Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Construction of Miniversal Deformations of Lie Algebras

Abstract We consider deformations of finite or infinite dimensional Lie algebras over a field of characteristic 0. There is substantial confusion in the literature if one tries to describe all the non-equivalent deformations of a given Lie algebra. It is known that there is in general no “universal” deformation of a Lie algebra L with a commutative algebra base A with the property that for any other deformation of L with base B there exists a unique homomorphism f : A → B that induces an equivalent deformation. Thus one is led to seek a miniversal deformation. For a miniversal deformation such a homomorphism exists, but is unique only at the first level. If we consider deformations with base spec A , where A is a local algebra, then under some minor restrictions there exists a miniversal element. In this paper we give a construction of a miniversal deformation.
Characterization of Microsatellite DNA Loci in American Alligators

Microsatellite loci of American alligators were identified from small insert DNA libraries. The average length of microsatellites (18.4 repeats) was similar to that observed in mammals. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were developed and tested for 20 microsatellite loci that contained at least 10 uninterrupted AC or AG repeats. Genotypes for the 15 loci that could be scored readily were obtained for alligators from Louisiana and Florida. Eleven of the 15 loci were polymorphic. For the polymorphic loci, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 4-17 (average = 8.5), and observed heterozygosity within populations ranged from 0.231-0.865 (average = 0.466). Heterozygosity of these loci is almost 20 times higher than values obtained using isozymes. Populations from Louisiana and Florida differed substantially at these loci (overall FST = 0.137, O, = 0.239, and RST = 0.387). The PCR primers also produced single amplicons from species of Alligatoridae, Gavialidae, and Crocodilidae, indicating that they may be useful for genetic studies in other crocodilians.
DEBT BURDEN SHIFTING AND WELFARE LOSS IN COUNTRIES UNDER DEBT TRAP

The government spending on development sector plays a significant role towards economic growth as it is the most powerful economic agent in all modern societies. The main objective of this paper is to explain theoretically the phenomenon of unique debt burden shifting and welfare loss in countries under debt trap with the support of descriptive statics of a panel of fourteen, Asian Pacific Developing Countries (APDC). This paper is an extension of our previous paper on debt trap and basic borrowing fundamentals (see Alam & Taib, 2012). The analysis shows that the government spending on development sector plays significant role towards economic performance of the country and improves welfare of its citizens. Any decrease in government development spending affects country’s economy negatively and hurts welfare of the citizens. It provides guidelines for the policy makers on choice between debt and tax especially in the servicing of public debt.
Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Out-grower Tea (Camellia Sinensis ) Farming in Chipinge District of Zimbabwe

An investigation into the technical efficiency of smallholder out-grower tea farmers of Chipinge district, Zimbabwe was carried out. The method employed was the Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) approach on 50 smallholder outgrower farmers collected in November, 2013. The estimates of technical efficiencies of the farmers range from 0.37 to 1.0 while the mean technical efficiency was found to be 0.79. This suggests that 21 % of smallholder out-grower tea output is lost because of inefficiency. Experience in tea farming, area under tea production, amount of fertiliser used in production, access to extension services, extent of farm commercialization, amount of labour used in production and yield of tea significantly affect technical efficiency among smallholder out-grower tea farms. The study results imply that improvement in technical efficiency should be the first logical step for increasing productivity in smallholder out-grower tea farming in Chipinge district.
Effects of tidal mixing at the Kuril Straits on North Pacific ventilation: Adjustment of the intermediate layer revealed from numerical experiments

[1] The effects of tidal mixing at the Kuril Straits on the North Pacific intermediate layer are investigated using an ocean general circulation model. A comparison of numerical experiments with and without a tidal mixing effect suggests that tidal mixing at the Kuril Straits enhances the ventilation of the North Pacific intermediate layer. The enhanced ventilation results in both freshening and cooling down to ∼27.6 σθ. In particular, the simulated North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) becomes fresher and denser (by 0.3 psu and 0.1 σθ at the maximum) and hence more realistic. The enhanced ventilation is caused both through the supply of the ventilated water from the Kuril Straits, which subsequently spreads along the subarctic and subtropical gyres, and through a modification of the circulation there. The ventilation of the supplied water in turn originates from a combination of tidally enhanced convection in the Okhotsk Sea and downward diffusion at the Kuril Straits as discussed in a previous paper. The former affects the upper part of the NPIW, while the latter is dominant in the denser layers. The circulation is modified through a dynamical adjustment to the mass input into an intermediate layer that is produced by the convergence of diapycnal transport due to the tidally enhanced convection and diffusion. The dynamical adjustment is conducted mainly through Kelvin waves which have the ability to induce intergyre flow along the western boundary and also by eastward moving long Rossby waves. The latter can be present under the influence of the wind-driven gyres for the second and higher baroclinic modes and act to spread information into the interior directly from the western boundary. As a direct consequence of this adjustment, transport of the ventilated water from the Kuril Straits to the subtropical gyre is enhanced by the intergyre flow along the western boundary, which appears as the southward intrusion of the Oyashio Current. The transported water leaves the coast to encircle the interior, and returns to the western boundary, eventually flowing into the equatorial region. Such equatorward transport associated with mass convergence in the intermediate layer is compensated by transport toward the Kuril Straits in the shallower and deeper layers, thereby enhancing both shallow and deep meridional overturning cells by 2–3 Sv. The above dynamical adjustment is thus central to our understanding of the ventilation of the intermediate layer and provides a basis for the analytical model developed in an accompanying paper.
OF THE AUTOSOMAL STR CLUSTERING BETWEEN BALKAN POPULATIONS

Autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) are the most widely used DNA markers in forensic investigation of the population history, human migration patterns, and genealogical research. In this study, the usefulness of 13 most widely used STR loci (D3S1358, TH01, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, vWA, D8S1179, TPOX, and FGA) was examined along with the investigation of their application in the studies of the phylogeny of human populations. We compared allele frequencies of STR loci of the populations from the Balkan Peninsula to determine the similarities and differences among them and to determine how informative they are when it comes to the human identity testing. We made UPGMA phylogenetic tree using POPTREE2 software and Nei’s table of genetic distances using MEGA5.21 software. Additionally, MDS (multidimensional scaling) plot was generated using SPSS 20.0 software. The results implied that both geographical proximity and shared history are determining the strong clustering of the populations on the Balkans. Another conclusion drawn from this overview is that the studied STR markers are highly polymorphic and thus, satisfyingly informative to be used for human identity testing and phylogenetic research.
Estimation of hysteretic energy demand using concepts of modal pushover analysis

Hysteretic energy dissipation in a structure during an earthquake is the key factor, besides maximum displacement, related to the amount of damage in it. This energy demand can be accurately computed only through a nonlinear time‐history analysis of the structure subjected to a specific earthquake ground acceleration. However, for multi‐story structures, which are usually modeled as multi‐degree of freedom (MDOF) systems, this analysis becomes computation intensive and time consuming and is not suitable for adopting in seismic design guidelines. An alternative method of estimating hysteretic energy demand on MDOF systems is presented here. The proposed method uses multiple ‘generalized’ or ‘equivalent’ single degree of freedom (ESDOF) systems to estimate hysteretic energy demand on an MDOF system within the context of a ‘modal pushover analysis’. This is a modified version of a previous procedure using a single ESDOF system. Efficiency of the proposed procedure is tested by comparing energy demands based on this method with results from nonlinear dynamic analyses of MDOF systems, as well as estimates based on the previous method, for several ground motion scenarios. Three steel moment frame structures, of 3‐, 9‐, and 20‐story configurations, are selected for this comparison. Bias statistics that show the effectiveness of the proposed method are presented. In addition to being less demanding on the computation time and complexity, the proposed method is also suitable for adopting in design guidelines, as it can use response spectra for hysteretic energy demand estimation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Institutional Traps and Economic Growth

This paper's point of departure is that low-quality institutions, concentration of political power, and underdevelopment are persistent over time. Its analytical model views an equal distribution of political power as a commitment device to enhance institutional quality thereby promoting growth. The politically powerful coalition contemplates relinquishing of its power, weighing this advantageous consequence against the limit on own appropriative ability that it entails. The possibility of two developmental paths is exhibited: with concentration of political and economic power, low-quality institutions, and slow growth; and a more equal distribution of political and economic resources, high-quality institutions, and faster growth.
ON DOMINATION AND ITS FORCING IN MYCIELSKI'S GRAPHS

A vertex in a graph, G, dominates itself and its neighbors. A set of vertices, S, in a graph, G, is a dominating set, if each vertex of G is dominated by some vertex of S. The minimum cardinality of a dominating set of G is the domination number, (G), of G and the maximum cardinality of a minimal dominating set of G is the upper domination number, (G). A dominating set that is independent is called an independent dominating set of G. The independent domination number, i(G), of G is the minimum cardinality of an independent dominating set of G. A dominating set that is connected is called a connected dominating set ofG. The connected domination number, c(G), ofG is the minimum cardinality of a connected dominating set of G. A dominating set, S, is called a total dominating set, if each vertex of G is dominated by some vertices of S. The total domination number, t(G), of G is the minimum cardinality of a total dominating set of G. A dominating set, S, of G is called a strong dominating set, if each vertex, x, of V (G) n S is dominated by some vertices, y, of S, with deg(y) deg(x). The strong domination number, s(G), of G is the minimum cardinality of a strong dominating set of G, [2-6]. A (G)-set is referred to as a dominating set for G of size (G), a i(G)-set to an independent dominating set for G of size i(G), a t(G)-set to a total dominating set for G of size t(G) and a c(G)-set to a connected dominating set for G of size c(G). A subset, F , of a minimum dominating set, S, is a forcing subset for S, if S is the unique minimum
Arctic epishelf lakes as sentinel ecosystems: Past, present and future

[1] Ice shelves are a prominent but diminishing feature of the northern coastline of Ellesmere Island in the Canadian High Arctic (latitude 82–83°N). By blocking embayments and fiords, this thick coastal ice can create epishelf lakes, which are characterized by a perennially ice-capped water column of freshwater overlying seawater. The goal of this study was to synthesize new, archived, and published data on Arctic epishelf lakes in the context of climate change. Long-term changes along this coastline were evaluated using historical reports, cartographic analysis, RADARSAT imagery, and field measurements. These data, including salinity-temperature profiling records from Disraeli Fiord spanning 54 years, show the rapid decline and near disappearance of this lake type in the Arctic. Salinity-temperature profiling of Milne Fiord, currently blocked by the Milne Ice Shelf, confirmed that it contained an epishelf lake composed of a 16-m thick freshwater layer overlying seawater. A profiling survey along the coast showed that there was a continuum of ice-dammed lakes from shallow systems dammed by multiyear landfast sea ice to deep epishelf lakes behind ice shelves. The climate warming recently observed in this region likely contributed to the decline of epishelf lakes over the last century, and the air temperature trend predicted for the Arctic over the next several decades implies the imminent loss of this ecosystem type. Our results underscore the distinctive properties of coastal ice-dammed lakes and their value as sentinel ecosystems for the monitoring of regional and global climate change.
Chemiosmotic coupling in oxidative phosphorylation: The history of a hard experimental effort hampered by the Heisenberg indeterminacy principle

Understanding how biological systems convert and store energy is a primary goal of biological research. However, despite the formulation of Mitchell’s chemiosmotic theory, which allowed taking fundamental steps forward, we are still far from the complete decryption of basic processes as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and photosynthesis. After more than half a century, the chemiosmotic theory appears to need updating, as some of its assumptions have proven incorrect in the light of the latest structural data on respiratory chain complexes, bacteriorhodopsin and proton pumps. Moreover, the existence of an OXPHOS on the plasma membrane of cells casts doubt on the possibility to build up a transversal proton gradient across it, while paving the way for important applications in the field of neurochemistry and oncology. Up-to date biotechnologies, such as fluorescence indicators can follow proton displacement and sinks, and a number of reports have elegantly demonstrated that proton translocation is lateral rather than transversal with respect to the coupling membrane. Furthermore, the definition of the physical species involved in the transfer (proton, hydroxonium ion or proton currents) is still unresolved even though the latest acquisitions support the idea that protonic currents, difficult to measure, are involved. It seems that the concept of diffusion of the proton expressed more than two centuries ago by Theodor von Grotthuss, is decisive for overcoming these issues. All these uncertainties remember us that also in biology it is necessary to take into account the Heisenberg indeterminacy principle, that sets limits to analytical questions.
A Triple Pendulum Robotic Model and a Set Of Simple Parametric Functions for the Analysis of the Golf Swing

The paper deals with the analysis the golf swing using a triple pendulum model and a simple class of feasible trajectories for the joints. The basic idea stems from the analysis of motions in sports. Many tasks in sport are not specified in term of equivalent joint trajectories but mainly with boundary conditions of joint position and velocity (e.g. weight lifting, punching, swinging in golf). In such tasks even if the 'optimal' trajectory is not a-priori known, some properties can be however inferred and therefore translated in the shape of the representing functions. For the golf swing, the influence of the joints' trajectory as well as that of the initial posture is analyzed with respect to the applied torques and impact velocity.
A C-band backscatter model for lake ice in Alaska

ERS-1 SAR imagery of lake ice growing on shallow tundra lakes in northern Alaska shows interesting radar backscatter variations. Based on the analysis of ice cores from these lakes, a multi-layer backscatter model comprised of the following elements has been developed: 1) specular air-ice, ice-water and ice-frozen soil boundaries; 2) an ice layer of variable thickness; 3) ice sub-layers with air inclusions of variable density, size and shape, including spheres, prolate spheroids, and cylinders of finite length. Preliminary model results confirm that backscatter is a sensitive function of the presence of a specular ice-water interface, with a roughly 40-times greater reflectivity than from an ice-frozen soil interface. The model has also been tested using bubble data derived from ice cores in April 1992. The modelled backscatter is compared with backscatter derived from ERS-1 SAR images obtained at the same time as the fieldwork. <<ETX>>
MHD TWO-PHASE FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER WITH PARTIAL SLIP IN AN INCLINED CHANNEL

The aim of this paper is to investigate the velocity and thermal slip effects in MHD flow and heat transfer of two-phase viscous fluid. It is assumed that both the phases have different densities, viscosities and electrical conductivities. The fully developed flow governed by a constant pressure gradient is passing through an inclined channel having inclination f with horizontal axis. The electrical conductivity in phase I is assumed to be zero so that the constant applied magnetic field of strength B0 in the transverse direction only effect the fluid in phase II. The method of successive approximation is used to develop the analytic solution of order 1 for the developed dimensionless coupled ordinary differential equations. The main focus is to discuss the influence of velocity and thermal slip parameters and Hartmann number on the velocity and temperature profiles.
Information system adoption and usage: validating UTAUT model for Bangladeshi SMES

Small and medium enterprises (SME) are an integral part of any country's economy. Therefore, their existence, operational efficiency and effectiveness must be ensured. Implementation of in-formation system (IS) in business value chain allows organizations to enhance this efficiency thus enables organizations to grow and sustain. This research explores 255 Bangladeshi SMEs to con-ceptualize current trend of IS usage and validates four constructs of unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model to explain IS adoption behavior. The outcome of the study shows that, though a number of Bangladeshi SME's are exposed to computer based IS, their usage, in most cases, are limited to operational level of activities. SMEs are also less concerned about the further development of IS and allocated a minimum budget for IS development. It is also found that the adoption and usage of IS by the Bangladeshi SMEs are strongly influenced by performance efficiency, effort efficiency and facilitating condition and moderately influenced by social influence.
Does "Hotboxing?" Get You High and Can You Test Positive? - A Brief Review of Second-Hand Cannabis Exposure, Intoxication and Urine Drug Screens

Cannabis use is on the rise with higher and higher potencies of marijuana being cultivated. Current legislatures make it easier, and legal, for users to use, especially around nonusers. When such second-hand smoke occurs in poorly ventilated confinements, nonusers may inhale some of the smoke, resulting in absorption of cannabinoids. Some degree of intoxication may occur but most importantly, detectable levels of the drug in blood and urine. Often screening is used by employers, law enforcement agencies, physicians and substance abuse providers. Clinicians hence need to be mindful of such factors when patients deny use despite positive tests. Here we review available evidence, with emphasis on current data based on today’s trends. Clinical background: “I have not smoked marijuana since before I was drafted” 23 year-old NFL player Josh Gordon stated as his explanation for testing positive above the 15 ng/mL THC threshold the NFL considers a failed test. In his appeal he stated he was around individuals using marijuana. His “A” sample tested at 16 ng/mL and his “B” sample tested at 13.63 ng/mL. The two should be consistent since it comes from the same specimen. His legal team was able to dispute the results and reduce his sentence to 8 months as he was the “victim of breathing second hand smoke” (ESPN, 2014).
The ATLASGAL survey: a catalog of dust condensations in the Galactic plane

The formation processes and the evolutionary stages of high-mass stars are poorly understood compared to low-mass stars. Large-scale surveys are needed to provide an unbiased census of high column density sites which can potentially host precursors to high-mass stars. Here we use the ATLASGAL survey covering 420 sq. degree of the Galactic plane at 870 micron; and use the MRE-GLC method to identify the population of embedded sources throughout the inner Galaxy. We identify in total 10952 compact sub-millimeter sources with fluxes above 5 sigma. Completeness tests show that our catalogue is 97% complete above 5 sigma and >99% complete above 7 sigma. We correlate this sample with mid-infrared point source catalogues (MSX at 21.3 micron and WISE at 22 micron) and determine a lower limit of ~33% that are associated with embedded protostellar objects. We note that the proportion of clumps associated with mid-infrared sources increases with increasing flux density, achieving a rather constant fraction of ~75% of all clumps with fluxes over 5 Jy/beam being associated with star-formation. Examining the source counts as a function of Galactic longitude we are able to identify the most prominent star forming regions in the Galaxy. From the fraction of the likely massive quiescent clumps (~25%) we estimate a formation time-scale of ~7.25+/-2.50 x 10^4~yr for the deeply embedded phase before the emergence of luminous YSOs. Such a short duration for the formation of high-mass stars in massive clumps clearly proves that the earliest phases have to be dynamic with supersonic motions.
Technical Efficiency and Its Dynamics in Indian Manufacturing: An Inter-State Analysis

This paper analyzes state level data from the manufacturing sector in India for the period 1986-87 to 1999-00 to study the efficiency dynamics of a ‘typical’ firm in individual states during the pre- and post reform years. Using the non-parametric method of Data Envelopment Analysis we utilize super-efficiency models to rank the states in terms of their performance and investigate the dynamics of the efficiency rankings over time. We find no major change in the efficiency ranking of states after the reforms. Nor is there any evidence of convergence in the distribution of efficiency in the post-reform period.