Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Calculation of minimum quench energies in Rutherford cables

The Minimum Quench Energy (MQE) of a conductor may give some indication about the likelihood of training in magnets. We have used a numerical solution of the heat flow equation to calculate the MQE of a single superconducting wire and have found the results to be in good agreement with experiment. This model was then extended to an approximate representation of Rutherford cable by including current and heat transfer between strands. Reasonable agreement with experiment has been found, although in some cases it appears that the effective thermal contact between strands is greater than expected from electrical resistance measurements.
Continence outcomes following robotic radical prostatectomy: Our experience from 150 consecutive patients

Introduction: Urinary continence is an important outcome parameter after robot assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). We evaluated the continence outcomes following RARP using a double-layered urethrovesical reconstruction. Materials and Methods: One hundred fifty consecutive patients undergoing RARP and double-layered urethrovesical reconstruction were prospectively studied for preoperative, intraoperative and post operative parameters. Key points followed during surgery were: Minimal dissection of sphincteric complex, preservation of puboprostatic ligament, selective ligation of deep venous complex and both posterior and anterior reconstruction using the Von Velthoven stitch. Intraoperative bladder fill test was done at the end of anastomosis to rule out urine leak. Check cystogram was done prior to catheter removal in the outpatient department. Patients were subsequently followed at regular intervals regarding the status of urinary continence. All patients irrespective of adjuvant therapy were included in the analysis. Results: The mean age was 64 years (standard deviation ± 6.88), and mean serum PSA was 20.2 ng/ml. The mean BMI was 25.6 (SD: ±3.84). The mean prostate weight was 44.09 gm (range 18-103 gm, SD: ±15.59). Median days to catheter removal after surgery was 7 (range 4-14 days) days. Cystographically determined urinary leaks were seen in two patients. Urine leak was managed by delaying catheter removal for 1 week. Minimum 6 month follow up was available in 126 patients. ‘No pad’ status at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year was 15.1%, 54.9%, 78%, 90.5% and 94.1%, respectively. Conclusion: Excellent continence outcomes are observed in patients undergoing double-layered urethrovesical reconstruction.
1 Beliefs about Gender

We conduct laboratory experiments that explore how gender stereotypes shape beliefs about ability of oneself and others in different categories of knowledge. The data reveal two patterns. First, men’s and women’s beliefs about both oneself and others exceed observed ability on average, particularly in difficult tasks. Second, overestimation of ability by both men and women varies across categories. To understand these patterns, we develop a model that separates gender stereotypes from mis-estimation of ability related to the difficulty of the task. We find that stereotypes contribute to gender gaps in self-confidence, assessments of others, and behavior in a cooperative game.
Attachment styles and PTSD in adolescents in three Nordic Countries

Studies of possible variables influencing development of posttraumatic stress (PTSD) are of great importance in the effort to enhance preventive and interventional methods in the aim to prevail this devastating condition. Despite the vast research in adults, little is still known of adolescents. Although research is scarce, attachment style has been identified to be an influencing factor in adults, and still research in adolescent is almost non-existent. To our knowledge, no prior study has been conducted, looking at the relationship between attachment style, exposure to a broad range of potentially traumatic events, and subsequent PTSD symptoms in a cross cultural perspective. This is the aim of the present study. Procedure: Data was collected from questionnaire surveys of 1283 adolescents (mean age 14.1 years). Measures: PTSD was measured with The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire-Part IV (HTQ); and attachment style was studied using the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS). Potentially traumatic events were examined using a broad event list of 19 events. Results: Contrary to what was expected, significant cross cultural differences were found in the distribution of securely, preoccupied, and dismissive attached. Around half of the Faroese population was securely attached, contrary to the Danish and Icelandic population, where the majority was dismissive attached. Cross cultural differences were also found in the distribution of attachment style among those adolescents with PTSD. The majority of the Danish adolescent population with PTSD was dismissive attached; the majority of the Faroese adolescent population with PTSD was securely attached, and in the Icelandic adolescents with PTSD were distributed somewhat even between the four attachment styles. Finally, cross cultural differences were identified in which potentially traumatic events had a significant contribution to the variation in PTSD. The results are discussed and clinical recommendations are presented.
Psychocultural Mechanisms of the Propensity toward Criminal Homicide: A Multidimensional View of the Culture of Honor

Introduction: Theory of the Culture of Honor is one of the few models in criminology specifically geared toward homicide. It proposes that, in certain societies, men must never show weakness and are required to react violently to any perceived threats to their reputation, thereby increasing their probability of committing a homicide. This has been suggested as the main explanation for the high rates of this type of crime in Brazil, particularly in the Northeast. Underlying this explanation there are complex mechanisms and processes that have yet to be clarified. Objectives: The present research aimed to investigate the workings of the possible psychocultural mechanisms underlying the culture of honor and the process through which they might affect the individual propensity toward homicide. Methods: A total of 336 Brazilian adults were assessed regarding a broad range of sociodemographic, psychological, and sociocultural variables, including their attitudes toward homicide. The resulting dataset was analyzed using Smallest Space Analysis and Facet Theory. Results: It seems that certain cultural elements associated to traditional masculinity and enhanced anger tend to promote negative personality traits and increase one’s propensity toward committing homicide. Conclusion: The findings obtained not only confirm the Theory of the Culture of Honor for the propensity toward homicide, but also explicit and clarify some of the psychocultural processes and mechanisms involved, suggesting a new scientific framework.
Teaching basic science to optimize transfer

Background: Basic science teachers share the concern that much of what they teach is soon forgotten. Although some evidence suggests that relatively little basic science is forgotten, it may not appear so, as students commonly have difficulty using these concepts to solve or explain clinical problems: This phenomenon, using a concept learned in one context to solve a problem in a different context, is known to cognitive psychologists as transfer. The psychology literature shows that transfer is difficult; typically, even though students may know a concept, fewer than 30% will be able to use it to solve new problems. However a number of strategies to improve transfer can be adopted at the time of initial teaching of the concept, in the use of exemplars to illustrate the concept, and in practice with additional problems. Aim: In this article, we review the literature in psychology to identify practical strategies to improve transfer. Methods: Critical review of psychology literature to identify factors that enhance or impede transfer. Results: There are a number of strategies available to teachers to facilitate transfer. These include active problem-solving at the time of initial learning, imbedding the concept in a problem context, using everyday analogies, and critically, practice with multiple dissimilar problems. Further, mixed practice, where problems illustrating different concepts are mixed together, and distributed practice, spread out over time, can result in significant and large gains. Conclusion: Transfer is difficult, but specific teaching strategies can enhance this skill by factors of two or three.
Simvastatin Reduces Expression of Cytokines Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8, and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Circulating Monocytes From Hypercholesterolemic Patients

Objective—A number of studies have shown that statins decrease morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular diseases. The anti-inflammatory effects of statins have recently been implicated in the clinical benefit that can be obtained in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Little is known about the mechanisms by which statins counteract inflammation. Methods and Results—In this study, we asked whether simvastatin can influence in vitro and in vivo production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. A total of 107 hypercholesterolemic patients were treated with simvastatin. As measured by ELISA, serum levels of cytokines significantly decreased after 6 weeks of treatment (P <0.05). Furthermore, simvastatin decreased the expression of IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Similar results were obtained in vitro by using cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy normolipemic donors. Exposure to simvastatin, atorvastatin, or cerivastatin caused downregulation of the expression of cytokine mRNA in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, all statins tested were able to reduce the concentrations of cytokines in cellular and extracellular fractions of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (P <0.05). Conclusions—Our data show that simvastatin is anti-inflammatory through the downregulation of cytokines in the endothelium and leukocytes. These effects may explain some of the clinical benefits of these drugs in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
Decision Tree Pruning: Biased or Optimal?

We evaluate the performance of weakest-link pruning of decision trees using cross-validation. This technique maps tree pruning into a problem of tree selection: Find the best (i.e. the right-sized) tree, from a set of trees ranging in size from the unpruned tree to a null tree. For samples with at least 200 cases, extensive empirical evidence supports the following conclusions relative to tree selection: (a) 10-fold cross-validation is nearly unbiased; (b) not pruning a covering tree is highly biased; (c) 10-fold cross-validation is consistent with optimal tree selection for large sample sizes and (d) the accuracy of tree selection by 10-fold cross-validation is largely dependent on sample size, irrespective of the population distribution.
Which injuries may indicate child abuse?

Making the decision as to whether an injury is a result of child abuse or not is stressful for both the family involved and the clinical team. It is not a decision that is taken lightly, and with an increasing expectation by the investigating agencies, lawyers and the public in general, to ensure that it is based on explicit ‘evidence’, clinicians need to be up to date with the latest scientific publications in the field. This article aims to summarise the current evidence in relation to all physical injuries except those pertaining to the central nervous system, which will form a separate article. It will examine the pattern of accidental and abusive bruises, fractures, burns, abdominal injuries and oral injuries focusing on discriminating features and necessary investigations.
Spatial filtering using linear analog parallel architectures

Cellular Neural Network (CNN) type analog parallel architectures have been studied both for their potential in high-speed image processing applications and for exhibiting rich and exciting nonlinear spatio-temporal dynamics among which waves and patterns. Such architectures have been also used as linear spatial filters for piecewise linear cells working in the linear central part of their characteristics. The spatio-temporal dynamics of homogeneous CNN's working in the above region can be studied using the decoupling technique. Since, for nohomogeneous arrays, this technique is no more valid, numerical simulations were used. The paper presents results regarding the filtering capabilities of analog parallel architectures of CNN simulated at system and transistor level.
STABILITY WITH RESPECT TO INITIAL TIME DIFFERENCE FOR GENERALIZED DELAY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Stability with initial data difference for nonlinear delay differential equations is introduced. This type of stability generalizes the known concept of stability in the literature. It gives us the opportunity to compare the behavior of two nonzero solutions when both initial values and initial intervals are different. Several sufficient conditions for stability and for asymptotic stability with initial time difference are obtained. Lyapunov functions as well as comparison results for scalar ordinary differential equations are employed. Several examples are given to illustrate the theory.
Clinical utility of blood cultures drawn from central vein catheters and peripheral venipuncture in critically ill medical patients.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of blood cultures obtained through a central vein catheter compared with peripheral venipuncture. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING A medical ICU (19 beds) from a university-affiliated urban teaching hospital. PATIENTS Between February 2001 and October 2001, 300 paired blood culture specimens were obtained from 119 patients (2.52 paired cultures per patient). INTERVENTION Prospective patient surveillance and data collection. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Thirty-four paired culture results (11.3%; 95% confidence interval, 7.8 to 14.8%) were accepted as true-positives representing a true bacteremia. The sensitivity of catheter-drawn and peripheral venipuncture samples was 82.4% and 64.7%, respectively, and specificity was 92.5% and 95.9%. The positive predictive value was 58.3% for catheter-drawn samples and 66.7% for peripheral venipuncture samples, and the respective negative predictive values were 97.6% and 95.5%. CONCLUSIONS In critically ill medical patients, the negative predictive value of blood samples obtained by catheter draw or peripheral venipuncture for suspected bloodstream infection is good. However, the sensitivity of blood samples obtained by either catheter draw or peripheral venipuncture alone is not adequate to recommend the elimination of blood samples obtained from the other site. Clinicians should also be aware that additional blood samples may be necessary when interpreting positive blood culture results for common skin or central vein catheter contaminants.
In vivo identification of sialic acid as the ocular receptor for Pseudomonas aeruginosa

In vivo bacterial adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the immature ocular epithelium was mediated by a sialic (N-acetylneuraminic) acid (NANA) receptor. Saturation of binding sites on the bacterial surface by NANA prevented attachment of the organism to the epithelial cell membrane receptor. Additionally, a significant number of animals receiving NANA-treated organisms were protected from septicemia and death. In vivo protection studies showed excellent correlation with scanning electron microscopy, in that the number of adherent organisms at the corneal surface decreased dramatically in the presence of NANA. These studies exhibit a strong correlation with clinical cases of human infant ocular infection.
Meiosis-specific cohesin mediates homolog recognition in mouse spermatocytes

How homologous chromosomes recognize each other during meiosis remains a fundamental question in chromosome biology. Ishiguro et al. now show that homolog recognition in spermatocytes starts in early meiotic prophase. Intriguingly, meiosis-specific cohesin plays an essential role in homolog recognition far prior to DNA double-strand break formation. The findings suggest the possibility that homolog recognition is achieved primarily by searching for homology in the chromosome architecture as defined by meiosis-specific cohesin rather than the DNA sequence itself.
Hydrogen sulfide accelerates the recovery of kidney tubules after renal ischemia/reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND Progression of acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with inadequate recovery of damaged kidney. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) regulates a variety of cellular signals involved in cell death, differentiation and proliferation. This study aimed to identify the role of H2S and its producing enzymes in the recovery of kidney following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. METHODS Mice were subjected to 30 min of bilateral renal ischemia. Some mice were administered daily NaHS, an H2S donor, and propargylglycine (PAG), an inhibitor of the H2S-producing enzyme cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE), during the recovery phase. Cell proliferation was assessed via 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay. RESULTS Ischemia resulted in decreases in CSE and cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) expression and activity, and H2S level in the kidney. These decreases did not return to sham level until 8 days after ischemia when kidney had fibrotic lesions. NaHS administration to I/R-injured mice accelerated the recovery of renal function and tubule morphology, whereas PAG delayed that. Furthermore, PAG increased mortality after ischemia. NaHS administration to I/R-injured mice accelerated tubular cell proliferation, whereas it inhibited interstitial cell proliferation. In addition, NaHS treatment reduced post-I/R superoxide formation, lipid peroxidation, level of GSSG/GSH and Nox4 expression, whereas it increased catalase and MnSOD expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that H2S accelerates the recovery of I/R-induced kidney damage, suggesting that the H2S-producing transsulfuration pathway plays an important role in kidney repair after acute injury.
Chemical inhibitors of protein kinases.

Many excellent and up to date reviews on kinase inhibitors exist, and this area certainly does not meet the normal criteria for a Chemical Reviews article. However, most of these reviews are written by Medicinal Chemists for Medicinal Chemists and largely by the pharmaceutical industry for the pharmaceutical industry. Such reviews make many assumptions about the (relatively specialized) knowledge base of the average reader and tend to take for granted that the readers all know what drug companies are after in their research process. Therefore, I will spend a part of this review trying to elucidate a pharmaceutical industry perspective and then put kinase inhibitors into that background. An overview of the way new drugs are looked for will be discussed, along with some of the perils in looking for a new mechanistic class of drugs, over and above looking in areas which are well explored and understood. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: (734) 622 7103. Fax: (734) 622 3909. E-mail: Alexander.Bridges@Pfizer.com. Alexander J. Bridges obtained his B.A. degree in Chemistry from Oxford University in 1972 and his Ph.D. degree under the supervision of Dr. Gordon Whitham in 1974, working on trans-cyclooctenes. He was a NATO Fellow with Professor Barry Trost at Wisconsin for the following two years, making novel dienes for Diels−Alder reactions and spent a year with Professor Pierre Potier at the CNRS at Gif-sur-Yvette working on the synthesis of vinblastine. This was followed by a final postdoctoral position at the University of Toronto with Professor J. B. Jones, working on enzymes as chiral synthetic reagents. In 1978 he joined the chemistry faculty of Northern Illinois University in DeKalb, IL, taught organic chemistry for six years, and worked on sulfur-substituted allenes and dienes. In 1984 he joined Parke-Davis in Ann Arbor, MI, and worked on adenosine agonists and quinolone anti-infectives. He moved to the Eisai Research Institute of Boston in 1988 and worked on Lipid A analogues for sepsis and urokinase inhibitors for cancer. He moved back to Parke-Davis (now Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor Laboratories) in 1992 and worked on kinase inhibitors for cancer, especially EGFr and MEK inhibitors. He then moved to metabolic diseases chemistry and is currently Director of Cancer Chemistry at Pfizer, Ann Arbor. 2541 Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 2541−2571
Widespread Dorsal Stream Activation during a Parametric Mental Rotation Task, Revealed with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Following a parametrically modulated mental rotation task, in which 10 healthy subjects were instructed to determine whether alphanumeric characters were normal or mirror-reversed, bilateral dorsal stream activations culminating in the intraparietal region were revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Although the parietal activations were bilateral, we observed a right hemispheric dominance for the task, consistent with our previous findings (I. M. Harris et al., 2000). By studying individual activation maps in response to the paradigm, we discerned parcellation of the intraparietal region into discrete subdivisions. In this paper, we address the involvement of structures surrounding the intraparietal sulcus in mental rotation, as well as describing a wider visuospatial attentional network, encompassing neural substrates within the dorsal stream.
Effect of boron concentration on recombination at the p-Si–Al2O3 interface

We examine the surface passivation properties of Al2O3 deposited on boron-doped planar ⟨100⟩ crystalline silicon surfaces as a function of the boron concentration. Both uniformly doped and diffused surfaces are studied, with surface boron concentrations ranging from 9.2 × 1015 to 5.2 × 1019 cm−3. Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition and thermal atomic layer deposition are used to deposit the Al2O3 films. The surface recombination rate of each sample is determined from photoconductance measurements together with the measured dopant profiles via numerical simulation, using the latest physical models. These values are compared with calculations based on the interface properties determined from capacitance–voltage and conductance measurements. It is found that the fundamental surface recombination velocity of electrons, Sn0, which describes the chemical passivation of the interface, is independent of the surface boron concentration Ns for Ns ≤ 3 × 1019 cm−3, and in excellent agreement with values ca.