Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rigorous bound on the plane-shear-flow dissipation rate.

The Doering-Constantin approach [Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1648 (1992)] to derive an upper bound on the dissipation rate in terms of a properly chosen stationary flow profile can be (slightly) improved by casting it in the form of a variational principle for the profile. Only Schwarz's inequality is needed to prove this. Its solution can be evaluated analytically. The mean dissipation bound is [var epsilon][le][ital U][sup 3][ital L][sup [minus]1]/9 [radical]2 provided the Reynolds number Re=[ital UL]/[nu] exceeds 12 [radical]2 , and the mean transverse momentum flux is bounded by [ital J][sub 31][le]([nu][ital L][sup [minus]1])[sup 2]Re[sup 2]/9 [radical]2 .
The effect of inhibitors of methane production of fermentation pattern and stoichiometry in vitro using rumen contents from sheep given molasses

1. The fermentation in the presence of four known methane inhibitors was investigated in rumen contents from sheep given molasses ad lib. and showing two different fermentation patterns. 2. The average hydrogen recoveries obtained with the high butyrate and high propionate patterns were 93 ± 2 and 95 ± 2% respectively. 3. Sodium sulphite, chloral hydrate and a hemiacetal of chloral and starch (HCS) all inhibited methane production, and were associated with an accumulation of hydrogen and lactate in rumen contents showing the high butyrate fermentation pattern. Propionate production was slightly stimulated. 4. In rumen contents showing the high propionate fermentation pattern, linseed-oil hydrolysate depressed methane production at high levels only, increased hydrogen and lactate production but depressed all other products, and HCS depressed methane production and slightly increased propionate production. 5. Low hydrogen recoveries in the presence of the inhibitors were probably associated with the utilization of metabolic hydrogen in reactions not accounted for in the scheme under investigation.
A Joint SVD based Watermarking and Encryption Scheme using Chaotic Logistic Map

Copyright protection and secrecy of some sensitive data is essential in this present digital era which deals with the advances in cloud computing and big data analytics. Digital watermarking is a popular method for copyright protection whereas cryptography takes care in hiding information as well as for secure transmission of data in a manner that is unreadable to a third party. Combination of both these techniques enhances the security and copyright protection aspects for the concealment of transmitted information. This paper presents a way of achieving those by combining both of these methods together as a joint scheme. Here a robust SVD based algorithm is proposed for embedding a watermark on a host image and then encrypts the resultant stego-image using chaotic logistic map in DCT coefficients. The decryption process is non-blind and requires the help of the key used in encryption. The joint algorithm has been found to be image independent due to its good performance for several popular test images.
Recognition of sleep paralysis among normal adults in Canada and in Japan

Abstract There were no differences between Canada and Japan in the prevalence and symptoms of sleep paralysis (SP), but many more Canadians considered SP to be a dream. The difference was considered to be derived from the fact that there is a common expression for SP in Japan but there is not one in Canada. Then, we investigated why there are individuals who consider SP to be a dream and others who do not, and found that many Japanese who regarded it as a dream did not report the symptom of ‘unable to move’, while in Canada, self‐evaluation of spirituality was different between the two groups.
Seeing Through Rose-Colored Glasses? A Within- and Cross-Cultural Investigation of Evaluative Bias and Well-Being

Cross-cultural research on well-being often focuses on the influence of socio-ecological factors on well-being. National accounts of well-being suggest that modern nations – wealthier, and well-educated nations –are happier than less developed nations. In the current thesis, I examined whether cultural factors influence individuals’ preferences towards self-evaluation, and whether (cross-) cultural differences in positive evaluative bias influence well-being. Given the cultural emphasis on positivity and high self-esteem in North America, I expected European Canadians, compared to Asian Canadians and Asians, to show overly positive biases in ratings of personality and in predictions of their abilities and behaviors. In Study 1, participants were asked to bring a close friend (either a sameor cross-ethnic friend) to the laboratory, and asked to provide selfand informant-ratings of well-being and personality. An improved personality model of positive bias was introduced to disentangle biases from actual personality using selfand informantratings of personality. European Canadians compared to Asian Canadians showed higher well-
A reinvestigation of the pre-steady-state ATPase activity of the nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii.

The pre-steady-state ATPase activity of nitrogenase has been reinvestigated. The exceptionally high burst in the hydrolysis of MgATP by the nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii communicated by Cordewener et al. (1987) [Cordewener J., ten Asbroek A. , Wassink H. , Eady R. R. , Haaker H. & Veeger C. (1987) Eur. J. Biochem. 162, 265-270] was found to be caused by an apparatus artefact. A second possible artefact in the determination of the stoichiometry of the pre-steady-state ATPase activity of nitrogenase was observed. Acid-quenched mixtures of dithionite-reduced MoFe or Fe protein of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase and MgATP contained phosphate above the background level. It is proposed that due to this reaction, quenched reaction mixtures of nitrogenase and MgATP may contain phosphate in addition to the phosphate released by the ATPase activity of the nitrogenase complex. It was feasible to monitor MgATP-dependent pre-steady-state proton production by the absorbance change at 572 nm of the pH indicator o-cresolsulfonaphthalein in a weakly buffered solution. At 5.6 degrees C, a pre-steady-state phase of H+ production was observed, with a first-order rate constant of 2.2 s-1, whereas electron transfer occurred with a first-order rate constant of 4.9 s-1. At 20.0 degrees C, MgATP-dependent H+ production and electron transfer in the pre-steady-state phase were characterized by observed rate constants of 9.4 s-1 and 104 s-1, respectively. The stopped-flow technique failed to detect a burst in the release of protons by the dye-oxidized nitrogenase complex. It is concluded that the hydrolysis rate of MgATP, as judged by proton release, is lower than the rate of electron transfer from the Fe protein to the MoFe protein.
Universal H1N1 influenza vaccine development

Immune responses to cross-conserved T cell epitopes in novel H1N1 influenza may explain reports of diminished influenza-like illnesses and confirmed infection among older adults, in the absence of cross-reactive humoral immunity, during the 2009 pandemic. These cross-conserved epitopes may prove useful for the development of a universal H1N1 influenza vaccine, therefore, we set out to identify and characterize cross-conserved H1N1 T cell epitopes. An immunoinformatic analysis was conducted using all available pandemic and pre-pandemic HA-H1 and NA-N1 sequences dating back to 1980. Using an approach that balances potential for immunogenicity with conservation, we derived 13 HA and four NA immunogenic consensus sequences (ICS) from a comprehensive analysis of 5 738 HA-H1 and 5 396 NA-N1 sequences. These epitopes were selected because their combined epitope content is representative of greater than 84% of pre-pandemic and pandemic H1N1 influenza strains, their predicted immunogenicity (EpiMatrix) scores were greater than or equal to the 95th percentile of all comparable epitopes, and they were also predicted to be presented by more than four HLA class II archetypal alleles. We confirmed the ability of these peptides to bind in HLA binding assays and to stimulate interferon-γ production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. These studies support the selection of the ICS as components of potential group-common H1N1 vaccine candidates and the application of this universal influenza vaccine development approach to other influenza subtypes.
NOMENCLATURE OF AMPHIBOLES: ADDITIONS AND REVISIONS TO THE INTERNATIONAL MINERALOGICAL ASSOCIATION’S 1997 RECOMMENDATIONS

The introduction of a fifth group of amphiboles, the Na–Ca–Mg–Fe–Mn–Li group, defined by 0.50 < B(Mg,Fe2+,Mn2+,Li) < 1.50 and 0.50 ≤ B(Ca,Na) ≤ 1.50 atoms per formula unit, with members whittakerite and ottoliniite, has been required by recent discoveries of B(Li,Na) amphiboles. These, and other new discoveries, such as sodicpedrizite (which is herein slightly, but significantly, changed from the original idealized formula), necessitate amendments to the IMA 1997 definitions of the Mg–Fe–Mn–Li, calcic, sodic-calcic and sodic groups. The discovery of obertiite and the finding of an incompatibility in the IMA 1997 subdivision of the sodic group require further amendments within the sodic group. All these changes, which have IMA approval, are summarized.
A Three-Contrast, Metal Test Pattern (Snellen E-Plate) in Evaluation of Imaging Techniques in Clinical Chest Radiography

A metal test pattern based on a minified Snellen-type E-plate was evaluated in testing six imaging techniques for chest radiography. The device consisted of three contrast zones and it was attached to the patient's back over the right lung during chest radiography. The values for visual detectability of the E-figures were compared with the film scores obtained by grading the radiographs with respect to visibility of diagnostically important anatomic details. The test plate proved to be a simple, quick and reproducible tool for testing several imaging techniques at the same time. The E-plate results were similar to those of the visual grading analysis in most respects. A few discrepancies existed, which were probably due to the inability of the test pattern to fully consider the effect of motion unsharpness and varying scattering conditions within the human thorax, as well as to great differences in roentgen ray absorption properties between Au and tissues.
Expression of aquaporin 8 in colonic epithelium with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.

BACKGROUND We analysed and compared the aquaporin 8 (AQP8) expression in ascending and descending colon mucosa between patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (D-IBS) and healthy volunteers, in order to study the relationship between the clinical feature of IBS, the expression of AQP8 and the pathological mechanism of D-IBS. METHODS Specimens were taken from the proximal ascending colon or distal descending colon of D-IBS patients (n = 26) and healthy volunteers (n = 30), and AQP8 mRNA expression of each specimen was determined by fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (FQ-RT-PCR). In patients with D-IBS, the relationship was analysed between AQP8 expression in both ascending and descending colons and clinical features including gender, age of onset, duration of illness, frequency of defecation, and stool characteristics. RESULTS Although AQP8 was present in the epithelium of the ascending and descending colons in healthy persons and D-IBS patients, the AQP8 level of the D-IBS patients was significantly lower than that of the healthy persons (P < 0.01 in the ascending colon, P < 0.05 in the descending colon). AQP8 expression was not correlated with the age of patients with D-IBS (P > 0.05 both in the ascending and descending colons) or the age at the onset (P > 0.05 both in the ascending and descending colons), but closely with the duration of illness (P < 0.05 in the ascending colon, P < 0.01 in the descending colon), frequency of defecation (P < 0.01 in the ascending colon, P < 0.05 in the descending colon) and stool characteristics (P < 0.01 in the ascending colon, P > 0.05 in the descending colon). CONCLUSIONS The decreased AQP8 expression in D-IBS patients indicates that dysfunction of colonic absorption may cause reduced water absorption, loose stool and diarrhoea. The expression of AQP8 may be related to D-IBS.
Interviews on End-of-Life Care With Older People

Qualitative research provides important insights into the experiences and perspectives of older people on end-of-life issues, but such research is methodologically and ethically complex. We offer a set of reflections from six end-of-life care studies conducted with older people in four European countries: Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. The reflection process was informed by four full-day meetings between the authors and referral to sources including the study interview guides, summary “pen portraits” about key issues encountered in the interviews, and key sections of the interview transcripts. We identified as major challenges accessing people, the introduction of end-of-life issues in an interview, managing emotions, the presence of companions, and reciprocity. Formal ethical review committees rarely take into account these complex issues. We concluded that is it necessary to maintain an ongoing reflexive stance to enhance qualitative research practice in the intersecting fields of aging and end-of-life studies.
Athlete Self-Report Measure Use and Associated Psychological Alterations

The experience of athletes and practitioners has led to the suggestion that use of an athlete self-report measure (ASRM) may increase an athlete’s self-awareness, satisfaction, motivation, and confidence. This study sought to provide empirical evidence for this assertion by evaluating psychological alterations associated with ASRM use across a diverse athlete population. Athletes (n = 335) had access to an ASRM for 16 weeks and completed an online survey at baseline, and weeks 4, 8, and 16. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the associations between ASRM compliance and outcome measures. Compared to baseline, confidence and extrinsic motivation were most likely increased at weeks 4, 8, and 16. Satisfaction and intrinsic motivation were most likely decreased at week 4, but no different to baseline values at weeks 8 and 16. Novice athletes and those who were instructed to use an ASRM (rather than using one autonomously) were less responsive to ASRM use. This study provides preliminary evidence for ASRM to prompt initial dissatisfaction and decreased intrinsic motivation which, along with increased confidence and extrinsic motivation, may provide the necessary stimulus to improve performance-related behaviors. Novice and less autonomous athletes may benefit from support to develop motivation, knowledge, and skills to use the information gleaned from an ASRM effectively.
Carcinoma of the Ovary

Numerically, carcinoma of the ovary ranks third among female genital carcinomas and its mortality is still high, despite modem surgery and radiotherapy. Only in comparatively early and lowgrade malignant ovarian neoplasms can a permanent cure be expected. The dependence of prognosis on the histological type and degree of the tumour has received much attention. But so far no standard classification or nomenclature of ovarian tumours has emerged. This lack of a generally accepted classification often precludes comparisons of different series as well as of the value of different therapeutic methods used. While many clinical reviews of ovarian carcinoma have been published (Lynch, 1936; Meigs, 1940; P e m b e r t o n , 1940; Helse l , 1946; M o n t g o m e r y , 1948; A l l a n and H e r t i g , 1949; M u n n e l l and Taylor , 1949; Taylor , 1950; H e s s e l t i n e and Smi th , 1956; T u r n e r , R e M i n e and D o c k e r t y , 1959; Purola , 1963; GellP, 1963; G r a y and Barnes, 1962, 1964; Malloy, D o c k e r t y , W e l c h and H u n t , 1965) much less emphasis has been placed on the variation in the spread of the disease with histological type of the tumour [Lay, 1919; Janusz , 1926; M a l j e f f 1927; K e r m a u n e r , 1932; Will is , 1941; Pearse-Behrman, 1954; Gelle , 1963).
Effect of Pefloxacin on the Urinary Excretion of Rifampicin

The effect of pefloxacin on the urinary excretion of rifampicin was investigated in 5 healthy volunteers between the ages of 20 and 35 years. The investigation was carried out in 2 different phases, with a 1-week drug washout separating the phases. Each subject received 600 mg rifampicin with 350 mL of water. After 1 week, the subjects were given 600 mg rifampicin plus 500 mg pefloxacin with 350 mL of water. Urinary levels of rifampicin were measured spectrophotometrically for the 2 phases from 0 to 72 hours. Coadministration of rifampicin with pefloxacin led to 20.1% urinary recovery of rifampicin. The increased rifampicin excretion rate following pefloxacin coadministration is supported by the competitive liver clearance between rifampicin and pefloxacin, which favors pefloxacin and causes rifampicin secretion, thus increasing its elimination through the kidney. Pefloxacin increases the absorption and urinary excretion of rifampicin by decreasing the gastrointestinal motility through chelation mechanisms.
Magnetic resonance enteroclysis in the diagnosis of small-intestinal crohn's disease: diagnostic accuracy and inter- and intra-observer agreement

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and inter- and intra-observer agreement of magnetic resonance enteroclysis (MRE) in patients with or without Crohn's disease of the small intestine. Material and Methods: 60 consecutive patients with or without Crohn's disease examined with MRE were included. Two observers independently reviewed the MRE examinations, searching for 12 pathological signs. The reference standard was ileoscopy or surgery of the terminal ileum performed in 41 patients. Results: Crohn's disease of the small intestine was found in 24 (40%) patients. MRE findings of increased intestinal wall thickness, intestinal wall enhancement, intestinal wall ulcer, and inflammatory activity of the terminal ileum showed high sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Intestinal stenosis had sensitivities ranging from 43% to 100%, depending on the cut-off value. Inter- and intra-observer agreement was good or excellent for most pathological signs. However, observer agreement of intestinal wall edema was only fair and moderate. Conclusion: MRE evaluated Crohn's disease with a high diagnostic accuracy in the terminal ileum. Most MRE variables were evaluated with good or excellent observer agreement, indicating that the method was highly reproducible. Our study supports the notion that MRE is an appropriate method for diagnosing Crohn's disease.
ARGONAUTE1 is required for efficient RNA interference in Drosophila embryos

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers homology-dependent posttranscriptional gene interference (RNAi) in a diverse range of eukaryotic organisms, in a process mechanistically related to viral and transgene-mediated cosuppression. RNAi is characterized by the conversion of long dsRNA into ≈21–25-nt small interfering RNAs (siRNA) that guide the degradation of homologous mRNA. Many of the genes required for siRNA production and target mRNA degradation are widely conserved. Notably, members of the Argonaute-like gene family from Arabidopsis, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and Neurospora have been genetically and/or biochemically identified as components of the RNAi/cosuppression pathway. We show here that mutations in the Drosophila Argonaute1 (AGO1) gene suppress RNAi in embryos. This defect corresponds to a reduced ability to degrade mRNA in response to dsRNA in vitro. Furthermore, AGO1 is not required for siRNA production in vitro nor can the introduction of siRNA bypass AGO1 mutants in vivo. These data suggest that AGO1 functions downstream of siRNA production.
Expression of the fms-like tyrosine kinase 4 gene becomes restricted to lymphatic endothelium during development.

We have recently cloned the human fms-like tyrosine kinase 4 gene FLT4, whose protein product is related to two vascular endothelial growth factor receptors FLT1 and KDR/FLK1. Here the expression of FLT4 has been analyzed by in situ hybridization during mouse embryogenesis and in adult human tissues. The FLT4 mRNA signals first became detectable in the angioblasts of head mesenchyme, the cardinal vein, and extraembryonally in the allantois of 8.5-day postcoitus (p.c.) embryos. In 12.5-day p.c. embryos, the FLT4 signal decorated developing venous and presumptive lymphatic endothelia, but arterial endothelia were negative. During later stages of development, FLT4 mRNA became restricted to vascular plexuses devoid of red cells, representing developing lymphatic vessels. Only the lymphatic endothelia and some high endothelial venules expressed FLT4 mRNA in adult human tissues. Increased expression occurred in lymphatic sinuses in metastatic lymph nodes and in lymphangioma. Our results suggest that FLT4 is a marker for lymphatic vessels and some high endothelial venules in human adult tissues. They also support the theory on the venous origin of lymphatic vessels.
Dive Depth and Diet of the Black-vented Shearwater (Puffinus opisthomelas)

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