Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
1D Kinematics from Stars and Ionized Gas at z ∼ 0.8 from the LEGA-C Spectroscopic Survey of Massive Galaxies

We present a comparison of the observed, spatially integrated stellar and ionized gas velocity dispersions of ∼1000 massive ( ) galaxies in the Large Early Galaxy Astrophysics Census survey at 0.6 ≲ z ≲ 1.0. The high S/N ∼ 20 Å−1 afforded by 20 hr Very Large Telescope/Visible Multi-Object Spectrograph spectra allows for joint modeling of the stellar continuum and emission lines in all galaxies, spanning the full range of galaxy colors and morphologies. These observed integrated velocity dispersions (denoted as and ) are related to the intrinsic velocity dispersions of ionized gas or stars, but also include rotational motions through beam smearing and spectral extraction. We find good average agreement between observed velocity dispersions, with . This result does not depend strongly on stellar population, structural properties, or alignment with respect to the slit. However, in all regimes we find significant scatter between and , with an overall scatter of 0.13 dex of which 0.05 dex is due to observational uncertainties. For an individual galaxy, the scatter between and translates to an additional uncertainty of ∼0.24 dex on dynamical mass derived from , on top of measurement errors and uncertainties from Virial constant or size estimates. We measure the z ∼ 0.8 stellar mass Faber–Jackson relation and demonstrate that emission line widths can be used to measure scaling relations. However, these relations will exhibit increased scatter and slopes that are artificially steepened by selecting on subsets of galaxies with progressively brighter emission lines.
Sectoral Differences in Wage Freezes and Wage Cuts: Evidence from a New Firm Survey

The paper provides evidence concerning incidence and sources of nominal wage rigidity in services and manufacturing, using a new and large employer survey on wage and price setting behaviour for Germany. We observe that wage freezes are more frequent in services than in manufacturing, whereas wage cuts are less frequent. The significant sector gaps do not vanish after controlling for relevant firm characteristics influencing the incidence of wage freezes and wage cuts, notably coverage by collective agreements and the degree of price competition on the product market. An analysis of firms' view on the reasons preventing wage cuts suggests that specific fear of excess worker turnover could explain distinct wage setting behaviour in services.
Economic growth and environmental quality: a meta-analysis of environmental Kuznets curve studies

Meta-analysis is used to investigate systematic variation across Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) studies. Based on 588 observations, modeling results indicate that data characteristics, study methods, estimation techniques, and the chosen environmental quality degradation measure all significantly affect the absence or presence of the EKC, and any predicted income turning points (ITPs). With respect to anthropogenic activity-related greenhouse gases, the evidence does not support the presence of an EKC.
Heterogeneity and Aggregate Fluctuations

We develop a state-space model with a state-transition equation that takes the form of a functional vector autoregression and stacks macroeconomic aggregates and a cross-sectional density. The measurement equation captures the error in estimating log densities from repeated cross-sectional samples. The log densities and the transition kernels in the law of motion of the states are approximated by sieves, which leads to a nite-dimensional representation in terms of macroeconomic aggregates and sieve coei¬€icients. We use this model to study the joint dynamics of technology shocks, per capita GDP, employment rates, and the earnings distribution. We nd that the estimated spillovers between aggregate and distributional dynamics are generally small, a positive technology shock tends to decrease inequality, and a shock that raises the inequality of earnings leads to a small but not signii¬ cant increase in GDP.
Hot Super Earths: Disrupted young jupiters?

Recent Kepler observations revealed an abundance of ‘hot’ Earth-size to Neptune-size planets in the inner 0.02–0.2 au from their parent stars. We propose that at least some of these smaller planets are the remnants of massive giant planets that migrated inwards quicker than they could contract. We show that such disruptions occur if the young giant planet embryo is initially extended. The characteristic planet–star separation at which such ‘hot disruptions’ occur is R≈ 0.03–0.2 au. The disruption is most likely at high accretion rates, yr−1, when the migration is rapid and the embryo is unable to contract quickly enough. At late times, when the accretion rate drops to yr−1, the embryos migrate sufficiently slow to be not disrupted. These ‘late arrivals’ may explain the well-known population of hot jupiters, although they could also be accounted for by the more compact giant planets in the framework of the core accretion scenario for planet formation.
Asymmetric responses of primary productivity to altered precipitation simulated by ecosystem models across three long-term grassland sites

Abstract. Field measurements of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in temperate grasslands suggest that both positive and negative asymmetric responses to changes in precipitation (P) may occur. Under normal range of precipitation variability, wet years typically result in ANPP gains being larger than ANPP declines in dry years (positive asymmetry), whereas increases in ANPP are lower in magnitude in extreme wet years compared to reductions during extreme drought (negative asymmetry). Whether the current generation of ecosystem models with a coupled carbon–water system in grasslands are capable of simulating these asymmetric ANPP responses is an unresolved question. In this study, we evaluated the simulated responses of temperate grassland primary productivity to scenarios of altered precipitation with 14 ecosystem models at three sites: Shortgrass steppe (SGS), Konza Prairie (KNZ) and Stubai Valley meadow (STU), spanning a rainfall gradient from dry to moist. We found that (1) the spatial slopes derived from modeled primary productivity and precipitation across sites were steeper than the temporal slopes obtained from inter-annual variations, which was consistent with empirical data; (2) the asymmetry of the responses of modeled primary productivity under normal inter-annual precipitation variability differed among models, and the mean of the model ensemble suggested a negative asymmetry across the three sites, which was contrary to empirical evidence based on filed observations; (3) the mean sensitivity of modeled productivity to rainfall suggested greater negative response with reduced precipitation than positive response to an increased precipitation under extreme conditions at the three sites; and (4) gross primary productivity (GPP), net primary productivity (NPP), aboveground NPP (ANPP) and belowground NPP (BNPP) all showed concave-down nonlinear responses to altered precipitation in all the models, but with different curvatures and mean values. Our results indicated that most models overestimate the negative drought effects and/or underestimate the positive effects of increased precipitation on primary productivity under normal climate conditions, highlighting the need for improving eco-hydrological processes in those models in the future.
Konyada Bazı Yem Bitkilerinin Doğrudan Anıza Ekim Yöntemiyle İkinci Ürün Olarak Yetiştirilmesi

Ekolojik ve ekonomik kaygilar alternatif uretim sekillerinin arastirilmasina sebep olmaktadir. Bunlardan birisi de dogrudan ekim yontemidir. Ikinci urun olarak tahil hasadindan sonra dogrudan ekim yontemiyle saf veya tahillarla karisim halinde adi fig, Macar figi, koca fig, yem bezelyesi, cemen ekilmistir. Ayrica sorgum bitkisi ot amaciyla dogrudan ekim yontemiyle yetistirilmistir. Konya sartlarinda yem bitkilerinin dogrudan ekim yontemiyle yetistirilmesinde basarili olunmustur
A sediment-based reconstruction of Caribbean effective precipitation during the ‘Little Ice Age’ from Freshwater Pond, Barbuda

Contemporary climate dynamics of the circum-Caribbean region are characterised by significant precipitation variability on interannual and interdecadal timescales controlled primarily by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). However, our understanding of pre-industrial climate variability in the region is hampered by the sparse geographic distribution of palaeoclimate archives. Here, we present a high-resolution reconstruction of effective precipitation for Barbuda since the mid-16th century, based on biostratigraphic and stable isotope analyses of fossil ostracods and gastropods recovered from lake sediment cores from Freshwater Pond, the only freshwater lake on the island. We interpret episodic fluctuations in shell accumulation in the sediment record to represent changes in the balance between precipitation and evaporation during the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA; ~1400–1850 CE) and Industrial (1850–present) periods. Comparisons between indices of reconstructed ENSO and AMO variability, the abundance of the freshwater gastropod Pyrgophorus parvulus and the δ18O records from ostracod calcite suggest that the relative influence of ENSO and AMO on long-term rainfall patterns in Barbuda has changed over the last 400 years. Our findings are in agreement with other high-resolution palaeoclimate studies that suggest that long-term changes in effective precipitation during the LIA were much more variable, temporally and spatially, than previously suggested.
The importance of teacher interpersonal behaviour for student attitudes in Brunei primary science classes

This study investigated relationships between students' perceptions of their teachers' interpersonal behaviour and their subject‐related attitude in primary science classes in Brunei. Teacher–student interpersonal behaviour was mapped with the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI) and reported in terms of two independent dimensions called Influence (teacher dominance vs submission) and Proximity (teacher cooperation vs opposition). While prior research using the QTI mainly focused on secondary education, the present study was one of the first in Brunei and in primary education and one of few studies to use multilevel analysis. Data from 1305 students from 64 classes were used in this study. Results indicated strong and positive effects of Influence and Proximity on students' enjoyment of their science class and supported findings of earlier work with the QTI.
The Differential Ideal [ P ] : M ∞

Let k be a differential field of characteristic zero, let k{y1, . , yn} be a differential polynomial ring over k, and let F ⊂ k{y1, . , yn} \ k. (See Section 2 for all definitions; see Kolchin (1973) for a complete account of differential polynomial algebra. ) The determination of membership in the radical differential ideal {F} generated by F has been an important topic in differential algebra ever since the inception of this field. In the event that {F} is known to be prime, the problem can be solved in principle by finding a characteristic set of {F}; for if C is a characteristic set of {F} and {F} is prime, then g ∈ {F} if and only if the remainder of F with respect to C is zero. (Here the remainder is determined by Ritt–Kolchin reduction, which is a differential version of pseudo-reduction.) Therefore, if {F} is merely radical, it would suffice to solve the following problem: find finitely many finite subsets C1, . , Ck of k{y1, . , yn}, each a characteristic set of a prime differential ideal Pi (1 ≤ i ≤ k) such that {F} = ∩i=1Pi. Ideally one would also ask for this intersection of prime differential ideals to be irredundant, but the problem of eliminating superfluous Pi’s from the intersection has so far proved quite intractable: given characteristic sets of two differential prime ideals, it is not difficult to decide whether the ideals are equal, but there is no algorithm—or even a solution in principle, except in very special cases—to decide whether one of the ideals is contained in the other. Ritt (1950) solved the membership problem “in principle” in the case of an ordinary differential polynomial ring, and Kolchin (1973) generalized Ritt’s method to the case of a partial differential polynomial ring. After pointing out that the Ritt–Kolchin method is not truly constructive because it requires polynomial factorization, Seidenberg
Sidon sets with extremal Sidon constants

A finitely supported measure yt on an l.c. a. group is said to be extremal if II = 11 1 (# SUpp t,) 12. If yt is an extremal measure and E is the support of ,t, it follows that the Sidon constant of E is (# E)'/2, in which case E is also said to be extremal. Our results are these. (1) An "independent" union of m cosets of a finite subgroup H of G is extremal if and only if (essentially) m divides #H. (2) Not all extremal subsets of abelian groups have the form described in (1). (3) For any group (abelian or not), the Sidon constant of that group is at least (.8)(# G)'/3.
The Marginal Value of Cash and Corporate Savings ∗

This paper provides a non-parametric empirical analysis of the structural model of corporate savings and investment by Bolton, Chen and Wang (2011). The key variable of that model is the firm’s cash-to-capital ratio w. Firm value is increasing and concave in w, and the firm’s marginal value of cash is decreasing in w. As a result, investment is increasing in w. These predictions and other less obvious results of the model are confirmed by our empirical analysis. A major finding of our analysis is that on average, the value of capital for a firm is increasing and concave in the corporation’s cash-to-capital ratio. Moreover, the slope of this value function, which measures the corporation’s marginal value of cash, is decreasing in the cash-to-capital ratio w as predicted by the model. Together, these findings provide a parsimonious and powerful explanation of US corporate savings and investment behavior.
Free Trade Agreements, Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A study of Asia

The accelerated proliferation of the volume of FTAs for Asian economies has constantly intrigued the economics researchers. An anonymous conclusion is yet to be reached about the effect of FTAs on economic growth. This research investigates the affiliation amidst in-effect FTAs and trade openness on growth. A dynamic panel approach with the Arellano-Bond GMM estimators has been used for this research to tackle the endogeneity issue faced by past literatures. This research enhances the current literature by scrutinizing both bilateral and multilateral FTAs in individual models with a dummy variable approach. The inspection of the effect of FTAs on economic development of Asian LDCs in a separate model is also a contribution of this paper to existing literature. Individually, the FTAs failed to indicate statistically significant and positive impact on growth. However, when tested in the presence of trade openness they do exhibit positive statistical significance on growth. Intriguingly, trade openness exhibits a negative ramification on growth in all estimations. The FTA dummy for the Asian LDCs demonstrates a negative outcome on economical progression which can be attributed to the net importer characteristics of those countries.
Semantic Part Detection via Matching: Learning to Generalize to Novel Viewpoints From Limited Training Data

Detecting semantic parts of an object is a challenging task, particularly because it is hard to annotate semantic parts and construct large datasets. In this paper, we present an approach which can learn from a small annotated dataset containing a limited range of viewpoints and generalize to detect semantic parts for a much larger range of viewpoints. The approach is based on our matching algorithm, which is used for finding accurate spatial correspondence between two images and transplanting semantic parts annotated on one image to the other. Images in the training set are matched to synthetic images rendered from a 3D CAD model, following which a clustering algorithm is used to automatically annotate semantic parts of the CAD model. During the testing period, this CAD model can synthesize annotated images under every viewpoint. These synthesized images are matched to images in the testing set to detect semantic parts in novel viewpoints. Our algorithm is simple, intuitive, and contains very few parameters. Experiments show our method outperforms standard deep learning approaches and, in particular, performs much better on novel viewpoints. For facilitating the future research, code is available: https://github.com/ytongbai/SemanticPartDetection
A summary of hazard datasets and guidelines supported by the Global Earthquake Model during the first implementation phase

The Global Earthquake Model (GEM) initiative promotes open, transparent and collaborative science aimed at the assessment of earthquake risk and its reduction worldwide. During the first implementation phase (2009-2014) GEM sponsored five projects aimed at the creation of global datasets and guidelines toward the creation of open, transparent and, as far as possible, homogeneous hazard input models. These projects concentrated on the following global databases and models: an instrumental catalogue, a historical earthquake archive and catalogue, a geodetic strain rate model, a database of active faults, and set of ground motion prediction equations. This paper describes the main outcomes of these projects illustrating some initial applications as well as challenges in the creation of hazard models.
A possible use of Fourier Transform analysis method as a distance estimator

We speculate on the possibility of using the Fourier transform analysis method as a distance estimator of the observed gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). It is based on a hypothetical empirical relation between the redshift and thepower-law index of power density spectra (PDSs) of the observed GRBs. This relation is constructed by using the fact that the observed power-law index is dependent upon a characteristic timescale of GRB light curves. The rms error of redshift estimates is 0.42 for an empirical relation obtained with the 7 long (Too > 15) GRBs observed by the BATSE whose redshift information is available. We attempt to determine the spatial distribution of the GRBs observed by the BATSE as a function of redshifts on the basis of the resulting redshift estimator. We discuss possible uncertainties of the suggested method.
The Molecular Pathophysiology, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment of MPO Deficiency

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) deficiency is a common immune system variant affecting ~1:2000 people in the United States. MPO is partially responsible for the antimicrobial properties of both neutrophils and monocytes as a critical component in creating hypochlorous acid in phagosomes. While >95% of people with MPO are asymptomatic, a small percentage of people with MPO deficiency present with severe, often recurrent, microbial infections necessitating a clear understanding of its diagnosis and underlying pathophysiology. Primary “hereditary” MPO deficiency can be due to any number of recently recognized MPO mutations. Secondary or “acquired” causes, on the other hand, are also common due to a variety of exposures and concomitant diseases. The differentiation of primary and secondary causes can generally be made by assessing the clinical history and defining patterns of MPO expression. Generally, simple laboratory tests and/or clinical presentation and history can differentiate the underlying cause. No specific therapy is indicated in patients with MPO deficiency beyond microbe-specific therapy for their infections, along with strict control of blood glucose in diabetic patients. *Corresponding author: Monte S. Willis, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2340B Medical Biomolecular Research Building, 103 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA, Tel: (919) 843-1938; Fax: (919) 843-4585; E-mail: monte_willis@med.unc. edu Received December 13, 2011; Accepted March 28, 2012; Published March 29, 2012 Citation: Ren R, Fedoriw Y, Willis MS (2012) The Molecular Pathophysiology, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment of MPO Deficiency. J Clinic Experiment Pathol 2:109. doi:10.4172/2161-0681.1000109 Copyright: © 2012 Ren R, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Bayesian modelling of Dupuytren disease by using Gaussian copula graphical models

Dupuytren disease is a fibroproliferative disorder with unknown aetiology that often progresses and eventually can cause permanent contractures of the fingers affected. We provide a computationally efficient Bayesian framework to discover potential risk factors and investigate which fingers are jointly affected. Our Bayesian approach is based on Gaussian copula graphical models, which provide a way to discover the underlying conditional independence structure of variables in multivariate data of mixed types. In particular, we combine the semiparametric Gaussian copula with extended rank likelihood to analyse multivariate data of mixed types with arbitrary marginal distributions. For structural learning, we construct a computationally efficient search algorithm by using a transdimensional Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm based on a birth–death process. In addition, to make our statistical method easily accessible to other researchers, we have implemented our method in C++ and provide an interface with R software as an R package BDgraph, which is freely available from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=BDgraph.
Optimal Monetary Policy with Real-time Signal Extraction from the Bond Market

Monetary policy is conducted in an environment of uncertainty. This paper sets up a model where the central bank uses real-time data from the bond market together with standard macroeconomic indicators to estimate the current state of the economy more efficiently, while taking into account that its own actions influence what it observes. The timeliness of bond market data allows for quicker responses of monetary policy to disturbances compared to the case when the central bank has to rely solely on collected aggregate data. The information content of the term structure creates a link between the bond market and the macroeconomy that is novel to the literature. To quantify the importance of the bond market as a source of information, the model is estimated on data for the United States and Australia using Bayesian methods. The empirical exercise suggests that there is some information in the US term structure that helps the Federal Reserve to identify shocks to the economy on a timely basis. Australian bond prices seem to be less informative than their US counterparts, perhaps because Australia is a relatively small and open economy.