Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Title Reactions to treatment debriefing among the participants of a placebo controlled trial

Background: A significant proportion of trial participants respond to placebos for a variety of conditions. Despite the common conduct of these trials and the strong emphasis placed on informed consent, very little is known about informing participants about their individual treatment allocation at trial closure. This study aims to address this gap in the literature by exploring treatment beliefs and reactions to feedback about treatment allocation in the participants of a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (RCT). Methods: Survey of trial participants using a semi-structured questionnaire including close and open-ended questions administered as telephone interviews and postal questionnaires. Trial participants were enrolled in a double-blind placebo-controlled RCT evaluating the effectiveness of corticosteroid for heel pain (ISRCTN36539116). The trial had closed and participants remained blind to treatment allocation. We assessed treatment expectations, the percentage of participants who wanted to be informed about their treatment allocation, their ability to guess and reactions to debriefing. Results: Forty-six (73%) contactable participants responded to our survey. Forty-two were eligible (four participants with bilateral disease were excluded as they had received both treatments). Most (79%) participants did not have any expectations prior to receiving treatment, but many 'hoped' that something would help. Reasons for not having high expectations included the experimental nature of their care and possibility that they may get a placebo. Participants were hopeful because their pain was so severe and because they trusted the staff and services. Most (83%) wanted to be informed about their treatment allocation and study results. Over half (55%) said they could not guess which treatment they had been randomized to, and many of those who attempted a guess were incorrect. Reactions to treatment debriefing were generally positive, including in placebo responders. Conclusion: Our study suggests that most trial participants want to be informed about their treatment allocation and trial results. Further research is required to develop measure of hope and expectancy and to rigorously evaluate the effects of debriefing prospectively. Published: 22 April 2005 BMC Health Services Research 2005, 5:30 doi:10.1186/1472-6963-5-30 Received: 27 November 2004 Accepted: 22 April 2005 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral. com/1472-6963/5/30 © 2005 Di Blasi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. BMC Health Services Research 2005, 5:30 http://www.biomedcentral. com/1472-6963/5/30
High-resolution imaging of the melt distribution in partially molten upper mantle rocks: evidence for wetted two- grain boundaries

[1] We determine the 3-D melt geometry of partially molten samples of olivine containing 1.6 and 3.6 vol.% of basaltic melt that were held in a piston cylinder apparatus at upper mantle conditions for 430 h. Our approach involves serial sectioning and high-resolution field emission SEM imaging. Resolution is such that melt pockets approaching ~30 nm in size were resolved while covering an area of ~300 by 230 mm. The principal result of this study is to show that thin layers (typically 100 nm or less in thickness) between adjacent grains observed in 2-D images persist with depth and are therefore wetted two-grain boundaries. Melt geometries most closely resembling triple junction tubules of the isotropic equilibrium model occur at all three-grain edges but are small compared to larger pockets. The wetted grain boundaries at a dihedral angle >0! for this system are inferred to be due to slow expulsion of melt from dynamically reorganizing grain boundaries during steady state grain growth. The attenuation peak observed in forced torsional oscillation experiments on similar samples is likely related to the wetted grain boundaries. Grain growth, driven by surface energy reduction, occurs also at the larger grain sizes expected for the mantle. This suggests the presence of wetted grain boundaries and significant velocity reduction and attenuation in partially molten upper mantle, as observed for example in back-arc basins.
A new 3-dimensional shrinking criterion

We introduce a new shrinking criterion for cell-like upper semicontinuous decompositions G of topological 3-manifolds, such that the embedding dimension (in the sense of Stan'ko) of the nondegeneracy set of G is at most one. As an immediate application, we prove a recognition theorem for 3-manifolds based on a new disjoint disks property.
Time Series Analysis of Admission in the Accident and Emergency Unit of University College Hospital, Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria

Mortality resulting from accidents and late admission of patients into modern health facility constitute a high proportion of all deaths in the developing countries. Information on patterns of admission of Accident and Emergency (AE) patients is valuable to caregivers in AE department in meeting patients' seasonal needs. This retrospective study used gen- der-classified records of 79990 patients admitted into the AE unit between 1995 and 2006 in University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan. We examined seasonal variation using trigonometric regression and moving average models. There exists significant difference in number of admission between males (���� � = 306.63,����= 69.56) and females (���� � = 248.85,����= 65.27). The analysis further showed that patient's admission peaked in May and minimal in November. Seasonal index showed that the peak of number of patients admitted was observed in the last quarter of every year. This is an indication that admission occurs mostly during the festive periods where people travel home to celebrate with their love ones. The projected quarterly admissions for 2011 are (Q1=1488, Q2=1497, Q3=1632, Q4=1634) and for 2012 are (Q1=1490, Q2=1499, Q3=1634, Q4=1635). The hospital management should engage more caregivers and make available more resus- citating medical equipments during last quarter of each year and peak periods.
Time to Demystify Endogeneity Bias

This study exposes the flaw in defining endogeneity bias by correlation between an explanatory variable and the error term of a regression model. Through dissecting the links which have led to entanglement of measurement errors, simultaneity bias, omitted variable bias and self-selection bias, the flaw is revealed to stem from a Utopian mismatch of reality directly with single explanatory variable models. The consequent estimation-centred route to circumvent the correlation is shown to be committing a type III error. Use of single variable based ‘consistent’ estimators without consistency of model with data can result in significant distortion of causal postulates of substantive interest. This strategic error is traced to a loss in translation of those causal postulates into multivariate conditional models appropriately designed through an efficient combination of substantive knowledge with data information. Endogeneity bias phobia will be uprooted once applied modelling research is centred on such designs. JEL classification: B23, B40, C10, C50
Outer and inner vanishing measures and division in H∞ + C

Measures on the unit circle are well studied from the view of Fourier analysis. In this paper, we investigate measures from the view of Poisson integrals and of divisibility of singular inner functions in H∞+C. Especially, we study singular measures which have outer and inner vanishing measures. It is given two decompositions of a singular positive measure. As applications, it is studied division theorems in H∞ + C.
Finance, growth, and volatility

Eempirical studies have not documented an unambiguous relationship between financial development and volatility of economic growth. Existing evidence of contemporaneous association is also insufficient to establish the direction of causality. This paper studies the time series relation between financial development, economic growth and growth volatility in one unified framework. Relying on a parsimonious panel VAR framework with a panel of 81 countries between 1962 and 2000, I find significant positive Granger causality from financial development to growth and negative Granger causality from financial development to volatility of growth. Financial development accounts for 2.6% of negative forecast error covariance between growth and growth volatility. These empirical regularities, however, are detected only in emerging countries and not in advanced economies. My findings are consistent with the idea that financial development is especially beneficial to countries at the early stage of industrialization. Further, country specific economic environment and structural factors, such as banking concentration degree, proportion of privately held banks, and legal environments, determine the likelihood of both Granger causality from financial development to growth and volatility, and the fraction of covariance between growth and volatility due to financial development.
Estimation of in vivo intervertebral loading during motion using fluoroscopic and 1 magnetic resonance image informed finite element models 2 Short Communication

Short Communication 3 Sahand Zanjani-Pour, Judith R. Meakin, Alex Breen, and Alan Breen 4 School of Physics and Astronomy, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, 5 University of Exeter, Exeter, UK 6 Institute for Musculoskeletal Research and Clinical Implementation, Anglo-European College of 7 Chiropractic, Bournemouth, UK 8 Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK 9 10 Corresponding author: Judith R. Meakin, Physics Building, Stocker Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, 11 EX4 4QL, UK 12 Tel. +44 (0) 1392 724109 Email j.r. meakin@exeter.ac. uk 13 14
Factors influencing malaria care seeking behaviour in two Ghanaian communities : formal versus informal malaria care

VI ACRONYMS . VIII GLOSSARY OF TERMS . X CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY TOPIC . 1 1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION . 1 1.1.1 Overview on Ghana . 3 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT. 9 1.3 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY . 11 1.4 STUDY OBJECTIVES . 12 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW . 14 2.1 THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF HEALTHCARE SEEKING BEHAVIOUR . 14 2.2 CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF HEALTHCARE SEEKING BEHAVIOUR . 15 2.3 EMPIRICAL EVIDENCES . 21 2.3.1 Overview of International experiences . 21 2.3. 2 Overview of Ghana Experiences . 24 2.4 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR DATA ANALYSIS . 27 2.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY . 30 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY . 32 3.1 THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK . 32 3. 2 STUDY DESIGN . 35 3.3 THE SURVEY SITES . 36 3.3.1. Ga Mashie Area . 37 3.3. 2 Gomoa district . 38 3.4 THE SURVEY INSTRUMENT . 39 3.5 SAMPLE SIZE . 41 3.6 THE SAMPLING STRATEGY . 43 3.7 SPECIFICATION OF THE MODEL . 44 3.8 SELECTION OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES . 46 3.9 SELECTION AND EXPLANATION OF THE DEPENDENT VARIABLES . 51 3.10 DATA ANALYSIS PROCESS . 52 3.11 POSSIBLE LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY . 52 CHAPTER 4: STUDY RESULTS . 55 4.1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF THE COMBINED SAMPLE . 55 4.1.1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Households . 55 4.1.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics Outcomes . 60 4.1.3 Malaria Care Seeking Behaviour Outcomes . 64 4.2 QUALITY OF SERVICE OF FORMAL MALARIA CARE PROVIDERS . 72 4.2.1 Characteristics of Malaria Care Service Providers in Ga Mashie . 72 4.2.2 Characteristics of Malaria Care Service Providers in Gomoa . 73 4.2.3 Perceived Quality of Service as Reported by the Household Members in Ga Mashie and Gomoa . 74 4.3 REGRESSION ANALYSIS . 77 4.3.1 Comparison between formal malaria care versus informal malaria care . 79 4.3. 2 Comparison between Formal Malaria Care and No Malaria Care . 80 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS . 82 5.1 DISCUSSION OF THE STUDY FINDINGS . 82 6.2 STUDY LIMITATIONS . 85 Un ive rsi ty of Ca pe To wn v 6.3 POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY FINDINGS . 87 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION . 97 REFERENCES . 101 APPENDIX A: DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT . 111 APPENDIX B: INDEPENDENT VARIABLES COLLAPSED INTO DUMMY VARIABLE . 120 APPENDIX C: INDEPENDENT VARIABLES CORRELATION MATRIX . 122 C.1 CORRELATION MATRIX FOR THE TWO COMMUNITIES COMBINED . 122 C.2 CORRELATION MATRIX FOR THE GA MASHIE COMMUNITY . 122 C.3 CORRELATION MATRIX FOR GOMOA . 122 APPENDIX D: RESULTS OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA) . 123 D.1 PCA OF THE GA MASHIE COMMUNITY (URBAN) . 123 D.2 PCA OF THE GOMOA COMMUNITY (RURAL) . 125 APPENDIX E: FULL RESULTS OF THE MNLM . 127 E.1 MULTINOMIAL LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR THE COMBINED SAMPLE. 127 E.2 MULTINOMIAL LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR THE GA MASHIE COMMUNITY . 128 E.3 MULTINOMIAL LOGISTIC REGRESSION FOR THE GOMOA COMMUNITY . 129
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title Theoretical study of lesion detectability of MAP reconstruction using computer observers

The low signal-to-noise ratio in emission data has stimulated the development of statistical image reconstruction methods based on the maximum a posteriori(MAP) principle. Experimental examples have shown that statistical methods improve image quality compared to the conventional filtered backprojection (FBP) method. However, these results depend on isolated data sets. Here we study the lesion detectability of MAP reconstruction theoretically, using computer observers. These theoretical results can be applied to different object structures. They show that for a quadratic smoothing prior, the lesion detectability using the prewhitening observer is independent of the smoothing parameter and the neighborhood of the prior, while the non-prewhitening observer exhibits an optimum smoothing point. We also compare the results to those of FBP reconstruction. The comparison shows that for ideal positron emission tomography (PET) systems (where data are true line integrals of the tracer distribution) the MAP reconstruction has a higher signal-to-noise ratio for lesion detection than FBP reconstruction due to the modeling of the Poisson noise. For realistic systems, MAP reconstruction further benefits from accurately modeling the physical photon detection process in PET.
Health Utility Scores for PeopleWith Type 2 Diabetes in U.S. Managed Care Health Plans Results from Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD)

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSdWe analyzed health-related quality-of-life data, collected at baseline during Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes, a multicenter, prospective, observational study of diabetes care inmanaged care, for 7,327 individuals with type 2 diabetes. We measured quality-of-life using the EuroQol (EQ)-5D, a standardized instrument for which 1.00 indicates perfect health. We used multivariable regression to estimate the independent impact of demographic characteristics, diabetes treatments, complications, and comorbidities on health-related quality-of-life.
Comparative Study of Fresh and Frozen ‐ Thawed Semen

Bangladesh possesses a tropical goat breed popularly known as Black Bengal goat. They are dwarf in size and noted to be famous for their adaptability, fertility, prolificacy, delicacy of meat and superior skin quality (Husain et al. 1996). It is well adapted to hot and humid climate and usually produces twins and triplets. However, it has been observed that there exists sizeable genetic variation with the traits between individuals within and between locations (Amin et al. 2000). These variations can be exploited for genetic improvement using selective breeding within the breed (Husain et al. 1996; Akhter et al. 2000). But it is a matter of great concern that unlike cattle, goat raisers castrate almost all of their male kids at their early age. Consequently, availability of breeding bucks become squeezed day by day (Amin, 1999). Therefore, provision of Artificial Insemination (AI) using selected buck semen is the easiest Semen from six adult male Black Bengal goats (Capra hircus) was collected to compare the fresh and frozen-thawed semen quality and investigate its relationship with the fertility. Each collected samples was divided into two parts: One part of semen was used as fresh and another part was filled into 0.50 ml straws, sealed, cooled (5 ̊C) and equilibrated for freezing. In both cases, semen was diluted with commercial Triladyl diluent (a Tris based diluter). The motility and morphology of fresh and frozen-thawed semen was subjectively evaluated by one operator. It was revealed that motility and sperm abnormality of the frozen semen differed significantly (P<0.05), but differed insignificantly in fresh semen between males. Besides these, fresh and frozen-thawed sperm motilities also differed significantly (P<0.01) between males which varied from 70.83±1.54 to 74.23±1.59% and 44.17±2.39 to 52.31±1.08%, respectively. A significantly (P<0.01) higher sperm abnormalities was observed in frozen-thawed semen (11.18±0.42 to 16.55±0.09%) than that of fresh semen (8.82±0.24 to 9.71±0.52%). Cervical inseminations were performed with fresh and frozen-thawed semen in 997 and 1004 female goats, respectively, both at Nucleus Breeding Flock (NBF) and four project areas. Fresh semen showed significantly (P<0.01) higher kidding rates (59.8%) than that with frozen-thawed semen (43.9%). The motilities of fresh and frozen-thawed semen were positively correlated (0.526 and 0.987; P<0.01), whereas the proportion of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa was negatively correlated (-0.530 and -0.776) with fertility of Black Bengal goats. Males with a higher motility and lower proportion of abnormal spermatozoa provided better fertility.
Assessment of Women's Knowledge Regarding Family Planning.

Objective: The aim of the study to determining the women's knowledge regarding contraceptive, and to identify the relationship between women's knowledge and Socio-demographic characteristics (Age, educational level, residence and employment). Methodology: A descriptive study design was conducted to achieve the objectives of the study. The study was carried out in the antenatal care unit of Al-Quads primary health care center in the Mosul governorate / Iraq during 2010. A random sampling consist of 62 women in age group between (15-44) years. Data were collected by using questionnaire through an interview technique. The data were analyzed by using the statistical package for social sciences program. Results: The results shows that the most of the study sample was used medical methods in the process of family planning (51.61%), and women's knowledge are good towered the family planning and mean of women's knowledge (1.66). The results revealed that there are non-significant deference between women's knowledge and some demographic characteristics except the educational level. Conclusion: The researchers concluded that the women's knowledge regarding family planning generally were good, and there are no significance difference between women's knowledge and their demographic data except educational level. Recommendations: The researchers recommended that increase use of communication channels with community, such as publications and audiovisual material. This can have a great impact in enhancing women's knowledge, promoting contraceptive use, and dispelling fears and misconceptions.
Innovation , Structural Change , and Inclusion . A Cross Country PVAR Analysis ∗

Structural change can be both, a cause or a consequence of innovation, while structural change and innovations are usually accompanied by short-term outcomes of social inclusion or exclusion. Inclusion may in turn have an impact on further innovations. Yet, we find little evidence in the literature on the three-way relations between innovation, structural change and inclusion. This paper advances a first exercise in this direction. Given the multidimensionality of each (innovation, structural change, and inclusion), we extract the underlying unobserved common factor structure from various well-known macro indicators. With a structural vector auto regression (SVAR) model for a short panel of developing countries over 13 years, we find the following main results. First, we confirm the virtuous cycle between innovation and structural change, aligning with existing literature. Second, the strongest result is the positive effect of inclusion on both innovation and structural change, that suggests policy to improve inclusion beyond poverty and inequality. Third, on decomposing the innovation index (formal, firm-level and ICT), we find each related differently to both structural change and inclusion, that suggests specific policy roles in their influence on inclusion and structural change.
Determination of Nutritional Training for the Prevention of Anemia on Pregnant Women

Aim: Anemia seen during the period of gestation affects the health of the mother as well fetus. Nutrition education which given in pregnancy may prevent the development of anemia. Our research was carried out to determine the effect of nutritional training for the prevention of anemia due to iron defiency. Method: The training and the control group each having 30 people in our research received a total of 60 pregnant women. All of the pragnant women was administered questionnaire during the 3rd and 9th month of pregnancy to ascertain the participants sociodemographik features and level of knowledge and hemoglobin values were recorded. A nutritional training were given to the pregnant women in the Training group when they are in the 3rd months of their pregnancy and this pregnant women were reminded that they should pay attention to nutrition subjects them once a month by telephone until 9th months of pregnancy. To analyze the data chi-square, Mann- Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests were used. Results: During the 3rd month of gestation, the mean values for Hb was 12.5±1,6gr/dL in Training group and 12,6±1,0gr/dL in Control Group (P=0,893). Ýt was also seen an increase in the level of nutritional knowledge for the women in the Training group (P
La-doped effect on the ferroelectric properties of Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 – SrBi 4 Ti 4 O 15 thin film fabricated by pulsed laser deposition

Bi4Ti3O12– SrBi4Ti4O15 ~BT–SBTi! thin film was fabricated successfully on Pt/TiO 2 /SiO2 /Si(110) substrates by the pulsed laser deposition technique. Films annealed at 650 °C by the rapid temperature process ~RTP! have Pr512mC/cm . But, the fatigue behavior has been observed although no obvious decrease in Pr up to 10 5 s retained time in the BT–SBTi capacitor. After being La doped, the Bi 3.25La0. 75Ti3O12– SrBi4Ti4O15 ~BLT–SBTi! has fatigue free properties. Pr 513.5mC/cm was measured in a BLT–SBTi film of 300 nm thickness. It did not show any significant fatigue up to 10 10 switching cycles above the applied field of 250 kV/cm. It also has good retention properties. The field dependence of fatigue behavior and La-doped effect are discussed. © 2002 American Institute of Physics. @DOI: 10.1063/1.1510557 #