Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Infant Age on Parental Vocalizations About Object Categories in a Play-type Setting

Previous studies have examined the role of various perceptual features of objects on an infant’s ability to effectively categorize the object. Few, if any studies have examined the role of parents in the formation of categories early in infancy and the effect of the infants’ age on the type of categorical information provided by the parents. In two studies, parental vocalizations directed to their infants (3- to 12-months of age) about objects were videotaped and analyzed. In Study 1 the proportion of superordinate labels used by parents increased as a function of the infant’s age while the proportion of basic level labels decreased with age. In Study 2, parental attempts at label elicitation increased as a function of the infant’s age. The results show deﬁnite age-related patterns in parental vocalizations about objects and their categories. The results indicate that parents are a source of categorical information early in infancy. Abstract Previous studies have examined the role of various perceptual features of objects on an infant’s ability to effectively categorize the object. Few, if any studies have examined the role of parents in the formation of categories early in infancy and the effect of the infants’ age on the type of categorical information provided by the parents. In two studies, parental vocalizations directed to their infants (3- to 12-months of age) about objects were videotaped and analyzed. In Study 1 the proportion of superordinate labels used by parents increased as a function of the infant’s age while the proportion of basic level labels decreased with age. In Study 2, parental attempts at label elicitation increased as a function of the infant’s age. The results show definite age-related patterns in parental vocalizations about objects and their categories. The results indicate that parents are a source of categorical information early in infancy.
The renewal effect : A key phenomenon

The renewal effect is a key phenomenon in understanding the underlying mechanism of recovery from extinction. Findings in renewal strongly suggest that contextual cues play an important role in retrieving previously extinguished responses. The retrieval– of–information theory (Bouton, 1993) has been the main theoretical view in this area for the last 20 years. However, some inconsistent data suggest that Bouton’s explanation is incomplete. This article reviews recent research indicating that attention could be another mechanism that underlies renewal and other recovery effects. Implications for learning theory and interventions in applied settings are discussed.
Industry-wide managerial discretion and executive compensation

This study examines executive compensation in light of traditional agency theoretic assumptions, but also integrates institutional and environmental arguments in an attempt to understand why CEO compensation varies across industries. The authors find that the effect a CEO has on organizational outcomes varies considerably across industries. The researchers also find that some industries have considerable within-industry differences in CEO discretion on organizational outcomes, such as ROA, annual stock returns and Tobin’s Q. In industries where there is a large variance in CEO impact, total CEO compensation tends to be significantly higher. However, we do not find that industry-wide CEO discretion affects contingent pay.
INNOVATION LEAN PRINCIPLES IN AUTOMOTIVE GREEN MANUFACTURING

Today, industries such as automotive and manufacturing industries deal with a lot of environmental regulations. Lean is a production strategy whose fundamental principles drive the industry towards a more effective production of goods and services. The eco-efficiency concept is primary to sustainable development and intends to provide more value with less environmental impact. The aim of this study is to identify and explore the contributions of Lean to reduce environmental impacts that naturally result from industrial activity.
A sampling-adjusted macroevolutionary history for Ordovician–Early Silurian crinoids

Abstract Temporal variation in sampling intensity and geologically controlled rates of fossil preservation distort macroevolutionary patterns in the fossil record. Here, we use a comprehensive, list-based compilation of taxonomically and stratigraphically vetted global crinoid genus occurrences to evaluate and correct for the effects of variable and incomplete sampling from the Ordovician through Early Silurian. After standardizing the number of occurrences or the number of biofacies used to estimate the stratigraphic ranges of genera and after adjusting rates of turnover to account for the incomplete preservation of true extinction and origination pulses, we find support for several important revisions to the macroevolutionary history of crinoids. First, in contrast to the uncorrected data, sample-standardized genus richness does not appear to increase by more than 20% after an abrupt Middle Ordovician (Harnagian) diversification. Second, the only significant short-term change in genus richness following the Harnagian increase is a ≥24% decline from the Rawtheyan to the Hirnantian. Third, volatility in rates of genus extinction is increased after adjusting for preservation and there remain significant peaks of extinction in the Rawtheyan, which marks the end-Ordovician extinction, and in the middle of the Early Silurian. Finally, significant increases in origination rates occur in the Early Silurian. These results reaffirm the importance of the end-Ordovician extinction for crinoids, but they also highlight the comparatively poorly sampled Early Silurian as a time of turnover among crinoids. Crinoid genus extinction rates are positively correlated with area-weighted rates of sedimentary package truncation, suggesting that extinction may have been controlled by physical environmental changes, such as the contraction of unique epicontinental sea habitats. The lack of a correlation between genus origination and sedimentary package initiation reinforces this hypothesis and suggests that other factors, such as evolutionary innovations and biotic interactions during the Ordovician radiation, may have been more important in controlling the diversification of crinoids.
Spontaneous Pattern Formation and Genetic Diversity in Habitats with Irregular Geographical Features

Abstract: The role of spontaneous pattern formation, the appearance of inhomogeneities that are not directly imposed by external forces, has not been closely examined in the context of the origin and maintenance of genetic diversity in wild populations. Using individual‐based computer simulations, we demonstrated that such patterns form in spatially distributed species with local demes under disruptive selection. In our model systems, spatial patterns of genetic diversity arose and changed over time even in the context of a spatially homogenous environment. The spatial distribution and dynamics of the fittest genotypes were controlled by the movement of boundaries between domains of the different genotypes. The rate of diversity decay was dramatically slower than predicted by traditional models. Therefore, spontaneous pattern formation may lead to the maintenance of genetic diversity of a species in a contiguous habitat, despite reproductive mixing. Moreover, the diversity persisted significantly longer in larger habitats and habitats with irregular geographical features. Habitat structure was intimately linked to the preservation of genetic diversity. Spontaneous pattern formation should be considered along with other spatial effects in the design of conservation areas.
The Relationship Between Grades and Academic Program Satisfaction Over Four Years of Study

It is frequently assumed that the student experience, and, by implication, student program satisfaction, improves over the course of a university education. A four-year panel study of students at a large commuter university indicates some improvements in assessments of professor performance and GPA between first and fourth year; however, satisfaction with academic programs remains more or less the same across all four years of study. Structural equation modelling was employed to estimate the relationships among professor performance, GPA, and program satisfaction within, and between, each of the four years of study. Contrary to expectations based on some conventional models, it was found that students' assessments of professors were not affected by GPA; conversely, professor performance had little impact on GPA. By contrast, student satisfaction was related to both GPA and professor performance. The greatest predictor of students' program satisfaction, however, was neither GPA nor professor performance, but program satisfaction in the previous year. This finding suggests that underlying personality characteristics likely are more responsible for expressions of program satisfaction than either GPA or professor performance.
Merging a Firm-centred and a Regional Policy Perspective for the Assessment of Regional Clusters: Concept and Application of a “Dual” Approach to a Medical Technology Cluster

Abstract Clusters have gained considerable attention from regional planners and policy-makers. In order to support their decision process, a “top-down” analysis has evolved, the regional agglomeration as a whole being the object of analysis. The importance of cluster-membership for the management of individual firms and their “bottom-up” view of a cluster has attracted much less attention. This paper proposes a “dual” approach: based on an integral view of clusters a survey-tool is developed to capture the top-down perspective. It is supplemented with a bottom-up view using structured interviews in a core firm and an analysis of its supply structure based on quantitative firm-level data. The application of the dual approach is demonstrated using the case of a medical technology cluster. A dual approach fosters a multi-faceted understanding of a cluster, can produce very applicable results and offers a more comprehensive actor-integration.
Weak Form Efficiency in Asian Markets—The Case of China, India, Malaysia and South Korea

This paper examines the weak form market efficiency in a group of Asian equity markets. The sample encompasses four emerging markets comprising India, China, South Korea and Malaysia. Daily, weekly and monthly market returns are estimated for a runs test and variance ratio tests. The findings are contrary to some of the previous studies that are based only on unit root tests. This study sheds new lights on the extant literature on market efficiency and has important implications for investors who seek to identify mispriced assets in order to make abnormal profits.
The Impact of the Subsidy Policy on Total Factor Productivity: An Empirical Analysis of China's Cotton Production

This paper develops one model to explore the relationship between the subsidy policy and the agricultural total factor productivity (TFP). It indicates that the agricultural TFP will be lower after the subsidy policy is implemented and there exists a negative relation between the subsidy and TFP, if subsidies are associated with the acreage. Using Malmquist index, this paper measures the changes of TFP in China's cotton production before and after the subsidy policy is implemented. The results verify that the subsidy policy could not increase but decrease the TFP of China's cotton production, not only in the whole country but also in major provinces of China. Based on the positive study, some policy implications are provided in the end of this paper.
Surface Characterization of Aged Biochar Incubated in Different Types of Soil

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes that occur in the molecular form and surface morphology of aged biochar and to explore the dynamics of aging in various types of soil. For this purpose, the biochar was rice hull heated to 500 °C for 30 min. Approximately 15% of fresh biochar was incubated in either acidic red soil, weak alkaline sandy soil, or alkaline coastal solonchak for 1 and 13 months. Aged biochars incubated without soil were also prepared. The characteristics of fresh biochar and aged biochar were analyzed in terms of elemental composition, specific surface area, and pore size, together with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results for aged biochar relative to fresh biochar included: (1) decreased carbon and nitrogen contents; (2) reduced pH values which tended to be neutral; (3) reduced porosity and specific surface area (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, BET), depending on incubation environment; and (4) increased oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface. In general, the surface characteristics of the aged biochar were changed and varied with soil type.
DIVIDEND POLICY AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: A RESEARCH NOTE

This paper explores the relationship between a firm’s dividend payment and an external perception of whether the firm exercises good corporate governance. Consistent with an agency explanation of dividend payout, we find that firms with higher corporate governance scores do pay lower dividends. The reduced cost associated with not seeking external funds as often as firms with higher dividends can be listed as a benefit for firms seeking to be known as better corporate citizens.
Consenso brasileiro de fragilidade em idosos: conceitos, epidemiologia e instrumentos de avaliação

%) modified at least one of the five items of the instrument. The prevalence of frailty varied between 6.7 and 74.1%. When the CHS frailty scale was used, the wide range of prevalence — from 8 to 49.3% — depended on the cut-off points used to classify changes in gait speed and handgrip strength, as well as the research setting. The studies were based on four major conceptual models of frailty. Frailty in older people represents a state of physiological vulnerability and should not be confused with disabilities or multi-morbidities. In the Brazilian population, the prevalence of frailty has not yet been adequately estimated, and the cut-off points of the items of the frailty scales should be adapted to the parameters of this population.
Teaching and Learning in Accounting Education: Students' Perceptions of the Linkages between teaching Context, Approaches to Learning and Outcomes

Research in accounting education has almost neglected both student perceptions of the learning context and their approaches to learning. Instead, studies have focused on either the teaching context or the outcomes of learning. This omission has meant that accounting educators often experience difficulty in understanding what students conceive learning to be, how they perceive the learning task, or how they approach learning. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the perceptions, the approaches and the outcomes of students in a business subject in order to discover how these students learn, and thus to provide some strategies which could be adopted to enhance their learning. The methodology has been to adopt a survey approach which combines two published surveys. One is the Course Experience Questionnaire which was designed to measure five key areas of a positive learning environment: good teaching, clear goals and standards, appropriate workload, appropriate assessment, and emphasis on independence. The other survey is the Study Process Questionnaire in which approaches to studying have been identified as either surface, deep or achieving. It is believed that this paper will promote the dissemination of research into effective teaching and learning by considering the implication of the approaches of accounting students to learning and the adaptation of teaching styles.
Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence Study of Simvastatin Orally Disintegrating Tablets in Chinese Healthy Volunteers by LC-ESI-MS/MS

A simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) assay for the determination of simvastatin in human plasma using lovastatin as internal standard (IS) was established. After being extracted by methyl tert-butyl ether, solutes were separated on a C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of methanol-water-5M ammonium acetate (90:10:0.1, v/v/v). The quantification of target compounds was carried out by using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode: m/z 419.2 ? 199.1 and 405.1 ? 285.1 for simvastatin and IS, respectively. The method had a run time of 3.3 min and a linear calibration curve in the range of 0.1-20 ng/ml. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) was about 0.1 ng/ml. The mean extraction recovery of simvastatin was over 92.48%. Intra- and inter-day variability values were less than 10.5% and 9.30%, respectively. This method offered good precision and accuracy and was successfully applied for a bioequivalence studies of 20 mg of simvastatin orally disintegrating tablets in 20 Chinese healthy volunteers.
Characterization of the Pathogenesis Mechanism after Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection through Food Consumption Using Chick Embryo Model

This study introduced a chick embryos` infection model to elucidate the pathogenesis mechanism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which causes serious diseases in human after ingestion of P. aeruginosa-contaminated animal originated foods. The embryonic chick model is able to give a rapid and relatively inexpensive method to assess bacterial pathogenicity compared to embryos of other vertebrates. Embryos were infected with P. aeruginosa and elastase-deficient P. aeruginosa. After infection with P. aeruginosa cells, total bacterial cell numbers and gelatinase activities in the embryos were compared. Thereafter, precartilage condensation and chondrogenesis were assessed by peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding on day 3 and by Alcian blue staining for sulfated proteoglycans on day 5, respectively. P. aeruginosa significantly increased in embryos, resulting in abnormal limb development, whereas P. aeruginosa defective in elastase activity partly impaired proliferation. In addition, P. aeruginosa-infected chick embryos significantly stimulated the production of matrix metalloproteinases. Several analyses showed that elevated proteases suppressed the proliferation and survival of chondrogenic cells. The results show that this infection model was a useful assay to determine the virulence mechanism of P. aeruginosa in human after intake of microbiologically contaminated foods.
Germination of warm-season grasses under constant and dynamic temperatures.

Fifteen collections of 10 native and exotic grasses were germinated at constant 25 degrees C, and at gradual and abruptly alternating temperature regimes characteristic of wet seed bed temperatures in the southwest desert grassland in summer, winter, and spring. All species but bristle grass (Setaria macrostachya H.B.K. and S. leucopila Schum.) had high total germination under summer and spring temperatures (mean- 60% and 67%, respectively) and all but bristlegrass and bush muhly (Muhlenbergia porteri Scribn.) had relatively high total germination under winter temperatures (mean-53%). In general, total germination percentage was similar for gradual and abruptly alternating temperature regimes within a season. Constant 25 degrees C and abruptly alternating temperature germination percentages were similar enough to those at more realistic gradually alternating temperatures for most species to permit use of these tests to calculate estimates of summer bulk seeding rates. Time to 50% germination (D50) was slightly less for gradual than abruptly alternating summer temperatures, but was generally similar for these regimes under winter and spring temperatures. To determine if germination responses to constant temperatures could be used to estimate responses to dynamic temperatures, 12 collections of 8 species were tested for germination at constant temperatures of 5.4,10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 degrees C. Total germination and rate of germination (1/D50) increased and decreased as third-order polynomial functions of temperature. Polynomial regression estimates of 1/D50 were used to calculate estimates of D50 for diurnally alternating temperature that were within an average of 0.6 and 13 days of measured values for summer and spring temperatures respectively. Linear regression estimates of 1/D50 for suboptimal to optimal temperatures were similarly used to estimate D50 for dynamic winter temperature regimes that averaged within 3.6 days of measured values for most of the species. Differences between estimated and measured D50 for bush muhly under winter temperatures, and for Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees) collections under winter and spring temperatures, indicate sensitivity of these species to extreme temperature in addition to accumulated heat. Similar measured and estimated D50 for most of the collections for summer, winter, and spring temperatures indicates that these species are primarily responding to cumulative heat effects. Even though most of the species have high germination percentages for winter or spring temperatures, field seedling emergence is much less likely in winter and Possibly less likely in spring than in summer. Slower germination rates during these cooler seasons would require long periods of soil water availability at the surface to allow germination.
On the SQ-universality of groups with special presentations

Abstract We give a new construction of polyhedra with specified links and use this to investigate SQ-universality of groups with certain presentations. In particular, we answer negatively a question of J. Howie from [Forum Math. 1: 251–272, 1989] on SQ-universality of groups with so-called special presentations.
Releasing of seeds by a lateral mechanical impact for feeding sesame stems into harvester

The objective of the study was determination the release of seeds, caused by а lateral mechanical impact for feeding sesame stems into harvester in order to define the conditions for reducing losses. An experimental unit for simulating mentioned impact has been created. The percentage of releasing seeds depending on acceleration and the height of application point of the impact on single stem has been determined. It was found that the feeding of sesame stem into harvester can be achieved by a lateral impact with acceleration up to 0.5 m.s -2 and speed up to 1.05 m.s -1 , if the application point has height 0.6 m from the soil surface. This impact causes up to 5% release of seeds from hybrid 27 when their moisture is 6.2%. The percentage of the seeds releasing of varieties Aida, Nevena and hybrid 23 are also admissible when the applied acceleration is 10.1%, 27.2% and 25.7% less than for hybrid 27 respectively. The lateral feeding of sesame stems into the harvester could reduce losses of seeds shatering up to four times compared with the upper feeding of stems by the conventional reel. The obtained results can be used to proof of a new way and working unit for feeding of sesame stems in harvester without significant seed losses.