Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
OVERVIEW OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES FOR FATTY AND RESIN ACIDS IN THE PAPERMAKING PROCESS

This review describes the role of wood extractives, especially fatty and resin acids, in papermaking, as well as the importance of their removal from process waters. One of the main aims is also to illustrate versatile analysis methods for this purpose and highlight recent developments in corresponding applications. Most of the current methods require time-consuming and laborious sample pretreatment procedures prior to gas chromatography coupled either with flame ionization or mass selective detection. However, some faster, even online techniques with minimum sample pretreatment, are also available, mainly including high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The advantages and disadvantages of all analytical procedures are briefly discussed.
High Dimensional Cluster Analysis Using Path Lengths

A hierarchical scheme for clustering data is presented which applies to spaces with a high number of dimension ($N_{_{D}}>3$). The data set is first reduced to a smaller set of partitions (multi-dimensional bins). Multiple clustering techniques are used, including spectral clustering, however, new techniques are also introduced based on the path length between partitions that are connected to one another. A Line-Of-Sight algorithm is also developed for clustering. A test bank of 12 data sets with varying properties is used to expose the strengths and weaknesses of each technique. Finally, a robust clustering technique is discussed based on reaching a consensus among the multiple approaches, overcoming the weaknesses found individually.
High Resolution 3-D temperature and salinity fields derived from in situ and satellite observations

Abstract. This paper describes an observation-based approach that efficiently combines the main components of the global ocean observing system using statistical methods. Accurate but sparse in situ temperature and salinity profiles (mainly from Argo for the last 10 yr) are merged with the lower accuracy but high-resolution synthetic data derived from satellite altimeter and sea surface temperature observations to provide global 3-D temperature and salinity fields at high temporal and spatial resolution. The first step of the method consists in deriving synthetic temperature fields from altimeter and sea surface temperature observations, and salinity fields from altimeter observations, through multiple/simple linear regression methods. The second step of the method consists in combining the synthetic fields with in situ temperature and salinity profiles using an optimal interpolation method. Results show the revolutionary nature of the Argo observing system. Argo observations now allow a global description of the statistical relationships that exist between surface and subsurface fields needed for step 1 of the method, and can constrain the large-scale temperature and mainly salinity fields during step 2 of the method. Compared to the use of climatological estimates, results indicate that up to 50% of the variance of the temperature fields can be reconstructed from altimeter and sea surface temperature observations and a statistical method. For salinity, only about 20 to 30% of the signal can be reconstructed from altimeter observations, making the in situ observing system essential for salinity estimates. The in situ observations (step 2 of the method) further reduce the differences between the gridded products and the observations by up to 20% for the temperature field in the mixed layer, and the main contribution is for salinity and the near surface layer with an improvement up to 30%. Compared to estimates derived using in situ observations only, the merged fields provide a better reconstruction of the high resolution temperature and salinity fields. This also holds for the large-scale and low-frequency fields thanks to a better reduction of the aliasing due to the mesoscale variability. Contribution of the merged fields is then illustrated to describe qualitatively the temperature variability patterns for the period from 1993 to 2009.
A Study of the Beta-Flexible Clustering Method.

The beta-flexible clustering method has exhibited good recovery performance in the few comparative simulation studies that have included the procedure. Further, the beta-flexible technique has not been examined in a systematic manner over the range of parameter values that can be specified for the method. The present report was designed to provide a more complete study of the recovery characteristics of the method. Artificial data were generated with a wide range of cluster configurations. Each data set was subjected to a series of different techniques for the introduction of error. The results indicate that the beta-flexible method with β=-. 25 or . 2 generally produces recovery rates that are competitive with the group average and Ward's (1963) technique. When outliers are present in the data, values in the range -. 7 ≤ β ≤ -. 4 are needed. The beta-flexible method showed a more stable or robust performance pattern than the two competing procedures across the differing error conditions. Finally, results on the impact of reduced coverage levels as originally proposed by Edelbrock (1979) are reinterpreted in the light of an improved measure of recovery of true cluster structure.
Multidrug‐resistant TB in Zambia: review of national data from 2000 to 2011

Multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) is posing a great threat to global TB control. The burden in Zambia is not well defined because routine surveillance data are scarce. We reviewed national MDR‐TB data for the last decade to inform future public health policy with respect to MDR‐TB in Zambia.
Deciphering antibody-mediated rejection: new insights into mechanisms and treatment

Purpose of reviewTo outline recent studies describing the mechanisms of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and new clinical protocols aimed at prevention and/or treatment of this difficult clinical entity. Recent findingsThe natural history of acute AMR after positive cross-match kidney transplantation involves an acute rise in donor-specific alloantibody (DSA) in the first few weeks after transplantation. Whereas the exact cellular mechanisms responsible for AMR are not known, it seems likely that both pre-existing plasma cells and the conversion of memory B cells to new plasma cells play a role in the increased DSA production. One recent study suggested that combination therapy with plasmapheresis, high-dose IVIG and rituximab was more effective treatment for AMR than high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) alone, but the role of anti-CD20 antibody is still unclear. Two new promising approaches to AMR focus on depletion of plasma cells with the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, and the inhibition of terminal complement activation with a humanized, anti-C5 antibody, eculizumab. SummaryThe pathogenesis of AMR in several different clinical settings is becoming clearer and more effective treatments are being developed. Whether the prevention or successful treatment of AMR will decrease the prevalence of chronic injury and improved long-term graft survival will require longer-term studies.
COLQ-Related Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome and Response to Salbutamol Therapy.

hypotension, and intravenous drug abuse.5 The most common source of compression is hematoma of the iliacus or psoas muscles, which then causes femoral neuropathy through direct compression of the nerve or secondarily through nerve ischemia.1,2 Physical examination can help delineate the site of compression. Compression at the inguinal ligament should result in sparing of the iliopsoas, as the innervating branches have already left the femoral nerve. Compression above the inguinal ligament is expected to result in involvement of iliopsoas. There was relative sparing of the iliopsoas, as demonstrated by the patient’s intact hip flexion. This physical examination finding in conjunction with the EMG results suggest that the source of the femoral neuropathy was compression at the inguinal ligament. In conclusion, the EMG findings show evidence of conduction block at the inguinal ligament, with no corresponding etiology seen on magnetic resonance imaging. The unusual presentation of the patient with no radiologic explanation for the source of compression or evidence of ischemia combined with abnormal nerve conduction studies illustrate the true idiopathic nature of this patient’s femoral neuropathy with quadriceps atrophy.
THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCES OF THE CHEST IN PERSONS OF ADVANCED AGE.

The chest radiographs of 100 subjects aged 75 or over were studied. 1. There was no radiological evidence of emphysema in any instance, which suggests that the majority of patients with gross emphysema die of it before reaching 75. 2. Unlike other authors, we have been unable to recognise a senile lung pattern. 3. The only consistent changes were those in the bony skeleton. Decalcification of the ribs was generally present, and may have affected the interpretation of the appearance of the lung vessels. Spondylosis in the dorsal region was universal, and significant kyphosis was present in the majority. 4. The increase in the cardiothoracic ratio commonly found was due to shrinkage of the thoracic cage, and not to an increase in the heart size, so that this ratio is of no value in the assessment of cardiomegaly. 5. The lungs from six aged and five young normal subjects were studied. The aged lungs showed a mild degree of panacinar emphysema only without air trapping.
Stimulating and maintaining students’ interest in Computer Science using the hackathon model

Computer Science (CS) enrolments at higher education institutions across the globe remain low in comparison to other disciplines. The low interest in CS is often attributed to students' misconceptions about the discipline, such as CS being construed as complex, asocial, and only for computer wizards. Consequently, hackathons, which are self-organised programmes that bring together different stakeholders to collaborate in rapidly building software prototypes, are emerging as one potential solution to address some of the students' misconceptions about the CS field. Using an exploratory case study and activity theory for data analysis; this research article presents substantive research findings that posit hackathons as an approach that could stimulate and maintain students' interest in CS. The key elements of the hackathon model are collaborations, networking, mentoring, hands-on engagement in socially-relevant computing projects, and community involvement. The model was evaluated using expert reviews in terms of its relevance, impact, complexity, and sustainability.
A Comparison of Semi-Supervised Classification Approaches for Software Defect Prediction

Abstract Predicting the defect-prone modules when the previous defect labels of modules are limited is a challenging problem encountered in the software industry. Supervised classification approaches cannot build high-performance prediction models with few defect data, leading to the need for new methods, techniques, and tools. One solution is to combine labeled data points with unlabeled data points during learning phase. Semi-supervised classification methods use not only labeled data points but also unlabeled ones to improve the generalization capability. In this study, we evaluated four semi-supervised classification methods for semi-supervised defect prediction. Low-density separation (LDS), support vector machine (SVM), expectation-maximization (EM-SEMI), and class mass normalization (CMN) methods have been investigated on NASA data sets, which are CM1, KC1, KC2, and PC1. Experimental results showed that SVM and LDS algorithms outperform CMN and EM-SEMI algorithms. In addition, LDS algorithm performs much better than SVM when the data set is large. In this study, the LDS-based prediction approach is suggested for software defect prediction when there are limited fault data.
[Relationship of renal lesions with urinary protein excretion in patients with overt diabetic nephropathy].

We investigated the relationship of renal lesions with the degrees of proteinuria in 57 type 2 diabetic patients with overt proteinuria (urinary protein excretion rate (UP) >> 0.5 g/day). Creatinine clearance (Ccr) ranged from 25.4 to 131.0 ml/min/1.73 m2. Kidney specimens were obtained and the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy was made in all patients. The degree of each of the following histologic changes were evaluated: diffuse or nodular lesion, the type of nodular change, mesangiolysis, arteriolar hyalinosis and interstitial damage. We divided the patients into the following 4 groups according to Ccr and UP: group A with Ccr >> 60 and UP >> 3 g/day (n = 10), group B with Ccr >> 60 and UP < 3 g/day (n = 10), group C with Ccr < 60 and UP >> 3 g/day (n = 23) and group D with Ccr < 60 and UP < 3 g/day (n = 14), and compared the histologic parameters among the 4 groups. Diffuse index in group A was greater than those in group B (p = 0.05), while those in groups C and D were not different. Nodular index, percentage of patients with nodular lesion did not differ among the 4 groups, however the percentage of glomeruli with complicated nodules (nodular lesion with mesangiolysis and/or microaneurysm) in group C was greater than those in group D (p < 0.05). Hyalinosis index did not differ between group A and B, nor between group C and D, respectively. Interstitial index in group A and B did not differ, however that in group C was greater than in group D (p < 0.05). In addition, the rate of Ccr decrease between renal biopsy and after 12 months was significantly greater in group A and C than in group B and D, respectively (both p < 0.01). These results suggest that 1) mesangial expansion was associated with the degree of proteinuria in patients with slight impaired renal function, 2) tubulointerstitial involvement was associated with the degree of proteinuria in patients with advanced impaired renal function, and 3) these structural changes might be associated with decrease in renal function in diabetic nephropathy.
Determination of liver-specific r2 * of a highly monodisperse USPIO by (59) Fe iron core-labeling in mice at 3 T MRI.

Accurate determination of tissue concentration of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO) using T2 * MR relaxometry is still challenging. We present a reliable quantification method for local USPIO amount with the estimation of the liver specific relaxivity r2 * using monodisperse (59) Fe-core-labeled USPIO ((59) FeUSPIO). Dynamic and relaxometric in vivo characteristics of unlabeled monodisperse USPIO were determined in MRI at 3 T. The in vivo MR studies were performed for liver tissue with (59) FeUSPIO using iron dosages of 9 (n = 3), 18 (n = 2) and 27 (n = 3) µmol Fe kg(-1) body weight. The R2 * of the liver before and after USPIO injection (∆R2 *) was measured and correlated with (59) Fe activity measurements of excised organs by a whole body radioactivity counter (HAMCO) to define the dependency of ∆R2 * and (59) FeUSPIO liver concentration and calculate the r2 * of (59) FeUSPIO for the liver. Ultrastructural analysis of liver uptake was performed by histology and transmission electron microscopy. ∆R2 * of the liver revealed a dosage-dependent accumulation of (59) FeUSPIO with a percentage uptake of 70-88% of the injection dose. Hepatic ∆R2 * showed a dose-dependent linear correlation to (59) FeUSPIO activity measurements (r = 0.92) and an r2 * in the liver of 481 ± 74.9 mm(-1) s(-1) in comparison to an in vitro r2 * of 60.5 ± 3.3 mm(-1) s(-1) . Our results indicate that core-labeled (59) FeUSPIO can be used to quantify the local amount of USPIO and to estimate the liver-specific relaxivity r2 *.
Continuous degradation of trichloroethylene by Xanthobacter sp. strain Py2 during growth on propene

Propene-grown Xanthobacter sp. strain Py2 cells can degrade trichloroethylene (TCE), but the transformation capacity of such cells was limited and depended on both the TCE concentration and the biomass concentration. Toxic metabolites presumably accumulated extracellularly, because the fermentation of glucose by yeast cells was inhibited by TCE degradation products formed by strain Py2. The affinity of the propene monooxygenase for TCE was low, and this allowed strain Py2 to grow on propene in the presence of TCE. During batch growth with propene and TCE, the TCE was not degraded before most of the propene had been consumed. Continuous degradation of TCE in a chemostat culture of strain Py2 growing with propene was observed with TCE concentrations up to 206 microns in the growth medium without washout of the fermentor occurring. At this TCE concentration the specific degradation rate was 1.5 nmol/min/mg of biomass. The total amount of TCE that could be degraded during simultaneous growth on propene depended on the TCE concentration and ranged from 0.03 to 0.34g of TCE per g of biomass. The biomass yield on propene was not affected by the cometabolic degradation of TCE.
Gangliosides of Human Cerebral Astrocytomas

Abstract: Ganglioside content and composition were examined in a series of 25 human gliomas, which were graded histologically by the criteria of Kerno‐han. The concentration of total gangliosides (lpid‐bound sialic acid [LBSA]) was decreased with respect to normal brain tissue in nearly all tumors and the extent of reduction correlated with the stage of tumor anaplasia. The distribution of individual gangliosides was altered in glial tumor tissue with an increase in proportion of the structurally simple gangliosides and reduction of polysialogangliosides. The most consistent and significant difference was the elevation of proportion of ganglioside GD3 from 4–5% of total LBSA in normal brain to 20% in the astrocytoma grade IV. The proportions of gangliosides GM2 and GD2 were also found to be elevated in all grades of the tumors. The simplification of ganglioside composition seems to be associated with transformation of the astrocyte with the accumulation of the simpler gangliosides, since the changes resemble those reported with in vitro transformation rather than those of analyses of preparations of purified glial cells.
Hydration Kinetics of Teff Grain

H ydration kinetics of teff [Eragrostis teff (Zucc.) Trotter] grain was studied during soaking in water at the temperatures of 20 ℃ , 30 ℃ , 40 ℃ and 50 ℃ for 10 - 160 min. The weight gain during soaking of the grains was used to calculate the moisture content (% db) and the data was fit to Peleg’s model. Peleg’s model adequately predicted the water uptake of the teff grain under the experimental conditions investigated ( r 2 = 0.97 – 0.99). The Peleg rate constant, k 1 , and capacity constant, k 2 , decreased from 0.714 to 0.272 min % -1 and 0.043 to 0.025% -1 , respectively, with the increasing temperature from 20 ℃ to 50 ℃ . Arrhenius type equation described the temperature dependence of k 1 and k 2 with r 2 values of 0.91 and 0.98, respectively, and activation energy of 24.59 kJ mol -1 . The strong correlation coefficient value of 0.97 - 0.99 indicated that Peleg’s model could be used to characterize the hydration kinetics of teff grain under the experimental conditions considered. Keywords: teff, Peleg’s model, hydration, Ethiopia
PYROLYSIS AND IGNITION BEHAVIOR OF COAL , CATTLE BIOMASS , AND COAL / CATTLE BIOMASS BLENDS

Pyrolysis and Ignition Behavior of Coal, Cattle Bio mass, and Coal/Cattle Biomass Blends. (December 2006) Brandon Ray Martin, B.S., University of Arkansas Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Kalyan Annamalai Increases in demand, lower emission standards, and reduced fuel supplies have fueled the recent effort to find new and better fue ls to power the necessary equipment for society’s needs. Often, the fuels chosen for resea ch re renewable fuels derived from biomass. Current research at Texas A&M University i focused on the effectiveness of using cattle manure biomass as a fuel source in con junction with coal burning utilities. The scope of this project includes fuel property an alysis, pyrolysis and ignition behavior characteristics, combustion modeling, emissions mod eling, small scale combustion experiments, pilot scale commercial combustion expe riments, and cost analysis of the fuel usage for both feedlot biomass and dairy bioma ss. This paper focuses on fuel property analysis and pyrolysis and ignition charac teristics of feedlot biomass. Deliverables include a proximate and ultimate analy sis, pyrolysis kinetics values, and ignition temperatures of four types of feedlot biom ass (low ash raw manure [LARM], low ash partially composted manure [LAPC], high ash raw manure [HARM], and high ash partially composted manure [HAPC]) as well as b lends of each biomass with Texas lignite coal (TXL). Activation energy results for pure samples of each fuel using the
Site-directed mutations in the Sindbis virus E2 glycoprotein identify palmitoylation sites and affect virus budding

The assembly and budding of Sindbis virus, a prototypic member of the alphavirus subgroup in the family Togaviridae, requires a specific interaction between the nucleocapsid core and the membrane-embedded glycoproteins E1 and E2. These glycoproteins are modified posttranslationally by the addition of palmitic acid, and inhibitors of acylation interfere with this budding process (M.J. Schlesinger and C. Malfer, J. Biol. Chem. 257:9887-9890, 1982). This report describes the use of site-directed mutagenesis to identify two of the acylation sites in the E2 glycoprotein as the cysteines near the carboxyl terminus of the protein which is oriented to the cytoplasmic domain of this type 1 transmembrane protein. Additional mutations were made at two prolines within a hydrophobic sequence of E2 that is highly conserved among several alphaviruses, and the mutant viruses were aberrant in assembly and particle formation. These data support earlier studies indicating that the native structure of the cytoplasmic domain of E2 is essential for proper assembly of this enveloped virus.
Effects of the addition of minute amounts of alumina on the microstructure and sintering behavior of yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals ceramic via a co-precipitation process

It is feasible to add homogeneously minute amounts (0.25 wt%) of Al2O3 into 3 mol% yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals using a co-precipitation procedure to produce precursory gel nano-powders. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high-angle annular dark-field-field emission gun transmission electron microscopy, relative density determination, shrinkage, and resistivity measurements using impedance spectroscopy were combined to elucidate the microstructure and sintering behavior of zirconia ceramics produced using 0.25 wt% added Al2O3, possibly the limit of solubility of Al2O3 in the ZrO2 structure. Two modes of sintering behavior may be described as: (I) The total solid solution of Al2O3 in the solid solution of ZrO2 structure via a precursory co-precipitation procedure; calcining at 800 C and sintering at 1275 C can be shown to indicate the viable solubility of Al2O3 in the ZrO2 structure, designated as stage I of the thermal treatment; and (II) At the higher sintering temperature, above 1275 C, the segregation of Al2O3 at triple junction occurs. Higher bulk and grain boundary resistivity values are found for the sample sintered at 1275 C, which probably resulted from the dissolution of Al2O3 in the ZrO2 structure.
PM01183, a new DNA minor groove covalent binder with potent in vitro and in vivo anti‐tumour activity

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE PM01183 is a new synthetic tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid that is currently in phase I clinical development for the treatment of solid tumours. In this study we have characterized the interactions of PM01183 with selected DNA molecules of defined sequence and its in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity.