Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An examination of orthographic and phonological processing using the task-choice procedure

The task-choice procedure provides a way for assessing whether stimuli are processed immediately upon presentation and in parallel with other cognitive operations. In this procedure, the task changes on a trial-by-trial basis and the cue informing participants about the task appears either before or simultaneously with the target, which is either degraded or clear. Of interest is whether the effect of stimulus clarity will disappear when the cue is presented simultaneously with the target, suggesting capacity-free processing, or whether the effect of stimulus clarity will remain, suggesting target processing is delayed. Besner and Care developed this procedure using nonword targets and found that phonological information was not extracted in parallel with deciphering the task cue. The current experiment examined whether phonological and orthographic information could be extracted from word and nonword stimuli in a capacity-free manner. Results indicate that in both tasks some processing does occur in a capacity-free manner when words are used but not when nonwords are used. These data may be consistent with interactive activation models which posit top-down lexical connections that facilitate the extraction of sublexical codes.
Learners' competence may be more accurate than we think.

An important debate in SLA revolves around the issue of whether the mental representation of agreement in the L2 grammar is somehow deficient. In children we find a direct relationship between their knowledge of verb morphology and syntactic correlates such as verb raising (Meisel 1992; Poeppel and Wexler 1993; Meisel 1997). L2 learners, however, may exhibit knowledge of the syntactic properties of the language while consistently omitting verb inflection (Lardiere 1998a; Lardiere 1998b). This disassociation between morphology and syntax has led some researchers to argue that second language acquisition differs from first language acquisition either because new functional categories or feature values are not attainable in L2 acquisition (Tsimpli and Roussou 1991), because the learner is restricted to the formal features found in the L1 (Hawkins and Chan 1997; Franceschina 2001), or because after a certain age UG is no longer accessible (Meisel 1997). On the other hand, Prévost and White (2000) have argued that the problem in the production of inflection is not related to a deficit but is rather a problem of mapping. This paper will examine this question in relation to the acquisition of Spanish as a second language. Most of the research carried out on learners' knowledge of morphology is based on production data (Meisel 1997; Lardiere 1998a; Lardiere 1998b; Prévost and White 2000). The present paper takes an experimental design to examine knowledge of agreement in the grammar of adult L2 learners of Spanish at the beginning stages. It examines elicited production and recognition data, looking at the types of errors produced and any possible differences between recognition and production. It will show that production errors are much more frequent than recognition errors, and, in fact, even these are fewer than one would expect from results found in the literature. This is taken as evidence for the hypothesis that there is no deficit in second language acquisition.
Reactions of Phosphate Fertilizers and By-Products in Soils

The low concentration and low solubility of phosphorus (P) compounds in unfertilized (unmanured) soils limits land-use for continuous crop production (Hedley et al., 1995). Fertilizers and by-products (manures) containing P are applied to soils with the main purpose of increasing the bioavailable supply of orthophosphate to the roots of food and fiber-producing plants. The most commonly used P fertilizers are shown in Table 7–1. To be effective in removing the P constraint to crop growth the P compounds added to soil must raise the concentration of the orthophosphate ion in the soil solution that bathes the roots of crop plants. For P fertilizers to be effective they, or their reaction products in soil (e.g., decomposition of organic manure), must have larger solubility products than the natural phosphates already present in soils. Thus, it is no surprise to find that the conclusions from agronomic trials in many soils are that the application of the most soluble forms of P compounds (Table 7–2) results in the most rapid increases in crop yield and the largest, first-season, yield gains per unit P applied. Such trials also show, however, that only 5 to 30% of the soluble P applied to soils is recovered in the first crop (McLaughlin et al., 1988), leaving 70 to 95% of the P applied in ‘fertilizer-soil reaction products’ in the soil for the next growing season (Barrow, 1980; Bolland and Gilkes 1998). Long-term trials demonstrate that the yield-producing capability of this residual phosphate in the next season is considerably lower (by 20–70%) than that of freshly applied soluble phosphate and over a number of years continues to decline (Bolland and Gilkes 1998; see later discussion). Much of the research undertaken to identify the nature of these low solubility, fertilizer-soil reaction products was completed prior to 1980 and extensively reviewed by Sample et al. (1980) and Holford (1989). In this chapter, the key processes and factors influencing the type of reactions occurring and the nature of the fertilizer-soil reaction products formed are 7
A Simple Point Estimator of the Power of Moments

Let $X$ be an observable random variable with unknown distribution function $F(x) = \mathbb{P}(X \leq x), - \infty x) = \infty ~~\forall~r > \theta. \] This means that, under very reasonable conditions on $F(\cdot)$, $\hat{\theta}_{n}$ is actually a consistent estimator of $\theta$. Hypothesis testing for the power of moments is conducted and, as an application of our main results, the formula for finding the p-value of the test is given. In addition, a theoretical application of our main results is provided together with three illustrative examples.
Cleaning up

A word in your ear about Mr Michael Howard, if I may, but first a brief digression. The ability to think scientifically is our greatest evolutionary achievement. The willingness to submit cherished beliefs to experimental falsification goes against the grain of a mental apparatus programmed to confirm its own preconceptions. This “confirmatory bias” is likely to have both biological and social origins. Biologically, our perceptual systems create “templates” against which incoming information is matched to see whether or not it fits the bill. As there is seldom a perfect match between template and input, a degree of massaging of the sensory data to …
Interactive Learning Modules for PID Control

Abstract This paper describes a collection of interactive learning modules for PID control based on the graphical spread sheet metaphor. The modules are designed to speed-up learning and to enhance understanding of the behavior of loops with PID controllers. The modules are implemented in Sysquake, a Matlab dialect with strong support of interaction. Executable versions of the modules for Mac and PC are available on the web.
Multi-sensory approaches to (audio) describing the visual arts

Making art accessible to blind patrons requires the ability to convey explicit and implicit visual messages through non-visual forms. Audio description is often seen as the best way to offer visual texts to blind people; however, one may query whether words alone are sufficient to convey the subtleties of art and to transport the emotional charge such works offer. It is a fact that the dialogue between words and touch may allow these particular “readers” to “see” art in its tangible forms, but perhaps more is needed if one is to give them the opportunity to live the art experience to the full. This article discusses different multi-sensory approaches to making art available to visually impaired people and proposes soundpainting as a form of artistic transcreation.
Sociocultural Learning Theories and Information Literacy Teaching Activities in Higher Education

This article introduces collaborative learning models based on sociocultural learning theories and discusses their potential for developing more effective learning opportunities in information literacy teaching. As described in the research of Vygotsky and other theoreticians, sociocultural learning theories are learner-centered and provide insight into collaborative approaches to student learning. These theories take into account the social and cultural aspects of acquiring knowledge. Collaborative learning, as outlined in the literature review, is an effective means of increasing student achievement and cognitive development. Research also shows that in a community-of-learners, a learner's potential performance level is increased. In the last section of this article, several collaborative learning models are introduced: the jigsaw model, the reciprocal model, and collaborative peer groups, including problem-and resource-based learning. These models are then applied to information literacy teaching to demonstrate how collaborative learning approaches enhance the teaching. At the end, a comparison of the traditional library classroom and the community-of-learners environment is introduced; the article concludes that the information literacy community-of-learners is an effective learning environment to improve student learning.
The attributes of information as an asset

This paper reports first stage findings from an ongoing three‐year research project, funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB). The research is being conducted jointly by the Department of Information Science and The Business School at Loughborough University. Information assets of organisations are identified and attributes of information assets from the information science literature are discussed. Finally, future research plans for practical testing of attributes of information assets using case studies are briefly outlined.
Transfinite diameter on complex algebraic varieties

We use methods from computational algebraic geometry to study Chebyshev constants and the transfinite diameter of a pure $m$-dimensional affine algebraic variety in $\mathbb{C}^n$ ($m\leq n$). The main result is a generalization of Zaharjuta's integral formula for the Fekete-Leja transfinite diameter.
GENETIC ALGORITHMS FOR SUPPLY MANAGEMENT PROBLEM WITH LOWER-BOUNDED DEMANDS

Abstract Two variants of genetic algorithm (GA) for solving the Supply Management Problem with Lower-Bounded Demands (SMPLD) are proposed and experimentally tested. The SMPLD problem consists in planning the shipments from a set of providers to a set of consumers minimizing the total transportation cost, given lower and upper bounds on shipment sizes, lower-bounded consumption and linear delivery costs. The first variant of GA uses the standard binary representation of solutions, the second one is based on the permutation representation and a greedy decoder. The experiments show the behaviour of the algorithms on different problem classes and indicate their competitiveness to the CPLEX solver.
Analysis of the New Features of OpenFlow 1.4

Software Defined Networking (SDN) separates the control plane from the data plane within the network, allowing the intelligence and state of the network to be managed centrally while abstracting the complexity of the underlying physical network. Among the three layers architecture of SDN, the southbound interface is very important since it is used for connecting the control layer and the infrastructure layer. The OpenFlow protocol is the first standard communication interface defined as a southbound interface. This article introduces the new features of the latest version of OpenFlow released on Oct. 15, 2013, and discusses the possible applications that can benefit from these new
Formal Principles of Language Acquisition

The question of language learnability is central to modern linguistics. Yet, despite its importance, research into the problems of language learnability has rarely gone beyond the informal, commonsense intuitions that currently prevail among linguists and psychologists.By focusing their inquiry on formal language learnability theory--the interface of formal mathematical linguistics, linguistic theory and cognitive psychology--the authors of this book have developed a rigorous and unified theory that opens the study of language learnability to discoveries about the mechanisms of language acquisition in human beings. Their research has important implications for linguistic theory, child language research, and the philosophy of language. "Formal Principles of Language Acquisition" develops rigorous mathematical methods for demonstrating the learnability of classes of grammars. It adapts the well-developed theories of transformational grammar to establish psychological motivation for a set of formal constraints on grammars sufficient for learnability. In addition, the research deals with such matters as the complex interaction between the mechanism of language learning and the learning environment, the empirical adequacy of the learnability constraints, feasibility and attainability of classes of grammars, the role of semantics in language learnability, and the adequacy of transformational grammars as models of human linguistic competence.This first serious and extended development of a formal and precise theory of language learnability will interest researchers in psychology and linguistics, and is recommended for use in graduate courses in language acquisition, linguistic theory, psycholinguistics, and mathematical linguistics, as well as interdisciplinary courses that deal with language learning, use, and philosophy.Contents: Methodological Considerations; Foundations of a Theory of Learnability; A Learnability Result for Transformational Grammar; Degree-2 Learnability; Linguistic Evidence for the Learnability Constraints; Function, Performance and Explanations; Further Issues: Linguistic Interaction, Invariance Principle, Open Problems; Notes, Bibliography, Index.
Perceptions and Recall of Advertising Content Presented on Mobile Handled Devices

ABSTRACT With the advancements in mobile phone technology and the increase in consumer use of wireless devices to access the internet, there is a need to explore the inevitable effect of these factors on mobile advertising. In this project, we presented commercial content on wireless devices, designed to represent various modality combinations (text, audio, and pictures) to test hypotheses based on cognitive load theory. Results showed that modality significantly affected subjects’ perceptions toward and recall of the commercial content. However, modality did not affect perceptions of the mobile device itself, or influence behavioral intentions and attitudes toward mobile advertising on wireless devices. Behavioral intentions to use mobile devices were significantly predicted by consumer perceptions of content and of the device. Marketers can use these results to design more effective ads to be presented on mobile devices.
Uncooperative Person Recognition Based on Stochastic Information Updates and Environment Estimators

We address the problem of uncooperative person recognition through continuous monitoring. Multiple modalities, such as face, height, clothes color, and voice, can be used when attempting to recognize a person. In general, not all modalities are available for a given frame; furthermore, only some modalities will be useful as some frames in a video sequence are of a quality that is too low to be able to recognize a person. We propose a method that makes use of stochastic information updates of temporal modalities and environment estimators to improve person recognition performance. The environment estimators provide information on whether a given modality is reliable enough to be used in a particular instance; such indicators mean that we can easily identify and eliminate meaningless data, thus increasing the overall efficiency of the method. Our proposed method was tested using movie clips acquired under an unconstrained environment that included a wide variation of scale and rotation; illumination changes; uncontrolled distances from a camera to users (varying from 0.5 m to 5 m); and natural views of the human body with various types of noise. In this real and challenging scenario, our proposed method resulted in an outstanding performance.
Sign languages of aboriginal Australia : cultural, semiotic and communicative perspectives

List of illustrations Preface Orthographic conventions and descriptive terms 1. Introduction 2. Aboriginal sign languages observed: a history 3. Aboriginal sign languages observed: geographical review 4. North central desert background 5. Sign structures 6. Sign forming and sign meaning 7. Sign organization and word structure 8. Signing spoken language grammar 9. Discourse in sign and speech 10. Signing and speaking simultaneously 11. Signs of kinship 12. Comparing Aboriginal sign languages 13. Australian Aboriginal sign languages and other semiotic systems 14. Aboriginal interaction and Aboriginal sign language Appendix I. Sign notation symbols Appendix II. Two versions of a Warlpiri story References Index of signs General index.
The Effectiveness of Educational Podcasts for Teaching Music and Visual Arts in Higher Education.

Podcasting is now being used frequently in the higher education sector. Although research has been conducted into the use of podcasting in teaching business, engineering, sciences and languages, little has been done on its use in arts learning. This paper reports on a study that investigated the effectiveness of using podcasts to learn music and visual arts in a teacher-education institution. A total of 128 Year-One to Year-Four students completed a survey and 24 students attended focus-group interviews and gave their feedback on the effectiveness of using podcasts in learning. Generally speaking, the students found the podcasts useful and viewed podcasting as a method which could be used to supplement faceto- face teaching. Results of the study indicated that demonstration of procedures or skills was the most effective type of podcast while reproduction of lecture materials was the least effective. The students suggested that the teachers needed to increase the relevance of the podcast content to what was taught during lessons. The paper concludes with a discussion of the production of effective podcasts and directions for future studies. Keywords: podcasting; podcasts; teaching/learning strategy; arts education; teacher education (Published: 3 January 2012) Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2012, 20 : 14919 - DOI: 10.3402/rlt.v20i0/14919
A self-organized learning strategy for object recognition by an embedded line of attraction

For humans, a picture is worth a thousand words, but to a machine, it is just a seemingly random array of numbers. Although machines are very fast and efficient, they are vastly inferior to humans for everyday information processing. Algorithms that mimic the way the human brain computes and learns may be the solution. In this paper we present a theoretical model based on the observation that images of similar visual perceptions reside in a complex manifold in an image space. The perceived features are often highly structured and hidden in a complex set of relationships or high-dimensional abstractions. To model the pattern manifold, we present a novel learning algorithm using a recurrent neural network. The brain memorizes information using a dynamical system made of interconnected neurons. Retrieval of information is accomplished in an associative sense. It starts from an arbitrary state that might be an encoded representation of a visual image and converges to another state that is stable. The stable state is what the brain remembers. In designing a recurrent neural network, it is usually of prime importance to guarantee the convergence in the dynamics of the network. We propose to modify this picture: if the brain remembers by converging to the state representing familiar patterns, it should also diverge from such states when presented with an unknown encoded representation of a visual image belonging to a different category. That is, the identification of an instability mode is an indication that a presented pattern is far away from any stored pattern and therefore cannot be associated with current memories. These properties can be used to circumvent the plasticity-stability dilemma by using the fluctuating mode as an indicator to create new states. We capture this behavior using a novel neural architecture and learning algorithm, in which the system performs self-organization utilizing a stability mode and an instability mode for the dynamical system. Based on this observation we developed a self- organizing line attractor, which is capable of generating new lines in the feature space to learn unrecognized patterns. Experiments performed on UMIST pose database and CMU face expression variant database for face recognition have shown that the proposed nonlinear line attractor is able to successfully identify the individuals and it provided better recognition rate when compared to the state of the art face recognition techniques. Experiments on FRGC version 2 database has also provided excellent recognition rate in images captured in complex lighting environments. Experiments performed on the Japanese female face expression database and Essex Grimace database using the self organizing line attractor have also shown successful expression invariant face recognition. These results show that the proposed model is able to create nonlinear manifolds in a multidimensional feature space to distinguish complex patterns.
Semantic approximation in SLI and normal development

Au cours de l’acquisition du lexique, les enfants produisent des enonces non conventionnels avec verbes du type « tuer une tomate ». Les etudes considerent souvent que ces enonces constituent des erreurs plutot que des approximations qui manifestent la flexibilite semantique des enfants et leur capacite a utiliser un langage approximatif mais pertinent qui leur permet de depasser leur manque de vocabulaire. Dans cette etude, nous observons que des enfants atteints de troubles specifiques du langage oral (TSL) produisent plus d’approximations semantiques que les enfants typiques. Ce resultat montre que l’etude des enonces non conventionnels ouvre un nouvel eclairage sur les profils lexicaux des enfants TSL et souligne leurs capacites a compenser leurs difficultes lexicales.
Introduction to Modern Traffic Flow Theory and Control: The Long Road to Three-Phase Traffic Theory

Three-Phase Traffic Theory. - Definitions of The Three Traffic Phases. - Nature of Traffic Breakdown at Bottleneck. - Infinite Number of Highway Capacities of Free Flow at Bottleneck. - Nature of Moving Jam Emergence. - Origin of Hypotheses and Terms of Three-Phase Traffic Theory. - Spatiotemporal Traffic Congested Patterns. - II Impact of Three-Phase Traffic Theory on. - to Part II:Compendium of Three-Phase Traffic Theory. - Freeway Traffic Control based on Three-Phase Traffic Theory. - Earlier Theoretical Basis of Transportation Engineering: Fundamental Diagram Approach. - Three-Phase Traffic Flow Models. - Linking of Three-Phase Traffic Theory and Fundamental Diagram Approach to Traffic Flow Modeling. - Conclusions and Outlook.