Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Total intravenous anaesthesia versus single-drug pharmacological antiemetic prophylaxis in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUNDPostoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are among the most unfavourable anaesthetic outcomes attributed to the administration of inhaled anaesthetics. Accordingly, inhaled anaesthetics are frequently substituted by propofol when patients are at risk of PONV. As, on some occasions, inhalational anaesthesia may be favourable, the relative impact of propofol anaesthesia needs to be established based on robust data. OBJECTIVETo compare the effectiveness of a single-drug pharmacological prophylaxis with total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) for prevention of PONV. DESIGNSystematic review of randomised controlled trials with meta-analyses. DATA SOURCESAll available studies until 29 April 2015 were retrieved from MEDLINE, CENTRAL and EMBASE. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIARandomised controlled trials on adult patients undergoing general anaesthesia with at least one group receiving propofol-based intravenous anaesthesia without further antiemetic prophylaxis, and one group receiving inhalational anaesthesia with single-drug antiemetic prophylaxis. RESULTSFourteen studies involving 2051 patients were included. Compared with TIVA, after inhalational anaesthesia and single-drug antiemetic prophylaxis, there was no difference in the overall risk of PONV [relative risk (RR) 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85; 1.32, GRADE rating moderate], nor was there any difference in the risk of postoperative vomiting (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.78; 1.76), need for rescue medication (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.68; 1.99) or early PONV (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.88; 1.27). However, TIVA was associated with an increased risk of late PONV (RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.10; 1.79, P = 0.006). Six studies investigated other side-effects associated with anaesthesia and found no differences between the two groups. Finally, there was evidence of a publication bias that included smaller studies favouring TIVA. CONCLUSIONThis meta-analysis confirms the results from indirect comparisons in individual studies: instead of substituting inhalational anaesthesia with propofol-based TIVA, a similar antiemetic effect can be achieved by adding single-drug pharmacological prophylaxis to the inhalational anaesthetic. STUDY REGISTRATIONThis systematic review with meta-analysis was registered at PROSPERO (www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO), study number CRD42015019571.
Glycoconjugate glycans as viral receptors

The carbohydrate parts of cell surface glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans constitute receptors for many enveloped as well as non‐enveloped human viruses. The majority of viral receptors of carbohydrate nature are negatively charged, including sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or glycans containing sialic acid. Not uncommonly, virus‐carbohydrate interactions are responsible for specific tissue tropism, where the affinity of influenza virus for glycans in the respiratory tract containing (α2‐6)‐linked sialic acid is an important example. Similarly, the number and spacing of sulfates may guide viruses to optimal GAG molecules, although this remains unproven on tissue level. A further understanding of structure and tissue distribution of carbohydrate virus receptors and their viral ligands is essential for elucidating the pathogenesis of such viruses. Also neutral glycans such as histo‐blood group substances may function as virus receptors. Here, natural resistance to a given viral disease may occur in a human subpopulation due to lack of such receptors caused by deletion‐mutants in critical human genes. As regards antiviral applications, the receptor‐destroying enzymes, in contrast to receptor binding proteins, at the surface of, for example, influenza virus have proven to be an excellent target for intervention, which is why sialic acid analogues are now in clinical use both for prophylaxis and treatment.
The Maudsley bipolar disorder project. A survey of psychotropic prescribing patterns in bipolar I disorder.

OBJECTIVES The outcome of Bipolar 1 Disorder (BD1) is greatly dependent on the adequacy and appropriateness of its treatment. As the treatment choices in BD1 disorder are increasing the aim of this study was to examine the current use of the pharmacological agents in BD1 patients and its association with clinical characteristics. METHODS Case note review of the pharmacotherapy of a sample of BD1 patients from a specified South London sector of a National Health Service Trust. RESULTS Half of the patients were on mood-stabilizers (usually lithium) and their use was associated with female gender and multiple admissions. Antipsychotics were more commonly used in patients with psychotic features and multiple manic episodes. Antidepressants were rarely prescribed alone and were not associated with increased number of manic episodes. Combination treatments were mostly used in patients in acute episodes and with multiple hospitalizations. CONCLUSIONS In ordinary care, the treatment of BD1 is often driven by symptoms and falls short of the existing practice guidelines.
Tracking Control of Networked Multi-Agent Systems Under New Characterizations of Impulses and Its Applications in Robotic Systems

This paper examines the problem of tracking control of networked multi-agent systems with multiple delays and impulsive effects, whose results are applied to mechanical robotic systems. Four kinds of impulsive effects are taken into account: 1) both the strengths of impulsive effects and the number of nodes injected with impulses are time dependent; 2) the strengths of impulsive effects occur according to certain probabilities and the number of nodes under impulsive control is time varying; 3) the strengths of impulses are time varying, whereas the number of nodes with impulses takes place according to certain probabilities; 4) both the strengths of impulses and the number of nodes with impulsive control occur according to certain probabilities. By utilizing the comparison principle, criteria are established for these different cases and a relationship between the frequencies (occurrence probabilities) of impulses and systems' parameters is unveiled. Finally, an example for tracking control of robotic systems is provided to show the effectiveness of the presented results.
Low cost of pulmonary ventilation in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) stimulated with doxapram

ABSTRACT To determine the costs of pulmonary ventilation without imposing severe oxygen limitations or acidosis that normally accompany exposures to hypoxia or hypercapnia, we opted to pharmacologically stimulate ventilation with doxapram (5 and 10 mg kg−1) in alligators. Doxapram is used clinically to alleviate ventilatory depression in response to anaesthesia and acts primarily on the peripheral oxygen-sensitive chemoreceptors. Using this approach, we investigated the hypothesis that pulmonary ventilation is relatively modest in comparison to resting metabolic rate in crocodilians and equipped seven juvenile alligators with masks for concurrent determination of ventilation and oxygen uptake. Doxapram elicited a dose-dependent and up to fourfold rise in ventilation, primarily by increasing ventilatory frequency. The accompanying rise in oxygen uptake was very small; ventilation in resting animals constitutes no more than 5% of resting metabolic rate. The conclusion that pulmonary ventilation is energetically cheap is consistent with earlier studies on alligators where ventilation was stimulated by hypoxia or hypercapnia. Summary: The cost of pulmonary ventilation measured in alligators that were pharmacologically stimulated with the respiratory stimulant doxapram reveals that ventilation in alligators is energetically cheap.
Correction. "Affect dynamics, affective forecasting, and aging".

Reports an error in "Affect dynamics, affective forecasting, and aging" by Lisbeth Nielsen, Brian Knutson and Laura L. Carstensen (Emotion, 2008[Jun], Vol 8[3], 318-330). The first author of the article was listed as being affiliated with both the National Institute on Aging and the Department of Psychology, Stanford University. Dr. Nielsen would like to clarify that the research for this article was conducted while she was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University; her current affiliation is only with the National Institute on Aging. The copyright notice should also have been listed as "In the Public Domain. " (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2008-06717-002.) [Correction Notice: The same erratum for this article was reported in Vol 8(5) of Emotion (see record 2008-13989-013). ] Affective forecasting, experienced affect, and recalled affect were compared in younger and older adults during a task in which participants worked to win and avoid losing small monetary sums. Dynamic changes in affect were measured along valence and arousal dimensions, with probes during both anticipatory and consummatory task phases. Older and younger adults displayed distinct patterns of affect dynamics. Younger adults reported increased negative arousal during loss anticipation and positive arousal during gain anticipation. In contrast, older adults reported increased positive arousal during gain anticipation but showed no increase in negative arousal on trials involving loss anticipation. Additionally, younger adults reported large increases in valence after avoiding an anticipated loss, but older adults did not. Younger, but not older, adults exhibited forecasting errors on the arousal dimension, underestimating increases in arousal during anticipation of gains and losses and overestimating increases in arousal in response to gain outcomes. Overall, the findings are consistent with a growing literature suggesting that older people experience less negative emotion than their younger counterparts and further suggest that they may better predict dynamic changes in affect.
The potential effects of meditation on age‐related cognitive decline: a systematic review

With a rapidly aging society it becomes increasingly important to counter normal age‐related decline in cognitive functioning. Growing evidence suggests that cognitive training programs may have the potential to counteract this decline. On the basis of a growing body of research that shows that meditation has positive effects on cognition in younger and middle‐aged adults, meditation may be able to offset normal age‐related cognitive decline or even enhance cognitive function in older adults. In this paper, we review studies investigating the effects of meditation on age‐related cognitive decline. We searched the Web of Science (1900 to present), PsycINFO (1597 to present), MEDLINE (1950 to present), and CABI (1910 to present) to identify original studies investigating the effects of meditation on cognition and cognitive decline in the context of aging. Twelve studies were included in the review, six of which were randomized controlled trials. Studies involved a wide variety of meditation techniques and reported preliminary positive effects on attention, memory, executive function, processing speed, and general cognition. However, most studies had a high risk of bias and small sample sizes. Reported dropout rates were low and compliance rates high. We conclude that meditation interventions for older adults are feasible, and preliminary evidence suggests that meditation can offset age‐related cognitive decline.
Continuity of Care, Self‐Management Behaviors, and Glucose Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Background. The influence of continuity of care on outcomes of care for patients with type 2 diabetes is poorly understood. Objective. To examine the relationships between continuity, glucose control, and advancement through stages of change for selfmanagement behaviors. Design. Prospective cohort study. Setting. Five community health centers on the Texas‐Mexico border. Subjects. A random sample of 256 adults, 18 years of age and older with an established diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Measures. Stage of change for diet and exercise were assessed during two patient interviews, averaging 18.9 months apart. Phlebotomy was performed at each interview to measure glycosolated hemoglobin (HbA1C). Medical records were abstracted for ambulatory care utilization. A continuity score was calculated based on the number of visits and number of providers seen. Results. Patients who advanced one or more stages of change for diet had higher levels of continuity. As continuity improved, the change in HbA1C was smaller. (r = –0.25; P <0.001) This relationship remained significant after controlling for number of visits, months since diagnosis, number of days in the study, duration of diabetes, and advancement in stage of change for diet. Advancement through stage of change for diet explained a significant amount of the variance in the relationship between continuity and HbA1C (t test = –11.33; P <0.01). Conclusions. Continuity of care with a primary care provider is associated with better glucose control among patients with type 2 diabetes. This relationship appears to be mediated by changes in patient behavior regarding diet.
Vegetation and water-table relationships in a hydrologically restored riparian meadow

We examined the relationship between water-table elevations and plant community distributions in a hydrologically restored riparian meadow. The meadow, adjacent to Bear Creek in northeastern California, experienced hydrologic modification due to “pond and plug” stream restoration. Plant species composition and cover were sampled within 128 plots, and a hydrologic model was used to simulate a three-year time series of water-table for each plot. TWINSPAN was used to classify the vegetation into four community types:Eleocharis macrostachya / Eleocharis acicularis, Downingia bacigalupii / Psilocarphus brevissimus, Carex nebrascensis / Juncus balticus, andPoa pratensis / Bromus japonicus. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling was utilized to investigate the relationships between community types and hydrologic variables. Community types were distributed along the hydrologic gradient at reasonably similar positions to those found in previous studies; howeverCarex nebrascensis, a species frequently used as an indicator of shallow water tables, occurred at greater water-table depths than reported in other studies. The range of water-table depths in this meadow was greater than previously observed, presumably due to the higher temporal resolution of water-table measurements, in addition to the intermittent nature of stream flow in Bear Creek. This study provides an increased understanding of the ecology of meadow communities, and can be utilized for improved design and objective setting in future restoration projects.
Comparison of hypercapnia‐based calibration techniques for measurement of cerebral oxygen metabolism with MRI

MRI may be used to measure fractional changes in cerebral oxygen metabolism via a metabolic model. One step commonly used in this measurement is calibration with image data acquired during hypercapnia, which is a state of increased CO2 content of the blood. In this study some commonly used hypercapnia‐inducing stimuli were compared to assess their suitability for the calibration step. The following stimuli were investigated: (a) inspiration of a mixture of 4% CO2, 21% O2 and balance N2; (b) 30‐s breath holding; and (c) inspiration of a mixture of 4% CO2 and 96% O2 (i.e., carbogen). Measurements of BOLD and cerebral blood flow made on nine subjects during the different hypercapnia‐inducing stimuli showed that each stimulus leads to a different calibration of the model. We argue that of the aforementioned stimuli, inspiration of 4% CO2, 21% O2 and balance N2 should be preferred for the calibration as the other stimuli produce responses that violate assumptions of the metabolic model. Magn Reson Med 61:391–398, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Role of HER‐2/neu Oncogene and Vimentin Filaments in the Production of the Paget's Phenotype

Abstract: The histogenesis as well as the biological and molecular differences in mammary Paget's disease (MPD) and extramammary Paget's disease (EPD) are not well understood. HER‐2/neu oncogene overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. It is also believed that the spread of Paget's cells through the epidermis is induced by a motility factor that acts via the HER‐2/neu receptor. However, previous studies on HER‐2/neu expression in MPD and EPD have given conflicting results. Recent studies have suggested that vimentin expression in breast cancer confers a more aggressive phenotype with a possible role in tumor invasion and metastasis. We examined 58 cases of MPD and EPD for HER‐2/neu overexpression and vimentin status to study the role of these markers in the production of the Paget's phenotype. Thirty‐five of the 38 cases (92.1%) of MPD were associated with an underlying carcinoma, while none of the cases of EPD were associated with an underlying malignancy. Thirty‐six of the 38 cases of MPD (94.7%) overexpressed the HER‐2/neu oncoprotein and 17 cases (44.7%) showed vimentin expression. In contrast, only 1 of the 20 cases of EPD (5%) showed positivity for HER‐2/neu oncoprotein and all were negative for vimentin. Our results indicate that the cell motility enhancing effect of HER‐2/neu oncoprotein and possibly vimentin plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of MPD which appears to be a pagetoid spread of an underlying ductal malignancy (secondary), while EPD is an in situ malignant transformation of a totipotential epidermal cell or glandular epithelium.
Publication bias does not play a role in the reporting of the results of endoscopic ultrasound staging of upper gastrointestinal cancers.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM An overestimation of the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) results in rectal cancer staging has been reported recently, which was found to be caused by the selective reporting of more positive results. In this study, we assessed whether publication bias was also present in the reporting of EUS staging results in upper gastrointestinal cancer. METHODS A Medline literature search was performed. English-language articles containing information on the accuracy of EUS for T staging and/or N staging of esophageal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer were included. Articles published in abstract form only, case reports, and reviews were excluded. Studies reporting EUS results of patients who had undergone preoperative radiation and/or chemotherapy were also excluded. EUS results were plotted against numbers of patients, year of publication, journal type, and journal impact factor. RESULTS The plots of the numbers of patients against accuracies for T stage and N stage and the statistical analyses showed no evidence of publication bias with regard to upper gastrointestinal cancer. The reported accuracy of EUS for the T stage of esophageal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer declined slightly over the years, but this was statistically significant only in the case of esophageal cancer (P = 0.01). No statistically significant correlations were found for N staging for any of the three types of cancer. In addition, no correlations were found between EUS results and journal type or journal impact factor. CONCLUSION No evidence was found for the selective reporting of more positive EUS results for esophageal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer staging, which suggests that publication bias was not present.
Arthroscopic Reduction and Internal Fixation of Tibial Plateau Fractures in Skiing

Arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation of tibial plateau fractures can facilitate restoration of articular congruity while permitting rigid fracture stabilization. Twenty-five patients who underwent arthroscpoic reduction and internal fixation of a tibial plateau fracture were reviewed. The average age of the patients was 45. At a mean followup of 24 months, 76% of patients rated their result as excellent and 16% as good. Eighty-four percent returned to full sporting activity. There were no episodes of nonunion, failure of fixation, wound infection, deep venous thrombosis, compartment syndrome, or arthrofibrosis. Preoperative fracture depression averaged 7.7 mm (range, 1–18 mm). Fracture depression at final followup averaged 0.8 mm (range, 0–5 mm). Sixty-four percent of patients had associated intraarticular injury diagnosed and treated at the time of arthroscopy. Arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation provides an accurate assessment of, and allows definitive treatment for, intraarticular injuries associated with tibial plateau fractures. The technique allows less soft tissue stripping than with traditional arthrotomy, better visualization of the articular surface, early return to physical activities, and obviates the need for meniscal detachment and repair.
Prospective Comparison of Rapid Urease Tests (PyloriTek, CLO Test) for the Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Symptomatic Children: A Pediatric Multicenter Study

Objective:Rapid urease tests are reliable methods to diagnose Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection in the endoscopy suite. The PyloriTek test kit is a new rapid urease test that has the advantage of a 1-h final reading. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of PyloriTek and the test in the diagnosis of H. pylori infection in children.Methods:Children from four different pediatric gastroenterology centers were recruited prospectively into the study. These children were >5 yr old and had an upper endoscopy procedure. Antral biopsies were examined for both rapid urease tests in the endoscopy suite, and others were sent for routine histological examination.Results:A total of 242 children were recruited into the study over approximately 1 yr. The concordance between PyloriTek and CLO test was 98% (238 of 242). Twenty-five children were positive for HP organisms by PyloriTek and CLO test, whereas four children were positive by PyloriTek but negative by CLO test. PyloriTek was comparable to CLO test for the diagnosis of HP organisms and HP-associated gastritis. Moreover, in 48% of the positive results, PyloriTek gave significantly faster results than CLO test.Conclusions:We conclude that PyloriTek is an appropriate rapid urease test to use in children and may have an advantage over the CLO test because of its shorter reading time.
US trends in refractive surgery: 2002 ISRS survey.

PURPOSE To determine the latest trends in refractive surgery in the United States. METHODS The full U.S. membership of the International Society of Refractive Surgery (ISRS) (approximately 900 members) was mailed the 2002 refractive surgery survey dealing with volumes, types, preferences of refractive surgery performed, and use of emerging technology. RESULTS Questions regarding RK, AK, PRK, LASIK, LASEK, intracorneal ring segments (ICRS), laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK), conductive keratoplasty (CK), phakic intraocular lenses (PIOL), and clear lens extractions (CLE) were examined in the survey. Procedure preference for low, moderate, and high myopia, and hyperopia, were compared with the results from the surveys of the previous 5 years. Preference for unilateral versus bilateral same-day surgery, laser type, and microkeratome choice were also compared with the survey data from previous years. Incidence and frequency of co-management of refractive surgery patients were compared with 1999-2001 data. New questions regarding pupil measurement/documentation, wavefront aberrometry, and custom ablations were incorporated into the 2002 survey. CONCLUSIONS As refractive surgery grows in the mainstream of ophthalmology, trends and changes in the United States continue to be elucidated by this professional organization survey. LASIK continues to dominate for refractive errors between -10.00 to +3.00 D. LASIK, LASEK, CLE, PIOL, and CK appear to have bright futures, whereas, RK, ICR, and LTK are on the decline. VISX continues to be utilized 2:1 over all other lasers combined, and instrumentation pupillometry is preferred 2:1 over pupil gauge cards. Currently, wavefront aberrometry and custom ablations are minimally employed but appear poised to be the wave of the future.