Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neonatal Candidiasis Among Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants: Risk Factors, Mortality Rates, and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 18 to 22 Months

BACKGROUND. Neonatal candidiasis is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality rates. Neurodevelopmental follow-up data for a large multicenter cohort have not been reported. METHODS. Data were collected prospectively for neonates born at <1000 g at National Institute of Child Health and Human Development-sponsored Neonatal Research Network sites between September 1, 1998, and December 31, 2001. Uniform follow-up evaluations, including assessments of mental and motor development with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II, were completed for all survivors at corrected ages of 18 to 22 months. We evaluated risk factors for the development of neonatal candidiasis, responses to antifungal therapy, and the association between candidiasis and subsequent morbidity and death. RESULTS. The cohort consisted of 4579 infants; 320 of 4579 (7%) developed candidiasis; 307 of 320 had Candida isolated from blood, 27 of 320 had Candida isolated from cerebrospinal fluid, and 13 (48%) of 27 of those with meningitis had negative blood cultures. In multivariate analysis of risk factors on day of life 3, birth weight, cephalosporins, gender, and lack of enteral feeding were associated with development of candidiasis. After diagnosis, most neonates had multiple positive cultures despite antifungal therapy, and 10% of neonates had candidemia for ≥14 days. Death or neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) was observed for 73% of extremely low birth weight infants who developed candidiasis. Death and NDI rates were greater for infants who had delayed removal or replacement of central catheters (>1 day after initiation of antifungal therapy), compared with infants whose catheters were removed or replaced promptly. CONCLUSIONS. Blood cultures were negative for approximately one half of the infants with Candida meningitis. Persistent candidiasis was common. Delayed catheter removal was associated with increased death and NDI rates.
Performance Analysis of Beam Sweeping in Millimeter Wave Assuming Noise and Imperfect Antenna Patterns

Beam alignment is an important component of millimeter wave communication systems, which use analog beam steering.We analyze the performance of beam alignment methods based on the hierarchical beam sweeping that are adopted in IEEE 802.11ad and IEEE 802.15. 3c. Previous work studies misalignment probability due to thermal noise or antenna gain fluctuation alone. At the early stage of the alignment process, however, both effects are important. We incorporate both effects and derive probability of misalignment not only with respect to the best path but also to secondary ones. Our analysis can capture the misalignment severity in terms of power loss with respect to the perfect alignment case. Numerical examples show that line-of-sight channels are more constrained by the thermal noise, while the non- line-of-sight channels are more constrained by the antenna gain fluctuations.
Socioeconomic Determinants of White and Black Males’ Life Expectancy Differentials, 1980

Epidemiological transition theory suggests that two populations existing under disparate socioeconomic conditions would have different life expectancies as the result of cause-of-death differences. The effect of racial socioeconomic differentials on the total racial life expectancy differential are examined as they act through specific cause-of-death differentials. Results suggest that residential isolation of blacks has a strong effect on the total life expectancy differential as it acts through the racial homicide differential. The racial unemployment difference also has a strong effect on the total differential as it acts through the racial heart disease differential. Implications of the findings for reducing life expectancy differentials are discussed.
Predictors of postpartum stress.

AIM To predict important factors in women's postpartum stress. BACKGROUND The transition to motherhood is often accompanied by stress, but research on predictors of postpartum stress is scant. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey was used in the study. METHODS Proportional stratified quota sampling based on births at 11 registered general hospitals and seven specialty clinics in the Kaohsiung area of southern Taiwan was used to obtain a high degree of representation. Eight hundred and fifty-nine women participated in the study within six weeks postpartum. The Hung postpartum stress scale, the social support scale and the 12-item Chinese Health Questionnaire were used in this study. RESULTS Women with minor psychiatric morbidity, one or two children, junior college educational level, formula feeding for their infants, preference for an infant boy and a low level of social support were important predictors for women's postpartum stress. CONCLUSION Our findings provide information and data for service planning and community care for the prevention and amelioration of postpartum stress. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Postpartum women face a constellation of factors that could put them at risk for high levels of postpartum stress. Postpartum stress could significantly negatively impact women's health status. Nursing interventions should be tailored to decrease women's postpartum stress as a means of promoting postpartum women's pursuit of well-being.
Sildenafil does not improve nitric oxide-mediated endothelium-dependent vascular responses in smokers.

AIMS To examine the hypothesis that sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor that inhibits cGMP breakdown, could enhance nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation and reverse endothelial dysfunction in chronic smokers. METHODS Flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery and forearm postischemic reactive hyperemia (both nitric oxide-mediated responses) were measured before and after sildenafil 50 mg and placebo in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study in 9 men who were chronic smokers (21 +/- 3 pack years). RESULTS There was no significant change in flow-mediated dilation after either sildenafil (0.18%, 95%CI -1.7-2%) or placebo (0.24%, 95%CI -2.8-3.3%) (P = 0.88 and 0.8, respectively). Sildenafil had no significant effect on resting forearm blood flow or postischemic reactive hyperemia (P = 0.39 and 0.7, respectively). Resting heart rate and blood pressure were unaffected by sildenafil. CONCLUSIONS Acute sildenafil administration did not improve endothelial function in chronic smoking men.
Toluene Degrading Bacteria from the Rhizosphere of Solanum melongena Contaminated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon

Increase in industrialization over the last century has led to elevated releases of anthropogenic chemicals into the environment. Prevalent contaminants include petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), halogenated hydrocarbons, pesticides, solvents, metals, and salt. There resulting stresses on human and eco-system health are well documented (CCME, 2001). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the product of incomplete combustion, i.e. the burning of fossil fuels, forest fires, coal tar, creosote, diesel and cigarette smoke. These organic chemicals are found almost everywhere and pose a risk to human health because of their potentially carcinogenic nature and bioavailability in water, soil, sediment, and air resources that humans come in contact with daily. Because PAHs are International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 4 (2017) pp. 2060-2079 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas. com
Predicting audit failure: evidence from auditing enforcement releases

ABSTRACT This study aims to identify the main determinants of audit failure and contribute to the current debate raised by recent European Union regulation on auditor’s tenure and economic policies to prevent impairment of auditor’s independence. We approach audit failure through auditing enforcement releases triggered by the investigations conducted by the Spanish public oversight board. The sample of sanctioned individual auditors and audit firms covers the period 2002–2013. Our results reveal that audit failure likelihood increases when the probability of financial distress is higher, the auditor is permissive of upward earnings management, and the audit report is signed by an individual auditor. The results reveal a positive association between auditor tenure and audit failure only for individual auditors. The relative economic weight of the auditor–client is also positively associated with audit failure, plausibly because audit firms are more concerned with reputation loss tied to big scandals than succumbing to economic pressure from their clients.
THROMBOSIS AND HEMOSTASIS Clot contraction : compression of erythrocytes into tightly packed polyhedra and redistribution of platelets and fi brin

• In contracted clots and thrombi, erythrocytes are compressed to close-packed polyhedral structures with platelets and fibrin on the surface. • Polyhedrocytes form an impermeable seal to stem bleeding and help prevent vascular obstruction but confer resistance to fibrinolysis. Contraction of blood clots is necessary for hemostasis and wound healing and to restore flowpast obstructive thrombi, but little is knownabout the structureof contracted clots or the role of erythrocytes in contraction. We found that contracted blood clots develop a remarkable structure, with a meshwork of fibrin and platelet aggregates on the exterior of the clot and a close-packed, tessellated array of compressed polyhedral erythrocytes within. The same results were obtained after initiation of clotting with various activators and alsowith clots from reconstituted human blood andmouse blood. Such close-packed arrays of polyhedral erythrocytes, or polyhedrocytes, were also observed in human arterial thrombi taken from patients. The mechanical nature of this shape change was confirmed by polyhedrocyte formation from the forces of centrifugation of blood without clotting. Platelets (with their cytoskeletal motility proteins) and fibrin(ogen) (as the substrate bridging platelets for contraction) are required togenerate the forces necessary to segregateplatelets/ fibrin from erythrocytes and to compress erythrocytes into a tightly packed array. These results demonstrate how contracted clots form an impermeable barrier important for hemostasis and wound healing and help explain how fibrinolysis is greatly retarded as clots contract. (Blood. 2014;123(10):1596-1603)
The effect of treatment with interferon‐gamma on type II collagen‐induced arthritis

We have investigated the effects of recombinant murine interferon‐gamma (rIFN‐γ) on type II collagen‐induced arthritis (CA) in DBA/1 mice. Therapeutic as well as prophylactic treatment with subcutaneous rIFN‐γ, at 105 U/mouse six times a week, inhibited the development of CA without any obvious side effects. The accompanying suppression of anti‐CII antibody responses may partly explain the inhibition of CA by rIFN‐γ. The possible role of the anti‐inflammatory effect of systemic IFN‐γ in the inhibition of CA is discussed.
THE ROLE OF TREE DOMESTICATION IN GREEN MARKET PRODUCT VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

Internationally, there is increasing interest in acquiring ‘green’ market, organic and/or fair trade products, also sourced from the wild. The latter is expected to come from well-managed (forest) systems. This has led to the development and implementation of programmes designed to reduce deforestation and forest degradation (for mitigation of climate change, and sustainable provision of environmental goods and services) (REDD and REDD+). Crucially, this approach needs to be extended to the many poor, hungry and marginalized smallholder farmers in developing countries so that they can benefit from this increased market interest, but also to allow them to improve their natural resource (management) basis. In this context, agroforestry tree domestication has made considerable progress in the last 20 years, especially in Africa, in providing planting materials of many new tree crops for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries and consumer markets across many agro-ecological zones. Tree domestication is an important element and the first necessary step in the development of sustainable tree production for introduction in agroforestry systems. These trees can then form the basis of Non-Timber Forest Production (NTFP) that can feed into livelihood development. In contrast to wild trees, planted trees can offer a more regular and continuous supply of NTFPs that then feed into local-to-global value chains and highly sophisticated markets that demand higher quality and greater uniformity. Together with research institutes, local farmers are now developing new, more performant cultivars of species of interest. They thus eventually help to create direct benefits from the processing and subsequent marketing of food and non-food products in local, regional and international markets. The latter activities also create business and employment opportunities in local cottage industries. Similarly, through the indirect environmental and ecological services provided by trees, food security can be greatly enhanced as agroforestry may improve the production environment of crops and thus close the yield gap (i.e. the difference between the potential and actual yield) of modern crop varieties. In this way, agroforestry adds income generation to agro-ecological approaches which together reverse the cycle of land degradation and social deprivation whilst at the same time transforming the lives of poor farmers. However, these benefits do not come without some risks: the loss of genetic diversity and local rights over genetic resources, and exploitation by unscrupulous entrepreneurs. Agroforestry developments should therefore focus on better access to ‘green’ business opportunities for poor smallholder farmers in Africa by maximizing the benefits and minimizing the risks. KEYWORDS: AGROFORESTRY TREE PRODUCTS; GENETIC DIVERSITY; INDIGENOUS TREE SPECIES; LIVELIHOODS, REDD+
Public Trust in Health Information Sharing: Implications for Biobanking and Electronic Health Record Systems

Biobanks are made all the more valuable when the biological samples they hold can be linked to health information collected in research, electronic health records, or public health practice. Public trust in such systems that share health information for research and health care practice is understudied. Our research examines characteristics of the general public that predict trust in a health system that includes researchers, health care providers, insurance companies and public health departments. We created a 119-item survey of predictors and attributes of system trust and fielded it using Amazon’s MTurk system (n = 447). We found that seeing one’s primary care provider, having a favorable view of data sharing and believing that data sharing will improve the quality of health care, as well as psychosocial factors (altruism and generalized trust) were positively and significantly associated with system trust. As expected, privacy concern, but counterintuitively, knowledge about health information sharing were negatively associated with system trust. We conclude that, in order to assure the public’s trust, policy makers charged with setting best practices for governance of biobanks and access to electronic health records should leverage critical access points to engage a diverse public in joint decision making.
Timing of elective repeat cesarean delivery at term.

To the Editor: Tita et al. (Jan. 8 issue) suggest that delaying elective repeat cesarean delivery until 39 weeks of gestation will decrease the incidence of neonatal morbidity.1 However, delaying repeat cesarean delivery may have maternal and fetal consequences that are not addressed in their report. Between 38 and 39 weeks of gestation, approximately 10% of women go into spontaneous labor,2 with the result that planned cesarean deliveries are converted to emergency ones. The incidence of severe maternal morbidity is significantly higher among women undergoing emergency cesarean delivery than among those undergoing elective cesarean delivery.3 Complications may be greater among women after higher-order repeat cesarean deliveries4 and among older women.5 Therefore, the benefits of reducing neonatal morbidity from 11% at 38 weeks to 8% at 39 weeks, as reported by Tita et al., need to be weighed against the possible increase in the risks of severe maternal morbidity and perinatal mortality associated with delaying delivery. Raed Salim, M.D. Noah Zafran, M.D. Eliezer Shalev, M.D.
The role of nutrient variability in aquatic ecosystems

The effects of nutrient input into aquatic systems has been studied frequently; typically, these studies report an increase in algal biomass and a decrease in species diversity in response to an increase of nutrients. However, it is not clear why similar aquatic communities will respond differently to nutrient additions of similar magnitudes, resulting in alternative communities. Because variance in natural ecosystems is pervasive, perhaps it is this variability that helps determine the final community. I proposed that the total amount of nutrient input and the variability of nutrient input would affect the abundances and composition of species. A natural survey was conducted to measure the variable levels of nutrients in several aquatic systems. Experimental ponds were used to test the effects of variable rates and timing of nutrient inputs upon an aquatic community; experimental treatments manipulated the total amount of nutrient input (high v. low), the rate of nutrient input (annually, monthly or weekly), the timing of the nutrient input (early v. mid- season), and the trophic status at which these treatments were imposed (mesotrophic v. eutrophic). The effects of the variability of nutrient input was at least as important as the total amount of the nutrient input. There were large impacts upon species diversity, abundances and composition. Although these effects were manifested in many trophic groups, the response to the variability was most strikingly found within the primary producers, which showed large shifts in abundance and composition.
SMEs: Key drivers of green and inclusive growth

Small and medium-sized enterprises (“SMEs”) are important stakeholders for both environmental and economic policymaking. Among OECD countries, they represent roughly 99.7% of all enterprises and 60% of total employment. Simultaneously, while their individual environmental footprint is small, on aggregate, SMEs contribute up to 70% of industrial pollution in Europe. Thus, they have tremendous potential as drivers of green and inclusive growth. Through a comprehensive literature review, this issue paper assesses the trade-offs and synergies between SMEs’ ability to deliver green growth – through greening processes like eco-innovation and adoption of green measures - and their ability to contribute to inclusive growth – through job creation and inclusive business models. This issue paper also reviews relevant policy measures that can help SMEs navigate the opportunities and challenges in delivering green and inclusive growth.
Electrocardiogram interpretation and management in a pediatric emergency department.

OBJECTIVES To determine the accuracy of electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation by pediatric emergency physicians through comparison with a pediatric cardiologist and to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability for pediatric emergency physicians and cardiologists. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study in which pediatric emergency physicians ordering an ECG completed a standardized questionnaire. The same emergency physician, a second emergency physician, and a pediatric cardiologist also completed the questionnaire for all ECGs at a later time. A randomly selected subset of ECGs was also interpreted by the same cardiologist and a second pediatric cardiologist. Major outcome variables were (1) whether the ECG was normal or abnormal, and if abnormal, (2) whether the abnormality represented a minor or major concern, and (3) whether the ECG warranted referral to a pediatric cardiologist. RESULTS For pediatric emergency physicians, the intrarater and interrater kappa values were 0.56 and 0.24 for the presence of an abnormality, 0.49 and 0.36 for level of concern, and 0.63 and 0.25 for need of cardiology follow-up. For pediatric cardiologists, the intrarater and interrater kappa values were 0.82 and 0.92 for the presence of an abnormality, 0.71 and 1.00 for level of concern, and 0.82 and 0.91 for need of cardiology follow-up. A comparison of the initial emergency physician and cardiologist interpretations yielded kappa values of 0.42 for the presence of an abnormality, 0.16 for level of concern, and 0.31 for need of cardiology follow-up. CONCLUSIONS When compared with interpretation by a pediatric cardiologist, ECG interpretation by pediatric emergency physicians was relatively inaccurate; intrarater and interrater agreement among emergency physicians was good and poor, respectively, and the intrarater and interrater agreement among pediatric cardiologists was excellent.
The effect of financial literacy towards financial inclusion through financial training

The current study aimed to describe the influence of financial literacy on financial inclusion that mediated by financial training. It focused on Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Respondents in the study were 54 respondents that were taken from 119 MSMEs in Kupang city, Indonesia. The analysis applied path analysis technique. It was to determine the direct or indirect relationship with SPSS Version 20. Analysis results have shown that financial literacy has got a direct and significant impact on financial inclusion. Its contribution to financial training is 33%. In the other side, the contribution of financial literacy towards inclusion is 32%. Furthermore, financial training has mediated the relationship between financial literacy and financial inclusion. The presentation is 11%. This phenomenon shows that in the future, it is necessary to increase the frequency of financial training for MSMEs actors in Kupang city, Indonesia. The training has to be conducted to increase financial inclusion in understanding the knowledge of the financial product. Since the current study only examined financial literacy, financial inclusion, and financial training, it is suggested that the future researches may examine other aspects such as transparency, accountability, and quality of financial statements.
Avaliação comportamental do processamento auditivo pré e pós treinamento auditivo formal em indivíduos após traumatismo cranioencefálico Behavioral assessment of auditory processing before and after formal auditory training in traumatic brain injury patients

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the effects of formal auditory training on in-dividuals with traumatic brain injury using behavioral tests. Methods: Nine normal hearing individuals who had severe traumatic brain injury underwent behavioral evaluation of auditory processing pre and post formal auditory training. Eight sessions took place in an attempt to train the auditory skills of temporal ordering, auditory closure and figure--ground. Results: All individuals improved in all tests after the training, improving the auditory skills of temporal ordering and figure-ground of verbal sounds. In terms of the altered gnosis processes, a significant im-provement was found for encoding (gradual loss of memory and sensory integration) and organization. Conclusion: After formal auditory trai-ning, individuals with severe traumatic brain injury exhibited adequacy in the auditory skills of figure-ground, temporal ordering and resolution. Keywords: Hearing; Auditory diseases Central; Neuronal plasticity; Rehabilitation; Brain injuriesTrabalho realizado na Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo – UNIFESP – Sao Paulo (SP), Brasil. (1) Universidade de Sao Paulo – USP, Hospital de Reabilitacao de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Bauru (SP), Brasil. (2) Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo – UNIFESP, Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Sao Paulo (SP), Brasil.