Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Airborne limb-imaging measurements of temperature, HNO3, O3, ClONO2, H2O and CFC-12 during the Arctic winter 2015/2016: characterization, in situ validation and comparison to Aura/MLS

Abstract. The Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA) was operated on board the German High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO) during the PGS (POLSTRACC/GW-LCYCLE/SALSA) aircraft campaigns in the Arctic winter 2015/2016. Research flights were conducted from 17 December 2015 until 18 March 2016 within 25–87∘ N, 80∘ W–30∘ E. From the GLORIA infrared limb-emission measurements, two-dimensional cross sections of temperature, HNO3, O3, ClONO2, H2O and CFC-12 are retrieved. During 15 scientific flights of the PGS campaigns the GLORIA instrument measured more than 15 000 atmospheric profiles at high spectral resolution. Dependent on flight altitude and tropospheric cloud cover, the profiles retrieved from the measurements typically range between 5 and 14 km, and vertical resolutions between 400 and 1000 m are achieved. The estimated total (random and systematic) 1σ errors are in the range of 1 to 2 K for temperature and 10 % to 20 % relative error for the discussed trace gases. Comparisons to in situ instruments deployed on board HALO have been performed. Over all flights of this campaign the median differences and median absolute deviations between in situ and GLORIA observations are -0.75K±0.88 K for temperature, -0.03ppbv±0.85 ppbv for HNO3, -3.5ppbv±116.8 ppbv for O3, -15.4pptv±102.8 pptv for ClONO2, -0.13ppmv±0.63 ppmv for H2O and -19.8pptv±46.9 pptv for CFC-12. Seventy-three percent of these differences are within twice the combined estimated errors of the cross-compared instruments. Events with larger deviations are explained by atmospheric variability and different sampling characteristics of the instruments. Additionally, comparisons of GLORIA HNO3 and O3 with measurements of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument show highly consistent structures in trace gas distributions and illustrate the potential of the high-spectral-resolution limb-imaging GLORIA observations for resolving narrow mesoscale structures in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS).
Immiscible Multiphase Flow Behaviours of Water-Oil-CO2 Ternary System Flooding Using X-ray CT

Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection into oil reservoirs has been widely accepted as an effective technique for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) after waterflooding. More recently, the development of carbon capture and storage (CCS) to reduce CO2 emissions has made CO2-based EOR increasingly attractive. Waterflooding is widely employed in China and, even after several years of water injection, considerable oil deposits remain in the thick, positive rhythm reservoirs in eastern China. The majority of these reservoirs may not be suitable for miscible CO2 flooding. The present work investigated immiscible CO2 flooding after waterflooding in such sites by laboratory trials. Series of large artificially-consolidated sandstone models with different levels of heterogeneity were used to simulate thick, positive rhythm oil reservoirs. Gaseous CO2 was continuously injected into these models at a constant injection pressure and an X-ray CT scanner (with a resolution of 0.7 × 0.7 mm) was used to monitor and record changes in the fluid saturation and migration. Based on the experimental results, it indicates that immiscible CO2 flooding following waterflooding is an efficient means of enhancing oil recovery. It is evident that both the reservoir heterogeneity and injection pressure differential affect oil recovery and CO2 distribution. The heterogeneity has a remarkable impact on oil recovery when the permeability differential between layers is lower than 2 millidarcy (md) or the permeability variation coefficient is less than 0.2. Fitting of the experimental results also demonstrates that there is an optimum pressure differential between inlet and outlet that maximizes oil recovery under specific inhomogeneous conditions.
English Language Learning Strategies at the Syrian Virtual University: students' and Teachers' Perceptions

This research seeks to extend our current knowledge in the area of distanct English language learning by exploring the language learning strategies used by students at the Syrian Virtual University (SVU). Hurd et al (2001) maintain that for learners to successfully complete a distance language program, they need to maintain their motivation and to develop a series of strategies and skills that will enable them to work individually. Few studies explored the language learning strategies employed in the virtual mode of learning. The objective of this paper is to make a first hand evaluation of the type and frequency of language learning strategies utilized by SVU learners to enhance their learning. This study will also examine whether there exists a relationship between increased linguistic proficiency and greater strategy use. Points of intersection between learners’ and teachers’ perceptions regarding the use of language learning strategies will also be explored. An adapted version of Hurd ’s (2000) inventory of language learning strategies of distant learners at the Open University was used as the instrument for collecting data. Results suggest that Syrian students do use a number of language learning strategies. However, they show distinct preferences for the mechanical and productive rather than the reflective type of skills. Findings also reveal the existence of a relationship between the use of some language learning strategies and
Psychology, Cyclicality or Social Programs: Rural Wage and Inflation Dynamics in India

The paper analyzes causes of movements in Indian wages for rural unskilled male laborers, and assesses their impact on inflation. Theoretical priors derived from an analytical framework based on the concepts of fair wages, salience and over-reaction are tested using a State level rural wage data panel. [IGIDR WP-2014-014].
First record of an Early Cretaceous shark (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii) from Antarctica

A shark tooth from the Spartan Glacier Formation of the Fossil Bluff Group of Alexander Island, Antarctic Peninsula is described and assigned to Palaeospinacidae, an extinct group of neoselachian sharks. This tooth was previously supposed to have been recovered from Middle Jurassic strata and to belong to Hybodus. However, sedimentation of the Spartan Glacier Formation was from the Valangian to Aptian. Consequently, an Early Cretaceous age is assigned to the specimen although its exact stratigraphical horizon is unknown. A generic assignment, however, is not possible although it may belong to Paraorthacodus. This specimen represents the first record of a neoselachian from the Early Cretaceous of Antarctica.
Basement chronology of the Antarctic Peninsula: recurrent magmatism and anatexis in the Palaeozoic Gondwana Margin

Abstract: A revised pre-Jurassic chronology is presented for the Antarctic Peninsula on the basis of new U–Pb zircon dating, using both conventional (11 samples) and SHRIMP microprobe data (10 samples). The age range for plutonism and high-grade metamorphism is from 435 ± 8 Ma (Silurian) to c. 206 Ma (approximately the Triassic–Jurassic boundary), with peaks of activity in Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian and mid-Triassic times, although some are represented by rocks with limited outcrops. The new data confirm the importance of Mid- and latest Triassic magmatic events, previously identified using Rb–Sr geochronology. The Adie Inlet gneiss, previously thought to be Neoproterozoic, is recognized as a Permian migmatite derived from paragneiss with a provenance dominated by Cambrian granitoids. Granite gneiss from NW Palmer Land, previously dated as Cambrian, is shown to be Triassic. Detrital zircons in metasedimentary rocks, and inherited zircons in granitoids, are dominated by Mesoproterozoic to Cambrian components, with sparse Palaeoproterozoic to Archaean grains, suggesting sources within Gondwana. At times these sources were nearby, as shown by an Archaean cobble-sized granite clast from a Permo-Triassic conglomerate; another clast in the same conglomerate, previously thought to be Devonian in age, has an Ordovician crystallization age.
A Review of Literature: Individual Blame vs. Organizational Function Logics in Accident Analysis

When an accident happens in an organization, two different approaches are possible to explain its origin and dynamics. The first approach, called individual blame logic aims at finding the guilty individuals. The second approach, called organizational function logic aims to identify the organizational factors that favoured the occurrence of the event. This article compares the two different logics of inquiry, the consequences that they produce, in particular in the case of accidents caused by unintentional actions. Though favoured by the scientists, the organizational function logic approach is in real life usually beaten by the individual blame logic. Reviewing the literature, this article brings together the arguments for using the organizational function logic from the perspective that learning from accidents is necessary to prevent them from happening again.
Hydrological factors controlling the spread of common reed (Phragmites australis) in the St. Lawrence River (Québec, Canada)

ABSTRACT The spread of Phragmites australis between 1980 and 2002 was documented from seven series of aerial photographs and remote sensing images covering the Grandes Battures Tailhandier (Boucherville Islands, St. Lawrence River, Québec, Canada). Over the 23-y period, the colonized surface rose exponentially from 0.86 to 32.6 ha, corresponding to an 18% annual increase. This increase resulted mostly from vegetative growth, although the establishment of new colonies — most likely resulting from seed germination — allowed longer-range dispersion. Hydrological factors, especially the water level and duration of flooding over the growth season (July 1 to October 31) of the previous year, favoured the spread of colonies. Gains were highest the year following low water-level conditions and in a southerly direction, whereas they were reduced when plants grew at more than 1.5 m above mean water level or when they were flooded for more than 100 d during the previous growing season. The rate of surface colonization observed at Boucherville Islands was compared to that recorded at four other fluvial sites. Between Cornwall and Trois-Rivières, the noticeable increase in the number of colonized sites since 1980 suggests that low water levels in 1995, 1999, and 2001 favoured the establishment of colonies of P. australis along the shores of the St. Lawrence River.
ESTIMATION OF RELIABILITY IN MULTICOMPONENT STRESS- STRENGTH MODEL: LOG-LOGISTIC DISTRIBUTION

A multicomponent system of k components having strengths following k- independently and identically distributed random variables x 1 , x 2 , . x k and each component experiencing a random stress Y is considered. The system is regarded as alive only if at least s out of k (s<k) strengths exceed the stress. The reliability of such a system is obtained when strength, stress variates are given by log-logistic distribution with different scale parameters. The reliability is estimated using Moment Method, ML method, Modified ML method and Best Linear Unbiased method of estimation in samples drawn from strength and stress distributions. The reliability estimators are compared asymptotically. The small sample comparison of the reliability estimates is made through Monte-Carlo simulation.
Physical Properties of Molecular Clouds at 2 pc Resolution in the Low-metallicity Dwarf Galaxy NGC 6822 and the Milky Way

We present the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array survey of CO(2–1) emission from the 1/5 solar metallicity, Local Group dwarf galaxy NGC 6822. We achieve high ( pc) spatial resolution while covering a large area: four 250 pc × 250 pc regions that encompass of NGC 6822's star formation. In these regions, we resolve compact CO clumps that have small radii (∼2–3 pc), narrow line width ( km s−1), and low filling factor across the galaxy. This is consistent with other recent studies of low-metallicity galaxies, but here shown with a larger sample. At parsec scales, CO emission correlates with emission better than with emission and anticorrelates with Hα, so that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission may be an effective tracer of molecular gas at low metallicity. The properties of the CO clumps resemble those of similar-size structures in Galactic clouds except of slightly lower surface brightness and with CO-to-H2 ratio ∼1–2× the Galactic value. The clumps exist inside larger atomic–molecular complexes with masses typical for giant molecular clouds. Using dust to trace H2 for the entire complex, we find the CO-to-H2 ratio to be the Galactic value, but with strong dependence on spatial scale and variations between complexes that may track their evolutionary state. The H2-to-H i ratio is low globally and only mildly above unity within the complexes. The ratio of star formation rate to H2 is higher in the complexes than in massive disk galaxies, but after accounting for the bias from targeting star-forming regions, we conclude that the global molecular gas depletion time may be as long as in massive disk galaxies.
Fiscal Externalities, Liquidity Constraints and Grants to Post-Secondary Students

Two of the most frequently discussed reasons for government nancial aid to students enrolled in post-secondary education (PSE) are liquidity constraints and scal externalities. The purpose of this paper is to explore these motivations, and to analyze their consequences for government policy. I present a simple model of PSE in which both are allowed to be present, and apply the \sucient statistics" method of Chetty
Calculation of Flood Hydrograph for Karun Basin by Different Methods.

In structural and un-structural methods of flood control, it is necessary to predict flood potential in the water closed basin. In this research, the purpose is simulating flood in the basin of SCS hydrologic model of HEC-HMS and comparing with mod-Clark method by using geographic information system (GIS) in Golestan watershed. Finding a model that can properly predict floods at large and sensitive basins like Karun the largest river in Iran is necessary. Because of being prone to flooding, identifying areas prone to flood and flood production levels according to physical characteristics of the catchment is essential. In this research, hydrologic modeling has been performed on the Karun basin, and flood hydrograph has been estimated through both lumped and distributed mathematical models in order to analyze how close they are in reality from Karun basin to Shalou bridge. In this method DEM basin was created in GIS software by topography maps. By application of created DEM, canals and sub-basin maps were mined. Then by mixing soil hydraulic group maps with the previous data, ground user was acheived. Data of previous moisture in GIS environment and number curve (CN) map of Karun under watershed are then measured and credited with raining data and observation running of watershed (which has been fixed in HEC-HMS model) and finally they have been compared by mod-clark method within GIS software. Formation of precipitation and surface flow after rainfall and formation of hydrograph has been studied using both SCS lumped model and Mod-Clark (modified Clark) distributed model. Field data has identified that the distributed model results are closer to the recorded hydrograph of the basin.
Deterioration in Hemodynamics Reaction, Baroreflex Sensitivity, Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Redox State of Thoracic Aorta in the Experimental Model of Nitrate Tolerance and Its Pharmacological Correction

Continuous treatment with organic nitrates causes nitrate tolerance and provides evidence for a relationship between mitochondrial complex 1 activity and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH-2) with disturbances of the hemodynamics reaction during nitroglycerin (NTG) tolerance (NTGT). The purpose of this study was the evaluation of efficacy of original oxidized form NAD-containing drug, NADCIN®, on hemodynamic reactions, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and reflex control of splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity (SSNA), level of redox-potential, activity of ALDH-2 and superoxide anion generation in aortic tissue in rat model of NTGT. Five groups (7 - 9 each) of male Wistar rats, including control, acute i.v. NTG (150 mcg/kg) administration, NTG tolerance NTGT treatment with NADCIN® 8 mg/kg and methylene blue (MB, 2.5 mg/kg) were used. NTGT in rats was accompanied with the greatly attenuation of hemodynamics reaction, BRS, the decreasing of the ability to reflex control of SSNA without pronounce overexpression of endothelin-1 in vessels (aorta). In NTGT rats i.v. NTG along induced less hypotensive reactions and alterations in heart period vs single NTG treated group, more expressively decreased BRS (-34%) and reflex control of SSNA (-18%). NADCIN® significantly inhibits tolerance-inducing properties of the prolonged nitroglycerin infusion (max decrease of blood pressure response to nitroglycerin injection, % of normal controls: NTGT 51.2%, NADCIN® 91.6%, MB 55.8%). NADCIN® in NTGT rats after NTG i.v. administration increased reduced BRS (+37.8%, p ® of NTGT rats restores hemodynamics changes, BRS and SSNA throughout the increasing of redox-potential NAD/NADH and cessates the NTGT developing.
Disordered Eating Risk and Body Image Dissatisfaction of Division I Male and Female Cheerleaders

The sport of cheerleading is growing both in the high school and college setting, however there is little research on cheerleaders specifically, both sideline and competitive. It is clear that while this sport does not benefit from being affiliated with the NCAA, the athletes are still at large risk for disordered eating and eating disorders, and are in need of more accurate screening and prevention methods. With the lack of cheerleading studies in general, there is an even larger scarcity of studies that focus on males in cheerleading. The current study aims to fill the gap in the research regarding disordered eating risk in both male and female Division I cheerleaders by analyzing the perceived level of body satisfaction. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to gain more awareness on the body perceptions of collegiate cheerleaders, and investigate if male cheerleaders suffer from similar levels of disordered eating and body image issues as compared to their female counterparts. Acknowledgments Special thanks to my thesis committee for all their advice and guidance. It would have been impossible to complete this study without their help.
Women's Participation in Small-Scale Dairy Farming for Poverty Reduction in Bangladesh

The present study focuses on the participation of rural women in small-scale dairy farming activities as a means to reduce poverty in rural areas. This study was carried out in two villages in the Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. From each village data were collected from 50 rural women involved in dairy farming practices through direct interviews using questionnaires. The results showed that in Salakandi village (V1), personal factors most significantly influenced women to start farms, but in Binpara village (V2) social factors were a greater motivation. The results revealed that women in V1 placed a higher importance on dairy farming activities and showed greater improvement in their economic well-being compared to women in V2. Thus it is suggested that women’s participation in dairy farming can reduce poverty in rural areas of Bangladesh.
Flavobacterial response to organic pollution

ABSTRACT: Bacteria of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) group (phylum Bacteroidetes), in particular members of the class Flavobacteria, are among the most prominent heterotrophic organisms in marine pelagic systems. They have also previously been found to be important in the initial biopolymer degradation of sedimentary organic matter. The Flavobacteria community was analysed in inshore, marine sediments subject to regular inputs of highly labile organic carbon in order to understand the importance of this group in carbon degradation. We used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time PCR in a statistically robust manner, over 2 consecutive years, to demonstrate that the number of Flavobacteria in the sediment increased and community composition shifted with organic loading. Further community shifts occurred after cessation of organic loading, and population numbers also decreased. Flavobacteria appear to be important in the initial responses of the sediment microbial community to organic loading, regardless of sediment type, but flavobacterial composition was not predictable. The highly dynamic nature and large diversity (functional redundancy) of the Flavobacteria in these sediments may contribute to this unpredictable response. KEY WORDS: Flavobacteria . Organic pollution . Degradation . Community composition
The Principal's Strategy in Improving Teacher's Professionalism on Underdeveloped Area

Professionals are teachers who effectively master the subject matter and skills and have good teaching skills. Effective teachers have good teaching strategies and are supported by goal-setting methods, teaching design and classroom management. They know how to motivate, communicate and get along effectively with their students from diverse cultural backgrounds. These teachers also understand how to use appropriate technology in the classroom. The problem raised in this research concerns with the strategy in improving the teacher’s professionalism on underdeveloped at SMP Al Hilaal Haya, Central Maluku District. The type of this research was descriptive qualitative. The study was conducted at SMP Al Hilaal Haya, Tehoru regency, Central Maluku District, Maluku Province. The data obtained from observation, interview, and documentation, were then analyzed by using the stages of data reduction, data assessment, and data conclusion (verification). The result of the research showed that there some principal's strategy in improving teacher’s professionalism in underdevelped area at SMP Al Hilaal Haya. They are a) sending teachers on trainings and seminars; b) Motivating teachers as motivation from school principal serves as a passion for teachers to do improvement in educational innovation; and c) conducting a supervision at SMP Al Hilaal Haya for at least each semester
Nutritional Content and Elemental and Phytochemical Analyses of Moringa oleifera Grown in Mexico

Moringa oleifera is a tree distributed in Mexican semiarid and coastal regions. M. oleifera is used in practice in the treatment of various diseases and is available without a medical prescription, often in the form of an herbal infusion for everyday use. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemical composition and nutritional values of dried M. oleifera leaf powder collected from two different regions in Mexico. All samples of M. oleifera exhibited moisture levels varying from 3.06 to 3.34%, lipids from 10.21 to 10.31%, fiber from 7.29 to 9.46%, ashes from 10.71 to 11.18%, crude protein from 10.74 to 11.48%, and carbohydrates from 54.61 to 57.61%. The predominant mineral elements in the leaf powder according to ICP-MS were Ca (2016.5–2620.5 mg/100 g), K (1817–1845 mg/100 g), and Mg (322.5–340.6 mg/100 g). The HPLC analysis indicated the presence of phenolic acids (gallic and chlorogenic acids) and flavonoids (rutin, luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and kaempferol). We concluded that Lombardia M. oleifera samples could be employed in edible and commercial applications. Our results showed that the highest mean value of As from the San Pedro samples exceeds the recommended level and may constitute a health hazard to consumers.