Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tree Structure Compression

In an XML document a considerable fraction consists of markup, that is, begin and end-element tags describing the document’s tree structure. XML compression tools such as XMill separate the tree structure from the data content and compress each separately. The main focus in these compression tools is how to group similar data content together prior to performing standard data compression such as gzip, bzip2, or ppm. In contrast, the focus of this paper is on compressing the tree structure part of an XML document. We use a known algorithm to derive a grammar representation of the tree structure which factors out the repetition of tree patterns. We then investigate several succinct binary encodings of these grammars. Our experiments show that we can be consistently smaller than the tree structure compression carried out by XMill, using the same backend compressors as XMill on our encodings. However, the most surprising result is that our own Huffman-like encoding of the grammars (without any backend compressor whatsoever) consistently outperforms XMill with gzip backend. This is of particular interest because our Huffmannlike encoding can be queried without prior decompression. To the best of our knowledge this offers the smallest queriable XML tree structure representation currently available.
The Merton Approach to Estimating Loss Given Default: Application to the Czech Republic

This paper focuses on a key credit risk parameter â€“ Loss Given Default (LGD). We illustrate how the LGD can be estimated with the help of an adjusted Mertonian structural approach. We present a derivation of the formula for expected LGD and show its sensitivity analysis with respect to other company structural parameters. Finally, we estimate the five-year expected LGDs for companies listed on Prague Stock Exchange and find that the average LGD for the analyzed sample is around 20â€“50%.
Investigating Academic Self-Efficacy of University Students in Terms of Socio-Demographic Variables.

In this study whether academic self-efficacy of university students differ in terms of various socio-demographic features has been investigated. The study was conducted on 1679 students who were attending Anadolu University. In the study, the Academic Self-Efficacy Scale and Personal Information Form were used as data collection tools. In the analysis of the data, independent sample t test and one-way analysis of variance were used. The findings of the study suggested that there are significant differences between academic self-efficacy, and gender, grade level, economic situation of the family, and perceived academic achievement. It was also suggested by the findings of the study that there are no significant differences between academic self-efficacy of university students, and field of study, education levels of the parents, number of family members and sibling numbers, perceived academic achievement in the high school, and the dwelling unit where the student lived the longest. Findings were discussed in line with relevant literature and conclusions were made.
Resourcing Small and Medium Enterprises: Owners Willingness to Seek Funding From Banks in Ghana

One of the most important resources required by owners of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in their operation is capital. When internal funds become inadequate for the running of the business, the need arises for owners to seek external funding to support what is generated internally. Many SMEs in Ghana have not utilized the banks in their pursuit for external funding and that is a source of worry for both parties. This study was then motivated to find out the factors contributing to this action. A sample size of 125 SME owners was made to respond to questions pertaining to the objective of the study. The data generated was analyzed using an Econometric views regression model called the probit model and it turned out that, four out of the eight variables used in the study had significant effect on the willingness of SMEs owners to seek funding from banks. The study therefore concluded among other things that, firms prefer to deal with banks they are not familiar with and also innovative oriented firms are not necessarily large firms. Keywords : Resourcing, willingness, funding, banks, SME, internal, external, funding
Making Management Decisions: the Role of Intuition and Emotion

The work of a manager includes making decisions (or participating in their making), communicating them to others, and monitoring how they are carried out. Managers must know a great deal about the industry and social environment in which they work and the decision-making process itself to make decisions well. Over the past 40 years, the technique of decision making has been greatly advanced by the development of a wide range of tools-in particular, the tools of operations research and management science, and the technology of expert systems. But these advances have not applied to the entire domain of decision making. They have had their greatest impact on decision making that is well-structured, deliberative, and quantitative; they have had less impact on decision making that is loosely structured, intuitive, and qualitative; and they have had the least impact on face-to-face interactions between a manager and his or her coworkers-the give and take of everyday work. In this article, I will discuss these two relatively neglected types of decision making: "intuitive" decision making and decision making that involves interpersonal interaction. What, if anything, do we know about how judgmental and intuitive processes work and how they can be made to work better? And why do managers often fail to do what they know they should do-even what they have decided to do? What can be done to bring action into closer accord with intention? My article will therefore have the form of a diptych, with one half devoted to each of these topics. First, I will discuss judgmental and intuitive decision making; then I will turn to the subject of the manager's behavior and the influence of emotions on that behavior. Sometimes the term rational (or logical) is applied to decision making that is consciously analytic, the term nonrational to decision making that is intuitive and judgmental, and the term irrational to decision making and behavior that responds to the emotions or that deviates from action chosen "rationally. " We will be concerned, then, with the nonrational and the irrational components of managerial decision making and behavior. Our task, you might say, is to discover the reason that underlies unreason. Intuition and Judgment
In-tube evaporation of HCFC-22 in a 9 . 52 mm micro-fin / smooth tube

Ab~raet--Experimental data on evaporation in a 9.52 mm diameter micro-fin tube and a smooth tube with similar tube diameter are presented. The data were taken at two different evaporation temperatures (6°C and 10°C, respectively). The mass flux was between 100 and 300 kg m -2 s -1 and the heat fluxes were between 6 and 14 kW m -2. Data were presented in the form of quasi-local heat transfer coefficients and frictional pressure gradients. The effect of heat flux, mass flux and evaporation pressure on the heat transfer coefficients were also reported in this investigation. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.
UbAGHS abnormal volumetric alterations in the Schizophrenic brain

Different lines of evidence support a role for the cerebellum and the hippocampus in the pathology of schizophrenia. The involvement of the cerebellum might be represented in structural deficiencies in patients with schizophrenia. The current research investigates the possibility of volumetric differences between healthy controls and patients suffering from schizophrenia. Volumetric measures were obtained from nineteen patients diagnosed with first episode psychosis, early psychosis or established schizophrenia and thirty healthy controls using a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance scanner. Results show a significant difference in the association patterns between groups in the structures of interest. This indicates possible structural abnormalities in the hippocampus and cerebellum, associated with the pathology of schizophrenia.
Incidence of embolism associated with carotid artery stenting: open-cell versus closed-cell stents.

OBJECT Carotid artery stenting (CAS) can be an alternative option for carotid endarterectomy in the prevention of ischemic stroke caused by carotid artery stenosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of stent design on the incidence of procedural and postprocedural embolism associated with CAS treatment. METHODS Ninety-six symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, consisting of 79 males and 17 females, with moderate to severe carotid artery stenosis and a mean age of 69.0 years were treated with CAS. The stent type (48 closed-cell and 48 open-cell stents) was randomly allocated before the procedure. Imaging, procedural, and clinical outcomes were assessed and compared. The symptomatic subgroup (76 patients) was also analyzed to determine the influence of stent design on outcome. RESULTS New lesions on postprocedural diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) were significantly more frequent in the open-cell than in the closed-cell stent group (24 vs 12, respectively; p = 0.020). The 30-day clinical outcome was not different between the 2 stent groups. In the symptomatic patient group, stent design (p = 0.017, OR 4.173) and recent smoking history (p = 0.036, OR 4.755) were strong risk factors for new lesions on postprocedural DWI. CONCLUSIONS Stent design may have an influence on the risk of new embolism, and selecting the appropriate stent may improve outcome.
DEVELOPMENT AID, CORRUPTION, AND THE HAPPINESS OF NATIONS: ANALYSIS OF 118 COUNTRIES OVER THE YEARS 1996-2009

Several studiesemphasize the importance of the general environment in recipient countries for effectiveness of developmentaid. Another more recent strand of the literatureconsiders whether the receipt of aid affects the happiness of developing countries. Since corruption, an indicator of the general environment, coexists with aid weconsider an empirical model where both are arguments of a happiness production function. We present evidence on the relationship between happiness and aid given different levels of corruption. We find that accounting for corruption, aid has a negative marginal effect on happiness – but only in countries where corruption is most rampant.
Impact of chronic air pollution exposure on pulmonary function in healthy nonsmoker young men from two different areas of Kanpur City

Background: Air pollution is one of the major problem faced in developing countries like India. Chronic exposure to air pollutants can leads to hampered day today activity and increased visit to clinics. The pollutant PM10 (particulate matter size less than 10 μ) especially a risk factor associated with decreased lung functions. The effect of chronic exposure of different concentration of air pollution level on pulmonary function test is still lacking in India especially in Kanpur, a highly polluted city of U.P., India. Aims & Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of chronic exposure of air pollution on lung functions in two differently polluted areas. Materials and methods: One hundred twenty male subjects, in age group of 18 to 30 years from two polluted area of Kanpur, India were participated in the study. Anthropometric data were taken. Pulmonary function test was conducted in standing position. Pollution data of study period was taken from Central pollution control board and compared with the National ambient air quality standard. All data presented as mean ± SD and analysed by independent sample t test by using SPSS version 15. Results: The anthropometric data were statistically not significant in two areas. Forced vital capacity and Forced expiatory flow 25-75 % were statistically significantly different (p
Arbitrage in the Term Structure of Interest Rates: a Bayesian Approach

This work presents an analysis of the presence of arbitrage opportunities in the term structure of interest rates, through the estimation of the affine generalized Nelson-Siegel model with correction for no-arbitrage. We challenge the necessity of the condition of noarbitrage using the Brazilian term structure of interest rates by observing the interbank deposits (DI) contracts traded in the Mercantile and Futures Exchange (BM&FBOVESPA) in Brazil between 2007 and 2009. To verify the necessity of imposing no-arbitrage restrictions, we propose an analysis using Bayesian methods of estimation and testing of this model. We also discuss the estimation procedure in the presence of an irregular maturity structure. Our chosen methodology is especially relevant for emerging markets, where the liquidity of emerging markets varies substantially over time, especially in periods of crises. The results of our analysis indicate that the no-arbitrage corrections are not necessary and that this model is an appropriate specification for this term structure of interest rates.
Polymorphism In The PrPC Prion Protein Gene In Pigs

Protein coding regions of the PrPC gene in 51 pigs belonging to 3 breeds namely Hampshire, Yorkshire, Blue Butt Cross (blue spotted cross from a Hampshire X Yorkshire), and a wild pig were studied. These breeds are used nationwide for commercial purposes. The PrPC gene of the pigs that code for prion proteins were sequenced and studied. Deletions of the octapeptide (WGQPHGGG) were observed in 13 samples that belongs to the crossbreed Dark Cross sow 71 by Blue Butt Boar (Gummy bear). This hydrophobic repeat has been used in experiments as a model to investigate neurodegeneration in prion diseases. Also, it was used as vaccine where the octapeptide sequence was administered in a liposomal bilayer and when administered to an animal, the vaccine elicited a local or systemic, immunogen-specific immune response against amyloid proteins, peptides or fragments. In previous studies, prion proteins commonly have five or six repeats, while in this study, four octarepeats were obtained in all samples except the few that contained only three octarepeats. The presence of the octapeptide is said to be correlated with increased susceptibility of prion disease. If this is the case, these individuals may be less susceptible to prion disease as compared to other breeds. Still, research needs to be done to confirm this. Those sequences were then compared with the PrPC genes of other mammals. Based on these sequences, a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Also, the gender of the pigs does not seem to play role in whether the octapeptide deletion occurs.
Children’s self-regulation skills in the Finnish day care environment

The topic of how children’s self-regulation (SR) skills occur and develop has attracted researchers for decades. In this article, we focus on the content of children’s SR skills and their relation to children’s learning, social skills and special needs in the context of Finnish early childhood education (ECE). The SR skills of 2476 children, aged 13–89 months, were evaluated in day care centres between January and May 2015. Teachers completed questionnaires assessing children's SR, social, motor, language and metacognitive skills, as well as the children’s adaptivity in peer relations and their attachment to ECE personnel. The results relate to previous studies showing how SR skills are highly related to children’s ability to cope in social interaction and in terms of gender. The boys’ SR skills were statistically significantly much weaker than girls’. Good SR skills also correlated positively with children’s performance in metacognitive and motor skills. Weak SR skills had a strong connection to the child's qualification as having special needs. Children’s SR skills may have an important role in helping children to regulate their development appropriately and to participate in creating a socially shared learning environment.
Influence of Gender on the Activity of Agonist-Antagonist Muscles during Maximum Knee and Ankle Contractions

Muscle mechanical energy expenditure reflects the neuro-motor strategies employed by the nervous system to analyze human locomotion tasks and is directly related to its efficiency. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of gender on the activity of agonist-antagonist muscles during maximum knee and ankle contraction in males (n1=10) and females (n2=10) adult population. Different movements of knee and ankle used for the maximum contractions were knee flexion and extension, ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion. The agonist-antagonist muscles considered for the study were Rectus femoris (Quadriceps Muscle group), Biceps femoris (Hamstring Muscle group), Tibialis Anterior and Soleus. The statistical analysis applied was post hoc analysis to determine least significant differences among the male and female groups. The different groups for classifying these movements were Female Dominant Leg (FDL), Female Non Dominant Leg (FNDL), Male Dominant Leg (MDL) and Male Non Dominant Leg (MNDL). The results showed no significant differences (p≥0.1) in the muscle energy expenditure for different lower limb activities among gender. In addition to this, knee flexion was found to be the activity with minimum energy expenditure in healthy males and females. Active agonist-antagonist muscle pairs during knee and ankle contractions were found to have minimum mechanical energy expenditure. This study is a part of a larger intervention study that is being carried out for designing feedback based FES devices.
Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth–Activated XBP1 Splicing in Endothelial Cells Is Crucial for Angiogenesis

Background— Vascular endothelial cell growth factor plays a pivotal role in angiogenesis via regulating endothelial cell proliferation. The X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is believed to be a signal transducer in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. It is unknown whether there is crosstalk between vascular endothelial cell growth factor signaling and XBP1 pathway. Methods and Results— We found that vascular endothelial cell growth factor induced the kinase insert domain receptor internalization and interaction through C-terminal domain with the unspliced XBP1 and the inositol requiring enzyme 1 &agr; in the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to inositol requiring enzyme 1 &agr; phosphorylation and XBP1 mRNA splicing, which was abolished by siRNA-mediated knockdown of kinase insert domain receptor. Spliced XBP1 regulated endothelial cell proliferation in a PI3K/Akt/GSK3&bgr;/&bgr;-catenin/E2F2–dependent manner and modulated the cell size increase in a PI3K/Akt/GSK3&bgr;/&bgr;-catenin/E2F2–independent manner. Knockdown of XBP1 or inositol requiring enzyme 1 &agr; decreased endothelial cell proliferation via suppression of Akt/GSK3&bgr; phosphorylation, &bgr;-catenin nuclear translocation, and E2F2 expression. Endothelial cell–specific knockout of XBP1 (XBP1ecko) in mice retarded the retinal vasculogenesis in the first 2 postnatal weeks and impaired the angiogenesis triggered by ischemia. Reconstitution of XBP1 by Ad-XBP1s gene transfer significantly improved angiogenesis in ischemic tissue in XBP1ecko mice. Transplantation of bone marrow from wild-type o XBP1ecko mice could also slightly improve the foot blood reperfusion in ischemic XBP1ecko mice. Conclusions— These results suggest that XBP1 can function via growth factor signaling pathways to regulate endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis.
Development and psychometric testing of an instrument to measure safety climate perceptions in community pharmacy.

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES A positive and strong safety culture underpins effective learning from patient safety incidents in health care, including the community pharmacy (CP) setting. To build this culture, perceptions of safety climate must be measured with context-specific and reliable instruments. No pre-existing instruments were specifically designed or suitable for CP within Scotland. We therefore aimed to develop a psychometrically sound instrument to measure perceptions of safety climate within Scottish CPs. METHODS The first stage, development of a preliminary instrument, comprised three steps: (i) a literature review; (ii) focus group feedback; and (iii) content validation. The second stage, psychometric testing, consisted of three further steps: (iv) a pilot survey; (v) a survey of all CP staff within a single health board in NHS Scotland; and (vi) application of statistical methods, including principal components analysis and calculation of Cronbach's reliability coefficients, to derive the final instrument. RESULTS The preliminary questionnaire was developed through a process of literature review and feedback. This questionnaire was completed by staff in 50 CPs from the 131 (38%) sampled. 250 completed questionnaires were suitable for analysis. Psychometric evaluation resulted in a 30-item instrument with five positively correlated safety climate factors: leadership, teamwork, safety systems, communication and working conditions. Reliability coefficients were satisfactory for the safety climate factors (α > 0.7) and overall (α = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS The robust nature of the technical design and testing process has resulted in the development of an instrument with sufficient psychometric properties, which can be implemented in the community pharmacy setting in NHS Scotland.
Characteristics of basin inflows a statistical analysis for long-term/mid-term hydrothermal scheduling

The presented paper focuses on the characteristics of reservoir inflows and the appropriate inflow model for long-term/mid-term hydrothermal scheduling. The goal was to find the type of distribution that best fits the observed series of monthly and weekly average inflows in most cases for a model which considers the inflows as independent random variables without time correlation. Also, the objective was to explore the correlation between the inflows during time periods (for weekly and monthly intervals, respectively), and to investigate whether the more complex model of reservoir inflow as a dependent random variable is advisable for optimal long-term/mid-term hydrothermal scheduling. Differences in the characteristics of monthly and weekly inflows, which have been noticed during the analysis, are discussed. Numerical results are presented.