Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anatomy and Kinematics of the Lateral Collateral Ligament of the Knee

The anatomy and kinematics of the lateral collateral ligament were studied in 10 unembalmed limbs and 20 isolated femurs and fibulas. The ligament's average overall length was 66 mm (range, 59 to 74) and the average greatest dimension of its thin middle portion was the anteroposterior dimension of 3.4 mm (range, 3 to 4). The center of the femoral attachment site was 3.7 mm posterior to the ridge of the lateral epicondyle, not at it apex. A potential radiographic technique for operatively locating the femoral attachment site to within 3 mm is described. During knee flexion in neutral rotation the distance between the femoral and fibular attachment sites of the lateral collateral ligament decreased to 88% of its value in full extension. With 6.5 N m of applied external rotation force, beyond 30° of flexion the attachment sites rapidly approximated. With the same internal rotation force, beyond 15° of flexion the attachment sites separated. From 60° to 105° they were greater than 100% of the value in full extension, suggesting significant distraction between the attachment sites. These changes correlated well with the ligament's change from an 11° posterior slope in extension to a 19° anterior slope in flexion with no applied rotation.
Quantitative Understanding of QTc Prolongation and Gender as Risk Factors for Torsade de Pointes

Several risk factors for development of a potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmia, torsade de pointes, have been observed, including female gender. However, in most investigations, only few torsade events were included and/or rarely were postdose heart rate corrected QT (QTc) measurements included, as a surrogate of drug exposure. We developed a multivariate logistic regression model using data from 22,214 patients (33% women) with 84 torsade events (56% women) to evaluate the relationship between risk factors for torsade using data from four anti‐arrhythmic drug development programs. Before model development, we evaluated different QT/QTc postdose metrics (average, maximum, etc.) to determine which QT metric should be included into the model. The developed multivariate model showed that, after accounting for known risk factors for torsade and postdose QTc, that female gender remained a significant risk factor for torsade.
Internal factors influencing effective opportunity identification in a Tongan social enterprise

In this paper we assess the internal factors that influence effective opportunity identification in a social enterprise. Although previous studies have identified personal and organizational characteristics that may spur the search for new venture opportunities, there has been little research to assess the controllable factors that lead to sustainable outcomes. The need for greater understanding is particularly important in the context of enterprises affected by climate change and other macro-environmental challenges. We address this knowledge gap through thematic analysis of 15 semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders associated with the Tongan National Youth Congress. This organization helps young people in the small, climate-threatened south Pacific island country of Tonga to develop micro-enterprises. Our findings suggest that more creative entrepreneurial and marketing approaches need to be tempered by more analytical business management approaches if organizations are to identify opportunities that they can effectively and sustainably exploit using their own resources and those of partner organizations. Entrepreneurs need to ask ‘how can we make this idea viable? ’ early in the opportunity identification process, rather than later. We recommend further qualitative and quantitative studies be undertaken using larger samples in other contexts to improve the generalizability of links between creative and analytical capabilities and effective opportunity identification.
Area Sampling Buffer: Tracing Rays with Z‐Buffer Hardware

An algorithm that allows the use of z‐buffer hardware in assisting area sampling for a ray tracing style renderer is described. The implementation issues involved in discretizing the sampling area and light source area are discussed and solutions are proposed. The effects of the hardware‐assisted ray tracing approach on frame‐buffer systems and image synthesis processes are considered.
Improving Forest Dependent Livelihoods through NTFPs and Home Gardens: A case study from Satchari National Park

Non-timber forest product and home gardens play crucial roles in the livelihoods of people living in most tropical countries. They also play important roles in forest conservation. This paper explores the roles NTFPs and home gardens play in improving the livelihoods of forest dependent people and forest conservation in and around a newly declared protected area, Satchari National Park. We conducted an intensive field survey from mid-February to late June, 2006. Study results suggest that 27% of households in the Satchari area receive at least some cash income from NTFPs. Moreover collection, processing and selling of NTFPs constitutes the primary occupation of 18% of these households. We also found that wealthier households with rich homegarden compositions rely less on nearby forests, than poorer households who are mostly dependent on forests to meet their subsistence needs. Based on these results and discussions with various stakeholders in the study area, we suggest that it would be useful to enrich home gardens and buffer zones with commercially important NTFPs. We conclude that a co-management approach should be introduced to reduce local dependency on Satchari National Park.
Two-photon absorption effects on self-phase-modulation-based 2R optical regeneration

We theoretically investigate the influence of two-photon absorption (TPA) on the performance of self-phase-modulation-based signal regenerators using a split-step Fourier method. Simulations with 40-Gb/s return-to-zero data bit streams show that a device with TPA can improve the signal (higher output Q-factor) significantly more than a device with no TPA, and that the figure of merit of chalcogenide is close to optimal. This contrasts with the effects of TPA on nonlinear switching, which are always detrimental
The influence of ethics, experience, and competence on auditors’ professional skepticism (Study at BPKP representative of Lampung Province)

Purpose: This study aims to prove empirically the influence of ethics, experience, and competence on auditors’ professional skepticism. Research Methodology: In testing the hypotheses, 63 auditors at BPKP Representative of Lampung Province took part in responding to the questionnaires distributed. The criteria for auditors sampled: 1). Auditors who are directly involved in the assignment, especially in the process of collecting and testing audit evidence, like audit team members, audit team leaders, audit supervisors and audit quality control, and 2). Auditors who are experienced in auditing for at least one year. Partial Least Square analysis method was used and processed with SmartPLS version 3.0 software and Microsoft office excel 2007 program. Results: As hypothesized, the results revealed that ethics, experience, and competence had a positive influence on auditor professional skepticism. Discussion, limitations, and recommendations for future research are discussed. Limitations: This research is limited only to the government auditors working at BPKP Representative of Lampung Province so that the research result can not be generalized to the auditor as a whole. The auditor's tight schedule caused the returning time of questionnaires to shift from the set timeline previously. The use of questionnaires also was the last limation in terms of inaccurate answers, dishonest answers, and missinterpreted questions. Contribution: This study is beneficial for BPKP Representative of Lampung in improving auditors' professional skepticism, as well as one of literature resources for conducting further studies. Keywords: Ethics, Experience, Competence, Auditors’ professional skepticism, Auditor
Targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Colorectal Carcinoma

Colorectal cancer continues to be a common cause of death in this country, accounting for more than 55,000 deaths in 2006. The introduction of targeted biologic therapies, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, has expanded the treatment options and has shown promise for patients with advanced disease. This article gives a history of the treatment of colorectal cancer, with a focus on the efficacy and toxicity of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and their implications for the nursing community.
High‐resolution 2‐deoxyglucose mapping of functional cortical columns in mouse barrel cortex

Cortical columns associated with barrels in layer IV of the somatosensory cortex were characterized by high‐resolution 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2DG) autoradiography in freely behaving mice. The method demonstrates a more exact match between columnar labeling and cytoarchitectonic barrel boundaries than previously reported. The pattern of cortical activation seen with stimulation of a single whisker (third whisker in the middle row of large hairs—C3) was compared with the patterns from two control conditions—normal animals with all whiskers present (“positive control”)—and with all large whiskers clipped (“negative control”). Two types of measurements were made from 2DG autoradiograms of tangential cortical sections: (1) labeled cells were identified by eye and tabulated with a computer, and (2) grain densities were obtained automatically with a computer‐controlled microscope and image processor.
Use of antiretroviral therapy among HIV positive individuals living in British Columbia

The objective of this study was to examine the level of antiretroviral use and characterize individuals accessing antiretroviral therapy in British Columbia. The study was conducted by the British Columbia Persons with AIDS Society and the British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS. Self-administered questionnaires were mailed out to HIV-positive members from May to September of 2002. Comparisons of sociodemographic characteristics and disease status were made using Pearson's χ2 and the Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables. A total of 764 (51%) HIV-positive participants returned the questionnaire. Of these, 80% reported ever using antiretroviral therapy and 64.5% indicated current use. Reasons for never taking antiretroviral therapy were high CD4 or doctor's advice (74/126; 59%), feeling healthy (50/126; 40%) and being afraid of side-effects (35/126; 28%). Those reporting current antiretroviral use were more likely to be older (p<0.001), white (p=0.01), male (p<0.001), gay or bisexualgay or g (p<0.001), graduated from high school (p=0.001), non-injecting drug user (IDU) (p<0.001) and earning a household income greater than CAN$10,000/year (p=0.003). IDU status and length of time since diagnosis remained significantly associated with antiretroviral use in multivariate models. The differences in current antiretroviral use by sociodemographic characteristics such as IDU suggest that the need remains to target marginalized populations in order to maximize the health benefits from antiretroviral therapy.
Contribution aux développements du code de transport des neutrons Apollo II : noyau de l'opérateur de ralentissement tenant compte de l'agitation thermique, effet des résonnances sur les transferts en énergie : critères de choix du maillage énergétique multigroupe

Un modele de diffusion des neutrons par les noyaux lourds a ete develloppe dans cette these. Ce modele prend en compte l'agitation thermique des noyaux lourds, effet qui n'est considere actuellement qu'a tres basses energies. La loi de transfert en energie obtenue, qui exprime la probabiblite que le neutron ayant une energie determinee avant le choc, se retrouve avec une energie superieure ou inferieure apres le choc, montre deux effets nouveaux. D'une part, le neutron peut-etre accelere meme a haute energie , ou on considere actuellement qu'il ne peut etre que ralenti, d'autre part, la probabilite pour qu'il soit accelere augmente si le noyau diffuseur presente une section efficace de diffusion resonnante importante. Cette loi de transfert intervient comme noyau de l'operateur integral de l'equation de structure fine. Celle-ci est resolue pour tabuler les taux de reactions, qui sont utilises pour autoproteger les resonnances dans les calculs des reacteurs nucleaires.
Secular Trends in Anthropometrics and Physical Fitness of Young Portuguese School-Aged Children.

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to analyze secular trends in anthropometrics and physical fitness of Portuguese children. MATERIAL AND METHODS A group of 1819 students (881 boys and 938 girls) between 10 and 11 years old was assessed in their 5th and 6th scholar grade throughout a 20 years' time-frame. ANCOVA models were used to analyze variations in anthropometrics (height, weight and body mass index) and physical fitness (sit and reach, curl-up, horizontal jump and sprint time) across four quinquennials (1993 - 1998; 1998 - 2003; 2003 - 2008; 2008 - 2013). RESULTS Secular trends showed the presence of heavier boys and girls with higher body mass index in the 5th and 6th grade throughout the last 20 years. There was also a presence of taller girls but just until the 3rd quinquennial. Both boys and girls were able to perform better on the core strength test and sprint time but become less flexible over the years. Mean jumping performance remained unchanged for both genders. DISCUSSION The present study provides novel data on anthropometrics and physical fitness trends over the last two decades in young Portuguese children, consistent with the results reported in other developed countries. CONCLUSION Evidence for the start of a positive secular trend in body mass index and in some physical fitness components over the last two decades among the Portuguese youth.
Independent Verification of the Sentinel-1A System Calibration

In the frame of the COPERNICUS program, the main objective of the Sentinel-1 mission is to ensure the continuity of C-band SAR data for global earth monitoring. Sentinel-1A is the first of two C-band satellites launched in April 2014. In addition to the commissioning of Sentinel-1A executed by the European Space Agency (ESA), an independent verification of the system calibration has been performed by DLR under an ESA contract. For this purpose, the complete calibration chain was developed and established, starting with a calibration concept, a detailed in-orbit calibration plan and the software tools for analyzing and evaluating all the measurements up to the calibration targets serving as accurate reference. Based on an efficient calibration strategy, this paper describes the different activities performed by DLR and presents the results obtained during the commissioning phase (CP) of Sentinel-1A.
The value relevance of expected vs. unexpected going concern opinions

Previous event studies find that going concern opinions (GCOs) convey significant information to the market when the audit reports appear to be unexpected. Using the value relevance method, this paper examines the differential impact of expected and unexpected going concern opinions on the market value of US firms for the 2000–2006 time period. The results suggest that while both firms receiving expected and unexpected GCOs suffer a drop in their average market value, the decrease is larger in the case of firms with unexpected GCOs. It is also observed that the market tends to shift the weight they place on earnings to the book value of equity in valuing firms with unexpected GCOs. Specifically, the decrease in the pricing multiple of earnings is larger for the case of unexpected GCOs. This result suggests that GCOs are more informative when they are unexpected. The study complements existing work by exploring whether expected GCOs have any differential valuation impact than unexpected GCOs instead of looking at the informativeness of GCOs alone.
Gender dimensions in the local chicken value chain in northern Uganda

The study was conducted to explore gender dimensions in the local chicken value chain in northern Uganda. Specifically, it focused on characterizing local chicken value chain actors, ascertaining level and determinants of gender participation as well as relationships between gender, access and control over income from local chicken enterprises. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires administered in a cross-sectional survey of 200 randomly selected local chicken value chain actors. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 10 and StataSE 13 software from which simplified gross margins, descriptive statistics, correlations and a Logit regression model were estimated. Results revealed that majority of value chain actors were aged 20–48 years and males were dominant across most segments in the value chain. Men participated more in input supply, house construction, marketing and barbequing while women participated in production and stewing local chickens. Among actors, processors (UGX 1,911,274) and farmers (UGX 159,691) had the highest and least annual gross margin respectively. The Logit model revealed that age, education level, marital status and income control positively influenced (Pr = 0.00) gender participation. Men had more control over income than women. An engendered innovation platform could be established for training and empowerment of local chicken value chain actors.
Influence of Female boardroom presence on firm value: An analysis on companies listed on B3.

In recent decades women have had substantial advances in access to higher education and the labor market, but these achievements were not reflected in the high ranking of companies. The participation of women in executive positions in the advisory board of large corporations in Brazil and in the world is still incipient. In this sense factors such as patriarchy, male chauvinism, sexism, among other advances not allow the presence of women at the top of large companies, even when this presence is associated with better performance. Thus, work on the assumption that thinking gender diversity of public policies involves ethical issues and inclusion strategies going performance improvement field and value creation, while the completion of ideas and attitudes from the specificities of each gender can contribute to economic and social development of the company. Thus the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between corporate value and the presence of women in high-ranking. Therefore, we collected data of companies listed on the B3 and identified those with the presence of women on the board and the executive board, checking the differences between them from non-parametric tests. It is still employed multivariate data analysis from the linear regression and probit regression. The results suggest a positive and statistically significant relationship between firm value and the presence of women on the board. The results show evidence that the inclusion of women on the board in addition to ensuring diversity, meet precepts of ethics, equality, social responsibility, contributing to the better performance of firms and generating shareholder value.
Serum sEPCR Levels Are Elevated in Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease

Blood–brain barrier impairment and endothelial cell dysfunction have both been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The presence of vascular risk factors is also known to increase the risk of AD. Soluble endothelial protein C receptor (sEPCR) should thus produce procoagulant and proinflammatory effects. Serum sEPCR levels have been found to be associated with several diseases. To date, no reports have been published regarding serum sEPCR levels in AD. In this study, we found that serum sEPCR levels were significantly increased in patients with AD when compared to control participants (P = .0005). There was no significant difference between patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy controls (P = .055) or between patients with AD and MCI (P = .054). Importantly, our results also indicate that the degree of cognitive impairment is significantly correlated with serum sEPCR levels in all patients and healthy controls. These findings suggest that serum sEPCR levels could be a potential candidate for a biomarker panel for AD diagnosis.
Leveraging Digital Financial Solutions to Promote Formal Business Participation

This paper explores economic informality and how it relates to digital financial inclusion. It focuses specifically on the potential role that digital financial services–including those accessed through mobile phones and the internet can play in encouraging businesses to formalize their operations. The data show wide variations in the extent of informality as well as the financial inclusion of informal business owners. The paper finds that digital financial services can make it easier for informal firms to register and operate as a formal business, while also creating synergies between individual reform efforts. For example, companies that use a digital payroll system can easily make pension contributions when online platforms are available. Digital financial transactions also make it easier for governments to enforce laws and regulations, including tax collection. However, there are several important caveats. It is not clear that formalizing small transactions is an effective way to increase tax collection. As the digital economy grows and countries seek to curb informality, policymakers should tailor their programs to the needs and realities of different groups of enterprises.
Pediatric Olecranon Fractures: Open Reduction and Internal Fixation With Removable Kirschner Wires and Absorbable Sutures

The authors present an original fixation technique for pediatric olecranon fractures that avoids reoperation to remove hardware as compared with the standard fixation technique with Kirschner wires and tension band wiring as advocated by the AO technique. The authors' technique uses two percutaneously placed Kirschner wires to fixate displaced transverse and oblique olecranon fractures. Prior to the insertion of the wires, the fracture is reduced through a standard open approach. Augmentation of the pin fixation is achieved with absorbable sutures. Six patients have been treated with this technique, with a mean follow-up of 13 months. No immediate complications have been noted; one patient has a loss of extension of 10 degrees at the elbow. Radiographic results are good, with no loss of reduction. This technique avoids the need for reoperation for hardware removal without compromising the quality of reduction.