Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Term Structure Estimation, Liquidity-Induced Heteroskedasticity and the Price of Liquidity Risk

Since the seminal paper of Vasicek and Fong (1982), the term structures of interest rates have been fitted assuming that yields are cross-sectionally homoskedastic. We show that this assumption does not hold when there are differences in liquidity, even for bonds of the same issuer. Lower turnover implies higher volatility. In addition, a minimum tick size for bond price negotiation will produce higher volatility for bonds approaching their maturity dates. To show these effects, we use data for Spanish sovereign bonds from 1988 to 2010, covering more than 700 bonds and 5000 trading days. We estimate the out-ofsample error for each bond and day. The variance of these errors is found to be negatively correlated with each bond’s turnover and duration, while the mean of the errors is found to be directly correlated with the estimated variance. As a result, we propose a modified Svensson (1994) yield curve model to fit the term structure, adding a liquidity term and estimating parameters by weighted least-squared errors to take into account the liquidityinduced heteroskedasticity.
Thermal Analysis of Square and Circular Perforated Fin Arrays by Forced Convection

Heat dissipation is a drastic issue to tackle due to continued integration, miniaturization, compacting and lightening of equipment. Heat dissipaters are not only chosen for their thermal performance; but also for other design parameters that includes weight, cost and reliability, depending on application. The present paper reports an experimental study to investigate the heat transfer enhancement over horizontal flat surface with rectangular fin arrays with lateral square and circular perforation by forced convection. The cross sectional area of the rectangular duct was 200 mm x 80 mm. The data used in performance analysis were obtained experimentally for fin arrays of material aluminum, by varying geometry and size of perforation as well as by varying Reynolds number from 21 10 4 to 8.7 10 4 . It is observed that the Reynolds number and size perforation have a larger impact on Nusselt number for the both type of perforations.
The World Bank and Social Capital: Contesting the Concept in Practice

Journal of International Development: Vol. 9, No. 7, 963±971 (1997) POLICY ARENA THE WORLD BANK AND SOCIAL CAPITAL: CONTESTING THE CONCEPT IN PRACTICE JONATHAN FOX* Latin American and Latino Studies Program, University of California, Santa Cruz Abstract: World Bank loans in¯uence the environment for social capital formation. They may have positive or negative eects. This paper reviews experience in rural Mexico, concluding that in many cases the Bank appears to be contributing to the dismantling of social capital more than to its construction. # 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. J. Int. Dev. 9: 963±971 (1997) No. of Figures: 0. No. of Tables: 0. No. of References: 8. THE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT How is the concept of social capital contested in the world of development policy debates? The most notable appropriation of the concept by international policy- makers so far is at the World Bank, as Harriss' introductory essay points out. However, few researchers have yet focused speci®cally on the concept's implications for actually-existing development projects and policies. Since many critics of the Bank have focused on the impact of its policies and lending on local communities, the concept of social capital may indeed prove to be a `missing link', insofar as many Bank-funded projects may produce economic capital accumulation for some, but social decapitalization for others. Infrastructure projects that involve large-scale forced resettlement and the disarticulation of indigenous communities are perhaps the most well-known examples. Some Bank analysts are now beginning to make the connection between the intellectual recognition of social capital's potential contribution and actual institu- tional policies and actions. One nuanced recent essay concludes by signalling ®ve areas for action. The ®rst recommendation is: `Do Your Homework, Do No Harm F F F Such assessments would prevent projects from weakening existing positive * Correspondence to J. Fox. e-mail: jafox@cats.ucsc. edu CCC 0954±1748/97/070963±09$17.50 # 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular Diversity of Microbes with Probable Degradative Genes in Agricultural Soil Contaminated with Bonny Light Crude Oil

This study looked at the diversity of microorganisms persistent in agricultural soil sample polluted with 100 ml of 100% Nigerian Bonny light crude oil left for four years. DNA from crude oil polluted agricultural soil sample was extraction using ZYMO soil DNA extraction Kit. DNA sequencing was performed by Next Generation Sequencing Technique [NGST] using automated PCR cycle- Genome Sequencer™ FLX System from 454 Life Sciences™ and Roche Applied. Sequence analysis and alignment was performed using Vecton NTI suite 9 (InforMax, Inc.). The resulting nucleotide sequences were compared to sequences obtained from GenBank by BLASTx analysis using CLO Bio software as well as BLASTn using NCBI. Molecular Identities of microbial community was obtained by creating different dendrograms. Gene sequencing carried out read 513 different nucleotide sequences. Seven phyla with 47 corresponding culture-dependent species and 169 culture-independent bacteria clone were obtained. The resultant tree showed cladogram of proteobacteria ( b and g - proteobacteria), bacteria/enterobacteria, firmicutes, plantomycetes, acidobacteria group/ fibrobacteres, Bacteriodetes/chlorobi Actinobacteria/high G + C and chloriflexi phyla. Furher taxonomical classification was carried out with reads of sufficient Q scores (> q30) and lengths and a total of 420 read count of top kingdom classification of 100% bacteria kingdom was obtained. Proteobacteria phyla of class betaproteobacteria, order Burkholderiales and family Comamonadaceae had the highest read count with percentage diversity of 57.14%, 53.81%, 53.81 and 53.57% respectively. The nucleotide sequences with no hit (208) was sent to Genbank for asigning of ascension number. The detection of these diverse organisms from crude oil polluted agricultural soil left for four years, depict that the organism probably, have degradative genes which aided their survival.
Using Servqual to Examine Service Quality in the Classroom: Analyses of Undergraduate and Executive Education Operations Management Courses

This article examines service quality provided in the classroom, by applying the Servqual instrument in twooperations management (OM) courses located at the two extremes of the higher education spectrum. The firstServqual gap analysis assessed an OM undergraduate course (at the low end of the spectrum), whereas thesecond Servqual gap analysis appraised an OM executive education course (at the highest end of the spectrum). This paper also reviews the theoretical background of service quality in higher education, and associatedassessment methods identified in the literature. Findings indicate that the use of Servqual results could lead toimproving the performance of service quality dimensions in the classroom at the undergraduate level, andexpectations of undergraduate students and executive education participants could be exceeded on multipleservice quality dimensions such as reliability, responsiveness, and tangibles.
An Investigation of the Learnability of Relative Clauses by EFL Learners

Relative clauses as complex syntactic structures in human languages have attracted the attention of a lot of second language acquisition researchers. They are difficult for learners to produce, comprehend and imitate. The present study was an attempt to investigate the learnability of the English relative clauses by Persian learners. After discussing the importance of relative clauses, the role it plays in language acquisition, the hypotheses were proposed and investigated. The findings show that the acquisition or frequency rank order of four types of relative clauses was OS > OO > SS > SO, and that OS and OO relative clause types would be easier to acquire than SS and SO types.
Repository 3-2012 Tool Use in Fishes

Tool use was once considered the sole domain of humans. Over the last 40 years, however, it has become apparent that tool use may be widespread across the animal kingdom. Pioneering studies in primates have shaped the way we think about tool use in animals, but have also lead to a bias both in terms of our expectations about which animals should be capable of using tools and the working definition of tool use. Here I briefly examine tool use in terrestrial animals and consider the constraints of the current working definition of tool use in fishes. Fishes lack grasping limbs and operate underwater where there are clear constraints with respect to the physics of tool use that differ dramatically from the terrestrial environment. I then examine all of the documented accounts of tool use in fishes. The review reveals that tool use seems to be confined to a limited number of fish taxa, particularly the wrasse, which may show similarities with the greater than expected number of examples of tool use in primates and corvids amongst mammals and birds, respectively. As fish are seldom studied as intensely as birds and mammals, there is a clear need for further observation of tool use in fishes. It is likely that further examples will be unveiled allowing us to perform comparative analyses of the evolution of tool use in fish.
A Comparative Analysis of the Reinforcing Efficiency of Silsesquioxane Nanoparticles versus Apatite Nanoparticles in Chitosan Biocomposite Fibres

A comparative analysis of the effects of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and hydroxyapatite (HA) for reinforcing chitosan (CS) is given here. Wet-spun CS nanocomposite fibres, blended with HA or POSS nanoparticles, at varying concentrations ranging from 1 to 9% (w/w) were stretched until rupture to determine the mechanical properties related to the elasticity (yield strength and strain, stiffness, resilience energy) and fracture (fracture strength strain and toughness) of the composite. Two-factor analysis of variance of the data concluded that only the fracture-related properties were sensitive to interaction effects between the particle type and concentration. When particle type is considered, the stiffness and yield strength of CS/POSS fibres are higher than CS/HA fibres—the converse holds for yield strain, extensibility and fracture toughness. With regards to sensitivity to particle concentration, stiffness and yield strength reveal trending increase to a peak value (the optimal particle concentration associated with the critical aggregation) and trending decrease thereafter, with increasing particle concentration. Although fracture strength, strain at fracture and fracture toughness are also sensitive to particle concentration, no apparent trending increase/decrease is sustained over the particle concentration range investigated here. This simple study provides further understanding into the mechanics of particle-reinforced composites—the insights derived here concerning the optimized mechanical properties of chitosan composite fibre may be further developed to permit us to tune the mechanical properties to suit the biomedical engineering application.
ARPN Journal of Science and Technology::University Students’ Attitudes Concerning OTC Drug Use; Survey from Istanbul

Objectives: Young population is thought to use fewer drugs however their drug use habit is important especially in countries like Turkey in which young generation constitutes main part of the population. Thus it becomes important to investigate their knowledge, perception and habits about drug use. Methods: A total 205 university students were included in the study. 120 of the students were from medically relevant schools and 85 were other faculty students. Survey includes questions about their socio-demographic properties, their knowledge and habits about drug use and previous experience with prescription medicine. Results: 66% of the students’ consulted to the doctor for a health problem during the past 1 year and 71.7% of them used medicine for that reason. Half of the students used drugs without prescription, 31% of the students’ recommended their medicine to their relatives. Female students drug usage without prescription was significantly higher than male students (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that students have some inaccurate habits about medicine use which needs to be taken into consideration and training should be conducted to improve their knowledge and attitude. In this respect corresponding authorities like Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education can put into service some awareness-raising applications concerning OTC (over the counter) drugs.
Uniqueness, strong forms of uniqueness and negative powers of contractions

for every e 6∈ E. A set of multiplicity is a set which is not a set of uniqueness. Cantor [5] showed in 1870 that finite sets (in particular the empty set) are sets of uniqueness, and more generally that “reducible” countable sets are sets of uniqueness. It was only in 1908 that Young [32] was able to prove that all countable sets are sets of uniqueness. We will be only interested here in closed sets (we refer to Kechris–Louveau [20] for a discussion of the notion of uniqueness for nonclosed sets). In this case E is a set of multiplicity if and only if there exists a nonzero pseudofunction, i.e. a distribution S (see Section 2) such that Ŝ(n)−−−−→ |n|→∞ 0 ,
Judge me, judge me not: The role of eye size and observer gender on acquaintance rape

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of eye size and observer gender on perceived initial attraction, honesty, and attributions of responsibility for rape. A 3 (eye size: small vs. normal vs. large) x 2 (observer gender: female vs. male) experimental design was tested. Ninety participants (45 women and 45 men) observed one of three randomly assigned female faces (with eye size manipulation), and rated initial attraction and honesty. They were then asked to read an acquaintance rape scenario with a traditional woman, rating the victim and perpetrator responsibility. Eye size was shown to affect all the study variables: the female face with large eyes was seen as more attractive and honest, was held less responsible for her own victimization, and the offender was held more responsible. Gender was proven to affect perceived initial attraction and victim responsibility. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
Plasticity of Traits and Correlations in Two Populations of Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae) Differing in Environmental Heterogeneity

Ecological theory predicts that a generalist strategy should be more favored in changing environments than in stable environments. I tested whether phenotypic plasticity is greater in plants from a temporally heterogeneous habitat than in plants from a more homogeneous habitat. In addition, I evaluated whether the environmental heterogeneity of the original habitat influences the relationship between environmental stress and phenotypic integration, i.e., the degree of correlation among phenotypic traits. The perennial weed Convolvulus arvensis L. was used as a model species. Plants were collected in agrestal (oat field) and ruderal (wasteland) populations located in the same area of central Chile. In situ measurements during the growing season determined that the agrestal habitat was heterogeneous and the ruderal habitat homogeneous for soil moisture, but both habitats were heterogeneous for light intensity. Phenotypic plasticity to light and moisture was evaluated in a common garden, with two light levels (100% and 20% full sunlight) and two moisture treatments (control and low watering). Although the magnitude of phenotypic plasticity to light was very similar in plants coming from the agrestal and ruderal habitats, plastic response to moisture was greater in plants from the agrestal habitat. These results agree with the determination of habitat temporal heterogeneity for light and moisture availability, and hence support the tenet of predominance of a generalist strategy in changing environments. A positive relationship between environmental stress and phenotypic integration was verified. This relationship was stronger in plants from the ruderal habitat. These results contribute to the elucidation of the ecological significance of phenotypic integration in plants.
THE SUBSTITUTION EFFECT BETWEEN MANAGERIAL CONTROL MECHANISMS AND ITS EFFECT ON THE CREATION OF VALUE IN REFERENCE TO FIRM DIVERSIFICATION

This paper aims to investigate the relationships between two governance mechanisms such as active shareholder control and the board of directors, as well as their effect on the creation of value for the shareholder, using firm diversification strategy as the moderating variable. These relationships indicate the existence of a substitution effect between both governance mechanisms, with a more inactive board in firms with large shareholders. On the other hand, the analysis of governance mechanisms and firm diversification strategy indicate the positive effect of shareholder concentration on the creation of value for shareholders in non-diversified firms and, the positive effect of the board of administration on the creation of value for shareholders in diversified firms.
Apicultura y organizaciones de apicultores entre los mayas de Yucatán

In Mayan communities, beekeeping continues to be an important but complementary activity, whose logic and conditions of production are opposed to the new norms of the international market. The integration of apicultural organizations is considered as a strategy for the “modernization” of beekeeping and the commercialization of the honey in better quality. The present research deals with the meaning that beekeeping has for the members of such organizations, and it explores the expectations, interests and training processes of the members, analyzing finally how are the relationships between these organizations and external agents and institutions. The research is based on interviews and observations made in 12 apicultural organizations between 2005 and 2006, as part of the research project of the INAH Regional Center Yucatan, entitled “Indigenous Organizations and Processes of Development in Mayan Communities in Southern Yucatan”.
Malthus in Rwanda? Scarcity, Survival and Causes of the Genocide

This paper does two things. First, it develops a game theoretical model over population groups that optimize their survival under resource scarce conditions. The model includes two rather obvious, but in the theoretical literature neglected, strategies - survival by migration and, once a conflict is ignited, survival by taking refuge. Results include determinants of migration and refugee flows, the threshold for violent conflict and its intensity. Second, it derives the necessary and sufficient conditions for a genocide and applies the model in order to analyze the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. It suggests that the extremist regime that seized power on April 6th 1994, while being on a genocide agenda exploited the underlying resource scarce conditions by way of forcefully destroying property rights and massively support appropriative actions, thereby facilitating the killings and persecutions of Tutsis on the scale of a genocide. Finally, key to understanding the scope of the genocide in 1994, is suggested to be that the extremist regime was not only the active support of appropriative actions, but the simultaneous and deliberate destroying of the refugee infrastructure. The difference in the level of refugee infrastucture can possibly explain why earlier violent episodes had lower conflict intensity although sharing some similar characteristics.
Transient simulations of the present and the last interglacial climate using the Community Climate System Model version 3: effects of orbital acceleration

Abstract. Numerical simulations provide a considerable aid in studying past climates. Out of the various approaches taken in designing numerical climate experiments, transient simulations have been found to be the most optimal when it comes to comparison with proxy data. However, multi-millennial or longer simulations using fully coupled general circulation models are computationally very expensive such that acceleration techniques are frequently applied. In this study, we compare the results from transient simulations of the present and the last interglacial with and without acceleration of the orbital forcing, using the comprehensive coupled climate model CCSM3 (Community Climate System Model version 3). Our study shows that in low-latitude regions, the simulation of long-term variations in interglacial surface climate is not significantly affected by the use of the acceleration technique (with an acceleration factor of 10) and hence, large-scale model–data comparison of surface variables is not hampered. However, in high-latitude regions where the surface climate has a direct connection to the deep ocean, e.g. in the Southern Ocean or the Nordic Seas, acceleration-induced biases in sea-surface temperature evolution may occur with potential influence on the dynamics of the overlying atmosphere.
New Very Low Frequency Oscillator Using only a Single CFOA

Some time back, Elwakil presented a systematic method of realizing Very Low frequency (VLF) oscillators using current feedback operational amplifiers (CFOA) and demonstrated that the classical Wienbridge oscillator, employing the concept of composite resistor (containing two positive and one negative resistance) can be tailored to generate VLF oscillations. The circuit proposed by Elwakil, however, required two CFOAs along with six resistors and two capacitors. The object of this paper is to report a new VLF oscillator circuit which, in contrast to Elwakil’s circuit, requires onlya single CFOA. The workability of the new circuit has been demonstrated by experimental results using commercially available AD844type CFOAs.
Morality in Africa: Yesterday and today The reasons for the contemporary crisis

We are experiencing the results of moral decline in South Africa and on the continent at large daily. Academics are also worried by this “moral vacuum”. It seems as if something important has disappeared and nothing good has replaced it. This article will, by way of introduction, mention some of the moral virtues of traditional Africa. They reveal a stark contrast with contemporary “morality”. The main emphasis will be on the possible reasons for the present moral decline, because knowledge about the causes may assist us in our search for solutions. By quoting extensively from African authors on the topic the article provides an in-depth look at the following reasons for the moral crisis: (1) some general characteristics of traditional morality, (2) inherent weaknesses in traditional morality and (3) different external influences. The article concludes with a few ideas of how the challenge of the moral crisis can be met from a Christian perspective.
Reionization in sterile neutrino cosmologies

From the point of view of cosmology, the defining property of keV mass sterile neutrinos is that they behave as warm dark matter (WDM). In contrast to CDM, warm particles are kinematically energetic at early times and thus free stream out of small-scale primordial perturbations, inducing a cut-off in the power spectrum of density fluctuations. On large scales unaffected by the free streaming cut-off, structure formation is very similar in CDM and sterile neutrino cosmologies (and in WDM in general), but on scales comparable to or smaller than the cut-off, structure formation proceeds in a fundamentally different way in the two cases. No haloes form below a certain mass scale determined by the cut-off and the formation of small haloes above the cut-off is delayed (see Colin et al. 2000, Bode et al. 2001, Avila-Reese et al. 2001, Viel et al. 2005, Lovell et al. 2012, Schneider et al. 2012, Bose et al. 2016a, 2017).