Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review of Relationships Between Item Sequence and Performance on Multiple-Choice Exams

How best to assess the nature and extent of student learning remains one of the most important issues in large, entry-level psychology courses. Inasmuch as multiple-choice examinations are often used in making that determination, our literature review examined the extent to which item sequence affects performance on such exams. The 2 sequences most commonly included in this body of research are based on item difficulty and conceptual linkage. Considerable research has addressed both possibilities but with mixed results. To our knowledge, no literature review or meta-analysis has synthesized the disparate findings across item-sequence studies. Major conclusions emerging from our analysis were that (a) an item-difficulty sequence has little impact on exam performance either within or across thematic areas, but that (b) student perception of item difficulty may be a better predictor of exam performance than difficulty assessed by the percentage of students missing that item on previous tests. The paper concludes with an examination of procedural difficulties involved in sequencing items and the possible benefits of some facets of item-sequencing to both students and instructors.
Quantifying the role of individual diabatic processes for the formation of PV anomalies in a North Pacific cyclone

Processes that do not conserve potential vorticity (PV) have a profound impact on the intensity, evolution, and mesoscale details of extratropical weather systems. This study aims at quantifying and improving the understanding of how and when physical processes modify PV in cyclones. To this end, a 6‐day forecast of a North Pacific cyclone is performed using a recent operational version of the ECMWF global numerical weather prediction model. Hourly instantaneous temperature and momentum tendencies of each parametrized process are used to compute the corresponding PV tendencies. By integrating these diabatic PV rates along backward trajectories, the relative contribution of individual processes for the PV budget can be assessed. The cold front is characterized by an elongated filament of increased PV, generated by latent heating due to condensation at the front as well as long‐wave radiative cooling at the surface. Turbulent mixing at the interface of the boundary layer decreases PV behind the cold front during the early stage of the cyclone, while sublimation of snow produces negative PV in the mature phase. A broad region of enhanced PV is found along the warm front, generated by condensation and turbulence at the front as well as long‐wave radiative cooling at the surface. The region of decreased PV north of the warm front is mainly modified by snow melting and sublimation. Finally, high values of PV along the bent‐back front and the cyclone centre are generated by condensation, convection, snow melting and sublimation. In general, turbulent mixing offsets intense PV modification induced by the other processes. This study highlights the relevance of condensation, melting and sublimation of snow, long‐wave radiative cooling, turbulence, and convection for the production of low‐level PV anomalies and underlines the importance of correctly representing these processes in weather prediction models.
Determination of methanol residues in crude glycerol for animal feed by gas chromatography

Crude glycerol is a major by-product of biodiesel production and is an economical additive feed for ruminants. However, residual methanol in crude glycerol can be harmful to animal health. Several methods exist for quantifying methanol residues in biodiesel, yet few have been described that identify the methanol level in crude glycerol. We propose a method for determining the methanol level in crude glycerol destined for animal feed. Crude glycerol was extracted from the headspace and quantified by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The method was linear up to 0.5 % of methanol. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.015 and 0.031 %, respectively. No significant matrix effects were observed. Precision was 2 % at the 0.05 and 0.5 % levels. The average percentage of recovery was 90 %. Three analyzed samples of crude glycerol had methanol residues of 0.027-7.802 %. Furthermore, this methanol quantification method may be externally or internally calibrated using a GC manual injector. A reduction of at least 20 % in running time was obtained with good resolution between the peaks. Thus, this method can be applied to determine the methanol level in crude glycerol according to the upper limits for animal feed (5,000 ppm) and for human consumption (150 ppm). Finally, this method is useful for the quality control of crude glycerol intended for use in animal feed, enabling the alternative use of this by-product to add value to the biodiesel production chain.
O MERCADO DE AÇÕES NO BRASIL

RESUMO Este artigo tem como objetivo estudar o mecanismo de funcionamento do mercado de acoes no Brasil. Para tal, trabalharemos, de forma didatica, o conceito de acao e como esta e negociada em bolsa de valores. Finalmente, trataremos dos fatores que levam os investidores a aplicar seus recursos financeiros nesse mercado e das incertezas que afetam esse tipo de aplicacao. ABSTRACT This article aims to study the operating mechanism of the stock market in Brazil. To do this, we will work in a didactic way, the concept of action and how this is traded on the stock exchange. Finally, we will address the factors that lead investors to invest their funds in this market and uncertainties that affect this type of application.
Where to locate? a project-based learning activity for a graduate-level course on operations management

Location decisions represent an integral part of firms’ strategic planning process. Because these decisions have a significantimpact on the organization, location analysis is a recurrent topic on operations management courses. In this study, we positthat students enrolled on such courses should experience location decisions actively. To this end, this paper proposes anactivity that adopts a student-centred approach. The main purpose is for students to acquire the required technical skills todeal with location decisions. Furthermore, the activity is designed in such a way that it also helps students develop some ofthe soft skills that operation managers should possess, such as teamwork and digital skills. The activity mimics a real-lifesituation, with students asked to decide where to locate a specific new public service in the city of Barcelona, Spain. Thisactivity was part of a course on operations management, included in the master’s degree in engineering management andproduction systems taught at the Universitat Internacional de Catalunya. The results suggest that the proposed project-based activity helps students to improve relevant skills needed by project managers. By providing students with theopportunity to take part in a location decision that simulates a real-life situation, the activity enhances students’experience-based learning.
Surveying the Rate of Using Cosmetics Among the Kashan's Women

Using cosmetics is very popular among women in Iran. Direct contact with some of the cosmetics can cause irreparable harm to consumers’ health Regarding the importance of the rate of using cosmetics and the possibility of their side effects, this research studies the rate of using cosmetics among the Kashan's women. Data of this study were obtained through a designed questionnaire filled by 800 women in Kashan. Sampling was done randomly and in a multistage cluster. After obtaining the data, the graphs and tables were drawn and the data were analyzed by Chi-square and Mann–Whitney. The highest rate of continuous use of cosmetics was in the 20-29 years old group and the lowest was in the age group of 49 years old and above. The highest rate of continuous use of cosmetics was in the women with master’s degree, above (47.6%) and the lowest was among the illiterates (10%). 50% of People with high income and 34.8% with lower income used cosmetics continuously. Among the cosmetics, the most used item was lipstick with 74.5%. Variables such as demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, family relations are the effective factors on the rate of using cosmetics by women . The main reason for using cosmetics by women was enhancing beauty and attracting attention.
Calibration of a Commercial Kneader for Rheological Applications

Abstract In the case of some highly viscous fluids, or thick pastes (such as those exhibiting high yield stress and/or high plastic viscosity), neither rotational nor tube type viscometers are suitable for rheological characterisation. Due to their capacity for generating and maintaining high torque or high rates of rotation, kneaders and mixers can often engender shear rates in excess of those of conventional rotational viscometers. Often these devices are instrumented, to measure and record the rate of rotation of the mixing blades and the related torque on the shaft turning the blades. The major problem facing users of these mixers lies in data interpretation, specifically in relating rate of rotation and torque data to shear rate and shear stress respectively. If it were possible to obtain such relationships, useful rheological data could be generated with instrumented mixers.
Assessment of Barriers of Behavioral Change to Stop FGM Practice among Women of Kebri Beyah District, Somali Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia

Background: Among harmful traditional practices, Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is widely practiced across the world. The practice involves either partial or total removal of the female external genitalia for various reasons. FGM is documented to be rooted in religious, personal and societal factors. FGM is documented to be widespread across Ethiopia and is believed to be widely practiced in Somali region. Objectives: To assess barriers of behavioral change to stop FGM practice among women of Kebri Beyah district in Somali region, where the high prevalence of FGM is documented. Methods: A community-based cross-section study design was applied. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed to generate relevant evidence. A total of 633 households drawn from five randomly selected kebeles involved in the quantitative part of the study. Participants identified purposefully were involved in the qualitative study. While survey data was analyzed by SPSS version 21. Multiple logistic regressions were carried out to examine the existence of a relationship between intention to stop FGM and socio demographic characteristics. On the other hand, qualitative data were analyzed thematically and the result was presented in narration. The findings of the study can be utilized as baseline for further studies related to behavioral change intervention. Results: This study revealed that 69.5% of the respondents intend to stop FGM. Religion was the major reasons for the perpetuation of this practice. About 50.3% of circumcision was performed by traditional birth attendants. 87.4% of participants responded that FGM was being practiced in that area. More than 79.9% of participants were undergone Sunni type of circumcision. More than 79.9% of participants were undergone Sunni type of circumcision. Most of respondents were found have good knowledge and negative attitude towards FGM. Divorced respondents were 4.35 (AOR=4.35, 95% CI (1.03, 18.33) times more likely intendin
Pattern and factors associated with hemoglobin genotype testing among children attending a University Teaching Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria

Background: Sickle cell disorders are chronic debilitating genetic disorders affecting the red cells. Sickle cell disorders were originally found in the tropics and subtropics but are now common worldwide due to migration of people from tropical to temperate zones. Objective: The objective was to describe pattern and factors associated with hemoglobin (Hb) genotype testing among children attending a University Teaching Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. Methodology: The study was conducted at the General Children Outpatient Clinics of Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos in South west Nigeria. It is a cross-sectional study using research administered questionnaire to obtain information from caregivers. Results: A total of 202 subjects aged 6 months to 15 years were conveniently recruited. Overall, the Hb genotype uptake rate was 17.8%. The overall prevalence of Hb disorders was 25.8%. One-ninth of the subjects with known Hb genotype status at commencement of the study had their Hb genotype status confirmed before the age of 1 year. First birth order and upper social stratum were significantly associated with younger age at Hb genotype uptake. Conclusion: Fewer children had Hb genotype uptake during infancy and this underscores the need for early Hb genotype testing of infants. This screening can be during the prenatal, neonatal or at most in infancy during immunization, and infant welfare clinics visit.
Competitive Effects of Annual Weeds on Spanish Peanuts

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yields were not influenced by weeds that were removed within 3 weeks after planting and each week thereafter, but a yield reduction did occur when weeds were not removed until 4 to 8 weeks after planting. Peanuts kept weed free at least 6 weeks after planting showed no yield loss due to competition from weeds emerging later. As weed competition increases, peanut seed yield, forage yield, and soil moisture content decreases.
Avaliação cefalométrica da orofaringe

Introducao: O estabelecimento dos valores normais referentes ao espaco orofaringeo e um assunto que deve ser do interesse do dentista. Caso alteracoes deste espaco nao sejam diagnosticadas e tratadas, podem acarretar em atraso e recidiva do tratamento ortodontico em casos de interposicao lingual – onde o espaco pode estar aumentado – ou em serios disturbios respiratorios, no caso de um estreitamento do mesmo. Proposicao: O objetivo da pesquisa foi obter indices cefalometricos de normalidade para a profundidade da orofaringe. Materiais e metodo: Foram utilizadas as radiografias cefalometricas laterais de 180 individuos brasileiros, divididos em tres faixas etarias. A partir das radiografias foram feitos tracados, sobre os quais foram realizadas medicoes. Resultados: Verificou-se que a profundidade da orofaringe aumenta entre 6 e 24 anos de idade, e nao existem diferencas estatisticamente significantes entre os generos masculino e feminino. Foi observado ainda que os valores medios da profundidade da orofaringe sao maiores nos individuos que apresentam maloclusao Classe III do que naqueles que apresentam maloclusoes Classes I e II (Angle). O resultado do tratamento estatistico demonstrou que existe diferenca significante entre os valores medios das faixas etarias 6-11 e 18-24 anos. Conclusao: Os indices de normalidade da profundidade da orofaringe sao: de 8,76 mm a 14,86 mm para a faixa etaria 6-11 anos; de 9,07 mm a 15,07 mm para a faixa etaria 12-17 anos; e de 9,55 mm a 16,99 mm para a faixa etaria 18-24 anos. UNITERMOS: orofaringe, cefalometria, ortodontia. SUMMARY Introduction: The establishment of normal values for the oropharynx space must be of the dentist’s interest. Non diagnosed and treated alterations of this space can cause the collapse of the orthodontic treatment in the case of tongue interposition – in which the space may be enlarged – or serious respiratory disturbance, due to its constriction. Proposition: The purpose of this research has been to achieve normality cephalometric indexes related to the depth of the oropharynx. Lateral cephalometric radiographs obtained from 180 Brazilian subjects aged between 6 and 24 years were used. Tracings have been made from the radiographs and cephalometric measurements have been accomplished. Results: The results have shown that the depth of the oropharynx increases between 6 and 24 years of age, and there are no significant statistic differences between boys and girls. It has also been observed that the mean values to the depth of the oropharynx are larger to Class III malocclusion when compared to Classes I and II (Angle). The result of the statistical analysis has been shown that there is significant difference between the mean values of the age group 6-11 years in comparison to the age group 18-24 years. Conclusion: The normality indexes related to the depth of the oropharynx are the following: from 8,76 mm to 14,86 mm to the age group 6-11 years; from 9,07 mm to 15,07 mm to the age group 12-17 years; and from 9,55 mm to 16,99 mm to the age group 18-24 years. UNITERMS: oropharynx, cephalometrics, orthodontics.
THE PREVALENCE OF ACUTE BLOOD TRANSFUSION REACTIONS IN NEMAZEE HOSPITAL

Background and Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of acute blood transfusion reactions in Nemazee Hospital as one of the biggest in the south of Iran. Materials and Methods In a descriptive study during 2010-2011, a total of 57902 patients (including 33462 male and 2440 female, age range 11-86 years old) that underwent blood transfusion in Nemazee Hospital were evaluated for acute transfusion reactions.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for limit theorems for quadratic variations of Gaussian sequences

The quadratic variation of Gaussian processes plays an important role in both stochastic analysis and in applications such as estimation of model parameters, and for this reason the topic has been extensively studied in the literature. In this article we study the convergence of quadratic sums of general Gaussian sequences. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for different types of convergence including convergence in probability, almost sure convergence, $L^{p}$-convergence as well as weak convergence. We use a practical and simple approach which simplifies the existing methodology considerably. As an application, we show how convergence of the quadratic variation of a given process can be obtained by an appropriate choice of the underlying sequence. <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.mathjax. org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js? config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML">
Soil Enrichment Studies with Trifluralin

Soil enrichment studies were conducted with trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) with and without exogenous carbon and nitrogen. From 72 bacterial isolates obtained, eight representative ones were tentatively identified as members of the genus Pseudomonas based on size, shape, Gram reaction, and reaction on fluorescent and motility agar. Two of these eight isolates exhibited a significant increase in numbers of viable cells when grown in a medium with trifluralin as the only exogenous carbon and nitrogen source. Chromatographic analysis of culture medium extracts revealed the presence of a degradation product which was not present in the herbicide control. The concentration of this unknown was greatest at the 50 mg/L level of trifluralin which also supported the greatest bacterial growth.
Histopathology and Clinico-histopathological correlation in Hansen's disease

Background and Objectives: Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) still continues to be an important public health problem. The present study was undertaken to study the histopathological features of leprosy in skin biopsies and to categorize them into various types based on microscopy, bacterial index to correlate with clinical presentations whenever possible. Methods: Skin biopsies after adequate fixation in 10% formalin, were routinely processed and paraffin embedded sections of 5 micron thickness were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin stain and were studied microscopically. Results: 45 skin biopsies were obtained from patients with age range of 7-78 years, majority were in 3rd decade, with male to female ratio of 1:1.1. Borderline Tuberculoid (BT) was the commonest type of leprosy (42%). Most common clinical feature was loss of sensation. Atrophic epidermis and grenz zone were more common in Lepromatous Leprosy (LL), HL (Histoid Leprosy) & Borderline Lepromatous (BL). Majority (55.6%) of biopsies were of paucibacillary type and rest (44.4%) were of multibacillary type. Clinico-histopathological correlation was observed in 34 biopsies (75.5%). Interpretation and conclusion: For accurate diagnosis, correlation of clinical and histopathological features along with bacterial index appears to be more useful than considering any of the single parameters alone. Keywords: Leprosy, histopathology
Playing with History: Acknowledgements

Preface Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Part I. Historically Informed Performance in Music Criticism: 1. Joining the historical performance debate Part II. Historically Informed Performance and the Implications for Work, Composer and Notation: 2. Historical performance and 'truth to the work': history and the subversion of Platonism 3. Historical performance and 'truth to the composer': rehabilitating intention 4. Negotiating between work, composer and performer: rewriting the story of notational progress Part III. Historically Informed Performance within the Culture of the Late Twentieth Century: 5. Historical performance at the crossroads of modernism and postmodernism 6. 'A reactionary wolf in countercultural sheep's clothing? ' - historical performance, the heritage Industry and the politics of revival Notes Bibliography Index.
Understanding Chronic Pain in a Lifestyle Context

This article reviews both traditional and emerging aspects of pain medicine within the context of a “whole-person,” lifestyle-based approach. This is consistent with contemporary systems theory formulations of chronic disease in general. A traditional approach sees ongoing pain as a fixed biological disorder and much of its management as the task of medically palliating or learning to cope. Within this framework, chronic pain has been conceptualized by some authors as a disease in its own right based on underlying alterations in nervous system processing. This explains the stronger correlation of chronic pain with neural sensitization than with structural change in bodily tissues. However, recent research findings are expanding current views of causation and management, and there is now a growing recognition that pain-related nervous system changes are potentially reversible. The so-called paradox of plasticity proposes that the same property of changeability in the nervous system that allows chronic pain to develop can also lead to its resolution. Nutrition and personal story are key aspects of an emerging whole-person approach and can be combined with traditional biomedical and cognitive behavioral interventions to enhance therapeutic gains. An interesting hypothesis deriving from recent research is that multiple unhelpful aspects of lifestyle contribute to systemic metaflammation, which in turn spills over to sensitize the nervous system and facilitate pain-related transmission. Therefore, addressing lifestyle factors therapeutically has the potential to desensitize the nervous system and reduce pain.