Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do earmarks increase giving to government

Voluntary taxes constitute a miniscule proportion of the federal budget. We design a lab experiment to investigate the potential effect of allowing voluntary donations to government that are earmarked for specific purposes. We find that earmarking more than doubles both average gifts and the probability of giving to federal government organizations. We also collect information about giving to parallel private charities, whose missions mirror the government organizations. Results show that the preference for control over the target of contributions is also borne out for private charities, but earmarks increase giving to government more substantially than to private charities. The results suggest that creating a mechanism to facilitate voluntary taxes, especially for specific projects or programs, has the potential to raise significant revenues. JEL codes: H2, D64, C91
Regulation of the antibody response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide by contrasuppressor T cells

A soluble membrane component of type III pneumococcal polysaccharide- coupled spleen cells (S3-SCSM) induces S3-specific suppressor T cells (Ts) in mice. These Ts can be detected only if mice are pretreated with cyclophosphamide (Cy) or if cells adherent to the lectin Vicia villosa are removed from the spleen cell population prior to transfer. The V. villosa-adherent spleen cells from mice injected with S3-SCSM could abrogate suppression mediated by Ts induced by S3-SCSM in Cy-treated mice. The V. villosa-adherent contrasuppressor cells were shown to be T cells that were I-J+ and of the Lyt-1 phenotype. Contrasuppressor T cells (Tcs) were not present in V. villosa-adherent spleen cell fractions obtained from normal mice, from mice injected with polyvinylpyrrolidone-coupled spleen cells, or from Cy-treated mice injected with S3-SCSM, i.e., mice in which Ts activity is dominant. The V. villosa-adherent cells that abrogated the activity of Ts induced by S3-SCSM in Cy-treated mice did not abrogate suppression mediated by a different subset of S3-specific Ts, suggesting that the Tcs described here do not have activity against all Ts subsets. The ability of S3- SCSM to activate Tcs in normal mice provides an explanation for the inability to detect S3-specific Ts in several previous studies.
ECONOMICAL EFFECT OF ON-THE-JOB TRAINING: USING KOREAN FIRM PANEL DATA

The study aims to investigate the economic effect of firm on-the-job training using a panel data in Korea, improving analysis data, method, and study model of a precedent study. To accomplish the object of this study, the panel analysis was applied to analyze using a Korea Investors Service (KIS), Human Capital Corporate Panel (HCCP) and Workplace Panel Survey (WPS) data. The results of this study show that positive effect firm on-the-job training on firm’s productivity. Based on the results of this study, government should need to make a policy development to reinforcement investment on firm on-the-job training at the national level. And it was drawn in a conclusion to need not avoid but continuous investment on firm on-the-job training at the company level. Keywords Human Capital, Firm on-the-job training, Economics of Education, Panel analysis, The effect of onthe- job training
Exploring the effectiveness of various texture features for change detection in remote sensing images

Change detection process can be considered as a classification problem, classifying the image into change and no-change classes. Change detection in remote sensing images is an active research area in applications such as disaster management, urban planning etc. Texture is an important characteristic which can be used to identify various objects or regions in an image. Texture features along with spectral and morphological operators have been shown to have a positive impact on the accuracy of change detection in remote sensing images. Haralick, 1973 defined a set of twenty eight texture features which can be extracted from any image on a block basis. This paper explores the effectiveness of various texture features in enhancing the accuracy of change detection process. In this paper we have used three sets of texture features and their impact has been analyzed, keeping all other parameters constant.
Recent advances in the management of adult myositis

Standard drug therapy of adult polymyositis, dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis includes high-dose corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs (methotrexate, azathioprine (AZA) and cyclophosphamide). Recent data are in favour of the early introduction of a cytotoxic or immunomodulating drug in addition to corticosteroid therapy. In patients with corticosteroid- and cytotoxic-resistant myositis, promising novel approaches to management include: iv. megadose pulse methylprednisolone combined with cytotoxic drugs, combination therapy with both methotrexate and AZA, cyclosporin, tacrolimus, fludarabine and iv. immunoglobulin (IVIG). Recent advances in the understanding of the role of cytokines and complement, in the pathogenesis of myositis, have led to preliminary therapeutic trials of three biological agents: etanercept, infliximab and anti-C5 monoclonal antibody.
Food The Body And The Self

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Public subsidies for SME research and development: Empirical evaluation of collaborative versus individual place-based programs

This paper provides novel empirical evidence on the effectiveness of regional research and innovation policies for small and medium-sized firms (SMEs). Two subsidy programs implemented at the regional level in central Italy are investigated. One program targeted firms' individual research, while the other addressed collaborative research between firms and universities. Using a matched difference-in-differences approach our empirical analysis shows a differentiated impact of the two programs. The first was successful in stimulating additional private R&D investment and, at least partially, in improving firms. performance. The second program had weaker effects, mostly restricted to R&D expenditure and employment. Otherwise, subsidized firms show a reduction in their tangible and intangible investments, thus casting doubts on the benefits of subsidies forcing R&D collaborations.
Evaluating student experiences in developing software for humanity

Student involvement in Humanitarian Free and Open Source Software (HFOSS) projects holds the potential to provide a rich education experience to undergraduates. This paper discusses educational use of HFOSS including identification of the potential for HFOSS to impact curricula, an overview of an implementation of HFOSS in education and a description of an evaluation framework that includes measures of success of such a program. The paper also presents results from initial surveys of students involved in HFOSS development in several U.S. academic institutions. The paper concludes with a discussion of work in progress.
Differential impact of cerebral white matter changes, diabetes, hypertension and stroke on cognitive performance among non-disabled elderly. The LADIS study

Background and purpose: Age related white matter changes (ARWMC) are frequent in non-demented old subjects and are associated with impaired cognitive function. Our aim was to study the influence of vascular risk factors and ARWMC on the neuropsychological performance of an independent elderly population, to see if vascular risk factors impair cognition in addition to the effects of ARWMC. Methods: Independent subjects, aged 65–84 years, with any degree of ARWMC were assessed using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), VADAS-Cog (Alzheimer’s disease assessment scale) and the Stroop and Trail Making test. Vascular risk factors were recorded and ARWMC (measured by MRI) were graded into three classes. The impact of vascular risk factors and ARWMC on neuropsychological performance was assessed by linear regression analyses, with adjustment for age and education. Results: 638 patients (74.1 (5) years old, 55% women) were included. Patients with severe ARWMC performed significantly worse on global tests of cognition, executive functions, speed and motor control, attention, naming and visuoconstructional praxis. Diabetes interfered with tests of executive function, attention, speed and motor control, memory and naming. Arterial hypertension and stroke influenced executive functions and attention. The effect of these vascular risk factors was independent of the severity of ARWMC, age and education. Conclusion: ARWMC is related to worse performance in executive function, attention and speed. Diabetes, hypertension and previous stroke influenced neuropsychological performance, independently of the severity of ARWMC, stressing the need to control vascular risk factors in order to prevent cognitive decline in the elderly.
EmoHeart: Conveying Emotions in Second Life Based on Affect Sensing from Text

The 3D virtual world of "Second Life" imitates a form of real life by providing a space for rich interactions and social events. Second Life encourages people to establish or strengthen interpersonal relations, to share ideas, to gain new experiences, and to feel genuine emotions accompanying all adventures of virtual reality. Undoubtedly, emotions play a powerful role in communication. However, to trigger visual display of user's affective state in a virtual world, user has to manually assign appropriate facial expression or gesture to own avatar. Affect sensing from text, which enables automatic expression of emotions in the virtual environment, is a method to avoid manual control by the user and to enrich remote communications effortlessly. In this paper, we describe a lexical rule-based approach to recognition of emotions from text and an application of the developed Affect Analysis Model in Second Life. Based on the result of the Affect Analysis Model, the developed EmoHeart ("object" in Second Life) triggers animations of avatar facial expressions and visualizes emotion by heart-shaped textures.
Managerial Overconfidence, Corporate Social Responsibility and Bank Performance: A Cross-Country Analysis

Prior literature has neither investigated the relationship between managerial overconfidence and bank performance nor addressed the issue that combines managerial overconfidence and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Therefore, this study examines the impacts of banks engaging in CSR activities on the relationship between managerial overconfidence and bank performance by using ordinary least squares regression model. The sample consists of 136 financial institutions in 23 countries over the period of 2006-2012. The empirical results show that controlling for the bank-specific, country-specific, and time effects, bank performance is negatively affected by managerial overconfidence. There is also an inverted U-shaped relationship between managerial overconfidence and bank market performance. Banks adopting CSR have negative impacts on bank performance. However, engaging in CSR activities by overconfident managers are based on the strategic motives, and thereby enhance bank performance.
Does the HoNOS 65+ meet the criteria for a clinical outcome indicator for mental health services for older people?

A clinical indicator should demonstrate clinically meaningful change, be relevant, allow comparisons between services, be acceptable to clinicians, and have acceptable validity, reliability and sensitivity to change. The HoNOS 65+ has been suggested as a clinical outcome indicator. The sensitivity to change of the HoNOS 65+ is not known.
Scaling and Cost Dynamics of Pollution Control Technologies: Some Historical Examples

The past forty years have seen significant diffusion of end-of-pipe pollution control devices as numerous developed countries have sought to reduce local air pollutants from coal-fired power. The apparent success of these technologies have led to the hope that Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) - an end-of pipe technology for capturing and sequestering carbon dioxide - could play a similar role in helping humanity achieve its climate targets. Consequently, a scaling analysis of various pollution control technologies, which describes their rates and extents of growth at both the unit and the total market levels, is used as a historical analogue for CCS' potential in contributing to significant emissions reductions. This scaling analysis also provides corroboration of models predictions of CCS diffusion under climate policy, and also situates pollution control technologies within the existing scaling analysis literature for energy technologies. In addition, the cost dynamics of Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) is explored using regression analysis. It is hoped that this costing analysis will provide some insight into the likely future drivers of CCS costs, including a provisional learning rate for CCS.
Blood pressure changes in patients with migraine: Evidences, controversial views and potential mechanisms of comorbidity

Migraine and hypertension are common complaints and both have high prevalence worldwide. The comorbidity of migraine with hypertensionis a common issue since 1913. Recent epidemiologic and population-based studies put some doubt regarding the association betweenmigraine and hypertension, no association or even negative association was found by some authors. Authors who supported the positiveassociation suggested that rennin-angiotensin system as a biological link between hypertension and CNS activities that are relevant formigraine pathogenesis. Authors who denied the association suggested a coincidental existence since any association between two prevalenthealth conditions is likely to be detected in large series. Authors who supported the negative association suggested a central regulatoryand homeostatic process resulting in reduction of sensitivity to pain (a phenomenon called hypertension-associated hypalgesia). Baroreflexstimulation, endogenous opioids, catecholamines and calcitonin peptide may influence blood pressure and pain sensitivity in patients withmigraine and lowers the number of migraine attacks in hypertensives. Despite the uncertainty still present in this field, a unifying view amongmost recent studies suggests that migraine is positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure but negatively correlated with systolic bloodpressure and pulse pressure. Similar vascular risk profile and the abnormal properties of systemic as well as cranial arterial vessels exist insubjects with migraine and hypertension. On the other hand poor control of blood pressure may exacerbate the frequency and severity ofmigraine and other headaches. These evidences may suggest that both conditions may coexist as part of a systemic disease. Thus establishingthe blood pressure should be a routine task in the assessment of all headache patients and the control of hypertension in migrainepatients is an important factor for the success of migraine treatment and to lower cardio- and cerebro-vascular risks.
Catalytic Acetalization: An Efficient Strategy for High-Value Utilization of Biodiesel-Derived Glycerol

In this study, an efficient process for high value utilization of biodiesel-derived glycerol was proposed via a simple reaction of acetalization catalyzed by novel catalysts of ester sulfate-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs). The relationship between the IL structure and its catalytic activity was investigated. The effects of reaction conditions, and the substrate adaptability, were also carefully studied. The results demonstrate that ester sulfate-functionalized IL shows excellent catalytic activity on the acetalization of glycerol with aldehyde (ketone). Under the optimized condition, 87% glycerol conversion was obtained with 99% acetal selectivity when glycerol was condensed with cyclohexanone. In particular, 29% of product consists of six-membered compound, an important fine chemical and an excellent precursor in organic chemistry, because of the significant steric-hindrance effect of IL catalyst. Furthermore, the IL catalyst shows good recyclability where insignificant activity loss was exhibited even after six runs.
The Level of Voluntary Electronic Disclosure in Jordanian Companies and Factors that Influence the Level of this Disclosure: An applied study on Jordanian Companies listed in Amman Stock Exchange

The aim of this research paper was to explore the level of electronic disclosure on financial and non-financial information of Jordanian corporations listed in Amman Stock Exchange (ASE), and to identify factors that have an impact on electronic disclosure used by Jordanian corporations. Finally, the research also intended to examine the level of each financial and non-financial items on the basis of data published in 2014. The Internet Disclosure Index (IDI), which consisted of 40 items was constructed and used to measure the level of the Internet-based disclosure. Simple linear regression analysis was used to analyze research data. The population of the current research comprised all Jordanian public-listed corporations in Amman Stock Exchange Securities in 2014. There were 270 corporations distributed on four sectors; banking, insurance, services as well as industry. The results revealed that 48.9% (132 corporations) have websites and 51.1% (138) have no websites. It was concluded that the level of the Internet-based disclosure is 6.6%. Finally, the findings indicated that there was an association between company size, liquidity, profitability, audit office size, and the level of the Internet-based disclosure. On the other hand, company efficiency, financial leverage along with debt to equity ratio were found to have no association with the level of the Internet-based disclosure.
Reference Genes for the Normalization of Gene Expression in Eucalyptus Species

Abstract Gene expression analysis is increasingly important in biological research, with reverse transcription–quantitative PCR (RT–qPCR) becoming the method of choice for high-throughput and accurate expression profiling of selected genes. Considering the increased sensitivity, reproducibility and large dynamic range of this method, the requirements for proper internal reference gene(s) for relative expression normalization have become much more stringent. Given the increasing interest in the functional genomics of Eucalyptus, we sought to identify and experimentally verify suitable reference genes for the normalization of gene expression associated with the flower, leaf and xylem of six species of the genus. We selected 50 genes that exhibited the least variation in microarrays of E. grandis leaves and xylem, and E. globulus xylem. We further performed the experimental analysis using RT–qPCR for six Eucalyptus species and three different organs/tissues. Employing algorithms geNorm and NormFinder, we assessed the gene expression stability of eight candidate new reference genes. Classic housekeeping genes were also included in the analysis. The stability profiles of candidate genes were in very good agreement. PCR results proved that the expression of novel Eucons04, Eucons08 and Eucons21 genes was the most stable in all Eucalyptus organs/tissues and species studied. We showed that the combination of these genes as references when measuring the expression of a test gene results in more reliable patterns of expression than traditional housekeeping genes. Hence, novel Eucons04, Eucons08 and Eucons21 genes are the best suitable references for the normalization of expression studies in the Eucalyptus genus.
Telomeric DNA in ALT Cells Is Characterized by Free Telomeric Circles and Heterogeneous t-Loops

ABSTRACT A prerequisite for cellular immortalization in human cells is the elongation of telomeres through the upregulation of telomerase or by the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway. In this study, telomere structure in multiple ALT cell lines was examined by electron microscopy. Nuclei were isolated from GM847, GM847-Tert, and WI-38 VA13 ALT cells, psoralen photo-cross-linked in situ, and the telomere restriction fragments were purified by gel filtration chromatography. Examination of telomere-enriched fractions revealed frequent extrachromosomal circles, ranging from 0.7 to 56.8 kb. t-loops were also observed, with the loop portion ranging from 0.5 to 70.2 kb. The total length of the loop plus tail of the t-loops corresponded to the telomere restriction fragment length from the ALT cell lines as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The presence of extrachromosomal circles containing telomeric DNA was confirmed by two-dimensional pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. These results show that extrachromosomal telomeric DNA circles are present in ALT nuclei and suggest a roll-and-spread mechanism of telomere elongation similar to that seen in previous observations of multiple yeast species. Results presented here also indicate that expression of telomerase in GM847 cells does not affect t-loop or extrachromosomal circle formation.
EXIT, VOICE, PATIENCE, AND NEGLECT: YOUNG WORKER RESPONSES TO OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY CONCERNS

This chapter describes teenagers‟ experiences of paid employment with a focus on labour market statistics in Manitoba, the site of the current research. The vast majority of teenagers between 15 and 19 years experience paid employment during their high school years. Teenaged workers are typically employed part-time in low wage, low skill, nonunionized jobs in the service sector. In addition, these workers experience shorter job tenures than older workers. Within-group differences in teenager experiences of paid employment also exist, and these are especially pronounced between student and nonstudent populations, with the latter group more likely to work full-time.
Comparisons between field- and LiDAR-based measures of stand structural complexity

Forest structure, as measured by the physical arrangement of trees and their crowns, is a fundamental attribute of forest ecosystems that changes as forests progress through suc;cessional stages. We examined whether LiDAR data could be used to directly assess the successional stage of forests by determining the degree to which the LiDAR data would show the same relative ranking of structural development among sites as would traditional field measurements. We sampled 94 primary and secondary sites (19–93, 223–350, and 600 years old) from three conifer forest zones in western Washington state, USA, in the field and with small-footprint, discrete return LiDAR. Seven sets of LiDAR metrics were tested to measure canopy structure. Ordinations using the of LiDAR 95th percentile height, rumple, and canopy density metrics had the strongest correlations with ordinations using two sets of field metrics (Procrustes R = 0.72 and 0.78) and a combined set of LiDAR and field metrics (Procrustes R = 0.95). These results s.