Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Practices regarding colostrums and pre-lacteals among gadaba and konda dora tribes of vizianagaram district

–Feeding of breast milk is the first fundamental right of the child. Some believe pre-lacteals are a necessary substitute for colostrums. The practice of giving pre-lacteal feed to baby is a traditionally accepted culture in India. A cross-sectional study was conducted on Gadaba and Konda Dora tribal populations at random from 95 tribal villages in Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh. Data were collected from 300 lactating women from each tribe, age ranges between 15-45 years through in-depth interview method. The practice of discarding of colostrums (the first breast milk) is still exists among Gadaba (25.7%) than Konda Dora (20.0%). Because of the late initiation of the breast milk, the newborns were fed with pre-lacteal foods (27.3% of Gadaba and 22.7% of Konda Dora newborns). They are feeding the newborns with pre-lacteals in a most unhygienic method i.e. by using either finger or spoon or cotton. The deep-rooted traditional beliefs and misconceptions are observed in discarding of colostrums and introducing the pre-lacteals to their babies. Proper knowledge should be given to the mothers regarding the importance of colostrums and effects of pre-lacteal feedings. Keywords––Breast milk, Colostrums, Pre-lacteals, Traditional beliefs
Intrinsic variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current system: low- and high-frequency fluctuations of the Argentine Basin flow

Abstract. In this paper, the variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current system produced by purely intrinsic nonlinear oceanic mechanisms is studied through a sigma-coordinate ocean model, implemented in a large portion of the Southern Ocean at an eddy-permitting resolution under steady surface heat and momentum fluxes. The mean transport through the Drake Passage and the structure of the main Antarctic Circumpolar Current fronts are well reproduced by the model. Intrinsic variability is found to be particularly intense in the Subantarctic Front and in the Argentine Basin, on which further analysis is focused. The low-frequency variability at interannual timescales is related to bimodal behavior of the Zapiola Anticyclone, with transitions between a strong and collapsed anticyclonic circulation in substantial agreement with altimeter observations. Variability on smaller timescales shows clear evidence of topographic Rossby-wave propagation along the eastern and southern flanks of the Zapiola Rise and of mesoscale eddies, also in agreement with altimeter observations. The analysis of the relationship between the low- and high-frequency variability suggests possible mechanisms of mutual interaction.
Individual Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide and Preterm Birth Risk in Kaunas

Several epidemiological studies have found relationships between exposures to air pollution and adverse birth outcomes, particularly for traffic-related air pollutants, suggesting that the exposure may increase risk of preterm birth. Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is the main traffic-related urban air pollutant associated with health effects. The purpose of this study was to assess individual maternal exposure to NO 2 during pregnancy and to study links between the exposure and preterm birth risk in Kaunas, Lithuania. Prospective cohort study comprised all singleton newborns, born to Kaunas citizens in 2008-2009. Case group consisted of 187 preterm births (< 37 weeks), while controls were 3100 term (≥ 37 weeks) singleton newborns. Individual exposure to NO 2 was assigned to each subject during each trimester pregnancy as well as throughout the entire pregnancy by using a dispersion air quality modelling system AIRVIRO. To assess the association between preterm birth and exposure to NO 2 logistic regression analysis was used and odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Pregnant women exposed to NO 2 have a slightly increased risk of preterm birth. That risk was shown to be higher when women were exposed to NO 2 levels 24.0 - 53.2 µg m -3 during the first and second trimesters, OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.84 - 1.75 and 1.22, 95% CI 0.84 - 1.76, respectively. The study results indicate that residential air pollution might contribute to preterm birth risk.
An Examination of Grouping Strategies and Their Effect on Mathematics Achievement at the Elementary Level.

This paper reviews the literature on various types of grouping strategies in order to determine which is the most effective in influencing mathematics achievement. After discussing teachers' reasons for grouping and popular grouping strategies, specific research findings on these strategies are reported. Highlights of. each grouping strategy are reviewed with recommendations for practice and further research. Grouping strategies discussed include: (1) long-term static groupings, such as homogeneous, heterogeneous, and within-class ability groupings; and (2) short-term flexible groupings, such as team-assisted individualized (TAI) instruction, cooperative learning; and situational grouping. Implications are suggested. Contains 17 references. (MKR) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. * **********************************************************************
Sources of Technical Efficiency among Smallholder Maize Farmers in Southern Malawi

The agricultural sector in Malawi is vital to the economy for incomes and food security. The sector accounts for 35% of national income, generates 90% of foreign exchange, and provides paid and self-employment to 92% of the rural population. One constraint in achieving food security has been the small size and fragmented nature of land holdings among a large proportion of households in Malawi. Nonetheless, since independence there have been several attempts by the government to improve the productivity of food crops on small farms, particularly for maize, including the development of high yielding maize varieties, subsidization of farm inputs, provision of credit facilities, and the liberalization of both farm produce prices and farm produce marketing. While there have been several studies on food production in Malawi, the focus has mainly been on technology development and adoption, production constraints, the impact of structural adjustment policies, and the impact of price and marketing liberalization. This paper estimates technical efficiency among smallholder maize farmers in Malawi and identifies sources of inefficiency using plot-level data. We find that smallholder maize farmers in Malawi are inefficient; the average efficiency score is 46.23% and 79% of the plots have efficiency scores below 70%. The results of the study reveal that inefficiency declines on plots planted with hybrid seeds and for those controlled by farmers who belong to households with membership in a farmers club or association.
The Coping Strategies Used by Parents of Children with Autism in Saudi Arabia

All parents of children with autism have to deal with this challenging condition. Their children are known to be more delicate and to necessitate greater consideration and care than children without the condition and, for this reason, they may cause stress for their parents. Therefore, parents have developed techniques of coping with these children. As indicated by previous research, parents employ different methods of coping with their children’s autism, and it is important to explore these methods to better understand the children’s needs and how to bring about improvements. This research describes some of the coping techniques used by parents of children with autism in Saudi Arabia and thereby improves knowledge and understanding of this area. A qualitative research design was utilised in this study. Semi-structured interviews with pre-planned questions were conducted with eight parents of children with autism. Subsequently, the data were transcribed and then analysed using thematic analysis. The research found that six common coping techniques were employed by the parents, namely: spirituality, support group, family support, resources and information, getting additional help, and finding something positive. Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Parents’ perceptions, Coping strategies, Qualitative, Saudi Arabia
Drawings and Tables as Cognitive Tools for Solving Non-Routine Word Problems in Primary School

External representations play a central role in the process of word problem solving. This study aimed to shed light on teacher-provided representations as cognitive tools for primary students when working on non-routine word problems. Non-routine word problems are characterized by the fact that they cannot be solved by simply applying familiar routine calculations due to their demanding mathematical structure or complex situations described in the problem text. Since primary students often do not generate external representations, the present study examined the questions if providing students with a representation facilitates problem solving in general, and, more in detail, what type of representation (table or drawing) and what level of pre-structuring provided in the representation is most helpful. In an experimental design we studied a sample of 199 4th-graders who worked on non-routine word problems. The experimental design consisted of three tests: A pre-, a treatment-, and a transfer-test. In the pre-test, we measured participant’s prior performance with non-routine word problems. In the treatment-test, an experimental group received problems accompanied by tables and drawings with different levels of pre-structuring to measure student’s performance when external representations were provided for the problem solving process. A control group received no representations. In the transfer-test, participants worked on problems without provided representations to measure participant’s performance after they were exposed to external tools in the treatment-test. Results indicate that providing drawings or tables did not facilitate problem solving in general, which was against our hypothesis. If a representation was provided, a drawing was more helpful than a table, which was in line with our assumptions. However, the drawing effect was depending on the problem type and the level of pre-structuring. Obviously, simply providing external representations was not sufficient to facilitate problem solving. This speaks of the necessity of an early training in diagram literacy.
Does Stock Market Development Raise Economic Growth? Evidence from Nigeria

This paper investigates whether stock market development raises economic growth in Nigeria, by employing the error correction approach. The econometric results indicate that stock market development (market capitalization-GDP ratio) increases economic growth. The recommendations therein include - removal of impediments to stock market development which include tax, legal, and regulatory barriers; development of the nation's infrastructure to create an enabling environment for where business can strive; employment of policies that will increase the productivity and efficiency of firms as well encourage them to access capital on the stock market; enhancement of the capacity of the Nigeria Security and Exchange Commission to facilitate the growth of the stock market, restore the confidence of stock market participants and safeguard the interest of shareholders by checking sharp practices of market operators (particularly speculators).
Performance Analysis of Sandboxes for Reactive Tasks

Security mechanisms for programming contests introduce some overhead into time mea- surements. When large numbers of system calls are made, as is common in reactive tasks with pro- cesses communicating over pipes, this may significantly distort timing results. We compared the performance and consistency of two sandboxes based on different security mechanisms. We found that in-kernel security has negligible effect on measured run-times, while ptrace-based security can add overhead of around 75%. We also found that ptrace-based security on a dual-core CPU adds far greater overhead as well as producing highly variable results unless CPU affinity is used.
Regions of Trust to Technological Know-how Structured for Banking Customers

This research seeks to consider the invented constructs associated with technological influence approach as well as impact of trust in acknowledging innovation mostly in the scenario involving business banking by way of internet. This research incorporated facets of trust directly into innovation diffusion along with planned behavior concepts (Trust-IDT-TPB). The existing research applied questionnaire research to gather data and also the structural equation modeling technique was utilized to evaluate the assumed model. Conclusion from the study indicated impact of structural assurance, integrity, and disposition to trust and positive predictability of the technology to banking via internet. Also, indicated most influential precursors one of the selected from diffusion and planned behavior theory within the context Nigeria banking customers to embrace the technology. The model led to banks methods to enlarge their market and turning prospective customers to actual. Also, led towards the validity of Innovation diffusion and planned behavior ideas to describe technology acceptance social science studies.
In vitro response from cotyledon and hypocotyls explants in tomato by inducing 6-benzylaminopurine

Differential response of tomato was evaluated by hypocotyls and cotyledon explants on 6- benzylaminopurine (BAP) containing MS media. Among the four levels (0, 1, 2 and 4 mg/l) of BAP employed in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media, 2.0 mg/l BAP was found superior in growth traits (number of shoots/explants and shoot length) and cultivars. No significant difference was noticed between cotyledon and hypocotyls explants on media having 2.0 mg/l BAP. In the same treatment, shoot length was significantly different between cotyledon and hypocotyls derived explants. No adventitious shoots was noted in the control and higher concentration of BAP containing media but the explants turned into callus on media having 4.0 mg/l BAP.
Comparative analysis of nutrient content and energy of eggs from different chicken genotypes.

BACKGROUND Eggs are important foods in the daily diet of humans and have great biological activity and a high digestibility. Egg yolk is a good source of biologically active substances as fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols and tocopherols. The eggs of seven chicken genotypes were analyzed for their chemical composition, and a detailed study of lipids of egg yolk was conducted. RESULTS Energy composition of the eggs yolk and egg albumen was 29.06-30.51 MJ.kg-1 and 19.77-20.93 MJ.kg-1 respectively, their chemical composition was as follows: water varied from 471.7 to 515.4 g.kg-1 and from 878.3 to 885.9 g.kg-1 , fat content in dry matter ranged from 607 to 647 g.kg-1 and 6.7-11.6 g.kg-1 , protein was from 302 to 331.7 g.kg-1 and 823.6-892.5 g.kg-1 , ash ranged from 33.7 to 37.7 g.kg-1 and 63.8-74.0 g.kg-1 and nitrogen-free extracts ranged from 12.7 to 36.5 g.kg-1 and 35.0-96.2 g.kg-1 . The sterols and phospholipids in the yolk lipids were 16-26 g.kg-1 and 59-127 g.kg-1 . The main fatty acids in the lipids were oleic (39.1-47.3%) and palmitic (26.0-35.5%) acids. Cholesterol in the yolk lipids ranged from 15.9 to 25.9 g.kg-1 . Phosphatidylcholine (389-573 g.kg-1 ), phosphatidylethanolamine (219-355 g.kg-1 ) and phosphatidylinositol (112-284 g.kg-1 ) were the main phospholipids. The content of saturated fatty acids in the phospholipids was significantly higher than that in triacylglycerols. CONCLUSION Small variations in the chemical composition of eggs from seven different genotypes were observed. Significant differences in the fatty acid compositions of the main classes of phospholipids and the triacylglycerol fraction were established. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
ON THE COMPRESSIBILITY EFFECTS IN MIXING LAYERS by Hechmi KHLIFI

Previous studies of compressible flows carried out in the past few years have shown that the pressure-strain is the main indicator of the structural compressibility effects. Undoubtedly, these terms plays a key role toward strongly changing magnitude of the turbulent Reynolds stress anisotropy. On the other hand, the incompressible models of the pressure-strain correlation have not correctly predicted compressible turbulence at high speed shear flow. Consequently, a correction of these models is needed for precise prediction of compressibility effects. In the present work, a compressibility correction of the widely used incompressible Launder Reece and Rodi model making their standard coefficients dependent on the turbulent and convective Mach numbers is proposed. The ability of the model to predict the developed mixing layers in different cases from experiments of Goebel and Dutton is examined. The predicted results with the proposed model are compared with direct numerical simulation and experimental data and those obtained by the compressible model of Adumitroiae et al. and the original Launder Reece and Rodi model. The results show that the essential compressibility effects on mixing layers are well captured by the proposed model.
Conflicting functional effects of xylem pit structure relate to the growth-longevity trade-off in a conifer species

Significance Understanding life history trade-offs is important because they present limits to adaptation in organisms. Life history trade-offs are usually thought to result from resource allocation conflicts among multiple traits, but functional constraints based on individual morphological traits can also contribute. We show that a fundamental life history trade-off between growth and longevity in a conifer species is related to a single morphological trait in the xylem that has conflicting functional effects. Our results demonstrate that, in addition to resource allocation trade-offs among multiple traits, functional constraints based on individual morphological traits provide mechanistic insight into how and when life history trade-offs arise. Consistent with a ubiquitous life history trade-off, trees exhibit a negative relationship between growth and longevity both among and within species. However, the mechanistic basis of this life history trade-off is not well understood. In addition to resource allocation conflicts among multiple traits, functional conflicts arising from individual morphological traits may also contribute to life history trade-offs. We hypothesized that conflicting functional effects of xylem structural traits contribute to the growth-longevity trade-off in trees. We tested this hypothesis by examining the extent to which xylem morphological traits (i.e., wood density, tracheid diameters, and pit structure) relate to growth rates and longevity in two natural populations of the conifer species Pinus ponderosa. Hydraulic constraints arise as trees grow larger and xylem anatomical traits adjust to compensate. We disentangled the effects of size through ontogeny in individual trees and growth rates among trees on xylem traits by sampling each tree at multiple trunk diameters. We found that the oldest trees had slower lifetime growth rates compared with younger trees in the studied populations, indicating a growth-longevity trade-off. We further provide evidence that a single xylem trait, pit structure, with conflicting effects on xylem function (hydraulic safety and efficiency) relates to the growth-longevity trade-off in a conifer species. This study highlights that, in addition to trade-offs among multiple traits, functional constraints based on individual morphological traits like that of pit structure provide mechanistic insight into how and when life history trade-offs arise.
Small Ruminant Production and Management Systems in Urban Area of Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria

A total of one hundred small ruminant farmers randomly selected from three Local Government Areas of Ilorin metropolis were surveyed to examine small ruminant production and management in the southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. About 90%, 83%, 43% and 55% of the respondents were male, married, in the age bracket of 40-49 years and had secondary education, respectively. West African dwarf goats (45.2%) and Yankasa sheep (58.4%) were the most preferred and dominant breeds of goats and sheep in the study area. The method of feeding commonly adopted (96.3%) by the farmers was a combination of scavenging and supplementation while cassava peels was the main feed supplement. Most (56.20%) of the farmers got their animals through purchase only. Majority (56.3%) practised semi-intensive system of husbandry and a greater proportion (38.8%) reared the animals for consumption purpose. Tick-borne disease (37.82%), diarrhoea (23.18%), mange (17.08%) and helminthosis (14.64%) were the most prevalent diseases. Higher proportions of the farmers (38.5%) and (32.3%) employed self medication and local herbs, respectively, in treating their animals. Routine inspection of animals, as an improved practice, was introduced to 96.4% of the farmers while 68% adopted the practice making it the highest in terms of awareness and adoption among farmers. Farmers identified scarcity of fodders, lack of training and knowledge, shortage of veterinary services and limited capital as the most serious constraints facing small ruminant production in the study area. Chi-square analysis revealed that sources of animals and years of experience in production were significantly (P 0.05) correlated to the number of stock reared. Small ruminant farming in the study area is a smallholder affair managed semi-intensively and requires improved feeding, provision of veterinary services, financial assistance and extension services to encourage and enhance production.
The impact of employment equity regulations on psychological contracts in South Africa

This article will show the impact of employment equity legislation on the psychological employment contracts of the three main employee groupings in South African society. This study is important in that it fills the gap in the literature that identifies labour market regulations as an important shaping influence on the psychological contract. More than 500 managers from across South African industry and from all ethnic groups were surveyed to identify differences in psychological contracts and attitudes towards the social transformation regulations. We found that the legislation has impacted differentially on the three groupings mainly in terms of their loyalty to stay with their organizations, the focus on their career development in terms of the external labour market and the degree to which they felt they had been affected by the legislation. Additionally we find that the perceived linkage between job satisfaction and labour turnover is significantly weakened by labour market legislation in the case of the beneficiaries of the legislation, but that this may not be the case for those negatively affected by the legislation. The findings have significant implications for the HRM practices of multinationals operating in societies with significant labour market regulatory interventions.