Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Seismogenic structure in a tectonic suture zone: With new constraints from 2006 Mw6.1 Taitung earthquake

A Mw 6.1 earthquake occurred on April 1st, 2006 near Taitung, eastern Taiwan. It produced significant coseismic ground displacements and a large number of aftershocks in the ensuing month. This event provides an opportunity to diagnose the seismogenic structure in the southern Longitudinal Valley (LV) of eastern Taiwan, long viewed as one of the collision sutures between the Philippine Sea and the Eurasian plates. With precisely relocated main‐ and aftershock hypocenters, focal mechanisms for M ≥ 3.8 events, and coseismic ground displacements from strong motion records, we determine a main shock dislocation model. Our results indicate that the main shock occurred on a high angle fault (azimuth 198°, dip 77°). The model comprises a fault with two segments; the main shock and a large number of aftershocks are associated with the northern segment that exhibited predominantly left‐lateral strike‐slip motion, in agreement with P‐wave first motions and waveform (USGS) solutions. The southern segment exhibits a slightly larger thrust component, in agreement with CMT solutions. Tectonically, this event highlights a NNE‐trending fault on the west side of the LV, which is predominantly strike‐slip. The aftershocks clustered to the east of the main shock, which exhibit mainly thrust mechanisms, indicate that shortening is still acting on the sedimentary materials deposited between the Coastal and Central ranges prior to collision. As a result, the southern LV is undergoing slip partitioning along different faults, which has never been specified before.
Social Capital and Willingness to Pay for Community Based Health Insurance: Empirical Evidence from Rural Tanzania

﻿This study examines the effect of social capital on willingness to pay (WTP) for health services provided through community based health insurance schemes (Community Health Fund) in Tanzania. The study covered 274 household heads. We use probit regression analysis to model the relationship between the predictors and our outcome variable. Our results have shown that with the exception of religion, all other social capital variables have a positive and significant impact on the WTP for the Community Health Fund (CHF). Specifically, membership in social organisations and networks, trust among community members and trust of community members on scheme management are positively and significantly related to WTP. On the other hand, the age, education level, household size and number of children and participation in health insurance are not predicting WTP for CHF. Taken together, these results suggest that enhancing access to health care services in the rural areas and the sustainability of CHF would require building appropriate forms of social capital at individual and community levels. Specifically, CHF may increase enrolment through the existing social organisations and associations. Similarly, CHFs may well increase their membership if the avenues for trust building are created and nurtured.
Stages of growth model for corporate social responsibility

The purpose of this article is to explore the concept of stages of growth in organisational research by applying this concept to the issue of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The article starts by reviewing theory building from a stage model perspective. Next, key CSR models are reviewed, before the stage model perspective is applied to the CSR phenomenon. We suggest a stage model for corporate social responsibility consisting of three combined stages. For each of these stages we highlight the distinction between first movers and followers. By including these perspectives we put forward the 'hidden fact' that corporations that might look equally CSR engaged from the outside, can be at very different levels of CSR on the inside. The model suggested should be tested in the future through benchmarking corporations. By applying the suggested model, corporations can get a deeper understanding of their CSR status. The model suggested takes into consideration an issue which has received little attention in CSR research so far. Rather than studying annual reports and statements about corporate social responsibility, the practise of local and global companies should be studied, as there seems to be a substantial discrepancy between talk and walk in CSR. To this end, the stage model is proposed to help guide future CSR development in companies.
Investigating the Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Some Haematological Variables among Alcohol Consumers in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria

Ethanol is contained in alcoholic beverages, which are produced by the process of fermentation of grains, fruits, and other sources of sugar. The effect of alcohol consumption among youths and adults resulting to escalating crime rate in the society has generated great concern. The impact of alcohol consumption on haematological variables has not been well documented in Jos metropolis. The study sought to establish whether alcohol consumption has any effect on the haematological status of individuals or not. Following informed consent, we determined haematocrit values by the microhaematocrit method, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration by cyanmethaemoglobin technique, total and differential white blood cell counts (WBC), malaria parasite as well as microscopic blood film reporting of 124 alcohol consumers and 53 non-consumers as a control. SPSS version 23 was used to compare mean values between alcohol consumers and the control group (student t-test), while associations of blood film report were determined by chi-square. Results showed a significantly higher total lymphocytes count among alcohol consumers compared to nonalcohol consumers (48.28±12.98 v 41.91±11.59; p=0.002). Also, the blood film reporting revealed a significantly higher percentages of macrocytes (p=0.001), microcytes (p=0.020), hypochromia (p=0.001), polychromasia (p=0.013), rouleaux formation (p=0.004) and atypical lymphocytes (p=0.011) and malaria parasitaemia (p=0.001) among alcohol consumers compared to the control group. Anisocytosis and hypochromia, which are essential characteristic features of anaemia, have been shown to associate with alcohol consumption. The implication is that excessive alcohol intake may impact adversely on haematological variables, and particularly constitute an increased risk of developing anaemia.
ON THE STABILITY OF ISOSTATICALLY COMPENSATED MOUNTAIN BELTS

The formation of convergent mountain belts is invariably accompanied by an increase in gravitational potential energy due to part of the work done by the forces driving convergence. The evolution of potential energy stored in an orogen is dependent on (1) the density structure, (2) the thermal evolution, and (3) the way convergent deformation is partitioned between crust and mantle lithosphere. It is now well recognized that this increase in potential energy associated with the mountain building process raises the possibility that significant extension, or collapse, may accompany the relaxation of the forces driving convergence provided the lithosphere is thermally weakened (e.g., England, 1987). In this paper we evaluate the stability of isostatically compensated mountain belts under the assumption that the strength of continental lithosphere is governed by a combination of frictional sliding and creep processes using the “Brace-Goetze” model for the rheology of the lithosphere. The reference lithosphere, defined to be in potential energy and isostatic balance with the mid-ocean ridges, changes with different thermal parameters of the lithosphere. The instantaneous extensional strain rate for thermally mature mountain belts is calculated by balancing the horizontal buoyancy force stored in the mountain belts (measured relative to the reference state) with the vertically integrated strength of the lithosphere for initial strengths spanning the probable natural range. It is shown that horizontal buoyancy forces arising in isostatically balanced mountain belts are sufficiently large to induce the collapse at significant rates (greater than a few times 10−16 s−1) and leading to significant finite extension providing the Moho temperatures exceed about 650–700°C, a condition only likely to be attained if the mantle lithosphere has not been thickened to the same extent as the overlying crust. Consequently, processes that thin the mantle lithosphere as a consequence of convergent deformation such as the convective instability of a thickened lower thermal boundary layer greatly increase the possibility of collapse. The calculations presented here suggest that near complete destruction of the mountain system by extensional collapse may be possible if such processes can reduce total lithospheric thickening to less than half the contemporary crustal thickening (i.e., fl ≤ fc/2, where fl and fc are the lithospheric and crustal thickening factors).
Divisor classes associated to families of stable varieties, with applications to the moduli space of curves

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Kinetic energy generation in heat engines and heat pumps: the relationship between surface pressure, temperature and circulation cell size

ABSTRACT The pattern and size of the Earth’s atmospheric circulation cells determine regional climates and challenge theorists. Here the authors present a theoretical framework that relates the size of meridional cells to the kinetic energy generation within them. Circulation cells are considered as heat engines (or heat pumps) driven by surface gradients of pressure and temperature. This approach allows an analytical assessment of kinetic energy generation in the meridional cells from the known values of surface pressure and temperature differences across the cell, and . Two major patterns emerge. First, the authors find that kinetic energy generation in the upper and lower atmosphere respond in contrasting ways to surface temperature: with growing , kinetic energy generation increases in the upper atmosphere but declines in the lower. A requirement that kinetic energy generation must be positive in the lower atmosphere can limit the poleward cell extension of the Hadley cells via a relationship between and . The limited extent of the Hadley cells necessitates the appearance of heat pumps (Ferrel cells) – circulation cells with negative work output. These cells consume the positive work output of the Hadley cells (heat engines) and can in theory drive the global efficiency of an axisymmetric atmospheric circulation down to zero. Second, the authors show that, within a cell, kinetic energy generation is largely determined by in the upper atmosphere, and by in the lower. By absolute magnitude, the temperature contribution is about 10 times larger. However, since the heat pumps act as sinks of kinetic energy in the upper atmosphere, the net kinetic energy generation in the upper atmosphere, as well as the net impact of surface temperature, is reduced. The authors use NCAR/NCEP and MERRA data to verify the obtained theoretical relationships. These observations confirm considerable cancellation between the temperature-related sources and sinks of kinetic energy in the upper atmosphere. Both the theoretical approach and observations highlight a major contribution from surface pressure gradients, rather than temperature, in the kinetic energy budget of meridional circulation. The findings urge increased attention to surface pressure gradients as determinants of the meridional circulation patterns.
High carbon stock forests provide co-benefits for tropical biodiversity

Carbon-based policies provide powerful opportunities to unite tropical forest conservation with climate change mitigation. However, their effectiveness in delivering biodiversity co-benefits is dependent on high levels of biodiversity being found in high carbon areas. Previous studies have focussed solely on the co-benefits associated with Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) over large spatial scales, with few empirically testing carbon-biodiversity correlations at management unit scales appropriate to decision-makers. Yet, in development frontiers, where most biodiversity and carbon loss occurs, carbon-based policies are increasingly driven by commodity certification schemes, which are applied at the concession level. Working in a typical human-modified landscape in Southeast Asia, we examined the biodiversity value of land prioritised via application of REDD+ or the High Carbon Stock (HCS) approach, the emerging land-use planning tool for oil palm certification. Carbon stocks were estimated via low- and high-resolution datasets derived from global or local-level biomass. Mammalian species richness was predicted using hierarchical Bayesian multispecies occupancy models of camera-trap data from forest and oil palm habitats. At the community level, HCS forest supported comparable mammal diversity to control sites in continuous forest, while lower carbon strata exhibited reduced species occupancy. No association was found between species richness and carbon when the latter was estimated using coarse-resolution data. However, when using high-resolution, locally validated biomass data, diversity demonstrated positive relationships with carbon for threatened and disturbance-sensitive species, suggesting sensitivity of co-benefits to carbon data sources and the species considered. Policy implications. Our work confirms the potential for environmental certification and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation to work in tandem with conservation to mitigate agricultural impacts on tropical forest carbon stocks and biodiversity. Successful implementation of both approaches could be used to direct development to low carbon, low biodiversity areas in tropical countries.
Modeling of acoustic wave dissipation in gas hydrate–bearing sediments

Recent sonic and seismic data in gas hydrate–bearing sediments have indicated strong waveform attenuation associated with a velocity increase, in apparent contradiction with conventional wave propagation theory. Understanding the reasons for such energy dissipation could help constrain the distribution and the amounts of gas hydrate worldwide from the identification of low amplitudes in seismic surveys. A review of existing models for wave propagation in frozen porous media, all based on Biot's theory, shows that previous formulations fail to predict any significant attenuation with increasing hydrate content. By adding physically based components to these models, such as cementation by elastic shear coupling, friction between the solid phases, and squirt flow, we are able to predict an attenuation increase associated with gas hydrate formation. The results of the model agree well with the sonic logging data recorded in the Mallik 5L‐38 Gas Hydrate Research Well. Cementation between gas hydrate and the sediment grains is responsible for the increase in shear velocity. The primary mode of energy dissipation is found to be friction between gas hydrate and the sediment matrix, combined with an absence of inertial coupling between gas hydrate and the pore fluid. These results predict similar attenuation increase in hydrate‐bearing formations over most of the sonic and seismic frequency range.
The Predictability of Behavior: a Methodological Study.

Handedness is a very ancient concept which has been systematically incorporated in cultural ideologies. The concept has also been long useful in science, particularly in the development of the study of the brain. Recently there has been increasing research interest in handedness, defined as preference and called laterality herein, and its relation to the brain but the various results are most often at odds with one another. Several related factors are felt to be the basis of some of the lack of consistency? these include (1) specific hereditary factors in left handed­ ness, (2) cultural emphasis on right handedness, (3) failure to consider degrees of handedness, (4) failure to consider eyedness. An approach which considers perception in rela­ tion to mirrored images and the symmetry of the stimulus is discussed. This approach was modified in Experiment I to include controls for the four factors mentioned. In the first experiment it was found that the right dominant Ss showed a left to right directional orientation whereas mixed dominant Ss were variable. The discussion considered vi the two-sided nature of the stimuli and the effects of cultural influences on the two groups. It was concluded that further interpretation of the results was desirable but difficult due to inability to fully assess symmetry characteristics of the stimuli and due to the failure to differentiate between mixed dominant Ss. The second experiment was designed to avoid these two difficulties. Evidence was reviewed which suggested that the symmetry dimension is not a stimulus characteris­ tic only but is partially a function of response to the stimulus, it was postulated that in order to define groups in terms of laterality characteristics it is necessary to i include specification of responses in terms of laterality characteristics AND the stimulus. It was found that right handed Ss responded so as to produce an AS. It was suggested that this tendency may reflect the fact that responses with the preferred hand lead to different consequences with different stimulus con­ ditions. There were no differences between dextral right­ eyed and dextral left-eyed Ss in response to the same stimulus. It was suggested that in order to show that there are differences due to mixed hand and eye preference vii it is necessary to consider as a different form of dominance Ss who responded with reversed motor patterns. This was done and it was found that there were effects in a right dominant group which were correlated with the left to right orientation found in Experiment I, but this orienta­ tion does not affect all forms of response equally. When reversal of response was considered there were differences within the right dominant group and between right and mixed dominant groups. The results are discussed in terms of individual differences in motor responses as these are related to. bilaterality of the body. It is felt that varia­ tion in directional orientation as demonstrated in these studies is a finding of sufficient importance to propose further research in this area.
Use of fluorescence spectroscopy for diagnosis of hypoxia and inflammatory processes in tissue

In vivo laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS) is primarily used in oncology for the diagnosis of malignant tumors. This paper provides background for and describes experiments modeling nonmalignant local hypoxia and inflammation. LIFS techniques were used to assess the dynamics of induced fluorescence from endogenous porphyrins in the first case and the Photosens exogenous photosensitizer in the second case. In both cases, the fluorescence intensity was observed to be higher in the pathological area than in an intact area. This provides a strong impetus for taking a second look at the use of LIFS in oncology and also provides the foundation for a promising in vivo diagnosis method for ischemic hypoxia and inflammatory processes in areas other than oncology.
Temperature and trophic structure are driving microbial productivity along a biogeographical gradient

Temperature is known to influence ecosystem processes through its direct effect on biological rates such as respiration and nutrient cycling. These changes can then indirectly affect ecologically processes by altering trophic dynamics, the persistence of a species in a given environment, and, consequently, its distribution. However, it is not known if this direct effect of temperature on biological rates is singularly the most important factor for the functioning of ecosystems, or if trophic structure and the adaptation of a species to the local environment also play an essential role. Understanding the relative importance of these factors is crucial for predicting the impact that climate change will have on species and ecosystems. To achieve a more complete understanding of the impact of changing temperatures, it is necessary to integrate perspectives from biogeography, such as the influences of species distribution and local adaptation, with ecosystem and community ecology. By using the microbial community inhabiting the water-filled leaves of Sarracenia purpurea, we tested the importance of temperature, trophic structure, and local adaptation on ecosystem functioning. We accomplished this by collecting communities along a natural temperature gradient and maintaining these communities in a common garden, factorial experiment. To test for the importance of local adaptation and temperature, the origin of each community was crossed with the temperature from each site. Additionally, to test the importance of top-down trophic regulation for ecosystem functioning, the presence of the mosquito larvae top predator was manipulated. We found that temperature has a greater effect on ecosystem functioning than origin, and that top-down trophic regulation increased with temperature. Our results emphasize the synergistic effects of temperature and biotic interactions when predicting the consequences of global warming on ecosystem functioning.
Developing qualitative coding frameworks for educational research: immigration, education and the Children Crossing Borders project

The Children Crossing Borders (CCB) study is a polyvocal, multi‐sited project on immigration and early childhood education and care in five countries: Italy, Germany, France, England and the USA. The complicated nature of the data pushed us as a group to expand our methodological resources to not only organize the data but also to make it searchable, and thus comparable, so that we could understand more deeply the perspectives and desires of immigrant parents and preschool teachers on education. This article uses examples from the CCB project to show how coding frameworks can be created to support large‐scale collaborative projects that seek to amplify the voices of marginalized groups in educational qualitative research. We argue here that creating qualitative coding frameworks depends on a balance between etic/insider and emic/outsider knowledge, decisions about interpretation and practical compromises about labels and meanings. These three elements play out in necessary debates and disagreements as part of the creative process and are critical for large‐scale projects looking for a coding framework and a coding process that is both useful and meaningful.