Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of volatile anesthetics on L- and T-type calcium channel currents in canine cardiac Purkinje cells.

The effects of halothane (0.45 and 0.9 mM, equivalent to 0.7 and 1.5%, respectively), isoflurane (0.54 and 1.23 mM, equivalent to 0.9 and 2.0%, respectively) and enflurane (0.65 and 1.48 mM, equivalent to 1.2 and 2.5%, respectively) on macroscopic L- and T-type Ca2+ channel currents were compared in single canine cardiac Purkinje cells using the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique. Cells were dialyzed with pipette solution containing CsCl and superfused with an external solution containing 10 mM BaCl2 and tetraethylammonium chloride. The long-lasting (L) and transient (T)-type Ca2+ channel currents were measured by depolarizing the membrane from different holding potentials (HPs). Voltage steps from an HP of either -80 or -70 mV elicited a low threshold, rapidly inactivating inward current at -40 to -30 mV, which maximally activated at -14 +/- 0.9 mV. This current was reduced by Ni2+ (100 microM) but not by nifedipine (1 microM), therefore resembling T-type Ca2+ channel current. In contrast, depolarizing steps from an HP of -40 mV elicited a sustained inward current that maximally activated at +4.1 +/- 0.8 mV and was nifedipine-sensitive, showing the characteristics of an L-type Ca2+ channel current. Halothane, isoflurane, and enflurane produced a concentration-dependent suppression of total Ca2+ channel current in every cell studied. Separation of Ca2+ channel types showed that both L- and T-type Ca2+ channel currents were depressed to a similar extent by anesthetic administration. These agents reduced peak L- and T-type current elicited at each pulse potential but did not shift the current-voltage (I-V) relationship for either T- or L-type current activation. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Acute myocardial infarction caused by acute ascending aortic dissection

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) secondary to acute ascending aortic dissection is a rare condition. The clinical presentations are similar but treatment strategies are different between AMI due to thrombotic occlusion of coronary arteries and that secondary to aortic dissection. In the latter, emergency surgery is the first choice and thrombolytic therapy is absolutely contraindicated. We report a 44-year-old man, who suddenly developed acute anterior chest pain. The diagnosis at emergency room was inferior wall AMI and the patient was treated with thrombolysis followed by coronary intervention. However, aortic dissection was suspected during cardiac catheterization and then comfirmed by echocardiography. The patient underwent emergent cardiac surgery to repair the aortic wall and bypass the proximal portion of right coronary artery (RCA). The follow-up coronary angiogram 3 months later showed patent RCA. From this case, we learn that in patients with an AMI, the possibility of aortic dissection should be kept in mind. If there is any suspicion, echocardiography can serve as a safe and quick tool to detect the possibility.
Conditional Knockout of Lgr4 Leads to Impaired Ductal Elongation and Branching Morphogenesis in Mouse Mammary Glands

We have analyzed the function of LGR4 in the development of various mouse epithelial tissues. Here we first report the retarded invasion of mammary ducts into the fat pad observed in Lgr4K5 KO mice at 4 weeks, compared with that of age-matched Lgr4K5 ctrl. Furthermore, we demonstrate a significant decrease in mammary ductal branching in Lgr4K5 KO at several stages (4, 6 and 8 weeks). On the other hand, immunohistochemical analysis of the mammary gland of Lgr4K5 KO using anti-αSMA, anti-K18 and anti-laminin antibodies showed structures similar to those of Lgr4K5 ctrl mammary glands. In addition, we did not detect significant differences in the expression of ERα, which was suggested to be a downstream molecule of LGR4, and Lgr4K5 KO showed no retarded invasion in the response to 17β-estradiol administration. Furthermore, the phosphorylated form of Smad1/5/8 was normally detected in the mammary gland of Lgr4K5 KO.
Late Blight Resistance of RB Transgenic Potato Lines

pyramiding ABSTRACT. Late blight of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), incited by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is a devastating disease affecting tuber yield and storage. Recent work has isolated a resistance gene, RB, from the wild species Solanum bulbocastanum Dun. Earlier work in Toluca, Mexico, observed significant levels of field resistance under intense disease pressure in a somatic hybrid containing RB. In this study, five transgenic RB lines were recovered from the late blight susceptible line MSE149-5Y, from the Michigan State University (MSU) potato breeding program. Transgenic lines were molecularly characterized for the RB transgene, RB transcript, and insertion number of the kanamycin resistance gene NPTII. Transgenic lines and the parent line were evaluated for resistance in field and laboratory tests. Molecular characterization alone did not predict which lines were resistant. Three of the RB transformed MSE149-5Y lines showed increased resistance under field conditions at MSU and increased resistance in detached leaf evaluations using multiple isolates individually (US-1, US-1.7, US-8, US-10, and US-14). Transfer of RBinto late blight susceptible and resistant lines could provide increased protection to potato late blight. The use of the RB gene for transformation in this way creates a partially cisgenic event in potato because the gene's native promoter and terminator are used. This type of transformation provides a chance to generate greater public acceptance of engineered approaches to trait introgression in food crops.
PROGRAMMING NOVICES' MENTAL MODELS

Achieving success or failure at the beginning of the introductory programming course often determines whether the student will continue to track content related to computer science. Despite numerous studies, it is still not entirely clear why some students of introductory programming courses learn to program faster and better than others, and why, for some, programming is funny while others see it as arduous struggle in an effort to pass one course. In an effort to discover the factors that influence the achievement of success in introductory programming course, a growing number of researchers are studying the importance of students creating consistent mental models of fundamental programming concepts. This paper aims to give an overview of the relevant literature that examines the impact of novice programmer creating consistent mental model to his learning programming in general, lists the advantages and disadvantages of the application of certain teaching techniques with respect to the student’s engagement, emphasizes the importance of student's high self-efficacy for knowledge adoption and transfer, compares the effectiveness of individual tools, visual or Command Line, which aims to assist students in creating consistent mental models in learning programming and understanding how computer program really works and finally gives some pedagogical implications,
The prevalence of viral hepatitis (HAV, HBV and HCV) in the Christchurch community.

AIM To determine the prevalence of hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) in adults randomly selected from the Christchurch community. METHODS A list of names was randomly generated from the Christchurch electoral roll and subjects were sequentially contacted and invited to participate. A blood sample was taken and tested for hepatitis A (IgG anti-HAV antibody), hepatitis B (HBsAg and anti-HBc) and HCV (anti-HCV antibody) using Abbott Elisa kits. Subjects positive for HBsAg were also tested for HBeAg/HBV DNA. Those positive for anti-HBc were tested for anti-HBs. HCV antibody positive samples were tested for HCV RNA using PCR. RESULTS 1064 subjects (30.3% of those invited) participated in the study. The prevalence of HAV antibodies was 27.9%, and increased with age. The overall prevalence of HBV markers was 42/1064 (4.2%), and of these 0.3% were HBsAg positive and 3.9% were considered immune. No gender or ethnic differences in these proportions were observed. The seroprevalence of HVC antibody was 3/1064 (0.3%), two of whom were also PCR positive for HCV RNA. CONCLUSION In the Christchurch community there was a high prevalence of antibodies to HAV, which increased with age. The prevalence of HBsAg and antibody to HCV were both low at 0.3%.
Succinct representation, leaf languages, and projection reductions

The concepts of succinct problem representation, and of NP leaf languages, were developed to characterize complexity classes above polynomial time. Here, we work out a descriptive complexity approach to succinctly represented problems, and prove a strictly stronger version of the Conversion Lemma from Balcazar et al (1992) which allows iterated application. Moreover, we prove that for every problem /spl Pi/ its succinct version s/spl Pi/ is complete under projection reductions for the leaf language it defines. Projection reductions are a highly restrictive reducibility notion stemming from descriptive complexity theory. Our main tool is a characterization of polynomial time Turing machines in terms of circuits which are constructed uniformly by quantifier-free formulas. Finally, we show that an alternative succinct representation model allows to obtain completeness results for all syntactic complexity classes even under monotone projection reductions. Thus, we positively answer a question by Stewart (1991, 1994) for a large number of complexity classes.
Limitations in Bonding to Dentin and Experimental Strategies to Prevent Bond Degradation

The limited durability of resin-dentin bonds severely compromises the lifetime of tooth-colored restorations. Bond degradation occurs via hydrolysis of suboptimally polymerized hydrophilic resin components and degradation of water-rich, resin-sparse collagen matrices by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cysteine cathepsins. This review examined data generated over the past three years on five experimental strategies developed by different research groups for extending the longevity of resin-dentin bonds. They include: (1) increasing the degree of conversion and esterase resistance of hydrophilic adhesives; (2) the use of broad-spectrum inhibitors of collagenolytic enzymes, including novel inhibitor functional groups grafted to methacrylate resins monomers to produce anti-MMP adhesives; (3) the use of cross-linking agents for silencing the activities of MMP and cathepsins that irreversibly alter the 3-D structures of their catalytic/allosteric domains; (4) ethanol wet-bonding with hydrophobic resins to completely replace water from the extrafibrillar and intrafibrillar collagen compartments and immobilize the collagenolytic enzymes; and (5) biomimetic remineralization of the water-filled collagen matrix using analogs of matrix proteins to progressively replace water with intrafibrillar and extrafibrillar apatites to exclude exogenous collagenolytic enzymes and fossilize endogenous collagenolytic enzymes. A combination of several of these strategies should result in overcoming the critical barriers to progress currently encountered in dentin bonding.
Bilateral pheochromocytoma in pregnancy heralding multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome IIA. A case report.

BACKGROUND Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type IIA (MEN IIA) has rarely been encountered in pregnancy. CASE A 22-year-old, nulliparous woman developed bilateral pheochromocytomas during pregnancy. This finding aroused suspicion for MEN IIA, and close endocrinologic follow-up was arranged. Four years later, hyperparathyroidism developed, and the diagnosis was established. The patient underwent prophylactic total thyroidectomy with parathyroid exploration. CONCLUSION This was the first case of MEN IIA in pregnancy in which the diagnosis was established prior to the development of medullary thyroid cancer, thereby allowing prophylactic thyroidectomy. The presence of bilateral neoplastic disease in young patients may be indicative of a hereditary predisposition to malignancy.
Effect of postmortem treatments on the tenderness of meat from Hereford, Brahman and Brahman-cross beef cattle.

The effect of postmortem aging (7, 14, 21 or 28 d), high-voltage electrical stimulation (stimulated or not stimulated) and blade tenderization (none or once; crossbreds only) on the sensory and cooking properties of meat from four beef breeds or breed-types (purebred Hereford, purebred Brahman, Hereford x Brahman and Brahman x Hereford) was determined. The meat from purebred Brahman cattle that was not electrically stimulated was less tender and more variable in tenderness than that from other breed-types but electrical stimulation reduced these differences in tenderness. The Brahman crossbred steers produced meat that was not different in tenderness or variability in tenderness from that of purebred Hereford steers, although all were only judged "slightly tender. " Electrical stimulation reduced the length of postmortem aging needed to reach a given level of tenderness regardless of breed or breed-type. Meat from crossbred animals that was blade-tendernized was not different in tenderness from meat that was electrically stimulated. The results of this investigation indicate that purebred Brahman muscle was inherently less tender, but postmortem tenderization procedures produced meat that was similar tenderness to that of the other breed-types used in this study.
Rapid adaptation to climate change

In recent years, amid growing concerns that changing climate is affecting species distributions and ecosystems, predicting responses to rapid environmental change has become a major goal. In this issue, Franks and colleagues take a first step towards this objective (Franks et al. 2016). They examine genomewide signatures of selection in populations of Brassica rapa after a severe multiyear drought. Together with other authors, Franks had previously shown that flowering time was reduced after this particular drought and that the reduction was genetically encoded. Now, the authors have sequenced previously stored samples to compare allele frequencies before and after the drought and identify the loci with the most extreme shifts in frequencies. The loci they identify largely differ between populations, suggesting that different genetic variants may be responsible for reduction in flowering time in the two populations.
Safety and Efficacy of Fedratinib in Patients With Primary or Secondary Myelofibrosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

IMPORTANCE Myelofibrosis (MF) is a BCR-ABL-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by anemia, splenomegaly, debilitating constitutional symptoms, and shortened survival. Fedratinib, a JAK2-selective inhibitor, previously demonstrated clinically beneficial activity in patients with MF in early-phase trials. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fedratinib therapy in patients with primary or secondary (post-polycythemia vera or post-essential thrombocythemia) MF. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 study in 94 sites in 24 countries in which 289 adult patients (≥18 years of age) with intermediate-2 or high-risk primary MF, post-polycythemia vera MF, or post-essential thrombocythemia MF were randomly assigned between December 2011 and September 2012 to once-daily oral fedratinib, at a dose of 400 mg or 500 mg, or placebo, for at least 6 consecutive 4-week cycles. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary end point was spleen response (≥35% reduction in spleen volume from baseline as determined by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography) at week 24 and confirmed 4 weeks later. The main secondary end point was symptom response (≥50% reduction in total symptom score, assessed using the modified Myelofibrosis Symptom Assessment Form). RESULTS The primary end point was achieved by 35 of 96 (36% [95% CI, 27%-46%]) and 39 of 97 (40% [95% CI, 30%-50%]) patients in the fedratinib 400-mg and 500-mg groups, vs 1 of 96 (1% [95% CI, 0%-3%]) in the placebo group (P < .001). Symptom response rates at week 24 were 33 of 91 (36% [95% CI, 26%-46%]), 31 of 91 (34% [95% CI, 24%-44%]), and 6 of 85 (7% [95% CI, 2%-13%]) in the fedratinib 400-mg, 500-mg, and placebo groups, respectively (P < .001). Common adverse events with fedratinib treatment were anemia, gastrointestinal symptoms, and increased levels of liver transaminases, serum creatinine, and pancreatic enzymes. Encephalopathy was reported in 4 women who received fedratinib 500 mg/d. A diagnosis of Wernicke encephalopathy was supported by magnetic resonance imaging in 3 cases and suspected clinically in 1 case. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Fedratinib therapy significantly reduced splenomegaly and symptom burden in patients with MF. These benefits were accompanied by toxic effects in some patients, the most important being encephalopathy of unknown mechanism. Clinical development of fedratinib was subsequently discontinued. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01437787.
Primary carcinoma of the liver. A study of 100 cases among 48,900 necropsies

RIMARY CARCINOMA of the liver holds a P unique position among all human neoplasms: First, because of striking differences in racial and geographical distribution, the problem, has world-wide significance. Second, i t is so regularly associated with a chronic degenerative and regenerative disease (cirrhosis) of a large parenchymatous organ. Such association is rarely seen in other large organs such as the pancreas and kidney. Third, tumors occur spontaneously and can also be easily produced in experimental animals by different carcinogenic agents that damage the liver. Lastly, certain inherent difficulties are encountered in both the clinical and pathological aspects of the disease. The clinical problem is often one of diagnosing carcinoma in the presence of cirrhosis or distinguishing primary from secondary carcinoma of the liver. From the standpoint of pathology, there is such variation in histological structure that the determination of histogenesis and hence classification of some neoplasms of the liver have been almost impossible. Knowledge of cancer of the liver is today advancing in many areas-morphological, chemical, pathogenetic, etiological, and clinical. It is now possible to recognize most tumors as primary in the liver on the positive basis of their microscopic appearance rather than, as formerly, merely by exclusion of other possible sites. The chemical studies have gone far in characterizing the enzyme patterns and chemical composition of hepatoma as contrasted with normal liver tissue; unfortunately, no distinctive features are yet recognized that can supplement histopathological studies for precise diagnosis, although chemical determinations of certain changes in the host may be of aid in laboratory diagnosis during life. The
Bovine Virus Diarrhea and Mucosal Disease in Free-ranging and aptive Deer (Cervidae) in Germany

From 1990 until 1992, 355 bloodsamples of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (n =123), red deer (Cervus elaphus) (n = 60), fallow eer (Darna dama) (n= 87) and other cervid pecies (n = 85) from three different habitats (n = 180) and 11 wildlife parks or zoos (n = 75) in Germany were tested for prevalence of estivirus antibodies. Seventeen samples were seropositive for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV); only one animal had antibodies for Border disease virus. Microneutralization test titers ranged from 1:5 to 1:125. We found no significant difference in antibody prevalence among deer in habitats with high, intermediate and low density of cattle. There were significantly more seropositive individuals in roe deer compared to fallow deer. Significantly more seropositive individuals were found among juvenile animals than among adults. Antibody prevalence in free-ranging cervids was significantly higher compared with that of deer in enclosures. Antibody prevalence in summer was significantly higher than in winter.
Sub 50 nm InP HEMT Device with Fmax Greater than 1 THz

In this paper, we present the latest advancements of sub 50 nm InGaAs/lnAIAs/lnP high electron mobility transistor (InP HEMT) devices that have achieved extrapolated Fmax above 1 THz. This extrapolation is both based on unilateral gain (1.2 THz) and maximum stable gain/maximum available gain (1.1 THz) extrapolations, with an associated fT of 385 GHz. This extrapolation is validated by the demonstration of a 3-stage common source low noise MMIC amplifier which exhibits greater than 18 dB gain at 300 GHz and 15 dB gain at 340 GHz.
Hybrid Lead Halide Iodide and Lead Halide Bromide in Efficient Hole Conductor Free Perovskite Solar Cell

In this work we used CH3NH3PbInBr3–n (where 0 ≤ n ≤ 3) as hole conductor and light harvester in the solar cell. Various concentrations of methylammonium iodide and methylammonium bromide were studied which reveal that any composition of the hybrid CH3NH3PbInBr3–n can conduct holes. The hybrid perovskite was deposited in two steps, separating it to two precursors to allow better control of the perovskite composition and efficient tuning of its band gap. The X-ray diffraction reveals the change in the lattice parameter due to the introducing of the Br– ions. The hybrid iodide/bromide perovskite hole conductor free solar cells show very good stability, their power conversion efficiency achieved 8.54% under 1 sun illumination with current density of 16.2 mA/cm2. The results of this work open the possibility for graded structure of perovskite solar cells without the need for hole conductor.
Family Care giving in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Is there a gender difference?

Families of children with a Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy go through significant challenges in dealing with the condition. Few studies have examined the situations especially in the socio-cultural scenario that is unique to India, looking into the gender difference in the challenges. Hence, the aim of the present study was to identify the gender difference in psychosocial challenges in care giving for caregivers of children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). A cross sectional descriptive study was performed among the caregivers of 60 children with DMD (All Males, Mean age 8.60; SD 1.76) who were attending the neuromuscular disorders clinic of a national tertiary referral center for Neurological disorders. All the children had a diagnosis of DMD confirmed either by genetic analysis or absence of dystrophin staining on muscle Immunohistochemistry. The caregivers included fathers (32), mothers (24) and other relatives (4), with mean age 35.20; SD 6.61. The knowledge and attitude, caregiver wellbeing, burden and coping patterns were assessed using structured interview schedule. The findings showed that while there was no significant difference among the parents of children with DMD on knowledge and attitude, significant differences were found in the experience of family burden and coping. The study concluded that caregivers of children with DMD are expected to benefit from psychosocial intervention to address their inadequate knowledge, attitude and burden, in keeping with the gender difference in caregiving, and to help them develop coping skills and meet their needs as well as their children's needs. Contact information of corresponding author: priyathomasat@gmail.com
Culex nigripalpus: Seasonal Shift in the Bird-Mammal Feeding Ratio in a Mosquito Vector of Human Encephalitis

Blood-engorged Culex nigripalpus (Theob.) collected throughout the year in two Florida localities were serologically tested to determine the host range of this mosquito in nature. A proportional increase in feeding on mammals occurred in early summer, reached a maximum between July and October, and was followed by a shift back to avian hosts which dominated the feeding pattern during winter and spring. This finding strengthens the hypothesis that a biphasic pattern of feeding is a basic characteristic of an enzootic vector that, in epidemic years, also serves as the primary vector of avian arbovirus to man.