Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Empirics of Growth: An Update

We argue that both growth accounting and growth regression analysis can yield useful insights into the growth process, particularly when used to study a large sample of countries over a long period. Much of the apparent variability in conclusions of previous studies arises from measurement problems, differences in data or definitions, and failure to include other conditioning variables. Using data for eighty-four countries over 1960-2000, and focusing attention on issues of measurement and consistency, we conclude that both capital accumulation and efficiency gains are central to the growth process. We find, at best, a weak correlation between growth and increased schooling. And we find that most of the variation in cross-national economic growth is well explained by differences in initial conditions and institutions. However, these variables provide little insight into the changes in growth rates before and after 1980, and policy differences play a minor role.
Enabling the IoT Machine Age With 5G: Machine-Type Multicast Services for Innovative Real-Time Applications

The Internet of Things (IoT) will shortly be undergoing a major transformation from a sensor-driven paradigm to one that is heavily complemented by actuators, drones, and robots. The real-time situational awareness of such active systems requires sensed data to be transmitted in the uplink to edge-cloud, processed, and control instructions transmitted in the downlink. Since many of these applications will be mission critical, the most suitable connectivity family will be cellular due to the availability of licensed spectrum able to protect the offered communications service. However, while much focus in the past was on the uplink of machine-type communications, little attention has been paid to the end-to-end reliability, latency, and energy consumption comprising both up and downlinks. To address this gap, in this paper, we focus on the definition, design, and analysis of machine-type multicast service (MtMS). We discuss the different procedures that need to be redesigned for MtMS and we derive the most appropriate design drivers by analyzing different performance indicators, such as scalability, reliability, latency, and energy consumption. We also discuss the open issues to be considered in future research aimed at enhancing the capabilities of MtMS to support a wide variety of 5G IoT use cases.
Union-Firm Bargaining and the Influence of Product Market Power and Production Technology on Systematic Risk

The relationship between the CAPM firm beta and the firm's microeconomic decisions is studied by a model under uncertainty, which combines the feature of an ex ante "inputs substituable" production technology and the existence of a union which bargains over various economic dimensions of the firm. It is shown that the earlier findings of a relationship between the firm beta, the firm product market power, and the labor-capital ratio may be reinforced through the indirect channel of labor market bargaining, but the relationship becomes more complex, and heavily depends on the scope of the union-firm bargaining process. This yields the empirical prediction, confirmed for a panel of Belgian firms, that any proper estimation of the determinants of firm beta, must control for firms in the sample being unionized.
Who's Your Teacher Now? Issues Surrounding the Dimensions of Hospitality Management Educators

Abstract Each year the Chronicle of Higher Education publishes a report on the demographic profiles of higher education educators in the U.S. Faculty are not identified by field in that report. As a result, there is little data available to administrators, faculty, or students about the demographics of hospitality management education faculty. This study provides demographic information on hospitality and tourism management educators using the questions and criteria established by the Chronicle of Higher Education. The discussions within this study highlight issues surrounding faculty recruitment, teaching assignments, research, and tenure and promotability, generating a better understanding of the hospitality educational environment as well as creating a common ground for discussion of the discipline of hospitality management education.
Human Resources Management Innovation

Guided by a general manager's perspective of human resources management (HRM), this paper identifies key factor affecting the introduction of HRM innovations in organizations. Because the essence of market and technological leadership is the development of the organizational capacity to carry out inventive ideas, it is critical to understand the main forces influencing HRM innovation. Following a definition of HRM innovation, six propositions are discussed using current and historical examples. Since HRM innovation also involves change in the social system of the organization, the adoption and diffusion of these innovations can be attributed not only to external environmental forces but also to social processes.
Increased QT dispersion during hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract. Landstedt‐Hallin L, Englund A, Adamson U, Lins P‐E (Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Danderyd; and Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden). Increased QT dispersion during hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Intern Med 1999; 246: 299–307.
Learning multimodal models for robot dynamics online with a mixture of Gaussian process experts

For decades, robots have been essential allies alongside humans in controlled industrial environments like heavy manufacturing facilities. However, without the guidance of a trusted human operator to shepherd a robot safely through a wide range of conditions, they have been barred from the complex, ever changing environments that we live in from day to day. Safe learning control has emerged as a promising way to start bridging algorithms based on first principles to complex real-world scenarios by using data to adapt, and improve performance over time. Safe learning methods rely on a good estimate of the robot dynamics and of the bounds on modelling error in order to be effective. Current methods focus on either a single adaptive model, or a fixed, known set of models for the robot dynamics. This limits them to static or slowly changing environments. This paper presents a method using Gaussian Processes in a Dirichlet Process mixture model to learn an increasing number of non-linear models for the robot dynamics. We show that this approach enables a robot to re-use past experience from an arbitrary number of previously visited operating conditions, and to automatically learn a new model when a new and distinct operating condition is encountered. This approach improves the robustness of existing Gaussian Process-based models to large changes in dynamics that do not have to be specified ahead of time.
A 0.35∼6.25 GHz cognitive radio frequency synthesizer architecture

This work presents a frequency synthesizer architecture that can be used in cognitive radio applications. It generates carrier frequencies that are distributed into sixteen continuous sub-bands covering the entire supported frequency range. The proposed architecture covers a frequency range between 350 MHz and 6.25 GHz. The new architecture incorporates a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) realized in 0. 13μm CMOS technology with varactors and a switched inductor in order to achieve a simulated tuning range from 4.75 GHz to 6.25 GHz (27.3%) and from 3.25 GHz to 4.25 GHz (26.7%). The loop bandwidth of the phase locked loop (PLL) is 891 KHz whereas the switching time between bands is 5.75 ns. At 5.5 GHz, the simulated synthesizer phase noise is of -111 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset frequency.
Physicians' appraisal of mobile health monitoring

This study addresses what factors influence and moderate Japanese physicians' mobile health monitoring (MHM) adoption for diabetic patients. In light of the multilevel sequential check theory, the study tests whether novelty seeking, self-efficacy, and compatibility moderate the effects of overall quality, net benefits, and perceived value of MHM on physicians' usage intention. Self-efficacy serves as an evaluation of resources for coping with an event, while compatibility involves the judgment of an event's congruence with a motive or goal. The study results support four out of nine moderation hypotheses. Our findings clearly indicate that the impact of overall quality and net benefits on physicians' intention to use MHM would be significantly strengthened by self-efficacy and compatibility, but not by novelty seeking.
Annular microstrip antenna in multilayered media containing uniaxial anisotropic dielectrics

In this work, Galerkin's method in the Hankel transform domain is used for computing the resonant frequencies and bandwidths of the annular microstrip patch antenna. The metallic patch are assumed to be embedded in a multilayer substrate, which may contain uniaxial anisotropic dielectrics. The TM set of modes issued from the magnetic wall cavity model theory are used to expand the unknown currents on the patch. Convergence of the method is studied. The obtained results have been compared with the available data from other studies. Numerical results show that the bandwidth increases with increasing superstrate thickness. The influence of uniaxial anisotropy in the substrate on the complex resonant frequency and bandwidth of the annular microstrip antenna is also investigated using an integral equation formulation.
Do We Know Economic Development When We See It

Considerable ambiguity exists regarding the assessment of regional economic development. Alternative measures often produce conflicting conclusions. Even if economic development progress is defined as improvement in economic welfare, it is not directly measurable. Therefore, this paper develops a theoretical framework that explores the potential linkages between regional utility and commonly used economic measures. State trends in these measures are then examined for the 1990s and related to the theoretical framework. The exercise reveals that no single measure should be preferred in assessing economic development, although it is possible to separate strong performers from weak performers.
Graduates' career aspirations and individual characteristics

Using the basic distinction between organisational and post-organisational career orientation, this article examines preferences of business school graduates for different types of career fields and systematic differences between people with different career orientations in terms of behavioural characteristics as well as personality traits. The results show that business school graduates clearly distinguish between organisational and post-organisational career fields. Graduates with post-organisational career aspirations display attributes of high flexibility, leadership motivation, selfpromotion/self-assertion, self-monitoring, networking and less self-consciousness. For individuals preferring an organisational career pattern, inverse relationships apply. Some implications of the findings for HR practice are discussed.
Switchgrass Harvest Time Effects on Nutrient Use and Yield: An Economic Analysis

This article analyzes economic tradeoffs among harvest date, fertilizer applied, nutrient removal, and switchgrass yield as they vary with respect to input and output prices. Economic sensitivity analyses suggest that higher biomass prices lead to earlier harvest. Optimal harvest time occurs beyond time of maximum yield because nutrient removal in the biomass is an important economic consideration. Switchgrass price premia that reflect the cost of non-optimal harvest time are driven by standing crop yield loss, nutrient removal, storage loss, and opportunity cost. These price premia could provide a mechanism to compensate producers for alternative harvest times and aid with logistics management.
Being perceived as ‘a real woman’ or following one's own convictions: a qualitative study to understand individual, family, and community influences on the place of childbirth in Busia, Kenya

Despite potentially playing a key role in improving maternal and child health, including the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, health facility delivery rates remain low in Kenya. Understanding how place of childbirth is determined is therefore important when developing interventions to improve safe motherhood and childbirth outcomes. As part of a qualitative study, we conducted 25 in-depth interviews with mothers (13) and healthcare staff (12) and held 10 focus group discussions with traditional birth attendants (6) and female relatives (4) in Busia, rural Kenya. Our findings show that mothers prefer facility delivery; however, the choice is not theirs alone but involves both their family and the community. Furthermore, facility delivery poses a risk of being viewed as disloyal to tradition and not ‘a real woman’, which causes a strained relationship between healthcare staff, family and the community. Our interpretation of the findings is that mothers feel trapped between loyalty to sociocultural norms and awareness of the benefits of facility delivery. Also, we believe healthcare staff's disinclination to recognise certain traditional birth attendant services as a potential asset poses a barrier to increased facility deliveries. Interventions to link traditional birth attendants with formal healthcare combined with sociocultural sensitivity training for healthcare staff may increase facility delivery and PMTCT.
Oncogenic Ras Mediates Apoptosis in Response to Protein Kinase C Inhibition through the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species*

Ras is a well established modulator of apoptosis. Suppression of protein kinase C (PKC) activity can selectively induce apoptosis in cells expressing a constitutively activated Ras protein. We wished to determine whether reactive oxygen species serve as an effector of Ras-mediated apoptosis. Ras-transformed NIH/3T3 cells contained higher basal levels of intracellular H2O2 compared with normal NIH/3T3 cells, and PKC inhibition up-regulated ROS to 5-fold greater levels in Ras-transformed cells than in normal cells. Treatment withN-acetyl-l-cysteine reduced both the basal and inducible levels of intracellular H2O2 in NIH/3T3-Ras cells and antagonized the induction of apoptosis by PKC inhibition. Culturing NIH/3T3-Ras cells in low oxygen conditions, which prevents ROS generation, also inhibited the apoptotic response to PKC inhibition. These results suggest that reactive oxygen species are necessary as downstream effectors of the Ras-mediated apoptotic response to PKC inhibition. However, the generation of ROS alone is not sufficient to induce apoptosis in Ras-transformed cells because inhibition of cell cycle progression prevented the induction of apoptosis in NIH/3T3-Ras cells without inhibiting the generation of intracellular H2O2 observed after PKC inhibition. These findings suggest that continued cell cycle progression of Ras-transformed cells during PKC inhibition is also necessary for the induction of apoptosis.
A NEW SET OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF REAL PRODUCT AND PRICE LEVELS ESTIMATES FOR 130 COUNTRIES, 1950–1985

A new set of international comparisons covering the period 1950–85 is developed here for 121 market and 9 centrally planned economies. This new so‐called Penn World Table (Mark 4), a completely revised and updated expansion of an equivalent table published by the authors in 1984, draws on the data of two previously unavailable international comparison benchmark studies. This article presents a detailed description of all estimation procedures, and excerpts from the overall DATA TABLE covering two years, 1980 and 1985. Three computer diskettes accompanying this article (and also available from the authors) contain the complete 36–year, 60,000 entry DATA TABLE in a form that economizes on scarce journal space and is immediately machine‐readable. For the 121 market economies, the DATA TABLE gives annually, in addition to population and exchange rates, real product and price level estimates for four different national income concepts, and for the major subaggregates, consumption, investment, and government. Only population and real gross domestic product estimates are given for the nine centrally planned economies, however. This new table is one more step toward the goal of establishing a new worldwide System of Real National Accounts.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL PORTFOLIO OPTIMIZATION WITH PROPORTIONAL TRANSACTION COSTS

We provide a computational study of the problem of optimally allocating wealth among multiple stocks and a bank account, to maximize the infinite horizon discounted utility of consumption. We consider the situation where the transfer of wealth from one asset to another involves transaction costs that are proportional to the amount of wealth transferred. Our model allows for correlation between the price processes, which in turn gives rise to interesting hedging strategies. This results in a stochastic control problem with both drift‐rate and singular controls, which can be recast as a free boundary problem in partial differential equations. Adapting the finite element method and using an iterative procedure that converts the free boundary problem into a sequence of fixed boundary problems, we provide an efficient numerical method for solving this problem. We present computational results that describe the impact of volatility, risk aversion of the investor, level of transaction costs, and correlation among the risky assets on the structure of the optimal policy. Finally we suggest and quantify some heuristic approximations.
Poverty and Welfare in Habsburg Spain: The Example of Toledo

List of figures List of tables Preface List of abbreviations Note on currency Introduction Part I. Castille and the Relief of the Poor: 1. Castillian legislation, debates and innovations 2. The reform of charitable institutions Part II. Poverty and Welfare in Toledo: 3. The city of Toledo 4. Private charitable institutions 5. The recipients of relief Notes Select bibliography Index.
Corporate Governance and the Cost of Borrowing

This paper analyzes the theoretical link between governance (defined loosely as the degree of protection offered to outside shareholders), and the cost of borrowing. We find, consistent with empirical evidence, that improvements in governance reduce the likelihood of default. Also, we find that improvements in governance will monotonically increase or reduce the cost of debt, where the sign of the relationship depends on the firm's restructuring cost in default. Finally, we find that the strength of the governance mechanism can influence the incentives to carry out risk shifting.
[Determinants of urgency of nursing home placement].

OBJECTS The aim of this paper was to identify factors affecting the urgency of nursing home placement after introduction of public long-term care insurance. METHODS The subjects were families including at least one disabled elderly person and one another family member in two cities in Chugoku Prefecture. The measure of the urgency of placement was 0 if the family did not submit any application for placement, 1 if the care managers judged that the elderly person should enter in the future when she/he really needs placement, 2 if the care managers judged that she/he might be able to wait for a short while, and 3 if the care managers judged that she/he should enter as early as possible. Our estimation method was by ordered logit model. The dependent variable was the measure of the urgency and the independent variables were several attributes of the families. In the estimation, we considered the possibility that the coefficients depend on categories of dependent variable. RESULTS We obtained data for 146 waiting families and 494 others (total 640). There were differences in the urgency of placement among waiting elderly as follows "she/he should enter as early as possible" (28.8%); "she/he can wait for a while" (32.2%), "she/he should enter in the future when she/he really needs placement" (39.0%). The results of multivariate analyses showed that the urgency of placement correlated significantly with the severity of the elderly persons disabilities, the number of primary caregivers' self-symptoms, the family members' negative attitude toward caregiving, residing in city A, not having one's own house and limited use of short-stay facilities due to the circumstances of the providers. CONCLUSION When judging the urgency of placement, we should consider not only whether the applicant has submitted a request for a nursing home or not, but also differences among the waiting families. The urgency of placement correlates significantly with severity of disability of the elderly person, the number of primary caregivers' self-symptoms, the family members' negative attitude for caregiving, residing in city A, not having one's own house, and limited use of short-stay facilities due to the circumstances of the providers.
MODELING ASYMMETRIES AND MOVING EQUILIBRIA IN UNEMPLOYMENT RATES

The paper discusses a simple univariate nonlinear parametric time-series model for unemployment rates, focusing on the asymmetry observed in many OECD unemployment series. The model is based on a standard logistic smooth transition autoregressive model for the first difference of unemployment, but it also includes a lagged level term. This model allows for asymmetric behavior by permitting “local” nonstationarity in a globally stable model. Linearity tests are performed for a number of quarterly, seasonally unadjusted, unemployment series from OECD countries, and linearity is rejected for a number of them. For a number of series, nonlinearity found by testing can be modeled satisfactorily by use of our smooth transition autoregressive model. The properties of the estimated models, including persistence of the shocks according to them, are illustrated in various ways and discussed. Possible existence of moving equilibria in series not showing asymmetry is investigated and modeled with another smooth transition autoregressive model.
Salesperson Slotting Allowance Authority in Manufacturer-Retailer Negotiations

Over the past 30 years, slotting allowances have played an important, albeit contentious, role in manufacturer-retailer relationships. As the debate over this practice continues, little attention is being paid to the role of salespeople in slotting allowance negotiations. The current study addresses this shortcoming in the literature by investigating the delegation of slotting allowance authority to salespeople in the context of manufacturer-retailer negotiations. A structural model is tested using data collected from retail managers. The analysis indicates that delegating slotting allowance authority to salespeople positively impacts the salesperson's influence over customer decisions and enhances selling performance. The results also suggest that a salesperson's trustworthiness increases his or her influence and performance with the customer. Overall, the findings suggest that manufacturers are likely to benefit from delegating slotting allowance authority to the sales force and training salespeople to convey this authority during retail negotiations. The study concludes with a discussion of implications for theory and practice.
Recent Findings on Intergenerational Income and Educational Mobility in Chile

This paper provides new evidence on intergenerational mobility in Chile. Income mobility elasticities for Chile are the range of 0.52 to 0.67, which stand as fairly high in comparison with the international evidence. We also find that educational mobility is lower for the younger cohorts, suggesting an increase of intergenerational educational mobility in the last decades. Finally, we find evidence of a higher degree of intergenerational persistence at the two extremes of the income distribution, particularly at the top of the distribution. We suggest this mirrors the unusually high income concentration at the top of the Chilean income distribution.