Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preparing Interns for Anesthesiology Residency Training: Development and Assessment of the Successful Transition to Anesthesia Residency Training (START) E-Learning Curriculum.

BACKGROUND The transition from internship to residency training may be a stressful time for interns, particularly if it involves a change among programs or institutions after completing a preliminary year. OBJECTIVE We explored whether an e-learning curriculum would increase interns' preparedness for the transition to the first year of clinical anesthesiology training and reduce stress by improving confidence and perceived competence in performing professional responsibilities. INTERVENTION We tested a 10-month e-learning program, Successful Transition to Anesthesia Residency Training (START), as a longitudinal intervention to increase interns' self-perceived preparedness to begin anesthesiology residency training in a prospective, observational study and assessed acceptance and sustainability. After a needs assessment, we administered the START modules to 22 interns, once a month, using an integrated learning management and lecture-capture system. We surveyed interns' self-assessed preparedness to begin anesthesiology residency before and after completing the START modules. Interns from the prior year's class, who did not participate in the online curriculum, served as controls. RESULTS After participation in the START intervention, self-assessed preparedness to begin residency improved by 72% (P = .02). Interns also felt more connected to, and had improved positive feelings toward, their new residency program and institution. CONCLUSION Participation in our novel 10-month e-learning curriculum and virtual mentorship program improved interns' impression of their residency program and significantly increased interns' subjective assessment of their preparedness to begin anesthesiology residency. This e-learning concept could be more broadly applied and useful to other residency programs.
The opioid receptors as targets for drug abuse medication

The endogenous opioid system is largely expressed in the brain, and both endogenous opioid peptides and receptors are present in areas associated with reward and motivation. It is well known that this endogenous system plays a key role in many aspects of addictive behaviours. The present review summarizes the modifications of the opioid system induced by chronic treatment with drugs of abuse reported in preclinical and clinical studies, as well as the action of opioid antagonists and agonists on the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse, with therapeutic perspectives. We have focused on the effects of chronic psychostimulants, alcohol and nicotine exposure. Taken together, the changes in both opioid peptides and opioid receptors in different brain structures following acute or chronic exposure to these drugs of abuse clearly identify the opioid system as a potential target for the development of effective pharmacotherapy for the treatment of addiction and the prevention of relapse.
R_{1-tt}^{SN}(NP) Distinguishes Robust Many-One and Turing Completeness

Do complexity classes have many-one complete sets if and only if they have Turing-complete sets? We prove that there is a relativized world in which a relatively natural complexity class-namely a downward closure of NP, \rsnnp - has Turing-complete sets but has no many-one complete sets. In fact, we show that in the same relativized world this class has 2-truth-table complete sets but lacks 1-truth-table complete sets. As part of the groundwork for our result, we prove that \rsnnp has many equivalent forms having to do with ordered and parallel access to $\np$ and $\npinterconp$.
Innovative Technology in Hearing Instruments

Hearing instrument technology research is almost entirely focused on the projected needs of the consumer market in the developed world. However, two thirds of the world’s population with hearing impairment live in developing countries and this proportion will increase in future, given present demographic trends. In developing regions, amplification and other hearing health needs may differ from those in industrialized nations, for cultural, health, or economic reasons. World Health Organization estimates indicate that at present only a small percentage of individuals in developing countries who are in need of amplification have access to hearing aid provision. New technologies, such as trainable hearing aids, advanced noise reduction algorithms, feedback reduction circuitry, nano coatings for hearing aid components, and innovative power options, may offer considerable potential benefits, both for individuals with hearing impairment in developing countries and for those who provide hearing health care services in these regions. This article considers the possible supporting role of innovative hearing instrument technologies in the provision of affordable hearing health care services in developing countries and highlights the need for research that considers the requirements of the majority of the world population in need of hearing instrument provision.
Mass‐Independent and Mass‐Dependent Ca Isotopic Compositions of Thirteen Geological Reference Materials Measured by Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry

We report mass‐independent and mass‐dependent Ca isotopic compositions for thirteen geological reference materials, including carbonates (NIST SRM 915a and 915b), Atlantic seawater as well as ten rock reference materials ranging from peridotite to sandstone, using traditional ε and δ values relative to NIST SRM 915a, respectively. Isotope ratio determinations were conducted by independent unspiked and 43Ca‐48Ca double‐spiked measurements using a customised Triton Plus TIMS. The mean of twelve measurement results gave ε40/44Ca values within ± 1.1, except for GSP‐2 that had ε40/44Ca = 4.04 ± 0.15 (2SE). Significant radiogenic 40Ca enrichment was evident in some high K/Ca samples. At an uncertainty level of ± 0.6, all reference materials had the same ε43/44Ca and ε48/44Ca values. We suggest the use of δ44/42Ca to report mass‐dependent Ca isotopic compositions. The precision under intermediate measurement conditions for δ44/42Ca over eight months in our laboratory was ± 0.03‰ (with n ≥ 8 repeat measurements). Measured igneous reference materials gave δ44/42Ca values ranging from 0.27‰ to 0.54‰. Significant Ca isotope fractionation may occur during magmatic and metasomatism processes. Studied reference materials with higher (Dyn/Ybn) tend to have lower δ44/42Ca, implying a potential role of garnet in producing magmas with low δ44/42Ca. Sandstone GBW07106 had a δ44/42Ca value of 0.22‰, lower than all igneous rocks studied so far.
Uso del mercadeo estratégico en las Mipymes de Bogotá

A traves de esta investigacion se pretende generar una serie de reflexiones acerca de elementos teoricos y prac- ticos que dificultan la aplicacion del mercadeo estrategico en las Mipymes bogotanas y, que trae como consecuen- cia, la alta tasa de mortalidad de este tipo de organiza- ciones. Surgen entonces aspectos que van desde los mismos planteamientos teoricos y de aplicabilidad del mercadeo estrategico, (pues este ultimo se concibe como una practica afin a los recursos y dinamicas de la gran empresa, de alli que sea pertinente conocer cuales son las barreras mas frecuentes del mercadeo) hasta los elementos que permiten estimular y facilitar el uso del mercadeo estrategico en las Mipymes colombianas y latinoamericanas. Se parte de la definicion propuesta por la legislacion colombiana de las Mipymes para pasar a recalcar su importancia dentro de la economia y plantear la proble- matica colombiana (a traves de las cifras de su ciudad capital, Bogota) de destruccion de riqueza por el cierre de empresas, en su mayoria Mipymes y cuya causalidad tiene significativos elementos de mala administracion de mercadeo y comercial. Seguidamente se presentan los resultados logrados incluyendo los beneficios y las barreras encontradas en este contexto para la aplicacion del mercadeo estrategico en las Mipymes. Se cierra el documento con una serie de consideraciones finales y recomendaciones.
Amphetamine regulates gene expression in rat striatum via transcription factor CREB

Amphetamine is a psychostimulant drug of abuse that can produce long- lived changes in behavior including sensitization and dependence. The neural substrates of these drug effects remain unknown, but based on their prolonged time course, we hypothesize that they involve drug- induced alterations in gene expression. It has recently been demonstrated that amphetamine regulates the expression of several genes, including c-fos, via dopamine D1 receptors in rat striatum. Here we report that amphetamine induces phosphorylation of transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in rat striatum in vivo and that dopamine D1 receptor stimulation induces phosphorylation of CREB within specific complexes bound to cAMP regulatory elements. In addition, we show by antisense injection that CREB is necessary for c- fos induction by amphetamine in vivo. Since CREB has been implicated in the activation of a number of immediate-early genes as well as several neuropeptide genes, CREB phosphorylation may be an important early nuclear event mediating long-term consequences of amphetamine administration.
Hsp70 and Hsp90 Multichaperone Complexes Sequentially Regulate Thiazide-sensitive Cotransporter Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation and Biogenesis*

Background: An incompletely defined system of cytoplasmic chaperones mediates thiazide-sensitive cotransporter (NCC) ER quality control. Results: Hsp70 and Hsp90 select NCC for cochaperone-regulated ERAD or biosynthetic maturation. Conclusion: Hsp70 and Hsp90 sequentially monitor early stages of NCC biogenesis. Significance: Differential interaction of aberrantly folded NCC with these chaperones likely contributes to the molecular basis of hereditary salt wasting and hypertension resistance. The thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) is the primary mediator of salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and is a key determinant of the blood pressure set point. Given its complex topology, NCC is inefficiently processed and prone to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD), although the mechanisms governing this process remain obscure. Here, we identify factors that impact the ER quality control of NCC. Analyses of NCC immunoprecipitates revealed that the cotransporter formed complexes with the core chaperones Hsp90, Hsp70, and Hsp40. Disruption of Hsp90 function accelerated NCC degradation, suggesting that Hsp90 promotes NCC folding. In addition, two cochaperones, the C terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP) and the Hsp70/Hsp90 organizer protein, were associated with NCC. Although CHIP, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, promoted NCC ubiquitination and ERAD, the Hsp70/Hsp90 organizer protein stabilized NCC turnover, indicating that these two proteins differentially remodel the core chaperone systems to favor cotransporter degradation and biogenesis, respectively. Adjusting the folding environment in mammalian cells via reduced temperature enhanced NCC biosynthetic trafficking, increased Hsp90-NCC interaction, and diminished binding to Hsp70. In contrast, cotransporters harboring disease-causing mutations that impair NCC biogenesis failed to escape ERAD as efficiently as the wild type protein when cells were incubated at a lower temperature. Instead, these mutants interacted more strongly with Hsp70, Hsp40, and CHIP, consistent with a role for the Hsp70/Hsp40 system in selecting misfolded NCC for ERAD. Collectively, these observations indicate that Hsp70 and Hsp90 comprise two functionally distinct ER quality control checkpoints that sequentially monitor NCC biogenesis.
Occupational Exposure to Dromedaries and Risk for MERS-CoV Infection, Qatar, 2013–2014

We determined the presence of neutralizing antibodies to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in persons in Qatar with and without dromedary contact. Antibodies were only detected in those with contact, suggesting dromedary exposure as a risk factor for infection. Findings also showed evidence for substantial underestimation of the infection in populations at risk in Qatar.
Limitations of Spoligotyping and Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Typing for Molecular Tracing of Mycobacterium bovis in a High-Diversity Setting

ABSTRACT This study describes the attempt to trace the first Mycobacterium bovis outbreak in alpacas (Lama pacos) in Spain by spoligotyping and variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis. Due to high genotype diversity, no matching source was identified, but local expansion of a clonal group was found and its significance for molecular tracing is discussed.
Assessment and Development of Executive Function (EF) During Childhood

This review paper outlines the issues associated with the assessment of executive function (EF) in children and adolescents, and describes the developmental profile of executive processes across childhood. At the outset, EF is defined, and cognitive and behavioral impairments associated with executive dysfunction (EDF) are described. A developmental model of EF is proposed incorporating four discrete but inter-related executive domains (attentional control, cognitive flexibility, goal setting, and information processing) which operate in an integrative manner to enable “executive control”. Characteristics that constitute traditional EF measures are discussed, as are the problems associated with test interpretation. The ecological validity of EF tests and neuropsychological assessment procedures are examined, and adjunct methods of measurement are presented to enable a more comprehensive and valid assessment of EF. Based on developmental and normative studies, the maturation of executive domains is mapped. Attentional control appears to emerge in infancy and develop rapidly in early childhood. In contrast, cognitive flexibility, goal setting, and information processing experience a critical period of development between 7 and 9 years of age, and are relatively mature by 12 years of age. A transitional period is thought to occur at the beginning of adolescence, and shortly after “executive control” is likely to emerge. In order to confirm our current understanding of EF development and further enhance our understanding of brain-behavior relationships, longitudinal studies incorporating structural and functional neuroimaging are required.
RELEVANCE OF LIF AND EGF ON MOUSE PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT

Received: 23/Feb/2008, Accepted: 5/Jun/2008 Objective: Recent evidence suggests that Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), a member of interleukin-6 family, has biological actions on preimplantation embryo development. Also it is established that Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), a strong mitosis-promoting agent, improves the preimplantation embryo development by increasing the cell metabolism and proliferation. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of these factors, alone and in combination together, on preimplantation and development of the embryo. Materials and Methods: Six to eight weeks old NMRI mice were super ovulated by injection of 10IU PMSG and 10IU hCG, then the mated mice were killed 46 hours later. Their oviducts were flushed, two-cell embryos collected and divided randomly to the four groups as following: Control, treatment 1 (LIF), treatment 2 (EGF), treatment 3 (LIF+EGF). In each group, the embryos were cultured in an incubator at 37°C with 5% CO 2 and 90% humidity for 72hrs. The state of embryo development was evaluated in 24,36,48,60 and 72hrs following the embryos cultures. By the end of the cultures, cell apoptosis was studied by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferas-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) technique. Results: Significant difference was detected in the rate of hatching in the LIF and LIF+EGF groups. This difference was also seen in the rate of blastocyst formation after 36hrs (p<0.05) and in the average of the total cell number (p<0.05) after 72hrs. In comparison to the apoptotic index, there was no significant difference between the control and treatment groups. Conclusion: The findings in this study show a beneficial effect of LIF and EGF on the blastocyst formation, hatching and its total cell numbers in vitro.
The effect of moderate alcohol consumption on bone mineral density: a study of female twins

Background: Osteoporosis is associated with morbidity and mortality, particularly in postmenopausal women. The effect of moderate alcohol intake on bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk remains unclear. Objective: To carry out a twin study to investigate this effect while controlling for genetic effects and other confounding variables. Methods: BMD was determined at the hip and lumbar spine in 46 pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for alcohol consumption. Biochemical evidence of altered bone metabolism was sought. Results: A positive association between alcohol consumption and BMD was shown, in contrast to the negative effect of smoking on BMD. Markers of bone turnover were not associated with alcohol or BMD. Conclusions: Moderate alcohol consumption is not harmful to bone health in women and may even be beneficial. Beneficial effects do not appear to be mediated through an action on bone metabolism.
The activity of tissue factor pathway inhibitor in experimental models of superantigen-induced shock and polymicrobial intra-abdominal sepsis

ObjectivesTo study recombinant human tissue factor pathway inhibitor (rhTFPI) in a superantigen-induced shock model and in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of peritonitis in mice. DesignProspective, randomized, experimental study. SettingAn experimental animal research laboratory. SubjectsEighty BALB/c mice for the superantigen model, and 56 BALB/c mice for the CLP model. InterventionsIn the superantigen-induced shock model, animals received rhTFPI (350 mg/kg) subcutaneously every 12 hrs (n = 30) or saline control (n = 30) for 60 hrs after staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB; 10 &mgr;g iv) and a sublethal dose of E. coli O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 75 &mgr;g ip). Control groups received SEB alone (n = 10) and LPS alone (n = 10). In the CLP model, rhTFPI or saline was given every 8 hrs for 48 hrs by using a 21-gauge needle (n = 9) or 23-gauge needle (n = 14) for CLP. A sham surgery control group (n = 10) was also included. Measurements and Main Results There was 0% mortality in the SEB and LPS control groups. The mortality rate was 64% in the saline control group that received both SEB and LPS (19 of 30), whereas the rhTFPI- treated animals had a mortality rate of 20% (6 of 30;p < .01). The rhTFPI-treated group had significantly lower interleukin-6 levels (61.8 ± 41 pg/mL vs. 285 ± 63 pg/mL;p < .05) than the control group but no differences in tumor necrosis factor-&agr; or interferon-&ggr; levels.In the CLP experiment, rhTFPI-treated animals did not have any survival advantage over the control group after the large-bore (21-gauge) needle puncture. The rhTFPI group had significantly improved 7-day mortality rate after CLP with the small-bore needle (23-gauge; 21.4% [rhTFPI] vs. 71.4% [control], p < .01). Plasma LPS, interleukin-6, interferon-&ggr;, and tumor necrosis factor-&agr; levels were unchanged by rhTFPI treatment, but significantly reduced LPS (p = .006) and IFN&ggr; (p = .001) levels were found in the peritoneal fluid. ConclusionsTissue factor pathway inhibitor significantly improves the mortality rate in models of superantigen-induced shock and polymicrobial intra-abdominal infection, supporting its potential use in clinical trials for septic shock.
Successful treatment for obsessive‐compulsive disorder with addition of low‐dose risperidone to fluvoxamine: Implications for plasma levels of catecholamine metabolites and serum brain‐derived neurotrophic factor levels

Abstract The authors report on the successful treatment of obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) in three patients with the addition of risperidone to ongoing fluvoxamine treatment. Plasma homovanillic acid (HVA), but not 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) levels decreased after risperidone administration, and plasma levels of fluvoxamine did not change. In addition, serum brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were not altered after the recovery from obsessive‐compulsive symptoms, indicating that serum BDNF levels might not predict the patient’s response to risperidone treatment. Taken together, a combination treatment of risperdone and fluvoxamine might improve obsessive‐compulsive symptoms. In short, fluvoxamine enhances the activity of the serotonergic system by inhibiting serotonin transporters, and risperidone decreases that of the dopaminergic system by blocking D2 receptors.
Influence of Dietary Fat and Protein on Body Composition of Jersey Bull Calves1

Abstract Thirty-nine bull calves between 6 and 9 d of age, were assigned to either baseline slaughter or 1 of 4 diets to determine the influence of dietary fat and protein content, at 2 levels of intake, on growth and body composition changes. Calves were assigned to the following diets a 28.5% protein and 16.4% fat milk replacer [MR; 29/16 (n=9)], 27.3% protein and 33.4% fat MR [27/33 (n=8)], 20.6% protein and 20.6% fat MR [20/20 (8)], or whole milk [WM (n=8)]. Calves fed 27/33, 29/16, and WM received 180 g/d of CP to support 650g of ADG based on predictions from the 2001 NRC. Calves were fed 3 times daily for 4 wk. Weight, hip height, wither height, heart girth, and body length were measured weekly. Weekly plasma samples were analyzed for plasma urea nitrogen, nonesterified fatty acids, and glucose. A subset of calves from each treatment was killed [29/16 (n=7), 27/33 (n=6), 20/20 (n=6), and WM (n=5)] at the end of wk 4 of treatment; processed for whole-body analysis of fat, protein, ash, and DM; and compared with baseline slaughter calves to estimate composition of empty BW gain. Calves did not differ in average weekly scour score or medication days. Feed efficiency and ADG were greatest for calves fed WM and least for calves fed 20/20; calves fed 29/16 and 27/33 did not differ. Calves fed 27/33 or WM had the greatest % body fat and gained more grams of fat than calves fed other diets. Calves fed 29/16 or 20/20 had similar % fat in empty body as baseline. Differences in % CP, % ash, or % water in empty body and empty BW gain were not detected. Calves fed 27/33 had a trend toward higher NEFA in wk 1 and 2 than calves fed 29/16 or WM. Growth of calves fed 27/33 and 29/16 were similar except that calves fed 29/16 had lower body fat % than calves fed 27/33. Calves on all diets gained less than predicted by the 2001 NRC.