Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The apoptotic activity of flavonoid-containing Gratiola officinalis extract in cell cultures of human kidney cancer

Objective ― The discovery of the apoptosis-inducing effects of flavonoid vagonin allowed to make an assumption of existence of similar effect in others flavonoids. This study is devoted to the effects of Gratīola officinālis extract on cell culture of the human kidney cancer. Methods ― Cell cultures of human kidney carcinoma – Caki-1 and SN12c were used in the study. The cells were stained with Hoechat 33258 dye. The number of living cells, cells in a state of apoptosis and mitosis were counted. The Cramer-Welch criterion (T) was used to compare the obtained data. Results ― The activation of apoptosis was noted at all concentrations of the Gratiola officinalis L. extract during the first day of exposure. The apoptotic activity increased with increasing of extract concentration. After 48 hours, this activity was maintained only at a Gratiola officinalis L. extract concentration of 0.9 mg/ml. After 24 hours, the apoptotic activity of the extract was more expressed in the culture of CaKi-1. However, after 48 hours the extract induces more pronounced apoptosis in the culture of Sn12c cells. The cytotoxic activity of the extract was not differ after 24 hours in both cultures, after 48 hours it was more pronounced in the culture of CaKi-1. Conclusion ― We revealed a pronounced antitumor and apoptotic activity of the Gratiola officinalis L. extract against the cultures of the kidney cancer Caki-1 and Sn12c. Apoptosis of tumor cells can be manifested in the form of pycnosis of the nucleus, the formation of apoptotic bodies and the emergence of cellular debris resulting from complete degradation of tumor cells. The apoptotic activity of the Gratiola officinalis extract depends on their concentration.
Permafrost map for Norway , Sweden and Finland 1

11 The thermal regime of permafrost is sensitive to changes in the climate system. A common, 12 research-based understanding of the permafrost distribution at a sufficient spatial resolution is 13 important to meet scientific, educational and societal demands. We present a new permafrost 14 map for Norway, Sweden and Finland providing a more detailed and updated description of 15 the permafrost distribution in this area. The CryoGRID1 model is implemented at 1 km2 16 resolution, forced by a new operationally gridded dataset of daily air temperature and snow 17 cover for Finland, Norway and Sweden. 100 model realizations are run for each grid cell, 18 based on statistical snow distributions, allowing for the representation of sub-grid variability 19 of ground temperatures. The new map indicates a total permafrost area (palsas excluded) of 20 23 400 km2 in equilibrium with the average 1981 – 2010 climate, corresponding to 2.2 % of 21 the total land area. About 56 % of the area is within Norway, 35 % in Sweden, and 9 % in 22 Finland. The model results are thoroughly evaluated, both quantitatively and qualitatively, as 23 a collaboration project including permafrost experts in the three countries. Observed ground 24 temperatures from 25 boreholes are within ±2 °C from the average modelled grid cell ground 25 2 temperature, and all are within the range of the modelled ground temperature for the 26 corresponding grid cell. The model results are also evaluated qualitatively by the 27 representatives conducting field investigations on permafrost at several sites within the three 28 countries, and are shown to reproduce observed lower altitudinal limits of permafrost and 29 permafrost distributions mapped by the corresponding detailed field investigations. 30
A comparative study of lexical word search in an audioconferencing and a videoconferencing condition

Abstract This study on online L2 interactions compares lexical word search between an audioconferencing and a videoconferencing condition. Nine upper-intermediate learners of English describe a previously unseen photograph in either the videoconferencing or the audioconferencing condition. A semantic feature analysis is adopted to compare their interactions. To evaluate the contribution of visual and verbal modes, a quantitative analysis examines the distribution of the referential properties of one target lexical item: tunnel earring. It suggests that pushed output produced in the videoconferencing condition is lexically richer. Then, in view of these results, focusing on two learners, one from the audioconferencing condition and one from the videoconferencing condition, a fine-grained multimodal analysis of the qualitative features of gestures and speech complements the quantitative results. It demonstrates how the videoconferencing condition allows the learner to embody salient physical referential properties of the lexical item, before transferring the referential information to the verbal mode, to produce a semantically rich description. The study will interest researchers working on multimodality and L2 teachers deciding between videoconferencing and audioconferencing as pedagogical options.
ESTABLISHED FOREIGN SUBSIDIARIES AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN:

This study identified the environmental factors that influence established foreign subsidiaries operating in Australia. In seeking to examine and explain subsidiary development in a location this study sought to test the relationship between the identified environmental factors, satisfaction and future investment intentions. Based on a sample of 356 foreign subsidiaries operating in Australia, a mediated regression model was used to test the relationship. The results showed that overall satisfaction, national institutional environment, and local investment image had a positive predictive effect, while input costs and small market had a negative predictive effect on the relationship with investment intentions. Overall satisfaction as a mediator on the relationship between these factors and investment intentionsindicated that national institutional environment, and local investment image had no additional effect on investment intentions beyond their impact on overall satisfaction. Key-words: Subsidiary development, environment, satisfaction, investment intentions Revista Eletrônica de Negócios Internacionais da ESPM http://www.espm. br/internext ISSN: 1980-4865 INTERNEXT Revista Eletrônica de Negócios Internacionais da ESPM, São Paulo, v. 1, n. 1, p. 125-150, jul./dez. 2006. 127
Modeling the potential distribution of Ablepharus bivittatus ( MénéTrIéS , 1832 ) , in Iran ( Squamata : Sauria : Scincidae )

In Iran, Ablepharus bivittatus (MénéTrIéS, 1832) is known from the northwest and some isolated records in the central Elburz and Kopet Dagh Mountains. MaxEnt software was selected to predict its potential distribution in this country and find the most important climatic factors that influence the species’ distribution pattern. Four variables were most determinative for the species’ distribution: (i) quantity of precipitation of the coldest quarter, (ii) mean temperature of the coldest quarter, (iii) slope of the habitat and (iv) temperature seasonality (= range of annual temperature variation), where winter precipitation and temperature plus habitat slope were the main determinants. In addition, competition with Ablepharus pannonicus (FITZInGEr, 1824), is suggested to restrict the dispersion of A. bivittatus towards the east and south along the Elburz and Zagros Mountains, respectively.
Histoanatomical analysis of Begonia rex Puiz . leaf

The paper presents anatomical aspects concerning the leaf structure of two Begonia × hiemalis Fotsch (Begonia Hiemalis Group) varieties, belonging to Begoniaceae family: Begonia elatior 'Britt Dark' and Begonia elatior 'Clara'. Anatomically, the petiole has a single-layered epidermis, the cortex and the vascular system. The vascular system is a fascicular type one, with a large number of poorly developed collateral bundles, placed into a basic tissue. The lamina is composed of a single upper layer of cells for B. elatior 'Britt Dark', and a hypodermis for B. elatior 'Clara', a single-layered lower epidermis and the mesophyll. The mesophyll is differentiated into palisade tissue and spongy tissue with the same vascular bundle structure such as that of the petiole but with foliar arrangement of conductive tissues. Glandular hairs, druses and taniniferous cells occur in the petiole and blade. Stomata are present on the lower epidermis.
Phenotypic Characterization of Indigenous Buffalo at Sylhet District

The buffalo plays an important role in farmer‟s economic life in Bangladesh. This study aims to characterize the indigenous, an undocumented buffalo phenotypically during the time period from September 2013 to February 2014. The data were collected from 120 adult buffaloes (60 male, 60 female), through interview from the farmers with the help of pre-form questionnaire. The coat color of the buffaloes was predominantly light to dark grey (92.50%). Light color mark (86%) present on the dewlap. Horns are long, curved laterally and extended directed backwards without twisting. Eyes, eyelashes and horn color were predominantly black. Whitish color mark (96.50%) presents below the knee and hock joint up to fetlock joint in both legs. The phenotypic character and behavior indicated that buffalo of Sylhet district might be swamp type. Body weight is highly related with body length, heart girth, wither height. Body weight, body length, heart girth, withers height, foreleg, hind leg, head, ear, horn, tail length, ear, head width of male and female buffalo recorded were 447.83±42.27 and 426.68±31.79kg; 121.88±5.15 and 115.56±4.24; 196.50±6.02 and 192.06±4.90 cm; 118.20±3.16 and 112.85±1.65; 68.86±2.96 and 62.35±1.89; 76.66±2.80 and 70.36±2.42; 48.78±3.17 and 42.70±2.66; 25.35±2.20 and 22.41±2.08; 53.70±4.60 and 46.58±2.14; 72.26±2.48 and 69.63±2.20; 18.48±2.91 and 13.85±1.51; 18.56±2.88 and 13.98±1.69 cm respectively. Male buffalo was comparatively heavier than female buffalo.
Watch the Unobserved: A Simple Approach to Parallelizing Monte Carlo Tree Search

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) algorithms have achieved great success on many challenging benchmarks (e.g., Computer Go). However, they generally require a large number of rollouts, making their applications costly. Furthermore, it is also extremely challenging to parallelize MCTS due to its inherent sequential nature: each rollout heavily relies on the statistics (e.g., node visitation counts) estimated from previous simulations to achieve an effective exploration-exploitation tradeoff. In spite of these difficulties, we develop an algorithm, WU-UCT, to effectively parallelize MCTS, which achieves linear speedup and exhibits only limited performance loss with an increasing number of workers. The key idea in WU-UCT is a set of statistics that we introduce to track the number of on-going yet incomplete simulation queries (named as unobserved samples). These statistics are used to modify the UCT tree policy in the selection steps in a principled manner to retain effective exploration-exploitation tradeoff when we parallelize the most time-consuming expansion and simulation steps. Experiments on a proprietary benchmark and the Atari Game benchmark demonstrate the linear speedup and the superior performance of WU-UCT comparing to existing techniques.
Alleviating Privacy Attacks via Causal Learning

Machine learning models, especially deep neural networks have been shown to be susceptible to privacy attacks such as membership inference where an adversary can detect whether a data point was used for training a black-box model. Such privacy risks are exacerbated when a model's predictions are used on an unseen data distribution. To alleviate privacy attacks, we demonstrate the benefit of predictive models that are based on the causal relationships between input features and the outcome. We first show that models learnt using causal structure generalize better to unseen data, especially on data from different distributions than the train distribution. Based on this generalization property, we establish a theoretical link between causality and privacy: compared to associational models, causal models provide stronger differential privacy guarantees and are more robust to membership inference attacks. Experiments on simulated Bayesian networks and the colored-MNIST dataset show that associational models exhibit upto 80% attack accuracy under different test distributions and sample sizes whereas causal models exhibit attack accuracy close to a random guess.
Surface Reconstructions of Heusler Compounds in the Ni-Ti-Sn (001) System

As progress is made on thin-film synthesis of Heusler compounds, a more complete understanding of the surface will be required to control their properties, especially as functional heterostructures are explored. Here, the surface reconstructions of semiconducting half-Heusler NiTiSn(001), and Ni1+xTiSn(001) (x=0.0-1.0) are explored as a way to optimize growth conditions during molecular beam epitaxy. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to guide the interpretation of the experimental results. For NiTiSn(001) a c(2x2) surface reconstruction was observed for Sn rich samples, while a (1x1) unreconstructed surface was observed for Ti-rich samples. A narrow range around 1:1:1 stoichiometry exhibited a (2x1) surface reconstruction. Electrical transport is used to relate the observed reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) pattern during and after growth with carrier concentration and stoichiometry. Scanning tunneling microscopy and RHEED were used to examine surface reconstructions, the results of which are in good agreement with density functional calculations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine surface termination and stoichiometry. Atomic surface models are proposed, which suggest Sn-dimers form in reconstructed Ni1+xTiSn(001) half-Heusler surfaces (x 0.25.
Spectral fingerprints of the non-linear dynamics of driven superconductors with dissipation

We study the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of a BCS superconductor in the presence of a periodic drive with a frequency $\omega_d$ larger than the equilibrium superconducting gap and an external bath providing dissipation. Similar to the dissipationless case, a subset of quasiparticles, resonant with the drive, synchronizes and produces interesting non-linear phenomena. For small dissipation Rabi-Higgs oscillations [Collado et al. Phys. Rev. B 98, 214519 (2018)] can be observed as a transient effect. At long-times in contrast, dissipation leads to a steady state with a population imbalance that increases quadratically for small drives and saturates for large drives as in non-linear quantum optics. We show also that second harmonic generation is allowed for a drive which acts on the BCS coupling constant. We also compute the intensity of time- and angle-resolved photo-emission spectroscopy (tr-ARPES) and time-resolved tunneling spectra. The excited quasiparticle population appears as a decrease (increase) in the photo-emission intensity at energy $-\omega_d/2$ ($+\omega_d/2$) measured from the chemical potential. The tunneling intensity shows a time-dependent depression at $\pm\omega_d/2$ due to the lacking of spectral density and population unbalance causing Pauli blockade. We predict that at short times, compared to the energy relaxation time, both experiments will show oscillations with the Rabi-Higgs frequency.
Glucose Levels Sensing using Whispering Gallery Modes at mm-Wave Band

In this study, an integrated low-cost and complexity mm-wave structure of Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) is proposed for sensing the glucose levels in mimicking aquatic solutions of concentrations similar to type 2 diabetics. The bio-sensor is composed of a curved dielectric waveguide coupled to a dielectric disc resonator that is loaded with the glucose sample under test. The intense WGM field induced towards the boundary of the DDR is exploited to detect the slight variations in the dielectric properties of different glucose levels via tracing the variations in the magnitude of the transmission coefficient S_{21} in the mm-wave frequency band (49-70 GHz). The WGM resonator shows a high sensitivity performance (0.025-0.077 dB/(mg/dL)) at the lower-order modes WGH_{600} and WGH_{700} as demonstrated by simulations in a 3D full-wave EM solver (Ansys HFSS).
Debiased/Double Machine Learning for Instrumental Variable Quantile Regressions

In this study, we investigate the estimation and inference on a low-dimensional causal parameter in the presence of high-dimensional controls in an instrumental variable quantile regression. Our proposed econometric procedure builds on the Neyman-type orthogonal moment conditions of a previous study (Chernozhukov et al. 2018) and is thus relatively insensitive to the estimation of the nuisance parameters. The Monte Carlo experiments show that the estimator copes well with high-dimensional controls. We also apply the procedure to empirically reinvestigate the quantile treatment effect of 401(k) participation on accumulated wealth.
A Jastrow-type decomposition in quantum chemistry for low-depth quantum circuits

We propose an efficient ${\cal O}(N^2)$-parameter ansatz that consists of a sequence of exponential operators, each of which is a unitary variant of Neuscamman's cluster Jastrow operator. The ansatz can also be derived as a decomposition of T$_2$ amplitudes of the unitary coupled cluster with generalized singles and doubles, which gives a near full-CI energy, and reproduces it by extending the exponential operator sequence. Because the cluster Jastrow operators are expressed by a product of number operators and the derived Pauli operator products, namely the Jordan-Wigner strings, are all commutative, it does not require the Trotter approximation to implement to a quantum circuit and should be a good candidate for the variational quantum eigensolver algorithm by a near-term quantum computer. The accuracy of the ansatz was examined for dissociation of a nitrogen dimer, and compared with other existing ${\cal O}(N^2)$-parameter ansatzs. Not only the original ansatzs defined in the second-quantization form but also their Trotterized variants, in which the cluster amplitudes are optimized to minimize the energy obtained with a few, typically single, Trotter steps, were examined by quantum circuit simulators.
Effective description of non-equilibrium currents in cold magnetized plasma

The dynamics of cold strongly magnetized plasma -- traditionally the domain of force-free electrodynamics -- has recently been reformulated in terms of symmetries and effective field theory, where the degrees of freedom are the momentum and magnetic flux carried by a fluid of cold strings. In physical applications where the electron mass can be neglected one might expect the presence of extra light charged modes -- electrons in the lowest Landau level -- propagating parallel to the magnetic field lines. We construct an effective description of such electric charges, describing their interaction with plasma degrees of freedom in terms of a new collective mode that can be thought of as a bosonization of the electric charge density along each field line. In this framework QED phenomena such as charged pair production and the axial anomaly are described at the classical level. Formally, our construction corresponds to gauging a particular part of the higher form symmetry associated with magnetic flux conservation. We study some simple applications of our effective theory, showing that the scattering of magnetosonic modes generically creates particles and that the rotating Michel monopole is now surrounded by a cloud of electric charge.
Hidden stratification causes clinically meaningful failures in machine learning for medical imaging

Machine learning models for medical image analysis often suffer from poor performance on important subsets of a population that are not identified during training or testing. For example, overall performance of a cancer detection model may be high, but the model may still consistently miss a rare but aggressive cancer subtype. We refer to this problem as hidden stratification, and observe that it results from incompletely describing the meaningful variation in a dataset. While hidden stratification can substantially reduce the clinical efficacy of machine learning models, its effects remain difficult to measure. In this work, we assess the utility of several possible techniques for measuring hidden stratification effects, and characterize these effects both via synthetic experiments on the CIFAR-100 benchmark dataset and on multiple real-world medical imaging datasets. Using these measurement techniques, we find evidence that hidden stratification can occur in unidentified imaging subsets with low prevalence, low label quality, subtle distinguishing features, or spurious correlates, and that it can result in relative performance differences of over 20% on clinically important subsets. Finally, we discuss the clinical implications of our findings, and suggest that evaluation of hidden stratification should be a critical component of any machine learning deployment in medical imaging.
Learning to compute inner consensus - A noble approach to modeling agreement between Capsules

This project considers Capsule Networks, a recently introduced machine learning model that has shown promising results regarding generalization and preservation of spatial information with few parameters. The Capsule Network's inner routing procedures thus far proposed, a priori, establish how the routing relations are modeled, which limits the expressiveness of the underlying model. In this project, we propose two distinct ways in which the routing procedure can be learned like any other network parameter.
Hiding Communications in AWGN Channels and THz Band with Interference Uncertainty

Covert communication can prevent an adversary from knowing that a wireless transmission has occurred. In additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels, a square root law is found that Alice can reliably and covertly transmit $\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{n})$ bits to Bob in $n$ channel uses. In this paper, we consider covert communications in noisy wireless networks, where the receivers not only experience the background noise, but also the aggregate interference from other transmitters. Our results show that uncertainty in interference experienced by the adversary Willie is beneficial to Alice. In AWGN channels, when the distance between Alice and Willie $d_{a,w}=\omega(n^{1/(2\alpha)})$ ($\alpha$ is the path loss exponent), Alice can reliably and covertly transmit $\mathcal{O}(\log_2\sqrt{n})$ bits to Bob in $n$ channel uses. Although the covert throughput is lower than the square root law, the spatial throughput is higher. In THz (Terahertz) Band networks,covert communication is more difficult because Willie can simply place a receiver in the narrow beam between Alice and Bob to detect or block their LOS (Line-of-Sight) communications. We then present a covert communication scheme that utilizes the reflection or diffuse scattering from a rough surface to prevent being detected by Willie. From the network perspective, the communications are hidden in the interference of noisy wireless networks, and what Willie sees is merely a "shadow" wireless network.