Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling for Spin-FET and Design of Spin-FET-Based Logic Gates

Spintronics-based devices and circuits attract massive research interest from both academia and industry. A number of the devices and logic circuits have been proposed such as spin-based magnetic tunnel junction and all spin logic gate. A fundamental spin-based device, spin field-effect transistor (spin-FET) is one of the most interesting spin-based devices to address the power issue of semiconductor transistors which is still a research focus. In this paper, we first present an electrical model for the spin-FET based on both theoretical and experimental results. The theories of spin injection and detection are considered by a current driver of the spin-FET. Gate voltage modulation following Datta–Das theory is combined with the experimental results from several works of literature. Afterward, through the dc analysis of two spin-FETs with different channel materials, we demonstrate that the channel using InAs is a better choice to make a feasible spin-FET. The channel length is also optimized by the comparison of simulation results. Finally, a local geometry spin-FET model suitable for logic design is implemented with Verilog-A language and integrated on Cadence platform. Using our model, a low-power inverter is designed based on the concept of complementary spin-FET, and a logic circuit is proposed to implement AND and NOR logic functions. Simulation results validate the behaviors of the logic circuits and availability of our model.
Effects of hypoxia on the circadian patterns in men.

We tested the hypothesis that acute hypoxia may alter the circadian pattern of body temperature in adult humans. Six healthy subjects were studied in normoxia, hypoxia (approximately 13% inspired O(2)), and again normoxia, each session lasting >24 h and spaced a few days apart, with a constant routine protocol of sustained wakefulness and minimal activity. Some parameters (e.g., tympanic and abdominal temperatures, heart rate) were recorded continuously; others (e.g., oxygen consumption and pulmonary ventilation) were monitored for approximately 10 min every 2 h. The amplitudes of the circadian oscillation of tympanic, abdominal, and calf skin temperatures were reduced in hypoxia, averaging, respectively, 61%, 80% and 50% of the normoxic amplitude. Oxygen consumption and pulmonary ventilation, which presented a circadian pattern in normoxia, had no longer significant oscillations during hypoxia, whereas the opposite was the case for heart rate and diastolic pressure. Therefore, acute hypoxia can disturb the normal circadian patterns and, specifically, depress those of body temperature. These effects, qualitatively similar to those observed in chronically hypoxic animals and humans, could contribute to sleep disturbances at high altitude.
Translation and Validation of the Finnish Version of the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation Questionnaire (PRWE) in Patients with Acute Distal Radius Fracture

Background and Aims: Patient-rated outcome measures have become increasingly important in clinical research. They provide research and clinical tools which can be utilized in the assessment of patient recovery and treatment efficacy. The purpose of our study was to translate and validate the original version of the PRWE form into Finnish. Material and Methods: We conducted the translation of the PRWE questionnaire according to standardized guidelines. Patients (N = 119) with an acute distal radius fracture were recruited, and they completed the PRWE and QuickDASH questionnaires at 2 months and 4 months after the wrist injury. Results: The mean answering times were 52 days (standard deviation [SD] 9.8 days) and 116 days (standard deviation [SD] 14.8 days), respectively. Both the internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) of 0.976 and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.992 (95% CI 0.966–0.998) showed excellent reliability for the total PRWE score. The correlation coefficients between the total score, the subscales, and for improvement over time for PRWE and QuickDASH were excellent. The responsiveness was good with an effect size of 0.83 and a standard response mean of 1.22. Conclusion: Our study shows that the Finnish version of the PRWE is reliable, valid, and responsive for the evaluation of pain and disability after distal radius fracture.
FCRL3 promotes TLR9‐induced B‐cell activation and suppresses plasma cell differentiation

Fc receptor‐like (FCRL) molecules are preferentially expressed by B lymphocytes and possess tyrosine‐based immunoregulatory function. Although they generally inhibit B‐cell receptor signaling, their influence on other activation pathways remains largely unexplored. In humans, FCRL3 encodes a type I transmembrane protein harboring both cytoplasmic ITAM and ITIM elements that can repress B‐cell receptor activation. Despite this inhibitory property, mounting associations for FCRL3 with autoimmune and lympho‐proliferative disorders imply a role for it in promoting B‐cell pathogenesis. Here, we explore the influence of FCRL3 on B‐cell responses to innate TLR9 stimulation. A detailed survey of blood B‐cell populations found that FCRL3 expression increased as a function of differentiation and was higher among memory subsets with innate‐like features. FCRL3 ligation augmented CpG oligodeoxynucleotide TLR9‐mediated B‐cell proliferation, activation, and survival, but surprisingly, abrogated plasma cell differentiation and antibody production. Although FCRL3 amplified the NF‐κB and mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling cascades, it halted CpG triggered BLIMP1 induction in an ERK‐dependent fashion. These findings indicate that FCRL3 differentially modulates innate signaling in B cells and provide new insight into the potential of this disease‐associated receptor to counter‐regulate adaptive and innate immunity.
The effect of intravenous epinephrine on the bispectral index and sedation

Eight patients were given a propofol infusion until they no longer responded to loud verbal stimuli, a sedation score of two (modified Observer Assessment of Alertness and Sedation Scale). After receiving 15 µg of intravenous epinephrine, changes in sedation score and bispectral index (BIS) were observed. Mean pulse rate increased from 68 to 96 (SD 10) beat.min−1, mean blood pressure increased from 107/60 (SD 10/8) mmHg to 140/70 (SD 27/14) mmHg, and mean BIS level rose from 63 to 76 (p < 0.005). Sedation scores increased in six of the eight patients. Exogenous catecholamines seem to have an arousal effect on lightly anaesthetised patients. This could be due to changes in neurotransmitter levels in the brain, or due to the effects consequent on increased cardiac output.
Uncertainty Estimates for Imager Reference Inter-Calibration With CLARREO Reflected Solar Spectrometer

One of the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) mission objectives is to provide a high accuracy calibration standard on orbit to enable inter-calibration of existing sensors. In order to perform an accurate inter-calibration of imaging radiometers, such as VIIRS, one must take into account instrument sensitivity to polarization of incoming light. Even if the sensitivity to polarization of an instrument is established or known on orbit, the knowledge of the polarization state of reflected light is required to make relevant radiometric corrections. In the case when coincident polarimetric measurements are not available, we propose to use a combination of empirical and theoretical models to predict the polarization of solar reflected light at the top-of-atmosphere. We used observations from on-orbit polarimeter PARASOL to derive a global set of empirical Polarization Distribution Models (PDM) as a function of scene type and viewing geometry. The PDM accuracy for the mean values is estimated to match the 3% PARASOL uncertainty in its polarization measurements. The instantaneous single sample uncertainty of the prototype PDMs for the linear degree of polarization is contained within 15%. We also present the formalism and numeric estimates for resulting uncertainty for inter-calibration of an imaging radiometer with the CLARREO reference observations, including uncertainty due to instrument sensitivity to polarization. The uncertainty estimates consider a range of scenarios with varying data sampling, uncertainty of polarization, and imaging radiometer sensitivity to polarization. These results are used to recommend CLARREO mission requirements relevant to reference inter-calibration and polarization effects.
Space Representation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Purpose To investigate the effect of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) on memory for spatial representations in realistic environments. Methods Participants were 19 patients with AMD and 13 age-matched observers. In a short-term spatial memory task, observers were first presented with one view of a scene (the prime view), and their task was to change the viewpoint forward or backward to match the prime view. Memory performance was measured as the number of snapshots between the selected view and the prime view. Results When selecting a match to the prime view, both people with AMD and those in the control group showed systematic biases toward the middle view of the range of snapshots. People with AMD exhibited a stronger middle bias after presentation of close and far prime views while navigating accurately after a middle prime view. No relation was found between visual acuity, visual field defect, or lesion size and the memory performance. Conclusions Memory tasks using indoor scenes can be accomplished when central vision is impoverished, as with AMD. Stronger center bias for a scene location suggests that people with AMD rely more on their memory of a canonical view.
Real-Time Illegal Parking Detection System Based on Deep Learning

The increasing illegal parking has become more and more serious. Nowadays the methods of detecting illegally parked vehicles are based on background segmentation. However, this method is weakly robust and sensitive to environment. Benefitting from deep learning, this paper proposes a novel illegal vehicle parking detection system. Illegal vehicles captured by camera are firstly located and classified by the famous Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) algorithm. To improve the performance, we propose to optimize SSD by adjusting the aspect ratio of default box to accommodate with our dataset better. After that, a tracking and analysis of movement is adopted to judge the illegal vehicles in the region of interest (ROI). Experiments show that the system can achieve a 99% accuracy and real-time (25FPS) detection with strong robustness in complex environments.
Efficacy of telaprevir and boceprevir in treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients: an indirect comparison using Bayesian network meta-analysis

Abstract Background and aims: To indirectly compare the efficacy of telaprevir (TVR) and boceprevir (BOC) combined with peginterferon/ribavirin α-2a/2b (PR) in achieving sustained viral response (SVR) in treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials reporting the efficacy of PR-based treatment in genotype 1 chronic HCV patients. A Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed on the endpoint of SVR, assuming fixed study effects. For treatment-experienced patients, only previous relapsers and partial responders were included, as no results in prior null responders were available for boceprevir. Results: Eleven publications were included. In treatment-naïve patients, the odds ratios (OR) (posterior median [95% credible interval]) for telaprevir (12 weeks + response guided treatment [RGT] 24/48 weeks PR) and boceprevir (24 weeks + RGT 28/48 weeks PR) versus PR were respectively 3.80 (2.78–5.22) and 2.99 (2.23–4.01). The OR for telaprevir versus boceprevir was 1.42 (0.89–2.25), with a probability for telaprevir being more effective (P[OR > 1]) of 0.93. In treatment-experienced patients, the OR of telaprevir (12 weeks + 48 weeks PR) and boceprevir (32 weeks + RGT 36/48 weeks PR) versus PR were respectively 13.11 (7.30–24.43) and 5.36 (2.90–10.30). The OR for telaprevir versus boceprevir was 2.45 (1.02–5.80), with telaprevir having a probability of 0.98 of being more effective. Limitations: The main limitation of this study is the low number of trials included in the analysis, especially for the treatment-experienced patient population, which only allowed random-effect models to be explored. We tried to identify potential biases due to study heterogeneity. Conclusions: In the absence of direct comparative head-to-head studies between telaprevir and boceprevir for the treatment of chronic HCV genotype 1 patients, an indirect comparison based on Bayesian network meta-analysis suggests better efficacy for telaprevir than boceprevir in both treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients.
Bioactivity gradients of cytoprotective and anticancer catechins in skin: Simulation studies for the design of controlled release systems

Dermal delivery of catechins may be an effective approach for protection of skin against inflammation, aging and cancer caused by exposure to radiation and environmental toxicants. Catechins are flavonoid-type polyphenols showing capacity to attenuate UV-induced skin injury, carcinogenesis and melanoma metastasis, but the prevalence of beneficial effects depends on compound concentration. In this work, catechin penetration through the skin was simulated to predict the concentration in different layers: stratum corneum, viable epidermis and dermis. By combining these results with expected dose-effect relationships of the compounds, bioactivity profiles were calculated for relevant skin regions. Since the concentration dependences of catechin capacities to protect dermal fibroblasts and to inhibit melanoma cells (data aggregated from published literature) follow different types of dose-effect curves, bioactivity profiles in the skin can be different, even for the same delivery conditions. This method allows to estimate the delivery conditions (time and concentrations) required to achieve the desired biological/pharmacological activities at critical skin strata, namely, viable epidermis and dermis where metastatic melanoma cells and susceptible fibroblasts localize. The work suggests a framework to support the rational design of controlled release systems of topically applied bioactive compounds in therapeutic and investigative delivery.
Output During Continuous Frequency Ramping of a Dynamo-Type HTS Flux Pump

Flux pumps can inject large dc currents into superconducting coils, without requiring physical connections between the cryogenic superconducting circuit and the room-temperature environment, thus significantly lowering the heat load on the cryogenic cooling system. Here, we study a dynamo-type flux pump employing a 2G ReBCO coated conductor wire at 77 K with multiple spinning Nd–Fe–B magnets and a soft ferromagnetic iron yoke, with all moving parts situated outside of the cryogenic environment. Dynamo-type flux pumps can be modeled as a dc voltage source with an internal resistance, where all output parameters are functions of the speed (frequency) of the spinning magnets. In this work, we focus on the frequency dependence of the dc output voltage. From instantaneous traces of the generated voltage waveform, we observe three distinct frequency regimes of behavior. We classify them into regions of “low,” “mid,” and “high” magnet frequency, depending on the magnitude of the dc open-circuit voltage and the shape of the voltage waveform. The voltage-generation mechanism is qualitatively understood at “low” magnet frequencies, where the dc voltage increases proportional to frequency. However, at “mid” and “high” magnet frequencies, the dynamo output deviates from this accepted model. In the “mid” frequency region, the dc output voltage is roughly constant with frequency, but is unstable. At “high” frequencies, the dc voltage drops with increasing frequency following an approximately 1/ f dependence. We have also studied the effects of ramping acceleration rate, noting a high degree of reproducibility in the low- and high-frequency regions, but complex unstable behavior in the intermediate region. We discuss our results in the context of self-heating due to EMF-driven eddy currents, leading to partial-quenching of the coated conductor wire. This becomes the dominant limiting factor in flux pump output at high frequencies, eventually suppressing the dc output altogether.
[Cerebral SPECT with thallium-201 in the differential diagnosis of focal cerebral lesions in patients with AIDS].

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to analyze the usefulness of cerebral SPECT with thallium-201 in patients with the acquired human immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and focal cerebral lesions. METHODS Six patients with AIDS and focal cerebral lesions in whom a cerebral SPECT was performed with thallium-201 are described. Treatment was initiated with antiToxoplasma drugs in all patients. The clinical response, serology for positive toxoplasma and radiologic improvement were criteria for the diagnosis of encephalitis by Toxoplasma. In the remaining cases, cerebral biopsy and/or necropsy study were carried out. RESULTS In the 2 patients in whom cerebral SPECT demonstrated enhancement of the lesion, the pathologic diagnosis was cerebral lymphoma. Of the 4 remaining cases in whom no enhancement was observed, three corresponded to cerebral toxoplasmosis and one to progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. CONCLUSIONS Cerebral SPECT with thallium-201 is a simple, specific and useful technique for the differentiation of primary cerebral lymphoma from the remaining inflammatory cerebral lesions which may be present in AIDS patients.
Accuracy of anthropometric indicators of obesity to predict cardiovascular risk.

CONTEXT Obesity is associated with various cardiovascular risk factors. The body mass index (BMI) is the standard measure of overweight and obesity. However, more recently, waist to hip ratio (WHR) or waist circumference (WC) as more sensitive measures for visceral obesity have been proposed to be more indicative of cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to test the predictive value of anthropometric parameters for the presence of several cardiovascular risk conditions. DESIGN The DETECT (Diabetes Cardiovascular Risk-Evaluation: Targets and Essential Data for Commitment of Treatment) study is a cross-sectional, clinical-epidemiological study. PARTICIPANTS We studied 5377 unselected subjects (2016 men, 3361 women) without arteriosclerotic disease, aged 20-79 yr, from the DETECT laboratory sample. SETTING This study was conducted by primary care physicians. INTERVENTION We measured anthropometric parameters and assessed cardiovascular risk by clinical examination, patient history, and a standardized laboratory program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We assessed the associations of BMI, WC, hip circumference, WHR, and waist to height ratio (WHtR) to cardiovascular risk by calculating the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve and adjusted odds ratios for metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. RESULTS The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for WHtR was significantly higher than for all other anthropometric parameters with respect to all risk conditions in women and to dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes in men. The odds ratios for the presence of risk conditions with 1 sd increase of each anthropometric parameter were highest for WHtR or WC. CONCLUSIONS There are some indications that WHtR or WC may predict prevalent cardiovascular risk better than BMI or WHR, even though the differences are small.
Liquid Crystal Tunable mm Wave Frequency Selective Surface

A frequency selective surface (FSS) which exploits the dielectric anisotropy of liquid crystals to generate an electronically tunable bandpass filter response at D Band (110-170 GHz) is presented. The device consists of two printed arrays of slot elements which are separated by a 130-mum thick layer of liquid crystals. A 3% shift in the filter passband occurs when the substrate permittivity is increased by applying a control signal of 10 V. Measured results show that the insertion loss increases from -3.7 dB to -10.4 dB at resonance (134 GHz), thus demonstrating the potential to create a FSS which can be switched between a transmitting and a reflecting structure.
Crystal structure of the complex of group I PLA2 with a group II-specific peptide Leu-Ala-Ile-Tyr-Ser (LAIYS) at 2.6 Å resolution

Phospholipases A2s (PLA2s) are widely distributed in mammals and snake venoms. They catalyze the production of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids leading to the bioynthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. A peptide Leu-Ala-Ile-Tyr-Ser (LAIYS) was designed and synthesized as a specific inhibitor of PLA2. It was shown earlier that the peptide bound to group II PLA2 specifically and had a dissociation constant (Kd) of 8.8 × 10− 9 M. In the present studies for the binding of LAIYS with a group I PLA2 from Naja naja sagittifera using surface plasmon resonance the dissociation constant was found to be 4.5 × 10− 5 M which is considerably lower than the value found for the group II PLA2. In order to determine the details of binding at the molecular level, a group I PLA2 from the venom of Naja naja sagittifera was crystallized with peptide LAIYS. The crystal structure showed the presence of LAIYS at the substrate-binding site but has fewer interactions than those observed with group II PLA2 from Daboia russelli pulchella. The observed difference in the binding affinity is caused primarily due to poor fitting of the peptide LAIYS in the binding site of group I PLA2. Apparently, the location of Trp 19 in group I PLA2 is not favourable for the binding of LAIYS. The two complexes also differ drastically in the formation of intermolecular interactions. In the present structure, the side chain of Ser (P) interacts with His 48 and Asp 49 while in the complex with group II PLA2 it was Tyr (P) OH that formed the corresponding interactions. Tyr (P) in group I PLA2 is the main contributor of the hydrophobic interactions whereas in the complex of LAIYS with group II PLA2 it was the peptide segment Leu-Ala-Ile that produced the bulk of hydrophobic forces. The structures further showed that the peptide LAIYS was fully inside the substrate-binding region of the group II PLA2 while a significant portion of the peptide LAIYS was hanging outside the surface of the group I PLA2. The buried area in the complex with group II PLA2 was 811 Å2 whereas, the corresponding area in group I PLA2 was 449 Å2. This shows that the peptide LAIYS is very compatible with the substrate-binding site of group II PLA2 and rather poorly fits into the substrate-binding site of group I PLA2. This indicates that a highly specific ligand for one form of PLA2 may be a poor partner for another form of enzyme.