Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Turkish version of the Rome III criteria for IBS is valid and reliable.

BACKGROUND/AIMS In this study, we aimed to provide the usage of the Rome III criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in the healthcare field by conducting validity and reliability studies in Turkey and to facilitate diagnosis of these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Item analysis of the Rome III criteria was performed, and the test was applied to 79 patients after their consistency had been validated with expert opinion. After the first application, the retest was applied to 77 cases, and the consistency between the two applications was examined by kappa analysis. IBS was diagnosed by expert opinion, which was accepted as 'the gold standard'. RESULTS Cronbach's alpha of the Rome III criteria was calculated as 0.90. When the compliance between expert assessment and IBS Rome III diagnostic criteria was compared, the diagnostic criteria's sensitivity was determined as 78.6%, and their specificity was 82.9%. When the Rome III criteria test-retest agreement was analysed, the sensitivity, specificity and negative and positive predictive values of the Rome III diagnostic criteria were determined as 97.4%. CONCLUSION In this study, the internal consistency of the Rome III criteria for diagnosis of patients with IBS in our country was found to be an important criterion because of the fact that the Rome III criteria have high internal consistency and validation, they are a reliable measurement tool, they are able to distinguish IBS-positive and -negative cases with the same rate as a specialist and their application is very easy.
Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor and Apolipoprotein A-I and B Expression in Human Enterocytes

Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) was found to be expressed in human small intestine epithelial cells, enterocytes. The relative abundance of LDL-R mRNA and protein was compared with that of apolipoproteins A-I (apoA-I) and B (apoB) in enterocytes and two other cell types: CaCo-2 and HepG2. The LDL-R mRNA content was comparable in three cell types. Human enterocytes expressed 5.2- to 14-fold more apoA-I mRNA than the other cells. In contrast, HepG2 cells expressed 10-to 19-fold more apoB mRNA than CaCo-2 cells and human enterocytes. Immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine pulse-labeled intracellular proteins from these cell types demonstrated that human enterocytes synthesize more apoA-I and apoB, while HepG2 cells synthesize a slightly higher amount of LDL-R.
Integrative Aspects of Renal Endocrinology Differential regulation of circulating and renal ACE 2 and ACE in hypertensive mRen 2 . Lewis rats with early-onset diabetes

Yamaleyeva LM, Gilliam-Davis S, Almeida I, Brosnihan KB, Lindsey SH, Chappell MC. Differential regulation of circulating and renal ACE2 and ACE in hypertensive mRen2.Lewis rats with early-onset diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 302: F1374–F1384, 2012. First published February 29, 2012; doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00656. 2011. —We examined the impact of early diabetes on the circulating and kidney renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in male and female mRen2.Lewis (mRen2) hypertensive rats. Diabetes (DB) was induced by streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg) at 11 wk of age for 4 wk without insulin replacement. Systolic blood pressures were not increased in DB males or females compared with controls (CON). Circulating angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) increased ninefold (P 0.05) in DB females and threefold (P 0.05) in DB males, but circulating ACE and ANG II were higher in the DB groups. Serum C-reactive protein was elevated in DB females but not DB males, and the vascular responses to acetylcholine and estradiol were attenuated in the DB females. Proteinuria, albuminuria, and angiotensinogen excretion increased to a similar extent in both DB females and males. Glomerular VEGF expression also increased to a similar extent in both DB groups. Renal inflammation (CD68 cells) increased only in DB females although males exhibited greater inflammation that was not different with DB. Cortical ACE2 did not change in DB females but was reduced (30%) in DB males. Renal neprilysin activity ( 75%, P 0.05) was markedly reduced in the DB females to that in the DB and CON males. ACE activity was significantly lower in both female (75%, P 0.05) and male (50%; P 0.05) DB groups, while cortical ANG II and Ang-(1-7) levels were unchanged. In conclusion, female mRen2 rats are not protected from vascular damage, renal inflammation, and kidney injury in early STZ-induced diabetes despite a marked increase in circulating ACE2 and significantly reduced ACE within the kidney.
Race, Gender, and Authority in the Workplace: Theory and Research

▪ Abstract This chapter surveys sociological approaches to the study of job authority, including theoretical foundations, measurement, and emergence as an important dimension of social inequality. The focus here is mainly on studies of race and gender differences in the determinants of authority and the consequences of race and gender differences in authority for income. Despite significant advancements in the overall socioeconomic status of minorities and working women, race and gender remain important impediments to their attainment of authority. This pattern, which is consistent and robust in state-level, national, cross-national, and cross-temporal studies, is sustained net of an incumbent's human capital investments and structural location within and between several economic units. Following a review of the predominant explanations for gender and racial disparities in job authority is the conclusion that the most promising explanations for persistent racial and gender disparities in authority concern.
Drug transporters in breast cancer: response to anthracyclines and taxanes

Despite the advances that have taken place in the past decade, including the development of novel molecular targeted agents, cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the mainstay of cancer treatment. In breast cancer, anthracyclines and taxanes are the two main chemotherapeutic options used on a routine basis. Although effective, their usefulness is limited by the inevitable development of resistance, a lack of response to drug-induced cancer cell death. A large body of research has resulted in the characterization of a plethora of mechanisms involved in resistance; ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins, through their function in xenobiotic clearance, play an important role in resistance. We review here the current evidence for drug transporters as biomarkers and the benefit of adding drug transporter modulators to conventional chemotherapy.
Immunogenicity of Wild and Attenuated Varicella-Zoster Virus Strains in Pygmy Marmosets

Abstract Pygmy marmosets were inoculated with the low-passage parental strain or with the attenuated variant of OKA strain of varicella-zoster virus. No clinical signs were observed following inoculation and virus could not be isolated from tissues taken at several times after inoculation. A low-level antibody response developed in all animals. Three months after the first inoculation, all animals were challenged with the low-passage parental strain of virus. Animals primed originally with the parental strain developed higher booster responses than animals primed with the attenuated strain of virus. The results suggest that the parental and attenuated strains of varicella-zoster virus differ in their immunogenicity in pygmy marmosets.
Mechanisms of inactivation of poliovirus by chlorine dioxide and iodine

Chlorine dioxide and iodine inactivated poliovirus more efficiently at pH 10.0 than at pH 6.0. Sedimentation analyses of viruses inactivated by chlorine dioxide and iodine at pH 10.9 showed that viral RNA separated from the capsids, resulting in the conversion of virions from 156S structures to 80S particles. The RNAs release from both chlorine dioxide- and iodine-inactivated viruses cosedimented with intact 35S viral RNA. Both chlorine dioxide and iodine reacted with the capsid proteins of poliovirus and changed the pI from pH 7.0 to pH 5.8. However, the mechanisms of inactivation of poliovirus by chlorine dioxide and iodine were found to differ. Iodine inactivated viruses by impairing their ability to adsorb to HeLa cells, whereas chlorine dioxide-inactivated viruses showed a reduced incorporation of [14C]uridine into new viral RNA. We concluded, then, that chlorine dioxide inactivated poliovirus by reacting with the viral RNA and impairing the ability of the viral genome to act as a template for RNA synthesis.
Effect of postpartum propylene glycol allocation to over-conditioned Holstein cows on concentrations of milk metabolites

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of propylene glycol (PG) allocation on concentrations of milk metabolites with potential use as indicators of glucogenic status in high yielding postpartum dairy cows. At time of calving, nine ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were randomly assigned to ruminal dosing of 500 g/d tap water (CON, n = 4) or 500 g/d PG (PPG, n = 5). The PG was given with the morning feeding week 1–4 postpartum (treatment period) and cows were further followed during week 5–8 postpartum (follow-up period). All cows were fed the same postpartum diet. Milk samples were obtained at each milking (3 times/d) in the treatment period, and at morning milking during the follow-up period. Weekly blood samples were obtained from –4 to +8 weeks relative to calving and daily blood samples from –7 until +7 d relative to calving. The main effect of PG allocation was an increased glucogenic status, e.g. visualised by a prompt marked increase in blood fructosamine. During the treatment period, milk concentration of free glucose tended to be greater, whereas milk concentrations of isocitrate and BHBA were lower for PPG compared with CON. It is proposed that the ratio between free glucose and isocitrate in milk may be a potential biomarker for glucogenic status in the vulnerable early postpartum period. We will pursue this issue in the future.
The effect of a weak W/SiC interface on the strength of Sigma silicon carbide monofilament

Fractography studies have shown that the strength‐determining flaws in silicon carbide monofilaments are generally at the core/silicon carbide interface or in the vicinity of the outside, carbon‐based coating. In tungsten‐cored monofilaments like DERA Sigma, the W/SiC flaws primarily determine the strength. Fracture is accompanied by brittle failure of the tungsten. The crack propagates simultaneously outwards through the silicon carbide, inwards through the tungsten and also around the W/SiC interface before being deflected into the tungsten or out through the silicon carbide. Experiments depositing boundary layers between the tungsten and silicon carbide have resulted in significantly different fracture behaviour. The tungsten fails in a ductile manner and the strength‐determining flaws are located predominantly at the outside surface of the silicon carbide. This behaviour is discussed in terms of models proposed by E. Martin and W. Curtin. It is thought that the work will ultimately lead to a significantly stronger, tungsten‐based monofilament.
DNA methylation and obesity traits: An epigenome-wide association study. The REGICOR study

ABSTRACT Obesity is associated with increased risk of several diseases and has become epidemic. Obesity is highly heritable but the genetic variants identified by genome-wide association studies explain only limited variability. Epigenetics could contribute to explain the missing variability. The study aim was to discover differential methylation patterns related to obesity. We designed an epigenome-wide association study with a discovery phase in a subsample of 641 REGICOR study participants, validated by analysis of 2,515 participants in the Framingham Offspring Study. Blood DNA methylation was assessed using Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. Next, we meta-analyzed the data using the fixed effects method and performed a functional and pathway analysis using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. We were able to validate 94 CpGs associated with body mass index (BMI) and 49 CpGs associated with waist circumference, located in 95 loci. In addition, we newly discovered 70 CpGs associated with BMI and 33 CpGs related to waist circumference. These CpGs explained 25.94% and 29.22% of the variability of BMI and waist circumference, respectively, in the REGICOR sample. We also evaluated 65 of the 95 validated loci in the GIANT genome-wide association data; 10 of them had Tag SNPs associated with BMI. The top-ranked diseases and functions identified in the functional and pathway analysis were neurologic, psychological, endocrine, and metabolic.
Modeling and Evaluating a Robust Feedback-Based Reputation System for E-Commerce Platforms

Despite the steady growth of e-commerce communities in the past two decades, little has changed in the way these communities manage reputation for building trust and for protecting their member's financial interests against fraud. As these communities mature and the defects of their reputation systems are revealed, further potential for deception against their members is created, that pushes the need for novel reputation mechanisms. Although a high volume of research works has explored the concepts of reputation and trust in e-communities, most of the proposed reputation systems target decentralized e-communities, focusing on issues related with the decentralized reputation management; they have not thus been integrated in e-commerce platforms. This work's objective is to provide an attackresilient feedback-based reputation system for modern e-commerce platforms, while minimizing the incurred financial burden of potent security schemes. Initially, we discuss a series of attacks and issues in reputation systems and study the different approaches of these problems from related works, while also considering the structural properties, defense mechanisms and policies of existing platforms. Then we present our proposition for a robust reputation system which consists of a novel reputation metric and attack prevention mechanisms. Finally, we describe the simulation framework and tool that we have implemented for thoroughly testing and evaluating the metric's resilience against attacks and present the evaluation experiments and their results. We consider the presented simulation framework as the second contribution of our article, aiming at facilitating the simulation and elaborate evaluation of reputation systems which specifically target e-commerce platforms by thoroughly presenting it, exhibiting its usage and making it available to the research community.
The impact of the financial crisis on health in Ireland and Greece: a quasi-experimental approach

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Effectiveness of a summer school in influencing medical students' attitudes towards psychiatry

Aims and method Summer schools are advocated as part of the national recruitment initiative despite little evidence of their impact. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a 3-day non-clinical initiative. Change in attitudes and career intention were measured by administering a questionnaire, which included the 30-item Attitudes Toward Psychiatry (ATP-30) survey, at the start and end of the event. Results Mean ATP-30 scores increased from 119 to 128, which represented a highly statistically significant change ( t = 5.40, d.f. = 18, P <0.001). A positive shift in intention to pursue psychiatry as a career was demonstrated. Clinical implications These results suggest well-planned summer schools can have a significant impact on students’ attitudes. Despite high initial ATP-30 scores a positive shift in attitudes and career intentions was still seen. Further evaluation of the longitudinal impact is needed. Events such as this are important and likely produce a cumulative effect alongside other recruitment strategies.
Differential expression of the GDNF family receptors RET and GFRα1, 2, and 4 in subsets of motoneurons: A relationship between motoneuron birthdate and receptor expression

Previous studies have demonstrated the expression of specific members of the glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor family α (GFRα) in subsets of motoneurons (MNs) in the developing mouse spinal cord. We examined the expression pattern of GFRα and RET in the avian lumbar spinal cord during the period of programmed cell death (PCD) of MNs by using double labeling in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In the lateral motor column (LMC) of the lumbar spinal cord, a laminar organization of GFRα expression was observed: GFRα1‐positive MNs were located in the medial LMC; GFRα1‐, 2‐, and 4‐positive MNs were situated in the lateral LMC; and GFRα4‐positive MNs were located in the intermediate LMC. The species of GFRα receptor that was expressed in MNs was found to be related to their birthdates. The expression of subpopulation‐specific transcriptional factors was also used to define MNs that express a specific pattern of GFRα. This analysis suggests that motor pools as defined by these transcriptional factors have unique expression patterns of GFRα receptor. Early limb bud ablation did not affect the expression of GFRα in the spinal cord, indicating that regulation of receptor expression is independent of target‐derived signals. Finally, GDNF mRNA expression was found in the limb during the PCD period of MNs. In conclusion, these results indicate that time of withdrawal from the mitotic cycle may specify the expression pattern of GFRα in subsets of MNs and that GDNF may function as a target‐derived neurotrophic factor for specific subpopulations of MNs. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:245–259, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ice sheet anisotropy measured with polarimetric ice sounding radar

For polar ice sheets, valuable stress and strain information can be deduced from crystal orientation fabrics (COF) and their prevailing c-axis alignment. Polarimetric radio echo sounding is a promising technique to measure the anisotropic electromagnetic propagation and reflection properties associated with COFs. In this paper, fully polarimetric P-band data acquired with the airborne POLARIS system near the ice divide of the Greenland ice sheet are analyzed. Based on a simple electromagnetic model, these data are interpreted, and a pronounced birefringence is found.
Single radial hemolysis test for quantitation of complement-fixing antibodies to non-hemagglutinating viruses

A single radial hemolysis test, which overcomes many of the problems of conventional complement fixation tests, was developed for the quantitation of virus complement-fixing antibodies. The test procedure utilized staphylococcal protein A-coated sheep erythrocytes immobilized in agarose into which antigen was incorporated. Undiluted heat-inactivated serum samples were allowed to diffuse radially from wells punched in the agarose. Protein A served to concentrate the subsequent antigen-antibody reaction on the surface of the erythrocytes. Zones of hemolysis were developed by flooding with complement. With adenovirus as a model, basic test parameters were defined, and optimum reagent concentrations and diffusion conditions were determined. A positive linear relationship was found to exist between zone diameter and increasing log concentration of specific antiserum. No correlation was found between zone diameter and total concentration of immunoglobulin G in test sera. Sera rendered anticomplementary by the addition of carrageenan produced hemolytic zones equal to diameter to those observed with untreated sera. Seventy-seven human sera with known complement fixation titers were tested by this method. Good correlation (r = 0.74) between the complement fixation test and single radial hemolysis was observed. This test was highly reproducible and more sensitive than the conventional complement fixation test.
Service management.

Superior service is the outcome of a dedicated planning methodology. Medical groups that plan and manage for patients' service needs will achieve market differentiation, enjoy enhanced levels of staff development and motivation and improve long-term financial performance. Medical groups that ignore the importance of service excellence will find themselves trailing those groups that provide superior service to their patients.
PROYECTOS FAMILIARES Y DE PAREJA ENTRE LOS JOVENES DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Los jovenes chilenos valoran altamente y se perciben en el futuro viviendo en familia, constituida con hijos y generalmente casados. En este articulo se profundiza en las ideas y proyectos que tienen los jovenes acerca de la familia. Se destaca la prioridad que tienen los hijos en la conformacion de la familia, tanto a nivel de las percepciones como de proyectos. El matrimonio tiene un lugar secundario pero no por ello de poca importancia; la mayoria de los jovenes se proyecta viviendo en matrimonio en el futuro, aunque su modo de entrada sera cada vez mas a traves de una convivencia previa. Los datos provienen principalmente de una encuesta representativa de los jovenes entre 15 y 30 anos, realizada en Santiago de Chile durante el ano 2004 y financiada por la Fundacion Andes, que tenia como proposito estudiar las experiencias, opiniones y proyectos familiares de los jovenes, los cuales se ilustran tambien con citas textuales de jovenes entrevistados en profundidad o que participaron en grupos focales. Adicionalmente, en cada apartado se complementan los resultados de dicha encuesta con datos que permitan contextualizar los hallazgos de la investigacion, utilizando otras fuentes estadisticas, principalmente los Censos de poblacion chilena de 1992 y 2002, y estadisticas internacionales de Naciones Unidas.