Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
1 EX / W-1 Heating , Current Drive and Energetic Particles Studies on JET in Preparation of ITER Operation

This paper summarizes the recent work on JET in the three areas of heating, current drive and energetic particles. The achievements have extended the possibilities of JET, have a direct connection to ITER operation and provide new and interesting physics. Toroidal rotation profiles of plasmas heated far off axis with little or no refueling or momentum input are hollow with only small differences on whether the power deposition is located on the low field side or on the high field side. With LH current drive the magnetic shear was varied from slightly positive to negative. The improved coupling (through the use of plasma shaping and CD4) allowed up to 3.4 MW of PLH in ITB plasmas with more than 15MW of combined NBI and ICRF heating. The q profile with negative magnetic shear and the ITB could be maintained for the duration of the high heating pulse (8s). Fast ions have been produced in JET with ICRF to simulate alpha particles: by using third harmonic He heating, beam injected He at 120 kV were accelerated to energies above 2 MeV, taking advantage of the unique capability of JET to use NBI with He and to confine MeV class ions. ICRF heating was used to replicate the dynamics of alpha heating and the control of an equivalent Q=10 "burn" was simulated.
PRIMING COMPARISON OF CORTICATED AND DECORTICATED MANGO SEEDS FOR PRODUCTIVE SEEDLING ROOTSTOCKS

Mango, botanically named as Mangifera indica L. , occupies a prominent place among the fruit crops in the world and is the best known important fruit possesses excellent taste, flavour and aroma. It belongs to the family Anacardiaceae and regarded as the king of the fruits in tropical and subtropical areas of the world (Kirshnan et al., 2009). In Pakistan it is grown as the second largest crop after citrus (Raza et al., 2017; Badar et al., 2019). The healthy and quality seedlings are the basic foundation for successful mango industry. Mango is generally multiplied by seed (sexual) or vegetative (asexual) means (Gholap and Polara, 2015; Pinto et al., 2018). The seed possess both characteristics of polyembryonic and monoembryonic. Polyembroynic seed is able to produce more than one embryo and they are zygotic (sexual) and nucellar seedlings which are identical to the parent plant (Ruiz et al., 2000; Bally, 2006; Ram and Litz, 2009; Khan et al., 2017). Monoembyonic varieties in nature may produce a single zygotic embryo which is a cross between maternal and parental parents. Though, both zygotic and nucellar seedlings may be used as a rootstock (Bally, 2006; Kolekar et al., 2017; Pinto et al., 2018). To raise seedling rootstocks, generally mango is propagated by seed/stones and seed takes time for germination. Hard seed coat is the main reason to take more time for germination. Impermeability to water and gases, physiological immaturity of embryo, deficiency of few endogenous growth promoters or excess of growth inhibitors are the other reasons for delay in germination (Thakriya et al., 2017). Besides mango stones are recalcitrant in nature and have poor viability. The viability of the seeds is usually reduced after fifteen days of the fruit harvest as reported by Pinto et al. (2008). The availability of the mango seed in semiarid regions is usually in during May to July and these are the drier months of the years because of which the germination percentage and vigour in these localities is very low. The synchronization and rapid seed emergence are the commonly reported benefits of pre-sowing applications on germination and seedling growth (Kumar et al., 2008; Patel et al., 2016; Patel et al., 2017). The removal of the endocarp (decorticated seed) is also considered one of the pre-sowing practices of the seed to accelerate germination of mango Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 56(4), 839-846; 2019 ISSN (Print) 0552-9034, ISSN (Online) 2076-0906 DOI: 10.21162/PAKJAS/19.9013 http://www.pakjas. com.pk
Illustrating Trends in Nitrogen Oxides Across the United States Using Sonification

Space-based measurements of NO2 tropospheric column density began over two decades ago with the launch of the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) instrument on board the ERS-2 satellite in 1996 [5]. Only NO2, rather than total NOx is measured due to its spectroscopic properties. Since then, several additional instruments have been launched, including the SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) [6], Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) [7], and GOME-2 [8]. All these instruments are carried on board polar orbiting satellites which allows them to observe the entire globe in 1–6 days, depending on the instrument and operational mode. Space-based observations of NO2 offer a level of combined spatial and temporal coverage not possible with groundor aircraftbased instruments. This offers several notable advantages, such as the ability to observe an entire urban and suburban area, to compare multiple urban areas across the globe using the same instrument, and the ability to monitor episodic events (biomass burning, lightning) difficult to track with other types of instruments. Multiple papers have made use of these properties to investigate both anthropogenic [9–18] and natural NOx emissions [19–24]. The result of these measurements is a “tropospheric vertical column density” (tVCD), usually in units of molecules/cm. This is the total number of molecules of NO2 over one square centimeter of the Earth’s surface between the surface and the top of the troposphere (typically ∼ 12 km). Rural areas considered “clean” typically have tVCDs of ≤ 1 × 10 molec. cm−2. Highly polluted areas such as Los Angeles, CA, USA or Beijing, China have tVCDs in excess of 1× 10 molec. cm−2. Measurements of O3 from space can be done similarly to measurements of NO2 using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and are almost always measured by the same satellites. However, measurements of tropospheric O3 are complicated by the high concentration of O3 in the stratosphere. Whereas the tropospheric and stratospheric components of the total NO2 vertical column density are similar orders of magnitude, the tropospheric compoABSTRACT
On the computer experiments of Kasman

В 2007 году Касман провел серию оригинальных компьютерных экспериментов с кинками уравнения синус-Гордона, движущимися вдоль искусственных последовательностей ДНК. Были рассмотрены две последовательности. Каждая состояла из двух частей, разделенных границей. Левая часть первой из последовательностей содержала повторяющиеся триплеты TTA, кодирующие лейцины, а правая часть содержала повторяющиеся триплеты CGC, кодирующие аргинины. Во второй последовательности левая часть содержала повторяющиеся триплеты CTG, кодирующие лейцины, а правая часть содержала повторяющиеся триплеты AGA, кодирующие аргинины. При моделировании движения кинка в этих последовательностях был обнаружен интересный эффект. Оказалось, что кинк, движущийся в одной из последовательностей, останавливался, не достигнув конца, а затем «отскакивал», как будто ударялся об стенку. В то же время в другой последовательности движение кинка не прекращалось в течение всего времени проведения эксперимента. В этих компьютерных экспериментах, однако, использовалась простая модель ДНК, предложенная Салерно. Она учитывает различия во взаимодействиях комплементарных оснований внутри пар, но пренебрегает различием в моментах инерции азотистых оснований и расстояниях между центрами масс оснований и сахарно-фосфатной цепочкой. Вопрос о том, сохранится ли эффект Касмана при использовании более точных моделей ДНК, до сих пор остается открытым. В настоящей работе мы исследуем эффект Касмана на основе более точной модели ДНК, которая учитывает оба эти различия. Мы получили энергетические профили последовательностей Касмана и построили траектории движения кинков, запущенных в этих последовательностях при разных начальных значениях энергии. Результаты наших исследований подтвердили существование эффекта Касмана, но только в ограниченном интервале начальных значений энергии кинков и при определенном направлении движения кинков. В других случаях этот эффект не наблюдался. Мы обсудили, какие из исследованных последовательностей энергетически были более предпочтительны для возбуждения и распространения кинков.
Circadian Rhythms and Obesity inMammals

Obesity has become a serious public health problem and a major risk factor for the development of illnesses, such as insulin resistance and hypertension. Attempts to understand the causes of obesity and develop new therapeutic strategies have mostly focused on caloric intake and energy expenditure. Recent studies have shown that the circadian clock controls energy homeostasis by regulating the circadian expression and/or activity of enzymes, hormones, and transport systems involved in metabolism. Moreover, disruption of circadian rhythms leads to obesity and metabolic disorders. Therefore, it is plausible that resetting of the circadian clock can be used as a new approach to attenuate obesity. Feeding regimens, such as restricted feeding (RF), calorie restriction (CR), and intermittent fasting (IF), provide a time cue and reset the circadian clock and lead to better health. In contrast, high-fat (HF) diet leads to disrupted circadian expression of metabolic factors and obesity. This paper focuses on circadian rhythms and their link to obesity.
Rights Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License Is Functional Working Memory Related to Performance in Vocabulary Definition and Sentence Comprehension in a Standardized Language Test for Preschool Cantonese-Speaking Children?

This study investigated whether functional working memory (FWM) is related to preschool children’s performance in sentence comprehension and vocabulary definition in a standardized language test. Thirty-one children aged between 4 and 6 years old participated in the study. FWM was measured using the Cantonese version of the Competing Language Processing Task (CLPT). Pearson product-moment correlations were computed to investigate the relationship between (1) CLPT and overall sentence comprehension, (2) CLPT and vocabulary definition, (3) CLPT and simple sentence comprehension, (4) CLPT and complex sentence comprehension. The correlation coefficient for (2) and (3) was not statistically significant, and that for (1) was approaching statistical significance. The correlation coefficient for (4) was positive and statistically significant with a large effect size. The implications of FWM in language assessment and the measurement of FWM in preschool children are discussed.
State of the Scholarship INTRODUCTION

The last three decades have seen a significant advancement in describing and understanding the processes involved in second language (L2) writing (for recent reviews, see Cumming, 2016; Polio, 2012; Roca de Larios, Nicolás-Conesa, & Coyle, 2016). Much of the existing research has been cognitive in orientation and concerned with capturing the online behaviors of L2 writers (i.e., directly observable characteristics of the writing process such as pausing) and the cognitive operations that underlie L2 written production (e.g., planning, linguistic encoding). In the cognitive paradigm, the motivation for studying L2 writing processes comes from two main sources. First, research into L2 writing processes is important for theory-building purposes. When constructing and assessing theoretical models of L2 writing, it is not sufficient to look at the linguistic product of the composing process. To avoid the risk of construct underrepresentation (Norris & Ortega, 2003), it is also crucial to provide evidence about the behaviors of L2 writers and the cognitive activities underlying those behaviors. Second, it is believed that information about what L2 writers do when they compose a text can yield useful insights for L2 instruction and assessment. There is increasing evidence, for example, that understanding the processes in which good L2 writers engage may help identify what strategies may be beneficial to teach (e.g., Olson & Land, 2007; van Gelderen, Ootsdam, & van Schooten, 2011). Knowledge about how observable writing behaviors relate to underlying cognitive processes could also help diagnose sources of writing difficulty, and thereby enable educators to adjust instruction to better meet their students’ needs. Last but not least, research into L2 writing processes can also provide instructors with insights into the language learning potential of writing, that is, how the act of written production may foster cognitive processes,
How did increased competition affect credit ratings ? Draft Date : December 18 , 2009

The credit rating industry has historically been dominated by just two agencies, Moody’s and S&P. In response such limited competition, the past decade has seen legislative and regulatory calls for increased competition. We empirically examine how increased competition affects credit ratings. The material entry of a third rating agency (Fitch) offers a unique experiment to address just such a question. We find that increased competition coincides with lower quality ratings: rating levels went up, the correlation between ratings and market-implied yields fell, and the ability of ratings to predict default deteriorated. We offer several possible explanations for these findings.
Energy and Protein in Diet : Effects on Zootechnical and Biochemical Parameters of Piavuçu Leporinus macrocephalus ( Actinopterygii , Anostomidae )

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of different levels of digestible energy (DE) and crude protein (CP) in feed on zootechnical and biochemical parameters in juvenile piavuçu, Leporinus macrocephalus. Juvenile piavuçu (n = 180; 22.23 ± 0.31 g) were distributed in tanks (250 L) and fed two times a day which different experimental diets containing a DE/CP ratio of 10 kcal DE g CP (2300/230, 2800/280, 3300/330 and 3800/380) for 60 days. Fish fed the 3300/330 and 3800/380 diets showed better growth results, but the later yielded the best feed conversion and protein efficiency rates. Protein deposition was lower with the 2300/230 feed. The ash content in the carcass of animals fed the 3800/380 diet was lower than in the other treatments, and it was lower with the 3300/330 feed than the 2800/280 feed. Carcass moisture was lower while lipid deposition was higher in animals treated with the 3800/380 feed, and the ammonia excretion rate was higher in those treated with the 3300/330 and 3800/380 rations compared to the other treatments. The deposition of glycogen in the muscle was significantly greater in animals treated with the feed containing 2.300 kcal DE / 230 g CP while in the liver, was significantly higher in animals treated with 3800 kcal DE /380 g CP treatment. We can conclude that 3800 kcal DE / 380 g CP diets promoted better performance in juvenile piavuçu.
Understanding How Working Memory Capacity and Domain-Specific Knowledge Influence Memory Performance

The relationship of working memory and domain knowledge to memory performance was investigated in this study. Young adults (N = 290) completed a demographic questionnaire and the Baseball Knowledge Test via an online platform. A subsample (N = 70) was selected to undergo further testing in a laboratory setting. Participants viewed two half-innings from recorded Major League Baseball games and provided verbal recollections. During one recollection, participants performed a concurrent task designed to reduce working memory resources. Testing sessions concluded with the administration of two complex working memory span tasks. Analyses indicated that domain knowledge and working memory predicted memory performance under normal and cognitive load conditions, and that these variables had an additive effect. In addition, our manipulation of working memory load impaired performance regardless of level of domain knowledge. Together, our findings suggest that domain knowledge and working memory independently influence memory performance.
The Rise and Decline of Job Insecurity 2 The Rise and Decline of Job Insecurity

Job security is an important aspect of work quality. Accumulating evidence shows that insecurity has deleterious impacts on individuals and households, and in the mid-1990s, job insecurity became a public and political issue. This paper critically examines the concept and measurement of job insecurity and examines trends based on representative survey data in a number of industrialised countries. There is some evidence that insecurity increased in the 1970s and 1980s. However, perceived rising insecurity during the 1990s was a middleclass phenomenon based in part on the experience of professional workers and on the finance industry. In recent years, most occupation groups in Britain have experienced declining insecurity, reflecting a return to historically low levels of unemployment. Insecure workers are concentrated in jobs with temporary contracts and short job tenures, and in the private sector. Plant and Machine Operators remain especially insecure. Workers in foreign-owned firms are experiencing greater insecurity in recent years, and this link is associated with competition from low-wage economies. JEL Classification: J2, J6.
The popular press often portrays institutional investors as driving prices from fundamental values and generating excess volatility as they herd to and from the latest ‘fad.’ Moreover, a rich theoretical literature

We examine whether institutional investors follow each other into and out of the same industries. Our empirical results reveal strong evidence of institutional industry herding. The cross-sectional correlation between the fraction of institutional traders buying an industry this quarter and the fraction buying last quarter, for example, averages 40%. Additional tests suggest institutional industry herding results from managers’ decisions (rather than underlying investors’ flows), is not fully explained by institutions following each other into and out of similar size and book to market ratio stocks, drives institutional industry momentum trading, is more pronounced in smaller and more volatile industries, and may sometimes drive industry market values from fundamental values.
A Critical Evaluation

Individuals substantially improve with training, indicating that a large degree of plasticity is retained across ages. In the past 20 years, many studies explored the ability to boost cognitive skills (reasoning, linguistic abilities, working memory, and attention) by training with other tasks that exploit limited cognitive resources. Indeed, individuals with long-term training on challenging skills (musicians and action video gamers) show impressive behavior on related tasks (linguistic and visual attention, respectively). However, a critical evaluation of training studies that last weeks to months shows typically mild effects, mainly with respect to control groups that either did not practice or practiced with less challenging, rewarding, or exciting conditions. These findings suggest that future training studies should evaluate these factors carefully and assess whether they mainly impact the testing sessions or actual longer-term skills, and whether their impact can be further strengthened. The lack of a comprehensive theory of learning that integrates cognitive, motivational, and alertness aspects poses a bottleneck to improving current training procedures.
Tubeless Ventilation – THRIVE What is Transnasal Humidified Rapid-Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange ( THRIVE ) ?

T HRIVE is a physiological mechanism for oxygenating and ventilating patients who are under general anaesthesia and who have diminished or absent respiratory effort [1]. Classical ventilation requires bulk flow of gases into and out of the lungs driven by chest movements. A patient who had been breathing air will desaturate to dangerous levels within two minutes of being rendered apnoeic. Through the process of preoxygenation the ‘apnoea time’ can be increased but, unless ventilation is restored, the patient will still desaturate within minutes, which we regularly observe in microlaryngoscopy under apnoeic technique. It has been known for over 100 years that filling the pharynx with 100% oxygen, without any respiratory movements, will prolong apnoea time up to a point, but it does not clear CO2. This observation came to be known as ‘apnoeic oxygenation’. In 2012 Weingard and Levitan described a clinical application of apnoeic oxygenation, called nasal oxygenation during efforts securing a tube (NODESAT) [2]. This involved using a nasal cannula and 12L/min of cold dry oxygen during rapid-sequence anaesthesia induction to delay desaturation. However, flows >10 L/min of cold dry nasal oxygen can cause mucosal trauma and are painful. Conversely, warmed and humidified oxygen can be delivered at much higher rates to awake patients without causing significant discomfort or trauma [3]. In 2013, Patel and Nouraei introduced warmed and humidified high-flow nasal oxygen using the OptiFlowTM system (Fisher and Paykel Healthcare Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand) with the aim of delivering a more comfortable and optimal preoxygenation to patients with known or anticipated difficult airways. We expected an increase in apnoea time on the basis of ‘aponeic oxygenation’, but in fact observed that not only were apnoea times being in excess of what may be expected from apnoeic oxygenation, but carbon dioxide was also being cleared, as evidenced by a rate of rise of CO2 during apnoea that was approximately 1/3 of what would have been expected [1]. This could only have occurred if actual ventilatory exchange was taking place, which in turn suggested that a physiology, supplementing classical aponeic oxygenation, was driving ‘ventilation without ventilatory movements’. The concept of transnasal humidified rapidnsufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) came thus to be introduced (see Figure 1A) [1].
Land Cover Change in Mixed Agroforestry : Shade Coffee in

Little is known about land cover change in mixed agroforestry systems, which often supply valuable ecological services. We use a spatial regression model to analyze clearing in El Salvador’s shade coffee–growing regions during the 1990s. Our findings buttress previous research suggesting the relationship between proximity to cities and clearing in mixed agroforestry systems is the opposite of that in natural forests. But this result, and several others, depends critically on the characteristics of the growing area, particularly the dominant cleared land use. These findings imply that policies aimed at retaining mixed agroforestry need to be carefully targeted and tailored.
Screening for the active components of seven marketed brands of Shaw Wallace tea produced in Bangladesh

Seven different marketed brands of Shaw Wallace tea available in the local markets of Bangladesh viz, Premium Tea Bag, Super Clone, Danadar, Golden leaf, Hotel Special, Shah bag BOP, Fine Dust were studied before expiry dates to screen out their qualitative status of [viz; Caffeine, Total Polyphenol (TP), Antioxidant activity (AA), Theaflavin (TF), Thearubigin (TR), Theabrownin (TB), Highly polymerized substances (HPS), Total liquor color (TLC),The Briskness index (BI), Color index (CI), Total Catechin (TC) and nutrient contents N, P, K, Ca, Na And Fe]. All Studied parameters were found to have been varied among the teas of Shaw Wallace brand. The values of Caffeine and TP were found to be varied from 3.98 % (Premium Tea bag) to 5.5% (BOP) and 37.50% (Danadar) to 32.09% (Fine Dust) respectively. Similarly, the estimated values of TF, TR, TB, TC and TLC were detected to be maximum (1.18%, 15.76%, 12.91%, 5.17% and 5.4) in Premium tea and Danadar tea but HPS and BI contents were found to be (5.27% and 21.40) maximum in Hotel special and BOP respectively. In case of Antioxidant activity (AA), the maximum value (88.80) was gained in Golden leaf and minimum value (86.67%) in Premium tea bag. On the contrary, CI was found to be the highest (7.12) in Golden Leaf and the lowest (4.89) in Fine Dust. In Considering the total amount of Nutrient