Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF CINNAMON AQUEOUS EXTRACT ON BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL, LIVER BIOMARKER ENZYMES, HEMATOLOGICAL AND LIPID PROFILE PARAMETERS IN ALLOXAN- INDUCED DIABETIC MALE ALBINO RATS.

Cinnamon extract are widely used in Middle East and Asian countries as herbal medication for diabetes. The study evaluates the effects of Cinnamon aqueous extract on blood glucose level, liver biomarker enzymes, hematological and lipid profile parameters in alloxan- induced diabetic male albino rats (Wistar strain). Adult male albino rats weighing between 170-220g were induced intraperitoneally with alloxan. The male albino rats were grouped into five groups of six animals per group. Group A is the normal control group, Group B served as the negative control, Group C served as positive control and was treated with glibenclamide, Group D and E were treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of cinnamon aqueous extract respectively. The extracts were given to the animals orally for 14 days. At the end of the experimental period, the albino rats from each experimental group were starved for 16 hours and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The weight of diabetic untreated rats (Group B) were significantly (P<0.005) reduced when compared to other groups. The animals treated with glibenclamide, 100 and 200mg/Kg body weight of cinnamon extract showed significant decrease (P<0.05) of blood sugar level compared to the untreated rats (group B). This suggests that the plant extract possesses anti-diabetic and hypoglycemic effect. The extracts significantly increased RBC, HGB and HCT; and the WBC was significantly reduced in the treated groups compared to the untreated group. There were significant decrease (P<0.05) in plasma TC, TG, LDC-Cholesterol and an increase in HDLCholesterol values was observed in the treated groups compared to the untreated group. This is an indication that the extract had hypolipidemic effect and can be used in the treatment of diabetes. The extract significantly increased (P<0.05) plasma total protein level in the treated groups. The extract significantly reduced (P<0.005) liver biomarker enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP), an indication that it does not have effect on the liver.
Scaling Up Breastfeeding Programs in Mexico: Lessons Learned from the Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly Initiative

Abstract Background Given the magnitude of the health and economic burden of inadequate breastfeeding practices in Mexico, there is an urgency to improve breastfeeding practices to increase the health and well-being of children and mothers. The Becoming Breastfeeding Friendly (BBF) Toolbox was recently developed to guide countries in assessing their readiness to and progress with scale-up of breastfeeding protection, promotion, and support and to develop policy recommendations to high-level decision makers. Objective The aim of this study was to document the BBF process in Mexico, which led to evidence-based recommendations for policymakers to improve breastfeeding protection, promotion, and support in the country. Methods We followed the BBF methodology. First, a group of experts, with the use of scientific and gray literature, face-to-face interviews, and their own experience, analyzed and assigned a score to each of the 8 gears from the BBF index and identified scaling-up gaps on the basis of the Breastfeeding Gear Model. Then, we developed and presented evidence-based recommendations to improve breastfeeding protection, promotion, and support. Results Mexico's BBF score was 1.4 out of a maximum total of 3 points, which indicates that there is a low to moderate scaling-up environment to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding. None of the gears were rated as “outstanding,” and the legislation and policies gear was the only one rated as strong. Conclusions The BBF initiative is a useful tool for assessing the environment for breastfeeding. The Mexican environment for breastfeeding is weak. On the basis of these results, it is strongly recommended to raise national awareness on breastfeeding, incorporate the Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes in the Mexican legislations, extend maternity leave to 6 mo, and strengthen evidence-based advocacy and hence the political will that is needed to secure stable funding and resources for a successful national strategy for the protection, promotion, and support of breastfeeding in Mexico.
Efficient transport of fossil organic carbon to the ocean by steep mountain rivers: An orogenic carbon sequestration mechanism

Mountain building exposes fossil organic carbon (OC fossil ) in exhumed sedimentary rocks. Oxidation of this material releases carbon dioxide from long-term geological storage to the atmosphere. OC fossil is mobilized on hillslopes by mass wasting and transferred to the particu- late load of rivers. In large fl uvial systems, it is thought to be oxidised in transit, but in short, steep rivers that drain mountain islands, OC fossil may escape oxidation and re-enter geological storage due to rapid fl uvial transfer to the ocean. In these settings, the rates of OC fossil transfer and their controls remain poorly constrained. Here we quantify the erosion of OC fossil from the Taiwan mountain belt, combining discharge statistics with measurements of particulate organic carbon load and source in 11 rivers. Annual OC fossil yields in Taiwan vary from 12 ± 1 to 246 ± 22 tC km −2 yr −1 , controlled by the high physical erosion rates that accompany rapid crustal shortening and frequent typhoon impacts. Effi cient transfer of this material ensures that 1.3 ± 0.1 ◊ 10 6 tC yr −1 of OC fossil exhumed in Taiwan is delivered to the ocean, with <15% loss due to weathering in transit. Our fi ndings suggest that erosion of coastal mountain ranges can force effi cient transfer and long-term re-accumulation of OC fossil in marine sediments, further enhancing the role of mountain building in the long-term storage of carbon in the lithosphere.
THE PEOPLE MAKE THE PLACE

A framework for understanding the etiology of organizational behavior is presented. The framework is based on theory and research from interactional psychology, vocational psychology, I/O psychology, and organizational theory. The framework proposes that organizations are functions of the kinds of people they contain and, further, that the people there are functions of an attraction-selection-attrition (ASA) cycle. The ASA cycle is proposed as an alternative model for understanding organizations and the causes of the structures, processes, and technology of organizations. First, the ASA framework is developed through a series of propositions. Then some implications of the model are outlined, including (1) the difficulty of bringing about change in organizations, (2) the utility of personality and interest measures for understanding organizational behavior, (3) the genesis of organizational climate and culture, (4) the importance of recruitment, and (5) the need for person-based theories of leadership and job attitudes. It is concluded that contemporary I/O psychology is overly dominated by situationist theories of the behavior of organizations and the people in them.
Using Non-Linear Budget Sets to Estimate Extensive Margin Responses: Method and Evidence from the Social Security Earnings Test

We develop a method for estimating the effect of a kinked budget set on workers' employment decisions, and we use it to estimate the impact of the Social Security Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Annual Earnings Test (AET). The AET reduces OASI claimants' current OASI benefits in proportion to their earnings in excess of an exempt amount. Using a Regression Kink Design and Social Security Administration data, we document that the discontinuous change in the benefit reduction rate at the exempt amount causes a corresponding change in the employment rate. We develop conditions in a general setting under which we can use such patterns to estimate the elasticity of the employment rate with respect to the effective average net-of-tax rate. Our resulting elasticity point estimate for the AET is at least 0.49, suggesting that the AET reduces employment by more than one percentage point in the group we study.
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY .10529

During the last fifteen years there has emerged in sociology and social psychology a distinct approach called social exchange theory. Four figures were largely responsible: George Homans, John Thibaut, Harold Kelley, and Peter Blau. Homans in "Social behavior as exchange" (1958) made a conscious effort to identify and advance this point of view. In 1961, he amplified his argument in Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms, which has now been revised (1974). Also in the late 1950s Thibaut & Kelley were constructing their compact conceptual scheme in The Social Psychology of Groups (1959). While different in important ways, their work converged with Homans's, strengthening the general exchange approach. When Blau's Exchange and Power (1 964a) appeared, the exchange approach was assured a future in the field. The differences between these three major works were as important in launching the exchange approach as were their similarities. While Blau gave more emphasis to technical economic analysis, Homans dwelled more upon the psychology of instrumental behavior. Yet in doing so, he drew upon a different brand of psychology than that represented by Thibaut & Kelley. In addition, they employed different strategies of theory construction. Thibaut & Kelley start with psychological concepts, build upward to the dyad, and build upward from there to the small group. Homans takes a more reductionist approach, moving in the opposite direction. With considerable knowledge of group-level processes already in mind, he points to the psychological principles of reinforcement which, he claims, help to explain them. However, Peter Blau, contrary to both of these approaches, warns us that preoccupation with psychology can blind us to the important emergent aspects of social exchange. When three strong statements such as these diverge on particulars, yet converge on a central viewpoint-social exchange as a frame of reference-that viewpoint will be given greater impetus. Now, seventeen years later, exchange theory is still growing; it still contains diversity and sparks of controversy.
Comparing antecedents and consequences of leader – member exchange in a German working context to findings in the US

This article gives an overview of several studies focusing on antecedents and consequences of leader – member exchange (LMX) in a German working context and compares these results to results from prior studies in the US. The German results indicate that relationship tenure is not related to LMX. However, span of supervision is shown to be relevant in the followers' evaluation of LMX. With respect to the consequences of LMX, results indicate that delegation as well as commitment and occupational self-efficacy are positively related to LMX. Some of the results differ from US results, namely, antecedents are related to LMX to a lower degree in Germany and consequences to a higher degree. Based on these results, future research should take into account the country in which the LMX data is collected in order to be able to make more precise statements about the respective relationships.
Interaction of visual cues for prominence

The timing of both eyebrow and head movements of a talking face was varied systematically in a test sentence using an audiovisual speech synthesizer. The audio speech signal was unchanged over all sentences. 33 listeners were given the task of identifying the most prominent word in the test sentence. Results indicate that both eyebrow and head movements are powerful visual cues for prominence and that perceptual sensitivity to timing is on the order of a typical syllable duration of 100-200 ms.
RAFT: Evaluating Federated Learning Resilience Against Threats

Federated Learning (FL) allows for training machine learning models on decentralized data. However, FL has been prone to adversarial attacks. This paper examines the vulnerability of FL towards white-box attacks using the CIFAR10 dataset. In the study, we have used ResNet20 and DenseNet. In the study, the required perturbation is added to find the adversarial samples to fool the model. This decentralized approach to training can make it more difficult for attackers to access the training data, but it can also introduce new vulnerabilities that attackers can exploit. We conducted three types of white box attacks, i.e., Fast Gradient Sign Method (FGSM), Carlini-Wagner (CW), and DeepFool, and studied the model's behavior. We have presented the results of the model behavior considering the different scenarios.
The effect of nitridation temperature on the structural, optical and electrical properties of GaN nanoparticles

Synthesis of GaN nanoparticles (NPs) by a novel chemical co-precipitation method and the effect of nitridation temperature on the structural, optical and electrical properties have been reported. X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy show the hexagonal wurtzite structure and highly crystalline nature of the GaN NPs. A strong blue luminescence was observed for all the GaN NPs at room temperature photoluminescence studies. Nevertheless, red and yellow luminescence were absent at the nitridation temperature of 1000 °C. The phonon frequency mode at the k-point of the Brillouin zone symmetry was observed at 271–273 cm−1 for GaN NPs by micro-Raman spectroscopy, which is normally absent for bulk GaN. The carrier concentration and mobility of GaN NPs synthesized at higher temperature were calculated to be 1.36 × 1017 cm−3 and 433 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively, by the Raman line shape analysis of the longitudinal-optical-phonon–plasmon coupled mode.
The role of mastery learning in an intelligent tutoring system: Principal stratification on a latent variable

Students in Algebra I classrooms typically learn at different rates and struggle at different points in the curriculum---a common challenge for math teachers. Cognitive Tutor Algebra I (CTA1), educational computer program, addresses such student heterogeneity via what they term "mastery learning," where students progress from one section of the curriculum to the next by demonstrating appropriate "mastery" at each stage. However, when students are unable to master a section's skills even after trying many problems, they are automatically promoted to the next section anyway. Does promotion without mastery impair the program's effectiveness? At least in certain domains, CTA1 was recently shown to improve student learning on average in a randomized effectiveness study. This paper uses student log data from that study in a continuous principal stratification model to estimate the relationship between students' potential mastery and the CTA1 treatment effect. In contrast to extant principal stratification applications, a student's propensity to master worked sections here is never directly observed. Consequently we embed an item-response model, which measures students' potential mastery, within the larger principal stratification model. We find that the tutor may, in fact, be more effective for students who are more frequently promoted (despite unsuccessfully completing sections of the material). However, since these students are distinctive in their educational strength (as well as in other respects), it remains unclear whether this enhanced effectiveness can be directly attributed to aspects of the mastery learning program.
Magnetic Fields toward Ophiuchus-B Derived from SCUBA-2 Polarization Measurements

We present the results of dust emission polarization measurements of Ophiuchus-B (Oph-B) carried out using the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array 2 (SCUBA-2) camera with its associated polarimeter (POL-2) on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii. This work is part of the B-fields in Star-forming Region Observations survey initiated to understand the role of magnetic fields in star formation for nearby star-forming molecular clouds. We present a first look at the geometry and strength of magnetic fields in Oph-B. The field geometry is traced over ∼0.2 pc, with clear detection of both of the sub-clumps of Oph-B. The field pattern appears significantly disordered in sub-clump Oph-B1. The field geometry in Oph-B2 is more ordered, with a tendency to be along the major axis of the clump, parallel to the filamentary structure within which it lies. The degree of polarization decreases systematically toward the dense core material in the two sub-clumps. The field lines in the lower density material along the periphery are smoothly joined to the large-scale magnetic fields probed by NIR polarization observations. We estimated a magnetic field strength of 630 ± 410 μG in the Oph-B2 sub-clump using a Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi analysis. With this magnetic field strength, we find a mass-to-flux ratio λ = 1.6 ± 1.1, which suggests that the Oph-B2 clump is slightly magnetically supercritical.
Isolation, identification and quantitation of hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates, potential platform chemicals, in the leaves and stems of Miscanthus  giganteus using LC-ESI-MS

7AY, UK. Abstract Miscanthus  giganteus is a source of platform chemicals and bioethanol through ferm-entation. Cinnamates in leaves and stems were analysed by LC-ESI-MS n . Free phenols were extracted and separated chromatographically. More than twenty hydroxycinnamates were identified by UV and LC-ESI-MS n . Comparative LC-MS studies on the leaf extract showed isomers of O -caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA, 4-CQA and 5-CQA), O -ferul-oylquinic acid (3-FQA, 4-FQA and 5-FQA) and p -coumaroylquinic acid (3- p -CoQA and 5- p -CoQA). Excepting 3- p -CoQA, all were also detected in stem. 5-CQA dominated in leaf; a novel mandelonitrile-caffeoylquinic acid dominated in stem. Three minor leaf components were distinguished by fragmentation patterns in a targetted MS 2 experiment as dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers. Others (M r 516) were tentatively identified as hexosylcaffeoyl-quinates. Three positional isomers of O
Les parents de milieux défavorisés et l'accompagnement scolaire de leurs enfants

Cette recherche presente les points de vue de parents, peu scolarises de milieux defavorises, sur les differentes facettes de l'accompagnement scolaire de leurs enfants. L'auteure y recense les contraintes associees a cet accompagnement et aborde a travers diverses pistes d'action les perspectives d'une plus grande collaboration entre l'ecole et les parents.
The Effects of Irrelevant Stimuli: 1. The Time Course of Stimulus-Stimulus and Stimulus-Response Consistency Effects With Stroop-Like Stimuli, Simon-Like Tasks, and Their Factorial Combinations

The effects of Simon- and Stroop-like stimuli are examined in isolation and in factorial combinations with different delays between the presentation of the irrelevant and the relevant stimuli. The effects of irrelevant stimuli have different time courses depending on whether they overlap with the relevant stimulus (stimulus-stimulus overlap, Dimensional Overlap [DO] Type 4) or with the response (stimulus-response overlap, DO Type 3). A new, computational, parallel distributed processing (PDP)-type model, DO'97, is presented that is based on the original DO model (S. Kornblum, 1994; S. Kornblum, T. Hasbroucq, & A. Osman, 1990), and it postulates a nonmonotone irrelevant stimulus activation function in addition to 2 temporally ordered, serial, nonindependent stages: a stimulus processing stage and a response production stage. DO'97 is able to simulate the temporal dynamic characteristics of the processes, with good fits to the empirical data of this study and other published studies, at the level of means, variances, and distributional plots. After decades of empirical, and generally fragmented, research on stimulus-stimulus (S-S) and stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility effects, attempts have recently been made to understand the broad theoretical underpinnings of this large class of phenomena. Some of these attempts, instead of treating each effect in isolation, as had been done in the past, have tried to identify the processing principles that they have in common. Thus, by carefully examining these effects, particularly the effects of irrelevant stimuli,
A comparative study of artificial intelligence and human doctors for the purpose of triage and diagnosis

Online symptom checkers have significant potential to improve patient care, however their reliability and accuracy remain variable. We hypothesised that an artificial intelligence (AI) powered triage and diagnostic system would compare favourably with human doctors with respect to triage and diagnostic accuracy. We performed a prospective validation study of the accuracy and safety of an AI powered triage and diagnostic system. Identical cases were evaluated by both an AI system and human doctors. Differential diagnoses and triage outcomes were evaluated by an independent judge, who was blinded from knowing the source (AI system or human doctor) of the outcomes. Independently of these cases, vignettes from publicly available resources were also assessed to provide a benchmark to previous studies and the diagnostic component of the MRCGP exam. Overall we found that the Babylon AI powered Triage and Diagnostic System was able to identify the condition modelled by a clinical vignette with accuracy comparable to human doctors (in terms of precision and recall). In addition, we found that the triage advice recommended by the AI System was, on average, safer than that of human doctors, when compared to the ranges of acceptable triage provided by independent expert judges, with only a minimal reduction in appropriateness.
Predicting Life History Traits of Yellow Perch from Environmental Characteristics of Lakes

Abstract Sex-specific life history variation was examined among 72 populations of yellow perch Perca flavescens from Ontario, Canada. We sought to determine whether relationships could be applied to other populations to predict parameter values when life history data are not available. Each of the measured traits (early growth rate, maturation size and age, reproductive investment, and maximum size) varied two- to threefold among populations. Relationships were developed to predict standard calculations of life history traits from population-specific data for use in poorly sampled lakes. Associations between life history traits and environmental variables can be used in unsampled lakes. Early growth rate was positively related to lake surface area, while relative density was positively related to total dissolved solids. For both sexes, maximum body size was positively related to lake surface area and negatively related to growing degree-days. Additional variation in female maximum size was explained by a .