Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE ARECIBO LEGACY FAST ALFA SURVEY. X. THE H i MASS FUNCTION AND FROM THE 40% ALFALFA SURVEY

The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) survey has completed source extraction for 40% of its total sky area, resulting in the largest sample of H i-selected galaxies to date. We measure the H i mass function from a sample of 10,119 galaxies with and with well-described mass errors that accurately reflect our knowledge of low-mass systems. We characterize the survey sensitivity and its dependence on profile velocity width, the effect of large-scale structure, and the impact of radio frequency interference in order to calculate the H i mass function with both the 1/Vmax and 2DSWML methods. We also assess a flux-limited sample to test the robustness of the methods applied to the full sample. These measurements are in excellent agreement with one another; the derived Schechter function parameters are ϕ* (h370 Mpc−3 dex−1) = 4.8 ± 0.3 × 10−3, log (M*/M☉) + 2 log h70 = 9.96 ± 0.02, and α = −1.33 ± 0.02. We find 4.3 ± 0.3 ×10−4 h−170, 16% larger than the 2005 HIPASS result, and our Schechter function fit extrapolated to = 11.0 predicts an order of magnitude more galaxies than HIPASS. The larger values of and of M* imply an upward adjustment for estimates of the detection rate of future large-scale H i line surveys with, e.g., the Square Kilometer Array. A comparison with simulated galaxies from the Millennium Run and a treatment of photoheating as a method of baryon removal from H i-selected halos indicate that the disagreement between dark matter mass functions and baryonic mass functions may soon be resolved.
Use of a High Resolution Melting Assay to Analyze HIV Diversity in HIV-infected Ugandan Children

Background: We used a novel high resolution melting (HRM) diversity assay to analyze HIV diversity in Ugandan children (age 0.6–12.4 years) who were enrolled in an observational study of antiretroviral treatment (ART). Children were maintained on ART if they were clinically and immunologically stable. Methods: HIV diversity was measured before ART (baseline) in 76 children and after 48 or 96 weeks of ART in 14 children who were not virally suppressed. HIV diversity (expressed as HRM scores) was measured in 6 regions of the HIV genome (2 in gag, 1 in pol, 3 in env). Results: Higher baseline HRM scores were significantly associated with older age (≥2 years, P ⩽ 0.001 for all 6 regions). HRM scores from different regions were weakly correlated. Higher baseline HRM scores in 3 regions (1 in gag, 2 in env) were associated with ART failure. HIV diversity was lower in 4 regions (2 in gag, 1 in pol, 1 in env) after 48–96 weeks of nonsuppressive ART compared with baseline. Conclusions: Higher levels of HIV diversity were observed in older children before ART, and higher levels of diversity in some regions of the HIV genome were associated with ART failure. Prolonged exposure to nonsuppressive ART was associated with a significant decrease in viral diversity in selected regions of the HIV genome.
Sleep Beliefs Scale (SBS) and circadian typology

The aim of this work was to present the Sleep Beliefs Scale (SBS), a 20‐item reviewed version of the Sleep Hygiene Awareness by Lacks and Rotert [Behav. Res. Ther. , 1986 , 28: 104–112]. We also examined for the first time the influence of circadian typology in sleep beliefs. Voluntary and unpaid psychology students participated in the study (n = 510; 182 men and 328 women), from Italy and Spain, aged between 18 and 33 (22.80 ± 4.14 years). The mean score of SBS was 13.05 (SD = 3.46; range 2–20) in the total sample, with a distribution positive skewness to high score (correct beliefs) (Z = 1.82; P = 0.003). The internal consistency was good (Cronbach's α = 0.714) and factor analysis extracted three factors labelled ‘Sleep‐incompatible behaviours’ (eight items), ‘Sleep–wake cycle behaviours’ (seven items) and ‘Thoughts and attitudes to sleep’ (five items). Circadian typology influences the total score and that of the three factors, as well the majority of the items that compose the SBS. The morning‐type showed the best scores, the evening‐type the worst, and the neither‐type the medium scores. Moreover, in the men sample, the differences between circadian typology groups were higher than in the women sample. The SBS showed good psychometric properties; however, further studies in other countries, with clinical and non‐student samples, and more aged subjects are needed so as to validate this psychometric instrument. The circadian typology is an individual difference that presented significant relationships with the sleep beliefs, the possibility of the evening‐type being a risk factor for a worse sleep hygiene, and the maintenance of sleep problems such as insomnia may all be investigated in depth in future research.
Fishnet metamaterial with double negative refractive index in blue region of visible spectrum

By optimizing the shape and scale of perforations as well as the depth of different layers, we obtained a metal- dielectric-metal double fishnet metamaterial with an unbroken 38-nm bandwidth of negative refractive index in visible spectrum, spaning from 459 to 497 nm. Moreover, the real parts of permittivity and permeability of this metamaterial are simultaneously negative from 460 to 478 nm in wavelength, reaching a frequency band as high as to the blue region - a territory that has never been explored before in visible spectrum.
How Mucosal Epithelia Deal with Stress: Role of NKG2D/NKG2D Ligands during Inflammation

Mucosal epithelia encounter both physicochemical and biological stress during their life and have evolved several mechanisms to deal with them, including regulation of immune cell functions. Stressed and damaged cells need to be cleared to control local inflammation and trigger tissue healing. Engagement of the activating NKG2D receptor is one of the most direct mechanisms involved in the recognition of stressed cells by the immune system. Indeed, injured cells promptly express NKG2D ligands that in turn mediate the activation of lymphocytes of both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. This review focuses on different conditions that are able to modulate NKG2D ligand expression on the epithelia. Special attention is given to the mechanisms of immunosurveillance mediated by natural killer cells, which are finely tuned by NKG2D. Different types of stress, including viral and bacterial infections, chronic inflammation, and cigarette smoke exposure, are discussed as paradigmatic conditions for NKG2D ligand modulation, and the implications for tissue homeostasis are discussed.
Foucault and the history of madness

“I am not a professional historian; nobody is perfect. ” Michel Foucault fougault among the historians – part i Foucault's work always had an ambivalent relation to established academic disciplines, but almost all his books are at least superficially classifiable as histories. His first major work, in particular, seems to proclaim its status in the title: Histoire de la folie a l'age classique . One plausible way of trying to understand and evaluate this seminal book is by assessing its status as a work of history. The reactions of professional historians to Histoire de la foile seem, at first reading, sharply polarized. There are many acknowledgments of its seminal role, beginning with Robert Mandrou's early review in Annales , characterizing it as a “beautiful book” that will be “of central importance for our understanding of the Classical period. ” Twenty years later, Michael MacDonald confirmed Mandrou's prophecy: “Anyone who writes about the history of insanity in early modern Europe must travel in the spreading wake of Michel Foucault's famous book, Madness and Civilization . ” Later endorsements have been even stronger. Jan Goldstein: “For both their empirical content and their powerful theoretical perspectives, the works of Michel Foucault occupy a special and central place in the historiography of psychiatry. ” Roy Porter: “Time has proved Madness and Civilization far the most penetrating work ever written on the history of madness. ” More specifically, Foucault has recently been heralded as a prophet of “the new cultural history. ”
Surgical Management of Cephalic Arch Occlusive Lesions: Are There Predictors for Outcomes?

Cephalic arch lesions are common cause for dysfunction of brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistulas. For lesions resistant or not amenable to endovascular interventions, we used a term “cephalic arch occlusive lesions” (CAO) that included cephalic arch total occlusion, frequently recurrent stenosis (requiring angioplasty in <3‐month intervals), high‐grade elastic stenosis (residual stenosis >50% after angioplasty), or other lesions not amenable to endovascular interventions. Herein, we report 40 patients who underwent surgical revisions for total occlusions (17/40), frequently recurrent stenosis (17/40), high‐grade elastic stenosis (5/40), and zigzag stenosis (1/40). The revisions included cephalic transposition and venovenostomy (CTV = 37/40), basilic transposition and venovenostomy (1/40), stenotic segment resection (1/40), and cephalic‐jugular vein bypass graft (1/40). At 12‐month post‐CTV, the primary patency of the transposed cephalic vein, the fistula assisted primary and secondary patency rates were 25%, 82% and 97%, respectively. Notably, pre‐CTV angioplasty of the proximal cephalic vein was the only significant predictor for the low primary patency rate (hazard ratio 4.5, p = 0.002). Accordingly, the primary patency rates were 12% and 58% in patients with and without pre‐CTV angioplasty, respectively. In summary, surgical interventions are effective in salvaging fistulas complicated with CAO. Importantly, pre‐CTV angioplasty of the proximal cephalic vein might adversely affect the outcome of CTV.
Welfare to Vote: The Effect of Government Spending on Turnout

Abstract Why turnout levels vary so considerably between countries remains a puzzle in the literature. In recent years, many scholars have moved beyond the exclusive focus on individual-level factors to examine how institutions affect voter participation. However, a contextual factor that has been largely overlooked in the literature is the role of the state involvement in the economy. In this paper, we attempt to redress this gap by examining the impact of welfare spending on voter participation. High levels of education tend to lower the costs associated with voting, and we therefore expect turnout to be higher in welfare states where mass education is provided freely to the citizenry and where resources in general are redistributed more equally. Further, we examine how individual-level patterns of voting vary across different levels of welfare spending. Since voting is less costly for the general population in welfare states, we argue that political information and partisanship are likely to be more important in determining an individual’s likelihood to vote, relative to socio-economic factors such as income. We test these hypotheses using data from Modules 1 and 2 of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES), compromising of 57 democratic elections held in 34 countries. First, we look at the aggregate relationships between turnout and the economy. Thereafter, we employ at two-step hierarchical modeling approach to show that the impact of political information and partisanship on turnout vary according to the level of welfare spending. The empirical investigation demonstrates that government welfare spending has a positive effect on turnout and enhances the individual-level effects of information and partisanship.
Independent effects of maternal age and birth order on the incidence of selected congenital malformations.

Incidence rates, specific for maternal age and birth order, were calculated for 16 categories of congenital malformations reported on birth certificates from a population of more than 8 million registered, white, single livebirths. With maternal age held constant, none of the malformations showed increasing incidence as birth order increased. Hypospadias, esophageal defects, omphalocele, and Down syndrome showed evidence of decreasing incidence as birth order increased. Some of the other malformation categories showed an excess of 1st births in most age groups, while no relation to birth order was observed in the incidence of other malformations. By contrast, most of the malformations analyzed exhibited increasing incidence as maternal age increased. Especially high rates of several malformations were observed among 1st births to women over age 40.
Cardio-respiratory response to treadmill exercise in normal children.

1. Studies have been made of the response to running on a treadmill in forty boys and girls aged 5–15 years. 2. Each child was studied at two consecutive levels of steady-state work representing about 50% and 80% of his physical working capacity. Cardiac output was measured by the Indirect (CO 2 ) Fick method. 3. The cardiac and ventilatory responses to exercise were similar to those seen during cycling on an ergometer except that the heart rate and the respiratory exchange ratio were a little lower. Stroke volume was the same. 4. The responses of children to running and cycling are discussed and the similarity to the responses of adults is noted.
Characteristics of patients with stage III colon adenocarcinoma who fail to receive guideline‐recommended treatment

Many patients with stage III colon adenocarcinoma do not receive adjuvant chemotherapy despite the proven survival advantage it offers. To enhance the provision of optimal cancer care, patient characteristics associated with not receiving guideline‐adherent treatment must be identified among patients with operable, stage III colon adenocarcinoma.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children: prenatal and early infancy risk factors among native canadians.

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasingly being observed among children and youth, including the Native population of Canada. Only one study has investigated prenatal and early infancy risk factors for the disease. METHODS A case-control study was conducted; 46 patients younger than 18 years were recruited from the only clinical center for the treatment of diabetes serving the province of Manitoba, and 92 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited from a pediatric ambulatory clinic serving a large Native population in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Information on exposure to prenatal and early infancy risk factors was obtained through questionnaires administered by a Native nurse-interviewer. RESULTS Multiple logistic regression modeling identified preexisting diabetes (odds ratio [OR], 14.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.86-72.5), gestational diabetes (OR, 4.40; 95% CI, 1.38-14.1), and breastfeeding longer than 12 months (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.13-0.99) as significant independent predictors of diabetic status. Other factors, such as low (<2500 g) and high (>4000 g) birth weight and maternal obesity, were also associated with diabetes in our population, but the elevated risks were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Breastfeeding reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes among Native Canadian children and should be promoted as a potential intervention to control the disease.
Combination therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis

A number of agents have been shown to reduce the risk of fractures in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. However, the additional benefits of combination therapy as opposed to monotherapy are uncertain. We performed a MEDLINE search and reviewed the published randomized trials of agents used in combination. Combination therapy results in greater gains in bone mineral density than monotherapy and possibly greater effects on bone turnover. However, none of these studies are large enough or of sufficient duration to determine whether a greater reduction in fracture is achieved. Combination therapy has important cost implications and is likely to be associated with an increased prevalence of adverse events, reduced tolerability and a reduction in adherence. Furthermore, over‐suppression of bone turnover as a result of combination antiresorptive therapy might have adverse effects on bone strength, particularly with long‐term treatment. Thus, the use of combination therapy for treatment of osteoporosis cannot be recommended on the basis of currently available evidence.
An SDN orchestrator for cloud data center: System design and experimental evaluation

The high volatility of Virtual Machine (VM) deployments, the unpredictable traffic patterns, and the oversubscription of Data Center (DC) network links give rise to new challenges in data delivery operations in cloud DCs. These challenges can be addressed through a flexible and agile control of DC networks, which is also coordinated, i.e., orchestrated, with the management of computing resources to improve the usage of DC resources while effectively meeting user demands. In this regard, the Software‐Defined Network (SDN) paradigm can play a key role thanks to automated and multi‐granular network control operations and to a more effective interworking with applications (e.g., cloud management platforms). This paper presents an SDN‐based orchestrator able to coordinate the provision of both cloud and network services while jointly arranging VMs and delivery path allocations based on the current load. This approach assures a proper network resource utilization as well as the convey of VM data across the DC network with better than best‐effort quality. A prototype is presented with focus on the software design and on the orchestration strategies exploiting measurement‐based load estimation mechanisms. The orchestrator has been thoroughly evaluated through a comprehensive set of experiments carried out using a cloud DC testbed. Results show the effectiveness of the proposed SDN‐based orchestration approach and the impact of the orchestration strategies on the DC resource utilization.
Prevalence of Depression among Asian‐Americans

The dearth of population-based studies and epidemiological investigations on the mental health problems of Asian-Americans, especially since the change in the immigration laws in 1965, has led to contradictory speculations about the prevalence rates of mental illness and the general mental health status among Asian-Americans, as opposed to other segments of the population. We administered the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale to 499 samples drawn from a Northwestern coastal city in order to make an initial assessment of the amount of depression experienced by Asian-Americans. The investigation compared the Asian-Americans' CES-D scores with those of whites and other minority groups, examined the scale's patterns of factor loading by ethnicity, and discovered that, even with statistical controls, there exists a distinction among the individual groups of Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese, and Koreans with respect to their score averages of depressive symptoms.
“Arias‐Stella reaction”‐like changes in endocervical glandular epithelium in cervical smears during pregnancy and postpartum states—a potential diagnostic pitfall

A wide spectrum of histologic changes has been described throughout the female genital tract during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. Of these, the endometrial glandular changes referred to as the Arias‐Stella reaction have classically been a diagnostic pitfall in histologic sections. Pregnancy‐related changes are also reflected in cytologic material obtained from the cervix and vagina. Both glandular and stromal alterations may be seen. The changes involving endocervical glandular epithelium are often alarming enough to cause diagnostic difficulties, especially when the history of pregnancy is not provided. We report 13 cases where marked glandular changes led to diagnostic misinterpretations. These were characterized by cyto‐ and karyomegaly, a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, round to oval nuclei with smudgy chromatin imparting a ground glass appearance, frequent intranuclear inclusions, and vacuolated to dense variable cytoplasm. The cytologic diagnoses ranged from “glandular atypia” to “suspicious for adenocarcinoma. ” Follow‐up was available in 11/13 cases. In 9/11 cases, subsequent cervical smears on multiple occasions were negative. Cervical biopsies and/or dilatation and curettage in 4/11 cases did not show significant glandular abnormalities. The glandular changes encountered in cytologic material were similar to those described histologically in the Arias‐Stella reaction involving the cervix. This similarity and the fact that these changes disappeared upon termination of the pregnancy favors the presumption that they represent the Arias‐Stella reaction. Awareness of these changes during pregnancy and postpartum may prevent interpretive errors and unnecessary surgical procedures. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;14:349–355. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of Inflammatory and Immune Response Biomarkers in Sputum and Exhaled Breath Condensate by a Multi-Parametric Biochip Array in Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterized by high levels of cytokines and chemokines in the airways, producing chronic inflammation. Non-invasive biomarkers, which are also specific for the inflammatory and immune responses, are urgently needed to identify exacerbations and evaluate therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of sputum and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) biomarker changes with clinical exacerbation and response to therapy. We studied the simultaneous presence and concentration of twelve cytokines and growth factors (EGF, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, MCP-1, TNF-α and VEGF) by a multi-parametric biochip array in sputum and EBC of 24 CF patients before, after 6 and 15 days of therapy, and 15 days after the end of treatment for an acute exacerbation. Correlations with functional respiratory tests (FEV1, FVC) and the systemic marker C-reactive protein (CRP) were looked for. In sputum, before therapy, VEGF and IL-1β levels positively correlated with the respiratory function and CRP. Sputum IL-1α, IL-1β IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α, and VEGF significantly decreased, while EGF increased, during therapy. IL-8 and IL-4 levels negatively correlated with the respiratory function at 15 and 30 days from the start of therapy, respectively. IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α positively correlated with CRP during therapy. Although some EBC biomarkers correlated with respiratory function and CRP, no significant associations with these clinical parameters were found. Sputum IL-1β and VEGF might be considered biomarkers of an acute exacerbation in CF patients. A panel of sputum cytokines and growth factors may better describe the response to intravenous antibiotic treatment of CF than one single systemic marker.