Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
deepBioWSD: effective deep neural word sense disambiguation of biomedical text data

Objective In biomedicine, there is a wealth of information hidden in unstructured narratives such as research articles and clinical reports. To exploit these data properly, a word sense disambiguation (WSD) algorithm prevents downstream difficulties in the natural language processing applications pipeline. Supervised WSD algorithms largely outperform un‐ or semisupervised and knowledge‐based methods; however, they train 1 separate classifier for each ambiguous term, necessitating a large number of expert‐labeled training data, an unattainable goal in medical informatics. To alleviate this need, a single model that shares statistical strength across all instances and scales well with the vocabulary size is desirable. Materials and Methods Built on recent advances in deep learning, our deepBioWSD model leverages 1 single bidirectional long short‐term memory network that makes sense prediction for any ambiguous term. In the model, first, the Unified Medical Language System sense embeddings will be computed using their text definitions; and then, after initializing the network with these embeddings, it will be trained on all (available) training data collectively. This method also considers a novel technique for automatic collection of training data from PubMed to (pre)train the network in an unsupervised manner. Results We use the MSH WSD dataset to compare WSD algorithms, with macro and micro accuracies employed as evaluation metrics. deepBioWSD outperforms existing models in biomedical text WSD by achieving the state‐of‐the‐art performance of 96.82% for macro accuracy. Conclusions Apart from the disambiguation improvement and unsupervised training, deepBioWSD depends on considerably less number of expert‐labeled data as it learns the target and the context terms jointly. These merit deepBioWSD to be conveniently deployable in real‐time biomedical applications.
First Report of Cryptocline taxicola Infecting Pacific Yew (Taxus brevifolia) in Eastern North America.

To our knowledge, this is the first report of Cryptocline taxicola (Allesch.) Petrak (Coelomycetes) on Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nuttall) and the first observation of the fungus infecting living needles. C. taxicola is known to occur on needles of Taxus baccata in Europe (on T. baccata var. fastigiata) and North America (Vermont) (on T. baccata var. canadensis) (2). In August 1999 and 2000, chlorotic and necrotic current and second-year needles of Pacific yew were observed to have fruiting bodies, sometimes greater than 400 per needle, on the upper surface. Acervuli were circular to subcircular, yellowish, surrounded by brown circles, subcuticular to intraepidermal, at first covered, later exposed by the fissure of the cuticule, and 150 to 350 μm wide. Hyphae in host tissue were septate, brownish, and 3 to 4.5 μm in diameter. Conidiophores were phialidic, cylindrical, hyaline, 10 to 20 × 2.5 to 4.5 μm. Mature conidia were ellipsoidal to oval, truncate at the base, obtuse at the apex, hyaline to slightly pigmented, 8 to 17 × 4 to 5 μm. From these symptomatic needles, C. taxicola was often isolated (>85%) on potato dextrose agar. Koch's postulates were completed for C. taxicola by spraying current-year living needles, on one twig of each of separate plants (five) of T. brevifolia with a conidial suspension of 4 × 103 conidia per ml. Five control twigs were sprayed with sterile, distilled water. Twigs were covered with black sterile plastic bags and incubated outdoors for 24 h, when the bags were removed. Within 3 weeks, inoculated needles exhibited chlorotic and necrotic symptoms similar to those originally observed, but symptoms were never observed on control twigs. The fungus was reisolated (91%) only from the symptomatic needles. T. brevifolia trees growing in the Montreal Botanical Garden (Quebec, Canada) are clones originating from the Pacific Coast of the United States. We found that Pacific yew was colonized more frequently on the dry rock outcrops in the Alpine and Chinese Garden tree plantations. We believe that inappropriate stand selection, unfavorable humid conditions, and a thin organic soil layer may predispose Pacific yew to infection by this fungal species. A similar effect has been reported in Europe (1) for Cryptocline pseudotsugae causing serious levels of disease in a Pseudotsuga menziesii plantations. References: (1) T. L. Cech. Forstschutz Aktuell. 25:13, 2000. (2) G. Morgan-Jones. Can. J. Bot. 51:309, 1973.
Extending the Phenotype and Identification of a Novel Candidate Gene for Immunodeficiency in 5q11 Microdeletion Syndrome

Array CGH has led to the delineation of innumerable microdeletion syndromes. We present a patient with a 7-Mb deletion at 5q11.2 with previously unreported features, such as immunodeficiency, asymmetry of hands and feet, joint laxity, and agenesis of corpus callosum. The clinical features of this patient are compared with 13 patients reported previously. A common critical region (CCR) of 1.4 Mb (54-55.4 Mb) is defined in all cases including the present one. Of the 14 genes present in CCR, IL6ST is proposed to be the candidate gene for immunodeficiency observed in some of these patients. IL6ST encodes gp130, a signal transduction protein for various interleukins and cytokines. It is involved in the generation of both T and B lymphocytes as well as the production of acute-phase reactants. Microdeletion 5q11.2 should be considered as a recognisable syndrome based on the common phenotype and the novel features described.
Temporomandibular pain in adolescents with a history of preterm birth.

AIM To evaluate the frequency of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain among adolescents with a history of preterm birth compared to a matched control group. METHODS A group of 192 preterm-born adolescents was followed up at the age of 17-19 years and compared to matched controls. Self-report questionnaires included screening questions about TMD pain, chronic diseases, general health, depression, anxiety, anger, antisocial behaviour and self-concept. TMD pain was defined as answering "yes" to one or both of the following questions: "Do you have pain in the temple, face, temporomandibular joint or jaws once a week or more? " and "Do you have pain when you open your mouth wide or chew once a week or more often? " Data analysis was performed using chi-square test and logistic regression model with likelihood ratio test. RESULTS A TMD pain frequency of 23% of preterm-born adolescents and 26% among the controls was found, with no significant differences between the groups. Neither were there differences regarding anxiety, depression, anger or self-confidence. Within the preterm group, adolescents with TMD pain registered tension and pain in the body, trouble sleeping, stomach pain and feelings of hopelessness about the future. The controls with TMD pain, more reported having a bad life, feeling like a failure and having bodily pain. Among tested background variables, only TMJ locking or intermittent locking once a week or more was found to explain TMD pain in adolescents. CONCLUSION A high frequency of TMD pain was found in both groups, one possible explanation could be TMJ dysfunction.
Exploring the Role of Incidental and Integral Compassion and Anger in Health Communication about Pollution

ABSTRACT Scholars have examined two types of emotions, namely, incidental and integral emotions, in health communication on the basis of the source of elicitation. Despite numerous studies on the independent effects of these two types of emotions, limited research exists on how emotions may interact to influence health communication outcomes, including support for health-improving policies. To augment current knowledge, this study conducted a 2 (incidental: compassion vs. anger) × 2 (integral: compassion vs. anger) between-subjects factorial experiment in the context of the human health effects of pollution. Results showed a main effect of the incidental compassion (vs. anger) condition on protective policy support, which was mediated by self-reported compassion. In addition, this main effect was moderated by political ideology such that it was found among moderates and conservatives, but not liberals. No interaction effects were observed. These findings contribute to the literature by exploring how incidental and integral emotions may or may not interact and by complementing existing research on the moderating effect of political ideology regarding environment-related messaging.
ISASS Policy 2018—Vertebral Augmentation: Coverage Indications, Limitations, and/or Medical Necessity

ABSTRACT The ISASS Policy Statement on vertebral augmentation has the objectives to provide a background and an update with the latest clinical evidence for the international spine community. A SpineLine Panel Review (2010) appropriately recommended an exploration of “the seeming disconnect between the conclusions of … two [Level I] PRCT's and previous experience and data” regarding vertebral augmentation. ISASS responded by supporting a comprehensive meta-analysis to help frame a cogent historical analysis of vertebral augmentation. This ISASS Policy 2018 is based on a thorough literature search for relevant studies, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, that are subjected to thorough quality appraisal for the purpose of informing public opinion and decision making. Given the abundance of high-quality information, ISASS can confidently advocate that there is strong support for vertebral augmentation in the treatment of symptomatic vertebral compression fractures.
Peripheral inflammation induces neuroinflammation that alters neurotransmission and cognitive and motor function in hepatic encephalopathy: Underlying mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Several million patients with liver cirrhosis suffer minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), with mild cognitive and coordination impairments that reduce their quality of life and life span. Hyperammonaemia and peripheral inflammation act synergistically to induce these neurological alterations. We propose that MHE appearance is because of the changes in peripheral immune system, which are transmitted to brain, leading to neuroinflammation that alters neurotransmission leading to cognitive and motor alterations. We summarize studies showing that MHE in cirrhotic patients is associated with alterations in the immune system and that patients died with HE show neuroinflammation in cerebellum, with microglial and astrocytic activation and Purkinje cell loss. We also summarize studies in animal models of MHE on the role of peripheral inflammation in neuroinflammation induction, how neuroinflammation alters neurotransmission and how this leads to cognitive and motor alterations. These studies identify therapeutic targets and treatments that improve cognitive and motor function. Rats with MHE show neuroinflammation in hippocampus and altered NMDA and AMPA receptor membrane expression, which impairs spatial learning and memory. Neuroinflammation in cerebellum is associated with altered GABA transporters and extracellular GABA, which impair motor coordination and learning in a Y maze. These alterations are reversed by treatments that reduce peripheral inflammation (anti‐TNFα, ibuprofen), neuroinflammation (sulphoraphane, p38 inhibitors), GABAergic tone (bicuculline, pregnenolone sulphate) or increase extracellular cGMP (sildenafil or cGMP). The mechanisms identified would also occur in other chronic diseases associated with inflammation, aging and some mental and neurodegenerative diseases. Treatments that improve MHE may also be beneficial to treat these pathologies.
The relationship between implicit intergroup attitudes and beliefs

Significance Relying on evidence from explicit (self-report) measures, attitudes toward social groups (“I like Asians”), and beliefs about social groups (“I think Asians are smart”) have been seen as conceptually and empirically distinct. Here, we use an experimental measure of response latency and an archival measure of textual distance to show that automatic attributions of competence to social groups (implicit beliefs) are both predicted by and causally related to automatic attributions of general positivity (implicit attitudes). Theoretically, these results suggest that attitude–belief dissociations may be a unique product of deliberate cognitive processes. Moreover, they raise the intriguing possibility that targeting implicit attitudes, whether in individual minds or in language, may result in concomitant shifts across a range of implicit beliefs. Intergroup attitudes (evaluations) are generalized valence attributions to social groups (e.g., white–bad/Asian–good), whereas intergroup beliefs (stereotypes) are specific trait attributions to social groups (e.g., white–dumb/Asian–smart). When explicit (self-report) measures are used, attitudes toward and beliefs about the same social group are often related to each other but can also be dissociated. The present work used three approaches (correlational, experimental, and archival) to conduct a systematic investigation of the relationship between implicit (indirectly revealed) intergroup attitudes and beliefs. In study 1 (n = 1,942), we found significant correlations and, in some cases, evidence for redundancy, between Implicit Association Tests (IATs) measuring attitudes toward and beliefs about the same social groups (mean r = 0.31, 95% confidence interval: [0.24; 0.39]). In study 2 (n = 383), manipulating attitudes via evaluative conditioning produced parallel changes in belief IATs, demonstrating that implicit attitudes can causally drive implicit beliefs when information about the specific semantic trait is absent. In study 3, we used word embeddings derived from a large corpus of online text to show that the relative distance of 22 social groups from positive vs. negative words (reflecting generalized attitudes) was highly correlated with their distance from warm vs. cold, and even competent vs. incompetent, words (reflecting specific beliefs). Overall, these studies provide convergent evidence for tight connections between implicit attitudes and beliefs, suggesting that the dissociations observed using explicit measures may arise uniquely from deliberate judgment processes.
The Differences in Postprandial Serum Concentrations of Peptides That Regulate Satiety/Hunger and Metabolism after Various Meal Intake, in Men with Normal vs. Excessive BMI

The energy balance regulation may differ in lean and obese people. The purposes of our study were to evaluate the hormonal response to meals with varying macronutrient content, and the differences depending on body weight. Methods. The crossover study included 46 men, 21–58 years old, normal-weight and overweight/obese. Every subject participated in two meal-challenge-tests with high-carbohydrate (HC), and normo-carbohydrate (NC) or high-fat (HF) meals. Fasting and postprandial blood was collected for a further 240 min, to determine adiponectin, leptin and total ghrelin concentrations. Results. In normal-weight individuals after HC-meal we observed at 60min higher adiponectin concentrations (12,554 ± 1531 vs. 8691 ± 1070 ng/mL, p = 0.01) and significantly (p < 0.05) lower total ghrelin concentrations during the first 120 min, than after HF-meal intake. Fasting and postprandial leptin levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in overweigh/obese men. Leptin concentrations in normal-weight men were higher (2.72 ± 0.8 vs. 1.56 ± 0.4 ng/mL, p = 0.01) 180 min after HC-meal than after NC-meal intake. Conclusions. Our results suggest that in normal-body weight men we can expect more beneficial leptin, adiponectin, and total ghrelin response after HC-meal intake, whereas, in overweight/obese men, the HC-meal intake may exacerbate the feeling of hunger, and satiety may be induced more by meals with lower carbohydrate content.
Benefit–cost analysis of an interprofessional education program within a residential aged care facility in Western Australia

ABSTRACT Interprofessional education (IPE) programs in residential aged care facilities (RACF) contributes to the care of older adults whilst providing an environment for students to learn and practise in an interprofessional manner. Clinical placements are provided by RACF through funding and support from universities in collaboration with the RACF. Conducting a benefit–cost analysis (BCA) can determine the sustainability of a clinical placement program such as an IPE program but there is limited research reporting the economic aspects of clinical placements even though it is a university and government priority. This study provides a benefit-cost analysis of an interprofessional education program offered by a residential aged care provider in Western Australia. Analysis using a BCA methodology was conducted to provide information about the level and distribution of the costs and benefits from different analytical perspectives over the three-year period of the IPE program. The analysis showed that the program was highly beneficial from an economic efficiency viewpoint, even though it did not present a financial gain for the aged care provider. The benefits accrued mainly to students in terms of increased education and skill, and to residents in terms of health outcomes and quality of life, while the cost was mostly incurred by the care provider. An IPE program in a RACF is a valuable educational learning experience for students and is also socially beneficial for residents and the broader health sector. For IPE programs in aged care to be sustainable, they require the development of collaborative partnerships with external funding.
Association Between Depression and Outcomes in Chinese Patients With Myocardial Infarction and Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries

Background Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) occurs in ≈10% of all patients with myocardial infarction. Studies on effects of depression on MINOCA outcomes are lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association of depression with clinical outcomes in Chinese patients with MINOCA. Methods and Results We conducted a prospective cohort study of 633 participants with MINOCA and followed up for 3 years. End points were defined as all‐cause mortality and cardiovascular events. Diagnosis of depression was ascertained using the psychiatric interview based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM‐5). During the follow‐up period, all‐cause death occurred in 93 individuals and cardiovascular events developed in 170 individuals. Kaplan‐Meier curves showed a significant association of depression with all‐cause mortality (log‐rank P<0.001) and cardiovascular events (log‐rank P<0.001). Multiple Cox regression identified the new diagnosis of depression as an independent prognostic factor for all‐cause mortality as well as cardiovascular events (adjusted hazard ratio, 7.250; 95% CI, 4.735–11.100; P<0.001; and hazard ratio, 3.411; 95% CI, 2.490–4.674; P<0.001, respectively). Conclusions The new diagnosis of depression at the time of myocardial infarction is associated with increased risk of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with MINOCA.
Distinct Representations of Magnitude and Spatial Position within Parietal Cortex during Number–Space Mapping

Mapping numbers onto space is foundational to mathematical cognition. These cognitive operations are often conceptualized in the context of a “mental number line” and involve multiple brain regions in or near the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) that have been implicated both in numeral and spatial cognition. Here we examine possible differentiation of function within these brain areas in relating numbers to spatial positions. By isolating the planning phase of a number line task and introducing spatiotopic mapping tools from fMRI into mental number line task research, we are able to focus our analysis on the neural activity of areas in anterior IPS (aIPS) previously associated with number processing and on spatiotopically organized areas in and around posterior IPS (pIPS), while participants prepare to place a number on a number line. Our results support the view that the nonpositional magnitude of a numerical symbol is coded in aIPS, whereas the position of a number in space is coded in posterior areas of IPS. By focusing on the planning phase, we are able to isolate activation related to the cognitive, rather than the sensory–motor, aspects of the task. Also, to allow the separation of spatial position from magnitude, we tested both a standard positive number line (0 to 100) and a zero-centered mixed number line (−100 to 100). We found evidence of a functional dissociation between aIPS and pIPS: Activity in aIPS was associated with a landmark distance effect not modulated by spatial position, whereas activity in pIPS revealed a contralateral preference effect.
Cognitive Decline in Older Patients With Non‐ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome

Background Dementia is a growing health burden of an aging population. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of cognitive impairment and the predictors of cognitive decline at 1 year in older patients with non‐ST–elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing invasive care. Methods and Results Older patients with non‐ST–elevation acute coronary syndrome were recruited into the ICON1 study. Cognition was evaluated using Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The composite major adverse cardiovascular events comprised death, myocardial infarction, unplanned revascularization, stroke, and significant bleeding at 1 year. Of 298 patients, 271 had cognitive assessment at baseline, and 211 (78%) had follow‐up Montreal Cognitive Assessment at 1 year. Mean age was 80.5±4.8 years. There was a high prevalence (n=130, 48.0%) of undiagnosed cognitive impairment (Montreal Cognitive Assessment score <26) at baseline. Cognitive impairment patients were more likely to reach major adverse cardiovascular events by Kaplan–Meier analysis (P=0.047). Seventy‐four patients (35.1%) experienced cognitive decline (Montreal Cognitive Assessment score drop by ≥2 points) at 1 year. Recurrent myocardial infarction was independently associated with cognitive decline at 1 year (odds ratio 3.19, 95% confidence interval 1.18–8.63, P=0.02) after adjustment for age and sex. Conclusions In older patients undergoing invasive management of non‐ST–elevation acute coronary syndrome, there is a high prevalence of undiagnosed cognitive impairment at baseline. Recurrent myocardial infarction is independently associated with cognitive decline at 1 year. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT01933581.