Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COMMENT ON "PREVALENCE OF DYSPEPTIC SYMPTOMS AND HEARTBURN OF ADULTS IN BELO HORIZONTE, BRAZIL".

We have read with interest the article entitled: “Prevalence of dyspeptic symptoms and heartburn of adults in Belo Horizonte, Brazil”(1). We would like to emphasize the importance of this article due to the little number of articles written in Latin America compared to those existing in other parts of the world. The systematic review on global prevalence of dyspepsia by Ford et al. 2014, shows a prevalence of 15%-19.9% for Brazil, which is not consistent with the results of Almeida et al. This study also shows a 35% higher prevalence in Perú, and 37.7% for South America. Both are very high numbers and are maybe because the population of the studies considered are quite specific and not represent the general population(2).
Isolation and Characterization of Pectin Extracted from Lemon Pomace during Ripening

The research was conducted to find out the various extraction conditions of pectin from lemon pomace under different of solvents (6M HCl, 1N H2SO4, 1N HNO3, 6.2g/100g citric acid, 1N acetic acid, combination with acetic acid and ammonium oxalate and distilled water), temperatures (70, 80, 90 and 1000C), times (30, 60, 90 and 120 min) and maturity stages (premature, mature and over ripen). Preliminary results showed that optimum conditions for extraction of pectin were found at a temperature of 1000C by 60 min on the basis of pectin yield and equivalent weight extracted with distilled water. Pectin extracted with distilled water was characterized in terms of yield, moisture content, ash content, equivalent weight, methoxyl content, degree of esterification and neutral sugar contents. There were significant differences (p< 0.05) in yields, equivalent weights, degree of esterifications and neutral sugars among the lemon pomace pectin extracted from premature, mature and over ripen maturity stages. The degree of esterification and methoxyl contents were varying depending upon the maturity stages. Therefore, the premature lemon pomace can be considered as rich source of pectin in terms of yield, methoxyl content, degree of esterification and anhydrouronic acid content.
BLOOD PARASITES OF NEARCTIC–NEOTROPICAL MIGRANT PASSERINE BIRDS DURING SPRING TRANS-GULF MIGRATION: IMPACT ON HOST BODY CONDITION

To test the hypothesis that migrants infected with blood parasites arrive on the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico in poorer condition than uninfected birds, we examined 1,705 migrant passerine birds representing 54 species of 11 families from 2 Gulf Coast sites for blood parasites. Three hundred and sixty (21.1%) were infected with 1 or more species of 4 genera of blood parasites. The prevalence of parasites was as follows: Haemoproteus spp. (11.7%), Plasmodium spp. (6.7%), Leucocytozoon spp. (1.3%), and Trypanosoma spp. (1.2%). Both prevalence and density of Haemoproteus spp. infection varied among species. We found no relationship of gender or age with the prevalence of Haemoproteus spp. infection or Plasmodium spp. infection, with the exception of the orchard oriole (Icterus spurius) for which older birds were more likely to be infected with Haemoproteus spp. than younger birds. We also found that scarlet tanagers and summer tanagers infected with species of Haemoproteus have lower fat scores than uninfected individuals and that rose-breasted grosbeaks and Baltimore orioles infected with Haemoproteus spp. have a smaller mean body mass than uninfected individuals. Blood parasites do seem to pose a physiological cost for Neotropical migrant passerines and may be important components of the ecology of these species.
Cephazolin: Clinical Studies in Obstetrics

A clinical evaluation of a new cephalosporin, cephazolin, in obstetric patients is presented. Sixteen cardiac patients received the drug prophylactically as antibiotic cover during labour. Eighteen patients with miscellaneous antenatal and puerperal infections received the drug as primary treatment. The data obtained indicate adequate serum and tissue levels with the dose used, and corresponding clinical response. The impression is of a safe and efficaceous drug in the described obstetric situations requiring antibiotic therapy. It may be given prophylactically and with confidence to the cardiac patient in labour.
Long‐term outcome of splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Letters and correspondence submitted for possible publication must be identified as such. Text length must not exceed 500 words and five bibliographic references. A single concise figure or table may be included if it is essential to support the communication. Letters not typed double-spaced will not be considered for publication. Letters not meeting these specifications will not be returned to authors. Letters to the Editor are utilized to communicate a single novel observation or finding. Correspondence is to be used to supplement or constructively comment on the contents of a publication in the journal and cannot exceed the restrictions for Letters to the Editor. The Editor reserves the right to shorten text, delete objectional comments, and make other changes to comply with the style of the journal. Permission for publication must be appended as a postscript. Submissions must be sent to Jay Umbreit, MD, PhD, Editor of Brief Reports/Letters to Editors, American Journal of Hematology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365-B Clifton Road, Suite B4100, Atlanta, GA 30322 to permit rapid consideration for publication.
Relational Strategies in the Textile Sector

Abstract Nowadays, the development and maintenance of close relationships with customers and other exchange partners are the main routes to success in the present markets. The continual changes in information technologies facilitate the introduction of relational strategies. This paper focuses on the use of the Internet as a relational strategy and analyses the effect of such strategies on customer satisfaction and loyalty. The textile sector was chosen because it is currently in difficulties due to changes in its close environment.
To each its own: differential response of specialist and generalist herbivores to plant defence in willows.

Plant-insect food webs tend to be dominated by interactions resulting from diffuse co-evolution between plants and multiple lineages of herbivores rather than by reciprocal co-evolution and co-cladogenesis. Plants therefore require defence strategies effective against a broad range of herbivore species. In one extreme, plants could develop a single universal defence effective against all herbivorous insects, or tailor-made strategies for each herbivore species. The evolution and ecology of plant defence has to be studied with entire insect assemblages, rather than small subsets of pairwise interactions. The present study examines whether specialists and generalists in three coexisting insect lineages, forming the leaf-chewing guild, respond uniformly to plant phylogeny, secondary metabolites, nutrient content and mechanical antiherbivore defences of their hosts, thus permitting universal plant defence strategies against specialized and generalist folivorous insects from various taxa. The extensive data on folivorous assemblages comprising three insect orders and 193 species are linked with plant phylogeny, secondary chemistry (salicylates, flavonoids and tannins), leaf morphological traits [specific leaf area (SLA) and trichome coverage], nutrient (C : N) content and growth form of eight willow (Salix) and one aspen (Populus) species growing in sympatry. Generalists responded to overall host plant chemistry and trichomes, whilst specialists responded to host plant phylogeny and secondary metabolites that are unique to willows and that are capable of being utilized as an antipredator protection. We did not find any significant impact of other plant traits, that is SLA, C : N ratio, flavonoids, tannins and growth form, on the composition of leaf-chewing communities. Our results show that the response to plant traits is differential among specialists and generalists. This finding constrains the ability of plants to develop defensive traits universally effective against herbivores and may lead to diversification of plant defensive mechanisms into several complementary syndromes, required for effective protection against generalists and specialists from multiple insect taxa comprising most leaf-chewing assemblages. These results point to the necessity of broad studies of plant-herbivore interactions, across multiple insect taxa and guilds.
Why Has the Yen Failed to Become a Dominant Invoicing Currency in Asia? A Firm-Level Analysis of Japanese Exporters' Invoicing Behavior

It has been a well-known puzzle why the yen has not been used more in trade invoicing among Japanese exporters. Despite the yen's status as an only fully convertible currency in Asia, two patterns stand out as puzzling features of an excessively small share of yen invoicing: First, a strong tendency of Japanese exporters to choose importer's currency in their exports to advanced countries, and second, the prevalence of US dollar invoicing in Japanese exports to East Asia even though Japanese firms have built a regional production network in the last two decades. New possible determinants of currency invoicing at a firm-level are found through interviews with Japanese representative exporting firms. Invoicing behavior is examined by probit estimation using the unique data set on the firms' currency invoicing choice by destination. Our novel findings suggest that a surprisingly low share of yen invoicing among Japanese exports even in the 2000s can be attributable to (1) a scale-economy in concentrating currency risk at the headquarter as intra-firm trades with overseas operations of Japanese firms grew; and (2) the production/trade structure of Japanese electronics companies in Asia in which final products tend to be exported to the United States or Europe.
Genetic lineages and postglacial colonization of grayling (Thymallus thymallus, Salmonidae) in Europe, as revealed by mitochondrial DNA analyses

In stark contrast to other species within the Salmonidae family, phylogeographic information on European grayling, Thymallus thymallus, is virtually nonexistent. In this paper, we utilized mitochondrial DNA polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (mtDNA PCR–RFLP) and sequence variation to infer the postglacial dispersal routes of T. thymallus into and within northern Europe, and to locate geographically, potential evolutionarily distinct populations. Mitochondrial analyses revealed a total of 27 T. thymallus haplotypes which clustered into three distinct lineages. Average pairwise interlineage divergence was four and nine times higher than average intralineage divergence for RFLP and sequence data, respectively. Two European grayling individuals from the easternmost sample in Russia exhibited haplotypes more genetically diverged from any T. thymallus haplotype than T. arcticus haplotype, and suggested that hybridization/introgression zone of these two sister species may extend much further west than previously thought. Geographic division of the lineages was generally very clear with northern Europe comprising of two genetically differentiated areas: (i) Finland, Estonia and north‐western Russia; and (ii) central Germany, Poland and western Fennoscandia. Average interpopulation divergence in North European T. thymallus was 10 times higher than that observed in a recent mtDNA study of North American T. arcticus. We conclude that (i) North European T. thymallus populations have survived dramatic Pleistocene temperature oscillations and originate from ancient eastern and central European refugia; (ii) genetic divergence of population groups within northern Europe is substantial and geographically distinct; and (iii) the remainder of Europe harbours additional differentiated assemblages that likely descend from a Danubian refugium. These findings should provide useful information for developing appropriate conservation strategies for European grayling and exemplify a case with a clear need for multinational co‐operation for managing and conserving biodiversity.
Comparative evaluation of microleakage of newer generation dentin bonding agents: An in vitro study

Context: Adhesive dentistry has been progressing with rapid pace over the past decade. Composite resin is the most esthetic restorative material currently available for restoring teeth. In spite of it being in use since a decade, still failure cases are seen which are mainly due to polymerization shrinkage and subsequent inadequate adhesion to cavity walls, leading to microleakage. Various generations of dentin bonding agents have been introduced to overcome the shortcoming of composite resin. Aims: To determine the microleakage of the 6 th , 7 th , and 8 th generation dentin bonding agents. Materials and Methods: Forty-five extracted human premolars were taken for the study. Standardized Class V cavities were prepared on all the teeth. The samples were divided into three groups according to the generation of bonding agent used. Group I was bonded with the 6 th generation, Group II with the 7 th generation, and Group III with the 8 th generation dentin bonding agent. All the Class V preparations were restored with a nano-ceramic composite restorative (Ceram X). The samples were then thermocycled between 5 and 55 ± 2°C for 100 cycles and immersed in 2% methylene blue for 48 h for evaluation of microleakage under a stereomicroscope. Statistical Analysis Used: The data was statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric analysis, and Mann-Whitney U-test was applied to compare the various groups. Results: The microleakage value was the highest in Group II (7 th generation bonding agent) followed by Group I (6 th generation bonding agent) and least in Group III (8 th generation bonding agent). Conclusions: The 8 th generation dentin bonding showed statistically significant results in terms of lesser microleakage as compared to the 6 th and 7 th generation dentin bonding agents.
Effect Of NPK On The Incidence Of Alternaria Leaf Blight Of Mustard

A 2-year field study was carried out to find out the effect of three macro nutrients NPK on the severity of Alternaria leaf blight and yield of mustard. Nitrogen @ 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160, phosphorus @ 15, 30, and 45, and potassium @ 30, 60, and 90 kg/ha were applied. Among the nutrients, 120-30- 60 kg NPK/ha was considered as recommended dose on the basis of soil test. Fertilizer dose 120-30-90 kg/ha appeared to be the best combination of N, P, and K in reducing the disease incidence and to increase seed yield of mustard. Higher dose of K (90 kg/ha) decreased the incidence of Alternaria leaf blight but higher dose of nitrogen (140 and 160 kg N/ha) increased the disease incidence. The highest seed yield of 1718 kg/ha was obtained with 120-30-90 kg of NPK/ha which was statistically similar to the doses of 120-30-60 and 120-45- 60 kg of NPK/ha. Higher seed yield and lower disease severity was also observed under these three treatments as compared to other treatments. Keywords: Mustard; Alternaria leaf blight; nutrient management. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.3329/bjar.v36i3. 9269 BJAR 2011; 36(3): 407-413
The Norwegian market for nature based tourism products - characteristics and implications for segmentation and product development.

Tourism is seen as the salvation for many rural areas when traditional businesses are downgraded. Participants in outdoor recreation make up an important market base for these businesses. This study unveils significant differences between types of recreationists by analysing a national survey among Norwegians about their participation in four outdoor recreation activity categories: freshwater fishing, hunting, backcountry hiking and skiing, and adventure activities. Participation in these four activity categories is influenced by sociodemographic variables. This study identifies two important segments within the nature based tourism activity market – the outdoor recreation organisations segment and the second-home segment. Further, this study clearly shows that young males have the highest likelihood of participating in all four of the activity categories. Freshwater fishing and hunting were most popular among residents in rural areas. Adventure activities were most popular among young academic males. Backcountry hiking and skiing was the most popular category among females.
Effects of trace elements and calcium on diabetes and obesity, and their complications: Protective effect of dairy products — A mini-review

Trace elements and minerals influence the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes and their complications, mainly through their involvement in peroxidation and inflammation. On the other hand, peroxidation and inflammation are liable to alter the metabolism of these nutrients, which should be taken into account when assessing their status. Milk products are capable of preventing iron-induced peroxidation and the metabolic complications of the diseases. Calcium, especially cow milk calcium, seems to be capable of preventing the development of adipocytes and obesity complications (inflammation, hypertension, and insulin resistance), mainly through interactions with vitamin D metabolism. These observations give an opportunity to influence the course of obesity by dietetic advices. AbstractDRésuméLes oligo-éléments et les minéraux jouent un rôle dans la genèse de l’obésité, du diabète et de leurs complications métaboliques, en particulier par leur implications dans les phénomènes inflammatoires et la peroxydation. Ces derniers pouvant modifier par eux-mêmes le métabolisme des minéraux, il faut en tenir compte dans l’appréciation de leur statut. Les produits laitiers préviennent la peroxydation liée au fer (rôle principalement joué par les protéines) et les complications métaboliques : ainsi, le calcium, surtout d’origine laitière, interagit avec la vitamine D pour prévenir la différenciation des adipocytes, la lipogenèse et favoriser la production de chaleur; il lutte contre l’inflammation, l’hypertension et la résistance à l’insuline, composants majeurs du risque cardio-vasculaire. Ces données ouvrent la voie à une intervention non médicamenteuse, sur le long terme, des maladies de civilisation.
Primary urethral MALT lymphoma with high proliferation fraction

Sir: Isaacson and Wright first introduced the concept of extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in those of gastrointestinal low-grade B-cell lymphomas recapitulating the features of Peyer’s patch or MALT. This concept has been extended to other extranodal sites such as lung, head and neck, ocular adnexa, skin, thyroid, breast and urinary tract. Primary urethral MALT lymphomas are extremely rare and molecular study has not been reported. A 50-year-old woman presented with a nodule in the urethral meatus and received tumour resection under the clinical impression of caruncle. Histologically, the section showed diffuse infiltration by atypical small lymphocytes in the deeper part with plasmacytoid differentiation and plasma cells in the superficial part beneath the intact surface mucosa (Figure 1). Admixed with the atypical small lymphocytes were scattered large lymphocytes, accounting for 10% of the lymphoid infiltrate, without forming large aggregates or sheets of large cells. Immunohistochemically, these atypical small lymphocytes expressed CD20 but not CD138 while the superficial plasmacytoid and plasma cells showed an opposite expression pattern. Both components were positive for bcl-2 and IgM and negative for CD3, CD5, and CD43. Weak to moderate bcl-10 positivity was noted in both nuclei and cytoplasm. The staining for immunoglobulin light chain was not satisfactory, yet there was a suggestion of monotypic k light chain expression. The proliferation fraction as determined by Ki67 was high at 30–70% in small and large cells in both components with the staining intensity in the large cells stronger than that in the small cells. There was no lymphoid follicle or lymphoepithelial lesion either morphologically or after cytokeratin AE1 ⁄ AE3 immunostaining. Her serum LDH level was in normal range. Abdominal CT scan and bone marrow aspiration and biopsy were negative. Paraffin section was used for molecular study. Both Fr2-JH and Fr3-JH PCR analysis of the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene showed a monoclonal pattern (Figure 2). T(11;18) API2 ⁄MALT1 and t(14;18) IgH ⁄MALT1 were both negative as shown by MALT1 break-apart double colour interphase FISH. The diagnosis was stage IE MALT lymphoma. She received 3600 rads of radiotherapy without chemotherapy. She is free of disease after regular follow-up and periodic cystoscopy for 14.5 months. We have previously shown that t(11;18)(q21;q21) was found at highest frequencies in MALT lymphomas from the lung (38%) and stomach (24%) but not in rare sites including four cases in the urinary bladder. This current case was negative for both t(11;18) Figure 1. Photomicrography at low power showing diffuse lymphoid infiltrate beneath intact mucosa (a) and at higher power showing atypical small lymphocytes in the deeper part and plasmacytoid cells ⁄ plasma cells in the superficial part (c). The infiltrate express MUM1 (d) with a high proliferation fraction as determined by Ki67 immunostaining (e).
Actinorhodin is a redox‐active antibiotic with a complex mode of action against Gram‐positive cells

Actinorhodin is a blue‐pigmented, redox‐active secondary metabolite that is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor. Although actinorhodin has been used as a model compound for studying secondary metabolism, its biological activity is not well understood. Indeed, redox‐active antibiotics in general have not been widely investigated at the mechanistic level. In this work, we have conducted a comprehensive chemical genetic investigation of actinorhodin's antibacterial effect on target organisms. We find that actinorhodin is a potent, bacteriostatic, pH‐responsive antibiotic. Cells activate at least three stress responses in the presence of actinorhodin, including those responsible for managing oxidative damage, protein damage and selected forms of DNA damage. We find that mutations in the Staphylococcus aureus walRKHI operon can confer low‐level resistance to actinorhodin, indicating possible targeting of the cell envelope. Our study indicates a complex mechanism of action, involving multiple molecular targets, that is distinct from other antibiotics.