Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Field-Theoretical Approach to the P vs. NP Problem via the Phase Sign of Quantum Monte Carlo

I present here a new method that allows the introduction of a discrete auxiliary symmetry in a theory in such a way that the eigenvalue spectrum of the fermion functional determinant is made up of complex conjugated pairs. The method implies a particular way of introducing and integrating over auxiliary fields related to a set of artificial shift symmetries. Gauge fixing the artificial continuous shift symmetries in the direct and dual sectors leads to the appearance of direct and dual Becchi–Rouet–Stora–Tyutin (BRST)-type global symmetries and of a symplectic structure over the field space. Such a method may allow the extension of the applicability of quantum Monte Carlo methods to some problems plagued by the fermionic sign problem.
Changes in Total Dissolved Solids Concentration during Infiltration through Soils (Rain, Fresh Groundwater and Treated Wastewater)

Water quality deterioration took place during infiltration process. Quality of the source water, climate conditions and amounts of added water are the major role players of the differentiation measures. Treated wastewater, rainwater and fresh groundwater were described within this study. It was found that the rainwater has an aggressive behavior with a high ability to dissolve soil salts. The amounts of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) increase with infiltration process. Electrical conductivity (EC) increased by 600%. Plotting the fresh groundwater to the same conditions and experiment reflects the ability of this water to dissolve soil salts and increases the TDS by increasing the EC by a percentage of around 200%; while applying lower quality of water, the percentage of the EC of the treated wastewater increases to about 230% for the depth of 20 cm, which indicates the accumulation of the salts within this part of the soil, which leads to the deterioration of the soil quality, and decreases to about 160% for a depth of 60 cm. This differentiation could be a result of low permeability soils which tend to accumulate salts as a result of evaporation and then increase the salinity in the topsoil. Dissolution and plant uptake in the infiltrated take of minerals save the soil’s water from evaporation and do not allow salts to concentrate in soils. Moreover, plant uptake of soil water chemicals causes a decrease in some salt concentrations such as NO3, PO4, K, Na, and Cl and may conserve others.
Analysis of predictors of root resorption in orthodontic treatment

To study predictors of root resorption in orthodontic treatment from 407 records, 377 preand post-treatment periapical radiographs of permanent maxillary central incisors of 199 patients treated with fixed appliances were divided according to overjet, overbite, age, gender and endodontic treatment. Changes in root length between the onset and completion of orthodontic treatment were measured in digitized images and statistically compared using student t, one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. There was no correlation between increased overjet, overbite and root resorption or with anterior open bite (0.924 and 0.5772). Root resorption was significantly lower in children younger than 10 years when compared to adults (P = 0.0017) and even lower in adolescents when compared to adults (P = 0.0003). There was higher prevalence of root resorption in males simultaneously with higher number of pipetteshaped and dilacerated apical root morphology (P = 0.034). Endodontically treated teeth were not more susceptible to root resorption (P = 0.208). Increased overjet and overbite did not present positive relation with root resorption. There was no difference in root resorption between vital and endodontically treated teeth. Age and gender presented positive relation with root resorption. Susceptibility to root resorption during orthodontic treatment may be related to apical morphology.
Compound Deficiencies in Multiple Fibroblast Growth Factor Signalling Components Differentially Impact the Murine Gonadotrophin‐Releasing Hormone System

Gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones control the onset and maintenance of fertility. Aberrant development of the GnRH system underlies infertility in Kallmann syndrome [KS; idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and anosmia]. Some KS patients harbour mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (Fgfr1) and Fgf8 genes. The biological significance of these two genes in GnRH neuronal development was corroborated by the observation that GnRH neurones were severely reduced in newborn transgenic mice deficient in either gene. In the present study, we hypothesised that the compound deficiency of Fgf8 and its cognate receptors, Fgfr1 and Fgfr3, may lead to more deleterious effects on the GnRH system, thereby resulting in a more severe reproductive phenotype in patients harbouring these mutations. This hypothesis was tested by counting the number of GnRH neurones in adult transgenic mice with digenic heterozygous mutations in Fgfr1/Fgf8, Fgfr3/Fgf8 or Fgfr1/Fgfr3. Monogenic heterozygous mutations in Fgfr1, Fgf8 or Fgfr3 caused a 30–50% decrease in the total number of GnRH neurones. Interestingly, mice with digenic mutations in Fgfr1/Fgf8 showed a greater decrease in GnRH neurones compared to mice with a heterozygous defect in the Fgfr1 or Fgf8 alone. This compounding effect was not detected in mice with digenic heterozygous mutations in Fgfr3/Fgf8 or Fgfr1/Fgfr3. These results support the hypothesis that IHH/KS patients with digenic mutations in Fgfr1/Fgf8 may have a further reduction in the GnRH neuronal population compared to patients harbouring monogenic haploid mutations in Fgfr1 or Fgf8. Because only Fgfr1/Fgf8 compound deficiency leads to greater GnRH system defect, this also suggests that these fibroblast growth factor signalling components interact in a highly specific fashion to support GnRH neuronal development.
ON MUSCLE MASS IN ADL DEPENDENT OLDER PEOPLE WITH AND WITHOUT MALNUTRITION — A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

Background: Loss of muscle mass is common among old people living in institutions but trials that evaluate interventions aimed at increasing the muscle mass are lacking. Objective, participants and intervention: This randomized controlled trial was performed to evaluate the effect of a high-intensity functional exercise program and a timed protein-enriched drink on muscle mass in 177 people aged 65 to 99 with severe physical or cognitive impairments, and living in residential care facilities. Design: Three-month high-intensity exercise was compared with a control activity and a protein-enriched drink was compared with a placebo drink. A bioelectrical impedance spectrometer (BIS) was used in the evaluation. The amount of muscle mass and body weight (BW) were followed-up at three and six months and analyzed in a 2 x 2 factorial ANCOVA, using the intention to treat principle, and controlling for baseline values. Results: At 3-month follow-up there were no differences in muscle mass and BW between the exercise and the control group or between the protein and the placebo group. No interaction effects were seen between the exercise and nutritional intervention. Long-term negative effects on muscle mass and BW was seen in the exercise group at the 6-month follow-up. Conclusion: A three month highintensity functional exercise program did not increase the amount of muscle mass and an intake of a proteinenriched drink immediately after the exercise did not induce any additional effect on muscle mass. There were negative long-term effects on muscle mass and BW, indicating that it is probably necessary to compensate for an increased energy demand when offering a high-intensity exercise program.
Structures of Furanosides: Density Functional Calculations and High-Resolution X-ray and Neutron Diffraction Crystal Structures

Highly accurate and precise crystal structures of methyl R-D-arabinofuranoside, methyl ‚-D-ribofuranoside, methyl R-D-lyxofuranoside, and methyl R-D-xylofuranoside have been determined at 100 K by X-ray crystallography. The structures of methyl R-D-arabinofuranoside and methyl ‚-D-ribofuranoside have also been determined at 15 K by neutron diffraction. Equilibrium (re) geometries of the same compounds were computed by means of density functional methods using a variety of exchange-correlation functionals and a sequence of basis sets. The validity of the computed results was assessed by several criteria including agreement between computed and observed bond distances and bond angles, agreement between computed and observed ring conformations, and basis set convergence of the computed geometrical parameters. Particular reference was made to computed internal hydrogen bond parameters, which are especially sensitive to the quality of the theoretical treatment. Because of the intrinsic sensitivity of the conformation of the five-membered ring to bond lengths and bond angles, molecular mechanics and small basis set SCF treatments are wholly inadequate. Local density functional theory also fails because of a tendency to strongly underestimate internal hydrogen bond distances. When the B3LYP exchange-correlation functional is used, bond lengths and bond angles agree with the neutron diffraction values to within their experimental uncertainty and the ring conformation is qualitatively correct, as long as a basis set of at least double- œ plus polarization quality (such as cc-pVDZ) is used. Further expansion of the basis set leads to more accurate equilibrium bond lengths and bond angles but does not appreciably affect the ring conformation. For methyl R-D-arabinofuranoside, methyl ‚-D-ribofuranoside, and methyl R-D-xylofuranoside, there is very good correspondence between the best computed and observed ring conformations, even though some intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the crystal give way to internal hydrogen bonds in the predicted gas-phase structures. On the other hand, in the case of methyl R-D-lyxofuranoside, an O2H‚‚‚O4 internal hydrogen bond between the ring oxygen O4 and the hydroxyl hydrogen of a ring carbon (O2H) in the computed structure leads to a very large change of ring conformation from the northeast corner of the pseudorotation pathway (P ) 28°, crystal) to the southeast corner ( P ) 130°, computed).
Clouds and the Atmospheric Circulation Response to Warming

AbstractThe authors study the effect of clouds on the atmospheric circulation response to CO2 quadrupling in an aquaplanet model with a slab ocean lower boundary. The cloud effect is isolated by locking the clouds to either the control or 4xCO2 state in the shortwave (SW) or longwave (LW) radiation schemes. In the model, cloud radiative changes explain more than half of the total poleward expansion of the Hadley cells, midlatitude jets, and storm tracks under CO2 quadrupling, even though they cause only one-fourth of the total global-mean surface warming. The effect of clouds on circulation results mainly from the SW cloud radiative changes, which strongly enhance the equator-to-pole temperature gradient at all levels in the troposphere, favoring stronger and poleward-shifted midlatitude eddies. By contrast, quadrupling CO2 while holding the clouds fixed causes strong polar amplification and weakened midlatitude baroclinicity at lower levels, yielding only a small poleward expansion of the circulation. Th.
A transgenic minipig model of Huntington's disease shows early signs of behavioral and molecular pathologies

ABSTRACT Huntington's disease (HD) is a monogenic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder with currently no available treatment. The Libechov transgenic minipig model for HD (TgHD) displays neuroanatomical similarities to humans and exhibits slow disease progression, and is therefore more powerful than available mouse models for the development of therapy. The phenotypic characterization of this model is still ongoing, and it is essential to validate biomarkers to monitor disease progression and intervention. In this study, the behavioral phenotype (cognitive, motor and behavior) of the TgHD model was assessed, along with biomarkers for mitochondrial capacity, oxidative stress, DNA integrity and DNA repair at different ages (24, 36 and 48 months), and compared with age-matched controls. The TgHD minipigs showed progressive accumulation of the mutant huntingtin (mHTT) fragment in brain tissue and exhibited locomotor functional decline at 48 months. Interestingly, this neuropathology progressed without any significant age-dependent changes in any of the other biomarkers assessed. Rather, we observed genotype-specific effects on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, mtDNA copy number, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase activity and global level of the epigenetic marker 5-methylcytosine that we believe is indicative of a metabolic alteration that manifests in progressive neuropathology. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were relatively spared in the TgHD minipig, probably due to the lack of detectable mHTT. Our data demonstrate that neuropathology in the TgHD model has an age of onset of 48 months, and that oxidative damage and electron transport chain impairment represent later states of the disease that are not optimal for assessing interventions. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Here, we show that a minipig model of Huntington's disease mimics human neurodegeneration and holds promise for future intervention studies. However, minipig peripheral blood mononuclear cells express no detectable mutant huntingtin, eliminating their use as monitoring tools.
Token-level and sequence-level loss smoothing for RNN language models

Despite the effectiveness of recurrent neural network language models, their maximum likelihood estimation suffers from two limitations. It treats all sentences that do not match the ground truth as equally poor, ignoring the structure of the output space. Second, it suffers from ’exposure bias’: during training tokens are predicted given ground-truth sequences, while at test time prediction is conditioned on generated output sequences. To overcome these limitations we build upon the recent reward augmented maximum likelihood approach that encourages the model to predict sentences that are close to the ground truth according to a given performance metric. We extend this approach to token-level loss smoothing, and propose improvements to the sequence-level smoothing approach. Our experiments on two different tasks, image captioning and machine translation, show that token-level and sequence-level loss smoothing are complementary, and significantly improve results.
Maternal Stress and Mother-Child Interaction Style Amon the Mothers of Cerebral Palsy Children - A Qualitative Study

Objective: To study the relationship between parenting stress and mother-child interaction style among the mothers of cerebral palsy children. Methods: The study was conducted in Samvedna Trust for handicapped in the Allahabad city. A purposive sample of 38 children with cerebral palsy within the age group of 5- 12 years was selected. Parenting stress was measured by using Parenting Stress Index Short-Forem (Abidin, 1995) Mother-child interactions were videotaped for 7 minutes during an unstructured play and was rated on three dimensions of responsiveness, affect and directive-ness, which are the subscales of the Maternal Behavior Rating Scale (MBRS, Mahoney 1992). Qualitative analysis was used to study the relationship. Each mother-child dyad was observed separately for the quality of interactions demonstrated in relation to mothers' stress level in each dyad. Results: The findings from this qualitative analysis suggested that the mothers who were experiencing a high stress level were found to be less effective during interaction. This means that mothers were less responsive to their child's behavior and actions; exhibited less warmth, enjoyment and approval of the child during interaction; and more controlling than the mothers who were not under much stress. Conclusion: Strong association between parenting stress and interaction style suggests the need for the therapists to develop and implement interventions to enhance the quality of mother-child interaction along with other rehabilitation services provided to these children with cerebral palsy.
Cryptic divergence: countergradient variation in the wood frog.

Questions: Do wood frog (Rana sylvatica) populations show evidence of cryptic variation, wherein inherited variation is masked by environmental effects? Have these populations diverged in larval traits across a gradient of canopy cover? How do trends in larval traits differ when observed in the field versus in a common garden experiment? Hypothesis: Due to strong selection in their cooler environment, wood frogs from heavily shaded wetlands will grow and develop more slowly in the field but more quickly in a common garden experiment, compared with their counterparts from sunnier wetlands. Methods: We monitored growth and development of wood frog larvae from six wetlands of varying canopy cover. We studied populations in the natal wetlands and individuals raised in incubators from embryos through metamorphosis. Conclusions: Observations of natural populations revealed no evidence of strong trends in phenotype. However, when raised in a common environment, larvae from more shaded natal wetlands grew and developed faster, and were larger at any given stage. This is evidence for cryptic divergence wherein the lack of an observed phenotypic trend masks the underlying inherited variation.
Nomogram predicting pulmonary metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation

A novel prognostic nomogram predicting post-transplant pulmonary metastasis was established with a primary cohort of 308 HCC patients who received liver transplantation between 2007 and 2011 at Ren Ji Hospital. The C-indexes for predicting pulmonary metastasis was 0.85. The calibration curves fitted well between the predicted and actual outcomes. The decision curve analysis indicated that our nomogram was the optimal decision-making strategy for PM prediction compared to Milan, University of California San Franscisco, and up-to-seven criteria. These results were further validated by data from 103 patients who underwent liver transplantation between 2011 and 2012 at the same institution. In conclusion, our nomogram could be used as an effective tool to predict PM after liver transplantation.
Construction and Application of Macro Model for ZVS Resonant Mode Controller MC34067

In this paper, the construction process of the macro model for ZVS resonant mode controller MC34067 followed by the analysis for the internal structure and main characteristics is proposed to solve the low efficiency issue in cyber-simulation for high frequency resonant converters in power electronic system integration, improve the speed of the simulation for the resonant mode controller and make the design process for high frequency switching power supply to be more efficient. This macro model maintained the main functions of MC34067 while some simplification was made to suit for simulation. Based on the macro model, a 250-400 V input, 54 V/300 W output LLC resonant mode converter was designed and simulated. Then a prototype with the same circuit electrical parameters was made to verify the authenticity and validity of this macro model. The experimental results show the proposed macro model can truly imitate the external characteristics of MC34067 while maintains highly precision as well. Therefore the proposed macro model is attractive for the power electronic system integration applications, where the high frequency is intensively required, to improve the efficiency of the design process for the high frequency resonant power supply
Prevalence and factors associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a referral hospital in Minas Gerais , Brazil Prevalência e fatores associados à displasia broncopulmonar em hospital de referência para microrregião de Minas Gerais

Perinatal medicine and improvements in neonatal intensive care have led to increased survival of premature infants with very low birth weights. This benefit is countered by the higher incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which has become a feared complication in premature infants. (1) BPD is a chronic pulmonary disease that affects premature infants and contributes to their morbidity and mortality. Despite substantial changes in incidence, risk factors and severity after the introduction of new therapies and mechanical ventilation (MV) techniques, BPD remains common. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial and includes immaturity, oxygen toxicity, infection, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and poor postnatal nutrition. (2-8) According to the population under study, the neonatal care and the diagnostic criteria used, the prevalence of BPD varies from 20 to 40%. (9-11) Knowledge of factors that are associated with BPD development contributes to its prevention; BPD often results in prolonged hospitalization, which has consequences for the Brunnella Alcantara Chagas de Freitas1,2, Mirene Peloso1, Guilherme Lobo da Silveira3, Giana Zarbato Longo4
Dynamic SCMA Codebook Assignment Methods: A Comparative Study

In this letter, we consider a sparse code multiple access (SCMA) system, in which we assign the subcarriers to users based on the available channel gains between the users and base station over all subcarriers, referred to as channel state information. The effect of this process, referred to here as codebook assignment, has not been considered before on link-level performance of an SCMA. We propose three codebook assignment methods and compare their performance with each other as well as with the conventional case, where no assignment is performed. It is shown that significant performance improvement is achieved when any of the proposed methods is deployed. Through one of the proposed methods, we show that a trade-off between user performance fairness and performance is achievable.
Differential contribution of the three Aph1 genes to γ-secretase activity in vivo

γ-Secretase is the protease responsible for amyloid β peptide release and is needed for Notch, N-Cadherin, and possibly other signaling pathways. The protease complex consists of at least four subunits, i.e., Presenilin, Aph1, Pen2, and Nicastrin. Two different genes encode Aph1A and Aph1B in man. A duplication of Aph1B in rodents has given rise to a third gene, Aph1C. Different mixes of γ-secretase subunits assemble in at least four human and six rodent complexes but it is not known whether they have different activities in vivo. We report here the inactivation of the three Aph1 genes in mice. Aph1A–/– embryos show a lethal phenotype characterized by angiogenesis defects in the yolk sac, neuronal tube malformations, and mild somitogenesis defects. Aph1B–/– or C–/– or the combined Aph1BC–/– mice (which can be considered as a model for total Aph1B loss in human) survive into adulthood. However, Aph1BC–/– deficiency causes a mild but significant reduction in amyloid β percursor protein processing in selective regions of the adult brain. We conclude that the biochemical and physiological repercussions of genetically reducing γ-secretase activity via the different Aph1 components are quite divergent and tissue specific. Our work provides in vivo evidence for the concept that different γ-secretase complexes may exert different biological functions. In the context of Alzheimer's disease therapy, this implies the theoretical possibility that targeting specific γ-secretase subunit combinations could yield less toxic drugs than the currently available general inhibitors of γ-secretase activity.