Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE GALACTIC CENSUS OF HIGH- AND MEDIUM-MASS PROTOSTARS. I. CATALOGS AND FIRST RESULTS FROM MOPRA HCO+ MAPS

The Census of High- and Medium-mass Protostars (CHaMP) is the first large-scale, unbiased, uniform mapping survey at sub-parsec-scale resolution of 90 GHz line emission from massive molecular clumps in the Milky Way. We present the first Mopra (ATNF) maps of the CHaMP survey region (300° > l > 280°) in the HCO+J = 1 → 0 line, which is usually thought to trace gas at densities up to 1011 m−3. In this paper, we introduce the survey and its strategy, describe the observational and data reduction procedures, and give a complete catalog of moment maps of the HCO+J = 1→0 emission from the ensemble of 303 massive molecular clumps. From these maps we also derive the physical parameters of the clumps, using standard molecular spectral-line analysis techniques. This analysis yields the following range of properties: integrated line intensity 1–30 K km s−1, peak line brightness 1–7 K, linewidth 1–10 km s−1, integrated line luminosity 0.5–200 K km s−1 pc2, FWHM size 0.2–2.5 pc, mean projected axial ratio 2, optical depth 0.08–2, total surface density 30–3000 M☉ pc−2, number density (0.2–30) × 109 m−3, mass 15–8000 M☉, virial parameter 1–55, and total gas pressure 0.3–700 pPa. We find that the CHaMP clumps do not obey a Larson-type size–linewidth relation. Among the clumps, there exists a large population of subthermally excited, weakly emitting (but easily detectable) dense molecular clumps, confirming the prediction of Narayanan et al. These weakly emitting clumps comprise 95% of all massive clumps by number, and 87% of the molecular mass, in this portion of the Galaxy; their properties are distinct from the brighter massive star-forming regions that are more typically studied. If the clumps evolve by slow contraction, the 95% of fainter clumps may represent a long-lived stage of pressure-confined, gravitationally stable massive clump evolution, while the CHaMP clump population may not engage in vigorous massive star formation until the last 5% of their lifetimes. The brighter sources are smaller, denser, more highly pressurized, and closer to gravitational instability than the less bright sources. Our data suggest that massive clumps approach critical Bonnor–Ebert-like states at constant density, while others’ suggest that lower-mass clumps reach such states at constant pressure. Evidence of global gravitational collapse of massive clumps is rare, suggesting that this phase lasts <1% of the clumps’ lifetime.
A Generic Similarity Searching Technique for Molecular Structures

A novel technique for similarity searching is introduced. Molecules are represented by atom environments, which are fed into an information-gain based feature selection. A Naïve Bayesian Classifier is then employed for compound classification. The new method is tested by its ability to retrieve five sets of active molecules seeded in the MDL Drug Data Report (MDDR). In comparison experiments, the algorithm outperforms all current retrieval methods assessed here using twoand three-dimensional descriptors and offers insight into the significance of structural components for binding.
Bayes prediction of binary outcomes based on correlated discrete predictors.

An approach based on Bayes theorem is proposed for predicting the binary outcomes X = 0, 1, given that a vector of predictors Z has taken the value z. It is assumed that Z can be decomposed into 9 independent vectors given X = 1 and h independent vectors given X = 0. First, point and interval estimators are derived for the target probability lP (X = 1 I z). In a second step these estimators are used to predict the outcomes for new subjects chosen from the same population. Sample sizes needed to achieve reliable estimates of the target probability in the first step are suggested, as well as sample sizes needed to get stable estimates of the predictive values in the second step_ It is also shown that the effects of ignoring correlations between the predictors can be serious. The results are illustrated on Swedish data of work resumption among long-term sick-listed individuals.
LIGHT CURVES OF 32 LARGE TRANSNEPTUNIAN OBJECTS

We present observations of 32 primarily bright, newly discovered Transneptunian objects (TNOs) observable from the Southern Hemisphere during 39 nights of observation with the Irénée du Pont 2.5 m telescope at Las Campañas Observatory. Our dataset includes objects in all dynamical classes, but is weighted toward scattered objects. We find 15 objects for which we can fit periods and amplitudes to the data, and place light curve amplitude upper limits on the other 17 objects. Combining our sample with the larger light curve sample in the literature, we find a 3σ correlation between light curve amplitude and absolute magnitude with fainter objects having larger light curve amplitudes. We looked for correlations between light curve and individual orbital properties, but did not find any statistically significant results. However, if we consider light curve properties with respect to object dynamical classification, we find statistically different distributions between the classical-scattered and classical-resonant populations at the 95.60% and 94.64% level, respectively, with the classical objects having larger amplitude light curves. The significance is 97.05% if the scattered and resonant populations are combined. The properties of binary light curves are largely consistent with the greater TNO population except in the case of tidally locked systems. All the Haumea family objects measured so far have light curve amplitudes and rotation periods ⩽10 hr, suggesting that they are not significantly different from the larger TNO population. We expect multiple factors are influencing object rotations: object size dominates light curve properties except in the case of tidal, or proportionally large collisional interactions with other TNOs, the influence of the latter being different for each TNO sub-population. We also present phase curves and colors for some of our objects.
Lattices and hypergraphs associated to square-free monomial ideals

Abstract Given a square-free monomial ideal I in a polynomial ring R over a field one can associate it with its LCM-lattice and its hypergraph. In this short note, we establish the connection between the LCM-lattice and the hypergraph, and in doing so we provide a sufficient condition for removing higher dimension edges of the hypergraph without impacting the projective dimension of the square-free monomial ideal. We also offer algorithms to compute the projective dimension of a class of square-free monomial ideals built using the new result and previous results of Lin-Mantero.
Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Shirazi Thymus vulgaris essential oil

Background and aims: Coinciding with the rise of human population, the use of medicinal plants began by ancient peoples as medicine, poison, detergent, food and paint upon it. Methods: In present study, the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Shirazi thyme, T. vulgaris, essential oil was analyzed by three methods (DPPH, potassium ferricyanide reaction and CUPRAC methods) and comparison with TBHQ method for determination of reducing power of T. vulgaris essential oil by potassium ferricyanide method. Phytochemical composition of T. vulgaris essential oil was identified by GC/Mass device. Results: The results showed that T. vulgaris essential oil has a good potential against oxidants even near to TBHQ. The essential oils of this plant are Thymol (40.02%) and Carvacrol (18.31%). Conclusion: The results of antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris using three methods and comparison with TBHQ (Tertiary butyl hydroquinone) showed Thymus vulgaris essential oil have a good potential for scavenging of free radicals similar to TBHQ.
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF SOYBEAN (GLYCINE × MAX L. MERR.) BY ESSENTIAL OIL OF CITRUS × SINENSIS L CV.’ OSBECK’ EPICARP IN POSTHARVEST

The essential oil extracted from the epicarp of Citrus sinensis exhibited absolute fungitoxicity against soybean’s fungus as Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus niger, Cercospora kikuchii, Chaetomium spp. , Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium roseum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Penicillium italicum, Phomopsisspp. Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotium rolfsii. It is very difficult to manage these pathogens by their nature of survival in seed. GC-MS studies of the oil revealed the presence of 10 chemical constituents of them limonene was found to be the major component (84.2 %). The activity of the oil was tested by the poisoned food technique and volatile activity assay. It was found that volatile activity was more toxic than poisoned food technique. The oil was extremely toxic for spore germination and it was found that at 700 ppm spore germination was inhibited in the ten test fungi out of the twelve tested. The essential oil demonstrated wide spectrum fungitoxicty. The seed were treated with essential oil for different concentration. It is evident that the treatment of essential oil inhibited the growth of dominant fungi. In 600 ppm Fusarium roseum, Penicilluim italicum, Rhizocotonia solaniand Sclerotium rolfsii were inhibited but in 700 ppm all tested fungi who is found in untreated seed were inhibited. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done to study the mode of action of oil in case of Aspergillus niger and it was observed that the treatment of oil leads to the distortion and thinning of hyphal wall and the reduction in hyphal diameter and absence of conidiophores.
Temporal variation of hemispheric solar rotation

The daily sunspot numbers of the whole disk as well as the northern and southern hemispheres from 1945 January 1 to 2010 December 31 are used to investigate the temporal variation of rotational cycle length through the continuous wavelet transformation analysis method. Auto-correlation function analysis of daily hemispheric sunspot numbers shows that the southern hemisphere rotates faster than the northern hemisphere. The results obtained from the wavelet transformation analysis are that no direct relationship exists between the variation trend of the rotational cycle length and the solar activity in the two hemispheres and that the rotational cycle length of both hemispheres has no significant period appearing at 11yr, but has a significant period of about 7.6 yr. Analysis concerning the solar cycle dependence of the rotational cycle length shows that acceleration seems to appear before the minimum time of solar activity in the whole disk and the northern hemisphere, respectively. Furthermore, the cross-correlation study indicates that the rotational cycle length of the two hemispheres has different phases, and that the rotational cycle length of the whole disk as well as the northern and southern hemispheres, also has phase shifts with corresponding solar activity. In addition, the temporal variation of the north-south (N-S) asymmetry of the rotational cycle length is also studied. This displays the same variation trend as the N-S asymmetry of solar activity in a solar cycle, as well as in the considered time interval, and has two significant periods of 7.7 and 17.5 yr. Moreover, the rotational cycle length and the N-S asymmetry of solar activity are highly correlated. It is inferred that the northern hemisphere should rotate faster at the beginning of solar cycle 24.
Prudential regulations, restructuring and competition: the case of the Argentine banking industry

The Argentine banking industry has experienced a deep restructuring process since the beginning of Convertibility, when the industry was opened to competition and new prudential regulations were put in place in order to improve its solvency. Jointly with a dramatic increase in banking output, prompted by macroeconomic stability, the number of firms operating in the industry declined significantly. We analyze the extent to which this restructuring process has reduced the level of competition in the industry and we investigate the effects of regulations on bank profitability. Using panel data we try to explain the differences in profitability among the 20 largest retail banks. We construct concentration as well as market share indices by banks, to determine the degree of competition they face in local markets. Efficiency measures are also included as determinants of bank profitability in order to test if differences in profitability are due to these differences rather than to market power or concentration. The results indicate that there is no evidence of market power in the retail-banking sector. Regarding concentration, in the more populated areas of the country, were financial markets are more developed, the degree of concentration is very small. Given this result, the finding that banks whose business is mainly located in these areas earn lower profits, is an indication that the degree of competition in these areas is high. It is also true that the most X-Efficient banks mainly operate in more populated and developed areas. On the contrary, in the less populated areas, where financial markets are poorly developed, concentration is higher and banks that operate mainly in those markets earn higher profits and are less efficient. Finally, while banks with higher liquidity as determined by their liability structure earn lower profits, the effects of capital requirements on profitability are not clear. JEL Classification: G21, L10, C23.
Aspects of a Monosex Population of Oreochromis Niloticus Fingerlings Produced Using 17-α Methyl Testosterone Hormone

The study investigated the efficacy of 17-α methyl testosterone hormone in producing a mono male sex population in Oreochromis niloticus fry under tropical conditions in ponds in Zimbabwe. Fry were randomly stocked in ten fry tanks at 15000 fry per tank. Five randomly selected tanks received androgenised feed with 17- α methyl testosterone (M T hormone). The other five tanks received feed which had not been treated with 17-α methyl testosterone. The sex ratios, feed conversion ratio, growth rate and survival were established after three months. Fry fed to a diet treated with MT had a significantly higher growth rate as compared to those fed to a non hormone treated diet. Individuals whose diet was androgenised had a higher survival rate as compared to those individuals whose diet was not treated. We concluded that MT has a high efficacy in producing a male population in O. niloticus under tropical conditions and that treatment duration during cold periods be increased to 30 days as compared to the usual 21 days currently being used at Lake Harvest Aquaculture Zimbabwe so as to produce a male population above 95% for optimality.
Understanding indigenous knowledge: Bridging the knowledge gap through a knowledge creation model for agricultural development

This article addresses the management of agricultural indigenous knowledge (IK) in developing countries, with a specific focus on Tanzania. It provides background details on IK and its importance for agricultural development. It introduces various knowledge management (KM) concepts and discusses their application in managing IK in the developing world by placing Nonaka’s knowledge creation theory (Nonaka 1991; Nonaka & Takeuchi 1995; Nonaka, Toyama & Konno 2000) in the context of the local communities. Data from focus groups were used to triangulate with data from interviews in order to validate, confirm and corroborate quantitative results with qualitative findings. The study findings showed that knowledge creation theory can be used to manage IK in the local communities, however, adequate and appropriate resources need to be allocated for capturing and preserving IK before it disappears altogether. For sustainable agricultural development, the communities have to be placed within a knowledge-creating setting that continuously creates, distributes and shares knowledge within and beyond the communities’ boundaries and integrates it with new agricultural technologies, innovations and knowledge.
Hematological profile of Chelonia mydas (Testudines, Cheloniidae) according to the severity of fibropapillomatosis or its absence

Rossi S. , Zwarg T. , Sanches T.C. , Cesar M.O. , Werneck M.R. & Matushima E.R. 2009. Hematological profile of Chelonia mydas (Testudines, Cheloniidae) according to the severity of fibropapillomatosis or its absence. Pesquisa Veterina-
Analysis of Hurricane Catarina (2004)

Abstract The development of Hurricane Catarina over the western South Atlantic Ocean in March 2004 marks the first time that the existence of a hurricane has been confirmed by analysis and satellite imagery in the South Atlantic basin. The storm undergoes a complex life cycle, beginning as an extratropical precursor that moves east-southeastward off the Brazilian coast and toward the midlatitudes. Its eastward progress is halted and the system is steered back westward toward the Brazilian coast as it encounters a strengthening dipole-blocking structure east of the South American continent. Entering the large region of weak vertical shear that characterizes this blocking pattern, Catarina begins a tropical transition process over anomalously cool 25°C ocean waters above which an elevated potential intensity is supported by the cold upper-level air associated with the trough component of the block. As the convective outflow from the developing tropical system reinforces the ridge component of the dipole blo.
How Can Scandinavians Tax So Much

American visitors to Scandinavian countries are often puzzled by what they observe: despite large income redistribution through distortionary taxes and transfers, these are very high-income countries. They rank among the highest in the world in terms of income per capita, as well as most other economic and social outcomes. The economic and social success of Scandinavia poses important questions for economics and for those arguing against large redistribution based on its supposedly detrimental effect on economic growth and welfare. How can Scandinavian countries raise large amounts of tax revenue for redistribution and social insurance while maintaining some of the strongest economic outcomes in the world? Combining micro and macro evidence, this paper identifies three policies that can help explain this apparent anomaly: the coverage of third-party information reporting (ensuring a low level of tax evasion), the broadness of tax bases (ensuring a low level of tax avoidance), and the strong subsidization of goods that are complementary to working (ensuring a high level of labor force participation). The paper also presents descriptive evidence on a variety of social and cultural indicators that may help in explaining the economic and social success of Scandinavia.
Crop response to soils amended with biochar: expected benefits and unintended risks

Biochar (BC) from biomass waste pyrolysis has been widely studied due to its ability to increase carbon sequestration, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance both crop growth and soil quality. This review summarises the current knowledge of BC production, characterisation, and types, with a focus on its positive effects on crop yield and soil properties vs the unintended risks associated with these effects. Biochar-amended soils enhance crop growth and yield via several mechanisms: expanded plant nutrient and water availability through increased use efficiencies, improved soil quality, and suppression of soil and plant diseases. Yield response to BC has been shown to be more evident in acidic and sandy soils than in alkaline and fine-textured soils. Biochar composition and properties vary considerably with feedstock and pyrolysis conditions so much that its concentrations of toxic compounds and heavy metals can negatively impact crop and soil health. Consequently, more small-scale and greenhouse-sited studies are in process to investigate the role of BC/soil/crop types on crop growth, and the mechanisms by which they influence crop yield. Similarly, a need exists for long-term, field-scale studies on the effects (beneficial and harmful) of BC amendment on soil health and crop yields, so that production guidelines and quality standards may be developed for BCs derived from a range of feedstocks.
Structure of the coastal current field off northern California during the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment

For 74 days during the spring and summer upwelling seasons of 1981 and 1982, in conjunction with the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment, profiles of upper ocean currents were collected in the waters over the shelf and slope off northern California using a shipboard Doppler acoustic log. These measurements provide detailed information on the spatial structure of the current field. Synoptic maps of near-surface currents often deviate substantially from classical two-dimensional wind-driven upwelling and indicate a close association between the complex temperature structures observed in satellite imagery and the presence of vigorous current structures including squirts (regions of intense seaward flow), eddies, and countercurrents. Well-defined examples of a squirt and of a countercurrent during a cessation of wind forcing (wind relaxation event) are examined in detail. Despite this complexity, the nearshore synoptic current field was found to be anisotropic, varying more rapidly cross shore than alongshore. The structure of the current averages and simple fluctuation statistics were largely as deduced in other upwelling areas from moored measurements. A surface-intensified equatorward jet was found in the average alongshore currents, with vertical shear exceeding −2 × 10−3 s−1 over much of the shelf. The core of the jet moved offshore south of Point Arena and was better resolved in along-isobath averages. At depths below 80 m the average alongshore flow reversed, giving way to a poleward undercurrent, strongest near the shelf break. The detailed structure of the inferred cross-shore circulation was found to be sensitive to the coordinate system selected. Using nominal (along-coast) coordinates, the average cross-shore current was found to be directed offshore within a surface layer which deepened with distance from the coast out to the shelf break, showed strong vertical shear only near the surface, and was divergent in the upper water column and convergent in the lower water column over the shelf. Current fluctuations about the local mean were strongly polarized along isobaths near the coast and became largely isotropic far from shore except offshore from Point Arena, where squirts were recurrently observed.
Representations of integers by systems of three quadratic forms

It is classically known that the circle method produces an asymptotic for the number of representations of a tuple of integers (n1,…,nR) by a system of quadratic forms Q1,…,QR in k variables, as long as k is sufficiently large with respect to R ; reducing the required number of variables remains a significant open problem. In this work, we consider the case of three forms and improve on the classical result by reducing the number of required variables to k⩾10 for ‘almost all’ tuples, under a non‐singularity assumption on the forms Q1,Q2,Q3 . To accomplish this, we develop a three‐dimensional analogue of Kloosterman's circle method, in particular capitalizing on geometric properties of appropriate systems of three quadratic forms.