Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of calcium treatment on forest floor organic matter composition along an elevation gradient

Calcium amendment is a restorative option for nutrient-depleted, acidic soils in the forests of the northeastern United States. We studied the effects of watershed-scale wollastonite (CaSiO3) application on the structural composition of soil organic matter (SOM) and hot-water-extractable organic matter (HWEOM) at the Hubbard Brook Experiment Forest in New Hampshire 7–9 years after treatment, along an elevation gradient. Soils in the high-elevation spruce–fir–birch (SFB) zone contained significantly greater amounts of HWEOM compared with lower elevation hardwood soils, likely due to differences in litter quality and slower decomposition rates in colder soils at higher elevation. The only significant difference in hot-water-extractable organic carbon concentration between reference and calcium-treated watersheds was in Oie horizons of the SFB zone, which also exhibited the greatest degree of soil chemical change after treatment. The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra showed no significant patterns.
Two species competition with an inhibitor involved

The dynamics of the solution flow of a two-species Lotka-Volterra competition model with an extra equation for simple inhibitor dynamics is investigated. The model fits into the abstract framework of two-species competition systems (or $K$-monotone systems), but the equilibrium representing the extinction of both species is not a repeller. This feature distinguishes our problem from the case of classical two-species competition without inhibitor (classical case for short), where a basic assumption requires that equilibrium to be a repeller. Nevertheless, several results similar to those in the classical case, such as competitive exclusion and the existence of a "thin" separatrix, are obtained, but differently from the classical case, coexistence of the two species or extinction of one of them may depend on the initial conditions. As in almost all two species competition models, the strong monotonicity of the flow (with respect to a certain order on $\mathbb R^3$) is a key ingredient for establishing the main results of the paper.
Microhabitat Association of Cryptobenthic Reef Fishes (Teleostei: Gobiidae) in the Central Red Sea

Microhabitat Association of Cryptobenthic Reef Fishes (Family Gobiidae) in the Central Red Sea Emily Troyer Knowledge of biodiversity within an ecosystem is essential when trying to understand the function and importance of that ecosystem. A challenge when assessing biodiversity of reef habitats is cryptobenthic fishes, which encompass many groups that have close associations with the substrate. These fishes can be behaviorally cryptic, by seeking refuge within the reef matrix, or visually cryptic, using cryptic coloration to match the surrounding habitat. These factors make visual surveys inadequate for sampling these fishes. One such group of cryptobenthic fishes are the gobies, family Gobiidae, which currently represent over 1600 species, although new species are continually being discovered. Gobies are often small (less than 5 cm), and many species will be associated with a very specific microhabitat type. Due to the understudied nature of the Red Sea, little is known about habitat preferences of gobies within the region. In order to determine the differences in goby community structure within the central Red Sea, fishes were sampled at one reef using 1 m2 enclosed rotenone stations from three distinct microhabitats: hard coral, rubble, and sand. Following collection, specimens were photographed and sequenced using COI, to aid in species identification. 232 individuals were collected representing 31 species of goby. Rubble microhabitats were found to host the majority of collected gobies (69%), followed by hard coral (20.6%), then sand (9.9%). Goby assemblages in the three microhabitats were significantly different from each other, and evidence of habitat-specialists was found. These results provide essential
Set‐Back Distances to Protect Nesting Bird Colonies from Human Disturbance in Florida

Breeding colonial waterbirds are particularly susceptible to human disturbance because of their high-density nesting habits. Identified detriments to reproductive success include egg and nestling mortality, nest evacuation, reduced nestling body mass and slower growth, premature fledging and modified adult behaviors. Fifteen species of colonial waterbirds nesting at 17 colonies in north and central Florida were exposed to three different human disturbance mechanisms (HDMs) in order to determine recommended set-back (RS) distances for protecting these mixed-species nesting assemblages. Both intraspecific and inter- specific variation were observed in flushing response distances to the same human disturbance mechanisms. In general, colonial waterbirds exhibited greater average flush distances in reaction to a walking approach than to approaching motor boats. Recommended set-back distances were estimated using aformula based on A the mean plus 1.6495 standard deviations of the observed flushing distances plus 40 meters (RS = exp (|i + 1. 64956 + 40)). In general, a recommended set-back distance of about 100 meters for wading bird colonies and 180 meters for mixed tern/skimmer colonies should be adequate to effectively buffer the sites we studied from human disturbance caused by approach of pedestrians and motor boats. We recommend follow-up studies to test our model at other breeding colonies.
Further Test on Stock Liquidity Risk With a Relative Measure

Negative relationship between stock’s return and its liquidity is established in literature that is interpreted as reflection of liquidity risk, since illiquid stocks are risker than liquid stocks, hence, illiquid stocks should earn more return. Researchers subsequently considered liquidity as another variable in asset pricing model when they found commonality in liquidity across market. Earlier studies tested stock and market liquidities independently, using measure based on stock’s characteristics. We therefore, further test the relationship of stock's return with its liquidity relative to market-wide liquidity by a relative measure linking the individual liquidity with market-wide liquidity. Results confirm the negative relationship between stock's return and liquidity exists, but the relationship is non-linear and the relative measure of liquidity complements the liquidity measures used in prior studies. We also find that fluctuations in relative liquidity do not have positive effect on stock return, raising a question whether variability in liquidity captures liquidity risk if it inherently arises from investors' inability to trade.
DATIVE-NOMINATIVE ALTERNATIONS IN GERMANIC LANGUAGES A generative perspective

This paper focuses on the conditions under which dative–nominative alternations take place, mainly within the Germanic family, with a view to illuminate the nature of dative case cross-linguistically. In particular, we investigate the properties of bekommen/krijgen passives in different varieties of Dutch and German and compare these passives to other instances of Dat-Nom alternations attested in Icelandic. We consider two parameters of variation: (i) the environments where Dat-Nom alternations take place (monotransitives and ditransitives or only ditransitives) and (ii) the extent to which these depend on the organization of the Voice systems in the languages under discussion (passives or non-passives). The proposal we defend, within the generative framework, is that mixed approaches towards dative are correct. There are three types of languages: languages where dative is always structural, languages where dative is never structural and finally languages where dative qualifies as structural in some environments and as inherent/lexical in others.
Fabrication of an Al Foam/Dense Steel Composite by Friction Welding

Al foam is lightweight with superior shock-absorbing properties but has low tensile and bending strengths. This has spurred efforts to form composites of Al foam with dense materials. In this study, we examined the possibility of fabricating composite structures of Al foam and dense steel with strong metal bonding by employing friction welding. The use of friction welding is expected to facilitate the fabrication of Al foam/ dense steel composites by a simple process with low environmental impact. It is shown that this procedure is capable of fabricating an Al foam/ dense steel composite in which the Al foam completely fills the hollow in the dense steel. An Fe­Al intermetallic compound (IMC) layer with a thickness on the order of 10µm was found throughout almost the entire interface between the Al foam and the dense steel. Therefore, it is shown that an Al foam/dense steel composite with strong metal bonding can be fabricated. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2012390]
Deposition and Characterization of Molybdenum Thin Film Using Direct Current Magnetron and Atomic Force Microscopy

In this paper, pure molybdenum (Mo) thin film has been deposited on blank Si substrate by DC magnetron sputtering technique. The deposition condition for all samples has not been changed except for the deposition time in order to study the influence of time on the thickness and surface morphology of molybdenum thin film. The surface profiler has been used to measure the surface thickness. Atomic force microscopy technique was employed to investigate the roughness and grain structure of Mo thin film. The thickness and grain of molybdenum thin film layer has been found to increase with respect to time, while the surface roughness decreases. The average roughness, root mean square roughness, surface skewness, and surface kurtosis parameters are used to analyze the surface morphology of Mo thin film. Smooth surface has been observed. From grain analysis, a uniform grain distribution along the surface has been found. The obtained results allowed us to decide the optimal time to deposit molybdenum thin film layer of 20–100 nm thickness and subsequently patterned as electrodes (source/drain) in carbon nanotube-channel transistor.
Disentangling seasonal signals in Holocene climate trends by satellite-model-proxy integration

Past sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are routinely estimated from organic and inorganic remains of fossil phytoplankton or zooplankton organisms, recovered from sea floor sediments. Potential seasonal biases of paleo proxies were intensely studied in the past, however, even for the two most commonly used paleo proxies for SST, UK0 37 and Mg/Ca ratios, a clear global picture does not yet exist. In the present study we combine Holocene SST trends derived from UK0 37 and Mg/Ca ratios with results from idealized climate model simulations forced by changes in the orbital conguration, which represents the major climate driver over the last 10 kyrs. Such changes cause a spatio-temporal redistribution of incoming solar radiation resulting in a modulation of amplitude and phasing of the seasonal cycle. Considering that the climate signal recorded by a plankton-based paleo proxy may be aected by the seasonal productivity cycle of the respective organism, we use the modern relationship between SST and marine net primary production (NPP), both obtained from satellite observations, to calculate a seasonality index (SI) as an independent constraint to link modeled SST trends with proxy data. Although the climate model systematically underestimates Holocene SST trends, we find that seasonal productivity peaks of the phytoplankton-based UK0 37 result in a preferential registering of the warm (cold) season in high (low) latitudes, as it was expected from the SI distribution. The overall smoother trends from the zooplankton-derived Mg/Ca-SSTs suggest a more integrated signal over longer time averages, which may also carry a seasonal bias, but the spatial pattern is less clear. Based on our ndings, careful multi-proxy approaches can actually go beyond the reconstruction of average climate trends, specifically allowing to resolve the evolution of seasonality.
Secure doubly connected domination in the join of graphs

Let G be a simple connected graph. A doubly connected dominating set S ⊆ V (G) is said to be a secure doubly connected dominating set of G if S = V (G) or for each u ∈ V (G)\S, there exists v ∈ S such that uv ∈ E(G) and (S\{v} ∪ {u}) is doubly connected dominating set. The secure doubly connected domination number of G, denoted by γscc(G), is the minimum cardinality of a secure doubly connected dominating set of G. In this paper, we characterized the secure doubly connected domination in the join of two graphs and obtain that 2 ≤ γscc(G+H) ≤ 4 for non-complete graphs G and H. Characterizations for γscc(G+H) = 2 and γscc(G+H) = 3 are also given. Mathematics Subject Classification: 05C69
The price of gaining: maximization in decision-making, regret and life satisfaction

Maximizers attempt to find the best solution in decision-making, while satisficers feel comfortable with a good enough solution. Recent results pointed out some critical aspects of this decision-making approach and some concerns about its measurement and dimensional structure. In addition to the analysis of these aspects, we tested the possible mediational role of regret in this psychological process. The Maximization Inventory (MI; satisficing, decision difficulty, and alternative search), regret, and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were translated and adapted to Spanish in order to answer these issues with a Chilean sample. Validity and reliability analysis of the MI reports that only two dimensions of the MI have enough dimensional support (decision difficulty, alternative search). The tested structural model shows good fit of partial mediation effect of regret between decision difficulty and SWLS. At the same time, alternative search has a positive relation with SWLS. These results suggest that Regret becomes crucial for prescribing behavior to decision makers.
Students Conception of Voltage and Resistance Concepts after Conventional Instruction

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of conceptions reached by students’ who learnt the concepts of voltage and resistance with the conventional direct instruction. To answer the research questions, descriptive non-experimental research design was used. A two tier test on the concepts of voltage and resistance was administered to 49 physics and chemistry major first year students in Medda Walabu University, Ethiopia. Students’ responses to the five items were qualitatively compared to those found in literature for secondary school and university students. The result showed that the conception of students formed at school level about voltage and resistance were not that much affected even by learning the same concepts at advanced levels and with mathematical rigor at university. Besides, the analysis revealed that students hold multiple opposing ideas regarding the same concept, which contradicts the classical conceptual change perspective. Further, the average conception level reached by the students after learning university level physics courses was “partial understanding”. Therefore, attending advanced but traditional course would not enhance students’ conceptual understanding. Hence, teachers should have to investigate students’ conceptions, as a first step, to subsequently design and implement appropriate instructional interventions.
Empirics on the causal effects of rent control in Germany

This paper analyzes empirically the effects of a second generation rent control. We investigate the consequences of an uncommon policy intervention in the German housing market in 2015. We rely on a difference-and-differences setup, augmented with elements of a discontinuity-in-time design, to identify the causal impact of rent control on controlled and uncontrolled prices, land values, and the short-run supply of (rental) housing. We exploit an exception for newly built units and compare these units to young regulated units in order to measure the relative effect of the regulation on these groups. We are able to decompose this total effect into a negative effect on regulated and a positive effect on unregulated units, by exploiting spatio-temporal variation in treatment and the _ne-grained temporal variation of the data. We document positive effects on rents and prices of unregulated units and negative effects on regulated units. Intra-market variation is not available for identifying effects on land values and supply. We thus use propensity score weighting and trimming for selecting comparable treatment and control units. We find a robust positive impact of the regulation on land values that is qualitatively and quantitatively in line with the results for rents. We then document that the rent control regime led to more demolitions of small residential units (single- and two-family homes demolished with the purpose of making room for a new residential building), but we do not find an effect for larger buildings. We take this as a first sign of positive long-run supply effects. We also provide evidence that landlords more often chose to sell rather than let vacant rental units and that maintenance effort decreased under rent control. Overall, these results _t the predictions of a standard comparative-static representation of a second-generation rent control, which sheds a more favorable light on rent control.
The effects of blood pressure lowering on aortic compliance in young patients with hypertension

Wstep. Rola, jaką w patogenezie nadciśnienia tetniczego spelniają zmiany wlaściwości sprezystych duzych tetnic, jest zagadnieniem nie do konca wyjaśnionym. Celem pracy byla ocena wplywu inhibitorow konwertazy angiotensyny (ACE) i diuretykow na podatnośc aorty w grupie mlodych chorych z nadciśnieniem tetniczym. Material i metody. Badaniem objeto 56 pacjentow (średnia wieku 33,5 ± 3,7 lat) z niedawno rozpoznanym lub dotychczas nieleczonym nadciśnieniem tetniczym. Wykonano dwukrotnie, przed leczeniem i po 6 miesiącach terapii hipotensyjnej (diuretykami lub inhibotorami ACE) nastepujące procedury: 3-krotny pomiar ciśnienia tetniczego i tetna, 24-godzinne monitorowanie ciśnienia tetniczego oraz ocene szybkości fali tetna w aorcie. Chorych w zalezności od podatności (prawidlowa — HC+, upośledzona — HC–) i zastosowanego leczenia podzielono na 4 grupy (HC+inhibitor ACE, HC–inhibitor ACE, HC+diuretyk, HC–diuretyk). Wyniki. W grupie osob leczonych inhibitorem ACE wykazano istotnie wiekszy (p Wnioski. Terapia inhibitorami ACE skuteczniej zmniejsza wartości ciśnienia tetna u osob z hipertonią z upośledzoną podatnością aorty, stwierdzono takze korzystniejszy wplyw na podatnośc aorty w porownaniu z leczeniem diuretykami tiazydowymi u mlodych pacjentow z nadciśnieniem tetniczym. Jednak w przypadku obu grup lekow poprawa podatności aorty jest istotnie wieksza u osob z hipertonią z upośledzeniem tej funkcji aorty. Brak jest wyraźnych podstaw do indywidualizacji terapii hipotensyjnej diuretykiem tiazydowym lub inhibitorem ACE u mlodych pacjentow z nadciśnieniem tetniczym i prawidlową podatnością aorty. Natomiast stwierdzenie upośledzonej podatności aorty sugeruje wybor inhibitora konwertazy angiotensyny.
The Impact of Temperature Change on Energy Demand: A Dynamic Panel Analysis

This paper presents an empirical study of energy demand, in which demand for a series of energy goods (Gas, Oil Products, Coal, Electricity) is expressed as a function of various factors, including temperature. Parameter values are estimated econometrically, using a dynamic panel data approach. Unlike previous studies in this field, the data sample has a global coverage, and special emphasis is given to the dynamic nature of demand, as well as to interactions between income levels and sensitivity to temperature variations. These features make the model results especially valuable in the analysis of climate change impacts. Results are interpreted in terms of derived demand for heating and cooling. Non-linearities and discontinuities emerge, making it necessary to distinguish between different countries, seasons, and energy sources. Short- and long-run temperature elasticities of demand are estimated.
Ownership versus Management Effects on Performance in Family and Founder Companies: A Bayesian Analysis

There are ongoing debates in the literature concerning the performance of family firms: some studies find superior performance among these companies, others find negative or neutral per-formance effects. In this research we employ agency theory to argue that the effects of family ownership vs. family management will be quite different: the former is expected to contribute positively to performance, the latter is argued to erode performance. Previous studies, due to problems of omitted variables or multicollinearity have been unable to distinguish these effects. Using a Bayesian approach that avoids these problems, we find that whereas family and founder ownership are associated with superior performance, the results for family management and even founder management are far more ambiguous. Our results have implications regarding the own-ership and management of lone founder and family firms.
Elastic wave behavior across linear slip interfaces

A model for an imperfectly bonded interface between two elastic media is proposed. Displacement across this surface is not required to be continuous. The displacement discontinuity, or slip, is taken to be linearly related to the stress traction which is continuous across the interface. For isotropic interface behavior, there are two complex frequency dependent interface compliances, ηN and ηT, where the component of the slip normal to the interface is given by ηN times the normal stress and the component tangential to the interface is given by ηT times the shear stress and is in the same direction. Reflection and transmission coefficients for harmonic plane waves incident at arbitrary angles upon a plane linear slip interface are computed in terms of the interface compliances. These coefficients are frequency dependent even when the compliances are real and frequency independent. Examples of the effects of buried slip interfaces on reflection coefficient spectra and on Love‐wave dispersion relations are .