Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Secure Data Communications in Wireless Networks Using Multi-Path Avoidance Routing

Due to software implementation failure and misuse of cryptography, data encryption can no longer be considered a safeguard from security attacks. As a result, adversaries with eavesdropping capability along a routing path can compromise data privacy. In addition, should an adversary be one of the intermediate relay nodes in a path, she can deny data forwarding to disconnect the end-to-end communications. One solution is to avoid message routing through certain insecure areas, such as malicious countries or likely-compromised nodes. To this end, an avoidance routing based on the single path has been proposed. However, this single-path-based protocol relies on the availability of a safe path, i.e., no adversary is in the proximity of the whole path, which is difficult to achieve and therefore limits the routing opportunity. To tackle this issue, we propose an avoidance routing framework, namely timer-based multi-path avoidance routing (TMPAR). In our approach, a source node first encodes a message into $k$ different pieces, and each piece is sent via a different path. During its path discovery phase, a timer is used to efficiently discover a better set of paths. The destination can assemble the original message easily. Under the condition that no adversary obtains all the $k$ pieces of the message, the proposed TMPAR can securely deliver a message to its destination in spite of eavesdropping. The extensive ns-2 simulation results demonstrate that our TMPAR achieves its design goals.
A different path to [f]: labiodentalization in Faifi Arabic

This paper documents historical labiodentalization to [f] in one subvariety of Faifi Arabic (FA), which has not been previously detailed. In this subvariety, spoken in southwestern Saudi Arabia, the sound cognate with the Classical Arabic voiced emphatic (i.e. pharyngealized) dental stop *dˤ (typically realized as [ðˤ] in many Saudi varieties) has the voiceless labiodental reflex [f], but only in root-initial position. Crucial to the understanding of this labiodentalization is that in areas adjacent to where FA is spoken, the pronunciation of historic /dˤ/ is a voiced emphatic lateral fricative [ɮˤ]. We posit that in older FA, *dˤ was pronounced as [ɮˤ]. A general dialect-specific root-initial devoicing (and depharyngealization) process then transformed [ɮˤ] to voiceless [ɬ], which was subsequently perceived as [f] by FA speakers due to perceptual similarity. This misperception of voiceless [ɬ] as [f] is made plausible by the fact that a voiceless lateral fricative was not part of the FA phoneme inventory, and, because of depharyngealization, it was susceptible to being reanalyzed as an allophone of a phoneme that was not pharyngealized. Referencing Honeybone (2016), we maintain that FA labiodentalization instantiates an endogenous (i.e. internally-motivated) regular (i.e. non-sporadic) sound change specific to root-initial position resulting from misperception.
Accelerating an Adaptive Mesh Refinement Code for Depth‐Averaged Flows Using GPUs

Solving the shallow water equations efficiently is critical to the study of natural hazards induced by tsunami and storm surge, since it provides more response time in an early warning system and allows more runs to be done for probabilistic assessment where thousands of runs may be required. Using adaptive mesh refinement speeds up the process by greatly reducing computational demands while accelerating the code using the graphics processing unit (GPU) does so through using faster hardware. Combining both, we present an efficient CUDA implementation of GeoClaw, an open source Godunov‐type high‐resolution finite volume numerical scheme on adaptive grids for shallow water system with varying topography. The use of adaptive mesh refinement and spherical coordinates allows modeling transoceanic tsunami simulation. Numerical experiments on the 2011 Japan tsunami and a local tsunami triggered by a hypothetical Mw 7.3 earthquake on the Seattle Fault illustrate the correctness and efficiency of the code, which implements a simplified dimensionally split version of the algorithms. Both numerical simulations are conducted on subregions on a sphere with adaptive grids that adequately resolve the propagating waves. The implementation is shown to be accurate and faster than the original when using Central Processing Units (CPUs) alone. The GPU implementation, when running on a single GPU, is observed to be 3.6 to 6.4 times faster than the original model running in parallel on a 16‐core CPU. Three metrics are proposed to evaluate relative performance of the model, which shows efficient usage of hardware resources.
Assessing Differences between Nested and Cross-Classified Hierarchical Models

In multilevel data, cross-classified data structures are common. For example, this occurs when individuals move to different regions in longitudinal data or students go to different secondary schools than their primary school peers. In both cases, the data structure is no longer fully nested. Estimating cross-classified multilevel models is computationally intensive, so researchers have used several shortcuts to decrease run time. We consider how these shortcuts affect parameter estimates. In particular, we compare parameter estimates from fully nested and cross-classified models using a series of Monte Carlo simulations. When the outcome is continuous, we identify systematic differences in estimated standard errors and some differences in the estimated variance components. When the outcome is binary, we also find differences in the estimated coefficients. Accordingly, we caution researchers to avoid fully nested model specifications when cross-classification exists but suggest some limited conditions under which parameter estimates are unlikely to be different.
An Algorithm for the Approximate Solution of the Fractional Riccati Differential Equation

Abstract This manuscript develops a numerical approach for approximating the solution of the fractional Riccati differential equation (FRDE): Dμu(x)+a(x)u2(x)+b(x)u(x)=g(x),0≤μ≤1,0≤x≤t,u(0)=d, $$\begin{align*}D^{\mu}&u(x)+a(x) u^2(x)+b(x) u(x)= g(x),\quad 0\leq \mu \leq 1,\quad 0\leq x \leq t,\\&u(0)=d,\end{align*}$$ where u(x) is the unknown function, a(x), b(x) and g(x) are known continuous functions defined in [0,t] and d is a real constant. The proposed method is applied for solving the FRDE with shifted Chebyshev polynomials as basis functions. In addition, the convergence analysis of the suggested approach is investigated. The efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated by means of several examples and the results compared with those given using other numerical schemes.
Using simulation system for collaborative learning to enhance learner’s performance

Abstract This study focuses on adoption of simulation system in rapidly changing technology and information flow. Given the prevalent popularity of simulation system, it is important to understand and adopt simulation system to develop future educational plans. This paper addresses how simulation system enhances student collaborative learning and learner performance using Technology Acceptance Model. Results were analyzed using Structure Equation Modeling technique; this study established that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived enjoyment all have a significant positive relationship with simulation system. The results indicate that simulation system serves as a dynamic tool to accelerate the progress of learning environments by encouraging collaboration and communication among students which strengthen their learning abilities and increase performance because students practically perform all the theories in a risk-free environment. In the competitive world, simulation system should be implementing at education level so that students can learn more before entering into a real-life career.
New constraints on galactic CRE transport from radio continuum observations

The importance of cosmic rays and magnetic fields for the physics of the interstellar medium and the evolution of galaxies is demonstrated by a number of recent numerical simulations. We present new observations of the cosmic ray electron transport as well as the magnetic field strength and structure in galactic halos from radio-continuum polarization studies of edge-on disk galaxies obtained by the CHANG-ES (Continuum Halos in Nearby Galaxies - an EVLA Survey) project. The observations are discussed in the context of transport models for Cosmic Ray Eelctrons (CREs) from the star-forming disks into the halo. The observations also allow to derive the magentic field structure in galactic halos. In addition, it is demonstrated how recent low frequency observations of edge-on galaxies with LOFAR help to further constrain the problem.
Pengembangan Modul Perubahan Lingkungan dan Daur Ulang Limbah Berbasis Discovery Learning Melalui Media Google Classroom

Pembelajaran biologi lebih diorientasikan pada pembelajaran yang mengutamakan pengalaman belajar bagi peserta didik. Hal ini bisa diperoleh melalui rangkaian kegiatan interaksi aktif teman sejawat dan lingkungan belajar peserta didik. Pembelajaran biologi perlu dikembalikan pada pembelajaran yang sebenarnya yaitu pendekatan produk dan proses pembelajaran dengan cara melibatkan secara aktif seluruh peserta didik dalam mengelola serta mengembangkan keterampilan berfikir kritis, keterampilan proses, mengembangkan pengetahuan maupun pengalaman peserta didik seperti pengembangan pembelajaran berbasis discovery learning. Sehingga pembuatan modul ini dirasa sangat penting untuk dikembangkan. Tujuan penelitian pengembangan ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat karakteristik, kelayakan dan keefektifan modul pembelajaran biologi berbasis Discovery Learning pada materi perubahan lingkungan dan daur ulang limbah sesuai dengan kebutuhan peserta didik di kelas X SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik melalui media google classroom. Dalam pengembangan produk ini menggunakan teori Borg and Gall yang terdiri dari (1) Penelitian pendahuluan dalam rangka mengidentifikasi masalah dan potensinya. (2) Proses pengumpulan data. (3) Pembuatan desain produk. (4) Validasi desain. (5) Revisi desain. (6) Uji coba produk. (7) Revisi produk. Sedangkan model pengembangannya menggunakan model pengembangan produk diadaptasikan dari model ADDIE, yaitu Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement and Evaluate. Berdasarkan pada hasil data kajian analisis yang diuraikan sebelumnya, dapat disimpulkan bahwa produk pengembangan modul pembelajaran biologi SMA kelas X pada materi perubahan lingkungan dan daur ulang limbah sangat layak untuk diaplikasikan dalam pembelajaran pada peserta didik SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik. Dasar kelayakan ini diambil dari hasil penilaian para ahli baik ahli media, ahli isi materi, dan penilaian teman sejawat. Selain memang layak, modul ini dikembangkan menggunakan pendekatan pembelajaran discovery learning dan dilakukan melalui aplikasi online google classroom dengan tujuan utama adalah pembelajaran yang aktif dan kreatif dari peserta didik.
The Statistical Reasoning Learning Environment: A Comparison of Students’ Statistical Reasoning Ability

Abstract The purpose of this study was to study the impact of conformity to statistical reasoning learning environment (SRLE) principles on students’ statistical reasoning in advanced placement statistics courses. A quasi-experimental design was used to compare teachers’ levels of conformity to SRLE principles through a matching process used to mitigate the effects of nonrandom assignment. This matching process resulted in five pairs of similar teachers and schools who differed in self-reported beliefs in the effectiveness and application of SRLE principles. Increases in students’ statistical reasoning were found at varying levels in both high and low conformity classrooms. Improvements among teachers with low conformity to SRLE principles were less varied and consistent with national averages for improvement by college students. Improvements in classes with high conformity to SRLE principles were more varied. Students of two teachers with high levels of conformity to SRLE principles showed large levels of improvement in statistical reasoning in comparison to national results. While the comparison between classrooms conformity to SRLE principles revealed no statistically significant differences in students’ statistical reasoning ability, deeper analysis suggests that beliefs and practices aligned with SRLE principles have potential to increase students’ statistical reasoning at rates above national averages.
Dyonic Giant Magnons on CP**3

A new example of AdS/CFT duality relating IIA string theory on AdS 4 × CP 3 to N = 6 superconformal Chern-Simons theory has recently been provided by ABJM. By now a number of papers have considered particular giant magnon classical string solutions in the CP 3 background, corresponding to excitations in the spin chain picture of the dual field theory. In this paper we apply the CP 3 = SU (4)/S(U (3) × U (1)) dressing method to the problem of constructing general classical string solutions describing various configurations of giant magnons. As a particular application we present a new dyonic magnon solution on CP 3 .
Collisionless magnetic reconnection in relativistic plasmas with particle-in-cell simulations

The purpose of this thesis is to study magnetic reconnection in collisionless and relativistic plasmas. Such plasmas can be encountered in various astrophysical objects (microquasars, AGNs, GRBs.), where reconnection could explain high-energy particle and photon production, plasma heating, or transient large-scale outflows. However, a first principle understanding of reconnection is still lacking, especially in relativistic ion-electron plasmas. We first present the basis of reconnection physics. We derive results relevant to relativistic plasma physics, including properties of the Maxwell-Juttner distribution. Then, we provide a detailed study of our numerical tool, particle-in-cell simulations (PIC). The fact that the real plasma contains far less particles than the PIC plasma has important consequences concerning relaxation times or noise, that we describe. Finally, we study relativistic reconnection in ion-electron plasmas with PIC simulations. We stress outstanding properties: Ohm's law (dominated by bulk inertia), structure of the diffusion zone, energy content of the outflows (thermally dominated), reconnection rate (and its relativistic normalization). Ions and electrons produce power law distributions, with indexes that depend on the inflow Alfven speed and on the magnetization of the corresponding species. They can be harder than those produced by collisionless shocks. Also, ions can get more or less energy than the electrons, depending on the guide field strength. These results provide a solid ground for astrophysical models that, up to now, assumed with no prior justification the existence of such distributions or of such ion/electron energy repartition.
Modeling the effect of divertor closure on plasma detachment for new divertor design of EAST by SOLPS

One of the major challenges for the design and operation of next-step high-power steady-state fusion devices is to develop and validate advanced divertor solutions for handling power exhaust, while maintaining acceptable divertor target plate erosion. This requires to access divertor detachment at relatively low main plasma densities compatible with current drive and high plasma confinement. Recently a new initiative has been launched on the EAST superconducting tokamak to develop a new divertor for evaluating boundary plasma solutions applicable to the next step fusion experiments beyond ITER. In the present work, four different divertor configurations with different degrees of closure are evaluated through detailed modeling with the SOLPS plasma boundary code. The modeling results show that increasing divertor closure can significantly trap more neutrals from 0.04 × 10 19 to 0.75 × 10 19 m − 3 with the same upstream separatrix density n e , sep OMP = 1.9 × 10 19 m − 3 and hence facilitate the onset of detachment decreasing from 3.20 × 10 19 to 2.14 × 10 19 m − 3 . Moreover, with increasing divertor closure the divertor radiated power is also increased from 200 to 450 kW and the peak heat flux density at the divertor target is reduced from 9.3 to 3.8 MW m−2. Therefore, increasing divertor closure can benefit divertor operation for EAST and may be used as one of the scientific metrics for the divertor design of future fusion devices.
Adaptation of Smallholder Dairy Farmers in South Western Kenya to the Effects of Climate Change

Despite great potential, Kenyan smallholder dairying faces diminishing land sizes, high input costs, poor extension contacts, non-responsive price policies, and new pests and diseases. Climate change will worsen the situation. This study sought to assess smallholder dairy farmers’ climate change adaptation level in Southwestern Kenya. Adopting Concurrent Fixed Mixed Methods, primary and secondary data was collected. Reports and papers were reviewed for temperature and precipitation data, dairy population, production trends, and farmers’ socio-demographics. A survey questionnaire for climate changes and farmers’ adaptiveness was administered to 367 smallholder dairy household heads with 10 years’ experience, obtained by multi-stage sampling from 4 sub-counties. Key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with farmer groups, heads of research, government departments and livestock farms; and the old that were obtained purposively based on dairying experience. Percentages were used for climate change effect on smallholder dairying and farmers’ adaptation. Principal component analysis was used for factors with great influence on respondents’ climate change adaptiveness; while one proportion Z-score test was used for significant differences between adapters and non-adapters (p < 0.05). Flexible and systematic Framework Approach was used for qualitative data analysis by cases and 5 themes. Findings indicated that despite Migori County’s great dairying potential, climate changes have partly hindered full exploitation. Temperatures and rainfall increased slightly in 30 years; with feeds and water diminishing, and resistant diseases and parasites emerging. Upon ranking, pasture loss (42.2%); over-grazing (41.1%); cattle under-feeding (39.5%); and increasing cattle diseases and pests (61.0%) had high impact; while drying water sources (37.1%) had moderate effect. Farmers’ adaptiveness included mixed farming (96.5%); non-intensive dairying (95.1%); establishing own fodder (92.4%); rearing crossbred dairy cattle (87.7%); reducing dairy herd size to 2 (92.9%); relying mainly on household labour (94.6%); and maintaining a 10-year increasing trend in milk-income (68.4%). Z-scores indicated significant differences between adapters and non-adopters (p < 0.05). Civil societies, academic and research institutions should intensify farmer advisory services to complement government extension.
Solvability of Sequence Spaces Equations Using Entire and Analytic Sequences and Applications

Given any sequence z = (z n )n≥1 of positive real numbers and any set E of complex sequences, we write E z for the set of all sequences y = (y n )n≥1 such that y/z = (y n )/z n ))n≥1 ∈ E; in particular, s z (c) ) denotes the set of all sequences y such that y/z converges. In this paper we deal with special sequence spaces equations (SSE) with operators, which are determined by an identity each term of which is a sum or a sum of products of sets of the form X a (T) and X f (x) (T) where U + maps to itself, x is either of the symbols s, s 0 , Γ, or Λ. We solve (SSE) of the form X a +X x ' = X b ', and systems of the form X a +X x '(Δ) = X b ', and X b ' ⊂ X x ', where X, X' are any of the symbols s o , s (c) , s, Γ, or Λ. For instance the system s a (c) + s x (c) (Δ) = s b (c) and s b (c) ⊂ s x (c) where Δ is the operator of the first difference means that, b n /x n → l 1 (n → ∞), for some l 1 ∈ C, and for any given y ∈ ω, we have y n /b n → l 1 (n → ∞ if and only if there are u, v ∈ s such that y = u + v and u n /a n → l 1 and Δν n /x n → l" (n → ∞) for some scalars l, l' and l".
Modeling temperature dependency of oil - water relative permeability in thermal enhanced oil recovery processes using group method of data handling and gene expression programming

ABSTRACT In the implementation of thermal enhanced oil recovery (TEOR) techniques, the temperature impact on relative permeability in oil–water systems (Krw and Kro) is of special concern. Hence, developing a fast and reliable tool to model the temperature effect on Krw and Kro is still a major challenge for precise studying of TEOR processes. To reach the goal of this work, two promising soft-computing algorithms, namely Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) and Gene Expression Programming (GEP) were employed to develop reliable and simple to use paradigms to predict the temperature dependency of Krw and Kro. To do so, a large database encompassing wide-ranging temperatures and fluids/rock parameters, was considered to establish these correlations. Statistical results and graphical analyses disclosed the high degree of accuracy for the proposed correlations in emulating the experimental results. In addition, GEP correlations were found to be the most consistent with root mean square error (RMSE) values of 0.0284 and 0.0636 for Krw and Kro, respectively. Lastly, the performance comparison against the preexisting correlations indicated the large superiority of the newly introduced correlations. The findings of this study can help for better understanding the temperature dependency of Krw and Kro in TEOR.
The decay of isotropic turbulence carrying non-spherical finite-size particles

Direct particle–fluid simulations of heavy spheres and ellipsoids interacting with decaying isotropic turbulence are conducted. This is the rigorous extension of the spherical particle analysis in Schneiders et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 819, 2017, pp. 188–227) to $O(10^{4})$ non-spherical particles. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this represents the first particle-resolved study on turbulence modulation by non-spherical particles of near-Kolmogorov-scale size. The modulation of the turbulent flow is precisely captured by explicitly resolving the stresses acting on the fluid–particle interfaces. The decay rates of the fluid and particle kinetic energy are found to increase with the particle aspect ratio. This is due to the particle-induced dissipation rate and the direct transfer of kinetic energy, both of which can be substantially larger than for spherical particles depending on the particle orientation. The extra dissipation rate resulting from the translational and rotational particle motion is quantified to detail the impact of the particles on the fluid kinetic energy budget and the influence of the particle shape. It is demonstrated that the previously derived analytical model for the particle-induced dissipation rate of smaller particles is valid for the present cases albeit these involve significant finite-size effects. This generic expression allows us to assess the impact of individual inertial particles on the local energy balance independent of the particle shape and to quantify the share of the rotational particle motion in the kinetic energy budget. To enable the examination of this mechanistic model in particle-resolved simulations, a method is proposed to reconstruct the so-called undisturbed fluid velocity and fluid rotation rate close to a particle. The accuracy and robustness of the scheme are corroborated via a parameter study. The subsequent discussion emphasizes the necessity to account for the orientation-dependent drag and torque in Lagrangian point-particle models, including corrections for finite particle Reynolds numbers, to reproduce the local and global energy balance of the multiphase system.