Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparative Effects of Lithium and Chlorpromazine in the Treatment of Acute Manic States

There are well over 50 published reports since 1949 on the use of lithium salts in psychiatric disorders, most of them in the decade since 1960. Considering only those studies reported in acute manic states, it is difficult to arrive at a reliable assessment of the specific therapeutic effect of lithium because quantitative evaluations were seldom employed, so that comparisons of outcome have to be based on statements of degree of improvement which are subject to varying interpretations. Furthermore most of the studies were not adequately controlled, and the diagnostic criteria used were not always clear.
The Family Environment of Students with Learning Disabilities and ADHD

In recent decades there has been a proliferation of studies on the empirical aspect of the family influence on school development of children, and trends have emerged which analyze the effects of household structural and dynamic variables on student learning (Xia, 2010). Results show that family socioeconomic level (Dearing, McCartney & Taylor, 2009; Gil, 2011, Liu & Lu, 2008; Park, 2008), its typology characteristics (Burnett & Farkas, 2008; Gennetian, 2005 ), a suitable home environment (Barkauskiene, 2009; Bodovski & Youn, 2010; Campbell & Berne, 2007; Ghazarian & Buehler, 2010; Khan, Haynes, Armstrong, & Ronher, 2010) and parents' positive outlook on education and their active involvement in it (Flouri & Buchanan, 2004; Phillipson, 2010; Powell, Son, File, & San Juan, 2010; Regner, Loose, & Dumas, 2009; Sirvani, 2007; Mo & Singh, 2008) are factors affecting the academic development of the vast majority of children. This influence is even more relevant for pupils with complex problems that can affect their ability to learn, such as specific learning disabilities (hereafter LD) or attention deficit disorder with/without hyperactivity (ADHD). Such pupils usually have special educational needs which require specific attention in all microenvironments in which education takes place, including the family (Snowling, Muter, & Carroll, 2007; Shur-Fen , 2007).
A Meta-Analysis of Total Arch Replacement With Frozen Elephant Trunk in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection

Objectives: To assess the safety and efficacy, we performed a meta-analysis of total arch replacement with frozen elephant trunk in exclusive acute type A (neither chronic nor type B) aortic dissection. Methods: Databases including MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched through March 2015 using Web-based search engines (PubMed and OVID). Eligible studies were case series of frozen elephant trunk enrolling patients with acute type A (neither chronic nor type B) aortic dissection reporting at least early (in-hospital or 30-day) all-cause mortality. Study-specific estimates were combined in both fixed- and random-effect models. Results: Fifteen studies enrolling 1279 patients were identified and included. Pooled analyses demonstrated the cardiopulmonary bypass time of 207.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 186.1-228.1) minutes, aortic cross-clamp time of 123.3 (95% CI, 113.1-133.5) minutes, selective antegrade cerebral perfusion time of 49.3 (95% CI, 37.6-61.0) minutes, hypothermic circulatory arrest time of 39.0 (95% CI, 30.7-47.2) minutes, early mortality of 9.2% (95% CI, 7.7-11.0%), stroke of 4.8% (95% CI, 2.5-9.0%), spinal cord injury of 3.5% (95% CI, 1.9-6.6%), mid- to long-term (≥1-year) overall mortality of 13.0% (95% CI, 10.4-16.0%), reintervention of 9.6% (95% CI, 5.6-15.8%), and false lumen thrombosis of 96.8% (95% CI, 90.7-98.9%). Conclusions: Total arch replacement with frozen elephant trunk provides a safe alternative to that with conventional elephant trunk in patients with acute type A aortic dissection, with acceptable early mortality and morbidity. The rates of mid- to long-term reintervention and false lumen non-thrombosis may be lower in patients undergoing the frozen than conventional elephant trunk procedure.
Towards Fully Bayesian Speaker Recognition: Integrating Out the Between-Speaker Covariance

We propose a variational Bayes solution to integrate out the model parameters in a generative i-vector speaker recognizer. The existing state-of-the-art in generative i-vector modelling plugs in fixed maximum-likelihood point-estimates of model parameters. This recipe may suffer from over-fitting of especially the between-speaker covariance. We show how to integrate out the between-speaker covariance and demonstrate dramatic improvements on NIST SRE 2010.
Population Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of 3,4‐Diaminopyridine Free Base in Patients With Lambert‐Eaton Myasthenia

Lambert‐Eaton myasthenia (LEM) is a rare autoimmune disorder associated with debilitating muscle weakness. There are limited treatment options and 3,4‐diaminopyridine (3,4‐DAP) free base is an investigational orphan drug used to treat LEM‐related weakness. We performed a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis using 3,4‐DAP and metabolite concentrations collected from a phase II study in patients with LEM. The Triple Timed Up & Go (3TUG) assessment, which measures lower extremity weakness, was the primary outcome measure. A total of 1,270 PK samples (49 patients) and 1,091 3TUG data points (32 randomized patients) were included in the PK/PD analysis. A two‐compartment and one‐compartment model for parent and metabolite, respectively, described the PK data well. Body weight and serum creatinine partially explained the variability in clearance for the final PK model. A fractional inhibitory maximum effect (Emax) model characterized the exposure‐response relationship well. The PK/PD model was applied to identify a suggested dosing approach for 3,4‐DAP free base.
Heat Capacity of K 3 LnCl 6 Compounds with Ln = La , Ce , Pr , Nd

The heat capacities of the solid and liquid K3LnCl6 compounds (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd) have been determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in the temperature range 300 1100 K. Their temperature dependence is discussed in terms of the phase transitions of these compounds as reported in literature. The heat capacity increases and decreases strongly in the vicinity of a phase transition but else varies smoothly. The Cp data were fitted by an equation which provides a satisfactory representation up to the temperatures of Cp discontinuity. The measured heat capacities were checked for consistency by calculating the enthalpy of formation of the liquid phase, which had been previously measured. The results obtained compare satisfactorily with these experimental data.
The Effects of Turbidity on Prey Selection by Piscivorous Largemouth Bass

Abstract Turbidity in aquatic systems can change rapidly, affecting the visual ability of predators. Increased turbidity is known to reduce the reactive distance and foraging success of some planktivores and insectivores, leading to decreased growth rates. However, little is known about the effects of turbidity on prey selection by piscivores. We examined the interactions between largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and their prey in 1.8-m-diameter tanks (58 cm deep) at four turbidity levels (0, 5, 10, and 40 nephelometric turbidity units [NTU]). Prey selectivity was significantly affected by turbidity. At lower turbidity levels (0 and 5 NTU), largemouth bass consumed mostly gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum and bluegills Lepomis macrochirus and had negative selectivity for northern crayfish Orconectes virilis. At 10 NTU, all three prey types had similar selectivity, presumably because the largemouth bass had more difficulty in capturing rapidly moving fish prey as their reactive distances decreased. At 4.
Structure and society in early South India : essays in honour of Noboru Karashima

This collection of essays in honor of Noboru Karashima, whose vast research has uncovered much of the history of the Pallava-Cola and Vijayanagara eras in south Indian history, a period that spans the eighth to the sixteenth centuries. The essays address the emergence of rural and urban societies and state systems in the region and demonstrate the richness of contemporary research, particularly that based on the study of pre-colonial south Indian temple inscriptions. Topics include the extension of settled cultivation, the role of brahmadeya communities, the Kancipuram and Cidambaram ritual centers, kinship, feminism, and the Vijayanagara nayaka networks. The final chapter, on the initial Indian communities that were in contact with southeast Asia, offers a contrast between the evolving and functional rols of south Indian and Javanese temple centers.
Selective Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation Rescues ΔF508-Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator and Suppresses Interleukin-8 Levels

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) is the major quality control pathway of the cell. The most common disease-causing protein folding mutation, ΔF508-cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR), is destroyed by ERAD to cause cystic fibrosis (CF). p97/valosin-containing protein (VCP) physically interacts with gp78/autocrine motility factor receptor to couple ubiquitination, retrotranslocation, and proteasome degradation of misfolded proteins. We show here that p97/VCP and gp78 form complexes with CFTR during translocation from the ER for degradation by the cytosolic proteasome. Interference in the VCP-CFTR complex promoted accumulation of immature CFTR in the ER and partial rescue of functional chloride channels to the cell surface. Moreover, under these conditions, interleukin-8 (IL8), the expression of which is regulated by the proteasome, was reduced. Inhibition of the proteasome with bortezomib (PS-341/Velcade) also rescued CFTR, but with less efficiency, and suppressed NFκB-mediated IL8 activation. The inhibition of the major stress-inducible transcription factor CHOP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein)/GADD153 together with bortezomib was most effective in repressing NFκB-mediated IL8 activation compared with interference of VCP, MLN-273 (proteasome inhibitor), or 4-phenylbutyrate (histone deacetylase inhibitor). Immunoprecipitation of ΔF508-CFTR from primary CF bronchial epithelial cells confirmed the interaction with VCP and associated chaperones in CF. We conclude that VCP is an integral component of ERAD and cellular stress pathways induced by the unfolded protein response and may be central to the efficacy of CF drugs that target the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Relationship between Cytochrome P450 2C19 *2 Polymorphism and Stent Thrombosis following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Chinese Patients Receiving Clopidogrel

This study investigated the relationship between the cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) *2 polymorphism (681A) and definite stent thrombosis (ST) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and receiving clopidogrel (75 mg/day, orally). The CYP2C19 *2 polymorphism status of 1738 Chinese patients with coronary artery disease was examined. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of definite ST during the 180-day follow-up period. The presence of at least one CYP2C19*2 allele was significantly associated with increased ST risk (19 CYP2C19 *2/*2 or *1/*2 patients [2.4%] versus seven homozygous wild-type CYP2C19 *1/*1 patients [0.75%]). The risk of definite ST was highest in patients with the CYP2C19 *2/*2 genotype. The CYP2C19 *2 genotype is associated with an increased risk of definite ST following coronary stent placement among Chinese patients with coronary artery disease receiving clopidogrel.
Pre-Averaging Based Estimation of Quadratic Variation in the Presence of Noise and Jumps

This paper provides theory as well as empirical results for pre-averaging estimators of the daily quadratic variation of asset prices. We derive jump robust inference for pre-averaging estimators, corresponding feasible central limit theorems and an explicit test on serial dependence in microstructure noise. Using transaction data of different stocks traded at the NYSE, we analyze the estimators’ sensitivity to the choice of the pre-averaging bandwidth and suggest an optimal interval length. Moreover, we investigate the dependence of pre-averaging based inference on the sampling scheme, the sampling frequency, microstructure noise properties as well as the occurrence of jumps. As a result of a detailed empirical study we provide guidance for optimal implementation of pre-averaging estimators and discuss potential pitfalls in practice.
Retinoblastoma in Iran: outcomes in terms of patients’ survival and globe survival

Background/aims: Retinoblastoma is a highly malignant eye tumour in children with different survival rates across the world. The aims of this study are to determine the globe and patient survival in children with retinoblastoma in a major referral centre in Iran. Methods: 156 eyes of 105 consecutive patients with retinoblastoma were enrolled from 2001 to 2007. All demographic data, family history, presenting symptoms, duration of symptoms, ocular findings and treatment modalities that were used for the patients were collected. For patient survival, event was defined as death and for globe survival as enucleation. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 28.5 months (unilateral 27.4 months; bilateral 30 months). Five patients had a positive family history. Fifty-two per cent of the cases were unilateral, and 48% were bilateral. The most common presenting sign was leucocoria (64.8%) followed by strabismus (28.2%). Enucleation was done primarily for 75.9% of unilateral cases and 34.3% of bilateral cases. Secondary enucleation was necessary in 5.6% and 7.8% of unilateral and bilaterally involved eyes respectively. Sixty-nine (44.2%) of 156 eyes were salvaged by different globe preserving modalities (unilateral 18.5%; bilateral 57.9%). The Kaplan–Meier survival estimate for globe preservation according to International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) was 100% for group A eyes, 93.5% for group B, 86.7% for group C, 57.1% for group D and 0% for group E eyes. Kaplan–Meier estimates for patients survival were 100% at 1 year, 94.8% at 3 years and 83.1% at 5 years. Conclusion: Progress in methods of treatment, early detection of the disease and prompt referral to specialised centres have led to improved outcomes for patients with retinoblastoma in terms of globe and patients’ survival rates even in developing countries.
The Third Molar as an Age Marker in Adolescents: New Approach to Age Evaluation

Adolescence is a relatively short period between childhood and adulthood. It is very difficult to determine adulthood based on biological indicators. The third molar may be considered a potential age marker for the period between the ages of 16–21. Our study evaluated a set of 1700 panoramic radiographs of individuals aged between 5 and 21 years. Results confirmed the statistically significant difference in the course of third molars development. The mean deviation for individuals with one third molar agenesis is −0.98 years, for individuals with two third molars agenesis −1.89 years, and with three molars agenesis −3.28 years. Thus, the extent of the deviation is directly proportional to the number of unformed third molars. The calculation of age according to the mean of stages of all third molars could lead to the underestimation of age. No intergender differences were found. Age determination using third molars could be used for forensic purposes.
Factors Influencing Consumer Purchasing Patterns of Generic Versus Brand Name Over-the-Counter Drugs

Objectives US consumers spend more than $20 billion/year on over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Although generic and brand name OTC drugs share the same active ingredients and undergo the same rigorous Food and Drug Administration approval process, brand name formulations continue to lead the OTC drug market with a higher market share. There is a limited amount of publicly available information regarding consumer perceptions and awareness about generic and brand name OTC drugs. The main objective of this research was to understand what factors influence US consumers to purchase generic versus brand name OTC drugs. Methods The researchers used a 20-question, self-administered, multiple-choice survey to collect data on the factors influencing consumers’ preferences for generic versus brand name OTC drugs. Results Results revealed that the single most influential factor for participants when purchasing OTC drugs was lower cost. Conclusions Although economic factors play an important role in influencing consumers to choose generic formulations, a variety of other factors including advertisements, duration of the OTC effectiveness, severity of sickness, preferable form of OTC medication, safety of the OTC, relief of multiple symptoms, and preferred company will persuade others to pay more for brand name drugs. Ultimately, increased awareness and use of generic OTC drugs may result in substantial cost savings for consumers.
Characterisation and comparison of Pasteurella multocida isolated from different species in the Czech Republic: capsular PCR typing, ribotyping and dermonecrotoxin production

The aim of this study was to characterise and compare Pasteurella multocida isolates originating from pigs (n = 43), calves (n = 31), rabbits (n = 27), and to a lesser extent from other hosts (n = 6). A total of 107 P. multocida isolates were obtained from various locations in the Czech Republic. They were analysed by capsu - lar PCR typing and ribotyping, and tested for the production of dermonecrotoxin. Most frequently, serogroup A isolates (n = 74) were found, followed by serogroup D ( n = 25) and serogroup F (n = 8) isolates. From a total of fifteen different ribotypes (1-15) generated by restriction endonuclease MspI, four ribotypes (1, 3, 4, and 7) were predominant. The prevalence of predominant ribotypes was different in isolates originating from different hosts. Ribotype 1 was characteristic for rabbit isolates, ribotype 3 was primarily found in pig isolates, and ribotype 7 dominated among calf isolates. Sixteen (mainly porcine) isolates produced dermonecrotoxin but significant cor- relation among ribotypes and dermonecrotoxin production was not observed.
Alteration of monoamine concentrations in the brain of medaka, Oryzias latipes, exposed to tributyltin

We measured the concentrations of monoamines in the brain of Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes, exposed to tributyltin (TBT). Fish were exposed to 0, 1, 5, 25, or 125 μg g−1 of TBT via the diet for 21 days. After the administration period, six males and six females in each treatment group were dissected and their brains were collected. The following monoamines were analyzed: dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT). The metabolites of DA, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanilic acid, and the metabolite of 5‐HT, 5‐hydroxyindolacetic acid were also analyzed. The concentration of DA in the brain of male medaka and the concentrations of 5‐HT and NE in the female brains were significantly decreased by exposure to 125 μg TBT g−1. The concentrations of 5‐HT and NE in males and of DA in females were slightly decreased by 125 μg g−1 of TBT, although the differences were not statistically significant. The present study demonstrates that TBT alters monoamine concentrations in the brain of medaka. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 22: 53–57, 2007.
Chlorzoxazone: a probe drug the metabolism of which can be used to monitor one-point blood sampling in the carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rat

In this study, we have carried out an investigation to determine if chlorzoxazone (CZX) is a suitable probe drug for predicting hepatic injury in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-intoxicated rats. The animals received oral doses of CCl4 (0.25, 0.5 and 1 ml/kg) 24 h prior to intraperitoneal administration of CZX. The total CYP and CYP2E1 content, as well as the aniline and CZX hydroxylase activity (V max and CLint), was reduced depending on the dose of CCl4 administered. At the highest concentration (128 mM) of diethyldithiocarba mate, a specific inhibitor of CYP2E1, the production of 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone (HCZX) in microsomes from CCl4 treated rats was reduced by about 85%. The IC50value in microsomes from CCl4 treated rats was between 3 and 5 M. The production of HCZX and the activity of aniline hydroxylase in CCl4 treated rats correlated with the amount of rat CYP2E1 protein (r =0.881, P <0.001 and r =0.822, P <0.001, respectively). The elimination of CZX by CCl4 treated rats was reduced and the HCXZ production in the CCl4 treated group was less than that in the olive oil-treated control group. The correlations between the intrinsic clearance (CLint:V max /Km) in vitro and the total body clearance (CLtot) of CZX hydroxylation and the elimination half-life (t1/2) of CZX in vivo in CCl4 treated rats were high (r =0.839, P <0.001 and r = 0.828, P <0.001, respectively). In addition, the metabolic plasma HCZX/CZX ratio did not require multiple blood sampling and, 2 h after CZX administration in vivo, there was also a high correlation with the CLint (V max / K m) in vitro (r = 0.909, P<0.01). In conclusion, these results from this study demonstrate that CZX is a good probe for monitoring the inhibition of metabolism in rats due to CCl4 treatment.
Anorexia Nervosa in Hong Kong

Anorexia nervosa is a geographically distinct psychiatric disorder; it is rapidly increasing in incidence in Western countries, while being virtually unreported in China, or in the Chinese community of Hong Kong. This is surprising when the Chinese preoccupation with food and their reported readiness to somatise dysphoria are considered. Three Chinese anorectics born and living in Hong Kong and exhibiting mostly typical clinical features are reported. The rarity of the disorder in the East could be related to protective biological and sociocultural factors specific to the Chinese, and while it may become more common, anorexia nervosa is unlikely to reach Western proportions.
Networking: Communicating with Bodies and Machines in the Nineteenth Century

This compelling interdisciplinary study investigates the scientific and cultural roots of contemporary conceptions of the network, including computer information systems, the human nervous system, and communications technology, demonstrating that the image of the network is actually centuries old. "Networking" places current comparisons of nerve and computer networks in perspective, exploring early analogies linking nerves and telegraphs and demonstrating how 19th-century neurobiologists, engineers, and fiction writers influenced each other s ideas about communication.The interdisciplinary sweep of neuroscientist and literary scholar Laura Otis s book is impressive, focusing simultaneously on literary works by such authors as George Eliot, Bram Stoker, Henry James, and Mark Twain and on the scientific and technological achievements of such pioneers as Luigi Galvani, Hermann von Helmholtz, Charles Babbage, Samuel Morse, and Werner von Siemens. "Networking" will appeal to general readers as well as to scholars in the fields of interdisciplinary studies, 19th-century literature, and the history of science and technology. The paperback edition of the book has been updated with a preface by the author. A sophisticated but jargon-free analysis of the ways in which scientific and technological ideas created novel explanatory metaphors that also became powerful tools for understanding social and natural systems. "Technology and Culture""