Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comment on the “ arrival time ” in quantum mechanics

In 1974 I have solved the following problem in the standard quantum mechanics (see [1]). Consider a 2dimensional plane in physical space (e. g. a plane Pζ := {z = ζ}, where ζ is a fixed constant) and its measurable subsets (call them “windows”). Given a window D ⊂ Pζ and the time interval I := [t1, t2], is it possible to define consistently the probability QI×D(ψ) that a freely moving particle described by a quantum state ψ crosses the window D within the time interval I ? By consistency I meant a set of obvious axioms. Some of them were implied by the structure of quantum mechanics: 1) the probability should be given as a 3/2linear form of the state ψ: QI×D =< ψ|q̂I×D|ψ >, where the operator q̂I×D must be a projector; 2) probabilities should sum up for disjoint 3-dimensional regions I × D (we may call them “space-time windows”) and 3) must be normalized. Others were implied by the Galilei invariance of the non-relativistic quantum mechanics and by the Poincaré invariance in the relativistic case (both cases were considered). It was proved that these axioms define uniquely an operator t̂ζ which, together with the position operators x̂ and ŷ, give the projector q̂I×D as an integral of their common spectral measure dE(t, x, y) over the space-time window I ×D. In a recent publication [2] the authors write: Kijowski obtained a probability distribution, but not on the usual Hilbert space: thus the interpretation of the wave function in terms of familiar quantities is obscure. Moreover, in paper [3] the authors write: Our result turns out to be similar to those previously obtained by Kijowski. However, the approach by Kijowski was based on the definition of a non-conventional wave function which evolves on a family of x =const planes (instead of evolving in time according to the Schrödinger equation), and whose relation to the conventional wave function is unclear. These comments are entirely incorrect. I stress that my construction and the uniqueness proof, were performed in the framework of the absolutely conventional quantum mechanics. The “time operator” t̂ζ on the plane Pζ was uniquely obtained from the axioms. The main technical device which I have used to simplify the mathematical aspect of the theory, was a new representation of wave functions, which is little known, although it is perfectly equivalent to both the position and the momentum representations. This new representation was obtained from the wave function ψ̃(px, py, pz) in the momentum representation (Fourier transform of the wave function ψ(x, y, z) in the position representation). The new representation is obtained by replacing the variable pz by the “signed energy” variable:
Principal Component Analysis of Morphometric Traits of West African Dwarf Goats

The study was conducted to evaluate the principal component analysis of phenotypic attributes of West African Dwarf (WAD) goat. Data collected on the live body weight and twelve morphometric traits of the goats which were categorised into four age groups based on their dentition. The age groups were: less than 2years old, 2- 3years old, 3-4 years old and 4 years old. The data were subjected to a PCA and Cluster analyses using the multivariate procedure components of SAS (2003). Result revealed that highest values of morphometric traits were obtained in goats that of 4 years old. The rate of increase in body weight and other morphometric traits was high in age group of ˂2 years to age 2-3years compared to differences observed in others across the age group. Heart Girth had the highest correlation with body weight. Foreleg, neck, ear and hind leg lengths; wither height and rump height were weakly correlated with the body weight of the goats. Result revealed that two Principal components were retained in the first age group (age group˂2years) which accounted for 72.99% of the total variation. The first PC alone accounted for 63.13% of the total variation while PC2 accounted for the remaining 9.86%. From this study, it was concluded that there is interdependence among body weight and morphometric traits and that morphometric traits can be used in predicting live weight of WAD goats; PCA and Cluster could be exploited in breeding and selection programmes to acquire highly coordinated animal bodies using fewer measurements.
Prevalence of problematic internet use disorder and associated risk factors and complications among Iranian university students: a national survey

Background: Despite the growing epidemic of problematic Internet use (PIU), little information is available on PIU and related factors in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 4261 university students among 13universities throughout the country in 2017. The data collection tool included demographic characteristics, the status of using the Internet, social media, computer games, tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs, suicide ideation and attempt, and unprotected sex. PIU was measured using the15-item PIU questionnaire. The status of general health was evaluated using the 28-item general health questionnaire (GHQ) questionnaire. The simple and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to measure the crude and adjusted associations between various factors and PIU. Results: Of 4261 university students, 55.9% were female, 13.5% were smokers, 4.9% were drug abusers, 7.9% were alcohol abusers, 7.8% had unprotected sex in the past year, 7.4%had suicidal ideation in the past month, 1.7% had attempted suicide in the past year, and27.3% suffered from PIU. Only 61.1% had normal health. In contrast, 30.9%, 7.2%, and 0.8%had mild, moderate, and severe general health problems, respectively. There were significant relationships between PIU and age group 20-24 vs. <20 years (odds ratio [OR]=1.39; 95% CI:1.06, 1.82), single vs, married (OR=2.57; 95% CI: 1.85, 3.57), suicidal attempt (OR=2.77;95% CI: 1.47, 5.19), using online games (OR=1.31; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.60), and poor general health (OR=12.14; 95% CI: 4.53, 32.54). Conclusion: Nearly one-third of medical sciences students suffered from PIU. This unhealthy behavior was associated with poor general health and elevated risk of suicidal behaviors. This health-threatening behavior provides an early warning signal that deserves special attention, otherwise, it may threaten both college students’ health and function.
Conversation Analysis

Conversation Analysis (CA) is an inductive, micro-analytic, and predominantly qualitative method for studying human social interactions. This chapter describes and illustrates the basic methods of CA. We first situate the method by describing its sociological foundations, key areas of analysis, and particular approach in using naturally occurring data. The bulk of the chapter is devoted to practical explanations of the typical conversation analytic process for collecting data and producing an analysis. We analyze a candidate interactional practice – the assessmentimplicative interrogative – using real data extracts as a demonstration of the method, explicitly laying out the relevant questions and considerations for every stage of an analysis. The chapter concludes with some discussion of quantitative approaches to conversational interaction, and links between CA and psycholinguistic concerns.
Towards a formal specification of access control

Access control software must be based on a security policy model as software flaws often come from a lack of precision or some incoherences in the policy model. In this paper, we introduce an abstract framework allowing to define access control policies, in a very concise way, offering to refine specifications through several levels and ending by different possible implementations. Such a framework allows to formally reason about security policies and also to compare them, a point which is rarely approached. As an illustration, we give a formal description of the Bell and LaPadula and the Chinese Wall policies and we briefly sketch how to compare these two policies.
Novel approach to future energy storage devices based on lithium hybrid electrochemical supercapacitors

This report presents the working principle explanation of hybrid electrochemical supercapacitors, giving also to the reader an an extensive literature review on lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors. The typical materials used for both anode and cathode in hybrids are discussed. Following this, a prototype was constructed in order to determine the feasibility of hybrid systems which use easily synthesized materials. H2Ti3O7 nanowire was employed as the base material in the anodes, and activated carbon as cathode. Compositional and structural characterization were conducted using X-ray diffraction and FE-SEM analysis respectively. Subsequently, the cell was electrochemically evaluated with a determined energy density ranging from 21 Wh/kg to 3.75 Wh/kg, and power density from 126.32 W/kg to 1499.99 W/kg at various applied current rates. Finally, new approaches for improvements founded on the previous performed research are suggested, and a new hybrid device suitable for grid balance is proposed.
Population aging and sectoral employment

This paper theoretically investigates the effect of population aging on the employment share of an elder care service industry. We show that there exists the threshold level of income elasticity of demand for the elder care service, above which population aging spurs economic growth. In a closed economy, the threshold level is unity, whereas it exceeds unity in a small open economy. JEL Classification No.: D91, J14, O41.
Efficacy and Safety Study of Docetaxel as Salvage C hem otherapy in M etastatic G astric C ancer Failing Fluoropyrim idine and Platinum C om bination C hem otherapy

Purpose: Fluoropyrimidine (F) and platinum (P) combination chemotherapy has been widely used for the first line treatment of advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Docetaxel (D) has shown promising activity in this disease. The present study retrospectively investigated the efficacy of D monotherapy as salvage chemotherapy for AGC that is failing F and P combination chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: A total of 34 patients, fitting the eligibility criteria, were included in this study. D was administered at a dose of 75 mg/m IV every 3 weeks, with dexamethasone prophylaxis. Twenty-nine patients had measurable lesions. The median treatment-free interval was 38.5 days, and 91.2% of patients had progressed within 4 months of withdrawal of the first line chemotherapy. Results: A total of 133 cycles of D were administered, with a median of 3.5 (1~8) cycles. From an intentionto-treat analysis, 6 patients achieved partial responses (PR), with a response rate of 20.7% (95% CI, 6.0~35.4). The duration of objective PRs in these six were 2.3+, 2.5+, 2.9, 3.0+, 6.2 and 6.8 months, respectively. Six patients showed a stable disease, but 15 showed progression. The median time to progression was 4.2 months (95% CI, 2.8~ 5.5), with a median overall survival since the start of D monotherapy of 8.4 months (95% CI, 5.5~11.3). Grade 3/4 neutropenia and febrile neutropenia occurred in 12.9% of patients and 3.1% of cycles. The incidence of grade 3 or worse non-hematological toxicities were as follows; peripheral sensory neuropathy 9.7% , asthenia 3.2% and allergic reaction 2.7% . Conclusion: Docetaxel, 75 mg/m, is active in AGC as second-line chemotherapy after failure of prior exposure to the F and P combination chemotherapy, with a favorable toxicity profile. (Cancer Res Treat. 2005;37:201-207) 󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏
Foreign exchange market ef fi ciency under recent crises : Asia-Paci fi c focus q

The Asia-Pacific region’s currency markets are generally efficient within-country when tested using the Johansen (1991, 1995) cointegration technique whereas market efficiency fails to hold when tested using Fama’s (1984) conventional regression. Using the Pilbeam and Olmo (2011) model, we reconcile these conflicting findings. The Pilbeam and Olmo (2011) model confirms withincountry market efficiency. It further confirms that free-float currency markets are more resilient than managed-float currency markets among 12 Asia-Pacific economies. From the across-country perspective, the foreign exchange markets are mostly efficient and the results show that the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis was a more disturbing event than the 2008–2009 global financial crisis in the region. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Debt consolidation : Aggregate and distributional implications

This paper builds and solves numerically, by using Eurozone data, a closed-economy new Keynesian DSGE model in which the fiscal authorities are engaged in public debt reduction over time. The emphasis is on the aggregate and distributional implications of debt consolidation, where agent heterogeneity,and hence distribution, has to do with the distinction between ”capitalists” and ”workers”. The paper studies how these implications depend on the specific fiscal policy instrument used for debt consolidation. There are two key results. First, if the criterion is total, or per capita, output (GDP), then the best policy mix found is to use the long term fiscal gain created by debt reduction so as to reduce the capital tax rate, and, during the early period of fiscal pain, to use spending cuts in order to bring public debt down. Second, if the criterion is equity in net incomes, the best recipe is to use the long term fiscal gain created by debt reduction so as to reduce the labor tax rate, and, during the early period of fiscal pain, to use capital taxes in order to bring public debt down. *Acknowledgments:I would like to thank my supervisor, Apostolis Philippopoulos, for his support and encouragement during this work †Corresponding author: Eleftherios Roumpanis, Department of Economics,Athens University of Economics and Business,Athens 10434. e-mail: roubanis@aueb.gr
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRUDE OIL PRICE CHANGES AND AIRLINES STOCK PRICE: THE CASE OF INDIAN AVIATION INDUSTRY

The Niger Delta region, which is the hydrocarbon basket of Nigeria, appears to be sitting on an environmental time bomb due to degradation from widespread hydrocarbon pollution. The major sources of environmental degradation in the Niger Delta are oil spillage, gas flaring and improper disposal of wastes from oil drilling operations. Presently, it is estimated that there are over 5,000 massively polluted sites in the Niger Delta. Drawing data from secondary sources, this paper finds that despite the enormity of environmental pollution and its deleterious effects on the socio-economic wellbeing of the Niger Delta region, there is no implementable blueprint or policy for remediation. The paper links the economic cost of environmental pollution to the pervasive poverty and other socio-ecological crises that envelope the region in a smoke of underdevelopment. The paper therefore advocates a clear national remediation policy to sustainably deal with the degraded environment of the region.
Determinants of FDI Survival : The Case of Korean Manufacturing Firms

This study examines the determinants of FDI survival of Korean manufacturing firms. To identify the factors affecting FDI survival, transaction cost theory was employed in order to analyze the relationships of both the market transaction cost and organizational management cost with the survival length of affiliates. Results show that the factors derived from transaction cost theory have the effect of shortening the life of a joint venture compared to wholly-owned affiliates, and if the FDI is undertaken through acquisition, the more diversified the parent, the more likely it is for the investment to be terminated. Cultural distance, political risk, and exit barrier are found to have partial effects as well. Among control variables, market growth rate, company size, and exchange rates are shown to affect the survival of FDI.
SLOG: Serializable, Low-latency, Geo-replicated Transactions

For decades, applications deployed on a world-wide scale have been forced to give up at least one of (1) strict serializability (2) low latency writes (3) high transactional throughput. In this paper we discuss SLOG: a system that avoids this tradeoff for workloads which contain physical region locality in data access. SLOG achieves high-throughput, strictly serializable ACID transactions at geo-replicated distance and scale for all transactions submitted across the world, all the while achieving low latency for transactions that initiate from a location close to the home region for data they access. Experiments find that SLOG can reduce latency by more than an order of magnitude relative to state-of-the-art strictly serializable geo-replicated database systems such as Spanner and Calvin, while maintaining high throughput under contention.
Play and Cultural Diversity

An examination of the relationship of play and cultural diversity is important for at least three reasons. First, a rapidly growing population of young children from culturally diverse backgrounds is entering schools. Second, play is a way for children to learn about the world around them and to learn cultural values. They not only learn about themselves but also about differences in other people. And finally, early education programs must work to enhance a positive awareness of individual differences and cultural diversity as a whole. Play experiences may serve as an excellent way to help teach children about the differences in other people and that these differences are not bad.
Wind fields and turbulence statistics in an urban street canyon

This is the first paper of a long-term measurement campaign to explore wind, temperature, radiation and energy fields within an urban canyon. A canyon and a rooftop mast were installed in a canyon with an aspect ratio (Height/Width) of 2.1 in Göteborg, Sweden. A number of instruments including sonic anemometers, radiometers and thermocouples were mounted in vertical profiles and across the width of the canyon. The experimental set-up, the characteristics of the canyon flow pattern and mean and turbulence statistics with respect to above canyon flow are examined using data collected under clear-sky conditions in summer and autumn 2003. Results show that under cross-canyon (within 601 of orthogonal) flow, a single helical vortex exists. High temporal resolution analysis suggests that eddies frequently penetrate the shear stress layer at the canyon top disrupting established flow patterns. A combination of complex building roof shapes and local topography may contribute to this effect by maintaining a high degree of turbulence. The profile of mean wind speed within the canyon and the relation with that above canyon depends on the ambient flow direction in relation to the canyon long axis. Turbulence statistics show results similar to other field studies, with turbulence kinetic energy and vertical mixing greatest toward the windward wall. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Wall turbulence response to surface cooling and formation of strongly stable stratified boundary layers

This paper investigates the processes by which stable boundary layers are formed through strong surface cooling imposed on neutrally stratified wall-bounded turbulence using high-resolution direct numerical simulation at a moderate Reynolds number. The adjustment of the flow to the imposed strong surface cooling is investigated. We further focus on a strongly stable case where turbulence partially collapses. We show that, due to a significant reduction in turbulence production, turbulence becomes patchy, with a band of turbulence coexisting with quiet regions. The nature of the quiet regions, which are often characterized as laminar, is investigated and shown to be consistent with viscously coupled stratified turbulence. The one-dimensional longitudinal streamwise velocity spectrum exhibits kx−5 and kx−3 behavior in the buffer and logarithmic layers, respectively, adjacent to an active region of three-dimensional turbulence with a kx−5/3 spectrum. Scenarios for turbulence recovery from such a patchy state are also discussed. We show that the presence of outer layer turbulence above z+ ≈ 300 is a key requirement for recovery. For higher values of stratification, it is shown that inner layer turbulence is damped entirely and outer layer turbulence is damped subsequently.
The Role of Teacher Behavior , Motivation and Emotion in Predicting Academic Social Participation in Class

Introduction: Academic social participation addresses student engagement behaviors that involve social interactions with peers and teachers. Objective: Perceived teacher behavior, task value, academic self-efficacy, class enjoyment and shame’s role in predicting academic social participation was analyzed. Method: Psychology students from a large national university completed self-report questionnaires assessing the model variables. A proposed model was evaluated by path analysis. Results: Model showed good fit to the data, explaining 31% of variance. Positive influences were detected of perceived teacher behavior on task value (β = 0.42), academic self-efficacy (β = 0.19), and class enjoyment (β = 0.24); of task value on class enjoyment (β = 0.52); and of class enjoyment on academic social participation (β = 0.44). Academic self-efficacy negatively affected class shame (β = -0.38), while class shame (β = -0.44) and task value (β = -0.24) showed a negative influence on academic social participation. Conclusion: Utility of modifying teacher behavior and motivation as a means to affect emotion was demonstrated. Class enjoyment and shame were the stronger predictors of academic social participation. Individual variables’ importance in moderating contextual influence on engagement was suggested.
EFFECTIVENESS OF SEROLOGICAL ASSAYS TO DETECT NEW CASTLE DISEASE VIRAL ANTIBODIES IN CHICKEN

Newcastle disease (ND) is a contagious disease affecting many domestic and wild avian species. A study was conducted to compare serological tests for the detection of ND in chicken. Fifty sera samples were collected from University Poultry Duck Farm, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, two weeks after vaccination. Out of this, 45 samples were positive by Haemagglutination Inhibition test (HI), eight samples were positive by Agar Gel Immuno Diffusion test (AGID). Counter Immuno Electrophoresis (CIE) detected NDV antibodies from 10 samples and 40 samples were positive by DotEnzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Dot-ELISA). When comparing the efficacy of the tests the sensitivity, specificity and overall agreement obtained was 15.6 per cent, 100 per cent and 24 per cent between AGID and HI; 17.78 per cent, 100 per cent, 26 per cent between CIE and HI and 88.89 per cent,100 per cent and 90 per cent between Dot-ELISA and HI, respectively. The study showed that the highest rate of agreement between the results of Dot-ELISA and HI and therefore it was concluded that Dot-ELISA is more sensitive than other two tests.