Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Middle School Mathematics Teachers ' Knowledge on Their Students ' Socio-academic Backgrounds

The aim of this study was to examine the middle school mathematics teachers knowledge about their students' socio-academic backgrounds in Turkey. In this case study, interviews were performed with mathematics teachers whom selected by purposeful sampling. Content analysis were used to analyze the data. According to participant teachers, socio-academic knowledge consists of the students’ strengths and challenges, students’ histories with previous teachers, students’ places on the learning continuum and students’ ways of learning, students' interests and extracurricular activities, family dynamics and home environment, and personality traits of the students. It was found out that participant teachers have obtained this knowledge through instructional talk, talking to colleagues and family, having non-instructional talk with students, observing and listening to students outside the classroom, using empathy, talking with friends, reflecting on prior experiences and using internet. In addition, they use this knowledge in the teaching process for adjusting, connecting, preparing, recognizing and responding students' needs and engaging students. They also experience some difficulties when obtaining and using this knowledge.
Simulations of Theoretical 2 D and 1 D X-Ray Diffraction Patterns of Palygorskite /

(1) Departamento de Geología. Universidad de Salamanca. Plaza de la Merced s/n. 37008, Salamanca (Spain). (2) Instituto de Geociencias (IGEO). Universidad Complutense de Madrid – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Avd. José Antonio Nováis s/n. 28040, Madrid (Spain). (3) European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. 71 Avenue des Martyrs. 38000, Grenoble (France). (4) Departamento de Cristalografía y Mineralogía. Facultad de Geología. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Avd. José Antonio Nováis s/n. 28040, Madrid (Spain).
Transformational Leadership and Follower ' s Organizational Commitment : Role of Leader ' s Gender Shikha Pahwa Verma

The Indian retail space is seeing a clutter of competitive retail brands today and the customers are becoming more fragmented in their specifications and choices. The marketing environment is becoming more challenging to the retailers and the brand owners. In this context, this study attempts to formulate a discriminant equation on the basis of some established predictors and separate the segment into suspects and prospects. The research attempts to forecast the purchase intentions of the target segment where an optimal level of brand awareness and brand knowledge is present. The retailers can make a market assessment about their brand through this approach which will in turn, help the marketer to reduce the market risk.
Feature Selection for Gaze , Pupillary , and EEG Signals Evoked in a 3 D Environment [ Extended

As we navigate our environment, we are constantly assessing the objects we encounter and deciding on their subjective interest to us. In this study, we investigate the neural and ocular correlates of this assessment as a step towards their potential use in a mobile human-computer interface (HCI). Past research has shown that multiple physiological signals are evoked by objects of interest during visual search in the laboratory, including gaze, pupil dilation, and neural activity; these have been exploited for use in various HCIs. We use a virtual environment to explore which of these signals are also evoked during exploration of a dynamic, freeviewing 3D environment. Using a hierarchical classifier and sequential forward floating selection (SFFS), we identify a small, robust set of features across multiple modalities that can be used to distinguish targets from distractors in the virtual environment. The identification of these features may serve as an important factor in the design of mobile HCIs.
ETIOLOGIES , SEX ASSIGNMENT , AND TREATMENT OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT

Managing patients with disorder of sex development (DSD) is challenging. The Siriraj Intersex Care Team has provided multidisciplinary care for DSD patients since 2006. In this study, we aimed to identify the etiologies, clinical manifestations, gender assignments, and treatment outcomes of DSD patients. A retrospective study of DSD patients seen between 2002 and 2014 was performed. Patients who presented with ambiguous genitalia or who had external genitalia discordant with their genotypes were recruited. 46,XX patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia were excluded because they were not routinely cared for by the intersex care team. There was a total of 191 patients. 46,XY DSD was the most common classification (85.3%). The common causes of 46,XY DSD were unknown etiology (40.5%) and developmental defect (36.2%). 5-alpha reductase deficiency and androgen insensitivity syndrome were found in 9.2% and 4.9% of patients, respectively. The sex chromosome DSD was found in 10.5% of cases, and mixed gonadal dysgenesis was the most common diagnosis (65%). 46,XX DSD was found in 4.2% of the patients, and most of those had ovotesticular DSD (62.5%). The male sex had been assigned to 82.7% of the patients. The external masculinization score was significantly higher among patients with male-sex assignment (p < 0.001). In both male and female sex-assigned patients, the median frequency of surgery was 2 times. Fistulae were common (33.6%) among male assigned patients who had undergone urethroplasty. Diagnosis remained inconclusive for 40% of the 46,XY DSD patients, and more extensive genetic testing would be required to yield a diagnosis.
The Use of Knowledge Transfer Mechanisms in Franchising

In this paper, we try to explain the use of knowledge transfer mechanisms in franchising firms by applying the knowledge-based view of the firm that integrates results from the information richness theory. Starting from the information richness theory we argue that the degree of tacitness of system-specific knowledge determines the information richness of the knowledge transfer mechanisms of franchising firms. We examine the following hypotheses: (1) the franchisor uses more knowledge transfer mechanisms with a lower degree of information richness (such as email, intra- and internet), if the tacitness of system-specific knowledge is low, and (2) the franchisor uses more knowledge transfer mechanisms with a higher degree of information richness (such as training, seminar, meetings, visits), if the tacitness of system-specific knowledge is high. We test these hypotheses by using data from 83 franchising firms in the Austrianfranchisesector.Thedataprovidepartialsupportforthehypotheses. Copyright#2010 JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi-State model with nonparametric discrete frailty

In this work, we propose a novel semi-Markov multi-state model with a nonparametric discrete frailty and an application to an administrative clinical database about heart failure patients from a Northern Region of Italy. In particu- lar, we investigate a illness-death model with recovery in which the states space is composed by hospital admission, hospital discharge and death, as unique absorbing state. The available data are grouped longitudinal time-to-event data, indeed for each patient we know the times of admission and discharge of all hospitalizations (2005- 2012), the time of death (if it occurs) and the healthcare provider (grouping factor). Thanks to this model, we can investigate the effect of covariates, detect the presence and a pattern of latent populations of healthcare providers across transitions.
A macroanatomic investigation of the coronary arteries and myocardial bridges in Awassi sheep

Bulgular: Subepicardial yağ dokusunun parakonal ve subsinuosal interventrikular olukların yaklaşık ortalarına kadar uzandığı belirlendi. Sağ ve sol koroner arterlerin kısmen intramyokardial seyrettiği görüldü. Dört koyun kalbinde sağ koroner arterin hemen sağ tarafında aorta’dan üçüncü bir koroner arterin orijinlendiği tespit edildi. R. proximalis atrii sinistri’nin 9 kalpte doğrudan a. coronaria sinistra’dan başlangıç aldığı görüldü. R. interventricularis paraconalis’in 2 kalpte sulcus interventricularis subsinuosus’un ortalarına kadar ilerlediği saptandı. R. distalis ventriculi sinistri’nin 1 materyalde şekillenmediği gözlendi. Myokardial köprülerin 8 kalpte parakonal interventrikular olukta, 2 kalpte hem parakonal interventrikular hem de subsinuosal interventrikular olukta lokalize olduğu belirlendi. Bu köprülerin 1 kalpte koroner olukta da sekillendiği tespit edildi. Myokardial köprülerin sağ koroner arter ve dalları üzerinde oluşmadığı görüldü.
CONTENT ANALYSIS

Researchers initially have addressed the problem of spam detection as a text classification or categorization problem. However, as spammers’ continue to develop new techniques and the type of email content becomes more disparate, text-based anti-spam approaches alone are not sufficiently enough in preventing spam. In an attempt to defeat the anti-spam development technologies, spammers have recently adopted the image spam trick to make the scrutiny of emails’ body text inefficient. The main idea behind this project is to design a spam detection system. The system will be enabled to analyze the content of emails, in particular the artificially generated image sent as attachment in an email. The system will analyze the image content and classify the embedded image as spam or legitimate hence classify the email accordingly.
Spatio-temporal pattern of two common cancers among Iranian women: An adaptive smoothing model.

PURPOSE Considering the increase in incidence of breast and cervix uteri cancers in Iran, this study investigates spatio-temporal patterns of the incidence of these two cancers by estimating the step changes between pairs of adjacent regions and between the Iranian women from 2004 to 2009. METHODS Using an adaptive smoothing model, spatio-temporal mapping of the breast and cervix uteri cancers and their changes were studied. Identification of step changes between the neighboring spatial units was carried out by modeling adjacency matrix elements as random variables. RESULTS There was a high relative risk of breast cancer around the central northern half of Iran, and a high relative risk of cervix uteri cancer was seen in the northeastern part of Iran. Northwest and southeast of Iran had a relatively low risk of breast and cervix uteri cancer. In general, step changes were largely similar between the two diseases with an agreement coefficient of 56%. This was observed in the Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, and Kohgiluye & Boyerahmad provinces on the central band of Iran, as well as some eastern and northern regions on the map that were distinct from their adjacent provinces from the aspect of relative risk of both cancers. CONCLUSION Identifying areas with high/low incidence risk can help health authorities to make better decisions to prevent and control breast and cervix uteri cancers and allocate resources more efficiently. In addition, determining and identifying the step changes in unexplained components of the disease risk can lead to a deeper understanding of the spatial structure of unmeasured confounding factors.
TOWARD A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMING AND GOING VERBS IN SPANISH, GERMAN, AND POLISH

This work deals with coming and going verbs in three typologically distinct languages: a Romance one (Spanish), a Germanic one (German) and a Slavic one (Polish) within Fillmore's (1966, 1971, 1975, 1982, 1983) framework. On the grounds of data description it is shown that visible linguistic phenomena, such as deixis or Aktionsart related clearly to the coming and going verbs, can be transcended, resorting to the more abstract notion called by the author, following Winston (1987) and Speas and Tenny (2003), "viewpoint".
CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF ALUMINUM CHLORIDE ( AlCl 3 ) BY COST-EFFECTIVE REDUCTION PROCESS

Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) powder was synthesized using a novel method that is feasible and cost-effective reduction process. Gas mixture of AlCl3 and FeCl3 was formed by the reaction of aluminum (Al) and iron chloride (FeCl3) at 450 hC for 5 hours under ultra-high purity argon atmosphere. The powder mixtures of AlCl3 and FeCl3 were obtained once they were cooled at room temperature. The AlCl3 powder was only evaporated and then separated from the mixture at 150 hC 5 hours owing to different evaporating temperature, while FeCl3 powder was left behind as a solid phase. The AlCl3 gas was condensed into the fine powder and gathered in cooling chamber under ultra-high purity argon atmosphere. The AlCl3 powder was examined and identified by a X-ray diffraction (XRD) and an Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX).
Ground penetrating radar in reflection vs transmission mode for void detection in concrete structure

The concreting of prefabricated concrete structures can lead to insufficient bonding or even to remaining cavities. Honeycombs (aggregate clusters without cement) represent potential weakening of the structure and need to be detected non-destructively. In our study we tested the capability of ground penetrating radar (GPR) techniques for this purpose. We applied GPR in reflection mode and zero-offset profiling (ZOP) transmission mode on a precast concrete twin wall with built-in honeycombs. GPR measurements were performed as twochannel measurement with ground coupled antennas with centre frequencies of 1.5 GHz and 2.6 GHz mounted to an automated scanner system. Our findings show that ZOP transmission measurements are a more efficient method to detect voids in reinforced concrete structures compared to reflection mode measurements. This holds for both the effort needed for the measurement and the evaluation as well as the validity of the data. Honeycombs (basically representing voids) are usually characterized by strongly reduced amplitudes and earlier arrivals of the transmitted wave.
Succinct static data structures

Data compression is when you take a big chunk of data and crunch it down to fit into a smaller space. That data is put on ice; you have to un-crunch the compressed data to get at it. Data optimization, on the other hand, is when you take a chunk of data plus a collection of operations you can perform on that data, and crunch it into a smaller space while retaining the ability to perform the operations efficiently. This thesis investigates the problem of data optimization for some fundamental static data types, concentrating on linked data structures such as trees. I chose to restrict my attention to static data structures because they are easier to optimize since the optimization can be performed off-line. Data optimization comes in two different flavors: concrete and abstract. Concrete optimization finds minimal representations within a given implementation of a data structure; abstract optimization seeks implementations with guaranteed economy of space and time. I consider the problem of concrete optimization of various pointer-based implementations of trees and graphs. The only legitimate use of a pointer is as a reference, so we are free to map the pieces of a linked structure into memory as we choose. The problem is to find a mapping that maximizes overlap of the pieces, and hence minimizes the space they occupy. I solve the problem of finding a minimal representation for general unordered trees where pointers to children are stored in a block of consecutive locations. The algorithm presented is based on weighted matching. I also present an analysis showing that the average number of cons-cells required to store a binary tree of n nodes as a minimal binary DAG is asymptotic to $n/({\pi\over 8}$ lg $n)\sp{1/2}$. Methods for representing trees of n nodes in $O$($n$) bits that allow efficient tree-traversal are presented. I develop tools for abstract optimization based on a succinct representation for ordered sets that supports ranking and selection. These tools are put to use in a building an $O$($n$)-bit data structure that represents n-node planar graphs, allowing efficient traversal and adjacency-testing.
Perception of musical timbre 1 Perception and cognition of musical timbre 1 Running title : Musical timbre

This chapter explains timbre as a perceptual property of a specific fused auditory event. Timbre refers to a complex set of auditory attributes that carry musical qualities, collectively contribute to sound source recognition and identification, and complement other auditory attributes of music. Psychophysics of timbre and covariance with other musical parameters will be discussed. This chapter will also explore absolute and relative perception of timbre, memory for timbre, and timbre as a structuring force in music perception. This chapter also includes discussion of current and future applications of timbre research for music information retrieval and musical machine learning.
InstaFrench: An Investigation of Learner Perceptions of Social Media and Images to Develop L2 Writing.

Social media has quickly become an integral part of day-to-day interaction for many university students. This exploratory study investigated the use of the social media site Instagram for written discussions in three introductory French classes (n= 83). Specifically, student perception on the role of image as a mediational tool (Vygotsky, 1978) to support writing and reading processes was explored. Findings from survey data showed that participants perceived image to play a role in four areas: their preferences for certain writing topics, their choices to engage (or not engage) in discussion with their peers, their reading comprehension, and their writing. Pedagogical implications and potential for future academic inquiry are discussed.
The innovation premium to low skill jobs

This paper uses matched employee-employer data from the UK that we augment with information on R&D expenditures, to analyze the relationship between innovativeness and average wage income for different skills across firms. We first show that more R&D intensive firms pay higher wages on average. Our second and main finding is that the premium to working in more R&D intensive firms is higher for low-skilled workers than for high-skilled workers. As technology advances, demand for high skilled workers increases and they do better overall, but low skilled workers in innovative firms do better than other low-skilled workers. To account for these findings, we develop a simple model of the firm where the complementarity between high-skill occupation and low-skill occupation employees within the firm increases with the firm’s degree of innovativeness. An additional prediction of the model, which is also confirmed by the empirical analysis, is that low-skilled workers stay longer in more innovative firms. ∗Aghion: College de France and LSE; Bergeaud: Banque de France and PSE; Blundell: UCL, IFS and CEPR; Griffith: University of Manchester, IFS and CEPR. The author wish to thanks, without implicating, participants at PSE lunch seminar and at the Income Distribution and Macroeconomic session of the NBER SI 2017. We also thank the Centre for the Microeconomic Analysis of Public Policy (CPP) under grant number RES-544-28-0001 and the UK Data Service Team for their support. All results, tables and figures have been reviewed to ensure that no confidential information is disclosed.
Gastrointestinal manifestations of leukemia and its distinction from Crohn ’ s disease

Aim: Leukemia can present with gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea and anal lesions. These symptoms may lead to a misdiagnosis as Crohn’s disease (CD). The aim of this study was to compare the clinical features of leukemia with those of CD. Methods: A retrospective review of 18 patients with leukemia and 54 patients with CD was carried out. Diagnosis of CD or leukemia was based on the standard criteria. Clinical, laboratory, morphological and histological features were compared between the patients with leukemia and CD. Results: Compared with CD patients, intestinal bleeding and thromboembolism were frequent in the patients with leukemia, whereas intestinal obstruction was more common in patients with CD than leukemia. As for laboratory findings, a low percentage of neutrophils and a low platelet count were more prevalent in the leukemia group than in the CD group. Prolonged prothrombin time (PT) increased in leukemia compared to CD patients. Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was more common in leukemia than in CD. In addition, computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound examinations showed frequent ileocecal region ulceration, intestinal wall thickening, and intestinal stricture in the patients with CD than in leukemia. Among these parameters, the sensitivity of intestinal obstruction, ileocecal region ulceration and intestinal stricture was as high as 88.9% and the negative predictive value was above 90%. The specificity and accuracy of increased LDH and prolonged PT were high. Conclusion: Our results showed some unique features of leukemia patients with intestinal symptoms. These findings may provide predictive factors in distinguishing leukemia from CD.
Theoretical compliance of money demand function of Sri Lanka

This paper derives the monetarist version of broad money demand function for Sri Lankan economy using the quarterly data for the period from 1988: Q1 to 2012: Q4. This study employs both Johansen and Juselius (1990) multivariate method and Granger’s (1987) two-step method for cointegration to obtain structural values of the long-run money demand function: The stability of the model is tested using recursive coefficients and cumulative sum of squared residuals (CUSUM) tests. Results obtained from both co-integration testes suggest that the income elasticity of broad money demand is equal to one. Hence, it would provide an important guidance for the monetary authorities to regulate money supply as the intermediate target in order to achieve the final goal/goals of economic and price stability via the monetary transmission mechanism. This study concludes that growth of money over and above the real GDP growth will result inflation. The structural estimate received for inflation is higher than that of the real Treasury bill rate. Both the estimates are in theoretically expected signs and are also statistically significant. It means that public in Sri Lanka tend to substitute money for more real assets than the alternative financial assets during the time of higher inflation. Our tests on the stability of the broad money demand function confirmed that it is stable over time.
Performance effects of formal modeling language differences: a combined abstraction level and construct complexity analysis

Understanding data-modeling performance can provide valuable lessons for the selection, training, research, and development of data models. Data modeling is the process of transforming expressions in loose natural language communications into formal diagrammatic or tabular expressions. While researchers generally agree that abstraction levels can be used to explain general performance differences across models, empirical studies have reported many construct level results that cannot be explained. To explore further explanations, we develop a set of model-specific construct complexity values based on both theoretical and empirical support from complexity research in databases and other areas. We find that abstraction levels and complexity values together are capable of providing a consistent explanation of laboratory experiment data. In our experiment, data were drawn from three models: the relational model, the extended-entity-relationship model, and the object-oriented model. With the newly developed complexity measures, a consistent explanation can be made for findings from other studies which provide sufficient model details for complexity values to be calculated.