Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Children and the Labor Force Participation and Earnings of Parents in the Philippines

This paper demonstrates how family size can be an important contributor to poverty in the Philippines. It examines one of the mechanisms behind this link by focusing on the relation between number of children and the decision to seek a job and parents' wage earnings. It surveys the international literature to establish how the problem has been approached and what the results are for other countries. It then formulates and tests a model using a nationally representative household survey data for the Philippines to explain what determines the decision to seek a job and the earnings of both mothers and fathers. The model specifically considered the endogeneity of the number of children in both the labor force participation and the earnings equations.
RESPONSE OF MARSH RICE RAT (ORYZOMYS PALUSTRIS) TO INUNDATION OF HABITAT

Abstract Although the swimming behavior of Oryzomys palustris has been described, little is known about how long this species will remain in an area that is inundated by several centimeters of water. This study documents the response of an O. palustris population to habitat inundation in a coastal prairie locality of southeastern Texas. During a mark-recapture study conducted during 2002 and 2003, we live-trapped O. palustris on a grid in an area that experienced prolonged (≥5 mo) inundation during 2 of our 6 quarterly trapping periods. We describe a trapping technique, using foam rafts to support rodent live-traps, that is suitable for use in inundated areas. Despite long-term inundation, little available refuge, and an apparent complete turnover of the population, we estimated population densities of ca. 29 individuals per hectare during inundation, only a moderate decrease from the higher levels encountered before and after inundation.
Towards a biologically meaningful classification of subterranean organisms: a critical analysis of the Schiner-Racovitza system from a historical perspective, difficulties of its application and implications for conservation

Subterranean organisms always attracted the attention of humans using caves with various purposes, due to the strange appearance of several among them and life in an environment considered extreme. According to a classification based on the evolutionary and ecological relationships of these organisms with subterranean habitats, first proposed by Schiner in 1854 and emended by Racovitza in 1907, three categories have been recognized: troglobites, troglophles and trogloxenes. The Schiner-Racovitza system has been discussed, criticized, emended, the categories have been redefined, subdivided, original meanings have changed, but it is used until now. Herein we analyze in a conceptual framework the main ecological classifications of subterranean organisms, from Schiner to Trajano, in 2012, so far the last author to introduce a relevant conceptual change on the categories definitions, incorporating the source-sink population model. Conceptual inconsistencies are pointed, especially with regards to the generally ill-defined trogloxene category, and the correspondence between categories according to the original sense and in alternative classifications is discussed. Practical criteria for distinction between these categories and difficulties for their application are presented. The importance of rightly classifying subterranean populations according to the Schiner-Racovitza system for conservation of these fragile and mostly threatened habitats is discussed. Subterranean Biology 22: 1–26 (2017) doi: 10.3897/subtbiol.22. 9759 http://subtbiol.pensoft. net Copyright Eleonora Trajano, Marcelo R. de Carvalho. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. RESEARCH ARTICLE Subterranean Biology Published by The International Society for Subterranean Biology A peer-reviewed open-access journal
Lead titanate nano- and microtubes

Lead titanate (PbTiO_3) nano- and microtubes were fabricated by wetting ordered porous alumina and macroporous silicon with precursor oligomers coupled with templated thermolysis. The diameters of the PbTiO_3 tubes range from a few tens of nanometers up to one micron. The proper selection of the template allowed for a precise adjustment of their size over two orders of magnitude. Electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction revealed that the tube walls were polycrystalline. The generic approach presented here can be adapted for the fabrication of tubes and rods from a multitude of functional inorganic oxides.
Does Economic Growth Reduce Poverty in Nigeria

It is worrisome to discover that Nigeria is characterized by high rates of poverty in spite of increase in the growth rate of the economy in recent times and the huge revenues derived from oil. This paradox provoked this study. The study however examined the existence of significant relationship between economic growth and poverty in Nigeria if any. It provided an empirical answer to the startling question: Does Economic growth reduces poverty in Nigeria? The paper employed standard econometric method, Ordinary Least Square multiple regression, (OLS) to determine the relationship. The time series secondary data were screened using stationarity and co integration tests. The data were found to be stationary and co-integrated. The Empirical findings demonstrated a significant and direct relationship between economic growth and poverty in Nigeria. This implies that economic growth rate does not reduce poverty in Nigeria. In other words, the impressive growth of the economy in recent times could not yield an improvement in poverty. The so-called “trickle down” phenomenon, underlying the view that growth improves poverty is not supported by Nigeria’s data. The findings and the conclusion of the study suggested the need for the policy makers to ensure equitable distribution and allocation of the national income. In the light of this suggestion, the policy makers should evaluate the pattern of public expenditures and ensure that they are properly harnessed to favour the poor. With the widely acknowledged encouraging relationship between literacy rate and poverty, this study suggested that there is need to strive to achieve a higher literacy rate in Nigeria. Key w ords : Economic growth, poverty, literacy rate, public expenditures and income distribution, Nigeria.
Accurate galactic 21-cm H I measurements with the NRAO Green Bank Telescope

Aims. We devise a data reduction and calibration system for producing highly-accurate 21-cm H i spectra from the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) of the NRAO. Methods. A theoretical analysis of the all-sky response of the GBT at 21 cm is made, augmented by extensive maps of the far sidelobes. Observations of radio sources and the Moon are made to check the resulting aperture and main beam efficiencies. Results. The all-sky model made for the response of the GBT at 21 cm is used to correct for “stray” 21-cm radiation reaching the receiver through the sidelobes rather than the main beam. This reduces systematic errors in 21-cm measurements by about an order of magnitude, allowing accurate 21-cm H i spectra to be made at about 9 � angular resolution with the GBT. At this resolution the procedures discussed here allow for measurement of total integrated Galactic H i line emission, W, with errors of 3 K km s −1 , equivalent to errors in optically thin NHI of 5 × 10 18 cm −2 .
PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Spondias SP AND Spondias tuberosa ARRUDA CÂMERA EXTRACTS OF OCCURRENCE IN PARAIBA SEMIARID

Present study was aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of the leaf extracts of Spondias sp and Spondias tuberose. During study total five trees of Spondias sp (Cajarana do sertão) and Spondias tuberosa (Umbu) with good phytosanitary was used for phytochemical analysis. From these selected trees total 5kg leaves per tree were collected and air dried at 40°C. These leaves samples were ground and pulverized; from this 200g of powder sample were used to prepare ethanolic crude extract and phytochemical analysis was performed at the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraíba. The phytochemical screening was carried out by preliminary scouting method for identify the presence of alkaloids, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins. Results of study revealed that the presence of steroids, tannins, flavonoids and terpenoids from the leaf extracts of Spondias sp and Spondias tuberosa , these phytochemicals are important constitute of herbal medicines and pharmaceutical industry and worked as antioxidant, anti-infective, anti-allergic and anti inflammatory agents. * Corresponding author KEYWORDS
Reservoir storage and hydrologic responses to droughts in the Paraná River basin, south-eastern Brazil

Abstract. Droughts are particularly critical for Brazil because of impacts on water supply and because most (70 %) of its electricity is derived from hydroelectric generation. The Parana basin (PB), a major hydroelectric producing region with 32 % (60 million people) of Brazil's population, recently experienced the most severe drought since the 1960s, compromising the water supply for 11 million people in Sao Paulo. The objective of this study is to quantify linkages between meteorological and hydrological droughts based on remote sensing, modelling, and monitoring data using the Parana River basin in south-eastern Brazil as a case study. Two major meteorological droughts were identified in the early 2000s and 2014, with precipitation 20–50 % below the long-term mean. Total water storage change estimated from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites declined by 150 km3 between April 2011 and April 2015. Simulated soil moisture storage declined during the droughts, resulting in decreased runoff into reservoirs. As a result, reservoir storage decreased by 30 % relative to the system's maximum capacity, with negative trends ranging from 17 (May 1997–April 2001) to 25 km3 yr−1 (May 2011–April 2015). Storage in upstream reservoirs is mostly controlled by natural climate forcing, whereas storage in downstream reservoirs also reflects dam operations. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating remote sensing, modelling, and monitoring data to evaluate droughts and to establish a preliminary understanding of the linkages between a meteorological and hydrological drought for future management.
Capacity Constraining Labor Market Frictions in a Global Economy

Convex vacancy creation costs shape firms’ responses to trade liberalization. They induce capacity constraints by increasing firms’ cost of production, leading a profit maximizing firm not to fully meet the increased foreign demand. Hence, firms will only serve a few export markets. More productive firms will export to more countries and charge higher or similar prices compared to less productive firms. Trade liberalization also affects labor market outcomes. Increased profits by exporting firms triggers firm entry, reduces unemployment and increases wage dispersion in the on-the-job search model with monopolistic competition.
A Discourse Analysis Of Sby's International Speech Text: A Study On Critical Linguistics

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) image building can be represented through many ways, one of them reflected on his international speeches. On this way, argumentation phases in the speeches can form social construct, self image, public opinion, new meaning and world-view. Based on critical linguistic point of view, word choice, sentence arrangement, and sentence pattern on speeches show a language expertise. This research aims at describing grammar used of SBY international speeches related with self image building. This research uses critical linguistics approach proposed by Fowler (1979) via Young and Harrison (2004: 3) which focuses on two metafunctions of Systemic Functional Linguistics Halliday, ideational and textual function. The source of data are nine texts of SBY's international speech in the year of 2011 chosen based on some criteria; updated topics, variation of topics, and abundant data. Then, data are chosen, noted, and identified based on formulation of the problems. On data analysis, Norman Fairclough framework applied in analyzing the data. Based on limitation of Halliday's metafunction, only were two levels chosen; textual analysis and social practice analysis. Besides, relevant studies were done to get detail and complete explanation. Based on data analysis, the result that can be emphasized is the grammar seen from word choice, clause and sentence element, figures of speech, pattern of clause change are means to convey new meaning based on who is the speaker and psychological effect shown to listeners. Thus, it can reveal the speaker purpose extensively and help to describe argumentative phase on speeches. Those three results of research are efforts to build SBY self image on language expertise. On this way, SBY can attract sympathy, therefore international cooperation can run smoothly.
Estimating Seasonal Diet Quality of Pronghorn Antelope from Fecal Analysis.

Botanical composition of pronghorn antelope diets from fecal analysis and nutrient quality of samples of plants known to be used by pronghorn were evaluated from June 1979 to May 1980 in Oldham and Hartley counties of the Texas Panhandle. Pronghom in this area consume forbs primarily throughout the year, followed by browse and grasses. Pronghom exhibited an affinity for either Artemisia ludoviciana or Sphaeralcea coccinea, or both, in all seasons. Grass use was negligible. Seasonal crude protein estimates ranged from a low of 9.8% in winter to a high of 11.4% in spring. Estimates of phosphorus were loweffin winter (O.l5%)and highest in spring (0.18%) corresponding fr approaching 2,227 kcal/kg, and highest in spring and summer, 2,656 and 2,631 kcal/kg, respectively. Average in vitro digestible organic matter coefftcients for spring, summer, fall, and winter were 69%, 67%, 53%, and 6195, respectively. The combination of fecal analysis for botanical composition and nutrient content from samples of plants known to be ingested provides at least an estimate of nutrient content of the diet. Evaluating the quality of a habitat for ungulates requires estimates of nutrient supply from the vegetation complex. For freeranging wild ungulates like pronghorn antelope (~nrrrocu~ru americana), gross estimates must sometimes be substituted where use of refined techniques are limited. Chemical analyses of plants collected from uneaten forage usually accompany some estimate of the diet. Smith and Malechek (1974) estimated pronghorn diets At the time of this research, the authors were research assistants and Bryant was assistant professor, Department of Range and Wildlife Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock. Koerth is currently research associate, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Rt. 2, Box 589, Corpus Christi, Tex. 78410. Krysl is now with Range and Animal Science Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, 88001; Sowell is with Dept. Range Sci., University of Wyoming, Laramie, 82071. Partial funding of this project was provided by the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Great Plains Wildlife Research Laboratory, Lubbock, Texas, the Ceasar Kleburg Foundation for Wildlife Conserva! ion, an! the Noxious Brush and Weed Control Program, Texas Tech University. This 1s TechnIcal Article T-9-275, College of Agricultural Sciences, Texas Tech University. Manuscript accepted April 27, 1984. 560 using ocular estimates of forage removed by free-ranging pronghorns and subsequently hand-picked samples and composited by weight those plants consumed for later chemical analyses. Schwartz et al. (1977) hand-picked plant samples to duplicate observations of tame pronghorn and attempted to estimate dietary nutritional content from mean bite-weight. The objective of this study was to evaluate nutrient content of pronghorn diets from known botanical diet composition using fecal analyses, and nutrient consumption of herbages determined from hand-harvested samples.
Optimal O(1) Bilateral Filter with Arbitrary Spatial and Range Kernels Using Sparse Approximation

A number of acceleration schemes for speeding up the time-consuming bilateral filter have been proposed in the literature. Among these techniques, the histogram-based bilateral filter trades the flexibility for achieving O(1) computational complexity using box spatial kernel. A recent study shows that this technique can be leveraged for O(1) bilateral filter with arbitrary spatial and range kernels by linearly combining the results of multiple-box bilateral filters. However, this method requires many box bilateral filters to obtain sufficient accuracy when approximating the bilateral filter with a large spatial kernel. In this paper, we propose approximating arbitrary spatial kernel using a fixed number of boxes. It turns out that the multiple-box spatial kernel can be applied in many O(1) acceleration schemes in addition to the histogram-based one. Experiments on the application to the histogram-based acceleration are presented in this paper. Results show that the proposed method has better accuracy in approximating the bilateral filter with Gaussian spatial kernel, compared with the previous histogram-based methods. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed histogram-based bilateral filter is robust with respect to the parameters of the filter kernel.
Winning by Losing

In sport tournaments, the rules are presumably structured in a way that any participant cannot benefit by losing instead of winning. We show that tournament systems, consisting of multiple round-robin and knockout tournaments with noncumulative prizes, which are ubiquitous around the world, are generically incentive incompatible. We use our model to discuss potential remedies and applications.
On computing the forces from the noisy displacement data of an elastic body

This study is concerned with the accurate computation of the unknown forces applied on the boundary of an elastic body using its measured displacement data with noise. Vision‐based minimally intrusive force‐sensing using elastically deformable grasping tools is the motivation for undertaking this problem. Since this problem involves incomplete and inconsistent displacement/force of an elastic body, it leads to an ill‐posed problem known as Cauchy's problem in elasticity. Vision‐based displacement measurement necessitates large displacements of the elastic body for reasonable accuracy. Therefore, we use geometrically non‐linear modelling of the elastic body, which was not considered by others who attempted to solve Cauchy's elasticity problem before. We present two methods to solve the problem. The first method uses the pseudo‐inverse of an over‐constrained system of equations. This method is shown to be not effective when the noise in the measured displacement data is high. We attribute this to the appearance of spurious forces at regions where there should not be any forces. The second method focuses on minimizing the spurious forces by varying the measured displacements within the known accuracy of the measurement technique. Both continuum and frame elements are used in the finite element modelling of the elastic bodies considered in the numerical examples. The performance of the two methods is compared using seven numerical examples, all of which show that the second method estimates the forces with an error that is not more than the noise in the measured displacements. An experiment was also conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the second method in accurately estimating the applied forces. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecosystems and Sustainable Development

Review: Ecosystems and Sustainable Development Editors: J.L. Uso, C.A. Brebbia, H. Power Reviewed by Dan Tufford University of South Carolina Uso, J.L. , Brebbia, C.A. , and Power, H. (editors). Ecosystems and Sustainable Development. Southhampton, UK: Computational Mechanics Publications, 1998. 680 p. US $295 cloth ISBN: 1-85312-502-4. Sustainable development research is a metascience in perhaps the truest sense of the word. Defining, justifying, and implementing sustainable practices transcends not just the basic, social, and applied sciences, but technology as well. Ecosystems and Sustainable Development is a strong volume because it captures this essential nature. The book contains the papers presented at the First International Conference on the subject held in Spain in 1997. The aim of the conference was to encourage and facilitate interdisciplinary communication amongst scientists, engineers, economists and professionals working in the different areas of ecological research. Readers have the opportunity to view a broad sampling of sustainability studies and the issues confronting the global community. The book is organized into three sections. The first is development economics, followed by conservation, management and recovery of endangered and degraded areas, and finally modeling of natural and human ecosystems. In a book with such a broad spectrum of subject material, commenting on specific papers will most likely reflect my own expertise and bias more than it will provide a reasonable critique of the comparative value of specific contributions. With this in mind, it is hoped the more general comments herein will provide more useful guidance to potential readers. Most noticeable is that most of the contributions make little or no mention of sustainability except, perhaps, in the title or introduction. Ideas, research, and results are presented without inter-relating them to sustainability issues or policy recommendations. The reader could just as likely be studying environmental modeling, agricultural economics, or whatever the paper discusses. It is certainly reasonable that those working in the field do not need to explain the connections to their peers, but given the intended audience, contributors could have given more attention to maximizing the potential for interdisciplinary communication. Such is the way of many scientists, however, and for
Sign-based specification tests for martingale difference with conditional heteroscedasity

This article proposes Cramer-von Mises (CM) and Kolmogrove-Smirnov (KS) test statistics based on the signs of a time series to test the null hypothesis that the series is a martingale difference sequence (MDS) with conditional heteroscedasity. Both of test statistics allowing for heavy-tailedness, non-stationarity, and nonlinear serial dependence of unknown forms, are easy-to-implement. Unlike the sign-based variance-ratio test in Wright (2000), our sign-based CM and KS tests have no need to select the lag. Unlike other often used specification tests for MDS, our sign-based CM and KS tests are robust and have exact distributions which can be simulated easily. Simulation studies and applications further demonstrate the importance of our sign-based CM and KS tests.