Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Elastic coupling power stroke mechanism of the F1-ATPase molecular motor

Significance Molecular motor F1-ATPases use the free energy from ATP binding and hydrolysis to ADP and Pi to rotate subunit γ, and can synthesize ATP in the FOF1 ATP synthase. We determined the energetics during each 3° of the power stroke from temperature-dependent changes of angular velocity. Unexpectedly, the power stroke activation energy of phase 1 (0°–60°) was negative and varied parabolically, indicating that it was powered by elastic energy of a torsional spring consistent with unwinding the γ-subunit coiled-coil. Phase 2 rotation had an enthalpic component, indicating additional input of energy is required to complete the 120° power stroke, consistent with energy derived from ATP binding. These results deepen our understanding of these important molecular motors summarized in the proposed elastic coupling mechanism. The angular velocity profile of the 120° F1-ATPase power stroke was resolved as a function of temperature from 16.3 to 44.6 °C using a ΔμATP = −31.25 kBT at a time resolution of 10 μs. Angular velocities during the first 60° of the power stroke (phase 1) varied inversely with temperature, resulting in negative activation energies with a parabolic dependence. This is direct evidence that phase 1 rotation derives from elastic energy (spring constant, κ = 50 kBT·rad−2). Phase 2 of the power stroke had an enthalpic component indicating that additional energy input occurred to enable the γ-subunit to overcome energy stored by the spring after rotating beyond its 34° equilibrium position. The correlation between the probability distribution of ATP binding to the empty catalytic site and the negative Ea values of the power stroke during phase 1 suggests that this additional energy is derived from the binding of ATP to the empty catalytic site. A second torsion spring (κ = 150 kBT·rad−2; equilibrium position, 90°) was also evident that mitigated the enthalpic cost of phase 2 rotation. The maximum ΔGǂ was 22.6 kBT, and maximum efficiency was 72%. An elastic coupling mechanism is proposed that uses the coiled-coil domain of the γ-subunit rotor as a torsion spring during phase 1, and then as a crankshaft driven by ATP-binding–dependent conformational changes during phase 2 to drive the power stroke.
What Drives Demand for Government-Controlled News? Evidence from Russia

News consumers in many authoritarian countries read government-controlled sources even when independent sources are available. What drives this demand for government-controlled news? We separate out two potential sources of such demand, preferences for pro-government coverage of sensitive events and persistent preferences for news outlets. Identi cation strategy relies on exogenous shifts in the volume of sensitive events over time. Demand estimates in the Russian online news market reveal that an average consumer has a distaste for pro-government ideology but strong persistent preferences for state-owned outlets. The state-owned outlets would have 20.3% higher market share without the pro-government bias in their reporting.
Organizational stressors and burnout in public librarians

We investigated the relationship between organizational factors and three dimensions of burnout in a sample of 53 Swedish public librarians. We also qualitatively identified specific library-related stressors based on the organizational factors investigated. The results showed that the organizational factors workload and community predicted higher levels of emotional exhaustion while the organizational factors community and values predicted higher levels of cynicism. Beyond that we also found that the most frequent stressors reported by the participants were overload of working tasks, technostress, patrons, management feedback problems and isolation. It is suggested that structural interventions to deal with burnout among librarians can be managed by both changing the work-organization and training the employees in stress-management strategies.
Job strain: a cross-sectional survey of dementia care specialists and other staff in Swedish home care services

Introduction An increasing number of older persons worldwide live at home with various functional limitations such as dementia. So, home care staff meet older persons with extensive, complex needs. The staff’s well-being is crucial because it can affect the quality of their work, although literature on job strain among home care staff is limited. Aim To describe perceived job strain among home care staff and to examine correlations between job strain, personal factors, and organizational factors. Methods The study applied a cross-sectional survey design. Participants were dementia care specialists who work in home care (n=34) and other home care staff who are not specialized in dementia care (n=35). The Strain in Dementia Care Scale (SDCS) and Creative Climate Questionnaire instruments and demographic variables were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics (including regression modeling) were applied. The regional ethical review board approved the study. Results Home care staff perceived job strain – particularly because they could not provide what they perceived to be necessary care. Dementia care specialists ranked job strain higher (m=5.71) than other staff members (m=4.71; p=0.04). Job strain (for total score and for all five SDCS factors) correlated with being a dementia care specialist. Correlations also occurred between job strain for SDCS factor 2 (difficulties understanding and interpreting) and not having Swedish as first language and SDCS factor 5 (lack of recognition) and stagnated organizational climate. Conclusion The study indicates that home care staff and particularly dementia care specialists perceived high job strain. Future studies are needed to confirm or reject findings from this study.
PRCash: Centrally-Issued Digital Currency with Privacy and Regulation

Decentralized cryptocurrencies based on blockchains provide attractive features, including user privacy and system transparency, but lack active control of money supply and capabilities for regulatory oversight, both existing features of modern monetary systems. These limitations are critical, especially if the cryptocurrency is to replace, or complement, existing fiat currencies. Centralized cryptocurrencies, on the other hand, provide controlled supply of money, but lack transparency and transferability. Finally, they provide only limited privacy guarantees, as they do not offer recipient anonymity or payment value secrecy. We propose a novel digital currency, called PRCash, where the control of money supply is centralized, money is represented as value-hiding transactions for transferability and improved privacy, and transactions are verified in a distributed manner and published to a public ledger for verifiability and transparency. Strong privacy and regulation are seemingly conflicting features, but we overcome this technical problem with a new regulation mechanism based on zero-knowledge proofs. Our implementation and evaluation shows that payments are fast and large-scale deployments practical. PRCash is the first digital currency to provide control of money supply, transparency, regulation, and privacy at the same time, and thus make its adoption as a fiat currency feasible.
Leonurine protects cardiac function following acute myocardial infarction through anti-apoptosis by the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway

Leonurine is a compound derived from Herba leonuri, which has been reported to protect cardiac tissue against ischemic injury via antioxidant and anti-apoptosis effects. The present study investigated whether these effects may be applied to acute myocardial infarction (MI) and examined the underlying mechanisms of leonurine treatment. A rat model of MI was induced by coronary artery ligation. Leonurine was administered at 15 mg/kg/day by oral gavage following the onset of MI. Rats in the sham group and the saline group were administered with an equal volume of saline. Echocardiography, Masson's trichrome staining, and terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assays were performed 28 days post MI. The expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 and Bax were assessed by western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) protein expression were investigated by western blot analysis. Leonurine significantly alleviated collagen deposition and MI size, inhibited cell apoptosis and improved myocardial function. This was accompanied by significantly increased levels of phosphorylated (p)-PI3K, p-AKT, p-GSK3β and Bcl-2, as well as significantly decreased levels of caspase3, cleaved-caspase3 and Bax following MI. The results demonstrated that leonurine exerts potent cardio-protective effects in a rat model of MI by inducing anti-apoptotic effects by activating the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway.
The Elusive Quest to Maximize Voluntary Incident Reporting andOptimize Pharmacovigilance: A Matter of the Reporting Mechanisms orMore?

Voluntary reporting is the primary method for medication error (ME) and adverse drug event (ADE) surveillance at most institutions. While other methods of event detection should be considered to optimize pharmacovigilance in an active surveillance system, voluntary reporting remains the cornerstone because of limited resources [1]. The dependence on voluntary reporting requires institutions to optimize the number of reports to understand current events and the possibility for future systematic changes [2]. Currently, there is not a recommended procedure for hospital personnel to voluntarily report suspected or proven errors. Two mechanisms for reporting have been used, traditional paper based and electronic systems.
Predictors of Discharge Destination From Acute Care in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review

Objective: To systematically review studies on clinical and nonclinical predictors of discharge destination from acute care in patients with traumatic brain injury. Methods: The search was conducted using 7 databases up to December 2016. A systematic review and in-depth quality synthesis were conducted on eligible articles that met the inclusion criteria. Results: The search yielded 8503 articles of which 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. This study demonstrated that a larger proportion of patients with traumatic brain injury were discharged home. The main predictors of discharge to a setting with rehabilitation services versus home included increasing age, white and non-Hispanic race/ethnicity, having insurance coverage, greater severity of the injury, and longer acute care length of stay. Age was the only consistent factor that was negatively associated with discharge to inpatient rehabilitation facilities versus other institutions. Conclusion: Results of this study support healthcare providers in providing consultation to patients about the expected next level of cares while considering barriers that may helpful in effective discharge planning, decreasing length of stay and saving resources. These findings also suggest the need for further studies with a stronger methodology on the contribution of patients and families/caregivers to distinguish the predictors of discharge to dedicated rehabilitation facilities.
Sedative, Cognitive Impairment and Anxiolytic Effects of Acute Mitragyna Speciosa in Rodents

Mitragyna speciosa, a plant from Rubiaceae family, was reported to have an opium-like effect and their coca-like stimulative ability to combat fatigue and enhance tolerance to hard work. There are lack of information regarding to the effect of Mitragyna speciosa on cognitive and behavioural performances. Therefore the project was conducted to observe the effect of Mitragyna speciosa on cognitive behavior of rats and mice. Mitragyna speciosa in methanol extract form and aqueous extract form with same dosage distributions were used; 10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg. Four tests were conducted to observe the behavioural changes of the animal namely locomotor, cognitive performances, anxiety and rotarod performance. Results showed that all dosage of treatment reduced locomotor and impaired cognitive performance significantly. Study showed that Mitragyna speciosa induce sedative effect in dose dependant manner. Interestingly, Mitragyna speciosa increased the time spent in open arm of plus maze indicating low anxiety level of the rodent. As conclusion, Mitragyna speciosa caused sedative effect, impairment in working memory, and possess anxiolytic properties.
Variability of the snow avalanche danger in the Tatra Mountains during the past nine decades

In order to recognise the variability of the snow avalanche danger in the Tatra Mountains, the danger levels on consecutive days with snow cover over the last nine decades were calculated. To accomplish this task, the longest series of meteorological data were used from the Tatras along with an empirical method for determining the regional avalanche danger on the basis of elementary meteorological data. The results point to the fact that over the last 25 years the number of days with a level 2 avalanche danger significantly decreased, whereas the number of days with level 1 increased. This should result in a decreasing trend in the incidence of small and medium-sized natural avalanches. In the structure of snow cover, the percentage of melt forms might increase. However, this should not correlate with a significant increase in wet-snow avalanches, because the number of days with wet snow also reduces. The contemporary changes in the snow conditions and avalanche danger in the subalpine belt of the Tatras have been primarily associated with an increase in the air temperature (shorter winters and less snow).
Long non-coding RNA SNHG6 promotes glioma tumorigenesis by sponging miR-101-3p

Introduction: Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor. The small nucleolar RNA host gene (SNHG) SNHG6 is a potential oncogene in the development of several types of cancers. Methods: In this study, we investigated the functional role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) SNHG6 in the malignancy of glioma in cell lines and transplanted nude mice. Results: We found that the expression of lncRNA SNHG6 was higher in glioma tissues and cells than in normal brain tissues and cells. The expression of lncRNA SNHG6 was positively correlated with the malignancy and poor prognosis of glioma patients. microRNA (miR)-101-3p expression was decreased in glioma tissues and cells and was negatively correlated with the malignancy and poor prognosis of glioma patients. In glioma tissues, the expression of lncRNA SNHG6 was negatively correlated with the expression of miR-101-3p. SNHG6 contained a binding site of miR-101-3p. Knockdown of SNHG6 expression resulted in a significant increase of miR-101-3p expression. miR-101-3p mimic markedly decreased the luciferase activity of SNHG6. Knockdown of SNHG6 inhibited glioma cell proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and increased apoptosis. miR-101-3p mimic enhanced knockdown of SNHG6-induced inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and EMT, and an increase of apoptosis. Anti-miR-101-3p reversed the the effects of si-SNHG6 on cell malignancy. Knockdown of SNHG6 remarkably reduced the increase of tumor volumes in xenograft mouse models. In tumor tissues, knockdown of SNHG6 increased the expression of miR-101-3p and reduced EMT biomarker expression. Conclusions: Our study provides novel insights into the functions of lncRNA SNHG6/miR-101-3p axis in the tumorigenesis of glioma.
Antifungal Activity of Azadirachta Indica against Alternaria Solani

The antifungal activity of Azadirachta indica L was investigated against Alternaria solani. sorauer responsible for early blight in potato. Different concentrations of leaf and fruit methanol extracts viz. 1%, 2%…5% were applied against A. solani. Leaf extract was found more significant than fruit extract. This extract was subjected to bioassays guided fractionation by using various organic solvents viz. n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. In vitro antifungal activities of these fractions were tested against A. solani alongwith a commercial fungicide Metalaxyl+Mancozeb. Different concentrations (100-0.190 mg mL-1) were used for evaluation of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and data was recorded after 24, 48 & 72 hrs. Ethyl acetate fraction was found most effective in retarding fungal growth with MIC of 0.19 mg and this fraction was also effective than fungicide (Metalaxyl+Mancozeb) as the fungicide has MIC of 0.78 mg. The other fractions were comparatively less antifungal as compared to control. 
Bacteriophage therapy revisited

Phage therapy is a natural process of treating the bacterial infections of animals, plants and humans and it was used before the discovery and widespread of antibiotics. Even now this technology is widely used to increase the shelf life of fruits, vegetables, meat and harvested plants. In this mini review paper, we briefly describe the natural occurrence of bacteriophages; their discovery, history, emergence of phage therapy in the light of antibiotic resistance and their advantages over the traditional antibiotics. Preclinical studies of phage therapy in experimental animals/plants and its applications on the infectious diseases; wound infections emerged by the antibiotic resistant bacteria. Bacteriophage was first discovered by Ernest Hankin in 1896 from the water of Jumna river containing antibacterial substances which limited the spread of Cholera epidemics. In the initial stage of phage therapy, there were problems with the technology and now all these problems have been resolved by the advancement of science and technology. Now based on recent experience and results of bacteriophage applications against bacterial infections, this innovative technology for the treatment of various antibiotic resistant infections is successful. Key words: Bacteriophage, phage therapy, food preservation, bacteriophage history, bacteriophage in agriculture, phage therapy human health
Modeling the spread of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus has been persistent in the Middle East region since 2012. Abundant scientific evidence showed that dromedary camels are the primary host of the virus. Majority of human cases (i.e., 75% or 88%) are due to human-to-human transmission, while the others are due to camel-to-human transmission. Mathematical modeling of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus camel-to-camel transmission was lacking. Using the plug-and-play likelihood-based inference framework, we fitted a susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered-susceptible model of camels to the reported human cases with a constant proportion of human cases from camels (i.e., either 25% or 12%). We considered two scenarios: (i) the transmission rate among camels is time-varying with a constant spill-over rate from camels to human or (ii) the spill-over rate is time-varying with a constant transmission rate among camels. Our estimated loss-of-immunity rate and prevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections among camels largely matched with previous serological or virological studies, shedding light on this issue. We recommended including dromedary camels in animal surveillance and control of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia which could help reduce their sporadic introductions to humans.
How to Shape Attitudes Toward STEM Careers: The Search for the Most Impactful Extracurricular Clubs

It is well known that strong extracurricular STEM programs provide multiple arenas for students to expand on classroom curriculum, complementing STEM skills with creative thinking and open-ended problem solving. It has been shown that there is a relationship between the number of STEM clubs students participated in and their choice of STEM major (Sahin, 2013). Considering financial problems, including budget cuts, it gets really challenging for schools to provide a plethora of clubs. For this reason, it would be very beneficial for K–12 schools to know if certain clubs are more effective in changing attitudes toward STEM majors, and therefore help strengthen the pipeline for STEM careers. A quantitative study was designed to investigate if any specific STEM club amongst the ones offered at the Sonoran Schools (SS), a charter school system, created a significant difference in students’ perception toward STEM fields and majors. The data were collected through an online survey of 1,167 students across six charter schools, serving grades K–12 under the same charter system, at the end of the 2015 school year. Students who were not enrolled in STEM-related extracurricular activities were considered as a baseline. The data have shown that extracurricular STEM club involvement has significantly impacted the attitude toward STEM perception. The analysis of the data also showed that it is possible to close the notorious gender and ethnicity gaps in STEM perception and provide a diverse student population to the STEM pipeline. The hypothesis that ‘‘there is a range of impact from clubs, and some are more impactful than others’’ has been disproved to show that there is no significant difference between the clubs when it comes to their impact on student STEM perception. The findings of this study are expected to help K–12 stakeholders, administrators, club organizers, and mentors to use their resources effectively.
Diversity and diversification of Eumolpinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in New Caledonia

This study was possible thanks to funds provided by the Committee for Research and Exploration of the National Geographic Society (grant no. 8380-07), and a travel grant from the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund of the Linnean Society. The work benefited also from the support of the Juan de la Cierva Programme (Spanish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation) to the first author, and the Fundacion BBVA to the other authors. The Spanish National Institute for Bioinformatics and the IBE's IT team helped in the set-up for parallelization of processes. Fieldwork was carried out under the special authorization n° 6024-626 2008/DENV/SMT from the Direction de l'Environment (Noumea, New Caledonia) to our host in New Caledonia.
Pattern of Internet Usage at the Rural Library among Rural Youth in Malaysia

The main aim of this study is to identify the pattern of Internet usage at the rural library among rural youths in Malaysia (aged between 15 to 40 years old). As a developing country, the internet usage among rural youths is a crucial issue in terms of the digital divide between rural and urban youths. The study was quantitative in nature, and via a multi-stage simple-random sampling, a total of 400 rural library users from four selected districts had been selected as the respondents. The SPSS software was used to run a proper analysis. The results showed that the mean score recorded for internet usage among the rural youths was 91.12 minutes and the majority of them were aged below 20 years old. Remarkably, the local development is seen as the motivation for the rural youths, yet it is probably the least manageable. Recommendations for future research and implications for practice are presented in the conclusion. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016. v7n1s1p91