Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Renal ischemia-reperfusion increases endothelial VEGFR-2 without increasing VEGF or VEGFR-1 expression.

BACKGROUND Hypoxia is a potent stimulus to angiogenesis. Expression of the angiogenic growth factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2) is up-regulated by hypoxia in a variety of organs and cell lines. We have previously reported that VEGF expression is not increased in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, although tubular cells concentrate VEGF at their basolateral surface. In this study we assess whether altered VEGF receptor expression compensates for the lack of VEGF regulation during renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS VEGFR-1 mRNA expression was assessed by Northern blotting and semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). VEGFR-2 mRNA expression was analyzed by Northern blotting and in situ hybridization (ISH), while VEGFR-2 protein expression was studied using immunohistochemistry. VEGF mRNA expression was assessed by ISH. RESULTS VEGFR-2 mRNA and protein expression were up-regulated without an increase in VEGF or VEGFR-1 expression. Normal kidneys showed low-level VEGFR-2 mRNA and protein expression in glomerular and peritubular endothelium. Following ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion, a marked increase in VEGFR-2 mRNA and protein expression was seen (2- to 4-fold). Most prominent was VEGFR-2 mRNA up-regulation in the glomerulus although, surprisingly, increased protein was not demonstrated here. ISH showed that VEGF mRNA was not up-regulated in this model, confirming our previous findings for VEGF. CONCLUSION VEGF and VEGFR-1 expression are not increased by renal ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Instead, endothelial expression of VEGFR-2 is increased. VEGFR-2 up-regulation in renal ischemia-reperfusion may be important in mediating the mitogenic and anti-apoptotic actions of VEGF on endothelial cells, thereby preserving the integrity of the endothelium and the potential for blood supply to ischemic tissues.
Sources of external organisational learning in small manufacturing firms

This paper focuses on identifying external learning sources of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) and the relationship between external learning sources and dynamic capabilities. Our results indicate that the most common sources of external learning for SMEs, in order, are customers, suppliers, the scientific community and other industries. The least common sources are competitors, partnerships and consultants. Our results indicate that learning from customers is a predictor of innovation speed, learning from suppliers is a predictor of operational efficiency, and learning from other industries is a predictor of superior process technologies. However, learning from competitors is negatively associated with the development of product technologies and basic research. Additionally, smaller firms in our sample learn more from suppliers and the scientific community than larger firms, while larger firms learn more from partnerships and consultants.
The mitochondrial genome of the terrestrial carnivorous plant Utricularia reniformis (Lentibulariaceae): Structure, comparative analysis and evolutionary landmarks

The carnivorous plants of the family Lentibulariaceae have attained recent attention not only because of their interesting lifestyle, but also because of their dynamic nuclear genome size. Lentibulariaceae genomes span an order of magnitude and include species with the smallest genomes in angiosperms, making them a powerful system to study the mechanisms of genome expansion and contraction. However, little is known about mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of this family, and the evolutionary forces that shape this organellar genome. Here we report the sequencing and assembly of the complete mtDNA from the endemic terrestrial Brazilian species Utricularia reniformis. The 857,234bp master circle mitochondrial genome encodes 70 transcriptionaly active genes (42 protein-coding, 25 tRNAs and 3 rRNAs), covering up to 7% of the mtDNA. A ltrA-like protein related to splicing and mobility and a LAGLIDADG homing endonuclease have been identified in intronic regions, suggesting particular mechanisms of genome maintenance. RNA-seq analysis identified properties with putative diverse and important roles in genome regulation and evolution: 1) 672kbp (78%) of the mtDNA is covered by full-length reads; 2) most of the 243kbp intergenic regions exhibit transcripts; and 3) at least 69 novel RNA editing sites in the protein-coding genes. Additional genomic features are hypothetical ORFs (48%), chloroplast insertions, including truncated plastid genes that have been lost from the chloroplast DNA (5%), repeats (5%), relics of transposable elements mostly related to LTR retrotransposons (5%), and truncated mitovirus sequences (0.4%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 32 different Lamiales mitochondrial genomes corroborate that Lentibulariaceae is a monophyletic group. In summary, the U. reniformis mtDNA represents the eighth largest plant mtDNA described to date, shedding light on the genomic trends and evolutionary characteristics and phylogenetic history of the family Lentibulariaceae.
A postmortem study of amino acid neurotransmitters in Alzheimer's disease

Concentrations of putative neurotransmitter amino acids were measured in postmortem brains from 10 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 10 controls. Glutamate, aspartate, taurine, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), and alanine levels were examined in 9 cortical regions, hippocampus, thalamus, and basal ganglia using high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. There were no significant alterations in aspartate, taurine, or alanine levels in any of the regions examined. Widespread significant reductions in cortical GABA concentrations were observed in the Alzheimer's brains, with the largest decreases in the temporal lobe. Overall values for glutamate concentrations in temporal and frontal cortices showed a significant 12% reduction in Alzheimer's brains, but the only individual cortical region showing a significant reduction in glutamate was the inferior temporal gyrus. These results suggest that γ‐aminobutyric acidergic neurons in Alzheimer's cerebral cortex may be selectively vulnerable to the disease process.
Short Article: Lexical and Sublexical Processes in the Perception of Transposed-Letter Anagrams

Evidence from priming and lexical decision tasks suggests that nonwords created by transposing adjacent letter pairs (TL nonwords) are very effective in activating lexical representations of their base words, because the process of orthographic matching tolerates minor changes in letter position. However, this account disregards the possible role of sublexical processing in reading. TL nonwords are perceptually ambiguous, with lexical and sublexical processing giving rise to conflicting interpretations. The consequences of this ambiguity were investigated in a lexical decision experiment with primes that were either high or low bigram frequency TL versions of target words. Priming effects were much larger for low BF primes (e.g., pucnh–PUNCH) than for high BF primes (e.g., panit–PAINT). This finding is interpreted as evidence that lexical activation can be inhibited by competing output resulting from sublexical processing of TL letter string. We conclude that phonological processing is an important determinant of responses to TL stimuli, and we consider how this interpretation might be accommodated within the dual-route cascaded (DRC) model of word recognition.
Competitive female runners with a history of iliotibial band syndrome demonstrate atypical hip and knee kinematics.

STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional experimental laboratory study. OBJECTIVE To examine differences in running mechanics between runners who had previously sustained iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) and runners with no knee-related running injuries. BACKGROUND ITBS is the second leading cause of knee pain in runners and the most common cause of lateral knee pain. Despite its prevalence, few biomechanical studies have been conducted to better understand its aetiology. Because the iliotibial band has both femoral and tibial attachments, it is possible that atypical hip and foot mechanics could result in the development of ITBS. METHODS The running mechanics of 35 females who had previously sustained ITBS were compared to 35 healthy age-matched and running distance-matched healthy females. Comparisons of hip, knee, and ankle 3-dimensional kinematics and internal moments during the stance phase of running gait were measured. RESULTS The ITBS group exhibited significantly greater peak rearfoot invertor moment, peak knee internal rotation angle, and peak hip adduction angle compared to controls. No significant differences in peak rearfoot eversion angle, peak knee flexion angle, peak knee external rotator moment, or peak hip abductor moments were observed between groups. CONCLUSION Females with a previous history of ITBS demonstrate a kinematic profile that is suggestive of increased stress on the iliotibial band. These results were generally similar to those reported for a prospective study conducted within the same laboratory environment.
Assessing the Conformational Changes of pb5, the Receptor-binding Protein of Phage T5, upon Binding to Its Escherichia coli Receptor FhuA*

Background: Little is known about the very first steps of infection of bacterial viruses. Results: We specifically access the structure of phage T5 receptor-binding protein bound to its membrane receptor using specific techniques in small angle neutron scattering. Conclusion: There are no large conformational changes. Significance: Signal transduction within T5 appears different from that of phages binding cell wall saccharides. Within tailed bacteriophages, interaction of the receptor-binding protein (RBP) with the target cell triggers viral DNA ejection into the host cytoplasm. In the case of phage T5, the RBP pb5 and the receptor FhuA, an outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli, have been identified. Here, we use small angle neutron scattering and electron microscopy to investigate the FhuA-pb5 complex. Specific deuteration of one of the partners allows the complete masking in small angle neutron scattering of the surfactant and unlabeled proteins when the complex is solubilized in the fluorinated surfactant F6-DigluM. Thus, individual structures within a membrane protein complex can be described. The solution structure of FhuA agrees with its crystal structure; that of pb5 shows an elongated shape. Neither displays significant conformational changes upon interaction. The mechanism of signal transduction within phage T5 thus appears different from that of phages binding cell wall saccharides, for which structural information is available.
The largest scales of turbulent wall flows

The small scales of wall-bounded turbulent flows have received a lot of attention in recent years, especially in the near-wall region, in part because of the availability of direct numerical simulations that made their detailed study possible (Kim, Moin & Moser 1987). Since those simulations had necessarily moderate Reynolds numbers and little or no separation between their largest and smallest scales, the study of the former independently of the latter in them was difficult. The purpose of this paper is to study the flow scales which are of the order of or larger than the channel width or the boundary layer thickness. We will see that their contribution to the integral flow quantities is not negligible. The resolution of experiments and simulations is usually adjusted so that the discretized variables are smooth while the size of the numerical box, or of the experimental record, is chosen so that the correlation functions at distances comparable to the box size decay to a negligible level. The latter is intended to guarantee that there is little energy at scales larger than the box size, but it has to be interpreted with care. The energy in a flow that has been low-passed filtered at scales of order λ is proportional to the integral of the correlation function over separations longer than λ and decays slower than the function itself. Since singular spectra such as those in turbulent flows give rise to algebraically decaying correlation tails, it is possible to have correlations which appear to have decayed but which still have a substantial fraction of the energy in their tails. The peak of the one-dimensional spectrum is moreover typically at k = 0. This becomes important if the filtered signals are the interesting ones such as in acoustics, where sound attenuation decreases with wavelength and only long waves survive at long distances. Large structures are also physically interesting because long wavelengths imply long lifetimes and large volumes, and their integrated coherent effect can be comparable to those of the smaller ones even when their power per unit volume is not. Thus if the one-dimensional power spectrum of a signal tends to a constant E0 as k → 0, the power is contained in wavelengths longer than λ is O(E0/λ), but since the lifetime of each structure is proportional to λ, the total energy per structure is independent of the wavelength. As an example, even a small transverse velocity acting for a long time would lead to substantial modifications of the velocity profile. For a flow to be well represented in this sense implies that its resolved spectrum should decay at the lowest wavenumbers as well as at the highest ones, which may never be true in turbulent flows.
OFDMA cognitive radio medium access control using multichannel ALOHA

We present an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) cognitive radio medium access control using multichannel ALOHA (OCR MAC). The performance of an infinite population based OCR system is numerically as well as theoretically analyzed in terms of throughput, delay, and data capacity. We evaluate the throughput versus delay tradeoff of OCR MAC with an agile OFDM channel selection. Especially, via simulation with a linear feedback model, we verify the proposed system and its tradeoff characteristics. The numerical results for the proposed CR MAC are compared with conventional non-agile CR MAC as well as pure ALOHA based CR MAC. We also investigate the data capacity for OCR with perfect or imperfect spectrum sensing whose capacity gap is reduced with a large number of channels.
Chemical Degradation of Dipicolinic Acid-C14 and Its Application in Biosynthesis by Penicillium citreo-viride

Kanie, Matuso (Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan), Shigeo Fujimoto, and J. W. Foster. Chemical degradation of dipicolinic acid-C14 and its application to biosynthesis by Penicillium citreo-viride. J. Bacteriol. 91:570–577. 1966. —A chemical degradation of dipicolinic acid-C14 has been worked out, enabling determination of the specific radioactivity of the carboxyl-carbons (carbons-7 and -8), and of the following carbons of the pyridine ring: carbons-2 and -6 combined, carbons-3 and -5 combined, and carbon-4. The degradation was applied to dipicolinic acid synthesized by washed, submerged mycelium of the mold from glucose and C14O2, and from glucose-1-C14, -2-C14, and -6-C14. The distribution of radioactivity within the labeled dipicolinic acids is consistent with operation of respiratory cycles and with the incorporation of one molecule of CO2 in the pyridine acid. A C3 compound is a primary building block. The C7 chain is believed to result from a C3 plus C4 condensation, pyruvic acid and aspartic acid β-semialdehyde being proposed as likely precursors. Other aspects of the biosynthesis of C7 open-chain compounds and of dipicolinic acid are discussed.
Performance analysis of ATM Banyan networks with shared queueing—part I: random offered traffic

The paper develops the analysis of multistage banyan interconnection networks in which the switching elements are provided with a buffer shared among all the inlets and outlets of the element. The packet transfer within the network takes place according to absence or presence of backpressure signals between adjacent stages. In this latter case four different modes for operating backpressure have been studied: local and global backpressure with acknowledgment or grant backward signaling. The paper describes three models for the analysis of these networks when loaded by a random traffic. These models are based on an increasing degree of accuracy (and hence of complexity) in the representation of the state of the generic switching elements. The accuracy of these models in evaluating the network performance is assessed in the paper also in comparison with the results given by previously proposed models. >
5-Fluorouracil adjuvant chemotherapy does not increase survival in patients with CpG island methylator phenotype colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND & AIMS 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy does not increase survival times of patients with colorectal tumors with microsatellite instability. We determined the response of patients with colorectal tumors with the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) to 5-FU-based therapy. METHODS We analyzed a population-based cohort of 302 patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) for a median follow-up time of 50.7 months. CIMP status was determined by analysis of the CACNAG1, SOCS1, RUNX3, NEUROG1, and MLH1 promoters; tumors were considered to be CIMP positive if at least 3 promoters were methylated. RESULTS Tumors from 29.5% of patients (89/302) were CIMP positive; CIMP status did not influence disease-free survival (DFS; log-rank = 0.3). Of tumors of TNM stages II-III (n = 196), 32.7% were CIMP positive. Among patients with stages II-III CRC who did not receive adjuvant 5-FU chemotherapy, those with CIMP-positive tumors had longest times of DFS (log-rank = 0.04); In patients who received chemotherapy, those with CIMP-positive tumors had shorter times of DFS (log-rank = 0.02). In patients with CIMP-negative tumors, adjuvant 5-FU chemotherapy significantly increased time of DFS (log-rank = 0.00001). However, in patients with CIMP-positive tumors, adjuvant 5-FU chemotherapy did not affect time of DFS (log-rank = 0.7). Multivariate analysis showed a significant, independent interaction between 5-FU treatment and CIMP status (hazard ratio [HR], 0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5-0.8). Among patients with CIMP-positive tumors, adjuvant chemotherapy was not an independent predictor of outcome (HR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.3-2.0). In patients who did not receive adjuvant 5-FU chemotherapy, CIMP status was the only independent predictor of survival (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.8). CONCLUSIONS Patients with CIMP-positive colorectal tumors do not benefit from 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy.
Development of an In Vivo Model for Study of Intestinal Invasion by Salmonella enterica in Chickens

ABSTRACT An in vivo loop test model for the investigation of the invasiveness of Salmonella enterica in chickens was developed. Ten jejunal loops were made in 10- to 12-week-old Lohman Brown chickens under isofluoran anaesthesia. Salmonella at 5.0 × 107 CFU was inoculated into each loop and left for 2 h, followed by a 1-h incubation with gentamicin in order to kill noninvading bacteria. After euthanasia, Salmonellainvasiveness was measured as tissue-associated counts relative to a reference strain. The ability of Salmonella invasion was 1 log10 CFU higher per 42-mm2 mucosal tissue in the anterior than in the posterior part of jejunum. A statistically significant (P < 0.001) sixfold difference in invasiveness was observed between a wild-type S. enterica serotype Typhimurium strain and the correspondinginvH mutant. The model was shown to be able to show small differences in invasive capability and allows for comparison of strains tested in different animals, provided that the same reference strain is present in all animals.
The Impact of Benthic Macrofauna for Nutrient Fluxes from Baltic Sea Sediments

Abstract This article focuses on the ecological role of benthic macrofauna on nutrient dynamics and benthic-pelagic coupling in the Baltic Sea with relation to eutrophication. Generally, benthic macrofaunal activities have large effects on sediment biogeochemistry and often with stimulatory effects on processes that counteract eutrophication, i.e., denitrification and increased phosphorus retention of the sediment. The degree of faunal impact on such processes varies depending on faunal density and functional group composition. The effect of macrofaunal activities on sediment nutrient dynamics can also result in a higher nitrogen : phosporus ratio of the sediments efflux compared with sediments without macrofauna. Increased internal nutrient loading during eutrophication-induced anoxia is suggested to be caused both by altered sediment biogeochemical processes and through reduced or lost bioturbating macrofauna and thereby a reduced stimulatory effect from their activities on natural purification processes of the Baltic Sea ecosystem.
A content analysis of analyst research: health care through the eyes of analysts.

PURPOSE This article contributes to the understanding of how health care companies may communicate the business models by studying financial analysts' analyst reports. The study examines the differences between the information conveyed in recurrent and fundamental analyst reports as well as whether the characteristics of the analysts and their environment affect their business model analyses. METHODOLOGY A medium-sized health care company in the medical-technology sector, internationally renowned for its state-of-the-art business reporting, was chosen as the basis for the study. An analysis of 111 fundamental and recurrent analyst reports on this company by each investment bank actively following it was conducted using a content analysis methodology. FINDINGS The study reveals that the recurrent analyses are concerned with evaluating the information disclosed by the health care company itself and not so much with digging up new information. It also indicates that while maintenance work might be focused on evaluating specific details, fundamental research is more concerned with extending the understanding of the general picture, i.e., the sustainability and performance of the overall business model. The amount of financial information disclosed in either type of report is not correlated to the other disclosures in the reports. In comparison to business reporting practices, the fundamental analyst reports put considerably less weight on social and sustainability, intellectual capital and corporate governance information, and they disclose much less comparable non-financial information. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS/LIMITATIONS The suggestion made is that looking at the types of information financial analysts consider important and convey to their "customers," the investors and fund managers, constitutes a valuable indication to health care companies regarding the needs of the financial market users of their reports and other communications. There are some limitations to the possibility of applying statistical tests to the data-set as well as methodological limitations in relation to the exclusion of tables and graphs.