Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Work Motivation in Bulgaria, Hungary, and the Netherlands: Test of a Model

This article describes a study into the antecedents and consequences of job involvement and organisational commitment of workers in Bulgaria, Hungary, and the Netherlands. On the basis of the literature a general model of work motivation is developed which depicts job characteristics, opportunities to satisfy needs, and extrinsic work factors as determinants of job involvement and organisational commitment, and considers effort expenditure, performance, job satisfaction, turnover, and work stress as outcomes. Data from worker samples in the three countries obtained with equivalent instruments are used to test the validity of the model. Path analysis shows that the model has a modest fit when applied to the three samples simultaneously. A better fit and more meaningful results are obtained by developing optimal models for each country. The peculiarities of these models can be largely explained from cultural and economic factors. Since the differences between Bulgaria and Hungary are as great as the differences with the Netherlands, there seems to be little evidence for a motivational after-effect of communism. Cet article pre´sente une e´tude sur les ante´ce´dents et les conse´quences de la motivation au travail et de l’implication organisationnelle de salarie´s bulgares, hongrois et ne´erlandais. On a tire´ de la litte´rature un modele ge´ne´ral de la motivation professionnelle qui retient les caracte´ristiques de l’emploi, la possibilite´ de satisfaire ou non des besoins et les facteurs extrinseques a la tâche comme de´terminants de la motivation au travail et de l’implication organisationnelle; ce modele range les efforts deployes, la performance, la satisfaction, le turnover et le stress parmi les variables de´pendantes. Des donne´es recueillies avec des instruments e´quivalents dans des e´chantillons de travailleurs des trois pays (respectivement N=565, 614 et 237) ont servi a e´prouver la validite´ du modele. Une analyse de pistes a montre´ que le modele s’appliquait difficilement aux trois e´chantillons re´unis. Il s’applique mieux et donne des re´sultats plus significatifs si l’on cre´e un modele adapte´a chacun des pays. Les spe´cificite´s de ces modeles peuvent etre en grande partie rapporte´es a des facteurs culturels et e´conomiques. Comme les diffe´rences entre la Bulgarie et la Hongrie sont aussi grandes que les diffe´rences avec les Pays-Bas, il est contestable de mettre en avant une retombe´e motivationnelle du communisme.
Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Salt Tolerant Selected Clones of Stylo 184 (Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184), an Important Forage Legume

In vitro shoots from fi ve selected clones—one sensitive (T1) and four salt tolerant (T2, T3, T4 and T5)—of Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184 were multiplied in Murashige and Skoog medium with 0, 0.5 and 1% (weight per volume) NaCl for 1 wk followed by transfer to a recovery medium for a further week. Their relative fresh weight (RFW) and antioxidative enzymes—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX)—were measured after 7 d on the salt medium and again after another 7 d on a recovery medium (without additional NaCl). Exposure to NaCl reduced the growth of all clones at some stage. For the four clones selected as salt tolerant, the reduction in growth was evident after 7 d (up to 45%) on the NaCl media, however, for the clone selected as salt sensitive this reduction (50%) only occurred after 7 d on the recovery medium. Shoots of clones T2, T3 and T5, however, increased their growth on the recovery medium and this was associated with an increase in POX activity (from 0.5% NaCl medium for T2 and 1% NaCl medium for T3 and T5). The SOD activity of these clones was higher than the salt sensitive clone but decreased at 1% NaCl when shoots had been on the recovery medium for 7 d. In T4, the RFW increased to equal that of the control at 0.5% NaCl after recovery while the SOD activity was reduced and the POX activity was stable after both salt treatment and recovery. The NaCl treatments had no effect on the CAT activity for any of the clones. The lowest SOD activity was found in T1 while the tolerant clone, T5, showed the highest CAT and POX activity,
The strategic implication of electronic commerce for small and medium sized enterprises (SME)

The objective of this Paper is to examine the strategic implication of Electronic Commerce for small and medium sized enterprises. This paper explores how electronic commerce has the potential to transform the concept of market by changing firms’ business models, business relationships and market structure. By changing firms’ competitive advantages and nature of competition, electronic commerce may have strategic implications for small and medium sized enterprises. From the research undertaken, the paper draws conclusions of how electronic commerce fits into the broader context of their business and its strategy.
Effect of Inter-sentential vs Intra-sentential Code-Switching: With a Focus on Past Tense

The current study aimed at the comparative effect of inter-sentential vs intra-sentential code-switching on learning past tense. Initially, through non-random convenient sampling, the researcher chose 90 female EFL learners at the elementary level. Next, Key English Test (KET) was administered to the 90 learners and the results were used to select 60 participants for the purpose of this study. The participants were then divided into two groups each consisting of 30 learners. Afterwards, a grammar pretest having 30 items focusing on past simple tense was given to both groups. Following that, the grammatical explanations were provided for the two groups for ten sessions using code-switching. The first experimental group received inter-sentential code switching in line with Reyes’s (2004) as a switch between two languages, where a sentence in one of the languages is completed and the next sentence starts with the other language (Reyes, 2004). In the second experimental group, in line with Reyes’s (2004), the switching occurred within a sentence. The results of statistical analysis indicated that inter-sentential code-switching proved more effective compared to intra-sentential code-switching on the learning of past tense by EFL learners. Based on the findings of the present study, EFL teachers are encouraged to use inter-sentential code-switching more compared to intra-sentential code-switching when it comes to teaching grammar.
Multinational activities and economic growth in Cameroon

Supporters of globalisation claimed that it has contributed significantly to the inflow of foreign capital from advanced to developing countries through the activities of Multinational corporations (MNCs), and has created an avenue for technological transfer. Given the numerous controversies in the potential benefits of MNCs, this study aims at examining the effects of the activities of multinational corporations on the economic growth of Cameroon. Thus, secondary data were collected from 1975 2015 and with the use of the Two-Stage Least Squares Estimation Technique, the coefficients of the variables were estimated. The main findings reveal that Gross Domestic Product Per Capita and Political Stability positively and significantly determined Foreign Direct Investment (used as proxy to measure the effect of MNCs) in Cameroon. While Foreign Direct Investment and Gross Fixed Capital Formation significantly influence economic growth in Cameroon, Gross Fixed Capital Formation influenced GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Per Capita positively than FDI. In conclusion, the contribution of MNCs to economic growth was enhanced by its interaction with the level of infrastructural development, return on investment and political stability in the host country. On the basis of these findings, it was therefore recommended that economic growth policy that aims at increasing GDP per capita both at the short run and long run should be pursued in order to heighten MNCs in Cameroon. Also, efforts should be directed in deepening the activities of the stock market since increased level of capital formation in Cameroon has the potential to drive the economy positively. Finally the quality of the workforce should be improved upon through quality education. Diversification especially in the tertiary education in favour of technical and commercial profession oriented education should be reinforced for targeted growth.
Genetic diversity and eco-geographical distribution of Eleusine species collected from Ethiopia.

Eleusine is a small grass genus with three basic chromosome numbers (x=8, 9 and 10) and comprises of eight species including E. coracana subsp. coracana, (finger millet), which is an important subsistence crop in Africa and India. Research on these species could assist the development of high yielding and multiple stress tolerant variety(s) of the cultivable species, and also guide development of strategic genetic resource management and utilisation of the genus. A total of 72 accessions, sampled from five major species, E. coracana (including both E. coracana subsp. coracana and E. coracana subsp. africana ), E. intermedia, E. indica, E. multiflora and E. floccifoli a were analysed for genetic variation and inter-relationships using 20 microsatellite markers. All the SSR markers displayed high genetic polymorphism, with polymorphic information content ranging from 0.46 (UGEP110) to 0.91 (UGEP66). A total of 286 alleles were observed with an average of 14.3 alleles per locus. Classic F-statistics revealed the highest intra-specific polymorphism recorded for E. africana (32.45%), followed by E. coracana (16.83%); implying that genetic polymorphism is higher in the cultivable subspecies and its wild relatives, than the other species. Allelic frequency based inter-species genetic distance analysis, showed wider genetic distance between E. indica and E. multiflora (0.719); a narrow genetic distance between E. coracana subspecies africana and E. coracana subspecies coracana (0.3297). The weighted neighbor joining-based clustering revealed that the majority of the accessions in a species share strong similarity and are grouped together than do accessions of inter species. Key Words : Eleusine , microsatellite, polymorphism
Variability of cutting regimes in small private woodlots of south-western France

The small scale forest holdings are very common in Europe, but their management is not well known. The classical principes of forest management and of silviculture being rarely applied, their management is often seen as purely opportunistic, and even chaotic. To overcome this first sight, a detailed analysis of management practices in six private woodlots from two municipalities in south western France was done, with semi-directive interviews of the owners and an dynamic analysis of a chronological series of aerial pictures. The "said" practices (from the interviews) and the "seen" practices (from the aerial pictures) were crossed in a GIS and allowed to build the chronology of logging operations in any points of the woodlots from 1938 to 2003. The data from interviews and from aerial pictures fit together provided useful complementary information. They showed that there were no permanent spatial management unit, the logged areas being defined according to the local and current conditions. The silvicultural strategies and their dynamic have been described. The spatial-temporal complexity of the social and technical factors of the logging decision was acknowledged as a key explanation of the discrepancy between these small scale silvicultural systems and the classical systems.
Ion-beam-induced amorphization and recrystallization in silicon

Ion-beam-induced amorphization in Si has attracted significant interest since the beginning of the use of ion implantation for the fabrication of Si devices. A number of theoretical calculations and experiments were designed to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the crystal-to-amorphous transition in Si. Nowadays, a renewed interest in the modeling of amorphization mechanisms at atomic level has arisen due to the use of preamorphizing implants and high dopant implantation doses for the fabrication of nanometric-scale Si devices. In this paper we will describe the most significant experimental observations related to the ion-beam-induced amorphization in Si and the models that have been developed to describe the process. Amorphous Si formation by ion implantation is the result of a critical balance between the damage generation and its annihilation. Implantation cascades generate different damage configurations going from isolated point defects and point defect clusters in essentially .
Juvenile Hermaphroditism in the Zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio

The gonads of all juveniles of the zebrafish, Bradtydanw rerio, start differentiating as ovaries about 10-12 days after hatching irrespective of their definitive sex. In about half of the fish, ovaries continue to grow yielding mature ova, while in the other half, ovaries begin to be transformed into testes when the fish reach about 23-25 days of age. The structural changes from ovaries to testes begin with the disintegration of auxocytes followed by a. prominent increase in the amount of somatic cells of the gonadal stroma along the periphery of the gonad. Subsequent infiltration of proliferating somatic cells inside the gonad leads to a rapid sequential occurrence of the multiplication of spermatogonia, the formation of seminal lobules and the active spermatogenesis in intersexual gonads. The whole process of the sex reversal appears in most cases to be completed within 40 days after hatching, and thus gonochorism in the zebrafish is established in subadult and adult stages. Among the gonochoristic species of teleosts, there are some which reveal transitory hermaphroditism during a juvenile period. For example, developing gonads of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla, pass through an intersexual phase in a certain period of the elver stagel ). Another characteristic example of juvenile hermaphroditism is known in some anabantid fishes such as Macropodus concolor and M. opercularis, in which the gonads of the male members differentiate initially as non-functional ovaries and are then transformed, through intersexual phases, into definite testes during the juvenile stage2). The natural juvenile intersexuality found in teleost fishes is certainly an interesting subject of research for elucidating the mechanism of sex differentiation of the gonad, as exactly as it was for promoting the study on sex differentiation in amphibians3). However, a rather scanty amount of information has been gained so far about the phenomenon in teleost fishes. In the present paper, histological observations on the process of gonadal sex differentiation accompanied with obvious juvenile hermaphroditism in the zebrafish are dealt with. Material and Methods The zebrafish, Brachydanio reno, which had been obtained from a commercial dealer and subsequently bred in the laboratory, were used as material in the present study carried out from June to November. Mature females were mated each with two mature males in a glass aquarium with a breeding trap. The first spawn was usually discarded because of its high mortality. After being isolated from * Laboratory of Fresh· Water Fish-Oulture, Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University (;fI;7tifm#M(gl[! ¥gj\~7.kfi~~)
A necessary and sufficient condition for a 3-manifold to have genus g Heegaard splitting (a proof of Hass-Thompson conjecture)

R.H. Bing had shown that a closed 3-manifold M is homeomorphic to S if and only if every knot in M can be ambient isotoped to lie inside a 3-ball [1]. In [5], J. Hass and A. Thompson generalize this to show that M has a genus one Heegaard splitting if and only if there exists a genus one handlebody V embedded in M such that every knot in M can be ambient isotoped to lie inside V. Moreover, they conjectures that this can be naturally generalized for genus g(>l). The purpose of this paper is to show that this is actually true. Namely we prove:
Influence of vermicompost and split applied nitrogen on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and soil fertility in pole type frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in an Acid Alfisol

A field experiment was conducted for two years at Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur on the influence of vermicompost and split applied nitrogen in pole French bean. Twelve treatment combinations comprising of organic manures, nitrogen fertilization and methods of application were evaluated. The performance of yield and yield related traits increased significantly with application of vermicompost, 125% of recommended nitrogen through split application. Use of vermicompost + 125% nitrogen resulted in highest seed yield (10.43 q/ha) and NPK uptake. Seed yield and NPK uptake with application of vermicompost + 75% N was at par with that of recommended application of N indicating thereby saving of 25% of nitrogen fertilizers. Split applied nitrogen at 125% of recommended dose resulted in 50% increase in seed yield over basal application. Hence, application of vermicompost and split applied nitrogen is a better option to harness high seed productivity and to maintain soil fertility.
The VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey - Reconstruction of the redshift-space galaxy density field

Aims. Using the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) we aim to jointly estimate the key parameters that describe the galaxy density field and its spatial correlations in redshift space. Methods. We use the Bayesian formalism to jointly reconstruct the redshift-space galaxy density field, power spectrum, galaxy bias and galaxy luminosity function given the observations and survey selection function. The high-dimensional posterior distribution is explored using the Wiener filter within a Gibbs sampler. We validate the analysis using simulated catalogues and apply it to VIPERS data taking into consideration the inhomogeneous selection function. Results. We present joint constraints on the anisotropic power spectrum as well as the bias and number density of red and blue galaxy classes in luminosity and redshift bins as well as the measurement covariances of these quantities. We find that the inferred galaxy bias and number density parameters are strongly correlated although these are only weakly correlated with the galaxy power spectrum. The power spectrum and redshift-space distortion parameters are in agreement with previous VIPERS results with the value of the growth rate $f\sigma_8 = 0.38$ with 18% uncertainty at redshift 0.7.
Discovery of a Protocluster Associated with a Lyα Blob Pair at z = 2.3

Bright Lyα blobs (LABs)—extended nebulae with sizes of ∼100 kpc and Lyα luminosities of ∼1044 erg s−1—often reside in overdensities of compact Lyα emitters (LAEs) that may be galaxy protoclusters. The number density, variance, and internal kinematics of LABs suggest that they themselves trace group-like halos. Here, we test this hierarchical picture, presenting deep, wide-field Lyα narrowband imaging of a 1° × 0. °5 region around a LAB pair at z = 2.3 discovered previously by a blind survey. We find 183 Lyα emitters, including the original LAB pair and three new LABs with Lyα luminosities of erg s−1 and isophotal areas of 16–24 arcsec2. Using the LAEs as tracers and a new kernel density estimation method, we discover a large-scale overdensity (Boötes J1430+3522) with a surface density contrast of , a volume density contrast of δ ∼10.4, and a projected diameter of ≈20 comoving Mpc. Comparing with cosmological simulations, we conclude that this LAE overdensity will evolve into a present-day Coma-like cluster with ∼ 15.1 ± 0.2. In this and three other wide-field LAE surveys re-analyzed here, the extents and peak amplitudes of the largest LAE overdensities are similar, not increasing with survey size, and implying that they were indeed the largest structures then and today evolve into rich clusters. Intriguingly, LABs favor the outskirts of the densest LAE concentrations, i.e., intermediate LAE overdensities of . We speculate that these LABs mark infalling protogroups being accreted by the more massive protocluster.
From Memorising to Visualising: The Effect of Using Visualisation Strategies to Improve Students' Spelling Skills.

Spelling is an essential literacy skill and an important language component that can have a significant effect on L2 students’ future education and occupational status. However, many students struggle to master this skill, and most L2 teachers are limited to traditional approaches when teaching spelling. Therefore, this study aims to investigate both the effect of using visualisation strategies to improve the L2 students’ spelling skills and student’s attitudes towards the use of those strategies. I adopted an experimental approach, whereby the experimental group was trained to use visualisation strategies to study the spelling of new words, while the control group received no special tuition and was required to study the spelling of new words using the methods they normally use. The sample for the study consisted of 42 female sixth graders from Al-Manahej Private Elementary School in Riyadh; they were divided into two groups: 21 students in the experimental group and 21 students in the control group. In order to collect data and achieve the goal of the study, three tools were used: pre-achievement and post-achievement tests to measure the differences between the experimental and control groups’ scores. The students undertook five weekly tests to measure the effectiveness of the visualisation strategies to improve their spelling skills, and a social validity questionnaire to assess their attitudes towards the strategies. The findings were anticipated to promote the use of visualisation strategies in the field of education, to encourage curriculum designers, decision makers, and language teachers to employ them when teaching spelling.
Endogenous growth and recycling : a material balance approach

In this paper we analyze the importance of recycling in the strive for sustainable development. In contrast to former approaches we emphasize the role of the waste stock as a source of valuable inputs. We enhance a Romer (1990) type endogenous growth model by a material balance condition that re°ects the circulation of matter in the economy. Di®erentiated intermediate products are produced from recycled waste and virgin resources. These material intermediates are then employed in the production of ¯nal output. They either end up as waste after consumption or are bound in the capital stock { depending on the utilization of the produced output. We show that, even in the absence of environmental policy, long-run development is sustainable in this economy. The intuition is, that, as waste is a valuable resource in our model, not recycling part of it, cannot be optimal in the long-run.