Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of EFL Teachers' Attitude toward English Language and English Language Proficiency on Their Sense of Efficacy

Researchers in education have documented that teachers’ sense of efficacy has strong impacts on various aspects of teaching and learning. Yet, in the field of TESOL, inquiry into teachers’ sense of efficacy is extremely scarce. The present study, by adopting the notion of teachers’ sense of efficacy as the theoretical framework, has explored Iranian English Institute teachers’ confidence in teaching English. The study has also examined teachers’ attitudes toward the English language and teachers’ English language proficiency, respectively. An exploratory survey methods design was employed in the present study and data were collected in the quantitative format, by which 68 English institute teachers working in Mazandaran responded to the survey. The results indicated that teachers’ current level of English proficiency and EIL (English as an International Language) attitude toward the English language were the significant predictors for teachers’ English teaching-specific efficacy beliefs or confidence. Also, efficacy for oral English language use was found as an additional dimension of teacher efficacy in teaching English, indicating that in a foreign language context, oral target language use would be a significant dimension to be considered in examining teachers’ self-efficacy in teaching the target language.
Mechanochemical pattern formation in simple models of active viscoelastic fluids and solids

The cytoskeleton of the organism Physarum polycephalum is a prominent example of a complex active viscoelastic material wherein stresses induce flows along the organism as a result of the action of molecular motors and their regulation by calcium ions. Experiments in Physarum polycephalum have revealed a rich variety of mechanochemical patterns including standing, traveling and rotating waves that arise from instabilities of spatially homogeneous states without gradients in stresses and resulting flows. Herein, we investigate simple models where an active stress induced by molecular motors is coupled to a model describing the passive viscoelastic properties of the cellular material. Specifically, two models for viscoelastic fluids (Maxwell and Jeffrey model) and two models for viscoelastic solids (Kelvin–Voigt and Standard model) are investigated. Our focus is on the analysis of the conditions that cause destabilization of spatially homogeneous states and the related onset of mechano-chemical waves and patterns. We carry out linear stability analyses and numerical simulations in one spatial dimension for different models. In general, sufficiently strong activity leads to waves and patterns. The primary instability is stationary for all active fluids considered, whereas all active solids have an oscillatory primary instability. All instabilities found are of long-wavelength nature reflecting the conservation of the total calcium concentration in the models studied.
Is river Ghaggar, Saraswati? Geochemical constraints

The identity of the river along which the famous Harappan Civilization developed and the causes of the demise of this culture are topics of considerable debate. Many of the Harappan sites are located along the ephemeral Ghaggar river within the Thar Desert in the northwestern India and adjacent Pakistan. The Ghaggar was also thought to be the mythical river Saraswati, which was described as glacial-fed river. Sr and Nd isotopic composition of the Ghaggar alluvium as well as Thar Desert sediments suggests a Sub-Himalayan sediment source, with no contribution from the glaciated regions. The development of extensive Harappan Civilization all along the Ghaggar suggests a catchment with high monsoon rainfall. It is likely that with the changes in the monsoon scenario after 3500 BC could have gradually dried up the Ghaggar river and resulted in the migration and/or extinction of the Harappan Civilization on this river.
Native Goats of Iraq: A Review

Native goats of Iraq are hardy with high potentials for improvement, their weights display overwhelming ranges and hormonal treatments have improved their reproductive performance. Heritability of most economic traits are very low to medium and genetic progress anticipated from selection will be slow. This necessitates the introduction of performance recording and the full use of all information on pedigree and collateral relatives, and upgrading of standards of feeding and management.
Refining Contrast: Empirical Evidence from the English it-Cleft

This paper is concerned with the contrastive component associated with English it-cleft sentences. We argue for a more complex notion of contrast than has previously been used in much of the semantic literature and provide empirical evidence showing that defining contrast in purely semantic terms cannot fully explain the felicity of clefts and their competition with canonical sentences. On the notion we support here, expressions are contrastive to the extent that they conflict with expectations. Crucially, this allows for degrees of contrast, corresponding to stronger or weaker conflict with expectations; and it permits us to consider, not only expectations about the world, but also metalinguistic expectations about the discourse itself. This scalar and multifactorial notion of contrast allows us to make better predictions about the contexts in which clefts are judged to be felicitous.
Form, size and volumetric expansion of Adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) during soaking

This study analyzed the variation in shape and size of Adzuki beans during soaking at different temperatures. In addition, different mathematical models were fitted to the experimental values of volumetric expansion, selecting the best one. Grains of Adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) with moisture content of approximately 0.25 (decimal d.b.) were manually harvested; they were, then, dried to 0.128 (decimal d.b.). The beans were subjected to soaking in distilled water at the temperatures 18 ± 1, 27 ± 1, 36 ± 1, and 45 ± 1 °C, in five repetitions. Recipients containing 80 mL of distilled water and 20 g of beans for each sample were used. The samples were periodically weighed in order to determine the water absorption. After that, the samples were removed from the recipients and placed on filter papers for two minutes to drain the surface water. Water absorption continued until the beans reached the saturation moisture content. It was concluded that, the form of the Adzuki beans was altered regularly, the orthogonal axes expanded differentially in the radial and axial directions, and that the linear model appropriately described the volumetric expansion of the Adzuki beans, among the series of models analyzed for the temperatures 18, 27, 36 and 45 °C.
Enhancement of Air Filter with TiO2 Photocatalysis for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Removal

HEPA filter is normally recommended for removal of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the airstream. Due to its high cost, a cheaper air-filter substitution is proposed in this study. Both low- and high-grade glass fiber air filters were coated with 5% TiO2 using either polyethylene glycol (PEG), Silane (Si-69), or DURAMAX (D-3005) as a binder. The coated filter was placed in a test duct and irradiated with UVA at an intensity of 4.85 ± 0.41 mW/cm 2 to investigate photocatalysis for M. tuberculosis. The effects of dark and light conditions as well as initial exposure to UVA on bacterial removal were studied. Silver-doped and iron-doped TiO2 at different concentrations were also tested using face velocities of 0.1 and 1 m/s and humidity levels of 50 ± 10% and 70 ± 10% RH. The most appropriate binder for coating TiO2 onto filters was 3% D3005. Using 0.1% metal-doping, 100% removal efficiencies were found. Dark/light conditions affected the hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of TiO2-coated filters and the removal efficiencies. The removal rate could be increased by extending the warm up period of the lamps. When the face velocity was increased, the removal efficiency dropped in both filters. Similarly, high humidity adversely affected the removal efficiency, particularly with the coated high-grade air filter.
Impact of Structural Capital on Innovation in the Australian SMEs

This study explores the strategic links between structural capital and organisational innovation in Australian SMEs. There are limited studies in the literature that investigate the connection between structural capital and organizational innovation using longitudinal data. Hence, for this study, the Confidentialised Unit Record File (CURF) database from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Business Longitudinal Database (BLD) (2013) was used to investigate 2,154 SMEs. The analyses validate that structural capital is essential for achieving organisational innovation. However the relationship declines over time. Managers should be careful in investing in IT and technology in order to facilitate organisational innovation. © 2016 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy. org.uk
FATE OF INTERMEDIATE BIODEGRADATION PRODUCTS OF TRIETHYL AMINE IN A COMPOST-BASED BIOFILTRATION SYSTEM

Biofiltration of Triethylamine (TEA) vapor used as a catalyst in casting operations was evaluated in this study. The unit consisted of a 6-L three-stage biofilter containing a mixture of compost and wood chips (40:60 v/v) as the filter medium. Seed microbial population from municipal activated sludge was acclimated for a period of three weeks prior to the actual experimental runs. In the startup period, high pH values up to 10 was observed due to alkaline nature of TEA and inadequate formation of biofilm and low overall biodegradation. Steady increase of organic-N concentration along with gradual upward trend of pressure drop indicated sound establishment of microbial population. Operational parameters studied included loading rate (6-116 g/m3/h), hydraulic detention times (40-60 s), temperature ( 30±1°C), and humidity (50-55%). Results indicated effluent ammonia concentrations meeting standards of 25 ppm can be obtained after 2.5 months of operation. Optimal organic loading rates (OLRs) of 90±14 g/m3/h for Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) value of 48 s were suggested. Under these conditions, elimination capacity of 71±3 g/m3/h and removal efficiency 81±14 % were achieved. Mass balance was performed on different forms of nitrogen products for a constant inlet concentration of 180 ppm TEA with a relatively stable removal efficiency of about 90 % maintained for over a month. Both liquid (leachate) and gas (different sections, inlet, and outlet) phase measurements were made for the purpose of performing calculations. Ammonium- N and Nitrate-N were dominant in the first and third sections of the reactor, respectively. Cumulative TEA-N mass balance over a 2-month period indicated an equal proportion breakdown into ammonia- N, nitrate-N, and ammonium & organic-N. The fact that up to 30 % of TEA-N could not be accounted for in the leachate and gas measurements can be attributed to incorporation into the cellular constituents.
Non‐migrating tides in the ionosphere‐thermosphere: In situ versus tropospheric sources

In this paper we demonstrate how magnetic control of ion‐neutral interactions in the ionosphere‐thermosphere (IT) system effectively produces source terms for non‐migrating solar tides in the neutral momentum equations for the thermosphere. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME‐GCM) is utilized to quantify these tides, and to assess their importance relative to those that propagate upward from lower atmospheric regions. The primary diurnal tides excited in situ by the above mechanism include DE1, D0 and DW2, with zonal wind amplitudes on the order of 20 m s−1 (5–10 m s−1) at ∼500 km (∼350 km) under solar maximum (minimum) conditions. Smaller amplitude semidiurnal non‐migrating tides, mainly SE1, S0, SW1, and SW3, are also generated under solar maximum conditions. The aggregate effect of these tidal components is to produce extrema ranging from −110 to +140 m s−1 in a typical illustration of latitude versus longitude at a constant local time. The associated wind circulations include vertical wind perturbations that drive temperature perturbations through adiabatic heating and cooling effects. At high latitudes, hydromagnetic coupling effects generate non‐migrating tidal components including DE1, D0, DW2, SE1, S0, and SW1, which show interhemispheric differences in both amplitude and latitudinal structure due to interhemispheric differences in the offset between the geographic and geomagnetic poles. Our computational results show that the in situ generated non‐migrating tidal components dominate some parts of the tidal spectrum at high levels of solar activity and suggest that in situ generated non‐migrating tides must be taken into account in order to reconcile differences in data‐model comparisons.
Digital Commons @ University of Digital Commons @ University of South Florida South Florida

We describe the lived experiences of a Black Woman educational leader who has studied and worked in the academy and in the field of K-12 education. This partial life history, excavated through the tenets of Critical Race Theory (CRT), illuminates the social construction of race and the pervasiveness and permanence of racism. We determined through a series of interviews that the participant’s resilient resistance is guided by critical spirituality so that circumstances and people who challenge her also confront this source of power. Her lived experience, from student to faculty member, conveys the challenges and opportunities she faces and adds to the scholarship to better understand anti-oppressive education. As a result of our study we derived implications for practice which include suggested institutional efforts to build support structures for Black women and shift academic culture. Also, there are recommendations which include conducting socially and culturally responsible and responsive mining of the contributions of Black women and providing culturally relevant support to sustain Black woman scholars and practitioners in education and educational leadership at all levels.
Image‐intensified video results from the 1998 Leonid shower: I. Atmospheric trajectories and physical structure

Abstract— Two‐station electro‐optical observations of the 1998 Leonid shower are presented. Precise heights and light curves were obtained for 79 Leonid meteors that ranged in brightness (at maximum luminosity) from +0.3 to +6.1 astronomical magnitude. The mean photometric mass of the data sample was 1.4 × 10−6 kg. The dependence of astronomical magnitude at peak luminosity on photometric mass and zenith angle was consistent with earlier studies of faint sporadic meteors. For example, a Leonid meteoroid with a photometric mass of ∼1.0 × 10‐7 kg corresponds to a peak meteor luminosity of about +4.5 astronomical magnitudes. The mean beginning height of the Leonid meteors in this sample was 112.6 km and the mean ending height was 95.3 km. The highest beginning height observed was 144.3 km. There is relatively little dependence of either the first or last heights on mass, which is indicative of meteoroids that have clustered into constituent grains prior to the onset of intensive grain ablation. The height distribution, combined with numerical modelling of the ablation of the meteoroids, suggests that silicate‐like materials are not the principal component of Leonid meteoroids and hints at the presence of a more volatile component. Light curves of many Leonid meteors were examined for evidence of the physical structure of the associated meteoroids: similar to the 1997 Leonid meteors, the narrow, nearly symmetric curves imply that the meteoroids are not solid objects. The light curves are consistent with a dustball structure.
COMPARACIÓN DE LA EXACTITUD DE VALORES GENÓMICOS DE ANIMALES PREDICHOS A TRAVÉS DEL ANÁLISIS CON DOS MODELOS ALTERNATIVOS COMPARISON OF THE ACCURACY OF GENOMIC VALUES OF ANIMALS PREDICTED THROUGH ANALYSIS WITH TWO ALTERNATIVE MODELS

The genomic value is the best prediction of the genotypic value of an animal, whose accuracy varies in function of several factors. The objectives of this study were to compare, through simulation, the accuracy of the genomic values of animals predicted through analysis with two alternative models, and to obtain the genetic correlation between these and the true genetic values simulated. A population with an effective size of 800 individuals was simulated and 100 generations were used to generate linkage disequilibrium. Then, another population was simulated with 14 generations, a panel of 53 010 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), placed randomly in 30 chromosomes and 540 quantitative traits loci. The genotypes and phenotypes of 6400 animals were also simulated using a heritability=0.40, and considering only the additive effects. Four sets of molecular values were trained using the SNP markers of generations 7 to 10, and the corresponding adjusted genetic values. When the training population (TP) was larger in size, the accuracy estimators (R 2 ) were higher. Similarly, when the evaluation
Earnings Fraud and Financial Stability

Earnings can be the goal for firms which desire to commit financial fraud. This study is propounded to show fraudulent earnings reporting and its relationship with the company’s financial stability. The samples used in this study are manufacturing firms listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange during the period of 2010-2013. The data consisting of financial statements are processed using descriptive statistics, and the hypotheses are tested using logistic regression. The results of this study reveal that 22 financial statements are indicated earnings fraud. Of all the financial statements, 68 percent suffers from financial distress. This study shows that the firms with the improved financial stability tend to restrain themselves from committing earnings fraud. This study also finds that the firms which experience financial distress have a greater incentive to commit the fraud.
Sub-decadal- to decadal-scale climate cyclicity during the Holsteinian interglacial (MIS 11) evidenced in annually laminated sediments

Abstract. To unravel the short-term climate variability during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11, which represents a close analogue to the Holocene with regard to orbital boundary conditions, we performed microfacies and time series analyses on a ~3200-yr-long record of annually laminated Holsteinian lake sediments from Dethlingen, northern Germany. These biogenic varves comprise two sub-layers: a light sub-layer, which is controlled by spring/summer diatom blooms, and a dark sub-layer consisting mainly of amorphous organic matter and fragmented diatom frustules deposited during autumn/winter. Time series analyses were performed on the thickness of the light and dark sub-layers. Signals exceeding the 95% and 99% confidence levels occur at periods that are near-identical to those known from modern instrumental data and Holocene palaeoclimatic records. Spectral peaks at periods of 90, 25, and 10.5 yr are likely associated with the 88-, 22- and 11-yr solar cycles, respectively. This variability is mainly expressed in the light sub-layer spectra, suggesting solar influence on the palaeoproductivity of the lake. Significant signals at periods between 3 and 5 yr and at ∼6 yr are strongest expressed in the dark sub-layer spectra and may reflect an influence of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during autumn/winter. Our results suggest that solar forcing and ENSO/NAO-like variability influenced central European climate during MIS 11 similarly to the present interglacial, thus demonstrating the comparability of the two interglacial periods at sub-decadal to decadal timescales.
Impact of Multitasking on Listening Effectiveness in the Learning Environment

This experimental study evaluated the impact of multitasking and social presence on students’ performances in the learning environment. In the first live-presenter group, the participants listened to a lecture in a face-to-face environment. In the second virtual-presenter group, the participants listened on their computers to a pre-recorded lecture. The participants of these groups listened to a lecture and simultaneously wrote responses to open-ended online survey questions. While the participants of the first two groups were multitasking, those in the third group completed listening and writing tasks sequentially. It was found that multitasking significantly decreased performances on both the listening and writing tasks. The experiment also uncovered that the degree of social presence did not affect students’ performances on the listening or writing tasks in the learning environment. The perceived degree of social presence was the same in the virtual- and live-presenter groups. La presente etude experimentale evalue les consequences de la multiplicite des tâches et de la presence sociale sur la performance des etudiants dans l’environnement d’apprentissage. Le premier groupe a assiste a une cours donnee par un conferencier sur place. Le deuxieme groupe a ecoute le cours preenregistree a partir d’un ordinateur. Les participants de ces deux groupes ont repondu simultanement en ligne aux questions ouvertes d’un sondage. Alors que les participants des deux premiers groupes ont effectue des tâches multiples simultanement, ceux du troisieme groupe ont d’abord ecoute puis ont repondu au sondage de facon sequentielle. Les chercheurs ont decouvert que le fait de realiser des tâches multiples entrainent une baisse importante de la performance en ce qui a trait a l’ecoute et a la redaction des reponses. L’experience a aussi permis de decouvrir que la presence en classe n’influe pas sur la performance des etudiants en ce qui a trait aux tâches d’ecoute ou de redaction dans l’environnement d’apprentissage. Le degre percu de presence sociale etait le meme dans le groupe du conferencier virtuel que dans celui du conferencier en direct.
Factors Influencing By-catch and Discard Rates: Analyses from Multispecies/Multifishery Sea Sampling

Factors influencing the species composition and magnitude of landings and discards were evaluated based on data from at-sea observations of 4 533 otter trawl tows. Data were collected from the USA mixed species otter trawl fisheries of the Georges Bank-Southern New England region, sampled during 1989–92. General linear models for main effects have related discard rates, total catch, and indices of species richness, diversity and evenness to temporal, spatial and operational variables associated with the fishing process (year, month, statistical reporting area, primary species sought, cod-end mesh size, vessel size, tow duration, total catch, total discards and depth). Discarding rates (proportion of the catch discarded) varied significantly both for individual species and for aggregated species by year, area, month, and target species. The effects of cod-end mesh size were variable, and confounded with year-class strength, particularly in the case of yellowtail flounder. Fisheries regulated by minimum fish and mesh sizes (e.g. for flounders and large gadoids) generally exhibited higher average discard rates and more variation than fisheries directed to species without such restrictions (e.g. for small pelagics, skates and others). The species composition and diversity of catches were significant functions of area, year, target species and month, as well as mesh size and tow duration. Year effects were more important for explaining variation in discard rates than total (multispecies) catches. This result is probably because large, partially-recruited year-classes differentially attract effort from other species targets, but most of the fleet landings are composed of mixed catches of species at moderate abundance levels. Multivariate approaches to analysis of sea sampling data offer important insights into the potential effectiveness of technological and area/time management measures for reducing fishery discards.