Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Vertical Acquisitions, Integration and the Boundaries of the Firm

We examine firm vertical integration through acquisitions and organic changes in production. We develop a new firm-specific measure of vertical relatedness and integration using 10-K product text. We find that firms in high R&D industries are less likely to become targets in vertical acquisitions or vertically integrate. These findings are consistent with firms with unrealized innovation avoiding integration to maintain ex ante incentives to invest in intangible assets and keep residual rights of control. In contrast, firms in high patenting and more mature industries are more likely to vertically integrate, consistent with ownership facilitating commercialization and reducing ex post holdup.
Effects of sediment source and flow regime on clam and sediment transport

Erosion and transport of juvenile benthic invertebrates, including bivalves, has the potential to alter patterns of distribution and abundance during the early postsettlement period. Field observations indicate that there is often great spatial variability in rates of transport of juvenile bivalves. Differences in transport among sites may arise from both physical and biological causes, including variation in water flow, sediment grain size, and the local biological community. In this study, an experiment was conducted in a laboratory flume to examine the effect of sediment source (4 subtidal sites in the Navesink River estuary, New Jersey, USA) and flow velocity on rates of trans- port of juvenile Mya arenaria and Gemma gemma. Rates of erosion of M. arenaria were significantly related to sediment volume eroded, suggesting that dispersal at high flow speeds is linked to bedload transport. Sediment erosion and clam transport was lower for sediment cores from the 2 sites where the sediment was covered by a mat of amphipod Ampelisca abdita tubes. Reduction of the tube mat resulted in a small but significant increase in sediment erosion. The results of this study and compar- ison of shear velocities between the laboratory and the field suggest that both the presence of an amphipod mat and low shear velocities will result in low rates of transport of sediment and juvenile clams in the field.
Epidemiology and Brain Tumours: Practical Usefulness

Primary brain tumours are rare tumours which occur across all ages and comprise a large spectrum of different entities. This review com- piles population-based information on age distri- bution, gender predilection, ethnical disparities, geographic variations, and time trends in the inci- dence of primary brain tumours. Unlike clinical tri- als, which are proneto selection bias, population- based incidence and mortality data provide a com- prehensive picture of the real-life scenario and are thus of high relevance to the neuro-oncology com- munity. Descriptive epidemiology further constitutes the basis for all risk factor research. With re- gard to primary brain tumours, only few risk factors including certain germ-line mutations and exposure to ionizing radiation are known to date. Latest results from epidemiological stud- ies focusing on the exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from mobile phones and their implications are addressed. However, not only environmental risk factor research but also the incorporation of molecular techniques in epidemiological study designs has considerably contributed to our present-day knowledge. Herein, the latest findings on genetic risk loci and tumour-specific sub- and risk groups are highlighted. Hence, the translation of all those
Flame enhancement and quenching in fluid flows

We perform direct numerical simulations of an advected scalar field which diffuses and reacts according to a nonlinear reaction law. The objective is to study how the bulk burning rate of the reaction is affected by an imposed flow. In particular, we are interested in comparing the numerical results with recently predicted analytical upper and lower bounds. We focus on the reaction enhancement and quenching phenomena for two classes of imposed model flows with different geometries: periodic shear flow and cellular flow. We are primarily interested in the fast advection regime. We find that the bulk burning rate v in a shear flow satisfies ν ∼ aU + b where U is the typical flow velocity and a is a constant depending on the relationship between the oscillation length scale of the flow and laminar front thickness. For cellular flow, we obtain ν ∼ U 1/4. We also study the flame extinction (quenching) for an ignition-type reaction law and compactly supported initial data for the scalar field. We find that in a shear flow the flame of size W can be typically quenched by a flow with amplitude U ∼ αW. The constant α depends on the geometry of the flow and tends to infinity if the flow profile has a plateau larger than a critical size. In a cellular flow, we find that the advection strength required for quenching is U ∼ W 4 if the cell size is smaller than a critical value.
COMPOUNDS IN ABDOMINAL AND METATHORACIC SCENT GLANDS OF NYMPHS AND ADULTS OF GRAPHOSOMA LINEATUM (LINNAEUS, 1758) (HET., SCUTELLERIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS

The contents of metathoracic glands of two sexes and different ages of adult Graphosoma lineatum (L.) were analyzed at laboratory conditions. Insect rearing were carried out on the seeds of three species of umbelliferous plants (Parsley, Petroselinum crispum; Carrot, Daucus carota; and coriander, Coriandrum sativum). The scent gland compounds of 3- 15- and 25-days old adults were extracted by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In this study, SPME and direct injection were applied to evaluate commercial and common fiber. The results showed that SPME method and common pencil fiber were effective in detection of scent gland extracts. Different components such as tridecane, 3-methyl pentanol, cis-1,2- dimethyl cyclopentane, hexane, heptane, (E)-2-hexenal, ethyl cyclohexane, limonene, (Z)-4-hexen-1-ol acetate, undecane, dodecane, (E)-2-decenal, 1- tridecene, tetradecane, (E)-5-decenyl acetate, pentadecane and hexadecane were detected in scent glands which tridecane and 3-methyl pentanol were the major components. Comparison of chromatographic peak area obtained in the same experimental conditions revealed that the abundance of some compounds varied considerably by the sex and age of insects.
Hip Abductor Strengthening Exercises Following Total Knee Replacement- ANeed or Luxury

Total knee replacement (TKR) is a well renowned surgical procedure for those presenting with intractable joint pain and impaired physical function following end stage knee osteoarthritis (OA). It is well established that any exercise performed and supervised will improve pain and physical function in people with knee OA. Proximal muscle contribution especially the hip abductors are important in providing frontal plane stability, the stabilization of trunk and hip during walking, maintaining the femoropelvic alignment, femoral head stability and transferring the forces from the lower limbs to the pelvis and considered as important for enhanced functional performance. Recent studies have proven that proximal muscle weakness especially hip abductors play a vital role in knee joint function and a significant reduction in hip abductor strength observed in knee OA. Hip abductor strengthening exercises given post TKR could possibly enhance physical function and pain, might share a contribution similar to quadriceps strength in improving functional performance. Hip abductor strengthening exercises could be a key component in rehabilitation following TKR for enhanced physical function. This review attempts to report the evidence supporting the involvement of the hip abductor strength and its influence on pain and physical functional in post total knee replacement.
Estimating Heterogeneous Price Thresholds

This study addresses price thresholds and their induced latitude of price acceptance under consumer heterogeneity. By incorporating price thresholds into a three-regime piecewise-linear stochastic utility function, we propose a brand choice model to estimate heterogeneous price thresholds using scanner panel data. Furthermore, we explore the structures that associate price thresholds with consumer specific information using hierarchical Bayes modeling with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. This study is intended to contribute to the modeling literature on discontinuous likelihoods in choice models . The empirical application using our data set shows that the reference effect and loss aversion are more marked after price thresholds are taken into heterogeneous price response models . Furthermore, loss aversion is attenuated using price thresholds than by an aggregate (homogeneity) model without price thresholds. As an application, we demonstrate that a customized pricing strategy based on estimated individual price thresholds can be more efficient than a flat pricing strategy.
Financial and socioeconomic analysis of waste management projects

A simulation of a financial and socio-economic analysis of a regional landfill construction project is conducted in the paper on a hypothetical example. The analysis showed that certain investment projects, particularly in developing countries, have a low or negative rate of financial profitability, due to the need to define a socioeconomically acceptable price. The final decision on the implementation of these projects is taken after conducting an appropriate socioeconomic analysis. Projects that are technically feasible and financially sustainable, but not commercially profitable, are suitable for public funding.
Investigation of Third Molar Growth Stage and Its Related Factors in Panoramic Radiographs of People Aged 14–30 Years Admitted to Dental Faculty of Islamic Azad University and Private Clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology In 2014–2015

Introduction: It is important to know the growth condition of impacted third molars in patients, considering low number of researches in this field in the Iranian community, and this study investigated the stages of third molar extraction in patients between ages 14 and 30 years old. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study carried out by referring to the Department of Radiology, dental faculty. Patients aged 14–30 years who referred to panoramic radiographs were studied. Stages of eruption determined with olze method and role of age ,sex, and side with eruption stages investigated with chi square test. Results: This study performed on 3000 stereotypes digital panoramic radiographs. 36.7% were male and 63.4% were female. The mean age was 24 ± 2. Distribution due to eruption stages shows that 66.2% had compelete eeuption, 20.5% were in 3rd stage, 7.3% were in 2nd stage and 6% observed in 1st stage of eruption. Uncompleted growth of third molar rate in population (confidence interval 95) estimated between 32.1% and 35.5%. Frequency of complete stage of the third molar was more in females (P < 0.0005) and also at the age of 24 years, more than lower age. Third molar did not have complete growth stage, was more common in upper jaw (53.9%, P < 0.0005), and more observed in left side 61.4% (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Evolution of third molar growth directly related to age because its the only tooth that evolution continues after puberty, one of the existing methods for determining dental age after puberty.
Constraints on high energy interaction models from LHC and cosmic ray data

Predictions of popular cosmic ray interaction models for some basic character- istics of cosmic ray-induced extensive air showers are analyzed in view of experimental data on proton-proton collisions, obtained at the Large Hadron Collider. The differences between the results are traced down to different approaches for the treatment of hadronic interactions, implemented in those models. Potential measurements by LHC and cosmic ray experiments, which could be able to discriminate between the alternative approaches, are proposed. Modeling of high energy hadronic interactions is of considerable importance for experimental studies at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and, especially, in high energy cosmic ray (CR) field. In the latter case, one traditionally relies on the extensive air shower (EAS) techniques: the properties of primary CR particles are reconstructed from measured characteristics of nuclear-electro-magnetic cascades induced by CR interactions in the atmosphere. This naturally implies the importance of detailed Monte Carlo simulations of EAS development, particularly, of its backbone - the cascade of nuclear interactions of both the primary particles and of secondary hadrons produced. Thus, the success of the experimental studies depends on the validity of hadronic interaction models used in the analysis. One usually chooses between two main experimental procedures (1). In the first case, one deals with the information obtained with scintillation detectors positioned at ground. The energy of the pri- mary particle is reconstructed from the measured lateral density of charged particles (mostly electrons and positrons) while the particle type is inferred from the relative fraction of muons, compared to all charged particles at ground. Alternatively, one may study the longitudinal EAS development by mea- suring fluorescence light produced by excited air molecules at different heights in the atmosphere, for which purpose dedicated fluorescence telescopes are employed. The primary energy is then related to the total amount of fluorescence light emitted. In turn, the particle type may be determined from the measured position of the shower maximum Xmax - the depth in the atmosphere (in g/cm 2 )w here the number of ionizing particles reaches its maximal value. Not surprisingly, the observables used to determine the primary particle type - the lateral muon density ρμ and the EAS maximum position Xmax - appear to be very sensitive to details of high energy hadronic interactions. More precisely, Xmax depends strongly on the properties of the primary particle
Developing and Validating an eHealth Communication Belief Inventory (eHealth-BI) among Chinese Middle- and Older-Age Adults

Purpose: As the world population rapidly aging, especially in Asia, and "the graying of the Internet", opportunities of eHealth communication among middle- and older-age adults warrants more attention. Methods: The eHealth communication survey was administered to employee age 40+ in two major worksites in Taiwan. The development and validation of a 7-item eHealth communication belief inventory (eHealth-BI) by age groups were examined. Results: A total of 533 employees participated (mean age = 46.21 (SD=5.01) years). The reliabilities of the eHealth-Pros (4-items) and the eHealth-Cons (3-items) measured by Cronbah alphas were satisfactory in both age groups (40-49 and 50-64 years), demonstrating sufficient internal consistencies among items. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that all items were loaded significantly on these two eHealth-BI sub-scales with good model fits. Males and those with college education overall were more likely to perceive higher benefits and lower barriers towards eHealth communication. Conclusion: Findings provide needed validation on this new theory-based bi-lingual eHealth-BI tool. Results provide health researchers and practitioners an important tool to measure beliefs towards eHealth communication for better understanding of system design needs, and for effective eHealth communication intervention development among middle- and older-age Chinese adults.
Diet Selection, Feed Intake Capacity and Performance of Growing Female Camels: Effects of Type of Roughage and Level of Concentrates Offered

The feeding trials were intended to investigate diet selection, feed intake capacity (FIC) and animal performance when concentrates (corn grains and commercial concentrates mixture) and roughages (Atriplex, clover hay or rice straw) were fed ad lib free-choice in a cafeteria feeding system, and also the effect of restricting concentrates offered. The roughages were selected to represent different grazing conditions prevailing in arid rangelands. Eighteen growing she-camels were randomly allotted to three groups. Each group was assigned one of the three roughages offered ad lib for the duration of the whole experiment. Results indicated that type of roughage and concentrate levels, and their interaction, affected (P<0.05) FIC and diet selection, and consequently live weight gain. Average total and roughage DMI were 78.9 and 16.1, 83.9 and 22.5, 96.4 and 33.4 g DM/day/Kg 0.75 for straw, hay and atriplex groups, respectively. Irrespective of the roughage fed, growing camels consumed three-times as much corn grains as that from the cottonseed meal. Limiting concentrates offered to 75% or 50% of ad lib intake, decreased FIC, while the proportion of roughages in DMI increased significantly, total OMI and total protein decreased and crude fibres intake increased, more so in the straw fed camels. The Atriplex fed camels recorded the higher ADG, followed by the hay fed ones and the straw fed mates grew the least, 516, 429 and 240 g/d, respectively. Restricting the level of concentrates offered decreased significantly (P<0.05) the ADG (691, 305 and 189 g/d in camels fed 100, 75 and 50% of ad lib concentrate intake. These results tend to indicate that growing camels having free choice to select their diets from both concentrates and roughages were capable of regulating their voluntary food intake predominantly through physiological mechanisms to satisfy energy requirements. This was true for the atriplex and hay groups but not for the straw group or when concentrates offered was limited. (Journal of American Science. 2010;6(11):317-326). (ISSN: 1545-1003).
PROTEIN AND MINERAL METABOLITES FOR DAIRY COWS DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD UNDER TROPICAL CONDITIONS

Abstract. In bovines, the transition period goes from the last three prepartum weeks to the first three postpartum weeks. This period is characterized by the metabolic adaptation of lipids, carbohydrates, minerals and proteins that try to balance the low intake of dry matter and the beginning of the secretion of milk. These changes are regulated by corticosteroids that are released at the time of birth. Some metabolites show noticeable changes in their blood concentration during this stage, which can lead to sanitary, reproductive and productive problems. The objective of the present work was to analyse the homeostasis in the transitional period, by determining the concentration of protein indicators, and some macrominerals, in dairy cows from two breeds under low-tropic conditions. The work was carried out in two commercial farms with similar management conditions in the Colombian south eastern region, in a agro-ecological zone of tropical dry forest according to Holdridge (1987), situated at 1,050 masl, with an average temperature of 23 oC and an annual rainfall of 1200 mm bimodally distributed. The feed consisted of Bermuda grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis). The present work used seven Holstein cows and seven Harton del Valle cows, from which blood samples were taken by coccygeal venepuncture in vacuum tubes, with heparin as anticoagulant and without anticoagulant, during the transition period, and up to the 60th day after delivery. A total of 156 samples were analysed. The following values were determined: total protein, albumin, globulin and urea; macro-minerals such as Ca, P and Mg and the cortisol hormone. The average values found for the Holstein breed were: total protein 66.7 g L-1, albumin 37.6 g L-1, globulins 27.7 g L-1, urea 6.11 mmol L-1, Ca 2.21 mmol L-1, P 1.87 mmol L-1, Mg 1.03 mmol L-1 and cortisol 33.2 nmol L-1. For the Harton del Valle breed the following average values were found: total protein 57.7 g L-1, albumin 35.6 g L-1, globulins 20.3 g L-1, urea 5.37 mmol L-1, Ca 2.56 mmol L-1, P 1.81 mmol L-1, Mg 0.81 mmol L-1 and cortisol 34.1 nmol L-1. The only significant differences between the Harton del Valle and the Holstein breeds were total protein, globulin and the serum cortisol levels.
The Registry of Italian Twin Athletes (RITA): Background, design, and procedures,and twin data analysis on sport participation—An application to twin swimmers

Aiming to contribute to a better understanding of the nature and characteristics of sport participation and of the factors underlying human performance and adaptation to physical exercise, this study involved (a) the establishment of a specialized twin registry, (b) a questionnaire study, and (c) testing sessions of top level athletes. The general design and procedures of the project are described. A Registry of Italian Twin Athletes (RITA) was developed through a collaborative effort involving 25 sports federations of the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI). Out of a total of over 1,500,000 registered athletes, some 5,000 pairs of twins practicing sports such as track and field, swimming, tennis, fencing, and cycling, were tentatively identified. A basic questionnaire was devised to address general aspects as well as specific items related to the respondent's respective discipline, and a specific questionnaire was developed for each sport. As a basis for future studies, an application was conducted on the twins registered with the Swimming Federation. The data collected from the completed questionnaires of about 200 twin swimmers indicated a strong zygosity and sex effect on sport selection, with higher prevalence values for identical pairs and for males. The twins appeared to be taller than their counterparts in the general population, as appears to be true for swimmers in general. Both for anthropometry and basic swimming performance analysis, no zygosity effects were found, individual differences being presumably minimized by basic athletic selection factors. For possible genetic effects to be detected, specific and direct testing sessions on high-level performers should be undertaken.