Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Precipitin system detected in sera from patients with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis

A precipitin system detected by immunodiffusion was identified using sera from patients with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. This system resembled those described by other authors as serological tests for non‐A, non‐B antigens and antibodies. However, testing of sera from a large number of patients with acute and chronic liver diseases revealed that this precipitin system was not specific for non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. Further characterization of the precipitin system demonstrated that it did not represent a true antigen‐antibody reaction. Precipitin lines detected by immunodiffusion during the course of acute and chronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis may not represent reactions specific for this disease.
Cyclosporine Does Not Reduce Myocardial Infarct Size in a Porcine Ischemia-Reperfusion Model

Cyclosporine A (CsA) has been shown to protect against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury in small animal models. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of CsA on myocardial I/R injury in a porcine model. Pigs were randomized between CsA (10mg/kg; n = 12) or placebo (n = 15) and anesthetized with either isoflurane (phase I) or pentobarbital (phase II). By catheterization, the left descending coronary artery was occluded for 45 minutes, followed by reperfusion for 2 hours. Hearts were stained to quantify area at risk (AAR) and infarct size (IS). Myocardial biopsies were obtained for terminal dUTP nick end labeling and immunoblot analysis of proapoptotic proteins (apoptosis-inducing factor [AIF], BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19-kd interacting protein 3 [BNIP-3], and active caspase-3). Cyclosporine A did not reduce IS/AAR compared with placebo (49% vs 41%, respectively; P = .21). Pigs anesthetized with isoflurane had lower IS/AAR than pigs anesthetized with pentobarbital (39% vs 51%, respectively; P = .03). This reduction in IS/AAR seemed to be attenuated by CsA. Apoptosis-inducing factor protein expression was higher after CsA administration than after placebo (P = .02). Thus, CsA did not protect against I/R injury in this porcine model. The data suggest a possible deleterious interaction of CsA and isoflurane.
Effect of frequency on the fatigue strength of dentin bonds.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of frequency on shear fatigue strength (SFS). The SFS of a resin composite bonded to dentin was determined using three self-etch adhesive systems: G-ænial Bond, Scotchbond Universal, and Optibond XTR. The staircase method of fatigue testing was used to determine the SFS at frequencies of 5, 10, and 20 Hz for 50,000 cycles. The failed bonding sites observed were classified based on the type of bond failure as follows: adhesive failure, cohesive failure in composite, cohesive failure in dentin, or mixed failure (partially adhesive, partially cohesive). A modified t-test with Bonferroni correction was used to analyze the SFS data, and a complex chi-square test was used to analyze the fracture modes. The SFS of OX was significantly greater than that of GB at both 5 and 10 Hz. However, no significant differences in SFS were found among the three frequencies (5, 10, and 20 Hz) in the three self-etch adhesive systems. Furthermore, no significant differences in bond failure mode were observed among the three frequency rates in all the three adhesives used. (J Oral Sci 58, 539-546, 2016).
Labour markets, public policies and crime: An empirical analysis

The thesis consists of six chapters. Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter. Chapter 2 is a survey of the literature on crime and labour markets. In that chapter, I discuss the seminal work that has been undertaken in that field of research and discuss the advances in the theoretical and empirical literature. Reviewing the literature, I identify open research questions. Some of these questions are addressed in subsequent chapters of this dissertation. Chapter 3 builds on the literature which provides evidence of long-term consequences for workers who first join the labour market during economic downturns. Using a range of data sources from the U.S. and UK, we demonstrate a substantial long-run effect of recessions on criminal behaviour: We find that youth who enter the labour market during recessions are significantly more likely to become criminal than those who graduate into a stronger labour market. Chapter 4 investigates the contemporaneous relationship between unemployment and crime in the context of increasing unemployment durations in the U.S. I employ quasi-experimental estimation techniques to study the impact of temporary unemployment benefit extensions on crime, and to establish the causal link between unemployment, unemployment durations and crime. The results support the hypothesis that the relationship between unemployment and crime depends on the duration of unemployment. Chapter 5 studies the impact of the stop-and-frisk policy in New York City as a policy that explicitly aims at crime deterrence. Using a range of data sources and quasi-experimental estimation techniques, we estimate the overall impact of the policy on crime in New York City. Further, we provide evidence that supports the hypothesis of racial bias and in particular claims that Afro-Americans face a disproportional probability of a stop-and-frisk encounter. Yet, our estimations suggest that there is no knock-on effect on crime. Chapter 6 is a concluding chapter.
Peroxisomal and mitochondrial carnitine acetyltransferases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are encoded by a single gene.

Carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT) is present in mitochondria and peroxisomes of oleate‐grown Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both proteins are encoded by the same gene, YCAT, which encodes a protein with a mitochondrial targeting signal (MTS) at the N‐terminus, and a peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS‐1) at the C‐terminus. Deletion of both motifs revealed the presence of an additional internal targeting sequence. Import of CAT via this internal signal was shown to be dependent on PAS10, a protein which is required for the import of PTS‐1 containing proteins. An interaction of PAS10 with this internal targeting signal was demonstrated using the yeast two‐hybrid technique. Expression of the YCAT gene behind a heterologous promoter resulted in loss of peroxisomal targeting, indicating that differential targeting is controlled at transcriptional or translational level. Determination of the 5′‐ends of YCAT mRNAs revealed that YCAT transcripts initiating after the first AUG were present in oleate‐grown cells. These transcripts were virtually absent in acetate‐ or glycerol‐grown cells. We propose that in response to oleate, shorter transcripts are produced from which the peroxisomal form of CAT is translated, resulting in a CAT protein without a MTS, which can be targeted to peroxisomes.
[Rhinitis and asthma related to cotton dust exposure in apprentices in the clothing industry].

OBJECTIVE Respiratory allergies are the most common occupational diseases in the world. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of rhinitis and asthma among apprentices exposed to cotton dust in the clothing industry and to describe their epidemiologic and clinical profiles. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We carried out a descriptive study of 600 apprentices in a textile and clothing vocational training centre in the Monastir area. The investigation comprised a questionnaire exploring risk factors and symptoms appearing during their training. Subjects who developed allergic respiratory symptoms at the work-place underwent a clinical examination, rhinomanometry and investigation of their allergic status and respiratory function. RESULTS One hundred twenty apprentices (20%) developed allergic respiratory reactions due to exposure to textile dust (exclusively cotton) during their training, with a positive withdrawal-re-exposure test. Conjunctivitis (14.3%) and rhinitis (8.5%) were the most frequent allergic symptoms. Twenty eight apprentices (4.6%) presented symptoms of asthma. Rhinitis was associated with asthma in 45% of cases. Two cases of asthma were diagnosed clinically at the work-place following their exposure to textile dust. The prick test performed in 120 symptomatic apprentices was positive in 41.6% of cases. There was sensitization to pollens in 29 cases and to dermatophagoides in 13 cases. Cotton and wool allergy was noted in two cases. Allergic symptoms developing during the training were significantly more frequent in the atopic group, and they varied according to the intensity of textile dust exposure. CONCLUSION In the textile and clothing industry the frequency of respiratory disorders caused by allergens remains high, especially in atopic apprentices who constitute a population at high risk.
Understanding type 1 diabetes genetics - approaches for identification of susceptibility genes in multi-factorial diseases.

1. PRE-INTRODUCTION The aim of this thesis is to review and discuss different approaches for identifying susceptibility genes and evaluate their evidence in multi-factorial diseases using type 1 diabetes (T1D) as a model. The intention has not been to evaluate the individual methods in detail, but to discuss classical and novel methods in a conceptual perspective. The underlying scientific work is described in the papers (Bergholdt et al. 1995; Bergholdt et al. 2000; Bergholdt et al. 2004a; Bergholdt et al. 2005a; Bergholdt et al. 2005c; Bergholdt et al. 2006; Bergholdt et al. 2007a; Bergholdt et al. 2007b) and this thesis will evaluate our own data in the context of what has been, and has become, approaches for mapping disease genes. T1D can be seen as a model for diseases of multi-factorial origin and even though there are differences among such diseases, the concepts applied for the present studies are expected to be applicable to the genetics of other complex diseases. Multi-factorial diseases are not caused by variation in a single or a few genes but rather result from variants in several genes, each contributing only a weak effect. The main purpose of this thesis is to review how numerous disease genes may be identified. More recent approaches integrate biological and genetic information in gene mapping and focus increasingly on genome-wide approaches. The developments in gene identification have been tremendous. However, despite new methods and large studies, the overall impression is that data inconsistencies exist and novel approaches integrating genetic and functional information are needed. These may include novel analytical methods, such as global/genome-wide approaches, use of information from other autoimmune diseases and rare syndromes, more functional approaches as well as studies of interactions at the genetic or functional level. The thesis will focus on approaches for identification of susceptibility genes and cover approaches applied in the papers (Bergholdt et al. 1995; Bergholdt et al. 2000; Bergholdt et al. 2004a; Bergholdt et al. 2005a; Bergholdt et al. 2005c; Bergholdt et al. 2006; Bergholdt et al. 2007a; Bergholdt et al. 2007b). Candidate gene approaches, genome-wide linkage and association analyses, examples of the use of comparative genetics as well as novel approaches for identifying genes and gene-gene interactions, and approaches for functional prioritization of candidate genes will be covered and discussed in the context of our own work.
[A recommendable standard protocol of adult male circumcision with the Chinese Shang Ring: outcomes of 328 cases in China].

OBJECTIVE Standardization of and training in adult male circumcision can significantly reduce its complication rate. Currently no such program exists for its standardization and training, making it difficult to guarantee the quality of male circumcision services. We therefore established a standardized surgical protocol for adult male circumcision in China using the Shang Ring, and applied it to a clinical study examining the performance of the Shang Ring in adult male circumcision. METHODS A total of 328 adult men aged 18-58 (mean 27.8) years, 25 with phimosis and 303 with redundant prepuce, underwent circumcision with the Shang Ring, and evaluation of the operation time, pain scores (using the visual analog scale), postoperative complications, time for wound healing, and their satisfaction with the postoperative appearance. RESULTS The operation time was 4.7 +/- 1.3 minutes. The pain scores were 0. 2 +/- 0.6 during the surgery, 1.6 +/- 1.0 twenty hours postoperatively, 1.7 +/- 1.1 twenty hours prior to the ring removal, and 2.7 +/- 1.4 during the ring removal. Complications included infection in 2 (0.6%), bleeding in 2 (0.6%), and wound dehiscence in 2 (0.6%) of the patients. None of the patients with wound dehiscence required postoperative suturing and all were managed conservatively instead. Sixteen of the patients (4.9%) experienced penile edema. The time for complete wound healing after circumcision was 20.3 +/- 6.7 days. The rate of the patients'satisfaction was 99.7% (327/328). CONCLUSION The standard protocol of adult male circumcision with the Shang Ring has the advantages of short operation time, slight pain, low rate of complications, and high satisfaction and acceptance of the patients. Strict standardization of the surgical protocol can maximize its clinical advantages for adult male circumcision.
Economic Inequality among US Farm Households: Assessment of the Role of the 2008-2009 Financial Crisis

This paper aims to evaluate the potential impact of the 2008-2009 financial crisis on the economic inequality among US farm households. To accomplish this objective, a multivariate regression procedure and a decade-long pooled state-level cross sections of data from the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) were used. Among the major findings is the inverse relationship between both income and wealth inequality and factors such as when the famer has a college education or beyond, when the farm is owned partly or fully, and when the farm is located in the Midwestern region. These findings underscore the importance, in terms of policy perspectives aimed at lowering economic inequality, of investing in human capital and in maintaining a stable agricultural economy.
Money Demand in the Arab Republic of Egypt: A Vector Equilibrium Correction Model

Money demand is critical for defining monetary policy options and is not driven necessarily by developed country standards of transaction demand, speculation motive, and opportunity costs grounded by fully functioning financial markets. However, market imperfections in less developed economies can also play a critical role in the dynamics of demand for money. This paper estimates a vector equilibrium correction model to investigate the nature of short-term and long-term interactions for money demand in the Arab Republic of Egypt. The paper concludes that real money demand in Egypt during (1958-2013) is stable and can be considered confidently by monetary authorities to adjust for long-term growth in the real economy. The rate of devaluation of the official exchange rate and inflation have a serious effect on the public's trust in the national currency in the long term. Money is not neutral for long-term portfolio decisions, because of the increase in real income in the economy that couples with an uptrend in monetization as the ratio of money stock over output also uptrends. The paper also provides quantitative evidence that the devaluation within the parallel market is negatively related to the change in demand for real money balances in the short term. Economic agents hold more domestic currency if the official exchange rate slides, and arbitrage opportunities are sought in the parallel market.
The Privatization of Global Environmental Governance: ISO 14000 and the Developing World

oluntary codes of conduct for firms and private standards-setting bodies are growing in number and are increasingly gaining recog nition and public status by states and intergovernmental organiza tions. This has led to a growth in what some have labeled as "mixed" regimes of a hybrid nature, whereby both states and private authorities are heavily involved in the creation and maintenance of international princi ples, norms, rules, and decisionmaking procedures. In such hybrid re gimes, the boundary between public and private spheres is blurred.1 In the environmental realm, the ISO 14000 series of environmental management standards recently adopted by the International Organization for Standard ization (ISO) is illustrative of a hybrid private-public regime. These stan dards, intended to help firms take environmental considerations into ac count in all aspects of their operations by establishing an environmental management system (EMS) and other operation guidelines, were recently adopted by the membership of the ISO as official international standards. Though strictly voluntary for firms, the ISO 14000 standards are extremely important, as their impact goes beyond private industry. States are plac ing great hope in voluntary industry efforts to help improve environmental quality.2 The ISO 14000 standards in particular are being adopted by stan dards-setting bodies in some states, either whole scale or in part, as na tional EMS standards. Moreover, these standards are now recognized by the World Trade Organization (WTO) as legitimate public standards and guidelines and in effect create an international ceiling for EMSs.3 Industry has also been very supportive of the ISO 14000 standards, as it hopes that adherence to them may preempt, or at least soften, present and future state determined environmental regulations.4 While industry-based voluntary environmental measures such as ISO 14000 have gained initial encouragement from public organizations, de bates have emerged over whether they are actually capable of meeting en vironmental goals such as the promotion of clean production processes in both industrialized and less industrialized countries, as outlined in Agenda 21. Industry advocates see these new environmental codes of conduct as
A simple IP fast reroute scheme for full coverage

A major concern in IP networks is to ensure that any topology changes, whether planned or unplanned, do not disrupt network performance. IP Fast Reroute (IP FRR) is a general approach to address this issue, by promptly forwarding an IP packet to a predetermined alternate next hop as soon as the primary next hop to the destination becomes unavailable. Among the numerous IP FRR schemes proposed to date, the simplest ones do not guarantee protection against every component failure, while more sophisticated ones tend to be difficult to implement due to various inherent complexities, such as nontrivial modifications of IP packets or high resource requirements.
Caffeine Gum and Cycling Performance: A Timing Study

Abstract Ryan, EJ, Kim, C-H, Fickes, EJ, Williamson, M, Muller, MD, Barkley, JE, Gunstad, J, and Glickman, EL. Caffeine gum and cycling performance: A timing study. J Strength Cond Res 27(1): 259–264, 2013—The purpose of this study was to determine the most efficacious time to administer caffeine (CAF) in chewing gum to enhance cycling performance. Eight male cyclists participated in 5 separate laboratory sessions. During the first visit, the subjects underwent a graded exercise test to determine maximal oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max). During the next 4 visits, 3 pieces of chewing gum were administered at 3 time points (120-minute precycling, 60-minute precycling, and 5-minute precycling). In 3 of the 4 visits, at 1 of the time points mentioned previously, 300 mg of CAF was administered. During the fourth visit, placebo gum was administered at all 3 time points. The experimental trials were defined as follows: trial A (–120), trial B (–60), trial C (–5), and trial D (Placebo). After baseline measurements, time allotted for gum administration, and a standard warm-up, the participants cycled at 75% V[Combining Dot Above]O2max for 15 minutes then completed a 7-kJ·kg−1 cycling time trial. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Cycling performance was improved in trial C (–5), but not in trial A (–120) or trial B (–60), relative to trial D (Placebo). CAF administered in chewing gum enhanced cycling performance when administered immediately prior, but not when administered 1 or 2 hours before cycling.
Perforating folliculitis in association with hemodialysis

ABSTRACTFive patients developed pruritic, keratotic, perforating follicular papules and nodules within 2 months of starting maintenance hemodialysis. Clinically and histologically, the papules and nodules showed the features of perforating folliculitis with superimposed prurigo nodularis, a condition not previously described in patients on maintenance dialysis. The patients with perforating folliculitis constituted 10% of our patients on dialysis during the period of this study. Notably, all five patients were black and had chronic renal failure secondary to diabetic nephropathy. The precise pathogenesis of perforating folliculitis in these patients is unclear at this time.
Treatment of erectile dysfunction by perineal exercise, electromyographic biofeedback, and electrical stimulation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Only a few investigators have described the involvement of the perineal muscles in the process of human erection. The aim of this research was to evaluate a re-education program for men with erection problems of different etiologies. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Fifty-one patients with erectile dysfunction were treated with pelvic-floor exercises, biofeedback, and electrical stimulation. RESULTS The results of the interventions can be summarized as follows: 24 patients (47%) regained a normal erection, 12 patients (24%) improved, and 6 patients (12%) did not make any progress. Nine patients (18%) did not complete the therapy. On the basis of several variables, a prediction equation was generated to determine the factors that would predict the effect of the interventions. The outcome was most favorable in men with venous-occlusive dysfunction. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Comparison of the results of the physical therapy protocol reported here with those obtained for other interventions reported in the literature shows that a pelvic-floor muscle program may be a noninvasive alternative for the treatment of patients with erectile dysfunction caused by venous occlusion.
Where’s the Tea Party? An Examination of the Tea Party’s Voting Behavior in the House of Representatives

Does the Tea Party affect how lawmakers vote? Given the possible spurious effect of a representative’s ideology, we leverage natural variation in the Tea Party’s existence and examine this question through the lens of party switching. Like when lawmakers change parties, representatives who (1) joined Tea Party Caucus and (2) had a large volume of Tea Party activists in their district underwent a significant shift to the right in the 112th Congress. We believe these findings support both legislative-centered and extended network theorists. An additional analysis reveals that, unlike Democrats and non-Tea Party aligned Republicans who also shifted to the extremes in the 112th Congress, Tea Party Republicans did not “bounce back” in the 113th Congress. Lastly, we find no equivalent rightward shift in comparable conservative caucuses or among Republicans with similar ideologies and districts. In the end, although the Tea Party is not a “party” in the classic sense of the word, we claim that it is having “party like” effects in Congress. In the conclusion section, we discuss the implications of these results for the stability of the current two-party system. Given our findings, a major realignment or split within the Republican Party would not be surprising.