Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of internal mineral structures on the magnetic remanence of silicate‐hosted titanomagnetite inclusions: An electron holography study

[1] Titanomagnetite inclusions in pyroxene and plagioclase are carriers of stable magnetic remanence in some slowly cooled rocks such as gabbros, anorthosites, granulites, and diorites. Needle-shaped inclusions with average dimensions of 1 × 1 × >25 μm form epitaxially by exsolution from their host silicate. Close examination of clinopyroxene-hosted inclusions reveals an internal microstructure, which consists of magnetite (Fe3O4) prisms and ulvospinel (Fe2TiO4) lamellae that formed as a result of phase unmixing during initial cooling. This internal structure exerts a profound influence on the magnetic remanence properties of each inclusion, primarily by transforming it from a multidomain grain into an assemblage of magnetostatically interacting single-domain prisms. Here we use off-axis electron holography to image the magnetization states of individual prisms and the magnetostatic interactions between them. We show that the inclusions exhibit both single-domain and collective magnetic states that depend primarily on the shape anisotropies of individual magnetite prisms, magnetostatic interactions between closely spaced prism stacks, and the shape anisotropy of the needle itself. Prisms that are separated by thick ulvospinel lamellae show uniformly magnetized and/or vortex states. In contrast, closely spaced magnetite prisms behave as multipart vortices or as long composite columns, whose strong net magnetization may not be related directly to the orientation and shape of either the needle or the constituent prisms. The overall remanence direction recorded by clinopyroxene crystals containing finely exsolved inclusions is a reflection of both the inclusions' elongation directions and the prism arrangements within them.
Landscape mosaic in the treeline ecotone on Mt Rodjanoaivi, Subarctic Finland

The objective of this paper is to differentiate the landscape in the treeline ecotone in Subarctic Finland with an examination of its mosaic structure and functional role in treeline dynamics. Highly varying topography is a key factor controlling drainage conditions, vegetation, local climates and soils. Natural drainage classes, soil data (pH, Corg, Nt, C/N ratio, moisture) and dominant vegetation were used to characterize site conditions and to show the grouping of six representative sites along a synthetic topographical transect (model). The abrupt increase in soil moisture and pH values at the distal end of the lowest zones indicates a relatively sharp and ecologically important limit between well drained sites (ridge tops, upper valley side, interfluves) and valleys with both poorly and very poorly drained sites. Remains of birch wood in wind-scarps, hummocks and peaty layers give evidence of former open birch forest in present treeless sites. Forest decline has enforced the contrasts in site conditions between windswept and snow accumulating topography. The landscape mosaic and resultant site conditions are strongly influencing treeline dynamics and consequently, the landscape mosaic needs to be carefully considered when discussing the possible effects of the changing climate in the treeline ecotone.
A comprehensive analysis verified by experiment of a refractometer based on an SMF28–small-core singlemode fiber (SCSMF)–SMF28 fiber structure

A comprehensive theoretical model for an SMF28–small-core SMF (SCSMF)–SMF28 structure based refractometer is developed based on the modal propagation analysis (MPA) method. The simulation result shows that the wavelength shift of this refractometer changes exponentially as the surrounding refractive index (SRI) varies. The core diameter of SCSMF does not have a significant influence on the sensitivity of the refractometer but cladding diameter does have. The simulation results are verified experimentally and it is also experimentally demonstrated that there is a maximum sensitivity of 1808 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) for an SRI range from 1.324 to 1.431 and that, as expected, the wavelength shift response is an exponential function of SRI.
Assessing deaf college students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult Version versus CAARS

This study examined the sensitivity of two instruments used in assessing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with deaf individuals. Forty deaf college students, 20 with a diagnosis of ADHD and 20 controls, completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Adult Version (BRIEF-A) and the Connors’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS). An analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA), and sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value analyses found that both the BRIEF-A and CAARS were adequate behavior rating scales for measuring ADHD symptoms in a deaf population. Results also revealed that the BRIEF-A was a more specific measure whereas the CAARS was a more sensitive measure.
Organic matter and biofunctioning in tropical sandy soils and implications for its management

Tropical sandy soils (or upper sandy horizons of tropical soils) have diverse physical and chemical constraints: poor structural stability (making soils sensitive to crusting, and compaction), poor nutrient holding capacity and low cation exchange capacity. In these soils, in which the clay content is low (3 to 15% by mass), organic matter is the main determinant of fertility, nutrient storage, aggregate stability, microbial and enzymatic activities. However, cultural practices or land uses aimed at increasing organic matter stocks have a minor impact if compared with the potential storage of organic matter in clayey soils. Nevertheless, this stock increase is possible in sandy soils and is mainly linked with the increase of the " vegetal debris " functional pool. Like organic matter, the abundance, activity, and diversity of soil biota are largely dependent upon land management. In these soils, biotic interactions such as termites-microorganisms or nematodes-microorganisms modify nutrient fluxes, N mineralization being higher in soil-feeding termite mounds or in the presence of bacterial feeding nematodes. Moreover, the management of organic residues represents a means to control the activity of soil microorganisms and the structure of nematode and other fauna populations. An adequate management of organic matter (through fallows, improved fallows, pastures, external organic inputs) through its consequences on soil biofunctioning, largely determines the agronomic (plant production) and environmental (carbon sequestration) potentials of sandy soils. In the present paper, we provide information on the biofunctioning in sandy soils, i.e., interactions existing between organic matter, biological activities (termites, earthworms, nematodes, microorganisms) and physical soil properties, in natural and cropped ecosystems. Data mainly originate from experiments and measurements from West (Senegal, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast) and East (Kenya) Africa.
Frequency and pathogenicity of fusarium wilts (Fusarium solani and Fusarium equiseti) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in Adamawa in Nigeria

Cotton fungi Were surveyed in Ngurore, Adamawa, Nigeria in 1992 and 1993 by counting the number of isolates in each 100 infested p1ants per p1ot. Approximately 90% of the isolated fungi were Fusarium solan; and Fusarium equiseti, both pathogenic; F. solani isolates were more virulent and frequent than F. equiseti. The high frequency and virulence of both fungi make them important pathogens of cotton in the area.
Operational Characteristic of Selected Marine Turbounits Powered by Steam from Auxiliary Oil-Fired Boilers

Abstract This paper presents characteristic values and operational parameters of two selected marine auxiliary steam turbine units such as efficiency, and steam consumption per unit or per hour. For the purpose of the analysis, the cargo turbine pumps and turbogenerator have been selected. The characteristic values and operational parameters have been determined using the operational tests results for the turbounits installed on oil tankers at various power loads.
Simulations of vertical shear instability in accretion discs

The nonlinear evolution of the vertical shear instability in accretion discs is investigated using three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. A vertical dependence of the angular velocity destabilizes the disc and leads to the generation of velocity fluctuations enhancing the angular momentum transport. The instability emerges in the numerical models for large radial perturbation wave numbers. The growth time is a few tens of orbital revolutions.
Systemic Racism: Refugee, Resettlement, and Education Policy in New Zealand

Public policy in New Zealand increasingly makes reference to “inclusion of diversity,” “equality,” and “equity. ” Yet refugees resettling in New Zealand continue to experience systemic racism based on the application of ostensibly neutral rules and universal standards to unequal situations. This paper draws attention to the way in which poorly formulated refugee and resettlement policy has resulted in quota refugees being favoured over others and in assumptions that refugees have needs similar to those of general migrants. The way in which such racism has been translated into general policy arenas, such as education, is also explored.
Aspect sensitivity of polar mesosphere summer echoes based on ESRAD MST radar measurements in Kiruna, Sweden in 1997–2010

Abstract. Aspect sensitivities of polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) measured with the ESRAD 50 MHz radar in 1997–2010 are studied using the full correlation analysis technique. Half of PMSE detected each year are found to be highly aspect sensitive. Yearly median values of the aspect sensitivity parameter θs, characterising the half-width of the scatterers' polar diagram, are 2.9–3.7° depending on the year. The other half of the PMSE have θs values larger than 9–11° and cannot be evaluated using the ESRAD vertical beam only. PMSE aspect sensitivity reveals an altitude dependence, namely, the scatter becomes more isotropic with increasing height. This result is consistent with that reported in other studies. No dependence of PMSE aspect sensitivity on backscattered power for any year was identified. In the paper the limitations of the in-beam and off-vertical beam methods for estimation of PMSE aspect sensitivity are discussed. We conclude that both methods should be combined in order to get complete information about PMSE aspect sensitivity and to estimate correctly PMSE absolute strength.
Rapid assessment of marine non-native species in northern Scotland and a synthesis of existing Scottish records

In this study, we compiled existing records of fouling marine non-native species in Scotland, and created a national checklist of these species. We then targeted a selection of these species (excluding those that could not be reliably identified) in a rapid assessment survey of 27 harbours in the north of Scotland. Collation of existing records revealed that 23 fouling marine non-native species were known to be present in Scotland. The geographic distribution of these records was not uniform, and they were largely underrepresented in the north and east of mainland Scotland, likely as result of lack of survey effort. In the rapid assessment survey of north Scotland, 9 out of 18 targeted species were found: Austrominius modestus (Darwin, 1854); Botrylloides violaceus Oka, 1927; Caprella mutica Schurin, 1935; Codium fragile fragile (Suringar) Hariot, 1889; Corella eumyota Traustedt, 1882; Heterosiphonia japonica Yendo, 1920; Neosiphonia harveyi (Bailey) Kim, Choi, Guiry and Saunders, 2001; Schizoporella japonica Ortmann, 1890; and Tricellaria inopinata d'Hondt and Occhipinti Ambrogi, 1985. The non-native bryozoan Bugula simplex Hincks, 1886, which was not targeted, was also found, and this constituted the first confirmed Scottish record. The surveys provided 60 new records and extended the northward national range for most of the species found. The number of fouling non-native species in the surveyed harbours was positively associated with the presence of floating structures and vessel activity indices. Our study presents an overview of the current status of fouling marine non-native species in Scotland, and the results of the first comprehensive survey of these species in the north of Scotland. The latter provides a baseline dataset for monitoring future changes, which may occur as a result of the development of the wave and tidal energy industry in the north of Scotland. The wave and tidal energy industry has the potential to facilitate the invasion of fouling marine non-native species through the provision of habitat and by increasing vector activity.
Contributions of foreign, domestic and natural emissions to US ozone estimated using the path-integral method in CAMx nested within GEOS-Chem

Abstract. The Goddard Earth Observing System global chemical transport (GEOS-Chem) model was used at 2° × 2.5° resolution to simulate ozone formation for a base case representing year 2010 and a natural background case without worldwide anthropogenic emissions. These simulations provided boundary concentrations for base and natural background simulations with the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) on a North American domain (one-way nested) at 12 km × 12 km resolution over March–September 2010. The predicted maximum daily average 8 h (MDA8) background ozone for the US is largest in the mountainous areas of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. The background MDA8 ozone in some of these locations exceeds 60 ppb, when averaged over the 10 days with the largest base-case ozone (T10base average). The background ozone generally becomes both a larger fraction of the base-case ozone in the western US and a smaller fraction in the eastern US when proceeding from spring to summer to the T10base average. The ozone difference between the base and background cases represents the increment to ozone from all anthropogenic sources. The path-integral method was applied to allocate this anthropogenic ozone increment to US anthropogenic emissions, Canadian/Mexican anthropogenic emissions, and the anthropogenic components of the lateral and top boundary concentrations (BCs). Using the T10base average MDA8 ozone, the relative importance of the sources is generally US emissions > anthropogenic lateral BCs > Canadian/Mexican emissions ≫ anthropogenic top BCs. Specifically, for 10 US urban areas, the source contributions were 12–53 ppb for US emissions, 3–9 ppb for lateral BCs, 0.2–3 ppb for Canadian/Mexican emissions, and ≤ 0.1 ppb for top BCs. The contributions of the lateral BCs are largest for the higher-elevation US sites in the Intermountain West and along the western boundary of the domain. In Denver, for example, the lateral BCs contribute 44 % to the T10base anthropogenic increment. Averaging over the 10 days in the background case with the largest MDA8 ozone (T10bkgd), the contribution from US emissions is reduced to 3–13 ppb at the 10 urban sites, leading to a reduction in the anthropogenic ozone increment. The contribution of the Canadian/Mexican emissions remains about the same (0.3–2 ppb), and the contribution from the lateral BCs increases (5–10 ppb), especially at the lower-elevation urban sites. The net effect at the urban sites is that the relative importance of the anthropogenic lateral BCs is significantly greater for the T10bkgd average than the T10base average. This is also true for rural sites studied, where the anthropogenic lateral BC contribution becomes as large as 68 % of the anthropogenic increment for the T10bkgd average. In addition to the source apportionment, we also used surface and ozonesonde measurements to evaluate GEOS-Chem and CAMx performance.
Temporal stability of morph frequency in central European populations of Adalia bipunctata and A. decempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

In central Europe Adalia bipunctata (L.) occurs in two main colour morphs (typical, melanic), and A. decempunctata (L.) occurs in 3 morphs (spotted, chequered, dark). Temporal variation in the relative frequency of morphs was recorded in populations of the Czech Republic where geographic variation in morph frequency is low. Seasonal trends were investigated in samples collected by a light-trap run daily from March to November for 14 years. In A. bipunctata the melanic form was more abundant in autumn than in spring but the difference was not significant. In A. decempunctata morph proportions did not change seasonally. Samples were also collected by sweepnet from stands of many plant species. In both Adalia species the morph proportions did not differ sig- nificantly among collections made on different plants. Long-term changes in morph proportions were analysed by pooling annual samples over all host plants. In A. bipunctata, sampled in 15 years between 1971-2004, there was no significant change in propor- tion of typical (90.1%) and melanic (9.9%) forms. In A. decempunctata, sampled in 12 years between 1976-2004, the proportions of "spotted" (mean over the years 29.4%), "chequered" (42.2%) and "dark" (21.3%) morphs varied between years. There was a trend toward an increasing proportion of the spotted form in the 2000s compared to the 1970s and 1980s.
Central Bank Losses and Economic Convergence

This paper discusses central bank losses and develops a formal framework for assessing the sustainability of its balance sheet. Analyzing the consequences of economic convergence in depth, it emphasizes the role played by the risk premium and equilibrium real exchange rate appreciation. A closed-form comparative-static analysis and also numerical solutions of the future evolution of the central bank’s own capital are presented. Applying this framework to an example of a converging economy, namely the Czech Republic, the authors find that the Czech National Bank should be able to repay its accumulated loss in about 15 years without any transfer from public budgets.
Successive sampling of fumarolic gases at Satsuma-Iwojima and Kuju volcanoes, southwest Japan : Evaluation of short-term variations and precision of the gas sampling and analytical techniques

Up to 15 fumarolic gas samples were collected successively within a few hours at Satsuma-Iwojima and Kuju volcanoes, southwest Japan, with the aim to evaluate the naturally occurring short-term variations in the chemical and isotopic compositions. Variations in the concentrations of the major gas components (CO 2 , total S, SO 2 and H 2 S) and in the hydrogen, oxygen (H 2 O) and carbon (CO 2 ) isotopic compositions were relatively small and were within the analytical errors. Exceptions were HCl at both volcanoes, CO 2 at Satsuma-Iwojima, and D/H and 18 O/ 16 O ratios of water at Kuju volcano. Large variations were found for the minor gas components, i.e., N 2, Ar, CH4 and CO. The observed variations in HCl and CO concentrations probably relate to sampling and analytical procedures. Variations in HCl, N 2, Ar and CH4 concentrations, and D/H and 18 O/ 16 O ratios of water may result from processes such as gain or loss of HClrich liquid, sporadic additions of air and hydrothermally-derived CH 4 and change of mixing ratio between magmatic and meteoric waters. Precision associated with the gas sampling and analytical techniques used in this study were estimated by making the hypothesis that the chemical and isotopic compositions of the fumarolic gases did not change during the sampling period. The estimated precision was 1‐3% for CO2, H2S and SO2, 6‐11% for HCl, 1‐6% for H 2 , 4‐6% for N 2 , 5‐9% for Ar, 2% for CH 4 and 7‐27% for CO. The precision of the isotopic analyses was estimated to be 0.05‐0.2‰ for 13 C/ 12 C ratio of CO 2 . Also the precision was 0.9 and 0.05‐0.11‰ for D/H and 18 O/ 16 O ratios of the condensates, respectively. The results in this study suggest that careful sampling and analysis of volcanic gases provide reliable chemical and isotopic compositions that can be used to monitor volcanic activities.
On the Calculation of Vertical Shear: An Operational Perspective

Numerous observational and modeling studies have demonstrated the role of vertical shear as an environmental control on tropical cyclone (TC) intensity change. The inverse relationship between the two quantities has been firmly established (Frank and Ritchie 2001). However, the challenges of operational intensity forecasting show that the connection between vertical shear and TC intensity is complex and that much remains to be learned about the specifics. In particular, the shear magnitude above which development ceases and weakening begins (henceforth called critical shear) is not clear. As a result, great uncertainty in TC forecasts often exists in cases where moderate to strong vertical shear is diagnosed and does not always result in the anticipated weakening. Modeling studies have also revealed extreme sensitivity in cases where strong vertical shear is present (e.g., Emanuel et al. 2004, Rhome et al. 2002, Rhome 2002), in which only slight variations in the shear magnitude can produce large differences in the forecast intensity. To confuse the issue even more, a time lag between the onset of increased vertical shear and decreasing TC intensity has been shown to range from a nearly instantaneous response up to about 36 hours (Frank and Ritchie 2001). Further, some studies have shown that small amounts of vertical shear might actually be conducive in some cases for intensification (e.g., Paterson et al. 2005). Considering previous studies have utilized varying methods for computing vertical shear, the relatively slow progress in improving operational intensity forecasts can arguably be attributed in part to uncertainties in how vertical shear is calculated. Improved knowledge of the specific relationships between TC intensity change and vertical shear could contribute to operational intensity forecasting improvements. While upgrades to operational dynamical models will undoubtedly play a major role in such improvements, the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) model remains the most skillful objective intensity guidance available to the National Hurricane Center (NHC). This paper describes a preliminary examination of potential improvements to the method by which SHIPS calculates vertical shear. It is our hypothesis that an enhanced shear calculation method in SHIPS could improve its handling of the complex interaction between shear and TC intensity change.
A theoretical review in evaluating the impact of traffic calming measures on the residential living environment

A healthy living environment is vital to the positive lifestyle of a community. When traffic volumes or vehicle speeds in residential areas increase because of street design, social street activities are greatly reduced, and the feeling of well being in the affected neighbourhood is threatened. The cause of several accidents at the residential areas is also due to excessive speed caused mostly by the residents itself or persistent cut-through traffic, consequently leading to increase in noise pollution. Living environment in many residential areas has been deteriorating mainly because of these reasons. Addressing this issue, traffic calming measures is being perceived as a viable tool to reduce traffic speeds and accidents. The purpose of this research is to find the balance between traffic and environments by analysing the living environment through traffic calming measures. This paper highlights the literature background on traffic calming in Malaysia, impact of traffic calming to the residential living environment and other elements related to initial stage of study.