Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clustering the Google Distance with Eigenvectors and Semidefinite Programming

Web mining techniques are becoming increasingly popular and more accurate, as the information body of the World Wide Web grows and reflects a more and more comprehensive picture of the humans’ view of the world. One simple web mining tool is called the Google distance and has been recently suggested by Cilibrasi and Vitányi. It is an information distance between two terms in natural language, and can be derived from the “similarity metric”, which is defined in the context of Kolmogorov complexity. The Google distance can be calculated from just counting how often the terms occur in the web (page counts), e.g. using the Google search engine. In this work, we compare two clustering methods for quickly and fully automatically decomposing a list of terms into semantically related groups: Spectral clustering and clustering by semidefinite programming.
Analytical and Empirical Comparisons of Voltage Unbalance Definitions

Growing penetrations of distributed energy resources (DERs) increase the power injection variability in distribution systems, which can result in power quality issues such as voltage unbalance. Realistic distribution systems typically have some degree of unbalance, with voltage magnitudes and angle offsets differing between the three phases. To measure unbalance, organizations such as IEC, NEMA, and IEEE define phase unbalance in their power quality standards. However, the definitions in the different standards are not consistent, and voltages that are considered acceptable by one standard may violate good practices defined by another standard. Furthermore, the definitions are based on availability of different measurements and have differing mathematical characteristics. To address this issue, this paper provides analytical comparisons of the most common voltage unbalance definitions. The analytical relationships suggest that it is possible to approximately bound the true voltage unbalance (which depends on the magnitude and relative phase angle) by measuring line-to-line voltage magnitudes, whereas line-toground voltages neglect all information about phase angle offsets. The relationships are validated using empirical experiments.
Preparing Some Meat Products Using Soybean Seeds

This study was carried out to remove the antinutrit ional matters from soybean seeds to be used in beef sausage and beef b urg r products. Crude protein content in raw soybean seeds was 44.82%, while, the antinutritional factors: trypsin inhibitor, chymotrypsin inhibitor, hemagglu tinating, total phenolic compounds and phytic acid were: 31.6 mg/g, 3.40 mg/ g, 713 U/g, 0.75% and 1.21%, respectively. Autoclaving was effective in removing all antinutr itional matters except phytic acid, however, roasting was most effective f or its reduction. In order to reduce the cost of meat products and to improve their physico-chemical properties, meat was replaced by r eh drated soybean flour at the levels of 0, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%. So, it could be recommended to apply replacement l evel to 20% soybean, treated with autoclaved, from meat used in prepared sausage and beef burger.
RISK MANAGEMENT IN ISLAMIC FINANCE : AN ANALYSIS FROM OBJECTIVES OF SHARI ’ AH PERSPECTIVE

As Islamic finance industry grows 15 to 20 per cent annually, the need of hedging tools to mitigate certain risks in a volatile market increases. The broad perspective on risk and its management is embodied in the essential objectives of Shari’ah, which is wealth protection. However, in the light of Shari’ah legal maxim that states ‘al-ghurm bi al-ghunm’ (liability accompanies gain) and ‘al-kharaj bi al-daman’ (benefit goes with liability) risk cannot be isolated from economic affairs. The legitimacy of revenue generation requires that it has to be created based on real economic activities, which involve real business risk and liability. Thus the element of risk and liability is essential for the legitimacy of profit entitlement. On the other hand, exposing to excessive risk not only hurdles investment, but also deters economic growth, which might be against the maqasid al-Shari’ah (objectives of Shari’ah). A few critical questions arise then; how to balance between these two ends? What kinds of risk are to be borne in order to be entitled to the revenue? What types of risk can be mitigated? Therefore, this paper attempts to address these issues and provides a crystal understanding on the concept of risk management in the light of the objectives of Shari’ah. This study employs qualitative method of research. Inductive approach is adopted to analyse financial risk management from Islamic perspective. The paper also adopts a deductive approach to derive legal provisions from Qur’an, Sunnah and Islamic juristic literature. It is observed that there are many supportive arguments and evidences in Islamic heritage showing the importance and necessity of risk management in financial transactions. It can be concluded that hedging business risk does not contravene with the legal maxim ‘al-ghurm bi al-ghunm’ (liability accompanies gain). Both concepts are congruent and consistent in their objective, which is to protect the wealth and to ensure justice and fairness to all contracting parties in their financial dealings. From Shari’ah perspective financial risk can be classified as forbidden risk, essential risk and tolerable risk. Forbidden risk must be avoided in order to make a financial transaction Shari’ah complaint. Islamic hedging strategies are only applicable to ‘tolerable financial risk’. This is because from an Islamic perspective essential business risk must be borne in order to earn legitimised profit. Subsequently, this research provides juristic justifications for the necessity of risk management with Shari’ah complaint hedging instruments for Islamic financial institutions.
Measurement of Sugar Concentration in Korean Commercial Coffee Drinks Using Portable Saccharimeters

The purpose of this work was to measure the concentration of the sugar contained in Korean coffee drinks by using portable saccharimeters. We also investigated the reactivity of three kinds of portable saccharimeters to Korean coffee drinks. From these results, three kinds of the portable saccharimeters used in this experiment were useful for measuring the sugar content in the coffee products. And, we confirmed that the values obtained from these measurements have a statistically significant. And, we could be predicted the concentration of sugar (TDS) in unlabeled the coffee drinks by using the calibration curves obtained from this study.
Usefulness of measuring urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin ( NGAL ) and calculating NGAL to creatinine ratio as early predictors of kidney dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes

Streszczenie Celem badania była ocena użyteczności pomiarów stężenia NGAL w pierwszej porannej porcji moczu oraz wyliczania wskaźnika NGAL/ kreatynina (uNGAL/uCr) u chorych z wczesną cukrzycową chorobą nerek (CChN) rozwijającą się w przebiegu cukrzycy typu 2 (DMt2; diabetes mellitus type 2) oraz poszukiwanie zależności pomiędzy wartościami tych markerów a rutynowo ocenianymi parametrami biochemicznymi i morfologicznymi. Materiał i metody: Badaniem objęto 55 chorych z CChN w przebiegu DMt2 oraz 22 osoby bez cukrzycy; do badania kwalifikowano pacjentów z szacowaną filtracją kłębuszkową >60ml/min/1,73m2 bez cech jawnego białkomoczu. Stężenie uNGAL oznaczano przy użyciu metody chemiluminescencyjnej z mikrocząsteczkami (CMIA) na analizatorze ARCHITECT (Abbott Diagnostics). Wyniki. W grupie badanej obserwowano wyższe wartości wskaźnika uNGAL/uCr niż w grupie kontrolnej (mediana 21,3 vs. 12,2 μg/g; p=0,014). W grupie badanej wyższe wartości uNGAL/uCr wykazano u kobiet w porównaniu z mężczyznami (38,6 vs. 11,7 μg/g; p=0,001). W grupie badanej i kontrolnej stężenie uNGAL dodatnio korelowało ze stężeniem kreatyniny w moczu. W grupie badanej zaobserwowano dodatnie korelacje między uNGAL i uNGAL/uCr, a albuminurią i wskaźnikiem albumina/kreatynina (UACR; urine albumin to creatinine ratio); w grupie kontrolnej istotna statystycznie była jedynie korelacja uNGAL z albuminurią. Dodatkowo w grupie badanej wykazano dodatnie korelacje między uNGAL i uNGAL/uCr, a stężeniem cholesterolu całkowitego i LDL oraz triglicerydów w surowicy. W analizie regresji wielokrotnej istotnymi predyktorami uNGAL w grupie badanej były albuminuria i stężenie LDL-cholesterolu w surowicy, zaś wskaźnika uNGAL/uCr – UACR i stężenie triglicerydów. Wnioski. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na użyteczność oznaczania uNGAL i wyliczania uNGAL/uCr jako wczesnych wskaźników uszkodzenia nerek u chorych z DMt2. Wyniki badania wymagają potwierdzenia w większej grupie chorych.
The Study about the Effect of Voluntary Movement on Subjective Simultaneity of Auditory-tactile Stimuli in TOJ task

The point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) is important for human to integrate multi-modal information, which would be the base for successful interaction with the environment including other people. The present study focused on how does voluntary movement affect the PSS of auditory and tactile stimuli by using temporal order judgment (TOJ) task. We found that compared to no-movement, voluntary movement shifted the PSS to auditory-lead stimulus between auditory and tactile stimuli, which meant that simultaneity wss perceived if auditory stimulus came earlier than tactile stimulus. Index Terms Subjective simultaneity. Voluntary movement. Auditory-tactile stimulus. Temporal order judgment.
The role of trust and social presence in social commerce purchase intention

Social commerce is a new advancement of e-commerce that merges the commercial and social activities by deploying social technologies into e-commerce sites. Social commerce reintroduces e-commerce from the perspective of social media/ networks. This study was aimed to evaluate the individuals’ intention towards social commerce in Pakistani context. The research model was examined in the light of positivist paradigm adapted questionnaire distributed among the people to yield data about the study constructs. The researchers employed PLS-SEM approach by using Smart PLS software to examine the hypothesized relationships. The findings suggest that social presence significantly influences the individuals’ intention towards social commerce with the mediation of customers’ experience. Furthermore, trust disposition, integrity of seller, competency of seller, and benevolence of seller positively shape the trust in marketplace. Moreover, trust in marketplace directly and significantly influences the individuals’ electronic word-ofmouth and purchase intention towards social commerce. Theoretically, these findings contribute to a better understanding of the effect of social presence and trusting beliefs on individuals’ electronic word-of-mouth and purchase intention towards social commerce. Finally, practical implications for nurturing thriving businesses in social commerce environment along with limitations and directions for future research have also been provided.
THE POTENTIAL OF USING PANEL SOLAR COOKERS TO PROCESS FULL-FAT SOYBEANS ( Glycine max ) FOR UREASE ACTIVITY

This study was conducted in order to investigate the efficacy of panel solar cookers in reducing urease activity in full-fat soybeans (Glycine max). Changes in urease activity of soaked (SM), coarse-milled (CM) and whole dry (WM) full fat soybeans were investigated by roasting for 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes in multiple reflector panel solar cookers, in a 3 x 3 factorial experiment. After 180 minutes of solar roasting, urease activity levels had declined by 81 %, 67 % and 23 % in soaked, milled and whole dry soybeans respectively. Full fat soybean urease activity can be reduced more efficiently in soaked than in dry soybeans. Findings suggest that there is potential in using multiple reflector panel solar cookers to reduce urease activity in full fat soybeans.
Consumers, who eat a lot of cinnamon, currently have an overly high exposure to coumarin - BfR Health Assessment No. 043/2006, 16 June 2006

Coumarin is a naturally occurring flavouring substance which is contained in many plants (for example woodruff, sweet clover, tonka beans). Higher concentrations are to be found particularly in some types of cinnamon. Coumarin is used as a fragrance substance in cosmetics and is an active substance in medicinal products. For a few years cinnamon-containing food supplements have also been on sale which are said to reduce the blood sugar level and the blood lipid concentrations of diabetics. Because of the harmful effect of larger amounts – coumarin can cause hepatic damage – coumarin may only be used as an ingredient of flavourings and other food additives with flavouring properties in the food sector. What's more, it has long been known that in animal experiments coumarin can trigger the formation of tumours. More recent scientific findings indicate that there is no genotoxic mechanism of action, something which had been suspected for a long time. The European Commission thereupon submitted a draft amendment to the Flavourings Directive which envisages removing the existing constraints on coumarin. The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) took another look at coumarin from the angle of consumer health protection.
Three-dimensional motion aftereffects reveal distinct direction-selective mechanisms for binocular processing of motion through depth Center for Perceptual Systems

Motion aftereffects are historically considered evidence for neuronal populations tuned to specific directions of motion. Despite a wealth of motion aftereffect studies investigating 2D (frontoparallel) motion mechanisms, there is a remarkable dearth of psychophysical evidence for neuronal populations selective for the direction of motion through depth (i.e., tuned to 3D motion). We compared the effects of prolonged viewing of unidirectional motion under dichoptic and monocular conditions and found large 3D motion aftereffects that could not be explained by simple inheritance of 2D monocular aftereffects. These results (1) demonstrate the existence of neurons tuned to 3D motion as distinct from monocular 2D mechanisms, (2) show that distinct 3D direction selectivity arises from both interocular velocity differences and changing disparities over time, and (3) provide a straightforward psychophysical tool for further probing 3D motion mechanisms.
Are Size And Book-To-Market Effects, Risk Compensations? Evidence from the Tunisian Stock Exchange

The bulk of existing research on the relation of size and book-to-market equity (BE/ME) effects with financial distress risk relates to United States and other developed capital markets. Little, if any, has been published on the robustness of risk-based explanation of size and BE/ME effects in emerging and little markets such as the Tunisian stock market. This paper, firstly, updates earlier investigation on the relation of stock returns with size and BE/ME ratio for equities listed in the Tunisian socks ‘market. The evidence we find support the presence of stronger and more pronounced Size and BE/ME effects in the Tunisian stocks ‘market over the period from July 1998 to December 2010.Secondly, this study examines whether size and BE/ME are related to some market and accounting based measures of financial distress risk. Consistent with the risk-based explanation, our results give evidence that Tunisian value stocks and small stocks are riskier because they are usually firms under distress. They have persistent poor performance, higher financial leverage and face substantially uncertainty in future earnings. Results of our study provide out-of sample evidence (outside US and other developed markets) on the robustness of risk-based explanation of the most puzzling anomalies: BE/ME and size effects.
Design of Rating Scales in Questionnaires

Rating scales are among the most important and most frequently used instruments in social science data collection. There is an extensive body of methodological research on the design and (psycho)metric properties of rating scales. In this contribution we address the individual scale-related aspects of questionnaire construction. In each case we provide a brief overview of the current state of research and practical experience, and – where possible – offer design recommendations.
Predicting Turkish Ninth Grade Students' Algebra Performance.

The prediction of students’ achievement in algebra in eighth and ninth grades has become a research interest for practical issues of placement. A group of simple, easily accessible variables was used to predict student performance in algebra after completion of eighth grade. The three variables of school type, grade level, and previous year mathematics performance explained 54% of the variance in algebra performance. Furthermore, school type was the dominant predictor of performance, explaining 33% of the total variation in algebra achievement.
PIPE UPLIFT RESISTANCE TESTING IN FROZEN SOIL

The design of buried chilled pipelines in frost heaving terrain requires a knowledge of the uplift resistance of pipes buried in frozen ground. Higher uplift resistances will increase the severity of pipe curvatures and strains at frozen-unfrozen interfaces. Twelve tests have been carried out in three different test programs, that provide the general shape of the loaddisplacement curve, and the effects of backfill type, cover depth, displacement rate and soil temperature. This paper includes a summary of 5 previous tests, and interprets the results of all 12 tests carried out to date. Interesting crack patterns in the frozen soil around the pipe were observed, and their role in limiting peak and residual uplift resistance is discussed. Correlations have been developed that will allow pipeline designers to establish the load-displacement characteristics of a buried pipe displacing upwards through frozen soil, as required for structural analysis of chilled pipes in discontinuous permafrost.
Efficiency of soil inoculation with growth regulators producing microorganisms on some enzymes activity

This experiment was carried out to study the efficiency of soil inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum on some enzymes activity in presence of tomato wilting fungi. Obtained results showed that tomato inoculation with the mixture of A. chroococcum and B. megaterium var. phosphaticum gave higher values of dehydrogenase activity (DHA) as compared with individual inoculation treatments . Tomato inoculation with A. chroococcum or B. megaterium var. phosphaticum in combination with soil infestation with either F. oxysporum f.sp lycopersici or F. solani significantly increased DHA compared to un-inoculated ones.Tomato inoculation with B. megaterium var. phosphaticum significantly increased the phosphatase activity rather than that inoculated with A. chroococcum . Dual inoculation with A. chroococcum + B. megaterium var. phosphaticum gave significant increase in phosphatase activity rather than the individual inoculation with either A. chroococcum or B. megaterium var. phosphaticum . Tomato inoculation with A. chroococcum only significantly increased N2– ase activity as compared to other investigated treatments. Also , soil infestation with either F. oxysporum f.sp lycopersici or F. solani in combination with the mixture of two studied plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) showed higher records of N2-ase activity than that inoculated with A. chroococcum only . Soil infestation with either F. oxysporum f.sp lycopersici or F. solani significantly decreased the peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase content in tomato plants. Tomato inoculation with PGPR significantly increased the peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase content in tomato plants compared to the un-inoculated ones . Tomato inoculation with PGPR combined with soil infestation with pathogenic fungi significantly increased the content of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase as compared to soil infestation with pathogenic fungi only.
Relationship between hybrid performance and genetic diversity based on ISSR-PCR markers in Pepper ( Capsicum annuum . L . )

Capsicum annuum is widely cultivated around the world. The enormous genetic diversity available for pepper breeding has facilitated the development of new varieties and hybrids. Several pepper breeders coincide in that the level of heterosis exhibited by pepper hybrids is directly related with the genetic distance between their parental lines. Therefore, it is important to develop reliable techniques for the estimation of genetic distance. The search for superior hybrid parents in pepper breeding programs is commonly based on the estimation of the General Combining Ability (GCA) and Specific Combining Ability (SCA) of inbred lines. However, the application of this procedure is expensive and time consuming. The development of DNA based molecular markers represents an alternative procedure for the identification of promising parental lines for high performance of hybrid production. The Inter Sequence Repeat Polymerase Chain Reaction (ISSR-PCR) markers have been widely used for the estimation of genetic distance among closely related individuals. Thus molecular markers, such as ISSR-PCR, could be used for germplasm classification and clustering. This could be a valuable information for heterosis prediction. The aim of this research was to study the relationship between the genetic distances, measured using ISSR markers among parental lines, and the heterosis observed as yield, of the F1 hybrids as estimations of GCA, SCA. Heterosis were performed using seven elite lines and their F1 hybrids. The 28 genotypes (7 lines and 21 hybrids) were distributed in the field following a complete block design with three replicates. The genotypes tested were statistically different for fruit yield/plant. Among all the hybrids and parental lines, the F1 (P4 x P6) produced the highest yield. Also, GCA and SCA were statistically significant, with P6 showing the highest GCA effect, and the F1 (P6 x P7) the highest SCA. The F1 (P4 x P6) showed the highest heterosis (108.95%). Genetic distances calculated by ISSR markers produced a dendogram with seven nodes for the parental lines. However, the correlation between the matrix of genetic distances among parental lines and the matrix of heterosis gave positive significant correlation (r = 0.574).
Breastfeeding and labor supply of new mothers : evidence from a baby formula hazard realization ∗

We use a product safety hazard realization in the baby formula market in Israel in 2003 as a plausible natural experiment to study the causal relationship between breastfeeding and new mothers’ labor supply. We find that the likelihood of households with new mothers to consume baby formula decreased by about 15 percent, suggesting an increase in breastfeeding. In turn, first-time new mothers delayed their return to work. Specifically, analysis of administrative data covering the universe of births in the country shows that average months worked in the first six months after childbirth fell by about 4 percent. This effect is driven by new mothers from above-median income households. The results indicate that despite developments in technology and policy in recent decades, new mothers still trade off prolonged maternity leaves for the benefits of breastfeeding to their children. Since breastfeeding is a mothers’ biological function, in the absence of sufficient consideration by policy makers, this channel of mothers’ labor supply decisions may pose a barrier to gender equality. ∗We are extremely grateful to Doron Sayag for his generous help and guidance with the CBS data. We thank seminar participants at SMU for helpful comments. Izik Daniel provided excellent research assistance. Financial support from the Maurice Falk Institute for Economic Research in Israel and from National Insurance Institute of Israel is gratefully acknowledged. †Department of Economics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel. Email: limor.hatsor@gmail.com. ‡Department of Economics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91905, Israel. Phone: 972-2-5883240. Fax: 972-2-5816071. Email: ity.shurtz@huji.ac. il (corresponding author).