Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Title Immunoglobulin treatment ameliorates myocardial injury in experimental autoimmune myocarditis associated with suppression of reactive oxygen species

Aims: We tested the hypothesis that immunoglobulin ameliorated experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in mice attributing to the suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated myocardial injury. Methods: We intraperitoneally administered intact type of human immunoglobulin (Ig) or F(ab)2 fragments of human immunoglobulin, 1g/kg/day daily for 3 weeks, to male BALB/c mice with heart failure due to EAM. Results: The results showed that intact type of Ig, but not F(ab)2 type, reduced the severity of myocarditis by comparing the heart weight/body weight and lung weight/body weight ratios, pericardial effusion score, macroscopic and microscopic scores. Tissue superoxide production was marked in untreated mice with EAM, which was suppressed by the treatment of immunoglobulins. The cytotoxic activities of lymphocytes in mice with EAM treated with Ig were reduced compared with untreated controls. The shift from Th1 toward Th2 cytokine balance was demonstrated by the treatment of immunoglobulins both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: ROS may be involved in the development of myocarditis. Intact Ig ameliorates myocardial damage in mice with myocarditis associated with suppression of ROS and cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes. suppressive effects for cytotoxic myocardial injury.
A new method for determining the nanocrystallite size distribution in systems where chemical reaction between solid and a gas phase occurs

The proposed method, based on measuring the chemical reaction rate in solid phase, is, therefore, limited to such systems where reaction between nanocrystalline materials and a gas phase occurs. Additionally, assumptions of the model of reaction between nanocrystallinematerials and a gas phase, where the surface chemical reaction rate is the rate limiting step, are used. As an example of such a reaction, nitriding (with ammonia) of the prereduced industrial iron catalysts for ammonia synthesis of different average crystallite sizes was used. To measure the reaction rate, the differential reactor equipped with systems for thermogravimetric measurements and analysis of the chemical composition of the gas phase was used. The crystallites mass and size distributions for the analyzed samples of catalyst were determined.
Critical reflection on XBRL: A “customisable standard” for financial reporting?

In this paper, we discuss the dual power of XBRL to standardise and/or accommodate firms’ financial reporting practices. We first develop a conceptual framework for understanding which factors may affect the adoption of XBRL and, in turn, standardise or customise financial reporting. We then examine the XBRL implementation models adopted in two countries: Italy and the US. In Italy, XBRL is required through the application of a standard taxonomy (the Italian GAAP Taxonomy), without the ability to create and submit taxonomy extensions. Conversely, in the US, XBRL is required through the application of a standard taxonomy (the US GAAP Taxonomy), along with the ability to define individual extensions to be submitted to the SEC. We discuss the potential effects of taxonomy application on the representation of financial information. The application of a taxonomy on a “blind basis” (extensions not permitted) leads not only to the full comparability of financial data but also to a loss of idiosyncratic information. The application of a taxonomy on a “minimum basis” (individual extensions permitted) preserves specific information, but causes a potential loss of data comparability.
Atlantic hurricanes and associated insurance loss potentials in future climate scenarios: limitations of high-resolution AGCM simulations

Potential future changes in tropical cyclone (TC) characteristics are among the more serious regional threats of global climate change. Therefore, a better understanding of how anthropogenic climate change may affect TCs and how these changes translate in socio-economic impacts is required. Here, we apply a TC detection and tracking method that was developed for ERA-40 data to time-slice experiments of two atmospheric general circulation models, namely the fifth version of the European Centre model of Hamburg model (MPI, Hamburg, Germany, T213) and the Japan Meteorological Agency/ Meteorological research Institute model (MRI, Tsukuba city, Japan, TL959). For each model, two climate simulations are available: a control simulation for present-day conditions to evaluate the model against observations, and a scenario simulation to assess future changes. The evaluation of the control simulations shows that the number of intense storms is underestimated due to the model resolution. To overcome this deficiency, simulated cyclone intensities are scaled to the best track data leading to a better representation of the TC intensities. Both models project an increased number of major hurricanes and modified trajectories in their scenario simulations. These changes have an effect on the projected loss potentials. However, these state-of-the-art models still yield contradicting results, and therefore they are not yet suitable to provide robust estimates of losses due to uncertainties in simulated hurricane intensity, location and frequency.
Advancing Knowledge About Co-Offending: Results from a Prospective Longitudinal Survey of London Males

Perhaps the most frequently documented conclusion about delinquent behavior is that most offenses are committed with others rather than by persons acting alone. Breckenridge and Abbott' were perhaps the first to observe that not only are most delinquent offenses committed with others, but that even most youths who routinely offend alone are influenced by others. Because of this article's behavioral perspective, we refer to persons who act together in a crime as co-offenders and to their committing that crime as cooffending.2 Co-offending is a universal pattern in all major forms of delinquency and characterizes offending patterns in countries with widely different cultural traditions such as Argentina,3 Japan,4 and India.5
Survey of the post harvest diseases and aflatoxin contamination of marketed pawpaw fruit (Carica papaya L) in South Western Nigeria

Survey and collection of the marketed pawpaw fruit with rot symptoms were conducted in the South Western Nigeria in 2000 and 2001 respectively. Pawpaw fruits showing rot symptoms that are displayed for sale in three different market places in three major cities in south western Nigeria namely, Ibadan, Abeokuta and Akure were collected and examined for the presence f the inducing pathogens and for aflatoxin contamination. The most commonly fungi found in rotten pawpaw fruits were: Rhizopus nigricans, Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusarium moniliforme, Colleto-trichum capsici and Trichoderma viride. Rhizopusnigricans, F. moniliforme A. flavus and A. niger had the highest rate of occurrence among the isolated fungi while C. lunata was the least encountered. Pathogenicity tests revealed that of all the isolated fungi, R. nigricans, C. lunata and F. moniliforme were highly pathogenic with the first two leading to rapid disintegration of treated fruits in 3-5 days. A. niger was moderately pathogenic, while A. flavus T. viride caused the least amount of rot on pawpaw fruits. Aflatoxins were detected from infected pawpaw fruits, both before and after autoclaving fruit for 15 min at 121oC. Key words: Carica papaya, aflatoxins, post-harvest diseases, survey.
Teachers’ job satisfaction: the effect of principal’s leadership and decision- making style

Research on school effectiveness indicates that teachers’ job satisfaction is a factor which significantly affects many aspects of quality in education. It has been demonstrated that two factors which contribute significantly to the increase of teachers’ job satisfaction are: principal’s leadership style and principal’s decision-making style. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between teachers’ job satisfaction, leadership style and decision-making style. A research survey was conducted and data collected through a self-reported questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of one demographic and 3 standard instruments – “General Index of Job Satisfaction”, “Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire”, “General Decision-Making Style Instrument”- and was completed by 156 teachers in Magnesia Prefecture, Greece. Analysis of data indicates that there is a relationship between principal’s decision-making style and hir/her leadership style as transformational leadership style as well as the transactional one relate positively to teachers’ job satisfaction. Finally, two decision-making styles were proved to be related to teachers’ job satisfaction in primary schools: the rational decision-making style and the dependent one. The present study provides useful information about the way principals could contribute to the increase of teachers’ job satisfaction. In order to increase teachers’ job satisfaction, principals should use a mix of different leadership styles and decision-making styles that respond better to each situation.
Young breast cancer patients in the developing world: incidence, choice of surgical treatment and genetic factors

Abstract Carcinoma of the breast is the most common cause of cancer in women in Western society. Although breast cancer occurs predominantly in older premenopausal and postmenopausal women, it also occurs in young women. Literature defines breast cancer in a young woman (or early onset breast cancer) as occurring in a woman less than 35 years of age. A diagnosis of breast cancer in a young woman impacts severely on all aspects of her life, as well as on those around her. In Africa and other developing countries, the breast cancer burden is increasing and poor reporting and data availability may underestimate the exact numbers. The average age of diagnosis may be younger for women in developing countries than for women in developed countries. African patients are more likely to be premenopausal at diagnosis and the breast cancers tend to be more advanced at presentation than in other population groups in a country such as South Africa. The choice of surgical treatment in early onset cancer depends on various factors. Young age is an independent risk factor for worse outcome regardless of whether a patient had a mastectomy or breast conserving therapy. Breast conserving treatment is an option for treatment of breast cancer in a young patient given the correct indications and that the patient is fully informed about the high risk of local recurrence. The extent of genetic factors such as mutations on BRCA 1 and 2 (BReast CAncer 1 and 2) genes is still largely unknown on the continent of Africa, and much research still needs to be done. In the USA, only 5–10% of early onset breast cancers are attributable to mutations on BRCA 1 and 2 genes, and another 15–20% of early onset breast cancers are due to gene polimorphisms and environmental factors. General breast awareness among women of all age groups in Africa should be promoted. This includes how to perform self breast examinations and to seek urgent medical attention when a breast lump is discovered. In time, given the resources, good screening programmes on this continent to detect breast cancer at its earliest presentation would be the ideal.
Effect of feature dimensionality on object-based land cover classification: A comparison of three classifiers

The efficient mapping of land cover from remotely sensed data is highly desirable as land cover information is essential for a range of environmental and socio-economic applications. Supervised classifiers are often applied in remote sensing to extract land cover information. While spectral information is typically used as the main discriminating features for such classifiers, additional features such as vegetation indices, transformed spectral data, textural information, contextual information and ancillary data may also considerably influence the accuracy of classification. Geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) allows the easy integration of such additional features into the classification process. This paper compares the performance of three supervised classifiers in a GEOBIA environment as an increasing number of object features are included as classification input. Classification tree analysis (CTA) was employed for feature selection and importance ranking. Object features were considered in the order of their obtained rank. The support vector machine (SVM) produced superior classification accuracies when compared to those of nearest neighbour (NN) and maximum likelihood (ML) classifiers. Both SVM and NN produced stable results as the feature-set size was increased towards the maximum (22 features). ML’s performance, however, decreased considerably when few training samples are used and when the feature-set size (dimensionality) is increased.
Recommendations Related to Wheeze Sound Data Acquisition

In the field of computerized respiratory sounds, a reliable data set with a sufficient number of subjects is required for the development of wheeze detection algorithm or for further analysis. Validated and accurate data is a critical issue in the field of research. In this study, the protocol related to wheeze sound data acquisition is discussed. Previously, most articles focused on wheeze detection or its parametric analysis, but no consideration was given to data acquisition. Second major purpose of this study is to exhibit particulars of our dataset which was attained for future analysis. We compile a database with a sufficient and reliable number of cases with all essential details, in contrast to commercially available wheeze sound data used for research, freely available online data on websites and data used to train medical students for auscultation.
Parenting Style and the Development of Moral Reasoning

This paper addresses the polarisation among theoretical perspectives in moral psychology regarding the relative significance of parents and peers in children's moral development and, in particular, the short shrift given the family context by cognitive-developmental theory. We contend that parents do play a significant role in this area of their children's development. Research findings from two studies are presented which indicate that parents' interaction styles, ego functioning and level of moral reasoning used in discussion are predictive of children's subsequent moral reasoning development. The findings also illustrate the role of affective factors, in contrast to the contemporary emphasis on moral rationality, and the relevance of real-life dilemmas, in contrast to the paradigmatic reliance on hypothetical dilemmas. Implications of these findings for our understanding of the role of parenting style in children's moral development and for further research are discussed.
Sources and oxidative potential of water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS ) in fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) in Beijing

Abstract. Water-soluble humic-like substances (HULIS WS) are a major redox-active component of ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) ; however, information on their sources and associated redox activity is limited. In this study, HULIS WS mass concentration, various HULIS WS species, and dithiothreitol (DTT) activity of HULIS WS were quantified in PM 2.5 samples collected during a 1-year period in Beijing. Strong correlation was observed between HULIS WS and DTT activity; both exhibited higher levels during the heating season than during the nonheating season. Positive matrix factorization analysis of both HULIS WS and DTT activity was performed. Four combustion-related sources, namely coal combustion, biomass burning, waste incineration, and vehicle exhausts, and one secondary factor were resolved. In particular, waste incineration was identified as a source of HULIS WS for the first time. Biomass burning and secondary aerosol formation were the major contributors ( > 59 %) to both HULIS WS and associated DTT activity throughout the year. During the nonheating season, secondary aerosol formation was the most important source, whereas during the heating season, the predominant contributor was biomass burning. The four combustion-related sources accounted for > 70 % of HULIS WS and DTT activity, implying that future reduction in PM 2.5 emissions from combustion activities can substantially reduce the HULIS WS burden and their potential health impact in Beijing.
Uncertainty in biodiversity science, policy and management: a conceptual overview

The protection of biodiversity is a complex societal, political and ultimately practical imperative of current global society. The imperative builds upon scientific knowledge on human dependence on the life-support systems of the Earth. This paper aims at introducing main types of uncertainty inherent in biodiversity science, policy and management, as an introduction to a companion paper summarizing practical experiences of scientists and scholars (Haila et al. 2014). Uncertainty is a cluster concept: the actual nature of uncertainty is inherently context-bound. We use semantic space as a conceptual device to identify key dimensions of uncertainty in the context of biodiversity protection; these relate to [i] data; [ii] proxies; [iii] concepts; [iv] policy and management; and [v] normative goals. Semantic space offers an analytic perspective for drawing critical distinctions between types of uncertainty, identifying fruitful resonances that help to cope with the uncertainties, and building up collaboration between different specialists to support mutual social learning.
Competing Liquidities: Corporate Securities, Real Bonds and Bubbles

We explore the link between liquidity and investment in a an overlapping generation model with a standard asynchronicity between firms' access to and need for cash. Imperfect pledgeability hinders the capacity of capital markets to resolve this asynchronicity, resulting in credit rationing and a net demand for stores of value -- liquidity -- by the corporate sector. At the heart of the model is a distinction between inside liquidity -- liquidity created within the private sector -- and outside liquidity -- assets that do not originate in private investment decisions. In the model, outside liquidity comes in two forms: rents and asset bubbles. We make four contributions. First, we show that imperfect pledgeability severs the link between dynamic efficiency and the level of the interest rate. Bubbles are possible even when the economy is dynamically efficient. Second, we demonstrate that the link between outside liquidity and investment is ambiguous: on the one hand, outside liquidity eases the asynchronicity problem of firms, boosting investment -- the liquidity effect; on the other hand it competes with inside liquidity, reduces the value of firms' collateral and lowers investment -- the competition effect. We characterize precisely the conditions under which outside liquidity and investment are complements or substitutes. Third, we explore the possibility of stochastic bubbles. We show that they trade at a liquidity discount. Bubble bursts can be endogenously triggered by bad shocks to corporate balance sheets and have potentially amplified effects on investment through liquidity dry-ups. Fourth, in an extension where corporate governance is endogenously determined by a trade-off striked by firms between collateral and value, we show that bubbles are accompanied by loose corporate governance.
CLASSIFICATION OF LAND COVER AND LAND USE BASED ON CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS

Abstract. Land cover describes the physical material of the earth’s surface, whereas land use describes the socio-economic function of a piece of land. Land use information is typically collected in geospatial databases. As such databases become outdated quickly, an automatic update process is required. This paper presents a new approach to determine land cover and to classify land use objects based on convolutional neural networks (CNN). The input data are aerial images and derived data such as digital surface models. Firstly, we apply a CNN to determine the land cover for each pixel of the input image. We compare different CNN structures, all of them based on an encoder-decoder structure for obtaining dense class predictions. Secondly, we propose a new CNN-based methodology for the prediction of the land use label of objects from a geospatial database. In this context, we present a strategy for generating image patches of identical size from the input data, which are classified by a CNN. Again, we compare different CNN architectures. Our experiments show that an overall accuracy of up to 85.7 % and 77.4 % can be achieved for land cover and land use, respectively. The classification of land cover has a positive contribution to the classification of the land use classification.
Early Settlement in European Merger Control

We analyse the determinants of early settlement between merging parties and the European Commission over remedies that remove concerns of anticompetitive effects. This extends the previously narrow range of econometric literature on early settlement. Consistent with the theory of early settlement, our results confirm the importance of delay costs and of uncertainty, measured by the complexity of the economic analysis required for each merger. We also find a non-monotonic effect of agency resourcing, which raises questions about the Commission's efficiency in times of high case load. Econometrically, we select a sample of merger decisions in which the European Commission intervened due to concerns of anticompetitive effects, and our selection model provides estimates of the factors determining intervention by the Commission. Conclusions are drawn for public policy.
ENGAGING COMPLEXITY AND CONTRADICTION: UNDERSTANDING FORMULA SAE THROUGH CULTURAL-HISTORICAL ACTIVITY THEORY

This paper outlines continuing research in project-based learning in engineering education, with a specific look at Formula SAE engineering project teams. FSAE teams build a small open-wheeled racecar and compete against similar school teams in an international field of over 500 schools worldwide. FSAE is presented as a example of CDIO-based learning that raises specific challenges to the integration of CDIO standards in practice. This paper suggests cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) as a relevant theoretical frame to highlight specific contradictions faced by such teams, and links these contradictions to items considered by the CDIO curriculum to assist schools in highlighting specific efforts that may help support such student-led integrated active learning activities.
On Non-existenceness of Equifocal Submanifolds with Non-flat Section

We first prove a certain kind of splitting theorem for an equifocal submanifold with non-flat section in a simply connected symmetric space of compact type, where an equifocal submanifold means a submanifold with parallel focal structure. By using the splitting theorem, we prove that there exists no equifocal submanifold with non-flat section in an irreducible simply connected symmetric space of compact type whose codimension is greater than the maximum of the multiplicities of roots of the symmetric space or the maximum added one. In particular, it follows that there exists no equifocal submanifold with non-flat section in some irreducible simply connected symmetric spaces of compact type and that there exists no equifocal submanifold with non-flat section in simply connected compact simple Lie group whose codimension is greater than two.