Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Distribution of lifestyle and emerging risk factors by 10-year risk for coronary heart disease

Background The Framingham risk score has been used for coronary heart disease (CHD) risk assessment. Recently, additional risk factors not included in the Framingham algorithm have received much attention and may help improve risk assessment. We examined the distributions of lifestyle and emerging risk factors by 10-year risk of CHD. Methods We calculated 10-year CHD risk (<10%, 10–20%, and >20%) for 8355 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002 using the Framingham risk score as modified by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. We examined the prevalence of lifestyle risk factors [body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference] and various emerging risk factors [C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count, fibrinogen, homocysteine, glycosylated hemoglobin, and albuminuria] as well as prevalence of high CHD risk by levels of these risk factors. Results All examined CHD risk factors were significantly associated with increasing 10-year CHD risk among men and women. Odds of being in the highest CHD risk group were greater at higher levels of examined risk factors. Means for most risk factors were slightly higher for women than the means for men. Sizeable proportions of participants with lower 10-year CHD risk had high levels of lifestyle and emerging risk factors: 60.8% were overweight, 33.8% had high CRP concentrations, 24.1% had serum fibrinogen >400 mg/dl and 6% had an albumin/creatinine ratio ≥ 30. Conclusions Lifestyle and emerging risk factors, in addition to those included in the Framingham risk score, may be important in CHD risk assessment.
Diagnostic Experiences of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

OBJECTIVES This report describes the diagnostic experiences of a sample of children in the United States diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as of 2011–2012. DATA SOURCES Data were drawn from the 2014 National Survey of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Tourette Syndrome, a follow-up to the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children’s Health. RESULTS The median age at which children with ADHD were first diagnosed with the disorder was 7 years; one-third were diagnosed before age 6. Children with ADHD were diagnosed by a wide variety of health care providers, including primary care physicians and specialists. Regardless of age at diagnosis, the majority of children (53.1%) were first diagnosed by primary care physicians. Notable differences were found by age at diagnosis for two types of specialists. Children diagnosed before age 6 were more likely to have been diagnosed by a psychiatrist, and those diagnosed at ages 6 and over were more likely to have been diagnosed by a psychologist. Among children diagnosed with ADHD, the initial concern about a child’s behavior was most commonly expressed by a family member (64.7%), but someone from school or daycare first expressed concern for about one-third of children later diagnosed with ADHD (30.1%). For approximately one out of five children (18.1%), only family members provided information to the child’s doctor during the ADHD assessment.
Organization of anterior cingulate and frontal cortical projections to the retrosplenial cortex in the rat

The retrosplenial cortex (areas 29a–d), which plays an important role in spatial memory and navigation, is known to provide massive projections to frontal association and motor cortices, which are also essential for spatial behavior. The reciprocal projections originating from these frontal cortices to areas 29a–d, however, have been analyzed to only a limited extent. Here, we report an analysis of the anatomical organization of projections from anterior cingulate area 24 and motor and prefrontal cortices to areas 29a–d in the rat, using the axonal transport of cholera toxin B subunit and biotinylated dextran amine. Area 29a receives projections from rostral area 24a, area 24b, the ventral orbital area, and the caudal secondary motor area. Rostral area 29b receives projections from caudal area 24a, whereas caudal area 29b receives projections from rostral area 24a. Area 29b also receives projections from area 24b and the ventral orbital area. Areas 29c and 29d receive projections from areas 24a and 24b and the secondary motor area in a topographic manner such that the rostrocaudal axis of areas 29c and 29d corresponds to the caudorostral axis of areas 24a and 24b and the secondary motor area. Rostral areas 29c and 29d also receive projections from the caudal primary motor area, and area 29d receives projections from the ventral, lateral, and medial orbital areas. These differential frontal cortical projections to each area of the retrosplenial cortex suggest that each area may contribute to different aspects of retrosplenial cortical function such as spatial memory and behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:30–45, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of phenotypic and genetic trends in weaning weight in Angus and Hereford populations in Virginia.

Weaning weight records of 27,774 Angus calves in 13 herds and 14,738 Hereford calves in 11 herds born during 1953 through 1983 in Virginia were analyzed using regression techniques and maximum likelihood (ML) procedures to estimate phenotypic and genetic trends for adjusted weaning weight (AWWT), weaning weight ratio (WWR) and deviations of AWWT from the mean AWWT of the contemporary group (DEV). Phenotypic trends for AWWT in the Angus and Herefords were . 96 plus or minus . 02 and . 82 plus or minus . 03 kg/yr, respectively. In the Angus breed, estimates of one-half of the sire genetic trend obtained from the ML procedure for WWR and DEV were . 40 plus or minus . 04 ratio units/yr and . 72 plus or minus . 07 kg/yr, respectively; corresponding values for Herefords were . 25 plus or minus . 06 ratio units/yr and . 45 plus or minus . 12 kg/yr. Estimates of one-half of the dam trends for the respective traits were . 32 plus or minus . 02 ratio units/yr and . 55 plus or minus . 04 kg/yr for Angus and . 21 plus or minus . 03 ratio units/yr and . 30 plus or minus . 07 kg/yr for Herefords. Estimates of sire and dam genetic trends from the regression analyses were slightly higher than estimates from the ML procedure, but adjustments to eliminate bias due to non-random mating and culling from the regression analyses increased the similarity of the results from the two procedures. Average annual genetic trends over the entire study period from the ML procedure for AWWT were 1.27 kg/yr for Angus and . 75 kg/yr for Herefords. Genetic trends were not linear over the entire period. Total genetic trends in AWWT for Angus and Hereford, respectively, were . 30 and -. 61 kg/yr before 1971 and 2.18 and 1.98 kg/yr after 1970.
Perturbation of the CuA site in cytochrome-c oxidase of Paracoccus denitrificans by replacement of Met227 with isoleucine.

Subunit II of cytochrome-c oxidase contains a redox centre, CuA, with unusual spectroscopic properties; this site consists of two copper atoms and acts as the entry point for electrons from cytochrome c. We have constructed a site-directed mutant of cytochrome-c oxidase from Paracoccus denitrificans in which the CuA site has been disturbed by replacement of Met227 with isoleucine. The purified, fully assembled enzyme complex has been investigated with various techniques including metal analysis, EPR and visible spectroscopies, steady-state and fast kinetics. The stoichiometry of the metals in the enzyme remains unchanged but a clear perturbation of the CuA site can be observed in the EPR and near-infrared optical spectra. It is concluded that in the mutant CuA is still binuclear but that the two nuclei are no longer equivalent, converting the delocalized [Cu(1.5). Cu(1.5)] centre of the wild type into a localized [Cu(I). Cu(II)] system. Changes in the overall kinetics of the mutant are correlated with a diminished electron transfer rate between CuA and heme alpha.
Positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation decreases plasma atrial and brain natriuretic peptide levels in humans.

To investigate the possible role of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) in the renal effects of mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), we measured changes in plasma ANP and BNP levels during PEEP in patients undergoing subtotal esophagectomy. Application of 15 cm of H2O PEEP for 1 h decreased the levels of plasma ANP and BNP from 24.4 +/- 5.5 (mean +/- SEM) and 19.0 +/- 3.5 fmol/mL to 14.4 +/- 2.1 and 15.3 +/- 3.0 fmol/mL, respectively (P < 0.05). The level of plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate, an intracellular second messenger of ANP and BNP, also decreased from 8.4 +/- 1.5 to 5.7 +/- 0.8 pmol/mL (P < 0.05). PEEP increased the levels of plasma arginine vasopressin from 2.0 +/- 0.5 to 4.2 +/- 1.2 pg/mL, aldosterone from 36.1 +/- 4.9 to 65.3 +/- 12.7 pg/mL, and plasma renin activity from 1.4 +/- 0.5 to 2.7 +/- 0.7 ng.mL-1.h-1. During PEEP ventilation, urine output, urinary sodium and potassium excretion, osmolar clearance, and cardiac index all decreased. PEEP increased free water clearance, right atrial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. The level of plasma endothelin, mean blood pressure, and heart rate did not change significantly. These results suggest that not only hemodynamics and the vasopressin and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, but also the natriuretic peptide system (ANP and BNP), are involved in the renal effects of PEEP.
Suicide and Self-Harm by Drowning: A Review of the Literature

The objectives of this study were to carry out a comprehensive review of the worldwide literature on suicidal behaviour by drowning. Systematic electronic searches of databases using various search terms were carried out. Recent trends in suicide and undetermined deaths due to drowning in England and Wales are described. The characteristics of patients presenting to the general hospital in Oxford, UK following attempted drowning are compared with self-poisoning patients. A total of 20 studies containing empirical data about suicide by drowning were identified, mainly concerning Western countries. Drowning suicides have declined in most countries in recent years. The proportion of undetermined deaths remains high. Drowning suicides and self-harm patients tend to be older, with only a small excess of males compared to those using other methods. This is an under-researched area that deserves good quality studies focusing upon prevention.
Anti‐RNA polymerase antibodies in systemic sclerosis (SSc): association with anti‐topoisomerase I antibodies and identification of autoreactive subunits of RNA polymerase II

The prevalence of autoantibodies to the three RNA polymerase (RNAP) enzymes in the sera of 249 SSc patients was measured using the technique of immunoprecipitation of 35S‐methionine‐labelled K562 cell extracts. Forty‐six anti‐RNAP sera were detected (18.5%) and three main groups were identified: anti‐RNAP I/III sera (10; 4.0%), anti‐RNAP I/II/III sera (15; 6.0%), and sera precipitating the phosphorylated (IIO) form of RNAP II (18; 7.2%). All sera in the third group also precipitated topoisomerase I (topo I), and six of them also precipitated the unphosphorylated (IIA) form of RNAP II. Although RNAP II/topo I multienzyme complexes may occur in cell extracts, autoreactive epitopes were shown to be located on both enzymes by a combination of antigen depletion studies, and in vitro assays which demonstrated functional inhibition of topo I activity. Furthermore, immunoblotting experiments using affinity‐purified extracts demonstrated that all sera with anti‐RNAP II antibodies recognized the largest RNAP II subunit in its phosphorylated form (IIo; 240 kD), whereas the unphosphorylated subunit (IIa; 220 kD) was only recognized by sera which also precipitated RNAP IIA. Therefore at least two different sites on the largest subunit of RNAP II are recognized by SSc sera, and one of these sites is unique to the phosphorylated (IIO) form.
Tranexamic Acid Reduces Blood Loss, Transfusion Requirements, and Coagulation Factor Use in Primary Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

Background Patients with end-stage liver disease frequently incur large-volume blood loss during liver transplantation associated with mechanical factors, preexisting coagulopathy, and intraoperative fibrinolysis. Methods Between April 1992 and May 1994, the authors of this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study examined the effect of high-dose tranexamic acid (maximum of 20 g) on blood loss and blood product requirements in patients undergoing primary isolated orthotopic liver transplantation. Primary outcome measures were volume of blood loss (intraoperative blood loss and postoperative drainage) and erythrocyte, plasma, platelet, and cryoprecipitate use during surgery and the first 24 h of intensive care unit stay. Results Patients receiving transexamic acid (n = 25) had less intraoperative blood loss (median, 4.3 l; interquartile range, 2.5 to 7.9; P = 0.006) compared with the placebo group (n = 20; median, 8 l; interquartile range, 5 to 15.8), and reduced intraoperative plasma, platelet, and cryoprecipitate requirements. Median perioperative erythrocyte use was 9 units (interquantile range, 4 to 14 units) in patients receiving transexamic acid and 13 units (interquantile range, 7.5 to 31 units) in controls (P = 0.03). Total perioperative donor exposure was 20.5 units (interquantile range, 16 to 41 units) in patients receiving transexamic acid and 43.5 units (interquantile range, 29.5 to 79 units) in controls (P = 0.003). Results for postoperative wound drainage were similar. Hospital stay and need for retransplantation were comparable in both groups. No patient in either group showed clinical evidence of hepatic artery or portal venous thrombosis within 1 month of transplantation. Conclusions High-dose tranexamic acid significantly reduces intraoperative blood loss and perioperative donor exposure in patients with end-stage parenchymal liver disease who are undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation, with marked reductions in platelet and cryoprecipitate requirements.
Minimum interference strong bidirectional topology for wireless sensor networks

One of the critical constraints for lifetime and operability of sensor networks is the limited amount of available energy. Reducing the interference is one of the important positive steps towards this as high interference number increases the probability of packet loss and hence forces the sender node to retransmit the packets resulting in more energy consumption. Minimum Interference Strong Bidirectional Topology MISBT problem is to assign transmit power to each sensor in a sensor network such that the maximum/average node interference of a sensor is minimised subject to the constraint that the induced topology containing bidirectional links only is strongly connected. In this paper we propose two new models for measuring the interference, namely the MAX model and SUM model. We present algorithms for minimising maximum and average node interference under these models. The average interference obtained by our algorithms for MAX and SUM models is at most twice the optimal. The simulation results show that the total power consumptions by the solution produced by our algorithm under the SUM model is less than the solution produced by the existing algorithm under the OR model. Furthermore, our algorithms under different models are 2-approximation algorithms for the average receiver-centric interference as well.
Modeling response rates in surveys of female sexual difficulty and dysfunction.

INTRODUCTION Studies that address sensitive topics, such as female sexual difficulty and dysfunction, often achieve poor response rates that can bias results. Factors that affect response rates to studies in this area are not well characterized. AIM To model the response rate in studies investigating the prevalence of female sexual difficulty and dysfunction. Methods. Databases were searched for English-language, prevalence studies using the search terms: sexual difficulties/dysfunction, woman/women/female, prevalence, and cross-sectional. Studies that did not report response rates or were clinic-based were excluded. A multiple linear regression model was constructed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Published response rates. RESULTS A total of 1,380 publications were identified, and 54 of these met our inclusion criteria. Our model explained 58% of the variance in response rates of studies investigating the prevalence of difficulty with desire, arousal, orgasm, or sexual pain (R(2) = 0.581, P = 0.027). This model was based on study design variables, study year, location, and the reported prevalence of each type of sexual difficulty. More recent studies (beta = -1.05, P = 0.037) and studies that only included women over 50 years of age (beta = -31.11, P = 0.007) had lower response rates. The use of face-to-face interviews was associated with a higher response rate (beta = 20.51, P = 0.036). Studies that did not include questions regarding desire difficulties achieved higher response rates than those that did include questions on desire difficulty (beta = 23.70, P = 0.034). CONCLUSION Response rates in prevalence studies addressing female sexual difficulty and dysfunction are frequently low and have decreased by an average of just over 1% per anum since the late 60s. Participation may improve by conducting interviews in person. Studies that investigate a broad range of ages may be less representative of older women, due to a poorer response in older age groups. Lower response rates in studies that investigate desire difficulty suggest that sexual desire is a particularly sensitive topic.
Comparison of oral prednisone and prednisone combined with metronidazole for induction therapy of canine inflammatory bowel disease: a randomized-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Although prednisone and metronidazole are commonly used to treat canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), no randomized-controlled trials have been performed. HYPOTHESIS Combination drug therapy with prednisone and metronidazole will be more effective than prednisone alone for treatment of canine IBD. Reduction in disease severity will be accompanied by decreased canine IBD activity index (CIBDAI) scores and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. ANIMALS Fifty-four pet dogs diagnosed with IBD of varying severity. METHODS Dogs were randomized to receive oral prednisone (1 mg/kg; n = 25) or prednisone and metronidazole (10 mg/kg; n = 29) twice daily for 21 days. Clinical (CIBDAI) scores and serum CRP were determined at diagnosis and after 21 days of drug therapy. The primary efficacy measure was remission at 21 days, defined as a 75% or greater reduction in baseline CIBDAI score. RESULTS Differences between treatments in the rate of remission (both exceeding 80%) or the magnitude of its change over time were not observed. CRP concentrations in prednisone-treated dogs were increased because of many dogs having active disease. Both treatments reduced CRP in comparison with pretreatment concentrations. An interaction between CIBDAI and CRP was identified in 42 of 54 dogs (78%), whereas 8 of 54 dogs (15%) showed disagreement between these indices. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Prednisone is as effective as combined treatment with prednisone and metronidazole for induction therapy of canine IBD. CRP may be normal or increased in dogs with IBD and may be useful in assessing the response of individual dogs to treatment along with changes in the CIBDAI.
Out of the Shadows?: The Informal Sector in Post-reform India

An important feature of the recent process of structural transformation in developing countries has been that the informal sector has remained an important element of manufacturing activity. In spite of rapid rates of economic growth since the 1991 reforms, the informal sector has been a persistent phenomenon in India, leading to significant policy concerns on the lack of inclusivity of economic growth. This book assesses how informal manufacturing firms have responded to the context of economic liberalization in India. It takes a novel approach to the study of informality, by viewing it through a 'production' lens and making enterprise performance the centre-piece of the analysis of informality. The book studies the determinants of enterprise growth and performance along the entire 'continuum' of the informal sector, from micro household enterprises to larger enterprises in the informal sector employing wage labour. The strength of the book is the systematic examination of the various aspects of informality in the Indian manufacturing sector using rich firm-level data from large nationally representative surveys spanning two decades of reforms The book argues that concerted government action is needed to allow the informal sector to participate more fully in India's economic growth.
Polymorphism C3435T of the MDR-1 gene predict response to preoperative chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer with Her2/neu expression.

AIM to reveal the role of polymorphism C3435T of MDR-1 gene in the response to preoperative chemotherapy in locally advance breast cancer. METHODS the analytical observational research in nineteen patients diagnosed between January and December 2005 with locally advanced breast cancer treated by preoperative Anthracycline chemotherapy to evaluate its predictive outcome was performed. On all samples Immunohistochemistry, PCR, and sequencing methodology of the MDR1 target gene were performed. RESULTS the polymorphism of MDR1 gene at cDNA position 3435 located in exon 26 has been shown to be correlated with clinical response to Anthracycline chemotherapy in breast cancer patients, without being affected by the positive or negative Her-2 expression. Patient with T/T genotype developed clinical response, while patient with C/T genotype did not develop clinical response. CONCLUSION breast cancer patients with positive Her-2 expression do not always respond to Anthracycline, it means that only patients with T/T genotype at position 3435 located in exon 26 of MDR1 gene have clinical response, while patients have C/T genotype do not show clinical response. MDR-1 polymorphism C3435T in exon 26 may co-determine resistance to chemotherapy and provide useful information to individual therapy.