Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE INVESTIGATION OF ANXIETIES AND BRIEF SYMPTOM INVENTORY LEVELS OF FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

The Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the pre and post game state and trait anxiety levels and psychological symptoms of female volleyball players. Methods and procedures: This study was carried out with 20 female volleyball players who participated in the games of Turkey Universities Volleyball Championships which was jointly organized in Kayseri by Turkey University Sports Federation and Erciyes University. Voluntary players completed a 20-item state and trait anxiety and a 53-item Brief Symptom Inventory before and after the game. Statistical analysis was carried out after the results of the questionnaire were evaluated, using Wilcoxon Rank Test which is a nonparametric test used to determine the significance of the difference between dependent groups. The significance level was determined as p 0,05). Pre-game hostility, paranoid ideation and the index of additional items were found significantly high when the results of brief symptom inventory were compared (p 0,05). Conclusions: In conclusion, the game stress had an effect on high level of trait and state anxiety scores of female volleyball players who participated in our study. In addition, the game stress has caused significantly higher hostility, paranoid thoughts and positive symptom total levels. Although no significant differences were found, somatization, obsessive-compulsive disorder, general severity index and positive symptom distress index levels, it was thought that these psychological symptoms were also affected by the game stress.
Do Hole-Nesting Passerine Birds Fare Well at Artificial Suburban Forest Edges?

Urbanization and subsequent disturbance, habitat alteration and fragmentation are usually seen as major threats to biodiversity. However, habitat alterations might also create new habitat types that can be used by the local fauna. Here, we tested whether hole-nesting passerines use forest edges next to open grassland areas for reproduction by assessing five golf courses in the Helsinki region in southern Finland. We found a major effect in all species breeding at our sites (great tit, Parus major; blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus; pied flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca): both nest occupancy and the number of offspring were significantly higher at the artificial edges than 50 m into the original forests. We conclude that man-made suburban forest edges provide suitable habitat for nesting, which could be further improved with the addition of nest boxes.
Phenotypic evolution in microalgae: a dramatic morphological shift in Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides (Chlorophyta) after exposure to TNT

Evolucion fenotipica en microalgas: un cambio morfologico espectacular en Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides (Chlorophyta) tras la exposicion a TNT. Un cambio morfologico muy rapido tiene lugar en Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides (Chlorophyta) tras la exposicion de cepas salvajes al potente alguicida 2,4,6 trinitrotolueno (TNT). Las cepas salvajes, sensibles al TNT, tienen una morfologia tipica esferico-elipsoidal. Tras exponer dichas cepas a dosis letales de TNT, solamente sobreviven celulas resistentes al toxico cuya silueta es fusiforme. Estos resistentes fusiformes aparecen como consecuencia de mutaciones espontaneas que tienen lugar antes de exponer las cepas salvajes al agente selectivo (TNT): es decir, las celulas fusiformes estaban presentes en la poblacion salvaje. La frecuencia de mutantes fusiformes en las poblaciones salvajes esta definida por el equilibrio entre la tasa de acumulacion de mutantes y la tasa en que son eliminados por tener una eficiencia biologica menor (10-102 mutantes fusiformes por 106 celulas salvajes). Se propone que la seleccion de clones podria ser un mecanismo de evolucion adaptativa en poblaciones de microalgas asexuales. Este evento opera mediante la seleccion de genotipos pre-selectivos que aparecen como consecuencia del incremento de la presion de seleccion como fruto de eventos catastroficos en el medio ambiente
Employee Training and Empowerment: A Conceptual Model for Achieving High Job Performance

In this paper, the primary objectives were to review the literature on employee training, empowerment and employee performance, and then to propose a conceptual model for achieving high job performance. The review revealed that training when given properly has a significant effect on employee performance. It further established that employee empowerment if implemented properly will lead to improvement of performance of employees. The conceptual model hypothesized that the presence of employee training and empowerment will lead to high job performance. The review concludes with a recommendation for further studies to be done to test the model proposed. Keywords: employee empowerment, training, job performance
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SYSTEMIC STEROID THERAPY AND THE LEVEL OF SERUM IGE IN ALLERGIC FUNGAL RHINOSINUSITIS

Background: Adequate study of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) helped better understanding of the nature of the disease. It involves immediate hypersensitivity to fungus present in the nose and sinuses. This involves immunoglobulin E. Therefore the presence of serum IgE indicates the presence of the allergic reaction.The objective is to evaluate the relationship between systemic steroid therapy and the level of serum IgE in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis indicating adequate therapy. This is a prospective study. Subjects and Methods: Forty patients diagnosed as allergic fungal sinusitis were randomly divided into two equal groups: group A was given postoperative systemic steroids and local steroids, while group B was not given systemic steroids (local steroids only). The patients were followed up for three and six months by testing IgE levels in blood. Results: The total number of patients who had more than 10% increase in serum IgE after 6 months post-operative was 18 patients. Six of them were from group A (Systemic steroids) and 12 were from group B (Local steroids). Conclusion: There was a strong relation between systemic steroid therapy and the level of serum IgE. Thus, AFS should be treated by systemic steroids for a prolonged period after adequate clearance of the sinuses. Patients should be followed up at close intervals post-operative using serum Ig E as it can indicate increased fungal load and the need for further treatment. Key words: Allergic, Fungal, Sinusitis, Ig E, Steroids.
The Heuristic and Measurement Models during a Study of Reading Comprehension Development

How do children learn to comprehend what they read? And, how do children learn to comprehend science text? These are the primary questions driving a longitudinal study in progress since 1983, requested by NIE and funded by the Center for the Study of Reading and the National Science Foundation. This report sets forth the heuristic model and measurement models guiding this proposed seven-year investigation to follow two cohorts of children from kindergarten through fifth grade. The constructs that compose this model are: entering student ability; instructional materials characteristics; classroom management; instructional feedback; instruction in decoding, comprehension, and science; stable hcme characteristics; home support for literacy and science knowledge; and student ability at a second time. This heuristic model is intended to guide each year's data collection. Heuristic and Measurement Models
On graphical regular representations of cyclic extensions of groups

A simple graph X is said to be a graphical regular representation (GRR) of an abstract group G if the automorphism group of X is a regular permutation group and is isomorphic to G. If a group Gι is a cyclic extension of a group G which admits a GRR, the question is posed whether G 1 also admits a GRR. Nowitz and Watkins have given an affirmative answer if Gt is non-abelian and finite and the index [Gχi G] ^ 5. This paper applies some new graph theoretical techniques to inves-tigate the problem if [G t : G] = 2, 3 or 4, whether or not Gι is finite. As long as G x is non-abelian, an affirmative answer can again be given except in only finitely many unresolved cases.
Audit Pricing and Nature of Controlling Shareholders: Evidence from France

This study examines whether auditors are employed as a monitoring mechanism to mitigate agency problems arising from different types of controlling shareholders. In a context of concentrated ownership and poor investor protection, controlling shareholders can easily expropriate wealth from minority shareholders and profit from private benefits of control. However, this agency conflict has been rarely studied, as the most commonly assumed agency conflict occurs between managers and shareholders. Using an audit fee model derived from Simunic (1980), we study the impact of the nature of controlling shareholders on audit fees in French listed firms. Our results show: (1) a negative relationship between audit fees and government shareholdings; (2) a positive relationship between audit fees and institutional shareholdings; and (3) no relationship between audit fees and family shareholdings. These results illustrate the mixed effects of the nature of ownership on audit fees.
SPInDel: a multifunctional workbench for species identification using insertion/deletion variants

The majority of the available methods for the molecular identification of species use pairwise sequence divergences between the query and reference sequences (DNA barcoding). The presence of multiple insertions and deletions (indels) in the target genomic regions is generally regarded as a problem, as it introduces ambiguities in sequence alignments. However, we have recently shown that a high level of species discrimination is attainable in all taxa of life simply by considering the length of hypervariable regions defined by indel variants. Each species is tagged with a numeric profile of fragment lengths—a true numeric barcode. In this study, we describe a multifunctional computational workbench (named SPInDel for SPecies Identification by Insertions/Deletions) to assist researchers using variable‐length DNA sequences, and we demonstrate its applicability in molecular ecology. The SPInDel workbench provides a step‐by‐step environment for the alignment of target sequences, selection of informative hypervariable regions, design of PCR primers and the statistical validation of the species‐identification process. In our test data sets, we were able to discriminate all species from two genera of frogs (Ansonia and Leptobrachium) inhabiting lowland rainforests and mountain regions of South‐East Asia and species from the most common genus of coral reef fishes (Apogon). Our method can complement conventional DNA barcoding systems when indels are common (e.g. in rRNA genes) without the required step of DNA sequencing. The executable files, source code, documentation and test data sets are freely available at http://www.portugene. com/SPInDel/SPInDel_webworkbench. html.
Revised parameterization of Fournier-Forand phase functions for Southern Baltic waters

Detection and identification of oil substances in sea water can be effective only by using remote optical methods. That entails the need to distinguish impurities from natural constituents of seawater. This calls for knowledge of the optical properties of sea water and especially the phase function that describe the angular distribution of scattered light intensities. Measurements of the phase function in the marine environment are rarely performed. Therefore some analytic form of phase functions are needed. One of such forms that adapts well to the results of measurements, is the Fournier-Forand phase function. The parameters of this function are the slope of the size distribution, and the relative refractive index. Since the determination of the latter one is a problematic task, attempts were made to replace these parameters with other quantities. Freda and Piskozub (2007) proposed to parameterize it with an absorption coefficient and the backscattering ratio. However their parameterization demand to find the solution of equations that can be most easily obtained by numerical methods. For that reason, a present paper proposes a simplified parameterization of Freda and Piskozub and provides a simple formulas connecting the Fournier-Forand parameters to the absorption coefficient.
Tropical agriculture and global warming: impacts and mitigation options

The intensive land use invariably has several negative effects on the environment and crop production if conservative practices are not adopted. Reduction in soil organic matter (SOM) quantity means gas emission (mainly CO2, CH4, N2O) to the atmosphere and increased global warming. Soil sustainability is also affected, since remaining SOM quality changes. Alterations can be verified, for example, by soil desegregation and changes in structure. The consequences are erosion, reduction in nutrient availability for the plants and lower water retention capacity. These and other factors reflect negatively on crop productivity and sustainability of the soil-plant-atmosphere system. Conversely, adoption of "best management practices", such as conservation tillage, can partly reverse the process - they are aimed at increasing the input of organic matter to the soil and/or decreasing the rates at which soil organic matter decomposes.
From Regulation to Behaviour Change: Giving Nudge the Third Degree

Behaviour change strategies such as ‘nudge’ have become hugely popular with administrations on both sides of the Atlantic. The practice of nudging, however, raises conceptual and controversial issues which must be addressed in examining the conditions under which nudging can be used effectively and acceptably. A key to a clear conceptual understanding of nudge-related issues is to distinguish between three degrees of nudge. These three degrees raise different, and identifiable, concerns and it is possible to assess the extent to which these can be responded to in positive terms. The compatibility of nudging with other control devices cannot be assumed and, when contemplating nudging, it is essential to be transparent about its philosophical basis, as well as to be aware that different modes of intervention may operate with clashes of logic that threaten not only effectiveness but also the serving of representative and ethical ends.
Central force metaheuristic optimisation

Central Force Optimisation (CFO) is a nature-inspired conceptual framework with roots in gravitational kinematics, a branch of physics that models the motion of masses moving under the in uence of gravity. This paper presents a review of CFO, its variants, and applications to engineering problems. Example applications include electric circuit design, antenna design, water pipe network design, and training of arti cial neural networks.
What is the Relationship between Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and Poverty in Indonesia

The main purpose of this study is to examine whether marine protected areas (MPAs) in Indonesia have an impact on poverty alleviation. It takes municipality and province as unit of analysis, and employs a panel data set from 2006 to 2010 for municipality level and from 2005 to 2010 for province level. In the estimation, there are 294 municipalities and 33 provinces are involved. The fixed effect model is employed in order to control for regional and municipality characteristics. As outcome variables different measures of poverty are considered and compared such as the poverty headcount index, the poverty gap, and the poverty severity. The primary independent variable is MPAs, which is defined using different definitions such as the share of MPAs, an indicator for the presence of MPAs, and the absolute size of MPAs. Population growth and GRDP growth are the other independent variables which control for regional socioeconomic characteristics. The results show a significant impact of MPAs on poverty reduction. It is demonstrated by the negative relationship between MPAs and the poverty measures for almost all indicators of poverty and MPA definition. On average, protection of marine areas gives contribution on poverty alleviation. Beyond MPAs, this paper also confirms existing findings about poverty dynamics. Characteristics of the region, economic growth and population growth determine poverty considerably. Regarding economic growth, the poorer the area the more desirable the formation of an MPA.
Structure and Regeneration Status of Gedo Dry Evergreen Montane Forest, West Shewa Zone of Oromia National Regional State, Central Ethiopia

This study was conducted on Gedo Dry Evergreen Montane Forest in West Shewa Zone of Oromia National Regional State, 182-196 km west of Addis Ababa (Finfinne). The objective of the study was to determine structure and regeneration status of Gedo Forest. All trees and shrubs with Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) ≥ 2 cm were measured for height and diameter. The density of tree species in Gedo Forest decreases with increasing height and DBH classes. The forest is characterized by high density of trees in the lower class than in the higher. Three layers (lower, middle and upper) of tree were identified from the study of vertical stratification of Gedo Forest following the International Union for Forestry Research Organization (IUFRO) classification scheme. The regeneration status of selected woody species was assessed as well as the forest was compared with five dry evergreen forests of Ethiopia. Based on the result of the study, research on the soil seed bank, population dynamics and ecology of endemic species were recommended. Keywords : Dry evergreen montane forest; Gedo Forest; Phytogeographical; Comparison
Surface expression of Mediterranean Water dipoles and their contribution to the shelf/slope – open ocean exchange

Abstract. The generation of dipolar eddies within the Mediterranean Water (MW) layers, at the Portuguese continental slope, was observed using subsurface RAFOS floats. The surface expression of these mid-depth dipoles is here characterized with remote sensing data, namely with sea surface temperature, chlorophyll concentration and sea surface height measurements. Two cases are presented demonstrating the remote detection of these underwater structures in the Gulf of Cadiz during 1998 and 2001. The presence of subsurface MW dipoles in the Iberian coastal zone is shown to influence the development of coastal upwelling filaments. The surface circulation induced by the dipoles causes the upwelling filaments to extend offshorewards and thus to enhance the transport of physical, chemical and biological properties into the open ocean. A numerical model simulation of the ocean circulation around the Iberian Peninsula forced by heat and freshwater fluxes (computed using the NCEP reanalysis atmospheric state) and by the overflow of MW at the Strait of Gibraltar, corroborates the connection between the surface and the mid-depth flows. The high-resolution numerical experiment is used to help clarifying the occurrence of the MW dipoles surface expression and the impact of these dipoles on the eddy kinetic energy of the upper ocean and on the exchange of volume and salt between the shelf/slope and the open ocean.
Maternal Investment by Yellowstone Pronghorn Following Winter Habitat Deterioration

ABSTRACT. Spring and summer-autumn nutrition are the prime determinants of reproductive investment in most largeherbivore populations, though winter severity is known to affect reproductive rates in some situations. To evaluate the effects of a long-term decline in winter habitat quality, a diet shift away from sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) during winter, and differential habitat selection during spring-autumn on pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) reproduction, we assessed female and fawn condition, maternal investment, and early fawn survival in migrant and nonmigrant portions of the Yellowstone pronghorn population in Montana and Wyoming during 1999–2001. Mean female mass at capture in late winter (46.81 kg, SE = 0.66), pregnancy rate (0.94, SE = 0.03), date of birthing (median = 1 June), litter size (1.90, SE = 0.07), ratio of litter mass to maternal mass (0.134, SE = 0.005), fawn mass at birth (3.08 kg, SE = 0.07), and fawn survival to August (0.15, SE = 0.04) were within the ranges reported for populations elsewhere, and birth dates were uncorrelated with female mass and indexed condition the preceding winter. However, fawn age at death (median = 7 days) was correlated with indexed fawn condition at birth, and indexed fawn condition and age at death were significantly greater for migrants occupying higher-elevation interior areas during the summer than for nonmigrants occupying the winter range year-round. Winter habitat conditions did not appear to substantially limit reproductive rates in this population during the study period. Our data suggest that spring and possibly summer nutrition may be higher for migrants than for nonmigrants, resulting in higher perinatal mass in migrant fawns and reduced neonatal mortality.
Uneven Rates of Landscape Change as a Source of Bias in Roadside Wildlife Surveys

Abstract Roadside survey data have been used frequently to assess species occurrence and population trends and to establish conservation priorities. However, most studies using such data assume that samples are representative of either the amount of habitat or its rate of change at larger spatial scales. We tested both of these assumptions for the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) from 1974 to 2001 in New Brunswick, Canada. Our study focused on mature forest—a cover type that we predicted would be characterized by rapid change due to human activities and that is of high ecological importance. We also sought to determine whether land cover changes adjacent to BBS routes were related to bird population trends detected in BBS data. Within all 3 time periods examined (1970s, 1980s, and 1990s), the amount of mature forest adjacent to BBS routes was significantly lower than in surrounding 1° blocks of latitude and longitude. This could be problematic for studies that use roadside data to compare the relative abundance of species. On average, mature forest declined at a rate of −1.5% per year over the 28-year study period. We detected no significant difference in the rate of change between degree blocks and BBS routes over this time span. However, in the 1970s and 1980s, mature forest declined more rapidly in degree blocks (−2.7%/yr) than adjacent to BBS routes (−0.5/yr). We also found that the BBS trend for a mature forest-associated species, blackburnian warbler (Dendroica fusca), was correlated with the trend in mature forest along BBS routes. This, combined with slower rates of mature forest change along routes in the 1970s and 1980s, suggests that BBS data may have underestimated population declines during this period. It is important that research be conducted to test for potential biases in roadside surveys caused by uneven rates of landscape change, particularly in regions characterized by rapid habitat alteration.
Resisting Moral Wiggle Room: How Robust is Reciprocity?

Several studies have shown that dictator-game giving declines substantially if the dictator can exploit situational "excuses" for not being generous. In this experimental study we investigate if this result extends to more natural social interactions involving reciprocal behavior. We provide the second mover in a reciprocal game with an excuse for not reciprocating, an excuse which has previously been shown to strongly reduce giving in dictator games. We do not find that the availability of the excuse has any effect at all on reciprocal behavior, and conclude that reciprocity is a more stable disposition than dictator game generosity.