Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enumeration of Particle-Bound and Unattached Respiring Bacteria in the Salt Marsh Environment

Proportions of respiring bacteria determined with a 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride dye-epifluorescent technique were significantly elevated in the 300-μm surface layer of a salt marsh estuary. Almost all the detectably respiring bacteria in the particle-laden surface layer and a significant proportion in subsurface waters were attached to particles.
Nuclear Factor-E2-related Factor-1 Mediates Ascorbic Acid Induction of Osterix Expression via Interaction with Antioxidant-Responsive Element in Bone Cells*

We recently found that deletion of the gulonolactone oxidase gene, which is involved in the synthesis of ascorbic acid (AA), was responsible for the fracture phenotype in spontaneous fracture mice. To explore the molecular mechanisms by which AA regulates osteoblast differentiation, we examined the effect of AA on osterix expression via Nrf1 (NF-E2-related factor-1) binding to antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) in bone marrow stromal (BMS) cells. AA treatment caused a 6-fold increase in osterix expression in mutant BMS cells at 24 h, which was unaffected by pretreatment with protein synthesis inhibitor. Sequence analyses of mouse osterix promoter revealed a putative ARE located at -1762 to -1733 upstream of the transcription start site to which Nrf potentially binds. A gel mobility shift assay revealed that nuclear proteins from AA-treated BMS cells bound to radiolabeled ARE much more strongly than nuclear extracts from AA-untreated cells. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay with Nrf1 antibody confirmed the interaction of Nrf1 with the mouse osterix promoter. A reporter assay demonstrated that the promoter activity of mouse osterix containing an ARE was stimulated 4-fold by a 48-h treatment with AA in spontaneous fracture BMS cells. Treatment of mutant BMS cells with AA resulted in a 3.9-fold increase in the nuclear accumulation of Nrf1. Transfection of mutant BMS cells with Nrf1 small interfering RNA decreased Nrf1 protein by 4.5-fold, blocked AA induction of osterix expression, and impaired BMS cell differentiation. Our data provided the first experimental evidence that AA modulated osterix expression via a novel mechanism involving Nrf1 nuclear translocation and Nrf1 binding to ARE to activate genes critical for cell differentiation.
Optical Pulsars and Black Arrows: Discoveries as Occasioned Productions

The current article represents a methodological proposal. It seeks to address the question of how one might recognize a discovery as a discovery without knowing in advance what is available to be discovered. We propose a solution and demonstrate it using data from a study previously reported by J. Roschelle (1992). Roschelle investigated 2 students' developing understandings of certain abstract features of Newtonian mechanics while working within a computer-based microworld, the Envisioning Machine. We employ an approach we term discovery as occasioned production to reexamine his data. Such an approach proceeds stepwise from the identification of some matter discovered, working backward to see just where that matter entered the conversation and then, finally, tracing from that point forward to illuminate how the proposal for a possible discovery was ultimately transformed into a discovery achieved. The notion of “evident vagueness,” borrowed from H. Garfinkel, M. Lynch, and D. Livingston's (1981) account of the discovery of an optical pulsar, emerges as an important feature of our analysis. Following H. Garfinkel (2002), we present our findings as a “tutorial problem” and offer a suggestion for how a program of practice studies in the learning sciences might be pursued.
Depression associated with abortion and childbirth: a long-term analysis of the NLSY cohort.

BACKGROUND Existing research pertaining to emotional reactions to abortion is limited by (a) short follow up periods, (b) the absence of information on prior psychological state, and (c) lack of nationally representative samples. Therefore the purpose of this study was to compare women with a history of abortion vs. delivery relative to depression using a nationally representative longitudinal design, which enabled inclusion of a control for prior psychological state. MATERIAL/METHODS The current study employed data for all women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) who experienced their first pregnancy event (abortion or childbirth) between 1980 and 1992 (n=1,884). Depression scores in 1992, an average of 8 years after the subjects' first pregnancy events, were compared after controlling for age, race, marital status, divorce history, education, income, and external locus of control scores. The latter was used to control for pre-pregnancy psychological state. Results were also examined separately for groups based on race, marital status, and divorce history. RESULTS After controlling for several socio-demographic factors, women whose first pregnancies ended in abortion were 65% more likely to score in the 'high-risk' range for clinical depression than women whose first pregnancies resulted in a birth. Differences were greatest among the demographic groups most likely to report an abortion. CONCLUSIONS Abortion may be a risk factor for subsequent depression in the period of 8 years after the pregnancy event. The higher rates of depression identified may be due to delayed reactions, persistence of depression, or some other common risk factor.
Efficacy of Lithium Chloride in the Taste-Aversion Conditioning of Young-Adult and Old-Age Rats

An absolute amount of a LiCl US was administered to 24 young-adult and 24 old-age rats during taste-aversion conditioning to determine whether the superior performance of old-age rats, when a 1% body-weight injection of a LiCl US is administered 3 hr. after a saccharin CS, is due to age-related differences in US intensity or the efficacy of LiCl. The aversion conditioned in old-age rats with a 3-hr. CS-US interval and an absolute amount of LiCl was still significantly greater than that in young adults suggesting that age-related differences in US intensity or the efficacy of LiCl cannot explain the superior performance of old-age rats. Possibly, old-age rats forget the specifics of the CS more than young adults and, thus, older animals show greater stimulus generalization to the substantially different test stimuli.
Impact of Product Design Representation on Customer Judgment

When researchers ask customers to judge product form during the design process, they often manipulate simplified product representations, such as silhouettes and sketches, to gather information on which designs customers prefer. Using simplified forms, as opposed to detailed realistic models, make the analysis of gathered information tractable and also allows the researcher to guide customer focus. The theory of constructed preferences from psychology suggests that the product form presented will influence customer judgments. This paper presents a study in which subjects were shown computer sketches, front/side view silhouettes, simplified renderings, and realistic renderings to test the extent to which a variety of judgments including opinions, objective evaluations, and inferences are affected by form presentation. Results show a variety of phenomena including preference inconsistencies and ordering effects that differed across type of judgment. For example, while inferences were consistent across form, opinions were not. An eye tracker identified differences in viewing strategies while making decisions. Associated data, such as fixation times and fixation counts, provide additional insight into findings.
Risk perception, knowledge and social distance of Turkish high school students about HIV/AIDS.

AIDS, in its third decade, is one of the greatest global challenges, and people with HIV/AIDS have been subjected to social ostracism, discrimination and violence since the earliest days of the epidemic.1 Negative attitudes towards people with illness have a large impact on communities. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated risk perceptions, knowledge, beliefs and social distance of the Turkish high school student related to AIDS. In 2004, data were collected from the provinces of Erzurum and Istanbul using a questionnaire. One general, 1 health and 1 Muslim religious high school were randomly selected from the each province. A total of 1387 students responded the questionnaire, and 94.5% believed that AIDS is an important problem for Turkish society. However, 54.4% stated no HIV risk for them in the future, and it is higher than in Greece.2 Overall true response rate was 60.3%, and no idea was 24.1% regarding AIDS knowledge. In terms of transmission routes, the true response rate was 61.4% and the correct rates were lower than 50% regarding insect and mosquito bite, breast feeding, sharing razor, public bath and toilets, sneezing and coughing. With regard to preventive methods, the true response rate was 63.7% and no idea was 23%. The students stated condom as a preventive method was lower than monogamy and sharing needle. A positive linear correlation was found between age, grade, population size of childhood habitat and parent education with the AIDS knowledge score. As an expected result, students of the health high schools were more knowledgeable than the others. Nearly half of the students expressed discomfort at the prospect of contact with people with HIV/AIDS (Table 1). Of the students, 52.7% stated that they should be publicly announced or somehow marked as HIV+. The desire for social distance towards people with HIV/AIDS was increasing with age, grade and population size of childhood habitat. Increasing of the social distance with age and grades is a notable finding, and it is consistent with a previous study.3 Controlling for gender, the students of the health high schools have highest social distance score. It seems that knowledge is not always enough to change attitudes by alone.4 Lastly, the students had knowledge gap about HIV/AIDS, and individual risk perception is very low. Negative attitudes and discrimination are prevalent. As the negative attitudes significantly increase community burden of diseases,1 more consideration needs to be given on effective health education methods.
Histamine as a punisher in squirrel monkeys: effects of pentobarbital, chlordiazepoxide and H1- and H2-receptor antagonists on behavior and cardiovascular responses.

Squirrel monkeys pressed a key under a two-component, 30-response fixed-ratio schedule of food presentation. In both nonpunishment and punishment components, every 30th key-pressing response resulted in food presentation. In the punishment component, the 11th and 22nd response in each 30-response fixed-ratio also produced a 200msec i.v. injection of 30 to 100 microgram/kg of histamine; this resulted in about an 80% suppression of responding in the punishment component. A second group of squirrel monkeys, with arterial catheters for monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate, received automatic i.v. injections of 30 and 100 microgram/kg of histamine; key presses had no programmed consequences. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased by 5 to 20 min Hg and heart rate increased by 60 to 120 beats/min after each injection of histamine. As an effective punisher, histamine was functionally similar to other noxious stimuli such as electric shock. Behavior suppressed by histamine could be markedly increased by presession i.m. treatment with pentobarbital (3-5.6 mg/kg) or chlordiazepoxide (10-30 mg/kg). Presession i.m. treatment with 1 to 3 mg/kg of the H1-receptor antagonist, diphenhydramine, reversed the punishment effects of histamine but only enhanced the cardiovascular effects of histamine. In contrast, 10 to 30 mg/kg of the H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, failed to reverse the punishment effects of histamine but markedly attenuated the cardiovascular effects of histamine. Thus, histamine's suppression of responding appeared to be an H1 effect and did not appear to be related to its effects on blood pressure and heart rate.
'Stationarity is Dead' - Long Live Transformation: Five Principles for Climate Change Adaptation Law

While there is no question that successful mitigation strategies remain critical in the quest to avoid worst-case climate change scenarios, we've passed the point where mitigation efforts alone can deal with the problems that climate change is creating. Because of "committed" warming - climate change that will occur regardless of mitigation measures, a result of the already-accumulated greenhouse gases in the atmosphere - what happens to social-ecological systems over the next decades, and most likely over the next few centuries, will largely be beyond human control. The time to start preparing for these changes is now, by making adaptation part of a national climate change policy. Nevertheless, American law and policy are not keeping up with the need for adaptation, even though adapting law to a world of continuing climate change impacts will be a far more complicated task than addressing mitigation. Environmental and natural resources law, for example, are currently based on assumptions of ecological stationarity and pursue goals of preservation and restoration. Neither those assumptions nor those goals fit a world of continual, unpredictable, and nonlinear transformations of complex ecosystems - but that is the world that climate change impacts are creating. This Article argues for a principled flexibility model of climate change adaptation law to pursue goals of increasing the resilience and adaptive capacity of social-ecological systems. In so doing, it lays out five principles and several sub-principles for the law of environmental regulation and natural resources management. Structurally, this Article also strongly suggests that climate change adaptation law must be bi-modal: it must promote informed and principled flexibility when dealing with climate change impacts, especially impacts that affect baseline ecological conditions such as temperature and hydrology, while simultaneously embracing an unyielding commitment to precautionary regulation when dealing with everything else.
Long-Term Supplementation of Green Tea Extract Does Not Modify Adiposity or Bone Mineral Density in a Randomized Trial of Overweight and Obese Postmenopausal Women.

BACKGROUND Green tea extract (GTE) consumption has been linked to favorable changes in adiposity and bone mineral density (BMD), although it is unknown if these effects are due to green tea catechins or caffeine. The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype may also modify these associations. OBJECTIVE We examined the impact of decaffeinated GTE on body composition (using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and obesity-associated hormones. METHODS The Minnesota Green Tea Trial was a 12-mo randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in 937 postmenopausal women (aged 50-70 y) assigned to receive either GTE containing 843 mg (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate or placebo. This substudy was conducted in 121 overweight/obese participants [body mass index (BMI) (kg/m(2)) ≥25.0]. RESULTS There were no differences in changes in BMI (-0.13 ± 0.11 compared with -0.05 ± 0.11; P = 0.61), total fat mass (-0.30 ± 0.16 compared with -0.12 ± 0.15 kg; P = 0.40), percentage of body fat (-0.15% ± 0.17% compared with -0.15% ± 0.16%; P = 0.99), or BMD (-0.006 ± 0.002 compared with -0.003 ± 0.002 g/cm(2); P = 0.49) over 12 mo between women taking GTE (n = 61) and those taking a placebo (n = 60). Interactions were observed between treatment and time for gynoid percentage of fat (%fat) and tissue %fat. Gynoid %fat increased from baseline to month 12 in the placebo group as baseline BMI increased and decreased over time as baseline BMI increased in the GTE group (P-interaction = 0.02). Tissue %fat increased from baseline to month 12 in the placebo group as baseline BMI increased. In the GTE group, tissue %fat decreased during the intervention as baseline BMI increased (P-interaction = 0.04). No changes were seen in circulating leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, or insulin concentrations. COMT genotype did not modify the effect of GTE on any variable. CONCLUSIONS Decaffeinated GTE was not associated with overall reductions in adiposity or improvements in BMD in overweight/obese postmenopausal women. However, GTE may be beneficial for reduction in tissue and gynoid %fat in individuals with higher BMI. This clinical trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials. gov as NCT00917735.
Increased burden of respiratory viral associated severe lower respiratory tract infections in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1.

OBJECTIVES To determine the burden of viral associated severe lower respiratory tract infections (SLRTI) in human immunodeficiency virus-infected (HIV+) and HIV-uninfected (HIV-) urban black South African children. METHODS Children with SLRTI aged 2 to 60 months were enrolled between March 1997 and March 1998. Monoclonal antibody immunofluorescent testing was performed on nasopharyngeal aspirates to detect respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A and B, parainfluenza 1-3, and adenovirus-specific antigens. RESULTS Of the 990 children studied, 44.6% were HIV+. The estimated burden of disease of viral associated SLRTI in children under 2 years was increased for RSV, influenza A/B viruses, parainfluenza 1-3 viruses, and adenovirus in children who were HIV+ compared with children who were HIV- (P <.001). Viral pathogens, however, were identified less frequently (15.7% vs 34.8%, P < 10(-5)) and bacterial pathogens more frequently (12.5% vs 5.8%, P <.0001) in children who were HIV+ than in children who were HIV- and had SLRTI. The seasonal peak for RSV in late summer-early autumn observed in children who were HIV- was less evident in children who were HIV+ (P =.02). Children who were HIV+ and had virus-associated SLRTI had a higher mortality rate (7. 5%) than did children who were HIV- (0%, P < 10(-3)). CONCLUSIONS The contribution of viral associated SLRTI differs between HIV+ and HIV- children. In HIV+ children in South Africa, RSV isolation is not limited by season.
Possible structure-activity profile of salicylate derivatives: their relationship on induction of systemic acquired resistance

In nature plants can be induced systemically to become more resistant to diseases through some biotic or abiotic inducers. One of the commonly used chemicals inducers is salicylic acid (SA), which appears to mimic the systemic effects of localized infection. The potential of some chemical inducers of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to reduce Alternaria leaf spot disease on tomato was assessed in glasshouse trials. Possible effects of using SA and some of its 5-position derivatives including, 5-chlorosalicylic acid, 5-methoxy salicylic acid, 5aminosalicylic acid, 5-fluorosalicylic acid, 5-methylsalicylic acid and 5-nitrosalicylic acid in host resistance induction have been investigated. Foliar applications of salicylate derivatives with concentrations of 400 μM have been tested for disease resistant induction. Among the selected mono-substituted salicylate derivatives that have been tested, applications of SA and 5methoxysalicylic acid have induced disease resistance significantly as well as increasing the SA accumulation in plant tissues, compared with not treated control plants. Treatments such as 5chlorosalicylic acid and 5-nitrosalicylic acid had a deleterious effect on SA accumulation in plant tissues as well as in disease resistance induction. The analysis results obtained by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) indicated a high correlation between the accumulation of endogenous level of free SA content in treated plants and the reduction of Alternariosis symptoms on tomato plant. The results indicated that, among the salicylate derivatives, the biochemical activators containing electron donating groups are more suitable for inducing disease resistance in tomato crop.
Effects of paeoniflorin on the activities and mRNA expression of rat CYP1A2, CYP2C11 and CYP3A1 enzymes in vivo

Abstract Paeoniflorin is the major constituent in extracts of the paeony root, the purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of paeoniflorin on the activities and mRNA expression of the rat hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP1A2), CYP2C11 and CYP3A1 in vivo. Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats were treated with paeoniflorin at the dosage of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg or 0.9% sodium chloride solution by intragastric administration for 7 days, then were given probe drugs phenacetin (CYP1A2), tolbutamide (CYP2C11), or midazolam (CYP3A1) orally on the eighth day. Blood samples were collected at various times, and the plasma concentrations of the probe drugs were estimated with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. The mRNA expression levels of rat hepatic CYP1A2, CYP2C11 and CYP3A1 were analysed with real-time PCR. The pharmacokinetic results indicated that paeoniflorin inhibits the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C11 and CYP3A1 in vivo. The effect was most pronounced on CYP3A1, according to the United States Food and Drug Administration classification of inhibitors of CYP3A, it reached the category of moderate inhibition. The mRNA expression levels of 3 CYP enzymes were also tended to be inhibited. We conclude that paeoniflorin can inhibit the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C11 and CYP3A1 in vivo, which may affect the metabolism of drugs that are primarily dependent on these pathways.
Quality of Trappist cheese from Croatian dairy plant.

Summary The paper presents technological parameters, basic chemical composition and sensory evaluation, as well as the yield of 146 samples of Trappist cheese. In terms of water content in non-fat matter (56.36-58.31 %), Trappist cheese belongs to the group of semi-hard cheeses, and in terms of content of fat in dry matter (46.06-48.63 %), it belongs to the group of full-fat cheeses. In four cheese samples E. coli was determined within microbiological parameters, whereas other researched bacteria were not determined. Cheese has a shape of a symmetrical ring and it has a homogenous yellow color of protective coating. Mean mass value of one cheese ring is from 2.50 to 2.55 kg. The body of cheese has a homogenous light yellow color, which is brighter along the edges. The cheese holes have the size of a pea; they are bright and patterned over the whole surface of cross section. Consistency of cheese body is elastic, soft and interconnected. The cheese has mild, pure lactic and acidic taste and odor, and it is moderately salty. The results of sensory score show that even 91.78 % of cheese samples from experimental production can be assigned to the first quality class, whereas 8.22 % of samples belong to the second quality class.