Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shunt types in crystalline silicon solar cells

Nine different types of shunt have been found in state‐of‐the‐art mono‐ and multicrystalline solar cells by lock‐in thermography and identified by SEM investigation (including EBIC), TEM and EDX. These shunts differ by the type of their I–V characteristics (linear or nonlinear) and by their physical origin. Six shunt types are process‐induced, and three are caused by grown‐in defects of the material. The most important process‐induced shunts are residues of the emitter at the edge of the cells, cracks, recombination sites at the cell edge, Schottky‐type shunts below grid lines, scratches, and aluminum particles at the surface. The material‐induced shunts are strong recombination sites at grown‐in defects (e.g., metal‐decorated small‐angle grain boundaries), grown‐in macroscopic Si3N4 inclusions, and inversion layers caused by microscopic SiC precipitates on grain boundaries crossing the wafer. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overland FlowMorphologies

The scaling relation between the drainage area and stream length (Hack’s law), along with exceedance probabilities of drainage area, discharge, and upstream flow network length, is well known for channelized fluvial regions. We report here on a laboratory experiment on an eroding unconsolidated sediment for which no channeling occurred. Laser scanning was used to capture the morphological evolution of the sediment. High-intensity, spatially nonuniform rainfall ensured that the morphology changed substantially over the 16-hr experiment. Based on the surface scans and precipitation distribution, overland flow was estimated with the D8 algorithm, which outputs a flow network that was analyzed statistically. The above-mentioned scaling and exceedance probability relationships for this overland flow network are the same as those found for large-scale catchments and for laboratory experiments with observable channels. In addition, the scaling laws were temporally invariant, even though the network dynamically changed over the course of experiment. Plain Language Summary In spite of different climates, vegetation, and land properties, the geometry of river networks is characterized by near-identical scaling laws. Can we expect similar statistical metrics for surface flow over unchanneled morphologies at small scales? To answer this question, the morphology of uncohesive sediment was measured at high resolution in a laboratory flume and under nonuniform rainfall. Based on this morphology, the overland flow network was determined. The results showed that even at small scale (2 m by 1 m) and in absence of rills, the flow network has the same statistical characteristics as large-scale river networks. In other words, the shallow overland flow could be represented by a network that dynamically changed while preserving catchment scaling laws.
Time and temperature dependent sorption behaviour of dimethoate pesticide in various Indian soils

Abstract Experiments were conducted to study the sorption behaviour of dimethoate in three Indian soils at different temperatures. A kinetic study showed that adsorption equilibrium was reached within 15 h at different initial levels of pesticide concentration. Applicability of the pseudo second order kinetic model suggested that the adsorption process was complex and several mechanisms were involved. The Freundlich model explained the adsorption behaviour adequately and the isotherms were of S-type. The adsorption process was found to be strongly affected by temperature. The Gibbs free energy change, ΔGº values (from -15.81 to -16.60 kJ mol-1) indicated that the process was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The change in enthalpy of adsorption, ΔH° values (from -17.729 to -21.539 kJ mol-1) suggested that relatively weak H-bond forces were the main driving forces for adsorption. Desorption was found to be concentration- and temperature-dependent with higher desorption occurring at higher temperature and concentration levels. The results signify the importance of temperature in controlling the mobility of dimethoate in water bodies.
Note: Numerical Solution of the Poroviscoelastic Wave Equation on a Staggered Mesh

Computation of the spatial derivatives with non-local differential operators, such as the Fourier pseudospectral method, may cause strong numerical artifacts in the form of noncausal ringing. This situation occurs when regular grids are used. The problem is attacked by using a staggered pseudospectral technique. The nature and the causes of acausal ringing in regular grid methods and the reasons why staggered grid methods eliminate this problem are explained in the papers by Fornberg [7] and Öz envar and McMechan [8]. Thus, the objective here is not to propose a new method, but to develop the algorithm for the poroviscoelastic wave equation [3]. Özdenvar and McMechan [9] developed a pseudospectral staggered-grid algorithm for the poroelastic differential equations expressed in the displacement formulation. Here, the equations are expressed in the velocity–stress formulation, including attenuation mechanisms due to fluid/matrix interactions. As is well known, one of the advantages of using the velocity–stress differential equations is the avoidance of the differentiation of the material properties, which eliminates numerical artifacts and makes the algorithm more stable [11]. The algorithm is illustrated for a physical situation that requires very high accuracy, such as the gas–water contact in a natural gas reservoir, where large contrasts in material properties occur. The staggered-grid solution is noise-free in the dynamic range where regular grids generate artifacts that may have amplitudes similar to those of physical arrivals.
INSULIN RESISTANCE AS A NON INVASIVE PARAMETER FOR PREDICTION OF ESOPHAGEAL VARICES IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS CIRRHOSIS

Background: The current guidelines recommend the screening of all cirrhotic patients by endoscopy, but repeated endoscopic examinations are unpleasant for patients and have a high cost impact and burden on endoscopic units. Recognition of non-invasive predictors of oesophageal varices (OV) will allow upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) endoscopy to be carried out only in a selected group of patients, thus avoid unnecessary intervention and at the same time not to miss patients at risk of bleeding. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of three noninvasive parameters in the prediction of esophageal varices in patients with compensated hepatitis C virus (HCV) induced liver cirrhosis namely insulin resistance, platelet count/spleen diameter ratio and right liver lobe diameter/albumin ratio. Methods: This prospective study included one hundred non-diabetic, non-obese patients with Child A HCV induced cirrhosis. All studied patients underwent a detailed history, thorough physical examination, biochemical workup, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and abdominal ultrasound. Insulin resistance (IR) by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), the platelet count/spleen diameter ratio and the right liver lobe diameter /albumin concentration ratio for all patients were calculated. Results: The prevalence of oesophageal varices in Child A HCV induced cirrhosis were high, as 79 patients had oesophageal varices (79%). The 3 predictors demonstrated a high statistically significant correlation with the presence and grade of oesophageal varices (P values < 0.001). Among the 3 non-invasive predictors, the HOMA-IR score gave the highest accuracy at a cut-off value of 3. The next highest accuracy was associated with the platelet count/spleen diameter ratio at a cut-off value of 750. The least accurate of the 3 non-invasive predictors was Right liver lobe diameter /albumin ratio at a cut-off value of 3.5. Conclusion: Insulin resistance measured by HOMA-IR, Platelet count/Spleen diameter ratio, as well as the right liver lobe diameter/Albumin concentration ratio are non-invasive parameters that can provide accurate information pertinent to determination of the presence and grade of esophageal varices in patients with Child A HCV induced cirrhosis and can help physicians to restrict the use of endoscopic screening only to patients presenting a high probability of oesophageal varices. This is especially useful in clinical settings where resources are limited and endoscopic facilities are not present in all areas. Such is the case in Egypt, where there is a large number of patients who require screening for oesophageal varices.
Big and Tall: Is There a Height Premium or Obesity Penalty in the Labor Market?

Previous studies have shown that both height and weight are associated with wages. However, by focusing on interpreting the partial effects of either height or weight on wages while holding all else constant, some gaps in our understanding of the complex relationship between body size and wages remain. Utilizing a semi-parametric spline approach, we first establish that a flexible analysis of height and weight provides a useful and meaningful proxy for beauty. A similar flexible analysis of height, weight and wages reveals that some combinations of anthropometric measurements attract higher wage premiums than others and that the optimal combination varies over the life cycle. A main contribution of the paper is in suggesting a novel and practical way of examining the returns to looks in the labor market based on objective anthropometric measurements.
Moffatt eddies in the cone

Consider Stokes flow in a cone of half-angle $\alpha$ filled with a viscous liquid. It is shown that in spherical polar coordinates there exist similarity solutions for the velocity field of the type $r^{\lambda} {\bm f}(\theta;\lambda)\exp{\rm i}m\phi $ where the eigenvalue $\lambda$ satisfies a transcendental equation. It follows, by extending an argument given by Moffatt (1964$a$), that if the eigenvalue $\lambda$ is complex there will exist, associated with the corresponding vector eigenfunction, an infinite sequence of eddies as $r\,{\rightarrow}\, 0$. Consequently, provided the principal eigenvalue is complex and the driving field is appropriate, such eddy sequences will exist. It is also shown that for each wavenumber $m$ there exists a critical angle $\alpha^*$ below which the principal eigenvalue is complex and above which it is real. For example, for $m\,{=}\,1$ the critical angle is about $74.45^{\circ}$. The full set of real and complex eigenfunctions, the inner eigenfunctions, can be used to compute the flow in a cone given data on the lid. There also exist outer eigenfunctions, those that decay for $r\,{\rightarrow}\, \infty$, and these can be generated from the inner ones. The two sets together can be used to calculate the flow in a conical container whose base and lid are spherical surfaces. Examples are given of flows in cones and in conical containers which illustrate how $\alpha$ and $r_0$, a length scale, affect the flow fields. The fields in conical containers exhibit toroidal corner vortices whose structure is different from those at a conical vertex; their growth and evolution to primary vortices is briefly examined.
EARNINGS MANAGEMENT AND CEO CHARACTERISTICS IN PORTUGUESE FIRMS

The separation between control and ownership in the modern firm creates information asymmetry between managers and shareholders. The superior knowledge about the firm’s operations stimulates managers to manage financial information. We investigate which managers characteristics are more likely to positively influence earnings management practices. Specifically, we study whether the CEO’s age, education, expected tenure and duality of roles affects earnings management for a sample of listed Portuguese firms for the fiscal years 2005 to 2009. Results indicate that older CEOs, CEOs with management or finance background, and CEOs that also hold the position of Chairman of the board of directors are more prone to manage earnings.
Linking predator kairomones and turbulence: synergistic effects and ultimate reasons for phenotypic plasticity in Daphnia cucullata

The seasonal change in helmet size in Daphnia cucullata has been studied for over one century. Recently it has been shown that helmets in D. cucullata, which have been found to reduce predator caused mortality, can be induced by chemical cues released by several predatory invertebrates. However, it also has been shown that tur- bulence induces this trait. The relation and interplay of both inducing cues is not known. Here we present results from lab experiments showing that predator cues and turbulence can act synergistically. Both factors in combination induced significantly larger responses, compared to each factor alone, and helmets reached the maximum sizes found in natural lakes. This result might help to explain the observation of large helmets in this species in nature. The ultimate reason behind the turbulence induction is yet unknown. We link both induction factors to predation, as the ultimate reason, by testing the hypothesis that D. cucullata can respond to turbulence produced by swimming invertebrates. We found that helmet growth increased significantly in direct contact to both the heterospecific Daphnia magna and the predator Cyclops sp. Treat- ments which accounted for chemical cues alone did not increase helmet growth in re- sponse to cues from D. magna ,o rCyclops under these conditions. Together, these re- sults indicate that D. cucullata is able to respond to mechanical cues produced by swimming invertebrates. Thus, our study suggests that both chemical cues and turbu- lence generated by predatory invertebrates might act synergistically to induce helmets as effective protection against invertebrate predation.
Development of Ezogabine Co Crystal Formation: An Efficient Approach to Enhance Aqueous Solubility

Purpose: The bioavailability of a development candidate active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was very low after oral dosing. In order to improve bioavailability, we sought to increase the dissolution rate of the solid form of the API. Methods: A crystal engineering approach was used to design, develop a co crystal of the API. Hydrogen bonding between the API and carboxylic acids were used as a coformer for associating multiple components in the solid state. A number of carboxylic acid guest molecules were tested for co crystal formation with the API. Results: A co crystal containing the API and p -Amino benzoic acid or Benzoic acid in a 1:5 or 1:3 molecular ratio was identified and the crystal structure is reported. Physical characterization of the co crystal showed that it is unique regarding thermal, spectroscopic, X-ray, and dissolution properties. The co crystal solid is nonhygroscopic, chemically and physically stable to thermal stress. Use of the co crystal increased the aqueous dissolution rate by 11 times as compared to the pure form of the drug. Conclusions: APIs that are non-ionizable or demonstrate poor salt forming ability traditionally present few opportunities for creating crystalline solid forms with desired physical properties. In this case, a co crystal of Ezogabine with p -Amino benzoic acid or Benzoic acid was observed and used to demonstrate an improvement in the solubility and micromeritics properties of the API.
Generic Structure of Research Article Abstracts STRUCTURE GÉNÉRIQUE DES RÉSUMÉS DES ARTICLES DE RECHERCHES

As an academic genre, the research article (RA) abstracts play an important role in academic community. This paper aims to explore the differences between RA abstracts by native and non-native speakers of English in terms of the generic structure. Theoretically, the commonly accepted IMRD model (Introduction-Method-Results-Discussion) and Swale’s Move-Step model are adopted to analyse the macro- and micro-structure respectively. It is found that the Introduction Move is obligatory for English RA abstracts by non-native speakers as opposed to the Introduction and the Results move by native speakers. Key words: Research Article; ; GeGenre Analysisneric Structure
A Guiding Framework for Developing Theories Investigating the Design Drivers of IT Use and Value

Understanding the benefits individuals derive from information systems (IS) is a long-standing theoretical and practical issue. To address it, a recommended approach is to investigate how individuals use these systems to better achieve their goals. Such an approach can be implemented via focusing on the distinctive object of study of our field, i.e., the information technology (IT) artifact. Hence, this paper is motivated by the lack of existing guidance on how to theorize about IS use when the research intent is to better specify the role of IT artifact design criteria. We provide assistance to scholars in identifying and relating key constructs based on which design-focused system use theories can be developed. To do so, we build on key assumptions and ideas from the Philosophy of Technology about the nature, the use, and the design of technical artifacts. These suggest that a better understanding of the design-related factors involved in the study of IT use and effects can be gained by studying (i) whether designers create IT artifacts that have the potential to support users' goal-oriented actions, and (ii) whether users can exploit these IT artifacts in a way that enables them to reach their goals. Following on these ideas, the paper specifies the key building blocks that could be used by scholars when developing theories explaining the effects derived from using a given class of information systems. It also identifies the key gaps preventing the achievement of users' goals that arise from both (i) the design of IT artifacts for goal-oriented tasks and (ii) the enactment of these artifacts by individuals. Finally, it proposes a series of steps to help researchers theorize about the influence of design-related aspects involved in IT use and IT value.
Structure of the hot molecular core G10.47+0.03

Context. The physical structure of hot molecular cores, where forming massive stars have heated up dense dust and gas, but have not yet ionized the molecules, poses a prominent challenge in the research of high-mass star formation and astrochemistry. Aims. We aim at constraining the spatial distribution of density, temperature, velocity field, and chemical abundances in the hot molecular core G10.47+0.03. Methods. With the SubMillimeter Array (SMA), we obtained high spatial and spectral resolution of a multitude of molecular lines at different frequencies, including at 690 GHz. At 345 GHz, our beam size is 0.3 �� , corresponding to 3000 AU. We analyze the data using the three-dimensional dust and line radiative transfer code RADMC-3D for vibrationally excited HCN, and myXCLASS for line identification. Results. We find hundreds of molecular lines from complex molecules and high excitations. Even vibrationally excited HC 15 Na t 690 GHz is detected. The HCN abundance at high temperatures is very high, on the order of 10 −5 relative to H2. Absorption against the dust continuum occurs in twelve transitions, whose shape implies an outflow along the line-of-sight. Outside the continuum peak, the line shapes are indicative of infall. Dust continuum and molecular line emission are resolved at 345/355 GHz, revealing central flattening and rapid radial falloff of the density outwards of 10 4 AU, best reproduced by a Plummer radial profile of the density. No fragmentation is detected, but modeling of the line shapes of vibrationally excited HCN suggests that the density is clumpy. Conclusions. We conclude that G10.47+0.03 is characterized by beginning of feedback from massive stars, while infall is ongoing. High gas masses (hundreds of M� ) are heated to high temperatures above 300 K, aided by diffusion of radiation in a high-columndensity environment. The increased thermal, radiative, turbulent, and wind-driven pressure drives expansion in the central region and is very likely responsible for the central flattening of the density.
THE ANALYSIS OF THE AUTHENTICITY OF AUTHENTIC READING MATERIALS IN STUDENTS’ TEXT BOOK

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kesesuaian materi bacaan otentik di buku siswa dengan kriteria keontetikan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan meminta sepuluh guru dan dua ahli dalam pengajaran Bahasa Inggris untuk memberi penilaian terhadap text melalui instrumen checklist. Sumber dari data yang dinilai adalah dokumen yang dikumpulkan dari tiga teks bacaan otentik di buku Pathway To English 2terbitan Erlangga. Instrumen penelitian ini adalah instrumen checklist yang terdiri dari kriteria keotentikan yang diusulkan oleh Mc Grath (2002) dan kriteria materi bacaan yang baik usulan Arias (2007). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa materi bacaan otentik pada buku yang dipilih telah memenuhi kriteria keotentikan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa teks otentik pada buku tersebut sesuai digunakan sebagai materi pembelajaran. The objective of this research was to examine the compatibility of the current authentic reading materials in students' textbook with the criteria of authenticity. The subjects weretwelve English teachers. The sources of the data were documents of three authentic reading passages which were taken fromPathway To English 2by Erlangga Publisher. The instrument was the combination of criteria authenticity checklist proposed by McGrath (2002) and the criteria of good reading materials proposed by Arias (2007). The result showed that the authentic reading materials inthe selected textbook were compatible withthe criteria of authenticity.Thisindicates that the contents of the texts are appropriate to use as teaching materials.
Some biological observations on Mamestra brassicae ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) ( Lepidoptera : Noctuidae ) , an important cabbage pest in Erzurum , Turkey Ş aban

Biology, damage and infestation rate of Mamestra brassicae (L., 1758) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an important cabbage (Brassica oleraceae L.) pest were studied under the ecological conditions of Erzurum, Turkey in 1999 and 2000. The results of field trials showed that M. brassicae overwinters in pupal stage, 3-5 cm deep in the soil. The first adult emergence occurs at the early June. Females deposit 693 eggs as average beneath the cabbage leaves. Oviposition of the females lasts 6-12 (8.4) days. The first hatch occurs in late June. The larvae initially feed on eggshell and continue to feed on lower epidermis and parenchyma up to upper epidermis. The fifth stage larvae enter inside and feed in the central part of cabbage. The remnants of larval feeding and frass are visible between cabbage leaves. After five molting, the larvae pupate in the soil at the beginning of August. M. brassicae mostly prefers to overwinter on the edge of beds where soil is softer and not in contact with water. Under Erzurum ecological conditions, M. brassicae produces only one generation per year and its infestation rate is 38.1% in the field conditions.
Providing Public Goods in the Absence of Strong Institutions

This paper proposes a simple two-stage mechanism to establish positive contributions to public goods in the absence of powerful institutions to provide the public good and to sanction free-riders. In this mechanism players commit to the public good by paying a deposit prior to the contribution stage. If there is universal commitment, deposits are immediately refunded whenever a player contributes her specified share to the public good. If there is no universal commitment, all deposits are refunded and the standard game is played. For suitable deposits, prior commitment and full ex post contributions are supported as a strict subgame perfect Nash equilibrium for the resulting game. As the mechanism obviates the need for any ex post prosecution of free-riders, it is particularly suited for situations where players do not submit to a common authority as in the case of international agreements.