Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Functional Maturity of the Coagulation System in Children: An Evaluation Using Thrombelastography

There are quantitative deficiencies in the coagulation system for at least the first 6 mo of life.Clinical experience, however, does not indicate an increased risk of excessive bleeding during surgical procedures. Thrombelastography, a test providing a functional evaluation of coagulation, was used to assess the hemostatic system of pediatric patients under 2 yr of age. Thrombelastographic data were obtained from 237 healthy pediatric patients less than 2 yr of age undergoing elective noncardiac surgery. Five groups were distinguished: under 30 days, 1-3 mo, 3-6 mo, 6-12 mo, and 12-24 mo. Thrombelastography revealed no defects in coagulation when these groups were compared to each other or to adults, indicating a functionally intact hemostatic process even in neonates. Indeed, children less than 12 mo of age were found to initiate and develop clot faster than adults, with the coagulation process slowing to adult rates after 1 yr of age. In addition to defining functional integrity, our data represents a set of pediatric control thrombelastographic values that have not been previously reported and that may become important in understanding coagulation changes that accompany disease states and surgery in pediatric patients. (Anesth Analg 1997;84:745-8)
se of measles supplemental immunization activities ( SIAs ) as a delivery latform for other maternal and child health interventions : Opportunities nd challenges

Measles supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) offer children in countries with weaker immunization delivery systems like India a second opportunity for measles vaccination. They could also provide a platform to deliver additional interventions, but the feasibility and acceptability of including add-ons is uncertain. We surveyed Indian programme officers involved in the current (2010–2012) measles SIAs concerning opportunities and challenges of using SIAs as a delivery platform for other maternal and child health interventions. Respondents felt that an expanded SIA strategy including add-ons could be of great value in improving access and efficiency. They viewed management challenges, logistics, and safety as the most important potential barriers. They proposed that additional interventions be selected using ndia mmunization programs/organization and dministration hild health services aternal health services eveloping countries several criteria, of which importance of the health problem, safety, and contribution to health equity figured most prominently. For children, they recommended inclusion of basic interventions to address nutritional deficiencies, diarrhoea and parasites over vaccines. For mothers, micronutrient interventions were highest ranked. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ntegrated service delivery
The iron uptake mechanisms of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli

Cepas de Escherichia coli enteroinvasora de diferentes sorotipos isoladas de pacientes com diarreia aguda foram examinadas quanto a capacidade de produzir sideroforos e proteinas de membrana externa reguladas pelo ferro (IROMP). O crescimento bacteriano em meio com deficiencia em Fe foi obtido em caldo Luria acrescido de 200 mM de a-adipiridil. Todas as cepas produziram enterobactina e 40% produziram aerobactina. As cepas produziram IROMPs com MM variando de 82-67 kDa. As proteinas foram induzidas ou estimuladas pela deficiencia de ferro. Diferencas foram observadas no perfil eletroforetico entre os sorotipos, originando 5 perfis eletroforeticos. Todos os sorotipos, com excecao do sorotipo O28ac:H- (onde a proteina de 76 kDa nao foi produzida), expressaram proteinas de 82 kDa (FepA) e 76 kDa (IutA). Varias cepas (O29:H-, O144:H-, O152:H- e O167:H-) expressaram IutA na membrana externa, na ausencia da producao de aerobactina. Alem das proteinas (FepA e IutA), foram encontradas em alguns sorotipos duas IROMPs de funcao desconhecida: uma proteina de 71 kDa foi detectada em 3 perfis e uma de 67 kDa presente no sorotipo O152:H-. Alem disso, 2 bandas (39 e 43 kDa), as quais nao foram reguladas pelo ferro, mostraram afinidade a lactoferrina humana.
Birth Seasonality in Developmentally Disabled Children

26 children with diagnoses of autism and 22 children with diagnoses of childhood schizophrenia or a variant thereof were compared on the variable of winter birth. Analyses showed that autistic children had a higher proportion of winter births than schizophrenic children. These findings are related to other research linking winter birth to negative-syndrome adult schizophrenia.
Pharmacological inactivation of pretectal nuclei reveals different modulatory effects on retino-geniculate transmission by X and Y cells in the cat

Abstract The modulatory influence of pretectal neurons on retino-geniculate transmission in the cat was studied by cross-correlation analysis of single-unit activity simultaneously recorded from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and the pretectum (PT) and with reversible inactivation of the PT by GABA microiontophoresis during simultaneous visual stimulation of PT and dLGN neurons. Visually induced population activity in PT nuclei was achieved by a moving (or counterphasing) grating which was presented in the background of the light spot used to stimulate the dLGN neuron. As a control, the light spot was presented on a stationary grating to avoid stimulation of PT neurons but to yield the same illumination of the background. Extracellularly recorded dLGN relay cells of the X- and Y-type were found to be differentially affected by the PT-dLGN projection. During visual stimulation of PT cells, X cells were strongly inhibited and this effect was significantly reduced during PT inactivation. By contrast, the visual responses of most Y cells were affected neither by PT stimulation nor by PT inactivation. In addition, the temporal structure of spike patterns during the light response was examined with autocorrelograms and spike-interval distributions. X-on cells often exhibited a multimodal interval distribution and oscillatory type of activity. During stimulation of the PT interval distributions changed in a characteristic manner and oscillations disappeared. Both effects could be almost totally cancelled by PT inactivation. By contrast, the temporal structure of Y-cell responses was not affected. Our results demonstrate for the first time a pretectal modulation of retino-geniculate transmission in cat dLGN which is clearly different for X and Y cells. This influence seems to be mediated via (inhibitory) interneurons, since we found no indication for a direct coupling between PT and dLGN units. This projection might contribute to the well-known phenomenon of saccadic suppression.
[Epidemiology of open globe injuries].

BACKGROUND Severe open globe injuries are frequent emergencies in an ophthalmologic clinic and required immediate operation. The extent of these injuries is various depending on the mechanism of the injury and involvement of ocular tissue. In many cases a full visual rehabilitation can be achieved but in a lot of cases blindness results. To prevent such severe eye injuries it is important to judge the leading injury mechanisms. For this we collected our data about open globe injuries. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospectively we collected the data from 103 consecutive patients in the year 1996 and 1997, presenting with an open globe eye injury followed by operation. The data contained personal patients data, information about mechanism of injury, visual acuity, operation and rehabilitation. Statistical analysis was performed using binomimal-test and t-test for paired and unpaired samples (p < 0.05). RESULTS 85.4% were male. Most of the injuries happened at home (38%) and at the working place (31%). Assaultive injuries happened in 6.8%. 35% of all patients were craftmen (mechanics, electricians, or the locksmith were preferred). Pensioners were affected in 14.6% of all cases followed by small children (7.8%) and school children (7.8%). In 50% of all cases metal and glass were responsible for the trauma, explosions were noticed in 8.7%. An intraocular foreign body was found in 37.9%. In 62% of all cases no second operation was necessary. An enucleation during the follow-up was performed in 2 cases. CONCLUSION At least a third of all severe eye injuries would have been preventable. Concerning the non-preventable injuries accidents at home and in children were predominating. The rate of the open globe injuries was 2.32 in 100.000 people, which is about the same like in US-American studies. Most of the injuries happened at home because of carelessness and would have been avoidable. The rate of injuries at the working place is significantly higher than in the USA but there were significantly more gun-shot-injuries or offensive accidents abroad. The rate of accidents at home and in traffic were the same. We think that public campaigns and prevention strategies can help to reduce the potential risk of severe eye injuries.
A clinical and genetic study of 56 Saudi Wilson disease patients: identification of Saudi‐specific mutations

Wilson disease (WD) is a hereditary disorder, with recessive transmission and genetic heterogeneity. Several mutations of ATP7B, the gene underlying WD, were reported in many ethnic groups. In this study, mutation screening in ATP7B of 56 Saudi Arabian WD patients was undertaken. The clinical data of all patients were recorded. The entire ATP7B coding sequence, including intron–exon boundaries were screened for mutation by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based mutation detection technique and DNA sequencing. Thirty‐nine patients were symptomatic at presentation and 17 subjects were pre‐symptomatic siblings of affected patients. Fourteen patients had neurological, 11 patients had mixed (hepatic and neurological), and 14 patients had hepatic presentations. Family history suggestive of WD was present in 72% of cases and 68% had consanguineous parents. Genetic analysis showed disease‐causing mutations in three exons (exons 8, 19 and 21) of the ATP7B gene in 28 patients (50%). Mutations in exons 21 (18 cases) and 19 (one case) were unique for Saudis. This large series of Saudi patients with WD has shown wide variability in the genomic substrate of WD. There is no correlation between genotype and clinical presentation.
Thermal denaturation of iso‐1‐cytochrome c variants: Comparison with solvent denaturation

Thermal denaturation studies as a function of pH were carried out on wild‐type iso‐1‐cytochrome c and three variants of this protein at the solvent‐exposed position 73 of the sequence. By examining the enthalpy and Tm at various pH values, the heat capacity increment (ACP), which is dominated by the degree of change in nonpolar hydration upon protein unfolding, was found for the wild type where lysine 73 is normally present and for three variants. For the Trp 73 variant, the ACP value (1.15 ± 0.17 kcal/mol K) decreased slightly relative to wild‐type iso‐1‐cytochrome c (1.40 ± 0.06 kcal/mol K), while for the He 73 (1.65 ± 0.07 kcal/mol K) and the Val 73 (1.50 ± 0.06 kcal/mol K) variants, ACP increased slightly. In previous studies, the Trp 73, He 73, and Val 73 variants have been shown to have decreased m‐values in guanidine hydrochloride denaturations relative to the wild‐type protein (Herrmann L, Bowler BE, Dong A, Caughey WS. 1995. The effects of hydrophilic to hydrophobic surface mutations on the denatured state of iso‐1 ‐cytochrome c: Investigation of aliphatic residues. Biochemistry 34:3040‐3047). Both the m‐value and ACP are related to the change in solvent exposure upon unfolding and other investigators have shown a correlation exists between these two parameters. However, for this subset of variants of iso‐1‐cytochrome c, a lack of correlation exists which implies that there may be basic differences between the guanidine hydrochloride and thermal denaturations of this protein. Spectroscopic data are consistent with different denatured states for thermal and guanidine hydrochloride unfolding. The different response of m‐values and &CP for these variants will be discussed in this context.
A Financial Contracting Approach to the Role of Supermarkets in Farmers’ Credit Access

Traditional moneylenders monitor farmers to ensure that their investment is not diverted. Modern farming contracts offered by supermarkets in developing countries often entail a loan component, and monitoring arises as well. However, unlike moneylenders, supermarkets do care about the attributes of the product. Whether such attributes are obtained is influenced largely by the advice and the extension services received by farmers. We build a financial contracting model where we show that supermarkets optimally undertake both the monitoring and the advisory missions. This contract is shown to potentially enhance credit access for small farmers but sometimes also involves excessive monitoring.
Shotgun proteomics implicates extracellular matrix proteins and protease systems in neuronal development induced by astrocyte cholinergic stimulation

Astrocytes play an important role in neuronal development through the release of soluble factors that affect neuronal maturation. Shotgun proteomics followed by gene ontology analysis was used in this study to identify proteins present in the conditioned medium of primary rat astrocytes. One hundred and thirty three secreted proteins were identified, the majority of which were never before reported to be produced by astrocytes. Extracellular proteins were classified based on their biological and molecular functions; most of the identified proteins were involved in neuronal development. Semi‐quantitative proteomic analysis was carried out to identify changes in the levels of proteins released by astrocytes after stimulation with the cholinergic agonist carbachol, as we have previously reported that carbachol‐treated astrocytes elicit neuritogenesis in hippocampal neurons through the release of soluble factors. Carbachol up‐regulated secretion of 15 proteins and down‐regulated the release of 17 proteins. Changes in the levels of four proteins involved in neuronal differentiation (thrombospondin‐1, fibronectin, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, and plasminogen activator urokinase) were verified by western blot or ELISA. In conclusion, this study identified a large number of proteins involved in neuronal development in the astrocyte secretome and implicated extracellular matrix proteins and protease systems in neuronal development induced by astrocyte cholinergic stimulation.
Time-of-arrival characteristics of an indoor radio channel at 2.4 GHz

The measurement study of three different radio propagation aspects at 2.4 GHz is reported in this paper. The first propagation scenario included three different environments, the second involved two different transmitter antenna types and the third, two parallel propagation planes at different heights. Some observations, based on the measurement results, were carried out along with the comparisons with the other references.
The effect of cycle frequency on the power output of rat papillary muscles in vitro.

Papillary muscles were isolated from the right ventricles of rats and the length for maximum active force generation (Lmax) was determined isometrically. The work loop technique was used to derive the length for maximum work production (Lopt) at the cycle frequency, strain amplitude and stimulation phase shift found to be optimal for power output. Lopt was typically 7% shorter than Lmax and within the physiological length range (87.5% Lmax to Lmax). Net work and power output were measured during sinusoidal strain cycles around Lopt, over the cycle frequency range 1-9 Hz, strain amplitude and phase shift being optimised for work and power at each frequency. Experiments were performed at 37 degrees C. Distinct optima were found in both the work-frequency and the power-frequency relationships. The optimum cycle frequency for net work production was lower than the frequency for maximum power output. The mean maximum power output at 37 degrees C was 8.62 +/- 0.50 W kg-1 (mean +/- S.E.M., N = 9) and was achieved at a cycle frequency of approximately 6 Hz, close to the estimated resting heart rate of 5.8 Hz for the rats used (mean mass 223 +/- 25 g). The cycle frequency, strain amplitude and stimulation phase shift found to be optimal for power output produced an in vitro contraction closely simulating the basal in vivo contraction.
Bilateral Half‐Head Comparison of 1% Anthralin Ointment in Children with Alopecia Areata

Alopecia areata (AA) is one of the most difficult skin diseases to manage well. In children, anthralin is commonly used for the treatment of AA. Available research consists of a limited number of uncontrolled trials that assessed the effectiveness of anthralin in promoting hair growth in patients with AA. The objective of this study was to validate the clinical effectiveness of short‐contact anthralin 1% ointment in children with AA.
The relationship between endurance capacity, game performance and estimated accumulation of fatigue in young football players

Lehto, Henri 2009. The relationship between endurance capacity, game performance and estimated accumulation of fatigue in young football players. Master’s thesis in Science of Sport Coaching and Fitness Testing, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla. 53 pages. Aerobic fitness is an important factor in football. However, there is still a lack of knowledge considering the relationships between endurance capacity, game performance and game intensity in young football players. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine these relationships and to gather more detailed information about the game actions, intensity and accumulation of fatigue in youth football. The subjects of the study were 11( B-11, N = 12, height 1.46 ± 0.06 m, weight 35.1 ± 4.2 kg), 13( B-13, N = 11, 1.59 ± 0.09 m, 46.5 ± 6.0 kg) and 15-year-old ( B-15, N = 8, 1.71 ± 0.06 m, 60.4 ± 9.1 kg) young football players playing in a Finnish club team. The subjects’ aerobic capacity (VO2max ) was tested on a treadmill test and estimated from the Yo-Yo Endurance Test Level 1-result. The players played an 11-a-side test match in their own age group, during which their heart rate was measured. The number and outcome of players’ game actions were analysed using notational analysis system and players’ average oxygen consumption during the match was estimated based on the heart rate data. It was found that VO2max of the players did not have a significant effect on the number or outcome of young players’ game actions. However, in the players with lower VO2max a statistically significant decrease in average heart rate (p < 0.05) and in relative average heart rate (p < 0.01) was observed between the halves. In the players with higher VO2max only a borderline (p = 0.054) decrease was observed in relative average heart rate between the halves, indicating that the young players with higher VO2max were better able to maintain their game intensity. In the players with higher VO2max the average physical load of the game was also lower. Furthermore, it was found that the game intensity decreased significantly between the two halves due to accumulation of fatigue and that game intensity measured as relative heart rate gradually increased with increasing age. Based on the current findings the endurance capacity of the young players seems to have an effect on the game intensity and that the average physical load during the game is lower in the players with higher endurance capacity. Thus, it may be suggested that some type of endurance training could be carried out in young football players. However, the emphasis in training should still be on developing skills and game understanding as the endurance capacity of the players did not seem to affect on the number and outcome of game actions. Small-sided games and football-specific interval training should be preferred, as those have been documented to improve endurance capacity, but also similarly skills and game understanding.
Epstein-Barr Virus Recombinants from BC-1 and BC2 Can Immortalize Human Primary B Lymphocytes with Different Levels of Efficiency and in the Absence of Coinfection by Kaposi ’ s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are human gammaherpesviruses associated with numerous malignancies. Primary effusion lymphoma or body cavity-based lymphoma is a distinct clinicopathological entity that, in the majority of cases, manifests coinfection with KSHV and EBV. In previous analyses, we have characterized the EBV in the BC-1 and BC-2 cell lines as potential intertypic recombinants of the EBV types 1 and 2. In order to examine the infectious and transforming capacities of KSHV and the intertypic EBV recombinants from the BC-1 and BC-2 cell lines, viral replication was induced in these cell lines and fresh human primary B lymphocytes were infected with progeny virus. The transformed clones were analyzed by PCR and Western blotting. All analyzed clones were infected with the intertypic progeny EBV but had no detectable signal for progeny KSHV. Additionally, primary B lymphocytes incubated with viral supernatant containing KSHV alone showed an unsustained initial proliferation, but prolonged growth or immortalization of these cells in vitro was not observed. We also show that the EBV recombinants from BC-1 were less efficient than the EBV recombinants from BC-2 in the ability to maintain the transformed phenotype of the infected human B lymphocytes. From these findings, we conclude that the BC-1 and BC-2 intertypic EBV recombinants can immortalize human primary B lymphocytes, albeit at different levels of efficiency. However, the KSHV induced from BC-1 and BC-2 alone cannot transform primary B cells, nor can it coinfect EBV-positive B lymphocytes under our experimental conditions with B lymphocytes from EBVseropositive individuals. These results are distinct from those in one previous report and suggest a possible requirement for other factors to establish coinfection with both viral agents.
Establishment of a cell line (NPC/HK1) from a differentiated squamous carcinoma of the nasopharynx

A long‐term cell culture epithelioid cell line was established from a recurrent squamous carcinoma of the nasopharynx of a Chinese male 17 1/2 years after radiation therapy. The cell line, designated NPC/HKI, has been passaged 72 times over a period of 1 year. The cells have been shown by light and electron microscopies to be of the squamous epithelial type. When they were transplanted subcutaneously into the back of athymic nude BALB/c (nu/nu) mice, tumors developed at the sites of inoculation, which on histological examination were shown to be well‐differentiated squamous carcinomas, similar in morphology to the recurrent human tumor from which they were derived. Karyotypic analysis of cells from the cell line demonstrates an aneuploid human type with a modal chromosome number of 74 with both numerical and structural aberrations. Viral particles or Epstein‐Barr viral nuclear antigen (EBNA) has not been demonstrated in the cells from the primary culture or several of the subcultures tested. The presence of EBNA in touch smears prepared from the biopsy tissue was inconclusive. Infection of the subcultured cells with EBV from P3HR1 and B95‐8 cells was unsuccessful.