Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Initial Public Offerings in the Tourism Industry: an International Analysis of Taiwan

ABSTRACT This study investigates the short-run and long-run price performances of tourism-related IPOs that listed on Taiwan's two stock exchanges between 1982 and 2002. Taiwan's tourism industry has seen an increasing number of firms going public in recent years. Results are consistent with other studies that IPOs are generally underpriced. The degree of underpricing is more severe when the stock is purchased at the initial offer price. However, it is still smaller than the overall IPO markets in Taiwan, as well as the tourism IPOs in the U.S. After removal of outliers, the island's tourism IPOs perform poorly one year after IPO relative to the market benchmark, while the overall IPO markets show no abnormal return one year after IPO. Moreover, both the magnitude of short-run underpricing and long-run underperformance exhibit wide variations among the sample firms.
Age as a major factor in the onset of multiple populations in stellar clusters

It is now well established that globular clusters (GCs) exhibit star-to-star light-element abundance variations (known as multiple stellar populations, MPs). Such chemical anomalies have been found in (nearly) all the ancient GCs (more than 10 Gyr old) of our Galaxy and its close companions, but so far no model for the origin of MPs is able to reproduce all the relevant observations. To gain new insights into this phenomenon, we have undertaken a photometric Hubble Space Telescope survey to study clusters with masses comparable to that of old GCs, where MPs have been identified, but with significantly younger ages. Nine clusters in the Magellanic Clouds with ages between $\sim$ 1.5-11 Gyr have been targeted in this survey. We confirm the presence of multiple populations in all clusters older than 6 Gyr and we add NGC 1978 to the group of clusters for which MPs have been identified. With an age of $\sim$ 2 Gyr, NGC 1978 is the youngest cluster known to host chemical abundance spreads found to date. We do not detect evident star-to-star variations for slightly younger massive clusters ($\sim$ 1.7 Gyr), thus pointing towards an unexpected age dependence for the onset of multiple populations. This discovery suggests that the formation of MPs is not restricted to the early Universe and that GCs and young massive clusters share common formation and evolutionary processes.
Herschel-ATLAS : the spatial clustering of low- and high-redshift submillimetre galaxies

We present measurements of the angular correlation function of sub- millimetre (sub-mm) galaxies (SMGs) identified in four out of the five fields of the Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS) - GAMA-9h, GAMA-12h, GAMA-15h, and NGP - with flux densities S_{250 μ m} > 30 mJy at 250 μm. We show that galaxies selected at this wavelength trace the underlying matter distribution differently at low and high redshifts. We study the evolution of the clustering finding that at low redshifts sub-mm galaxies exhibit clustering strengths of r0 2-3 h-1 Mpc, below z < 0.3. At high redshifts, on the other hand, we find that sub-mm galaxies are more strongly clustered with correlation lengths r0 = 8.1 ± 0.5, 8.8 ± 0.8, and 13.9 ± 3.9 h-1 Mpc at z = 1-2, 2-3. and 3-5, respectively. We show that sub-mm galaxies across the redshift range 1 < z < 5, typically reside in dark-matter halos of mass of the order of 10^{12.5}-10^{13.0} h^{-1} M_{☉} and are consistent with being the progenitors of local massive elliptical galaxies that we see in the local Universe.
The Development and Application of a STEAM Program Based on Traditional Korean Culture.

The purpose of this research was to develop a STEAM program in the context of teaching and learning a traditional Korean instrument and implement it in a high school class to determine the program’s effectiveness. The STEAM program was developed through a continuous consultation process between a development team and external experts. This program was implemented for six weeks in an 11th grade science class, which consisted of twenty-six students. The twenty-six students who participated in this research study engaged in semi-structured interviews to determine how the students became aware of the STEAM program and verify the applicability of the program. The results are as follows: students recognized the meaning and necessity of STEAM education as a problem-solving procedure that resulted in increased STEAM literacy and a development of concepts through sharing opinions. Most students indicated that they would frequently make use of the knowledge they learned in the STEAM program in their science class because it allowed them to have a better understanding of the problem-solving process. Therefore, STEAM programs in science class are apt to contribute to STEAM literacy through the integration of science, technology and art as well as develop problem-solving abilities by introducing new ideas.
Comments on the revised version

More than three decades after the discovery of the ozone hole, the processes involved in its formation are believed to be understood in great detail. Current state-of-the-art models are able to ::: can : reproduce the observed chemical composition in the springtime polar stratosphere, especially regarding the quantification of halogen-catalysed ozone loss. However, here we report ::: we ::::: report :::: here : on a discrepancy between simulations and observations during the less-well studied period of the onset 5 of chlorine activation. During this period, which in the Antarctic is between May and July, model simulations significantly overestimate HCl, one of the key chemical species, inside the polar vortex during polar night. This HCl discrepancy is also observed in the Arcticand present, . :::: The :::::::::: discrepancy ::::: exists :: in ::::::: different :::::: models : to varying extents, in three independent models : ; ::: here ::: we ::::::: discuss ::::: three :::::::::: independent :::: ones, the Lagrangian chemistry transport model CLaMS as well as the Eulerian models WACCM ::::::::::: SD-WACCM and TOMCAT/SLIMCAT. The HCl discrepancy points to some unknown process in the formulation of 10 stratospheric chemistry that is currently not represented in the models. Here we ::: We : characterise the HCl discrepancy in space and time for the Lagrangian Chemistry Transport Model :::::::::::::::: chemistry-transport ::::: model : CLaMS, in which HCl in the polar vortex core stays about constant from June to August in the Antarctic : , while the observations indicate a continuous HCl decrease over this period. The somewhat smaller discrepancies in the models WACCM ::::::: Eulerian ::::::: models ::::::::::: SD-WACCM and TOMCAT/SLIMCAT are also presented. Numerical diffusion in the 15 ::::::: transport ::::::: scheme :: of ::: the Eulerian models is identified to be a likely cause for the inter-model differences. Although the missing process has not yet been identified, we investigate different hypotheses on the basis of the characteristics of the discrepancy. An under-estimated uptake of HCl :::::::::::: underestimated :::: HCl :::::: uptake into the PSC particles that consist mainly of H2O and HNO3 cannot explain the discrepancy :: it due to the temperature correlation of the discrepancy. Also, a direct photolysis of particulate HNO3 does not explain :::::: resolve the discrepancy since it would also cause changes in :::::: chlorine ::::::::: chemistry :: in : late winter which are not 20 observed. The ionisation caused by Galactic Cosmic Rays provides an additional NOx and HOx source that can explain only around :::: about : 20% of the discrepancy. A :::::::: However, ::: the ::::: model :::::::::: simulations :::: show :::: that : a : hypothetical decomposition of particulate HNO3 by some other process not dependent on the solar elevation, e.g. involving Galactic Cosmic Rays, may be a possible
Dust Characteristics of Massive Star-forming Sites in the Mid-Infrared

Four massive star-forming regions were imaged in the mid-infrared with the MIRAC3 instrument: W51 IRS 2, Mon R2, DR 21, and S140. We obtained high spatial resolution (~1'') images at several wavelengths from 7.8 to 13.2 μm with the circular variable filter, as well as narrow-band continuum images at 12.5 and 20.6 μm toward each region. In each massive star-forming region, one or more sources show deep silicate absorption. For at least two of the massive star-forming regions, W51 IRS 2 and Mon R2, the absorbing material is highly localized and may be circumstellar material in disks or shells. The silicate absorption occurs at least as often around massive young stars as around young stars of lower mass (which are more often observed). The estimated optical depths of the silicate features are consistent with those predicted by radiative transfer models toward ultracompact H II regions, but substantially higher than observed toward T Tauri stars and other low-mass young stellar objects. There is no consistent correspondence between silicate absorption and either the dust color temperature or the 12.5 μm opacity. In W51 IRS 2, the two previously known mid-infrared sources have been resolved into at least six subsources. Infrared counterparts are newly reported for two radio-continuum sources in S140. Also, new mid-infrared sources have been detected in both W51 IRS 2 and S140. We suggest that the infrared source in the southwest of DR 21 may not be self-luminous, but may instead be heated by the three nearby radio continuum sources. The gas density in the ring at Mon R2 supports the blister scenario for the IRS 1 H II region.
The Effect of the El Nino Southern Oscillation on U.S. Corn Production and Downside Risk

El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections imply anomalous weather conditions around the globe, causing yield shortages, price changes, and even civil unrests. Extreme ENSO events may cause catastrophic damages to crop yields, thus amplifying downside risk for producers. This study presents a framework for quantifying the effects of climate on crop yield distributions. An empirical application provides estimates of the effect that ENSO events have on the means of U.S. county-level corn yield distributions, as well as the probabilities of catastrophic crop loss. Our findings demonstrate that ENSO events strongly influence these probabilities systematically over large production regions, which has important implications for research and policy analysis in the production, risk management, climate change, and civil unrest literatures.
INVESTIGATING EMPATHY SKILL LEVELS OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM AND TYPICALLY DEVELOPED CHILDREN BETWEEN THE AGES OF 9-16

The purpose of this study is to investigate empathy skill levels of children with high functioning autism or Asperger Syndrome between the ages of 9 to 16 in terms of diagnosis, age and gender variables and compare the results with typically developed peers. This study was designed as a relational survey method, which is one of the descriptive methods. The subjects were 28 children with autism spectrum disorder (HFA and AS) and 42 typically developed children. Data collected via an adapted version of the “Empathy Scale for Children” and demographic forms. The results indicated a significant difference in empathy skill levels of the children with different diagnosis. The study reveals that children with high functioning autism (HFA) have lower empathic skills, whereas children with Asperger Syndrome (AS) do not differ from typically developed (TD) children in terms of empathic skill levels. Female children with HFA have a higher performance on a self-report empathy questionnaire than male children with HFA and there is no significant difference between females with HFA, AS and TD females. On the other hand, females with AS and HFA autism revealed slightly lower performances. According to the results, younger children (n<12) with AS and HFA do not differ from TD children. Children with HFA, older than 11 years of age revealed lower performances than children with AS and TD children.
Effect of Health Insurance on Demand for Outpatient Medical Care in Rwanda: An Application of the Control Function Approach

In the 2000’s the Government of Rwanda initiated health sector reforms aiming at increasing health care access. Despite these reforms there has not been a corresponding increase in demand for health services, as only about 30 percent of the sick persons use modern care (NISR, 2011). The objective of this paper is to examine factors influencing outpatient care demand in Rwanda and suggest appropriate measures to improve utilization of health services. The source of data is the Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey (EICV2) conducted in 2005 by the National Institute of Statistics Rwanda (NISR). A structural model of demand for health care is estimated to measure demand effects of covariates. The findings indicate that health insurance is a significant determinant of outpatient medical care. In addition, price of health care and household income are among the main drivers of utilization of health care. Being female is found to increase the probability of seeking outpatient health care. Two main policy recommendations emerge from these findings. First, the government should reduce out-of-pocket health care expenditures (OOPE) through subsidies to public health facilities. Second, the government should reduce the premiums for Community Based Health Insurance Schemes (CBHIs) to increase the coverage rate. Keywords : Outpatient, Health insurance, User Fees and logit model.
Design and Analysis of an 8T Read Decoupled Dual Port SRAM Cell for Low Power High Speed Applications

— Speed, power consumption and area, are some of the most important factors of concern in modern day memory design. As we move towards Deep Sub-Micron Technologies, the problems of leakage current, noise and cell stability due to physical parameter variation becomes more pronounced. In this paper we have designed an 8T Read Decoupled Dual Port SRAM Cell with Dual Threshold Voltage and characterized it in terms of read and write delay, read and write noise margins, Data Retention Voltage and Leakage Current. Read Decoupling improves the Read Noise Margin and static power dissipation is reduced by using Dual-V t transistors. The results obtained are compared with existing 6T, 8T, 9T SRAM Cells, which shows the superiority of the proposed design. The Cell is designed and simulated in TSPICE using 90nm CMOS process.
“Striving for Savings” – religion and individual economic behavior

In the Neoclassical growth model the saving ratio and human capital might be seen as the most important factors fostering economic growth. At last since Weber [2005 (1904/05)] it seems clear, that religious beliefs and involvement shapes both social and economic human behavior. This paper tests the hypothesis whether religious belonging and believing influence a household’s economic decision-making in the USA, which was found to foster economic growth, namely the saving ratio at the individual level. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), we find religious effects on saving. Regarding the decision to save money no large differences within the Christian religions, namely Protestants and Catholics, were found. However, large differences exist compared to non-religious people as well as to Non-Christians and Jews.
Some finiteness conditions on normalizers or centralizers in groups

ABSTRACT We consider the following two finiteness conditions on normalizers and centralizers in a group G: (i) |NG(H) : H| < ∞ for every H ⋪ G, and (ii) |CG(x):⟨x⟩|<∞ for every ⟨x⟩⋪G. We show that (i) and (ii) are equivalent in the classes of locally finite groups and locally nilpotent groups. In both cases, the groups satisfying these conditions are a special kind of cyclic extensions of Dedekind groups. We also study a variation of (i) and (ii), where the requirement of finiteness is replaced with a bound. In this setting, we extend our analysis to the classes of periodic locally graded groups and non-periodic groups. While the two conditions are still equivalent in the former case, in the latter the condition about normalizers is stronger than that about centralizers.
Effects of sub-lethal exposure of cadmium on histopathology of gills of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus and the mitigating effects of Cladophora glomerata

In this study, Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus kept in the medium with or without green algae, Cladophora glomerata was exposed to sublethal concentrations of 0.1 mg/l and 1 mg/l Cd +2 . At the end of 15 and 30 day periods, fish gills were removed to investigate histolopathological alterations by light microscopy. As a result of cadmium application; in the gills, changes were observed such as curling and fusion in secondary lamellae, epithelial hypertrophy, epithelial hyperplasia, pillar cell breakage, edema, swelling, aneurysm, necrosis and increased mucus secretion. The severity of the alterations resulting from cadmium increased with dose-time dependent. Histopathologic effects were observed to be lighter in the groups contained algae. This suggests that algae-like organisms in the environment accumulate some of the cadmium in their bodies, causing fish to be less affected.
“Rash” Skin Disease of Rainbow Trout

“Rash”, a subchronic, debilitating and non-fatal inflammatory skin disease has been found in cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in several areas of Japan over the past five years. This condition was observed from small fish (11cm in body length) to mature-size animals, however, most of the affected fish were market size (in Japan, 20cm/120g). Morbidity sometimes reaches as high as 48% and causes a significant economic impact, since those fish loose commercial value. A self-limited clinical course and healing of the lesion could be observed after 6 to 8 weeks. “Rash” signs included the presence of bright red, non-raised, ulcerated or not, defined to petechial scattered lesions on the ventral and/or lateral surfaces of the fish. Histopathological features included a subchronic focal to non-focal, non-suppurative dermatitis with various degrees of ulceration and an extensive mononuclear inflammatory infiltration. “Rash” etiology still remains unknown.
Multiple Risks, Emotion Regulation Skill, and Cortisol in Low-Income African American Youth: A Prospective Study

Associations between multiple risks, emotion regulation skill, and basal cortisol levels were examined in a community sample of 69 African American youth (mean age = 11.30 years; 49% male) living in an urban setting. Multiple risks were assessed at Time 1 and consisted of 10 demographic and psychosocial risk factors including parent, child, and observer reports. Parents rated the child's emotion regulation skill at Time 2, 6 months later. Three saliva samples were collected one morning in the week following the Time 2 interview and assayed for cortisol, a stress hormone. Regression results indicated that multiple risks at Time 1 were associated with depressed cortisol levels at Time 2, but that patterns of association differed across levels of emotion regulation skill and sex. Youth with good emotion regulation skills showed no differences in cortisol across low and high levels of risk. In contrast, females with poor emotion regulation skill showed strong negative associations between multiple risks and basal cortisol levels. Hypocortisolism is a response of some youth to multiple risks, but protective factors can attenuate this association.
Knowledge and Practice of Patients with Breast Cancer about Complication of Chemotherapy

Background : In this study we evaluated the knowledge and practice of patients with breast cancer about complication of chemotherapy referred to chemotherapy ward of Nemazee Hospital in Shiraz, Shiraz Province, Iran, in 2004. Methods: Forty patients suffering breast cancer and under chemotherapy, were selected with a simple random sampling method. All were interviewed and a questionnaire was completed for each by trained interviewers. Results: Overall correct responded answers were 30% in knowledge part and 53% in the practice part. There was no relation between knowledge and practice of patients with demographic variables ( P > 0.05). Considering the episodes of chemotherapy, only in the knowledge part the women who were attending to receive third episode of chemotherapy had more awareness ( P Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that unfortunately there is not effective education about chemotherapy complication, because their knowledge and practice were not in acceptable level. Considering the importance of this subject, it is needed to having educational program for patients to improve patients' ability and skills for coping chemotherapy and its side effect as well as adapting illness
Rhodiola rosea L . in vitro plants morphophysiological and cytological characteristics

Rhodiola rosea L. (Golden Root, Roseroot) is an endangered species and is protected by law in Bulgaria and other countries. Rhizome and roots extracts are used as a stimulant of immune system, adaptogen, and for prophylactics and cure of socially important diseases – cancer, cardiovascular, etc. Schemes for in vitro propagation and plant regeneration were established previously. The aim of the present work was to morphologically and cytologically characterize the regenerants. Concerning flowers, leaves, stem and rhizomes no differences were recorded between the wild plants and the regenerated plants grown ex vitro in the adaptation room, in the green house and in the mountain. To detect chromosome number, commonly used techniques for squash preparations were modified to be used for root tip meristem cells of Rhodiola rosea regenerants. In vitro plants obtained on different culture media were subjected to cytological analysis. The chromosome number in all samples was 2n = 22, which confirms the diploid level of plant regenerants and cytogenetic identity with the wild type. The study indicates that the established in vitro schemes are suitable for mass propagation and production of identical plants of this endangered medicinal species, which could be a basis for restoration of the natural habitats and for establishment of fields for growing plants for production of pharmacologically valuable substances.