Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Financial Side of Autism: Private and Public Costs

First identified by Leo Kanner in the early 1940s, autism is a biologically based developmental disorder that impairs an individual’s ability to communicate, build relationships, and relate appropriately to the environment (Kanner, 1943). Diagnosis is usually made in early childhood after a multi-disciplinary assessment of behavior, developmental level, and communication ability. Boys are four times as likely as girls to be affected (Fombonne, 2003a, 2005). Initially, autism was considered a rare disorder. An early epidemiological study conducted in England in the 1960s documented a 0.05% prevalence rate (4.5 per 10,000) (Lotter, 1966). Prior to the 1980s, recorded incidence of autism disorder in the United States was also low, affecting about 1 in every 2,000 children (Fombonne, 2009; Rutter, 2005). In the 1990s, the American Psychiatric Association broadened diagnostic criteria and included Asperger’s syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) with Autism Disorder under Autism Spectral Disorder (ASD)(Centers for Disease Control, 2009). In this article, the terms autism and ASD are used interchangeably. Autism is now known to affect children world-wide, regardless of race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status (Naqvi, 2009). Documented prevalence rates vary. In the United States, the current ASD prevalence rate is 1 in every 110 births (1 in 70 boys) (Centers for Disease Control, 2009), representing an average increase of 57% over 2002, 600% over the last two decades (Dawson, 2010; Wang & Leslie, 2010). Prevalence rates in Western Europe, Canada, and Australia are similar to those in the United States (Grossman & Barrozo, 2007; Naqvi, 2009), whereas rates in Japan and China are somewhat higher (Naqvi, 2009; Wong & Hui, 2008). Prevalence rates in Western Europe and Canada are similar to those the United States. In recent years, the number of cases in Latin America, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa has increased as well (Grossman & Barrozo, 2007). No consensus regarding cause exists (Fombonne, 2003b). Reasons for the surge in incidence of autism are ardently debated. Autism has no known genetic or biological markers. Diagnosis relies on observation of behavior and professionals may differ in application of diagnostic criteria. Some have argued that the recent surge in numbers simply reflects increased awareness of symptoms and better diagnostic tools (Cohen & Spenciner, 1996;
Spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy and modeling of the nonthermal emission of the pulsar wind nebula in G0.9+0.1

Aims. We performed a spatially resolved spectral X-ray study of the pulsar wind nebula (PWN) in the supernova remnant G0.9+0.1. Furthermore, we modeled its nonthermal emission in the X-ray and very high-energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) γ-ray regime. Methods. Using Chandra ACIS-S3 data, we investigated the east-west dependence of the spectral properties of G0.9+0.1 by calculating hardness ratios. We analyzed the EPIC-MOS and EPIC-pn data of two on-axis observations of the XMM-Newton telescope and extracted spectra of four annulus-shaped regions, centered on the region of brightest emission of the source. A radially symmetric leptonic model was applied in order to reproduce the observed X-ray emission of the inner part of the PWN. Using the optimized model parameter values obtained from the X-ray analysis, we then compared the modeled inverse Compton (IC) radiation with the published H.E. S.S. γ-ray data. Results. The spectral index within the four annuli increases with growing distance to the pulsar, whereas the surface brightness drops. With the adopted model we are able to reproduce the characteristics of the X-ray spectra. The model results for the VHE γ radiation, however, strongly deviate from the H.E. S.S. data.
Dissection of the Collisional and Collisionless Mass Components in a Mini Sample of CLASH and HFF Massive Galaxy Clusters at z ≈ 0.4

We present a multiwavelength study of the massive ( M 200 c ≈ ( 1 – 2 ) × 10 15 M ⊙ ) galaxy clusters RXC J2248.7−4431, MACS J0416.1−2403, and MACS J1206.2−0847 at z ≈ 0.4. Using the X-ray surface brightness of the clusters from the deep Chandra data to model their hot gas, we are able to disentangle this mass term from the diffuse dark matter (DM) in our new strong-lensing analysis, with approximately 50–100 secure multiple images per cluster, effectively separating the collisional and collisionless mass components of the clusters. At a radial distance of 10% of R200c (approximately 200 kpc), we measure a projected total mass of (0.129 ± 0.001), (0.131 ± 0.001) and (0.137 ± 0.001) × M200c, for RXC J2248, MACS J0416 and MACS J1206, respectively. These values are surprisingly similar considering the large differences in the merging configurations and, consequently, in the mass models of the clusters. Interestingly, at the same radii, the hot gas over total mass fractions differ substantially, ranging from 0.082 ± 0.001 to 0.133 ± 0.001, which reflects the various dynamical states of the clusters. Moreover, we do not find a statistically significant offset between the positions of the peak of the diffuse DM component and of the BCG in the more complex clusters of the sample. We extend the previous findings of a number of massive sub-halos that are higher than in numerical simulations to this sample of clusters. Our results highlight the importance of a proper separation of the different mass components to study the properties of DM in galaxy clusters in detail.
Topological flow structures and stir mixing for steady flow in a peripheral bypass graft with uncertainty

With growing focus on patient‐specific studies, little attempt has yet been made to quantify the modelling uncertainty. Here uncertainty in both geometry definition obtained from in vivo magnetic resonance imaging scans and mathematical models for blood are considered for a peripheral bypass graft. The approximate error bounds in computed measures are quantified from the flow field in steady state simulations with rigid walls assumption.
Deep Homogeneous Mixture Models: Representation, Separation, and Approximation

At their core, many unsupervised learning models provide a compact representation of homogeneous density mixtures, but their similarities and differences are not always clearly understood. In this work, we formally establish the relationships among latent tree graphical models (including special cases such as hidden Markov models and tensorial mixture models), hierarchical tensor formats and sum-product networks. Based on this connection, we then give a unified treatment of exponential separation in \emph{exact} representation size between deep mixture architectures and shallow ones. In contrast, for \emph{approximate} representation, we show that the conditional gradient algorithm can approximate any homogeneous mixture within $\epsilon$ accuracy by combining $O(1/\epsilon^2)$ ``shallow'' architectures, where the hidden constant may decrease (exponentially) with respect to the depth. Our experiments on both synthetic and real datasets confirm the benefits of depth in density estimation.
The most luminous quasars do not live in the most massive dark matter haloes at any redshift

Quasars (QSOs) represent the brightest active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the Universe and are thought to indicate the location of prodigiously growing black holes (BHs), with luminosities as high as 1048 erg s−1. It is often expected though that such an extremely energetic process takes place in the most massive bound structures in the dark matter (DM) distribution. We show that in contrast to this expectation, in a galaxy formation model which includes AGN feedback, QSOs are predicted to live in DM haloes with typical masses of a few times 1012 M⊙. Such an environment is considered to be average in the low-redshift universe (z ≲ 2–3) and almost comparable to a Milky Way halo. This fundamental prediction arises from the fact that QSO activity (i.e. BH accretion with luminosity greater than 1046 erg s−1) is inhibited in more massive DM haloes, where AGN feedback operates. The galactic hosts of QSOs in our simulations have typical stellar masses of 1010–1011 M⊙, and represent remnants of massive disc galaxies that have undergone a disc instability or galaxy merger. Interestingly, we find no dependence of QSO activity on environment; thus, the typical QSO halo mass remains constant over two orders of magnitude in luminosity. We further show that the z ∼ 6 QSOs do not inhabit the largest DM haloes at that time as these environments are already subject to feedback. Their descendants at z = 0 span a wide range of morphologies and galaxy masses, and their BHs typically grow only by a modest factor between z ∼ 6 and the present day. We predict that there should be an enhancement in the abundance of galaxies around QSOs at z ∼ 5. However, these enhancements are considerably weaker compared to the overdensities expected at the extreme peaks of the DM distribution. Given that high-z QSO descendants are typically found in rich clusters (∼1014 M⊙) and very seldom in the most massive haloes, we conclude that it is very unlikely that QSOs observed at z ≳ 5 trace the progenitors of today's superclusters.
The use of chemicals in carp and shrimp aquaculture in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Viet Nam.

This paper provides an overview on the use of chemicals in seven countries in Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal, Laos PDR, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Viet Nam), with an emphasis on coastal shrimp aquaculture and inland carp farming systems. The data come primarily from a recently completed survey of aquaculture farms in Asian countries conducted under the ADB/NACA Regional Study and Workshop on Aquaculture Sustainability and Environment. The issues discussed include the types and uses of chemicals in shrimp and carp culture, farm management practices and use of chemicals, hazards and adverse impacts associated with chemical use, alternative approaches to chemical use, and research recommendations. In inland carp farming, apart from lime and fertilizers, which are unlikely to give rise to any significant negative environmental impact, the overall use of chemicals is extremely low. Piscicides are used in some countries to control predators prior to stocking of ponds, but the use of antimicrobials and disease-control chemicals is limited to a small percentage (<5%) of producers. Most small-scale producers, who dominate aquaculture production in these countries, simply do not have the resources or need for such chemicals. The situation is similar in shrimp culture, with lime and fertilizers, followed by piscicides, being the most common chemicals used. The use of antimicrobials increases with intensification in shrimp culture, and these chemicals are mostly used in more intensive shrimp farming. In both shrimp and carp culture, promotion of “primary” health management practices probably offers greatest scope for prevention of aquatic animal disease outbreaks and the need for chemical use.
CLINICO-HEMATOBIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN PARVO VIRAL INFECTION IN DOG

Canine parvo virus (CPV) infection is a contagious disease of dogs characterized by vomitions and diarrhea. Haemato-biochemical changes including clinical signs in 53 CPV infected dogs presented at RVC clinics between March, 2016 to February, 2017 were taken for the study. Most of the dogs showed non-haemorrhagic vomition and haemrrhagic diarrhea with subnormal body temperature (98-100°F). The affected dogs showed marked alterations in electrolyte balance with hypoproteinemia and hypoglycemia.
Evolution of antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruits during growth and ripening.

The interest in the consumption of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is, to a large extent, due to its content of bioactive compounds and their importance as dietary antioxidants. During the growth and ripening process, there are quantitative and qualitative changes in the fruit composition which determine the nutritional quality and antioxidant potential at each stage.Two halfdeterminate early hybrids cultivars (Prekos and Balkan) and one indeterminate mid-early hybrid cultivar (Reyana) were considered for this study. Fruits from plants grown on sandy soil in an unheated greenhouse were collected at three growth and six maturity stages. Antioxidant activity, dry matter, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, lycopene, beta-carotene, chlorophylls and total phenolic contents were monitored. During fruit growth, dry matter, soluble solids and titratable acidity recorded a slight decrease, polyphenols and beta-carotene contents remained almost the same while ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity increased continuously. The stage of ripening significantly influenced the content of all bioactive compounds as well as the antioxidant activity of tomato fruits. The first stages of ripening were characterized by a slight decrease of the dry matter content and by an increase of the titratable acidity, while in the last two stages of ripening these variations reversed. Ascorbic acid and total phenolics content increased as maturity progressed from mature green to pink or light red stage and decreased afterward. Lycopene started to accumulate since turning and sharply increased in the last three stages, on average 36%of the lycopene content being accumulated in the last stage of ripening. In terms of hydrophilic antioxidant activity, depending on the cultivar, the pink or light red stages were the ones with the greatest potential. Althoughthere weresignificant differences among the contents of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of the three cultivars studied, their patterns of variation during the nine stages were quite similar.
Snoring as Markers for Obstructive Sleep Apnea - A Computational Multiphysics Investigation

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) influence daytime sleepiness and is linked with hypertension and cardiac problems. Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea involving sleep tests are expensive, cumbersome and not practical for large scale diagnosis. Therefore, this article presents a computational investigation of snoring as potential markers for identifying patients with obstructive sleep apnea. To that end, a coupling between the fluid and structural physics of a cantilevered plate inside an obstructed channel flow is undertaken, to idealize soft palate instability within an obstructed oropharynx. Unlike previous approach, a pressure-specified inlet and velocityspecified outlet boundary conditions in the channel are applied to closer replicate actual conditions. A parametric study on the effect of channel obstruction to cantilever plate instability suggest onset and variability in onset of snoring as potential markers to detect obstructive sleep apnea. This may be exploited for development of mass diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population.
Carbon and nitrogen abundances in the coronae of Algol B and other evolved stars: Evidence for CNO-cycle processed material

Using the Ly-lines of carbon and nitrogen measured in Chandra Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (LETGS) spectra we study the coronal abundances of these elements in a sample of late-type stars including dwarf stars, the prototypical eclipsing binary Algol, the single giant Cet, and three RS CVn binaries. In the main sequence stars of our sample the flux ratio RNC between the Ly-lines of nitrogen and carbon is below unity, while RNC is found to be8.5 for Cet and >23.3 for Algol. These values are more than an order of magnitude larger than expected from a solar abundance plasma in collisional equilibrium regardless of the chosen temperature structure. We therefore interpret the anomalously large RNC-ratios as being due to the exposure of CNO-cycle processed material at the surfaces and in the coronae of Algol and Cet.
Knowledge about and acceptance of genetically modified organisms among pre-service teachers: a comparative study of Turkey and Slovenia

Genetically modified organisms cannot be regarded as merely a topic for academic debate, since these have serious implications as a research field and for production based on genetic engineering. Public debates rarely base their arguments on elements rooted in scientific arguments and knowledge but are heavily loaded with emotions, opinions and informal reasoning. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and acceptance of genetically modified organisms among prospective teachers in Slovenia and Turkey. Knowledge of genetic modification was measured with a two-tier instrument. The level of acceptance of genetic modification was measured with a 17-item instrument. Findings revealed that knowledge of genetics and biotechnology barely influenced the acceptability of genetic modification, and correlations are low. The relationship between knowledge and acceptance was not significant among Slovenian students and while significant for the Turkish or combined groups, the r values were only 0.179 and 0.244. It was found that differences in the acceptability of clusters of different kinds of genetically modified organisms do exist between the two countries. In both countries, participants recognized microorganisms and plants that produce something useful as the most acceptable organisms, while at the other end were animals used for consumption or as donors of organs. Practical implications for teaching are discussed and implications for further studies are drawn.
Differences in PM 10 concentrations measured by b-gauge monitor and hi-vol sampler

In this paper, differences between the 24-h average PM10 concentrations of Wedding b-gauge monitor and Andersen or Wedding hi-vol sampler were studied. When the deliquescent point is not exceeded, PM10 concentrations of the bgauge are close to those of the manual samplers. The ratio of b-gauge PM10 to Andersen PM10 and Wedding PM10 is 1.0870. 06 and 1.0970. 12, respectively. However, when the deliquescent point is exceeded, water absorption by the inorganics of aerosols leads to higher PM10 concentrations of the b-gauge compared to those of the manual sampler. The ratio of b-gauge PM10 to Andersen PM10 and Wedding PM10 is 1.2170. 22 and 1.2770. 15, respectively. However, due to evaporation of water from the aerosols collected on the filter tape of the b-gauge, differences in PM10 concentrations are much less than theoretically calculated. r 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Dynamic Systems Approach in the Study of L1 and L2 Acquisition: An Introduction

The basic properties and concepts of dynamic systems theory are introduced by means of an imaginary, literary example, namely, Alice (from Wonderland) walking to the Queen in Through the Looking Glass (Carroll, 1871). The discussion encompasses notions such as time evolution, evolution term, attractor, self-organization, and timescales. These abstract notions are then applied to the study of first language (L1) and second language (L2) acquisition. The steps that should be taken toward the construction of dynamic systems models of L2 learning are described, including a discussion of the difficulties and the theoretical opportunities that accompany this model building. Finally, a concrete example of model building and of the study of variability as an indicator of developmental transitions in L1 acquisition is given.
Plant species of the Central European flora as aliens in Australia

The Central European flora is an important source pool of plant species introduced to many regions throughout theworld. In this study, we identified a total of 759 plant species of the Central European flora that are currently recognized as alien species in Australia. We explored temporal patterns of introduction of these species to Australia in relation to method of introduction, growth form, naturalization status and taxonomy. Across all species, substantially larger numbers of species were introduced between 1840 and 1880 as well as between 1980 and the present, with a small peak of introductions within the 1930s. These patterns reflect early immigration patterns to Australia, recent improvements in fast and efficient transportation around the globe, and emigration away from difficult conditions brought about by the lead up to the Second World War respectively. We found that the majority of species had deliberate (69%) rather than accidental (31%) introductions and most species have not naturalized (66% casual species, 34% naturalized species). A total of 86 plant families comprising 31 tree species, 91 shrub species, 533 herbaceous species and 61 grass species present in Central Europe have been introduced to Australia. Differential patterns of temporal introduction of species were found as a function of both plant family and growth form and these patterns appear linked to variation in human migration numbers to Australia.
High-spin structure in the transitional nucleus 131 Xe : 1 Competitive neutron and proton alignment in the vicinity of the N = 82 shell closure 2

L. Kaya,1, a A. Vogt,1 P. Reiter,1 M. Siciliano,2, 3 B. Birkenbach,1 A. Blazhev,1 L. Coraggio,4 E. Teruya,5 N. 3 Yoshinaga,5 K. Higashiyama,6 K. Arnswald,1 D. Bazzacco,7 A. Bracco,8 B. Bruyneel,9 L. Corradi,3 F. C. L. Crespi,8 4 G. de Angelis,3 J. Eberth,1 E. Farnea,7, b E. Fioretto,3 C. Fransen,1 B. Fu,1 A. Gadea,10 A. Gargano,4 A. Giaz,8 A. 5 Görgen,11, 12, 13 A. Gottardo,3 K. Hadyńska-Klęk,3 H. Hess,1 R. Hetzenegger,1 R. Hirsch,1 N. Itaco,4, 14 P. R. John,15 6 J. Jolie,1 A. Jungclaus,16 W. Korten,17 S. Leoni,8 L. Lewandowski,1 S. Lunardi,2, 7 R. Menegazzo,7 D. Mengoni,18, 2, 7 7 C. Michelagnoli,19 T. Mijatović,20 G. Montagnoli,2, 7 D. Montanari,2, 7 C. Müller-Gatermann,1 D. Napoli,3 Zs. 8 Podolyák,21 G. Pollarolo,22 A. Pullia,8 M. Queiser,1 F. Recchia,2, 7 D. Rosiak,1 N. Saed-Samii,1 E. Şahin,23 F. 9 Scarlassara,2, 7 D. Schneiders,1 M. Seidlitz,1 B. Siebeck,1 J. F. Smith,24 P.-A. Söderström,25 A. M. Stefanini,3 T. 10 Steinbach,1 O. Stezowski,26 S. Szilner,20 B. Szpak,27 C. Ur,7 J. J. Valiente-Dobón,3 K. Wolf,1 and K. O. Zell1 11
The effects of nutritional labels on obesity

This study examines the relationship between nutritional label use and obesity using switching regression. Results for treatment effect show that nutritional labels play a role in reducing obesity among users of nutritional labels, notably among women. The average body mass index (BMI) for men who read nutritional labels is 0.12 point lower than men who do not read them, while women who are users of nutritional labels have 1.49 points lower BMI than women who do not read labels. These findings imply that health education campaigns can employ nutritional labels as one of the instruments for reducing obesity.