Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The schooling and foraging ecology of lake herring (Coregonus artedi) in Lake Opeongo, Ontario, Canada

We used a combination of suspended gill nets and hydroacoustics to investigate the schooling behaviour of lake herring (Coregonus artedi) in Lake Opeongo, Ontario, Canada. Lake herring form schools during the day but are dispersed at night and this change occurs at a light threshold of roughly 0.04 lx. Schools range in maximum linear di- mension from 100 to 2300 cm with the majority under 1000 cm. The light threshold for school formation is well be- low that at which their principal predator, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), are able to detect prey. This suggests that schooling may provide advantages in addition to predator avoidance. We observed that lake herring stomachs were fuller during the day than at night, indicating that schooling herring forage more efficiently during the day than indi- vidual herring do at night. Furthermore, herring stomach fullness increased with school size, suggesting that schooling enhances foraging opportunities for individual members. We speculate that this is due either to social facilitation of feeding when herring are in the presence of conspecifics, or to corporate vigilance, or "many eyes", which allows indi- vidual fish to spend less time being alert to predators and more time feeding. Resume : Nous avons utilise une combinaison de filets maillants suspendus et de techniques hydroacoustiques pour etudier le comportement de formation de bancs chez le cisco de lac (Coregonus artedi) au lac Opeongo, Ontario, Canada. Les ciscos forment des bancs durant la journee et se dispersent durant la nuit; le changement se produit a un seuil de lumiere d'approximativement 0,04 lx. Les bancs varient en taille lineaire maximale de 100 cm a 2300 cm, la plupart atteignant moins de 1000 cm. Le seuil lumineux pour la formation des bancs est bien inferieur a celui auquel leur predateur principal, le touladi (Salvelinus namaycush), est capable de detecter ses proies. Cela laisse croire que la formation de bancs peut procurer des avantages autres que l'evitement des predateurs. Nous avons observe que les estomacs de ciscos de lacs sont plus remplis durant le jour que la nuit, ce qui indique que les ciscos en bancs s'alimentent plus efficacement le jour que les ciscos solitaires la nuit. De plus, les estomacs sont d'autant plus remplis que les bancs sont de grande taille, ce qui indique que la formation de bancs multiplie les occasions de s'alimenter pour les membres du banc. Nous pensons que cela est du ou bien a une facilitation sociale de l'alimentation lorsque les ciscos sont en presence de poissons de meme espece, ou alors a la vigilance collective par des « yeux multiples » qui permet a chaque poisson de passer moins de temps en alerte vis a vis de ses predateurs et plus de temps a s'alimenter. (Traduit par la Redaction) Milne et al. 1218
Ecosystem scale measurements of surface--atmosphere volatile organic compound exchange

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are emitted into the atmosphere from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Some VOCs act as aerosol precursor compounds in the atmosphere, and thus, affect Earth’s radiative budget and the global climate. In this thesis VOC exchange between the surface and the atmosphere was studied in an ecosystem scale using micrometeorological flux measurement techniques combined with proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry for VOC concentration measurements. The measurements were obtained above three different environments: a Scots pine dominated boreal forest, a Mediterranean oak-hornbeam dominated forest, and an urban area. The main results were the following: i) The direct flux measurement technique, disjunct eddy covariance method, was found to be problematic in low-flux conditions, thus, the indirect surface layer profile method can be recommended for flux measurements in these conditions. Conversely, the eddy covariance method with a time-of-flight mass analyser was found to be a powerful tool for VOC flux measurements. ii) The total VOC flux in the boreal ecosystem was dominated by monoterpenes through the whole year, and also oxygenated VOCs made rather a large contribution. Monoterpene emissions depended on both temperature and light. On the other hand, isoprene was the dominant flux compound above the oak-hornbeam forest, while other compounds played only minor roles compared with the isoprene flux. The OVOC exchange was found to be bi-directional, i.e. many OVOCs, especially methanol, had also significant deposition to the surface. A semi-empirical algorithm was developed to determine the total exchange of methanol. iii) The VOC emissions from anthropogenic sources were significant and they could be determined with the disjunct eddy covariance method. The emission dynamics of VOCs was more complicated compared with the forest environments. However, in urban areas traffic was the most important source for many VOCs whereas isoprene originated mostly from urban vegetation. The methods applied in this study can be used in multiple ecosystems and the thesis provides some recommendations for selecting the most feasible and reliable methods. The results of the thesis, such as determined emission potentials, are also adaptable for modelling purposes.
Effect of Fruit Juices and Other Beverages on Loss of Tooth Structure

Objective: To determine the effect of seven different beverages on tooth enamel. Material and Methods: Human teeth samples were immersed in each beverage (Pepsi, Red Bull, Orange juice, Apple juice, Lemon juice, Coffee and Green tea). Specimens were divided into seven groups by beverage type (n = 5 per group). Weight of the enamel was measured before and after immersion in different beverages daily for at periodic intervals of 24hrs, 7 days, 15 days and 30 days. The data were recorded after weighing the teeth at each time. The beverages were replaced daily. Anova and Tukey post hoc test was performed to compare the differences in percent weight loss. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: There was change in the mean percent weight loss amongst the different beverages with orange juice showing a high reduction in comparison to green tea and coffee. The mean weight reduction of orange juice was by 21% followed by Red Bull (13%), Pepsi (11%), Lemon juice (16%), Apple juice (16%), coffee (3%) and green tea (3%). Conclusion: This study shows that different beverages have erosive potential on teeth depending on the duration of the exposure.
The Gendered Dimensions of Inheritance: Empirical Food for Legal Thought

Inheritance is an extremely significant personal, familial, social, and legal phenomenon. Due to the significance of inheritance in wealth distribution and family relations, it is essential to uncover and discuss its gendered dimensions, which have benefited from surprisingly little empirical or legal attention. This article provides an updated state-of-the-art review of the limited available empirical data on women as legators and on women as heirs in different parts of the world. The review is based on 23 studies, including the original results from a study the author conducted on inheritance in Israel, which illuminates the reach of insights that can be drawn from an inheritance study that focuses on gender. The review shows a sharp dichotomy between the ongoing discrimination women experience in non-Western societies in relation to inheritance and the social reality in the West, in which inheritance is a rare economic space in which women enjoy privilege, power, and control. Although egalitarian inheritance laws have had a dramatic impact on women’s representation in intestacy and their participation in will writing in the West, the data demonstrate that even in this part of the world, cultural patriarchal practices persist and limit women’s inheritance rights and, accordingly, point to the importance of creating legal mechanisms that can counterbalance these practices. Moreover, the available data indicate the value of freedom of testation for women and the importance of ceasing to regard care as cause for suspicion in inheritance law, and instead viewing it as a practice deserving of reward. Finally, the article identifies the areas in which further research on gender and inheritance is warranted, hopefully spurring greater interest and developments in the field.
Maximally Dusty Star-forming Galaxies: Supernova Dust Production and Recycling in Local Group and High-redshift Galaxies

Motivated by recent observations suggesting that core-collapse supernovae may on average produce ∼0.3 M⊙ of dust, we explore a simple dust production scenario that applies to star-forming galaxies in the local environment (the Magellanic Clouds and possibly the Milky Way) as well as to high-redshift (submillimeter, QSO, Lyman-break) galaxies. We assume that the net dust destruction (due to supernova reverse shock, shocks in the interstellar medium, or astration) is negligible on a timescale of 1 Gyr, in which case the dust mass can be estimated as 0.004 times the star formation rate (for a Chabrier initial mass function) multiplied by the duration of the star formation episode. The model can account for observed dust masses over four orders of magnitude and across the redshift range 0–8.4, with dust production rates spanning five orders of magnitude. This suggests that star-forming galaxies may be seen as maximally dusty, in the sense that a dominant fraction of the dust-forming elements forged in a supernova eventually will go into the solid phase. In turn, this indicates little destruction of supernova dust or almost complete replenishment, on a short timescale, of any dust that is destroyed.
Patterns and Meanings in Discourse: Theory and Practice in Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (Cads)

This work is designed, firstly, to both provoke theoretical discussion and serve as a practical guide for researchers and students in the field of corpus linguistics and, secondly, to offer a wide-ranging introduction to corpus techniques for practitioners of discourse studies. It delves into a wide variety of language topics and areas including metaphor, irony, evaluation, (im)politeness, stylistics, language change and sociopolitical issues. Each chapter begins with an outline of an area, followed by case studies which attempt both to shed light on particular themes in this area and to demonstrate the methodologies which might be fruitfully employed to investigate them. The chapters conclude with suggestions on activities which the readers may wish to undertake themselves. An Appendix contains a list of currently available resources for corpus research which were used or mentioned in the book.
Physiological Characteristics and Production of Vitamin K 2 by Lactobacillus fermentum LC272 Isolated from Raw Milk

In order to develop a new starter culture for fermented milk, Lactobacillus fermentum LC272 was isolated from raw milk and its physiological characteristics were investigated. The vitamin K concentration of L. fermentum LC272 was 184.94 µg/L in Rogosa medium and 63.93 µg/L in the reconstituted skim milk. The optimum growth temperature for L. fermentum LC272 was determined to be 40 C and it took 24 h for the pH to reach 5.2 under this condition. L. fermentum LC272 was more sensitive to rifampicin relative of the other 15 different antibiotics tested, and showed most resistance to streptomycin. L. fermentum LC272 showed higher activities to leucine arylamidase and acid phosphatase. It was comparatively tolerant to bile juice and acid and displayed high resistance against Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus with rates of 82.9 and 86.3% respectively. These results demonstrated that L. fermentum LC272 could be an excellent starter culture for fermented milk with high levels of vitamin K production.
Parameter-dependent convergence bounds and complexity measure for a class of conceptual hydrological models

We provide analytical bounds on convergence rates for a class of hydrologic models and consequently derive a complexity measure based on the Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) generalization theory. The class of hydrologic models is a spatially explicit interconnected set of linear reservoirs with the aim of representing globally nonlinear hydrologic behavior by locally linear models. Here, by convergence rate, we mean convergence of the empirical risk to the expected risk. The derived measure of complexity measures a model's propensity to overfit data. We explore how data finiteness can affect model selection for this class of hydrologic model and provide theoretical results on how model performance on a finite sample converges to its expected performance as data size approaches infinity. These bounds can then be used for model selection, as the bounds provide a tradeoff between model complexity and model performance on finite data. The convergence bounds for the considered hydrologic models depend on the magnitude of their parameters, which are the recession parameters of constituting linear reservoirs. Further, the complexity of hydrologic models not only varies with the magnitude of their parameters but also depends on the network structure of the models (in terms of the spatial heterogeneity of parameters and the nature of hydrologic connectivity). © IWA Publishing 2012.
Risk Management Strategies in Humid Production Regions: A Comparison of Supplemental Irrigation and Crop Insurance

Recent federal agricultural programs have accelerated the devolution of enterprise risk management responsibility from the state to individual producers. Using a biophysical simulation model, the risk management benefits of federal crop insurance and supplemental irrigation are derived and compared to uninsured rainfed crop production in an expected utility framework. Federal crop insurance programs are inefficient at reducing producer exposure to weather-related production risk in humid regions, and the risk management benefits from supplemental irrigation are found to be scale and technology dependent. Environmental policies that regulate resource development will increase the investment cost of irrigation alternatives and reduce economic feasibility.
Financial Valuation and Risk Management Working Paper No . 693 Buyers Versus Sellers : Who Initiates Trades and When ?

We study the relation between order imbalance and past returns and firm characteristics and test a number of hypothesis including the disposition effect, momentum and contrarian trading, taxloss selling and flight-to-quality hypothesis. These hypotheses make predictions about investors’ buy or sell decisions, but previous studies that test these hypotheses use turnover data that combine both buyer and seller-initiated trades. We find that investors behave as contrarians over short horizons and as momentum traders over longer horizons. We find strong support for seasonal tax induced trading but little evidence of flight-to-quality.
The concept of transport capacity in geomorphology

The notion of sediment‐transport capacity has been engrained in geomorphological and related literature for over 50 years, although its earliest roots date back explicitly to Gilbert in fluvial geomorphology in the 1870s and implicitly to eighteenth to nineteenth century developments in engineering. Despite cross fertilization between different process domains, there seem to have been independent inventions of the idea in aeolian geomorphology by Bagnold in the 1930s and in hillslope studies by Ellison in the 1940s. Here we review the invention and development of the idea of transport capacity in the fluvial, aeolian, coastal, hillslope, débris flow, and glacial process domains. As these various developments have occurred, different definitions have been used, which makes it both a difficult concept to test, and one that may lead to poor communications between those working in different domains of geomorphology. We argue that the original relation between the power of a flow and its ability to transport sediment can be challenged for three reasons. First, as sediment becomes entrained in a flow, the nature of the flow changes and so it is unreasonable to link the capacity of the water or wind only to the ability of the fluid to move sediment. Secondly, environmental sediment transport is complicated, and the range of processes involved in most movements means that simple relationships are unlikely to hold, not least because the movement of sediment often changes the substrate, which in turn affects the flow conditions. Thirdly, the inherently stochastic nature of sediment transport means that any capacity relationships do not scale either in time or in space. Consequently, new theories of sediment transport are needed to improve understanding and prediction and to guide measurement and management of all geomorphic systems.
Conjunction Search Onset Following Single-Feature Preview: Equating Visual Transients

What happens to visual selection if the features of objects in a scene are viewed incrementally rather than simultaneously? According to Olds et al. (2009), it depends upon which feature is presented first. Olds et al. (2009) used the feature-preview search paradigm to cue conjunction search items by presenting observers with a preview display that contained 1 of 2 features for all of the search items. Prior exposure to some features facilitated subsequent visual selection more than prior exposure to others; overall, size-preview offered the greatest search facilitation, followed by color-preview, and lastly, orientation-preview. Some feature-preview conditions, however, contained luminance transients, while others did not. In the present study, we equated relative differences in luminance onsets, across the different feature-preview conditions in order to determine whether or not feature-preview effects are mediated by luminance transients. The general pattern of results obtained by Olds et al. (2009) was replicated and different featurepreviews continued to have differential effects on subsequent search; relative differences in luminance transients did not mediate feature-preview effects. Alternative theories are proposed and discussed.
The origin of the hard X-ray tail in neutron-star X-ray binaries

Neutron star X-ray binaries emit a compact, optically thick, relativistic radio jet during low-luminosity, usually hard states, as Galactic black-hole X-ray binaries do. When radio emission is bright, a hard power-law tail without evidence for an exponential cutoff is observed in most systems. We have developed a jet model that explains many spectral and timing properties of black-hole binaries in the states where a jet is present. Our goal is to investigate whether our jet model can reproduce the hard tail, with the correct range of photon index and the absence of a high-energy cutoff, in neutron-star X-ray binaries. We have performed Monte Carlo simulations of the Compton upscattering of soft, accretion-disk or boundary layer photons, in the jet and computed the emergent energy spectra, as well as the time lag of hard photons with respect to softer ones as a function of Fourier frequency. We demonstrate that our jet model explains the observed power-law distribution with photon index in the range 1.8-3. With an appropriate choice of the parameters, the cutoff expected from Comptonization is shifted to energies above ~300 keV, producing a pure power law without any evidence for a rollover, in agreement with the observations. Our results reinforce the idea that the link between the outflow (jet) and inflow (disk) in X-ray binaries does not depend on the nature of the compact object, but on the process of accretion. Furthermore, we address the differences of jets in black-hole and neutron-star X-ray binaries and predict that the break frequency in the spectral energy distribution of neutron-star X-ray binaries, as a class, will be lower than that of black-hole binaries.
Clutch lining frictional characteristics under thermal tribodynamic conditions

The frictional performance of the clutch mating surfaces varies transiently during clutch engagement. The friction characteristics depend on the clamp load, relative slip speed of the mating surfaces and the generated contact temperature. These operating conditions affect the characteristics and lead to clutch take-up judder during engagement. To study this phenomenon as well as issues relating to clutch wear, it is essential to evaluate the friction lining characteristics. This paper replicates the clutch conditions through careful experimentation with a fully instrumented pin-on-disc tribometer. It is shown that the kinetic coefficient of friction for the clutch friction lining material in contact with the sinusoidal wavy and rough surface of pressure plate decreases with rising contact temperature and increasing slip speed.
1900 : a fin-de-siècle reader

At the turn of the nineteenth century, just like today, many people were terrified -- or thrilled -- by the seemingly unstoppable progress of science, wrestling with questions of sexual identity, and turning away from traditional religions or taking refuge in spiritualism, the paranormal, and "new age" philosophies. This selection of more than 120 writings from the four decades around 1900 brings together newspaper clippings, poetry, pulp fiction, scientific polemic, and sexological speculation, alongside classic texts by Conan Doyle, Stevenson, Wells, Dickens, Ibsen, Ruskin, and Zola. Vividly illuminating both the similarities and the differences between millennial and fin-de-siecle anxieties, this dazzling anthology forces us to look again at the progress we have made (or failed to make) in the last hundred years.
Evaluation of functional outcome of tibial plateau fractures managed by different surgical modalities

Background: Tibial plateau makes up one of the most important weight bearing surface. Its fractures are commonly faced entity encompassing a wide spectrum of injuries of variable fracture morphology. Due to in-crease in incidence of high velocity trauma and higher functional demands of patients, surgery is warranted in most of the cases. Although, there is advancement in fracture fixation methods, apt treatment of tibial plateau fractures still remains controversial. Methods: In our series, we analyzed the functional outcomes of 58 of surgically treated tibial plateau fractures. Fractures were classified with Schatzker’s classification. Various fixation modalities of fixation were employed. Functional outcome was evaluated with modified Rasmussen’s criteria. Results: Most of the patient’s belonged to younger age groups (58.62%) and males (79.31%) were predominately involved. Road traffic accidents were the most common etiological factor (70.69%). Schatzker types I (29.31%) and II (27.59%) were the most common observed fracture type. The majority of the patients had a complication free recovery (81.03%). Infection was reported in only one case (1.72%). Similarly, malunion was noticed in only in one case (1.72%). None of the patients had complications like nonunion or neurovascular damage. The functional outcome assessment according to Modified Rasmussen’s criteria at the end of 12 months showed the excellent functional outcome in 41 (70.68%), good in eight (13.79%), fair in five (10.34%) and poor in four (6.9%) patients. Conclusions: Surgical treatment of tibial plateau fractures is challenging, yet it helps in achieving excellent anatomical restoration and rigid fracture fixation enabling in the restoration of articular congruity and facilitation of early knee motion thus achieving optimal knee function.