Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mineral transformation associated with the microbial reductionof magnetite

Ž . Although dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria DIRB are capable of reducing a number of metals in oxides and soluble forms, the factors controlling the raterextent of magnetite reduction and the nature of the mineral products resulting from magnetite reduction are not well understood. This study was carried out to investigate mechanisms and biogeochemical processes occurring during magnetite reduction by the DIRB, Shewanella putrefaciens strains CN32 and MR-1. Reduction experiments were performed with biogenic and synthetic magnetite in well-defined solutions. Biogenic magnetite was Ž . generated via microbial reduction of hydrous ferric oxide HFO . Biogenic magnetite in solutions buffered with either Ž y. Ž . bicarbonate HCO or 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic PIPES , with or without P, was inoculated with strain CN32 and 3 Ž . provided with lactate as the electron donor. Synthetic magnetite in a bacteriological growth medium M1 was inoculated Ž . Ž . with either aerobically or anaerobically grown cells of strain CN32 or MR-1 . Fe II production was determined by HCl extraction of bioreduced samples in comparison to uninoculated controls, and the resulting solids were characterized by Ž . Ž . X-ray diffraction XRD , Mossbauer spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy SEM and TEM . The extent and rate of biogenic magnetite reduction in the bicarbonate-buffered medium was higher than that in the Ž . y Ž 3y. PIPES-buffered medium, via complexation of bioproduced Fe II with HCO or PO and formation of siderite 3 4 Ž . vivianite . S. putrefaciens CN32 reduced more synthetic than biogenic magnetite with differences attributed mainly to y Ž . Ž . medium composition. In the HCO -buffered solutions, Fe III in the biogenic magnetite was reduced to Fe II , and siderite 3 Ž . Ž . precipitated. In the PIPES-buffered medium, Fe III in biogenic magnetite was also reduced to Fe II , but no secondary mineral phases were observed. Vivianite formed in those solutions containing P and in all synthetic magnetite treatments where there was sufficient supply of P from the M1 medium. Electron microscopy and Mossbauer spectroscopy results suggest that the reduction process involves dissolution–precipitation mechanisms as opposed to solid state conversion of magnetite to vivianite or siderite. The aqueous medium, pH, strain type, and bacterial growth conditions all affected the Ž . extent of magnetite reduction. The ability of DIRB to utilize Fe III in crystalline magnetite as an electron acceptor could Ž . have significant implications for biogeochemical processes in sediments where Fe III in magnetite represents the largest pool of electron acceptor. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
THE LONG LIVES OF GIANT CLUMPS AND THE BIRTH OF OUTFLOWS IN GAS-RICH GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT

Star-forming disk galaxies at high redshift are often subject to violent disk instability, characterized by giant clumps whose fate is yet to be understood. The main question is whether the clumps disrupt within their dynamical timescale (⩽50 Myr), like the molecular clouds in today's galaxies, or whether they survive stellar feedback for more than a disk orbital time (≈300 Myr) in which case they can migrate inward and help building the central bulge. We present 3.5–7 pc resolution adaptive mesh refinement simulations of high-redshift disks including photoionization, radiation pressure, and supernovae feedback. Our modeling of radiation pressure determines the mass loading and initial velocity of winds from basic physical principles. We find that the giant clumps produce steady outflow rates comparable to and sometimes somewhat larger than their star formation rate, with velocities largely sufficient to escape the galaxy. The clumps also lose mass, especially old stars, by tidal stripping, and the stellar populations contained in the clumps hence remain relatively young (⩽200 Myr), as observed. The clumps survive gaseous outflows and stellar loss, because they are wandering in gas-rich turbulent disks from which they can reaccrete gas at high rates compensating for outflows and tidal stripping, overall keeping realistic and self-regulated gaseous and stellar masses. The outflow and accretion rates have specific timescales of a few 108 yr, as opposed to rapid and repeated dispersion and reformation of clumps. Our simulations produce gaseous outflows with velocities, densities, and mass loading consistent with observations, and at the same time suggest that the giant clumps survive for hundreds of Myr and complete their migration to the center of high-redshift galaxies. These long-lived clumps are gas-dominated and contain a moderate mass fraction of stars; they drive inside-out disk evolution, thickening, spheroid growth, and fueling of the central black hole.
Cardio-Oncology: A Focused Review of Anthracycline-, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Inhibitor-, and Radiation-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Management.

BACKGROUND Cardio-oncology is a collaborative approach between cardiologists and oncologists in the treatment of patients with cancer and heart disease. Radiation and chemotherapy have played a major role in the decreased cancer-related mortality achieved in the past 2 decades. However, anthracycline-, tyrosine kinase-, and radiation-based therapies are each associated with independent cardiovascular (CV) risks, and these risks are cumulative when these therapies are used in combination. METHODS We analyzed several published articles, studies, and guidelines to provide a focused review of cardiotoxicity associated with anthracyclines, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 inhibitors, and radiation therapy and its management. RESULTS The focus on CV risk among individuals being treated with cardiotoxic agents is important because once the cancer is cured, CV disease becomes the number 1 cause of death among cancer survivors. Cardio-oncology focuses on assessing CV risk prior to starting therapy, optimizing modifiable risk factors, and providing surveillance and treatment for any early signs of cardiotoxicity in patients undergoing radiation and chemotherapy. A collaborative approach between oncologists and cardiologists is integral to the optimal care of patients with cancer. Although radiation and chemotherapy treatments have evolved with the aim of targeting cancer cells while having minimal effect on the heart, the increased risk of cardiomyopathy in patients receiving these treatments remains significant. CONCLUSION Proper screening and treatment of cardiotoxicity are essential for patients with cancer. As cardiac diseases and cancer remain the first and second causes of mortality in developed nations, respectively, cardio-oncology is the answer to this group of individuals who are especially vulnerable to both causes of mortality.
Diabetes: glycaemic control in type 2 (drug treatments).

INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is a progressive disorder of glucose metabolism. It is estimated that about 285 million people between the ages of 20 and 79 years had diabetes worldwide in 2010, or 5% of the adult population. Type 2 diabetes may occur with obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia (the metabolic syndrome), which are powerful predictors of cardiovascular disease. Without adequate blood-glucose-lowering treatment, blood glucose levels may rise progressively over time in people with type 2 diabetes. Microvascular and macrovascular complications may develop. METHODS AND OUTCOMES We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of blood-glucose-lowering medications in adults with type 2 diabetes? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to February 2010 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). RESULTS We found 194 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions. CONCLUSIONS In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs), combination treatment (single, double, and triple), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues, insulins (including conventional [human] and analogue, different regimens, different length of action), meglitinides, metformin, sulphonylureas, and thiazolidinediones.
Sabotaging Market-Oriented Culture Change: An Exploration of Resistance Justifications and Approaches

This study explores and describes the rationales and the approaches employed by organizational members in order intentionally to sabotage, impede, or otherwise delay management-espoused market-oriented change programs. The objective is to develop theory through supplying grounded insights into how and why executives, managers, and employees resist attempts to improve the market focus of their company. Analysis of 174 field interviews uncovered four main rationales for resisting market-oriented change. Further, a continuum of intentional efforts to sabotage market-oriented culture change is presented and five key responses explored and described. These findings are discussed and implications for theory and practice forwarded.
Macroscopic digestive tract anatomy of two small antelopes, the blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) and the Arabian sand gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica)

The digestive tract anatomy of 14 blackbucks (Antilope cervicapra) and seven Arabian sand gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa marica) was quantified by dimensions, area and weight. Data from the two small‐sized antilopinae were evaluated against a larger comparative data set from other ruminants classified as having either a ‘cattle‐type’ or ‘moose‐type’ digestive system. The digestive anatomy of the blackbuck resembled that of ‘cattle‐type’ ruminants, which corresponds to their feeding ecology and previous studies of solute and particle retention time; however, a surprising exception was the remarkably small omasum in this species, which makes the blackbuck stand out from the general rule of a relatively large omasum in grazing ruminants. Sand gazelles had morphological features that corresponded more to the ‘moose type’ or an intermediate position, although previous studies of solute and particle retention time had led to the expectation of a more ‘cattle‐type’ anatomy. The results show that outliers to general morphological trends exist, that findings on physiology and anatomy do not always match completely and that differences in the digestive morphology among ruminant species are more difficult to demonstrate at the lower end of the body mass range.
Managing customer citizenship behavior: a relationship perspective

This paper aims to examine customer citizenship behavior (CCB) and explore the interrelationships between relationship value, relationship quality, relationship strength, and CCB. The study conceptualizes an integrated citizenship behavior model and applies it to India's banking services industry in the business-to-customer context. Structural equation modeling was employed to empirically test the hypotheses using a sample of 347 responses collected by a survey questionnaire. The findings indicate that relationship value significantly influences relationship quality, and relationship quality has a significant effect on relationship strength and CCBs. Relationship value had an indirect effect on relationship strength and citizenship behavior through relationship quality. This study also reveals significant differences between relationship quality and citizenship behavior across the customer's gender. Implications and future research directions of the study are proposed.
Auditor Reputation Concerns, Legal Liability, and Standards

This paper studies how legal liability due to negligence can weaken or strengthen an auditor's reputation concerns in the client market to provide high audit effort. A negligence liability rule relies on auditing standards to provide a threshold for the level of due care. When the negligence standard is lax, legal liability can weaken the auditor's reputation incentives, with lower audit effort than without legal liability. If the damage payment is low, noncompliance is less costly, because with compliance, reputational concerns cause the auditor to provide higher costly audit effort than the standard. In this case, investors also prefer noncompliance, and earnings quality is lower than if there were no legal liability damages. When the standard is stringent, noncompliance is less costly for the auditor, and legal liability strengthens reputation incentives. Investors may also prefer noncompliance, and earnings quality is higher than if there were no legal liability damages. JEL Classifications: M41; M42; D82; M48.
APPLICATION OF “TRADITIONAL” AND “NEW” APPROACH METHODS IN BUSINESS PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT

Business performance and its measurement play a key role in the life of enterprises. For sustainable development, companies must constantly keep in mind and measure their performance, in accordance with their long-term goals. Looking over the performance measurement history, we can see that this area has improved a lot, underlining the importance of this. In addition to „traditional” performance measurement indicators, several completely „new” methods from different perspectives have been developed. The economic and social conditions changed our image about the business performance. A complex and useful corporate performance evaluation, in addition to financial and non-financial indicators based on the accounting reports, has to contain other factors too. The „traditional” indicators must be completed with new performance measurement systems, or at least parts of them.
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT BEST PRACTICES AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: A UNIVERSALISTIC PERSPECTIVE APPROACH

The universalistic perspective of human resource management practices perceives that a set of practices can achieve competitive advantage and firm performance. This study sought to investigate the relationship between best human resource practices and firm performance. A descriptive survey research design was used to gather primary data using self-administered questionnaire. The study population (n=312) was comprised of non-executives, executives, managers, and top management from seven major insurance firms at headquarters in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. The study found that performance appraisal, internal communication, SHRM alignment in the organization, and career planning were the human resource management best practices.
The Alliances of Spin-Offs Versus Start-Ups: Social Ties in the Genesis of Post-Soviet Alliances

This paper links the alliance strategy of emergent firms to the structural relations in the network of new firm organizers. Data gathered in Russia from 1991 to 1993 on nine post-Soviet commodity exchange markets demonstrate how the difference in internal social structure between spin-off and startup exchanges shapes the strategy of their inter-firm networks and initial performance. The way in which managers come together structures their diversity and openness to the outside environment. In turn, the social structure internal to the firm affects the ran ge and scope of their ties to other organizations. I show how the high range of overlap among the ties between spin-off founders has a more concentrated connection to the outside environment than the exchanges created by more loosely-linked startup founders. The relational costs of the more concentrated ties increases the cost of search, however, it lowers the cost of malfeasance. Thus, the model suggested proposes that the relative advantage of investing in relational capital is a double-edged sword which poses constraints along with its particular advantages. Finally, the model also brings to question the relative merits of concentrated alliances supposedly advantageous to new firms in particular by suggesting that conditions of transition and institutional instability may under-cut the relative advantage of familiarity and specialization found in Western settings.
Glucuronide and sulfate conjugation in the fungal metabolism of aromatic hydrocarbons

Cunninghamella elegans oxidized naphthalene to ethyl acetate-soluble and water-soluble metabolites. Experiments with [14C]-naphthalene indicated that 21% of the substrate was converted into metabolites. The ratio of organic-soluble metabolites to water-soluble metabolites was 76:24. The major ethyl acetate-soluble naphthalene metabolites were trans-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydro-naphthalene, 4-hydroxy-1-tetralone, and 1-naphthol. Enzymatic treatment of the aqueous phase with either arylsulfatase or beta-glucuronidase released metabolites of naphthalene that were extractable with ethyl acetate. In both cases, the major metabolite was 1-naphthol. The ratio of water-soluble sulfate conjugates to water-soluble glucuronide conjugates was 1:1. Direct analysis of the aqueous phase by high-pressure liquid and thin-layer chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques indicated that 1-naphthyl sulfate and 1-naphthyl glucuronic acid were major water-soluble metabolites formed from the fungal metabolism of naphthalene. C. elegans oxidized biphenyl primarily to 4-hydroxy biphenyl. Deconjugation experiments with biphenyl water-soluble metabolites indicated that the glucuronide and sulfate ester of 4-hydroxy biphenyl were metabolites. The data demonstrate that sulfation and glucuronidation are major pathways in the metabolism of aromatic hydrocarbons by fungi.
Priming effects of tones and segments in lexical processing in Mandarin

In tone languages, pitch variation is one of the primary cues to distinguish lexical meanings. Similar to consonants and vowels, lexical tones play a role in accessing to lexical information, but these segmental and suprasegmental features may have different roles in this process. In this study, we examine the priming effects of tones, consonants, and vowels in an auditory task of lexical decision in Mandarin, and compare such phonological priming effects with the direct and semantic priming effects. We find that consonants and vowels play a major role at the stage of lexical access, whereas tones facilitate lexical processing afterwards. In addition, partially conflicting segments, not tones, interfere with lexical selection. We discuss and compare these results with the previous findings to shed some lights on the follow-up research.
New industrial service pricing strategies and their antecedents: empirical evidence from two industrial sectors

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the conditions that led to the adoption of the three new industrial service‐pricing strategies, namely skimming pricing (i.e. a high initial price), penetration pricing (i.e. a low initial price), and pricing similar to competitive prices.Design/methodology/approach – In order to achieve the study's research objectives, data were collected through a mail survey from 129 transportation and 48 information technology companies. Moreover, 20 in‐depth personal interviews were conducted in the initial phase of the research.Findings – Analyzing data from two industrial sectors, the study concludes that skimming pricing and penetration pricing relate to the company's corporate and marketing strategy and the service characteristics, while market conditions influence the adoption of pricing similar to competitive prices.Research limitations/implications – Given the limited number of the sectors investigated in the current study, the research results may not be e.
A Leucine-based Motif Mediates the Endocytosis of Vesicular Monoamine and Acetylcholine Transporters*

Specific transport proteins mediate the packaging of neurotransmitters into secretory vesicles and consequently require targeting to the appropriate intracellular compartment. To identify residues in the neuron-specific vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) responsible for endocytosis, we examined the effect of amino (NH2-) and carboxyl (COOH-)-terminal mutations on steady state distribution and internalization. Deletion of a critical COOH-terminal domain sequence (AKEEKMAIL) results in accumulation of VMAT2 at the plasma membrane and a 50% reduction in endocytosis. Site-directed mutagenesis shows that replacement of the isoleucine-leucine pair within this sequence by alanine-alanine alone reduces endocytosis by 50% relative to wild type VMAT2. Furthermore, the KEEKMAIL sequence functions as an internalization signal when transferred to the plasma membrane protein Tac, and the mutation of the isoleucine-leucine pair also abolishes internalization of this protein. The closely related vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) contains a similar di-leucine sequence within the cytoplasmic COOH-terminal domain that when mutated results in accumulation of VAChT at the plasma membrane. The VAChT di-leucine sequence also confers internalization when appended to two other proteins and in one of these chimeras, conversion of the di-leucine sequence to di-alanine reduces the internalization rate by 50%. Both VMAT2 and VAChT thus use leucine-based signals for efficient endocytosis and as such are the first synaptic vesicle proteins known to use this motif for trafficking.
Environmental contexts surrounding resolution of drinking problems among problem drinkers with different help-seeking experiences.

OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether similar environmental contexts surround abstinent resolutions associated with different intervention experiences, including no assistance. METHOD Participants were selected in a 3 x 2 design (25-30 per group, N = 167) according to their help-seeking experiences (no assistance, Alcoholics Anonymous [AA] only, treatment plus AA) and current drinking status (resolved abstinent [RA] for >2 years or nonresolved [NR] controls). Life events were assessed retrospectively over a 4-year period that spanned the 2 years before and 2 years after the initiation of stable abstinence by RA participants or over a matched interval for NR participants. Collateral or reliability interviews were conducted for 84% of the sample as checks on participant reports. RESULTS Across help-seeking groups, RA participants reported decreased negative events and increased positive events from the pre- through the post-resolution period. Interventions, especially treatment, enhanced the postresolution improvements in RA participants' life circumstances. This pattern was absent among NR participants. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that a similar molar environmental context surrounds resolutions achieved with and without interventions and that interventions are associated with enhanced improvements during maintenance.
Information Advantages of Large Institutional Owners

We study the relation between the percentage of outstanding shares held by a firm's largest institutional owner and the bid–ask spread on that firm's shares, a measure of information risk. We find that the greater the percentage of shares held by the largest institutional investor, the greater the bid–ask spread in share prices. In contrast, the percentage of shares held by smaller institutional owners is related to lower bid–ask spreads. The results imply that only the largest of a firm's institutional owners—and no other institutional owner—is perceived to hold an information advantage. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.