyed for phylogeographic studies that sampled broadly across the region and incorporated molecular markers appropriate for coalescent analyses. Of the 13 possible taxa, only two fit these criteria: Saxifraga oppositifolia (Saxifragaceae) and Vaccinium uliginosum (Ericaceae). Observed gene trees were compared with a distribution of trees simulated under neutral coalescence to test models of population divergence. Population models fell within two major categories reflecting the importance of either the Bering Land Bridge or the Bering Sea dispersal barrier on the distribution of genetic diversity in the species. Results: Both species fit ‘bridge’ models, but S. oppositifolia supported a model of eastward migration while V. uliginosum fits a unified Beringia refugium model. The evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed. Conclusions: The limited number of studies emphasises the need for more sequence-based research in the region. This will help resolve the history of the Beringia tundra ecosystem, which has important implications for the diversification of tundra flora, the history of Beringia, and the potential consequences of climate change on the distribution of biological diversity.
Implications of fear of negative evaluation, state anxiety, and implied level of target-dominance on perceptions of personality traits

ABSTRACT Fear of negative evaluation (FNE), state anxiety (SA), and dominance have consequences for social functioning. The present study assessed how FNE, SA, and a target’s dominance-relevant label are related to perceptions of personality. One hundred seventy-eight participants who scored high or low on FNE underwent a laboratory manipulation of SA, viewed a photograph of a target with a high or low dominance-relevant label, and rated the target on the Big Five personality traits and dominance. FNE and SA were unrelated to perceptions, but the high-dominance label was associated with perceptions of higher dominance, conscientiousness, and openness. In conclusion, judges did use information about others when making initial judgments of personality, but these judgments were not impacted by trait or state psychological distress.
Blastomycosis: Contributions of Morphology to Diagnosis: A Surgical Pathology, Cytopathology, and Autopsy Pathology Study

Blastomycosis is caused by the inhalation of spores of the dimorphic fungus, Blastomyces dermatitidis. The reporting of this disease is not required by all states. The diagnosis is established by culture or by identification of broad budding yeast forms in tissue or cytology samples. A retrospective review of blastomycosis was conducted using surgical pathology and cytopathology records of a large community based general hospital, for the years 1982 to 2002; the autopsy records of a university referral center were searched for the years 1992 to 2004. Thirteen surgical/cytology cases were retrieved: 8 localized to the lung (group 1) and 5 with extrapulmonary presentation (group 2). Three of the former were clinically thought to be tumors. Broad-based budding yeast forms with thick cell walls were seen in all but 1 case and identified on conventional routinely stained preparations. Microbiologic culture was positive in 2 lung cases only, in 1 of which it was the sole means of diagnosis. Culture was negative for Blastomyces in the only extrapulmonary case for which a specimen was submitted. One patient in group 2 died, but had a coexistent disseminated gastric adenocarcinoma. No autopsy was performed. Three autopsies of blastomycosis were recovered (group 3). Two patients were on corticosteroids and 1 was diabetic. Premortem diagnoses were established only within a few days of death in 2 patients. Blastomycosis is seldom a fatal disease. Most patients are immune competent; immune compromise favors an aggressive course. Microbiologic culture and conventional morphologic assessment of routine samples have redundant utility in diagnosis.
KernelBoost: Supervised Learning of Image Features For Classification

We propose a fully-supervised approach to training classifiers that automatically learn features directly from image data. This drops the dependency on hand-designed filters and features, which is generally a trial-and-error process and often yields far-from-optimal results. Our approach relies on the Gradient Boosting framework, learning discriminative features at each stage in the form of convolutional filters. It depends on just few easy-to-tune parameters, it is simple and general, and we show it outperforms state-of-the-art methods in tasks ranging from pixel classification in very different types of images to object detection.
Trying to do my best as a mother: decision-making in families of children undergoing elective surgical treatment for short stature.

OBJECTIVES To explore how families make decisions about elective leg-lengthening surgical treatment. DESIGN Interviews were conducted and analysed using Interpretative Phenomeno logical Analysis (Smith, 1995). METHODS Data were gathered using semi-structured interviews with nine mothers of children who had recently decided to undergo treatment. RESULTS Overall, the decision process was guided by the mothers' central concern to act responsibly as a parent. Thematic analysis indicated that the decision was taken in a social context where short stature could lead to discrimination and disability. The decision-making process evolved gradually over several years as mothers and children gathered information about treatment. While mothers emphasized that ultimately it was their child's decision, they monitored the decision process and filtered the information available in an attempt to ensure that the child made a well-informed and wise choice. CONCLUSIONS The decision was presented as an ongoing process by the mothers, their concerns representing their desire to do their best as parents for their children. Theoretically, the mothers' description of the process can be understood in terms of their attempts to resolve an ethical dilemma. Clinical implications include recognition of the role of the psychologist in supporting mothers in their decision making and thus indirectly helping children.
Thyroid nodules in acromegaly.

OBJECTIVE We made a prospective study evaluating the prevalence of thyroid nodular disease in acromegalic patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thyroid ultrasound and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy were performed when nodules were detected. Nodules were characterized by cytology and histopathology. RESULTS We found high prevalence of nodular thyroid disorder, 23/34 (67%) in acromegalic patients. High risk and malignant cytology were significantly higher in acromegalic patients than in our non-acromegalic population (25% vs. 9%). Differentiated thyroid carcinoma was present in 11% of the acromegalic patients. CONCLUSIONS We strongly recommend periodic thyroid evaluation by ultrasound in patients with acromegaly. Fine needle aspiration biopsy should be performed in nodules larger than 10 mm, and in all suspicious nodules, regardless of the size.
Purification and Characterization of a Complex Containing Matriptase and a Kunitz-type Serine Protease Inhibitor from Human Milk*

Matriptase, a trypsin-like serine protease with two potential regulatory modules (low density lipoprotein receptor and complement C1r/s domains), was initially purified from T-47D breast cancer cells. Given its plasma membrane localization, extracellular matrix-degrading activity, and expression by breast cancer cells, this protease may be involved in multiple aspects of breast tumor progression, including cancer invasion. In breast cancer cells, matriptase was detected mainly as an uncomplexed form; however, low levels of matriptase were detected in complexes. In striking contrast, only the complexed matriptase was detected in human milk. The complexed matriptase has now been purified. Amino acid sequences obtained from the matriptase-associated proteins reveal that they are fragments of a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor that was previously reported to be an inhibitor of the hepatocyte growth factor activator. In addition, matriptase and its complexes were detected in milk-derived, SV40 T-antigen-immortalized mammary luminal epithelial cell lines, but not in human foreskin fibroblasts or in HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells. These results suggest that the milk-derived matriptase complexes are likely to be produced by the epithelial components of the lactating mammary gland in vivo and that the activity and function of matriptase may be differentially regulated by its cognate inhibitor, comparing breast cancer with the lactating mammary gland.
Telemedicine-supported insulin optimisation in primary care

We investigated the feasibility of a mobile-phone based system for patients with type 2 diabetes who had recently commenced insulin therapy but remained poorly controlled. The system was evaluated in a feasibility study in a general practice setting with 23 patients over six months. A total of 22 patients successfully completed the study and used the system for a mean of 217 days (range 162–376). Blood glucose control improved, as reflected by a mean decrease in HbA1c of 0.66% (P = 0.05), with the mean insulin dose increasing by 17 units (P = 0.006). Blood glucose monitoring compliance was high, with readings available for 6.2 days per week, although use of the mobile phone decreased during the study. On average, the mobile phone diary was used for 3.5 days per week. Insulin dose adjustments were made throughout the study by all patients, but not as frequently as would be expected for the degree of hyperglycaemia observed.
Accidental falls and related fractures in 65-74 year olds: A retrospective study of 332 patients

We investigated, by studying medical records, background factors and consequences of accidental falls of patients 65-74 years who attended the Department of Orthopedics' emergency clinic in Lund. We also assessed possible prevention measures. Fractures occurred in three quarters of the registered falls. Women were more prone to sustain fractures than men. Forearm fractures were commonest among women while hip fractures were commonest among men. One third of the patients were admitted to an orthopedic ward because of the fall. The patients who were less healthy had sustained fractures oftener and also needed more hospital care. Information regarding risk factors for falls and fractures were often missing in the patients' medical records. Impaired walking and balance, and medication increased the risk of falls. Such patients constitute a high risk group for future falls and fractures. A newly developed instrument is suggested as a routine in the emergency department to increase the awareness of risk factors for falls in the elderly. Satisfactory documentation is a prerequisite for further treatment and referrals to prevent falls and fractures.
The measurement of pulmonary capillary blood volume and pulmonary membrane diffusing capacity in normal subjects; the effects of exercise and position.

Carbon monoxide combines with oxyhemoglobin at a measurable rather than an infinitely fast rate (1, 2). This fact is important when carbon monoxide is used to estimate pulmonary diffusing capacity. If the rate at which this gas crosses the membrane between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries is greater than the rate at which it can react with oxyhemoglobin, carbon monoxide tension will rise in these capillaries and slow further diffusion. Therefore, the diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide is dependent not only on the thickness and area of the membrane between alveoli and capillaries, but also on the volume of blood in the capillaries and the rate at which this blood can react with carbon monoxide. Roughton and Forster (3) have recently shown that pulmonary capillary blood volume and the true diffusing capacity of the pulmonary membrane can be computed from data on the apparent diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLco) at different oxygen tensions and in vitro values for the rate of reaction of carbon monoxide with oxyhemoglobin contained in red cells (6) Such
Exploring Trends in Intrauterine Device (IUD) Usage Among Women in the United States: A Literature Review

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) have not been popular contraceptives in the US for the past 40 years. Recent evidence, however, has shown a slight rebirth in use, from a rate of approximately 2% in 2002 to over 5% in 2008 (Guttmacher Institute, 2010). Empirical evidence is favorable of IUD use in most women, but the still-low usage rate suggests practice has not caught up with theory. A literature review was conducted to explore and synthesize current trends of IUD use in the US. Factors associated with likelihood of use are country of origin, age, provider attitudes and training, and setting in which an IUD is sought. Lack of knowledge of potential users is also considered a barrier to the perpetuation of IUD use. Health educators can increase IUD knowledge and awareness among providers and potential users through programs that target cognitive and affective domains of learning. In addition, health educators can play a role in IUD insertion training programs. Health educators can use social marketing principles to create public awareness of the safety and efficacy of IUDs, bridging the gap that still exists between the promotion of IUDs in the scientific literature and the continued negative perception among the general population.
Immunoglobulin isotype expression II. Frequency analysis in mitogen‐reactive B cells

The frequency of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐reactive B cells developing into clones that secrete the various immunoglobulin (Ig) classes has been determined in vitro, in cells from BALB/c mice, under culture conditions which detect all growth‐inducible cells. Secretion of the different Ig classes was assessed in the protein A plaque assay for Ig‐secreting, plaque‐forming cells by using developing antisera specific for either IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 or IgA. In all lymphoid organs tested (spleen, bone marrow, mesenteric lymph nodes and thoracic duct), a considerable proportion of all B cells (5–20%) was induced by LPS to yield a clone of IgM‐secreting cells. Frequency determinations of LPS‐reactive cells giving rise to descendants secreting other Ig isotypes revealed that, on an average, and irrespective of the origin of the cells, 7% of all IgM‐secreting clones switched to the synthesis of IgG1, 39% to IgG2, 41% to IgG3 and 1% to IgA. Roughly the same frequencies of B cells switching CH gene expression were found among spleen cells of athymic nude mice. No correlation was found between the clonal frequencies of CH gene expression in polyclonally activated B cells and the in vivo “background” Ig‐secreting cells suggesting that the CH gene expression in B cells is influenced by the quality of stimulation and other regulating influences.
Analgesic Tolerance to High-Efficacy Agonists But Not to Morphine Is Diminished in Phosphorylation-Deficient S375A μ-Opioid Receptor Knock-In Mice

Morphine is one of the most potent analgesic drugs. However, the utility of morphine in the management of chronic pain is limited by its rapid development of tolerance. Morphine exerts all of its pharmacological effects via the μ-opioid receptor. In many systems, tolerance is associated with phosphorylation and desensitization of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In case of the μ-opioid receptor, phosphorylation occurs in an agonist-selective manner. High-efficacy agonists such as [d-Ala2-MePhe4-Gly-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO), fentanyl, or etonitazene stimulate the phosphorylation of both C-terminal threonine 370 (T370) and serine 375 (S375). In contrast, morphine promotes the phosphorylation of S375 but fails to stimulate T370 phosphorylation. Here, we have assessed the contribution of S375 phosphorylation to the development of antinociceptive tolerance to high- and low-efficacy μ agonists in vivo. We show that S375 phosphorylation of the μ-opioid receptor occurs in intact mouse brain in a dose-dependent manner after administration of morphine, fentanyl, or etonitazene. In knock-in mice expressing the phosphorylation-deficient S375A mutant of the μ-opioid receptor, morphine and fentanyl exhibited greater dose-dependent antinociceptive responses than in wild-type mice. However, acute and chronic tolerance to morphine was retained in S375A mutant mice. In contrast, antinociceptive tolerance after repeated subcutaneous application of etonitazene or repeated intracerebroventricular application of DAMGO was diminished. Thus, tolerance to μ agonists with different efficacies develops through distinct pathways. Whereas tolerance induced by DAMGO or etonitazene requires agonist-driven phosphorylation of S375, the development and maintenance of antinociceptive tolerance to morphine occurs independent of S375 phosphorylation.
Prevalence and outcome of uveitis in a regional cohort of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and outcome of chronic uveitis in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). METHODS A retrospective analysis of 760 patients with JRA followed in 4 pediatric rheumatology centers. Patients with chronic uveitis were identified and their medical and ophthalmologic records were reviewed. RESULTS Seventy-four patients with uveitis were identified. The prevalence of uveitis was 9.3%. The mean interval from the onset of JRA to the onset of uveitis was 21 months, and 90% of the patients who developed uveitis did so within the first 4 years of their disease. Visual complications (synechiae, band keratopathy, cataract, or glaucoma) developed in 31% of the patients with uveitis. Complications were more common in patients who presented with uveitis early in the course of their JRA. Complications were also more common in antinuclear antibody (ANA) negative than in ANA positive patients. Visual loss to 20/50 or worse occurred in only 11% of patients with uveitis, and no patient became blind. CONCLUSION In a very large cohort of patients with JRA, uveitis was uncommon and poor visual outcome was rare. Visual complications did not necessarily result in a poor outcome.
Automatic Gaze-Based Detection of Mind Wandering during Film Viewing

Mind wandering (MW) reflects a shift in attention from taskrelated to task-unrelated thoughts. It is negatively related to performance across a range of tasks, suggesting the importance of detecting and responding to MW in real-time. Currently, there is a paucity of research on MW detection in contexts other than reading. We addressed this gap by using eye gaze to automatically detect MW during narrative film comprehension, an activity that is used across a range of learning environments. In the current study, students self-reported MW as they watched a 32.5-minute commercial film. Students’ eye gaze was recorded with an eye tracker. Supervised machine learning models were used to detect MW using global (content-independent), local (contentdependent), and combined global+local features. We achieved a student-independent score (MW F1) of . 45, which reflected a 29% improvement over a chance baseline. Models built using local features were more accurate than the global and combined models. An analysis of diagnostic features revealed that MW primarily manifested as a breakdown in attentional synchrony between eye gaze and visually salient areas of the screen. We consider limitations, applications, and refinements of the MW detector.