Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rate Policy and Supply-side Adjustment Dynamics

In contrast to the present consensus view of stabilization policy, theoretical and empirical research strongly support the consideration of supply-side adjustment to pronounced variations of factor-utilization in order to trace a more realistic pattern of macroeconomic adjustment dynamics within simulation studies. Against this background, our paper seeks to illuminate the relevance of endogenous supply-side adjustment for monetary policy research. We modify a basic New Keynesian model by explicitly considering demand-side stimulus on the evolution of productive capacity and analyze stability, impulse response, and welfare issues if the central bank follows a simple monetary policy rule. Thereby, we control for the robustness of our policy implications by various states of output gap mismeasurement the central bank might be confronted with. We find that, in contrast to a basic New Keynesian Model, output gap stabilization plays a more prominent role when potential output is endogenous.
The Balance of Power in Dating and Marriage LETITIA

Americans are sentimental about love. In thinking about romance, we emphasize intimacy and caring: we like to view our lover and the relationship as unique. We tend to neglect a crucial aspect of love re1ations:hips-power. This chapter investigates the nature of power in dating ar~d marriage, and analyzes factors that can tip the balance of power away from equality. The traditional formula for male female relationships prescribes that the man should be the leader. In dating, he should take the initiative by asking the woman out, by planning activities, by providing transportation, and by paying the bills. In marriage, he should be the "head" of household. who has final say about major family decisions. Our society's concept of "male superiority" dictates that a woman should "look up" to the significant man in her life, a stance that is often facilitated by his being taller, older, better educated, and more experienced. Feminists have severely criticized the idea that men should have the upper hand in love relationships. In Sexual Politics, Kate Millett' argues that patriarchal norms are pervasive and insidious. Male domination may be seen most easily in business, education, religion, and politics, but it also extends to persorlal relationships between the sexes. The family mirrors the power relations of the society at large and also perpetuates this power imbalance by teaching children to accept the superior status of men. In Millett's analysis. romantic love does not "put women on a pedestal" or elevate women's social status. R~ther , the ideology of love hides the reality of women's subordination and economic dependence on men. As television commercials readily illustrate, "love" can be used for the emotional manipulation of women. It is "love" that justifies household drudgery, as well as deference to men. Thus, true equality would require basic changes in the intimate relationships of "omen and men.
Effect of fermentation and/or cooking on protein fractions and sensory characteristics of sorghum supplemented with groundnut flour.

Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Mardia E. ElHag, Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed, Mohamed M. Eltayeb and Elfadil E. Babiker (2013) Effect of fermentation and/or cooking on protein fractions and sensory characteristics of sorghum supplemented with groundnut flour. Journal of Agricultural Technology 9(7):1955-1971. Changes in total protein and protein fractions were investigated during fermentation and/or cooking after supplementation of sorghum flour with defatted groundnut flour were investigated. The protein content and fractions were significantly (p ≥ 0.05) increased after supplementation with defatted groundnut flour. The albumin plus globulin fraction increased significantly (p ≥ 0.05) during the first 8h of fermentation after supplementation with 20% groundnut flour. Other fraction contents were observed to fluctuate during the fermentation time. Supplementation of the cultivar flour with 20% groundnut flour greatly increased the protein content as well as the albumin plus globulin fraction while other fractions were significantly decreased. Sensory evaluation of locally processed sorghum products (Kisra, Asida and Nasha) before and after supplementation showed no difference between the supplemented samples and the control ones as judged by trained panellists.
EFFECT OF URBANIZATION ON ABUNDANCE OF JOLLYVILLE PLATEAU SALAMANDERS ( EURYCEA TONKAWAE )

—Urbanization causes havoc to native ecosystems, resulting in population declines or extirpation of sensitive taxa. This can be devastating to narrow-range endemics whose distributions overlap or are enveloped by urban development. Jollyville Plateau Salamanders (Eurycea tonkawae) are aquatic neotenes restricted to karst-associated waters in a small, highly urbanized area of central Texas. Eurycea tonkawae was recently listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act due to threats from urbanization, although the published literature on their population status is limited to a single, short-term study. Here, we attempt to remedy this dearth of knowledge by summarizing population survey data from sites that span the breadth of E. tonkawae’s range. We analyzed count data using Bayesian inference and generalized linear models, first to determine trends in abundance at eight sites from 1996–2011. Secondly, we examined differences in salamander density at these and an additional nine sites (n = 17) among urbanized and nonurbanized catchments from 2009–2012. Study sites occurred in catchments that ranged from undeveloped to completely built-out, from no-change in development to > 20% increases in development. Accounting for climatic variation, we found that counts of E. tonkawae declined in areas that had the largest increases in residential development (a metric of urbanization) over a 15-y period. Additionally, densities of E. tonkawae were negatively correlated with residential development across their range. We discuss several possible mechanisms responsible for declines of E. tonkawae and highlight likely causes and potential areas of future research to aid in conservation efforts for this and other central Texas Eurycea salamanders.
1 Uruguay , Pensions and Fiscal Sustainability First draft 02 / 04 / 04 This version : 25 / 05 / 04

We simulate the budget of the main pension institution of the country, the Banco de Previsión Social (BPS), from 1995, the year the reform was passed, to 2050, when the new system should be mature. We perform several sensitivity analyses to evaluate which are the key exogenous variables and parameters determining the financial performance of the BPS in the medium to long run. According to our simulations, the budget of the BPS will be highly sensitive to the ages of retirement and to the ability and willingness of the institution to control the fulfilment of the required conditions to receive a contributory pension. The flexibility with which the BPS granted these benefits in the past had significant effects on its financial performance, according to these simulations. In recent years, the BPS has tightened the controls, with potentially significant effects on both the budget and the number of individuals excluded from the contributory programs. We study the contingent fiscal liabilities that are associated to the risk that the number of applications to the assistance programs grows because of the tougher conditions in the contributory programs. We also evaluate some alternatives to reform the non-contributory programs that, among other things, would extend their current coverage. 1 Departamento de Economía, FCS-UDELAR. Alvarof@decon.edu. uy. Tel: (5982) 409 29 73, 401 77 07. 2 Anna Caristo, Natalia Ferreira-Coimbra and Gabriel Katz provided an invaluable assistance in this project. Gabriel Lagomarsino kindly helped us to better understand the PIT-CNT proposal to reform the noncontributory-old-age program. Daniel Oks provided useful comments to a previous version. The World Bank financed the study. The author assumes full responsibility for its specific contents.
A feedback analysis of the tracking performance of blind adaptive equalization algorithms

Uses feedback and system theory concepts to study the tracking performance of a widely used class of (nonlinear) adaptive algorithms for blind equalization. These algorithms are normally used in highly nonstationary environments (e.g., wireless fast fading channels), and it is therefore important to study their ability to track changes in the environment characteristics. Due to their inherent nonlinear nature, there have been essentially no results in the literature on the tracking performance of these algorithms. The approach proposed in this paper is based on studying the energy flow through a feedback cascade that is induced by any such adaptive algorithm. A key feature of the feedback approach is that it bypasses the need for working directly with the nonlinear recursion for the weight error vector of the adaptive equalizer.
Invariant measure for the cubic wave equation on the unit ball of $R^3$

This paper deals with the invariance of a measure on Sobolev spaces of low regularity under the flow of the cubic non linear wave equation on the unit ball of 3 under the assumption of spherical symmetry. It presents two aspects, an analytic one which includes the treatment of local properties of the flow, and a probabilistic one, which is mainly related to the global extension of the flow and the invariance of the measure.
ON THE REDSHIFT EVOLUTION OF THE Lyα ESCAPE FRACTION AND THE DUST CONTENT OF GALAXIES

The Lyα emission line has been proven to be a powerful tool for studying evolving galaxies at the highest redshift. However, in order to use Lyα as a physical probe of galaxies, it becomes vital to know the Lyα escape fraction (fLyαesc). Unfortunately, due to the resonant nature of Lyα, fLyαesc may vary unpredictably and requires empirical measurement. Here, we compile Lyα luminosity functions (LFs) between redshifts z = 0 and 8 and, combined with Hα and ultraviolet data, assess how fLyαesc evolves with redshift. We find a strong upward evolution in fLyαesc over the range z = 0.3–6, which is well fit by the power law fLyαesc∝(1 + z)ξwith ξ = (2.57+0.19−0.12). This predicts that fLyαesc should reach unity at z = 11.1. By comparing fLyαesc and EB−V in individual galaxies we derive an empirical relationship between fLyαesc and EB−V, which includes resonance scattering and can explain the redshift evolution of fLyαesc between z = 0 and 6 purely as a function of the evolution in the dust content of galaxies. Beyond z ≈ 6.5, fLyαesc drops more substantially, an effect attributed to either ionizing photon leakage, or an increase in the neutral gas fraction of the intergalactic medium. While distinguishing between these two scenarios may be extremely challenging, by framing the problem this way we remove the uncertainty of the halo mass from Lyα-based tests of reionization. We finally derive a new method by which to estimate the dust content of galaxies, based purely upon the observed Lyα and UV LFs. These data are characterized by an exponential with an e-folding scale of zEBV ≈ 3.4.
Controllability analysis of multi-agent systems using relaxed equitable partitions

This paper investigates how to make decentralised networks, amenable to external control, i.e., how to ensure that they are appropriately organised so that they can be effectively 'reprogrammed'. In particular, we study networked systems whose interaction dynamics are given by a nearest-neighbour averaging rule, with one leader node providing the control input to the entire system. The main result is a necessary and sufficient condition for the controllability of such systems in terms of the graph topology. In particular, we give a graph theoretic interpretation of the controllability properties through the so-called relaxed equitable partition.
Morphological, chemical and biochemical characterization of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) hybrids

After several years of inbreeding, we concluded that combination of advan- tageous properties of Hypericum perforatum lines is necessary. Two hybrids were established by reciproc crossing and their populations have been tested in the second year. Concerning drug production, hybrid F9 exceeded both parents. In the case of hypericin content, crossing resulted in the manifestation of mother's effect. Hypericin content was higher in flowers, while POD accumulated mainly in leaves. Alterations of them in the mentioned parts proved to be inverse: the level of hypericin increased and that of the POD decreased from vegetative to flowering phase. The content of glucose and fructose changed by organs during ontogenesis, their ratio in flowers increased. There were significant differences among taxa investigated: parent 35 and hybrid F16 showed lower values of POD and glucose in average, which may be in connection with their weaker tolerance against wilt disease. Acta Biol Szeged 46(3-4):259-261 (2002) KEY WORDS Hypericum perforatum L. hybrids hypericin peroxidase glucose
Conceptual knowledge of emotions includes somatosensory component: Evidence from modality-switch cost effect

According to embodied framework, conceptual knowledge of emotions is based on the same mechanisms of simulation that are used by any other concepts. Despite some evidence concerning the somatosensory component of such knowledge, most of the data deal with the motor component. In two experiments (original and replication), we examined the involvement of somatosensory modality in the simulation of emotional concepts using the paradigm of conceptual modality-switch cost effect. No switching costs occurred when participants shifted from the emotional to the somatosensory modality. But they took place when participants shifted from the somatosensory to the emotional modality. These results support hypotheses that emotional knowledge includes the somatosensory modality but is not limited to it (other modalities are also included; e.g., interoceptive and motor). We also obtained unexpected results: Switching between the auditory and somatosensory modalities and from the auditory to the emotional modality did not slow verification times. Thus, the modality-switch cost effect is not as universal as has been proposed earlier.
WARM ABSORBERS AND OUTFLOWS IN THE SEYFERT-1 GALAXY NGC 4051

We present both phenomenological and more physical photoionization models of the Chandra/HETG spectra of the Seyfert-1 active galactic nucleus NGC 4051. We detect 40 absorption and emission lines, encompassing highly ionized charge states from O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, and the Fe L-shell and K-shell. Two independent photoionization packages, XSTAR and Cloudy, were both used to self-consistently model the continuum and line spectra. These fits detected three absorbing regions in this system with densities ranging from 1010 to 1011 cm−3. In particular, our XSTAR models require three components that have ionization parameters of log (ξ) = 4.5, 3.3, and 1.0, and are located within the broad-line region at 70, 300, and 13000 Rg, respectively, assuming a constant wind density. Larger radii are inferred for density profiles which decline with radius. The Cloudy models give a similar set of parameters with ionization parameters of log (ξ) = 5.0, 3.6, and 2.2 located at 40, 200, and 3300 Rg. We demonstrate that these regions are outflowing from the system, and carry a small fraction of material out of the system relative to the implied mass accretion rate. The data suggest that magnetic fields may be an important driving mechanism.
Oregano: Overview of the Literature on Health Benefits

Oregano is an herb that has been cultivated for centuries in the Mediterranean area, although it now can be found on most continents. Actually, there is not simply one "oregano," but rather several species that may contribute to the oregano used for culinary purposes. Origanum vulgare (also referred to as Spanish thyme and wild marjoram), a member of the plant family Lamiaceae, is generally the spice variety sold as oregano in Europe and the United States. Medicinal uses for oregano date back to the ancient Greek and Roman empires where applications of the leaves were used to treat such maladies as skin sores and relieve aching muscles and as an antiseptic. Oregano also has been used in traditional medicines for such ailments as asthma, cramping, diarrhea, and indigestion. In Greece, an oregano infusion is still used as a folk remedy against colds and upset stomach and to maintain general health. Based on the current scientific literature, oregano extracts and individual constituents consistently have demonstrated antimicrobial actions in vitro toward food-borne pathogens, although the capacity to counter human infections is not well studied. Oregano contains several potent antioxidants that may contribute to the findings in preliminary studies that oregano exhibits benefits toward the cardiovascular and nervous systems, relieves symptoms of inflammation, and modulates blood sugar and lipids. Well-controlled human studies substantiating these health effects are lacking
Mutually honest? Physiological ‘qualities’ signalled by colour ornaments in monomorphic king penguins

Mate choice is expected to be important for the fitness of both sexes for species in which successful reproduction relies strongly on shared and substantial parental investment by males and females. Reciprocal selection may then favour the evolution of morphological signals providing mutual information on the condition/quality of tentative partners. However, because males and females often have differing physiological constraints, it is unclear which proximate physiological pathways guarantee the honesty of male and female signals in similarly ornamented species. We used the monomorphic king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) as a model to investigate the physiological qualities signalled by colour and morphological ornaments known to be under sexual selection (coloration of the beak spots and size of auricular feather patches). In both sexes of this slow-breeding seabird, we investigated the links between ornaments and multiple indices of individual quality; including body condition, immunity, stress and energy status. In both sexes, individual innate immunity, resting metabolic rate, and the ability to mount a stress response in answer to an acute disturbance (capture) were similarly signalled by various aspects of beak coloration or auricular patch size. However, we also reveal interesting and contrasting relationships between males and females in how ornaments may signal individual quality. Body condition and oxidative stress status were signalled by beak coloration, although in opposite directions for the sexes. Over an exhaustive set of physiological variables, several suggestive patterns indicated the conveyance of honest information about mate quality in this monomorphic species. However, sex-specific patterns suggested that monomorphic ornaments may signal different information concerning body mass and oxidative balance of males and females, at least in king penguins.
Tracking Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus orientalis)in the northeastern Pacific with an automated algorithm that estimates latitude by matching sea-surface-temperature data from satellites with temperature data from tags on fish

Data recovered from 11 popup satellite archival tags and 3 surgically implanted archival tags were used to analyze the movement patterns of juvenile northern bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus orientalis) in the eastern Pacific. The light sensors on archival and pop-up satellite transmitting archival tags (PSATs) provide data on the time of sunrise and sunset, allowing the calculation of an approximate geographic position of the animal. Light-based estimates of longitude are relatively robust but latitude estimates are prone to large degrees of error, particularly near the times of the equinoxes and when the tag is at low latitudes. Estimating latitude remains a problem for researchers using light-based geolocation algorithms and it has been suggested that sea surface temperature data from satellites may be a useful tool for refining latitude estimates. Tag data from bluefin tuna were subjected to a newly developed algorithm, called “PSAT Tracker,” which automatically matches sea surface temperature data from the tags with sea surface temperatures recorded by satellites. The results of this algorithm compared favorably to the estimates of latitude calculated with the lightbased algorithms and allowed for estimation of fish positions during times of the year when the lightbased algorithms failed. Three near one-year tracks produced by PSAT tracker showed that the fish range from the California−Oregon border to southern Baja California, Mexico, and that the majority of time is spent off the coast of central Baja Mexico. A seasonal movement pattern was evident; the fish spend winter and spring off central Baja California, and summer through fall is spent moving northward to Oregon and returning to Baja California.
ULTRAVIOLET QUASI-STELLAR OBJECTS

We present a sample of spectroscopically confirmed quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) with FUV–NUV color (as measured by Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) photometry, FUV band: 1344–1786 Å, NUV band: 1771–2831 Å) bluer than canonical QSO templates and than the majority of known QSOs. We analyze their FUV to NIR colors, luminosities, and optical spectra. The sample includes a group of 150 objects at low redshift (z < 0.5), and a group of 21 objects with redshift 1.7 < z < 2.6. For the low-redshift objects, the “blue” FUV–NUV color may be caused by enhanced Lyα emission, since Lyα transits the GALEX FUV band from z = 0.1 to z = 0.47. Synthetic QSO templates constructed with Lyα up to three times stronger than in standard templates match the observed UV colors of our low-redshift sample. Optical photometric and spectroscopic properties of these QSOs are not atypical. The Hα emission increases, and the optical spectra become bluer, with increasing absolute UV luminosity. The lack of selected objects at intermediate redshift is consistent with the fact that for z = 0.48–1.63, Lyα is included in the GALEX NUV band, making the observed FUV–NUV redder than the limit of our sample selection. The UV-blue QSOs at redshift ∼2, where the GALEX bands sample rest-frame ≈450–590 Å (FUV) and ≈590–940 Å (NUV), are fainter than the average of UV-normal QSOs at similar redshift in NUV, while they have comparable luminosities in other bands. Therefore, we speculate that their observed FUV–NUV color may be explained by a combination of steep flux rise toward short wavelengths and dust absorption below the Lyman limit, such as from small grains or crystalline carbon (nanodiamonds). The ratio of Lyα to C iv could be measured in 10 objects; it is higher (30% on average) than for UV-normal QSOs, and close to the value expected for shock or collisional ionization. However, optical spectra are taken at different times than the UV photometry, which may bias the comparison if lines are variable. These QSO groups are uniquely set apart by the GALEX photometry within larger samples, given that their optical properties are not unusual.