Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
DETECTION OF THREE GAMMA-RAY BURST HOST GALAXIES AT z ∼ 6

Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) allow us to pinpoint and study star-forming galaxies in the early universe, thanks to their orders of magnitude brighter peak luminosities compared to other astrophysical sources, and their association with the deaths of massive stars. We present Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 detections of three Swift GRB host galaxies lying at redshifts z = 5.913 (GRB 130606A), z = 6.295 (GRB 050904), and z = 6.327 (GRB 140515A) in the F140W (wide-JH band, ) filter. The hosts have magnitudes (corrected for Galactic extinction) of and , respectively. In all three cases, the probability of chance coincidence of lower redshift galaxies is , indicating that the detected galaxies are most likely the GRB hosts. These are the first detections of high-redshift ( ) GRB host galaxies in emission. The galaxies have luminosities in the range 0.1–0.6 (with ) and half-light radii in the range 0.6–0.9 . Both their half-light radii and luminosities are consistent with existing samples of Lyman-break galaxies at . Spectroscopic analysis of the GRB afterglows indicate low metallicities ( ) and low dust extinction ( ) along the line of sight. Using stellar population synthesis models, we explore the implications of each galaxy’s luminosity for its possible star-formation history and consider the potential for emission line metallicity determination with the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope.
Article Commentary: Targeting Chronic Central Nervous System HIV Infection

Central nervous system (CNS) HIV infection is a nearly universal facet of systemic infection. Although anti-retroviral therapy is generally effective in suppressing this infection and reducing its severe complications, reports of continued neurological abnormalities have questioned whether treatment developed for systemic efficacy is optimized for CNS infection. Shikuma et al. report that a ‘monocyte efficacy’ score based on cell culture studies and applied to antiretroviral drugs correlated with neuropsychological performance in a previously reported cohort. Although there are important questions regarding the theoretical underpinnings of both this score and its application, the findings present a novel slant on therapy.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUD GETING AND PERFORMANCE OF REMITTANCE COMPANIES IN SOMALIA

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between budgeting and performance in remittance companies in Mogadishu, Somalia. The study collected data from seven remittance companies using questionnaires. The researchers used judgmental sampling technique of non-probability sampling to select 103 respondents from those companies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency, mean and standard deviation and correlation analysis methods. The study revealed a moderate positive relationship between budgeting and remittance companies' performance (r = .514, p < .01). The study suggests that remittance companies should adopt participative budgeting and give rewards to talented employees if they meet budget goals. Keywords: Budgeting, company performance, remittance strategic budgeting, budget participation, budget control INTRODUCTION The use of budgets as financial planning and control tools for business enterprises is historically a rather young phenomenon. In the United States of America, early budgetary principles in companies were mostly derived from the budget techniques in government. In the depression years, budgets with their focus on cost control became a perfect management tool in US companies (Banovic, 2005). Budgeting is most useful when it is integrated with a company’s strategy (Horngren, Datar & Rajan, 2012). After organizational goals, strategies and long-range plans have been developed, companies prepare budgets. In developing the budget, each level of management should be invited to participate. Budgets are probably the most widely used control devices (Ghillyer, 2009). In many profitable companies, budget is actually a key to their success (Horngren, Datar & Rajan, 2012). Budgeting was defined by many authors in different perspectives; Schiesl, (1977) cited by (Tyer & Jennifer, 1997) defined budgeting as a valuation of receipts and expenditures or a public balance sheet, and as a legislative act establishing and authorizing certain kinds and amounts of expenditures and taxation. Wild and Shaw, (2010) defined budgeting as the process of planning future business actions and expressing them as formal plans in monetary terms. The Tennessee board of Regents (2006) defines budgeting as the process whereby the plans of an institutions are translated into an itemized, authorized and systematic plan of operation, expressed in dollars for a given period. However, in this study the researchers will use the definition made by Wild and Shaw, (2010) because this definition is in line with the objectives of this study. In this research, financial performance is used to measure remittance companies' performance. Financial performance is generally defined as the use of outcome-based financial indicators that are assumed to reflect the fulfillment of the economic goals of the
Demand for reproductive health vouchers and utilization: a case study of output based approach in Kilifi Kenya.

Demand side financing initiatives are different forms of financing health services that aim to minimize financial obstacles to accessing health care and also decrease inequities by ensuring that services are made affordable to poor and underserved populations through provision of subsidies. Vouchers have been expected to improve health outcomes by improving on service quality, improving effectiveness while also increasing the utilization of health care services. Despite the fact that vouchers have been implemented in Kenya since 2006, very few studies have focussed on underlying factors that contribute to low utilization even with high demand for the vouchers particularly in Kilifi County. This study investigates the relationship between demand and household and individual characteristics and also the relationship between utilization and household characteristics. The findings indicate that age, education, marital status and occupation had a relationship with demand for the reproductive health vouchers while for utilization of the vouchers only age and marital status were found to be statistically significant.
Criminal Intelligence

We are often concerned whether information we come by can be used by enforcement agencies as crime intelligence in order to target offenders suspected of committing offences. It makes no difference in the collation of information relating to a specific crime or person whether the person to be targeted is committing thefts, selling drugs or committing wildlife crime offences. For policing purposes “information” and “intelligence” are two separate and distinct things and understanding the difference is crucial to knowing what criminal intelligence is.
HerMES: SPIRE emission from radio-selected active galactic nuclei

We examine the rest-frame far-infrared emission from powerful radio sources with 1.4-GHz luminosity densities of 25 ≤ log(L1.4/W Hz−1) ≤ 26.5 in the extragalactic Spitzer First Look Survey field. We combine Herschel/SPIRE flux densities with Spitzer/Infrared Array Camera and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer infrared data to obtain total (m) infrared luminosities for these radio sources. We separate our sources into a moderate, 0.4 < z < 0.9, and a high, 1.2 < z < 3.0, redshift sub-sample and we use Spitzer observations of a z < 0.1 3CRR sample as a local comparison. By comparison to numbers from the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) Simulated Skies, we find that our moderate-redshift sample is complete and our high-redshift sample is 14 per cent complete. We constrain the ranges of mean star formation rates (SFRs) to be 3.4–4.2, 18–41 and 80–581 M⊙ yr−1 for the local, moderate- and high-redshift samples, respectively. Hence, we observe an increase in the mean SFR with increasing redshift which we can parametrize as ∼(1 + z)Q, where Q = 4.2 ± 0.8. However, we observe no trends of mean SFR with radio luminosity within the moderate- or high-redshift bins. We estimate that radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the high-redshift sample contribute 0.1–0.5 per cent to the total SFR density at that epoch. Hence, if all luminous starbursts host radio-loud AGN we infer a radio-loud phase duty cycle of 0.001–0.005.
Quality of Life After Osteosynthesis of Fractures of the Proximal Humerus

Objective: Most clinical evaluations after fracture treatment focus on pure functional and radiological outcome. However, this may not appreciate the impact on quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to assess QoL and its improvement during the first year of postoperative recovery after fracture treatment. Design: Prospective single-centre observational study. Setting: Trauma unit. City hospital. Patients: From March 2003 to June 2008 inclusion of 269 consecutive patients (72 years, 77% female) was possible. All were treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with PHILOS because of isolated traumatic fractures of the proximal humerus. Intervention: Clinical follow-up examinations were performed at 6 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months, postoperatively. Main Outcome Measurements: Constant–Murley score (CMS) and the QoL (SF-36 questionnaire) were used to assess outcome. All results were stratified according to length of follow-up, age, and fracture type. Results: CMS and SF-36, including the corresponding subgroups Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary, demonstrated continuing improvement during the period of observation. US norm values for the SF-36 were achieved after 6 months. However, speed of progress varied greatly between the scores and age groups. The fracture type significantly impacted CMS. Increasing age and complexity of fracture influenced the results negatively and cumulatively. Conclusion: This study highlights and defines subjective improvements and changes of QoL up to 1 year after ORIF of these fractures. Increasing age and a more complex fracture type is correlated with a deceleration of functional improvement. The CMS shows a definite positive correlation with the unassisted self-evaluation of SF-36, but exchangeability could not be demonstrated. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Contingent Effect of Alliance Design on Alliance Dynamics and Performance: An Experimental Study

A core question in alliance research is how alliance design influences alliance success. Two underexplored aspects of this question are whether the effect of alliance design is contingent on the external competitive environment and how alliance design affects the behavioral dynamics in an alliance. We address these aspects by studying two core dimensions of alliance design, the level of commitment in an alliance and the number of alliance partners. We match two competitive environments, high and low competition, with different alliance designs and vary the number of alliance partners and the level of commitment and experimentally study the aggregate performance and behavioral dynamics of the different alliance designs. We find that with low competition, alliance design does not affect performance much, while with high competition, alliance performance depends heavily on alliance design. Regarding dynamics, we find that aggregate performance is most strongly affected by first-period behavior, while the willingness to forgive a partner's non-cooperative behavior has a more muted effect on alliance performance.
Constructing Maximum-Lifetime Data Gathering Trees in Sensor Networks with Data Aggregation

This paper studies the problem of constructing maximum-lifetime data gathering trees in sensor networks in which the power levels of sensors are heterogeneous and adjustable. In-network data aggregation is also employed to aggregate sensor data while they are being forwarded toward the base station. For sensor networks in which sensors have fixed and the same transmission power level, Wu et al. has derived an upper bound on the lifetime of the optimal data gathering tree and developed an approximation algorithm for constructing data gathering trees. The model considered in this paper is more general than that considered by Wu et al. in that the transmission power levels of sensors are heterogeneous and adjustable. For this more general model, this paper derives an upper bound on the lifetime of the optimal data gathering tree. Given an initial tree, an algorithm is developed to construct a data gathering tree by iteratively rearranging the current tree and improving the lifetime of the current tree. The worst-case computational complexity of the algorithm is shown to be polynomial.
How to Leverage Public Defense Workload Studies

Crushing caseloads are perhaps the most vexing problem facing American public defense. 1 Attorneys saddled with hundreds or thousands of cases per year must jettison core legal tasks—client communication, investigation, legal research—in violation of constitutional and ethical duties. 2 As a result, clients, who have a right to effective, ethical counsel, receive only nominal representation. Workload studies have risen as a forceful tool in fighting excessive workloads. The American Bar Association’s (ABA) Missouri Project paved the way for legislation to provide the first sizable funding increase in that state in many years. 3
The Financial Management of the Small Enterprise

Настоящая работа направлена на исследование особенностей управления финансами малого предприятия. Цель. Определение основных проблем управления финансами малого предприятия и возможных путей их решения в контексте закономерностей развития малого бизнеса. Задачи. Выявление и анализ факторов, обуславливающих эффективность деятельности и рост малых предприятий, а также определение критериев отнесения предприятия к категории развивающегося, т. е. имеющего потенциал к дальнейшему росту и переходу в средний бизнес. Выявление основных проблем в процессе управления финансами малых развивающихся предприятий, причин их возникновения и возможностей решения. Методология. Процесс проведения исследования включал рассмотрение научных работ и нормативных документов по заявленной теме, анализ и обобщение статистических данных, а также результатов собственных наблюдений за деятельностью малых развивающихся предприятий и опросов предпринимателей. Результаты. Проблема управления финансами малого развивающегося предприятия рассмотрена в контексте повышения эффективности его деятельности в целом. Автором обосновано первостепенное значение личности предпринимателя и наличие у него предпринимательского таланта, как фактора, обуславливающего потенциал развития малого предприятия, а также необходимость успешного преодоления информационной проблемы для последующего роста и развития бизнеса. Исследование показало, что проблемы управления финансами малого предприятия главным образом обусловлены отсутствием у предпринимателя понимания значимости достоверной отчетной информации для принятия управленческих решений. Непонимание сущности прибыли и способов управления ею, принципов построения и корреляции основных форм отчетности, взаимосвязи основных показателей эффективности деятельности при условии ограниченности временных ресурсов и, как следствие, невозможности сосредоточиться на вопросах финансового менеджмента ведут к неэффективности управленческих решений. Автор считает, что за счет решения информационной проблемы и построения новой системы управления предприниматель получит возможность сосредоточиться на ключевых вопросах развития бизнеса и повышения уровня знаний в области финансового менеджмента, что будет способствовать большей эффективности принимаемых решений и, как следствие, дальнейшему росту предприятия. Ключевые слова: финансы малого предприятия, управление финансами, развитие малых предприятий, информационная проблема
Oil Price Shock and its Impact on the Macroeconomic Variables of Pakistan: A Structural Vector Autoregressive Approach

This study examines the dynamic effects of the oil price shocks on the key macroeconomic variables of Pakistan. A Structural Vector Autoregressive model is used on yearly data from 1960 to 2014. The impulse response functions indicate that the oil price shocks depress the real gross domestic product while the real exchange rate also experiences depreciation. However, the long-term interest rate and the inflation rate rise as a result of a positive oil price shock. The unanticipated changes in these macroeconomic variables threaten the economic stability of Pakistan; specifically, higher inflation and interest rates hamper the economy’s growth rate. Lastly, the variance decomposition analysis illustrates that the oil price shocks have the most impact on the inflation rate of Pakistan.
A randomized controlled trial of knowledge sharing practice with empowerment strategies in pregnant women to improve exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months postpartum.

BACKGROUND Although there are many benefits to breastfeeding, its prevalence and duration in many countries is still lower than the international recommendation for 6-month exclusive breastfeeding. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether a knowledge sharing practices with empowerment strategies (KSPES) program on antenatal education and postnatal support strategies improves the rates of 6-month exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months postpartum compared with a standard knowledge of breastfeeding techniques. MATERIAL AND METHOD A randomized controlled trial was conducted. Pregnant women of more than 32 weeks' gestation were randomly assigned to receive a routine standard knowledge of breastfeeding techniques alone (control group) or with KSPES on antenatal education and postnatal support strategies (study group). The primary outcome was the rate of exclusive breastfeeding at 6-month postpartum. The secondary outcomes were rates at 7 days, 14 days, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 months postpartum. RESULTS Rates of exclusive breastfeeding in the study group were significantly higher when compared with those in the control group at 14 days (82.5% vs. 52.6%, p = 0.005), 1 month (77.5% vs. 52.6%, p = 0.021), 2 months (62.5% vs. 368%, p = 0.023), 4 months (35.0% vs. 7.9%, p = 0.008), 5 months (25.0% vs. 2.6%, p = 0.012), and 6 months postpartum (20.0% vs. 0%, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION KSPES on antenatal education and postnatal support strategies significantly improve rates of exclusive breastfeeding at 6-month postpartum. These strategies also significantly improve rates of exclusive breastfeeding at 14 days, 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 months postpartum.
Detecting and Analyzing Mobility Hotspots using Surface Networks

Capabilities for collecting and storing data on mobile objects have increased dramatically over the past few decades. A persistent difficulty is summarizing large collections of mobile objects. This article develops methods for extracting and analyzing hotspots or locations with relatively high levels of mobility activity. We use kernel density estimation (KDE) to convert a large collection of mobile objects into a smooth, continuous surface. We then develop a topological algorithm to extract critical geometric features of the surface; these include critical points (peaks, pits and passes) and critical lines (ridgelines and course‐lines). We connect the peaks and corresponding ridgelines to produce a surface network that summarizes the topological structure of the surface. We apply graph theoretic indices to analytically characterize the surface and its changes over time. To illustrate our approach, we apply the techniques to taxi cab data collected in Shanghai, China. We find increases in the complexity of the hotspot spatial distribution during normal activity hours in the late morning, afternoon and evening and a spike in the connectivity of the hotspot spatial distribution in the morning as taxis concentrate on servicing travel to work. These results match with scientific and anecdotal knowledge about human activity patterns in the study area.
Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in Japan: The Miyagi Cohort Study

The association between meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer has been controversial. We examined this question in a large prospective cohort study in Japan. From June through August 1990, 47 605 residents, aged 40–64 years, of Miyagi Prefecture in northern Japan completed a self-administered questionnaire, including a food frequency questionnaire. In the study population, we observed 474 incident cases of colorectal cancer during 11 years of follow-up, to March 2001. We used the Cox proportional hazards model to estimate the relative risk of colorectal cancer (colorectum, colon, rectum and proximal colon and distal colon) according to each of the categories of meat intake (total meat, beef, pork, ham or sausage, chicken and liver), with adjustment for sex, age and other potentially confounding variables. The multivariate relative risk of colorectal cancer in the highest category of total meat consumption compared with the lowest was 1.14 [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.85–1.53; P-trend=0.22]. We also found no significant association between total meat consumption and the risk of sub-site of colorectal cancer. In conclusion, our data do not support the hypothesis that meat consumption is a risk factor for colorectal cancer.
Product Market Competition And Analysts’ Forecasting Properties: Evidence From Korea

In this paper, we examine the association between product market competition and financial analysts’ forecasting properties in a sample of 76,621 analyst-firm-year observations in South Korea between 2000 and 2014. Using the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index to proxy for product market competition, we document that financial analysts are likely to issue less accurate and more optimistic forecasts in highly competitive product markets. In addition, we find that analysts’ reports show more optimism in stock recommendations in firms with high market competition.
Inefficient Market Depth

An investor who uses a limit order in order to trade, instead of a market order, saves the bid-ask spread but incurs an execution delay. Thus, the use of limit orders slows down the rate at which gains from trade are realized, and then has a negative effect on welfare. With comparative statics, I show how some liquidity measures co-vary with investors' welfare. I find that market depth negatively co-varies with welfare while the limit order execution rate positively co-varies with welfare. Indeed, when market depth is due to orders inefficiently queuing in the book, the limit order execution rate is low. It suggests that limit order execution rate should be taken into consideration for assessing market quality.
Cash and card payments – recent results of the Austrian payment diary survey

This contribution presents the main findings of a recent survey on payment behavior in Austria. The results indicate that the predominant role of cash, which is currently used for 82% of all direct payment transactions, has not changed in the past 20 years. In concordance with the results of prior studies, the share of cash payments varies with the payment amount, the payment location, and over sociodemographic groups. Apart from this descriptive analysis, we present possible explanations for the high level of cash use in Austria: the partially low acceptance of payment cards, the size of cash balances, and consumer preferences. Notably, 55% of respondents stated that they preferred to use cash in shops (even if card use is possible); 30% choose to pay by card. Sociodemographic factors alone, such as age or income, cannot fully explain the preference for cash or cards. Preferences for one instrument over the other depend strongly on the attributes that people demand of payment instruments. The survey results indicate that the share of cash payments is high in Austria above all because cash meets most respondents’ demands on a payment instrument better than payment cards do.