Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Trials for Using Capsaicin to Aid Intestinal Epithelial Passage of Betanodavirus Vaccine in Goldfish Crassius aurata

4 Abstract: As a worldwide fish disease, piscine nodavirus (Betanodaviruses) infections have emerged as major constraints on the culture of marine fish all over the world causing severe economic losses. No live attenuated vaccine is produced against this disease and the effective vaccine is inactivated injectable vaccine, which need large sized fish to be applicable, while most epizootics and losses occur in fish at juvenile or larval stage. Oral vaccination trials against this virus are still not successful so far. So any method that facilitates the intestinal passage of the vaccine particles would be feasible. According to the fact that, some inflammatory substances which cause reversible pathology to the intestinal epithelium may be employed for the epithelial passage of vaccine particles. Capsaicin (Methyl vanillylnonenamide) which is naturally produced from hot chili pepper was investigated as a potential candidate in this study. Goldfish (Crassius aurata) and inactivated striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV) were used as the model fish and the tested vaccine, respectively. Both inflammatory substances and vaccine were introduced via anal intubation to fish. Capsaicin proved to be effective to aid the transepithelial passage of vaccine particles.
EMPLOYMENT, WAGE AND OUTPUT RELATIONSHIPS IN INDIA: A COMPARISON OF PRE AND POST REFORM BEHAVIOUR

This paper examines the relationship between employment, wage and output in India in the pre and post reform years, using an employment demand function at one-digit industry level and across states. This exercise using NSS data on employment and real wage (current daily status criterion) and output (GSDP) suggests that despite many institutional bottlenecks, the basic labour function postulated in economic literature is still valid for India. the employment elasticity with respect to output is positive and with respect to real wage negative. The magnitude and significance of elasticities, however, vary across industries and also in different rounds of NSS. It appears that but for the rise in the real wage, the employment growth rate could have been higher in the post reform period. The wage sensitivity, however, does not imply a reduction in real wage can necessarily lead to high employment. Wage rate in the informal sector is abysmally low. Any further reduction in it may not be sustainable because it will directly increase the incidence of poverty, especially in the rural areas, and may even lower the productivity of the labour. Further, the lack of capital and also appropriate technology would continue to be the major obstacles in employment generation even at a lower wage rate. The evidence presented in this paper would therefore have to be interpreted with caution. However, there is no significant change in the behaviour of employment after reforms.
COMMON FIXED POINTS OF TWO NONEXPANSIVE MAPPINGS BY A NEW ONE-STEP ITERATION PROCESS *

We introduce a new one-step iteration process to approximate common fixed points of two nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces and prove weak convergence of the iterative sequence using (i) Opial's condition and (ii) Kadec-Klee property. Strong convergence theorems are also established in Banach spaces and uniformly convex Banach spaces under the so-called Condition ( A ), which is weaker than compactness.
Beyond the Pragmatic and the Liminal: Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students Code-Switching in Early-Years Classrooms

This article examines the code-switching (CS) practices of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) young children in kindergarten and grade 1 classrooms. The author argues that their use of CS went beyond relief of psycholinguistic stress or coping with liminality (sense of living between two languages and cultures). Through several narratives constructed using ethnographic data, the author explores CLD students' use of CS to respond to the sociolinguistic and sociopolitical dynamics that they encountered in their early-years classrooms. CS enabled students to address their language and literacy needs, assert their identities, and defy subtractive and assimilative orientations that they experienced with respect to lack of incorporation of their first languages. Further, data affirm Cummins'(2001) assertion that students do not passively accept dominantgroup attributions of inferiority, but actively resist the process of subordination.
External Financing Needs, Corporate Governance, and Firm Value

We set out in this study to explore the overall impact of external financing needs on corporate governance and firm value, arguing that external financing needs have extremely important impacts on corporate governance, essentially because external financing can prove to be very costly, largely as a result of asymmetric information. Thus, we suggest that improvements in corporate governance of firms with external financing needs could help to reduce costs of outside equity financing. Our results reveal that it is in fact firm valuation that has an effect on governance practices, as opposed to the reverse, and that external financing needs appear to strengthen the influence of the quality of corporate governance practices on firm value. The external forces considered in this study are product market competition, investment opportunities, and external financing needs, with particular emphasis being placed upon the impact of external financing needs, since this relates directly to outside shareholders. Given that poor corporate governance practices signal higher asymmetric information costs, and thus, lead to an increase in the costs of raising external capital, it is important to gain a comprehensive understanding of the impact of external financing needs on firm value and corporate governance. Our results demonstrate the important implications that corporate governance practices have for those firms with a particularly strong need for external equity, and the fact that external financing needs provide incentives for firms to seek out ways of making improvements to the overall quality of their corporate governance practices.
Origin and activities of glycolytic enzymes in the gut of the tropical geophagous earthworm Millsonin anomala from Lamto

Summary. The tropical endogeic earthworms have developed strong mutualism with the ingested microflora to digest soil organic matter. In order to determine the role of the intesti- nal mucus in these mutualistic relationships, glycolytic enzymatic activities have been assayed in the gut contents of adult Millsonin ariornala from Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Twenty- one tested substrates selected for their plant origin were broken down, which indicates that this species may use root and fungal substrates available in soils. With the aim of comparing the origins of these glycolytic enzymes found in the gut, the intestinal wall tissues were cultured in vitro and enzymatic activities were measured in both cultured tissues and culture media. M. aizonzala cannot produce cellulase and mannanase and use instead the digestive enzymatic capabilities of the ingested microflora which synthesize extracellular glycolytic enzymes. These enzyme capabilities are similar to those of Pontoscolex corethriiriu, and inferior to Polypheretinza elorigata that produces cellulase and mannanase.
3D Cinema and Human Stereovision

One of the modern entertainment industry spheres is three-dimensional (3D) cinema. In recent years it has experienced rapid development. However, the opinion about 3D cinema varies. Some people believe that 3D cinema has negative impact on their vision. It causes discomfort (headache, nausea) or even inability to see the 3D effect in movies and animations. The purpose of the research is to study the causes which lead to vision problems and complaints relating to 3D cinema. A significant part of the study was a questionnaire with an aim to find out the opinions about 3D cinema and the vision problems, which block the ability to see 3D. Three groups underwent a stereovision test-a group without complaints, a group with complaints and a group who do not see the 3D effect at all. The questionnaire also defined the reasons for the difficulties to see 3D effect. Findings of the questionnaire indicate that almost a half of all respondents-65%-prefer movies in 2D format due to the vision discomfort when watching 3D movies, namely, headache (7%), eye fatigue (41%) etc. However, 4% of all respondents confirmed that 2D movies cause some asthenopias as well. That leads to an assumption that complaints depend on the perception of 3D effect and vision problems (e.g., anisometropia, amblyopia etc.) by every individual. In comparison to research carried out in Great Britain by ‘The Eyecare Trust”, where the findings show that 10-12% of Great Britain’s population does not see 3D, we discovered in our research that 17% of respondents in Latvia have difficulties to see 3D effect.
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS IN HAYASHI'S THIRD METHOD OF QUANTIFICATION

A method of sensitivity analysis is proposed to detect the influential observations in Hayashi’s third method of quantification (Hayashi, 1956). It evaluates the changes of the eigenvalues and the scores assigned to the categories and/or individuals due to a small change of the weights for a single or multiple individuals (or categories) by using the perturbation theory of eigenvalue problems.
Growth Regimes over Time and Space

This paper seeks to shed new light on the policy debate about whether regional economic development policy should be targeted towards fostering new firm start-ups or nurturing large, incumbent enterprises. We extend the concept of technological regimes for innovative activity in the industrial economics literature to develop a concept of growth regimes for the unit of observation of regions. Based on data for 74 regions in West Germany over a two-decade period, we identify the existence of four distinct growth regimes: the entrepreneurial regime; the routinized regime; the revolving door regime; and the declining regime. The empirical evidence suggests that no single type of regime accounts for growth. Rather, regional growth can result in regions focusing on large enterprises or new enterprises. Thus, we conclude that diverse growth regimes exist across both time and space. Cet article cherche à éclaircir le débat à propos du rôle de la politique de développement économique régional: devrait-elle cibler la création d'entreprise ou le développement des grandes entreprises existantes? La notion de régimes technologiques relatifs à l'innovation, tirée de la documentation sur l'économie industrielle, se voit étendre afin de développer la notion de régimes pour l'unité régionale observée. A partir des données auprès de 74 régions situées dans l'Allemagne de l'Ouest sur deux décennies, on identifie quatre régimes différents - le régime entreprise, le régime systématique, le régime transitoire et le régime déclin. Les preuves empiriques laissent voir que la croissance ne s'explique pas par un seul régime. Plutôt, la croissance régionale puisse avoir pour résultat des régions qui focalisent sur ou de grandes ou de nouvelles entreprises. Ainsi, on conclut que divers régimes existent sur le temps et dans l'espace. Der Beitrag behandelt die Frage, ob die Regionalpolitik auf die Stimulierung von Unternehmensgründungen oder die Förderung von bereits existierenden Betrieben konzentrieren sollte. Dabei erweitern wir das industrieökonomische Konzept der Technologischen Regime um eine regionale Dimension. Anhand von Daten für die Entwicklung von 74 westdeutschen Regionen über fast zwei Dekaden identifizieren wir vier verschiedene Entwicklungsregime - das entrepreneurhafte Regime, das routinisierte Regime, das Drehtür-Regime und das Niedergangs-Regime. Der empirische Befund zeigt, das tatsächlich solche Unterschiede hinsichtlich des regionalen Entwicklungsregimes bestehen, wobei es im Zeitablauf durchaus auch zu einem Wechsel des Regime-Typs kommen kann. Darüber hinaus legen die Ergebnisse die Schlussfolgerung nahe, dass der positive Einfluss von Gründungen auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung vor allem langfristiger Natur ist.
INSTITUTET FÖR SOCIAL FORSKNING

There is extensive debate in the schooling literature about the failure to control for ability. This paper uses two new data sets that include various measures of ability, collected when the respondents were between 12 and 13 years old. The measures include scores from intelligence tests, achievement tests and school marks. In line with general opinion, the estimated wage premiums for education fall considerably when ability is controlled for. The average reduction is around 20 per cent, which is lower than comparable figures obtained in the U.S. I also find that measures associated with mathematics are the most important ones. 1. I have benefited from comments made by colleagues at the Swedish Institute for Social Research, in particular Anders Björklund and Håkan Regner. I would also like to thank participants at the LVIIr/j International Conference of Applied Econometrics (AEA), Maastricht 1997, and participants at the workshop in Labour Economics, Uppsala 1997, Kjell Härnqvist, Sven-Eric Reuterberg and Allan Svensson at the Department of Education and Educational Research, Hans Odelholm, Anna-Karin Olsson and Monica Rennermalm at Statistics Sweden. I gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences.
ROLE OF SOIL TEXTURE AND DEPTHS ON THE EMERGENCE OF BURIED WEED SEEDS

Glass house pot experiment was performed to test the effect of soil texture and depths on the emergence of seeds of various weeds grow in the fields of wheat. Seeds of different weed species were sown in three different depths (2cm, 4cm and 6cm) of both sandy loam and clay loam textured soil. Pots were fully labeled according to type of species, soil textured class, sowing depths and replicates wise. Pots were placed in the glasshouse in a completely randomized block design. From this study, Avena fatua L. and Vicia sativa L. showed significantly more germination i.e., 46±3.69 and 48±3.85, respectively than the remaining four other types of weed seeds. The lowest germination i.e., 20±1.59 was found in the case of Galium aparine L. There were also observed that seed germination (P<000*) significantly decreased with the increase of seed sowing depth. Increasing the depth more and more, decreasing the germination of seeds, because deep sowing seeds were under the less pressure of oxygen, which is very important for the vital activities of seeds. Sandy loam texture soil was best for maximum germination of seeds (P<000*). The aim of experiment was to investigate the suitability of various species seeds under the soil texture and seed sowing depth.
Does Corporate Hedging Attract Foreign Investors? - Evidence from International Firms

We study how corporate financial hedging affects the demand of foreign institutional investors. Given that investors benefit from hedging when the manager has information not directly observable to shareholders (DeMarzo and Duffie, 1991), corporate hedging is especially valuable for international investors that invest abroad facing the highest informational uncertainty. We focus on a comprehensive sample of 7,878 international non-financial companies from 2001 to 2009, for which we have collected measures of both foreign exchange hedging and interest rate hedging. We document a strong, positive relationship between foreign institutional demand and corporate hedging for both US and non-US institutions. The effect of hedging is concentrated in the demand of non-bank-affiliated foreign investors, whereas bank-affiliated investors are less sensitive to it. The impact of hedging on international demand is higher for less transparent countries, and a low quality of governance amplifies the effect of lower transparency. We address the issue of potential endogeneity of hedging with firm-fixed effects as well as with an instrumental variable specification that exploits changes in corporate hedging induced by changes in the asset quality of the relationship banks. We also use the IPO as an experiment and show that the before-IPO hedging policy is positively related to international investor demand after the IPO.
Innate Immune Cell Suppression and the Link With Secondary Lung Bacterial Pneumonia

Secondary infections arise as a consequence of previous or concurrent conditions and occur in the community or in the hospital setting. The events allowing secondary infections to gain a foothold have been studied for many years and include poor nutrition, anxiety, mental health issues, underlying chronic diseases, resolution of acute inflammation, primary immune deficiencies, and immune suppression by infection or medication. Children, the elderly and the ill are particularly susceptible. This review is concerned with secondary bacterial infections of the lung that occur following viral infection. Using influenza virus infection as an example, with comparisons to rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infection, we will update and review defective bacterial innate immunity and also highlight areas for potential new investigation. It is currently estimated that one in 16 National Health Service (NHS) hospital patients develop an infection, the most common being pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections and infection of surgical sites. The continued drive to understand the mechanisms of why secondary infections arise is therefore of key importance.
Amendments of the limits of the genera Gyromitra and Pseudorhizina, with descriptions of a new species, Gyromitra montana

\HARMAJA, H. 1973: Amendments of the limits of the genera Gywmitra and Pseudorhizina, with the descr~ption of a new species, Gyromi tra montana. Karstenia 13 : 48--58. Some new observations, relevant for specific, subgeneric and generic taxonomy, are presented on the characters of the species of Gyromitra Fr. and Pseudorhizina J ac. (Discomycetes, Pezizales), and the taxonomic significance of earlier known diagnostic features is dealt with and partly re-evaluated . On the basis of this information, it is considered that Pseudorhizina is a valid, independent genus, and that besides the type species, P. sphaerospora ( Peck ) Pouz. , -i t should also contain Gyromitra californica ( Phil! .) Rait . A tabulation comparing Gyromitra and Pseudorhizina. is presented . It is a lso emphasized that, as pre iously suggested by the author, the genera Discina (Fr.) Fr. and Neogyromitra Imai should be included in Gyromitra, together forming a subgenus of their own, Gyromitra subg. Discina. Gyromitra gigas sensu McKnight is considered different from the true G. gigas, and is described as a new species, Gyromitra montana Harmaja. Seven new combinations, necessary due to the amendments of the two genera, are made : Gyromitra subgenus Discina (Fr. ) Hai'IIlaja, Gyromitra apiculatula. (McKn. ) Harmaja, Gyromitra korfii (Raitv.) Harmaja, Gyromitra macrospora (Bub.) Harmaja, Gyromitra olympiana (Kan .) Harmaja, Gyromitra warnei (Pecl: ) Harmaja and Pseudorhizina ca.lifornica ( Phil! . ) Harmaja.
Financing Growth: Pecking Order and Determinants of Capital Structure

This paper examines capital structure decisions among a large sample of Swedish high-growth firms. From a longitudinal ten-year data set of all active Swedish limited corporations with more than 20 employees, 1,412 high-growth firms were identified by taking the multidimensional nature of growth into account. Consistent with the predictions of the Pecking Order Theory, the evidence put forward by this paper shows that high-growth firms with internal funds are less likely to issue debt and equity while high-growth firms with limited debt capacity seem to be more likely to issue new equity. Debt capacity and the accessibility of internal funds therefore seem to influence the financing behavior among highgrowth firms.
Food Security as Determinant of Anemia at Household Level in Nepal

This study investigates to assess the validity of household food security through its association between anemia and food insecurity by using a data set of Demographic Household Survey (DHS) 2011 in Nepal. About 32.3% households were not anemic, 19.9 % moderate, 12.1 % mild while 2.8 % households resulted as severe anemic based on the organized indexed appraisal of food security. Moreover, based on the Chi-square (5.06) value it is demonstrated that food security and anemia has no strong association. The result of the multinomial logit model reveals that woman education, media awareness, households from middle and rich class has significant while food poverty has insignificant impact of anemia. It is concluded that food security may not be a sufficient on its own to impact anemia.
TESTING FLEXIBLE GRIPPERS FOR GEOMETRIC AND SURFACE GRASPING CONFORMITY IN RECONFIGURABLE ASSEMBLY SYSTEMS

The ongoing development in manufacturing technology facilitates flexibility in production and faces challenges of product handling. Flexibility was required in the form of adaptable grippers for robotic arms in pick-and-place procedures for reconfigurable assembly systems. A conceptual system was designed and tested according to the surface geometric conformity of grasped objects. The system proposed was a biologically inspired Fin Ray Effect® gripper. Grasping occurs due to the deformation of the rib structure of the appendage. The appendages were simulated for conformity by means of a finite element analysis, and performance was analysed by means of a physical sample mass test and a force test.
A decade of contraceptive use in Cameroon: influences of structural changes.

The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of social changes over the last two decades in Cameroon. The data for this study are from the 2004 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) (Enquete Demographique et de Sante au Cameroun [EDSC-III]) the third DHS carried out in Cameroon. The first one was in 1991. The 1991Cameroon DHS is a sample of 3871 women aged between 15 and 49 years. The EDSC-III was carried out from February to August 2004 and covered 10462 households 10656 women aged 15-49 years and 5280 men aged 15-59 years. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effects of proposed determinants of modern contraceptive use among a sample of respondents in the 1991 and 2004 DHSs. We found that respondents from both surveys with an education compared with women with no education were more likely to use modern contraception. The two decision-making-related variables “discuss” and “husband OK with family planning” had significant positive effects on modern contraceptive use in both surveys. A few variables such as age at marriage had a significant effect on modern contraceptive use among respondents in one of the two samples. The differences in the effects of the determinants in the proposed models on contraceptive use in the two samples were decomposed into processual compositional and interaction components as suggested by the cohort effect model made famous by the demographer Norman Ryder. The compositional changes during 1991 and 2004 contributed more toward an improvement in modern contraceptive use than the rest of the components.