Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SIMULATION OF RF STRUCTURE OF TRIUMF CYCLOTRON WITH HFSS

Fundamental accelerating mode and rf leakage of the TRIUMF 500 MeV cyclotron rf structure into the beam gap has been studied with the help of a 3D structure simulator software, HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator, Ansoft Corporation). The center post, flux guides, the quasi-circular vacuum chamber and the rf structure have been incorporated into the simulation. median plane. This leads to a large number of tetrahedrons in HFSS whereby Eigen modes and field solutions obtained are not very accurate. A simpler model was chosen to solve for the electric and magnetic fields of both the accelerating mode (push-pull) and nonaccelerating mode (push-push). The rf parameters have been computed and are in close agreement with the parameters measured on the cyclotron. Vertical asymmetry at the dee gap, caused mainly by resonator misalignment, leads to rf leakage fields into the beam gap tank volume outside the resonators. HFSS simulations of this misalignment have been carried out.
Optimal Adaptation Principles In Neural Systems

OPTIMAL ADAPTATION PRINCIPLES IN NEURAL SYSTEMS Kamesh Krishnamurthy Vijay Balasubramanian and Joshua I. Gold Animal brains are remarkably efficient in handling complex computational tasks, which are intractable even for state-of-the-art computers. For instance, our ability to detect visual objects in the presence of substantial variability and clutter surpasses any algorithm. This ability seems even more surprising given the noisiness and biophysical constraints of neural circuits. This thesis focuses on understanding the theoretical principles governing how neural systems, at various scales, are adapted to the structure of their environment in order to interact with it and perform information processing tasks efficiently. Here, we study this question in three very different and challenging scenarios: i) how a sensory neural circuit the olfactory pathway is organised to efficiently process odour stimuli in a very high-dimensional space with complex structure; ii) how individual neurons in the sensory periphery exploit the structure in a fast-changing environment to utilise their dynamic range efficiently; iii) how the auditory system of whole organisms is able to efficiently exploit temporal structure in a noisy, fast-changing environment to optimise perception of ambiguous sounds. We also study the theoretical issues in developing principled measures of model complexity and extending classical complexity notions to explicitly account for the scale/resolution at which we observe a system.
GROWTH RESPONSE OF PINUS WALLICHIANA TO CLIMATIC FACTORS FROM THE CHIRAAH KARAKORAM REGION , NORTHERN PAKISTAN

Pinus wallichiana is the most dominant evergreen species at upper treeline, which is naturally distributed in the Karakoram region of northern Pakistan. The age of this species is reaching up to 800-years old. However, little is known the impact of the climate on the tree growth. In the present study, we developed a long (1409-2015) tree-ring width (TRW) chronology from the upper Pinus wallichiana forest limit to investigate its response to climate change. The TRW was significantly (p<0.05) correlated with the winter (December-February) temperatures and had no significant correlations with precipitation and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). These findings confirmed that the Pinus wallichiana tree growth was mainly limited to temperature rather than precipitation and PDSI, and suggesting that this species had a potential for the past climate reconstruction in the study area.
Development in Higher Education : Connections in Higher Education

This research paper was reviewed using a double blind peer review process that meets DIISR requirements.Two reviewers were appointed on the basis of their independence and they reviewed the full paper devoid of the authors’ names and institutions in order to ensure objectivity and anonymity. Papers were reviewed according to specified criteria, including relevance to the conference theme and sub-themes, originality, quality and presentation. Following review and acceptance, this full paper was presented at the international conference.
The Role of Sociability and Social Interactions for Financial Literacy ∗

Financial literacy is an essential life skill in modern age and is increasingly encouraged to be cultivated at a younger age than it was a couple of decades ago by many individuals and worldwide organizations, such as the OECD. There are many channels that can affect a teenager’s financial proficiency levels, among which the availability of a financial literacy course at school or social interactions at school or home. I use data from the 2012 PISA financial literacy assessment to find out if, and to what extent, sociability and social interactions affect performance in the financial literacy course. The demographic characteristics of the student impact significantly financial literacy performance, with girls, repeaters and students with an immigration background performing worse in the assessment. On the other hand, higher socioeconomic status is associated with better performance in financial literacy. Social interactions in the 2012 PISA assessment are captured by several statements to which students are requested to provide an answer regarding how often they perform certain tasks or whether they agree or disagree with said statements. Talking about or helping your friends with mathematics positively affects financial literacy performance while those who agree that their friends work hard on mathematics, perform worse in financial literacy. Furthermore, students who feel lonely or left out at school also perform worse in financial literacy. Interestingly, discussing money issues, whether it be with your parents or your friends, does not affect financial literacy performance. Overall, although not all variables are statistically significant for the financial literacy course, results from most of those variables that are significant, suggest that performance in the financial literacy course is affected much more than performance in the remaining two courses that were part of the assessment, namely mathematics and reading comprehension.
Basics of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.): Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory

Introduction -- Practical considerations -- Prelude to analysis -- Strategies for qualitative data analysis -- Introduction to context, process and theoretical integration -- Memos and diagrams -- Theoretical sampling -- Analyzing data for concepts -- Elaborating the analysis -- Analyzing data for context -- Bringing process into the analysis -- Integrating around a concept -- Writing theses, monographs, and giving talks -- Criterion for evaluation -- Student questions and answers to these.
MINIMAX ESTIMATION OF A BOUNDED SCALE PARAMETER FOR SCALE-INVARIANT SQUARED-ERROR LOSS

This paper is concerned with minimax estimation of a scale parameter θ when θ is restricted to the interval [a, b] for some known 0 < α < 6 < oo. The loss function is the scale-invariant form of squared error loss. It is shown, under some regularity conditions on the density of the observations, that there exists an πι* > 0 such that, when (b/a) — 1 < m", a unique minimax estimator of θ exists. This minimax estimator is Bayes with respect to a two-point prior concentrated on {a, 6} and this prior is least favourable. Further it is shown that the results apply in the case of scale parameter estimation for the gamma, the F and the logistic distribution, as well as the uniform and the triangular distributions on the interval [—θ, θ\. For the gamma, the F and the logistic distribution a lower bound for m* is obtained. This research was supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
SOME FURTHER RESULTS ABOUT UNDOMINATED BAYESIAN EXPERIMENTS

Abstrac t . A summary of the previous papers about undominated Bayesian experiments and some further results are presented in this article. The main result concerns the case of a pair of statistical observations independent conditionally on the parameter studied in [10]. It allows to individuate (almost surely) the observations (¿i, ¿2) which give rise to posterior distributions concentrated on the intersection of the supports of the singular parts of the posteriors related to the single observations 11 and ¿2 separately. Finally we shall present two counterexamples and an example about the continuous time and homogeneous Markov chains.
Plutonium - Burn It or Bury It?: Using the Richardson Model, and Its Non-Linear Extensions, as a "Decision Tool" in Helping to Choose Between the Use and Disposal of Surplus Nuclear Weapons Materials

Public consideration of nuclear-security matters, such as what to do with surplus fissionable materials from retired nuclear weapons, is often overwhelmed by the proor anti-nuclear energy biases of the discussants. Clearly a ground for such discussion is required which is explicitly independent of such biases. The Richardson Model and its linear and non-linear extensions link the onset of war to the “interactions” between the participants in the international system. These ”interactions” include competitions for resources as well as military and economic components. The disposal of surplus nuclear weapons materials contributes to both the resource and the military aspects of these ”interactions”. Hence the proper disposal method might be linked to international security: the best option is that which maximizes the stability of the system, as determined by a Richardsonian model. Several simple models are developed and investigated in this paper. Admittedly, these models do not do full justice to the complexities of the real world problem. But they do allow simple answers which should provide clues to the eventual development of more realistic models as well as some possibly unbiased insights into how to deal with the real problem. The simple models of this paper indicate that it may be better to ”burn” rather than ”bury” the fission components of surplus nuclear weapons.
OPTIMAL RATES OF CONVERGENCE OF MONOTONE EMPIRICAL BAYES TESTS FOR UNIFORM DISTRIBUTIONS

The empirical Bayes linear loss two-action problem for uniform distributions is considered. We investigate the rates of convergence of the excess risk of monotone empirical Bayes rules. In this paper, asymptotic minimax-type lower bounds are obtained for the regret. Optimal rates of convergence are established for a class of monotone empirical Bayes tests. Furthermore, two optimal monotone empirical Bayes tests for the problem are exhibited.
Metachromasy in clay dye systems: the adsorption of acridine orange by Na-beidellite

Abstract The adsorption of the metachromic dye acridine orange (AO) by Na-beidellite was investigated by visible spectroscopy. Different types of clay-AO association were identified from the appearance and location of absorption bands α or β. The colloidal properties were determined from curves of the absorbance vs. the degree of saturation. Three regions were identified in the absorbance curve. In the first region beidellite is peptized with small amounts of AO and the dye penetrates into the interlayer space where it undergoes metachromasy due to π interactions between the aromatic entity and the oxygen plane of the clay. With larger amounts of AO (second region), the clay flocculates due to the aggregation of the dye cations in the interparticle space of the flocs. In excess AO (third region), beidellite is gradually peptized, forming small tactoids with monomeric AO in the interlayer space and at the same time adsorbing dimeric and polymeric AO cationic species at the solid-liquid interface. Compared with the other smectites, AO shows the greatest tendency to undergo metachromasy in the presence of beidellite.
Effects of burial on the clay assemblages in the Triassic Skagerrak Formation, Denmark

Abstract Sandstones and mudstones of the Skagerrak Formation from the Danish Sub-basin have been studied to assess the origin of the clay minerals, their diagenesis and their transformation/ conversion temperatures (compared to modelled maximum burial temperatures). Detrital smectite and vermiculite occur only at shallow levels. Conversion of smectite into random S-I took place at >47°C and of random S-I into ordered I-S at >74°C. The omnipresent illite increases in amount with burial. The amount of authigenic kaolinite (kaolin) decreases with increasing temperature (>75°C), possibly due to the growth of chlorite. Random S-C is converted into ordered S-C between 70°C and 105°C and chlorite is most abundant at maximum burial temperatures (150°C). This investigation suggests that diagenesis of clay minerals begins at relatively low temperatures, and emphasizes the importance of the availability of necessary ions (K+, Mg2+, Fe2+) for the reactions, besides time and temperature, as controlling parameters.
The multifunctional peptide DN‐9 produced peripherally acting antinociception in inflammatory and neuropathic pain via μ‐ and κ‐opioid receptors

Considerable effort has recently been directed at developing multifunctional opioid drugs to minimize the unwanted side effects of opioid analgesics. We have developed a novel multifunctional opioid agonist, DN‐9. Here, we studied the analgesic profiles and related side effects of peripheral DN‐9 in various pain models.
Factors that influence online learners' intent to continue in an online graduate program

x CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale 2 Problem Statement 4 Significance of Study 4 Objectives 6 Definition of Terms 9 CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE 11 The Historical Development of Distance education 11 The Characteristics of Online Learning 12 Theoretical Background 14 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 24 Population and Samples 24 Ethical Considerations and Study Approval 24 Instrumentation 24 Pilot Testing of Study Instrument 26 Data Collection 28 Procedures to Address Non-Response Error 29 Data Analysis 30 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS 36 Objective One 36 Objective Two 41 Objective Three 46 Objective Four 49 Objective Five 51 Objective Six 54 Objective Seven 56 Objective Eight 59 Objective Nine 62 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 65 Purpose of the Study 65 Summary of Major Findings by Objective 67 Conclusions 70 Recommendations 72 REFERENCES 75
Diagnostic potential of simplified methods for measuring glomerular filtration rate to detect chronic kidney disease in dogs

Abstract Background Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the most sensitive indicator of initial renal function decline during chronic kidney disease (CKD), but conventional protocols for measuring GFR are labor‐intensive and stressful for the dog. Objectives To assess the diagnostic potential for detecting CKD with simplified GFR protocols based on iohexol plasma clearance. Animals Seventeen CKD‐positive and 23 CKD‐negative dogs of different breeds and sex. Methods Prospective nonrandomized study. Plasma iohexol was measured 5, 15, 60, 90, and 180 minutes after injection. Glomerular filtration rate was calculated using 5 samples (GFR5) or simplified protocols based on 1, 2, or 3 samples. The GFR5 and simplified GFR were compared by Bland‐Altmann and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) analysis, and diagnostic accuracy for CKD by receiver operating characteristic curves. A gray zone for each protocol was bounded by the fourth quartile of the CKD‐positive population (lower cutoff) and the first quartile of the CKD‐negative population (upper cutoff). Results All simplified protocols gave reliable GFR measurements, comparable to reference GFR5 (CCC >0.92). Simplified protocols which included the 180‐minutes sampling granted the best GFR measure (CCC: 0.98), with strong diagnostic potential for CKD (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ± SE: 0.98 ± 0.01). A double cutoff including a zone of CKD uncertainty guaranteed reliable diagnosis outside the gray area and identified borderline dogs inside it. Conclusions The simplified GFR protocols offer an accurate, hands‐on tool for CKD diagnosis in dogs. The gray zone might help decision‐making in the management of early kidney dysfunction.
Recovery from Strenuous Downhill Running in Young and Older Physically Active Adults

Abstract There is a well-conceived notion that rate of recovery from strenuous exercise gets slower with age. However, it is unclear whether older adults who exercise habitually demonstrate slower rates of recovery. We determined whether older adults who are physically active demonstrate slower rates of recovery from unaccustomed strenuous exercise compared with younger peers. Healthy young sedentary (n=10, 28±2 years), young endurance-trained (n=15, 27±2 years), and older endurance-trained (n=14, 58±2 years) men and women were studied. Participants performed 45 min of downhill running at 65% of their maximal oxygen consumption. Visual analog pain scores of muscle groups increased at 24, 48, and 72 h in all three groups (p<0.05), and changes in the muscular pain scale of the legs was smaller in the older trained group than in the young trained group. Maximum isometric strengths at 90° decreased in all groups at 24 h, but the recovery rates were not different at 72 h among the groups. Plasma creatine kinase activity and myoglobin concentration increased at 24 h following downhill running and returned to baseline at 48 h in both the young and older trained groups. The present findings are not consistent with the prevailing notion that older trained adults have a slower rate of recovery from strenuous exercise.
Kink Instability: Evolution and Energy Dissipation in Relativistic Force-free Nonrotating Jets

We study the evolution of kink instability in a force-free, nonrotating plasma column of high magnetization. The main dissipation mechanism is identified as reconnection of magnetic field lines with various intersection angles, driven by the compression of the growing kink lobes. We measure dissipation rates dUBϕ/dt ≈ −0. 1UBϕ/τ, where τ is the linear growth time of the kink instability. This value is consistent with the expansion velocity of the kink mode, which drives the reconnection. The relaxed state is close to a force-free Taylor state. We constrain the energy of that state using considerations from linear stability analysis. Our results are important for understanding magnetic field dissipation in various extreme astrophysical objects, most notably in relativistic jets. We outline the evolution of the kink instability in such jets and derive constraints on the conditions that allow for the kink instability to grow in these systems.
Deriving the Stellar Labels of LAMOST Spectra with the Stellar LAbel Machine (SLAM)

The LAMOST survey has provided 9 million spectra in its Data Release 5 (DR5) at R ∼ 1800. Extracting precise stellar labels is crucial for such a large sample. In this paper, we report the implementation of the Stellar LAbel Machine (SLAM), which is a data-driven method based on support vector regression (SVR), a robust nonlinear regression technique. Thanks to the capability to model highly nonlinear problems with SVR, SLAM can generally derive stellar labels over a wide range of spectral types. This gives it a unique capability compared to other popular data-driven methods. To illustrate this capability, we test the performance of SLAM on stars ranging from Teff ∼ 4000 to ∼8000 K trained on LAMOST spectra and stellar labels. At g-band signal-to-noise ratio (S/Ng) higher than 100, the random uncertainties of Teff, log g, and [Fe/H] are 50 K, 0.09 dex, and 0.07 dex, respectively. We then set up another SLAM model trained by APOGEE and LAMOST common stars to demonstrate its capability of dealing with high dimensional problems. The spectra are from LAMOST DR5 and the stellar labels of the training set are from APOGEE DR15, including Teff, log g, [M/H], [α/M], [C/M], and [N/M]. The cross-validated scatters at are 49 K, 0.10 dex, 0.037 dex, 0.026 dex, 0.058 dex, and 0.106 dex for these parameters, respectively. This performance is at the same level as other up-to-date data-driven models. As a byproduct, we also provide the latest catalog of ∼1 million LAMOST DR5 K giant stars with SLAM-predicted stellar labels in this work.
Revealed Preferences for Matching with Contracts

Many-to-many matching with contracts is studied in the framework of revealed preferences. All preferences are described by choice functions that satisfy natural conditions. Under a no-externality assumption individual preferences can be aggregated into a single choice function expressing a collective preference. In this framework, a two-sided matching problem may be described as an agreement problem between two parties: the two parties must find a stable agreement, i.e., a set of contracts from which no party will want to take away any contract and to which the two parties cannot agree to add any contract. On such stable agreements each party's preference relation is a partial order and the two parties have inverse preferences. An algorithm is presented that generalizes algorithms previously proposed in less general situations. This algorithm provides a stable agreement that is preferred to all stable agreements by one of the parties and therefore less preferred than all stable agreements by the other party. The number of steps of the algorithm is linear in the size of the set of contracts, i.e., polynomial in the size of the problem. The algorithm provides a proof that stable agreements form a lattice under the two inverse preference relations. Under additional assumptions on the role of money in preferences, agreement problems can describe general two-sided markets in which goods are exchanged for money. Stable agreements provide a solution concept, including prices, that is more general than competitive equilibria. They satisfy an almost one price law for identical items.
Probing the Ginzburg–Landau Potential for Lasers Using Higher-order Photon Correlations

The lasing transition of "class-A" lasers, where the photon lifetime is much longer than the carrier lifetime, is analogous to the second-order phase transition and, in addition, there is the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) type theory. We theoretically examine the validity of the GL theory for lasers in terms of various parameters, particularly, the ratio between photon and carrier lifetimes. For this purpose, we propose a higher-order photon correlation ($g^{(q)}$) measurement to check whether or not the photon statistics are described by the GL theory. The measurement of $g^{(q)}$ has an important experimental advantage because of its quantum efficiency independence. We found that the applicability of the GL theory of lasers is broader than conventionally imagined. Namely, for low-$\beta$ lasers, GL theory is applicable even when the photon lifetime is comparable to the carrier lifetime. We show that our finding can be understand in the framework of center manifold reduction, which is an example of the "slaving principle" proposed by Haken.
Stabilization of small solutions of discrete NLS with potential having two eigenvalues

ABSTRACT We study the long-time behavior of small (in ) solutions of discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equations with potential. In particular, we are interested in the case that the corresponding discrete Schrödinger operator has exactly two eigenvalues. We show that under the nondegeneracy condition of Fermi Golden Rule, all small solutions decompose into a nonlinear bound state and dispersive wave. We further show the instability of excited states and generalized equipartition property.