Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
PRECURSORS TO INTERSTELLAR SHOCKS OF SOLAR ORIGIN

On or about 2012 August 25, the Voyager 1 spacecraft crossed the heliopause into the nearby interstellar plasma. In the nearly three years that the spacecraft has been in interstellar space, three notable particle and field disturbances have been observed, each apparently associated with a shock wave propagating outward from the Sun. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the third and most impressive of these disturbances, with brief comparisons to the two previous events, both of which have been previously reported. The shock responsible for the third event was first detected on 2014 February 17 by the onset of narrowband radio emissions from the approaching shock, followed on 2014 May 13 by the abrupt appearance of intense electron plasma oscillations generated by electrons streaming outward ahead of the shock. Finally, the shock arrived on 2014 August 25, as indicated by a jump in the magnetic field strength and the plasma density. Various disturbances in the intensity and anisotropy of galactic cosmic rays were also observed ahead of the shock, some of which are believed to be caused by the reflection and acceleration of cosmic rays by the magnetic field jump at the shock, and/or by interactions with upstream plasma waves. Comparisons to the two previous weaker events show somewhat similar precursor effects, although differing in certain details. Many of these effects are very similar to those observed in the region called the “foreshock” that occurs upstream of planetary bow shocks, only on a vastly larger spatial scale.
Efficiency of selection, as measured by single nucleotide polymorphism variation, is dependent on inbreeding rate in Drosophila melanogaster

It is often hypothesized that slow inbreeding causes less inbreeding depression than fast inbreeding at the same absolute level of inbreeding. Possible explanations for this phenomenon include the more efficient purging of deleterious alleles and more efficient selection for heterozygote individuals during slow, when compared with fast, inbreeding. We studied the impact of inbreeding rate on the loss of heterozygosity and on morphological traits in Drosophila melanogaster. We analysed five noninbred control lines, 10 fast inbred lines and 10 slow inbred lines; the inbred lines all had an expected inbreeding coefficient of approximately 0.25. Forty single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA coding regions were genotyped, and we measured the size and shape of wings and counted the number of sternopleural bristles on the genotyped individuals. We found a significantly higher level of genetic variation in the slow inbred lines than in the fast inbred lines. This higher genetic variation was resulting from a large contribution from a few loci and a smaller effect from several loci. We attributed the increased heterozygosity in the slow inbred lines to the favouring of heterozygous individuals over homozygous individuals by natural selection, either by associative over‐dominance or balancing selection, or a combination of both. Furthermore, we found a significant polynomial correlation between genetic variance and wing size and shape in the fast inbred lines. This was caused by a greater number of homozygous individuals among the fast inbred lines with small, narrow wings, which indicated inbreeding depression. Our results demonstrated that the same amount of inbreeding can have different effects on genetic variance depending on the inbreeding rate, with slow inbreeding leading to higher genetic variance than fast inbreeding. These results increase our understanding of the genetic basis of the common observation that slow inbred lines express less inbreeding depression than fast inbred lines. In addition, this has more general implications for the importance of selection in maintaining genetic variation.
Experimental nitrogen and phosphorus additions increase rates of stream ecosystem respiration and carbon loss

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enrichment reduces organic carbon (C) storage in detritus‐based stream ecosystems, but the relative effects of N and P concentrations and ratios on stream metabolic rates have not previously been tested. We tracked changes in whole‐stream ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross primary productivity (GPP), particulate organic matter (POM) standing stocks, fungal biomass, and POM‐specific respiration rates before and during 2 yr of experimental N and P enrichment in five forest streams. Nutrient additions (∼ 96 μg N L−1 to ∼ 472 μg N L−1 and ∼ 10 μg P L−1 to ∼ 85 μg P L−1) targeted dissolved N : P molar ratios of 2, 8, 16, 32, and 128. Whole‐stream ER was positively related to standing stock of wood, a seasonably stable POM compartment that varied by up to 2× among streams. Nutrient enrichment generally increased ER but had no effect on low‐level GPP. Prior to nutrient enrichment, ER was higher at lower N : P, but during enrichment ER increased with increasing N : P. Respiration rates on leaf litter and wood increased with enrichment but decreased with increasing P, and the quantity of leaf litter generally declined with increasing N. Respiration rates on fine benthic organic matter (FBOM) were higher with increasing N : P, and FBOM standing stocks decreased with increasing N. Fungal biomass did not change with nutrient enrichment. Compared to pre‐enrichment conditions, nutrients increased seasonal variation in leaf litter standing stocks and whole‐stream respiration rates. Our results demonstrate how nutrient‐stimulated loss of C from detritus‐based ecosystems occurs through the maintenance of enhanced respiration rates on detrital resources that are particularly sensitive to N inputs.
Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial variables from the Disablement Process Model predict patterns of independence and the transition into disability for the oldest-old.

PURPOSE This study used the Disablement Process Model to predict whether a sample of the oldest-old maintained their disability or disability-free status over a 2- and 4-year follow-up, or whether they transitioned into a state of disability during this time. DESIGN AND METHODS We followed a sample of 149 Swedish adults who were 86 years of age or older over a period of 4 years; we grouped them by ability in activities of daily living as being functional survivors (nondisabled over time), increasingly disabled (initially nondisabled but later disabled), chronically disabled (disabled at all waves), or deceased. We used variables from baseline to predict group membership into these four longitudinal outcome groups. RESULTS Results indicated that demographic factors, physical impairments, physical and cognitive limitations, and psychosocial variables at baseline predicted membership into the functional survivor group after 2 years and most continued to distinguish between functional survivors and other groups after 4 years. IMPLICATIONS These findings indicate key variables that may be useful in predicting shorter term longitudinal changes in disability. By understanding the physical, cognitive, and psychological variables that predict whether a person develops a disability within the next 2 or 4 years, we may be better able to plan for care or implement appropriate interventions.
Dependence of Magnetization Near Saturation on Alloying Content in Ferromagnetic Steel

This paper shows that there is strong dependence of saturation magnetization on the alloying content in ferromagnetic steels. This dependence was used to determine the cross-sectional areas of the commercial non-oriented and grain-oriented silicon-iron steels. The relation between magnetization near saturation and the contents of silicon and aluminum for a large number of steel samples was experimentally obtained using an air-cored magnetizing system. The influence of the approach to magnetic saturation and its use in the determination of the cross-sectional area of electrical steel strips using the saturation magnetization method was estimated. Standard deviation (SD) of cross-sectional area obtained using the saturation magnetization method was on the order of 0.14%. SD for using conventional technique was also on the similar order of ~0.11%.
‘Shame on you’ – the psychosocial impact of genital warts

We aimed to investigate whether patients with genital warts experience greater feelings of shame and lower self-esteem compared with controls. Sixty patients with genital warts were compared with 60 asymptomatic genitourinary (GU) medicine patients and 60 orthopaedic outpatients. The shame scores of those with warts (31.08) were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than either control group (GU medicine controls 20.77; orthopaedic controls 19.00). The impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) by each of the individual emotional parameters of shame, low self-esteem, intrusive thoughts, avoidance behaviour and self-efficacy impact was examined in the wart sample group. Only internalized shame (P = 0.001) and intrusive thoughts (P < 0.0001) were significant in predicting HRQoL scores. There are emotional implications in having genital warts, which can have a profound effect on a patient's quality of life and these need addressing just as much as the physical warts.
Successful distal gastrectomy after distal pancreatectomy combined with splenectomy by assuring the blood flow to the remnant stomach from the left inferior phrenic artery.

BACKGROUND/AIMS The current literature would suggest that patients with gastric cancer who have a previous history of ligation of the splenic artery undergo total gastrectomy. However, an analysis of the risk factors for postoperative complications in elderly patients showed a higher rate of morbidities for total gastrectomy compared to subtotal gastrectomy. Case REPORT We herein report a rare case of successful distal gastrectomy in a 78-year-old female diagnosed with gastric cancer with a previous history of distal pancreatectomy combined with splenectomy, because an adequate blood flow was provided by the fundic branches from the left inferior phrenic artery. Preoperative computed tomography demonstrated a ligated splenic artery and left gastric artery with developed fundic branches from the left inferior phrenic artery. The intraoperative findings showed a sufficient blood flow to the proximal stomach after ligation of all main gastric arteries, thus suggesting that the gastric remnant could be supplied by the fundic branches from the LIPA. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful. CONCLUSION This case suggests that a distal gastrectomy is a possible treatment modality even after distal pancreatectomy combined with splenectomy.
Transforming the Legacies of Childhood Trauma in Couple and Family Therapy

Abstract A multi-theoretical couple/family therapy clinical social work practice model synthesizes various social, family, trauma, and psychodynamic theories to inform a biopsychosocial assessment that guides clinical interventions. The client population involves adult partners who have negotiated the impact of childhood trauma, i.e., physical, sexual, and emotional abuses, including culturally sanctioned trauma. Couples may also be dealing with the aftermath of acute trauma related to interpersonal violence, political conflict, and/or the dislocations related to refugee or new immigrant status. Clinical examples demonstrate the usefulness of the model as well as contraindications when active physical violence is present. The construct of resilience remains a central focus in assessment and treatment. Specific attention to cultural and racial diversity enriches both assessment and treatment interventions with these high-risk couples and families. This practice model will be explicated in depth in an upcoming publication from Columbia University Press titled Transforming the Legacies of Trauma in Couple Therapy
Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations

This paper presents specification tests that are applicable after estimating a dynamic model from panel data by the generalized method of moments (GMM), and studies the practical performance of these procedures using both generated and real data. Our GMM estimator optimally exploits all the linear moment restrictions that follow from the assumption of no serial correlation in the errors, in an equation which contains individual effects, lagged dependent variables and no strictly exogenous variables. We propose a test of serial correlation based on the GMM residuals and compare this with Sargan tests of over-identifying restrictions and Hausman specification tests.
Evaluation of glycated albumin and microalbuminuria as early risk markers of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

INTRODUCTION Since Glycated Albumin (GA) reflects short term variations and glycated protein shows degrees of hyperglycaemia, the objective of this study was to find GA and microalbuminuria as a early risk markers along with the duration of Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS The present cross-sectional study included randomly selected Uncontrolled Type 2DM (n = 75), controlled Type 2DM (n = 75) and healthy controls (n = 75). Their fasting venous blood samples were obtained for GA and serum creatinine, while their morning urine samples were obtained for detection of microalbuminuria. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS, version 16.0. One-Way ANOVA was performed. All p-values which were ≤ 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. RESULTS The mean GA, microalbuminuria and serum creatinine were the highest in Uncontrolled DM as compared to those in Controlled DM respectively. Microalbuminuria and GA had a significant correlation with the duration of diabetes (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION The present study identified that the risk of microalbuminuria increased with a poor glycaemic control. A persistent increase in GA and microalbuminuria may be considered as risk markers in diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, a regular screening for microalbuminuria and estimation of GA can help in the clinical management, to prevent complications.
A modified international normalized ratio as an effective way of prothrombin time standardization in hepatology

International Normalized Ratio (INR), which standardizes prothrombin time (PT) during oral anticoagulation, has been extended to standardize PT in liver diseases and is included in prognostic models such as the Model for End stage Liver Disease (MELD). However, mechanisms of PT prolongation in liver diseases differ from those involved in oral anticoagulation, and the thromboplastin reagents differ in their sensitivities to these 2 mechanisms. Our aim was to determine whether, in the calibration model for thromboplastins proposed by the World Health Organization, the use of plasmas from patients with liver diseases instead of plasmas from patients on oral anticoagulation could lead to a new INR specific for liver diseases (INR “LD”), achieving a real standardization of PT. First, 5 thromboplastins were calibrated against an international reference using 60 plasmas of patients with liver failure and, in a second step, the variation of PT reported as seconds, the ratio of patient PT to normal PT, INR, and INR“LD” was assessed in 34 other patients. MELD scores were calculated with the INR values obtained with the 5 thromboplastins. Only INR“LD” eliminated variability in PT results observed with the different thromboplastins. The discrepancy between MELD scores were up to 4 and 7 points in 52% and 17% of the patients, respectively. Conclusion: INR “LD” may provide a common international scale of PT reporting in hepatology. Its adoption would be an important step because of the significant impact on MELD score induced by interlaboratory variability in INR determination. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
The Relationship Between Alliance and Client Involvement in CBT for Child Anxiety Disorders

Little is known about the nature of the relationship between the alliance and client involvement in child psychotherapy. To address this gap, we examined the relationship between these therapy processes over the course of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for child anxiety disorders. The sample was 31 child participants (M age = 9.58 years, SD = 2.17, range = 6–13 years, 67.7% boys; 67.7% Caucasian, 6.5% Latino, 3.2% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 22.6% mixed/other) diagnosed with a primary anxiety disorder. The participants received a manual-based individual CBT program for child anxiety or a manual-based family CBT program for child anxiety. Ratings of alliance and client involvement were collected on early (Session 2) and late (Session 8) treatment phases. Two independent coding teams rated alliance and client involvement. Change in alliance positively predicted late client involvement after controlling for initial levels of client involvement. In addition, change in client involvement positively predicted late alliance after controlling for initial levels of the alliance. The findings were robust after controlling for potentially confounding variables. In CBT for child anxiety disorders, change in the alliance appears to predict client involvement; however, client involvement also appears to predict the quality of the alliance. Our findings suggest that the nature of the relationship between alliance and client involvement may be more complex than previously hypothesized. In clinical practice, tracking alliance and level of client involvement could help optimize the impact and delivery of CBT for child anxiety.
Clinical differences between early‐ and late‐onset psoriasis in Thai patients

There is a paucity of data regarding clinical differences between early‐onset psoriasis (EOP) and late‐onset psoriasis (LOP) in Asian populations. This study aimed to investigate clinical differences between EOP (onset at the age of <40 years) and LOP (onset at the age of ≥40 years) in Thai patients.
Optimal dose of adenosine effective for supraventricular tachycardia in children.

OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal adenosine dose effective in supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and underlying conditions affecting the effective dose in children. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Department of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, from July 2008 to June 2011. METHODOLOGY All children presenting with SVT were administered adenosine in rapid boluses according to PALS guidelines using incremental doses of 100, 200 and 300 μg/kg. The response was recorded on 12 lead ECG. Preexcitation was documented and echocardiography performed on all children after attaining sinus rhythm. Mann Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used as a test of significance to determine any difference in effective adenosine dose between normal heart and various underlying conditions, taking p < 0.05 as significant. RESULTS Eighty five patients were treated for 110 episodes of SVT with adenosine. M:F ratio was 2.2:1. Their age ranged from 6 days to 14 years with mean age of 27.9 months. Adenosine was effective in reverting 97 episodes of SVT to sinus rhythm (88.2%). A dose of upto 100 μg/kg was only effective in 36.4% episodes of SVT. Two hundred μg/kg was effective in 44.3% of those not responding to 100 μg/kg dose (n = 31/70, cumulative 64.5%). A dose of 300 μg/kg was effective in further 25 patients not responding to lower doses (n = 25/38, 65.8%; cumulative 88.2%). Mean effective dose of adenosine was 185.3 + 81.0 μg/kg with median effective dose of 200 μg/kg. Significantly higher dose of adenosine was required in children with underlying pre-excitation, n = 18/97 (220.8 + 67.6 μg/kg vs. 177.2 + 81.9 μg/kg, p = 0.039). CONCLUSION Adenosine is an effective medicine in treating SVT in children. A higher dose of 200 μg/kg may be used as first bolus particularly in children with pre-excitation.
Classical rescattering effects in two-color above-threshold ionization.

Rescattering effects in above-threshold ionization such that the electron is driven back to the ionic core by the laser field and rescatters are considered in a completely classical framework, for a laser field consisting of a linearly polarized monochromatic fundamental and its second harmonic, as a function of their relative phase. Several features appear, owing to the two-color field: the energies of the rescattered electrons extend up to 21${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{p}}$, with ${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{p}}$ the ponderomotive potential of the entire field; the angular distributions of the rescattered electrons are no longer symmetric with respect to an interchange of the backward and forward direction and more than one ring or side lobe may appear in either direction; the importance of rescattering can be deduced from the violation of a certain symmetry of the total above-threshold ionization rates for fixed energy with respect to the phase between the two fields; the spectra of the rescattered electrons change dramatically when the field intensity is raised from the multiphoton into the tunneling regime.
Dynamic Bayesian Network Modeling of Hippocampal Subfields Connectivity with 7T fMRI: A Case Study

The development of high resolution structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging, along with the new automatic segmentation procedures for identifying brain regions with high precision and level of detail, has made possible new studies on functional connectivity in the medial temporal lobe and hippocampal subfields, with important applications in the understanding of human memory and psychiatric disorders. Many previous analyses using high resolution data have focused on undirected measures between these subfields. Our work expands this by presenting Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) models as an useful tool for mapping directed functional connectivity in the hippocampal subfields. Besides revealing directional connections, DBNs use a model-free approach which also exclude indirect connections between nodes of a graph by means of conditional probability distribution. They also relax the constraint of acyclicity imposed by traditional Bayesian networks (BNs) by considering nodes at different time points through a Markovianity assumption. We apply the GlobalMIT DBN learning algorithm to one subject with fMRI time-series obtained from three regions: the cornu ammonis (CA), dentate gyrus (DG) and entorhinal cortex (ERC), and find an initial network structure, which can be further expanded with the inclusion of new regions and analyzed with a group analysis method.
The early drug selection of nematodes to anthelmintics: stochastic transmission and population in refuge

We have developed an individual-based model to reflect the complexity of the early phase of drug resistance selection in a nematode/sheep model. The infection process consists of the stochastic ingestion of infective larvae spatially aggregated in clumps. Each clump corresponds to infective larvae, which are the offspring of the mature nematodes from a given sheep. We studied the dynamics of the parasitic population and the frequency of the recessive resistance alleles during selection by anthelmintic treatments. The interaction between genetic and demographic processes illustrated the trade-off between the control of the infection and the delay of resistance selection. We confirmed the importance of the number of treatments and their timing. The same treatment frequency may result in different outcomes on resistance selection in relation to the size of the refuge (infective larvae on pasture). Treatment applied during the summer (when the mortality of infective larvae on pasture was high), may lead to a rapid selection of drug resistance and a lack of control of sheep and pasture contamination. We showed that higher stocking rates were also a force in promoting the resistance allele selection.