Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of gender on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children referred to a psychiatric clinic.

OBJECTIVE The substantial discrepancy in the male-to-female ratio between clinic-referred (10 to 1) and community (3 to 1) samples of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggests that gender differences may be operant in the phenotypic expression of ADHD. In this study the authors systematically examined the impact of gender on the clinical features of ADHD in a group of children referred to a clinic. METHOD The study included 140 boys and 140 girls with ADHD and 120 boys and 122 girls without ADHD as comparison subjects. All subjects were systematically assessed with structured diagnostic interviews and neuropsychological batteries for subtypes of ADHD as well as emotional, school, intellectual, interpersonal, and family functioning. RESULTS Girls with ADHD were more likely than boys to have the predominantly inattentive type of ADHD, less likely to have a learning disability, and less likely to manifest problems in school or in their spare time. In addition, girls with ADHD were at less risk for comorbid major depression, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder than boys with ADHD. A statistically significant gender-by-ADHD interaction was identified for comorbid substance use disorders as well. CONCLUSIONS The lower likelihood for girls to manifest psychiatric, cognitive, and functional impairment than boys could result in gender-based referral bias unfavorable to girls with ADHD.
Extended ground-state and excited-state carrier dynamics control in a mode-locked two-section quantum dot laser: Joining absorber reverse-bias and resistor self-electro-optic effect (SEED) emission-state regimes

The emission-state dynamics of a strongly spectrally inhomogeneously broadened two-section InAs/InGaAs quantumdot (QD) laser are experimentally investigated by exploiting a resistor-SEEDconfiguration and by reverse-biasing the absorber. By joining these operation regimes for the first time, a combined and complete understanding of the two-state carrier dynamics including a photon pumping process in mode-locked operation is obtained.
TOWARD A RATIONALE FOR THE SECLUSION PROCESS

The present paper summarizes three studies focusing on different aspects of seclusion room practices. The first study involved chart reviews to collect empirical data on reasons for seclusion, length of seclusion, and characteristics of secluded patients. The second study focused on staff attitudes toward seclusion; the third dealt with the attitudes of both secluded and nonsecluded patients. The average time of seclusion was approximately 4 hours and in most cases aggressive behaviors of various types were cited as the precipitating event. In addition, patient and staff attitudes implied that a major function of the seclusion process was to isolate patients from disturbing interactions and to maintain the smooth functioning of the ward minisociety. Two models of seclusion, an ethological model and a behavioristic “time out” model, were developed in order to integrate the results of these studies. Implications of the findings and models are presented for changes in seclusion room procedures.
Cone-beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of Root Canal Preparation using Various Rotary Instruments: An in vitro Study.

AIM To evaluate the remaining dentin thickness of teeth after cleaning and shaping the root canal using three rotary instrumentation technique using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS This in vitro study is being done with 30 premolar samples with 20' curvature. The study is divided into three groups a CBCT was taken to measure the shortest distance from the root canal outline to the closest adjacent root surface was measured at each level from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) (1,3, 5 and 7 mm) before and after root canal instrumentation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different instruments used to prepare curved root canals on the remaining cervical dentin thickness and total amount of dentin removed from root canals during instrumentation by using multi-slice CBCT. The remaining dentin thickness is very much necessary for the success rate of root canal treatment. However, this study helps to prove that a conservative preparation with a sound remaining dentin thickness is much more advisable. RESULT It was observed that there was a significant difference at 1 and 3 mm (p < 0.05) and at 5 and 7 mm there was no significant difference ( p > 0.05). Mtwo has removed less amount dentin when compared to ProTaper Universal and ProTaper Next system at 1 and 3 mm. CONCLUSION Under the conditions of the study, we concluded that ProTaper Universal and ProTaper Next should be used judiciously, as it causes higher thinning of root dentin of the root when compared with Mtwo.
Can immunohistochemical markers and mitotic rate improve prognostic precision in patients with primary melanoma?

In addition to tumor thickness, several other prognostic parameters have been identified in primary human melanomas. Some are available readily (localization, gender, age, and ulceration). Others must be evaluated with a moderate or even substantial amount of work (mitoses and immunohistochemical markers). This study was undertaken to determine whether this extra effort is justified because it actually improves the precision of prognostic statements.
Selective Unresponsiveness to Conformational B Cell Epitopes of the Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein in H-2b Mice1

Autoantibodies directed against conformation-dependent epitopes of the extracellular domain of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOGIgd) play a major role in the immunopathogenesis of demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We now demonstrate that one or more genes encoded within the MHC selectively censor the ability of H-2b mice to mount this conformation-dependent autoantibody response, while leaving T and B cell responses to linear MOGIgd epitopes intact. This novel form of selective B cell unresponsiveness discriminates between pathogenic and nonpathogenic Ab responses to MOG and determines whether or not Ab-dependent effector mechanisms play an important role in the pathogenesis of MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the mouse.
Maternal employment in Scandinavia: a comparison of the after-birth employment activity of Norwegian and Swedish women.

"A striking characteristic of recent Western labour market trends is the rise in employment among mothers of very young children. So far, few studies have analysed the impact of public policies on employment rates of young mothers. In this study we address this issue by comparing two similar countries, Norway and Sweden, which have the same set of policies with slight variations, using data sets with similar designs. We analyse rates of re-entry into paid work after first birth for mothers in 1968-88 by means of hazard regression. One important finding is that the right to paid maternity leave with job security greatly speeds up the return to work. "
Design and Analysis of Si Interconnects for All-Spin Logic

An Si spin interconnect for all-spin logic (ASL) is analyzed by a comprehensive physical model, including spin injection, spin transport, and stochastic magnetization dynamics. It is shown that the spin current density and spin polarization of the current can be improved by changing material properties, interface conditions, and structure dimensions. Furthermore, with the help of an electric field, spin information can preserve and propagate between magnets in a highly doped micrometer-scale Si channel. Different from metallic ASL, instead of the short spin relaxation length, the main constraint of an Si spin interconnect is the high bias voltage required to minimize the energy-delay product (EDP). The minimum EDP and corresponding bias voltage can be reduced significantly by downscaling the nanomagnet. This improvement in the magnetic response allows Si to provide a compatible low-power interconnect technology to metallic ASL.
Inertial range scalings of dissipation and enstrophy in isotropic turbulence

The inertial range scalings of local averages of energy dissipation rate and enstrophy (vorticity squared ) are studied using high resolution direct numerical simulation data for homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. The Taylor microscale Reynolds number is 216. It is found that the enstrophy is more intermittent than dissipation, consistent with previous one-dimensional surrogate measurements at high Reynolds numbers. Contrary to some recent expectations, enstrophy and dissipation have different exponents. [S0031-9007(97)03795-2] PACS numbers: 47.27. Gs
Derivation of Equivalent Circuit Parameters for Single-Sided Linear Induction Motors

A π model of equivalent circuit has been proposed for single-sided linear induction motors, whose parameters have been obtained using the 1-D field analysis method and the complex Poynting theorem. The longitudinal end effect (LEE), transverse edge effect, saturation effect in secondary back iron, and half-filled primary slots are included in the suggested method. The LEE is considered, completely, with the help of the Poynting theorem and new boundary conditions. The well-known iterative method is modified to improve the calculation accuracy of saturation factor, Ks , the permeability of back iron, and the equivalent secondary resistance. The effect of half-filled primary slots is also included by the modification of the effective motor length and the primary equivalent current sheet. The simulation results are evaluated by the finite-element method and experimental measurements.
The Effect of Thinking Tools on the Argumentation Skills of Pre-Service Science Teachers in Flipped Learning

The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of the use of thinking tools on the pre-service science teachers' argumentation skills in flipped learning. A single-group repeated experiment involving 34 pre-service science teachers was used. Data about students' argumentation skills and attitudes towards thinking tools was collected. This study found that the students' argumentation skills ranked highest when they used an online collaborative text-based visual thinking tool. The students also preferred to use the text-based visual thinking tool, although they recognized the online collaborative diagram-based thinking tools could better reflect their thinking processes.
No allelic association or interaction of three known functional polymorphisms with bipolar disorder in a northern Swedish isolated population

Most genetic association studies in bipolar disorder have focussed on genes involved in major neurotransmitter systems or brain development. Functional polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR), catechol-O-methyltransferase (Val158Met) and dopamine D3 receptor (Ser9Gly) genes have all been associated with bipolar disorder. We aimed at investigating whether these functional variants contribute to the genetic etiology of bipolar disorder in a northern Swedish isolated population. Moreover, we wanted to gain information about the synergistic contribution of these functional variants. Neither of these functional polymorphisms was associated with bipolar disorder in the northern Swedish patient–control sample nor did we find evidence of gene–gene interaction. Together, our data suggest that these functional variants are not involved in the etiology of bipolar disorder in the northern Swedish population nor did gene–gene interaction analysis support a central role of these variants in bipolar disorder.
Prorenin engages the (pro)renin receptor like renin and both ligand activities are unopposed by aliskiren

Objectives Inhibition of (pro)renin receptor activation was demonstrated to inhibit or even abolish the development of end-organ damage in animal models. The new renin inhibitor, aliskiren, markedly increases the plasma concentration of the (pro)renin receptor ligands prorenin and renin in patients. The effects of prorenin and of renin inhibitors on the signal transduction cascade of the (pro)renin receptor are currently unknown. Results Our results indicate that renin and prorenin were equally potent in (pro)renin receptor activation by decreasing (pro)renin receptor mRNA, increasing phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase p85α mRNA and augmenting viable cell number, respectively. These effects of renin and prorenin are both abolished using small-interfering RNA against the (pro)renin receptor or its adaptor promyelocytic zinc finger protein. The renin inhibitor aliskiren did not inhibit the renin-induced or prorenin-induced activation of the (pro)renin receptor. Conclusion This is the first report demonstrating equal ligand activities of both, renin and prorenin, on the (pro)renin receptor - promyelocytic zinc finger protein–phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase–p85α pathway. The failure of aliskiren to inhibit the noncatalytic effects of renin and prorenin may be of clinical relevance considering the increase in plasma concentrations of (pro)renin under aliskiren treatment.
Clinical significance of outcome in long‐term follow‐up of borderline patients at a day hospital

All borderline patients admitted at a day hospital during a 6‐year period were followed up with a postal questionnaire after 3–10 years. Patients who had chosen to leave the treatment within 4 months were analyzed as a separate group, and these drop‐outs and the remaining patients were compared with a group of well‐adjusted people who were assumed to represent the functional norm. The patients who remained in treatment were clearly posited at a level of functioning between the norm and the drop‐outs, although the variation among them was quite large. Depending on the stringency and content of the criterion of clinical significance, 25–75% of the patients remaining in treatment fell within the range of the norm group versus 20–50% of the drop‐outs. The patients who had benefited most since termination had differed favorably from the other patients already at admission to treatment, but not as much as had the drop‐outs. The drop‐outs, however, at admission also had more ambivalent or negative attitudes towards treatment.
Testing Chaos of Time Series: portmanteau Statistics under an Order Transformation

This paper studies several portmanteau test statistics with a nonparametric order transformation for distinguishing independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random processes from noisy chaotic time series. These portmanteau test statistics are asymptotically distributed as a chi-square random variable under the null hypothesis of i.i. d. Gaussian series. In this Letter, we show that the asymptotic distributions of these portmanteau test statistics on the transformed series are still chi-square under the null hypothesis. The simulations indicate that direct use of these portmanteau test statistics yields low power in identifying chaos. However, with the proposed order transformation, the simulations show that these test statistics are still effective for identifying noisy low dimensional chaos in some cases.
Life with a Single Isoform of Akt: Mice Lacking Akt2 and Akt3 Are Viable but Display Impaired Glucose Homeostasis and Growth Deficiencies

ABSTRACT To address the issues of isoform redundancy and isoform specificity of the Akt family of protein kinases in vivo, we generated mice deficient in both Akt2 and Akt3. In these mice, only the Akt1 isoform remains to perform essential Akt functions, such as glucose homeostasis, proliferation, differentiation, and early development. Surprisingly, we found that Akt2−/−Akt3−/− and even Akt1+/−Akt2−/−Akt3−/− mice developed normally and survived with minimal dysfunctions, despite a dramatic reduction of total Akt levels in all tissues. A single functional allele of Akt1 appears to be sufficient for successful embryonic development and postnatal survival. This is in sharp contrast to the previously described lethal phenotypes of Akt1−/−Akt2−/− mice and Akt1−/−Akt3−/− mice. However, Akt2−/−Akt3−/− mice were glucose and insulin intolerant and exhibited an ∼25% reduction in body weight compared to wild-type mice. In addition, we found substantial reductions in relative size and weight of the brain and testis in Akt2−/−Akt3−/− mice, demonstrating an in vivo role for both Akt2 and Akt3 in the determination of whole animal size and individual organ sizes.
Executive functions and speed of mental processing in elderly patients with frontal or nonfrontal ischemic stroke

Impairments in executive functions have been related to aging and frontal lobe lesions. Aging also causes slowing of mental processing. We examined whether ischemic stroke in the frontal brain area results in dysexecutive syndrome, or whether the frontal stroke causes increased slowing of mental processing. Neurological, radiological and neuropsychological examinations were carried out 3 months post‐stroke on 250 ischemic stroke patients (55–85 years) and on 39 healthy control subjects. Of the patients, 62 had frontal and 188 had nonfrontal lesions. The neuropsychological examination comprised several cognitive domains, including tests considered to measure executive functions. The frontal group was slower than the nonfrontal group in tasks measuring speed of mental processing which were time‐limited (Trail Making A, Stroop dots and fluency). They were also inferior in the Digit Span backwards task. There were no differences between the groups in other cognitive domains, nor in some tests which are considered to be measures of executive functions (e.g. WCST). Impairments in executive functions were evident in both the frontal and the nonfrontal groups compared with the controls, but no dysexecutive syndrome specifically related to frontal lesions was found. Frontal stroke related mainly to the slowing of mental processing.
An Evaluation of a Low‐Intensity Intervention to Introduce Medical Students to Healthy Older People

This is a report of a controlled, prospective, longitudinal trial of an intervention to affect medical students' attitudes toward aging. Members of the Class of 2002 at the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine were assigned a senior mentor (a community‐dwelling older person) upon matriculation into medical school. Students were required to perform a structured interview with the mentor once per semester for the first 2 preclinical years and to discuss these interviews in small groups mediated by geriatrics faculty. Members of the Class of 2001 were controls. Attitudes toward aging were determined using the Aging Semantic Differential (ASD) attitude scale in August 1998 and again at the end of the second year of medical school. Initial mean ASD scores were not significantly different for the two groups. Although both classes experienced improvements in their ASD scores from Time 0 to Time 1, the improvement for the class of 2002 was significantly greater than that for the class of 2001 (2001 class mean = 0.17, 2002 class mean = 0.40, t = −3.09, degrees of freedom (df) = 219, P = . 002). This difference held up under controls for sex, age, prior visits to a nursing home, prior work/volunteering in an old‐age environment, and a prior course on aging (Model F = 3.00, df = 6/214, P = .008; class F = 9.70, df = 1, P = .002). It was concluded that a low‐intensity intervention to introduce entering medical students to healthy older people might have a positive effect on attitudes toward aging.
Implementation of non-strict functional programming languages

Modern "non-strict" functional programming languages are a powerful means of programming highly parallel computers, but are intrinsically difficult to compile well because decisions about ordering of subcomputations must be taken at compile time. This book represents a new technique for compiling such languages by partitioning a program into sequential threads. While the interleaving of threads can vary at run time, within each thread the order is fixed.A program is compiled by analyzing its data dependences, and developing from that a set of partitioning constraints. These practical algorithms are founded on a new theory of data dependence and ordering within functional programs, which defines dependence graphs in terms of a rewrite-rule operational semantics for the language.By attacking the ordering problem directly, the book departs from previous approaches that obtain partitioning as a byproduct of optimizing lazy evaluation, and cleanly separates partitioning from other code generation issues. Furthermore, the method is flexible enough to produce both lazy code and also a less restrictive "lenient" variant which allows larger threads with only a slight decrease in expressive power. Code generation and optimization are explored in depth for both uniprocessor and multiprocessor targets.Kenneth R. Traub is a researcher with the Motorola Cambridge Research Center.Contents: Introduction. Background - Functional Language Compilers. Lenient Evaluation. Functional Quads. Code Generation. A Syntactic Theory of Data Dependence. Dependence-Based Partitioning. Conclusion.
Relationship Between Pancreatic Insulin Content and Serum C-Peptide Response in Diabetic Subjects

I n diabetic subjects, the insulin content of the pancreas is decreased to a variable extent according to the severity or type of diabetes, as previously reported (1-3). The insulin or C-peptide response (CPR) also diminishes in diabetes, especially in insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus (4-6). In diabetic subjects, the relationship between plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) or CPR response and insulin content in the diabetic pancreas has not been investigated. In this study, the extractable pancreatic IRI content and the plasma CPR response after a breakfast tolerance test were determined and their relationships were studied. The materials consisted of 15 autopsied diabetic pancreases (11 men, 4 women; mean ± SE 57.6 ± 2.6 yr). Three pancreases were from type I diabetic patients and the rest were from non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetic patients. Fourteen patients were treated with insulin and 1 patient was treated with diet alone. The patients were examined regularly, once or twice a month, at the outpatient clinic while in relatively good health, underwent the breakfast tolerance test within 3 yr of death, and died in our hospital. These data were collected from 1982 to 1989. The breakfast tolerance test was done as follows. After having the usual breakfast (—400 kcal: 35 g protein, 45 g carbohydrate, 11 g fat), after an overnight fast, blood was taken at 0, 60, and 120 min. The serum CPR level was determined each time and total integrated CPR value at each point was calculated (XCPR). Human pancreases obtained at autopsy within 6 h of death were used in this study. For determination of the extractable IRI content of the pancreas, the tail of the pancreas was minced and extracted with acidified alcohol; and the extract was assayed directly after dilution. Serum insulin and CPR levels were determined immunologically. Insulin antibodies were checked with I-labeled insulin. Subjects with insulin antibodies were excluded. Statistical analysis was done with Students' t test after semilogarithmic conversion. The relationship between the serum SCPR and the extractable insulin content of the pancreas was studied. A sigmoidal curve described this relationship (P < 0.02; Fig. 1). Serum SCPR increased, along with pancreatic insulin content, to —1.5 U/g insulin, and then it's increase became very mild. The mean ± SE pancreatic insulin content 1.0 2.0