Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Magnetic field at a jet base: extreme Faraday rotation in 3C 273 revealed by ALMA

Aims. We studied the polarization behavior of the quasar 3C 273 over the 1 mm wavelength band at ALMA with a total bandwidth of 7.5 GHz across 223–243 GHz at 0.8′′ resolution, corresponding to 2.1 kpc at the distance of 3C 273. With these observations we were able to probe the optically thin polarized emission close to the jet base, and constrain the magnetic field structure. Methods. We computed the Faraday rotation measure using simple linear fitting and Faraday rotation measure synthesis. In addition, we modeled the broadband behavior of the fractional Stokes Q and U parameters (qu-fitting). The systematic uncertainties in the polarization observations at ALMA were assessed through Monte Carlo simulations. Results. We find the unresolved core of 3C 273 to be 1.8% linearly polarized. We detect a very high rotation measure (RM) of (5.0 ± 0.3) × 105 rad m−2 over the 1 mm band when assuming a single polarized component and an external RM screen. This results in a rotation of >40° of the intrinsic electric vector position angle, which is significantly higher than typically assumed for millimeter wavelengths. The polarization fraction increases as a function of wavelength, which according to our qu-fitting could be due to multiple polarized components of different Faraday depth within our beam or to internal Faraday rotation. With our limited wavelength coverage we cannot distinguish between the cases, and additional multifrequency and high angular resolution observations are needed to determine the location and structure of the magnetic field of the Faraday active region. Comparing our RM estimate with values obtained at lower frequencies, the RM increases as a function of observing frequency, following a power law with an index of 2.0 ± 0.2, consistent with a sheath surrounding a conically expanding jet. We also detect ~0.2% circular polarization, although further observations are needed to confirm this result.
FOREST ESTABLISHMENT AND WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS AS INFLUENCED BY SPOIL TYPE ON A LOOSE- GRADED SURFACE MINE IN EASTERN KENTUCKY

Six research plots were established on a surface mine for the purpose of evaluating the forest productivity potential and hydrological and water quality characteristics of three different loose-graded spoil types. The three spoil types were: (1) predominately brown, weathered sandstone (BROWN); (2) predominately gray, un-weathered sandstone (GRAY); and (3) mixed weathered and un-weathered sandstones and shale material (MIXED). The average area of the six plots was approximately 3,658 m 2 . The physical and chemical soil characteristics that gave the BROWN spoil type a predictably higher productivity potential and natural regeneration than the GRAY and MIXED spoil were its finer soil texture, higher CEC and P concentration, and a pH that was more suitable for native hardwood trees. Four species of tree seedlings were planted into the spoils. Growth and survival of the planted trees were evaluated for three years. As an indicator of natural succession potential, percentage ground cover of volunteer vegetation on the three spoil types was also evaluated. By the third year (2007) after planting, the BROWN spoil type had a significantly higher average tree volume index than the MIXED spoil and MIXED was significantly higher than GRAY. Ground cover from natural regeneration was found to be 66.4% on the BROWN spoil (61 different species), 5.8% on the MIXED spoil (35 different species), and less than 2.0% on the GRAY spoil (12 different species). Results showed that the loose-graded spoil in this experiment was characterized by low discharge volumes, small peak discharges, and long durations of discharge and had hydrologic characteristics of a forested watershed, even at this early stage of development. Generally, concentrations of Ca, Mg, and SO4 2- decreased over time in GRAY and MIXED and increased in BROWN. The pH of the water discharge from all three spoil types has increased from about 7.5 to 8.5. Although the average electrical conductivity (EC) in water discharged from the BROWN spoil remained relatively level during the study period, the GRAY and MIXED appears to be on a downward trajectory from about 1500 µS cm -1 to about 500 µS cm -1 . The latter value of EC has been reported as the apparent threshold at which the benthic invertebrate community returns to drastically disturbed headwater streams of eastern Kentucky and adjacent coal-producing Appalachian states.
Green nanobiotechnology: factors affecting synthesis and characterization techniques

Nanobiotechnology is gaining tremendous impetus in this era owing to its ability to modulate metals into their nanosize, which efficiently changes their chemical, physical, and optical properties. Accordingly, considerable attention is being given to the development of novel strategies for the synthesis of different kinds of nanoparticles of specific composition and size using biological sources. However, most of the currently available techniques are expensive, environmentally harmful, and inefficient with respect to materials and energy use. Several factors such as the method used for synthesis, pH, temperature, pressure, time, particle size, pore size, environment, and proximity greatly influence the quality and quantity of the synthesized nanoparticles and their characterization and applications. Additionally, characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles is essential to their potential use in various drug delivery and biomedical applications.The present review highlights various parameters affecting the synthesis of nanoparticles by green nanobiotechnology and different techniques used for characterizing the nanoparticles for their potential use in biomedical and environmental applications.
Perceived Service Quality, Perceived Value for Money, Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention: An Evaluation on Private University Services

Repurchase intention is a very important goal for private universities in the very high competition in the world of education today with fellow private universities and state universities. The students' decision to do repurchase intention is influenced by many factors. The success of private universities in identifying and focusing the university's marketing and development strategies based on those factors will greatly determine the sustainability of the universities’ business. Therefore, this study investigated the private university customers' perception of quality and value for money and its effect on satisfaction and students’ repurchase intention. A causal design survey was applied out of 150 students of private universities in Jakarta, Indonesia. The Partial Least Square (PLS) was employed to analyze the data. The research outcome signified that there was a direct positive effect of perceived value for money on satisfaction, perceived service quality on perceived value for money, and perceived service quality on satisfaction and repurchase intention. The total effect of perceived service quality on repurchase intention was higher through an indirect effect of satisfaction. On the contrary, a direct effect of perceived value for money on repurchase intention was not confirmed.
Dynamics of whole community bacterial production and grazing losses in seawater incubations as related to the changes in the proportions of bacteria with different DNA content

Natural bacterial assemblages are not physiologically and phenotypically homogeneous. Development of new methodologies, such as flow cytometry, has allowed bacterial types with different degrees of activity (which have been called HighDNA and LowDNA bacteria) to be distinguished on the basis of their DNA content. Because previous data have suggested that HighDNA bacteria are really the active fraction of the community, we hypothesize that the dynamics of bacterial production (BP) and grazing losses should be linked to the changes of this fraction rather than to changes in the whole community. To test our hypothesis we took samples during a cruise in the NW Mediterranean Sea in March 1999 from 6 selected stations placed along 2 transects, 1 perpendicular to the city of Barcelona and the other to Palamos. In each transect we visited 'coastal' (on the continental platform), 'slope' and 'open sea' (> 2000 m) stations. Samples were collected at surface and at the deep chlorophyll maximum. Bac- terial abundance (total, HighDNA and LowDNA) and BP were determined in in situ samples. Also, 12 experiments were performed to survey the dynamics of HighDNA bacteria (percentage and biomass), BP and grazing rates inside experimental bottles every 8 to 12 h for a total period of 44 h. Bacterial abun- dance was counted and cell volume was estimated by flow citometry, BP was determined by 3 H-leucine incorporation, and grazing rate was obtained by following the evolution inside the experimental bottles of added 5-((4, 6 dichlorotriazin-2yl) amino)-fluorescein-stained Pseudomonas diminuta as fluorescent- labeled bacteria. In situ, BP was higher in coastal and slope stations than in open sea stations. The percentage of HighDNA bacteria ranged between 25 and 87% and BP between 0.09 and 5.9 µg C l -1 d -1 , lower in the open sea and higher in the slope station of Palamos. Grazing loss rates followed a similar pattern, from 0.2 × 10 5 to 2.2 × 10 5 cells ingested ml -1 d -1 , again lower in the open sea and higher at the coastal station of Palamos. In most of the experiments, BP increased with time following the increase of HighDNA bacteria, while LowDNA bacteria remained practically constant during the whole period. Exponential bacterial growth appeared at 20 to 32 h. Grazing rates were maximal right after the expo- nential bacterial growth (at 32 to 44 h), suggesting that the increase of the HighDNA bacterial fraction in the previous period stimulated grazers to consume it. In both in situ and experimental samples, abun- dance and biomass of HighDNA bacteria were strongly correlated with BP and grazing rates, but no correlation was found between these variables and LowDNA bacterial abundance. Samples with the lowest percentage of HighDNA bacteria also had low BP and grazing rates. Indeed, the dynamics of BP and grazing losses were better related to changes in HighDNA bacteria, providing further evidence that they can be considered as the 'active' fraction of the whole bacterial community.
A hierarchical model for eco-design of consumer electronic products

AbstractDesigning environmentally friendly products has become a tighter requirement in the marketplace because of both the increasing trend in awareness of consumers and the obligations from legislation requirements. Unfortunately, this is not a straight forward decision for designers to evaluate whether their design options are satisfactory in terms of balancing various factors (for examples, different forms of environmental assessment) or not. This is partly attributed to the fact that there is no universally accepted approach for conducting such analysis. In this connection, this research makes reference to a European Union (EU) directive as a reference model and makes use of Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP), which is a useful tool to help designers to make decision, for evaluating eco-design options. The AHP model is developed based on two case studies on consumer electronic products. Pairwise comparisons, one of the key steps in AHP, are conducted with the expertise gained from the case studies a.
Nutritional and Health Status of Gond and Kawar Tribal Pre-school Children of Chhattisgarh, India

Abstract Present cross sectional study was conducted to assess the nutritional and health status on 379 (180 Gond and 199 Kawar) tribal preschool children of Chhattisgarh, India. The studied children were compared with other tribal and caste preschool children of the same area. Nutrition and health assessment was done through diet survey, nutritional deficiency signs and also by nutritional anthropometric indices such as weight for age, height for age and weight for height. The study reveals that there were lower consumption in several macro and micro nutrients intake compared to Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) of India, which may be reflected through high prevalence of nutritional deficiency signs among them. According to nutritional anthropometric indices, both sexes of Gond and Kawar preschool children were suffered by different grades of malnutrition within which girls were suffered comparatively more than boys specifically among Gond tribe. Irrespective of sex, Gond preschool children were suffered more by malnutrition compared to Kawar preschool children. Whereas present Gond and Kawar children were suffered more by malnutrition compared to the Brahmin preschool children of Central India, specifically on the basis of height for age index. The amount of macro and micro nutrients consumption of both present as well as others tribal preschool children in Central India were more or less same. All the observations suggest that just like other tribal children of Central India, the studied children also have insufficient nutrition intake, which may be due to mother’s illiteracy, lack of awareness and other socioeconomic and cultural factors. Therefore, future studies should be undertaken to identify the factors responsible for the high prevalence of malnutrition among them.
Effect of Enhancing Urea-Humic Acid Mixture with Refined Acid Sulphate Soil

Problem statement: Acid Sulphate Soil (ASS) is a problem soil partly because of its high acidity. This low pH could be exploited to reduce ammonia loss from urea by reducing soil microsite pH. The use Humic Acid (HA) to control ammonia loss from urea has been reported but the cost of this material is high. This laboratory study compared the effect of enhancing urea-humic acid mixtures with acid sulphate soil on NH3 loss, pH, exchangeable ammonium and available nitrate contents. Approach: Humic acid, acid sulfate soil and soil used in the incubation study were analyzed for selected soil physical-chemical properties using standard procedures. Urea-HA-ASS mixtures were prepared and ammonia volatilization of the mixtures was evaluated by the closed-dynamic air flow system. The treatments were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Standard procedures were used to determine ammonia loss, soil pH, exchangeable ammonium and available nitrate at 22 days of incubation. Data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan's test using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.2. Results: Urea amended with 0.75 g ASS significantly reduced ammonia volatilization. Although the use of appropriate amount of acid sulphate soil to control ammonia loss is possible, excessive use of this material is not recommended because of Fe in it. Conclusion: Urea amended with 0.75 g ASS reduced ammonia.
A Cognitive Linguistic Approach to Generics

As a special sentence type, generic sentences contribute a lot to the understanding of natural languages and have been a concern of semanticists, pragmatists and philosophers. In view of inefficiency of existing theoretical framework on generics, this paper addresses generics in the framework of cognitive linguistics. A type is a fictive entity, not an actual individual. It represents an abstraction from actuality which captures the commonality inherent across a set of actual instances. Conceptualization of generics is dynamic in nature. Generics’ syntax features and exceptions are both the natural result of cognitive processing, and truth conditions should be judged in terms of certain ICMs rather than the correspondence between linguistic expressions and reality of the physical world. It is concluded that fictivity, dynamicity and ICM (Idealized Cognitive Model) are three cognitive motivations, which are the answers to the puzzles of generics’ tolerating exceptions.
Principles and Practices of Haemodiafiltration

Options for renal replacement therapy (RRT) for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) include haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and renal transplantation. Although renal transplantation offers the best outcomes in terms of quality and quantity of life, most patients with ESKD will be treated with dialysis, either because they are ineligible for transplantation due to their burden of comorbid medical conditions, or because they commonly have to wait several years on dialysis before they are able to receive a kidney transplant. Survival of patients on dialysis remains poor, with reported annual mortality rates ranging from 12.7% in Australia and 14.6% for New Zealand [1] to 17.9% in Europe [2] to 25% in the United States of America [3]. Alternative ways of delivering dialysis that will materially improve patient outcomes are therefore required.
Is Inflation Default? The Role of Information in Debt Crises

We study the information sensitivity of government debt denominated in domestic versus foreign currency: the former is subject to inflation risk and the latter to default. Default only affects sophisticated bond traders, whereas inflation concerns a larger and less informed group. Within a two-period Bayesian trading game, differential information manifests itself in the secondary market, and we display conditions under which debt prices are more resilient to bad news even in the primary market, where only sophisticated players operate. Our results can explain debt prices across countries following the 2008 financial crisis, and also provide a theory of “original sin. ” (JEL D84, F34, H63)
Pathways to the Professoriate: The Experiences of First-Generation Latino Undergraduate Students at Hispanic Serving Institutions Applying to Doctoral Programs

Despite representing the largest ethnic minority group in the United States, Latinos remain underrepresented in the professoriate. Although Latinos are increasingly attending college, fewer graduate and even fewer continue to pursue graduate school. Prior research has explained the challenges that first-generation college students encounter in post-secondary contexts. Given that Latino college students are likely to be first-generation, understanding the experiences of first-generation Latino undergraduate students who aspire to be professors and are applying to graduate school can help illuminate what factors help support this underrepresented group in pursuing a career in the academy. Using qualitative approaches, this study describes the experiences of 15 first-generation undergraduate Latino students in a grant funded academic program that provides them with a plethora of resources to help prepare them for graduate school applications. The findings suggest how early exposure to information about applying to graduate school, access to role models, familial support and understanding of an academic career and having a community of peers with similar ambitions can help cultivate an environment where first-generation, Latino students remain inspired and committed to pursuing graduate school in efforts to become a professor.
User acceptance of Internet banking in Indonesia: initial trust formation

Most research on Internet banking adoption has focused on a limited set of determinants that influence users’ initial trust. This study takes the uncommon approach of separating the constructs of trust, perceived security, and perceived privacy to reveal the impact that each of these distinct factors has on initial trust formation. A large-scale survey of prospective Internet banking service customers in Indonesia was conducted and the results analyzed using a structural equation modeling approach. Perceived security, perceived privacy, relative benefits, company reputation, website usability, and government support are all factors that influence consumers’ initial trust of Internet banking. Banking firms interested in the expansion of online financial services in developing countries should enhance existing strategies or develop new approaches that account for these factors. Perceived privacy and government support had no impact on the intention to use Internet banking services in Indonesia.
Real Time Monitoring Of Exposure Controlled Projection Lithography

Exposure Controlled Projection Lithography (ECPL) is a stereolithographic process in which lens shaped features are fabricated from Photopolymer resin. During the fabrication process, a dynamic mask is used to control and project radiation patterns through a transparent substrate onto the photopolymer resin to grow the features progressively from the substrate surface. We present a novel method to monitor the photopolymerization process in real-time with spatial resolution in a plane perpendicular to the growth of polymerization. A transparent Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) was incorporated into our Interferometric Cure Monitoring (ICM) system, an interferometric monitoring system which is used to measure the cured part height. The introduction of SLM enabled multiple point which could not be achieved by the traditional manually operated iris. This improved ICM system fulfilled the need of selectively scanning the curing area and estimating the height and width of the cured part at a specific region of interest. This multiple-point-selective monitoring approach is experimentally validated to measure the height at different locations of the cured part in real time, and also the lateral dimensions of the cured part at the substrate level by a scanning process controlled by the SLM.
Causes of Parkinson’s disease: Literature Review

Parkinson’s disease is one of the most common movement disorders in the world. Parkinson’s affects approximately 1% of all adults over the age of 60. This disorder is the result of the degeneration of dopamineproducing cells in the substantia nigra in the midbrain. Dopaminergic medications are currently being used as a treatment to improve many of the symptoms that characterize Parkinson’s disease. The cause of the disease is not yet known. However, there has been an abundance of research trying to identify potential origins. This literature review will highlight some of the main positions that researchers have on the causes of Parkinson’s disease. Among these causes are environmental toxins, genetic factors, and oxidative stress.