Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Built on Shifting Sands: Changes in Employers’ Use of Contingent Labour in the UK Construction Sector

There has been widespread interest across various national contexts in employers’ use of contingent forms of labour. The tendency to conflate different contract types into catch-all categories has increasingly given way to recognition of the differences between forms of labour. Despite this, systematic comparisons of employers’ attitudes to different forms of labour remain an underdeveloped area of research. Drawing on an original survey of the UK construction sector this paper offers new insight into employers’ attitudes to different forms of contingent labour and tracks changes in their use. Uniquely, the analysis of movement between different forms of labour goes beyond approaches that focus on the dichotomy between direct and contingent labour to trace a more complex pattern of movement between the different contingent forms. This more nuanced picture of changing patterns of employers’ use of contingent labour suggests an area for development in future research.
Polymorphisms of CYP2D17 in Cynomolgus and Rhesus Macaques: an Evidence of the Genetic Basis for the Variability of CYP2D-Dependent Drug Metabolism

Cynomolgus macaques and rhesus macaques are nonhuman primate species widely used in drug metabolism studies. Cynomolgus CYP2D17, highly homologous to human CYP2D6, metabolizes human CYP2D6 substrates such as bufuralol and dextromethorphan, and the gene is expressed predominantly in liver. Although human CYP2D6 variants account for the variability of the enzyme properties among individuals and populations, genetic variants have not been investigated in CYP2D17. In the present study, CYP2D17 from 87 cynomolgus and 40 rhesus macaques was resequenced. The analysis found a total of 36 nonsynonymous variants, among which 5 were located in substrate recognition sites, the region important for protein function. Twenty-two variants were unique to cynomolgus macaques, of which 11 and 9 were found only in Indochinese and Indonesian cynomolgus macaques, respectively. Eight variants were unique to rhesus macaques. The functional characterization showed that two variant proteins (S188Y and V227I) heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli did not show substantial differences in the rate of bufuralol 1′-hydroxylation as compared with wild-type. However, measuring catalytic activities of the genotyped liver microsomes revealed that I297M and N337D were together significantly associated with higher rates, approximately 2.3- and 11.5-fold, of bufuralol 1′-hydroxylation and dextromethorphan O-demethylation, respectively, in the homozygotes than wild-type animals. The present study provided the first evidence that variability of a CYP2D-dependent metabolism in macaque liver is partly accounted for by CYP2D genotypes.
Selling the Iron for their Shackles: Wandala–Montagnard Interactions in Northern Cameroon

The Muslim Wandala state controlled large areas of the plains south of Lake Chad between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries a.d. The Wandala also engaged in an extremely complex, and often hostile, set of relations with the inhabitants of the Mandara Mountains, which bordered their state to the south and closely adjoined successive Wandala capitals. These Wandala – montagnard relationships had diverse economic, ritual, political and military aspects. Their complexity appears to be due in large part to the fact that the Wandala and many of the montagnard groups share ethnic origins, and to the violent processes by which differentiation took place and the Wandala gained hegemony on the plains. These processes probably began with a Wandala use of trading advantages to gain access to the Kanuri market system and the subsequent use of products so obtained to expand their dominion.
Determinants of Financial Signalling Theory and Systematic Risk Classes in Egypt: Implications for Revenue Management

This paper examines the relationships between the changes in the firm's capital structure and their effects on the firm's market value for three different levels of systematic risk. The underlying assumption of signalling is that when a firm changes its capital structure, its market value might change accordingly resulting in changes in the firm's degree of systematic risk. The results indicate that industry average debt ratio has a positive signalling effect for the medium systematic risk firms only and that liquidity, profitability, timing of equity issuance and financial flexibility are the factors which have to be considered when making debt financing decisions. The robustness of these factors indicates that they are associated with strong financial signals that carry to the investors the soundness of the borrowing decisions. These signals help the firms generate more revenue financing from the stock market.
Ownership, Government R&D, Private R&D, and Productivity in Chinese Industry

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between research and development (R&D) expenditure and productivity in China's enterprises. An empirical model that contains a system of three equations, i.e., the production function, a private R&D equation, and a government R&D equation, is estimated using a cross-sectional data set for Chinese enterprises of various ownership types. We find a strong link between private R&D and firm productivity. Although its direct contribution to firm productivity is insignificant, government R&D contributes indirectly to productivity by promoting private R&D. Hence, providing incentives for enterprises to invest in R&D may be a better alternative than providing R&D grants directly. J. Comp. Econ. , March 2001 29 (1), pp. 136–157. National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore. Copyright 2001 Academic Press. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: L00, O31, O33, P31.
The Effect on Household Income of Government Taxation and Expenditure in 1988, 1998, 2007 and 2010

Governments change the resources available to households through both spending and taxation. This article examines the extent to which the government redistributes from high to low-income households, and how this has changed since 1988. As well as covering market outcomes and the effects of personal income tax and cash benefits on the disposable incomes of households, the distribution of indirect taxes and of government expenditure on in-kind social services is calculated. The results reveal how government affects the distribution of post-tax income received by households, when income is defined considerably more broadly than usual. This article extends Treasury’s previous fiscal incidence study of 1988 and 1998 using 2007 and 2010 data.
When the President Comes to Town

Domestic travel has become a common practice for modern presidents. Many claim local media cover these presidential trips more extensively and positively than the national media, yet no one has examined the validity of this assumption. We begin this examination with a study of local and national newspaper coverage of President George W. Bush’s 2001 domestic travel. Our findings confirm that the local press covers presidential domestic trips both more comprehensively and favorably than the national press. We also analyze variations in local newspaper coverage of presidential visits, finding that the most important factor influencing both the amount and tone of such coverage is the level of presidential support within a community. Other factors discovered to affect either the amount or tone of local coverage include the availability of adversarial sources, whether a newspaper has a Democratic editorial bent, and whether a visit occurred after the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
Satisfied Movers, Committed Stayers

This article examines the impact of interorganizational (quits and layoffs) and intraorganizational (promotions and downward/lateral moves) job mobility on changes in job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The analysis is based on panel data from a representative sample of Norwegian work organizations and their employees. The authors find that promotions increase employees' perceptions of the quality of their jobs and thereby enhance both their satisfaction and commitment. Downward or lateral mobility tends to lower both work attitudes but is unrelated to changes in job rewards. Quits increase job satisfaction, whereas lay-offs have no effect on satisfaction. Both quits and layoffs lower commitment in the new organization relative to the former workplace. The authors discuss some implications of these results for theory and practice related to job mobility and work attitudes.
Efficiency of Experimental Security Markets with Insider Information: An Application of Rational-Expectations Models

The study reports on the ability of competing models of market information integration and dissemination to explain the behavior of simple laboratory markets for a one-period security. Returns to the security depended upon a randomly drawn state of nature. Some agents (insiders), whose identity was unknown to other agents, knew the state before the markets opened. With replication of market conditions the predictions of a fully revealing rational-expectations model are relatively accurate. Prices adjusted immediately to near rational-expectations prices; profits of insiders were virtually indistinguishable from noninsiders; and efficiency levels converged to near 100 percent.
Endothelium‐Dependent Forearm Vasodilation to Acetylcholine But Not to Substance P Is Impaired in Patients with Heart Failure

Summary: It has been shown that endothelium‐dependent vasorelaxation in response to muscarinic stimulation is attenuated in patients as well as animals with heart failure. This study aimed to determine if endothelium‐dependent forearm vasodilation evoked with substance P (SP) as well as acetylcholine (ACh) was impaired in patients with heart failure. Forearm blood flow was measured using a strain‐gauge plethysmograph and forearm vascular responses to intra‐arterial infusions of ACh, SP, or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at graded doses were examined. The drugs caused the dose‐dependent increases in forearm blood flow (FBF) and the decreases in forearm vascular resistance (FVR) in patients with heart failure as well as normal subjects. However, the percent decreases in FVR by ACh were less in patients with heart failure than in normal subjects (p < 0.01). In contrast, the percent decreases in FVR by SP or SNP did not differ between the two groups. These results suggest that endothelium‐dependent vasodilation of forearm resistance vessels via muscarinic receptors is specifically impaired, whereas via SP receptors, is preserved in patients with heart failure.
Forecast Accuracy and Bias in IPO Prospectuses: Recent New Zealand Evidence

This study examines the accuracy and bias of profit forecasts disclosed in prospectuses by New Zealand companies for initial public offerings during the period 1987 to 1994. The results show that profit forecasts in this period are, on average, more accurate titan those disclosed prior to 1987, which were examined in prior studies. However, the results reject the null hypothesis that profit forecasts are accurate. In examining forecast bias, the evidence shows that the forecasts are, on average, somewhat pessimistic, but not sufficiently to reject the hypothesis that profit forecasts are unbiased. Tests of the determinants of error show that larger companies make more accurate forecasts, and forecasts made in the year 1987 are less accurate than in other years. Tests of the determinants of bias show that forecasts made in 1987 are also more optimistic, and that companies with longer trading histories and pessimistic forecasts make less biased forecasts. Forecast period and industry type are not significantly related to error or bias.
Factors influencing the outcome of deep brain stimulation: Placebo, nocebo, lessebo, and lesion effects

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well‐established treatment option for movement disorders, especially for Parkinson's disease (PD). There is a need to determine the role of expectation of benefit and the use of placebo to better understand the effects of electrode placement including the (micro)lesion effect. These factors must be understood to better interpret and attribute the therapeutic value of DBS. In this review, we critically present currently available data on the placebo, nocebo, lessebo, and lesion effects in the context of DBS. We provide a discussion of strategies that have the potential for controlling these effects in the setting of future DBS trials. We conclude that there is a need to standardize definitions for nocebo and (micro)lesion effects and that there are intrinsic limitations in defining the effect of expectation of benefit in DBS. These issues will be challenging to overcome especially with current technology and available study designs. New stimulation paradigms, better study designs, and the use of adaptive closed‐loop DBS devices may facilitate a more accurate assessment of the placebo, nocebo, and lessebo effects in future DBS trials. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Is Cooperation with Competitors a Good Idea? An Example in Practice

Coopetition has become a heated issue in the last decade. In this study, a scrutinized review of previous research on coopetition is presented to clarify the research stream on coopetition, from which the implications are derived and a framework to analyse the phenomenon is proposed. Given the complex nature of coopetition, an in-depth case study was undertaken to investigate the competition–cooperation relationship and coopetition performance over a 15-year period in a Taiwanese supermarket network, which was formed by a focal company and its competitors. Performance was analysed before and after launching the coopetition strategy, in which 31 indicators were examined. The findings imply that competition (Yang) and cooperation (Yin) are reciprocally rooted in and mutually promoted by each other. The findings also confirmed that cooperation with competitors did lead to better performance, at least over a period, in two ways. The first was that the adoption of coopetition permitted the attainment of performance levels beyond what would otherwise have been possible; the second was that the adoption of coopetition changed the timeframe, permitting earlier achievement of higher performance levels. This study contributes to and extends knowledge of the dynamics and consequences of cooperation with competitors and demonstrates that coopetition has a significant temporary advantage.
Determinants of Private Investment: Time Series Evidence from Bangladesh

This article examines the determinants of private investment in Bangladesh using the standard time series econometric analysis. The empirical results partially support the flexible accelerator hypothesis. It is partial in the sense that real interest rate is not statistically significant in determining private investment whereas national output is very much effective in the long run. Further, government expenditure is found to be a significant determinant of private investment, both in the long- and short run. Government expenditures crowd out private investment, however, the effect is minimal as the investment is not interest responsive. Thus, government expenditure can be used effectively to lift output in case of recession while monetary policy is not so effective in recession because reducing the interest rate investment cannot be increased.
Who Are the Contingent Workers in Federal Government?

To most, federal employment means stable work with good pay, good benefits, long-run job security, and opportunities for promotion from the mail room to upper management. The authors' debunk that notion. The authors' definitively establish the presence of a core/ring structure in federal employment. Core occupations are permanent full-time, year-round stable positions, whereas ring jobs are comparatively unstable work situations: temporary, part-time, and/or for a specified period of time. Federal personnel administrators increasingly use temporary, contract, on-call, and part-time positions to control costs. Even when we control for individual characteristics—educational attainment and years of experience—we find group characteristics—particularly gender—reduce the chances of working in a permanent federal job. Is this an indictment against the federal government's reputation as a model employer? Perhaps. At the very least, the potential for gender disparity in employment outcomes deserves further study. Contingent arrangements at the agency level deserve a closer look too.
Perceived distress and endorsement for cognitive- or exposure-based treatments following trauma

This study investigated the perceived endorsement and distress, as judged by novice raters, of two therapies (cognitive and exposure therapy) in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a patient who had experienced a history of sexual abuse. It was found that novice raters perceived exposure as more distressing than cognitive therapy, and that endorsement of the two techniques was related to the outcome of the therapy rather than the therapy description. This provides support to the hypothesis that either a lack of knowledge or a priori beliefs of exposure therapy as a harsh intervention may cloud therapeutic interpretation and be one reason for the lack of widespread adoption of this effective intervention. These results suggest that behaviour therapists may need to educate the public/non-behaviour therapists regarding the sensitive application of behaviour modification strategies and educate new and practising clinicians regarding patient toleration of these therapies.
Diagnosis of Depression in Former Injection Drug Users With Chronic Hepatitis C

Goals This study seeks to define the performance characteristics of 2 common depression screening tests and how psychiatric diagnoses affect adherence to treatment. Background Hepatitis C virus is common in former injection drug users (IDU). Many former IDUs have depression, which may complicate treatment, and are often denied therapy. Study Ninety patients with chronic hepatitis C virus and reported IDU were recruited from a Hepatology Clinic in Seattle. Subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) before antiviral therapy. A psychiatrist administered the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview as the “gold standard. ” Adherence was measured by self-report of missed doses. Results The BDI and PHQ-9 were highly correlated (r=0.75). Using a BDI score of ≥20 and a PHQ-9 score of ≥10, 39% and 52%, respectively, were misclassified as being depressed, as compared with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Maximal sensitivity (85.7%) and specificity (82.6%) was achieved using a BDI score cutoff of 31, with an area under the curve of 0.82. For the PHQ-9, a cutoff of 14 yielded the best sensitivity (85.7%) and specificity (73.9%) with an area under the curve of 0.84. Adherence to at least 80% of medications was achieved by the majority. Conclusions Subjects reported good adherence and outcomes despite a high level of psychiatric comorbidity. The BDI and PHQ-9 were highly correlated but both tended to overdiagnose depression. A high score on BDI or PHQ-9 should not be the sole basis for withholding treatment. These patients should be evaluated by a psychiatrist to make an informed decision.
Employment and wage dynamics in Estonia, 1989-95

This study monitors the effects of economic transition on wages and employment in a former Soviet Republic. Estonia's case is of particular interest because of its early adoption of relatively free labour market policies. Relative wages for the highest educated groups rose for all age groups. There were also rapid increases in returns to job experience, particularly at young ages. Increasing wage dispersion across human capital groups was accompanied by narrowing wage dispersion within human capital groups. Relative wages rose in sectors which gained relative employment, while they fell in shrinking sectors. In addition, there were large flows of labour between shrinking and growing sectors, suggesting that labour market equilibrating mechanisms developed very rapidly in Estonia. Copyright The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1998.
The determinants of men's retirement behaviour in Brazil

This article describes the Brazilian social security system, assesses its retirement incentives, and uses 1980 census data to study the effects of the system and of other variables on men's retirement. Simulations show that the system can potentially have strong effects on retirement, and census data indicate that it significantly influenced male retirement in the expected directions. Self‐employed workers and employers have much lower retirement propensities than employees. Higher levels of earnings and schooling are associated with lower retirement propensities, and agricultural work does not have a significant effect, suggesting that these factors cannot underlie the long‐term trend toward earlier male retirement.
Has Goal Setting Gone Wild, or Have Its Attackers Abandoned Good Scholarship?

Executive Overview We believe that Ordonez, Schweitzer, Galinsky, and Bazerman (2009), in their critique of goal setting, have breached the principles of good scholarship. Rather than conducting or integrating research, they chose to draw their central theme from anecdotal evidence. Further, they employ unrepresentative citations from the literature, the misreporting of results, and the use of emotionally laden metaphors rather than dispassionate language. Moreover, almost all the pitfalls of goal setting they cite, rather than being original, have already been published—by us. In this rejoinder, we highlight these shortcomings
Sports-related injuries in children.

OBJECTIVE To describe the demographics and types of sports-related injuries (SRIs) in children. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective chart review of children 5-18 years of age diagnosed as having an SRI in a pediatric emergency department (ED) during a two-year period. Patients were identified by ICD-9 codes. Data collected were age, sex, sport, ED interventions, consultations, mechanism, location, and injury type. Pairwise comparisons were reported as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Six hundred seventy-seven SRIs fit the inclusion criteria; 480 of the patients were male (71%). The mean ages of the males and females were 13.0 years (SD +/- 3.0 yr) and 12.4 years (SD +/- 2.9 yr), respectively. The six most common sports implicated were basketball (19.5%), football (17.1%), baseball/softball (14.9%), soccer (14.2%), in-line skating (Rollerblading)/skating (5.7%), and hockey (4.6%). Sprains/strains (32.0%), fractures (29.4%), contusions/abrasions (19. 3%), and lacerations (9.7%) accounted for 90% of injury types. Pairwise comparison of the four injury types in the six sports listed showed significant associations for contusions/abrasions in baseball, sprains/strains in basketball, fractures in Rollerblading/skating, and lacerations in hockey. Age variance, including all sports, of the younger group (5-11 yr) in fractures and the older group (12-18 yr) in sprains was significant. The most common injury location was wrist/hand (28%), followed by head/face (22%) and ankle/foot (18%). Each had significant sport-specific predilections. Contact with person or object was the mechanism for >50% of the SRIs. Sport-specific mechanisms followed lines drawn from the sport-specific injury types and locations. CONCLUSIONS The pediatric age group incurs a variety of injuries in numerous sports with diverse sex, age, mechanism, location, injury type, and sport-specific differences.