Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Plasma temperatures in Saturn's ionosphere

[1] We have calculated self-consistent electron and ion temperatures in Saturn's ionosphere using a series of coupled fluid and kinetic models developed to help interpret Cassini observations and to examine the energy budget of Saturn's upper atmosphere. Electron temperatures in the midlatitude topside ionosphere during solar maximum are calculated to range between 500 and 560 K during the Saturn day, approximately 80–140 K above the neutral temperature. Ion temperatures, calculated for only the major ions H+ and H3+, are nearly equal to the neutral temperature at altitudes near and below the height of peak electron density, while they can reach 500 K during the day at the topside. Plasma scale heights of the dusk electron density profile from radio occultation measurements of the Voyager 2 flyby of Saturn have been used to estimate plasma temperature as a comparison. Such an estimate agrees well with the temperatures calculated here, although there is a topside enhancement in electron density that remains unexplained by ionospheric calculations that include photochemistry and plasma diffusion. Finally, parameterizations of the heating rate from photoelectrons and secondary electrons to thermal, ambient electrons have been developed. They may apply for other conditions at Saturn and possibly at other giant planets and exoplanets as well.
Measurements of OH and RO 2 radicals at Dome C, East Antarctica

Abstract. Concentrations of OH radicals and the sum of peroxy radicals, RO2, were measured in the boundary layer for the first time on the East Antarctic Plateau at the Concordia Station (Dome C, 75.10° S, 123.31° E) during the austral summer 2011/2012. The median concentrations of OH and RO2 radicals were 3.1 × 106 molecule cm−3 and 9.9 × 106 molecule cm−3, respectively. These values are comparable to those observed at the South Pole, confirming that the elevated oxidative capacity of the Antarctic atmospheric boundary layer found at the South Pole is not restricted to the South Pole but common over the high Antarctic plateau. At Concordia, the concentration of radicals showed distinct diurnal profiles with the median maximum of 5.2 × 106 molecule cm−3 at 11:00 and the median minimum of 1.1 × 106 molecule cm−3 at 01:00 for OH radicals and 1.7 × 108 molecule cm−3 and 2.5 × 107 molecule cm−3 for RO2 radicals at 13:00 and 23:00, respectively (all times are local times). Concurrent measurements of O3, HONO, NO, NO2, HCHO and H2O2 demonstrated that the major primary source of OH and RO2 radicals at Dome C was the photolysis of HONO, HCHO and H2O2, with the photolysis of HONO contributing ~75% of total primary radical production. However, photochemical modelling with accounting for all these radical sources overestimates the concentrations of OH and RO2 radicals by a factor of 2 compared to field observations. Neglecting the net OH production from HONO in the photochemical modelling results in an underestimation of the concentrations of OH and RO2 radicals by a factor of 2. To explain the observations of radicals in this case an additional source of OH equivalent to about (25–35)% of measured photolysis of HONO is required. Even with a factor of 5 reduction in the concentrations of HONO, the photolysis of HONO represents the major primary radical source at Dome C. To account for a possibility of an overestimation of NO2 observed at Dome C the calculations were also performed with NO2 concentrations estimated by assuming steady-state NO2 / NO ratios. In this case the net radical production from the photolysis of HONO should be reduced by a factor of 5 or completely removed based on the photochemical budget of OH or 0-D modelling, respectively. Another major factor leading to the large concentration of OH radicals measured at Dome C was large concentrations of NO molecules and fast recycling of peroxy radicals to OH radicals.
Occurrence of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in slaughtered swine in the northwestern region of Paraná, Brazil.

O trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a soroprevalencia de Toxoplasma gondii em suinos de um matadouro frigorifico em Ipora, regiao noroeste do Parana. Amostras sanguineas de 500 suinos de terminacao, provenientes de granjas de criacao intensiva, foram processadas utilizando-se a Reacao de Imunofluorescencia Indireta (RIFI). Os animais com titulo ? 64 foram considerados positivos. Dentre as amostras testadas, 63 (12,6%) foram positivas pela IFI. Sendo 58 (92,06%) com titulo 64 (4,7%) com titulo 256 e duas (3,1%) com titulacao 1024. Estes suinos podem ser considerados uma fonte de infeccao ao homem.
New measures in controlling quality of VLT VISIR

The ESO's VISIR instrument at Paranal is dedicated to observations in two mid-infrared (MIR) atmospheric windows: N-band (8-13 micron) and Q-band (16.5-24.5 micron). It is equipped with two DRS (formerly Boeing) 256 × 256 BIB detectors operating at temperatures of about 5 K. As in case of other Paranal instruments VISIR data are regularly transferred to ESO Garching within the standard data flow operation. There, they are classified and pipeline-processed. The products of VISIR technical data are analyzed in order to trend instrument performance, while calibrations and science data are checked for quality and later distributed to the users. Over the three years of VISIR operations we have been constantly gaining more experience in methods of assessing health of the instrument. In particular, we found that dark frames are particularly useful for monitoring the VISIR detectors. We also discuss performance of the "OCLI" silicate filters recently mounted in the instrument.
42-ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND BODY COMPOSITION IN KARATE ATHLETES

INTRODUCTION While the quantity of martial artists in the world increases, there is a growing number of studies that evaluate the body composition of athletes in these modalities (BERCADES & PIETER, 2009), (BETANCOURT, AÉCHIGA & CARVAJAL, 2009). Since it is generally athletes who compete in categories weight defined too, the weight increase due to the accumulation of fat could decrease its performance (DE LORENZO, ET AL, 2000). Among the anthropometry procedures in about body fat evaluation, the somatotype is already widespread and standardized in various sports (MORTATTI & ARRUDA, 2007), (CABRAL ET AL, 2011). The knowledge of somatic and anthropometric variables is commonly used for designing training unfolds, with specific methods for each sport of martial art requirement in competitive sport. The specialized information about the components of monomorphic, endomorphic and ectomorph in karate fighters is still scarce (STERKOWICZ-PRZYBYCIE, 2010). A few recent studies have investigated the prevalence of Karate biotype (AMUSA & ONYEWADUME, 2010), (GIAMPIETRO, PUJIA, & BERTINI, 2003), thus having a greater need to know about the active population who participates in competitions. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anthropometric measurements and record the somatotipologic profile of regional Karate fighters to describe their biotype, comparing with specific studies.
Evaluation of substitutes for rock wool as growing substrate for hydroponic tomato production

To reduce the rock wool waste, the present study is focused on the evaluation of sheep wool, Sphagnum and hemp slabs, which may be used as replacement for rock wool as growing substrate for hydroponic tomato production. As such, physical and chemical properties of substrates, the plant growth, yield, fruit characteristics, as well as primary and secondary metabolites of tomatoes were considered. The marketable fruit yield of plants grown in Sphagnum slabs (12.8 kg plant -1 ) was reduced to only a small extent compared to the yield produced by rock wool slabs (13.8 kg plant -1 ). Sheep wool (12.3 kg plant -1 ) and hemp (10.4 kg plant -1 ), however, showed higher deviations. The lowest yield of blossom end rot (BER) fruit was produced by Sphagnum . Compared to this result, the BER-yield was nearly 2-fold higher caused by sheep wool. The soluble solid content in fruit ripened by the hemp material was decreased compared to those caused by the remaining substrates. Furthermore, it was found that the volume of easy available water (EAW) was mainly responsible for changes in plant development. As such, a high correlation was found between EAW and: leaf area (r = 0.851); flowers (r = 0.785); lycopene (r = -0.918); s-carotene (r = -0.997); penolics (r = -0.918); LAA (r = -0.848). The findings suggested that Sphagnum slabs can be used as replacement for rock wool slabs, whereas the usage of slabs consisting of hemp and sheep wool is not suitable as growing substrate for hydroponic tomato production.
A New Poolability Test for Cointegrated Panels

This paper proposes a new test of the null hypothesis that the parameters in a cointegrated panel data regression are equal across the cross-section. The asymptotic distribution of the new test statistic is derived and simulation results are provided to suggest that it performs very well in small samples. An empirical application to the monetary exchange rate model is also provided.
A Conceptual Framework for Examining Trust towards Zakat Institution

This paper aims to propose a research conceptual framework for examining trust towards zakat institution amongst Moslem business owners. An extensive literature review method was utilized to identify and analyze the relevant literatures in order to propose the framework. This paper identified four factors that influence the trust, namely, shared values, communication, non-opportunistic behaviour and perception on distribution. Theoretical and practical implications of the paper as well as suggestions for future research were also discussed.
The Andruskiewitsch-Dumas conjecture

We prove the Andruskiewitsch–Dumas conjecture that the automorphism group of the positive part of the quantized universal enveloping algebra Uq(g) of an arbitrary finite dimensional simple Lie algebra g is isomorphic to the semidirect product of the automorphism group of the Dynkin diagram of g and a torus of rank equal to the rank of g.
A Note on Recent Trends in Suicide in Fiji

The incidence of suicides and attempted suicides is one indicator of mental health and life satisfaction within the population. The trends in suicidal behaviour vary with sex and ethnicity within the population, and underscore the impact of culture on people's lives and wellbeing. Although incidence of suicide provides important information, there has been no systematic reporting of data within the country. The only source of national data is the statistics unit of Fiji's police force, who record all deaths that were not caused by disease, along with such data as the sex and ethnicity of the deceased. The police are willing to provide information on suicide to researchers and government bodies, within the constraints of having the staff and other resources needed to provide such information. The present article explores what we know about this important social issue, and investigates some potential ways forward for dealing with it at individual and group levels.
Gender differences in Occupant Posture during Driving and Riding

The aim of this study was to compare postures of male and female vehicle occupants, tested in both front seat positions, during normal driving and deceleration onset. These data are useful for the development and initialisation of computational human body models. A secondary aim was to examine the effect of reversible, motorised seat belts in these events. Kinematics were analysed for volunteers driving on rural roads, prior to autonomous braking (11 m/s2 deceleration). Two restraint configurations were tested: a standard versus a motorized belt, activated 200 ms before braking initiation. Kinematic metric comparison via ANCOVA was performed to understand postural differences across gender, role (driver/passenger), and belt type (standard/motorised). Data was analysed prior to and at vehicle deceleration, termed typical riding and initial braking, respectively. While males and females displayed similar postures during typical riding, differences existed between drivers and passengers, especially with respect to neck posture. Drivers displayed more protracted neck postures, with significantly smaller (by 22‐27 mm, depending on gender) head‐to‐sternum horizontal distances, than passengers. Motorised belts significantly changed posture during initial braking, notably of the chest (which was shifted posteriorly by approximately 13 mm, depending on gender and role), while standard belts did not. Within a given belt type, occupants’ change in posture was similar across gender and role during initial braking.
Salvage logging versus natural regeneration post-fire practices in a forest: Soil chemical and microbial aspects

The increase in forest-wildfire events around the world has revived the old debate regarding the practice of salvage logging and its effectiveness in comparison to the unlogged, natural regeneration of burned forests. Since the logging of burned trees may have undesirable outcomes in soil systems, such as soil compaction and nutrient losses, these changes could further cause disturbances to soil microbial-community activity. The aim of this study was to examine chemical and biological changes in soil under two post-fire practices: salvage logging and unlogged, natural regeneration of burned areas, in the recently burned Byria Forest in Israel. Results indicated that salvage logging had a short- lived effect on soil chemical and biological properties that was confined mostly to the first year after logging. Soil moisture was greatly affected by salvage logging, and drier conditions were found in the logged compared to the unlogged burned areas. Moreover, logging had a negative effect on microbial biomass, with reduced biomass in the logged compared to unlogged areas, which was more evident during the first year after fire. These findings support the recommendations in the literature to postpone post-fire practices such as logging or, in turn, to combine the two practices in order to create a mosaic of burned-logged and burned-naturally regenerated areas.
Solar wind and substorm excitation of the wavy current sheet

Abstract. Following a solar wind pressure pulse on 3 August 2001, GOES 8, GOES 10, Cluster and Polar observed dipolarizations of the magnetic field, accompanied by an eastward expansion of the aurora observed by IMAGE, indicating the occurrence of two substorms. Prior to the first substorm, the motion of the plasma sheet with respect to Cluster was in the Z GSM direction. Observations following the substorms show the occurrence of current sheet waves moving predominantly in the − Y GSM direction. Following the second substorm, the current sheet waves caused multiple current sheet crossings of the Cluster spacecraft, previously studied by Zhang et al. (2002). We further this study to show that the velocity of the current sheet waves was similar to the expansion velocity of the substorm aurora and the expansion of the dipolarization regions in the magnetotail. Furthermore, we compare these results with the current sheet wave models of Golovchanskaya and Maltsev (2005) and Erkaev et al. (2008). We find that the Erkaev et al. (2008) model gives the best fit to the observations.
Spatio-temporal modelling of zero-inflated deep-sea shrimp data by Tweedie generalized additive

In theMediterrean Sea the population features of demersal resources fluctuate over spatial and temporal scales due to the variability of abiotic and biotic factors as well as to human activities. The two shrimps Parapenaeus longirostris and Aristaeomorpha foliacea are among the most important deep-sea demersal resources in the North-Western Ionian Sea. Their changes in terms of density, biomass andmedian length induced by anthropogenic and environmental variables (fishing effort, sea surface temperature, precipitations, Winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Annual MediterraneanOscillation (MO) indices) were investigated. Biological data were collected during trawl surveys carried out from 1995 to 2006 as part of the international program MEDITS (International Bottom Trawl Survey in the Mediterranean). Generalized AdditiveModels were used to evaluate the spatio-temporal variation of both species, together with the possible nonlinear effects of biotic and abiotic factors. Density and biomass were assumed to be distributed according to a member of the Tweedie family in order to account for zero-inflation in the relative data. Spacetime interaction was consideredwithin a non-separablemodel with smooth spatio-temporal component based on tensor product splines. The results show significant spatio-temporal and depth effects in the three population parameters of these resources. Winter NAO index significantly influenced the density, biomass and length of P. longirostris. Sea surface temperature significantly influenced the size of this species and the three population features of A. foliacea. The size of this shrimp resulted also influenced negatively by fishing effort and positively by the MO index.
Review of marine icing and anti-/de-icing systems

ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to review the phenomenon of icing in marine operations. The focus is on two main sources of icing, namely atmospheric and sea spray. The literature reveals that sea spray icing is the main contributor to marine icing. This work discusses the available ice accretion prediction models on ships and offshore structures. It also reviews the anti-/de-icing technologies that can be implemented on ships operating in cold climate regions. The significance of ice detection is acknowledged, and a brief review of various ice detection technologies is provided.
The origin of the UV/optical lags in NGC 5548

The new multiwavelength monitoring campaign on NGC 5548 shows clearly that the variability of the ultraviolet (UV)/optical light curves lags by progressively longer times at longer wavelengths, as expected from reprocessing off an optically thick disc, but that the time-scales are longer than expected for a standard Shakura–Sunyaev accretion disc. We build a full spectral-timing reprocessing model to simulate the UV/optical light curves of NGC 5548. We show that disc reprocessing of the observed hard X-ray light curve produces optical light curves with too much fast variability as well as too short a lag time. Suppressing the fast variability requires an intervening structure preventing the hard X-rays from illuminating the disc. We propose this is the disc itself, perhaps due to atomic processes in the UV lifting the photosphere, increasing the scaleheight, making it less dense and less able to thermalize, so that it radiates low-temperature Comptonized emission as required to produce the soft X-ray excess. The outer edge of the puffed-up Comptonized disc region emits far-UV (FUV) flux, and can illuminate the outer thin blackbody disc, but while this gives reprocessed variable emission that is much closer to the observed UV and optical light curves, the light travel lags are still too short to match the data. We reverse engineer a solution to match the observations and find that the luminosity and temperature of the lagged emission are not consistent with material at the light travel lag distance responding to the irradiating flux (either FUV or X-ray). We conclude that the UV/optical lags of NGC 5548 are neither the light travel time from X-ray reprocessing nor the light travel time from FUV reprocessing, but instead could be the time-scale for the outer blackbody disc vertical structure to respond to the changing FUV illumination.
Value conflicts and faith based schools : in contemporary Sweden

This article identifies value conflicts in debate regarding Swedish faith based schools 2010– 2012 explored against the background of a study by Gerle (1999). As the policy changes of the Swedish school system from the 1990s form the preconditions for contemporary faith based schools those changes are outlined. The results show that the value conflicts observed by Gerle can still be noted e.g. the wish to freedom of religion in educating children into one’s own religion, as well as the conflict of the right of parents vs. the rights of children in education. A new value conflicts is the ending of school ceremonies of municipal schools in churches and the role of religion in them. Does this mirror a shift in the influence of a Lutheran majority culture? Another surfacing value conflict is whether the making of profit in the school sector is acceptable or not.
The Effect of Collaborative Prewriting Discussions on L2 Writing Development and Learners’ Identity Construction

The current study investigated the effect of collaborative prewriting activities on learners‟ identity construction and L2 writing development. To this end, 43 sophomore upper-intermediate university students majoring in Teaching English as a Foreign Language at an Iranian university who had enrolled in a course called Advanced Writing were randomly divided into two experimental groups (groups A and B) and one control group (group C). While the students in group A were involved in group activities, the students in group B were engaged in pair activities. The students in control group (group C) worked individually. As a pre-test, a pen-and-paper writing task was given to all the students at the beginning of the semester. During the semester, all the participants were exposed to the same materials and were taught by the same teacher for one semester. The only difference was the type of activities in which the participants were engaged. At the end of one semester, a pen-and-paper writing task was given to all the three groups. The findings of the post-test revealed that all the students could significantly The Effect on L2 Writing… improve their writing skills. Nevertheless, the students in group B significantly outperformed their counterparts. Most importantly, the results of identity analysis showed that the students in group A used authorial plural pronouns along with adjectives more frequently. The findings of this study confirmed two issues: first, the significant efficacy of prewriting activities were confirmed at the end of the semester . Second, each type of prewriting activity could affect the learners‟ identity construction.
Benthic foraminifera as trophic links between phytodetritus and benthic metazoans: carbon and nitrogen isotopic evidence

We examined the trophic levels of deep-sea benthic foraminifera and metazoans based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of soft tissue to evaluate the role of foraminifera in deep-sea benthic ecosystems. Living benthic foraminifera and metazoans were collected from 2 bathyal sites in Sagami Bay, Japan (water depths 750 and 1430 m) on 3 occasions (April 2004, November 2004 and August 2005). Both carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions significantly dif- fered among the analysed foraminiferal species. At the deeper site δ 15 N of the benthic foraminifera ranged from 6.7 to 11.0‰ (typically 7 to 10‰) with considerable interspecies variations. This implies that most benthic foraminifera utilize primarily surface sediments (4.5‰) or particulate organic mat- ter (6.4‰) as their food sources. Many metazoan meiobenthic organisms, in particular polychaetes of meiofaunal size, some harpacticoid copepods, and kinorhynchs (examined only at the shallower site), exhibited δ 15 N heavier than foraminifera, suggesting that they occupy higher trophic levels than benthic foraminifera. Macro- and megabenthos (spatangoids, ophiuroids and Dentalioida) exhibited δ 15 N of 10 to 14‰, suggesting they belong in trophic levels 1 to 2 steps higher than metazoan meiobenthos and benthic foraminifera. Similar isotopic trends were observed at the shallower site. Combining the isotopic evidences and the observations on gut contents of some metazoan meio- benthos, together with previous experimental results, the benthic foraminifera in the bathyal Sagami Bay are considered a bridge in the energy flow from phytodetritus and sediments to metazoans.