Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rotationally Disordered Illite/Smectite in Paleozoic K-Bentonites

The three-dimensional crystal structure of rotationally disordered illite/smectite (I/S) in K-bentonite samples from the Appalachian basin and neighboring areas is described using the parameters of 1) P0, the proportion of zero-degree layer stacking rotations, such as in the polytype series 1Md-1M 2) Pcv, the proportion of 2:1 layers with cis-vacant (cv) octahedral sites that are randomly interstratified with trans-vacant (tv) layers; and 3) P60 the proportion of layers with n·60° rotations (as opposed to n·120°) in the rotated layers. These parameters were determined by computer modeling of experimental randomly oriented powder X-ray diffraction patterns.The proportion of cv interstratification in the I/S increases with A1 and decreases with Mg and Fe content. The proportion of n·60° rotations in the rotated layers increases with Mg and Fe content. The cv 120° disordered structure correlates with tetrahedral A1 for Si substitution and increasing tetrahedral charge. The tv n·60° disordered structures correlate with octahedral Mg for A1 substitution. The data indicate that the type of unit cell and nature of rotational disorder in I/S is controlled by the octahedral Mg content. The three-dimensional structures do not show any systematic correlation with Reichweite and percent expandability as determined from diffraction patterns of oriented sample preparations.
A pilot study investigating differences in sleep and life preoccupations in chronic and acute insomnia.

Background and Objective - Theory suggests that during the transition from acute to chronic insomnia a shift in attention, from life events to sleep difficulties, occurs. The aim of this study was to examine whether this shift indeed exists, by measuring the frequency and type of preoccupations in acute and chronic insomnia. Methods - Using a cross-sectional design, two groups [people with acute insomnia (n = 11) and chronic insomnia (n = 20)] completed a series of standardized and semi-idiosyncratic measures daily, over the period of one week. They also wore actigraphs to provide objective measures of sleep parameters. Results - Findings suggest no differences in preoccupation between the two groups but show the acute insomnia group report significantly higher levels of perceived stress. Exploratory analysis suggests a reduction in scores on standardized measures across all participants between time 1 and time 2, and no differences on objectively measured sleep parameters. Conclusions - Results indicate there is no difference between people with acute and chronic insomnia in level, and type, of reported preoccupation and that people with acute insomnia are as preoccupied during the day by both sleep and life events, as people with chronic insomnia. Limitations are discussed and future research questions are considered.
Changing Representation of the Industrial Town: an analysis of official guides in Bury from 925

This paper seeks to complement the extant literature on marketing the industrial town by adopting an overtly historical perspective, through the study of official town guides of an archetypal industrial town, Bury, in the north west of England. This longitudinal approach complements the more usual 'snapshot in time' approach, which provides more general overviews of practice. The changing representation of Bury is considered through an analysis of 20 editions the official handbook/guide to the town, dating from 1925 to date focusing on the stated purpose and rationale, the extent and nature of editorial content and the use of illustrations, maps and advertising.
CONSERVATION AND S USTAINABILITY OF ASHWAGANDHA: A MEDICINAL PLANT

Ayurveda become a globally popular healthcare sy stem leading to constant rise in the demand for herbal medicines resulting in increased world herbal trade which stands at US$ 120 billion and is expected to reach US$ 7 trillion by 2050. As majority of Ayurvedic medicines are plant based, this demand has resulted in a huge pressure on the traditional sources of raw materials. Obviously, the wild sources are not able to meet the demand of raw materials. To overcome this situation alternate sources of raw materials like cultivated fields are look for supply. Dwindling forest cover, unscientific and exploitative collection leads to loss of supply source and threat to germplasm. Germplasm conservation and cultivation seems to be the best way forward for sustainable utilization of medicinal plants. Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera Dunal) is widely used, prioritised Ayurvedic herb having annual demand 7000 tonnes /yr but its actual production is 1500 tonnes/yr. It grows naturally in subtropical region and is collected from wild and fields. Its r ampant collection has once leaded to critical pressure situation on its germplasm. This was noticed and a lot of effort was put in for its sustainable production. There i s lot of evidence we will discuss in the various research field of Ashwagandha like Agronomic research , Phy tochemical and Clinical research and Market Linkage . Ashwagndha due to such sustained and concerted multi - disciplinary effort has come near to a sustainable use mode. It is thus logical to extend the Ashwagandha model to other high demand medicinal plants and its feasibility.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title Effect of aging on lignin content , composition and enzymatic saccharification in Corymbia hybrids and parental taxa between years 9 and 12 Permalink

Corymbia (a eucalypt) is an important forestry genus and a potential lignocellulosic bioenergy feedstock. The composition of the lignocellulosic cell wall significantly impacts pretreatment efficiency and conversion to biofuel but is variable and changes with age. In this study, we estimated Klason lignin content, composition, and monosaccharide (glucose and xylose) release after enzymatic saccharification of untreated and hydrothermally pretreated biomass from Corymbia parental species Corymbia torelliana (CT), Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata (spotted gum; CCV), and interspecific F1 hybrids (CT CCV) at ages 9 and 12 years from planting. Analysis of lignin composition derived from syringyl/guaiacyl monolignols (S/G) found significant differences among taxa, with CT S/G ratios (2.2 and 2.0) being significantly lower than CCV (2.6 and 2.3) or hybrids (2.5 and 2.3) at ages 9 and 12 respectively. In general, enzymatic saccharification yields from untreated biomass were significantly different among taxa, with CT (113 and 75 mg g 1) and hybrids (108 and 81 mg g 1) yielding significantly higher glucose from untreated biomass than CCV (82 and 56 mg g 1) at ages 9 and 12 respectively. Comparison of traits within taxa between ages 9 and 12 found S/G ratios and glucose yields from untreated biomass were significantly lower in CT, CCV and hybrid taxa. In conclusion, the formation of lignocellulosic cell walls is complex, influenced by genetics and age of material, requiring optimization of rotation age for biofuel production and other industrial processes. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Scaling the response of circular plates subjected to large and close-range spherical explosions. Part I: Air-blast loading

This two-part paper addresses scaling of the dynamic response of clamped circular plates subjected to close-range and large spherical blast loadings. Full-scale experiments involving actual geometries and charges are quite involved and costly, both in terms of preparation and measurements. For these reasons, scaled-down experiments are highly desirable. However, the validity of such experiments remains to be firmly established, and this is the main objective of this paper. In this study, similarity is obtained by using replica scaling for all geometrical parameters, while the blast effect is scaled by using the well-known Hopkinson scaling law. We also consider the overall effect of the strain rate sensitivity and variability of material properties with plate thickness on the response of the scaled model. This study presents numerical and experimental results from a series of controlled explosion experiments. The first part of the paper deals with spherical charges exploding in free air, while the second part deals with the same charges flush buried in dry sand. A good agreement between numerical simulation predictions and test results was obtained, so that the main result of the two papers is that scaling can be successfully applied to assess the dynamic response of armor plates subjected to close-range large explosions. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Determinants of forward-looking disclosures in integrated reporting

Purpose - This paper aims to examine the nature and extent of forward-looking disclosures in early examples of integrated reporting and to investigate the determinants of those disclosures. Design/methodology/approach - The sample for research involved 55 non-financial companies whose reports are available in the Integrated Reporting Examples Database for the year 2014. The authors used content analysis to investigate the quantitative and qualitative forward-looking disclosures among early adopters of integrated reporting. The forward-looking disclosure index (FLDI) was categorized into two main groups, quantitative and qualitative, including 30 items in total. Multivariate ordinary least squares regression was used to investigate the associations proposed in the research hypotheses. Findings - The authors determined that the majority of the entities tended to provide qualitative forward-looking disclosures rather than quantitative. Further, the findings showed that gender diversity and firm size are positively related to forward-looking disclosures, whereas leverage is negatively related to forward-looking disclosures. Contrary to expectations, the authors did not find a significant impact created by board size, board composition, profitability or industry on forward-looking disclosures. Originality/value - The research contributes to the current integrated reporting and forward-looking disclosure literature. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is no prior study that has investigated forward-looking disclosures in integrated reports. This study contributes to the current literature by examining the determinants of forward-looking disclosures by categorizing them as quantitative and qualitative. Further, this research adds empirical findings to the literature on the association found between female directors and forward-looking disclosures.
Combining AIRS and MLS observations for three‐dimensional gravity wave measurement

Gravity waves play a critical role in transporting energy and momentum between the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. Satellite measurements provide a powerful tool to investigate these waves across the globe. However, many present methods cannot yield reliable estimates of wave momentum fluxes or the directions of these fluxes. Here we present a new method which addresses this problem by combining observations from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) in three dimensions. The method allows direct estimation of horizontal and vertical wavelengths as well as wave amplitude. This in turn allows estimation of both wave momentum flux and the full 3‐D direction of propagation, crucially including the horizontal direction. The method thus allows separation of the data into, for example, eastward and westward momentum fluxes, allowing estimation of the net atmospheric forcing due to these waves. We illustrate this method with a proof‐of‐concept study over the Andes, arguably the largest source of gravity waves in the world. We further critically assess the advantages and disadvantages of our method. Our study highlights the importance of the difference between net and absolute measures of momentum flux.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES ON Schizolobium parahyba VAR. Amazonicum (HUBER EX DUCKE) BARNEBY PLANTS INTOXICATED BY GLYPHOSATE

Objetivou-se avaliar as variacoes morfofisiologicas em plantas de parica (Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum) intoxicadas por glyphosate. O experimento foi realizado em ambiente protegido utilizando plantas de parica em idade de plantio, as quais foram intoxicadas com doses crescentes de glyphosate: 0 (testemunha); 43,2; 86,2; 129,6 e 172,8 g.ha-1. Aos 7 e 21 dias apos a aplicacao do herbicida, foram realizadas medicoes da fotossintese liquida, transpiracao, condutância estomatica e temperatura da folha. O grau de intoxicacao visual e crescimento da parte aerea e da raiz das plantas foram avaliados aos 21 dias apos a aplicacao. O parica manifesta sintomas de intoxicacao visual caracterizados por clorose/enrolamento e evolucao para necrose/abscisao dos foliolulos mais novos. O crescimento do caule e da raiz das plantas intoxicadas e conservado, contudo, ha expressiva perda foliar, podendo o parica possuir mecanismos de adaptacao para tolerar a acao da molecula do herbicida. O decrescimo promovido na fotossintese por acao indireta do glyphosate representa a principal causa da reducao no crescimento das plantas. O decrescimo na condutância estomatica, a qual demonstrou ser a variavel fisiologica mais sensivel ao glyphosate, resultou em menores taxas de transpiracao, que, consequentemente, ocasionou elevacoes na temperatura da folha.
A multi-trait approach combining clinical mastitis and indicator traits to predict mastitis resistance.

Selection on clinical mastitis can be direct, requiring clinical mastitis records, or indirect using predictors correlated to mastitis. Due to a lack of data on clinical mastitis in Australia, in common with many other countries, the selection criterion has been indirectly selecting for somatic cell count (SCC). Somatic cell count has a genetic correlation of around 0.6-0.7 with mastitis, implying that selection for reduced SCC will also reduce mastitis (Kadarmideen & Pryce, 2001). A source of clinical mastitis data is now available in Australia from around 100 herds selected because they have detailed phenotypic data that have also been genotyped and form the genomic information nucleus (Ginfo) (Abdelsayed et al., 2017). There are also opportunities to improve the reliability of mastitis breeding values by using combinations of predictor traits including, SCC, and udder conformation traits (Koeck et al., 2012). Accordingly, the objectives for this study were: 1) perform bi-variate analyses between clinical mastitis, SCC, udder type traits and milking speed to identify the best predictors of mastitis resistance to be used in the multi-trait analysis. 2) perform genetic prediction using both pedigree and genomic data by combining clinical mastitis and the best predictors identified above in a multi-trait approach to predict mastitis resistance.
Neurocognitive Examination of Attentional Bias and Inhibitory Control Alterations in Prescription Opioid Dependence

Prescription opioid (PO) abuse is a growing public health concern worldwide as evidenced by an increasing number of opioid-related hospital admissions with a striking lack of research examining the neural basis underlying cognitive symptomatology. Drugs of abuse, through their impact on the dopaminergic system, are thought to disrupt the cognitive network regulating impulse control and incentive salience through inhibition of goal-oriented behaviour and drug-induced attentional biases. The objective of the present study is to examine neurocognitive processes in PO abusers (vs. healthy controls) by relying on the enhanced temporal resolution (1ms) of event-related potentials (ERPs) to track information processing abnormalities associated with cognitive control. In a naturalistic clinical study, 16 patients actively using prescription opioids and 16 healthy controls (matched for age, gender, educational level and smoking status) were assessed using a Go/NoGo and cue reactivity paradigm. Analysis revealed no significant differences in N2 or P3 amplitude, measures of inhibitory control, between groups after successful NoGo trials and no significant differences in ERN or Pe amplitude, measures of error processing, between groups after unsuccessful NoGo trials. Cue reactivity analysis of attention-related ERP components in patients demonstrated significantly (p<0.005) smaller P2 amplitudes, indexing the commencement of attentional processing, for drug pictures compared to neutral and affective pictures. Furthermore, stimulus type did not significantly modulate LPP amplitudes, indexing sustained attention, in patients however arousal ratings for drug pictures were positively correlated with LPP amplitudes in patients. These ERP results of altered cognitive control and incentive salience suggest the neural mechanisms underlying these cognitions are affected by chronic opioid abuse. Investigating the cognitive abnormalities experienced by PO abusers is an important factor in understanding the neural correlates of substance abuse and in predicting successful outcomes to ensure the best chance at long-term recovery for addicted individuals. NEUROCOGNITIVE ALTERATIONS IN PO DEPENDENCE iii Table of
Performance Differentials between Diversifying Entrants and Entrepreneurial Start-Ups: A Complexity Approach

We investigate the relationship between firms’entry characteristics and their subsequent performance as contingent on environmental turbulence and stage of industry life cycle by simulating industry as an NKC landscape. Diversifying entrants differ from entrepreneurial start-ups in terms of the complexity of their routines. We posit that diversifying entrants outperform entrepreneurial start-ups when turbulence is high. Further, learning—possible in later industry stages—disproportionately favors entrepreneurial start-ups.
Relationship Between leadership styles and Job self -efficacy with Organizational Entrepreneurship among the Employees of Khouzestan Water and Power

The aim of this research was to evaluate the relationship between leadership styles and job self -efficacy with organizational entrepreneurship among the employees of Khouzestan water and power authority. The sample included 400 people among the Employees of Khuzestan Water and Power Authority that were selected randomly via stratified sampling. The instruments for gathering data were: Leadership Style Questionnaire, Job self efficacy Questionnaire and Entrepreneurial Behaviors Questionnaire. The research was a correlative study. For analyzing data correlation coefficient and multivariate regressions were used. The results showed that there was simple and multiple relations between the supportive leadership styles and organizer and job self -efficacy with organizational entrepreneurship while organizational entrepreneurship could be predicted by job self -efficacy stronger rather than leadership styles in of the employees .
Examining Asian and European reactions within shock advertising

This paper seeks to establish whether subjects from different cultures, in this case from Europe (Germany, France, Spain and the United Kingdom (UK)) and Asia (China and Japan), react differently when exposed to the same shock advertising. This is of relevance to advertisers/ marketers who wish to target particular groups in a population as societies continue to evolve, change and become less homogenous. This paper examines the effects that gender and cultural identities have on different ethnic groups. The current study was carried out in the UK using 115 undergraduate university students from 6 countries. The participants were exposed to 7 adverts on safe driving from 4 countries. The aim of the study was to see if the participants would react differently to the degree of shock depending on the culture portrayed within the advert. Our findings highlight that there is a correlation between gender and the environment depicted within 3 of the adverts. Furthermore, significant differences between European and Asian participants were also found within 2 of those 3 adverts. The findings accentuate the importance of cultural content within shock advertising. Thus, advertisers/ marketers need to take great care when constructing and delivering messages to multi-cultural customer bases.
Quaderni di ricerca del Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche “ Hyman P . Minsky ” Anno 2005 n . 3 Criminal Activity and Education : Evidence from Italian Regions Paolo Buonanno

This paper studies the impact of education on criminal activity in Italy. We propose a theoretical framework to determine the effects of education and past incidence of crime on criminal activity, and we test its predictions using annual data for the twenty Italian regions over the period 1980-1995. The results show that education is negatively correlated with delinquency and that crime rates display persistence over time. Our results are robust to model specifications and endogeneity.
Continuous and high precision atmospheric concentration measurements of COS, CO2, CO and H2O using a quantum cascade laser spectrometer (QCLS)

Abstract. Carbonyl sulfide (COS) has been suggested as a useful tracer for gross primary production as it is taken up by plants in a similar way as CO2. To explore and verify the application of this novel tracer, it is highly desired to develop the ability to perform continuous and high-precision in situ atmospheric measurements of COS and CO2. In this study we have tested a quantum cascade laser spectrometer (QCLS) for its suitability to obtain accurate and high-precision measurements of COS and CO2. The instrument is capable of simultaneously measuring COS, CO2, CO and H2O after including a weak CO absorption line in the extended wavelength range. An optimal background and calibration strategy was developed based on laboratory tests to ensure accurate field measurements. We have derived water vapor correction factors based on a set of laboratory experiments and found that for COS the interference associated with a water absorption line can dominate over the effect of dilution. This interference can be solved mathematically by fitting the COS spectral line separately from the H2O spectral line. Furthermore, we improved the temperature stability of the QCLS by isolating it in an enclosed box and actively cooling its electronics with the same thermoelectric chiller used to cool the laser. The QCLS was deployed at the Lutjewad atmospheric monitoring station (60 m; 6°21′ E, 53°24′ N; 1 m a.s.l.) in the Netherlands from July 2014 to April 2015. The QCLS measurements of independent working standards while deployed in the field showed a mean difference with the assigned cylinder value within 3.3 ppt COS, 0.05 ppm for CO2 and 1.7 ppb for CO over a period of 35 days. The different contributions to uncertainty in measurements of COS, CO2 and CO were summarized and the overall uncertainty was determined to be 7.5 ppt for COS, 0.23 ppm for CO2 and 3.3 ppb for CO for 1-minute data. A comparison of in situ QCLS measurements with those from concurrently filled flasks that were subsequently measured by the QCLS showed a difference of −9.7 ± 4.6 ppt for COS. Comparison of the QCLS with a cavity ring-down spectrometer showed a difference of 0.12 ± 0.77 ppm for CO2 and −0.9 ± 3.8 ppb for CO.