Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring Nudge Designs to Help Adolescent SNS Users Avoid Privacy and Safety Threats

A nudge is a method to influence individual choices without taking away freedom of choice. We are interested in whether nudges can help adolescents avoid privacy and safety threats on social network services (SNS). We conducted an online survey to compare how 11 different nudge designs influence decisions on 9 scenarios featuring various privacy and safety threats. We collected 29,608 responses from adolescent SNS users (self-claimed high school and university students), and found that nudges can help to educe potentially risk choices. Participants were more likely to avoid potentially risky choices when presented with negative frames (e.g., "90% of users would not share a photo without permission'') than affirmative ones (e.g., "10% of users would''). Social nudges displaying statistics on how likely other people would make potentially risky decisions can have a negative effect in comparison to a nudge with only general privacy and safety suggestions. We conclude by providing design considerations for privacy/safety nudges targeting adolescent SNS users.
Dual-energy CT-based phantomless in vivo three-dimensional bone mineral density assessment of the lumbar spine.

PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility of phantomless in vivo dual-energy computed tomography (CT)-based three-dimensional (3D) bone mineral density (BMD) assessment in comparison with dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board, and the requirement to obtain informed consent was waived. Data from clinically indicated dual-energy CT and DXA examinations within 2 months, comprising the lumbar spine of 40 patients, were included. By using automated dedicated postprocessing dual-energy CT software, the trabecular bone of lumbar vertebrae L1-L4 were analyzed and segmented. A mixed-effects model was used to assess the correlations between BMD values derived from dual-energy CT and DXA. RESULTS One hundred sixty lumbar vertebrae were analyzed in 40 patients (mean age, 57.1 years; range, 24-85 years), 21 male (mean age, 54.3 years; range, 24-85 years) and 19 female (mean age, 58.5 years; range, 31-80 years). Mean BMD of L1-L4 determined with DXA was 0.995 g/cm(2), and 18 patients (45%) showed an osteoporotic BMD (T score less than -2.5) of at least two vertebrae. Mean dual-energy CT-based BMD of L1-L4 was 0.254 g/cm(3). Bland-Altman analysis with mixed effects demonstrated a lack of correlation between dual-energy CT-based and DXA-based BMD values, with a mean difference of 0.7441 and 95% limits of agreement of 0.7441 ± 0.4080. CONCLUSION Dedicated postprocessing of dual-energy CT data allows for phantomless in vivo BMD assessment of the trabecular bone of lumbar vertebrae and enables freely rotatable color-coded 3D visualization of intravertebral BMD distribution.
The psychological impact of terrorist attacks: examining a dose–response relationship between exposure to 9/11 and Axis I mental disorders

Background: Previous research has suggested a dose–response relationship between exposure to the 9/11 terrorist attacks and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. However, this relationship has not been examined with other Axis I mental disorders. This study examined whether the incidence of Axis I mental disorders was associated with level of exposure to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Method: Data came from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC‐2; N=34,653, ages 20+) collected between 2004 and 2005. This survey utilized a fully structured face‐to‐face interview to assess the presence of DSM‐IV Axis I disorders since Wave 1 of the NESARC, collected between 2001 and 2002. Multiple logistic regression analyses were employed to examine the relationship between the level of exposure to 9/11 and the prevalence of Axis I disorders since Wave 1. Results: In adjusted models, higher levels of exposure increased the odds of having new onset PTSD, any anxiety disorder, and any mental disorder. Compared to participants who were not exposed to 9/11, those who directly experienced 9/11 had six times the odds of having PTSD, 2.5 times the odds of having any anxiety disorder, and nearly twice the odds of having any mental disorder. Conclusions: Results suggest that there is a dose–response relationship between level of exposure to the 9/11 attacks and PTSD. Furthermore, higher levels of exposure increase the odds of having any anxiety disorder and any Axis I mental disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro antibacterial activity and physicochemical properties of a crude methanol extract of the larvae of the blow fly Lucilia cuprina

The emergence of multidrug‐resistant bacterial strains has prompted the reintroduction of maggot therapy in the treatment of chronic, infected wounds. Many previous studies have demonstrated the potent antibacterial activity of larval excretions/secretions of the blowfly Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera:Calliphoridae) against bacteria. However, the antibacterial activity of its sibling species, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera:Calliphoridae) against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria has never been determined. The aim of this study was to develop a new procedure to produce whole body extract of larvae of L. cuprina via methanol extraction as well as to demonstrate the in vitro antibacterial activity of this extract against seven selected wound pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin‐resistant S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). The turbidimetric assay demonstrated that L. cuprina larval extract was significantly potent against all bacteria tested (P < 0.001). Additionally, colony‐forming unit (CFU), agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays have confirmed the apparent potency of larval extract against P. aeruginosa. The reconstituted larval extract was highly robust and thermally stable. These observations substantiated the feasibility of the methanol extraction method in the production of larval extract.
Evaluation of the effects of formulation and food on the pharmacokinetics of lenvatinib (E7080) in healthy volunteers.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of formulation and a high-fat meal on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered lenvatinib (E7080). MATERIALS Lenvatinib 10-mg capsule and tablet. METHODS Pharmacokinetics and safety of a single 10-mg lenvatinib dose were evaluated in healthy subjects in two randomized, two-period, crossover, phase 1, bioavailability trials. The first compared a new capsule formulation with an older tablet formulation (n = 20 subjects); the second evaluated the influence of a standard high-fat meal on the relative bioavailability of the capsule formulation (n = 16 subjects). Geometric least squares mean ratios of AUC0-∞, maximum observed concentration (Cmax), and AUC0-t were determined. tmax, tlag (food effect only), and t1/2,z were also calculated, and descriptive statistics were provided. RESULTS A total of 36 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the two studies (mean ages 29 and 33 years). In the formulation study, AUC0-∞ and AUC0-t of the capsule formulation were ~ 10% less than the tablet formulation, and Cmax for the capsule formulation was ~ 14% lower. 90% Confidence intervals (CIs) for both AUCs were within the 80 - 125% CI, which is generally considered to denote bioequivalence, while the lower bound of the interval for Cmax was 79.8%. tmax and t1/2,z were comparable. For the capsule formulation, the mean (%CV) t1/2,z was 27.6 hours (27.3) and the median (range) tmax was 2.0 hours (2 - 4). In the food effect study, lenvatinib's AUC0-∞ and AUC0-t increased ~ 6% and 4% with the high-fat meal. Cmax following a high-fat meal was 5% lower than following administration in the fasted state. Administration with food delayed lenvatinib's tmax (2 vs. 4 hours). 90% CIs for AUCs were within the 80 - 125% CI, while the CI for Cmax was 72.1 - 126.4%. The single 10-mg dose demonstrated an acceptable tolerability profile; treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 9 subjects (25%) overall and were typically mild in severity. CONCLUSIONS These studies show that a new capsule formulation produces slightly lower exposure (~10 - 14%) to lenvatinib compared with the original tablet formulation, and that oral administration with a high-fat meal does not significantly affect exposure, although absorption is delayed. Thus, lenvatinib can be administered without regard to the timing of meals.
Content of inorganic and high energy phosphates potassium, sodium, lactate and glycogen in different areas of the dog heart.

Concentrations of inorganic phosphate, phosphocreatine, adenosine polyphosphate and potassium were all lower in atrial than in ventricular tissue by approximately 40%. Sodium concentration, in contrast, was higher by 60%. In right atrium, phosphocreatine, adenosine polyphosphate and potassium concentrations were all about 20% lower than in left atrium. Nonspecific factors such as variation in extracellular space or in connective tissue content are believed to be responsible for these results. Slightly higher phosphocreatine and glycogen values in right ventricle in contrast to the left may be related to functional differences in the muscle cells in these areas.
Using stroke to explore the Life Thread Model: An alternative approach to understanding rehabilitation following an acquired disability

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Life Thread Model, which incorporates established psychological and social theory related to identity change following an acquired disability. It is supported by a growing body of empirical evidence and can be used to broaden our understanding of service provision in rehabilitation. We suggest that a limited appreciation of social and psychological processes underpinning rehabilitation has led to different agendas for patients and professionals, lack of recognition of power relationships, negative views of disability, and insufficient professional knowledge about the management of emotional responses. The Life Thread Model, based on narrative theory and focusing on interpersonal relationships, has been developed following ten years of empirical research. Using the model, the balance of power between professionals and patients can be recognized. We suggest that positive emotional responses can be supported through (a) endorsing a positive view of self, (b) ‘being’ with somebody as well as ‘doing’ things for them; and (c) seeing acquired disability as a time of transition rather than simply of loss. This model highlights the usually hidden social processes which underpin clinical practice in acquired disability. Recognition of the importance of discursive as well as physical strategies widens the possibilities for intervention and treatment.
Synchronizing thermodilution cardiac output measurements with spontaneous breathing does not improve precision

Measuring cardiac output (CO) with the pulmonary artery catheter intermittent bolus thermodilution technique (PAC‐IBTD) is less precise with spontaneous breathing compared to controlled ventilation. We aimed to test if precision could be improved in spontaneous breathing by synchronizing the measurement with respiration or using instructed respiration in 18 post‐operative cardiac surgery patients.
FOXO3 induces FOXO1-dependent autophagy by activating the AKT1 signaling pathway

Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcriptional protein family members, including FOXO1 and FOXO3, are involved in the modulation of autophagy. However, whether there is redundancy between FOXO1 and FOXO3 in the ability to induce autophagy remains unclear. In this study, we showed that FOXO3 induced a transcription-dependent autophagy, and FOXO1 was required for this process. Overexpression of wild-type FOXO3 (WT) or FOXO3 (3A), which harbors alanine mutations at residues Thr32, Ser253 and Ser315, but not transcription-inactive FOXO3 (∆DB3A), significantly induced autophagy in the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293T and mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell lines. Interestingly, depletion of FOXO1 by siRNA attenuated FOXO3-induced autophagy. Our data also showed that FOXO3 overexpression did not increase the expression of FOXO1 at the protein level, although FOXO3 was capable of binding the promoter region of FOXO1 and inducing an increase in the transcription of FOXO1 mRNA. Furthermore, our results showed that FOXO3 promoted the translocation of FOXO1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, resulting in an increase in FOXO1-induced autophagy. Moreover, our results supported a mechanism whereby FOXO3 dramatically increased the expression of the class I PtdIns3K catalytic subunit PIK3CA, leading to an increase in AKT1 activity, which resulted in the phosphorylation and nuclear export of FOXO1. To the best of our knowledge, our data are the first to suggest that FOXO1 plays a central role in FOXO3-induced autophagy.
Demand Response Program in Smart Grid Using Supply Function Bidding Mechanism

In smart grid, customers have access to the electricity consumption and the price data via smart meters; thus, they are able to participate in the demand response (DR) programs. In this paper, we address the interaction among multiple utility companies and multiple customers in smart grid by modeling the DR problem as two noncooperative games: the supplier and customer side games. In the first game, supply function bidding mechanism is employed to model the utility companies' profit maximization problem. In the proposed mechanism, the utility companies submit their bids to the data center, where the electricity price is computed and is sent to the customers. In the second game, the price anticipating customers determine optimal shiftable load profile to maximize their daily payoff. The existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium in the mentioned games are studied and a computationally tractable distributed algorithm is designed to determine the equilibrium. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed DR method in increasing the utility companies' profit and customers' payoff, as well as in reducing the peak-to-average ratio in the aggregate load demand. Finally, the algorithm performance is compared with a DR method in the literature to demonstrate the similarities and differences.
Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys

Background Research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following natural and human-made disasters has been undertaken for more than three decades. Although PTSD prevalence estimates vary widely, most are in the 20–40% range in disaster-focused studies but considerably lower (3–5%) in the few general population epidemiological surveys that evaluated disaster-related PTSD as part of a broader clinical assessment. The World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys provide an opportunity to examine disaster-related PTSD in representative general population surveys across a much wider range of sites than in previous studies. Method Although disaster-related PTSD was evaluated in 18 WMH surveys, only six in high-income countries had enough respondents for a risk factor analysis. Predictors considered were socio-demographics, disaster characteristics, and pre-disaster vulnerability factors (childhood family adversities, prior traumatic experiences, and prior mental disorders). Results Disaster-related PTSD prevalence was 0.0–3.8% among adult (ages 18+) WMH respondents and was significantly related to high education, serious injury or death of someone close, forced displacement from home, and pre-existing vulnerabilities (prior childhood family adversities, other traumas, and mental disorders). Of PTSD cases 44.5% were among the 5% of respondents classified by the model as having highest PTSD risk. Conclusion Disaster-related PTSD is uncommon in high-income WMH countries. Risk factors are consistent with prior research: severity of exposure, history of prior stress exposure, and pre-existing mental disorders. The high concentration of PTSD among respondents with high predicted risk in our model supports the focus of screening assessments that identify disaster survivors most in need of preventive interventions.
NADPH Oxidase and Hydrogen Peroxide Mediate Insulin-induced Calcium Increase in Skeletal Muscle Cells*

Skeletal muscle is one of the main physiological targets of insulin, a hormone that triggers a complex signaling cascade and that enhances the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in different cell types. ROS, currently considered second messengers, produce redox modifications in proteins such as ion channels that induce changes in their functional properties. In myotubes, insulin also enhances calcium release from intracellular stores. In this work, we studied in myotubes whether insulin stimulated ROS production and investigated the mechanisms underlying the insulin-dependent calcium increase: in particular, whether the late phase of the Ca2+ increase induced by insulin required ROS. We found that insulin stimulated ROS production, as detected with the probe 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (CM-H2DCFDA). We used the translocation of p47phox from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane as a marker of the activation of NADPH oxidase. Insulin-stimulated ROS generation was suppressed by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin and by small interfering RNA against p47phox, a regulatory NADPH oxidase subunit. Additionally, both protein kinase C and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase are presumably involved in insulin-induced ROS generation because bisindolylmaleimide, a nonspecific protein kinase C inhibitor, and LY290042, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, inhibited this increase. Bisindolylmaleimide, LY290042, apocynin, small interfering RNA against p47phox, and two drugs that interfere with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated Ca2+ release, xestospongin C and U73122, inhibited the intracellular Ca2+ increase produced by insulin. These combined results strongly suggest that insulin induces ROS generation trough NADPH activation and that this ROS increase is required for the intracellular Ca2+ rise mediated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors.
A 3–10 GHz IR-UWB CMOS Pulse Generator With 6 mW Peak Power Dissipation Using A Slow-Charge Fast-Discharge Technique

This letter proposes a UWB pulse generator topology featuring low peak power dissipation for applications with stringent instantaneous power requirements. This is accomplished by employing a new slow-charge fast-discharge approach to extend the time duration of the generator's peak current so that the peak value of the current is significantly reduced, while maintaining the waveform of the generated UWB pulse signal. A prototype pulse generator has been implemented using the UMC 0.18 μm CMOS process for validation. The pulse generator offers a 3-10 GHz bandwidth, a maximum pulse repetitive rate of 1 Gpps, a minimum peak power consumption of 6 mW, and a low energy consumption of 5 pJ/pulse. The fabricated pulse generator measures 0.16 mm2.
Mortality and GH deficiency: a nationwide study.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the mortality in Denmark in patients suffering from GH deficiency (GHD). DESIGN Mortality was analyzed in 1794 GHD patients and 8014 controls matched on age and gender. All records in GHD patients were studied and additional morbidity noted. Patients were divided into childhood onset (CO) and adult onset (AO), discriminated by an age cutoff below or above 18 years at onset of GHD. METHOD Data on death were identified in national registries. Sex- and cause-specific mortalities were identified in CO and AO GHD when compared with controls. RESULTS Mortality was increased in CO and AO GHD in both genders, when compared with controls. The hazard ratio (HR) for CO males was 8.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.5-15.1) and for females 9.4 (CI 4.6-19.4). For AO males, HR was 1.9 (CI 1.7-2.2) and for females 3.4 (CI 2.9-4.0). We found a significantly higher HR in AO females versus AO males, both compared with controls (P < 0.001). In AO, mortality was increased due to cancer in all subgroups, due to circulatory diseases in all age groups for females and for males in the oldest age group. For CO, the increased mortality was due to cancer. CONCLUSIONS We found a significantly increased mortality in GHD patients when compared with controls, possibly due to their hypopituitary status. Mortality was increased in AO female patients when compared with males. For CO and AO GHD, different causes of significantly increased mortality were identified.
Tacrolimus‐associated eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis in pediatric liver transplant recipients: Role of potential food allergies in pathogenesis

Abstract: Tacrolimus is a macrolide agent that is now the primary immunosuppressant used in prevention of graft rejection in transplant recipients. It has been found to be superior to cyclosporine (CSA) for rescue therapy as well as for earlier weaning of steroids. Both tacrolimus and CSA share similar toxicity profiles; however, their gastrointestinal side effects have received little attention. We report three cases of eosinophilic colitis in liver transplant recipients, maintained on tacrolimus as immunosuppressive medication post‐liver transplantation. These patients also had high serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels, eosinophilia and IgE‐positive radioallergosorbent test for milk proteins. The colitis appeared to be mediated by food allergies. Each patient had symptomatic improvement following reduced immunosuppression and an appropriately restricted diet. We conclude that tacrolimus may play a role in the initiation of food allergies, leading to eosinophilic colitis. More studies are needed in a controlled setting to identify the prevalence of similar findings among other pediatric liver transplant recipients.
Electrophysiological and morphological properties of submucosal neurons in the mouse distal colon

Abstract The pathophysiology of intestinal secretion is increasingly studied using transgenic mouse models of colonic inflammation, but little is known about the properties of single submucosal neurons regulating epithelial secretion in the mouse. Therefore, these neurons were characterized in the mouse distal colon submucosal plexus using electrophysiological and morphological techniques. Action potentials and synaptic responses in single neurons were recorded in submucosal preparations in vitro using intracellular electrodes filled with neurobiotin, enabling subsequent morphological examination. Most neurons (∼90%) were classified as S‐type neurons based on the presence of fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), absence of prolonged after‐hyperpolarizations, and uni‐axonal morphology. These neurons rarely fired more than one action potential in response to intracellular depolarization but spontaneous fast EPSPs were observed. Fibre tract stimulation (20 Hz) elicited slow EPSPs in many neurons (37%) and slow inhibitory potentials were also observed in a subset of neurons (18%). None of these cells exhibited electrophysiological features suggestive of AH neurons. However, morphological studies demonstrated that 12% of neurons had two axons, and an immunohistochemical marker of mouse AH neurons, calcitonin gene‐related peptide, was co‐localized with the pan‐neuronal marker HuD in 9% of neurons. Cell counts indicated that mouse distal colon ganglia were much smaller (>80% contain one to five neurons) compared to guinea‐pig distal colon ganglia (∼30% contain >10 neurons). This study has shown that mouse distal colon submucosal ganglia are relatively small and, based on combined morphological and electrophysiological features, most neurons exhibit S‐type characteristics.