Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Synthesis of Silica Powder from Rice Husk Ash as Reinforcement Filler in Rubber Tire Tread Part: Replacement of Commercial Precipitated Silica

Rice husks, which can be considered as an agricultural waste, are produced every year in South Gonder, Ethiopia. Precipitated silica is commonly used as reinforcing filler in rubber industry, in the present study an effort has been attempted to replace commercial silica commonly used in natural rubber industries with rice husk ash silica (RHAS). Silica was extracted from RHA by using alkaline extraction followed by acid precipitation. The synthesized RHAS was characterized by AAS, BET, DSC, FTIR, and XRD. RHAS was then used as reinforcing filler in natural rubber. The curing characteristics of natural rubber products filled with RHAS resulted a smaller scorch time which caused a premature vulcanization than the commercial silica filled rubber composite. Overall mechanical properties like hardness, young’s modulus, abrasion resistance of rubber products reinforced with RHAS was better than commercial silica filled rubber composite.
17 The Impact of Herbicides on Benthic Organisms in Flooded Rice Fields in Southern Brazil

Agricultural production is always directly associated with the use of agrochemicals to control the harmful organisms that attack the crops and reduce the harvest. In spite of their benefits, the use of agrochemicals usually causes great problems, considering that these often-toxic chemicals are used in large quantities over large areas, and generally persist in the environment for some time (Prime et al., 2005). As a consequence of agrochemical application, water quality and aquatic biodiversity have been compromised due to the destructuring of the physical and chemical environment and alteration of the natural dynamics of the biological communities (Goulart & Callisto, 2003). According to Biggs et al. (2007), it is highly important to regulate the use of an agrochemical and its action against non-target organisms in the aquatic environment. However, specific data on the occurrence and population dynamics of aquatic organisms in agricultural areas are very limited. Studies by Mesléard et al. (2005) indicate that the use of herbicides, insecticides, and fertilizers can modify the feeding pattern and alter the development of animal communities present in rice fields, especially the invertebrates. Because they are sedentary organisms and have relatively short life cycles (compared to fish), benthic macroinvertebrates are considered good indicators of water quality. Due to their short life cycles, they express more rapidly the changes in the environment through changes in structure of their populations and communities (Rosemberg & Resh, 1993). Because they also have great biological diversity, they tend to exhibit a greater variability of responses to different kinds of environmental impacts (Rosemberg & Resh, 1993). Another aspect refers to adaptive strategies to environmental instabilities of the environment, in general, resilience and persistence. A resilient biota can rapidly recolonize areas disturbed by flooding; and a persistent biota demonstrates a good capacity to resist disturbances (Winterbotton et al., 1997). The use of herbicides can indirectly influence the zoobenthic community, since, as seen in experiments carried out by Moreby & Southway (1999), the use of selective herbicides against a species of weed is essential to conserve the invertebrates that feed on plants. The use of broad-spectrum herbicides risks negative effects on the food chain of these herbivores and thus causing an imbalance in the community.
PROPERTIES OF THE FREEZE DRYING “SCORCH” TEMPERATURE

IN RECENT YEARS a number of studies have been reported on mathematical simulation of the freeze drying process (Sandal1 et al., 1967; Dyer and Sunderland, 1968; Cho and Sunderland, 1970; Aguilera, 1973). An integral part of most of these studies has been the inclusion of a maximum temperature value for the dry region, generally called the “scorch” temperature, maximum allowable dry layer temperature, maximum surface temperature and so forth. In all cases, the attempt is to define a product temperature which marks the transition from an acceptable to an unacceptable product, with product quality generally related to the formation of dark color (hence, “scorch” temperature). While it is well recognized that browning is time and moisture, as well as temperature dependent, it is presumably the ease of measuring and controlling temperature that promotes considering browning from a temperature-only approach. The kinetics of browning reactions have been widely studied for many model systems and food materials. However, these studies have tended to concentrate on determination of reaction mechanisms or storage stability of foods, including dehydrated products. Indeed, it seems likely that most reported values of the “scorch” temperature are developed from storage studies, and thus are very low, having severe economic implications on the cost of freeze drying (Flink and Fosbql, 1972). There &pear to be very few studies on brown&g occuring during dehydration processes, especially freeze drying. One notable exception for freeze drying is a study on browning kinetics using a glucose/glycine mixture deposited upon cellulose (Kluge and Heiss, 1967). In these studies, browning kinetics and drying behavior were combined to develop times at which a level of browning, arbitrarily chosen to be the limit of acceptability, was achieved. In recent work on computer simulation of continuous freeze drying (Aguilera, 1973 ; Aguilera and Flink, 1974a, b), methods have been developed to obtain local values of temperature and moisture. This information can be used with browning kinetics to develop integrated levels of browning during the freeze drying process for inclusion into any process optimization procedure. This paper reports on a study of browning kinetics at high temperatures and low moisture contents, as might be found in the dry layer during a freeze drying process. Additionally, a visual organoleptic assessment of these browned materials is presented.
Evaluation of Urine Cytology in Urothelial Carcinoma with respect to the Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology

1 Post Graduate Trainee, Department of Pathology, R.G. Kar Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata 2 Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, R.G. Kar Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata 3 Professor, Department of Urosurgery, R.G. Kar Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata Corresponding Author Soumitra Das Post Graduate Trainee, Department of Pathology, R.G. Kar Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata Address: Swades Apartment, Flat B4, 61 James Long Sarani, P.O. Thakurpukur, West Bengal, Kolkata700063 Email: soumitra11das@gmail.com Abstract Objectives: This study aims to evaluate urine cytology as an investigational tool for urothelial carcinomas of urinary bladder in the light of the Paris System for reporting Urinary Cytology, the main goal being utilizing the diagnostic accuracy of this system in detection of high grade urothelial carcinoma. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over 1 year (August 2016July 2017). The study population comprised patients presenting with haematuria and scheduled for trans-urethral resection of bladder tumour or radical cystectomy after a preliminary cystoscopy. Preoperative, early morning, midstream, voided urine samples were collected and processed. Reporting of urine cytology was done according to the Paris System. Results were correlated with gold standard test i.e. Histopathology. Test thresholds were selected for cytology and histopathology. Relevant statistical tests were utilized for data analysis. Results: 72 cases were studied. According to the reporting criteria of the Paris System, 66.66% cases were positive for malignancy. 83.33 % of the positive and 75% of the negative cases were confirmed as such by histopathology. As per concordance between cytology and histopathology, the p value calculated was 0.0000571. The sensitivity of urine cytology was calculated to be 86.95%, the positive predictive value was 83.33%. The likelihood ratio of urine cytology as reported by the Paris system in diagnosing positive result in high grade carcinoma was calculated to be 2.82. Conclusion: Urine Cytology as reported by the Paris System will lead to uniform and unequivocal reporting of urothelial carcinoma.
Till Death Do Us Part or I Get My Pension? Wives' Pension Holding and Marital Dissolution in the United States

Wives' financial independence gained from their pension may increase the risk of marital dissolution, especially when wives are approaching retirement age (the older wives' independence hypothesis). Applying single and simultaneous equations probit models to data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we investigate the effect of wives' pension holding in 1984 on the risk of subsequent marital dissolution. Results from the single equation model appear to support the older wives' independence hypothesis. However, results from the simultaneous equations model suggest that interpreting the single equation results as a sign of older wives' economic independence may be misleading. Copyright 2001 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.
Trust Factors in a Manager-Employee Relationship over Time

The role of the relationship length in determining the bases for trust judgments has been recognized. However, simply using the relationship length to understand how individuals in vertical dyads form their trust in one another may overlook some factors whose relative importance in shaping trust may not vary over time. Drawing on existing literature, a conceptual framework is proposed to depict what factor(s) may experience changes in their relative importance over the course of a manager-employee relationship and what factor(s) may remain salient over time at an individual and interpersonal level of analysis.
SILVERING OF FEMALE EELS (ANGUILLA ANGUILLA) IN TWO SUB-POPULATIONS OF THE RHÔNE DELTA.

SUMMARY In both types of habitat, and in agreement with previous studies, we observed a threshold value of GSI ≥ 1.4 % characterising the silver stage (MARCHELIDON et al., 1999). The increase in eye area was a progressive phenomenon, initiated in the yellow stage and was significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with the GSI. As with the GSI, OI increased in silver eels, the threshold value of ≥ 8.0 discriminating silver eels. We will show that silvering follows different patterns between the two habitats. Age at metamorphosis in female eels take place very early in the Vaccares lagoon (83.3% of females metamorphose between 4 and 5 years) compared to those in the Fumemorte drainage canal (94% of females metamorphose between 7 and 9 years). We suggest that the growth potential provided by Vaccares lagoon accounts for this difference in age at metamorphosis. Although, such a turnover cannot explain alone the different proportions of female silver eels observed in the Fumemorte drainage canal (23%) and Vaccares lagoon (2.4%). Influence of population's parameters like sex-ratio, population structure and abundance on silvering process, is discussed.
Marginal Correlation in Longitudinal Binary Data Based on Generalized Linear Mixed Models

This work aims at investigating marginal correlation within and between longitudinal data sequences. Useful and intuitive approximate expressions are derived based on generalized linear mixed models. Data from four double-blind randomized clinical trials are used to estimate the intra-class coefficient of reliability for a binary response. Additionally, the correlation between such a binary response and a continuous response is derived to evaluate the criterion validity of the binary response variable and the established continuous response variable.
The Effect of a Modeled /r/ Articulatory Disorder on Listener Perceptions of Speech Skills and Personality Traits

Purpose: There has been little research regarding the perceptions of adults with an /r/ articu- latory disorder. The present study investigated students' perceptions of an individual who was either modeling an /r/ articulatory disorder or speaking normally. Method: A sample of 188 undergraduate students volunteered to participate in this study. They listened to an audiotape of an adult female speaker who was either modeling an /r/ articulatory disorder or speak- ing normally, then completed a questionnaire de- signed to assess their perceptions of the speaker. Results: The students viewed the speech of the indi- vidual who was modeling an /r/ articulatory disorder as significantly less fluent, less intelligible, less gram- matically correct, and having less appropriate levels of volume than the speech of the individual who perceptions, stereotypes, and stigmas about individu- als with speech disorders. There is a plethora of
INFLUENCE OF THE DIAMETER OF THE INSEMINATING NEEDLE TIP ON THE RESULTS OF BEE QUEENS' FERTILIZATION

Summary The study was carried out in the Laboratory of Bee Breeding of the Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Apiculture Division in Pu³awy in July and August of 2005 and 2006. Altogether 246 honeybee queens of Carniolan race, “Marynka” line were instrumentally inseminated when 7 days old with a single dose of 8 µl of semen collected from free flying drones of Caucasian race. The glass inseminating needles with tips of 0.16 and 0.19 mm in diameter were used for insemination. Before insemination the queens were kept at room temperature in two-chamber mailing cages with attendant bees, after which they were placed in queenless colonies in the same cages with 25 attendants. All the queens were killed and dissected 48 hours after insemination and their oviducts were examined for the residue of semen and the number of spermatozoa entering spermatheca was counted. It was stated that a higher number of bee queens inseminated with a smaller needle (72.3%) cleared their oviducts within 48 hrs compared to queens inseminated with a bigger needle (50.4%). The highest number of spermatozoa in spermatheca (average 3.304 mln) was found in the group of queens that emptied both oviducts within 48 hrs, less (average 3.286 mln) in bee queens with semen remaining in one oviduct and a significantly lower number of spermatozoa (2.621 mln) in bee queens with semen remaining in both oviducts. Therefore, effort was made to explain the reasons for the lower rate of queens with semen residue in their oviducts in the group inseminated with the needle of 0.16 mm diameter tip.
Regulation and the Composition of CEO Pay

A look at the recent trends in the use of grants of restricted stocks and options in the compensation packages of chief executive officers (CEOs) of large, public U.S. companies reveals that there have been important changes. These changes coincide with the introduction of two new regulations: the modifications of reporting requirements for option grants introduced by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002, and the adoption in 2006 of revised accounting standards from the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) included in statement no. 123R (FAS 123R), which mandated the expensing of option grants. We find evidence indicating that firms may have responded to these regulations by shifting away from options and into stock. Even though after the two changes there is still a significant portion of firms in the sample that choose to grant options to their CEO (about 55 percent of firms, compared to 67 percent before 2002), alone or combined with stock, the fraction of firms that are awarding options but not stock in a given year decreases from 57 percent before 2002 to 19 percent after 2006. However, while only 4 percent of firms used exclusively stock grants before 2002, this percentage increases over the period we analyze to reach 26 percent after 2006. These trends persist when we control for firm characteristics like size and industry classification, as well as for the level of pay. We also find that different compensation instruments do not appear to be perfect substitutes within compensation packages. Perhaps surprisingly, given the decrease in the popularity of option grants starting in the early 2000s, the relative importance of options in relation to the total amount of compensation has not decreased over time for those firms that still include options in their compensation packages.
Risk factors for high school dropouts: do perceptions of bullying play a role?

v List of Figures . viii Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 1.1 Need for Study . 1 1.2 Purpose . 3 1.3 Hypothesis.3 1.4 Operational Definitions . 4 1.5 Assumptions . 5 1.6 Limitations . 5 Chapter 2: Literature Review . 6 2.1 The Dropout Problem . 6 2.2 Contributing Risk Factors for Dropouts . 7 2.3 The Relationship Between School Engagement and Dropping Out . 9 2.4 Alternative Schools . 13 2.5 Rational for Bullying Research in High School Alternative Education Programs . 15 Chapter 3: Methodology . 17 3.1 Participants . 17 3.2 Materials . 19
How Accurate Are Judgments of Intelligence by Strangers

ABSTRACT Whether judgments made by complete strangers as to the intelligence of subjects are accurate or merely illusory was studied in Germany. larget subjects were 50 female and 50 male adults recruited through a newspaper article. Eighteen judges, who did not know the subjects, were recruited from a university community. Videorecordings of the subjects, with and without a sound recording of the subject reading a weather forecast, were shown to the judges, who estimated how intelligent the subjects were. Ratings by judges were only related to measured intelligence when sound was available, indicating that some acoustic information is crucial for stranger perceptions of intelligence to be accurate and. that only verbal intelligence quotient is related to stranger ratings. Strangers tended to rate attractive subjects as intelligent. Although this judgment was illusory,',judgment based on fluid reading was fairly accurate. Four tables present study findings. (Contains 7 references.) (SLD)
Bison use of fire-managed remnant prairies

This study was designed to: 1) compare the landscape distribution patterns of bison on fire-managed prairie remnants in the tallgrass (Oklahoma), and mixed prairie (Nebraska); and 2) identify the extent to which fire and range site [topoedaphic classification of the landscape] affect bison distribution patterns. This research was conducted at 2 sites: the Niobrara Valley Preserve (1990‐1996), and the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve (1993‐1996). At both preserves, bison selected burned areas during the growing season for 1‐3 years and mostly avoided old burns and unburned areas. There was an interaction between fire and range site in selection patterns. In the absence of fire, bison mostly avoided both the Choppy Sand range sites at the Niobrara Valley Preserve and Loamy Prairie range sites at the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve. When they were burned, however, these sites were highly selected. The main difference in bison selection patterns between the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve and the Niobrara Valley Preserve was observed during the dormant season. In the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, burned sites continue to be preferred during the dormant period for an average of 2 years while in the Niobrara Valley Preserve selections were random. These differences can be explained by 2 mechanisms: the fall and winter re-growth of forage at the more southern latitude and the significant physiognomic changes that fire can cause in tall grass prairies. Our study documents a continuing interaction between the ecological processes of the fire regime and bison distribution and abundance within 2 of the major prairie landscapes of the Great Plains, and provides critical details for understanding this relationship.
Large‐time solutions for groundwater flow problems using the relationship of small p versus large t

An approximate solution is useful if the corresponding analytical solution is complicated and difficult to accurately evaluate. In the past, the relationship of small p versus large t was commonly applied to the Laplace domain solution and could successfully obtain a large‐time solution in the groundwater area. The large‐time solution usually has a simpler form than the analytical solution and is much easier for estimating the transient behavior of the groundwater flow system. However, Chen and Stone (1993) pointed out that the use of this relationship might fail to yield the correct solution in calculating the wellbore flux for the constant head test problem. Later, Mathias and Zimmerman (2003) indicated that a poor result was obtained by Gerke and van Genuchten (1993) when using the relationship of small p versus large t to derive the water transfer coefficient for the dual‐porosity media problem. This note is to show the detailed mathematical derivations involved in the issues that Chen and Stone (1993) and Gerke and van Genuchten (1993) addressed and to ensure that the relationship of small p versus large t is correct to obtain a large‐time solution for transient groundwater flow problems.
Porter’s Five Force Model For Superiority Of Micro Small And Medium Enterprises (Sme’s) In Face The Asean Economic Communiy (Mea)

This study aims to provide input and an effective way for SMEs in order to have a competitive advantage, especially in the face of the MEA, it is necessary for the existence of a strategy to create competitive advantage in the era of MEA. Many strategies to create competitive advantage and one of them is Porter's Five Forces. This study uses research and development. Respondents in this study is small and medium businesses (SMEs) in the district of Deli Serdang. Data collection techniques using questionnaires and interviews / structured interviews and data analysis techniques using descriptive analysis techniques. The results showed that the model of five forces porter that include competition among similar companies, the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitute products, bargaining power of buyers and bargaining power of suppliers is still included in the category enough or moderate, it indicates the presence of obstacles or problems faced by SMEs in Regency Deli Serdang.Disamping five forces model of porter, the addition of the supporting indicators of the ability of innovation and technology as well as the government's attention is also included in the category enough or moderate, it indicates that the supporting indicators are still facing obstacles or problems. K e ywords: Porter's Five Force, SMEs, MEA
Consumer Perception On Imported Franchise Restaurants In Jember District: Product Quality, Customer Satisfaction, And Brand Loyalty

This study aimed to analyze and to describe the behavior of imported franchise restaurant consumers in Jember district, East Java, Indonesia. This research was done through phenomenology approach and the data were analysed descriptively. Research data include primary data and secondary data were obtained by questionnaire and interview technique. As many as 50 consumer of Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) and California Fried Chicken (CFC) in Jember district were selected as respondents and determined using purposive sampling. We found that the consumer purchasing process was more initiated by the customer’s friend, even though the consumers themself also play a role in deciding the purchase. Consumers in groups of 2 4 people dominated in each purchase. Performance quality of the product was perceived well or in accordance with the expectations of consumers due to the menu presented in accordance with the quality standards, including compliance with the promoted product; delicious menu, good plating, fast serving, and satisfying taste. Consumers also have the initiative to repurchase as a result of satisfactory service.