Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A New Algorithm for Shock Sensor Calculation at Supersonic Speeds on a 3D-Unstructured Grid

In this paper, 3-Dsupersonic flow around two types of wings is solved using a new algorithm for shock sensor calculation. A dual-time-stepping implicit method with 2nd-order accuracy is used for time integration of the equations. In each real time step, the non-linear system of equations is solved by iterating in pseudo-time, using a multi-step integration method. A cell-center finite volume scheme is applied to discretize the solution domain. Governing equations are discretized using 2nd-order central scheme of Jameson. Undesirable oscillations are prevented using artificial dissipation terms containing 2nd and 4th-order derivative terms. The second-order derivative term is proportional to shock sensor, which is a function of pressure gradient in general and is devised to capture shock waves correctly. Appropriate calculation of shock sensor is very important especially for the solution of 3-D supersonic flow on unstructured grids. In this study, a simple efficient algorithm is proposed for shock sensor calculation to stabilize solution in supersonic 3-D flows on unstructured grids. The new algorithm, implemented at an in-house code, is evaluated by comparison of its results with wind tunnel test data and upwindtype differencing scheme of Roe for a tailplane model tested at Royal Aircraft Establishment. The results show that supersonic flow with shock waves has been accurately captured.
State Income Taxes and Economic Growth

This article explores the impact of tax policy on economic growth in the states within the framework of an endogenous growth model. Regression analysis is used to estimate the impact of taxes on economic growth in the states from 1964 to 2004. The analysis reveals a significant negative impact of higher marginal tax rates on economic growth. The analysis underscores the importance of controlling for regressivity, convergence, and regional influences in isolating the effect of taxes on economic growth in the states.
In Search of Organizational Alignment Using a 360° Assessment System: Evidence from a Retail Chain

We analyze the effects of increasing the salience of corporate values in an organization rewarding its employees based on financial performance. We use data from a field experiment conducted at an Indian mobile phone retail chain that implemented a 360° performance assessment system focused on organizational values. We find a counterintuitive result: the intervention drove even higher effort on dimensions of short term financial performance associated with pre-existing monetary incentives, but did not substantially affect nonfinancial performance dimensions linked to long term organizational goals. Our setting allows us to explore the effects of underlying counterbalancing mechanisms. While the 360° system drives higher effort to benefit the organization, consistent with the system improving goal clarity, activating organizational identification or increasing implicit incentives, it may not improve all of the dimensions of performance intended to promote organizational alignment. Increasing employees’ multitasking requirements, without adequate support and training, can generate confusion, which, in turn, can drive effort away from the sources of confusion and toward known elements of performance. Our findings provide insights about benefits and pitfalls that managers may need to consider when implementing 360° performance assessment programs as a complement to incentives based on financial performance.
Economically optimal management of two deer species competing for food

This paper presents a bioeconomic model to analyze the role of interspecies competition between roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) and the implications of the competition on optimal harvesting strategies. Analytical solutions derived from the model suggest that the degree of inter-specie competition is an important factor in the landowner’s decision to maintain a given population of both species, as it affects the net marginal benefit from managing the two species. Our numerical results suggest that the effect of inter-species competition on total net economic benefit is small compared to the impact on roe deer population density. Inclusion of trophy values implies reduced harvest of young males, but also reduced harvest of females. Our model also shows that a pulse harvesting regime for the dominant species is economically optimal.
Cloud condensation nuclei prediction error from application of Kohler theory: Importance for the aerosol indirect effect

In situ observations of aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and the GISS GCM Model II' with an online aerosol simulation and explicit aerosol-cloud interactions are used to quantify the uncertainty in radiative forcing and autoconversion rate from application of Kohler theory. Simulations suggest that application of Kohler theory introduces a 10–20% uncertainty in global average indirect forcing and 2–11% uncertainty in autoconversion. Regionally, the uncertainty in indirect forcing ranges between 10–20%, and 5–50% for autoconversion. These results are insensitive to the range of updraft velocity and water vapor uptake coefficient considered. This study suggests that Kohler theory (as implemented in climate models) is not a significant source of uncertainty for aerosol indirect forcing but can be substantial for assessments of aerosol effects on the hydrological cycle in climatically sensitive regions of the globe. This implies that improvements in the representation of GCM subgrid processes and aerosol size distribution will mostly benefit indirect forcing assessments. Predictions of autoconversion, by nature, will be subject to considerable uncertainty; its reduction may require explicit representation of size-resolved aerosol composition and mixing state.
Video Estimates of Red Snapper and Associated Fish Assemblages on Sand, Shell, and Natural Reef Habitats in the North-Central Gulf of Mexico

Video estimation of the relative abundance of fishes is a noninvasive method commonly used to assess fish densities. This technique can be used to char - acterize habitat use patterns either of fish assemblages or of a particular species of interest. The objectives of this study were to quantify relative abundance of red snap- per, Lutjanus campechanus, and to characterize with video methodology the asso- ciated fish assemblages over different habitat types. Fishes were enumerated over sand, shell, and natural hard bottom reef habitats in the north-central Gulf of Mexico (GOM) off Alabama on quarterly cruises over a two-year period with a baited sta- tionary underwater video camera array. Red snapper showed both significantly high - er abundance and larger size over the reef habitat; however, no seasonal effects were observed, indicating temporal abundance patterns were consistent among seasons. Fish assemblages differed among habitats, with significant differences between reef and shell assemblages. Efforts to identify the species that most contributed to these differences indicated that the red snapper accounted for 59% of the overall similar- ity within the reef fish assemblage and 20% of the total dissimilarity between the shell and reef fish assemblages. This study highlights the utility of applying video techniques to identify the importance of sand, shell, and reef habitat types both to different life stages of red snapper, and to the different fish assemblages occupying distinct habitats in the north-central GOM.
EXPLAINING ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS BY MEANS OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR

Purpose: This paper presents a detailed empirical investigation of the entrepreneurial intentions of business students. We employ the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), in which intentions are regarded as resulting from attitudes, perceived behavioural control, and subjective norms. Methodology: A replication study among samples of undergraduate students of business administration at four different universities (total N=1225). We use five operationalisations of intentions as well as a composite measure. Prior to our main study, qualitative research conducted at yet two other universities (total N=373) was held to operationalise the components of the TPB. Findings: The results show that the two most important variables to explain entrepreneurial intentions are entrepreneurial alertness and the importance attached to financial security. Research limitations / implications: Various research design features are used that result in better and more detailed explanations of entrepreneurial intentions. Practical implications: Should one want to stimulate entrepreneurship in educational or training settings, then our results provide guidance. Several suggestions are offered on how entrepreneurial alertness can be improved, and financial security concerns can be reduced. Originality: This study provides detailed and solid results on entrepreneurial intentions which are positioned in the career literature. Classification of Paper type: Research Paper
The Effects of Temperature on the Performance of Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor in the Treatment of Synthetic Dairy Wastewater

raw wastewater in the primary tank was heated to the desirable temperature and then three more heaters continuously produce the heat in the reactor to operate system at the constant operating temperature in each run. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16through Pearson's correlation coefficient to analyze the association between these parameters. Results: The maximum COD removal rate was 89.7% at the organic loading of 4.5 g/L per day in a 24-hour cycle condition with reaction time of 21 hours and 30 minutes. The maximum biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) removal rate was 91% and occurred at the first run. The amount of COD removal efficiency was higher at the first run in comparison to the third cycle (27.5%). BOD5 removal efficiency decreased up to 24.4% due to the drop of temperature in the reactor. Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant association between the temperature and the removal efficiencies (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that any decrease in the temperature caused reduction in system efficiency of removing BOD5 and COD. Temperature of 35°C is optimal for the removal of high organic load wastewater. ASBR can be used as an effective tool to treat dairy industry wastewater.
Hyperspectral imagery for mapping disease infection in oil palm plantation using vegetation indices and red edge techniques.

Problem statement: Large scale plantation of oil palm trees requires on-time detection of diseases as the ganoderma basal stem rot disease was present in more than 50% of the oil palm plantations in Peninsular Malaysia. Approach: To deal with this problem, airborne hyperspectral imagery offers a better solution in order to detect and map the oil palm trees that were affected by the disease on time. Airborne hyperspectral can provide data on user requirement and has the capability of acquiring data in narrow and contiguous spectral bands which makes it possible to discriminate between healthy and diseased plants better compared to multispectral imagery. By using vegetation indices and red edge techniques, the condition of oil palm trees could be determined accurately. Results: Generally, all of these techniques showed better results as they could give accuracy between 73 and 84%. The highest accuracy was achieved by using Lagrangian interpolation technique with 84% of overall accuracy. Conclusion/Recommendations: The red edge based techniques were more effective than vegetation indices in detecting Ganoderma-infected oil palm trees plantation since there were three out of four techniques that could yield high accuracy results.
REGIONAL AND SECTORAL LOCATION PATTERNS OF NEW FIRMS: THE CASE OF GREECE

This paper analyses the relationship between entrepreneurship and the external environment of firms. Entrepreneurship is approximated by start-ups in four industries, namely manufacturing, commerce, services and tourism. Agglomeration economies and state incentives to promote entrepreneurship at certain locations are the main environmental factors analysed here. Results support the argument that localization and urbanization economies affect different sectors in different ways. In such a context, the observed positive effect of state incentives upon entrepreneurship at certain locations might be counterbalanced by the presence of negative localization effects as suggested by the present findings regarding manufacturing start-ups.
The Accessibility of Microfinance for Small Businesses in Mogadishu, Somalia

This paper investigated the accessibility of microfinance for small businesses in Mogadishu. Since, the accessibility of microfinance for small businesses considered difficult due to heavy collateral requirements. The main objective of the study was to examine the challenges facing by small businesses in accessing microfinance services in Mogadishu. Purposive sampling technique was employed in selecting the 100 Small businesses that constituted the sample size of the research. To achieve the objectives of this study, data was collected through questionnaire instrument. Data analysis, the researchers employed descriptive analysis also used Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). the main findings of this study identifies that Small businesses in Mogadishu are facing challenges to access loan from MFIs and this results many small business to demise soon or may not be started due to lack of ability to overcome the challenges. Moreover, the findings of this study will be helpful for the academicians, businesses, practitioners, researchers, planners, and policy makers who are involved in the concerned area. The researchers recommended microfinance institution are required to set more flexible, affordable and attractive requirements in financing Small businesses, their role need to be felt by the Small enterprises in terms of growth and development.
Acute Transplantation of Human Olfactory Mucosa-Derived Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Fails to Improve Locomotor Recovery in Rats

Olfactory ensheathing cells-based therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI) repair has been a possible treatment for clinical study because of their safety in autologous transplantation and potential regenerative capability. However, there are contradictory reports on the results after transplantation in animal models. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of acute transplantation of human mucosa-derived olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) on the repair of the spinal cord. Human olfactory ensheathing cells were isolated from the human mucosa and cultured under supplemented neuronal cell culture medium. They were characterized by immunocytochemistry for olfactory ensheathing cell markers. We induced spinal cord injury at T8-T9 of rats by aneurysm clips and simultaneously injected two million OECs into subarachnoid space of spinal cord. Sensory and motor behaviors were recorded by tail-flick reflex (TFR) and BBB scores, respectively every week for seven weeks after injury. Morphology and S100-beta antigen expression in olfactory ensheathing cells of the human olfactory mucosa was confirmed by immunostaining . OECs transplantation did not recover inflammation, neuronal vacuolation, hemorrhage, and cyst formation. These findings suggest that OECs transplantation in this experimental setting did not lead to tissue regeneration to enhance locomotion. These results broaden current knowledge and are additions to the science and literature.
Developing Learner Centered Action Learning Model

Problem statement: This study aimed to examine the effects of using Learner Centered Action Learning Model. The research was research and development by applying Participatory Action Research method. Instruments used were an achievement test, a questionnaire on students’ satisfaction and focused group discussion. Approach: The statistic included the Mean, Standard Deviation, effectiveness index and Dependent Sample t-test. The results revealed that the learning model had 2 Key factors: PAR with 6 stages and using the model with 21 sub activity together with learning activity organization showing efficiency in cognitive domain, psychomotor domain, affective domain, effectiveness index and learning retention. Result: The students showed their satisfaction at the highest Level. The factors of success included: Participation in actions of the participants and researcher, responsibility and learning climate. Conclusion: The factor of success in knowledge management outcome on Learner Centered Action Learning with the product after using Participatory Action Research aligned with learning activity implementation, consisted of Key aspects as: (1) the participation in performance practice, (2) the awareness, feeling, thinking, good attitude, responsibility in the course they were studying both of individual performance and group performance, (3) the persistence in acting for achieving common agreement, (4) the learning climate, the instructor was a facilitator encouraging for learning in program, including textbook of he course, media and instrument to search for, AAR and case study from the senor cohorts for comparing the quality of their performances, (5) the evaluation and conclusion of implementation in outcome Learner Centered Action Learning Model regarding to knowledge, feeling and skill of practice in field performance, (6) sharing among the students, instructors and learning network.
Social Responsibility in High Education Institutions: Evidence from Economic Faculties in Czech Republic.

The presented paper shows results of a qualitative survey of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the tertiary education sector. Economically oriented faculties of public universities in the Czech Republic were selected. For the assessment of High Education Institutions ́ engagement in CSR activities seven key areas covered by ISO 26 000 standard were used. Analyzed High Education Institutions in the Czech Republic are engaged in many CSR activities but these activities are often untargeted and representing by-products of other activities. The main drawbacks of all assessed faculties in the key area five – “Environment” were discovered The results for the first key area – “Organisational governance” show that integration of the CSR concept in High Education Institutions strategy substantially defines the level of their overall engagement in corporate socially responsible activities.
A Study Protocol to Assess the Determinants of Glycaemic Control,Complications and Health Related Quality of Life for People with Type 2Diabetes in Saudi Arabia

Background: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is high in Saudi Arabia, and a large proportion of those affected by the disease are not controlling their blood sugar, which exposes them to diabetes complications. The aim of this study is to evaluate factors associated with poor glycaemic control, complications and poor quality of life among people with type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: Using a cross-sectional study design, 1082 participants with type 2 diabetes attending diabetes centres in Riyadh, Jeddah and Hofuf will be recruited in the study. They will be interviewed to complete a pre-tested electronic questionnaire. The questionnaire collects information related to socio-demographics, medical history, lifestyle, family support, utilisation of healthcare services, anxiety, depression, quality of life, cognitive function, independence in daily living activity, neuropathy, anthropometric measures, up-to-date documented lab test results and current medication. Data will be summarised and presented as mean ± standard deviation (or median and percentiles) for numerical data and frequency and percentage for categorical data. T-test, ANOVA and chi-square tests will be used to explore associations between risk factors and outcomes. Any association will be evaluated further using regression analysis. Discussion: Knowledge of the risk factors pertaining to poor glycaemic control, diabetes complications and poor quality of life for people with type 2 diabetes is crucial. This knowledge will assist healthcare providers to identify and provide more intensive care plans to those who need it, as well as guide the development of new strategies to improve management of the disease. This will improve the health of people with type 2 diabetes and lower their risk of complications, and reduce the burden of this highly prevalent disease on families and the community.
Should I stay or should I go? Female brood desertion and male counterstrategy in rock sparrows

Brood desertion involves a series of interactions between the members of a pair. This process is likely to be based on either member's perception of the other's propensity to desert. We manipulated this perception in males by experimentally increasing female body mass in the rock sparrow (Petronia petronia), a species in which females can desert their first brood before the nestlings from the first brood leave the nest. We predicted that the male would either desert the brood first or stay even if this implied the risk of caring for the brood alone. We found that males mated to loaded females did not leave but stayed and significantly increased their courtship rate and mate guarding. Unexpectedly, they also increased their food provisioning to the nestlings, even though loaded females did not reduce their nestling-feeding rate. The increase in male feeding rate may be explained as a way for the male to reduce the female's propensity to switch mate and desert or to increase her propensity to copulate with the male to obtain paternity in her next brood. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the perception of the risk of being deserted by the female does not necessarily induce males to desert first, contrary to what is generally assumed by theoretical models. Copyright 2005.
IMPACTS OF SOIL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON SOIL FERTILITY IN POTATO-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN THE BOLIVIAN ANDEAN HIGHLANDS

Due to changes in climate and socioeconomic developments, current soil management practices in the Bolivian Andean Highlands may be increasing soil degradation thereby threatening food security. A study was established in four representative communities during the 2006-09 growing seasons to identify an integrated soil management strategy that may help to improve soil fertility and productivity by increasing soil organic matter. Soil samples collected from fields of different lengths of cropping (LC) and fallow (LF) showed that LC decreased and LF increased total (TOC) and active soil organic C (AOC), and total (TN), inorganic (TIN) and active soil N (AIN). Field trials established with combinations of soil inorganic fertilizers (SIF) and local and alternative soil organic fertilizers (i.e., cow and sheep manure, household compost and a biofertilizer) revealed that the cow and sheep manure combined with SIF significantly affected soil properties, such as pH, soil test P, TN, TIN and TOC, soil water content and bulk density and significantly increased the production of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and a subsequent quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) crop. Results of testing a portable field method to assess N status of potato plant tissue suggest that use of the Cardy nitrate-N meter may have some promise for tissue testing for potato in the Andean highlands of Bolivia, where access to soil and plant tissue testing services is limited.