Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incorporating self‐consistently calculated mineral physics into thermochemical mantle convection simulations in a 3‐D spherical shell and its influence on seismic anomalies in Earth's mantle

Phase assemblages of mantle rocks calculated from the ratios of five oxides (CaO‐FeO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2) by free energy minimization were used to calculate the material properties density, thermal expansivity, specific heat capacity, and seismic velocity as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition, which were incorporated into a numerical thermochemical mantle convection model in a 3‐D spherical shell. The advantage of using such an approach is that thermodynamic parameters are included implicitly and self‐consistently, obviating the need for ad hoc parameterizations of phase transitions which can be complex in regions such as the transition zone particularly if compositional variations are taken into account. Convective planforms for isochemical and thermochemical cases are, however, not much different from those computed using our previous, simple parameterized reference state, which means that our previous results are robust in this respect. The spectrum and amplitude of seismic velocity anomalies obtained using the self‐consistently calculated material properties are more “realistic” than those obtained when seismic velocity is linearly dependent on temperature and composition because elastic properties are dependent on phase relationship of mantle minerals, in other words, pressure and temperature. In all cases, the spectra are dominated by long wavelengths (spherical harmonic degree 1 to 2), similar or even longer wavelength than seismic tomographic models of Earth, which is probably due to self‐consistent plate tectonics and depth‐dependent viscosity. In conclusion, this combined approach of mantle convection and self‐consistently calculated mineral physics is a powerful and useful technique for predicting thermal‐chemical‐phase structures in Earth's mantle. However, because of uncertainties in various parameters, there are still some shortcomings in the treatment of the postperovskite phase transition. Additionally, transport properties such as thermal conductivity and viscosity are not calculated by this treatment and are thus subject to the usual uncertainties.
Message framing effects on breastfeeding attitude: a functional measurement experiment

Breastfeeding is generally accepted as the optimal method of infant feeding. However, many infants in the Netherlands are breastfed only for a short period. The present study aims to investigate the effect of framing breastfeeding-promoting messages in terms of the gains (advantages) associated with breastfeeding, compared with framing in terms of the losses (disadvantages) associated with the alternative behaviour, formula-feeding. The respondents, 96 women, took part in a web-based experiment, with statements of advantages of breastfeeding as well as disadvantages of formula-feeding as experimental stimuli. Stimuli were combined using a 4 (advantages) × 3 (disadvantages) full factorial within subjects design, with advantages presented as either ‘benefits of breastfeeding’ or ‘disadvantages of formula-feeding’ (between subjects). Women reported their attitude towards breastfeeding on a graphical rating scale after each presentation of a combination of arguments. Three clusters of response patterns could be distinguished. There was no overall effect of message framing on breastfeeding attitude. However, there was a significant interaction between framing and the presented advantages. Gain framed messages seem to yield a more positive attitude when low impact advantages are presented, whereas loss-framed messages were more effective in high impact health advantages. This effect was only present in the cluster of women who seem to take into account both information about advantages and disadvantages in a similar way. It can be concluded that the impact of message framing on the development of an attitude towards breastfeeding is limited and depends on the type of message presented and the information integration pattern followed by the respondent. Future breastfeeding promotion activities are recommended to be tailored based on specific characteristics of the target population, to optimally enhance breastfeeding attitude in each woman.
Marketing for a better world : a value proposition framework for NGOs from a S-D logic perspective.

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are of major importance today as they are contributing to economic and societal development of civil society. Due to the pressure to demonstrate social impact, an increasing amount of competition and a lack of funding, marketing is a viable strategy to increase performance and fundraising effectiveness. However, the marketing concept is in development for NGOs. The Service-Dominant (S-D) logic provides opportunities to align value proposition(s) to stakeholders. This however has only been studied in regard to for-profit organisations. By means of a multiple case study with different units of analysis, five NGOs have been selected based on theoretical sampling. These NGOs have been studied to answer the question whether the S- D logic is the dominant logic for NGOs in regard to value propositions. Subsequently, a framework has been derived from a cross-case analysis for NGOs to align value propositions to the motives and values of donating stakeholders. This will increase fundraising effectiveness and thus increases impact on civil society. The main aim of this paper was by means of contributing to the existing literature and ongoing discussion to create a framework for NGOs to apply the S-D logic to value propositions consequently increasing performance, fundraising effectiveness and impact on civil society.
Experimental particle paths and drift velocity in steep waves at finite water depth

The Lagrangian paths, horizontal Lagrangian drift velocity, $U_{L}$ , and the Lagrangian excess period, $T_{L}-T_{0}$ , where $T_{L}$ is the Lagrangian period and $T_{0}$ the Eulerian linear period, are obtained by particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) in non-breaking periodic laboratory waves at a finite water depth of $h=0.2~\text{m}$ , wave height of $H=0.49h$ and wavenumber of $k=0.785/h$ . Both $U_{L}$ and $T_{L}-T_{0}$ are functions of the average vertical position of the paths, $\bar{Y}$ , where $-1<\bar{Y}/h<0$ . The functional relationships $U_{L}(\bar{Y})$ and $T_{L}-T_{0}=f(\bar{Y})$ are very similar. Comparisons to calculations by the inviscid strongly nonlinear Fenton method and the second-order theory show that the streaming velocities in the boundary layers below the wave surface and above the fluid bottom contribute to a strongly enhanced forward drift velocity and excess period. The experimental drift velocity shear becomes more than twice that obtained by the Fenton method, which again is approximately twice that of the second-order theory close to the surface. There is no mass flux of the periodic experimental waves and no pressure gradient. The results from a total number of 80 000 experimental particle paths in the different phases and vertical positions of the waves show a strong collapse. The particle paths are closed at the two vertical positions where $U_{L}=0$ .
Screening pasture species for shade tolerance

The effects of shade on tillering ability as well as biomass production of hill pasture species which differed in morphology and for shade tolerance was evaluated. A split-plot design with four replicate blocks was employed for the experiment, in which five levels of shade were applied within 1.25 x 0.84 x 0.45 m metal frames covered by Sarlon cloth to shade light from all directions. The main plot treatments were 14, 18, 27, 43, and 73% of the ambient photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Ten different pasture species: Dactylis glomerata L. cv. Grasslands Wana; Lolium perenne L. cv. Grasslands Nui, high endophyte; Holcus lanatus L. cv. Massey Basyn; Plantago lanceolata L. cv. Grasslands Lancelot; Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv. Grasslands Advance; Agrostis capillaris L. cv. Grasslands Muster; Poa trivialis L. cv. Sabre; Trifolium repens L. cv. Grasslands Tahora, Trifolium subterraneum, L. cv. Karridale; and Lotus uliginosus Schkuhr cv. Grasslands Maku were grown in pots as subplots. Twelve to fourteen plants were maintained per pot, and plants were watered daily. Water and fertiliser were non- limiting. The experiment ran from 5 June to 6 September, 1996. Shoot dry weight, tillers/runners/stolons/number of branches per plant, and specific leaf area were determined at 15-day intervals for five harvests. At each harvest, plants were clipped to 5 cm height. Shade had a marked effect on tillering ability of all grass plants. However, mean tiller numbers per plant at the final harvest in the lowest PAR (14% ambient) were significantly higher (P<0.0001) for Holcus lanatus (4) and Dactylis glomerata (4) than for the other grass species. Similarly, Lotus uliginosus produced a higher (P<O.OOOl) number of branches (4) in 14% ambient PAR than other legumes. This trend was also observed for relative tiller numbers per plant (to that of 73% ambient PAR), where Dactylis glomerata had about 20% of its tiller production in the highest level of shade (14% ambient PAR) compared with Lolium perenne which had 5 %. The results are discussed in terms of the desired attributes of shade tolerant pasture species.
A Study of Farmers’ Awareness About Climate Change and Adaptation Practices in India

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy, and climate change significantly affects agriculture productivity. The present study was conducted in one district of Uttarakhand state in the North Himalayan region of India bordering Nepal and China. The study sample comprised 110 farmers selected by using simple random sampling. Study findings indicate that all the farmers were found to be aware of the climate change, and majority of them reported “erratic rainfall, diminishing agricultural yield and increase in temperature” as the indicators of climate change. The increasing industrialisation, overpopulation and deforestation’ were perceived by farmers to be the main causes of climate change. Further, most of the farmers reported crop failures, migration to other places and flooding’ as three major consequences (impact) of climate change. The study findings will help in preparing a roadmap for policy formulation as well as undertaking mitigation measures besides helping the agriculture extension agencies to design and plan locale specific adaptation strategies and agriculture development programmes.
Irregular earthquake cycle along the southern Tianshan front, Aksu area, China

[1] A long deformation record (∼16.5 ka) showing nonsteady earthquake recurrence is established for the Aksu thrust (Tianshan, China) on the basis of cosmogenic 10Be dating of faulted surfaces. Topographic leveling across the Aksu fault scarp indicates up to ∼10 m uplift across a moraine abandoned ∼16.5 ka and similar uplift of ∼6 m across two inset surfaces yielding ages of ∼12.5 and ∼5 ka. Successively smaller uplifts of terraces younger than 5 ka indicate that three or more major earthquakes occurred during this period. These data show that the Aksu thrust fault was quiet for at least 7500 years and active in the last ∼5000 years and probably in the interval 16.5–12.5 ka. The seismic cycle along the Aksu thrust fault over the last ∼16,500 years was thus strongly irregular showing long quiescence and clustering, which is a challenge for paleoseismology and hazard assessment. This irregularity also makes it more difficult to estimate long-term shortening rates. Nevertheless, we are able to constrain a minimum total shortening rate (>7 mm/yr) across the southern Tianshan front for the last 12,500 years that is about a third of the total geodetic rate for the western Tianshan (∼20 mm/yr).
INVESTIGATION OF FORAGE QUALITY OF VETIVERIA ZIZANIOIDES IN SEMI-STEPPE REGION OF MARAVEHTAPPEH, GOLESTAN PROVINCE, IRAN

Abstract. Information on forage quality in phenological stage could help range managers to choose suitable grazing method to achieve higher animal performance without detriment to vegetation. Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) is a non-native perennial grass that was introduced to the Iran in 2008. This plant is a multi use species that could be considered from different viewpoints. Thus, its forage quality in three phenological stages (vegetative, flowering and maturity) was investigated. Samples of each stage were collected and analyzed for 7 quality traits such as Crude Protein (CP), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Dry Matter Digestibility (DMD), Metabolizable Energy (ME), Digestible Energy (DE), Ash content (Ash) and Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN). Data were statically analyzed using One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mean comparisons were done by Duncan method. The results indicate that there was a significant difference among phenological stages for all the traits (p<0.01). As the plant age increased, the quality values including CP (from 8.89% to 5.25%), DMD (34.79% to 31.63%), ME (3.91 to 3.38 MJ/Kg), Ash (6.7% to 5.5 %,), DE (1.71 to 1.64 Mcals/Kg) and TDN (23.07% to 20.79%) were decreased while ADF was increased (from 63.72% to 65.7%). This led to the reduction of Vetiver grass forage quality. Because of lower values of CP, ME and DMD (except vegetative stage) and higher values of ADF, it was suggested that this species had no prominent place in the ruminants' diet. However, it played important roles in soil conservation and it may be complementary to the native vegetation because it is available at different times of the year considering its phenology and growth season.
An Analysis of Non-Consumption and Anti-Consumption: The Practices and Insights in Bangladesh

This paper examines the non-consumption and anti-consumption practices among consumers in Bangladesh. Ten consumers from different backgrounds were interviewed about consumption of certain product categories. From the narratives of these informants, the factors and motivations behind non-consumption and anti-consumption were identified. In general, consumers may restrain themselves if they cannot afford a product, which is a reality in Bangladesh considering the economic status and purchasing power of the consumers. However, intentional non-consumption is also evident. It has been found that consumers avoid certain products as an initiative to support environmental sustainability, personal health care, and even as care for their family members. Sometimes the promotional activities used by manufacturing companies are so exaggerated that consumers find these claims highly deceptive and thus the consumers avoid these items. In addition, because of the social history and tradition of Bangladesh, the religious norms and values considerably guide the consumers to follow non-consumption of some products. Finally, the authors address the need for further studies to find out the relationship among various demographic, psychographic, economic, and social variables of consumers and their impacts on consumers’ perception toward non-consumption and anti-consumption.
An Examination of the Determinants and Contents of Corporate Voluntary Disclosure of Management's Responsibilities for Financial Reporting

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002 requires principal officers to certify under oath to the veracity of information contained in Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings and opine on the effectiveness of the internal control system. This study examines the determinants and contents of corporate voluntary disclosure of management's responsibilities during the five-year period preceding the SOX Act. We predict that the voluntary disclosure of management's responsibilities for financial information signals certain incentives and characteristics of the reporting firm that are relevant to financial statement users and regulators. Consistent with our predictions, our findings reveal significant differences between issuing and nonissuing firms as to the effectiveness of the firm's internal control system, access to capital markets, audit committee characteristics, and ownership structure. An empirical analysis of the contents of these assertions also reveals different areas of emphasis and selectivity by management, which represents an informative link to existing disclosure mandates. The results of this study contribute to our knowledge of management's motivations for voluntary disclosure and lend credence to the mandatory certification requirements and related disclosure reforms established in the post-Enron era.
An Empirical Investigation of the Effects of Pre-Decision Agreement, Group Development, and Communication Style on Group Decision Making Performance

This study examined the hypotheses that communication style would mediate the relationship between predecision agreement and group added value and that this relationship would be moderated by Forming or Feedback. Seventy-five 3-person groups from a university in the Pacific Northwest participated in the study (Mean age 20.71 years). Eighty-eight percent were Caucasian, 70% female, 30% male. Two survival tasks were given individually and as a group and pre-decision agreement was measured. Moderated mediation analysis revealed that Forming moderated the first stage of the model using tentative language as the mediator. Groups that formed were less hesitant, regardless of level of pre-decision agreement, but this did not impact outcome. Possible explanations and suggestions for future research are provided. Degree Type Dissertation Rights Terms of use for work posted in CommonKnowledge. This dissertation is available at CommonKnowledge: http://commons.pacificu.edu/spp/82 Copyright and terms of use If you have downloaded this document directly from the web or from CommonKnowledge, see the “Rights” section on the previous page for the terms of use. If you have received this document through an interlibrary loan/document delivery service, the following terms of use apply: Copyright in this work is held by the author(s). You may download or print any portion of this document for personal use only, or for any use that is allowed by fair use (Title 17, §107 U.S.C.). Except for personal or fair use, you or your borrowing library may not reproduce, remix, republish, post, transmit, or distribute this document, or any portion thereof, without the permission of the copyright owner. [Note: If this document is licensed under a Creative Commons license (see “Rights” on the previous page) which allows broader usage rights, your use is governed by the terms of that license. ] Inquiries regarding further use of these materials should be addressed to: CommonKnowledge Rights, Pacific University Library, 2043 College Way, Forest Grove, OR 97116, (503) 352-7209. Email inquiries may be directed to:. copyright@pacificu.edu This dissertation is available at CommonKnowledge: http://commons.pacificu.edu/spp/82 AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF PRE-DECISION AGREEMENT, GROUP DEVELOPMENT, AND COMMUNICATION STYLE ON GROUP DECISION MAKING PERFORMANCE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY PACIFIC UNIVERSITY, HILLSBORO, OREGON BY TRAVIS FOX, M.S. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PSYCHOLOGY July 24, 2009
A GIANO-TNG high-resolution infrared spectrum of the airglow emission

Aims. A flux-calibrated high-resolution spectrum of the airglow emission is a practical λ-calibration reference for astronomical spectral observations. It is also useful for constraining the molecular parameters of the OH molecule and the physical conditions in the upper mesosphere. Methods. We used the data collected during the first technical commissioning of the GIANO spectrograph at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG). The high-resolution (R � 50 000) spectrum simultaneously covers the 0.95–2.4 μm wavelength range. Relative flux calibration is achieved by the simultaneous observation of a spectrophotometric standard star. Results. We derived a list of improved positions and intensities of OH infrared lines. The list includes Λ-split doublets, many of which are spectrally resolved. Compared with previous works, the new results correct errors in the wavelengths of the Q-branch transitions. The relative fluxes of OH lines from different vibrational bands show remarkable deviations from theoretical predictions: the Δv = 3, 4 lines are a factor of 2 and 4 brighter than expected. We also found evidence of a significant fraction (1–4%) of OH molecules with a non-thermal population of high-J levels. Finally, we list wavelengths and fluxes of 153 lines not attributable to OH. Most of these can be associated with O2, while 37 lines in the H band are not identified. The O2 and unidentified lines in the H band account for � 5% of the total airglow flux in this band.
A coupled isotropic elasto-plastic damage model based on incremental minimization principles

In the present paper, a variational formulation of an isotropic elasto-plastic damage model is proposed. As prototype model, a coupled formulation originally introduced by LEMAITRE is considered. It is governed by non-linear and non-associative evolution equations. The variational approach advocated within the present paper allows to compute all state variables by means of energy minimization. The performance of the proposed framework is illustrated by a comparison between the novel variational method and a standard return-mapping scheme.
Herschel-Planck dust optical-depth and column-density maps - I. Method description and results for Orion

We present high-resolution, high dynamic range column-density and color-temperature maps of the Orion complex using a combination of Planck dust-emission maps, Herschel dust-emission maps, and 2MASS NIR dust-extinction maps. The column-density maps combine the robustness of the 2MASS NIR extinction maps with the resolution and coverage of the Herschel and Planck dustemission maps and constitute the highest dynamic range column-density maps ever constructed for the entire Orion complex, covering 0:01 mag < AK < 30 mag, or 2 10 20 cm 2 < N < 5 10 23 cm 2 . We determined the ratio of the 2:2µm extinction coe cient to the 850µm opacity and found that the values obtained for both Orion A and B are significantly lower than the predictions of standard dust models, but agree with newer models that incorporate icy silicate-graphite conglomerates for the grain population. We show that the cloud projected pdf, over a large range of column densities, can be well fitted by a simple power law. Moreover, we considered the local Schmidt-law for star formation, and confirm earlier results, showing that the protostar surface density follows a simple law / gas, with 2.
Influence of Mood State on the Spatial Gradient of Visual Attention

The present study examined how positive and negative mood states influence the gradient of visual attention. Eighteen students performed a flanker task after viewing neutral, positive or negative affective pictures. The spacing between the target and the flanker letters was manipulated to be near (0.5°) or far (1.5°). Participants were asked to respond to the central target letter (H or S) by pressing the left or right button. Subjective ratings showed that positive and negative affective pictures induced positive and negative mood states, respectively. Reaction times (RTs) were longer when the flanker letters were incompatible with the target letter than when they were compatible. This flanker compatibility effect (calculated as incompatible RT – compatible RT) varied with the targetflanker distance and mood. The flanker compatibility effect was smaller for the far flankers than for the near flankers in the neutral and negative mood sessions. However, this effect was not observed in the positive mood session. These results suggest that the gradient of spatial attention may become shallower in positive mood state as compared to neutral and negative mood states.