Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of atmospheric light scattering on spectroscopic observations of greenhouse gases from space: Validation of PPDF-based CO_2 retrievals from GOSAT

This report describes a validation study of Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) data processing using ground-based measurements of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) as reference data for column-averaged dry air mole fractions of atmospheric carbon dioxide (X_(CO_2)). We applied the photon path length probability density function method to validate X_(CO_2) retrievals from GOSAT data obtained during 22 months starting from June 2009. This method permitted direct evaluation of optical path modifications due to atmospheric light scattering that would have a negligible impact on ground-based TCCON measurements but could significantly affect gas retrievals when observing reflected sunlight from space. Our results reveal effects of optical path lengthening over Northern Hemispheric stations, essentially from May–September of each year, and of optical path shortening for sun-glint observations in tropical regions. These effects are supported by seasonal trends in aerosol optical depth derived from an offline three-dimensional aerosol transport model and by cirrus optical depth derived from space-based measurements of the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument. Removal of observations that were highly contaminated by aerosol and cloud from the GOSAT data set resulted in acceptable agreement in the seasonal variability of XCO2 over each station as compared with TCCON measurements. Statistical comparisons between GOSAT and TCCON coincident measurements of CO_2 column abundance show a correlation coefficient of 0.85, standard deviation of 1.80 ppm, and a sub-ppm negative bias of −0.43 ppm for all TCCON stations. Global distributions of monthly mean retrieved X_(CO_2) with a spatial resolution of 2.5° latitude × 2.5° longitude show agreement within ∼2.5 ppm with those predicted by the atmospheric tracer transport model.
CURRICULUM & TEACHING STUDIES | RESEARCH ARTICLE "We don't know enough": Environmental education and pro-environmental behaviour perceptions

2 Abstract: This study sought to understand environmental knowledge and attitudes among young people to explain the relationship between environmental education (EE) and reported pro-environmental behaviours (PEB). A mixed-methods design was employed: 88 university students in the UK and Nigeria were surveyed and 6 were subsequently interviewed. The findings indicate that the participants believe humans are abusing the earth and are very concerned about the consequences but do not know enough about environmental problems, especially global warming. Also, those who had more environmental knowledge reported more PEB. Generally, participants want more EE content to be taught in schools and in more engaging ways such as field trips. These findings offer important insights for both theory and practice related to the use of education to develop PEB for a healthier environment.
Macro Variables and the Components of Stock Returns

We conduct a decomposition for the stock market return by incorporating the information from 124 macro variables. Using factor analysis, we estimate six common factors and run a VAR containing these factors and financial variables such as the market dividend yield and the T-bill rate. Including the macro factors does not have a significant impact in the estimation of the components of aggregate (excess) stock returns—cash-flow, discount-rate, and interest-rate news. Using the macro factors in the computation of cash-flow and discount-rate news does not significantly improve the fit of a two-factor ICAPM for the cross-section of stock returns.
Changing the Corporate Elite? Not so Easy: Female Directors’ Appointments onto Corporate Boards

Scholars have previously investigated country and organizational-level factors associated with the incidence of female directors on boards. These studies, however, cannot explain why, in countries with strong gender equality and pressure for female directorships, firms are still hesitant to promote new women to their boards. To address this issue we – in this study – introduce the cognitive and affective processes related to directors’ identification with the traditional corporate elite as an explanation for the slow organizational response to pressure for gender diversity on boards. We bridge the social identity and critical mass theory to further show how these responses may vary with the current composition of the board. Viewing the board as a locus for the maintenance of the positive distinctiveness of the established corporate elite, we conjecture that new female appointments will not only depend on the current share of women on board but also on the current (minority) share of board positions held by male directors who are not prototypical of the established elite. We also uncover how this relationship is moderated by the share of institutional investors’ ownership. We test and support these propositions on a sample of 387 publicly traded Nordic corporations during 2001-2008.
Patriarchal Beliefs, Women's Empowerment, and General Well-being

This paper highlights that depowerment of women is linked to the belief and practice of patriarchy which subjugates women at various levels — political, economic, social, and cultural. Patriarchy is a social and ideological construct which considers men (who are the patriarchs) as superior to women. Patriarchy imposes masculinity and femininity character stereotypes in society which strengthen the iniquitous power relations between men and women. Feminism is an awareness of patriarchal control, exploitation, and oppression at the material and ideological levels of women's labour, fertility and sexuality, in the family, at the place of work, and in the society in general, and conscious action by women and men to transform the present situation. Overcoming the belief and practice of patriarchy is termed as eve empowerment. This paper distinguishes between eve empowerment and psychological empowerment. While the former (eve empowerment) is contextual in nature, the latter (psychological empowerment) is a motivational construct. If conditions favouring eve empowerment make a woman experience empowerment, then it is termed as psychological empowerment. Both these variables are linked to general well-being, which is defined as a state which allows individuals to realize their abilities, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully, and make a contribution to their community. The findings indicate that by countering patriarchy, women experience greater eve empowerment and psychological empowerment. The results also show that education level of women had no impact on eve empowerment. This is the reason why there are depowered women even among the educated middle class and upper classes of the society. This finding has important implication for agencies, institutions and the state that are using education as a medium of change and empowerment. The empowerment at the workplace and at home seems to have a spillover effect as both moderate the relation of eve empowerment and general well-being. Deep level impact on social transformation will take place only when the concept of patriarchy is shaken and conditions supporting eve empowerment are created for women to experience psychological empowerment. The limitation of the study was that it was carried out in a patriarchal society. It should also be compared with a similar survey among the matriarchal societies and from all strata of society to make it more representative. The findings can form the basis for improving affirmative action within the organizations.
NATURAL ENEMIES OF OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (HUBNER) AND PAPULATION DENSITY OF PEST AND ITS DOMINANT NATURAL ENEMY ON FOUR CORN HYBRIDS IN MOGHAN REGION

The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), is an important insect pest of corn, Zea mays L. , crop in Moghan region. In field experiments, the density of eggs and larvae of O.nubilalis and percentage of eggs and larvae parasitisms were studied on four corn hybrids NS704 (commercial cultivar), NS770, NS640 and MV524 (cultivars with high yield). Furthermore, in this study, the predators and parasitoids of the European corn borer were collected and identified on four corn hybrids in an experimental field. The seeds of corn hybrids were planted in an experimental field, approximately 700 m2. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with four replications. Samplings were conducted from the V6 (six leaf collar) until the R3 (milk) growth stages of corn. On each sample date, five plants/hybrid from each of the four replication were selected randomly and number of eggs (parasitized and non- parasitized) of O. nubilalis per plant was recorded using a 20X hand lens, then the stalkof these plants were dissected and number of larvae, larval mines and parasitized larvae per plant were recorded. The results showed that, the lowest density of eggs, larvae and larval mines were observed on NS704. While, the percentage of eggs and larvae of this month on NS704 were higher than on the other three tested hybrids . Therefore, it was concluded that the NS704 hybrid was less suitable to the European corn borer among the tested corn hybrids and has the potential to be used in the integrated management of O. nubilalis. Furthermore, in this study 12 predators’ species and 2 parasitoid species were collected and identified from experimental field. The predator bug, Orius niger Wolff, and parasitoid wasps, Trichogramma brassicae Bezd and Habrobracon hebetor (Say), had higher abundance rate on four tested hybrids.
Determining Agricultural Water Poverty Index in Kermanshah Province: The Case of Mahidasht Basin, Iran

As an assessment method of the water resources, Water Poverty Index (WPI) has become an available tool in water resources management. In particular, Agricultural Water Poverty Index (AWPI) is an assessment tool for agricultural water in rural areas. During the past decades, Mahidasht Basin in Kermanshah Province has been declared by water policy makers as “forbidden” basin in terms of water exploitation. Therefore, effective water resource management in the basin is deemed important. AWPI provides an appropriate tool in managing water resources more effectively. AWPI is an extension of Water Poverty Index (WPI) with five components including resources, access, use, capacity, and environment. This study sought to investigate the Agricultural Water Poverty Index in Mahidasht Basin in Kermanshah Province. Results revealed that Mahidasht Basin is faced with severe Agricultural Water Poverty (AWP= 49.06). Moreover, although farmers had limited water resources (R= 27.4) but these limited resources were highly accessible (A= 74.9). The result of this study has practical implications for water policy makers in Kermanshah Province. For example, agricultural policy makers can use the result of this study to devise better policies to alleviate agricultural water poverty in Mahidasht Basin where it is faced with water crisis.
The crux of green marketing: an empirical effusive study

No product on this planet has a nix impact on the business and environment one is surrounded by and therefore, ‘green products/brands and environmental-friendly products/brands’ is the word used to express those products/brands that work to shield and care for atmosphere/environment by preserving the free energy and/or resources, in order to effectively manage to reduce the wastes from the environment as much as possible. By the topic, it is apparent that the study is all about green marketing and especially to assess the consumer’s perception about the products and brands, which are environmental-friendly i.e. whether green marketing really impresses an individual to buy the products/brands than a product/brand, which doesn’t promote environmental-friendly positioning. This study focuses the Asian market, which is challenged by economic development and opportunity due to gain in energy prices, terrorism, environmental and climatic changes and consequences. A sufficient sample of 2000 users of green products were selected via judgmental sampling and inquired via online structured questionnaire. It was revealed by Multiple Regression test that the associate variables of Consumer’s Environmental Consciousness, which are Social Influence, Environmental Concern, and Perceived Seriousness of Environmental Problems, indeed affect an individual’s Brand Perception/Preference. While, Environmental Attitude, which is the associate variable of Environmental Attitude and Brand’s Environmental Friendly Perception does not affect Brand Preference. However, when the data was split according to gender, Environmental Concern and Brand’s Environmentally Friendly Perception affect Male, while Social Influence and Environmental Concern affect Female in their choice of green-marketed product/brand.
Negation in Context: A Functional Approach to Suppression

Abstract Three experiments show that, contrary to the current view, comprehenders do not unconditionally deactivate information marked by negation. Instead, they discard negated information when it is functionally motivated. In Experiment 1, comprehenders discarded negated concepts when cued by a topic shift to dampen recently processed information. However, in the presence of a global cue suggesting topic continuity, they retained it, despite a local negation marker that might prompt it. Specifically, when negative statements (The train to Boston was no rocket ; Hasson & Glucksberg, 2006) were furnished with relevant (compared to irrelevant) subsequent contexts (The trip to the city was fastthough), incompatible meanings ('fast'), related to the affirmative sense of the negative metaphor (rocket), were not suppressed. Instead they were retained and primed related targets (fast) appearing in the late context. Experiment 2 showed that preceding contexts had similar effects, inducing retention of probes related to the affirmative meaning of a negated target. Such effects, however, waned after a lengthy delay (Experiment 3).
Latitudinal characteristics of GPS derived ionospheric TEC : a comparative study with IRI 2012 model

The present study investigates the variation of Total Electron Content (TEC) using Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites from four equatorial to mid-latitudes stations over a period of one year. The stations are Port Blair (11.63°N, 92.70°E), Agartala (23.75°N, 91.25°E), Lhasa (29.65°N, 91.10°E) and Urumqi (43.46°N, 87.16°E). The diurnal, monthly and seasonal variations of TEC have been explored to study its latitudinal characteristics. Analysis of TEC data from these stations reveals the characteristics of latitudinal variation of Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly (EIA). To validate the latest IRI 2012 model, the monthly and seasonal variations of GPS-TEC at all the four stations have been compared with the model for three different topside options of electron density, namely, NeQuick, IRI-01-corr and IRI-2001. TEC predictions from IRI-2001 top side electron density option using IRI 2012 model overestimates the observed TEC especially at the low latitudes. TEC from IRI- NeQuick and IRI-01-corr options shows a tendency to underestimate the observed TEC during the day time particularly in low latitude region in the high solar activity period. The agreement between the model and observed values are reasonable in mid latitude regions. However, a discrepancy between IRI 2012 derived TEC with the ground based observations at low latitude regions is found. The discrepancy appears to be higher in low-latitude regions in comparison to mid latitude regions. It is concluded that largest discrepancy in TEC occur as a result of poor estimation of the hmF2 and foF2 from the coefficients.
Adequacy of iodisation of salt at the household level and its associated factors in a rural sub-centre area of Bangalore Urban District, Karnataka, India: a cross-sectional study

Background: Consumption of iodised salt is a simple, eﬀective and inexpensive preventive measure to prevent iodine deﬁciency disorders. Lack of awareness, faulty practices in storage as well as poor production quality lead to decreased availability of iodine at consumer level. The objective of the study was to estimate the proportion of households using adequately iodised salt and to assess their awareness and practices regarding iodised salt consumption in a subcentre region of Sarjapur PHC area in Bangalore Urban District.Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in 382 households selected by two stage method involving proportional allocation based on village size followed by systematic random sampling at village level. MBI salt testing kit was used to check for iodisation level.Results: Of the 382 households, 22.3% used inadequately iodised salt. Out of the 382 individuals interviewed, 72% were females and only 21% were aware about iodised salt. Majority of the households purchased salt from a general store, was stored in tightly closed plastic containers and kept on shelves. Only 5% looked for the iodine logo on the packets before purchase of salt. Individuals with poor awareness, purchase of salt at public distribution system store, storage of salt on the floor, use of crystal salt were significantly associated with presence of inadequately iodised salt at the household.Conclusions: Nearly 30% of the salt packets used by households were inadequately iodised. Awareness regarding iodised salt was poor which contributed to the presence of inadequately iodised salt at household level.
A novel relationship between ants and a leafhopper (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

Ten ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from three subfamilies feed on honeydew excreted by nymphs of the leaf- hopper Balclutha punctata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). This relationship is facultative for the partners. Preliminary field observations suggest a mutualistic interaction that represents an intermediate stage in the spectrum of formicid-hemipteran mutualisms. Behav- ioural adaptations of the leafhopper (no escape reaction) and the ants (no predation of leafhoppers, protection from spiders) are evi- dent, but characters of advanced facultative mutualism such as physical contact between the partners or ant-triggered excretion of honeydew were not observed.
Intra-Specific Pollen Size Variability in Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. – an Ethnomedicinal Weed Taxon of Lamiaceae

Variation in pollen stainability and morphometric sizes were recorded in the pollen grains of Hyptis suaveolens in a given sample population. Infrequent pollenkitt distribution in the outer wall of pollen was recorded. Distribution pattern of stained and unstained pollen revealed the characteristic variation in pollen sizes. The micromorphometric measurements of pollen grains were statistically analysed with one-way ANOVA and LSD among the mean values of pollen sizes. The results clearly revealed significant differences among the different categories of pollen sizes recorded in the present investigation. Present findings indicate the existence of pollen polymorphism with respect to size in H. suaveolens within the taxon.
The extreme faint end of the UV luminosity function at z ∼ 6 through gravitational telescopes: a comprehensive assessment of strong lensing uncertainties

With the Hubble Frontier Fields program, gravitational lensing has provided a powerful way to extend the study of the ultraviolet luminosity function (LF) of galaxies at $z \sim 6$ down to unprecedented magnitude limits. At the same time, significant discrepancies between different studies were found at the very faint end of the LF. In an attempt to understand such disagreements, we present a comprehensive assessment of the uncertainties associated with the lensing models and the size distribution of galaxies. We use end-to-end simulations from the source plane to the final LF that account for all lensing effects and systematic uncertainties by comparing several mass models. In addition to the size distribution, the choice of lens model leads to large differences at magnitudes fainter than $M_{UV} = -15~$ AB mag, where the magnification factor becomes highly uncertain. We perform MCMC simulations that include all these uncertainties at the individual galaxy level to compute the final LF, allowing, in particular, a crossover between magnitude bins. The best LF fit, using a modified Schechter function that allows for a turnover at faint magnitudes, gives a faint-end slope of $\alpha = -2. 01_{-0.14}^{+0.12}$, a curvature parameter of $\beta = 0. 48_{-0.25}^{+0.49}$, and a turnover magnitude of $M_{T} = -14. 93_{-0.52}^{+0.61}$. Most importantly our procedure shows that robust constraints on the LF at magnitudes fainter than $M_{UV} = -15~$ AB remain unrealistic. More accurate lens modeling and future observations of lensing clusters with the James Webb Space Telescope can reliably extend the UV LF to fainter magnitudes.
Teachers’ Perceptions of Gratitude in Classroom Interactions: A Case Study from Finland

Over the past two decades, gratitude as a scientific topic has been growing in interest. Little is known about its importance in educational environments and classroom interactions. The present article offers an account of a qualitative study that identifies gratitude as a moral value and uses stimulated recall methodology to explore the experience of gratitude in a school environment. Two first-grade teachers from an urban area of Finland were recorded during normal lessons. Deductive and inductive content analyses of a total of 26 critical incidents were conducted to explore expressions of gratitude and the reasons for them. The data shows that teacher-student relationships, material benefits, class routines and self-sufficiency are reasons to experience gratitude. Also, verbal, concrete and connective expressions of gratitude in classroom interactions were identified. The study contributes to the sparse knowledge about gratitude in school environments and provides important insights for understanding the phenomenon in this specific context. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.18. 5.6
Pengaruh Ldr, Npl, Gcg, Bopo, Dan Car Terhadap Roa Pada Bank Devisa Yang Go Public Periode 2010-2012

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) , Non Performing Loan (NPL) , Good Corporate Governance (GCG), Biaya Operasional terhadap Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO), dan Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) terhadap Return On Assets (ROA) bank devisa yang go public periode 2010 2012. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif verifikatif bersifat kausal. Pengambilan sampel mengunakan metode purposive sampling . Metode analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi data panel. Uji hipotesis menggunakan uji F, uji determinasi, dan uji t. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa variabel LDR berpengaruh positif terhadap ROA, variabel GCG dan BOPO berpengaruh negatif tehadap ROA, serta variabel NPL dan CAR tidak berpengaruh terhadap ROA. Semua variabel berpengaruh secara simultan terhadap ROA sebesar 71,49%.