Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Essays on China's international trade

This dissertation studies the impact of international trade on China along different dimensions. The first chapter investigates how the decline in trade barriers and the resulting export expansion affected human capital accumulation in China. Following a theoretically consistent approach, I exploit variations in regional exposures to highand low-skill export demand shocks, which stems from the diverse initial industry composition across prefectures, and differential skill intensities across industries. I find that high-skill export shocks raise both high school and college enrollments, while low-skill export shocks depress both. The amplified differences in skill abundance across prefectures reinforce the initial industry specialization. These findings suggest a mutually reinforcing relationship between regional comparative advantage and skill formation. The second chapter examines the impacts of export expansion on air pollution and health outcomes in China. To disentangle trade-induced scale and composition effects from technique effect, I construct two export shocks at the prefecture level: (i) PollutionExportShock represents the pollution content of export expansion measured in pounds of pollutants per worker; (ii) ExportShock measures the export exposure in dollars per worker. The two measures differ because prefectures specialize in different products: while two prefectures may experience the same shock in dollar terms, the one specializing in dirty industries has a larger PollutionExportShock. I find that a higher PollutionExportShock increases both pollution and mortality. A higher ExportShock tends to reduce pollution and mortality, but the effect is not always statistically significant. I also provide evidence that export expansion affects mortality through the channel of air pollution. The third chapter provides evidence that over-export of grains aggravated China’s Great Famine. I exploit cross-county variation in grain export exposure which stems from their differences in suitability of cultivating different crops that experienced variable export shocks in early famine years. I find that a county’s suitability in high-export-exposure crops is positively associated with its famine severity. However, the correlation is statistically insignificant for low-export-exposure crops. Moreover, for high-export-exposure crops, the correlation between suitability and famine severity declines with distance to railroad. These patterns are consistent with the possibility that excessive grain exports severely reduced food availability for domestic consumption.
Study on theories and mechanisms of corporate governance

This paper aims to review the theories of corporate governance for understanding the theoretical basis of corporate governance mechanisms. Major theoretical studies on corporate governance, including studies done in emerging economies, are included in the review. The paper looks at corporate governance theories from value creation point of view. It is observed that the two perspectives of corporate governance, i.e., shareholder and stakeholder perspectives, are not in contrast to each other but are pointing towards the same goal, i.e., value creation. However, one points towards value creation for shareholders and the other points towards creation of societal value. While reviewing theoretical underpinnings and assumptions for corporate governance perspectives, due consideration has been given to the development of corporate governance mechanism based on various existing theories. A theoretical framework for understanding the relationship between corporate governance mechanism and corporate performance has been proposed. Emerging challenges for corporate governance theories have also been indicated. This being a review paper, one of the major limitations is an unintentional omission of some literature because of non-availability or non-reachability. Literature that would have been present in languages other than English could also not been included in the review.
Institutional Engineering, Management of Ethnicity, and Democratic Failure in Burundi

This article argues that constitutional engineering along consociational lines in Burundi – explicitly accommodating ethnicity rather than attempting to suppress it – was instrumental in reducing the political role of ethnicity, but that other endogenous and exogenous factors also played a role. After surveying developments since 1988, this article focuses on the 2005 polls. The outcome of the parliamentary elections suggests that the “disappearance of the ethnic factor,” extolled by many at the time, was achieved by constitutional constraints rather than by social or political dynamics. Nevertheless, with regard to the country's most important and lethal historical problem, the ethnic divide, constitutional engineering has proved hugely effective. Burundi's main cleavage is now between (and within) parties rather than ethnic groups, and when violence occurs it is political rather than ethnic. Burundi's current crisis is therefore not a failure of consociationalism but of democracy.
Direct Detection of Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Parainfluenza Virus, and Adenovirus in Clinical Respiratory Specimens by a Multiplex Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay

ABSTRACT Diagnosis of respiratory virus infections currently involves detection by isolation or antigen detection, which usually identifies only a single suspected agent. To permit identification of more than one respiratory virus in clinical specimens, a rapid detection method involving a single-step, multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay was developed. The assay included five primer sets that amplified the RNA of respiratory syncytial virus subtypes A and B, parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3, and adenovirus types 1 to 7. Initially the assay was tested on tissue culture-grown virus and was found to be specific for all 12 prototype viruses tested, with no interassay cross amplification or amplification of other respiratory viruses. Assay sensitivity allowed a detection range of 0.2 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) for adenovirus to 250 TCID50 for parainfluenza virus type 1. The multiplex RT-PCR assay was also able to directly detect viruses in respiratory specimens, with virus being detected in 41 of 112 samples as compared to 34 of 112 samples detected by direct immunofluorescence or antigen detection following specimen culture. This suggests that the multiplex RT-PCR assay can be used as a rapid and sensitive diagnostic method for major respiratory viruses.
Changing the Term “Breast Tumor Resembling the Tall Cell Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma” to “Tall Cell Variant of Papillary Breast Carcinoma”

Papillary lesions of the breast continue to be a diagnostic challenge because of the wide morphologic spectrum that may be encountered in these lesions. A rare entity termed “breast tumor resembling the tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma” is considered to be a subtype of papillary carcinoma of the breast. It is characterized by distinct morphologic features, setting it apart from typical papillary carcinoma of the breast. Its resemblance to papillary thyroid carcinoma in conjunction with the established terminology may cause confusion, resulting in unnecessary ancillary studies to exclude the association of this lesion with papillary thyroid carcinoma. As immunohistochemical and molecular studies have shown no evidence to support any association between this entity and papillary thyroid carcinoma, we propose to change the current terminology of “breast tumor resembling the tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma” to the term “tall cell variant of papillary breast carcinoma. ”
Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis Secreted Antigen-Induced Specific Gamma-Interferon Production by Peripheral Blood Leukocytes: Potential Diagnostic Marker for Caseous Lymphadenitis in Sheep and Goats

In the current study, the applicability of the quantification of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) levels for the detection of animals infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and for determining caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) clinical status was evaluated. Peripheral blood leukocytes were collected from CLA nonendemic areas animals, from CLA seropositive animals without clinical signs of the disease, and from seropositive animals presenting CLA clinical signs. The leukocytes were stimulated with C. pseudotuberculosis—secreted antigens that were concentrated by the three-phase partitioning technique. An ovine IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify IFN-γ production. Goats and sheep with CLA had higher IFN-γ levels than uninfected seronegative animals. Leukocytes from sheep with CLA chronic abscesses produced higher IFN-γ levels when compared with seropositive sheep without CLA clinical signs, but this difference was not significant in goats. The sensitivity of the assay was 55.8% and 56%, whereas the specificity was 100% and 93%, for goats and sheep, respectively. In conclusion, IFN-γ is a potential marker for the determination of CLA infection status in small ruminants; however, further research is needed to improve assay sensitivity.
Ecology of fishes on coral reefs

The local diversity and global richness of coral reef fishes, along with the diversity manifested in their morphology, behavior, and ecology, provides fascinating and diverse opportunities for study. Reflecting the very latest research in a broad and ever-growing field, this comprehensive guide is a must-read for anyone interested in the ecology of fishes on coral reefs. Featuring contributions from leaders in the field, the 36 chapters cover the full spectrum of current research. They are presented in five parts, considering coral reef fishes in the context of basic ecology; patterns and processes; human intervention and impacts; conservation; and past and current debates. Beautifully illustrated in full color, this book is designed to summarize and help build upon current knowledge and to facilitate further research. It is an ideal resource for those new to the field as well as for experienced researchers.
LONG-TERM EFFECT OF INTRAVITREAL TRIAMCINOLONE IN THE NONPROLIFERATIVE STAGE OF TYPE II IDIOPATHIC PARAFOVEAL TELANGIECTASIA

Purpose: To report the visual outcomes and ocular complications of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) in the treatment of the nonproliferative stage of type II idiopathic parafoveal telangiectasia (IPT). Methods: Retrospective, multicenter, uncontrolled interventional case series of 19 eyes of 14 consecutive patients with the nonproliferative stage of IPT that had undergone at least one intravitreal injection of 4 mg of triamcinolone acetonide. Demographic, medical, and ocular data were obtained through chart review. The main outcome measures included best-corrected visual acuity at several timepoints of follow up and ocular complications. Results: At baseline the mean logMAR visual acuity was 0.83 ± 0.41 (Snellen 20/135, range 0.3–2). After an average follow-up of 21.2 months (range 6–44 months), the mean logMAR visual acuity remained essentially unchanged from baseline. At 3 months, the logMAR visual acuity was 0.86 ± 0.44 (Snellen 20/145, P = 0.8378), at 6 months 0.86 ± 0.42 (Snellen 20/145, P = 0.8149), at 12 months 0.87 ± 0.46 (Snellen 20/148, P > 0.9999), at 18 months 0.84 ± 0.35 (Snellen 20/138, P = 0.8385), and at the last follow-up 0.82 ± 0.44 (Snellen 20/132, P = 0.9301). Seven eyes were reinjected once. Ten of 19 eyes (53%) developed cataract (3 eyes underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation) and 7 of 19 eyes (37%) had an elevated intraocular pressure, none of which required surgical treatment. Conclusion: IVTA does not seem to improve visual acuity in most eyes with the nonproliferative stage of IPT.
Does the quality of information technology support affect work–life balance? A study of Australian physicians

Healthcare is a sector where investments in information technology (IT) have been found to be associated with improvements in the quality of care, efficiency, and safety. Prior studies have not asked whether the quality of IT is also associated with improved work–life balance for employees. This study addresses that question using the Job Demands-Resources model and a longitudinal sample of 11,140 physicians in Australia. Controlling for a variety of factors that may also influence work–life balance, and using diverse specifications, the reported quality of IT services is positively associated with work–life balance. The measured effects of IT support are smaller than those for long and unpredictable work hours, but similar to those for many other job demands and resources, such as colleague support, complex patients, or part-time employment for women physicians. Implications for HR researchers and practitioners are discussed in conclusion.
The Contribution of Gender and Power to Perceptions of Physical Health, Mental Health, and Happiness: The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project

Objective: Imbalances in societal power and associated gender norms can have adverse effects on health perceptions and resulting health behaviors. Aging further contributes to poor health outcomes and to barriers associated with the underutilization of diagnostic, treatment, and prevention services. Our analysis sought to use the Theory of Gender and Power (TGP) to identify social, economic, and societal factors that influence women’s perceptions of their physical health, mental health, and happiness to support the development and/or modification of health interventions for this population. Methods: The TGP guided the characterization of socio-economic and contextual factors that potentially contribute to perceptions of health and happiness. Using data from the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project Wave 2 female participants (N=1,839); items relevant to the TGP constructs of: 1) Gender-specific norms; 2) Power and authority; and 3) Cathexis were considered for inclusion. Linear regression analysis was conducted to identify the underlying factors that contribute to differences between the outcomes of interest. Results: Our analysis identified items that significantly characterized perceptions of health and happiness mainly centered on interpersonal relationships. Conclusions: Identified factors confirmed previous findings and provide insight into aging-related aspects among women 57-85.
Caspase-like enzymatic activity and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle participate in salt stress tolerance of maize conferred by exogenously applied nitric oxide

Salinity stress causes ionic stress (mainly from high Na+ and Cl- levels) and osmotic stress (as a result of inhibition of water uptake by roots and amplified water loss from plant tissue), resulting in cell death and inhibition of growth and ultimately adversely reducing crop productivity. In this report, changes in root nitric oxide content, shoot and root biomass, root H2O2 content, root lipid peroxidation, root cell death, root caspase-like enzymatic activity, root antioxidant enzymatic activity and root ascorbate and glutathione contents/redox states were investigated in maize (Zea mays L. cv Silverking) after long-term (21 d) salt stress (150 mM NaCl) with or without exogenously applied nitric oxide generated from the nitric oxide donor 2,2′-(Hydroxynitrosohydrazano)bis-ethane. In addition to reduced shoot and root biomass, salt stress increased the nitric oxide and H2O2 contents in the maize roots and resulted in elevated lipid peroxidation, caspase-like activity and cell death in the roots. Altered antioxidant enzymatic activities, along with changes in ascorbate and glutathione contents/redox status were observed in the roots in response to salt stress. The detrimental effects of salt stress in the roots were reversed by exogenously applied nitric oxide. These results demonstrate that exogenously applied nitric oxide confers salt stress tolerance in maize by reducing salt stress-induced oxidative stress and caspase-like activity through a process that limits accumulation of reactive oxygen species via enhanced antioxidant enzymatic activity.
Behavioral Problems and Intelligence Quotient Changes in Pediatric Epilepsy: A Case–Control Study

ABSTRACT Background: Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disease and has neurological impairment as an important comorbidity. Objective: To find behavioral problems and intelligence quotient (IQ) changes associated with epilepsy and to know the association of variables such as frequency, type of seizures, and duration of disease with cognitive impairment. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study, consisting of 50 cases (patients of epilepsy) and 50 controls (other patients of same socioeconomic status) was conducted at S.P. Medical College, Bikaner. The patients were subjected to detailed clinical history, thorough examination, Pediatric Symptom Checklist, and Bhatia's Battery of Performance intelligence Test. Data analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS 22 software. Results: The prevalence of behavioral problems in generalized and partial seizure group was high (42% and 53.8%) as compared to control group (9%). Low IQ was present more in the patients (44%) of generalized and partial seizure group as compared with the control group, and results were statistically significant. Furthermore, behavioral problems were more in patients who were having more number of seizures (≥3 per year) with significant P values (χ2 = 5.067, P = 0.024). Conclusion: We conclusively found that behavioral problems and cognitive factors, apart from control of seizures, must be kept in mind to determine how well a child with epilepsy progresses toward independence.
Monosynaptic and disynaptic connections in the utriculo-ocular reflex arc of the cat.

1. Connections from the utricular (UT) nerve to motoneurons and interneurons in the ipsilateral abducens (AB) nucleus were studied in anesthetized and decerebrated cats. Bipolar electrodes were fixed on the left UT nerve under visual observation. The other branches of the vestibular nerve and the facial nerve were transected in the left inner ear. 2. Stimulation of the UT nerve evoked a small positive-negative (P/N) deflection and a negative (N1) potential in the vestibular nuclei, with mean latencies of 0.56 and 0.84 ms, respectively. In the AB nucleus a small P/N deflection with a mean latency of 0.72 ms was recorded, which was considered as a incoming volley of the UT nerve. 3. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were recorded from AB motoneurons with short latencies after UT nerve stimulation. They were classified into two types, M and D. M-type EPSPs, which followed repetitive high-frequency stimuli and were recorded from the majority of AB motoneurons, had latencies ranging from 0.9 to 1.2 ms. Double shocks to the UT nerve evoked EPSPs that had the same latency. It was suggested that the AB motoneurons had monosynaptic connections with the UT nerve. D-type EPSPs, which were recorded from most of the AB motoneurons, had slightly longer latencies ranging from 1.2 to 1.8 ms. They showed temporal facilitation when double shocks were provided to the UT nerve. They did not follow repetitive high-frequency stimuli (< or = 2.5-ms interval). It was suggested that D-type EPSPs were di-synaptically evoked via secondary vestibular neurons. Interneurons in the AB nucleus had the same characteristics as AB motoneurons. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A high-performance-liquid-chromatography-based method for the determination of hydroxylated testosterone metabolites formed in vitro in liver microsomes from gray seal (Halichoerus grypus).

A reproducible and sensitive high-performance-liquid-chromatography (HPLC)-based method with UV-vis detection is developed and optimized for the determination of hydroxytestosterone compounds formed via the cytochrome P450 enzyme-mediated metabolism of testosterone. The method is used to characterize and quantitate hydroxytestosterone metabolites formed in vitro via testosterone incubation with hepatic microsomes from the liver of gray seals (Halichoerus grypus). The HPLC method employs a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column (5 microm, 250- x 4.6-mm i.d.) and a combination of step gradient and solvent systems of mixtures of acetonitrile, methanol, and water. Metabolites are detected at 254 nm. The eluted peaks of 10 testosterone metabolite standards are well-resolved and a flat baseline is maintained over the elution period of the entire chromatogram. The instrumental detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) of 6beta-, 16beta-, 16alpha-, and 7alpha-hydroxytestostone and androstenedione are 14, 3, 3, 14, and 3 pmol (20 microL injection), respectively. Eleven hydroxytestosterone metabolites are detected after in vitro testosterone incubation with hepatic microsomes of gray seals. Six are identified as 6beta-, 7alpha-, 16alpha-, 16beta-, and 2beta-hydroxytestosterone and androstenedione. In order of abundance, the formation rates are 2100, 39.6, 12.8, 26.2, and 132 pmol/mg protein/min for 6beta-, 7alpha-, 16alpha-, and 16beta-hydroxytestosterone and androstenedione, respectively. The within-day precision (relative standard deviation) is less than 3% for testosterone metabolites. Five relatively substantial peaks are detected but not identified.
Construction of intergeneric hybrids using bacteriophage P1CM: transfer of the Klebsiella aerogenes ribitol dehydrogenase gene to Escherichia coli

Study of many of the interesting properties of Klebsiella aerogenes is limited by the lack of a well-characterized genetic system for this organism. Our investigations of the evolution of the enzyme ribitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.56) in K. aerogenes would be greatly facilitated by the availability of such a system, and we here report two approaches to developing one. We have isolated mutants sensitive to the coliphage P1, which will efficiently tranduce genetic markers between such sensitive strains and which will thus make detailed mapping studies possible. Derivatives of K. aerogenes lysogenic for P1 can be readily isolated by using the specialized transducing particle P1CMclr100. Bacteria lysogenic for this phage are chloramphenicol resistant and temperature sensitive. Phage particles produced by temperature induction of such lysogens can be used to transfer K. aerogenes genes to the natural host of P1 phage. Escherichia coli. We have used this method to prepare derivatives of E. coli K-12 carrying the K. aerogenes genes conferring the ability to metabolize the pentitols ribitol and D-arabitol. We have shown that these E. coli-K. aerogenes hybrids synthesize a ribitol dehydrogenase with the properties of the K. aerogenes enzyme and have mapped the position of the transferred gene on the E. coli chromosome. The ramifications of this methodology are discussed.