Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Child and adolescent schizophrenia: pharmacological approaches

Background: Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a serious, chronic and disabling illness that can significantly affect the quality of life of the affected individuals and their families. The affected children commonly show significant premorbid developmental impairment and social abnormalities that may provide an early clinical clue to pursue treatment. Until recent times, treatment approaches for childhood schizophrenia were derived from the adult population. However, given the unique developmental challenges in the pediatric population, this extrapolation may not hold true. Objective: This review encompasses and elaborates on the efficacy, safety and tolerability data available at present for both typical and atypical antipsychotics for treatment of childhood schizophrenia. Method: A literature search was conducted on PUBMED with special emphasis on double-blind placebo-controlled studies in childhood schizophrenia. Data from similar studies presented in recent meetings were also added to the review. Conclusions: Recent research in pediatric psychopharmacology has led to the Food and Drug Administration's approval of two atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Although data in this age group are still sparse, research in this unique population has grown over the years.
A Survey of Neuropsychologists' Practices and Perspectives Regarding the Assessment of Judgment Ability

Judgment is an important aspect of cognitive and real-world functioning that is commonly assessed during neuropsychological evaluations. This study utilized a brief, online survey to examine neuropsychologists' practices and perspectives regarding available judgment instruments. Participants (n = 290, 17% response rate) were randomly selected members of the International Neuropsychological Society and the National Academy of Neuropsychology. Respondents rank-ordered the following issues that should be incorporated into assessments of judgment (from most to least important): safety, ability to perform activities of daily living, and problem solving/decision making about medical, financial, social/ethical, and legal matters. A majority of respondents reported that they “often” or “always” assessed judgment when evaluating patients with traumatic brain injury (89%), dementia (87%), and psychiatric disorders (70%). Surprisingly, the top-ranked instruments were not tests of judgment per se, and included the WAIS-III Comprehension, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and WAIS-III Similarities. Further, 61% of respondents were slightly confident, and only 23% were very confident, in their ability to assess a patient's judgment skills with their current tests. The overwhelming majority (87%) of respondents perceived a need for improved measures. Overall results indicate use of varied techniques by neuropsychologists to evaluate judgment and suggest the need for additional tests of this cognitive domain.
Evaluación del estado de salud bucodental en preescolares: estudio epidemiológico longitudinal (1993-1994), Córdoba, Argentina

Se realizo un estudio longitudinal de un ano de duracion en una muestra (n = 820) de la poblacion preescolar de 4 anos de la Ciudad de Cordoba, Argentina, para establecer la participacion de diversas variables en la incidencia de caries. Los indices ceo-d, ceo-s, de higiene oral y de salud bucodental, como tambien las tasas de incidencia y los riesgos relativos de caries estuvieron inversamente relacionados con el Nivel Economicosocial (NES) de los ninos. En los preescolares del NES III (proletariado tipico, proletariado no tipico y subproletariado), el riesgo relativo de experimentar caries fue casi cinco veces mayor (RR = 4,9) que en el NES I (burguesias empresarial y gerencial). En el NES I, la mayoria de las nuevas lesiones se localizaron en las superficies lisas (61,2%), mientras que en el NES III afectaron predominantemente las superficies oclusales de los molares (66,3%). El consumo diario de azucares fue mayor en los ninos del NES III, pero la experiencia de caries se correlaciono debilmente con la cantidad o frecuencia de ingesta de estos carbohidratos (r = 0,40 y 0,52, respectivamente). No se registraron diferencias significativas interniveles en los parametros bioquimicos salivales analizados. El cepillado dental asistido y las aplicaciones topicas fluoruradas disminuyeron fuertemente la incidencia de caries en los ninos del NES III, reduciendo las correspondientes tasas a valores muy proximos a los del NES I (0,31, 0,23 y 0,22 vs. 0,21). Se concluye que los ninos del NES III, por su susceptibilidad a la caries, deberian ser asistidos precozmente con medidas preventivas eficaces, como lo son el cepillado dental asistido y las aplicaciones topicas fluoruradas.
Hypoxemia in a Patient With End-Stage Liver Disease

A number of pulmonary conditions producing hypoxemia may affect patients with chronic liver disease. Among these conditions, hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is common, with the estimated prevalence of HPS among patients with end-stage liver disease ranging from 4% to 29%. HPS is considered present when the triad of liver dysfunction and/or portal hypertension, intrapulmonary vascular dilatation, and abnormal arterial oxygenation are noted in the absence of intrinsic cardiopulmonary disease. The pathogenesis of HPS is still unclear but is likely related to the effects of nitrous oxide and other vasoactive substances on the pulmonary vascular endothelium. HPS primarily affects the precapillary arterioles and capillaries in the lung bases, producing dilation of these vessels. These dilated vessels may produce hypoxemia through a combination of several mechanisms, including true anatomic shunts, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and diffusion-perfusion defects. Chest radiographic imaging findings of HPS may be subtle and primarily consist of basilar reticular and nodular opacities. Thoracic CT often shows dilated peripheral pulmonary arteries with normal central pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary angiography may show dilated peripheral pulmonary arteries and early venous filling. 99mTechnetium-labeled macroaggregated albumin scans may show systemic embolization of radioactive tracer. Treatment of HPS consists of supplemental oxygen and, in severe cases, orthotopic liver transplantation.
Effects of Music on Exercise Performance

To determine the influence of music on submaximal exercise performance, 10 untrained men (x age = 20.20 years; x weight = 83.44 kg) and 10 untrained women (x age = 21.40 years; x weight = 60.99 kg) performed a maximal bicycle ergometer test. Each subject then participated in two randomly administere
Role of pathology in sub-Saharan Africa: An example from Sudan

In sub-Saharan Africa there is an extreme shortage of pathology services and, when provided, they are of unacceptable standard. Specimen handling and storage are very poor, and render this important aspect of medicinal practice rudimentary. The situation on the ground reflects the full spectrum of the educational, cultural, political, and economical challenges that must be confronted in building basic scientific capabilities in the life sciences, including medicine, in such countries. It is a difficult and often discouraging situation, however, several constructive initiatives have been promoted to address this problem. In this paper we describe the current state of pathology services in sub-Saharan Africa, documenting our experience in Sudan. We also report some of the results obtained by others and our future goals, and propose how pathology-related problems could be addressed in sub-Saharan Africa, by focusing on specific critical points, which may also be considered for other developing countries outside Africa.
RETRACTED: Review on Medicinal Plants Propagation: A Comprehensive Study on Role of Natural Organic Extracts in Tissue Culture Medium

Short Retraction Notice The following article has been retracted due to the investigation of complaints received against it. The Editorial Board found that substantial portions of the text came from other published papers without appropriate attribution to the source. This article has been retracted to straighten the academic record. In making this decision the Editorial Board follows COPE's Retraction Guidelines. The aim is to promote the circulation of scientific research by offering an ideal research publication platform with due consideration of internationally accepted standards on publication ethics. The Editorial Board would like to extend its sincere apologies for any inconvenience this retraction may have caused. Editor guiding this retraction: Prof. Sukumar Saha (EiC of AJPS). Please see the article page for more details. The full retraction notice in PDF is preceding the original paper which is marked "RETRACTED".
Challenges in the management of glaucoma in university of Calabar teaching hospital, Calabar, Nigeria: A 10 year review

Background: Glaucoma is a common cause of blindness in developing nations. The objective of this study is to determine the severity of primary open angle glaucoma and audit health records of glaucoma patients in our center. Materials and Methods: A retrospective case note search of glaucoma patients from out-patient clinic was carried out between January 2001 and December 2010. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and exact binomial 95% confidence interval (CI) calculated for the mean estimates. Results: Seventy-six patients (152 eyes), comprising 49 (64.5%) males and 27 (35.5%) females were included in the study. The age ranged from 15 to 88 years (mean: 54.2 ± 14.5). Forty-five (59.7%) presented with normal vision and 10 (13.2%) had visual acuity 0.6 0.9 = 35 (46.1%) and left eyes were 15 (19.7%), 29 (38.2%), 28 (36.8%), respectively. Mean intraocular pressure (right eyes) at presentation was 20.3 mmHg (95% CI, 17.4-23.3) and reduced to 13.4 mmHg (95% CI, 10.7-16.0) at the last readings while left eyes from a mean of 20.3 mmHg (95% CI, 16.9-23.8) reduced to 12.1 mmHg (95% CI, 10.0-14.3). The mean presenting CDR were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.74-0.83) and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.68-0.79) in right and left eyes, respectively. CDR showed statistical significance with age ( p 2 -test) but not with sex ( p = 0.807). Conclusion: Late presentation of glaucoma cases is a major problem in Calabar. We recommend public enlightenment, case detection, and early treatment to reduce ocular morbidity.
Immunology of Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a common condition with a varied phenotype. Symptomatic cases have been associated with progesterone resistance and dysregulated cytokine production in both ectopic and eutopic endometrium. In at least some cases, this seems to be associated with chronic local inflammation and antibody self-reactivity. Coexistence of endometriosis with autoimmune disease has been documented in a small number of cases, and the presence of autoreactive antibodies in the serum of some patients with endometriosis is commonly reported. This paper briefly reviews the association between endometriosis and autoimmune disease and describes the potential role of inflammation in the development of immunologic self-reactivity in these patients.
Ductus Venosus Doppler for Fetal Surveillance in High-risk Pregnancies

Doppler evaluation of the fetal ductus venosus has increased our depth of understanding of many fetal conditions. The ductus venosus has an important role in the regulation of nutrient partitioning in the fetus. Alterations in cardiac afterload, contractility compliance, intravascular volume status, and heart rate may significantly impact on the ductus venosus flow velocity waveform. Accordingly, ductus venosus Doppler is useful in the management of conditions that put the fetus at risk for cardiovascular deterioration. The application of DV Doppler in fetal growth restriction, complicated monochorionic multiple gestation, fetal hydrops, and arrhythmia are discussed in this review.
Maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a group at high risk for pre‐eclampsia

Please cite this paper as: Shand A, Nassar N, Von Dadelszen P, Innis S, Green T. Maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a group at high risk for pre‐eclampsia. BJOG 2010;117:1593–1598.
Exploration of the Chiral Recognition of Sugar-Based Diindolylmethane Receptors: Anion and Receptor Structures.

In this study, we have conducted a systematic investigation of the chiral recognition of carboxylic anions by D-glucuronic acid/diindolylmethane receptors. We investigate the influence of the anion structure on chiral recognition in the diindolylmethane/glucuronic acid-based receptor 1 a. We found that presence of an additional hydrogen-bond donor at the α position to the carboxylic function is essential for effective chiral differentiation in these systems. Furthermore, we present a synthetic procedure that allows for the synthesis of sugar-decorated receptors that possess a modified substituent at the anomeric position. Four new receptors 1 b-e have been synthesized, and their chiral-discrimination ability toward model carboxylates is studied. The obtained results show that the chiral recognition of these receptors can be fine-tuned by incorporation of a proper substituent into the receptor structure.
Heptamethoxyflavone, a citrus flavonoid, suppresses inflammatory osteoclastogenesis and alveolar bone resorption

We examined the effects of heptamethoxyflavone (HMF), a citrus flavonoid on inflammatory bone resorption. HMF suppressed the osteoclast formation and PGE2 production induced by IL-1. In mouse calvarial organ cultures, HMF attenuated the bone resorption elicited by LPS. HMF suppressed bone resorption in the mandibular alveolar bone. HMF may protect against inflammatory bone loss such as periodontal disease.
Prediction of macrosomia at birth in type‐1 and 2 diabetic pregnancies with biomarkers of early placentation

Please cite this paper as: Kuc S, Wortelboer E, Koster M, de Valk H, Schielen P, Visser G. Prediction of macrosomia at birth in type‐1 and 2 diabetic pregnancies with biomarkers of early placentation. BJOG 2011;118:748–754.
Fetal blood sampling in addition to intrapartum ST‐analysis of the fetal electrocardiogram: evaluation of the recommendations in the Dutch STAN® trial

Please cite this paper as: Becker J, Westerhuis M, Sterrenburg K, van den Akker E, van Beek E, Bolte A, van Dessel T, Drogtrop A, van Geijn H, Graziosi G, van Lith J, Mol B, Moons K, Nijhuis J, Oei S, Oosterbaan H, Porath M, Rijnders R, Schuitemaker N, Wijnberger L, Willekes C, Visser G, Kwee A. Fetal blood sampling in addition to intrapartum ST‐analysis of the fetal electrocardiogram: evaluation of the recommendations in the Dutch STAN® trial. BJOG 2011; DOI: 10.1111/j.1471‐0528.2011. 03027.x.
IL‐1β, TNFα and IL‐6 induction in the rat brain after partial‐body irradiation: role of vagal afferents

Purpose: To evaluate the central nervous system neuroimmune and inflammatory responses during the prodromal phase of the acute irradiation syndrome in rat brains after partial‐body exposure (head‐protected) and to investigate the potential neural signalling pathways from the irradiated periphery to the non‐irradiated brain. Material and methods: The study included four groups of rats: one irradiated group and one sham irradiated group, each containing non‐vagotomized and vagotomized rats. In vagotomized rat groups, the subdiaphragmatic vagal section surgery was carried out 45 days before the irradiation exposure. The rats were partial‐body irradiated with the head shielded with 60Co γ‐rays to a dose of 15 Gy. They were sacrificed 6 h after the end of exposure. The hypothalamus, hippocampus, thalamus and cortex were then collected, and the concentrations of IL‐1β, TNFα and IL‐6 in each were measured by ELISA assays. Results: Six hours after irradiation, IL‐1β levels had increased in the hypothalamus, thalamus and hippocampus, and TNFα and IL‐6 levels had increased significantly in the hypothalamus. Vagotomy before irradiation prevented these responses. Conclusions: It was concluded that the hypothalamus, hippocampus, thalamus and cortex react rapidly to peripheral irradiation by releasing pro‐inflammatory mediators. The results also show that the vagus nerve is one of the major ascending pathways for rapid signalling to the brain with respect to partial body irradiation.
UK postal survey of pharmacists working with general practices on prescribing issues: characteristics, roles and working arrangements

Pharmacists are increasingly undertaking more non‐dispensing work within the general practice setting. A postal survey of 414 United Kingdom pharmacists working with general practitioners (GPs), resulting in 174 responses (42 per cent), indicated that the pharmacists were working with 200 surgeries. The practices with which they worked were more likely to be fundholding (P<0.001), vocational training (P<0.001), and multipartner (P<0.01) practices, when compared with national statistics. Pharmacists funded by family health services authorities (FHSAs), commissioning agencies or health boards worked fewer hours in general practice (P=0.002) than those funded by a practice. The commonest roles, each reported by more than 50 per cent of pharmacists, were PACT (prescribing analysis and cost data) analysis, challenging doctors' prescribing, formulary development, guideline and protocol development, drug information resource, and liaison with pharmaceutical advisers. Thirty‐two pharmacists ran in‐house clinics. This study was limited by the low response rate. However, the findings suggest that pharmacists working with GPs undertake a range of roles, some of which involve direct patient care and responsibility for practice policy.
Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and epithelial ovarian cancer: a multicentre case–control study

Please cite this paper as: Wilailak S, Vipupinyo C, Suraseranivong V, Chotivanich K, Kietpeerakool C, Tanapat Y, Therasakvichya S, Hamontri S, Linasmita V, Bunyapipat S, Chindavijak S, Ittiwisavakul K, Khemapech N, Suekwattana P, Thanapprapasr D, Lumbiganon P. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and epithelial ovarian cancer: a multicentre case–control study. BJOG 2012;119:672–677.
Adverse obstetrical outcomes after treatment of precancerous cervical lesions: a Belgian multicentre study

Please cite this paper as: Simoens C, Goffin F, Simon P, Barlow P, Antoine J, Foidart J, Arbyn M. Adverse obstetrical outcomes after treatment of precancerous cervical lesions: a Belgian multicentre study. BJOG 2012;119:1247–1255.
Impact of e-Consults on Return Visits of Primary Care Patients

Virtual medicine is growing in importance as the cost of medical care rises and the potential for Internet applications expands. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of e-consults (ECs) (also known as virtual specialty consultations) on the frequency of return visits for family medicine patients. Two groups of patients were compared: those for whom an EC was requested (n = 228) and a comparison group for whom face-to-face referrals occurred (n = 500). Two types of early return office visits were used as dependent variables: those within 2 weeks for any reason and those for the same reason. No significant difference was found in rates of early return visits for the same reason. The percent of return visits for any reason within 2 weeks was 38.2% for EC patients and 27.6% for patients receiving face-to-face specialist visits (p < .01). After adjusting for comorbidity, age, sex, and marital status, the odds of an early return visit for any reason after an EC were elevated (odds ratio, 1.88; confidence interval, 1.33-2.66; P < .01). E-consults by referral specialists were associated with increased odds of early return visits for primary care patients with a primary care provider.
How Do Antimicrobial Agents Lead to Resistance in Pathogens Causing Acute Respiratory Tract Infections?

Abstract: Whereas the principles of successful antimicrobial treatment-hit hard, hit early, and combine drugs-are well established for infections like tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection, they are not as well established for treatment of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in which the target organisms are typically carried as commensals in the nasopharynx, drug resistance may be all-or-none or incremental, and (except for fluoroquinolones), resistance usually requires acquisition of foreign DNA. For these pathogens, most notably Streptococcus pneumoniae, any use of an effective antibiotic is likely to promote resistance at the population level, but different antimicrobial classes do so in different ways and to different degrees. Data on the effects of different classes on susceptible and nonsusceptible bacterial flora are reviewed, and the consequences for selecting resistance are discussed. It is concluded that, with certain caveats, these considerations support prescribing of high-dose amoxicillin (when necessary) for ARIs, although continued monitoring for the emergence of strains against which this high dose has no effect (increasing minimal inhibitory concentration) is needed. Other strategies, such as reserving certain highly effective antibiotics for use in severe cases and avoiding their routine use in children who are the reservoir of transmission of many ARI pathogens, should be considered. These considerations argue strongly against the use of fluoroquinolones for routine treatment in pediatrics.
Results of a survey in Andalusian endoscopy units.

INTRODUCTION: In Spain, there is no indication of the resources that an endoscopy unit should have. As a consequence only the experience of professionals who have been working for years in this field can be used as a guide. However, there are some recent surveys on sedation in Spain that indicate how sedation is use in other units. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the present study were: a) to find out the human and material resources available in endoscopy units in Andalusia; b) to analyze the number of endoscopies performed in our country; and c) to identify factors that can be improved. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In order to make an assessment of the conditions and resources of said units in Andalusia, a survey was designed for the staff of gasteroenterology department. Hospitals involved are those specified in this paper. The survey, which included 90 questions, covers all aspects concerning each unit. There are questions on the real conditions of the unit, and on what would be considered as ideal or at least as minimal requirement for each hospital or Health Area. CONCLUSIONS: Even though some shortcomings were found in some hospitals, a high percentage of them have acceptable equipment. However, due to fast advances in the field of endoscopy, an improvement in the conditions should be provided, especially in aspects concerning anesthesia.
Advance End-of-Life Treatment Planning

The year 1996 marks the fifth anniversary of the federal Patient Self-Determination Act. The Patient Self-Determination Act required hospitals, nursing homes, and health plans to ask whether patients have advance directives and to incorporate them into the medical record. A "living will" is an advance directive by which a person tells caregivers the circumstances in which life-sustaining treatment is to be provided or forgone if the patient is unable to communicate. A "durable power of attorney for health care" enables one to designate a person to speak on his or her behalf if the author loses decision-making capacity. "Advance planning" is the process of reflection, discussion, and communication of treatment preferences for end-of-life care that precedes and may lead to an advance directive. (Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1062-1068)