Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Iranian mothers child feeding practices during diarrhea: A study in Kerman.

Diarrhea as the second common pediatric disease accounts for approximately 2000000 deaths per year in children less than 5 years of age in developing countries. Cultural dictates and nutritional habits in different communities increases the nutritional problems of diarrhoeal episodes. This study was aimed to investigate the practice of Kermani mothers in relation to the nutrition of their children during diarrhea. The present cross-sectional study was performed from March through July 2005 on 330 randomly selected mothers having a 6-24 months child with no underlying disease and at least one acute diarrhea episode during the last two months in her child. Data gathered by using a questionnaire filled out by interviewing subjects. Age and the educational level of subjects in contrast to their job and number of children had no effect on their practice. Most of the subjects (84.2%) breastfed their children at the time of healthy state and 80% did not give their children rich soup during diarrhea. Most of the subjects quitted giving fats (74.5%) Iron supplement (91%) and multivitamin (86%) at the time of diarrhea but 88% continued giving fruit juice. Mothers that their source of knowledge was mass media showed better practice in this regard comparing to others (P<0.05). Although according to the present study mothers practice in Iran is better in comparison to that in other developing countries (India Pakistan Nepal.) we have still serious problems resulting from insufficient training programs and consequently poor knowledge that may lead to persistent improper nutritional habits. Therefore public training especially via mass media is highly recommended to decrease improper nutritional habits during diarrhea. (authors)
Pottery as Art Therapy with Elderly Nursing Home Residents

AbstractAn art therapy intervention using an eight-session pottery class based on the Eastern Method throwing technique was implemented with 20 elderly nursing home residents, with the aim of improving their psychological well-being. Quantitative evaluation was based on Hebl and Enright (1993) and employed a quasi-experimental design measuring the participants' self-esteem, depression, and anxiety compared with 20 nonparticipating elderly residents of the nursing home. Qualitative evaluation included client self-evaluations, case progress notes, journal notes, and photographs. Following the intervention, the participating group showed significantly improved measures of self-esteem, and reduced depression and anxiety at posttest relative to the comparison group. Implications for art therapy intervention with institutionalized elderly and further research are discussed.
Randomized Trial of Three Induction Antibodies in Kidney Transplantation: Long-Term Results

Background In searching for an optimal induction regimen, we conducted two separate randomized trials of 38 living donor and 90 deceased donor adult, primary kidney transplant recipients comparing antithymocyte globulin (Thymoglobulin) (group A, N=43) versus alemtuzumab (group B, N=43) versus daclizumab (group C, N=42), using exactly the same three treatment arms in each trial. Methods For the purpose of maximizing statistical power, results from the two randomized trials were combined. Groups A and C received standard maintenance dosing with tacrolimus (TAC), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and corticosteroids. Because of intense lymphodepletion expected with alemtuzumab use (and hoped-for achievement of a truer immunoregulatory state), group B received lower TAC and MMF dosing and corticosteroid avoidance. Long-term target TAC trough level and MMF dosing were 5 to 7 ng/mL and 1,000 mg b.i. d. in groups A and C; 4 to 6 ng/mL and 500 mg b.i. d. in group B. Results With median follow-up of 95 months, biopsy-proven cute rejection incidence was similar in the three groups (8/43, 14/43, and 12/42, P=0.34), but biopsy-proven chronic allograft injury incidence was significantly higher in group B (19/43) in comparison with groups A (9/43) and C (7/42) combined (P=0.0008). Mean calculated creatinine clearance was significantly lower in group B versus the average of groups A and C means throughout 60 months posttransplant (62.9±4.2 vs. 83.6±6.9 and 79.8±5.9 at 60 months, P=0.01), and death-censored graft failure was significantly higher in group B (13/43) versus groups A (5/43) and C (5/42) combined (P=0.009). Total infection and new-onset diabetes after transplant rates were not significantly different. Ad hoc analysis suggested that the inferior results in group B were specifically a result of reduced dosing and greater withholding of TAC and MMF occurring in that group. Conclusions Long-term results clearly indicate inferior clinical outcomes in group B.
Peribulbar blockade with a short needle for phacoemulsification surgery

Background: Peribulbar blockade is still widely used for phacoemulsification surgery. The potential complications of this technique include central spread, globe perforation and retrobulbar hemorrhage. The 25 mm needle is the most common needle used to perform the block. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of a 12.5 mm needle in performing peribulbar blockade for phacoemulsification surgery.
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist pioglitazone preserves bone microarchitecture in experimental arthritis by reducing the interleukin-17-dependent osteoclastogenic pathway.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of pioglitazone on inflammation-induced bone loss and changes in bone microarchitecture in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA), focusing on the contribution of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and the balance of RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG). METHODS Male Lewis rats sensitized with Freund's complete adjuvant were treated orally for 21 days with 30 mg/kg/day of pioglitazone or vehicle. Arthritis severity was evaluated by clinical and histologic examination. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry. The therapeutic effect of pioglitazone on changes of the bone architecture was determined by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Levels of RANKL, OPG, and IL-17 were determined by serum immunoassay and by synovial tissue immunohistochemistry. Messenger RNA for IL-17 and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor γt (RORγt) was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and IL-17 promoter activity by gene-reporter assay. RESULTS Micro-CT analysis revealed that pioglitazone treatment reduced arthritis severity and bone erosion scores and increased BMD in comparison to vehicle treatment. Cortical bone thickness was preserved, although the major beneficial effect of pioglitazone was on indices of the trabeculae, especially trabecular separation. Pioglitazone reduced the ratio of RANKL to OPG, in both the serum and the inflamed synovium. Circulating levels of IL-17 were significantly reduced by pioglitazone treatment, as were the percentages of IL-17-positive cells, mainly polymorphonuclear cells, in the inflamed synovium. Induction of IL-17 was strictly dependent on the binding of RORγt to IL-17 promoter, and lentiviral overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) reduced the expression of RORγt. CONCLUSION Pioglitazone decreased the level of inflammatory bone destruction and protected the bone microarchitecture in rats with AIA by controlling the circulating and local expression of IL-17, with a subsequent decrease in the RANKL-to-OPG ratio. Along with the inhibition of RORγt expression after PPARγ overexpression, these findings provide evidence of the major contribution of reduced IL-17/RANKL-dependent osteoclastogenesis.
Teratology: Principles and Techniques

against in¬ vasion of virus, against intracellular repro¬ duction, and against propagation and persistance of virus in the host. His data on the role of temperature of tissue in virus inactivation and the role of nonspecific in¬ hibitors have drawn much attention. Serious objections have been raised to his data on infections RNA of influenza virus. It must be stressed here that similar data, published five years ago by Portocala et al (Acta Virologica 3:172, 1959) and Maasa (Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 5:877, 1959), have not been confirmed in subsequent publications. The general discussion that completed the symposium (pp 344-354) touched a number of questions, and particularly the code ca¬ pacity (volume) of influenza virus genome. According to a note by Fazekas de St. Groth (pp 344-345), the protein isolated by Laver and the early protein of Scholtissek and Rott account for 6,000 nucleotides that form in¬ fluenza virus RNA. I consider this calcu¬ lation disputable because it does not account for a possible periodic structure of some proteins (hemagglutinin, neuraminidase) that may consist of smaller monomers. An attempt to consider this possibility has been made by the reviewer (Zhdanov: Lancet 2:738, 1965), though this is also disputable. In particular, newer data on the structure of hemagglutinin (Graf and Zhdanov, to be published) suggests that the molecular weight estimates may be low and therefore the cystron(s) responsible for hemagglutinin would have a lesser volume in viral RNA.
Fatores associados ao nascimento pré-termo em Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil: um estudo caso-controle

A case-control study (2008-2009) analyzed risk factors for preterm birth in the city of Campina Grande, Paraiba State, Brazil. A total of 341 preterm births and 424 controls were included. A multiple logistic regression model was used. Risk factors for preterm birth were: previous history of preterm birth (OR = 2.32; 95%CI: 1.25-4.29), maternal age (OR = 2.00; 95%CI: 1.00-4.03), inadequate prenatal care (OR = 2.15; 95%CI: 1.40-3.27), inadequate maternal weight gain (OR = 2.33; 95%CI: 1.45-3.75), maternal physical injury (OR = 2.10; 95%CI: 1.22-3.60), hypertension with eclampsia (OR = 17.08; 95%CI: 3.67-79.43) and without eclampsia (OR = 6.42; 95%CI: 3.50-11.76), hospitalization (OR = 5.64; 95%CI: 3.47-9.15), altered amniotic fluid volume (OR = 2.28; 95%CI: 1.32-3.95), vaginal bleeding (OR = 1.54; 95%CI: 1.01-2.34), and multiple gestation (OR = 22.65; 95%CI: 6.22-82.46). High and homogeneous prevalence of poverty and low maternal schooling among both cases and controls may have contributed to the fact that socioeconomic variables did not remain significantly associated with preterm birth.
The social construction of risk by community psychiatric nurses and family carers for people with dementia

This paper examines the conversational and discursive processes through which situations are constructed as a risk by informal carers and community psychiatric nurses working with people who have dementia. The data were taken from 24 tape recordings of domiciliary meetings between primary informal carers for people with dementia and their community psychiatric nurse (CPN). Data were analysed using techniques developed from conversation analysis and discourse analysis. The analysis identifies four stages associated with the construction of risk by informal carers and CPNs. These stages are fully discussed in relation to the provision of care.
Fatigue in Ankylosing Spondylitis Is Associated With the Brain Networks of Sensory Salience and Attention

Fatigue is one of the cardinal features of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and contributes substantially to the disability associated with this disease. The mechanisms underlying fatigue in AS remain poorly understood, and this has hampered the development of targeted, effective treatment of this disabling feature of AS. The current study was undertaken, therefore, to investigate the brain networks underlying fatigue in AS.
Prevention of Pressure Ulcers: A Descriptive Study in 3 Intensive Care Units in Turkey

PURPOSE The aim of this descriptive study was to describe the level of preventive care provided to intensive care unit (ICU) patients at risk for development of pressure ulcers (PU). SETTING AND SUBJECTS Our study population comprised 126 nurses working at coronary ICU, cardiovascular surgery ICU, or a gastroenterology ICU of State Hospital in the Republic of Turkey. The study sample consisted of 30 nurses selected from these units using a layered sampling method. INSTRUMENTS Data were collected using the following 4 forms: (1) ICU evaluation form, (2) demographic questionnaire form, (3) Braden Scale, and (4) observation form. The observation form was developed by the investigator to record PU prevention interventions made by the study nurses. METHODS Nurses were observed while giving care to patients at risk according to Braden Scale scores and each action of the nurses to prevent PU was recorded. Data were collected until 90 observations (3 observations with each of 30 nurses) were completed. RESULTS Nurses did not consistently engage in interventions recommended for prevention of PU. Subjects did not consistently use the risk-evaluation scale, document position changes on the appropriate form, and train auxiliary personnel about PU prevention. The most frequently fulfilled behaviors for PU prevention were avoiding hot water when cleansing the skin, helping the patient eat, avoiding placing the patient directly on a trochanter, refraining from using improper support material, and use of pressure-redistribution surfaces. The least fulfilled behaviors were (1) application of a skin barrier or protectant on moist skin and (2) application of a moisturizer to dry or compromised skin, protecting the skin during patient transfer, repositioning, and documenting prevention interventions. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that critical care nurses do not consistently provide preventive care for PU.
The Impact of Stabilizing Forces on Postsurgical Recovery in Ostomy Patients

Purpose Patient recovery from life-altering surgery is a complex event requiring interactions among multiple factors that influence recovery. Two such factors are occupational stability and spouse/partner relationship stability. Methods We surveyed persons who have undergone ostomy surgery. Subjects were recruited from the general population, without regard to geographic region or clinical setting. Participation in the study was voluntary; subjects had given prior permission to be contacted about survey-based research. Additional subjects were recruited from Web-based ostomy sites and local ostomy support group meetings. Instrument The survey instrument contains 113 items designed to investigate pre- and postsurgery aspects of the lives of those who have undergone ostomy surgery. Results Ostomates experiencing a postsurgery change in both occupation and work habits were significantly more likely to report a nonpositive life satisfaction score than those experiencing no postoperative change in occupation or work habit. Additionally, a stable spouse/life partner relationship emerged as predictive of positive life satisfaction scores. For those that were married prior to surgery and remained married after surgery, and in which there was no change in occupation or work habit, 95.7% reported a positive life satisfaction score. Conclusions Multiple stabilizing forces exist that influence the recovery of a patient following life-altering surgery such as creation of a stoma. Stability in occupation and spouse/partner relationship positively influenced life satisfaction scores following ostomy surgery.
Involvement of Peripheral and Spinal Tumor Necrosis Factor α in Spinal Cord Hyperexcitability During Knee Joint Inflammation in Rats

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is produced not only in peripheral tissues, but also in the spinal cord. The purpose of this study was to address the potential of peripheral and spinal TNFα to induce and maintain spinal hyperexcitability, which is a hallmark of pain states in the joints during rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
Systems of Psychotherapy

It is a magnificently produced book, profusely and well illustrated and completely up to date, even in such rapidly changing fields as cardiac and peripheral vascular surgery. It includes pleasant touches such as a good historical introduction, excellent discussions of basic physiological principles, and disarming biographical notes about each contributor. Naturally there are details of technique which are at variance with common practice on this side of the Atlantic. The repair of femoral hernia here advised is a complex one; many British surgeons now leave extensive peritoneal defects without fear of the formation of adhesions; and most would hesitate to advise operating for acute cholecystitis without at least laying down some qualifications about a time limit from the onset of the attack. Indeed, if there is any weakness in this book it is in advice on management. In some places this is too brief. For example, the surgery of benign prostatic enlargement is dismissed in three sentences and a diagram. Elsewhere, especially with controversial topics such as the undescended testicle and management of spinal injuries, a number of lines of treatment are given without their pros and cons being discussed or the personal choice of the author stated. One might think that the space used in the rather brief chapters on gynaecology, anaesthetics, and 6tolaryngology might be better employed on more detailed discussion of management, but this must be taken as minor criticism of a book which, after all, is the trusted friend of the American surgical student.
Isoflurane attenuates pulmonary interleukin‐1β and systemic tumor necrosis factor‐α following mechanical ventilation in healthy mice

Background: Mechanical ventilation (MV) induces an inflammatory response in healthy lungs. The resulting pro‐inflammatory state is a risk factor for ventilator‐induced lung injury and peripheral organ dysfunction. Isoflurane is known to have protective immunological effects on different organ systems. We tested the hypothesis that the MV‐induced inflammatory response in healthy lungs is reduced by isoflurane.
Antibodies to IgG4 Hinge Can Be Found in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients During All Stages of Disease and May Exacerbate Chronic Antibody‐Mediated Inflammation

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), autoantibodies such as anti–citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) develop in response to neoepitopes that are formed under conditions of chronic inflammation. These autoantibodies may subsequently be fragmented by inflammation‐associated proteases, leading to the formation of F(ab′)2 fragments. The hinge of F(ab′)2 fragments can serve as a neoepitope, and so‐called antihinge antibodies (AHAs) can be found in RA patients, which might modulate the function of (fragmented) autoantibodies. We undertook this study to investigate the presence and specificities of AHAs in different stages of RA and to study their function.
Anaesthesia for videoarthroscopy of the knee

Background: The newer inhalational agents desflurane and sevoflurane have a low blood‐gas partition coefficient and are not very fat soluble, and consequently recovery is rapid and smooth. Very few studies have been published concerning adults where a direct comparison has been made between sevoflurane and desflurane in the ambulatory setting.
Relationship between stroke volume, cardiac output and filling of the heart during tilt

Background: Cardiac function curves are widely accepted to apply to humans but are not established for the entire range of filling of the heart that can be elicited during head‐up (HUT) and head‐down tilt (HDT), taken to represent minimal and maximal physiological filling of the heart, respectively. With the supine resting position as a reference, we assessed stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and filling of the heart during graded tilt to evaluate whether SV and CO are maintained during an assumed maximal physiological filling of the heart elicited by 90° HDT in healthy resting humans.
Adductor Canal Block or Midthigh Saphenous Nerve Block: Same Same but Different Name!

To the Editor: We read with great interest the inaugural section “Daring Discourse” by Tran et al regarding analgesia for clavicular fracture and surgery. We agree with the authors’ qualified endorsement of Dejerine’s description of dual innervation of the clavicle by both the cervical and brachial plexus. In our experience, the true measure of success for nerve blockade is efficacy for surgical anesthesia. To this end, we wish to report a recent case where surgical fixation of the clavicle was performed solely under combined superficial cervical plexus and supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade using a single-needle insertion. A 17-year-old male patient presented for open reduction and internal fixation of a displaced fracture of the left clavicle. With patient consent, ostensibly for a nerve block for postoperative analgesia, an ultrasoundguided superficial cervical plexus block was first performed with a 22-gauge, 50-mm insulated needle using an in-plane technique. Fifteenmilliliters of 0.5% ropivacaine and 0.125% bupivacaine [1:1] was injected deep to the prevertebral fascia between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the anterior scalene muscle where the superficial cervical plexus traverses. The needle was then simply advanced to a location adjacent to the brachial plexus at a low interscalene location. Five milliliters of the same solution was deposited at this location (Fig. 1). Within 10 minutes of block completion, the patient had lost temperature sensation from the mandibular angle to the C5 dermatome of the anterior chest wall. Contemporaneously, he developed a complete motor block of the upper limb. This was deemed satisfactory anesthesia for the surgical procedure and the patient subsequently consented to an awake procedure. Performed in the beach chair position, the procedure lasted for 105 minutes. The patient reported being comfortable throughout the surgery. Despite no clinical evidence of respiratory distress, this combination of nerve blocks will undoubtedly lead to phrenic nerve blockade. We agree with Tran et al’s call for further clarification of the sensory innervation of the clavicle. A successful practice in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia is based on a solid understanding of conventional anatomy. Occasionally, sonoanatomy may reciprocate and contribute to our existing knowledge.
Normality and Pathology in Cognitive Function

Neurologists must have been following the explosion of information about peptides in gut and brain with some amazement. Clinical practice has not led us to suppose that there would be such a dramatic interrelation between these two organs. However, since about 1974, it has been revealed that many of the peptides present in the gastro-intestinal tract are also present in restricted areas of the brain. To have to consider that hormones such as cholecystokinin, vaso-active intestinal polypeptide, and bombesin must be involved in the workings of the nervous system may appear a difficult concept to grasp. Likewise, the discovery that certain neurotransmitters, such as substance P, the enkephalins, and neurotensin are widely distributed in the gut as well as the brain also has seemed surprising. The very number of these gut-brain peptides is amazing; at a recent count, twenty-one such substances have been identified, and there may be many more. Many of these regulatory peptides can be found in the gut and the nervous system of lower animal forms, even in such coelenterates as Hydra. It seems likely that peptides came into use