Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Eccentric muscle damage: mechanisms of early reduction of force.

Pain and weakness are prominent symptoms which occur after a delay in muscles which have been stretched during contraction (eccentric contraction). These symptoms are particularly severe when the exercise is unaccustomed and when the stretch occurs in muscles on the descending limb of the force-length relation, i.e. at long muscle lengths. It is known that sarcomeres are potentially unstable on the descending limb and it has been proposed by Morgan that uncontrolled elongation of some sarcomeres occurs during eccentric contractions on the descending limb. In this article, the evidence that this mechanism leads to the reduced force is considered. If overextended sarcomeres persist after the eccentric exercise it will cause a shift in the peak of the force-length curve. There is also evidence that in some types of muscle, excitation-contraction coupling is impaired and contributes to the muscle weakness. Cytoskeletal proteins stabilize the sarcomeric structure and may be injured either by the overextended sarcomeres or by activation of proteases. The potential of these mechanisms to contribute to the effects of muscle training and to the symptoms of muscle disease, such as muscular dystrophy, is considered.
An Interdisciplinary Expert Consensus Statement on Assessment of Pain in Older Persons

This paper represents an expert-based consensus statement on pain assessment among older adults. It is intended to provide recommendations that will be useful for both researchers and clinicians. Contributors were identified based on literature prominence and with the aim of achieving a broad representation of disciplines. Recommendations are provided regarding the physical examination and the assessment of pain using self-report and observational methods (suitable for seniors with dementia). In addition, recommendations are provided regarding the assessment of the physical and emotional functioning of older adults experiencing pain. The literature underlying the consensus recommendations is reviewed. Multiple revisions led to final reviews of 2 complete drafts before consensus was reached.
Secretory IgA antibody in cervicovaginal secretions from women with genital infection due to herpes simplex virus.

Sequential samples of cervicovaginal secretions from women with untreated first and recurrent episodes of genital infection due to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) were assayed for IgA antibodies to HSV-2 by using fluorescent antibodies to human secretory piece (sIgA) and human IgA. Among women with first-episode genital herpes, sIgA antibody to HSV-2 was detected in 20 of 31 women from whom HSV was isolated from the cervix, compared with four of 13 women from whom it was not (P less than .05). Among women with first-episode genital herpes, the mean titer of sIgA antibody to HSV-2 peaked between days 9 and 16 of disease, whereas among women with recurrent genital HSV, the peak occurred at days 3-8 of disease. HSV-2 was not isolated from the cervix from any of 130 samples taken when titers of sIgA antibody to HSV-2 were greater than or equal to 1:2, compared with 98 of 259 samples taken when titers were less than or equal to 1:2 (P less than or equal to .01).
Machine and operator performance analysis of automated external defibrillator utilization.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The availability of an automated external defibrillator (AED) can improve the outcome of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). On June 1, 2000, Taipei City became the first city in Taiwan to equip emergency medical services personnel with AEDs. This study was conducted to assess the performance of the AED machine in detecting ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) in the population, and to assess operator performance in its use. METHODS AED use in OHCA patients was assessed over a 1-year period. Electrocardiography and voice records retrieved from AED data cards were analyzed. A shockable rhythm was defined as either VF or VT. AED machine performance was assessed based on the correct identification of these rhythms. Operator performance was evaluated according to American Heart Association guidelines. RESULTS A total of 978 AED rhythm analyses were obtained for 653 OHCA patients. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting shockable rhythms by the AED machine were 90.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 85.3% to 93.3%) and 100% (95% CI, 99.5% to 100%), respectively. Sensitivity for coarse VF, fine VF, rapid VT, and slow VT was 97.5%, 74.2%, 63.6% and 60.0%, respectively. An AED was deployed in 18 non-OHCA patients and in 119 patients after they had been moved into the ambulance. Non-compliance with standard procedures occurred during AED use in 162 patients, including interference of movement by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in progress in 69, untimely machine turn-off in 49, leads fell off or disconnected in 33, failure of shock delivery after charge in 28, and interference of movement other than CPR in 22. CONCLUSIONS This study found that the AED machine has high specificity and high sensitivity in detecting VF and VT, especially coarse VF. Efforts are needed to improve the timing of AED deployment and emergency medical technician compliance with standard procedures.
Investigation of voltage overshoots in diode triggered silicon controlled rectifiers (DTSCRs) under very fast transmission line pulsing (VFTLP)

Overshoot voltages during VFTLP testing of DTSCRs are investigated. The DTSCRs in a 65nm process turn on at approximately 500ps. The overshoot voltages from DTSCRs are shown to cause gate oxide failures when gate oxide monitors were added in parallel to DTSCR ESD devices. Scaling trends show DTSCRs turning on at approximately 150ps when technologies are scaled down to the 32nm node.
Interaction of Wnt-1 proteins with the binding protein BiP

The mouse Wnt-1 gene, a target for insertional activation in mouse mammary tumor virus-induced mammary tumors, encodes poorly secreted, cysteine-rich glycoproteins required for proper central nervous system development. We have been analyzing the biosynthesis of Wnt-1 proteins in several cell lines that express Wnt-1 cDNA from heterologous promoters. A protein of 78 kDa was found to be associated with the intracellular forms of Wnt-1 proteins in mammalian and avian cells by using multiple antisera against Wnt-1 proteins. We have identified p78 as the binding protein BiP with anti-BiP antisera and by its release from Wnt-1 immunoprecipitates upon incubation with MgCl2 and ATP. Experiments with a Wnt-1 mutant that lacks the sequence encoding the signal peptide indicates that Wnt-1 proteins must enter the secretory pathway in order to interact with BiP. We demonstrate that Wnt-1 proteins are associated with BiP in cells in which active Wnt-1 proteins are produced, such as a cultured mammary epithelial cell line and Wnt-1 transgenic mouse mammary tumor cells. The association of Wnt-1 proteins with BiP may be a factor in determining the efficiency of secretion of Wnt-1 gene products.
Community respiratory viral infection in adult lung transplant recipients.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To define the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and long-term complications of respiratory viral infections in adult lung transplant recipients. DESIGN Retrospective review of the records of 122 adult lung transplant recipients over a 5-year period at one institution. RESULTS Ten episodes of infection with respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, influenza, or adenovirus were identified. All patients presented with symptoms of respiratory tract infection. Two patients died acutely and four patients subsequently had development of obliterative bronchiolitis (OB). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest community respiratory viral infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in lung transplant recipients. Further prospective studies are warranted to clarify the relationship between respiratory viral infection and OB and to define the optimal therapy for these viral infections.
The new three-dimensional supramolecule bis{mu-2-[(4-hydroxybenzoyl)hydrazonomethyl]phenolato}bis[aquacopper(II)] dinitrate.

In the title centrosymmetric binuclear complex, [Cu(2)(C(14)H(11)N(2)O(3))(2)(H(2)O)(2)](NO(3))(2), the two metal centres are bridged by the phenolate O atoms of the ligand, forming a Cu(2)O(2) quadrangle. Each Cu atom has a distorted square-pyramidal geometry, with the basal donor atoms coming from the O,N,O'-tridentate ligand and a symmetry-related phenolate O atom. The more weakly bound apical donor O atom is supplied by a coordinated water molecule. When a further weak Cu.O interaction with the 4-hydroxy O atom of a neighbouring cation is considered, the extended coordination sphere of the Cu atom can be described as distorted octahedral. This interaction leads to two-dimensional layers, which extend parallel to the (100) direction. The two-dimensional polymeric structure contrasts with other reported structures involving salicylaldehyde benzoylhydrazone ligands, which are usually discrete mono- or dinuclear Cu complexes. The nitrate anions are involved in a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network, featuring intermolecular N-H.O and O-H.O hydrogen bonds.
A Principal Components Analysis of Rorschach Aggression and Hostility Variables

We examined the structure of 9 Rorschach variables related to hostility and aggression (Aggressive Movement, Morbid, Primary Process Aggression, Secondary Process Aggression, Aggressive Content, Aggressive Past, Strong Hostility, Lesser Hostility) in a sample of medical students (N= 225) from the Johns Hopkins Precursors Study (The Johns Hopkins University, 1999). Principal components analysis revealed 2 dimensions accounting for 58% of the total variance. These dimensions extended previous findings for a 2-component model of Rorschach aggressive imagery that had been identified using just 5 or 6 marker variables (Baity & Hilsenroth, 1999; Liebman, Porcerelli, & Abell, 2005). In light of this evidence, we draw an empirical link between the historical research literature and current studies of Rorschach aggression and hostility that helps organize their findings. We also offer suggestions for condensing the array of aggression-related measures to simplify Rorschach aggression scoring.
Persistence of respiratory symptoms in ex-underground iron ore miners.

AIMS To assess the persistence of respiratory symptoms in ex-miners after cessation of mining exposure. METHODS Population-based cross-sectional study using a postal questionnaire comparing prevalence of symptoms between ex-miners who had stopped mining at least 1 year before the study and referents not occupationally exposed to irritants or dust. Age, smoking and a family history of asthma were considered as possible confounders in the analysis. RESULTS A total of 206 ex-miners and 4,560 referents participated. Ex-miners had on average been working as miners for 13 years and had stopped mining 16 years before the study. Chronic productive cough and physician-diagnosed chronic bronchitis were significantly more common among ex-miners (P < 0.05 and <0.01, respectively). Furthermore, there was a trend that other respiratory symptoms were more common in ex-miners. CONCLUSION Ex-miners had an increased risk of chronic productive cough and physician-diagnosed chronic bronchitis many years after they had stopped working as a miner.
Tree Thinking: A New Paradigm for Integrating Comparative Data in Psychology

Over the past 15 years, several important theoretical and methodological developments have emerged from evolutionary biology. These developments—collectively dubbed tree thinking—are now well known in evolutionary biology but have yet to be incorporated into mainstream psychology. Tree thinking has revolutionized evolutionary biology and has the potential to do the same for how comparative data are integrated into psychology. Tree thinking holds that explanations (or narratives) for adaptations must be based on an understanding of the adaptations' history (or chronicle) over evolutionary time. This tenet of tree thinking requires researchers to consider hitherto neglected patterns of data. The authors present the ideas and methods behind tree thinking, examining their implications for psychology.
Contributions of Meltzoff , Trevarthen and Stern Relevant to Psychoanalysis

We consider the relevance of forms of intersubjectivity in infancy to the nonverbal and implicit dimension of intersubjectivity in psychoanalysis. The term forms of intersubjectivity, within the adult explicit and implicit modes and the infant presymbolic implicit mode, is offered to clarify the multiple meanings of intersubjectivity. The ideas of infant intersubjectivity of Meltzoff, Trevarthen, and Stern that have particular relevance for psychoanalysis are highlighted: the dialogic origin of mind, the role of correspondences, and the idea that symbolic An Expanded View of Intersubjectivity in Infancy and its Application to Psychoanalysis  Beatrice Beebe, Ph.D. Steven Knoblauch, Ph.D. Judith Rustin, M.S.W. Dorienne Sorter, Ph.D.
Thermonuclease test for same-day identification of Staphylococcus aureus in blood cultures

We used a thermonuclease test to presumptively identify Staphylococcus aureus directly in blood cultures on the same day that a smear of the broth showed gram-positive cocci in clusters. There were no discrepancies between the identification of S. aureus directly from 250 blood cultures and identification by the tube coagulase test which was performed on the 18- to 24-h subculture isolates. These rapid results were clinically relevant and enabled physicians to make more timely and cost-effective decisions about antibiotic therapy.
Suppression of Inflammatory Cytokine Production by Carbon Monoxide Involves the JNK Pathway and AP-1*

The stress-inducible protein heme oxygenase-1 provides protection against oxidative stress and modulates pro-inflammatory cytokines. As the sepsis syndrome results from the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, we postulated that heme oxygenase-1 and its enzymatic product CO would protect against lethality in a murine model of sepsis. Mice treated with a lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and subsequently exposed to inhaled CO had significantly better survival and lower serum interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β levels than their untreated counterparts. In vitro, mouse macrophages exposed to LPS and CO had significantly attenuated IL-6 production; this effect was concentration-dependent and occurred at a transcriptional level. The same effect was seen with increased endogenous CO production through overexpression of heme oxygenase-1. Mutation within the AP-1-binding site in the IL-6 promoter diminished the effect of CO on promoter activity, and treatment of macrophages with CO decreased AP-1 binding in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Electrophoretic mobility supershift assay indicated that the JunB, JunD, and c-Fos components of AP-1 were particularly affected. Upstream of AP-1, CO decreased JNK phosphorylation in murine macrophages and lung endothelial cells. Mice deficient in the JNK pathway had decreased serum levels of IL-6 and IL-1β in response to LPS compared with control mice, and no effect of CO on these cytokine levels was seen in Jnk1 or Jnk2 genedeleted mice. In summary, these results suggest that CO provides protection in a murine model of sepsis through modulation of inflammatory cytokine production. For the first time, the effect of CO is shown to be mediated via the JNK signaling pathway and the transcription factor AP-1.
Análisis económico y financiero de la gran empresa familiar

Este trabajo presenta un analisis comparativo sobre la evolucion de las estructuras economica y financiera, reciprocamente relacionadas, de la empresa familiar versus la empresa no familiar y analiza la posible influencia de estas estructuras en la viabilidad economica de ambos tipos de empresas. La comparacion entre empresas familiares y no familiares, a partir de valores consolidados de las partidas de balance y cuenta de resultados, proporciona una primera aproximacion a las diferencias y similitudes entre estos dos colectivos de empresas. Los resultados del analisis revelan: i) la empresa familiar esta mas integrada verticalmente, es mas trabajo intensiva y es de menor dimension que la no familiar; ii) desde el punto de vista financiero, la empresa familiar esta menos endeudada y paga un coste mas alto por la deuda que contrata; y iii) la empresa familiar sacrifica beneficios con su menor dimension.
Maternal health care initiatives: Causes of morbidities and mortalities in two rural districts of Upper West Region, Ghana

Background Maternal and neonatal morbidities and mortalities have received much attention over the years in sub-Saharan Africa; yet addressing them remains a profound challenge, no more so than in the nation of Ghana. This study focuses on finding explanations to the conditions which lead to maternal and neonatal morbidities and mortalities in rural Ghana, particularly the Upper West Region. Method Mixed methods approach was adopted to investigate the medical and non-medical causes of maternal and neonatal morbidities and mortalities in two rural districts of the Upper West Region of Ghana. Survey questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were employed to collect data from: a) 80 expectant mothers (who were in their second and third trimesters, excluding those in their ninth month), b) 240 community residents and c) 13 healthcare providers (2 district directors of health services, 8 heads of health facilities and 3 nurses). Result Morbidity and mortality during pregnancy is attributed to direct causes such urinary tract infection (48%), hypertensive disorders (4%), mental health conditions (7%), nausea (4%) and indirect related sicknesses such as anaemia (11%), malaria, HIV/AIDS, oedema and hepatitis B (26%). Socioeconomic and cultural factors are identified as significant underlying causes of these complications and to morbidity and mortality during labour and the postnatal period. Birth asphyxia and traditional beliefs and practices were major causes of neonatal deaths. Conclusion These findings provide focused targets and open a window of opportunity for the community-based health services run by Ghana Health Service to intensify health education and promotion programmes directed at reducing risky economic activities and other cultural beliefs and practices affecting maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.
Viral and Fungal Diarrhea in Children Under 5 Years of Age in a Tertiary Health Institution in Edo State, Nigeria

Introduction: Diarrhea infections are caused by various microbial agents such as bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. However, in many developing countries, less attention is focused on viral and fungal agents. This work is aimed at determining the viral and fungal agents of diarrhea in children under 5 years of age in Edo State, Nigeria. Methodology: Fecal specimens were collected from diarrheal and non diarrheal children under 5 years of age. A total of 153 children with clinical signs of diarrhea and 54 apparently healthy age matched control were tested for viral and fungal agents. Viral agents were analyzed by the immunochromatographic technique (ICT) while fungal agents were analyzed by cultural method using standard microbiological technique. Results: The overall results showed that at least one viral or fungal agent was found in 56(36.6%) of patients with diarrhea. No viral agent was detected in the control. Although there were Candida growth in nine of the control, but counts obtained were less than 104cfu/ml. The viral agents had 42(275%), fungal agents 12(78%) and mixed viral and fungal agents 2(1.3%). Rotavirus prevalence was 19.6%, adenovirus 9.2% and norovirus 2.0%. The prevalence of Candida albicans was 7.2% and Candida krusei 2.0%. On the whole, rotavirus was the most predominant enteropathogen. There was an association between Candida species and diarrhea (P=0.030). Sex and age of patients were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: Viral and fungal diarrhea are not uncommon in this locality as showed by the 36.6% prevalence. There is need to perform viral and fungal tests as part of the routine tests for patients with diarrheal infections.
Determination of oxygen consumption in muscle during exercise using near infrared spectroscopy

The aim of this study was to determine oxygen consumption (VO2) during isometric exercise in human muscles using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The technique was used to study the relationship between VO2 in the soleus muscle and the level of isometric exercise expressed as percentages of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). For the study 11 healthy male volunteers were recruited. Reproducibility was studied in 6 subjects. The subjects were seated in a chair with the knee joint at an angle of 90°. The optodes of the NIRS instrument were attached to the lateral aspect of the soleus muscle. A horizontal bar above the knee was connected to a dynamometer. Subjects applied isometric force to the bar by producing a torque at the ankle joint. Firstly the MVC was determined. Secondly the VO2 at rest and at 5 levels of isometric exercise, ranging from 5% to 25% of MVC and increasing by 5% each stage, was measured. In all cases the VO2 at rest or during isometric contraction was determined from the decrease of the oxyhaemoglobin (O2Hb) signal immediately after arterial occlusion of the thigh. Repeated measurements showed no significant difference between trials, indicating that the measurements were reproducible. At rest a VO2 of 6.7 ± 1.1 μMO2Hb min‐1 (mean ± S.E.M.) was found, a result comparable with other studies. In all subjects a linear relationship was found between the VO2 and the level of exercise. The average slope of the regression lines of all individuals was 0.85 ± 0.22 μuMO, Hb min‐1 MVC‐1 (mean ± S.E.M.). Inter‐individual variation of the slopes was high and ranged from 0.28 to 2.29 μuMO2 Hb‐ min‐1 %MVC‐1, which can be explained by differences in fat percentage and in the measuring volume of the NIRS instrument. NIRS appeared to be a reproducible and reliable method for the non‐invasive measurement of VO2 in human muscles. The method could be used to investigate regional differences as well as changes in time between muscle groups as a function of training.
VICARIOUS TRIAL-AND-ERROR BEHAVIOR AND HIPPOCAMPAL CYTOCHROME OXIDASE ACTIVITY DURING Y-MAZE DISCRIMINATION LEARNING IN THE RAT

The present study investigated whether more vicarious trial-and-error (VTE) behavior, defined by head movement from one stimulus to another at a choice point during simultaneous discriminations, led to better visual discrimination learning in a Y-maze, and whether VTE behavior was a function of the hippocampus by measuring regional brain cytochrome oxidase (C.O.) activity, an index of neuronal metabolic activity. The results showed that the more VTEs a rat made, the better the rat learned the visual discrimination. Furthermore, both learning and VTE behavior during learning were correlated to C.O. activity in the hippocampus, suggesting that the hippocampus plays a role in VTE behavior during discrimination learning.