Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is DDD Pacing Superior to VVI,R? A Study on Cardiac Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Myocardial Oxygen Consumption at Rest and During Exercise

Rate responsive ventricular pacing (VVI,R) has been demonstrated to equal atrial synchronous ventricular pacing (DDD) with regard to hemodynamics and exercise tolerance. Whether the two modes are also comparable, with regard to cardiac metabolic effects, is not yet dear. We assessed central hemodynamics, cardiac sympathetic nerve activity fcardiac norepinephrine overflow), and myocardial oxygen consumption in 16 patients treated with rate responsive atrial synchronous ventricular pacemakers (DDD,R), due to high degree AV block. The study was performed at rest and during supine exercise at two workloads (30 ± 12 and 68 ± 24 watts, respectively) during VDD and rate matched VVI pacing (VVIm). Ventricular rates at rest and during both workloads were almost identical. Cardiac output at rest tended to be higher in the VDD mode, due to a slightly higher stroke volume. Central pressures including right atrial pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were similar in the pacing modes. The coronary sinus blood flow, the coronary sinus arteriovenous oxygen difference, and the myocardial oxygen consumption did not differ between the two pacing modes. Cardiac norepinephrine overflow was similar in the two pacing modes, at rest or during exercise. Thus, we found no significant differences between VDD and VVIm pacing with regard to central hemodynamics, cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (cardiac norepinephrine overflow), or myocardial oxygen consumption either at rest or during moderate exercise.
Coadministration of cannabinoid CB1-receptor and adenosine A1-receptor antagonists improves the acquisition of spatial memory in mice: participation of glutamatergic neurotransmission

The aim of this study was to characterize the interaction of adenosine A1-receptor and cannabinoid CB1-receptor antagonists in the water maze and object-location tasks, and to evaluate the participation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus in the learning enhancement induced by the coadministration of both antagonists. Our results show that coadministration of ineffective doses of DPCPX (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine) (an A1-receptor antagonist) and AM251 (N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide) (a CB1-receptor antagonist) in different proportions enhanced the acquisition of spatial learning. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade disrupted the effects of the selected drug combination [AM251 0.25 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.)+DPCPX 0.30 mg/kg i.p.] either in the water maze or in the object-location task. Moreover, this drug combination induced a significant ex-vivo enhancement in glutamate release into hippocampal slices. In addition, the blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors with MK-801 (0.25 µg/site) infused into the hippocampal CA1 area reversed the effects of coadministration, as evaluated in the object-location task. In conclusion, this is the first study to show that A1-receptor and CB1-receptor antagonists might interact on hippocampal neurons to enhance spatial memory in mice.
The ross operation in 225 patients: a five-year experience in aortic root replacement.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY The Ross operation, introduced more than 30 years ago, has recently undergone several modifications to improve both technical feasibility and results. At the authors' institution, the Ross operation, performed as root replacement in all cases, was commenced in February 1995. METHODS A total of 225 patients (177 males, 48 females; mean age 39+/-15 years; range: 2 to 67 years) were operated on up to December 2000. Aortic regurgitation was present in 80 patients, stenosis in 69, and combined disease in 73; prostheses were replaced in three patients. Combined procedures were performed in 51 patients. Nine patients had active endocarditis. Follow up was 98% complete and totaled 471 patient-years. RESULTS There was no early mortality, and no thromboembolic or hemorrhagic events. Complications included prolonged ventilation in two patients, perioperative myocardial infarction in three, pacemaker implants in three and perioperative bleeding in six. One patient died at 25 months from hemoptysis, and one at five months of unknown cause. In the long term, four patients required reoperation due to autograft regurgitation (one autograft repair, three autograft replacements). Routine aortic annulus support, a lowered threshold in replacing all dilated ascending aorta and keeping the autograft short to the level of the sinotubular junction seems to have prevented further autograft failure. Pulmonary homograft stenosis led to reoperation in one patient. Six patients with elevated gradients are currently under observation. Echocardiography revealed autograft median peak gradients of 5.1+/-2.8 mmHg, pulmonary homograft gradients of 14.2+/-11.5 mmHg, and no significant regurgitation, except in one additional patient with recently diagnosed aortic insufficiency (grade >2). CONCLUSION Mid-term excellent hemodynamic results, low morbidity and reoperation requirement support the evolved root replacement technique and justify its further utilization.
Neuroprotective effects of erythropoietin on neurodegenerative and ischemic brain diseases: the role of erythropoietin receptor

Erythropoietin (Epo) is a fundamental hormone in the regulation of hematopoiesis, and other secondary roles mediated by the binding of the hormone to its specific receptor (EpoR), which leads to an activation of key signaling pathways that induce an increase in cell differentiation, apoptosis control and neuroprotection. It has been suggested that their function depends on final conformation of glycosylations, related with affinity to the receptor and its half-life. The presence of EpoR has been reported in different tissues including central nervous system, where it has been demonstrated to exert a neuroprotective function against oxidative stress conditions, such as ischemic injury and neurodegenerative diseases. There is also evidence of an increase in EpoR expression in brain cell lysates of Alzheimer's patients with respect to healthy patients. These results are related with extensive in vitro experimental data of neuroprotection obtained from cell lines, primary cell cultures and hippocampal slices. Additionally, this data is correlated with in vivo experiments (water maze test) in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease where Epo treatment improved cognitive function. These studies support the idea that receptor activation induces a neuroprotective effect in neurodegenerative disorders including dementias, and especially Alzheimer's disease. Taken together, available evidence suggests that Epo appears to be a central element for EpoR activation and neuroprotective properties in the central nervous system. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms associated with neuroprotection and its relation with the activation of EpoR in order with identify new targets to develop pharmacological strategies.
Cisplatin-Induced Renal Salt Wasting Syndrome

Cisplatin was the first platinum compound to be introduced as a chemotherapeutic agent with antineoplastic activity against a wide variety of solid tumors. Renal impairment with a decline in glomerular filtration has been the classical nephrotoxicity of cisplatin. Renal salt wasting syndrome is yet another, though it is not common. Previous studies were identified by searching the Pubmed database using the following keywords: cisplatin, cisplatin nephrotoxicity, renal salt wasting, and salt loosing nephropathy. Renal salt wasting syndrome has been described in 17 case reports since 1984. It is a rare side effect of cisplatin that manifests with polyuria, hypovolemia, and hyponatremia, and, because of similarities in clinical settings and laboratory values, it is frequently misdiagnosed as a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Other causes of polyuria and hyponatremia should be excluded. Treatment aims at restoring the lost water and salt. Substituting cisplatin with carboplatin depends on individual clinical settings. Prognosis is excellent, as recovery was the rule in all the reported cases.
Breastfeeding and the use of maternal health services in Sarawak.

In Malaysia, a demographer analyzed data on 1583 children born to 1047 15-49 year old mothers in the 5 years before the 1989 Population and Family Survey was conducted in all districts of Sarawak, except Belaga. She examined the relationship between use of maternal health services, including contraception, and the breast feeding pattern. Most women used prenatal care and postnatal care services (98.2% and 82.6%, respectively). The mean duration of breast feeding was only 6.13 months while the median duration was even shorter (3 months). Mothers who received prenatal care were more likely to initiate breast feeding than those who received no prenatal care (84.1% vs. 75%), but their duration of breast feeding was much shorter (median, 5 vs. 14.3 months). Women who delivered at a private hospital compared to those who delivered elsewhere were less likely to initiate breast feeding (70.6% vs. 84.6-88.9%) and breast feed for a shorter period of time (median, 2.36 vs. 4.41-13.56 months). Nurses in private hospitals care for newborns in a separate room and give prelacteal feeds, particularly commercial infant formula, which jeopardizes mothers' initiation of breast feeding. Women who were assisted by a physician had the lowest rate of initiation of breast feeding (70.5% vs. 86.2-92.4%) and the shortest duration of breast feeding (2.68 vs. 4.67-14.55 months). Women who had ever used contraception compared to those who had never used contraception were somewhat less likely to initiate breast feeding (83.2% vs. 87.5%) and breast feed for a shorter time (4.29 vs. 12.82 months). These results suggest that the government needs to change its policies on health services to promote breast feeding. It should target health personnel and clients in the private sector and family planning workers.
Managing the diabetic patient with acute myocardial infarction

The diabetic patient has a substantially increased in‐hospital mortality after acute myocardial infarction, which is around twice that of non‐diabetic subjects. A number of interventions can substantially improve this outcome. The use of thrombolytic therapy reduces case fatality proportionately to a similar degree to that in non‐diabetic patients, but because of the higher background risk, absolute benefits are substantially greater. In the world literature, there is just one reported case of intraocular haemorrhage after thrombolysis in a diabetic patient, and that resolved in 3 weeks, meaning that anxieties around theoretical adverse effects of thrombolysis should not preclude its use. There is no evidence regarding the advantages of any one thrombolytic agent in these subjects. Aspirin treatment again has similar benefits to those in non‐diabetic subjects, and should be administered at presentation. Some evidence suggests that a higher dose of aspirin should be used in diabetic, compared to non‐diabetic, patients. Finally, the DIGAMI Study has shown that insulin and glucose infusion during the hospital admission, followed by multiple injection therapy thereafter, reduces mortality by around one‐third, both at 12 months and at around 3½ years. Whether these advantages are because of improved early or late glycaemic control, or because of withdrawal of sulphonylureas, is still unclear, but this uncertainty should not stand in the way of introducing policies for insulin infusion in all diabetic patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feulgen staining remains the gold standard for precise DNA image cytometry.

AIM The suitability of Papanicolaou staining and of hematoxylin staining for DNA single-cell cytometry was investigated in comparison to Feulgen staining. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten normal cervical smears and ten cervical smears containing cells of a squamous cell carcinoma in situ were analyzed. The integrated optical density (IOD) of 200 epithelial cells, chosen per random, was determined using a CM-1 TV-image analysis system (Hund, Wetzlar, Germany). Various DNA cytometric variables, accepted by the European Society for Analytical and Cellular Pathology (ESACP), and the mean nuclear area were calculated. Two measurements were performed after Papanicolaou staining (wavelengths: 530 nm and 590 nm), followed by measurements after hematoxylin re-staining (wavelength: 590 nm) and after Feulgen restaining (wavelength: 570 nm). RESULTS All histograms of Feulgen-stained normal squamous epithelia revealed a regular DNA distribution. The corresponding histograms after Papanicolaou staining or hematoxylin staining showed a wide scatter of values instead of a clear-cut diploid peak and an increased number of values >4c. Similar findings were observed in the carcinomatous smears. In particular, the mean values of the dispersion parameters (2cDI, entropy, ploidy imbalance and 2,5cEE) were significantly increased as compared to Feulgen staining. CONCLUSION Diagnostic or prognostic conclusions cannot be drawn from DNA measurements on Papanicolaou-stained or hematoxylin-stained specimens; Feulgen staining remains the gold standard for such purposes.
Ex vivo fluorescence confocal microscopy for fast evaluation of tumour margins during Mohs surgery

Ex vivo fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) enables real‐time imaging of skin morphology directly in freshly excised tissue. FCM displays wide field‐of‐view mosaics with cellular resolution, thus enabling a rapid bedside pathology. An application of interest is rapid detection of residual basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in skin excisions during Mohs surgery.
Pengaruh Struktur Corporate Governance, Size, Profitabilitas Perusahaan Terhadap Tax Avoidance (Studi Pada Perusahaan Pertambangan Dan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2009-2011

Penelitian Ini Bertujuan Untuk Menguji Pengaruh Struktur Corporate Governance, Size, Dan Profitabilitas Perusahaan Terhadap Tax Avoidance. Struktur Corporate Governance Direpresentasikan Oleh Komite Audit, Kualitas Audit, Latar Belakang Pendidikan Komite Audit, Kepemilikan Manajerial, Dan Kepemilikan Institusional. Pengukuran Tax Avoidance Dalam Penelitian Ini Menggunakan Cash Etr Yang Merupakan Rasio Pembayaran Pajak Secara Kas (Cash Taxes Paid) Atas Laba Perusahaan Sebelum Pajak Penghasilan (Pretax Income), Yaitu Kas Yang Dikeluarkan Perusahaan Untuk Pembayaran Pajak Dibagi Dengan Laba Sebelum Pajak. Sampel Yang Digunakan Dalam Penelitian Ini Adalah Data Sekunder Berupa 90 Perusahaan Pertambangan Dan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia (Bei) Pada Tahun 2009-2011. Pemilihan Sampel Menggunakan Teknik Purposive Sampling Dan Pengujian Hipotesis Menggunakan Analisis Regresi Berganda Dengan Spss 17.0. Hasil Uji Statistik Deskriptif Menunjukkan Rata-Rata Cash Etr Sebesar 59,3% Mengindikasikan Tingkat Tax Avoidance Cukup Tinggi. Hasil Uji Regresi Menunjukkan Variabel Komite Audit, Kualitas Audit, Dan Latar Belakang Pendidikan Komite Audit Berpengaruh Signifikan Positif Terhadap Tax Avoidance, Sedangkan Kepemilikan Manajerial, Kepemilikan Institusional, Size, Dan Profitabilitas Tidak Berpengaruh Terhadap Tax Avoidance.
[Isokinetic dynamometer measurement of shoulder rotational strength in healthy elite athletes (swimming, volley-ball, tennis): comparison between dominant and nondominant shoulder].

OBJECTIVE To compare lateral rotator (LR) and medial rotator (MR) muscle strength of both shoulders in a sport involving asymmetrical movements (tennis), symmetrical movements (swimming), and symmetrical and asymmetrical movements (volley-ball). MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective study of 42 healthy elite athletes (18 women: 14 tennis players, 19 swimmers and 9 volleyball players. We evaluated the strength of LR and MR of both shoulders by Cybex Norm isokinetic dynamometer, in the concentric mode, in the modified Davies position, at 2 different speeds (60 degrees and 180 degrees s(-1)) and analysed peak torque of LR and MR and LR/MR ratios. RESULTS TENNIS: The MR peak torque of the dominant shoulder was significantly higher than that of the non-dominant shoulder. The LR/MR ratio of the dominant shoulder was significantly lower than the non dominant shoulder in women. SWIMMING: The LR strength and LR/MR ratio of the dominant shoulder was higher than the non dominant side in men at 60 degrees/second. Both shoulders showed comparable strength in women. VOLLEYBALL: Shoulder muscular strength was symmetrical. CONCLUSION The higher strength of MR muscles in the dominant shoulder of tennis players (asymmetrical movements) has been reported in the literature. Athletes show asymmetrical shoulder strength in swimming, a symmetrical sport and similar LR and MR strength in both shoulders in volleyball, a sport with asymmetrical movements. To our knowledge, these results have never been reported before.
Differential Growth Response of Colony-Forming α- and γ-Proteobacteria in Dilution Culture and Nutrient Addition Experiments from Lake Kinneret (Israel), the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, and the Gulf of Eilat

ABSTRACT Even though it is widely accepted that bacterioplankton growth in lakes and marine ecosystems is determined by the trophic status of the systems, knowledge of the relationship between nutrient concentrations and growth of particular bacterial species is almost nonexistent. To address this question, we performed a series of culture experiments with water from Lake Kinneret (Israel), the eastern Mediterranean Sea, and the Gulf of Eilat (northern Red Sea). In the initial water samples, the proportion of CFU was typically <0.002% of the 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) counts. During incubation until the early stationary phase, the proportion of CFU increased to 20% of the DAPI counts and to 2 to 15% of the DAPI counts in unenriched lake water and seawater dilution cultures, respectively. Sequencing of the 16S ribosomal DNA of colony-forming bacteria in these cultures consistently revealed an abundance of α-proteobacteria, but notable phylogenetic differences were found at the genus level. Marine dilution cultures were dominated by bacteria in the Roseobacter clade, while lake dilution cultures were dominated by bacteria affiliated with the genera Sphingomonas and Caulobacter. In nutrient (glucose, ammonium, phosphate) addition experiments the CFU comprised 20 to 83% of the newly grown cells. In these incubation experiments fast-growing γ-proteobacteria dominated; in the marine experiments primarily different Vibrio and Alteromonas species appeared, while in the lake water experiments species of the genera Shewanella, Aeromonas, and Rheinheimera grew. These results suggest that major, but different, γ-proteobacterial genera in both freshwater and marine environments have a preference for elevated concentrations of nutrients and easily assimilated organic carbon sources but are selectively outcompeted by α-proteobacteria in the presence of low nutrient concentrations.
Cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase (CYP7A): Patterns of messenger RNA expression during rat liver development

Cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase is a rate‐limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis, a major pathway for cholesterol catabolism. It plays a crucial role in postnatal development and survival. In an adult liver, its activity and messenger RNA (mRNA) are heterogeneously distributed with concentration in the pericentral area. We defined how the pattern of cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase mRNA evolves during rat liver development, correlated this with its total liver mRNA levels, and determined when its heterogeneous pattern of expression is established. Cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase mRNA was undetectable in 18‐day‐old fetal livers by Northern blot. It was increased markedly in newborns with a homogeneous liver lobular distribution as determined by in situ hybridization. At postnatal day four, mRNA levels were markedly decreased with concomitant appearance of a lobular gradient: mRNA was detected only in a few hepatocytes located around efferent venules. At 22 days, the time of highest mRNA expression, a marked extension of the gradient towards the periportal area was observed, indicating that the increase in total liver cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase mRNA level was a result of recruitment of hepatocytes upstream from the central vein area. By 28 days, the adult pattern was observed. Thus, expression of cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase mRNA is tightly regulated during rat liver development, both temporally and spatially supporting its critical role in normal postnatal development.
Functional role and oncogene-regulated expression of the BH3-only factor Bmf in mammary epithelial anoikis and morphogenesis

The formation of a lumen in three-dimensional mammary epithelial acinar structures in vitro involves selective apoptosis of centrally localized cells that lack matrix attachment. Similarly, apoptosis is induced by forced detachment of mammary epithelial cells from matrix, a process referred to as anoikis. Through microarray analysis, we found that mRNA levels of the proapoptotic BH3-only protein Bmf are up-regulated during both anoikis and acinar morphogenesis. Importantly, down-regulation of Bmf expression by small interfering RNAs is sufficient to prevent anoikis and acinar cell death and promote anchorage-independent growth to a similar extent as down-regulation of another BH3-only protein, Bim, which was previously shown to be required for these processes. Knockdown of the BH3-only proteins Bad or Bid does not suppress anoikis or luminal apoptosis or promote anchorage-independent growth, but protects from other defined apoptotic stimuli, indicating specificity of BH3-only function. Bmf mRNA is significantly up-regulated upon loss of matrix attachment or disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, but not in response to several other stresses. Interestingly, constitutive activation of the Mek/Erk or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathways suppresses the transcriptional up-regulation of Bmf during anoikis. Thus, Bmf is a central mediator of anoikis in mammary cells and a target of oncogenes that contribute to the progression of glandular epithelial tumors. Finally, Bmf is expressed during involution of the mouse mammary gland, suggesting that Bmf may also critically contribute to developmental processes in vivo.
Concept analysis of professional socialization in nursing.

PURPOSE The aim of this study is to clarify the process of professional socialization, and to identify its attributes, antecedents, and consequences in nursing. Rodgers' evolutionary method of concept analysis was used to clarify the concept of professional socialization in the field of nursing. SOURCE A literature review was conducted by performing a search on scientific databases using the key terms "socialization," "professional socialization," and "nursing. " Four hundred forty-six papers for the period 1995-2009 were found, out of which 47 articles and 4 books were selected for the analysis. The process was audited by two independent experts in order to ensure neutrality and credibility. CONCLUSION Professional socialization is a complex process with four critical attributes: learning, interaction, development, and adaptation. Comprehensive educational programs, competent role models, and the provision of adequate field experiences were found to be the antecedents of these attributes. They have either positive or negative consequences for the professional development of nurses. These findings not only add to the body of knowledge, but also serve as an important impetus for further theory development and research in nursing.