Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of milk and Xanthan as egg replacement on the chemical and microbial safety properties of

The milk along with Xanthan at levels 0, 1.9, 3.9, 5.9, 7.9, 9.9 and 0.1 and 0.2 % (No 1 (control) to 11 respectively) as egg replacement were used for preparation of mayonnaise. Chemical composition, acidity and pH of samples over a storage period of 3 months were investigated. Also microbial safety of mayonnaise discussed visionary. It was found that pH of samples were in the range of 3.8 to 3.98 and mean acidity were 0.71. Statistical study reveals that effect of treatment on pH of all the mayonnaise samples was significant (p<0.05) during the storage period where interplay the treatment and time on pH of all the mayonnaise samples were not significant (p>0.05). This point expressed that replacing the egg with milk caused the decrease pH of mayonnaise samples due to higher initial pH of egg in comparison to milk but during storage period was constant. To make mayonnaise microbiologically safe, it is recommended the use of vinegar as an acidulate, a pH of 4.10 or less and the product should be held in a warm place for several hours or preferably for several days before consumption. From these recommendations, it can easily be seen that to make safe mayonnaise prepared with vinegar, the pH of mayonnaise should be equal to or less than 4.10 or 4.00 (called the safe pH value) which in our study also was 3.98. In general, the death rate of the salmonellas reflected the acetic acid content rather than the pH of a mayonnaise.
Factors Affecting Farm-specific Production Efficiency in the Savanna Zones of West Africa

Agricultural intensification involving greater crop--livestock interactions and integration is emerging as the most promising strategy for improving agricultural production and productivity in much of Sub-Sahara Africa. In West Africa, where this process is at various stages of evolution, 559 farm households from the Sudan Savanna (SS) and Northern Guinea Savanna (NGS) zones were studied to examine the factors affecting production efficiency. The farms in each zone were divided into four socio-economic domains using a combination of population density and market access as criteria. Estimation of stochastic frontier production function indicated the need to include ecological and socioeconomic variables in both the production function and the accompanying inefficiency equation, failing which such models may suffer from omitted variables bias. The results showed that inefficiency effects of a stochastic nature existed among the sample farms and average efficiency was 76%: 68% in the SS and 86% in the NGS zones. Further, increased resource use associated with agricultural intensification was not always accompanied by an increase in production efficiency; and while agricultural intensification based on high external input strategies yields higher marginal returns in the NGS, a similar strategy is not critical to success in the SS given current use levels and the biophysical endowments of the latter ecological zone. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Language Revitalization Processes and Prospects: Quichua in the Ecuadorian Andes

This paper examines efforts to reverse language shift in two indigenous communities of southern Ecuador. The ongoing decline and rapid pace of extinction of many of the world's languages have received increasing amounts of attention. Yet while the linguistic and social processes of language loss and language death have been extensively investigated and analysed, relatively little work of similar scope and detail has addressed the processes of and prospects for language revitalisation. The paper presents findings from ethnographic work which investigated language use, language attitudes, and language instruction in two Andean communities which are attempting to revitalise their once native Quichua. The study finds that for different reasons in neither community is Quichua transmission occurring successfully and reveals how and why communities which are socially, economically, and culturally secure are most likely to be supportive of and participate in language revitalisation efforts.
Post-partum anoestrus in Anglo-Nubian and Saanen goats raised in semi-arid of North-eastern Brazil

The aim of this study was to verify the length of post-partum anoestrus (PPA) in Anglo-Nubian and Saanen goats raised in North-eastern Brazil. Thirty-four Anglo-Nubian and 25 Saanen goats were used and the following parameters were observed: parity (order I or II), type of parturition (single or multiple), length of PPA, type of oestrous cycle, milk production and body condition score (BCS). No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between breeds for PPA length. Concerning order I, Saanen goats showed a higher PPAwhen compared to Anglo-Nubian (P < 0.05). In both breeds, order I goats showed a higher PPA than order II (P < 0.05). Concerning the type of parturition, no significant difference was observed for the length of PPA. Anglo-Nubian goats showed a shorter first oestrous cycle length (meanF S.E.M.) (23.89F 5.64 days) when compared to Saanen goats (46.20F 9.50 days) (P< 0.05). For both breeds it was observed a greater proportion of long oestrous cycles (P < 0.05). Saanen goats showed higher daily milk production in comparison to Anglo-Nubian breed (P < 0.001). A significant fall in BCS was observed (P < 0.05) in both breeds. In conclusion, when raised in North-eastern Brazil, Saanen goats showed more efficient milk production but presented a longer PPA in primiparous females. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
DARE : A Deduplication-Aware Resemblance Detection and Elimination Scheme for Data Reduction with Low Overheads

Data reduction has become increasingly important in storage systems due to the explosive growth of digital data in the world that has ushered in the big data era. One of the main challenges facing large-scale data reduction is how to maximally detect and eliminate redundancy at very low overheads. In this paper, we present DARE, a low-overhead deduplication-aware resemblance detection and elimination scheme that effectively exploits existing duplicate-adjacency information for highly efficient resemblance detection in data deduplication based backup/archiving storage systems. The main idea behind DARE is to employ a scheme, call DuplicateAdjacency based Resemblance Detection (DupAdj), by considering any two data chunks to be similar (i.e., candidates for delta compression) if their respective adjacent data chunks are duplicate in a deduplication system, and then further enhance the resemblance detection efficiency by an improved super-feature approach. Our experimental results based on real-world and synthetic backup datasets show that DARE only consumes about 1/4 and 1/2 respectively of the computation and indexing overheads required by the traditional super-feature approaches while detecting 210 percent more redundancy and achieving a higher throughput, by exploiting existing duplicate-adjacency information for resemblance detection and finding the “sweet spot” for the super-feature approach Keywords— Data deduplication, delta compression, storage system, index structure, performance evaluation
Analysis of microbial community in Japanese vineyard soils by culture-independent molecular approach

Soil microbes play an important role in the management of soil environment. They form various microbial communities in response to environmental factors, including soil texture and chemical components. Because of this, it is difficult to determine the microbial community structure of soil. In vineyard soils, the overall microbial community structure has yet to be unraveled. To understand the microbial community in vineyard soil, we surveyed comprehensively microbial communities in Japanese vineyard soils by using a culture-independent molecular approach. We identified 681 fungal clone sequences and 1076 bacterial clone sequences in soil samples collected from nine independent Japanese vineyards, and the results suggested that Ascomycota is the dominant group in the fungal community, whereas Proteobacterium and Acidobacterium are the dominant groups in the bacterial community. DNA was directly extracted from the soil samples, and the fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) region or the bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The recovered fungal clones were sorted into 225 operational taxonomic units and the majority of the clone sequences were assigned to Ascomycota. Meanwhile, the recovered bacterial clones were sorted into 17 phyla, and the abundant phyla were Proteobacterium and Acidobacterium. These results differed from the reported fungal and bacterial community structures in forest and agricultural soils. Moreover, we preliminarily generated a catalog of Japanese vineyard soils. The microbial community structures in the vineyard soils were extremely complex, suggesting that the microbial community structure in each vineyard soil has individual characteristics. Our study comprehensively showed for the first time fungal and bacterial community structures in Japanese vineyard soils, and is most likely to provide a clue to understand the nature of Japanese vineyard soils.
CO2 effects on taxonomic composition and nutrient utilization in an Equatorial Pacific phytoplankton assemblage

We report the results of a field incubation experiment demonstrating a substantial shift in the taxonomic composition of Equatorial Pacific phytoplankton assemblages exposed to CO2 levels of 150 and 750 ppm (dissolved CO2 ~3 to 25 µM). By the end of the experiment, the phytoplankton community in all samples was dominated by diatoms and Phaeocystis sp. However, the relative abun- dance of these phytoplankton taxa differed significantly between CO2 treatments. Taxonomic pig- ment analysis and direct microscopic examination of samples revealed that the abundance of diatoms decreased by ~50% at low CO2 relative to high CO2, while the abundance of Phaeocystis increased by ~60% at low CO2. This CO2-dependent shift was associated with a significant change in nutrient utilization, with higher ratios of nitrate:silicate (N:Si) and nitrate:phosphate (N:P) consumption by phytoplankton in the low CO2 treatment. Despite the significant changes in taxonomic composition and nutrient consumption ratios, total biomass and primary productivity did not differ significantly between the CO2 treatments. Our results suggest that CO2 concentrations could potentially influence competition among marine phytoplankton taxa and affect oceanic nutrient cycling.
The impact of helium reionization on the structure of the intergalactic medium

We examine the impact of helium reionization on the structure of the intergalactic medium. We model the reionization using a radiative transfer (RT) code coupled to the combined gravity hydrodynamics code enzo. Neutral hydrogen and helium are initially ionized by a starburst spectrum, which is allowed to gradually evolve into a power-law spectrum over the redshift interval 3.0 5. Peculiar velocities of up to 10 km s−1 are induced by the increased pressure, with the gas density field distorted over large coherent regions by 10–20 per cent, and the dark matter by levels of 1 per cent. The photoionization-induced flows may thus distort the matter power spectrum at comoving wavenumbers k > 0.5 h Mpc−1 by a few per cent by z= 2. Absorption spectra for H i and He ii are drawn from the simulations, and absorption lines are fitted to the spectra. The increased temperature following He ii reionization reduces the line centre optical depths, resulting in an enhancement in the fraction of very low optical depth pixels and an overall distortion in the pixel flux distribution compared with He ii reionization in the optically thin limit. A median Doppler parameter of 35 km s−1 is obtained for the H i absorption systems at z= 3. Dividing into subsamples optically thick and optically thin at line centre reveals that the optically thick systems undergo only mild evolution while the optically thin systems evolve rapidly following He ii reionization. A comparison between He ii and H i absorption features shows a broad distribution in the He ii and H i column density ratio, although much of the width is an artefact of the deblending of the absorption features by the line fitting. The distribution of the ratio of He ii and H i Doppler parameters peaks midway between the thermally broadened and velocity-broadened limits. A comparison with approximate simulation methods based on either a pseudo-hydrodynamical scheme or a non-RT hydrodynamical simulation with boosted He ii heating rate shows moderately good agreement in the absorption line properties, but not to the precision to which they may be measured, and not over the full redshift range for which the high-redshift Lyα forest is observed.
A Review of Iron-Coating Technology to Stabilize Rice Direct Seeding onto Puddled Soil

Transplanting is a widely practiced traditional plant establishment method for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in Asia. To reduce costs, there is a desire to change the method from transplanting to direct seeding. Problems associated with this management change include inconsistent seedling establishment and heavy weed infestation. Because puddling in flooded soil, which is a common land preparation in transplanting, destroys the soil structure and smooths the surface, directly seeded seeds float and fail to anchor. This paper analyzes the development of high-density Fe-coated seeds and the procedure of water seeding these seeds onto puddled soil. Pre-germinated seeds were granulated using a mixture of reduced Fe powder and calcined gypsum. The Fe powder on the seed surface was oxidized, producing rust, which serves as a binder for the formation of a hard coating layer. The dried Fe-coated seeds could be prepared manually or mechanically in large quantities and stored for more than 1 yr at room temperature. The seeds are characterized as resistant to sparrow attack and seed-borne diseases and are seeded onto the puddled soil surface by broadcasting, row seeding, or hill seeding. In addition, the coated seeds could be successfully seeded onto non-puddled soils using the water seeding or dry seeding methods. This technology could be applied to rice production worldwide following further study.
INFECTIVITY OF Oryctes NUDIVIRUS PRODUCED ON CELL CULTURE DSIR HA-1179 AGAINST LARVAE AND ITS EFFECTS ON FEEDING OF NEONATES OF RHINOCEROS BEETLE , Oryctes rhinoceros

The Oryctes nudivirus (OrNV) is a classical biocontrol agent for a major oil palm insect pest the rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros. The infectivity of three Malaysian indigenous types of OrNV types A, B and C were tested on larvae and neonates. On larvae, the peroral inoculation test technique indicated that the highest mortality of 100% was achieved using type A produced from cell culture DSIR-HA-1179, while the highest infectivity of 41.7% was recorded for type A prepared from infected guts. No differences in infectivity were observed on other treatments, which ranged from 13.1% to 41.7%. In the substrate contamination inoculation test technique, results showed that the level of infectivity was even lower in all OrNV treatments, ranging as low as 6.7% to only 15.0%. Low infectivity was mainly due to inactivation of virus inocula in the larval food substrates. Based on the results for both inoculation methods, the OrNV type C prepared from cell culture DSIR-HA-1179 was found more effective in controlling the L3 larvae than the other types of OrNV. The impact of OrNV infection on food consumption by the neonates was studied. The feeding of inoculated neonates with OrNV reduced rapidly, especially at the early stage of the experiment between eight days after treatment (DAT) to 16 DAT. At this period, the food consumption by all tested OrNV was rapidly reduced and maintained low until the experiment ended at 60 DAT. The highest feeding reduction rate was on neonates treated by type A (-0.074x) followed by neonates treated by type C (-0.053x) and type B (-0.035x). Therefore, it was suggested that besides on highly virulent, the selection of OrNV for field release should also based on high reduction rate on food consumption by the infected insects on plant hosts.
Market Deregulations , Volatility and Spillover Effects : Evidence from Emerging Stock Markets

This paper investigates the impact of stock market liberalizations on the volatility of emerging markets and volatility spillover effects between these markets and stock markets of the United Stated and Japan. First, our results reinforce common findings of financial literature in that emerging markets tend to generate higher volatility than developed markets. Moreover, some of the sudden changes in emerging market volatility appeared to be closely coincided with financial liberalizations. However, when we explicitly test the relationships between financial liberalization and volatility using regression analysis, we found conflicting results about the sign of financial liberalization effects. Second, we found that stock volatility is substantially transmitted among sample markets, especially between emerging markets of the same geographical location. It is also demonstrated that the multilateral transmission of volatility only increases slightly after liberalization programs. Finally, it is worth notifying that shock to stock volatility in emerging markets rather than that in the US and Japan is a dominant source of return variability for sample markets.
The Numerical Simulation of Steady and Unsteady Flows in Channel Networks Using an Extended Riemann Problem at the Junctions

In this work, an analysis of the numerical simulations of the channel flows in symmetrical and asymmetrical networks using the one-dimensional shallow water equations (SWE) was performed. Inner boundary conditions must be imposed at the junction nodes, and their numerical treatment is crucial to develop reliable mathematical models. Classical methods to provide the inner boundary conditions that are extensively based on the energy and the momentum balances at the junction nodes. However, such methods suffer their empirical formula based on experimental coefficients, which limit their applicability in practical applications (river flow, dam flow). As an alternative to such methods, we propose to solve an Extended Riemann Problem (ERP) at the junction nodes, consistently with the physical and mathematical properties of the SWE. No empirical coefficients are involved, and this approach can be easily used in practice. Furthermore, the ERP approach is supported by theoretical evidences (i.e., existence and uniqueness theorems), that ensure the consistency of the numerical scheme. This theoretical analysis can be found in literature for a star network of three identical channels, and it is extended to general network configurations by its authors. Considering subcritical conditions, different flow simulations are performed in symmetrical and asymmetrical confluences for both steady and unsteady flows. The numerical solutions are compared to experimental data from literature and analytical solutions obtained by the authors. The overall results show the suitability of the ERP method to successfully provide the inner boundary conditions for wide range of applications.
Evaluation of Anti-Migraine Drugs in an in Vivo Rat Model of Chronic Migraine

Approximately 2% of the US population is affected by chronic migraine (CM). CM is a recurring, neurological disorder characterized by painful headache, along with autonomic, gastrointestinal, and other somatic symptoms. Prolonged sensitization of the trigeminal system, which is implicated in CM, is comprised of peripheral primary trigeminal ganglion neurons that provide sensory innervation of the head and face and second order neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN). The goal of my study was to evaluate anti-migraine drugs for their ability to inhibit ongoing peripheral and central sensitization of trigeminal nociceptors. An in vivo animal model was used to determine if two novel drugs in development and Topiramate, a common drug used to treat frequent migraine, could inhibit nocifensive responses to mechanical stimulation of trigeminal neurons. In addition, the trigeminal ganglion and STN were evaluated on a molecular level to determine if the drugs could inhibit expression of a signaling protein implicated in peripheral and central sensitization. My results provide evidence that the two novel drugs significantly inhibited nocifensive responses and decreased expression of Protein Kinase A (PKA) in the trigeminal ganglion and STN. In contrast, Topiramate did not decrease PKA expression and had no effect on nocifensive responses. Based on my findings, I conclude that these novel drugs may be beneficial in the treatment of CM.
THE EARLY HISTORY OF ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN: Homage to Robert M. Garrels

▪ Abstract This paper reviews the Precambrian history of atmospheric oxygen, beginning with a brief discussion of the possible nature and magnitude of life before the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. This is followed by a summary of the various lines of evidence constraining oxygen levels through time, resulting in a suggested history of atmospheric oxygen concentrations. Also reviewed are the various processes regulating oxygen concentrations, and several models of Precambrian oxygen evolution are presented. A sparse geologic record, combined with uncertainties as to its interpretation, yields only a fragmentary and imprecise reading of atmospheric oxygen evolution. Nevertheless, oxygen levels have increased through time, but not monotonically, with major and fascinating swings to both lower and higher levels.
Relating Big Five Factor Model to the Acceptance and Use of On-line Shopping

The main purpose of this paper is to determine the influence of the Big Five personality traits on consumersi¯ online shopping performance and perceptions of shopping experience. Building on previous research, it was found that personality characteristics shape an individuali¯s motivation, goals, and perception, thereby providing criteria to evaluate external stimuli and affect performance. The influence of personality traits on a consumer adopting online purchases as well as his acceptability and adaptability with the said medium is assessed. The paper consists of theoretical and research aspects. The first part encompasses theoretical insights into the secondary research regarding personality traits while the practical part presents the methodology and primary research results. In the study, research goals as well as previous findings and primary research results, corresponding hypothesis were set and confirmed. Inter variable correlation analysis has been performed to test the hypothesis followed by a regression analysis. The results potrayed respondentsi¯ consistency in their personality traits (Extraversion, Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness) and their behaviour while shopping online. However, the trait neuroticism did not conform to the generalisation and hence did not display consistency between the trait and its related behaviour in online shopping.