Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vessel-length distribution in stems of some American woody plants

Vessel-length distributions in some trees, shrubs, and a vine have been calculated from measurements of particle penetration and of air-volume flow through the xylem. In shrubs and diffuse-porous species, longest vessels were about 1 m long, but most of them were much shorter, the largest percentage in the 0–10 cm length class. In the two ring-porous species investigated (Quercus rubra and Fraxinus americana), the longest vessels often were as long as the tree's stem, but most of them were much shorter. In the grapevine (Vitis labrusca) which has large-diameter vessels (ca. 300 μm) a small percentage of the vessels was 8 m, but most of them were less than 5 m long. In a given species, lengths of the longest vessel were quite variable, but the distribution of the short lengths was more constant. In general, vessel lengths are correlated with vessel diameters: wide vessels are longer. Even in diffuse-porous species, the slightly narrower latewood vessels are somewhat shorter than the wider early wood vessel.
Level of analysis in export performance research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide researchers and journal reviewers with guidance regarding the appropriate level of analysis when developing and testing theory on export performance determinants. The authors’ focus is on the implications this has for the measurement of export performance.Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the form of an essay.Findings – Researchers should measure export performance at the level at which the theory is developed. Most export performance theory developed is inherently export function level theory, requiring export function level measurement of performance. Less commonly, researchers may develop theory at the intra‐firm level, which requires performance data from multiple export ventures within firms for theory testing purposes. Researchers rarely have cause to collect data from a single export venture from firms, since data at this level are unlikely to generalize to the firm as a whole, and may lead to a biased picture of the determinants of over.
Labour as Entrepreneurs. The Ambivalent Role of Labour in Restructuring in the Polish Steel Industry

The paper analyses steel restructuring at one of the major steel companies in Poland. It traces the restructuring history from the 1990s up to recent times, arguing that restructuring was heavily influenced by EU-accession conditionality and by the sector-oriented policy of Polish trade unions. While steel restructuring is often considered a major success story in Poland, this article, basing its argument on the life trajectories of the redundant workers, highlights the downside of a sectoral approach which operates at the expense of regional restructuring.
Business Models – A New Perspective on Firms' Assets and Capabilities

Network-intensive business behaviour and specialization in core competencies have increased the importance of utilizing resources beyond company boundaries. In recent years, resource exploration and exploitation have attracted increasing attention in the literature on interorganizational exchange and strategic networks. However, resources have not been sufficiently analysed in connection with types of business models. In this study, the authors focus on key assets and capabilities from the entrepreneur's business model perspective. Taking theories of interorganizational exchange and the resource-based view of the firm as the basis, key assets and capabilities are identified in four different types of business models in selected software companies. The key findings indicate that there is a significant difference in the emphasis on internally and externally obtained resources between different types of business models.
Alliance entrepreneurship and firm market performance

This paper extends entrepreneurship into the domain of alliances, and investigates the effect of alliance proactiveness on market-based firm performance (defined in terms of sales growth, market share, market development and product development). Alliance proactiveness is defined as the extent to which an organization engages in identifying and responding to partnering opportunities. The effect of alliance proactiveness on performance is tested within a contingency framework, with size and perceived environmental uncertainty as moderators, and using data from 182 firms. We estimated the model using partial least squares. Results indicate that alliance proactiveness leads to superior market-based performance, and that this effect is stronger for small firms and in unstable market environments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative Risk Analysis For ContaminatedSites: Italian Regional Criteria In ComparisonWith International Standards

According to the Italian regulation on remediation activities (D.M. 471/99), comparative risk analysis plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of the priorities for clean-up actions on contaminated sites and gives important indications on the initial investigation strategy. Based on the US.EPA model “Hazardous Ranking System (HRS)” first developed in 1982 and successively modified, some regional comparative risk analysis criteria have been developed in Italy. A crucial point for the application of comparative risk analysis on a national scale is the development of a unique standard procedure that should include all the regional experiences, giving them a large-scale validity with the introduction of scores tested on site-specific characteristics. In this perspective, the paper presents a critical overview of the most relevant and recent Italian experiences on comparative risk analysis.
Key Drivers of Customers’ Perception towards Hotel Brands through Online Booking Stages and Implications for Hotel Management

Building strong brand image in the online context can be considered as a key driver for hotel business’s success. Hotels use their brand names, signs, logos (tangible) and images (intangible) to differentiate themselves from their competitors. Customer perception about a hotel brand is created from both offline and online contexts but only few studies have investigated the formation of brand image in online contexts, especially in hotel business. The paper primarily focuses on, and examines, the factors that determine online hotel brand-image from customers’ perspectives. This is one of a few studies to discuss the dimensions of online brand-image for hotel business and provides an understanding of factors that hotel operators need to address in order to create a positive brand image in an online context. In order to investigate the key drivers of online brand-image, semi-structured interviews and a scenario-based study with twenty hotel customers in UK and Thailand were conducted. The respondents were hotel customers who previously searched and booked hotels online in the last 18 months. Thematic analysis was used to classify and organize data according to key themes, concepts based from previous literature and emergent categories relevant to brand image, online brand-image and brand attributes. The findings significantly reveal that search engines, online travel-agent website information, website attributes such as site appearance, content, prior offline brand-image and online reviews and rating sites, influence customer perceptions on hotel brand-image in an online context. These results provide both academic and practical implications for the hospitality field.
LOCALIZATION BY PEROXIDASE-LABELED ANTIBODIES OF BOVINE CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN

The localization of bovine chymotrypsinogen in the pancreas was investigated by horseradish peroxidase-labeled antibodies. Chymotrysinogen was not only found in the zymogen granules of the apical portion of the acinar cells of some acini but also in the basal portion and surrounding the nuclei in other acini. Not all acinar cells exhibited the same degree of staining in a given acinus. This indicated asynchronous proenzyme production. Cytoplasmic staining was found but may have been an artifact. Gel diffusion showed a single precipitin line of identity between trypsinogen, trypsin, chymotrypsinogen, and α-, β- and γ-chymotrypsin. Because of the cross-reaction it is presumed that the antibody was recognizing both trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen.
Using the column oriented NoSQL model for implementing big data warehouses

The column-oriented NoSQL (Not Only SQL) model provides for big data the most suitable model to the data warehouse and the structure of multidimensional data as the OLAP cube and allows it to be deployed in the cloud and a high scalability whilst delivering high performance. In the absence of a clear approach which allows the implementation of data warehouses using this model, we propose in this paper, three approaches which allow big data warehouses to be implemented under the column oriented NoSQL DBMS. Each one differs in terms of structure and the attribute types used when mapping the conceptual model into logical model is performed. We use these approaches to instantiate the conceptual model of the star schema benchmark (SSB) data warehouse into columnar logical models, and show the differences between them when decisional queries are performed.
Managing Innovation Networks for Knowledge Mobility and Appropriability: A Complexity Perspective

Abstract Despite widespread recognition that an enterprise’s critical resources may extend beyond the enterprise’s traditional boundaries, with the focal enterprise drawing upon the resources of other firms and institutions through networks, there is a dearth of empirical research on knowledge mobility and appropriability patterns among innovative Australian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through the lens of complexity science. We address this gap, by examining what, how, and why innovation-related knowledge flows from networks into SMEs, and how SMEs protect intellectual property (IP) and appropriate value. Based on a survey of 838 SMEs, we find patterns of internal and external knowledge flows with SMEs searching for ideas internally, and via market-based networks, with internally sourced ideas having the strongest impact on innovativeness. The results also show SMEs are most likely to network with market-based agents relative to localised learning networks. Further, networking with suppliers increases innovativeness, as does sourcing knowledge as part of a package with the purchase of new equipment, underscoring the importance of the vertical supply chain network. Despite limited interaction with localised learning networks, outsourcing R&D to these networks increases innovativeness. We also find that informal IP, in particular, secrecy, complexity of product design, and frequent and rapid changes to products/services increases innovativeness, as do formal copyrights and trademarks. In addition to protecting IP, these practices are product market strategies, enabling SMEs to commercialise innovations and appropriate value. But while appropriability mechanisms provide innovation benefits to individual agents, from the perspective of complexity science, IP mechanisms act as barriers to effective knowledge flows (e.g. information sharing) preventing innovative networking through the mechanism of a positive feedback loop to evolve to the state where distributed intelligence comes into play and facilitates break-through innovations.
Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone corresponding to the maize globulin-2 gene.

Maize globulins represent a group of saline-soluble proteins that accumulate primarily in the developing embryo (4, 6, 7). The most abundant globulin components are the Mr 63,000 GLB1 protein and the Mr 45,000 GLB2 protein, which are encoded by the Globulin-i (Glbl) and Globulin-2 (Glb2) genes, respectively (4, 7). GLB 1 and GLB2 collectively comprise 10 to 20% of the protein present in the mature maize embryo. The amino acid composition and the developmental accumulation pattern of GLB 1 and GLB2 suggest that these are embryo storage proteins (4). GLB1 exhibits sequence similarity to 7S seed globulins of both monocots and dicots (2, 3). A common characteristic of seed storage proteins described to date is that they are encoded by multigene families (8). In contrast, the Glbl gene exists as a single copy in the haploid genome as determined by genetic analyses of several electrophoretic variants (7) and as recently confirmed at the molecular level by gene copy-number reconstruction analysis (2). Although we have not observed electrophoretic variants for GLB2, two null alleles for Glb2 have been identified (Table I). GLB2 also appears to be encoded by a single gene as determined by genetic analyses in which each of the Glb2 null alleles segregates as a Mendelian recessive trait and by Southern blot analysis of maize DNA in which Glb2-specific clones are used as probes. The availability of allelic variants for both of the single-copy maize Glb genes allows for detailed analysis of allelic polymorphism in plants at the molecular level. Recently, we reported (2) the isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone corresponding to the Glb]-S allele, which represents the first monocot 7S globulin to be analyzed at the molecular level. We present here the nucleotide sequence of a full-length cDNA clone corresponding to Glb2. The amino acid sequence deduced from the pcGlb2 nucleotide sequence (Fig. 1) indicates that GLB2 is synthesized as a preproprotein, as is the case for GLB 1 (2, 5) and other seed storage globulins (8). Alignment of mature GLB 1 and GLB2 from their amino termini indicates that the two polypeptides share 28% amino acid sequence identity. Although a slight amount of immunological cross-reactivity has been observed for the GLB2 and GLB1 polypeptides, the two cDNA clones pcGlb2 and pcGlb1S do not cross-hybridize at a Tm of -25? C. Efforts are underway to isolate genomic clones corresponding to Glb2 as well as the null alleles Glb2-0 and Glb2-NJ to determine the molecular basis of the null phenotype in each case.
An Analysis of Factors Influencing Itc Decisions in Antidumoing, Countervailing Duty and Safeguard Cases

This paper attempts to determine the economic factors that best explain the decisions of the International Trade Commission in antidumping, countervailing duty and safeguard cases, utilizing the economic data collected by the Commission for each investigation. We also consider the extent to which these factors measure the injury conditions and causation relationships specified in U.S. trade laws. Our analyses yield mixed results. For example, while the Commission tends to require declining profits and employment in an industry before recommending import protection in safeguard cases -- as specified in the law, it is not clear that it delineates between serious injury caused by increased imports and serious injury due to other factors. Similarly, in countervailing duty and antidumping cases, economic conditions, such as changes in industry shipments and the degree of capacity utilization, are taken into consideration in material injury decisions, but other factors one would expect to be associated with affirmative decisions, e.g., the ratio of unfair imports to consumption, do not seem to playa significant role. Some variables also enter significantly in the regressions that do not seem to be indicators of material injury.
Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development in Nigeria

The paper discusses the place of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for sustainable development in Nigeria. The application of ICT to various sectors in Nigeria has the potential of bringing about sporadic and sustainable development. Various ICT resources that could enhance sustainable development are discussed in the paper. Also sectorial input of ICT was discussed by the paper. The paper concludes that the application of ICT has emerged as the most radical development of the 21st century and is indispensable to Nigeria's sustainable development effort.
The Mobility and Integration of People with Disabilities into the Labour Market

The study assesses the situation of people with disabilities within the European Union and the impact of the measures used to increase their employment. People with disabilities face low employment rates, a high dependency on benefits as well as increased poverty risk. Two types of measures exist to reinforce the social inclusion of disabled people: passive measures (cash benefits) and active measures (active labour market policies). Non-discrimination legislation and policy play an important role within the integration process of the EU. It is argued that there is a need for an effective implementation and enforcement of the principle of non-discrimination. In addition, disability should be addressed from a broader scope by focusing on remaining or partial work capacity rather than work incapacity. Therefore, a right balance between flexibility on the one hand and security on the other is needed. The objective of promoting independent living for disabled people should be included as an explicit priority in the next Disability Action Plan.
Temporal trends in the misdiagnosis rates between Crohn’s disease and intestinal tuberculosis

AIM To investigate the temporal trends in the misdiagnosis rate between Crohn’s disease (CD) and intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) in South Korea. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients managed for CD or ITB at Asan Medical Center, a tertiary referral hospital, Seoul, Korea between 1996 and 2014. The temporal trends in the misdiagnosis rates between the two diseases were analyzed. The demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between CD patients who were initially misdiagnosed as ITB (final CD group) and vice versa (final ITB group). Final diagnostic criteria for ITB and medication for CD before definite diagnosis of TB were also analyzed in final ITB group. RESULTS In total, 2760 patients were managed for CD and 772 patients for ITB between 1996 and 2014. As well, 494 of the 2760 CD patients (17.9%) were initially misdiagnosed as ITB and 83 of the 772 ITB patients (10.8%) as CD. The temporal trend in misdiagnosing CD as ITB showed a decrease (OR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.87-0.91, P < 0.001), whereas the temporal trend in misdiagnosing ITB as CD showed an increase (OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 1.01-1.11, P = 0.013). Age at diagnosis, presenting symptoms, and proportion of patients with active/past perianal fistula and active/inactive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) were significantly different between final CD group and final ITB group. Forty patients (48.2%) in final ITB group were diagnosed by favorable response to empirical anti-TB treatment. Seventeen patients (20.5%) in final ITB group had inappropriately received corticosteroids and/or thiopurines due to misdiagnosis as CD. However, there were no mortalities in both groups. CONCLUSION Cases of CD misdiagnosed as ITB have been decreasing, whereas cases of ITB misdiagnosed as CD have been increasing over the past two decades.
Institutional Investors and Firm Valuation: Evidence from Latin America

This article analyses how the corporate valuation of Latin American firms is affected by the presence of an institutional blockholder investor. The study uses a data set of 562 firms from six Latin American countries for the period 1997 to 2011. As in similar studies, we found that the presence of an institutional investor has a positive effect of 8% on firm value. After dividing the sample by investor type, we found that the presence of a grey investor (pension funds and insurance companies) has a negative effect on firm valuation, while independent investors (banks, investment and mutual funds) have a positive effect on firm valuation. This is one of the first studies to evaluate the relationship between investor activism and corporate valuation in Latin American economies with the most significant capital market development
Re‐transfusion of salvaged washed red cells improves clot formation in pigs as measured by rotational thrombelastometry (ROTEM®)

Background and objective Patients exhibiting considerable blood loss are prone to develop dilutional coagulopathy following volume supply. In such patients, in addition to transfusing stored blood components, cell saver systems are used to minimize allogeneic transfusion. Since red cell transfusion might influence the haemostatic system by further dilution, we investigated the effects of re‐transfusion of salvaged washed red blood cells on the haemostatic process in an animal model of controlled haemorrhage using rotational thrombelastometry (ROTEM®; Pentapharm Co., Munich, Germany). Methods Anaesthetized pigs (n = 20) developed coagulopathy following haemorrhagic shock (withdrawal of 66% of estimated blood volume) and volume resuscitation with 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. The shed blood was processed in a Cellsaver device (CATS ®; Fresenius AG, Bad Homburg, Germany), and the resulting salvaged red blood cells were re‐transfused. ROTEM assays were performed at baseline, after blood loss, after volume resuscitation and following re‐transfusion of salvaged red blood cells. Results As compared with baseline, blood loss and subsequent volume resuscitation resulted in significantly increased median values of clotting time (CT: 47.0, 5 .3 and 103.5 s), and clot formation time (CFT: 36.0, 40.0 and 186.0 s), whigggle maximum clot firmness decreased (MCF: 72.0, 68.5 and 39.5 mm). After re‐transfusion of salvaged red blood cells (805 ± 175 mL) all these parameters improved (CT: 80.5 s; P = 0.05, CFT: 144.0 s; P = 0.0008, MCF: 42.0 mm; P = 0.0019) although baseline values were not reached. Conclusion In the case of extreme isovolaemic haemodilution, increasing the circulating red cell mass by re‐transfusing salvaged red blood cells did not worsen the findings of dilutional coagulopathy but interestingly, at least partially, improves the clot formation process.
Exact and Closed-Form Error Performance Analysis for Hard MMSE Detection in MIMO Systems

We investigate the exact error performance of hard minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) detection in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. To facilitate the analysis, we first conduct error analysis for a general system with decision statistic, $z=ax+u$, where $a>0$, $x$ is the transmitted signal, and $u$ is the arbitrarily distributed noise component which is independent of $x$. For this general system, we derive the \emph{exact} and \emph{closed-form} bit-error rate (BER) expressions for $M$-ary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signalings, which include the well-known BER result in \cite{Cho2002} as a special case. For the first time in the literature (to the best of our knowledge), we then derive the \emph{exact} and \emph{closed-form} instantaneous BER and symbol-error rate (SER) expressions for hard MMSE detection. Finally, the validity of the derived error probability expressions is verified through our own Monte Carlo simulations and the simulation results reported in the literature.