Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gender and armed conflict

This study tries to challenge the stereotypes of men, women, boys and girls in times of war. The first part brings up the questions of "men" and "women", in a perspective of both victims and perpertrators in the the different phases of violent conflict. The second part exemplifies development efforts in the area of gender and armed conflict.
Primary School Governance: The Perspectives of Head Teachers and Chairs of Governance

In England over 300,000 school governors serve some 23,000 schools, influence the lives of over 7 million children and oversee a budget in excess of £20 billion per annum. School governors, as unpaid volunteers, are said to have responsibilities and duties that are unprecedented in the voluntary sector. These responsibilities and duties are likely to become even more demanding and complicated as changes in the education system are implemented. Despite this, there has been limited research on primary school governance. The research, presented here, sought to investigate the perspectives of key stakeholders in primary school governance by interviewing the head teachers and chairs of governance of 20 schools. Maximum variation sampling was used to select 20, contextually different, primary schools within ten Local Authorities. The research adopted a qualitative approach - the head teacher and chair of governance of each school were interviewed, during 2011, using a semi-structured schedule to elicit ‘thick descriptions’ about primary school governance. Additional information was obtained from the most recent Ofsted report for each school. Four themes, all related to the research questions, emerged from the literature review. These themes were used to structure the interview schedule, to present the data and in the subsequent discussion and analysis. Findings of this research confirmed that primary school governance is important and that primary school head teachers received invaluable support from their governing body, especially from their chair of governance. Chairs of governance were shown to be committed to their roles and school governance was found to be complex but governors were judged to be capable of doing the job. The concepts of governor capital, agency and amplification were found to be valid and need to be developed further by primary schools. The training of governors was found to be inadequate and there was inequality in information provision for governors. Recruitment of new governors was problematic for some schools in both disadvantaged and affluent areas. Recommendations included that what is required of school governors needs to be clarified by central government and that further training is necessary for this complex role
Effects of Arg‐Gly‐Asp Sequence Peptide and Hyperosmolarity on the Permeability of Interstitial Matrix and Fenestrated Endothelium in Joints

Objectives: The aims were to assess the contribution of arg‐gly‐asp (RGD) mediated cell integrin–matrix bonds to interstitial hydraulic resistance and to fenestrated endothelial permeability in joints. Joint fluid is generated by filtration from fenestrated capillaries and drains through a fibronectin‐rich synovial intercellular matrix. The role of parenchymal cell–matrix bonding in determining tissue hydraulic resistance is unknown.
The Three Worlds of Governance: Arguments for a Parsimonius Theory of Quality of Government

It is necessary to conceptualize and provide better measures of good governance because in contrast to democratization, empirical studies show that it has strong positive effects on measures of human well-being, social trust, life satisfaction, peace and political legitimacy. A central problem is that the term “governance” is conceptualized differently in three main approaches to governance which has led to much confusion. To avoid this, the term quality of government (QoG) is preferred. This paper argues for a parsimonious conceptualization of QoG built the “Rawls-Machiavelli programme”. This is a combination of the Rawlsian understanding of what should be seen as a just political order and the empirical strategy used by Machiavelli stating what is possible to implement. It is argued that complex definitions are impossible to operationalize and that such a strategy would leave political science without a proper conceptualization as well as measures of the part of the state that is most important for humans’ well-being and political legitimacy. The theory proposed is that impartiality in the exercise of public power should be the basic norm for how QoG should be defined. The advantage with this strategy is that it does not include in the definition of QoG what we want to explain (efficiency, prosperity, administrative capacity and other “good outcomes”) and that recent empirical research shows that this theory can be operationalized and used to measure QoG in ways that have the predicted
MODEL‐INDEPENDENT PHARMACOKINETICS OF COLCHICINE AFTER ORAL ADMINISTRATION TO HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS

Summary— The pharmacokinetics of colchicine were studied after oral administration of three doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg) to nine healthy male volunteers according to randomized cross‐over design. Plasma and urine samples were collected during 48 h after ingestion, and assayed for colchicine levels by a specific and highly sensitive radio‐immunoassay. Pharmacokinetic parameters t1/2β, AUC, MRT, CIT/F, CIR, Vd area/F) were calculated by model‐independent methods and compared across doses by multiway analysis of variance. Terminal half‐life (15.5–19.2 h), mean residence time (15.7–20.3 h), oral systemic (32.2–40.3 l/h) and renal (3.9–4.7 l/h) clearances, and oral volume of distribution (11.4–14.9 l/kg) did not differ significantly between doses, whereas the area under the concentration‐time curve was proportional to dose. Our results show that:
Adjustment following chronic spinal cord injury: Determining factors that contribute to social participation.

OBJECTIVES Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic event that may result in diminished physical, social, and mental health. The main objective of this research was to establish inpatient factors that contribute to social participation following discharge into the community. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal design with measures taken three times, soon after admission to rehabilitation (N = 88), at discharge from the inpatient phase (N = 81) and 6 months following discharge (N = 71). METHODS Participants included adults with SCI admitted into three SCI units over a 33-month period. Assessment included demographic, injury, and psychosocial health measures. Adjustment was defined by the extent of social re-integration or participation post-discharge after 6 months in the community. Social participation was measured by the Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionnaire (IPAQ). Logistic regression models were used to establish inpatient factors that significantly predicted social participation 6 months post-discharge. RESULTS Six months after discharge, around 55% of the sample had difficulties with social participation. The odds against being employed for an adult with poor social participation was found to be 8.4 to 1. Factors that predicted social participation included a younger age, having less severe secondary medical complications like bladder and bowel dysfunction, having a higher cognitive capacity, perceiving one has control (self-efficacy) over one's life and environment, and having greater perceived social support. CONCLUSIONS These results provide direction for enhancing existing psychosocial health strategies within SCI rehabilitation, affording an opportunity for every person who sustains a permanent SCI to have optimal capacity for social participation. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with significant challenges to wellbeing, including a high risk of secondary chronic illnesses, risk of co-morbid mental health problems, financial insecurity and social isolation. Research has shown poor social participation can lead to problems in re-integration into society following discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Research to date has examined various factors related to poor social participation, but the majority of this research has been survey based with convenience samples. What does this study add? This study adds results of prospective longitudinal research on adjustment following SCI, where adjustment was defined by the rate of social participation when living in the community. About one-third of SCI participants were found to have very poor social participation, and only one-third had found some form of employment 6 months after discharge. Multiple factors were found to predict and contribute to poor social participation, including older age when injured, more severe medical complications, cognitive deficits, poor perceptions of control or self-efficacy, and poor social support.
Glutamate concentration in plasma, erythrocyte and muscle in relation to plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-1 and insulin in patients on haemodialysis.

Elevated insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) levels, including IGFBP-1, occur in renal failure, and may contribute towards reduced IGF bioactivity in uraemia. The reduced IGF bioactivity may, in turn, contribute towards the disturbances in protein metabolism present in renal failure. In this study, the relationships between intra- and extracellular amino acid (AA) levels and IGF-I and/or IGFBP-1 levels were studied in 30 adult patients (aged 24-70 years) on haemodialysis who had no clinical signs of malnutrition. Blood samples (n = 30) and muscle biopsies (n = 13) were collected for determination of free AA in erythrocytes (RBC), plasma and muscle by reverse-phase HPLC while IGFBP-1, IGF-I and insulin plasma levels were determined by radioimmunoassay The patients on haemodialysis had elevated glutamate concentrations in RBC and plasma compared with healthy controls (524 +/- 26 vs 448 +/- 17 mumol/l, P < 0.05 and 45 +/- 4 vs 32 +/- 4 mumol/l, P < 0.01 respectively), although glutamate levels in muscle were within the normal range. The mean IGF-I level was slightly increased (s.d. score +0.74 +/- 0.30) but insulin levels were within the normal range. IGFBP-1 levels, which were inversely correlated to insulin (r = -0.40, P < 0.02), were elevated threefold compared with controls. No plasma AA level displayed a significant correlation with IGF-I, IGFBP-1 or insulin levels. However, glutamate concentrations in RBC were positively correlated to IGFBP-1 (r = 0.51, P < 0.01) and inversely correlated to IGF-I (r = -0.46. P < 0.01), although unrelated to insulin. Muscle glutamate, which was inversely related to RBC glutamate, displayed an opposite pattern with an inverse relation to IGFBP-1 levels (r = - 0.73, P < 0.01) and a positive correlation to IGF-I levels (r = 0.64, P < 0.02). Glutamate was the only AA to display an inverse correlation between RBC and muscle (r = -0.65, P < 0.02, n = 12). These findings lead us to propose that, in uraemia, the elevated IGFBP-I levels, which reduce the bioavailability of IGFs, are linked to glutamate uptake in muscle, resulting in accumulation of RBC glutamate. Whether there is a causal relationship or the correlation is due to some common regulator is not clarified in the present study.
Phosphorylation of Jak2 on Ser523 InhibitsJak2-Dependent Leptin ReceptorSignaling

ABSTRACT The leptin receptor, LRb, and other cytokine receptors are devoid of intrinsic enzymatic activity and rely upon the activity of constitutively associated Jak family tyrosine kinases to mediate intracellular signaling. In order to clarify mechanisms by which Jak2, the cognate LRb-associated Jak kinase, is regulated and mediates downstream signaling, we employed tandem mass spectroscopic analysis to identify phosphorylation sites on Jak2. We identified Ser523 as the first-described site of Jak2 serine phosphorylation and demonstrated that this site is phosphorylated on Jak2 from intact cells and mouse spleen. Ser523 was highly phosphorylated in HEK293 cells independently of LRb-Jak2 activation, suggesting a potential role for the phosphorylation of Ser523 in the regulation of LRb by other pathways. Indeed, mutation of Ser523 sensitized and prolonged signaling by Jak2 following activation by the intracellular domain of LRb. The effect of Ser523 on Jak2 function was independent of Tyr570-mediated inhibition. Thus, the phosphorylation of Jak2 on Ser523 inhibits Jak2 activity and represents a novel mechanism for the regulation of Jak2-dependent cytokine signaling.
Multiword Expressions in Child Language

The goal of this work is to introduce CHILDES-MWE, which contains English CHILDES corpora automatically annotated with Multiword Expressions (MWEs) information. The result is a resource with almost 350,000 sentences annotated with more than 70,000 distinct MWEs of various types from both longitudinal and latitudinal corpora. This resource can be used for large scale language acquisition studies of how MWEs feature in child language. Focusing on compound nouns (CN), we then verify in a longitudinal study if there are differences in the distribution and compositionality of CNs in child-directed and child-produced sentences across ages. Moreover, using additional latitudinal data, we investigate if there are further differences in CN usage and in compositionality preferences. The results obtained for the child-produced sentences reflect CN distribution and compositionality in child-directed sentences.
Analysis of transfer genes and gene products within the traB-traC region of the Escherichia coli fertility factor, F

A series of plasmids that carry overlapping segments of F DNA encoding the genes in the traB-traC interval was constructed, and a restriction enzyme map of the region was derived. Plasmids carrying deletions that had been introduced at an HpaI site within this interval were also isolated. The ability of these plasmids to complement transfer of F lac plasmids carrying mutations in traB, traV, and traW, and traC was analyzed. The protein products of the plasmids were labeled in UV-irradiated cells and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. These analyses showed that the product of traV is a polypeptide that migrates with an apparent molecular weight of 21,000. It was not detected when [35S]methionine was used to label plasmid products, but was readily detected in 14C-amino acid labeling experiments. A 21,500-dalton product appeared to stem from the region assigned to traP. A 9,000-dalton product was found to stem from a locus, named traR, that is located between traV and traC. No traW activity could be detected from the region of tra DNA examined. Our data also indicated that traC is located in a more promoter-proximal position than suggested on earlier maps. The plasmids constructed are expected to be useful in studies designed to identify the specific functions of the traB, -P, -V, -R, and -C products.
Effects of Relay-Intercropping Sorghum with Winter Wheat, Alfalfa, and Cotton on Lady Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Abundance and Species Composition

ABSTRACT Creating conditions that enhance the abundance of resident populations of natural enemies in agroecosystems is considered critical to the efficiency of biological control of insect pests. We conducted a study to determine the potential of relay-intercropping for enhancing the abundance of aphidophagous lady beetles in sorghum. A relay-intercropping system consisting of alfalfa, winter wheat, and cotton as intercrops and sorghum as a main crop was compared with sorghum monoculture plots at two study sites in OK from 2003 to 2006. Lady beetles and aphids were sampled throughout the season using sticky traps and field counts on individual sorghum plants. Results from sticky traps and field counts show that differences in abundance and species composition of lady beetles between intercropped and monoculture sorghum were not statistically different during each year of study. Also, the lady beetle—greenbug ratios in relay-intercropped and monoculture plots were not significantly different. Lack of significant effects of relay-intercropping in our study may have been attributable to the confounding effects of spatial and temporal scale and the low number of aphids and other alternative prey in the intercrops compared with high incidence of corn leaf aphids in sorghum early in the season.
Preparing effective teachers of English language learners: The impact of a cross-cultural field experience

information taught in the course, a theory-practice approach advocated by Sleeter (2008) and supported by the sociocultural-theoretic notion of learning in doing (Wertsch, del Río, & Álvarez, 1995). While, overall, the connections they made were accurate and insightful, in a few cases participants demonstrated only partial understandings of the theories or concepts they were discussing, which implies that these ideas had not been
Determinants of immunisation coverage of children aged 12–59 months in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study

Objectives Despite the adoption of WHO’s Expanded Programme on Immunisation in Indonesia since 1977, a large proportion of children are still completely unimmunised or only partly immunised. This study aimed to assess factors associated with low immunisation coverage of children in Indonesia. Setting Children aged 12–59 months in Indonesia. Participant The socioeconomic characteristics and immunisation status of the children were obtained from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey, the 2012 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. Participants were randomly selected through a two-stage stratified sampling design. Data from 14 401 children aged 12–59 months nested within 1832 census blocks were included in the analysis. Multilevel logistic regression models were constructed to account for hierarchical structure of the data. Results The mean age of the children was 30 months and they were equally divided by sex. According to the analysis, 32% of the children were fully immunised in 2012. Coverage was significantly lower among children who lived in Maluku and Papua region (adjusted OR: 1.94; 95% CI 1.42 to 2.64), were 36–47 months old (1.39; 1.20 to 1.60), had higher birth order (1.68; 1.28 to 2.19), had greater family size (1.47; 1.11 to 1.93), whose mother had no education (2.13; 1.22 to 3.72) and from the poorest households (1.58; 1.26 to 1.99). The likelihood of being unimmunised was also higher among children without health insurance (1.16; 1.04 to 1.30) and those who received no antenatal (3.28; 2.09 to 5.15) and postnatal care (1.50; 1.34 to 1.69). Conclusions Socioeconomic factors were strongly associated with the likelihood of being unimmunised in Indonesia. Unimmunised children were geographically clustered and lived among the most deprived population. To achieve WHO target of protective coverage, public health interventions must be designed to meet the needs of these high-risk groups.
The effect of daytime napping and full‐night sleep on the consolidation of declarative and procedural information

Many studies investigating sleep and memory consolidation have evaluated full‐night sleep rather than alternative sleep periods such as daytime naps. This multi‐centre study followed up on, and was compared with, an earlier full‐night study (Schabus et al., 2004) investigating the relevance of daytime naps for the consolidation of declarative and procedural memory. Seventy‐six participants were randomly assigned to a nap or wake group, and performed a declarative word‐pair association or procedural mirror‐tracing task. Performance changes from before to after a 90‐min retention interval filled with sleep or quiet wakefulness were evaluated between groups. Associations between performance changes, sleep architecture, spindles, and slow oscillations were investigated. For the declarative task we observed a trend towards stronger forgetting across a wake period compared with a nap period, and a trend towards memory increase over the full‐night. For the procedural task, accuracy was significantly decreased following daytime wakefulness, showed a trend to increase with a daytime nap, and significantly increased across full‐night sleep. For the nap protocol, neither sleep stages, spindles, nor slow oscillations predicted performance changes. A direct comparison of day and nighttime sleep revealed that daytime naps are characterized by significantly lower spindle density, but higher spindle activity and amplitude compared with full‐night sleep. In summary, data indicate that daytime naps protect procedural memories from deterioration, whereas full‐night sleep improves performance. Given behavioural and physiological differences between day and nighttime sleep, future studies should try to characterize potential differential effects of full‐night and daytime sleep with regard to sleep‐dependent memory consolidation.
Nephrotoxicity Associated with Concomitant Use of Ledipasvir‐Sofosbuvir and Tenofovir in a Patient with Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection

Direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) have revolutionized the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, with superior efficacy and safety compared to interferon‐based therapies. Despite these improvements, drug interactions with DAAs exist and may be clinically relevant in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐coinfected patients. We present a case of nephrotoxicity associated with concomitant use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and ledipasvir‐sofosbuvir (LDV‐SOF). A 56‐year‐old woman with HIV infection who had been taking efavirenz/tenofovir/emtricitabine (EFV/TDF/FTC) for 6 years developed acute kidney injury 8 weeks after initiating LDV‐SOF for the treatment of HCV infection. Her serum creatinine concentration peaked at 10 mg/dL, compared with her baseline concentration of 0.9–1 mg/dL. Kidney biopsy revealed acute tubular necrosis and acute interstitial nephritis. Both LDV‐SOF and TDF were discontinued, and the patient's serum creatinine concentration decreased to 1.3 mg/dL over the following 6 weeks. We postulate that this adverse drug reaction may have been secondary to the known interaction between ledipasvir and TDF, which results in increased TDF exposure. Despite knowledge of this interaction, LDV‐SOF is commonly prescribed in patients with HIV‐HCV coinfection, as patients who received LDV‐SOF– and TDF‐containing regimens in trials have not demonstrated adverse clinical consequences related to this interaction. This case highlights the rare but potentially serious nephrotoxicity that can result from TDF toxicity and serves as a reminder to clinicians to implement close renal function monitoring in patients receiving both LDV‐SOF and TDF. Clinicians prescribing LDV‐SOF to HCV‐HIV–coinfected patients receiving TDF should be cautious about use with concomitant nephrotoxic medications and monitor markers of tubular dysfunction, including urinary phosphorus excretion, and renal injury at baseline and week 4 of therapy. Tenofovir alafenamide and alternative DAAs may also have a role in the management of patients at high risk for renal adverse effects from TDF.