Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the discrepancy of HCl processing in the dark polar vortices

More than three decades after the discovery of the ozone hole, the processes involved in its formation are believed to be understood in great detail. Current state-of-the-art models are able to reproduce the observed chemical composition in the springtime polar stratosphere, especially regarding the quantification of halogen-catalysed ozone loss. However, here we report on a discrepancy between simulations and observations during the less-well studied period of the onset of chlorine activation. During this period, which in the Antarctic is between May and July, model simulations significantly overestimate HCl, one of the key chemical species, inside the polar vortex during polar night. This HCl discrepancy is also observed in the Arctic and present, to varying extents, in three independent models, the Lagrangian chemistry transport model CLaMS as well as the Eulerian models WACCM and TOMCAT/SLIMCAT. The HCl discrepancy points to some unknown process in the formulation of stratospheric chemistry that is currently not represented in the models. Here we characterise the HCl discrepancy in space and time for the Lagrangian Chemistry Transport Model CLaMS, in which HCl in the polar vortex core stays about constant from June to August in the Antarctic while the observations indicate a continuous HCl decrease over this period. The somewhat smaller discrepancies in the models WACCM and TOMCAT/SLIMCAT are also presented. Numerical diffusion in the Eulerian models is identified to be a likely cause for the inter-model differences. Although the missing process has not yet been identified, we investigate different hypotheses on the basis of the characteristics of the discrepancy. An under-estimated uptake of HCl into the PSC particles that consist mainly of H 2 O and HNO 3 cannot explain the discrepancy due to the temperature correlation of the discrepancy. Also, a direct photolysis of particulate HNO 3 does not explain the discrepancy since it would also cause changes in late winter which are not observed. The ionisation caused by Galactic Cosmic Rays provides an additional NO x and HO x source that can explain only around 20 % of the discrepancy. A hypothetical decomposition of particulate HNO 3 by some other process not dependent on the solar elevation, e.g. involving Galactic Cosmic Rays, may be a possible mechanism to resolve the HCl discrepancy. Since the discrepancy reported here occurs during the beginning of the chlorine activation period, where the ozone loss rates are slow, there is only a minor impact of about 2 % on the overall ozone column loss over the course of Antarctic winter and spring.
Intentional avoidance of physical activity in women with migraine

Given the benefits of habitual physical activity for migraine management and overall health, it is important to understand the reasons for low physical activity levels in those with migraine. Beliefs that physical activity can trigger and/or worsen migraine pain may contribute to low physical activity levels via intentional avoidance of physical activity, particularly of higher intensities. This study evaluated intentional avoidance of physical activity at varying intensity levels and its association with (a) leisure-time physical activity levels, (b) beliefs that physical activity will trigger and/or worsen migraine, and (c) migraine characteristics. Participants were women (n = 100) who screened positive for migraine on the IDMigraine and completed an online survey on physical activity and migraine. The majority of the sample (78%) reported avoiding physical activity to manage migraine attacks at least once in the past month, and most reported avoidance of both moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. Among those who reported avoidance, moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity was avoided on an average of 4.0 ± 2.0 and 4.1 ± 2.2 days/week, respectively. More frequent avoidance of vigorous-intensity physical activity (but not moderate-intensity) was significantly correlated with lower vigorous-intensity physical activity indicated by fewer days/week (r = −0.28, p = 0.016) and fewer minutes/day (r = −0.29, p = 0.011). The frequency of physical activity avoidance was significantly correlated with stronger expected likelihood that physical activity, at both intensity levels, will both trigger (r = 0.39–0.43, p < 0.01) and worsen (r = 0.24–0.25, p < 0.05) migraine attacks. Individuals who avoided physical activity reported a significantly higher number of migraine attacks in the past month and were more likely to have chronic migraine, compared to those who did not report avoidance. Intentional avoidance of moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity is a common migraine management strategy that is associated with lower levels of vigorous-intensity physical activity, stronger beliefs that physical activity will trigger or worsen migraine, and more frequent migraine attacks. Individuals with migraine who avoid physical activity may benefit from targeted intervention to address beliefs about physical activity and migraine, which has the strong potential to improve both migraine and health outcomes.
An Analysis Of Market Reaction To Chief Executive Turnover Announcement In Indonesia: A Trading Volume Approach

This research aims at examining market reaction to Chief Executive Officer (CEO) turnover announcements using trading volume approach. The sample of this research consists of 67 CEO turnover announcements without confounding effects and 117 CEO turnover announcements with confounding effects during the period 1992-2003 from Indonesian Stock Exchange. The authors use a t-test to examine the hypotheses. The results for market reaction to CEO turnover announcements using sample firms without confounding effect show that the trading volume before and after the CEO turnover announcements is not significantly different. In contrast, the trading volume before and after the CEO turnover for sample with confounding effect is significantly different. The results show that Indonesian investors consider other confounding events along with the CEO turnover announcements to make investment decisions. Analysis is also conducted to examine the influence of the succession process and the origin of the new CEO on the market reaction toward CEO turnover announcements. We do not find significant difference between the trading volumes before and after the CEO turnover announcement without confounding effect under both organizational contexts. On the other hand, we find significant difference between the trading volumes for non-routine CEO turnover announcements with confounding effects. This suggests that non-routine CEO turnover contains useful information to investors. In addition, significant difference in the trading volume between before and after non-routine CEO turnover with outside successors implies that Indonesian investors expect the incoming CEO from the outside to improve the performance of the company after the turnover process.
Weak discernability and the identity of spacetime points

In this article we investigate putative counterexamples to Leibniz’s principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles. In particular, we look at the status of spacetime points: although these all possess exactly the same properties in symmetrical spacetimes and thus seem indiscernible, there are certainly more than one of them. However, we shall defend Leibniz’s principle, even for such highly symmetrical cases. Part of our strategy will be to invoke the notion of “weak discernibility”, as proposed in the recent literature. Weakly discernible objects share all their properties (both monadic and relational) but stand in irreflexive relations to one another—this irreflexivity makes it possible to show that Leibniz's principle implies their numerical diversity. However, we shall argue that this notion of weak discernibility only serves its purpose if it is supplemented by a criterion of physical meaningfulness of the relations and relata in question; and that in the final analysis weak discernibility only helps out when it can be seen as a degenerate case of strong, absolute discernibility. The case of spacetime points is an example of such a situation.
Randomized controlled trial comparing clinical outcome and cost analysis between laparoscopic and open appendicectomy for acute appendicitis at Dharan, Sunsari, Nepal

It has been 125 years since Reginald Heber Fitz coined the term 'appendicitis' to describe the inflammation of the vermiform appendix, which he correctly identified as the underlying cause for what has been called 'inflammation in the connective tissue about the caecum'. Acute appendicitis is the most common etiology of acute abdomen, generally requiring urgent surgical intervention, with a lifetime incidence between 7 and 9%. The vermiform appendix is considered by most to be a vestigial organ, its importance in surgery is due to its propensity for inflammation, which results in the clinical syndrome known as acute appendicitis. Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of an "acute abdomen in young adults. Appendicitis is sufficiently common that appendicectomy is the most frequently performed urgent abdominal operation. Despite ABSTRACT
Resource Configurations on Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Food and Beverage Firms in Kenya: A Resource Based View of the Firm

The resource based view has gained immense importance in business theorizing and has been widely accepted as a theory. The Kenyan manufacturing sector contributes about 10 percent to the GDP of which agro-processing contributes 3 percent. The sector grows at about 4 percent annually and is set to be one of the main drivers of industrialization and economic growth in the Kenya. The resource based theory of the firm was tested on the food and beverage firms in Kenya on the basis of resource capability configurations that accord firms sustainable competitive advantage. From the 138 food and beverage manufacturing firms registered by the Kenya Association of Manufacturers in 2011, the study targeted 95 firms in and around Nairobi and Mombasa using purposive judgmental sampling. The study was carried out through a standardized questionnaire. The independent variables were mainly constructs of intangible assets like firm knowledge, firms’ information management, strategic planning, organizational structure and organizational culture. Out of the 95 firms surveyed, 32 responded giving 33.7 percent response rate. From the multivariate ordinary least squares regression analysis, the effects of organizational structure ( p = 0.04, ? =0.05) were found significant at 95 percent confidence interval indicating the importance of the intangible asset to firms’ sustainable competitive advantage. The findings confirmed the importance of the organizational structure, whose building blocks are individuals in the firm, as a pattern of communication and relations among a group of human beings, including the process of making and implementing decisions as key contributors of firms sustainable competitive advantage in Kenya. Keywor d s: Firm resources, Organizational structure, sustainable competitive advantage.
Positioning cost overrun research in the philosophical debate: a case for critical realism.

Construction management research, as a form of social research is confronted with the fundamental paradigmic dilemma of determining a core philosophical orientation, to be considered adequate and best suited to enquiry about construction phenomena. The underpinning argument being that, the differences in world views, will yield marked differences in the type of knowledge generated. An empirical profiling of cost overrun research reveals the predominance of mono-method studies based on questionnaire survey methods, correlative analysis and archival data modelling techniques, all of which are underlain by positivism. Such positivist philosophies, although methodologically valid, cannot adequately explain and provide in-depth understanding of the contextual drivers in construction organisations that trigger the more tangible technical constructs leading to the phenomena of cost growth in projects. Joining in the chorus call for methodological pluralism in construction industry research, this study makes a case for critical realism specifically in the context of cost overrun research.
OF THE HISTORICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCES ABOUT A POPULATION OF BLUEFIN TUNA ( THUNNUS THYNNU S L . ) IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN AND THE BLACK SEA

The history of the bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) population which was originally distributed in the Black Sea and in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, which is not fully known, is one of the main key points for better understanding the current situation of the bluefin tuna inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea. As a matter of fact, the ancient information from historical periods might help the interpretation of the recent preliminary tagging and genetic data, which show differences between the individuals mostly present in the eastern Mediterranean and those distributed in other Mediterranean and Atlantic areas. This review examines both the ancient evidence and recent data, contributing to improve the scientific knowledge on this species.
Generation of a global fuel data set using the Fuel Characteristic Classification System

Abstract. This study presents the methods for the generation of the first global fuel data set, containing all the parameters required to be input in the Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS). The data set was developed from different spatial variables, both based on satellite Earth observation products and fuel databases, and is comprised by a global fuelbed map and a database that includes the parameters of each fuelbed that affect fire behavior and effects. A total of 274 fuelbeds were created and parameterized, and can be input into FCCS to obtain fire potentials, surface fire behavior and carbon biomass for each fuelbed. We present a first assessment of the fuel data set by comparing the carbon biomass obtained from our FCCS fuelbeds with the average biome values of four other regional or global biomass products. The results showed a good agreement both in terms of geographical distribution and biomass loads when compared to other biomass data, with the best results found for tropical and boreal forests (Spearman's coefficient of 0.79 and 0.77). This global fuel data set may be used for a varied range of applications, including fire danger assessment, fire behavior estimations, fuel consumption calculations and emissions inventories.
Sub-surface drip irrigation (SDI) fertigation for site-specific, precision management of cotton

A subsurface drip irrigation study was installed at the Tennessee Valley Research and Extension Center in 2006 to evaluate the effect of four precision fertigation management scenarios and a non-fertigated control on cotton yield, nutrient uptake and lint quality. Approximately 7,500 feet of SDI tape and four positive displacement liquid fertilizer injectors were used to evaluate five nutrient timing treatments with four replications in a randomized complete block design. Each of the twenty treatment plots was made up of eight, 345-foot rows of cotton on 40-inch row spacing, with drip tape between every other row of cotton. In 2006, fertigated cotton yields were significantly higher than the surface-applied control. In 2007 and 2008, however, yield in surface-applied control was significantly higher than the fertigated treatments. The better non-fertigated control yield in 2007 and 2008 was possibly due to beneficial downward movement of surface-applied fertilizer as a result of early season rainfall in 2007 and possibly the leaching of fertigated nutrients beyond roots zone as a result of heavy seasonal rainfall in 2008. Fertigated cotton yields averaged 3.0, 2.9 and 3.5 and the control yields averaged 2.7, 3.1 and 3.9 bales/acre in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. Generally, surface sidedressing enhanced nutrients uptake better than fertigation but none of them had a direct effect on cotton fiber qualities. These results show that surface sidedressing and fertigation are not mutually exclusive under rainfed cotton production and the observed responses to SDI fertigation were directly related to the amount and distribution of rainfall during the seasons.
Evaluation of Soil Moisture Sensors

This study evaluated the measurement accuracy and repeatability of the EC-5 and 5TM soil volumetric water content (SVWC) sensors, MPS-2 and 200SS soil water potential (SWP) sensors, and 200TS soil temperature sensor. Six 183cm x 183cm x 71cm wooden compartments were built inside a greenhouse, and each compartment was filled with one type of soil from the Mississippi Delta. Sixty-six sensors with 18 data loggers were installed in the soil compartments to measure SVWC, SWP, and soil temperature. Soil samples were periodically collected from the compartments to determine SWVC using gravimetric method. SVWC measured by the sensor was compared with that determined by the gravimetric method. SVWC readings of the sensors have a linear correlation with the gravimetric SVWC (r 2 =0.82). The correlation was used to calibrate the sensor readings. The SVWC and SWP sensors were capable of detecting general trend of soil moisture changes. However, their measurements varied significantly among the sensors and were influenced by soil property. To obtain accurate absolute soil moisture measurements, the sensors require soil-specific calibration. The 5TM, MPS-2, and 200TS sensors performed well in soil temperature measurement test. Individual temperature readings of those sensors were very close to the mean of all sensor readings.
DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND LEAF ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF RAMBUTAN GROWN ON AN ACID ULTISOL

Little is known about the adaptability of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) to highly acidic soils rich in aluminum (Al). A 2-yr field study was conducted to determine the effects of various levels of soil Al on dry matter production, plant growth, and nutrient concentration in the leaves of four cultivars of rambutan. Cultivars and the cultivar x year interaction were not statistically significant for most variables measured in the study. Total, leaf, petiole, stem and root dry weights significantly increased at soil Al concentrations ranging from 0.67 cmol kg−1 to 11.0 cmol kg−1. At this range of soil Al, the concentrations of Al and manganese (Mn) in leaf tissue declined sharply. The results of this study demonstrate that rambutan is highly tolerant to acid soils and that tolerance may involve an Al- and Mn- exclusion mechanism.
Environmental Accounting Disclosure in ASEAN Countries

This study aims to determine whether there is a difference between the scores of country-based environmental accounting disclosure (in the ASEAN region) and industrybased environmental accounting disclosure (in real estate, forest/agriculture, consumer goods, hospitals, energy, and chemicals/pharmaceuticals). The research method used is One-Way ANOVA difference test. The results show that there is a difference in the scores of country-based environmental accounting disclosure. The difference is between Indonesia and Singapore and between Indonesia and the Philippines. Furthermore, there is no significant difference in the scores of industry-based environmental accounting disclosure, as well as when viewed from each of ASEAN countries. Each country needs to have more stringent regulations and policies to require each company to present the environmental accounting disclosure in the annual report or sustainability report as a form of corporate legitimacy to the public. In addition, there should be a revision of the nature of the environmental accounting disclosure in the financial accounting standards, from voluntary to mandatory. It is intended that every company of various types of industries really pay attention to the environmental impact problems arising from its operational activities.
On a semigroup problem

If \begin{document}$ S $\end{document} is a semigroup in \begin{document}$ \mathbb{R}^n $\end{document} that is not separated by a linear functional, then it is known that the closure of \begin{document}$ S $\end{document} is a group. We investigate a similar statement in an infinite dimensional topological vector space \begin{document}$ X $\end{document} . We show that if \begin{document}$ X $\end{document} is an infinite dimensional Banach space, then there exists a semigroup \begin{document}$ S\subset X $\end{document} , not separated by the continuous functionals supported by the closed linear span of \begin{document}$ S $\end{document} , for which the closure of the semigroup is not a group. If \begin{document}$ X $\end{document} is an infinite dimensional Frechet space, then the closure of a semigroup that is not separated is always a group if and only if \begin{document}$ X $\end{document} is \begin{document}$ \mathbb{R}^{\omega} $\end{document} , the countably infinite direct product of lines. Other infinite dimensional topological vector spaces, such as \begin{document}$ \mathbb{R}^{\infty} $\end{document} , the countably infinite direct sum of lines, are discussed. The Semigroup Problem has applications to the study of certain dynamical systems, in particular for the construction of topologically transitive extensions of hyperbolic systems. Some examples are shown in the paper.
Prediction of the arrival of peak nitrate concentrations at the water table at the regional scale in Great Britain

A simple process‐based approach to predict regional‐scale loading of nitrate at the water table was implemented in a GIS for Great Britain. This links a nitrate input function, unsaturated zone thickness, and lithologically dependent rate of nitrate unsaturated zone travel to estimate arrival time of nitrate at the water table. The nitrate input function is the loading at the base of the soil and has been validated using unsaturated zone porewater profiles. The unsaturated zone thickness uses groundwater levels based on regional‐scale observations infilled by interpolated river base levels. Estimates of the rate of unsaturated zone travel are attributed from regional‐scale hydrogeological mapping. The results indicate that peak nitrate loading may have already arrived at the water table for many aquifers, but that it has not where the unsaturated zone is relatively thick There are contrasting outcomes for the two main aquifers which have similar unsaturated zone velocities, the predominantly low relief Permo‐Triassic sandstones, and the Chalk, which forms significant topographic features. For about 60% of the Chalk, the peak input has not yet reached the water table and will continue to arrive over the next 60 years. The methodology is readily transferable and provides a robust method for estimating peak arrival time for any diffuse conservative pollutant where an input function can be defined at a regional scale and requires only depth to groundwater and a hydrogeological classification. The methodology is extendable in that if additional information is available this can easily be incorporated into the model scheme. British Geology Survey © NERC 2011. Hydrological Process © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd