Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Urethral stricture: Investigation of demographic characteristics in two tertiary hospitals in Isfahan/Iran

According to previous publication, urethral stricture is a common pathology with dissimilar etiologic features in diverse age groups and societies. The aim of this study was to investigate demographic characteristics in two tertiary hospitals in Isfahan/Iran. All patients with urethral strictures were obtained from 2008 to 2018 from urology wards located at the two tertiary hospitals in Isfahan/Iran. According to ICD-10, demographic and clinical information were recorded in Excel and analyzed by SPSS. Age, as a continuous variable, was expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). A p value of <0.05 was considered as significant. For a period of 10 years there were a total of 1792 patients comprised of 433 females and 1359 males with urethral strictures. The mean ± SD of age was 41.9 ±24.5 years old. With a between age of 30 to 70 in 71% females showed disease at younger duration of life (p<0.001). Urethral strictures was occurred in 30% under the age of 10 years old. The pattern of attendance for most patients was once and in ranged from 2 to 5. Intermediate time for those with the pattern of recurrence ranged from 8 to 3074 days after surgery. Urethral strictures categorized as an undertreated disease both nationally and internationally. In this study for over a period of ten years, around 1792 patients’ visited two tertiary hospitals in Isfahan/Iran due to urethral strictures disease. Therefore in order to reduce the severity of disease and associated costs, identifying risk factors for occurrence or progression in addition to pharmacotherapy approach recommended to be advantageous.
A brief history of pharmacy admissions in North America

The move from a Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy to a Doctor of Pharmacy degree, both in the United States and in Canada, has been accompanied by a general move towards increased prepharmacy admission requirements and longer pharmacy programs. Historically, the most thoroughly researched pharmacy admissions variables include grade point average (GPA), Pharmacy College Admissions Test (PCAT), interviews and critical thinking tests. Most programs now require a combination of academic (GPA ± PCAT) and nonacademic characteristics (e.g., interviews, volunteering, critical thinking tests, essays). This review focuses on GPA and the PCAT as academic admissions measures and the interview (both traditional and the multiple mini-interview) and critical thinking tests as nonacademic measures. There is evidence that prepharmacy GPA, the PCAT and admissions interviews are correlated with academic success in a pharmacy program. Repeating a prepharmacy course is a negative predictor of academic success. The multiple mini-interview and various critical thinking tests have been studied in pharmacy admissions, but the evidence to date does not support their use for predicting success. Several areas require further research, including finding an effective measure of reasoning and critical thinking skills. The relationship between admission test scores and clinical performance also requires further study, as academic achievement in pharmacy programs has been the main measure of success to date.
Adequacy of the Fogging Test in the Detection of Clinically Significant Hyperopia in School-Aged Children

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of the “fogging test,” performed with a +2 diopters (D) lens, in the exclusion of clinically significant hyperopia in school-aged children. Methods We studied 54 children between 5 and 11 years of age, with 10/10 best-corrected bilateral visual acuity (VA) without significant degree of correction. VA was assessed in each eye with a “bilateral” +2 D sphere over-refraction followed by cycloplegic retinoscopy. The capacity of the test to detect hyperopia of ≥+2 D and ≥+1.5 D was evaluated by examining the respective receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and sensitivity and specificity values for different cutoff values of VA. Results For the detection of hyperopia ≥+2 D, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.955 (p ≤ 0.001). The VA cutoff with best discriminative capacity was ≥5/10, with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 79%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 57%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%. In respect of ≥+1.5 D hyperopia, the test capacity was lower (AUC = 0.832; p ≤ 0.001). The best VA cutoff was also of ≥5/10, with a PPV of 81% and a NPV of 85%. Conclusion The accuracy of the test was high for the evaluation of ≥+2 D hyperopia but lower for ≥+1.5 D hyperopia. For the detection of ≥+2 D hyperopia, the VA cutoff of <5/10 may permit the exclusion of clinically significant hyperopia in selected children, without the need for cycloplegia. For the same cutoff, the PPV was low, meaning that in children with ≥5/10 VA cycloplegic refraction remains obligatory.
Infection Diseases in Geriatric Patients Who Admitted to Emergency Department

1 Orhan Akpınar1, Kenan Ahmet Türkdoğan2, Münevver Şen3, Ali Duman1, Mustafa Karabacak4 1Acil Servis, Isparta Devlet Hastanesi, Isparta, 2Acil Tıp Anabilimdalı, Bezmialem Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, İstanbul, 3 Klinik Mikrobiyoloji ve Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları Anabilimdalı, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Sivas, 4Kardiyoloji Departmanı, Isparta Devlet Hastanesi, Isparta, Türkiye Geriatri Hastalarında Enfeksiyonlar / Infection Diseases in Geriatric Patients Infection Diseases in Geriatric Patients Who Admitted to Emergency Department
Effect of Infection Control Training Program on Nurse’s Performance and Microbial Results on GIT Endoscopes

Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is an important tool for the identification and treatment disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Thorough understanding of infection control and its application to GI endoscopy is crucial to prevent lapses in reprocessing and the possibility of transmission of infection ( Nelson, DB.2003). Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluation the effect of infection control training program on nurse’s performance and microbial results on GIT Endoscopes. Setting & Subjects: It was conducted at Elnaser Insurance Hospital at Helwan City in Egypt. Purposive sample included all available (40) nurses, and 5 GIT endoscopes. Study tools: Tools used for data collection included self-administered questionnaire sheet, an observation checklist, and microbiological assessment sheet. Results: The mean ± SD age of the studied nurses were 29.5 ±5.76, about two thirds were female and diploma nurse, and more than phases, these indicated for decrease the presence of microbial infection. Conclusion: there were a statistical significance difference between pre implementation of infection control training program and post implementation the endoscopic reprocessing program lead to improve nurses’ knowledge and skills as well as decrease the incidence of microbial infection transmission through GIT three years of experience, these experience from working, There was a highly significant difference in nurses' level of knowledge and skills as well as microbiological testes throughout the study endoscope. Recommendations: Continuous educational infection control training programs are recommended. So incorporation of such interventions apply in all endoscope unite all over Egypt. Keywords: Infection Control, Nurse’s Performance, Microbial Results
An exploration of the longitudinal relationship between parental feeding practices and child anthropometric adiposity measures from the WAVES study

: 1 Background: Some research suggests that parent/carer feeding practices may 2 influence children’s weight patterns, but longitudinal evidence is limited and 3 inconsistent. 4 Objective: To investigate the relationship between various parent/carer feeding 5 practices when a child is 7-8 years and proxy measurements of child adiposity at 8-9 6 years (weight status, waist-to-height ratio, and body fat percentage). Design: Secondary analysis of data from the West Midlands ActiVe lifestyle and 8 healthy Eating in School children (WAVES) study comprising a diverse sample of 9 parents/carers and their children from 54 primary schools in the West Midlands, 10 England (n= 774 parent-child dyads (53% of the WAVES study sample)). Information 11 on feeding practices was collected using subscales from Comprehensive Feeding 12 Practices Questionnaire, completed by the child’s main parent/carer (self-defined). 13 Child height, weight, body fat percentage, and waist circumference were measured 14 and converted into three proxy measurements of adiposity (weight status, waist-to- 15 height ratio, and body fat percentage). Associations between these measurements 16 and parent/carer feeding practices were examined using mixed-effects logistic 17 regression models. 18 Results: Of the questionnaire respondents, 80% were mothers, 16% were fathers 19 and 4% other carers . Median standardised subscale scores ranged from 1.7 20 (Interquartile Range=1.0; (emotion regulation)) to 4.0 (Interquartile Range =1.5; 21 (monitoring and modelling)) and significantly different subscale scores were present 22 between child weight statuses for emotion regulation, pressure-to-eat, and restriction
A case report on a sporadic retroperitoneal malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour mimicking a pelvic abscess

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a diverse group of neoplasms with about 60 subtypes arising from a variety of anatomical structures across all age groups. The diagnosis of STS can prove to be challenging as it mimics a variety of non malignant conditions. Here we present one such case of a sporadic MPNST which was operated on with the main differential diagnosis of a Pelvic Abscess. Hence though STS is rare in general population it should always be kept in mind in cases of doubtful and confusing presentations.
Assessing Knowledge and Attitude of Dental Patients regarding the Use of Dental Implants: A Survey-Based Research

Aim The purpose of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, attitude, and source of information regarding the use of dental implants as treatment option compared to other conventional treatment modalities. Materials and Methods A descriptive cross sectional study among adult dental patients attended dental clinics of College of Dentistry, Qassim University. The level of knowledge, source of information, and attitude regarding the use of dental implants were evaluated through standardized self-explanatory questionnaires which were handed to the patient during their regular dental visits. 200 patients were selected randomly to be included in this survey. Results Among the 200 participants included in this study, 91.5% of the respondents heard about implants and their source of information were friends (45.5%), 38% of the respondents had no idea about the oral hygiene for the care of the implants compared with natural teeth, 28.5% of the respondents expected them to last between 10 and 20 years, and 48.5% of the respondents believed that dental implants have no effects on the systemic health and there was nonsignificant difference between males and females. Conclusion The survey concluded that an acceptable level of awareness regarding using dental implants as a treatment option for replacing missing teeth, with friends being the main source of information.
Passive and Acquired Immunity to Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Young Children in Rural Kenya

The rate of decay and the subsequent antibody responses to RSV are poorly defined in young infants and children who possess maternally derived respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antibodies. A birth cohort from rural Kenya was studied intensively to monitor infections from whom blood samples were collected at regular intervals to describe the age-related serological characteristics. A simple linear regression model was used to calculate the rate of RSV-specific maternal antibody decline. In addition, the effect of risk factors on cord blood titres was investigated. Using the random effects model, the half-life of RSV maternal antibodies was calculated to be 79 days. Although 97% of infants were bom with RSV-specific maternal antibodies, it was noted that infants who went on to experience an infection in early life, had lower starting titres of RSV maternal antibodies in comparison to infants who did not have any clinically confirmed infection in the first 6 months. Additionally, clinically confirmed infections within the first 6 months of life had no effect on the rate of decay of maternal antibodies. Both RSV group A and B were seen to circulate in the community in varying amounts, with RSV A seen to be the most dominant strain in the 4 epidemics experienced by the cohort. The same RSV strain was observed to cause both RSV-associated upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract infections. It was observed that there existed patterns of antibody decay and acquisition of RSV-specific immune responses that groups of children appeared to follow. A group of infants were seen to undergo clinical infection that was subsequently confirmed by the ELISA, or were observed to seroconvert in the absence of clinical symptoms, or infants did not experience any infection at all despite experiencing at least 2 epidemics. Post-infection dynamics showed classical boosting of RSV antibodies, which either quickly waned or remained elevated over time. Furthermore, the risk of re-infection with clinically identified RSV illness decreased with age, from an initial infection rate of 252 to 41/1000 child years observation. In conclusion, the evidence shows that RSV maternal antibodies provide some protection against severe disease during the first 6-7 months. Since there is efficient transfer of antibodies from mother to child, maternal vaccination against RSV may be a useful strategy to consider. However, our observations show that these antibodies decline quickly, hence childhood vaccines should also be taken into consideration to augment the immune responses.
Emotion malleability beliefs influence emotion regulation and emotion recovery among individuals with depressive symptoms

ABSTRACT Despite the centrality of emotion regulation in psychiatric disorders such as depression, there is a lack of experimental studies examining the psychological factors that influence emotion regulation in individuals with depressive symptoms. Participants with current depressive symptoms were randomly assigned to an experimental manipulation promoting more malleable emotion beliefs or the control condition. Participants underwent a negative emotion induction and reported on their affect and emotion regulation during the induction. Individuals who received the experimental manipulation reported greater cognitive reappraisal and greater emotion recovery. Experimental manipulations that can enhance emotion regulation and emotion recovery possess significant promise as a preliminary step in developing brief interventions that can overcome formal barriers to care.
Quality of life in HIV patients and coping strategies adopted by them: a cross sectional study done in an anti-retroviral therapy centre, Mysore

Background: HIV today is one of the worst pandemic diseases. Unlike terminal illnesses, HIV patients have to live for decades with the disease, which now shifts the interest to the quality of their life. The present study was planned, considering a necessity to inquire about the quality of life of patients taking Antiretroviral therapy in Mysore, various coping strategies prevalent among them and correlation between the two.Methods: This cross sectional study was done on 150 adults coming for anti retroviral therapy (ART), diagnosed with HIV at least 6 months back. ART centre was approached with required permissions. After explaining the study purpose, data was collected on paper with due consent from patients. Standard WHO QOL BREF and COPE carver Bref were used as questionnaire instruments. Analysis was done using SPSS software and Pearson’s correlation was used.Results: Analysis revealed that the most affected domain in quality of life was social domain with mean=11.75±2.12 (4-20 scale) and least affected was environmental with mean14.49±0.849. Self distraction was coping strategy of the highest prevalence (mean=4.98) having no correlation with QOL. Active coping showed positive correlation under all domains while behavioural disengagement and substance abuse had significant negative correlation overall (p value<0.001). Conclusions: Our study underlined a gap in Social domain of selected HIV affected population. Self distraction was the most preferred style of coping and humour was found to be least adopted method. Active coping had linear relationship all the 4 domains whereas behavioural disengagement showed significant lowering in QOL as a whole.
Effect of Implementing Evidence-Based Care Bundle on Prevention of Pressure Injury in Dependent Burned Patients

Background: Pressure injury results in significant physical, social and physiological problems for patients. It is important to implement strategies that prevent pressure injury development in burn patients. A care bundle is a structured group of interventions based on clinical practice guidelines that improve processes of care, encourage compliance to guidelines, and have been shown to improve patient outcomes. Aim: To evaluate the effect of implementing evidence-based care bundle on prevention of pressure injury in dependent burned patients. Methods: Quasi-experimental research design was utilized. A purposive sample of 50 burned patients were assigned into 2 equal groups; a control group received routine nursing care and a study group experienced the evidence-based pressure ulcer care bundle. Results: All items of comprehensive skin assessment namely; temperature, color, moisture, turgor, integrity and tissue perfusion were significantly improved post implementation of evidence-based pressure ulcer care bundle in the study group. A significant difference was found between the study and control group regarding Braden risk assessment in the fourth and seventh days of follow up. Conclusion: It can be concluded that implementing the evidence-based pressure ulcer care bundle significantly reduced the development of pressure ulcer in burned patients.
Clinical impact of T cells, B cells and the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in muscle invasive bladder cancer: a comparative study of transurethral resection and cystectomy specimens

ABSTRACT In patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) prior to radical cystectomy has improved survival but there is an urgent unmet need to identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers to stratify patients who will benefit from treatment. This study aimed to examine the composition of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in MIBC, with particular reference to the clinical outcome and the potential modifying effect of NAC. To this end, the expression of CD8+ and FoxP3+ T cells, CD20+ B cells, PD-1+ and PD-L1+ immune cells and PD-L1+ tumor cells was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays with paired transurethral resection (TURB) specimens, cystectomy specimens and lymph node metastases from 145 patients, 65 of whom had received NAC. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were applied to assess the impact of investigated cell subsets on time to recurrence (TTR). In cystectomy specimens, high infiltration of the investigated immune cell populations, but not PD-L1+ tumor cells, were independently associated with a prolonged TTR, whereas in TURB specimens, this association was only seen for CD8+ lymphocytes. An additive beneficial prognostic effect of NAC was seen for the majority of the cell subsets but there was no significant interaction between any immune marker and NAC in relation to TTR. Furthermore, no differences in cell densities prior to NAC treatment were observed between complete and non-complete responders, or pre- and posttreatment in non-complete responders. In conclusion, immune cell infiltration provides important prognostic information in both pre- and postsurgical samples of MIBC, independently of NAC.
The changing landscape of infective endocarditis in South Africa.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the current clinical profile and outcomes of patients with infective endocarditis (IE) in South Africa (SA). OBJECTIVES To provide a contemporary and descriptive overview of IE in a representative SA tertiary centre. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of the records of patients admitted to Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, between 2009 and 2016 fulfilling universal criteria for definite or possible IE, in search of demographic, clinical, microbiological, echocardiographic, treatment and outcome information. RESULTS A total of 105 patients fulfilled the modified Duke criteria for IE. The median age of the cohort was 39 years (interquartile range (IQR) 29 - 51), with a male preponderance (61.9%). The majority of the patients (72.4%) had left-sided native valve endocarditis, 14.3% had right-sided disease, and 13.3% had prosthetic valve endocarditis. A third of the cohort had rheumatic heart disease. Although 41.1% of patients with left-sided disease had negative blood cultures, the three most common organisms cultured in this subgroup were Staphylococcus aureus (18.9%), Streptococcus spp. (16.7%) and Enterococcus spp. (6.7%). Participants with right-sided endocarditis were younger (29 years, IQR 27 - 37) and were mainly intravenous drug users (73.3%), and the majority cultured positive for S. aureus (73.3%) with frequent septic pulmonary complications (40.0%). The overall in-hospital mortality was 16.2%, with no deaths in the group with right-sided endocarditis. Predictors of death in our patients were heart failure (odds ratio (OR) 8.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.77 - 37.70; p=0.007) and age >45 years (OR 4.73, 95% CI 1.11 - 20.14; p=0.036). Valve surgery was associated with a reduction in mortality (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02 - 0.43; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS IE remains an important clinical problem in a typical teaching tertiary care centre in SA. In this setting, it continues to affect mainly young people with post-inflammatory valve disease and congenital heart disease. The in-hospital mortality associated with IE remains high. Intravenous drug-associated endocarditis caused by S. aureus is an important IE subset, comprising ~10% of all cases, which was not reported 15 years ago, and culture-negative endocarditis remains highly prevalent. Heart failure in IE carries a significant risk of death and needs a more intensive level of care in hospital. Finally, cardiac surgery was associated with reduced mortality, with the largest impact in patients with heart failure.
Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its relation with insulin resistance in South Gujarat Region

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is commonly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) though its prevalence is not well studied. We conducted a prospective study of prevalence of NAFLD in patients with type 2 DM and its relation with Insulin Resistance. Materials and Methods: 100 patients of Type 2DM attending Tertiary care center in South Gujarat were evaluated. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed to determine the presence of fatty liver. For assessment of Insulin Resistance, Homeostasis Model Assistant - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) were calculated. A probability value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study group (n = 100) was divided into a NAFLD group (n = 45) and a non-NAFLD group (n = 55). The prevalence of NAFLD was 45%. The NAFLD subgroup had higher prevalence of obesity (measured by BMI), central obesity (measured by waist circumference and waist hip ratio), higher HbA1c, higher triglyceride levels. HOMA-IR and QUICKI indexes for Insulin Resistance were significantly higher in NAFLD group than Non NAFLD group (P value 0.03, 0.04). Conclusion: The prevalence of NAFLD is high in patients of Type 2 DM. Insulin resistance seems to be correlated with the presence of NAFLD among T2DM patients.