Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Functional myology of the thoracic limb in Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus): a descriptive and comparative analysis

The characteristics of the muscles of the thoracic limb were evaluated in 22 specimens of Lycalopex gymnocercus. Descriptive and comparative analyses showed similarity with other canids in terms of topography and tendon insertions. Differences with the domestic dog were observed in the pectoralis profundus, triceps brachii and interflexorii muscles. Intraspecific variations were observed in the rhomboideus capitis, serratus ventralis cervicis, extensor carpi radialis, extensor digiti I and II, lumbricales, flexor digiti I brevis, abductor digiti I brevis, and flexor digiti V muscles. The analyses of muscle architecture carried out in nine specimens showed that there was no difference in muscle percentage mass in the thoracic limb of males and females, but a young specimen showed significant lower percentage mass. The triceps brachii caput longus muscle showed the greatest mass, the subscapularis muscle showed the greatest physiological cross‐sectional area value, and the extrinsic muscles, in general, presented the longest fascicles and higher architectural indexes. Muscle architecture data were compatible with those of a thoracic limb adapted to fast cursorial locomotion that prioritizes movements in a sagittal plane instead of rotation or adduction/abduction. There was a high association between functional percentage mass of the muscles in the thoracic limb and phylogeny in the Carnivora order. It may be inferred that carnivoran muscle mass is largely determined by phylogeny.
Bilateral congenital eventration of diaphragm: keep in mind, the other side

Eventration of diaphragm is an uncommon disorder in which diaphragmatic muscle is replaced by fibroelastic tissue, either partially or completely. Bilateral eventration is even rarer. We present a case of bilateral eventration of diaphragm in newborn with a fibroelastic sac on left side and diaphragmatic eventration with good muscular lips on right side. The right-sided diaphragmatic eventration was not evident initially, but manifested after surgical repair of the left-sided eventration.
A Historical and Policy Perspective on Broadening Participation in STEM: Insights from National Reports (1974-2016)

Over the last 40 years, more than 25 national reports have been published focused on broadening participation in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Although scholarly literature oftentimes serves as one source of information on how to move toward parity with national demographics, national reports—produced by organizations, such as the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE), and committees, such as the Committee on Women in Science and Engineering (CWSE)—are an underutilized source of insights. This paper presents the results of a modified umbrella review of 29 national reports published during 1974–2016 related to broadening participation of underrepresented groups in STEM. The reports in this analysis included 134 unique recommendations, which were synthesized into five themes, broadly labeled: (1) Practices, (2) Policies, (3) Culture & Climate, (3) Information & Knowledge, and (4) Investments & Commitments. These recommendations have implications for various stakeholders interested in advancing the long-standing effort to broaden participation in STEM. Additionally, our findings provide a historical and policy perspective that is useful for informing future efforts. Introduction From as early as 1974, there have been national discussions on ways to broaden participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) pathways, including both education and the workforce (Lichtenstein, Chen, Smith, & Maldonado, 2014). While trends surrounding compositional diversity have improved for some groups, less progress has been realized for others—and in some instances, percentages have declined (Yoder, 2015, 2016). For example, between the years 2000 and 2015, the percentage of engineering bachelor’s degrees earned by Hispanics has increased from 5.8% to 10.7%, while the percentage for African Americans has declined from 5.6% to 4.0% (Gibbons, 2009; Yoder, 2016). If the goal is to achieve parity in representation that reflects national demographics, this lack of progress is problematic. For this reason, African Americans are the minority group that is of most interest in this study. In pursuit of progress, many national and university-based efforts have focused on increasing the number of African American men and women in STEM, in general, and engineering and computer science, specifically. For example, universities with Minority Engineering Programs have an explicit focus on recruiting and retaining students that come from this segment of the population. In addition, local chapters associated with organizations such as Black Girls Code, CODE2040, #YesWeCode, and Hack the Hood specifically focus on improving diversity in computing. Moreover, there are several national organizations focused on diversifying engineering (e.g., National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering (NACME), National Association of Multicultural Engineering Program Advocates (NAMEPA), and National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE)).
Generating Diverse Numbers of Diverse Keyphrases

Existing keyphrase generation studies suffer from the problems of generating duplicate phrases and deﬁcient evaluation based on a ﬁxed number of predicted phrases. We propose a recurrent generative model that generates multiple keyphrases sequentially from a text, with speciﬁc modules that promote generation diversity. We further propose two new metrics that consider a variable number of phrases. With both existing and proposed evaluation setups, our model demonstrates superior performance to baselines on three types of keyphrase generation datasets, including two newly introduced in this work: S TACK E XCHANGE and T EXT W ORLD ACG . In contrast to previous keyphrase generation approaches, our model generates sets of diverse keyphrases of a variable number.
Altered bone microarchitecture in a type 1 diabetes mouse model Ins2Akita

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been associated to several cartilage and bone alterations including growth retardation, increased fracture risk, and bone loss. To determine the effect of long term diabetes on bone we used adult and aging Ins2 Akita mice that developed T1DM around 3–4 weeks after birth. Both Ins2 Akita and wild‐type (WT) mice were analyzed at 4, 6, and 12 months to assess bone parameters such as femur length, growth plate thickness and number of mature and preapoptotic chondrocytes. In addition, bone microarchitecture of the cortical and trabecular regions was measured by microcomputed tomography and gene expression of Adamst‐5, Col2, Igf1, Runx2, Acp5, and Oc was quantified by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Ins2 Akita mice showed a decreased longitudinal growth of the femur that was related to decreased growth plate thickness, lower number of chondrocytes and to a higher number of preapoptotic cells. These changes were associated with higher expression of Adamst‐5, suggesting higher cartilage degradation, and with low expression levels of Igf1 and Col2 that reflect the decreased growth ability of diabetic mice. Ins2 Akita bone morphology was characterized by low cortical bone area (Ct.Ar) but higher trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) and expression analysis showed a downregulation of bone markers Acp5, Oc, and Runx2. Serum levels of insulin and leptin were found to be reduced at all‐time points Ins2 Akita. We suggest that Ins2 Akita mice bone phenotype is caused by lower bone formation and even lower bone resorption due to insulin deficiency and to a possible relation with low leptin signaling.
An Algebraic-Geometric Approach to Shuffled Linear Regression

Shuffled linear regression is the problem of performing a linear regression fit to a dataset for which the correspondences between the independent samples and the observations are unknown. Such a problem arises in diverse domains such as computer vision, communications and biology. In its simplest form, it is tantamount to solving a linear system of equations, for which the entries of the right hand side vector have been permuted. This type of data corruption renders the linear regression task considerably harder, even in the absence of other corruptions, such as noise, outliers or missing entries. Existing methods are either applicable only to noiseless data or they are very sensitive to initialization and work only for partially shuffled data. In this paper we address both of these issues via an algebraic geometric approach, which uses symmetric polynomials to extract permutation-invariant constraints that the parameters $\boldsymbol{x} \in \mathbb{R}^n$ of the linear regression model must satisfy. This naturally leads to a polynomial system of $n$ equations in $n$ unknowns, which contains $\boldsymbol{x}$ in its root locus. Using the machinery of algebraic geometry we prove that as long as the independent samples are generic, this polynomial system is always consistent with at most $n! $ complex roots, regardless of any type of corruption inflicted on the observations. The algorithmic implication of this fact is that one can always solve this polynomial system and use its most suitable root as initialization to the Expectation Maximization algorithm. To the best of our knowledge, the resulting method is the first working solution for small values of $n$ able to handle thousands of fully shuffled noisy observations in milliseconds.
Role of p53 in the chronic pulmonary immune response to tangled or rod-like multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract The fiber-like shape of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is reminiscent of asbestos, suggesting they pose similar health hazards when inhaled, including pulmonary fibrosis and mesothelioma. Mice deficient in the tumor suppressor p53 are susceptible to carcinogenesis. However, the chronic pathologic effect of MWCNTs delivered to the lungs of p53 heterozygous (p53+/−) mice has not been investigated. We hypothesized that p53+/− mice would be susceptible to lung tumor development after exposure to either tangled (t-) or rod-like (r-) MWCNTs. Wild-type (p53+/+) or p53+/− mice were exposed to MWCNTs (1 mg/kg) via oropharyngeal aspiration weekly over four consecutive weeks and evaluated for cellular and pathologic outcomes 11-months post-initial exposure. No lung or pleural tumors were observed in p53+/+ or p53+/− mice exposed to either t- or rMWCNTs. In comparison to tMWCNTs, the rMWCNTs induced the formation of larger granulomas, a greater number of lymphoid aggregates and greater epithelial cell hyperplasia in terminal bronchioles in both p53+/− and p53+/+ mice. A constitutively larger area of CD45R+/CD3+ lymphoid tissue was observed in p53+/− mice compared to p53+/+ mice. Importantly, p53+/− mice had larger granulomas induced by rMWCNTs as compared to p53+/+ mice. These findings indicate that a combination of p53 deficiency and physicochemical characteristics including nanotube geometry are factors in susceptibility to MWCNT-induced lymphoid infiltration and granuloma formation.
Punishment and reinforcement by opioid receptor agonists in a choice procedure in rats

Intravenous (i.v.) drug self-administration remains the ‘gold standard’ for assessing abuse potential of drugs. Failure of a drug to maintain self-administration might indicate merely the absence of positive-reinforcing effects but might also indicate presence of aversive effects. Sensitivity to aversive effects is thought to affect the initiation and maintenance of drug use as well as relapse. Choice procedures are used to study positive-reinforcing effects of drugs and to a much lesser extent to study punishing effects of drugs. Experiment 1 compared the &mgr;-opioid receptor agonist remifentanil (0.001–0.01 mg/kg/infusion), the &kgr;-opioid receptor agonist spiradoline (0.0056–0.056 mg/kg/infusion), and histamine (1.0 mg/kg/infusion) in rats choosing between a food pellet only and an i.v. infusion+a food pellet. To test whether a history with one punishing drug affects the punishing effects of a second drug, experiment 2 compared sensitivity with spiradoline in rats with and without a history of histamine punishment. All rats predominantly chose a pellet alone when histamine+a pellet was the alternative, and they predominantly chose remifentanil+a pellet over a pellet alone. In experiment 2, spiradoline was punishing in rats with a history of histamine punishment but not drug-naive rats. This food choice procedure is sensitive to reinforcing and punishing effects of different drugs in the same subjects, suggesting that the procedure is well-suited for studying drug mixtures (e.g. &mgr; and &kgr; agonists) and the impact of different physiological conditions (e.g. pain) on reinforcement and punishment.
Ethical conflict and moral distress in veterinary practice: A survey of North American veterinarians

Background Concerns about ethical conflicts, moral distress, and burnout in veterinary practice are steadily increasing. Root causes of these problems have not been rigorously identified. Little research has been done to evaluate the existence of moral distress in North American veterinarians or to explore its impact on career sustainability and poor well‐being. Hypothesis/Objectives Ethical conflict and resultant moral distress are common occurrences in contemporary veterinary practice and negatively impact daily practice life, but may not be identified or labeled by veterinarians as such. Animals No animals were used in this study. Methods Mixed methods sequential explanatory design; confidential and anonymous on‐line sampling of 889 veterinarians in North America. Results A majority of respondents reported feeling conflict over what care is appropriate to provide. Over 70% of respondents felt that the obstacles they faced that prevented them from providing appropriate care caused them or their staff moderate to severe distress. Seventy‐nine percent of participants report being asked to provide care that they consider futile. More than 70% of participants reported no training in conflict resolution or self‐care. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Veterinarians report widespread ethical conflict and moral distress across many practice types and demographics. Most veterinarians have little to no training on how to decrease the impact of these problems. Ethical conflict and resulting moral distress may be an important source of stress and poor well‐being that is not widely recognized or well defined. Well‐researched and effective tools used to decrease moral distress in human healthcare could be adapted to ameliorate this problem.
Rosuvastatin reduces the pro-inflammatory effects of adriamycin on the expression of HMGB1 and RAGE in rats

Rosuvastatin has cardiac protective effects through its anti-inflammatory effects. The nuclear protein high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) can activate inflammatory pathways when released from dying cells. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of rosuvastatin in adriamycin (ADR)-treated rats. Adult male rats were randomized to three groups: i) Control group, ii) ADR group, and iii) ADR+rosuvastatin group. Serum biochemical indices were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography. The expression of HMGB1 and receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) were assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Cytokines were measured using flow cytometry. Rosuvastatin improved the biochemical indices and cardiac morphology and alleviated the pathological lesions. In the ADR+rosuvastatin group, the mRNA and protein levels of HMGB1 and RAGE in the myocardium were significantly lower compared with those in the ADR group (both P<0.05). The results showed that rosuvastatin significantly reduced the levels of HMGB1 and RAGE in the myocardium of the ADR-treated rats. These results suggest that the protective effects of rosuvastatin may be associated with attenuation of the HMGB1/RAGE-mediated inflammatory response in ADR-treated rats. Despite this protective effect of rosuvastatin in the present study, it did not improve cardiac function in terms of the diastolic left ventricular internal dimension, systolic left ventricular internal dimension, left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular fractional shortening; this may be due the observation duration being insufficient.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of adjuvant treatment for resected pancreatic cancer in China based on the ESPAC-4 trial

Background The effectiveness of gemcitabine plus capecitabine compared with gemcitabine monotherapy for resected pancreatic cancer has been evaluated in the ESPAC-4 trial. We aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of these adjuvant regimens on resected pancreatic cancer. Methods A Markov model was established to simulate the disease process of resected pancreatic cancer (relapse-free survival, progressive disease, and death). The efficacy and toxicity profiles were collected from the ESPAC-4 trial. Transition probabilities were calculated based on survival in each group. Cost data were calculated from the perspective of the Chinese health-care payer. The primary endpoint in the analysis was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), and model uncertainties were explored by one-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Results Our results demonstrated that gemcitabine monotherapy cost $36,028.45 and yielded a survival of 1.02 quality-adjusted life year (QALY), while gemcitabine plus capecitabine cost $46,095.05 and yielded a survival of 1.23 QALY. Therefore, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of gemcitabine plus capecitabine vs gemcitabine monotherapy was $45,191.23 which surpassed the willingness-to-pay threshold of $29,291.42 per QALY in China. Conclusion The gemcitabine monotherapy regimen is more cost-effective compared with gemcitabine plus capecitabine regimen for the patients with postoperative pancreatic cancer from the Chinese societal perspective.
Characterization of the bacterial community composition in water of drinking water production and distribution systems in Flanders, Belgium

The quality of drinking water is influenced by its chemical and microbial composition which in turn may be affected by the source water and the different processes applied in drinking water purification systems. In this study, we investigated the bacterial diversity in different water samples from the production and distribution chain of thirteen drinking water production and distribution systems from Flanders (Belgium) that use surface water or groundwater as source water. Water samples were collected over two seasons from the source water, the processed drinking water within the production facility and out of the tap in houses along its distribution network. 454‐pyrosequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences revealed a total of 1,570 species‐level bacterial operational taxonomic units. Strong differences in community composition were found between processed drinking water samples originating from companies that use surface water and other that use groundwater as source water. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in all samples. Yet, several phyla including Actinobacteria were significantly more abundant in surface water while Cyanobacteria were more abundant in surface water and processed water originating from surface water. Gallionella, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas were the three most abundant genera detected. Members of the Acinetobacter genus were even found at a relative read abundance of up to 47.5% in processed water samples, indicating a general occurrence of Acinetobacter in drinking water (systems).
Dynamic neuromuscular remodeling precedes motor-unit loss in a mouse model of ALS

Despite being an early event in ALS, it remains unclear whether the denervation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) is simply the first manifestation of a globally degenerating motor neuron. Using in vivo imaging of single axons and their NMJs over a three-month period, we identify that single motor-units are dismantled asynchronously in SOD1G37R mice. We reveal that weeks prior to complete axonal degeneration, the dismantling of axonal branches is accompanied by contemporaneous new axonal sprouting resulting in synapse formation onto nearby NMJs. Denervation events tend to propagate from the first lost NMJ, consistent with a contribution of neuromuscular factors extrinsic to motor neurons, with distal branches being more susceptible. These results show that NMJ denervation in ALS is a complex and dynamic process of continuous denervation and new innervation rather than a manifestation of sudden global motor neuron degeneration.
Long‐term efficacy and safety of ixekizumab in Japanese patients with erythrodermic or generalized pustular psoriasis: subgroup analyses of an open‐label, phase 3 study (UNCOVER‐J)

Erythrodermic and generalized pustular psoriasis are rare, difficult to treat forms of psoriasis. In previous reports, we documented 24‐ and 52‐week findings of an open‐label, phase 3 trial (UNCOVER‐J) of ixekizumab in Japanese patients with erythrodermic or generalized pustular psoriasis; most patients responded to treatment and maintained response through 52 weeks.
A hospital-wide initiative to eliminate or reduce needle pain in children using lean methodology

Introduction: Pain remains common, underrecognized, and undertreated in children's hospitals and pediatric clinics. Over 200,000 patients experience needle pain annually in our institution, caused by blood draws, intravenous access, vaccinations, and injections on all inpatient units, emergency departments, outpatient laboratories, and ambulatory clinics. Objectives: We implemented a hospital-based, system-wide initiative called the “Children's Comfort Promise,” and created a new standard of care for needle procedures that required staff to consistently offer 4 strategies: (1) topical anesthetics, (2) sucrose or breastfeeding for infants 0 to 12 months, (3) comfort positioning (including swaddling, skin-to-skin, or facilitated tucking for infants; sitting upright for children), and (4) age-appropriate distraction. Methods: The protocol was established system-wide in one of the largest children's hospitals in the United States using a staggered implementation approach over a 3-year period to allow for unit-specific customization and facilitation of knowledge transfer from one unit to another. All departments were required to offer all 4 strategies with appropriate education at least 95% of the time. Results: Comparison of baseline audits with continuous postimplementation audits revealed that wait times for services decreased, patient satisfaction increased, and staff concerns about implementation were allayed (eg, concerns about wait times and success rates of venipuncture after topical anesthesia). Conclusion: This is the first report of a successful system-wide protocol implementation to reduce or eliminate needle pain, including pain from vaccinations, in a children's hospital across all inpatient units, emergency departments, outpatient laboratories, and ambulatory clinics through consistent use of topical anesthesia, sucrose/breastfeeding, positioning, and distraction.