Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
l‐Arginine exerts a dual role in nociceptive processing in the brain: involvement of the kyotorphin‐Met‐enkephalin pathway and NO‐cyclic GMP pathway

1 Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of l‐arginine (l‐Arg), at 10–100 μg per mouse, produced antinociception in mice, as assessed by the tail flick test; this antinociception was reversed by pretreatment (s.c.) with naltrindole (NTI), a δ‐selective opioid antagonist, and by co‐administered l‐leucyl‐l‐arginine (Leu‐Arg), a kyotorphin (endogenous Met‐enkephalin releaser) receptor antagonist. 2 l‐NG‐nitroarginine methyl ester (l‐NAME), a NO synthase inhibitor, but not d‐NG‐nitroarginine methyl ester, given i.c. v. at 3–10 μg per mouse, exhibited antinociceptive activity that was resistant to naloxone (s.c.), NTI (s.c.) and Leu‐Arg (i.c.v.). 3 The l‐NAME (i.c.v.)‐induced antinociception was not reversed by l‐Arg (i.c.v.), which was antinociceptive by itself, but was abolished by combined injection of l‐Arg plus Leu‐Arg (i.c.v.) or by l‐Arg (i.c.v.) after NTI (s.c.). 4 Methylene blue (MB), a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, at 0.1–1 μg per mouse, produced antinociception by i.c. v. administration. The antinociception induced by MB (i.c.v.) or l‐NAME (i.c.v.) was reversed by co‐administered dibutyryl cyclic GMP. 5 These findings suggest that l‐Arg plays a dual role in nociceptive processing in the brain, being antinociceptive via the kyotorphin‐Met‐enkephalin pathway and nociceptive via the NO‐cyclic GMP pathway.
Intracranial subdural abscess

Thirty‐two cases of intracranial subdural abscess were treated between 1947 and 1969 in two neurosurgical centres. Five patients (15.6 per cent) died. When an E.N. T. focus is detected clinically or radiologically the abscess is always related to it. Four of the 5 fatalities harboured pus along the falx cerebri. Angiography is used to aid localization and to detect further collection of pus. Limited experience in the use of gamma scanning for localization is encouraging. Pus in the subdural space is drained through bur‐holes and antibiotics are administered locally. Broadspectrum bactericidal antibiotics are used in high dosage as the initial treatment and cerebral oedema is controlled by mannitol and dexamethasone in the drowsy or unconscious patient. Surgical decompression should be considered when comatose patients do not respond to bur‐hole drainage of the pus and medical measures.
- 1-Momentum Balance Method ( MBM ) and Estimation of Boundary Shear Stress Distribution

Determination of local boundary shear stress is an important topic in hydraulic engineering. When attempting to determine this from a very thin boundary region, it is a difficult one because it requires special skills and instruments to treat the measured data. With the advent of new equipment, like the acoustic Doppler velocity profilers (ADVP), all the velocity profiles in the primary flow region can be simultaneously measured, and it is necessary to develop a new method to estimate the boundary shear stress using the primary flow data. This paper presents such a method called the momentum balance method (MBM). A theoretical relationship between the boundary shear stress and parameters of the primary flow region has been established. The results obtained from MBM agree reasonably well with other methods, indicating that the new method is workable in closed duct flows, and possibly its applicability can be extended to a wide range of boundary conditions.
Regulation of cell-mediated immunity in cryptococcosis. I. Induction of specific afferent T suppressor cells by cryptococcal antigen.

By injecting cryptococcal antigen i.v. into CBA/J mice, we have simulated a level of antigenemia that is known to occur naturally in murine and human cryptococcosis. The cryptococcal antigen induced a population of lymph node (LN) cells that, upon adoptive transfer, could specifically suppress the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to cryptococcal antigen and the splenic T lymphocytes responsible for in vitro inhibition of growth of Cryptococcus neoformans. The cryptococcal-antigen-induced suppressor cell could be detected in the LN as early as 5 days and was still in significant numbers 7 days after antigen injection. Suppressor cells were not found in the spleens of tolerized mice, nor could serum from these animals adoptively transfer suppression. The suppressor cells in this model were shown to be T lymphocytes, which exerted their effect on the afferent limb of the DTH response; therefore, they were similar to the Ts1 cell in the ABA-DTH, NP-DTH, and NP cutaneous sensitivity models and to the afferent suppressor cells in the DNFB contact sensitivity system. The percent suppression of the cryptococcal DTH response was dependent on the amount of antigen injected. Approximately, 35 micrograms of cryptococcal antigen per ml of serum was sufficient to induce significant suppression of the cell-mediated immune response.
In Search of Tools to Aid Logical Thinking and Communicating about Medical Decision Making

To have real-time impact on medical decision making, decision analysts need a wide variety of tools to aid logical thinking and communication. Decision models provide a formal framework to integrate evidence and values, but they are commonly perceived as complex and difficult to understand by those unfamiliar with the methods, especially in the context of clinical decision making. The theory of constraints, introduced by Eliyahu Goldratt in the business world, provides a set of tools for logical thinking and communication that could potentially be useful in medical decision making. The author used the concept of a conflict resolution diagram to analyze the decision to perform carotid endarterectomy prior to coronary artery bypass grafting in a patient with both symptomatic coronary and asymptomatic carotid artery disease. The method enabled clinicians to visualize and analyze the issues, identify and discuss the underlying assumptions, search for the best available evidence, and use the evidence to make a well-founded decision. The method also facilitated communication among those involved in the care of the patient. Techniques from fields other than decision analysis can potentially expand the repertoire of tools available to support medical decision making and to facilitate communication in decision consults.
Drivers of irregular migration in North Africa

This brief literature review collates evidence on the major facets of irregular migration through and from North African countries, including considerations of: the impact of underlying challenges on irregular migration; whether North African countries are source or transition countries; motivations of irregular migrants; needs, vulnerabilities and resources of irregular migrants; and drivers and interventions for organised immigration crime. This feeds into a larger piece of work on the drivers of instability in the North African region.
Reply to “Nonmotor symptoms in subjects without evidence of dopaminergic deficit” authors: “Swallow DMA, Grosset KA, Grosset DG”

We thank Swallow et al for their interest in our article and their valuable contribution to the discussion on reasons for the higher frequency of selected nonmotor features (orthostatic hypotension and cardiovascular and thermoregulatory dysfunction) when comparing patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease having normal dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography imaging (referred to as having scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit, SWEDD) compared with patients with Parkinson’s disease using the database of the Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI) study. Motor features required for inclusion in the PPMI study included either a single entity (asymmetric resting tremor or asymmetric bradykinesia), or dual features but without bradykinesia (at least 2 of resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity; must have either resting tremor or bradykinesia). We agree with Swallow et al that the presence of such nonmotor features in subjects with parkinsonian features fulfilling less definite motor diagnostic criteria, as it was required for inclusion in the PPMI study, could sway a clinician toward a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease in SWEDD cases. Therefore, validation of these nonmotor features for their potential inclusion into diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease is required. Indeed, such a study is currently underway (https://www. michaeljfox.org/foundation/grant-detail.php? grant_id=1446). Based on our observations of a higher frequency of several nonmotor features in SWEDD cases compared with Parkinson’s disease patients such a validation study is more necessary for the recently published MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson’s disease. We are grateful for the comment of Swallow et al.
Quantitative duplex TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction for the assessment of the etiologic agent of epizootic bovine abortion

Epizootic bovine abortion (EBA), also commonly known as “foothill abortion,” is a late-term abortion primarily in beef cattle with significant economic impacts in California, Nevada, and Oregon. The causative agent is a novel deltaproteobacterium (aoEBA) closely related to the order Myxococcales and vectored by the soft-shelled tick Ornithodoros coriaceus. Historically, diagnosis has relied upon the pathologic examination of the fetus and the presence of elevated fetal serum immunoglobulins. Identification of the etiologic agent, a unique deltaproteobacterium, permitted the development of a quantitative duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using a unique 90-bp sequence of aoEBA 16S ribosomal RNA gene in conjunction with an 88-bp sequence of the bovine β-actin gene. Reaction efficiencies were 100.9% for the 16S aoEBA gene and 93.1% for the bovine β-actin gene. Application of the duplex TaqMan to a set of aoEBA-infected fetal bovine necropsy tissues demonstrated the assay to be robust in quantitatively identifying the aoEBA bacteria and establishing host-tissue pathogen load. Consistent with previously reported immunohistochemical data, organized lymphoid tissue generally carried the heaviest bacterial load as compared to non-lymphoid tissue. The newly developed duplex TaqMan assay will facilitate diagnosis in difficult cases and provide an invaluable tool for delineating the pathogenesis of EBA.
Access to Finance as Potential Moderator on the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and SMEs Performance in Nigeria: A Proposed Framework

Though, the important influence of SMEs on economic growth is acknowledged, still the performance of Nigerian SMEs is below expectation. The contribution of SMEs to GDP shows a gross under-performance. In addition, SMEs high failure rate is another sign of low performance. On the other hand, poor access to finance conquers a central position for the low performance of Nigerian SMEs. The paper presents a theoretical framework on the moderating effect of access to finance on the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and SMEs performance in Nigeria. If validated, the model would have policy implications to SMEs owner/managers and other stakeholders in decision making.
Antecedents of employee engagement: an examination of the banking sector of Nigeria

The meaning of employee engagement is ambiguous among both academic researchers and practit ioners. The term has been used differently ; either a psycho logical state or a state of mind. This research aims to study employee engagement antecedents wi thin the Nigerian banking industry with a unique con tribution of identifying evolutionary waves in th e development of the concept. Drawing on relevant literature, some basic employee engagement antecedents were selected and analysed using a correlational coefficient as well as thematic content analysis process. While much has been written on the topic, li ttle is known about the engagement of administrative workers in most of the developing countries especially in the banking industry of Nigeria. This research fills this gap. Though a lot of research on the antecedents of employee engagement has been carrie d out with different findings, there is considerable confusion about the meaning of employee engagement. The thesis objectives include: (i) To study selected antecedents of the employee engagement concept within the Nigeria banking sector , (ii) To study an d analyse the overlaps between employee engagement and other work attitude concepts (Job satisfaction, motivation, employee involvement, employee commitment and organi s ation citizen ship behaviour with a view to provide more clarity on the overlaps between the concepts. The study was conducted using a mixed methods sequential design involving quantitative (questionnaires) and qualitative ( i nterview exercise) collection of data. 800 employees were selected as the sample population for the study. Empirical fin dings show a positive correlation between employee engagement and other work attitude concept s (Job satisfaction, motivation, employee involvement, employee commitment and organi s ation citizen behaviour) and define employee engagement as a cultural, multi - faceted concept , that is , a combination of different constructs put together to form a concept. Additionally, this study uncovered few other employee engagement antecedents such as target setting, employee union, economic situat ions ,job security within t he Nigeria banking sector, however, further investigation is recommended to clarify these results and explore the possibility of other variable influences. Finally , the knowledge gained from this thesis will be use d by students who are interested in the to pic of employee engagement , as well as in human resource management reviews , to address issues regarding the employee engagement Keyword: Employee engagement, Commitment, Motivation, organization citizenship behaviour, Job satisfaction, employee involvement.
Influence of Geometry on Domain Wall Dynamics in Permalloy Nanodevices

We perform magnetoresistance (MR) and magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) measurements to experimentally track magnetic domain wall (DW) pinning/depinning process in L-shaped Permalloy nanostructures of different geometries (i.e., square/round corner and absence/presence of circular disks) with widths in the range 75-400 nm. With MR and MOKE measurements being in a good quantitative agreement, we demonstrate that the field interval between pinning and depinning events increases with reduction of the nanowire width. In addition, the DW pinning/depinning behavior is geometry dependent, where round corners break the symmetry in the device orientation with respect to the field. The interpretation of experimental results is supported by micromagnetic simulations.
tau Exon 10 Expression Involves a Bipartite Intron 10 Regulatory Sequence and Weak 5′ and 3′ Splice Sites*

tau mutations that deregulate alternative exon 10 (E10) splicing cause frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism chromosome 17-type by several mechanisms. Previously we showed that E10 splicing involved exon splicing enhancer sequences at the 5′ and 3′ ends of E10, an exon splicing silencer, a weak 5′ splice site, and an intron splicing silencer (ISS) within intron 10 (I10). Here, we identify additional regulatory sequences in I10 using both non-neuronal and neuronal cells. The ISS sequence extends from I10 nucleotides 11–18, which is sufficient to inhibit use of a weakened 5′ splice site of a heterologous exon. Furthermore, ISS function is location-independent but requires proximity to a weak 5′ splice site. Thus, the ISS functions as a linear sequence. A newcis-acting element, the intron splicing modulator (ISM), was identified immediately downstream of the ISS at I10 positions 19–26. The ISM and ISS form a bipartite regulatory element, within which the ISM functions when the ISS is present, mitigating E10 repression by the ISS. Additionally, the 3′ splice site of E10 is weak and requires exon splicing enhancer elements for efficient E10 inclusion. Thus far, tau FTDP-17 splicing mutations affect six predicted cis-regulatory sequences.
Salinity-linked growth in anguillid eels and the paradox of temperate-zone catadromy

Temperate-zone anguillid eels use both saline (marine or brackish) and fresh waters during their continental phase, but use of fresh waters is paradoxical because on average these fishes grow more rapidly in saline than in fresh waters. Based on data from anguillid eels whose habitatresidency histories had been determined by Sr:Ca otolithometry, superiority of growth rates in saline water is much greater in American eels Anguilla rostrata in north-eastern North America (mean saline:fresh growth rate ratio 2·07) than in European Anguilla anguilla, Japanese Anguilla japonica and shortfinned Anguilla australis eels (range of mean ratios 1·12–1·14). Data from A. rostrata in the Hudson Estuary, U.S.A. , and Prince Edward Island, Canada, were used to test adaptive explanations of catadromous migrations. The hypothesis that lower mortality in fresh water offsets faster growth in saline water was not supported because loss (mortality + emigration) rates did not vary between saline and fresh zones of the Hudson Estuary. Hypotheses that anguillid eels move to fresh water to escape from larger anguillid eels in saline water or to evaluate habitat quality were not supported by size and age distributions. Catadromy in temperate-zone anguillid eels increases the diversity of occupied habitats and therefore lowers fitness variance caused by environmental fluctuations. Catadromy in temperate-zone anguillid eels could be due to natural selection for maximum geometric mean fitness which is sensitive to fitness variance. Temperatezone catadromy might also be maladaptive, at least in local areas, due to shifts over time in selective pressures or to inability of panmictic genetic systems to adapt to local conditions. © 2009 The Authors Journal compilation © 2009 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
Co-Occurrence of ADHD and Anxiety in Preschool Children

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine co-occurrence of ADHD and anxiety in preschool children. Method: The data collection was part of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. After a screening for ADHD symptoms at 36 months, participants were clinically assessed at age 36 to 44 months. Psychiatric symptoms of ADHD and anxiety were derived from the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA) interview. Results: In preschoolers with ADHD symptoms, 33% were reported to have symptoms of anxiety. Children with symptoms of ADHD and anxiety had more severe ADHD symptomatology, and particularly more inattentive symptoms compared with children with ADHD symptoms and no anxiety. Conclusion: Clinicians should be aware of the frequent overlap between symptoms of anxiety and ADHD in preschoolers as different intervention strategies may be required.
The effect of mifepristone (RU486) on the endocannabinoid system in human plasma and first-trimester trophoblast of women undergoing termination of pregnancy.

INTRODUCTION High anandamide (AEA) concentrations are detrimental for implantation and early pregnancy. Progesterone, essential for pregnancy, may keep AEA levels low by increasing fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) expression. Here the effect of RU486, a P4 antagonist used to initiate medical termination of pregnancy (MTOP), on plasma AEA concentrations and the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in trophoblasts was examined. OBJECTIVE Quantification of the endocannabinoid concentrations and expression of the ECS in trophoblast tissue of MTOP women and women undergoing surgical termination of pregnancy (STOP). DESIGN AND SETTING A prospective study at the University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust. PATIENTS AND METHODS AEA, N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA), and N-palmitolylethanolamine (PEA) concentrations in trophoblast tissues and blood samples from 68 MTOP and 15 STOP were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ECS expression was determined by immunohistochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR, and Western blotting. RESULTS Concentrations of AEA, OEA, and PEA were significantly higher in MTOP than STOP trophoblasts (P = .0062, P = .016, and P = .0029, respectively), whereas no significant differences in plasma AEA, OEA, and PEA concentrations were observed even though plasma AEA and PEA concentrations were significantly (P = .005 and P = .025, respectively) increased the day after RU486 administration in women undergoing MTOP. Changes in the immunohistochemical densities of the AEA modifying enzymes N-acylphophatidylethanolamine-phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) and FAAH, and the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) were observed with increased NAPE-PLD, FAAH, and CB1 expression seen in the trophoblast of MTOP patients. CONCLUSIONS Trophoblast after MTOP demonstrated high AEA concentrations with increased expression of NAPE-PLD, FAAH, and CB1.
ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENDAPATAN UKM SEKTOR PERDAGANGAN DI KOTA DENPASAR

This study aims: 1) To analyze whether there is significant direct effect of wages, workingn hours capital, education and the number of sales toward income of Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) in trading sector in Denpasar. 2 ) To analyze the direction of the effect of wages, woring hours, capital, education, and the number of sales toward income in the Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) of trading sector in Denpasar. 3 ) To analyze whether there is significant indirect effect of wages, working hours, capital and education to income through the number of sales in the Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) of trading sector in Denpasar.This study was conducted by the method of data collection by structured interview and obse r vation by using descriptive statistical analysis techniques and path analysis by using SPSS 16. After analyzing the result shows: 1) Wages and capital directly have possitive and significant effect toward total saves . 2) Working hours and education directly have possitive effect but have not significant effect toward total saves . 3) Wages , capital , and total saves have possitive and significant effect toward the SME income of trade sector in Denpasar city . 4) Working hours have possitive effect but have not significant toward the SME income of trade sector in Denpasar city. 5) Education have negative effect but have not significant effect toward the SME income of trade sector in Denpasar city. 6) Wages and capital indirectly have significant effect toward the SME income of trade sector in Denpasar city though total saves . 7) Working hours and e ducation indirectly have not significant effect toward the SME income of trade sector in Denpasar city though total saves .
Ultrastructural localization and afferent sources of corticotropin‐releasing factor in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla: Implications for central cardiovascular regulation

We investigated the ultrastructural localization, afferent sources, and arterial pressure effects of corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) in the nucleus reticularis rostroventrolateralis (RVL), a region of the ventrolateral medulla containing C1 adrenergic neurons and sympatho‐excitatory reticulospinal afferents to sympathetic preganglionic neurons. A polyclonal antibody, to CRF was localized in acrolein‐fixed sections through the rat RVL by the peroxidase–antiperoxidase (PAP) method. Light microscopy showed that 1–7 perikarya/30 μm section and numerous varicose processes contained CRF‐like immunoreactivity (CRF‐LI). By electron microscopy, CRF‐LI was most intensely localized to large (80–100 nm) dense‐core vesicles within numerous terminals and a few perikarya and large dendrites. Approximately half of the terminals containing CRF‐LI were in direct contact with unlabeled perikarya or dendrites; the remainder were in apposition to either unlabeled terminals or astrocytes. Most synaptic specializations were asymmetric synapses on small, unlabeled dendrites.