Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Glutamate Transport in Escherichia coli K-12: Nonidentity of Carriers Mediating Entry and Exit

The exit of glutamate from Escherichia coli K-12 cells preloaded with the radioactive amino acid and its relation to the reaction of entry were studied. Experiments with cells preloaded to different intracellular concentrations of radioactive glutamate confirmed our earlier conclusion that glutamate exit was a first-order reaction. l-Glutamate, competitive inhibitors of glutamate uptake (d-glutamate and l-glutamate-γ-methyl ester), noncompetitive inhibitors of glutamate uptake (l-serine and l-alanine), and the energy poison NaN3 all accelerated glutamate exit 2.8-fold. No additive effect was observed in the presence of NaN3 together with l-glutamate. Preloading with cold l-glutamate did not increase the rate of uptake of radioactive glutamate. It is concluded that the acceleration of glutamate exit in the presence of l-glutamate in the medium is not due to exchange diffusion and that l-glutamate and azide affect exit indirectly by preventing recapture. Sucrose, 25%, slowed down glutamate exit by a factor of about 4.7 and increased the steady-state level of glutamate accumulation to about the same extent. Increasing the intracellular K+ concentration enhanced glutamate uptake but did not affect the half-time of exit. It is concluded that separate carriers are most probably involved in mediating the entry and exit reactions.
Pattern of olfactory bulb innervation returns after recovery from reversible peripheral deafferentation

The olfactory epithelium (OE) is unusual in its ability to regenerate and reinnervate its target, the olfactory bulb (OB), after deafferentation. To address the question of whether olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) axons preserve their topographic organization when they reestablish synaptic contact with the OB, the authors examined the pattern of ORN axon reinnervation into the bulb of adult H‐OMP‐lacZ‐6 transgenic mice during and after recovery from chemical deafferentation. In the H‐OMP‐lacZ‐6 mouse strain, lacZ expression is limited to a subset of ORNs that are distributed bilaterally in the OE and project primarily to a few glomeruli in the ventromedial region of the OB. The OE was lesioned by intranasal irrigation with Triton X‐100, and the distribution of 5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indolyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (X‐gal)‐stained cells was examined in the OE along with β‐galactosidase‐immunoreactive (β‐gal‐ir) axonal processes in the OB after short (1 week), intermediate (3 week), and long (6–7 weeks) recovery times. One week after the lesion, immunostaining for β‐gal and olfactory marker protein was virtually eliminated in the bulb. After 3 weeks of recovery, β‐gal‐containing axons appeared to target many of the same locations innervated in bulbs of unlesioned mice. The region that received the highest density of axonal innervation in controls, however, contained only a few processes at that time. After 6–7 week recovery periods, the pattern of X‐gal staining in the OE and β‐gal‐ir axons in the OB closely resembled that of unlesioned mice. These results demonstrate that the topographic distribution of ORNs in the OE and the pattern of axon innervation in the OB can be reconstituted after chemical deafferentation. J. Comp. Neurol. 421:362–373, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of dry matter yield, yield components and nutritive value of selected alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars grown under Lowland Raya Valley, Northern Ethiopia

The experiment was conducted at Raya Azebo district, which is located in Southern Tigray, North Ethiopia, with the objective to investigate the highest dry matter yield and herbage nutritive value among the selected alfalfa cultivars. The experiment was conducted by randomized complete block design with four replications and five cultivars. The experimental cultivars were FG-10-09 (F), FG-9-09 (F), Magna-801-FG (F), Magna-788 and Hairy Peruvian. Harvesting cutting intervals was taken at an average of 57.78±4.78 days of mid flowering at irrigation land. A total of 4 cutting cycles were taken from January 2016 to August 2016. The result of the study showed that dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was comparable across the five cultivars. Stand height was significant different (P 0.05). Cutting cycle significantly affected stand height, DM yield and LTSR. Plant height and DM yield were significantly different (P<0.001) among the cultivars across the cutting cycle. Cutting cycles 2, 3 and 4 had the highest stand height and DM yield as compared to cutting cycle 1 (P<0.001). But, cutting cycles 2 and 1 were significantly higher in LTSR as compared to 3 and 4 (P<0.001). Therefore, it can be conclude that all the cultivars evaluated had not shown significant difference in DMY and nutritive content, but Hairy Peruvian had relatively good DM yield and higher stand height, as a result, it is good to promote Hairy Peruvian cultivar for further demonstration and seed production. Key words: Alfalfa, dry matter yield, nutritive content, cutting cycle, leaf to stem ratio.
Loss of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex1 in Adult Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Enhances Axon Remyelination and Increases Myelin Thickness after a Focal Demyelination

Although the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an essential regulator of developmental oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, oligodendrocyte-specific deletion of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a major upstream inhibitor of mTOR, surprisingly also leads to hypomyelination during CNS development. However, the function of TSC has not been studied in the context of remyelination. Here, we used the inducible Cre-lox system to study the function of TSC in the remyelination of a focal, lysolecithin-demyelinated lesion in adult male mice. Using two different mouse models in which Tsc1 is deleted by Cre expression in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) or in premyelinating oligodendrocytes, we reveal that deletion of Tsc1 affects oligodendroglia differently depending on the stage of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Tsc1 deletion from NG2+ OPCs accelerated remyelination. Conversely, Tsc1 deletion from proteolipid protein (PLP)-positive oligodendrocytes slowed remyelination. Contrary to developmental myelination, there were no changes in OPC or oligodendrocyte numbers in either model. Our findings reveal a complex role for TSC in oligodendrocytes during remyelination in which the timing of Tsc1 deletion is a critical determinant of its effect on remyelination. Moreover, our findings suggest that TSC has different functions in developmental myelination and remyelination. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Myelin loss in demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis results in disability due to loss of axon conductance and axon damage. Encouragingly, the nervous system is capable of spontaneous remyelination, but this regenerative process often fails. Many chronically demyelinated lesions have oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) within their borders. It is thus of great interest to elucidate mechanisms by which we might enhance endogenous remyelination. Here, we provide evidence that deletion of Tsc1 from OPCs, but not differentiating oligodendrocytes, is beneficial to remyelination. This finding contrasts with the loss of oligodendroglia and hypomyelination seen with Tsc1 or Tsc2 deletion in the oligodendrocyte lineage during CNS development and points to important differences in the regulation of developmental myelination and remyelination.
Practical Removal of Radioactivity from Soil in Fukushima Using Immobilized Photosynthetic Bacteria Combined with Anaerobic Digestion and Lactic Acid Fermentation as Pre-Treatment

Practical removal of radioactivity from polluted soil in Fukushima, Japan was done using a photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodobacter sphaeroides SSI, immobilized in alginate beads. The beads were put in a mesh bag and soaked in which soil was suspended (5 kg of soil/10 L of tap water). The radioactivity of the broth decreased by 31% after 15 d of aerobic treatment. When lactic acid bacterial culture broth was added to the suspend broth, about 50% of the radioactivity was transferred to a suspend broth fraction consisting of small particles from the soil after 3 d of fermentation and 20 s of sedimentation. The results suggest that organic matter in the soil was decomposed by anaerobic digestion and lactic acid fermentation simultaneously, and was then transferred into the liquid as small particles. With combined treatment by anaerobic digestion and lactic acid fermentation for 5 d and immobilized bead aerobic treatment for an additional 19 d, the radioactivity of suspend broth decreased by 66%. The radioactivity of the original soil (10.56 µSv/h) ultimately decreased by 67% (3.52 µSv/h) after the combined treatment.
Effects of sibling death on teenagers.

This study reports the effects of sibling death on 33 adolescents from white, middle- to upper-middle income families. Contact was made through mutual support groups for bereaved parents. A focused interview was used to gather data on bereavement reactions and on self-concept. Bereavement reactions investigated included kinds of emotional responses, effects on sleeping and eating, frequency of thoughts about the deceased sibling, effects on school work, means of dealing with the death and interpersonal relationships. Self-concept perception investigated were perceptions of personal maturity, lessons learned from the death and the importance of religious beliefs. Eleven further measures of self-concept were obtained by means of the "Offer Self-Image Questionnaire for Adolescents. " By grouping responses into two time frames (before or a few weeks after the death and at the time of the interview), significant differences in reactions and perceptions were found among the participants.
Propagation of the cardiac impulse in the diabetic rat heart: reduced conduction reserve

Diabetes mellitus is a growing epidemic with severe cardiovascular complications. Although much is known about mechanical and electrical cardiac dysfunction in diabetes, few studies have investigated propagation of the electrical signal in the diabetic heart and the associated changes in intercellular gap junctions. This study was designed to investigate these issues, using hearts from control and diabetic rats. Diabetic conditions were induced by streptozotocin (STZ), given i.v. 7–14 days before experiments. Optical mapping with the voltage‐sensitive dye di‐4‐ANEPPS, using hearts perfused on a Langendorff apparatus, showed little change in baseline conduction velocity in diabetic hearts, reflecting the large reserve of function. However, both the gap junction uncoupler heptanol (0.5–1 mm) and elevated potassium (9 mm, to reduce cell excitability) produced a significantly greater slowing of impulse propagation in diabetic hearts than in controls. The maximal action potential upstroke velocity (an index of the sodium current) and resting potential was similar in single ventricular myocytes from control and diabetic rats, suggesting similar electrical excitability. Immunoblotting of connexin 43 (Cx43), a major gap junction component, showed no change in total expression. However, immunofluorescence labelling of Cx43 showed a significant redistribution, apparent as enhanced Cx43 lateralization. This was quantified and found to be significantly larger than in control myocytes. Labelling of two other gap junction proteins, N‐cadherin and β‐catenin, showed a (partial) loss of co‐localization with Cx43, indicating that enhancement of lateralized Cx43 is associated with non‐functional gap junctions. In conclusion, conduction reserve is smaller in the diabetic heart, priming it for impaired conduction upon further challenges. This can desynchronize contraction and contribute to arrhythmogenesis.
EVOLUTION OF MOUTHBROODING AND LIFE‐HISTORY CORRELATES IN THE FIGHTING FISH GENUS BETTA

Abstract The origin of and evolutionary transitions among the extraordinary diverse forms of parental care in teleost fish remain largely unknown. The “safe harbor” hypothesis predicts that the evolution from a “guarding” to a “brooding” form of care in teleost fish is associated with shifts in reproductive and life‐history features such as reduced fecundity, and increased egg volume with higher parental investment. Robust phylogenetic hypotheses may help to identify evolutionary changes in key traits associated with differences in the form of parental care. Here, we used reconstruction of ancestral character states to study the evolution of the two forms of parental care, bubble nesting and mouthbrooding in the fighting fish genus Betta. We also applied a comparative analysis using the phylogenetic generalized least‐squares method to test the “safe harbor” hypothesis by evaluating differences between the two forms of parental care in standard length, life‐history traits, and three habitat variables. Evolutionary hypotheses were derived from the first molecular phylogeny (nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data; 4448 bp) of this speciose group. Ancestral character state reconstructions of the evolution of the form of parental care in the genus Betta, using the methods of unweighted parsimony and maximum likelihood, are uncertain and further indicate a high rate of evolutionary transitions. Applying different weights for the suspected directionality of changes, based on the consistent phenotypic and behavioral differences found between bubble nesters and mouthbrooders, recurrent origin of mouthbrooding in the genus Betta is favored using parsimony. Our comparative analyses further demonstrate that bubble nesters and mouthbrooders do not have a consistent set of life‐history correlates. The form of parental care in Betta is correlated only with offspring size, with mouthbrooders having significantly bigger offspring than bubble nesters, but is not correlated with egg volume, clutch size, and broodcare duration, nor with any of the three habitat variables tested. Our results thus challenge the general predictions of the “safe harbor” hypothesis for the evolution of alternative brood care forms in the fighting fish genus Betta.
The Influence of Cultural Elements on Fiscal Behaviour in the European Union

The paper aims at identifying and describing potential ways in which cultural elements are influencing fiscal behaviour within the European Union, in an attempt to find some of the structural causes underlying the fiscal issues that Member States are confronting. In an European economic environment characterized by highly heterogeneous fiscal behaviours on a national level, doubled by the membership (present or aimed) in the monetary union, understanding why Member States tend to adopt certain fiscal approaches (which sometimes are inconsistent with the Maastricht Criteria) represents a key requirement for the efficient continuation of the European economic integration process. By matching fiscal behaviour exhibited at both government and private sector levels with a set of national cultural dimensions, the study analyses the cultural/fiscal relationship, understanding its role in improving the European economic context by fostering a stronger European cultural identity that may lead to a more fiscally integrated EU.
Model Uncertainty and Term Structure Anomalies

We construct an equilibrium term structure model that is robust to economic agent's uncertainty about the true data generating process. The low-dimensional two-factor long-run risk model captures the intuition that an ambiguity averse agent behaves pessimistically by attaching more weight to the data generating process implying a lower lifetime utility. Our calibrated model can largely match the mean interest rates and the volatility of interest rates. Importantly, the model can help resolve several challenges to standard representative-agent models such as the excess volatility puzzle, the empirical failure of the expectations hypothesis, the positive yield spread, and the predictability of bond risk premia.
Glioblastoma: imaging genomic mapping reveals sex-specific oncogenic associations of cell death.

PURPOSE To identify the molecular profiles of cell death as defined by necrosis volumes at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and uncover sex-specific molecular signatures potentially driving oncogenesis and cell death in glioblastoma (GBM). MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study was HIPAA compliant and had institutional review board approval, with waiver of the need to obtain informed consent. The molecular profiles for 99 patients (30 female patients, 69 male patients) were identified from the Cancer Genome Atlas, and quantitative MR imaging data were obtained from the Cancer Imaging Archive. Volumes of necrosis at MR imaging were extracted. Differential gene expression profiles were obtained in those patients (including male and female patients separately) with high versus low MR imaging volumes of tumor necrosis. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used for messenger RNA-microRNA interaction analysis. A histopathologic data set (n = 368; 144 female patients, 224 male patients) was used to validate the MR imaging findings by assessing the amount of cell death. A connectivity map was used to identify therapeutic agents potentially targeting sex-specific cell death in GBM. RESULTS Female patients showed significantly lower volumes of necrosis at MR imaging than male patients (6821 vs 11 050 mm(3), P = . 03). Female patients, unlike male patients, with high volumes of necrosis at imaging had significantly shorter survival (6.5 vs 14.5 months, P = .01). Transcription factor analysis suggested that cell death in female patients with GBM is associated with MYC, while that in male patients is associated with TP53 activity. Additionally, a group of therapeutic agents that can potentially be tested to target cell death in a sex-specific manner was identified. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that cell death in GBM may be driven by sex-specific molecular pathways.
Emergence of Unemployment: An Assessment of Nigeria Directorate of Employment (NDE) Skill Intervention Programmes between (2005-2011) in Lagos State

Generation of productive and gainful employment with decent working conditions based on skill development to absorb our growing labour force has become a critical factor in the strategy for economic development in Nigeria. This demands that the government must respond through policy interventions in setting institutional framework that will be responsible for enhancing the skill of products from different academia. Given the strategic position of Lagos State in Nigeria there is need to provide world-class vocational skills training and high quality technical education to Lagos unemployed youths . Young school leavers rush to Lagos in search of jobs. In other to achieve this target, the National Directorate of Employment (NDE) and few other institutions were created. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between skill development and youth unemployment. In analyzing the relevance of NDE in the development of skill and creation of job in Lagos state between (2005-2011), this paper observed that NDE has contributed significantly towards creating jobs for the unemployed youths within their capacity. However, the slow pace of NDE in responding effectively to the rate of unemployment and in attaining the millennium development goal (MDGs) will be an uphill task. The government needs to improve on their investment, and develop more institutional capacity to tackle the issue of unemployment in the country. Beyond policy initiation, strategies must be put in place for adequate implementation of the scheme towards eradicating unemployment. Key w ords : Unemployment, Job creation, Skill empowerment, National Directorate of Employment, Youths
Pierangelo Garegnani, the Classical Surplus Approach and Demand-led Growth: Introduction to the Symposium

Sraffian economics has recovered the surplus approach to the theory of value and distribution that was developed by the classical economists and Marx and then obscured by the emergence of marginalist economics in the second half of the 19th century (Garegnani 1984). It has also laid the foundations for a robust capital-theoretic critique of the marginalist theory of distribution. By virtue of this twofold contribution, Sraffian economics is well-suited to absorb and reinforce the more revolutionary insights of Keynes’s legacy. A research programme in this direction was launched in the early 1960s by Pierangelo Garegnani (1962) in a report he wrote for the private research institute SVIMEZ. The SVIMEZ report is divided into three parts. The first and second parts are concerned with theoretical matters; the third part is an empirical study, grounded in the theoretical results, of investment and capacity utilisation in the Italian economy for the period 1950 to 1960. The first part of the report (Chapters I and II) has a critical focus; it undermines the residual marginalist elements of Keynes’s General Theory (1936). These orthodox elements—the idea that in equilibrium the real wage must be equal to the marginal revenue product of labour; and the treatment of investment spending as a decreasing function of the interest rate—enabled mainstream economics to absorb Keynes’s theory of effective demand in weakened form via the neoclassical synthesis. Garegnani’s 1958 University of Cambridge doctoral thesis (published in Italian as Garegnani 1960) and Sraffa’s Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities (1960) had already exposed serious weaknesses in the orthodox treatment of capital. Their work had shown that the interdependence of distribution and relative Review of Political Economy, 2015 Vol. 27, No. 2, 103–110, http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/09538259.2015. 1026092
Determination of cefdinir levels in rat plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration of cefdinir.

A selective and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination of cefdinir in rat plasma and urine. Following a simple protein precipitation using methanol, chromatographic separation was achieved with a run time of 10 min using a Synergi 4 µ polar-RP 80A column (150 × 2.0 mm, 4 µm) with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water and methanol (65:35, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The protonated precursor and product ion transitions for cefdinir (m/z 396.1 → 227.2) and cefadroxil, an internal standard (m/z 364.2 → 208.0) were monitored in the multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode. The calibration curves for plasma and urine were linear over the concentration range 10-10,000 ng/mL. The lower limit of quantification was 10 ng/mL. All accuracy values were between 95.1 and 113.0% and the intra- and inter-day precisions were <13.0% relative standard deviation. The stability under various conditions in rat plasma and urine was also found to be acceptable at three concentrations. The developed method was applied successfully to the pharmacokinetic study of cefdinir after oral and intravenous administration.
Using Demand Systems to Evaluate Risky Projects: An Application to the Automobile Industry

We examine how the risk-return profiles of carmakers BMW and Porsche depend on whether car models are produced in the US or Europe. Using data from the US car market we combine a demand system for differentiated products with counterfactual paths to macroeconomic variables. We let prices and quantities respond to counterfactual values of exchange rates and consumer confidence. This allows us to generate counterfactual profit distributions at different horizons for alternative domestic and foreign production configurations. For plausible costs of building a plant, production in the US is attractive for BMW, but not for Porsche.