Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Descending supraspinal pathways in amphibians. II. Distribution and origin of the catecholaminergic innervation of the spinal cord

Immunohistochemical studies with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine, and noradrenaline have revealed that the spinal cord of anuran, urodele, and gymnophionan (apodan) amphibians is abundantly innervated by catecholaminergic (CA) fibers and terminals. Because intraspinal cells occur in all three orders of amphibians CA, it is unclear to what extent the CA innervation of the spinal cord is of supraspinal origin. In a previous study, we showed that many cell groups throughout the forebrain and brainstem project to the spinal cord of two anurans (the green frog, Rana perezi, and the clawed toad, Xenopus laevis), a urodele (the Iberian ribbed newt, Pleurodeles waltl), and a gymnophionan (the Mexican caecilian, Dermophis mexicanus). To determine the exact site of origin of the supraspinal CA innervation of the amphibian spinal cord, retrograde tracing techniques were combined with immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase in the same sections. The double‐labeling experiments demonstrated that four brain centers provide CA innervation to the amphibian spinal cord: 1. ) the ventrolateral component of the posterior tubercle in the mammillary region, 2. ) the periventricular nucleus of the zona incerta in the ventral thalamus, 3. ) the locus coeruleus, and 4. ) the nucleus of the solitary tract. This pattern holds for all three orders of amphibians, except for the CA projection from the nucleus of the solitary tract in gymnophionans. There are differences in the strength of the projections (based on the number of double‐labeled cells), but in general, spinal functions in amphibians are controlled by CA innervation from brain centers that can easily be compared with their counterparts in amniotes. The organization of the CA input to the spinal cord of amphibians is largely similar to that described for mammals. Nevertheless, by using a segmental approach of the CNS, a remarkable difference was observed with respect to the diencephalic CA projections. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:209–232, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental and Seasonal Variation in the Diet of Elachistocleis bicolor (Guérin-Méneville 1838) (Anura: Microhylidae) from Northern Uruguay

Abstract We studied the diet of Elachistocleis bicolor captured in pine, eucalypt, and unmodified environments in Uruguay. Comparisons between seasons (active, inactive) and among three environments (pine, eucalypt, unmodified), were made using rarefaction analyses, importance indices, and non-parametric tests. Elachistocleis bicolor has a specialized diet composed mainly of Pheidole and Solenopsis ants and termites. The diet of E. bicolor includes a high number of prey per individual, suggesting active search as a foraging strategy. The consumption of myrmicine ants (i.e., Solenopsis) represents a source for potential toxic skin secretions that in E. bicolor may be used to avoid being attacked in the ant nests used for shelter during aestivation, as occurs in the microhylid Phrynomantis microps. Diets in forested environments were richer in both periods, which may reflect the colonization of opportunistic ant species in these environments. Ants were more important in the eucalyptus plantations, particularly in the inactive period, whereas termites were more important in the pine plantations mainly in the inactive period. These environmental and seasonal differences in diet are consistent with the temperature and humidity tolerances of ants and termites, which are the main prey of E. bicolor.
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the antinociceptive effects of main active metabolites of tramadol, (+)-O-desmethyltramadol and (-)-O-desmethyltramadol, in rats.

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the two main metabolites of tramadol, (+)-O-desmethyltramadol and (-)-O-desmethyltramadol, were studied in rats. Pharmacodynamic endpoints evaluated were respiratory depression, measured as the change in arterial blood pCO(2), pO(2), and pH levels; and antinociception, measured by the tail-flick technique. The administration of 10 mg/kg (+)-O-desmethyltramadol in a 10-min i.v. infusion significantly altered pCO(2), pO(2), and pH values in comparison with baseline and lower-dose groups (P <.05). However, 2 mg/kg administered in a 10-min i.v. infusion was enough to achieve 100% antinociception without respiratory depression. Moreover, the beta-funaltrexamine pretreatment completely eliminated the antinociception of the 2-mg/kg dose, suggesting that such an effect is due to mu-opioid receptor activation. To describe and adequately characterize the in vivo antinociceptive effect of the drug, (+)-O-desmethyltramadol was given at different infusion rates of varying lengths (10-300 min). Pharmacokinetics was best described by a two-compartmental model. The time course of response was described using an effect compartment associated with a linear pharmacodynamic model. The estimates of the slope of the effect versus concentration relationship were significantly decreased (P <. 05) as the length of infusion was increased, suggesting the development of tolerance. Doses of up to 8 mg/kg (-)-O-desmethyltramadol given in 10-min i.v. infusion did not elicit either antinociception in the tail-flick test or respiratory effects. These in vivo results are in accordance with the opiate and nonopiate properties reported for these compounds in several in vitro studies.
The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in a Comparative Perspective: Is there a Bias against Sub-Saharan Africa?

This paper explores the determinants of foreign direct investment in a comparative perspective and looks for evidence of a bias on the part of foreign investors against sub-Saharan Africa. The paper examines whether Africa's tiny share of world FDI flows is a consequence of inappropriate policies or a general investor bias against the region (perhaps due to the lingering effects of bad reputation). The empirical results suggest that Africa's marginalization in the global competition for FDI is of its own making – the result of a generally inferior investment environment. The findings also reveal important differences in the determinants of FDI between SSA countries and the rest of the world. Keywords : Foreign Direct Investment, Sub-Saharan Africa
C-erb-B2 (Her2/neu) Expression Rate And its Association with Clinicopathologic Parameters in Gastric Cancer

We aimed to investigate the frequency of c-erb-B2 expression rate and its association with clinicopathological parameters in our gastric carcinoma series to make a contribution to emerging data on this oncogene. One hundred thirty-nine gastric adenocarcinoma patients underwent total gastrectomy between years 2006 and 2011 were selected to the study. C-erb-B2 expressions were determined by using immunohistochemical and/or chromogenic in situ hybridisation methods in tumor tissues. A total of 16 (11.5%) gastric adenocarcinoma cases were found positive for c-erb-B2 expression. Out of 16 positive cases, 13 had intestinal type adenocarcinomas. C-erb-B2 overexpression was significantly associated with histologic subtype (p= 0.001), and histologic tumor grade (p= 0.001). The frequency of overexpression in intestinal subtype (21.7%) was comparable with the known rates of overexpression in breast cancer. This results indicate that C-erb-B2 expression may identify a subgroup in gastric carcinoma cases which may benefit from targeted treatment modalities among Turkish population.
Dysfunctional Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Cardiovascular Diseases: Role of NADPH Oxidase

Abstract: Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a critical role in maintenance of the endothelial integrity and vascular homeostasis, as well as in neovascularization. Dysfunctional EPCs are believed to contribute to the endothelial dysfunction and are closely related to the development of various cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and stroke. However, the underlying mechanisms of EPC dysfunction are complicated and remain largely elusive. Recent studies have demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key factors that involve in modulation of stem and progenitor cell function under various physiologic and pathologic conditions. It has been shown that NADPH oxidase (NOX)–derived ROS are the major sources of ROS in cardiovascular system. Accumulating evidence suggests that NOX-mediated oxidative stress can modulate EPC bioactivities, such as mobilization, migration, and neovascularization, and that inhibition of NOX has been shown to improve EPC functions. This review summarized recent progress in the studies on the correlation between NOX-mediated EPC dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases.
Social adjustment after rehabilitation: a two year follow-up of patients with severe head injury

SYNOPSIS Forty-four young adults, admitted to a rehabilitation centre after very severe head injury, were followed-up 2 years after their accident. Comparison with a control group showed that the head injured had experienced marked changes in work, leisure activities, contact with friends and family life. Though these changes still created problems, the majority of patients and relatives appeared to have made a number of successful adaptations to their altered situation. Neurophysical status, personality change and memory loss all affected work capacity, while presence of personality changes was especially important in the loss of pre-accident friendships.
To the Ends of the Earth: Women’s Search for Education in Medicine

Prologue: 1871. Part 1 Women and the study of medicine: women in an economic squeeze why women should not be doctors the American context medical colleges for women segregation and its effects the American achievement. Part 2 Zurich and Paris: rendezvous in Zurich Nadezhda Suslova - the Russian pioneer the legend of Frances Elizabeth Morgan first American - Susan Dimock the Russian crisis the opening of Paris a new beginning. Part 3 The great migration: after the pioneers the opening of Bern Geneva and Lausanne the fight for the internship in France floodtide the end of an era. Part 4 Women, medicine, and revolution in Russia: higher education for women the case of Varvara Kashevarova medical courses for women new setbacks triumphs and chaos. Part 5 Imperial Germany: verboten - the ban on women in medicine the bitter debate the turn of the tide before the war. Part 6 The flight for coeducation in Britain: the Battle of Edinburgh why women should not study with men a women's school in London new openings for women. Part 7 America - triumph and paradox: coeducation and separatism coeducation slowly advances the demise of the women's schools success and disappointment. Epilogue: 1914.
A pilot study of colonic B cell pattern in irritable bowel syndrome

Objective. Low-grade gastrointestinal inflammation has been reported in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, the colonic B-cell pattern has not been investigated in these patients. Therefore, the aim of this pilot study was to investigate the distribution and isotype of immunoglobulin-producing B cells in the colonic mucosa of IBS patients. Material and methods. Patients with IBS (n=12) fulfilling the Rome II criteria were compared with controls (n=11). Immunohistochemical staining of biopsies from the sigmoid and ascending colon was performed. Results. The number of IgA+ B cells in the ascending colon was lower in IBS patients than in controls (p=0.039). Furthermore, unlike controls, IBS patients had a reduction of IgA+ B cells in the ascending colon relative to the sigmoid colon (p=0.04). Neither the IgG+, nor the IgM+ colonic B-cell numbers differed between IBS patients and controls. Very few colonic IgE+ cells were detected and there was no difference between the two subject groups. Conclusions. The reduced number of colonic IgA+ B cells in IBS patients suggests that the disorder may be associated with a modified gut immune defence. Whether this phenomenon is causally related to symptoms remains unknown and merits further investigation in a larger group of patients.
Acoustic analysis of vocal output characteristics for suicidal risk assessment

Vocal output characteristics of speech have previously been identified as possible cues to the assessment of suicidal risk, and there are evidences that certain vocal parameters may be used to evaluate high-risk suicidal states in persons. Investigation of acoustic properties of speech samples collected from male subjects in one of three diagnostic groups: depression, high-risk suicidal potential and remission, was the focus of this work. Acoustic analyses of proportions of total energy in 500 Hz bands within a 02,000 Hz frequency range were reinvestigated and compared among diagnostic groups. The present results have confirmed that the vocal features derived from the estimation of spectral energy reveal particular potential as possible discriminators of the severity of the persons’ mental condition affected by psychological stress, which agree with those of the previously published studies [40]. The results of the comparative classification analyses have reported that the studied vocal features extracted from two different types of audio recordings, interview and reading sessions, exhibited the promising discriminative properties of group separation for distinguishing diagnostic patient groups. A quadratic discriminant function designed from the spectral energy features yielded the 82% correct classification in classifying the reading speech samples of
Two Charter School Principals’ Engagement in Instructional Leadership

This comparative case (Merriam, 2009) study explored two charter school principals’ engagement in instructional leadership. Analysis of three data sources—interviews, observations, and documents—revealed that principals were almost exclusively focused on state accountability and possessed limited knowledge of pedagogical practices. In particular, these two principals had difficulties managing aspects of the instructional program and sustaining a positive school climate, possibly related to their limited educational experience. As a result, these two principals focused on structural changes, delegated instructional issues, and appeared to rely heavily on commercial programs as opposed to enhancement of teacher classroom practices. Comparisons of charter principal practices with traditional principal instructional leadership models are made and implications discussed.
Effective Schooling Practices: A Research Synthesis 1995 Update

1. Classroom Characteristics and Practices 1.1 Planning and Learning Goals 1.1.1 Preplanned Curriculum 1.1.2 Curriculum Integration 1.2 Classroom Management and Organization 1.2. 1 Grouping 1.2. 2 Time Use 1.2. 3 Routines 1.2. 4 Behavior Standards 1.3 Instruction 1.3. 1 Orientation to Lessons 1.3. 2 Clear and Focused Instruction Page 1 of 105 Effective Schooling Practices: A Research Synthesis 1995 Update
Pattern of Blood Pressure Response in Patients With Severe Asymptomatic Hypertension Treated in the Emergency Department

Severe asymptomatic hypertension (SAH) is a common cause of emergency department (ED) visits. Despite recommendations against using short‐acting blood pressure (BP)–lowering drugs in the ED, it is still a common practice. The authors characterized BP response in the ED utilizing 24‐hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). Patients with SAH who were not admitted to the hospital were recruited. All patients underwent 24‐hour ABPM. A total of 21 patients (14 females) with a mean age of 58±16 years were studied. BP decreased from 199±16/101±17 mm Hg to 154±34/83±23 mm Hg after 5 hours but then rose to 174±25/94±17 mm Hg after 19 hours. In 17 patients, systolic BP was ≥180 mm Hg after 6.7±5.3 hours. Two patients experienced severe hypotension (systolic BP <90 mm Hg). Thus, data from a single site in Israel support the current recommendations for management of SAH in the ED.
Home Documented Monitoring of Cardiorespiratory Pattern and Oxygen Saturation in Healthy Infants1

The objective of this study was to establish longitudinal normative limits for home memory monitors during early infancy. Eighty-eight healthy infants were monitored overnight at 0.25-19 wk of age using the Healthdyne Smart Monitor. Apnea settings were 14 s for recording and 40 s for alarm; the bradycardia setting was 50 beats/min (5-s delay) for both recording and alarm. Arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) was documented whenever an event was recorded. The monitor was used 77% of all possible days; median daily use was 8.0 h. Eighty-three percent of all monitor alarms were caused by loose leads, the other 17% by false apnea or false bradycardia. Of all recorded events, 68.9% were caused by false apnea or false bradycardia; the other 31.1% were central apneas that reached the recording threshold of 14 s. The longest apnea was 36 s (wk 1); the 95th percentile for longest apnea was 19.9 s in wk 1 and 18.0 s in wk 17-19 (p < 0.001). Periodic low Sao2 values occurred with periodic breathing; the lowest value was 72%. The 5th percentiles for lowest Sao2 were 82 and 86% in wk 1 and 13-19, respectively (p < 0.001), but the minimum value observed in any week was never >81%. The median duration of Sao2 < 90% was only 5 s but the range was wide (1-183 s), and 39/527 episodes (7.4%) were >10 s. In summary, these longitudinal data provide the first available normal limits for cardiorespiratory pattern and Sao2 during documented home monitoring in early infancy. Utilization of these normative data will improve the diagnostic validity and clinical usefulness of event recordings.
Healthcare and Consumption with Aging

Health-care slows the natural growth of mortality, indirectly increasing utility from consumption through longer lifetimes. This paper solves the problem of optimal dynamic consumption and healthcare spending with isoelastic utility, when natural mortality grows exponentially to reflect the Gompertz' law. Optimal consumption and healthcare imply an endogenous mortality law that is asymptotically exponential in the old-age limit, with lower growth rate than natural mortality. Health spending steadily increases with age, both in absolute terms and relative to total spending. Differential access to healthcare can account for observed longevity gains across cohorts.
Work Values, Job Characteristics, and Career Choice Decisions: Evidence From Longitudinal Data

Although a large volume of literature has documented the role of public service motivation (PSM) as altruistic work values, few studies directly examine PSM’s impact on job choice. Using longitudinal data, this article examines the factors that affect people’s career choices, specifically the extent to which individuals with different work values choose different sectors when considering job characteristics and person–job (P-J) fit. The analysis reveals that people are more likely to choose jobs in the private sector than jobs in the public or non-profit sector when they have opportunities to satisfy their altruistic work values through relational jobs. The findings speak to the importance of P-J fit when people choose their initial jobs. Contributions to existing literature and implications are discussed.
Is there an East Asian model of MNC internationalization? A comparative analysis of Japanese and Korean firms

Abstract Research on the internationalization of multinational corporations (MNCs) is mostly built on studies of North American and European firms. East Asian MNCs have been studied less, and commonly with reference to theories developed in Western countries. In this paper, we query the validity of these ‘Western’ internationalization models for East Asian firms through comparative case studies of representative Japanese and South Korean MNCs’ expansion into China. We find that the internationalization processes of leading East Asian MNCs match the predictions made by Western theories only partially. Furthermore, we find considerable differences between the internationalization of Japanese and South Korean firms, indicating both that East Asian MNCs follow diverse patterns of internationalization and that established Western models of internationalization evince limitations or weaknesses when applied to East Asian firms. Overall, the findings of this exploratory study illustrate the need for further, in-depth studies on the internationalization of East Asian MNCs which may result in the extensions of existing theories or even new theoretical frameworks.
Legitimacy in Organizational Institutionalism

Legitimacy is a central concept in organizational institutionalism. The term ‘legitimacy’ dates back to the dawn of organization theory; however, for most of the past century, research on legitimacy emerged only slowly and was fragmented across several distinct social science literatures. Since 1995, however, the body of relevant scholarship has grown rapidly and in a variety of directions. Much of this new literature (like much of the literature that preceded it) has been highly theoretical, invoking legitimacy as an explanatory concept rather than examining it as an empirical property. Empirical accounts, to date, have focused on exploratory case studies of legitimacy being gained or lost, while only a handful of investigations have employed legitimacy as a variable in hypothesis testing. Perhaps because of this heavy skew toward theory development versus theory testing, the legitimacy concept has exhibited substantial plasticity as it has evolved from its earliest institutionalist usages (e.g., Meyer & Rowan, 1977; Meyer & Scott, 1983). As Wright (1985: 292) has observed, ‘the process of concept formation is always simultaneously the process of concept transformation,’ and legitimacy has been no exception. Nonetheless, despite its diversity, the literature on legitimacy displays more than enough coherence and commonality to merit an integrative review. This chapter is organized as follows. Our exploration begins with an overview of past theoretical and empirical research on legitimacy. This discussion includes some basic suggestions on the dimensions, sources, and subjects of legitimation, as well as on key legitimation processes, antecedents and consequences. Second, we consider the relationship between legitimacy and two other types of social evaluation that have recently gained prominence in organization studies, namely status and reputation. Finally, we conclude with several recommendations for advancing legitimacy research in the future.
A functional role for the middle extracellular region of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in axonal fasciculation and orientation.

A new monoclonal antibody (mAb HR1) was used to study the function of a previously neglected region in the extracellular domain of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). Application of mAb HR1 in retina organ culture interferes with several axonal functions in the developing eye. The antibody disturbs the orientation of axons growing in the peripheral retina and the tracking of axons in the middle retina. In the central retina, fasciculation is disturbed and a proportion of the ganglion cell axons do not leave the eye at the optic fissure but are misrouted to the contralateral side of the retina. Analysis of peptide fragments of NCAM indicates that the epitope of mAb HR1 resides in the region C-terminal to the fifth immunoglobulin (Ig) domain. Moreover, mAb HR1 binds to the oligopeptide comprising the 15 amino acids immediately C-terminal to the fifth Ig domain of NCAM. In addition, binding of mAb HR1 to NCAM is increased by removal of the large polysialic acid chains of the fifth Ig domain. Taken together, the data show that this region of NCAM--which has been previously reported to represent the flexible hinge region of the molecule--is crucial for the function of this molecule, in particular on cell surfaces in motion, e.g., those of growing axons in the developing nervous system.