Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Floating quantifiers , PRO, and predication

Dans cet article, l'A. presente un temoignage en faveur de l'existence du PRO, de l'emplacement du sujet propositionnel en position specifieur du V, de la contrainte qui exige que les elements se deplacent seulement si quelques principes de grammaire l'imposent (le principe de mouvement en dernier recours de Chomsky (1991)), et en faveur de la predication en tant que relation grammaticale plutot que concept semantique. Il fournit ainsi une preuve contre l'idee, proposee par Chomsky et Lasnik, qu'il est affecte au PRO un cas nul special en position specifieur de to ou-ing. Ce temoignage vient du phenomene de preverbes dans les infinitives anglaises
Atlas of nonribosomal peptide and polyketide biosynthetic pathways reveals common occurrence of nonmodular enzymes

Significance This study demonstrates the widespread distribution of nonribosomal peptide synthetase and modular polyketide synthase biosynthetic pathways across the three domains of life, by cataloging a total of 3,339 gene clusters from 2,699 genomes. Our analysis suggests that noncanonical nonmodular biosynthetic enzymes are common in bacteria. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Cyanobacteria in bacteria and Ascomycota in fungi contained higher number of these gene clusters and are likely to produce a wide variety of nonribosomal peptide and polyketide types of natural products. The data generated here provide a basis for the exploration of nonribosomal peptide and polyketide biosynthetic capacity and present a compelling wealth of new information for natural product discovery. Nonribosomal peptides and polyketides are a diverse group of natural products with complex chemical structures and enormous pharmaceutical potential. They are synthesized on modular nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) enzyme complexes by a conserved thiotemplate mechanism. Here, we report the widespread occurrence of NRPS and PKS genetic machinery across the three domains of life with the discovery of 3,339 gene clusters from 991 organisms, by examining a total of 2,699 genomes. These gene clusters display extraordinarily diverse organizations, and a total of 1,147 hybrid NRPS/PKS clusters were found. Surprisingly, 10% of bacterial gene clusters lacked modular organization, and instead catalytic domains were mostly encoded as separate proteins. The finding of common occurrence of nonmodular NRPS differs substantially from the current classification. Sequence analysis indicates that the evolution of NRPS machineries was driven by a combination of common descent and horizontal gene transfer. We identified related siderophore NRPS gene clusters that encoded modular and nonmodular NRPS enzymes organized in a gradient. A higher frequency of the NRPS and PKS gene clusters was detected from bacteria compared with archaea or eukarya. They commonly occurred in the phyla of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Cyanobacteria in bacteria and the phylum of Ascomycota in fungi. The majority of these NRPS and PKS gene clusters have unknown end products highlighting the power of genome mining in identifying novel genetic machinery for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
Red giant bound on the axion-electron coupling reexamined.

If axions or other low-mass pseudoscalars couple to electrons (``fine structure constant'' $\alpha_a$) they are emitted from red giant stars by the Compton process $\gamma+e\to e+a$ and by bremsstrahlung $e+(Z,A)\to (Z,A)+e+a$. We construct a simple analytic expression for the energy-loss rate for all conditions relevant for a red giant and include axion losses in evolutionary calculations from the main sequence to the helium flash. We find that $\alpha_a\lapprox0.5\mn(-26)$ or $m_a\lapprox 9\,\meV/\cos^2\beta$ lest the red giant core at helium ignition exceed its standard mass by more than $0.025\,\MM_\odot$, in conflict with observational evidence. Our bound is the most restrictive limit on $\alpha_a$, but it does not exclude the possibility that axion emission contributes significantly to the cooling of ZZ~Ceti stars such as G117--B15A for which the period decrease was recently measured.
Using stimulant medication for children with ADHD: what do parents say? A brief report.

INTRODUCTION Long-term adherence to stimulant treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is frequently poor. Since parents are the key decision makers regarding their child's health care, their thoughts regarding medication use are crucial to whether children take prescribed stimulants. To develop an understanding of what parents think about using stimulants to treat their children's ADHD symptoms we consulted groups of parents about their experiences. METHODS Using qualitative methods informed by phenomenology, three focus groups of parents were asked to describe their experiences parenting a child with ADHD and using stimulant medications for treatment. Participants were 17 mothers and fathers of 14 children with ADHD, ages 7-14 years, who had received detailed diagnostic assessments and had used stimulants. Focus group dialogue was recorded and transcribed. Using established methods of data analysis, themes were identified and explored. RESULTS Accepting that one's child has ADHD and needs treatment is a difficult and lengthy process, often accompanied by confusion and self-doubt. Parents find the choice to use stimulant treatment particularly challenging given the conflicting opinions they hear from family, friends and professionals. CONCLUSIONS Universally, parents want to do what is best for their child. Adverse effects, concerns about stigmatization, and the child's dislike of taking pills, all contribute to parents' decisions to discontinue medication even when the child shows symptomatic benefit.
Integrin αvβ6–Targeted SPECT Imaging for Pancreatic Cancer Detection

Integrin αvβ6, a member of the integrin family, is specifically expressed in many malignancies but not in normal organs. Overexpression of integrin αvβ6 is usually correlated with malignant potential and poor prognosis. In this study, we describe the synthesis and evaluation of a 99mTc-labeled integrin αvβ6–targeting peptide as a SPECT radiotracer for the in vivo imaging of integrin αvβ6 expression. Methods: An integrin αvβ6–targeting peptide (denoted as the HK peptide) was conjugated with 6-hydrazinonicotinyl (HYNIC) and radiolabeled with 99mTc using tricine and TPPTS (trisodium triphenylphosphine-3,3′,3″-trisulfonate) as coligands. The in vitro and in vivo characteristics of 99mTc-HYNIC(tricine)(TPPTS)-HK (99mTc-HHK) were investigated in BxPC-3 (integrin αvβ6–positive) and HEK293 (integrin αvβ6–negative) models. The ability of 99mTc-HHK to detect liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer was evaluated using small-animal SPECT/CT. Results: 99mTc-HHK showed high integrin αvβ6–binding specificity both in vitro and in vivo. 99mTc-HHK was cleared rapidly from the blood and normal organs except for the kidneys. The highest uptake (0.88 ± 0.12 percentage injected dose per gram) of 99mTc-HHK in BxPC-3 tumors was observed at 0.5 h after injection. High-contrast images of integrin αvβ6–positive tumors were obtained using 99mTc-HHK. The minimum nonspecific activity accumulation in normal liver tissues rendered high-quality SPECT/CT images of metastatic lesions. Conclusion: 99mTc-HHK is a promising SPECT radiotracer for the noninvasive imaging of integrin αvβ6 expression in vivo. SPECT/CT with 99mTc-HHK could provide an effective approach for the noninvasive detection of primary and metastatic lesions of integrin αvβ6–positive tumors.
How Do Insured Deposits Affect Bank Risk? Evidence from the 2008 Emergency Economic Stabilization Act

This paper tests whether an increase in insured deposits causes banks to become more risky. We use variation introduced by the U.S. Emergency Economic Stabilization Act in October 2008, which increased the deposit insurance coverage from $100,000 to $250,000 per depositor and bank. For some banks, the amount of insured deposits increased significantly; for others, it was a minor change. Our analysis shows that the more affected banks increase their investments in risky commercial real estate loans and become more risky relative to unaffected banks following the change. This effect is most distinct for affected banks that are low capitalized.
Periodontal disease is associated with poor self-rated oral health among Brazilian adults.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association between periodontal disease and self-rated oral health among Brazilian adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data on 11,874 adults in 250 cities from all the Brazilian regions were analysed. The outcome investigated was self-rated oral health (dichotomized into "Good" and "Poor") and the main exposure was periodontal disease defined as the combination of periodontal pocket depth >or=4 mm and clinical attachment loss >or=4 mm. Demographic characteristics, socioeconomic conditions, clinical oral health conditions (dental caries, dental and gingival pain, tooth loss and use of prosthesis) and use of dental services were the other explanatory variables. Simple and multivariate Poisson regression was performed allowing the estimation of prevalence ratios (PRs). All analyses were adjusted for the cluster sampling design. RESULTS The prevalence of periodontal disease was 8.9% ((95%)CI 7.6-10.3) and poor self-rated oral health was 23.6% ((95%)CI 21.9-25.2) which was significantly higher among those who presented periodontal disease (PR 1.4; (95%)CI 1.2-1.5), after the adjustment for possible confounders. CONCLUSIONS Periodontal disease was associated with poor self-rated oral health. The results of this study should be considered by population health planners in order to assess and plan periodontal services.
Factors of Stock Return and Carhart Model: The Case of Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) of Bangladesh

The objective of this study is to find factors of stock return by testing validity of Carhart model in Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) of Bangladesh. For this purpose, this study uses monthly excess return of portfolios, size, book-to-market value, market return, and price momentum data of 109 sample firms to calculate return factors such as market risk premium, size premium (SMB), value premium (HML), and momentum effect (UMD) for the sample period of 2005 to 2014. Then a total of ten portfolios, six based on size and book-to-market value and four based on size and price momentum, are constructed in this study. Excess return of each of these portfolios are calculated and regressed on the above four factors. Results of this study reveal that in DSE, market risk premium is positively and significantly related with the excess return of all portfolios; Size premium is found positively and significantly related with the return of small size portfolios; Value premium is found negatively and significantly related with the returns of all portfolios except one big portfolio (B/H); momentum effect is found positively and significantly related to the excess return of up (U), big (B), and small (S) size portfolios. It is also evident from R2 value, F statistic, and robustness test of this study that four-factor model is valid and it can predict portfolio returns accurately when there is no abnormality such as market crash occurs in DSE.
Terahertz Electric Field Driven Electric Currents and Ratchet Effects in Graphene

Terahertz field induced photocurrents in graphene were studied experimentally and by microscopic modeling. Currents were generated by cw and pulsed laser radiation in large area as well as small‐size exfoliated graphene samples. We review general symmetry considerations leading to photocurrents depending on linear and circular polarized radiation and then present a number of situations where photocurrents were detected. Starting with the photon drag effect under oblique incidence, we proceed to the photogalvanic effect enhancement in the reststrahlen band of SiC and edge‐generated currents in graphene. Ratchet effects were considered for in‐plane magnetic fields and a structure inversion asymmetry as well as for graphene with non‐symmetric patterned top gates. Lastly, we demonstrate that graphene can be used as a fast, broadband detector of terahertz radiation.
AcylMPAG Plasma Concentrations and Mycophenolic Acid-Related Side Effects in Patients Undergoing Renal Transplantation Are Not Related to the UGT2B7-840G>A Gene Polymorphism

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is metabolized primarily by glucuronidation to form the biologically inactive 7-O-glucuronide conjugate (MPAG), which is the major urinary excretion product. MPA is also converted to acyl-glucuronide metabolite (AcylMPAG), which has been suggested to be involved in the generation of MPA-related adverse events such as diarrhea or leucopenia. This conversion of MPA to AcylMPAG is catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7). We studied the impact of the −840G>A polymorphisms in the UGT2B7 gene on the pharmacokinetics of AcylMPAG. We also investigated whether the plasma concentrations of AcylMPAG are correlated with MPA-related toxicity to further evaluate its potential clinical significance. In a randomized, controlled trial, comparing fixed-dose mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) with concentration-controlled MMF therapy, patients undergoing renal transplantation were treated with a calcineurin inhibitor, MMF, and corticosteroids. Informed consent was obtained from 332 patients for genotyping. In all patients, blood samples were drawn (three samples within the first 2 hours after administration) on Day 3, Day 10, Week 4, and Months 3, 6, and 12 to measure MPA and AcylMPAG plasma concentrations. The pharmacokinetics of AcylMPAG were correlated with the −840G>A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the UGT2B7 gene. Heterozygosity for the −840G>A SNP in the UGT2B7 gene was found in 145 patients (145 of 332 [44%]) and 93 (93 of 332 [28%]) patients were homozygous for the −840G>A allele. No difference was found in the dose-normalized AcylMPAG trough (C0) levels and dose-normalized AcylMPAG areas under the concentration-time curve (AUCs) at each visit between carriers and noncarriers of the −840G>A SNP. Also, metabolic ratios, expressed as AcylMPAG/MPA and AcylMPAG/MPAG, were not related to UGT2B7 genotype. The dose-normalized AcylMPAG-C0 and AcylMPAG AUC were higher in the cyclosporine-treated group compared with the tacrolimus-treated patients at each visit. There was no difference in AcylMPAG concentrations (trough or AUC) or AcylMPAG/MPAG ratio between patients with compared with patients without diarrhea. None of the −840G>A UGT2B7 SNPs was disproportionately present among the patients with diarrhea. There was a higher incidence of diarrhea in tacrolimus-treated patients [26 of 163 (16.0%)] compared with cyclosporine-treated individuals [five of 51 (9.8%)], although AcylMPAG concentrations were lower in tacrolimus-treated patients. In this study, we have found no influence of the −840G>A UGT2B7 SNP on AcylMPAG exposure in patients undergoing renal transplantation. There also was no association between this variant genotype and the incidence of diarrhea or leucopenia, two adverse events for which a role for AcylMPAG has been suggested.
Can security-enhancing interventions overcome psychological barriers to responsiveness in couple relationships?

Recent studies have shown that both dispositional and experimentally enhanced attachment security facilitate compassion and altruism. Here we report findings from a laboratory experiment, replicated in two countries (Israel and the United States), testing the hypotheses that (a) increased security (accomplished through subliminal priming) fosters caregiving behavior toward a romantic partner who discloses a personal problem, and (b) this increased security overcomes barriers to responsiveness induced by mental depletion. We gathered data on participants’ attachment insecurities, randomly assigned them to one of four mental depletion (yes, no) and priming (security, neutral) conditions, and coded their behavior in an interaction with their romantic partner who was disclosing a personal problem. Dispositional attachment insecurities and manipulated mental depletion adversely affected caregiving, but security priming overrode the detrimental effects of both mental depletion and attachment insecurity in both Israel and the United States.
Postmortem Tissue Distribution of Atomoxetine Following Fatal and Nonfatal Doses—Three Case Reports

ABSTRACT: Atomoxetine (Strattera®, Lilly) is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) prescribed for the treatment of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents, and adults. It is the first nonstimulant drug‐therapy option for ADHD. Three case reports are presented in which atomoxetine was detected in two individuals who died from causes unrelated to the drug and a third from the intentional ingestion of atomoxetine and other drugs. In addition, a brief description of the pharmacokinetics and side effects of atomoxetine are given. Postmortem fluid and tissue concentrations of atomoxetine were as follows: aortic blood, <0.1–8.3 mg/L; femoral blood, 0.33–5.4 mg/L; vitreous humor, 0.1–0.96 mg/L; bile, 1.0–33 g/L; urine, <0.1 mg/L; liver, <0.44–29 mg/kg; and gastric contents, 0.0097–16.8 mg total. Autopsy findings in the two cases in which death was not attributed to drug toxicity included arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The analytical method utilized was a modified basic drug, liquid–liquid procedure followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and nitrogen phosphorous detection. Atomoxetine can be considered nontoxic at whole blood and liver concentrations below 1.3 mg/L and 5 mg/kg, respectively.
A Study of a Powder Coating Gun Near Field: Particle Flow in an Isothermal Staggered Concentric Air Jet

An experimental study of inert particle dispersion in an isothermal concentric air jet near field was conducted for cases of standard non-staggered and alternative staggered jet nozzles, each taken from a polymer powder flame deposition gun. The experimental work consisted of analysis of high speed digital images of the inert two phase isothermal jet flow, illuminated by a laser light sheet along and across the jet axis. The analysis of particle spread in the jet, represented by families of particle density distributions, clearly showed that the staggered nozzles resulted in a better-focused flow, with narrower distributions in the near field, and in the elimination of the recirculation zone that disrupted the particle flow in a non-staggered nozzle arrangement. In all cases, histograms of the cross-sectional particle area density were found to be approximately Gaussian. It was also found that there was a wide variation in the size and shape of the ground polymer particles used and these two characteristics caused a wide variation in the radial and axial velocities of the particles. Despite the differences between single-phase numerical simulations and experimental results, reported in Payne et al. [1], the introduction of particles into a numerical model produced satisfactory agreement with the particle velocities found experimentally.
Adenosine A2-Receptor Activation at Reperfusion Reduces Infarct Size and Improves Myocardial Wall Function in Dog Heart

Reestablishment of blood supply to ischemic myocardium leads to biochemical and cellular changes which are believed to reduce the amount of potentially salvageable myocardium (reperfusion injury). In this situation, adenosine is known to have myocardial protective properties. Activation of adenosine A2-receptors may account for most of the beneficial effects of adenosine in reperfusion injury because A2-receptor activation mediates vasodilation, inhibits neutrophil adhesion to vascular endothelium and diminishes generation of free radicals by neutrophils, thus acting on some of the key mechanisms of reperfusion injury such as postischemic vascular dysfunction and neutrophil-mediated damage. Therefore, we investigated the effect of an intracoronary A2-agonist, CGS 21680, on regional postischemic myocardial function (measured as wall thickening) and infarct size [determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining]. Fourteen anesthetized open-chest dogs underwent 1-h left anterior descending artery (LAD) occlusion and 6-h reperfusion and were randomly assigned to receive intracoronary CGS 21680 or to serve as control. The drug was infused for 60 min starting 5 min before reperfusion with a concentration of 10 -7 M at a rate of 10 ml/min under anoxic conditions. The infusion was then continued for the first 55 min of reperfusion with 10 -6 M at a rate of 1 ml/min. Intracoronary infusion of CGS 21680 led to significant improvement in regional wall function in postischemic myocardium (p < 0.05 vs. control). Thickening fraction (percentage of baseline) increased from −13.1 ± 13.7% (mean ± SD) during occlusion to 15.3 ± 29.8% at 30 min of reperfusion in the CGS 21680 treatment group and remained at this level throughout the reperfusion period. In the control group, thickening fraction was - 23.7 ± 16.2% during occlusion and did not recover during reperfusion. A significant reduction in infarct size was noted in the treatment group (11.5 ± 7.9% of area at risk) as compared with the control group (28.6 ± 11.4%, p < 0.05). These findings support the hypothesis that the protective effect of adenosine on reperfusion injury is not due to replenishment of the nucleoside pool but rather is induced by stimulation of the adenosine A2-receptor.
Are Audit Fees and Audit Quality Affected When Lead Auditors Accept Responsibility for Work Performed by Other Auditors?

Lead auditors frequently rely on work performed by Other auditors, especially when auditing clients with operations in multiple countries. The PCAOB has expressed concern that the quality of such group audits may differ depending on whether the Lead auditor accepts or declines responsibility for work done by Other auditors. The PCAOB also has been concerned with the venue through which Lead auditors and Other auditors disclose their participation in group audits, including disclosure of whether the Lead auditors accept or decline responsibility. To investigate these issues, we employ a sample consisting entirely of group audit engagements. We identify Lead auditors taking responsibility from PCAOB Form 2, filed by Other auditors of U.S. registrants. We identify Lead auditors not accepting responsibility from audit report disclosures. We find that Lead auditors accepting responsibility charge higher audit fees but provide audits of no higher quality, and possibly of even lower quality. These results are robust to various additional analyses. Our research contributes to the ongoing debate over how the participation of Other auditors affects audit quality.
Sustainable business models for community-based enterprises in Samoa and Tonga

ABSTRACT Sustainable business models can help improve the resilience of small enterprises to the challenges of limited resources, institutional constraints and climate change. However, there has been little research into how community-based entrepreneurship development organizations in the Pacific Islands can design business models that simultaneously counter environmental challenges and exploit market opportunities. This study compares the exogenous and endogenous influences on business model formation in two organizations that encourage the development of sustainable micro-enterprises among at-risk communities in Samoa and Tonga. The results suggest that a business model that is market-led rather than product-led is likely to be more financially viable.