Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trait interindividual differences in the sleep physiology of healthy young adults

Despite decades of sleep research by means of polysomnography (PSG), systematic interindividual differences in PSG‐assessed sleep parameters have been scarcely investigated. The present study is the first to quantify interindividual variability in standard PSG‐assessed variables of sleep structure in terms of stability and robustness as well as magnitude. Twenty‐one carefully screened healthy young adults were studied continuously in a strictly controlled laboratory environment, where their PSGs were recorded for eight nights interspersed with three separate 36 h sleep deprivation periods. All PSG records were scored blind to subject and condition, using conventional criteria, and delta power in the non‐REM sleep EEG was computed for four electrode derivations. Interindividual differences in sleep variables were examined for stability and robustness, respectively, by comparing results across equivalent nights (e.g. baseline nights) and across experimentally differentiated nights (baseline nights versus recovery nights following sleep deprivation). Among 18 sleep variables analyzed, all except slow‐wave sleep (SWS) latency were found to exhibit significantly stable and robust – i.e. trait‐like – interindividual differences. This was quantified by means of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), which ranged from 36% to 89% across physiologic variables, and were highest for SWS (73%) and delta power in the non‐REM sleep EEG (78–89%). The magnitude of the trait interindividual differences was considerable, consistently exceeding the magnitude of the group‐average effect on sleep structure of 36 h total sleep deprivation. Notably, for non‐REM delta power – a putative marker of sleep homeostasis – the interindividual differences were from 9.9 to 12.8 times greater than the group‐average increase following sleep deprivation relative to baseline. Physiologic sleep variables did not vary among subjects in a completely independent manner – 61.1% of their combined variance clustered in three trait dimensions, which appeared to represent sleep duration, sleep intensity, and sleep discontinuity. Any independent functional significance of these sleep physiologic phenotypes remains to be determined.
Serum Immunoglobulin Changes in Pregnancy Complicated with Pre-Eclampsia and Diabetes in Nigerian Women

Objectives: Serum concentrations of IgA, IgG and IgM were determined in subjects with pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes as compared to both apparently healthy pregnant and non-pregnant subjects resident in Port Harcourt, Nigerian. Materials and methods: A total of 200 femalesubjects comprising four groups of 50 subjects each were recruited into the study: healthy non-pregnant subjects (Group A); healthy pregnant subjects (Group B); subjects with pre-eclampsia (Group C) and subjects with gestational diabetesmellitus (Group D). All pregnant subjects were further subdivided into the appropriate semester according to gestational age of pregnancy. Venousblood samples were obtained and determined for immunoglobulins A, G and M with theturbidimetric immunoassay method usingan automated chemical analyzer. Results: Significant differences were observed in the values of the various types of immunoglobulins studied between healthy HIV sero-negative non-pregnant (group A) subjects and healthy HIV sero-negative pregnant (group B) subjects. Noteworthy is the observation that the values of both IgG and IgM were significantly higher while the values of IgA were significantly lower amongst the non-pregnant subjects in group A, compared to all the other pregnant subject groups: B, C and D (p<0.05). Furthermore, group B subjects were found to have significantly higher values of IgG and lower levels of IgM compared to groups C and D subjects (p<0.05). Values of IgA were significantly higher (P<0.05) in all pregnant groups compared to the non-pregnant subjects but highest in the GDM (group D) women.During the course of gestation, a graded decrease in the mean values of all three immunoglobulin classes was observed in the healthy pregnant group from the 1 st to 3 rd trimester. However, whereas a graded increase in mean IgA and IgM were observed in group C subjects across trimesters, mean IgG showed a similar graded but significant decrease (P<0.05). Also, the mean IgG decreased significantly in the pregnant diabetic (D) group in the 2 nd trimester,but that of IgM significantly increased in the 2 nd trimester. Conclusion: The observed changes in immunoglobulins A, G and M levels may be indicative of poorly transferred secondary immunity in the children born to pregnant diabetic and pre-eclamptic women, as well as pose complications related to indirect immune responses in these conditions.
Multiphysics Approach in HTS Transformers With Different Winding Schemes

This paper elaborates the results of our previous study by delving into time-step multiphysical simulations juxtaposing electromagnetic and thermal characteristics of a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) transformer. This is attainable by using multiphysical coupling of the Kirchhoff laws, the Maxwell equations, and thermal equilibrium. The electrical behavior of the superconductor is described by means of a B-dependent modified E- J power-law relation. Moreover, a precise calculation of the mechanical force components created by the interaction between current and leakage flux density of each winding scheme is the further objective of this paper. The multiphysical processes are carefully scrutinized for normal and fault conditions in an exemplary HTS transformer by analytical and finite-element analyses of 3-D FLUX software in steady-state and transient modes.
Attenuated flow‐induced dilatation of middle cerebral arteries is related to increased vascular oxidative stress in rats on a short‐term high salt diet

Recent studies have shown that high salt (HS) intake leads to endothelial dysfunction and impaired vascular reactivity in different vascular beds in both animal and human models, due to increased oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to assess vascular response to flow‐induced dilatation (FID) and to elucidate the role of vascular oxidative stress/antioxidative capacity in middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) of HS‐fed rats in vitro. The novelty of this study is in demonstrating impaired flow‐induced dilatation of MCAs and down‐regulation of vascular antioxidant genes with HS intake, leading to increased levels of oxidative stress in blood vessels and peripheral lymph organs, which together contribute to impaired FID. In addition, results show increased oxidative stress in leukocytes of peripheral lymph organs, suggesting the occurrence of inflammatory processes due to HS intake. Recirculation of leukocytes might additionally increase vascular oxidative stress in vivo.
Network reconstruction based on structure energy

Fruitful research has been done for network reconstruction by taking sparsity or other similar statistical properties into consideration. By contrast, this paper sought to recover the network structure by means of a hybrid approach combining both sparsity and structure balance from a Bayesian perspective. This paper consider the situation where the state-space model is used to represent the structure information, in which, only a small fraction of input-output data can be obtained compared with the structure parameters to be identified. Both sparsity and structure balance are proposed to be structure potential terms of exponential random graph model(ERGM) in this paper. This paper simplify ERGM prior to make the MAP estimation to be easy enough yet capable of capturing sparsity and structure balance property of networks and the loss function with regulations is obtained. A heuristic relaxed form and a gradient based method are derived. This offer an alternative approach to deal with ERGM as the prior distribution of networks for network reconstruction problems. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated via simulation. Taken together, ERGM can provide new insights into designing case specific prior distribution of network structure for network reconstruction based on the Bayesian methods.
Loyal Deviance: Testing the Normative Conflict Model of Dissent in Social Groups

The normative conflict model predicts that expressions of dissent within groups can be motivated by the collective interest and that strongly identified members may dissent from group norms if and when they are perceived to be harmful to the collective. We present convergent evidence from four studies in support of the model. Study 1 investigated retrospective reports of disagreements and found that strongly identified members reported collectively oriented motives for expressing disagreement within their groups. Studies 2a and 2b provided experimental tests of the prediction that strongly identified group members are willing to dissent when they reflect on how a norm could harm their group but not when they reflect on negative individualistic consequences of the same norm. Finally, Study 3 replicated these effects using a correlational design that measured actual opinion expression in an ostensible online chat room.
Variations in pituitary—gonadal suppression during intranasal buserelin and intramuscular depot‐triptorelin therapy for central precocious puberty

Heinrichs C, Craen M, Vanderschueren‐Lodeweyckx M, Malvaux P, Fawe L, Bourguignon JP. Variations in pituitary‐gonadal suppression during intranasal buserelin and intramuscular depot‐triptorelin therapy for central precocious puberty. Acta Pædiatr 1994;83:627–33. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5253
Augmented input: The effect of visuographic supports on the auditory comprehension of people with chronic aphasia

Background: Augmented input (AI), or the use of visuographic images and linguistic supports, is a strategy for facilitating the auditory comprehension of people with chronic aphasia. To date, researchers have not systematically evaluated the effects of various types of AI strategies on auditory comprehension. Aims: The purpose of the study was to perform an initial evaluation of the changes in auditory comprehension accuracy experienced by people with aphasia when they received one type of AI. Specifically, the authors examined the effect four types of non-personalised visuographic image conditions on the comprehension of people with aphasia when listening to narratives. Methods & Procedures: A total of 21 people with chronic aphasia listened to four stories, one in each of four conditions (i.e., no-context photographs, low-context drawings with embedded no-context photographs, high-context photographs, and no visuographic support). Auditory comprehension was measured by assessing participants' accuracy in responding to 15 multiple-choice sentence completion statements related to each story. Outcomes & Results: Results showed no significant differences in response accuracy across the four visuographic conditions. Conclusions: The type of visuographic image provided as AI in this study did not influence participants' response accuracy for sentence completion comprehension tasks. However, the authors only examined non-personalised visuographic images as a type of AI support. Future researchers should systematically examine the benefits provided to people with aphasia by other types of visuographic and linguistic AI supports.
Linking transient dynamics and life history to biological invasion success

Upon arriving in a novel environment, invading populations are likely to be small and far from a stable stage structure. This unstable stage structure can cause transient (short‐term) population dynamics to differ greatly from asymptotic (long‐term) dynamics. Because the persistence of small populations depends heavily on population growth rate, short‐term dynamics may strongly influence the viability of invading populations. We used published matrix population models to study the dynamics of small ‘invading’ populations for 105 plant species spanning a range of life histories, including species classified as both invasive and non‐invasive. We simulated the matrix population models to estimate the effect of transient dynamics on population viability (i.e. potential invasiveness) after a hypothetical seed dispersal event into a novel environment. We then evaluated the predictive power of transient and long‐term population growth rates to explain variation in population viability and identified the life‐history correlates of population dynamics that best explained establishment success. Transient and long‐term population growth rates were positively but independently correlated with population viability across species. Minimum transient density (minimum population density attained en route to a stable stage structure) was the best transient predictor of population viability. This suggests that avoidance of severe short‐term population declines is more important during establishment than either the rate of decline or transient ability to increase in density following a decline. Despite a negative correlation between transient density and fecundity, species with high fecundity had disproportionately favourable transient dynamics and higher long‐term population growth rates, resulting in higher population viability. Together, these results suggest that highly fecund species are better equipped to overcome the early effects of demographic stochasticity in the establishment phase than less fecund species and help explain the common empirical finding that species invasiveness is correlated with fecundity. Synthesis. Transient and long‐term population dynamics are independent predictors of demographic performance that influence the viability of invading (i.e. small, unstable) populations subjected to strong effects of demographic stochasticity. Greater long‐term population growth rates and disproportionately favourable transient dynamics may account for the commonly observed invasiveness of highly fecund species. Given the strong dependence of population viability on population growth and the wide range of transient responses among species, transient analysis may provide critical insights into the demographic correlates of biological invasion potential.
Evaluating hybrid optimization algorithms for design of a permanent magnet generator

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithms (GA) are used to minimize the cost of a permanent magnet (PM) synchronous generator with concentrated windings for tidal power applications. With the use of MATLABs global optimization toolbox, it is possible to run several optimization algorithms on the same problem, and to combine the two stochastic solvers GA and PSO with the gradient based solver fmincon to produce two hybrid optimization solvers. It has been shown that a complex machine design problem with tight constraints and a narrow solution space is difficult to solve for both a GA and for PSO. Both GA and PSO were unable to find the optimal value on their own. Hybrid versions of GA and PSO gave better results. The average minimum costs found with hybrid PSO and hybrid GA were 1.07 and 1.11 times the global minimum. When the integer value was set to the optimal value, the hybrid GA found a mean cost only 1.01 times the global minimum. For both algorithms, it was necessary to increase the population size to improve the fitness functions and reduce the variance.
Observations of orthotopic liver transplantation in the pig.

certain of these changes occurred to a lesser degree in stress involution. The stress-involuted thymuses in our study showed the well-known change of cortical atrophy (Hammar, 1921), cystic Hassall's corpuscles, which have been observed in the involuted thymuses of guinea-pigs given cortisone or x-irradiation (Blau, 1965), and an increased percentage area of epithelial cell aggregates, these also being regarded by Lattes (1962) as associated with stress. The nature of these epithelial aggregates remains uncertain. Their appearances may be due simply to loss of lymphocytes with condensation of reticuloepithelial cells, or they may represent hyperplasia of reticuloepithelial cells, perhaps as a reaction to stress. The fact that these epithelial aggregates are seen to some degree in stressed thymuses makes it unlikely that they have any unique relation to systemic lupus erythematosus. The finding that certain of the thymic changes in systemic lupus erythematosus are an exaggeration, albeit gross, of those present in stress involution is in keeping with the prolonged and often debilitating course of the disease, the long terminal stages, and intense treatment with "thymolytic " drugs such as corticosteroids and mercaptopurines. However, we would emphasize that our series contained three surgically resected thymuses, two of which were from patients who had not received " thymolytic " drugs, yet both showed changes as pronounced as others in the series. On the other hand, the greatly increased numbers of plasma cells in the thymus in systemic lupus erythematosus and the presence of germinal centres in the medulla in two of the cases could not be accounted for by stress involution, and point rather to an immune (probably autoimmune) reaction within the thymus (Goldstein, 1966). C jr interpretation is that the thymus in systemic lupus erythematosus is a target organ. There is histological evidence of extreme stress involution and of an autoimmune reaction which could augment changes usually associated with stress involution.
Consent for neonatal research

Inherent to all medical research is respect for the rights of the individual. Neonatal research is made more complex by the issue of proxy consent. Obtaining valid informed consent for entry of an infant into a research project needs to deal with this complexity. New evidence on the role and responsibilities of parents in giving consent has implications for all clinical staff that are considering embarking on and/or recruiting infants in research projects. This review explores the issues around informed consent for neonatal research and provides a framework by which consent could be improved. It is to be hoped that such improvements to the process will increase recruitment of infants to research studies while enhancing the validity of the consent process.
Health Care Disparities and Training in Culturally Competent Mental Health Counseling: A Review of the Literature and Implications For Research

Cultural competency has been lauded as an effective, direct intervention to address health care disparity issues, and there is much empirical and clinical evidence to support the utility of cultural competency training. The major criticism of this evidence is the paucity of content validation studies of the competency construct itself. This literature review addresses what has been repeatedly identified as a critical empirical need – clarification of the cultural competency process in the professional development of mental health care providers working with health care disparity populations. In this literature review, the proposed concept of cultural attunement has 5 elements that signify a relevant skills training model for developing multicultural sensitivity and awareness. The call for research is clear: the cultural attunement concept needs to be operationally defined and measured, which can then lead to the design of a training model directed at enhancing the cultural competency performance of mental health counselors.
Reasons for extraction in a group of Libyan patients.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To investigate the pattern and causes of tooth loss in patients among eastern part of Libya. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study carried out at Faculty of Dentistry, Garyounis University, Benghazi, Libya. The out patients undergoing extractions at the Oral Surgery Department were randomly selected for this study between Jan 2007 and March 2008 where a total of 9,570 extractions were performed on 8,514 patients. The incidence and reasons for tooth extraction, their distribution according to age and sex were studied. RESULTS Males had more teeth extracted than females. Forty patients had one or more systemic illnesses, 34 were on regular medication. The study revealed two major causes of tooth loss: dental caries (55.90%) and periodontal diseases (34.42%). Other important causes were trauma (3.76%), impaction (1.83%), prosthodontic reasons (2.19%), and orthodontic reasons (1.30%) and others which included extraction where the tooth was associated with a tumour, cyst or supernumerary tooth (1.61%). Dental caries was the main causes of tooth loss during the 2nd, 3rd and 4th decades. While periodontal diseases were the prevalent aetiological factor during the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th decades of life. The posterior teeth most frequently extracted due to dental caries were lower first molars (43.92%). Whereas anterior teeth were more frequently extracted due to periodontal diseases (28%) with the remaining posterior teeth also being extracted (7%).
KINETICS OF THE INNER ENAMEL EPITHELIUM IN THE ADULT RAT INCISOR DURING ACCELERATED ERUPTION

Inner enamel epithelial (IEE) cell production was compared in accelerated and normal eruption (control). Each group consisting of thirty rats received 1 μCi/g tritiated thymidine. The animals were sacrificed at short time intervals up to 14 hr after injection. The excised incisors were cut mid‐sagittally and processed autoradiographically.
The Impact of R&D and FDI on Firm Growth in Emerging-Developing Countries: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Industries

This paper examines the impact of RD where as the effect of increase in FDI is mixed - higher growth in some industries and lower growth in some others. Furthermore, Gibrat's law is not only rejected by our main model but it is also rejected by a unit root test for unbalanced panel datasets. This provides strong evidence in favor of our model. Finally, firm growth is negatively associated with its size and it is convex with respect to its age. The fact that firm growth is not diminishing convex - but just convex - with respect to age, contradicts the Jovanovic's argument that younger firms tend to grow faster than their older counterparts. With respect to firm growth, the absence of learning-effects appears to be the main difference between emerging-developing and developed countries.
Tracking Metadata Use for Digital Collections

We are investigating how resource developers can best represent digital-collections and items to meet the requirements of divergent service providers and user communities. Our first goal is to establish a baseline that describes the institutions, collections, and initial metadata schemes of Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) National Leadership Grant (NLG) digital collection projects. This research is a component of the larger Digital Collections and Content (DCC) Project, funded by IMLS to build a collection registry and metadata repository for the NLG collections. Collection registries organize large aggregations of digital content from multiple institutions to make relevant resources easier to find and more visible to end-users [1]. As we gain in interoperability, we do not want to lose advances that have been made in adaptation and access for communities of users. Library collection functions that attend to user-based criteria are key to the success of distributed digital collection services [2]. Variations in metadata standards reflect the variant roles and use of digital objects and the different aims and practices of resource developers and their constituent user communities.