Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Dynamical Interpretation of the Poleward Shift of the Jet Streams in Global Warming Scenarios

The role played by enhanced upper-tropospheric baroclinicity in the poleward shift of the jet streams in global warming scenarios is investigated. Major differences between the twentieth- and twenty-first-century simulations are first detailed using two coupled climate model outputs. There is a poleward shift of the eddydriven jets, an increase in intensity and poleward shift of the storm tracks, a strengthening of the uppertropospheric baroclinicity, and an increase in the eddy length scale. These properties are more obvious in the Southern Hemisphere. A strengthening of the poleward eddy momentum fluxes and a relative decrease in frequency of cyclonic wave breaking compared to anticyclonic wave breaking events is also observed. Then, baroclinic instability in the three-level quasigeostrophic model is studied analytically and offers a simple explanation for the increased eddy spatial scale. It is shown that if the potential vorticity gradient changes its sign below the midlevel (i.e., if the critical level is located in the lower troposphere as in the real atmosphere), long and short wavelengths become respectively more and less unstable when the uppertropospheric baroclinicity is increased. Finally, a simple dry atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) is used to confirm the key role played by the upper-level baroclinicity by employing a normal-mode approach and long-term simulations forced by a temperature relaxation.The eddylength scaleis shown tolargelydeterminethenature ofthe breaking:long (short) wavelengths break more anticyclonically (cyclonically). When the upper-tropospheric baroclinicity is reinforced, long wavelengths become more unstable, break more strongly anticyclonically, and push the jet more poleward. Short wavelengths being less unstable, they are less efficient in pushing the jet equatorward. Thisprovidesaninterpretationfortheincreasedpolewardeddymomentumfluxesandthusthepolewardshift of the eddy-driven jets.
United Nations World Tourism Organization Study on Online Guest Reviews and Hotel Classification Systems: An Integrated Approach

The proliferation of online travel-related content is changing how consumers book and research travel. Before making an online hotel reservation, consumers visit on average almost 14 different travel-related sites, with about 3 visits per site, and carry out 9 travel-related searches on search engines. Official hotel classifications are often used by consumers as a filter mechanism in the hotel research and booking process, with guest reviews being used to make a final selection among a smaller group of hotels. As online reviews continue to grow in popularity, questions arise as to whether traditional hotel classifications systems are becoming less relevant. Traditionally, classification systems have been about amenities, whereas guest reviews are about meeting expectations; thus, guest reviews may be able to provide a quality check on the amenities that are required as part of the classification system. We outline an integrated approach for the inclusion of online reviews into hotel classification whereby guest reviews add a quality dimension to hotel classifications, thereby refining the classification.
A systematic comparison of continuous and discrete mixture models

Modellers are increasingly relying on the use of continuous random coefficients models, such as Mixed Logit, for the representation of variations in tastes across individuals. In this paper, we provide an in-depth comparison of the performance of the Mixed Logit model with that of its far less commonly used discrete mixture counterpart, making use of a combination of real and simulated datasets. The results not only show significant computational advantages for the discrete mixture approach, but also highlight greater flexibility, and show that, across a host of scenarios, the discrete mixture models are able to offer comparable or indeed superior model performance.
Monitoring cellular metabolism of 3T3 upon wild type E. coli infection by mapping NADH with FLIM

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) has gained popularity as a sensitive technique to monitor the functional/conformational states of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), one of the main compounds of oxidative phosphorylation. In this letter, we apply the technique to characterize the metabolic changes in mouse embryonic fibroblast 3T3 cells upon bacterial infection. A gradual shortening of the decaying time constants in both the short and the long lifetime components of NADH’s autofluorescence is detected. The ratio of the short and the long lifetime components’ relative contributions, however, shows a rapid increase, indicating the rise of cellular metabolic activity over the course of infection. OCIS codes: 000.1430, 000.4920, 110.1080, 180.2520, 180.4315, 300.2530. doi: 10.3788/COL20100810.0931. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) serves as a co-enzyme and a principal electron donor within the cell for both oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic respiration) and glycolysis (anaerobic respiration). This molecule exists in two functional forms: free and bound, whereas the latter is associated mostly with the dehydrogenases of so called Complex I-one of 4 mitochondrial membrane protein complexes, which mediate electron transfer from NADH to O2 and use this flow to pump the hydrogen protons to the mitochondrial intermembrane space from the matrix [1] . This gradient of protons and electrical potential, termed proton-motive force, is utilized to synthesize new adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules at ATP-synthase via adenosine diphosphate (ADP) phosphorylation [2] . Thus NADH bound forms can be associated with the energy generation in the form of ATP, and the relative quantities of free and bound species of this coenzyme can give an insight on the metabolic state of a cell. Bacterial infections and their influence on cellular physiology are of critical interest to researchers in broad areas, such as microbiology, medicine, drug design, etc. It has been shown that O157:H7 serotype of Escherichia coli (E. coli ), an important human pathogen, closely adheres to the gut epithelium and activates an effacement of the brush border microvilli, a phenomenon known as attaching and effacing [3] . Adhesion of enteropathogenic E. coli to epithelial cells also triggers actin-rich pedestal formation beneath the bacteria [4] . By some uncharted mechanisms, E. coli can induce apoptosis in a number of epithelial cell lines [5] . All these studies suggest the importance of characterizing the cellular metabolism as a result of bacterial infection.
Factors affecting pollination ecology of Quercus anemophilous species in north-west Spain

Pollination ecology of Quercus is influenced by meteorological, biotic and genetic factors. This study was undertaken to ascertain the effect induced by these factors on pollen production, release and dispersion. Aerobiological data have been used in recent years as phenological information, because the presence of pollen in the air is the result of flowering across a wide area. The onset of the Quercus pollen season and the atmospheric pollen concentrations during the pollination period in two localities of north-west Spain (Ourense and Santiago) were determined from 1993 to 2001. There were important variations in total annual pollen as a result of meteorological conditions, lenticular galls produced by Neuropterus on catkins and biennial genetic rhythms of pollen production. In order to determine the beginning of flowering, a thermal time model has been used. Chill requirements were around 800 chilling hours (CH) and heat requirements were 953 growth degree days (GDD in °C) in Santiago and 586 GDD in Ourense. Pollen in the air show positive correlation (99% significance) with daily thermal oscillation, maximum and minimum temperatures, and hours of sunshine. Regression analysis with previous days’ pollen concentrations explained the high percentage of pollen concentration variability, as meteorological variables do not, on their own, explain pollen production and release. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 149, 283–297.
The rotation and coma profiles of comet C/2004 Q2 (Machholz)

Aims. Rotation periods of cometary nuclei are scarce, though important when studying the nature and origin of these objects. Our aim is to derive a rotation period for the nucleus of comet C/2004 Q2 ( Machholz). Methods. C/2004 Q2 ( Machholz) was monitored using the Merope CCD camera on the Mercator telescope at La Palma, Spain, in January 2005, during its closest approach to Earth, implying a high spatial resolution ( 50 km per pixel). One hundred seventy images were recorded in three different photometric broadband filters, two blue ones ( Geneva U and B) and one red ( Cousins I). Magnitudes for the comet's optocentre were derived with very small apertures to isolate the contribution of the nucleus to the bright coma, including correction for the seeing. Our CCD photometry also permitted us to study the coma profile of the inner coma in the different bands. Results. A rotation period for the nucleus of P = 9.1 +/- 0.2 h was derived. The period is on the short side compared to published periods of other comets, but still shorter periods are known. Nevertheless, comparing our results with images obtained in the narrowband CN filter, the possibility that our method sampled P/2 instead of P cannot be excluded. Coma profiles are also presented, and a terminal ejection velocity of the grains v(gr) = 1609 +/- 48 m s(-1) is found from the continuum profile in the I band.
See you on Facebook: the effect of social networking on human interaction

This paper proposes an evolutionary framework to explore the dynamics of social interaction in an environment characterized by online networking and increasing pressure on time. The model shows how time pressure encourages the choice to develop social interactions also through online networking instead of relying exclusively on face to face encounters. Our findings suggest that the joint influence exerted by the reduction in leisure time and the new opportunities of participation offered by web-mediated communication may progressively lead a growing share of the population to adopt networking sites as an indispensable environment for the development of interpersonal relationships.
Production of Korean Case Particles in an English-Korean Bilingual Child with Specific Language Impairment: A Preliminary Study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of Korean case particles in a Korean–English bilingual child with specific language impairment (SLI). The child’s production of four types of Korean case particles were compared to those of three typically developing children during probe and storytelling tasks. The Korean–English bilingual child with SLI produced the vocative and the nominative for person case particles similar to children matched on age and mean length of utterance (MLU). He produced the nominative for object and accusative case particles similar to the MLU-matched child but exhibited lower performance than that of his age-matched peers. The results suggest that longer duration of Korean case particles in the phrase-final position may provide perceptual salience and not pose particular difficulty for the Korean–English bilingual with SLI. Frequent omission of the accusative by the child with SLI and his MLU-matched peer, however, supports the argument that frequency effect in linguistic input influences morphological development.
The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) at Prati di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen Section (Southern Alps, NE Italy)

The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) is defined on the north flank of the Cordevole Valley, on the southern slopes of the crest separating the Badia/Abtei and the Cordevole valleys (46° 31' 37"N, 11° 55' 49"E) at an elevation of 1980 m, approximately 4.7 km south of San Cassiano/St. Kassian in the Dolomites (Southern Alps). The Prati di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen section (Province of Belluno, Veneto Region, Italy) is located a few hundred meters east of Pralongia, a locality northeast of Arabba (Belluno). The section consists of hemipelagites and thin turbidite beds (both siliciclastic and carbonate intraclastic), deposited below storm wave-base with a high but variable sediment accumulation rate (San Cassiano Fm.). The GSSP boundary is located at the base of bed SW4, 45 m above the base of the San Cassiano Fm. Bed SW4 yielded ammonoids including Daxatina canadensis (Whiteaves), which is the primary global marker for identifying the base of the Carnian Stage. The secondary marker for the Carnian Stage, the conodont Paragondolella polygnathiformis (Budurov and Stefanov), appears 70 cm above the first occurrence of Daxatina canadensis and at the base of a long normal-polarity magnetic zone (S2n) in close proximity to the boundary. Furthermore, the GSSP is located one ammonite subzone just above a level dated at 237.77 ± 0.14 Ma.
Fixed Point Results for Nonexpansive Mappings on Metric Spaces

In this paper we obtain some fixed point results for a class of nonexpansive single-valued map- pings and a class of nonexpansive multi-valued mappings in the setting of a metric space. The contraction mappings in Banach sense belong to the class of nonexpansive single-valued mappings considered herein. These results are generalizations of the analogous ones in Khojasteh et al. (Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2014 (2014), Article ID 325840).
Female Managers in Taiwan: Opportunities and Barriers in Changing Times

Women workers' chances of becoming managers, and their experiences once promoted to that level, are increasingly important in Taiwan, a region that is in the throes of socio- economic and legal change. While it is clear that there are proportionally more male than female managers in Taiwan, little systematic research has been undertaken to investigate the reasons for this under-representation of women. The authors' exploratory study suggests that the work–family conflict and Taiwanese cultural values contribute to the barriers female employees encounter in their climb up the organizational hierarchy and may lead to the depression of their career ambitions; however, a proportion of the female managers interviewed felt that their promotional opportunities and their experiences as managers had improved significantly in their generation. The authors make suggestions to guide future research on women managers in Taiwan.
Morphology of the Common Gudgeon, Gobio Gobio (L.) Sensu Lato, from the Vistula River Drainage in the Context of Recent Literature Data (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

Morphology of the Common Gudgeon, Gobio Gobio (L.) Sensu Lato, from the Vistula River Drainage in the Context of Recent Literature Data (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) The common gudgeon Gobio gobio (L.) is considered to be highly variable and to show very good adaptability to local environmental conditions. The most recent studies show that the traditional notion of the G. gobio species covers a number of highly similar but distinct species that can be distinguished based on detailed analysis of morphometric characters. This work presents the results of biometric studies on common gudgeons from two small rivers in the Vistula River drainage. The study has shown several biometric differences between the analyzed populations. Whether the two populations of the common gudgeon represent distinct species or are only evidence of intraspecific variation will be clear once the required comparative material has been gathered. Therefore, in accordance with the international trend, these populations should be treated as Gobio gobio (L.) sensu lato (= G. gobio (L.) complex). Morfologia Kiełbia Krótkowąsego, Gobio Gobio (L.) Sensu Lato, Z Dorzecza Wisły W Kontekście Współczesnych Danych Literaturowych (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) Kiełb krótkowąsy, Gobio gobio (L.) był do niedawna powszechnie uważany za szeroko rozprzestrzeniony, bardzo zmienny gatunek, tworzący szereg podgatunków i "form" ekologicznych, w zależności od lokalnych warunków środowiska. Jednak badania prowadzone w ostatnich latach wykazały, że pod tradycyjną nazwą G. gobio kryje się w istocie wiele różnych gatunków, które można odróżnić morfometrycznie. W związku z tym dwie populacje kiełbia krótkowąsego z dorzecza Wisły (z rzeki Rudawy w Krakowie i rzeki Silnicy w Kielcach, rys. 1) porównano pod kątem 28 cech morfometrycznych i 10 merystycznych (rys. 2). Ponadto dokonano porównania obu populacji z neotypem G. gobio sensu stricto wyznaczonym w 2005 roku. Stwierdzono, że kiełbie z obu rzek nie różnią się pod względem cech merystycznych (tab. 1). Natomiast wykazano szereg różnic morfometrycznych (tab. 2). Obie populacje różniły się istotnie (P ≤ 0,05) pod względem 73% badanych cech. Kiełbie z Rudawy różniły się od neotypu w 94%, zaś kiełbie z Silnicy 87,5% porównywanych cech. Na tym etapie badań i przy braku odpowiedniego materiału porównawczego nie można jednoznacznie określić, czy wykazane różnice są przejawem różnic gatunkowych, czy tylko zmienności wewnątrzgatunkowej. Dlatego sugeruje się ostrożniejsze niż w dotychczasowej polskiej literaturze podchodzenie do zagadnienia systematyki kiełbia krótkowąsego w dorzeczu Wisły i traktowanie go jako G. gobio sensu lato (G. gobio complex), co jest obecnie praktykowane w skali europejskiej.
Comparison between Personal and Individual Exposure to Urban Air Pollutants

This study tested the reliability of a novel method developed for assessing the individual exposure to size-fractionated particulate matter (PM) and gaseous urban pollutants. Individual exposure was defined as the exposure constantly measured in proximity to the subject, even during transfers. Individual exposure was measured using a mobile monitoring unit (MMU), developed to sample simultaneously some urban pollutants of interest for public health purposes. The obtained concentrations were compared with those simultaneously collected in the breathing zone, considered as the gold standard for estimating human exposure to air pollutants. Short-time number concentrations of ultrafine, fine, and coarse particles collected by MMU were characterized by a high predictivity of personal exposures (R 2 ≥ 0.89; slope 0.94–1.17 for PM < 10 μ m), far superior to fixed-site measurements. 5-h time-weighted averages fully explained the variability of ultrafine and fine particles (R 2 > 0.99). The concentrations of gaseous pollutants measured by MMU were less correlated with those collected in the breathing zone (R 2 = 0.34–0.65). Nevertheless, the capability of the MMU to detect the variations of personal exposures to O 3 and CO was better than that normally observed using fixed measurements, likely due to the placement of the MMU in the different microenvironments where subjects spent their time. Individual exposures measured by the MMU could be of importance in toxicological and epidemiological studies on PM, with the advantage of accounting for exposure to several gaseous co-pollutants.
The Effect of Market Regimes on Style Allocation

We analyse time-varying risk premia and the implications for portfolio choice. Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, we estimate a multivariate regime-switching model for the Carhart (1997) four-factor model. We find two clearly separable regimes with different mean returns, volatilities, and correlations. In the High-Variance Regime, only value stocks deliver a good performance, whereas in the Low-Variance Regime, the market portfolio and momentum stocks promise high returns. Regime-switching induces investors to change their portfolio style over time depending on the investment horizon, the risk aversion, and the prevailing regime. Value investing seems to be a rational strategy in the High-Variance Regime, momentum investing in the Low-Variance Regime. An empirical out-of-sample backtest indicates that this switching strategy can be profitable, but the overall forecasting ability for the regime-switching model seems to be weak compared to the iid model.
La tecnología de la cerámica islámica y mudéjar

Les auteurs du present article s'attachent a l'analyse de la ceramique de plusieurs ateliers et zones de production de tradition islamique en Espagne, ceci afin de montrer l'evolution des techniques de fabrication avant et apres l'invasion chretienne de Jaume I dans les territoires arabes.
Present-Day Atmospheric Simulations Using GISS ModelE: Comparison to In Situ, Satellite, and Reanalysis Data

Abstract A full description of the ModelE version of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) and results are presented for present-day climate simulations (ca. 1979). This version is a complete rewrite of previous models incorporating numerous improvements in basic physics, the stratospheric circulation, and forcing fields. Notable changes include the following: the model top is now above the stratopause, the number of vertical layers has increased, a new cloud microphysical scheme is used, vegetation biophysics now incorporates a sensitivity to humidity, atmospheric turbulence is calculated over the whole column, and new land snow and lake schemes are introduced. The performance of the model using three configurations with different horizontal and vertical resolutions is compared to quality-controlled in situ data, remotely sensed and reanalysis products. Overall, significant improvements over previous models are seen, particularly in upper-atmosphere te.
Nitrogen dioxide observations from the Geostationary Trace gas and Aerosol Sensor Optimization (GeoTASO) airborne instrument: Retrieval algorithm and measurements during DISCOVER-AQ Texas 2013

Abstract. The Geostationary Trace gas and Aerosol Sensor Optimization (GeoTASO) airborne instrument is a test bed for upcoming air quality satellite instruments that will measure backscattered ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared light from geostationary orbit. GeoTASO flew on the NASA Falcon aircraft in its first intensive field measurement campaign during the Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) Earth Venture Mission over Houston, Texas, in September 2013. Measurements of backscattered solar radiation between 420 and 465 nm collected on 4 days during the campaign are used to determine slant column amounts of NO2 at 250 m × 250 m spatial resolution with a fitting precision of 2.2 × 1015 molecules cm−2. These slant columns are converted to tropospheric NO2 vertical columns using a radiative transfer model and trace gas profiles from the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Total column NO2 from GeoTASO is well correlated with ground-based Pandora observations (r = 0.90 on the most polluted and cloud-free day of measurements and r = 0.74 overall), with GeoTASO NO2 slightly higher for the most polluted observations. Surface NO2 mixing ratios inferred from GeoTASO using the CMAQ model show good correlation with NO2 measured in situ at the surface during the campaign (r = 0.85). NO2 slant columns from GeoTASO also agree well with preliminary retrievals from the GEO-CAPE Airborne Simulator (GCAS) which flew on the NASA King Air B200 (r = 0.81, slope = 0.91). Enhanced NO2 is resolvable over areas of traffic NOx emissions and near individual petrochemical facilities.