Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The face is the thing: Faces, not emotions, are responsible for chimeric perceptual asymmetry

ABSTRACT We used factor analysis to examine relationships among tasks that have previously shown right hemispheric processing asymmetries. We were interested in whether processing emotion displayed by a face constitutes a distinct perceptual process from processing other facial characteristics. Interest in this topic arose after Boles [1991. Factor analysis and the cerebral hemispheres: Pilot study and parietal functions. Neuropsychologia, 29(1), 59–91] found evidence of a common process underlying face processing and then Boles [1992. Factor analysis and the cerebral hemispheres: Temporal, occipital and frontal functions. Neuropsychologia, 30(11), 963–988] found evidence of a distinct process for the processing of the facial emotion. We used seven tasks that measured both face and non-face perception. Analysis of the asymmetries revealed measures from the five face tasks resulted in a single factor, thus failing to support the hypothesis that emotional face perception would involve a separate process from non-emotional face perception. A second factor revealed a separate process underlying enumeration, and a third factor revealed yet another process underlying line bisection. The results indicate that perceiving facial emotion results in right hemisphere processing, and faces as a whole are responsible for such processing.
As temperature increases, predator attack rate is more important to survival than a smaller window of prey vulnerability.

Climate change can have strong effects on species interactions and community structure. Temperature-dependent effects on predator-prey interactions are a major mechanism through which these effects occur. To understand the net effects of predator attack rates and dynamic windows of prey vulnerability, we examined the impacts of temperature on the interaction of a caterpillar (Arctia virginalis) and its ant predator (Formica lasioides). We conducted field experiments to examine attack rates on caterpillars relative to temperature, ant abundance, and body size, and laboratory experiments to determine the effects of temperature on caterpillar growth. We modeled temperature-dependent survival based on the integrated effects of temperature-dependent growth and temperature- and size-dependent predation. Attack rates on caterpillars increased with warming and ant recruitment, but decreased with caterpillar size. Caterpillar growth rates increased with temperature, narrowing the window of vulnerability. The model predicted that net caterpillar survival would decrease with temperature, suggesting that A. virginalis populations could be depressed with future climate warming. Theoretical work suggests that the net outcome of predator-prey interactions with increasing temperature depends on the respective responses of interacting species in terms of velocity across space, whereas the present study suggests the importance of effects of temperature on prey window of vulnerability, or "velocity" across time.
Health and psychosocial consequences associated with long-term prescription of dexamphetamine to Amphetamine Misusers in Wolverhampton 1985–1998

In December 1998 a retrospective case-note study was carried out on twenty patients treated with dexamphetamine between 1984 and 1998 in Wolverhampton, which was one of the larger centres for dexamphetamine prescription in the UK. Demographic features, drug use at initial contact, subsequent management and outcomes, including health and social circumstances, were assessed. Patients who had stopped attending for at least six months were compared with those retained in treatment. A new analytic method to detect amphetamine stereoisomers indicative of concurrent illicit drug use in urine was utilized. Retention in dexamphetamine treatment was associated with reduction in both injecting and illicit amphetamine use and an improvement in employment status. Treatment retention was also associated with older age, longer history of drug use, stable relationships and fewer prison sentences during treatment. However, illicit use of other drugs continued, as did criminal activity. As no limits were placed on duration of treatment, some patients received a prescription for fourteen years without ill effect. Psychotic symptoms, which were due to use of illicit amphetamine or misuse of prescribed medication, developed in five out of twenty patients. One patient suffered a possible myocardial infarction. This study provides some evidence, from a selected sample, that prescription of dexamphetamine may improve outcome in amphetamine users and does not inevitably lead to physical and psychiatric complications. Mental illness is a relative contraindication, although those who have become psychotic through chaotic use may benefit if prescription stabilizes substance use and lifestyle.
MAINTENANCE OF POLYMORPHISM PROMOTED BY SEX‐SPECIFIC FITNESS PAYOFFS

crossing in an intimate plant herbivore relationship. I. Does outcrossing provide an escape from herbivores adapted to the parent plant? Evolution 48:454-464. TEMPLETON, A. R. , AND B. READ. 1984. Factors eliminating inbreeding depression in a captive herd of Speke's gazelle. Zoo Biol. 3:177-199. VERNICK, K. D. , H. FUJIOKA, D. C. SEELEY, B. TANDLER, M. AiKAWA, AND L. H. MILLER. 1995. Plasmodium gallinaceum: a refractory mechanism of ookinete killing in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Exp. Parasitol. 80:583-595 VRIJENHOEK, R. C. , AND P. I. LEBERG. 1991. Let's not throw the baby out with the bathwater: a comment on management for MHC diversity in captive populations. Conserv. Biol. 5:252254. WADE, M. J. 1977. An experimental study of group selection. Evolution 31:134-153. WAKELIN, D. 1985. Genetics, immunity and parasite survival. Pp. 39-54 in D. Rollinson and R. M. Anderson, ed. Ecology and genetics of host-parasite interactions. Academic Press, London. WATKINS, D. I. , T L. GARBER, Z. W. CHEN, G. TOUKATLY, A. L. HUGHES, AND N. L. LETVIN. 1991. Unusually limited nucleotide sequence variation of the expressed major histocompatibility complex class I genes of a New World primate species (Saguinus oedipus). Immunogenetics 33:79-89. WRIGHT, S. 1922. Coefficient of inbreeding and relationship. Am. Nat. 56:330-338. YAN, G. 1997. Fitness consequences of larval tapeworm infection for its intermediate host, Tribolium beetle. Can. J. Zool. 75:271279. YAN G. , AND S. NORMAN. 1995. Infection of Tribolium beetles with a tapeworm: variation in susceptibility within and between beetle species and among genetic strains. J. Parasitol. 81:37-42. YAN, G. , AND L. STEVENS. 1995. Components of selection by parasites on Tribolium host fitness: the effect of intraspecific competition. Am. Nat. 146:795-813. YAN, G. , L. STEVENS, AND J. J. SCHALL. 1994. Behavioral changes in Tribolium flour beetles infected with a tapeworm: variation in effects between beetle species and among genetic strains. Am. Nat. 143:830-847.
Hemispheric asymmetry in holistic processing of words

ABSTRACT Holistic processing has been regarded as a hallmark of face perception, indicating the automatic and obligatory tendency of the visual system to process all face parts as a perceptual unit rather than in isolation. Studies involving lateralized stimulus presentation suggest that the right hemisphere dominates holistic face processing. Holistic processing can also be shown with other categories such as words and thus it is not specific to faces or face-like expertize. Here, we used divided visual field presentation to investigate the possibly different contributions of the two hemispheres for holistic word processing. Observers performed same/different judgment on the cued parts of two sequentially presented words in the complete composite paradigm. Our data indicate a right hemisphere specialization for holistic word processing. Thus, these markers of expert object recognition are domain general.
GENETIC INTERACTIONS AND NATURAL SELECTION IN LOUISIANA IRIS HYBRIDS

Hybridization between divergent lineages has long been assumed to give rise to unfavorable interactions between the parental genomes. These deleterious genetic interactions are further assumed to result in the production of hybrid offspring with decreased levels of viability and/or fertility. To test this assumption, we investigated the role of both nuclear and cytonuclear epistatic interactions in determining the frequencies of F2 genotypes produced in crosses between two species of Louisiana iris, Iris fulva and I. brevicaulis. Overall, these crosses revealed a significant deficit of intermediate hybrid genotypes accompanied by an excess of parental‐like genotypes, suggesting that genetic interactions may promote postmating reproductive isolation between these species. However, analyses of single and multilocus segregation patterns revealed a variety of negative and positive interactions between the genomes of the parental taxa at the nuclear and cytonuclear levels. Taken together, these results indicate that the traditional view that interactions between divergent genomes are always deleterious is an oversimplification. Rather, it seems likely that crosses between divergent lineages can lead to the production of both fit and unfit hybrid genotypes.
Response variability of salivary cortisol among older adults under psychological stress

In this study, a quasi-experimental design with repeated measures was used to compare anxious (n = 129) and nonanxious (n = 186) older adults on the cortisol secretion rate attributable to an experimental stressor. Our results support the hypothesis that a first-order longitudinal factor model appropriately describes the cortisol concentration in three saliva samples collected at two experimental times. The model tested explained between 82.6 and 98.0% of the variance in cortisol concentration of the respondent's saliva samples at T1, and between 55.4% and 78.4% at T2. In the nonanxious group ((State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) STAI < 42), the magnitude of the experiment-related cortisol reactivity was, respectively 51 and 33% higher than the respondent's baseline reactivity level at both T1 and T2. By contrast, in the anxious group (STAI ≥ 42), our results showed no significant gradient in the magnitude of the cortisol reactivity at either time. This result was interpreted to be in agreement with the helplessness reaction hypothesis. These results suggest that salivary cortisol is a valid measure that is sensitive to experimental stress, and may therefore, be useful in examining physiological response to stress.
Examination of a theoretical model of psychological resilience in older age

Objective: This article integrates a number of theoretical perspectives and examines the concept of psychological resilience in older age. Drawing on the literature it is hypothesised that an overarching construct–resilience–accounts for the functioning of a number of psychological resources (self-esteem, personal competence and control). Method: The factorial validity of the resources as indicators of resilience is tested using confirmatory factor analysis. The analyses focus on previously unexplored survey data drawn from a representative sample of people aged between 50 and 90 in England, Wales and Scotland (N = 1847). Results: The results find a common factor (a higher-order model) provides the best explanation of the relationships between the resources, demonstrating an important first account for developing further work on this concept. Conclusion: Exploring what might form the basis of resilience from a psychological perspective enables a deeper understanding of why some individuals can remain positive in difficult circumstances, particularly some of the challenges of ageing.
Measurement of fall-related psychological constructs among independent-living older adults: A review of the research literature

Objectives: Falls and the fall-related psychological concerns associated with these events pose a serious public health problem among aging adults. The measurement of fall-related psychological concerns can serve as important endpoints for fall prevention programs, yet there is some confusion regarding the best method of defining and measuring fall-related psychological constructs. Consequently, greater attention should be devoted to investigating fall-related psychological constructs and their measurement. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to review the published research literature on the measurement of fall-related psychological constructs among independent-living older adults. Method: Electronic searches of PubMed, EBSCO, Academic Search Premier, PsycINFO, CINAHL and online library catalogs were conducted using search terms including but not limited to ‘fear of falling’, ‘falls efficacy’, ‘fall-related self-efficacy’, ‘balance confidence’, ‘fall-related psychological outcome(s)’ and ‘independent-living’. Results: Each of these constructs is unique, yet instruments are often employed to measure constructs other than those the instruments were designed to assess. Inconsistencies were also revealed both within and across studies in terms of providing evidence of validity for these instruments. Conclusion: Fall-related psychological constructs, although similar in nature, are unique constructs and should be measured as such.
PHYLOGENY OF THE TRIBE CERATAPHIDINI (HOMOPTERA) AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE HORNED SOLDIER APHIDS

The horned soldier aphids of the Cerataphidini, unlike most social insects that reside in nests, live on the open surface of plants. The lack of a nest and other obvious ecological correlates makes it unclear why secondary‐host soldiers might have evolved. Here I present a molecular phylogenetic analysis of 32 species of the Cerataphidini, including 10 species from the genera Ceratovacuna and Pseudoregma that produce horned soldiers. The phylogeny suggests that horned soldiers evolved once and were lost once or twice. Most horned soldiers are a morphologically specialized caste and two species that have unspecialized soldiers are independently derived from species with specialized castes. The genus Ceratovacuna appears to have undergone a relatively rapid radiation. Mapping secondary‐host plants and geographic ranges onto the phylogeny suggests that bamboos were the ancestral secondary‐host plants and that the Asian tropics and subtropics were the ancestral geographic regions for the genera Astegopteryx, Ceratoglyphina, Ceratovacuna Chaitoregma, and Pseudoregma and possibly for the entire tribe. There is evidence for vicariant events that separate the tropical and subtropical lineages in all of the major lineages of the tribe and for dispersal of some lineages. Based on these results, I present hypotheses for the causes and consequences of horned‐soldier evolution.
Telbivudine in chronic lymphocytic myocarditis and human parvovirus B19 transcriptional activity

Myocarditis is often associated with parvovirus B19 (B19V) persistence, which can induce vascular damage. Based on the antiviral and anti‐inflammatory properties of telbivudine, we aimed to evaluate its efficacy to protect B19V‐infected endothelial cells in vitro and to treat chronic lymphocytic myocarditis patients with B19V transcriptional activity.
COINCIDENT BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS: INDO‐WEST PACIFIC OCEAN

The majority of tropical marine families demonstrate their greatest concentration of species within the relatively small East Indies Triangle. In every direction, the species diversity decreases with distance from the East Indies. Other patterns suggest that the East Indies is where the average generic age is youngest, where some historical routes of dispersal originate, where the most apomorphic species occur, where genetic diversity is the greatest, and where extinctions are likely to originate. These coincident patterns provide support for the hypothesis that the East Indies has been operating as a center of evolutionary radiation. The driving force for this dynamic system is apparently the predominance of successful speciation involving relatively large populations with higher genetic diversity. This mechanism fits the centrifugal speciation model that was proposed more than 50 years ago.
GAMETE INTERACTIONS AND GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AMONG THREE SYMPATRIC POLYCHAETES

The evolution of gamete incompatibility between free‐spawning marine invertebrate species has been explained by three hypotheses: (1) independent divergence at gamete recognition loci; (2) selection against hybrids; and (3) a process of sexual selection involving polymorphic gamete recognition loci (Metz and Palumbi 1996). The first two hypotheses predict that gamete incompatibility appears only after gene flow has been halted for other reasons and the third that gamete incompatibility appears simultanously with blocks to gene flow. Here I show that gametes of three sympatric polychaetes in the genus Arctonoe are compatible in all crosses, over a broad range of gamete concentrations and contact times. Although at least some hybrid crosses produce fertile adults, allozyme and mitochondrial DNA sequence data indicate that the three species do not regularly exchange genes. These data are consistent with predictions of the first two hypotheses for the evolution of gamete incompatibility, but allow rejection of the third hypothesis. Gametes of the three species are compatible despite estimated divergence times of 1–3 M.Y. B.P.; in several other marine invertebrates, divergence times of the same magnitude are associated with asymmetric or complete gamete incompatibility. It appears likely that segregation of symbiotic adults on their respective host species restricts mating opportunities, and thus gene flow, among Arctonoe species.
Actividades extraescolares de los adolescentes útiles para programas de prevención del tabaquismo

FUNDAMENTO: La prevalencia del tabaquismo en los adolescentes sigue indeseablemente elevada. Se precisan programas preventivos novedosos. Este estudio descriptivo transversal establece las variables conductuales asociadas al tabaquismo y las actividades mas frecuentes de los adolescentes fuera de la escuela, utiles para plantear programas de prevencion extraescolares. METODO: Los datos se recogieron con un cuestionario validado en una muestra representativa de escolares asturianos de 10-11 y 13-14 anos. Mediante regresion logistica se estudiaron las variables asociadas al consumo de tabaco. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de inicio del consumo oscila entre el 14,5% y el 42,5%, y el de fumadores regulares entre el 1,1% y el 12,4%, respectivamente. Se construyeron 2 modelos con las variables asociadas significativamente a la conducta de fumar, los cuales clasifican correctamente en fumador/no fumador al 98,85% y 91,39% de los ninos, segun la edad. Las variables ambientales (accesibilidad al tabaco y al alcohol y frecuentacion de lugares de riesgo) son las primeras integrantes del modelo. Las actividades extraescolares mas frecuentes son: ver TV, leer y escuchar musica y ver o practicar deporte. CONCLUSION: Los resultados proporcionan claves para el diseno de programas extraescolares "a medida" de las actividades de los adolescentes: publicidad en TV y en soportes musicales (discos, cintas, etc.), e informacion escrita personalizada en el hogar, con mensajes transmitidos por lideres juveniles del deporte, la cancion y la television.
Delusional disorder in old age and the risk of developing dementia–a nationwide register-based study

Objective: To examine whether very late first-contact delusional disorder carries a risk for later development of dementia. Methods: By linkage of the psychiatric and the somatic nationwide registers of all out- and in-patients with hospital contact in Denmark, we included all 60+ patients with first ever from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 2001 with the index main diagnosis: delusional disorder. First contact osteoarthritis patients as well as the general population were used as controls. A total of 1437 patients with persistent delusional disorder and 7302 patients with osteoarthritis were included. Median follow-up time until first diagnosis of dementia at discharge was 1.87 and 4.40 years, respectively. The probability of getting a dementia diagnosis was estimated using Poisson regression models with dementia as the outcome of interest. Results: Patients with very late first-contact delusional disorder had an 8.14 (95% CI, 6.51; 10.19) times increased rate of subsequently developing dementia compared with very late first contact osteoarthritis patients. Compared with the general population the rate ratio was 5.49 (95% CI, 4.81; 6.26). Conclusion: Very late first-contact delusional disorder increases the risk of subsequently getting a diagnosis of dementia 5–8 times compared with osteoarthritis patients and the general population.
Can the past keep life pleasant even for old-old trauma survivors?

Objectives: This study examined the relative effect of positive and negative autobiographical aspects in later life as a function of the traumatic experience of the Holocaust and age. Method: Old (age ≤80) and old-old (age >80) participants who were identified as Holocaust survivors (n = 225), and comparison of pre-war (n = 103) and post-war (n = 254) European-descent immigrants referred to their past in a biographical interview. The participants depicted personally perceived outstanding life periods defined as anchor periods (Shmotkin, D. (2005). Happiness in face of adversity: Reformulating the dynamic and modular bases of subjective well-being. Review of General Psychology, 9, 291–325). They rated their happiness and suffering during major anchor periods (‘the happiest period’ and ‘the most miserable period’) as well as their life satisfaction. Results: The findings suggest that even after massive trauma and under accelerating decline associated with old-old age, the past can keep life pleasant, as indicated by the stronger association of past happiness, compared to that of past suffering, with life satisfaction. Nevertheless, past suffering was associated with life satisfaction among the Holocaust survivors and manifested a stronger effect among most of the old-old participants. Conclusion: Holocaust survivors demonstrated a greater difficulty to compensate for age-related losses while the comparison groups showed a greater optimization of satisfaction through narrative means in old-old age.