Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fractures and Dislocations in Children

This book has been written to serve as a practical guide for emergency room care and is not intended to be comprehensive. The book consists of a brief introduction followed by a discussion of common fractures and dislocations in children arranged in an anatomic fashion. The cause, site, displacement, diagnosis, radiography, treatment (both operative and nonoperative), and complications are outlined for each fracture. The book is profusely illustrated with roentgenograms of excellent quality. In attempting to fulfill the stated purpose of the book, the author has oversimplified his presentation in many areas to the point where his omissions may lead to care detrimental to the patient. This is particularly true in the section on spinal injuries that occupies only six pages. The sequelae of fractures of the spine may be so disabling that further space should be devoted to them, even though they may be uncommon. The discussion of plaster
Reduced allergy rates in atopic eczema to contact allergens used in both skin products and foods: atopy and the ‘hapten‐atopy hypothesis’

Background: Food allergy is strongly associated with atopy. This retrospective study investigates whether atopic status affects responses to contact allergens also found in food. We compared incidences of atopic dermatitis/eczema (AD) in subjects who were patch‐test positive (PT+) to diallyl disulfide from handling garlic and parabens used as a skin cream/ointment and food preservative with the incidence in those subjects who were PT+ to chemicals encountered at skin surfaces (lanolin and nickel).
Are there long-term benefits in following stable heart failure patients in a heart failure clinic?

Objectives and Design. This study describes the long-term outcome of 163 patients with stable mild to moderate heart failure (NYHA II-III), who already were enrolled in a heart failure clinic and now were randomized to continued follow-up in the heart failure (HF) clinic or else to usual care (UC). The primary outcome was unplanned hospitalisations and death, the secondary endpoints were pharmacological therapy, NYHA class, six-minute-walking distances and NT-pro BNP level. Results. At the end of follow-up we found no significant differences in total number of hospitalisation (p = 0.2) or mortality (16% vs. 16%) between the two groups. Patients in the HF clinic cohort achieved a significantly better NYHA score (p < 0.01), significantly longer walking-distances (p = 0.04) and received a significantly higher dose of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (p < 0.001) and beta-blockers (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found on the level of NT-pro BNP (p = 0.4). Conclusions. Patients with mild to moderate HF may benefit from long-term follow-up in a HF clinic in terms of pharmacological therapy and functional status, but we found no significant impact on unplanned hospitalisations or death.
Interlaboratory comparison of a standardized toxicity test using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (ISO 10872)

A ring test was carried out within the standardization process of ISO 10872 to evaluate the precision of the toxicity test for the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Eight different laboratories tested aqueous solutions of the reference substance benzylcetyldimethylammonium chloride as well as native sediments and soils for toxic effects on the growth and reproduction of C. elegans. Validity criteria were met in all laboratories. Average median‐ and low‐effect concentrations were determined to be 15.1 mg L−1 (EC50) and 8.7 mg L−1 (EC10) for growth and 7.5 mg L−1 (EC50) and 3.8 mg L−1 (EC10) for reproduction of C. elegans, with ECx values showing a high degree of reproducibility (CVR: <21% and <11% for EC10 and EC50, respectively) and repeatability (CVr: <20% and <7% for EC10 and EC50, respectively). The toxic effects of the sediments and soils revealed by the different laboratories were well related to each samples' degree of chemical contamination. Moreover, the effects showed an acceptable reproducibility (CVR: 5–33% and 0–28% for growth and reproduction, respectively) and repeatability (CVr: 3–13% and 0–12% for growth and reproduction, respectively). The present study confirms that the toxicity test with C. elegans according to ISO 10872 is a reliable and precise tool to assess the toxicity of aqueous media, freshwater sediments, and soils. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1525–1535. © 2012 SETAC
Phototoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles under solar radiation to two aquatic species: Daphnia magna and Japanese medaka

One target of development and application of TiO2 nanoparticles (nano‐TiO2) is photochemical degradation of contaminants and photo‐killing of microbes and fouling organisms. However, few ecotoxicological studies have focused on this aspect of nano‐TiO2, specifically whether this photoreactivity might significantly increase hazard and risk of the materials in the natural environment. In the present study, we evaluated acute phototoxicity of nano‐TiO2 under simulated solar radiation (SSR) to two aquatic species–Daphnia magna and Japanese medaka, using 48‐h and 96‐h assays, respectively. A thorough characterization of the exposure system was performed by measuring particle agglomeration and TiO2 concentration in suspension in a time‐course manner. Sedimentation and loss of bulk concentration of nano‐TiO2 particles occurred at all concentrations above 2 mg/L and was more significant as concentration increased. Phototoxicity of nano‐TiO2 under SSR was enhanced by two to four orders of magnitude as compared to toxicity under ambient laboratory light, with a 48‐h median lethal concentration (LC50) of 29.8 µg/L in D. magna and a 96‐h LC50 of 2.2 mg/L in medaka. Our results also indicate that these effects are dependent on simultaneous exposure of the organisms to nanoparticles and SSR. This dramatic increase in toxicity of nano‐TiO2 at environmentally realistic levels of SSR indicates the need to incorporate this mode of action into risk assessment for nano‐TiO2 and other photoreactive nanomaterials. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1621–1629. © 2012 SETAC
Specific in vitro toxicity of crude and refined petroleum products: II. Estrogen (α and β) and androgen receptor‐mediated responses in yeast assays

The present study is the second in a series aiming at a systematic inventory of specific toxic effects of oils. By employing a recombinant yeast stably transfected with human estrogen receptor‐α (ERα) or ‐β (ERβ) or androgen receptor (AR) and expressing yeast enhanced green fluorescent protein, the (anti‐)estrogenicity and (anti‐)androgenicity of 11 crude oils and refined products were studied. None of the oils tested had significant estrogenic effects in the ERα assay or androgenic effects in the AR assay. However, all oils were capable of inducing estrogenic responses in the ERβ assay, with several responses being above even the maximal response of the standard 17β‐estradiol (E2). Based on the lowest effect concentrations, the potencies of oils in all the assays were between four and seven orders of magnitude lower than those of the standards E2 or testosterone (T). The potencies of the actual individual petrochemical agonists may, however, be relatively high, considering the complex composition of oils. Additive effects, antagonistic effects, and a synergistic effect were measured in the assays upon coexposure to a fixed concentration of standard (E2 or T) and increasing concentrations of oils. To investigate whether the observed effects were receptor‐mediated, coexposures to the synthetic inhibitors ICI 182,780 (ERβ assay) or flutamide (AR assay), a fixed concentration of standard, and various concentrations of oils were performed. The results suggested that the androgenic effects were receptor mediated, whereas the estrogenic effects may be only partially mediated via the receptor. The present study indicates that oils contain compounds with possible endocrine‐disrupting potential, some of them acting via the hormone receptors. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1529–1536. © 2010 SETAC
Exploring effects of remote ischemic preconditioning in a pig model of hypothermic circulatory arrest

Abstract Objectives. During aortic and cardiac surgery, risks for mortality and morbidity are inevitable. Surgical setups involving deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) are effective to achieve organ protection against ischemic injury. The aim of this study was to identify humoural factors mediating additive protective effects of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) in a porcine model of DHCA. Design. Twenty-two pigs were randomized into the RIPC group (n = 11) and the control group (n = 11). The RIPC group underwent four 5-minute hind limb ischemia-reperfusion cycles prior to cardiopulmonary bypass and DHCA. All animals underwent identical surgical procedures including 60 min DHCA at 18 °C. Blood samples were collected from vena cava and sagittal sinus at several time points. After the 8-hour follow-up period, the brain, heart, and kidney tissue samples were collected for tissue analyses. Results. Serum levels of brain damage marker S100B recovered faster in the RIPC group, after 4 hours of the arrest, (p < .05). Systemic lactate levels were lower and cardiac index was higher in the RIPC group postoperatively. Immunohistochemical cerebellum regional scores of antioxidant response regulator Nrf2 were better in the RIPC group (mean: 1.1, IQR: 0.0–2.5) compared with the control group (mean: 0.0, IQR: 0.0–0.0), reaching borderline statistical significance (p = .064). RIPC induced detectable modulations of plasma proteome and metabolites. Conclusions. The faster recovery of S100B, lower systemic lactate levels and favourable regional antioxidant response suggest possible neuronal cellular and mitochondrial protection by RIPC, whereas better cardiac index underlines functional effects of RIPC. The exact humoural factor remains unclear.
Social inequality and barriers to cardiac rehabilitation in the rehab-North register

Abstract Aim. Barriers to participation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) may occur at three levels of the referral process (lack of information, declining to participate, and referral to appropriate CR programme). The aim is to analyse the impact of socioeconomic status on barriers to CR and investigate whether such barriers influenced the choice of referral. Methods. The Rehab-North Register, a cross-sectional study, enrolled 5455 patients hospitalised at Aalborg University Hospital with myocardial infarction (MI) during 2011-2014. Patients hospitalised with ST-elevated MI and complicated non-ST-elevated MI were to be sent to specialized CR, whereas patients with uncomplicated non-ST-elevated MI and unstable angina pectoris were to be sent to community-based CR. Detailed selected socioeconomic information was gathered from statistical registries in Statistics Denmark. Data was assessed using logistic regression. Results. Patients being retired, low educated, and/or with an annual gross income <27.000 Euro/yr were significantly less informed about cardiac rehabilitation programmes. Patients being older than 70 years, retired, low educated and/or with an annual gross income <27.000 Euro were significantly less willing to participate in CR. Further, this patient population were to a higher extent referred to community-based CR. Conclusion. Patients with low socioeconomic status received less information about and were less willing to participate in cardiac rehabilitation. The same patient population was to a higher extent referred to community-based CR. Knowledge about barriers at different levels and the impact of social inequality may help in tailoring a better approach in the referral process to CR.
Oxytetracycline interactions at the soil–water interface: Effects of environmental surfaces on natural transformation and growth inhibition of Azotobacter vinelandii

The mechanism of oxytetracycline (OTC) adsorption to a silty clay loam soil was investigated using sorption isotherm experiments, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Sorption data fit well to a cation‐exchange capacity sorption model. Spectroscopic data indicate that the interactions between oxytetracycline and silty clay loam soil were primarily through electrostatic interactions between the protonated dimethylamino group of OTC and the negatively charged moieties on the surface of the soil. Based on XRD results, OTC adsorption appeared to inhibit the ethylene glycol solvation of the expandable clay minerals, suggesting that OTC had diffused into the clay interlayer space. The presence of adsorbed OTC did not significantly affect the transformation frequency of the soil bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii with plasmid DNA (soil alone 3 × 106 ± 4 × 106 and soil with adsorbed OTC 4 × 106 ± 0.5 × 106). Growth was inhibited by adsorbed OTC, although a greater mass of adsorbed OTC was required to achieve the same degree of inhibition as the system of dissolved OTC alone. These results suggest that the interactions of tetracyclines at the soil–water interface will affect the growth of sensitive microorganisms in soil microbial communities. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2217–2224. © 2012 SETAC
Chronokinetic study of cefalexin in postprandial and fasting volunteers

Few researches were conducted on the circadian variation of β-lactam antibiotics in humans. The aim of the present study was to determine whether circadian variation of cefalexin pharmacokinetics exists in postprandial or fasting male volunteers. Cefalexin was given orally to subjects under postprandial conditions or after an 8-h fast, at 08:00 or 20:00 h. In experiment 1, after the oral dose under postprandial conditions, time-dependent changes in cephalexin pharmacokinetics were significant. The elimination half-life (t 1/2) was prolonged obviously and thepeak serum concentration (C max) was higher after the 20:00 h compared to the 08:00 h administration. However, in experiment 2, no significant differences were found in the main pharmacokinetic parameters of cephalexin administered at two occasions after fasting. It is concluded that in this study, time of administration may affect the pharmacokinetics of cephalexin under the postprandial condition, and fasting may suppress the diurnal variations in cefalexin pharmacokinetics.
THE BLOOD LIPOIDS IN DIABETES

With an excess of fat diabetes begins and from an excess of fat diabetics die. In 45 per cent. of our diabetic cases an increase of body fat preceded the onset of the disease, and in 60 per cent, of the fatal cases abnormalities of fat metabolism resulting in acidosis caused death. Such facts show the need for an intensive investigation of fat metabolism in diabetes. The importance of the problem is further manifest when it is realized that there are approximately 1,000,000 individuals in the United States who either have or will have diabetes before they die. As a preliminary to the investigation of fat metabolism a knowledge of the fat in the blood is essential. Save for Bloor's series of thirty-eight accurately analyzed diabetic bloods no extensive data of this sort exist. For this reason, and to serve as a basis for further work, during the last eight
Family Structure and the Treatment of Childhood Asthma

Background:Family structure is known to influence children's behavioral, educational, and cognitive outcomes, and recent studies suggest that family structure affects children's access to health care as well. However, no study has addressed whether family structure is associated with the care children receive for particular conditions or with their physical health outcomes. Objective:To assess the effects of family structure on the treatment and outcomes of children with asthma. Methods:Our data sources were the 1996–2003 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) and the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). The study samples consisted of children 2–17 years of age with asthma who lived in single-mother or 2-parent families. We assessed the effect of number of parents and number of other children in the household on office visits for asthma and use of asthma medications using negative binomial regression, and we assessed the effect of family structure on the severity of asthma symptoms using binary and ordinal logistic regression. Our regression models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, parental experience in child-rearing and in caring for an asthmatic child and, when appropriate, measures of children's health status. Results:Asthmatic children in single-mother families had fewer office visits for asthma and filled fewer prescriptions for controller medications than children with 2 parents. In addition, children living in families with 3 or more other children had fewer office visits and filled fewer prescriptions for reliever and controller medications than children living with no other children. Children from single-mother families had more health difficulties from asthma than children with 2 parents, and children living with 2 or more other children were more likely to have an asthma attack in the past 12 months than children living with no other children. Conclusions:For children with asthma, living with a single mother and the presence of additional children in the household are associated with less treatment for asthma and worse asthma outcomes.
Meta-analysis confirms an association between gout and a common variant of LRRC16A locus

Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan, Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, Ryougoku East Gate Clinic, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan, and Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Jikei
Subsidence of total ankle component associated with deterioration of an ankle scale in non-inflammatory arthritis but not in rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract Objectives: Modern three-component total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) has favorable clinical results and survival rates. However, radiographic deterioration and worsening of clinical symptoms may occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or non-inflammatory arthritis (NA). The associations between outcomes and clinical and radiological factors are not clear. We compared midterm clinical and radiographic outcomes after TAA between patients with RA and those with NA. Methods: Twenty-six TAAs were performed using a three-component prosthesis, the FINE Total Ankle System during the study period. Fourteen TAAs with 11 RA patients undergoing primary TAA were compared with twelve TAAs with 12 NA patients. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were evaluated before and after operation, and at the final follow-up. Results: The Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot (JSSF) scale improved significantly following TAA in both groups (p = 0.0039 and 0.0156, respectively). Tibial subsidence, talar subsidence and age were significantly associated with postoperative JSSF score only in the NA group (p = 0.0027, 0.0017 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Stepwise regression analysis showed that talar subsidence was an independent predictor of a worse JSSF score in the NA group (F = 10.3). Conclusions: The final clinical outcome was negatively influenced by talar subsidence in patients with NA, but not in those with RA.
Experimental characterization of the mechanism of perfluorocarboxylic acids' liver protein bioaccumulation: The key role of the neutral species

Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) of chain length greater than seven carbon atoms bioconcentrate in the livers of fish. However, a mechanistic cause for the empirically observed increase in the bioconcentration potential of PFCAs as a function of chain length has yet to be determined. To this end, recombinant rat liver fatty acid‐binding protein (L‐FABP) was purified, and its interaction with PFCAs was characterized in an aqueous system at pH 7.4. Relative binding affinities of L‐FABP with PFCAs of carbon chain lengths of five to nine were established fluorimetrically. The energetics, mechanism, and stoichiometry of the interaction of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with L‐FABP were examined further by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and electrospray ionization combined with tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS). Perfluorooctanoic acid was shown to bind to L‐FABP with an affinity approximately an order of magnitude less than the natural ligand, oleic acid, and to have at least 3:1 PFOA:L‐FABP stoichiometry. Two distinct modes of PFOA binding to L‐FABP were observed by ESI‐MS/MS analysis; in both cases, PFOA binds solely as the neutral species under typical physiological pH and aqueous concentrations of the anion. A comparison of their chemical and physical properties with other well‐studied biologically relevant chemicals showed that accumulation of PFCAs in proteins as the neutral species is predictable. For example, the interaction of PFOA with L‐FABP is almost identical to that of the acidic ionizing drugs ketolac, ibuprofen, and warfarin that show specificity to protein partitioning with a magnitude that is proportional to the KOW (octanol–water partitioning) of the neutral species. The experimental results suggest that routine pharmacochemical models may be applicable to predicting the protein‐based bioaccumulation of long‐chain PFCAs. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010; 29:1669–1677. © 2010 SETAC
Perceived Discrimination in Health Care and Health Status in a Racially Diverse Sample

Background:Despite the surge of recent research on the association between perceived discrimination and health-related outcomes, few studies have focused on race-based discrimination encountered in health care settings. This study examined the prevalence of such discrimination, and its association with health status, for the 3 largest race/ethnic groups in the United States. Methods:Data were drawn from the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. The primary variables were perceived racial discrimination in health care and self-reported health status. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare the prevalence of perceived discrimination for whites, African Americans, and Hispanics, and to examine the association between perceived discrimination and health status, controlling for sex, age, income, education, health care coverage, affordability of medical care, racial salience, and state. Results:Perceived discrimination was reported by 2%, 5.2%, and 10.9% of whites, Hispanics, and African Americans, respectively. Only the difference between African Americans and whites remained significant in adjusted analyses [odds ratio (OR) = 3.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.46–4.21]. Racial/ethnic differences in perceived discrimination depended on income, education, health care coverage, and affordability of medical care. Perceived discrimination was associated with worse health status for the overall sample (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.35–2.16). Stratified analyses revealed that this relationship was significant for whites (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.45–2.77) and African Americans (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.39–2.73), but not for Hispanics (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.24–1.22). Conclusions:Perceived racial discrimination in health care is much more prevalent for African Americans than for whites or Hispanics. Furthermore, such discrimination is associated with worse health both for African Americans and for whites.