Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Elastic Money, Inflation, And Interest Rate Policy

Optimal monetary policy is studied in an environment in which money plays an essential role in facilitating exchange and aggregate shocks affect individual agents asymmetrically. Exchange may be conducted using either bank deposits (inside money) or fiat currency (outside money). A central monetary authority both controls the stock of outside money and pursues an interest rate policy that affects the rate at which private banks create inside money. We find that the optimal monetary policy requires management of both interest rates and the quantity of outside money. By controlling interest rates the monetary authority can affect the price level in the short-run and adjust households' consumption, thus providing insurance against unfavorable aggregate shocks. The feasibility of the interest rate policy requires a minimum rate of trend inflation that may be positive and in principle quite large. The paper thus links two principal components of monetary policy: the optimal interest rate policy and the optimal long-run inflation rate.
COMBINATION THERAPEUTIC INFLUENCE OF ASPIRIN AND RIVASTIGMINE ON SCOPOLAMINE INDUCED ALZHEIMER’S IN WISTAR RAT

Objective: To investigate the combination therapeutic influence of aspirin and rivastigmine on scopolamine induced alzheimer’s in rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty four male Albino Wistar Rats were enrolled in this study and are divided into 4 groups (six each). Memory impairment was induced by administration of scopolamine (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally). Group-I; receives normal saline, Group-II; receives scopolamine (1.0mg/kg/day i. p.), Group-III; Rivastigmine (0.3mg/kg/day p. o.) + Scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg day i. p.), Group-IV; Aspirin (6.75mg/kg/day p. o.) + Rivastigmine (0.3mg/kg/day p. o.) + Scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg/day i. p.) all the treatment carried out daily for 14 days. Cognitive and condition avoidance response was evaluated by using Morris Water Maze (MWM) and Pole climbing apparatus respectively. On 14 th day brain was isolated for biochemical and Histopathological examination. Results: In this study, Rivastigmine and aspirin combination showed that significant increase in cognitive and conditions avoid response. Brain histological investigation of scopolamine injected rats showed neurodegeneration, Aβ plagues and odema. This combination improves biochemical parameters as well as in the histological feature of the brain as compare to the rivastigmine alone treated group. Conclusion: Aspirin and Rivastigmine combination possesses significant protective effect against neuroinflammation characterizing AD.
Study of Relationship Between Roads Network Development and Agricultural Land Conversion in Iran

Road network (RN) can affect patterns and distribution of land uses and covers. Road network expansion has both direct and indirect impacts on land uses and covers changes. Agricultural land conversions (ALCs) are especially known as one of the main important types of land use changes. The purpose of this paper, in addition to estimation of the direct impact of RN expansion on ALCs, is to evaluate the ALCs relative to road network location. The study area is Qazvin province in the North West of Iran. To estimate the amount and the location of ALCs a couple of Landsat imageries for 1990 and 2010 were used. Also, to evaluate the relationships between ALCs and RN at first agricultural lands, based on their distance from RN, were categorized into three groups namely a. Less than 2Km, b. Between 2Km to 4Km and c. More than 4Km to 6Km. Then, the area of agricultural lands that changed from 1990 to 2010 were estimated for these groups. Finally, the differences amongst these three categories were evaluated. The main results of this study showed, a) 44,845 ha (3%) of the agricultural areas during 1990-2010 were changed to non-agricultural lands; b) 10,243 ha of these lands were converted to Urban and Other Infrastructures; c) the suburban RN has been mainly developed within agricultural lands, especially, within irrigated and orchard lands. In addition, d) ALCs among the closer lands to the roads have been significantly higher than lands which have been away from the RN.
Working as Partners: Course Development by a Student–Teacher Team

A first-year undergraduate course at Uppsala University has been redesigned in a process exploring different levels of student participation. In the first part of the project, the student voice was heard through interviews focusing on the role of the course in the degree program. In the second part, a student-teacher team was formed to develop course curriculum and teaching material in partnership. Among the implemented changes were new seminars focusing on conceptual understanding, redesign of all lectures to include active student participation, and a change of the course literature. The redesigned course significantly increased student satisfaction compared to previous years. Important success factors were involvement of the student organization to promote the project, institutional support, early selection of concrete development tasks, and allowing team members to choose what they wanted to develop according to their own expertise.
Does Market Liberalisation Increase Total Factor Productivity? Evidence from the Manufacturing Sector in Zimbabwe

In this article, we analyse whether Zimbabwe's structural adjustment programme (ESAP), implemented from 1991 to 1995, contributed to an increase in total factor productivity in the manufacturing sector. To evaluate productivity, we first estimate indexes of total factor productivity for 31 manufacturing sub-sectors for the period 1980–1995. We then use econometric methods to test for the effects of trade reform and other variables related to ESAP. In general the growth rates vary greatly both over time and across sectors. The overall impression is that there was no growth in total factor productivity on average during the whole period of ESAP, although during the last two years most sub-sectors experienced increases in total factor productivity. The main result of the econometric analysis is that none of the variables used as direct measures of trade liberalisation influenced productivity growth, but import growth had some influence. An interesting finding is that foreign aid inflows had a strong, positive impact on productivity growth.
Learning Orientation, Access to Debt Finance, Organizational Capability and Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises: A Proposed Model

In the 21th century’s business environment, no business firm takes a lackadaisical approach to the marketplace and expect to succeed given the increasing global complexity and stiff competition among firms. The purpose of this study is to come up with some strategic action plans that may equip small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with the required broad capabilities to cope in the marketplace. Based on extant literature, and dynamic capability view, we propose that availability of external finance will enhance the positive relationship between learning orientation and organizational capability which may in turn lead to superior performance of SMEs in emerging economies. Empirical investigation on the proposed framework may give an in-depth insight pertains to the role of learning orientation in firm performance. Also, it will benefit SME owners/managers to imbibe the spirit of continuous learning to develop a broad base capability to keep abreast with rapid changes in the business environment.
Size-resolved morphological properties of the high Arctic summer aerosol during ASCOS-2008

Abstract. The representation of aerosol properties and processes in climate models is fraught with large uncertainties. Especially at high northern latitudes a strong underprediction of aerosol concentrations and nucleation events is observed and can only be constrained by in situ observations based on the analysis of individual aerosol particles. To further reduce the uncertainties surrounding aerosol properties and their potential role as cloud condensation nuclei this study provides observational data resolved over size on morphological and chemical properties of aerosol particles collected in the summer high Arctic, north of 80° N. Aerosol particles were imaged with scanning and transmission electron microscopy and further evaluated with digital image analysis. In total, 3909 aerosol particles were imaged and categorized according to morphological similarities into three gross morphological groups: single particles, gel particles, and halo particles. Single particles were observed between 15 and 800 nm in diameter and represent the dominating type of particles (82 %). The majority of particles appeared to be marine gels with a broad Aitken mode peaking at 70 nm and accompanied by a minor fraction of ammonium (bi)sulfate with a maximum at 170 nm in number concentration. Gel particles (11 % of all particles) were observed between 45 and 800 nm with a maximum at 154 nm in diameter. Imaging with transmission electron microscopy allowed further morphological discrimination of gel particles in "aggregate" particles, "aggregate with film" particles, and "mucus-like" particles. Halo particles were observed above 75 nm and appeared to be ammonium (bi)sulfate (59 % of halo particles), gel matter (19 %), or decomposed gel matter (22 %), which were internally mixed with sulfuric acid, methane sulfonic acid, or ammonium (bi)sulfate with a maximum at 161 nm in diameter. Elemental dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of individual particles revealed a prevalence of the monovalent ions Na+/K+ for single particles and aggregate particles and of the divalent ions Ca2+/Mg2+ for aggregate with film particles and mucus-like particles. According to these results and other model studies, we propose a relationship between the availability of Na+/K+ and Ca2+/Mg2+ and the length of the biopolymer molecules participating in the formation of the three-dimensional gel networks.
Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and wall–modelled large–eddy simulations of sonic hydrogen injection into hypersonic crossflow

The combustion efficiency in supersonic combustion ramjets (scramjets) is strongly dependent on the fuel injection process. This paper investigates the transverse injection of hydrogen into a hypersonic air crossflow at Mach 6 . The flow physics are investigated using both Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations and wall-modelled large-eddy simulations (WMLES). We focus on the comparison of the results of these two methods and their agreement with experimental temperature measurements. Assessing the performance of RANS and its shortcomings in this context is of particular interest due to its significantly reduced computational costs and its widespread use in the hypersonics community compared to WMLES.
Workers’ Remittances and Real Exchange Rate in Bangladesh: A Cointegration Analysis

Workers’ remittances have an ever important role as one of the major sources of foreign exchange earnings for the Bangladesh economy. It accounts for over 12 per cent of GDP in 2010 and having colossal socio economic implications for the country. Using Cointegation an Error Correction model, this paper attempts to contribute to the literature by investigating the effects of increasing flow of remittances on the real exchange rate of the country. Our results suggest that the influx of workers’ remittances significantly appreciating the real exchange rate by lowering the relative prices tradables to nontradables of the country compared to its major trading partners. While the fundamental variables including technological progress and improvement in terms of trade are having the similar adverse effect on the tradables sector, openness in goods and capital market depreciate the real exchange rate. Therefore, trade openness and nominal devaluation along with other domestic policies can be powerful policy devices to improve the external competitiveness of the country while diverting the valuable flow of remittances to the priority investment areas away from nontradable sector to avoid the Dutch Disease in the country. JEL code: F24, F31, O10
Dynamics of a single ion-spin impurity in a spin-polarized atomic bath

We report on observations of spin dynamics in single ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{+}$ ions immersed in a cold cloud of spin-polarized $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ atoms. This species combination has been proposed to be the most suitable system to reach the quantum regime in atom-ion experiments. For $^{174}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}$, we find that the atomic bath polarizes the spin of the ion by 93(4)% after a few Langevin collisions, pointing to strong spin-exchange rates. For the hyperfine ground states of $^{171}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}$, we also find strong rates towards spin polarization. However, relaxation towards the $F=0$ ground state occurs after 7.7(1.5) Langevin collisions. We investigate spin impurity atoms as a possible source of apparent spin-relaxation leading us to interpret the observed spin-relaxation rates as an upper limit. Using ab initio electronic structure and quantum scattering calculations, we explain the observed rates and analyze their implications for the possible observation of Feshbach resonances between atoms and ions once the quantum regime is reached.
NDM-514: LARGE EDDY SIMULATION OF WIND INDUCED LOADS ON A LOW RISE BUILDING WITH COMPLEX ROOF GEOMETRY

Wind induced damage on low-rise buildings with complex roof geometry is common in coastal areas of USA, such as Florida and Louisiana. Available design codes provide information about the design of regular roof geometries (e.g. hip/gable roofs), but refer to wind tunnel modelling for complex roof geometries. Due to time and financial constraints physical modelling may not always be possible to carry out. Computational modelling through Large Eddy Simulation (LES) has been used successfully for several wind engineering applications. This paper presents comparisons between LES and previously obtained wind tunnel data of mean and peak pressure coefficients on a low rise building with complex roof geometry. Two different cases, namely: isolated building and the effect of neighbouring buildings have been considered for the most critical wind direction of 135 degrees. Results show that the mean pressure coefficients on the low rise building roof for the case with adjacent buildings were somewhat lower in magnitude (less suction) than the isolated case. In general, excellent matching was obtained within a factor of 1.1 between wind tunnel and LES for all roof locations except at the roof ridge, where the latter predicted somewhat lower mean and peak pressure coefficient values than wind tunnel data. The velocity streamlines obtained from LES provide an excellent overview of the airflow around the buildings. This study shows the efficacy of LES for assessing wind loads on building roofs with complex geometry, since existing codes do not provide any quantitative assessment methods for such problems.
Robust Ensemble Filtering and Its Relation to Covariance Inflation in the Ensemble Kalman Filter

AbstractA robust ensemble filtering scheme based on the H∞ filtering theory is proposed. The optimal H∞ filter is derived by minimizing the supremum (or maximum) of a predefined cost function, a criterion different from the minimum variance used in the Kalman filter. By design, the H∞ filter is more robust than the Kalman filter, in the sense that the estimation error in the H∞ filter in general has a finite growth rate with respect to the uncertainties in assimilation, except for a special case that corresponds to the Kalman filter.The original form of the H∞ filter contains global constraints in time, which may be inconvenient for sequential data assimilation problems. Therefore a variant is introduced that solves some time-local constraints instead, and hence it is called the time-local H∞ filter (TLHF). By analogy to the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), the concept of ensemble time-local H∞ filter (EnTLHF) is also proposed. The general form of the EnTLHF is outlined, and some of its special cases are di.
Level of motivation and physical activity in primary education students

The study is aimed at determining the relationship between the index of physical activity and the motivation toward school tasks of Primary Education students. To this end, a descriptive, quasi-experimental design was employed. The instruments used for the study included PAQ-C and the Questionnaire on students’ motivation toward their studies. Among the results, it should be noted that Primary Education students’ motivation toward their studies is high, although the level of physical activity is relatively low for this age group. The level of physical activity is higher in boys than girls. The level of motivation, as well as achievement motivation, and causal attributions of achievement are higher in girls, but self-efficacy is higher in boys. The higher the level of physical activity practice, the higher the level of motivation toward their studies, but also the higher the achievement motivation, causal attribution and self-efficacy. Children with greater obesity levels have less motivation. According to these results, it is important to design actions that encourage the regular practice of physical activity, especially among girls. This should be done in different contexts, beyond the subject of Physical Education and in different populations. Interventions should take into account family and environmental factors, or the local environment and its resources.
Effects of dietary crude protein and calcium/phosphorus content on growth, nitrogen and mineral retention in broiler chickens

This experiment was conducted to examine the effect of three levels of crude protein (CP) (NRC, 15% more than NRC and 15% less than NRC) and three levels of Ca and available P (Av. P) (NRC, 15% more than NRC and 15% less than NRC) on performance of broilers from hatching until 21 days of age. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD), with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of nine dietary treatments. Each treatment combination had four replicate pens (10 birds per pen). Results of this experiment showed that CP content had no significant effect on feed and water intake. However, body weight gain (BWG) significantly reduced and FCR increased (P < 0.05) by 15% change in CP content of diet. Fifteen percent increase in mineral content of diets had no significant effect on feed intake. However, increase in Ca and Av. P significantly increased BWG and resulted in an improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) and increased water intake. There was an interactive effect of CP by Ca and Av. P levels on feed intake, BWG and FCR. A change in CP or mineral content of the diets had no significant effect on blood parameters except for potassium concentration (K + ). Reducing CP, Ca and Av. P content of the diet significantly (P < 0.001) increased P, Ca and N retention. Reduction in CP content of the diet led to a decrease in length, P and tibia bone ash. There was an interactive effect of CP by Ca and Av. P on the retention of Ca, N and ash of tibia bone.
Information Design in Coalition Formation Games

I examine a setting, where an information sender conducts research into a payoff-relevant state variable, and releases information to agents, who consider joining a coalition. The agents' actions can cause harm by contributing to a public bad. The sender, who has commitment power, by designing an information mechanism (a set of signals and a probability distribution over them), maximises his payoff, which depends on the action taken by the agents, and the state variable. I show that the coalition size, as a function of beliefs of agents, is an endogenous variable, induced by the information sender. The optimal information mechanism from the general set of public information mechanisms, in coalition formation games is derived. I also apply the results to International Environmental Agreements (IEAs), where a central authority, as an information sender, attempts to reduce the global level of greenhouse gases (GHG) by communication of information on social cost of GHG.
Disclosure of Extraordinary Items and Income Smoothing Behaviour in Malaysia

This paper investigates disclosure practice of extraordinary items (EI) by listed companies in Malaysia during which the original standard on EI , SI8 - Unusual and Prior period Items and Changes in Accounting Policies was still in place. Until the adoption of the revised ('andard in j 997 (revised S1 8 and subsequ-ently replaced by'the MASB 3), the definition of EI given in the original Sf 8 ),vas very loose and it was opened to abuse. This paper also reports on whether EI disclosures were associated with income smoothing behaviour and the extent to which disclosure of EI was related to political costs, gearing and management interest. A total of 244 Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) listed companies that disclosed EI at least once from 1991to 1995 were included in this study. The study found that the incidence of E1 was very high. However, the results showed no evidence of management using EI as a tool to smoothe income. Further; EI disclosures were not explained by political costs, gearing and management interest. As there was no evidence of the use of EI to smoothe income in Malaysia, the belief that the new standard (that restricts the definition of E1) would curb the practice of income smoothing is not relevant. The adoption of the new standard could only be expected to enhance the level of reporting comparability and consistency among Malaysian companies. Abstrak Kertas ini mengkaji amalan pendedahan item luar biasa oleh syarikat yang tersenarai di Bursa Saham Kuala Lumpur (BSKL) di mana ketika itu piawaian asal berkaitan item luar biasa iaitu SI 8 - Unusual and Prior Period Items and Changes in Accounting Policies masili digunakan. Definisi yang diberi oleh Sf 8 bagi item luar biasa adalab long gar dan terdedah kepada penyalahgunaan sehinggalali S1 8 yang disemak semula digunapakai dalam tahun 1997 dan diikuti oleli piawaian MASB 3. Artikel ini melaporkan sama ada pendedahan item. luar biasa ini metnpunyai hubungan dengan gelagat pelicinan pendapatan. Ia juga melaporkan sejauh mana pendedahan item luar biasa ini mempunyai hubungan dengan kos politik, penggearan dan pemegangan saham pengurusan syarikat. Kajian dilakukan ke atas 244 syarikai yang tersenarai di BSKL yang melibatkan syarikat yang telah membuat pendedahan item [liar biasa sekurang-kurangnya sekali di antara tahun 1991 hingga 1995. Kajian mendapati amalan pendedahan item luar biasa adalali tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun hasil kajian menunjukkan tiada bukti bahawa pengurusan syarikat menggunakan item luar biasa untuk melicinkan pendapatan. Pendedahan item luar biasa ini juga tidak dijelaskan oleh kos politik, penggearan dan pemegangan saham pengurusan syarikat. Oleh itu tang gapan bahawa piawaian yang diterima pakai sebagai alat untuk menghalang amalan pelicinan pendapatan adalati tidak relevan kerana di Malaysia tiada bukti bahawa item luar biasa digunakan untuk melicinkan pendapatan. Justeru itu, piawaian baru dijangka hanya boleh digunapakai untuk meningkatkan paras kebolehbandingan elan keseragaman pelaporan di kalangan syarikat di Malaysia.