Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mapping the Origins and Expansion of the Indo-European Language Family

A Family of Languages English is part of the large Indo-European language family, which includes Celtic, Germanic, Italic, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian languages. The origin of this family is hotly debated: one hypothesis places the origin north of the Caspian Sea in the Pontic steppes, from where it was disseminated by Kurgan semi-nomadic pastoralists; a second suggests that Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey, is the source, and the language radiated with the spread of agriculture. Bouckaert et al. (p. 957) used phylogenetic methods and modeling to assess the geographical spread of the Indo-European language group. The findings support the suggestion that the origin of the language family was indeed Anatolia 7 to 10 thousand years ago—contemporaneous with the spread of agriculture. Spatial models of language lineage evolution support an Anatolian homeland for Indo-European languages. There are two competing hypotheses for the origin of the Indo-European language family. The conventional view places the homeland in the Pontic steppes about 6000 years ago. An alternative hypothesis claims that the languages spread from Anatolia with the expansion of farming 8000 to 9500 years ago. We used Bayesian phylogeographic approaches, together with basic vocabulary data from 103 ancient and contemporary Indo-European languages, to explicitly model the expansion of the family and test these hypotheses. We found decisive support for an Anatolian origin over a steppe origin. Both the inferred timing and root location of the Indo-European language trees fit with an agricultural expansion from Anatolia beginning 8000 to 9500 years ago. These results highlight the critical role that phylogeographic inference can play in resolving debates about human prehistory.
Ratio of the concentration of hypoxanthine to creatinine in urine from newborn infants: a possible indicator for the metabolic damage due to hypoxia

Summary. The ratio of the urinary concentrations of the ATP metabolite, hypoxanthine, to that of creatinine was determined in normal newborn infants. An increase in this ratio reflects high hypoxanthine excretion and thus ATP breakdown. The ratio can be determined on random urine samples, thus simplifying sampling. Urinary changes are persistent; abnormalities are detectable on the second day of life after intrapartum hypoxia. Preliminary results suggest that this ratio on a sample during the second day of life could‘diagnose’intrapartum hypoxia and might therefore quantitatively assess those obstetric‘risk factors’believed to operate through hypoxia.
Caracterización y potencial probiótico de bacterias lácticas aisladas de leche de oveja guirra

Diversos estudios senalan que varias especies pertenecientes a las Bacterias Acido Lacticas (BAL) poseen propiedades probioticas y se encuentran comunmente en los derivados lacteos. Actualmente, en la Comunidad Valenciana se comercializan quesos frescos y madurados elaborados a partir de la leche de oveja guirra, autoctona de esta comunidad e incluida dentro del catalogo de razas protegidas en Espana. Sin embargo, hasta el momento no se han realizado ensayos para determinar el potencial probiotico de cepas aisladas de esta leche. En esta tesis, se han aislado 131 BAL de leche de oveja Guirra. Siguiendo los criterios establecidos por la FAO, estas cepas se han identificado inicialmente con metodos fenotipicos a nivel de genero y especie. Posteriormente, se ha evaluado, en condiciones in vitro, la actividad antimicrobiana de las cepas lacticas frente a patogenos implicados en enfermedades del hombre como H. pylori y Salmonella spp. En detalle, se ha estudiado el efecto de las sustancias producidas por dos cepas BAL frente a la viabilidad de H. pylori. Las cepas BAL destacadas en la actividad antimicrobiana han sido identificadas y caracterizadas por medio de tecnicas moleculares, perfiles de resistencia a antibioticos, habilidad de adhesion a la mucina de cerdo y finalmente, se ha evaluado la resistencia frente a las condiciones gastrointestinales. Los resultados muestran que las propiedades probioticas se pueden atribuir a una cepa y no es posible generalizarlo a una especie o genero. Algunas de las cepas lacticas de oveja y de la CECT resultaron de especial interes porque en condiciones in vitro demostraron caracteristicas probioticas que deberian ser confirmadas en posteriores estudios in vivo. Cabe resaltar que algunas de estas cepas se han aislado de productos que son actualmente comercializados y por tanto las propiedades probioticas de estas cepas representarian un valor anadido para los mismos.
Changing patterns in accident and emergency attenders.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate demographic changes in attenders at an accident and emergency (A&E) department. METHODS: Patients attending Leeds General Infirmary A&E department in 1990 were compared with those attending in 1993 and 1994. Internal quality control suggested that 99% of patients were correctly registered for details of method of arrival, age, and departure (admission/discharge). RESULTS: By 1994 there had been a 6.9% increase in total numbers, including a disproportionate rise in elderly patient attendances. The overall number of patients admitted increased, as did the proportion of those attending the A&E department. There was a 28% increase in number of patients arriving by ambulance between 1990 and 1993, and this rose to 32% in 1994. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing number of new patients, especially elderly people, has implications for future planning of A&E departments. The expected demographic rise in the elderly population means that A&E departments must expect to receive more elderly patients. Our figures, if generally applicable, suggest that this is already occurring. Staffing requirements and the physical space necessary to care for these extra patients needs to take these figures into account. These factors are of relevance to both purchasers and providers.
The Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus Co-Infection among HIV-1-infected Patients in Keffi, North Central Nigeria

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) are devastating disease agents that share common modes of transmission. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of hepatitis B and C co-infection rates among HIV patients accessing healthcare at Federal Medical Center Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. This study lasted between June December, 2012. A total of 200 seropositive HIV patients participated in the study at the ART clinic. Blood samples collected routinely were screened for the presence of HBV and HCV. Socio-demographic information was collected by the use of a questionnaire. The study population comprised of 54(27%) males and 146 (73%) females. 11% (22/200) were positive for HBV, 13.5% (27/200) were positive for HCV and 5% (10/200) were positive for both HBV and HCV. The prevalence rates of hepatitis B and C co-infection among the HIV patients was insignificantly different (P>0.05) statistically for sex (P=0.37) and ART status (P=0.57) different for Educational status (P=0.57), Marital status (P=0.09), Age (P=0.99), Occupation (P=0.79), CD4 Count (P=0.96) and sociodemographic factors (P=0.88). The prevalence rates of HBV and HCV co-infection are increasing in patients with HI. Having acquired the knowledge about the importance of such a co-infection, it is essential that all the patients with HIV be screened for HBV and HCV co-infection.
Immuno-activation with anti-CD3 and recombinant human IL-2 in HIV-1-infected patients on potent antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND A stable reservoir of latently infected, resting CD4 T cells has been demonstrated in HIV-1-infected patients despite prolonged antiretroviral treatment. This is a major barrier for the eradication of HIV by antiretroviral agents alone. Activation of these cells in the presence of antiretroviral therapy might be a strategy to increase the turnover rate of this reservoir. METHODS Three HIV-1-positive patients on potent antiretroviral therapy, in whom plasma viremia had been suppressed to below 5 copies/ml for at least 26 weeks, were treated with a combination of OKT3 (days 1-5) and recombinant human IL-2 (days 2 6). RESULTS The side-effects were fever, headache, nausea, diarrhea, and in one of the patients transient renal failure and seizures. The regimen resulted in profound T cell activation. In one patient plasma HIV-1 RNA transiently increased with a peak at 1500 copies/ml. In the other two patients plasma HIV-1 RNA levels remained below the detection limit, but HIV-1 RNA levels in the lymph nodes increased two- to threefold. All patients developed antibodies against OKT3. CONCLUSION OKT3/IL-2 resulted in T cell activation and proliferation, and could stimulate HIV replication in patients having achieved prolonged suppression of plasma viremia. OKT3/IL-2 therapy was toxic and rapidly induced antibodies against OKT3.
Treatment strategy after non‐curative endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer

Endoscopic resection (ER) is indicated for patients with early gastric cancer who have a negligible risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM). Histological examination of the resected specimen may indicate a possible risk of LNM or a positive resection margin. These patients are considered to have undergone non‐curative ER. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate treatment strategy for such patients.
Characteristics of Distal Posteroinferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms

OBJECTIVEDistal posteroinferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms are rare and have not been well investigated previously. We report our series of 24 patients with 27 distal PICA aneurysms. METHODSAll patients with distal PICA aneurysms that were surgically treated at Shinshu University Hospital and its affiliated hospitals between 1983 and 2001 were reviewed retrospectively. Data relating to clinical, radiological, and intraoperative findings were analyzed. RESULTSIn our series, distal PICA aneurysms reached an incidence of 0.28 and 0.38% of all intracranial aneurysms and ruptured aneurysms, respectively. There were 23 ruptured and 4 unruptured distal PICA aneurysms. Of these, 74.1% were saccular, 7.4% fusiform, and 18.5% dissecting aneurysms. Primarily the telovelotonsillar segment of the PICA was affected. Usually, the surgical outcome was favorable and was influenced by the obstructive hydrocephalus and the preoperative grade. It was sometimes difficult to detect the ruptured distal PICA aneurysm on the initial angiogram, and an extracranial origin of the PICA was sometimes observed. CONCLUSIONThis review summarizes the presentation and outcome of a large series of 24 patients with 27 distal PICA aneurysms, and we conclude that distal PICA aneurysms are benign entities compared with vertebral artery-PICA aneurysms. Characteristics that should be considered in the treatment of distal PICA aneurysms are discussed.
Native freshwater species get out of the way: Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) impacts both fish and benthic invertebrate communities in North America

Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) are one of the most noxious non-native species in Eurasia. Recently, Prussian carp, a non-native freshwater fish species, were genetically confirmed in Alberta, Canada and have been rapidly expanding their range in North America since establishment. Given their rapid range expansion, there is an increasing need to determine how Prussian carp may impact native species. We assessed the severity of the Prussian carp invasion by (i) determining their impact on fish communities, (ii) assessing their impact on benthic invertebrate communities, (iii) evaluating if Prussian carp alter abiotic conditions, and (iv) identifying where we find higher abundances of Prussian carp. When Prussian carp were established, we found significant changes to the fish community. Correspondingly, the degree of impact to benthic invertebrate communities was related to the stage of invasion (none, early or recent), where changes in fish communities were significantly concordant with changes in benthic invertebrate communities. Finally, we found that higher abundances of Prussian carp were significantly associated with lower abundances of a majority of native fish species. Altogether, using three lines of evidence, we determine that Prussian carp can have wide-ranging impacts on freshwater ecosystems in North America, pressing the need for management intervention.
Selective up‐regulation of functional mu‐opioid receptor splice variants by chronic opioids

We recently reported (Verzillo, et al. J. Neurochem: 130, 790–796, 2014) that chronic systemic morphine selectively up‐regulates mRNA encoding two C‐terminal μ‐opioid receptor (MOR) splice variants, MOR‐1C1 and MOR‐1B2 (MOR‐1B2/‐1C1). Given the known disconnects between changes in levels of mRNA and corresponding protein, it is essential to directly demonstrate that chronic opioid treatment elevates functional MOR‐1B2/‐1C1 protein prior to inferring relevance of these MOR variants to spinal opioid tolerance mechanisms. Accordingly, we investigated the ability of chronic opioid exposure to up‐regulate MOR protein in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with rat MOR variants MOR‐1B2, MOR‐1C1, or MOR‐1 (considered to be the predominant MOR). Findings revealed that chronic treatment with the clinically relevant opioids morphine, oxycodone and hydrocodone substantially up‐regulated membrane MOR‐1B2/‐1C1 protein. This up‐regulation was abolished by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, eliminating contributions from receptor redistribution. The increment in MOR‐1B2/‐1C1 protein was paralleled by a significant increment in opioid agonist‐stimulated GTPγS‐binding (reflective of increased aggregate MOR G protein coupling) indicating that up‐regulated MOR‐1B2/‐1C1 represented functional receptors. Strikingly, these tolerance‐associated adaptations of MOR‐1B2/‐1C1 differed considerably from those of MOR‐1. Antithetical regulation of MOR‐1B2/‐1C1 and MOR‐1 by chronic opioids has significant implications for the design of new therapeutic agents to counteract opioid analgesic tolerance and accompanying addiction. Since chronic opioids induce MOR‐1B2/‐1C1 up‐regulation in spinal cord of males, but not females, elucidating cellular compartments and intracellular pathways mediating MOR‐1B2/‐1C1 up‐regulation and defining their unique signaling attributes would enable a precision medicinal approach to pain management and addiction therapy.
Growth mechanism of truncated triangular III-V nanowires.

The epitaxial growth mechanism of truncated triangular III-V GaAs nanowires by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique was analyzed. The single-crystalline wafers with deposited Au nanoparticles were placed in a growth chamber and the nanowire growth was initiated by the flow of vapor reactants at the growth temperature. GaAs nanowires were grown on a (111)B GaAs substrates in a horizontal-flow MOCVD reactor at a pressure of 100 mbar. The MOCVD results show that the size of the truncated triangular GaAs is larger than the hexagon in the top region of the nanowire indicating the lateral growth of (112) surfaces. The results also show that the type II positions on the (112) surface are the preferred lattice site of Ga atoms. The results also show that the hexagonal-shaped sidewalls are (112) atomic planes belong to (112)A and (112)B surfaces in the zinc blende structures.
Effect of the interleukin-6 promoter polymorphism (−174 G/C) on the incidence and outcome of sepsis

Objective A biallelic polymorphism within the human interleukin (IL)-6 gene promoter region (−174 G/C) has been shown to affect IL-6 transcription in vitro and IL-6 plasma levels in healthy adults. Because IL-6 is excessively released into the circulation during sepsis and closely correlates with the clinical course, we studied whether this promoter polymorphism has an effect on the incidence and/or outcome of sepsis. Design Population-based association study in critically ill patients and healthy controls. Setting Surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in a German university hospital. Patients Surgical patients (n = 326) of German Caucasian origin with an ICU stay of at least 3 days admitted between 1997 and 1999 were prospectively enrolled. In a subset of 50 patients, sepsis was diagnosed according to consensus criteria (American College of Chest Physicians 1992). Healthy sex-matched adults of the same ethnic and geographic background served as controls. Interventions Blood sampling. Measurements and Main Results The (−174 G/C) polymorphism was genotyped by an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. IL-6 plasma levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Genotype distribution and allele frequencies did not differ significantly between patients with or without sepsis and healthy controls. In patients who finally succumbed to sepsis, significantly less GG homozygotes were observed compared with survivors (p = .008). Median systemic IL-6 levels in septic patients closely correlated with outcome (p < .0001) but were not associated with the IL-6 promoter genotype. Conclusions The IL-6 promoter polymorphism (−174 G/C) does not affect the incidence of sepsis. However, the GG homozygous genotype is significantly associated with an improved survival in sepsis. Because this association is independent from the systemic IL-6 response, we suggest that other genetically linked polymorphisms may be the primary cause.
High-dimensional semantic space accounts of priming q

A broad range of priming data has been used to explore the structure of semantic memory and to test between models of word representation. In this paper, we examine the computational mechanisms required to learn distributed semantic representations for words directly from unsupervised experience with language. To best account for the variety of priming data, we introduce a holographic model of the lexicon that learns word meaning and order information from experience with a large text corpus. Both context and order information are learned into the same composite representation by simple summation and convolution mechanisms (cf. Murdock, B.B. (1982). A theory for the storage and retrieval of item and associative information. Psychological Review, 89, 609–626). We compare the similarity structure of representations learned by the holographic model, Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA; Landauer, T.K., & Dumais, S.T. (1997). A solution to Plato’s problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction and representation of knowledge. Psychological Review, 104, 211–240), and the Hyperspace Analogue to Language (HAL; Lund, K., & Burgess, C., (1996). Producing high-dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence. Behavior Research Methods, Instrumentation, and Computers, 28, 203–208) at predicting human data in a variety of semantic, associated, and mediated priming experiments. We found that both word context and word order information are necessary to account for trends in the human data. The representations learned from the holographic system incorporate both types of structure, and are shown to account for priming phenomena across several tasks. 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Duration of untreated psychosis: a critical examination of the concept and its importance

Background. The concept of duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) has recently attracted much interest because of its possible relationship to treatment outcome and implications for preventive efforts with reference to psychotic disorders, especially schizophrenia. In this paper we review critically the literature concerning the concept and its importance. Methods. Articles concerned with measuring DUP and those that have been suggested to provide indirect or direct evidence of the effect of DUP on treatment outcome are reviewed. Results. Evidence thus far suggests that DUP may be related to ease of reducing psychotic symptoms once treatment begins for first episode patients, but there is no evidence of a relationship to likelihood of relapse. There has been little investigation of the relationship of DUP to other long-term outcomes such as negative symptoms and cognitive functioning neither have the possible confounds of DUP been widely investigated or controlled. Conclusions. It is important that there should be more thorough investigations of DUP, its correlates, and the extent to which it does mediate any advantages of earlier intervention.
Cross-listing of real estate investment trusts (REITs)

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the common stock price reaction and the changes to the risk exposure of the cross-listing for real estate investment trusts (REITs). Design/methodology/approach - The paper adopts the event study methodology to assess the abnormal returns (ARs). Pre- and post-cross-listing changes in the risk exposure for the domestic and foreign markets are examined, via a modified two-factor international asset pricing model. A comparison is made for two broad cross-listings, namely, the depositary receipts and the dual ordinary listings, to examine the impacts from institutional differences. Findings - Cross-listed REITs generally experience positive and significant ARs throughout the event window, implying significant superior returns associated with the cross-listing for REITs. On systematic risks, REITs exhibit significant decline in their domestic market Research limitations/implications - Results are consistent with prudential asset allocation for potential diversification gains from the cross-listing, as the reduction from the domestic market beta is more significant than changes in the foreign market beta. Practical implications - The results and findings should incentivise REIT managers to explore viable cross-listing. Social implications - Such cross-listing for REITs should enhance risk diversification. Originality/value - This is a pioneer study on cross-listing of REITs. It provides a basis for investment decision making, and could provoke further research and discussion.