Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mass Concentration and Size-Distribution of Atmospheric Particulate Matter in an Urban Environment

To investigate the ambient mass concentration, size-distribution and temporal variability of atmospheric particulate matter (PM), a long-term monitoring campaign was undertaken at an urban background site in Como, Northern Italy, from May 2015 to March 2016. A 13-stage Low Pressure Impactor (DLPI) was used for the collection of size-segregated particulates in the 0.028-10 μm size range. The results revealed a good level of agreement between DLPI and a co-located Harvard-type PM_(2.5) Impactor, allowing them to be classified as comparable and characterized by a reciprocal predictability. The PM concentration levels varied greatly between the different 5-days monitoring sessions, with higher mean mass concentrations during the heating season. Appreciable seasonal differences were found for particles between 0.15 and 1.60 μm that, on average, registered concentration levels 3.5 times higher during the heating season (mean: 28.2 μg m^(-3); median: 24.4 μg m^(-3)) compared to the non-heating season (mean: 8.3 μg m^(-3); median: 7.6 μg m^(-3)). No relevant and significant differences were detected for the coarser ranges (＞ 1.60 μm). Temporal variabilities were influenced by typical PM urban sources (e.g., household heating, traffic), that significantly affected fine and submicrometer particles, and were related to meteorological factors. Ambient air particles exhibited a trimodal distribution: a first and sharp peak more pronounced during the heating season was identified between 0.3 and 0.5 μm and two other slight peaks in the coarse mode were centered on approximately 3 and 8 μm. No relevant differences were found in the shape of the size-distribution between the two investigated seasons. The mean PM_(2.5) (22.4 μg m^(-3)) and PM_(10) (27.7 μg m^(-3)) concentrations monitored in the study area exceeded the annual Air Quality Guideline Values (respectively equal to 10 μg m^(-3) and 20 μg m^(-3)) established by the World Health Organization.
Probiotic Potential of Lactobacillus strains Isolated from Known Popular Traditional Moroccan Dairy Products

Eighteen Lactobacillus strains were isolated from Moroccan traditional dairy products and evaluated for their in vitro probiotic potential. The results showed that all strains tested tolerate acid gastric conditions (pH 2.0 and pH 3.0), while ten of them were bile resistant. Although no bacteriocin activity was detected in vitro assay for the ten bile resistant strains, but they showed strong antagonistic activity versus seven known food-borne pathogens bacteria. It was noted that none was haemolytic. In another hand, all these studied strains were found sensitive to kanamycin and tetracycline, and the majority of them were observed resistant only to one or two out of the antibiotics tested. Finally, four Lactobacilli strains (Lactobacillus plantarum LPL2, Lactobacillus paracasei LPAR2, Lactobacillus paracasei LPAR9 and Lactobacillus brevis LBR) were found sensitive to all antibiotics tried, and showed good hydrophobicity and adherence properties, so they could be exploited for food manufacture and scientific knowledge ends.
Verification of Many-Qubit States

Verification is a task to check whether a given quantum state is close to an ideal state or not. In this paper, we show that a variety of many-qubit quantum states can be verified with only sequential single-qubit measurements of Pauli operators. First, we introduce a protocol for verifying ground states of Hamiltonians. We next explain how to verify quantum states generated by a certain class of quantum circuits. We finally propose an adaptive test of stabilizers that enables the verification of all polynomial-time-generated hypergraph states, which include output states of the Bremner-Montanaro-Shepherd-type instantaneous quantum polynomial time (IQP) circuits. Importantly, we do not make any assumption that the identically and independently distributed copies of the same states are given: Our protocols work even if some highly complicated entanglement is created among copies in any artificial way. As applications, we consider the verification of the quantum computational supremacy demonstration with IQP models, and verifiable blind quantum computing.
Evaluation of the UnTRIM model for 3-D tidal circulation

A family of numerical models, known as the TRIM models, shares the same modeling philosophy for solving the shallow water equations. A characteristic analysis of the shallow water equations points out that the numerical instability is controlled by the gravity wave terms in the momentum equations and by the transport terms in the continuity equation. A semiimplicit finite-difference scheme has been formulated so that these terms and the vertical diffusion terms are treated implicitly and the remaining terms explicitly to control the numerical stability and the computations are carried out over a uniform finite-difference computational mesh without invoking horizontal or vertical coordinate transformations. An unstructured grid version of TRIM model is introduced, or UnTRIM (pronounces as “you trim”), which preserves these basic numerical properties and modeling philosophy, only the computations are carried out over an unstructured orthogonal grid. The unstructured grid offers the flexibilities in representing complex study areas so that fine grid resolution can be placed in regions of interest, and coarse grids are used to cover the remaining domain. Thus, the computational efforts are concentrated in areas of importance, and an overall computational saving can be achieved because the total number of grid-points is dramatically reduced. To use this modeling approach, an unstructured grid mesh must be generated to properly reflect the properties of the domain of the investigation. The new modeling flexibility in grid structure is accompanied by new challenges associated with issues of grid generation. To take full advantage of this new model flexibility, the model grid generation should be guided by insights into the physics of the problems; and the insights needed may require a higher degree of modeling skill.
STATE OF DELAWARE DELAWARE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

IV INTRODUCTION. 1 Purpose and Scope. 1 Acknowledgments . 3 METHODS AND PRINCIPLES . 3 GENERAL GEOLOGY. 4 POTOMAC FORMATION. 6 MAGOTHY FORMATION . 9 MATAWAN FORMATION AND GROUP . 9 Merchantville Formation . 11 Wenonah Formation . 13 MONMOUTH FORMATION AND GROUP . l3 Mount Laurel-Navesink Formation . 16 Redbank Formation . 16 UNIT A . 16 UNIT B . 17 RANCOCAS FORMArfiON . ,. 18 UNIT C . 22 PINEY POINT FORMATION . 26 CHESAPEAKE GROUP . 27 BRYN MAWR FORMATION . 32 COLUMBIA FORMATION AND COLUMBIA GROUP . 35 Columbia Group . 36 Beaverdam Formation . 40 Omar Formation . 41 Columbia Formation . 43 REFERENCES . 45
Salinity Effects on Four Sunflower Hybrids

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is becoming an increasingly important source of edible vegetable oil throughout the world because of its high polyunsaturated fatty acid content and no cholesterol. The increasing demand for this oil may promote increased hectarage of sunflower in the western USA, where some soils are saline or have the potential to become so. Since there is little information concerning the response of sunflower grown under saline conditions, a 2-yr field plot study was conducted. Six salinity treatments were imposed on a Holtville silty clay (clayey over loamy, montmorillonitic [calcareous], hyperthermic Typic Torrifluvent) by irrigating with Colorado River water artificially salinized with NaCl and CaCl2 (1:l by weight). Electrical conductivities of the irrigation waters both years were 1.4 (control), 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 80 dS m-‘. Seed yield and oil content of the seed were measured. Relative seed yield of four hybrids was unaffected by soil salinity up to 4.8 dS m-’ (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract, EC,). Each unit increase in salinity above 48 dS m-t reduced yield by 5.0%. These results indicate that sunflower is appropriately classified as moderately tolerant to salinity. Yield reduction was attributed primarily to a reduction in seeds per head. Oil concentration in the seed was relatively unaffected by increased soil salinity up to 10.2 dS m-‘. Sunflower appears to be well adapted for growth under moderately saline soil conditions. S UNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.), a New World plant, has been developed into a valuable source of edible oil and meal. In 1992, world production of sunflower oil was about 7.8 million tonnes. As an edible vegetable oil, only soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] and rapeseedcanola (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.) oil production exceeded that of sunflower (USDA, 1993). In the USA, about 839000 ha of sunflower were harvested in 1992, with oilseed hybrids constituting about 88% of the harvest and nonoilseed hybrids making up the remaining 12%. Most production in the USA is in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Kansas (USDA, 1993). However, with the increasing popularity of edible vegetable oils that, like sunflower, contain high percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids and low cholesterol, the potential
Asymptotic growth in the linear Richtmyer–Meshkov instability

An analytic model for the asymptotic growth in the linear Richtmyer–Meshkov instability is presented. Analytic formulae for the interface velocity are obtained both in the weak and the strong shock limits, whether a shock or a rarefaction are reflected. For weak shocks, the irrotational approximation is used. For strong shocks, the vorticity in the bulk must be also taken into account. It is seen that this bulk vorticity actually lowers the velocity predicted by the irrotational approximation. An explicit approximate formula is given in this case. It agrees very well with a previously reported numerical solution. Perturbation freeze-out is also considered in the weak shock limit. It is concluded that this instability is driven by the vorticity left by the shocks at the interface and in the fluids.
Locus of Control and Performance in a Management Simulation

" Reviews of numerous studies [3, 4, 6] indicate that individuals who view their behavioral outcomes as being determined by their own efforts (internals) are more effective in their goal-directed behavior than individuals who view their outcomes as being determined by outside forces (externals). Thus, it seems reasonable to expect internals to outperform externals in a management simulation. However, a recent study [1] found no relationship between a personâ€™s Locus of Control and his/ her teamâ€™s performance in a simulation. This recent study raises questions regarding the possible relationship between individual characteristics (e.g., Locus of Control) and performance in a simulation. Since the study used team performance as a criterion, the results are undoubtedly confounded by a variety of team-related variables. For example, in group situations individuals are not equally (nor independently) responsible for the teamâ€™s performance. Moreover, if each group had a range of scores on an individual difference variable (e. g., Locus of Control), the correlation of this variable with a single performance score should yield a coefficient approaching zero. Thus, the relationship between individual characteristics and team outcomes is tenuous at best. Since most management simulations involve team performance, it seems appropriate to investigate the possible effects of Locus of Control as a team composition factor. Assuming that a management simulation is a relatively unstructured task requiring skillful participative decisions, research on Locus of Control [2, 4, 5, 6, 9] suggests the hypothesis that teams of internals should perform better than teams of externals. Thus, the present study investigated the performance of teams formed on the basis of the membersâ€™ Locus of Control orientation. In addition, the study also examined the studentsâ€™ perceptions of the learning value of the game and their interest in the game. "
Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

The brachiopod fauna of the Middle Ordovician (upper Darriwilian) Shihtzupu Formation in the Weixin area, northeastern Yunnan Province, southwestern China, comprises 16 genera and 18 species, including one new genus (Halirhachis) and five new species (Glyptorthis sarcina, Protoskenidioides weixinensis, Halirhachis leonina, Leptellina spatiosa ,a ndLeptestiina veturna). Cluster and principal component analyses of the latest Arenigian–mid−Caradocian faunas of the Upper Yangtze Platform with selected faunas of similar age from other palaeoplates or terranes indicate that the Weixin brachiopods have closest faunal affinities to those of the typical Shihtzupu Formation in Guizhou Province and the Naungkangyi Group of Burma (Myanmar). During latest Arenigian–mid−Caradocian times, the brachiopods of the Upper Yangtze Platform, Sibumasu, and Chu−Ili palaeogeographical regions constituted a distinct faunal province, characterized by a large number of endemic taxa as well as regionally widespread genera such as Saucrorthis, Martellia ,a ndYangtzeella. This brachiopod faunal province has very low similarity coefficients with the coeval brachiopod faunas of Laurentia and Avalonia.
Consistency in Context-specific Measures of Shyness and Boldness in Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Shyness and boldness has been considered a fundamental axis of human behavioural variation. At the extreme ends of this behavioural continuum subjects vary from being bold and assertive to shy and timid. Analogous patterns of individual variation have been noted in a number of species including fish. There has been debate on the nature of this continuum as to whether it depends on context. That is, whether it is domain-general (as in humans), or context-specific. The purpose of our study was to test if shyness and boldness depends on context in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss and to this end we estimated boldness in five different situations. Our data provide evidence of a shy-bold behavioural syndrome in rainbow trout. Bold trout tended to be bold in four situations when the context was similar (when the context concerned foraging). However, in a different context, exploring a swim flume, the ranking was entirely different. We suggest that shyness and boldness depends on context in rainbow trout.
A drift-kinetic analytical model for scrape-off layer plasma dynamics at arbitrary collisionality

A drift-kinetic model to describe the plasma dynamics in the scrape-off layer region of tokamak devices at arbitrary collisionality is derived. Our formulation is based on a gyroaveraged Lagrangian description of the charged particle motion, and the corresponding drift-kinetic Boltzmann equation that includes a full Coulomb collision operator. Using a Hermite–Laguerre velocity space decomposition of the gyroaveraged distribution function, a set of equations to evolve the coefficients of the expansion is presented. By evaluating explicitly the moments of the Coulomb collision operator, distribution functions arbitrarily far from equilibrium can be studied at arbitrary collisionalities. A fluid closure in the high-collisionality limit is presented, and the corresponding fluid equations are compared with previously derived fluid models.
Geologic Slip‐Rate Determinations on the Talas‐Fergana Fault: Mismatch With Geodetic Slip Rate

Detailed new paleoseismic field investigations at two sites on the Talas‐Fergana fault, a poorly known strike‐slip structure that transects the Tien Shan mountain range, document late Holocene slip rates of 11–16 mm a−1. This prominent structure is distinctive in striking obliquely NW‐SE across the Tien Shan, which is otherwise dominated by contractional structures striking generally E‐W. Moreover, a satellite‐based Global Positioning System network spanning the Tien Shan orogen records active N‐S contraction rates of ~20 mm a−1, but limits slip on the Talas‐Fergana fault to <2 mm a−1. This profound mismatch between long‐term geologic and short‐term geodetic slip rates, which may suggest temporal variability in slip, highlights the importance of field‐based investigations as a complement to remotely sensed data, particularly in evaluating models of lithosphere behavior and earthquake probabilities on presently locked faults such as the Talas‐Fergana.
Homogenisation of temperature and precipitation time series with ACMANT3: method description and efficiency tests

The development of Adapted Caussinus–Mestre Algorithm for homogenising Networks of Temperature series (ACMANT), one of the most successful homogenisation methods tested by the European project COST ES0601 (HOME) has been continued. The third generation of the software package ‘ACMANT3’ contains six programmes for homogenising temperature values or precipitation totals. These incorporate two models of the annual cycle of temperature biases and homogenisation either on a monthly or daily time scale. All ACMANT3 programmes are fully automatic and the method is therefore suitable for homogenising large datasets. This paper describes the theoretical background of ACMANT and the recent developments, which extend the capabilities, and hence, the application of the method. The most important novelties in ACMANT3 are: the ensemble pre‐homogenisation with the exclusion of one potential reference composite in each ensemble member; the use of ordinary kriging for weighting reference composites; the assessment of seasonal cycle of temperature biases in case of irregular‐shaped seasonal cycles. ACMANT3 also allows for homogenisation on the daily scale including for break timing assessment, gap filling and ANOVA application on the daily time scale. Examples of efficiency tests of monthly temperature homogenisation using artificially developed but realistic test datasets are presented. ACMANT3 can be characterized by improved efficiency in comparison with earlier ACMANT versions, high missing data tolerance and improved user friendliness. Discussion concerning when the use of an automatic homogenisation method is recommended is included, and some caveats in relation to how and when ACMANT3 should be applied are provided.
TOWARD A CONSTRUCTION-BASED THEORY OF LANGUAGE FUNCTION : THE CASE OF NOMINAL EXTRAPOSITION

Through a detailed examination of a particular sentence type, we outline a formal model in which grammatical description includes the description of use conditions on form-meaning pairs. The sentence type at issue is an exclamative construction we refer to as Nominal Extraposition (NE). This construction, exemplified by the sentence It's AMAZING the DIFFERENCE, bears a superficial resemblance to Right Dislocation (RD). However, NE must be distinguished from RD on syntactic, semantic and discoursepragmatic grounds. The postpredicate NP represents a TOPIC in the case of RD, a FOCUS in the case of NE; this NP receives a metonymic scalar interpretation in the case of NE, but not in RD. We employ the framework of Construction Grammar and seek to demonstrate that it is uniquely suited to grammatical description of the type required here: NE represents a gestaltlike interaction of formal, semantic and pragmatic constraints. We argue for a compatible formalism akin to that found in recent versions of Lexical-Functional Grammar in which argument structure and syntactic constituency parallel a level of representation incorporating categories of INFORMATION STRUCTURE. In addition, we seek to validate the notion-central to Construction Grammar that sentence types are a crucial basis for syntactic description. In particular, we argue that NE is an instance of the exclamative sentence type and that basic formal and semantic properties of NE follow from this categorization. We suggest that the relationship between NE and like exclamatives can be represented in an INHERITANCE NETWORK.
Magnetar-powered Supernovae in Two Dimensions. II. Broad-line Supernovae Ic

Nascent neutron stars (NSs) with millisecond periods and magnetic fields in excess of 1016 Gauss can drive highly energetic and asymmetric explosions known as magnetar-powered supernovae. These exotic explosions are one theoretical interpretation for supernovae Ic-BL, which are sometimes associated with long gamma-ray bursts. Twisted magnetic field lines extract the rotational energy of the NS and release it as a disk wind or a jet with energies greater than 1052 erg over ∼20 s. What fraction of the energy of the central engine go into the wind and the jet remain unclear. We have performed two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of magnetar-powered supernovae (SNe) driven by disk winds and jets with the CASTRO code to investigate the effect of the central engine on nucleosynthetic yields, mixing, and light curves. We find that these explosions synthesize less than 0.05 of and that this mass is not very sensitive to central engine type. The morphology of the explosion can provide a powerful diagnostic of the properties of the central engine. In the absence of a circumstellar medium, these events are not very luminous, with peak bolometric magnitudes of due to low production.
EFFECT OF IPNS ON PRODUCTIVITY, PROFITABILITY AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF MAIZE BASED CROPPING SYSTEM ON FARMERS’ FIELD

Field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2000-01 and 2001-02. Maximum tuber yield of 16.53 t ha-1 was obtained with Sree Bhadra and the minimum of 2.66 t ha-1 with IB-90-12-29. The tuber yield increased with increase in levels of nitrogen and decreased with increase in number of cuttings. No cut treatment recorded higher tuber yield (14.07 t ha-1) and the reduction in tuber yields were 17.77 % due to 1st and 43.78 % due to second cut, respectively. On the contrary the total green herbage yield was maximum (21.24 t ha-1) in IB-90-12-29 and the minimum (18.14 t ha-1) in Sree Bhadra. It followed an increasing trend with increase in levels of nitrogen and number of cuttings being the highest in two cut treatment. The highest return per rupee invested of Rs.3. 68 was obtained from cultivar Sree Bhadra when applied with higher doses of nitrogen i.e. 100 kg ha-1 under no cut management system. The cultivar Sree Bhadra accounted for the maximum total nitrogen uptake (235.3 kg ha-1), total phosphorus uptake (19.5 kg ha-1) and total potassium uptake (281.6 kg ha-1) at harvest. Higher level of nitrogen accounted for the maximum uptake of nutrients than lower level. Similarly maximum uptake (both total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium) was recorded in no cut treatment.
Mechanical and Biological Performance of Calcium Phosphate Coatings on Porous Bone Scaffold

Composite coatings, consisting of calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics and phosphate-based glass (P-glass), were obtained on a strong ZrO2 porous scaffold to improve biocompatibility by combining mechanical properties and biological activity. Powder mixtures of hydroxyapatite (HA) and P-glass in varying composition and content were dip-coated on a ZrO2 porous scaffold and heat-treated above 800°C for 2 h in air. During thermal treatment, substantial reaction and crystallization occurred, resulting in coating phases of HA, tricalcium phosphate (TCP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP), and surrounding glass. The CaP-glass coating layer was highly dense and uniform and adhered firmly to the ZrO2 scaffold. The adhesion strength of the coating layer as tested on a nonporous disk increased with increasing glass addition and decreasing CaO content in glass. The highest strength was about 40 MPa, an improvement of twice as high as that of pure HA coating. The osteoblastic cells grew and spread actively through the coated scaffolds. The differentiation of cells on the CaP coatings was much higher than that on ZrO2 substrate and comparable to or slightly higher than that on pure HA coating.