Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
X-ray lithography from 500 to 30 nm: X-ray nanolithography

Proximity X-ray lithography (XRL), using wavelengths between 0.8 and 1.5 nm, provides a near-ideal match to the "system problem" of lithography for feature sizes from 500 to 30 nm, by virtue of "absorption without scattering" and recently developed mask technology. The effects of photoelectrons, at one time thought to be problematic, are now understood not to limit resolution. With experiments and simulations via Maxwell's equations, we show that useful resolution is not limited by diffraction until linewidths are below 50 nm. It is critically important to optimize the source spatial incoherence to eliminate the deleterious effects of high spatial frequencies. Mask architecture and patterning methods are presented which we believe are compatible with manufacturing at linewidths from 500 to 30 nm. Distortion due to mask frame flexing and absorber stress can now be eliminated. Elimination of distortion at the pattern generation stage remains the problem of greatest concern. We discuss a proposed method of spatial-phase-locked electron-beam lithography which could solve this problem. Our new interferometric alignment scheme has achieved 18-nm alignment at 3σ. We assert that projection XRL using multilayer mirrors at 13 nm can never match the present performance of proximity XRL. Applications of sub-100-nm XRL, including MOS, quantum-effect, and optoelectronic devices are discussed which illustrate the benefits of high resolution, process robustness, low distortion, low damage, and high throughput.
Greater diet quality is associated with more optimal glycemic control in a longitudinal study of youth with type 1 diabetes.

BACKGROUND Despite the centrality of nutrition in the management of type 1 diabetes, the association of diet quality and macronutrient distribution with glycemic control is ambiguous. OBJECTIVE This study examined longitudinally the association of dietary intake with multiple indicators of glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes participating in a behavioral nutrition intervention study. DESIGN Participants in a randomized clinical trial of a behavioral nutrition intervention [n = 136; mean ± SD age: 12.8 ± 2.6 y; glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c): 8.1% ± 1.0%; 69.1% using an insulin pump] completed 3-d diet records at baseline and months 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18; masked continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data were obtained concurrently with the use of the Medtronic iPro CGM system. HbA1c was obtained every 3 mo; 1,5-anhydroglucitol was obtained every 6 mo. Linear mixed-effects regression models estimated associations of time-varying dietary intake variables with time-varying glycemic control indicators, controlling for age, height, weight, sex, Tanner stage, diabetes duration, regimen, frequency of blood glucose monitoring, physical activity, and treatment assignment. RESULTS HbA1c was associated inversely with carbohydrate and natural sugar, and positively with protein and unsaturated fat. 1,5-Anhydroglucitol was associated positively with fiber intake and natural sugar. Greater glycemic control as indicated by ≥1 CGM variable was associated with higher Healthy Eating Index-2005, whole plant food density, fiber, carbohydrate, and natural sugar and lower glycemic index and unsaturated fat. CONCLUSIONS Both overall diet quality and macronutrient distribution were associated with more optimal glycemic control. Associations were more consistent for CGM variables obtained concurrently with dietary intake than for biomarkers of longer-term glycemic control. These findings suggest that glycemic control may be improved by increasing intake of high-fiber, low glycemic-index, carbohydrate-containing foods. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00999375.
Factors Associated With Self-Reported Elder Mistreatment in Iowa’s Frailest Elders

The purposes of this study were to determine associated characteristics of community-dwelling older persons, their access to care and social provisions, and self-reported elder abuse, and to assess how having help in completing a questionnaire affected these associations. A questionnaire was mailed to 1,017 randomly selected elders in the Iowa Medicaid Waiver Program. The overall prevalence of self-reported abuse was 20.9%. Fifty-nine percent of respondents had help completing the questionnaire. Abuse was associated with low social provisions, more emergency room visits, being alone, and not having enough money. For those having help completing the questionnaire, abuse was associated with older age, low social provisions, being alone, and not having enough money. For those having no help completing the questionnaire, abuse was associated with depression, being alone, more emergency room visits, and low social provisions. Among community-living elders needing services in their homes, the prevalence of abuse was higher than that found in general population studies.
Immunotherapy for cure and prophylaxis of allergic rhinitis

Summary The possible cure of Japanese cedar pollen-induced allergic rhinitis (AR) by immunotherapy was investigated. The mechanism of cure was also studied from the viewpoint of the T cell response to allergen; it was documented that absence of IL-5 production from allergen-stimulated T cells was the major mechanism. The prophylactic aspect of immunotherapy was also investigated. Eighty-eight asymptomatic subjects who were already sensitized to pollen were recruited. Of these subjects, 31 (prophylactic immunotherapy group) were treated with pollen immunotherapy for 3 years. The remaining 57 individuals (control group) were not treated with pollen immunotherapy. At the end of the 3-year trial, only 28 of 57 individuals (49.1%) in the control group remained asymptomatic. On the other hand, 27 of 31 individuals (87.1%) in the prophylactic immunotherapy group remained asymptomatic. Prophylactic immunotherapy decreased IL-4 synthesis from pollen allergen-stimulated T cells, suggesting that this was the mechanism of prevention of symptoms' outbreak. We next examined whether mite immunotherapy for patients monosensitized to mite allergen could prevent new sensitization to pollens. A total of 132 patients monosensitized to house dust mites were included. Of these individuals, 52 (pharmacotherapy group) were treated with antihistamine tablets for 4 years, and the remaining 80 patients (mite immunotherapy group) were treated with mite immunotherapy for the same time period. Whereas 15 of 52 patients (28.8%) in the pharmacotherapy group attained new sensitization to some kinds of pollen allergens, only five of 80 patients (6.3%) in the mite immunotherapy group attained new sensitization. Our data suggest that mite immunotherapy can prevent new sensitization to pollen allergens. It is therefore concluded that pollen immunotherapy cannot only cure pollen-induced AR but also prevent outbreaks of pollen-induced AR, and that mite immunotherapy can prevent new sensitization to pollen allergens.
Domiciliação de triatomíneos ou pré-adaptação à antropofilia e à ornitofilia?

Nas areas onde se considera que os triatomineos nao se adaptaram aos domicilios, tem sido encontradas colonias, desses insetos, em casas habitadas por mamiferos silvestres ou sinantropicos. As determinacoes de sangue feitas em triatomineos, coletados nos domicilios ou seus anexos, apresentam concordância com os dados obtidos em exemplares capturados em biotopos naturais, desde que esses dados sejam reunidos em dois grupos: mamiferos e aves. Essas informacoes relativas as preferencias alimentares das especies de triatomineos mais bem estudadas e a constatacao de pre-adaptacao a mudanca de condicoes de ambiente ou de fonte de alimento, em varios grupos de seres vivos, conduziram as seguintes conclusoes: 1 - Havendo condicoes para abrigo dos insetos, o desenvolvimento de colonias de triatomineos, nos domicilios, independe de suas caracteristicas. 2 - O elemento fundamental para a colonizacao de um biotopo artificial, por triatomineos, e o vertebrado que habita esse biotopo. 3 - O fato de umas especies ocorrerem em domicilios e outras em abrigos de aves, e decorrencia de pre-adaptacao. Na natureza a especie e polifaga e tem preferencia pela classe de vertebrado que habita o biotopo. 4 - A conclusao anterior permite alguma previsao sobre o que poderia ocorrer em regioes de colonizacao recente, como a Amazonica.
Behçet's disease: comparing 3 decades of treatment response at the National Eye Institute.

BACKGROUND The goal of the present study was to analyze differences in response to the treatment of ocular Behçet's disease (BD) in the 1960s, 1980s, and 1990s. METHODS Medical records of 120 patients with uveitis due to BD followed at the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, from 1962 to 2004, were reviewed. RESULTS The patients were categorized into 3 groups according to the time of follow-up: the first group was followed from 1962 until 1972, the second group from 1983 until 1992, and the third group from 1992 through 2004. Snellen visual acuity was converted to logMAR values. The range of values for inflammation was 0.5 (trace), 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), and 3 (severe). There were 45 patients (89 affected eyes) in the 1960s group, 26 patients (52 eyes) in the 1980s group, and 49 patients (94 eyes) in the most recent group. Statistical analysis showed that the mean logMAR score decreased with each decade. Mean visual acuity in the 1990s group was significantly better than in the previous decades (p < 0.001 for the 1960s group and p = 0.019 for the 1980s). The mean inflammation score was significantly higher in the 1960s than in the subsequent decades (p < 0.001 both for the 1980s and for the 1990s). INTERPRETATION BD is a severe, blinding disorder. There was a definitive trend toward improvement in clinical outcome from the 1960s to 1990s. We attribute this trend to the introduction of newer, more potent corticosteroid-sparing agents and targeted therapy.
The Association of British Clinical Diabetologists (ABCD) nationwide exenatide audit

In December 2008, to accelerate understanding of a new agent, the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists (ABCD) launched a nationwide audit on the use of exenatide in clinical practice. A password-protected online questionnaire for collection of anonymised patient data was established and diabetes specialists in the UK were given persistent encouragement to submit data on their exenatide-treated patients. Baseline and latest HbA1c, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure and lipids were compared and adverse events related to exenatide were quantified. A total of 315 contributors from 126 centres submitted data on 6717 patients (54.9% male) – mean baseline age was 54.9 years, HbA1c 9.47% (80mmol/mol), weight 113.8kg, BMI 39.8kg/m2. Of these, 4551 and 4385 had dated baseline and latest HbA1c and weight respectively. Mean (±SE) HbA1c fell by 0.73±0.03% (p<0.001) and weight by 5.9±0.1kg (p<0.001) at a median (range) of 26.1(6.6–164.1) and 26.0(6.6–159.0) weeks respectively. The following parameters also showed significant falls (p<0.001): BMI 2.2±0.1kg/m2, waist circumference 5.1±0.3cm, systolic blood pressure 3.6±0.6mmHg, total cholesterol 0.16±0.03mmol/L and HDL cholesterol 0.03±0.01mmol/L. Triglycerides decreased by 0.14±0.06mmol/L (p=0.009). The change in diastolic blood pressure was not statistically significant. In all, 23.7% of patients reported gastrointestinal side effects with 7.2% having to stop exenatide permanently. Hypoglycaemia rates were 3.3% before and 5.6% after exenatide use (p<0.001). After scrutiny, one case of pancreatitis and four cases of renal failure occurring in patients on exenatide had no obvious alternate cause. All other reported side effects had <1% incidence. The rate of exenatide discontinuation was 19.9% throughout the span of the audit, most commonly due to gastrointestinal side effects (36.1%) and lack of glycaemic or weight benefit (33.8%). This large scale audit confirmed the effectiveness of exenatide in clinical use and highlighted rare associated adverse events. Importantly, we have successfully demonstrated a novel approach by a national specialist society to independently monitor the efficacy and safety of a new treatment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. Practical Diabetes Int 2010; 27(8): 352–357
A latent class analysis of psychiatric symptoms among 125 adolescents in a bariatric surgery program.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine whether subgroups could be identified among a sample of adolescents presenting for bariatric surgery. METHODS Participants were 125 severely obese adolescents enrolled in a bariatric surgery program referred for a psychiatric evaluation. A latent class analysis was conducted with self-report and clinician-rated measures of depressive symptoms, total problems by the Youth Self-Report Scale, anxiety severity, eating pathology, psychiatric diagnoses, quality of life, and family functioning. RESULTS A 3-class model yielded the best overall fit to the data. Adolescents in the ? eating pathology? class demonstrated high levels of both eating disordered and other psychopathology. The second class, or ? low psychopathology? class exhibited the fewest psychosocial problems, whereas adolescents in the third class were intermediate on measures of psychopathology, which is consistent with ? non-specific psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS The latent class analysis identified homogeneous subgroups with different levels of psychopathology among a heterogeneous sample of severely obese adolescents. The identification of clinically relevant subgroups in this study offers an important initial means for examining psychopathology among adolescent bariatric surgery candidates and suggests a number of avenues for future research. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding (LAGB) as a Treatment for Morbid Obesity in Adolescents, NCT01045499.
Internet and Mobile Phone Text Messaging Intervention for College Smokers

Objective: The authors developed a smoking cessation program using mobile phone text messaging to provide tailored and stage-specific messages to college smokers. Participants and Methods: The authors recruited 31 daily smokers who desired to quit from a college campus and asked them to use an Internet and mobile phone text messaging program to quit smoking. Results: Six weeks after program initiation, 45% reported abstinence with 42% abstinent based on cotinine verification. Continued smokers reported significantly reduced smoking rates and dependence. Overall, participants accepted the text messages. Conclusions: These results replicate findings from an earlier study and indicate that mobile phone text messaging is a potentially efficacious and easily disseminated method for providing cessation interventions to young adult smokers.
Altered Expression of miR-21, miR-31, miR-143 and miR-145 Is Related to Clinicopathologic Features of Colorectal Cancer

Objectives: Development and metastases of colorectal cancer (CRC) are characterized by multiple genetic alterations. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously expressed regulatory noncoding RNAs. Previous, mainly preclinical studies showed altered expression levels of several miRNAs in CRC. Methods: In our study, the expression levels of miR-21, miR-31, miR-143 and miR-145 in 29 primary colorectal carcinomas and 6 non-tumor adjacent tissue specimens were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. miRNA expression levels were also correlated with commonly used clinicopath-ologic features of CRC. Results: Expression levels of analyzed miRNAs significantly differed among tumors and adjacent non-tumor tissues: miR-21 (p = 0.0001) and miR-31 (p = 0.0006) were upregulated, and miR-143 (p = 0.011) and miR-145 (p = 0.003) were downregulated in tumors. For the first time, a high expression of miR-21 was associated with lymph node positivity (p = 0.025) and the development of distant metastases (p = 0.009) in CRC patients. Thus, expression of miR-21 correlated with CRC clinical stage (p = 0.032). Furthermore, tumors >50 mm in maximal tumor diameter were characterized by lower expression of miR-143 (p = 0.006) and miR-145 (p = 0.003). We found no correlation between analyzed miRNAs and serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen. Conclusion: Our results suggest possible roles of miR-21, miR-31, miR-143 and miR-145 in CRC.
Incidence and aetiology of hydatidiform mole: an epidemiological review

Summary. Epidemiological investigation of the incidence and aetiology of hydatidiform mole (HM) is receiving increasing attention. Recent, population‐based studies suggest that earlier reports of a very high incidence of HM in Asia, Africa and South‐Central America may have been exaggerated, due primarily to selection bias in patients studied at university hospitals. Japanese population studies indicate a two‐fold higher rate of HM compared with Caucasian rates but Chinese rates appear to be similar. Population studies presently available suggest a worldwide range of HM somewhere between 0.5 and 2.5/1000 pregnancies. When deliveries form the rate denominator the rates are somewhat higher, depending primarily on the national rate of induced abortions. The independent effects on incidence of geographic locale, ethnicity and socio‐cultural factors have not been adequately disentangled although the genetic studies suggest ethnicity might be the predominant variable. Maternal age is the most consistently demonstrated risk factor; teenagers and, especially, women over age 35 being at increased risk. The independent effects of paternal age and pregnancy history arc not established. Women with a history of one HM seem to have a ten‐fold risk of repeat HM compared with women who have no history of HM. Aetiological studies have not revealed any environmental risk factor for which there is unequivocal agreement about its influence on HM. New case‐control studies of HM aetiology must classify HM according to genetic aetiology. Cohort studies are required to explore more fully the relation of HM to malignant sequelae.
Where have we gone wrong?

The November BJGP Viewpoint article by Morrison and Gillies about the tragic death of Dr Pat Manson serves as a timely reminder of the pressures that UK general practice is under.1 I was sad when I heard of Pat’s death and 2 weeks later I became even more distressed when another GP working in rural Scotland took their own life. These tragedies mark the tip of an iceberg. The litany of burnout, depression, alcoholism, drug misuse, and relationship breakdown among GPs goes largely unseen and unrecognised. At the same time we have a culture where GPs who are struggling are reluctant to take time out as they know that the burden of their workload will fall on their colleagues (or, in the case of single-handed GPs, there may be no-one to take up the …
Splanchnic Nerve Block for Acute Heart Failure.

The abdominal vascular compartment is the main storage of intravascular blood volume, and decreased abdominal vascular capacitance has been proposed as a major contributor to the complex pathophysiology of heart failure (HF) in animals and humans.1, 2 In HF, as a result of neurohormonal imbalance, the vascular capacitance ("storage-space") is decreased and acute sympathetic nerve activation can result in acute volume redistribution3 from the abdominal compartment to the thoracic compartment (heart and lungs), which increases intra-cardiac pressures and precipitates HF symptoms (Figure 1A). The sympathetic nervous system controls the splanchnic compartment via branches from the sympathetic thoracic ganglia (T6 through T11). 4 We have identified the splanchnic nerves as a potential target for treating HF.
Irish Psychiatric Association survey of psychiatric services in Ireland

AIMS AND METHOD The Irish Psychiatric Association conducted a national survey of psychiatric services in Ireland to examine clinical resources in relation to the relative affluence of catchment areas. A consultant psychiatrist from each catchment area was sent a postal survey form (August 2002) and the data received were cross-referenced with measures of relative affluence. RESULTS There was a 72% response rate. A negative relationship emerged between indices of need and both the number of acute beds and the number of consultant psychiatrists per head of the population. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The results of this survey indicate that clinical resources in mental health in Ireland are not concentrated in areas of greatest need, but paradoxically have been bestdeveloped in areas of greatest affluence.
Control of Nonlinear Multivariable Systems Using Direct Fuzzy Learning Method

A learning method that can acquire the control rules in the multi-input multi-output system is presented. Generally, in the control of a multivariable system, the error of the outputs must be transformed into the corrections of the inputs to get the control rules. If we do not know the mathematical modeling equation of the system, we cannot find out the Jacobian matrix to show the output variance with respect to the input variance. However, because it is not necessary to use the exact variable matrix in the learning of the fuzzy rules, this article introduces a method to get a representative constant Jacobian matrix that assures the convergence. Using this constant matrix, the fuzzy rules are successfully obtained. In particular, because many fuzzy subsets must be used in the case of a multivariable system, the optimization technique to minimize the fuzzy rule structure is also applied.
Possibilidades de contribuição do farmacêutico para a promoção da saúde

Medicines are considered the main therapeutical tool for the treatment or maintenance of public health conditions. However, the symbolism in wich they are cloaked and thus their use by society, has contributed to the emergence of many adverse events with high impact on health and health systems costs. Thus, rational drug use promotion is an important tool to eliminate or minimize the problem. This is where the pharmacists can play an important role because this is a pertinent subject in their field of performance. Their participation in multidisciplinary teams adds value to health services and contributes to health promotion. This article addresses these issues and how pharmacists can contribute to health promotion.