Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adverse drug reaction reporting in a pharmacovigilance centre of Nepal.

BACKGROUND Pharmacovigilance is the "science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug related problems". Nepal joined the international pharmacovigilance programme as a full member in 2007. KIST Medical College, Lalitpur, Nepal joined the national programme as a regional centre from mid-July 2008. Currently, the pattern and scope of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in Nepal remains unexplored. AIMS To observe and analyse the pattern of ADRs at KIST Medical College, Lalitpur, Nepal. METHOD A retrospective analysis of all ADRs reported to the centre from mid July 2008 to July 2011 was performed. Data was analysed for ADR severity, causality, and preventability. RESULTS A total of 113 ADR reports were obtained from various clinical departments. The maximum number of reactions was due to antimicrobials, followed by anti-hypertensives and NSAIDs. CONCLUSION Antimicrobials were the commonest group of drugs causing ADRs and the most commonly seen ADR was maculopapular rash followed by diarrhea and vomiting.
Prevalence of canine epithelial, melanocytic and mesenchymal tumours of the skin and soft tissues: a 10-year study.

А histopathological analysis of 430 specimens of canine skin tumours obtained in the period 2000– 2010, was performed at the Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Bulgaria. The tumours were classified according to the last World Health Organization classification. The incidence of benign and malignant neoplasms was 48.14% and 51.86% respectively. Among the total number of skin tumours, 250 cutaneous growths were diagnosed as epithelial and melanocytic tumours and another 78 – as mesenchymal skin and soft tissue tumours. The most frequently diagnosed tumours from the skin epithelial and melanocytic group were hepatoid gland adenoma (9.3 %), squamous cell carcinoma (8.6 %), hepatoid gland carcinoma (5.34 %) and basalioma (5.11 %). The most frequently diagnosed canine mesenchymal skin and soft tissue tumours were lipoma (5.58 %), fibrosarcoma (4.41 %), haemangiopericytoma (2.32 %) and haemangioma (2.09 %).
Model Reference Adaptive Control for Plants with Unknown Relative Degree

One of the basic assumptions in stable model reference adaptive control is that the relative degree n* of the modeled part of the plant is known exactly and matches that of the reference model. In this paper we relax this assumption by developing a model reference adaptive controller which requires only an upper bound for n*. This is done at the expense of updating additional parameters and using a projection algorithm to project some of the estimated parameters on appropriate convex sets in the parameter space. These convex sets can be developed without using any apriori knowledge about the plant parameters.
An Intermediate Membrane Subfraction in Cyanobacteria Is Involved in an Assembly Network for Photosystem II Biogenesis*

Early steps in the biogenesis of Photosystem II (PSII) in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 are thought to occur in a specialized membrane fraction that is characterized by the specific accumulation of the PSII assembly factor PratA and its interaction partner pD1, the precursor of the D1 protein of PSII. Here, we report the molecular characterization of this membrane fraction, called the PratA-defined membrane (PDM), with regard to its lipid and pigment composition and its association with PSII assembly factors, including YCF48, Slr1471, Sll0933, and Pitt. We demonstrate that YCF48 and Slr1471 are present and that the chlorophyll precursor chlorophyllide a accumulates in the PDM. Analysis of PDMs from various mutant lines suggests a central role for PratA in the spatial organization of PSII biogenesis. Moreover, quantitative immunoblot analyses revealed a network of interdependences between several PSII assembly factors and chlorophyll synthesis. In addition, formation of complexes containing both YCF48 and Sll0933 was substantiated by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. The findings are integrated into a refined model for PSII biogenesis in Synechocystis 6803.
Predictors of patient satisfaction with anaesthesia and surgery care: a cohort study using the Postoperative Quality of Recovery Scale

Context Previous research has shown that most patients are satisfied with their anaesthetic care. For those who are not the causes may be multifactorial including dissatisfaction with surgical outcomes. Objectives We aimed to identify whether quality of recovery after anaesthesia and surgery measured in multiple domains affects patient satisfaction. Design Sub-group analysis of previously published observational cohort study of quality of recovery after surgery (using the Postoperative Quality of Recovery Scale) was used to identify predictors of incomplete satisfaction 3 days after surgery. Setting Multicentre perioperative surgery. Patients Patients ≥6 years old, undergoing a variety of operation types and all receiving general anaesthesia. Observations Of 701 patients, 573 completed the satisfaction question on day 3. Satisfaction was rated by a single five-point rating question. Patients were divided into two groups: 477 (83%) were completely satisfied and 96 (17%) were not completely satisfied. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed on preoperative and patient characteristics and recovery in five domains as follows: physiological, nociceptive (pain and nausea), emotive (anxiety and depression), activities of daily living and cognition. Recovery was defined as return to baseline values or better for all questions within each domain. Results Incomplete satisfaction was predicted by persistent pain or nausea at day 3 [OR 8.2 (95% CI 2.5 to 27), P < 0.01] and incomplete satisfaction at day 1 [OR 28 (95% CI 10 to 77), P < 0.01]. Paradoxically, incomplete satisfaction was less likely to occur if pain or nausea was present 15 min after surgery [OR 0.34 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.99), P < 0.05] or at day 1 [OR 0.30 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.91), P = 0.03]. Incomplete recovery in the other domains did not influence satisfaction. Conclusion Of the recovery domains measured using the Postoperative Quality of Recovery Scale, only nociception (pain or nausea) contributed to incomplete satisfaction.
Middle Bronze Age Ramparts: Functional and Symbolic Structures

Abstract The Middle Bronze Age is a period of urban rebirth, with one of its hallmarks being massive earthworks surrounding cities. These structures have been studied extensively, with traditional interpretations of their function revolving around defensive aspects. However several scholars have called into question the validity of these interpretations, offering alternative explanations revolving around more “social” reasons. The present paper suggests that while the structures were constructed for protecting the city and its inhabitants, this only strengthens its “social” symbolism. Of major importance to its symbolism is the effect the ramparts had on the landscape, altering it permanently, and giving an impression of controlling the landscape.
Anterior–inferior labral lesions of recurrent shoulder dislocation evaluated by MR arthrography in an adduction internal rotation (ADIR) position

To introduce and evaluate the usefulness of the adduction internal rotation (ADIR) position in MR arthrography for discriminating the following subtypes of Bankart lesions: classic Bankart lesions, anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion (ALPSA) lesions, and Perthes lesions.
Coloring the rationals in reverse mathematics

Ramsey's theorem for pairs asserts that every 2-coloring of the pairs of integers has an infinite monochromatic subset. In this paper, we study a strengthening of Ramsey's theorem for pairs due to Erdos and Rado, which states that every 2-coloring of the pairs of rationals has either an infinite 0-homogeneous set or a 1-homogeneous set of order type eta, where eta is the order type of the rationals. This theorem is a natural candidate to lie strictly between the arithmetic comprehension axiom and Ramsey's theorem for pairs. This Erdos-Rado theorem, like the tree theorem for pairs, belongs to a family of Ramsey-type statements whose logical strength remains a challenge.
Human DNA replication initiation factors, ORC and MCM, associate with oriP of Epstein–Barr virus

The 165-kb chromosome of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is replicated by cellular enzymes only once per cell cycle in human cells that are latently infected. Here, we report that the human origin recognition complex, ORC, can be detected in association with an EBV replication origin, oriP, in cells by using antibodies against three different subunits of human ORC to precipitate crosslinked chromatin. Mcm2, a subunit of the MCM replication licensing complex, was found to associate with oriP during G1 and to dissociate from it during S phase. The detection of ORC and Mcm2 at oriP was shown to require the presence of the 120-bp replicator of oriP. Licensing and initiation of replication at oriP of EBV thus seem to be mediated by ORC. This is an example of a virus apparently using ORC and associated factors for the propagation of its genome.
Risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure

The risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure has been examined in numerous observational studies and two large, high‐quality randomized trials. Overall, in untreated individuals, 40–50% can expect a recurrence within 2 years of the initial seizure. Treatment may reduce this risk by as much as half. Those at the greatest risk of recurrence have either an abnormal EEG or an identifiable neurological condition or symptoms consistent with one (“symptomatic”). Status epilepticus and a history of febrile seizures may be associated with an increased risk of recurrence in individuals with symptomatic seizures. The great majority of people (∼90%) who are seen for a first unprovoked seizure attain a one to two year remission within 4 or 5 years of the initial event.
Delay-dependent robust stabilization for uncertain linear system

The problem of delay-dependent robust stabilization for a class of uncertain linear systems with time-varying delay is investigated. The parameter uncertainty under consideration is norm bounded and possibly time-varying. The time delay considered here is assumed to be size-bounded but otherwise arbitrarily fast time-varying. Based on a special Lyapunov-Krasovakii functional, the delay-dependent stability condition is formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities. The delay-independent result can be derived as a particular case for certain values of the tuning parameters. A state-feedback control law is also given such that the resultant closed-loop system is stable for admissible uncertainties. Two numerical examples are given to demonstrate the efficiency of the obtained results.
Multi-scale event synchronization analysis for unravelling climate processes

The temporal dynamics of climate processes are spread across different timescales and, as such, the study of these processes at only one selected timescale might not reveal the complete mechanisms and interactions within and between the (sub-) processes. To capture the non-linear interactions between climatic events, the method of event synchronization has found increasing attention recently. The main drawback with the present estimation of event synchronization is its restriction to analysing the time series at one reference timescale only. The study of event synchronization at multiple scales would be of great interest to comprehend the dynamics of the investigated climate processes. In this paper, the wavelet-based multi-scale event synchronization (MSES) method is proposed by combining the wavelet transform and event synchronization. Wavelets are used extensively to comprehend multi-scale processes and the dynamics of processes across various timescales. The proposed method allows the study of spatio-temporal patterns across different timescales. The method is tested on synthetic and real-world time series in order to check its replicability and applicability. The results indicate that MSES is able to capture relationships that exist between processes at different timescales.
Low Energy Adaptive Routing Hierarchy Based on Differential Evolution

Abstract In recent years, wireless sensor network (WSN) is a rapidly evolving technological platform with tremendous and novel applications. Many routing protocols have been specially designed for WSN because the sensor nodes are typically battery-power. To prolong the network lifetime, power management and energy-efficient routing techniques become necessary. In large scale wireless sensor networks, hierarchical routing has the advantage of providing scalable and resource efficient solutions. To find an efficient way to decrease energy consumption and improve network lifetime, this paper proposes a centralized routing called Low-Energy Adaptive routing Hierarchy Based on Differential Evolution (LEACH-DE). Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol outperforms other well known protocols including LEACH and LEACH-C in the aspects of reducing overall energy consumption and improving network lifetime.
The neural antecedents to voluntary action: A conceptual analysis

The inferential standards for testing hypotheses are settled; those for constructing them rarely even discussed. If the fit to the data of a hypothesis matters, then so must its fundamental coherence. That is indeed prior to any other question. Here we make use of conceptual analysis in testing the coherence of hypotheses in cognitive neuroscience and apply it to the study of the antecedents to voluntary action. We show that many influential experiments in the literature are premised—often covertly—on erroneous conceptions that render their hypotheses incoherent. The inferences drawn from the data are therefore invalidated proximally to any objection empirical replication could counter. We further demonstrate the empirical consequences of these errors in generating artifactual observable effects that have no general significance and impede further progress. We conclude with a basic framework for constructing robust hypotheses in this difficult and important field.
Potential therapeutic use of melatonin in migraine and other headache disorders

There is increasing evidence that headache disorders are connected with melatonin secretion and pineal function. Some headaches have a clearcut seasonal and circadian pattern, such as cluster and hypnic headaches. Melatonin levels have been found to be decreased in both migraine and cluster headaches. Melatonin mechanisms are related to headache pathophysiology in many ways, including its anti-inflammatory effect, toxic free radical scavenging, reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulation, nitric oxide synthase activity and dopamine release inhibition, membrane stabilisation, GABA and opioid analgesia potentitation, glutamate neurotoxicity protection, neurovascular regulation, 5-HT modulation and the similarity in chemical structure to indometacin. The treatment of headache disorders with melatonin and other chronobiotic agents, such as melatonin agonists (ramelteon and agomelatin), is promising and there is a great potential for their use in headache treatment.
The relationship between retinol-binding protein 4 levels, insulin resistance, androgen hormones and polycystic ovary syndrome

Abstract Background. Retinol-binding protein 4 (RPB4), a 21-kDa peptide, is a recently identified adipokine that may contribute to the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The aim of this study was to explore the association between serum RBP4 levels, androgen hormones and insulin resistance (IR) in women with PCOS. Methods. In this case-control study, 75 PCOS patients and 53 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched control subjects referred to the Zanjan Metabolic Disease Research Center were enrolled. Serum RBP4 was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. BMI, waist circumference (WC), fasting levels of glucose, lipid profiles and insulin were also measured. A homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value was used to determine the level of insulin resistance. Results. PCOS cases had significantly higher serum RBP4 and insulin levels than control subjects (44130 ± 12760 vs. 32980 ± 9560 μg/L, p < 0.001, and 11790 ± 11480 vs. 7890 ± 4300 μU/L, p < 0.05, respectively), in univariable analysis. RBP4 showed a positive correlation with serum testosterone (r = 0.62, p < 0.0001), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (r = 0.45, p < 0.0001) and the waist circumference (r = 0.37, p < 0.001) of PCOS patients but not with other measured clinical and biochemical variables. However, no correlation was observed between serum RBP4 levels and HOMA-IR in all studied subjects. A final logistic regression analysis demonstrated that testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate are independently associated with PCOS. Conclusion. These findings indicate that RBP4 is not independently associated with PCOS. The elevation of RBP4 levels in PCOS women might be influenced by androgen hormones. Further prospective studies are needed to clarify molecular mechanisms.
Place learning overrides innate behaviors in Drosophila

Animals in a natural environment confront many sensory cues. Some of these cues bias behavioral decisions independent of experience, and action selection can reveal a stimulus–response (S–R) connection. However, in a changing environment it would be a benefit for an animal to update behavioral action selection based on experience, and learning might modify even strong S–R relationships. How animals use learning to modify S–R relationships is a largely open question. Three sensory stimuli, air, light, and gravity sources were presented to individual Drosophila melanogaster in both naïve and place conditioning situations. Flies were tested for a potential modification of the S–R relationships of anemotaxis, phototaxis, and negative gravitaxis by a contingency that associated place with high temperature. With two stimuli, significant S–R relationships were abandoned when the cue was in conflict with the place learning contingency. The role of the dunce (dnc) cAMP-phosphodiesterase and the rutabaga (rut) adenylyl cyclase were examined in all conditions. Both dnc1 and rut2080 mutant flies failed to display significant S–R relationships with two attractive cues, and have characteristically lower conditioning scores under most conditions. Thus, learning can have profound effects on separate native S–R relationships in multiple contexts, and mutation of the dnc and rut genes reveal complex effects on behavior.
Avaliação de genótipos de cana-de-açúcar para início de safra na microrregião Centro de Pernambuco

As diferentes respostas dos genotipos de cana-de-acucar (Saccharum spp.), em relacao a produtividade, quando submetidos a mudancas nos diferentes ciclos de colheita, representam problema para os agricultores e grande desafio para os melhoristas, sendo de interesse comum a identificacao e obtencao de variedades que apresentem como caracteristicas alta produtividade agroindustrial, ampla estabilidade, longevidade e excelente viabilidade economica em sua exploracao comercial. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o desempenho agroindustrial de 11 clones e 15 variedades de cana-de-acucar, na microrregiao canavieira da Zona Centro de Pernambuco, considerando-se os cultivos de cana planta, soca e ressoca, e eleger os genotipos mais produtivos. O experimento foi conduzido na area agricola da Usina Petribu, municipio de Lagoa de Itaenga. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repeticoes. Foram avaliadas as variaveis toneladas de pol por hectare (TPH), toneladas de cana por hectare (TCH), fibra (FIB), pol % corrigida (PCC), pureza (PZA), teor de solidos soluveis (BRIX) e acucar total recuperavel (ATR). Pela analise de variância, foram detectadas diferencas significativas entre os genotipos, indicando variabilidade genetica. A alta estimativa da herdabilidade media para a variavel TCH indicou elevada possibilidade de exito na selecao, baseando-se neste importante componente de producao. Por meio da analise economica, constata-se que as variedades RB92579 e RB93509 apresentam melhor desempenho para colheita no inicio da safra.
Open innovation in an emerging economy

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the performance of firms in Peru in relation to open innovation. Design/methodology/approach - Data were acquired through a survey of Peruvian middle and senior managers. Findings - Peruvian firms engaged in open innovation did report higher sales growth. The study indicated that involvement in open innovation included activities to reduce operating costs and improve internal processes, as well as exploiting the process to assist the development of new or improved products. Practical implications - The practical implications of this paper, although restricted to Peruvian organizations, suggest that firms operating in an emerging economy may find involvement in open innovation which is an effective strategy for enhancing organizational performance. Originality/value - The originality of the paper is the focus on open innovation in an emerging economy.
7Be(n,p)7Li total cross section from 25 meV to 13.5 keV.

The total /sup 7/Be(n,p)/sup 7/Li cross section has been measured from 25 meV to 13.5 keV. These energies correspond to temperatures of T = 2.9 x 10/sup -7/ to 0.16 GK. For thermal neutrons the cross sections to the ground state (p/sub 0/) and the first excited state (p/sub 1/) of /sup 7/BLi are 38 400 +- 800 b and 420 +- 120 b, respectively. This result for the total /sup 7/Be(n,p)/sup 7/Li thermal cross section is about 25% lower, and is approximately a factor of 10 more precise than previous published measurements. For energies above 100 eV, a significant departure from a 1v shape for the total cross section is observed. The data were analyzed using a single-level approximation, and were also analyzed together with other data using multilevel-multichannel R-matrix theory. Results are presented for the properties of the 2/sup -/ threshold state and for a possible nearby 2/sup -/ state. The astrophysical reaction rate, N/sub A/ , was calculated from the measured cross sections for the combined p/sub 0/ and p/sub 1/ transitions. The resulting reaction rate is approximately 60--80 % of the rate currently in use. This reduction in the /sup 7/Be(n,p)/sup 7/Li reaction rate could result inmore » a calculated increase in the production of /sup 7/Li during the big bang by as much as 20%« less
Caspase-1 Activation of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 Is Dispensable for Induction of Experimental Cerebral Malaria

ABSTRACT Malaria infection is initiated by sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes and asexual reproduction of liver stages, processes that are regarded to be “clinically and diagnostically silent. ” Merozoites, which egress from hepatocytes, infect erythrocytes in periodic cycles and induce disease. How the host innate immune system contributes to disease outcomes and to the induction of effector cells during malaria remains unclear. Likewise, how the initial liver stages may shape responses to blood-stage parasites is unknown. Here, using both sporozoite- and blood-stage-induced infections with the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei ANKA, we show that the MyD88 and Toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4) pathways play critical roles in the development of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Strikingly, an absolute dependence on MyD88 and TLR2/4 was observed when infections were initiated with sporozoites. In addition, we show that caspase-1 activation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18, which is associated with the inflammasome pathway, does not contribute to P. berghei ANKA-induced immunopathology. Consistent with these data, prophylactic cover with the IL-1β antagonist anakinra did not reduce the incidence of ECM. Therefore, we propose that protection against ECM due to loss of TLR signaling functions is caused by effector mechanisms other than IL-1β activation.