Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tracing Carbon Isotope Variations in Lake Sediments Caused by Environmental Factors During the Past Century: A Case Study of Lake Tapeliai, Lithuania

ABSTRACT In this study, we examined how land use and urbanization changes in adjacent areas affected biological productivity and carbon cycling in a lake ecosystem over 100 years and how these changes are reflected in carbon isotope variations. We performed radiocarbon (14C) activity and stable carbon isotope ratio analysis in two organic fractions: humin and humic acids of lake sediment. Additionally, we performed pigment and diatom analysis and determined the carbonate and organic matter (OM) content in sediments. Over the last century, the estimated 14C reservoir age in both sediment organic fractions varied from 1136 ± 112 yr to 5733 ± 122 yr. The increase in the reservoir age by 1175 ± 111 yr was related with higher inputs of pre-aged organic carbon and 14C depleted hard water due to the opening of the channel connecting two lakes. Nuclear weapons tests caused an increase in the reservoir age of up to 5421 ± 135 yr and 5733 ± 122 yr in humin and humic acids, respectively. 13C values in the humic acid fraction showed a tendency to decrease, depending on the content of autochthonous versus allochthonous OM in sediments, while changes in the sources of OM had a minor impact on the stable carbon isotope composition in the humin fraction.
The social power of algorithms

ABSTRACT This article explores the questions associated with what might be thought of as the social power of algorithms. The article, which introduces a special issue on the same topic, begins by reflecting on how we might approach algorithms from a social scientific perspective. The article is then split into two sections. The first deals with the issues that might be associated with an analysis of the power of the algorithms themselves. This section outlines a series of issues associated with the functionality of the algorithms and how these functions are powerfully deployed within social world. The second section then focuses upon the notion of the algorithm. In this section, the article argues that we need to look beyond the algorithms themselves, as a technical and material presence, to explore how the notion or concept of the algorithm is also an important feature of their potential power. In this section, it is suggested that we look at the way that notions of the algorithm are evoked as a part of broader rationalities and ways of seeing the world. Exploring the notion of the algorithm may enable us to see how algorithms also play a part in social ordering processes, both in terms of how the algorithm is used to promote certain visions of calculative objectivity and also in relation to the wider governmentalities that this concept might be used to open up.
Computerized Testing: A Vision and Initial Experiences

In this paper, we describe our experiences with a prototype computerized testing lab and running the bulk of a 200-student computer organization class’s exams using computerized testing. We discuss the mechanics of operating the testing lab, the work required by the instructor to enable this approach (e.g., generating a diversity of equivalent difficulty problems), and the student response, which has been strongly positive: 75% prefer computerized testing, 12% prefer traditional written exams, and 13% had no preference.
Effective methods to tackle the equivalent mutant problem when testing software with mutation

Η Μέθοδος των Μεταλλάξεων είναι μία από τις πιο αποτελεσματικές τεχνικές Ελέγχου Λογισμικού η οποία έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί σε διάφορες γλώσσες προγραμματισμού και στα περισσότερα επίπεδα Ελέγχου. Το κύριο χαρακτηριστικό της Μεθόδου είναι η δυνατότητα εύρεσης πραγματικών σφαλμάτων που ενδέχεται να υπάρχουν στο εξεταζόμενο αντικείμενο. Παρά την αποτελεσματικότητά της, η Μέθοδος δεν χρησιμοποιείται ευρέως στην πράξη. Ο κύριος λόγος είναι το κόστος εφαρμογής της που αποδίδεται κυρίως στο Πρόβλημα των Ισοδύναμων Μεταλλακτών. Το Πρόβλημα των Ισοδύναμων Μεταλλακτών είναι ένα αρκετά μελετημένο πρόβλημα που έχει αποδειχθεί ότι είναι μη-αποφασίσιμο. Συνεπώς, η δημιουργία πλήρως αυτοματοποιημένων λύσεων δεν είναι εφικτή. Στην βιβλιογραφία της Μεθόδου έχουν προταθεί τεχνικές οι οποίες δυστυχώς δεν μπορούν να αντιμετωπίσουν επαρκώς το συγκεκριμένο πρόβλημα. Στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η εισαγωγή και η εμπειρική αξιολόγηση κατάλληλων τεχνικών που μπορούν να μειώσουν δραστικά το κόστος εφαρμογής της Μεθόδου. Αρχικά, η διατριβή εισαγάγει μία νέα τεχνική που βασίζεται στην Κατηγοριοποίηση Μεταλλακτών. Το κύριο χαρακτηριστικό της συγκεκριμένης τεχνικής είναι η χρήση μεταλλακτών δεύτερης τάξης για την κατηγοριοποίηση μεταλλακτών πρώτης τάξης. Η εμπειρική μελέτη της τεχνικής αυτής, βασισμένη σε πραγματικά συστήματα λογισμικού, έδειξε ότι είναι πιο αποτελεσματική από τις ήδη υπάρχουσες τεχνικές. Επιπρόσθετα, στα πλαίσια της διατριβής, υλοποιήθηκε ένα αυτοματοποιημένο εργαλείο για την ανίχνευση ισοδύναμων μεταλλακτών που βασίζεται σε συγκεκριμένες συνθήκες ροής ελέγχου και δεδομένων μεταξύ των μεταβλητών του υπό εξέταση προγράμματος. Η εμπειρική αξιολόγηση του εργαλείου έδειξε ότι μπορεί να ανιχνεύσει αυτόματα ένα μεγάλο μέρος των ισοδύναμων μεταλλακτών του υπό εξέταση προγράμματος και μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί σε διαφορετικές γλώσσες προγραμματισμού. Η συγκεκριμένη δυνατότητα του εργαλείου είναι ένα από τα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά που το ξεχωρίζουν από τα υπόλοιπα της βιβλιογραφίας. Τέλος, εξετάστηκε αν συγκεκριμένοι μεταλλάκτες που ανήκουν σε παρόμοια κομμάτια κώδικα έχουν κοινή συμπεριφορά ως προς την ισοδυναμία τους και ορίστηκαν τυπικά οι συνθήκες εύρεσής τους. Η εμπειρική μελέτη της τεχνικής έδειξε ότι πράγματι οι μεταλλάκτες αυτοί παρουσιάζουν τέτοια συμπεριφορά και μπορούν να μειώσουν στο μισό το κόστος εφαρμογής της μεθόδου των Μεταλλάξεων σε παρόμοια κομμάτια κώδικα.
Equatorial Windows and Barriers for Stationary Rossby Wave Propagation

Rossby waves can cross the equator and connect the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH), or be blocked in the vicinity of the equator. This work explores the windows and barriers for the cross-equatorial waves (CEWs) by the wave ray ensemble method. The eastern Pacific and Atlantic regions are identified as common windows in both boreal winter and summer, while the Africa–Indian Ocean section exists as a window only in boreal summer. The western–central Pacific is found to be a barrier section. These results are consistent with correlation analysis of reanalysis data. Moreover, the dependence on the wavenumber of CEWs is investigated, revealing that they are restricted to long waves with zonal wavenumbers less than 6 and that their wavenumber vectors exhibit a northwest–southeast (southwest–northeast) tilt when they cross the equator from the NH to SH (from the SH to NH). This long-wave dominance of CEWs results from the spectral-selective filtering mechanism, which suggests that long waves have narrower equatorial barriers than short waves. Finally, the main wave duct associated with each window is obtained by the global passing CEW density distribution. The results indicate that the main CEW ducts roughly follow a great circle–like pathway, except for the Africa–Indian Ocean window in boreal summer, which may be modulated by the cross-equatorial monsoonal flow.
Theoretical Predictability Limits of Spatially Anisotropic Multifractal Processes: Implications for Weather Prediction

A correlation spectrum‐based approach is used to express the theoretical predictability limits of multifractal processes as an analytical function of their anisotropy parameters. This spatially anisotropic power law function is then used to investigate the general impact of anisotropy on the predictability of atmospheric fields in the weather regime. The investigation reveals that (i) vertical stratification of a field increases and decreases its super and subsphero‐scale predictability limits, respectively; (ii) trivial horizontal anisotropy slightly improves predictability at all scales; and (iii) horizontal anisotropy together with vertical stratification significantly enhances its predictability over almost the entire scale range. Applying these general results to the case of horizontal wind fields suggests that the interplay between spatial‐anisotropy and atmospheric predictability could account for improvements in forecast skill, commonly observed during the occurrence of rotating thunderstorms and breaks in the Indian summer monsoon.
Temperature Regulation In Laboratory Rodents

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Multilingual generative models for selectional preference learning

This dissertation investigates the effectiveness of cross-lingual transfer of verb-argument selectional preferences from English to resource-poor languages in which little or no dependency-parsed data is available for training monolingual plausibility estimation models. In the first stage of the research, four monolingual models of selectional preference, including two generative topic models based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation, were trained on dependency-parsed corpora in English, German, Spanish, and Romanian, and evaluated by correlating their predictions with gold standards of human judgements. In the second stage, the cross-lingual plausibility transfer using bilingual vector spaces was tested from English into the other three languages. The results show that LDA models outperform the other monolingual models, and that cross-lingual models trainable with POS-tagged data can be better than monolingual methods trained on small corpora. Furthermore, augmentations were proposed to help topic models deal with unknown words, and to build better bilingual vector spaces. Lastly, the research identified key limitations of cross-lingual transfer and possible directions for future research.
ESTUDIOS / STUDIES Water consumption in Roman lime mortar construction: a calculating method

Roman concrete is one of the areas of Ancient construction which has drawn the most attention. Many studies have been devoted to the technical and chemical properties of concrete and the economics of the Roman construction industry. In these studies, the role of water is always acknowledged as very important and it is usually indicated that water was consumed in large quantities. And while many calculations of the number of man-hours, lime, stone, timber, and other materials have been done, there has been no approach to calculate the necessary volume of water. In this paper, I propose a set of proportions, derived from written sources, modern recommendations, and scientific analyses which are contrasted with experimental results, from which to derive an approx-imation of the volume of water that was necessary in Ancient Roman mortar construction. This will be a helpful calculation method for future studies on ancient building economics and the practicalities of mortar construction.
African Indigenous Vegetables

African indigenous vegetables used to form an integral part of African diets but with the introduction of exotic crops their role was underplayed. With 60% of Kenyans living below the poverty line resulting in malnutrition and poor health, there is need to develop strategies that would effectively and sustainably address these challenges. In recent years, Kenyans have seen an increase in diet related ailments such as diabetes and obesity. African indigenous vegetables are micro-nutrient dense and could prove a powerful weapon in the fight against poverty and malnutrition since they are suited to local conditions and their potential has not been exploited.This book gives the methods and results of a study that was conducted to establish the supply chains of African indigenous vegetables in urban and peri-urban areas of Nairobi and Kisumu counties in Kenya. This was part of a European union financed project IndigenoVeg INCO number 015101 carried out in seven African countries. The book covers the work carried out in Kenya by conducting a baseline survey in the two counties.
Enhancing Irrigation Water Productivity of Rice Using Irrigation Intervals, Transplanting Methods and Weed Control in North Nile Delta

Water is the main limiting factor for agricultural expansion in arid and semi-arid regions as well as Egypt. So two field experiments were carried out during 2015 and 2016 summer season at the experimental farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Egypt to enhance water productivity of rice using irrigation intervals, transplanting methods and weed control treatments. Strip split-plot design with three replicates was used in infested weedy soils. Irrigation intervals were in the horizontal plots, it was irrigate every three days as a farmer practices (I1), every six days (I2) and every nine days (I3). Transplanting methods were located in vertical plots contained; transplanting in flat soil as a traditional method (M1) and transplanting in bottom of raised-bed (M2). While weed control treatments were assigned in sub-plots, it was penoxsulam (Granite) 24% SC (W1), penoxsulam + orthosulfamuron 50% WG (Kelion) (W2), thiobencarb50% EC (Citron) fb penoxsulam (W3), weedy check (W4) and hand weeding twice (W5). Results showed that treatment of I1 was the best in weed management, rice dry weight, number of panicles/m, number of filled grain/panicle, 1000-grain weight and grain yield. Irrigation treatments of I2 and I3 saved about 20.7 % and 29.9 % of irrigation water compared to I1, while the highest productivity of irrigation water (PIW) were recorded by treatment of I2 compared to I1 and I3. The lowest fresh and dry weights of total weeds and the highest values of rice dry weight, number of panicles/m, number of filled grains/panicle, 1000-grain weight were recorded by M1 as compared to M2, in addition rice grain yield of M1 was increased by 7.1 % compared to M2 as mean of the two growing seasons. Transplanting method of M2 saved about 21.2 % of irrigation water and increased PIW by 18.4 % compared to M1. The best weed management beside the highest values of number of panicles/m, number of filled grain/panicle, 1000-grain and grain yield of rice were obtained by W3 compared to rest weed control treatments and it take the descending order W3 > W5 = W2 > W1 > W4 in the two seasons of study. The interaction of I2 X M1 X W3 was superior treatment for rice grain yield. But, under shortage of water, increasing irrigation water productivity of rice could be achieved by the superior interaction of I2 X M2 X W3 because it resulted in the highest irrigation water productivity of rice to be 0.98 kg m.
Sr-isotope stratigraphy (87Sr/86Sr) of the lowermost Toarcian of Peniche, Portugal, and its relation to ammonite zonations

At Peniche, Portugal, the GSSP for the base of the Toarcian and in a Submediterranean province, a value of 0.707 073 ± 0.000 002 (2s.e., n = 13) is determined for 87Sr/86Sr at the base of the Toarcian. In Yorkshire, UK, a Subboreal province, the base of the Toarcian has an 87Sr/86Sr value of0.707 072 ± 0.000 002 (2s.e., n = 23). The similarity of the values shows that, within analytical uncertainty, these levels are exactly equivalent in time. At Peniche, the base of the Serpentinum (Falciferum/Levisoni) Chronozone has an 87Sr/86Sr value of 0.707 096 ± 0.000 003 (2.s.e). The value for this boundary in Yorkshire is 0.707 094 ± 0.000 002 (2s.e., n = 27). The similarity of the values shows that, within analytical uncertainty, these levels are exactly equivalent in time. The same ammonite successions occur through the lowermost Toarcian successions at Peniche and in Yorkshire. Between Peniche and Yorkshire, there is therefore an exact coincidence, within measurement uncertainty, between the Lower Toarcian, Tethyan Realm, Tenuicostatum (Polymorphum) [ammonite] Chronozone of Peniche and the Lower Toarcian, Boreal Realm, Tenuicostatum [ammonite] Chronozone of Yorkshire. The 87Sr/86Sr profile through the Tenuicostatum Subchronozone at Peniche reveals large variations in sedimentation rate, with lowest rates in a condensed basal 3 m of the zone, highest rates in mid-zone, with rates decreasing upward through the upper half of the zone. Apportioning time in proportion to 87Sr/86Sr shows that around half of Tenuicostatum time is condensed into the basal 3 m of the section.
Elucidating Coastal Foredune Ecomorphodynamics in the U.S. Pacific Northwest via Bayesian Networks

As sea level rise and possible changes in storminess threaten coastal communities and infrastructure, the capacity for foredunes to provide protection depends on their geomorphology, which is determined by interactions between physical beach processes and vegetation. Here we use descriptive Bayesian network analyses to examine how sediment supply, beach characteristics, and two species of beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria and Ammophila breviligulata) alter foredune morphology and patterns of sand accretion on U.S. Pacific Northwest foredunes. We show that sediment supply and beach type primarily determine foredune morphology. Beachgrass density also influences foredune shape, but its effects differ among species: increasing density of A. arenaria was associated with steeper sloping dunes, whereas increasing density of A. breviligulata was associated with wider, more shallow sloping dunes. An examination of the change in foredune morphology over a 2‐year period found sand accretion was most strongly influenced by species‐specific patterns of vegetation growth and beach type. Specifically, A. breviligulata exhibited more lateral growth, resulting in greater sand accretion at the seaward margin of the foredune. In contrast, A. arenaria exhibited little lateral growth, resulting in comparatively more sand accretion near the foredune crest. Consequently, growth form‐generated sand accretion patterns resulted in steep, narrow A. arenaria‐dominated foredunes and shallow‐sloping, wider A. breviligulata‐dominated foredunes. These results illustrate that vegetation density and patterns of growth influence foredune morphology and its changes over time.
On the Linearity of the Stratospheric and Euro-Atlantic Sector Response to ENSO

The dependence of the winter stratospheric and Euro-Atlantic climate response on ENSO amplitude is investigated using the HadGEM3 model. Experiments are performed with imposed east Pacific sea surface temperature perturbations corresponding to Niño-3.4 anomalies of ±0.75, 1.5, 2.25, and 3.0 K. In the North Pacific, El Niño (EN) deepens and shifts the Aleutian low eastward, while the equivalent magnitude La Niña (LN) perturbations drive anomalies of opposite sign that are around 4 times weaker. The muted North Pacific response to LN can be traced back to the weaker response of tropical convection and the associated anomalous Rossby wave source. The EN perturbations weaken the Arctic polar vortex, with the winter mean zonal mean zonal wind at 60°N and 10 hPa decreasing approximately linearly with Niño-3.4 anomaly by around −3.6 m s−1 K−1. For the strongest EN case (+3 K), the frequency of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) increases by ~60% compared to the control experiment. Hence the results do not support a saturation of the stratospheric pathway for strong EN as suggested in previous literature. The equivalent amplitude LN perturbations cause a weak strengthening of the polar vortex and no substantial change in SSW frequency, in contrast to some reanalysis-based studies. EN induces a negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index throughout boreal winter, which increases approximately linearly with the Niño-3.4 anomaly by around −0.6 standard deviations K−1. Only the response to the strongest LN perturbations projects onto a weak positive NAO in November, suggesting that the mechanism for the Euro-Atlantic response to LN may be distinct from EN.
Using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) for Measuring Plant-Soil Feedback Effects on Crop Productivity

Unmanned aerial system (UAS) acquired high-resolution optical imagery and object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques have the potential to provide spatial crop productivity information. In general, plant-soil feedback (PSF) field studies are time-consuming and laborious which constrain the scale at which these studies can be performed. Development of non-destructive methodologies is needed to enable research under actual field conditions and at realistic spatial and temporal scales. In this study, the influence of six winter cover crop (WCC) treatments (monocultures Raphanus sativus, Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, Vicia sativa and two species mixtures) on the productivity of succeeding endive (Cichorium endivia) summer crop was investigated by estimating crop volume. A three-dimensional surface and terrain model were photogrammetrically reconstructed from UAS imagery, acquired on 1 July 2015 in Wageningen, the Netherlands. Multi-resolution image segmentation (MIRS) and template matching algorithms were used in an integrated workflow to detect individual crops (accuracy = 99.8%) and delineate C. endivia crop covered area (accuracy = 85.4%). Mean crop area (R = 0.61) and crop volume (R = 0.71) estimates had strong positive correlations with in situ measured dry biomass. Productivity differences resulting from the WCC treatments were greater for estimated crop volume in comparison to in situ biomass, the legacy of Raphanus was most beneficial for estimated crop volume. The perennial ryegrass L. perenne treatment resulted in a significantly lower production of C. endivia. The developed workflow has potential for PSF studies as well as precision farming due to its flexibility and scalability. Our findings provide insight into the potential of UAS for determining crop productivity on a large scale.
Deriving optimal weather pattern definitions for the representation of precipitation variability over India

This study utilizes cluster analysis to produce sets of weather patterns for the Indian subcontinent. These patterns have been developed with future applications in mind; specifically relating to the occurrence of high‐impact weather and meteorologically induced hazards such as landslides. The weather patterns are also suited for use within probabilistic medium‐ to long‐range weather pattern forecasting tools driven by ensemble prediction systems. A total of 192 sets of weather patterns have been generated by varying the parameter which is clustered, the spatial domain and the number of weather patterns. Non‐hierarchical k‐means clustering was applied to daily 1200 UTC ERA‐Interim reanalysis data between 1979 and 2016 using pressure at mean sea level (PMSL) and u‐ and v‐component winds at 10‐m, 925‐hPa and 850‐hPa. The resultant weather pattern sets (clusters) were analysed for their ability to represent the main climatic precipitation patterns over India using the explained variation score. Weather patterns generated using 850‐hPa winds are among the most representative, with 30 patterns being enough to represent variability within different phases of the Indian climate. For example, several weather pattern variants are evident within the active monsoon, break monsoon and retreating monsoon. There are also several variants of weather patterns susceptible to western disturbances. These weather pattern variants are useful when it comes to identifying periods most susceptible to high‐impact weather within a large‐scale regime, such as identifying the most flood prone periods within the active monsoon. They hence have potentially many forecasting applications.